cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Engine out of the chassis: Cell-free protein synthesis and its uses

The translation machinery is the engine of life. Extracting the cytoplasmic milieu from a cell affords a lysate capable of producing proteins in concentrations reaching to tens of micromolar. Such lysates, derivable from a variety of cells, allow the facile addition and subtraction of components that are directly or indirectly related to the translation machinery and/or the over-expressed protein. The flexible nature of such cell-free expression systems, when coupled with high throughput monitoring, can be especially suitable for protein engineering studies, allowing one to bypass multiple steps typically required using conventional in vivo protein expression.
Auger electron spectroscopy studies of near‐interface SiO2

The Auger electron spectra of thin (3–30 A) thermal films of SiO2 on Si were measured. Xenon ion sputtering was also used to provide depth profiles of these films. A feature in the Si LVV Auger spectrum previously attributed to intermediate oxidation states of silicon (SiOx) within 1–2 monolayers of the interface was observed. In addition, the presence of a ‘‘near interface SiO2’’ region where the SiO2 spectra are shifted from their thick SiO2 values has been observed. During sputter profiling of 30 A films these energies shift from positions close to their thick oxide values to values approximately 5 V higher at the interface. These shifts are observed even without sputtering: the 3 A oxide has a Si KLL peak energy 3.2 V higher than the 30 A sample, and O KLL peak energy 3.5 V higher, and Si LVV peak 2.0 V higher, after correcting for band bending in the substrate. These shifts can be attributed to a change in the relaxation energy of the oxide whose physical origin is not as yet understood.
An experiment in interaction between independent music and graphics processors

This paper describes an effort to design and implement an interactive system involving two independent processors - one a display processor and the other a music processor. The goal of the work was to develop tools and techniques for the artist interested in working with the media of animation and music in an integrated fashion. Since the purpose of our project was purely artistic, its success and significance can be evaluated only in terms of the uniqueness and viability of the products which our tools and techniques have yielded thus far. Our present results are unique to the extent that they would be extremely difficult, if not impossible, to reproduce on other existing animation systems. As far as aesthetic criteria are concerned, all we can say is that we find our results viable enough to warrant public exposure.The basic principle of our system is that both animation and music are process-oriented. That is, both the display sequence and the performance of a musical score are described in terms of programs written in low-level interpretive languages. Both the animation and the music are performed in real time with all timing provided by external clocks which interrupt the interpreter programs at regular intervals. These clocks are actually built into the data communications hardware, so that all processor-to-processor communication is incorporated into the interrupt routine which services timing.The music interpreter is designed in such a way that it supervises the execution of four independent "voice programs", each of which describes the performance of a single sequence of notes. In an analogous fashion the graphic interpreter supervises the execution of four lower-level programs, each of which describes the motion of a single object in terms of the direction of its path, the distance it proceeds in that direction, and the amount of time it takes to traverse that distance. The sounding of each individual note by the music processor is determined by two external parameters which specify the pitch and duration of that note. These parameters are maintained at the top of stacks, a data structure which was chosen for being conducive to the representation of information relevant to the organization of tonal music (Smoliar, 1972).Processor-to-processor communication is unilateral - from the music processor to the display processor. The music processor constantly informs the display processor of the data at the top of its eight stacks (pitch and duration parameters for four voices). The display processor then transforms the information it receives into parametric data regarding the motions of its objects. These transformations are subject to program control, and experiments have been performed in using different transformations as graphic interpretations of the initial musical data. The results of each experiment constitute a "graphical choreography" of the musical score represented in the music processor, displayed in real time while the music processor performs the score.
Contact line dynamics near the pinning threshold: a capillary rise and fall experiment

We used video microscopy to study the pinning dynamics of air/water contact lines in vertical glass capillaries. Stick-slip behavior and avalanches are observed in tubes with rough interior walls and strong pinning forces. In tubes with smooth interior walls, we find that receding contact lines in falling water columns show no evidence of pinning, but advancing contact lines in rising water columns exhibit algebraic slow down. The measured value of the critical exponent $\ensuremath{\beta}$ varies from run to run, but it is always larger than unity. Furthermore, we find that the rise dynamics varies with the waiting time preceding the experiments. These observations led us to conclude that the wetting film on the surface and other microscopic changes in the slipping region near the contact line affect the macroscopic dynamics. We discuss the differences between the real system and the existing theories that might explain the results. We also present a brief review of other studies of contact line dynamics and a numerical study of a one-dimensional model.
The damping properties of dealloyed porous copper and its PMMA composite

