cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sparse-code muscle representation for human walking

Research in robotics has recently broadened its traditional focus on industrial applications to include natural, human-like movements. Progress has been made on construction of actuators, like the Pneumatic artificial muscles (PAMs) and the Shadow Air Muscle, that have properties similar to those of human muscles. There is, however, still a need for efficiently representing the movements spanned by human muscles. Given the number of joints and muscles in the human body, there are typically an enormous number of ways to perform any particular action, thus there is a strong motivation to parametrize these possibilities in some helpful way. The objective of this research work is to understand and simulate primitives that lead to various smooth natural movements. In this paper we propose a sparse-code representation for muscle length activations obtained by applying Basis Pursuit on such movements. We employ accurate three-dimensional musculoskeletal models to simulate the lower body movements for walking that are captured from a human subject using PhaseSpace motion capture system, and translated into muscle lengths using the SIMM system. We recreate the same muscle length changes, and show that the signal can be economically encoded in terms of discrete movement elements. Each movement can thus be visualized as a sequence of coefficients for temporally displaced motor primitives.
Effect of 'Compound R' on thermal burn and full-depth wound contracture in fuzzy rats.

We evaluated the efficacy of Compound R emulsion on wound contraction in fuzzy rats. While the rats were under anesthesia, two mirror-image burn wounds were inflicted on the depilated back skin of each. Wounds were assigned randomly to treatment or placebo (oil), and the wound-scar areas were measured when they healed. A second set of wounds was created by taking two 6 millimeter punch biopsies from each rat and treated with Compound R or placebo. Under anesthesia, areas of the wound were measured on days 0, 5, 8 and on healing. Mean ± SE areas for the healed burn wounds were: 151 ± 24 mm 2 for the treated and 102 ± 26 mm 2 for the placebo side (paired Student's t test, t = 4.21, p = 0.0015). Areas for Compound R-treated punch biopsy-induced wounds were significantly larger than placebo treated at each time point (p < 0.01). Results from this study show that Compound R impeded wound contraction.
A visual calendar for scheduling group meetings

Scheduling group meetings requires access to participants' calendars, typically located in scattered pockets or desks. Placing participants' calendars on-line and using a rule-based scheduler to find a time slot would alleviate the problem to some extent, but it often is difficult to trust the results, because correct scheduling rules are elusive, varying with the participants and the agenda of a particular meeting. What's needed is a comprehensive scheduling system that summarizes the available information for quick, flexible, and reliable scheduling. We have developed a prototype of a priority-based, graphical scheduling system called Visual Scheduler (VS).A controlled experiment comparing automatic scheduling with VS to manual scheduling demonstrated the former to be faster and less error prone. A field study conducted over six weeks at the UNC-CH Computer Science Department showed VS to be a generally useful system and provided valuable feedback on ways to enhance the functionality of the system to increase its value as a groupwork tool. In particular, users found priority-based time-slots and access to scheduling decision reasoning advantageous. VS has been in use by more than 75 faculty, staff, and graduate students since Fall 1987.
CONCERNING THE LOGICAL COMPARISON OF ATC SEPARATION STANDARD ASSESSMENT MODELS

There exist many models for the determination or assessment of safe separation standards between aircraft flying under an air traffic control (ATC) system. Most models fall within the general categories of collision risk or collision avoidance. This paper presents a framework for the qualitative comparison of the logical structure of these several models. Thus the merits and appropriateness of the several models may be more critically evaluated, and better definition of model applicability made.
Periodic activity in the visual system of the cat

Abstract Recordings were obtained, by means of multiple microelectrodes and of gross electrodes, from the retina, the optic tract and the lateral geniculate body of the cat, under light barbiturate anesthesia or paralyzed by flaxedil and maintained with artificial respiration. Some recordings were obtained, simultaneously, from the retina and the optic tract, others from the retina and the lateral geniculate body, in order to study the time and phase relations between the periodic activities of these different structures. The results obtained indicate that: (1) periodic oscillations of frequencies ranging from 2–100/sec, develop in the optic tract. (2) the characteristics of these periodic osculations are related to the conditions of illumination of the retina. (3) periodic patterns of neuronal discharge are, definitely, present in retinal neurones and groups of neurones and can be detected, consistently, by the simultaneous recordings of the activity of several neurones or groups of neurones. (4) these periodic patterns of neuronal discharge are related, in time and in phase, to the development of periodic osculations in the optic tract. (5) the periodic patterns of neuronal discharge which occur in the retina may play a role in mechanisms which may influence the territorial distribution of excitation and inhibition in the retinal neuronal networks and may, thereby, determine, at any given time, the level of responsiveness of these networks, in relation to the conditions of light or darkness in the environment. (6) as periodic phenomena develop in the retina and in the optic tract, periodic neuronal discharges and periodic oscillations develop, simultaneously, in the lateral geniculate body. (7) this periodic activity, related to and dependent upon retinal activity, inhibits the periodic neuronal discharges and the periodic oscillations which occur, spontaneously, in the lateral geniculate body, independently of retinal activity.
Comparison of PAX6 and PAX8 as Immunohistochemical Markers for Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors

To compare the utility of PAX6 and PAX8 as immunohistochemical markers for neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) of pancreatic origin, we performed PAX6 and PAX8 immunostains on 178 NETs, including 110 primary NETs (26 pancreatic, 10 gastric, 12 duodenal, 22 jejuno-ileal, 10 rectal, 30 pulmonary) and 68 NETs metastatic to the liver (24 pancreatic, 1 duodenal, 37 jejuno-ileal, 1 rectal, 5 pulmonary). Among primary NETs, PAX6 and PAX8 were positive in 65 % (17/26) and 73 % (19/26) of pancreatic, 0 % (0/10) and 10 % (1/10) of gastric, 92 % (11/12) and 92 % (11/12) of duodenal, 0 % (0/22) and 0 % (0/22) of jejuno-ileal, 90 % (9/10) and 80 % (8/10) of rectal, and 0 % (0/30) and 23 % (7/30) of pulmonary NETs, respectively. PAX6 and PAX8 positivity was seen in 46 % (11/24) and 50 % (12/24) of metastatic pancreatic NETs to the liver, respectively. None of the nonpancreatic NETs metastatic to the liver were immunoreactive for either PAX6 or PAX8. PAX6 showed a slightly but statistically significant higher specificity for pancreatic NETs than did PAX8 (P = 0.039), while the sensitivities were similar (P = 0.51). PAX6 had the additional advantages over PAX8 of not exhibiting nonspecific cytoplasmic staining of tumor cells and only infrequently staining background lymphocytes. Since rectal NETs rarely present with metastatic disease, positive staining of a metastatic NET of unknown primary origin for PAX6 and/or PAX8 favors a pancreatic or duodenal origin. This information may be helpful in directing further diagnostic studies to identify the primary site of the metastatic tumor.
A Consistent Phosphotungstic Acid Hematoxylin Stain for Glial Fibers

After deceration, celloidinization and hydration, oxidize 10 micron paraffin sections for 15 min in a solution containing 0.3 g KMnO4, and 0.1 ml conc. H2SO2, per 100 ml distilled water. Wash in water and reduce in 5% oxalic acid until the sections are colorless. Wash thoroughly in water and place in 4% iron alum solution for two hours. Wash briefly in water and stain for two hours in phosphotungstic acid hematoxylin. Rinse briefly in 95% ethanol and dehydrate in n-butyl alcohol or absolute ethanol for 4 min with two changes, clear and mount. Glial fibers, myofibrils, red blood cells, etc. are stained blue while astrocyte cell bodies, collagen, etc. are stained red. This stain has proven highly consistent in a wide variety of astrocytic derangements. Despite the intensity of this PTAH modification, false positive staining was not observed.
Colorimetric Determination of Aromatic Compounds by Hydroxylation

Aromatic hydroxylation has been developed into a widely applicable analytical method for aromatic compounds. A modified Hamilton hydroxylating system, consisting of hydrogen peroxide, ferric ion, catechol, and glucose, converts aromatic compounds to phenols, which are measured colorimetrically after oxidative coupling with 4-aminoantipyrine. The method is applicable to 10−4−10−3 M aqueous solutions of many substituted benzene derivatives, linear absorbance-concentration plots being obtained with apparent molar absorptivities in the range of 1–5 × 103. The method has been applied to numerous aromatic drugs. Many common tablet excipients do not interfere at normal formulation levels. As one of the few methods available for the detection of the phenyl group, this technique has the advantages and limitations of a general functional group method.
Assessment of Psychopathic Traits in an Incarcerated Adolescent Sample: A Methodological Comparison

Analyses of convergent validity and group assignment using self-report, caregiver-report and interview-based measures of adolescent psychopathy were conducted in a sample of 160 incarcerated adolescents. Results reveal significant convergent validity between caregiver-report measures of adolescent psychopathy, significant convergent validity between self-report measures of adolescent psychopathy and an interviewer rating scale, but not between the caregiver-report measures and their corresponding self-report measures nor between the caregiver-report measures and the interviewer rating scale. Analyses of group assignment were also poorer than expected among all the measures with none evidencing significant agreement with the expert-rated device (Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Youth Version; PCL-YV), the most common forensic instrument used in clinical practice. Part of the poor agreement may be related to the poor psychometric performance of the callous-unemotional subscale of most of these measures and the low response rates from caregivers (N = 35). These findings suggest that the measures do not provide an interchangeable assessment of callous-unemotional traits and suggest that further refinement of the measurement of callous-unemotional traits in youth may be warranted.
Warmer daily temperatures since 1951

