cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Benefits analysis of a proposed collaborative information exchange capability

Special Use Airspace (SUA) are volumes of airspace wherein limitations are placed on the activity of civilian air traffic. For example, many SUAs are used for training missions by the U.S. military, and, when “closed,” are off-limits to civilian air traffic. Historically, SUA status information (SUA is open vs. closed to civilians) has been known to the military, but not always conveyed to civilian airspace users/managers in a timely fashion. A proposed new capability of the modernized Traffic Flow Management (TFM) system is called Collaborative Information Exchange (CIX) — it remedies this situation by enabling the real-time sharing of SUA current and future state. This enables flights to flight-plan and fly routes that agree, based on the status of the SUA. The authors performed a benefits analysis as part of the justification for the proposed capability. Rather than relying on a possibly-inaccurate schedule for SUA status, we focused on two cases: 1) Flight path is planned through the SUA, but actual aircraft track flies around it, 2) Flight path is planned around the SUA, but actual aircraft track flies through it. These two cases are indications that, at least at time of takeoff, the known SUA status was not the same as when the flight approached the SUA while in flight. Two benefits mechanisms were surmised for the analysis: the unnecessary ferrying of fuel and inefficient flight paths. The presentation of results will include estimated dollar savings, as well as graphical depictions of the various cases.
Overview of standardized time series

This paper presents the basic concepts and motivation for standardized time series analysis. Various applications to the analysis of simulation output are mentioned.
Metadata Support for Transactional Web Services

The paper describes an annotation-based Java framework for supporting transactional Web services. We provide a framework for automated management of compensations in business activity type extended transactions. Unlike rollbacks in traditional ACID transactions, these usually require substantial implementation effort by business programmers. Our annotations provide a flexible, intuitive and easy to use alternative. With a few declarative statements, users can configure the relationship between units of work and their compensations. The framework manages all aspects of the execution of the compensations, ensuring a reliable, consistent transaction outcome.
Shell particles, trials, tribulations and triumphs.

The concept of pellicular particles was imagined by Horvath and Lipsky fifty years ago. They were initially intended for the analysis of macromolecules. Later, shell particles were prepared. The rational behind this concept was to improve column efficiency by shortening the pathways that analyte molecules must travel and, so doing, to improve their mass transfer kinetics. Several brands of superficially porous particles were developed and became popular in the 1970s. However, the major improvements in the manufacturing of high-quality, fully porous particles, that took place in the same time, particularly by making them finer and more homogeneous, hampered the success of shell particles, which eventually disappeared. Recently, the pressing needs to improve analytical throughputs forced particle manufacturers to find a better compromise between the demands for higher column efficiency that require short diffusion paths of analyte molecules in columns and the need for columns that can be operated with the conventional instruments for liquid chromatography, which operate with moderate column back-pressures. This lead to the apparition of a new generation of columns packed with shell particles, which bring chromatographic columns to a level of efficiency undreamed of a few years ago. This evolution is reviewed, the reason that motivated it, and the consequences of their success are discussed.
Heat transfer and friction coefficients for dilute suspensions of asbestos fibers

Abstract Experiments were conducted to determine heat-transfer coefficients and friction coefficients for dilute suspensions of asbestos fibers flowing in a smooth, and in a rough tube. For the given tubes, drastic reductions were observed in both coefficients for a certain range of Reynolds numbers. Beyond this range, the values applicable to the pure fluid were approached asymptotically. It has to be realized, however, that even for a given concentration the Reynolds number by itself is not sufficient to fully describe the flow conditions and that at least one additional parameter, probably one based on the wall shear, will be needed.
Toward a TQM Paradigm: Using SERVQUAL to Measure Library Service Quality.

This study provides the results of a survey conducted in the fall of 1994 by the Sterling C. Evans Library to measure service quality. This general user survey provided feedback from customers on their minimum, perceived, and desired levels of service from an academic library. The devised measuring instrument is based on SERVQUAL, a service quality survey created by Leonard L. Berry, A. Parasuraman, and Valarie A. Zeithaml. The SERVQUAL survey is designed to measure service quality in five dimensions: tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy. Survey results showed a discrepancy in the quality of the services provided by the library and those desired by its customers.
Atmospheric dissolved iron deposition to the global oceans: effects of oxalate-promoted Fe dissolution, photochemical redox cycling, and dust mineralogy

