cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
De l’invisibilité des Portugais de France dans La Cage dorée

Abstract. In the context of the need for recognition and the role it plays on the construction of identity in contemporary societies, an unpretentious ethnic comedy sheds some relevant light on this phenomenon—in an astonishing way. In The Gilded Cage directed by Ruben Alves, through the character of Maria (a concierge), we see the dichotomy between social invisibility and the attempt to be recognized emerge in the Portuguese subculture in France. However, even if this demand for visibility generally leads to a confrontation, it can also promote social integration and prompt the formulation of an identity paradigm. It can create a transnational community (or at least an imagined one) that becomes part of the public debate about identity in France and other societies. Therefore, let us salute this comedy; while making us laugh as it deconstructs stereotypes, it also gives us plenty of food for thought.Resume. Dans la mouvance actuelle du besoin de reconnaissance et du role qu’il joue dans la construction de l’identite dans les societes contemporaines, de maniere etonnante, c’est une comedie communautaire sans pretention qui vient nous apporter un eclairage pertinent sur ce phenomene. C’est ainsi que dans La Cage doree de Ruben Alves, a travers la dialectique entre l’invisibilite sociale et la lutte pour la reconnaissance de la concierge Maria, se profile la lutte pour la reconnaissance des Portugais de France. Cependant, meme si cette revendication de visibilite conduit generalement a une lutte, celle-ci peut aussi promouvoir l’integration sociale en debouchant sur la formulation d’un paradigme identitaire, la formation d’une communaute transnationale, une communaute imaginee, qui appartient au questionnement identitaire qui agite le debat public en France et dans de nombreuses autres societes. Saluons donc une comedie, qui tout en nous faisant rire et sourire en deconstruisant bon nombre de stereotypes nous donne matiere a reflechir.
Getting on their level: Preschool teachers embodying the ideal preschooler:

An ethical commitment to liberating children has led childhood scholars to overlook pedagogies that afford children’s active participation. This article thus shows how preschool teachers contribute...
Out of Pocket Costs and Health Insurance Take-Up Rates.

Over the first ten years of this century, the share of the US population covered by employer-sponsored health insurance plans experienced a significant decline. A decrease in the take-up rate accounts for about a quarter of this decline. Usually, the increasing share of the premium that is paid by workers is used to explain the decline in the take-up rate. However, in recent years the increase in copayments, deductible and coinsurance rate has far outpaced the increase in worker contribution. In this study we analyze the impact of out-of-pocket (OOP) costs, which consist of both workers’ contribution toward the premium and expected expenditures, on the take-up rate for firms that offer multiple plan types. Using data from the Employer Health Benefits Survey we estimated a pooled ordinary least squares and a fixed effects model. Since we have information about different types of health insurance plans offered by the firm, we derive the cross-price elasticity of coverage. Our fixed effects estimations suggest that workers respond to an increase in the out-of-pocket contributions for Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) plans by switching to PPO plans without impacting the overall take-up rate, while workers respond to increases in the out-of-pocket contribution for Preferred Provider Organization (PPO) plans by switching to HMO plans or dropping out of the group coverage. In general, we found that the estimated elasticities are too small to explain the overall drop in take-up rates even in light of the large increases in required worker contributions and expected expenditures. Still, we highlight the growing importance of expected expenditures in explaining take-up rates.
The Emerging Roles and Clinical Potential of Exosomes in Cancer: Drug Resistance

Abstract In developed countries, drug resistance is the principle cause of death for an array of cancer types. Executing approaches that disarm drug-resistant cells is essential for both clinical and chemotherapeutic efficacy. Exosomes—as a fundamental member of extracellular vesicles—are an effective delivery system for the transportation of bioactive molecules across the cell membrane. Substantial data have revealed cancer-derived exosomes to be a key cause of intrinsic and acquired drug resistance. Exosomes can influence drug resistance through three mechanisms, including exosome-mediated direct drug efflux, transportation of drug resistance via exosomal contents, and cross-talk between tumor and stromal cells. The roles of exosomes in cancer drug resistance have been reported in a variety of cancers, including leukemia, breast cancer, prostate cancer, ovarian cancer, and other malignancies. Exosomes contain a variety of proteins, ligands, mRNAs, and miRNAs that have pleiotropic functions in cancer drug resistance. In this chapter, we specifically discuss the emerging roles and clinical potential of exosomes in cancer drug resistance.
Innovation Dynamics and Organizational Ecologies

