cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mixed Chloride/Phosphine Complexes of the Dirhenium Core. 3. Novel Structures with Diethylphosphido-bridges and Terminal Diethylphosphines.

The interaction between octachlorodirhenium anions and diethylphosphine has been shown to strongly depend on reaction conditions, mainly the nature of the solvent and the amount of phosphine. As a result, novel dirhenium products with oxidation states ranging from Re(II) to Re(IV) have been obtained. The reaction of [Re(2)Cl(8)](2)(-) with an excess of PEt(2)H in dichloromethane or acetonitrile led to the first example of a face-sharing complex of rhenium(IV) with three phosphido-bridges, namely [Bu(n)(4)N][Re(2)(m-PEt(2))(3)Cl(6)] (1). The unusual edge-sharing Re(2)(m-PEt(2))(2)Cl(4)(PEt(2)H)(4) (2) complex of rhenium(III) with C(i)() core symmetry, containing both terminal phosphines and phosphido-bridges, has been obtained by carrying out the reaction with an excess of PEt(2)H in a benzene (or propanol) - HCl mixture at room temperature. A new example of the 1,2,7,8-type of dirhenium(II) complex, Re(2)Cl(4)(PEt(2)H)(4) (3), having diethylphosphine ligands located cis on each Re atom, has been isolated from the reaction of [Re(2)Cl(8)](2)(-) with PEt(2)H in an ethanol-HCl medium. The solid-state structures of complexes 1-3 have been investigated by X-ray crystallography. Complexes 1 and 2 both crystallized in two forms: [Bu(n)(4)N][Re(2)(m-PEt(2))(3)Cl(6)] 1a, P2(1)/n with a = 10.482(1) A, b = 16.512(2) A, c = 23.986(2) A, beta = 93.637(8) degrees, and Z = 4; [Bu(n)(4)N][Re(2)(m-PEt(2))(3)Cl(6)].1.5 C(7)H(8) 1b, C2/c with a = 38.746(9) A, b = 10.322(2) A, c = 27.277(3) A, beta = 110.35(1) degrees, and Z = 8; Re(2)(m-PEt(2))(2)Cl(4)(PEt(2)H)(4) 2a, P2(1)/n with a = 11.081(3) A, b = 11.029(3) A, c = 15.627(2) A, beta = 90.05(1) degrees, and Z = 2; 2b, P2(1)/c with a = 16.094(3) A, b = 15.193(3) A, c = 15.548(3) A, beta = 100.98(3) degrees, and Z = 4. X-ray data for complex Re(2)Cl(4)(PEt(2)H)(4) 3 are as follows: P2(1)/n with a = 10.445(2) A, b = 10.113(3) A, c = 13.473(2) A, beta = 102.17(2) degrees, and Z = 2. Three bridging m-PEt(2) groups in the face-sharing complex 1 span a short metal-metal distance of 2.4060(6) A, averaged over 1a and 1b, with a small Re-PEt(2)-Re angle of 61.34(7) degrees. The rhenium-rhenium bond length in the edge-sharing complex 2 is 2.7545(7) A, averaged over 2a and 2b, while the bridging Re-PEt(2)-Re angle is 72.16(6) degrees, and the P-Re-P angle for the terminal phosphine ligands is 87.11(7) degrees. The Re-Re bond distance in 3, 2.2533(8) A, is typical for triply bonded dirhenium complexes, and the P-Re-P angle for the cis phosphine groups is 93.12(6) degrees.
The Role of the Dysfunctional Akt-Related Pathway in Cancer: Establishment and Maintenance of a Malignant Cell Phenotype, Resistance to Therapy, and Future Strategies for Drug Development

Akt serine/threonine kinases, or PKB, are key players in the regulation of a wide variety of cellular activities, such as growth, proliferation, protection from apoptotic injuries, control of DNA damage responses and genome stability, metabolism, migration, and angiogenesis. The Akt-related pathway responds to the stimulation mediated by growth factors, cytokines, hormones, and several nutrients. Akt is present in three isoforms: Akt1, Akt2, and Akt3, which may be alternatively named PKBα, PKBβ, and PKBγ, respectively. The Akt isoforms are encoded on three diverse chromosomes and their biological functions are predominantly distinct. Deregulations in the Akt-related pathway were observed in many human maladies, including cancer, cardiopathies, neurological diseases, and type-2 diabetes. This review discusses the significance of the abnormal activities of the Akt axis in promoting and sustaining malignancies, along with the development of tumor cell populations that exhibit enhanced resistance to chemo- and/or radiotherapy. This occurrence may be responsible for the relapse of the disease, which is unfortunately very often related to fatal consequences in patients.
Heteroscedastic One-Way ANOVA and Lack-of-Fit Tests

Recent articles have considered the asymptotic behavior of the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) F statistic when the number of levels or groups is large. In these articles, the results were obtained under the assumption of homoscedasticity and for the case when the sample or group sizes ni remain fixed as the number of groups, a, tends to infinity. In this article, we study both weighted and unweighted test statistics in the heteroscedastic case. The unweighted statistic is new and can be used even with small group sizes. We demonstrate that an asymptotic approximation to the distribution of the weighted statistic is possible only if the group sizes tend to infinity suitably fast in relation to a. Our investigation of local alternatives reveals a similarity between lack-of-fit tests for constant regression in the present case of replicated observations and the case of no replications, which uses smoothing techniques. The asymptotic theory uses a novel application of the projection principle to obtain ...
Managing social media in government

