cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Global greenhouse to icehouse and back again: The origin and future of the Boreal Forest biome

Abstract The Boreal Forest biome (Taiga), dominated by evergreen and deciduous coniferous trees (Pinaceae), is circumpolar in its present distribution, covering a significant part of the total land area of the Northern Hemisphere and representing perhaps a third of the total forest area of the planet. Nothing comparable to this extant biome existed during the global “greenhouse” interval of the Late Mesozoic and Paleogene. Latitudinal temperature gradients should have confined boreal taxa to extremely high latitudes, but evergreen taxa do not appear to have been competitive in the lowlands of the high arctic, where the vegetation consisted of a unique circumpolar forest dominated by deciduous conifers and broad-leaved taxa. Probable sources for the pinaceous taxa that now characterize boreal latitudes were the Paleogene evergreen montane coniferous forests of the western North American Cordillera. Taphonomic factors limit the fossil record for such forests, but assemblages such as the Eocene Thunder Mountain (Idaho) and Bull Run (Nevada) floras were dominated by evergreen and deciduous Pinaceae that dominate extant montane, subalpine, and Boreal Forest associations. In response to post-Eocene global cooling, such forests presumably would have migrated to lower elevations, eventually spreading across high-latitude North America, subsequently reaching Eurasia via the Beringian corridor. This high-diversity coniferous forest was differentially winnowed and modified during subsequent migration southward in both the New and Old World. Despite its extensive geographic distribution, the Boreal Forest may be the youngest of the major forest biomes. If global warming ultimately results in a significant redistribution of terrestrial vegetation, the history of the Boreal Forest may well be reversed. Northward migration of the Boreal Forest may be characterized by loss of taxa and extensive community reorganization as individual taxa are pushed to their limits with respect to rates of migration and biotic stress takes its toll in the form of insect predation and disease. If evergreen taxa are unable to survive at low elevations at high polar latitudes, such conifers might once again become restricted to montane refugia and the lowlands of the high arctic would be populated by a larch-dominated deciduous conifer forest of low diversity and limited geographic extent. Given the biogeographic significance of the Boreal Forest biome, such a consequence would represent a profound ecological transformation.
Effect of Sn additions on GP Zone formation in Al-Cu alloys

Sn additions have been shown to significantly affect the decomposition of Al-Cu alloys. Artificial aging is accelerated while natural aging is retarded. This paper addresses the latter effect. The retarded natural aging response resulting from Sn additions has been attributed to suppression of GP Zone formation This conclusion has been based on strength/hardness, specific heat and X-ray diffraction data. Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) was used to study this phenomenon in this study because it is more suited for quantifying precipitate characteristics. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was also employed. The conclusion of previous investigations were confirmed using SAXS and DSC techniques. Both methods clearly showed that GP Zone formation in Al-Cu alloys is suppressed by the addition of Sn. The quantitative capacity of SAXS was useful for measuring the radius of gyration for the GP Zones in the binary alloy and comparing the amount of scattering particles present. DSC was useful because it provided a rapid and inexpensive means of verifying the SAXS results.
Phenomena useful for displays

This review considers various mechanisms which either generate or modulate light: injection luminescence, impact excited electro- and cathodo- luminescences, glow discharge, liquid crystals, electrophoresis, plating, electrochromism.
Cell mediated events that control blood coagulation and vascular injury.

UNLABELLED Recent studies suggest that the generation of thrombin and other clotting factors plays a major role in cellular regulation and probably a variety of disease processes. Many of these cellular responses occur at thrombin levels lower than those required for fibrin clot formation. The availability of more specific reagents to intervene in the coagulation process will likely provide a better understanding of the role of the coagulation cascade and its inhibitors in normal and pathologic responses. In the immediate future, improved understanding of the role of inflammation and cellular responses in the control of coagulation offers many new and potentially safer interventions to prevent thrombosis. DISCLAIMER It was my intent in this chapter to provide some outlines of the role of membranes in the blood clotting process and the role of coagulation factors in cellular activation. The scope of the area is so extensive that many important contributions have been overlooked and space limitations forced citation of reviews rather than primary publications in many cases. I regret these oversights.
Drug-drug interactions in the medical intensive care unit: an assessment of frequency, severity and the medications involved.

