cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Utility of a psychosocial assessment during an acute care hospitalization

Adolescence involves immense physical, cognitive, social and emotional changes, which can lead teenagers to partake in risky behaviors. While experimentation and risk-taking are critical components of an adolescent's development of autonomy, these behaviors are known to contribute to the morbidity, mortality and social concerns of this age group. This observation prompted national organizations like the American Academy of Pediatrics to recommend risk behavior screening on an annual basis. Based on this recommendation and the time constraints of outpatient clinicians, as well as teenagers' underattendance for routine outpatient visits, hospital-based clinicians should implement the no-missed-opportunities paradigm5 when caring for adolescent patients. An acute care hospitalization for a teenager should serve as an additional opportunity to provide preventive care services. Utilization of a psychosocial screening tool can augment a clinician's ability to risk-stratify an adolescent, thus alerting the clinician to provide additional resources, education or interventions during that hospital encounter. The acronyms HEADDSS (Home, Education, Activities, Diet, Drugs, Sexual activity/sexuality and Safety/suicide) and SSHADESS (Strengths, School, Home, Activities, Drugs, Emotions/eating, Sexuality, Safety) can be employed as tools to remember the various elements of an adolescent's psychosocial health. In order to solicit honest, in-depth responses during the assessment, hospital-based pediatricians should strive to establish an environment of mutual trust. Clinicians should ask open-ended questions, remain non-judgmental and should preface any conversation involving sensitive topics with a discussion regarding the patient's right to confidentiality (and the circumstances in which it may be breeched). If risky behaviors are identified during the assessment, then appropriate counseling or intervention should be arranged during the acute care stay, with an outpatient follow-up plan established prior to discharge. By including the provision of preventative services in the inpatient setting, pediatric healthcare providers stand to add an additional layer of support for the adolescent population.
Improving Password Cyber-Security Through Inexpensive and Minimally Invasive Means: Detecting and Deterring Password Reuse Through Keystroke-Dynamics Monitoring and Just-in-Time Fear Appeals

Password reuse — using the same password for multiple accounts — is a prevalent phenomenon that can make even the most secure systems vulnerable. When passwords are reused across multiple systems, hackers may compromise accounts by stealing passwords from low-security sites to access sites with higher security. Password reuse can be particularly threatening to users in developing countries in which cyber-security training is limited, law enforcement of cyber-security is non-existent, or in which programs to secure cyberspace are limited. This article proposes a two-pronged solution for reducing password reuse through detection and mitigation. First, based on the theories of routine, cognitive load, and motor movement, we hypothesize that password reuse can be detected by monitoring characteristics of users’ typing behavior (i.e., keystroke dynamics). Second, based on protection motivation theory, we hypothesize that providing just-in-time fear appeals when a violation is detected will decrease password reuse. We tested our hypotheses in an experiment and found that users’ keystroke dynamics are diagnostic of password reuse. By analyzing changes in typing patterns, we were able to detect password reuse with 81.71% accuracy. We also found that just-in-time fear appeals decrease password reuse; 88.41% of users who received a fear appeal subsequently created unique passwords, whereas only 4.45% of users who did not receive a fear appeal created unique passwords. Our results suggest that future research should continue to examine keystroke dynamics as an indicator of cyber-security behaviors, and use just-in-time fear appeals as a method for reducing non-secure behavior. The findings of our research provide a practical and cost-effective solution to bolster cyber-security through discouraging password reuse.
An approach to developing oral health knowledge for allied health students.

BACKGROUND Oral health competency-based education approaches have been proposed as a mechanism to address oral health outcomes and equity issues. Recommendations for oral health education for allied health professional students include practices to increase team members' knowledge and skills in the integration of oral health and primary care practice (IOHPCP) initiative's oral health clinical competencies for primary care providers. AIMS This study aimed to examine changes in self-reported knowledge of occupational students in the topics of oral health, the dental profession, and dental healthcare systems following participation in a series of webinars and a community-engaged learning project. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study utilized an oral health education program through webinars and a community-engaged learning project for occupational therapy students. Program evaluation measures were utilized to assess the oral health education activities through self-reported knowledge in oral health topics aligned with IOHPCP domains along with topics identified by the community partner organization. RESULTS Findings demonstrate that asynchronous webinars can increase self-reported knowledge in occupational therapy students. DISCUSSION Recommendations for inclusion of oral health education for allied health students related to knowledge of oral health, the dental profession, and dental healthcare systems are shared. CONCLUSIONS Asynchronous webinars have the potential to increase self-reported oral health knowledge for allied health professionals.
The effects of tungsten's pre-irradiation surface condition on helium-irradiated morphology

Abstract Erosion is a serious concern associated with the use of tungsten as a plasma-facing component in fusion reactors. To compare the damage progression, polycrystalline tungsten (PCW) and (110) single crystal tungsten (SCW) samples were prepared with (1) a mechanical polish (MP) with roughness values in the range of 0.018–0.020 μm and (2) an MP and electropolish (MPEP) resulting in roughness values of 0.010–0.020 μm for PCW and 0.003–0.005 μm for SCW samples. Samples were irradiated with 30 keV He + at 1173 K to fluences between 3 × 10 21 and 6 × 10 22 He/m 2 . The morphologies that developed after low-fluence bombardment were different for each type of sample—MP SCW, MPEP SCW, MP PCW, and MPEP PCW. At the highest fluence, the SCW MPEP sample lost significantly more mass and developed a different morphology than the MP SCW sample. The PCW samples developed a similar morphology and had similar mass loss at the highest fluence. Surface preparation can have a significant effect on post-irradiation morphology that should be considered for the design of future fusion reactors such as ITER and DEMO.
Observed torque-producing forces acting on satellites.

