cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Information Search in Ontology Visualization ź An Eyetracking User Study of Indented List on Desktop and Tablet Computers

A large amount of research efforts have focused on designing and developing ontology visualization methods over the years, but less effort in comparison has been put on evaluating usability support of these existing ontology visualization techniques particularly in rising interaction mediums such as touchscreen devices. This paper investigates the visual support of indented list visualization - traditionally designed for desktop computers - in the context of class search activities using traditional desktop computers as well as tablet computers. Using task-based user studies conducted on desktop and tablet computers, we analysed the difference between task success, task speed, eye gaze, as well as qualitative data collected from usability questionnaires, we found that the indented list visualization is not as effective on tablet computers with increased gaze activities, where many users preferred using it on desktop computers.
Diagnostic Horizons and Soil Taxa

This chapter briefly examines the distribution of soils in Wisconsin by diagnostic horizons and taxa, beginning with the higher levels and continuing to the lower levels.
Frequency mixing in a four-level atom interacting with a strong bichromatic field: II. Numerical results† Issued as NRCC No. 26370.

Numerical calculations are presented for the fluorescent spectra arising from the interaction of a four-level atom with two strong laser fields, whose initially populated modes ω a and ω b are in resonance with three of the atomic transition frequencies. The excitation spectra near the frequencies ω = ±(2ω a - ω b ) are computed and the relative intensity of the system is considered as a function of the parameter ξ = Ω b 2/Ω a 2, where Ω a and Ω b are the Rabi frequencies of the two laser fields, respectively. The computed spectra for different values of the Rabi frequencies are presented graphically and compared with those derived by analytical methods.
Are peer specialists happy on the job

OBJECTIVE This study was designed to examine the impact of role clarity and job training on job satisfaction among peer specialists. METHOD A 3-part survey assessing job training, job satisfaction, and role clarity was administered online to 195 peer specialists who are members of the International Association of Peer Specialists. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlational analyses to include multiple linear regressions and analysis of variance. RESULTS Self-study and online training methods were negatively correlated with job satisfaction while job shadowing was positively correlated with job satisfaction. Role clarity was positively correlated with job satisfaction and job training satisfaction as well as job shadowing and one-on-one training. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE The use of self-study and online training for peer specialists is contraindicated by current findings, which suggest the need to utilize job shadowing or training methods that allow for personal interaction between peer specialists and their colleagues. (PsycINFO Database Record
Identification and Management of TP53 Gene Carriers Detected Through Multigene Panel Testing.

OBJECTIVES The increasing use of multigene panel tests may reveal an unexpected pathogenic variant in the tumor protein p53 (TP53) gene among individuals who do not meet clinical criteria for Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS). Among a registry-based sample of individuals with a pathogenic (P) or likely pathogenic (LP) variant in TP53, we sought to characterize the original clinical context in which genetic testing was performed, the personal and family history and whether they met clinical LFS criteria, and the follow-up care following diagnosis among those in whom this information was available. METHODS Among individuals with multigene panel testing (inclusive of the TP53 gene) who were part of either the Inherited Cancer Registry or the Vanderbilt Hereditary Cancer Registry protocols and were confirmed to have a P/LP variant in TP53, pedigree was reviewed to characterize personal and family history, including original clinical context for genetic testing and whether they met clinical diagnostic criteria for TP53. Subsequent cancer risk management options were documented through information collected in the study questionnaire and medical records. RESULTS Among the 10 participants enrolled in one of the two registries with a germline TP53 P/LP variant detected through a multigene panel test, the most frequent clinical contexts for testing were genetic risk recognized in the survivorship care setting (50%) and a newly diagnosed breast cancer (40%). No participants met classic LFS diagnostic criteria and 6 of 10 met Chompret criteria (60%) at the time of testing. Among the seven participants in whom results of total body magnetic resonance imaging were available, only three had completely negative findings. The remaining four had findings, three of which were likely benign/incidental requiring additional follow-up, and one was consistent with metastatic disease in the vertebrae. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that individuals identified with a germline P/LP variant in TP53 through multigene panel tests have substantial variations in clinical phenotypes not previously recognized when only those with striking family histories suggestive of LFS were tested through targeted TP53 testing. The expansion of the clinical phenotype among carriers of a P/LP in TP53 in the era of multigene testing should be considered when making cancer risk management recommendations, which were developed based on patients with classic LFS.
International Telesupervision: The Clinical Fellowship Experience

Telepractice technology allows greater access to speech-language pathology services around the world. These technologies extend beyond evaluation and treatment and are shown to be used effectively ...
The microRNA regulation of stem cells.

