cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A 2.89mW 50GOPS 16×16 16-core MIMO sphere decoder in 90nm CMOS

A 16-core multi-input multi-output (MIMO) decoder for agile communication systems is implemented in a low-V T 90nm CMOS technology. This chip implements the sphere decoding algorithm and is highly flexible to support multiple configurations: antenna arrays from 2×2 to 16×16, modulations from BPSK to 64QAM, and up to 128 data streams. Operating at 16MHz, the chip provides 50GOPS (12-bit add equivalent) in the 16×16, 64QAM mode. It consumes 2.89mW of power with a 321mV supply voltage, resulting in a power efficiency of 17.3GOPS/mW. At 256MHz, the peak data rate exceeds 1.5Gbps over a 16MHz channel.
Eighth World Congress of the International Academy of Cosmetic Dermatology, Cancun, Mexico, January 31 to February 4, 2012.

The academic programwas led by some of themost notable professors in each area of cosmetic dermatology worldwide. A rich variety of symposia, roundtable discussions, lectures, and workshops were organized. There were an amazing 3115 Congress participants, 423 of which were faculty. The Congress boasted 70 symposia, 10 sister society meetings, 7 courses, and 5 workshops, plus 1 consensus and forum each. Luminaries included Jean Bologna, New Haven, Connecticut, the Eugene J. Van Scott Lecturer, named in honor of Dr Van Scott's many contributions to dermatology, in general, and to cosmetic dermatology, in particular. Jean and Alastair Carruthers (Figure 3), Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, presented the three master conferences. A total of 115 abstracts reflected on the diversity of the program that was presented in 14 sessions. There were 10 industrysponsored symposia. The IACD inaugurated the Edward L. Keyes Award for the best Resident Papers at this Eighth World Congress. The
Stale-Flavor Components in Dried Whole Milk. III. The Steam Distillation of Stale-Flavor Components from Stale Butter Oil

Summary The possibility of separating the stale-flavor component from stale butter oil by steam distillation was investigated. A procedure was developed by which a fraction was separated from the stale butter oil. This fraction, when dissolved in fresh butter oil and blended with fresh products to the composition of the original milk, yielded a detectable stale flavor in concentration as low as 6.2 parts per million. This procedure involves the steam distillation of stale butter oil under a pressure of 70mm. of mercury and at a temperature of approximately 45° C. The distillate is collected in water at 0° C. and the aqueous suspension is extracted with petroleum ether. The fraction containing the stale flavor then is obtained by evaporating the petroleum ether.
Critical care infectious disease.

Althoughtheconceptanddevelopmentofcriticalcarebeganinthe1960s,itwas not until 20 years later that the National Institutes of Health held its first Consensus Conference that pertained to critical care [1]. With the advent of units that care for critically ill patients, mortality rates have improved. For example, before intensive care units came into general use, more than 90% of patients with gram-negative septic shock died [2]. A recent trial demonstrated that information supplied by intensive monitoring, which allows for early aggressive hemodynamic support in these patients, hasreduced themortalityratesignificantly[3].Thisarticlediscusses four conditions (septic shock, toxic shock syndrome [TSS], acute respiratory distress syndrome, and catheter-related infections) in which intensive care management of the patient may be necessary.
Isomerization of 1-Hexene over Pt/γ-Al2O3 catalyst: Reaction mixture density and temperature effects on catalyst effectiveness factor, coke laydown, and catalyst micromeritics

Abstract The coking of a highly porous commercial Pt/γ-Al 2 O 3 catalyst via an olefinic precursor, viz., 1-hexene, was investigated in a CSTR over a range of temperatures and pressures that encompass low density subcritical as well as dense supercritical regions of operation. Temporal changes in catalyst effectiveness factor, a measure of catalyst activity, are presented for coking in subcritical and supercritical reaction mixtures at three different reactor temperatures between 1.01 and 1.10 T c The coke laydown during each run along with coked catalyst characteristics such as BET surface area, pore volume, and pore volume distribution are also reported. The maintenance or decay of catalyst activity is dependent upon the relative rates of coke formation and of coke extraction through the catalyst pores. Each of these rates is dictated by density and temperature. At each temperature studied, there is insignificant coke extraction in subcritical reaction mixtures and hence catalyst effectiveness factor decreases with time. Also, when 1-hexene isomerization is kinetically controlled, there is volume loss in both high activity (20–80 A) and low activity (100–600 A) pores indicating coke laydown throughout the catalyst pore structure. In low to moderate supercritical density reaction mixtures, the effectiveness factor decreases rapidly accompanied by reduced coke laydown and virtually no volume loss in the high activity pores. This is attributed to extensive pore mouth plugging of the high activity pores caused by increased coke formation rates relative to coke extraction rates. In dense supercritical reaction mixtures (>1.7 ϱ c , the enhanced solubilities of the coke compounds in the reaction mixture alleviate pore mouth plugging of the high activity pores, as evidenced by an increase in the effectiveness factor and by extensive volume and surface area losses in the high activity pores. At the highest density studied (2.53 ϱ c , while effectiveness factors are smaller than subcritical values at 1.01 T c , up to two-fold enhancements in temporal effectiveness factors are seen at 1.10 T c . A theoretical model is needed to better understand the density and temperature effects on the physicochemical processes underlying coke deposition with simultaneous extraction in porous catalysts.
ON THE BULK (H SUB C2) AND SURFACE (H SUB C3) NUCLEATION FIELDS OF STRONG COUPLING SUPERCONDUCTING ALLOYS.

