cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predicting Effort and Protected Species Bycatch Under an Effort Limit or Take Caps

Many production processes feature joint production of a desirable output with an undesirable byproduct. Producers and consumers of the desirable output mutually benefit at the expense of non-consumers, who bear external damage costs imposed by production of the undesirable byproduct. A standard approach to regulating such production activities is through the combination of a limit on allowable production effort in conjunction with a cap on the level of the undesirable output. The situation is greatly complicated when the production externality is a random function which depends on the level of production effort. In this case, capping undesirable output induces a random limit on the level of the production effort, assuming further production is prohibited once the undesirable output cap is reached. One situation which fits the above description is that of controlling protected species bycatch in commercial fisheries management. Because protected species are typically rare or endangered, and hence limited in population size and distribution, protected species bycatch is by nature a rare event, subject to random variation over time periods or areas where fishing effort occurs. A standard approach to protected species bycatch mitigation is to employ some combination of effort limit and protected species take caps within a given fishing season, in order to ensure that fishing effort ends before an unacceptably large number of protected species takes has occurred. Given the inherent randomness of protected species bycatch for a given level of fishing effort, a number of questions of interest arise in comparing alternative bycatch management regimes, including: 1. If effort reaches the regulatory limit, what is the likely range of variation in bycatch? 2. What is the likely range of effort under regulation by protected species take caps? 3. What is the effect on the allowable range of effort if take caps are simultaneously implemented for multiple protected species? 4. With multiple take caps and an overall effort limit, what are the probabilities for hitting each of the different possible caps or limit? A probabilistic framework is developed herein to address these and related questions. I use a Poisson distribution to model the probability distribution of bycatch conditional on a given level of effort. A Bayesian framework for deriving predictive distributions of bycatch conditional on fishing effort is used to obtain the stochastic effort limit for a given specified limit and take caps. The methodology is applied to observer data from the Hawaii-based longline fishery for swordfish in order to address the questions posed above.
The value of formal planning for strategic decisions: Review of empirical research

A review of research from organizational behavior supported the guidelines by corporate planners: that is, use an explicit approach for setting objectives, generating strategies, evaluating strategies, monitoring results, and obtaining commitment. To determine whether these findings could be applied to strategic decision making in organizations, a review was made of all published field research on the evaluation of formal planning. Formal planning was superior in 10 of the 15 comparisons drawn from 12 studies, while informal planning was superior in only two comparisons. Although this research did not provide sufficient information on the use of various aspects of the planning process, mild support was provided for having participation by stakeholders. Formal planning tended to be more useful where large changes were involved, but, beyond that, little information was available to suggest when formal planning is most valuable. Future research should assess the formal planning process, the situation in which it is used, and its effects on the total system.
A Merge-and-Split Mechanism for Dynamic Virtual Organization Formation in Grids

Executing large-scale application programs in grids requires resources from several grid service providers (GSPs). These providers form virtual organizations (VOs) by pooling their resources together to provide the required capabilities to execute the application. We model the VO formation in grids using concepts from the coalitional game theory and design a mechanism for VO formation. The mechanism enables the GSPs to organize into VOs reducing the cost of execution and guaranteeing maximum profit for the GSPs. Furthermore, the mechanism guarantees that the VOs are stable, that is, the GSPs do not have incentives to break away from the current VO and join some other VO. We perform extensive simulation experiments using real-workload traces to characterize the properties of the proposed mechanism. The results show that the mechanism produces VOs that are stable yielding high revenue for the participating GSPs.
Some Foundations for Multiplicative Habits Models

Abstract Consumption models with multiplicative habits are becoming increasingly popular. However, mathematical foundations of such models are incomplete because the utility function with multiplicative habits is not concave. This paper shows that an optimal consumption path exists and it satisfies the first order conditions. The paper also shows that when the production function is linear, consumption growth rate along the optimal path converges to a positive constant under several parametric restrictions.
Spherically Averaging Ellipsoidal Galaxy Clusters in X-Ray and Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Studies: I. Analytical Relations

This is the first of two papers investigating the deprojection and spherical averaging of ellipsoidal galaxy clusters. We specifically consider applications to hydrostatic X-ray and Sunyaev– Zel’dovich (SZ) studies, though many of the results also apply to isotropic dispersion-supported stellar dynamical systems. Here we present analytical formulae for galaxy clusters described by a gravitational potential that is a triaxial ellipsoid of constant shape and orientation. For this model type we show that the mass bias due to spherically averaging X-ray observations is independent of the temperature profile, and for the special case of a scale-free logarithmic potential, there is exactly zero mass bias for any shape, orientation and temperature profile. The ratio of spherically averaged intracluster medium (ICM) pressures obtained from SZ and X-ray measurements depends only on the ICM intrinsic shape, projection orientation and H0, which provides another illustration of how cluster geometry can be recovered through a combination of X-ray and SZ measurements. We also demonstrate that YSZ and YX have different biases owing to spherical averaging, which leads to an offset in the spherically averaged YSZ–YX relation. A potentially useful application of the analytical formulae presented is to assess the error range of an observable (e.g. mass, YSZ) accounting for deviations from assumed spherical symmetry, without having to perform the ellipsoidal deprojection explicitly. Finally, for dedicated ellipsoidal studies, we also generalize the spherical onion peeling method to the triaxial case for a given shape and orientation.
Generalized Riffle Shuffles and Quasisymmetric Functions

