cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cues Associated With Patch-Choice Decisions By Foraging Crab Spiders Misumena Vatia

I tested the roles of insect prey presence, abundance, and distance in the selection of hunting sites by crab spiders Misumena vatia (Thomisidae) on milkweed inflorescences. Since the inflorescences on a single plant differ in numbers of prey attracted, one can also assess the effect of relative prey abundance on patch choice as overall prey abundance in an area changes. About three-fourths of the spiders chose the inflorescence attracting the most insects on a plant at densities from half to twice the normal prey, and in tests with additional prey presented at close range. Thus they appear to respond to relative prey densities in patch choice, and their accuracy of choice remains constant over a wide range of prey abundance. However, spiders without prey, and ones that had just fed, selected sites randomly. Individuals from all the other experiments left inflorescences, especially high-quality ones, more often as overall prey density increased. This result closely fits a risk-sensitivity model that predicts mobility in choice of hunting site if average prey availability exceeds that required to produce a clutch of eggs.
A determination of the isothermal compressibility of NaClO3 and NaBrO3 using NQR data

Using measurements of the 23Na quadrupole coupling frequency as functions of temperature and pressure and the thermal expansion coefficient as a function of temperature, we are able to extend the analysis of Bayer and Kushida, Benedek, and Bloembergen to yield the isothermal compressibilities of NaClO3 and NaBrO3 as functions of temperature and pressure. The results of these calculations are in good agreement with those obtained by other methods.
Maturation of the limbic system revealed by MR FLAIR imaging.

Background Cortical signal intensity (SI) of the limbic system in adults is known to be higher than in neocortical structures, but time-related changes in SI during childhood have not been described.
Mid-term follow-up after sleeve gastrectomy as a final approach for morbid obesity.

Background In previous publications, we demonstrated the safety and short-term efficacy of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) as a final step in the treatment of morbid obesity (MO). This study aimed to assess the mid-term efficacy of LSG.
Peroxidative modification of a membrane protein. Conformation-dependent chemical modification of adenine nucleotide translocase in Cu2+/tert-butyl hydroperoxide treated mitochondria.

Peroxidative treatment of rat heart mitochondria results in a gradual increase of the apparent molecular weight of the adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT) by up to 1.2 kDa. ANT isolated from mitochondria treated with 1 mM tert-butyl hydroperoxide and 5−40 μM Cu2+ for 1 h at 37 °C exhibited a progressive loss of lysine, cysteine, arginine, and valine residues compared to native ANT. N-Ethylmaleimide, dithiothreitol, and the specific inhibitor of ANT, carboxyatractyloside (CAT), inhibited the peroxidation-induced molecular weight shift without inhibiting lipid peroxidation, which is believed to be the primary cause of the observed ANT modification. Bongkrekic acid, which stabilizes ANT in a conformation different from that brought about by CAT, did not inhibit the ANT molecular weight shift. Dithiothreitol, as well as CAT, was found to protect ANT against most of the losses of amino acid residues, indicating that alteration of sulfhydryl residues is required for chemical modification of, not only cysteine,...
Feasibility of steady-state, multi-megawatt MPD thrusters

The feasibility of operating the MPD thruster at sustained, multi-megawatt power levels for application to nuclear powered earth orbital maneuvering and outer planet orbiters is addressed by examining cathode erosion processes. The cathode is studied first since it operates in the most severe environment. Due to current, power, and geometrical constraints imposed by the need for high thruster efficiency the cathode must provide 200-400 A/sq cm at incandescent temperatures. This level must be sustained for hundreds of hours to propel a 13,000 kg payload, 5 MW vehicle from low earth orbit to say geosynchronous orbit in 7 days. The physics of thermionic emission are shown by experiment and theory to dominate the thermal balance and cathode sheath such that electron cooling keeps the cathode cool enough to avoid rapid evaporation. Experiments using a subscale MPD test device operating at continuous power levels of 10-30 kW show that cathode temperature can be kept to 2100-2200 K at the high current densities required for a full-sized, multi-megawatt thruster.
AN EXAMINATION OF AUTOSHAPED KEYPECKING IN A DARK CHAMBER

Summasy.-Three experiments investigated critical variables influencing [he development of autoshaping in a dark chamber. The context in which magazine-training occurred, length of intertrial interval, and CS intensity were the Independent variables. Performance was best following magazine-training in the light; 60-sec. intertrial interval was better than 25; and little responding developed with a bright CS. These results are discussed with reference to the cue-localization hypothesis and a context-blocking effect. If a biologically neutral stimulus, such as a keylight, signals the delivery of a biologically relevant stimulus, such as food, experimentally naive pigeons will soon approach and contact the neutral stimulus (Brown & Jenkins, 1968). Nearly all studies examining this phenomenon have had the chamber illuminated during keylight-food pairings. Wasserman (1973) reasoned that the keylight would be more salient in a darkened chamber and would facilitate the emergence of keypecking but such failed to occur. He accounted for this finding in terms of a "cue-localization" hypothesis.
Oxidative Stress-Mediated Mitochondrial Dysfunction Contributes to Angiotensin II-Induced Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Transgenic Ren2 Rats

