cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A multi-systemic approach to AIDS and adolescents

The AIDS epidemic poses a significant challenge for mental health professionals, educators and for society at large. Recent studies (Kennedy, 1988) have shown that AIDS has entered the adolescent population. Other studies (Hirschorn, 1987a, 1987b; Simpkins and Kushna, 1986; Weinstein, Atwood, and Rosen, in press) have shown that while college students are educated about AIDS, they inconsistently use “safer sex” practices. Most of the behavior change attempts have focused on the developmental psychodynamics of the adolescent stage. This paper discusses the notion that behavior change in the adolescent is not only based on the psychodynamics of the intrapersonal approaches; but, rether, that what is additionally needed is an examination of the interpersonal and social processes which support the psychodynamics of the adolescent. A multi-systemic approach to AIDS and adolescents is then presented utilizing intrapersonal, interpersonal, and social processes. This approach incorporates the school-family-community systems.
The 93Nb(p, d)92Nb reaction at 26.3 MeV

Abstract The 93 Nb(p, d) 92 Nb reaction was studied at a proton energy of 26.3 MeV. Angular distributions were obtained for outgoing deuterons to 37 states in 92 Nb up to an excitation energy of 4.2 MeV. The results were compared with DWBA calculations to extract l -values and spectroscopic factors. Fourteen previously unobserved l = 1 transitions were measured.
Bose-Einstein condensation in one-dimensional power-law traps: A path-integral Monte Carlo simulation

Bose-Einstein condensation is known to occur in one-dimensional power-law potentials $V(x)\ensuremath{\propto}|x{|}^{\ensuremath{\eta}}$ as a true phase transition for \ensuremath{\eta}2, but only if there are no interactions between the particles. We show, via a path-integral quantum Monte Carlo scheme, that for both \ensuremath{\eta}2 and \ensuremath{\eta}=2 the spatial distribution of finite numbers of hard-core bosons suddenly becomes bimodal below a certain temperature, with a central condensate of particles distributed according to the lowest single-particle eigenstate. At still lower temperatures, the hard-core interactions cause the single-particle ground state to become a poor description for the interacting gas. If \ensuremath{\eta}2, the energy per particle undergoes a sudden decrease near the same temperature at which the bimodal distribution appears. It is found that this drop in energy disappears if the range of the interaction potential is sufficiently large.
Advanced Heart Failure: A Practical Management Algorithm and Therapeutic Options

Despite medical and surgical advances in the management of heart failure, 3%-10% of patients clinically reside in the severe stages of this condition. The management of advanced, end-stage heart failure is one of the major challenges of medicine today. An algorithm applicable to the management of severe heart failure is presented and discussed, with an emphasis on medical treatment and therapeutic options.
The circadian rhythm of thymosin therapy during acute reovirus type 3 infection of neonatal mice

Abstract Reovirus type 3 infection in neonatal mice resulted in a lethal infection occurring 8 to 10 days after injection. The administration of thymosin to 7-day-old reovirus type 3-infected mice enhanced survival substantially. However, the therapeutic regiment showed circadian rhythm characteristics. When thymosin was given at 1200 hr, the survival rate was decreased or not affected, whereas the rate was enhanced when the hormone was injected at 2200 hr.
Instability of unsteady flows or configurations. Part 2. Convective instability

The formation of convective cells in a fluid between two horizontal rigid boundaries with time-periodic temperature distribution is studied by the use of the Floquet theory. Numerical results for the critical Rayleigh number are given for a Prandtl number of 0·73 (air) and for various values of the frequency and magnitude of the primary temperature oscillation. Some numerical results for a Prandtl number of 7·0 (water) are also given. The most striking feature of the results is that the disturbances (or convection cells) oscillate either synchronously or with half frequency.
Functional Differences between the Human ATP-dependent Nucleosome Remodeling Proteins BRG1 and SNF2H

ATP-dependent nucleosome remodeling complexes can be grouped into several classes that may differ in their biochemical remodeling activities and biological roles. Although there are a number of biochemical studies of each class of remodeler, there are very little data directly comparing the biochemical activities of remodelers from different classes. We have purified two ATP-hydrolyzing proteins, SNF2H and BRG1, which are members of complexes from two different classes of remodelers. Consistent with previous reports, these two homogeneous proteins can perform remodeling functions. We show significant functional differences between SNF2H and BRG1 in vitro; although both SNF2H and BRG1 hydrolyze ATP and remodel linear arrays of nucleosomes, only BRG1 can remodel mononucleosomes. Also, only BRG1 can alter the topology of nucleosomal plasmids. We propose that these functional differences reflect significant mechanistic differences between the two remodeler classes that will impact their biological roles.
COMPULSORY CLOSETS AND THE SOCIAL CONTEXT OF DISCLOSURE

