cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Piezo1 mediates angiogenesis through activation of MT1-MMP signaling

Angiogenesis is initiated in response to a variety of external cues, including mechanical and biochemical stimuli; however, the underlying signaling mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we investigated...
Can adding discussion-only active learning increase student learning in materials science class?

This Research-to-Practice Full Paper describes how Active Learning (AL) was implemented in two discussion sections of an “Introduction to Materials Science” course in a large classroom with 172 students. We studied the effect of group work on students' learning, and whether 50 minutes of AL is sufficient to increase students’ performance in this course. To do so, worksheets for the discussion sections were designed. There were four discussion sections, two of which were chosen as the treatment group. In the treatment group the students worked on a worksheet of problems in groups of 3 while a teaching assistant was present to answer their questions. In other sections, the control group, the same problems were presented using PowerPoint slides and solved by the same teaching assistant. To assess students’ learning, their performance in two midterm exams and the final exam are considered. Moreover, to evaluate students’ interest in engineering, the Jones et al. (2010) survey was used to study students’ motivation and interest in engineering. We found implementing AL for a short amount of time in each week did not change students’ performance. We hope this paper will encourage educators to spend more time on AL, in their classrooms.
The role of isoreceptors in the neurohormonal regulation of bivalve hearts.

The cardiac physiology and neurochemistry of bivalve molluscs have been under intensive investigation for the past 25 years or so. Hand in hand with these studies, a generalized outline of the pharmacology of four presumed neurotransmitter substances on the hearts of these animals has emerged. Most of this conceptual outline was developed in the laboratory of Professor John H. Welsh with the heart of the quahog Mercenaria (= Venus) mercenaria as the primary experimental object.
Prolonged heating in nontargeted tissue during MR‐guided focused ultrasound of bone tumors

BACKGROUND Thermal dosimetry during MR-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) of bone tumors underpredicts ablation zone. Intraprocedural understanding of heat accumulation near bone is needed to prevent undesired treatment of nontargeted tissue. HYPOTHESIS Temperature decay rates predict prolonged, spatially varying heating during MRgFUS bone treatments. STUDY TYPE Prospective case series. PATIENTS Nine patients with localized painful bone tumors (five bone metastasis, four osteoid osteomas), were compared with five patients with uterine fibroid tumors treated using MRgFUS. FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE Proton resonance frequency shift thermometry using 2D-GRE with echo-planar imaging at 3 T. ASSESSMENT Tissue response was derived by fitting data from extended thermometry acquisitions to a decay model. Decay rates and time to peak temperature (TTP) were analyzed in segmented zones between the bone target and skin. Decay rates were used to calculate intersonication cooling times required to return to body temperature; these were compared against conventional system-mandated cooling times. STATISTICAL TESTS Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests for normality, and Student's t-test was used to compare decay rates. Spatial TTP delay and predicted cooling times used Wilcoxon signed rank tests. P < 0.05 was significant. RESULTS Tissue decay rates in bone tumor patients were 3.5 times slower than those in patients with fibroids (τbone = 0.037 ± 0.012 vs. τfibroid = 0.131 ± 0.010, P < 0.05). Spatial analysis showed slow decay rates effecting baseline temperature as far as 12 mm away from the bone surface, τ4 = 0.015 ± 0.026 (median ± interquartile range [IQR]). Tissue within 9 mm of bone experienced delayed TTP (P < 0.01). In the majority of bone tumor treatments, system-predicted intersonication cooling times were insufficient for nearby tissue to return to body temperature (P = 0.03 in zone 4). DATA CONCLUSION MRgFUS near bone is susceptible to long tissue decay rates, and unwanted cumulative heating up to 1.2 cm from the surface of the bone. Knowledge of decay rates may be used to alter treatment planning and intraprocedural thermal monitoring protocols to account for prolonged heating by bone. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4 Technical Efficacy: Stage 4 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;50:1526-1533.
Sleep-Disordered Breathing and Idiopathic Normal-Pressure Hydrocephalus: Recent Pathophysiological Advances

Idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) is characterized clinically by ventriculomegaly, abnormal gait, falls, incontinence, and cognitive decline. This article reviews recent advances in the pathophysiology of iNPH concerning sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) and glymphatic circulation during deep sleep. The authors found iNPH frequently associated with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). A critical factor in iNPH is intracranial venous hypertension delaying drainage of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) into the cerebral venous sinuses. CSF-venous blood circulates in the jugular veins and finally drains into the heart. During SDB, repeated reflex attempts to breathe induce strong respiratory efforts against a closed glottis thereby increasing the negative intrathoracic pressure. This causes atrial distortion and decreases venous return to the heart resulting in retrograde intracranial venous hypertension. Additionally, repeated awakenings from OSA impede sleep-associated circulation of interstitial CSF into the glymphatic circulation contributing to hydrocephalus. Sleep has become a critical element in the cognitive changes of aging including iNPH.
Teaching management, spirituality, and religion: André Delbecq as a pioneer

