cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Strain-rate and temperature-driven transition in the shear transformation zone for two-dimensional amorphous solids

We couple the recently developed self-learning metabasin escape algorithm, which enables efficient exploration of the potential energy surface (PES), with shear deformation to elucidate strain-rate and temperature effects on the shear transformation zone (STZ) characteristics in two-dimensional amorphous solids. In doing so, we report a transition in the STZ characteristics that can be obtained through either increasing the temperature or decreasing the strain rate. The transition separates regions having two distinct STZ characteristics. Specifically, at high temperatures and high strain rates, we show that the STZs have characteristics identical to those that emerge from purely strain-driven, athermal quasistatic atomistic calculations. At lower temperatures and experimentally relevant strain rates, we use the newly coupled PES $+$ shear deformation method to show that the STZs have characteristics identical to those that emerge from a purely thermally activated state. The specific changes in STZ characteristics that occur in moving from the strain-driven to thermally activated STZ regime include a 33% increase in STZ size, faster spatial decay of the displacement field, a change in the deformation mechanism inside the STZ from shear to tension, a reduction in the stress needed to nucleate the first STZ, and finally a notable loss in characteristic quadrupolar symmetry of the surrounding elastic matrix that has previously been seen in athermal, quasistatic shear studies of STZs.
Photoluminescence excitation spectroscopy of wide parabolic GaAs/AlGaAs quantum wells

Abstract We have measured photoluminescence excitation (PLE) spectra of remotely doped wide (>4000 A) parabolic GaAs Al x Ga 1−x As quantum wells of several curvatures and electron densities. The PLE spectra for an empty parabolic well (4640 A wide) show peaks at energies consistent with the calculated interband transition energies for the parabolic conduction and valence band potentials, using QCB=0.65±0.10 as the fraction of the band offset in the conduction band. For two parabolic wells with the same growth parameters as the empty well, but partially filled with electrons by remote doping, the lower energy peaks are modified, while at higher energy the spectra are dominated by a series of peaks with uniform spacing, which are not observed in the empty parabolic well spectra or that of remotely doped square wells with similar electron sheet densities. Similar PLE spectra are obtained for a wider (5680 A) remotely doped parabolic well. The uniform peak spacings are approximately equal to the simple harmonic oscillator energy spacings of the corresponding bare parabolic conduction band edge curvatures.
Mathematical Modeling of a Nickel‐Cadmium Cell: Proton Diffusion in the Nickel Electrode

In this paper the authors present a mathematical model of a sealed nickel-cadmium cell that includes proton diffusion and ohmic drop through the active material in the nickel electrode. The model is used to calculate sensitivity coefficients for various parameters in the model. These calculations show that the discharge voltage of the cell is affected mostly by the kinetics of the nickel reaction. Toward the end of discharge, proton diffusion also becomes important, because the proton diffusion process affects the active material utilization significantly. During charge, the cell voltage is mainly affected by the kinetics of the nickel reaction until the oxygen evolution reaction begins, after which time the kinetics of the oxygen evolution has the largest effect. The oxygen evolution reaction is also the most influencing factor on the actual charge uptake of the cell by the end of a charge operation (charge efficiency). Compared to the rates of reaction and proton diffusion, the ohmic drop in the active material of the nickel electrode and the mass transport and ohmic drop in the electrolyte have negligible effect on the behavior of the cell studied here.
A rotation theorem in the class of bounded univalent functions

Let SM, M > 1, be the class of functionsf(z) which are regular and univalent in the disk ¦z¦ < 1 and satisfy the conditionsf(0) = 0,f'(0) = 1, and ¦f(z)¦ < M. In the present note we will obtain an exact estimate for the argument of the derivative of a function of the class SM.
On Discontinuous Dynamics of a Freight Train Suspension System

In this paper, a freight train suspension system is presented for all possible types of motion. The suspension system experiences impacts and friction between wedges and bolster. The impacts cause the chatter motions between wedges and bolster, and the friction will cause the stick and nonstick motions between wedges and bolster. Due to the wedge effect, the suspension system may become stuck and not move, which can cause the suspension to lose functions. To discuss such phenomena in the freight train suspension systems, the theory of discontinuous dynamical systems is used, and the motion mechanism of impacting chatter with stick and stuck is discussed. The analytical conditions for the onset and vanishing of stick motions between the wedges and bolster are presented, and the condition for maintaining stick motion was achieved as well. The analytical conditions are developed for the onset and vanishing conditions for stuck motion. An analytical prediction of periodic motions relative to impacting chatter with stick and stuck motions in the train suspension is performed through the mapping dynamics. The corresponding analyses of local stability and bifurcation are carried out, and the grazing and stick conditions are used to determine periodic motions. Numerical simulations illustrate periodic motions of stick and stuck motions. Finally, from field testing data, the effects of wedge angle on the motions of the suspension are presented to find a more desirable suspension response for design.
The competitive nature of the action of acetylcholine and local anesthetics.

