cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Leveraging Collaborative-Filtering for Personalized Behavior Modeling: A Case Study of Depression Detection among College Students

The prevalence of mobile phones and wearable devices enables the passive capturing and modeling of human behavior at an unprecedented resolution and scale. Past research has demonstrated the capability of mobile sensing to model aspects of physical health, mental health, education, and work performance, etc. However, most of the algorithms and models proposed in previous work follow a one-size-fits-all (i.e., population modeling) approach that looks for common behaviors amongst all users, disregarding the fact that individuals can behave very differently, resulting in reduced model performance. Further, black-box models are often used that do not allow for interpretability and human behavior understanding. We present a new method to address the problems of personalized behavior classification and interpretability, and apply it to depression detection among college students. Inspired by the idea of collaborative-filtering, our method is a type of memory-based learning algorithm. It leverages the relevance of mobile-sensed behavior features among individuals to calculate personalized relevance weights, which are used to impute missing data and select features according to a specific modeling goal (e.g., whether the student has depressive symptoms) in different time epochs, i.e., times of the day and days of the week. It then compiles features from epochs using majority voting to obtain the final prediction. We apply our algorithm on a depression detection dataset collected from first-year college students with low data-missing rates and show that our method outperforms the state-of-the-art machine learning model by 5.1% in accuracy and 5.5% in F1 score. We further verify the pipeline-level generalizability of our approach by achieving similar results on a second dataset, with an average improvement of 3.4% across performance metrics. Beyond achieving better classification performance, our novel approach is further able to generate personalized interpretations of the models for each individual. These interpretations are supported by existing depression-related literature and can potentially inspire automated and personalized depression intervention design in the future.
Individual differences in student perceptions and utilization of undergraduate mentoring

Although academic mentors often play an important role in an undergraduate’s experience, the mentor-mentee relationship at the college level is not a topic that has received significant empirical a...
Effects of Interspecific Interactions on Infracommunities of Helminths Parasitizing Creek Chub (Semotilus atromaculatus)

Natural infections of Allocreadium lobatum Wallin, 1909 (Trematoda), Proteocephalus sp. (Cestoda), Rhabdochona canadensis Moravec and Arai, 1971 (Nematoda), Paulisentis missouriensis Keppner, 1974 (Acanthocephala), and Schyzocotyle acheilognathi (Yamaguti, 1934) (Cestoda) in the intestine of creek chub (Semotilus atromaculatus) were analyzed to determine whether patterns of interspecific competition were evident. Data from nearly 2 decades of sampling from the same system were analyzed for patterns of co-occurrence and abundance consistent with negative interactions. Co-occurrence analyses (null models and logistic regression) did not detect negative associations among parasite species. Positive associations among species were more common in null model comparisons. Correlation analyses demonstrated some significant negative correlations between the abundances of pairs of parasite species in some samples, but the overwhelming majority of correlations were insignificant or positive. Previous work did not detect negative microhabitat interactions among the most common helminths studied herein, and together, these results suggest the parasite communities of creek chub in the study area are absent any substantial effect of antagonistic or other negative interspecific interactions. Differences in transmission rate, mode, and spatiotemporal variation are likely dominant processes explaining the patterns observed in the present investigation.
Optimal Inflation Target in an Economy with Menu Costs and a Zero Lower Bound

I study the optimal inflation target in a quantitative menu cost model with a zero lower bound on interest rates. I find that the optimal inflation target is 3.5 percent, which is higher than in models commonly used for monetary policy analysis. Key to this result is that inflation has a small effect on resource misallocation when the model features firm-level shocks, which are necessary to match the empirical distribution of price changes. A higher inflation target decreases price flexibility at the zero lower bound, and through this mechanism, it reduces the severity of recessions when the monetary authority is constrained.
Slippery Math In Public Affairs: Price Tag And Defense

Slippery numbers in the public arena: boldfaced lies something's amiss coming up with the numbers. Math model portraits: what's the cost of smoking Andy and Rasa take vacations math model development. The price tag: the numbers you don't knowcan hurt you consequences of math fiction. Preventative medicine - education: mathematics education.
Rites of passage: female

The female life course is marked by dramatic discontinuity, both physically and culturally, by events such as menarche, a marriage ceremony, pregnancy, and menopause. In the nonindustrialized world, traditional societies varied in which life-course events were assigned rites of passage. For many, but not all of these societies, menarche, eligibility for marriage, and the transition to female adulthood at puberty were marked by a great variety of ceremonials. Keywords: female adolescent initiation rites; female puberty rites; female rites of passage; menarche
Bathymetry correction using an adjoint component of a coupled nearshore wave-circulation model: Tests with synthetic velocity data

