cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
IQ is related to the worst performance rule in a memory task involving children

Abstract Larson and Alderton [Intelligence 14 (1990) 309.] observed that on elementary cognitive tasks (ECTs), worst performance (i.e., slowest reaction time (RT)) was a better predictor of IQ than best performance (i.e., fastest RT). This suggested to them a Worst Performance rule, which states that “The worst RT trials reveal more about intelligence than do other portions of the RT distribution” (p. 310). The present study examined whether the Worst Performance rule could be applied to a strategic memory task in which children were asked to remember different lists of categorizable words (e.g., boat, bus, car, banana, apple, peach). The results revealed strong support for the Worst Performance rule, with worst performance (i.e., fewest words recalled) predicting more unique variance in IQ than any other variable (e.g., most words recalled; fewest strategies used). These results demonstrate that the Worst Performance rule can be used to predict IQ using performance measures other than RT and in tasks other than ECTs.
IX. From Sex to Gender and Back Again: Co-optation of a Feminist Language Reform

Rhoda Unger has made many important contributions to feminist psychology, but perhaps none was as daring in its time as her 1979 proposal that psychology change its way of talking about males and females, women and men, and the processes that created sex differences. She argued that the term ‘sex’ was being used too inclusively. Sex could refer to chromosomes, reproductive organs, intrapsychic characteristics that were thought to belong to men and women, or even the socially appropriate or expected behaviors of people that related to their biological sex classification. The many uses of the term led to confusion in interpreting and understanding differences that may have been present, and in overemphasizing differences at the expense of similarities. In her paper, Rhoda argued that the term ‘sex’ should be reserved for research that examines the biological and physiological aspects of maleness and femaleness, whereas the term ‘gender’ is appropriate for research that examines the nonphysiological aspects of sex that are culturally and socially determined. She astutely pointed out that researchers at that time had not successfully unconfounded sex and gender because they assumed that maleness and masculinity and femaleness and femininity were invariably closely related. She argued that using the term gender ‘makes it less likely that psychological differences between males and females will be considered explicable mainly in terms of physiological differences between them’ (p. 1093). One way of understanding the importance of the sex/gender distinction that Rhoda urged psychology to adopt is to view it as an example of feminist language reform (Pauwels, 1998). Feminist language reform originated in the 1970s as a reaction to the perceived prevalence of sexism and gender bias in language. Feminist reformers argued that women were omitted (e.g. by use of the generic
l-Leucine as a precursor of isoamyl alcohol and isoamyl acetate, volatile aroma constituents of banana fruit discs

Abstract Incubation of ripe banana tissue discs resulted in biological conversion of l -leucine-U-14C to volatile constituents. A large proportion (up to 81 per cent) of the volatile radioactivity was found in isoamyl alcohol. Relatively little (up to 10 per cent) was found in isoamyl acetate. Hydrolysis of isoamyl acetate showed its radioactivity to be derived from acetate as well as from the alcohol. Compounds which are major banana aroma constituents were, therefore, produced biologically from leucine in quantities sufficient to allow their isolation and further analysis.
Gas phase photodissociation of MC2H2+ (M = Zr, Nb). Determination of D0(M+C2H2

Abstract Gas phase photodissociation of M(acetylene) + where M = Nb, Zr is studied with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry to determine metal ion-ligand bond energies. These ions are generated by the dehydrogenation reaction of thermalized metal ions with ethylene and stored in the trapping cell for photodissociation experiments. From the photoappearances thresholds of the simple cleavage product M + , experimental bond energy values of D 0 (Zr + C 2 H 2 ) = 59 ± 3 kcal/mol and D 0 (Nb + C 2 H 2 ) = 57 ± 3 kcal/mol are assigned. These energies can be compared to recent theoretical values of D e (Zr + C 2 H 2 = 68 kcal/mol and D e (Nb + C 2 H 2 _) = kcal/mol.
Dangers of police professionalization: An empirical analysis

Abstract This study examines relationships between professionalization (measured by the amount of college education and police training) and police officer attitudes. Using data from a survey of 712 police officers in twenty-nine departments in the St. Louis area, the analysis focuses on propositions derived from scholars who have identified harmful effects they expect to flow from the reform. Although the limited operational definition of the key variables and other factors noted in the study require caution in interpreting the findings, little evidence in support of the expected “dangers” is found. This result, in combination with other studies that have failed to find support for the case made for raising the educational level of police, suggests the need to reassess expectations about the impact of college education in policing.
A Proposal to Build Evaluation Capacity at the Bunche-Da Vinci Learning Partnership Academy.

The evaluator in this chapter describes potential evaluation capacity-building activities in contrast to the specifics of an evaluation design.
Influence of the Anion on the Formation of Amorphous Ionically Conducting Lithium Salt Complexes with 18-C-6 and 2.2.2-Cryptand Macrocycles

Complexes of lithium salts LiCF3SO3, LiI, LiCH3CO2, LiBF4, LiSCN, and Li[R−NSO2CF3] with the macrocyclic ligands 18-C-6 and 2.2.2-cryptand were examined by differential scanning calorimetry, infrared and Raman spectroscopy, and complex impedance. The formation of an amorphous phase appears to be facilitated by the presence of an unsymmetrical anion containing an ether oxygen of the type [R−NSO2CF3]-. An X-ray crystal structure was determined for Li[CF3SO2N(CH2)2OCH3]; these data and that for the previously reported Li[CF3SO2N(CH2)3OCH3] structure was correlated with the physical properties of their 18-C-6 and 2.2.2-cryptand complexes.
Torsionally responsive C3-symmetric azo dyes: azo-hydrazone tautomerism, conformational switching, and application for chemical sensing.