In Chap. 3, we explored the major factors of the Triad (social capital, evolved predispositions, and tacit knowledge), and the interplay based on the principles of self-organization or circular causality. In this chapter, we’ll look at three related features to the overall framework, namely innovation at the individual, dyad, and organizational or network levels.
Integrating Deductive and Algorithmic Reasoning

Theorem proving and decision procedures have orthogonal advantages in scaling up formal verification to solve complex verification problems. In this chapter, we explore the general problem of using theorem proving with decision procedures in a sound and efficient manner.
The Possibilities of Difference Analysis Utilisation in Profit Rate Assessment

The main aim of this article is the application of selected methods of difference analysis to the chosen profit indicator of Return on Equity (ROE). First, the importance of the ROE indicator is described in the paper and then, also, the possible methods of pyramidal decomposition in multiplicative structures – ie. the method of gradual changes, the decomposition method with residue, the logarithmic method and the functional method. The pyramidal decomposition of the ROE top indicator is implemented using the functional method, the only one that can be used in the case of a negative volume index indicator and, at the same time, this method is not sensitive to the order of the factors. In conclusion, the assessment of the impact of partial analytical indicators of pyramidal decomposition on the top analysed indicator of ROE is accomplished. The degree of various influences of sub-indicators on the ROE top indicator, in the analysed periods, was different. The ROE indicator was most affected by the Sales Profitability indicator on the second level of decomposition. In the first and last assessment periods, the Sales Profitability indicator was determined by the Cost Efficiency indicator, in the first, and in the second period, by the cost of sales indicator. The partial factor Financial Leverage affected the ROE the least within the assessment period. The Tax Earnings Reduction indicator following the Interest Earnings Reduction indicator presented the stronger influence on the ROE after the Financial Leverage indicator.
Evaluation of adverse events noted in children receiving continuous infusions of dexmedetomidine in the intensive care unit.

OBJECTIVES Dexmedetomidine is an α2-adrenergic receptor agonist with sedative and analgesic effects in mechanically ventilated adults and children. Safety and efficacy data are limited in children. The purpose of this study is to retrospectively identify the incidence and types of adverse events noted in children receiving continuous infusions of dexmedetomidine and evaluate potential risk factors for adverse events. METHODS Between July 1, 2006, and July 31, 2007, data were collected on all children (< 18 years) who received continuous infusions of dexmedetomidine. Data collection included demographics, dexmedetomidine regimen, and type/number of adverse events. The primary endpoint was the total number of adverse events noted, including: transient hypertension, hypotension, neurological manifestations, apnea, and bradycardia. Secondary endpoints included categorization of each type of adverse event and an assessment of risk factors. A logistic regression model was used to assess the relationship of adve...
Field investigations of passive and active processes for acid mine drainage Treatment: Are anions a concern?

Abstract Acid mine drainage (AMD) treatment processes were investigated for removal of anions including bromide, fluoride, chloride, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate. The study selected a passive process consisting of an aerated lagoon and aerobic wetlands and an active process composed of a lime dosing silo and a sedimentation pond. The results showed both processes were capable of removing fluoride, nitrate, and phosphate. The passive process removed 21% bromide and 26% chloride as a result of biotic mechanisms which could not be achieved by the active process. Additionally, higher temperature and longer hydraulic retention time promoted the removal of many anions. With abiotic mechanisms such as precipitation, the active process was capable of removing sulfate, which was found unsuccessful by the passive process due to unfavorable conditions for the growth of sulfate reducing bacteria. Although the anions in the AMD waters were not high enough to generate substantial environmental and health concerns, their removals, especially the removals of bromide, phosphate and sulfate, would reduce burdens at downstream drinking water treatment plants.
A Penalized Method for the Predictive Limit of Learning

Machine learning systems learn from and make predictions by building models from observed data. Because large models tend to overfit while small models tend to underfit for a given fixed dataset, a critical challenge is to select an appropriate model (e.g. set of variables/features). Model selection aims to strike a balance between the goodness of fit and model complexity, and thus to gain reliable predictive power. In this paper, we study a penalized model selection technique that asymptotically achieves the optimal expected prediction loss (referred to as the limit of learning) offered by a set of candidate models. We prove that the proposed procedure is both statistically efficient in the sense that it asymptotically approaches the limit of learning, and computationally efficient in the sense that it can be much faster than cross validation methods. Our theory applies for a wide variety of model classes, loss functions, and high dimensions (in the sense that the models' complexity can grow with data size). We released a python package with our proposed method for general usage like logistic regression and neural networks.
Optimal Patrol on a Graph Against Random and Strategic Attackers

