cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Efficient concentration of forces, or how to fight outnumbered and win

The dramatic outcome of Operation Desert Storm has caused a paradigm shift in military thinking. Traditionally the overriding factor in combat operations has been mission accomplishment, but doctrinal developers now include additional criteria. Though there are many ways to conduct a campaign to assure a military victory, some are costlier than others in terms of casualties. Current thinking requires that the commander have the goal of mission accomplishment with minimum loss of friendly forces. This article explores the principle of efficient force concentration as a means of minimizing losses while defeating an enemy force, particularly one that is numerically superior. It looks at several attrition mechanisms and considers conditions under which theory suggests defeat of a larger force is and is not possible. It also investigates properties of a measure of effectiveness called force elasticity and argues that this is the proper benchmark for comparing the relative effectiveness of combatants. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Developmental Expression of Receptors for Insulin, Insulin-like Growth Factor I (IGF-I), and IGF-II in Rat Skeletal Muscle*

Insulin and insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) stimulate responses in skeletal muscle that include effects on carbohydrate and fat metabolism, protein turnover, growth, and differentiation. To gain insight into the relative importance of insulin and IGFs at different stages of development, the expression of their specific receptors was evaluated in skeletal muscle of rats from the late fetal period through 40 weeks of age. Distinct receptors for insulin, IGF-I, and IGF-II are present in crude membrane preparations and wheat germ agglutinin-purified extracts of hindlimb muscle from rats at all ages, but each of the three receptors follows a different pattern of expression during development. There is a marked predominance of IGF-II receptors in fetal muscle (80- and 55-fold more abundant than insulin and IGF-I receptors, respectively) and a rapid decline in IGF-II receptors in early postnatal life. IGF-I receptors are more abundant than insulin receptors in the term fetus, remain constant in number until a...
Ethical, legal, and social implications of incorporating genomic information into electronic health records

The inclusion of genomic data in the electronic health record raises important ethical, legal, and social issues. In this article, we highlight these challenges and discuss potential solutions. We provide a brief background on the current state of electronic health records in the context of genomic medicine, discuss the importance of equitable access to genome-enabled electronic health records, and consider the potential use of electronic health records for improving genomic literacy in patients and providers. We highlight the importance of privacy, access, and security, and of determining which genomic information is included in the electronic health record. Finally, we discuss the challenges of reporting incidental findings, storing and reinterpreting genomic data, and nondocumentation and duty to warn family members at potential genetic risk.
Microsomal enzyme induction and gingival enlargement in subjects taking phenytoin

Subjects taking the anticonvulsant phenytoin were examined for gingival enlargement and skin-fold thickness. Induced synthesis of their hepatic microsomal enzymes was estimated by measuring urinary D-glucaric acid. Gingival enlargement was positively correlated (p < 0.05) with urinary D-glucaric acid. Although skin-fold thickness was not correlated with either urinary D-glucaric acid or gingival enlargement, mean gingival enlargement was greater in some subjects who did have an increased skin thickness than in those with normal skin thickness. The results suggest that induction of microsomal enzyme synthesis, as estimated by urinary D-glucaric acid, is related to taking phenytoin, as is gingival enlargement, and that there are other factors that affect both phenomena.
Tomosynthesis reconstruction using the simultaneous algebraic reconstruction technique (SART) on breast phantom data

Digital tomosynthesis mammography (DTM) is a promising approach to breast cancer detection. DTM can provide 3D structural information of the breast tissue by reconstructing the imaged volume from 2D projections acquired at different angles in a limited angular range. In this work, we investigate the application of the Simultaneous Algebraic Reconstruction Technique (SART) to this limited-angle cone-beam tomographic problem. A second generation GE prototype tomosynthesis mammography system was used in this study. Projection-view images of different breast phantoms were acquired from 21 angles in 3° increments over a ±30° angular range. The digital detector is stationary during image acquisition. We used an ACR phantom and two additional phantoms to evaluate the image quality and reconstruction artifacts. The Back-Projection (BP) method was also implemented for comparison to SART. The contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), line profile of features and an artifact spread function (ASF) were used to quantitatively evaluate the reconstruction results. Preliminary results show that both BP and SART can separate superimposed phantom structures along the Z direction, but SART is more effective in improving the conspicuity of tissue-mimicking details and suppressing interplane blurring. For the phantoms with homogeneous background, the BP method resulted in less noisy reconstruction and higher CNR values for masses than SART, but SART provided greater enhancement in the contrast of calcification clusters and the edge sharpness of masses and fibrils. It was shown that acceptable reconstruction can be achieved by SART after only one iteration.
Biosynthesis of the piperidine nucleus: Metabolism of d- and l-lysine-2-14C by Nicotiana glauca

