cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Extending the actor–partner interdependence model for binary outcomes: A multilevel logistic approach

Relationship researchers face many challenges when samples consist of dyads. The actor–partner interdependence model provides a framework for the analysis of dyadic data (D. A. Kashy & D. A. Kenny, 2000). Binary variables like discrete health diagnoses present additional challenges that are not easily handled using existing models. The analysis was demonstrated using SAS PROC GLIMMIX and HLM6. An example is presented where couple’s personality traits are used to predict discrete health outcomes. A series of Monte Carlo simulations were performed to compare PROC GLIMMIX to HLM. GLIMMIX performed acceptably compared to HLM for small dyad-level sample sizes (100 or fewer), but HLM clearly outperformed in larger samples. Both had problems estimating the variance of the random intercept and its standard error.
Tocquevillian Moments: Charitable Contributions by Chinese Private Entrepreneurs

Using a 1995 national survey of 2,870 Chinese private entrepreneurs, this article examines collaboration between private business and government in times of economic transition. Much as in the late 18th century situation in France as described by Tocqueville, special moments occur when a newly emerging business class offers monetary payments for charity and for honorary offices. In exchange, the government, desperate for new sources of revenue, provides social recognition and political access. The data suggest that into at least the 1990s Chinese private entrepreneurs donated generously to government welfare projects, and in exchange gained political access and social status via appointment to political councils.
Airline demand: An analysis of some frequency distributions

Following some trial fittings of Poisson and compounded Poisson distributions, Gamma distributions are fitted to histograms of manifested passengers, to total losses (late cancellations, no-shows, and misconnections) and to passengers added.
Egg Size and Reproductive Fitness

Abstract IT HAS been known for a long time that very large and very small eggs do not hatch as well as eggs of intermediate size (Dunn, 1922; Halbersleben and Mussehl, 1922). The results secured by Dunn (1922) suggested to him that hatchability is a function of the deviation of egg weight from the mean egg weight characteristic of the individual laying bird rather than from the mean of the population. A later study by Funk (1934) on extensive material involving three different breeds demonstrated rather conclusively that the mean weight of egg of the individual bird is also correlated in a non-linear fashion with her hatching power. Birds with an average mean egg size thus were found to produce better hatching eggs than those laid by birds at the extremes of the range of egg weights. Numerous studies on different populations and under different conditions (the most extensive summary of . . .
Genomic analysis of mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome identifies recurrent alterations in TNFR2

Mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome comprise the majority of cutaneous T cell lymphomas (CTCLs), disorders notable for their clinical heterogeneity that can present in skin or peripheral blood. Effective treatment options for CTCL are limited, and the genetic basis of these T cell lymphomas remains incompletely characterized. Here we report recurrent point mutations and genomic gains of TNFRSF1B, encoding the tumor necrosis factor receptor TNFR2, in 18% of patients with mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome. Expression of the recurrent TNFR2 Thr377Ile mutant in T cells leads to enhanced non-canonical NF-κB signaling that is sensitive to the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib. Using an integrative genomic approach, we additionally discovered a recurrent CTLA4-CD28 fusion, as well as mutations in downstream signaling mediators of these receptors.
The Breeding Season of the Multimammate Mouse Praomys (Mastomys) Natalensis (A. Smith) in the Transvaal Highveld

The multimammate mouse is one of the commonest and most widespread rodents in Africa. Not only is it an agricultural pest during periods of population explosions but, partly because of its semi-domestic habits, it also plays an important role in the spread of plague in Africa. In the Sierra Leone multimammate mouse a possible correlation existed between rainfall and breeding season. A relationship between breeding season and rainfall was also found in Katanga, and in the Rukwa area of Tanganyika. These studies all indicate a short break in breeding during the dry season.
The Search for Wonder Woman: An Autoethnography of Feminist Identity

This article presents an autoethnographic account of a feminist who created an art project about her connection to men and, as a result, engaged in a search for Wonder Woman, whom she views as a role model who encourages both masculinity and femininity in women. As a result of the search for Wonder Woman, a small social movement began as friends, family members, and social work students became aware of the role of patriarchy in shaping young women and became determined also to find Wonder Woman. Engaging in a narrative account, self-reflection, and a critique of culture, this feminist autoethnography also attempts to resist patriarchal standards that enforce male-dominant expectations of writing and research. Implications for social work education and practice are discussed.
Preparation, characterization and electronic structure of W2(NMe2)2(ORf)4, where Rf = CMe2CF3, CMe(CF3)2 and C(CF3)3, as deduced by photoelectron spectroscopic studies and the single crystal X-ray structure for Rf = OCMe(CF3)2