An efficient triple azo coupling reaction between anilines and phloroglucinol furnished a series of C3-symmetric molecules 7−9 supporting multiple conjugation pathways that converge at the molecular core. A combination of 1H/13C NMR spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography, and density functional theory computational studies provided a coherent picture of the [n,π]-conjugated molecular core, which is best described as the tris(hydrazone) [rather than tris(azo)] tautomer stabilized by resonance-assisted hydrogen bonding. For a homologous series of compounds, an increase in the torsional angles between the planar molecular core and the peripheral aryl groups results in a systematic blue shift in the low-energy electronic transitions (7, 523 nm; 8, 505 nm; 9, 445 nm in CHCl3) that qualitatively correlates with the shrinkage of effective conjugation through structural distortion. Similar spectral shifts could also be induced by amine substrates that interact with the intramolecular hydrogen-bonding network to trig...
How GPCRs hit the switch

The activation-deactivation cycles of G proteins underlie their key roles as molecular switches for a vast array of biological responses. A study in this issue obtains a first look at how G protein–coupled receptors activate heterotrimeric G proteins to switch on signaling pathways by inducing a specific conformational change within their α subunits.
Metallic particles of high cobalt content in Apollo 15 soil samples

Single phase alpha-kamacite containing more than 3.2 wt % Co and gamma-taenite containing from 30 to 60 wt % Ni from the Apollo 15 soils - 15031, 15071, 15081, 15261, and 15271 - have been examined by metallographic and electron microprobe techniques. In addition two phase alpha + gamma particles from soils 14003, 15071, 15261, and 15271 with Ni and Co contents well outside the meteoritic range have also been examined. Two distinct types of alpha-gamma structure occur, one analogous to 'clear taenite' in ordinary chondrites, and the other analogous to a 'Widmanstaetten' structure in Ni-rich ataxites. The measured Ni gradients in the two-phase particles are very similar to those meteorites having the same structure. However the Co content is much higher than the meteoritic samples, up to 12 wt % in the alpha phase. Approximate phase equilibria data for the Fe-Ni-Co system indicate equilibration of the two-phase particles during cooling to approximately 350 C. Estimates of cooling rates and second-phase growth times indicate that the maximum time necessary for the development of the high-Co two-phase structures is roughly 25 to 100 m.y. These estimates argue for the development of the two-phase structures during formation of the lunar crust, at a depth of 10 to 20 km beneath the moon's surface.
Endotoxin treatment increases lung mitochondrial scavenging of extramitochondrial superoxide in hyperoxia-exposed rats.

Abstract Mitochondria scavenge extramitochondrial superoxide anion via a respiration-dependent (i.e., non- enzymatic) mechanism. This study reports that hyperoxia exposure (>95% O 2 for 48 h) reduced ( P P P P > 0.05) lung mitochondrial enzymatic (i.e., superoxide dismutase) scavenging activity when corrected for mitochondrial protein content in either hyperoxia-exposed or air-exposed rats. Therefore, hyperoxia exposure decreased, whereas endotoxin treatment increased, respiration-dependent lung mitochondrial scavenging of extramitochondrial superoxide. This recently identified cellular antioxidant defense appears to be an early target in hyperoxia but its induction provides an important component of endotoxin-induced tolerance to hyperoxic lung damage.
Intake of Iodine and Perchlorate and Excretion in Human Milk

Perchlorate, thiocyanate, and iodine excretion in urine and milk of 13 breastfeeding women was investigated and the results were interpreted by a model of parallel/competitive transport of these species by the sodium iodide symporter. For each species i, we assumed physiological homeostasis, where iT,in equals the corresponding total excretion in urine and milk (ie,u + ie,m). The fraction of the total excretion that appeared in milk fi,m was measured and ranged from 0.394−0.781, 0.018−0.144, and 0.086−0.464 for perchlorate, thiocyanate, and iodine, respectively. The corresponding median values were 0.541, 0.053, and 0.177, respectively. The selectivity factors of perchlorate over iodide transport, and thiocyanate over iodide transport, defined as fPC,m/fI,m, and fSCN,m/fI,m, respectively, were 3.14 ± 1.20 and 0.27 ± 0.26 while PCT,in, SCNT,in, and IT,in among individuals varied 4.9, 5.0, and 8.4×, respectively. These transport selectivities are an order of magnitude lower than those indicated by in vitro ...
Evaluation of polyhydroxybutyrate as a carbon source for recirculating aquaculture water denitrification