Abstract Electrical characteristics of a monocellular electroplax preparation were recorded with intracellular electrodes. 1. 1.|Acetylcholine, carbamylcholine and neostigmine, activators of the receptor protein, rapidly and reversibly block electrical activity in low concentrations with simultaneous depolarization. Tetracaine, physostigmine, the tertiary analogue of neostigmine and curare, inhibitors of the receptor protein, block electrical activity without depolarizing the membrane. 2. 2.|The cell depolarized by acetylcholine is repolarized by curare even in the presence of acetylcholine. Both compounds act primarily on the synaptic membrane. The response to direct stimulation, as postulated by theory, is restored by curare even in the presence of acetylcholine. 3. 3.|In low concentration, 5·10 −5 M , physostigmine, due to its high affinity to cholinesterase, acts as an enzyme inhibitor. In high concentrations, 5·10 −3 M , physostigmine prevents depolarization due to acetylcholine through its action as a receptor inihibitor. 4. 4.|Tetracaine, in 2.5·10 −5 M , reverses the depolarizing action of acetylcholine 2.5·10 −6 M in the presence of the ester and physostigmine. The response to direct stimulation does not return in contrast to curare. 5. 5.|The depolizing action of carbamylcholine in 5·19 −5 M is also overcome by tetracaine 1·10 −4 M . On increasing the concentration of carbamylcholine to 5·10 −4 M the cell was again depolarized. 6. 6.|Puffer fish poison 7·10 −8 M blocks electrical activity by a non-competitive action without depolarization. Even in ten times higher concentration it does not prevent the depolarizing action of acetylcholine in its minumally active concentration.
Analysis of separation efficiency in capillary electrophoresis with direct control of electroosmosis by using an external electric field

Abstract Direct control of electroosmosis in capillary electrophoresis with the application of an external electric field is demonstrated by the UV marker method. When the zeta potential at the capillary/aqueous solution interface is small, the capacitor model qualitatively and quantitatively predicts the effectiveness of the external electric field for controlling electroosmosis at different electrolyte concentrations and capillary dimensions. To investigate the separation efficiency of capillary electrophoresis with the direct control of electroosmosis, frontal analysis of dimethyl sulfoxide as a UV marker are examined. There is no measurable additional band broadening induced by the application of an external electric field.
Controlling Levitation and Enhancing Displacement in Electrostatic Comb Drives of MEMS Actuators

Capacitive comb actuators are widely used as MEMS motors due to their long range of linear motion, low power consumption, and ease of fabrication. Here, we present data from a thin comb capacitive actuator where fringe fields contribute significantly to the device performance. We characterize the observed levitation effect and discuss two methods to control the out-of-plane forces: 1) by means of alternating the comb polarity; and 2) by using an additional electrode below the comb. Considering two alternative designs, it is shown how the levitation force can be mitigated. One design decreases the out-of-plane motion by a factor of two, but also reduces the lateral range. An alternative design proved successful in decreasing out-of-plane motion by 75%, while enhancing the in-plane displacement of the linear comb actuator by over 35%.
Dissolution Kinetics of Cholesterol in Simulated Bile I: Influence of Bile Acid Type and Concentration, Bile Acid-Lecithin Ratio, and Added Electrolyte

A physical model approach was utilized to investigate cholesterol monohydrate dissolution kinetics in simulated bile. The static pellet method and the Berthoud theory were employed to assess the contributions of the diffusion-convection mass transfer resistance and those of the interfacial resistance to the overall kinetics. For almost all situations studied, the interfacial resistance was the dominant rate-determining factor. The effects of four bile acids and their concentrations, the bile acid-lecithin ratio, and the added electrolytes and their concentrations on the interfacial resistance were examined. The results were correlated with those obtained with human bile samples, and the indications were that the kinetics of cholesterol dissolution in bile may be explainable on the basis of the principal bile acids, lecithin, and the electrolytes in the bile.
Space Charge Distribution at Silver Chloride—Aqueous Solution Interface

Transport phenomena at the interface between a silver chloride single crystal and aqueous solutions of different silver ion concentrations have been studied. The purpose of this work is to investigate the nature of the space charge distribution at this interface. Single crystals of silver chloride with a controlled doping level and crystallographic orientation are used. The experiments include DC conductance measurements, applied DC potential relaxation studies, and some AC conductance and capacitance measurements. The results of all these experiments are consistent, showing that a significant portion of the space charge distribution exists at the solid side of the interface. The theory of Grimley and Mott on space charge distribution is modified in order to interpret the experimental results and to account for the origin of the space charge distribution.
A framework for fast incremental interpretation during speech decoding

