cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neuropsychological performance and suicidal behavior in adult psychiatric inpatients.

Although various studies have shown that suicidal persons exhibit greater cognitive deficiencies than both normals and other psychiatric patients, researchers as yet have been unable to account for the source(s) of the differences. Some of these differences (e.g., cognitive rigidity and impaired problem solving) hint of possible organic involvement. This study explored the relationship of neuropsychological functioning to suicidal behavior by comparing 20 suicidal and 27 nonsuicidal psychiatric inpatients on several tests of neuropsychological functioning. Although results showed no significant differences between the two groups on most measures, both groups showed evidence of notably high levels of cortical dysfunction relative to test norms. Thirty-five percent of suicidal patients and 44% of nonsuicidal patients scored in the impaired range. Implications of this high frequency of impairment for the treatment of suicidal and nonsuicidal psychiatric patients are discussed.
Separation, Identification, and Characterization of Microorganisms by Capillary Electrophoresis

The use of capillary electrophoresis (CE) for the analysis, identification, and characterization of microorganisms has been gaining in popularity. The advantages of CE, such as small sample requirements, minimal sample preparation, rapid and simultaneous analysis, ease of quantitation and identification, and viability assessment, make it an attractive technique for the analysis of microbial analytes. As this instrumental method has evolved, higher peak efficiencies have been achieved by optimizing CE conditions, such as pH, ionic strength, and polymer additive concentration. Experimental improvements have allowed better quantitation and more accurate results. Many practical applications of this technique have been investigated. Viability and identification of microbes can be accomplished in a single analysis. This is useful for evaluation of microbial analytes in consumer products. Diagnosis of microbe-based diseases is now possible, in some cases, without the need for culture methods. Microbe-molecule, virus-antibody, or bacteria-antibiotic interactions can be monitored using CE, allowing for the screening of possible drug candidates. Fermentation can be monitored using this system. This instrumental approach can be adapted to many different applications, including assessing the viability of sperm cells. Progress has been made in the development of microelectrophoresis instrumentation. These advances will eventually allow the development of small, dedicated devices for the rapid, repetitive analyses of specific microbial samples. Although these methods may never fully replace traditional approaches, they are proving to be a valuable addition to the collection of techniques used to analyze, quantitate, and characterize microbes. This review outlines the recent developments in this rapidly growing field.
Spectral clustering and transductive learning with multiple views

We consider spectral clustering and transductive inference for data with multiple views. A typical example is the web, which can be described by either the hyperlinks between web pages or the words occurring in web pages. When each view is represented as a graph, one may convexly combine the weight matrices or the discrete Laplacians for each graph, and then proceed with existing clustering or classification techniques. Such a solution might sound natural, but its underlying principle is not clear. Unlike this kind of methodology, we develop multiview spectral clustering via generalizing the normalized cut from a single view to multiple views. We further build multiview transductive inference on the basis of multiview spectral clustering. Our framework leads to a mixture of Markov chains defined on every graph. The experimental evaluation on real-world web classification demonstrates promising results that validate our method.
Buprenorphine treatment outcomes among opioid-dependent cocaine users and non-users.

Background and Objectives National treatment guidelines state that polysubstance users, including cocaine users, may not be appropriate candidates for office-based buprenorphine treatment. However, data to support this recommendation are sparse and conflicting, and the implications of this recommendation may include limiting the usefulness of buprenorphine treatment, as cocaine use is common among opioid-dependent individuals seeking buprenorphine treatment. We compared buprenorphine treatment outcomes (6-month treatment retention and self-reported opioid use over 6 months) in opioid-dependent cocaine users versus non-users who initiated buprenorphine treatment at an urban community health center. Methods We followed 87 participants over 6 months, collecting interview and medical record data. We used logistic regression models to test whether baseline cocaine use was associated with treatment retention and mixed effects nonlinear models to test whether baseline cocaine use was associated with self-reported opioid use. Results At baseline, 39.1% reported cocaine use. In all participants, self-reported opioid use decreased from 89.7% to 27.4% over 6 months, and 6-month treatment retention was 54.5%. We found no significant difference in 6-month treatment retention (AOR = 1.56, 95% CI: .58–4.17, p = .38) or self-reported opioid use (AOR = .89, 95% CI: .26–3.07, p = .85) between cocaine users and non-users. Conclusions and Scientific Significance This study demonstrates that buprenorphine treatment retention is not worse in cocaine users than non-users, with clinically meaningful improvements in self-reported opioid use. These findings suggest that opioid-dependent cocaine users attain considerable benefits from office-based buprenorphine treatment and argue for the inclusion of these patients in office-based buprenorphine treatment programs. (Am J Addict 2013;22:352–357)
Oligodendroglial development in human fetal cerebrum.