In this study I analyze the dynamics of the disclosure process, particularly the power contests in the disclosure of a lesbian identity . I found that when disclosure is conceptualized as an interaction, it becomes clear that both parties are active and that the successful completion of a disclosure depends on the degree of consensus and cooperation between the individuals involved. When I analyzed the dynamics of the disclosure of a lesbian identity, I found that many heterosexuals resisted a context of open awareness. They marshaled their heteronormative power and privilege to prevent, deny, or reverse a disclosure in order to maintain a context of closed awareness. The penalty for persistently refusing a compulsory closet was social death. Earlier social psychological studies of disclosure have focused on an individual's motivation for disclosing private information, such as to build intimacy (Runge and Archer 1981) or to increase trust and deepen a relationship (Archer and Cook 1986). The research studies of the disclosure of HIV infection (Ostrow et al. 1989; Perry et al. 1994; Tesoriero and Sorin 1992), childhood sexual abuse (Lamb and Edgar-Smith 1994; Sorensen and Snow 1991), incest (de Young 1994; Naples and Clark 1996), adoption (Miall 1989), abortion (Smith and Kronauge 1990), rape (Burgess and Holmstrom 1979), the expectation of death (Glaser and Strauss 1965), and homosexual orientation (Anderson and Randlet 1994; Cain 1991; Healy 1993; Kleinberg et al. 1986; Ponse 1978; Wells and Kline 1987) have focused on the individual taking the initiative to disclose. This focus on the psychology of the individual, that is, the individual's motivation, often neglects the social context in which a disclosure occurs. In their study of epileptics, Schneider and Conrad (1980) took a more sociological approach to disclosure. They contend that "[t]he significance of 'having' epilepsy is a product of a collective definitional process in which the actor's perspective occupies a central place" (Schneider and Conrad 1980:35). Similar to previous studies, the impetus for disclosing or not disclosing still rests on the actors, in this * Direct all correspondence to: Theresa Montini, IHPS-UCSF, Box 0936, San Francisco, CA 94143-0936; e-mail: montini@itsa.ucsf.edu. Sociological Perspectives, Volume 43, Number 4, pages S121-S132. Copyright © 2000 by Pacific Sociological Association. All rights reserved. Send requests for permission to reprint to: Rights and Permissions, University of California Press, Journals Division, 2000 Center St., Ste. 303, Berkeley, CA 94704-1223.
Matching Cross-linked Peptide Spectra: Only as Good as the Worse Identification

Chemical cross-linking mass spectrometry identifies interacting surfaces within a protein assembly through labeling with bifunctional reagents and identifying the covalently modified peptides. These yield distance constraints that provide a powerful means to model the three-dimensional structure of the assembly. Bioinformatic analysis of cross-linked data resulting from large protein assemblies is challenging because each cross-linked product contains two covalently linked peptides, each of which must be correctly identified from a complex matrix of potential confounders. Protein Prospector addresses these issues through a complementary mass modification strategy in which each peptide is searched and identified separately. We demonstrate this strategy with an analysis of RNA polymerase II. False discovery rates (FDRs) are assessed via comparison of cross-linking data to crystal structure, as well as by using a decoy database strategy. Parameters that are most useful for positive identification of cross-linked spectra are explored. We find that fragmentation spectra generally contain more product ions from one of the two peptides constituting the cross-link. Hence, metrics reflecting the quality of the spectral match to the less confident peptide provide the most discriminatory power between correct and incorrect matches. A support vector machine model was built to further improve classification of cross-linked peptide hits. Furthermore, the frequency with which peptides cross-linked via common acylating reagents fragment to produce diagnostic, cross-linker-specific ions is assessed. The threshold for successful identification of the cross-linked peptide product depends upon the complexity of the sample under investigation. Protein Prospector, by focusing the reliability assessment on the least confident peptide, is better able to control the FDR for results as larger complexes and databases are analyzed. In addition, when FDR thresholds are calculated separately for intraprotein and interprotein results, a further improvement in the number of unique cross-links confidently identified is achieved. These improvements are demonstrated on two previously published cross-linking datasets.
Declaring Bankruptcy on Educational Inequity

The authors consider Ladson-Billings’ (2006) charge to reframe the way the ‘achievement gap’ is viewed, and put forth the metaphor of “bankruptcy” as a way to acknowledge the educational debt and e...
Inflammation markers and incident venous thromboembolism: the REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) cohort

