cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Overcoming barriers during the co-production of climate information for decision-making

The Great Lakes Integrated Sciences and Assessments program (GLISA) has led the co-development of usable climate information for decision-making in several case study projects. Although each case study is with a unique partnering organization made up of different stakeholders with varying information needs and capabilities, several patterns have emerged that GLISA has identified and overcome to advance the practice of applied climate information. There are three main barriers that GLISA encounters at the onset of many of the case studies: (1) mismatched terminology used by scientists and stakeholders to describe the types of information that are available and needed for problem solving (translation); (2) unrealistic expectations regarding the development of climate information products for problem solving; and (3) disordered integration of when stakeholders want to bring climate information into decision-making processes. Although some or all of these barriers are likely to exist at the onset of any new climate information partnership, GLISA has developed methods for overcoming them more quickly so that the process of co-developing usable climate information is more efficient and effective. In this paper we describe in detail GLISA’s experiences that have led to the realization of these barriers and the steps GLISA has taken to overcome them. We also relate these barriers to literature on the “usability gap” between climate science and information use in decision-making as well as uncertainty cascades in climate change adaptation. These experiences demonstrate that climate scientists performing outreach experience similar struggles as the stakeholders they interact with. However, they also reveal the potential for climate-centered boundary organizations to cultivate their own capacities to overcome these challenges in their partnerships.
Postcolonial sociology as a remedy for global diffusion theory

The dominant theoretical approaches that aim to explain the origins and subsequent global diffusion of modern norms, practices, and institutions have reached an impasse. World polity theory and ‘co...
[Determination of phthalate ester metabolites in urine by solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry].

Objective A method for the determination of 5 kinds of phthalate monoesters in urine by solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was developed. Methods After urine enzymatic hydrolysis by β-glucuronidase, the sample was pretreated by SPE. Phthalate monoesters were eluted by boron trifluoridemethanol complex, and determined by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer with DB-5 ms Phenomenex( 30 m × 0. 25 mm, 0. 25 μm). Results Within the concentration range of25. 0-1000 μg/L, the relationship between peak area and concentration of 5 kinds of phthalate monoesters presented linear relation. The correlation coefficient was 0. 9989-0. 9996, and the determination limit was 10. 0-15. 0 μg/L. The recoveries of phthalate monoesters were in the range of 80. 2%-97. 8% when set at 15. 0, 200 and 500 μg/L concentration levels, and the relative standard deviation was in the range of 4. 2%-10. 2%( n = 6). A total of 81 pregnant women were detected by this method and thedetection rate was 98. 7%. Conclusion This method could be used in the simultaneous determination of 5 kinds of phthalate monoesters.
The Multifaceted Impact of COVID-19 on the Female Academic Emergency Physician: A National Conversation

COVID-19 has impacted all health care professionals in every aspect of life. Female academic emergency physicians have been uniquely affected and continue to face challenges related to clinical workloads, work-life integration, academic productivity, leadership and visibility within departments, and mental health. This white paper, prepared on behalf of the Academy for Women in Academic Emergency Medicine (AWAEM), describes the differential impact of COVID-19 on female academic emergency physicians explored during a virtual panel discussion at the 2020 Society for Academic Emergency Medicine Annual Meeting. AWAEM convened a virtual panel of women to begin a discussion to share experiences and challenges and formulate consensus guidelines regarding best practices and mitigation strategies. The authors describe the unique ways in which female academic physicians have been affected, identify ongoing and intensified gender gaps, and delineate strategies to address the identified problems. Specific recommendations include individual, as well as, institutional and systems-level approaches to combat the inequities.
When the Product is Complex, Does the Advertisement's Conclusion Matter?

Abstract This study was made for two purposes. The first was to replicate the study of Sawyer and Howard (1991) , which found that the effects of persuasion in open-ended advertisements were greater than those of closed-ended advertisements when the audience was involved in processing the ads. The second was to examine a potential boundary condition of these findings based on complexity of the product featured in the advertisement and the audience's ability to process the information. An experiment using 211 student subjects replicated the results of Sawyer and Howard when the same low-complexity product was featured in the target advertisement. However, the results of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and logistic regression (LOGIT) analyses on four measures of persuasion (attitude toward the brand, effort, purchase intention, and choice) showed that the effects Sawyer and Howard found for their relatively simple product (razor) did not hold for a complex product (CD player) except for purchase intention. Further examination of the role of the subject's ability to process the complex product advertisement showed little difference from the over-all group in the complex product condition.
Long-term assessment of efficacy with a novel Thoracic Survivorship Program for patients with lung cancer