Abstract d - and l -lysine-2- 14 C were administered to intact Nicotiana glauca plants. Anabasine and pipecolic acid were isolated. The results show that l -lysine is the preferred precursor of anabasine and d -lysine is the preferred precursor of pipecolic acid. This supports Spenser's hypothesis that pipecolic acid and the piperidine alkaloids derived from lysine do not have 6-amino-2-ketohexonoic acid as a common intermediate.
The 21st Annual AERC African Diaspora Pre-Conference: Reflecting, Relating, and Reshaping the Community

After attending the 21st Annual Adult Education Research Conference (AERC) African Diaspora Pre-Conference, the authors present their reflections on the significance of the pre-conference.
Materials chemistry: Thin films with a hidden twist

Many naturally occurring substances have a 'handedness' that enables them to interact highly specifically with matter or light. The helical features responsible for this can now be replicated in solid, porous films. See Letter p.422
7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-DNA adduct formation in Wistar rat and Syrian hamster embryo cell cultures

The binding of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) to DNA was examined in Syrian hamster and Wistar rat embryo cell cultures exposed to DMBA for 5, 24, 48 and 72 h. The level of binding of DMBA to DNA was about twice as great in the hamster embryo cells as in the rat embryo cells at all times. Analysis of the DMBA-deoxyribonucleoside adducts by immobilized boronate chromatography demonstrated that the ratio of adducts with no cis vicinal hydroxyl groups to those containing cis vicinal hydroxyl groups was much greater in the rat embryo cells (from 2.2:1 to 2.9:1) than in the hamster embryo cells (from 1.3:1 to 1.6:1). The hamster embryo cells contained three major DMBADE-DNA adducts: based upon their chromatographic behavior and comparison with the three major DMBA-DNA adducts described by Dipple et al. in mouse embryo cell cultures (Biochemistry, 24 (1985) 2291), two were tentatively identified as resulting from the reaction of anti-DMBADE (the isomer of 1,2-epoxy-3,4-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-DMBA with the epoxide and benzylic hydroxyl on the opposite faces of the molecule) with deoxyguanosine and deoxyadenosine and one adduct resulted from reaction of syn-DMBADE (epoxide and benzylic hydroxyl on the same face of the molecule) with deoxyadenosine. The anti-DMBADE-deoxyguanosine, syn-DMBADE-deoxyadenosine, and anti-DMBADE-deoxyadenosine adducts were present in hamster embryo cell DNA in a ratio of 1.2:2:1. The Wistar rat embryo cell DNA contained a much larger proportion of the syn-DMBADE-deoxyadenosine adduct. The relative proportions of the three major DMBA-DNA adducts in Syrian hamster embryo cells were similar at all times, but the proportion of syn-DMBADE-deoxyadenosine adduct decreased slightly with time in the rat embryo cells. These results indicate that there are species specific differences in the stereospecificity of activation of DMBA to DNA-binding diol epoxides which parallel those observed for benzo[a]pyrene (BaP). The high proportion of deoxyadenosine adducts suggests that they may have an important role in the induction of biological effects by DMBA.
Controlling the Outcome of Electron Transfer Reactions in Ionic Liquids

In this article, we investigate the excited state intramolecular electron transfer (ET) reaction of crystal violet lactone (CVL) in the room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) N-propyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide [Pr31+][Tf2N−]. This system was chosen in light of recent experimental observations by Maroncelli and co-workers (J. Phys. Chem. B 2007, 111, 13473), in which the kinetics of electron transfer between S1 (commonly referred as LE) and S2 (commonly referred as CT) emission states and, therefore, the ratio of emitting populations were shown to be absorption-wavelength-dependent. Our computational studies indicate that the kinetics of the intramolecular ET between S1 and S2 states of CVL in [Pr31+][Tf2N−] is local solvent-environment-dependent. Because emission time scales are smaller than solvent relaxation time scales, this behavior is characteristic of RTILs but uncommon in conventional solvents. Therefore, RTILs open a window of opportunity for manipulating the outcome of...
Macrophage-Colony Stimulating Factor (M-CSF) Regulates the Expression of Fibronectin and Its α5 Integrin Receptor in Human Trophoblasts*

Macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF, CSF-1) is secreted by human trophoblasts as well as endometrial cells, while its receptor c-fms is abundantly expressed by the extravillous trophoblasts anchoring the placenta to the uterus, suggesting a role for M-CSF at the maternal-fetal interface. We investigated the effect of M-CSF on the expression of fibronectin and its receptor, theα 5 integrin, in human trophoblasts. Exposure of trophoblasts to M-CSF produced a two to three-fold increase in fibronectin and α5 mRNA abundance at both 24 and 72 hours of culture. A dose-dependent increase in cellular fibronectin secretion into the culture medium was detected at both time points. Immunocytochemistry showed co-localization of cellular fibronectin andα 5 in the cells, suggesting that attachment of trophoblasts to fibronectin is mediated in part by theα 5β1 integrin. We conclude that M-CSF increases fibronectin expression and secretion by the human trophoblasts, and up-regulates its specific receptor, theα 5 i...
Statistical Modeling of the Circular Polarization in Pulsar Radio Emission and Detection Statistics of Radio Polarimetry