The miRNA pathway, as a fundamental mechanism of gene regulation, plays a key role in controlling the establishment, self-renewal, and differentiation of stem cells. Such regulation is manifested as fine-tuning the temporal- and tissue-specificity of gene expression. This fine-tuning function is achieved by (1) miRNAs form positive and negative feedback loops with transcription factors and epigenetic factors to exert concerted control of given biological processes; and/or (2) different miRNAs converge to control one or more mRNA targets in a signaling pathway. These regulatory mechanisms are found in embryonic stem cells, iPS cells, and adult tissue stem cells. The distinct expression profiles of miRNAs and their regulatory roles in various types of stem cells render these RNAs potentially effective tools for clinical diagnosis and therapy.
TRIM37 deficiency induces autophagy through deregulating the MTORC1-TFEB axis.

TRIM37 gene mutations cause mulibrey (muscle-liver-brain-eye) nanism, a severe growth disorder with prenatal onset. Although TRIM37 depletion normally induces apoptosis, patients with TRIM37 mutati...
The Role of CCK in Tumor Growth

Cancers of the gastrointestinal tract, particularly those of colonic, pancreatic, and gastric origin, are major causes of disability and death in the Western world. There has been little progress in our understanding of the causes and progression of these diseases in spite of remarkable advances in the area of tumor biology. One such advance is the realization that “growth factors” may modulate the proliferative rates of malignant neoplasms. Peptides such as epidermal growth factor, the transforming growth factors, and several others may affect tumor growth through direct actions on tumor cell receptors, receptors may be “overexpressed” in tumor cells, and these factors may even be synthesized and released by tumor cells to initiate autocrine growth stimulation. It is also possible that other substances, such as gastrointestinal hormones, may modulate cancer cell growth rates. This idea comes from the well-known trophic effects of gastrointestinal peptide hormones on various target tissues, and the possibility that malignant cells originating from these tissues may retain specific hormonal receptors that still influence proliferation. CCK is a potent growth stimulant of the normal exocrine pancreas [1], and many studies have used this background as an impetus to determine whether CCK also affects pancreatic cancer growth. Several reviews are available on the topic of gastrointestinal hormones and their potential role in pancreatic and other gastrointestinal cancers [2–6]
The Welfare Consequences of Concessionary Export Financing

The amount of the subsidy captured by the foreign importer does not measure the welfare consequences to the United States, however, because the price of and profit on the goods produced by the industries supported by the Bank may be affected. This chapter discusses these effects and provides a range of measures of the welfare impact of the Eximbank's direct credit program for fiscal years 1979, 1980, and 1981. The measures are limited in that they are based on partial equilibrium analysis and do not take into account the effect of the concessionary financing on prices in other sectors, either because of the domestic resource allocation effects or to exchange rate adjustments. The welfare analysis presented thus provides only order-of-magnitude estimates of the direct or first-order effects of Eximbank financing. The focus of the analysis is thus on the net cost of the U. S. response to foreign concessionary export financing. The above analysis indicates that the net cost of the Eximbank's direct credit program for fiscal years 1979, 1980, and 1981 is the subsidy of approximately $3.1 billion, less the increase in profits earned by U. S. exporters. Unless export industries are perfectly competitive, domestic consumers may pay higher or lower prices for the products of the industries supported by concessionary export financing which would increase or decrease the net cost. Although reliable estimates of the welfare effects are impossible to develop, given the available data, the information needed to make the estimates is clear.
The danger of the dual-language enrichment narrative: Educator discourses constructing exclusionary participation structures in bilingual education

Researchers have identified inequities in dual-language bilingual education (DLBE) student participation, and with large-scale DLBE expansion, equitable student access is an increasingly important ...
North Africa and Middle East, Health Systems of

Countries of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region share important sociocultural features but also differ significantly on a number of dimensions including those affecting the population's health. This article is a systematic analysis of the health systems of the region including a review of health patterns and services to address them. A number of health systems dimensions are discussed including the organization of biomedical and traditional medical services, access to health services, financing and resourcing mechanisms, and governance issues. Current and future challenges that need to be addressed by countries to ensure more efficient and responsive systems are also reviewed.
Algebraic spinors for R9,1

Real and complex spinors in ten dimensions are considered as elements of left minimal ideals in C19,1 and C19, 2 respectively. It is shown that the real spinors form a space of dimension eight over an algebra of split quaternions while the complex spinors form a space of dimension eight over a singular division algebra. Properties of bilinear forms on both spaces are discussed and a comparison is made with spinors in dimension four. Explicit spinor bases are computed using CLICAL.
Patients' Perspectives on Approaches to Facilitate Completion of Advance Directives.