Abstract Objective We developed a novel, nurse practitioner (NP)-run Thoracic Survivorship Program (TSP) to aid in long-term follow-up (f/u). NSCLC patients who were disease-free at least 1-year post-resection could be referred into TSP by their surgeon. Our objectives were to summarize f/u compliance and assess long-term outcomes betweenTSP enrollment and non-TSP. Methods Patients who underwent R0 resection for stages I-IIIA NSCLC between 2006-2016 were stratified by enrollment in TSP versus surgeon only f/u (non-TSP). F/u included 6-month chest CT scans for 2 years then annually. Lack of f/u compliance was defined by ≥2 consecutive delayed annual CT scans/visits ±90-days. Relationships between TSP and second primary NSCLC, extra thoracic cancers, and survival were quantified using multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression with time-varying covariate reflecting timing of enrollment. Results 1162/3940 (29.5%) were enrolled in TSP. Median time to enrollment was 2.3 years. 3279/3940 (83%) had complete CT scan data and 60/3279 (1.8%) had ≥2 delayed scans. 323/9082 (3.6%) non-TSP visits were non-compliant versus 132/4823 (2.7%) of TSP visits (p=0.009) 136/1146 TSP patients developed second primary NSCLC and 69/1123 extra thoracic cancer, while 322/2794 of non-TSP patients developed second primary NSCLC and 225/2817 extra thoracic cancer. In multivariable analyses, TSP enrollment was associated with improved disease-free survival (hazard ratio 0.57; 95% confidence interval 0.48-0.67; p Conclusion Our novel, NP-run TSP is associated with high patient compliance and outcomes not different from those seen with physician-based follow-up. These results have important implications for health care resource allocation and costs.
Echocardiographic assessment of right ventricular systolic function in conscious healthy dogs following a single dose of pimobendan versus atenolol

Abstract Objective To quantify drug-induced changes in right ventricular (RV) systolic function after administration of pimobendan and atenolol. Animals 80 healthy privately-owned dogs. Methods Using a prospective, blinded, fully-crossed study design with randomized drug administration, RV systolic function was determined twice at two time periods; before and 3 h after administration of pimobendan (0.25 mg/kg PO) or atenolol (1 mg/kg PO). Indices of RV systolic function included tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), fractional area change (FAC), pulsed-wave tissue Doppler-derived systolic myocardial velocity of the lateral tricuspid annulus (S′), and speckle-tracking-derived global longitudinal RV free wall strain and strain rate. The effect of treatment on percent change from baseline RV function was analyzed with a linear mixed model including the covariates heart rate, body weight, age, gender, drug sequence, and time period. Results All indices showed a significant ( p p p p ≤ 0.007). Conclusions Echocardiographic indices in healthy dogs tracked expected changes in RV systolic function following pimobendan and atenolol and warrant study in dogs with cardiovascular disease.
Chapter 13 Coastal Oceanography of Washington and Oregon: A Summary and a Prospectus for Future Studies

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the coastal oceanography of Washington and Oregon as a prospect for future studies. Physical processes with time scales of variability drive a complex and dynamic coastal ecosystem off Washington and Oregon. Wind forcing—both remote and local—accounts for seasonal patterns as well as much of the day-to-day variability in shelf circulation, nutrient inputs, and distributions of organisms and suspended matter. Because the coastal wind-stress has a strong seasonal modulation, upwelling and the nutrient supply as well as the coastal currents have a strong seasonal cycle. Downwelling dominates during winter months when both strong coastal winds and currents are directed poleward over most of the shelf and slope. Winter storms deepen the mixed layer by a factor of two or three, enriching surface waters with dissolved nutrients. Phytoplankton in the water column is typically light-limited during winter and therefore grows and utilizes nutrients at low rates.
DRUG INTERACTIONS—PART I

The past several decades have witnessed a remarkable growth in our understanding of drug action and disposition within the intact organism. Awareness of the significant role which hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes play ill determining the duration and intensity of action of many drugs expanded prodigiously as a result of the fundamental research by Bernard B. Brodie and his co-workers at the National Institutes of Health. This achievement spurred the training of a new breed of pharmacologists devoted to the extension of these findings to man. Their insights, plus surveillance of prescribing habits, have generated concern over the frequency with which patients receive multiple medications concurrently. The possibility of interaction among these therapeutic agents increases in proportion to the number administered. In addition to prescribed drugs, the individual is also exposed to a host of environmental chemicals and over-the-counter preparations. All may alter drug action. Historically, drug interaction involves the prescribing of mixtures of ingredients, an approach which has deep-seated roots in medical tradition and psychological appeal for patient and physician. The appeal for the physician to prescribe not just one, but a combination of pharmacologically active ingredients, has been, and continues to be difficult to resist because of the inference that more drugs are necessarily better than few—a concept far from the truth. A widely accepted current definition of the word "drug" is "any biologically active substance." This encompasses both synthetic and natural substances. They may be administered or naturally occurring. Drug interaction may result not only among administered compounds but between an administered drug and endogenous substances.
Median mandibular cysts; a clinical and histologic report of two cases.