Despite the diverse and seemingly complicated structure of the polarization of individual pulses from radio pulsars, many features of the emission are remarkably similar from pulsar to pulsar. These features include the statistical nature of the fluctuations in the emission's intensity and polarization and the ever-present orthogonal modes of polarization. Another persistent, but often neglected, feature of the emission is the wide, Gaussian-like distribution of fractional circular polarization at most pulse longitudes. This unimodal distribution cannot be explained by an emission model that assumes the orthogonal modes of polarization occur separately. However, the proposition that the modes occur simultaneously is consistent with the observations. Furthermore, a detailed analysis of the statistics of signal detection for radio polarimetry shows that the observed dispersion in the fractional circular polarization is larger than what one would expect from the instrumental noise or from fluctuations in total intensity. Large, pulsar-intrinsic fluctuations in the circular polarization are required to explain the observed distributions. In an attempt to exploit the general features of the emission and extract information regarding the mode polarizations, a statistical model of superposed modes of orthogonal polarization is extended to include circular polarization. The model attributes the large fluctuations in circular polarization required by the observations to a combination of the heavy modulation of the mode intensities and the small, but significant, degree of circular polarization that is intrinsic to the modes. The results of the model indicate that a small degree of mode-intrinsic circular polarization can explain the large fluctuations in fractional circular polarization that are observed. The general statistics of signal detection for linear polarization are also derived.
Block generalized inverses

The existence of the Moore-Penrose inverse is discussed for elements of a *-regular ring R. A technique is developed for computing conditional and reflexive inverses for matrices in R2×2, which is then used to calculate the Moore-Penrose inverse for these matrices. Several applications are given, generalizing many of the classical results; in particular, we shall emphasize the cases of bordered matrices, Schur complements, block-rank formulae and EP elements.
Improved apparatus for centrifugally accelerated electrochromatography and its application to continuous separation of serum proteins

Abstract The technique of centrifugally accelerated electrochromatography has been applied to the separation of serum proteins and lipoproteins. At a rotor speed of 200–230 rpm and a potential gradient of 15–17 volts/cm across the rectangular paper sheet (Whatman No. 3MM, 53 × 55 cm) and using a veronal buffer (pH, 8.6; ionic strength, 0.02) containing 20% glycerol, the serum preparation (serum and buffer, 1 : 1 ratio) has been fractionated at the rate of 1.0 ml/hr. The fractions are collected from 25 drip points at each end of the sheet.
Percutaneous Dilatational Tracheostomy for Emergent Airway Access

The study objective of this article was to evaluate percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy (PDT) for emergent airway access. This is a case series of 9 patients who presented over a 58-month period. All patients were in severe respiratory difficulty where intubation by conventional means was unsuccessful. All 9 patients were successfully intubated using PDT technique. No technical complications were noted, specifically bleeding, extratracheal placement, or prolonged procedure time. Six patients ultimately died, 2 from anoxic encephalopathy due to failed resuscitation and 4 from comorbid illness. Three patients ultimately survived to hospital discharge. The authors conclude that PDT can effectively establish a surgical airway in an emergent setting. The major advantage of this technique is the ability to gain and maintain competence in an elective, controlled environment. The authors believe that PDT may play a role in the management of the emergent surgical airway.
A looming digital divide? Group differences in the perceived importance of electronic health records

Electronic health records (EHRs) are expected to bring a variety of health benefits, including reducing disparities in health-care access, but only if they are valued by all patient populations. We used the 2007 Health Information and National Trends Survey to characterize which health-care users report that electronic access to their health records is important for themselves and their providers. Respondents from populations that generally experience health-care disparities (Blacks, Latina/os, and patients with psychological distress) were among the most likely to report that the EHR was very important for themselves. Women were less likely than men to deem the EHR very important for their providers. Findings remained consistent after controlling for respondents’ socioeconomic status, health status, and health care. By identifying the characteristics of current health-care users who see electronic access to records as important for themselves and providers, we can better understand potential barriers as ...
The relationship between gastric acidity and calcium.

The direct relationship of calcium to pH in gastric juice has been confirmed in a study of 15 gastric secretion curves, after histamine, of 8 normal human individuals. The results indicate that (a) gastric calcium is lowest at the height of acid secretion and (b) that pH as a factor governing the calcium content of gastric juice is merely a reflection of the extent to which parietal HCl secretion is diluted with non-parietal fluids or substances.
Defence behaviour against brood parasitism is deeply rooted in mainland and island scrub-jays