Objectives Mortality and morbidity are increased in patients experiencing drug–drug interactions (DDIs). Critically ill patients are at an increased risk of adverse events from DDIs due to the large number of medications that they take and their changes in organ function. Currently, there is a lack of literature describing DDIs in the intensive care unit (ICU). The purpose of this study is to evaluate frequency, severity and drug combinations involved in DDIs occurring in a medical ICU (MICU). Methods This was a 4-week, prospective, observational study that was conducted in the MICU of an academic medical centre. Lexi-Interact and Micromedex interaction databases were utilized daily to screen patients’ medication profiles for DDIs, and severity was assessed using each database's severity rating scale. Key findings Of 240 patient medication profiles evaluated, 457 DDIs were identified. The rate of DDIs was 190.4 DDIs/100 patient days with 297 of these interactions being unique drug pairs. About 25% (114/457) were considered major DDIs. The most commonly involved medications were antihypertensive medications (106/457) and anticoagulants/antiplatelet agents (80/457). Conclusions DDIs occur frequently in the MICU. Severity and drug combinations related to DDIs in the MICU differ from DDIs published in other ICU settings. When developing a DDI alerting system, patient characteristics and location should be considered.
The image of the stable J-homomorphism

IN THIS PAPER we give detailed proofs of results about the image of the stable J-homomorphism similar to some announced in [24, 25, 26, and 271. The methods are those introduced in those papers; we just take a bit more care here to clarify certain aspects of the proof. The paper could be viewed as a response to Frank Adams’ challenge (Cl]): “for the classical J-homomorphism, we have no published proof independent of the ideas I am now discussing (the Adams conjecture); homotopy theorists know in principle where they should look for an independent proof, but nobody has yet been willing to undertake the heavy task of working it out in detail and writing it down properly.” The J-homomorphism, as introduced by G. W. Whitehead in [41], is the homomorphism X:”
A Comparison of Implicitly Parallel Multithreaded and Data-Parallel Implementations of an Ocean Model

Two parallel implementations of a state-of-the-art ocean model are described and analyzed: one is written in the implicitly parallel language Id for the Monsoon multithreaded dataflow architecture, and the other in data-parallel CM Fortran for the CM-5. The multithreaded programming model is inherently more expressive than the data-parallel model but is not especially adapted to regular data structures common to many scientific codes. One goal of this study is to understand what, if any, are the performance penalties of multithreaded execution when implementing a program that is well suited for data-parallel execution. To avoid technology and machine configuration issues, the two implementations are compared in terms of overhead cycles perrequiredfloating point operation. When flows in complex geometries typical of ocean basins are simulated, the data-parallel model only remains efficient if redundant computations are performed over land. The generality of the Id programming model, however, allows one to easily and transparently implement a parallel code that computes only in the ocean. When ocean basins with complex and irregular geometry are simulated the normalized performance on Monsoon is comparable with that of the CM-5. For more regular geometries that map well to the computational domain, the data-parallel approach proves to be a better match. We conclude by examining the extent to which clusters of mainstream symmetric multiprocessor (SMP) systems offer a scientific computing environment which can capitalize on and combine the strengths of the two paradigms.
Venous thromboembolism in adults with sickle cell disease: a serious and under-recognized complication.

Abstract Background Sickle cell disease is recognized as a hypercoagulable state; however, the frequency and characteristics of venous thromboembolism in sickle cell patients have not been well defined. The purpose of this study was to establish the prevalence and risk factors for venous thromboembolism in a large cohort of patients with sickle cell disease and determine the relationship between venous thromboembolism and mortality. Methods We performed a cross-sectional study of 404 sickle cell disease patients cared for at the Sickle Cell Center for Adults at Johns Hopkins. Demographic, sickle cell disease-specific comorbidity, and venous thromboembolism data were collected on all patients. Results One hundred one patients (25%) had a history of venous thromboembolism with a median age at diagnosis of 29.9 years. A history of non-catheter-related venous thromboembolism was found in 18.8% of patients. Sickle variant genotypes conferred a higher risk of non-catheter-related venous thromboembolism compared with sickle cell anemia genotypes (SS/Sβ 0 ) (relative risk [RR] 1.77; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.18-2.66). Tricuspid regurgitant jet velocity ≥2.5 m/s also was associated with non-catheter-related venous thromboembolism (RR 1.65; 95% CI, 1.12-2.45). Thirty patients (7.4%) died during the study period. Adjusting for all variables, non-catheter-related venous thromboembolism was independently correlated with death (RR 3.63; 95% CI, 1.66-7.92). Conclusion Venous thromboembolism is common in adults with sickle cell disease. Sickle variant genotypes and tricuspid regurgitant jet velocity ≥2.5 m/s are associated with non-catheter-related venous thromboembolism. In addition, non-catheter-related venous thromboembolism appears to be an independent risk factor for death in our cohort. These results suggest that disease-specific prophylaxis and treatment strategies for venous thromboembolism should be investigated in sickle cell disease patients.
Sorptionsvermittler in der Biopharmazie

Die Absorption von Arzneistoffen hangt von den chemisch-physikalischen Eigenschaften der Substanzen ab. Mit Hilfe von „Sorptionsvermittlern” gelingt es, Arzneistoffe, die schwer, uberhaupt nicht oder nur langsam absorbierbar sind, in die Haut und in die Schleimhaut eindringen (penetrieren) oder durch diese hindurchdringen (permeieren) zu lassen. Die Suche nach derartigen Hilfsstoffen sowie die Aufklarung ihrer Wirkungsprinzipien gehoren in den Bereich der Biopharmazie.
Simulation of microcrack effects in dissolution of positive resist exposed by X-ray lithography

