cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High-voltage (3 kV) UMOSFETs in 4H-SiC

Vertical trench-gate metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (UMOSFETs) in 4H-SiC having both trench oxide protection and junction termination extension (JTE) are reported for the first time. Devices are fabricated with and without counter-doped channels. Blocking voltages and specific on-resistances are 3360 V and 199 m/spl Omega/-cm/sup 2/ for doped-channel FETs and 3055 V and 121 m/spl Omega/-cm/sup 2/ for FETs without doped channels. These blocking voltages are the highest reported to date for UMOSFETs in SiC.
The Case for a Purely Volitional Insanity Defense

In this paper I argue, against those who would eliminate the affirmative defense of insanity and against those who would confine the affirmative defense to its non-volitional elements, that there should be an affirmative defense, that it must include a volitional element, and finally (more radically) that it need include only a volitional element. At the same time I attempt to harmonize this volitional view with my “hard incompatibilist” skepticism about freedom by distinguishing origination of action from control over actions.
A phase II trial of weekly gemcitabine and bevacizumab in combination with abdominal radiation therapy in patients with localized pancreatic cancer

15043 Purpose: To evaluate the response rate, survival and toxicity of non-metastatic pancreatic cancer patients treated with a combination of, Gemcitabine, Bevacizumab and Radiotherapy. Materials ...
E-059 Seizure prophylaxis in aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage: a survey of leading cerebrovascular centres

Introduction Seizure in the days following subarachnoid haemorrhage occurs in 6–18% of patients with a ruptured intracranial aneurysm. Not only may seizure confound the neurologic exam, but it may also place patients with an unsecured lesion at increased risk for re-rupture. Seizure prophylaxis in this patient population is controversial, and there remains no level I data regarding the effectiveness of seizure prophylaxis after subarachnoid haemorrhage. Methods A brief 8-question survey was sent to 20 major US centres with cerebrovascular neurosurgical specialisation. Respondents were asked about institutional practices regarding seizure prophylaxis, including preferred medications and duration of therapy, as well as seizure surveillance with electroencephalography. Results All 20 survey requests were completed and returned. 10 respondents (50%) reported routine use of anti-convulsant for seizure prophylaxis, while 10 (50%) did not. Among respondents using prophylaxis, levetiracetam was the drug of choice for most (80%), while phenytoin was used to a varying degree by two centres. The duration of levetiracetam prophylaxis ranged from 1–30 days following SAH. No centres employed EEG routinely, however most supported EEG use when the neurologic exam was unreliable or inexplicably declining. Nineteen (95%) respondents agreed that a trial randomising patients to levetiracetam or no anti-seizure medication is warranted at this time, and all 20 (100%) believed that such a trial would be ethical. Conclusions The routine use of seizure prophylaxis following aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage is controversial. Among a sampling of 20 major academic centres, one half administers seizure prophylaxis, while the other half does not. The majority believes a trial randomising patients to receive seizure prophylaxis is both timely and ethical. Disclosures M. Dewan: None. J. Mocco: None.
China's nuclear power program

(1980). China's nuclear power program. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists: Vol. 36, No. 5, pp. 28-31.
Nanoscale Forces at the Heart of Staphylococcus Infections

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most frequently isolated bacteria from infected medical implants. S. aureus has the capacity to adhere to the surface of an implant where it forms a biofilm. We used atomic force microscopy to probe binding forces between a fibronectin-coated tip and isolates of S. aureus, which were obtained from either patients with infected prostheses or healthy humans. A unique force-signature was observed for binding events between the tip and the cells. There is a strong distinction (p=0.01) in the binding force-signature observed for S. aureus isolated from the infected vs. healthy populations. This observation suggests a fundamental correlation between nanometer scale binding forces and the clinical outcome of patients with implanted medical devices.
CCR7 Maintains Nonresolving Lymph Node and Adipose Inflammation in Obesity

Accumulation of immune cells in adipose tissue promotes insulin resistance in obesity. Although innate and adaptive immune cells contribute to adipose inflammation, the processes that sustain these interactions are incompletely understood. Here we show that obesity promotes the accumulation of CD11c(+) adipose tissue immune cells that express C-C chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7) in mice and humans, and that CCR7 contributes to chronic inflammation and insulin resistance. We identified that CCR7(+) macrophages and dendritic cells accumulate in adipose tissue in close proximity to lymph nodes (LNs) (i.e., perinodal) and visceral adipose. Consistent with the role of CCR7 in regulating the migration of immune cells to LNs, obesity promoted the accumulation of CD11c(+) cells in LNs, which was prevented by global or hematopoietic deficiency of Ccr7 Obese Ccr7(-/-) mice had reduced accumulation of CD8(+) T cells, B cells, and macrophages in adipose tissue, which was associated with reduced inflammatory signaling. This reduction in maladaptive inflammation translated to increased insulin signaling and improved glucose tolerance in obesity. Therapeutic administration of an anti-CCR7 antibody phenocopied the effects of genetic Ccr7 deficiency in mice with established obesity. These results suggest that CCR7 plays a causal role in maintaining innate and adaptive immunity in obesity.
Influence of Internal Defects in Rod Suspension Composite Insulator on Electric Field Distribution