Emerging evidence indicates that impaired mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation plays a key role in liver steatosis. We have recently demonstrated that increased angiotensin (ANG) II causes progressive hepatic steatosis associated with oxidative stress; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We hypothesized that ANG II causes hepatic mitochondrial oxidative damage and impairs mitochondrial beta-oxidation, thereby leading to hepatic steatosis. We used the Ren2 rat with elevated endogenous ANG II levels to evaluate mitochondrial ultrastructural changes, gene expression levels, and beta-oxidation. Compared with Sprague-Dawley littermates, Ren2 livers exhibited mitochondrial damage and reduced beta-oxidation, as evidenced by ultrastructural abnormalities, decrease of mitochondrial content, percentage of palmitate oxidation to CO(2), enzymatic activities (beta-HAD and citrate synthase), and the expression levels of cytochrome c, cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1, and mitochondrial transcription factor A. These abnormalities were improved with either ANG II receptor blocker valsartan or superoxide dismutase/catalase mimetic tempol treatment. Both valsartan and tempol substantially attenuated mitochondrial lipid peroxidation in Ren2 livers. Interestingly, there was no difference in the expression of key enzymes (ACC1 and FAS) for fatty acid syntheses and their transcription factors (SREBP-1c and ChREBP) between Sprague-Dawley, untreated Ren2, and valsartan- or tempol-treated Ren2 rats. These results document that ANG II induces mitochondrial oxidative damage and impairs mitochondrial beta-oxidation, contributing to liver steatosis.
A single quantum cannot be cloned

If a photon of definite polarization encounters an excited atom, there is typically some nonvanishing probability that the atom will emit a second photon by stimulated emission. Such a photon is guaranteed to have the same polarization as the original photon. But is it possible by this or any other process to amplify a quantum state, that is, to produce several copies of a quantum system (the polarized photon in the present case) each having the same state as the original? If it were, the amplifying process could be used to ascertain the exact state of a quantum system: in the case of a photon, one could determine its polarization by first producing a beam of identically polarized copies and then measuring the Stokes parameters1. We show here that the linearity of quantum mechanics forbids such replication and that this conclusion holds for all quantum systems.
Investigating magnetic proximity effects in NiO/Pd with polarized neutron reflectometry

With polarized neutron reflectometry we investigated NiO/Pd heterostructures for the presence of a magnetic proximity effect, which is expected to produce an induced ferromagnetic moment in Pd. Using a specific isotope mixture of Ni in the preparation of NiO, the chemical contrast across the Pd/NiO interface was greatly suppressed, thus enhancing sensitivity to magnetic contrast at the reflecting interface. Despite enhanced sensitivity, no evidence for a proximity effect was observed. If present, the magnetic moment per Pd atom could not be more than 0.01 μ B , regardless of Pd layer thickness, crystalline interface orientation, and number of NiO/Pd bilayers.
Particle swarm optimization and uncertainty in Dempster-Shafer fusion

Recent investigations into multi-sensor fusion have yielded a variety of data fusion algorithms. Some fuse imagery from multiple sensors at the pixel level, while others fuse outputs of detection algorithms-such as radar prescreeners or hyperspectral anomaly detectors-at the feature level. Many of the feature-level fusion algorithms build upon the foundation of Bayesian probability, and they assign probability to the event that a certain feature value is due either to a target or to clutter. A few of the feature-level fusion algorithms, however, exploit tools developed within the framework of the Dempster-Shafer (DS) theory of evidence. In these formulations some of the probability can be assigned to a third hypothesis representing uncertainty, and the algorithm developer must specify an uncertainty function that maps feature values to probability "mass" for this third hypothesis. Unfortunately, the DS paradigm lacks a standard method for assignment of mass to the "don't know" hypothesis for a particular input feature. In this paper we define a feature-level DS fusion algorithm and determine a method for specifying its uncertainty function. We begin by developing and describing a measure of performance based on the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. We then incorporate this measure of performance into a training procedure that exploits the dynamics of the particle swarm and is capable of discovering locally optimal uncertainty functions. We exercise the training algorithm using simulated data, and analyze the performance of its hypothesized optimal uncertainty function. Next we apply the newly developed training techniques to data produced by separate prescreener algorithms operating on measured Hyperspectral Imager (HSI) and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data from the same scene. Finally, we quantify the performance of the entire DS fusion procedure using ROC curves.
Crosslanguage Study of Perceptual Confusion of Plosive Phonemes in Two Conditions of Distortion

The intelligibility of /p t k b d g/ as spoken and heard by native speakers and listeners of Hindi and English and the relationship of this intelligibility to the transitions of consonants to vowels in CV monosyllables were investigated. Phoneme boundaries were determined. A measure of intelligibility was obtained in terms of information transmitted per stimulus for four and two separate channels and a composite channel. The separate channels represented distinctive linguistic features. Redundancy was quantified through a comparison of the information transmitted by these systems. There was uniformity among the four speaking‐listening groups in information transmitted at six points of temporal segmentation and in 20 different bandwidths, as well as similarity in the importance of channels. Models of linearity were set to assess information as a function of (1) time, (2) width of the frequency band, and (3) lower frequency of the frequency band. Multiple correlations of 0.83 in the case of (1), (2), and (3), of 0.83 in the case of (1) and (2), and of 0.77 in the case of (1) and (3) were found.
Heeding the plea to deal with resident stress.