We have successfully established mixed glial cell primary cultures prepared from individual fetal human brains (15–18 weeks' gestation in age). Cultures were maintained for as long as 3 months in either 10% fetal calf serum (FCS) or serum-free chemically defined medium (CDM). By morphological and immunohistochemical criteria, the precursor cell for human oligodendrocytes (O-2A cell) was identified. This cell exhibited the bipolar morphology and A2B5-positive (A2B5+) immunoreactivity typical of the O-2A precursor cell. With time in culture, cells possessing a stellate morphology appeared, some of which stained with the O4 antibody, indicative of cell differentiation in the oligodendroglial lineage. At yet older culture age, arborized cells bearing the O1 (galactocerebroside, GC) immunohistochemical marker and displaying the morphological characteristics typical of more mature oligodendrocytes were found, confirming their oligodendroglial identity. Oligodendroglial differentiation was supported best by CDM rather than FCS. To complement these observations, double immunofluorescent studies were performed on parietal sections from human fetal brains at 20 to 22 weeks of gestation. Bipolar A2B5+, multipolar A2B5+/O4+, and arborized A2B5−/O1+ cells were found, thus confirming the presence of oligodendrocytes in human fetal brain at this stage of prenatal development and consistent with the observations made in cell culture.
The implications of different developmental patterns of disruptive behavior problems for school adjustment

Based upon developmental models of disruptive behavior problems, this study examined the hypothesis that the nature of a child's externalizing problems at home may be important in predicting the probability of and nature of school adjustment problems at school entry. Parent ratings were collected for a sample of 631 behaviorally disruptive children using the Child Behavior Checklist. Confirmatory factor analyses revealed differentiated ratings of oppositional, aggressive, and hyperactive/inattentive behaviors at home. Teacher and peer nominations assessed school adjustment at the end of first grade. As expected from a developmental perspective, aggressive behaviors indicated more severe dysfunction and were more likely to generalize to the school setting than were oppositional behaviors. Hyperactive/inattentive behaviors at home led to more classroom disruption than did aggressive or oppositional behaviors. Co-occurring patterns of oppositional/aggressive and hyperactive/inattentive behaviors were more common than were single-problem patterns, and were associated with broad dysfunction in the social and classroom contexts. The results were interpreted within a developmental framework, in which oppositional, aggressive, and hyperactive/inattentive behaviors may reflect distinct (as well as shared) developmental processes that have implications for the home-to-school generalization of behavior problems and subsequent school adjustment.
Subjective Performance Indicators and Discretionary Bonus Pools

Key indicators of managerial performance are frequently subjective, that is, they are difficult to specify and/or verify for contracting purposes. When a principal must rely on subjective information to create incentives for a group of agents, discretionary bonus pools are shown to be optimal mechanisms. Despite their optimality, however, discretionary bonus pools entail an additional agency cost relative to the benchmark of optimal contracts based on objective and verifiable information. Our analysis identifies circumstances under which this additional agency cost is small, for example, the subjective information signals are precise, or the number of agents participating in the bonus pool increases. When incentive schemes can be based on both objective and subjective performance indicators, the relative weights to be placed on alternative signals are shown to differ from the ones predicted by models with objective signals only. We also demonstrate that correlation in measurement errors has a different impact on the structure of optimal incentive schemes when the performance indicators are merely subjective.
Medium-range order in metamict silicas

The first sharp diffraction peak from various forms of aperiodic silica was studied. Materials examined include vitreous silica, electron-metallic quartz, neutron-metallic quartz, and Si{sup +} ion-implanted quartz. The peak is attributed to the dominant structural rings existing in the materials, or modification thereof. The anomalous behavior of this peak is also discussed.
Crystal to Glass Transition and Melting in Two Dimensions

Thermodynamic properties, structures, defects and their configurations of a two-dimensional Lennard-Jones (LJ) system are investigated close to crystal to glass transition (CGT) via molecular dynamics simulations. The CGT is achieved by saturating the LJ binary arrays below glass transition temperature with one type of the atoms which has different atomic size from that of the host atoms. It was found that for a given atomic size difference larger than a critical value, the CGT proceeds with increasing solute concentrations in three stages, each of which is characterized by distinct behaviors of translational and bond-orientational order correlation functions. An intermediate phase which has a quasi-long range orientational order but short range translational order has been found to exist prior to the formation of the amorphous phase. The destabilization of crystallinity is observed to be directly related to defects. We examine these results in the context of two dimensional (2D) melting theory. Finite size effects on these results, in particular on the intermediate phase formation, are discussed.
Wormhole attacks detection in wireless ad hoc networks: a statistical analysis approach