Andre Delbecq is remembered as a pioneer for his groundbreaking courses on spirituality for executive leaders. He generously shared his experiences with other educators in multiple presentations an...
State of the Art: The Basic Principles of Optical 3D Metrology

This chapter introduces a selection of basic principles for the acquisition of three-dimensional surface data of macroscopic objects with scattering surfaces. As depicted in Chap. 2, most of the applied principles in this regime rely on triangulation. During the following descriptions, special attention is paid to advantages and drawbacks in reference to the desired specs speed, precision, high feature resolution and data density as well as how the correspondence problem, introduced in Sect. 2.1.1, is solved. Of course, sensors which apply the basic methods in their ‘pure form’ are rarely found in the literature or in the market. Most available sensors exploit a modification of the ‘pure form’. It is clear, that not all of these modifications can be discussed here. However, some single-shot principles will be discussed in more detail.
Alternative Approach for Substrate Connection Using Deep Trench Isolated Pockets

Authors propose an alternative approach for deep substrate connection through buried layer using existing features in the fabrication process flow with simple and completely modular process integration. This is done by creating isolated conductive paths from the wafer surface to the substrate inside isolated pockets. By doing so, authors eliminate the need to connect directly from the backside of the wafer to the substrate and avoid added cost, as well as, the limitations of additional assembly process. In this approach, authors create isolated small pockets with Deep Trench Isolation (DTI) and add an implant to counter dope the buried layer inside these pockets. Technology Computer Aided Design (TCAD) is used to optimize the counter doping implant with consideration to the buried layer doping profile and the thermal drive of the entire process. Blind alignment is used for the new implant photo and is characterized to assure sufficient process margin.
Cardiovascular Disease and Chronic Kidney Disease

Abstract Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The various phenotypes of cardiovascular disease including heart failure, ischemic heart disease, valvopathies, and arrhythmias are all represented with high disease burden in patients with CKD. Several traditional and nontraditional vascular risk factors are operational in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease in this population. Despite the well-known risk of cardiovascular disease, patients with CKD tend to be excluded from major cardiovascular outcome trials. Therefore there is less-robust available evidence on how to deliver optimal medical and procedural therapies for CVD in the CKD population. CKD patients also present with atypical symptom profiles and receive less aggressive goal–directed medical therapies for CVD compared to patients without CKD. Therapeutic effects of medical therapies as well as procedural interventions tend to be associated with higher complication rates related to the brittle bleeding–clotting paradigm in CKD, altered pharmacotherapeutics of drugs, and high vascular calcific burden. There is an urgent need to prioritize the inclusion of patients with CKD in cardiovascular trials, as well as to implement efforts to deliver cohesive care via multidisciplinary cardio-renal team models to achieve optimal long-term outcomes and CVD reduction in this vulnerable patient population.
Advanced Coronary Artery Vessel Wall Imaging and Future Directions

Accurate and reliable coronary angiographic imaging techniques that assess not only the luminal stenosis but also lesion characteristics may potentially improve personal risk stratification of coronary atherosclerosis and guide therapeutic decision-making. Ongoing development in noninvasive coronary vessel wall imaging techniques is producing novel clinical tools that aim to improve the current diagnosis performance and treatment outcome. Previous technical limitations such as long scan time, complex procedures, and motion sensitivity are being reduced or eliminated by advanced acquisition, reconstruction, and post-processing techniques. New contrast mechanisms and imaging biomarkers are being explored to provide in-depth interrogation of the disease characteristics. In this chapter we review the recent technical developments in the most promising noninvasive coronary vessel wall imaging modalities, including MRI, CT, and PET. The discussion will focus on the latest technical advances and new directions of lesion characterization.
Do Audit Report Disclosures Lead to Increased Liability Exposure? An Investigation of Jurors’ Consideration of Auditors’ Disclosure of Significant Deficiencies in Internal Control

Proposals for increased transparency and disclosure within audit reports are consistently met with conflict. Some suggest that auditor disclosures increase liability exposure for auditors, and should be the responsibility of management. Others suggest that such disclosures are beneficial to the users of the financial statements. Currently, the PCAOB is proposing a requirement for increased disclosure within the audit report on financial statements. This study proposes a similar requirement within the Section 404 auditor’s report on internal controls. A 2x2 between-subjects experiment manipulated the disclosure level (disclosed/not disclosed) and the auditability of the significant deficiency in controls (less auditable/more auditable) for a sample of 93 jury-qualified individuals. Results indicate that auditors may experience benefits of decreased liability exposure when they provide additional disclosure within the Section 404 report on internal controls. However, these favorable conditions are only present when the auditor discloses a deficiency in internal controls that is more auditable (less subjective), and not when the control is less auditable (more subjective). Results suggest that auditors are perceived as more blameworthy for their inaccurate judgments in subjective situations, and that this perception cannot be overcome by providing a disclosure within the 404 report. Implications for standard setters, auditors, and regulators are discussed.
Skeletal Manifestations in NF1