When selection pressures for an adaptation relax, the trait may decline, or it may be maintained if there are no fitness costs. The interactions between avian brood parasites and their hosts are dynamic, with selection pressures changing as host or parasite ranges shift, or as parasites switch to new hosts once old hosts evolve defences. The extent to which hosts retain defences in the absence of parasites has important consequences to parasite–host coevolution. We tested whether island scrub-jays, Aphelocoma insularis , and western scrub-jays, A. californica , have maintained egg ejection behaviour in the absence of brood parasitism and provide an estimate of how long they have maintained ejection. Island scrub-jays and western scrub-jays ejected 100% of foreign eggs placed into their nests, and genetic analyses revealed no evidence of conspecific brood parasitism that could maintain ejection. Extreme variation in intraclutch egg appearance may result in hosts ejecting their own oddly coloured eggs, which would select against the maintenance of ejection. However, island, western and Florida scrub-jays, A. coerulescens , also an ejecter, showed less variation than the common grackle, Quiscalus quiscula , a species that has an extremely high level of intraclutch egg variation and may have lost its rejection defence, because it rejects its own oddly coloured eggs. Based on molecular clock analyses of mitochondrial DNA control region and ND2 sequences, island and western scrub-jays split approximately 140 000–151 000 years ago, western and Florida scrub-jays 1 000 000 years ago, and island and Florida scrub-jays 1 250 000 years ago. Ejection behaviour may have been maintained this long in the absence of parasitism, but it is possible that scrub-jays were parasitized as recently as the end of the Pleistocene 10 000 years ago, when cowbirds were more abundant. Nevertheless, these results indicate that (1) egg ejection is not a costly trait to maintain in scrub-jays, (2) brood parasites may not be able to alternate between well-defended hosts and hosts that have lost ejection defence following past episodes of parasitism and (3) brood parasites may have to deal with host communities that have well-developed defences by evolving specialized adaptations for a single host species or a small set of species.
CE equivalence and shape equivalence of 1-dimensional compacta

Abstract In this paper the relationship between CE equivalence and shape equivalence for locally connected, 1-dimensional compacta is investigated. Two theorems are proved. The first asserts that every path connected planar continuum is CE equivalent either to a bouquet of circles or to the Hawaiian earring. The second asserts that for every locally connected, 1-dimensional continuum X there is a cell-like map of X onto a planar continuum. It follows that CE equivalence and shape equivalence are the same for the class of all locally connected, 1-dimensional compacta. In addition, an example of Ferry is generalized to show that for every n ⩾1 there exists an n -dimensional, LC n −2 continuum Y such that Sh( Y )=Sh( S 1 ) but Y is not CE equivalent to S 1 .
Androgenic Therapy in Women

In a recent letter to the Editor1 Dr. E. C. Hamblen sharply condemns the use of androgens in the prac tice of gynecology. He bases his discussion upon a particular case that came to his attention, one in which a total of 2500 mg. of testosterone propionate was administered by some physician over a period of 10 months to a girl of but 15 years of age. This was truly an astonishing procedure. One point which is fundamental and with which none will take issue is that the excessive use of any pharmacologic agent, hormonal or otherwise, is harmful. It must be admitted that following large parenteral doses (500 to 600 mg. per month) of testosterone propionate, undesirable side-reactions such as temporary virilization may develop. Such dosage used parenterally has given cause for protestation that androgens are ‘contrasexual.’ But it well may be that it is the dosage and not the hormone that is contraphysiologic.
Basis and implications of selectively diminished cytokine production in neonatal susceptibility to infection.

The human neonate is unduly susceptible to infection with viruses and other pathogens, such as Toxoplasma and Listeria, that survive and replicate within cells. Cellular immunity is the major mechanism of host defense against these intracellular pathogens. Selective immaturity in certain functions of T lymphocytes appears to be a major factor in the neonate's susceptibility to these infections. Particularly striking is the deficiency in production of interferon-y. We review the data regarding the deficiency in the production of interferon-y by cells of healthy and infected neonates, discuss what is known regarding the cellular and molecular mechanisms for this deficiency, and review the unique role played by interferon-y in host defense against intracellular pathogens. The response of the neonate's effector cells to the immunoenhancing effects of interferon-y appears to be variable; diminished enhancement by interferon-y of cytotoxic cell function and the production of tumor necrosis factor by macrophages may further compound the effects of diminished production of interferon-y. The human fetus and neonate, in addition to experiencing infections with pyogenic bacteria- the defense against which is mediated primarily by phagocytes, antibody, and complement - are unduly susceptible to severe infections with intracellular pathogens. Cell-mediated immunity is the major mechanism of host defense against these organisms, which include Toxoplasma, Listeria, Treponemapallidum, and herpes simplex virus (HSV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV), members of the herpesvirus group [1]. The
Teaching Integration with Layers and Representations: A Case Study.

We designed a sequence of seven lessons to facilitate learning of integration in a physics context. We implemented this sequence with a single college sophomore, ``Amber,'' who was concurrently enrolled in a first-semester calculus-based introductory physics course which covered topics in mechanics. We outline the philosophy underpinning these lessons, which characterizes integration in terms of layers and representations. We describe how Amber learned to give oral presentations in which she told a story about how integration comes from products, sums, and limits in a variety of physics contexts. We conclude that by the end of our lessons, Amber was able to conceptualize and explain integrals using multiple representations. In one case, she was able to solve a novel problem about integration in an unfamiliar context (center of mass.) Based on our previous research about integration, we suggest that these achievements would have been unattainable with the use of a single one or two hour lesson.
Bio-effects of high magnetic fields: a study using a simple animal model.

