cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of exercise on the physical fitness, intelligence, and adaptive behavior of institutionalized mentally retarded adults

The effects of a seven-month aerobic-type exercise program on physical fitness and intelligence of institutionalized adult mentally retarded persons were evaluated. Sixty-five subjects, matched on IQ, CA, and sex, were assigned randomly to exercise (PF), attention control (AC), and nonintervention control (C) groups. PF and AC groups participated in 139 training sessions, three hours per day, five days per week. The exercise consisted of running/jogging, calisthenics, and circuit training; those in the AC groups received a special education program; the C group continued their normal institutional training programs. Cardiovascular efficiency improved in the PF group. IQ and adaptive behavior did not improve as a result of any treatment. Even though standardized tests reflected little change in adaptive behavior of participants, subjective reports suggest PF training may serve as an effective habilitation program for many institutionalized mentally retarded adults.
Dimensions of innovative climate in Chinese R&D units

This paper reports on the application of Rickards' and Bessant's ‘Creativity Audit’ in 141 research and development units in the People's Republic of China during 1982 and 1983. The objective of the paper is multifold: 1) to employ factor analysis in order to determine key dimensions of innovative climate and through these to be able to reduce the original instrument to a more convenient size; 2) to compare the concept of innovative climate between RD and 3) to utilize the dimensions of innovative climate to consider some hypotheses concerning the performance of R&D in developing countries and in China in particular.
The neural circuits and sensory channels mediating harsh touch sensation in Caenorhabditis elegans

The mechanisms by which animals distinguish between harsh and gentle touch are unclear. Using Caenorhabditis elegans as a model system, the authors identify neural circuits and touch-sensitive ion channels that are required for harsh touch sensation.
Cytochrome P450 in the liver mitochondrial outer membrane of 20-methyl cholanthrene or Aroclor treated rabbits

Abstract Outer mitochondrial membrane was isolated from swelled rabbit liver mitochondria and precipitated with Ca ++ at a concentration that does not precipitates microsomes. After induction with 20-methyl cholanthrene or Aroclor the outer membrane shows the presence of cytochrome P 450 and glucose 6-phosphatase.
554 EVIDENCE FOR THE ROLE OF RIBONUCLEOTIDE REDUCTASE INHIBITION IN ADENOSINE DEAMINASE DEFICIENCY

Adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency is associated with a form of severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID). Enzyme replacement therapy has restored immunologic competence in some ADA-SCID patients (Polmar et al. N Engl J Med 295:1337, 1976). Their lymphocytes, however, remain ADA deficient. Enzyme therapy also reduces the high levels of deoxyATP (dATP) present in these patients prior to therapy. The effects of adenosine and deoxyadenosine upon proliferation of ADA deficient lymphocytes were studied using 3H-leucine incorporation as a measure of cell proliferation. Studies were carried out upon lymphocytes from one ADA-SCID patient and three normal individuals whose lymphocytes were made ADA deficient with the ADA inhibitor EHNA. ADA deficient lymphocytes were 100-1000 times more sensitive to inhibition by deoxyadenosine than by adenosine. Inhibition could be partially reversed (up to 78%) by low concentrations (1-10 uM) of deoxycytidine and to a lesser extent by thymidine, but not by other ribo- or deoxyribonucleosides. Addition of both deoxycytidine and thymidine completely reversed inhibition. Deoxyadenosine's inhibitory effects appear to be mediated through dATP, a potent inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase. Deoxycytidine and thymidine can bypass this block and supply these cells with deoxypyrimidine nucleosides for DNA synthesis. These data suggest that deoxycytidine and thymidine supplementation may be clinically useful in the therapy of ADA-SCID patients.
Results of complete lymph node dissection in 83 melanoma patients with positive sentinel nodes.

Background: The technique of sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy for melanoma provides accurate staging information because the histology of the SLN reflects the histology of the entire basin, particularly when the SLN is negative.
Application of SMA Actuators to Spacesuit Glove Mobility

A common problem with space suit systems is overly rigid gloves that resist astronaut finger motion and gripping. In this paper, the design of a mechanism is considered that exploits the small-scale nature of shape memory alloys for actuating glove fingers to assist hand gripping. The design problem is introduced by considering the objectives, constraints, and variables relevant to a spacesuit glove actuator design. Advantages and disadvantages of shape memory alloys for this application are presented. The selection of a specific shape memory alloy composition is considered, as well as specimen dimensions and connection configuration, based on ergonomic considerations. Mechanism actuation was then simulated using finite element analysis of a simulated glove-finger-actuator assembly. The results of this paper show that the designed shape memory alloy mechanism is feasible for assisting astronaut hand gripping.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Does the American experience with alcohol prohibition generalize to marijuana