Abstract The effect of salinity, dissolved oxygen and NO3-N concentration on the denitrification of recirculating aquaculture water using polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) was evaluated. Four PHB media with different molecular weights and configurations were tested. The results show that at higher nitrate concentrations in the influent water, the consumed PHB:NO3-N ratio decreased. An average of 2.9 g of PHB:1 g NO3-N removed at temperatures of 20.8 ± 1.1 °C was measured. Although the molecular weight showed an apparent correlation with the denitrification rates, the correlation was not statistically significant. A moderately biofouled granular media displays a heterogeneity of microenvironments that allow some denitrification to occur in the presence of bulk dissolved oxygen levels approaching 5 mg L−1. As a practical approach, the inhibitory effects of oxygen can be mitigated either by design of the denitrification media bed and/or by control or reduction of the influent dissolved oxygen levels. The high plastic consumption needed for oxygen removal indicates that the second approach is more cost efficient. At a flux of 60 m3 m−2 d−1 the denitrification rate decreases at a constant rate in the first 30 cm of the PHB bed. Below this depth, the denitrification rate decreases very slowly and stays above 1 kg-NO3-N m−3 d−1. In a pragmatic sense, denitrification abilities can be expected to be similar in all salinities. Volumetric nitrate removal rates in the order of 2.5 kg-NO3-N m−3 media d−1 should be broadly obtained in fresh and marine water systems. In the range of up to 250 mg NO3-N L−1, the PHB can be used as a base for a passive denitrification unit that requires little management. The availability of an economic source of PHB such as production waste and the development of the bioplastic industry is determinant for the adoption of this material as a carbon source for denitrification processes.
Biosynthesis of endogenous cardiac glycosides by mammalian adrenocortical cells: three steps forward.

2003 was the 50th anniversary of the isolation and identification of the mineralocorticoid aldosterone—a momentous event if only because aldosterone has been widely regarded as the last major metabolically active steroid to be described in the mammalian adrenal gland (1). In this issue of the journal, Qazzaz et al. (2) describe studies that support the possibility of de novo biosynthesis, in the adrenal, of a material whose overall physicochemical, immunocrossreactive, and chromatographic characteristics are indistinguishable from those of the cardiac glycoside (CG) digoxin and its dihydro analog (in which the lactone ring is fully saturated). Using a mouse tumor cell line derived from adrenocortical cells, the authors show that the 14C label from acetic acid, as well as that from labeled cholesterol, becomes incorporated into the two digoxin-like materials. Moreover, inhibition of hydroxymethylglutaryl (HMG)-CoA reductase with Mevastatin reduced the 14C labeling of both products while leaving the issue of side chain cleavage unanswered. Although sophisticated analytical methods were not used in the study, the fingerprinting of the endogenous products and the behavior of the 14C labeling are entirely consistent with the presence of digoxin and dihydrodigoxin or their respective isomers and, therefore, with …
Use of recombinant tissue-plasminogen activator in a dog with chylothorax secondary to catheter-associated thrombosis of the cranial vena cava

A 4-year-old, castrated male Maltese developed cranial vena caval thrombosis and chylothorax following central venous catheterization for treatment of postoperative sepsis. Vena caval thrombolysis was attempted using recombinant human tissue-plasminogen activator (t-PA). Thrombolytic therapy led to an acute reduction in the size of the caval thrombus and was followed by prompt resolution of the chylothorax. Hemorrhage at the entry sites of a jugular catheter and esophagostomy tube placed at the time of treatment was a dose-limiting complication of t-PA therapy in this dog.
A Nonlinear Functional on the Dirichlet Space

Abstract The nonlinear functional Λ1(f) = (1/2π) ∫2π0e|f(eiθ|2dθ was shown by Chang and Marshall to be bounded on the unit ball B of the space D of analytic functions in the unit disk with finite Dirichlet integral. We show that Λ1 is weakly continuous on B except at zero and that Λ1 attains its maximum over a subset of B determined by kernel functions.
Input shaping/time delay control of maneuvering flexible structures

Precise position control and rapid rest-to-rest motion is the desired objective in a variety of applications. The desire for reducing the maneuver time requires reducing the inertia of the structure which subsequently results in low frequency dynamics. The requirement of precise position control implies that the residual vibration of the structure should be zero or near zero. This paper presents techniques to shape the input to the system so as to minimize the residual vibration. A second class of problems which includes design of input profiles for systems with rigid-body modes driven by actuators with finite control authority, is also presented. The common thread which connects all the techniques presented in this paper is related to the design of controllers which are robust to modeling uncertainties. The proposed techniques are illustrated by simulations and experiments.
Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) 7-Day Survival and Growth Test Method

A short-term method was developed in this study for conducting subchronic survival and growth renewal toxicity tests with rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). Previously published early life-stage methods for various salmonid species involve test durations of 30 to 90 days. This trout method, however, follows a previously published 7-day fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) growth method. The tests performed in this study measured subchronic growth and survival effects using standard reference toxicants (ammonium chloride, potassium chloride, phenol, and zinc sulfate), receiving water, and effluent samples. The test results were compared with performance criteria and results for 7-day survival and growth tests with P. promelas to determine the level of comparability between the two species. The results from tests with both salmonid species indicated that this 7-day survival and growth test method using O. mykiss and S. fontinalis provides reproducible results with various reference toxicant materials and can be used successfully to detect potential toxicity in environmental samples.
On the dynamics of necking and fragmentation—II. Effect of material properties, geometrical constraints and absolute size

