cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
International Summit on Cement Hydration Kinetics and Modeling Special Edition Québec City, July 27, 28 and 29, 2009

Abstract The performance of portland cement concrete relies upon a series of complex events that begin with raw minerals and end many years after the concrete is placed. Between these points, the life of this dynamic material is dominated by chemical reactions called hydration. While much is known about hydration, unfortunately, there is no unifying theory that describes the kinetics (rates) of these complex transformations from anhydrous cement to hydrous cement paste. Other industries including metalugy, petrochemicals, pharmaceuticals and semiconductors have asserted process control by developing a fundamental, mechanistic understanding of the kinetics of the chemical reactions and phase transformations that define their products. Might the concrete industry be moving along a similar trajectory?
Good teaching inputs do not correspond to desired responses in ecological neural networks

In this paper we analyze how supervised learning occurs in ecological neural networks, i.e. networks that interact with an autonomous external environment and, therefore, at least partially determine with their behavior their own input. Using an evolutionary method for selecting good teaching inputs we surprisingly find that to obtain a desired outputX it is better to use a teaching input different fromX. To explain this fact we claim that teaching inputs in ecological networks have two different effects: (a) to reduce the discrepancy between the actual output of the network and the teaching input, (b) to modify the network's behavior and, as a consequence, the network's learning experiences. Evolved teaching inputs appear to represent a compromise between these two needs. We finally show that evolved teaching inputs that are allowed to change during the learning process function differently at different stages of learning, first giving more weight to (b) and, later on, to (a).
Learning methods in space technology

To begin, we must agree on what we mean by a learning system and a learning control system. A system is called learning if the information pertaining to the unknown features of a process or its environment is acquired by the system, and the obtained experience is used for future estimation, recognition, classification, decision or control such that the performance of the system will be improved. A learning system is called a learning control system if the acquired information is used to control a process with unknown features (these standardized definitions are taken from Reference 1). The attribute of "learning" that is associated with learning systems, derives from psychological learning theories, especially reinforcement learning theories.
Percutaneous ct-guided biopsy of adrenal masses: Immediate and delayed complications

Objective To determine the immediate and delayed complications of percutaneous adrenal biopsy and any relationship between biopsy methods and complications. Materials and methods Medical records and radiological examinations of 83 percutaneous adrenal biopsy were reviewed. Indication for biopsy, inpatient/outpatient status, lesion size and location, imaging modality used, needle type, size, approach and number of passes, biopsy results, immediate complications, and delayed complications were recorded. Results Computed tomography was used in 79 cases (95%) and ultrasound in 4 (5%). The biopsy approach was posterior in 37 cases, transhepatic in 33, transpancreatic in 9, anterior in 2, transsplenic in 1, and lateral in 1. The total complication rate was 8.4% and was slightly higher for the transhepatic approach (12%) than the posterior approach (8%). Seven complications occurred: two pneumothoraces, two pain, one perinephric hemorrhage, one subcapsular and intrahepatic hematoma, and one hepatic needle-tract metastasis. The posterior approach was complicated by the two pneumothoraces and perinephric blood; the transhepatic was used in the other four. Five of the complications occurred with 22 gauge needles. Conclusion Percutaneous adrenal biopsy is a safe procedure. Complications occurred in 7 of our patients (8.4%).
D.C. polarography: On the theory for the current-potential profile with an ECE mechanism

Summary The theory for the d.c. polarographic current-potential profile with an ECE mechanism accompanied by nernstian behavior is examined. It is shown that a solution expressible in terms of the Matsuda-Ayabe ψ(ξ) function or the Koutecky F(χ) function is obtained readily with the aid of the expanding plane electrode model and the Koutecky steady-state approximation. Predicted effects of the chemical reaction rate on the shape of the polarograms are discussed. Good agreement is found between limiting currents calculated on the basis of the steady-state approximation and more rigorous numerical calculations for kt >1.
Experimental assessment of gull predation on the Jonah crab Cancer borealis (Stimpson) in New England rocky intertidal and shallow subtidal zones

Predation by the Herring Gull Larus argentatus (Coues) and the Great Black-backed Gull Larus marinus (Linnaeus) on adult Jonah crabs Cancer borealis (Stimpson) was examined using exclusion cages at two rocky-shore sites on the coast of New Hampshire, USA. During the summer of 1990, crabs were tethered in exclusion and control replicates ,and survival monitored over two daytime low tides. Exclusion of gulls significantly enhanced crab survival, especially in lower tidal zones, and survival was higher overall during spring tides. The use of algal and crevice refuges significantly enhanced survival of crabs, especially at one site. Gulls may significantly depress densities of crabs in tidal zones accessible to them, limit the upper distribution of subtidal invertebrate species and influence the organization of intertidal communities.
Pediatric pain, tools and assessment

Inadequate pain assessment in children may lead to an underestimation of pain, and consequently, undertreatment in this population. This article provides an overview of pain assessment and describes specific measurement tools that can be used with infants, children, and adolescents. Nationally published practice guidelines and standards recommend pain assessment at regular intervals with age-appropriate tools. Pain assessment must be integrated into perianesthesia nursing practice, and nurses must develop competency in the assessment and treatment of pain in children. © 2000 by American Society of PeriAnesthesia Nurses.
Convenient syntheses of [RuCl(CO)2(Cp)] and [OsCl(CO)2(Cp)]

