cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tensile testing of bone over a wide range of strain rates: effects of strain rate, microstructure and density.

Uniaxial tensile tests were performed on standardised longitudinal specimens of bovine compact bone at strain rates from 5·3×10−4 to 237 s−1. After testing, the microstructure and dry density of each specimen was determined. The test results demonstrated highly significant (P<0·01) positive correlations between ultimate strength and strain rate, and between ultimate strength and density. A highly significant negative correlation between ultimate strength and the extent of secondary Haversian remodelling was also found. The modulus of elasticity showed similar correlations with the test parameters. A multiple linear-regression analysis was used to derive equations for the ultimate strength and modulus as functions of strain rate and microstructure. The regression analyses accounted for 86% of the variance in strength and 50% of the variance in modulus. The extent of secondary Haversian remodelling showed a significant (P<0·01) negative correlation with the energy-absorption capacity. Strain rate also had a significant effect on the energy-absorption capacity. Specimens tested at higher strain rates generally absorbed more energy during failure. There was no evidence of a critical velocity at which the energy absorption capacity attained a maximum. The test results correlate well with previous studies of the mechanical properties of compact bone.
A Functional Kinase Homology Domain Is Essential for the Activity of Photoreceptor Guanylate Cyclase 1

Phototransduction is carried out by a signaling pathway that links photoactivation of visual pigments in retinal photoreceptor cells to a change in their membrane potential. Upon photoactivation, the second messenger of phototransduction, cyclic GMP, is rapidly degraded and must be replenished during the recovery phase of phototransduction by photoreceptor guanylate cyclases (GCs) GC1 (or GC-E) and GC2 (or GC-F) to maintain vision. Here, we present data that address the role of the GC kinase homology (KH) domain in cyclic GMP production by GC1, the major cyclase in photoreceptors. First, experiments were done to test which GC1 residues undergo phosphorylation and whether such phosphorylation affects cyclase activity. Using mass spectrometry, we showed that GC1 residues Ser-530, Ser-532, Ser-533, and Ser-538, located within the KH domain, undergo light- and signal transduction-independent phosphorylation in vivo. Mutations in the putative Mg2+ binding site of the KH domain abolished phosphorylation, indicating that GC1 undergoes autophosphorylation. The dramatically reduced GC activity of these mutants suggests that a functional KH domain is essential for cyclic GMP production. However, evidence is presented that autophosphorylation does not regulate GC1 activity, in contrast to phosphorylation of other members of this cyclase family.
Culture Care Theory, Research, and Practice

Today nurses are facing a world in which they are almost forced to use transculturally-based nursing theories and practices in order to care for people of diverse cultures. The author, who in the mid-50s pioneered the development of the first transcultural nursing theory with a care focus, discusses the relevance, assumptions, and predictions of the culture care theory along with the ethnonursing research method. The author contends that transcultural nursing findings are gradually transforming nursing practice and are providing a new paradigm shift from traditional medical and unicultural practice to multiculturally congruent and specific care modalities. A few research findings are presented to show the importance of being attentive to cultural care diversities and universalities as the major tenets of the theory. In addition, some major contributions of the theory are cited along with major challenges for the immediate future.
Interface Stresses Between Soil and Large Diameter Drilled Shaft Under Lateral Loading

Results are presented of a field testing program for a full-scale, large diameter cast-in-drilled-hole (CIDH) shaft/column under large displacement cyclic lateral loading. The test shaft was extensively instrumented to enable high-precision section curvature measurements in addition to measurements of contact pressure at the soil-shaft interface around the shaft perimeter. Among the principal objectives of the testing was to characterize the soil-shaft interaction across a wide displacement range in order to gain insight into the adequacy of existing design guidelines (which are based principally on the testing of small diameter piles) for the large diameter shafts commonly used to support highway bridges. The component stresses of resistance and the effects of nonlinear soil resistance to relative displacements between the soil and shaft are presented. The authors conclude that the relative contributions of normal stresses were seen to increase with shaft deflection, as passive pressures were mobilized on the face of the shaft. The authors note that this suggests the side friction mobilized early in the test and provided the majority of the resistance at low displacement levels. Large diameter shafts could have added capacity from side friction, which the current design models do not incorporate.
Argon Diffusion in Feldspars

