cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Z2 and chiral spin liquids in an anisotropic kagome spin model

Gapped spin liquid is a topological phase of matter that hosts deconfined fractionalized quasiparticles. Quasiparticle statistics are an intrinsic property of spin liquid. However, it is difficult to identify explicitly in a microscopic model. Here we perform an exact diagonalization study of the Z2 quasiparticle statistics in the 'easy-axis' S = 1/2 Heisenberg J1 − J2 − J3 model on the kagome lattice, which hosts a robust Z2 spin liquid. Using the entanglement entropy measurement, we identify multiple independent minimal entangled states (MESs) on the torus geometry, which represents the eigenstates of the Wilson loop operators encircling the torus that measure the Z2 flux threading it. Based on the MESs, we obtain that: (1) The scaling of the finite size entropy leads to a topological entanglement entropy γ ≈ 0.637, indicating a Z2 topological spin liquid. (2) The modular transformation of MESs gives rise to the modular matrices and , which unambiguously fixes the Z2 quasiparitcle statistics including quasiparticle quantum dimensions, fusion rules and topological spins. (3) Through adiabatical threading a 2π flux in the hole of the torus, spinon state ψs (vacuum state ψ1) evolves into ψ1 (ψs), as predicted by Z2 gauge theory. Away from the 'easy-axis' limit with intermediate spin-z coupling, we identify some signature evidence of the chiral spin liquid based on the entanglement spectrum of the state using density matrix renormalization group simulation.
Topology of vortices in conical flow

The possibility of the existence of a viscous vortex in a conical flow is discussed. Existence of a viscous vortex is shown to be consistent with a flow-field model where only the velocity components and the total enthalpy behave conically. Existence of a viscous vortex is not consistent with the fully conical, flow-field model; however, far from the nose tip, the physical flow quantities tend to behave asymptotically as a full conical flow. Such a viscous vortex, when it exists, must spiral inwards to the focal point. It can be used as a reasonable model to start numerical solutions of various kinds.
Manufacturing multiple meanings of addiction: Time-limited realities

This article explores how clinicians, patients, and addiction as a youthful science manufacture meaning. Explanations of addictive behavior and addictive disease are viewed as constructs, ideologies, or ways of making meaning. This analysis considers the controversy—over whether addiction qualifies as a disease—to be primarily a matter of epistemology and social perception. Since there is no widespread agreement about what “isease” means in general, it is not possible to determine whether or not addiction is a disease in particular. The discussion also envisions how “treatment” for addicted clients might be reformulated as a transactional process utilizing the range of relevant theoretical models as time-limited reframes of addictive reality instead of dichotomizing addiction as either a disease or not.
The Use of Penicillin Skin Testing to Assess the Prevalence of Penicillin Allergy in an Emergency Department Setting

Study objective Patient-reported penicillin allergies are often unreliable and can result in unnecessary changes in antibiotic therapy. Although penicillin allergy skin testing is commonly performed in allergy clinics, it has not been used in emergency departments (EDs) to verify self-reported allergies. We hypothesize that ED-based testing is possible and that the false-positive rate of patients with self-reported penicillin allergy are greater than 90%. Methods This prospective observational cohort study enrolled a convenience sample of ED patients with a self-reported penicillin allergy. Patients were enrolled by one of 2 emergency physicians who performed skin prick and intracutaneous tests with penicillin major and minor determinants. The total testing time was 30 minutes. The proportion of false-positive self-reported allergies was computed with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) by using the score method. Results A total of 150 patients (mean age 42 years; SD 16 years; 46% men; 47% black) were enrolled. The false-positive rate for self-reported penicillin allergy was 137 of 150 (91.3%; 95% CI 85.3% to 95.1%). There were no adverse reactions associated with penicillin skin testing. Compared with patients with a false-positive penicillin allergy result (confirmed by negative penicillin skin testing result), patients reporting a true penicillin allergy confirmed by positive penicillin skin test results tended to be more frequently men (61.5% versus 44.5%; Δ 17.0%; 95% CI −13.5% to 42%), black (69.2% versus 44.5%; Δ 24.7%; 95% CI −6.9% to 46.8%), and have no family history of drug allergy (7.7% versus 17.5%; Δ9.8%; 95% CI −20.9% to 20.4%), but self-reported other drug allergies more frequently (61.5% versus 38.7%; Δ 22.9%; 95% CI −7.7% to 47.5%). Conclusion Penicillin skin testing is feasible in the ED setting. A substantial number of patients who self-report a penicillin allergy do not exhibit immunoglobulin E-mediated sensitization to penicillin major and minor determinants. Penicillin testing in the ED may allow the use of more appropriate antibiotics for patients presenting with a history of penicillin allergy.
A bottom-up multiscale view of point-defect aggregation in silicon