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is thought to result from a combination of risk factors which may exceed an individual’s “thrombosis potential” and lead to thrombosis [1, 2]. Several VTE risk factors, such as age, obesity, genetics, immobilization, and cancer are well recognized, while others, such as increased inflammation, remain a matter of debate [3, 4]. An understanding of the interrelations of VTE risk factors also remains incomplete. Relationships between inflammation and coagulation are well established [5, 6], and inflammation is associated with atherothrombosis risk [7]. While several biomarkers of inflammation are higher in the presence of some VTE risk factors, such as older age and obesity, the relationships between inflammation and VTE risk remain uncertain. Higher C-reactive protein (CRP), a well-established biomarker of inflammation, was independently associated with VTE in two prospective studies [8, 9], however several other studies have reported positive associations that were attenuated in multivariable analyses [10, 11] or observed no associations [12–14]. Other inflammation biomarkers including cytokines and acute phase reactants have been suggested as VTE risk markers [15, 16], but these findings are also inconsistent [13, 17]. At present, the independent nature of the relationship between inflammation and VTE is not established, and it remains controversial whether inflammation biomarkers play a causal role in VTE, or are elevated as a consequence of disease pathogenesis [3, 4]. We studied the prospective relationships of four inflammation biomarkers, C-reactive protein (CRP), serum albumin, white blood cell count (WBC), and platelet count (PLTC), with incident VTE in the REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) cohort. Our goal was to evaluate whether these biomarkers of chronic inflammation were associated with VTE independent of traditional VTE risk factors and comorbidities. We also sought to assess whether these biomarkers potentially mediated the associations of two established VTE risk factors, age and obesity, with VTE.
The Perceived Impact of a Child Maltreatment Report From the Perspective of the Domestic Violence Shelter Worker

The purpose of this study is to examine domestic violence shelter workers' perceptions of child maltreatment reporting. A sample of 82 professionals from domestic violence shelters across the United States participated in a survey focusing on a variety of different types of reports and the frequency of both positive and negative outcomes arising from these reports. Possible outcomes included in the study are damage to the relationship between the worker and the battered woman, disempowerment of the battered woman, discouragement from seeking further help, protection of the child, further traumatization of the child, further disruption to the family, and damage to the woman's likelihood of maintaining custody. Significant differences in perceived impact are found based on identity of abuser (spousal batterer vs. battered woman) and nature of report (child as witness to domestic violence vs. child as victim of abuse). These results point to the complexity of perceptions regarding the impact of reporting.
Pathways to STEMM Professions for Students From Noncollege Homes

In this article we use data from the Longitudinal Study of American Youth to examine the influence of parent education on pathways to science, technology, engineering, mathematics, and medicine (STEMM) professions. Building on a general model of factors related to STEMM education and employment, we employ a two-group structural equation model to examine the factors that predict enrollment in a postsecondary STEMM program and employment as a STEMM professional. The results of this analysis indicate that most of the variables in the two models function in a similar manner, but the levels of parental encouragement, help, and direction vary significantly between college-educated and non-college-educated families. The children of non-college-educated parents were less likely to take algebra in Grade 8, take calculus in high school, and take calculus in college than were the children of college-educated parents. Young adults that grew up in noncollege families were less likely to enter postsecondary education; ...
Electrically Small Broadband VHF/UHF Planar Antenna Matched Using a Non‐Foster Circuit

A broadband non-Foster matched Planar Inverted-F Antenna is proposed for 100-500 MHz VHF/UHF handheld terminal applications. The proposed design shows that in the lower frequencies antenna gain improvement of as much as 25 dB can be obtained with the help of the broadband matching circuit for a small antenna on a 0.05 wavelength ground plane at the lowest frequency. The issues of RF power versus matching and circuit stability are pointed out. V C 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 55:2494-2497, 2013; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/ mop.27818
A vibrationally compensated far infrared laser interferometer for plasma density measurements

A modulated far-infrared laser interferometer which is presently operating on the PDX experiment at Princeton is described. The interferometer geometry permits the characterization of inside “D”, outside “D” as well as circular discharges. To achieve this versatility, a titanium corner cube reflector, mounted inside the PDX vacuum vessel is used in conjunction with a second visible wavelength interferometer for vibration corrections. In addition, the use of room temperature quasi-optical Schottky diodes in the far-infrared interferometer is reported. The minimum detectable line average density of the system is ∼5×1011 cm−3.
Why is working memory capacity related to matrix reasoning tasks

One of the reasons why working memory capacity is so widely researched is its substantial relationship with fluid intelligence. Although this relationship has been found in numerous studies, researchers have been unable to provide a conclusive answer as to why the two constructs are related. In a recent study, researchers examined which attributes of Raven's Progressive Matrices were most strongly linked with working memory capacity (Wiley, Jarosz, Cushen, & Colflesh, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 37, 256-263, 2011). In that study, Raven's problems that required a novel combination of rules to solve were more strongly correlated with working memory capacity than were problems that did not. In the present study, we wanted to conceptually replicate the Wiley et al. results while controlling for a few potential confounds. Thus, we experimentally manipulated whether a problem required a novel combination of rules and found that repeated-rule-combination problems were more strongly related to working memory capacity than were novel-rule-combination problems. The relationship to other measures of fluid intelligence did not change based on whether the problem required a novel rule combination.
Cam-Clay plasticity, Part IV : Implicit integration of anisotropic bounding surface model with nonlinear hyperelasticity and ellipsoidal loading function