In order to analyze the cause of fracture accident of the rod suspension composite insulator, a 220 kV polymeric insulator geometry model is established by means of finite element software and the electric field distribution characteristics is simulated when there are internal defects. The results show that local electric field around the air gap increases remarkably, and there is a electric field gradient between the inner surface and outer surface of the mandril, which make it easy to cause sheath breakdown; With the increase of air gap length, the electric field distortion degree has a weakening trend; After moisture permeate into the air gap, the electric field distortion degree weakens, but the electric field gradient still exist. Serious electric field distortion will cause partial discharge,and further development will cause carbide channel along the direction of the electric field,then the mechanical performance of the insulator will be reduced greatly combined with the influence of the corrosive gas, which make it easy to cause fracture.
Folk Judgments of Normality: Part Statistical, Part Evaluative.

Existing research has emphasized the importance of normality judgments in many aspects of cognition and life (e.g., causal cognition, gradable adjectives, cooperative behavior). Yet little work has explored how people actually come to understand what sorts of things are normal. We argue that people’s normality intuitions reflect a mixture of statistical and evaluative considerations. Specifically, we suggest that people’s intuitions about what is normal can be influenced by representations both of the average and of the ideal. We test this idea in three experiments. Experiment 1a demonstrates that explicit judgments of normality reflect this mixture of statistical and evaluative considerations. Experiments 1b and 2 then show that the hybrid notion that comes out in these explicit judgments can also explain people’s judgments about gradable adjectives. Taken together, these findings have potential implications not only for normality judgments themselves, but also for the many other mental activities that these judgments impact.
Actigraphy-defined measures of sleep and movement across the menstrual cycle in midlife menstruating women: Study of Women's Health Across the Nation Sleep Study.

Objective To evaluate patterns in actigraphy-defined sleep measures across the menstrual cycle, testing the hypothesis that sleep would be more disrupted in the premenstrual period, i.e. in the 14 days prior to menses.
Drainage water reuse

Saline-sodic (4 < EC[dS/m] < 30; 10 < SAR < 40) drainage water can be used to irrigate crops that are moderately sensitive, moderately tolerant and tolerant to salinity. However, in order to be sustainable, particular attention is required towards crop selection, control of soil salination, and crop and soil management to maintain soil permeability to water and air. Potential negative impacts of B, Mo and Se on crop yields, forage quality and wildlife also must be taken into account and, if necessary, mitigated. The focus of this paper is the California experience, along the Westside San Joaquin Valley (WSJV), related to these concerns.
Amblyomma auricularium (Ixodida: Ixodidae) in Florida: New Hosts and Distribution Records

Previous published evidence for the occurrence of an exotic armadillo tick, Amblyomma auricularium (Conil), in Florida is scant, but we found it is fully established and integrated into the state's tick fauna. We collected 11,192 specimens of this tick from naturalized nine-banded armadillos, Dasypus novemcinctus L., and 14 other species of wild native mammals and birds in Florida, while sampling statewide during 2004 through 2007. In all, we document its specific presence only in 14 contiguous South Florida counties. Moreover, we report the first collections of A. auricularium from the Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana Kerr), common raccoon [Procyon lotor (L.)], cotton deermouse [Peromyscus gossypinus (Le Conte)], gray fox [Urocyon cinereoargenteus (Schreber)], eastern spotted skunk [Spilogale putorius (L.)], and white-tailed deer [Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmerman)]. For the first time on birds, we report the collection of this tick from the broad-winged hawk [Buteo platypterus (Vieillot)], northern cardinal [Cardinalis cardinalis (L.)], Carolina wren [Thryothorus ludovicianus (Latham)], gray catbird [Dumetella carolinensis (L.)], and yellow-rumped warbler [Setophaga coronata (L.)]. In addition, we report unattached A. auricularium collected from humans for the first time, and additional new collections from domestic dogs, Canis lupus familiaris L.
Dynamical Simulation Analysis based on Time Fractional Transmission Line model

A new generalized equations of the transmission line model is proposed which are obtained from the classical transmission line equations by replacing the first order time derivative term by a fractional order derivative. The fractional derivative is described in the fractional Caputo sense. The calculation of the transient voltage and current along a transmission line of finite length is considered, an approximate solution based on the Adomian decomposition method is given for the generalized time fractional transmission line equations. This method provides an efficient numerical solution with high accuracy, minimal calculations, which are identical with the analytical solution. Numerical example is given to show the application of the present technique. Simulation results show that time fractional transmission line equations are more precision than the classical equation to describe the abnormal diffusion of the voltage (current) wave in the transmission line.
Skin cancer risk education in pediatric solid organ transplant patients: an evaluation of knowledge, behavior, and perceptions over time