Diffusion of argon in feldspar is important because of its significance to K-Ar geochronology and becomes especially so with increasingly widespread use of both plagioclase and alkali feldspar for dating by the 40Ar/39Ar technique. Despite study and debate for more than 30 years, the basic feldspar Ar transport phenomena are subject to considerable uncertainty. Many studies report release kinetics but the results show a very large range in apparent fundamental parameters such as activation energy. While these measurements document the reactivity and structural complications of feldspars, few can be interpreted unambiguously. The most definitive description of Arrhenius parameters is provided by measurements on the Benson Mines orthoclase which is devoid of the internal features that commonly provide pathways for rapid Ar transport and for which physical grain size is the effective diffusion dimension. Long-term isothermal experiments at 500 to 800°C show Ar loss that conforms to theoretical behavior producing a linear Arrhenius relation. For the spherical model of isotopic Ar transport, diffusion coefficients are described by a frequency factor of 0.00982 cm2/sec and an activation energy of 43.8 kcal/mol. The behavior of Ar in this specimen leads to several generalizations. Diffusion of Ar appears to follow kinetics predicted by basic theory with a single mechanism although some trapping appears at high temperatures and degrees of outgassing. Kinetics of transport are not affected by the presence of external atmospheres of elevated water activity or atmospheric gases. Although neutron irradiation will have a great effect on defect concentration and may enhance or retard migration, it does not apparently alter diffusion rates at temperatures in excess of about 600°C. However, recoil redistribution of 39Ar will be important for many feldspars. There are several reasons to expect that Arrhenius parameters given above describe intrinsic Ar volume diffusion. They may be used for modeling and, acknowledging uncertainty about the operative mechanisms, extrapolated to lower temperatures. At the same time, behavior during incremental-heating degassing shows important differences. There are serious departures from a simple linear Arrhenius relation at higher temperatures (in excess of about 925°C) and large fractional losses; this serious effect appears to be due to Ar trapping with heating at high temperature for long times. In addition, rates of Ar release are enhanced during step-heating experiments due to reduction in grain size as a result of cracking and spalling. Both trapping and grain size reduction have profound implications for alkali feldspar laboratory incremental-heating release kinetics and their use for modeling of Ar loss in nature.
LiSA - Live System Analysis: A robust approach for the real time monitoring of clinical environments

The use of data produced in the University Hospitals of Geneva for steering and governance is becoming increasingly important. In this regard, many tools have been developed, both for aggregating and consolidating storage and also in terms of analysing Big Data. However, these tools are not generally designed to provide a real-time analysis. Indeed, there is an increasing amount of data available and it is easy to get lost. The potential uses of real-time monitors are numerous and can greatly increase the responsiveness of the institution in various situations by providing relevant data needed in that situation. The LiSA project aims to develop the conceptual and technical architecture for building real-time monitors, objects potentially useful in critical situations. A robust architecture is necessary to build a nearly real-time system. Management of alerts and events in a healthcare environment is so complex and scattered that it has become necessary to centralise. In software engineering, one of the most reliable architectures for such systems is the Publish-Subscribe Design Pattern. This architecture has been implemented in the project in order to give access to any kind of event in the Clinical Information System (CIS). Once data are processed and organised, a data stream that can be read by humans is sent to a web based monitoring interface. This new versatile monitoring model could lead to better and clearer management. We found that this system can stimulate managers to access the CIS events by creating meaningful indicators. It could help governance when it is necessary to obtain some information immediately, or to create statistical charts or gauges.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE MEANING OF SOME MEASURES OF ESTHETIC SENSITIVITY.

(1964). Observations on the Meaning of Some Measures of Esthetic Sensitivity. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 57, No. 1, pp. 49-64.
Simultaneous, in situ measurements of OH, HO2, O3, and H2O: A test of modeled stratospheric HOx chemistry

Simultaneous, in situ measurements of OH, HO_2, H_2O, and O_3 from 37–23 km are reported. The partitioning between OH and HO_2 and the total HO_x concentration are compared with expected steady-state values. The ratio of HO_2 to OH varies from less than 2 at 36 km to more than 3 at 25 km; in the lower stratosphere this ratio is nearly a factor of two less than predicted. The data are used to calculate HO_x production and loss rates. The measured HOx mixing ratio is consistent with production dominated by the reaction of O(1D) with H_2O, and loss controlled by NO_y below 28 km and HO_x above 30 km. The steady-state concentration of H_2O_2 is inferred from the measured HO_2 concentration and calculated photolysis rate. The maximum H_2O_2 mixing ratio (at 33 km) is predicted to be less than 0.2 ppb.
Evaluation of Resilient Modulus Model Parameters for Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design

Correlations were developed to estimate the resilient modulus of various Wisconsin subgrade soils from basic soil properties. A laboratory testing program was conducted on common subgrade soils to evaluate their physical and compaction properties. The resilient modulus of the investigated soils was determined from repeated load triaxial testing according to the AASHTO T 307 procedure. The laboratory testing program produced consistent results and a high-quality database. The resilient modulus constitutive equation adopted by NCHRP Project 1-37A was selected for this study. Comprehensive statistical analysis was performed to develop correlations between basic soil properties and the resilient modulus model parameters ki. The analysis did not yield good results when the whole test database was used. However, good results were obtained when fine-grained and coarse-grained soils were analyzed separately. The correlations developed were able to estimate the resilient modulus of the compacted subgrade soils wit...
An internally consistent model for radiation-induced void swelling