[1] The impact of assimilation of wave-averaged flow velocities on the bathymetric correction is studied in tests with synthetic (model-generated) data using tangent-linear and adjoint components of a one-way coupled nearshore wave-circulation model. Weakly and strongly nonlinear regimes are considered, featuring energetic unsteady along-beach flows responding to time-independent wave-averaged forcing due to breaking waves. It is found that assimilation of time-averaged velocities on a regular grid (mimicking an array of remotely sensed data) provides sensible corrections to bathymetry. Even though the wave data are not assimilated, flow velocity assimilation utilizes adjoint components of both the circulation and wave models. The representer formalism allows separating contributions of these two components to the bathymetric correction. In a test case considered, involving a beach with an alongshore varying bar, the adjoint wave model contribution was mainly to determine the cross-shore position of the bar crest. The adjoint circulation model provided an additional contribution, mostly adding to alongshore variability in the shape of the bar. The array mode analysis reveals that there are very few modes that can be effectively corrected, given the assumed data error level. Bathymetry perturbations associated with these modes are a mixture of near-coast intensified modes as well as modes extending their influence to deep water (along the background wave characteristics). Additional tests show the utility of different observational arrays in providing the bathymetric correction.
Using Trust and Anonymity to Expand the Use of Anonymizing Systems that Improve Security Across Organizations and Nations

To mitigate risks inherent in sharing sensitive cyber-security information, recent research has examined anonymizing systems (ANS) that hide the identities of participants and decouple data from their originators. ANS are particularly compelling as a potential support to cyber-security information sharing because the cost of implementation is relatively low, and the more organizations and nations that participate, the more everyone benefits. Although such systems are promising to both developing and mature cyber-infrastructures, they still have not been widely adopted for use in sharing cyber-security information. Relatively little prior research has investigated the perception and adoption of these systems, despite their potential value for organizations and nations in supporting the battle against cyber-crime.Given these opportunities, this study tries to better understand the factors that foster adoption of ANS. Accordingly, we present a theoretical model intended to explain the trust process involved in user adoption of anonymizing systems. We theorize that users’ beliefs regarding trust in the information provided by the system and the risks associated with using the system, as well as beliefs in the system’s anonymizing capability, will lead to greater levels of adoption. Further, perceptions of system quality are theorized to contribute to user trusting beliefs. The results of a free-simulation experiment largely validate the proposed model. These results should help inform the next generation of ANS development and deployment.
Central Limit Theorems and Large Deviations for Additive Functionals of Reflecting Diffusion Processes

This paper develops central limit theorems (CLT’s) and large deviations results for additive functionals associated with reflecting diffusions in which the functional may include a term associated with the cumulative amount of boundary reflection that has occurred. Extending the known central limit and large deviations theory for Markov processes to include additive functionals that incorporate boundary reflection is important in many applications settings in which reflecting diffusions arise, including queueing theory and economics. In particular, the paper establishes the partial differential equations that must be solved in order to explicitly compute the mean and variance for the CLT, as well as the associated rate function for the large deviations principle.
Washington Mutual's Covered Bonds (TN)

Washington Mutual issued 6 billion Euro of covered bonds in 2006. The objective of the case is to ask whether these bonds are mispriced in late 2008. The case is set in September 2008, and Washington Mutual is facing considerable distress due to mounting losses on its mortgage portfolio. Following investment bank Lehman Brother's Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection filing in mid September, the price of Washington Mutual's covered bonds has fallen to 75 per 100 of face value. As these bonds are overcollateralized, the case asks students to evaluate the underlying collateral portfolio in the event of liquidation, as well as assessing the likelihood of different outcomes. The case takes place during a period of considerable uncertainty in the global capital markets.
Slavery and sentimentalism: The strange career of augustine St. Clare

(1986). Slavery and sentimentalism: The strange career of augustine St. Clare. Women's Studies: Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 31-54.
DETERMINATION OF THE NUCLEON--NUCLEON SCATTERING MATRIX. VII. (p,p) ANALYSIS FROM 0 TO 400 MeV.

All of the available ($p,p$) scattering data from 1 to 400 MeV have been analyzed, and a self-consistent set of 839 data has been chosen. Using this data selection, we investigated a number of different forms for the phase-shift energy dependence. The correct number of free parameters to use with each form was studied. The most suitable form, form $A$, gave the least-squares values ${\ensuremath{\chi}}^{2}=810$ and ${\ensuremath{\chi}}^{2}=858$ for 30- and 23-parameter solutions, respectively. A subset of 588 data in six narrow energy bands was used to obtain single-energy solutions. It is shown that this subset contains most of the physical content of the full set of 839 data. The value ${g}^{2}=14.72\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.83$ was obtained for the pion-nucleon coupling constant.
Influence of ampicillin, ceftiofur, attenuated live PRRSV vaccine, and reduced dose Streptococcus suis exposure on disease associated with PRRSV and S. suis coinfection.

