cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract CN04-01: Aspirin for cancer prevention: Are we there yet?

Remarkably consistent experimental and epidemiologic evidence demonstrates that aspirin is associated with a lower risk of colorectal cancer. Four placebo-controlled randomized controlled trials (RCTs) among individuals with a history of colorectal neoplasia showed that aspirin reduced the risk of recurrent adenomas, the precursors of the vast majority of cancers. Nonetheless, in 2007 the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommended against the routine use of aspirin to prevent colorectal cancer in individuals at average risk. However, since the USPSTF statement, new information has emerged, persuasively making the case for a broader role for aspirin in cancer prevention. These data include long-term follow-up of a RCT of aspirin among individuals with Lynch syndrome, a hereditary colorectal cancer syndrome and secondary analyses of RCTs of aspirin for cardiovascular prevention. The latter collection of studies also showed a lower risk of all cancer and cancer-related deaths among individuals randomized to aspirin, a finding which could substantially alter the risk-benefit calculus for regular aspirin use in the general population. In addition, there are mounting data supporting an association between aspirin use and improved outcomes among colorectal cancer survivors. In this presentation, we will review the evidence supporting a role for aspirin in the prevention and treatment of cancer, with a focus on novel strategies for risk stratification. Citation Format: Andrew T. Chan. Aspirin for cancer prevention: Are we there yet? [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research; 2012 Oct 16-19; Anaheim, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Prev Res 2012;5(11 Suppl):Abstract nr CN04-01.
METABOLIC STUDIES OF PITUITARY INSUFFICIENCY

Although the profound influence of endocrine glands on metabolic processes is generally recognized, definite knowledge of specific effects on chemical reactions is still rudimentary. We possess only an imperfect understanding of changes which may be produced in man by active preparations of these organs. The studies presented here relate to the activity of pituitary and certain other extracts on metabolic processes. They were made on 4 patients with marked endocrine abnormalities in which the pituitary was possibly primarily involved.
Real time spectroscopic ellipsometry studies of ultrathin CIGS films deposited by 1-stage, 2-stage and 3-stage co-evaporation processes

Ultrathin Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 (CIGS) films were deposited by 1-stage, 2-stage and 3-stage co-evaporation processes. In situ, real time spectroscopic ellipsometry (RTSE) was used to study the growth dynamics of the ultrathin CIGS films. Time dependent surface roughness layer (d s ) and bulk layer (d b ) thicknesses were extracted in the early stages of film growth. Exsitu spectroscopic ellipsometry was used to characterize the fundamental optical constants of these films. Other ex-situ measurements were performed on each ultrathin layer to corroborate composition, thickness, grain size and surface roughness thickness obtained by the SE measurements.
High-sensitivity C-reactive protein and mobility disability in older adults

Objective: to determine the association of high sensitivity C-reactive protein (HsCRP) levels with a risk of mobility disability and decline in older adults with and without vascular disease. Design: prospective cohort. Setting: community-residing population. Subjects: six hundred and twenty-four adults age 70 and older (62% women) with gait and HsCRP assessments. Main outcome measures: incident mobility disability (velocity <70 cm/s) and annual rates of decline on gait velocity. Results: elevated HsCRP levels (≥3 mg/l) at baseline present in 224 of the 624 eligible subjects was associated with a faster annual decline in gait velocity of 0.91 cm/s (P = 0.02). Subjects with elevated HsCRP levels had increased risk of mobility disability (hazard ratio: 1.85, 95% CI: 1.09–3.14). Each one-unit increase in log HsCRP levels in the 406 subjects without prevalent mobility disability was associated with increased risk of mobility disability (hazard ratio: 1.33, 95% CI: 1.05–1.68). The association of baseline HsCRP levels with mobility disability and decline was stronger in the 224 individuals without vascular disease. The associations were not significant in the 400 subjects with vascular disease. Conclusions: HsCRP levels predict mobility disability and accelerated decline in walking speed in older adults. These associations were stronger in those without vascular disease.
The Effect of Human Development on Mammal Populations of the Punta Leona Private Wildlife Refuge, Costa Rica

The effect of human development on six diurnal mammal species was studied using transects in the Punta Leona Private Wildlife Refuge, Puntarenas, Costa Rica during the dry season months of March and April 2006. Individuals/km was recorded for each species in more developed (MD) (near paved roads, buildings, construction, or deforested trees) and less developed areas (LD) (secondary forest). The white-faced capuchin monkey (Cebus capucinus) (n = 233), coatimundi (Nasua narica) (n = 46), and Central American spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi) (n = 36) demonstrated a preference for less-developed habitats. The nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) (n = 4), tamandua (Tamandua mexicana) (n = 2) and variegated squirrel (Sciurus variegatoides) (n = 5) were observed infrequently. White-faced monkeys avoided construction areas, but received artificial food daily in developed areas. Coatimundis also received artificial foods daily and showed aggression towards guests.
Contributions to variance in phalangeal growth: estimates from twins.