Given a probability distribution on a totally ordered set, we define for each \( n \geq 1 \) a related distribution on the symmetric group \( \frak S_n \), called the QS-distribution. It is a generalization of the q-shuffle distribution considered by Bayer, Diaconis, and Fulman. The QS-distribution is closely related to the theory of quasisymmetric functions and symmetric functions. We obtain explicit formulas in terms of quasisymmetric and symmetric functions for the probability that a random permutation from the QS-distribution satisfies various properties, such as having a given descent set, cycle structure, or shape under the Robinson-Schensted-Knuth algorithm.
The Effect of Online Privacy Information on Purchasing Behavior: An Experimental Study

Although online retailers detail their privacy practices in online privacy policies, this information often remains invisible to consumers, who seldom make the effort to read and understand those policies. This paper reports on research undertaken to determine whether a more prominent display of privacy information will cause consumers to incorporate privacy considerations into their online purchasing decisions. We designed an experiment in which a shopping search engine interface clearly and compactly displays privacy policy information. When such information is made available, consumers tend to purchase from online retailers who better protect their privacy. In fact, our study indicates that when privacy information is made more salient and accessible, some consumers are willing to pay a premium to purchase from privacy protective websites. This result suggests that businesses may be able to leverage privacy protection as a selling point.
The Trait Psychology Controversy

(1980). The Trait Psychology Controversy. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport: Vol. 51, No. 1, pp. 50-76.
Including Oneself and Including Others: Who Belongs in My Country?:

To be a full member of a country, must one have citizenship, the same ethnic or racial background, or the same religion as most citizens? What do people of different statuses believe about the criteria for inclusion? To answer these questions, the authors analyze the 2003 International Social Survey Programme survey on national identity, focusing on ten wealthy, democratic countries. They find a series of mismatches. A strong sense of being included is often coupled with a desire to exclude others. Countries with extreme public views are not always the countries with political controversy over inclusion. Views of citizens or members of the mainstream religion or race often differ from views of relative outsiders. Countries often cluster in ways that violate standard assumptions about geographic, cultural, or political affinities. Enjoying high status does not guarantee feeling included or seeking to include others. Given these mismatches, it is no surprise that politics and policies around inclusion are c...
Adsorption on bcc (110) surfaces with first-, second-, and third-neighbor interactions

Abstract Third-neighbor adsorbate–adsorbate interactions are included to extend the low-temperature adsorption study recently published on body-centered-cubic (110) surfaces, infinite in one direction and of finite width, M, with non-periodic boundaries. In addition to the six phases reported earlier on the infinite two-dimensional surface (M→8), 11 new phases have been found for an exhaustive total of two at (1/4) coverage, two at (1/3), four at (1/2), five at (2/3), and four at (3/4) coverage. Comparison with the experimental data focuses mainly on the adsorption of bromine on Cr (110), the chemisorbed system of atomic hydrogen on Fe (110), and the adsorption of oxygen atoms on W (110).
Two direct methods for reconstructing pictures from their projections: a comparative study

There are situations in the natural sciences and medicine (e.g., in electron microscopy or X-ray photography) in which it is desirable to estimate the gray levels of a picture at individual points from the sums of the gray levels along straight lines (projections) at a few angles. Usually, in such situations, the picture is far from determined and the problem is to find the "most representative" picture of the class of pictures which have the given projections.
A CONVENIENT ONE-FLASK PROCEDURE FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF ALKENES TO HOMOALLYLIC ALCOHOLS

Abstract Homoallylic alcohols have been prepared from alkenes by direct reaction of the ozonide with an allylic bromide in the presence of zinc.
PRECONDITIONING BEEF CALVES: ARE EXPECTED PREMIUMS SUFFICIENT TO JUSTIFY THE PRACTICE?