Abstract The objective of this research was to evaluate the efficacy of two antimicrobials (ampicillin and ceftiofur), a modified-live porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) vaccine, and low dose exposure to Streptococcus suis on disease associated with PRRSV/ S. suis coinfection. Fifty-six, crossbred, PRRSV-free pigs were weaned at 10–12 days of age and randomly assigned to five treatment groups. All pigs were inoculated with 2 ml of 10 6.4 TCID 50 /ml of high virulence PRRSV isolate VR-2385 intranasally at 29–31 days of age (day 0 of the study) followed 7 days later by intranasal inoculation with 2 ml of 10 8.9 colony forming units (CFU)/ml S . suis type 2 isolate ISU VDL #40634/94. Pigs in group 1 ( n =10) served as untreated infected positive controls. Pigs in group 2 ( n =12) were treated with 5.0 mg/kg ceftiofur hydrochloride intramuscularly (IM) on days 8, 11, and 14. Pigs in group 3 ( n =11) were treated with 11 mg/kg ampicillin IM on days 8–10. Pigs in group 4 ( n =12) were vaccinated 14 days prior to PRRSV challenge with a commercial modified-live PRRSV vaccine. Pigs in group 5 ( n =11) were exposed to a 1:100 dilution of the S. suis challenge inoculum 19 days prior to S. suis challenge. Mortality was 80, 25, 82, 83, and 36% in groups 1–5, respectively. The reduced dose S. suis exposure had some residual virulence, evidenced by S. suis induced meningitis in two pigs after exposure. Treatment with ceftiofur hydrochloride and reduced dose exposure to S. suis were the only treatments which significantly ( P S. suis coinfection, significantly ( P S. suis from tissues at necropsy, and significantly ( P
Genetics of alcohol and other abused drugs

Genetic approaches have been applied to the study of all drugs of abuse with varying degrees of ardor. Systematic ‘modern’ studies of the genetic influence on drug sensitivity date at least to the late 1940s, Ž . when Mardones 1951 demonstrated that rats could be genetically selected for high or low alcohol drinking. This basic experiment has been repeated many times over, with increasing sophistication. A Ž . systematic and nearly but not completely successful attempt to review all published studies of genetic contributions to individual differences in response to alcohol, barbiturates, opiates, benzodiazepines, cocaine, amphetamine, nicotine and other drugs through Ž early 1991 has been published Crabbe and Harris, . 1991 . Chapters in that volume and many subsequent Ž reviews e.g. Smolen and Marks, 1991; Marley et al., 1992; Crabbe and Li, 1995; Uhl et al., 1995; Mogil et . al., 1996; Crawley et al., 1997; Buck et al., 1998 provide basic information about the many genetic strategies that have been employed for each class of abused drugs, concentrating on the use of genetic animal models in preclinical studies. A useful introduction to the methods employed with human populations to establish genetic influence is provided by Ž . Crowe 1995 . This minireview will only briefly describe genetic methods and their strengths and weaknesses, and will concentrate on recent findings. The reader will be referred to relevant reviews for more details about specific approaches. Also, the review will focus on genetic influences on drug sensitivity and drug seeking not controlled by differences in bioavailability at the brain targets of abused drugs. While there are many human studies implicating genetic predisposi-
The effectiveness of flow analysis for inlining

An interprocedural flow analysis can justify inlining in higher-order languages. In principle, more inlining can be performed as analysis accuracy improves. This paper compares four flow analyses to determine how effectively they justify inlining in practice. The paper makes two contributions. First, the relative merits of the flow analyses are measured with all other variables held constant. The four analyses include two monovariant and two polyvariant analyses that cover a wide range of the accuracy/cost spectrum. Our measurements show that the effectiveness of the inliner improves slightly as analysis accuracy improves, but the improvement is offset by the compile-time cost of the accurate analyses. The second contribution is an improvement to the previously reported inlining algorithm used in our experiments. The improvement causes flow information provided by a polyvariant analysis to be selectively merged. By merging flow information depending on the inlining context, the algorithm is able to expose additional opportunities for inlining. This merging technique can be used in any program transformer justified by a polyvariant flow analysis. The revised algorithm is fully implemented in a production Scheme compiler.
CITIZEN INVOLVEMENT IN THE COPRODUCTION OF POLICE OUTPUTS

ABSTRACT It is often implied that citizens’ attitudes toward the police are a determinant of their willingness to engage in the coproduction of police outputs. This relationship, however, has been subjected to only limited empirical scrutiny. Using data from a three wave panel survey conducted in a large metropolitan area, this study examines the determinants of coproduction with particular emphasis on the causal role of citizens’ attitudes toward the police. The study provides little support for the hypothesis which links citizens’ attitudes to citizen willingness to engage in coproductive behaviors. Instead, a variety of other individual level variables appear to have a much greater effect on citizen willingness to engage in coproductive behaviors.
Interaction between two nearby diffusion-controlled reactive sites in a plane