Abstract The compounds of W2(NMe2)2(OCMe2CF3)4, 1, W2(NMe2)2(OCMe(CF3)2)4, 2, and W2(NMe2)2 (OC(CF3)3)4, 3, have been obtained from reactions between W2(NMe2)6 and the respective fluoroalcohol in hydrocarbon solvents. The compounds 2 and 3 appear inert to further reaction with their fluoroalcohol at room temperature while 1 reacts further to give W2(OCMe2CF3)6. In solution NMR data indicate that all three compounds exist in a mixture of anti- and gauche-rotamers with restricted rotations about both WN and WW bonds on the NMR time-scale. The solid-state molecular structure of 2 reveals a centrosymmetric NO2WWO2N core with W  W = 2.3107(6) A , W z.sbnd; N = 1.914(4) A , W  O = 1.959(3) aand 1.907(3) A and angles WWO/N within the range 100 to 110°. The gas phase photoelectron spectra for 1, 2 and 3 were obtained and are compared with that for W2(NMe2)6. The introduction of the fluoroalkoxide ligands has a pronounced effect in stabilizing the metal and nitrogen lone-pair based ionizations, and this effect is amplified by the successive replacement of each methyl group by a trifluoromethyl group. Also for the compounds 1, 2, and 3 the lowest ionization bands clearly reveal the removal of the degeneracy of the WW π MOs as expected for anti and gauche complexes.
AB0379 Subclinical atherosclerosis in the femoral arteries: similar prevalence in rheumatoid arthritis and diabetes mellitus in a case control study

Background Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is associated with increased coronary artery disease (CAD) and subclinical carotid atherosclerosis, both reported to equal diabetes mellitus (DM), a CAD equivalent. On the other hand, the presence of CAD in the general population has been strongly associated with subclinical atherosclerosis in the femoral arteries. Objectives To compare the presence of atheromatic plaques in femoral arteries in RA versus DM patients. Methods Femoral plaques were identified by ultrasonography in non-diabetic RA patients matched 1:1 for age, gender and disease duration with diabetic patients. All were asymptomatic and free of CAD. Results Twenty-one middle aged (11 men, age: 41.9±11 years, disease duration: 10.6±7.4years) and 29 elderly RA patients (14 men, age: 62.8±7.9 years, disease duration: 10.5±7.6years) were matched with DM patients type 1 or 2, respectively. Prevalence of hypertension, dyslipidemia and obesity was higher in DM. The number of femoral plaques per subject was identical between RA and DM subjects (0.68±0.84 vs 0.68±0.87 respectively); numbers of patients with femoral plaque were also similar (middle-aged RA vs DM type 1: p=0.955; elderly RA vs DM type 2: p=0.559). As expected, elderly RA patients had more femoral plaques by 3-fold than middle-aged patients (p=0.034). Conclusions Despite the higher burden of classical cardiovascular disease risk factors in DM, subclinical femoral atherosclerosis in RA is similar to DM of equal disease duration, further confirming the territorial unrestricted acceleration of the atheromatic process in these patients. The issue of cardiovascular risk stratification based on both carotid and femoral plaques detection in RA should be addressed prospectively. Disclosure of Interest None Declared
Shape, Morphology, and Phase Transitions during Co Oxide Growth on Au(111)

The surface structure and morphology of cobalt oxide thin films grown on Au(111) were studied using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and ultraviolet and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies. Initial growth in O2 led to 2-D CoO clusters exhibiting a superstructure in STM images characteristic of the lattice mismatch between the rocksalt (111) surface and the substrate. The superstructure governed the CoO cluster shape; as a result, the shapes of clusters containing up to thousands of Co atoms were modulated by the most efficient packing of spheres. Continued growth led to a transition to 3-D, fully oxidized, spinel phase Co3O4 clusters. These Co3O4 clusters were embedded with characteristic “Y” shaped grain boundaries that result from high reactivity toward oxygen at specific edges of the CoO clusters, and the doubling of the periodicity when CoO is oxidized to Co3O4. Exposure of the Co3O4 films to O atoms induced oxidation toward Co2O3, which roughened the surface. Reducing these overoxidized films produ...
Association of Locoregional Control With High Body Mass Index in Women Undergoing Breast Conservation Therapy for Early-Stage Breast Cancer

Purpose Obesity, as measured by the body mass index (BMI), is a risk factor for distant recurrence and decreased survival in breast cancer. We sought to determine whether the BMI correlated with local recurrence and reduced survival in a cohort of predominantly obese women treated with breast conservation therapy. Methods and Materials From 1998 to 2010, 154 women with early-stage invasive breast cancer and 39 patients with ductal carcinoma in situ underwent prone whole breast irradiation. Cox proportional hazards regression, Kaplan-Meier methods with the log-rank test, and multivariate analysis were used to explore the association of the outcomes with the BMI. Results The median patient age was 60 years, and the median follow-up duration was 73 months. The median BMI was 33.2 kg/m 2 ; 91% of the patients were overweight (BMI ≥25 kg/m 2 ) and 69% of the patients were clinically obese (BMI ≥30 kg/m 2 ). The BMI was significantly associated with the locoregional recurrence-free interval for patients with invasive cancer and ductal carcinoma in situ (hazard ratio [HR], 1.09; P =.047). Also, a trend was seen for increased locoregional recurrence with a higher BMI ( P =.09) for patients with invasive disease, which was significant when examining the outcomes with a BMI stratified by the median value of 33.2 kg/m 2 ( P =.008). A greater BMI was also significantly associated with decreased distant recurrence-free interval (HR, 1.09; P =.011) and overall survival (HR, 1.09; P =.004); this association remained on multivariate analysis (distant recurrence-free interval, P =.034; overall survival, P =.0007). Conclusions These data suggest that the BMI might affect the rate of locoregional recurrence in breast cancer patients. A higher BMI predicted a worse distant recurrence-free interval and overall survival. The present investigation adds to the increasing evidence that BMI is an important prognostic factor in early-stage breast cancer treated with breast conservation therapy.
Sexually transmitted diseases: cutaneous lesions.

