cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Psychiatric Restraint of Children and Adolescents: Clinical and Legal Aspects

Serious discussion of any form of restraint of psychiatric patients leads to civilization’s perennial dilemma of how to regard and manage the mentally ill: when and how and whether at all it may be justified to interfere with their freedom because of mental illness. The inescapable disputes about restraint apply to all ages and the special factors pertaining to children* will therefore have to be addressed in the context of the overriding issues.† Because in the absense of universal agreement any discourse on the subject is largely a personal statement of the individual author’s views and experiences, some of the ground gone over elsewhere in this book will be repeated in this chapter.
Counseling Centers of the 1990s Challenges and Changes

Stone and Archer, in a prominent article, identified a variety of challenges that college and university counseling centers would face in the 1990s. They offered 43 recommendations, grouped by six counseling center functions, that centers could adopt to meet the challenges. Sixty-seven counseling center directors completed a survey designed to assess the extent to which Stone and Archer’s recommendations had been heeded in the 5-year period from 1990-1991 to 1995-1996. Significant positive increases (p < .001) in adherence were obtained for 23 recommendations (53.5%) with some change found in each one of the six counseling center functions. The survey results suggest that counseling centers actively responded to the many challenges they encountered in the first half of the decade.
Fracture phenomena in shearing flow of viscous liquids

In start-up of steady sheafing flow of two viscous unen- tangled liquids, namely low-molecu- lar-weight polystyrene and a-D-glu- cose, the shear stress catastrophi- cally collapses if the shear rate is raised above a value corresponding to a critical initial shear stress of around 0.1-0.3 MPa. The time de- pendence of the shear stress during this process is similar for the two liquids, but visualization of samples in situ and after quenching reveals significant differences. For a-D-glu- cose, the stress collapse evidently results from debonding of the sam- ple from the rheometer tool, while in polystyrene, bubbles open up within the sample, as occurs in cavi- tation. Some similarities are pointed out between these phenomena and that of "lubrication failure" reported in the tribology literature.
Role for cumulus cell-produced EGF-like ligands during primate oocyte maturation in vitro

The developmental competence of in vitro-matured (IVM) rhesus macaque cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs) is deficient compared with in vivo-matured (IVM) oocytes. To improve oocyte quality and subsequent embryo development following IVM, culture conditions must be optimized. A series of experiments was undertaken to determine the role of epidermal growth factor (EGF) during IVM of rhesus macaque COCs. The addition of Tyrphostin AG-1478 (a selective inhibitor of the EGF receptor EGFR) to the IVM medium yielded fewer oocytes maturing to metaphase II of meiosis II (MII), decreased cumulus expansion, and a lower percentage of embryos that developed to the blastocyst stage compared with untreated IVM controls, indicating that EGFR activation is important for IVM maturation in the rhesus macaque. However, the addition of recombinant human EGF (r-hEGF) to the IVM medium did not enhance outcome. The expression of mRNAs encoding the EGF-like factors amphiregulin, epiregulin, and betacellulin in cumulus cells indicates that these factors produced by cumulus cells may be responsible for maximal EGFR activation during oocyte maturation, precluding any further effect of exogenous r-hEGF. Additionally, these results illustrate the potential futility of exogenous supplementation of IVM medium without prior knowledge of pathway activity.
What To Think If the Results of the National Institutes of Health Randomized Trial of Methicillin‐Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Vancomycin‐Resistant Enterococcus Control Measures Are Negative (and Other Advice to Young Epidemiologists): A Review and an Au Revoir

The incidence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) infections continues to rise in National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance system hospitals, and these pathogens are reportedly causing more than 100,000 infections and many deaths each year in US healthcare facilities. This has led some to insist that control measures are now urgently needed, but several recent articles have suggested that isolation of patients does not work, is not needed, or is unsafe, or that a single cluster-randomized trial could be used to decide such matters. At least 101 studies have reported controlling MRSA infection and 38 have reported controlling VRE infection by means of active detection by surveillance culture and use of isolation for all colonized patients in healthcare settings where the pathogens are epidemic or endemic, in academic and nonacademic hospitals, and in acute care, intensive care, and long-term care settings. MRSA colonization and infection have been controlled to exceedingly low levels in multiple nations and in the state of Western Australia for decades by use of active detection and isolation. Studies suggesting problems with using such data to control MRSA colonization and infection have their own problems, which are discussed. Randomized trials are epidemiologic tools that can sometimes provide erroneous results, and they have not been considered necessary for studying isolation before it is used to control other important infections, such as tuberculosis, smallpox, and severe acute respiratory syndrome. No single epidemiologic study should be considered definitive. One should always weigh all available evidence. Infection with antibiotic-resistant pathogens such as MRSA and VRE is controllable to a low level by active detection and isolation of colonized and infected patients. Effective measures should be used to minimize the morbidity and mortality attributable to these largely preventable infections.
False abnormality of precordial electrocardiograms due to the effect of changes of potential at the remote electrode.