Days and nights have indeed become warmer over the past 60 years, a new study finds. Although several observation-based studies have shown that daily average temperatures as well as daily maximum and minimum temperatures have increased over the past few decades, controversy has remained as to how the observed trends in extreme and average temperatures are related to each other: Are the warming trends in extreme temperatures a result of a shifting mean climate, or have temperatures become more variable? Using a global observational data set of daily temperatures, Donat and Alexander compared the probability distributions of daily maximum and minimum temperatures over two 30-year periods, 1951–1980 and 1981–2010. The authors show that the maximum and minimum daily temperatures all over the globe have significantly shifted toward higher values during the latter period. They further show that the distributions have become skewed toward the hotter part of the distribution; changes are greater for daily minimum (nighttime) temperatures than for the daily maximum (daytime) temperatures. The authors conclude that the distribution of global daily temperatures has indeed become “more extreme” compared to the middle of the twentieth century. (Geophysical Research Letters, doi:10.1029/2012GL052459, 2012)
Chk1 has an essential role in the survival of differentiated cortical neurons in the absence of DNA damage.

Neuronal death in the central nervous system contributes to the development of age-related neurodegeneration. The ATR/Chk1 pathway appears to function neuroprotectively to prevent DNA damage induced by cytotoxic agents. Here, we examine the function of Chk1 on cell viability of cortical neurons in the absence of additional DNA damaging stimuli. The Chk1-specific inhibitor, UCN-01, and the ATR inhibitor, Caffeine, cause neuronal apoptosis in differentiated neurons in the absence of additional treatment, whereas inhibition of ATM or Chk2, does not. UCN-01 treatment increased the detection of γ-H2AX phosphorylation, DNA strand breaks, and an activated p53-dependent DNA damage response (DDR), suggesting that Chk1 normally helps to maintain genomic stability. UCN-01 treatment also enhanced the apoptosis seen in neurons treated with DNA damaging agents, such as camptothecin (CPT). Our results indicate that Chk1 is essential for neuronal survival, and perturbation of this pathway increases a cell’s sensitivity to naturally accumulating DNA damage.
Institutional Affiliation of Authors of Contributions to the American Journal of Agricultural Economics—1953–1972: Comment

Holland and Redman have given us a useful survey of the affiliation of authors who have contributed to the Journal. While most agree with their statement that "AJAE contributions . . . represent one of several important indicators of departmental quality" (p. 784), there is a disturbing element in the article. The number of printed pages may be a function both of the size and the productivity of the department. In other words, those departments with greater numbers of professional personnel might publish more in all media including the Journal.
Phase II Cancer Clinical Trials with Heterogeneous Patient Populations

The patient population for a Phase II trial often consists of multiple subgroups in terms of risk level. In this case, a popular design approach is to specify the response rate and the prevalence of each subgroup, to calculate the response rate of the whole population by the weighted average of the response rates across subgroups, and to choose a standard Phase II design such as Simon's optimal or minimax design to test the response rate for the whole population. In this case, although the prevalence of each subgroup is accurately specified, the observed prevalence among the accrued patients to the study may be quite different from the expected one because of the small sample size, which is typical in most Phase II trials. The fixed rejection value for a chosen standard Phase II design may be either too conservative (i.e., increasing the false rejection probability of the experimental therapy) if the trial accrues more high-risk patients than expected, or too anti-conservative (i.e., increasing the false acceptance probability of the experimental therapy) if the trial accrues more low-risk patients than expected. We can avoid such problems by adjusting the rejection values, depending on the observed prevalence from the trial. In this paper, we investigate the performance of the flexible designs compared with the standard design with fixed rejection values under various settings.
Measurement of plant cells and organelles using computer-enhanced digitally processed images

Abstract A computer enhanced video microscopy system can be used to study the morphometry of chloroplasts and cells of Colocasia esculenta var. antiquorum . This system is rapid and accurate, and enhances microscopic images, thereby facilitating measurements. It also introduces automation in statistical analyses.
Kindergarten Children's Initial Spoken and Written Word Learning in a Storybook Context

Kindergarteners (M age = 6;2) were exposed to novel spoken nonwords and their written forms within a storybook reading context. Following each of 12 stories, the children were required to spell and identify 12 novel written nonwords and then verbally produce and comprehend the spoken version of those words. Results indicated the children acquired initial specific phonological and orthographic representations. Spoken and written word learning skills were strongly associated and both were influenced by the words' linguistic regularities. Spoken word learning ability explained 62% of the variance on a spelling measure, whereas written word learning ability predicted 42% of the variance on a reading measure. The results provide evidence that beginning readers employ simultaneously a mutually shared learning mechanism that is sensitive to statistical regularities of words when engaged in the process of learning new spoken words and their written forms.
Marital dissatisfaction, psychological vulnerability and subsequent marital disruption

Abstract Four alternative theoretically-informed models specifying the interrelationships among marital dissatisfaction, psychological dysfunction and subsequent marital disruption are tested using panel data from two stages of young adulthood. The results support the hypotheses that: (1) dissatisfaction with one's marriage leads to subsequent marital disruption; and (2) controlling for marital dissatisfaction, psychological vulnerability is inversely related to marital disruption, perhaps reflecting the maintenances of distressing relationships due to the inability to perceive the availability of more favorable alternatives to the current marriage.
Observations on tuning a java enterprise application for performance and scalability