The intent of this article is to discuss the sexually transmitted diseases characterized primarily by cutaneous lesions. Included in this discussion are condyloma, primary syphilis, chancroid, granuloma inguinale, herpes, molluscum contagiosum and scabies
Processes of Imaging and Imagining: Toward a Pragmatic Clarification of the Image

The paper aims at a pragmatist clarification of imaging and imagining. Using Peirce’s doctrine of the three grades of conceptual clarification (tacit familiarity, abstract definition, and pragmatic elucidation), the author tries to clarify our processes and practices of imaging and imagining by considering them in light of these distinct levels. Above all, he endeavors to push the discussion from the level of abstract definition to that of pragmatic clarification, thereby focusing on the habits of agents in situ, not simply verbal formulations offered in the abstract. Borrowing from Barbara Bolt, he uses as one of his examples that of an artist “working hot”. A process wherein conscious intentions and unconscious drives, cognitive designs and thick materiality, conspire to embody themselves in perceptible media is one especially worthy of examination. Hence, from an overview of Peirce’s general theory of signs, the author turns to some of the specific uses of that theory, uses not central to Peirce’s own interests. Artistic production and performance are foremost among these uses. These are, after all, ones in which the dynamics of imaging and imagining are often more vividly on display than elsewhere.
Cortical collecting duct Na-K pump in obstructive nephropathy.

The present study examined the alterations in the cortical collecting tubule (CCT) Na-K pump that occur after unilateral ureteral obstruction and their consequences on electrolyte excretion. In male Sprague-Dawley rats, unilateral ureteral ligation led to a progressive decrease in intact CCT Na-K pump in situ turnover worsening with the duration of the obstruction: control, 20.1 +/- 0.4; obstructed kidney: 3 h, 14.6 +/- 0.3; 12 h, 12.7 +/- 0.6; 24 h, 12.8 +/- 0.5; 48 h, 11.6 +/- 0.5; and 96 h, 10.6 +/- 0.4 pmol Rb.mm-1.min-1 (all P less than 0.001 vs. control). CCT diameter increased with the duration of obstruction. Release of ureteral obstruction was associated with restitution of pump turnover rate. With 3 h of obstruction, recovery of pump in situ turnover was complete (19.7 +/- 0.4 pmol Rb.mm-1.min-1) by 24 h after release. With more prolonged obstruction (24 h) recovery was partial by 24 h postrelease (16.2 +/- 0.5 pmol Rb.mm-1.min-1) and complete (19.8 +/- 0.7 pmol Rb.mm-1.min-1) by 48 h, suggestin...
Connecting PIE-FCCS Measurements to Dimerization Affinity to Resolve the Role of GPCR Dimerization in Live Cells

Since the rhodopsin crystal structure was reported over 15 years ago, the structure and dynamics of class A G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) have been a growing area of investigation. A significant body of research has shown the existence of GPCR dimers and possibly higher order oligomers in native tissue. Although GPCR dimerization is still controversial, a critical question now is what role, if any, the oligomeric states play in function and signaling. In trying to connect the oligomerization state to the receptor activation kinetics, we need an intelligent assay that can fully define the oligomer equilibrium in live cells. Fluorescence techniques, like FRET, FRAP or FCS/FCCS, can be used to obtain dynamic in vivo information. Each one brings their own advantages and challenges. Our lab recently showed evidence for the density dependent dimerization of rhodopsin in live cells with PIE-FCCS. The equilibrium states cannot be resolved until the concentrations of the different species are quantified. Here we present a new approach to utilize the fluorescence data to decipher the complex state of the membrane. This approach will use calibration and statistical analysis to mathematically determine the equilibrium concentrations and dissociation constant for various GPCRs.
Neutron-Induced Gamma-Ray Production in Iron for the Energy Range 0.8 ≤ En ≤ 20 MeV

Cross sections for production of gamma rays due to neutron interactions with iron have been measured as a function of both neutron and gamma-ray energy. Two experimental configurations were used to...
Altered consciousness associated with brain neoplasms