Abstract [RuCl(CO) 2 (Cp)] ( 1 ) is obtained in two simple steps from [RuCl 3 (H 2 O) x ]. [RuCl 2 (CO) 3 ] 2 , produced by refluxing [RuCl 3 (H 2 O) x ] in hydrochloric and formic acids, reacts cleanly with [SiMe 3 (C 5 H 5 )] to give [RuCl(CO) 2 (Cp)] ( 1 ) in 74% overall yield from [RuCl 3 (H 2 O) x ]. [OsCl(CO) 2 (Cp)] ( 2 ) is similarly obtained in four steps from [OsO 4 ]. Known conversion Of [OsO 4 ] to [NH 4 ] 2 [OsCl 6 ], reduction to [OsCl 3 ] and carbonylation to [OsCl 2 (CO) 3 ] 2 in a tube furnace, and finally reaction with [SiMe 3 (C 5 H 5 )] give [OsCl(CO) 2 (Cp)] ( 2 ) in 26% overall yield from [OsO 4 ]. These preparations are a significant improvement over previous published methods, avoiding the intermediacy of [M 3 (CO) 12 ].
Influence of Bradyrhizobium japonicum strain and far-red/red canopy light ratios on nodulation of soybean

Dinitrogen fixation, an important aspect of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] production, is affected by many environmental factors. Nodulation can be altered, for example, by changes in the ratio of far-red to red (FR/R) canopy light. The influence of canopy light spectral balance on the nodulation of «Coker 368» soybean when inoculated with different strains of Bradyrhizobium japonicum was evaluated in field and growth chamber studies. Soybean seedlings were inoculated with USDA 110(110) or Brazil 587(587) and grown in 10-cm diameter pipes that were filled with vermiculite and inserted at 1.0-m intervals in seedling soybean rows that were oriented north-south (N/S) or east-west (E/W) on a Norfolk loamy sand (fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Typic Kandiudult). The FR/R ratios of canopy light (relative to the ratio in incoming sunlight, which was assigned a value of 1.00), were 1.38 for N/S- and 1.26 for E/W-oriented rows. Row orientation significantly affected nodulation when 110 was the inoculum but not when 587 was the inoculum. Nodule biomass of 110-inoculated seedlings was 48 % higher with E/W than with N/S row orientation. In the growth chamber study, soybean seedlings were inoculated with 110 or 587, and their shoots received high or low FR/R ratios at the end of each day. Nodulation was significantly affected by the FR/R ratio of canopy light when the inoculant was 110 but not when the inoculant was 587. Soybean seedlings that received the low FR/R ratio and were inoculated with 110 had 53 % greater nodulation; the FR/R effects on nodulation were not statistically significant when the seedlings were inoculated with 587. These results show that even small changes in the FR/R ratio of canopy light can affect soybean nodulation in both field and controlled environments. They also show that this effect can be enhanced or diminished by B. japonicum strain
Outcomes of the First 527 Births at The Birthplace in Seattle

: The Birthplace nurse-midwifery staffing, practice, cost, and outcomes are described. Of 527 women having initial prenatal visits 8 were referred for obstetrician care; 78 moved or dropped out; and 56 were referred to obstetricians later in pregnancy (among them 17 for spontaneous abortions and 10 for breech presentation, 5 for twins, and 6 for pre-eclampsia). Of 385 women cared for at The Birthplace through the onset of labor, 82 were transported to hospitals during labor, most for failure to progress before and after rupture of membranes and prolonged second stage. Of 303 women delivered at The Birthplace, the following are discussed: the status of labor at admission, durations of stages of labor, incidence of episiotomies and lacerations, medication use, indications for 82 maternal intrapartum transports, mode of delivery of transports, indications for 11 postpartum maternal and 10 neonatal transports, and their outcomes.
“Specific binding” of 3H-phencyclidine: Artifacts of the rapid filtration method

