cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Moving On or Dropping Out: Police Processing of Adult Sexual Assault Cases

Past research indicates that extralegal factors (e.g., victim age, race, and relationship to assailant) affect police investigative practices in sexual assault cases, including the decision whether to forward a case to prosecutors for further consideration. However, such studies have not distinguished the reasons why cases did or did not move on to prosecutors for criminal charges to be filed. In some instances, law enforcement officials make the decision not to send a case forward for further consideration, but sometimes cases are not referred because victims have withdrawn their participation. Understanding what factors differentiate these outcomes is important for improving the legal response to sexual assault. In this study, 266 police reports of adult sexual assault cases were collected from 3 midwestern law enforcement agencies (in the same county). Demographic, assault, and evidentiary case characteristics were examined as predictors of case referral outcomes. Results indicated that victims who wer...
Structure of Some Simple Shell-Model Wave Functions

The wave functions for the lowest-energy states with different angular momenta of the nuclei $_{18}\mathrm{Ar}^{39,40}$, $_{19}\mathrm{K}^{41}$, $_{22}\mathrm{Ti}^{51}$, $_{41}\mathrm{Nb}^{93,95}$, and $_{42}\mathrm{Mo}^{93,94,96,97}$ resulting from simple shell-model calculations are compared with the wave functions with definite angular momenta projected from (deformed) determinantal intrinsic states for these nuclei. Significant resemblance between the two is found. An attempt is made to give some insight into the general features which emerge from the comparison of the two sets of wave functions.
Tin-protoporphyrin inhibits heme oxygenase and prevents the decline in hepatic heme and cytochrome P-450 contents produced in nude mice by tumor transplantation.

Abstract Heme and hemeprotein perturbations are present in nude mice bearing transplanted tumors. Hepatic microsomal heme oxygenase activity is increased 50–100% in tumor bearing nu nu mice when compared with normal controls. This elevation in activity of the rate-limiting enzyme of heme degradation is associated with a 50% depletion of microsomal heme and cytochrome P-450 concentrations in liver. The synthetic heme analogue, Sn-protoporphyrin, a potent inhibitor of heme oxygenase, lowers the activity of heme oxygenase in tumor bearing animals to below control levels. This effect is associated with a normalization of hepatic heme and cytochrome P-450 contents. These findings might have implications for protecting normal cells during tumor growth and chemotherapy.
A boundary modulus of continuity for a class of singular parabolic equations

Abstract Parabolic equations describing diffusion phenomena with change of phase are considered. It is demonstrated that weak solutions are continuous up to the parabolic boundary of the domain of definition. The continuity is quantitatively described by a modulus determined a priori only in terms of the data.
‘Donor-driven’ neoliberal reform processes and urban environmental change in Kenya: The case of Karura Forest in Nairobi

In this article, I heed the call by some scholars to focus on ‘actually existing neoliberalism to better understand how neoliberal processes play out in particular places and times. Through the len...
Nuclear data sheets for A = 213

The available information on the decay characteristics and level structure for all nuclei with the mass number A = 213 is examined. A summary and evaluation of the experimental data, including adopted values and comparisons with theory, are presented. The individual level schemes are discussed, and comments pertaining to spin and parity assignments and to gamma-ray multipolarities are given. Any apparent discrepancies or inconsistencies are pointed out. It should be noted that much of the level information in the A = 213 mass chain is obtained from the alpha decay of the A = 217 parent. Little information is available on the level structure of nuclei with A = 213. Several new groundstate spin and parity assignments are suggested, however, based on favored alpha transitions and, in some cases, estimates of BETA branching. In the case of /sup210/Po and /sup 213/At, these assignments are considered definitive. A definite determination of the spin and parity of the /sup 209/At ground state would also specify the groundstate spins of /sup 213/Fr and /sup 217/ Ac, via favored alpha decay. The level schemes of each of the A = 213 nuclei are shown first, followed by the data used in calculating alpha -hindrancemore » factors. The information of the respective A = 213 nuclei, listed in order of increasing Z, is presented according to the following format: the experimental decay data and their evaluation; reaction data (if any); a summary of the level properties and spin assignments; a discussion of gamma-ray properties; and compilers' comments. The reference list is given at the end of the A = 213 review. All information obtained prior to May 1973 is included. (auth)« less
Influence of corneal asphericity on the refractive outcome of intraocular lens implantation in cataract surgery.