This article describes a framework for incorporating referential semantic information from a world model or ontology directly into a probabilistic language model of the sort commonly used in speech recognition, where it can be probabilistically weighted together with phonological and syntactic factors as an integral part of the decoding process. Introducing world model referents into the decoding search greatly increases the search space, but by using a single integrated phonological, syntactic, and referential semantic language model, the decoder is able to incrementally prune this search based on probabilities associated with these combined contexts. The result is a single unified referential semantic probability model which brings several kinds of context to bear in speech decoding, and performs accurate recognition in real time on large domains in the absence of example in-domain training sentences.
A Pragmatic Account of Complexity in Definite Antecedent-Contained-Deletion Relative Clauses

Hackl, Koster-Hale & Varvoutis (2012; HKV) provide data that suggest that in a null context, antecedent-contained-deletion (ACD) relative clause structures modifying a quantified object noun phrase (NP; such as every doctor) are easier to process than those modifying a definite object NP (such as the doctor). HKV argue that this pattern of results supports a ‘quantifier-raising’ (QR) analysis of both ACD structures and quantified NPs in object position: under the account they advocate, both ACD resolution and quantified NPs in object position require movement of the object NP to a higher syntactic position. The processing advantage for quantified object NPs in ACD is hypothesized to derive from the fact that—at the point where ACD resolution must take place—the quantified NP has already undergone QR whereas this is not the case for definite NPs. Although in other work it is shown that HKV’s reading time analyses are flawed, such that the critical effects are not significant (Gibson et al. submitted), the effect in HKV’s acceptability rating is robust. But HKV’s interpretation is problematic. We present five experiments that provide evidence for an alternative, pragmatic, explanation for HKV’s observation. In particular, we argue that the low acceptability of the the / ACD condition is largely due to a strong pressure in the null context to use a competing form, by adding also or same. This pressure does not exist with quantified
Design issues in mixed static-domino circuit implementations

Due to its performance advantage, domino logic has been extensively used to implement critical paths in advanced microprocessor designs. Since domino circuits are employed in a mainly static environment, static logic imposes strict timing constraints on domino logic and its use. In this paper, we present the design issues involved in implementing mixed domino and static logic circuits in high performance microprocessors designs. These issues are addressed with design guidelines in a custom design methodology. Simulations of some designs with mixed static-domino implementations show that static-domino interface can severely constrain their performance. To alleviate this bottleneck, we reanalyze the interaction between static and domino signals in detail and a new relaxed static-domino interface constraint is derived. This new relaxed constraint can result in a significant performance improvement of mixed static-domino implementations.
Magnetic resonance imaging of themusculoskeletal system

Abstract The accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in evaluating disorders of the musculoskeletal system is wellestablished. MRI is especially valuable in evaluating pathology of the major joints and soft tissues of the body. Importantly, MRI is a noninvasive technology. As with any new technology in medicine, time is required to establish the place of the technology in the armamentarium of clinicians. This is the unsettled situation MRI finds itself in today.
Synchronization and desynchronization in a network of locally coupled Wilson-Cowan oscillators

A network of Wilson-Cowan (WC) oscillators is constructed, and its emergent properties of synchronization and desynchronization are investigated by both computer simulation and formal analysis. The network is a 2D matrix, where each oscillator is coupled only to its neighbors. We show analytically that a chain of locally coupled oscillators (the piecewise linear approximation to the WC oscillator) synchronizes, and we present a technique to rapidly entrain finite numbers of oscillators. The coupling strengths change on a fast time scale based on a Hebbian rule. A global separator is introduced which receives input from and sends feedback to each oscillator in the matrix. The global separator is used to desynchronize different oscillator groups. Unlike many other models, the properties of this network emerge from local connections that preserve spatial relationships among components and are critical for encoding Gestalt principles of feature grouping. The ability to synchronize and desynchronize oscillator groups within this network offers a promising approach for pattern segmentation and figure/ground segregation based on oscillatory correlation.
Are High Interest Rates Effective for Stopping High Inflation? Some Skeptical Notes

High interest rates are considered an effective toolfor stopping high inflation. The case for a policy of high interest rates is developed in terms of a conventional IS-LM model. However, among other things, the model ignores some central aspects of modern credit markets. In particular high interest rates may give rise to nonperforming bank loans, thus seriously jeopardizing the effectiveness of the policy. Examples are developed in which it would be optimal to aim for equilibriums of low, rather than high, interest rates. One of these examples hinges on the existence of nonindexed domestic debt. This article looks at the effectiveness and desirability of relatively high interest rates in stabilization programs. High interest rates refer to nominal interest rates that would result in unsustainable, high real interest rates-that is, real rates of interest that would cause a state of generalized bankruptcy if maintained for a few months or a year-if the program's inflation target were to be achieved. The article evolves through a series of examples, beginning with the IS-LM model described in section I. Despite its simplicity (and early vintage), the model is still important in discussions of policy. The conventional IS-LM approach, which gives strong support to a policy of high interest rates, implies that tight money is effective in reducing economic activity and, through the Phillips curve, is also effective in lowering inflation. The larger the interest rate, the sooner price stability will be achieved. Section II questions the relevance of the IS-LM result on the basis of two observations. First, we live in a world in which countries are closely linked from a financial point of view. Therefore high interest rates are likely to signal expectations of high devaluation or inflation. Second, high inflation rates make expected or ex ante real interest rates look much smaller than if the stabilization plan's inflation targets were to be fulfilled. Consequently, banks may continue lending despite high nominal rates. With the passage of timne, however, firms will find themselves in serious financial straits, which eventually may result in a state
Packing Unit Squares in Squares: A Survey and New Results