Social media is an important tool for internal and external communications in government. The panel will address issues in government social media use including: management, collaboration, governance, engagement, transparency and accountability. Panelists from Canada and the United States contribute real world experience and academic perspectives to government social media use.
Activation of CD74 inhibits migration of human mesenchymal stem cells

Therapeutic administration of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) by systemic delivery utilizes the innate ability of the cells to home to damaged tissues, but it can be an inefficient process due to a limited knowledge of cellular cues that regulate migration and homing. Our lab recently discovered that a potent pro-inflammatory cytokine, macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), inhibits MSC migration. Because MIF may act on multiple cellular targets, an activating antibody (CD74Ab) was employed in this study to examine the effect of one MIF receptor, CD74 (major histocompatibility complex class II-associated invariant chain), on MSC motility. CD74 activation inhibits in a dose-dependent manner up to 90% of in vitro migration of MSCs at 40 μg/ml CD74Ab (p < 0.001), with consistent effects observed among three MSC donor preparations. A blocking peptide from the C-terminus of CD74 eliminates the effect of CD74Ab on MSCs. This suggests that MIF may act on MSCs, at least in part, through CD74. Late-passage MSCs exhibit less chemokinesis than those at passage 2. However, MSCs remain responsive to CD74 activation during ex vivo expansion: MSC migration is inhibited ∼2-fold in the presence of 5 µg/ml CD74Ab at passage 9 vs. ∼3-fold at passage 2 (p < 0.001). Consistent with this result, there were no significant differences in CD74 expression at all tested passages or after CD74Ab exposure. Targeting CD74 to regulate migration and homing potentially may be a useful strategy to improve the efficacy of a variety of MSC therapies, including those that require ex vivo expansion.
Alcohol Education Re-evaluated:

Though they are less spectacular than the tra ditional worm-in-the-whiskey demonstration, in novations in teaching about alcohol are proving to be more persuasive.
Continuous-wave (F + H 2 ) chemical lasers: a temperature-dependent analytical diffusion model

The development of an analytical model for predicting the performance of HF lasers that result from the mixing of atomic fluorine with molecular hydrogen in continuously flowing systems is described. The model combines a temperature-dependent solution for a premixed laser system with laminar or turbulent flame-sheet mixing schemes to generate closed-form expressions for the two conditions of constant pressure (simulating a free jet) and constant density (simulating a partially confined flow). The various approximations, including a fully communicating cavity and characteristic reaction and deactivation lifetimes, are discussed. Scaling laws that relate power to the total pressure and nozzle parameters are developed. Comparison with exact numerical treatments for a wide range of conditions reveals that the model is consistently accurate to ∼10%. Finally, the sensitivity of the predictions to the kinetic rate package and the utility of the model for performing parameter studies are indicated.
Manometric abnormalities of the oesophagus in patients with Parkinson's disease.

Dysphagia in Parkinson’s disease (PD) is known to correlate with abnormalities of oropharyngeal function. Oesophageal abnormalities have not been previously demonstrated to correlate with dysphagia. The aim of the study was to determine if motor dysfunction of the oesophageal body correlates with dysphagia or disease severity in PD. Twenty-two patients with PD were assessed for the severity of their dysphagia (scale of 1–7) and severity of PD (Hoehn and Yahr scale 1–4). All underwent oesophageal manometry. Dysphagia was present daily in 10 patients (45%). Parkinson’s disease was graded as severe (Hoehn and Yahr >=3) in eight (36%) patients. Oesophageal manometry was abnormal in 16 (73%) patients. Thirteen patients had either complete aperistalsis or multiple simultaneous contractions (diffuse oesophageal spasm). These findings were significantly more common in patients with daily dysphagia (90% vs. 33%; P < 0.005), and were not related to duration or severity of PD. We conclude that the presence of aperistalsis or multiple simultaneous contractions in the oesophagus does correlate with dysphagia and is independent of PD severity or duration. This may reflect selective involvement of either the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus or the oesophageal myenteric plexus.
A MONTE CARLO COMPARISON OF VARIOUS ASYMPTOTIC APPROXIMATIONS TO THE DISTRIBUTION OF INSTRUMENTAL VARIABLES ESTIMATORS

ABSTRACT We examine empirical relevance of three alternative asymptotic approximations to the distribution of instrumental variables estimators by Monte Carlo experiments. We find that conventional asymptotics provides a reasonable approximation to the actual distribution of instrumental variables estimators when the sample size is reasonably large. For most sample sizes, we find Bekker[11] asymptotics provides reasonably good approximation even when the first stage R 2 is very small. We conclude that reporting Bekker[11] confidence interval would suffice for most microeconometric (cross-sectional) applications, and the comparative advantage of Staiger and Stock[5] asymptotic approximation is in applications with sample sizes typical in macroeconometric (time series) applications.
Changes in streambank erodibility and critical shear stress due to subaerial processes along a headwater stream, southwestern Virginia, USA

