cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of Maturity on the Volatile Aroma Compounds from Fresh Pacific and Great Lakes Salmon

Volatile aroma compounds from freshly harvested prime and spawning-condition salmon (Oncorhynchus sp.) from the Pacific Ocean (chi-nook, sockeye, chum, coho and pink) and the Great Lakes (chinook, coho and pink) were quantitatively measured. Both prime and spawning-condition salmon had 1-octen-3-one, 1,5-octadien-3-one, 1-octen-3-ol, 1,5-octadien-3-ol, 2-octen-1-ol, and 2,5-octadien-1-ol which contributed distinct and characteristic plant-like aromas to the fish. More pronounced aromas of spawning-conditions almon were attributed to greater concentrations of the 8-carbon compounds in combination with occurrence of (E)-2-nonenal, (E)-2,(Z)-6-nonadienal, 6-nonen-1-ol, and 3,6-nonadien-1-ol which added sweet, cucumber- or melon-like aroma notes. The 9-carbon compounds may have resulted from biochemical regulation of physiologically active lipid-derived substances which activate mucus secretion in salmon approaching sexual maturity.
A general theory of plane elastostatic dislocation problems for anisotropic media

Abstract The general solution to the dislocation problem is considered for anisotropic media which have a plane of elastic symmetry for the plane strain and anti-plane strain deformation cases. The displacement discontinuity function is assumed to satisfy a Holder condition for all points along the dislocation cut. It is shown that the general dislocation problem can be identified with the Hilbert problem, and can effectively be reduced to the customary boundary value problems of plane or antiplane elasticity. The general properties of the solution functions are discussed. The case of a set of Volterra dislocations is given as an illustrative example.
Short term experiments on calanoid-cyclopoid-phytoplankton interactions

To investigate their potential effects on each other in nature, calanoid (Diaptomus clavipes and D. siciloides) and cyclopoid (Acanthocyclops vernalis and Mesocyclops edax) copepod populations were manipulated in 5 liter aquaria in laboratory experiments of 20–60 days duration. Diaptomus generally had a strongly negative effect on both cyclopoid species. The cyclopoids established populations more successfully when introduced to aquaria before calanoids than they did when calanoids were already present. On the other hand, whether introduced earlier or later than the cyclopoids, Diaptomus populations were unaffected by Acanthocyclops and were strongly depressed by Mesocyclops. Diaptomus effects on the phytoplankton were often strong but varied markedly among experiments. They included reduction of populations of edible algae, such as Chlamydomonas, which are essential for both calanoid and cyclopoid nauplii, and large increases in inedible algae, such as Kirchneriella. Feeding experiments revealed that under conditions of food scarcity Acanthocyclops nauplii survived less well than did Diaptomus nauplii. Competition for edible phytoplankton seemed to be a key factor in the calanoid-cyclopoid interactions, since the survival of herbivorous cyclopoid larvae determined the abundance of the predaceous adults. This indicates that the competitive effects of calanoids on cyclopoids often may exceed the predative effects of cyclopoids on calanoids.
Simple formulae for higher-order asymptotic freedom corrections

Abstract We present simple formulae for the next-to-the-leading-order asymptotic freedom corrections to the moments of the non-singlet and the singlet combinations of the deep-inelastic structure functions for electron, muon and neutrino scattering.
Estimation of the content of fat and parenchyma in breast tissue using MRI T1 histograms and phantoms

Mammographic breast density has been correlated with breast cancer risk. Estimation of the volumetric composition of breast tissue using three-dimensional MRI has been proposed, but accuracy depends upon the estimation methods employed. The use of segmentation based on T1 relaxation rates allows quantitative estimates of fat and parenchyma volume, but is limited by partial volume effects. An investigation employing phantom breast tissue composed of various combinations of chicken breast (to represent parenchyma) and cooking fats was carried out to elucidate the factors that influence MRI T1 histograms. Using the phantoms, T1 histograms and their known fat and parenchyma composition, a logistic distribution function was derived to describe the apportioning of the T1 histogram to fat and parenchyma. This function and T1 histograms were then used to predict the fat and parenchyma content of breasts from 14 women. Using this method, the composition of the breast tissue in the study population was as follows: fat 69.9+/-22.9% and parenchyma 30.1+/-22.9%.
Marine bioinorganic materials: mussels pumping iron

The oceans are filled with an amazing variety of biological materials including the glues and cements of mussels, barnacles, tube worms, algae, and starfish. Recent studies on mussel adhesive are providing increasing evidence for a unique mechanism of material generation involving iron-induced protein oxidation and cross-linking chemistry. Insights are also being gathered on many of the other marine creatures producing adhesives. Beyond understanding biology, this growing knowledge is inspiring application development. New classes of biomimetic polymers are poised to provide the next generation of surgical adhesives and orthopedic cements.
Quantifying Multidirectional Sliding Motions in Total Knee Replacements