Purpose To evaluate the possible influence of anterior corneal surface asphericity on the refractive outcomes in eyes having intraocular lens (IOL) implantation after cataract surgery. Setting Fondazione G.B. Bietti IRCCS, Rome, Italy. Design Retrospective comparative case series. Methods Intraocular lens power was calculated using the Haigis, Hoffer Q, Holladay 1, and SRK/T formulas. Asphericity (Q-value) was measured at 8.0 mm with a Placido-disk corneal topographer (Keratron), a rotating Scheimpflug camera (Pentacam), and a rotating Scheimpflug camera combined with Placido-disk corneal topography (Sirius). The relationship between the error in refraction prediction (ie, difference between expected refraction and refraction measured 1 month after surgery) and the Q-value was assessed by linear regression. Results The same IOL model (Acrysof SA60AT) was implanted in 115 eyes of 115 consecutive patients. Regression analysis showed a statistically significant relationship between the error in refraction prediction and the Q-value with all formulas and all devices. In all cases, a more negative Q-value (prolate cornea) was associated with a myopic outcome, whereas a more positive Q-value (oblate cornea) was associated with a hyperopic outcome. The highest coefficient of determination was detected between the Hoffer Q formula and the Placido-disk corneal topographer ( R 2 = 0.2630), for which the error in refraction prediction (y) was related to the Q-value ( x ) according to the formula y=−0.2641 + 1.4589 × x . Conclusion Corneal asphericity influences the refractive outcomes of IOL implantation and should be taken into consideration when using third-generation IOL power formulas. Financial Disclosure Dr. Hoffer receives book royalties from Slack, Inc., Thorofare, New Jersey, and formula royalties from all manufacturers using the Hoffer Q formula. No other author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
Selectivity for polar, hyperbolic, and Cartesian gratings in macaque visual cortex

The neural basis of pattern recognition is a central problem in visual neuroscience. Responses of single cells were recorded in area V4 of macaque monkey to three classes of periodic stimuli that are based on spatial derivative operators: polar (concentric and radial), hyperbolic, and conventional sinusoidal (Cartesian) gratings. Of 118 cells tested, 16 percent responded significantly more to polar or hyperbolic (non-Cartesian) gratings than to Cartesian gratings and only 8 percent showed a significant preference for Cartesian gratings. Among cells selective for non-Cartesian gratings, those that preferred concentric gratings were most common. Cells selective for non-Cartesian gratings may constitute an important intermediate stage in pattern recognition and the representation of surface shape.
Dynamics of probe particles in polymer solutions and gels

Abstract The dependence of the dynamics of probe particles in polyacrylamide solutions and gels as a function of crosslink content, scattering angle and size of the probe is studied using photon correlation spectroscopy. Several fitting methods were applied to the auto-correlation functions obtained from samples ranging through the gelation threshold. We observed a complex dynamical behaviour ranging from the purely translational diffusion of the probes in the medium to a relaxational behaviour associated with the local movement of the latex particles in the gel. In addition, in samples which are beyond the gelation threshold, where a large fraction of the latex particles are immobilized, we observe a coupling between the movement of the particle and the collective diffusion mode of the gel network itself. Our results show that the crossover from diffusional to relaxational behaviour depends on the length scale over which the movement is probed and the mesh size of the network.
Micro-Electro-Mechanically Actuated Integrated Optic Switch for N×N Optical Cross-Connect Matrix Array

A micro-opto-mechanical 1×2 switch has been achieved using SiON planar waveguide technology. The operational principle of the switch is based on the mechanical deflection of the cantilever beam due to electrostatic interaction. The first functional results are reported.
Using Electronic Health Records for Surgical Quality Improvement in the Era of Big Data

Importance Risk adjustment is an important component of quality assessment in surgical health care. However, data collection places an additional burden on physicians. There is also concern that outcomes can be gamed depending on the information recorded for each patient. Objective To determine whether a number of machine-collected data elements could perform as well as a traditional full-risk adjustment model that includes other physician-assessed and physician-recorded data elements. Design, Settings, and Participants All general surgery patients from the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database from January 1, 2005, to December 31, 2010, were included. Separate multivariate logistic regressions were performed using either all 66 preoperative risk variables or only 25 objective variables. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of each regression using objective preoperative risk variables was compared with its corresponding regression with all preoperative variables. Subset analyses were performed among patients who received certain operations. Main Outcomes and Measures Mortality or any surgical complication captured by the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program, both inpatient and within 30 days postoperatively. Results Data from a total of 745 053 patients were included. More than 15.8% of patients had at least 1 complication and the mortality rate was 2.8%. When examining inpatient mortality, the AUC was 0.9104 with all 66 variables vs 0.8918 with all 25 objective variables. The difference in AUC comparing models with all variables with objective variables ranged from −0.0073 to 0.1944 for mortality and 0.0198 to 0.0687 for complications. In models predicting mortality, the difference in AUC was less than 0.05 among all patients and subsets of patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm repair, pancreatic resection, colectomy, and appendectomy. In models predicting complications, the difference in AUC was less than 0.05 among all patients and subsets of patients with pancreatic resection, laparoscopic cholecystectomy, colectomy, and appendectomy. Conclusions and Relevance Rigorous risk-adjusted surgical quality assessment can be performed solely with objective variables. By leveraging data already routinely collected for patient care, this approach allows for wider adoption of quality assessment systems in health care. Identifying data elements that can be automatically collected can make future improvements to surgical outcomes and quality analyses.
Longitudinal design for phase I clinical trials using the continual reassessment method.

