cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Viscoelasticity, Postseismic Slip, Fault Interactions, and the Recurrence of Large Earthquakes

The Brownian Passage Time (bpt) model for earthquake recurrence is modified to include transient deformation due to either viscoelasticity or deep postseismic slip. Both of these processes act to increase the rate of loading on the seismogenic fault for some time after a large event. To approximate these effects, a decaying exponential term is added to the bpt model’s uniform loading term. The resulting interevent time distributions remain approximately lognormal, but the balance between the level of noise (e.g., unknown fault interactions) and the coefficient of variability of the interevent time distribution changes depending on the shape of the loading function. For a given level of noise in the loading process, transient deformation has the effect of increasing the coefficient of variability of earthquake interevent times. Conversely, the level of noise needed to achieve a given level of variability is reduced when transient deformation is included. Using less noise would then increase the effect of known fault interactions modeled as stress or strain steps because they would be larger with respect to the noise. If we only seek to estimate the shape of the interevent time distribution from observed earthquake occurrences, then the use of a transient deformation model will not dramatically change the results of a probability study because a similar shaped distribution can be achieved with either uniform or transient loading functions. However, if the goal is to estimate earthquake probabilities based on our increasing understanding of the seismogenic process, including earthquake interactions, then including transient deformation is important to obtain accurate results. For example, a loading curve based on the 1906 earthquake, paleoseismic observations of prior events, and observations of recent deformation in the San Francisco Bay region produces a 40% greater variability in earthquake recurrence than a uniform loading model with the same noise level.
Electric industry infrastructure for sustainability: Climate change and energy storage

Although the regulatory structure for limiting emission of greenhouse gases is uncertain in much of the world, limits will be in force soon in many parts. Infrastructure needs to implement those limits are technologies to remove carbon from electric generation emissions, technologies to dispose of the carbon removed, sensing systems to monitor carbon emissions, and market or regulatory structures to implement the limits. Adaptation to climate change will require upgrades and capacity increases in existing transmission and distribution systems, and increased capacity in new systems. Increased use of renewable energy can reduce industry carbon emissions. Higher penetrations of intermittent renewable resources, wind and solar, will be allowed if storage is available to allow full dispatch of those generators. Infrastructure needs for energy storage are efficient and cost-competitive technologies to store electricity, power electronic interfaces between those dc technologies and the ac power system, and monitoring and control systems to control and dispatch the storage systems.
Low-complexity non-uniform demand multicast network coding problems

The non-uniform demand network coding problem is posed as a single-source and multiple-sink network transmission problem where the sinks may have heterogeneous demands. In contrast with multicast problems, non-uniform demand problems are concerned with the amounts of data received by each sink, rather than the specifics of the received data. In this work, we enumerate non-uniform network demand scenarios under which network coding solutions can be found in polynomial time. This is accomplished by relating the demand problem with the graph coloring problem, and then applying results from the strong perfect graph theorem to identify coloring problems which can be solved in polynomial time. This characterization of efficiently-solvable non-uniform demand problems is an important step in understanding such problems, as it allows us to better understand situations under which the NP-complete problem might be tractable.
Product Positioning in a Two-Dimensional Vertical Differentiation Model: The Role of Quality Costs

We study a duopoly model where consumers are heterogeneous with respect to their willingness to pay for two product characteristics and marginal costs are increasing with the quality level chosen on each attribute. We show that although firms seek to manage competition through product positioning, their differentiation strategies critically depend on how costly it is to provide higher quality. When the cost of providing quality is not too high, firms use only one attribute to differentiate their products: they maximally differentiate on one dimension and minimally differentiate on the other (a Max-Min equilibrium). Furthermore, they always differentiate along the dimension with the greater attribute range. As for the dimension with the smaller range and along which they agglomerate, firms either choose the highest quality level or the lowest quality level possible, depending on whether the marginal costs of quality provision are low or intermediate, respectively. However, for larger quality provision costs, firms exploit both dimensions to differentiate their products. In particular, we characterize a maximal differentiation equilibrium in which one firm chooses the highest quality level on both attributes while its rival offers the lowest quality level on both attributes (a Max-Max equilibrium). We discuss the managerial implications of our findings and explain how they enrich and qualify previous results reported in the literature on two-dimensional differentiation models.
Carbon−Sulfur Bond-Forming Reductive Elimination Involving sp-, sp2-, and sp3-Hybridized Carbon. Mechanism, Steric Effects, and Electronic Effects on Sulfide Formation