Abstract Attempting to understand the nature of the specific binding of [ 3 H]-phencyclidine ( 3 H-PCP) to rat brain membranes, demonstrated recently with the rapid filtration method (I: Vincent et al., PNAS 76: 4678, 1979; II: Zukin and Zukin, ibid., 5372), we found that 3 H-PCP binds to GF/B glass fiber filters in a manner indistinguishable from “specific binding”. The apparent Kd for this binding is 0.24±0.12 μM, not significantly different from the values in I and II. Binding of 3 H-PCP to the P 2 fraction of rat brain membranes is not affected by denaturing the tissues in boiling water. The apparent Kd and Bmax values are nearly the same for the native and denatured P 2 fractions. The definition of pharmacologically meaningful binding sites for 3 H-PCP by the rapid filtration method is further hampered by the fast dissociation rate of bound 3 H-PCP, as expected from the relatively large Kd. The amount bound is sensitive to the separation (washing) procedure: two volumes of 5ml reduce specific binding to native tissue by 60%, four volumes reduce it by 80%. We show that these characteristics of 3 H-PCP binding to both GF/B filters and denatured tissue are not shared by other radioligands, such as 3 H-D-lysergic acid diethylamide ( 3 H-D-LSD) and 3 H-(±)3-quinuclidinyl benzylate ( 3 H-QNB). The very large filter binding of 3 H-PCP is shown to be the reason for spurious differences in the density of PCP binding sites in various brain regions: we find that the amount of 3 H-PCP bound per assay is equal in each of the ten brain regions studied but that, due to differing amounts of protein in assays from different re-regions, an apparent regional distribution of binding sites is obtained when the results are normalized to binding per mg protein. The competition of other ligands for 3 H-PCP binding to all three materials-— glass fiber filters, native and denatured P 2 fraction — yields nearly identical IC50 values and potency rankings. These values are in good agreement with I and II indicating in that this case the pharmacological identity criterion does not discriminate between receptor and nonreceptor interactions. We conclude that the artifacts created in this case by the rapid filtration method render it unsuitable for labeling the pharmacologically relevant binding sites of 3 H-PCP. If specific PCP receptors exist, as claimed in I and II, methods other than rapid filtration must be used to reveal them.
Laser speckle MTF processing and test development for VIS and IR sensors

Using band-limited LASER speckle to measure the Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) of an image sensor offers simplified procedure and inexpensive laboratory set up compared with the traditional method of using a knife edge on the sensor imaging plane. This speckle technique has been previously demonstrated by Glen Boreman's group on devices in the visible range. We have extended the procedure to short-wave infrared (IR) sensor at 1.55 micron. Similar measurements were also made at 532 nanometer on a commercial visible (VIS) sensor. The experiments show that the LASER speckle method to be accurate when compared to knife-edge measurements for data below Nyquist. The measured MTF data support optical system design and image quality modeling for both VIS and IR sensing applications.
Efficient detection of single molecules eluting off an optically trapped microsphere

We demonstrate efficient detection of single fluorescent molecules eluting off a polystyrene microsphere optically trapped in a flowing sheath stream. A 1μm diameter analyte doped microsphere was positioned ∼20 μm upstream of a 16 μm diameter probe laser without significant degradation of the detection signal-to-noise ratio due to scattered laser light and fluorescence from the microsphere. In comparison to more standard capillary sample introduction, the microsphere causes only small perturbations to the sheath fluid flow. The small diameter of the analyte stream eluting from the microsphere results in a greater than 90% detection efficiency for single rhodamine-6G molecules, limited primarily by the photostability of the dye.
Alienation: the Secondary School At Risk

A widespread sense of alienation has affected the school and its function, goals, and activities, says this writer, who looks at what he sees as the changing mission of the school in today's society.
Symptoms of depression and cognitive functioning in older American Indians

Depression and lower cognitive functioning are common conditions in older populations. While links between psychopathology and neuropsychological performance have been studied in the white majority population, little is known about such links in the American Indian population. American Indians aged 60 and older (n = 140) completed structured interviews that included a depression screener and two cognitive screening measures, the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale (MDRS). Participants had mean values of 26.7/30 on the MMSE and 125.8/144 on the MDRS. The depression screen was not associated with the MMSE or MDRS total scores. However, older American Indians who screened positive for depression scored lower than did those American Indians who screened negatively for depression (27.7 versus 29.8 respectively) on the MDRS conceptualization subscale after adjusting for sociodemographic and health variables. The combined effects of psychopathology and cognitive impairment a...
Elevated basal levels of cardiovascular responses in Vietnam veterans with PTSD: A health problem in the making?

Abstract Studies of the psychophysiological responding of Vietnam veterans with PTSD are reviewed with particular attention to consistent baseline differences in heart rate and blood pressure. Clinical and research implications of these results are drawn.
Determination of optical properties by interstitial white light spectroscopy using a custom fiber optic probe

We demonstrate interstitial recovery of absorption and scattering coefficients using a custom optical probe and a Monte Carlo (MC)–based recovery algorithm. The probe consists of six side-firing spectroscopy fibers contained in a 1.1-mm outer diameter cladding, with each fiber having a different axial and angular position on the probe. Broadband white light is delivered by one of the fibers and is detected steady-state by the remaining fibers. These spatially and spectrally resolved data are analyzed using a MC-based fitting algorithm in order to extract the local optical properties. The technique was verified in tissue-simulating phantoms consisting of Intralipid-20% as a scatterer and either manganese meso-tetra (4-sulfanatophenyl) porphine or intact human erythrocytes as an absorber. Absorption coefficients were recovered with a mean error of 9% and scattering coefficients were recovered with a mean error of 19%, whereas the hemoglobin oxygen saturation was recovered with a mean error of 12%. These results demonstrate the feasibility of optical property recovery for situations in which surface-contact spectroscopy is not a possibility, and where only a single probe can be inserted into the tissue.
Isolation of Hydroxylysinonorleucine and its Lactone from Reconstituted Collagen Fibrils