Abstract The goal of phase I clinical trials is to estimate the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), the highest dose at which a specified probability of toxic response is not exceeded. However, this is not the only piece of information that is useful for the design of phase II and phase III clinical trials. Information on cumulative toxicity is important as well. To study the effect of cumulative toxicity in patients, it is necessary to examine how patients respond to multiple-dose administrations. To this end, we propose a longitudinal dose-response model that accommodates this concern, which is motivated from clearance-rate considerations and from a model proposed by Simon et al. To appropriately titrate an individual's dosage at each time period, we also propose an updating mechanism based on the Bayesian paradigm. We select individual and group MTDs using Legedza and Ibrahim's extension of O'Quigley et al.'s Continual Reassessment Method. Simulations are described to demonstrate the usefulness of our proposal. Control Clin Trials 2000;21:574–588
Glycerol rhizotomy via a retrosigmoid approach as an alternative treatment for trigeminal neuralgia

a b s t r a c t Objectives: Trigeminal neuralgia is a sensory nerve disorder characterized by lancinating pain and treated most commonly with carbamazepine, rhizotomy treatment, or open surgical management with microvascular decompression. We describe a novel technique to complement surgical treatment for trigeminal neuralgia via direct injection of the trigeminal nerve with glycerin in the cisternal portion of the nerve. Patients and methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of patients who received standard microvas- cular decompression and injection of glycerin to the inferior third of the cisternal portion of the nerve anterior to the root entry zone with lack of a compressive vessel on MRI as the primary indication. Four- teen patients were identified and demographic information, post-operative course and complications were recorded. Results: There were eleven females and three males with an average age at time of surgery of 54.8 years. 100% of patients reported that their trigeminal pain was significantly improved following surgical inter- vention. Four out of fourteen patients reported a 50-80% decrease from the pre-surgery baseline pain at one month and three month follow up. One patient developed a CSF leak, and no surgical site infections or motor deficits were observed. Conclusion: Intra-operative glycerin rhizotomy in conjunction with microvascular decompression can be used to safely treat patients suffering from trigeminal neuralgia.
JPL/USC GAIM: On the impact of using COSMIC and ground‐based GPS measurements to estimate ionospheric parameters

[1] The University of Southern California (USC) and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) have jointly developed the Global Assimilative Ionospheric Model (GAIM) to monitor space weather, study storm effects, and provide ionospheric calibration for space weather applications. JPL/USC GAIM is a physics-based 3-D data assimilation model that uses both four-dimensional variational analysis and Kalman-filter techniques to solve for the ion and electron density state and key drivers such as equatorial electrodynamics, neutral winds, and production terms. Here we report on GAIM Kalman filter-based assimilation results using ground-based GPS and COSMIC-derived total electron count (TEC) measurements. We find that assimilating COSMIC measurements into GAIM improves critical ionospheric parameters such as NmF2 and HmF2. Assimilating COSMIC data produces higher-accuracy vertical electron density profile "shapes," as verified by comparisons to independent electron density profiles measured at Arecibo, Jicamarca, and Millstone Hill incoherent scatter radar (ISR). We also find significant improvement in global vertical TEC (VTEC) maps when assimilating COSMIC measurements, verified by comparing GAIM output with VTEC measurements from the Jason ocean altimeter. For 3 days in June 2006, improvement in accuracy compared to ground-data-only assimilation is found to be 30%, 28%, and 44%, respectively.
Argon Laser Trabecular Surgery in Uncontrolled Phakic Open Angle Glaucoma

Abstract: Thirty-five phakic eyes from a predominantly black population with clinically uncontrolled open angle glaucoma underwent argon laser treatment to 360 degrees of the trabecular meshwork. The intraocular pressure in the untreated eye was used as a control whenever possible. The mean pressure change in the treated eye at four months showed a decrease of 10.0 mm Hg ( P
Modification of Magnetron Cut-off Characteristics by the Introduction of Positive Ions†

ABSTRACT Violation of the Hull cut-off criterion is due to cooperative space charge effects within the electron cloud. These cause the appearance of excess energy electrons, and at cut-off a fraction of the anode current consists of elections with abnormally high energy. The cut-off characteristic can be modified by introducing positive ions into the interaction space. These are particularly effective close to the cathode. The experiments suggest that anomalous anode current is due to a slipping stream instability which amplifies small disturbances originating near the cathode.
Optoacoustic detection using Stark modulation