Abstract Precordial leads are employed for the purpose of recording, as accurately as possible, the changes of potential that occur in the region of a single electrode placed upon the surface of the body near to the heart. This purpose is not always fulfilled, even in a practical sense, by leading from the precordium to one of the extremities. Changes of potential at the extremity may be sufficiently great to distort the precordial electrocardiogram in such a way as to simulate or to mask abnormality. In order to emphasize this source of error in the interpretation of electrocardiograms, four normal records are reproduced, in which abnormality of the CF leads is simulated by distortion of normal precordial patterns.
Composition Mapping of Co-Pt-Ti-O Perpendicular Magnetic Recording Media by Simultaneous EDS and EELS Spectrum Imaging

For nearly a decade core-loss elemental mapping by energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy (EFTEM) with {approx}1 nm resolution has contributed greatly to the understanding of Co(Cr)-based thin-film longitudinal magnetic recording media for computer hard disks. Intergranular layers of non-ferromagnetic Cr-enriched material a few nanometers thick are critical for optimum performance since they decouple the magnetic exchange between grains allowing the magnetization within individual grains to be switched independently, as required for high-density recording of data. Modern perpendicular thin-film recording media, which allow higher recording densities than traditional longitudinal media, have a similar columnar grain structure with nonferromagnetic material separating and decoupling the grains. The present work involves plan-view TEM characterization of back-thinned Co-Pt media (Co/Pt{approx}4) with 6 levels of co-sputtered TiO{sub 2} from 0 to 43 vol%. The layer structure of the media was: polished Al substrate/6 nm seed layers/50 nm soft magnetic underlayer/14 nm Ru underlayer/12 nm Co-Pt-TiO{sub 2}/1 nm C overcoat.
An algorithm for source coding subject to a fidelity criterion, based on string matching

A practical suboptimal universal block source coding scheme, subject to a fidelity criterion, is proposed. The algorithm is an extension of the Lempel-Ziv algorithm and is based on string matching with distortion. It is shown that given average distortion D>0, the algorithm achieves a rate of exceeding R(D/2) for a large class of sources and distortion measures. Tighter bounds on the rate are derived for discrete memoryless sources and for memoryless Gaussian sources. >
A comprehensive performance analysis and improvement method

Performance analysis and improvement are critical skills for the performance technologist. A comprehensive approach to these tasks, which includes techniques from industrial and organizational psychology, industrial engineering, and organizational behavior management, is described. The approach comprises four steps: (1) conducting an organization-wide survey to identify general improvement areas, (2) objectively pinpointing performance improvement potentials, (3) systematically identifying performance constraints, and (4) selecting or designing an improvement technique. Survey results for 63 organizations are presented and the effect of management practices on management span of control are examined. Eighteen performance constraints are organized into a decision tree that is used to select 1 of 27 improvement techniques. The results of this approach to performance analysis and improvement are described for 58 improvement projects in a medium-sized bank.
A microfluidic device for high frequency characterization of fluids under high dc electric fields

The design and fabrication of a broadband microwave microfluidic device are presented together with our preliminary measurement results on water dielectric saturation effects. Heavily-doped silicon is used to form microstrip lines and 250 nm deep planar microfluidic channels. The atomically smooth surfaces enable ∼ 0.9 MV/cm dc electric fields across the channel without breakdown issues. High frequency scattering parameter measurements are conducted under different uniform dc electric fields. When the applied dc field is increased to ∼ 0.9 MV/cm, extracted water permittivity, e′ and e″, are reduced by as much as 21 % and 11 %, respectively. Future work includes achieving reliable contacts and on-chip de-embedding procedures.
The Cognitive Consequences of Formal Clothing

Drawing from literature on construal-level theory and the psychological consequences of clothing, the current work tested whether wearing formal clothing enhances abstract cognitive processing. Five studies provided evidence supporting this hypothesis. Wearing more formal clothing was associated with higher action identification level (Study 1) and greater category inclusiveness (Study 2). Putting on formal clothing induced greater category inclusiveness (Study 3) and enhanced a global processing advantage (Study 4). The association between clothing formality and abstract processing was mediated by felt power (Study 5). The findings demonstrate that the nature of an everyday and ecologically valid experience, the clothing worn, influences cognition broadly, impacting the processing style that changes how objects, people, and events are construed.
Lipid and Biomarker Differences between Raltegravir and Atazanavir/ Ritonavir at 48 Weeks in the Raltegravir Atazanavir Naïve (RAN) Study

Raltegravir and Atazanavir/ritonavir are potent first line therapeutic options for HIV treatment naive patients. We studied raltegravir (RAL) or atazanavir/ritonavir (ATV/r) both with tenofovir/emtricitabine in a predominantly African American indigent patient population in Houston, Texas. Results from 17 patients at 48 weeks (wk); 9 in the RAL group and 8 in the ATV/r group were available for analyses. We evaluated CD4+ count, CD4%, HIV RNA viral load (VL) levels, and lipid profile at wk 0, 6, 14, 30, and 48. IL-6 and homocysteine levels were available at wk 0 and 48. Among the lipid panel between the 2 groups, triglycerides became statistically significantly lower in the raltegravir group at 14 weeks and persisted at a lower level through 48 wk. There were no significant differences in CD4+ cell count, CD4%, log VL, total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, IL-6, and homocyseine levels. Both RAL and ATV/r in combination with tenofovir/emtricitabine provide similar immunologic and virologic efficacy. There was a slight difference observed in changes in triglyceride levels but other lipid changes were similar. IL-6 and homocystine levels changed to a similar degree with these potent antiretroviral regimens.
The Role of DNA-PKcs and Artemis in Opening Viral DNA Hairpin Termini in Various Tissues in Mice