Publisher Summary Coma is the disorder of consciousness, and any process causing a change in mental status can culminate in coma. After back pain in adults and headache in children, altered mental status is the second most common neurological symptom in patients with systemic cancer and intracranial neoplasm. The chapter discusses the unique etiological factors of altered mental status for the cancer-patient population. Neurological symptoms arise from disruption of neural function due to mass effect exerted by the tumor and peritumoral edema, obstructive hydrocephalus, ischemia, and toxic inhibition of local neuronal activity secondary to metabolic abnormalities. Intracranial neoplasms are usually sufficiently slow growing to allow some adaptation of the brain to the changes associated with increased intracranial pressure (ICP). Tumors centered in, infiltrating, or producing pressure upon centers of alertness may cause decreased level of consciousness. These include thalamic gliomas, brainstem gliomas, hypothalamic gliomas, and bilateral cortical lesions. Cerebral intravascular coagulation is a syndrome that is progressive, culminating in coma. Central nervous system (CNS) infections are still a major cause of morbidity and mortality among patients with cancer. Patients with leptomeningeal spread of tumor have altered level of consciousness. In addition, seizures in patients with cancer may be due to intracranial neoplasm, chemotherapy-related metabolic disturbance or infections. Postoperative complications that cause altered level of consciousness are diverse. The principal differential diagnosis of radionecrosis is tumor recurrence. The mass effect may necessitate surgical resection if unresponsive to medical management with corticosteroids. Paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis is a disorder with symptoms of multifocal nervous system involvement with cellular infiltrates and neuronal death and signs of inflammation demonstrated by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) studies, biopsy, or radiological studies. The chapter enlists the chemotherapy agents that can produce encephalopathy, seizures, focal neurological deficits and coma.
Methods for Studying Autophagy Within the Tumor Microenvironment

Defective autophagy has been linked with many pathologies, including cancer, diabetes, infectious disease, myopathies, heart, liver, lung, and neurodegenerative disease. Autophagy has therefore become an important target in drug discovery. Recent advances have identified new ways to monitor autophagy in vitro and in vivo. Many assays rely on visualizing autophagy-related intracellular markers such as microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3) II, which have posed issues with in vivo and clinical translation of the in vitro assays. Here, we present an overview of current in vitro and in vivo methodologies to measure autophagy with a special focus on the tumor microenvironment.
Assessing the User Experience of E-Books in Academic Libraries

We report findings from an assessment of e-book user experience (search and information seeking) from usage data and user tests. The usage data showed that most reading sessions were brief and focused on certain pages, suggesting that users mainly use e-books to find specific information. The user tests found that participants tended to use default keyword search and browse the search results. Experience levels with e-books and features of e-book platforms influenced users’ information seeking in e-books. The assessment results have significant implications for designing e-book features to support users’ reading strategies and help libraries create a consistent user experience.
Studying Change in Dominance and Bullying with Linear Mixed Models

It is argued that studies of early adolescent peer victimization and bullying should be longitudinal because of the dynamism of this developmental period. Traditional methods for analyzing longitud...
Effects of transdermal testosterone gel or an aromatase inhibitor on serum concentration and pulsatility of growth hormone in older men with age-related low testosterone☆

Background Growth hormone is the major regulator of growth and body composition. Pulsatile GH secretion declines exponentially with age. Testosterone replacement is being increasingly offered to older men with age-related low testosterone. Testosterone administration has been shown to stimulate GH secretion. However, little is known about the effect of testosterone aromatization to estradiol on GH pulsatility and its impact on IGF-1 in older men. Objective This randomized controlled proof-of-concept trial investigated the relative effects of testosterone and estradiol on GH pulsatility and IGF-1 in older men with low testosterone. Design Thirty-seven men, ≥ 65 years with total testosterone Results At 3 months, mean GH and in IGF-1 were similar between the three groups. At 6 months, IGF-1 significantly increased by Δ 15.3 ± 10.3 ng/ml in the TT-group compared to placebo (P = 0.03). Both intervention groups significantly increased GH pulse frequency (TT-group, P = 0.04; AI-group, P = 0.05) compared to placebo. The GH secretory-burst mode (duration) significantly decreased in the TT-group (P = 0.0018) compared to placebo while it remained unchanged in the AI-group (P = 0.059). Conclusions In older men, testosterone increases GH pulse frequency while the aromatization to estradiol is involved in the rise of IGF-1 levels.
Blood cadmium and depressive symptoms: Confounded by cigarette smoking

Our aim was to explore the association between blood cadmium (BCd) and depressive symptoms, adjusting for pack years and blood cotinine, and also stratifying by smoking status. Using data from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005-2012, we categorized depressive symptoms using the PHQ-9 (Patient Health Questionnaire-9) survey and modeled depressive symptoms in relation to BCd adjusted for blood cotinine, pack years of smoking, and other covariates. We also stratified by self-reported smoking status (current, former, never). There were 11,209 subjects from 2005 to 2012, age ≥ 18 with PHQ-9, smoking, and blood cadmium data available. 876 (7.8%) met criteria for depressive symptoms. Depressive symptoms were associated with BCd levels in a crude model and with adjustment for pack years and cotinine. The association disappeared when analyzed among current, former, or never smokers. Consistent with the literature, we found an association between BCd and depressive symptoms; however, that association disappears in analyses stratified by smoking status. This suggests residual confounding may be present. It is important to stratify by smoking status when investigating health outcomes associated with BCd.
Variation of polarization profile of Ince-Gaussian beams with eccentricity

Polarization intensity profiles for dominant and cross-polarization components of Ince-Gaussian beams for orders up to p = 5 and eccentricities 0.01, 0.2, 1.0, and 2.0 were observed. Experimental results agree with the theory.
Conversion of Norepinephrine to 3,4-Dihdroxymandelic Acid in Escherichia coli Requires the QseBC Quorum-Sensing System and the FeaR Transcription Factor.