The linearized self-consistency equation, in the electron-phonon model, for the nucleation of superconductivity in the presence of a magnetic field is studied. It is found that near the transition temperature this integro-differential equation is susceptible to analysis. The main results are that the ratio of surface to bulk nucleation fields is predicted to have the weak-coupling value of 1.695, thus not confirming a recent experimental suggestion of a value near 1.9 for strong-coupling superconductors. The slope ${(\frac{\ensuremath{\partial}{H}_{c3}}{\ensuremath{\partial}T})}_{{T}_{c}}$ is worked out both in terms of integrals over the parameters of the bulk-strong-coupling theory and in terms of other experimental quantities. Comparison of this last result with existing experiments on pure lead is attempted, with good success. In the Appendix an implicit equation for ${H}_{c2}(T)$ for all $T$ is derived, but the numerical work necessary to solve this equation has not been undertaken.
Molecular characterization of aromatase inhibitor-resistant, tamoxifen-resistant and LTEDaro cell lines.

Abstract To determine potential genes involved in mediating resistance to aromatase inhibitors (AIs), a microarray study was performed using MCF-7aro (aromatase overexpressing) cells that are resistant to letrozole (T + LET R), anastrozole (T + ANA R) and exemestane (T + EXE R), as well as LTEDaro and tamoxifen-resistant (T + TAM R) lines for comparison. Based on hierarchical clustering, estrogen-responsive genes were found to be differentially expressed in AI-resistant lines versus LTEDaro and T + TAM R. Additional genome-wide analysis showed that gene expression profiles of the non-steroidal AI-resistant lines were most closely correlated and that T + EXE R lines exhibit differing profiles. Also, LTEDaro and T + TAM R lines are inherently different from expression profiles of AI-resistant lines. Further characterization of these resistant lines revealed that T + LET R, T + ANA R and LTEDaro cells contain a constitutively active estrogen receptor α (ERα) that does not require the ligand estrogen for activation. Ligand-independent activation of ERα does not activate identical estrogen-responsive gene profiles in AI-resistant lines as in LTEDaro lines, thereby establishing differing mechanisms of resistance. This ligand-independent activation of ER was not observed in the parental cell lines MCF-7aro, T + EXE R or T + TAM R cells. Based on the steroidal structure of EXE, our laboratory has shown that this AI has weak estrogen-like properties, and that EXE resistance involves an ER-dependent crosstalk with EGFR growth factor signaling. Recent studies in our laboratory pertaining to pre-clinical models of AI treatment revealed that intermittent use of EXE delays the onset of acquired resistance in comparison to continuous treatment. Specific molecular mechanisms involved in intermittent use of EXE are currently being explored, based on microarray gene expression profiling. Lastly, our laboratory has initiated a study of microRNAs and their potential role in regulating target genes involved in AI-resistance. Overall, we propose a model of acquired resistance that progresses from hormone-dependence (T + TAM R and T + EXE R) to hormone-independence (T + LET R and T + ANA R), eventually resulting in hormone-independence that does not rely on conventional ER signaling (LTEDaro).
Three-dimensional structure of the sodium salt of iota-carrageenan

The three-dimensional structure of the sodium salt of iota-carrageenan has been determined by using X-ray diffraction data collected from its polycrystalline and oriented fibers. The molecule forms a half-staggered, parallel, threefold, right-handed double helix that is stabilized by interchain hydrogen bonds from 2- and 6-hydroxyl groups in the galactosyl units. Three helices are organized in a trigonal unit cell, of dimensions a=24.02 and c=12.93 A, with a lateral separation of 13.9 A for each pair. Both 2- and 4-sulfate groups are essential in helix-helix interactions that are mediated only by sodium ions and water molecules.
Prospective prediction of major depressive disorder from cortisol awakening responses in adolescence

Levels of the stress-sensitive hormone cortisol increase dramatically in the first 30-40 minutes after waking, an effect known as the cortisol awakening response (CAR). There is considerable cross-sectional evidence that psychosocial stress is associated with an increased CAR, and the CAR has been found to be altered in the presence of stress-related diseases, including Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). To date, no prospective longitudinal studies have examined whether individual differences in the CAR serve as a premorbid risk factor for MDD. In a sample of 230 late adolescents, clinical diagnoses of MDD were predicted from the CAR as well as other indicators of basal cortisol functioning gathered one year earlier, including: waking cortisol levels, bedtime cortisol levels, the size of the CAR, average cortisol, and the slope of the diurnal cortisol rhythm across the waking day. Age and gender, health and health behaviors, baseline neuroticism, exposure to stressful life events and past episodes of mood and anxiety disorders were included as covariates, to help ensure effects are attributable to the CAR rather than related variables. A higher baseline CAR was associated with a significantly increased risk of developing MDD by follow-up, even when excluding individuals with baseline MDD. No other baseline cortisol measures were significant prospective predictors of MDD. In summary, the CAR is a significant prospective risk factor for the development of MDD in young adults, providing some support for the possibility that a heightened CAR may play a role in the etiology of Major Depressive Disorder.
Noninvasive evaluation of immunosuppressive drug efficacy on acute donor cell survival.