It is common to compare contemporary legal prohibitions against drugs with the prohibition against alcohol in the 1930s. Making this analogy presumes similarities between the two prohibitions which have policy implicatioas for the current legal response to drugs. This study focuses on one drug, marijuana. Moonshiners of the 1930s are compared with contemporary domestic marijuana cultivators, the effects of alcohol prohibition are compared with the effects of prohibiting marijuana, and issues relevant to current marijuana policies are examined.
Reversible Enolization of β-Amino Carboxamides by Lithium Hexamethyldisilazide

The enolization of β-amino carboxamides by lithium hexamethyldisilazide (LiHMDS) in THF/toluene and subsequent diastereoselective alkylation with CH3I are reported. In situ IR spectroscopic studies reveal that β-amino carboxamides coordinate to LiHMDS at −78 °C before enolization. Comparison with structurally similar carboxamides suggests that the β-amino group promotes the enolization. IR spectroscopic studies also show that the enolization is reversible. Efficient trapping of the enolate by CH3I affords full conversion to products. 6Li and 15N NMR spectroscopic studies reveal that lithium enolate−LiHMDS mixed dimers and trimers as well as a homoaggregated enolate are formed during the reaction. At ambient temperature, racemization of the β-position through a putative reversible Michael addition was observed.
Bromodesulfonation of phenolsulfonphthalein: Elimination of colour quenching in liquid scintillation counting

Abstract A mild, specific chemical procedure suitable for large number of samples has been developed for the decolorization of sulfonphthalein dyes. The method is based on electrophilic bromination of the dye using aqueous N-bromosuccinimide with concomitant destruction of the sultone ring and elimination of sulfur trioxide. Reduction of the presumed quinoid intermediate with aqueous sodium borohydride completes the process. The method has been applied to the preparation of samples containing 14C and 3H which were too highly quenched by the dye to be counted without its removal.
Vitamin D Deficiency Among Newly Resettled Refugees in Massachusetts

Previous studies have indicated that vitamin D deficiency is widespread among immigrants and refugees. This study sought to determine the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among a large and diverse cohort of refugees in Massachusetts to assess its significance for routine refugee health screening of refugees. 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels for 2,610 refugees screened between 2007 and 2009 were used to estimate vitamin D status and to examine the relationship between deficiency or insufficiency and age, gender, regional origin, and season of testing. Among those tested, 78 % were either vitamin D insufficient or deficient. Insufficiency or deficiency was most prevalent in refugees from the Middle East (89 %) and lowest in those from the Caribbean (59 %). Risk was higher among women than among men from some regions, such as the Middle East, but not others. For women, the likelihood of deficiency increased with age, while for men, the likelihood of deficiency was similar for preschool children and men at the height of their working years. The high overall prevalence of vitamin D deficiency suggests that empiric supplementation or treatment may be preferred to testing until more is known about the long-term epidemiology of vitamin D deficiency and its consequences.
DNA Conformational Dynamics in Mismatch Recognition

DNA mismatch recognition is done by the homodimer MutS in prokaryotes and by its homologues: heterodimers Msh2-Msh3 and Msh2-Msh6 in eukaryotes. Msh2-Msh6 binds preferentially to single insertion/deletions. Msh2-Msh3 has been shown to bind to DNA hairpins. It has been suggested that the conformational dynamics of the DNA substrate (bending and unbending) plays a fundamental role in the recognition process. Mismatch recognition allows identifying a single mismatched DNA pair among thousands of matched basepairs. The process is ATP dependent and different models for DNA discrimination have been proposed based in biochemical evidence as well as AFM studies. In this work we study the conformational dynamics of several DNA substrates and its complexes with the human MutS homologs. The DNA substrates were labeled with fluorescent dyes that constitute a fluorescence resonant energy transfer (FRET) pair. Experiments at the single molecule level allow us to follow the conformational dynamics of the substrates by determining the substrate's end to end distance. We were able to determine the binding and dissociation rates of the proteins from the substrates as well as the conformational state of the substrates under different conditions, including studies with ATP and ADP under both hydrolytic and non-hydrolytic conditions. In particular we discuss the role of the substrate's intrinsic dynamics for binding of hMsh2-hMsh3 to DNA hairpins and DNA 3-way junctions.
The resistance of varroa mites (Acari: Varroidae) to acaricides and the presence of esterase

Abstract Varroa mites (Varroa destructor Anderson and Trueman, 2000) are becoming resistant to acaricide treatments via metabolic and/or target site desensitivity. Results of a survey of mites from the Carl Hayden AZ lab and from cooperators in five locations (Arizona, California, Florida, Maine, North Dakota) showed that some mites were susceptible to all three acaricides (Amitraz, Coumaphos, Fluvalinate) in the spring of 2003, but by fall most mites were resistant. Mites were resistant to all chemicals, even from beekeepers that do not treat colonies with acaricides. We used esterase native activity gels to test for the presence of specific esterases which might be involved in pesticide resistance in varroa. All mites tested had positive bands for esterase, even those exhibiting susceptibility to some acaricides. Based on the differences between the esterase activity gel profile of the susceptible and cross-resistant V. destructor, it is possible that an esterase-mediated resistance mechanism is operati...
Pulsed Emission from the BaO–SrO–CaO System