Etchant percolation through voids plays an important role in dissolution of radiation sensitive materials in IC manufacture, but analysis and simulation of this phenomenon are hampered by the complexity of carrying out simulations at up to 20000 voids etching simultaneously. An attempt is made to use a simplified material crack model and a formulation of the model in terms of cellular automata, which is well suited for massively parallel computation. Simulation is then used to characterize etch front propagation and the resulting resist profile shape. An analytic model predicting that the etch front velocity goes as a geometrical series in the product of crack density times the square of crack length shows agreement with the simulation results. >
Aqueous sol-gel encapsulation of genetically engineered Moraxella spp. cells for the detection of organophosphates

An all-aqueous sol-gel method for encapsulation of bacterial cells in porous silicate matrices towards the development of a biosensor is described. The sol-gel encapsulation of cells is achieved at room temperature and neutral pH. Furthermore, use of sodium silicate as precursor avoids generation of alcohol that can be detrimental to cells in contrast to the traditional alkoxide sol-gel encapsulation process. Moraxella spp. cells engineered to express recombinant organophosphorus hydrolase (OPH) on the cell surface were encapsulated and OPH enzymatic activity was measured for paraoxon hydrolysis. Kinetic parameters (Km and Vmax) as well as pH behavior of surface-expressed OPH were determined to evaluate the effect of encapsulation. Cells encapsulated by the sodium silicate method displayed higher activity retention compared to those by the traditional alkoxide process. Time-course studies over a 2-month period indicate that immobilization through the sodium silicate process led to a reduction in activity of approximately 5% as compared to approximately 30% activity reduction in case of free cells in buffer indicating that immobilization leads to stabilization, a key parameter in biosensor development.
Interaction Between Hormonal Signaling Pathways in Drosophila melanogaster as Revealed by Genetic Interaction Between Methoprene-tolerant and Broad-Complex

Juvenile hormone (JH) regulates insect development by a poorly understood mechanism. Application of JH agonist insecticides to Drosophila melanogaster during the ecdysone-driven onset of metamorphosis results in lethality and specific morphogenetic defects, some of which resemble those in mutants of the ecdysone-regulated Broad-Complex (BR-C). The Methoprene-tolerant (Met) bHLH–PAS gene mediates JH action, and Met mutations protect against the lethality and defects. To explore relationships among these two genes and JH, double mutants were constructed between Met alleles and alleles of each of the BR-C complementation groups: broad (br), reduced bristles on palpus (rbp), and 2Bc. Defects in viability and oogenesis were consistently more severe in rbp Met or br Met double mutants than would be expected if these genes act independently. Additionally, complementation between BR-C mutant alleles often failed when MET was absent. Patterns of BRC protein accumulation during metamorphosis revealed essentially no difference between wild-type and Met-null individuals. JH agonist treatment did not block accumulation of BRC proteins. We propose that MET and BRC interact to control transcription of one or more downstream effector genes, which can be disrupted either by mutations in Met or BR-C or by application of JH/JH agonist, which alters MET interaction with BRC.
Phase variation in Salmonella: analysis of Hin recombinase and hix recombination site interaction in vivo

The bacteriophage P22-based challenge phase selection was used to characterize the binding of Salmonella Hin recombinase to the wild-type hixL and hixR recombination sites, as well as to mutant and synthetic hix sequences in vivo. Hin recombinase binds to the hixL or hixR recombination sites and represses transcription from an upstream promoter in the challenge phage system. Hin-mediated repression results from Hin associating into multimers either prior to binding or during the binding process at the hix operator sites (cooperativity). The ability of Hin multimers to repress transcription is eliminated when the hix 13-bp half-sites are rotated to opposite sides of the DNA helix by inserting 4 bp between them. Insertion of 1 bp between half-sites reduces overall repression. Hin also binds one of the hixL half-sites to repress transcription, but only when high levels of Hin protein are present in the cell. Mutations have been identified in the hix sites that impair Hin binding. Five of the 26 bp in the hix sites are critical; sites with base-pair substitutions at these five positions show greatly reduced binding. Three additional base pairs make minor contributions to binding. These results are consistent with the results of binding studies between Hin and the hix sites in vitro.
Global Gene Expression in Coprinopsis cinerea Meiotic Mutants Reflects Checkpoint Arrest