Abstract This paper describes a fully implicit stress-point integration algorithm for a class of anisotropic bounding surface plasticity models with ellipsoidal loading function. The plasticity model is coupled with a nonlinear hyperelastic model to ensure that the elastic component of the combined model is energy-conserving. A key feature of the integration algorithm for the combined model is a return mapping in strain space, which allows fully implicit integration and consistent linearization of the constitutive equations. For this class of bounding surface models the consistency condition on the bounding surface is shown to be mathematically equivalent to the consistency condition on the loading surface, thus allowing practically all attributes of the standard return mapping algorithm of classical plasticity theory to be carried over to the bounding surface theory with little modification. As a specific example, the infinitesimal version of modified Cam-Clay theory is used to represent the bounding surface model, and an exponential function is used to interpolate the plastic modulus on the loading surface. Isoerror maps are generated describing the accuracy of the integration algorithm on the stress-point level. Finally, a boundary-value problem involving a strip footing on lightly overconsolidated clay is analyzed to demonstrate the robustness of the algorithm in a finite element setting.
Elder Rehab: A Student-Supervised Exercise Program for Alzheimer's Patients

The physical and mental benefits of exercise are universally recognized, but seldom available to persons with early to moderate stage dementia. Difficulty in initiating and maintaining purposeful behavior, coupled with the inability to travel independently, preclude most community-dwelling dementia sufferers from accessing organized fitness programs. Overburdened caregivers typically lack the inclination and know how to structure and supervise systematic exercise sessions. The University of Arizona Elder Rehab program offers independent study credit to students who serve as rehab partners and fitness supervisors to noninstitutionalized persons with dementia. In addition to regular aerobics and weight training workouts, participants engage in supervised volunteer work and memory- and language-stimulation activities with their student partners. Multiple benefits accrue to all participants. The program is cost effective, easily replicated, and may also be suitable for frail and depressed elderly persons without dementia.
On the Annual Cycle of the Tropical Pacific Atmosphere and Ocean

Abstract The annual cycle in sea surface temperature (SST), surface wind and other atmospheric variables in the tropical Pacific are described. The primary data sets of SST and surface wind are derived from ship observations in the Pacific between 29°N and 29°S during the period 1946–76. The annual cycle in SST away from the equator can be attributed to the annual cycle in solar heating. However, in the eastern equatorial Pacific, the annual cycle in SST undergoes systematic longitudinal changes in phase and amplitude. Near the coast of Peru, the warmest temperatures occur during March, while further west along the equator, the warmest temperatures occur progressively later and with diminished amplitude. The annual cycle in surface wind convergence along the equator displays similar changes with longitude. The annual cycle in surface wind is dominated by the meridional migrations of the trade wind belts. Near the equator, the amplitude of the annual cycle in meridional wind is larger than that in zonal wi...
Characterization of the acidic sites in organic acid functionalized mesoporous silica in an aqueous media

Abstract Exploring the catalytic potential of organic acid functionalized mesoporous silica in condensed phase necessitates characterization of their acidic properties in a similar environment. In this study, potentiometric titration is used as a direct measurement technique to determine the acidic strength and total acid capacity of propylsulfonic, arenesulfonic, ethylphosphonic, and butylcarboxylic functionalized mesoporous silica catalysts in water. While the method can provide direct insight into the acidic properties of the materials the characterization conditions must be carefully chosen to yield reliable results. The addition of salts are required for enhancing the ion-exchange in the titration procedure, but their over-addition leads to significant deviation of the activity coefficients leading to incorrect results. Titrations, which are performed under reliable characterization conditions, demonstrate that network interactions can exist between the organic acid functional groups, but their interaction with surface silanols does not appear to play a significant role on acidic properties. While the strongest acidity is observed for the arenesulfonic acid functionalized material, none of the acidic materials are leveled in an aqueous solvent.
Holographic and interferometric viewing screens.

Novel kinds of rear-projection viewing screens are described. The light incident on each part of the screen is deflected and scattered by a prescribed amount, so that the picture presented to the viewer is optimized. In addition, the amount of light needed can be minimized. The screens are produced in dichromated gelatin by photographic techniques with coherent light. In one case, a hologram is formed that allows any kind of characteristic to be produced but suffers from less than 100% efficiency; in the other case, an interferometric exposure with appropriate development results in a screen with almost ideal characteristics for a short-focal-length viewer, such as a microfilm reader. The processing techniques and results are discussed, and an attempt is made to explain the unusual characteristic of the second kind of screen.
A Pneumatic Artificial Muscle Actuated Above-Knee Prosthesis

This paper describes the mechanical design and control approach for an above-knee (AK) prosthesis actuated by pneumatic artificial muscle. Pneumatic artificial muscle (PAM) affords great potential in prosthetics, since this type of actuator features a high power density, and similar characteristics to human muscles. However, there is no application of PAM in AK prosthetics in existing literature to the best knowledge of the authors. In this paper, a design of the prosthesis is presented, which provides sufficient actuation torque for the knee joint in energy consuming locomotive functions such as fast walking and stair climbing. The corresponding control approach is also presented, which combines an impedance-based locomotive controller with a lower-level sliding-mode torque control approach. Experiments on the proposed AK prosthesis have also been conducted to demonstrate the ability to mimic normal gait characteristics.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Understanding plant vacuolar trafficking from a systems biology perspective.