IN a recent communication1 we referred to our work on the measurement of the thermionic emission from mixtures of alkaline earth oxides (BaO, SrO and CaO). The accompanying diagram shows the variation of pulsed emission (amp. cm.−2 at 1,000° K.) with molecular composition which we have found. As can be seen, there appears to be a large central area in which the emission is greater than the maximum obtained from any barium/strontium mixture. A maximum of about 8.0 amp. cm.−2 occurs at BaO : SrO : CaO : : 47 : 43 : 10, the emission falling away sharply with any variation of composition greater than 2 per cent. This value has been obtained from oxides prepared from either mixed or co-precipitated carbonates and can be repeated to within ± 10 per cent. Violet and Reithmuller2 have also found a similar variation of emission in the neighbourhood of this composition. In all, about a hundred different compositions have been studied, in many cases from both mixed and co-precipitated carbonates.
Fragmentation of the large subunit ribosomal RNA gene in oyster mitochondrial genomes

Discontinuous genes have been observed in bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotic nuclei, mitochondria and chloroplasts. Gene discontinuity occurs in multiple forms: the two most frequent forms result from introns that are spliced out of the RNA and the resulting exons are spliced together to form a single transcript, and fragmented gene transcripts that are not covalently attached post-transcriptionally. Within the past few years, fragmented ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes have been discovered in bilateral metazoan mitochondria, all within a group of related oysters. In this study, we have characterized this fragmentation with comparative analysis and experimentation. We present secondary structures, modeled using comparative sequence analysis of the discontinuous mitochondrial large subunit rRNA genes of the cupped oysters C. virginica, C. gigas, and C. hongkongensis. Comparative structure models for the large subunit rRNA in each of the three oyster species are generally similar to those for other bilateral metazoans. We also used RT-PCR and analyzed ESTs to determine if the two fragmented LSU rRNAs are spliced together. The two segments are transcribed separately, and not spliced together although they still form functional rRNAs and ribosomes. Although many examples of discontinuous ribosomal genes have been documented in bacteria and archaea, as well as the nuclei, chloroplasts, and mitochondria of eukaryotes, oysters are some of the first characterized examples of fragmented bilateral animal mitochondrial rRNA genes. The secondary structures of the oyster LSU rRNA fragments have been predicted on the basis of previous comparative metazoan mitochondrial LSU rRNA structure models.
Resolution of Obstructive Sleep Apnea After Microvascular Brainstem Decompression

Lesions of the brainstem have been associated with obstructive sleep apnea in previous reports. We now report a case in which retromastoid craniectomy with microvascular decompression of the medulla and ninth and tenth cranial nerves resulted in the complete resolution of severe obstructive sleep apnea. Possible mechanisms for this observation are discussed.
A comparison of the inflammatory response to a polydimethylsiloxane implant in male and female Balb/c mice

The implantation of biomaterials elicits a host response that influences the long-term behavior of implanted medical devices. This foreign body response is governed by cells of the immune system. Because sexual dimorphism in the immune system is well-established, a comparative study of the foreign body response in male and female mice was initiated. Eight-week-old male and female Balb/c mice received two subcutaneous implants in the interscapular region of a smooth peroxide-catalyzed polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and were sacrificed at 2, 14, 42, 70, and 105 days after implantation (n = 6 per sex per time point). Controls for each time point underwent the surgical procedure but received no implant. Tissue from the implant or surgical site was fixed, processed, and paraffin-embedded for histopathological evaluation and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for tumor necrosis factor-alpha TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta). In control animals, an inflammatory response was observed at 2 days that was decreased by 14 days and absent after 42 days. At 2 and 14 days after PDMS implantation, a mild to moderate inflammatory reaction was observed around implants. The peak response was seen at 14 days, and granulation tissue, composed primarily of fibroblasts, macrophages, and neutrophils, was first observed at this time. After 105 days, the implantation site was surrounded by mature connective tissue, which had minimal numbers of macrophages and neutrophils, with severity scores that did not differ significantly in males and females. The immunostaining for TNF-alpha and IL-1beta followed similar temporal patterns, with both reaching a peak at the two week time point and remaining elevated, compared to level of expression in the controls, throughout the 105 day observation period. Staining for both cytokines in the implanted animals was generally higher in females than in males, although this difference was significant only for IL-1beta. These results suggest subtle differences between males and females in the activity of peri-implant inflammatory cells.
Ventilatory care in myasthenia gravis crisis: assessing the baseline adverse event rate.

