cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A risk stratification model to predict adverse neonatal outcome in labor

The development and evaluation of a labor risk model consisting of a combination of antepartum risk factors and intrapartum fetal heart rate (FHR) characteristics that can reliably identify those infants at risk for adverse neonatal outcome in labor. A nested case–control study of term singleton deliveries at the nine hospitals between March 2007 and December 2009. Eligibility criteria included: gestational age ⩾37.0 weeks; singleton pregnancy; documented continuous FHR monitoring for ⩾2 h before delivery; assessment of FHR tracing at least every 20 min; and, available maternal and neonatal outcomes. Adverse neonatal outcome was defined as nonanomalous infants admitted to the newborn intensive care unit with either a 5 minute Apgar score <7 or an umbilical artery pH<7.1. Initial risk score was determined using data available at 1 h after admission. Patients with an initial risk score between 7 and 15 were considered high risk. Intrapartum risk scores were then created for these patients using FHR tracing data and labor characteristics. A total of 51 244 patients were identified meeting study criteria. Of the antepartum variables evaluated (n=31), 10 were associated with an adverse outcome. The high-risk group made up 28% of the population and accounted for 59.8% of the adverse outcomes. Intrapartum characteristics were then evaluated in this high-risk group. Intrapartum evaluation identified the highest risk group with a C/S rate of 40% and adverse outcome rate of 11.3%. Incorporation of maternal and antepartum risk factors with FHR analysis can improve the ability to identify the fetus at risk in labor.
Coexisting lobular neoplasia and carcinoma of the breast.

In a review of 3040 cases of carcinoma of the breast of all types in the files of the Laboratory of Surgical Pathology at Columbia for the years 1960 to 1980, 267 cases were found in which the lobular neoplasia lesion coexisted with one of the usual forms of breast carcinoma. These patients had a separate and distinct, and of course malignant, clinicopathologic entity which is distinguished from benign lobular neoplasia occurring alone. Comparing these findings in lobular neoplasia coexisting with one of the usual forms of carcinoma with our findings in lobular neoplasia occurring alone, it was found that the patients with the latter lesion were younger. Three of the nine microscopic features studied in both forms of lobular proliferation were considerably more frequent in lobular neoplasia coexisting with carcinoma: (1) loss of cohesion of the cells filling up the lobules; (2) macroacini; and (3) a maximal amount of lobular neoplasia. The great majority of the forms of carcinoma that were found coexisting with lobular, neoplasia were well differentiated, small cell, intraductal, and tubular, and metastasized less often than carcinomas usually do. Carcinoma developed in the second breast three times more frequently in patients with lobular neoplasia preceding or coexisting with unilateral carcinoma than it did in patients without lobular neoplasia.
Behavioral Treatment for Depressed Mood: A Pleasant Events Intervention for Seniors Residing in Assisted Living

This pilot study examined a pleasant events focused treatment for depressed mood (Lichtenberg, Kimbarow, Wall, Roth, & MacNeill, 1998) in frail older adults. Using a cross-over design, 15 individuals from two suburban assisted living settings were randomly assigned to either the immediate treatment group (n = 8) or the wait-list control group (n = 7). Data from all participants were collected at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months. Trained staff delivered the treatment sessions to residents over a 3-month period for 30-minute sessions. Mood ratings (p < .05) and depression scores (p < .09) tended to improve for both treatment groups. Overall, 37% (4 of 11) of those who initially scored above the cutoff for depression scored below it following the treatment package; all of these four remained below threshold at final follow-up. This type of behavioral treatment appears promising for assisted living residents with mild to moderate levels of depressed mood.
Prolonged Ischemia Does Not Affect Survival Following Lung Transplantation

HBcAb+ or non-HBcAb+ donors. At 5 years, mean(SD) survival for the HBcAb+ group was 187(14) weeks as compared to 184(3.8) weeks for the non-HBcAb group (p= 0.2). The HBcAb+ group had similar mean(SD) time to diagnosis of chronic rejection as compared to the non-HBcAb group (1130 +/537 compared to 916 +/451 days, respectively). Conclusion: Lung transplant recipients from HBcAb + donors have low risk (5/32; 16%) of seroconversion to HBcAb positivity without evidence of increased risk of viremia which does not impact short or long term survival. This supports HepB vaccination of recepients pre-transplantation in order for HbcAb+ organs to continue to be utilized safely.
Development of a Psychometrically Equivalent Short Form of the Face–Name Associative Memory Exam for use Along the Early Alzheimer’s Disease Trajectory

Neuropsychologists are developing more challenging and specific tests to detect early and subtle changes in cognition related to preclinical Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The 16-item Face–Name Associative Memory Exam (FNAME-16) is a challenging paired associative memory test able to detect subtle memory changes associated with biomarker evidence of preclinical AD. However, as individuals progress along the AD trajectory, measures that are sensitive at the preclinical stage may become too challenging by the stage of Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). Our goal was to develop a modified version of the face–name and face–occupation paired associative memory task (FNAME-12) with fewer stimuli and additional learning trials suitable for use in MCI. We administered the FNAME-12A, an alternate version FNAME 12B, the original FNAME-16, and a series of other neuropsychological measures to 65 clinically normal (CN) older adults (aged 65 to 85) and a subsample characterized by MCI (n = 18). The FNAME-12 exhibited psychomet...
The utility of repeat enzyme immunoassay testing for the diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection: A systematic review of the literature