Palladium thiolato complexes [(L)Pd(R)(SR‘)], within which L is a chelating ligand such as DPPE, DPPP, DPPBz, DPPF, or TRANSPHOS, R is a methyl, alkenyl, aryl, or alkynyl ligand, and R‘ is an aryl or alkyl group, were synthesized by substitution or proton-transfer reactions. All of these thiolato complexes were found to undergo carbon−sulfur bond-forming reductive elimination in high yields to form dialkyl sulfides, diaryl sulfides, alkyl aryl sulfides, alkyl alkenyl sulfides, and alkyl alkynyl sulfides. Reductive eliminations forming alkenyl alkyl sulfides and aryl alkyl sulfides were the fastest. Eliminations of alkynyl alkyl sulfides were slower, and elimination of dialkyl sulfide was the slowest. Thus the relative rates for sulfide elimination as a function of the hybridization of the palladium-bound carbon follow the trend sp2 > sp ≫ sp3. Rates of reductive elimination were faster for cis-chelating phosphine ligands with larger bite angles. Kinetic studies, along with results from radical trapping re...
A Master Identity for Homotopy Gerstenhaber Algebras

We produce a master identity for a certain type of homotopy Gerstenhaber algebras, in particular suitable for the prototype, namely the Hochschild complex of an associative algebra. This algebraic master identity was inspired by the work of Getzler–Jones and Kimura–Voronov–Zuckerman in the context of topological conformal field theories. To this end, we introduce the notion of a “partitioned multilinear map” and explain the mechanics of composing such maps. In addition, many new examples of pre-Lie algebras and homotopy Gerstenhaber algebras are given.
The Photoeccentric Effect and Proto-Hot-Jupiters I. Measuring photometric eccentricities of individual transiting planets

Exoplanet orbital eccentricities offer valuable clues about the history of planetary systems. Eccentric, Jupiter-sized planets are particularly interesting: they may link the "cold" Jupiters beyond the ice line to close-in hot Jupiters, which are unlikely to have formed in situ. To date, eccentricities of individual transiting planets primarily come from radial-velocity measurements. Kepler has discovered hundreds of transiting Jupiters spanning a range of periods, but the faintness of the host stars precludes radial-velocity follow-up of most. Here, we demonstrate a Bayesian method of measuring an individual planet's eccentricity solely from its transit light curve using prior knowledge of its host star's density. We show that eccentric Jupiters are readily identified by their short ingress/egress/total transit durations—part of the "photoeccentric" light curve signature of a planet's eccentricity—even with long-cadence Kepler photometry and loosely constrained stellar parameters. A Markov Chain Monte Carlo exploration of parameter posteriors naturally marginalizes over the periapse angle and automatically accounts for the transit probability. To demonstrate, we use three published transit light curves of HD 17156 b to measure an eccentricity of e = 0.71^(+0.16)_(–0.09), in good agreement with the discovery value e = 0.67 ± 0.08 based on 33 radial-velocity measurements. We present two additional tests using Kepler data. In each case, the technique proves to be a viable method of measuring exoplanet eccentricities and their confidence intervals. Finally, we argue that this method is the most efficient, effective means of identifying the extremely eccentric, proto-hot Jupiters predicted by Socrates et al.
Light on Dark Matter

Galaxies are lighthouses that sit atop peaks in the density field. There is good observational evidence that these lighthouses do not provide a uniform description of the distribution of dark matter.
Distributed planning in hierarchical factored MDPs

We present a principled and efficient planning algorithm for collaborative multiagent dynamical systems. All computation, during both the planning and the execution phases, is distributed among the agents; each agent only needs to model and plan for a small part of the system. Each of these local subsystems is small, but once they are combined they can represent an exponentially larger problem. The subsystems are connected through a subsystem hierarchy. Coordination and communication between the agents is not imposed, but derived directly from the structure of this hierarchy. A globally consistent plan is achieved by a message passing algorithm, where messages correspond to natural local reward functions and are computed by local linear programs; another message passing algorithm allows us to execute the resulting policy. When two portions of the hierarchy share the same structure, our algorithm can reuse plans and messages to speed up computation.
Toward a Macroeconomics of the Medium Run

These days macroeconomics has become more respectable than it used to be. I can remember when many economists liked to say: Microeconomics is not problematic, but I just don’t understand macroeconomics. There was a definite implication that something must be wrong with macroeconomics, not with the observer. Of course macroeconomics cannot be “exact;” it has to work by rough analogy and empirical compromise. Maybe a certain raffishness is inevitable. Most economists work on microeconomic problems, with increasing use of new microeconomic data. But now it is widely understood that macroeconomics is at the heart of economics; it will not do to be snooty about it. This centrality will continue, for the best possible reason: the need to understand current events, especially unfavorable ones, and to formulate policies— even benign neglect is a policy—to
The Cosmological Constant Problems