There is ample reason to be concerned about the health and welfare of today's medical residents. Indeed, data such as those presented by Collier and colleagues in this issue reconfirm what we have ...
STUDIES ON CELL METABOLISM AND CELL DIVISION : VI. OBSERVATIONS ON THE GLYCOGEN CONTENT, CARBOHYDRATE CONSUMPTION, LACTIC ACID PRODUCTION, AND AMMONIA PRODUCTION OF EGGS OF ARBACIA PUNCTULATA.

1. Under the present conditions of experiment, Arbacia eggs were found to contain an average of 110 mg. of acid-hydrolyzable carbohydrate (calculated as glucose) per gm. of egg protein. This carbohydrate was almost all in the egg proper, little or none being found in the jelly. To permit conversion of the data to other bases of reference the relation of nitrogen content to wet and dry weight and to egg number were determined. The eggs were found to contain 23.9 per cent solids, 0.10 mg. nitrogen per mg. dry weight, and 5.93 mg. nitrogen per 10 6 cells. From these results, about 7 per cent of the egg dry weight is acid-hydrolyzable carbohydrate and about 65 per cent is protein. 2. Approximately one-half of the total acid-hydrolyzable carbohydrate was isolated in the form of an alkali-stable, alcohol-precipitable carbohydrate. This substance gave a typical glycogen color test with iodine, yielded glucose on acid hydrolysis, and had, within the limits of experimental error, the same optical rotation as glycogen from other animal sources. Since known amounts of glycogen were completely recovered when carried through the isolation process, the nature of one-half of the acid-hydrolyzable carbohydrate of Arbacia eggs remains undetermined. 3. In order to gain some estimate of the extent to which Arbacia eggs utilize their total carbohydrate for development, determinations of the oxygen consumption, respiratory quotient, carbohydrate consumption, lactic acid production, and ammonia production were made. While all samples of eggs were found to utilize carbohydrate from the 15th to the 24th hours of development at 20°C., certain samples of eggs consumed little or no carbohydrate from the 1st to the 6th hours, the period during which cell division proceeds most rapidly. In a number of instances where carbohydrate breakdown was lacking, a substantial proportion of the oxygen consumption could be accounted for on the basis of processes involving oxidation of protein or protein breakdown products.
IMPLEMENTATION THEORY AND PRACTICE: UNCOVERING POLICY AND ADMINISTRATION LINKAGES IN THE 1990s

Over the past two decades and “three generations of implementation research” policy scientists and public administrators have made impressive progress in both theory and practice. However, many recent articles published in leading public administration journals continue to work from the theoretical and empirical assumptions of the first generation of implementation research. The leading research in the field is shifting the focus from policy formation variables to address the effects of institutional and interorganizational relationships. This work reaffirms that public administrators are crucial players in street-level policy making.
Oculomotor abnormalities parallel cerebellar histopathology in autism

Objective: To investigate cerebellar function in autism by measuring visually guided saccades. Methods: A visually guided saccade task was performed by 46 high-functioning individuals with autism with and without delayed language acquisition, and 104 age and IQ matched healthy individuals. Results: Individuals with autism had increased variability in saccade accuracy, and only those without delayed language development showed a mild saccadic hypometria. Neither autistic group showed a disturbance in peak saccade velocity or latency. Conclusions: The observed saccadic abnormalities suggest a functional disturbance in the cerebellar vermis or its output through the fastigial nuclei, consistent with reported cerebellar histopathology in autism. The pattern of mild hypometria and variable saccade accuracy is consistent with chronic rather than acute effects of cerebellar vermis lesions reported in clinical and non-human primate studies, as might be expected in a neurodevelopmental disorder. The different patterns of oculomotor deficits in individuals with autism with and without delayed language development suggest that pathophysiology at the level of the cerebellum may differ depending on an individual’s history of language development.
Membrane receptors for estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone in the rat brain: fantasy or reality.