Abstract. Mineral dust deposition is suggested to be a significant atmospheric supply pathway of bioavailable iron (Fe) to Fe-depleted surface oceans. In this study, mineral dust and dissolved Fe (Fed) deposition rates are predicted for March 2009 to February 2010 using the 3-D chemical transport model GEOS-Chem implemented with a comprehensive dust-Fe dissolution scheme. The model simulates Fed production during the atmospheric transport of mineral dust, taking into account inorganic and organic (oxalate)-promoted Fe dissolution processes, photochemical redox cycling between ferric (Fe(III)) and ferrous (Fe(II)) forms of Fe, dissolution of three different Fe-containing minerals (hematite, goethite, and aluminosilicates), and detailed mineralogy of wind-blown dust from the major desert regions. Our calculations suggest that during the year-long simulation ~0.26 Tg (1 Tg = 1012 g) of Fed was deposited to global oceanic regions. Compared to simulations only taking into account proton-promoted Fe dissolution, the addition of oxalate and Fe(II)/Fe(III) redox cycling to the dust-Fe mobilization scheme increased total annual model-predicted Fed deposition to global oceanic regions by ~75%. The implementation of Fe(II)/Fe(III) photochemical redox cycling in the model also allows for the distinction between different oxidation states of deposited Fed. Our calculations suggest that during the daytime, large fractions of Fed deposited to the global oceans is likely to be in Fe(II) form, while nocturnal fluxes of Fed are largely in Fe(III) form. Model sensitivity simulations suggest Fed fluxes to the oceans can range from ~50% reduction to ~150% increase associated with the uncertainty in Fe-containing minerals commonly found in dust particles. This study indicates that Fed deposition to the oceans is controlled by total dust-Fe mass concentrations, mineralogy, the surface area of dust particles, atmospheric chemical composition, cloud processing, and meteorological parameters and exhibits complex and spatiotemporally variable patterns. Our study suggests that the explicit model representation of individual processes leading to Fed production within mineral dust are needed to improve the understanding of the atmospheric Fe cycle, and quantify the effect of dust-Fe on ocean biological productivity, carbon cycle, and climate.
Fatal case of Herbaspirillum seropedicae bacteremia secondary to pneumonia in an end-stage renal disease patient with multiple myeloma

Herbaspirillum spp. are rare causes of human infections associated primarily with bacteremia in cancer patients. We report the first fatal case of bacteremia secondary to pneumonia caused by Herbaspirillum seropedicae in a 65-year-old man with end-stage renal disease and multiple myeloma.
Methane Hydrates: More Than a Viable Aviation Fuel Feedstock Option

Demand for hydrocarbon fuels is steadily increasing, and greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise unabated with the energy demand. Alternate fuels will be coming on line to meet that demand. This report examines the recovering of methane from methane hydrates for fuel to meet this demand rather than permitting its natural release into the environment, which will be detrimental to the planet. Some background on the nature, vast sizes, and stability of sedimentary and permafrost formations of hydrates are discussed. A few examples of the severe problems associated with methane recovery from these hydrates are presented along with the potential impact on the environment and coastal waters. Future availability of methane from hydrates may become an attractive option for aviation fueling, and so future aircraft design associated with methane fueling is considered.
40Ar39Ar studies of Precambrian cherts; an unsuccessful attempt to measure the time evolution of the atmospheric 40Ar/36Ar ratio

Abstract KAr isochron techniques can provide, in principle, an experimental reconstruction of the time evolution of the atmospheric 40 Ar/ 36 Ar ratio if minerals can be found which contain samples of argon from the ancient atmosphere and which have had a simple geologic history. Authigenic sedimentary minerals with low potassium content appear to be the best candidates. An experimental reconstruction of the evolution of the atmospheric 40 Ar/ 36 Ar ratio will serve as a test of various models for the chemical and thermal evolution of the Earth. 40 Ar 39 Ar studies of five chert samples from the Swaziland sequence and the Bulawayan and Gunflint Formations indicate that lower Precambrian cherts do not contain appreciable samples of the ancient atmospheric argon and have experienced complicated geologic histories. The chert sample from the Kromberg Formation contains excess 40 Ar. The other four samples yield age spectra which are complicated but which are interpretable in terms of geologically reasonable ages. The lack of evidence for argon loss in the chert data suggests that some cherts may prove to be datable sedimentary minerals.
Ultrafast Aqueous Etching of Gallium Arsenide

Very rapid room-temperature photochemical etching of n-type GaAs was achieved in aqueous hydrofluoric acid in conjunction with ultraviolet laser illumination. The etch rates of ~500 µm/min represent an order of magnitude increase in etch rates over previously reported results for solutions that contained no hydrofluoric acid. Furthermore, incorporation of nitric acid into the hydrofluoric acid solution resulted in smooth etched surfaces thus allowing deep, waveguiding etching. This rapid process was used to etch deep, large-area structures in GaAs samples.
Integrating Data Mining and On-line Analytical Processing for Intelligent Decision Systems

Data Mining (DM) and On-Line Analytical Processing (OLAP) are powerful methods to model relationships in databases and analyze vast amounts of data. However, little research exists in developing methods to integrate the DM and OLAP to develop an Intelligent Decision Support System (IDSS). This study proposes a model to integrate DM and OLAP to build accurate and dynamic models of the process and to provide analytical views of the data. The integrated system uses DM to discover the complex relationships hidden in large volumes of data. This data is organized and presented for decision-making using OLAP for which multidimensional views are created by the results from the relationships discovered by mining the data. The model is applied to a complex manufacturing process control problem.
InGaSb: Single channel solution for realizing III–V CMOS