The concept of preconditioning calves has been around for a long time, yet adoption of the practice has been slow. Current trends in the beef industry likely will increase interest in preconditioning programs. This research estimates premiums received for preconditioned calves and the expected returns from a preconditioning program. Preconditioned calves sold in the fall received a premium of approximately $4.50-$5.50/cwt relative to non-preconditioned calves. Premiums were lower for calves sold in the winter, heavier calves, and when cattle markets were strong. Based on a 45-day post-weaning preconditioning program, cow-calf producers can increase returns about $14/head compared to selling calves at weaning.
An Euler solver based on locally adaptive discrete velocities

A new discrete-velocity model is presented to solve the three-dimensional Euler equations. The velocities in the model are of an adaptive nature—both the origin of the discrete-velocity space and the magnitudes of the discrete velocities are dependent on the local flow—and are used in a finite-volume context. The numerical implementation of the model follows the near-equilibrium flow method of Nadiga and Pullin and results in a scheme which is second order in space (in the smooth regions and between first and second order at discontinuities) and second order in time. (The three-dimensional code is included.) For one choice of the scaling between the magnitude of the discrete velocities and the local internal energy of the flow, the method reduces to a flux-splitting scheme based on characteristics. As a preliminary exercise, the result of the Sod shock-tube simulation is compared to the exact solution.
Intrinsic knotting and linking of complete graphs

We show that for every m ∈ N, there exists an n ∈ N such that every embedding of the complete graph Kn in R 3 contains a link of two components whose linking number is at least m. Furthermore, there exists an r ∈ N such that every embedding of Kr in R 3 contains a knot Q with |a2(Q)| ≥ m, where a2(Q) denotes the second coefficient of the Conway polynomial of Q. AMS Classification 57M25; 05C10
A Molecular Mechanism for Stress Corrosion in Vitreous Silica

The mechanical strength of most glasses and ceramics decreases with time under static loading in an ambient environment. This strength loss is associated with slow growth of preexisting surface flaws due to stress corrosion by water from the surrounding environment. We studied stress corrosion in vitreous silica exposed to water and several nonaqueous environments; environments which enhance stress-corrosion crack growth in silica contain active groups with electron donor sites on one end and proton donor sites at the other. These results suggest a detailed chemical model for the interaction of the environment with mechanically strained bonds in the solid at the tip of a crack. The proposed model for stress-corrosion crack growth also has implications for the long-term strength behavior of a wide variety of brittle materials.
Ambler: Performance of a six-legged planetary rover☆

In this paper we quantify several performance metrics for the Ambler, a six-legged robot configured for autonomous traversal of Mars-like terrain. We present power consumption measures for walking on sandy terrain and for vertical lifts at different velocities. We document the performance of a novel dead-reckoning approach, and analyze its accuracy. We describe the results of autonomous walking experiments in terms of terrain traversed, walking speed and endurance.
Hydraulic Limits on Tree Performance: Transpiration, Carbon Gain and Growth of Trees

The state of knowledge concerning the influences of tree size, xylem dysfunction, growth conditions and within-species and between species genetics is reviewed. It is concluded that high plant hydraulic conductance is necessary for high productivity in forest trees, and this being the case, the implications for commercial forestry require further study.
Do Democracies Breed Rent-Seeking Behavior?

Abstract Using objective institutional historical data for the case of Uruguay, we test the link between rent‐seeking behavior in democracies using time‐series and panel data approaches. We find three main results. First, democratic regimes are negatively linked with rent‐seeking actions. Second, the longer the duration of democracy, the less rent seeking in a society. Third, legislation enacted more transparently is negatively correlated with rent‐seeking behavior. Our results are robust to the use of different econometric methods and basic robustness tests and are consistent with prevailing theory.
Comparative analysis of optical-transition-radiation-based electron-beam emittance measurements for the Los Alamos free-electron laser

Abstract A series of measurements have been performed to determine the emittance of the electron beam of the LANL FEL. These measurements were made both before and after installation of a photoelectric injector on the LANL linac. An optical-transition-radiation (OTR) interferometer was used to determine the beam divergence while simultaneously using the beam spot imaged in OTR to determine the spatial profile at a beam waist. We have developed two methods to analyze the OTR interference patterns in order to determine the beam divergence from the observed interference-fringe visibility. The first method relies on a simple analytical model in which a Gaussian beam divergence is convolved with the OTR interference pattern for a single particle. The second method uses a numerical convolution of the phase-space distribution in beam angle and energy with the single-particle OTR interference pattern. The six-dimensional phase space used to simulate the experimental OTR patterns was produced by the particle code PARMELA which was run for the beam parameters appropriate for the two sets of experiments. We present a comparison of these two methods with each other and with the experimental observations. The effects of both the beam divergence and the beam energy spread on the emittance measurement is illustrated.
Scalable and divergent total synthesis of (+)-colletoic acid, a selective 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 inhibitor.