This manuscript describes a formulaic method to predict the severity of crossing motions experienced by ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) under sliding conditions across a bearing surface. A statistical model for evaluating the distribution of sliding about this orientation is described. This model compares favorably to published experimental data on UHMWPE under multidirectional pin-on-disk testing. These algorithms are applied to the tibial component of a total knee replacement using patient-specific kinematics for gait and stair-rise activities collected using fluoroscopy. A dynamic contact model is used to calculate contact pressures and slip velocities on individual surface elements from this kinematic data. The most significant degree of crossing motion intensity was observed in the lateral compartments for both gait and stair-rise activities. This coincided with the location of maximum tribological intensity. The maximum crossing motions are characteristic of 4 and 9 deg of bidirectional crossing motion for gait and stair, respectively.
Use of amylase isoenzymes in laboratory evaluation of hyperamylasemia

Amylase isoenzyme analysis by agarose gel electrophoresis and lipase concentration by radioimmunoassay were performed in 98 consecutive hyperamylasemic patients. Total pancreatic (P-type) isoamylase was elevated in 89% of patients with clinical evidence of pancreatitis, and in only 11% of those without pancreatitis. Of 43 patients in whom the clinical diagnosis was obscure, 44% demonstrated an increase in pancreatic amylase and three (7%) had an increase in salivary (S-type) amylase. Lipase concentration by radioimmunoassay correlated well with lipase activity (r=+0.69,P<0.05) and was as effective as amylase isoenzymes in distinguishing patients felt likely to have pancreatitis from those who were unlikely. Amylase isoenzymes or serum lipase concentration may be useful tests in the laboratory evaluation of hyperamylasemia when the etiology is obscure.
Regulation of fibroblastic growth factor 23 expression but not degradation by PHEX.

Inactivating mutations of Phex cause X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) by increasing levels of a circulating phosphaturic factor. FGF23 is a candidate for this phosphaturic factor. Elevated serum FGF23 levels correlate with the degree of hypophosphatemia in XLH, suggesting that loss of Phex function in this disorder results in either diminished degradation and/or increased biosynthesis of FGF23. To establish the mechanisms whereby Phex regulates FGF23, we assessed Phex-dependent hydrolysis of recombinant FGF23 in vitro and measured fgf23 message levels in the Hyp mouse homologue of XLH. In COS-7 cells, overexpression of FGF23 resulted in its degradation into N- and C-terminal fragments by an endogenous decanoyl-Arg-Val-Lys-Arg-chloromethyl ketone-sensitive furin-type convertase. Phex-dependent hydrolysis of full-length FGF23 or its N- and C-terminal fragments could not be demonstrated in the presence or absence of decanoyl-Arg-Val-Lys-Arg-chloromethyl ketone in COS-7 cells expressing Phex and FGF23. In a reticulolysate system, apparent cleavage of FGF23 occurred with wild-type Phex, the inactive Phex-3′M mutant, and vector controls, indicating nonspecific metabolism of FGF23 by contaminating enzymes. These findings suggest that FGF23 is not a direct Phex substrate. In contrast, by real-time reverse transcriptase PCR, the levels of fgf23 transcripts were highest in bone, the predominant site of Phex expression. In addition, Hyp mice displayed a bone-restricted increase in fgf23 transcripts in association with inactivating Phex mutations. Increased expression of fgf23 was also observed in Hyp-derived osteoblasts in culture. These findings suggest that Phex, possibly through the actions of unidentified Phex substrates or other downstream effectors, regulates fgf23 expression as part of a potential hormonal axis between bone and kidney that controls systemic phosphate homeostasis and mineralization.
Behavioral economists should make a turn and learn from Keynes and Post Keynesian economics

This paper indicates that Keynes's General Theory provided many examples of actual behavior that differed from that predicted by classical theory—the mainstream economics of Keynes's time. This behavior included herd behavior in financial markets, the use of conventions, decisions made under uncertainty that differ from decisions made under probabilistic risk, and so forth. Recent MRI evidence by neural scientists indicates that different parts of the brain are involved when decisions are made under risk conditions (with probabilities of outcomes known) and uncertainty conditions (where no probabilities of outcomes are known). Keynes was the first behavioral scientist!
The Dance of Siva: Religion, Art and Poetry in South India

List of illustrations Acknowledgements Introduction 1. The Nataraja bronze 2. The Cidambaram myth 3. Temple, priests and ritual 4. The Hall of Consciousness, the Heart of the Universe 5. Saiva Siddhanta and Vedanta 6. The Goddess 7. Bhiksatana 8. Bhairava the Terrible and other forms of Siva 9. Saints, dancing girls, ganas and Apasmara 10. Last words Notes Bibliography Index and glossary.
The propagation of magnetohydrodynamic simple waves

Diese Arbeit beschreibt eine neue Losung fur die Fortpflanzung schneller und langsamer magnetohydrodynamischer einfacher Wellen. Die Untersuchungen enthalten gewisse bekannte gasdynamische Ergebnisse als Spezialfalle.
CASE STUDY OF URBAN CONCRETE PAVEMENT RECONSTRUCTION ON INTERSTATE 10