There has been an upsurge of interest in the possibility of a low-power, high-performance CMOS based on III–V materials. For such a technology to be realized, advances are needed in a number of areas including: (a) comparable high performance from n- and p-channel devices for complementary logic; (b) reducing the impact of D it ; and (c) overcoming low density of states (DOS) of electrons which could limit the NMOS I ON . In this study, methods are investigated that deliver improvements in these three areas (Fig. 1). We chose to work on the 6.1–6.2A lattice constant system with InGaSb as the channel material because of its advantages in terms of band engineering and high mobility/offsets for both electrons and holes [1–2]. Despite its larger lattice constant, antimonide's are also found to be potentially more suitable for hetero-integration [3]. We demonstrate electron/hole mobility > 4000/900cm2/Vs can be achieved in a single channel material. For the first time in III–V systems, both n- and p-channel transistors with one single channel material show comparable high on-current.
Stability and calibration of overlay and focus control for a double patterning immersion scanner

To achieve the 2 nm overlay accuracy required for double patterning, we have introduced the NSR-S620D immersion scanner that employs an encoder metrology system. The key challenges for an encoder metrology system include its stability as well as the methods of calibration. The S620D has a hybrid metrology system consisting of encoders and interferometers, in XY and Z. The advantage of a hybrid metrology system is that we can continuously monitor the position of the stage using both encoders and interferometers for optimal positioning control, without any additional metrology requirements or throughput loss. To support this technology, the S620D has various encoder calibration functions that make and maintain the ideal grid, and control focus. In this paper we will introduce some of the encoder calibration functions based on the interferometer. We also provide the latest performance of the tool, with an emphasis on overlay and focus control, validating that the NSR-S620D delivers the necessary levels of accuracy and stability for the production phase of double patterning.
The effects of matrix organization size and number of project assignments on performance

Peters, Waterman, and a number of popular management authors have recently offered numerous criticisms of matrix structures. This investigation empirically tests two of these critical assertions in the areas of matrix organization size and number of project assignments. The findings based on a sample of 64 high-technology firms suggest that Peters' and Waterman's conclusions are incorrect. >
Neutrophil degranulation: Evidence pertaining to its mediation by the combined effects of leukotriene B4, platelet‐activating factor, and 5‐HETE

Stimulus-activated polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) produce leukotriene B4 (LTB4), 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoate (5-HETE), and platelet-activating factor (PAF). Each of these lipids promotes PMN degranulation; in combination they have additive and potentiating effects that result in prominent degranulation responses at relatively low concentrations. Thus, the combined interactions of LTB4, 5-HETE, and PAF may mediate responses in PMN activated by other stimuli. This possibility was examined by measuring the responses of PMN made insensitive to one or more of these lipids. Cells were pretreated with LTB4, 5-HETE, and/or PAF for 8 min; exposed for 2 min to cytochalasin B (which is required for lipid-induced degranulation); and then challenged. PMN challenged with only buffer released minimal amounts of granule-bound enzymes. Furthermore, the lipid-pretreated cells were hyporesponsive to challenge with 1) various combinations of these same lipids or 2) ionophore A23187. The relative potencies of the lipids in producing hyporesponsiveness to themselves or A23187 were: 5-HETE less than PAF less than or equal to LTB4 less than PAF + LTB4 less than PAF + LTB4 + 5-HETE. For both types of challenge, reduced responsiveness occurred in cells pretreated with greater than 0.1 nM LTB4 and/or greater than 0.2 nM PAF, persisted in cells washed after lipid pretreatment, and did not develop in cells pretreated with various combinations of bioinactive structural analogues of the lipids. Thus, PAF, LTB4, and 5-HETE interacted to desensitize PMN, and the degranulating actions of A23187 required cells that were fully responsive to each of the three lipids. This supports the concept that the lipids act together in mediating certain of the ionophore's effects. However, lipid-desensitized PMN degranulated fully when challenged with C5a, a formylated oligopeptide, or phorbol myristate acetate. Degranulation responses, therefore, may proceed through various pathways, only some of which involve the lipid products studied here.
Nanoindentation and storage of teeth

This study determined changes in nanomechanical properties of dentin and enamel during storage in deionized water, calcium chloride buffered saline solution and Hank's balanced salts solution (HBSS). Atomic force microscopy based nanoindentation showed that storing teeth in deionized water or CaCl(2)-solution resulted in a large decrease in elastic modulus and hardness. At 1 day a decrease in the mechanical properties values of up to 20% and 30% was observed for enamel and dentin, respectively. After 1 week, mechanical properties dropped below 50% of their starting values, which is attributed to a demineralization process during storage. In contrast, storing teeth in HBSS did not significantly alter the mechanical properties for a time interval of 2 weeks. The use of HBSS for storage of samples from teeth is recommended.
Radiation-induced DNA synthesis in nuclei of hen erythrocytes reactivated in heterokaryons.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not avian erythrocytes are able to repair their DNA and whether or not this ability is changed during nuclear reactivation in heterokaryons. (auth)
Folate, Vitamin B12, and Neuropsychiatric Disorders