Objective Myasthenic patients who require mechanical ventilation often develop pneumonia or atelectasis. Although there are differences in the prevalence of these complications among various institutions, there is no evidence that aggressive treatment shortens the course of the myasthenic crisis. We have quantified the severity of lung injury and aggressiveness of respiratory intervention in myasthenic patients admitted to the neuro-critical care unit. Design We retrospectively identified all mechanically ventilated myasthenic patients admitted in our unit between 1990 and 1998. Setting Neuro-critical care unit of a tertiary care center in an urban area with a large, established, regional neuromuscular disease program. Patients Eighteen myasthenia gravis patients with 24 episodes of respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation. Interventions A novel respiratory intervention index, comprising the use of suction, intermittent positive-pressure breathing or bronchodilator treatments, sighs, and chest physiotherapy represented the aggressiveness of the respiratory treatment. The respiratory intervention index was correlated with the lung injury score, used as a measure of lung involvement and other respiratory variables. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Our patients had less atelectasis and pneumonia than previously published series (46% vs. 91%), leading to shorter mechanical support and neuro-critical care unit stay. The mean respiratory intervention index correlated with lung injury score and inversely with forced vital capacity. Conclusions This study presents an estimate for both severity of pulmonary complications and intensity of respiratory therapy in the severe myasthenic patient with mechanical ventilatory compromise. Our results suggest that aggressive respiratory treatment should be used in myasthenic patients in crisis to diminish the risk for prolonged respiratory complications. These observations should be validated in a prospective study.
Ultra-wideband (UWB) local positioning system (LPS) - An experimental study and analysis

An experimental study of recently developed UWB ranging radios is presented in this paper. The new radios measure ranges with a resolution of +/- 6 inches over a range of a kilometer, and can update at a rate of a thousand samples per second. However, measured ranges often have uncertain biases and occasional large sporadic large errors due to practical issues such as multipath and attenuation effect caused by radio penetrating through mediums. The paper will discuss experimental tests and results that characterize the ranging characteristics of the UWB radios in terms of statistics on accuracy and repeatability. Based on the observed characteristics, a fuzzy adaptive double Kalman filtering technique was developed to improve convergence to desired estimates. The double filtering technique consists of an overall filter that supervises a neighborhood filter via a fuzzy logic that provides initial states, minimizes large sporadic noise and recalibrates for biases. The paper will also present an ad hoc UWB local positioning system based on triangulation of the ranges. Statistical bounds for errors in the calculation will be analyzed and compared using techniques such as the Cramer-Rao bound, sensitivity analysis, and Monte Carlo simulation. Finally, sensor fusion the UWB location with vehicle kinematics/dynamics was implemented. The paper will present an experimental demonstration of autonomous mobile robot navigation using the UWB LPS.
Factors influencing induction and maintenance of Vitis rotundifolia Michx. embryogenic cultures

Unopened leaves, petioles and fully opened leaves from micropropagation cultures of five Vitis rotundifolia Michx. varieties were cultured on induction medium to study their embryogenic response. Among the various explants tested, the maximum number of varieties produced embryogenic cultures from unopened leaves followed by fully opened leaves and petioles. Based on morphological differences, two types of embryogenic cultures were identified. Friable cultures typically arose as proembryonic masses (PEM) on induction medium, whereas somatic embryo production without an intervening PEM stage was observed in compact cultures. Of the five varieties tested, the highest frequency of embryogenic response was observed from fully opened leaves of ‘Supreme’ and unopened leaves and petioles of ‘Delicious’. Attempts to initiate suspension cultures from varieties resulted in proliferation and maintenance of ‘Alachua’ and ‘Carlos’ cultures in liquid medium for 16 weeks. Embryogenic potential of varieties was studied on cultures growing on embryo development medium. The maximum number of cotyledonary stage somatic embryos from 0.2 g proembryonic masses were observed in ‘Carlos’ (379.3) followed by ‘Alachua’ (350.0) and ‘Delicious’ (305.0). Cotyledonary stage somatic embryos germinated when cultured on Murashige and Skoog medium containing 1 μM Benzyladenine (BA). Although high embryo germination rates (80–100%) were observed in the varieties tested, plant recovery from germinated somatic embryos ranged from 6–47%. Embryogenic cultures could be maintained on X6 medium and used in genetic engineering studies.
Lepton number conserving and non-conserving weak interactions☆

Abstract A gauge theory of weak and electromagnetic interactions based on a group containing the SU(4) group of unitary unimodular transformations on the lepton and quark quartets, is shown to be possible only if lepton and/or baryon number are not exactly conserved, or if there exist particles that cannot be built of quarks and leptons. The spontaneous breakdown of lepton number conservation in terms of tadpole-producing spinless leptons is considered.
KINETIC ASPECTS OF THE GLASS-TRANSITION BEHAVIOUR OF MALTOSE-WATER MIXTURES

Abstract The dependence of viscosity on temperature, determined for a range of maltose—water mixtures, is described well by the equation η = A exp[B/( T − T 0 ]. Predicted values of the glass-transition temperature ( T g ), where the viscosity has a value of 10 12 Pa.s, were within a few degrees of those obtained experimentally by calorimetry. The activation enthalpy for the relaxation processes in the liquid increased on cooling as T g was approached. The maltose—water mixtures can be considered as fragile in Angell's classification of the viscous and glass-transition behaviour of liquids.
Generalized fictitious methods for fluid–structure interactions: Analysis and simulations