Summary Chromatographic fractionation of acid hydrolysates of N aBH4-reduced reconstituded collagen fibrils was carried out. Two compounds were isolated and shown to be hydroxylysinonorleucine and its lactone. The lactone underwent dehydration under certain circumstances yielding two new compounds which by mass spectrometry were both found to be Δ3,4-dehydrolysinonorleucine. The two compounds are probably the cis, trans isomers of Δ3,4-dehydrolysinonorleucine.
Trophic Transfer Efficiency of Methylmercury and Inorganic Mercury to Lake Trout Salvelinus namaycush from Its Prey

Based on a laboratory experiment, we estimated the net trophic transfer efficiency of methylmercury to lake trout Salvelinus namaycush from its prey to be equal to 76.6 %. Under the assumption that gross trophic transfer efficiency of methylmercury to lake trout from its prey was equal to 80 %, we estimated that the rate at which lake trout eliminated methylmercury was 0.000244 day−1. Our laboratory estimate of methylmercury elimination rate was 5.5 times lower than the value predicted by a published regression equation developed from estimates of methylmercury elimination rates for fish available from the literature. Thus, our results, in conjunction with other recent findings, suggested that methylmercury elimination rates for fish have been overestimated in previous studies. In addition, based on our laboratory experiment, we estimated that the net trophic transfer efficiency of inorganic mercury to lake trout from its prey was 63.5 %. The lower net trophic transfer efficiency for inorganic mercury compared with that for methylmercury was partly attributable to the greater elimination rate for inorganic mercury. We also found that the efficiency with which lake trout retained either methylmercury or inorganic mercury from their food did not appear to be significantly affected by the degree of their swimming activity.
Squid, Cup, and PABP55B function together to regulate gurken translation in Drosophila

During Drosophila melanogaster oogenesis, the proper localization of gurken (grk) mRNA and protein is required for the establishment of the dorsal-ventral axis of the egg and future embryo. Squid (Sqd) is an RNA-binding protein that is required for the correct localization and translational regulation of the grk message. We show that Cup and polyA-binding protein (PABP) interact physically with Sqd and with each other in ovaries. We show that cup mutants lay dorsalized eggs, enhance dorsalization of weak sqd alleles, and display defects in grk mRNA localization and Grk protein accumulation. In contrast, pAbp mutants lay ventralized eggs and enhance grk haploinsufficiency. PABP also interacts genetically and biochemically with Encore. These data predict a model in which Cup and Sqd mediate translational repression of unlocalized grk mRNA, and PABP and Enc facilitate translational activation of the message once it is fully localized to the dorsal-anterior region of the oocyte. These data also provide the first evidence of a link between the complex of commonly used trans-acting factors and Enc, a factor that is required for grk translation.
Biosynthesis of N-acetyl dopamine by the American cockroach.

Abstract Tyrosine is transaminated to para-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid, decarboxylated to para-hydroxyphenethylamine (tyramine), and hydroxylated to dihydroxyphenylalanine (dopa) by crude homogenates of freshly ecdysed American cockroaches. Dopa is further decarboxylated to dihydroxyphenethylamine (dopamine) which is subsequently acetylated to N-acetyldopamine. Tyramine is acetylated to N-acetyltyramine, and these two N-acetyl derivatives are postulated to be the precursors of the sclerotization quinones. The addition of purified bursicon preparations to each of the reaction mixtures fails to accelerate or inhibit. This suggests that cockroach bursicon does not exert a direct effect on the synthesis of the two N-acetyl derivatives.
Liquid-crystal tunable filter spectral imaging for brain tumor demarcation

Past studies have demonstrated that combined fluorescence and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy can successfully discriminate between normal, tumor core, and tumor margin tissues in the brain. To achieve efficient, real-time surgical resection guidance with optical biopsy, probe-based spectroscopy must be extended to spectral imaging to spatially demarcate the tumor margins. We describe the design and characterization of a combined fluorescence and diffuse reflectance imaging system that uses liquid-crystal tunable filter technology. Experiments were conducted to quantitatively determine the linearity, field of view, spatial and spectral resolution, and wavelength sensitivity of the imaging system. Spectral images were acquired from tissue phantoms, mouse brain in vitro, and human cortex in vivo for functional testing of the system. The spectral imaging system produces measured intensities that are linear with sample emission intensity and integration time and possesses a 1 in. (2.54 cm) field of view for a 7 in. (18 cm) object distance. The spectral resolution is linear with wavelength, and the spatial resolution is pixel-limited. The sensitivity spectra for the imaging system provide a guide for the distribution of total image integration time between wavelengths. Functional tests in vitro demonstrate the capability to spectrally discriminate between brain tissues based on exogenous fluorescence contrast or endogenous tissue composition. In vivo imaging captures adequate fluorescence and diffuse reflectance intensities within a clinically viable 2 min imaging time frame and demonstrates the importance of hemostasis to acquired signal strengths and imaging speed.
Culture and Cognitive Development: From Cross-Cultural Research to Creating Systems of Cultural Mediation