Many urban concrete pavements in California need to be reconstructed, as they have exceeded their design lives and require frequent maintenance and repair. Information is needed to determine which methodologies for pavement design, materials selection, traffic management, and reconstruction strategies are most suitable to achieve the objectives of California Department of Transportation’s (Caltrans) long-life pavement rehabilitation strategies (LLPRS) program. To develop construction productivity information for several construction windows, a case study was performed on a Caltrans concrete rehabilitation demonstration project near Los Angeles on Interstate-10, where a 20 lane-km was successfully rebuilt using fast-setting hydraulic cement concrete (FSHCC) with one weekend closure for 2.8 lane-km and repeated 7- and 10-h nighttime closures for the remaining distance. The concrete delivery and discharge controlled the overall progress. In terms of the number of slabs replaced per hour, the 55-h weekend closure was 54% faster than the average nighttime closure. An excellent traffic management strategy helped to reduce the volume of traffic during the weekend closure and minimize the traffic delay through the construction zone.
Physical mapping of genetic determinants on yeast mitochondrial DNA affecting the apparent size of the Var 1 polypeptide.

The var1 locus on yeast mitochondria) DNA is defined by a set of alleles that affect the apparent size (Mr 40,000–44,000) of a mitochondria) translation product (var1), a protein of the mitochondria) 38S ribosomal subunit. Using petite deletion and restriction endonuclease site mapping, we have defined the physical location of all var1 alleles to a specific restriction fragment of roughly 2.1 kbp located between the antibiotic resistance loci ery1 and olil. Surprisingly, from base sequence studies of this region by Tzagoloff et al. (1980), it appears that the DNA fragment we have mapped contains little or none of the structural gene for the var1 protein since the fragment is composed primarily of long stretches of dA + dT interspersed with short clusters high in dG + dC. Nevertheless, by a type of complementation test termed zygotic gene rescue (Strausberg and Butow, 1977), we show that with petites retaining that restriction fragment and short flanking sequences, var1 polypeptide characteristic of the strain from which the petite was derived, is expressed in zygotes formed between the petite and a wild-type tester. Thus the ability of the var1 determinant to act in trans suggests that control of expression of different var1 species involves intermolecular interactions, perhaps at the level of RNA splicing. Our results are discussed in terms of several possible models for the organization and control of the var1 structural gene.
Slow Death of a Free Profession

The Scientific Revolution of the twentieth century has been exploited and subverted in our country by the "political-scientific" complex. This complex has discarded our traditional system under which the planning and organizing of productive scientific ventures has been in the hands of responsible professional engineers whose first duty is to serve the best interests of the public. Instead, this complex originates and administers highly sophisticated sciencebased programs, whose open-ended deficit financing is rapidly undermining our American economic system. By this means America is gradually being committed to a system of centralized authority and to the eventual disappearance of human liberty and justice under law. This marks an historic turning point for the world and for all mankind. The scientific term for this process is "technocratic petrification of freedom" which ends in "scientific despotism."
Sepulveda Epilepsy Education: The Efficacy of a Psychoeducational Treatment Program in Treating Medical and Psychosocial Aspects of Epilepsy

The present study evaluated the efficacy of the Sepulveda Epilepsy Education program (SEE), using a controlled outcome design. SEE is a 2-day psychoeducational treatment program designed to provide medical education and psychosocial therapy. Thirty-eight outpatients, matched according to seizure type and frequency, were randomly assigned to treatment (n = 20) or waiting-list control (n = 18) groups. The major outcome measures used were a 50-item true-false test specifically designed to evaluate the SEE program, the Washington Psychosocial Seizure Inventory, the Beck Depression Inventory, Lubin's Depression Adjective Checklist, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, the Acceptance of Disability Scale, and Sherer's Self-Efficacy Scale. Significant differences between the two groups were found on the three major subscales of the 50-item true-false test. The treatment group demonstrated a significant increase in overall understanding of epilepsy, a significant decrease in fear of seizures, and a significant decrease in hazardous medical self-management practices. In addition, an objective measure of blood levels of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) showed the treatment group to have a significant increase in medication compliance.
Antibody-Complement Complexes

Soluble complexes containing the second and fourth compoezents of guinea pig complement, as well as hemolytic rabbit antibody, have been prepared by elution from sheep erythrocytes carrying these factors. These complexes render erythrocytes susceptible to lysis by the other factors of guinea pig complement, without the usual requirements for hemolytic antibody, Ca++, and Mg++.
YouTube, iTunes U and You

A number of incidents occurred over a period of time which prompted me to innovate regarding the delivery of my courses. First, I had begun to teach a course without the use of a textbook. While I ...
A Thermal Model Preprocessor For Graphics And Material Database Generation

The process of developing a physical description of a target for thermal models is a time consuming and tedious task. The problem is one of data collection, data manipulation, and data storage. Information on targets can come from many sources and therefore could be in any form (2-D drawings, 3-D wireframe or solid model representations, etc.). TACOM has developed a preprocessor that decreases the time involved in creating a faceted target representation. This program allows the user to create the graphics for the vehicle and to assign the material properties to the graphics. The vehicle description file is then automatically generated by the preprocessor. By containing all the information in one database, the modeling process is made more accurate and data tracing can be done easily. A bridge to convert other graphics packages (such as BRL-CAD) to a faceted representation is being developed. When the bridge is finished, this preprocessor will be used to manipulate the converted data.
Propagation Of Partially Coherent Radiation Through Atmospheric Turbulence