The old cosmological constant problem is to understand why the vacuum energy is so small; the new problem is to understand why it is comparable to the present mass density. Several approaches to these problems are reviewed. Quintessence does not help with either; anthropic considerations offer a possibility of solving both. In theories with a scalar field that takes random initial values, the anthropic principle may apply to the cosmological constant, but probably to nothing else.
The Impact of Institutional Grant Aid on College Choice

In this study, I exploit exogenous differences in institutional policies regarding the treatment of home equity in grant aid allocation to estimate a causal impact of institutional grant aid on col...
Approximation algorithms for capacitated stochastic inventory systems with setup costs

We develop the first approximation algorithm with worst-case performance guarantee for capacitated stochastic periodic-review inventory systems with setup costs. The structure of the optimal control policy for such systems is extremely complicated, and indeed, only some partial characterization is available. Thus, finding provably near-optimal control policies has been an open challenge. In this article, we construct computationally efficient approximate optimal policies for these systems whose demands can be nonstationary and/or correlated over time, and show that these policies have a worst-case performance guarantee of 4. We demonstrate through extensive numerical studies that the policies empirically perform well, and they are significantly better than the theoretical worst-case guarantees. We also extend the analyses and results to the case with batch ordering constraints, where the order size has to be an integer multiple of a base load. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 61: 304–319, 2014
Limits on the robustness of MIMO joint source-channel codes

In this paper, the theoretical limits on the robustness of MIMO joint source channel codes is investigated. The case in which a single joint source channel code is used for the entire range of SNRs and for all levels of required fidelity is considered. Limits on the asymptotic performance of such a system are characterized in terms of upper bounds on the diversity-fidelity tradeoff, which can be viewed as an analog version of the diversity-multiplexing tradeoff. In particular, it is shown that there is a considerable gap between the diversity-fidelity tradeoff of robust joint source-channel codes and the optimum tradeoff (without the constraint of robustness).
Wage Inequality in the United Kingdom, 1975–99

This paper uses micro data from the New Earnings Survey to document that cross-sectional wage inequality in the U.K., which rose sharply in the 1980s and continued to rise moderately through the mid-1990s, has remained essentially unchanged in the latter half of the 1990s. As in the U.S., changes in within-group inequality are shown to account for a substantial fraction of the rise in wage dispersion that has occurred over the last 25 years. However, shifts in the structure of employment – including changes in the occupational and industrial composition of aggregate employment – are also shown to have had important effects on the evolution of wage inequality. In addition, there has been a significant convergence of the wage distributions for men and women; this has had a stabilizing effect on the overall wage distribution.
Observational constraints on growth of massive black holes

We study the observational constraints on the growth of massive black holes (BHs) in galactic nuclei. We use the velocity dispersions of early-type galaxies obtained by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey and the relation between BH mass and velocity dispersion to estimate the local BH mass density to be ρ•(z= 0) ≃ (2.5 ± 0.4) × 105h0.652M⊙ Mpc−3. We also use the quasi-stellar object (QSO) luminosity function from the 2dF Redshift Survey to estimate the BH mass density accreted during optically bright QSO phases. The local BH mass density is consistent with the density accreted during optically bright QSO phases if QSOs have a mass-to-energy conversion efficiency e≃ 0.1. By studying the continuity equation for the BH mass distribution, including the effect of BH mergers, we find relations between the local BH mass function and the QSO luminosity function. If the BH mass is assumed to be conserved during BH mergers, comparison of the predicted relations with the observations suggests that luminous QSOs (Lbol≳ 1046 erg s−1) have a high efficiency (e.g. e∼ 0.2, which is possible for thin-disc accretion on to a Kerr BH) and the growth of high-mass BHs (≳108M⊙) comes mainly from accretion during optically bright QSO phases, or that luminous QSOs have a super-Eddington luminosity. If luminous QSOs are not accreting with super-Eddington luminosities and the growth of low-mass BHs also occurs mainly during optically bright QSO phases, less luminous QSOs must accrete with a low efficiency, <0.1; alternatively, they may accrete with high efficiency, but a significant fraction should be obscured. We estimate that the mean lifetime of luminous QSOs (Lbol≳ 1046 erg s−1) is (3–13) × 107 yr, which is comparable to the Salpeter time. We also investigate the case in which total BH mass decreases during BH mergers due to gravitational radiation; in the extreme case in which total BH entropy is conserved, the observations again suggest that BHs in most luminous QSOs are Kerr BHs accreting with an efficiency ≳0.1.
Continuous flow manufacturing

