cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Downhill exercise alters immunoproteasome content in mouse skeletal muscle

Content of the immunoproteasome, the inducible form of the standard proteasome, increases in atrophic muscle suggesting it may be associated with skeletal muscle remodeling. However, it remains unknown if the immunoproteasome responds to stressful situations that do not promote large perturbations in skeletal muscle proteolysis. The purpose of this study was to determine how an acute bout of muscular stress influences immunoproteasome content. To accomplish this, wild-type (WT) and immunoproteasome knockout lmp7 -/- /mecl1 -/- (L7M1) mice were run downhill on a motorized treadmill. Soleus muscles were excised 1 and 3 days post-exercise and compared to unexercised muscle (control). Ex vivo physiology, histology and biochemical analyses were used to assess the effects of immunoproteasome knockout and unaccustomed exercise. Besides L7M1 muscle being LMP7/MECL1 deficient, no other major biochemical, histological or functional differences were observed between the control muscles. In both strains, the downhill run shifted the force-frequency curve to the right and reduced twitch force; however, it did not alter tetanic force or inflammatory markers. In the days post-exercise, several of the proteasome's catalytic subunits were upregulated. Specifically, WT muscle increased LMP7 while L7M1 muscle instead increased β5. These findings indicate that running mice downhill results in subtle contractile characteristics that correspond to skeletal muscle injury, yet it does not appear to induce a significant inflammatory response. Interestingly, this minor stress activated the production of specific immunoproteasome subunits that if knocked out were replaced by components of the standard proteasome. These data suggest that the immunoproteasome may be involved in maintaining cellular homeostasis.
Diagnosis and Prevalence of Obesity

Obesity is a condition of increased adipose tissue mass. Many techniques are available for measurement of body fat, but none is available widely for clinical purposes. The new technique of bioelectrical impedance may change this in the future. For now, relative weight and BMI are used as indices of obesity, which may be defined as a BMI greater than 30 kg per m2. This corresponds to a relative weight approximately 120 per cent above desirable. According to this definition, obesity exists in 10 to 12 per cent of adult men and women in the United States and Canada.
Received-Signal-Strength-Based Localization in Wireless Sensor Networks

In this paper, an overview of recent developments in received-signal-strength (RSS)-based localization in wireless sensor networks is presented. Several important practical issues and their solutions are discussed. To save communication bandwidth and sensor energy, a maximum-likelihood estimator based on quantized data is presented along with its corresponding Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) and optimal quantizer design schemes. For further system resource savings, an iterative sensor selection approach is presented to activate only the most informative sensors, by maximizing the mutual information or minimizing the posterior CRLB at each iteration. For a resource constrained WSN with imperfect wireless channels, channel-aware target localization is described, where the channel model is incorporated into the localization scheme itself, thereby improving performance without increasing communication overhead. Another practical issue involving the presence of malicious sensors called Byzantines is discussed and mitigation schemes are provided. A recent coding-theorybased approach which is both computationally inexpensive and robust to such malicious attacks is also discussed.
Promoting Social Development

Most of the early behavior modification programs with children were focused on increasing appropriate classroom behaviors and academic performance (Drabman & Furman, in press). In the last decade, though, increasing attention has been given to the social behavior of children. Adequate social skills have been recognized to be both important prerequisites to intellectual development and critical aspects of adjustment in themselves. While behavioral procedures such as modeling or reinforcement have been shown to hold considerable promise (Combs & Slaby, 1977), clinical investigators have seldom viewed their findings in a developmental framework, or explicitly considered developmental factors in designing treatment programs.
A Novel Positron Emission Tomography Reporter Gene/Reporter Probe for the Central Nervous System

78 Objectives: Gene therapy is limited by a lack of appropriate imaging techniques that can successfully monitor delivery/expression of the therapy. We set out to develop a novel positron emission tomography (PET) reporter gene system for monitoring gene therapy specifically within the central nervous system (CNS). In this study, we have over-expressed an isoform of pyruvate kinase (PKM2) in the CNS of mice, delivered by an associated-adeno virus (AAV9). The expression of PKM2 was imaged using [18F]DASA-23 PET. PKM2 is particularly suited as a reporter gene in the CNS as it has very low endogenous expression in the healthy brain and its corresponding reporter probe ([18F]DASA-23) has been shown to freely cross the blood brain barrier (BBB) allowing imaging in the CNS. Methods: The utility of PKM2 as a PET reporter gene was first validated in cell culture by overexpressing PKM2 in HeLa cells by transfecting with varying levels of a PKM2 containing plasmid. Following transfection, analysis by [18F]DASA-23 uptake and qPCR was performed. Moving to in vivo studies, mice were infected with AAV9 containing the PKM2 gene via stereotactic injection into one side of the brain. Dynamic small animal PET/CT imaging of [18F]DASA-23 was serially carried out over a period of 2 months to observe the increase in PKM2 expression over time. After 2 months, the mouse brains were excised for analysis of PKM2 expression, including PKM2 mRNA levels determined by qPCR, autoradiography, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) on adjacent sections of excised brains. Results: Cell culture studies showed that increasing the concentration of PKM2 containing plasmid resulted in an increase in [18F]DASA-23 uptake where plasmid concentrations of 0.625, 1.5 and 2.5 μg/mL gave 145 ± 9, 201 ± 12 and 302 ± 31 %uptake/mg protein respectively (R2=0.92, P
Inelastic condensed dynamic models for estimating seismic demands for buildings