The average received intensity and the intensity fluctuations in weakly turbulent media are derived for finite-sized sources of arbitrary degree of coherence (both spatial and temporal). Spatial partial coherence is modelled by random shifts and tilts of the source phase. With this simple model of source coherence, we are able to obtain the correct average intensity when the source is coherent, partially coherent and incoherent. The scintillation index as measured by a slow detector is formulated by introducing the temporal as well as spatial effects in the source coherence. Transmitter and frequency averaging effects are shown as special cases of our results.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Recognition and Signaling in DNA Mismatch Repair: MD Studies of MutS Complexes with DNA and ATP

The MutS family of DNA binding proteins has been reported to play a critical role in mismatch repair (MMR). Crystal structures of MutS (Escherichia coli and Thermus aquaticus) as well MSH homologs including human MutSα reveal intricate and complex multi-domain protein structures comprised of greater than 1,500 residues. The DNA binding domain of these proteins recognizes mispaired or unpaired bases. It has been proposed that this recognition event results in the release of a signal that travels from the DNA binding domain to the ATPase site. While much has been learned from previous binding studies of MutS, the contribution of the protein dynamics on MutS complex formation and intraprotein communication events are not fully resolved at the atomic level. In this study, state-of-the-art molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are used to investigate the dynamical processes that occur during the interactions with DNA and ATP substrates. In particular, we are interested in how the DNA mismatch recognition/binding event is signaled, triggering the initiation of DNA repair. The computational challenge represented by the size and complexity of MutS-DNA complexes provides an opportunity to develop MD approaches for large multi-component biological systems.
Levosimendan: Implications for clinicians

Levosimendan is a novel calcium sensitizing agent in development for the treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. The agent increases myocardial force without increasing myocyte calcium concentrations, thus reducing the possibility for myocardial necrosis. In addition, the agent also causes vasodilation of coronary and peripheral vessels to improve coronary blood flow and reduce afterload. The short half-life is a benefit for intravenous administration but could be problematic for the drug's use in chronic heart failure. The risk of the development of arrhythmias from levosimendan appears small secondary to an increase in the QTc interval of 15 msec but needs to be evaluated in light of the ability of levosimendan to open adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-sensitive potassium channels. In addition, the agent has not been studied in patients with additional risks for torsades de pointes. Levosimendan has been shown to have beneficial survival effects in several populations; its use improves patient outcomes relative to the standard of care and has the potential to reduce hospital costs associated with heart failure.
Segmental bone regeneration using a load-bearing biodegradable carrier of bone morphogenetic protein-2.

Segmental defect regeneration has been a clinical challenge. Current tissue-engineering approach using porous biodegradable scaffolds to delivery osteogenic cells and growth factors demonstrated success in facilitating bone regeneration in these cases. However, due to the lack of mechanical property, the porous scaffolds were evaluated in non-load bearing area or were stabilized with stress-shielding devices (bone plate or external fixation). In this paper, we tested a scaffold that does not require a bone plate because it has sufficient biomechanical strength. The tube-shaped scaffolds were manufactured from poly(propylene) fumarate/tricalcium phosphate (PPF/TCP) composites. Dicalcium phosphate dehydrate (DCPD) were used as bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) carrier. Twenty-two scaffolds were implanted in 5 mm segmental defects in rat femurs stabilized with K-wire for 6 and 15 weeks with and without 10 μg of rhBMP-2. Bridging of the segmental defect was evaluated first radiographically and was confirmed by histology and micro-computer tomography (μCT) imaging. The scaffolds in the BMP group maintained the bone length throughout the duration of the study and allow for bridging. The scaffolds in the control group failed to induce bridging and collapsed at 15 weeks. Peripheral computed tomography (pQCT) showed that BMP-2 does not increase the bone mineral density in the callus. Finally, the scaffold in BMP group was found to restore the mechanical property of the rat femur after 15 weeks. Our results demonstrated that the load-bearing BMP-2 scaffold can maintain bone length and allow successfully regeneration in segmental defects.
Unusual diheme conformation of the heme-degrading protein from Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Abstract Heme degradation plays a pivotal role in the availability of the essential nutrient, iron, in pathogenic bacteria. A previously unannotated protein from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Rv3592, which shares homology to heme-degrading enzymes, has been identified. Biochemical analyses confirm that Rv3592, which we have termed MhuD (mycobacterial heme utilization, degrader), is able to bind and degrade heme. Interestingly, contrary to previously reported stoichiometry for the Staphylococcus aureus heme degraders, iron-regulated surface determinant (Isd)G and IsdI, MhuD has the ability to bind heme in a 1:2 protein-to-heme ratio, although the MhuD–diheme complex is inactive. Furthermore, the 1.75-A crystal structure of the MhuD–diheme complex reveals two stacked hemes forming extensive contacts with residues in the active site. In particular, the solvent-exposed heme is axially liganded by His75 and is stacked planar upon the solvent-protected heme. The solvent-protected heme is coordinated by a chloride ion, which is, in turn, stabilized by Asn7. Structural comparison between MhuD–diheme and inactive IsdG and IsdI bound to only one highly distorted metalloporphyrin ring reveals that several residues located in α-helix 2 and the subsequent loop appear to be responsible for heme stoichiometric differences and suggest open and closed conformations for substrate entry and product exit.
Resistance mechanisms of apple shoots to an avirulent strain of Erwinia amylovora