Background:Little is understood about the different ways patients complete advance directives (ADs), which is most commonly through lawyers and increasingly using websites.Objective:To understand p...
Extremely high dispersions in heterogeneously coupled waveguides

We present a heterogeneously coupled Si/SiO2/SiN waveguide structure that can achieve extremely high dispersions (> | ± 107| ps · nm−1km−1). A strong mode coupling between the Si and SiN waveguides introduces a normal dispersion to symmetric mode and an anomalous dispersion to anti-symmetric mode, and the large group velocity difference between the two waveguides results in such high dispersions. Geometric parameters of the structure control the peak dispersions and the central wavelength of the mode coupling, and these engineering capabilities are studied numerically. Analytical representations on the heterogeneously coupled waveguides are also introduced and these equations explain the effects of geometric parameters. This extremely dispersive waveguide scheme can be constructed with other material combinations as well and should be of interest in ultrafast signal processing and spectroscopic applications.
Genome Sequences of Six Cluster N Mycobacteriophages, Kevin1, Nenae, Parmesanjohn, ShrimpFriedEgg, Smurph, and SpongeBob, Isolated on Mycobacterium smegmatis mc 2 155.

The annotation of six cluster N Mycobacterium smegmatis phages (Kevin1, Nenae, Parmesanjohn, ShrimpFriedEgg, Smurph, and SpongeBob) reveals regions of genomic diversity, particularly within the central region of the genome. The genome of Kevin1 includes two orphams (genes with no similarity to other phage genes), with one predicted to encode an AAA-ATPase.
Is tillage beneficial or detrimental for insect and slug management? A meta-analysis

Abstract Frequent and intensive tillage can have negative effects on soil, including increasing risk of erosion, oxidizing organic matter, and disrupting life cycles of soil organisms. Even though tillage can negatively affect soil, this practice is still used across much of the world to prepare fields for planting and to manage pests. Farmers who have adopted reduced-tillage systems can struggle with a suite of insect and mollusc pests; however, reducing the frequency and intensity of tillage may increase predator populations and improve biological control. To better evaluate the effects of reduced-tillage practices (e.g., no-till, harrowing, shallow disking) on the abundance of invertebrate pests and natural enemies relative to high-disturbance tillage practices (e.g., moldboard plowing), we conducted a meta-analysis of studies published between 1983 and 2017. We tested the hypotheses that 1) pest herbivore and arthropod predator abundances are greater where tillage is reduced, 2) soil-associated invertebrates are more responsive to tillage compared with foliar invertebrates, and 3) medium-disturbance tillage practices would have an intermediate effect on pests and arthropod predators relative to high- and no-disturbance practices. We found that insect and slug pests were not more abundant in reduced-tillage systems than in high-disturbance tillage systems. Pest herbivores that spend part of their life-cycle in the soil followed this pattern, but foliar pests were more abundant in systems with more intense tillage practices. The abundance of arthropod predators that spend part of their life-cycle in the soil was significantly lower in high-disturbance tillage systems compared with no-disturbance tillage systems, regardless of the intensity of the disturbance, though predators in general were similar in abundance across tillage intensities.
The Effects of Variability in Plasmonic Nanoparticle Packing on Optical Scattering and Extinction Cross Section

Making photonic sintering of metal nanoparticles, a viable nanomanufacturing process for printed electronics requires an understanding of all of the parameters that lead to variability in the photonic sintering process. This article examines the effects of variability in the exact location of nanoparticles within a packing on the thermo-optical properties of the assemblies. Multiple discrete-element method (DEM) simulations for various nanoparticle packing configurations are created, and the absorption, scattering, and extinction cross sections for each of these configurations are calculated. The results of these simulations are then validated using experimental measurements on actual nanoparticle packings and analyzed to determine how uncertainty in the initial nanoparticle packing configuration translates into variances in its calculated thermo-optical properties. Overall, it was found that simulations matched very well with the absorptivity measurements between 400 and 800 nm wavelength light illumination that uncertainty in the initial nanoparticle configuration resulted in about a 15%–25% variance in the thermo-optical properties of the nanoparticle packings for the analyzed cases.
Rituximab as Adjunct Maintenance Therapy for Refractory Juvenile Myasthenia Gravis.

Abstract Background Juvenile myasthenia gravis is a pediatric autoimmune disorder of the neuromuscular junction associated with substantial morbidity, for which standard therapies are not always efficacious. The objective of our study was to assess the tolerability and efficacy of rituximab use in children with refractory juvenile myasthenia gravis. Methods We conduced a retrospective cohort study at a single tertiary care referral center to evaluate children with juvenile myasthenia gravis who were treated with rituximab. The clinical status of these participants before and after initiation of rituximab therapy was measured, focusing on numbers of hospital admissions, numbers of immunomodulatory or immunosuppressive medications needed, and Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America severity class. Results Five children with juvenile myasthenia gravis were ascertained who received rituximab as part of their regimen, four of whom had elevated acetylcholine receptor antibodies and one of whom had elevated muscle-specific kinase antibodies. After initiation of rituximab therapy, all participants experienced reduced numbers of immunomodulatory medications during the follow-up period (mean 11.6 months). Four of the five subjects experienced fewer juvenile myasthenia gravis-related hospital admissions and reduced (improved) Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America classes, with no subjects having moderate or severe symptoms following treatment with rituximab. No significant adverse events were recorded for any of the participants. Conclusion Rituximab was well-tolerated and efficacious in this juvenile myasthenia gravis cohort. The beneficial effect of rituximab was most pronounced in the one participant with muscle-specific kinase antibodies.
Role of metaplasia during gastric regeneration.