Stark modulation of the absorbed laser radiation in an optoacoustic detector (or spectrophone) is reported. Measurements were made over a range of total pressure between 760 Torr and 50 Torr. Greatly enhanced molecular discrimination is suggested due to the tuning ability of the Stark-shifted absorption. The background signal obtained by operating in this mode is more than 500 times smaller than that obtained by operating the same optoacoustic detector in the conventional chopped radiation mode. The responsivity of the optoacoustic detector and the absorption coefficient of C2H4 are presented as a function of total pressure.
The Japanese Rural Community: Norms, Sanctions, and Ostracism1

THE persistence of the hamlet (buraku) in modern Japan is one of the most interesting evidences of continuity and stability in the process of industrialization of that country. This important and still viable unit of society has been the object of study by a number of anthropologists in recent years and was dealt with at length in the classic study of Suye-mura (Beardsley, Hall, and Ward 1959; Norbeck 1954; Smith and Cornell 1956; Embree 1939). The hamlet as a social unit shows marked solidarity even in the postwar period of increasing modernization of the countryside. Varying greatly in size, it is nevertheless a community in which face-to-face relations are far and away the most important, where every member household joins in cooperative endeavor in the maintenace of the irrigation system, roads, paths, and ditches, and where every hamlet wedding and funeral is attended by a representative of every household. Cooperative effort is, in some hamlets, extended to house construction and barn-raising, and many hamlets illegally hold common lands. A man wishing to convert one of his upland fields to paddy must, in many areas, secure the approval of the hamlet association. Buraku tend to vote as a unit in local elections, each casting its ballots for a candidate previously agreed upon as the one most likely to concern himself with the interests of the hamlet in village politics (Smith and Cornell 1956:17). As a sub-unit of the village (mura) or town (cho) administrative unit, the the buraku has no legal identity (Ward 1951:1025-1040), but it commands far more loyalty and support than any unit other than the household (ie). It has a head and its functions as an association are many. Although the predominant tone is one of cooperative effort, it would be an error to imagine that no tensions exist in such a community, but to a remarkable degree the individual is ready to set aside personal interest in favor of the community. Households within a buraku may feud and a man always has his enemies, but it is customary to subordinate such considerations to the requirements of community interest in what are defined as important matters. It is precisely in the definition of what is important that the buraku reveals most clearly its essential character, for norms are clearly stated and closely sanctioned.
Plasma tryptophan and tyrosine concentrations: determination using high performance liquid chromatography and fluorometric detection

Determination par HPLC et fluorimetrie des concentrations de tryptophane et tyrosine plasmatiques (composes naturellement fluorescents). Un aliquote de plasma deproteineise par de l'acide perchlorique est immediatement injecte dans une colonne HPLC et la fluorescence est quantifiee
Every $n$-Generic Degree is a Minimal Cover of an $n$-Generic Degree

The notions of forcing and generic set were introduced by Cohen in 1963 to prove the independence of the Axiom of Choice and the Continuum Hypothesis in set theory. Let co be the set of natural numbers, i.e., {0, 1, 2, 3,.. .}. A string is a mapping from an initial segment of co into {0, 1}. We identify a set A c o with its characteristic function. We now consider a set generic over the arithmetic sets. A set A c wt) is called ngeneric if it is Cohen-generic for n-quantifier arithmetic. This is equivalent to saying that for every Zf-set of strings S, there is a a c A such that a E S or (Vv ? 6)(v 0 S). By degree we mean Turing degree (of unsolvability). We call a degree n-generic if it has an n-generic representative. For a degree a, let D(< a) denote the set of degrees which are recursive in a. Before Cohen's work, there was a precursor of the notion of forcing in recursion theory. Friedberg showed that for every degree b above the complete degree 0', i.e., the degree of a complete r.e. set, there is a degree a such that a' = a u 0' = b. He actually proved this result by using the notion of forcing for Zf statements. In the construction of a real which satisfies some recursion theoretic property, the notion of forcing makes the situation clear and it has become quite popular, see Lerman [8]. There is another important method in recursion theory, namely the priority method. Friedberg and Muchnik first independently invented the priority method to prove the existence of incomparable recursively enumerable degrees. The finite injury argument used there was improved by the infinite injury argument by Sacks, see Sacks [9]. Further, the 0"'-priority argument was introduced by Lachlan, see for example Soare [11]. The priority argument is now an important method in recursion theory. But these two methods, the forcing and the priority methods, are not independent. They are related to each other. Now consider an n-generic set G. G has several recursion theoretic properties. For example, the odd and even parts of G, Go and G1, are Turing incomparable. This is proved as follows: given a reduction procedure ' and a condition a on G, there is a condition v on G extending a such that 0(v0) # v1, where v0 is the odd
Far Infrared Measurement of the Dielectric Properties of GaAs and CdTe at 300 K and 8 K