Abstract Computationally-efficient simulations of structural responses, such as displacements and inter-story drift ratios, are central to performance-based earthquake engineering. Calculating these responses involves potentially time-consuming response history analysis of inelastic structural behavior. To overcome this burden, this paper introduces a new inelastic model condensation (IMC) procedure. The method presented here is non-iterative and uses the modal properties of the full model (in the elastic range) to condense the structural model such that the condensed elastic model preserves the modal properties of the full model at certain modes specified by the analyst. Then, by replacing the inter-story elastic forces with hysteretic forces, the inelastic behavior of the full finite element model is incorporated into the condensed model. The parameters of these hysteretic forces are easily tuned, in order to fit the inelastic behavior of the condensed structure to that of the full model under a variety of simple loading scenarios. The fidelity of structural models condensed in this way is demonstrated via simulation for different ground motion intensities on three different building structures with various heights. The simplicity, accuracy, and efficiency of this approach could significantly alleviate the computational burden of performance-based earthquake engineering.
Carrier-Transport Imaging of Cadmium Telluride Intra- and Inter-Grains

Inhomogeneous local minority-carrier transport in thin-film solar cells is a critical aspect for the device operation. In this work, we applied a transport imaging (TI) technique to the intra- and inter-grain carrier-transport properties of cadmium telluride (CdTe) solar cell materials. We compared the TI results with cathodoluminescence and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) on the same CdTe thin film. The diffusion lengths of two distinct grain interiors were measured directly, and the values are significantly different. Three types of grain boundaries (GBs) determined by EBSD were studied by TI, and they have different decays, suggesting that different GB structure can be responsible for carrier-transport properties. Further, we did a 2D analytical simulation of carrier diffusion across GBs with varying GB lifetimes. The results suggest that GB lifetimes affect the carrier transport. Comparison of multiple technique results, together with numerical simulation, provides a deeper understanding of carrier-transport properties.
MitraClip-Associated Endocarditis: Emergency Department Diagnosis With Point of Care Ultrasound.

Abstract Background Management of mitral valve regurgitation in patients with multiple comorbidities is complicated because of poor surgical candidacy. Less invasive techniques for these patients include the MitraClip device, an endovascular repair option used to reduce mitral valve regurgitation symptoms. However, complications include leaflet damage, stenosis, and infectious endocarditis. Case Report Four years after MitraClip placement, an 80-year-old man presented to the emergency department with progressive dyspnea. He was diagnosed with MitraClip-associated infectious endocarditis by the emergency physician using point-of-care ultrasound. There are 6 reported cases of infective endocarditis in patients with MitraClip devices, with this being the first case identified using point-of-care ultrasound. This is also the first reported case of MitraClip-associated Corynebacterium endocarditis. Why Should an Emergency Physician Be Aware of This? The use of the MitraClip device and its echocardiographic appearance is not widely described in the published emergency medicine literature. Knowledge of this device, its appearance, and the potential complications is essential for emergency physicians caring for these patients. Rapid diagnosis may lead to earlier initiation of treatment and optimal disposition for these complex patients.
The Potential of Remote Sensing for Neutral Atmospheric Density Estimation in a Data Assimilation System

New data assimilation techniques have improved time-dependent estimates of the neutral atmospheric density, making it possible to better estimate the drag perturbation on low-Earth-orbiting satellites. This study looks at the potential for using satellite remote sensing from space as an effective density observation source in a data assimilation system. Changes in the neutral density can occur on a minute-to-minute basis, particularly during geomagnetic storms. Although coverage from only a few (two) satellites may be limited, remote sensing provides observations with a high temporal and spatial resolution. To quantify the effectiveness of the observing platform, a simulated “truth” neutral atmosphere is created using a physical model. This “truth” neutral atmosphere is sampled according to the mechanics of the remote sensing platform, and the results are statistically evaluated. With the resolution afforded by remote sensing, results show that two remote sensing satellites provide a stable solution of degree 4 (5 × 5) every ten minutes. Although coverage from two remote sensing satellites is limited, the coverage is sufficient to provide a pattern correlation coefficient consistently higher than 0.92.
State/Nation Histories, Structural Inequalities and Racialised Crises

This paper draws attention to blind spots in understandings of ‘the state’ in International Political Economy. A genealogy of political centralisation that begins not with modern but the earliest (...
The Fall of the Fall in Early Modern Political Theory