Most previous analytical models for radiation-induced void swelling employed reaction rate theory in which all concentrations were ''averaged out.'' The loss terms for use in such models were then usually obtained by separate, single-cell diffusion analyses which introduced various inconsistencies and uncertainties. Presented here is a unified, internally consistent analytical approach which incorporates, for the first time, the presence of dislocations, voids, and grain boundaries each with their own spatially varying diffusional fields. The results show large variations in sink strength Z-factors, usually treated as constants, significant variations in the void swelling bias factor, and quantitative levels of bias about an order of magnitude larger than most previous estimates. Good qualitative agreement is shown with available data, consistent with current concepts of close-pair annihilation in high-energy damage cascades.
The Impact of Classroom Activity Breaks on the School-Day Physical Activity of Rural Children.

International Journal of Exercise Science 6(2) : 134-143, 2013. Schools have been identified as a central element in a system that ensures that children participate in enough physical activity to develop healthy lifestyles. Even with this recommendation, many schoolbased physical activity opportunities are being eliminated/minimized (i.e. physical education (PE), recess). With children spending much of their time at school, other supplemental physical activity opportunities are essential. One such opportunity is through classroom teacher led activity breaks. Very little evidence exists identifying the impact of classroom activity breaks on the daily physical activity patterns of children. Therefore, the purpose of this paper was to determine the impact of classroom teacher led activity breaks on the step counts and moderateto-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) of 4 th grade children at school. Participants in this pilot study included a 4 th grade class (N=18; aged 9.2±.4 years; mostly Caucasian (n=14); BMI=19.9±2.8) in a rural school district in the Northeast US. Children wore the NL-1000 piezoelectric pedometer for 2-weeks (a baseline week and an activity break week) during the winter of 2012. Activity breaks were created by the teacher/students to give them ownership in the program (activities included numerous classroom games and walking activities). At baseline, children averaged 4806±639 steps and 17.7±2.8 minutes of MVPA/day. During implementation of the physical activity breaks, children significantly increased both their steps (p<.01; 5651±627; Δ=845) and MVPA (p<.01; 22.3±3.5; Δ=4.6 minutes). Findings suggest that classroom activity breaks have the potential to increase children’s daily physical activity patterns at school. Future studies are needed with a larger and more diverse population to support these findings.
Soyasaponin I and Sapongenol B Have Limited Absorption by Caco-2 Intestinal Cells and Limited Bioavailability in Women

A human study was conducted to evaluate soyasaponin bioavailability in humans. Eight healthy women ingested a single dose of concentrated soy extract containing 434 micromol of group B soyasaponins, the predominant form of soyasaponins in soybeans. Neither soyasaponins nor their metabolites were detected in a 24-h urine collection. Soyasapogenol B, a major metabolite of group B soyasaponins, was found (36.3 +/- 10.2 micromol) in a 5-d fecal collection but no group B soyasaponins were detected. A human colon cancer Caco-2 cell model was used to evaluate the absorbability of soyasaponins at the mucosal level. The mucosal transfers of soyasaponin I and soyasapogenol B were 0.5-2.9 and 0.2-0.8%, respectively, after 4-h incubation on the Caco-2 monolayer. The apical to basolateral absorptions of soyasaponin I and soyasapogenol B were low with P(app) of 0.9 to 3.6 x 10(-6) and 0.3 to 0.6 x 10(-6) cm/s, respectively. The transport rate and cell uptake of soyasaponin I were saturable and concentration-independent. In contrast, soyasapogenol B was taken up by Caco-2 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Soyasaponin I had no apparent cytotoxic effect on Caco-2 cells at concentrations up to 3 mmol/L, whereas soyasapogenol B at 1 mmol/L or more significantly reduced cell viability. Therefore, ingested soyasaponins have low absorbability in human intestinal cells and seem to be metabolized to soyasapogenol B by human intestinal microorganisms in vivo and excreted in the feces.
Direct numerical simulation of hypersonic boundary-layer transition over blunt leading edges. II - Receptivity to sound

This paper presents results of the direct numerical simulation (DNS) of the generation of boundary layer instability waves due to freestream acoustic disturbances, for a 2D Mach 15 flow over a parabola. The full Navier-Stokes equations are solved by using a new explicit fifth-order shock-fitting upwind scheme for both steady and unsteady flow solutions. The DNS results are also compared with local linear stability analysis based on mean flow solutions obtained by the numerical simulation. The numerical results show that the instability waves developed in the hypersonic boundary layer behind the bow shock contain both the first- and second-mode instabilities. The results also indicate that external disturbances, especially the entropy and vorticity ones, enter the boundary layer to generate instability waves mainly in the leading-edge region. (Author)
FOOD OF THE ROBBER FLY, MALLOPHORA ORCINA (WIED) (DIPTERA)