An efficient and divergent total synthesis of (+)-colletoic acid, a selective 11-β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11-βHSD1) inhibitor, is presented along with its biological activity at the whole-cell level. A scalable, asymmetric synthetic strategy was designed featuring a diversity-oriented synthesis utilizing a diastereoselective intramolecular 5-exo-Heck reaction as the key step to provide the quaternary spirocenter intermediate 9 in multigram scale, thus establishing a platform for further structure–activity relationship studies and providing access to other acorane family members.
Modeling of Stardust Reentry Ablation Flows in the Near-Continuum Flight Regime

The ablation process of the Stardust thermal protection material is designed to reduce aerodynamic heating during reentry for extreme conditions. The coupling of ablation species with the flowfield is investigated in this work using the direct simulation Monte Carlo method for transitional to near-continuum flows. To model surface thermal and chemical ablation processes, a variable surface temperature wall is obtained assuming a radiative heat flux balanced by convective heat flux. It is found that chemical ablation due to the reaction between thermal protection system carbon materials and gaseous oxygen and nitrogen atoms is dominant compared with thermal ablation. As the altitude decreases, the forebody surface temperature increases, the ablation process becomes more intensive, and the influence of ionization reactions on the flowfield becomes more important due to denser freestream conditions.
Telemetering and propagation problems of placing the earth satellite in its orbit

The earth satellite vehicle telemetering requirements are briefly presented. Primary problems are propagation over extended ranges utilizing light weight transmitters, diversity of equipment needs during the testing phase, reliability, and complexity of operations. Some of the general considerations and planning are given.
How well can we track cohabitation using the SIPP? A consideration of direct and inferred measures

Cohabitation is an alternative to marriage and to living independently for an increasing number of Americans. Still, research that explores links between living arrangements and economic behavior is limited by a lack of data that explicitly identify cohabiting couples. To aid researchers in using the Survey of Income and Program Participation's (SIPP) rich data to explore cohabitation issues, we consider direct and inferred measures of cohabitation. We find, first, that the use of inferred definitions (relative to direct measures) in the SIPP is likely to yield higher cohabitation rates in the United States by incorrectly coding roommates as cohabitors. Second, the SIPP (whether by direct or inferred measures) counts a significantly larger number of cohabiting couples than the widely used Current Population Survey (CPS). Third, spells of cohabitation occur less frequently and last longer when a direct measure of cohabitation is used than when either of the two inferred measures of cohabitation is used; ours is the first article to reveal this result.
Improved bounds for sampling contingency tables

We study the problem of sampling contingency tables (nonnegative integer matrices with specified row and column sums) uniformly at random. We give an algorithm which runs in polynomial time provided that the row sums ri and the column sums cj satisfy ri = Ω(n3/2m log m), and cj = Ω(m3/2n log n). This algorithm is based on a reduction to continuous sampling from a convex set. The same approach was taken by Dyer, Kannan, and Mount in previous work. However, the algorithm we present is simpler and has weaker requirements on the row and column sums.
Inverse Estimation of Front Surface Temperature of a Plate with Laser Heating and Convection-Radiation Cooling

The conjugate gradient method (CGM) is an efficient iterative regularization technique for solution of the inverse heat conduction problem (IHCP). However, most of the existing CGM schemes deal with linear boundary conditions and constant thermophysical properties. Little attention has been paid to formulate the CGM with radiation boundary condition and temperature-dependent thermophysical properties. In this study, a nonlinear CGM scheme is formulated to recover the front surface heating condition of a 3-D object, based on the temperature measurements at back surface. The 3-D object is subjected to a high-intensity Gaussian laser beam heating on the front surface and a combined radiation and convection boundary condition on the back surface. The derivations of the direct problem, adjoint problem and sensitivity problem are presented in detail. The robustness of the formulated 3-D IHCP algorithm is tested for two materials that are commonly used in aerospace engineering.
Effects of WIC Program Participation on Food Consumption and Diet Quality

This paper examines the effect of WIC program Participation on food consumption and diet quality of U.S. children between 2 and 4 years of age. Diet quality is assessed using the Healthy Eating Index, U.S. Department of Agriculture's instrument for measuring overall diet quality incorporating ten recommended components of dietary guidelines. The study has found that WIC program participation has significant positive influence in improving diet quality as measured by HEI and several of its components. The analysis has also indicated that the WIC program has significant positive influence in reducing sugar consumption by children. This research and the results presented have potential significance for researchers, economists and policy makers focusing on the determinants of children's diets and the role of Federal food assistance and nutrition education programs.
New generation of plasma-sprayed mullite coatings on silicon carbide

Mullite is promising as a protective coating for silicon-based ceramics in aggressive high-temperature environments. Conventionally plasma-sprayed mullite on SiC tends to crack and debond on thermal cycling. It is shown that this behavior is due to the presence of amorphous mullite in the conventionally sprayed mullite. Heating the SiC substrate during the plasma spraying eliminated the amorphous phase and produced coatings with dramatically improved properties. The new coating exhibits excellent adherence and crack resistance under thermal cycling between room temperature and 1000 to 1400 C. Preliminary tests showed good resistance to Na2CO3-induced hot corrosion.
Fuzzy logic control of a space-vector PWM current regulator for three-phase power converters