In this series of papers, we investigate the mechanics of deformation localization and fragmentation in ductile materials. The behavior of ductile metals at strain rates between 4000 and 15,000 s−1 is considered. The expanding ring experiment is used as the primary tool for examining the material behavior in this range of strain rates. In Part I, the details of the experiment and the experimental observations on Al 6061-O were reported. Statistics of necking and fragmentation were evaluated and the process was modeled through the idea of the Mott release waves both from necking and fragmentation. Finally, it was shown that the strain in the ring in regions that strained uniformly never exceeded the necking strain. In the present paper, Part II, we address the issue of strain hardening and strain-rate sensitivity. Specifically, we examine different materials—Al 1100-H14, and Cu 101—in order to determine the role of material constitutive property on the dynamics of necking. These experiments reinforce the conclusion presented in Part I that the onset of necking essentially terminates the possibility of further straining in other parts of the ring and even more importantly that there is no influence of material inertia on the strain at the onset of necking in this wide range of materials. Furthermore, the effect of aspect ratio of the specimen is evaluated; this reveals that as the aspect ratio increases beyond about five, in addition to or instead of diffuse necking, localization into the sheet necking mode is observed; in this mode, the effect of ring expansion speeds is demonstrated to result in an increase of the strain at the onset of localization. In addition, an absolute size effect is observed: larger specimens exhibit localization at larger strain levels. These observations are explained in terms of plastic wave propagation and reproduced with finite element simulations. In future contributions as part of this sequel, we will explore the effect of other geometrical constraints and the effect of a compliant cladding or coating on the development of necking and fragmentation.
The Carrot or the Stick for School Desegregation Policy

The relevance of the public-choice model of decision making for school desegregation is tested by comparing the desegregation effectiveness of voluntary plans, which depend on parents choosing magn...
Biological Sequence Clustering and Classification with a Hybrid Method and Dynamic Programming

In this paper, we report a framework for biological sequence clustering and classification. The proposed framework adopts a two-phase hybrid method for clustering, and then uses the dynamic programming technique for classification. The two-phase hybrid method combines the strengths of the hierarchical and the partition clustering. Phase I of the hybrid method uses the hierarchical agglomerative clustering to pre-cluster the aligned sequences. Phase II performs the partition clustering which initiates its partition based on the result from Phase I and uses profile Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) to represent clusters. The profile HMMs are then stored in the database for unknown sequences classification, which is done by finding the best alignment of a sequence to each existing profile HMM. However, the profile HMMs and the sequence might be different in length. The dynamic programming technique proposed in our framework can efficiently find the optimal alignment for sequences of variable lengths, which enables the evaluation of the cluster membership for any unknown sequence against fixed-length HMMs. Our experiments demonstrate the effectiveness and the efficiency of the proposed framework for biological sequence clustering and classification.
The Genetic Gods: Evolution and Belief in Human Affairs

Science just ran head first into religion in the form of putative human clones. The mere existence of such clones marks a societal turning point; the full ramifications will take years to map. Immediately apparent was the irritation of the religious and public policy communities. Both had large stakes in fashioning generally-acceptable outcomes; it is unlikely that this is the result they envisioned. Theologians feel especially betrayed, with good reason: dialogues between science and religion were leading to some sense that each side was beginning to understand the other. Although this is unlikely to be a fatal setback to such dialogues, it might reasonably make the religion end of the science-religion axis somewhat suspicious of the motives of the science end. I can imagine a work like John C Avise's Genetic Gods being dismissed, at least temporarily, as just-another-scientist's view of religion.
Religion, Religious Tradition, and Nationalism: Jewish Revival in Poland and “Religious Heritage” in Québec

This article uses and develops Martin Riesebrodt's distinction between religion and religious tradition to shed light on the making of various articulations of religious identities and political projects. Based on extensive research on the Polish and Quebecois cases, I show how social and state actors in these societies reactivate past religious traditions to respond to current social transformations and articulate societal projects and advance political agendas in the present. In both cases, religion and religious tradition are juxtaposed to articulate new national identities or fortify older ones, and to respond more specifically to the challenges posed by “pluralism.” I suggest that sociologists who work at the intersection of religion and politics can contribute to our understanding of the various registers through which religion, religious action, and religious tradition are rendered meaningful to social actors, used for different goals (religious and not) and transformed in the process.
Comparative behavior of “more risk averse” agents with two risky assets

Abstract It is proven here that with elliptically symmetric returns and two risky assets, a diversifier who is more risk averse in the Arrow-Pratt or Ross sense will hold more of the second-order stochastically dominated asset. Thus, consider any concept of “strictly more risk averse” implying greater Arrow-Pratt risk aversion, and consider a conjecture that if agent A is strictly more risk averse than agent B then A must hold more of the second-order stochastically dominating asset (in diversified two-asset portfolios). This paper shows by counterexample that the conjecture is false.
Periodic Trends for Transition Metal Dihydrides MH2, Dihydride Dihydrogen Complexes MH2·H2, and Tetrahydrides MH4 (M = Ti, V, and Cr)