Over the last 20 years, the prevalence of healthcare-associated Clostridium difficile (C. diff) disease has increased. While multiple tests are available for the diagnosis of C. diff infection, enzyme immunoassay (EIA) testing for toxin is the most used. Repeat EIA testing, although of limited utility, is common in medical practice. To assess the utility of repeat EIA testing to diagnose C. diff infections. Systematic literature review. Eligible studies performed >1 EIA test for C. diff toxin and were published in English. Electronic searches of MEDLINE and EMBASE were performed and bibliographies of review articles and conference abstracts were hand searched. Of 805 citations identified, 32 were reviewed in detail and nine were included in the final review. All studies except one were retrospective chart reviews. Seven studies had data on number of participants (32,526), and the overall reporting of test setting and patient characteristics was poor. The prevalence of C. diff infection ranged from 9.1% to 18.5%. The yield of the first EIA test ranged from 8.4% to 16.6%, dropping to 1.5-4.7% with a second test. The utility of repeat testing was evident in outbreak settings, where the yield of repeat testing was 5%. Repeat C. diff testing for hospitalized patients has low clinical utility and may be considered in outbreak settings or when the pre-test probability of disease is high. Future studies should aim to identify patients with a likelihood of disease and determine the utility of repeat testing compared with empiric treatment.
Laser Raman Spectroscopic Analyses of Dissolved Gases

Laser Raman spectroscopy is an optical technique which is capable of in situ molecular identification of solids, liquids and gases, and is well suited to extreme environments. It is a type of vibrational spectroscopy which is non-invasive and does not require reagents or consumables. A laser excites a target, and the spectrum of the energy-shifted, back-scattered radiation serves as a "fingerprint" - providing compositional and structural information. Raman scattering is a weak effect - only 1 in 108 photons is Raman scattered - but it benefits in the deep ocean from the lack of ambient light. The development of a sea-going Raman system capable of deployment on an ocean observatory will allow in situ analyses of dissolved gases in vent fluids at hydrothermal vent and other seafloor seep sites. Gases of interest at hydrothermal and cold seep sites include carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and higher hydrocarbons, and hydrogen sulfide (H2S). These gases are all Raman active and have distinct Raman signatures. For example, CO2 is characterized by a Fermi diad at ~1285 & ~1388 Deltacm-1 . However, the aqueous band positions are broadened and shifted from the gas-phase band positions. In addition to identifying gases by band positions, concentrations of dissolved gases can be inferred by the relative height of their Raman bands. Extracting this type of quantitative information from Raman spectra requires the use of a ratio technique as described by Wopenka and Pasteris [1987]. In this work the gas bands are compared to the water stretching band (~3435 Deltacm-1 ). Although the position and intensity of some of the water bands are affected by temperature, the 3435 band height is relatively stable.
Vibrational analysis of the X 2A2 state of the allyl radical

Abstract Selective resonance enhancement of particular overtones and combination tones in the Raman spectra of the allyl radical is demonstrated. The selective enhancement simplifies the assignment of the spectra and significantly increases the number of overtones and combination tones that can be identified. Observations of the ground state fundamental, overtones, and combinations are used to calculate anharmonic constants. The ground state anharmonic constants provide an improved description of the coupling of vibrational modes and yield a more accurate prediction of the allyl radical higher vibrational levels.
Optimal Control Theory Applied to a Pump With Single-Stage Electrohydraulic Servovalve

Application de la theorie de la commande optimale a une pompe commandee par une servovalve electrohydraulique a un etage
Total disc replacement

Abstract Sixty patients with one level discogenic pain confirmed by plain radiography, MRI, and provocative diskography fordegenerative disk disease were randomized one third with BAK anterior interbody fusion and two thirds with anterior SB Charite artificial disk replacement. The mean age was 40.3 years (range, 21 to 56 years). Nineteen cases were at L4–L5, and 41 cases were L5-S1. Nineteen cases had BAK anterior interbody fusion and 41 cases were randomized as SB CharM disk replacement. The length of surgery was mean 88.4 minutes (range, 54 to 137 minutes) for both groups. The estimated blood loss was mean 289.5 cc (range, 50 to 1800 cc). The length of hospital stay was a mean of 3.03 days (range, 2 to 6 days). The operative techniques used for insertion of the SB Charite disk replacement form the basis for this chapter. Oswestry Disability Index for the SB CharM disk (aggregate study group) was 50.0 ± 14.3 preoperatively and 25.0 ± 20.1 at 1 to 3 years follow-up (P
Pathogenesis of Mallory body formation : studies using the drug-primed mouse model