We present a new fictitious pressure method for fluid–structure interaction (FSI) problems in incompressible flow by generalizing the fictitious mass and damping methods we published previously in [1]. The fictitious pressure method involves modification of the fluid solver whereas the fictitious mass and damping methods modify the structure solver. We analyze all fictitious methods for simplified problems and obtain explicit expressions for the optimal reduction factor (convergence rate index) at the FSI interface [2]. This analysis also demonstrates an apparent similarity of fictitious methods to the FSI approach based on Robin boundary conditions, which have been found to be very effective in FSI problems. We implement all methods, including the semi-implicit Robin based coupling method, in the context of spectral element discretization, which is more sensitive to temporal instabilities than low-order methods. However, the methods we present here are simple and general, and hence applicable to FSI based on any other spatial discretization. In numerical tests, we verify the selection of optimal values for the fictitious parameters for simplified problems and for vortex-induced vibrations (VIV) even at zero mass ratio (“for-ever-resonance”). We also develop an empirical a posteriori analysis for complex geometries and apply it to 3D patient-specific flexible brain arteries with aneurysms for very large deformations. We demonstrate that the fictitious pressure method enhances stability and convergence, and is comparable or better in most cases to the Robin approach or the other fictitious methods.
Creep and creep–fatigue crack growth

Creep and creep–fatigue considerations are important in predicting the remaining life and safe inspection intervals as part of maintenance programs for components operating in harsh, high temperature environments. Time-dependent deformation associated with creep alters the crack tip stress fields established as part of initial loading which must be addressed in any viable theory to account for creep in the vicinity of crack tips. This paper presents a critical assessment of the current state-of-the-art of time-dependent fracture mechanics (TDFM) concepts, test techniques, and applications and describes these important developments that have occurred over the past three decades. It is concluded that while big advances have been made in TDFM, the capabilities to address some significant problems still remain unresolved. These include (a) elevated temperature crack growth in creep-brittle materials used in gas turbines but now also finding increasing use in advanced power-plant components (b) in predicting crack growth in weldments that inherently have cracks or crack-like defects in regions with microstructural gradients (c) in development of a better fundamental understanding of creep–fatigue–environment interactions, and (d) in prognostics of high temperature component reliability. It is also argued that while these problems were considered intractable a few years ago, the advances in technology do make it possible to systematically address them now and advance TDFM to its next level in addressing the more difficult but real engineering problems.
Variations in Medicaid Mental Health Service Use and Cost for Children

Mental health care is a critical component of Medicaid for children. This study used summary tables drawn from the 1999 Medicaid Analytic Extract (MAX) files, the first available Medicaid data for the entire US, to examine fee-for-service Medicaid in 23 selected states. Data show that 9% of children and youth (ages 0–21) had a mental health-related diagnosis on a claim, varying from 5% to 17% across the states. The proportion increased with age, and was higher for boys. Over half of those diagnosed received psychotropic medication, and approximately 7% had an inpatient psychiatric admission during the year. Mental health costs accounted for 26.5% of total fee-for-service Medicaid expenditures, varying from 14% to 61% depending on the state.
Identification of succinic acid as a constituent of the perienteric fluid of Ascaris lumbricoides.

Abstract The component of the perienteric fluid of Ascaris lumbricoides that stimulates the oxygen uptake of Ascaris muscle has been isolated and identified as succinic acid. The concentration of succinate in 14 samples of perienteric fluid varied between 5.3 and 12.0 μM per ml.
Tolerance to the neurotoxic effects of methamphetamine in young rats

Abstract The present study examined whether exposure to methamphetamine during adolescence (as determined in post-natal day 40 rats) might alter its effects when used in young adulthood (as assessed in post-natal day 90 rats). Results confirm that high-dose methamphetamine administration (4×10 mg/kg/injection, s.c., 2-h intervals) decreases striatal dopamine uptake and transporter ligand binding in post-natal day 90 rats; effects that were blocked if animals received six biweekly methamphetamine pretreatments (15 mg/kg; s.c.) beginning at post-natal day 40. This neuroprotection was not likely due to pharmacokinetic tolerance, since brain methamphetamine concentrations did not differ 1 h after the high-dose methamphetamine regimen among treated rats regardless of pretreatment. The methamphetamine biweekly pretreatment attenuated the hyperthermia caused by the neurotoxic methamphetamine regimen; a phenomenon that may have contributed to the neuroprotection.
Electronic Text Readability Issues for the Visually Impaired

A 2x5x2x3 (visual capability, font size, polarity, and contrast) repeated-measures design was used to determine if readability of electronic text can be improved for people with low vision. The results show that alterations can be made to the typeface of displayed characters that do not affect unimpaired vision readers while dramatically improving the readability of the impaired vision population. The key characteristic for low vision readers was found to be font size. Letters of at least 24 points were needed to maximize readability in this study. If letters smaller than this were used, negative polarity and smaller contrast ratios were found to decrease reading performance.
Separating tape bounded auxiliary pushdown automata classes