In this essay I offer a contribution to a political genealogy of secularization through the fading of the Fall in early modern political theory. I begin by giving a brief overview of the importance of the Fall in pre-modern Christian political thought. I then examine the fate of the Fall in early modern thought, briefly discussing Niccolo Machiavelli and Francisco de Vitoria, but concentrating on the English tradition most influential on our context, namely Thomas Hobbes, Robert Filmer, and John Locke. I show how and why the Fall is replaced by the “state of nature” as pre-historical justification of political power. I conclude with some comments on what is lost when Western society no longer uses the Fall to mark the difference between the way things are and the way things are meant to be.
Explaining an unusual electromigration behavior—A comprehensive experimental and theoretical analysis using finite element method

In metallic interconnects, it is generally assumed that electromigration (EM) failure location is independent of the applied electrical current and always occurs at the highest-current-density area. Our experiments show otherwise. We designed an Al interconnect that alters its failure location by only varying the applied current density. The failure occurs near the high for a current above 2 × 107 A/cm2, but at a location with 59% of the maximum for lower current densities. Thermoreflectance thermal imaging is employed to gather time-dependent high-resolution spatial temperature distributions of the Al interconnect during EM. More importantly, we propose a computationally inexpensive 2D finite element method that tracks EM evolution in time and matches well with the observations from different experimental conditions. A detailed analysis covering the major driving forces of EM is carried out to understand the complex physics behind EM. The atomic depletion rate contributed by each force is quantitatively studied. By examining the results from every tested experimental condition, the model reveals that the temperature gradient is the key reason causing atomic depletion near the failure location. Graphical illustrations and qualitative analysis are provided to intuitively show the key findings of our work.
Veterinary Clinical Epidemiology

While veterinary medicine has always valued the concepts and methods of epidemiology, they are virtually inseparable in today's clinical practice. With access to an ever-expanding number of journals, as well as countless Internet sources, more and more veterinarians are practicing evidence-based medicine. This is defined as the process of sy
The Zeta-Function

We approach the analytic side of class field theory with more limited objectives than usual, with only the intention of seeing why classical class field theory could not remain “purely algebraic” (assuming this was desirable). Since the modern analytic methods have become so diffuse from the classical standpoint, the present chapter, unlike earlier ones, cannot be reasonably taken to be a motivation for contemporary developments in the analytic theory.
Brownian Motion Effects on the Particle Settling and Its Application to Solidification Front in Metal Matrix Composites

Studying the interactions between the reinforcement particles and solidification front of metal-matrix composites (MMCs) and/or metal-matrix nanocomposites (MMNCs) synthesized using solidification processing is essential to understand the particle strengthening mechanism of these materials. Previous models describing such reinforcement particle and solidification front interactions predict that large particles will be engulfed by the solidification front while smaller particles and nanoparticles will be pushed. However, these models cannot explain the evidence in MMNCs produced by solidification processing that nanoparticles can indeed be engulfed and distributed throughout the material and are not necessarily concentrated in grain boundary or interdendritic regions. In this work, an analytical model of particle size effects on the particle settling due to gravity and the pushing/engulfment during solidification is described that accounts for both Stokes’ law and Brownian motion. The model shows a clear transition from Stokesian- to Brownian-dominant behaviors of ultra-fine nano-sized reinforcement particles, which indicates that these fine particles may be engulfed rather than pushed by the solidification front.
Where is the rectangle

The above figure which has been famous since The Welfare Costs of Tariffs, Monopolies and Theft (Tullock, 1967) has led to a very large amount of research, and even a larger amount of references to the importance of the rent-seeking cost. Basically, what the article claimed was that the total cost of monopolies, tariffs and crimes was represented not only by the triangle at the right, usually called the Harberger triangle, but also by the rectangle. It argued that the development of monopoly, tariff, or other special privilege normally involved the investment of resources. There is no reason why these resources should receive a higher return than resources invested in other activities, hence the rectangle, which represented the return on them should more or less equal the amount of resources invested. In the words, the social waste from rent seeking was much greater than the previous studies had indicated.
BASSET: scalable gateway finder in large graphs

Given a social network, who is the best person to introduce you to, say, Chris Ferguson, the poker champion? Or, given a network of people and skills, who is the best person to help you learn about, say, wavelets? The goal is to find a small group of ‘gateways': persons who is close enough to us, as well as close enough to the target (person, or skill) or, in other words, are crucial in connecting us to the target. The main contributions are the following: (a) we show how to formulate this problem precisely; (b) we show that it is sub-modular and thus it can be solved near-optimally; (c) we give fast, scalable algorithms to find such gateways Experiments on real data sets validate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed methods, achieving up to 6,000,000x speedup.
Ajuste de cuentas con Magroll el suertudo

La narrativa colombiana despues de Garcia Marquez. Juan Gustavo Cabo Borda. Tercer Mundo Editores, Bogota, 1989, 343 pags.
Edema of upper extremity in carcinoma of mammary gland