The basidiomycete Coprinopsis cinerea is well-suited to studies of meiosis because meiosis progresses synchronously in 10 million cells within each mushroom cap. Approximately 20% of C. cinerea genes exhibit changing expression during meiosis, but meiosis and mushroom development happen concurrently and therefore differentially expressed genes might not be directly involved in meiotic processes. By using microarrays, we examined global gene expression across a meiotic time course in two mutants in which meiosis arrests but mushrooms develop normally. Genes differentially expressed in the mutants compared with the wild type are likely to be involved in meiosis and sporulation as opposed to mushroom development. In rad50-1, which arrests in late prophase, RNA abundance for a group of early meiotic genes remains high, whereas the expression of a group of late meiotic genes is never induced. In contrast, in msh5-22 (which fails to undergo premeiotic DNA replication), both early and late meiotic genes are underexpressed relative to wild type at late meiotic time points as the cells die. Genes that are differentially expressed relative to wild type in both mutants are particularly strong candidates for playing roles in meiosis and sporulation.
An Endogenous Approach to Women's Interests: When Interests Are Interesting in and of Themselves

As Sapiro (1981) pointed out many years ago, recognizing that women's interests are interesting is the vital first step in establishing the significance of women's political representation (or the lack thereof)—both in the “real” world and in the scholarly world. Indeed, the assumption that women's interests exist, that women have political interests that can be defined and measured, is central to much of the subsequent research and discussion of women in politics. It is central to our own research on the relationship between women's descriptive and substantive representation (e.g., Reingold 2000; Swers 2002), and it is central to this symposium. Yet we come together in this symposium not simply because we share this assumption, but more tellingly because we all grapple with this assumption. Defining and measuring women's political interests pose a number of very difficult questions or dilemmas, which we elaborate in the following. We highlight these challenges not to dismiss such endeavors as futile or necessarily misguided. Rather, we argue that the very uncertainty surrounding women's interests is what makes them so interesting.
Brain pathways and behavioral responses to weak electric fields in parasitic sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus).

The authors characterized the behavioral and brain responses of parasitic sea lampreys ( Petromyzon marinus) to weak electric fields. Lampreys showed preferences for the cathodal end of the testing aquarium after electric stimulation. Within a range of cathodal fields (– 0.1 to 30.0 V/cm), lampreys exhibited increased active behaviors. In contrast, anodal fields decreased most active behaviors below baseline. Exposure to electric fields resulted in changes in Western blot patterns for the neuronal activity markers Fos, Fos-B, and Jun in whole-brain homogenate. Electric stimulation also increased Fos-B immunoreactivity in the octavolateral and the habenula–fasciculus retroflexus–interpeduncular systems. These results confirm that the octavolateral system is associated with electroreception and suggest that the habenula–fasciculus retroflexus–interpeduncular system may be part of the electroreceptive network.
Effect of parenteral selenium administration to sheep on prevalence and recovery from footrot.

Background: Insufficient intake of selenium (Se) is common in many regions, and can contribute to increased susceptibility to and prolonged recovery from infectious diseases. Objective: To determine the effect of Se administration in decreasing the severity and prevalence of footrot in sheep. Animals: Thirty-eight footrot-affected and 19 nonaffected sheep from a commercial flock of known high incidence of footrot. Methods: Placebo-controlled, prospective, 15-month clinical trial. Footrot-affected sheep were randomly assigned into 2 groups (n = 19) and injected with either 5 mg Se (footrot [FR]-Se) or saline (FR-Sal) at 1-month intervals for the duration of the study. Unaffected sheep (controls) received no treatment. Sheep feet were examined, trimmed, and scored for footrot with a scale of 0 (no footrot) to 4 (extensive) at 0, 3, 6, 9, and 15 months. Sheep were also bled at time 0 and then at 3, 6, and 15 months to assess whole blood Se concentrations. Results: At time 0, control sheep (255 ± 11 ng/mL) had higher (P 0 at 6 (P= .020) months compared with FR-Sal ewes. Sheep with blood Se concentrations <300 ng/mL were at 3.5 times greater risk (1.1–12.1 confidence interval, odds ratio) for FR, although this relationship was only significant (P= .04) at 6 months of the study. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: In sheep with footrot, improved Se status in conjunction with routine control practices result in more rapid improvement of foot lesions.
Efficient caching of temporary files

Caching has emerged as an important method of improving the performance of distributed file systems. May researchers have shown that network traffic, server load and file access times can all be significantly reduced by caching files on the client. The authors propose to improve cache performance by increasing flush times for temporary files and performing directory operations of temporary files on the client since temporary files have unique features that allow it. >
Segmentation: a technique for adapting high-performance logic ATE to test high-density, high-speed SRAMs

In order to make decoder lines shorter, and thus decrease average access-times to the cells, SRAM designers employ a cascaded, multiple-array structure-instead of building SRAMs as a single 'monolithic' array of cells. By rearranging traditional memory test patterns to take account of the true distribution of decoder branches within the die layout, the test can be focussed on cells which form a single array 'segment', (i.e. cells that share the same row/column decoders). This 'segmented' test pattern requires fewer cycles to execute, and in nearly all cases has at least the same fault coverage as the traditional 'monolithic' version of the test pattern. Additionally, these 'segmented' patterns can be ideally handled by logic test ATE using the modern 'per-pin' resource architecture, to take advantage of the superior accuracy and vector rate of these testers. >
Acute Dissection of a Contegra Conduit: A Rare Mechanism of Failure