Various routing attacks for single-path routing have been identified for wireless ad hoc networks and the corresponding counter measures have been proposed in the literature. However, the effects of routing attacks on multi-path routing have not been addressed. In this paper, the performance of multi-path routing under wormhole attack is studied in detail. The results show that multi-path routing is vulnerable to wormhole attacks. A simple scheme based on statistical analysis (called SAM) is proposed to detect such attacks and to identify malicious nodes. Comparing to the previous approaches (for example, using packet leash), no special requirements (such as time synchronization or GPS) are needed in the proposed scheme. Simulation results demonstrate that SAM successfully detects wormhole attacks and locates the malicious nodes in networks with different topologies and with different node transmission range. Moreover, SAM may act as a module in local detection agents in an intrusion detection system (IDS) for wireless ad hoc networks.
Historical and current policy efforts to eliminate racial and ethnic health disparities in the United States: future opportunities for public health education research.

In the summer of 2005, the Society for Public Health Education convened a meeting, Health Disparities and Social Inequities, with the task of setting the minority health disparities research agenda for public health educators. The article provides a history of minority health efforts beginning with the Negro Health Improvement Week in 1915 and an overview of National Institutes of Health’s (NIH) current 5-year strategic research plan to eliminate health disparities. The plan’s goals represent a significant investment in minority health research and the emergence of NIH as the leading federal agency funding health disparity research. Understanding the history of minority health efforts and current health disparity research offers a perspective that will help guide public health educators in reaching the Healthy People 2010 goal of eliminating racial and ethnic health disparities.
Women as Collaborative Leaders on Rangelands in the Western United States

On the Ground In recent years women have become more visible as leaders of collaborative range management in the western United States. Drawing on the experiences of four such women, gender aspects of leadership and community activism are explored. The four women leaders consider their efforts as “nothing special” and “business as usual”; gender considerations are not prominent in how they view their success. Personality traits are important determinants of exceptional leadership. Although such traits are found in both men and women, there may be cases where the more feminine attributes that emphasize peacemaking, community welfare, networking, and consensus building facilitate the management of complex problems. Collaborative leadership is vital for rangeland management. Recruiting and training such leaders should focus on identifying those with appropriate personality traits and aptitudes—regardless of gender—and providing them with the tools, skills, and support networks for success. The four successfu...
The B-DNA Dodecamer at High Resolution Reveals a Spine of Water on Sodium†,‡

We describe a very accurate addition (called structure X here) to the B-DNA dodecamer family of X-ray structures. Our results confirm the observation of Drew and Dickerson [(1981) J. Mol. Biol. 151, 535−556] that the spine of hydration in AT tract DNA is two layers deep. However, our results suggest that the primary spine is partially occupied by sodium ions. We suggest that many sequence-dependent features of DNA conformation are mediated by site specific binding of cations. For example, preferential localization of cations, as described here within the minor groove of structure X, is probably the structural origin of AT tract bending and groove narrowing. The secondary spine, which does not interact directly with the DNA, is as geometrically regular as the primary spine, providing a model for transmission of sequence information into solvent regions. A fully hydrated magnesium ion located in the major groove of structure X appears to pull cytosine bases partially out from the helical stack, exposing π-s...
Effect of Immediate and Delayed High-Strain Loading on Tendon-to-Bone Healing After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

The healing of tendon to bone does not recapitulate the native architecture of the enthesis. Rather, an interposed layer of fibrovascular scar tissue is formed that is biomechanically inferior to the native enthesis and that may predispose tendon-to-bone repairs to an increased rate of failure1-7. While anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction generally has favorable results8, incomplete graft-bone healing can lead to graft slippage, resulting in laxity and knee instability. Recent studies have identified unsatisfactory results in up to 25% of patients secondary to residual laxity and the persistence of a postoperative pivot shift9,10. Although many factors contribute to the long-term outcome of ACL reconstruction, secure tendon-to-bone healing is required for a functional graft4,6. There is growing evidence that modulation of the mechanical environment has a critical effect on the healing graft attachment site and its ultimate mechanical integrity11-14. In previous animal studies, our group demonstrated that the delayed onset of low levels of controlled mechanical stimulation (∼2% cyclic axial strain) resulted in improved mechanical and biological parameters of tendon-to-bone healing compared with those found after immediate loading or strict immobilization14. However, the magnitude of mechanical stimulation required for optimal healing of the tendon-bone insertion site is currently undefined. A recent study revealed that the delayed application of postoperative exercise (with presumed higher levels of mechanical load) resulted in a decreased range of motion and worse mechanical properties, compared with those seen after normal cage activity, in a rat rotator cuff repair model15. However, the mechanical load was not directly controlled or quantified. Both the timing and the intensity of postoperative rehabilitation after ACL reconstruction may have important consequences with respect to the healing graft as well as the long-term outcomes of the operation. The purpose of the present study was to determine in a rat model the effect of high levels of controlled axial loading after ACL reconstruction on tendon-to-bone healing. Our hypothesis was that the delayed onset of loading would lead to improved healing (new-bone formation at the tendon-bone interface) and increased graft load to failure compared with those found after either immediate loading or prolonged immobilization.
Metabolism of exogenous androgens in rams and wethers: differential clearance rates.