Folate and vitamin B12 are required both in the methylation of homocysteine to methionine and in the synthesis of S-adenosylmethionine. S-ad-enosylmethionine is involved in numerous methylation reactions involving proteins, phospholipids, DNA, and neurotransmitter metabolism. Both folate and vitamin B12 deficiency may cause similar neurologic and psychiatric disturbances including depression, dementia, and a demyelinating myelopathy. A current theory proposes that a defect in methylation processes is central to the biochemical basis of the neuropsychiatry of these vitamin deficiencies. Folate deficiency may specifically affect central monoamine metabolism and aggravate depressive disorders. In addition, the neurotoxic effects of homocysteine may also play a role in the neurologic and psychiatric disturbances that are associated with folate and vitamin B12 deficiency.
The dominance of cold and dry alteration processes on recent Mars, as revealed through pan-spectral orbital analyses

a b s t r a c t Classic low-albedo regions of the martian surface are investigated using combined reflectance and emission ("pan-spectral") data to constrain the types of alteration mineral phases that are present at spectrally significant abundances (>10-15%). The lack of hydrated mineral species observed using near-infrared data suggests that anhydrous chemical alteration dominates at the regional scale. Spectral characteristics in the VNIR and TIR are consistent with those associated with weathering processes identified in the hyper-arid, hypo-thermal, and geologically stable McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica, where oxidative weathering processes dominate and significant aqueous alteration does not occur. In addition, the spectral trends associated with oxidative weathering processes are similar to regional trends in VNIR spectral characteristics observed on Mars and potentially complicate the spectral interpretation of basaltic terrains. Collectively, these relationships suggest that the martian surface has been dominated by cold, dry, and stable conditions since the formation of these low-albedo regions. While significant at regional scales early in martian history, aqueous alteration appears to be predominantly absent from large-scale basaltic regions on Mars.
Transition of MOV distribution arresters from capacitive to resistive during steep-front impulses

The current responses of MOV (metal oxide varistor) distribution arresters to steep-front rectangular voltage pulses were measured in the voltage range where the arresters were converting from dielectric to resistive behavior. At the lowest voltages, a purely capacitive current response was measured, with current pulses only during the rising and falling portions of the voltage pulse. At higher voltages, the current response had an initial spike followed by a conduction current. In the transition region, random delays in turn-on of the arrester currents were observed. This delayed turn-on phenomenon possibly reveals that a dynamic instability of the current-voltage characteristic of the MOV arrester material may exist in the breakdown region during a steep-front voltage impulse. >
Incentive payments for attendance at appointments for depression among low-income African Americans

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of nominal incentive payments on attendance at therapy appointments among 50 low-income African Americans with depression. METHODS: Attendance at therapy appointments for depression without incentive was tracked for 12 weeks, followed by tracking of 12 weeks during which $10 payments were given at regular appointments and a third 12-week period of appointments without payments. RESULTS: After adjustment for rescheduling, 54 percent of patients had better adherence when payments were attached to appointments, and an additional 14 percent continued with perfect attendance throughout this second period. In the third period, when payments were no longer made, 66 percent had a decline in adherence. Less rescheduling was also observed during the incentive period. CONCLUSION: Incentive payments have the potential to improve appointment adherence among low-income African Americans with depression.
Identification and regulation of a new vertebrate cytochrome P450 subfamily, the CYP2PS, and functional characterization of CYP2P3, a conserved arachidonic acid epoxygenase/19-hydroxylase

Three genes cloned from Fundulus heteroclitus (killifish) define a new P450 subfamily, CYP2P. Structurally, the CYP2Ps are related to fish CYP2Ns and mammalian CYP2Js. CYP2P transcripts are expressed predominantly in liver and intestine. CYP2P3 coexpressed with P450 oxidoreductase in a baculovirus system catalyzed benzphetamine-N-demethylation and arachidonic acid oxidation, forming 14,15-, 11,12-, and 8,9-epoxyeicosatrienoic acids and 19-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid. CYP2P3 regio- and enantioselectivities with arachidonic acid were remarkably similar to human CYP2J2 and rat CYP2J3. Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids and their corresponding hydration products, the dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids, were detected in killifish liver and intestine, indicating metabolism of arachidonic acid by killifish P450s in vivo. Levels of these products in killifish intestine were higher than those in mammalian intestine. 12-O-Tetradecanoyl phorbol 13-acetate suppressed expression of CYP2P2 and CYP2P3 in killifish intestine; fasting itself suppressed expression of CYP2P2/3 but not CYP2P1. In rat intestine fasting similarly depressed the levels of CYP2J proteins. The CYP2Ps and the CYP2Js appear to be derived from a common ancestral gene, likely a fatty acid monooxygenase.
The "thrifty genotype" in 1998.