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a multisystem disorder that includes skeletal abnormalities. Although tumors and pigmentary findings are hallmark features of NF1, the orthopedic manifestations can lead to diagnosis and require modified approaches to management. One of the NIH clinical diagnostic criteria for NF1 is a group of distinctive osseous lesions, providing reference to the unique aspect of skeletal findings in this condition (Stumpf et al., Arch Neurol 45:575–578, 1988; Gutmann et al., JAMA 278:51–57, 1997, in this book). In addition to sphenoid wing dysplasia and tibial bowing with long bone dysplasia, health care providers familiar with this condition are aware of many associated bone findings that guide them in both establishing a level of confidence in diagnosis and steer management. These additional myriad skeletal manifestations of NF1 include scoliosis, both dystrophic and non-dystrophic forms, short stature, pectus abnormalities, cranial abnormalities, osteopenia, vertebral body dysplasia with dural ectasia, non-ossifying fibromas, and central giant cell granulomas.
Longitudinal study of student conceptual understanding in electricity and magnetism

We have investigated the long-term effect of student-centered instruction at the freshman level on juniors' performance on a conceptual survey of Electricity and Magnetism (E). We measured student performance on a research-based conceptual instrument---the Brief Electricity Magnetism Assessment (BEMA)--over a period of 8 semesters (2004--2007). Concurrently, we introduced the University of Washington's Tutorials in Introductory Physics as part of our standard freshman curriculum. Freshmen took the BEMA before and after this Tutorial-based introductory course, and juniors took it after completion of their traditional junior-level E I and E II courses. We find that, on average, individual BEMA scores do not change significantly after completion of the introductory course---neither from the freshman to the junior year, nor from upper-division E I to E II. However, we find that juniors who had completed a non-Tutorial freshman course scored significantly lower on the (post-upper-division) BEMA than those who had completed the reformed freshman course---indicating a long-term positive impact of freshman Tutorials on conceptual understanding.
Fruit Fly Damage on Orange (Citrus sp.) and Guava (Psidium guajava L) Fruits in Eastern Amhara, Ethiopia

Fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) are among the most important pests of fruits and vegetables in the world. In Ethiopia, orange (Citrus sp.) and guava (Psidium guajava L) production are highly impacted by fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) infestation and endanger the contribution of these fruits to the national economy. This study was conducted in the orange and guava growing areas of South Wollo and Oromia administrative zone, Ethiopia. In these areas, little is known on fruit fly incidence and the extent of damage on orange and guava fruits. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess fruit fly damage on orange and guava fruits. We measured fruit fly incidence and the extent of fruit damage in four districts of 20 fruit farms of two zones in 2016/17. Mean percent damage of orange fruits was significantly higher at Worebabo (44.4%) and Dawachefa (40.4%) than Tehulederi (34.4%) and Kalu (29.2%). Similarly, the mean number of fruit fly larvae per fruit was significantly higher at Worebabo (5.8%) and Dawachefa (5.8%) than at Tehulderi (3.5%) and Kalu (3.8%). Fruit fly caused higher guava fruit damage (33.3-66.7%) than sweet orange (29.2%-44.4%) of different districts. The severity of damage by fruit fly was high in all economically important fruits. The presence of one or more larvae in fruits results in 100% marketable losses. In conclusion the damage caused by fruit fly on both locations was significantly high and need due attention to reduce the direct losses on marketable fruits. Therefore, we recommend that timely monitoring and forecasting, as well as integrated fruit fly prevention methods should be in place.
Utilizing Worker's Compensation Claims to Assess sars-cov-2 Transmission in Healthcare Workers at a Large Health System

Background Healthcare workers may be at an increased risk for SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19) transmission due to prolonged, close contact with infectious patients. Therefore, it is imperative that healthcare organizations develop effective control measures to prevent transmission of SARS-CoV-2, including the use of personal protective equipment. We aimed to assess the effectiveness of control measures implemented at our health system through evaluation of worker's compensation reported exposures and accepted claims. Methods Workplace exposure and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 was determined using a communicable disease reporting process through worker's compensation between March 1, 2020 and August 31, 2020 at a multicenter health system. The total number of employees positive for SARS-CoV-2 was extracted from Employee Health laboratory reports. Results A total of 693 COVID-19 related exposures were reported from 3/1/2020 to 8/31/2020. Of those, 85 tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. Through the worker's compensation event investigation and physician review, 51 employees (7.4% of reported exposures) were determined to have, on a medically more probable than not basis, acquired SARS-CoV-2 from a workplace exposure (26 patient exposures, 14 co-worker exposures, 6 patient and co-worker exposures, and 5 unknown exposures). The overall number of employee positives during the study time period was 441. Workplace acquisition accounted for 11.6% of the employee cases. Conclusions Of the reported COVID-19 exposures, 7.4% resulted in workplace transmission, indicating that control measures implemented by the health system are effective at limiting virus transmission in the workplace. Additionally, workplace associated cases accounted for 11.5% of overall employee positives, suggesting that employees are acquiring the virus in settings other than the workplace. This data reinforces the effectiveness of the hierarchy of controls in preventing workplace hazards and emphasizes the need for healthcare workers to practice infection prevention measures both in and outside of the workplace to prevent the spread of SARS-CoV-2.
Temporal brain microRNA expression changes in a mouse model of neonatal hypoxic–ischemic injury