Let $s(n)$ be the side of the smallest square into which we can pack n unit squares. We present a history of this problem, and give the best known upper and lower bounds for $s(n)$ for $n\le100$, including the best known packings. We also give relatively simple proofs for the values of $s(n)$ when $n = 2$, 3, 5, 8, 15, 24, and 35, and more complicated proofs for $n=7$ and 14. We also prove many other lower bounds for various $s(n)$.
An efficient algorithm for computing multishell spherical volume conductor models in EEG dipole source localization

Computationally localizing electrical current sources of the electroencephalographic signal requires a volume conductor model which relates theoretical scalp potentials to the dipolar source located within the modeled brain. The commonly used multishell spherical model provides this source-potential relationship using a sum of infinite series whose computation is difficult. This paper provides a closed-form approximation to this sum based on an optimal fitting to the weights of the Legendre polynomials. The second-order (third-order) approximation algorithm, implemented by a provided C-routine, requires only 100 (140) floating point operations to compute a single scalp potential in response to an arbitrary current dipole located within a four-shell spherical volume conductor model. This cost of computation represents only 6.3% (8.9%) of that required by the direct method. The relative mean square error, measured by using 20,000 random dipoles distributed within the modeled brain, is only 0.29% (0.066%).
Inverse scaling functions in nanoindentation with sharp indenters: Determination of material properties

This paper, based on extensive finite element simulations and scaling analysis, presents scaling functions for the inverse problem in nanoindentation with sharp indenters to determine material properties from nanoindentation response. All the inverse scaling functions were directly compared with results calculated using the large deformation finite element method and are valid from the elastic to the full plastic regimes. To relate the material properties to measurable indentation parameters a new nondimensional experimental parameter Λ=P/(DS) was introduced, where P is load, D is indentation depth, and S is contact stiffness. This parameter is monotonically related to the ratio of yield stress to modulus. The modulus, hardness and yield stress are presented as explicit functions of β and the strain hardening exponent. The error in the inverse modulus, hardness, and yield stress due to uncertainty of the strain hardening exponent was studied and is compared with that of the traditional Oliver–Pharr method. The method of determining the strain hardening exponent from measurement with an additional indenter with a different cone apex angle is described. For this, a scaling function with the strain hardening exponent as the only unknown was obtained. In this way, the modulus, hardness, yield stress and strain hardening exponent may be determined. Experimental results show the inversion method permits the modulus and hardness to be accurately determined irrespective of the effects of pileup or sink-in.
Vascular graft infection with Candida albicans: case report

This paper reports a patient with a pure Candida albicans vascular graft infection. Presentation was notable for the absence of systemic signs and symp toms of infection, minimal local tissue reaction, and a paucity of organisms in the initial pathologic specimen. The clinical course with multiple episodes of bleeding, the associated pathologic finding of vein necrosis, plus the repeated finding of yeast in tissue sections and in culture implicate the fungus as the cause of local pathology. This paper presents the patient, describes risk factors and possible mechanisms for infection, speculates on the reasons for the rarity of documented candida graft infections, and discusses the implications for patient management.
The development of the septal region in the rat. I. Neurogenesis examined with 3H-thymidine autoradiography.

Neurogenesis in the rat septal region was examined with 3H-thymidine autoradiography. The rats in the prenatal groups were the offspring of pregnant females given two injections of 3H-thymidine on consecutive days in an overlapping series: embryonic day (E) 13 + E14, E14 + E15,. . . E21 + E22. The rats in the postnatal groups were injected in a nonoverlapping series: the day of birth and postnatal day (P) 1, P2 + P3, P3 + P4. On 60 days of age, the percentage of labelled cells and the proportion of cells added during each day of formation were determined at several anatomical levels within the midline nuclear group (nucleus of the diagonal band, medial and triangular septal nuclei), the lateral septal nucleus, and the ventrolateral nuclear group (nucleus accumbens, bed nuclei of the stria terminalis and the anterior commissure). The neurons within each nuclear group form in significantly different waves, those of the midline group forming between E13-E17, the lateral septal nucleus between E15-E19, the bed nuclei of the stria terminalis and anterior commissure between E14-E18, the nucleus accumbens between E17-P2. All nuclei and nuclear groups show characteristic gradients of formation. Both the midline nuclear group and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (including the commissural bed nucleus) have their earliest forming neurons lying near the crossing of the anterior commissure; younger nuerons are located both rostrally and caudally with the youngest neurons lying in the most rostral extension of the diagonal band nucleus and the strial bed nucleus. The lateral septal nucleus forms along a strong mediolateral gradient throughout its length after neurogenesis is almost complete in the midline nuclear group. Throughout the length of the nucleus accumbens, the oldest neurons are located ventrally while progressively younger cells are found dorsally beneath the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle.
The Institutionalization of Bird Protection Mabel Osgood Wright and the Early Audubon Movement