1. 1. The effect of the presence of the testes on the clearance rates of 5 and 50 mg of testosterone and androstenedione was examined in 8-month old rams and wethers. 2. 2. Castration did not affect (P > 0.10) the clearance of androstenedione or testosterone at the 5 mg dosage. 3. 3. Castration had an effect (P < 0.05) on the clearance of 50 mg of androstenedione and testosterone. 4. 4. These data indicate that reproductive status has a differential effect on the metabolism of exogenously administered steroids.
Citrus: a language and toolkit for simplifying the creation of structured editors for code and data

Direct-manipulation editors for structured data are increasingly common. While such editors can greatly simplify the creation of structured data, there are few tools to simplify the creation of the editors themselves. This paper presents Citrus, a new programming language and user interface toolkit designed for this purpose. Citrus offers language-level support for constraints, restrictions and change notifications on primitive and aggregate data, mechanisms for automatically creating, removing, and reusing views as data changes, a library of widgets, layouts and behaviors for defining interactive views, and two comprehensive interactive editors as an interface to the language and toolkit itself. Together, these features support the creation of editors for a large class of data and code.
The effects of polymer carrier, hot melt extrusion process and downstream processing parameters on the moisture sorption properties of amorphous solid dispersions

Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of polymer carrier, hot melt extrusion and downstream processing parameters on the water uptake properties of amorphous solid dispersions. Methods Three polymers and a model drug were used to prepare amorphous solid dispersions utilizing the hot melt extrusion technology. The sorption–desorption isotherms of solid dispersions and their physical mixtures were measured by the dynamic vapour sorption system, and the effects of polymer hydrophobicity, hygroscopicity, molecular weight and the hot melt extrusion process were investigated. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) imaging was performed to understand the phase separation driven by the moisture. Key findings Solid dispersions with polymeric carriers with lower hydrophilicity, hygroscopicity and higher molecular weight could sorb less moisture under the high relative humidity (RH) conditions. The water uptake ability of polymer–drug solid dispersion systems were decreased compared with the physical mixture after hot melt extrusion, which might be due to the decreased surface area and porosity. The FTIR imaging indicated that the homogeneity of the drug molecularly dispersed within the polymer matrix was changed after exposure to high RH. Conclusion Understanding the effect of formulation and processing on the moisture sorption properties of solid dispersions is essential for the development of drug products with desired physical and chemical stability.
Women, Men, Work and Family: Action in the Interactions

Expansionist theory holds, as a core assumption, that “in general, multiple roles are beneficial, in contrast to theories that treat them as sources of stress” (Hyde, in chapter “Women, Men, Work, and Family: Expansionist Theory Updated”). In addressing this thesis and the supporting research proposed by Hyde (in chapter “Women, Men, Work, and Family: Expansionist Theory Updated”), the chapter addresses three key questions in relation to expansionist theory: (1) For whom are multiple roles better? (2) When are multiple roles better? and (3) Under what conditions are multiple roles better? It is proposed that too often in main effect models that link multiple roles to physical and mental health, we fail to examine how key contextual variables, such as social class, race and ethnicity, family structure, and gender, moderate the ways in which multiple work and family roles are linked to health outcomes. A key premise underlying this chapter is that quite often the “truer” story about both the beneficial and detrimental effects of multiple roles lies within distinct ecological niches, suggesting that the “action is in the interactions.”
Boundary Corrections for Wind Tunnel Testing of Large Ground Vehicles in Strong Crosswind Conditions

Aerodynamic testing of heavy commercial vehicles is of increasing interest as demands for dramatically improved fuel economy take hold. Various challenges which compromise the fidelity of wind tunnel simulations must be overcome in order for the full potential of sophisticated aerodynamic treatments to be realized. This paper addresses one issue, the applicability of existing methods of boundary correction, since the blockage values tend to be quite high and the models are unusually long. Prevailing methods of boundary corrections for automotive testing have focused largely on drag, with reasonably symmetric flow fields. Relatively long vehicles at large yaw angles develop highly asymmetric flow fields and relatively large side force coefficients, so more complex boundary correction methods need to be developed. Techniques developed for this purpose might also have application in wind tunnel testing of other high length-to-diameter ratio models, such as submarines or airships.
Creating chemotherapeutic-resistant breast cancer cell lines: advances and future perspectives