Abstract Edema of the upper extremity occurs in 20 per cent of cases of advanced carcinoma of the mammary gland, and in 10 per cent of cases following radical operation for this disease. The edema following radical operation may be caused by previous malignant invasion of the tissues, or it may be due to a badly placed incision, namely, an incision that produces obstruction of the lymphatics from the upper extremity. Incisions with scar tissue contraction that fall within the axillary space are the most frequent cause of edema of the upper extremity. A large number of cases of edema of the arm have occurred as a result of radical operations that have been performed for benign disease of the breast. A careful study of all cases of tumor of the breast, and a planned incision for each case should help to lessen the number of cases of edema of the upper extremity following operation on the mammary gland.
Bumfights and Copycat Crimes... Connecting the Dots: Negligent Publication or Protected Speech?

Bumfights symbolizes a frightening trend leading to the emergence of bum-bashing as sport. The Bumfight videos have spawned a copycat phenomenon where young people, usually males in their teens or early twenties, attack the homeless just for fun. The article presents a constitutionally permissible means for legislatively prohibiting the production and sale of Bumfights and for opening the door for negligent-publication claims against the producers and distributors of Bumfights. The article goes on to describe recent attempts by municipalities to enact ordinances that restrict the use and purchase of violent video games and other violent material and it categorizes Bumfights as unprotected speech falling outside the First Amendment umbrella of protection. The author suggests that a carefully drafted ordinance prohibiting the sale and distribution of Bumfights can pave the way for third-party liability claims under the theory of negligence per se and concludes by finding that the regulation of Bumfights through legislative prohibitions and civil-damage claims is consistent with free speech and tort principles.
Gulf Stream eddy characteristics in a high-resolution ocean model

[1] A detailed statistical study of the mesoscale eddy activity in the Gulf Stream (GS) region is performed based on a high-resolution multidecadal regional ocean model hindcast. An eddy detection and tracking method that can be used to capture eddy features from large datasets is presented. This method is applied to the 50 year model hindcast within a domain with the most energetic eddy activity along the GS. Detection results are then analyzed to investigate the kinematic properties and temporal variability of GS mesoscale eddies. The studied kinematic properties include the eddy size, duration, intensity, propagation, and spatial distribution. On average, cyclonic eddies are smaller in size but more energetic and remain coherent longer than anticyclonic ones. Cyclonic eddies generally travel further from the generation sites and have a strong tendency for westward propagation with a small equatorward deflection. Anticyclonic eddies remain near their generation locations and tend to propagate northward. The temporal evolution of eddy properties for long-lived eddies (lifetime >90 days) is also examined. For both cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies, the size increases rapidly to their maximum value within the first 20 days at which point they begin to slowly decay. In terms of intensity, cyclonic eddies show a quasi-linear decay while the anticyclonic ones reach a quasi-steady state after 3–4 months of a more rapid decay. Finally, the seasonal variability of the GS mesoscale eddies is explored. In autumn and winter, both types of eddies are more numerous and larger but less intense, while in spring they are more intense but less numerous and generally smaller. Several possible mechanisms, including the wind stress, thermal forcing, and topographic influence, are considered to explain the seasonal cycle of eddy variability.
Integrated molecular analysis suggests a three-class model for low-grade gliomas: a proof-of-concept study.

Abstract Introduction: We used an integrated molecular analysis strategy to perform class discovery on a population of low-grade gliomas (astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, and mixed gliomas) to improve our understanding of the molecular relationships among these tumors and to reconcile genotypic relationships with current histologic and molecular strategies for tumor classification. Methods: Gene expression profiling was performed on a cross-section of World Health Organization (WHO) grades I–II gliomas. Unsupervised class discovery algorithms identified and validated tumor clusters with genotypic similarity, and these data were integrated with chromosomal copy number assays and RT-PCR data to define molecular tumor subclasses. Machine learning models allowed accurate, prospective classification of unknown tumors into these molecular subgroups. This molecular classification model was compared to current histologic (WHO) and molecular pathologic (chromosome 1p and 19q deletions, p53 alterations, and Ki-67 expression) methods for glioma classification. Results: Molecular class discovery suggested a three-class model for low-grade gliomas. One discrete cluster of gliomas identified the pilocytic astrocytomas, a second grouped the 1p/19q codeleted oligodendrogliomas, and the mixture of remaining 1p/19q intact gliomas, including astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, and oligoastrocytomas, formed a third cluster with a discrete pattern of expression. Conclusions: Integration of genomic, transcriptomic, and morphologic data for class discovery suggests a three-class model for low-grade gliomas. Class I represents tumors with molecular similarity to pilocytic astrocytomas, class II tumors are similar to 1p/19q codeleted oligodendrogliomas, and class III represents infiltrative low-grade gliomas. This classification is similar to current clinical paradigms for low-grade gliomas; our work suggests a molecular basis for such models. This classification may supplement or may serve as the basis for a molecular pathologic alternative to current grading schemes for low-grade gliomas and may highlight potential targets for future biologically based treatments or strategies for future clinical trials.
Cartilaginous tumors of the larynx. A report of two cases with definitive diagnosis by fine needle aspiration and computed tomography.