In addition to the forces that influence the motion of the center of mass of a satellite, various forces are also present which influence the motion about the center of mass. These torque–producing forces may result in a change in satellite orientation that affects the thermal balance, operation of solar cells, various scientific measurements, and drag forces. This latter effect results in a coupling between the equations describing the orientation with those describing the orbital motion. Therefore, strictly speaking, the orientation problem is part of the orbital problem.
Coverage issue in sensor networks with adjustable ranges

In this paper, we study the problem of maintaining sensing coverage by keeping a small number of active sensor nodes and a small amount of energy consumption in wireless sensor networks. This paper extends a result from [21] where only uniform sensing range among all sensors is used. We adopt an approach that allows non-uniform sensing ranges for different sensors. As opposed to the uniform sensing range node scheduling model in [21], two new energy-efficient models of different sensing ranges are proposed. Our objective is to minimize the overlapped sensing area of sensor nodes, thus to reduce the overall energy consumption by sensing to prolong the whole network?s life time, and at the same time to achieve the high ratio of coverage. Extensive simulation is conducted to verify the effectiveness of our node scheduling models.
Chapter 21 Encoding-retrieval overlap in human episodic memory: A functional neuroimaging perspective

The principle of transfer-appropriate processing and the cortical reinstatement hypothesis are two influential theoretical frameworks, articulated at the psychological and neurobiological levels of explanation, respectively, that each propose that the processes supporting the encoding and retrieval of episodic information are strongly interdependent. Here, we integrate these two frameworks into a single model that generates predictions that can be tested using functional neuroimaging methods in healthy humans, and then go on to describe findings that are in accord with these predictions. Consistent with the transfer-appropriate processing and cortical reinstatement frameworks, the neural correlates of successful encoding vary according to how retrieval is cued, and the neural correlates of retrieval are modulated by how items are encoded. Thus, encoding and retrieval should not be viewed as separate stages of memory that can be investigated in isolation from one another.
EXPLORING ONCE-PER-REVOLUTION AUDIO SIGNAL VARIANCE AS A CHATTER INDICATOR

The purpose of this study is an evaluation of the statistical variance in the once-per-revolution sampled audio signal during milling as a chatter indicator. It is shown that, due to the synchronous and asynchronous nature of stable and unstable cuts, respectively, once-per-revolution sampling leads to a tight distribution of values for stable cuts, with a corresponding low variance, and a wider sample distribution for unstable cuts, with an associated high variance. A comparison of stability maps developed using: 1) analytic techniques, and 2) the variance from once-per-revolution sampled time-domain simulations is provided and good agreement is shown. Experimental agreement between the well-known Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) chatter detection method, that analyzes the content of the FFT spectrum for chatter frequencies, and the new variance-based technique is also demonstrated.
The risk of nitrogen dioxide: What have we learned from epidemiological and clinical studies

Nitrogen dioxide (NO{sub 2}) is an oxidant gas which contaminates ambient air in many urban and industrial locations, and indoor air in homes with combustion appliances. The Environmental Protection Agency presently regulates NO2 in ambient air as a criteria pollutant. In spite of decades of laboratory, clinical, and epidemiological research, the health effects of NO{sub 2} exposure on humans are not well understood. The toxicological evidence suggests that increased susceptibility to infection, functional deficits from effects on airways, and deterioration of the status of persons with chronic respiratory conditions, including asthmatics, are of potential concern. This paper provides a perspective on the present evidence related to human health effects of NO{sub 2}. It addresses methodological barriers that limit the available data; assesses the adequacy of the data for risk assessment; and proposes a research agenda to obtain needed information on the health effects of NO{sub 2}. 56 references.
Central nervous system action of peptides to influence gastrointestinal motor function