Abstract Mallory bodies (MB) are formed in preneoplastic foci in the drug primed mouse model. These foci expand when the drug is refed. To better understand this phenotypic change in hepatocytes, the livers response to refeeding the drug was studied for transcriptional and post-translational changes. The post-translational change, hyperphosphorylation of MBs, was associated with changes in gene expression and activation of transcription regulation factors. Hyperphosphorylation of MBs appeared on the second day of refeeding the drug, the same time interval when MB formation began. Prior studies using this model showed an increase in the mitotic index and an increase in cytokeratin proteins at this time interval. In the present study, cytokeratin mRNA increased significantly, compared to the 0 day base line. Likewise, c-jun mRNA increased significantly at the same time interval. Previous studies on mice fed the drug for 5 months showed a significant increase in c-fos mRNA. The binding activity of AP-1 consensus oligonucleotide was significantly increased on the 5th day of refeeding. Taken together, the data support the conclusion that the MB phenotype change expands as the result of a response to stimulation of liver cell proliferation.
Linking and Causality in Globally Hyperbolic Space-times

The classical linking number lk is defined when link components are zero homologous. In [15] we constructed the affine linking invariant alk generalizing lk to the case of linked submanifolds with arbitrary homology classes. Here we apply alk to the study of causality in Lorentzian manifolds. Let M m be a spacelike Cauchy surface in a globally hyperbolic space-time (X m+1, g). The spherical cotangent bundle ST * M is identified with the space $$\mathcal N$$ of all null geodesics in (X,g). Hence the set of null geodesics passing through a point $$x\in X$$ gives an embedded (m−1)-sphere $$\mathfrak S_x$$ in $$\mathcal N=ST^*M$$ called the sky of x. Low observed that if the link $$(\mathfrak S_x, \mathfrak S_y)$$ is nontrivial, then $$x,y\in X$$ are causally related. This observation yielded a problem (communicated by R. Penrose) on the V. I. Arnold problem list [3,4] which is basically to study the relation between causality and linking. Our paper is motivated by this question. The spheres $$\mathfrak S_x$$ are isotopic to the fibers of $$(ST^*M)^{2m-1}\to M^m.$$ They are nonzero homologous and the classical linking number lk $$(\mathfrak S_x, \mathfrak S_y)$$ is undefined when M is closed, while alk $$(\mathfrak S_x, \mathfrak S_y)$$ is well defined. Moreover, alk $$(\mathfrak S_x, \mathfrak S_y)\in {\mathbb{Z}}$$ if M is not an odd-dimensional rational homology sphere. We give a formula for the increment of alk under passages through Arnold dangerous tangencies. If (X,g) is such that alk takes values in $${\mathbb{Z}}$$ and g is conformal to $$\widehat{g}$$ that has all the timelike sectional curvatures nonnegative, then $$x, y\in X$$ are causally related if and only if alk $$(\mathfrak S_x, \mathfrak S_y)\neq 0$$ . We prove that if alk takes values in $${\mathbb{Z}}$$ and y is in the causal future of x, then alk $$(\mathfrak S_x, \mathfrak S_y)$$ is the intersection number of any future directed past inextendible timelike curve to y and of the future null cone of x. We show that x,y in a nonrefocussing (X, g) are causally unrelated if and only if $$(\mathfrak S_x, \mathfrak S_y)$$ can be deformed to a pair of S m-1-fibers of $$ST^*M\to M$$ by an isotopy through skies. Low showed that if (X, g) is refocussing, then M is compact. We show that the universal cover of M is also compact.
Deception Meets Enlightenment: From a Viable Theory of Deception to a Quirk About Humanity's Potential

This article seeks to further suggestions made by C. West Churchman (1979) that a full inquiry into human systems requires a viable theory of deception. It argues that such a theory of deception requires an understanding of deception, a recognition of errors in perception, and an ability to see simultaneously from competing points of view. The intent here is to provide some insights that are useful in our understanding of deception, and thereby contributing to a viable theory of deception. Insights are used from what Huxley (1944) calls the “perennial tradition,” found particularly within the esoteric traditions of the Buddhist, Sufi, and Taoist esoteric teachings, as well as many other spiritual traditions of the world. The perennial tradition emphasizes the role and continual presence of deception, alongside enlightenment, within human experience. In accord with C. West Churchman's view, this tradition suggests that, by a simultaneous recognition of both our enlightenment and our deception in any given ...
Selfless evolution: An idea revived

The revival of group selection is a result of better models and experimental studies showing it is indeed possible
Effect of Automated Image Registration on Radiologist Interpretation

In this study, we present preliminary data on the effect of automated 3D image alignment on the time to arrive at a decision about an imaging finding, the agreement of multiple of multiple observers, the prevalence of comparison examinations, and technical success rates for the image alignment algorithm. We found that automated image alignment reduced the average time to make a decision by 25% for cases where the structures are rigid, and when the scanning protocol is similar. For cases where these are not true, there is little or no benefit. In our practice, 54% of cases had prior examinations that could be automatically aligned. The overall benefit seen in our department for highly similar exams might be 20% for neuro and 10% for body; the benefit seen in other practices is likely to vary based on scanning practices and prevalence of prior examinations.
γH2AX and cancer

Histone H2AX phosphorylation on a serine four residues from the carboxyl terminus (producing gammaH2AX) is a sensitive marker for DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). DSBs may lead to cancer but, paradoxically, are also used to kill cancer cells. Using gammaH2AX detection to determine the extent of DSB induction may help to detect precancerous cells, to stage cancers, to monitor the effectiveness of cancer therapies and to develop novel anticancer drugs.
Three-dimensional diffuse optical tomography of the whole finger: a step toward full hand imaging