For several years I have been interested in the prey of the Robber Fly, Mallophora orcina (Weid). I have taken two hundred and eighteen specimens of this robber fly with its prey. The prey belonged to twenty-three species of insects.It will be noticed that not a single specimen was taken with the large yellow jacket (Vespa carolina), although this species is as common here as is the smaller yellow jacket (Vespa germanica). Ten specimens were taken with Liacos nobilitata, while not a single specimen was taken with Liacos bicincta, although it is as common here as is nobilitata.
ATM LAN interconnections with a cut-through nonblocking switch

The paper presents a cut through ATM switch with shared buffers for LAN interconnections. The incoming ATM cells are not stored into shared buffers as long as the destination output port is available. In other words, an ATM cell is waiting at the input port. It will be passed through the switch using a cut through link, if the destination output port is available. On the other hand, it will be stored into the switch's shared buffers, if the destination output port is busy and the buffers are not full. Performance measures in terms of the end to end ATM cell delay, the switch cell delay, and the average number of cells queued in the shared buffers (defined as the required buffer size) are evaluated through simulation. In the simulation, it is assumed that the traffic load on each switch port is increased from 4 token rings (64 Mbps or 20% of port capacity) to 16 token rings (256 Mbps or 80% of port capacity). A simple model, based on the mean queue length of destination output ports, is used to analytically quantify the busy status of output ports. The simulation results point out that an ATM switch with cut through capability can significantly reduce the mean cell delay and the required buffer size, even when the probability of cells that can be cut through is very small. >
CPR in children.

CPR has not been well studied in children and little is known about factors predictive of outcome. We conducted a study with three goals: longitudinal determination of demographic and laboratory data characterizing pediatric arrest victims; identification of factor(s) predictive of outcome; and determination of the prevalence of ionized hypocalcemia in pediatric arrest victims. All resuscitation efforts were documented during a one-year period in a 240-bed tertiary care children's hospital. Patients were classified into two groups — respiratory arrest (RA, requiring only assisted ventilation), and cardiac arrest (CA, absence of palpable cardiac activity requiring closed-chest CPR). Collected data and laboratory tests were analyzed using a step-wise discriminant analysis to determine which factors were predictive of outcome. There were 113 arrests in 93 children; 53 were CA victims and 40 were RA victims. CA had a high in-hospital mortality (90.6%) compared to RA (32.5%). The population was young (55%
CMBS and Conflicts of Interest: Evidence from a Natural Experiment on Servicer Ownership

I study a natural experiment in commercial mortgage-backed securities (CMBS) where some special servicers changed owners (treatment group) from 2009-2010 but not others (placebo group). The ownership change linked sellers (special servicers who liquidate CMBS assets on behalf of bondholders) and buyers (new owners), presenting a classic self-dealing conflict. Average loss rates for liquidations are 11 percentage points higher (implying additional losses of $3.2 billion for bondholders) after treated special servicers changed owners, but not for the placebo group. I provide the first direct measure of self-dealing that links buyers and sellers in securities markets in the United States.
Generalized tube model: recognizing 3D elongated objects from 2D intensity images

The issue of recognizing 3D elongated objects from 2D intensity images is addressed. A tube model, locally similar to generalized cones, is developed for the class of elongated objects. A recognition strategy that combines 2D contour properties and surface shading information is used to exploit the power of the 3D model. Reliable contours provide constraints for localizing the objects of interest. The theory of optimal filters is adopted in verifying the shading of hypothesized objects. Object recognition is achieved through optimizing the signal-to-noise response with respect to model parameters. A sweeping operation is proposed as a further stage of identifying objects so that the overall performance of the system does not heavily rely on the quality of local feature detection. >
Do children pick and choose? An examination of phonological selection and avoidance in early lexical acquisition.

The influence of phonological selection and avoidance upon early lexical acquisition was examined within an experimental paradigm. During 10 bi-weekly experimental sessions, 12 children (1;0.21 to 1;3.15 at the outset) were presented with 16 contrived lexical concepts, each consisting of a nonsense word and four unfamiliar referents. For each child, eight words involved phonological characteristics which had been evidenced in production (in) and eight had characteristics which had not been evidenced in production or selection (out), in words were produced imitatively and non-imitatively in greater numbers and in earlier sessions than OUT words, providing evidence for the influence of selection and avoidance. The degree of phonetic accuracy of these two types of productions did not differ. These findings are discussed in terms of a proposal concerning early phonological representation and acquisition.
Esophagogastric dissociation in the neurologically impaired: an alternative to fundoplication?