We present a patrol problem where several patrollers move between locations dispersed throughout an area of interest in order to detect enemy attacks. To formulate an effective patrol policy, the patrollers must take into account travel time between locations, as well as location-specific parameters, which include patroller inspection times, enemy attack times, and cost incurred due to an undetected attack. We consider both random and strategic attackers. A random attacker chooses a location to attack according to a probability distribution, while a strategic attacker plays a two-person zero-sum game with the patrollers. We model the area of interest on a graph and, in some cases, can compute an optimal patrol solution using linear programming. This method, however, becomes computationally intractable as the problem size grows. Therefore, we present efficient heuristics, based on aggregate index values, fictitious play, and shortest paths. Numerical experiments using the heuristic methods produce excellent results on several graph sizes and structures, with computation time orders of magnitude less than what is required to compute an optimal solution.
The Case and Context for "The Real Cost" Campaign.

Discussion of how the creation of the Center for Tobacco Products at the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, youth trends in cigarette smoking, and effectiveness of mass media interventions served as the foundation for the development of “The Real Cost” youth smoking prevention media campaign. The success of the campaign demonstrates that a comprehensive regulatory approach that includes public education can reduce the public health burden of tobacco use. Supplement information This article is part of a supplement entitled Fifth Anniversary Retrospective of “The Real Cost,” the Food and Drug Administration's Historic Youth Smoking Prevention Media Campaign, which is sponsored by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
Deterministic bidirectional communication and remote entanglement generation between superconducting qubits

We propose and experimentally demonstrate an efficient scheme for bidirectional and deterministic photonic communication between two remote superconducting modules. The two chips, each consists of a transmon, are connected through a one-meter long coaxial cable that is coupled to a dedicated “communication” resonator on each chip. The two communication resonators hybridize with a mode of the cable to form a dark “communication mode” that is highly immune to decay in the coaxial cable. We overcome the various restrictions of quantum communication channels established by other recent approaches in deterministic communication for superconducting qubits. Our approach enables bidirectional communication, and eliminates the high insertion loss and large volume footprint of circulators. We modulate the transmon frequency via a parametric drive to generate sideband interactions between the transmon and the communication mode. We demonstrate bidirectional single-photon transfer with a success probability exceeding 60%, and generate an entangled Bell pair with a fidelity of 79.3 ± 0.3%. Quantum information can be passed between qubit devices by using nonlinear interactions to control transmission through a connecting cable. The construction of quantum networks and larger-scale quantum computers requires interconnections that can coherently transfer quantum information over long distances and between separate computing modules. Recent experiments have used controlled emission and absorption of microwave photons to produce one-way transmission between superconducting circuits. Nelson Leung and Yao Lu from the University of Chicago, with collaborators in the USA, have demonstrated two-way communication through a one-metre long coaxial cable. Manipulating the nonlinearities of their superconducting circuits via external controls allows the coupling between the qubits and the cable, and hence the inter-module transmission, to be turned on and off as necessary. This approach avoids some of the drawbacks of other quantum communication solutions with one-way transmission.
An Unstable Monoterpene Alcohol as a Pheromone Component of the Longhorned Beetle Paranoplium gracile (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

We report the identification of p-mentha-1,3-dien-8-ol, an unstable monoterpene alcohol, as a male-produced aggregation-sex pheromone component of the cerambycid beetle Paranoplium gracile (Leconte) (subfamily Cerambycinae, tribe Oemini), a species endemic to California. Headspace volatiles from live males contained a blend of nine cyclic terpenoids that were not detected in analogous samples from females. Volatiles produced by male Eudistenia costipennis Fall, also in the tribe Oemini, contained the same suite of nine compounds. Four compounds, dehydro-p-cymene, p-mentha-1,3-dien-8-ol, p,α,α-trimethylbenzyl alcohol, and an unidentified compound were found to elicit responses from antennae of P. gracile females in coupled gas chromatography-electroantennogram detection (GC-EAD) assays, whereas only p-mentha-1,3-dien-8-ol elicited responses from antennae of males. In field assays, p-mentha-1,3-dien-8-ol stabilized with the antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) attracted P. gracile of both sexes, indicating it functions as an aggregation-sex pheromone, as with other pheromones identified from its subfamily, the Cerambycinae. Adding four of the other compounds found in headspace samples to the dienol lure had no effect on attraction. Because of the instability of p-mentha-1,3-dien-8-ol, it seems likely that at least some of the compounds seen in the extracts of volatiles from both species are artefacts, rather than being components of the pheromone.
Photocatalytic Oxidation of Dichloroacetic Acid and Dichloroacetyl Chloride on TiO2: Active Sites, Effect of H2O, and Reaction Pathways

Photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) quickly oxidizes dichloroacetyl chloride and dichloroacetic acid to phosgene (COCl2) and CO2 on TiO2. At least two types of active sites exist for PCO on TiO2 and their activities differ by more than an order of magnitude; the more-active sites comprise approximately 30 of the adsorption sites. Water redistributes adsorbed dichloroacetyl chloride and dichloroacetic acid to more-active sites during transient PCO, yet does not change PCO activity or selectivity. Dichloroacetyl chloride oxidizes through parallel pathways, one of which forms dichloroacetic acid as an intermediate. The α-carbon in dichloroacetic acid quickly oxidizes to CO2 without forming any long-lived intermediates, whereas the β-carbon forms CO2 and COCl2 in parallel reactions.
Total hearing health: An approach for raising noise awareness in society

Noise-induced hearing loss is one of the most common work-related illnesses in the United States, and an estimated 24% of hearing difficulty among the working population is attributable to workplace exposures. However, the harmful effects of noise are evident even among non-workers. Regardless of occupation, nearly everyone will encounter hazardous noise at some point during their lifetime. NIOSH promotes Total Hearing Health, which broadens the scope of hearing loss prevention interventions to encompass all risks to hearing, both at and away from work. This presentation will discuss tools for applying the Total Hearing Health approach to increasing noise awareness. These tools include (a) Apps and devices which measure noise exposure and provide information on hearing loss risk; (b) Promotional ideas to raise awareness of hearing health at worksites, classrooms, health fairs, sporting events, and other venues; and (c) Wikipedia, blogs, and social media tools for expanding the reach of hearing loss prevention messages. Increasing noise awareness requires engaging the public in an authentic and meaningful way. Examples of how NIOSH have implemented Total Hearing Health to accomplish this goal and recommendations for incorporating Total Hearing Health in your own work will be provided.
Utilizing Social Determinants of Health to Elicit Perceived Control Beliefs About Physical Activity Among African Americans

This qualitative study explored African Americans' perceived behavioral control (PBC) beliefs about how social determinants of health (SDoH) impact their physical activity behavior. Thirty semi-structured interviews were conducted with African Americans aged 30-50 in Oklahoma. Interviews were audio recorded, transcribed, coded, and analyzed for themes by two independent coders. Economic stability themes represented beliefs that financial status facilitates physical activity, yet, employment duties impede physical activity. SES barriers to physical activity did not emerge within this relatively high SES sample. Neighborhood and built environment themes represented beliefs that accessibility facilitates physical activity, while inclement weather impedes physical activity. Although not a part of the question path, motivation emerged as a theme and represented beliefs about how motivation impacts physically active behavior in the absence of other SDoH barriers. This research can inform interventions developed to promote physical activity among African American adults in the central US.
Perceived cadre corruption and government responsibility in China: does the blame stay local, and why (not)?

Using data from a 2008 nationwide survey in China, this study explores the relationship of perceived local-level corruption to government trust in an established authoritarian regime. With nearly t...
Results for fB and fD at β = 6.3

Abstract We have computed the decay constants for the B and D mesons, using quenched lattices at β = 6.3, by interpolating between the static approximation of Eichten and the conventional (“heavy” Wilson fermion) method. A more careful treatment of the static result using better sources with longer time-displacements and a modification to the Wilson quark normalization to correct approximately for lattice effects in the large-am regime have led to the elimination of the large discrepancy between the two methods which had been previously observed. We report final results, with estimates of various systematic errors.
Orange leads to black: evaluating the efficacy of co-culturing iron-oxidizing and sulfate-reducing bacteria to discern ecological relationships