Ab initio quantum mechanical methods were employed to study the periodic trends of transition metal (M = Ti, V, and Cr) hydrides MH{sub 2}, dihydride dihydrogen complexes MH{sub 2}.H{sub 2}, and tetrahydrides MH{sub 4}. All three MH{sub 2}.H{sub 2} complexes are in the high-spin ground state. The low-spin dihydrides interact with the H{sub 2} moiety more strongly than do the high-spin species. The d {yields} {sigma}{sup *} back donation was so strong for the low-spin TiH{sub 2} that H{sub 2} dissociates without barrier upon contact with singlet TiH{sub 2} to form TiH{sub 4}. Due to the Jahn-Teller distortion the ground state of VH{sub 4} is the {sup 2}A{sub 1} electronic state having D{sub 2d} symmetry. TiH{sub 4} is predicted to lie 9 kcal mol{sup -1} lower in energy than its ground state MH{sub 2}.H{sub 2} isomer, whereas VH{sub 4} and CrH{sub 4} are higher in energy by 22 and 39 kcal mol{sup -1}, respectively, at the TZP CCSD level of theory. However, comparing MH{sub 4} and MH{sub 2}.H{sub 2} in the same spin state, MH{sub 4} is always lower in energy than its dihydrogen complex isomer, MH{sub 2}.H{sub 2}, on the low-spin potential energy surface. Comparison between the present workmore » and experimental IR spectra from the matrix isolation of the cocondensation of transition metal atoms (Ti, V, and Cr) with H{sub 2} molecules confirmed the existence of CrH{sub 2}.H{sub 2} by identifying a strong unique absorption at 1510 cm{sup -1}. 17 refs., 4 figs., 8 tabs.« less
An erythematous maculopapular eruption in macaques infected with an HTLV-III-like virus (STLV-III)

A cutaneous maculopapular eruption has been previously described in humans infected with HTLV-III/LAV, the etiologic agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. In this study, rhesus monkeys were prospectively examined after infection with an HTLV-III-like virus (STLV-III) to ascertain the incidence and clinical course of gross and histological alterations of the skin. Between 1–3 weeks after inoculation, 83% of infected animals developed a transient cutaneous maculopapular eruption of the face, groin, and trunk. Histologically, the affected skin was characterized by a superficial perivascular infiltrate of mononuclear cells with associated endothelial cell hypertrophy and degeneration. This eruption preceded opportunistic infections, neplasms, and other over clinical signs commonly associated with an immunodeficiency syndrome. The findings suggest that STLV-III infection in the rhesus monkey closely simulates that which occurs in HTLV-III-infected individuals, and that the skin may represent a site of altered immunoregulation early in the course of this disease.
Marx's concept of alienation

As understood by most interpreters, Marx's concept of alienation refers to a property of individuals, namely the separation from a human essence or from essential needs. I want to suggest, instead, that we pay more attention to another way in which Marx thinks about alienation, namely as the domination of society by its economic institutions. Alienation in that sense does not consist of the individual 's separation from a putative essence, but of the society's inability to be in control of its own institutions particularly its economic institutions. Alienation is a major restriction of freedom.
Optical detection of thermal transitions in high polymers

This report describes a series of recent experiments in which various thermal transitions including stress relaxations and glass transitions in high polymers were characterized by observing birefringence changes during heating and cooling. An automatic recording device employing a hot stage, polarizing microscope, photocell, and chart recorder was employed in these investigations. A general discussion of the utility and advantages of the technique of thermo-optical analysis (TOA) as well as its deficiencies is presented. Characteristic birefringence–temperature profiles of a number of amorphous and semicrystalline polymers are included.
The rationing of health care: a doctor's dilemma.

Physicians are currently presented with very difficult ethical issues regarding who receives what level of medical care and for how long. A meaningful response to these perplexing issues necessitates a collaboration of doctors with others steeped in religious and ethical traditions. This paper addresses the complicated issue of the rationing of health care, and this issue is then addressed by responses from representatives of the religious community. This symposium took place at the New York Hospital—Cornell Medical Center in March 1991.
Screening and Brief Intervention for Unhealthy Drug Use: Little or No Efficacy

Unhealthy drug use ranges from use that risks health harms through severe drug use disorders. This narrative review addresses whether screening and brief intervention, efficacious for risky alcohol use, has efficacy for reducing other drug use and consequences. Brief intervention among those seeking help shows some promise. Screening tools have been validated though most are neither brief nor simple enough for use in general health settings. Several randomized trials have tested the efficacy of brief intervention for unhealthy drug use identified by screening in general health settings (i.e. in people not seeking help for their drug use). Substantial evidence now suggests efficacy is limited or non-existent. Reasons likely include a range of actual and perceived severity (or lack of severity), concomitant unhealthy alcohol use and comorbid mental health conditions, and the wide range of types of unhealthy drug use (e.g. from marijuana, to prescription drugs, to heroin). Although brief intervention may have some efficacy for unhealthy drug users seeking help, the model of screening and brief intervention that has effects in primary care settings on risky alcohol use may not be efficacious for other drug use.
Measurement of the Oxygen Isotopic Composition of Nitrate in Seawater and Freshwater Using the Denitrifier Method