The author's intellectual movement over the past two decades, from cross-cultural experimental psychology to the cultural psychology of mediation of human activities and cognitive processes, is described in this paper. Productive use of the concept of culture in psychology entails conceptualization of the future and the past in the present, and taking a process-based look at human activities. Cultural mediation in the case of reading is described. The emphasis on the emergent psychological processes as being culturally constituted leads to the need to explore novel paths in reconstructing psychology's methodology.
Left Atrial Size, Chemosensitivity, and Central Sleep Apnea in Heart Failure

BACKGROUND Central sleep apnea (CSA) is common among patients with heart failure (HF) and is promoted by elevated CO2 chemosensitivity. Left atrial size is a marker of the hemodynamic severity of HF. The aim of this study was to determine if left atrial size predicts chemosensitivity to CO2 and CSA in patients with HF. METHODS Patients with HF with left ventricular ejection fraction ≤ 35% underwent polysomnography for detection of CSA, echocardiography, and measurement of CO2 chemosensitivity. CSA was defined as an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) ≥ 15/h with ≥ 50% central apneic events. The relation of clinical and echocardiographic parameters to chemosensitivity and CSA were evaluated by linear regression, estimation of ORs, and receiver operator characteristics. RESULTS Of 46 subjects without OSA who had complete data for analysis, 25 had CSA. The only parameter that significantly correlated with chemosensitivity was left atrial volume index (LAVI) (r = 0.40, P CONCLUSIONS Increased LAVI is associated with heightened CO2 chemosensitivity and greater frequency of CSA. LAVI may be useful to guide referral for polysomnography for detection of CSA in patients with HF.
Extending the reach of an evidence-based theatrical intervention.

Background/Study Context: In Experiment 1, the authors investigated whether they could train retirement home activity directors with no previous experience in theatre to successfully execute an evidence-based 4-week theatre-arts intervention. In Experiment 2, they investigated whether an outside professional acting teacher who received only minimal training via e-mail and telephone could successfully execute the same intervention heretofore only carried out by the actor/director/professor who devised it. Methods: A total of 115 participants (ages 68–94) in four different retirement homes were taught theatre arts either by their in-house activity director who had no formal training in theatre or a professional acting teacher recruited through a local community college. The intervention consisted of twice-weekly 70-min lessons for 4 weeks. After random assignment to experimental or waiting-list control groups, participants were given pre- and posttests on both functional and cognitive measures. Results: Exp...
Lib-SVMs Detection Model of Regulating-Profits Financial Statement Fraud Using Data of Chinese Listed Companies

This paper uses Lib-SVM algorithm of RBF kernel and linear kernel to develop a model for detecting regulating-profits financial statement fraud with the data of 112 Chinese listed companies. It turns out that the prediction accuracy of Lib-SVM algorithm for RBF kernel function model is 86.667%, the overall accuracy is 87.5%. And the prediction accuracy of the Lib-SVM linear kernel function model is 83.333%, the overall accuracy rate is 86.612%. With the same samples, a Logistic regression model is developed, and the corresponding accuracy is 80% and 83.036%. The study reinforces the validity and efficiency of Lib-SVM algorithm as a research tool and provides additional empirical evidence regarding the merits of suggested variables for regulating-profits fraudulent financial statements.
Modeling Structural Morphology of Microporous Carbons by Reverse Monte Carlo

We present a realistic model of carbon pore morphologies based on molecular simulation. Reverse Monte Carlo (RMC) techniques are used to generate model carbon structures composed of rigid carbon ba...
Diazene ligand geometry effects on the formation and properties of metal carbonyl complexes. Group vib pentacarbonyl complexes of cis- and trans-1,2-diisopropyldiazene and 1,2-diisopropylhydrazine

Abstract The Group VIB complexes M(CO)5L have been synthesized for the cases L= cis-1,2-diisopropyldiazene (c-DIPD) with M = Cr, Mo, W, L = trans-1,2-diisopropyldiazene (t-DIPD) with M = Or, W, and L, = 1,2-diisopropylhydrazine (DIPH) with M = Cr, W. Failure to obtain any bimetallic complexes is discussed in terms of steric interactions of these and related complexes. The significance of diazene ligand geometry is demonstrated by the differences in properties of the c-DIPD and t-DIPD complexes. The available evidence indicates that cis diazenes are better ligands than their trans isomers. Complex stability decreases in the order W > Cr > Mo and c-DIPD > t-DIPD. Infrared, visible, and NMR spectra are interpreted in terms of bonding in the complexes. A 30–60 cm−1 reduction of v(NN) of the diazenes upon coordination is attributed to metal-ligand π-bonding with c-DIPD being a better π-acceptor than t-DIPD. The NMR spectra of the c-DIPD complexes are temperature dependent and show that the M(CO)5 moiety undergoes coordination site exchange between the two nitrogen atoms. No exchange occurs in the t-DIPD complexes. Coalescence temperatures of 10, −48, and 60°C were recorded for the Cr, Mo, and W complexes of c-DIPD respectively, with the Gibbs free energy barriers of 15.0, 11.5 and 15.0 kcal/ mol. A comparison with exchange in other M(CO)5(cis-diazene) complexes is made and the role of the diazene structure on the reaction rate is discussed. The M(CO)5(DIPH) (M = Cr, W) complexes have been oxidized by H2O2/Cu2+ and by activated MnO2 to DIPD complexes in low yield. The tungsten DIPH complex gives only W(CO)5(t-DIPD) but the chromium system gives predominantly Cr(CO)5(c-DIPD).
Iterative Monte Carlo formulation of real-time correlation functions