Summary Two mandibular median cysts, one lined by stratified squamous epithelium and the other lined by both stratified squamous and ciliated columnar epithelium, are described. These represent, as far as a review of the literature reveals, the first cases of primordial cysts in this region of the mandible. These cysts most probably originated from abortive germs of supernumerary incisors. Although the history in Case 2 is prejudicial in favor of the residual type of periodontal cyst, the presence of a ciliated epithelial lining seems to favor a follicular origin.
The Geological Evolution of the Tibetan Plateau

The geological evolution of the Tibetan plateau is best viewed in a context broader than the India-Eurasia collision zone. After collision about 50 million years ago, crust was shortened in western and central Tibet, while large fragments of lithosphere moved from the collision zone toward areas of trench rollback in the western Pacific and Indonesia. Cessation of rapid Pacific trench migration (∼15 to 20 million years ago) coincided with a slowing of fragment extrusion beyond the plateau and probably contributed to the onset of rapid surface uplift and crustal thickening in eastern Tibet. The latter appear to result from rapid eastward flow of the deep crust, probably within crustal channels imaged seismically beneath eastern Tibet. These events mark a transition to the modern structural system that currently accommodates deformation within Tibet.
The Recent DOJ and FTC Policy Suggestions for Standard Setting Organizations – The Way Out of Standard-Essential Patent Hold-Up?

When patent holders employ the threat of an injunction as a weapon against competitors, it raises eyebrows among antitrust lawyers and agencies instinctively. Such is the case when standard-essential patents are used to hold members of standard setting organizations hostage by threatening sunk technology investments. Prominently last year, Google purchased Motorola Mobility Inc., which included 17,000 patents predominately relating to smartphones, and Apple and Microsoft acquired Nortel Networks and its 6,000 telecommunications patents. The FTC and the DOJ reacted with concern about potential patent abuse in light of the ever-more salient “smartphone patent wars.”In this setting, Renata Hesse, Deputy Assistant Attorney General at the DOJ, and Joseph F. Wayland, then Assistant Attorney General of the FTC, published governance suggestions aimed at lessening the likelihood of hold-up in the standardization process. This article applies a law and economics analysis to three of the suggestions: disclosure requirements, cross-licensing provisions, and limitations of exclusion through injunctions. The discussion addresses problems relating to joint negotiation and monopsony, as well as royalty stacking and cournot complements. It demonstrates how cross-licensing among upstream firms can effectively raise their downstream rivals’ costs, and it explores the concept of “reverse hold-up.”The article finally concludes that Hesse and Wayland identify critical issues, but fail to provide a fully satisfying solution to the problem of standard-essential patent hold-up.
Guillain-Barré syndrome after Cyclospora infection.

We present a patient who developed Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) after a Cyclospora-induced diarrheal illness. We raise the possibility that Cyclospora is an infectious trigger for GBS in this patient. An active search for this agent in patients with GBS preceded by diarrheal illness is recommended.
Direct reaction synthesis of Mg2B14 from elemental precursors

Abstract Mg2B14 prepared by reaction of high-purity Mg and B was analyzed by X-ray diffraction and Rietveld analysis. The structure refinement for space group Imam resulted in residuals Rp = 6.95% and RBragg = 3.72% with lattice parameters a = 5.9738(3) A, b = 8.1255(4) A, and c = 10.4809(5) A. AlMgB14 produced by the same method did not yield high-purity specimens.
On Transient Cylindrical Surface Heat Flux Predicted from Interior Temperature Response

Conclusions We conclude that the quadratic Euclidian normalization is superior to the linear Cartesian normalization as a candidate for the length restriction (3) in the statement of the auxiliary problem. The method of solution using Norm II is clearly more efficient than the methods based on Norm I, and has the additional advantage of introducing no bias. It is particularly noteworthy that Method II run times are primarily a function of the number of active constraints only, while Methods IA and IB run times increase significantly with increase in either m or n. References
Physical activity, sadness, and suicidality in bullied US adolescents.

Objective The consequences of bullying are well described, yet little is known about protective factors that may diminish the negative sequelae. One possible factor, physical activity (PA), improves mental health in general and clinical populations. The purpose of this study is to examine relationships among PA, sadness, and suicidality in bullied US adolescents. We hypothesized that physically active students would be less likely to feel sad or to report suicidal ideation or attempts, including bullied students. Method Using the 2013 National Youth Risk Behavior Survey (N = 13,583), regression models adjusted for age, sex, and race estimated the odds ratios among PA, sadness, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempts, stratified by whether students were bullied. Results Overall, 30.0% of students reported sadness for 2 or more weeks, 22.2% reported suicidal ideation, and 8.2% reported suicide attempt in the previous 12 months. Bullied students were twice as likely to report feeling sad and 3 times as likely to report suicidal ideation or attempt. Students who reported exercising 4 to 5 days a week had lower adjusted odds of sadness, suicidal ideation, or suicide attempts than students who exercised 0 to 1 day a week ( p ≤ .0001). After stratifying by bullying, similar but attenuated associations were observed. Overall, exercise for 4 or more days per week was associated with an approximate 23% reduction in suicidal ideation and attempt in bullied students. Conclusion PA is inversely related to sadness and suicidality in adolescents, highlighting the relationship between PA and mental health in children, and potentially implicating PA as a salient option in the response to bullying in schools.
Severe cholestatic jaundice associated with piroxicam