Incramute Cu-Mn alloys were dealloyed to remove Mn by selective electrolytic separation. The porous dealloyed specimens were compressed at 0.17-14 GPa, resulting in densities of 55-88% of the density of pure copper. Some porous copper specimens before compression were soaked in a mixture of monomer (MMA) and the initiator (AIBN), compressed, and then polymerized by heating. Young’s moduli of both the dealloyed porous copper and its PMMA composite were found to decrease exponentially with porosity and volume fraction of PMMA, respectively. The apparent activation energy for damping of Cu-PMMA composite near the glass transition temperature of PMMA was found to increase with decreasing volume fraction of PMMA.
Natural-gas futures: Bias, predictive performance, and the theory of storage

This study reports several empirical findings concerning natural gas futures prices. First, spot and futures prices are non-stationary and the observed trends are due to positive drifts in the random-walk components of the prices rather than possible deterministic time trends. Second, market forecast errors are stationary. Third, futures are less than expected future spot prices so that futures are backwardated. Fourth, the bias in the futures prices is time varying. Fifth, futures have statistically significant market-timing ability, despite the bias in the magnitude forecasts. Finally, the data lends partial support to the cost-of-carry theory of the basis determination.
HSV usurps eukaryotic initiation factor 3 subunit M for viral protein translation: novel prevention target.

Prevention of genital herpes is a global health priority. B5, a recently identified ubiquitous human protein, was proposed as a candidate HSV entry receptor. The current studies explored its role in HSV infection. Viral plaque formation was reduced by ∼90% in human cells transfected with small interfering RNA targeting B5 or nectin-1, an established entry receptor. However, the mechanisms were distinct. Silencing of nectin-1 prevented intracellular delivery of viral capsids, nuclear transport of a viral tegument protein, and release of calcium stores required for entry. In contrast, B5 silencing had no effect on these markers of entry, but inhibited viral protein translation. Specifically, viral immediate early genes, ICP0 and ICP4, were transcribed, polyadenylated and transported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, but the viral transcripts did not associate with ribosomes or polysomes in B5-silenced cells. In contrast, immediate early gene viral transcripts were detected in polysome fractions isolated from control cells. These findings are consistent with sequencing studies demonstrating that B5 is eukaryotic initiation factor 3 subunit m (eIF3m). Although B5 silencing altered the polysome profile of cells, silencing had little effect on cellular RNA or protein expression and was not cytotoxic, suggesting that this subunit is not essential for host cellular protein synthesis. Together these results demonstrate that B5 plays a major role in the initiation of HSV protein translation and could provide a novel target for strategies to prevent primary and recurrent herpetic disease.
Semiconductor “Nano-Onions” with Multifold Alternating CdS/CdSe or CdSe/CdS Structure

"Nano-onions" with multifold alternating CdS/CdSe or CdSe/CdS structure have been synthesized via a two-phase approach. The influences of shell on photoluminescence (PL) quantum yields (QYs) and PL lifetimes are investigated and discussed. It is found that the outmost shell plays an important role in the PL QYs and PL lifetimes of the multishells "onion-like" nanocrystals. The PL QYs and PL lifetimes fluctuate regularly with CdSe and CdS shells. The PL QY increases when the nanocrystals have an outmost CdS shell; however, it decreases dramatically with the outmost CdSe shell. The trend of the change of PL lifetimes is consistent with that of the QYs. The crystal structure and composition of the novel nano-onions are characterized by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectra techniques.
James Bryant Conant and equality of educational opportunity

This essay critically examines the commitment of James Bryant Conant to equality of opportunity as a guide for educational practice in his own era and in contemporary society. Noted chemist, president of Harvard University from the 1930s through the early 1950s, and noted analyst of the American high school from the time of publication of his American High School Today in the late 1950s, Conant championed a system of educational opportunity that sought to enrich society with the contribution of high academic achievers, whatever their social background. This idea was controversial during Conant's tenure at Harvard, as he tried to open admission to students deserving academically, but not possessed of the normal social and familial backgrounds of Harvard alumni. In addition to seeing equalising educational opportunity as a broadening of the college population, Conant also understood the value of a political sense of educational opportunity, one that sought effective citizenship education for all students, and thought that the public school was the best institution for such effort. In spite of his dual commitment, Conant in a variety of ways emphasised expanding opportunity for gifted students from all backgrounds over citizenship education for all students. The historically bounded character of his commitment is emphasised in the essay, as well as its inappropriateness as a guide for equalising educational opportunity in contemporary times.
The vulnerability of computers: Malfunctions may be due to ¿illegal¿ operations, to hardware failures, or to combinations of hardware and software failures that simply elude pinpointing

Digital computers pose unique reliability problems. Serious information-processing errors can occur through one failure lasting a billionth of a second in one of the hundreds of thousands of digital components that switch billions of times a day. Just in the transfer of data between Computers and their peripherals, a million characters may stream toward a printer within 15 minutes, and millions of characters per second flow to and from magnetic-disk memory units. What's more, the tasks that computers generally perform are so complex that some errors can go undetected for long periods of time, until outputs from the machine become sufficiently unreasonable to arouse a user's suspicions. The only way to design reliability into this environment (besides the method of worst-case design that is used in all walks of engineering) is to build various methods into the machine for detecting and correcting malfunctions. Modern computers therefore have complex watchdog hardware and firmware and programs to keep the machines serviceable despite intermittent or continuous hardware failures.
An assessment of gypsy moth natural enemies in Pennsylvania.