Lengths of the second metacarpal and fourth middle phalanx of a sample of 99 sets of radiographs of twins (45 MZ sets and 54 like-sex DZ sets) are subjected to variance analysis. The purpose is to examine incremental growth status between the appearance of these bones and the fusion of their epiphyses. Grouped data show higher F-ratios and H scores for males in MC2 length and for females in MP4 length. When the data are sub-divided by age (10 and under, older than 10), the later ages show uniformly higher F and H scores than the younger, and males higher than females for all measurements. It is suggested that the influence of the environment is relatively less in later ages, and that X-chromosomal influence plays a part in determining tubular bone growth in the hand-wrist.
Pineal Serotonin N-Acetyltransferase Activity in the Rat During the Estrous Cycle and in Response to Light

Pineal serotonin N-acetyltransferase (SNAT; E.C.2.3.1.5) activity was determined 3 times/day throughout the estrous cycle in rats exposed to 6L:18D or 14L:1OD lighting conditions. The magnitude of increased SNAT activity measured during the dark phase of a photoperiod did not vary significantly throughout the estrous cycle in either photoperiod examined suggesting that SNAT does not regulate changes found in pineal melatonin content during the estrous cycle. In a second experiment, SNAT activity was determined 6 times/day in rats exposed to lighting conditions of continuous darkness (DD), 2L:22D, 6L:18D, 14L:1OD, 2OLs4D or continuous light (LL). Although no alterations in SNAT activity were measured in LL, SNAT activity was elevated for ‘\�8 h during the dark phase of the photoperiod throughout a broad range of other lighting conditions. Peaks in SNAT activity showed a parabolic relationship to increasing proportions of light/day and were related as well to the midpoint of the dark phase of each photoperiod. If SNAT activity is an index of melatonin production and release, these findings do not support a proposal that melatonin levels provide the rat with a measure of the duration of darkness. Instead, the results suggest that melatonin may act as an internal synchronizer cuing the animal to the midpoint of the dark phase of a photoperiod.
Chapter 1.7.3 SCATTERING OF SURFACE WAVES

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the seismic imaging. It will discuss how the waveform inversion problem can be formulated in terms of statistical inference. Statistical methods are essential in order to be able to take into account the limited, uncertain nature of the observations. It can be seen that the classical imaging methods of seismology and ultrasonics (such as migration and diffraction tomography) arise as special cases of more general waveform inversion formulae. The methods described are applicable in many fields that make use of array-based waveform measurements, such as ultrasonics, nondestructive testing, global seismology, ocean acoustics and ground-penetrating radar. Seismic migration is applied in vast quantities of exploration seismic data around the world; it can be looked upon as a special case of a more general family of waveform inversion algorithms. The goal of migration is to produce maps of the subsurface reflection coefficient. Migration is used as a form of exploratory data analysis. On the other hand, the goal of seismic waveform inversion is to make quantitative inferences about the Earth's elastic properties. The final result consists of probabilistic statements about the range of models that fit the surface seismic data and are statistically consistent with the borehole measurements.
Restenosis After Carotid Endarterectomy

The recurrence of transient ischemic attacks (TIA's) after carotid endarterectomy is an unusual occurrence. We recently studied a patient who had restenosis and recurrence of TIA's months to years after three different carotid endarterectomies, all done on the same carotid bifurcation. This unusual case represents an extreme example of the association between hyperlipidemia and an increased risk of restenosis after carotid endarterectomy.
Progress Toward Artificial Metalloenzymes: New Ligands for Transition Metal Ions and Neutral Molecules

New nickel catalysts have been developed for the oxidation of alkenes to epoxides, alcohols, aldehydes and ketones. Mechanistic studies indicate that the oxidation reactions are very sensitive to the nature of the catalyst; only certain ligands including salen and the macrocycles cyclam and dioxocyclam render Ni(II) effective as a catalyst. A Ni(III) or Ni(IV)-oxo species has been postulated as the catalytically active oxidant which leads to oxygen atom transfer to alkenes in a stepwise process. Both iodosylbenzene and hypochlorite have been used as terminal oxidants; both systems give high yields of epoxidation of alkenes and varying amounts of C=C bond cleavage products. In order to reach an ultimate goal of hydrocarbon oxidation within a molecular recognition system, new molecular receptors for organic substrates have been investigated. The receptors are constructed from two subunits of cholic acid and display amphophilic character — a hydrophobic exterior and a hydrophilic interior. Conformational properties in the presence of polar guests in CDCl3 are described.
Real-time robot motion control with circulatory fields

This paper introduces a new feedback algorithm for steering a point robot through an obstacle field. The key innovation is the use of a circulatory field to rotate the robot path around the obstacles instead of the common potential field which repels the robot. This idea is motivated by a charged particle in a magnetic field generated by a current flowing around the obstacle. In constrast, the potential field approach is associated with a repulsive static electric field generated by charges of the same polarity as the robot, on the obstacle. The circulatory field does not generate any spurious local minimum as it does not change the total energy of the system. By combining with an attractive potential field associated with the desired destination, this method achieves global convergence while avoiding collisions with obstacles.
Carotenoids as protection against sarcopenia in older adults.