The purpose of this feature is to introduce activists and organizational and environmental scholars to a relatively unknown segment of the early American conservation movement. The authors focus on the period around 1900, a time in which birds were being slaughtered at an alarming rate, in part to supply milliners who used plumes and other bird parts to decorate women's hats. These practices led to a groundswell of opposition that eventually turned the tide in favor ofbird protection and appreciation. They also formed a foundation for today's activism on behalf of beleaguered birds. One of the key figures leading this movement was Mabel Osgood Wright. Wright is only now beginning to receive the recognition she deserves, as is the case for many women of this era who made major contributions to the conservation movement. The authors highlight three major projects to which Wright devoted her energy (the early Audubon Society, children's nature writing and education, and the Birdcraft Sanctuary) and discuss them as institutional manifestations of the early conservationists' birdloving philosophy. The authors also reprint three of her important publications. The authors believe that the reprints provide relevant insights for contemporary environmental protection and organizing.
Sea level and vertical motion of continents from dynamic earth models since the Late Cretaceous

Dynamic earth models are used to better understand the impact of mantle dynamics on the vertical motion of continents and regional and global sea level change since the Late Cretaceous. A hybrid approach combines inverse and forward models of mantle convection and accounts for the principal contributors to long-term sea level change: the evolving distribution of ocean floor age, dynamic topography in oceanic and continental regions, and the geoid. We infer the relative importance of dynamic versus other factors of sea level change, determine time-dependent patterns of dynamic subsidence and uplift of continents, and derive a sea level curve. We find that both dynamic factors and the evolving distribution of sea floor age are important in controlling sea level. We track the movement of continents over large-scale dynamic topography by consistently mapping between mantle and plate frames of reference, and we find that this movement results in dynamic subsidence and uplift of continents. The amplitude of dynamic topography in continental regions is larger than global sea level in several regions and periods, so that it has controlled regional sea level in North and South America and Australia since the Late Cretaceous, northern Africa and Arabia since the late Eocene, and Southeast Asia in the Oligocene–Miocene. Eastern and southern Africa have experienced dynamic uplift over the last 20 to 30 m.y., whereas Siberia and Australia have experienced Cenozoic tilting. The dominant factor controlling global sea level is a changing oceanic lithosphere production that has resulted in a large amplitude sea level fall since the Late Cretaceous, with dynamic topography offsetting this fall.
Personalizing the management of men with intermediate-risk prostate cancer.

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) failure following definitive local therapy for intermediate-risk prostate cancer (PCa) [1] defined as a PSA level >10 but 20 ng/ml, a biopsy Gleason score (GS) 7, or clinical tumor (T) category 2b or 2c is variable, with 5-yr rates ranging from 2% to 70% [2]. Investigators have shown that some of this variation can be explained by considering whether GS 7 is predominately Gleason 4 + 3 [3], whether the percentage of positive biopsies (PPB) is at least 50% versus <50% [4], and whether the patient hasmore than one determinant of intermediaterisk PCa versus a single determinant [5]. In the current issue of the Platinum Journal, Zumsteg and colleagues [6] provide further evidence to substantiate these findings in a population of 1024men treated with high-dose radiation therapy (RT; ie, 81–86.4 Gy) between 1992 and 2007, with 521men (51%) also receiving amedian of 6mo of androgen suppression therapy (AST). Using their results and evidence from prior literature [3–5], they define favorable intermediate-risk (FIR) PCa as thosewith GS 3 + 4 or less and <50%PPB and, atmost, one determinant of intermediate-risk PCa. The remaining men with intermediate-risk PCa are defined as having unfavorable intermediate-risk (UIR) disease. After a median follow-up of 71 mo, the authors found that patientswith UIR PCa had a significant increase in the risk of PSA failure, distant metastasis (DM), and PCaspecific mortality (PCSM) compared with men with FIR PCa; these resultswere found despite amedian of 6mo of AST use in58.5%ofmenwithUIR comparedwith30.1% (p < 0.001) of men with FIR PCa [6]. Stratifying men with intermediate-risk PCa into cohorts of higher risk versus lower risk for PSA recurrence, DM, and PCSM following high-dose RT with or without short-course AST has potential implications for management. Specifically,
An Incremental Decision List Learner