Abstract Avirulent bacteria of Erwinia amylovora were localized within 5 mm from the point of inoculation on Jonathan apple petioles. The failure of the bacteria to translocate from petiole to stem was due to three host defense mechanisms. In the first, bacteria that entered the intercellular spaces of ground tissue were localized by a hypersensitive reaction characterized by degeneration of subcellular organelles in parenchyma cells, which prevented further spread of the bacteria. In the second, bacteria that entered petiolar xylem vessels were prevented from proceeding to and entering the xylem vessels of stem tissue by an agglutination reaction in situ. In the third, avirulent bacteria observed in xylem parenchyma cells were digested within the vacuoles, a phenomenon that seemed analogous to phagocytosis commonly observed in animal cells.
ConfChem Conference on Educating the Next Generation: Green and Sustainable Chemistry—Solar Energy: A Chemistry Course on Sustainability for General Science Education and Quantitative Reasoning

As one approach to incorporating sustainability topics into the chemistry curriculum, a liberal arts course on the chemistry of solar energy is described. This communication summarizes one of the invited papers to the ConfChem online conference Educating the Next Generation: Green and Sustainable Chemistry, held from May 7 to June 30, 2010 and hosted by the ACS DivCHED Committee on Computers in Chemical Education (CCCE).
Safety and Unreasonable Danger as Design Criteria for Engineers: Some Effects of Products Liability Law on Engineering Design:

In this paper, the interrelated concepts of safety and unreasonable danger (as they apply to industry's products) are discussed in the context of their uses in the courts and design offices. It is shown that safety and design can be brought into essential harmony by defining safety in terms of qualities with meaning in the real worlds of both engineering and the courts. A lexicon of terms is introduced; the terms are used routinely in product liability litigation but are virtually unknown to many engineers. Finally, examples are cited of some industrial products whose designs have been changed as a result of their having been involved in product liability suits. The sense of the conclusions given in the paper can probably be extended, without significant change, to other industrial products.
Effects of oral versus transdermal estrogen on the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor I axis in younger and older postmenopausal women: a clinical research center study.

To compare the effects of oral vs. transdermal estrogens on GH secretion and levels of circulating insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and IGF-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) in younger vs. older postmenopausal women, we conducted a placebo-controlled, cross-over trial of 6 weeks of oral conjugated estrogen (1.25 mg daily) or transdermal estradiol (100 micrograms/day) administered in random order and separated by an 8-week, treatment-free interval. Sixteen healthy postmenopausal women, ages 49-75 yr, were studied on an NIH-funded General Clinical Research Center grant. Data were analyzed for the combined group as well as in the younger ( 62 yr, n = 8). Spontaneous GH secretion, as assessed by 12-h overnight blood sampling at 20-min intervals; GH responsiveness to i.v. bolus injection of GHRH; and levels of serum IGF-I and IGFBP-3, before and after GHRH stimulation, were measured at enrollment and after 6 weeks of each estrogen treatment. Before estrogen treatment, spontaneous nocturnal GH secretion and morning IGF-I levels tended to be lower, IGFBP-3 levels did not differ, and GHRH-stimulated GH levels were significantly reduced in older vs. younger postmenopausal women. Oral estrogens increased spontaneous GH secretion, decreased serum IGF-I levels, and did not alter IGFBP-3 levels, whereas transdermal estrogens did not alter nocturnal GH secretion or morning IGF-I levels and decreased IGFBP-3 levels only in the older women. GHRH-stimulated GH levels were similar before and after oral or transdermal estrogen treatment. In contrast, after, GHRH administration, IGF-I levels were decreased only with oral estrogens, whereas IGFBP-3 levels were decreased with both oral (younger women only) and transdermal (younger and older women) estrogens. We conclude that, in postmenopausal women, oral and transdermal estrogens exert differing effects on the GH/IGF-I axis, but neither form of estrogen completely reverses the known age-related reductions in spontaneous or GHRH-stimulated GH and IGF-I.
Atmospheric Chemistry and Global Change

Atmospheric Chemistry and Global Change is the result of the collective efforts of scientists at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) to provide a comprehensive textbook for students at the graduate level and a reference book for teachers and scientists.There are 16 chapters, each authored by two or more NCAR scientists with contributions from many others, followed by a 2-page essay by a non- NCAR scientist reflecting on the subject matter. The book succeeds well beyond what one might expect from such a large group effort, with several chapters being true gems. For example, one is accustomed to reading chapters on dynamics and transport either written for dynamicists, thus incomprehensible to chemists, or simplified treatments or summaries written by chemists and lacking in real substance. Here the long chapter by Rolando Garcia et al. is outstanding in its clarity, completeness, and careful attention to both transport and the underlying principles and phenomena of geophysical fluid dynamics. It's not for the faint of heart (there are 162 equations and 32 figures), but the reader's effort is handsomely rewarded.
Peripheral neuropathy in cold agglutinin disease