The development of resistance remains the most significant impediment to generating effective treatments for cancer. In the modern age of personalized medicine, it is of critical importance to understand the principles of both innate and acquired resistance to achieve the most effective therapeutic outcomes. Significant differences exist between cancer cells that exhibit innate resistance verses those that acquire resistance over time. Studying the acquisition of resistance is essential to obtaining a complete understanding of how treatments contribute to disease recurrence and progression. This review will evaluate the current understanding of chemotherapeutic resistance and its role in personalized medicine. This review will also explore how generating resistant cells in culture is essential to the development of improved cancer therapeutics.
Advertising and Quality in the U.S. Market for Automobiles

Using data consisting of domestic and foreign automobiles over the period 1985-1990, the hypothesis that advertising serves as a signal of higher quality is empirically tested. This is accomplished by examining how advertising levels vary with a quality measure that is not observable at the time of purchase but becomes available subsequent to a model's release. Above average quality results in expenditures that are 15% higher than average quality outlays. Lending further support to the signalling hypothesis, the positive advertising-quality relationship holds strongest when a model significantly improves in quality relative to the previous year's model.
Comparative liberation of bound phosphatides from red cells of man, ox, and camel.

SummaryThe red cells of the camel are like those of true ruminants in being resistant to lysis by cobra venom but dissimilar in appearing to contain lecithin. The idea that the resistance of camel cells to venom is due to the binding of lecithin so that it is inaccessible to venom enzymes has been tested in terms of comparative extractability into ether-ethanol mixtures of phosphatides from cells of man, ox, and camel. The lipids were liberated much less readily in the case of the camel, indicating that the lipid complexes are different and more stable.
Hysteria in childhood.

Personality traits predisposing to hysteria are recognizable in boys as well as in girls. Youngsters who discover that hysterical manifestations bring secondary gains may use this technic throughout life to deal with stress or inner needs. Some of them will progress to true hysterical neurosis.
Congenital and perinatal lesions.

Abstract Most congenital abnormalities can be traced to defects occurring at a specific stage during embryologic development. Anatomic deformities of the ventricular system and brain surface are visualized and myelination of the white matter is well evaluated on MR scans so that congenital abnormalities may be differentiated from perinatal lesions. MR imaging is often the only imaging modality required for complete assessment of abnormalities in the neonatal period.
Clinic study on the immune function in children with hand-foot-mouth disease

Objective To investigate the change of immune function in children with hand-foot-mouth disease(HFMD).Methods A total of 236children with HFMD were divided into three groups,including 99cases with enterovirus 71type infection(EV71group),110cases with Coxsackie virus A group 16type infection(CoxA16group) and 27cases with severe complications(severe group).The other 24children with indirect inguinal hernia were enrolled as control group.Percentages of lymphocyte subsets in peripheral blood were detected and compared between each group.Results CD3+and CD3+CD4+subsets decreased obviously in HFMD children,and those in severe group were lower(P0.05).CD3+CD8+subsets in severe group decreased(P0.05).CD3-CD16+CD56+subsets in severe group increased,compared with EV71group,CoxA16group and control group(P0.05).CD3-CD19+and CD19+CD23+subsets in severe group,EV71group and CoxA16group increased,compared with control group,and those in EV71group were higher(P0.05).CD4+CD25+subsets in severe group,EV71group and CoxA16group increased,compared with control group(P0.05).Conclusion Immune function in children with HFMD might be disordered.Detection of CD3+,CD3+CD8+and CD3-CD16+CD56+subsets could be useful for the monitoring of pathogenetic condition in children with HFMD.
Rearrangements of chromosome 3 involving bands 3q21 and 3q26 are associated with normal or elevated platelet counts in acute nonlymphocytic leukemia.

Fourteen patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) or dysmyelopoietic syndromes were found to have abnormalities involving the long arm of chromosome 3. In eight patients, the structural rearrangements involved both bands 3q21 and 3q26 and included t(3;3) (four patients), inv(3) (three patients), and ins(5;3) (one patient). Before treatment, seven of these eight patients had platelet counts above 100,000 per microliter, five had normal or elevated platelet counts, and four had significantly elevated platelet counts (600,000 to 1,731,000 per microliter). In each of the eight cases, normal or elevated platelet counts were associated with marked abnormalities of megakaryocytopoiesis, including increased numbers of megakaryocytes and numerous micromegakaryocytes. Classification within the French-American- British system was difficult in most of these cases; however, the leukemia in five of the eight patients with abnormalities of chromosome 3 that involved both bands 3q21 and 3q26 was classified as M4. The remaining six of the 14 patients had translocations between chromosome 3 and another chromosome. None involved both bands 3q21 and 3q26, and a break in either q21 or q26 was noted in only two patients. One of the six, who had ANLL (M4) with a normal platelet count, had a 3;5 translocation which involved band 3q25. These data suggest that in patients with ANLL, abnormalities of chromosome 3 which simultaneously involve bands 3q21 and 3q26 are associated with unusually high platelet counts.
Inertial and frictional influences of instrumented wheelchair wheels.