ABSTRACT The detection of norepinephrine (NE) as a chemoattractant by Escherichia coli strain K-12 requires the combined action of the TynA monoamine oxidase and the FeaB aromatic aldehyde dehydrogenase. The role of these enzymes is to convert NE into 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid (DHMA), which is a potent chemoattractant sensed by the Tsr chemoreceptor. These two enzymes must be induced by prior exposure to NE, and cells that are exposed to NE for the first time initially show minimal chemotaxis toward it. The induction of TynA and FeaB requires the QseC quorum-sensing histidine kinase, and the signaling cascade requires new protein synthesis. Here, we demonstrate that the cognate response regulator for QseC, the transcription factor QseB, is also required for induction. The related quorum-sensing kinase QseE appears not to be part of the signaling pathway, but its cognate response regulator, QseF, which is also a substrate for phosphotransfer from QseC, plays a nonessential role. The promoter of the feaR gene, which encodes a transcription factor that has been shown to be essential for the expression of tynA and feaB , has two predicted QseB-binding sites. One of these sites appears to be in an appropriate position to stimulate transcription from the P 1 promoter of the feaR gene. This study unites two well-known pathways: one for expression of genes regulated by catecholamines (QseBC) and one for expression of genes required for metabolism of aromatic amines (FeaR, TynA, and FeaB). This cross talk allows E. coli to convert the host-derived and chemotactically inert NE into the potent bacterial chemoattractant DHMA. IMPORTANCE The chemotaxis of E. coli K-12 to norepinephrine (NE) requires the conversion of NE to 3,4-dihydroxymandleic acid (DHMA), and DHMA is both an attractant and inducer of virulence gene expression for a pathogenic enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) strain. The induction of virulence by DHMA and NE requires QseC. The results described here show that the cognate response regulator for QseC, QseB, is also required for conversion of NE into DHMA. Production of DHMA requires induction of a pathway involved in the metabolism of aromatic amines. Thus, the QseBC sensory system provides a direct link between virulence and chemotaxis, suggesting that chemotaxis to host signaling molecules may require that those molecules are first metabolized by bacterial enzymes to generate the actual chemoattractant.
Flavor Tainting of Fish in the Upper Wisconsin River Caused by Alkyl- and Thiophenols

Compounds responsible for pronounced off-flavors in Walleye pike ( Stizostedion vitreum ) and other sportfish in the Upper Wisconsin River were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and sensory techniques. Alkylphenols (2-isopropyl-, 3-isopropyl, 4-isopropyl-, 2,4-diisopropyl-, 2,5-diisopropyl-, 2,6-diisopropyl-, 3,5-diisopropyl-, 5-methyl-2-isopropyl-, and 2-methyl-5-isopropyl-) and thiophenol were found to be the principal contributors to flavor tainting in fish which was most pronounced in the spring. Data indicated that thiophenol entered the river sporadically through discharges from paper mills. Analysis of fish, river sediments, insects, and woods supported a hypothesis that alkylphenols were indirectly derived from paper pulping activities, and that the food chain of fish was involved in the transport of alkylphenols from the environment to fish.
The Survival of Babylonian Methods in the Exact Sciences of Antiquity and Middle Ages

Among the many parallels between our own times and the Roman imperial period could be mentioned the readiness to ascribe to the “Chaldeans” discoveries whenever their actual origin was no longer known. The basis for such assignments is usually the same: ignorance of the original cuneiform sources, excusable in antiquity but less so in modern times. Given this situation, it seems to me equally important to establish what we can say today about knowledge which the Babylonians did have and to distinguish this clearly from methods and procedures which they did not have. In other words, it seems to me that it is high time that an effort is made to eliminate historical cliches, both for the Mesopotamian civilizations and their heirs, and to apply common sense to the fragmentary but solid information obtained from the study of the original sources during the last hundred years.
Biomathematical Models: Some Triumphs and Some Defeats

Several authors in this volume give detailed discussions of contributions made by mathematical methods to biological discovery: e.g., theory of systems that are far from equilibrium; enzyme systems; feedback systems; computer simulation providing a glimpse of the whole after the parts have been analyzed; computer simulation helping to determine environmental policy; the vigorous development of neurophysiology after the Hodgkin-Huxley equations appeared on the scene. In view of all this one would think that the conclusion that mathematical methods can, indeed, contribute to biological discovery is safely entrenched, so that there is no need for any further discussion.
Effect of Positioning of the Region of Interest on Bone Density of the Hip.