The complete series solution for two diffusion-controlled chemically reactive sites, each of radius a, located on an inert plane an arbitrary center-to-center distance d apart, is presented. Simple analytical forms are developed to calculate the site reaction rates in terms of d∕a. The impact of these results on a number of important problems in chemical physics is discussed.
Van ‘een gokje wagen’ tot gokverslaving: de neurocognitieve achtergrond van pathologisch gokken

De meeste mensen in Nederland wagen wel eens een gokje, zoals blijkt uit de speelomzet van ruim anderhalf miljard euro bruto in 2004, die het College van Toezicht op de Kansspelen rapporteerde. Bij een klein gedeelte van deze mensen gaat het echter verder dan een gokje wagen en kan gokken leiden tot gokverslaving, waarbij de gokker de controle verliest over zijn eigen gokgedrag en de negatieve consequenties zich opstapelen: schulden, problemen op het werk of in relaties en het niet meer kunnen stoppen met gokken. De verminderde zelfregulatie die een gokverslaafde laat zien, roept de vraag op of er ook verminderde zelfregulatie is op een basaler, neurocognitief niveau. En hebben neurocognitieve functies ook gevolgen voor het verloop van deze stoornis?
Pharmacokinetics, chemical interactions, and toxicological risk assessment in perspective.

Chemical mixtures and multiple routes of exposure are frequently difficult problems for exposure and risk assessors. Chemicals can interact synergistically or antagonistically at a variety of physi...
Global policy optimization and the exchange-rate regime

Abstract The international coordination of macroeconomic policies is apt to be imperfect. Therefore, exchange-rate regimes can be compared by asking whether they allow individual governments to achieve their national objectives without coordination. This question is pursued in a model containing two large industrial countries and many small less-developed countries. The model starts and ends in a stationary state, and governments are well behaved; they do not try to push their economies away from long-run equilibrium. But they have views about the appropriate path back to equilibrium following a shock and use their monetary policies to reach it. When both large countries do so independently, they can wind up in a less than optimal situation, and coordination is needed to extract them from it. The character of the outcome depends on both the nature of the shock and the exchange-rate regime. But pegged rates dominate floating rates in several cases, in that they obviate the need for coordination, and floating rates never dominate pegged rates. Thus, floating rates do not facilitate decentralized policy making but call for coordination more frequently than do pegged rates.
Secondary Prevention of Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack: Is More Platelet Inhibition the Answer?

Background— Recurrent cerebrovascular events constitute an estimated 200 000 of the 700 000 strokes reported annually in the United States, which makes secondary stroke prevention an important goal in the management of disease among patients who have experienced stroke or transient ischemic attack. Methods and Results— Various pharmacological approaches have been advocated, but the relative efficacy and safety of these regimens has remained the subject of much debate. The results of recent clinical trials on the use of antiplatelet therapy suggest that patients with a history of stroke or transient ischemic attack may constitute a population distinct from patients with coronary or peripheral vascular disease. This may be caused, in part, by the differing etiologies of stroke and the increased vulnerability of cerebral vessels to bleeding. Indeed, dual antiplatelet therapy, which has been found to be beneficial for the treatment of acute coronary syndromes and percutaneous coronary interventions, does not ...
Evaluation of relative fertility of cryopreserved goat sperm

This study was designed to compare differences in the in vivo fertility of cryopreserved goat semen assessed by heterospermic insemination with differences in in vitro analyses. Five groups of does were inseminated with mixed frozen-thawed semen from different pairs of bucks. The percentage of offspring sired by each buck in the pair was compared with the relative ability of spermatozoa from that frozen-thawed ejaculate to penetrate zona-free hamster ova, relative post-thaw acrosomal integrity, ability to undergo an acrosome reaction during in vitro capacitation, and assessments of sperm motility. In 4 of the 5 different insemination pairs, the ratio of offspring born was other than 1:1. Acrosomal integrity, ability of spermatozoa to undergo an acrosome reaction, and parameters of sperm motility were not correlated with differences in relative fertility in this experiment using ejaculates from fertile bucks. The ability of spermatozoa to fuse with the oocyte plasma membrane was highly correlated with relative in vivo fertility (R2=0.78, P=0.04). This suggests that fusion with the oocyte plasma membrane is an event in the fertilization process in which significant variation exists among fertile bucks. Assessment of ability of spermatozoa to fuse with zona-free hamster ova may contribute to analysis of post-thaw fertility of frozen-thawed buck semen.
A More Complete Description of the Shear Rheology of High-Temperature, High-Shear Journal Bearing Lubrication