One of the most striking characteristics of plant development is the integration of external stimuli to trigger organ-specific developmental responses. This encompasses environmental aspects of development such as stress tolerance, spatial aspects such as the gravitropic and light responses, and
The effect of GnRH, eCG and progestin type on estrous synchronization following laparoscopic AI in ewes

Abstract The aim of the experiment was to evaluate the effects of GnRH and/or eCG and progestin type (implant versus CIDR) on the induction of estrus and pregnancy rate following laparoscopic AI (LAI) with frozen semen. In the first trial, ewes (n = 129) were treated with norgestomet implants for 14 days. At implant removal ewes received eCG (400 IU) and/or GnRH (25 μg) 36 h after removal, resulting in control, eCG, GnRH, and eCG/GnRH groups (n = 30–34/group). In trial 2, ewes (n = 36) were treated with intravaginal fluorogestone acetate sponges (FGA) or CIDR for 12 days. After withdrawal, half of the ewes from each progestin group received eCG (400 IU), resulting in sponge, sponge/eCG, CIDR and CIDR/eCG groups (n = 8–10/group). In both trials, estrous activity was assessed using a vasectomized ram from the time of progestin removal to laparoscopic AI with frozen semen 58–60 h (trial 1) or 54–56 h (trial 2) following cessation of treatment. In trial 1, GnRH decreased (P
Sensitivity to spatial conflict and the development of self-regulation in children 24–36 months of age.

This paper describes a task involving conflict between location and identity, two early developing visual system functions. From 2 years of age, children, like adults, responded more slowly and less accurately when location and identity were in conflict. The ability to resolve conflict appears to be linked to individual differences in effortful control and negative emotionality. Results suggest that this measure of executive attention may reflect the development of a more general capacity for self-regulation.
Designing an assembly line for modular products

To respond to the challenge of agile manufacturing, companies are striving to provide a large variety of products at low cost. Product modularity has become an important issue. It allows to produce different products through combination of standard components. One of the characteristics of modular products is that they share the same assembly structure for many assembly operations. The special structure of modular products provides challenges and opportunities for operational design of assembly lines. In this paper, an approach for design of assembly lines for modular products is proposed. This approach divides the assembly line into two subassembly lines: a subassembly line for basic assembly operations and a subassembly line for variant assembly operations. The design of the subassembly line for basic operations can be viewed as a single product assembly line balancing problem and be solved by existing line balancing methods. The subassembly line for the variant operations is designed as a two-station flowshop line and is balanced by a two-machine flowshop scheduling method. A three-station flowshop line for a special structure of modular products is proposed and illustrated with an example.
Synthesis of dendrimer-based biotin radiopharmaceuticals to enhance whole-body clearance

Abstract To synthesize a biotin radiopharmaceutical that clears rapidly, dendrimer was used as a carrier and conjugated with succinimidyl 3-[ 125 I]iodobenzoate and tetrafluorophenyl norbiotinamidosuccinate. Then, succinic anhydride was used to reduce its pI. In mice, the non-succinylated product showed high liver (67% ID/g) and kidney (44% ID/g) uptakes and whole-body retention (94% ID) at 20 min that persisted for 12 hr. The corresponding organ uptakes (22% and 11% ID/g) and the whole-body retention (47% ID) were drastically reduced by succinylation (p
Cortical gating of oropharyngeal sensory stimuli

Somatosensory evoked potentials provide a measure of cortical neuronal activation in response to various types of sensory stimuli. In order to prevent flooding of the cortex with redundant information various sensory stimuli are gated cortically such that response to stimulus 2 (S2) is significantly reduced in amplitude compared to stimulus 1 (S1). Upper airway protective mechanisms, such as swallowing and cough, are dependent on sensory input for triggering and modifying their motor output. Thus, it was hypothesized that central neural gating would be absent for paired air puff stimuli applied to the oropharynx. Twenty-three healthy adults (18-35 years) served as research participants. Pharyngeal sensory evoked potentials (PSEPs) were measured via 32 electrode cap (10-20 system) connected to SynAmps2 Neuroscan EEG System. Paired-pulse air puffs were delivered with an inter stimulus interval of 500ms to the oropharynx using a thin polyethylene tube connected to a flexible laryngoscope. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and a repeated measures analysis of variance. There were no significant differences found for the amplitudes S1 and S2 for any of the 4 component PSEP peaks. Mean gating ratios were above 0.90 for each peak. Results supports our hypothesis that sensory central neural gating would be absent for component PSEP peaks with paired-pulse stimuli delivered to the oropharynx. This may be related to the need for constant sensory monitoring necessary for adequate airway protection associated with swallowing and coughing.
Unified nonlinear electroelastic dynamics of a bimorph piezoelectric cantilever for energy harvesting, sensing, and actuation