A subset of cellular DNA hairpins at double-strand breaks is processed by DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs)- and Artemis-associated endonuclease. DNA hairpin termini of adeno-associated virus (AAV) are processed by DNA repair machinery; however, how and what cellular factors are involved in the process remain elusive. Here, we show that DNA-PKcs and Artemis open AAV inverted terminal repeat (ITR) hairpin loops in a tissue-dependent manner. We investigated recombinant AAV (rAAV) genome metabolism in various tissues of DNA-PKcs- or Artemis-proficient or -deficient mice. In the absence of either factor, ITR hairpin opening was impaired, resulting in accumulation of double-stranded linear rAAV genomes capped with covalently closed hairpins at termini. The 5′ end of 3-base hairpin loops of the ITR was the primary target for DNA-PKcs- and Artemis-mediated cleavage. In the muscle, heart, and kidney, DNA-PKcs- and Artemis-dependent hairpin opening constituted a significant pathway, while in the liver, undefined alternative pathways effectively processed hairpins. In addition, our study revealed a Holliday junction resolvase-like activity in the liver that cleaved T-shaped ITR hairpin shoulders by making nicks at diametrically opposed sites. Thus, our approach furthers our understanding of not only rAAV biology but also fundamental DNA repair systems in various tissues of living animals.
The Repeat-In-Toxin Family Member TosA Mediates Adherence of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli and Survival during Bacteremia

Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is responsible for the majority of uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTI) and represents the most common bacterial infection in adults. UPEC utilizes a wide range of virulence factors to colonize the host, including the novel repeat-in-toxin (RTX) protein TosA, which is specifically expressed in the host urinary tract and contributes significantly to the virulence and survival of UPEC. tosA, found in strains within the B2 phylogenetic subgroup of E. coli, serves as a marker for strains that also contain a large number of well-characterized UPEC virulence factors. The presence of tosA in an E. coli isolate predicts successful colonization of the murine model of ascending UTI, regardless of the source of the isolate. Here, a detailed analysis of the function of tosA revealed that this gene is transcriptionally linked to genes encoding a conserved type 1 secretion system similar to other RTX family members. TosA localized to the cell surface and was found to mediate (i) adherence to host cells derived from the upper urinary tract and (ii) survival in disseminated infections and (iii) to enhance lethality during sepsis (as assessed in two different animal models of infection). An experimental vaccine, using purified TosA, protected vaccinated animals against urosepsis. From this work, it was concluded that TosA belongs to a novel group of RTX proteins that mediate adherence and host damage during UTI and urosepsis and could be a novel target for the development of therapeutics to treat ascending UTIs.
Survival of bluegill and their behavioral responses during continuous and pulsed exposures to esfenvalerate, a pyrethroid insecticide

Juvenile bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) were exposed to the pyrethroid insecticide esfenvalerate [(S)-α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl-(S)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methyl butyrate], continuously for 90 d and for six 11-h pulses. No bluegill survived continuous exposure to esfenvalerate at 0.200 μg/L for 30 d or 0.100 μg/L for 60 d. The lowest-observable-effect concentration (LOEC) for survival in a 90-d continuous exposure of esfenvalerate was 0.025 μg/L. In comparison, no mortality occurred among fish exposed to pulsed doses of up to 0.200 μg/L. Behavioral responses, including gross body tremors, were highly sensitive indicators of toxicity among pulse-exposed fish, with symptoms appearing within 4 h of exposure to concentrations as low as 0.025 μg/L. Similar behavioral responses were observed after continuous exposure to 0.025 μg/L esfenvalerate. Behavioral responses were observed at concentrations an order of magnitude less than concentrations impacting growth or survival in simulated field studies. These results provide encouraging evidence that laboratory studies designed to simulate field exposure conditions can be predictive of concentrations causing mortality and other adverse effects.
A PWB-based MEMS switched filter bank using lumped element embedded passives

Printed wiring board (PWB)-based MEMS RF switches were developed using modified processes and similar materials as used for high density interconnect/embedded passives (HDI/EP) components. By constructing cantilever-beam electrostatic mechanisms, single-pole single throw through single-pole four-throw RF switches were developed with suitable performance in the microwave band. Combining these switches with embedded lumped element filter components using the same substrate materials, a switched filter bank was simulated, fabricated, and measured results shown.
Characterizing the isotopic composition of atmospheric ammonia emission sources using passive samplers and a combined oxidation-bacterial denitrifier approach.