High-pressure viscometers, which have in the past been used mainly to obtain rheological properties for elastohydrodynamics, can be used to obtain flow curves for motor oils that extend much deeper into the shear-thinning regime than conventional high-temperature, high-shear (HTHS) viscometers and the constitutive information obtained should be immensely helpful in journal bearing calculations. A simple infinite journal bearing calculation shows that the effect of pressure on viscosity is at least as important as the effect of shear rate and that shear rate alone is a poor measure of the extent of shear thinning in a bearing under HTHS conditions. Then variability in piezoviscous response should be at least as important as variability in shear thinning. Sufficiently accurate theory exists to possibly design lubricants for both high load capacity and low friction by balancing pressure and shear rate effects. Presented at the ASME/STLE Tribology Conference in Long Beach, California October 24-27, 2004 Revie...
The effect of auditing firms' tone at the top on auditors' job autonomy, organizational‐professional conflict, and job satisfaction

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between auditors' perception of their firm's tone at the top and attributes of their professional environment and their job satisfaction.Design/methodology/approach – Research hypotheses are developed based on prior research including research on social judgment theory. Structural equation modeling is used to analyze the data collected through a survey of auditors.Findings – The results show that the tone at the top affects job autonomy and organizational‐professional conflict. Each of these variables directly or indirectly affects job satisfaction. This paper also provides evidence that the tone at the top filters down to at least the senior rank.Research limitations/implications – Limitations include the usual caveats associated with the survey method. Notwithstanding these limitations, the results suggest that a tone at the top that emphasizes audit effectiveness may not only improve the quality of today's audits, but by improving job s...
Distributed Language Modeling for $N$-best List Re-ranking

In this paper we describe a novel distributed language model for N-best list re-ranking. The model is based on the client/server paradigm where each server hosts a portion of the data and provides information to the client. This model allows for using an arbitrarily large corpus in a very efficient way. It also provides a natural platform for relevance weighting and selection. We applied this model on a 2.97 billion-word corpus and re-ranked the N-best list from Hiero, a state-of-the-art phrase-based system. Using BLEU as a metric, the re-ranked translation achieves a relative improvement of 4.8%, significantly better than the model-best translation.
The Pegasus heterogeneous multidatabase system

Pegasus, a heterogeneous multidatabase management system that responds to the need for effective access and management of shared data across in a wide range of applications, is described. Pegasus provides facilities for multidatabase applications to access and manipulate multipole autonomous heterogeneous distributed object-oriented relational, and other information systems through a uniform interface. It is a complete data management system that integrates various native and local databases. Pegasus takes advantage of object-oriented data modeling and programming capabilities. It uses both type and function abstractions to deal with mapping and integration problems. Function implementation can be defined in an underlying database language or a programming language. Data abstraction and encapsulation facilities in the Pegasus object model provide an extensible framework for dealing with various kinds of heterogeneities in the traditional database systems and nontraditional data sources. >
Fermentation of various dietary fiber sources by human fecal bacteria

Abstract Eleven fiber-rich substrates were subjected to in vitro incubation with fecal bacteria from each of three adult male volunteers to assess substrate organic matter disappearance (OMD), short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production, and the potential water holding capacity (PWHC) of fermented residues. Substrate OMD ranged from 83.3% (citrus pectin) to 5.8% (oat fiber). Total SCFA production (mmol/g substrate OM) was highly correlated to OMD and ranged from 9.64 (gum arabic) to 0.48 (oat fiber). Molar ratios of acetate:propionate produced during fermentation varied considerably among substrates, ranging from 1.5 for guar gum to 12.6 for citrus pectin. PWHC, an estimate of potential fecal bulking effects, was negatively related to OMD (r = −0.88) and ranged from 4.47 (oat fiber) to 0.71 (citrus pectin) g H 2 O/g substrate dry matter. In vitro fermentation techniques can be potentially useful predictors of in vivo responses to dietary fiber sources.
Abelson, enabled, and P120catenin exert distinct effects on dendritic morphogenesis in Drosophila

Neurons exhibit diverse dendritic branching patterns that are important for their function. However, the signaling pathways that control the formation of different dendritic structures remain largely unknown. To address this issue in vivo, we use the peripheral nervous system (PNS) of Drosophila as a model system. Through both loss-of-function and gain-of-function analyses in vivo, we show here that the nonreceptor tyrosine kinase Abelson (Abl), an important regulator of cytoskeleton dynamics, inhibits dendritic branching of dendritic arborization (DA) sensory neurons in Drosophila. Enabled (Ena), a substrate for Abl, promotes the formation of both dendritic branches and actin-rich spine-like protrusions of DA neurons, an effect opposite to that of Abl. In contrast, p120catenin (p120ctn) primarily enhances the development of spine-like protrusions. These results suggest that Ena is a key regulator of dendritic branching and that different regulators of the actin cytoskeleton exert distinct effects on dendritic morphogenesis. Developmental Dynamics 234:512–522, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Rotation algorithm artifacts in stereoscopic images