An investigation was conducted to determine qualitatively the entomophagous natural enemies of Portlzetria dispar (L.) in Pennsylvania. Seven exotic species were recovered: the larval parasitoids Bleplzaripa scutellata (Robineau-Desvoidy) (Tachinidae), Compsilura concinnata (Meigen) (Tachinidae), Phobocampe disparis (Viereck) (lchneumonidae), and Apanteles melanosceilis (Ratzeburg) (Braconidae); a pupal parasitoid, Brachymeria intermedia (Nees) (Chalcidiae), and Ooencyrtus kuwanai (Howard) (Encyrtidae), an egg parasitoid. The predator Calosoma sycophanta L. (Carabidae) was observed feeding on gypsy moth in one county. Two native ichneumonid parasitoids were recovered in the State, Theronia atalantae fulvescens (Cresson) and Itoplectis conquisitor (Say). A Calosoma beetle and two species of Pentatomidae were observed feeding on the gypsy moth in the field.
Resident dendritic cells are the predominant TNF-secreting cell in early renal ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Renal ischemia–reperfusion injury (IRI) rapidly induces production of inflammatory mediators including, and in particular, tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Possible sources include resident parenchymal and bone marrow-derived cells as well as recruited leukocytes. Cell suspensions from kidneys subjected to IRI were examined by cell separation followed by in vitro culture and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunoperoxidase and immunofluorescence microscopy, and multicolor flow cytometry to determine the contribution of dendritic cells (DCs) to early production of TNF and other inflammatory mediators. Secretion of TNF, interleukin (IL-6), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) was increased in cell suspensions from IRI compared with control kidneys and was higher in DC-enriched preparations. Immunostaining identified TNF +ve cells that coexpressed the DC marker CD11c. Flow cytometry of bone marrow-derived (CD45 +ve ) cell populations at 24h post-IRI demonstrated that F4/80 +ve /CD11c +ve DCs remained proportionately stable and exhibit higher levels of DC maturation markers, whereas the proportion of F4/80 −ve DCs, monocytes, neutrophils, and T cells increased. Intracellular staining for TNF confirmed that F4/80 +ve DCs were the predominant TNF +ve cell and expressed higher levels than other TNF +ve cells. In vivo depletion of DCs from the kidney substantially attenuated TNF secretion by total and CD45 +ve cells following IRI. The results uncover a role for resident F4/80 +ve DCs as the predominant secretors of TNF within 24h of IRI.
Neodymium:YAG laser cutting of intraocular lens haptics

Neodymium:YAG laser cutting of polymethylmethacrylate and polypropylene anterior chamber and posterior chamber intraocular lens haptics was studied in terms of ease of transection and physical structure of the cut areas as seen by scanning electron microscopy. A marked difference was discovered, with the polymethylmethacrylate cutting easily along transverse planes, whereas the polypropylene resisted cutting along longitudinal fibers. Clinical guidelines are presented.
Reconsideration of methods and standards : Digestion of diaper wipes and use of matrix-matched calibration standards for dust lead analysis

Diaper wipes are widely used for sampling residential dust for lead analysis. A thicker type of diaper wipe was incompletely digested and had low recoveries (∼40%) of lead on stock solution spikes using existing protocols. A modified protocol was applied to various quality control samples prepared with thicker diaper wipes in 134 batches of field samples. Modifications included a larger reagent volume (20 mL), more concentrated acid (50% HNO3 followed by concentrated HNO3), 3 h on the hot plate, and squeezing wipe residues during filtration. Seventeen batches were reanalyzed using matrix-matched standards. Acceptable lead recoveries were obtained for stock solution spikes (88%) and spikes prepared with leaded dustSRM 2582 (88%), SRM 2589 (96%), and CRMO 14-050 (99%). Matrix-matched calibration standards increased mean lead recoveries by an additional 8%. Our protocol may provide a basis for a standard operational procedure for wipe digestion and analysis. Differences in estimates of dust lead loadings att...
Contemporary Management of Laryngeal Papilloma in Adults and Children