Neonatal hypoxic–ischemic brain injury (HIBI) results in significant morbidity and mortality despite current standard therapies. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a promising therapeutic target; however, there is a paucity of data on endogenous miRNA expression of the brain after HIBI during the primary therapeutic window (6–72 h after injury). Postnatal day 9 mouse pups underwent unilateral carotid ligation+hypoxia (HIBI), sham surgery+hypoxia, or sham surgery+normoxia (controls). miRNA sequencing was performed on the ipsilateral brain of each of the three groups plus the contralateral HIBI brain at 24 and 72 h after injury. Findings were validated in eight key miRNAs by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Hypoxia resulted in significant differential expression of 38 miRNAs at both time points. Mir-2137, -335, -137, and -376c were significantly altered by neonatal HIBI at 24 and 72 h, with 3 of the 4 demonstrating multiphasic expression (different direction of differential expression at 24 versus 72 h). Our global assessment of subacute changes in brain miRNA expression after hypoxia or HIBI will advance research into targeted miRNA-based interventions. It will be important to consider the multiphasic miRNA expression patterns after HIBI to identify optimal timing for individual interventions.
Permanent Supportive Housing Design Characteristics Associated with the Mental Health of Formerly Homeless Adults in the U.S. and Canada: An Integrative Review

The built environment directly and indirectly affects mental health, especially for people transitioning from long-term homelessness to permanent supportive housing (PSH) who often experience co-occurring behavioral health challenges. Despite a rapid increase in PSH availability, little research examines influences of architecture and design within this context. This integrative review synthesized limited research on PSH design in the U.S. and Canada to identify built environment characteristics associated with PSH residents’ mental health, highlight gaps in the literature, and prioritize future research directions. A systematic search for peer-reviewed articles was conducted using nine databases drawing from multiple disciplines including architecture, environmental psychology, interior design, psychology, psychiatry, medicine, and nursing. Seventeen articles met inclusion criteria. Study design, methodology, built environment properties, place attributes, and relevant findings were extracted and iteratively analyzed. Three domains relevant to architecture and design were identified related to home, ontological security, and trauma sensitivity; dwelling unit type, privacy, control, safety, housing quality and location, and access to amenities; and shared common space. Integrative review results emphasize the potential of architecture and design to contribute to improved built environment quality and mental health outcomes among PSH residents. Methodological limitations and directions for future research are also discussed.
Unidirectional Single-File Transport of Full-Length Proteins Through a Nanopore

Nanopore technology offers long, accurate sequencing of an DNA or RNA strand via enzymatic ratcheting of the strand through a nanopore in single nucleotide steps, producing stepwise modulations of the nanopore ion current. In contrast to nucleic acids, their daughter molecules, proteins, have neutral peptide backbones and side chains of varying charges. Further, proteins have stable secondary and higher order structures that obstruct protein linearization required for single file nanopore transport. Here, we describe a general approach for realizing unidirectional transport of proteins through a nanopore that neither requires the protein to be uniformly charged nor a pull from a biological enzyme. At high concentrations of guanidinium chloride, we find full-length proteins to translocate unidirectionally through an alpha-hemolysin nanopore in a polymer-based membrane, provided that one of the protein ends is decorated with a short anionic peptide. Molecular dynamics simulations show that such surprisingly steady protein transport is driven by a giant electro-osmotic effect caused by binding of guanidinium cations to the inner surface of the nanopore. We show that ionic current signals produced by protein passage can be used to distinguish two biological proteins and the global orientation of the same protein (N-to-C vs. C-to-N terminus) during the nanopore transport. With the average transport rate of one amino acid per 10 microseconds, our method may enable direct enzyme-free protein fingerprinting or perhaps even sequencing when combined with a high-speed nanopore reader instrument.
Gene/environment interactions in the pathogenesis of autoimmunity: new insights on the role of Toll-like receptors.