Purpose The therapeutic benefits of cell transplantation may depend on the survival of sufficient numbers of grafted cells. We evaluate four potent immunosuppressive medications aimed at preventing acute donor cell death.
Hyperinsulinemia Potentiates Activation of p21Ras by Growth Factors

Incubation of 3T3-L1 fibroblasts with insulin (10 nM or 100 nM) for 24 or 48 hours resulted in a significant increase in the amount of farnesylated p21Ras with a concomitant increase in the amount of GTP-loaded p21Ras. Cells preincubated with 100 nM insulin for 24 or 48 hours exhibited further 5-8 fold increases in p21Ras.GTP loading in response to an acute (10 minute) challenge with either insulin, EGF, or IGF-1. Effects of hyperinsulinemia were completely abolished by the presence of 1 microM alpha-hydroxyfarnesylphosphonic acid, a potent inhibitor of farnesyltransferase. These novel observations indicate that hyperinsulinemia increases the cellular pool of farnesylated p21Ras and thereby potentiates activation of p21Ras by growth factors.
Surgeon motivations behind the timing of breast reconstruction in patients requiring postmastectomy radiation therapy

Summary Objectives Although postmastectomy radiation therapy (PMRT) has been shown to reduce breast cancer burden and improve survival, PMRT may negatively influence outcomes after reconstruction. The goal of this study was to compare current opinions of plastic and reconstructive surgeons (PRS) and surgical oncologists (SO) regarding the optimal timing of breast reconstruction for patients requiring PMRT. Methods Members of the American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS), the American Society of Breast Surgeons (ASBS), and the Society of Surgical Oncology (SSO) were asked to participate in an anonymous web-based survey. Responses were solicited in accordance to the Dillman method, and they were analyzed using standard descriptive statistics. Results A total of 330 members of the ASPS and 348 members of the ASBS and SSO participated in our survey. PRS and SO differed in patient–payor mix ( p p p = 0.65) or geographic location ( p = 0.30). Although PRS favored immediate reconstruction versus SO, overall timing did not significantly differ between the two specialists ( p = 0.14). The primary rationale behind delayed breast reconstruction differed significantly between PRS and SO ( p p = 0.86) as the primary motivation for immediate reconstruction. Conclusions Although the optimal timing of reconstruction is controversial between PRS and SO, our study suggests that the timing of reconstruction in PMRT patients is ultimately driven by patient preferences and the desire of PRS to optimize aesthetic outcomes.
The Role of Adjuvant Therapy in the Management of Head and Neck Merkel Cell Carcinoma: An Analysis of 4815 Patients

Importance Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare neuroendocrine malignant neoplasm that most commonly occurs in the head and neck and is rapidly increasing in incidence. The role of adjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT) in the management of head and neck MCC remains controversial. Objective To evaluate the association between different adjuvant therapies and survival in head and neck MCC. Design, Setting, and Participants Retrospective review of adult patients with head and neck MCC who had surgery recorded in the National Cancer Data Base from 1998 to 2011. Interventions Surgical excision, adjuvant radiation therapy (RT), or adjuvant CRT. Main Outcomes and Measures Our main outcome was overall survival (OS). Statistical analysis included χ 2 , t tests, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, and Cox proportional hazards regression analysis. Results We identified 4815 patients; 92.0% underwent standard surgical excision, and 8.0% underwent Mohs surgery. On multivariate analysis, age at least 75 years (hazard ratio [HR], 2.83 [95% CI, 1.82-4.41]), larger tumor size, positive margins (HR, 1.52 [95% CI, 1.25-1.85]), and metastatic lymph nodes (HR, 2.29 [95% CI, 1.84-2.85]) were independently associated with decreased OS. Postoperative CRT (HR, 0.62 [95% CI, 0.47-0.81]) and RT (HR, 0.80 [95% CI, 0.70-0.92]) provided a survival benefit over surgery alone. Adjuvant CRT was associated with improved OS over adjuvant RT in patients with positive margins (HR, 0.48 [95% CI, 0.25-0.93]), tumor size at least 3 cm (HR, 0.52 [95% CI, 0.30-0.90]), and male sex (HR, 0.69 [95% CI, 0.50-0.94]). Conclusions and Relevance To our knowledge, this the first study examining the role of adjuvant CRT in head and neck MCC. Results suggest that adjuvant CRT may help improve survival in high-risk patients, such as males and those with positive margins and larger tumors.
Effect of spatial variation of soil thermal properties on slab-on-ground heat transfer