Occurring in children and adults, recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) is the most common neoplasm in humans. Although benign, malignant transformation of these human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated lesions is well documented, but rare. More commonly, RRP can be life threatening because of airway obstruction from growth and proliferation of the papilloma lesions. RRP typically presents as hoarseness, although more advanced cases manifest with stridor and respiratory distress. The disease most commonly occurs on the true vocal folds. Treatment has focused on removal of obstructing lesions, with additional ablation of the root of the papilloma in hope of preventing regrowth. Since the popularization of the carbon dioxide (CO2) laser for laryngeal surgery in the 1970s, repeated laser ablation has been the mainstay of therapy; some pediatric patients have undergone suspension microlaryngoscopy with laser treatment monthly or even more frequently. There is a high rate of recidivism because lesions regrow at the sites of ablation, and others develop in previously seemingly uninvolved areas. Thus, although some investigators have had limited success at keeping the lesions controlled through regular repeat surgeries, it is generally accepted that laser treatment, along with other surgical techniques (cold excision, use of a microdebrider), usually is not curative [1–9]. In the last 30 years, more attention has been directed toward adjuvant treatments, which range
Developing a screening instrument and at-risk profile for nonsuicidal self-injurious behavior in college women and men.

Archival data (N = 1,048 women, 1,136 men) from a mental health survey of college students were used to investigate incidence of nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI), including cutting. Significant levels (defined as 4-5 lifetime incidents) were found in 9.3% of women and 5.3% of men. The Counseling Center Assessment for Psychological Symptoms (a global symptom inventory) and an assessment of trauma had been field tested with this sample. We randomly partitioned half of these data into a holdout sample and used the remainder to develop an NSSI screening inventory that included (a) 5 women's screening items, including 1 item to assess trauma experienced; (b) 11 men's screening items; and (c) 12 items common to men and women, including depression, dissociation, anger, unwanted thoughts, nightmares or flashbacks, and having witnessed trauma. Logistic regression and receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis suggested the inventory significantly discriminated NSSI men and women in the holdout sample, p Language: en
Tunneling density of states and plasmon excitations in double-quantum-well systems.

We calculate the tunneling density of states and plasmon excitations in a double-quantum-well system. In these calculations, the barriers are doped uniformly. The eigenfunctions are first obtained in the Hartree approximation and these results are then used to calculate the exchange contribution in lowest order. This is a simple way to include the effects due to temperature on the intersubband transition energies. We present a self-consistent-field theory and numerical calculations for the intersubband plasmon excitation energies. The derived analytical results show that in the long wavelength limit the symmetric mode is not affected by tunneling but the antisymmetric mode depends on the charge transfer between the quantum wells. The results for the antisymmetric modes include corrections to previous results where tunneling between the layers was neglected. For the symmetric mode, the sign of the charge density fluctuations in each quantum well is the same and the double-well structure is completely symmetric with respect to the midplane. There is a preferred direction for electrons to tunnel when the charge density fluctuations in the wells have opposite signs which cause the plasmon frequency for the antisymmetric case to depend on tunneling. We also show that in the quasiclassical regime (q\ensuremath{\ll}${\mathit{k}}_{\mathrm{TF}}$) there is no minimum separation between the charged layers for the plasmon excitations with wave number q not to be Landau damped. We also examine the effect on the tunneling density of states and the plasmon excitation spectrum when the doping density of the barriers is not the same; specifically, the volume dopant density in the left barrier is larger than the dopant density in the other two barriers, which are assumed to be equally doped.
The application of scanning electrochemical microscopy to the discovery of Pd–W electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction that demonstrate high activity, stability, and methanol tolerance

An array of Pd–W alloys was fabricated, and the electrocatalytic activity of the alloys for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in acidic media was screened by scanning electrochemical microscopy. The Pd0.7W0.3 showed the highest activity for the ORR, close to that for Pd0.8Co0.2 and Pt. A Pd–W electrocatalyst loaded on carbon black was formed by the NaBH4-reduction method, exhibiting high activity and stability, suggesting that it is a good candidate for the proton exchange membrane fuel cell cathode.
Accelerated electrical degradation of 15 kV EPR cable under dry and wet condition energized by switching impulses

Medium voltage power cables are manufactured with various insulating materials. Ethylene Propylene Rubber (EPR) is one of the most common materials used in cable insulation among them. It is known that power cables in service are subjected to moisture due to wet environment which may reach the insulation and accelerate environmental aging of insulation. In the experiments set for this study, the accelerated electrical degradation of the cable is carried out by applying switching impulses; the cable was situated in dry and wet condition. Partial discharges parameters, capacitance, and dielectric loss factor were observed at regular interval during aging of the cable. AC breakdown voltage test was performed at the end of aging. This study compares the accelerated aging of EPR cable by switching impulses under dry and wet conditions, which helps to estimate the lifetime aging characteristics. However, many other conditions have to be taken care of besides wet condition for precise estimation.
Comparative inhibition of nuclear RNA synthesis in cultured mouse leukemia L1210 cells by adriamycin and 4'-epi-adriamycin.