The real refractive index n and power absorption coefficient alpha of high resistivity GaAs and CdTe have been directly measured at 300 K and 8 K in the wavelength region from 12.5 micro to 300 micro. This spectral region contains the fundamental lattice resonance of both materials: 37.2 micro for GaAs and 71.4 micro for CdTe. This resonance causes large dispersion in the linear material properties. Single Drude-type oscillators have been visually fit to the measured n data with the results that for GaAs, epsilon(dc)' = 12.8 +/- 0.5 at 300 K and 12.6 +/- 0.5 at 8 K, and epsilonalpha(') = 10.9 +/- 0.4 at 300 K and 8 K ; for CdTe, epsilon(dc)' = 9.4 +/- 0.4 at 300 K and 9.0 +/- 0.4 at 8 K, and epsilon(alpha)' = 6.7 +/- 0.3 at 300 K and 8 K. The GaAs data clarifies the role of dispersion in n in the 5-20 micro region where previous results differ considerably. For both materials the n and alpha data in the region past 30 micro are the first to be reported.
Shades of lightweight: supporting cross-generational communication through home messaging

Previous work suggests that older adults view communication with family as being worthy of time and dedication, and that they fail to understand the allure of lightweight contact. This paper presents findings from a field trial in which three generations of a family were linked through situated messaging devices, which, while designed to support lightweight messaging, also afford rich and expressive contact. Analysis suggests that communication via the devices provided a valuable additional dimension to the families’ existing practices, but that the type of messaging supported is best understood as one element in an amalgam of communication possibilities. Suggestions for complementary approaches are offered.
Impact of proximity-adjusted preferences on rank-order stability in geographical multicriteria decision analysis

This paper presents a new approach to deriving preferences assigned to evaluation criteria in geographical multicriteria decision analysis. In this approach, the preferences, expressed by numeric weights, are adjusted by distance measures derived from the explicit consideration of a locational structure. The structure is given by locations of decision options and high importance reference objects. The approach is demonstrated on the example of a house selection case study in San Diego, California. The results show that proximity-adjusted preferences for the evaluation criteria can alter significantly the rank order of decision options. Consequently, the explicit modeling of spatial preference variability may be needed in order to better account for decision-maker’s preferences.
Substrate preferences and redistribution of blue king crab Paralithodes platypus glaucothoe and first crab on natural substrates in the laboratory

Abstract Despite the importance of blue king crab (BKC) to the Bering Sea fishery, there has been no detailed study of juvenile habitat preferences. Such information is critical for understanding life history and for development of stock enhancement programs. The aims of this study were to determine the natural substrata that glaucothoe prefer to settle on, and whether they or subsequent crab 1 stage (C1) redistribute to different habitats over time. A laboratory experiment was performed in 24 round containers divided in four equal quadrants each filled with one of the following natural substrata: beach sand, gravel, shells and cobble. Containers were assigned to 8 groups of 3 replicates each and were kept at ~ 6–8 °C. Twenty five glaucothoe were released in each container on day 0, and one group of three replicates was removed for examination at each of the following intervals: 24 h, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42 and 49 days. Numbers of swimming and settled specimens on each substrate and period were recorded. Glaucothoe began to settle immediately after being released since no swimming larvae were found during any sampling periods. Substrata complexity was important for the habitat selection and distribution of blue king crab glaucothoe and crab 1 stage. During the glaucothoe stage, beach sand was rejected and cobble, shell and gravel were chosen equally. After glaucothoe molted to crab 1 stage and became bigger, animals preferred cobble and shell instead of gravel and beach sand. Understanding habitat selection is useful not only for management of crab populations, but also for assessing the potential of various habitats for stock enhancement of blue king crabs.
The Dragon and the Dog: Two Symbols of Time in Nahuatl Religion

Working where possible from the known to the unknown, I have attempted to discuss two symbols that relate to time in Nahuatl religion: the "dragon" and the dog. In so doing it was possible, indeed necessary, to point out a series of interlocking complexes which comprise both representations. I have tried to show that the "dragon" or earth monster as a symbol goes far beyond its more obvious association with the surface of the earth, and is in fact connected with many other related kinds of symbols-in particular those having to do with such ideas as beginning, creation, the East, and (as the serpents Quetzalcoatl and Xiuhcoatl) with both time and the cosmos. Similarly, in the case of the dog, the series of complexes included such things as the underworld, the night sun, fire and movement, the Pleiades, and the West. I have suggested that the Quetzalcoatl/Xiuhcoatl serpents are connected with both the solar year and the sacred calendar round of 260 days, and that the figure of Quetzalcoatl/Xolotl indicates yet a further connection with the cycles involving the planet Venus. We have thus explored, albeit in somewhat brief compass, two ways in which the sense of time has manifested itself in Nahuatl culture: the structure of that meaning, and the response to it.
Light Output Observations on Low-Pressure Mercury-Vapor Discharges*