This paper presents a fuzzy logic implementation of space-vector pulse-width modulation (PWM) for three-phase power converters. The conventional space-vector PWM current regulator implementation is generally computationally complex. The fuzzy logic controller implementation relieves the processor of a number of computations, thereby accommodating a less expensive microprocessor. The AC-side rectifier voltages are used as fuzzy-state variables. The fuzzy logic control has two outputs: magnitude and angle of reference voltage. Both conventional space-vector PWM and the fuzzy logic controller are implemented to evaluate performance using a 16-b microcontroller (68HC16). Experimental results are provided for both controllers at the same operating point, where the power drawn by the load is about 3 kW. The fuzzy logic controller reduces the computational burden on the processor by about 30%.
Spacetime in string theory

We give a brief overview of the nature of spacetime emerging from string theory. This is radically different from the familiar spacetime of Einstein's relativity. At a perturbative level, the spacetime metric appears as 'coupling constants' in a two-dimensional quantum field theory. Nonperturbatively (with certain boundary conditions), spacetime is not fundamental but must be reconstructed from a holographic, dual theory.
Charge, Geometry, and Effective Mass in the Kerr-Newman Solution to the Einstein Field Equations

It has been shown that for the Reissner-Nordstrom solution to the vacuum Einstein field equations charge, like mass, has a unique space-time signature (Marsh, Found. Phys. 38:293–300, 2008). The presence of charge results in a negative curvature. This work, which includes a discussion of effective mass, is extended here to the Kerr-Newman solution.
Optimal resource allocation in presidential primaries

Abstract A model for the optimal allocation of resources in presidential primaries is described, under the assumption that two candidates seek to maximize their expected delegate vote in a sequential game that allows for momentum transfer from earlier to later contests. Specifically, the model assumes that the probability that a voter in a primary state votes for a particular candidate is a function of both the resources that candidate and his opponent allocate to that primary and their performances in the immediately preceding primary - and indirectly on all earlier primaries. Given that the candidates make equal (optimal) allocations to each primary, a local maximum, which heavily emphasizes the earlier primaries, is found. Several modifications in the basic model are discussed. Preliminary financial expenditure data are used to test the basic model for the 1976 primaries, and some cursory comparisons with 1980 are made. Possible normative implications of changes in the primary rules are briefly considered, particularly with respect to inequities the present rules seem to engender.
DNA APTAMER TARGETS TRANSLATIONAL EDITING MOTIF IN A TRNA SYNTHETASE

Abstract Potential errors in translation occur when the wrong amino acid is activated by an aminoacyl tRNA synthetase to form a misactivated aminoacyladenylate. The misactivated amino acid can in the next step be attached to a rRNA that has an anticodon different than the ones corresponding to the amino acid. If the misacylated tRNA donates its amino acid to a growing polypeptide chain, then an error of translation occurs. However, certain tRNA synthetases have an editing activity that corrects errors of misactivation and of misacylation. The relationship between these two error-correcting activities in a synthetase has not been clear. We showed recently that an insertion (known as CPI) into the active site of a class I tRNA synthetases has a deacylase activity that hydrolytically removes mischarged amino acids that are attached to tRNAs. In other work, we showed that a specific DNA aptamer, selected from a random pool, could stimulate hydrolytic breakdown of a misactivated aminoacyladenylate bound to a tRNA synthetase. In this work, we photo-crosslinked the DNA aptamer to the tRNA synthetase. A single crosslinked peptide on the synthetase was identified. This peptide is located within the CPI insertion, adjacent to residues known to affect the amino acid specificity of the tRNA deacylase activity. These results raise the possibility that the CPI insertion has a role not only in correcting misacylations, but also in the hydrolytic breakdown of misactivated aminoacyladenylates.
Thiophene Isosteres of 9,10-Dithioanthraquinone

The preparation of 1,3,5,7-tetramethyl-4,8-dihydrobenzo[1,2-c:4,5-c‘]dithiophene-4,8-dione and its conversion to the corresponding mono- and dithione are described.
A microfabricated nickel–hydrogen battery using thick film printing techniques

Abstract To utilize the distinctive cycle life and safety characteristics of the nickel–hydrogen chemistry while eliminating the high pressure limitations of conventional nickel–hydrogen cells, a microfabricated nickel–hydrogen battery using a low-pressure metal hydride for hydrogen storage is being developed for powering micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) devices and for biomedical applications where the battery would be implanted within the body. Thick film printing techniques which are simple and low cost were used to fabricate this battery. Inks were developed for each of the different battery components, including the electrodes, current collectors and separator. SEM images on these printed components showed the desired characteristics for each. Positive electrode cycling tests were performed on the printed positive electrodes while cyclic voltammetry was used to characterize the printed negative electrodes. Consistent charge and discharge performance was observed during positive electrode cycling. Full cells with printed positive and negative assemblies were assembled and tested.
The Political Psychology of Counterterrorism