Abstract The desire to do clinical imaging and spectroscopy at magnetic field strengths greater than 2 Tesla (T) necessitates investigation of possible bioeffects at these high fields. A simple T-maze was utilized to evaluate the aversive effects of exposure to three levels of static magnetic field (0, 1.5, and 4 T). The right arm of the maze extended into the center of a 30-cm horizontal bore magnet, while the left arm extended into a mock magnet bore with the same dimensions. The self-shielded design of the magnet reduces the fringe field to zero within 1 m of the bore, placing the start box of the maze outside the 5-G line of the magnet. Each rat performed a total of ten trials at each level of magnetic field strength. A follow-up subset was run at 4 T with the maze reversed. At 0 T, the rats entered the magnet freely. No significant differences from the control were observed at 1.5 T. At 4 T, however, in 97% of the trials the rats would not enter the magnet. In the maze-reversed subset a majority of the rats turned toward the magnet, indicating that they had learned an aversive response from the previous trials at 4 T. However, in only 4 decisions out of 58 did the rats actually enter the magnet. Eighteen decisions to turn around were made at the edge of the magnet in a region of strong field gradients (up to 13 T/m) and a field strength up to 1.75 T. We propose that the aversive response is most likely due to magnetic induction effects caused by motion in a strong magnetic field gradient.
Hydrodynamic noise and Bjorken expansion

Abstract Using the Bjorken expansion model we study the effect of intrinsic hydrodynamic noise on the correlations observed in heavy-ion collisions.
Review of a health fair screening program in Mid-Michigan.

Using sociodemographic data and findings from an evaluation survey, a Mid-Michigan health fair screening program is reviewed over a seven year period (1981–1987). Most participants were older adults, and nearly two-thirds were women. Very few participants named the media as a reason for attending the health fairs at which the screenings were given. Many had seen a physician within the past two years, yet very few reported that they had had a complete checkup. The implications of these findings and a rationale for health fairs as a mechanism for screening are discussed.
Multiagent Deployment Over a Source

We consider the problem of deploying a group of autonomous vehicles (agents) in a formation that has higher density near the source of a measurable signal and lower density away from the source. The spatial distribution of the signal and the location of the source are unknown, but the signal is known to decay with the distance from the source. The vehicles do not have the capability of sensing their own positions, but they are capable of sensing the distance between them and their neighbors. We design a control algorithm based on a combination of two components. One component of the control law is inspired by the heat partial differential equation (PDE) and results in the agents deploying between two anchor agents. The other component of the control law is based on extremum seeking and achieves higher vehicle density around the source. By using averaging theory for PDEs, we prove that the vehicle density will be highest around the source. We also quantify the density function of the agents' deployment position. By discretizing the model with respect to the continuous agent index, we obtain decentralized control laws for discrete agents and illustrate the theoretical results with simulations.
Regulation of KChIP2 potassium channel β subunit gene expression underlies the gradient of transient outward current in canine and human ventricle

Expression of four members of the KChIP family of potassium channel β subunits was examined in canine heart. Only one member of the gene family, KChIP2, was expressed in heart. There was a steep gradient of KChIP2 mRNA expression across the canine ventricular free wall. KChIP2 mRNA was 25-fold more abundant in the epicardium than in the endocardium, and this gradient paralleled the gradient in transient outward current (Ito) expression. In contrast, Kv4.3 potassium channel α subunit mRNA was expressed at equal levels across the ventricular wall. There was no difference in the pharmacological sensitivity of epicardial and endocardial Ito channels to flecainide, suggesting that the current is produced by the same channel in the two tissues. A similar gradient of KChIP2 expression was found across the ventricular wall of human heart, but not rat heart. It is concluded that transcriptional regulation of the KChIP2β subunit gene, rather than the Kv4.3α subunit gene, is the primary determinant regulating the transmural gradient of Ito expression in the ventricular free wall of canine and human heart.
National Conflict and Narrative Possibility in Faulkner and Garro

In her paper "National Conflict and Narrative Possibility in Faulkner and Garro" Kristin E. Pitt explores two twentieth-century narratives of the Americas set during and after civil war. Both William Faulkner's Absalom, Absalom! and Elena Garro's Los recuerdos del porvenir suggest that the historical narratives of the national community which have been celebrated by the U.S. South and Mexico have resulted in untenable contemporary social systems. Seizing the opportunity presented by national crisis, the central female characters of both novels attempt to rewrite the narratives of their imagined communities and reinscribe themselves within these revisions, doing so primarily by renegotiating the relationship between the nation and their corporeal selves. While the women's attempts ultimately fail on multiple levels, demonstrating the ease with which hegemonic articulations of the nation are able to close down the space their stories might have opened, Pitt argues that Absalom, Absalom! and Los recuerdos del porvenir nevertheless acknowledge the radical potential of the characters' revisions and offer suggestive models of how operative narratives of the American nations might be strategically engaged in order to disrupt or to subvert the limitations they impose. Kristin E. Pitt, "National Conflict and Narrative Possibility in Faulkner and Garro" page 2 of 15 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 8.2 (2006):
Model for Quantitative and Qualitative Control of mRNA Translation in Eukaryotes