Abstract Adriamycin and 4′-epi-adriamycin were compared as to their effect on nRNA synthesis. 4′-Epi-adriamycin was a more effective inhibitor than the parent compound of RNA synthesis as measured by incorporation of [3H]uridine. Adriamycin inhibited all three species of nRNA (ribosomal, nonpoly(A)hnRNA, poly(A)hnRNA) to approximately the same extent. 4′-Epi-adriamycin on the other hand inhibited the nRNA species in the following order: non-poly(A)hnRNA > ribosomal RNA > poly(A)hnRNA. The inhibitory effects of both drugs on incorporation of uridine into RNA were reversible at low concentrations (5 μg/ml).
Defect metastability associated with oxygen and nitrogen impurity atoms in hydrogenated amorphous silicon films

Abstract A new mechanism for charged-carrier-trapping-induced defect metastability that can take place in hydrogenated amorphous silicon alloys containing oxygen and/or nitrogen alloy atoms is described. The experimental results that prompted the study of this type of defect metastability mechanism were differences in the Staebler-Wronski effect in hydrogenated amorphous silicon nitrogen alloys prepared from N 2 and NH 3 source gases by remote plasma-enhanced chemical-vapor deposition.
The Impact of Quality and Frequency of Task Contributions on Perceived Ability

Summary The importance of talkativeness or the relative frequency of contributing to task interaction was examined as a factor which determines person perception. Both the quality and frequency of comments made in a two-person interaction were controlled by using experimental confederates who performed prescribed roles. Quantity but not quality of task contributions was significantly related to the attribution of creativity, and influence over others.
Computational analysis for dynamic response of a rotating shaft on flexible support structure with clearances

Abstract A finite element-based formulation for modelling the dynamic behavior of a rotating flexible shaft supported by a flexible support structure is presented. The coupling effect between the rigid-body rotation and the flexible deformation of the shaft is considered and represented by non-linear coupling terms in the mass matrix and forcing vectors in the global system of equations. The rigid-body rotation is treated as one of the degrees of freedom (d.o.f.) of the entire system. The interaction between the rotating shaft and the flexible support is modelled by either linear or non-linear springs distributed around the circumference of the shaft. The coupling between the flexibility of the shaft and the flexibility of the support structure are considered. The flexible d.o.f. of both the shaft and the support structure are represented as a set of retained and internal d.o.f. of a Craig–Bampton formulation. An additional transformation is performed when the rigid-body d.o.f. is coupled with the internal and the retained d.o.f. in a Craig–Bampton basis. The equations of motion are solved in the time domain using a modified Newmark method for time integration, in which the Newton–Raphson method is used for handling the non-linear behavior within each time step. Analyses are performed to validate the new development for different combinations of load condition, spring type, and rigid-body rotation.
The Effect of Ordering on Wireless Optimization Algorithms

Mesh networks are always challenged for bandwidth since they use wireless connections for both access links and backhaul. This paper presents a methodology for studying wireless networking optimizations from the perspective of a network administrator: given a set of wireless optimization algorithms, how do we determine the best configuration of these algorithms? We not only attempt to find the best combination of channel assignment, association control, transmit power control, bit-rate adaptation and beam-form selection algorithms, but we are also the first to consider the order in which those distinct algorithms should be applied as a primary property. This paper addresses a centralized, measurement-driven optimization system used in simulation and a field deployment to administer these optimization configurations in an outdoor 802.11b WLAN featuring multiple, beam forming access points. The results should be applicable to either the backhaul, access or combined wireless links in a mesh. Aggregate throughput results are processed by a decision tree to classify optimization configurations into top and bottom tiers using pairwise ordering and algorithm selection attributes. The results demonstrate that: (1) the relative ranking of an algorithm from an optimization domain is dependent upon the combination and ordering in which it is applied and (2) the ordering of a set of algorithms is as significant to final performance as the combination selected.
Study of Half-Duplex Gaussian Relay Channels with Correlated Noises

In this paper, we consider a half-duplex Gaussian relay channel where the noises at the relay and destination are arbitrarily correlated. For this generalized relay channel, we first evaluate the cut-set bound as well as the achievable rates with three existing relay schemes: Decode-and-Forward (DF), Compress-and-Forward (CF), and Amplify-and-Forward (AF), with performance comparison under various channel settings. We observe that although DF completely disregards the noise correlation while the other two could exploit such extra information, none of the three relay schemes always outperforms the others over different correlation coefficients; however, the exploitation of noise correlation by CF and AF leads to more significant benefit when the source-relay channel is weak. It is further shown that a negative noise correlation is always helpful for AF. We also establish two capacity-achieving results under two special noise correlation coefficients, with one being achieved by DF and the other being achieved by direct link transmission (or a special case of CF), which correspond to the capacity results for the traditional Gaussian degraded relay channel and the Gaussian reversely-degraded one.
Maps on Greek coins of the 4th century B.C.