Thus far optical imaging of the finger joints is limited to only one joint at a time. We have developed a CCD-based system that can image a whole finger, covering multiple joints. We show that the two joints of a volunteer's index finger can be imaged clearly and concurrently. The comparison of the optical images with the x-ray image of the same finger indicates that the recovered size of the whole finger, the bones and the two joint spaces are consistent with the findings from the x-ray. This study demonstrates a practicable system for full finger imaging and indicates the possibility of full hand imaging if a fast laser source scanning subsystem is integrated with the system.
Is it Food Quality or Quantity that Responds to Changing Income

Since the early 1990s, the retail market for leafy green vegetables has been divided between largely unprocessed products and bagged salads. The latter embody kitchen labor and economize on storage costs, in effect offering consumers convenience as a product attribute. Using time-series retail purchase data, this paper shows that changes in income immediately influence how much convenience consumers of leafy greens purchase. There is no statistical evidence that total quantity of leafy greens purchased responds to short-run changes in income. Hence, consumers appear to adjust to income changes by choosing food quality rather than quantity.
THE FIBRINOLYTIC ACTIVITY OF HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI.

Broth cultures of hemolytic streptococci derived from patients are capable of rapidly liquefying normal human fibrin clot. The active fibrinolytic principle is also contained in sterile, cell-free filtrates of broth cultures. The degree of activity of filtrates parallels the activity of whole broth cultures sufficiently closely to indicate that large amounts of the fibrinolytic substance are freely excreted into the surrounding medium and pass readily through Berkefeld V, Seitz, and Chamberland filters. The occurrence of fibrinolysis is most strikingly observed when plasma or fibrinogen is mixed with active cultural material before clot formation is effected. Under the standard experimental conditions described, complete dissolution of human plasma clot (whole oxalated plasma + CaCl(2)) occurs in about 10 minutes; complete dissolution of human fibrinogen clot (chemically isolated fibrinogen + thrombin) takes place in about 2 minutes. Titration of filtrate activity is recorded in Table IV. Twenty-eight strains of Streptococcus hemolyticus, isolated from patients suffering from various manifestations of streptococcus infection, have been tested for the capacity to liquefy fibrin clot. Broth cultures of all of the strains induced fibrinolysis. Of 18 strains of Streptococcus hemolyticus of animal origin, only three were capable of causing dissolution of clot. Completely negative results were obtained with 38 strains of other bacterial species. The list is presented on pages 492 and 493. The plasma of many patients recovered from acute hemolytic streptococcus infections, when clotted in the presence of active cultures, is highly resistant to fibrinolysis. Furthermore, serum, derived from patients whose plasma clot is resistant, often confers on normal plasma clot an antifibrinolytic property. One example of the resistance possessed by the blood of convalescent patients is presented in this report. A second paper, now in preparation, will give in detail a large number of observations on the relation of infection to the development of resistance to the fibrinolytic activity of hemolytic streptococci. In contrast to the susceptibility of normal human fibrin clot to liquefaction by active culture, normal rabbit fibrin clot is totally resistant to dissolution when tested under comparable conditions. The insusceptibility of rabbit fibrin clot is manifest provided the coagulum is composed of rabbit constituents. When human thrombin is used to clot rabbit plasma or fibrinogen in the presence of active cultures, fibrinolysis is not prohibited. The role of thrombin in determining the resistance or susceptibility of rabbit fibrin to dissolution offers a suggestive approach to problems relating to the underiving mechanism.
ATHABASCAN KIN TERM SYSTEMS

ATHABASCAN KIN TERM SYSTEMS By A. L. KROEBER N the AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST l for last year, M. E. Opler analyzes the kinship systems of seven South Athabascan groups. The data are presented compactly and conveniently for comparison; and a classification is made into two types, called Chiricahua and Jicarilla, of which the first is construed as developmentally earlier. Dr Opler's paper is executed with genuine workmanship, and his data are a boon: there has not been even one Apache kinship system previously on record, so far as I know. He has how­ ever taken no cognizance of Northern or Pacific Athabascan kinship sys­ tems, long ago recorded by Morgan and Gifford; and it seems worth while examining these to see whether, at least on certain points, they do not suffice for a tentative reconstruction of primitive Athabascan kinship which in turn will illumine the South Athabascan situation. I Southern Athabascan includes Chiricahua, Mescalero, Western Apache, Nav­ aho, Jicarilla, Lipan, .Kiowa Apache. They are all Apaches, historically and in Spanish usage. The first three are southwesterly, the last four northeasterly within the Southwest. California Athabascan includes Kato, Wailaki, Lassik, Sinkyone, Hupa, Tolowa. Linguistically there appear to be three groups: Kato-Wailaki-Lassik-Sinkyone; Hupa; and Tolowa-Oregon Athabascan. Northern Athabascan (superordinate to the preceding) includes Slave Lake, Hare, Yellow Knife ( Red Knife ), Kutchin, Tukuthe, Carrier (this last from Morice, Carrier Lang1tage). Kinship abbreviations are as introduced by Gifford in Californian Kinship Terminologies. All original Athabascan forms are rough generalizations, not proven or arguable reconstructions such as a philologist would designate by a *. The purpose is recog­ nition of former kinship plans, not of precise linguistic forms. Grandparents-Chiricahua and Mescalero have 4 terms: FF nale, FM tc'ine, MF tsoye, MM teo. Western Apache merges the two last, Navaho the two first, Jicarilla and Lipan use MF for both GF, and MM for both GM; Kiowa Apache has again merged and uses MF for all 4 GP. That this is the historical sequence is shown by the California Athabascans having the 4-GP scheme, with close cor­ respondence of forms: FF al (Lassik, Wailaki; others aberrant: Tolowa ame', Hupa maatcwufi, Sinkyone abak, Kato tcau); FM trene, tcin, tcuo, tcao; MF tcugi, tcigi, tchuwe, sagi; MM teo, tcwo, suo Northern Athabascan has only two terms, of type tsian and tsu, or tsun and tsea, for GF and GM; these forms probably correspond to FM and MF. The whole of America east of the Rockies is a region of 1 M. E. Opler, Tm Kinship Systems ofthe Soutmrn Athabaskan-Speaking Tribes (American Anthropologist, Vol. 38, pp. 620-33, 1936).
An instrumental-variables approach to income redistribution