The central action of peptides to influence GI motility in experimental animals is summarized in Table 1. TRH stimulates gastric, intestinal, and colonic contractility in rats and in several experimental species. A number of peptides including calcitonin, CGRP, neurotensin, NPY, and mu opioid peptides act centrally to induce a fasted MMC pattern of intestinal motility in fed animals while GRF and substance P shorten its duration. The dorsal vagal complex is site of action for TRH-, bombesin-, and somatostatin-induced stimulation of gastric contractility, and for CCK-, oxytocin- and substance P-induced decrease in gastric contractions or intraluminal pressure. The mechanisms through which TRH, bombesin, calcitonin, neurotensin, CCK, and oxytocin alter GI motility are vagally mediated. An involvement of central peptidergic neurons in the regulation of gut motility has recently been demonstrated in Aplysia, indicating that such regulatory mechanisms are important in the phylogenesis. Alterations of the pattern of GI motor activity are associated with functional changes in transit. TRH is so far the only centrally acting peptide stimulating simultaneously gastric, intestinal, and colonic transit in various animals species. Opioid peptides acting on mu receptor subtypes in the brain exert the opposite effect and inhibit concomitantly gastric, intestinal, and colonic transit. Bombesin and CRF were found to act centrally to inhibit gastric and intestinal transit and to stimulate colonic transit in the rat. The antitransit effect of calcitonin and CGRP is limited to the stomach and small intestine. The delay in GI transit is associated with reduced GI contractility for most of the peptides except central bombesin that increases GI motility. Nothing is known about brain sites through which these peptides act to alter gastric emptying and colonic transit. Regarding brain sites influencing intestinal transit, TRH-induced stimulation of intestinal transit in the rat is localized in the lateral and medial hypothalamus and medial septum. The periaqueductal gray matter is a responsive site for mu receptor agonist- and neurotensin-induced inhibition of intestinal transit. The neural pathways from the brain to the gut whereby these peptides express their stimulatory or inhibitory effects on GI transit is vagal dependent with the exception of calcitonin. It is not known whether the vagally mediated inhibition of GI transit by these peptides results from a decrease activity of vagal preganglionic fibers synapsing with excitatory myenteric neurons or an activation of vagal preganglionic neurons synapsing with inhibitory myenteric neurons. The lack of specific antagonists for these peptides has hampered the assessment of their physiological role.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Power efficiency of joint frequency-phase modulation in the low-SNR regime over noncoherent Rician channels

Transmission of information over noncoherent Rician fading channels using M-ary orthogonal on/off FSK (OOFSK) signaling with phase modulation is considered. The capacity of this signaling scheme is obtained both for finite M and as M tends to infinity. Power efficiency is investigated when the transmitter is subject to a peak-to-average power ratio (PAR) limitation or a peak power limitation. It is shown that, under PAR limitation, in contrast to average power limited systems, the minimum bit energy is not always achieved at zero spectral efficiency. It is concluded that, in these cases, operating at very low spectral efficiency should be avoided. On the other hand, it is demonstrated that if there is only a peak power limitation, power efficiency improves as one operates with smaller SNR and vanishing duty factor.
A Suggested Approach to Research on the Sun-Weather Problem

We have tried to show that there are both theoretical and empirical reasons to suppose that some sort of mechanism involving atmospheric electricity is likely to be a key to understanding sun-weather relationships. We propose that internationl, as well as national, efforts to improve the theoretical and observational basis for understanding atmospheric electricity be pushed vigorously by scientists interested in this problem. Perhaps the one most important project at the moment would be to initiate the suggestion by Markson for continuous tethered balloon or kite flights to monitor the electric potential of the ionosphere at two or more widely separated stations.
Soil moisture-vegetation-precipitation feedback over North America: Its sensitivity to soil moisture climatology

[1] Our previous studies examined how vegetation feedback at the seasonal time scale influenced the impact of soil moisture anomalies (SMAs) on subsequent summer precipitation with a modified version of the coupled Community Atmosphere Model-Community Land Model 3 that includes a predictive phenology scheme. Here we investigate the climatology sensitivity of soil moisture-vegetation-precipitation feedback using the same model as the baseline model (BASE) and its derivative with modifications to the model runoff parameterization as the experiment model (EXP), in which we eliminate the subsurface lateral drainage to reduce the known dry biases of BASE. With vegetation feedback ignored, precipitation is more sensitive to wet SMAs than dry SMAs in BASE; opposite to BASE, the wetter mean soil moisture in EXP leads to higher sensitivity of precipitation to dry SMAs than to wet SMAs. However, in both BASE and EXP, the impact of dry SMAs on subsequent precipitation persists longer than the impact of wet SMAs. With vegetation feedback included, EXP shows a positive feedback between vegetation and precipitation following both dry and wet SMAs in summer, while BASE shows a positive feedback following wet SMAs only, with no clear signal following dry SMAs due to dry soil biases. In BASE, the magnitude of precipitation changes due to vegetation feedback is comparable to that due to soil moisture feedback when more realistic SMAs are applied. In addition, a major difference is found in spring when the vegetation impact on subsequent precipitation is negative and significant in BASE, but not significant in EXP.
Cartels and Collusion - Empirical Evidence