We present an iterative Monte Carlo path integral methodology for evaluating thermally averaged real-time correlation functions. Standard path integral Monte Carlo methods are used to sample paths along the imaginary time contour. Propagation of the density matrix is performed iteratively on a grid composed of the end points of the sampled paths. Minimally oscillatory propagators are constructed using energy filtering techniques. A single propagation yields the values of the correlation function at all intermediate time points. Model calculations suggest that the method yields accurate results over several oscillation periods and the statistical error grows slowly with increasing propagation time.
Alcohol effects on operant-rate frequency spectra are schedule-dependent

Albino rats were trained in a two-bar lag reinforcement schedule in which previous response sequences could not be repeated, and were then switched to a fixed-ratio two-bar schedule of reinforcement in which previous response sequences could be repeated. The effects of i.p. injections of 0.5 g/kg alcohol were noted for each schedule of reinforcement. Fourier frequency spectra of response rates were dependent upon both the alcohol treatment and the reinforcement schedule.
Phaseolin-protein Variability in Wild Forms and Landraces of the Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris ): Evidence for Multiple Centers of Domestication

A sample of 106 wild forms and 99 landraces of common bean (Thaseolus vulgaris) from Middle America and the Andean region of South America were screened for variability in phaseolin seed protein using one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS/PAGE) and two-dimensional isoelectric focusing SDS/PAGE. The Middle American wild forms exhibited phaseolin patterns similar to the ‘S’ pattern described previously in cultivated forms, as well as a wide variety of additional banding patterns—‘M’ (Middle America) types—not encountered among common bean cultivars. The Andean wild forms showed only the ‘T’ phaseolin pattern, also described previously among cultivated forms. Landraces from Middle America showed ‘S’ or ‘S’-like patterns with the exception of 2 lines with ‘T’ phaseolin. In Andean South America, a majority of landraces had the ‘T’ phaseolin. Additional types represented in that region were (in decreasing order of frequency) the ‘S’ and ‘C’ types (already described among cultivated forms) as well as the ‘H’ (Huevo de huanchaco) and ‘A’ (Ayacucho), (new patterns previously undescribed among wild and cultivated beans). In each region—Middle America and Andean South America—the seeds of landraces with ‘T’ phaseolin were significantly larger than those of landraces with ‘S’ phaseolin. No significant differences in seed size were observed among landraces with ‘T,’ ‘C,’ ‘H,’ and ‘A’ phaseolin types of the Andean region. Our data favor 2 primary areas of domestication, one in Middle America leading to small-seeded cultivars with ‘S’ phaseolin patterns and the other in the Andes giving rise to large-seeded cultivars with ‘T’ (and possibly ‘C,’ ‘H,’ and ‘A’) phaseolin patterns.
Towards automated ingestion detection: Swallow sounds

Obesity is a worldwide epidemic and is a cause of many major chronic diseases. In most cases, obesity is a result of an imbalance between food intake and calories burned. Steps toward automated ingestion detection are being made. In order to automate the process of capturing ingestion, a method for detecting, analyzing, and recording sounds related to ingestion is being developed. In this paper, preliminary swallow sound analysis is presented and compared with various other noises captured from a throat mounted microphone. Initial frequency analysis indicates a stronger presence at high frequency intervals for swallow sounds in relation to other captured sounds such as voice. Comparisons show that a single high-pass filter can offer similar results as wavelet decomposition. Two simple methods for event detection are given.
COMBUSTION AND FLAME SPREADING PHENOMENA IN GAS-PERMEABLE EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS

Combustion and flame spreading in gas-permeable beds of solid propellant grains are analyzed in this paper. A theoretical model based on continuum mechanics concepts is first formulated. The Lax-Wendroff finite difference technique is then used to generate some numerical solutions. The sensitivity of the model to propellant characteristics, heat transfer and drag correlations, and propellant bed packing density is established by the numerical results. It is concluded that propellant properties, particularly the energy release rate and the burning rate index, are the most critical parameters in this problem. The lack of adequate heat transfer and drag correlations for reactive flows is also noted.
Improving quality: lessons from the Department of Veterans Affairs.

In 1967, the first multicenter randomized controlled trial of treatment for hypertension was published by the newly created Veterans Administration Cooperative Studies Program, demonstrating the remarkable effectiveness of drug treatment for what would now be considered severe hypertension (average diastolic pressure 115 to 129 mm Hg).1 During the ensuing 4 decades, there have been remarkable strides made to improve care for this very common condition, including development of effective new drugs and acceptance of lower blood pressure thresholds and targets. It is more than fitting that the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) should remain a leading contributor to these efforts. Article see p 392 Despite these advances, however, efforts to improve awareness of high blood pressure and achievement of treatment goals remains suboptimal from a national perspective, particularly among blacks and other ethnic minorities.2 Increasingly it is being acknowledged that additional progress depends far more on improving systems of care than further advances in pharmacology. Because they are frequently characterized by defined populations, substantial administrative resources, infrastructure such as information systems, an emphasis on primary care, and coordinated benefits, large integrated health systems have been most successful in implementing improvements of care for chronic conditions. In this issue of Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes , Choma et al3 describe the results of efforts to improve the quality of monitoring and treatment of hypertension in 1 of the 21 regional networks (Veterans Integrated Service Networks [VISNs]) that comprise the VA health care system. To be appreciated, the results reported by Choma et al must be viewed in the larger context of the overarching Veterans Health Administration (VHA). The largest integrated healthcare system in the United States, VHA has more than 200 000 employees (including 17 000 physicians) and …
Direction of Ejection of Photo-Electrons by Polarized X-rays