eases and their pathophysiology, and review the arguments for regarding the genetic predisposition to all three of these conditions as formerly adaptive genotypes, the functioning of which is now compromised by the changing lifestyles of the technologically advanced nations. Finally, we will discuss the probable relative effectiveness in the future of a genetically based in contrast to an environmentally based program of prevention and therapy for these diseases.
Characterizing optimism and pessimism directly through comonotonicity

Pessimism-independence is introduced to characterize pessimistic risk attitudes for the nonlinear-probability models of Schmeidler, Quiggin, and Yaari directly in terms of comonotonicity, rather than through additional conditions such as convexity of preferences. Pessimism-independence requires the mixture of an arbitrary good and a fixed act to be preferred to the mixture of a comonotonic bad act and the fixed act. Thus, more general than full-force independence, it does not exclude the additional (pessimistic) appreciation of the hedging involved in the mixture of a noncomonotonic bad and fixed act. More restrictive than comonotonic independence, it does exclude (optimistic) aversion of hedging.
Low torque pulsation and high-power control of permanent magnet motor with distributed electromotive force

This paper describes low torque pulsation and high-power control of permanent magnet synchronous motor (PM motor) with distorted electromotive force (emf). The experimental model of PM motor is a 40-kW, 190 r/min, salient-pole, six-phase machine. An individual single-phase transistor inverter is connected to each phase of PM motor as a power source. By adopting full pitch and concentrated winding in the armature of the motor, the rate of flux utilization and output torque per mass can be increased. This winding causes trapezoidal distortion in the phase voltage waveform at no load. For realization of high-performance control of PM motor, the current waveform should be determined so as to minimize torque pulsation and to maximize the output torque of the motor under the rated current. This paper proposes also the method to determine the optimum current waveform. The currents and emfs are expressed as N-dimensional vectors (N: the number of phases). Due to the characteristics of the particular structure of the motor, the armature reaction is small enough to be neglected. In this case, the optimum current vector can be derived under two conditions: (1) the direction of the current vector always agrees with that of the emf vector; and (2) the scalar product of the two vectors is held constant. Supplying the optimum current vector provides no torque pulsation and the nearly maximum output torque under the rated current. This method also can derive the new optimum current corresponding to open-phase operation. The validity of the method is confirmed experimentally. The characteristics of the experimental model of PM motor also are described in this paper.
Group Beating in a Woman With a DDD Pacemaker.

A 79-year-old woman with severe aortic stenosis, a history of atrial fibrillation and sick sinus syndrome, and implantation of a biventricular DDD pacemaker 3 years earlier presented to the hospital with congestive heart failure. Her electrocardiogram on admission showed what looked like sinus tachycardia at a rate of 127 beats per minute (Figure 1). No atrial pacemaker spikes were seen. Groups of 4 QRSs, with each complex initiated by a pacemaker spike, were separated by pauses. The cause of this group beating was the intrinsic atrial rate’s having exceeded the maximum tracking rate of the pacemaker, which was set at 120 beats/ min. The normal pacemaker response to this was progressive lengthening of the PR intervals to keep the conducted QRS complexes at the upper tracking rate of 120. The PR lengthening and the consequent shortening of the RP intervals eventually resulted in a P wave falling into the
Channelization: the two-fault tolerant attitude control function for the Space Station Freedom

The Space Station Freedom was, from the mid-1980's through 1993, the design for an international orbiting laboratory facility. The Space Station Freedom was comprised of "utility" systems, such as power generation and distribution, thermal management, and data processing, and "user" systems such as communication and tracking, propulsion, payload support, and guidance, navigation, and control. These systems are required to work together to provide various station functions. To protect the lives onboard and the investment in the station, the systems and their connectivity had to be designed to continue to support critical functions after any single fault for early assembly stages, and after any two faults for later stages. Of these critical functions, attitude control was the most global, incorporating equipment from nearly all major systems. The challenge was to develop an architecture, or integration, of these systems that would achieve the specified level of fault tolerant attitude control and operate, autonomously, for the three-month unmanned periods during the assembly process. Additionally, this architecture had to maintain the desired utility of the station for each stage of the assembly process. This paper discusses the approach developed for integrating the systems such that the fault tolerance requirements were met for all stages of assembly. Some of the key integration issues are examined and the role of analysis tools are described. The resultant design was a highly channelized one, and the reasons and the benefits of this design will be explored. The final design was accepted by the Space Station Control Board as the design baseline in July 1992.
Intelligent sense-making for smart grid stability