Spasmolytic polypeptide/trefoil factor 2 (TFF2)-expressing metaplasia (SPEM) is a mucous-secreting reparative lineage that emerges at the ulcer margin in response to gastric injury. Under condition...
Elucidation of the Molecular Pathways Involved in the Protective Effects of AUY-922 in LPS-Induced Inflammation in Mouse Lungs

Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) cause thousands of deaths every year and are associated with high mortality rates (~40%) due to the lack of efficient therapies. Understanding the molecular mechanisms associated with those diseases will most probably lead to novel therapeutics. In the present study, we investigated the effects of the Hsp90 inhibitor AUY-922 in the major inflammatory pathways of mouse lungs. Mice were treated with LPS (1.6 mg/kg) via intratracheal instillation for 24 h and were then post-treated intraperitoneally with AUY-922 (10 mg/kg). The animals were examined 48 h after AUY-922 injection. LPS activated the TLR4-mediated signaling pathways, which in turn induced the release of different inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. AUY-922 suppressed the LPS-induced inflammation by inhibiting major pro-inflammatory pathways (e.g., JAK2/STAT3, MAPKs), and downregulated the IL-1β, IL-6, MCP-1 and TNFα. The expression levels of the redox regulator APE1/Ref1, as well as the DNA-damage inducible kinases ATM and ATR, were also increased after LPS treatment. Those effects were counteracted by AUY-922. Interestingly, this Hsp90 inhibitor abolished the LPS-induced pIRE1α suppression, a major component of the unfolded protein response. Our study elucidates the molecular pathways involved in the progression of murine inflammation and supports our efforts on the development of new therapeutics against lung inflammatory diseases and sepsis.
Voting in a global pandemic: Assessing dueling influences of Covid‐19 on turnout

Objective Methods Results Conclusion We investigate the impact of a global health crisis on political behavior. Specifically, we assess the impact of Covid‐19 incidence rates, and the impact of temporal and spatial proximity to the crisis, on voter turnout in the 2020 Brazilian municipal elections.We use Ordinary Least Squares and Spatial Durbin Error models to evaluate sub‐national variation in municipal‐level Covid‐19 incidence and voter turnout. We include controls for political, economic, health, and state context.Ceteris paribus, increasing deaths in the month leading up to the election from 0.01 to 1 per 1000 people is associated with a 5 percentage point decrease in turnout;higher cases and deaths earlier in the pandemic are generally associated with higher turnout. Covid‐19 incidence rates in nearby municipalities affect local turnout in the same directions.Higher Covid‐19 incidence near the time of the election decreases voter turnout, while incidence farther from the election increases voter turnout. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Social Science Quarterly (Wiley-Blackwell) is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Positioning documentaries as vehicles for developing preservice teachers’ analytic skills

Abstract In this study, preservice teachers viewed clips from three documentary films that presented multiple experiences of contemporary immigrants and refugees. Our focus in the study was how preservice teachers analyzed the three films. Specifically, we examined how elementary, middle grades, and secondary preservice teachers analyzed, both from a cognitive and affective stance, clips of documentary films about the difficult topic of contemporary immigration.
Attaining Sustainable Growth of a Business Chinese Program Through Utilization-Focused Evaluation

This article presents a research project of utilization-focused evaluation of the Business Chinese Program at the University of Hawai‘i for the purposes of ensuring the program’s quality, demonstrating the program’s values to its stakeholders, and providing the reflections associated with it. This article begins with a review of the program, and then details the evaluation processes, featuring four major phases: planning, data-collecting, analysis, and reporting. The discussion of the results of this evaluation is intended to provide a feasible model of business language program evaluation with tangible evidence of both the merits of the program and its accountability to its funders.
Invading the Realm of the Dead: Exploring the (Im)propriety of Punitive Damage Awards Against Estates