(1971). Maps on Greek coins of the 4th century B.C. Imago Mundi: Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 75-76.
Polling and the Press: The Clash of Institutional Imperatives

SURVEY research has never been primarily an abstract academic and intellectual tool in the United States. Rather, it has evolved as a "real world" instrument of vox populi. As the world's leading exponent of social and political individualism, the United States has long been uniquely attracted to mechanisms through which the will of the many individual citizens can be either ascertained or expressed. Opinion polling found fertile soil, then, in American culture; from the outset of its application it was seen as offering the means for assessing-quickly, regularly, inexpensively, and in a reasonably reliable manner-the views of a microcosm of individual citizens. Since systematic polling came to be regarded as an altogether appropriate feature of the larger democratic process, it was inevitable that it would be linked closely with the media for popular communication. Findings of the earliest Gallup polls reached large audiences through daily newspapers. And over the past 15 years, popular consumption of poll information has increased enormously as many more surveys have been carried out by a vastly extended array of survey organizations, including polls individually sponsored or conducted by the leading news media themselves, and as survey findings of all sorts have become a staple in social commentary.
Minireview Murine models for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

Abstract The mouse has been suggested as a host for comparative studies of several aspects of Human Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Models include studies where part or all of the genome of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) has been incorporated into murine DNA in living mice. However, the most promising oppurtunities for study of immunological changes, vaccine development, cofactor involvement in disease, and anti-retroviral and immunostimulatory drug testing involve infection with murine retroviruses which cause many functional changes similar to AIDS. The viruses' effects on immune systems are reviewed with special emphasis on LP-BM5 murine leukemia virus which infects T and B cells, and macrophages. LP-BM5 infection suppresses cell functions while causing polyclonal lymphocyte activation. Murine immunological characterization, availability of inbred mouse strains, economy of using mice versus primates or humans models, and similarity of immune change caused by murine retroviruses compared to those seen in AIDS caused by HIV encourage rapid development of the LP-BM5 murine leukemia model.
Nanofluids and critical heat flux, experimental and analytical study

In recent years, nanofluids have been attracting significant attention in the heat transfer research community. These fluids are obtained by suspending nanoparticles having sizes between 1 and 100 nm in regular fluids. It was found by several researchers that the thermal conductivity of these fluids can be significantly increased when compared to the same fluids without nanoparticles. Also, it was found that pool boiling critical heat flux increases in nanofluids. In this paper, our objective is to evaluate the impact of different nanoparticle characteristics including particle concentration, size and type on critical heat flux experimentally at saturated conditions. As a result, this work will document our experimental findings about pool boiling critical heat flux in different nanofluids. In addition, we will identify reasons behind the increase in the critical heat flux and present possible approaches for analytical modeling of critical heat flux in nanofluids at saturated conditions.
Sex in Prison: Exploring the Myths and Realities:

Prison narratives, mass media, and conclusions drawn from institutional research have fostered a perception of widespread “homosexual rape” in male penitentiaries. However, studies of sexual contact in prison have shown inmate involvement to vary greatly. To explore the nature and frequency of sexual contact between male inmates in a Delaware prison, the authors administered a survey of sexual behavior. Respondents were questioned extensively about sexual activities that they engaged in, directly observed, and heard about “through the grapevine” prior to their entry into a prison treatment program. Findings indicate that (a) although sexual contact is not wide-spread, it nevertheless occurs; (b) the preponderance of the activity is consensual rather than rape; and (c) inmates themselves perceive the myth of pervasive sex in prison, contradicting their own realities.
Comparison of several frequency-domain LMS algorithms

In this letter, we investigate and compare several frequencydomain LMS adaptive algorithms. These are Dentino's LMS (DLMS) algorithm, the Fast LMS (FLMS) algorithm, and the proposed Optimal FLMS (OFLMS) algorithm. Computer simulations are carried out to evaluate these algorithms under different conditions. It is shown that the OFLMS produced excellent results, particularly in the case of colored-noise excitation.
Therapy related acute myeloid leukemia with t(10:16): a rare entity

Treatment related myelodysplastic syndrome (t-MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (t-AML) are well known complications after chemotherapy for various hematologic and non-hematologic malignancies. Alkylating agents and Topoisomerase inhibitors are most widely studied in this regard. There is growing concern about occurrence of t-MDS, t-MDS/AML and t-AML in patients of CLL treated with nucleoside analogues especially in combination with alkylating agents. Exact incidence and pathogenesis of nucleoside analogue related MDS/AML is not clear at this time. We hereby report a case of t-AML in a patient treated with Fludarabine, Cyclophosphamide and Rituximab (FCR) for CLL. The cytogenetic studies revealed a unique translocation t (10:16), that has been reported in very few cases of therapy related AML and pediatric AML.
Day-ahead wind speed prediction by a Neural Network-based model