We demonstrate a problem with the standard technique for learning probabilistic decision lists. We describe a simple, incremental algorithm that avoids this problem, and show how to implement it efficiently. We also show a variation that adds thresholding to the standard sorting algorithm for decision lists, leading to similar improvements. Experimental results show that the new algorithm produces substantially lower error rates and entropy, while simultaneously learning lists that are over an order of magnitude smaller than those produced by the standard algorithm.
The Effects of Supraoptimal Temperatures on Population Growth and Cortical Patterning in Tetrahymena pyriformis and Tetrahymena thermophila: A Comparison

In this investigation, we compare the multiplication rates and morphogenetic responses of the two most studied Tetrahymena species, T. pyriformis and T. thermophila, at supraoptimal temperatures. Although the upper temperature limits differ greatly in the two species, the pattern of growth responses to high temperature is for the most part similar, with some differences in detail. The transient recovery of cell division at the highest temperature that allows cell division, characteristic of T. pyriformis, is observed in a less distinct form in T. thermophila. Moreover, there is a remarkable difference in developmental response, with drastic abnormalities in patterning of oral structures during the transient recovery of cell division in T. pyriformis, and far more limited abnormalities under similar conditions in T. thermophila. The abnormalities result from spatial disorder in the alignment and orientation of basal body pairs within the early oral primordium, followed by failures in the realignment that normally occurs as oral structures (membranelles and undulating membrane) mature. Both the initial spatial disorder and the failures in realignment are far more severe in T. pyriformis than in T. thermophila.
Molecular Size and the Information Content of Chloroplast DNAs from Higher Plants

Chloroplast of microorganisms through higher organisms have been shown to contain DNA which can be readily distinguished from the nuclear (n-)DNA by its base composition, buoyant density, and kinetic complexity (for review see TEWARI 1971). We have recently studied the molecular size and conformation of pea chloroplast (ct-)DNA by renaturation kinetics and electron microscopy (KOLODNER & TEWARI 1972). The ct-DNA was found to denature with a sharp T m of 84 °C with no evidence of intramolecular base compositional heterogeneity. Denatured and sheared ct-DNA was shown to renature as a single kinetic class with no suggestion of repeating sequences. The molecular weight of the ct-DNA was calculated to be 95 × 106 by renaturation kinetics. Electron microscopic studies on ct-DNA showed it to exist in a circular conformation with the molecules ranging in contour lengths of 37–40 μm. Using O×174 RF II DNA and circularized phage λ DNA as internal standards, the molecular weight of ct-DNA was calculated to be 91.0 × 106. We have now extended these studies to other higher plants, viz., spinach, lettuce, corn and oats. The ct-DNAs from these plants were found to band at a density of 1.698 ± 0.001 g cm−3 and denature with a T m of 84 ± 0.5 °C in a homogeneous manner. Fragmented and denatured ct-DNAs were found to renature as a single kinetic class with no indication of repeating sequences. Furthermore, the molecular weight of the ct-DNAs from these higher plants were found to range from 90–95 × 106 by renaturation rates. The ct-DNAs from these plants have also been isolated in covalently closed circular molecules. The contour lengths of circular molecules ranged from 37.1 to 41.5 μm which corresponds to the molecular size of 86–92 × 106 dalton. From these results, it is concluded that DNA in chloroplasts of higher organisms exists as circular molecules with a molecular weight of about 85–90 × 106. The ct-DNA of these organisms consist of unique base sequences and, within limits of analytical tools, intraand intermolecular heterogeneity does not appear to exist between ct-DNA molecules inside an organelle.
Virtual Teacher and Classroom for Assessment of Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Differential diagnosis and treatment of neurodevelopmental disorders that impact the brain’s frontostriatal system require assessments that can differentiate the overlapping symptoms. Previous research has most often relied on paper-and-pencil as well as computerized psychometric tests of executive functions. Although these approaches provide highly systematic control and delivery of performance challenges, they have also been criticized as limited in the area of ecological validity. A possible answer to the problems of ecological validity in assessment of executive functioning in HFA children is to immerse the child in a virtual classroom environment where s/he interacts with a virtual human teacher.
Assessing unconventional applications of the “terrorism” label