Despite more than 40 yr of research attributing temporal changes in streambank erosion rates to subaerial processes, little quantitative information is available on the relationships between streambank erodibility (kd) and critical shear stress (τc) and the environmental conditions and processes that enhance streambank erosion potential. The study goal was to evaluate temporal changes in kd and τc from soil desiccation and freeze–thaw cycling. Soil erodibility and τc were measured monthly in situ using a multiangle, submerged jet test device. Soil moisture, temperature, and bulk density as well as precipitation, air temperature, and stream stage were measured continuously to determine changes in soil moisture content and state. Pairwise Mann–Whitney tests indicted kd was 2.9 and 2.1 times higher (p < 0.0065) during the winter (December–March) than in the spring/fall (April–May, October–November) and the summer (June–September), respectively. Regression analysis showed 80% of the variability in kd was explained by freeze–thaw cycling alone. Study results also indicated soil bulk density was highly influenced by winter weather conditions (r2 = 0.86): bulk density was inversely related to both soil water content and freeze–thaw cycling. Results showed that significant changes in the resistance of streambank soils to fluvial erosion can be attributed to subaerial processes. Water resource professionals should consider the implications of increased soil erodibility during the winter in the development of channel erosion models and stream restoration designs.
Zeros of random Reinhardt polynomials

For a strictly pseudoconvex Reinhardt domain with smooth boundary in and a positive smooth measure on the boundary of , we consider the ensemble of polynomials of degree N with the Gaussian probability measure which is induced by . Our aim is to compute the scaling limit distribution function and scaling limit pair correlation function for zeros near a point . First, we apply the stationary phase method to the Boutet de Monvel–Sjostrand Theorem to get the asymptotic for the scaling limit partial Szego kernel around . Then by using the Kac–Rice formula, we compute the scaling limit distribution and pair correlation functions.
Some Evidence of a Pluralistic Discipline: A Narrative Analysis of Public Administration Symposia

This article investigates the discipline of public administration as it is manifested in symposium articles published during the period 1985–99. What was the field trying to accomplish? The method of investigation is narrative analysis. Using specific discourse markers (method, substantive contents, and authorial intentions), the authors found a wide variety of purposes and projects in the symposia investigated. The condition of public administration, they conclude, is distinguished by a radical pluralism—a striking absence of any singular conception of public administration scholarship.
Measuring social support: A synthesis of current approaches

Definitions and concepts of social support are reviewed in an attempt to develop a theoretical structure for future research. Fourteen techniques for measuring social support are assessed to ascertain the degree to which they reflect common theoretical elements. A paradigm that should help to focus research efforts on the construction of a systematic knowledge base about social support is proposed.
Improving life sciences information retrieval using semantic web technology

The ability to retrieve relevant information is at the heart of every aspect of research and development in the life sciences industry. Information is often distributed across multiple systems and recorded in a way that makes it difficult to piece together the complete picture. Differences in data formats, naming schemes and network protocols amongst information sources, both public and private, must be overcome, and user interfaces not only need to be able to tap into these diverse information sources but must also assist users in filtering out extraneous information and highlighting the key relationships hidden within an aggregated set of information. The Semantic Web community has made great strides in proposing solutions to these problems, and many efforts are underway to apply Semantic Web techniques to the problem of information retrieval in the life sciences space. This article gives an overview of the principles underlying a Semantic Web-enabled information retrieval system: creating a unified abstraction for knowledge using the RDF semantic network model; designing semantic lenses that extract contextually relevant subsets of information; and assembling semantic lenses into powerful information displays. Furthermore, concrete examples of how these principles can be applied to life science problems including a scenario involving a drug discovery dashboard prototype called BioDash are provided.
The Arrival of the Electric Streetcar and the Conflict over Progress in Early Twentieth-Century Montevideo*

The inauguration of electric streetcar service by two foreign-owned companies in Montevideo in 1906 set off an intense debate between the city's elite and its anarchist workers over the nature of progress. The streetcar became a contested symbol of modernity as the elite attempted to dictate the terms of a new urban order. Anarchists countered with an alternative vision of progress that emphasised social equality, education and liberty, and they competed for the sympathy of the middle class which grew increasingly ambivalent towards the streetcar. Trolley workers resisted a new system of discipline at the workplace and eventually led the city's first general strike, with broad public support.
Failure handling in a reliable multicast protocol for improving buffer utilization and accommodating heterogeneous receivers

Reliable multicast protocols are an important class of protocols for reliably disseminating information from a sender to multiple receivers in the face of node and link failures. A tree-based reliable multicast protocol (TRAM) provides scalable reliable multicast by grouping receivers in hierarchical repair groups and using a selective acknowledgment mechanism. We present an improvement to TRAM to minimize the resource utilization at intermediate hosts and to localize the effect of slow or malicious receivers on normal receivers. We present an evaluation of TRAM and TRAM++ on a campus-wide WAN without errors and with message errors. The evaluation brings out that, given a constraint on the buffer availability at intermediate hosts, TRAM++ can tolerate the constraint at the expense of increasing the end-to-end latency for the normal receivers by only 3.2% compared to TRAM in error-free cases. When slow or faulty receivers are present, TRAM++ is able to provide the same uninterrupted quality of service to the normal nodes while localizing the effect of the faulty ones without incurring any additional memory overhead.
Interferometric imaging of multiples in an RTM approach