CFM (continuous-flow manufacturing) combines total quality control, total people involvement, and the elimination of waste to ensure continuous attention to enhancements of manufacturing efficiency. The author provides an overview of CFM and suggests six generic areas of every manufacturing line where the CFM approach can be used. These areas are sector-by-sector analysis, setup reduction, operations improvement, pull-system WIP (work-in-process) management, process flow improvement, and defect reduction. The CFM methodology has been applied to an IBM internal business unit that manufactures photomasks used for semiconductor production. In 1984, serviceability and quality measurements in the business unit were unacceptably low and business measurements were nonexistent. CFM provided the framework for operational improvements in this unit. Presently, serviceability in the 90% to 100% range is routinely achieved. Delivery times have been more than cut in half, while superlative quality measurements have been attained. Finally, cost reductions have been realized in an environment of ever-increasing technological challenge. >
Heat transfer in microchannel devices using DSMC

The heat transfer characteristics of supersonic flows in microchannels is studied using direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method. The velocity components and the spatial coordinates of the simulated particles are calculated and recorded by using a variable-hard-sphere (VHS) collision model. The effects of Knudsen number (Kn) on the heat transfer of the microchannel flows are examined. The results show that the magnitude of the temperature jump at the wall increases with increasing Kn. The heat transfer to the isothermal wall is found to increase significantly with Kn. The possible causes for the increase of wall heat transfer are discussed.
Progress on cellular resolution retinal imaging: Setting the stage for translation between clinical and basic science

I will review our progress on developing clinical and animal (mice) cellular resolution in vivo retinal imaging modalities. Example applications of these technologies to in vivo studies of microscopic retinal morphology will be presented.
Stability Approach to Regularization Selection (StARS) for High Dimensional Graphical Models

A challenging problem in estimating high-dimensional graphical models is to choose the regularization parameter in a data-dependent way. The standard techniques include K-fold cross-validation (K-CV), Akaike information criterion (AIC), and Bayesian information criterion (BIC). Though these methods work well for low-dimensional problems, they are not suitable in high dimensional settings. In this paper, we present StARS: a new stability-based method for choosing the regularization parameter in high dimensional inference for undirected graphs. The method has a clear interpretation: we use the least amount of regularization that simultaneously makes a graph sparse and replicable under random sampling. This interpretation requires essentially no conditions. Under mild conditions, we show that StARS is partially sparsistent in terms of graph estimation: i.e. with high probability, all the true edges will be included in the selected model even when the graph size diverges with the sample size. Empirically, the performance of StARS is compared with the state-of-the-art model selection procedures, including K-CV, AIC, and BIC, on both synthetic data and a real microarray dataset. StARS outperforms all these competing procedures.
Value-Based Multidisciplinary Optimization for Commercial Aircraft Design and Business Risk Assessment

Traditional commercial aircraft design attempts to improve performance and reduce operating costs by minimizing takeoff weight. A better design approach also takes into account factors such as aircraft demand, market uncertainty, and development and manufacturing costs. This paper presents a design methodology that integrates an aircraft performance model with a program valuation technique based on real options theory to address uncertain market demand and managerial flexibility. The coupled performance/financial framework enables an integrated approach to technical design and programmatic decisions. In addition, the methodology provides a framework for specification of design requirements and for quantification of the financial implications associated with technical and business uncertainty. The methodology is demonstrated for an aircraft design example of the blended-wing-body concept. Comparing performance-optimized and value-optimized designs, we show that use of value as a design metric leads to a trade-off between aerodynamic efficiency and reduced manufacturing costs. Key findings demonstrate that traditional financial metrics cause the decision maker to focus overly on reducing costs in the short term. The stochastic methodology shows that a willingness to spend up-front money in the design process to ensure long-term profitability is a better strategy.
Synthesis of 4-(1-alkenyl)isoquinolines by palladium(II)-catalyzed cyclization/olefination.

A variety of 4-(1-alkenyl)-3-arylisoquinolines have been prepared in moderate to excellent yields by the Pd(II)-catalyzed cyclization of 2-(1-alkynyl)arylaldimines in the presence of various alkenes. The introduction of an o-methoxy group on the arylaldimine promotes the Pd-catalyzed cyclization and stabilizes the resulting Pd(II) intermediate, improving the yields of the isoquinoline products. Ketone-containing isoquinolines 36 and 49−51 have also been prepared by this process when unsaturated alcohols are employed as the alkenes.
Effect of data segmentation on coherence estimates of cardiac rhythms

Both fibrillatory and nonfibrillatory cardiac rhythms were analyzed for coherence spectra while varying the segmentation of finite records of data. Results indicate that although the magnitude and mean of the magnitude-squared coherence function do not change significantly for nonfibrillatory rhythms, these same parameters show a marked decrease for fibrillatory rhythms. These findings are explained in terms of the bias and variance of the coherence estimate. >
Data Acquisition and Trigger System of the Gamma Ray Energy Tracking In-Beam Nuclear Array (GRETINA)