When individuals participate in the process that determines their own redistributive obligations and claims, biased outcomes can be expected. This bias can be substantially eliminated by partitioning the collectivity into groups that set one another's redistributive obligations in a cycle.
Presynaptic GABAB receptors inhibit synaptic inputs to rat subthalamic neurons

Abstract Effects of baclofen on synaptic transmission were studied in rat subthalamic neurons using whole-cell patch clamp recording from brain slices. Focal electrical stimulation of the brain slice evoked GABAergic inhibitory postsynaptic currents and glutamatergic excitatory postsynaptic currents. Baclofen reduced the amplitude of evoked inhibitory postsynaptic currents in a concentration-dependent manner with an IC 50 of 0.6±0.2 μM. Evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents were also reduced by baclofen concentration-dependently (IC 50 of 1.6±0.2 μM), but baclofen was more potent at reducing the GABA A receptor inhibitory postsynaptic currents. The GABA B receptor antagonist CGP 35348 blocked these inhibitory effects of baclofen on evoked inhibitory and excitatory postsynaptic currents. Baclofen increased the paired-pulse ratios of evoked inhibitory and excitatory postsynaptic currents. Furthermore, baclofen reduced the frequency of spontaneous miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents, but had no effect on their amplitude. These results provide evidence for presence of presynaptic GABA B receptors that modulate both GABA and glutamate release from afferent terminals in the subthalamus.
Application of the Dollard and Auld Content Analysis Method to Sentence Completion Material

Comparison of sentence completion responses scored in two ways favors the Dollard-Auld content analysis for evaluation of strengths of an otherwise doubtful prospective employee.
A coastal and marine digital library at USGS

The Marine Realms Information Bank (MRIB) is a distributed geolibrary [NRC, 1999] from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), whose purpose is to classify, integrate, and facilitate access to Earth systems science information about ocean, lake, and coastal environments. Core MRIB services are: (1) the search and display of information holdings by place and subject, and (2) linking of information assets that exist in remote physical locations. The design of the MRIB features a classification system to integrate information from remotely maintained sources. This centralized catalogue organizes information using 12 criteria: locations, geologic time, physiographic features, biota, disciplines, research methods, hot topics, project names, agency names, authors, content type, and file type. For many of these fields, MRIB has developed classification hierarchies.
Seeing a deep ocean CO2 enrichment experiment in a new light: laser raman detection of dissolved CO2 in seawater.

We used a newly developed in situ laser Raman spectrometer (LRS) for detection of elevated levels of dissolved CO2 in seawater. The experiment was carried out at 500 m depth, 6 °C, to examine new p...
Shared (Hi)Stories: Vladimir of Rus' and Harald Fairhair of Norway

T A he founder of Rus' was the semimythological Riurik, but the true creator of a lasting Rusian state was his supposed descendant, Vladimir, whose life and story have been extensively studied because of their importance to Rusian political and ecclesiastical history.1 A significant issue for work on Vladimir, as well as a problem for early Rusian history in general, is the veracity of the Povest' vremennykh let (PVL) as a historical source, since the earliest extant copy is from over three hundred years after Vladimir's death. Despite these source problems, the information that the PVL provides about Vladimir has been largely accepted as the basis for the major narratives of Rusian history and for further research. In pursuit of the question of the historicity of the early narratives in the PVL this article aims to investigate whether the stories told about Vladimir therein are a history of Vladimir's life, or simply stories about Vladimir.2 In particular, were Vladimir's stories appropriated from the life of Harald "Fairhair" of Norway, a startlingly similar figure. Harald was the founder of his medieval state and was venerated as a great historical figure, whose story was told throughout the Scandinavian world, a world that was growing dramatically more relevant to the rest of Europe during the Viking Age. As with Vladimir, there is the complication of source dating?though he lived in the ninth century, Harald's story is only extant from later histories and sagas. There are a multitude of similarities between Vladimir
Transforming Growth Factor-β1 Stimulates Protein Kinase A in Mesangial Cells