Abstract Autoimmune disorders are increasing worldwide. Although their pathogenesis has not been elucidated yet, a complex interaction of genetic and environmental factors is involved in their onset. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) represent a family of pattern recognition receptors involved in the recognition and in the defense of the host from invading microorganisms. They sense a wide range of pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) deriving from metabolic pathways selective of bacterial, viral, fungal and protozoan microorganisms. TLR activation plays a critical role in the activation of the downstream signaling pathway by interacting and recruiting several adaptor molecules. Although TLRs are involved in the protection of the host, several studies suggest that, in certain conditions, they play a critical role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. We review the most recent advances showing a correlation between some single nucleotide polymorphisms or copy number variations in TLR genes or in adaptor molecules involved in TLR signaling and the onset of several autoimmune conditions, such as Type I diabetes, autoimmune polyendocrinopathy candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and systemic sclerosis. In light of the foregoing we finally propose that molecules involved in TLR pathway may represent the targets for novel therapeutic treatments in order to stop autoimmune processes.
Homomorphisms and Duality

This chapter describes the elementary theory of homomorphisms and endomorphisms of an abelian manifold. First we relate the rational and complex representations to a purely algebraic representation on the points of finite order. Then we prove the complete reducibility theorem of Poincare, showing that an abelian manifold admits a product decomposition into simple ones, up to isogeny. Finally, we deal with the duality which arises from the nondegenerate hermitian form, and show how the dual manifold corresponds to divisor classes of divisors algebraically equivalent to 0. The duality includes an essentially algebraic pairing between points and such divisors, and a formula in the last section relates this algebraic pairing with the analytic data and the Riemann form.
Hippocampal Pyramidal Cells: Ionic Conductance and Synaptic Interactions

The burst firing pattern of the hippocampal pyramidal cells was first described by Kandel and Spencer in their intracellular studies using the in vivo cat preparation (Kandel and Spencer, 1961). Subsequently, the ionic basis for action potential generation in the hippocampal pyramidal cells has been extensively studied in the hippocampal slice. Data derived from the in vitro preparation also demonstrated that the bursting pattern provided a basis for the generation of synchronized population oscillation in the hippocampus. In this chapter we describe the membrane conductance system of the pyramidal cells that allows burst generation. In addition, we summarize the way synaptic interaction can occur between these bursting cells to bring about population synchrony.
SU-E-T-586: Optimal Determination of Tolerance Level for Radiation Dose Delivery Verification in An in Vivo Dosimetry System

Purpose: To statistically determine the optimal tolerance level in the verification of delivery dose compared to the planned dose in an in vivo dosimetry system in radiotherapy. Methods: The LANDAUER MicroSTARii dosimetry system with screened nanoDots (optically stimulated luminescence dosimeters) was used for in vivo dose measurements. Ideally, the measured dose should match with the planned dose and falls within a normal distribution. Any deviation from the normal distribution may be redeemed as a mismatch, therefore a potential sign of the dose misadministration. Randomly mis-positioned nanoDots can yield a continuum background distribution. A percentage difference of the measured dose to its corresponding planned dose (ΔD) can be used to analyze combined data sets for different patients. A model of a Gaussian plus a flat function was used to fit the ΔD distribution. Results: Total 434 nanoDot measurements for breast cancer patients were collected across a period of three months. The fit yields a Gaussian mean of 2.9% and a standard deviation (SD) of 5.3%. The observed shift of the mean from zero is attributed to the machine output bias and calibration of the dosimetry system. A pass interval of −2SD to +2SD was applied and a mismatch background was estimatedmore » to be 4.8%. With such a tolerance level, one can expect that 99.99% of patients should pass the verification and at most 0.011% might have a potential dose misadministration that may not be detected after 3 times of repeated measurements. After implementation, a number of new start breast cancer patients were monitored and the measured pass rate is consistent with the model prediction. Conclusion: It is feasible to implement an optimal tolerance level in order to maintain a low limit of potential dose misadministration while still to keep a relatively high pass rate in radiotherapy delivery verification.« less
Capping and the Cytoskeleton

Publisher Summary This chapter summarizes the results obtained in capping/cytoskeleton research. There are two types of capping phenomena: ligand-dependent and ligand-independent processes. A number of different reagents, such as colchicine and hypertonic media, can cause the formation of cap structures in the absence of any externally added ligand. Morphological studies, using both transmission and scanning electron microscopy, of cells forming caps in hypertonic medium have identified a strong association between cap structures and microvilli. External ligand (antibody, lectin, or some hormones) mediated receptor patching and capping is responsible for important immune-related responses: ( 1) proliferation and differentiation of the cells into antibody-secreting plasma cells, (2) the development of an increased number of precursor cells which are responsible for immunological memory, and (3) the activation and proliferation of T cells which carry out cell-mediated cytotoxic killing. In nonimmune cells, capping may also be involved in important cellular processes, such as endocytosis, chemotaxis, mitogenesis, and general cell–cell recognition.
Fabrication and irradiation behavior of uranium mononitride.