Sarcopenia, or loss of muscle mass and strength, plays a major role in the disablement process in older adults and increases the risk of impaired physical performance, falls, physical disability, frailty, and death. Oxidative stress is a major mechanism implicated in the pathogenesis of sarcopenia; aging muscle shows increased oxidative damage to DNA, protein, and lipids. Carotenoids quench free radicals, reduce damage from reactive oxygen species, and appear to modulate redox-sensitive transcription factors such as NF-κB that are involved in the upregulation of IL-6 and other proinflammatory cytokines. Recent epidemiological studies in community-dwelling older adults show that low serum/plasma carotenoids are independently associated with low skeletal muscle strength and the development of walking disability. These observations are consistent with a growing number of studies showing that a diet with high intake of fruits and vegetables is associated with a reduced risk of inflammation, hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and mortality.
Dosimetric comparison of two different three-dimensional conformal external beam accelerated partial breast irradiation techniques.

Purpose: We compare the dosimetry of two techniques for three-dimensional, conformal, external beam, accelerated partial breast irradiation (3D-CPBI) in the supine position. Methods and Materials: Sixteen patients with Stage I breast cancer had PBI treatment plans generated using the multiple, noncoplanar photon field technique and the three-field, mixed-modality technique. Planning target volumes (PTVs; lumpectomy site plus 1.5–2.0 cm margin) and total dose (32 Gy) were held constant to facilitate dosimetric comparisons. Plans were optimized for conformality and PTV coverage. Results: Mixed-modality plans employed fewer fields than multiple, noncoplanar photon field plans (mean 3.2 vs. 4.1). Both techniques provided comparable PTV coverage and in all cases, 95% of the PTV received 90% of the prescribed dose. Volumes of ipsilateral breast receiving greater than 16 Gy were similar; however, the mean volume of ipsilateral breast receiving 8 Gy was significantly lower for mixed-modality plans (58% vs. 66%). No differences in the volumes of ipsilateral lung or heart receiving greater than 5 Gy were observed, however, the mixed-modality technique delivered 2.5 Gy to larger volumes of these organs. Conclusions: Both techniques for supine position, 3D-CPBI provides excellent normal tissue sparing with adequate PTV coverage. The multiple, noncoplanar photon field technique exposes smaller volumes of ipsilateral lung and heart to low dose radiation at the expense of increased plan complexity and larger irradiated breast volumes.
Inflammatory (pseudosarcomatous) myofibroblastic tumor of the bladder

We present a case of inflammatory (pseudosarcomatous) myofibroblastic tumor of the bladder in a child, along with a review of the literature. The benign nature of this rare disorder needs to be recognized so that superfluous radical therapy can be avoided. The clinical features and microscopic, ultrastructural, and immunohistochemical characteristics that help to identify this entity are described. To date, 72 such cases involving the bladder have been reported in the literature including the present one.
CMOS digital controlled oscillator with embedded DiCAD resonator for 58–64GHz linear frequency tuning and low phase noise

A digital controlled artificial dielectric (DiCAD) differential transmission line is embedded in 90nm CMOS to digitally tune a 58–64GHz DCO. DiCAD varies e r,eff from 18.8 to 32.5. A shunt open stub DiCAD provides discrete capacitive tuning with 13.1° S11 phase variation. The core oscillator is an inductively loaded differential, cross-coupled NMOS pair. Large nonlinear varactors are avoided, and the phase noise is better than −90dBc/Hz at 1MHz offset. Linear tuning bandwidth of 9.3% with a 61GHz center frequency occupying 0.01mm2 is achieved. Power consumption is 8.52mW with 1.2V.
Beyond the Promise: A Perspective on Research in Moral Education

Changing concerns and ideological shifts in American society produce different emphases in moral education. We argue that different approaches address different dimensions of development. If viewed as complementary rather than contradictory, we may be able to move beyond ideological and philosophical disputes to solid theory-building based on empirical findings. In proposing an action program for moral education that incorporates research, we draw upon lessons learned from the Head Start movement of the 1960s. In defining researchable variables, we recommend the Four Component Model (sensitivity, judgment, motivation, character) instead of the usual tripartite model (thinking, feeling, acting).
On limited-range strategic/random jamming attacks in wireless ad hoc networks

Jamming attacks are considered one of the most devastating attacks as they are difficult to prevent and sometimes hard to detect. In this paper we consider the impact of the placement and range of limited-range jammers on ad hoc networks. Limited range jammers are more difficult to detect as they use transmission powers similar to that of regular nodes (or perhaps even smaller transmit powers). The attacker can locate his jammer(s) randomly in the network. Alternatively, jammers can be placed at strategic locations. For instance, intuitively, this can be nodes with the highest traffic inputs/outputs (discovered by sensing the traffic flow in the network). Using OPNET, we perform extensive simulations to show how significant such strategically placed attacks can be compared to random placement of limited-range jammers on both TCP and UDP traffic.
Autoantigenicity of human sperm: molecular identities of sperm antigens recognized by sera of immunoinfertile men in the immunoprecipitation procedure.