Enterprise software shows increasing levels of concurrency and complexity and decreasing "think times" between user interactions. Such trends are evident in both emerging workloads, such as social networking, and traditional applications, such as banking, for which both query counts and complexity are increasing. Similarly, in today's multicore-processor era, processor core counts double every processor generation. However, not all hardware capacity (e.g., cache, disk, and network capacity) is growing at this core rate. As a result, processor dies will have more cores sharing resources. Personnel associated with our project Multicore Applications Restructured for Scaling started with a well-tuned baseline version of a large multitier commercial workload and worked to eff iciently identify a small set of software changes that, together, would lead to improved scaling and performance. This paper reports the required tooling and analysis, software changes, and improvements (factor performance gains). Perhaps most surprising, we found that a small set of code changes allowed major performance gains within a single Java®virtual machine, which has implications for the way in which we develop and deploy software.
Monte Carlo Simulation Shows Noisy Signaling In Apoptosis Increases Risk Of Diseases

We develop a generalized reaction class based Monte Carlo model to study signaling behavior in apoptotic cell death. We show that apoptotic signaling is noisy under weak stimuli and certain other conditions, which can explain slow apoptotic cell death as observed in recent experiments. Characteristics of such noisy signaling are large cell-to-cell stochastic fluctuations and a bimodal probability distribution for activated downstream signaling molecule caspase-3. Our study shows how genetic mutations and cell-to-cell stochastic fluctuations in apoptotic signaling can together increase risk of diseases such as cancer. Presence of a specific signaling molecule in the apoptotic pathway and its concentration are often cell type specific. This proposed Monte Carlo model is flexible so that it can be modified to include additional signaling species as well as inhibitors of the apoptotic signaling pathway. Hence, one can readily use our computational model to estimate increased risk of diseases due to faulty apoptotic signaling under various cell-type specific genetic mutations.
Susceptibility of Heliothis zea larvae to Nomuraea rileyi at various temperatures

Abstract Laboratory studies were conducted to determine the susceptibility of various larval instars of Heliothis zea to different spore doses of Nomuraea rileyi at constant and variable temperatures. The fungus was most effective at 20° and 25°C, with a mortality of 80% and 71%, respectively. At 15°C the disease progressed very slowly with larval mortality occurring in 12–28 days post-treatment. Conversely, at temperature ranges above 15°C, the mortality of the larvae occurred in 6–12 days. Three different combinations of variable temperatures included 20–30°, 25–30°, and 20–35°C, but mortality did not exceed 46%. Larvae in the third to fifth instars were more susceptible to infection than were those in the first and second instars.
Does Screening for Pain Correspond to High Quality Care for Veterans

BACKGROUND Routine numeric screening for pain is widely recommended, but its association with overall quality of pain care is unclear.
HIGH TEMPERATURE DRYING FROM THE THREE PRIMARY ORTHOGONAL SURFACES OF LOBLOLLY PINE

While several permeability studies have been performed, little information is available on the flow of water in wood along its three orthogonal axes during high temperature drying. Much southern yellow pine construction lumber is dried at temperatures above 100°C, thus how water moves in wood is of concern. In this experiment individual Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) sapwood cubes were coated on two of their three orthogonal faces (longitudinal, radial, and tangential) and the effect of this sealing on the drying rate was determined. From these cubes, drying rates from each of the three primary planes were determined. The free water movement/evaporation between the radial and tangential faces was not statistically different, while the longitudinal rate was approximately three times faster. In commercial practice, the faster longitudinal rate is negated by the very small portion of transverse surface area relative to total lumber surface area. This partially explains why end checking and moisture variation in...
Copy number variation in the cattle genome

Copy number variations (CNVs) are gains and losses of genomic sequence greater than 50 bp between two individuals of a species. While single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are more frequent, CNVs impact a higher percentage of genomic sequence and have potentially greater effects, including the changing of gene structure and dosage, altering gene regulation and exposing recessive alleles. In particular, segmental duplications (SDs) were shown to be one of the catalysts and hotspots for CNV formation. Substantial progress has been made in understanding CNVs in mammals, especially in humans and rodents. CNVs have been shown to be important in both normal phenotypic variability and disease susceptibility. Recently, interest in CNV study has extended into domesticated animals, including cattle. Multiple genome-wide cattle CNV studies have been carried out using both microarray and next generation sequencing technologies. Integration of SD and CNV results with SNP and other datasets are beginning to reveal impacts of CNVs on cattle domestication, health, and production traits.
μL-scale Microbial Fuel Cell with optimal power generation and biofilm formation