A 62-year-old man with rheumatoid arthritis developed jaundice while taking piroxicam. A full evaluation including ultrasound, computerized tomography, endoscopic cholangiography, and liver biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of intrahepatic cholestasis. The patient's jaundice and all other liver function abnormalities normalized 4 months after he discontinued taking piroxicam. This is the first case report in the United States of severe liver toxicity associated with piroxicam. The six cases in the English-language literature are reviewed, featuring the presentation, patterns of liver injury, and outcome in each. Piroxicam should be considered as a potential cause of cholestatic jaundice when other more common etiologies have been excluded.
Inference concerning a common dispersion of several treatment groups in the analysis of over/underdispersed count data

Over/underdispersed count data arise in many biostatistical practices in which a number of different treatment groups are compared in an experiment. In the analysis of several treatment groups of such count data, a very common statistical inference problem is to test whether these data come from the same population. The usual practice for testing homogeneity of several treatment groups in terms of means and dispersions is first to test the equality of dispersions and then to test the equality of the means based on the result of the test for equality of dispersions. Previous studies reported test procedures for testing the homogeneity of the means of several treatment groups with an assumption of equal or unequal dispersions. This article develops test procedures for testing the validity of the equal or unequal dispersions assumption of several treatment groups in the analysis of over/underdispersed count data. We consider the C(α) test based on the maximum likelihood (ML) method using the negative binomial model as well as the three other C(α) tests based on the method of moments, extended quasi-likelihood, and double extended quasi-likelihood using the models specified by the first two moments of counts. Monte Carlo simulations are then used to study the comparative behavior of these C(α) tests along with the likelihood ratio test in terms of size and power. The simulation results demonstrate that all four statistics hold the nominal level reasonably well in most of the data situations studied here, and the C(α) test based on ML shows some edge in power over the other three C(α) tests. Finally, applications to biostatistical practices are analyzed.
Contribution of endothelin-1 in cardiac myocyte dysfunction in Type 1 diabetic rats

Summary Background Cardiac complications have been demonstrated as a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the diabetic population. However, the mechanisms underlying diabetes-induced cardiomyopathy remain unclear. We tested the hypothesis that endothelin-1 (ET-1) plays an important role in diabetes-induced pathogenesis of ventricular myocyte dysfunction. Methods Diabetic rat was induced by an intravenous injection of streptozotocin (STZ). The potential contribution of endothelin to diabetic cardiomyopathy was determined by chronic treatment of rats with the ET-1 receptor antagonist, bosentan. Myocyte contractility and intracellular calcium homeostasis were compared using an edge detection/micro-fluorescent system. Results Ventricular myocytes isolated from diabetic rats exhibited significant depression in cell contractility and altered intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) transient. On the other hand, L-type Ca2+ channel activity in diabetic myocytes was not altered. Bosentan treatment successfully prevented myocyte contractile dysfunction and [Ca2+]i depression in diabetic rats without affecting myocyte function from control rats. Bosentan had no effect on Ca2+ channel activity in myocytes obtained from both control and diabetic rats. Conclusion These data demonstrate that elevated ET-1 in diabetic animals plays an important role in the diabetes-induced cardiac myocyte dysfunction. Blockade of ET-1 receptor may be a potential therapeutic strategy in the treatment of diabetes-induced heart failure.
The development of corporate responsibility/corporate citizenship

This paper outlines the emergence of corporate responsibility/corporate citizenship as part of corporate practice. The paper first defines the terms, then briefly focuses on the history of corporate citizenship and its evolution over time, highlighting the current popularity of the term both in academic and practice-based work. It turns next to an assessment of the current pressures and dynamics facing major corporations, highlighting the internalization of corporate responsibility practices into companies' business models, and a growing infrastructure that involves new standards and principles, the social investment movement, NGO pressures, multi-sector collaborations particularly around so-called bottom-of the pyramid strategies, internal and external responsibility management approaches, and stakeholder engagement, as well as transparency and reporting. Finally, the paper addresses how some of the current pressures are likely to evolve in the future, noting the emergence of new conversations like Corpo...
PARADE: A Cycle-Accurate Full-System Simulation Platform for Accelerator-Rich Architectural Design and Exploration