Background Instrumented wheelchair wheels can be used to study the kinematics and kinetics of manual wheelchair propulsion. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of instrumented wh...
Heavy Menstrual Bleeding

Heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB), a common complaint in adolescent and adult women, can be due to a variety of causes ranging from anovulatory bleeding, bleeding disorders, endocrine abnormalities, infectious etiology, pregnancy/miscarriage, and anatomic abnormalities of the reproductive organs. Comprehensive evaluation of the patient by the gynecologist and hematologist working in conjunction will enable prompt detection of the underlying cause and timely institution of therapy. In general, HMB can be managed with hormonal therapy and general hemostatic therapy; in patients with bleeding disorders, specific hemostatic therapy directed toward the underlying disorder can be given as primary or supplemental therapy. Appropriate medical or interventional therapy for other etiologies and management of hematologic and gynecologic complications of HMB will help to improve the patient’s overall quality of life. Patient-centered efforts and use of innovative technology for HMB can enhance patient awareness and education and promote participation in their care.
mTORC1 in the Control of Myogenesis and Adult Skeletal Muscle Mass

Abstract Skeletal muscle size and function are determined by developmental processes, the regenerative capacity of the muscle, as well as by the balance between muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and degradation in adult tissue. The mechanistic (or mammalian) target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1 (mTORC1) is essential for all of these processes, controlling muscle from embryonic development all the way through hypertrophy in adult skeletal muscle. mTORC1 activity and its subsequent regulation of MPS and muscle mass can be stimulated through a variety of signaling cascades that balance growth signals from nutrients, growth factors, and mechanical load/resistance exercise with the metabolic state of the muscle. Extensive research over the past 15 years has improved our understanding of how mTORC1 controls skeletal muscle development, growth, and maintenance. This chapter describes these advances in the context of skeletal muscle mass and function.
Increase in sensitivity of the baroreceptor reflex following microinjection of carbachol into the posterior hypothalamic nucleus of awake rats.

Summary In a rat model, the baroreceptor reflex can be assessed by graded infusions of either phenylephrine or sodium nitroprusside with continuous hemodynamic monitoring. Microinjection of the cholinergic agonist carbachol (CCh) into the posterior hypothalamic nucleus (PHN) evokes an increase in mean arterial pressure and a change in heart rate. Lower doses of CCh evoke only tachycardia, whereas middle and higher doses evoke a biphasic change in heart rate of tachycardia followed by bradycardia. The bradycardia following the microinjection of CCh into the PHN can be attenuated by the previous administration of the vasopressin V1 receptor antagonist [d(CH2)5Tyr(Me)] arginine vasopressin (AVPX). Circulating arginine vasopressin (AVP) has been shown to increase the sensitivity of the baroreceptor reflex by stimulating vasopressin V1 receptors in the area postrema. The attenuation by AVPX of the bradycardia that results following the high doses of CCh suggests that AVP is released into the circulation following stimulation of cholinergic systems within the PHN. Thus, microinjection of a high dose of CCh (11 nmol) into the PHN alters the sensitivity of the baroreceptor reflex by increasing peripheral levels of AVP.
Expressed Emotion in Mothers of School-Age Children: Relations to Maternal Maltreatment and Parenting Behavior

The five-minute speech sample is an indirect measure of familial emotional climate, measuring the degree of criticism and/or emotional over-involvement a parent displays while describing a child. Originally developed for parents of adult children with chronic mental illness, the five-minute speech sample has more recently been used among parents of younger children, with inconsistent results. The first aim was to investigate the five-minute speech sample as a measure of parenting perceptions for nonclinical youth by analyzing relations of criticism and emotional over-involvement with self-reported and observed measures of parenting behavior in a diverse community sample of mothers (N = 64) with school-age children (M age = 9.48). Self-reported emotion socialization behaviors and observed parenting practices were correlated with criticism and emotional over-involvement ratings. The second aim was to analyze criticism and emotional over-involvement as mediators in a relationship between a mother’s history of maltreatment and her parenting behaviors. Findings indicated that criticism and emotional over-involvement are related to observed and self-reported parenting behaviors, though emotional over-involvement appears to be an aspect of positive parenting in this youth sample. All subtypes of maltreatment were correlated with significantly less emotionally supportive behaviors, but not with more unsupportive behaviors. Higher levels of emotional over-involvement significantly mediated the relationship between a history of sexual abuse and supportive and unsupportive parenting practices.
The Market Value of Product Flexibility: Theory and Evidence from the Clean Energy Industry