Autoantigenicity of human sperm as related to immunoinfertility was investigated using the immuno-precipitation procedure. Sera from immunoinfertile men specifically immunoprecipitated six specific bands of 135, 95, and 65 kD and double bands of 47, 41, and 23 kD that were not recognized by the sera from fertile men. Of these six specific bands, three bands of 65-, 47-, and 23-kD molecular identities were recognized by ±60% of immunoinfertile sera, and 47 and 23 kD may correspond to the dimeric and monomeric forms of FA-1 antigen, respectively. Seminal plasma from immunoinfertile men specifically recognized three specific bands of 95, 37, and 16 kD; only the 95-kD band was also recognized with the immunoinfertile sera. These specific antigens may find applications in immuno-contraception and immunoinfertility in humans.
Mothers' and Fathers' Emotion Socialization and Children's Emotion Regulation: A Within-Family Model

In the current study, we examined whether mothers' and fathers' reactions to young children's positive and negative emotions were associated with children's negativity and emotion regulation. We utilized a within-family design with 70 families (mother, father, and two siblings between the ages of 2 and 5 years). Mothers and fathers completed questionnaires about their emotion socialization as well as children's negativity and emotion regulation. Results indicated that mothers' and fathers' unsupportive reactions to children's positive emotions were associated with children's negativity. Fathers' unsupportive reactions to children's emotional displays were differentially associated with older and younger siblings' emotion regulation. Fathers' unsupportive responses to children's positive and negative emotions also contributed jointly to children's emotion regulation. The results suggest that exploring the within-family correlates of children's emotion regulation and negativity is useful for understanding children's emotional development.
Reconstitution of ThiC in thiamine pyrimidine biosynthesis expands the radical SAM superfamily

4-Amino-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methylpyrimidine phosphate (HMP-P) synthase catalyzes a complex rearrangement of 5-aminoimidazole ribonucleotide (AIR) to form HMP-P, the pyrimidine moiety of thiamine phosphate. We determined the three-dimensional structures of HMP-P synthase and its complexes with the product HMP-P and a substrate analog imidazole ribotide. The structure of HMP-P synthase reveals a homodimer in which each protomer comprises three domains: an N-terminal domain with a novel fold, a central (βα)8 barrel and a disordered C-terminal domain that contains a conserved CX2CX4C motif, which is suggestive of a [4Fe-4S] cluster. Biochemical studies have confirmed that HMP-P synthase is iron sulfur cluster–dependent, that it is a new member of the radical SAM superfamily and that HMP-P and 5′-deoxyadenosine are products of the reaction. Mossbauer and EPR spectroscopy confirm the presence of one [4Fe-4S] cluster. Structural comparisons reveal that HMP-P synthase is homologous to a group of adenosylcobalamin radical enzymes. This similarity supports an evolutionary relationship between these two superfamilies.
The Anarcha Project Symposium

The Anarcha Project Symposium. DVD. Prod. By The Olimpias/Petra Kuppers. The Olimpias, 2008. Free In April 2007 invited artists, scholars, and activists assembled for two days at the University of ...
Comparison of Approaches for Adversary Modeling Decision Support for Counterterrorism

Intelligent adversaries are a fundamental component of terrorism risk analysis. Unlike natural and engineering hazards, intelligent adversaries adapt their behavior to the actions of the defender. They adapt to observed, perceived, and imputed likely future actions by those defending the system they are attempting to influence. Risk assessment models need to consider these potential adaptive behaviors to be able to provide accurate estimates of future risk from intelligent adversaries and appropriately support risk management decision making.
The Archaeology of Slavery

This chapter turns to archaeological evidence, largely employing an analysis of landscape and buildings, to examine the relations of slavery on clove plantations. Data presented in this chapter combine archaeological findings with historical documents to demonstrate that enslaved laborers appear to have assimilated to coastal forms. This shift in cultural practices is argued to be an active choice on the part of enslaved laborers, one which enabled them to show their place as civilized members of coastal society. Such social changes are discussed in relation to our understandings of resistance by plantation slaves, showing the varied ways in which this could take place.
VEGF and endothelium-derived retinoic acid regulate lung vascular and alveolar development