We report a μL-scale microfluidic Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) having optimal biofilm formation and minimal oxygen invasion into its anode chamber to generate high power density. The maximum power density of our μL-scale MFC is 95 μW/cm2, the highest value among previously reported μL-scale MFCs and even comparable to that of macro-scale counterparts. The biofilm formed by exoelectrogens, G. sulfurreducens, was studied by using four different thicknesses of photo-definable polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) spacer; 10, 20, 55, and 155 μm. Both current and power densities are significantly limited when the PDMS spacer is less than 55 μm thick.
Bacterial populations and adaptations in the mucus layers on living corals1

The external mucus layers of the stony coral Porites astreoides and the soft corals Palythoa sp. and Heteroxenia fuscesens are inhabited by communities of marine heterotrophic bacteria. Population levels of bacteria in coral mucus may be regulated by the self-cleaning behavior of the host. Bacterial populations in coral mucus respond to stresses applied to the host coral by growing to higher population levels in the mucus, indicating that these are populations of viable organisms closely attuned to host metabolism. Members of these microbial populations utilize the mucus compounds and may play a role in processing coral mucus for reef detritus feeders. One such species, Vibrio alginolyticus, grows rapidly on Heteroxenia mucus, is attracted to dissolved mucus, and possesses a mechanism to maintain itself on the coral surface.
Prostaglandin E2 Signals Through PTGER2 to Regulate Sclerostin Expression

The Wnt signaling pathway is a robust regulator of skeletal homeostasis. Gain-of-function mutations promote high bone mass, whereas loss of Lrp5 or Lrp6 co-receptors decrease bone mass. Similarly, mutations in antagonists of Wnt signaling influence skeletal integrity, in an inverse relation to Lrp receptor mutations. Loss of the Wnt antagonist Sclerostin (Sost) produces the generalized skeletal hyperostotic condition of sclerosteosis, which is characterized by increased bone mass and density due to hyperactive osteoblast function. Here we demonstrate that prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), a paracrine factor with pleiotropic effects on osteoblasts and osteoclasts, decreases Sclerostin expression in osteoblastic UMR106.01 cells. Decreased Sost expression correlates with increased expression of Wnt/TCF target genes Axin2 and Tcf3. We also show that the suppressive effect of PGE2 is mediated through a cyclic AMP/PKA pathway. Furthermore, selective agonists for the PGE2 receptor EP2 mimic the effect of PGE2 upon Sost, and siRNA reduction in Ptger2 prevents PGE2-induced Sost repression. These results indicate a functional relationship between prostaglandins and the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in bone.
Neoplastic Transformation of C3H Mouse Embryo 10T1/2 Cells by 8-Methoxypsoralen Plus UVA Radiation

The effect of 8-methoxypsoralen plus UVA radiation (PUVA) on cell killing and induction of transformation was studied in the C3H mouse embryo 10T1/2 cell line. Dose-response data for both survival and transformation were obtained as a function of 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) concentration and UVA dose. PUVA treatment caused cell death and induced transformation in a dosedependent manner. Treatment of cells with 8-MOP alone (10 μg/ml) or UVA alone (90 J/m 2 ) had no effect on either cell killing or transformation. The product of 8-MOP concentration and UVA dose calculated at 10% survival and 10 -3 transformation frequency levels were quite similar regardless of 8-MOP concentration or UVA dose. This suggests that there exists a simple reciprocal relationship between 8-MOP concentration and UVA dose. Both type II and type III foci induced by PUVA treatment were tumorigenic in vivo. These data provide further evidence for the carcinogenicity of PUVA treatment. In addition, the system described here could serve as a valuable model for studying the relationships between transformation and the specific cellular and molecular lesions induced by PUVA treatment.
Multi-objective optimization of sustainable single-effect water/Lithium Bromide absorption cycle

Abstract A rigorous mathematical approach is developed for optimization of sustainable single-effect water/Lithium Bromide (LiBr) absorption cooling cycles. The multi-objective formulation accounts for minimization of the chiller area as well as the environmental impact associated with the operation of the absorption cycle. The environmental impact is quantified based on the global warming potential and the Eco-indicator 99, both of which follow principles of life cycle assessment. The design task is formulated as a bi-criterion non-linear programming problem, the solution of which is defined by a set of Pareto points that represent the optimal compromise between the total area of the chiller and global warming potential. These Pareto sets are obtained via the epsilon constraint method. A set of design alternatives are provided for the absorption cycles rather than a single design; the best design can be chosen from this set based on the major constraints and benefits in a given application. The proposed approach is illustrated design of a typical absorption cooling cycle.
The continuous modular design problem with linear separable side constraints

Abstract This paper describes a heuristic for designing a single module in the presence of linear side constraints and nonlinear requirements constraints. The objective is to minimize the total parts cost to satisfy demand for a set of end products. We model the problem as a nonconvex programming problem and show that the problem can be transformed into an equivalent convex problem. Due to the size of the potential applications we develop a heuristic procedure that is an extension of the Shaftel and Thompson algorithm. Closed form expressions are derived for determining feasible movement directions and step lengths. Computational results are promising since the CPU time required to run the heuristic is small and the solutions compared favorably with solutions generated by standard nonlinear programming software.
Neurological abnormalities in achondroplastic children

