cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fine structure of the differentiating acini in submandibular glands of isoproterenoltreted rats

Chronic treatment with isoproterenol, a β-adrenergic drug, accelerates the postnatal differentiation of the rat submandibular gland. This report compares the ultrastructure of submandibular glands of acute and chronically treated, 2, 11 and 17-day-old rats with that of controls. In all cases a greater number of acinar cells were found in the treated glands. The correlation noted between changes in the nature of the contents of the condensing vaculoes and Golgi apparatus of some proacinar cells and the formation of secretory granules intermediate in appearance between those of proacinar and acinar cells, support the hypothesis that proacinar cells are the precursors of acinar cells in the young rat. Differences in the morphology of secretory granules in acinar cells of treated and control animals are described. It is concluded that precocious differentiation of the submandibular gland may be induced by the administration of isoproterenol as early as the first day of postnatal life, that proacinar cells become recognized as acinar cells following a change in the nature of their secretory product, and that the secretory material produced by acinar cells in the treated animals is not identical to that of the controls.
Characterization of glucocorticoid receptors in whole and cellular subfractions of embryonic chick spinal cord

Abstract Steroid-specific binding sites for tritiated corticosterone have been localized, via autoradiography, to motoneurons in the lateral motor columns of the adult rat spinal cord. Binding sites in adult rat spinal cord have been characterized biochemically and shown to possess the properties of a putative glucocorticoid receptor. The presence of receptors for glucocorticoids in embryonic chick spinal cord was determined and their characterization undertaken as a prelude to the study of the functions under regulation by glucocorticoids during development. Assay conditions were defined and binding of [3H]dexamethasone ([3H]Dex) to cytosols of 6- and 10-day embryonic spinal cord and cellular subfractions of 6-day spinal cord determined. Saturable, high-affinity binding of [3H]Dex to cytosols prepared from both whole 6- and 10-day spinal cords and cells of all 3 cellular subfractions of 6-day spinal cords was observed. The binding component in 10-day cytosols was (1) proteinaceous, as binding was eliminated by heating cytosols, and (2) a macromolecular species, as it displayed a sedimentation coefficient of 8S upon centrifugation in sucrose gradients. The putative receptor displayed binding specific for glucocorticoids in a competition assay, with the exception that some inhibition of binding by the androgen ligand, methyltrienolone (R1881) was observed. The binding affinity decreased as the values for KD increased from 3.4 ± 0.9 nM on day 6 to 15.7 ± 1.8 nM on day 10, while the values for Bmax increased from 270 to 855 fmol/mg protein over the same period. The neuronal fractions I and II displayed fewer sites (60 and 130 fmol/mg protein respectively) of higher affinity (2.1 and 2.5 nM respectively) than the non-neuronal fraction III (Bmax = 164 fmol/mg protein and KD = 4.2 nM). The number of binding sites per cord increased 4.8-fold from embryonic day 6 to 10. These results demonstrate that specific, high-affinity glucocorticoid receptors are present in chick spinal cord cells, including motoneurons, as early as embryonic day 6, when spontaneous limb movements begin.
D to H ratio and the origin and evolution of Titan's atmosphere

A value of 1.7 × 10^(−3) has been reported for the ratio of CH_3D to CH_4 in the stratosphere of the saturnian moon Titan. A lower value of 6 × 10^(−4) for this ratio in the deeper part of Titan's atmosphere was reported by de Bergh et al. For comparison we note that the CH_3D to CH_4 ratio on Saturn and Jupiter is 8.7 × 10^(−5) and 6.7 × 10^(−5), respectively (see Table 1). We estimate the uncertainties in all these observations and data reduction to be about a factor of 2. Despite these uncertainties it appears that Titan's atmosphere is enriched in deuterium by a factor of ≥3 relative to Jupiter and Saturn. Potential causative factors examined here for this enrichment are condensation to form tropospheric methane clouds, fractionation occurring over a hypothetical CH_4–C_2H_6 ocean and between the ocean and the clathrate crust beneath, fractionation which occurred during the formation of Titan and fractionation occurring as a result of the evolution of Titan's atmosphere. We conclude that the greater part of the observed fractionation is probably derived from the formation of Titan and the subsequent evolution of Titan's atmosphere driven by photochemistry.
Frustrated three-dimensional quantum spin liquid in CuHpCl

Inelastic neutron scattering measurements are reported for the quantum antiferromagnetic material ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{2}({\mathrm{C}}_{5}{\mathrm{H}}_{12}{\mathrm{N}}_{2}{)}_{2}{\mathrm{Cl}}_{4}$ (CuHpCl). The magnetic excitation spectrum forms a band extending from 0.9 meV to 1.4 meV. The spectrum contains two modes that disperse throughout the $\mathbf{a}\ensuremath{-}\mathbf{c}$ plane of the monoclinic unit cell with less dispersion along the unique $\mathbf{b}$-axis. Simple arguments based on the measured dispersion relations and the crystal structure show that a spin-ladder model is inappropriate for describing CuHpCl. Instead, it is proposed that hydrogen bond mediated exchange interactions between the bi-nuclear molecular units yield a three-dimensional interacting spin system with a recurrent triangular motif similar to the Shastry-Sutherland Model (SSM). Model-independent analysis based on the first moment sum rule shows that at least four distinct spin pairs are strongly correlated and that two of these, including the dimer bond of the corresponding SSM, are magnetically frustrated. These results show that CuHpCl should be classified as a frustration induced three-dimensional quantum spin liquid.
Ab Initio and MM3 Studies of the Conformational Structures of Naphthalene Trimer: Comparison with Experiment