Skin cancer risk is elevated in solid OTRs. Studies of skin cancer awareness and sun-protection behaviors in pOTRs have not been reported. We measured effects over time of a multimodal educational intervention on knowledge of sun-protection practices and skin cancer risk, engagement in sun-protection behaviors, and self-efficacy and perceived barriers to photoprotection in pOTRs, their guardians, and a comparison group of children and guardians. Knowledge about skin cancer risk increased in pOTRs and their guardians (P≤.01) and frequency of pOTRs' sun-protection behaviors reported by pOTRs and their guardians also improved.
We Must Cultivate Our Common Ground

The present volume addresses some valuable themes relevant to the scholarly contributions of Ted Eisenberg to the teaching, learning, and doing of mathematics. In this reflective postscript, I raise some issues associated with the identity of, and the tension between, the academic fields of mathematics and mathematics education. I argue that, far from having drifted apart, those fields continue to make productive contact with and complement one another. Their common preoccupation with mathematics as it is created through teaching keeps them together. The challenge to mathematicians and mathematics educators is to make fertile the common ground they share.
Proteolysis Influences Tenderness of Aged Pork Loins

Aged pork loins were selected to have similar ultimate pH, color, lipid content, and purge. The star probe values (kg) obtained from these loins were evaluated and loins were sorted into either a low star probe (LSP) group or a high star probe (HSP) group. Loins were evaluated for autolysis of calpain-1 and degradation of troponin-T, desmin, and titin. Results showed calpain-1 was completely autolyzed in all samples. LSP pork loins exhibited more degradation of troponin-T, desmin, and titin, demonstrating proteolysis influences measured tenderness in aged pork.
Clinicians’ Love/Hate Relationship with Clinical Research

It’s a rare pleasure to be invited to put forth my thoughts about clinical research. It is usually assumed that a practitioner has neither familiarity nor interest in the area. While this is not the case, it is also fair to say that I have not actively sought to join in this conversation. The divide serves us all ill, so I welcome the chance to explore resistances on both sides.
Meiosis in Drosophila males

The conjunctive mechanism of the XY bivalent is believed to differ from that of the autosomal bivalents in the achiasmate Drosophila melanogaster male. It has been proposed that hypothetical cohesive elements, termed collochores, hold the X and Y chromosomes together at or near their nucleolar organizing regions (NORs) and that collochores are not exhibited by autosomal bivalents. In electron micrographs, unique fibrillar material is observed between the X and Y chromosomes at the synaptic site. Recently, the 240 bp nontranscribed spacer associated with rRNA genes at the NOR has been implicated as the essential DNA sequence for XY pairing. To test whether this DNA sequence is always associated with XY pairing and to determine its relationship to the unique fibrillar material, we studied the XY bivalent in Drosophila simulans. The D. simulans Y chromosome has few, if any, rRNA genes, but does have a large block (3,000 kb or 12,500 copies) of the nontranscribed spacer repeat located at the distal end of its long arm. This is in contrast to the D. melanogaster Y, which has the repeat located among rRNA genes on its short arm. Using light and electron microscopy, we show that the X does indeed pair with the distal end of the long arm of the D. simulans Y. However, no fibrillar material is evident in serial thin sections of the D. simulans XY bivalent, suggesting that this material (in D. melanogaster) may be remnants of the NOR rather than a morphological manifestation of the hypothetical collochores. Indeed, in electron micrographs, the synaptic regions of the XY and autosomal bivalents appear similar with no obvious pairing structures, suggesting that the conjunctive mechanism holding homologous chromosomes together is the same for the XY and autosomal bivalents.
A long-term source apportionment of PM2.5 in New York State during 2005–2016

Abstract The development and implementation of effective policies for controlling PM2.5 mass concentrations and protecting human health depend upon the identification and apportionment of its sources. In this study, the PM2.5 sources affecting 6 urban and 2 rural sites across New York State during the period 2005–2016 were determined. The extracted profiles were compared to identify state-wide common profiles. The source contributions provide detailed, long-term quantification of the emission sources across the state during the investigated period (2005–2016). Seven factors were common to all sites: secondary sulfate, secondary nitrate, spark-ignition emissions, diesel emissions, road dust, biomass burning, and pyrolyzed organic (OP) rich. The largest contributors were secondary sulfate, secondary nitrate, spark-ignition (gasoline), diesel, and OP-rich. Secondary sulfate concentrations ranged from 2.3 μg m−3 at Whiteface to 3.2 μg m−3 at Buffalo and the Bronx. The highest secondary sulfate fractional contributions were found at the rural sites (∼46% of PM2.5 mass) also showed the highest OP-rich contributions (∼19%). Secondary nitrate showed the highest concentrations at the urban sites representing ∼17% of PM2.5 mass (1.6 ± 0.3 μg m−3 on average). Urban sites also showed the highest average spark-ignition concentrations (1.7 ± 0.2 μg m−3, ∼18%) and diesel emissions (1.0 ± 0.2 μg m−3, ∼10%). During this period, secondary sulfate concentrations declined likely related to the implementation of mitigation strategies for controlling SO2 emissions and the changing economics of electricity generation. Similarly, diesel and secondary nitrate showed decreases in concentrations likely associated with the introduction of emissions controls and improved quality fuels for heavy-duty diesel on-road trucks and buses. Spark-ignition concentrations showed an increase across the state during 2014–2016 associated with the increase of registered vehicles in New York State.
Pro: Tolvaptan delays the progression of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease

No treatment until now has directly targeted the mechanisms responsible for the development and growth of cysts in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). Strong rationale and preclinical studies using in vitro and in vivo models justified the launching of two large phase 3 clinical trials of tolvaptan in early and later stages of ADPKD. Their design was based on preliminary studies informing on the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, short-term safety and self-reported tolerability in patients with ADPKD. Tolvaptan slowed kidney growth in the early stage and estimated glomerular filtration rate decline in early and later stages of the disease. All participants had the opportunity to enroll in open-label extension trials to ascertain long-term safety and efficacy. In a single-center analysis of long-term outcomes, the effect of tolvaptan was sustained and cumulative over time supporting a disease-modifying effect of tolvaptan in ADPKD. In the countries where tolvaptan has been approved by regulatory agencies, patients with rapidly progressive ADPKD should be informed about the option of treatment including possible benefits and risks. If a decision to initiate treatment is made, prescribing physicians should educate the patients on the prevention of aquaresis-related adverse events and should be vigilant in the surveillance and management of the potential tolvaptan hepatotoxicity. Other vasopressin V2 receptor antagonists, possibly without potential hepatotoxicity, alternative strategies targeting vasopressin and combination with other drugs able to enhance the efficacy or reduce the aquaresis associated with tolvaptan, deserve further study.
Assessment of elementary students’ understanding of differences in viral and bacterial infections, and education of proper antibiotic use

Intro This project aimed to teach third grade students the differences between viral and bacterial infections through active learning. Presentation effectiveness and students’ retention of information were assessed using a game and post-quiz. This project addresses the school’s concern about the misunderstanding of causes and treatments of illnesses. Methods Students took a pre-quiz in order to establish their base knowledge of bacterial and viral infections. A question and answer style presentation was utilized to teach differences between viral and bacterial illnesses, as well as the appropriate management of each. An interactive game of “doctor and patient” was then played, during which students were given a bacterial or viral infection scenario and choose associated symptoms and management utilizing pre-made answer cards. Finally, a post-quiz was administered to determine short-term change in knowledge. Students were given an informational magnet and flyer to share with parents or guardians to re-enforce the information. Results Of the 20 participants that took the pre-quiz, only a subset of 18 were available to take the post-quiz. The overall analysis of post-test questions portrayed an increased number of correct answers after the presentation and game. Individually, question two was trending towards significance, with a p value of .08. Despite a lack of significance, students overall scored higher on the post-quiz and were better able to distinguish between types of infections and determine proper management. Conclusion Parents often seek the use of antibiotics for their children even when viral infections are present, which do not warrant antibiotic interventions. Understanding the signs, symptoms, and differences between viral and bacterial infections may help community members seek appropriate care and may reduce requests for antibiotics. It is more likely that community members will use antibiotics correctly if they have a better understanding of when they are warranted. In future studies, with larger parameters, a significant difference can be made in children and their families’ understanding of antibiotics, reducing misuse and misunderstanding within the community as a whole. Limitations Given the overall small sample size in our study, the data were limited statistically and may not be generalizable. Additionally, two students that took the pre-test quiz were not available to take the post- test, further limiting our sample size. We did not pair data between the pre-test and post-test due to a desire to preserve student anonymity. This pairing may have allowed for further analysis of specific results.
My Student Cannot Wait! Teaching Tolerance Following Functional Communication Training:

Functional communication training (FCT) involves the reinforcement of an appropriate communicative response as an alternative to challenging behavior. The intervention has been identified as an evi...
Statewide survey of imported fire ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) populations in Tennessee.

Imported fire ants (Solenopsis spp.; Hymenoptera: Formicidae) occupy 54 counties ([approximately]5.4 million ha) in Tennessee. To better understand the fire ant species distribution in Tennessee, the state was divided into 16.1 x 16.1 km grids, and a single colony was sampled for cuticular hydrocarbon and venom alkaloid analyses within each grid. A total of 387 samples was processed from which 9 (2.3%), 167 (43.2%), and 211 (54.5%) were identified as red (Solenopsis invicta Buren), black (Solenopsis richteri Forel), or hybrid (S. invicta x S. richteri) imported fire ants, respectively. The S. invicta was only found near metropolitan Nashville in Davidson and Williamson counties and at one site in Decatur Co. All samples east of Franklin Co. were identified as hybrids. Tennessee counties west of Lincoln were predominantly S. richteri (86.5%) as opposed to hybrid (13.0%) and S. invicta (0.5%). The exception was Hardin Co., which was predominantly hybrid. Counties containing both hybrid and S. richteri (all in the middle and western part of the state) included Bedford, Decatur, Franklin, Giles, Hardeman, Hardin, Haywood, Lawrence, Lincoln, Marshall, Maury, McNairy, Perry, and Wayne. The S. invicta samples collected from one Williamson Co. site were determined to be polygyne and infected with the Solenopsis invicta virus (genotype SINV-1A). This was the first detection of polygyne imported fire ant in Tennessee. The SINV-1A virus was also a new find at the time of detection, but has been previously reported. The survey results are being used to direct current and future biological control efforts against imported fire ants in Tennessee.
Axillary Peripheral Nerve Stimulation for Chronic Shoulder Pain: A Retrospective Case Series