The neurological manifestations of achondroplasia are reviewed. Enlargement of the head accompanied by mild dilatation of the ventricles is usually present with no other clinical evidence of increased intracranial pressure. Head growth curves parallel the normal slope, although at higher values. Significant hydrocephalus when it occurs is probably due to obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid pathways at the level of the foramen magnum and is usually associated with other neurological signs related to cord compression at this level. Mental retardation may be inferred mistakenly in infancy and early childhood because of delayed acquisition of motor skills.
Electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves at proton cyclotron harmonics

[1] Waves with frequencies in the vicinity of the proton cyclotron frequency and its harmonics are commonly observed from the Fast Auroral Snapshot spacecraft when traversing regions of auroral particle acceleration. In areas of upward current, large-amplitude electromagnetic waves with frequencies within 5% of the local proton gyrofrequency Ωp and its harmonics are often observed where upstreaming ion beams exist. These waves have electric field (E1) and magnetic field (B1) amplitudes of up to 1 V m−1 and 2 nT with the ratio E1/B1 as small as c. The waves occur in the low-altitude portion of the primary auroral acceleration potential, where plasma densities are ≤1 cm−3. It is shown how these waves grow through inverse Landau resonance with a cold field-aligned electron beam superimposed on an accelerated and magnetically mirrored plasma sheet electron component in the absence of any significant plasma densities at energies below ∼100 eV. Significantly, the drift velocity of the cold beam (voeb) is several times larger than its thermal velocity veb, and it is this feature that allows the wave to become electromagnetic at cyclotron harmonics while simultaneously giving rise to broadband electrostatic emissions spanning the first few cyclotron harmonics as is observed.
A stiffness derivative finite element technique for determination of crack tip stress intensity factors

A finite element technique for determination of elastic crack tip stress intensity factors is presented. The method, based on the energy release rate, requires no special crack tip elements. Further, the solution for only a single crack length is required, and the crack is 'advanced' by moving nodal points rather than by removing nodal tractions at the crack tip and performing a second analysis. The promising straightforward extension of the method to general three-dimensional crack configurations is presented and contrasted with the practical impossibility of conventional energy methods.
Comparison of Research Speed and Accuracy Using Westlaw Classic and WestlawNext

In 2010, Thomson Reuters released WestlawNext powered by WestSearch, a novel and proprietary algorithm. WestlawNext represents a new approach to legal research platform design. This article empirically examines the differences in search results using Westlaw Classic and WestlawNext by testing law students and librarians in both systems. Results demonstrate that researchers complete everyday searches faster and more accurately using WestlawNext. However, WestSearch's unique features and Thomson Reuters' failure to explain the function behind the WestlawNext main search bar and the WestSearch algorithm has limited researchers' ability to understand and effectively use WestlawNext. This lack of understanding has significant implications for instruction.
THE APPROACH TO CONSISTENCY IN THE ANALYTIC HIERARCHY PROCESS

Abstract In his first book on the Analytic Hierarchy Process, T. L. Saaty left open several mathematical questions about the structure of the set of positive reciprocal matrices. In this paper we consider three of these questions: Given an eigenvector and all matrices which give rise to it, can one go from one of them to any order by making small perturbations in the entries? Given two positive column vectors v and w is there a perturbation which carries the set of all positive reciprocal matrices with principal right eigenvector v to the set of positive reciprocal matrices with principal right eigenvector w? Does the set of positive reciprocal n×n matrices whose left and right principal eigenvectors are reciprocals coincide with the set of consistent matrices for n⩾4?
The influence of biological and personality traits on gratifications obtained through online dating websites

Women were less likely to use online dating sites to find sexual partners.Homosexual uses: relationship, sex partner, distraction, and convenient companion.Neurotics use ODSs for identity, convenient companion, and distraction. Online dating sites (ODSs) have become popular with users trying to find partners. The purpose of this study was to determine the role that biological and personality traits play in the use of online dating websites. A cross sectional survey with 678 participants-including cohorts from college as well as the general population-provided data for this study. The Five Factor Model personality model (FFM), sexual orientation, and biological sex were utilized as antecedents to the uses of and gratifications from online dating sites. Results uncover sex and sexual orientation differences in both personality traits and gratifications sought from online dating sites. Specifically, women and homosexuals were found to be more neurotic, women were more agreeable, and homosexuals were more open to experiences. Homosexual users sought a wider range of gratifications (relationship, sex partner, distraction, and convenient companion) from online dating sites than their heterosexual counterparts. Women were less likely to use ODSs to find sexual partners, but more likely to use ODSs to be social. Those who were neurotic use dating sites to build an identity, as a convenient companion, and as a distraction. People who are open to experiences were found to use dating sites to be social. Disagreeable people use dating sites because of peer pressure and as a status symbol, and conscientious people were found to use dating sites to find a relationship.
Quantitative evaluation of antibody-dependent lymphocyte-mediated lysis of human red cells.