We identify three broad types of decisions for creating product flexibility: market selection, whereby managers can diversify their product portfolios across multiple segments in order to hedge against market uncertainties; resource allocation, through which managers assign RD and production flexibility, wherein managers have options to rapidly revise operational decisions. We offer an integrated framework bridging these decisions and consider their impact on firm valuation in the capital market. We test this framework on a sample of 174 firms, for 2002-2007 from the clean energy sector. Our results replicate earlier findings on the relationship between diversification and market valuation when tested in a standalone manner. However, an enhanced analysis illustrates that established results are supported in limited settings. Instead, we find that resource allocation and production flexibility choices, e.g. product modularity, capacity and JIT, are significantly associated with variation in market valuation.
Agenda for Sleep Research in Older Adults With Cancer: A Conference Report.

Background Sleep problems are common but often neglected in older adults, particularly in the context of cancer. Underlying mechanisms are poorly understood and interventions frequently lack a clear scientific basis. Objective The objective of this report was to examine scientific content presented at a National Institutes of Health-sponsored U13 "Bedside to Bench" conference using a qualitative and iterative review procedure. Analysis of current scientific issues regarding sleep in older adults with cancer is needed to direct nurse scientists and clinicians toward research opportunities. Methods A multistep review procedure for the analysis/synthesis of knowledge gaps and research opportunities was undertaken by oncology nurse scientists in attendance. Results Conceptual problems in this area include the lack of standard sleep terminology and absence of an overarching conceptual model. Methodological problems are inconsistent sleep/napping measurement and complex operational challenges in designing comprehensive yet feasible studies in older adults. Knowledge gaps in basic and clinical science relate to cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie sleep and circadian rhythm disturbances, contribution of sleep to adverse outcomes, and impact of disturbed sleep during hospitalization and the transition from hospital to home. Conclusions Focused and interdisciplinary research that advances conceptual and operational understanding of biological and behavioral determinants of sleep health in the aging cancer population can lead to more effective, safe, and targeted interventions for those with cancer-related sleep-circadian disturbances. Implications for practice Research that addresses current conceptual, methodological, and physiological issues can lead to more effective, safe, and targeted care for older adults with cancer-related sleep-circadian disturbances.
The relational politics of shame: Evidence from the universal periodic review

International human rights institutions often rely on “naming and shaming” to promote compliance with global norms. Critics charge that such institutions are too politicized; states condemn human rights violations selectively, based on their strategic interests, while protecting friends and allies. In this view, politicization undermines shaming’s credibility and thus its effectiveness. This paper offers an alternative account of such institutions and the mechanism by which they promote human rights. We argue that interstate shaming is an inherently political exercise that operates through strategic relationships, not in spite of them. While states are less likely to criticize their friends and allies, any criticism they do offer is more influential precisely because of this pre-existing partnership. We test this argument through quantitative analysis of the most elaborate human rights mechanism in the international system: the United Nations Universal Periodic Review. We find that states are more lenient towards their strategic partners in the peer-review process. Yet when they do criticize, their recommendations are accepted more often than substantially identical recommendations emanating from other states with fewer strategic ties. Insofar as shaming disseminates powerful signals regarding political relationships between states, these interactions can be meaningful and influential, even as they remain selective and politicized.
Compressible flows on moving domains: Stabilized methods, weakly enforced essential boundary conditions, sliding interfaces, and application to gas-turbine modeling

Abstract A novel stabilized formulation for 3D compressible viscous flows on moving domains is developed. New weak imposition of essential boundary conditions and sliding-interface formulations are also proposed in the context of moving-domain compressible flows. The new formulation is successfully tested on a set of examples spanning a wide range of Reynolds and Mach numbers showing its superior robustness. Experimental validation of the new formulation is also carried out with good success. In addition, the formulation is applied to simulate flow inside a gas turbine stage, illustrating its potential to support design of real engineering systems through high-fidelity aerodynamic analysis.
Stability of Symptom Clusters in Patients With Lung Cancer Receiving Chemotherapy

Abstract Context Patients with breast cancer who undergo chemotherapy (CTX) experience between 10 and 32 concurrent symptoms. An evaluation of how these symptoms cluster together and how these symptom clusters change over time may provide insights into how to treat these multiple co-occurring symptoms. Objectives The purposes of this study were to determine the occurrence rates and severity ratings for 38 common symptoms, evaluate for differences in the number and types of symptom clusters, and evaluate for changes over time in these symptom clusters (i.e., before CTX, the week after CTX, and two weeks after CTX). Methods At each of the assessments, a modified version of the Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale was used to assess the occurrence and severity of the 38 symptoms. Exploratory factor analyses were used to extract the symptom clusters. Results Although across the two symptom dimensions (i.e., occurrence and severity) and the three assessments, eight distinct symptom clusters were identified, only five were relatively stable across both dimensions and across time (i.e., psychological, hormonal, nutritional, gastrointestinal, and epithelial). Two of the additional clusters varied by time but not by symptom dimension (i.e., sickness behavior and weight change). The CTX neuropathy cluster was identified only at the assessment performed in the week after CTX. Conclusion These findings provide insights into the most common symptom clusters in patients undergoing CTX for breast cancer. In addition, the most common symptoms within each cluster appear to be relatively stable across the two dimensions, as well as across time.
Scaling Effects on the Electrochemical Performance of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT), Au, and Pt for Electrocorticography Recording