An ab initio study of the ground-state conformational geometries of the naphthalene trimer, (C10H8)3, has been made at the MP2/6-31G and MP2/6-31+G//MP2/6-31G levels of theory. The lowest-energy structure was found to be the edge-to-face cyclic (C3h) geometry in which the three equivalent naphthalene moieties are arranged with their long in-plane axes parallel. The fully optimized MP2/6-31G structure has a center-to-center intermoiety distance of 4.986 A and an angle of 48.0° between the short in-plane axis of a naphthalene moiety and the line connecting the center-of-mass of the monomer with that of the trimer. The computed rotational constants (B = 0.00555 and C = 0.00468 cm-1) for the oblate symmetric top are essentially identical to the experimental values (B = 0.00557 and C = 0.00470 cm-1) obtained from rotational coherence spectroscopy (see the following Letter by Benharash, Gleason, and Felker). Molecular mechanics (MM3) calculations also yield the same C3h trimer as the minimum-energy structure. T...
Optimization of on-chip ESD protection structures for minimal parasitic capacitance

Abstract Diodes are key components in on-chip electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection design. As the operating frequency of the microchip being protected against the ESD continues to increase, the parasitic capacitance associated with the diodes in the ESD structure starts to impose problems for RF operation. This paper presents a systematic approach to optimize the diode structure for minimal parasitic capacitance based on the requirements of breakdown voltage and heat dissipation. Device simulator Atlas with mix-mode simulation capability is calibrated against measurement data and used to carry out the optimization. An optimized diode structure with a parasitic capacitance of less than 30 fF at an operating frequency of 10 GHz and ESD charging voltage of 1 kV has been suggested. Furthermore, a case study to implement and optimize the ESD protection structure based on an existing 0.13-μm CMOS technology has been presented and verified.
DIFFUSION MECHANISMS AT fcc METAL SURFACES — EMBEDDED ATOM METHOD CALCULATIONS

Recent development in theoretical investigations using computer simulation techniques and the embedded atom method (EAM) on diffusion processes critical to nucleation and growth of thin films at fcc metal surfaces is reviewed. Through these investigations, interactions between adatoms and substrate, adatoms and steps, and clusters and substrate and the effect of these interactions on dynamic diffusion processes are further understood. The results from these theoretical investigations are generally consistent with available experimental data and have provided explanations for some experimental observations. Some predictions made a few years ago from these studies have been confirmed by the latest experiments.
Talc as friction reducing additive to lubricating oil

Abstract Reduction of friction and wear by colloidal suspensions of ceramic powders in lubricating oils is an approach that can allow to formulate environment friendly energy saving lubricants. Commercial talc powder was evaluated as an extreme pressure additive to a lubricating oil under different temperatures and concentrations. The best lubricity was achieved at the temperature of 100 °C and the concentration of 0.15 wt% when dynamic and static friction coefficients were reduced by over 30% in comparison to reference lubricating oil alone. At high temperature, talc forms transfer film on metal surface, which reduce both friction and wear behavior in mating surfaces. However, at room temperature, film formation was not observed. Results are explained using pressure and temperature induced lamellar dehydration mechanism when products of dehydration form oxide transfer films on the friction surface.
“Naturalization” of the alien hand: Case report

The alien hand syndrome is an involuntary motor phenomenon that occurs infrequently and mostly in stroke patients. A case is reported of a 67-year-old man with left hemiparesis whose hand crept and crawled, especially at night, which caused him to awaken by grasping his collar. The disturbing nocturnal activity of the hand was stilled by placing it in a common oven mitt.
Some Aspects of Protection Further Considered

Persistence of protectionist sentiment and its causes. — The principle of comparative advantage not an infallible guide in the economics of commercial policy, 203. — Effect of increasing and decreasing unit costs, 205. — Mathematical demonstration, 207. — Suggested tests for the modification of the principle of comparative advantage, 210. — Analysis of the "unit of productive power," 212. — Effect of a change in the composition of this unit, 213. — Protection as an agent in bringing about such a change, 216. — Extension of the infant-industry argument to cover infant finance, 218. — Past and future relation of protection and prosperity, 225.
THE USE OF STIMULUS CONTROL OVER LITTERING IN A NATURAL SETTING

A conventional litter receptacle (55-gallon drum) and a specially designated receptacle consisting of a 55-gallon drum adorned with a plywood "har" were alternated in two areas of a football stadium over a period of four games. A frequency count of several types of litter articles showed that more than twice as many items were deposited within the experimental container than the conventional one (an average of 52.5 and 21.5 items per game, respectively). The weight of litter deposited within each container showed a similar relationship. An average of 0.65 kg of litter per game were deposited within the conventional receptacle compared with an average of 1.3 kg per game for the experimental receptacle.
Anomic aspects of recovery from cancer