This book chapter explores some non-conventional applications of the label of “terrorism” and considers calls for continued expansion of the definition of terrorism to encompass crimes that have not traditionally been considered terrorism. Part one briefly lays out the working definition of terrorism on an international level, and the gray areas in which individual nations make their own determinations as to what constitutes terrorism and, on the other hand, what is often considered ordinary crime. Part two focuses on the definitions of terrorism under a number of common counterterrorism statutes in U.S. federal law, and then considers contexts that fall outside of the common usage of terrorism in the context of U.S. law, exploring instances in which gang violence and animal rights-based crimes are treated legally as terrorism. Part three briefly considers the application of the label of “terrorism” in India, where concerns that broad and vague definitions of terrorism, religious bias against Muslims and targeting of disfavored political minorities, combined with extraordinary powers granted to the government to deal with the threat of terrorism, pose a serious risk to due process and the rule of law. Some have called on governments to continue to broaden the reach of counterterrorism law to reach other issues, such as sex trafficking or some hate crimes. The Author concludes that most such efforts are founded in a well-placed sympathy for the victims of crimes, and some are backed by powerful groups with political influence. However, because in many democratic nations terrorism is granted unique legal treatment as an area in which expansive government power with lessened oversight and protection for individual rights is considered acceptable, importing such standards into other contexts is inviting a distortion of the traditional limits on governmental power and would allow for increases in government abuse and overreach.
Animal models: The in-vivo evaluation of ciprofloxacin

Ciprofloxacin has been extensively investigated in various animal models of infection. These studies have demonstrated ciprofloxacin to possess in-vivo activity comparable to its activity previously demonstrated in vitro. The reported investigations have shown ciprofloxacin to be equal or superior to all other agents tested for Gram-negative, as well as most Gram-positive bacteria. These studies have also demonstrated that in-vitro susceptibility testing correlates well with in-vivo therapeutic outcome, in the animal models. The reported information has provided new directions for use of this agent, including the possibility for the use of ciprofloxacin as a replacement for aminoglycosides in combination therapy of serious enterococcal infections.
“Dumpfe Dauer”: Langeweile und Atmosphärisches bei Fontane und Stifter

Erich Auerbach emphasizes duration as a feature of the Realism of everyday life. With “dull duration,” the “expanded state,” a figure of temporal containment is inherent in Realist representation. If Auerbach's characterizing of “dull duration” participates, on the one hand, in a discourse on boredom, Realist stagings of duration and/or temporal containment also extend to an atmosphere that goes beyond this mood. The article addresses the poetological and epistemological use of boredom and the atmospheric in texts by Fontane and Stifter. States of duration as staged by Fontane and Stifter—according to the thesis—are places for examining modes of perception and representation, by means of which Realist literature fundamentally conceives of reality as perceived reality. The real produced by means of duration is thus encountered in different forms: as a specter, nuance, aggregate, or spell.
A Precautionary Approach to Big Data Privacy

Once released to the public, data cannot be taken back. As time passes, data analytic techniques improve and additional datasets become public that can reveal information about the original data. It follows that released data will get increasingly vulnerable to re-identification—unless methods with provable privacy properties are used for the data release. We review and draw lessons from the history of re-identification demonstrations; explain why the privacy risk of data that is protected by ad hoc de-identification is not just unknown, but unknowable; and contrast this situation with provable privacy techniques like differential privacy. We then offer recommendations for practitioners and policymakers. Because ad hoc de-identification methods make the probability of a privacy violation in the future essentially unknowable, we argue for a weak version of the precautionary approach, in which the idea that the burden of proof falls on data releasers guides policies that incentivize them not to default to full, public releases of datasets using ad hoc de-identification methods. We discuss the levers that policymakers can use to influence data access and the options for narrower releases of data. Finally, we present advice for six of the most common use cases for sharing data. Our thesis is that the problem of “what to do about re-identification” unravels once we stop looking for a one-size-fits-all solution, and each of the six cases we consider a solution that is tailored, yet principled.
Creating Critical Consumers of Health and Science News: Teaching Science to the Non-Scientist Using Newsworthy Topics in the Life Sciences.

Scientists constantly make groundbreaking discoveries, some of which receive attention from the press. We designed a course intended for a lay audience that provides the scientific background to appreciate these reports more fully. We discuss three topics in the life sciences: stem cells, cancer, and infectious disease. The course is structured to blend relevant scientific background and evaluation of primary literature with the coverage of these advances by the media and popular press. In short, lectures emphasize exposure to basic biological concepts and tools as a means of informing understanding of prominent biological questions of public interest. The overall goal of the course is not only to expose students to the media’s coverage of scientific progress, but also to hone their critical thinking skills to distinguish hope from hype.
Questioning Strategy in Negotiation

Although negotiation writers often advise negotiators to have a strategy for asking their counterparts questions, the negotiation literature does not currently provide a detailed discussion of how ...
Doctoral Consortium Extended Abstract: Planning with Concurrent Transaction Logic