As part of a program of work on low-frequency oscillations and fluctuations in mercury-vapor discharges at a pressure of about 1 μ Hg, observations have been made of the light output from a number of discharge tubes. Qualitative considerations suggested that the fixed or moving striations commonly encountered at rather higher pressures should not be present in our range of discharge parameters. Some independent experimental evidence, however, had indicated the presence of a series of moving striations. Under similar conditions we have been unable to observe this phenomenon which we ascribe to the unsuspected presence of impurities. These are known to have a profound influence on the production of striations. Some strong low-frequency fluctuation components were found to be excited, but these can be explained as electrostatic sound-wave modes. Further evidence on the unlikelihood of striations being present is adduced by observations of the decay of non-Maxwellian electron velocity groups generated at points in the discharge.
A quantitative LC-MS/MS method for determination of SP-141, a novel pyrido[b]indole anticancer agent, and its application to a mouse PK study

In the present study, a specific and sensitive liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the determination of SP-141, a novel pyrido[b]indole anticancer agent. After a liquid-liquid extraction with n-hexane-dichloromethane-2-propanol (20:10:1, v/v/v) mixture, the analyte was separated on a Kinetex C18 column (50×2.1mm, 2.6μm) with mobile phases comprising of water (0.1% formic acid, v/v) and acetonitrile (0.1% formic acid, v/v) at a flow rate of 0.4mL/min. The test compound (SP-141) and the internal standard (SP-157) were analyzed in the multiple reaction-monitoring mode using the mass transitions m/z 325.1 → 282.0. The method was linear in the concentration range of 0.648-162ng/mL with coefficients of determination (R(2)) of 0.999 in mouse plasma. The lower limit of quantification was 0.648ng/mL. The intra- and inter-day assay precisions (coefficient of variation, %CV) were less than 4.2% and accuracies (relative error, %RE) ranged from -6.1% to 2.1%. The extraction recoveries were between 97.1 and 103.1% and the relative matrix effect was minimal. In addition, SP-141 was found to be stable in the plasma after three freeze-thaw cycles, at 37°C and 4°C for 24h, and at -80°C for 4 weeks. It was also stable in the stock solution at room temperature for 24h and after preparation in the autosampler for 36h. The validated method was successfully applied to an initial pharmacokinetic study of SP-141 in CD-1 mice following intraperitoneal and intravenous administrations.
A case of X-linked agammaglobulinemia diagnosed in adulthood.

X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA), caused by mutations in Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK), typically presents in early childhood. We report here the case of a male diagnosed at age 23 years with hypogammaglobulinemia, originally classified as common variable immunodeficiency (CVID). On further analysis at age 40, flow cytometric analysis of lymphocytes showed only 0.1% B cells and Western blot analysis showed a deficiency of BTK protein in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, indicating the patient has XLA. BTK cDNA and genomic DNA analysis revealed a splice site mutation at the 3' end of intron 13. Multiple abnormally spliced mRNA species were identified, one of which was predicted to produce a protein with a 24-amino-acid insertion between the SH2 and kinase domains. In vitro kinase assay of this product showed weak kinase activity, perhaps resulting in milder than usual disease. XLA can present in adult males, and sporadic cases may be misdiagnosed as CVID.
Recent Directions in Life Sciences Research at NASA

Since the date of the Second Symposium on Space Botany at Tezukayama University, NASA and the Life Sciences Division have undergone vast organizational and management alterations. What follows in this paper is a brief summary of remarks made at that Meeting. However, for a variety of reasons, many of the changes at NASA are not yet fully reconciled; therefore much of the content should be considered for its historical perspective rather than for its current relevance.
Interpreting Illness Experience and Clinical Meanings: How I See Clinically Applied Anthropology

a powerful ally will have been found in the quest for clinical adoption of anthropological concepts and method. If both risk management and patient/community relations personnel can be convinced that policies and medical management techniques that assault patient dignity can turn them to other hospitals, or predispose patients to sue if treatment results are less than perfect, our insights could become an official part of the clinical repertoire (cf. Press 1984, for an example of the way in which familiar anthropological arguments can be oriented toward the needs of administrators, with particular reference to malpractice). Hospital administration, by and large, is more eclectic in its orientation toward problem solving than are clinicians. Many administrative roles are new, still ambiguously focused, and open to the use of a wide range of outside consultants. There is a crisis mentality in the hospital industry, and a general admission that existing methods and concepts are in need of supplementation. I am not suggesting that anthropologists focus on hospital administration instead of the medical gatekeepers: rather, that we broaden our interests to include phenomena of concern for both clinicians and administrators. In many instances, this can mean simple rephrasing of insights in terms relevant to administration. In other instances, we will have to focus exclusively upon the administrative perspective. Above all, we must recognize that hospital administration represents another realm of clinical gatekeeper, with the power to implement our insights and incorporate professional anthropology into the formal clinical structure. Many young colleagues in the present job-scarce market are already returning to school for additional certification in law, public health, business, and other professions: why not hospital administration as well?
Design of the APIC: A high performance ATM host-network interface chip