Inherent nonlinearities of piezoelectric materials are pronounced in various engineering applications such as sensing, actuation, combined applications for vibration control, and energy harvesting from dynamical systems. The existing literature focusing on the dynamics of electroelastic structures made of piezoelectric materials has explored such nonlinearities separately for the problems of mechanical and electrical excitation. Similar manifestations of softening nonlinearities have been attributed to purely elastic nonlinear terms, coupling nonlinearities, hysteresis alone, or a combination of these effects by various authors. In order to develop a unified nonlinear nonconservative framework with two-way coupling, the present work investigates the nonlinear dynamic behavior of a bimorph piezoelectric cantilever under low to moderately high mechanical and electrical excitation levels in energy harvesting, sensing, and actuation. The highest voltage levels, for near resonance investigation, are well below the coercive field. A distributed parameter electroelastic model is developed by accounting for softening and dissipative nonlinearities to analyze the primary resonance of a soft (e.g., PZT-5A, PZT-5H) piezoelectric cantilever for the fundamental bending mode using the method of harmonic balance. Excellent agreement between the model and experimental investigation is found, providing evidence that quadratic stiffness, damping, and electromechanical coupling effects accurately model predominantly observed nonlinear effects in geometrically linear vibration of piezoelectric cantilever beams. The backbone curves of both energy harvesting and actuation frequency responses for a PZT-5A cantilever are experimentally found to be dominantly of first order and specifically governed by ferroelastic quadratic softening for a broad range of mechanical and electrical excitation levels. Cubic and higher-order nonlinearities become effective only near the physical limits of the brittle and stiff (geometrically linear) bimorph cantilever when excited near resonance.
Collective effects in inelastic scattering from nuclei.

It is shown how inelastic scattering is closely analogous to an electric multipole radiative transition, and will show similar collective enhancement. This enhancement will vary with scattering angle. In general, spin-flip transitions are little effected, the enhancement being found in the spinindependent amplitudes; the consequences of this are discusscd. The deformed nucleus model for C/sup 12/ is used to illustrate these effects. Finally, the interaction fornd factors to be used for inelastic scattering are discussed. (auth)
Measurement of multiple forms of human growth hormone: cross-reactivities in conventional and two-chain radioimmunoassays.

A RIA system to measure two-chain forms of human GH (hGH) is described in this report. The need for such a RIA became evident with the identification of several single and two-chain peptides separated from pituitary hGH. hGH-S, a mixture of three peptides (des 140–149 and des 140–146 with residue 152 either Asn or Asp) was produced by subtilisin cleavage of hGH and provided a basis for development of the RIA of two-chain forms of hGH; in this RIA, two-chain forms were used as antigen, for iodination, and for standards. Competitive binding-displacement characteristics of several naturally occurring single chain and two-chain forms of hGH were assessed in the hGH-S RIA system and in a standardized hGH RIA using materials supplied by NIAMDD. In addition, enzymically produced two-chain forms were tested. These studies show that the antiserum used in the hGH RIA reacts to varying degrees with both single and two-chain forms of GH, whereas the antiserum to hGH-S reacts only with some forms of two-chain hGH and ...
Monotonicity and restart in fast gradient methods

Fast gradient methods are known to be nonmonotone algorithms, and oscillations typically occur around the solution. To avoid this behavior, we propose in this paper a fast gradient method with restart, and analyze its convergence rate. The proposed algorithm bears similarities to other algorithms in the literature, but differs in a key point that enables theoretical convergence rate results. The efficiency of the proposed method is demonstrated by two numerical examples.
Influence of Tunnel Size and Nesting Medium on Sex Ratios in a Leaf-Cutter Bee, Megachile rotundata

In the leaf-cutter bee Megachile rotundata (F.), sex ratios of 3 ♂:l ♀ and 2 ♂:l ♀ can be consistently obtained from media with nesting-tunnel diameters of 5.5 and 6.0 mm, respectively. Smaller tunnels with inside diameters of 4.0 mm yielded bees with sex ratios of 5–11 ♂:l ♀. The type of medium of which the tunnels are composed appears to exert little effect on the sex ratio. Tunnels from 2 to 4 in. long are considered optimal for leaf-cutter bee propagation. Unfavorable sex ratios result from tunnels less than 2 in. long, regardless of their diameter. Space is inefficiently utilized in tunnels more than 4 in. long, and viable adults in the lower part of these cell series are often unable to chew their way out. Bees reared in large-diameter straws are 2 to 4 times the size of those reared from small tunnels, collect more pollen per foraging trip, and provide each cell with a greater quantity of provisions. As a result they pollinate more alfalfa florets to secure the greater quantity of pollen, and bee-for-bee are economically more advantageous. The innermost cells of each series usually contain females and the outermost contain males. Females, which may construct several cell series during their lifetime, repeat this pattern consistently and are therefore believed capable of controlling the sex of each egg deposited. Exceptions to the general pattern of sex location in each series of cells are not uncommon. It is suggested that consecutive occupation of 1 tunnel by several females or the construction of the series by a senile female may account for these deviations.
Retrograde transport of cholera toxin into the ER of host cells.