1. There are numerous circumstantial evidence supporting the concept that steroid hormones control cellular function by means other than the nuclear receptor steroid binding mechanism. It is the intent of this report to present evidence indicating that steroids bind to specific sites in neuronal membranes. 2. Some of the criteria to define steroid membrane receptors using steroid-BSA conjugates that can be radioiodinated to desired specific activity have been fulfilled for each of the three sex steroids using crude synaptosomal membrane preparations (P2 fractions) from the CNS of female and male rats. Ligand binding for each of the three steroids indicate high-affinity and high-capacity sites with distinct brain selectivity and stereospecificity. For example, 17 beta-E-6-[125I]BSA binds hypothalamic P2 fractions (HYP-P2) with an estimated Kd of about 3 +/- 0.7 nM (X +/- SE; n = 3), whereas the cerebellum P2 (CB-P2) fractions bind the ligand with a Kd of 34 +/- 7 nM and, a Bmax of 3 and 42 pmol/mg protein, respectively. Estrogen and testosterone binding fit best a one-single site, while progesterone binding sites can be best represented by a two-binding site, one high-affinity (Kd = 1-2 nM) and one low affinity (Kd = 62 nM), in CB-P2 fractions from intact adult female rat brain. Kinetics studies for T-3-[125I]BSA indicate that the estimated Kd of 30 +/- 2 nM for the olfactory bulb P2 fractions (OB-P2) from male rats is in good agreement with Kd values computed from Scatchard-derived data using the LIGAND algorithm. 3. 17 beta-E-6-[125I]BSA binding sites are stereospecific and appears to be present as early as 5 days of age in both the OB- and the CB-P2 fractions without changes during development. In contrast, P-6-[125I]BSA binding sites are practically absent during days 5 and 12 and appear by day 22. 4. Finally, membrane receptor molecules for estrogen and progesterone have been isolated and purified by affinity chromatography and characterized by PAGE and Western blot. Microsequencing of one of the membrane estrogen binding proteins indicates that the high-affinity site corresponds to the OSCP subunit of the proton ATP synthase. 5. It remains to be determined if P and T also bind to this complex enzyme or if they bind to other subunits of the family of proton ATPases. Overall the data indicate that steroid hormones conjugated to BSA are important tools to study the "reality of membrane steroid receptors."
Enhancing the information literacy classroom experience: A cataloger and a reference librarian team up to deliver library instruction

This article examines the collaborative teaching approaches between a cataloger and reference librarian. It discusses the role of instruction in liaison and collection development work, skills required to teach information literacy classes, and reviews case studies that inform the question of what skills and roles these two fields of librarianship contribute to information literacy instruction. Case studies describe the cooperative teaching partnership, examine each librarian's contribution to the collaborative effort, and discuss the benefits of partnering with other colleagues. Moreover, this study suggests liaison duties that include collection development responsibilities are enhanced by participating in instructional activities for assigned academic departments.
Ultrastructural Changes of the Olfactory Epithelium in Alzheimer's Disease:

Recent studies have demonstrated an association between abnormalities in the sense of smell and Alzheimer's disease (AD). In our laboratory we have shown that olfactory dysfunction is accompanied b...
Association of steroid and cyclosporin resistance in focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

Given the variable response of steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) to treatment with cyclosporin (CsA), it may be inappropriate to expose all SR patients to additional immunosuppression. How to determine from which patients to withhold CsA is unclear. We tested the hypothesis that in patients with primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), steroid resistance predicts CsA resistance. We studied 16 children with steroid-dependent (SD) or steroid-resistant (SR) histologically confirmed primary FSGS treated with CsA with no prior exposure to other immunosuppressive medications. All had received at least 4 weeks of daily prednisone, followed by addition of CsA aiming at trough levels of 200 ng/ml. Of the 16 patients, nine (56%) were SR, of whom seven (78%) were CsA resistant and two (22%) were CsA responsive. Seven patients (44%) were SD; all of them (100%) were CsA responsive (P = 0.003, Fisher’s exact test). SR patients had faster deterioration of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) over a median follow-up of 21 months (P = 0.06). These data demonstrate that in primary FSGS, steroid resistance may predict CsA resistance. Genetic testing for known mutations associated with resistance to immunosuppression may be advisable before treatment of SR-FSGS patients with cyclosporin. Prospective studies should be conducted to explore this hypothesis.
Effect of hypophysectomy and spinal cord transection on carbon tetrachloride-induced changes in the hemodynamics of the isolated perfused rat liver☆

The isolated perfused rat liver has previously been used to demonstrate an increase in the basal resistance to blood flow in the liver following CCl4 intoxication. The data indicated the presence of a biphasic response to CCl4. The effects of hypophysectomy and spinal cord transection have now been studied. Livers for perfusion, were obtained from hypophysectomized or cord-transected animals, 3 and 12 hours after treatment with CCl4. Pressure-flow responses were employed to assess changes in basal vascular resistance. Hypophysectomy blocked the increase in resistance normally seen 3 hours after CCl4, but had no effect on the 12-hour effect. Hypophysectomy also blocked the usual increase in hepatic triglyceride, while having no effect on necrotic changes. Cord-transection had the same overall effect as hypophysectomy if the animals were kept normothermic. However, if the animals were allowed to become hypothermic, not only were the triglyceride and necrotic changes blocked, but so were the circulatory changes at both 3 and 12 hours. These data are consistent with the idea of a biphasic response to CCl4, the early and late responses being due to different mechanisms.
Two new ectoparasitic mites (Acari: Podapolipidae) of Rhynchophorus spp. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) from Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and West Africa

Abstract Rhynchopolipus brachycephalus n. sp. (Acari: Podapolipidae) is described from Rhynchophorus phoenicus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) collected in Cameroon, West Africa. Rhynchopolipus swiftae n. sp. is described from Rhynchophorus vulneratus and R. ferrugineus collected in Indonesia, Malaysia and The Philippines. The new species are compared with related species from weevils.
The Interaction of Tsunamis With Ocean Swell: An Experimental Study