Previous results in the literature which describe separation theorems for time bounded complexity classes serve also to separate classes defined by tape bounded auxiliary pushdown automata. Results described here refine these basic relationships between classes defined by tape bounded AuxPDA. It is shown that, for auxiliary PDA fully constructable functions S0 and S1 satisfying S1 (n+1) e o,(S0 (n)), S0 tape bounded AuxPDA are more powerful than S1 tape bounded AuxPDA. Further results refine the resulting separation by the number of worktape symbols and the number of worktape heads. Results are also described for separating classes defined by tape bounded AuxPDA with one pushdown store symbol, i.e. auxiliary counter automata (AuxCA). Refinements of the known equivalence of nondeterministic L(n)-tape bounded AuxPDA and deterministic L(n)-tape bounded AuxPDA are also described. One corollary is that every two-way nondeterministic PDA can be simulated by a two-way deterministic PDA with four input tape heads and that every context-free language can be recognized by a deterministic two-way PDA with three heads. Another corollary of these results shows that there are languages over a single letter alphabet which are recognized by (k+1)-head two-way PDA but cannot be recognized by any k-head two-way PDA. It is shown also that AuxPDA and AuxCA can fully construct very slow growing functions so that even small amounts of worktape space (e.g. that bounded by log*n) increase their computational power.
Optical mask for laser-cooled atoms

An optical mask is a standing wave of light in resonance with an open atomic transition. The mask depletes the population of the initial internal state everywhere except in a narrow vicinity of the nodes. We have experimentally explored the optical mask as a tool for creating a periodic pattern in the density of cold rubidium atoms (in a particular hyperfine ground state) and also as an instrument for imaging the density in situ. The instrumental width of the imaging technique is a small fraction of the optical wavelength and is limited due to an effect of the dipole force rather than the initial velocity spread.
Dictionary of United States Economic History

Preface Dictionary Appendix: A Chronology of United States Economic History Selected Bibliography Index
Bias and Inconsistency in Linear Regression

Linear regression yields minimum-variance, unbiased estimates of the adjustable parameters, provided only that the analyzed data be unbiased and of finite variance. If further the data are normally distributed, then so will be the estimated parameters. But frequently data are transformed before fitting, and if the original data are normal, the transformed data may not be. In particular, inversion and logarithmic conversion yield biased, non-Gaussian distributions, so least-squares analysis of such data yields biased, nonnormally distributed parameters, even when the transformed data are properly weighted in accord with the transformation. Monte Carlo calculations are used to study the effects of such nonnormal data in cases of relevance to the analysis of equilibrium and kinetics data (exponential decay, binding constants, enzyme kinetics, fluorescence quenching, adsorption). Typically 105 equivalent data sets are processed to obtain precise information about the parameter biases and distributions. The bi...
Neuromuscular Spindles in Intrinsic Muscles of a Human Larynx

In an effort to determine the possible distribution of neuromuscular spindles in the human larynx, a histologic examination of the adductors and tensors of the vocal folds was undertaken. The muscl...
Supporting and Sustaining a Personal Orientation to Music Teaching: Implications for Music Teacher Education

This article provides a conceptual argument for considering a personal orientation as a guiding framework for music teacher education. The potential strength and impact of this philosophical stance...
Correcting iron deficiencies in annual and perennial plants: Present technologies and future prospects

Correction of Fe chlorosis is done mainly by foliar sprays because soil applications generally are ineffective, especially for annual crops. Inorganic Fe sources applied to soils react rapidly to forms which are not as available to plants; ferrous Fe is oxidized to the ferric form in well-aerated soils, especially as soil pH increases. Several synthetic chelates and organic complexes have been used with varying success, depending upon Fe source and rate, application method, plant species, and weather and soil conditions. Use of Fe-efficient cultivars is one method of counteracting Fe deficiencies in some species. Future prospects for improving control of Fe chlorosis lie more with development of Fe-efficient cultivars of Fe-sensitive species than with development of improved Fe fertilizers and methods of application. The techniques of molecular biology should be applicable to help solve this important plant nutrition problem, but priority has not been given to conduct this research at this time.
A micro cell culture method utilizing modified microscope slides for use in fluorescent antibody and enzyme immunoassays.

A technique for culturing small quantities of mammalian cells on modified microscope slides is described. The modified microscope slides were Bellco Glass, Inc., toxoplasmosis slides and the cell cultures used were early passage bovine embryonic lung cells and continuous cell lines of porcine and canine origins. The slide cell cultures were either uninfected or infected with selected viruses or the obligate intracellular protozoanEncephalitozoon caniculi for utilization in direct and indirect fluorescent antibody testing or in peroxidase antiperoxidase immunosorbant assays.
Arterial Chemoembolization/Embolization and Early Complications after Hepatocellular Carcinoma Treatment: A Safe Standardized Protocol in Selected Patients with Child Class A and B Cirrhosis