It is well known that reverse-time migration is capable of correctly imaging multiply scattered energy. To do this, one of the interfaces from which the waves scatter must be included in the background velocity model. In a one-way framework this requirement is avoided by iteratively forming images of higher-order scattered waves. These techniques use an image made with singly scattered waves to estimate the locations of some of the reflection points in a multiply-scattered wave, from which the location of an additional scattering point is determined through standard imaging techniques. This removes the requirement that a single multiple-generating interface be identified. Here we extend this technique to reverse-time migration using results from several recent studies linking standard and extended imaging conditions to interferometry. This results in a method to generate images with multiply-scattered waves using the full-waveform imaging techniques of reverse-time migration and the iterative imaging formulations of scattering series in a one-way framework.
Statin-Induced Expression of Decay-Accelerating Factor Protects Vascular Endothelium Against Complement-Mediated Injury

Complement-mediated vascular injury is important in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction. Because recent evidence shows that statins have beneficial effects on endotheli...
Rationale for folate receptor alpha targeted therapy in high risk endometrial carcinomas

Advanced and recurrent endometrial cancers account for the majority of deaths from this disease with limited therapeutic options. High grade, and nonendometrioid histology, pathologically characterize the endometrial tumors associated with adverse outcome and are classified as ‘‘high risk’’. The identification of molecular prognostic factors that might be targeted for therapy among ‘‘high risk’’ endometrial cancers is an active area of investigation. We hypothesize that the FRa, highly expressed in endometrial cancer cells, is a potential target for this disease. Our objectives were to determine if FRa overexpression is associated with adverse prognostic factors and worse outcome. Three hundred and thirty-two endometrial cancer cores were arrayed onto a tissue microarray and stained using a FRa-specific monoclonal antibody. Staining was scored as absent or weak and moderate or strong. Forty-one percent of 310 evaluable cases stained moderate/strong. Moderate/strong FRa staining was significantly associated with other poor prognostic factors including: advanced stage, nonendometrioid histology and high grade. An association was observed between moderate/strong FRa staining and recurrence (p < 0.0014). These findings support further exploring a role for FRa targeted approaches for therapy and diagnostics in endometrial cancer. ' 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Further Studies on Thyroid Growth-Stimulating Immunoglobulins in Euthyroid Nonendemic Goiter

ABSTRACT. Sixty-two consecutive patients with sporadic eu-thyroid goiter (57 women and 5 men) from noniodine-deficient areas, including 15 patients with diffuse goiter, 39 patients with multinodular goiter, and 8 patients with a single nodule, were studied for the presence of serum thyroid growth-stimulating immunoglobulins (TGI) by the ultrasensitive cytochemical bioassay based on DNA cytophotometry (Feulgen-cytochemical bioassay). Using strictly specified conditions, 43 patients (67%) were positive. Values tended to be high in diffuse goiter, nodular goiters reccuring after partial thyroidectomy, and those with recent growth. Thirty-seven individual immunoglobulin (Ig)-rich fractions obtained by ammonium-sulfate precipitation from 20 normal subjects, 13 atrophic thyroiditis patients, and 4 dyshor-monogenetic goiter patients were tested similarly, and only 3 gave positive growth assays. These results lend further support to our concept that a majority of patients with sporadic nontoxic simple goiters hav...
Leclercia adecarboxylata cellulitis in a child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

: Leclercia adecarboxylata is a rare, gram-negative rod that has been infrequently reported in the literature. The organism has been documented to cause solitary infections in immunocompromised hosts and polymicrobial wound infections in the immunocompetent. We present a case of an 8-year-old boy with significant past medical history of acute lymphobastic leukemia who developed cellulitis due to local infection by L. adecarboxylata. This case is presented to raise awareness of this rare organism’s ability to cause common cutaneous disease, especially in the immunocompromised.
Inactivation of phosphofructokinase by dialdehyde-ATP.