Prevention or treatment of lung diseases caused by the failure to form, or destruction of, existing alveoli, as observed in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia and adults with emphysema, requires understanding of the molecular mechanisms of alveolar development. In addition to its critical role in gas exchange, the pulmonary circulation also contributes to alveolar morphogenesis and maintenance by the production of paracrine factors, termed "angiocrines," that impact the development of surrounding tissue. To identify lung angiocrines that contribute to alveolar formation, we disrupted pulmonary vascular development by conditional inactivation of the Vegf-A gene during alveologenesis. This resulted in decreased pulmonary capillary and alveolar development and altered lung elastin and retinoic acid (RA) expression. We determined that RA is produced by pulmonary endothelial cells and regulates pulmonary angiogenesis and elastin synthesis by induction of VEGF-A and fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-18, respectively. Inhibition of RA synthesis in newborn mice decreased FGF-18 and elastin expression and impaired alveolarization. Treatment with RA and vitamin A partially reversed the impaired vascular and alveolar development induced by VEGF inhibition. Thus we identified RA as a lung angiocrine that regulates alveolarization through autocrine regulation of endothelial development and paracrine regulation of elastin synthesis via induction of FGF-18 in mesenchymal cells.
LowPower CMOS Data Conversion

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction System Integrated Circuit Implementation Physical Restrictions Conclusion This chapter contains sections titled: Acknowledgments References ]]>
Local Government Fragmentation & the Local Public Sector: A Public Employment Approach

This study analyzes the influence of fragmentation and concentration variables on the per capita size of the local public workforce for all counties in the United States from 1982 to 2002. Consistent with recent research, this analysis incorporates measures of fragmentation and concentration in both the horizontal and vertical directions. Additionally, this analysis explicitly takes into account the potential simultaneity between individual preferences for the spatial arrangement of local governments and the size of the local public workforce using the element of time. The result suggest that increased levels of fragmentation lead to a decrease in the size of the local public workforce; however, the results are complex. Concentration of the local public workforce into counties and special purpose governments tend to increase the overall local public workforce.
Towards an automated detection of the Gulf Stream North Wall from concurrent satellite images

Developing computational methods to automatically identify the Gulf Stream North Wall (GSNW) and similar currents in the ocean is a long-standing need for many types of operational ocean models. Specifically, the Feature-Oriented regional modeling system requires an accurate digitization of the GSNW and Rings (eddies) on a regular basis. Typical methods to determine its position and boundaries require skilled human operators to do a time-consuming manual extraction of visualized features. These experts are performing a feature extraction task that can be automated to save time, guarantee objectivity, and potentially increase precision.
Genetic determinants of breast cancer stem cells defined in mice

B cancer stem cells (BCSCs) constitute a subpopulation of tumor cells that express stem cell associated markers and have a high capacity for tumor generation in vivo. Identification of BCSCs from tumor samples or breast cancer cell lines has been based mainly on CD44+/CD24−/low or ALDH+ phenotypes. BCSCs isolation has allowed the analysis of the molecular mechanisms involved in their origin, self-renewal, differentiation into tumor cells, resistance to radiation therapy and chemotherapy, and invasiveness and metastatic ability. Molecular genetic analysis using knockout animals and inducible transgenics has identified NF-[1]B, c-Jun, p21CIP1, and Forkhead-like-protein Dach1 involvement in BCSC expansion and fate. Clinical analyses of BCSCs in breast tumors have found a correlation between the proportion of BCSCs and poor prognosis. Therefore, new therapies that specifically target BCSCs are an urgent need. We summarize recent evidence that partially explain the biological characteristics of BCSCs
User Interaction with NeuroCore

Publisher Summary The neurocore schema browser is a web-based database client for the neurocore database. This chapter discusses the neurocore schema browser, Java applet for data entry, database browser, and datamunch. For any database to be widely accepted and used, it must be an experimental tool, the data storage, retrieval, and analysis system. The major task in designing and building the current on-line notebook is to develop a collection of interfaces. Once a researcher's data is stored in the database, a couple of tools are required to support the data management and analysis called the database browser and database munch. The schema browser currently uses Java and Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) to display the contents of database hierarchy. The Java applet for data entry (JADE) is a web-enabled tool that allows a neuroscience researcher to enter experiment data directly into a neurocore database. The main design consideration of JADE is the interface that is needed to have an extendible architecture. The database browser offers a neuroscience researcher the ability to view, browse, query, and display results of an experiment stored in the neurocore database.
ELISA Survey of Retail Grain-Based Food Products for Zearalenone and Aflatoxin B1.

Seventy-nine grain-based food products were purchased from mid-Michigan retail grocery outlets in 1985 and analyzed for the mycotoxins zearalenone and aflatoxin B1 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Twenty-two percent of these samples contained detectable zearalenone (limit ⩾2.5 μg/kg). Zearalenone was found in breakfast cereal, snack foods, popcorn, corn meal, and cake-muffin mixes representing 10, 11, 57, 78, and 20% of these samples, respectively. The average level of this toxin among the positive samples was 20 μg/kg with maximum levels of 120 and 130 μg/kg being found in samples of corn meal and popcorn, respectively. Zearalenone was not found in any of the wheat flour or baby foods samples. Detectable aflatoxin B1 (limit ⩾5.0 μg/kg) was not found in any of the 79 samples tested.
The Development of Gestures as a Function of Social Class, Education, and Sex