A multiscale computational framework is presented for modeling and simulation of point-defect aggregation in crystalline silicon. Large-scale molecular dynamics simulations based on empirical potentials are employed to calculate both parametric and mechanistic data, which are passed onto lattice kinetic Monte Carlo and continuum rate equation models. Multiple model predictions are compared to experimental data and are shown to provide an accurate, comprehensive picture of vacancy aggregation.
Virulence of the entomogenous fungi Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin, M. flavoviride Gams and Rozsypal and Beauveria bassiana (Ballsamo) Vuillemin to Adoryphorus couloni (Burmeister) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

Two isolates of Metarhizium anisopliae and one isolate each of M. flavoviride and Beauveria bassiana, originally isolated from the redheaded pasture cockchafer, Adoryphorus couloni, were bioassayed for their virulence against both L3 larvae and adults. Only M. anisopliae DAT F-001 was highly virulent to both larvae and adults. At a concentration of 2 × 106 spores/g sand-peat, the LT50 for larvae at 20°C was 24.5 d. M. flavoviride was not pathogenic to larvae but was pathogenic to adults at all three concentrations tested (2 × 104 2 × 105, 2 × 106 spores/g sand-peat mix). B. bassiana was not pathogenic to either larvae or adults, but this isolate, M. flavoviride and M. anisopliae DAT F-001 reduced the number of eggs produced by 50-75% at the 105 and 106 concentrations. Germination studies on the isolates showed that M. anisopliae DAT F-001 and M. flavoviride could germinate at temperatures relevant to field conditions (5-15 °C).
Research of AC/DC Parallel Wind Farm Integration Based On VSC-HVDC

With wind power taking up an increasingly important share of the total power generation in the system, the larger proportion of wind power have led to problems such as voltage instability, inappropriate power flows etc. The great demand of wind power requires enhanced system capacity, while securing the power quality and AC stabilization. The capacity of VSC-HVDC for fast independent active and reactive power control provides important benefits regarding power quality and successful and reliable system operation. In this paper the parallel AC-DC system for wind power generation is presented. To verify the basic operation principles of operating wind farm and advanced control strategies of VSC- HVDC transmission, the wind farm consisted of five wind turbines with pitch control systems and the VSC-HVDC transmission with relative control systems are modeled by PSCAD\EMTDC to test control algorithms, to identify problems, to investigate different modes of operation of the system and to demonstrate the unique capability of integrating large wind farm to network by VSC-HVDC. Simulation results show that VSC-HVDC transmission is an excellent tool to transmit power from wind farm to a network and at the same time it will contribute to AC stabilization and power quality.
A resource-based assessment of trauma care in the United States.

BACKGROUND: The resources needed and those available to support trauma care for a given region are currently unknown. Resource use and availability were evaluated for injured subjects across a large sample of the United States. METHODS: This population-based study of trauma-related discharges in 18 states represented all four geographic regions of the United States. Hospital discharge and bed-utilization rates as a function of injury severity were assessed. Resource availability was evaluated by determining state trauma center density. RESULTS: This study evaluated 523,780 trauma patients discharged from 2,317 hospitals. The discharge rate for all trauma was 412 per 100,000 person-years, whereas the rate for major trauma was only 44 per 100,000 person-years. More than one third of the patients with major trauma received care at centers not designated for trauma care. The hospital bed utilization rate was 2,095 days per 100,000 person-years. The availability of trauma centers varied greatly across states, ranging from 0.9 to 6.6 centers per million population. CONCLUSIONS: A substantial minority of major trauma patients in the United States are treated in nondesignated trauma centers. The variability in the availability of trauma resources indicates a lack of consensus with respect to the resources required for trauma system implementation.
Early changes in muscle activation patterns of toddlers during walking

Early locomotor behavior has been the focus of considerable attention by developmentalists over several decades. Few studies have addressed explicitly patterns of muscle activity that underlie this coordination pattern. Our purposes were to illustrate a method to determine objectively the onset and offset of muscle firings during early walking and to investigate the emergence of patterns of activation of the core locomotor muscles. We tested eight toddlers as they walked overground at walking onset (max. of 3-6 independent steps) and after three months of walking experience. Surface electrodes monitored activity of the gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior, quadriceps, and hamstrings. We reduced EMG signals to a frame-by-frame designation of "on-off," followed by muscle state and co-contraction analyses, and probability distributions for each muscle's activity across multiple cycles. Our results clearly show that at walking onset muscle activity was highly variable with few, if any, muscles showing recurring patterns of behavior, within or among toddlers. Variability and co-activation decreased with walking experience but remained inconsistent, in contrast to the significant increase in stability shown for joint coordination and endpoint (foot placement) parameters. We propose this trend emerges because of the high number of options (muscle combinations) available. Toddlers learn first to marshal sufficient force to balance and make forward progress but slowly discover how to optimize these resources.
Dipyridamole-thallium scintigraphy predicts perioperative and long-term survival after major vascular surgery

Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of dipyridamole-thallium scintigraphy to predict perioperative and late cardiac events after peripheral vascular operations. A total of 262 patients had dipyridamole-thallium scintigraphy before 87 infrainguinal reconstructions, 108 abdominal aortic aneurysm operations, and 67 aortobifemoral bypass grafts that were placed for occlusive disease. Follow-up extended to 5 years (mean, 31.1 months). Logistic regression analysis selected dipyridamole-thallium scintigraphy redistribution as the best predictor of perioperative events. Fixed defects were not predictive. A Cox proportional hazards model for a variety of clinical risk factors and scan parameters identified fixed defects and a history of congestive heart failure as the strongest predictors of late cardiac events. The presence of greater than 1 or 2 fixed segments were the best predictors in patients with an abnormal scan; redistribution did not predict late events. The risk of combined perioperative or late cardiac events was 29% for infrainguinal, 19% for abdominal aortic aneurysm, and 7.5% for aortobifemoral operations. Life-table analysis showed that after a cluster of perioperative events that occurred primarily in patients with dipyridamole-thallium scintigraphy redistribution, most of the late cardiac morbidity and deaths occurred in patients with fixed defects. (J Vasc Surg 1992;15: 972–81.)
Effect of anabolic steroids on behavior and physiological characteristics of female mice

Adult female mice were exposed to a combination of four anabolic-androgenic steroids for 9 weeks at doses that were either one or five times the androgenic maintenance level for male mice. Relative to control females, steroid treatment depressed gonadotropin secretion and increased both dry body weight and fat content but without an increase in food intake. Steroid treatment depressed spontaneous use of a running wheel and open-field activity, and it increased aggressiveness. It also eliminated a behavior related to encounters between the sexes-the rejection of genital inspection. There was no effect of steroid treatment on the time required to recover from 10 h of enforced running on a treadmill. Overall, regardless of the test or measure, there was little or no difference in the effect of the high and low dose of steroids. This indicates a threshold of response below the low dose used in these studies, which itself is probably well below that used by many female athletes and body builders.
Introduction: Does the 2009 Urumchi violence mark a turning point?

To provide background for the four papers on Xinjiang and the Uyghurs in this special issue, this introduction discusses developments in the region since 1991, then outlines the events of June and July 2009 in Shaoguan, Guangdong, and Urumchi, Xinjiang, as best can be pieced together from available information. It concludes with brief introductions to the four articles on Xinjiang that follow in this special issue.
Relationships among Career and Life Stress, Negative Career thoughts, and Career Decision State: A Cognitive Information Processing Perspective.

According to cognitive information processing theory, career thoughts mediate the relationship between career and life stress and the ensuing career decision state. Using a sample of 232 college students and structural equation modeling, this study found that an increase in career and life stress was associated with an increase in negative career thinking and that an increase in such thoughts was associated with a lower level of decidedness and satisfaction with career choice. However, when the variation associated with negative career thoughts was partitioned in the mediated causal model, career and life stress became associated with less career indecision and dissatisfaction with career choice. The results suggest that counselors attend to negative career thoughts when individuals encounter career and life stress.
A multilevel analysis of consultant attributes that contribute to effective mental health consultation services

A positive relationship between the mental health consultant (MHC) and early care and education staff is considered important for achieving positive early childhood mental health consultation outcomes, but little is known about the attributes of MHCs that contribute to relationships with staff and to staff-reported child outcomes. This study was a secondary analysis of 57 MHCs and 407 Head Start staff who responded to the Head Start Mental Health Services Survey. Hierarchical linear models examined the relationship between five attributes of MHCs and staff reports of improved child outcomes and a positive relationship with the MHC. The results suggest that MHC reports of positive relationships with staff, positive relationships with families, and high levels of supervision and support are positively associated with staff reports of positive relationships with the MHC (p < .05). None of the MHC-reported attributes were associated with staff-reported child outcomes.
Analysis of the Museum Lighting Environment