We examine the effect of using rotations for generation of the left- and right-eye perspective views of a stereoscopic image. We show that this approach to stereoscopic display of perspective views results in vertical parallax between the left- and right-eye views and we present an analytic expression that characterizes this parallax in terms of the center of rotation, the location of the image plane, and the angle of rotation. We also derive an analytic expression that shows that the rotation of the perspective views results in a semicylindrical stereo window with center at approximately (0, 0, P12) and radius R/2, where R is the distance from the center of rotation to the center of projection. When this semicylindrical window is mapped to a flat display surface, relative depth relationships can be distorted.
Organization of coiled-coil molecules in native mouse keratin 1/keratin 10 intermediate filaments: Evidence for alternating rows of antiparallel in-register and antiparallel staggered molecules

Abstract There is considerable diversity of opinion in the literature concerning the organization of two-chain coiled-coil molecules in intermediate filaments. I have reexplored this issue using the limited proteolysis paradigm with native mouse epidermal keratin intermediate filaments (KIF), consisting of keratins 1 and 10. KIF were harvested as cytoskeletal pellets, dissociated into subfilamentous forms at pH 9.8, 9.0, or 2.6, and were subjected to limited proteolytic digestion to recover α-helix-enriched particles that derived from the rod domains of the constituent chains, using conditions that do not promote reorganization of the constituent protein chains or coiled-coil molecules. The multichain particles were subjected to physicochemical analyses, amino acid sequencing, and electron microscopy in order to determine their composition, structure, and organization within the intact KIF. The results predict two principal modes of alignment: neighboring molecules may be aligned in register and antiparallel or staggered and antiparallel. From known structural constraints, this permits construction of a two-dimensional surface lattice for KIF which consists of alternating antiparallel rows of in-register and staggered molecules. These data establish the level of hierarchy at which the well-known antiparallelity and staggered features of KIF are introduced. This model supports the proposals of KIF structure based on theoretical considerations of ionic interactions scores (Crewther et al., 1983). When the KIF are dissociated at extremes of pH, this structural model allows for disruption along alternate axes; the in-register antiparallel alignment is seen only when KIF are dissociated at high pH values; below pH 9, only the staggered antiparallel alignment is seen. The process of molecule realignment especially in concentrated urea solutions indicates that the staggered antiparallel alignment is the more thermodynamically stable form in solution.
On the input-output stability of time-varying nonlinear feedback systems--Part II: Conditions involving circles in the frequency plane and sector nonlinearities

The object of this paper is to outline a stability theory based on functional methods. Part I of the paper was devoted to a general feedback configuration. Part II is devoted to a feedback system consisting of two elements, one of which is linear time-invariant, and the other nonlinear. An attempt is made to unify several stability conditions, including Popov's condition, into a single principle. This principle is based on the concepts of conicity and positivity, and provides a link with the notions of gain and phase shift of the linear theory. Part II draws on the (generalized) notion of a "sector non-linearity." A nonlinearity N is said to be INSIDE THE SECTOR {\alpha,\beta} if it satisfies an inequality of the type \langle(Nx-\alphax)_{t}, (Nx-\betax)_{t}\rangle\leq0 . If N is memoryless and is characterized by a graph in the plane, then this simply means that the graph lies inside a sector of the plane. However, the preceding definition extends the concept to include nonlinearities with memory. There are two main results. The first result, the CIRCLE THEOREM, asserts in part that: If the nonlinearity is inside a sector {\alpha, \beta} , and if the frequency response of the linear element avoids a "critical region" in the complex plane, then the closed loop is bounded; if \alpha > 0 then the critical region is a disk whose center is halfway between the points -1/\alpha and -1/\beta , and whose diameter is greater than the distance between these points. The second result is a method for taking into account the detailed properties of the nonlinearity to get improved stability conditions. This method involves the removal of a "multiplier" from the linear element. The frequency response of the linear element is modified by the removal, and, in effect, the size of the critical region is reduced. Several conditions, including Popov's condition, are derived by this method, under various restrictions on the nonlinearity N ; the following cases are treated: (i) N is instantaneously inside a sector {\alpha, \beta} . (ii) N satisfies (i) and is memoryless and time-invariant. (iii) N satisfies (ii) and has a restricted slope.
Computer access control policy choices

This paper provides a guide-a road map-for refining a high-level information dissemination/control policy into an implementable access control policy. This process involves determining the appropriate set of policy-oriented limitations and can take place at many levels, from a top-level corporate decision to a hardware implementation choice. The paper discusses many of the choices that need to be made in the process and some of the implications of making each decision. A discussion of the Generalized Framework for Access Control (GFAC), an ongoing research effort, presents a framework and new perspective for describing access controls. Discretionary Access Control and Mandatory Access Control are described within the GFAC framework, and two examples are given showing how changing some of the policy choices can represent a different policy which may meet a different set of access control requirements.
A crystal plasticity theory for latent hardening by glide twinning through dislocation transmutation and twin accommodation effects