Uranium mononitride is a candidate fuel for nuclear reactors for applications in space because of its high thermal conductivity, high fissile atom density, and dimensional stability at high temperature. High purity UN ceramics fabricated from nitride powders by uniaxial or isostatic pressing and sintered in nitrogen at temperatures ⩾2000°C, were irradiated at fuel temperatures to 1500°C and 2 w/c burnup. Results indicate no chemical reaction zone between fuel and metallic cladding, fuel swelling less than 2.8% Δ/V per atomic percent burnup, and maximum fission gas release of 7% of that generated.
HBSE in the Undergraduate Curriculum: A Survey

Abstract This paper begins with an historical view of HBSE in the undergraduate social work curriculum and then proceeds to examine the current state of HBSE in baccalaureate social work education, which was determined via a survey sent to all accredited undergraduate programs. The findings were as follows: 1) a large majority of HBSE courses were taught within social work departments by social work faculty; 2) the most frequently used conceptual framework for social-work-taught HBSE courses was ecosystems; 3) HBSE primarily serves an integrative function in the undergraduate curriculum; and 4) the prerequisites to HBSE in social-work-taught courses are drawn mainly from the social and biological sciences and introductory social work courses. The findings generally suggest both a departure from the traditional medical model for understanding human behavior and a widespread lack of agreement on HBSE content. Recommendations for future research are included.
Magnetization Transfer between Water and Macromolecules in Proton MRI

The sections in this article are 1 Introduction 2 Controlling Parameters in Saturation Transfer 3 Quantification 4 Applications 5 Summary 6 Biographical Sketch Related Articles
Various Consequences of the Dosage Compensation by X-inactivation

The invariably hemizygous expression of the X-linked gene in the mammalian female should result in the visibly mosaic appearance of heterozygous females if the female carries a mutant gene which affects individual melanocytes or epidermal cells.
Automated detection of small-size pulmonary nodules based on helical CT images

A computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) system to detect small-size (from 2 mm to around 10 mm) pulmonary nodules in helical CT scans is developed. This system uses different schemes to locate juxtapleural nodules and non-pleural nodules. For juxtapleural nodules, morphological closing, thresholding and labeling are performed to obtain volumetric nodule candidates; gray level and geometric features are extracted and analyzed using a linear discriminant analysis (LDA) classifier. To locate non-pleural nodules, a discrete-time cellular neural network (DTCNN) uses local shape features which successfully capture the differences between nodules and non-nodules, especially vessels. The DTCNN was trained using genetic algorithm (GA). Testing on 17 cases with 3979 slice images showed the effectiveness of the proposed system, yielding sensitivity of 85.6% with 9.5 FPs/case (0.04 FPs/image). Moreover, the CAD system detected many nodules missed by human visual reading. This showed that the proposed CAD system acted effectively as an assistant for human experts to detect small nodules and provided a “second opinion” to human observers.
Understanding How Law Functions

International Relations Theory and International Law: A Critical Approach. By Adriana Sinclair. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010. 201 pp., $90.00 hardcover (ISBN 978-0-521-11672-5), $29.99 paperback (ISBN 978-0-521-13346-3). Law is a socially constructed phenomenon subject to the interests and influences of those whose behavior it seeks to regulate. At the same time, law shapes that behavior both directly and indirectly by creating expectations, establishing relationships, and identifying consequences for failure to perform. This is true for all law—domestic and international—even though laws may function in different ways depending on their locations. One of the chief differences is in the level of institutionalization. Domestic law is usually the product of some legislative process that is implemented by an executive who may also be charged to impose sanctions for any violation. The means to settle disputes are usually provided through a judicial system or some other form of dispute resolution. International law may now have international institutions that carry out some of these functions, but they are not as widely recognized or used as such institutions are domestically. International law's normative objectives may not be as clearly discernible as those of domestic law since there can be a considerable time lag between the enactment of international law through treaties, customary law, and other efforts to regulate international behavior and its realization in practice. These two factors—the lack of institutionalization and the sometimes long incubation period to realize normative objectives—are at the heart of the failure of many lawyers to understand international law's purpose and functions and for many in international relations (IR) and political science to doubt its influence. Decades of collaboration between international relations and international law (IR-IL) scholars have …
Gamma-Ray Spectrum of Ionium (Th 230 )

The gamma-ray spectrum following the alpha-decay of ionium (${\mathrm{Th}}^{230}$) was investigated using a scintillation spectrometer. The following gamma-ray energies (in Kev) and intensities (quanta per disintegration) were observed: 68(0.010); 142(0.0014); 255(0.0005). The 68-kev and 142-kev lines were found to be emitted in cascade; the third apparently represents a transition to the ground state. A level diagram for the product nucleus, ${\mathrm{Ra}}^{226}$, is suggested.
Tritium Proof-of-Principle Pellet Injector—Phase II