BACKGROUND: Cartilaginous tumors of the larynx are rare tumors with an indolent course. In the past they were diagnosed by radiographic or computed tomographic imaging and laryngoscopic or surgical biopsy. The literature contains few examples of fine needle aspiration biopsy of these tumors. CASES: Smears of the fine needle aspirates from two cases of cartilaginous tumors of the larynx consisted of a mucinous background containing chondroid fragments of benign-appearing lacunar cells. Cytomorphologic and architectural features of smears and cell block preparations correlated well with histologic sections from subsequent surgical specimens. Both tumors were classified by cytology and histology as low grade cartilaginous tumors. CONCLUSION: Fine needle aspiration biopsy, together with typical computed tomographic images, is adequate for diagnosis, cost-effective and safe and can be performed in an outpatient setting.
RAMZES: A knowledge-based system for structural concepts evaluation

Abstract The objective of this paper is to present RAMZES, a computer system that can be used as a decision support tool for structural concepts evaluation. The system is based on a knowledge-based approach and on multiattribute utility theory, one of the set of multi-criteria optimization methods. The knowledge base is used to provide designers with domain-specific information for describing concepts, while multiattribute utility theory is used for numerically assessing the overall worth of these concepts. The system's architecture, assumptions and operations are presented in this paper. It includes the initial results of evaluation experiments conducted using the system.
Regression models for calculating gas fluxes measured with a closed chamber

Portable closed chambers provide a valuable tool for measuring crop photosynthesis and evapotranspiration. Typically, the rates of change of CO 2 and water vapor concentration are assumed to be constant in the short time required to make the closed-chamber measurement, and a linear regression model is used to estimate the CO 2 and H 2 O fluxes. However, due to the physical and physiological effects the measurement system has on the measured process, assuming a constant rate and using a linear model may underestimate the flux. Our objective was to provide a model that estimates the CO 2 and H 2 O exchange rates at the time of chamber closure. We compared the linear regression model with a quadratic regression model using field measurements from two studies. Generally, 60 to 100% of all chamber measurement data sets were significantly nonlinear, causing the quadratic model to yield fluxes 10 to 40% greater than those calculated with the linear regression model. The frequency and degree of nonlinearity were related to the measured rate and chamber volume. Closed-chamber data should be tested for nonlinearity and an appropriate model used to calculate flux. The quadratic model provides users of well-mixed closed chambers an alternative to a simple linear model for data sets with significant nonlinearity.
Frames in spaces with finite rate of innovation

Signals with finite rate of innovation are those signals having finite degrees of freedom per unit of time that specify them. In this paper, we introduce a prototypical space $V_q(\Phi, \Lambda)$ modeling signals with finite rate of innovation, such as stream of (different) pulses found in GPS applications, cellular radio and ultra wide-band communication. In particular, the space $V_q(\Phi, \Lambda)$ is generated by a family of well-localized molecules $\Phi$ of similar size located on a relatively separated set $\Lambda$ using $\ell^q$ coefficients, and hence is locally finitely generated. Moreover that space $V_q(\Phi, \Lambda)$ includes finitely generated shift-invariant spaces, spaces of non-uniform splines, and the twisted shift-invariant space in Gabor (Wilson) system as its special cases. Use the well-localization property of the generator $\Phi$ , we show that if the generator $\Phi$ is a frame for the space $V_2(\Phi, \Lambda)$ and has polynomial (sub-exponential) decay, then its canonical dual (tight) frame has the same polynomial (sub-exponential) decay. We apply the above result about the canonical dual frame to the study of the Banach frame property of the generator $\Phi$ for the space $V_q(\Phi, \Lambda)$ with $q\ne 2$ , and of the polynomial (sub-exponential) decay property of the mask associated with a refinable function that has polynomial (sub-exponential) decay.
Optical Disk Storage System Applications With A Common Technology Base

A variety of applications for optical disc storage technology which share a common thread of technology are identified. Each of the applications is characterized in terms of relative importance of the optimum costs, features, performance, and data types. The similarities and differences between the various applications are highlighted.
Silicon Detectors at the ILC

Silicon detectors are being developed for several applications in ILC detectors. These include vertex detection, tracking, electromagnetic calorimetry, and forward detectors. The advantages of silicon detector technology have been incorporated into a full detector design, SiD (the Silicon Detector). A brief overview of this effort is presented.
Study of temperature dependence of electron-phonon relaxation and dephasing in semiconductor double-dot nanostructures