We present the design of a high performance ATM host-network interface for multimedia workstations and servers. At Washington University, as part of an ARPA-sponsored gigabit local ATM testbed, we are building a prototype of this interface that can support a sustained aggregate bidirectional data rate of 2.4 Gbps. The centerpiece of our interface design is a custom chip called the APIC (ATM port interconnect controller). Multiple such chips can be interconnected to yield a desk-area network (DAN) which would serve as a high speed I/O interconnect for the host computer. This paper details the internal design of the APIC chip, and outlines some of its key features. Noteworthy among these are: connection caching, transmit pacing, cell batching, remote control, and support for AAL-0, AAL-5, multipoint, and loopback connections. We have chosen to defer to a later paper the details pertaining to several other features which provide support for zero-copy, improved interrupt handling, direct control of the chip from user-space, and efficient buffering and demultiplexing.
Evaluation of a hybrid satellite‐ and NWP‐based turbulent heat flux product using Tropical Atmosphere‐Ocean (TAO) buoys

[1] Gridded hybrid turbulent heat flux fields were created by applying the state-of-the-art Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment (COARE) version 3.0 bulk algorithm to state variables (sea surface temperature, winds relative to currents, air temperature, and air specific humidity) derived from either numerical weather prediction (NWP) reanalysis (National Centers for Environmental Prediction–National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP-NCAR) reanalysis (NCEP1), NCEP reanalysis-2 (NCEP2), and 40-year European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis (ERA40)) or satellite sensors (QuikSCAT winds and Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager microwave sea surface temperature). The most accurate source for each state variable was determined by comparing variables to tropical Pacific Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean (TAO) buoy observations for the years 2000–2001. The selected sources were as follows: QuikSCAT for winds relative to currents, ERA40 for air temperature and specific humidity, and TRMM Microwave Imager fusion product for sea surface temperature. Errors in latent and sensible heat fluxes to state variables were analyzed. Specific humidity errors contributed the most to errors in latent heat flux (LHF). Overall, the hybrid LHF product had a bias of −5.8 W m−2 and a standard deviation of difference of 16.2 W m−2, which is comparable to the accuracy of LHF derived from TAO measurements.
New knowledge for old using the crystal learning lamp

RSCL (random seeded crystal learning) methods address the principal problem met in the design and programming of solutions to complex problems; namely, the automation of redundant tasks. Such automation entails the evolution of a rule base. The problem then pertains to cracking the knowledge acquisition bottleneck. RSCL methods are predicated upon the existence of symmetry in the domain universe. Symmetry facilitates the induction of new knowledge-not merely a statistical interpolation of existing data. Like neural networks, RSCL methods are best matched to parallel platforms. Eventually, so-called expert /sup n/ compilers will capture all knowledge applied in the design of software. These translators acquire knowledge from the programmer and assist him/her by assuming an ever increased scope of redundant translation tasks. >
Cilia-Like Beating of Active Microtubule Bundles

The mechanism that drives the regular beating of individual cilia and flagella, as well as dense ciliary fields, remains unclear. We describe a minimal model system, composed of microtubules and molecular motors, which self-assemble into active bundles exhibiting beating patterns reminiscent of those found in eukaryotic cilia and flagella. These observations suggest that hundreds of molecular motors, acting within an elastic microtubule bundle, spontaneously synchronize their activity to generate large-scale oscillations. Furthermore, we also demonstrate that densely packed, actively bending bundles spontaneously synchronize their beating patterns to produce collective behavior similar to metachronal waves observed in ciliary fields. The simple in vitro system described here could provide insights into beating of isolated eukaryotic cilia and flagella, as well as their synchronization in dense ciliary fields.
Quantitative analysis of intermediate phosphate-oxygen exchange during hydrolyses by ATPases.

Abstract A simple mathematical model is presented that predicts the paradoxical effect of substrate concentration on the extent of oxygen exchange into the phosphate produced during hydrolyses of nucleotide triphosphates by ATPases in labelled water. The samemodel also predicts the deviations from Michaelis-Menten kinetics observed at low salt concentrations.
The Distant Overseas U.S. Tourist: An Exploratory Study

This article reports the findings of a pilot survey aimed at profiling and better under standing the U.S. tourist visiting distant destinations in the Far East. Comparisons between this segment and other foreign destination segments are made . Implications of the findings are discussed.
Teacher feedback to scaffold and refine demonstrated motion primitives on a mobile robot