Abstract A cancer diagnosis is universally regarded as a traumatic event. Many equate it with a ‘sentence of death’. But an increasing number of cancer patients are being cured. An exploratory study involving intensive interviews with recovered cancer patients indicated that the positive experience of being cured is often mixed with negative elements, including: (1) the withdrawal of the intensified social support which accompanied the diagnosis and early treatment; (2) ambivalence about the discontinuation of treatment; (3) anxiety about recurrence of the disease; (4) adjustment to permanent disabilities resulting from the disease or its treatment; (5) the need to resume life-oriented modes of thought after a successful adjustment to the idea of death; (6) anger at perceived inadequacies in the handling of treatment; and (7) confusion about feelings of depression when the objective situation has improved. Durkheim's concept of anomie originally referred to a societal condition engendered by either positive or negative change. Srole and others adopted the term ‘anomia’ to refer to the social-psychological correlate of this condition, i.e. anomie as experienced by the individual. The present research suggests that the concept of anomia, and specifically, the anomia of good fortune, may be useful in studying the rehabilitation of cancer patients.
State-variable analysis of wireless power transfer networks for linear and nonlinear loads

A state-equation approach to modeling wireless power transfer (WPT) networks is presented. The state-variable approach was investigated because it permits termination of the network in nonlinear loads, which is not possible with the usual analysis with the phasor transform. The modeling work presented here involves a three-coil WPT network terminated in a rectifier and filter; simulation has been carried out using constant-resistance and constant-power loads. The validity of the model was established by comparison with commercial circuit-analysis software.
Ein neues pharmazeutisches Konzept für die Therapie der oropharyngealen und oesophagealen Candidose mit Fluconazol

Zusammenfassung. Die Applikation von Fluconazol-Kapseln hat sich in der Candidose-Therapie und bei immunsupprimierten Patienten zur Candidose-Prophylaxe bewahrt. Von der Darreichungsform einer Fluconazol-Suspension wird ein zusatzlicher topischer Effekt auf den Verlauf der oropharyngealen und oesophagealen Candidose erwartet. Deshalb wurde die Pharmakokinetik des Antimykotikums im Speichel und Blut nach oraler Applikation von 100 mg Fluconazol als Suspension bzw. Kapsel im Uberkreuzversuch an 12 gesunden Probanden verglichen. Dabei zeigten die nach Einnahme der Suspension oder Kapsel gemessenen Fluconazol-Konzentrationen ein sehr almliches Blutspiegelprofil, wahrend sich die pharmakokinetischen Daten beider Darreichungsformen im Speichel der Probanden signifikant unterschieden. Fluconazol Cmax im Speichel betrug 551 μg/ml funf Minuten nach Einnahme der Suspension bzw. 3 μg/ml vier Stunden nach Applikation der Kapsel. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, das bei entsprechender Anwendung der Suspension die im Speichel vorliegenden mittleren Konzentrationen des Antimykotikums uber den Beobachtungszeitraum (0–96 h) > 80% hoher sind als nach Medikation der Kapsel. Summary. Administration of fluconazole capsules is of proven worth in the treatment of candidosis of the mucous membranes, particularly in immunocompromised patients. An additional topical effect on the course of oropharyngeal and oesophageal candidosis can be expected when fluconazole is administered as a suspension. For this reason a crossover pharmacokinetic study with 12 healthy volunteers was carried out, in which the concentrations of the antimycotic were measured in saliva and plasma, after oral administration of 100 mg fluconazole as either a capsule or as a suspension. The time-courses of the concentration of fluconazole after the two formulations were very similar in plasma but significantly different in saliva. The mean Cmax for fluconazole in saliva was 551 μg/ml 5 min after ingestion of the suspension and 3 μg/ml 4 h after taking the capsule. Over the observation time (0–96 h) the concentration of the antimycotic in saliva was more than 80% higher with the suspension than with the capsule.
Twin Raphides in the Vitaceae and Araceae and a Model for Their Growth

Several optical tests were employed to demonstrate twinning in raphides from 10 species in the family Vitaceae and one species in the Araceae. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that twin raphides differ from the reported shape of twin styloids and that raphides of the Vitaceae are "barbed" along two sides. A model is proposed to describe in vivo raphide production under saturated to supersaturated conditions of directional nutrient flow.
Western ‘sincerity’ and Confucian ‘Cheng’

In philology, both ‘sincerity’ and ‘cheng’ primarily mean, ‘to be true to oneself’. As a philosophical term, ‘sincerity’ roots in Aristotle's ‘aletheutikos’. In medieval Europe, it is regarded as a neutral value that may either serve or disserve for ‘truth.’ As for Romantics, it is a positive value, and an individualistic concept whose two elements ‘true’ and ‘self’ refer to a person's ‘true feeling’ and ‘individuality’. In contrast, both ‘self’ and ‘true’ in Confucianism are universalistic concepts, meaning ‘good nature’ common to all humans, and ‘true feeling’ distinguishing them from beasts. Cheng itself means to face one's universal self with universal true feeling.
Applying of Real-time Heat Transfer and Solidification Model on the Dynamic Control System of Billet Continuous Casting

In this paper, a real-time mathematical heat transfer model for billet continuous casting of low carbon steel has been presented and solved by finite volume method. This model can be used to simulate the casting conditions which vary frequently. As taking the variation of superheat of liquid steel into consideration in the water flow rate distribution, the fluctuation of billet surface temperature has been decreased. Meanwhile the fluctuation of measured temperature has been largely reduced when it is measured with thermal imager. The mathematical model has been validated by measuring shell thickness and surface temperature in industrial caster. The on-line model can monitor surface temperature and shell thickness along the caster machine in the casting process, and it has been applied on the dynamic control system to adjust the operation parameters. The billet defect has been decreased greatly and the quality of billet has been obviously improved.
Reply to Yang and Yang: Culturally primed first-language intrusion into second-language processing is associative spillover, not strategy.