Abstract A time-varying solution is developed to determine the heat transfer between an insulated slab-on-grade floor and non-homogeneous ground. The soil just beneath the slab has thermal properties that are different from those of the ground surrounding the slab foundation. Using the Interzone Temperature Profile Estimation (ITPE) technique, the soil temperature field and the total slab heat loss are presented and analyzed for both winter and summer conditions. In particular, the effect of soil thermal conductivity on the total slab heat loss is discussed in detail.
Zero-divisor graphs of idealizations

Abstract We consider zero-divisor graphs of idealizations of commutative rings. Specifically, we look at the preservation, or lack thereof, of the diameter and girth of the zero-divisor graph of a ring when extending to idealizations of the ring.
A constraint-based specification of periodic patterns in time-oriented data

We use a constraint based language to specify periodic temporal patterns. The Constraint-based Pattern Specification Language (CAPSUL) is simple to use, but allows a wide variety of patterns to be expressed. CAPSUL solves problems such as: (1) how to use calendar based constraints to define repetition of a periodic event; (2) what temporal relations must exist between consecutive repeats of a pattern; and (3) how expressivity is limited if the same temporal relations must hold between each pair of intervals in the pattern. We implemented CAPSUL in a temporal-abstraction system called Resume, and used it in a graphical knowledge acquisition tool to acquire domain-specific knowledge from experts about patterns to be found in large databases. We summarize the results of preliminary experiments using the pattern specification and pattern detection tools on data about patients who have cancer and have been seen at the University of Chicago bone marrow transplantation center.
Sexual assault history, PTSD, and mental health service seeking in a national sample of women

This study examined correlates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and mental health service seeking for women sexually assaulted in childhood and/or adulthood (N = 619) identified from the National Comorbidity Survey (1990–1992). Factors related to correlates of PTSD and mental health service seeking varied according to sexual assault history. Ethnic minority women with less formal education, more traumatic and stressful life events, and longer duration of sexual abuse had greater odds of PTSD within certain sexual assault history subgroups. Mental health service seeking was predicted by demographics (e.g., more education, Caucasian race), as well as other psychosocial factors (e.g., life events, social support), and medical insurance status, especially for adult sexual assault victims. Implications for mental health treatment and intervention are drawn for women with different sexual assault histories. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Linking zebra mussel growth and survival with two cellular stress indicators during chronic temperature stress

Sessile aquatic invertebrates are at great risk for temperature stress. Changes in ambient temperature affect metabolic demands, thus altering energy budgets, and often reducing performance or survival of these species. Zebra mussels are highly invasive, yet little is known about their physiology under biologically relevant conditions, especially with regard to cellular parameters. This study examined the effect of temperature on zebra mussel physiology and investigated whether the levels of two cellular markers, HSP70 and AMPK activity, could serve as indicators of chronic thermal stress. Mussels were collected from a site in central Illinois, slowly acclimated to either 10, 20, or 30°C, and held at these temperatures for four weeks. Size, mortality, and the cellular markers were measured. Size and mortality data indicate heat stress at 30°C. Elevation in HSP70 levels confirmed this temperature elicits a stress response. Elevation in AMPK activity was not detected at 30°C, most likely indicating this temperature is beyond the scope for this marker, and therefore at or near the lethal limit. These data suggest this zebra mussel population experiences reduced performance and potential mortality in the field during summer months. Interestingly, cold acclimation resulted in a temporary elevation in AMPK activity, a result that has not been reported previously in ectotherms and is likely attributable to the metabolic demands of thermal acclimation.
On the ratio of gamma and levy random variable

The exact distribution of the ratio X/Y is derived when X and Y are gamma and Levy random variables distributed independently of each other. Extensive tabulations of the associated percentage points are also given.
The Frenzy of Renown: Fame and Its History

"Remarkably ambitious . . . an impressive tour de force." --Washington Post Book WorldFor Alexander the Great, fame meant accomplishing what no mortal had ever accomplished before. For Julius Caesar, personal glory was indistinguishable from that of Rome. The early Christians devalued public recognition, believing that the only true audience was God. And Marilyn Monroe owed much of her fame to the fragility that led to self-destruction. These are only some of the dozens of figures that populate Leo Braudy's panoramic history of fame, a book that tells us as much about vast cultural changes as it does about the men and women who at different times captured their societies' regard. Spanning thousands of years and fields ranging from politics to literature and mass media, The Frenzy of Renown explores the unfolding relationship between the famous and their audiences, between fame and the representations that make it possible. Hailed as a landmark at its original publication and now reissued with a new Afterword covering the last tumultuous decade, here is a major work that provides our celebrity-obsessed, post-historical society with a usable past. "Expansive . . . Braudy excels at rocketing a general point into the air with the fuel of drama." --Harper's
Orientation Mapping via Precession-Enhanced Electron Diffraction and Its Applications in Materials Science