Chapter prepared for publication in Oxford Handbook on International Antitrust Economics, Roger D. Blair and D. Daniel Sokol, editors. Cartels occur in a wide range of industries and engage in a wide range of behaviors in their efforts to increase profits. In this chapter, we discuss the wide variety of techniques that cartels use to increase prices and profits. Studies of national and international markets across the twentieth century find cartels in a wide variety of products and services, and these cartels typically last between five and eight years. The most important determinant of cartel breakup is effective antitrust policy. While it has often been presumed that cartels’ demise results from cheating by member firms tempted by short term profits, empirical analysis suggests that cheating rarely destroys cartels. The potential profits from collusion provide sufficient incentives for cartels to develop creative ways to limit the temptations that inevitably arise. While scholars and policy makers have often been concerned that business cycle downturns are associated with cartel formation, the evidence we review here does not suggest strong cyclical effects. There is evidence that cartels are formed during periods of falling prices, but these are more likely to be the result of market integration or an increase in competitive intensity than macroeconomic fluctuations. Similarly, cartel breakup does not evidence strong cyclicality.
2,6-Dimethyl-3,5-Diphenyl-4H-Pyran-4-one

2,6-Dimethyl-3,5-diphenyl-4H-pyran-4-one product: 2,6-dimethyl-3,5-diphenyl-4H-pyran-4-one reactant: Matheson, Coleman and Bell practical grade dibenzyl ketone Keywords: annulation, heterocyclic-[6]; cyclization, condensation
Pressure‐volume‐temperature and glass transition behavior of silica/polystyrene nanocomposite

The pressure-volume-temperature (PVT) behavior and glass transition behavior of a 10 wt % silica nanoparticle-filled polystyrene (PS) nanocomposite sample are measured using a custom-built pressurizable dilatometer. The PVT data are fitted to the Tait equation in both liquid and glassy states; the coefficient of thermal expansion α, bulk modulus K, and thermal pressure coefficient γ are examined as a function of pressure and compared to the values of neat PS. The glass transition temperature (Tg) is reported as a function of pressure, and the limiting fictive temperature (Tf′) from calorimetric measurements is reported as a function of cooling rate. Comparison with data for neat PS indicates that the nanocomposite has a slightly higher Tg at elevated pressures, higher bulk moduli at all pressures studied, and its relaxation dynamics are more sensitive to volume. The results for the glassy γ values suggest that thermal residual stresses would not be reduced for the nanocomposite sample studied. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2015, 53, 1131–1138
Constitutive expression of a c-myb cDNA blocks Friend murine erythroleukemia cell differentiation.

Abstract A full-length human c-myb cDNA clone has been isolated from a CCRF-CEM leukemia cell cDNA library. The plasmid vector contains simian virus 40-derived promotor, splice, and polyadenylation sequences as well as a transcription unit for a dihydrofolate reductase cDNA. We have introduced this construct into Friend erythroleukemia (F-MEL) cells and have isolated a number of clones which contain intact and transcriptionally active human c-myb sequences. F-MEL clones expressing the highest levels of the human c-myb mRNA differentiate poorly in response to dimethyl sulfoxide. Two clones which initially expressed low levels of human c-myb transcripts and which differentiated normally were subsequently inhibited in their ability to differentiate when grown in successively higher concentrations of methotrexate, due to amplification and enhanced expression of plasmid sequences. The inhibitory effect on F-MEL differentiation appeared to be independent of the early decline in c-myc transcripts which were normally regulated in all cases examined. Our results indicate that constitutive expression of a nontruncated human c-myb cDNA can exert profound effects on erythroid differentiation and argue for a causal role of c-myb in the F-MEL differentiation process.
Child abuse, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and rib fractures

Rib fractures have occasionally been described in children receiving cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Because child abuse is sometimes suspected in these cases, it is both medically and legally important to establish whether the rib fractures are secondary to abuse or CPR. One hundred thirteen children, including 41 victims of child abuse, 50 patients who had CPR, and 22 patients who had rib fractures, were studied. Twenty-nine patients had rib fractures; 14/29 (48%) were abusive. Other causes of fracture were: motor vehicle accidents (four), rickets/osteoporosis (five), surgery (five), and osteogenesis imperfecta (one). In spite of prolonged resuscitation performed with variable degrees of skill, no fractures could be attributed to CPR. On the other hand, rib fractures occurred frequently in abused children (6/41 or 15%). Abusive fractures were often multiple, of different ages, and affected multiple adjacent ribs. Patients with abusive rib fracture also had other physical and radiologic signs of abuse or neglect.
Serological identification of enterotoxigenic staphylococci from cheese.

Abstract Single and double gel-diffusion techniques were employed to examine serologically coagulase-positive staphylococci from cheese for enterotoxigenicity. Supernatant fluid from sac cultures was examined for enterotoxins A and B. The results indicated that 9 of 155 cultures from market cheese and 7 of 77 cultures from food-poisoning cheese produced enterotoxin A, and that none of the cultures produced detectable levels of enterotoxin B. Results of serological tests were confirmed by intravenous injection of cats.
Sleep Deprivation Impairs Long-Term Potentiation in Rat Hippocampal Slices

To determine if 12-h sleep deprivation disrupts neural plasticity, we compared long-term potentiation (LTP) in five sleep-deprived and five control rats. Thirty minutes after tetanus population spi...
Measurement of transurethral bladder neck displacement during tension-free vaginal tape procedure.