As part of the International Thermonuclear Engineering Reactor (ITER) plasma fueling development program, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) has fabricated a pellet injection system to test the mechanical and thermal properties of extruded tritium. This repeating, single-stage, pneumatic injector, called the Tritium-Proof-of-Principle Phase II (TPOP-II) Pellet Injector, has a piston-driven mechanical extruder and is designed to extrude hydrogenic pellets sized for the ITER device. The TPOP-II program has the following development goals: evaluate the feasibility of extruding tritium and DT mixtures for use in future pellet injection systems; determine the mechanical and thermal properties of tritium and DT extrusions; integrate, test and evaluate the extruder in a repeating, single-stage light gas gun sized for the ITER application (pellet diameter {approximately} 7-8 mm); evaluate options for recycling propellant and extruder exhaust gas; evaluate operability and reliability of ITER prototypical fueling systems in an environment of significant tritium inventory requiring secondary and room containment systems. In initial tests with deuterium feed at ORNL, up to thirteen pellets have been extruded at rates up to 1 Hz and accelerated to speeds of order 1.0-1.1 km/s using hydrogen propellant gas at a supply pressure of 65 bar. The pellets are typically 7.4 mm in diameter and up to 11 mm in length and are the largest cryogenic pellets produced by the fusion program to date. These pellets represent about a 11% density perturbation to ITER. Hydrogenic pellets will be used in ITER to sustain the fusion power in the plasma core and may be crucial in reducing first wall tritium inventories by a process called isotopic fueling where tritium-rich pellets fuel the burning plasma core and deuterium gas fuels the edge.
Voltage-gated currents in identified rat olfactory receptor neurons

Whole-cell recording techniques were used to characterize voltage-gated membrane currents in neonatal rat olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) in cell culture. Mature ORNs were identified in culture by their characteristic bipolar morphology, by retrograde labeling techniques, and by olfactory marker protein (OMP) immunoreactivity. ORNs did not have spontaneous activity, but fired action potentials to depolarizing current pulses. Action potentials were blocked by tetrodotoxin (TTX), which contrasts with the TTX-resistant action potentials in salamander olfactory receptor cells (e.g., Firestein and Werblin, 1987). Prolonged, suprathreshold current pulses evoked only a single action potential; however, repetitive firing up to 35 Hz could be elicited by a series of brief depolarizing pulses. Under voltage clamp, the TTX-sensitive sodium current had activation and inactivation properties similar to other excitable cells. In TTX and 20 mM barium, sustained inward current were evoked by voltage steps positive to -30 mV. This current was blocked by Cd (100 microM) and by nifedipine (IC50 = 368 nM) consistent with L-type calcium channels in other neurons. No T-type calcium current was observed. Voltage steps positive to -20 mV also evoked an outward current that did not inactivate during 100-msec depolarizations. Tail current analysis of this current was consistent with a selective potassium conductance. The outward current was blocked by external tetraethylammonium but was unaffected by Cd or 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) or by removal of external calcium. A transient outward current was not observed. The 3 voltage-dependent conductances in cultured rat ORNs appear to be sufficient for 2 essential functions: action potential generation and transmitter release. As a single odorant-activated channel can trigger an action potential (e.g., Lynch and Barry, 1989), the repetitive firing seen with brief depolarizing pulses suggests that ORNs do not integrate sensory input, but rather act as high-fidelity relays such that each opening of an odorant-activated channel reaches the olfactory bulb glomeruli as an action potential.
Attitudes and social adaptation : a person-situation interaction approach

Introduction. Person-oriented theories of attitude change. Situation-oriented theories of attitude change. An interactive theory of attitude change. Scope of persons: personality and persuasibility. Methodology in attitude research. Scope of situations. Attitudes and behaviors. Scope of interactions. Conclusions. References. Name index.
Education level and mortality in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): evidence of underascertainment of deaths due to SLE in ethnic minorities with low education levels.

Objective To determine if socioeconomic status, as measured by education level, is associated with mortality due to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and to determine if these associations differ among ethnic groups. Methods Sex- and race-specific mortality rates due to SLE by education level were computed for persons age 25–64 years using US Multiple Causes of Death data from 1994 to 1997. SLE-specific mortality rates were compared with all-cause mortality rates in 1997 to determine if the association between education level and mortality in SLE was similar to that in other causes of death. Results Among whites, the risk of death due to SLE was significantly higher among those with lower levels of education, and the risk gradient closely paralleled the 1997 all-cause mortality risks by education level. However, in African American women and men and Asian/Pacific Islander women, the risk of death due to SLE was lower among those with lower education levels, contrary to the associations between education level and all-cause mortality in these groups. Comparing the distribution of education levels among deaths due to SLE and all deaths in 1997, persons with lower education levels were underrepresented among deaths due to SLE in African Americans and Asian/Pacific Islanders. Conclusion Among whites, higher education levels are associated with lower mortality due to SLE. These associations were not present in ethnic minorities, likely due to underascertainment of deaths due to SLE in less-well educated persons. This underascertainment may be due to underreporting of SLE on death certificates, but may also represent underdiagnosis of SLE in ethnic minorities with low education levels.
9 – Disposal of Ethanol Carbon Atoms