This paper examines mechanisms of relaxation and dephasing of electrons in double-dot nanostructures due to interaction with acoustic phonon modes. The effect of temperature of phonon bath on decay on electron quantum evolution is obtained. Our results set the temperature ranges outside of which the quantum dynamics of electrons will be significantly suppressed.
The intestinal lymph fistula model—a novel approach to study ghrelin secretion

The orexigenic hormone ghrelin is secreted from the stomach and has been implicated in the regulation of energy and glucose homeostasis. We hypothesized that ghrelin, like other gastrointestinal (G...
Dislocation stress-velocity dependence in alloys

The frictional stress sigma(v) is calculated for a dislocation gliding at an average velocity v on a plane containing a fixed random distribution of weak obstacles of finite interaction range, in the presence of viscous forces. For very low viscous forces the dislocation travels quasistraight, overcoming each obstacle independently of the relative positions of the other ones. Dislocation glide is possible only for v> or approx. =1/50v/sub s/, where v/sub s/ is the sound velocity in the solid. The frictional stress has the usual viscous drag component plus an extrinsic component proportional to the solute concentration, which vanishes asymptotically for v >> 1/50v/sub s/. For high viscous forces, glide is possible at all velocities for stresses above a critical stress sigma/sub c/. For sigma approx. = sigma/sub c/ the motion is sensitive to the obstacle statistics. For sigma> or approx. =2sigma/sub c/ the motion is mostly drag controlled, with characteristics similar to those observed in the presence of low viscous forces.
Phase Delay In A Deformed Fiber At Low Temperatures

Coherent optical signals transmitted through a single-mode fiber are highly sensitive to the refractive index changes caused by the fiber axis distortions, stresses and strains. Analysis of the the fiber axis distortions are most conveniently made by periodic perturbations of the fiber axis. Periodic perturbations may enhance periodic birefrengence, thereby, cause an optical signal phase delay[1,2]. Also, it may act as a dispersive filter[3], thus limiting the performances of a high speed optical communication system. Temperature affects the fiber coating, therefore, result in additional phase delay above which is already introduced in the fiber by the cabling process. It also affects the polarization state of the signal transmitted through the fiber.
Neutron pileup algorithms for multiplicity counters

Abstract The shortage of helium-3 ( 3 He) has created a need to identify alternative neutron detection options for a variety of nuclear nonproliferation applications. One application that may be affected by 3 He replacement technology is that of mass accountancy for safeguards, which utilizes coincidence and multiplicity counters to verify special nuclear material declarations. The use of neutron scintillation materials, such as LiF–ZnS sheets, as an alternative to 3 He proportional tubes in multiplicity counters requires novel techniques for Pulse Shape Discrimination to distinguish between neutrons and gamma rays. These techniques must work under high count rates, as the maximum momentary rate for incoming neutrons from multiplicity events can be quite large. We have created a fast and accurate neutron discrimination algorithm based on time window filtering and signature comparison that can operate quickly on data with high degrees of gamma ray and neutron pileup. This algorithm is evaluated for its capability to separate signals as the pileup rate increases, and the possibility for implementation on fast hardware (e.g., FPGA hardware) for real-time operation is explored.
Synthesis and structural characterization of carborane-containing neutral, self-assembled Pt-metallacycles.

We have combined carborane chemistry with the newly developed directional bonding strategy to synthesize neutral macrocycles. The m- and p-carborane dicarboxylates were utilized as the donor linkers in conjunction with 1,8-bis[trans-Pt(PEt3)2NO3]anthracene 3, 2,9-bis[trans-Pt(PEt3)2NO3]phenanthrene 5, and cis-Pt(PEt3)2(NO3)2 unit 6. Three new platinum-based macrocycles, 4, 7, and 8, were thus synthesized. 31P{1H} NMR as well as the X-ray characterization of Pt-metallacycles reveal the formation of single highly symmetrical neutral species.
THE ROLE OF SUBSTRATE IDENTITY IN DETERMINING MONOLAYER MOTIONAL RELAXATION DYNAMICS

We report on the lifetime and motional dynamics of Zirconium Phosphonate (ZP) monolayers containing oligothiophene chromophores in a range of concentrations. Monolayers were formed on fused silica substrates and on a 15 A oxide layer formed on crystalline Si(100) substrates. For both interfaces, the fluorescence lifetime behavior of the chromophores is identical and does not depend on chromophore concentration within the monolayer. Transient anisotropy measurements reveal that, for both substrates, the chromophores are oriented at ∼35° with respect to the surface normal. For monolayers formed on silica, there is no evidence for chromophore motion, while motion is seen for monolayers formed on silicon. Despite the substantial similarity between the two families of monolayers, the surface roughness of the primed silicon substrate allows for greater motional freedom of the chromophores in the monolayers. We discuss these findings in the context of the differences in substrate surface roughness and domain siz...
Comparison of two types of metapopulation models in real and artificial landscapes