The Gamma Ray Energy Tracking In-Beam Nuclear Array (GRETINA), capable of determining the energy and position (within 2 mm) of each gamma-ray interaction point and tracking multiple gamma-ray interactions, has been designed. GRETINA will be composed of seven detector modules, each with four highly pure germanium crystals. Each crystal has 36 segments and one central contact instrumented by charge sensitive amplifiers. Two custom designed modules, the Digitizer/Digital Signal Processing (DSP) and the Trigger Timing and Control, compose the electronics of this system. The digitizer/DSP converts the analog information with 14-bit analog to digital converters operating at 100 MS/s, and digitally processes the data to determine the energy and timing information of the gamma interactions with the crystal. Each Digitizer/DSP is controlled by and sends trigger information to the Trigger Timing & Control system through a bidirectional Gbit link. Presently four different trigger algorithms are planned for the trigger system and can be selected for trigger decision. In this paper the details of the electronics and algorithms of the GRETINA data acquisition and trigger system are presented and the performance is reviewed.
Simulating quantum mechanics on a quantum computer

Abstract Algorithms are described for efficiently simulating quantum mechanical systems on quantum computers. A class of algorithms for simulating the Schrodinger equation for interacting many-body systems are presented in some detail. These algorithms would make it possible to simulate nonrelativistic quantum systems on a quantum computer with an exponential speedup compared to simulations on classical computers. Issues involved in simulating relativistic systems of Dirac or gauge particles are discussed.
Communication between Toxoplasma gondii and its host: impact on parasite growth, development, immune evasion, and virulence

Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite that can infect most warm-blooded animals and cause severe and life-threatening disease in developing fetuses and in immune-compromised patients. Although Toxoplasma was discovered over 100 years ago, we are only now beginning to appreciate the importance of the role that parasite modulation of its host has on parasite growth, bradyzoite development, immune evasion, and virulence. The goal of this review is to highlight these findings, to develop an integrated model for communication between Toxoplasma and its host, and to discuss new questions that arise out of these studies.
Decentralized supply chain formation: a market protocol and competitive equilibrium analysis

Supply chain formation is the process of determining the structure and terms of exchange relationships to enable a multilevel, multiagent production activity. We present a simple model of supply chains, highlighting two characteristic features: hierarchical subtask decomposition, and resource contention. To decentralize the formation process, we introduce a market price system over the resources produced along the chain. In a competitive equilibrium for this system, agents choose locally optimal allocations with respect to prices, and outcomes are optimal overall. To determine prices, we define a market protocol based on distributed, progressive auctions, and myopic, non-strategic agent bidding policies. In the presence of resource contention, this protocol produces better solutions than the greedy protocols common in the artificial intelligence and multiagent systems literature. The protocol often converges to high-value supply chains, and when competitive equilibria exist, typically to approximate competitive equilibria. However, complementarities in agent production technologies can cause the protocol to wastefully allocate inputs to agents that do not produce their outputs. A subsequent decommitment phase recovers a significant fraction of the lost surplus.
The Structure of Licensing Contracts

Industrial organization theory has explored several issues related to licensing, but empirical analyses are extremely rare. We amass a new and detailed dataset on licensing contracts, and use it to present some simple ‘facts’ concerning licensing behavior. Our analysis reveals robust cross-industries differences in several contractual features, such as exclusivity, cross-licensing, ex-ante versus ex-post technology transfers, and licensing to related versus unrelated parties. We offer an interpretation of these facts based on cross-industry variation in the strength of intellectual property rights.
Palladium(II)‐Catalyzed ortho Alkylation of Benzoic Acids with Alkyl Halides

The first Pd(II)-catalyzed alkylation of aryl C–H bonds is achieved without using a co-oxidant. The alkylation reaction was followed thereafter by an intramolecular lactonization to give broadly useful γ– and ™– benzolactones.
A low band gap iron sulfide hybrid semiconductor with unique 2D [Fe16S20]8− layer and reduced thermal conductivity

A low band gap iron sulfide hybrid semiconductor with unique layered structure and unusual iron coordination exhibits significantly reduced thermal conductivity.
Approximate cloaking for the Helmholtz equation via transformation optics and consequences for perfect cloaking

In this paper, we study approximate cloaking of active devices for the Helmholtz equation in the whole space of dimension 2 or 3 using the scheme introduced by Kohn, Shen, Vogelius, and Weinstein. More precisely, we assess the degree of invisibility, determine the limit of the field inside the cloaked and cloaking regions, and show that the scheme is unstable with respect to the material parameters. As a consequence, we obtain some feasible properties of “perfect” cloaking. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Spectral Flow, Magnus Force and Mutual Friction Via the Geometric Optics Limit of Andreev Reflection