The Contegra (Medtronic Inc, Minneapolis, MN) bovine jugular vein conduit has been used with increasing frequency in congenital heart disease for the reconstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract. In this report, we describe a mechanism for conduit failure secondary to an acute dissection of the inner neointimal peel from the conduit wall.
Simultaneous measurement of angular and spectral properties of light scattering for characterization of tissue microarchitecture and its alteration in early precancer

We present a novel instrument to measure the spectral, angular, azimuthal, and polarization dependence of light backscattered by living biological tissues, thus providing the most comprehensive description of the light scattering to obtain unique quantitative information about the microarchitecture of living cells and tissues. We show the potential of this technique to characterize and diagnose early premalignant changes in the epithelia. In studies with a rodent model of colon carcinogenesis, we show that several parameters obtained using this technique, such as the number density of red blood cells in the capillary network immediately underlying the epithelium, the fractal dimension of the tissue, and the average roundness of subcellular structures, are significant for detection of precancerous changes at a very early stage of the carcinogenic process, at which no other histological or molecular markers have been identified.
The Correlates of High Parental Academic Expectations An Asian-Latino Comparison

Asian American parents espouse higher academic expectations relative to parents from other ethnic groups, yet these high expectations predict greater self-doubt in children who fall short of expectations. In the present study, 69 Asian American and 33 Latino undergraduate students discussed their parents’ expectations, how supportive they felt their parents were with their choice of major and school performance, and their feelings about their own academic performance. Differences between both groups emerged: Asian students perceived more pressure to do well academically than Latino students did. Asian students with more pressuring parents also expected them to be the most upset if they were to earn a C, saw them as less supportive, and ultimately felt less satisfied with their academic performance. In contrast, Latino students with more pressuring parents expected them to be upset (but not to the same degree as Asian parents), yet still felt more supported and satisfied with their academic performance. Hi...
Ukrainian and Belorussian dimensions of Turkmenistan foreign policy: small states in a multipolar world

As the USA continues to decline both in relative and absolute terms, the global order emerges where no center of power exists. This creates a complicated and instable geopolitical situation where small states could act behind the back of the great powers. The relationship between Turkmenistan and Ukraine is the example of this sort of relationship. Whereas Ukraine wants to get cheap gas, Turkmenistan wants to find the way to sell its gas to the West. It looks as though both countries pay little attention to Russian objection and act without direct help from either the USA or other great powers.
‘Manipulation’ without the parasite: altered feeding behaviour of mosquitoes is not dependent on infection with malaria parasites

Previous studies have suggested that Plasmodium parasites can manipulate mosquito feeding behaviours such as probing, persistence and engorgement rate in order to enhance transmission success. Here, we broaden analysis of this 'manipulation phenotype' to consider proximate foraging behaviours, including responsiveness to host odours and host location. Using Anopheles stephensi and Plasmodium yoelii as a model system, we demonstrate that mosquitoes with early stage infections (i.e. non-infectious oocysts) exhibit reduced attraction to a human host, whereas those with late-stage infections (i.e. infectious sporozoites) exhibit increased attraction. These stage-specific changes in behaviour were paralleled by changes in the responsiveness of mosquito odourant receptors, providing a possible neurophysiological mechanism for the responses. However, we also found that both the behavioural and neurophysiological changes could be generated by immune challenge with heat-killed Escherichia coli and were thus not tied explicitly to the presence of malaria parasites. Our results support the hypothesis that the feeding behaviour of female mosquitoes is altered by Plasmodium, but question the extent to which this is owing to active manipulation by malaria parasites of host behaviour.
Turn-up Plasty for Salvage of Transtibial Amputations: An Illustrated Description of the Surgical Technique: A Case Report.

Case: We present the operative technique for turn-up plasty with a transtibial amputation in three patients with combat-related open tibial fractures who ultimately required amputation. Unaugmented amputation would have resulted in residual limbs of 7 cm; however, with use of the turn-up plasty technique, resultant limbs averaged 14 cm. All three patients achieved union at the osteosynthesis site and regular ambulation with a below-the-knee prosthesis. Conclusion: Transtibial turn-up plasty for length and level salvage is a sound option to provide robust, sensate soft-tissue coverage with additional osseous length when limb salvage fails and primary amputation would result in either an extremely short transtibial amputation or a more proximal level amputation.
Property, Contract, Aggression, Capitalism, Socialism