We report a novel method for measurement of the oxygen isotopic composition (18O/16O) of nitrate (NO3-) from both seawater and freshwater. The denitrifier method, based on the isotope ratio analysis of nitrous oxide generated from sample nitrate by cultured denitrifying bacteria, has been described elsewhere for its use in nitrogen isotope ratio (15N/14N) analysis of nitrate.1 Here, we address the additional issues associated with 18O/16O analysis of nitrate by this approach, which include (1) the oxygen isotopic difference between the nitrate sample and the N2O analyte due to isotopic fractionation associated with the loss of oxygen atoms from nitrate and (2) the exchange of oxygen atoms with water during the conversion of nitrate to N2O. Experiments with 18O-labeled water indicate that water exchange contributes less than 10%, and frequently less than 3%, of the oxygen atoms in the N2O product for Pseudomonas aureofaciens. In addition, both oxygen isotope fractionation and oxygen atom exchange are consi...
Selective tyrosine modification with cyanuric fluoride.

Abstract Among the chemical reagents used for the modification of tyrosine residues in proteins, cyanuric fluoride shows a high degree of selectivity. This is brought out by studies on the reactivity of tyrosines in apomyoglobin, bovine serum albumin, and bovine carbonic anhydrase B. Apomyoglobin was found to contain two cyanuric fluoride reactive and one unreactive residues; the reactive residues are of two types. Bovine serum albumin contains 13 cyanuric fluoride reactive and six unreactive residues; the reactive ones being of two levels of reactivity. Bovine carbonic anhydrase B contains six cyanuric fluoride reactive and two unreactive residues; the reactive ones can be subdivided into three classes of 2 + 2 + 2 residues, according to diminishing reactivity. The results of cyanuration are compared with acetylation with N-acetylimidazole. The criteria of tyrosine residue exposure as revealed by various probes are discussed. The circular dichroism spectra of the three proteins and their derivatives are analyzed.
High Resolution Photodetachment of S– Near Threshold

A tunable dye laser has been used to measure the fine-structure splitting of the $^{2}P$ state of ${\mathrm{S}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ in a crossed-beam photodetachment experiment. These measurements verify photodetachment threshold laws and provide the most accurate experimental determination of any electron affinity.
A Surgical Model in Male Obese Rats Uncovers Protective Effects of Bile Acids Post-Bariatric Surgery

Bariatric surgery elevates serum bile acids. Conjugated bile acid administration, such as tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), improves insulin sensitivity, whereas short-circuiting bile acid circulation through ileal interposition surgery in rats raises TUDCA levels. We hypothesized that bariatric surgery outcomes could be recapitulated by short circuiting the normal enterohepatic bile circulation. We established a model wherein male obese rats underwent either bile diversion (BD) or Sham (SH) surgery. The BD group had a catheter inserted into the common bile duct and its distal end anchored into the middistal jejunum for 4-5 weeks. Glucose tolerance, insulin and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) response, hepatic steatosis, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress were measured. Rats post-BD lost significantly more weight than the SH rats. BD rats gained less fat mass after surgery. BD rats had improved glucose tolerance, increased higher postprandial glucagon-like peptide-1 response and serum bile acids but less liver steatosis. Serum bile acid levels including TUDCA concentrations were higher in BD compared to SH pair-fed rats. Fecal bile acid levels were not different. Liver ER stress (C/EBP homologous protein mRNA and pJNK protein) was decreased in BD rats. Bile acid gavage (TUDCA/ursodeoxycholic acid [UDCA]) in diet-induced obese rats, elevated serum TUDCA and concomitantly reduced hepatic steatosis and ER stress (C/EBP homologous protein mRNA). These data demonstrate the ability of alterations in bile acids to recapitulate important metabolic improvements seen after bariatric surgery. Further, our work establishes a model for focused study of bile acids in the context of bariatric surgery that may lead to the identification of therapeutics for metabolic disease.
RF Sheath and Admittance Characteristics of a Spherical Plasma Probe

Development of a radio-frequency sheath model for a spherical probe in a collisionless plasma. The method of solution is based on the quasi-static approximation and the electrostatic probe theory of Bernstein and Rabinowitz (1959). The resistive part of the admittance is ascribed to the sheath transit-time collisionless dissipation mechanism suggested by Mayer (1963) and developed by Gould (1964). Expressions are obtained for the effective sheath thickness and the equivalent resistance of the transit-time dissipation. The sheath model and, hence, the admittance are completely determined in terms of the bias potential, the probe radius, the plasma frequency, and the Debye length - i.e., there are no adjustable parameters in the proposed theory which are to be determined by experiment. The results obtained agree favorably with Cohen and Bekefi's (1971) experimental data on the conductance resonant frequency and the width of the conductance peak.
The wireless network jamming problem