Yang and Yang (1) raise important questions about our studies (2) showing that priming with heritage-culture visual cues can disrupt second-language performance. Because the studies combine methods from different fields of psychology in a unique way, this is a valuable opportunity to explain our methodological choices more fully.
The aggregation-enhancing Huntingtin N-terminus is helical in amyloid fibrils

The 17-residue N-terminus (htt(NT)) directly flanking the polyQ sequence in huntingtin (htt) N-terminal fragments plays a crucial role in initiating and accelerating the aggregation process that is associated with Huntington's disease pathogenesis. Here we report on magic-angle-spinning solid-state NMR studies of the amyloid-like aggregates of an htt N-terminal fragment. We find that the polyQ portion of this peptide exists in a rigid, dehydrated amyloid core that is structurally similar to simpler polyQ fibrils and may contain antiparallel β-sheets. In contrast, the htt(NT) sequence in the aggregates is composed in part of a well-defined helix, which likely also exists in early oligomeric aggregates. Further NMR experiments demonstrate that the N-terminal helical segment displays increased dynamics and water exposure. Given its specific contribution to the initiation, rate, and mechanism of fibril formation, the helical nature of htt(NT) and its apparent lack of effect on the polyQ fibril core structure seem surprising. The results provide new details about these disease-associated aggregates and also provide a clear example of an amino acid sequence that greatly enhances the rate of amyloid formation while itself not taking part in the amyloid structure. There is an interesting mechanistic analogy to recent reports pointing out the early-stage contributions of transient intermolecular helix-helix interactions in the aggregation behavior of various other amyloid fibrils.
Reversible Carbonylation of an [NCN]PtMe Pincer Complex and Direct Evidence of Alkyl Migration

[NCN]PtMe (1) reacts with CO initially to form an adduct (2) and then again to form a carbonyl acyl complex (3). Reaction of 3 with Me3NO generates 2 by alkyl migration rather than carbonyl deinser...
Through Slave Culture's Lens Comes the Abundant Source: Harriet A. Jacobs's Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl

To find chronicles of slave culture, one would think one need only turn to those widely read testaments of slavery-the slave narratives. Yet, the focus dictated by the original and still present value judgments framing these works serves to obscure the folklore they contain. Slave narratives were originally used to justify the abolition of slavery, hence, their worth lay in their full presentation of the system's abuses. Today slave narratives are often utilized as a pedagogical tool for studying the institution of slavery. However, psychoanalytic and feminist theories have, to a certain extent, shifted the prevalent focus of slave narrative studies to the slave narrator's ability to define him/herself in a world resistant to such an endeavor. And this new focus is evidenced in the more recent studies done in relation to two of today's most widely read slave narratives: The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass and Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl. As William S. McFeeley, author of the biography Frederick Douglass, tells us, Frederick Douglass's narrative is now, more often than not, read only secondarily for what it may tell us about slavery. The first approach centers on how it fits into "the great 'I' narratives of that most remarkable of all decades of American letters" (115). And as Jean Fagan Yellin tells us in her introduction to Incidents in The Life of a Slave Girl, what can now be seen as dominating Harriet Jacobs's story is not the voice of all slaves but the voice of a woman who, although she cannot discuss her sexual past without expressing deep conflict, nevertheless addresses this painful personal subject in order to politicize it, to insist that the forbidden topic of the sexual abuse of slave women be included in public discussions of the slavery question. (xiv)
Pore-structure optimization of calcium carbonate for enhanced sulfation

A modified CaCO3 sorbent with an open internal pore structure is prepared and its sulfation characteristics are investigated in an entrained flow reactor at high temperatures (900-1,100°C) and short contact times (20–600 ms) using small particle sizes (< 5 μm). The most distinguishing feature of this modified carbonate (MC) is its 70–75% sulfation conversion within 0.5 s, which is substantially higher than any other sorbents published. The MC is prepared by carbonation-precipitation from a calcium hydroxide suspension by optimizing the operating parameters to generate carbonate particles of the desired pore structural properties. The high initial surface area combined with its open pore structure and pore-size distribution of its calcine contribute to its high reactivity. The calcined MC possesses a significant portion of its pore volume in the 50-200 A range. This size range represents an optimum pore size for sulfation since it provides a reasonably high surface area and is less susceptible than < 50 A pore sizes, to pore filling, or pore-mouth plugging due to the formation of higher molar volume CaSO4. Investigation with other carbonates reveals that a much higher portion of their calcines' porosity lies in the smaller pores, which leads to premature termination of sulfation. Results show the impact of internal pore structure on initial reactivity and ultimate sorbent conversion.
Routes of Lymphatic Spread: A Study of 112 Consecutive Patients with Endometrial Cancer