Two global cycles, iron and sulfur, are critically interconnected in estuarine environments by microbiological actors. To this point, the methods of laboratory study of this interaction have been limited. Here we propose a methodology for co-culturing from numerous coastal environments, from the same source inocula, iron-oxidizing and sulfate-reducing bacteria. The use of same source inocula is largely beneficial to understand real-world interactions that are likely occurring in situ. Through the use of this methodology, the ecological interactions between these groups can be studied in a more controlled environment. Here, we characterize the oxygen and hydrogen sulfide concentrations using microelectrode depth profiling in the co-cultures of iron-oxidizing bacteria and sulfate-reducing bacteria. These results suggest that while oxygen drives the relationship between these organisms and sulfate-reducers are reliant on iron-oxidizers in this culture to create an anoxic environment, there is likely another environmental driver that also influences the interaction as the two remain spatially distinct, as trends in FeS precipitation changed within the anoxic zone relative to the presence of Fe(III) oxyhydroxides. Understanding the relationship between iron-oxidizing and sulfate-reducing bacteria will ultimately have implications for understanding microbial cycling in estuarine environments as well as in processes such as controlling microbially influenced corrosion.
CCAMP: An Integrated Translation and optimization Framework for OpenACC and OpenMP

Heterogeneous computing and exploration into specialized accelerators are inevitable in current and future supercomputers. Although this diversity of devices is promising for performance, the array of architectures presents programming challenges. High-level programming strategies have emerged to face these challenges, such as the OpenMP offloading model and OpenACC. However, the varying levels of support for these standards within vendor-specific and open-source tools, as well as the lack of performance portability across devices, have prevented the standards from achieving their goals. To address these shortcomings, we present CCAMP, an OpenMP and OpenACC interoperable framework. CCAMP provides two primary facilities: language translation between the two standards and device-specific directive optimization within each standard. We show that by using the CCAMP framework, programmers can easily transplant non-portable code into new ecosystems for new architectures. Additionally, by using CCAMP’s device-specific directive optimizations, users can achieve optimized performance across architectures using a single source code.
Is There A Place For Us? Social Workers of Color As Outside Agitators Within the Profession

The outside agitator narrative has been used to discredit and harm people of color for decades. Currently, it is being used as a forceful tactic to separate the movement for Black lives from the broader narrative that racism is deeply rooted in American social structures, institutions, and everyday life. This article examines the implications of how the profession of social work has similarly and simultaneously maintained a culture of white supremacy and racist ideologies in our work. As outsiders in a predominantly white profession, social workers of color act as outside agitators when dispelling myths and practices used in and for communities of color. By centering the lived experiences and knowledge of social workers of color, all social workers can increase their awareness of racism within our profession and work together to dismantle the culture of racism and white supremacy that persists within social work.
A Better Person Thanks to Nature Observation

Nature observation has the potential to empower people from an environmental virtue ethics perspective.
A Parallel case?: The Irish in abolitionist thought and the emergence of white labor in the United States

This article traces the rhetorical transformation from the Irish as an exemplum to the Irish as a historically situated demographic in U.S. abolitionist writings from the early to mid-nineteenth ce...
Effects of Donor Proliferation in Development Aid for Health on Health Program Performance: A Conceptual Framework

Development aid for health increased dramatically during the past two decades, raising concerns about inefficiency and lack of coherence among the growing number of global health donors. However, we lack a framework for how donor proliferation affects health program performance to inform theory-based evaluation of aid effectiveness policies. A review of academic and gray literature was conducted. Data were extracted from the literature sample on study design and evidence for hypothesized effects of donor proliferation on health program performance, which were iteratively grouped into categories and mapped into a new conceptual framework. In the framework, increases in the number of donors are hypothesized to increase inter-donor competition, transaction costs, donor poaching of recipient staff, recipient control over aid, and donor fragmentation, and to decrease donors' sense of accountability for overall development outcomes. There is mixed evidence on whether donor proliferation increases or decreases aid volume. These primary effects in turn affect donor innovation, information hoarding, and aid disbursement volatility, as well as recipient country health budget levels, human resource capacity, and corruption, and the determinants of health program performance. The net effect of donor proliferation on health will vary depending on the magnitude of the framework's competing effects in specific country settings. The conceptual framework provides a foundation for improving design of aid effectiveness practices to mitigate negative effects from donor proliferation while preserving its potential benefits.
Intricate Ethics: Rights, Responsibilities, and Permissible Harm