Punitive damages are traditionally understood, at least in part, as damages designed to punish. It should therefore come as no surprise that, in the majority of states that have decided the issue, courts have chosen not to allow punitive damage awards against the estates of deceased tortfeasors. After all, the tortfeasor can no longer be punished (at least by tort awards). Nonetheless, punitive damages can also serve other purposes, such as deterrence. This Note argues that Michigan, a state which has not yet taken a stance, should adopt the minority position that allows punitive damages to be awarded against estates. Because of Michigan’s historically liberal stance on the survival of actions and its unique understanding of punitive damage awards, this Note contends that the minority position is the only position consistent with state law. However, this Note also advocates for legislative action in order to make Michigan’s adoption of the minority position absolutely clear. Such clarity would promote stability and predictability for plaintiffs and defendants alike and would ensure results consistent with Michigan’s broader history and policies.
Moderate Anemia Does Not Decrease Subcutaneous Tissue Oxygen Tension in Rabbits

Numerous animal studies have shown that normovolemic anemia does not decrease wound tensile strength until hematocrit falls below 17%. Although anemia does decrease arterial oxygen content, decreased blood viscosity may allow increased tissue perfusion and thus normal tissue oxygenation. Prior studies of anemia and healing have not evaluated oxygen delivery to the wound. Since the rate of collagen deposition in wounds is proportional to local oxygen tension, the lack of a detrimental effect of anemia on wound healing may be due to increased tissue perfusion. In the present study, subcutaneous tissue oxygen (PsqO2) was measured in normovolemic anemic rabbits to evaluate the effect of anemia on tissue perfusion.
Chapter 23. Glucagon-sensitive Adenyl Cyclase: A Model for Receptors in Plasma Membranes

Publisher Summary This chapter introduces glucagon-sensitive adenyl cyclase as a model for receptors in plasma membranes. Hormone-sensitive adenyl cyclase systems are located principally, if not exclusively, in the surface membrane of the cell. Isolated fat cells contain in their surface membrane an adenyl cyclase, which is activated by catecholamines, five different peptide hormones, and fluoride. The study of hormone-sensitive adenyl cyclase systems offers certain advantages as a model for all types of receptors, such as hormone receptors other than adenyl cyclase, drug receptors, and neurotransmitter receptors. With an adenyl cyclase system, the consequence of events occurring at the receptor may be observed directly by following the production of cyclic AMP rather than by following some functional parameter such as muscle contraction, which is at least several steps removed from the receptor and is, therefore, subject to other control mechanisms. The chapter presents the status of one such system, the glucagon-sensitive adenyl cyclase from liver plasma membranes. Information obtained from other adenyl cyclase systems is presented only to expand the general significance of the liver system.
Requirements Acquisition in Open Source Development: Firefox 2.0

Open Source Software Development appears to depart radically from conventional notions of software engineering. In particular, requirements for Open Source projects seem to be asserted rather than elicited.
Medicare Managed Care Spillovers and Treatment Intensity.

Summary Evidence suggests that the share of Medicare managed care enrollees in a region affects the costs of treating traditional fee-for-service (FFS) Medicare beneficiaries; however, little is known about the mechanisms through which these ‘spillover effects’ operate. This paper examines the relationship between Medicare managed care penetration and treatment intensity for FFS enrollees hospitalized with a primary diagnosis of AMI. I find that increased Medicare managed care penetration is associated with a reduction in both the costs and the treatment intensity of FFS AMI patients. Specifically, as Medicare managed care penetration increases, FFS AMI patients are less likely to receive surgical reperfusion and mechanical ventilation and to experience an overall reduction in the number of inpatient procedures. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Divergent Roles of Hedgehog and Fibroblast Growth Factor Signaling in Left-Right Development

Abstract Left–right (LR) patterning of the vertebrate embryo regulates heart, gut, and brain development. Three transient signaling centers in the embryo contribute to LR patterning: ciliated cells in the node/organizer/shield, the floorplate and notochord in the embryonic midline, and the lateral plate mesoderm. A cassette of asymmetrically expressed genes in the left lateral plate mesoderm is evolutionarily conserved and upstream of organ asymmetry. This cassette includes members of the TGF‐β signaling pathway family (Nodal and Lefty) and the transcription factor Pitx2. Here, we review two other signaling pathways hedgehog and fibroblast growth factor, which have been implicated in LR patterning but appear to have divergent roles in distinct classes of vertebrates.
Single mothers and family values : The effects of welfare, race, and marriage on family attitudes

SUMMARY In recent years the federal government has made marriage promotion a central part of its welfare reform initiatives. These promotion efforts are based on the assumption that poor women, particularly women of color, have family attitudes that differ from those of other women. This article tests that assumption using the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, a nationally representative sample of births to single mothers in urban areas. Results show significant differences in family attitudes between married and unmarried White women, but few differences for women of color. In fact, unmarried women of color tend to be more traditional than White women. In addition, welfare recipients are similar to non-recipients in gender traditionalism and attitudes towards marriage, and low-income women often express the most support for traditional gender roles. Implications for marriage promotion policies are discussed.
High-density mapping of chromosomal arm 1q in renal collecting duct carcinoma: region of minimal deletion at 1q32.1-32.2.