Cold agglutinin disease (CAD) characteristically presents as anemia and cold-induced rash. We report a man with purpura, anemia, cold agglutinins, and a sensory-autonomic polyneuropathy. Treatment with corticosteroids and plasma exchange resulted in resolution of the anemia and polyneuropathy. We propose that CAD may be associated with a reversible sensory-autonomic neuropathy in the absence of cryoglobulinemia. Although unsupported by pathologic findings, pathogenetic hypotheses for the neuropathy in CAD are similar to those proposed for cryoglobulinemic neuropathy.
Valuing deer hunting ecosystem services from farm landscapes

Agricultural land provides a wide variety ecosystem services to individuals. These agroecosystem services include wildlife and biodiversity, which in turn support recreational opportunities such as hunting and wildlife viewing. Using the random utility travel cost model, we provide an estimate to illustrate the potential value of the white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) provisioning and recreational services provided by these ecosystems to deer hunters, as well as the value of providing deer hunters public access to a percentage of agricultural land.
Experimental Investigation of Effects of Coatings on Quartz Growth: ABSTRACT

Observations made on sandstones indicate that in many places coatings on quartz grains may have inhibited the development of secondary quartz. Experimental data substantiate these observations in that thin synthetic coatings of muscovite, chlorite, kaolinite, and illite inhibit the development of synthetic secondary quartz. Basal plates of quartz were coated with these materials and placed in the growth zone of hydrothermal reactors at temperatures ranging from 300°C. to 330°C. and pressures from 6,000 psi. to 10,000 psi. Solutions of 0.03M K2CO3 were used as the solvent. The precise effects of calcium carbonate and iron oxide coatings could not be determined because these materials altered to calcium silicate and iron silicate. However, thin coatings of these silicates were effective in restricting the formation of secondary quartz. Quartz grains naturally coated with clay minerals and iron oxide also showed practically no growth; whereas clean sands became highly cemented under the same experimental growth conditions. If the various mechanisms for the formation of coatings are understood and environmental conditions of deposition are known, then it may be possible to predict the location of zones in which considerable porosity would be preserved by grain coatings which restricted the development of secondary quartz. End_of_Article - Last_Page 457------------
Inspiratory muscle training protocol using a pressure threshold device: Effect on dyspnea in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the ability of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) to accomplish 6 weeks of inspiratory muscle training (IMT) using a pressure threshold device, and to observe how the training affected inspiratory muscle strength and dyspnea. Design: Pilot study comparing baseline values with posttest values. Subjects: Four adults with severe COPD (the mean of the forced expiratory volume in 1 second [FEV 1 ] was 28% of predicted value). Methods: Daily IMT sessions of 5 to 30 minutes' duration and weekly training load increments of −2 to −4cmH 2 O over a 6-week period with the training device at loads of >30% of baseline maximal inspiratory pressure (PI max ). Outcome Measures: Dyspnea measures were Mahler's Baseline and Transition Dyspnea Index and the Borg categoryratio scale administered during a submaximal exercise protocol. Results: All subjects tolerated the training load, improved their inspiratory muscle strength, and reported reduced dyspnea. Conclusion: Using a constant-load pressure threshold device to attain loads of >30% of the patient's baseline PI max is a feasible way to accomplish inspiratory muscle training in adults with severe COPD.
Illusions of Grandeur and Reform at the Jacobean Court: Cranfield and the Ordnance *

Several administrative reforms in the reign of James I are commonly associated with the name of Lionel Cranfield. One such reform is supposed to have occurred in the ordnance office in I620, though curiously little is known about it. The two principal accounts of the ordnance project are contained in the well-known studies of Cranfield by R. H. Tawney and Menna Prestwich.' From these two accounts it is possible to glean only a few apparent facts; and these can be stated briefly as follows. The ordnance project is alleged to have been carried out by a special commission appointed in November of i6i8 or I6I9. Although several officers of the ordnance were included on this commission, they apparently offered no resistance to the reform of their own office. And, finally, the recommendations of the commission are assumed to have been implemented with the result that in i62i King James was able to report to parliament that ordnance expenditure had been reduced from ?34,000 to ?14,0o0 annually.2 The first objective of the present article is to show that all of these assumptions about the ordnance reform of 1620 are mistaken. The second objective is to provide a new account of the ordnance project that is more consistent with the existing evidence. A final objective is to shed new light on the career and impeachment of Lionel Cranfield. Cranfield's career lends itself quite naturally to heroic narrative. His attempt to stave off financial disaster by reforming many departments, including the household, navy, and wardrobe, has the appearance of a Herculean undertaking. Moreover, he seems to have made astounding progress at first only to be defeated in the end 'by
Polypeptide components of wound tumor virus.