Purpose To assess the safety of transarterial treatments of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and the statistical correlation of various patient factors with the frequency of complications, in selected patients with cirrhosis when adhering to well-standardized protocols. Materials and Methods Three hundred twenty consecutive patients with unresectable HCC were treated with transarterial chemoembolization, oil chemoembolization, and embolization. A total of 712 treatments were performed, with an average of 2.3 treatments for each patient. The epirubicin dose was adjusted according to defined laboratory criteria. An early complication was defined as one that occurred within 4 weeks of treatment. Complications were classified as minor and major and assessed by using clinical and laboratory data. Results Of the 712 procedures, 21 complications (2.9%) occurred in 17 of the 320 patients (5.3%). Major complications included acute liver failure ( n = 1, 0.1%), variceal bleeding ( n = 2, 0.3%), moderate-to-severe ascites ( n = 4, 0.6%), sepsis ( n = 3, 0.4%), cholecystitis ( n = 1, 0.1%), and diverticulitis ( n = 1, 0.1%). Minor complications were hepatic artery damage, including spontaneously resolved dissection ( n = 3, 0.4%), mild encephalopathy ( n = 1, 0.1%), and aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase levels greater than 500 U/L ( n = 5, 0.7%). The 30-day mortality rate was 0.003% ( n = 1). Constitutional syndrome ( P = .0001), Child-Pugh score ( P = .0001), ascites ( P = .037), and the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score ( P = .02) were found to have a statistically significant correlation with complications after univariate analysis. Child-Pugh score ( P = .012) and constitutional syndrome ( P = .003) were found to have a statistically significant correlation with complications after logistic regression analysis. Conclusions Transarterial treatments can be considered safe in patients with Child class A and B cirrhosis when an adjusted dose of epirubicin is used according to body surface, severity of liver disease, and white blood cell count. Accurate patient selection and procedure-related factors may reduce the frequency of complications and help preserve liver function.
MR Imaging of Maternal Diseases of the Abdomen and Pelvis during Pregnancy and the Immediate Postpartum Period

Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging provides multiplanar large field-of-view images of the body with excellent soft-tissue contrast and without ionizing radiation. As a result, MR imaging is increasingly being used to image the maternal abdomen and pelvis during and immediately after pregnancy. Results of rapid T1- and T2-weighted imaging are often diagnostic, and blood vessels, ductal structures, and the urinary tract can frequently be visualized without intravenous administration of contrast material. Until more conclusive safety data become available, MR imaging should be reserved for cases in which results of ultrasonography are inconclusive and patient care depends on further imaging. In the setting of acute abdomen during pregnancy, MR imaging allows identification of areas of inflammation, abscess formation, hemorrhage, and bowel obstruction. MR imaging also helps determine the organ of origin, extent, and composition of maternal neoplasms and is useful in evaluation of mullerian duct anomalies and abnormalities of placental formation, position, and implantation. Many postpartum complications such as retained products of conception and uterine dehiscence may be diagnosed with MR imaging when results of other modalities are indeterminate.
A low-cost transparent electric field sensor for 3d interaction on mobile devices

We contribute a thin, transparent, and low-cost design for electric field sensing, allowing for 3D finger and hand tracking and gestures on mobile devices. Our approach requires no direct instrumentation of the hand or body, and is non-optical, allowing for a compact form-factor that is resilient to ambient illumination. Our simple driver electronics are based on an off-the-shelf chip that removes the need for building custom analog electronics. We describe the design of our transparent electrode array, and present a machine learning algorithm for mapping from signal measurements at the receivers to 3D positions. We demonstrate non-contact motion gestures, and precise 3D hand and finger localization. We conclude by discussing limitations and future work.
Hyperexplexia: An inherited disorder of the startle response

A family is presented with hyperexplexia, a rare autosomal dominant neurological disorder. Affected individuals manifest flexor hypertonia and hypokinesia during infancy. Later and throughout life, the condition is characterized by exaggerated involuntary myoclonic startle reactions, which on occasion result in falling. There are also marked nocturnal myoclonic jerks. Many family members have had congenital hip dislocations and inguinal hernias. Pre- and postnatal hypertonia is proposed as the cause for these problems. The nature and location of central nervous system dysfunction in hyperexplexia was investigated using electroencephalographic and brainstem-evoked response techniques. A dysfunction of cortical inhibition of the brainstem-mediated startle response is discussed as a possible pathogenic mechanism. Accurate diagnosis of this disorder is important in order to provide appropriate counseling and to initiate effective treatment.
Outcomes of pregnancies complicated by liver cirrhosis, portal hypertension, or esophageal varices