Collecting duct carcinoma (CDC) of the kidney is a rare malignant neoplasm of distal nephron origin. Previous studies of CDC have shown loss of heterozygosity on chromosomal arm 1q in 57% of the cases studied. To better characterize 1q loss in CDC, we performed high-density mapping of the entire long arm of chromosome 1 in 13 CDC tumor samples. We observed complete deletion of chromosomal arm 1q in 5 samples and partial deletion in 4 additional tumors. Our study further showed that the region of minimal deletion is located at 1q32.1–32.2 Sixty-nine percent (9 of 13) of the tumors showed loss of heterozygosity in this area. These data suggest that a gene or group of genes that contribute to the development of distal nephron tumors may be located within the 1q32.1–32.2 region.
Effects of Fuel Physical Properties on Diesel Engine Combustion using Diesel and Bio-diesel Fuels

A computational study is performed to investigate the effects of physical property on diesel engine combustion characteristics using bio-diesel fuels. Properties of typical bio-diesel fuels that were either calculated or measured are used in the study and the simulation results are compared with those of conventional diesel fuels. Sensitivity of the computational results to individual physical properties is also investigated, and the results can provide information for desirable characteristics of the blended fuels. The properties considered in this study include liquid density, vapor pressure, surface tension, liquid viscosity, liquid thermal conductivity, liquid specific heat, latent heat, vapor specific heat, vapor diffusion coefficient, vapor viscosity and vapor thermal conductivity. The results show significant effects of the fuel physical properties on ignition delay and burning rates at various engine operating conditions. It is seen that there is no single physical property that dominates differences of ignition delay between diesel and bio-diesel fuels. However, among the 11 properties considered in the study, the simulation results were found to be most sensitive to the liquid fuel density, vapor pressure and surface tension through their effects on the mixture preparation processes.
The Drag Related Flow Field Characteristics of Trucks and Buses

Non-aerodynamic factors are largely responsible for the size and shape of contemporary trucks and buses. The results of wind tunnel experiments with 1/7-scale tractor-trailer and bus models are used to identify major drag producing regions of the flow fields, and to document some of the detailed characteristics. Some modifications of both the forebody and base flow fields are made in order to explore the practical potential for drag reduction. The largest drag reductions are shown to be achievable by changing the forebody flow field. By controlling flow separation from leading edges, either by modifying body contours or by employing add-on devices, apparent minimum drag limits have been identified. The possibility of even lower drag levels within existing constraints is analyzed. At the end, non-zero yaw drag characteristics are briefly discussed.
Ligand Promiscuity of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Agonists and Antagonists Revealed by Site-Directed Mutagenesis

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor that can be activated by structurally diverse chemicals. To examine the mechanisms responsible for the promiscuity in AhR ligand binding, we determined the effects of mutations within the AhR ligand-binding domain (LBD) on the activity of diverse AhR ligands. Site-directed mutagenesis identified Ile319 of the mouse AhR and, to a lesser extent, Phe318 as residues involved in ligand-selective modulation of AhR transformation using a panel of 12 AhR ligands. These ligands could be categorized into four distinct structurally related groups based on their ability to activate AhR mutants at position 319 in vitro. The mutation I319K was selectively activated by FICZ and not by other examined ligands in vitro and in cell culture. F318L and F318A mutations resulted in the conversion of AhR agonists β-naphthoflavone and 3-methylcholanthrene, respectively, into partial agonists/antagonists. Hsp90 binding to the AhR was decreased with several mutations and was inversely correlated with AhR ligand-binding promiscuity. Together, these data define overlapping amino acid residues within the AhR LBD involved in the selectivity of ligand binding, the agonist or antagonist mode of ligand binding, and hsp90 binding and provide insights into the ligand diversity of AhR activators.
Speed and memory in the WAIS-III Digit Symbol—Coding subtest across the adult lifespan

The primary role of speed in determining Digit Symbol scores is well established. Among the important questions that remain to be resolved are: (1) whether speed accounts for all of the age-related decline in Digit Symbol scores, and (2) whether memory ability makes any significant contribution to Digit Symbol performance, especially after controlling for speed. We analyzed data from the WAIS-III/WMS-III standardization sample to resolve these issues. As expected, speed (Digit Symbol-Copy) correlated very strongly with Digit Symbol--Coding. Memory (Digit Symbol--Incidental Learning or WMS-III index scores) correlated more moderately with Digit Symbol-Coding. Even after controlling for variance in Coding explained by Copying, a statistically significant proportion of the residual variance was explicable in terms of memory functions. The contribution of memory to Digit Symbol--Coding, while relatively small, is real. In addition, a small portion of the age-associated decline in Coding scores cannot be accounted for by Copying scores.
Examining the Predictors of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting in Women Following Cesarean Delivery