Automated planning has been the subject of intensive research and is at the core of several areas of AI, including intelligent agents and robotics. In this thesis proposal, we argue that Concurrent Transaction Logic (\( \mathcal {CTR}\)) is a natural specification language for planning algorithms, which enables one to see further afield and thus discover better and more general solutions than using one-of-a-kind formalisms. Specifically, we take the well-known \( \textit{STRIPS}\) planning strategy and show that \( \mathcal {CTR}\) lets one specify the \(\textit{STRIPS}\) planning algorithm easily and concisely, and extend it in several respects. For instance, we show that extensions to allow indirect effects and to support action ramifications come almost for free. The original \( \textit{STRIPS}\) planning strategy is also shown to be incomplete. Using concurrency operators in \( \mathcal {CTR}\), we propose a non-linear \( \textit{STRIPS}\) planning algorithm, which is proven to be complete. Moreover, this thesis proposal outlines several extensions of \( \textit{STRIPS}\) planning strategy. All of the extensions show that the use of \( \mathcal {CTR}\) accrues significant benefits in the area of planning.
Automatic time-series quantification of bluff erosion using a single consumer grade camera as basis for erosion risk assessment and forecasts – a Boston Harbor Islands case study

Many communities along coastlines and riverbanks are threatened by water erosion and hence an accurate model to predict erosion events is needed in order to plan mitigation strategies. Such models need to rely on readily available meteorological data that may or may not be correlated with the occurrence of erosion events. Computing these correlations requires a quantified index that reports the magnitude of erosion events over time. This study introduces a method to create erosion indices using affordable consumer grade digital cameras. It is able to detect and quantify erosion using an image series obtained from just one such camera by segmenting each images instance into equally sized squares that can be preprocessed and analyzed separately. This approach isolates each image segment from noise and temporary disturbances that frequently occur throughout images taken with low cost cameras. In this fashion, noise may either be addressed locally or simply ignored if it is too extreme. After preprocessing, comparison of subsequent segments yields change matrices that form the basis for segment-specific erosion indices that are later combined into a composite value for the entire image instance. Whenever a segment instance is unavailable or unusable, the algorithm attempts to use neighboring instances whenever possible. When tested against human observation of erosion events during a 6 week period, the resulting index achieves a true positive rate of 67% while producing only a small number of false positives. Finally, the index is validated by significant correlation with various meteorological data streams.
Wireless networked dynamic control testbed for power converters in smart home applications

Conventional power converters control pulse width modulation (PWM) signals based on the directly sensed feedback signals or estimated state signals. Recently, information and communication technologies are beginning to integrate power converters into smart grid applications. This paper presents a Hardware-In-The-Loop Testbed using a WirelessHART network for smart home applications in a case study. The main components of the testbed are OP4510 RT-LAB-RCP/HIL systems, Texas Instruments Digital Signal Controllers and AwiaTech wireless modules. In this testbed, wireless based controller is integrated with conventional digital controller. OP4510 is used to simulate power stages of the power converters in real time. Texas Instruments Digital Signal Controllers provide PWM signals from the control loop and communication loop. AwiaTech wireless modules are used to build a WirelessHART network to communicate with power converter from a supervisory program. The case study is to support reactive power in smart home applications using 3 bridgeless unidirectional power factor correction (PFC) converters. For this scenario, supervisor collects reactive power measurement data from the input power node and wirelessly transfers reactive power command values to the home appliances driven by PFC converters. Thus, reactive power demand can be minimized. The experimental result demonstrates the performance of the testbed in different communication delays.
Kansas nurse leader residency programme: advancing leader knowledge and skills.

AIMS To evaluate the effectiveness of the Kansas Nurse Leader Residency (KNLR) programme in improving nurses' leadership knowledge and skills and its acceptability, feasibility and fidelity. BACKGROUND The Future of Nursing Report (Institute of Medicine, 2011) calls for nurses to lead change and advance health. The 6-month KNLR programme was developed by the Kansas Action Coalition to support nurses' leadership development. METHODS Nurses (n = 36) from four nursing specialties (acute care, long-term care, public health and school health) participated in the programme. The adapted Leader Knowledge and Skill Inventory was used to assess leadership knowledge and skills. Programme acceptability, feasibility and implementation fidelity also were evaluated. RESULTS The programme completion rate was 67.7% (n = 24). Programme completers had significantly improved self-assessed and mentor-assessed leadership knowledge and skills (p < .05). These post-programme gains were maintained 3 months after programme completion. CONCLUSIONS The KNLR programme effectively improved leadership knowledge and skills and was positively evaluated by participants. The implementation of the KNLR programme using a hybrid format of in-person sessions and online modules was feasible across four specialty areas in both rural and urban regions. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING MANAGEMENT The next steps include the development of an advanced programme. Residency programmes for new nurse leaders are critical for successful transition into management positions.
Human Computer Interaction with Head Pose, Eye Gaze and Body Gestures

We proposed a system that supports human-computer interactions with head pose, eye gaze and body gestures. The proposed system allows users in front of a big monitor/projector to naturally interact with the system.