Abstract We recently demonstrated that transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) stimulates phosphorylation of the type I inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (Sharma, K., Wang, L., Zhu, Y., Bokkala, S., and Joseph, S. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272, 14617–14623), possibly via protein kinase A (PKA) activation in murine mesangial cells. In the present study, we evaluated whether TGF-β stimulates PKA activation. Utilizing a specific PKA kinase assay, we found that TGF-β increases PKA activity by 3-fold within 15 min of TGF-β1 treatment, and the enhanced kinase activity was completely reversed by the inhibitory peptide for PKA (PKI; 1 μm). In mesangial cells transfected with a PKI expression vector, enhanced PKA activity could not be demonstrated with TGF-β1 treatment. TGF-β1 was also found to stimulate translocation of the α-catalytic subunit of PKA to the nucleus by Western analysis of nuclear protein as well as by confocal microscopy. TGF-β1-mediated phosphorylation of cAMP response element-binding protein was completely reversed by H-89 (3 μm), a specific inhibitor of PKA. Stimulation of fibronectin mRNA by TGF-β1 was also attenuated in cells overexpressing PKI. We thus conclude that TGF-β stimulates the PKA signaling pathway in mesangial cells and that PKA activation contributes to TGF-β stimulation of cAMP response element-binding protein phosphorylation and fibronectin expression.
Control with a spherical classifier neural network

Abstract This paper presents the spherical classifier , an artificial neural network model for content addressable memory, pattern recognition, and control. The spherical classifier is a high-order dynamical system which stores as memories (attractors) any finite set of unit vectors in n -dimensional space. We illustrate applications of the spherical classifier in classification and control.
Chloride movement across monolayers of enriched populations of isolated epithelial cells from the mouse gastric mucosa.

Summary Enriched, viable populations of large parietal cells were separated from the smaller cells (surface mucous, mucous neck, chief, and endocrine cells) of the mouse gastric mucosa by pronase digestion and velocity sedimentation. These enriched cell populations were allowed to form a layer on Teflon Millipore filters mounted in lucite chambers. The interface formed by the Millipore filters separated compartments arbitrarily designated “luminal” and ‘interstitial’. The ‘luminal’ and ‘interstitial’ phases each contained 5 ml of the same balanced salt solution. The cell populations were polarized by applying a potential difference of approx. 50 mV across the interface while the cells were forming a layer on the filter. Upon analysis of the ‘luminal’ and ‘interstitial’ solutions after 2 h, it was found that polarized parietal cell monolayers transported chloride towards the cathode, whereas the similarly polarized small cell monolayers always moved chloride towards the anode. When similar cell populations of cells were not polarized with an external potential difference, any net chloride movement that occurred was random.
Learning lung nodule similarity using a genetic algorithm

The effectiveness and efficiency of content-based image retrieval (CBIR) can be improved by determining an optimal combination of image features to use in determining similarity between images. This combination of features can be optimized using a genetic algorithm (GA). Although several studies have used genetic algorithms to refine image features and similarity measures in CBIR, the present study is the first to apply these techniques to medical image retrieval. By implementing a GA to test different combinations of image features for pulmonary nodules in CT scans, the set of image features was reduced to 29 features from a total of 63 extracted features. The performance of the CBIR system was assessed by calculating the average precision across all query nodules. The precision values obtained using the GA-reduced set of features were significantly higher than those found using all 63 image features. Using radiologist-annotated malignancy ratings as ground truth resulted in an average precision of 85.95% after 3 images retrieved per query nodule when using the feature set identified by the GA. Using computer-predicted malignancy ratings as ground truth resulted in an average precision of 86.91% after 3 images retrieved. The results suggest that in the absence of radiologist semantic ratings, using computer-predicted malignancy as ground truth is a valid substitute given the closeness of the two precision values.
Anatomical analysis of the developmental effects of aneuploidy in man: The down syndrome

Detailed anatomical dissections of five Down syndrome (DS) bodies revealed a unique and consistent “internal phenotype” composed of: 1) variations in muscles, 2) peripheral artery variations, and 3) the presence of dilatations and nerve rootlets associated with the spinal accessory and first cervical nerves. Most of these variations may occur occasionally in the normal population, but their more frequent occurrence in the five DS cases provides further support for Shapiro's (1975) hypothesis that one effect of the extra autosome is to increase the instability of normal developmental processes. Three of the variations: 1) the presence of an extra facial muscle, 2) multiple vertebral arteries, and 3) the presence of dilatations and nerve rootlets associated with the spinal accessory and 1st cervical nerves, may be the result of a failure of regression of otherwise transient embryonic structures. A variation of the midfacial muscles of expression, explained as an arrest in development, has not been described previously and, to date, remains a manifestation unique to the trisomy 21 phenotype. Aside from their use in developmental speculation, the sum of these variations may be useful for corroborating diagnoses of suspected post-mortem cases of the DS without cytogenetic confirmation.
Steinernema phyllophagae n. sp. (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae), a new entomopathogenic nematode from Florida, USA.