In adversarial environments, disabling the communication capabilities of the enemy is a high priority. We introduce the problem of determining the optimal number and locations for a set of jamming devices in order to neutralize a wireless communication network. This problem is known as the wireless network jamming problem. We develop several mathematical programming formulations based on covering the communication nodes and limiting the connectivity index of the nodes. Two case studies are presented comparing the formulations with the addition of various percentile constraints. Finally, directions of further research are addressed.
CYTOCHROME OXIDASE IN NORMAL AND REGENERATING NEURONS

Manometric determinations of cytochrome oxidase activity were carried out on grey matter from the thalamus and anterior horn of cats and monkeys under various experimental conditions. The thalamus of the cat was studied following the degeneration of virtually all the thalamic neurons secondary to decortication. In comparing the deneuronated thalamus with the normal one, it was found that approximately 34 per cent of the cytochrome oxidase activity was contributed by the neurons and the balance by neuroglia and mesodermal tissues which on the operated side remained comparable to that of the normal side. Total activity of the normal thalamus averaged 5.52 units per mg. of dry weight where I unit is defined as the amount of cytochrome oxidase required to produce a net oxygen consumption of 10 c.mm. per hour under the specified conditions of the experiment. The grey matter of the anterior horns of the spinal cord was isolated by a special technique and its cytochrome oxidase activity was compared with anterior horns in which motoneurons had been stimulated to regenerative activity by section of peripheral nerves. Each animal was studied in relation to an anterior horn which was normal and one in which only the functional state of the motoneurons had been changed. Average normal levels of 2.23 units were found for cat anterior horn and 0.69 units for the monkey. Reductions of cytochrome oxidase activity in the range of 22 to 23 per cent were observed for both cat and monkey following nerve section. In the latter the time sequence was carefully studied in relation to the cytological cycle known as chromatolysis and a virus refractory state previously described by us. It was found that maximal reduction of cytochrome oxidase activity coincided with maximal refractoriness of the cells to poliomyelitis virus (30 to 70 days following nerve section). Neither of these states could be correlated in time with maximal chromatolysis (10 to 15 days).
Autophagy regulator BECN1 suppresses mammary tumorigenesis driven by WNT1 activation and following parity

Earlier studies reported allelic deletion of the essential autophagy regulator BECN1 in breast cancers implicating BECN1 loss, and likely defective autophagy, in tumorigenesis. Recent studies have questioned the tumor suppressive role of autophagy, as autophagy-related gene (Atg) defects generally suppress tumorigenesis in well-characterized mouse tumor models. We now report that, while it delays or does not alter mammary tumorigenesis driven by Palb2 loss or ERBB2 and PyMT overexpression, monoallelic Becn1 loss promotes mammary tumor development in 2 specific contexts, namely following parity and in association with wingless-type MMTV integration site family, member 1 (WNT1) activation. Our studies demonstrate that Becn1 heterozygosity, which results in immature mammary epithelial cell expansion and aberrant TNFRSF11A/TNR11/RANK (tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 11a, NFKB activator) signaling, promotes mammary tumorigenesis in multiparous FVB/N mice and in cooperation with the progenitor cell-transforming WNT1 oncogene. Similar to our Becn1+/−;MMTV-Wnt1 mouse model, low BECN1 expression and an activated WNT pathway gene signature correlate with the triple-negative subtype, TNFRSF11A axis activation and poor prognosis in human breast cancers. Our results suggest that BECN1 may have nonautophagy-related roles in mammary development, provide insight in the seemingly paradoxical roles of BECN1 in tumorigenesis, and constitute the basis for further studies on the pathophysiology and treatment of clinically aggressive triple negative breast cancers (TNBCs).
Diels–Alder polysulfones as dielectric materials: Computational guidance & synthesis

Abstract Herein, we describe the synthesis and characterization of polymers formed by the Diels–Alder (DA) reaction between various difurans and divinylsulfone, and evaluate their dielectric properties. These syntheses were planned with computational support a priori in the form of HOMO/LUMO calculations for the dienes and dienophiles, with the calculated ΔE for the DA reactions ranging between 9.33 and 9.42 eV. We describe the structure–property relationship observed when changing an atom in the linking unit between two furan rings (–CH2–, –O-, –S-, –NH–) with respect to the dielectric constant and loss tangent. Dielectric constants for the polymers range between 4.96 and 5.98, with dielectric loss tangents ranging from 0.4 to 0.9% at 1 kHz and room temperature. Bandgaps of the polymers are elucidated with UV/Visible spectroscopy, and range from 2.15 to 2.61 eV. The retro DA onset is determined using three analytical methods: thermogravimetric analysis, dynamic scanning calorimetry, and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry polymer desorption spectroscopy, and is determined to be over 125 °C in all cases.
Standard Insecurity: How, Why and When Standards can be a Part of the Problem

Although National Institute of Technology (NIST) 800-53 is a very good set of directives for federal agencies to follow, the standard is still at its infancy; therefore, it presents many weaknesses that must be addressed that would make better ensure the information assurance of the US Government’s critical information systems. This report will highlight many of these weaknesses, and how the lack of flexibility and flexibility in this standard leads to more insecurity of information systems. To remediate these issues, NIST 800-53 must focus more on utilizing a knowledge management model such as the Organizational Cognition Spiral along with the Organizational Knowledge Network in order to use better managerial and organizational cognition to increase the security posture of all information systems within an organization.
Hierarchical Diagnostic Classification Models: A Family of Models for Estimating and Testing Attribute Hierarchies