The rigid catheter guide is used during the tension-free vaginal tape (TVT) procedure to direct the bladder neck away from the retropubic passage of the sling arm. Our aim was to measure, using transperineal ultrasound, the amount of bladder neck displacement by the rigid catheter guide during TVT placement. This is a prospective cohort of 28 patients undergoing the TVT procedure, with or without concomitant pelvic organ prolapse repair. Spearman's correlation was used to analyze the bladder neck displacement from the midline. The median right-sided bladder neck displacement distance was 1.4 cm (0.6–2.0), and the median left-sided bladder neck displacement distance was 1.4 cm (0.8–2.0). The overall perforation rate was 14% (4/28). Bladder neck displacement with the Mandarin guide results in ~1.4 cm of lateral movement.
An observation on stimulus control in a tilt discrimination by children.

Abstract Most children who learned to discriminate opposing 45° line tilts on a relational basis—oddity—did not learn the specific direction of the positive tilt. Most children who did not use oddity did discriminate the specific tilt.
Lack of isotype exclusion and expression of aberrant lambda light chain on secreted MOPC-315 myeloma proteins.

Abstract The presence of aberrant λl, light (L) chain fragment (λl F) on the secreted myeloma protein of MOPC-315 has been demonstrated by serological and immunochemical methods. We developed a highly sensitive radioimmunoassay that utilizes exquisitely specific xenogeneic anti-λl antibodies to detect the minute amounts of λ1 F on λ2-bearing MOPC-315 myeloma proteins. In addition, structural evidence that λ1f is present on MOPC-315 myeloma protein was demonstrated by subjecting 125I-labeled MOPC-315 myeloma protein to sodium dodecyl sulfate—polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) under reducing conditions followed by autoradiography. The relative amounts of λ1 F and λ2 -chain on MOPC-315 myeloma were measured by two independent methods. The molar ratio of λ1f to λ2 was calculated to be 1:68 by radioimmunoassay and 1:80 by analytical SDS-PAGE. This represents the first demonstration that an aberrant L-chain fragment combines with a heavy chain and is secreted in association with antigen-binding myeloma proteins. The implications of these results on L-chain isotype exclusion are discussed.
Segmentally arranged somatotopy within the face representation of human primary somatosensory cortex

Though somatotypic representation within the face in human primary somatosensory cortex (S1) to innocuous stimuli is controversial; previous work suggests that painful heat is represented based on an "onion-skin" or segmental pattern on the face. The aim of this study was to determine if face somatotopy for brush stimuli in S1 also follows this segmental representation model. Twelve healthy subjects (nine men: three women) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging to measure blood oxygen level dependent signals during brush (1 Hz, 15 s) applied to their faces. Separate functional scans were collected for brush stimuli repetitively applied to each of five separate stimulation sites on the right side of the face. These sites were arranged in a vertical, horizontal, and circular manner encompassing the three divisions of the trigeminal nerve. To minimize inter-individual morphological differences in the post-central gyrus across subjects, cortical surface-based registration was implemented before group statistical image analysis. Based on activation foci, somatotopic activation in the post-central gyrus was detected for brush, consistent with the segmental face representation model.
Stoppage: an issue for segregation analysis.

Segregation analysis assumes that the observed family-size distribution (FSD), i.e., distribution of number of offspring among nuclear families, is independent of the segregation ratio p. However, for certain serious diseases with early onset and diagnosis (e.g., autism), parents may change their original desired family size, based on having one or more affected children, thus violating that assumption. Here we investigate “stoppage,” the situation in which such parents have fewer children than originally planned. Following Brookfield et al. [J Med Genet 25:181–185, 1988], we define a stoppage probability d that after the birth of an affected child, parents will stop having children and thus not reach their original desired family size. We first derive the full correct likelihood for a simple segregation analysis as a function of p, d, and the ascertainment probability π. We show that p can be estimated from this likelihood if the FSD is known. Then, we show that under “random” ascertainment, the presence of stoppage does not bias estimates of p. However, for other ascertanment schemes, we show that is not the case. We use a simulation study to assess the magnitude of bias, and we demonstrate that ignoring the effect of stoppage can seroiusly bias the estimates of p when the FSD is ignored. In conclusion, stoppage, a realistic scenario for some complex diseases, can represent a serious and potentially intractable problem for segregation analysis. Genet. Epidemiol. 20:328–339, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Saying No to Drugs: Fasting Protects Hematopoietic Stem Cells from Chemotherapy and Aging

Aging and chemotherapeutics damage hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), leading to dysregulation of asymmetric division and subsequent immunosuppression and blood-related diseases. In this issue, Cheng et al. (2014) use prolonged fasting as a medical intervention to decrease IGF-1/PKA signaling and protect HSCs against chemotherapeutic toxicity and promote rejuvenation.
After the Florida Net Ban: The Impacts on Commercial Fishing Families