Objective The objective of this study was to determine the effect of axillary peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) on pain reduction in patients with chronic shoulder pain. Chronic shoulder pain was defined as pain greater than six months originating from any of the following and not the result of a stroke: subacromial impingement syndrome/rotator cuff pathology, glenohumeral joint arthritis, acromioclavicular joint arthritis, adhesive capsulitis, or biceps tendinopathy. Materials and methods Eight adult patients with chronic shoulder pain, as defined above, who either did not respond to surgical intervention or who were deemed not ideal surgical candidates underwent permanent axillary PNS therapy. Follow-up ranged from 44 to 733 days (avg 445 days). The primary outcome was percent pain reduction, determined by the change in average numerical pain rating scale (NPRS). Additionally, secondary outcome measures were the change in opioid requirements and satisfaction rate. Results Based on the ≥50% pain reduction for treatment success, 88% (7/8) were "responders." Overall average pain reduction was 67% and 70% among responders; 62.5% (5/8) of patients reported that they used opioids prior to axillary PNS therapy for pain relief. Among these patients, 100% reported decreased opioid use after axillary PNS implant, with an average reduction of 88% (based on self-reported reductions). Additionally, 100% (8/8) of patients reported that they would recommend this therapy to other patients suffering from chronic pain. Conclusions This retrospective case series provides level IV evidence supporting the use of axillary PNS therapy for the management of chronic shoulder pain. Additional, higher-level studies are required to further support its use.
A modified Monti procedure using a Meckel's diverticulum

Abstract The Mitrofanoff procedure has enhanced practical management of urinary incontinence over the past 20 years by means of an abdominal stoma catheterisation for patients suffering from neuropathic bladder. This procedure has been modified when there is no viable appendix to enable similar tubularisation and conduit formation from parts of the gastrointestinal tract, also known as the Monti technique. While ileum is more consistently used in a Monti procedure, in this particular case a Meckel's Diverticulum (MD) lent for an alternative option. Herein, this case report allows us to demonstrate the use of a MD as a viable option if and when the opportunity allows, in the absence of appendicular tissue.
Unmet Emotional Support Needs Among Diverse Patients with Colorectal Cancer.

BackgroundSocial support, which is partly emotional support, is associated with adherence to colorectal cancer (CRC) treatment, quality of life, and survival. We hypothesized that the needs, source...
Systemic deletion of Atp7b modifies the hepatocytes' response to copper overload in the mouse models of Wilson disease

Wilson disease (WD) is caused by inactivation of the copper transporter Atp7b and copper overload in tissues. Mice with Atp7b deleted either globally (systemic inactivation) or only in hepatocyte recapitulate various aspects of human disease. However, their phenotypes vary, and neither the common response to copper overload nor factors contributing to variability are well defined. Using metabolic, histologic, and proteome analyses in three Atp7b-deficient mouse strains, we show that global inactivation of Atp7b enhances and specifically modifies the hepatocyte response to Cu overload. The loss of Atp7b only in hepatocytes dysregulates lipid and nucleic acid metabolisms and increases the abundance of respiratory chain components and redox balancing enzymes. In global knockouts, independently of their background, the metabolism of lipid, nucleic acid, and amino acids is inhibited, respiratory chain components are down-regulated, inflammatory response and regulation of chromosomal replication are enhanced. Decrease in glucokinase and lathosterol oxidase and elevation of mucin-13 and S100A10 are observed in all Atp7b mutant strains and reflect the extent of liver injury. The magnitude of proteomic changes in Atp7b-/- animals inversely correlates with the metallothioneins levels rather than liver Cu content. These findings facilitate identification of WD-specific metabolic and proteomic changes for diagnostic and treatment.
Cardiac glycosaminoglycans and structural alterations during chronic stress-induced depression-like behavior in mice.