Abstract Objective. The goal of this work was to assess different patterns of lymphatic spread to pelvic and para-aortic lymph nodes (LNs) in endometrial cancer as a function of the location of tumor within the uterus. Methods. Between 1984 and 1999, 625 patients with endometrial cancer were managed with hysterectomy and node dissection at our institution. The present study includes the 112 (18%) patients who had positive pelvic and/or para-aortic LNs; 41 (37%) of them had cervical involvement. Results. The external iliac was the most commonly involved pelvic LN site both in patients with tumor limited to the corpus and in those with cervical invasion. Isolated pelvic LN metastases to a single site were more frequently observed in external iliac LNs and obturator LNs in patients with tumor confined to the uterine corpus, whereas they occurred more commonly in external iliac and common iliac LNs in patients with cervical involvement. Metastasis to the common iliac LNs was more frequent in patients with disease extension to the cervix. In fact, common iliac LNs were positive in 67% of patients with cervical invasion, compared with only 30% of those with tumor confined to the uterine corpus ( P P = 0.01). All patients with positive para-aortic LNs and tumor invading the cervix had positive common iliac LNs. By contrast, when tumor was limited to the corpus, common iliac LNs were involved in only 27% of patients with positive para-aortic LNs. Conclusion. External iliac LNs are the most commonly involved LNs in endometrial cancer. Compared with carcinomas limited to the uterine corpus, endometrial cancers invading the cervix spread more readily to the common iliac LNs. Furthermore, these data suggest that para-aortic LN metastases spread via a route shared by the common iliac LNs when tumor involves the cervix but spread predominantly via a route common to the obturator LNs (and/or external iliac LNs) when the primary tumor site is the corpus only.
Activation of the α7 nicotinic ACh receptor induces anxiogenic effects in rats which is blocked by a 5-HT1a receptor antagonist

The α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) is highly expressed in different regions of the brain and is associated with cognitive function as well as anxiety. Agonists and positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of the α7 subtype of nAChRs have been shown to improve cognition. Previously nicotine, which activates both α7 and non-α7 subtypes of nAChRs, has been shown to have an anxiogenic effect in behavioral tests. In this study, we compared the effects of the α7-selective agonist (PNU-282987) and PAM (PNU-120596) in a variety of behavioral tests in Sprague Dawley rats to look at their effects on learning and memory as well as anxiety. We found that neither PNU-282987 nor PNU-120596 improved spatial-learning or episodic memory by themselves. However when cognitive impairment was induced in the rats with scopolamine (1 mg/kg), both PNU-120596 and PNU-282987 were able to reverse this memory impairment and restore it back to normal levels. While PNU-120596 reversed the scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment, it did not have any adverse effect on anxiety. PNU-282987 on the other hand displayed an increase in anxiety-like behavior at a higher dose (10 mg/kg) that was significantly reduced by the serotonin 5-HT1a receptor antagonist WAY-100135. However the α7 receptor antagonist methyllycaconitine was unable to reverse these anxiety-like effects seen with PNU-282987. These results suggest that α7 nAChR PAMs are pharmacologically advantageous over agonists, and should be considered for further development as therapeutic drugs targeting the α7 receptors.
A fractionated reticulocyte lysate retains high efficiency for protein synthesis

The rabbit reticulocyte lysate is a highly efficient system for protein synthesis in vitro, and therefore has been used frequently in studies of translational control. However, when the lysate is fractionated into ribosomes and soluble proteins by centrifugation, there is a severe loss of activity, thereby making the system less suitable for identifying components involved in translational control. We have devised a new method of cell fractionation which employs rapid (20-min) centrifugation to pellet ribosomes. The post-ribosomal supernatant (S-100), high salt-washed ribosomes, and the high salt wash are all required in the reconstituted protein synthesis assay, and greater than 70% of the activity of the unfractionated lysate is attained. Proteins in the high salt wash have been further fractionated by ammonium sulfate precipitation, and the assay system has been used to measure the activities of eIF-4B and eIF-4F. This highly active fractionated lysate system should be useful in measuring the specific activities of translational components and may be appropriate for detecting changes due to covalent modifications such as phosphorylation.
The effect of age on insulin response and glucose utilization during four hyperglycemic plateaus.

In order to evaluate the potential role of insulin insensitivity as a cause of the glucose (G) intolerance of aging, we performed 230 hyperglycemic clamps, 85 on young (Y, 24 to 39 years), 47 on middle age (M, 40 to 59 years), and 98 on old (O, 60 to 90 years) carefully screened subjects of the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. The 2-h plasma G levels on an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) were M = ON > OI). Despite these differences in glucose tolerance, plasma insulin responses (I) during the clamp were not significantly different except that ON < Y at the basal + 12.8 plateau (300 +/- 42 vs. 456 +/- 48 pmol/l, p < 0.01). Insulin-dependent glucose uptake, a measure of tissue sensitivity to insulin, was decreased in the old-impaired group at every plateau except the highest. We conclude that healthy, active older subjects showed moderate intolerance to oral and IV glucose and that the mechanism of this physiological aging process is most likely decreased insulin sensitivity.
Fetal liver: a source of immunoglobulin producing cells in the mouse.