Abstract Cholera toxin moves from the plasma membrane to the ER of host cells to cause disease. Here we discuss recent studies on the mechanism of transport from plasma membrane to the ER and on the reactions that unfold and retrotranslocate a portion of the toxin to the cytosol where toxicity is induced.
A grammar as a communicative act: or: What does a grammatical description really describe?

A descriptive grammar is a document that is intended to communicate important and complex patterns of knowledge within a speech community. Previous conceptions of linguistic grammars have emphasized a metaphor in which the internal grammar of a language is perceived as a “machine” that transforms thoughts into language structure. Written grammars were conceived as schematic representations of such machines. The present paper argues for a different metaphor. Because a grammar is primarily an act of communication, a good grammar possesses qualities known to hold of other communicative acts. The paper invokes recent work in linguistic pragmatics to help potential grammar writers conceptualize and present their work as an efficient and engaging act of communication.
Nonlocal dispersion in media with continuously evolving scales of heterogeneity

General nonlocal diffusive and dispersive transport theories are derived from molecular hydrodynamics and associated theories of statistical mechanical correlation functions, using the memory function formalism and the projection operator method. Expansion approximations of a spatially and temporally nonlocal convective-dispersive equation are introduced to derive linearized inverse solutions for transport coefficients. The development is focused on deriving relations between the frequency-and wave-vector-dependent dispersion tensor and measurable quantities. The resulting theory is applicable to porous media of fractal character.
A SAXS Study of Microstructure Ordering Transitions in Liquid Crystalline Side-Chain Diblock Copolymers

For a series of side-chain liquid crystalline (LC) diblock copolymers we have investigated the overlap of liquid crystalline and morphological phase behaviors. LC thermal transitions were identified using polarized optical microscopy combined with calorimetry. Order−disorder and order−order transitions (ODT's and OOT's) associated with the diblock copolymer morphology were located using elevated temperature SAXS and TEM microscopy. At low LC fractions, samples exhibit pure lamellar morphologies, and the ODT temperature, TODT, is correlated to the LC isotropization temperature, Tiso. For samples with higher LC volume fractions, morphologies were found to have curvature at room temperatures, and the TODT was found to exceed Tiso. In one sample, we observed a thermoreversible OOT transition between a predominately lamellar morphology with cylindrical defects and a completely lamellar morphology. The loss of curvature occurs upon heating, which is unusual for a block copolymer OOT and may be related to the co...
Insulin receptor substrate-4 enhances insulin-like growth factor-I-induced cell proliferation.

Abstract The insulin receptor substrates (IRSs)-1–4 play important roles in signal transduction emanating from the insulin and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I receptors. IRS-4 is the most recently characterized member, which has been found primarily in human cells and tissues. It interacts with SH2-containing proteins such as phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase (PI3K), Grb2, Crk-II, and CrkL. In this study, we transfected IRS-4 in mouse NIH-3T3 cells that overexpress IGF-I receptors. Clones expressing IRS-4 showed enhanced cellular proliferation when cells were cultured in 1% fetal bovine serum without added IGF-I. Addition of IGF-I enhanced cellular proliferation in cells overexpressing the IGF-I receptor alone but had an even greater proliferative effect in cells overexpressing both the IGF-I receptors and IRS-4. When etoposide and methylmethane sulfonate (MMS), both DNA damaging agents, were added to the cells, they uniformly induced cell cycle arrest. Fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis demonstrated that the arrest of the cell cycle occurred at the G1 checkpoint, and furthermore no significant degree of apoptosis was demonstrated with the use of either agent. In cells, overexpressing IGF-I receptors alone, IGF-I addition enhanced cellular proliferation, even in the presence of etoposide and MMS. In cells overexpressing IGF-I receptors and IRS-4, the effect of IGF-I in overcoming the cell cycle arrest was even more pronounced. These results suggest that IRS-4 is implicated in the IGF-I receptor mitogenic signaling pathway.
Some general properties of stress-driven surface evolution in a heteroepitaxial thin film structure

Heteroepitaxial thin films are subjected to very large stresses, typically in the giga-Pascal range, due to lattice mismatch. Their applications in microelectronic devices have drawn a growing research effort which involves, in part, a better understanding of the processes by which defects such as cracks and dislocations are nucleated in a thin layer structure. One of the possible defect mechanisms is related to a stress-induced morphological instability which tends to roughen the film surface by mass diffusion during film growth or annealing. A major objective of this paper is to show that a few invariance properties of the strain energy density and the chemical potential in a heteroepitaxial structure can be utilized to obtain some valuable information concerning the equilibrium profile, the stress concentration and the formation of cusp-like stress singularities without having to resort to full-scale numerical studies. The process of cusp-formation requires a critical film thickness Hcr which is independent of the Matthews critical thickness herfor misfit dislocation formation by propagation of threading dislocations within the film. Calculations show that Hcr is significantly larger than hcr for a wide range of misfit strain, suggesting that nucleation of threading dislocations via cusp-formation could be critical in the overall process of strain relaxation in this type of film. Finally, a “phase” diagram is constructed to categorize important consequences of the surface evolution based on the instability wavelength and average film thickness.
Efficient time integration in dislocation dynamics