RATIONALE Ammonia (NH3) emissions are a substantial source of nitrogen pollution to sensitive terrestrial, aquatic, and marine ecosystems and dependable quantification of NH3 sources is of growing importance due to recently observed increases in ammonium (NH4+) deposition rates. While determination of the nitrogen isotopic composition of NH3 (δ15N-NH3) can aid in the quantification of NH3 emission sources, existing methods have precluded a comprehensive assessment of δ15N-NH3 values from major emission sources. METHODS We report an approach for the δ15N-NH4+ analysis of low concentration NH4+ samples that couples the bromate oxidation of NH4+ to NO2– and the microbial denitrifier method for δ15N-NO2– analysis. This approach reduces the required sample mass by 50-fold relative to standard elemental analysis (EA) procedures, is capable of high throughput, and eliminates toxic chemicals used in a prior method for the analysis of low concentration samples. Using this approach, we report a comprehensive inventory of δ15N-NH3 values from major emission sources (including livestock operations, marine sources, vehicles, fertilized cornfields) collected using passive sampling devices. RESULTS The δ15N-NH4+ analysis approach developed has a standard deviation of ±0.7‰ and was used to analyze passively collected NH3 emissions with a wide range of ambient NH3 concentrations (0.2 to 165.6 µg/m3). The δ15N-NH3 values reveal that the NH3 emitted from volatilized livestock waste and fertilizer has relatively low δ15N values (–56 to –23‰), allowing it to be differentiated from NH3 emitted from fossil fuel sources that are characterized by relatively high δ15N values (–15 to +2‰). CONCLUSIONS The isotopic source signatures presented in this emission inventory can be used as an additional tool in identifying NH3 emission sources and tracing their transport across localized landscapes and regions. The insight into the transport of NH3 emissions provided by isotopic investigation is an important step in devising strategies to reduce future NH3 emissions, a mounting concern for air quality scientists, epidemiologists, and policy-makers. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regulation of IRS-2 signaling by IGF-1 receptor in the diabetic rat heart

Cardiovascular disease involves changes in inflammatory markers. Since insulin/insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) can activate vascular endothelial growth factor to promote vascular growth, reduced IGF-1R signaling in the type I diabetic heart could be detrimental, leading to reduced, collateral blood vessel growth. This study assessed whether diabetes can induce an inflammatory phenotype to regulate molecules in the IGF-1 signaling cascade, thus mediating apoptosis. Rats were made diabetic using streptozotocin (to render them type I diabetic) for 2 months with no insulin treatment. At 2 months, rats were sacrificed under anesthesia, and the left ventricle was immediately removed and placed into cold lysis buffer for protein analyses. Western blotting, immunoprecipitation, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analyses were completed to evaluate protein levels. Diabetes increased TNF-alpha, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IL-1alpha levels in the heart. JNK and p42/p44 activity was significantly increased in the diabetic heart, while IGF-1R phosphorylation, IRS-2 tyrosine phosphorylation, and Akt activities were reduced. A significant increase in Bad protein levels and the cleavage of caspase 3 was observed in the diabetic heart. These results suggest that diabetes activates multiple inflammatory markers in the heart, which then signal a decrease in the activities of key players in the insulin-signaling cascade, namely IGF-1R, IRS-2, and Akt, to regulate apoptosis.
Low Temperature Polymerization of Novel, Monotropic Liquid Crystalline Benzoxazines

Cationic ring opening polymerization at a lower temperature range/faster polymerization than ordinary benzoxazine resins has been achieved without added initiators or catalysts via liquid crystalline (LC) benzoxazine resins. Faster polymerization is observed even above the liquid crystal forming temperature. The FTIR spectra show that opening of the oxazine ring occurs even at 110 °C generating phenolic groups that auto-catalyzed the cationic polymerization of the monomer increasing the rate of polymerization. The newly formed H-bonds inhibit the formation of LC phases after polymerization. Some of the monomers show nematic LC transitions upon cooling. None of them showed LC transitions during the heating cycle, exhibiting monotropic LC phases. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 5871–5881, 2009
Post-hoc Probing of Significant Moderational and Mediational Effects in Studies of Pediatric Populations

Objective: To provide examples of post-hoc probing of significant moderator and mediator effects in research on children with pediatric conditions. Methods: To demonstrate post-hoc probing of moderational effects, significant two-way interaction effects (dichotomous variable continuous variable; continuous variable continuous variable) were probed with regressions that included conditional moderator variables. Regression lines were plotted based on the resulting regression equations that included simple slopes and y-intercepts. To demonstrate probing of mediational effects, the significance of the indirect effect was tested (i.e., the drop in the total predictor → outcome effect when the mediator is included in the model), using Sobel’s (1988) equation for computing the standard error of the indirect effect. Results: All significant moderator and mediator effects are presented in figure form. Conclusions: The computational examples demonstrate the importance of conducting post-hoc probes of moderational and mediational effects.
Identification of rate-dependent hysteresis using the semilinear Duhem model

The literature contains a wide variety of hysteresis models, each with the ability to model different features of hysteretic systems. The classical Preisach model is effective for rate-independent hysteresis with complex reversal behavior. Likewise, the Kransnoserskii-Pokrovskii model has the ability to capture complex reversal mechanisms. The paper focuses on the generalized Duhem model, which is based on a nonlinear ordinary differential equation that can model either rate-independent or rate-dependent hysteresis.
Functional Status After Childbirth and Related Concepts