Abstract Background/Purpose Gastroesophageal reflux is common in children with severe neurological impairment. Fundoplication may produce symptomatic improvement but has a high failure rate. Esophagogastric dissociation (EGD) is an alternative procedure for treatment of gastroesophageal reflux. The aim of this study is to evaluate the results of EGD in our institution and compare them with a neurologically matched group of children who had Nissen fundoplication. Methods Twenty consecutive patients who had EGD were retrospectively evaluated and the results were compared with a neurologically matched group of 20 consecutive patients who had Nissen fundoplication. Results Twenty patients had EGD, 17 as a primary procedure. There was no operative mortality but 5 have died of other causes. Resolution of reflux-associated symptoms occurred in all patients. Of the 15 survivors, 5 remain on antireflux medication. Twenty patients had fundoplication. There was no operative mortality, but 8 patients have died of other causes. Failure occurred in 5 patients necessitating further surgery. Of the 10 unreoperated survivors, 6 remain on antireflux medication. Conclusions Esophagogastric dissociation is an effective antireflux procedure when compared with fundoplication. It has a lower failure rate. We recommend EGD as a primary procedure in selected children with severe neurological impairment.
Homogeneity in confiding relations

Abstract Patterns of inbreeding (or homophily) and social distance in data from the 1985 General Social Survey on dyads discussing important matters are examined. Stratifying variables include age, education, race/ethnicity, religion, and sex. Discussion relations are most constrained by race/ etnicity, and least by sex and education. Inbreeding effects are present for all five stratifying variables, and account for virtually all structure in dyads classified by race/ethnicity and religions Appreciable social distance biases in the formation of these strong ties are found for age and education, but not for other stratifying variables. The analysis illustrates the use of loginear and log-multiplicative association models in the analysis of cross-classifications of attributes of alters and respondents.
The Impaired Physician and Organized Medicine

It has been estimated that 5%–12% of the physicians in the United States are impaired sufficiently that their condition affects their work and practice. The most common diagnoses are alcohol and drug abuse, emotional disorders, illness related to aging and loss, or physical conditions.1 While traditionally recognition and care of these physicians has been seen as the responsibility of the profession, the lack of success of voluntary treatment, and the inability of many medical groups to initiate effective limiting and/or disciplinary action has led to the increasing concern and involvement of the public, governmental groups (e.g., licensing bodies), as well as organized groups of physicians. A study performed by the American Medical Association stressed that ignorance, apathy, and a lack of feelings of responsibility by physicians generally existed in regard to the impaired and incompetent physician, with intervention coming late in the course of events, or even after the fact (as in physician suicide).2 There are numerous and complex reasons for such delay or inaction.3,4
Managing Prisons by the Numbers: Using the Good-Time Laws and Risk-Needs Assessments to Manage the Federal Prison Population

The criminal justice system directs actors to make predictions about an offender’s likely recidivism. Today, many criminal justice systems use some form of a risk-needs assessment as a classification tool at various stages of the criminal process, especially when deciding where a particular offender will be housed or whether he should be granted credit toward an early release. Research has shown that risk-needs assessments have valuable predictive power and therefore can be worthwhile tools for making the myriad predictions needed in the federal criminal justice system. Yet, risk-needs assessments also are controversial. Some commentators have criticized them on the ground that they offend equal protection principles. The Public Safety Enhancement Act (PSEA) and the Recidivism Reduction and Public Safety Act (RRPSA) attempt to navigate the path toward criminal justice reform by directing the Attorney General to study the value and legality of risk-needs assessments. Legislators who choose to pursue correctional reform by revising the back end of the process would find that the PSEA and the RRPSA are valuable efforts to improve the system.
Looking Beyond “Fistula First” in the Elderly on Hemodialysis

Vascular access preparation, a pervasive challenge in hemodialysis (HD), is emerging as a multidimensional subject in geriatric nephrology. Previously published guidelines declared arteriovenous fistulas (AVF) as the preferred vascular access for all patients on HD. In this article, the benefit-risk evidence for using AVF versus an alternative access (arteriovenous graft [AVG] or tunneled central venous catheter [TCVC]) in the elderly is pondered. Compared to their younger counterparts, the elderly have significantly lower survival rates independent of the vascular access used for HD. Recent studies point to comparable dialysis survival rates between AVF and AVG or TCVC in subgroups of elderly patients, as well as lower rates of access-related infections, and lower catheter dependence after AVG compared to AVF construction in these patients. Comprehensive and longitudinal assessments that integrate comorbidities, physical function, cognitive status, and quality of life to estimate prognosis and assist with vascular access selection ought to be employed. In circumstances where patient survival is limited by comorbidities and functional status, AVF is unlikely to confer meaningful benefits compared to AVG or even TCVC in the ill elderly.
Does the normal stress parallel to the sliding plane affect the friction of ice upon ice

Sliding experiments were performed at −10°C on smooth surfaces of freshwater columnar-grained S2 ice sliding against itself at a velocity of 8 × 10−4 m s−1, with the purpose of examining whether normal stress parallel to the sliding plane affects frictional resistance. This component of the stress tensor was varied (0.20–1.83 MPa) using a loading system operated under biaxial compression, by orienting the sliding plane at two different angles, 26° and 64°, with respect to the principal loading direction. Under these conditions, no evidence was found to indicate that the normal stress in the direction of sliding affects the friction coefficient.
Comparison of Oviposition and Longevity of Monochamus alternatus and M. carolinensis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) Under Laboratory Conditions