The power systems of the future — smart grids — will see an increase in both renewable energy sources and load demand, thus increasing the need for fast dynamic reconfiguration of system parameters to handle energy and load dispatches. Power systems will need to be monitored continuously to maintain stability under normal and abnormal operating conditions and when facing disturbances. A combination of system state prediction, dynamic power flow, system optimization, and solution stability checking will allow for a more reliable, affordable, efficient and clean power grid. The optimization and control systems on a smart grid will require a computational systems thinking capability to handle the uncertainties and variability that exist in a smart grid environment. The concept of sense-making based on computational intelligence methods, including neural networks, fuzzy logic and swarm intelligence, as well as online measurements from a smart grid to provide ‘situational’ awareness in the context of stability, is introduced in this paper.
Utilization of phytate phosphorus and calcium as influenced by microbial phytase, cholecalciferol, and the calcium: total phosphorus ratio in broiler diets

Abstract The present study was performed to evaluate the potential of microbial phytase and cholecalciferol (D3) for improving the utilization of phytate P and Ca and the influence of the Car:total (t) P ratio in a corn-soybean meal diet fed to broilers from hatch to 21 d of age. A 4 x 4 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments was used: 1.1, 1.4, 1.7, and 2.0:1 Ca:tP ratio; 0, 300, 600, and 900 U of phytase/kg of diet; and 66 and 660 micrograms of D3/kg of diet. Another four treatments were included: the four Ca:tP ratios with 6,600 micrograms of D3 addition, but without phytase. Added phytase linearly increased (P
The Size Effect of Thin Films on the Peierls Stress of Edge Dislocations

In this paper, we have developed a half-space Peierls—Nabarro (HSPN) model to evaluate dislocation mobility on material surface. The free-surface induced size effect on the mobility of an edge dislocation in thin films is investigated by using the model. The thickness of the thin layer between the dislocation and the free surface significantly influences the mobility of the dislocation. The Peierls stress of the edge dislocation in a thin film may be expressed as a function of the thickness of the thin film. A closed-form solution is obtained for the scaling factor, defined as the ratio of the modified Peierls stress to the conventional one in bulk materials, which allows for the characterization of the size (depth) effect on the Peierls stress of the edge dislocation in the half-space. Depending on the core size of the dislocation, the Peierls stress of a surface edge dislocation is about 5% to 25% less than that found in bulk materials.
Influence of Late-Holocene Climate on Northern Rocky Mountain Mammals

An exceptionally rich paleontological site containing thousands of mammalian fossils and well-dated with 18 radiocarbon samples provides evidence of late-Holocene ecological response to climatic change in northern Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. The mammalian fauna, composed of 10,597 identified specimens, shows surprising affinity to the local habitat with little evidence of long-distance transport of faunal elements, thus revealing the faithfulness of a fossil site to the community from which it is derived. The mammals illustrate ecological sensitivity to a series of mesic to xeric climatic excursions in the sagebrush-grassland ecotone during the past 3200 yr. From 3200 cal yr B.P. to a maximum of 1100 cal yr B.P., the species composition of mammals indicates wetter conditions than today. Beginning about 1200 cal yr B.P., the fauna becomes more representative of xeric conditions with maxima in xeric-indicator taxa and minima in mesic-indicator taxa, concordant with the Medieval Warm Period (circa 1000 to 650 yr B.P.). Cooler, wetter conditions which prevailed for most of the Little Ice Age (700 to 100 yr B.P.) in general correspond to a return to a more mesic mammalian fauna. A warm period within the Little Ice Age is documented by a xeric fauna. These data show that mammalian ecological sensitivity to climatic change over this intermediate time scale holds promise for predictions about the impacts of future global warming.
Management of gastrointestinal pain

Choice of an analgesic for gastrointestinal pain requires consideration of the cause of the pain, desired duration of pain relief, need for sedation, and potential side effects and toxicity, particularly in light of other drugs being used and effects on the gastrointestinal tract. It is imperative that close monitoring be continued to ensure that surgical lesions or worsening conditions are detected. Recent research in the field may lead to new drugs, drug combinations, and avenues of treatment that minimize the side effects of these drugs while maximizing their efficacy.
Regulation of contraction-induced FA uptake and oxidation by AMPK and ERK1/2 is intensity dependent in rodent muscle.

Muscle contraction activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2), two signaling molecules involved in the regulation of muscle metabolism. The pur...
Increased Osteopontin Expression in Dendritic Cells Amplifies IL-17 Production by CD4+ T Cells in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis and in Multiple Sclerosis