A new species of entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema phyllophagae n. sp., was isolated from a white grub (Phyllophaga sp.) in a live oak (Quercus virginiana) nursery. The new species is characterised by morphometrics of the infective Sjuvenile (IJ) with body length 1289 (1133-1395) μm, distance from anterior end to the excretory pore 99 (84-120) μm, tail 89 (77-109) μm, ratio a = 31 (27.6-35.5), H% = 57 (51-60) and E% = 110 (70-139). The pattern of the lateral field of IJ of the new species is 2, 5, 6, 8, 6, 2. The male of the first generation can be recognised by the length and shape of the spicule and gubernaculum, position of the excretory pore, D% = 75 (68-80), and GS% = 71 (61-77). The female can be recognised by the vulva having low epiptygma and by the presence of several papilla-like structures near the tail tip. Steinernema phyllophagae n. sp. differs further from other species of Steinernema by characteristics of ITS and D2D3 regions of rDNA.
Gastric hyperplastic polyp in a horse

An unusually large, pedunculated (20 cm long) mass arising the gastric pylorus which produced complete obstruction of the proximal duodenum and severe gastric distension was found in a 13-year old castrated male Arabian horse. The histological diagnosis was gastric hyperplastic polyp, which has not been reported previously in the horse. The clinico-pathological findings in this horse are compared with hyperplastic (inflammatory) gastric polyps of man.
Related effects of calcium and serum on the G1 phase of the human WI38 fibroblast

Deprivation of extracellular Ca or serum inhibits the proliferation of WI38 human diploid fibroblasts. Under these conditions, the cells become quiescent at a point in the cell cycle typical of early G1 or Go phase-arrested cells. Exit of the cells from this point in the cycle appears to require both the presence of serum and Ca simulataneously. If quiescent cells are serum-stimulated in low Ca medium (0.01 mM), they do not progress through G1 to the S phase, which normally requires 14–18 hr. However, they remain competent to do so. Addition of Ca for up to 48 hr after serum stimulation results in an equal fraction of the cells progressing G1 phase as compared to the presence of Ca at the time of serum addition. In contrast, if quiescent cells are serum-stimulated in the presence of Ca, which is then removed, the cells can remain competent to enter S phase for only 10–12 hr. Re-addition of Ca beyond this time does not allow G1 progression on a normal schedule. These data suggest that Ca and serum are both required to trigger, in whole or in part, the pleiotypic response. Ca appears also to render the cells competent to enter S phase, but this competence is labile; an observation consistent with the PDGF-induced competence observed previously in the 3T3 cell. These observations are in contrast to previous data from other cell types which suggest that Ca is required only in late G1 phase for successful entrance to S phase.
Including Quantum Effects in the Dynamics of Complex (i.e., Large)Molecular Systems

The development in the 1950s and 1960s of crossed molecular beam methods for studying chemical reactions at the single-collision molecular level stimulated the need and desire for theoretical methods to describe these and other dynamical processes in molecular systems. Chemical dynamics theory has made great strides in the ensuing decades, so that methods are now available for treating the quantum dynamics of small molecular systems essentially completely. For the large molecular systems that are of so much interest nowadays (e.g., chemical reactions in solution, in clusters, in nanostructures, in biological systems, etc.), however, the only generally available theoretical approach is classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Much effort is currently being devoted to the development of approaches for describing the quantum dynamics of these complex systems. This paper reviews some of these approaches, especially the use of semiclassical approximations for adding quantum effects to classical MD simulations, also showing some new versions that should make these semiclassical approaches even more practical and accurate.
Whisker-related neural patterns develop normally despite severe whisker defects in Msx2 knockout mice.

In mice, whiskers on the snout form a highly specialized tactile organ with exquisitely patterned neural representations in the brain. Targeted deletion of the Msx2 gene leads to severe craniofacial defects, and stubby, curly whiskers. We examined the whisker pad histology, innervation, and whisker-related pattern formation along the trigeminal pathway in Msx2 −/− mice. Although the whiskers are severely deformed, whisker follicle structure, pattern and density of innervation, as well as central neural patterns in the brainstem, thalamus, and cortex appeared normal. We conclude that whisker-related neural patterns can form in the absence of normal whiskers, as long as whisker follicle innervation is intact.
Introduction of enzymes, by means of liposomes, into non-phagocytic human cells in vitro.

Abstract Liposomes containing entrapped horsedish peroxidase were incubated with three human cell lines in vitro. Although these cells did not ingest latex particles, and took up less than 1 minut of free peroxidase/5 · 106 from the medium, significant amounts (41–164 munits/5 · 106) of peroxidase became cell-associated by 30 min if the enzyme was presented in negatively charged liposomes (phosphatidylchloline/dicetyl phosphate/cholesterol, 70 : 20 : 10 molar ratio). Uptake of liposome-entrapped peroxidase by lymphocytes or fibroblasts was enhanced 2–5-fold if one molar percent of lysophosphatidylcholine was incorporated as a “fusogen”, and was not appreciately diminished by cytochalasin B, an inhibitor of phagocytosis. Lysophosphatidylcholine containing liposomes did not release trapped peroxidase into the medium during incubation, and studies employing the metallochromic dye, arsenazo III demonstrated lack of access of external Ca2+ to the internal, enzyme-laden, aqueous compartments; liposome-liposome fusion was also excluded by similar means. Ultrastructural cytochemstry demonstrated peroxidase within liposomes in the free cytosol of cultured cells 15–90 min after apparent liposome-cell fusion. Data provide evidence that multilamellar liposomes can be as vectors for the introjection of missing enzymes into non-phagocytic human cells.
Low parasitic resistance contacts for scaled ULSI devices