Objective: The purpose of this study is to accurately characterize the status of exhibition lighting so that design can be improved through informed decision making. Without knowledge of stakeholder expectations and existing conditions, decision making by designers and museum personnel is ineffective and design improvement is unlikely. Research Design: The expectations of decision maker and visitor stakeholders were determined via a survey of 130 decision makers (museum personnel and designers) and 427 museum visitors. Problems associated with existing conditions were assessed via a comprehensive evaluation using instrument-based lighting measures applied in 39 electrically-lit and daylit galleries (rooms) in 22 U.S. museums. Mismatches between expectations and existing exhibition lighting conditions were summarized. Analysis: Factor analysis was used to consolidate the data. The Friedman test was applied to determine significant differences between mean factor responses. Key Findings: Decision makers and visitors have different expectations. Neither group's priority expectations are met in existing conditions. The major problem among decision makers is daylight management for artifact preservation in daylit galleries. The major problem for visitors is artifact appearance and visibility. Conclusions: Successful design depends on informed decision making, which must be based on documented evidence, not speculation, and should address stakeholders' expectations and field performance problems. Prioritized design recommendations are given.
Antimicrobial and bacteria-releasing multifunctional surfaces: oligo (p-phenylene-ethynylene)/poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) films deposited by RIR-MAPLE.

Abstract Antimicrobial oligo ( p -phenylene-ethynylene) (OPE) films have previously been demonstrated to show effective ultraviolet A (UVA) light-induced biocidal activity; however, a serious problem arises from the accumulation of dead bacteria and debris on the films that limits their effectiveness and application. In this work, we address this challenge by incorporating thermally-responsive poly ( N -isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm), which provides on-demand bacteria-releasing functionality. Multifunctional surfaces comprising blended films of OPE and PNIPAAm were deposited on substrates by resonant infrared, matrix-assisted pulsed laser evaporation (RIR-MAPLE) using a sequential co-deposition mode. In this way, RIR-MAPLE enabled the deposition of multifunctional films with surface properties and film functionality that can be tailored, precisely and systematically, by controlling the chemical composition of the deposited film. The surface properties of these films were characterized by UV–visible (UV–vis) absorbance spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and water contact angle measurements. The interactions between bacteria and the deposited films were tested using two model bacteria: Escherichia coli K12 (Gram-negative) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (Gram-positive). The antimicrobial and bacteria-release properties of the blended films were controlled by varying the OPE/PNIPAAm ratio in the RIR-MAPLE emulsion target, providing an easy way to optimize the multifunctional surface. The OPE/PNIPAAm blended films with optimized composition killed a majority of attached E. coli bacteria at 37 °C and under UVA exposure, and the dead bacteria were then removed from the films simply by rinsing with water at 25 °C.
A preproenkephalin-neurofilament chimeric promoter in a helper virus-free herpes simplex virus vector enhances long-term expression in the rat striatum.

Abstract Helper virus-free herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) plasmid vectors are an attractive system for gene transfer into neurons in the brain, but promoters that support long-term, neuronal-specific expression are required. Elucidation of general principles that govern long-term expression would likely assist efforts to develop improved promoters. Although expression from many promoters in HSV-1 vectors is unstable, two neuronal subtype-specific promoters, the preproenkephalin (ENK) promoter and the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) promoter, support long-term expression. We have previously shown that 5′ upstream sequences in the TH promoter are required for long-term expression, and addition of these upstream sequences to a neurofilament heavy gene (NF-H) promoter enhances long-term, neuronal-specific expression. The goal of this study was to determine if the upstream sequences from the TH promoter contain a unique element that enhances expression, or if other neuronal promoters also contain sequences that can enhance expression. To this end, we tested 5′ upstream sequences in the ENK promoter. We isolated a vector that fuses upstream sequences from the ENK promoter to the NF-H promoter. This vector supported expression in the striatum for 2 months after gene transfer, the longest time point evaluated. Expression was neuronal specific. As ENK and TH are a peptide neurotransmitter and a classical neurotransmitter biosynthetic enzyme, respectively, these results suggest that a significant number of promoters for neurotransmitter biosynthetic genes may contain elements that can enhance expression from HSV-1 vectors. The strategy of using upstream sequences from neuronal subtype-specific promoters to enhance expression from heterologous promoters is discussed.
Reduction of p-cyclic covers of the projective line

Let R be a complete mixed characteristic p discrete valuation ring with field of fractions K. In this paper we consider the reduction of p-cyclic covers of the projective K line. Making certain assumptions on the branch locus we obtain a criterion for good reduction as well as an explicit description of the semi-stable reduction of such a cover.
Reservoir of Candida albicans infection in a vascular bypass graft demonstrates a stable karyotype over six months

We retrospectively analyzed five Candida albicans isolates from two infection episodes in a single patient 6 months apart. Using contour-clamped homogeneous field electrophoresis (CHEF), random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fingerprinting, and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) complex probe 27A as means of molecular typing, we demonstrate an unvarying genotype amongst the infection-causing C. albicans strains. Several months later, the patient yielded C. glabrata in a yeast survey of oral and rectal sites. The preponderance of C. glabrata and lack of C. albicans isolated from normal flora sites suggests that this patient harbored the prior C. albicans bloodstream isolate on a Gore-Tex graft for 6 months prior to the second episode of fungemia.
Design considerations for knowledge acquisition

Abstract Expert systems are commercially becoming more prominent and available as the breadth of applications continues to expand, eventually they could very well become the most integral part of an organization's normal operations. Knowledge acquisition is often found to be the major problem in the development of expert systems. This paper places in order the framework for proper knowledge acquisition to ensure that knowledge which is the key for any expert system is acquired effectively from an expert.
Collagenolytic activity during mammalian wound repair.