Direction of ejection of photo-electrons by polarized x-rays.---Stereoscopic photographs were obtained, by Wilson's cloud expansion method, which show the ionized tracks of photo-electrons ejected by plane polarized x-rays. The polarized x-rays, scattered by a paraffin block at 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to an unpolarized primary beam of hard x-rays, were directed horizontally through the expansion chamber of a Wilson cloud apparatus in which they produced the photo-electrons. Exploded tungsten wires furnished the instantaneous illumination of the droplets. The photographs, taken with the plate at 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to the polarized beam, show two types of asymmetry in the direction of ejection of the photo-electrons. Lateral asymmetry. There is a strong concentration of photo-electrons ejected nearly in the direction of the electric vector of the plane polarized radiation performing the ejection. Longitudinal asymmetry. Stereoscopic examination of the photographs shows one-sixth of the photo-electrons ejected with a component opposite to the beam, one-third ejected approximately at right angles to the beam, and one-half ejected with a component along the beam. Theoretical interpretation according to the classical and quantum theories. The results are in accord with the classical theory. To explain them on the quantum theory we must assume that the quantum is a vector bundle of energy, for it explodes, so to speak, at right angles to its direction of motion.
Regulatory T cell migration during an immune response

CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells migrate into both inflammatory sites and draining lymph nodes (LNs) during an immune response, and have unique and overlaping functions in each location. Current studies suggest that Treg cells in draining LNs and inflamatory sites may not simply be a division of labor, but rather Treg cells migrate in a coordinated fashion between peripheral tissues and draining LNs. Trafficking between inflammatory sites and draining LNs is not only crucial for Treg cells to act, but also for them to acquire optimal immune regulatory activities. Furthermore, recent work has revealed that T helper (Th)1, Th2 and Th17 cell master transcription factors control Treg cell function by regulating genes important for Treg cell migration and suppression, and consequently affect disease pathogenesis.
Subtropical catastrophe: Significant loss of low-mode tidal energy at 28.9°

[1] An idealized numerical study of a northward propagating internal tide reveals a dramatic loss of energy to small-scale subharmonic instabilities near 28.9°N. Inspired by observations of the internal tide radiating northward from the Hawaiian Ridge, a three-dimensional numerical model is initialized with a northward baroclinic tidal flux of approximately 1.7 kW/m. After an initial spinup period, energy is quickly transferred from the baroclinic tide to subharmonic motions, with half the horizontal tidal wavenumber and small vertical scales, through nonlinear advection of horizontal tidal velocity gradients. Potential oceanic implications are twofold. First, once a steady-state has been reached, the instability acts as a partial filter of northward tidal flux between 27.5 and 29.5°N, in rough agreement with some altimetric tidal observations. Second, elevated shear of the subharmonic motions suggests the potential for elevated near-surface dissipation rates near the critical latitude that may be important for upper ocean mixing.
Photoemission spectromicroscopy with MAXIMUM at Wisconsin

We describe the development of the scanning photoemission spectromicroscope MAXIMUM at the Wisoncsin Synchrotron Radiation Center, which uses radiation from a 30-period undulator. The article includes a discussion of the first tests after the initial commissioning.
Molecular phylogenetic affinities of the simakobu monkey (Simias concolor).

The simakobu (Simias concolor), or pig-tailed snubnosed langur, is one of four endemic primate species on the Mentawai Islands oV the west coast of Sumatra, Indonesia, and is currently considered a monotypic genus (BrandonJones et al., 2004; Miller, 1903). This species, like many other colobines, is a specialized folivore found in tropical rainforests. The simakobu monkey is a member of the “odd-nosed” group of Asian colobines, an informal grouping that also includes the proboscis monkey of Borneo (Nasalis larvatus), the snub-nosed monkeys of China and Vietnam (Rhinopithecus spp.), and the douc langurs of Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia (Pygathrix spp.). There is no agreement, however, on the relationships among these genera, nor whether they even form a natural taxonomic or phylogenetic group (Delson, 1975; Groves, 1970, 2001; Jablonski, 1998; though see Sterner et al., in press). Geographically, the simakobu is found closest to the proboscis monkey, and some morphological data have indicated that these species are sister taxa. Both Simias and Nasalis exhibit narrow, long-faced skulls; long narrow nasal bones; and similar hair patterns (Groves, 1970). These two species appear to share more traits than do Rhinopithecus and Pygathrix, and some researchers have suggested that Simias should be subsumed into the genus Nasalis (Delson, 1975; Groves, 1970), perhaps as a subgenus (Delson, 1975); Groves (2001; Brandon-Jones, et al., 2004) appears to have retreated from the close linkage of these genera, though is not necessarily opposed to it (Groves, pers. comm.).
FINE STRUCTURAL LOCALIZATION OF NUCLEOSIDE PHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY IN THE URINARY BLADDER OF THE TOAD.