This chapter focuses on the disposal of ethanol carbon atoms. Dietary ethanol is an important contributor to the total caloric intake and is associated with gender specific alterations in body weight and risk for coronary heart disease. To understand the metabolic basis of these effects, it is important to first understand the metabolic fate of dietary ethanol. It is generally accepted that ethanol once absorbed is oxidized to acetaldehyde, and then converted to acetate within the liver. The next step in the disposal of ethanol-derived carbons is less clear. Using radioisotope tracer methods, the fate of ethanol-derived carbons from their entry into the gastrointestinal tract to their ultimate oxidation or potential storage can be followed. Using such methodologies demonstrates that skeletal muscle plays a critical role in the metabolism and oxidation of dietary-ethanol. The fed state appears to favor the conversion of ethanol derived carbons to lipid, although in small amounts relative to the amount oxidized. There is also evidence of gender effects on the propensity to convert ethanol-derived carbons to lipid and to store these carbons in adipose tissue.
RF power generation for future linear colliders

W. R. Fowkes, M. A. Allen, R. S. Callin, G. Caryotakis, K. R. Eppley, K. S. Fant, Z. D. Farkas, J. Feinstein, K. Ko, R. F. Koontz, N. Kroll, T. L. Lavine, T. G. Lee, R. H. Miller, C. Pearson, G. Spalek, A. E. Vlieks, and P. B. Wilson Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94309, USA
Identifying a core set of science teaching practices: A delphi expert panel approach

The Framework for K-12 Science Education details ambitious goals for students' learning of science content and practices. However, this document provides science teachers little guidance about instructional practices that are central to helping students achieve these goals. Research indicates that a teacher's instructional practice can impact student interest and achievement more than advanced degrees or teaching experience and thus, identifying a core set of science teaching practices may be one key to improving science education. Based on a practice-based theory of teaching, this study used a panel of expert science teachers and university faculty to identify a set of core science teaching practices. The Delphi methodology used in this study engaged the expert panel in three anonymous and iterative rounds of voting and justification of science teaching practices. Nine of the fifty-one suggested practices met the pre-determined consensus criteria. Three major themes emerged from the results. First, a majority of practices, like “Engaging Students in Investigations” and “Facilitating Classroom Discourse,” promote an interactive and dialogic science classroom. Second, the discussion among panel members across the three rounds indicates the need to develop a more common language and understanding of science teaching practice. Third, the panel highlighted the important role that on-going assessment plays in science teaching with practices like “Eliciting, Using, and Assessing Student Thinking about Science” and “Providing Feedback.” This study lays the groundwork for the further decomposition of these core teaching practices and provides the foundation for further empirical research on how these practices are learned and executed by teachers, and their impact on student learning. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 51: 1185–1217, 2014
Subcutaneous lipectomy causes a metabolic syndrome in hamsters.

The insulin resistance syndrome X is related to excess intra-abdominal adipose tissue. With lipectomy of >50% of subcutaneous adipose tissue (SQAT) in nonhibernating, adult female Syrian hamsters o...
Therapeutic challenges of pancreatic ascites and the role of endoscopic pancreatic stenting

Management of pancreatic ascites poses significant therapeutic challenges. Treatment usually consists of either conservative management or interventional therapy with little consensus between the two options. Conservative therapy is the most common initial treatment option but has high failure rates hence arguing for interventional therapy as a preferred primary treatment option. Endoscopic treatment is particularly appealing due to lower failure rates and mortality than conservative therapy or surgery. We describe a patient with recurrent pancreatic ascites who was successfully managed with endoscopic transpapillary stenting. This report contributes to the limited but growing literature on the management of pancreatic ascites.
Using the good cop/bad cop profile with the MMPI-2

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) has been widely used in a variety of ways to screen candidates for law enforcement positions. This study extends the use of the MMPI Good Cop/Bad Cop (GC/BC) profile (Blau, Super, & Brady, 1993) to the MMPI-2. The MMPI-2 profiles of 39 veteran police officers were used to predict their performance (No Apparent Problems, Borderline, or Serious Problems Possible), and these predictions were compared with supervisors’ ratings of the officers’ actual performance. The MMPI-2 predictions were accurate for 46% of the officers, a rate that was significantly better than chance (p=.024). Based on the current data, the best selection outcome would be obtained by accepting officers whose MMPI-2 profiles place them in the No Apparent Problems or Borderline groups, and rejecting officers whose profiles suggest Serious Problems Possible. This could be accomplished simply by rejecting any officer who obtained a score above 65T on any of the clinical scales. This selection strategy would have resulted in the acceptance of 22 officers, 19 of whom were highly rated by their supervisors, and the rejection of 17 officers, 11 of whom were rated as borderline or poorer by their supervisors. It would also result in the erroneous rejection of 6 officers who were highly rated by supervisors.