Female adults of 2 pine sawyer species, Monochamus alternatus Hope and Monochamus carolinensis (Olivier), were reared individually as unmated females or with a male as a mated female under laboratory conditions. The numbers of oviposition sites and eggs per female were recorded for the duration of the adult life stage. Patterns of oviposition, fecundity, and adult longevity were compared. M. alternatus females lived significantly longer than M. carolinensis , while M. carolinensis females deposited a greater number of eggs per day than M. alternatus females. This interaction resulted in similar fecundities for the 2 species. Unmated females lived significantly longer than mated females but deposited significantly fewer eggs per day, resulting in a significantly higher fecundity for mated females. The distribution of eggs within oviposition sites was similar between species and mated conditions. The majority of oviposition sites contained a single egg. The age-specific oviposition rates (eggs/48 hr) were also similar between species and mated status. Regressions of egg deposition and adult age indicated that all females had a nearly constant rate of egg deposition throughout their adult lives.
Determination of Larval lnstars of the Hickory Shuckworm, Laspeyresia caryana

Identification of instars is necessary in reporting and explaining phenomena associated with immature insects, in screening insecticides, in timing applications of insecticides, and in working with larvae in the laboratory. The recognition of larval instars also has special application as an index of larval growth (Bean and Batzer 1957) and, therefore, provides a diagnostic tool useful in the evaluation of the development of larvae fed an artificial diet. The width of head capsules has been shown on numerous occasions to provide data from which larval instars can be recognized.
An Experimental Study of Pulsed Micro-Flows Driven by an Insulin Pump

In recent years, there is a surge in the popularity of using insulin pump or continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) therapy, as opposed to multiple daily injections (MDI) by insulin syringe or an insulin pen. Some case studies have suggested that insulin delivery failure may be caused by the precipitation of insulin within the infusion set. Speculation also exists that the flow of insulin through an insulin infusion set may be reduced or inhibited by air bubbles entrained into the micro-sized capillary tubing system since there are chances that air be introduced into the insulin reservoir during the filling process. In the present study, an experimental study was conducted to investigate the pulsed microflow inside the micro-sized infusion tubing system driven by an insulin pump. A microscopic Particle Image Velocimtry (micro-PIV) system was used to conduct detailed flow velocity field measurements to characterize the transient behavior of the pulsed micro-flows inside the micro-sized tubing system of an insulin infusion set with an insulin pump operating in basal mode (i.e., pulsed insulin pumping). The effects of the air bubbles entrained into the micro-sized capillary tubing system on the insulin delivery process were also assessed based on the micro-PIV measurements.
The Global Status of Freshwater Fish Age Validation Studies and a Prioritization Framework for Further Research

Age information derived from calcified structures is commonly used to estimate recruitment, growth, and mortality for fish populations. Validation of daily or annual marks on age structures is often assumed, presumably due to a lack of general knowledge concerning the status of age validation studies. Therefore, the current status of freshwater fish age validation studies was summarized to show where additional effort is needed, and increase the accessibility of validation studies to researchers. In total, 1351 original peer-reviewed articles were reviewed from freshwater systems that studied age in fish. Periodicity and age validation studies were found for 88 freshwater species comprising 21 fish families. The number of age validation studies has increased over the last 30 years following previous calls for more research; however, few species have validated structures spanning all life stages. In addition, few fishes of conservation concern have validated ageing structures. A prioritization framework, u...
PARAMETRIC INVERSION OF VISCOELASTIC MEDIA WITH HOMOTOPY METHOD

The physical parameters of viscoelastic media from their dynamic responses in time domain are inversed,which include more information than the quasi-static movement or response in frequency domain. Moreover,the movement in time domain is easy to measure;and the inversed results are reasonable and practicable. According to principle that the computed and measured dynamic responses should be fitted,the parametric inversion problem in viscoelastic media is deduced to solve a problem of nonlinear zero-equation by the homotopy method with wide convergence. It is a newly developed powerful device for solving nonlinear problem. This method is used to inverse material parameters of 3D halfspace viscoelastic media. Numerical results show that the homotopy method is nearly independent of the original value;and the method has high accuracy and validity for the dynamical identification problems of viscoelastic parameters.
Myopic children show insufficient accommodative response to blur.