Accuracy scores for both the interpretation and transmission of twelve frequently employed gestures were obtained for eight groups of children differing in social class, education, and sex. Results indicated that middle class children were more accurate in transmitting and interpreting gestures than lower class children. Children with one year of school were more accurate in transmission and intepretation of gestures than children with no prior school. Boys were more accurate than girls in the interpretation of gestures.
The linearity Monad

We introduce a technique for programming with domain-specific linear languages using the monad that arises from the theory of linear/non-linear logic. In this work we interpret the linear/non-linear model as a simple, effectful linear language embedded inside an existing non-linear host language. We implement a modular framework for defining these linear EDSLs in Haskell, allowing both shallow and deep embeddings. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the framework and the linearity monad, we implement languages for file handles, mutable arrays, session types, and quantum computing.
Using Paleoecology to Inform Land Management as Climates Change: An Example from an Oak Savanna Ecosystem

Oak savanna, a transitional ecosystem between open prairie and dense oak forest, was once widespread in Minnesota. Upon European settlement much of the oak savanna was destroyed. Recently, efforts to restore this ecosystem have increased and often include the reintroduction of fire. Though fire is known to serve an important role within oak savannas, there are currently few studies which address fire regimes on timescales longer than the last century. This research presents a paleoecological history of Sherburne National Wildlife Refuge (SNWR) in MN, USA, spanning the last ~8000 years. The objectives of this study were to use charcoal, pollen, and magnetic susceptibility of lake sediments collected from Johnson Slough (JS) within the refuge to evaluate the natural range of variability and disturbance history of the oak savanna within the refuge, assess the success of current restoration strategies, and add to the regional paleoecological history. The mid/late Holocene period of the JS record shows a period of high fire activity from ca. 6500 to 2600 cal year BP, with a shift from prairie to oak savanna occurring over this same period. A (possibly agricultural) disturbance to JS sediments affected the period from ca. 2600 cal year BP to 1963 AD, which includes the time of Euro-American settlement. However, the destruction and subsequent restoration of the oak savanna is evident in a pollen ratio of Quercus:Poaceae, indicating that current restoration efforts have been successful at restoring the oak savanna to within the natural range of variability seen just prior to destruction.
With Or Without Rutabaga

The case involves a small local business (family-owned) which produces and sells an interesting food product – the pasty. The business is quite profitable, and potential growth options are contemplated, including but not limited to geographic expansion, online sales, focus on developing brand equity, product line extension, or maintaining the status quo.
Value-Added Products from Animal Manure

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews several examples of utilizing animal manure as feedstock for producing value-added products. It characterizes three types of animal manure, cattle, poultry, and swine manure by their fiber, protein/amino acid, and elements content. It also examines the conversion of cattle manure fiber into fermentable reducing sugars by acid and enzymatic hydrolysis. Finally, a fungal-culture process for producing cellulase enzymes from dairy manure is presented. These results, however, are limited to laboratory studies. The utilization of animal manure for value-added products provides a potential alternative to traditional animal manure management practices, yielding saleable bioproducts while alleviating environmental concerns. Lignocellulosics are a major component of animal manure, especially cattle manure, and are capable of being hydrolyzed into reducing sugars, which can be further converted into various value-added products by biological or chemical processes. Utilizing cattle manure lignocellulosics to produce fermentable reducing sugars is still not economical. Acid-hydrolysis, especially with concentrated acid decrystallization, results in a very high sugar yield, but causes even more environmental concerns than manure disposal. Producing cellulase from dairy manure is a promising way to reduce the high cellulase cost and provides a new way for utilizing not only manure fiber, but also nitrogen, phosphorus, and other nutrients.
Addressing Information Needs Directly in the Search Result Page

Web search engines have historically focused on connecting people with information resources. For example, if a person wanted to know when their flight to Hyderabad was leaving, a search engine might connect them with the airline where they could find flight status information. However, search engines have recently begun to try to meet people’s search needs directly, providing, for example, flight status information in response to queries that include an airline and a flight number. In this paper, we use large scale query log analysis to explore the challenges a search engine faces when trying to meet an information need directly in the search result page. We look at how people’s interaction behavior changes when inline content is returned, finding that such content can cannibalize clicks from the algorithmic results. We see that in the absence of interaction behavior, an individual’s repeat search behavior can be useful in understanding the content’s value. We also discuss some of the ways user behavior can be used to provide insight into when inline answers might better trigger and what types of additional information might be included in the results.
Game theory-based opponent modeling in large imperfect-information games

We develop an algorithm for opponent modeling in large extensive-form games of imperfect information. It works by observing the opponent's action frequencies and building an opponent model by combining information from a precomputed equilibrium strategy with the observations. It then computes and plays a best response to this opponent model; the opponent model and best response are both updated continually in real time. The approach combines game-theoretic reasoning and pure opponent modeling, yielding a hybrid that can effectively exploit opponents after only a small number of interactions. Unlike prior opponent modeling approaches, ours is fundamentally game theoretic and takes advantage of recent algorithms for automated abstraction and equilibrium computation rather than relying on domain-specific prior distributions, historical data, or a handcrafted set of features. Experiments show that our algorithm leads to significantly higher win rates (than an approximate-equilibrium strategy) against several opponents in limit Texas Hold'em --- the most studied imperfect-information game in computer science --- including competitors from recent AAAI computer poker competitions.
Cultural Competence Training in the Context of Civil Liberties, Academic Freedom, and Reverse Prejudice: At Least Do No Harm