Abstract Rabbit muscle phosphofructokinase (PFK) is rapidly inactivated by a 2′,3′-dialdehyde derivative of adenosine triphosphate (dialdehyde-ATP). When allowed to react with 0.6 m m dialdehyde-ATP in 0.1 m borate buffer (pH 8.6) containing 0.2 m m EDTA and 0.5 m m dithiothreitol, PFK loses essentially all activity (99%) in 30 min. The modified PFK remains inactive following dialysis of the reaction mixture against sodium borate (pH 8.0) containing fructose diphosphate, EDTA, and dithiothreitol. Experiments with [14C]dialdehyde-ATP show that 99% inactivation of PFK corresponds to incorporation of 3 to 4 mol of the ATP analog per PFK protomer. The inactivation of PFK with dialdehyde reagent is not caused by dissociation of the 340,000 Mr, tetramer to the 170,000 Mr dimer, as determined by analytical ultracentrifugation. Adenosine diphosphate or ATP protect PFK from inactivation by dialdehyde-ATP at pH 8.6, but fructose 6-phosphate, cyclic 3′,5t - adenosine monophosphate, or fructose diphosphate, which protect PFK from modification by pyridoxal phosphate, provide little protection from inactivation. Amino acid analyses of dialdehyde-inactivated PFK and of a control sample of the enzyme were compared following reaction of each with 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene. The results show that three or four lysine residues per PFK protomer are modified by dialdehyde-ATP. Additional data indicate that these lysine residues react with dialdehyde-ATP to form dihydroxymorpholine-like adducts rather than Schiff bases.
Simulation of B Cell Affinity Maturation Explains Enhanced Antibody Cross-Reactivity Induced by the Polyvalent Malaria Vaccine AMA1

Polyvalent vaccines use a mixture of Ags representing distinct pathogen strains to induce an immune response that is cross-reactive and protective. However, such approaches often have mixed results, and it is unclear how polyvalency alters the fine specificity of the Ab response and what those consequences might be for protection. In this article, we present a coarse-grain theoretical model of B cell affinity maturation during monovalent and polyvalent vaccinations that predicts the fine specificity and cross-reactivity of the Ab response. We stochastically simulate affinity maturation using a population dynamics approach in which the host B cell repertoire is represented explicitly, and individual B cell subpopulations undergo rounds of stimulation, mutation, and differentiation. Ags contain multiple epitopes and are present in subpopulations of distinct pathogen strains, each with varying degrees of cross-reactivity at the epitope level. This epitope- and strain-specific model of affinity maturation enables us to study the composition of the polyclonal response in granular detail and identify the mechanisms driving serum specificity and cross-reactivity. We applied this approach to predict the Ab response to a polyvalent vaccine based on the highly polymorphic malaria Ag apical membrane antigen-1. Our simulations show how polyvalent apical membrane Ag-1 vaccination alters the selection pressure during affinity maturation to favor cross-reactive B cells to both conserved and strain-specific epitopes and demonstrate how a polyvalent vaccine with a small number of strains and only moderate allelic coverage may be broadly neutralizing. Our findings suggest that altered fine specificity and enhanced cross-reactivity may be a universal feature of polyvalent vaccines.
Exercise-enhanced neuroplasticity targeting motor and cognitive circuitry in Parkinson's disease.

Summary Exercise interventions in individuals with Parkinson's disease incorporate goal-based motor skill training to engage cognitive circuitry important in motor learning. With this exercise approach, physical therapy helps with learning through instruction and feedback (reinforcement) and encouragement to perform beyond self-perceived capability. Individuals with Parkinson's disease become more cognitively engaged with the practice and learning of movements and skills that were previously automatic and unconscious. Aerobic exercise, regarded as important for improvement of blood flow and facilitation of neuroplasticity in elderly people, might also have a role in improvement of behavioural function in individuals with Parkinson's disease. Exercises that incorporate goal-based training and aerobic activity have the potential to improve both cognitive and automatic components of motor control in individuals with mild to moderate disease through experience-dependent neuroplasticity. Basic research in animal models of Parkinson's disease is beginning to show exercise-induced neuroplastic effects at the level of synaptic connections and circuits.
Corneal sensation after laser in situ keratomileusis

Abstract Purpose To report the time course for the return of corneal sensation following laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK). Setting University-based retractive surgery practice. Methods Twenty-eight eyes of 18 patients having LASIK were evaluated. Preoperative and postoperative corneal sensation at the nasal flap hinge, at the central cornea, and within the temporal flap edge were measured before and after LASIK for a 3 week period using the Cochet–Bonnet esthesiometer (Luneau). Results Corneal sensation initially decreased in all 3 positions of the flap measured after LASIK; the greatest decrease was in the central cornea. Near preoperative corneal sensation returned by 3 weeks. The degree of sensation loss did not appear to correlate with the ablation depth. Conclusion Corneal sensation is significantly decreased for approximately 2 to 3 weeks after LASIK, centrally greater than nasally at the flap hinge or temporally within the flap edge, but it generally returns to near the preoperative level by 3 weeks postoperatively.
Changes in the Infrared Spectrum of the Liver Lipid of the Chick

Abstract THE chick is equipped to undergo a short interval of nutritional privation following hatching due to the existence of the yolk sac. This organ may be removed immediately after hatching without deleterious effects if an adequate diet is provided (Harvey et al., 1955). The nutriment provided from the yolk is largely in the form of neutral fat, thus leading to a fatty liver and lipemia (Entenman et al., 1940). As the chick ages, the amounts and distribution of the classes of lipid in the liver change. This change has been followed by infrared spectrophotometry and is reported here. Although changes in liver composition have been demonstrated by infrared spectroscopy during pullorum disease (Cameron et al., 1958Cameron et al., 1959) no apparent alteration of the infrared spectrum of liver lipid was caused by infection with Salmonella pullorum. This infection has been shown by other means to induce changes in the level of saponifiable …
Perceptions of depression among dementia caregivers: findings from the CATIE-AD trial