In November 1994, Florida voters approved a constitutional amendment that outlawed commercial entanglement nets of more than 500 square feet in state waters. The "net ban" affected an estimated 1500 fishers and their families. This article reviews some of the family impacts of the net ban, based on data collected from a group of commercial fishing families who participated in a study of family stress and coping before the net ban and agreed to be reinterviewed after this significant event. The results focus on the stress and coping processes families used to adjust to the net ban and the gender differences in the stress process and stress outcomes. Findings indicate that both husbands and wives experience mental health impacts of changes in the industry and that these outcomes manifest in different ways by gender. The article concludes with a discussion of the implications for policies, programs, and services offered to those affected by changes in natural resource regulations.
Petri net based resource modeling and analysis of workflows with task failures

Petri nets are a powerful formalism in modeling workflows. A workflow determines the flow of work according to pre-defined business process definitions. In many situations, business processes are constrained by scarce resources. The lack of resources can cause contention, the need for some tasks to wait for others to complete, and the slowing down of the accomplishment of larger goals. In our previous work, a resource-oriented workflow nets (ROWN) based on two-transition task model was introduced for resource-constrained workflow modeling and analysis. Considering the possibility of task failure in the middle of execution, we propose a three-transition task model to specify a task's start, end and failure in this paper. Resource requirements for general workflow can be done through reachability analysis. For a class of well-structured workflows, an efficient resource analysis algorithm is developed.
The effect of triazolam on the sleep of insomniacs.

The effects of three oral doses of bedtime triazolam (0.25 mg, 0.5 mg, and 1.0 mg) a new benzodiazepine, on the laboratory sleep of insomniacs were studied in a double blind design which used the following 14 consecutive night schedule: 1–4 placebo; 5–11 drug; 12–14 placebo. Effects on sleep were measured objectively by conventional EEG/EOG/EMG sleep recordings and subjectively by questionnaires administered each morning. Side or toxic effects were assessed by screening physicals and questionnaires administered each morning and each evening and by a comparison of the prestudy vs. end-study physical exams and clinical lab tests. At the 0.5 mg dose triazolam significantly reduced several objective and subjective measures of insomnia. It had lesser effects at the 0.25 mg dose and equal or greater effects at 1.0 mg dose. There were no remarkable side or toxic effects at any dose.
Avian and pandemic influenza: An overview

Influenza A/H5N1 (avian influenza) has now caused 258 human infections (as of November 13, 2006), with an approximate 50% mortality rate. Because the virus is novel in terms of antigenic type and causes infection and illness, and because humans have no pre-existing immunity, the conditions for a possible pandemic exist. Additionally, wild migratory birds appear to be spreading the virus across ever larger geographic areas, and newer clade 2 influenza A/H5N1 viruses have begun to emerge. The US Congressional Budget Office has formally modeled the likely consequences of pandemic influenza and estimates that up to 2 million of the US population might die, with up to 40% of all workers ill for as long as 3 or more weeks. This brief overview will review basic virologic, immunologic and epidemiologic information relevant to understanding and preparing for this threat. In particular, the role of avian influenza vaccines will be reviewed.
Generalized Stokes-Einstein equation for spherical particle suspensions

The cooperative diffusion coefficient ${\mathit{D}}_{\mathit{c}}$ for spherical particle suspensions is calculated using a ``mode-coupling'' method which extends previous calculations of ${\mathit{D}}_{\mathit{c}}$ for critical fluids and semidilute polymer solutions. The renormalization of the viscosity in the velocity-velocity correlation function from the solvent to the suspension viscosity leads to a generalized Stokes-Einstein (SE) equation in which the suspension viscosity \ensuremath{\eta} replaces the solvent viscosity ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\eta}}}_{0}$ and the correlation length \ensuremath{\xi} (related to the osmotic compressibility) replaces the sphere radius R at nonvanishing suspension concentrations. Insertion of the leading order hard sphere virial expansions for \ensuremath{\eta} and the osmotic compressibility into our generalized SE equation gives a virial expansion for ${\mathit{D}}_{\mathit{c}}$ which is consistent with theoretical estimates obtained by alternative methods. These leading order virial expansions are also consistent with experiments on model (``hard sphere'') suspensions. Results are given for the virial expansion of spherical liquid droplets interacting via a contact attractive interaction. Further experiments are required to test the generalized SE equation at higher suspension concentrations.
Structure and properties of polyacrylonitrile/single wall carbon nanotube composite films

Abstract Polyacrylonitrile (PAN)/single wall carbon nanotube (SWNT) composite films have been processed with unique combination of tensile strength (103 MPa), modulus (10.9 GPa), electrical conductivity (1.5×10 4 S/m), dimensional stability (coefficient of thermal expansion 1.7×10 −6 /°C), low density (1.08 g/cm 3 ), solvent resistance, and thermal stability. PAN molecular motion above the glass transition temperature ( T g ) in the composite film is significantly suppressed, resulting in high PAN/SWNT storage modulus above T g (40 times the PAN storage modulus). Rope diameter in the SWNT powder was 26 nm, while in 60/40 PAN/SWNT film, the rope diameter was 40 nm. PAN crystallite size from (110) plane in PAN and PAN/SWNT films was 5.3 and 2.9 nm, respectively. This study suggests good interaction between PAN and SWNT.
Appearance of biochemical components related to acetylcholine metabolism during the embryonic development of chick brain