Precession-enhanced diffraction (PED) is a transmission electron microscopy technique that allows for pseudo-kinematical diffraction conditions to occur. Using collected spot patterns, PED has successfully been demonstrated to provide for phase and orientation mapping in a variety of materials. One major advantage of PED is the fine spatial resolution, on the order of a few nanometers, allowing previously inaccessible grain boundary orientation mapping of nanostructured materials to be realized. This article provides a basic overview of the emerging technique with selected highlights of its application to materials science and engineering.
Internal Accounting Controls in the Office of the Future

The law, as well as good business practice, requires adequate internal accounting controls. Modeling and machine analysis of office information systems can ensure compliance.
Probabilistic Traveling Salesman Problem with Deadlines

Time-constrained deliveries are one of the fastest growing segments of the delivery business, and yet there is surprisingly little literature that addresses time constraints in the context of stochastic customer presence. We begin to fill that void by introducing the probabilistic traveling salesman problem with deadlines (PTSPD). The PTSPD is an extension of the well-known probabilistic traveling salesman problem (PTSP) in which, in addition to stochastic presence, customers must also be visited before a known deadline. We present two recourse models and a chance constrained model for the PTSPD. Special cases are discussed for each model, and computational experiments are used to illustrate under what conditions stochastic and deterministic models lead to different solutions.
A Microcomputer-Controlled Testing System for Digital Integrated Circuits

This paper describes a low-cost digital integrated circuit (IC) tester designed and implemented using the Intel 8080 microcomputer family. Test patterns are applied to each IC to be tested from a lookup table stored in memory, along with appropriate clock signals if needed. The resulting chip outputs are then examined for errors resulting from stuck-at conditions or other functional errors. The hardware and software structure are presented as well as experimental results obtained in actual system applications.
Off-state mode TDDB reliability for ultra-thin gate oxides: New methodology and the impact of oxide thickness scaling

A simple and practical new methodology, a so-called voltage-splitting technique, is proposed for reliability evaluation of the off-state mode in ultra-thin gate oxides. By applying a negative voltage on the gate while the drain is biased at the operational voltage, we successfully resolve the difficulty associated with the unrealistic high drain-bias stress, which leads to the excessive damage to oxides in the overlap region. Using this technique, we have demonstrated that the normalized breakdown results of the off-state mode are compatible with those obtained in the inversion mode with proper account for edge-tunneling current and effective area. The impact of high drain-bias stress has been shown to be detrimental to oxide integrity due to the presence of additional degradation mechanisms. Our results indicate that off-state oxide reliability will become an increasingly important concern as oxide thickness is scaled down.
National Security’s Broken Windows

This Article examines the federal government’s community engagement efforts with American Muslim communities as part of a larger infrastructure for policing radicalization and countering violent extremism (CVE). While the federal government presents community engagement as a softer alternative to policing, community engagement is integrated into a larger policing apparatus, making the reality far more coercive. Community engagement efforts are staged within the greater context of radicalization discourse, counterradicalization and CVE programs. Radicalization theory posits that increased religiosity and politicization in Muslims provokes an increased threat of terrorism. Government counterradicalization programs aim, therefore, to monitor and influence the political and religious cultures of Muslim communities so as to prevent radicalization, bringing tremendous scrutiny to bear on these communities. The federal government situates its national security community engagement efforts within the history of community policing in the ordinary criminal context. Community engagement and community policing are celebrated as forms of policing that emphasize communication and collaboration with marginalized communities and serve ideals of inclusion and democratic participation. In both contexts, however, efforts at police-community communication and collaboration are warped by law enforcement’s commitments to preventive theories of crime control, narrowing the space for the inclusion of and democratic contestation by the subject communities. Broken windows theory and radicalization theory invest local social and cultural norms an outsized role in the origination of criminal activity, creating a rationale for the policing of everyday life. In linking noncriminal activity to the potential for crime, both theories reinforce a punitive lens through which police interact with communities, further marginalizing communities on the grounds of their racial and religious difference. In putting community engagement in conversation with community policing, this Article’s central insight is as straightforward as it might be surprising: Community engagement in the national security context shares some of the problems of community policing in the ordinary criminal context. Community engagement efforts increase the presence of law enforcement in already overpoliced communities, and exacerbate intracommunity inequalities. Rather than enhance participation, community engagement may simply provide opportunities for select members of Muslim communities to approve preexisting law enforcement commitments — and create an additional source of pressure on Muslim communities to perform their Americanness — without meaningful openings for Muslim communities to communicate, collaborate, and contest the relationship, its modalities, and its outputs.
Host-Plant Chemistry Influences Oviposition Choice of the Spicebush Swallowtail Butterfly