Before advancing to the more exciting field of analyzing diverse policy schemes from the standpoint of economic theory and political philosophy, it is essential to introduce and explain the basic concepts used throughout the following study. Indeed, the concepts explained in this chapter—the concepts of property, contract, aggression, capitalism and socialism—are so basic, so fundamental, that one cannot even avoid making use of them, if at times only implicitly. Unfortunately, though, the very fact that in analyzing any kind of human action and/or any kind of interpersonal relationship one must make use of these concepts does not imply that everyone has a precise understanding of them. It seems instead to be the other way around. Because the concept of property, for instance, is so basic that everyone seems to have some immediate understanding of it, most people never think about it carefully and can, as a consequence, produce at best a very vague definition. But starting from imprecisely stated or assumed definitions and building a complex network of thought upon them can lead only to intellectual disaster. For the original imprecisions and loopholes will then pervade and distort everything derived from them. To avoid this the concept of property must first be clarified.
Statistically Optimized Performance Predictions of Low Heat Rejection Engines with Exhaust Energy Recovery

Utilisation de methodes statistiques pour optimiser les performances d'un moteur a faibles pertes de chaleur avec recuperation de l'energie de l'echappement
Wavelength locked high-speed microring modulator using an integrated balanced homodyne CMOS control circuit

We demonstrated wavelength locking for a high speed ring modulator using a low-power integrated balanced homodyne CMOS controller. Locking for wavelength change of 4 nm and substrate temperature change of 40°C was achieved.
Measurement and Correlation of the Thermal Conductivities of Biodiesel Constituent Fluids: Methyl Oleate and Methyl Linoleate

New experimental data on the thermal conductivities of the methyl esters methyl oleate and methyl linoleate in the liquid phase are reported that allow for the development of correlations. These new experimental data, covering a temperature range of 302–508 K for methyl oleate and 302–505 K for methyl linoleate at a pressure range of 0.1–42 MPa, are used with estimated dilute gas values to develop correlations for the thermal conductivity. The experimental data reported here have an uncertainty of less than 1%. On the basis of the uncertainty of and comparisons to the present data, the thermal conductivity correlations for methyl oleate and methyl linoleate in the liquid phase are estimated to have a relative uncertainty of about 2.5% at a 95% confidence level.
Lack of Response to Supplemental Tin, Vanadium, Chromium and Nickel when added to a Purified Crystalline Amino Acid diet for Chicks

Abstract An experiment was conducted to ascertain if supplementing a completely purified diet with tin, vanadium, chromium and nickel would enhance chick performance between hatching and 27-days posthatching. No effects on rate and efficiency of gain or on feather development were noted. A level of 350 p.p.m. magnesium, all in inorganic form, was found adequate for chick growth during this period.
Abstract 2801: Fueling immunity: The role of Myc in metabolic reprogramming of activated T cells

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL One of the fundamental problems in animal cells is the coordination of the metabolic program with cell proliferation-associated bioenergetic demand. Primary T lymphocytes rapidly switch from a quiescent phase to a rapid-proliferation phase one day after antigen stimulation. To meet the bioenergetic and biosynthetic demand for this burst of proliferation, T cells rapidly reprogram their metabolic pathways from fatty acid beta-oxidation and glucose aerobic respiration to glycolysis (converting glucose to lactate) and glutaminolysis (converting glutamine to metabolites of the TCA cycle). This is reminiscent of tumor-associated metabolic reprogramming in many ways. Recent work has indicated that oncogenic signaling can reform tumor metabolic programs by targeting relatively few key metabolic genes. However, we found that global regulation of the metabolic gene transcriptome precedes the switch of T cell metabolic activities. In silico analysis of DNA-binding motifs associated with the metabolic gene expression profile revealed HIF1a, c-Myc and p53 as three of the top-ranked candidate transcription factors responsible for T cell metabolic reprogramming. Consistent with this, HIF1a, c-Myc and p53 are each highly induced in primary T cells upon antigen stimulation and have been implicated in the regulation of tumor metabolism. However, while germline deletion of p53 and acute deletion of HIF1a showed no defects in metabolic reprogramming upon antigen stimulation, acute deletion of c-Myc in mature T lymphocytes profoundly reduced antigen-stimulated glycolysis and glutamine oxidation in primary T cells. In addition, c-Myc deletion significantly compromised T cell growth and T cell proliferation after antigen stimulation. Finally, we found that many of the key metabolic genes involved in glycolysis and glutamine oxidation are regulated in a c-Myc-dependent manner. Our results further suggest a novel c-Myc dependent metabolic pathway linking glutamine oxidation to the biosynthesis of polyamines, which is a group of metabolites essential for cell proliferation. Our studies clearly demonstrate that primary T lymphocytes drive a c-Myc-dependent metabolic reprogramming upon antigen stimulation, which may represent a general mechanism of the metabolic reprogramming under both pathological and physiological conditions. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2801. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-2801
The Christian Right and Republican Realignment in Oklahoma