Abstract Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the solubilized proteins of the wild-type wound tumor virus, purified from three different sources, plant, insect, and monolayer cultures of vector cells, showed the virus to be composed of seven structural polypeptides, three major and four minor. The molecular weights of these were calculated to be 160,000, 131,000, 118,000, 96,000, 58,000, 36,000, and 35,000 daltons. An outer protein layer surrounding the capsid was evident from the electron micrographs of intact virus particles. Electron microscopy and polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis of chymotrypsin-treated virus indicated that this outer protein layer was composed of the 131,000 and 96,000 dalton polypeptides, these components having been removed by the enzyme treatment. An inner core which resulted from the shearing effect of centrifugation of the virus through a cesium chloride gradient was found to contain the 160,000, 118,000, and 58,000 polypeptides. The requirement of some of the structural proteins for viral infectivity is discussed.
Convergent popular associations in a word-association task

Pairs of stimulus words, each of which alone elicited a particular word as a popular response, were presented as compound stimuli in a discrete word-association test. Response frequencies for the compounds did not differ significantly from those of the single stimuli which alone had elicited the response most strongly. Number of different responses for the compounds did not differ significantly from that for the single stimuli which alone had elicited fewest different reponses. It was concluded that, in the compound-stimulus word-association situation, there is at present no firm evidence supporting the hypothetical process of the convergence of associative response strengths.
Transmembrane domain V plays a stabilizing role in the function of human bile acid transporter SLC10A2.

The human apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (hASBT, SLC10A2), primarily expressed in the ileum, is involved in both the recycling of bile acids and cholesterol homeostasis. In this study, the structure–function relationship of transmembrane domain 5 (TM5) residues involved in transport is elucidated. Cysteine scanning mutagenesis of each consecutive residue on TM5 resulted in 96% of mutants having a significantly decreased transport activity, although each was expressed at the cell surface. Specifically, G197 and I208 were no longer functional, and G201 and G212 functioned at a level of <10% upon cysteine mutation. Interestingly, each of these exists along one face of the helix. Studies suggest that neither G201 nor G212 is on the substrate pathway. Conservative alanine mutations of the four residues displayed a higher activity in all but G197A, indicating its functional importance. G197 and G201 form a GxxxG motif, which has been found to be important in helix–helix interactions. According to...
Alzheimer disease: Insulin resistance and AD--extending the translational path.

Two recent studies have carefully characterized amyloid-related brain insulin resistance in animal models of, and patients with, Alzheimer disease (AD). The researchers show that exendin-4, a glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist, ameliorates pathology and symptoms in a mouse model of AD, suggesting a novel therapeutic approach to this disease.
Nonsense codons and polarity in the tryptophan operon.

Abstract Amber and ochre mutants and mutants with cross-reacting material for all five genes of the tryptophan operon have been isolated and characterized. Co-ordinate enzyme formation was examined under repression conditions with a repressordeficient stock of each mutant. It was found that alterations resulting in the production of cross-reacting material had little or no effect on relative rates of synthesis of tryptophan enzymes, whereas amber and ochre nonsense alterations invariably had polar effects—they reduced the relative rates of synthesis of all proteins specified by genes in the operon more distal from the operator region than the gene with the nonsense mutation. Nonsense alterations on the side of a gene close to the operator region had a more pronounced effect on the synthesis of proteins specified by more distal genes in the operon than alterations near the other end of the gene. Amber and ochre alterations had equivalent effects on enzyme formation. Represser-deficient stocks were prepared with nonsense alterations in two different genes in the operon. Each nonsense alteration acted independently in reducing the relative rate of synthesis of the protein specified by the last gene of the operon. Repressor-deficient stocks with two nonsense alterations in the same gene behaved in co-ordinate enzyme production studies as if only one nonsense alteration were present. Suppressor genes relieved the polar effect, approximately to the same extent as they permitted synthesis of the protein specified by the gene with the nonsense alteration. Under de-repression conditions, nonsense alterations in the first gene of the operon had the most profound effect on enzyme formation. An interpretation of these findings is presented which suggests that ribosomes can only become attached at the operator end of the polycistronic tryptophan messenger and that ribosomes leave the messenger in regions between an introduced nonsense codonand the start of the next message. Polarity would result from the reduction of the number of active ribosomes on the messenger following the encounter with the nonsense codon and the subsequent untranslatable region.
Experimental diabetes mellitus in a teleost fish. I. Effect of complete isletectomy and subsequent hormonal treatment on metabolism in the goby, Gillichthys mirabilis.