The spicebush swallowtail, Papilio troilus (L.), lays its eggs on plants in the family Lauraceae. Sassafras [Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees], spicebush [Lindera benzoin (L.) Spreng.], redbay (Persea borbonia (L.)] and camphortree [Cinnamomum camphora (Nees) Eberm.] are four of its known host plants. In one-choice tests, free-flying spicebush swallowtail females laid eggs on chemical extracts of the leaves of each of these four hosts. In two-choice experiments, females always preferred to oviposit on an extract of sassafras compared to extracts of the other three hosts. It was shown for spicebush extract that this response was not due to oviposition experience. Previously we had identified one of the host plant chemicals acting as an oviposition stimulant in sassafras extract as 3-caffeoyl-muco-quinic acid (3-CmQA). Extracts of the other three hosts did not contain this compound. The addition of 3-CmQA alone to spicebush extract did not increase oviposition activity. It did, however, increase discrimination between hosts and nonhosts. When a fraction of sassafras extract containing 3-CmQA and other synergistic stimulants was added to spicebush extract, preference for sassafras extract was no longer recorded. These results show existing differences in oviposition chemistry among host plants of the spicebush swallowtail and how these differences can influence oviposition choice in bioassay experiments.
An Investigation of Key Design for Additive Manufacturing Constraints in Multimaterial Three-Dimensional Printing

The PolyJet material jetting process is uniquely qualified to create complex, multimaterial structures. However, key manufacturing constraints need to be explored and understood in order to guide designers in their use of the PolyJet process including (1) minimum manufacturable feature size, (2) removal of support material, (3) survivability of small features, and (4) the self-supporting angle in the absence of support material. The authors use a design of experiments (DOE) approach to identify the statistical significance of geometric and process parameters and to quantify the relationship between these significant parameters and part manufacturability. The results from this study include the identification of key variables, relationships, and quantitative design thresholds necessary to establish a preliminary set of design for additive manufacturing (DfAM) guidelines for material jetting. Experimental design studies such as the one in this paper are crucial to provide designers with the knowledge to ensure that their proposed designs are manufacturable with the PolyJet process, whether designed manually or by an automated method, such as topology optimization (TO).
Book Review: Regulatory Education and its Reform

Regulation and Deregulation: Cases and Materials, Jeffrey L. Harrison, Thomas D. Morgan & Paul R. Verkuil. St. Paul, Minn.: West Publishing Co., 1997. Pp. 567. $48.00.Ours is unquestionably an Age of Statutes. Yet the comprehensive study of statutes, the legal lifeblood of the regulatory state, is a relatively recent phenomenon. Law school courses in legislation have begun to bridge this gap. The substantive law underlying the most economically sophisticated statutes, however, continues to elude American law schools. What Robert Weisberg said fifteen years ago of statutory interpretation befits economic regulation today: "nothing else as important in the law receives so little attention."Oddly enough, the law of regulated industries seems simultaneously too practical and too theoretical to attract much pedagogical attention. Some professors apparently prefer to teach economic analysis of law at the highest possible level of abstraction, while others focus on specific bodies of law such as banking, food and drug regulation, or communications. The vast middle ground has attracted relatively little classroom coverage. This state of affairs bodes ill for the legal profession and the public at large. A generation of lawyers unschooled in regulatory matters is doomed to offer little resistance against the iron triangle of self-serving industries, uninformed legislators, and captured bureaucrats.
Duration and Convexity of Mortgages in the Context of Real Estate Investment Analysis

Executive Summary. A property sale is typically recorded using the contract mortgage loan amount, rather than the estimated market value of the mortgage. This can distort the economic sale price. Modified duration is approached as a measure of the sensitivity of the value of a mortgage to changes in yield. The relationships between modified duration and Macaulay duration and between modified duration and convexity measure are examined. These concepts are extended to mortgage portfolios. Practical examples of duration and convexity calculations and applications are also explored.
Heaven, Hell, and Hipsters: Attracting Young Adults to Megachurches Through Hybrid Symbols of Religion and Popular Culture in the Pacific Northwest, u.s.a.

Mars Hill pastor Mark Driscoll attracts unconventional churchgoers. Hipster youth ages 18–25 comprise the core of the church’s 12,000+ weekly attendees – surprising, amid Driscoll’s controversial promotion of strict gender binaries and fundamentalist theology. Furthermore, the Pacific Northwest boasts the country’s lowest rate of church affiliation (Killen 2004). How, in this so-called ‘religious none-zone,’ has Mars Hill grown rapidly among young adults? I suggest only a portion of Mars Hill’s regional growth relies on content preached in the pulpit. Using ritual theory (Collins 2008) and non-linguistic semiotics (Turino 2008), I posit a connection between Mars Hill’s music ministry and Seattle’s vibrant indie guitar rock scene. By identifying Mars Hill’s mimicry of local concert culture aesthetics, I argue that secular ritual in a sacred space has created a potent ritual environment (Sylvan 2002), contributing massively to the church’s appeal among a majority “unchurched” demographic.
Understanding Ammonium Transport in Bioelectrochemical Systems towards its Recovery.