Our objective is to investigate the effect of combined swell–tsunami interaction on the nature of the tsunami — in particular the surface elevation, the runup speed and the near-bottom velocities. Laboratory testing in the Tsunami Wave Basin at Oregon State University has been performed to simulate this interaction, with free surface elevations and near-bottom velocities measured at various locations over a plane sloping beach. Random wavetrains with varying initial mean steepness were generated in concert with the tsunami. Preliminary analysis of the data reveals that high steepness ocean swell changes the spectral signature of the tsunami, particularly at high frequencies. There is also a significant difference in location of the breakpoint of the tsunami with overriding swell.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Culture and History in Postrevolutionary China: The Perspective of Global Modernity. By Arif Dirlik. (Hong Kong, China: Chinese University Press, 2012. Pp. xi, 341. $42.00.)

Arif Dirlik's latest collection of essays ranges from work first published in 1995 to newly written lectures delivered in Beijing in the fall of 2010 to audiences at Tsinghua University. Other chap...
Inhibitory Effect of Heparin on Gentamicin Concentrations in Blood

In monitoring gentamicin concentrations in the blood of patients with renal insufficiency, the assayed antibiotic concentration was found to be lower when the sample was drawn as heparinized plasma rather than as serum. This lowering of gentamicin concentrations by heparin was studied further by adding increasing doses of heparin and various amounts of gentamicin to human serum. With a range of 2 to 100 units of heparin per ml, gentamicin concentrations in the serum were lowered by 9 to 14%; with higher heparin concentrations, an even greater and increasing inhibition was noticed, reaching 56% for 1,000 units/ml. This inhibitory effect of heparin on gentamicin was reversible by dilution, indicating that it was not due to degradation or to formation of an inactive chemical complex. Underestimation by the laboratory of gentamicin concentrations in blood is likely to be greatest with capillary tubes, with which the concentration of heparin is especially high. With clinical heparinization, the amount of active heparin in the blood does not exceed 10 units/ml and is for the most part under 3 units/ml; thus, therapeutically significant inhibition of the antibiotic is unlikely in patients receiving anticoagulation.
The role of alterations in membrane lipid composition in enabling physiological adaptation of organisms to their physical environment.

It is clear from the literature reviewed that modifications in membrane lipid composition play a major role in the adaptation of diverse organisms to specific environments and physiological circumstances. Acyl chain and molecular species restructuring in phospholipids are the most ubiquitous adaptations to environmental insult, being implicated in membrane adjustments to temperature, pressure, water activity, pH and salinity. In contrast, other adaptations (e.g. modulation of anionic phospholipids (salinity adaptation), trehalose content (dehydration) and the PC/PE ratio (temperature acclimation] appear to be more context specific. Although the volume of correlative data relating membrane composition to environmental state is impressive, several questions must be explicitly addressed in future research if a mechanistic understanding of the role of lipids in fine tuning membrane function is to be achieved. These include: (1) Adaptation thresholds--How much environmental variation is required before an acclimatory response is initiated, and is the extent of membrane perturbation induced by such minimally effective stimuli similar for different stress vectors? Interspecific comparisons of the Na+/K(+)-ATPase of fish collected at different depths indicate that species must be separated in depth by a distance corresponding to a pressure difference of 20 MPa before pressure adaptation is evident. Assuming a dT/dP value of 0.23 (Table 1), a 20 MPa change in pressure corresponds to ca. a 5 degrees C change in temperature, which agrees well with the minimal temperature change required to elicit changes in the lipid composition of plasma membranes in kidney tissue of thermally-acclimating trout. A pressure of 20 MPa also corresponds approximately to the maximum depth from which deep sea animals survive being brought to the surface. Collectively, these observations suggest that the minimally effective stimuli for both temperature and pressure adaptation are similar. Comparable data are not available for other environmental variables. (2) Signal transduction--What signals are being sensed and how are they transduced into an adaptational response? In some cases, it is clear that the enzymes of lipid metabolism respond directly (either by a variation in catalytic rate or substrate preference) to variations in the physical environment in an apparently adaptive manner (e.g. refer Sections VI.A.1 and VI.B.2). It seems unlikely, however, that such direct effects can explain the totality of the adaptive capacity of organisms, especially given the evidence for the induction of desaturase synthesis in cold adaptation (refer to Section VI.A.2).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Eddy Current Based Flexible Sensor for Contactless Measurement of Breathing

Changes in the lung air volume change the conductivity distribution in the thorax. Based on this effect, we describe a non-contact instrument to measure lung volume which is suitable for applications such as monitoring of breathing in sleeping subjects for sleep apnea. The instrument is based on a magnetic coil and is positioned in a flexible mattress underneath the subject. AM frequency current is applied to the coil to generate eddy currents in nearby conductive tissues, which in turn generate a magnetic field opposed to the transmitted field. This effect makes changes in the thoracic conductivity distribution due to breathing and blood flow change the effective inductance of the coil. We describe a new design to measure this effect using a single transmit and receive coil. The coil forms part of a Colpitts oscillator tuned to be at its stability margin, in order to give large frequency changes for given changes in conductivity. The oscillator output is then demodulated using a frequency counter. This device was tested in healthy volunteers and showed a good correlation with pneumotachograph measurements
Size structure and the production/respiration balance in a coastal plankton community