The ability of lymphocytes to lyse human red cells coated with anti-D antibody was assessed by measuring 51Cr release from labeled red cells incubated with peripheral blood leukocyte suspensions from 12 normal donors. Mixed mononuclear cell suspensions (containing monocytes and lymphocytes) from all donors produced lysis of sensitized red cells. Treatment with carbonyl iron reduced monocyte concentration to less than 1.2% in all donors, as measured by morphologic criteria, esterase staining and ingestion of latex particles. Lysis of red cells following monocyte depletion was markedly reduced in 8 of the 12 donors. Despite depletion of monocytes, unchanged or increased lysis was noticed with the leukocytes of the remaining 4 donors. This lysis was due to lymphocytes, not to residual monocytes. If target red cells were treated with papain or trypsin prior to sensitization, marked lysis occurred with lymphocytes of all donors, including those which did not lyse unmodified red cells. Direct cytolysis of sensitized red cells during contact with small lymphocytes was recorded using microcinematography, which confirmed the role of lymphocytes in mediating lysis. Lymphocyte-mediated lysis of red cells increased with mounting levels of antibody sensitization regardless of prior treatment with papain. Papain increased antibody coating per red cell, yet lysis per molecule of antibody bound was also increased. Lysis was inhibited by IgG1 and IgG3 in the fluid phase but not by IgG2 or IgG4. At an equivalent level of antibody sensitization lysis was augmented by concurrent coating of the red cells with C3b, C3d and/or C4b, though these components could not produce lysis in the absence of antibody coating.
Synthesis of erythro- and threo-α-bromo-α′-fluorosuccinic acids

Abstract erythro - and threo -α-Bromo-α′-fluorosuccinic acids have been prepared from their corresponding dimethyl esters. Because of the extreme readiness of elimination of hydrogen fluoride in basic medium, a special method of acid hydrolysis had to be applied. Hydrogen and fluorine NMR spectra are reported.
Research on Error Characteristic of the Protective Current Transformer in High Remanence Environment

Electromagnetic Current Transformer (CT) is one of the main equipment in power system, and the remanence in the measuring or protective windings of CT will influence the stability of the power system. Measuring CT is mainly used for the electric energy measurement in normal working condition, focusing on the steady operation state; while protective CT is usually used in fault or short-circuit condition, and the transient transfer characteristic is of significant important. Considering high remanence operation environment in the power system, the numeric analytical model of CT, which is working in the saturation condition, is depicted in this paper. With analyzing the amount of exciting current caused by remanence and deducing the transfer characteristic of CT, the influence of the remanence on the relay protection and the corresponding precautions are proposed, providing accurate and reliable theoretical basis for the protective CT’s correct action and safety operation after system failure. Finally, the electromagnetic transient model of protective CT (TPY) is built in PSCAD, the simulation result of which shows the validity and practicability of the proposed model.
Current progress in development of hepatitis C virus vaccines

Ongoing investigational studies aim to uncover new strategies to develop an effective vaccine to prevent hepatitis C infection. Advances have moved forward vaccine candidates, but technical and biological barriers posed by the virus still exist. This Review discusses how to better design vaccine trials and evaluate key components of protective immunity to achieve a working preventive vaccine. Despite major advances in the understanding and treatment of hepatitis C, a preventive vaccine remains elusive. The marked genetic diversity and multiple mechanisms of persistence of hepatitis C virus, combined with the relatively poor immune response of the infected host against the virus, are major barriers. The lack of robust and convenient model systems further hampers the effort to develop an effective vaccine. Advances in our understanding of virus-host interactions and protective immunity in hepatitis C virus infection provide an important roadmap to develop potent and broadly directed vaccine candidates targeting both humoral and cellular immune responses. Multiple approaches to generating and testing viral immunogens have met with variable success. Several candidates have advanced to clinical trials based on promising results in chimpanzees. The ultimate path to a successful preventive vaccine requires comprehensive evaluations of all aspects of protective immunity, innovative application of state-of-the-art vaccine technology and properly designed vaccine trials that can affirm definitive endpoints of efficacy.
Improving photonic-electronic characteristics in quantum-dot solar cells via lattice strain mechanisms

Epitaxially formed indium arsenide quantum dot (QD) structures formed by the Stranski-Krastanov growth mode have been investigated with respect to how quantum confinement and lattice strain behavior affects the optoelectronic performance in p-i-n type InGaAs devices. The introduction of a correction layer and the proper selection of the QD capping layer’s alloy and thickness parameters allowed the control and management of the lattice misfit in two QD structures, which led to reduced defects and improved dark current behavior under forward bias conditions when compared to an InGaAs p-n homojunction (HOM) device without quantum-dots. Although the dark-current of the HOM devices behaved as expected under forward and reverse biases, the QD device structures displayed an apparent anomalous behavior in their dark-current densities under forward and reverse biases. Closer analysis reveals that this behavior is not anomalous; instead the information gained can be used to extract greater understanding about how to optimize the optoelectronic performance in quantum confined structures. In addition, the analysis suggests that lattice strain behavior continues to be a critical benchmark for defining and optimizing the performance of epitaxially formed= QD devices.
The relationship between fear and exploration in rats

Rats were exposed to an arm of a maze. As the arm was made less enclosed, the rats approached the arm more. Eventually, as the arm was made even less enclosed, the rats approached the arm less. These results support the existence of an inverted U-shaped relationship between the fear level of rats and the extent of their exploratory behavior.
Multifocal electroretinography response after laser photocoagulation of a subretinal nematode.