Abstract Background: Large changes in positioning of the global region of interest (ROI) influence the measurement of bone mineral density (BMD) in the hip and forearm regions. However, it is unknown whether minor shifts in the positioning of the bottom of the global hip ROI affect the measurement of total hip BMD. Methods: The hip BMDs of 40 clinical densitometry patients were analyzed at baseline with the bottom of the global hip ROI positioned as usual, 10 mm distal to the base of the lesser trochanter (position 0). Then the hip was reanalyzed by shifting the bottom of the global hip ROI 1 mm proximally 10 times (positions +1 through +10) and then by shifting the bottom of the global hip ROI 1 mm distally 10 times (positions −1 through −10). The significance of the differences between mean values at the various distances from baseline was assessed using a Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results: The mean total hip area, bone mineral content and BMD decreased as the bottom of the global hip ROI was shifted proximally; the decrease was significant when shifted by even 1 mm (p
Idiopathic toxic epidermal necrolysis in an adolescent.

A 10-year-old girl, suspected 2 days prior to have streptococcal pharyngitis, presented with diffuse erythema, tense bullae, Nikolsky-positive desquamation, as well as ulcerations of her oral and genital mucosa. She denied recent travel, sick contacts, or preceding and concurrent use of medications, including over-the-counter and herbal supplements. A comprehensive viral polymerase chain reaction (PCR) panel, Mycoplasma pneumoniae PCR and IgM, streptococcal molecular antigen test, urine culture, blood culture, and rheumatologic serologies were negative. Based on the patient's clinical presentation and biopsy results, she was diagnosed with idiopathic toxic epidermal necrolysis.
Where We are on the Twentieth Anniversary of Olmstead v. L.C.

Our nation has a dark history of treatment of individuals with disabilities. Not long ago, states prevented people with disabilities from marrying, working in competitive jobs, and attending public schools. Individuals with disabilities were forced to live in isolated, long-term institutions away
Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning for Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control

A growing trend in the field of autonomous vehicles is the use of platooning. The design of control algorithms for platoons is challenging considering that coordination among vehicles is obtained through diverse communication channels. Currently, Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) is used in individual vehicles to regulate certain driving functions. ACC can be extended to leverage inter-vehicle communication, creating a tightly coupled vehicle stream in the form of a platoon. This extension, Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control (CACC), typically assumes full communication among vehicles. In this paper, we develop a deep reinforcement learning based CACC that allows platooning vehicles to learn a robust communication protocol alongside their coordination policies. LSTM is used to implement ACC for each vehicle and is trained using policy gradient. To coordinate driving, the vehicle's LSTM adapts to exchange relevant information with the other vehicles, creating the CACC. We simulate two platoons of 3 and 5 vehicles, respectively. We test our CACC with the learned communication protocol against full and inhibited communication baselines with and without a jamming attack. We also train our approach with local and global reward systems. Results suggest that models with individual rewards and the learned communication protocol achieve higher performance and faster convergence.
Variations of primeness and factorization of ideals in Leavitt path algebras

In this paper we describe three different variations of prime ideals: strongly irreducible ideals, strongly prime ideals and insulated prime ideals in the context of Leavitt path algebras. We give ...
A comparison of two novel approaches for conducting detect and avoid flight test

This paper compares two approaches developed by the National Research Council of Canada to conduct “near-miss” intercepts in flight test, and describes a new method for assessing the efficacy of th...
Strategic Integration for Hardware and Software Convergence Complexity

Ever-increasing digitization of the physical world and products is driving the growth of software content in manufactured products that requires higher performance in product development and operational excellence to manage the higher project, product, and system complexity. Failure to effectively manage the growing complexity has undermined even companies with best-of-breed quality systems, denting brand equity and depressing sales. Unmanaged complexity is a risk factor for product development and manufacturing supply chains, threatening growth potential of the Internet of Things (IoT) that depends on products becoming smart and connected. Traditional product development organizations plan for a linear increase in the number of components and modules but not an exponential increase in possible interactions due to software. Complexity due to increasing software content in traditionally hardware products is analyzed from the perspective of innovation demand (such as the growth of IoT). Hardware/software convergence complexity is then modeled to determine the basis for strategic product integration. Component interaction coverage is found to provide strategic leverage for managing integration effectiveness.
The Paradox of Predictivism

An enduring question in the philosophy of science is the question of whether a scientific theory deserves more credit for its successful predictions than it does for accommodating data that was already known when the theory was developed. In The Paradox of Predictivism, Eric Barnes argues that the successful prediction of evidence testifies to the general credibility of the predictor in a way that evidence does not when the evidence is used in the process of endorsing the theory. He illustrates his argument with an important episode from nineteenth-century chemistry, Mendeleev's Periodic Law and its successful predictions of the existence of various elements. The consequences of this account of predictivism for the realist/anti-realist debate are considerable, and strengthen the status of the 'no miracle' argument for scientific realism. Barnes's important and original contribution to the debate will interest a wide range of readers in philosophy of science.
Signs of Life

Terence Hawkes (1977:124) informed his readers that the boundaries of semiotics “are coterminous with those of structuralism” and that “the interests of the two spheres are not fundamentally separate...” Nothing could be a more deluded misconstrual of the facts of the matter, but the speciousness of this and associated historical deformations are due to our own inertia in having hitherto neglected the serious exploration of our true lineage.
Allergic Inflammation in Aspergillus fumigatus-Induced Fungal Asthma