The quantitative significance of contributions by the picoplankton (,3 mm) to gross primary production (P) and community respiration (R) was investigated seasonally in the plankton community of Chesapeake Bay. Rates of P and R for the total plankton community, integrated over the euphotic zone, ranged from 119‐709 mmol O2 m 22 d 21 and 41‐325 mmol O2 m 22 d 21 , respectively. Rates of P and R within the picoplankton community tended to covary with those of the total plankton community, although the strengths of the two relationships were markedly different. The mean proportion of total community R accounted for by the picoplankton averaged 54%, with the two rates being highly correlated. In contrast, the relative contribution of picoplankton to total P was highly variable, ranging from 1 to 77%, with fluctuations in picoplankton production rates explaining only 29% of the variability in total P. Although P and R exhibited a significant positive relationship over the entire data set, individual P : R ratios varied substantially, ranging from 0.95 to 4.73. Seasonal variations in P : R ratios for the picoplankton were out of phase with those of the total community. When the total plankton community was most autotrophic (P : R . 1), the picoplankton P : R was net heterotrophic (P : R , 1), and as total plankton P : R ratios decreased toward balanced metabolism (P : R 5 1), picoplankton P : R ratios increased to become net autotrophic. Seasonal and spatial variations in the contributions of picoplankton P and R to total rates had a strong effect on the P : R ratio of the plankton community as a whole. There was a pronounced inverse relationship between the P : R ratio of the total plankton community and the proportion of P attributable to the picoplankton, such that high net autotrophy occurred only when P was dominated by the larger size fractions. These findings indicate an important linkage between the size distribution of the primary producers and the overall balance of P and R in the plankton community, which in turn regulates the potential for organic matter export. The biological cycle of pelagic ecosystems can be viewed as a coupling between the two fundamental plankton community processes: photosynthesis and respiration. The ratio of gross photosynthesis, or primary production (P), to total community respiration (R) represents a quantitative index of ecosystem trophic status (Odum 1956). This ratio describes the balance between the flow of organic matter required to maintain the metabolic integrity of the community and that available for growth within, or export from, the ecosystem
Pretense, Counterfactuals, and Bayesian Causal Models: Why What Is Not Real Really Matters.

Young children spend a large portion of their time pretending about non-real situations. Why? We answer this question by using the framework of Bayesian causal models to argue that pretending and counterfactual reasoning engage the same component cognitive abilities: disengaging with current reality, making inferences about an alternative representation of reality, and keeping this representation separate from reality. In turn, according to causal models accounts, counterfactual reasoning is a crucial tool that children need to plan for the future and learn about the world. Both planning with causal models and learning about them require the ability to create false premises and generate conclusions from these premises. We argue that pretending allows children to practice these important cognitive skills. We also consider the prevalence of unrealistic scenarios in children's play and explain how they can be useful in learning, despite appearances to the contrary.
The use of direct numerical simulation data in turbulence modeling

Direct numerical simulations (DNS) of turbulent flows provide a complete data base to develop and to test turbulence models. In this article, the progress made in developing models for the dissipation rate equation is reviewed. New scaling arguments for the various terms in the dissipation rate equation were tested using data from DNS of homogeneous shear flows. Modifications to the epsilon-equation model that take into account near-wall effects were developed using DNS of turbulent channel flows. Testing of new models for flows under mean compression was carried out using data from DNS of isotropically compressed turbulence. In all of these studies the data from the simulations was essential in guiding the model development. The next generation of DNS will be at higher Reynolds numbers, and will undoubtedly lead to improved models for computations of flows of practical interest.
C-reactive protein and depressed mood in a sub-group of smokers during nicotine abstinence.

Cigarette smokers frequently fail multiple attempts to quit smoking, often because of the unpleasant symptoms that accompany quitting. Similar unpleasant symptoms accompany inflammatory responses during infection and autoimmune disease. The hypothesis that smoking abstinence induces inflammation was tested. Eighteen smokers (n = 18) were evaluated while smoking freely and after 24 h of nicotine abstinence. Immune, cardiovascular and psychological measures were collected. Hunger, nervousness, anxiety, restlessness and irritability increased during abstinence (p < 0.05); systolic blood pressure and heart rate levels decreased (p < 0.05). Analysis demonstrated a split among smokers in response to abstinence compared with smoking freely; some smokers (n = 10) displayed increased C-reactive protein (CRP, p < 0.05) whereas others (n = 8) responded with decreased CRP (p < 0.05). An increase in symptoms of depressed mood and a fall in heart rate occurred only in those who displayed increased CRP with nicotine abstinence ( p < 0.05), while systolic blood pressure fell only in those whose CRP levels decreased with abstinence ( p < 0.05). Interleukin-1 and interleukin-6 did not change with abstinence. The results suggest that 24 h nicotine abstinence does not stimulate inflammation among all smokers, but that a sub-group of smokers do demonstrate an inflammatory response with significant negative psychological and physiological symptomatology.
Expanding the phenotype of mutations in DICER1: mosaic missense mutations in the RNase IIIb domain of DICER1 cause GLOW syndrome