An enzyme activity capable of hydrolyzing nucleoside triphosphates, but not glycerophosphate, was found primarily at the luminal surface and lateral interdigitating surfaces of the epithelium of the toad urinary bladder. Another enzyme also capable of splitting nucleoside triphosphates occurred in the pinocytic invaginations and vesicles of serosal cells, endothelia, and smooth muscle cells. These results are discussed in reference to transport of materials across the bladder.
Residential Integration: The Case of Hyde Park in Chicago

In 1952—a short six or seven years ago—our neighborhood in Chicago was in a state of panic. What had grown from the village of Hyde Park into a fine urban community of 75,000 seemed doomed. Thousands of poor Negroes were moving in; large apartments were being reconverted into small ones, turning middle-class buildings into rows of tenements along streets rapidly becoming slums. There were strange people in blocks where neighbors were all familiar faces. There was a rash of new crimes: burglaries, purse-snatchings, and occasional rapes. People could not safely walk the streets in the evening except in groups.
A Flexible B-Spline Model for Multiple Longitudinal Biomarkers and Survival

Souvent, quand on utilise une modelisation simultanee de donnees longitudinales et de donnees de survie, on s'interesse a une mesure longitudinale multivariee qui n'est pas forcement bien adaptee pour des modeles lineaires. Pour resoudre ce probleme, nous proposons un modele de survie et longitudinal joints, avec une composante non parametrique pour les marqueurs longitudinaux. Des B-spline cubiques sont utilises pour specifier le modele longitudinal et un modele a risques proportionnels pour lier la mesure longitudinale a la mesure du risque. Pour estimer le modele, nous utilisons un algorithme de Monte Carlo a chaine de Markov. Le nombre de noeuds pour le B-spline cubique est selectionne en utilisant l'ordonnee predictive conditionnelle (CPO) et le critere d'information de la deviance (DIC). La methode et l'approche de selection du modele sont validees par une simulation. On applique cette methode pour examiner le lien entre la charge virale, la quantite de CD4 et le delai d'apparition des evenements a partir de donnees issues d'essais cliniques sur le SIDA. Le modele a B-spline cubique fournit une bonne adequation pour les donnees longitudinales qui ne peuvent pas etre obtenues avec des modeles parametriques simples.
Meta-Analysis of Relationships between Human Offtake, Total Mortality and Population Dynamics of Gray Wolves (Canis lupus)

Following the growth and geographic expansion of wolf (Canis lupus) populations reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park and central Idaho in 1995–1996, Rocky Mountain wolves were removed from the endangered species list in May 2009. Idaho and Montana immediately established hunting seasons with quotas equaling 20% of the regional wolf population. Combining hunting with predator control, 37.1% of Montana and Idaho wolves were killed in the year of delisting. Hunting and predator control are well-established methods to broaden societal acceptance of large carnivores, but it is unprecedented for a species to move so rapidly from protection under the Endangered Species Act to heavy direct harvest, and it is important to use all available data to assess the likely consequences of these changes in policy. For wolves, it is widely argued that human offtake has little effect on total mortality rates, so that a harvest of 28–50% per year can be sustained. Using previously published data from 21 North American wolf populations, we related total annual mortality and population growth to annual human offtake. Contrary to current conventional wisdom, there was a strong association between human offtake and total mortality rates across North American wolf populations. Human offtake was associated with a strongly additive or super-additive increase in total mortality. Population growth declined as human offtake increased, even at low rates of offtake. Finally, wolf populations declined with harvests substantially lower than the thresholds identified in current state and federal policies. These results should help to inform management of Rocky Mountain wolves.
Speaker detection and tracking for telephone transactions

As ever greater numbers of telephone transactions are being conducted solely between a caller and an automated answering system, the need increases for software which can automatically identify and authenticate these callers without the need for an onerous speaker enrollment process. In this paper we introduce and investigate a novel speaker detection and tracking (SDT) technique, which dynamically merges the traditional enrollment and recognition phases of the static speaker recognition task. In this speaker recognition application, no prior speaker models exist and the goal is to detect and model new speakers as they call into the system while also recognizing utterances from previously modeled callers. New speakers are added to the enrolled set of speakers and speech from speakers in the currently enrolled set is used to update models. We describe a system based on a GMM speaker identification (SID) system and develop a new measure to evaluate the performance of the system on the SDT task. Results for both static, open-set detection and the SDT task are presented using a portion of the Switchboard corpus of telephone speech communications. Static open-set detection produces an equal error rate of about 5%. As expected, performance for SDT is quite varied, depending greatly on the speaker set and ordering of the test sequence. These initial results, however, are quite promising and point to potential areas in which to improve the system performance.