Abstract The normal pattern of appearance of acetylcholinesterase, acetylcholine, choline acetylase, acetothiokinase and choline during the development of chick embryo brain has been determined. During the early period of development, no dramatic changes occur in the concentration of these components of the acetylcholine metabolizing system. During the period from 13 days to hatching, when nervous function is initiated in the major portions of the chick brain, marked increases occur in the concentrations of acetylcholinesterase, choline acetylase, choline and protein and the acetylcholine concentration increases slightly. The concentration of acetothiokinase remains constant throughout the course of embryonic development. The possible interrelations of these changes are discussed.
Tracking and fusion using multiple sensors

Abstract Multisensor tracking and data fusion deals with combining data from various sources to arrive at an accurate assessment of the situation. Difficulties in performing multisensor tracking and fusion include not only ambiguous data, but also disparate data sources. The tracking and data association problem is further complicated by the facts that the target may not be detected by some sensors, dense false alarms and clutters may be present, and the target model may not be known exactly. In this paper, a multitarget tracking problem that involves data obtained from multiple MTI (Moving Target Indicator) sensors is considered. A tracking and fusion algorithm that takes into account the uncertainties in both data origin and target dynamic under the clutter environment is presented.
Multilocus genetic analysis of single interphase cells by spectral imaging

Numerical chromosome aberrations are detrimental to early embryonic, fetal and perinatal development of mammals. When fetuses carrying a chromosomal imbalance survive to term, an aberrant gene dosage typically leads to stillbirth or causes a severely altered phenotype. Aneuploidy of any of the 24 chromosomes will negatively impact on human development, and a preimplantation and prenatal genetic diagnosis test should thus score as many chromosomes as possible. Since cells available for analysis are likely to be in interphase, we set out to develop a rapid enumeration procedure based on hybridization of chromosome-specific probes and spectral imaging detection. The probe set was chosen to allow the simultaneous enumeration of ten chromosome types and was expected to detect more than 70% of all numerical chromosome aberrations responsible for spontaneous abortions, i.e., human chromosomes 9, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 21, 22, X, and Y. Cell fixation protocols were optimized to achieve the desired detection sensitivity and reproducibility. We were able to resolve and identify ten separate chromosomal signals in interphase nuclei from different types of cells, including lymphocytes, uncultured amniocytes, and blastomeres. In summary, this study demonstrates the strength of spectral imaging, allowing us to construct partial spectral imaging karyotypes for individual interphase cells by assessing the number of each of the target chromosome types.
Testing the Limits of Stoichiometric Exchange in a CLC-Type Transporter

The CLC transporters mediate the stoichiometric exchange of 2 Cl-: 1 H+ in prokaryotes and in eukaryotes. The CLC Cl- transport pathway is defined by 3 anionic binding sites, Sext, Scen and Sint which can be occupied either by Cl- ions or by a conserved glutamate, Gluex. Three conformation of the pathway have been observed where (i) the protonated Gluex is out of the pathway and the 3 sites are occupied by Cl-, (ii) Gluex occupies the Sext while Cl- ions are bound to Scen and Sint, and (iii) Gluex in Scen sandwiched by two Cl- ions in Sext and Sint. While the role of Scen and Sext as well as that of Gluex as the external gate is well documented, the rate-limiting step regulating the exchange of ions between Sint and Scen remain poorly understood. Here we investigate (i) how robust is the coupling stoichiometry of the CLCs and (ii) the role of Sint in the transport cycle.To this end we reconstituted CLC-ec1 in proteoliposomes and used Cl- and H+ flux assays to measure transport. To test the robustness of the stoichiometry of coupled transport we are measuring simultaneous Cl- and H+ fluxes under extreme Cl- gradients and at voltages as high as 180 mV. To identify the role of Sint in transport we measured H+ transport driven by voltage at different symmetrical Cl- concentrations. As expected H+ transport increases when [Cl-] is raised from 0.02 to ∼0.3 M. Interestingly, we found that H+ transport decreases for [Cl-] >0.3 M and is drastically inhibited at 1 M [Cl-]. This result suggests that at high [Cl-] Gluex becomes “sandwiched” between Cl- ions in Sext and Scen, indicating that the internal site does play a role in the transport cycle.
Time to reperfusion and other procedural characteristics of emergency coronary artery bypass surgery after unsuccessful coronary angioplasty