The power wall and utilization wall in today's processors have led to a focus on accelerator-rich architecture, which will include a sea of accelerators that can achieve orders-of-magnitude performance and energy gains. The emerging accelerator-rich architecture is still in its early stage, and many design issues, such as the efficient accelerator resource management and communication between accelerators and CPU cores, remain unclear. Therefore, a research platform that can enable those design explorations will be extremely useful. This paper presents the first cycle-accurate full-system simulation Platform for Accelerator-Rich Architectural Design and Exploration (PARADE). PARADE can automatically generate dedicated or composable accelerator simulation modules, simulate the global accelerator management, a coherent cache/scratchpad with shared memory, and a customizable network-on-chip---all at cycle-level. In addition, PARADE provides visualization support to assist architects with design space exploration. Finally, a few case studies are conducted to confirm that PARADE can enable various system-level design space explorations in the accelerator-rich architecture.
Electroluminescence-detected magnetic resonance study of OLEDs containing a mixed N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(1-naphthylphenyl)-1,1'-biphenyl-4,4'-diamine (NPB)/tris(quinolinolate) Al (Alq 3 ) layer

The electroluminescence (EL)-detected magnetic resonance (ELDMR) of abrupt junction and mixed layer N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(1-naphthylphenyl)-1,1'-biphenyl-4,4'-diamine (NPB) / tris(quinolinolate) Al (Alq 3 ) OLEDs was measured at room temperature and at 20K, at current densities 0.83 ≤ J ≤ 83 mA/cm 2 . The abrupt junction and mixed layer devices were indium tin oxide (ITO) / 5 nm copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) / 50 nm NPB / 40 nm Alq 3 / 1 nm CsF / Al, and ITO / 5 nm CuPc / 40 nm NPB / 20 nm 1:1 NPB:Alq 3 / 30 nm Alq3 / 1 nm CsF / Al, respectively. As expected, the devices exhibited a positive (EL-enhancing) spin 1/2 resonance at T = 20 K and a negative (ELquenching) spin 1/2 resonance at room temperature. It was found that the positive and negative resonance was stronger in the abrupt junction and in the mixed layer devices, respectively. The results are discussed in relation to the mechanisms responsible for these resonances, namely reduced quenching of singlet excitons by polarons and triplet excitons, and enhanced quenching by trions, respectively.
Designing experiments to test closure hypotheses

Abstract The unique problems confronting turbulence modelers and experimenters who wish to directly test closure hypotheses are reviewed. Particular attention is paid to the problems presented by systematic errors in the experimental data. Some of the sources of these errors in thermal and laser-Doppler anemometry techniques for measurement are also reviewed, as are problems common to all techniques. The discussion is illustrated by examples from the authors' own work in axisymmetric jets.
Three dimensional object recognition with photon counting imagery in the presence of noise

Three dimensional (3D) imaging systems have been recently suggested for passive sensing and recognition of objects in photon-starved environments where only a few photons are emitted or reflected from the object. In this paradigm, it is important to make optimal use of limited information carried by photons. We present a statistical framework for 3D passive object recognition in presence of noise. Since in quantum-limited regime, detector dark noise is present, our approach takes into account the effect of noise on information bearing photons. The model is tested when background noise and dark noise sources are present for identifying a target in a 3D scene. It is shown that reliable object recognition is possible in photon-counting domain. The results suggest that with proper translation of physical characteristics of the imaging system into the information processing algorithms, photon-counting imagery can be used for object classification.
Position Paper: Thoughts on Programming with Proof Assistants

Today the reigning opinion about computer proof assistants based on constructive logic (even from some of the developers of these tools!) is that, while they are very helpful for doing math, they are an absurdly heavy-weight solution to use for practical programming. Yet the Curry-Howard isomorphism foundation of proof assistants like Coq [Yves Bertot and Pierre Casteran. Interactive Theorem Proving and Program Development. Coq'Art: The Calculus of Inductive Constructions. Texts in Theoretical Computer Science. Springer Verlag, 2004] gives them clear interpretations as programming environments. My purpose in this position paper is to make the general claim that Coq is already quite useful today for non-trivial certified programming tasks, as well as to highlight some reasons why you might want to consider using it as a base for your next project in dependently-typed programming.
Doing Justice to Human Security: A Textbook in Tune with its Time

I begin this brief review of this important volume with the confession that I have not personally pursued a teaching style that has employed a self-acclaimed textbook for many, many years, preferring to construct courses around monographs, articles and other visual materials. However, were I provided the opportunity to teach a course at the upper division undergraduate level or early gradate level in the subject of human security, this would certainly be the book I would choose (with the caveat introduced below). Alex and Sabina Lautensach have given careful and thoughtful consideration to every aspect of the text: the preface and introduction, written by the editors, lay out both the logic of the text and frame the subject matter that will locate the reader firmly in the midst of the vast challenges that consti­tute the issue of human security. They do so by em­phasizing both the multiple dimensions along which the issue of human security can be located and the inseparable nature of these as they interact with each other in complex ways. In many respects this strikes me as one of the most important contributions to the text—its steady insistence that human security as a construct is in a discursive state of constant emer­gence, such that in some important ways all its varied dimensions insistently co-vary. To make such a claim is in itself daunting—to demonstrate its validity and mutual engagements through the complex subject matters of its 20 chapters, is a tour de force. Their conclusion is sufficiently rich to stand alone as an illustrative text in other course materials.
Design and Modeling of Metamorphic Dual-Junction InGaP/GaAs Solar Cells on Si Substrate for Concentrated Photovoltaic Application