We report an integrated experimental and simulation study of ammonia recovery using microbial electrolysis cells (MECs). The transport of various species during the batch-mode operation of an MEC was examined experimentally and the results were used to validate the mathematical model for such an operation. It was found that, while the generated electrical current through the system tends to acidify (or basify) the anolyte (or catholyte), their effects are buffered by a cascade of chemical groups such as the NH3/NH4+ group, leading to relatively stable pH values in both anolyte and catholyte. The transport of NH4+ ions accounts for ~90% of the total current, thus quantitatively confirming that the NH4+ ions serve as effective proton shuttles during MEC operations. Analysis further indicated that, because of the Donnan equilibrium at cation exchange membrane-anolyte/catholyte interfaces, the Na+ ion in the anolyte actually facilitates the transport of NH4+ ions during the early stage of a batch cycle and they compete with the NH4+ ions weakly at later time. These insights, along with a new and simple method for predicting the strength of ammonia diffusion from the catholyte toward the anolyte, will help effective design and operation of bioeletrochemical system-based ammonia recovery systems.
The effects of geometry on drift‐limited solar cells

We present analytical simulations for the performance of nano-coaxial and -hemispherical drift-limited solar cells, to determine optimal geometrical configuration and to interpret results of experimental nanocoaxial solar cell arrays. The material system considered in these simulations is hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H), with solar cells designed in an n–i–p stack. Simulations conducted for the performance of planar devices are compared against simulations performed using SCAPS-1D and are found to be in close agreement. Simulation of the nanocoaxial array shows that while geometrical changes in the energy band diagram impact charge carrier collection, performance is most significantly impacted by light absorption properties associated with incident light interacting with the array of non-planar nanostructures. We compare our simulations to results of fabricated nanocoaxial a-Si:H solar cells.
Technical Efficiency and the Regional Differences of Tourism Industry in China:2001～2007

Technical efficiency is introduced into China's tourism industry efficiency analysis,and an empirical analysis is made on the technical efficiency and the regional differences of tourism industry in China from 2001 to 2007 by using DEA model.The results show that during the period,the technical efficiency of China's tourism industry shows approximately a "U"-type changes,and there is an upward trend in recent years,but the overall level is low with 0.571 on average nationally.The technical efficiency is significantly different in different regions.The efficiency of eastern region is higher than the western region,and the western region is higher than the central region.The coefficient of variation of the technical efficiency shows a reversed "U"-type changes approximately,and the regional differences show a narrowing tendency in recent years.Therefore,the authors point out some measures to increase the technical efficiency of China's tourism industry,such as changing the growth pattern of industries,integrating industrial chain,establishing and improving the innovation system of industries.
4 CRITICAL ROLE OF INTERLEUKIN-17 AND INTERLEUKIN-17 RECEPTOR SIGNALING IN Trinitrobenzene Sulfonic Acid-INDUCED COLITIS.

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are characterized by recurrent inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract. Infiltration of CD4+ lymphocytes and neutrophils is one of the predominant features in IBD. Recently, interleukin (IL)-23 and the downstream T-cell derived cytokine IL-17 have been found to be elevated in IBD patients. However, the role of IL-17 and IL-17 receptor (IL-17R) signaling in gastrointestinal inflammation is unknown. To examine their role, we investigated colonic inflammation in wild-type or IL-17R KO mice. Using a model of TNBS-induced colitis, we found that IL-17 was produced in colon tissue at 24 and 48 hours. IL-17R KO mice were significantly protected against TNBS-induced weight loss, IL-6 production, local MIP-2 induction, as well as colonic inflammation. This protection occurred in the presence of equivalent induction of local IL-23 and higher levels of IL-12p70 and IFN-gamma in IL-17R KO mice compared to wild-type mice. Moreover, IL-17R KO mice exhibited a reduced tissue neutrophil infiltration as assessed by myeloperoxidase activity. Furthermore, overexpression of an IL-17R IgG1 fusion protein significantly attenuated colonic inflammation after TNBS challenge. These results demonstrate that IL-17 and IL-17R signaling play a critical role in the development of TNBS-induced colitis and may represent a target for therapeutic intervention for IBD.
Open architecture for rapid deployment of capability

Modern warfare has drastically changed from conventional to non-conventional and from fixed threats to dynamic ones over the past several decades. This unprecedented fundamental shift has now made our adversaries and their weapons more nebulous and ever changing. Our current acquisition system however is not suited to develop, test and deploy essential capability to counter these dynamic threats in time to combat them. This environment requires a new infrastructure in our system design to rapidly adopt capabilities that we do not currently plan for or even know about. The key to enabling this rapid implementation is Open Architecture in acquisition. The DoD has shown it can rapidly prototype capabilities such as unmanned vehicles but has severely struggled in moving from the prototyping to deployment. A major driver of this disconnect is the lack of established infrastructure to employ said capability such as launch and recovery systems and command and control. If we are to be successful in transitioning our rapid capability to the warfighter we must implement established well defined interfaces and enabling technologies to facilitate the rapid adoption of capability so the warfighter has the tools to effectively counter the threat.
Rad51C-ATXN7 fusion gene expression in colorectal tumors