The notion of spectral flow has given new insight into the motion of vortices in superfluids and superconductors. For a BCS superconductor the spectrum of low energy vortex core states is largely determined by the geometric optics limit of Andreev reflection. We use this to follow the evolution of the states when a stationary vortex is immersed in a transport supercurrent. If the core spectrum were continuous, spectral flow would convert the momentum flowing into the core via the Magnus effect into unbound quasi-particles — thus allowing the vortex to remain stationary without a pinning potential or other sink for the inflowing momentum. The discrete nature of the states, however, leads to Bloch oscillation which thwart the spectral flow. The momentum can escape only via relaxation processes. Taking these into account permits a physically transparent derivation of the mutual friction coefficients.
What do we learn from resonance production in heavy ion collisions

Resonances with their short life time and strong coupling to the dense and hot medium are suggested as a signature of the early stage of the fireball created in a heavy ion collision [1–3]. The comparison of resonances with different lifetimes and quark contents may give information about time evolution and density and temperature during the expansion of the fireball medium. Resonances in elementary reactions have been measured since 1960. Resonance production in elementary collisions compared with heavy ion collisions where we expect to create a hot and dense medium may show the direct influence of the medium on the resonances. This paper shows a selection of the recent resonance measurements from SPS and RHIC heavy ion colliders. (Some figures in this article are in colour only in the electronic version) 1. Resonances in medium In a heavy ion collision an extended hot and dense fireball medium is created. During the expansion of the fireball two freeze-out conditions are defined, chemical and thermal, representing the end of the inelastic and elastic interactions. In a dynamical evolving system produced resonances decay and may get regenerated. Decay daughters of resonances which decay inside the medium may also scatter with other particles from the medium, mostly pions for SPS and RHIC energies. This results in a non-reconstructable resonance from the decay daughters measured in the detector, because the invariant mass of the decay daughters no longer matches that of the parent. The reconstructed resonance signal from the scattered decay daughters is a few hundred MeV broad in the UrQMD model [4, 5] and is therefore not distinguishable from the background distribution. The rescattering and regeneration (pseudoelastic) process for resonances and their decay particles depend on the individual cross sections and are dominant after chemical but before the kinetic freeze-out. These interactions can result in changes of the reconstructed resonance yields, momentum spectra and widths. Rescattering will decrease the measured resonance yields while the mechanism of regeneration will increase
Hardware/software tradeoffs for increased performance

Most new computer architectures are concerned with maximizing performance by providing suitable instruction sets for compiled code and providing support for systems functions. We argue that the most effective design methodology must make simultaneous tradeoffs across all three areas: hardware, software support, and systems support. Recent trends lean towards extensive hardware support for both the compiler and operating systems software. However, consideration of all possible design tradeoffs may often lead to less hardware support. Several examples of this approach are presented, including: omission of condition codes, word-addressed machines, and imposing pipeline interlocks in software. The specifics and performance of these approaches are examined with respect to the MIPS processor.
A DYNAMIC MODEL OF RESIDENTIAL SEGREGATION

Using dimes and pennies on a checkerboard, Schelling (1971, 1978) studied the link between residential preferences and segregational neighborhood patterns. While his approach clearly has methodological advantages in studying the dynamics of residential segregation, Schelling's checkerboard model has never been rigorously analyzed. We propose an extension of the Schelling model that incorporates economic variables. Using techniques recently developed in stochastic evolutionary game theory, we mathematically characterize the model's long-term dynamics.
Sequential Benzylic Oxidation of Naloxone 3-Methyl Ether

Abstract Naloxone 3-methyl ether was selectively oxidized by treatment with cerium ammonium nitrate in aqueous acetonitrile at ambient temperature to provide the 10-(S)-hydroxy adduct. The stereochemistry of the oxidation product was proven by single crystal X-ray structure determination. The Dess-Martin periodinane further oxidized the 10-hydroxy to the 10-keto analog. Deprotection formed 10-ketonaloxone as an analytical reference standard.
Novel methods for the construction of 3-(2H) Furanone Spiroketals

Abstract Two stereoselective routes to the 3-(2H) furanone spiroketal 1 have been achieved.
Enantioselective synthesis of cardenolide precursors using an intramolecular Heck reaction

Abstract Synthesis of a complex steroid having cis A B and C D ring fusions and hydroxyl functionality at C-5, C-14 and C-19 is described.
The martian hydrosphere/cryosphere system: Implications of the absence of hydrologic activity at Lyot crater

[1] The Amazonian-aged 215 km-diameter Lyot crater represents a transient 'drill-hole' into the martian hydrosphere/cryosphere system. Cratering mechanics predict that the event should have penetrated the cryosphere and released groundwater held under artesian conditions. A plausible explanation for the lack of evidence for hydrologic activity within Lyot is an absence of abundant subsurface groundwater in the region at the time of impact.
Identifiability in array processing models with vector-sensor applications