Abstract A databank search was performed and 148 consecutive patients (mean age 59.5 ± 10.4 years) were identified who underwent emergency coronary artery bypass surgery at the Mayo Clinic between November 20, 1979, and February 12, 1992, immediately after unsuccessful coronary angioplasty. At the end of the angioplasty procedure, there was no anterograde coronary blood flow in the treated artery in 54%, ongoing chest pain in 78%, and hemodynamic compromise requiring intravenous vasopressor therapy in 25% of patients; 127 patients (86%) had at least 1 of these adverse characteristics. After leaving the catheterization laboratory, the median time to arrival in the operating room was 12 minutes. Median time from arrival in the operating room to initiation of cardiopulmonary bypass was 86 minutes, to administration or cardioplegia was 98 minutes, and to removal of the aortic cross-clamp was 135 minutes. In-hospital mortality was 11%, and 18% developed nonfatal Q-wave myocardial infarction. Thus, significant time is required to achieve surgical reperfusion after unsuccessful coronary angioplasty.
Reactive oxygen species in hypertension: An update

Hypertension is associated with an elevation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and frequently also with an impairment of endogenous antioxidant mechanisms. Experimental manipulation of the redox state in vivo shows that ROS can be a cause of hypertension. During the development of the disease, ROS are generated by endogenous sources, notably the NADPH oxidase enzyme family and uncoupled nitric oxide synthase, due to a mutual reinforcement between ROS and humoral factors. The ROS affect multiple tissues, either directly or through nitric oxide depletion. In the vasculature, they induce contraction and endothelial dysfunction. In blood vessels and myocardium, they cause hypertrophic remodeling. In the kidneys, ROS promote salt reabsorption, decrease glomerular filtration, and lead to tissue damage. Finally, they also increase efferent sympathetic activity from the central nervous system. Progress in our understanding of the mechanisms of ROS formation and their plethora of pathophysiologic effects is expected to lead from simple antioxidant therapy to specific antihypertensive treatments.
Cre/Iox: One more step in the taming of the genome

Cre recombinase has become an important tool in the precise manipulation of the genome, and its adoption has led to the development of increasingly accurate mouse models for the understanding of gene function. Although much of current work exploits the alacrity and precision with which Cre catalyzes excisive DNA recombination, Cre also is adept at the insertion of heterologous DNA into the genome. The precision and efficiency with which Cre can target DNA to a predesignated locus in the genome promises to facilitate understanding of mutant genes and allelic variants in their natural chromosomal context.
Growth patterns of glial cells dissociated from newbron and aged mouse brain with cell passage

Glial cell cultures derived from newborn and aged (18-month-old) mouse cerebral hemispheres and maintained up to cell passage 11 were characterized immunocytochemically by using glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFA), and biochemically by using glutamine synthetase (GS), for astrocytes, and 2',3' cyclic nucleotide 3' phosphohydrolase (CNP) for oligodendrocytes. We report here the changes occurring during passages 5-11. GS and CNP activities did not significantly change with cell passage in cultures from newborn mouse. In cultures derived from aged mouse, CNP activity did not change significantly whereas GS activity increased severalfold. A characteristic finding in higher cell passages (passage #7) was the loss of GFA-positive stained cells and the appearance of multinucleated cells. We interpret these changes in culture to represent possible signs of cellular senescence.
Who Has the Floor? Curriculum, Teaching, and the English Student Teacher's Struggle for Voice

ABSTRACTThis article presents an ethnographic inquiry into the problems of theorizing about teaching and learning within a social context organized to suppress the subjective experiences and meanings of classroom actors. Three questions are explored: 1) What is the nature of curriculum practice in secondary education, and how does it shape the voices of students and teachers?; 2) What meanings do classroom actors construct about teaching and learning, and how do these meanings affect voice?; 3) How can a critical reading of curriculum practice enable preservice teachers and their students to make their own voices? Stories from one preservice English teacher's classroom experience illustrate the “struggle for voice” and the concurrent power struggles arising when curriculum practice mirrors school organization and its institutional values. I argue that conventional notions of curriculum can neither account for the classroom actors' struggles for their voices nor enable preservice teachers to explore social...
Decreasing Length of Stay After Colectomy: The Role for Enhanced Recovery Pathways

Health care in the United States has seen a shift during the past decade toward evidence-based treatment and cost containment. One variable used as a surrogate for quality and effective care in colorectal surgery is length of stay (LOS). With the advent of enhanced recovery protocols (ERPs) and increasing use of laparoscopy, the LOS after colectomy has undergone considerable reduction during the past decade. The ERP targets 5 key areas within preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative care: preoperative patient counseling; preservation of gastrointestinal function; minimizing organ dysfunction; opioid-sparing pain control; and maintaining patient autonomy. Adoption of ERP in combination with laparoscopy has been shown to consistently decrease LOS by 2 days.
Optical Absorption in Electric and Magnetic Fields

The theory of optical absorption in electric and magnetic fields is extended to treat the case where the relative orientation of the fields is arbitrary. The treatment is valid within the limits of the effective mass approximation. For the cases where one of the fields is absent or where the electric and magnetic fields are perpendicular to each other, the theory yields the results previously derived. However, for the case of parallel magnetic and electric fields, the theory yields the result that the absorption edges and peaks are broadened due to the field induced tunneling between the bands. The effect of the parallel fields on phonon-assisted transitions is also calculated. It is found that steps in the optical absorption which normally occur are broadened due to the field induced tunneling.