Fusion proteins have unique oncogenic properties and their identification can be useful either as diagnostic or therapeutic targets. Next generation sequencing data have previously shown a fusion gene formed between Rad51C and ATXN7 genes in the MCF7 breast cancer cell line. However, the existence of this fusion gene in colorectal patient tumor tissues is largely still unknown. We evaluated for the presence of Rad51C-ATXN7 fusion gene in colorectal tumors and cells by RT-PCR, PCR, Topo TA cloning, Real time PCR, immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting techniques. We identified two forms of fusion mRNAs between Rad51C and ATXN7 in the colorectal tumors, including a Variant 1 (fusion transcript between Rad51C exons 1–7 and ATXN7 exons 6–13), and a Variant 2 (between Rad51C exons 1–6 and ATXN7 exons 6–13). In silico analysis showed that the Variant 1 produces a truncated protein, whereas the Variant 2 was predicted to produce a fusion protein with molecular weight of 110 KDa. Immunoprecipitation and Western blot analysis further showed a 110 KDa protein in colorectal tumors. 5-Azacytidine treatment of LS-174 T cells caused a 3.51-fold increase in expression of the fusion gene (Variant 2) as compared to no treatment controls evaluated by real time PCR. In conclusion we found a fusion gene between DNA repair gene Rad51C and neuro-cerebral ataxia Ataxin-7 gene in colorectal tumors. The in-frame fusion transcript of Variant 2 results in a fusion protein with molecular weight of 110 KDa. In addition, we found that expression of fusion gene is associated with functional impairment of Fanconi Anemia (FA) DNA repair pathway in colorectal tumors. The expression of Rad51C-ATXN7 in tumors warrants further investigation, as it suggests the potential of the fusion gene in treatment and predictive value in colorectal cancers.
Dorsal Rhizotomy for Spasticity

Dorsal rhizotomy is a neurosurgical procedure used for treatment of spasticity. It is most effective for children with cerebral palsy who are able to ambulate, but who have spasticity that impairs ambulation. Selective dorsal rhizotomy is the most widely practiced form of rhizotomy, and involves stimulation of dorsal nerve roots and monitoring a response from target muscles. The response of a root to stimulation is used to guide the sectioning of nerve roots that are more likely to be giving rise to pathologic spasticity. However, there is controversy about the effectiveness of nerve root stimulation in identifying pathologic nerve roots. Dorsal rhizotomy has been shown to significantly decrease spasticity in randomized controlled trials compared to physical therapy alone, but has not been shown to be clearly superior in long-term (> 10 years) follow-up. Potential complications include neurogenic bladder and long-term development of spinal deformity.
The Development of Human B Lymphocytes

This chapter discusses the development of B-lymphocytes. B lineage cells in humans are progeny of the lymphoid progenitors that derive from multi-potential hematopoietic stem cells. Their orchestrated development begins in lympho-hematopoietic sites in the fetal liver and then continues in the bone marrow throughout life. The chapter describes the genotypic and phenotypic features that mark the progression of the cells along the developmental pathway, noting significant species differences in the process and indicating where human mutations have provided important clues to the gene function. It outlines the progression of the V(D)J g ene rearrangements required for the expression of immunoglobulin (Ig), the antigen receptor and effector molecule of the B lineage, and describes the contribution of the secondary V(D)J rearrangements to the human B cell repertoire . The chapter closes with an overview of two important types of abnormal human B cell development, the primary immunodeficiency diseases and the acute lymphoblastic leukemia of B lineage.
Presidential Leadership in Public Opinion: Causes and Consequences.

For several decades, political scientists have been studying the factors that enter into Americans’ evaluations of presidents. The coin of the realm for this endeavor has been the readily available...
Spatial Expansion Method

The expansion method is a technique for constructing mathematical models. It involves widening the scope of a simpler initial model by expansion equations that redefine some or all of the initial model’s parameters into functions of expansion variables. The expansion variables index a substantively relevant context of the initial model. The terminal model thus produced combines the initial model with a specification of its contextual variation. The expansion method has an especially useful role in spatial modeling. It lends itself to operationalize the integration of complex geographical contexts and nonspatial models. If the initial model is suggested by nonspatial theory and the expansion variables capture pertinent geographical dimensions, the terminal model integrates nonspatial theory and spatial realities. However, the expansion method is also well suited to model the variation of spatial relationships across nonspatial contexts, and the spatial variation of spatial relationships.
Estimating human shape and pose from a single image

We describe a solution to the challenging problem of estimating human body shape from a single photograph or painting. Our approach computes shape and pose parameters of a 3D human body model directly from monocular image cues and advances the state of the art in several directions. First, given a user-supplied estimate of the subject's height and a few clicked points on the body we estimate an initial 3D articulated body pose and shape. Second, using this initial guess we generate a tri-map of regions inside, outside and on the boundary of the human, which is used to segment the image using graph cuts. Third, we learn a low-dimensional linear model of human shape in which variations due to height are concentrated along a single dimension, enabling height-constrained estimation of body shape. Fourth, we formulate the problem of parametric human shape from shading. We estimate the body pose, shape and reflectance as well as the scene lighting that produces a synthesized body that robustly matches the image evidence. Quantitative experiments demonstrate how smooth shading provides powerful constraints on human shape. We further demonstrate a novel application in which we extract 3D human models from archival photographs and paintings.