Osteopontin (Opn) is a broadly expressed pleiotropic cytokine, and has been shown to play an important role in various autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). It is reported that Opn exacerbates EAE by skewing T cell differentiation toward IFN-γ-producing Th1 cells. Opn expression in dendritic cells (DCs) and its role in IL-17 induction from T cells during EAE or MS are unknown. We found that during EAE, Opn expression is elevated in DCs both in the periphery and in the CNS. There was increased expression of Opn receptor on T cells, and Opn induced IL-17 production by CD4 + T cells via the β 3 integrin receptor and Opn inhibited IL-10 production via the CD44 receptor. Furthermore, anti-Opn treatment reduced clinical severity of EAE by reducing IL-17 production. Anti-Opn was also effective in reducing clinical severity of EAE when given after the appearance of clinical symptoms. Analogous to EAE, in subjects with MS, we found increased expression of Opn in DCs and increased expression of the Opn receptors CD44, β 3 , and α v on T cells. Furthermore, Opn-stimulated CD4 + T cells from MS patients produced significantly higher amounts of IL-17. Our results demonstrate a role for DC-produced Opn both in EAE and MS that is linked to the production of IL-17.
ABO Blood Group as a Model for Platelet Glycan Modification in Arterial Thrombosis

ABO blood groups have long been associated with cardiovascular disease, thrombosis, and acute coronary syndromes. Many studies over the years have shown type O blood group to be associated with lower risk of cardiovascular disease than non-type O blood groups. However, the mechanisms underlying this association remain unclear. Although ABO blood group is associated with variations in concentrations of circulating von Willebrand Factor and other endothelial cell adhesion molecules, ABO antigens are also present on several platelet surface glycoproteins and glycosphingolipids. As we highlight in this platelet-centric review, these glycomic modifications may affect platelet function in arterial thrombosis. More broadly, improving our understanding of the role of platelet glycan modifications in acute coronary syndromes may inform future diagnostics and therapeutics for cardiovascular diseases.
Roles of the Catalytic Domain and Two Cellulose Binding Domains of Thermomonospora fusca E4 in Cellulose Hydrolysis

Thermomonospora fusca E4 is an unusual 90.4-kDa endocellulase comprised of a catalytic domain (CD), an internal family IIIc cellulose binding domain (CBD), a fibronectinlike domain, and a family II CBD. Constructs containing the CD alone (E4-51), the CD plus the family IIIc CBD (E4-68), and the CD plus the fibronectinlike domain plus the family II CBD (E4-74) were made by using recombinant DNA techniques. The activities of each purified protein on bacterial microcrystalline cellulose (BMCC), filter paper, swollen cellulose, and carboxymethyl cellulose were measured. Only the whole enzyme, E4-90, could reach the target digestion of 4.5% on filter paper. Removal of the internal family IIIc CBD (E4-51 and E4-74) decreased activity markedly on every substrate. E4-74 did bind to BMCC but had almost no hydrolytic activity, while E4-68 retained 32% of the activity on BMCC even though it did not bind. A low-activity mutant of one of the catalytic bases, E4-68 (Asp55Cys), did bind to BMCC, although E4-51 (Asp55Cys) did not. The ratios of soluble to insoluble reducing sugar produced after filter paper hydrolysis by E4-90, E4-68, E4-74, and E4-51 were 6.9, 3.5, 1.3, and 0.6, respectively, indicating that the family IIIc CBD is important for E4 processivity.
Optimal control of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus transmission in hospital settings

Abstract Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections are caused by strains of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria with resistance to the standard antibiotics that are often used for the treatment of ordinary Staphylococcus aureus infections. In this study, a deterministic model is presented for the transmission dynamics of hospital- and community-acquired MRSA in a hospital setting. The disease-free equilibrium of the model is locally asymptotically stable whenever the associated reproduction number is less than unity. The disease persists in the community whenever the reproduction number is greater than unity. The sensitivity analysis results show that the model outputs are affected by the hand washing compliance rate, decolonization rate of health-care workers, environmental contamination rate, hospital admission rates, and the isolation rate of colonized patients. Optimal control theory is then applied to investigate the goal of minimizing the colonization and infection of patients and health-care workers with MRSA using two time control variables (effects of the decolonization of health-care workers and environmental contamination rates) obtained from the sensitivity analysis.
Endocrine Responses to Acute and Chronic Exercise in the Developing Child

The endocrine system regulates the processes of growth and development during childhood and adolescence. Physical activity influences acute and chronic changes in several hormones. For most hormones the acute response to exercise in children is different in magnitude compared to adults: in some cases higher (e.g., cortisol) and others lower (e.g., epinephrine). Therefore, maturation plays a vital role in dictating the hormonal responses to exercise and adaptations that may result from exercise training regimens. Most studies have evaluated the hormonal responses to acute aerobic exercise. In the later years more research has been conducted evaluating hormonal responses to resistance exercise mostly in adolescents. As in adulthood, excess adiposity in childhood and adolescence appears to interfere with normal hormonal secretion in response to exercise, specifically for catecholamines and growth hormone. More research is needed to fully characterize the hormonal responses to acute and mostly chronic exercise training in childhood and adolescence. This chapter presents what is currently known about acute and chronic hormonal responses to aerobic and anaerobic exercise, differences and similarities in adulthood, the role of puberty influencing some of the responses, and the role of obesity as a possible modifying factor.
Introduction, 'After We Die: The Life and Times of the Human Cadaver'