In the past decade, legal scholars have developed an extensive corpus of doctrinal and normative work on national policy responses to terrorism. At the same time, political and social psychologists have tested a diverse range of theories concerning how perceptions of terrorism risk affect individual and aggregate behaviors such as electoral choices and preferences over public policies. The legal scholarship, with a handful of exceptions, does not draw on this empirical literature about the “demand” for counterterrorism. In consequence, its descriptive and normative claims tend to lack warrant in any defensible account of the political psychology of counterterrorism. To begin remedying that gap, this review explores insights from the empirical literature on the psychology of individual and collective responses to terrorism in order to better comprehend the political motivations that underwrite counterterrorism policy choices. Three lines of inquiry are highlighted: how individuals perceive and process terr...
A Memory Intensive Functional Architecture for Distributed Computer Control Systems

A memory-intensive functional architecture for distributed data-acquisition, monitoring, and control systems with large numbers of nodes has been conceptually developed and applied in several large-scale and some smaller systems. This discussion concentrates on (a) the basic architecture; (b) recent expansions of the architecture which now become feasible in view of the rapidly developing component technologies in microprocessors and functional large-scale integration circuits; (c) implementation of some key hardware and software structures and one system implementation which is a system for performing control and data acquisition of a neutron spectrometer at the Brookhaven High Flux Beam Reactor. The spectrometer is equipped with a large-area position-sensitive neutron detector.
ZnO Nanostructures for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

This Review focuses on recent developments in the use of ZnO nanostructures for dye-sensitized solar cell (DSC) applications. It is shown that carefully designed and fabricated nanostructured ZnO films are advantageous for use as a DSC photoelectrode as they offer larger surface areas than bulk film material, direct electron pathways, or effective light-scattering centers, and, when combined with TiO2, produce a core–shell structure that reduces the combination rate. The limitations of ZnO-based DSCs are also discussed and several possible methods are proposed so as to expand the knowledge of ZnO to TiO2, motivating further improvement in the power-conversion efficiency of DSCs.
Career Choices and Challenges Among Agricultural Economists

A number of trends regarding specific factors that influence employment decisions and challenges affecting careers for men, women, and minorities in the agricultural economics profession are both ongoing and emerging. In 1998, the Committee on Women in Agricultural Economics (CWAE) began a tracking system to more closely examine and report on these issues. The study shows that although individual job preferences and career challenges vary among the respondents, those encountered by women and minorities seem to differ from their white male counterparts. A number of trends regarding employment decisions and career choices are both ongoing and emerging in the agricultural economics profession. However, the underlying issues guiding these trends are not well understood. For example, as a group, academic institutions are the single largest employers of agricultural economists with Ph.D.'s. Do individuals rank academic institutions as their top employment preference or are there limited employment opportunities for individuals with Ph.D.'s outside of academic communities? Are preferences for positions, academic as well as non-academic, stable across one's career cycle or do preferences change? Zepeda, Marchant, and Chang found that nearly 75% of female graduate students appear to self-select out of academic positions and indicate non-academic organizations as their initial employment choice. Why is this case? What factors influence an individual's employment choice? Do men, women, and ethnic minorities place similar importance on such factors? To address these questions and investigate the progress of agricultural economics professionals and professional choices, the Committee on Women in Agricultural Economics under a grant implemented a tracking system by the American Agricultural Economics Association Foundation. The objectives of this ongoing project are to track the progress and experiences of agricultural
Water sorption, desorption and transport in Nafion membranes

Abstract Water sorption, desorption, and permeation in and through Nafion 112, 115, 1110 and 1123 membranes were measured as functions of temperature between 30 and 90 °C. Water permeation increased with temperature. Water permeation from liquid water increased with the water activity difference across the membrane. Water permeation from humidified gas into dry nitrogen went through a maximum with the water activity difference across the membrane. These results suggested that the membrane was less swollen in the presence of water vapor and that a thin skin formed on the dry side of the membrane that reduced permeability to water. Permeation was only weakly dependent on membrane thickness; results indicated that interfacial mass transport at the membrane/gas interface was the limiting resistance. The diffusivity of water in Nafion deduced from water sorption into a dry Nafion film was almost two orders of magnitude slower than the diffusivity determined from permeation experiments. The rate of water sorption did not scale with the membrane thickness as predicted by a Fickian diffusion analysis. The results indicated that water sorption was limited by the rate of swelling of the Nafion. Water desorption from a water saturated film was an order of magnitude faster than water sorption. Water desorption appeared to be limited by the rate of interfacial transport across the membrane/gas interface. The analysis of water permeation and sorption data identifies different regimes of water transport and sorption in Nafion membranes corresponding to diffusion through the membrane, interfacial transport across the membrane–gas interface and swelling of the polymer to accommodate water.
Phase-based regional oxygen metabolism (PROM) using MRI