Although fungi are pervasive in many environments, few cause disease in humans. Of these, Aspergillus fumigatus is particularly well suited to be a pathogen of the human lung. Its physical and biological characteristics combine to provide an organism that can cause tremendous morbidity and high mortality if left unchecked. Luckily, that is rarely the case. However, repeated exposure to inhaled A. fumigatus spores often results in an immune response that carries significant immunopathology, exacerbating asthma and changing the structure of the lung with chronic impacts to pulmonary function. This review focuses on the current understanding of the mechanisms that are associated with fungal exposure, sensitization, and infection in asthmatics, as well as the function of various inflammatory cells associated with severe asthma with fungal sensitization.
Effects of a new advanced glycation inhibitor, LR-90, on mitigating arterial stiffening and improving arterial elasticity and compliance in a diabetic rat model: aortic impedance analysis.

Background and Purpose We determined the effects of treatment with LR-90, an inhibitor of advanced glycation end products, on the mechanical properties of the arterial system in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic Sprague Dawley rats, using aortic impedance analysis, and further investigated the effects of LR-90 on the progression of aortic pathology. Experimental Approach STZ-induced diabetic rats were treated with or without LR-90 (50 mg L-1 in drinking water) for 8 weeks and compared with control groups. Arterial BP measurements, various metabolic parameters, aortic histopathology, collagen cross-linking, AGE accumulation, and RAGE protein expression in aortic tissue were determined. Pulsatile parameters were evaluated using a standard Fourier series expansion technique and impulse response function of the filtered aortic input impedance spectra. Key Results LR-90 reduced glycated haemoglobin and triglycerides levels, although it had no effect on the glycaemic status. LR-90 did not affect arterial BP, but prevented the diabetes-induced increase in peripheral resistance and variations in aortic distensibility, as it reduced aortic characteristic impedance by 21%. LR-90 also prevented the elevation in wave reflection factor, as indicated by a 22.5% reduction and an associated increase of 23.5% in wave transit time, suggesting it prevents the augmentation of the systolic load of the left ventricle. Moreover, LR-90 inhibited collagen cross-linking and the accumulation of AGE and RAGE in the vasculature of diabetic rats. Conclusions and Implications Treatment with LR-90 may impart significant protection against diabetes-induced aortic stiffening and cardiac hypertrophy and provides an additional therapeutic option for treatment of AGE associated diabetic complications.
An MHD model of Ganymede's mini‐magnetosphere suggests that the heliosphere forms in a sub‐Alfvénic flow

[1] Directional fluxes of energetic neutral atoms (ENAs) measured by the Interstellar Boundary Explorer spacecraft reveal a Ribbon of strong emission whose source lies beyond the termination shock. Intense emissions of ENAs (energies 0.1 to 6 keV) appear along an extended arc significantly displaced from the nose of the heliosphere, the point on the boundary defined by the Sun's motion relative to the local interstellar medium (LISM). The locus of the Ribbon differs from expectations based on early models of the interaction of the solar wind with the LISM, assumed to flow at a super-Alfvenic speed. Here we argue that the distribution of the ENA source can be understood if the flow is sub-Alfvenic. We use a magnetohydrodynamic model of the mini-magnetosphere of Ganymede, embedded in the sub-Alfvenic flow of Jupiter's magnetospheric plasma, to establish where heated ions are distributed on the magnetopause. If the flow of the LISM is sub-Alfvenic, reconnection would occur along an arc centered away from the nose for an appropriately chosen field orientation. Charge exchange with ions heated by reconnection would produce an ENA source distributed in a manner close to that observed. Heating of ions by reconnection can account also for the way ENA images vary with energy. Sub-Alfvenic flow implies not only that reconnection on the heliopause can be centered well away from the nose, but also that no bow shock forms upstream of the heliopause. It also seems probable that the configuration of the heliosphere differs from the bullet shape frequently illustrated.
The legitimacy of protecting intellectual property rights

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to consider arguments both for and against intellectual property (IP) rights that are premised on each of two conceptions of the information commons that attributes either moral value or disvalue to its preservation. Design/methodology/approach – The methodology is the philosophically standard one of reflective equilibrium. The author considers the argument for a morally protected information commons that is grounded in Locke's famous proviso limiting original acquisition of material property to situations that leave enough of the resource to others and Hardin's famous argument that holding material property in common leads to overuse and depletion – a Tragedy of the commons. In particular, the arguments are evaluated according to whether they cohere with ordinary foundational commitments. Findings – The author argues that neither conception of the commons is directly applicable to information objects and hence is relevant with respect to the issue of whether legal p...
THz spectroscopy of selected gasoline samples

We report THz spectroscopic measurement of selected gasoline (#87, #89, and #93) in 5 cm/sup -1/ to 650 cm/sup -1/ region by using Fourier transform far infrared spectroscopy and time-domain THz spectroscopy. New absorption resonances are identified.
Catheter Ablation to Suppress Atrial Fibrillation: Evolution of Technique at a Single Center