Imagine a residual glide twin interface advancing in a grain under the action of a monotonic stress. Close to the grain boundary, the shape change caused by the twin is partly accommodated by kinks and partly by slip emissions in the parent; the process is known as accommodation effects. When reached by the twin interface, slip dislocations in the parent undergo twinning shear. The twinning shear extracts from the parent dislocation a twinning disconnection, and thereby releases a transmuted dislocation in the twin. Transmutation populates the twin with dislocations of diverse modes. If the twin deforms by double twinning, double-transmutation occurs even if the twin retwins by the same mode or detwins by a stress reversal. If the twin deforms only by slip, transmutation is single. Whether single or double, dislocation transmutation is irreversible. The multiplicity of dislocation modes increases upon strain, since the twin finds more dislocations to transmute upon further slip of the parent and further growth of the twin. Thus, the process induces an increasing latent hardening rate in the twin. Under profuse twinning conditions, typical of double-lattice structures, this rate-increasing latent hardening combined with crystal rotation to hard orientations by twinning is consistent with a regime of increasing hardening rate, known as Regime II or Regime B. In this paper, we formulate governing equation of the above transmutation and accommodation effects in a crystal plasticity framework. We use the dislocation density based model originally proposed by Beyerlein and Tome (2008) to derive the effect of latent hardening in a transmuting twin. The theory is expected to contribute to surmounting the difficulty that current models have to simultaneously predict under profuse twinning, the stress-strain curves, intermediate deformation textures, and intermediate twin volume fractions.
An autoradiographic study of the organization of intrahippocampal association pathways in the rat.

The longer associational connections of the hippocampal formation have been studied autoradiographically in a series of adult rats after small injections of 3H-amino acids into each of its various cytoarchitectonic fields. The major findings can be summarized as follows. The dentate gyrus projects in a topographically ordered manner upon the pyramidal cells of the regio inferior by way of the supra- and infrapyramidal bundles of mossy fibers. Certain cells in the hilar region of the dentate gyrus (which operationally may be defined as constituting field CA4 of Ammon's horn) give rise to a hippocampodentate projection to the inner one-quarter of the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus. Either the same or closely related cells give rise to fibers which join the Schaffer collateral system from field CA3 to the stratum radiatum and stratum oriens of the regio superior. The regio inferior is also characterized by a longitudinally directed associational bundle which runs throughout the septo-temporal extent of the hippocampus and is centered in the region of subfield CA3a. The regio superior has no reciprocal projection to the regio inferior but sends a substantial projection back to the subiculum and to the entorhinal area. There is also a projection to the subiculum from the regio inferior, and the subiculum itself probably contributes significantly to the projection to the entorhinal and perirhinal cortices. There is a striking parallelism between certain of these associational connections and the commissural projections to the hippocampus and dentate gyrus. Each cytoarchitectonic field that contributes a commissural projection also gives rise to an ipsilateral associational pathway which in its intrahippocampal course and its mode of termination exactly matches that of the commissural projection, although in general, the associational connections are more extensive in their distribution along the septo-temporal extent of the hippocampus than the corresponding commissural connections. The reverse is not true; there are a number of associational projections which are not paralleled by commissural projection. All of the associational projections are topographically arranged, but those which extend across the transverse axis of the hippocampus usually show considerable divergence so that afferents from different levels overlap fairly considerably within their respective projection fields.
Packing an Equilateral Polygon in a Thin Strip

LetPm denote an equilateral polygon ofm sides with each side having length 1 and we allow the sides to cross and vertex repetitions. We consider the following question. What is the smallest widthtm of a horizontal strip in the Euclidean plane that contains aPm? This problem has its origins in Euclidean Ramsey theory. Whenm is even, it is easy to see thattm=0. For a polygon with an odd number of sides, we prove that $$\begin{gathered} t_{2n + 1} = \frac{{\sqrt {2n + 1} }}{{n + 1}} for 2n + 1 \equiv 3(\bmod 4) and \hfill \\ t_{2n + 1} = \sqrt {\frac{{2n + 1}}{{n^2 + 2n}}} for 2n + 1 \equiv 1(\bmod 4) \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ respectively. Applying the result to unit distance graphs, we prove the following: SupposeG is a unit-distance graph, i.e.G can be drawn on the planeR2 such that each edge ofG is a straight line segment of length 1. IfG has no odd circuits of length greater than or equal to 15, thenX(G) ≤ 6, whereX(G) is the chromatic number ofG.
Do linguistic differences lead to cognitive differences? A cross-linguistic study of semantic and cognitive development:

Semantic and cognitive development were studied in eight Korean and French-speaking children, and these results were compared with results for 12 English-speakers. The children received object- permanence, means-ends and categorization tasks and their develop ment of related linguistic forms, disappearance and success/failure words and a naming spurt, was recorded. There were close and specific relations between these semantic and cognitive developments. However, non-English-speakers used very different forms from English-speakers to encode disappearance, success and failure; in particular, Korean-speakers used verbs. This suggests that children may have been motivated to acquire these words because of their cognitive significance. Moreover, both categorization and naming developed later in the Korean-speakers than in English-speakers and French-speakers. This may be due to the fact that verbs are more perceptually salient in Korean than nouns. This difference between the language groups also suggests tha...
24-HOUR VARIATIONS IN SERUM OSTEOCALCIN (Oc) CONCENTRATIONS IN TEENAGE MALES

Oc (bone-gla protein), a calcium-binding protein found in bone, has been used as a marker for metabolic bone disease. Serum concentrations of Oc are known to peak during adolescence. Since blood ionized calcium concentrations (Ca++) undergo circadian rhythmicity in teenagers, we examined the possibility that time of sampling may be an important factor in interpreting Oc levels. 2 healthy adolescent males, aged 15 and 17, had blood sampled q 30' for 24 hours via an indwelling venous catheter. Blood Ca++ and serum Oc, total calcium (CaT) and phosphate (Pi) concentrations were determined. Marked variations in Oc concentrations were found in both subjects throughout the day. No significant correlations were found between Oc and mineral patterns. However, the intersubject correlation between 24-hour Oc concentrations was .46, p<.01. Conclusions: 1) Daily fluctuations in serum Oc concentration from individuals must be taken into account in interpreting the results from randomly obtained blood samples; 2) Correlation in Oc patterns between 2 subjects suggests the presence of circadian rhythmicity in serum Oc.
Vesta - The first pyroxene band from new spectroscopic measurements

Spectral reflectance measurements of asteroid 4 Vesta were obtained using a silicon vidicon spectrometer with a resolution of 2 to 4 thousandths of a micron. A flow chart illustrating the data reduction procedure is given, and the location, absorptivity, and bandwidth of an absorption band detected in the near infrared region are described. The absorption band has been interpreted as due to electronic absorptions in ferrous iron in sixfold coordination in the pyroxene, pigeonite. The heightened spectral resolution obtained from the silicon vidicon imaging system permits determination of the relative calcium content of the pyroxene (10 to 12%). Furthermore, the symmetry of the absorption band implies an absence of olivine, which is commonly associated with pyroxene in terrestrial and meteoritic mineral samples. Support for these conclusions is found in spectral analyses of pyroxene, as well as in spectral reflectance measurements of 4 Vesta obtained by other observers.
TGA/FTIR and DSC/FTIR: combined approaches to solving problems

Thermal analysis of complex samples has been greatly assisted by the coupling of FT-IR analysis to the TA experiment, and evolved gas analysis by infrared spectroscopy has been very successful in combined TGA/FT-IR experiments. During a combined DSC/FT-IR experiment the FT-IR analysis is performed on the sample itself, by using an infrared transmitting microscope. A curing reaction and thermal changes in a polymer are used to demonstrate the use of a combined DSC/FT-IR system. By combining a simultaneous TGA/DSC instrument with FT-IR evolved gas analysis, we are now able to obtain three sets of complementary information, on the same sample, in one experiment. A study of the thermal behavior of zinc stearate is reported by using TGA/DSC/FT-IR.
High prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: association with disease characteristics and cardiovascular risk factors.

Background: The metabolic syndrome is an independent risk factor for ischaemic heart disease. Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have accelerated atherosclerosis; however, there are no controlled studies of the metabolic syndrome in patients with SLE. Objective: To compare the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in patients with SLE and controls and to evaluate its relationship to other cardiovascular risk factors and inflammation. Methods: 102 patients with SLE and 101 controls were studied. The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was compared in patients and controls using the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP) and the World Health Organization (WHO) definitions, and associations with cardiovascular risk factors and lupus characteristics were examined. Results: The metabolic syndrome was present in 32.4% of patients and in 10.9% of controls subjects (p Conclusions: Patients with SLE have a higher prevalence of insulin resistance and consequently of the WHO-defined metabolic syndrome than controls. In patients with SLE, the metabolic syndrome was associated with higher levels of inflammation and may provide a link between inflammation and increased cardiovascular risk.
Participatory Localization: A Social Justice Approach to Navigating Unenfranchised/Disenfranchised Cultural Sites

This article investigates the social justice implications of localization and reports the results of an empirical study that examines poor designer localization efforts in documentation used in marketing sexuopharmaceuticals. It argues against a top-down view of design and communication and instead advocates a participatory approach that takes into account user linguacultural, political, economic, legal, and local knowledge systems in the localization process. The article also offers suggestions to guide localization theory and practice.