Comorbidity between depression and CVD is well established, whereas its etiology, especially the role of nonfibrous components (proteoglycans/GAGs) of the extracellular matrix, is unexplored. To th...
Nonlinear Beam Propagation in Quadratic Nonlinear Materials

Quadratic [χ(2)] media are used to generate new frequencies. Although textbook analysis has focused on plane waves, many additional effects (cascading, beam distortion, etc.) occur for high intensity, finite beams. They will be reviewed here.
The subunits of IL-12, originating from two distinct cells, can functionally synergize to protect against pathogen dissemination in vivo

Cytokines are typically single gene products, except for the heterodimeric interleukin (IL)-12 family. The two subunits (IL-12p40 and IL-12p35) of the prototype IL-12 are known to be simultaneously co-expressed in activated myeloid cells, which secrete the fully active heterodimer to promote interferon (IFN)γ production in innate and adaptive cells. We find that chimeric mice containing mixtures of cells that can only express either IL-12p40 or IL-12p35, but not both together, generate functional IL-12. This alternate two-cell pathway requires IL-12p40 from hematopoietic cells to extracellularly associate with IL-12p35 from radiation-resistant cells. The two-cell mechanism is sufficient to propel local T cell differentiation in sites distal to the initial infection and helps control systemic dissemination of a pathogen, although not parasite burden, at the site of infection. Broadly, this suggests that early secretion of IL-12p40 monomers by sentinel cells at the infection site may help prepare distal host tissues for potential pathogen arrival.
KCNQ/Kv7 channels as therapeutic target to treat neuropathic pain

Abstract Neuropathic pain that can be produced by a lesion or disease of somatosensory system is one of the major causes of disability in our society. However, current first-line treatments produce only partial pain relief in the majority of patients. Recent studies suggest that injury-induced hyperexcitability of primary sensory neuron is critical for the development and maintenance of neuropathic pain. KCNQ channels are widely expressed in primary sensory neurons and effectively modulate neuronal excitability. Thus, targeting KCNQ channels to treat neuropathic pain has been extensively investigated.
Regulation of AKT signaling in mouse uterus.

17β-Estradiol (E2) treatment of ovariectomized adult mice stimulates the uterine PI3K-AKT signaling pathway and epithelial proliferation through estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1). However, epithelial proliferation occurs independently of E2/ESR1 signaling in neonatal uteri. Similarly, estrogen-independent uterine epithelial proliferation is seen in adulthood in mice lacking Ezh2, critical for histone methylation, and in WT mice treated neonatally with estrogen. The role of AKT in this estrogen-independent uterine epithelial proliferation was the focus of this study. Expression of p-AKT and epithelial proliferation were high in estrogen receptor 1 knockout and WT mice at postnatal day 6 (PND 6), when E2 concentrations were low, indicating that neither ESR1 nor E2 are essential for p-AKT expression and epithelial proliferation in these mice. However, p-AKT levels and proliferation remained estrogen responsive in pre-weaning WT mice. Expression of p-AKT and proliferation were both high in uterine luminal epithelium of mice estrogenized neonatally and ovariectomized during adulthood. Increased expression of phosphorylated (inactive) EZH2 was also observed. Consistent with this, Ezh2 conditional knockout mice show ovary-independent uterine epithelial proliferation and high epithelial p-AKT. Thus, adult p-AKT expression is constitutive and E2/ESR1 independent in both model systems. Finally, E2-induced p-AKT expression and normal uterine proliferation did not occur in mice lacking membrane (m)ESR1, indicating a key role for mESR1 in AKT activation. These findings emphasize the importance of p-AKT activation in promoting uterine epithelial proliferation even when that proliferation is not E2/ESR1 dependent and further indicate that p-AKT can be uncoupled from E2/ESR1 signaling in several experimental scenarios.
Colorectal Cancer Genome and Its Implications

The iconic genetic model for colorectal cancer progression associated the genetic and epigenetic changes known at the time with well-defined pathological and histological stages of colorectal cancer from early benign lesions to metastatic cancer. The basic features of the model transcended colorectal cancer and were emulated in other cancer types. Almost 20 years later, colorectal cancers were the first cancers in which all of the protein-coding genes were sequenced, heralding the era of global identification of genetic landscapes of cancers. Recently, the whole genome in a series of colorectal cancers was sequenced, adding more information to the landscape of these common cancers. An important goal of determining the genetic landscape of cancers is to provide information that can be translated into clinical applications. This chapter will examine the genetic complexity of colorectal cancers, and the implications of this information on current and future targeted therapies, as well as in the development of diagnostics and early detection.
Hypoxic Preconditioning of Cardiac Progenitor Cells for Ischemic Heart

Ischemic heart disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in western countries. According to the data from the American Heart Association, coronary artery disease causes about one of every six deaths in the United States. Each year, an estimated 785,000 Americans will have a new coronary attack, about 470,000 will have a recurrent attack, and an additional 195,000 will have a silent first myocardial infarction. Thus, approximately every 25 s, an American will have a coronary event; approximately every minute, someone will die of one [1].
British colonial subsistence strategy on the southeastern coastal plain