Childbearing Poster Presentation Objective To answer the following research questions: What is the incidence and severity of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) for women during the 24‐hour period following surgery? What are the relationships between sociodemographics, obstetric/gynecologic (OB‐GYN) history and antiemetic received (e.g., type(s), timing, and frequency) and incidence and severity of PONV? Does the timing, type, and frequency of antiemetic use predict the incidence and severity of PONV when other known predictors are considered? Design Retrospective descriptive correlational design. Setting A 600‐bed community hospital in Southern California. Sample Sixty women: White (61.7%), African American (1.7%), Hispanic (11.7%), Asian (18.3%), and nonspecified (6.6%) who had cesarean delivery. Methods Information related to sociodemographic characteristics, medical and OB‐GYN history, treatment received during cesarean delivery, incidence and severity of PONV, and treatment measures received and outcomes were abstracted from the medical records following receipt of Institutional Review Board approval. Results Thirty women (50%) complained of PONV during the 24‐hour period after surgery. The use of antiemetic during and after surgery immediately and the use of multimodal versus single therapy were associated with decreased incidence and severity of PONV ( p p = .018, respectively). In a multivariate model, these two variables accounted for 48% of the variance in PONV while age, type of anesthesia used, history of PONV, and gravidity and parity were controlled for. Conclusion/Implications for Nursing Practice PONV is a common complaint of women who receive intrathecal morphine for analgesia during cesarean delivery. There is a paucity of evidence to support implementation of strategies to reduce PONV and minimize the negative outcomes associated with PONV following cesarean delivery. Findings show that the use of multimodal antiemetics during and after cesarean delivery immediately reduces the incidence and severity of PONV. Prospective studies examining the predictors of PONV in women after cesarean delivery are warranted to better explain this phenomenon and to guide clinical nurses into the development of policies and pathways to help reduce PONV in specified populations and to collaborate mother–infant care with other healthcare providers.
Local parallel models for integration of stereo matching constraints and intrinsic image combination

Parallel relaxation computations such as those of connectionist networks offer a useful model for constraint integration and intrinsic image combination in developing a general-purpose stereo matching algorithm. This paper describes such a stereo algorithm that incorporates hierarchical, surface-structure, and edge-appearance constraints that are redefined and integrated at the level of individual candidate matches. The algorithm produces a high percentage of correct decisions on a wide variety of stereo pairs. Its few errors arise when the correlation measures defined by the constraints are either weakened or ambiguous, as in the case of periodic patterns in the images. Two additional mechanisms are discussed for overcoming the remaining errors.
Analysis of Distribution Model for Micellar Solubilization using Thermodynamics of Small Systems: Nonideality of Solubilization of Benzoic Acid Derivatives in Nonionic Surfactants

The distribution model for solubilization in micellar systems is investigated from the point of view of the thermodynamics of small systems. The description of solubilization in terms of distribution between two phases, the nonmicellar and micellar, provides a good approximation in many cases. Some consequences of treating the micellar phase as ideal and nonideal solutions are examined. It is shown that the solubilization of benzoic acid derivatives in polyoxyethylene-type nonionic surfactants shows serious deviations from ideality, which, however, can be incorporated quantitatively in the theory of regular solutions. The usual application of a Langmuir-type model, assuming binding to fixed sites in describing such nonidealities, is unwarranted.
Defect formation near GaN surfaces and interfaces

Abstract We have used low-energy electron-excited nanoscale-luminescence (LEEN) spectroscopy combined with ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) surface science techniques to probe deep level defect states at GaN free surfaces, metal-GaN contacts and GaN/InGaN quantum well interfaces. Employing energies as low as 100 eV and ranging up to 5 keV, we have been able to establish the local nature of these states and their spatial variation normal to the interface plane on an incremental 10–20 nm scale. Coupled with surface science techniques, these measurements show that a variety of discrete deep levels form deep within the GaN band gap due to (a) native defects, (b) metal-induced bonding, (c) reaction products, and (d), in the case of GaN/InGaN heterostructures, local interface phase changes. These results suggest that deep levels are a common feature at GaN interfaces and hence can play an integral role in charge transfer and the formation of local dipoles at GaN heterostructures.
Adenocarcinoma of the stomach: current results of treatment.