PURPOSE The study was performed to establish the relationship between the slope of the accommodative response function and refractive error in children. METHODS Using an autorefractor, accommodative responses were measured in children under the following conditions. The subjects wore their best subjective refraction to view targets (a 3 x 3 array of 20/100 letters) displayed at seven distances (4.0 to 0.25 m). They viewed letters placed at 4.0 m through a series of negative lenses and letters placed at 0.25 m through a series of positive lenses. RESULTS Myopic children accommodate significantly less than emmetropic children for real targets at near distances. Compared with emmetropic subjects, myopic children use blur poorly to increase accommodation, as shown by shallow slopes of the accommodative response functions for negative lenses. However, with positive lenses, requiring relaxation of accommodation, there is no significant difference in slope between myopic and emmetropic children. CONCLUSIONS Blur is not an effective stimulus for accommodation in myopic children.
First-principles survey of the structure, formation energies, and transition levels of As-interstitial defects in InGaAs

While point defects in elemental (Si) and compound (GaAs, GaN, AlN) semiconductors have been extensively studied both experimentally and theoretically, only limited theoretical studies of these defects exist for technologically important binary $(\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{i}}_{x}\mathrm{G}{\mathrm{e}}_{1\text{\ensuremath{-}}x})$ and pseudobinary $(\mathrm{I}{\mathrm{n}}_{x}\mathrm{G}{\mathrm{a}}_{1\text{\ensuremath{-}}x}\mathrm{As}$, $\mathrm{I}{\mathrm{n}}_{\mathrm{x}}\mathrm{G}{\mathrm{a}}_{1\text{\ensuremath{-}}x}\mathrm{N}$, $\mathrm{A}{\mathrm{l}}_{x}\mathrm{G}{\mathrm{a}}_{1\text{\ensuremath{-}}x}\mathrm{N})$ semiconductor alloys. Here, we use density-functional theory and a recently developed bounds-analysis approach to survey the atomic structures, formation energies, and charge-state transition levels of the stable and metastable states of As interstitials in the pseudobinary alloy $\mathrm{I}{\mathrm{n}}_{0.5}\mathrm{G}{\mathrm{a}}_{0.5}\mathrm{As}$. Our studies consider seven different candidate defect structures for the As interstitial, with calculations performed for selected defect charge states in the range $q=\ensuremath{-}2$ to $+3$. In each case, the mean and standard deviations of the defect-formation energy are determined using statistical sampling methods that place the defect into a wide variety of differing local-alloy environments. When examined from the point of view of the mean formation energy of the defect, the stable configurations of the As interstitial in $\mathrm{I}{\mathrm{n}}_{0.5}\mathrm{G}{\mathrm{a}}_{0.5}\mathrm{As}$ are found to resemble previous findings for GaAs, with a ${\mathrm{C}}_{1\mathrm{h}}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{p}{001}_{\mathrm{III}}$ interstitial structure in a $q=+1$ charge state favored near midgap and below, and a ${\mathrm{C}}_{2\mathrm{v}}\text{\ensuremath{-}}11{0}_{\mathrm{a}}$ split-interstitial structure in a $q=\ensuremath{-}1$ charge state favored above midgap (the named point-group symmetries refer to the underlying symmetry that the alloy defect would possess if within GaAs). The statistical sampling reveals a strong dependence of the defect-formation energy on the local-alloy environment, with the standard deviation $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ of the formation energy approaching 0.21 eV for the most stable As-interstitial structures. Because the range of ground-state energies encountered by an As-interstitial defect when moving through the alloy is found to be quite large, approaching $\ensuremath{\sim}1.2\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}(\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3\ensuremath{\sigma})$, defect-diffusion pathways in $\mathrm{I}{\mathrm{n}}_{0.5}\mathrm{G}{\mathrm{a}}_{0.5}\mathrm{As}$ will have spatial and temporal complexities not found in GaAs.
Acetylene Reduction Activity and Non-Structural Carbohydrate Content of HemarthriaAltissima CV. Bigalta, After Defoliation

Cut vs. uncut plants of Hemarthria altissima cv. Bigalta were studied to ascertain if the defoliated plants had significantly lower acetylene reduction activity (ARA) than unclipped plants. (Fig. a). Non-structural carbohydrate determinations were made of dried root samples. Roots sectioned with a freezing microtome were observed to contain starch in the cortical cells in the center of the root. ARA per gram of root, was significantly lower in the cut plants (p=. 02), and percent carbohydrate content was also significantly lower in the cut plants 17 days after clipping (p=. 001). A summary of percent carbohydrates found in the stems, crowns and roots of cut vs. uncut Hemarthria altissima is also shown. (Fig. b). Observations of root and shoot development indicated that cut plants had increased shoot growth, but initiated fewer new roots than the uncut plants. The ARA results are similar to, but at lower rates than reported with legume seedlings (Cralle, Heichel 1981) (Vance et al. 1979) and in field pastures (Halliday, Pate 1976).
Zygomatic Arch Cortical Area and Diet in Haplorhines.