SummaryThymectomized and nonoperated adult mice were give a potentially lethal dose of X radiation and protected with allogeneic fetal liver cells. Immunoglobulins of donor as well as host type were found in the sera of the thymectomized and intact hosts as early as 30 days after irradiation. Note added in proof: Additional chimeras have been produced using fetal liver cells from 14-21 day C57B1/6 X C57B1/6 embryos. All of these mice, thymectomized (21) as well as intact (10) had significant quantities of donor-type y-globu-lins in their sera. These mice were sensitized to a synthetic polypeptide (TGAL) and their sera were tested for total and in three instances for donor-type anti-TGAL antibody. All of the fetal liver cell chimeras (intact thymus) produced specific antibody (10/10), while none of the thymectomized chimeras (0/21) had detectable antibody. Of the three mice tested in the intact-thymus group, from 10% to 75% of the specific antibody was of donor origin.We wish to express our appreciation to...
Olefin Oxygenation by the Hydroperoxide Adduct of a Nonheme Manganese(IV) Complex: Epoxidations by a Metallo−Peracid Produces Gentle Selective Oxidations

The reactive intermediates and mechanisms of oxygenation of olefins by manganese complexes were investigated by treating olefins with newly synthesized [MnIV(Me2EBC)(OH)2](PF6)2 in the presence and absence of peroxide and by studying its catalytic epoxidation reaction in normal aqueous solution and, individually, with isotopically labeled H218O, 18O2, and H218O2. The manganese oxo species is not the reactive intermediate for the oxygen transfer process mediated by this manganese complex. A novel manganese(IV) peroxide intermediate, MnIV(Me2EBC)(O)(OOH)+, was captured by mass spectrometry and is proposed as the intermediate that oxygenates olefins in this catalytic system.
Anti-Love or Anti-“Lifestyle”: Historical Reflections on Reparative Therapies for Homosexuality

This year marks both the publication of the latest edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)—in its fifth incarnation—and the 40th anniversary of the American Psychiatric Association's...
Voltage generation from individual BaTiO(3) nanowires under periodic tensile mechanical load.

Direct tensile mechanical loading of an individual single-crystal BaTiO3 nanowire was realized to reveal the direct piezoelectric effect in the nanowire. Periodic voltage generation from the nanowire was produced by a periodically varying tensile mechanical strain applied with a precision mechanical testing stage. The measured voltage generation from the nanowire was found to be directly proportional to the applied strain rate and was successfully modeled through the consideration of an equivalent circuit for a piezoelectric nanowire under low-frequency operation. The study, besides demonstrating a controlled experimental method for the study of direct piezoelectric effect in nanostructures, implies also the use of such perovskite piezoelectric nanowires for efficient energy-harvesting applications.
Raman, infrared and NMR spectra, conformational stability and ab initio calculations of trimethoxyborane

The Raman spectra (3500–20 cm−1) of gaseous, liquid and solid and the infrared spectra (4000–50 cm−1) of gaseous and solid trimethoxyborane, B(OCH)3, were recorded. Qualitative depolarization values were obtained from the Raman spectrum of the liquid. All normal modes, except the torsions, were assigned based on infrared band contours, depolarization values, group frequencies and normal coordinate calculations. From a comparison of the spectra in the fluid states with that from the solid, it is concluded that the molecule exists predominantly in a single conformation in all physical states. Frequencies and potential energy distributions for the normal modes were calculated with the force constants obtained from ab initio calculations with the 3–21G basis set. A comparison of these calculated frequencies with the observed spectra is consistent with the predominant form having a ‘planar’ heavy atom skeleton with C3h symmetry. In was not possible to determine an experimental barrier to rotation about the BO bond. No change was observed in the 13C NMR spectrum over the temperature range of 22 to −90°C. Structural parameters, conformational stability and barriers to internal rotation were obtained from ab initio Hartree–Fock gradient calculations employing both the 3–21G and 6–31G* basis sets. The results are compared with the corresponding data for some similar organoboranes.
Global circuit variability from multiple stratospheric electrical measurements

The vertical component of the electric field, conductivity, and the derived current density from eight superpressure balloons are examined. Special emphasis was placed on the fair-weather, simultaneous measurements from widely spaced constant-altitude (26 km) balloons. The conductivity measurements were well organized by a simple ionization rate parameterization depending on the geomagnetic latitude. The variability of all the electrical parameters was found to be independent of the balloon separation. Much of the time the current density measurements were within 20 percent, for simultaneous flights, even though the balloons were up to 6000 km apart. Also, these simultaneous current density data show that the global current source was significantly variable on hourly and daily time scales. Finally, the use of the simultaneous current density data is discussed as a possible 'geoelectric index'. Advantages and limitations of such an index are discussed.
Direct characterization of quantum dynamics: General theory

The characterization of the dynamics of quantum systems is a task of both fundamental and practical importance. A general class of methods which have been developed in quantum information theory to accomplish this task is known as quantum process tomography (QPT). In an earlier paper [M. Mohseni and D. A. Lidar, Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 170501 (2006)] we presented a new algorithm for Direct Characterization of Quantum Dynamics (DCQD) of two-level quantum systems. Here we provide a generalization by developing a theory for direct and complete characterization of the dynamics of arbitrary quantum systems. In contrast to other QPT schemes, DCQD relies on quantum error-detection techniques and does not require any quantum state tomography. We demonstrate that for the full characterization of the dynamics of n d-level quantum systems (with d a power of a prime), the minimal number of required experimental configurations is reduced quadratically from d 4n in separable QPT schemes to d 2n in DCQD.
The clinical implications of cumulative right ventricular pacing in the multicenter automatic defibrillator trial II.