Venous oxygen saturation (Yv) in cerebral veins and the cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2) are important indicators for brain function and disease. Although MRI has been used for global measurements of these parameters, currently there is no recognized technique to quantify regional Yv and CMRO2 using noninvasive imaging. This article proposes a technique to quantify CMRO2 from independent MRI estimates of Yv and cerebral blood flow. The approach uses standard gradient-echo and arterial spin labeling acquisitions to make these measurements. Using MR susceptometry on gradient-echo phase images, Yv was quantified for candidate vein segments in gray matter that approximate a long cylinder parallel to the main magnetic field. Local cerebral blood flow for the identified vessel was determined from a corresponding region in the arterial spin labeling perfusion map. Fick's principle of arteriovenous difference was then used to quantify CMRO2 locally around each vessel. Application of this method in young, healthy subjects provided gray matter averages of 59.6% ± 2.3% for Yv, 51.7 ± 6.4 mL/100 g/min for cerebral blood flow, and 158 ± 18 μmol/100 g/min for CMRO2 (mean ± SD, n = 12), which is consistent with values previously reported by positron emission tomography and MRI. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Priorities for Research in Emergency Medical Services for Children: Results of a Consensus Conference

Abstract Study objective: To arrive at a consensus on the priorities for future research in emergency medical services for children. Methods: A consensus group was convened using the Rand-UCLA Consensus Process. The group took part in a 3-phase process. Round 1 involved reviewing a compendium of relevant research articles and answering a mailed questionnaire. Panel members were asked to prioritize topics on the basis of the 1993 Institute of Medicine Report on Emergency Medical Services for Children. Participants were asked to rate each topic based on the significance of the research, and whether the topic would (1) improve general knowledge, (2) change behavior, (3) improve health, (4) decrease the cost of care, or (5) change public policy. A 4-point Likert scale was used. Participants were also asked if the research would require a multicenter study and if the research were feasible. Round 2 of the study involved a meeting of the panel, where the results of Round 1 were discussed and the topics were reprioritized. The topics were given a rank order and a final ranking was done in Round 3. Results: The panel considered a list of 32 topics; these were combined and reworded to give them more precise meaning. Several new topics were also added. Fifteen topics were given a rank order and placed within the 7 broad categories of the Institute of Medicine report. Clinical aspects of emergency care, systems organization, configuration, and operation and injury prevention were given high priority rankings. The first 5 topics were very close in point-rank order. Conclusion: The panel was able to develop a list of important topics for future research in emergency medical services for children that can be used by foundations, governmental agencies, and others in setting a research agenda for such services. [Seidel JS, Henderson D, Tittle S, Jaffe DM, Spaite D, Dean JM, Gausche M, Lewis RJ, Cooper A, Zaritsky A, Espisito T, Maederis D: Priorities for research in emergency medical services for children: Results of a consensus conference. Ann Emerg Med February 1999;33:206-210.]
Hidden information acquisition and static choice

This note explores the consequence of hidden information acquisition for static choice theory. We show that any choice function in the observable problem can be consistent with some well-behaved choice function in a metaproblem with unobservable costly information acquisition. This illustrates how choices may not satisfy consistency conditions because a decision maker's decision process (in this case, information acquisition) depends on her feasible set. It also illustrates the importance of modeling the source of violations of consistency conditions, rather than simply weakening axioms on preferences.
Attitude stabilization of flexible spacecraft during stationkeeping maneuvers

This paper present s t h e a n a l y s i s and design o f r e a c t i o n j e t a t t i t u d e c o n t r o l system f o r a spacecraf t having l a r g e f l e x i b l e s a l a r a r rays . During t r a n s l a t i o n a l t h r u s t i n g maneuvers, t h e s o l a r a r r a y f l e x i b i l i t y s t r o n g l y i n t e r a c t s w i t h the Pulse-Width and Pulse-Frequency (PdPF) modulator. A simple t r a n s f e r f u n c t i o n model o f f l e x i b l e spacecra f t i s used f o r t h e p r e l im inary c o n t r o l design. The s t a t i c and dynamic charact e r i s t i c s o f the PWPF modulator a re discussed i n d e t a i l . Nonl inear s t a b i l i t y ana lys is i s performed us ing t h e descr ib ing f u n c t i o n o f the modulator. R e l a t i v e s t a b i l i t y margin w i t h respec t t o the l i m i t c y c l e c o n d i t i o n o f a s t r u c t u r a l mode i s used as a measure o f t h e non l inear c o n t r o l system robustness. The performance and s t a b i l i t y margin p r e d i c t e d by c l a s s i c a l s i n g l e a x i s design, a r e v e r i f i e d from t h e 3-ax is non l inear d i g i t a l s imulat i o n s .
EFFICIENCY AND CONTINUITY IN PUBLIC FINANCE: THE OTTOMAN SYSTEM OF TAXATION