Background: Catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation is a rapidly evolving art. There is currently no consensus as to optimal methodology. We report a sequential experience, during which three distinct ablation techniques were utilized. Methods: A cohort of 112 patients in whom atrial fibrillation onset was precipitated by ectopy arising solely from myocardium investing the pulmonary veins underwent catheter ablation using one of three techniques: focal (Group A); individual vein encircling (Group B); vestibule encircling (Group C). In each group, non-fluoroscopic guidance of the mapping and ablation process was provided by the tandem use of CARTORM and intracardiac echocardiography. Results: In all groups, endocardial topography was complex, and ablation electrode-endocardial contact was often unstable. Maximal electrode temperatures were low, despite frequent echocardiographic evidence of myocardial boiling. A significant progression in the number of radiofrequency energy applications between groups A and C was observed. Although acute suppression of atrial fibrillation inducibility was observed uniformly, chronic suppression rates were significantly different: Group A = 47%; Group B ; 69%; Group C = 87%. Conclusions: In this non-concurrent cohort, the rate of chronic suppression of atrial fibrillation correlated with the amount of myocardium ablated or electrically isolated. Prospective data will be required to further evaluate whether “more is better.”
An Improved RNA Isolation Method for Plant Tissues Containing High Levels of Phenolic Compounds or Carbohydrates

Difficulties extracting high-quality RNA from recalcitrant plant tissues are often due to high levels of phenolics, carbohydrates, or other compounds that bind and/or co-precipitate with RNA. We describe here a method using soluble polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and ethanol precipitation, which has been successful in several recalcitrant systems where other specialized RNA extraction methods failed to deliver suitable product. Using this method, RNA capable of reverse-transcription/PCR amplification and cDNA library construction was isolated from ripening grape berries, dry seeds of Albizia procera and radish, and leaf tissue of A. procera and Griffonia simplicifolia. This method is applicable to a variety of plant tissues.
High-speed obstacle avoidance for mobile robots

A real-time obstacle avoidance approach for mobile robots has been developed and implemented. This approach permits the detection of unknown obstacles simultaneously with the steering of the mobile robot to avoid collisions and the advance of the robot toward the target. The approach, called the virtual force field technique, integrates two known concepts: certainty grids for obstacle representation and potential fields for navigation. This combination is especially suitable for the accommodation of inaccurate sensor data (such as those produced by ultrasonic sensors) as well as for sensor fusion, and it allows continuous motion of the robot without stopping in front of obstacles. Experimental results from a mobile robot running at a maximum speed of 0.78 m/s demonstrate the power of the proposed algorithm. >
Information Retrieval Performance of Probabilistically Generated, Problem-Specific Computerized Provider Order Entry Pick-lists: A Pilot Study

Abstract Objective The aim of this study was to preliminarily determine the feasibility of probabilistically generating problem-specific computerized provider order entry (CPOE) pick-lists from a database of explicitly linked orders and problems from actual clinical cases. Design In a pilot retrospective validation, physicians reviewed internal medicine cases consisting of the admission history and physical examination and orders placed using CPOE during the first 24 hours after admission. They created coded problem lists and linked orders from individual cases to the problem for which they were most indicated. Problem-specific order pick-lists were generated by including a given order in a pick-list if the probability of linkage of order and problem (PLOP) equaled or exceeded a specified threshold. PLOP for a given linked order-problem pair was computed as its prevalence among the other cases in the experiment with the given problem. The orders that the reviewer linked to a given problem instance served as the reference standard to evaluate its system-generated pick-list. Measurements Recall, precision, and length of the pick-lists. Results Average recall reached a maximum of .67 with a precision of .17 and pick-list length of 31.22 at a PLOP threshold of 0. Average precision reached a maximum of .73 with a recall of .09 and pick-list length of .42 at a PLOP threshold of .9. Recall varied inversely with precision in classic information retrieval behavior. Conclusion We preliminarily conclude that it is feasible to generate problem-specific CPOE pick-lists probabilistically from a database of explicitly linked orders and problems. Further research is necessary to determine the usefulness of this approach in real-world settings.
Organizing signal transduction in the postsynaptic density (107.2)

Excitatory neurons in the CNS receive thousands of synaptic contacts from other excitatory neurons. An increase in the strength of a relatively small number of these synapses can store a memory by binding connected neurons into a circuit in which all of the neurons fire each time the specific memory is evoked. An increase in synaptic strength involves addition of new glutamate receptors to the synaptic membrane, and re-arrangement of the cytoskeleton to support a larger synapse. Biochemical signaling enzymes that control this process, which is called “activity-dependent synaptic plasticity,” are organized near the postsynaptic membrane. The enzymes include several protein kinases, adenylyl cyclase, and regulators of Ras and Rap. Many of them are attached to a multiprotein scaffold called the “postsynaptic density.” At least five classes of scaffold proteins contribute to the precise orchestration of changes in synaptic strength: PSD-95 and other MAGUKS, SHANKs, Homer, AKAPs, and Densin. What we have learned thus far about the dynamic properties of the postsynaptic density reveals new ways to rapidly regulate the number and sensitivity of membrane receptors.