Right Ventricular Pacing in the MADIT II Trial. Introduction: This study was designed to assess whether right ventricular pacing in the implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) arm of the Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial (MADIT) II was associated with an unfavorable outcome. Methods and Results: Data on the number of ventricular paced beats were available in 567 (76%) of 742 MADIT II patients with ICDs. The number of ventricular paced beats over the total number of beats showed a bimodal distribution with patients being predominantly paced or nonpaced. Therefore, patients were dichotomized at 0-50 % and 51-100% of cumulative pacing with median pacing rate 0.2% and 95.6 %, respectively. Endpoints included new or worsening heart failure, appropriate ICD therapy for VT/VF, and the combined endpoint of heart failure or death. Clinical features associated with frequent ventricular pacing included age ≥65 years, advanced NYHA heart failure class, LVEF < 0.25, first degree AV and bundle branch block, and amiodarone use. During follow-up, 119 patients (21%) had new or worsened heart failure, 130 (23%) had new or worsened heart failure or death, and 142 (25%) had appropriate therapy for VT/VF. In comparison to patients with infrequent pacing, those with frequent pacing had significantly higher risk of new or worsened heart failure (hazard ratio = 1.93; P = 0.002) and VT/VF requiring ICD therapy (HR = 1.50; P = 0.02). Conclusions: Patients in MADIT II who were predominantly paced had a higher rate of new or worsened heart failure and were more likely to receive therapy for VT/VF. These results suggest the deleterious consequences of RV pacing, particularly in the setting of severe LV dysfunction.
Monoclonal Antibodies: Their Importance to Surgeons

A tremendous technological advance occurred in 1975 when a method was developed to fuse two cells producing a "hybridoma" which secretes a single clone of antibody, having one immunoglobulin (Ig) class, one structure, one affinity, and one specificity for an antigenic determinant. Because monoclonal antibodies are more precise reagents than conventional antisera they open new doors to diagnosis and therapy of disease, and they are useful tools in research. The pathologist uses monoclonals in immunocytochemistry to determine tumor type; the surgeon uses monoclonals for immunosuppression in renal transplantation; the immunologist uses monoclonals to decipher cellular and humoral interactions that could not be appreciated with polyclonal reagents. This review outlines the background of monoclonal antibodies and some of their clinically important uses, both in vitro and in vivo. We also project into the future and describe chimeric antibodies and their possible uses.
Sex-specific cell signaling: the corticotropin-releasing factor receptor model

Elucidating the biological basis for sex differences in diseases can reveal their pathophysiology and guide the development of individualized treatments. Here, we review evidence for the novel concept that receptor signaling can be sex biased such that the specific pathways engaged by ligand binding are determined by sex. As an example, this review focuses on the receptor for corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), a stress-related peptide implicated in diverse psychiatric and medical disorders that are more prevalent in females. There is evidence for sex biases in CRF receptor coupling to G proteins and β-arrestin that render females more sensitive to acute stress and less able to adapt to chronic stress. Taken with evidence for sex biased signaling in other receptor systems, the studies demonstrate the broad potential impact of this characteristic in determining sex differences in disease and therapeutic efficacy and underscore the importance of studying females in medical and pharmacological research.
The impact of oral L-arginine supplementation on acute smoking-induced endothelial injury and arterial performance.

BACKGROUND Smoking is associated with endothelial dysfunction and increased inflammatory status.The amino acid L-arginine, improves endothelial function in patients with cardiovascular riskfactors. We investigated the effect of L-arginine on vascular function and inflammatory process in healthy smokers at rest and after acute smoking. METHODS We studied the effect of L-arginine and/or placebo in 12 healthy young smokers on three occasions (day 0, day 1, and day 3).The study was carried out on two separate arms, one with L-arginine (3 x 7 g/day) and one with placebo, according to a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, cross-over design. Measurements were carried out before, immediately after, and 20 min after cigarette smoking. Endothelial function was evaluated by flow-mediated dilation (FMD). Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV) was measured as an index of aortic stiffness and augmentation index (Alx) and as a measure of arterial wave reflections. Serum soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) was measured. RESULTS Compared to placebo, L-arginine improved FMD (P < 0.01 at day 1 and P < 0.05 at day 3). L -Arginine reduced PWV and Alx at both days 1 and 3 (P < 0.05 vs. baseline). L -Arginine blunted the acute smoking-induced increase of Alx at both day 1 (P < 0.05) and day 3 (P < 0.01), and prevented the smoking-induced elevation of PWV at day 3 (P < 0.05). Importantly, L-arginine reduced sICAM-1 at days 1 and 3 (P < 0.05 for both vs. baseline). CONCLUSIONS Oral L-arginine improves endothelial function and vascular elastic properties of the arterial tree during the acute phase of smoking, an effect accompanied by reduced sICAM-1 levels in these subjects.
High-current and high-voltage pulsed testing of resistors