Cultural competence training does not occur acontextually. Historically, little work has been done on the extent to which standard cultural competence training interferes with basic civil liberties such as free speech, freedom to practice one’s religion, or even academic freedom. This chapter notes how the cultural sensitivity movement often ignores the religious dimension of cultures about which it claims it care. This movement possibly also ignores certain value positions (associated with particular religious traditions) which are anathema to secular leftist political views. In recent years, the cultural sensitivity movement has become more aggressive and serious infractions of civil liberties have occurred.
An Empanelment Toolkit for the Safety-Net Clinic Setting

Empanelment is the act of assigning patients to a primary care provider (PCP) in order to promote continuity of care and improve patient health outcomes.1 Empanelment was implemented as part of the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS)-funded Transforming Clinical Practice Initiative
Genetic Architecture, Pathophysiology, and Clinical Management of Brugada Syndrome

Brugada syndrome (BrS) is a genetically complex and heterogeneous disorder characterized by ST-segment elevation in the right precordial leads and an increased risk of syncope and sudden cardiac death in the setting of an otherwise structurally normal heart. Over the last several years, advances at both the bench and the bedside have begun to question existing paradigms surrounding the genetic basis and pathophysiology of BrS as well as usher in novel approaches to the risk stratification and treatment of patients with this potentially fatal disorder. In this chapter, we examine the rapidly evolving understanding of the pathophysiological mechanism(s) underlying BrS, ongoing efforts to reappraise the genetic architecture of BrS, and advances in risk stratification and therapeutic approaches that are redefining how patients with BrS are managed clinically.
Development of comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography for investigating aging of plastic bonded explosives

The feasibility of measuring the aging and degradation of PBX 9501 via online two dimensional liquid chromatography (LC × LC) is investigated, and a preliminary instrumental setup and method is developed. Plastic-Bonded eXplosive (PBX) 9501 is nominally composed of 94.9 wt% HMX, 2.5 wt% Estane® 5703 (poly (ester urethane)), 2.5 wt% BDNPA/F (nitroplasticizer), 0.1 wt% Irganox 1010 and PBNA (N-phenyl-naphthylamine) at low concentrations. When exposed to various environmental conditions, PBX 9501 will degrade through different pathways. Because PBX 9501 is composed of both low molecular weight compounds (BDNPA/F, Irganox 1010, PBNA, and potential degradation products) and high molecular weight compounds (Estane® 5703), analysis is normally performed via two independent analyses. The low molecular weight species are analyzed via high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the high molecular weight species via size exclusion chromatography (SEC). While these individual techniques yield information about the aging of PBX 9501, the combination of HPLC and SEC (i.e. HPLC × SEC) can simplify and streamline the analyses while also providing additional chemical information. A simplified sample preparation method is proposed for LC × LC analysis. Various SEC columns and HPLC column selection, flow rate, and gradient ramps were investigated for their application of measuring aged PBX 9501. Finally, two LC × LC separations of a library standard of PBX 9501 and a sample of aged PBX 9501 are compared.
Supporting Latino high school students’ science motivational beliefs and engagement: examining the unique and collective contributions of family, teachers, and friends

High school underrepresented minority students in the US are at an increased risk of dropping out of the STEM pipeline. Based on expectancy-value theory, we examined if Latino students’ perception ...
Profiling of Student-Athletes using Protective Behavioral Strategies and Alcohol Use Based on Cluster Analysis Assignment

An estimated 2 in 3 college students report consuming alcohol in the past month and 44% of students report engaging in high risk or heavy episodic drinking at least once in the previous 2 weeks. Despite evidence suggesting that participation in sports may be a protective factor for the use of alcohol, recent data from the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), finds that 77% college student-athletes report use. Though overall prevalence rates of alcohol consumption are similar among college student-athletes and non-athletes, student-athletes are more likely to engage in binge or high-risk drinking as compared to their non-athlete peers. An overwhelming majority of studies found that protective behavioral strategy (PBS) use was associated with less drinking and alcohol-related problems. There are sport-related factors that have been assessed to determine their association with use of alcohol-related PBS. With known factors in mind, prevention programs are typically developed to effect distal outcomes by way of these, more proximal, intermediate constructs that are thought to be related to the health problem of interest. The purpose of the current study was to examine the structural features that influence whether a given student-athlete will be categorized into one of three groups; a) high-risk drinking behaviors, b) moderate risk drinking behaviors, or c) low risk drinking behaviors.
Treatment Strategies in Head and Neck Cancers