We present a bound on the number of sources identifiable in a class of array processing models with multiple parameters and signals per source. The bound is applied to determine the maximum number of uniquely resolvable plane-wave sources in various acoustic and electromagnetic vector-sensor models. We examine the use of a priori information about the sources, the effects of known and unknown noise characteristics, and the presence of nuisance parameters. Connections between identifiability and existence of the Cramer-Rao bound (CRB) are investigated. We show quantitatively how assumptions about the parameters can fundamentally affect the maximum number of identifiable sources.
Tension metastable fluid nuclear particle Detector—Qualification and comparisons

Abstract Fluids in states of tension metastability offer unique capabilities for detection of nuclear emissions from fission and other nuclear phenomena. This includes the ability to completely avoid photonic interference when detecting neutrons in addition to being able to detect neutrons over eight orders of magnitude with spectroscopic capabilities, and the ability to provide directionality information, all from the same instrument; altogether, representing an unsurpassed capability for next-generation application of multi-disciplinary technology for diverse fields of application. In this paper we present the underlying principles of detection using tension (negative, i.e., sub-zero) pressure fluid states at room temperature and present results of qualification of performance in terms of intrinsic efficiency of detection of neutrons from fission and fusion sources. It is found that, unlike present day systems where intrinsic efficiencies are limited to about 20% for fast neutrons, the tension metastable fluid detector (TMFD) systems offer intrinsic efficiencies of over 90% with the ability to readily scale-up in size for vastly improved effective detection.
Type II Anion Relay Chemistry: Exploiting Bifunctional Weinreb Amide Linchpins for the One-Pot Synthesis of Differentiated 1,3-Diketones, Pyrans, and Spiroketals.

The design, synthesis, and validation of new highly effective bifunctional linchpins for type II anion relay chemistry (ARC) has been achieved. The mechanistically novel negative-charge migration that comprises the Brook rearrangement is now initiated by a stabilized tetrahedral intermediate, which is generated by nucleophilic addition to a Weinreb amide, rather than by a simple oxyanion that is generated from an epoxide. As a result, the linchpin preserves the carbonyl functionality in the ARC adducts, thus permitting access to functionally complex systems in a single flask without the need for further chemical manipulations. This tactic was validated with the one-pot preparation of monoprotected 1,3-diketones as well as pyran and spiroketal scaffolds, depending on the choice of nucleophile, electrophile, and work-up conditions.
Methods of Reducing Audible Noise Caused by Magnetic Components in Variable-Frequency-Controlled Switch-Mode Converters

Methods and a circuit implementation of audible noise reduction (ANR) in switch-mode converters with variable switching frequency are presented. The audible noise caused by magnetic components is reduced by controlling the switching frequency so that it remains above the audible range as the load decreases. This is accomplished by decreasing the peak value of the main switch current pulses in discrete steps until the peak value of the main switch current pulses is decreased to a level that is sufficiently low not to produce unacceptable audible noise. At very light loads and at no load, the ANR circuit can be disabled in order to meet various worldwide standards that limit the maximum input power. The performance of the proposed circuit was experimentally verified in a 90-W single-stage power-factor-correction flyback adapter.
Nonpeptide αvβ3 antagonists : identification of potent, chain-shortened 7-oxo RGD mimetics

Potent, novel 7-oxo α v β 3 antagonists have been prepared. These antagonists offer decreased plasma protein binding and excellent pharmacokinetic profiles.
Cell Size Regulation in Bacteria

A new theory suggests that bacterial cells regulate their size by directly measuring their increase in volume during growth.
Endo-Oxacyclizations of Polyepoxides: Biomimetic Synthesis of Fused Polycyclic Ethers

Boron trifluoride-etherate promotes the endo-selective oxacyclization of polyepoxides derived from various acyclic terpenoid polyalkenes, including geraniol, farnesol, and geranylgeraniol, providing an efficient and stereoselective synthesis of substituted oxepanes and fused polyoxepanes. The mechanism of the oxacyclization reaction probably involves intramolecular nucleophilic addition of epoxide oxygen to open another epoxide that is activated as an electrophile by the Lewis acid. These oxacyclizations proceed stereospecifically with inversion of configuration upon opening of each epoxide to provide trans-fused polycyclic products. The oxacyclization cascade is terminated by a tethered nucleophile, which may be the carbonyl oxygen of a ketone, ester, or carbonate, or a trisubstituted alkene. The best oxacyclization yields are generally observed with tert-butyl carbonate as the terminating nucleophile, although in some cases the oxacyclization products include formation of tert-butyl ethers as a minor product. The oxacyclization transformations described herein may mimic ring-forming steps in the biosynthesis of trans-syn-trans-fused polycyclic ether marine natural products.
Low-Frequency Modes of Tropical Ocean Dynamics