Economic historians have recently made great progress in studying the past by applying the tools and concepts of New Institutional Economics. A fundamental element of this achievement has been to go beyond the narrow confines of previous approaches. Whereas the application of narrow neoclassical economic analysis typically lacked an appreciation for the role of history and focused primarily on the efficiency properties of institutions, the new trend has been to integrate economic and historical approaches for richer and more comprehensive explanations of how and why history mattered. Similarly, whereas unsystematic historical approaches lacked sound theoretical bases and proceeded narrowly by focusing on how previous customs and traditions were responsible for the existence of an institution, the new approach has been also to examine the properties of the institution that ensured its survival.
Possible Third Order Phase Transition in the Large N Lattice Gauge Theory

The large-$N$ limit of the two-dimensional $\mathrm{U}(N)$ (Wilson) lattice gauge theory is explicitly evaluated for all fixed $\ensuremath{\lambda}={g}^{2}N$ by steepest-descent methods. The $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ dependence is discussed and a third-order phase transition, at $\ensuremath{\lambda}=2$, is discovered. The possible existence of such a weak- to strong-coupling third-order phase transition in the large-$N$ four-dimensional lattice gauge theory is suggested, and its meaning and implications are discussed.
Evolution of unmagnetized and magnetized shear layers

We present numerical simulations of the growth and saturation of the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability in a compressible fluid layer with and without a weak magnetic field. In the absence of a magnetic field, the instability generates a single eddy that flattens the velocity profile, stabilizing it against further perturbations. Adding a weak magnetic field?weak in the sense that it has almost no effect on the linear instability?leads to a complex flow morphology driven by MHD forces and to enhanced broadening of the layer due to Maxwell stresses. We corroborate earlier studies, which showed that magnetic fields destroy the large-scale eddy structure through periodic cycles of windup and resistive decay, but we show that the rate of decay decreases with decreasing plasma resistivity ?, at least within the range of ? accessible to our simulations. Magnetization increases the efficiency of momentum transport, and the transport increases with decreasing ?.
New results on dynamic planar point location

A point location scheme is presented for a dynamic planar subdivision whose underlying graph is only required to be connected. The operations supported include: reporting the name of the region containing a query point, inserting/deleting an edge, and inserting/deleting/moving a degree-2 vertex. The scheme uses $O(n)$ space, has a worst-case query time of $O(\log ^2 n)$, and a worst-case update time of $O(\log n)$, where n is the number of vertices currently in the subdivision. Insertion (respectively, deletion) of an arbitrary k-edge chain inside a region can be performed in $O(k\log (n + k))$ (respectively, $O(k\log n)$) time in worst-case. The scheme outperforms the solutions given in works by Fries, Mehlhorn, and Naeher and by Overmars and also handles more general subdivisions than the schemes given in works by Preparata and Tamassia. The result is based on a new solution to a dynamic visibility problem for a set of line segments in the plane that are nonintersecting, except possibly at endpoints. Th...
Products of All Elements in a Loop and a Framework for Non-Associative Analogues of the Hall-Paige Conjecture

For a finite loop Q, let P(Q) be the set of elements that can be represented as a product containing each element of Q precisely once. Motivated by the recent proof of the Hall-Paige conjecture, we prove several universal implications between the following conditions: (A) Q has a complete mapping, i.e. the multiplication table of Q has a transversal, (B) there is no N E Q such that |N | is odd and Q/N ∼ Z2m for m > 1, and (C) P(Q) intersects the associator subloop of Q. We prove (A) =⇒ (C) and (B) ⇐⇒ (C) and show that when Q is a group, these conditions reduce to familiar statements related to the Hall-Paige conjecture (which essentially says that in groups (B) =⇒ (A)). We also establish properties of P(Q), � � �
Putting the Party Back into Politics: An Experiment Testing Whether Election Day Festivals Increase Voter Turnout

A century and a half ago, casting a vote in the United States was an engaging social experience, as voters at the polls talked with friends, threw down shots of free whiskey, listened to lively entertainment, and generally had a good time (McGerr 1986). According to Altschuler and Blumin (2000, 75)We are grateful to Pam Lamonaca and Nicole Batdorf, who played a key role in organizing Election Day festivals, and Timothy Ryan and Marcos Luis, who helped in all phases of this project. We also thank Dan Winslow, whose ideas about raising turnout were an impetus for this project, and Dan Bergan and Beth Weinberger, who commented on earlier drafts. The studies described here were funded by generous grants from the Institution for Social and Policy Studies at Yale, the Tufts Summer Scholars Program, and Working Assets, none of which bear responsibility for the content of this report.