Objective For patients with Alzheimer's disease complicated by behavioral disturbances, to use single questions about perceived depression and assess patient and caregiver accuracy in recognizing patient depression. Methods Cross-sectional interviews from the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness-Alzheimer's Disease (CATIE-AD). Patients were asked ‘Do you believe you are depressed?’ Caregivers were asked ‘Do you believe the patient is depressed?’ and ‘Do you believe you (caregiver) are depressed?’ These responses were compared to the patient's score on the Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia (CSDD), and to the caregiver's score on the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) using screening test characteristics. Results Two hundred fifty-seven total patient/caregiver pairs were evaluated. Patients had a mean age of 78 years, were mainly female, white, and had a mean Mini-Mental State Examination Score of 15. Caregivers were on average 63 years old, and were mostly spouses or children. 37% of patients had depression (CSDD ≥ 12). Patients recognized their own depression with a sensitivity of 0.26 (CI: 0.18, 0.37) and specificity of 0.85 (0.79, 0.90). Caregivers' accuracy in recognizing depression in the patient revealed a sensitivity of 0.65 (C.I.: 0.55, 0.75) and specificity of 0.58 (CI: 0.50, 0.66). Twelve per cent of caregivers were depressed, and caregiver burden was associated with patient depression. Conclusion Clinically significant depression was common, and asking a single question to the patient about depression failed to detect most cases. Caregivers identified two-thirds of patient depression when asked this one question. Caregiver depression and perceived burden were associated with patient depression. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
WATER TABLES CONSTRAIN HEIGHT RECOVERY OF WILLOW ON YELLOWSTONE'S NORTHERN RANGE

Excessive levels of herbivory may disturb ecosystems in ways that persist even when herbivory is moderated. These persistent changes may complicate efforts to restore ecosystems affected by herbivores. Willow (Salix spp.) communities within the northern range in Yellowstone National Park have been eliminated or degraded in many riparian areas by excessive elk (Cervus elaphus L.) browsing. Elk browsing of riparian willows appears to have diminished following the reintroduction of wolves (Canis lupis L.), but it remains uncertain whether reduced herbivory will restore willow communities. The direct effects of elk browsing on willows have been accompanied by indirect effects from the loss of beaver (Castor canadensis Kuhl) activity, including incision of stream channels, erosion of fine sediments, and lower water tables near streams historically dammed by beaver. In areas where these changes have occurred, lowered water tables may suppress willow height even in the absence of elk browsing. We conducted a factorial field experiment to understand willow responses to browsing and to height of water tables. After four years of protection from elk browsing, willows with ambient water tables averaged only 106 cm in height, with negligible height gain in two of three study species during the last year of the experiment. Willows that were protected from browsing and had artificially elevated water tables averaged 147 cm in height and gained 19 cm in the last year of the experiment. In browsed plots, elevated water tables doubled height gain during a period of slightly reduced browsing pressure. We conclude that water availability mediates the rate of willow height gain and may determine whether willows grow tall enough to escape the browse zone of elk and gain resistance to future elk browsing. Consequently, in areas where long-term beaver absence has resulted in incised stream channels and low water tables, a reduction in elk browsing alone may not be sufficient for recovery of tall willow stands. Because tall willow stems are important elements of habitat for beaver, mitigating water table decline may be necessary in these areas to promote recovery of historical willow-beaver mutualisms.
Teaching Semantic Ethnography to Architecture Students

Learning about human behavior, cultural diversity, and user perspectives are all part of the NAAB-required curriculum for educating architects. Beyond that, these skills help architects compete in a global and diverse world. Semantic ethnography offers a method for understanding the user perspective in cultural settings. We present a research and design project centered on semantic ethnography as a way to teach architecture students about how to design for user groups. A survey administered to two years of students indicates that this project is indeed helpful for teaching students about how to find and listen to the user perspective.
ON THE SETS OF BRANCH POINTS OF MAPPINGS MORE GENERAL THAN QUASIREGULAR

It is shown that if a point x 0 ∊ ℝ n , n ≥ 3, is an essential isolated singularity of an open discrete Q-mapping f : D → $$ \overline {\mathbb {R}^n} $$ , B f is the set of branch points of f in D; and a point z 0 ∊ $$ \overline {\mathbb {R}^n} $$ is an asymptotic limit of f at the point x 0; then, for any neighborhood U containing the point x 0; the point z 0 ∊ $$ \overline {f\left( {B_f \cap U} \right)} $$ provided that the function Q has either a finite mean oscillation at the point x 0 or a logarithmic singularity whose order does not exceed n − 1: Moreover, for n ≥ 2; under the indicated conditions imposed on the function Q; every point of the set $$ \overline {\mathbb {R}^n} $$ \ f(D) is an asymptotic limit of f at the point x 0. For n ≥ 3, the following relation is true: $$ \overline {\mathbb{R}^n } \backslash f\left( D \right) \subset \overline {f\,B_f } $$ . In addition, if $$ \infty \notin f\left( D \right) $$ , then the set f B f is infinite and $$ x_0 \in \overline {B_f } $$ .
Real-time multi-core virtual machine scheduling in xen