Accurate wind forecasting is valuable for a number of stake holders including farm, system and microgrid operators. The variability and non-linearity of the wind speed/power signal, compounded with the scarcity of time series data, constitute a challenge and make imperious the need of accurate and robust methods for wind forecasting. This paper presents a multi-variable model for day-ahead hourly wind speed/power prediction. The model is a combination of an input selection technique and a Neural Network (NN). First, the input selection technique selects the best set of inputs. Then, by means of the selected features, a NN forecasts the next values of the wind signal. The whole proposed method is examined on wind speed prediction of two wind farms to show the validity and accuracy of the proposed model.
Analysis for Science Librarians of the 2014 Nobel Prize in Chemistry: The Work of Stefan Hell, William E. Moerner, and Eric Betzig

The microscope is one of the greatest scientific tools that has benefited mankind for centuries. Since the seventeenth century, Abbe’s diffraction limit has been the presumed limit of optical microscopes. It was the collective works of three scientists, Stefan Hell, William E. Moerner, and Eric Betzig, to develop techniques to make it possible to surpass the optical limitation. Together these researchers have published over 860 documents that have reached readers across the globe in scientific journals, blogs, Facebook, and Twitter. Their efforts have been honored with the 2014 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their work in the advancement of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy. © Porcia Vaughn
A new propeller flap based upon medial-plantar-artery perforator for reconstruction of the distal weight-bearing foot

Abstract Reconstruction of the weight-bearing areas of the plantar foot is challenging with limited options. Here, we describe a medial-plantar-artery perforator-based propeller flap for the reconstruction of a distal plantar defect. Flap design and advantages of this flap are discussed.
Increased incorporation of 3H-lysine in specific hypothalamic nuclei following castration in the male rat

Abstract The purpose of the present quantitative radioautographic investigation was to determine if castration in the adult male rat is followed by alterations in the incorporation of 3 H-lysine into neurons of the preoptic and specific hypothalamic nuclei. Five adult, intact male rats and five male rats castrated for a period of 5 wk were each injected ip with 2 μCi/g body wt of l -4,5- 3 H(n) lysine monohydrochloride (sp act = 7.5 Ci/mmol). Thirty minutes later the rats were perfused with a formaldehyde fixing solution and 6-μm sections cut from paraplast-embedded brains were processed for radioautography. Silver grains per neuron were determined for the medial and lateral preoptic nuclei and for eight hypothalamic nuclei, i.e., anterior, arcuate, dorsomedial, paraventricular, periventricular, suprachiasmatic, supraoptic, and ventromedial. Incorporation of 3 H-lysine was significantly increased in neurons of the arcuate, periventicular, paraventricular, and supraoptic nuclei following castration. Enhancement of protein synthesis in specific hypothalamic nuclei 5 wk following removal of the major source of androgen suggests that these nuclei represent androgen sensitive, negative feedback sites.
Correction of enophthalmos in the anophthalmic orbit

Enophthalmos with an associated superior sulcus syndrome is a common finding in the anophthalmic socket. Two common causes are: (1) progressive relaxation of the lower eyelid leading to downward migration of the prosthesis and associated ectropion formation; and (2) decreased volume of the orbit. Relaxation of the lower eyelid is corrected with repair and support using autogenous fascia lata. Decreased volume of the orbit is corrected with implantation of RTV silicone. The surgical techniques, surgical complications, ocular prosthetic modifications and follow-up on 20 patients are discussed.
Reconsideration of the age of blueschist facies metamorphism on the Seward Peninsula, Alaska, based on phengite40Ar/39Ar results

40Ar/39Ar step-heating and single-grain laser fusion ages from phengites from the polydeformed and polymetamorphosed blueschist-greenschist facies Nome Group fall into two groups. Samples from the upper part of the structural section that have experienced a relatively weak metamorphic and deformational post-blueschist facies overprint and one sample from the Cape Nome orthogneiss yield plateau ages of 116-125 Ma. More intensely overprinted samples yield hump-shaped spectra with minimum ages of 123 Ma and maximum ages of 334 Ma. Samples with hump-shaped spectra are derived from a greater structural depth than most samples with plateau ages. Unreasonably old maximum ages from some of the disturbed spectra suggest that the hump-shaped spectra result from the incorporation of excess 40Ar. This interpretation conflicts with previous interpretations of similarly disturbed spectra from the Brooks Range, which have been argued to provide minimum ages for blueschist facies metamorphism. Since the maximum temperatures achieved by all samples were probably above the blocking temperature of Ar in phengite, the 116-125 Ma plateau ages are a minimum age for blueschist facies metamorphism on the Seward Peninsula, Alaska.
Hilltopping in the Pipevine Swallowtail Butterfly (Battus philenor)