We have investigated the concentrated photovoltaic performance of metamorphic monolithic InGaP/GaAs dual-junction (2-J) solar cells on Si substrate under AM1.5d spectrum using finite-element analysis. The current-matching condition between each subcell was realized for threading dislocation density varying from 10 5 to 10 7 cm -2 , emanating from the mismatch between GaAs and Si substrate. Through comprehensive cell design and by mitigating the losses due to shadowing effect and series resistance, we present an optimal cell design for harnessing the maximum potential of 2-J InGaP/GaAs cell integrated on Si substrate for concentrated photovoltaics. The optimization of front grid spacing and sheet resistance of the window layer were the key design parameters taken into consideration for extending the peak performance toward higher concentrations. Finally, we present an optimized 2-J InGaP/GaAs cell design on Si, which exhibited a theoretical conversion efficiency of 33.11% at 600 suns at a realistic TDD of 10 6 cm -2 , indicating a promising future for integrating III-V cell technology on Si for low-cost concentrated photovoltaics.
Mammalian spermatogenesis in vivo and in vitro: a partnership of spermatogenic and somatic cell lineages.

Is gametogenesis possible in vitro? This question was one of the relevant topics in a comprehensive review published in 1965 by Etienne Wolff and Katy Haffen (1), describing results of pioneering organ culture work on vertebrate and invertebrate gonads carried out between 1913 and 1965. Wolff and Haffen provided a partial answer to the above question by indicating that organ culture methods allow “far greater differentiation of the germ cells to occur since they are surrounded by their natural environment, namely the somatic cells of the gonads.” The early recognition that spermatogenic cells can differentiate in vitro in close association with somatic cells can be regarded as the most forwardlooking aspect of this statement. Another important remark in Wolff and Haffen's review was the anticipated potential use of in vitro organ and cell culture systems for determining the role of various factors, including hormones, in the regulation of the spermatogenic process.
The in vitro impact of moxifloxacin and gatifloxacin concentration (0.5% vs 0.3%) and the addition of benzalkonium chloride on antibacterial efficacy.

Purpose Varied concentrations of moxifloxacin (MOX) and gatifloxacin (GAT) and the addition of 0.005% benzalkonium chloride (BAK) were evaluated for eliminating Staphylococcus aureus (SA), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA), and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CNS). Design In vitro laboratory investigation. Methods The time-kill survival of SA, PA, and CNS were tested at one, two, three, six, eight, and 24 hours to: (1) Mueller-Hinton broth, (2) BAK, (3) 0.5% MOX, (4) 0.5% GAT, (5) 0.3% MOX, (6) 0.3% GAT, (7) 0.3% GAT plus BAK, (8) 0.5% MOX plus BAK, (9) 8 μg/ml GAT, and (10) 8 μg/ml MOX. Antibiotic interactions (GAT and BAK) were determined by checkerboard testing. The outcome measures were (1) time-to-kill, (2) killing-rates, and (3) fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) indices. Results MOX and GAT at either 0.5% or 0.3% had equivalent antibacterial effects. BAK alone or the addition of BAK to either antibiotic eliminated SA and CNS within one hour, whereas 0.3% GAT plus BAK eliminated bacteria faster than 0.5% MOX ( P = .016). For PA, BAK alone had no antibacterial effect. The kill rates of MOX and GAT were equivalent. FIC indices indicated that GAT and BAK were indifferent against SA and CNS, but antagonistic to PA. Conclusion As a preservative, MOX and GAT have equivalent antibacterial activity with similar killing rates. BAK appears to independently complement GAT for eliminating SA and CNS, but has no effect on PA. The in vitro predictive clinical effect due to varied antibiotic concentration and the addition of BAK requires confirmatory clinical studies for validation.
Oligochaete Fauna of Western Lake Erie 1961 and 1982: Signs of Sediment Quality Recovery

The oligochaete fauna at 40 stations in western Lake Erie were collected in 1982 and compared to oligochaete fauna collected similarly in 1961. A total of 34 taxa, representing 18 Tubificidae and 16 Naididae, were identified. Changes in the proportions of low, moderate, and heavy polluted sediments, as determined by ranges of total numbers of oligochaetes, indicate that, in general, heavy pollution substantially decreased near shore and moderate pollution increased and low pollution decreased in open waters over the 21-year comparison. The most common taxon, the eutrophic species, Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri, decreased in abundance in open water, indicating decreased eutrophication, whereas the distribution and abundance of other indicator taxa, including the eutrophic species L. maumeensis, L. cervix, Quistadrilus multisetosus multisetosus, and mesotrophic species Ilyodrilus templetoni and three species of Aulodrilus indicate increased eutrophication in open water. In general, oligochaete trophic indices (based on tubificid species and abundances) in traditional area designations used in 1961, the nearshore designation (<3.5 km from shore), and areas defined by cluster analysis confirm results of less eutrophic substrates near shore. However, traditional analysis indicates that low pollution was replaced by moderate pollution in open waters and cluster analysis indicates that the zone of least detectable pollution increased in open waters over the 21-year comparison. It may be that the open waters of western Lake Erie were in a stage of transition between pollution designations when sampled in 1982. The present study is valuable because it provides a baseline to assess environmental changes observed in western Lake Erie after many years of pollution abatement programs and before the exponential increase in densities of the trophic shifting zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha.
Dynamics of barotropic low-frequency fluctuations in San Francisco Bay during upwelling