On November 8, 1994, Oklahoma Democrats were stunned by an unprecedented GOP tide in the midterm elections. Just two years before, the Democrats still looked like the majority party: they held the governor's office, a 5-3 majority in the congressional delegation, and huge majorities in the state legislature. On Wednesday morning they woke up to a new reality. Republicans swept the offices of governor and lieutenant governor, picked up seats in the state legislature, and seized a remarkable 7-1 majority in the congressional delegation. Not since 1920 had the Republicans sent a majority to Washington, and never by such a margin. Of equal significance is the nature of that congressional delegation. All five of the victorious Republican House members and both of the senators have ties to the Christian Right and received strong backing from conservative Evangelical voters. The lone surviving Democrat is conservative Representative Bill Brewster. From the standpoint of the Christian Right, therefore, the elections were a smashing success; Oklahoma's delegation to Washington will be highly sympathetic to their policy goals. What produced this outcome was a fortuitous blend of discontent, resources, and opportunity. Successful social movements need resources to channel discontent and favorable opportunities to exploit. All of these came together in Oklahoma. Discontent with the drift of secular society, accentuated by deep displeasure with President Clinton (who embodied the “counterculture” in the White House), galvanized conservative Evangelicals. In turn, this discontent was channeled by sophisticated Christian Right leaders and fueled by expanding resources (money, media outlets, and a volunteer corps).
Quantitative SPECT imaging: A review and recommendations by the focus committee of the society of nuclear medicine Computer and Instrumentation Council

This article is a review of the physics principles, instrumentation and reconstruction methods behind SPECT imaging. Particular attention is paid to the mechanisms that can significantly affect the accuracy of a SPECT image. We describe instrumentation advances and reconstruction methods used to correct images to improve image quality and produce quantitative images. The clinical importance of improved image quality and quantitation are also reviewed.
A Multisite Field Test of the Acceptability of Physical Activity Counseling in Primary Care: Project PACE

Primary health-care providers have been encouraged to counsel their patients about regular physical activity, but there are significant barriers to effective counseling. In this study a program of training and materials was tested for acceptability to providers, office staff, and patients. Primary care providers and office staff were trained to use the Physician-based Assessment and Counseling for Exercise (PACE) materials in four geographical sites in the United States. The program was tested in a variety of settings and with diverse patient populations. The acceptability of the program during a five-month study period was evaluated through structured interviews. The training was effective in preparing the providers to counsel, and the program was generally acceptable to providers, office staff, and patients. Counseling was provided in less than five minutes by 70% of providers, and most patients reported following the recommendations given. The PACE program assists providers in overcoming barriers to counseling patients about physical activity. The PACE program is potentially an important part of a national effort to enhance the adoption and maintenance of physical activity among adults.
Estimation of surface energy fluxes in the Arctic tundra using the remote sensing thermal-based Two-Source Energy Balance model

Abstract. The Arctic has become generally a warmer place over the past decades leading to earlier snow melt, permafrost degradation and changing plant communities. Increases in precipitation and local evaporation in the Arctic, known as the acceleration components of the hydrologic cycle, coupled with land cover changes, have resulted in significant changes in the regional surface energy budget. Quantifying spatiotemporal trends in surface energy flux partitioning is key to forecasting ecological responses to changing climate conditions in the Arctic. An extensive local evaluation of the Two-Source Energy Balance model (TSEB) – a remote-sensing-based model using thermal infrared retrievals of land surface temperature – was performed using tower measurements collected over different tundra types in Alaska in all sky conditions over the full growing season from 2008 to 2012. Based on comparisons with flux tower observations, refinements in the original TSEB net radiation, soil heat flux and canopy transpiration parameterizations were identified for Arctic tundra. In particular, a revised method for estimating soil heat flux based on relationships with soil temperature was developed, resulting in significantly improved performance. These refinements result in mean turbulent flux errors generally less than 50 W m−2 at half-hourly time steps, similar to errors typically reported in surface energy balance modeling studies conducted in more temperate climatic regimes. The MODIS leaf area index (LAI) remote sensing product proved to be useful for estimating energy fluxes in Arctic tundra in the absence of field data on the local biomass amount. Model refinements found in this work at the local scale build toward a regional implementation of the TSEB model over Arctic tundra ecosystems, using thermal satellite remote sensing to assess response of surface fluxes to changing vegetation and climate conditions.
Development of I2S-LWR instrumentation systems

Abstract The Integral Inherently Safe Light Water Reactor (I2S-LWR) is a novel pressurized water reactor (PWR) concept being developed by a multi-institutional team led by Georgia Institute of Technology, under the Department of Energy’s Nuclear Energy University Programs Integrated Research Projects (DOE NEUP IRP). The I2S-LWR aims to deliver approximately 1 GWe power output, comparable to other large scale LWRs, while simultaneously delivering improved safety over other Generation III+ LWRs. This reactor concept aims to achieve these goals by incorporating inherent safety features in the design. These features include an integral design of the primary coolant and control rod drive systems which eliminate the possibility of large break loss of coolant and control rod ejection accidents. It also features a fully passive decay heat removal system (DHRS) designed to providing indefinite core cooling as long as the core remains submerged in coolant. These features impact the design of the instrumentation system in a variety of ways. The University of Tennessee is developing instrumentation and control design concepts for the I2S-LWR. The development of instrumentation systems in the I2S-LWR, and the challenges and technology gaps to be addressed, are presented.
Thermal Liquefaction of Lignin to Aromatics: Efficiency, Selectivity, and Product Analysis