The purpose of this study was to explore relationships between functional status after childbirth and related concepts. The sample consisted of 177 women. The Personal Resource Questionnaire (PRQ) 85-Part 2, the State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and the Inventory of Functional Status After Childbirth (IFSAC) were used to measure variables. Data were collected during the third trimester of pregnancy and at 6 weeks postpartum. Overall, this group had relatively low levels of anxiety and high levels of social support and functional status after childbirth. The STAI demonstrated coefficient alphas from .90 to .93, the PRQ 85-Part 2 .87 to .93, and the IFSAC .90. The relationship between state anxiety in the postpartum period and FSAC (r = -.204, p = .008) was significant. Additional significant findings between social support, anxiety, and subscales of the IFSAC were found. Nurses must understand these relationships to develop and implement effective interventions. This study is clinically relevant to nurses involved in caring for pregnant and postpartum clients.
Impact of Rye Cover Crop and Herbicides on Weeds, Yield, and Net Return in Narrow-Row Transgenic and Conventional Soybean (Glycine max) 1

A field study was conducted during 1999, 2000, and 2001 at Stoneville, MS, on a Dundee silty clay loam to determine the impact of a rye cover crop with one or two postemergence (POST) herbicide applications on weed control, yield, and net return in narrow-row glyphosate-resistant, glufosinate-resistant, and conventional soybean systems. Cover crop systems included no-cover crop conventional tillage (CT), no-cover crop no-tillage (NT), and rye NT, all with early POST (EPOST), EPOST followed by late POST (LPOST), and no-herbicide weed management. Weed control and net return among glyphosate-resistant, glufosinate-resistant, and conventional soybean systems were similar. One POST ($111/ha) application of herbicides was more profitable than two POST ($79/ha) applications regardless of soybean cultivar and cover crop system. Rye residue reduced total weed density by 9 and 27% and biomass by 19 and 38% compared with no-cover crop CT and NT, respectively. In the rye cover crop, input costs were higher because of the additional cost of seed, planting, and rye desiccation. The additional cost resulted in a lower net return with the rye cover crop ($29/ha) compared with the no-cover crop CT ($84/ha) or NT ($87/ha) system, even though soybean yield in the rye cover crop system was comparable to that from the no-cover crop CT and NT systems. These results showed that because of additional cost, rye cover crop-based soybean production was less profitable compared with existing no-cover crop-based production systems. Nomenclature: Acifluorfen; bentazon; chlorimuron; clethodim; glufosinate; glyphosate; barnyard- grass, Echinochloa crus-galli(L.) Beauv. # 3 ECHCG; browntop millet, Brachiaria ramosa(L.) Stapf # PANRA; hemp sesbania, Sesbania exaltata (Raf.) Rydb. ex A. W. Hill # SEBEX; pitted morning- glory, Ipomoea lacunosa L. # IPOLA; prickly sida, Sida spinosa L. # SIDSP; sicklepod, Senna obtusifolia (L.) Irwin and Barneby # CASOB; smooth pigweed, Amaranthus hybridusL. # AMACH; rye, Secale cereale L. 'Elbon'; soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr. 'DP 3588', 'DP 5806 RR', 'A 5547 LL'. Additional Index words: Conventional tillage, herbicide, integrated weed management, mulch, net return, no-tillage, transgenic soybean, weed biomass, weed density. Abbreviations: CT, conventional tillage; EPOST, early postemergence; LPOST, late postemergence; NT, no-tillage; POST, postemergence; WAP, weeks after planting.
Enhancing collaboration during humanitarian response: an interim report from stakeholders survey.

The effectiveness of humanitarian response efforts has long been hampered by a lack of coordination among responding organizations. The need for increased coordination and collaboration, as well as the need to better understand experiences with coordination, were recognized by participants of a multilateral Working Group convened to examine the challenges of coordination in humanitarian health responses. This preliminary study is an interim report of an ongoing survey designed by the Working Group to describe the experiences of coordination and collaboration in greater detail, including factors that promote or discourage coordination and lessons learned, and to determine whether there is support for a new consortium dedicated to coordination. To date, 30 key informants have participated in 25-minute structured interviews that were recorded and analyzed for major themes. Participants represented 21 different agencies and organizations: nine non-governmental organizations, eight academic institutions, two donor organizations, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the World Health Organization. Common themes that emerged included the role of donors in promoting coordination, the need to build an evidence base, the frequent occurrence of field-level coordination, and the need to build new partnerships. Currently, there is no consensus that a new consortium would be helpful. Addressing the underlying structural and professional factors that currently discourage coordination may be a more effective method for enhancing coordination during humanitarian responses. Language: en
Planning and Execution of Polynomial Manipulator Trajectories