Although latent attributes that follow a hierarchical structure are anticipated in many areas of educational and psychological assessment, current psychometric models are limited in their capacity to objectively evaluate the presence of such attribute hierarchies. This paper introduces the Hierarchical Diagnostic Classification Model (HDCM), which adapts the Log-linear Cognitive Diagnosis Model to cases where attribute hierarchies are present. The utility of the HDCM is demonstrated through simulation and by an empirical example. Simulation study results show the HDCM is efficiently estimated and can accurately test for the presence of an attribute hierarchy statistically, a feature not possible when using more commonly used DCMs. Empirically, the HDCM is used to test for the presence of a suspected attribute hierarchy in a test of English grammar, confirming the data is more adequately represented by hierarchical attribute structure when compared to a crossed, or nonhierarchical structure.
Collectivism's individualism: Value preference, personal control, and the desire for freedom among Chinese in Mainland China, Hong Kong, and Singapore.

Abstract The purpose of this research was to examine whether the value choices of Chinese in Mainland China, Hong Kong, and Singapore would reflect a collectivistic emphasis. The overall results instead showed a heavy emphasis on individualistic values, especially among Mainland Chinese. Marked differences were found between the three Chinese groups, with the Mainland and Singapore groups showing the greatest contrasts. Specifically, Mainland Chinese showed very diverse concerns: they preferred the personal-extrinsic and competency values, as well as some social values. In contrast, Hong Kong and Singapore Chinese indicated greater preference for the personal-intrinsic and moral values. Additional data on locus of control showed that the greater individualistic orientation of Mainland Chinese coincided with their greater external control beliefs, as predicted. In comparing the Chinese groups with a group of U.S. subjects, it was found that the differences did not reflect any distinct individualistic or collectivistic pattern. The present findings were discussed in relation to past collectivistic depictions of Chinese, and to the notion that collectivism can be a means to individualistic ends in Chinese society.
Sentinel node biopsy in vulvar and vaginal melanoma: presentation of six cases and a literature review.

Background Urogenital melanoma is a rare neoplasm with poor prognosis. Its management in the past involved radical vulvectomy and complete bilateral inguinofemoral lymphadenectomy. Sentinel lymph node biopsy is an accurate low-morbidity procedure when used in the context of cutaneous melanoma. However, prophylactic lymphadenectomy has not been shown to improve survival of melanoma patients. We wanted to determine the feasibility of sentinel lymph node biopsy in patients with female urogenital melanoma as a staging procedure. Methods Six patients with vulvar or vaginal melanomas underwent preoperative lymphatic mapping with (99m)Tc-labeled sulfur colloid followed by sentinel lymphadenectomy. In addition, we reviewed the literature on the application of sentinel lymph node biopsy in urogenital tract melanomas. Results One or more sentinel nodes were identified in all six patients by lymphoscintigraphy. All patients underwent sentinel lymphadenectomy, except for one patient with a deep vaginal melanoma that drained to pelvic nodes. The five successful cases had unilateral drainage patterns. None of the sentinel lymph nodes excised had tumor invasion. Combined with five other patients from the published literature, the success rate of localizing sentinel lymph nodes in the patients with urogenital melanoma approaches 100%. Conclusions This experience, plus reports of a small number of patients from three similar studies, supports the impression that sentinel lymph node biopsy is feasible for vulvar and vaginal melanoma.
Monolayer flow on a thin film

On considere l'ecoulement bidimensionnel d'une monocouche d'agent tensioactif sur une couche mince visqueuse. On neglige la gravite et les forces de pression. On decrit les proprietes interfaciales par des equations d'etat
A cross-sectional behavioral genetic analysis of task persistence in the transition to middle childhood.

Task persistence, measured by a composite score of independent teacher, tester and observer reports, was examined using behavioral genetic analysis. Participants included 92 monozygotic and 137 same-sex dizygotic twin pairs in Kindergarten or 1st grade (4.3 to 7.9 years old). Task persistence was widely distributed, higher among older children, positively associated with standardized tests of cognitive performance and achievement, and negatively associated with parents’, teachers’ and observers’ reports of behavioral problems. Cross-sectional analysis indicated a strong developmental shift from shared environment variance among younger children to additive genetic variance in older children.
Topological transversality : application to an integrodifferential equation

< < < < 2 K t , s, x F f t g s w x , t , s, x g R = R , 3 Ž . Ž . Ž . Ž . Ž . Ž . q Ž . where f , g, h g C R , R and w belongs to the class R of continuous q q Ž . nondecreasing functions on R with w r ) 0 for r ) 0 and satisfying q `Ž Ž .. H dsrw s s `. 1 Ž . Ž . Ž . Under assumptions 2 and 3 we show that 1 has a solution on Rq and we give bounds on that solution. Our discussion is based on topological transversality arguments. The last section is devoted to an application in the mathematical theory of water percolation phenomena.