Task demonstration is an effective technique for developing robot motion control policies. As tasks become more complex, however, demonstration can become more difficult. In this work, we introduce an algorithm that uses corrective human feedback to build a policy able to perform a novel task, by combining simpler policies learned from demonstration. While some demonstration-based learning approaches do adapt policies with execution experience, few provide corrections within low-level motion control domains or to enable the linking of multiple of demonstrated policies. Here we introduce Feedback for Policy Scaffolding (FPS) as an algorithm that first evaluates and corrects the execution of motion primitive policies learned from demonstration. The algorithm next corrects and enables the execution of a more complex task constructed from these primitives. Key advantages of building a policy from demonstrated primitives is the potential for primitive policy reuse within multiple complex policies and the faster development of these policies, in addition to the development of complex policies for which full demonstration is difficult. Policy reuse under our algorithm is assisted by human teacher feedback, which also contributes to the improvement of policy performance. Within a simulated robot motion control domain we validate that, using FPS, a policy for a novel task is successfully built from motion primitives learned from demonstration. We show feedback to both aid and enable policy development, improving policy performance in success, speed and efficiency.
Photocatalysis in C-H Activation

The catalytic chemistry of organometallic complexes usually depends on coordinative unsaturation. Most substrates can only bind if an empty orbital is available on the metal to receive it. One way in which photochemistry can facilitate catalysis is to generate coordinative unsaturation by photoextrusion of a ligand. Photoextrusion of CO and H2 are both well recognized in stoichiometric reactions and so it is not surprising that catalytic chemistry has also been seen in these systems.
Exploring Opportunities for Engaging Public Health Organizations in Transportation Planning

Despite a call for collaboration, there remain challenges to engaging the public health community in the regional transportation planning process. Using an integrated framework of network theory an...
Enhancing Signal and Power Integrity Using Double Sided Silicon Interposer

A novel double sided silicon interposer for low impedance power delivery is presented. In this letter, a model for power ground planes in inhomogeneous dielectrics with conductive subsections using the multi-layered finite difference method (M-FDM) is presented. Benefits of the silicon interposer in mitigating signal integrity issues arising due to return path discontinuities (RPDs) are also discussed for the first time along with a comparison to glass interposer.
Gauging IT support strategies: user needs then and now

Rapid changes in the IT field have placed a burden on educational institutions, which must decide how best to provide computing support for instruction and research. Institutions must determine the ideal balance of IT support with other educational needs in the academic community.Access to information technology is no longer a privilege held by a select few groups; instead, it has become a necessity in the academic environment. Since the late 1980's, computing support strategies at Indiana University have changed drastically to accommodate the changes in users' needs. In order to keep up with these changes, the University solicits input directly from users, allowing it to apply its scant and valuable computing support resources to where they are most needed. The annual IT survey conducted by the information technology organization has proven an invaluable tool in helping the University maintain one of the best academic computing support environments in the nation. Giving the end users an opportunity to provide input on what changes are needed in the University's IT environment has played a key role in the success of the support mechanisms. In addition, responses to the survey give an accurate picture of current needs and allow better projection of future needs of users. This allows the University to better serve its academic computing community without over-allocating resources that would be more useful elsewhere in the academic environment.
Urbanization and Spatial Organization: Hospital and Orphanage Location in Chicago, 1848–1916

What factors affect where organizations locate facilities in local communities? This paper examines how urban development influenced the neighborhood location of two very different types of facilities, general hospitals and orphanages, over the 70-year period during which Chicago emerged as an urban metropolis. Our results suggest that the human ecology and growth machine perspectives explain aspects of facility location not accounted for by the spatial density dependence model.
Keratin 18 is associated with a subset of older taste cells in the rat.

All or nearly all intragemmal (elongated) cells of rat taste buds were immunopositive for keratins 7, 8, and 19. In contrast, keratin 18 was detected in 19±5 cells per taste bud (mean±sd), or about 25% of the intragemmal cells. During taste bud development keratins 7, 8, and 19 were evident initially in polygonal cells and later in elongated taste cells. Keratin 8 appeared in vallate taste cells at P0 (postnatal day 0), followed by keratins 7 and 19 at P1, and keratin 18 at P2–P3. Keratin 18 was always limited to elongated cells. The assemblage of elongated taste cells comprising a taste bud began with a single elongated cell, rather than with the synchronous elongation of a cluster of cells. Developmental errors were observed at P2–P3, e.g., some vallate taste cells had a misoriented axis. In order to study the pace of keratin differentiation during cell turnover we injected bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) into adult rats to monitor taste cell age. Keratin-19-positive intragemmal cells differentiated within 1 day. In contrast, keratin 18 was first detected in cells aged 3 days. Hence, both in taste cell development and replacement, keratin 18 was restricted to the older cells; it was the last taste cell keratin to become expressed during differentiation.
Health and politics in the 2003 war with Iraq: lessons learned

1Military involvement is often essential for the provision of intelligence, security, and logistical support to international relief organisations (in this article: UN Agencies, non-governmental organisations [NGOs], the International Committee of the Red Cross, and the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent societies). In these situations, however, such organisations have retained overall leadership and control, which is essential for maintaining neutrality of relief workers. However, since the Balkan wars, the US armed forces have increased engagement in humanitarian projects, such as community health and food programmes. Relief organisations believe that this engagement contributes to insecurity by blurring the lines between civilian and military function, and falsely associates them with the military forces. 1,2