A method is presented to plan and executed minimum-time manipulator trajectories for predefined Cartesian end-effector path in a workspace containing obstacles. The method employs a polynomial path configuration function along with a dynamic search approach with goal programming. The Cartesian path of the manipulator is represented with Bezier Polynomials connecting the initial and the final positions of the end-effector. The minimum-time trajectory planning problem is formulated as the problem of minimizing the total travel time subject to constraints on joint positions, velocities, accelerations, jerks, torques and end-effector accelerations. An efficient algorithm is used to determine the minimum-time path close to the given path. A numerical example for a two-degree of freedom manipulator is presented to demonstrate the application of this method.
Imaging bacterial infections using [124I]FIAU as a substrate for bacterial thymidine kinase

1045 Learning Objectives To review the potential usefulness of [124I]-FIAU-PET/CT as an infectious disease imaging agent as compared to other clinically available imaging modliaties. Currently available nuclear medicine imaging modalities used in the evaluation of infectious diseases can be very useful, but suffer from a major problem which is the lack of specificity. Labeled WBC scans can demonstrate the flux of white blood cells to the region of infection. Gallium scans rely on increased vascular permeability associated with inflammation as well. However, WBC flux and increased permeability occur with both sterile and non-sterile inflammation making the differentiation between the two entities impossible. An emerging standard in the evaluation of infection is FDG/PET [1]. Differentiation between infection, sterile inflammation, and tumor however can still be very difficult. Recently, it was demonstrated that 1-(2-deoxy-2-fluoro-1-D-arabinofuranosyl)-5-iodouracil (FIAU) can be a substrate for the thymidine kinase (TK) enzyme of many bacteria, while it is not a substrate for the main human TK enzyme [2]. This difference in substrate specificity has been exploited to develop an imaging ligand (FIAU, labeled with [124I] or [125I]) that may be able to detect bacterial infections, in vivo. It9s believed that radiolabeled FIAU gets phosphorylated by bacterial TK, becomes trapped within the microorganism and can then be imaged using PET or SPECT [2]. The potential usefulness of radiolabeled FIAU was shown in a mouse model in which [125I]-FIAU accumulated in the wild type E.Coli infected thigh but not in the thigh infected with TK-negative E.coli [2]. This major preclinical discovery was translated shortly thereafter through successful imaging of human musculoskeletal infections using [124I]-FIAU by Diaz et al [3]. Similar human imaging studies are currently underway in multiple institutions. FIAU holds considerable promise to be the next-generation imaging agent capable of differentiating infection from sterile inflammation
Beta-ray branching and half-lives of B 12 and N 12

The ratio of $^{12}\mathrm{B}$ and $^{12}\mathrm{N}$ $\ensuremath{\beta}$-ray branches to the 4.44-MeV excited state of $^{12}\mathrm{C}$ was measured by detecting $\ensuremath{\beta}$ rays in a $4\ensuremath{\pi}$ plastic scintillator and $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays in two Ge(Li) detectors. Activities were made in the $^{11}\mathrm{B}(d,p)^{12}\mathrm{B}$ and $^{10}\mathrm{B}(^{3}\mathrm{He},n)^{12}\mathrm{N}$ reactions using a chopped Van de Graaff beam. Data were stored in two successive computer time bins of two half-lives each in order to establish by subtraction the shape of the short-lived $\ensuremath{\beta}$-ray spectrum and its net number of counts. The ratio of these branches was found to be $^{12}\mathrm{N}$/$^{12}\mathrm{B}$ = 1.56\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05. A measurement of the $^{12}\mathrm{B}$ absolute $\ensuremath{\beta}$-ray branch to the 4.44-MeV state via $\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ coincidences using an NaI(T1) detector for the $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays gave a value of 1.276\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.050%. Half-lives, obtained by multiscaling $\ensuremath{\beta}$-ray counts, were found to be 20.20\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02 msec for $^{12}\mathrm{B}$ and 11.000\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.016 msec for $^{12}\mathrm{N}$. The mirror asymmetries derived from these results are $\ensuremath{\delta}=+0.044\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.034$ for the decay to the 4.44-MeV state of $^{12}\mathrm{C}$ and $\ensuremath{\delta}=+0.129\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.008$ for the branch to the ground state.[RADIOACTIVITY $^{12}\mathrm{B}$, $^{12}\mathrm{N}$: Measured ${I}_{\ensuremath{\beta}}$, ${I}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$, $\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ coin, ${T}_{\frac{1}{2}}$; deduced $\ensuremath{\beta}$-ray branches, mirror asymmetries.]
Use of Wire Bonding to Study Bond Pad Damage from Wafer Probe

Harsh wafer probing and harsh wire bonding have been used in previous work by our group to study cracking and ripple effect on various bond pad designs in technologies having aluminum (Al) alloy based metallization in SiO2 dielectric. One outcome of the previous experimentation is the confirmation that cracks due to wafer probe may not be visible even in a careful cratering test. Probing stress can bend the top SiO2 of the pad downwards, causing high tensile stress to the underside of the film. Cracks initiating in this region easily go undetected in routine monitor procedures, unless they propagate to the top surface and break the barrier film above. Latent probing cracks can result in reliability issues for circuit under pad (CUP) bond pad designs. A typical probe crack in a CUP pad's top SiO2 layer, detected in a cratering test, may actually be accompanied by one or more hidden cracks at the bottom of the film, which may only be detected in a focused ion beam (FIB) cross section. This study uses harsh ...
Bottom-up influences of voice continuity in focusing selective auditory attention