The material culture of a domestic British colonial site at Fort Frederica, Georgia, is used in assessing colonial adaptations to 18th century frontier conditions on the Georgia coast. Using Jay Allen Anderson’s data on English foodways, a model of resource utilization is proposed for comparison with the Frederica faunal evidence. It is suggested that the site’s occupants substantially altered the traditional “English Barnyard Complex” of resource utilization. Similar evidence from 18th century British and Spanish colonial sites is used to define a coastal subsistence strategy focusing on wild resources and cattle and transcending ethnic affiliation.
Measurements of Cavitation Dose, Echogenicity, and Temperature during Ultrasound Ablation

Ultrasound ablation experiments were performed, with simultaneous measurements of acoustic emissions, tissue echogenicity, and tissue temperature, on fresh, degassed bovine liver. The tissue was exposed to bursts of unfocused, continuous‐wave, 3.10 MHz from a 3 mm‐diameter, 32‐element array, which performed B‐scan imaging with the same piezoelectric elements during quiescent periods. Exposures employed pulse lengths of 0.9–3.3 s with pressure amplitudes of 0.8–1.4 MPa and duty cycles of 97–99% for exposure times of 6–20 min, sufficient to achieve significant thermal coagulation in all cases. RF echo traces from the array, time‐domain signals received by a 1 MHz, unfocused passive cavitation detector, and tissue temperature detected by a needle thermocouple were sampled 0.3–1.1 times per second. Tissue echogenicity was quantified, within the region of significant tissue heating, from the amplitude of RF signals received by the array. Cavitation dose was quantified from the spectra of signals measured by the passive cavitation detector, including subharmonic signal components at 1.55 MHz, broadband signal components within the band 0.3–1.1 MHz, and low‐frequency components within the band 10–30 kHz. Tissue ablation effects were assessed by quantitative analysis of digitally imaged, macroscopic tissue sections. Correlation analysis was performed among the averaged and time‐dependent acoustic emissions in each band considered, tissue echogenicity, tissue temperature, and ablation rate. Tissue echogenicity correlated significantly with subharmonic and low‐frequency emissions as well as tissue temperature, but was uncorrelated with broadband emissions. Ablation rate correlated significantly with broadband and low‐frequency emissions, but was uncorrelated with subharmonic emissions.
What Marco Polo Forgot

In 1995, Cai Guo-Qiang set adrift a Chinese junk on the Grand Canal in Venice, marking the seven-hundredth anniversary of Marco Polo’s return to Europe. In 2008, as the world spiraled into a far-reaching financial collapse, a historian warned that in the long haul, “New York could turn into Venice.” These two historical moments set the stage for a discussion of how contemporary Asian art navigates the world of conceptual geography. An anthropology of art expands beyond expertise on “native artifacts” corralled in Western collections to the active interpretation of contemporary art alongside artists, curators, and critics in cosmopolitan spaces of encounter. Drawing on Cai’s exhibition I Want to Believe, at the Guggenheim Museum in New York City in 2008, I focus on the contrasting interpretations of Cai’s key installations, that is, the perspectives that dramatize different notions of the global. Is contemporary art the latest form of Chinese entrepreneurialism or an expression of an emerging global civil ...
Problem-focused incremental elicitation of multi-attribute tility models

Decision theory has become widely accepted in the AI community as a useful framework for planning and decision making. Applying the framework typically requires elicitation of some form of probability and utility information. While much work in AI has focused on providing representations and tools for elicitation of probabilities, relatively little work has addressed the elicitation of utility models. This imbalance is not particularly justified considering that probability models are relatively stable across problem instances, while utility models may be different for each instance. Spending large amounts of time on elicitation can be undesirable for interactive systems used in low-stakes decision making and in time-critical decision making. In this paper we investigate the issues of reasoning with incomplete utility models. We identify patterns of problem instances where plans can be proved to be suboptimal if the (unknown) utility function satisfies certain conditions. We present an approach to planning and decision making that performs the utility elicitation incrementally and in a way that is informed by the domain model.
An incremental network construction algorithm for approximating discontinuous functions

Traditional neural network training techniques do not work well on problems with many discontinuities, such as those that arise in multicomputer communication cost modeling. We develop a new algorithm to solve this problem. This algorithm incrementally adds modules to the network, successively expanding the 'window' in the data space where the current module works well. The need for a new module is automatically recognized by the system. This algorithm performs very well on problems with many discontinuities, and requires fewer computations than traditional backpropagation. >
General overview of the APS low-level RF control system

This paper describes the proposed low-level RF system of the positron accumulator ring (PAR), the injector synchrotron, and the storage ring of the 7-GeV Advanced Photon Source. Four RF systems are described since the PAR consists of a fundamental frequency system at 9.8 MHz and a harmonic system at 117 MHz. A block diagram of an accelerating unit is shown and descriptions of various control loops are made (including amplitude control, phase control, and cavity tuning control). Also, a brief overview of the computer interface is given. >
Millimeter wave dielectric spectroscopy and breast cancer imaging