This new book presents more than you thought you wanted to know about the handling of human remains. After We Die (AWD) not only chronicles a cadaver's physical state during various forms of disposal, it also discusses a cadaver's legal and moral status. AWD details who controls the fate of human remains and the applicable legal bounds. Control of a cadaver is explored with regard not only to mode and place of disposition of remains, but also to use of cadaveric body parts in education, research, tissue transplant, and procreation. AWD ascribes enforceable rights to the insentient cadaver, not just to survivors reacting to what is happening to a corpse. One such right is to have a decedent's prior choices upheld; AWD urges advance planning toward enhancing the impact of a life via productive cadaver roles in medical education, research, and tissue transplant. AWD also discusses proposals for increasing cadaveric organ supplies, including a presumed consent regime. As to moral standing of cadavers, AWD analyzes the quasi-human status attributed to remains and the protections therefore accorded to cadavers. The book reflects on the limits that post-mortem human dignity poses on disposal choices by either a decedent or an agent entitled to make final dispositions. Is it intrinsically disrespectful to exploit human remains in public educational displays, in artistic settings, or for utilitarian purposes as in furniture or clothes? This posting to SSRN provides the Introduction to AWD.
Abstract 115: Genetic Variation in Retinal Vascular Patterning Predicts Variation in Pial Collateral Extent and Infarct Volume After Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion

Introduction: The presence of a native (pre-existing) collateral circulation in tissues lessens injury in stroke and other occlusive diseases. However, differences in genetic background are accompanied by wide variation in the number and diameter (extent) of native collaterals in mice, resulting in large variation in protection. Indirect evidence suggests a similar wide variation also exists in humans. However, methods of measurement in humans are indirect, invasive and not widely available. Hypothesis: We sought to determine if differences in genetic background in mice result in variation in branch-patterning of the retinal circulation, and if these differences predict differences in collateral extent and, in turn, differences in severity of ischemic stroke. Methods: Patterning metrics were obtained for the retinal arterial trees of 10 mouse strains (n=8 per strain) that differ widely in collateral extent in brain and other tissues. We also obtained pial collateral number and diameter, and infarct volume 24h after permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion. Forward- and reverse-stepwise multivariate regression analysis was conducted and model performance assessed using K-fold cross-validation. Results: Twenty-one metrics varied significantly with genetic strain (p Conclusions: Differences in retinal tree patterning are specified by genetic background and closely predict genetic variation in pial collateral extent and, in turn, stroke severity. If these findings can be confirmed in humans, and given that genetic variation in cerebral collaterals extends to other tissues at least in mice, a similar “retinal predictor index” could be developed as a biomarker for collateral extent in brain and other tissues. This could aid prediction of the risk-severity of tissue injury in occlusive disease as well as stratification of patients for treatment options and enrollment in clinical studies.
A Civil Action

This article suggests different strategies on how to interact more civilly with opposing counsel and the effects of those strategies.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Digital Mammography, and Sonography: Tumor Characteristics and Tumor Biology in Primary Setting.

The use of imaging in the arena of primary treatment for breast cancer is gaining importance as a technique for assessing response to chemotherapy as well as assessing the underlying tumor biology. Both mammography and ultrasound have traditionally been used, in addition to clinical evaluation, to evaluate response to treatment although they have shed little light on the underlying biological processes. Functional magnetic resonance imaging techniques have the ability to assess response to treatments in addition to providing valuable information on changes in tumor perfusion, vascular permeability, oxygenation, cellularity, proliferation, and metabolism both at baseline and after treatment. This noninvasive method of evaluating cellular function is of importance both as endpoints for clinical trials and to our understanding of the biological mechanisms of cancer. Imaging modalities have become increasingly valuable tools in the assessment of breast cancer, particularly in the arena of primary disease. They are used routinely in the diagnosis and assessment of breast cancer as well as in the evaluation of response to primary chemotherapy. These techniques have evolved over the past 30 or so years since they were introduced into routine practice and have significantly different roles compared with their original use as a diagnostic adjunct to clinical evaluations. They now play a role not only in screening and diagnosis but also in assessing operability and need for primary systemic therapy and assessing changes in response to treatment. As well as providing morphological assessments of breast cancer they can also give us insights into the biology and behavior of the disease leading to their classification as imaging biological markers. These imaging biomarkers are of particular value in the early assessment of response to therapy which is of interest in identifying nonresponders early in their treatment journey and switching to potentially more effective therapy. The biological features that imaging and in particular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), can provide information on are perfusion, oxygenation, vascularity, and cellularity (1). Imaging as a biomarker is noninvasive making it practical to be used for serial measurements, instead of repeat biopsies. Biological endpoints are also of potential utility in early stage clinical trials to evaluate novel treatments for further development (2) as they can address the potential mechanism of action of such treatments.
Overcoming Rayleigh Limit in Optical Lithography

We shall discuss methods to overcome the Rayleigh limit in optical lithography. Our proposed methods are all based on classical light interaction with suitable photoresists.