Abstract Collagenolytic activity has been demonstrated in cultures of tissues from cutaneous mammalian wounds cultured on substrate gels of reconstituted collagen. As much as 90–100% of the insoluble collagen substrate was broken down at neutral pH, and at least 60% of the product was dialyzable. In wound edge cultures containing both epithelium and mesenchyme, collagenolysis was initially localized around the former. Variable collagenase activity was produced by granulation tissue alone, but none by dermis or by unwounded loose connective tissue. Unwounded skin revealed weaker collagenolytic potential. Recombination of separated epithelium and granulation tissue from wounds restored collagenase activity to high levels approximating that of unseparated tissues. Exposure of nonlytic granulation tissue to epithelium appeared to induce collagenolytic activity which continued in the mesenchymal tissue following removal of the epithelium. The activity of isolated epithelium decayed more rapidly than did that of the “activated” mesenchyme. Viable cells were required for collagenase production; freeze-thawing inactivated the explants. Enzyme activity could not be detected in tissue homogenates or extracts and whole serum applied daily to cultures blocked collagenolysis. Collagenase activity was not altered by vitamin C deficiency.
Role of β-catenin in the adult liver

With its involvement in the Wnt signal transduction pathway and in tumorigenesis, β-catenin is an intensely studied protein.1 In tissues and quiescent cells, β-catenin is found localized in the cytosol and associated with the inner plasma membrane where it is tethered to cadherin and β-catenin forming a link to the cytoskeleton (Fig. 1). In this context, β-catenin is thought to play a role in cell-cell communication and adhesion, and possibly cell morphology. In the cytosol, β-catenin is bound to a number of proteins including adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) and the axins and, in non-stimulated cells, undergoes continuous turnover by proteolytic degradation that is stimulated by phosphorylation at specific serine and threonine residues. Localization and degradation of β-catenin are controlled by phosphorylation, most notably by casein kinase 1 and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β). Following activation of the Wnt pathway through binding of Wnt ligands to frizzled receptors on the cell surface, a protein, disheveled, inhibits GSK-3β leading to lower rates of phosphorylation and degradation of β-catenin, which results in its accumulation in the cytosol and nucleus. In the nucleus, β-catenin serves to co-activate a family of Lef/Tcf transcription factors that stimulate transcription of target genes including those encoding cyclin D and c-myc that promote cell proliferation. This influence on cell proliferation is the molecular basis for the role of β-catenin in tumorigenesis, in particular solid tumors of the breast, colon, liver, lung, gastric, prostate and skin.2 In colon carcinogenesis, β-catenin is the terminal signaling molecule associated with familial adenomatous polyposis that is due to germline mutations in the APC gene.3 A mouse model of this disorder also exists.4 Uncontrolled cell proliferation and associated tumorigenesis are activated by not only mutations in APC, but also mutations in the β-catenin protein that result in constitutive activation and nuclear accumulation of the protein.
B-lymphocyte function in immunodeficiency disease.

Abstract While B lymphocytes were originally named after their developmental site in the bursa of, Fabricius of chickens, it is currently accepted that bone marrow is the primary site of early events in the differentiation of postnatal B lymphocytes in humans and other mammals 1 . B cells subsequently become widely dispersed in the circulation and peripheral lymphoid tissues. This review summarizes defects in the early and late stages of differentiation of B lymphocytes which contribute to immunologic dysfunction in the naturally occurring immunodeficiency diseases.
Linking the Two Ends of Life: What Gerontology Can Learn From Childhood Studies

This paper extends provocative ideas from the emerging interdisciplinary field of childhood studies to the field of gerontology. These ideas constitute a framework for building new kinds of theories and research on old people and old age-gathered around rights and responsibilities of and for old people; focused on their agency and social participation; concerned with the social problems of old people, as well as how old people are constructed to be social problems; anchored in their perspectives and voices; dedicated to describing and explaining both commonness and difference in their experiences and statuses; devoted to understanding old people as beings and becomings; and attentive to the interdependence of generations within families and societies. These commitments will require gerontology to strengthen its treatment of sociocultural phenomena, prompt more genuinely interdisciplinary scholarship, and advocate a wider range of research methods and data. A "new social studies of old people and old age," nurtured around these ideas, will also raise the visibility of old people and old age in science, public policy, and social life.
Mixed Integer Social Welfare Maximization (MI-SWM) and implications in optimal electricity pricing