In central Arizona, receptive females of the pipevine swallowtail, Battus philenor, are widely scattered in time and space, and in this region the butterfly's mating system is one in which males patrol mountain peaks. Hilltopping males engage intruding males in ascending flights that appear to be ritualized aerial combat with individuals defending patrolling sites for relatively short periods on any given day. The day-to-day appearance of marked males is irregular, unlike the site fidelity shown by males of many other hilltopping insects. The distinctive pattern of male territoriality in B. philenor may be partly a response to very low male and female density in the observed population. Males at the hilltop chase, court, and attempt to copulate with virgin females released near them. Males assess the receptivity of females rapidly, and receptive females permit a lengthy copulation to occur after a courtship that lasts less than 30 s. During an initial copulation males pass a spermatophore that weighs about 6% of their body mass, with partners on following days receiving a smaller but still substantial donation.
Docetaxel and exisulind in hormone-refractory prostate cancer.

Single-agent docetaxel has been shown to produce a significant decrease in prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels among patients with hormone-refractory prostate cancer (HRPC). A recent study also showed that exisulind, a sulfone metabolite of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug sulindac, lengthens the median PSA doubling time in men who had increasing PSA levels after radical prostatectomy. Furthermore, exisulind has shown significant antineoplastic activity in prostate cancer cell lines in vitro and in nude mouse xenograft models. Because preclinical studies have suggested synergistic interactions between docetaxel and exisulind, a phase I/II clinical trial combining these agents has been initiated in patients with HRPC. The primary objective of this study is to determine PSA response and measurable disease response rate of the combination therapy; secondary objectives include toxicity assessment and determination of time to disease progression, duration of response, and overall survival. Accrual is ongoing.
Stimulation and inhibition of plant virus replication in vivo by 6-benzylaminopurine.

Abstract The concentration of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) in tobacco leaves, as assayed in a local-lesion test on Pinto bean leaves, was enhanced by treatment with 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) 5–120 min after inoculation. The degree of enhancement depended on the time lag between inoculation and start of BA treatment. Maximum enhancement was achieved when BA treatment was begun 20 min after inoculation. BA treatment started only 1 min after inoculation reduced TMV concentration.
Control of drunken driving accidents in Norway: An econometric evaluation of behavior under uncertainty

This article makes use of a very simple choice-theoretic model and econometric analysis to evaluate the control of motoring accidents in Norway. The model attempts to take account of the impact of driving levels, traffic density, and road quality as well as alcohol consumption, the probability of convictions, and sanctions on the generation of accidents. Five alternative logit formulations, estimated within a simultaneous systems framework, provide insights on the impact of law enforcement on the levels of fatal and serious accidents. Results of this pooled cross-section-time-series analysis compare favorably with earlier time-series estimates of the strength of control effects.
A managerial in-basket study of the impact of trait emotions on ethical choice

This paper explores the relationship of various trait emotions to the ethical choices of 189 college students who completed a managerial decision-making task as part of an in-basket exercise in a laboratory setting. Prior research regarding emotion influences on ethical decision-making and linkages between emotions and cognition informed hypotheses about how different types of emotions impact ethical choices. Findings supported our expectations that positive and negative emotions classified as active would be more strongly related to interpersonally-directed ethical choices than to organizationally-directed ones, and that passive emotions would be less related to ethical choices than active emotions. Implications for ethical decision-making research and organizational practices are discussed.
Prediction of void fraction for PWR and BWR conditions with the sub-channel code F-COBRA-TF

Abstract The present paper discusses a comprehensive extension of the already substantial validation of the sub-channel code F-COBRA-TF with respect to void fraction prediction. In contrast to many established sub-channel codes, F-COBRA-TF allows a two-fluid/three-field representation of two-phase flow. Due to this modeling F-COBRA-TF, does not need to apply classical void correlations predicting void fraction according to quality. Instead, void fraction is a direct result of the basic transport equations for mass, momentum, and energy by using flow regime dependent interfacial friction correlations. Experimental data from open literature ( tube boiling measurements in the sub-cooled region), from the OECD/NRC PSBT benchmark , and from in-house tests in AREVA's KATHY loop were used for validating F-COBRA-TF. In summary, it can be stated that all measurements could be recalculated with F-COBRA-TF with overall good agreement. Especially having in mind that no special code tuning concerning certain flow geometries or ranges of flow conditions had been performed, the obtained results look very convincing. Both, BWR and PWR conditions were simulated with exactly the same model set .