Three types of resistors have been tested to determine maximum usable power at pulsed high voltage and pulsed high current. Experiments were carried out using high-voltage cable generators, spark gap generators, and thyratron drivers. Pulse durations were varied from 0.7 /spl mu/s to 21 /spl mu/s. The pulse amplitudes were varied from 1 kV to 35 kV. The peak current reached was 3 kA. Metal film, carbon film, and carbon composition resistors of four different rated powers (0.25 W, 0.5 W, 1 W, and 2 W) have been tested. Data are given for the limiting pulsed power and energy for each type of resistor in nanosecond and microsecond time ranges. The experimental investigation of the threshold loading of the resistors in the high-current pulsed mode and in the high-voltage pulsed mode has shown that the process of destruction of resistors has specific features for each mode. The mechanisms of failure and destruction of resistors under the action of high-voltage and high-current pulses are discussed.
Mean thermal and albedo behavior of the Mars surface and atmosphere over a Martian year

A Mars average data set (MADS) has been constructed from thermal and albedo measurements of the Viking Infrared Thermal Mapper; by merging information from all longitudes, and ensuring reasonably complete longitudinal sampling, a representation of mean Mars behavior is obtained. Brightness temperatures at 7, 9, 11, 15, and 20 microns and albedo information in the band 0.3-3.0 microns have been binned using 2 deg latitude strips, 24 times of day, 3 emission angle intervals, and 23 nonoverlapping solar longitude periods covering 1.43 Mars years starting at a solar longitude of 84 deg. The MADS is ideally suited to parametric study of latitudinal, diurnal, angular, and seasonal dependences. Data are presented for surface thermal and albedo behavior in clear and dusty atmospheric conditions; the thermal response of the atmospheric temperature to a major dust storm is found to be consistent with Mariner 9 data from the 1971 storm. Examples of use of the MADS, which is available through the Mars Consortium, indicate how averaged data reveal specific surface and atmospheric phenomena.
A method of obtaining axenic larvae of Anopheles quadrimaculatus

Abstract A method employing penicillin (2000 units/ml) and dihydrostreptomycin (1 mg/ml) has been used successfully to obtain larvae of Anopheles quadrimaculatus bacteria-free, without any toxic effects.
Experimental Initiation of Milk Secretion in the Albino Rat

Summary Additional experimental evidence is reported in support of the theory that the growth of the mammary duct system is stimulated by the estrogenic hormone theelin; that the lobular system is stimulated by theelin and corporin; and that the secretory activity is initiated by a hormone from the pituitary. The presence of numerous follicles in infantile rat ovaries suggests that the estrogenic hormone may be secreted by these ovaries and thus be responsible for the duct development in the immature female. The positive tests for theelin obtained from extracts of urine and feces of male rats indicate that some organ in the male elaborates the estrogenic hormone which is believed to be responsible for the rather extensive duct development occurring in the male rat gland. Mammary gland development induced by a pseudo-pregnant condition indicates that full development of the duct system and lobules occurs during the first half of pregnancy. The estrogenic hormone alone seems incapable of initiating milk secretion or of conditioning the gland so that pituitary extracts can stimulate the gland to secretion. Milk secretion is induced in normal females by subcutaneous implants of fresh pituitaries from either male or female donors. In spayed females the presence of theelin and corporin was necessary before milk secretion was brought about by pituitary implants. The extract of sheeps’ pituitary was able to induce secretory activity in either spayed or normal females only when theelin and corporin were injected with the galactin.
2JCOC Spin−Spin Coupling Constants Across Glycosidic Linkages Exhibit a Valence Bond-Angle Dependence

The recent intense interest in the biological functions and biomedical applications of oligosaccharides has stimulated renewed efforts to improve experimental tools for the determination of their conformational properties. NMR spectroscopy provides the most detailed structural information in solution derived mainly from {sup 1}H-{sup 1}H NOEs and more recently from {sup 3}J{sub COCH}values across their constituent O-glycosidic linkages. However, in many cases, these linkages are not conformationally rigid, and identifying those that exhibit flexibility requires the use of multiple NMR parameters which provide the needed redundancy to make such determinations with confidence. In ongoing efforts to develop trans-O-glycosidic {sup 2}J{sub COC} and {sup 3}J{sub COCC} values as conformational constraints, it was shown recently that {sup 2}J{sub COC} across an O-glycosidic linkage depends mainly on the {phi} torsion angle and considerably less so on {psi}, using an experimentally derived projection resultant rule. This rule predicts that more negative projection resultants translate into more negative {sup 2}J{sub CCC} and, by analogy, into more negative {sup 2}J{sub COC}. The authors show that the COC bond angle also influences {sup 2}J{sub COC} magnitude, with increasing angle producing more negative coupling.