One hundred-seventy-one patients with gastric adenocarcinoma seen at this medical center from 1972 through 1976 were reviewed. Proper TNM staging was possible in 154 patients. The overall 5-year survival (NED) was 10% and was 20.5% in those patients resected for cure. The operative mortality was 13.7% with most deaths occurring in patients with advanced stage disease. Although operating mortality has decreased in the past 50 years, long-term survival has not changed appreciably in spite of the additional use of radiotherapy or chemotherapy either as adjuvant therapy or for advanced residual neoplasm. Microscopic involvement of margins of resection must be avoided at operation as it is nearly synonomous with early recurrence and death.
The nuclear worker and ionizing radiation. Bertell, Rosalie: (Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 40:395 1979)

The possibilities and range of radiation effects to personnel of the nuclear industry as reported by Bertell are critiqued by Gilbert and Marks along with a reply by the author to the critique are given. The critique/reply includes discussions of radioinduction of leukemia, neoplasms, and occupational diseases and general exposure and dose responses.
Image Intensifier-Based CT Volume Imager For Angiography

A prototype volume CT system for use in angiography has been constructed and tested initially using a simple phantom. This system consists of a fixed x-ray tube, an image intensifier, coupled to a solid state camera, and a computer-controlled turntable on which phantoms were placed. In order to explore the imaging performance of this system, subtraction projection images, acquired over a few projection angles (20), were digitized and used for single slice reconstruction. These data then were reconstructed using two iterative reconstruction algorithms, specifically designed for vascular structures. The quality of the resultant reconstructed images agrees with the results of previous computer simulation studies and indicates that the performance of our algorithms is superior to standard filtered-backprojection. The results also suggest that an image intensifier-based detector can be used for reconstructing 3-D vascular structures from a limited number of subtraction projections.
Report on the Analysis of Measurements and Observations

In 1959 the Television Allocations Study Organization, composed of engineers from government and industry, reported extensively on the state of the art as applied to the efficient allocation of VHF and UHF television channels.1 Useful information was developed in this study on the performance of terminal equipment utilized and proposed for TV broadcasting, on the operation of complete systems, and on effective methods for obtaining additional information needed for the expanding TV industry. Among TASO recommendations for future investigations was the question of UHF-TV coverage over large metropolitan areas, especially in densely populated sections of these areas.
Hidden Hispanic homelessness in Los Angeles: the "Latino paradox" revisited

The authors exploit a unique sample of Mexican-born persons in Los Angeles to investigate whether the apparent dearth of Hispanic homeless (the “Latino paradox”) can be explained as a methodological bias. They test two hypotheses: (Hypothesis 1) there will be no significant difference between the homeless rate (HR) for this sample compared to Los Angeles County and (Hypothesis 2) Mexican-born homeless persons are as likely as others to sleep in nontraditional settings. Rejecting both hypotheses, we find that the HR for this sample is nearly 7 times greater than for the entire county and that Mexican-born homeless are more likely to sleep in nontraditional settings. The authors conclude that Mexican-born homeless may be systematically undercounted in homeless samples because they are more likely to exist outside traditional homeless spaces.
Adaptive mutations in the signal peptide of the type 1 fimbrial adhesin of uropathogenic Escherichia coli

Signal peptides (SPs) are critical for protein transport across cellular membranes, have a highly conserved structure, and are cleaved from the mature protein upon translocation. Here, we report that naturally occurring mutations in the SP of the adhesive, tip-associated subunit of type 1 fimbriae (FimH) are positively selected in uropathogenic Escherichia coli. On the one hand, these mutations have a detrimental effect, with reduced FimH transport across the inner membrane, fewer FimH and fimbriae expressed on the bacterial surface, and decreased bacterial adhesion under flow conditions. On the other hand, the fimbriae expressed by the mutants are significantly longer on average, with many fimbriae able to stretch to >20 μm in length. More surprisingly, the SP mutant bacteria display an increased ability to resist detachment from the surface upon a switch from high to low flow. This functional effect of longer fimbriae highlights the importance of the nonadhesive fimbrial rod for adhesive function. Also, whereas bacterial adhesion to bladder epithelial cells was preserved in most mutants, binding to and killing by human neutrophils was decreased, providing an additional reason the SP mutations are relatively common among uropathogenic strains. Thus, this study demonstrates how mutations in an SP, while decreasing transport function and not affecting the final structure of the translocated protein, can lead to functional gains of the extracellular organelles that incorporate the protein and overall adaptive changes in the organism's fitness.
Acoustic phonon scattering from particles embedded in an anisotropic medium: A molecular dynamics study

Acoustic phonon scattering from isolated nanometer-scale impurity particles embedded in anisotropic media is investigated using molecular dynamics simulation. The spectral-directional dependence of the scattering, for both longitudinal and transverse modes, is found through calculation of scattering cross sections and three-dimensional scattering phase functions for inclusions of varying sizes, shapes, and stiffnesses and for waves of different wave numbers. The technique enables direct observation of the effects of mode conversion, lattice mismatch strain, elastic anisotropy, and atomistic granularity on acoustic phonon scattering from nanoparticles. The results will be useful for the design of nanoparticle-based thermal insulating materials, for example, quantum dot superlattices for thermoelectric energy conversion.