Background Constitutional DICER1 mutations have been associated with pleuropulmonary blastoma, cystic nephroma, Sertoli-Leydig tumours and multinodular goitres, while somatic DICER1 mutations have been reported in additional tumour types. Here we report a novel syndrome termed GLOW, an acronym for its core phenotypic findings, which include Global developmental delay, Lung cysts, Overgrowth and Wilms tumour caused by mutations in the RNase IIIb domain of DICER1. Methods and results We performed whole exome sequencing on peripheral mononuclear blood cells of an affected proband and identified a de novo missense mutation in the RNase IIIb domain of DICER1. We confirmed an additional de novo missense mutation in the same domain of an unrelated case by Sanger sequencing. These missense mutations in the RNase IIIb domain of DICER1 are suspected to affect one of four metal binding sites located within this domain. Pyrosequencing was used to determine the relative abundance of mutant alleles in various tissue types. The relative mutation abundance is highest in Wilms tumour and unaffected kidney samples when compared with blood, confirming that the mutation is mosaic. Finally, we performed bioinformatic analysis of microRNAs expressed in murine cells carrying specific Dicer1 RNase IIIb domain metal binding site-associated mutations. We have identified a subset of 3p microRNAs that are overexpressed whose target genes are over-represented in mTOR, MAPK and TGF-β signalling pathways. Conclusions We propose that mutations affecting the metal binding sites of the DICER1 RNase IIIb domain alter the balance of 3p and 5p microRNAs leading to deregulation of these growth signalling pathways, causing a novel human overgrowth syndrome.
Evaluating the Effects of Attachment Styles on Relationship Maintenance Behaviors in Father-Daughter Relationships:

The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of attachment styles on relationship maintenance behaviors in father-daughter relationships. Two hundred and seven father-daughter dyads participated in the study. Results indicate that both daughters’ and fathers’ attachment styles do not affect their relationship maintenance behaviors. Results also demonstrate that fathers are more likely than daughters to use all the relationship maintenance behaviors except for social networks. Moreover, fathers are more likely to use shared tasks and advice relationship maintenance behaviors than are their daughters.
Dexamethasone Otoprotection in a Multidose Cisplatin Ototoxicity Mouse Model

ObjectiveTo develop a murine model for multidose administration of cisplatin that produces significant hearing threshold elevations and to use this model to assess the protective properties of intratympanic (IT) dexamethasone against cisplatin ototoxicity.Study DesignControlled repeated measures design.SettingTranslational research laboratory.Subjects and MethodsIntraperitoneal (IP) cisplatin, 2 or 3 mg/kg/day, was administered for a total of 5 or 10 days in young CBA/J mice. Pure-tone evoked auditory brainstem response (ABR) thresholds were performed on days 7, 14, 21, and 28 to evaluate hearing threshold shifts. After development of the optimal dosing regimen, 15 mice received IT dexamethasone (24 mg/ml) in one ear and IT saline in the contralateral ear.ResultsSignificant threshold elevations were obtained for the 2 and 3 mg/kg/day 10 day groups, but both had high mortality rates and were excluded as potential multidose murine models. The 3 mg/kg/day 5 day group had a lower mortality rate and significan...
The Focused Abdominal Sonography for Trauma Scan Pearls and Pitfalls

Objective To review the state-of-the-art use of sonography in evaluating the patient with trauma. Methods We reviewed our experience in performing more than 5000 sonographic examinations in the patient with trauma. The recent experience of other publications advocating newer applications of sonography in the patient with trauma are discussed and presented in a pictorial fashion. Results The main focus of sonography in the patient with trauma has been in performance of the focused abdominal sonography for trauma scan. The focused abdominal sonography for trauma scan is usually performed in the patient with blunt abdominal trauma and is used to check for free fluid in the abdomen or pelvis. There are certain pitfalls that need to be avoided and certain limitations of the focused abdominal sonography for trauma scan that need to be recognized. These pitfalls and limitations are reviewed. More recently, sonography has been used to detect certain solid-organ injuries that have a variety of appearances. Thus, sonography may be used to localize the specific site of injury in these patients. More recently, sonography has been used to evaluate thoracic abnormalities in patients with trauma, including pleural effusions, pneumothoraces, and pericardial effusions. Conclusions The use of sonography in evaluating the patient with trauma has rapidly expanded in the past decade. Those using sonography in this group of patients should be aware of its many uses but also its potential pitfalls and limitations.
Chronic somatostatin analog administration in patients with alpha-subunit-secreting pituitary tumors.