IN a recent communication by Griffith and Mahler1 dealing with a ticketing theory of memory, the authors mentioned that their model stemmed from a hypothesis previously advanced by us in order to account for certain features of the process of translation in eukaryotic cells. This hypothesis has been briefly noted2 but not adequately described and is therefore presented here in detail.
Enhancement of secondary metabolite production by immobilized Gossypium arboreum cells

A novel reactor with simultaneous use of plant cell immobilization, permeabilization, and elicitation was designed to enhance the productivity of secondary metabolites and to overcome limitations of plant cell culture, such as slow metabolic rate, low product yield, and sensitivity to shear stresses. Production of gossypol, an antifungal agent, from Gossypium arboreum was selected as a model system. The effects of immobilization, permeabilization, and elicitation on gossypol production were investigated in free suspension culture, immobilized plant cell reactor with recycled batch operation, and bioreactor with continuous operation. G. arboreum cells were effectively immobilized on a cotton matrix by entrapment with a spirally wound configuration. Permeabilization of immobilized cells provided a tool for a continuous process increasing the release of gossypol by 30%, while the elicitation technique played a major role to enhance productivity by more than 8-fold. In comparisons of productivity, continuous operation and combined treatment gave productivity over 20-fold higher than batch culture. Simultaneous use of immobilization, permeabilization, and elicitation was possible in continuous operation with an immobilized plant cell reactor.
Conspicuity of bone metastases on fast Dixon-based multisequence whole-body MRI: clinical utility per sequence.

Abstract Purpose The purpose of the study was to evaluate the conspicuity of bone metastases on each of the numerous sequences produced by fast Dixon-based multisequence whole-body (WB) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanning in order to determine the most clinically useful sequences overall and per anatomic region. Materials and Methods Twenty-seven breast cancer patients with bone metastases were prospectively studied with fast Dixon-based WB MRI including head/neck, chest, abdominal, pelvic, thigh, calf/feet and either cervical, thoracic and lumbar or cervical/thoracic and thoracic/lumbar regions. Sequences included coronal T2, axial T1 without and with intravenous gadolinium (+ C), sagittal T1 spine + C, each associated fat-only (FO) and fat-saturated (FS) sequence, axial diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and short tau inversion recovery (STIR). Blinded reviewers evaluated lesion conspicuity, a surrogate of clinical utility, on a five-point scale per anatomic region. Sequences were compared using analysis of variance, differences were detected with Tukey's honestly significant difference test, and the four sequences with highest mean conspicuity were compared to the remainder overall and per anatomic region. Results Overall, a significant lesion conspicuity difference was found (P Conclusion Overall, bone lesions were most conspicuous on FS T1 + C sagittal, FO T1 + C sagittal, T1 + C sagittal and FS T1 + C axial fast Dixon WB MRI sequences.
Direct microinjection of cathinone into the rat brain produces discriminative stimuli.

Abstract Rats were trained to discriminate IP administration of 800 μg/kg cathinone using a food-motivated, two-lever discrimination procedure. Following training, 800 μg/kg cathinone discrimination was produced (generalized) by lower cathinone doses in a dose-responsive manner after IP administration; an ED50 value of 330 μg/kg was calculated. Subsequently, guide cannulae were implanted into the lateral ventricle and bilaterally into the nucleus accumbens. After recovery, injections were made via cannulae that extended 0.5 mm past the tip of the guide cannulae. ICV administration of 256 μg cathinone/rat produced discriminative responding on the cathinone-appropriate lever to the same degree as did the peripherally administered training dose of cathinone. Decreasing ICV doses produced decreased discriminative performance and allowed the calculation of an ED50 value of 90.5 μg. Likewise, administration of 64 μg cathinone/nucleus accumbens (for a total of 128 μg/rat) substituted for the IP training dose of cathinone. These results evidence the central mediation of the cathinone-induced discriminative stimulus cue and show that administration of cathinone into the nucleus accumbens is sufficient to produce these stimuli. Thus, these data suggest that receptors in the nucleus accumbens are importtant for the discrimination of this psychostimulant.
Family-Centered Early Intervention: Clarifying Our Values for the New Millennium

The term family-centered early intervention refers to both a philosophy of care and a set of practices. Both have been used to guide research, training, and service delivery for well over a decade....
Teaching publishing in the United States