Reduced contact size would permit higher resolution cortical recordings, but the effects of diameter on crucial recording and stimulation properties are poorly understood. Here, the first systematic study of scaling effects on the electrochemical properties of metallic Pt and Au and organic poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) electrodes is presented. PEDOT:PSS exhibits better faradaic charge transfer and capacitive charge coupling than metal electrodes, and these characteristics lead to improved electrochemical performance and reduced noise at smaller electrode diameters. PEDOT:PSS coating reduces the impedances of metallic electrodes by up to 18x for diameters <200 µm, but has no effect for millimeter scale contacts due to the dominance of series resistances. Therefore, the performance gains are especially significant at smaller diameters and lower frequencies essential for recording cognitive and pathological activities. Additionally, the overall reduced noise of the PEDOT:PSS electrodes enables a lower noise floor for recording action potentials. These results permit quantitative optimization of contact material and diameter for different electrocorticography applications.
The most novel of the novel agents for acute myeloid leukemia.

Purpose of review Precious few drugs were successfully developed for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) over the past decades, despite a dramatic expansion of our understanding of its molecular underpinnings during this time. Then in 2017, a wave of new drugs suddenly became approved. This review serves to introduce the newly available drugs, discuss their impact upon therapy, and highlight additional novel agents that are waiting in the wings. Recent findings Newly approved agents in AML include a tyrosine kinase inhibitor for patients with FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) mutations, an inhibitor of mutant isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH2), and two novel agents using antibody-delivered or liposome-delivered cytotoxics. All of these new agents have demonstrable activity in AML and several have improved survival in randomized studies. In addition to these agents, promising data from other inhibitors of FLT3, IDH1, and B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2) will be discussed. Summary Response, survival, and symptom burden of AML therapy are all improving through novel agents. As many of the newly approved drugs benefit-specific genetic subsets, a new priority has emerged to increase the speed of diagnostic genomic studies as a means to guide frontline therapy. This will ensure patients are optimally categorized and treated with to the most rational agents.
Deterrence and Specific Offenses

Deterrence should not be treated as a monolithic problem. General propositions accepting or rejecting deterrence ought to belong to the past. The question is not whether punishment has deterrent effects, but rather under what conditions and to what extent the deterrent purpose is effected. It is important initially to distinguish between the deterrent effect of the threat of punishment (general deterrence) and the deterrent effect of the imposition of punishment (special deterrence).' Professor Chambliss has suggested that the distinction between general and special deterrence, perhaps useful in the abstract, is difficult to maintain in empirical research and may in fact obscure more than it clarifies.2 His own discussion, however, demonstrates that failure to make the distinction may lead to mistaken conclusions. Chambliss concludes, on the basis of research showing high rates of recidivism among drug addicts, that drug addiction, like murder, is relatively unaffected by either the threat or imposition of punishment.3 This statement may be correct if restricted to those users who have already become addicts, since the great physiological need for drugs may vitiate the deterrent effect of punishment. But it is not correct to presuppose, as does Chambliss, that the limited success in the treatment of drug addicts necessarily suggests a similar failure to deter non-addicts and drug dealers. In fact, statistics concerning recidivism among drug addicts reveal nothing about the deterrent effect of drug laws on nonaddicts and drug dealers. Howard Becker's study of the marijuana user may be instructive.4 Becker identifies three stages in the career of a marijuana user: beginner, occasional user, and regular user. The be-
Optimal control of age-structured populations

We consider optimal control of a population with continuous age and time structure. We prove that an optimal control exists, give the necessary optimality conditions, and derive some consequences.
Semiconductor Materials for Ultrafast Photoswitches

This paper gives a review of semiconductor materials that are used to fabricate ultrafast photoswitches. The optoelectrical response of the switches is first described with simple models, from which the material requirements are deduced. The basic principles of the required material properties - ultrashort free carrier lifetime and high mobility, high dark resistivity, and high field breakdown - are explained. Then, the most popular ultrafast semiconductors are listed, together with their characteristics. A special emphasis is put on low-temperature grown GaAs. Finally, two applications of these ultrafast materials are presented, namely antennae for terahertz radiation and all-optical nonlinear devices.