This perspective addresses efficiency and selectivity of high-temperature lignin liquefaction processes conducted in various reaction media as sub- and supercritical fluids. The challenges in efficient and selective production of high-value organic monomers from lignin are reviewed critically, along with analytical protocols essential for their accurate recovery after lignin degradation. The current approaches targeting the formation of phenolic monomers from lignin are discussed in terms of their repolymerization, a process that decreases the reaction selectivity and yield of the dominant phenolic monomers. The potential to solve this grand challenge is analyzed in terms of acid and/or protic cosolvent application, reduction of the reaction temperature, “quenching” of the reactive lignin depolymerization intermediates, and presence of heterogeneous catalysts, such as zeolites, metals, and metal oxides, sulfides, and phosphides.
Chest pain and bilateral atrioventricular value prolapse with normal coronary arteries in isolated corrected transposition of the great vessels

A man evaluated for disabling chest pain was found to have isolated anatomically corrected transposition of the great vessels. Angiography demonstrated right and left atrioventricular (A-V) valve prolapse and normal coronary arteries. Atrial pacing produced chest pain, ischemic electrocardiographic changes, abnormal myocardial lactate metabolism and marked elevation of the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure; all of these changes returned to normal on termination of pacing. The association of corrected transposition and bilateral A-V valve prolapse and the possible causes of myocardial ischemia in this patient are discussed.
The Impact of an Infant Oral Health Program on Dental Students' Knowledge and Attitudes.

The high prevalence of early childhood caries and many general dentists’ reluctance to treat young children and pregnant women demand new educational programs to foster delivery of oral health services. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of an Infant Oral Health Program (IOHP) at the University of Florida College of Dentistry on dental students’ knowledge about and willingness to provide dental care for infants, children up to three years of age, and pregnant women. A total of 233 dental students in the first through fourth years and recent graduates completed a survey that assessed the educational outcomes of the IOHP; only the fourth-year students had received IOHP training. The results showed that females were more likely than males to provide counseling to caregivers about dental and physical development (p=0.024) and to offer restorative treatment to young children (p=0.021). Older students were more likely than younger students to provide restorative treatment (p=0.013). A greater percentage of IOHP-trained students (96%) reported knowing how to use the lap examination technique compared with untrained students (71%; p
Effects of Fast Fashion Brands' Sustainability Practices on Brand Equity Formation

This study aims to examine (1) whether sustainability practices of fast fashion brands affect customer-based brand equity formation and (2) how the effects of sustainability practices differ across consumers’ perceptions toward fast fashion brands’ sustainability practices.
σ N–C Bond Difunctionalization in Bridged Twisted Amides: Sew-and-Cut Activation Approach to Functionalized Isoquinolines

A rare example of highly selective σ N–C bond difunctionalization in bridged twisted lactams through N–C cleavage has been achieved. In combination with the intramolecular Heck cyclization, this method affords a two-step bond reorganization event (“sew-and-cut”) to access functionalized isoquinoline ring systems directly with high atom economy. C–H bond functionalizations directed by a weakly coordinating bridged amide bond increase scaffold diversity. Preliminary mechanistic studies on the effect of amide distortion and the role of electrophile in this unusual σ N–C amide difunctionalization are described.
Incorporating germination‐induction into decontamination strategies for bacterial spores

Bacterial spores resist environmental extremes and protect key spore macromolecules until more supportive conditions arise. Spores germinate upon sensing specific molecules, such as nutrients. Germination is regulated by specialized mechanisms or structural features of the spore that limit contact with germinants and enzymes that regulate germination. Importantly, germination renders spores more susceptible to inactivating processes such as heat, desiccation, and ultraviolet radiation, to which they are normally refractory. Thus, germination can be intentionally induced through a process called germination-induction and subsequent treatment of these germinated spores with common disinfectants or gentle heat will inactivate them. However, while the principle of germination-induction has been shown effective in the laboratory, this strategy has not yet been fully implemented in real-word scenarios. Here, we briefly review the mechanisms of bacterial spore germination and discuss the evolution of germination-induction as a decontamination strategy. Finally, we examine progress towards implementing germination-induction in three contexts: biodefense, hospital settings and food manufacture. Significance and impact This article reviews implementation of germination-induction as part of a decontamination strategy for the cleanup of bacterial spores. To our knowledge this is the first time that germination-induction studies have been reviewed in this context. This article will provide a resource which summarizes the mechanisms of germination in Clostridia and Bacillus species, challenges and successes in germination-induction, and potential areas where this strategy may be implemented.