Selective auditory attention causes a relative enhancement of the neural representation of important information and suppression of the neural representation of distracting sound, which enables a listener to analyze and interpret information of interest. Some studies suggest that in both vision and in audition, the “unit” on which attention operates is an object: an estimate of the information coming from a particular external source out in the world. In this view, which object ends up in the attentional foreground depends on the interplay of top-down, volitional attention and stimulus-driven, involuntary attention. Here, we test the idea that auditory attention is object based by exploring whether continuity of a non-spatial feature (talker identity, a feature that helps acoustic elements bind into one perceptual object) also influences selective attention performance. In Experiment 1, we show that perceptual continuity of target talker voice helps listeners report a sequence of spoken target digits embedded in competing reversed digits spoken by different talkers. In Experiment 2, we provide evidence that this benefit of voice continuity is obligatory and automatic, as if voice continuity biases listeners by making it easier to focus on a subsequent target digit when it is perceptually linked to what was already in the attentional foreground. Our results support the idea that feature continuity enhances streaming automatically, thereby influencing the dynamic processes that allow listeners to successfully attend to objects through time in the cacophony that assails our ears in many everyday settings.
Clinician Recommendations and Perceptions of Factors Associated With Ankle Brace Use

Background:Little information is available regarding the ankle braces orthopaedic sports medicine clinicians recommend or clinicians’ concerns that may influence their decisions to recommend use of an ankle brace.Hypotheses:(1) Clinicians most frequently recommend lace-up braces with straps. (2) Clinicians who are concerned about potential adverse side effects from ankle brace use are less likely to recommend an ankle brace to prevent ankle sprain injuries.Study Design:Descriptive survey study.Level of Evidence:Level 3.Methods:Surveys were sent via e-mail to 1000 randomly selected members of the Orthopaedic Section of the American Physical Therapy Association (APTA) and 1000 randomly selected members of the National Athletic Trainers’ Association (NATA). A total of 377 individuals responded to the survey.Results:Lace-up braces, specifically lace-up braces with straps, were the most frequently recommended type of ankle brace. Regression analyses indicated that the only perceived adverse side effect signifi...
Tem of Dislocations in Sapphire (α−Al2O3)

Dissociation of both basal and prism plane dislocations in sapphire,α−Al2O3,is common and the partial dislocations can be imaged using conventional transmission electron microscopy and weak beam dark field imaging techniques. At elevated temperatures the dissociation takes place by conservative self-climb, a process involving short range diffusion, whereas at low temperatures the dissociation can occur by glide. Dissociation of a dislocation can in some situations give rise to very strong contrast when using g vectors for which $$\overrightarrow {\rm{g}}.\overrightarrow {\rm{b}} = 0$$ for the undissociated dislocation. Those contrast conditions can be used to obtain information about the dislocation morphology and the stacking fault energy of the fault plane through determination of the separation distance.
Bovine vibriosis: the nature of the carrier state in the bull.

caused by Vibrio fetus venerealis which in females produces temporary infertility and sometimes recognizable abortions later in gestation. It was some time after the recognition of V. fetus as a cause of abortion (Smith, 1918) that the venereal character of the disease was recognized (Plastridge and Williams, 1948; Sjollema et al, 1949) and the bull, in which no clinical signs of infection are evident, was established as the carrier of the causative agent (Plastridge et al, 1951; Terpstra and Eisma, 1951). Relatively little progress has been made in the intervening years in characterizing the essential features of the carrier condition. While V. fetus can under certain experimental conditions produce orchitis (Ristic et al, 1954, 1955; W. Wagner and K. McEntee, personal communication), the results of cultural studies (Rasbech, 1952; Mundt, 1955) and therapeutic procedures (Vandeplassche et al, 1963) made it evident that the natural habitat of the organism was within the preputial cavity and pos-
Assessing Optimal Electrode/Optode Arrangement in EEG-fNIRS Multi-Modal Imaging

The accuracy of signals recorded from different electrode/optode arrangements in EEG-fNIRS experiments are examined. Results are particularly important for studies investigating spatiotemporal relation between neuronal activity and vascular response.
Methyl Anthranilate as a Repellent for Western Corn Rootworm Larvae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae).

Methyl anthranilate was identified as the active compound in extracts of maize (Zea mays L.) roots that were shown to be repellent to neonate western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte) larvae. A bioassay-driven approach was used to isolate the active material from diethyl ether extracts of roots from germinating maize seeds. Separation of the extract on a Florisil column yielded an active fraction of 90:10 hexane:diethyl ether. Analysis with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry identified two compounds in the active fraction: indole (2,3-benzopyrrole) and methyl anthranilate (methyl 2-aminobenzoate). When tested in behavioral bioassays, methyl anthranilate elicited a significant (P < 0.05) repellent response at doses of 1, 10, and 100 µg. In subsequent single-choice bioassays, 1, 10, and 100 µg of methyl anthranilate prevented larvae from approaching 10 mmol/mol concentrations of carbon dioxide, which is normally highly attractive to the larvae. Indole, the other compound identified from the active fraction, did not elicit a behavioral response by the larvae. Methyl anthranilate has potential for development as a management tool for western corn rootworm larvae and may be best suited for use in a push-pull control strategy.
Fathers' Characteristics and Their Children's Scores on College Entrance Exams: A Comparison of Intact and Divorced Families