Abstract PURPOSE: To describe multifocal electroretinography findings before and after laser photocoagulation of a subretinal nematode in diffuse unilateral subacute neuroretinitis. METHOD: Observational case report. A 45-year-old woman with left eye inflammation, subretinal tracts superior and temporal to the fovea, and a subretinal coiled mobile parasite was treated with laser photocoagulation to destroy the nematode. Multifocal electroretinography was performed before and after laser photocoagulation. RESULTS: In the left eye, multifocal electroretinography before treatment showed decreased foveal response density and increased parafoveal and perifoveal waveform amplitudes. Two months after laser photocoagulation, multifocal electroretinography showed full recovery of normal findings and the visual acuity remained 20/20. CONCLUSION: Multifocal electroretinography appears to be useful in evaluating the retinal findings after photocoagulation of a parasite associated with diffuse unilateral subacute neuroretinitis.
An introduction to the transmission performance capabilities of IEEE 802-5 token-ring networks

Transmission performance capabilities of the IEEE Standard 802.5 token-ring network are explored from the perspective of a network designer. Typical workloads are presented which quantify the demand placed on transmission resources by various classes of users. Next, a means of characterizing a network's size is developed, and several reference networks are presented. The performance of these networks under the demands of the typical workloads is then projected.
Dynamic Late Lane Merge System at Freeway Construction Work Zones

In normal work zones with lane closures, drivers do not merge at any one definite point, a situation thus often causing a sudden interruption in traffic flow and sometimes higher delay and longer queue. The Dynamic Late Lane Merge System (DLLMS) is used to specify a definite merge point, improve the flow of congested work zones, and reduce queue lengths in travel lanes. The DLLMS was implemented in Michigan on three freeway segments that were reduced from two lanes to one lane because of highway construction work zones. The DLLMS directed traffic to use both lanes (open and closed lanes) until the designated "merge point" (close to the taper) where traffic from each lane was instructed to take turns merging into the open lane. On the basis of travel time characteristics, merge locations, and throughput, the effectiveness of the DLLMS was evaluated as a part of this study. The before period data were not available; therefore, a conventional work zone merge system, located on eastbound I-94, was used as a c...
The essential bacterial cell-division protein FtsZ is a GTPase

CYTOKINESIS defines the last stage in the division cycle, in which cell constriction leads to the formation of daughter cells. The biochemical mechanisms responsible for this process are poorly understood. In bacteria, the ftsZ gene product, FtsZ, is required for cell division1–3,17, playing a prominent role in cytokinesis. The cellular concentration of FtsZ regulates the frequency of division4 and genetic studies have indicated that it is the target of several endogenous division inhibitors5. At the time of onset of septal invagination, the FtsZ protein is recruited from the cytoplasm to the division site, where it assembles into a ring that remains associated with the leading edge of the invaginating septum until septation is completed6. Here we report that FtsZ specifically binds and hydrolyses GTP. The reaction can be dissociated into a GTP-dependent activation stage that is markedly affected by the concentration of FtsZ, and a hydrolysis stage in which GTP is hydrolysed to GDP. The results indicate that GTP binding and hydrolysis are important in enabling FtsZ to support bacterial cytokinesis, either by facilitating the assembly of the FtsZ ring and/or by catalysing an essential step in the cytokinetic process itself.
Human resource development practitioners should strive for certification

This chapter provides a brief overview of certification terminology, examines the growth of certification programs, and explores emerging issues that offer compelling reasons for training and human resource development practitioners to pursue certification in the workplace.
How does government performance influence political support

Much of the literature on political support is of little use to policy makers or those attempting to understand ordinary politics, because the concepts guiding research have focused attention on extreme cases of little relevance. If we are to interpret political support in terms of regime stability, then it is seldom at issue in advanced democratic societies; but if it indicates only approval for authorities, then direct measures of popularity do the job better. This paper works toward an empirical conceptualization of political support intermediate along that continuum by investigating the relationship between support orientations and the public's evaluation of governmental policy performance. Empirical hypotheses are drawn from an elaboration of the policy-relevant aspects of political support, and of the support-relevant aspects of policy evaluations. These hypotheses are tested against the American public's responses to the government's management of the economy, and they reveal several patterns useful to interpreting changes in the level of political support.