The efficiencies of one implicit and three explicit time integrators have been compared in line dislocation dynamics simulations using two test cases: a collapsing loop and a Frank–Read (FR) source with a jog. The time-step size and computational efficiency of the explicit integrators is shown to become severely limited due to the presence of so-called stiff modes, which include the oscillatory zig-zag motion of discretization nodes and orientation fluctuations of the jog. In the stability-limited regime dictated by these stiff modes, the implicit integrator shows superior efficiency when using a Jacobian that only accounts for short-range interactions due to elasticity and line tension. However, when a stable dislocation dipole forms during a jogged FR source simulation, even the implicit integrator suffers a substantial drop in the time-step size. To restore computational efficiency, a time-step subcycling algorithm is tested, in which the nodes involved in the dipole are integrated over multiple smaller, local time steps, while the remaining nodes take a single larger, global time step. The time-step subcycling method leads to substantial efficiency gain when combined with either an implicit or an explicit integrator.
Discussion of Disability and Use of Self in the Classroom

Abstract As with other minorities, social work faculty with disabilities often face a dilemma of which personal experiences to discuss in the classroom and how to accomplish this to advance the teaching-learning process. This discussion of disability utilizing direct narrative experiences, seeking to maximize the quality of teaching and student learning about disability while maintaining personal boundaries is both complex and exposes faculty with disabilities to some personal and professional consequence. This article integrates scholarly literature with personal reflection and narrative to explore the use of the classroom as a laboratory of evidence based inquiry and critical thinking, infused with multicultural or diversity rich material, specifically disability based discussions. Further expansion of the discussion to all minority faculty is undertaken and guidelines for faculty use of self in the classroom are advanced.
The genealogy of critical branching processes

Abstract In this paper we will obtain results concerning the distribution of generations and the degree of relationship of the individuals in a critical branching process { Z ( t ), t ⩾0} and we will apply these results to obtain a “central limit theorem” for critical branching random walks.
Embryopathic effects of short-term exposure to hypoglycemia in mouse embryos in vitro

The effect of short-term hypoglycemia was studied at two stages of development in postimplantation mouse embryos in vitro. Day 8 (gastrulating) mouse embryos were placed in hypoglycemic medium (60, 80, 100, or 110 mg/dl glucose) for 4 hours in which normoglycemia (120 to 150 mg/dl glucose) was restored for the remaining 44 hours of culture. Day 9 (neurulating) mouse embryos were exposed to hypoglycemia (20, 40, 60, or 80 mg/dl glucose) for 2, 4, 6, or 24 hours followed by normoglycemia for the remainder of 24 hours. At the end of culture embryos were evaluated for growth and malformations and compared with controls grown in normoglycemic medium. The results show that a 50% reduction in glucose for as little as 2 hours causes dysmorphogenesis in neurulating mouse embryos, whereas longer exposure times, more severe levels of hypoglycemia, or both are required to affect growth. Furthermore, gastrulating embryos are more sensitive to short periods of hypoglycemia than those undergoing neurulation.
Outcomes and achievement of students who grew up with access to cochlear implants.

Objectives/Hypothesis: To provide long-term speech perception and production, educational, vocational, and achievement outcome data for pediatric cochlear implant recipients. Study Design: This is a retrospective study using consecutive referrals of prelingually, profoundly deaf children at the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics. Methods: Twenty-seven prelingually deaf young adults who received a cochlear implant between the ages of 2 and 12 years participated. Outcome measures included device-use information, perceptual information, reading results for all participants and educational achievement results for 17 of 27 participants, educational placement information/vocational information for all students, as well as a comparison of the child's educational/vocational outcome with that of the parent's educational/vocational outcome. Results: Speech perception and production scores were highly correlated. Achievement test results indicated that scores were within 1 SD from normative data based on hearing individuals. Over 50% of the college-age eligible students enrolled in college. This initial group of implant users had a nonuse rate of 11% in the first 3 years. Eighty-nine percent of the users maintained full-time use for 7 years, and 71% of this group have maintained full-time use to date. Conclusions: This cohort of cochlear implant users compared favorably with their hearing peers on academic achievement measures. Although there was a wide distribution of educational and vocational outcomes, the children tended to follow the educational/vocational patterns of their parents. As age of implantation decreases, it will be important to compare achievement outcomes of this first generation with those of subsequent generations of cochlear implant users.