Abstract Basinwide very low-frequency (VLF) modes with zonal uniformly deepening and shoaling of the equatorial thermocline are found as solutions of linear shallow-water equations with the meridional basin boundaries under an equatorial β plane. They can be understood as the free heat-content recharge oscillations. The interannual VLF modes had been recognized as the essential part of the coupled recharge oscillator theory for the El Nino–Southern Oscillation. It is suggested that the decadal VLF modes may also be transformed into coupled modes relevant to the Pacific decadal climate variability through the ocean–atmosphere interaction in the Tropics.
Generalization Error Bounds in Semi-supervised Classification Under the Cluster Assumption

We consider semi-supervised classification when part of the available data is unlabeled. These unlabeled data can be useful for the classification problem when we make an assumption relating the behavior of the regression function to that of the marginal distribution. Seeger (2000) proposed the well-known cluster assumption as a reasonable one. We propose a mathematical formulation of this assumption and a method based on density level sets estimation that takes advantage of it to achieve fast rates of convergence both in the number of unlabeled examples and the number of labeled examples.
Recovery and Rehabilitation

To the Editor: Much attention has been paid to the endocrine and metabolic responses to injury, illness, and surgery, the “ebb” and “flow” phases that originally were described in the 1930s. The feasibility of manipulating the harmful effects of the changes in the late 1960s and ‘70s led to a considerable expansion of interest in the subject, and practical developments meant that nutritional and metabolic support could be given increasingly safely to patients requiring it. It is often forgotten, however, that the total response has a third, “anabolic” or “recovery,” phase during which body mass is restored, muscles recover, and health is regained. There is little literature on the subject, and the concentration on hospital-based medical services in the last 25 years has meant that attention has been directed almost exclusively to the acute situation.
Do state business climate indicators explain relative economic growth at state borders

This study submits 11 business climate indexes to tests of their ability to predict relative economic performance on either side of state borders. Our results show that most business climate indexes have no ability to predict relative economic growth regardless of how growth is measured. Some are negatively correlated with relative growth. Many are better at reporting past growth than at predicting the future. In the end, the most predictive business climate index is the Grant Thornton Index which was discontinued in 1989.
The submodular joint replenishment problem

The joint replenishment problem is a fundamental model in supply chain management theory that has applications in inventory management, logistics, and maintenance scheduling. In this problem, there are multiple item types, each having a given time-dependent sequence of demands that need to be satisfied. In order to satisfy demand, orders of the item types must be placed in advance of the due dates for each demand. Every time an order of item types is placed, there is an associated joint setup cost depending on the subset of item types ordered. This ordering cost can be due to machine, transportation, or labor costs, for example. In addition, there is a cost to holding inventory for demand that has yet to be served. The overall goal is to minimize the total ordering costs plus inventory holding costs. In this paper, the cost of an order, also known as a joint setup cost, is a monotonically increasing, submodular function over the item types. For this general problem, we show that a greedy approach provides an approximation guarantee that is logarithmic in the number of demands. Then we consider three special cases of submodular functions which we call the laminar, tree, and cardinality cases, each of which can model real world scenarios that previously have not been captured. For each of these cases, we provide a constant factor approximation algorithm. Specifically, we show that the laminar case can be solved optimally in polynomial time via a dynamic programming approach. For the tree and cardinality cases, we provide two different linear programming based approximation algorithms that provide guarantees of three and five, respectively.
Semisimple and G-Equivariant Simple Algebras Over Operads

Let G be a finite group. There is a standard theorem on the classification of G-equivariant finite dimensional simple commutative, associative, and Lie algebras (i.e., simple algebras of these types in the category of representations of G). Namely, such an algebra is of the form A=FunH(G,B), where H is a subgroup of G, and B is a simple algebra of the corresponding type with an H-action. We explain that such a result holds in the generality of algebras over a linear operad. This allows one to extend Theorem 5.5 of Sciarappa (arXiv:1506.07565) on the classification of simple commutative algebras in the Deligne category Rep(St) to algebras over any finitely generated linear operad.
Economic Impacts of the Forest Products Industry in the South (2009)

The forest products industry is an important component of local, state, regional, and national economies. Assessing the economic contributions of the forest products industry in the South, one of the leading timber producing region in the world, is crucial. Impact Analysis for Planning (IMPLAN), an input-output model, was used to assess the economic contribution of the forest products industry for the southern United States. Two aspects of economic contribution, direct impacts and the associated Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) multipliers, were compiled for three primary forest products industry sectors (lumber and wood products, paper and allied products, and wood furniture) for 2009, the most recent data available, and compared to study of the industry by Tilley and Munn (2007). The forest products industry proved to be an important source of employment and income for the South in 2009 despite of disproportionate impacts of the current recession. Results of this study will update the baseline economic information and will provide crucial information to concerned authority to strengthen the economic health of the industry.