Glycoprotein hormone-producing (GPH) pituitary adenomas represent approximately 25% of all pituitary tumors. Elevated serum levels of intact GPHs or their free alpha- and beta-subunits have been demonstrated in patients with such tumors, and isolated hypersecretion of alpha-subunit has been reported to occur in 7% of patients. Somatostatin has been shown to decrease GPH subunit levels in cultured adenoma cells in vitro, and somatostatin receptors have been identified on the cell membranes of these tumors. We, therefore, investigated the effect of chronic somatostatin analog administration on hormone production and tumor size in six patients with GPH-producing macroadenomas and elevated serum alpha-subunit levels. Patients initially received native somatostatin as an iv 250-micrograms bolus at 0800 h, followed by a constant infusion of 2 mg over 4 h, and serum alpha-subunit concentrations were measured at 30-min intervals after baseline sampling for a total of 9 h. Patients then received a somatostatin ana...
ELECTRICAL POLARITY AND AUXIN TRANSPORT.

The polar basal transport of the growth substances (auxins, growth hormones) in plants is a well known phenomenon, demonstrated first by Went (81), and studied in detail by van der Weij (78, 80). These investigators used the Avena (oat) coleoptile.1 That the phenomenon is more or less general is indicated by the polar transport of auxin in roots (Cholodny, 19; Nagao GO) ; in hypocotyls of Baphanus (van Overbeek, 62), of Pisum (Skoog, 74) ; in leaves (Avery, 2) ; in the coleoptile of Avena (Went, 81; Laibach and Kornmann, 40; van der Weij, 78, 80; and Skoog, 74) and corn (van Overbeek, 63) ; in Elaeagnus (woody cutting) (van der Weij, 79) ; in stems of Coleus, Vicia, and Phaseolus; and in hypocotyls of Viola, Phaseolus, and Lupinus (Mai, 54) . Other workers have reported non-polar transport of auxin in plants. Hitchcock and Zimmerman (31) and Zimmerman and Wilcoxon (85) have shown an apical transport of heteroauxin (indole-3-acetic acid) and several other active compounds in stems of Helianthus tuberosus, Nicotiana tabacum, and in Lycopersicum esculentum, as indicated by induction of adventitious roots and by epinastic response of leaves. Loehwing and Bauguess (45) have shown that heteroauxin could be absorbed by the root system of potted seedlings of Matthiola incana and be transported apically to increase the stem elongation over that of the controls. Both the BoyceThompson workers and Loehwing and Bauguess have merely shown that auxin applied in high concentrations can be carried in the transpiration stream. This, of course, will not give polar transport. Higher concentrations of auxin may have effects which are not normally encountered. For example, high concentrations applied at the base of Pisum cuttings induce roots there, whereas in the lower, more physiological concentrations roots may be induced at the bases, only by applying auxin at the morphological tips (Went and Thimann, 83). Laibach and Fischnich (41) have shown that the transport of heteroauxin was not strictly polar in leaves of Coleus and in cotyledons of Cucumis sativa, but that transport could occur apically. The apical transport was much smaller than basal transport, however. Avery (2), as mentioned above, found only basal transport. Avery determined this by diffusion of
DISTURBANCES IN THE SOCIAL BODY: Differences in Body Image and Eating Problems among African American and white Women

An emerging body of research comparing body image disturbance and eating problems among African American and white women suggests that there are major ethnic differences in these areas. African American women appear to be more satisfied with their weight and appearance than are white women, and they are less likely to engage in unhealthy weight control practices, yet they are more likely to have high rates of obesity. Drawing on both Black and white feminist literature on eating problems, this article advances three arguments that may account for these differences: (1) Black women may develop a strong positive self-valuation and an alternative beauty aesthetic to resist societal stigmatization, (2) Black women may be less likely to acquire eating disorders due to differences in the cultural construction of femininity in Black communities, and (3) positive body image among Black women may sometimes reflect a defensive need to deny health problems such as compulsive overeating and obesity.
Analysis of Venturi Performance for Gas-Particle Flows

Description of the experimental calibration of a venturi for measurement of gas-particle flows with particle-to-gas mass-loading ratios up to 35. A modified Stokes number is presented and shown to improve correlation of venturi pressure-flow data. Finally, the predictions of a model presented by Doss are compared with the pressure-flow data of the venturi calibration performed in this work
Anisotropic Reinforcement of Acute Anteroapical Infarcts Improves Pump Function

Background—We hypothesize that a therapy that improves left ventricular (LV) pump function early after infarction should decrease the need for compensation through sympathetic activation and dilation, thereby reducing the risk of developing heart failure. The mechanical properties of healing myocardial infarcts are an important determinant of LV function, yet improving function by altering infarct properties has proven unexpectedly difficult. Using a computational model, we recently predicted that stiffening a large anterior infarct anisotropically (in only one direction) would improve LV function, whereas isotropic stiffening, the focus of previous studies and therapies, would not. The goal of this study was to test the novel strategy of anisotropic infarct reinforcement. Methods and Results—We tested the effects of anisotropic infarct reinforcement in 10 open-chest dogs with large anteroapical infarcts that depressed LV pump function. We measured regional mechanics, LV volumes, and cardiac output at a r...