AbstractObjective: To evaluate pregnancy outcomes in women with liver cirrhosis, portal hypertension, or esophageal varices.Study design: We analyzed a retrospective cohort of 2 284 218 pregnancies in 2005–2009 recorded in the California Birth Registry database. Utilizing ICD-9 codes we analyzed the following outcomes for liver cirrhosis, portal hypertension, or esophageal varices in pregnancy: preeclampsia (PET), preterm delivery (PTD; <37 weeks), cesarean section, low birth weight (LBW; <2500 g), small for gestational age (SGA; <10th percentile), neonatal death (NND), and postpartum hemorrhage (PPH).Results: Cirrhosis in pregnancy conferred an increased risk of PET, PTD, CS in multiparous women, LBW, and NND. Portal hypertension in pregnancy was associated with PTD, LBW, NND, and PPH. Non-bleeding esophageal varices in pregnancy were not associated with the outcomes assessed in a statistically significant manner. One case of bleeding esophageal varices was observed, resulting in PTD with a LBW infant. T...
Application-Level Autonomic Hardware to Predict and Preempt Software Attacks on Industrial Control Systems

We mitigate malicious software threats to industrial control systems, not by bolstering perimeter security, but rather by using application-specific configurable hardware to monitor and possibly override software operations in real time at the lowest (I/O pin) level of a system-on-chip platform containing a micro controller augmented with configurable logic. The process specifications, stability-preserving backup controller, and switchover logic are specified and formally verified as C code commonly used in control systems, but synthesized into hardware to resist software reconfiguration attacks. In addition, a copy of the production controller task is optionally implemented in an on-chip, isolated soft processor, connected to a model of the physical process, and accelerated to preview what the controller will attempt to do in the near future. This prediction provides greater assurance that the backup controller can be invoked before the physical process becomes unstable. Adding trusted, application-tailored, software-invisible, autonomic hardware is well-supported in a commercial system-on-chip platform.
Zitterbewegung and the internal geometry of the electron

Schr\"odinger's work on the Zitterbewegung of the free electron is reexamined. His proposed "microscopic momentum" vector for the Zitterbewegung is rejected in favor of a "relative momentum" vector, with the value $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{P}}=mc\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$ in the rest frame of the center of mass. His oscillatory "microscopic coordinate" vector is retained. In the rest frame, it takes the form $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{Q}}=\ensuremath{-}i(\frac{\ensuremath{\hbar}}{2mc})\ensuremath{\beta}\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$, and the Zitterbewegung is described in this frame in terms of $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{P}}$, $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{Q}}$, and the Hamiltonian $m{c}^{2}\ensuremath{\beta}$, as a finite three-dimensional harmonic oscillator with a compact phase space. The Lie algebra generated by $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{Q}}$ and $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{P}}$ is that of SO(5), and in particular $[{Q}_{i},{P}_{j}]=\ensuremath{-}i\ensuremath{\hbar}{\ensuremath{\delta}}_{\mathrm{ij}}\ensuremath{\beta}$. It is argued that the simplest possible finite, three-dimensional, isotropic, quantum-mechanical system requires such an SO(5) structure, incorporates a fundamental length, and has harmonic-oscillator dynamics. Dirac's equation is derived as the wave equation appropriate to the description of such a finite quantum system in an arbitrary moving frame of reference, using a dynamical group SO(3,2) which can be extended to SO(4,2). Spin appears here as the orbital angular momentum associated with the internal system, and rest-mass energy appears as the internal energy in the rest frame. Possible generalizations of these ideas are indicated, in particular those involving higher-dimensional representations of SO(5).
Managing the HIV/AIDS Pandemic: Paving a Path into the Future of International Law and Organization

Complex global interdependence continues to influence international legal and political affairs at the close of the twentieth century. As interdependence has tightened, non-state actors have emerged in many policy areas as key political and service delivery players; often supporting increasingly prioritized human-centered issues. Analysis of the global management of the HIV/AIDS pandemic suggests that use of international quasi-legislation can be employed in order to create space within which to manage these changes, thus opening room for discussion about new approaches to meeting the challenges of a changing world.
Bromide determination at nanogram levels by laser-excited molecular fluorescence spectroscopy in a graphite furnace

Bromide was determined at nanogram levels by introducing the sample with excess aluminum into a graphite furnace and measuring the laser-excited molecular fluorescence of aluminum bromide. Experimental parameters including excitation and fluorescence wavelengths, thermal conditions and aluminum concentration were optimized. Effects of concomitant ions and of barium hydroxide concentration, as a matrix modifier, have also been checked. The analytical reliability of the described procedure was checked by determining the bromide content in a standard reference material.
Characterization and Probabilistic Modeling of the Mesostructure of Parallel Strand Lumber

AbstractParallel strand lumber (PSL) is a composite made of oriented wood strands that have been glued and compressed together. Its market share in the residential construction industry is considerable, being used primarily as main load bearing members such as beams and columns. Unlike the fast-paced market growth of these products, computational development has been slow. The highly heterogeneous mesostructure of this material must be known and quantified in order to develop advanced computational tools for limit state analysis of PSL. Void heterogeneities play an important role in determining the failure modes and strength of PSL, in addition to material phase aberrations such as grain angle variations and defects. In this study, two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) void characteristics were investigated. An experimental program along with a statistical survey was conducted to quantify the following 2D and 3D void characteristics in two 133×133×610 mm PSL billets: volume fraction, volume, al...