What must a college professor know and do in order to teach about the diverse and constantly changing publishing field? The author discusses some theoretical and practical ideas about teaching publishing, including (1) establishing an advisory board of industry leaders; (2) creating a comprehensive publishing curriculum that draws upon the academic resources of other departments and/or schools within a university; (3) recruiting, developing, and maintaining a faculty; (4) developing an effective internship and job placement program; (5) establishing and maintaining contacts with regional and national publishing trade associations; and (6) discussing the need for more scholarly studies on the eclectic international publishing industry.
Continuous monitoring of arterial oxygen tension in the newborn infant

Part 1 of this study compares the incidence of complications associated with the use of an intra-arterialoxygen electrode in an umbilical artery catheter (IAOE) for continuous monitoring of the arterial oxygen tension (Pa O 2 ) and that associated with the use of routine umbilical artery catheters alone in 26 ill neonates. No difference in the rate or severity of thrombotic and septic complications was found as demonstrated by cultures of blood and catheter tips, blood pressure measurements, and pull-out aortograms. Part II consists of comparison of Pa O 2 's as measured by bench method and the IAOE monitoring system. Acceptable correlation (r=0.77) was found and recommendations for the use of this IAOE monitoring system are outlined. These results demonstrate both the safety and usefulness of a continuous monitoring system of Pa O 2 in neonates with severe, life-threatening cardiorespiratory distress.
EFFECTS OF CRUDE PANCREATIC ELASTASE ON SERUM HAPTOGLOBIN.

Abstract Elastase injected intravenously in rabbits produces up to a 7-fold rise in serum haptoglobin and a 2-fold rise in seromucoid (perchloric acid-soluble fraction). Unlike intravenous papain, elastase produces no rise in serum uronic acid, although in vitro cartilage is degraded by it. In vitro incubation of haptoglobin-rich sera with elastase gives rapid inactivation of haptoglobin, with a rise in perchloro-soluble protein, hexose and sialic acid. Thus, in vivo proteolysis of serum mucopolysaccharide-protein complexes and lipoproteins would not explain the increase in haptoglobin, but could be in part responsible for the seromucoid increase and for the observed lipemia. Failure to liberate uronic acid may be related to rapid clearance or inhibition of the enzyme, or to failure to reach cartilage sites.
Edge Insertion for Optional Triangulations

The edge-insertion paradigm improves a triangulation of a finite point set in ℜ2 iteratively by adding a new edge, deleting intersecting old edges, and retriangulating the resulting two polygonal regions. After presenting an abstract view of the paradigm, this paper shows that it can be used to obtain polynomial time algorithms for several types of optimal triangulations.
False Copies: Education, Imitation, and Citizenship in the Satyricon

Petronius’s Satyricon, long recognized as a commentary on rhetorical education, particularly declamation, forms a broad critique of (rhetorical) educational practices in the first century rooted in imitation—declamation, Greek Atticism, imperial rhetoric—and the types of citizens produced by such practices. Problematically, Petronius’s critique, which seeks to redefine class based on a certain cultivated taste or judgment as opposed to material wealth, assumes an elite perspective and falls into the long dismissed “decline narrative” of Roman rhetoric once prevalent in the history of rhetoric. This article seeks to move beyond “Trimalchio vision,” a term used by art historian Lauren Hackworth Peterson to classify derogatory attitudes toward freedmen, to suggest that rhetorical education in the first century reached its intended audience, producing upwardly socially mobile administrators and city patrons in the empire. In other words, rhetorical education was reaching a mass audience in first-century Rome.
In vitro Photooxidation of Nucleic Acids by Ultraviolet A Radiation

Although ultraviolet A radiation (UVA, 315-400 nm) has been shown to induce oxidative stress in mammalian cells and skin, the critical chromophore(s) and molecular target(s) involved have not been identified. We examined the role of oxidative damage to nucleic acids induced by UVA. To assess photooxidation of cellular DNA and RNA by UVA, we irradiated human skin fibroblasts with up to 765 kJ/m2 UVA. Cellular DNA and RNA were isolated immediately and enzymatically hydrolyzed to nucleosides. 8-Oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG), a primary oxidation product in DNA, and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine (8-oxoG), resulting from hydroxylation of guanine in RNA, were measured by HPLC with electrochemical detection. We determined that irradiation of skin fibroblasts with levels of UVA that produced moderate toxicity also resulted in significant levels of guanine hydroxylation in RNA. Lower levels of photooxidation were observed in DNA. These results suggest that measurement of guanine hydroxylation in nucleic acids, particularly in cellular RNA, may be a powerful tool for investigating the photobiological activity of UVA.
Outgassing asymmetry of periodic Comet Encke. II. Apparitions 1868-1918 and a study of the nucleus evolution

Directed outgassing from isolated sources on P/Encke's rotating nucleus is investigated based on observations made between 1868 and 1918. A model of a collimated particle flow which identifies a sunward fan-like coma with the emission cone described by the ejecta from a discrete active region is shown to account for physical observations of the comet's perihelion. The results support nucleus precession, with a time-variable rate averaging about 1 degree per revolution. It is suggested that wall collapse and other processes limit the lifespans of individual vents to only a few hundred years or so. Differences between new and old vents are considered.
Reflections on Muddied Waters