The influence that various types of ingested foods have on the form (size and shape) of specific features of the masticatory system is an area in which many questions remain unanswered. The bony zygomatic arch, the focus of this study, is directly linked to the masticatory system because it serves as the anchor for the masseter muscle, a primary muscle of chewing and source of masticatory force. However, the influence of diet and the forces associated with different diet types on the arch's internal bone architecture is not well understood. Despite the breadth of work centered around the craniofacial complex and biomechanics of mastication, there is a need for further investigations into the functional relationships between specific bony features that experience high strains, (e.g., the zygomatic arch), and the masticatory forces generated by different diets (e.g., mechanically resistant versus non- mechanically resistant) across non-human primates. A hypothesis and series of predictions assessing diet in relation to variability in cortical area distributions and values of section moduli (measures of bone strength) throughout the zygomatic arch were tested in a sample of haplorhine primates. Cortical area and measures of section moduli appear to track with the known masticatory strain distribution along the zygomatic arch. Pairwise comparisons between closely related taxa of different diets reveal significant differences in anterior cortical area and section moduli values. These results imply that differences in masticatory loading due to diet manifest in the zygomatic arch's internal bone structure. Anat Rec, 299:1789–1800, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
IT Security Certification and Criteria

IT security certification and IT security evaluation criteria have changed their character compared with the first efforts ca. 20 years ago. They have also gained more interest within civilian and commercial application areas. Therefore this paper compares them with earlier criticism and with the new challenges in IT security. After an introduction into the concept of security certification the established IT security certification schemes and the related criteria are presented. Then their weaknesses and problems are described, in particular with regard to nowadays security requirements. Improvements of the criteria and the certification systems are presented, and suggestions for using current certification and evaluation schemes despite their shortcomings are made.
Increasing Use of Renewable Energy by Coalition Formation of Renewable Generators and Energy Stores

Renewable sources are not used to their full potential for electricity generation. Unpredictability of solar and wind power forces renewable generators to bid conservative generation amounts in a day-ahead market in order to avoid fees for failure to provide generation. In this paper we propose an approach to increase the use of renewable sources, which allows renewable generators to hedge against generation unpredictability by forming coalitions with energy stores. Inside these coalitions renewable generators purchase availability of energy stores to generate power when needed. Renewable generators use this availability to avoid fees for failure to provide committed generation whenever the current generation is lower than the committed value. We experimentally show that our approach allows renewable generators to commit to 100% of the predicted generation, thus increasing the use of renewable sources. We also show that our approach generates profit incentives for both renewable generators and energy stores to form coalitions.
Hamilton's Electronics Services, Inc.: The Second Year

The owner of Hamilton's has provided his CPA with all the company's invoices, bank statements, and a lot of other miscellaneous business-related information for the company's second year. He has asked the CPA to reconstruct, in summary form, all the company's second-year transactions and to create an income statement for its second year of operations and a balance sheet at the end of that year. Excerpt UVA-C-2396 Rev. Dec. 17, 2020 Hamilton's Electronics Services, Inc.: The Second Year David Hamilton had worked as the senior technician at a large electronics sales and service company for more than 15 years. Just over two years ago, he decided that what he really wanted was to be self-employed. After turning in his resignation, he started his own company. Hamilton announced the opening of Hamilton's Electronics Services, Inc. (Hamilton's), an electronics repair company that serviced all makes and models of electronic equipment. As he reflected on his company's first two years of operation, he thought about how busy he had been. He was grateful that he had hired Janet Lucas, a local CPA, to handle the accounting for his company after its first year of operation, and he had renewed his contract with her for its second year. Hamilton provided Lucas with all the company's invoices, bank statements, and a lot of other miscellaneous business-related information. He had asked Lucas to reconstruct, in summary form, all the company's transactions that had occurred during its second year and to provide him with an income statement for its second year of operations and a balance sheet at the end of that year. Lucas got to work immediately. She had the company's balance sheet for the end of the first year (Exhibit). As she had discovered the previous year, the information Hamilton had provided her with contained everything she needed to complete a summary analysis of transactions, to transfer all the data into individual accounts, and to prepare an income statement and a balance sheet for the company's second year. From the information Hamilton had given her, Lucas prepared the following summary of things that had occurred during the company's second year of operations. . . .
Polyvariant architectural model of Crambe koktebelica ( Junge) N. Busch shoot system

The article is devoted to integrated biomorphological study on Crambe koktebelica (Junge) N. Busch. Different variants of ontogenesis and basic architectural model were ascertained by for this rare species. Influence of milieu conditions on shoot system structure of the species individuals was shown.
Topology-aware RRT∗ for parallel optimal sampling in topologies

In interactive human-robot path-planning, a capability for expressing the path topology provides a natural mechanism for describing task requirements. We propose a topology-aware RRT∗ algorithm that can explore in parallel any given set of topologies. The topological information used by the algorithm can either be assigned by the human prior to the planning or be selected from the human in posterior path selection. Theoretical analyses and experimental results are given to show that the optimal path of any topology can be found, including a winding topological constraint wherein the robot must circle one or more objects of interest.