Recent years have witnessed two major trends in the development of complex real-time embedded systems. First, to reduce cost and enhance flexibility, multiple systems are sharing common computing platforms via virtualization technology, instead of being deployed separately on physically isolated hosts. Second, multicore processors are increasingly being used in real-time systems. The integration of real-time systems as virtual machines (VMs) atop common multicore platforms raises significant new research challenges in meeting the real-time performance requirements of multiple systems. This paper advances the state of the art in real-time virtualization by designing and implementing RT-Xen 2.0, a new real-time multicore VM scheduling framework in the popular Xen virtual machine monitor (VMM). RT-Xen 2.0 realizes a suite of real-time VM scheduling policies spanning the design space. We implement both global and partitioned VM schedulers; each scheduler can be configured to support dynamic or static priorities and to run VMs as periodic or deferrable servers. We present a comprehensive experimental evaluation that provides important insights into real-time scheduling on virtualized multicore platforms: (1) both global and partitioned VM scheduling can be implemented in the VMM at moderate overhead; (2) at the VMM level, while compositional scheduling theory shows partitioned EDF (pEDF) is better than global EDF (gEDF) in providing schedulability guarantees, in our experiments their performance is reversed in terms of the fraction of workloads that meet their deadlines on virtualized multi-core platforms; (3) at the guest OS level, pEDF requests a smaller total VCPU bandwidth than gEDF based on compositional scheduling analysis, and therefore using pEDF at the guest OS level leads to more schedulable workloads in our experiments; (4) a combination of pEDF in the guest OS and gEDF in the VMM -- configured with deferrable server -- leads to the highest fraction of schedulable task sets compared to other real-time VM scheduling policies; and (5) on a platform with a shared last-level cache, the benefits of global scheduling outweigh the cache penalty incurred by VM migration.
Accuracy estimation of mixed-mode scattering parameter measurements

The pure-mode vector network analyzer (PMVNA) provides direct measurement of differential circuits. Residual error models are derived for the PMVNA and a traditional four-port vector network analyzer (FPVNA). The residual error models are used to calculate the maximum and root-mean-square uncertainties in measurements of mixed-mode scattering parameters of a typical differential amplifier. The uncertainties produced by the PMVNA are compared to the transformed mixed-mode S-parameters of the FPVNA. The PMVNA is shown to have lower uncertainty when measuring differential devices.
A Visit with Nikki Giovanni

Executive Editor Frank Shushok, Jr., sits down with the legendary writer to talk poetry, imagination, and education.
Macrosteres: The Deltic Guanidin­ium Ion

The "deltic guanidinium" ion is described here as a "macrostere" of the guanidinium ion. The use of the 2,4-dimethoxybenzyl protecting group allows for the synthesis of the fully unsubstituted parent compound and a variety of derivatives bearing multiple N-H functions for the first time. Deltic urea, deltic thiourea, and deltic benzamidine are also synthesized. A comparison of the physical properties of guanidinium and deltic guanidinium ions is provided. The use of a deltic guanidinium dendrimer for cell transport is demonstrated.
Comparison of Nabis americoferus and Nabis roseipennis (Hemiptera: Nabidae) as Predators of the Green Cloverworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Laboratory studies of Nabis americoferus Carayon and Nabis roseipennis Reuter demonstrated similarities in their potential as predators of the green cloverworm, Plathypena scabra (F.). Stages of the green cloverworm acceptable as prey were found to vary by stage of nabid. First-instar nabids fed on eggs and 1st-instar larvae; 2nd- and 3rd-instar nabids preyed on eggs and 1st- and 2nd-instar larvae; 4th-instar nabids fed on eggs to 3rd-instar larvae; and 5th-instar and adult nabids were able to consume all stages from eggs to 4th-instar larvae. Consumption rates ranged from one egg or one 1st-instar larva per day for 1st-instar nymphs to as many as 12 to 26 eggs or 1st-instar larvae for 5th instars and adults.
The Application of Noninvasive Positive Pressure Ventilation in COPD Caused by Severe Respiratory Failure Mechanical Ventilation of

Objective: To study the application value of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease caused by severe respiratory failure mechanical ventilation.Method: The treatment group: 36 cases of COPD with severe respiratory failure after the required use of invasive mechanical ventilation,PSV+SIMV stay patients;pulmonary infection control window appears,the level of PSV decreased to 11cmH2O-12cmH2O,pulling out the tracheal intubation in patients with COPD,then with noninvasive positive pressure ventilation(NIPPV),according to patients with respiratory frequency change the level of PSV,to be stable condition can continue to reduce the level of PSV,9cmH2O stopped ventilator.The observation group: 36 cases of COPD with severe respiratory failure after required for invasive mechanical ventilation treatment,the patients with stable disease,according to PSV,PSV levels decreased to 5-8cmH2O,offline for extubation.Result: The patients in treatment group hospitalization time and total ventilation time was significantly shorter than those in the observation group,and the incidence rate of VAP was significantly lower than the observation group.Conclusion:NIPPV can effectively improve the COPD patients with severe respiratory failure mechanical ventilation weaning success rate,shorten the duration of mechanical ventilation and hospitalization time of patients,reduce the incidence of VAP and patients
The induction, desensitization and de-induction of tyrosine aminotransferase by 8-bromo-cyclic AMP in rat hepatoma cells.