Previous research shows that the educational performance of children may be impaired when their parents divorce. However, noncustodial fathers' postdivorce behavior, especially compliance with child support orders, can greatly offset educational disadvantages. The present study investigated the impact of fathers' behavior on their children's performance on college entrance examinations (CEEs) in a sample of 231 college students. Results indicated that, in intact families, fathers' ethnicity and income were related to CEE scores. Further, when these students perceived their fathers as encouraging and involved in their education, their scores were higher. For students with divorced parents, however, noncustodial fathers' ethnicity, income, encouragement, involvement, child support compliance, and visitation were not statistically linked to CEE performance. These findings suggest that joint custodial arrangements, which may enhance the social relationships between fathers and their children, may lead to improved educational outcomes.
Memoirs: On the Ciliary Mechanisms and Interrelationships of Lamellibranchs: Part III: Types of Lamellibranch Gills and their Food Currents

Seven main types of Lamellibranch gills and their food currents, together with a number of varieties, have been described. These are shown summarily and comprehensively in the composite diagram in Text-fig. 18.
Hemorrhagic Pericardial Effusion with Tamponade: A Rare Adverse Effect of Infliximab—Case Report and Literature Review

Introduction. Antitumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha agents are commonly used biologic therapies for a wide variety of rheumatic and inflammatory diseases. Here, we present a case of hemorrhagic pericarditis as a consequence of infliximab and review the literature on pericardial complications stemming from this drug class. Methods. For the literature review, search terms using versions of antitumor necrosis factor alpha AND pericardial effusion OR pericarditis OR pleuropericarditis OR cardiac tamponade were used. Results. Pericarditis is a rare but serious complication of anti-TNF based therapy, and hemorrhagic fluid is even more rare, with only one additional case reported. It is likely that this complication was secondary to a robust immune response to very high titer anti-infliximab antibodies. Providers should be aware that this complication can occur and that abnormal elevations in procalcitonin may accompany this unusual finding.
Mechanism of Nucleation and Growth of Aβ40 Fibrils from All-Atom and Coarse-Grained Simulations

In this work, we characterize the nucleation and elongation mechanisms of the “diseased” polymorph of the amyloid-β 40 (Aβ40) fibril using an off-lattice coarse-grained (CG) protein model. After determining the nucleation size and subsequent stable protofibrillar structure from the CG model, validated with all-atom simulations, we consider the “lock and dock” and “activated monomer” fibril elongation mechanisms for the protofibril by statistical additions of a monomer drawn from four different ensembles of the free Aβ40 peptide to grow the fibril. Our CG model shows that the dominant mechanism for fibril elongation is the lock and dock mechanism across all monomer ensembles, even when the monomer is in the activated form. Although our CG model finds no thermodynamic difference between the two fibril elongation mechanisms, the activated monomer is found to be kinetically faster by a factor of 2 for the “locking” step compared with all other structured or unstructured monomer ensembles.
A Novel DC Current Sensor Using SMA Controlled Piezoelectric Bimorph Cantilever

A new approach to measure direct current (DC) using shape memory alloy (SMA) tuning piezo cantilever resonant frequency technique is proposed in this work. The proposed current sensor system is designed using an electrically insulated SMA wire surface mounted on the cantilever beam with piezoelectric actuator. The cantilever beam is maintained at resonance using a closed loop piezo resonator circuit and the current ‘I’ to be measured is given to the SMA wire. The current induced temperature change of the SMA wire produces a mechanical shape change and produces a stiffness change to the resonating cantilever beam. The shift in resonant frequency due to the stiffness change is measured, which is related to the input electrical current ‘I’ to the SMA wire. The key enabling concept of this proposed work is to alter the cantilever resonant frequency using the shape changing property of SMA wire with input unknown electric current. The analytical model of the current sensor system is derived and the results are compared with the experimental results. The SMA coupled with piezo actuator based resonant current sensing system is evaluated for the input current range of 0 to 0.5A. The proposed current sensing concept is simple and completely novel and it is found that it has very high sensitivity to current and result is piecewise linear.Copyright © 2016 by ASME
Large-scale geolocalization of overhead imagery

In this paper, we investigate state-of-the-art computer vision techniques to perform large scale geolocalization of overhead imagery through image matching. We consider two types of features: scale invariant feature transform and region-based shape features. Since these features can be high dimensional and an image can contain many of them, using them to perform image matching can be computationally expensive. Therefore, we also investigate two methods for performing efficient matching: aggregating the features at the image level using a bag of words framework and using hashing to perform multiple, efficient matches and then aggregating the results. We show that hashing performs better in terms of accuracy but is expensive computationally compared to bag of words. We also show that shape features may be accurate and efficient for small data sets, but they do not scale well to large data sets.