Abstract Analysis of the components of parasitic series resistance in ULSI devices shows that interfacial contact resistivities less than 10 −7 Ω cm 2 will be required for sub 100-nm ULSI devices in order to stay on the historical performance trend. With dimensional scaling, the series resistance–width product decreases because channel lengths are scaled, while it increases in contacts because the contact length is decreased. Unless the contact resistivity is also reduced, the contact resistance ultimately becomes higher than the channel resistance, and no performance advantage will be obtained by making the device smaller. The challenge in meeting the contacting requirements in the 1997 National Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors is especially difficult in light of the desire to simultaneously contact both n + and p + junctions with a single material and given the trend towards lower processing temperatures, in which the equilibrium dopant electrical activity is lower. Several techniques, such as dielectric capping during junction annealing, are effective in reducing contact resistivity by maximizing interfacial dopant concentrations and minimizing contact barrier heights. Higher saturated drive currents, due to lowered parasitic series resistance, are observed in deep submicron devices made using silicides as diffusion sources (SADS); this technique eliminates the interfacial dopant segregation that is associated with conventional silicidation. The use of elevated source drains (ESD) also allows the use of thicker silicides while minimizing the consumption-induced increase in contact resistivity that normally accompanies silicidation; as a result, ESD devices give higher drive currents. The recrystallization of amorphous layers has been observed to result in non-equilibrium dopant activation which can be many times the equilibrium value. Finally, the use of heterojunction contacts using Si–Ge in the context of elevated source/drain devices presents another way to achieve lower contact resistance.
Improving Mobile Web Navigation Using N-Grams Prediction Models

In this article, we propose to use N-gram models for improving Web navigation for mo-bile users. N-gram models are built from Web server logs to learn navigation patterns of mobile users. They are used as prediction models in an existing algorithm which improves mobile Web navigation by recommending shortcuts. Our experiments on two real data sets show that N-gram models are as effective as other more complex models in improving mobile Web navigation.
Functional Polymers. XVII. Radical Grafting of Methyl 5-Vinylsalicylate onto Polybutadienes

Abstract Methyl 5-vinylsalicylate was successfully grafted onto 1, 2-and cis-1,4-polybutadiene. When the grafting reaction was carried out in benzene at 60°C with azobisisobutyronitrile or benzoyl peroxide as the initiator, methyl 5-vinylsalicylate was transformed into grafted poly(methyl 5-vinylsalicylate) with a grafting efficiency of 5–22%. It was very important to carry out the grafting reaction under carefully controlled conditions and at relatively low concentration of polybutadienes, otherwise utilization of methyl 5-vinylsalicylate was low and cross-linking of polybutadiene occurred.
Diagnosing Perioperative Myocardial Infarction in Cardioth oracic and Vascular Surgery

Patients undergoing cardiac and high-risk noncardiac surgery have a high incidence of perioperative myocardial infarction. The early diagnosis of perioperative myocardial injury in these patients is complicated. In the perioperative period, there is a high incidence of nonspecific electrocardiographic changes and cardiac biomarker release. It is becoming increasingly imortant to differentiate myocardial necrosis from nonspecific changes because of the need for early intervention and the poential long term implications of a perioperative myocardial event. Although sensitive and specific assays to assess myoardial damage have been developed, specific thresholds to establish the occurrence a significant perioperative event have not been firmly defined. This review will attempt to outline the current evidence supporting the use of clinical symptoms, electrocardiographic changes, and cardiac biomarkers in the diagnosis of perioperative myocardial infarction and the longerm implication of these findings.
Shear-wave Splitting: Tutorial, Issues And Implications For 9-C 3-D Seismic Reflection Data

Characteristics of shear-wave splitting are illustrated by modeling the downgoing transmitted wavefield using a simple convolutional model. The crossterms (radial-transverse, transverse-radial) mimic the seismic thin-layer response as a function of the amount of shear-wave splitting (analogous to layer thickness) for a single fracture trend. For a fixed amount of splitting and variable azimuth relative to the anisotropy trend, the amplitude of the crossterms varies as a function of azimuth. In the presence of multiple fracture orientations, the crossterms are no longer identical, and for a variable-source receiver azimuth the effects of splitting appear as an azimuthally dependent wavelet.
Combined heat and mass transfer during bubble absorption in binary solutions

Bubble injection is an effective method for vapor absorption. This analytical study describes bubble behavior from inception to collapse as it translates inside a subcooled liquid binary solution. A finite difference method is employed to solve the governing equations and their associated boundary conditions. Special consideration is given to the complex interface mass and heat transport process. Subcooled liquid temperature and concentration fields surrounding a collapsing bubble are described. Bubble heat and mass transport variables are presented. Bubble diameter and mass are also described over the bubble life span.