Addition of 1-3 mM-8-bromo-cyclic AMP to monolayer cultures of H-4 rat hepatoma cells resulted in a rapid but short-lived increase in tyrosine aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.5) activity. The transient nature of this induction is due to desensitization to 8-bromo-cyclic AMP. Throughout this time course of induction and desensitization, removal of 8-bromo-cyclic AMP resulted in a rapid and significant decrease in tyrosine aminotransferase activity, a process referred to as ‘de-induction’ in this study. We showed that the changes in tyrosine aminotransferase activity in its induction, desensitization and de-induction by 8-bromo-cyclic AMP were directly attributable to changes in the synthesis rate of the protein, and the amount of translatable and hybridizable mRNA encoding for tyrosine aminotransferase (mRNATAT). We further showed that this desensitization was specific to cyclic AMP. First, only active analogues of cyclic AMP and agents which increased cellular concentrations of cyclic AMP elicited this desensitization. Second, the desensitized cells were refractory only to the effects of 8-bromo-cyclic AMP; dexamethasone and insulin induced the tyrosine aminotransferase activity in the 8-bromo-cyclic AMP-desensitized cells in a manner similar to that of the controls. Studies on the metabolism of 8-bromo-cyclic AMP suggest that neither its degradation nor the accumulation of its primary metabolite, 8-bromoadenosine, played a significant role in modulating the expression of tyrosine aminotransferase during the time course of action of 8-bromo-cyclic AMP. These results provide evidence for a specific pretranslational mode of action of cyclic AMP in the control of tyrosine aminotransferase expression in its desensitization and de-induction, in addition to the early phase of induction.
Teaching the Middle East in Portland Public High Schools

This paper examines the ways in which the Middle East is taught to high school students in Portland Public School. Specifically, it focuses on the required history courses, Modern World History and United States History for Freshman and Juniors, respectively. Beginning with a definition of the Middle East, this paper starts by placing itself and the author within a discourse community of educators, historians, and writers who discuss the issues with incorporating multiple points of view into their curriculum. After a discussion of the methods by which the data was collected, this paper concludes by offering a description of that data, as well as an interpretation of the results. Data collection in this case was done by way of interview with four teachers from four different schools in Portland Public, as well as in-depth content analysis of the two textbooks that were adopted by the Portland Public School District in 2008. Through this research, this paper concludes by offering a brief glimpse into the difficulties facing these teachers in incorporating the complex issues surrounding the Middle East in required high school history classes.
Summary and Final Considerations

Until recently, most of the principal large-value payment systems operated in a manner that allowed the creation of large volumes of intraday credit amongst their members: payments were settled net between the sending and the receiving banks at the end of the day. In some cases, banks had little incentive to control/price the consequent credit risk, as the exposures were typically so large that the central bank would have felt obliged to intervene in the event of settlement default in order to prevent clearing banks failures from having systemic consequences. In the late 1980s, operational arrangements and practices in net payment systems underwent some extensive revisions which resulted not only in the implementation of risk-reduction policies such as net bilateral credit limits, net debit caps and loss-sharing rules, but also in the recognition of the importance of an immediate and irrevocable availability of funds to the receiving bank (finality of payment). The principle of the irrevocability of settlement in all large-value fund transfer systems and technological improvements in the way payment orders could be processed supported the idea of transforming payment arrangements entirely by changing the settlement method itself: fund transfer instructions should be settled on a payment-by-payment basis (gross settlement) as soon as they are posted to the system (real-time settlement).
Plant hydraulics improves and topography mediates prediction of aspen mortality in southwestern USA.

Summary Elevated forest mortality has been attributed to climate change-induced droughts, but prediction of spatial mortality patterns remains challenging. We evaluated whether introducing plant hydraulics and topographic convergence-induced soil moisture variation to land surface models (LSM) can help explain spatial patterns of mortality. A scheme predicting plant hydraulic safety loss from soil moisture was developed using field measurements and a plant physiology–hydraulics model, TREES. The scheme was upscaled to Populus tremuloides forests across Colorado, USA, using LSM-modeled and topography-mediated soil moisture, respectively. The spatial patterns of hydraulic safety loss were compared against aerial surveyed mortality. Incorporating hydraulic safety loss raised the explanatory power of mortality by 40% compared to LSM-modeled soil moisture. Topographic convergence was mostly influential in suppressing mortality in low and concave areas, explaining an additional 10% of the variations in mortality for those regions. Plant hydraulics integrated water stress along the soil–plant continuum and was more closely tied to plant physiological response to drought. In addition to the well-recognized topo-climate influence due to elevation and aspect, we found evidence that topographic convergence mediates tree mortality in certain parts of the landscape that are low and convergent, likely through influences on plant-available water.