In microeconomics, social welfare maximization (SWM) is formulated as a continuous problem, with the conclusion that marginal cost (MC) pricing is optimal in that it maximizes the total social welfare for consumers and producers. This is based on assumptions such as free entry/exit, no transaction costs, no externalities, etc. However, this paper reports that when the SWM problem is formulated as a mixed integer programming problem considering the constants of cost functions, start-up costs, and minimum production levels, the optimal prices can depart from marginal costs. The paper does not try to negate marginal cost pricing, but rather serves as a supplement to power economics.
Fernand Braudel on Historiography and Its Implications for Marketing History

Fernand Braudel is probably the most important economic historian of the twentieth century. His contributions are found in the massive studies of economic history as well as in the development of widely encompassing historical methods. Both provide direction to marketing history. His focus was on the “progress of civilization” that was concerned with the events of everyday life, not simply the great events or people. Braudel broke with the historical narrative of the past by incorporating all of the social sciences in his work. His work challenges us to consider the long duree rather than concentrate on the short term. Concerns for the environment that shape economic progress are foremost in his writing, especially geography. Although never establishing a step-by-step methodology, Braudel provides direction for how to bring together the factors that affect change. His basic lesson is that we must cast our net wider if we are to make progress in understanding marketing events.
Factorization of matrices into quadratic ones. III

Abstract It is shown that every complex n × n matrix T is the product of four quadratic matrices. Moreover, if T is invertible, then the number of required quadratic matrices can be reduced to three, and three is sharp for n ≥ 4. Complex matrices which are expressible as the product of an idempotent and an invertible quadratic matrix are also characterized.
Reply to the comment on “Bonneville basin shoreline records of large lake intervals during Marine Isotope Stage 3 and the Last Glacial Maximum” by S. Nishizawa, D. R. Currey, A. Brunelle, D. Sack [Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 386 (2013) 374–391]

Abstract In their comment, Oviatt et al. (this issue) criticize and dismiss our recent paper (Nishizawa et al., 2013) by arguing that it contains misinterpretations and unreliable radiocarbon ages, and therefore that our findings will confuse many people trying to understand the lacustrine chronology of the Bonneville basin. Their comment, however, does not present evidence to substantiate their criticisms against our paper. Oviatt et al. attribute statements to the paper that are not found in it, and their attempt to re-graph the radiocarbon ages omits 13% of our data. Numeric ages that Oviatt et al. contend are conflicting either are not or are not as problematic as those commenters claim. Comparisons of our lake-interval interpretations with sediment-core data likewise do not show the contradictions that Oviatt et al. claim. In essence, Oviatt et al. seem to advocate complete dismissal of all of our numeric ages and lake-size interpretations regarding MIS 3 on the basis of one tufa age. The following sections identify the incorrect information presented in the comment by Oviatt et al., review the complete set of numeric ages for the contested intervals, and respond to the implication that our late colleague, mentor, and coauthor, Donald R. Currey, did not actively participate in this research.
Origin of marine phosphorites off Baja California, Mexico

A bedded phosphorite facies, found within recent continental shelf sediments off the west coast of Baja California (Mexico), between 24° and 26° N latitude, was investigated. Local conditions appear to conform closely with the environmental prerequisites to large-scale phosphate deposition as inferred from observation on ancient marine phosphorites. The deposit occurs on a shallow platform marginal to a trough restricted by submarine banks. Local seasonal upwelling supplies dissolved phosphate to the shelf at an estimated rate of 70 · 1015 tons P2O5/year and effective biological factors are observed to concentrate and deliver yearly at least 3 · 103 tons P2O5 to the bottom sediments. From extrapolations based on measured apatite concentrations at the sediment surface, the mass of the deposit is estimated at 1.5–3 · 109 tons P2O5. At least 0.5–1 million years is required for the deposit to accumulate. Such an interval of time for a deposit accumulating at shallow depth allows for profound mixing during transgressive-regressive cycles. Surface concentrations and size distribution of the phosphorite grains, pellets and bioclastic fragments are found to be related to the detrital part of the sediments and influenced by the same mechanical processes. Recent mineralization, if it occurs, has to be synchronous with reworking and is concealed. Lithologically, the observed association of the carbonate-fluorapatite with opaline silica and reducing fine muds evokes the well-known chert-carbonaceous shales-phosphorite association of ancient rocks. Evidence of current mineralization is rare; few cases of transitions from calcite and dolomite to carbonate-apatite are observed. Absolute age determinations were attempted on the lattice-bound carbonate of the carbonate-fluorapatite. The dating of fossil apatitic brachiopod valves shows that this structural carbonate is not subsequently exchanged once the mineral is formed. The observed carbon activities, corresponding to apparent ages between 10,000 and 27,000 years, may indicate that some apatite mineralisation has taken place recently. Direct observations on the deposit suggests, however, that it is in part older than any carbon date obtained. The 238U/230Th ratios measured on two size fractions of the same sample correspond to an age of about 2 · 105 years but the applicability of this dating method to marine apatites is still uncertain.
A cumulative dosing procedure for administering marijuana smoke to humans