Abstract Observations of wind, surface elevations, and currents in San Francisco Bay during the 1999 upwelling season are analyzed to understand the dynamics of low-frequency currents in upwelling-dominated estuaries. Principal component analysis is carried out to distinguish the different uncorrelated components of the low-frequency fluctuations in the observations. Analyses of ADCP observations at two locations in the Bay show that barotropic currents flow in the direction of winds in the shallow parts of the cross section and flow against the wind in the deeper parts of the cross-section. We ran the SUNTANS model with three forcing functions: (i) winds, (ii) low-frequency surface elevations, and (iii) winds and low-frequency surface elevations, to determine the forcing functions that best reproduce the observed low-frequency fluctuations. Analyses of observations and model simulations show that wind-driven flow in the shallow areas and upwind in the deeper areas, consistent with linear theory. Model simulations also show that the low-frequency currents in the Bay generated due to local winds capture the mean low-frequency barotropic fluctuations seen in the observations during the upwelling season. Model simulations showed that the current generated due to the coastal sea level forcing at the mouth of the Bay is small because the coastal sea levels inside the Bay are in phase with that at the mouth and thus generate weak or negligible pressure gradients. We conclude that forcing of low-frequency sea level fluctuations along the offshore boundaries in the model simulations does not lead to improvement in the prediction of low-frequency currents in San Francisco Bay.
Rank Conditions on the Multiple-View Matrix

Geometric relationships governing multiple images of points and lines and associated algorithms have been studied to a large extent separately in multiple-view geometry. The previous studies led to a characterization based on multilinear constraints, which have been extensively used for structure and motion recovery, feature matching and image transfer. In this paper we present a universal rank condition on the so-called multiple-view matrix M for arbitrarily combined point and line features across multiple views. The condition gives rise to a complete set of constraints among multiple images. All previously known multilinear constraints become simple instantiations of the new condition. In particular, the relationship between bilinear, trilinear and quadrilinear constraints can be clearly revealed from this new approach. The theory enables us to carry out global geometric analysis for multiple images, as well as systematically characterize all degenerate configurations, without breaking image sequence into pairwise or triple-wise sets of views. This global treatment allows us to utilize all incidence conditions governing all features in all images simultaneously for a consistent recovery of motion and structure from multiple views. In particular, a rank-based multiple-view factorization algorithm for motion and structure recovery is derived from the rank condition. Simulation results are presented to validate the multiple-view matrix based approach.
Is more P2P always bad for ISPs? An analysis of P2P and ISP business models

Internet Service Providers (ISPs) face increasing bandwidth pressure from rising access demand by users, especially P2P and VoD applications. Traditionally, P2P has been viewed as tremendously negative from the perspective of the ISP. In this paper, we question this assumption and study the impact of P2P applications on the effective ISP functionality. We perform an economic analysis to show that a higher P2P penetration rate does not necessarily lead to increased ISP bottleneck link bandwidth pressure. Our results show that the local serving rate is critical for the sustainability of the ISP business model as well as for the benefit of P2P users.
Nuclear spin-lattice relaxation in the Hubbard model at high temperatures

Abstract A high temperature expansion is given for the nuclear spin-lattice relaxation time in a 1 2 -filled band Hubbard model linear chain with U/t ⪢ 1. The results extend through the M-I transition.
175. High levels of aerobic fitness are associated with fewer senescent T-cells and a lower prevalence of latent cytomegalovirus infection in healthy men

The immune risk profile (IRP) is an array of immunological biomarkers that is associated with decreased vaccine efficacy, increased disease susceptibility and 3–5 year mortality in the elderly. Increased proportions of KLRG1 + CD28-CD8 (senescent) T-cells and latent cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection are key components of the IRP. We have previously shown that high aerobic fitness levels (determined by VO2 max) are associated with a decreased accumulation of senescent T-cells during aging, but it is not known if fitness affects CMV prevalence or viral load. T-cell phenotypes and CMV status was determined in 74 healthy men (aged 18–64) categorized as “High Fit” (n = 36) or “Low Fit” (n = 38) according to age-adjusted VO2max scores. High aerobic fitness was associated with lower proportions of senescent CD8+ T-cells (23.0% v 46.6%; p
Reversal of diabetes in the rat by injection of hematopoietic stem cells infected with recombinant adeno-associated virus containing the preproinsulin II gene.