Application of metapopulation models is becoming increasingly widespread in the conservation of species in fragmented landscapes. We provide one of the first detailed comparisons of two of the most com- mon modeling techniques, incidence function models and stage-based matrix models, and test their accuracy in predicting patch occupancy for a real metapopulation. We measured patch occupancies and demographic rates for regional populations of the Florida scrub lizard ( Sceloporus woodi ) and compared the observed oc- cupancies with those predicted by each model. Both modeling strategies predicted patch occupancies with good accuracy (77-80%) and gave similar results when we compared hypothetical management scenarios involving removal of key habitat patches and degradation of habitat quality. To compare the two modeling approaches over a broader set of conditions, we simulated metapopulation dynamics for 150 artificial land- scapes composed of equal-sized patches (2-1024 ha) spaced at equal distances (50-750 m). Differences in predicted patch occupancy were small to moderate ( � 20%) for about 74% of all simulations, but 22% of the landscapes had differences of � 50%. Incidence function models and stage-based matrix models differ in their approaches, assumptions, and requirements for empirical data, and our findings provide evidence that the two models can produce different results. We encourage researchers to use both techniques and further exam- ine potential differences in model output. The feasibility of obtaining data for population modeling varies widely among species and limits the modeling approaches appropriate for each species. Understanding differ- ent modeling approaches will become increasingly important as conservation programs undertake the chal- lenge of managing for multiple species in a landscape context.
The Private and the Public in Penal History A Commentary on Zimring and Tonry

Much of the recent commentary on America's incarceration crisis operates on the assumption that penal practice is a matter of public policy, susceptible to rational debate about social good and soc...
PROGNOSIS OF NEWBORNS AND INFANTS WITH PREMATURE VENTRICULAR CONTRACTIONS

Between Sept 1982 and Oct 1984, we diagnosed premature ventricular contractions(PVCs) in 9 newborns and infants (3M/6F). CXRs were obtained in 6 patients(pts) and echocardiograms were performed in 8 pts. 7 pts were judged to have an otherwise normal heart while 1 pt was found to have a small VSD and another had mild peripheral PS. 24-hour Holter monitor recordings in 7 pts revealed frequent or infrequent uniform PVCs, infrequent multiform PVCs, uniform ventricular couplets, accelerated ventricular rhythm, and non-sustained uniform ventricular tachycardia. Frequent uniform PVCs were present in 6 pts and were completely suppressed during sinus tachycardia in 5/6. 1 pt was treated with propanolol (PR) which decreased but did not completely eliminate the PVCs. None of the other pts has received any antiarrhythmic treatment. Follow-up in these pts has ranged from 1 to 25 mos with a mean follow-up of 10.2 mos. At each pt's most recent follow-up examination, PVCs were still present. All pts are alive and well and none have ever had any symptoms either at the time of initial diagnosis or during subsequent follow-up. We conclude that: 1)PVCs in newborns and infants with otherwise normal hearts are benign; & 2) antiarrhythmic treatment is unnecessary and does not influence an already excellent prognosis. We therefore recommend that newborns and infants discovered to have PVCs and no (or trivial)underlying heart disease be followed but not treated with antiarrhythmic drugs.
Physical characterization of FeTiO2 model supported catalysts: II. Electron spectroscopic studies of reduction behavior

X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and conversion electron Mossbauer spectroscopy (CEMS) have been used to characterize FeTiO2 model supported catalysts following hydrogen reductions at progressively higher temperatures. Reduction at temperatures near 707 K converted the initially present Fe3+ and Fe2+ into metallic iron. After further treatment at 773 K, the metallic iron peaks in the Mossbauer spectrum were observed to broaden, consistent with the spreading of iron crystallites over the support. Upon reduction at temperatures of ca. 875 K or higher, decreases were seen in the XPS and CEMS spectral iron areas. In addition, CEMS indicated the formation of a new, metallic species that did not show magnetic hyperfine splitting at room temperature, and XPS indicated that part of the Ti4+ was reduced to lower valence states. These results suggest that hydrogen treatment at these temperatures leads to a reduction of the support and to the diffusion of iron into the support, as a dispersed and strongly interacting species (e.g., γ-Fe; FexTi, 1 ≲ x ≲ 2).
Architecture challenges for software ecosystems

Successful software products and product lines exhibit a force of gravity that attracts external developers. The organization developing the product actively seeks to involve external developers to add functionality to the system. On the other hand, external developers flock to a successful product as it provides an established market where underserved niches provide a business opportunity for these players. The product or product line evolves into a platform for external developers. This causes several software architecture challenges for a software ecosystem, including interface stability, evolution management, guaranteeing security and reliability and composition of independently developed functionality. The paper describes these challenges, discusses practical solutions and identifies research challenges.
Absolute and relative bidirectional transfer in verbal conflict resolution tasks.