Subjective, behavioral and physiological effects of smoked marijuana were measured with a cumulative dosing procedure which allowed dose-related effects to be determined within a single experimental session. Five male and three female occasional marijuana smokers participated. Unit doses of marijuana smoke were administered in a standardized manner on four occasions during each session, each occasion spaced 20 minutes apart. This procedure resulted in a cumulative dose of active (1.4%-THC) marijuana of 0, 2, 4 and 8 puffs after the four successive smoking occasions, respectively. Dependent variables were measured after each smoking occasion. Smoke absorption was monitored by measuring expired air carbon monoxide levels. Subjects participated in three identical sessions spaced a week apart in order to assess the reliability of the procedure. During a fourth session, only placebo (0.0%-THC) marijuana was administered throughout the session as a control. Significant linear dose-effect functions were obtained on several measures, with good session-to-session replicability of most effects. The results demonstrate the feasibility of using a cumulative dosing procedure to evaluate dose-related effects of smoked marijuana in humans. The procedure would be especially useful for the assessment of shifts in dose-effect curves as a result of various experimental manipulations.
Insuring computer risks

Individuals and organizations who own or use computers in daily operations face many exposures to the risk of loss of hardware, software, and other computing assets, including liability arising from computing operations. Many loss prevention techniques have been developed to lessen the frequency and severity of such losses but in the end, insurance coverage must be obtained for maximum protection. Securing proper computer insurance coverage at a reasonable price is not always easy. In fact, much time and expense can go into a well-planned insurance program for computing operations. This article examines ways to minimize premiums for computer coverage as part of an overall plan of loss prevention, risk control, and contingency funding. It explains why computer insurance premiums fluctuate and how to take advantage of the fluctuation in the computer insurance market. It also identifies some of the factors that are important to insurers and how they relate to computer insurance. The techniques explained in the article, when used as a part of the comprehensive risk management plan, can help the insured computing operation provide for loss contingencies and minimize the overall cost.
Democratic values, empowerment and giving voice: children’s media discourse in the aftermath of the assassination of Yitzhak Rabin

This study explores the role of children’s news media in establishing meanings of critical situations and promoting notions of active citizenship. A content analysis of three Israeli children’s magazines’ coverage of the assassination of Yitzhak Rabin is conducted. Findings suggest differences between religious media and secular media in terms of coverage of values related to democracy. Findings also reveal a variety of ways by which democratic practices of giving voice and notions of empowerment can manifest themselves within children’s media.
Vagal Schwannoma Involving Esophagus

A rare case of vagal schwannoma (neurilemoma) with involvement of the distal esophagus is presented. Chronic progressive dysphagia was the only complaint related to the schwannoma. Barium swallow showed narrowing of the distal esophagus. The tumor was embedded in the wall of the esophagus. After biopsy and diagnosis of benign schwannoma, it was dissected from the esophageal muscle and mucosa. Diagnosis of benign schwannoma should be made before excision of the lesion to avoid an unnecessary esophagectomy.
Finding a moving fugitive. A game theoretic representation of search

We develop and analyze a ''manhunting'' game involving a mobile hider, who wishes to maximize his time to capture, and a mobile searcher, who wishes to minimize this same time. The game takes place within a variegated environment that offers better and worse locations to evade capture. The hider is able to move from one hide site to another at will. In choosing a hide site, he must consider the risk of discovery, the risk that he will be betrayed, and the risk that he will be captured while moving from one site to another. The searcher can select any cell to search within the fugitive's feasible hiding set. We examine the strategic behavior of both players and provide examples.
Boronnitrogen compounds XLIII.The interaction of hydrazine-1,2-bis(diphenylborane) with aldehydes, ketones and nitriles☆

Abstract The reaction of hydrazine-1,2-bis(diphenylborane) with nitriles yields azines of borylamino ketones, (C 6 H 5 ) 2 BNHCRNNCRNHB(C 6 H 5 ) 2 , which probably exist as coordinated bicyclic species. The interaction of the cited hydrazineborane with aldehydes and ketones appears to follow the same reaction path; however, due to the great affinity between boron and oxygen, derivatives of a C 6 H 5 BO species and azines of the carbonyl compounds are formed.
Gravitational Evidence for a Low-Density Mass beneath the Galápagos Islands