In this paper, millimeter wave free-space quasi-optical spectroscopy technique is applied to determine the transmittance, complex refractive index and complex dielectric permittivity over 30 GHz to 120 GHz range. The imaging procedure is based on using these data for a solvable inverse imaging reconstructing problem. An image reconstruction is achieved to give the high resolution reconstructed images of the sample over a wide frequency range.
Correlation of Circulating Capsular Polysaccharide with Bacteremia in Pneumococcal Pneumonia

Immunoelectroosmophoresis with rabbit anticapsular antibody was used to detect type-specific pneumococcal polysaccharide in serum from bacteremic patients with pneumococcal pneumonia. The test could detect as little as 0.1 to 1.0 μg per ml or 0.2 to 2 ng per test of polysaccharide from types 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 12, and 18, and its sensitivity was 10 times that of double immunodiffusion. Although antigen could be detected by double immunodiffusion with types 7 and 14, no antigen could be detected by immunoelectroosmophoresis. Types 7 and 14 polysaccharides were found to be positively charged, whereas the other polysaccharides were negatively charged. Forty-six patients with pneumonia were selected for study because pneumococci corresponding to those types where the test was known to work had been isolated from blood or the respiratory tract. Antigenemia correlated strongly with bacteremia: 12 of 20 bacteremic patients with pneumonia showed antigenemia, whereas 26 patients negative for bacteremia did not show circulating antigen detectable with antisera against the pneumococcal type isolated from the respiratory tract. The apparent concentration of circulating polysaccharide ranged from 0.1 to 100 μg per ml of serum, and the concentration did not appear to diminish appreciably in 10 to 15 days. Three of 12 patients with antigenemia died, and two of these had the highest levels of circulating antigen observed. Images
Politics and Administration

The question of how public administration fits into the governance process of a democratic society has been of great concern to scholars and practitioners since the emergence of public administrati...
The spin trapping of pyrimidine nucleotide free radicals in a Fenton system

The reaction of the hydroxyl radical, generated by a Fenton system, with pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotides was investigated by using the e.s.r. technique of spin trapping. The spin trap t-nitrosobutane was employed to trap secondary radicals formed by the reaction of the hydroxyl radical with these nucleotides. The results presented here show that hydroxyl-radical attack on thymidine, 2-deoxycytidine 5-monophosphate and 2-deoxyuridine 5-monophosphate produced nucleotide-derived free radicals. The results indicate that .OH radical attack occurs predominantly at the carbon-carbon double bond of the pyrimidine base. The e.s.r. studies showed a good correlation with previous results obtained by authors who used x- or gamma-ray irradiation to generate the hydroxyl radical. A thiobarbituric acid assay was also used to monitor the damage produced to the nucleotides by the Fenton system. These results showed qualitative agreement with the spin-trapping studies.
Giovanni Bellini's Baptism of Christ in its visual and devotional context: transforming sacred space in Santa Corona in Vicenza

The Dominican church of Santa Corona in Vicenza owed its status and nomenclature to its prestigious relic from the crown of thorns. In the early fifteenth century, the reliquary and its procession were enhanced; the community appeared to increase in number and was taken over by a reform movement. From the late 1470s, an ambitious spatial transformation involved removing the prominent choir precinct from the upper nave; constructing an extended high altar chapel to house new choir stalls; and the creation of a crypt in which the precious relic would be displayed. In 1500, textile merchant Battista Graziani was granted a side chapel location in the newly liberated space of the upper nave. Giovanni Bellini's Baptism of Christ altarpiece, with its unique use of light and composition, focused attention on the figure of Christ and, as suggested by an interpretation of a Dominican text, made reference to the crowning of thorns. Graziani's altar was also subtly related to the high altar, possibly intended to house an image of the crowning of thorns above the projected new site for the relic below.
Effects of Sedation on Auditory Brainstem Response in Rett Syndrome

Prolongation of the I-V interpeak latency intervals have been reported in Rett syndrome and other neurodevelopmental disorders. It has been suggested that the use of sedation may account for differences in the interpeak latency intervals when comparisons are made across diagnostic groups if sedated control groups are not used for the basis of comparison. This study examined the effects of sedation on auditory brainstem response interpeak latency intervals (i.e., I-III, III-V, and I-V) in two groups: (1) a group with Rett syndrome who were positive for mutations in the MECP2 gene and (2) a group negative for mutations in the MECP2 gene but who were severely to profoundly delayed with other causes of mental retardation. To further assess the effects of sedation, a third group of sedated and nonsedated female participants, taken from an in-house normative auditory brainstem response database was also included. An analysis of variance indicated (1) longer I-V interpeak latency intervals in the sedated participants with Rett syndrome; (2) longer III-V interpeak latency intervals in the mutation-positive participants as compared to non-Rett syndrome, mutation-negative participants; and (3) no significant effects of sedation on the I-III, III-V, or I-V interpeak latency intervals among the normative group participants, according to t tests. The findings suggest a possible biological basis for the discrepancy in the literature on auditory brain stem responses in Rett syndrome, and warrant cautious interpretation of auditory brainstem responses findings in sedated subjects with Rett syndrome, as well as in those with mental retardation and seizures.