One morning I awoke with the disquieting feeling that I had been here before; confronted with a war, a sagging economy, the prospect of a cut in research funds, and a generation gap. A look at past Anglo-American wars and recessions over a 300-year period shows that they occur every 25 years on the average, i. e., about every generation. There are signs that the rising generation will bail us out.
A linear programming formulation for autonomous intersection control within a dynamic traffic assignment and connected vehicle environment

Abstract This paper develops a novel linear programming formulation for autonomous intersection control (LPAIC) accounting for traffic dynamics within a connected vehicle environment. Firstly, a lane based bi-level optimization model is introduced to propagate traffic flows in the network, accounting for dynamic departure time, dynamic route choice, and autonomous intersection control in the context of system optimum network model. Then the bi-level optimization model is transformed to the linear programming formulation by relaxing the nonlinear constraints with a set of linear inequalities. One special feature of the LPAIC formulation is that the entries of the constraint matrix has only {−1, 0, 1} values. Moreover, it is proved that the constraint matrix is totally unimodular, the optimal solution exists and contains only integer values. It is also shown that the traffic flows from different lanes pass through the conflict points of the intersection safely and there are no holding flows in the solution. Three numerical case studies are conducted to demonstrate the properties and effectiveness of the LPAIC formulation to solve autonomous intersection control.
Enhancing the thermal conductivity and compressive modulus of carbon fiber polymer–matrix composites in the through-thickness direction by nanostructuring the interlaminar interface with carbon black

Abstract Heat dissipation from aircraft is important. Carbon fiber polymer–matrix structural composites have high in-plane thermal conductivity, but low through-thickness conductivity. A nanostructuring method involving carbon black at the interlaminar interface was developed to improve the through-thickness conductivity. Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether (EGME) was used for dispersing the carbon black and to partially dissolution of the epoxy resin on the fiber-epoxy prepreg surface. EGME evaporated from the prepreg surface prior to composite fabrication. The optimum carbon black content in EGME for attaining high through-thickness conductivity was 0.8 wt.% for both unidirectional and crossply configurations. Applying EGME without carbon black improved the conductivity by up to 36%, but in the case with carbon black, the improvement was up to 210%. For the same interlaminar interface modification (except for EGME with 1.2 wt.% carbon black), the conductivity and its fractional increase were higher for the crossply configuration than the corresponding unidirectional configuration. The through-thickness compressive modulus and the flexural modulus were increased by up to 14% and 11%, respectively by using EGME with carbon black. The average thickness of the interlaminar interface increased with increasing carbon black content, but it was decreased by the use of EGME alone.
Teachers' Forum: Teaching MBA Quantitative Business Analysis with Cases

Interest is rising in how operations research/management science OR/MS fits into the Masters of Business Administration MBA curriculum and how we can make OR/MS courses more successful. Sessions on these topics proliferate at our professional meetings. At University of Virginia's Darden School, the quantitative analysis faculty has endeavored to move away from the traditional technique-driven, compartmentalized quantitative methods course to a first-year MBA course that is decision oriented, integrated within a business curriculum, managerially exciting, and dedicated to student-centered learning and cases. I want to describe our experience with this course, to indicate some of the critical success factors associated with it, and to provide ideas that may prove useful elsewhere.
UPPER LIMITS ON LOW-ENERGY COSMIC-RAY PROTONS AND HEAVY NUCLEI IN INTERSTELLAR SPACE.

THE recent advent of artificial satellites has made it possible to measure cosmic ray intensities at energies less than 50 MeV in the vicinity of the Earth. The fluxes of these cosmic ray protons and heavier nuclei are, however, not known in interstellar space, because the reduction of intensity during traversal against the solar wind from the edge of the solar system to the Earth is not known. I use the observations on extraterrestrial background gamma radiation between 0.3 and 2 MeV to set upper limits for cosmic ray protons and CNO nuclei in interstellar space, and I use these values to indicate the nature of solar modulation at low energies.
Atomistic simulations on parallel architectures

Algorithms are designed to implement molecular-dynamics simulations on emerging concurrent architectures. For systems with finite-range interactions, a domain decomposition algorithm is used to implement the multiple-time-step (MTS) approach to molecular-dynamics (MD) simulations on distributed-memory multiple instructions multiple data (MIMD) machines. This approach reduces the computation of forces significantly by exploiting the different time scales for short-range and intermediate-range interactions. Parallel algorithms are also designed for MD simulations of bulk Coulombic systems. The performance of these algorithms is tested on the Intel iPSC/860 system. The computational complexity of these algorithms is O(N) and parallel efficiencies close to 0.9. Molecular-dynamics simulations are carried out to investigate the structural and dynamical properties of highly densified and also porous silica glasses. Changes in the short-range and intermediate-range order in amorphous SiO2 are determined at different densities in the range of 4.28-0.1 g/cm3. Results for internal surface area and surface-to-volume ratio in porous SiO2 are also discussed. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.