The anatomical feature of a single pancreatic endocrine (islet) organ devoid of exocrine tissues and separated from other vital organs in the goby, Gillichthys mirabilis, allowed a relatively simple surgical isletectomy to be performed. Isletectomized (Ix) fish were then evaluated to determine whether the lack of islet hormones would cause the development of symptoms of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) in a teleost fish. Isletectomy resulted in several symptoms typical of untreated IDDM in mammals. Plasma glucose was 3.5-fold higher in Ix animals (approximately 23 mmol/liter) than in intact and sham-Ix controls (6-7 mmol/liter), while urinary glucose was increased from less than 4 mmol/liter in controls to greater than 40 mmol/liter in Ix animals. Isletectomy also resulted in a significant elevation of plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate (from 0.7-0.8 to 1.0 mmol/liter). The severity of the metabolite imbalances was directly correlated with the degree of food consumption in Ix individuals, suggesting a ...
Modeling of expansive cements

Abstract A model is presented to explain the mechanism and kinetics of expansion process in expansive cements. It is shown that expansion time is inversely proportional to the fineness of the expansive component and directly proportional to the amount of sulfate used.
Actions of CCK in the controls of food intake and body weight: Lessons from the CCK-A receptor deficient OLETF rat

The OLETF rat, lacking CCK-A receptors, provides an important model for identifying roles for CCK in the controls of food intake and body weight. OLETF rats are obese and diabetic and express deficits in the control of the size of individual meals. Meal size in OLETF rats is doubled and although meal number is decreased, the decrease is not sufficient to prevent hyperphagia. Analyses of patterns of hypothalamic gene expression in OLETF rats indicate the presence of a primary deficit in DMH NPY signaling. These data suggest an important role for CCK in controlling NPY expression in a population of non-leptin regulated hypothalamic neurons. In the absence of this control, NPY is overexpressed, contributing to hyperphagia and obesity. Thus, the obesity in the OLETF rats may be the outcome of two regulatory disruptions, one depending upon a peripheral within meal satiety pathway and the other depending upon a central pathway critical to overall energy balance.
Source-and-drain series resistance of LDD MOSFET's

The introduction of n- regions makes an LDD MOSFET behave differently from a conventional MOSFET. The source-and-drain series resistance, which consists of the n+-and-n-regions, shows a strong dependence on the gate bias. Also, the apparent effective length can vary with gate bias. These special features cause the traditional method to determine effective channel length and series resistance inapplicable. In this letter, we propose a method to determine the "intrinsic" channel length and gate-voltage-dependent source-and-drain series resistance of an LDD MOSFET and a modal for the LDD device current at small drain-source voltage.
PlantCare: An Investigation in Practical Ubiquitous Systems

Ubiquitous computing is finally becoming a reality. However, there are many practical issues that stand in the way of mass acceptance. We have been investigating these practical concerns within the context of an autonomous application that takes care of houseplants using a sensor network and a mobile robot. We believe that emphasizing autonomy and thereby minimizing demands on users will help us address the many practical concerns that will arise not only in PlantCare but also in many other ubiquitous applications. In this paper, we discuss the technical challenges that we have encountered while trying to make PlantCare a reality and report on our experience in addressing these challenges.
An enhancer variant of Moloney murine leukemia virus defective in leukemogenesis does not generate detectable mink cell focus-inducing virus in vivo.

Abstract Moloney murine leukemia virus (Mo-MuLV) induces T-cell lymphoma when inoculated into neonatal mice. This is a multistep process. Early events observed in infected mice include generalized hematopoietic hyperplasia in the spleen and appearance of mink cell focus-inducing (MCF) recombinants; end-stage tumors are characterized by insertional proviral activation of protooncogenes. We previously showed that an Mo-MuLV enhancer variant, Mo+PyF101 Mo-MuLV, has greatly reduced leukemogenicity and is deficient in induction of preleukemic hyperplasia. In this report, we have examined Mo+PyF101 Mo-MuLV-inoculated mice for the presence of MCF recombinants. In contrast to wild-type Mo-MuLV-inoculated mice, Mo+PyF101 Mo-MuLV-inoculated mice did not generate detectable MCF recombinants. This failure was at least partly due to an inability of the MCF virus to propagate in vivo, since a molecularly cloned infectious Mo+PyF101 MCF virus did not replicate, even when inoculated as a Mo+PyF101 Mo-MuLV pseudotype. These results show that the leukemogenic defect of Mo+PyF101 Mo-MuLV is associated with its inability to generate MCF recombinants capable of replication in vivo. This, in turn, is consistent with the view that MCF recombinants play a significant role in Mo-MuLV-induced disease and, in particular, may play a role early in the disease process.
Component Interactions for Efficacy of Functional Foods

The study of functional foods appears to hold the promise of improved quality of life, particularly for older persons who fight chronic disease. Many laboratories are studying the mechanisms of action of individual bioactive food components; but, relatively few studies are concerned with the interaction of the many components found in a single food or with a comparison between effects of the putative major bioactive component and the whole food. This overview is an introduction to the papers that follow, which were given as a symposium at the 2004 Experimental Biology meetings and which address the interactive effects of bioactive food components, particularly those in soy, broccoli, berries, and tomatoes. However, conclusions to be drawn go further than these 4 foods. The studies act as examples, identifying needed areas of focus in the study of functional foods and specifically the need for research into functional foods to encompass 3 areas of study: strength in chemical analysis, mechanistic studies carried out in cell culture, and animal studies comparing effects of dietary exposure to purified components and whole foods. Together, data from these 3 areas can give the solid scientific basis needed, so that clinical studies can be properly planned and executed.