Summary One group of Ss resolved 10 double approach-avoidance (DAP-AV) verbal conflicts followed by 10 approach-approach (AP-AP) conflicts, and another group transferred from AP-AP to DAP-AV. Two additional groups, which resolved 20 conflicts of the same type (AP-AP or DAP-AV), were used in assessing relative transfer effects. Results indicated longer resolution times associated with DAP-AV conflicts (p < .05), but no absolute or relative transfer in either direction. Failure to demonstrate transfer effects may have resulted from interference in the production of a response set or from the failure of a specific response set to generalize to a new task.
A Heuristic Examination of Cohesive Sediment Bed Exchange in Turbulent Flows

Abstract Prediction of the concentration of suspended cohesive sediment in the marine environment is constrained by difficulties in interpreting experimental evidence on bed exchange, i.e. erosion and deposition of particles, which remains sparse in mechanistic details. In this paper, conditions under which bed exchange in turbulent flows collectively determines the concentration of suspended matter have been examined in the heuristic sense based on selective experimental data. It is argued that interpretation of such data can be significantly facilitated when multi-class representation of particle size, collisional interaction between suspended particles and probabilistic representations of the bed shear stress along with variables describing particle behavior (critical shear stress for deposition, bed floc shear strength) are taken into account. Aggregation—floc growth and breakup kinetics—brings about shifts in the suspended particle size distribution; bed exchange is accordingly modulated and this in turn determines concentration dynamics. Probabilistic representation of the governing variables broadens the suspended sediment size spectrum by increasing the possibilities of inter-particle interactions relative to the mean-value representation. Simple models of bed exchange, which essentially rely on single-size assumption and mean-value representation of variables, overlook the mechanistic basis underpinning particle dynamics.
Endoderm movements in the chick embryo between the early short streak and head process stages.

Endoderm movements in the chick embryo between the early short streak and head process stages were studied by tracing the migration of tritiated thymidine-labeled grafts excised from explanted donor embryos and transplanted to identical positions in explanted recipient embryos of the same stage. During the primitive streak stages, the endoderm layer migrates in an orderly fashion away from a center of the primitive streak which is located about one fourth to one third of the distance from its anterior to its posterior end; all grafts placed in the endoderm anterior, lateral or posterior to this center migrated respectively anteriorly, laterally and posteriorly toward the outer margin of the area pellucida. During this migration, the grafts became narrowed and stretched out to conform with the rounded circumference of the area pellucida. Endoderm cells located in the endoderm center itself never completely left the streak, but spread out in all directions until they occupied a central circular area destined to form the gut.
Gamma-ray induced defect bleaching in pressure deformed single crystal alpha-Al2O3

Abstract The rates of bleaching of color centers induced by Co60 γ-radiation in a single-crystal α-Al2O3 are studied along the C axis after the crystal is subjected to 30 kbars of pressure which produces slips on the basal (0001) and (1 2 10) planes. Bleaching is effected by bathing the sample with radiation from a mercury lamp. Three absorbing centers with peaks occurring at 416, 260 and 228 mμ show different bleaching rates. The 415 mμ peak bleaches out faster than the 260 mμ peak but slower than the peak at 228 mμ The curves are analyzed in terms of a model where the absorbing centers are distributed continuously and uniformly with a band below the conduction band. The best curve fits are obtained by using a second-order process of the form N(t) = No[ b (b + t) ] m . The absorbing-center concentrations, N, are calculated using Smakula's formulae.
Morphogenesis in volvox: Analysis of critical variables

Abstract Inversion, the process by which Volvox embryos turn inside out, was analyzed by a combination of geometrical and experimental techniques. It was shown that simple geometric figures are adequate to represent cell shapes during inversion and that cell volumes remain constant as cell shapes change and the embryo inverts. The first stage of inversion, phialopore opening, results from the release of compressive forces as the embryo withdraws from its surrounding vesicle during a two-stage contraction of each cell around its radial axis. Premature phialopore opening occurs when withdrawal of the embryo from the vesicle is elicited artificially by exposure to either calcium ionophore or hypertonic solutions. The major event of inversion, generation of negative curvature, requires both microtubule-driven elongation of cells (to produce a classical "flask" shape) and cytochalasin-sensitive active migration of cytoplasmic bridges to the outermost ends of flask cells. Colchicine, cyclic GMP and isobutyl methyl xanthine (individually) block both normal elongation and bridge migration; cytochalasin D blocks bridge migration selectively. Flask cell formation and bridge migration are adequate to account for the negative curvature observed. An asymmetric bending of flask cell stalks along the ring of maximum curvature accounts for the fact that the embryo is not constricted in a "purse-string" fashion as negative curvature is generated. Inversion of the posterior hemisphere involves an elastic snap-through resulting from a combination of compressive stresses generated by inversion of the anterior hemisphere and the circumferential restraint imposed by cells at the equator. We conclude that the observed changes in cell shape and the migration of cytoplasmic bridges are the result of an ordered process of membrane-cytoskeletal interactions, and both necessary and sufficient to account for the morphogenetic process of inversion in Volvox.