Abstract Aim: To study the effect of injecting hematopoietic stem cells containing the preproinsulin gene II (rl2) via recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) into normal and streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Methods:rl2 was transfected into rat hematopoietic stem cells using rAAV vector. Stem cells were injected by intravenous route into normal and STZ-induced diabetic rats to study blood sugar and expression of rl2 in various tissues. The pLP-1 recombinant plasmid containing rl2 (vLP-1) was engineered as previously described. Bone marrow from female Wistar-Furth rats was enriched for stem cells by using plastic adherence and monoclonal antirat CD3 and CD45 RA to deplete T and B cells. The remaining cells were exposed to vLP-1 (multiplicity of infection MOI = 50:1 or 100:1) for 2 h. Approximately ten million exposed stem cells were injected by intravenous route into each animal; there were four groups: normal animals at MOI 50:1 (group 1) or MOI 100:1 (group 2); group 3 animals (n = 9) were streptozotocin-induced diabetic animals at MOI 100:1. Animals that showed reversal of diabetes from group 3 were sacrificed for study of gene expression at weeks 1, 2, and 6, respectively. Control diabetic animals did not receive stem cells or virus constituted group 4. Expression of rl2 was analyzed by RT-PCR and Southern analyses. Results: Despite introduction of insulin gene, groups 1 and 2 had blood sugar concentrations that remained within normal levels, while 3 of 9 animals in group 3 showed reversal of diabetes; using RT-PCR, group 1 expressed rl2 in liver, spleen, thymus, brain, and heart at week 1 only. In group 2, rl2 was seen in the thymus up to 6 weeks; in diabetic animals (group 3) rl2 was seen in liver, bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and peripheral blood lymphocytes at week 2 and in thymus and lymphocytes at week 6. Conclusions: We have shown that (1) rAAV is a useful vector for transferring rl2 into rat hematopoietic stem cells; (2) normal animals remained euglycemic after injection of stem cells containing rl2 despite identification in various tissues suggesting autoregulation, and (3) short-term reversal of diabetes was achieved in some animals by injection of stem cells containing rl2.
COMPARATIVE THICKENING FRACTION OF SEPTUM AND POST-ERIOR LEFT VENTRICULAR WALL IN NORMAL CHILDREN ON ECHOGRAM

Although the ventricular septum (S) participates in left ventricular (LV) contraction (LVC) in normal subjects, no data are available regarding the relative contribution of S as compared to the LV posterior wall (LVW) to LVC in normal children. Thickening of S and LVW during systole, expressed as thickening fraction (TF) can be studied by echocardiography and thereby the relative contribution of these structures to LVC can be assessed. We therefore performed echograms upon a group of clinically normal school children to establish normal values for TF. Strip chart recordings of the LV at its midcavity sector containing mitral echoes were obtained by means of a 2.25 MHz transducer. The thickness of LVW and of S was measured at the onset of QRS complex of the EKG and at the point of maximum systolic excursion, The difference in these two measurements were expressed as a percentage to obtain TF for LVW and S (TFS=S syatole-S diastole X 100/S diastole), for several cardiac cycles and averaged. TF results were as follows: Mean and standard error of mean for S=51.51% (3.14) and for LVW 81.34% (3.64). The difference between these values was significant with p=<0.001. This data establishes normal TF values for S and LVW in children. In addition, these results suggest that LVW contributes more than S to LV contraction In normal children. (Sponsor: Eli Gold)
Biochemical and ultrastructural changes in Tetrahymena pyriformis during starvation.

SYNOPSIS. Certain of the ultrastructural and biochemical changes occurring during the first 25 hr of starvation in Tetrahymena pyriformis were studied. Ultrastructurally, numerous profiles of degenerating mitochondria were seen in the early stages of starvation. The presence of oxidizable substrate such as glucose and acetate did not prevent this degeneration. Numerous large nucleoli were formed, many of which seemed to be passing into the cytoplasm as forming autophagic vacuoles. There was a transient increase in Oil Red O-positive bodies, presumably lipid (triglycerides). The extent and duration of this increase were pronounced in the presence of acetate. The lipid droplets appeared to arise within the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum. Lipid reserves were apparently utilized prior to carbohydrates, as the disappearance of lipid droplets preceded glycogen utilization, both in the presence of acetate and in the absence of exogenous substrate. A considerable loss of cellular protein also occurred. In cells from inorganic medium supplemented with glucose, glycogen occupied much of the cell, leaving only islands of cell organelles. Acid phosphatase was localized, ultrastructurally, mainly in autophagic vacuoles which contained mitochondria and other cell organelles, and in association with small, double-membraned structures which seemed to be sequestering small areas of cytoplasm. Such sequestered areas also appeared within larger autophagic vacuoles. Residual bodies containing concentric whorls of myelin-like membranes surrounding a more solid core accumulated during starvation. Acid phosphatase activity decreased in amount but not in specific activity. The specific activity of cathespin doubled or tripled, but there was little change in total enzyme.