A residual negative free-air and Bouguer anomaly of at least 80 milligals, superimposed on a broader high, occurs over the Galapagos Islands The axis of the anomaly trends roughly east and plunges eastward. Thus, a low-density mass in the crust or upper mantle must underlie the archipelago. This anomaly may be caused by thermal expansion over a crust-mantle " hot spot".
Nonlinear Prices in Nonconvex Economies with Classical Pareto and Strong Pareto Optimal Allocations

The paper is devoted to applications of modern tools of variational analysis to equilibrium models of welfare economics involving generally nonconvex economies with infinite-dimensional commodity spaces. The main results relate to the so-called generalized/extended second welfare theorem ensuring an equilibrium price support at Pareto optimal allocations. Based on advanced tools of variational analysis and generalized differentiation, we establish refined results of this type with the novel usage of nonlinear prices at the three types to optimal allocations: weak Pareto, Pareto, and strong Pareto. We pay a special attention to strong Pareto optimal allocations in economies with ordering commodity spaces showing that enhanced results for them do not require, in contrast to the classical types of weak Pareto and Pareto optimality, any net demand qualification conditions.
Development of Cd8α/α and Cd8α/β T Cells in Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I–Deficient Mice

Peripheral CD8+ T cells mainly use CD8α/β, and their development is mainly dependent on the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I proteins Kb and Db in H-2b mice. In this report, we have shown that the development of CD8α/β TCR-α/β cells in lymphoid organs as well as in intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (iIELs) is dependent on the MHC class I Kb and Db proteins. In contrast, TCR-α/β CD8α/α cells are found mainly in iIELs, and their numbers are unaffected in KbDb double knockout mice. Most of the TCR-γ/δ cells in the iIELs also bear CD8α/α, and they are also unaffected in KbDb −/− mice. In β2-microglobulin (β2m)-deficient mice, all of the TCR-α/β CD8α/α and CD8α/β T cells disappear, but TCR-γ/δ cells are unaffected by the absence of β2m.
Continuous Practice Quality Improvement Initiative for Communication of Critical Findings in Neuroradiology

The authors examined faculty’s compliance with a hospital-approved neuroradiology critical findings (CFs) policy, which requires urgent verbal communication with the clinical team when 17 specific ...
Placental ischemia in pregnant rats impairs cerebral blood flow autoregulation and increases blood–brain barrier permeability

Cerebrovascular events contribute to ~40% of preeclampsia/eclampsia‐related deaths, and neurological symptoms are common among preeclamptic patients. We previously reported that placental ischemia, induced by reducing utero‐placental perfusion pressure, leads to impaired myogenic reactivity and cerebral edema in the pregnant rat. Whether the impaired myogenic reactivity is associated with altered cerebral blood flow (CBF) autoregulation and the edema is due to altered blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability remains unclear. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that placental ischemia leads to impaired CBF autoregulation and a disruption of the BBB. CBF autoregulation, measured in vivo by laser Doppler flowmetry, was significantly impaired in placental ischemic rats. Brain water content was increased in the anterior cerebrum of placental ischemic rats and BBB permeability, assayed using the Evans blue extravasation method, was increased in the anterior cerebrum. The expression of the tight junction proteins: claudin‐1 was increased in the posterior cerebrum, while zonula occludens‐1, and occludin, were not significantly altered in either the anterior or posterior cerebrum. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that placental ischemia mediates anterior cerebral edema through impaired CBF autoregulation and associated increased transmission of pressure to small vessels that increases BBB permeability leading to cerebral edema.
Nurse-Physician Collaboration and Hospital-Acquired Infections in Critical Care

Background Nurse-physician collaboration may be related to outcomes in health care-associated infections. OBJECTIVE To examine the relationship between nurse-physician collaboration and health care-associated infections in critically ill adults. Methods A secondary analysis was done of 5 years of nurses' perception data from 671 surveys from 4 intensive care units. Ventilator-associated pneumonia and central catheter-associated bloodstream infections were examined. Multilevel modeling was used to examine relationships between nurse-physician collaboration and the 2 infections. Results Nurse-physician collaboration was significantly related to both infections. For every 0.5 unit increase in collaboration, the rate of the bloodstream infections decreased by 2.98 (P= .005) and that of pneumonia by 1.13 (P= .005). Intensive care units with a higher proportion of certified nurses were associated with a 0.43 lower incidence of bloodstream infections (P= .02) and a 0.17 lower rate of the pneumonia (P= .01). With nursing hours per patient day as a covariate, units with more nursing hours per patient day were associated with a 0.42 decrease in the rate of bloodstream infections (P= .05). Conclusion Nurse-physician collaboration was significantly related to health care-associated infections.