Head and neck cancers account for 3% of all cancers in the United States and involve cancers of the oropharynx, oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, salivary glands, and thyroid. Risk factors for head and neck cancers include tobacco exposure, alcohol use, and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. In general, multimodality therapy has a pivotal role in the treatment of head and neck cancer. For oropharyngeal cancers, surgery or radiation is curative for early stage cancers, and combined chemoradiation therapy is used in locally advanced disease. In oral cavity cancers, surgery is the mainstay of treatment plus or minus adjuvant radiation therapy or chemoradiation therapy based on pathologic risk features. High-risk tumors, exhibiting pathologic features such as carcinoma-involved margin, extracapsular extension, or extensive nodal disease, are offered concomitant chemoradiation therapy as adjuvant or definitive treatment. In recurrent or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, systemic chemotherapy such as platinum-based regimens and cetuximab is used if there is no role for surgical or radiation intervention. However, within the past decade, systemic treatment of head and neck cancers has expanded from standard concurrent chemoradiation therapy to include immunotherapy, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors, and targeted therapy, such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors, in mutation-specific cancers. Currently, there are multiple ongoing clinical trials investigating potential combinations of different immune checkpoint inhibitors with each other or with chemotherapy as adjuvant or neoadjuvant treatment. The continued development of targeted therapies and immunotherapies in the field of head and neck cancer is promising.
Examining Human Unipedal Quiet Stance: Characterizing Control through Jerk.

We investigated the quality of smoothness during human unipedal quiet stance. Smoothness is quantified by the time rate of change of the accelerations, or jerks, associated with the motion of the foot and can be seen as an indicative of how controlled the balance process is. To become more acquainted with this as a quantity, we wanted to establish whether or not it can be modeled as a (stationary) stochastic process and, if so, explore its temporal scaling behavior. Specifically, our study focused on the jerk concerning the center-of-pressure (COP) for each foot. Data were collected via a force plate for individuals attempting to maintain upright posture using one leg (with eyes open). Positive tests for stochasticity allowed us to treat the time series as a stochastic process and, given this, we took the jerk to be proportional to the increment of the force realizations. Detrended fluctuation analysis was the primary tool used to explore the scaling behavior. Results suggest that both the medial-lateral and anterior-posterior components of the jerk display persistent and antipersistent correlations which can be modeled by fractional Gaussian noise over three different temporal scaling regions. Finally, we discussed certain possible implications of these features such as a jerk-based control over the force on the foot’s COP.
Part II: Experimental verification of computationally predicted preferential oxidation of refractory high entropy ultra-high temperature ceramics

Abstract Refractory high entropy materials have garnered significant research interest due to their potential ability to fill a need in high temperature structural applications. However, challenges remain with respect to designing for oxidation resistance. A knowledge gap exists with respect to a rigorous understanding of the mechanisms driving oxidation processes unique to high entropy materials. This work provides an experimental complement to a companion publication, which outlines analytical and computational thermodynamic approaches that are envisioned to aid the design of refractory high entropy materials containing group IV (Hf, Zr, Ti) and group V (Ta, Nb) constituents. In this work, (Hf0.2Zr0.2Ti0.2Ta0.2Nb0.2) carbide and diboride specimens were exposed at 1700°C in 1% O2 for 5 min. Experimental results show good agreement with the computational predictions for the same temperature, despite differences in the overall morphology of the oxidized regions. The carbide formed porous oxides, while the diboride formed a denser external scale. Oxidation products are dominated by group IV oxides, depleting the underlying materials, which were found to consist of primarily group V carbides and borides respectively. The results provide a first look at the oxidation of high entropy UHTCs at ultra-high temperatures and validate the preferential nature of high entropy material oxidation predicted by the computational approach developed for the study of this new class of materials.
Parent and Youth Post-School Expectations: Students With Intellectual Disability in Rural Schools

While research exists on parent expectations associated with post-school outcomes of youth with intellectual disability, limited research examines issues of parent—and youth—post-school expectation...
Management with monoamine oxidase B inhibitors in Parkinson's disease

Abstract Neurotransmission of biogenic monoamines such as dopamine is important for brain function. Biogenic amine degradation uses monoamine oxidase B in neuronal and glial cells. Inhibition monoamine oxidase B elevates biogenic amine concentration in the synaptic cleft. Thus monoamine oxidase B inhibitors provide a symptomatic effect on motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease, as shown in clinical trials. Oxidative stress is generated by biogenic amine turnover through monoamine oxidase B. Mechanisms of oxidative stress contribute to the progression of chronic neurodegeneration. Experimental researchers showed that inhibitors of monoamine oxidase B slow progression in experimental models of Parkinson's disease. With concomitant inhibition of monoamine oxidase B, levodopa dosages increased less, and curves of levodopa increases diverged from that of the placebo arm. This may indicate a disease-modifying effect of inhibition of monoamine oxidase B in addition to the proven symptomatic benefits of the irreversible inhibitors selegiline and rasagiline and the reversible inhibitor safinamide.