INTRODUCTION SECTION I: NONCONSEQUENTIALISM AND THE TROLLEY PROBLEM: 1. Nonconsequentialism 2. Aggregation and Two Moral Methods 3. Intention, Harm, and the Possibility of a Unified Theory 4. The Doctrines of Double and Triple Effect and Why a Rational Agent Need Not Intend the Means to His End 5. Toward the Essence of Nonconsequentialist Constraints on Harming: Modality, Productive Purity, and the Greater Good Working Itself Out 6. Harming People in Peter Ungers Living High and Letting Die SECTION II: RIGHTS: 7. Moral Status 8. Rights beyond Interests 9. Conflicts of Rights: A Typology SECTION III: RESPONSIBILITIES: 10. Responsibility and Collaboration 11. Does Distance Matter Morally to the Duty to Rescue? 12. The New Problem of Distance in Morality SECTION IV: OTHERS ETHICS: 13. Peter Singers Ethical Theory 14. Moral Intuitions, Cognitive Psychology, and the Harming/Not-Aiding Distinction 15. Harms, Losses, and Evils in Gerts Moral Theory 16. Owing, Justifying, and Rejecting BIBLIOGRAPHY INDEX
Multiple forms of the 20 S multicatalytic and the 26 S ubiquitin/ATP-dependent proteases from rabbit reticulocyte lysate.

We have used native gel electrophoresis followed by fluorogenic peptide overlay to identify multiple forms of rabbit reticulocyte multicatalytic protease (MCP) or 20 S protease, and two forms of rabbit 26 S ubiquitin/ATP-dependent protease. An abundant, fast-migrating 20 S complex (20 SF) possesses modest ability to hydrolyze the fluorogenic peptide succinyl-Leu-Leu-Val-Tyr-4-methyl-coumaryl-7-amide. In contrast, two minor, slower migrating species cleave the peptide at high rates. A unique 30-kDa polypeptide is associated with one of the active MCPs, and a 160-kDa subunit is associated with the other. Two electrophoretically distinct 26 S proteases can also be isolated from rabbit reticulocyte lysate. The faster migrating form, 26 SF, is more resistant to inactivation by ATP depletion. Despite the differential response to nucleotides and the distinctive electrophoretic mobilities of 26 SF and 26 SS, we have not identified any subunit differences between the two enzymes. In addition to active 26 S proteases, we have discovered and purified a proteolytically inactive particle that contains subunits characteristic of the 26 S protease (e.g. molecular masses between 30 and 110 kDa). Incubation of this protein complex with purified MCP and ATP results in the formation of the 26 S proteases.
Using optimally focused electromagnetic power for hyperthermia treatment of deep tumors in biological tissue

Favorable responses to heating tumors to 42-45 degrees C has lead to development of electromagnetic antenna applicators which noninvasively couple power to cancerous tumors. This modality avoids surgery trauma, healthy tissue destruction from ionizing radiation, and toxic effects of chemotherapy. By adjusting the antenna radiation characteristics, it is possible to focus power on abnormal tissue while sparing healthy tissue. The current analysis uses simple geometric models of tissue: (planar slab, circular cylinder, and sphere) to determine the best antenna electric field distributors for heating deep, localized tumor volumes. The best distributions deliver as much power as possible to the tumor. It is shown that the best standard frequency for focusing electromagnetic power is 915 MHz, and that the optimal distribution is better than the expected conjugate phase distribution. >
Warren Buffett's Corporation: Reconnecting Owners and Managers

Warren Buffett, for many years the wealthiest financier in the United States, is once again in the news, both for making money in the midst of the credit crisis, and as the subject of a major biography. Perhaps the best way to begin understanding Buffett's significance for American capitalism, however, is not through journalism or biography, but through Buffett's own thinking and writing about business. The recently issued THE ESSAYS OF WARREN BUFFETT: LESSONS FOR CORPORATE AMERICA, selected, arranged and introduced by Lawrence Cunningham, provides a marvelous introduction to Buffett's thinking on investing, corporate governance, and many other aspects of business life. This book review essay summarizes some of the major themes in Buffett's thought, and argues that, in a time of financial abstraction and shifting risk, there is much to be said for insisting on plain speaking and taking responsibility.
Evaluation of a direct agglutination latex particle test for human chorionic gonadotropin

Abstract A direct agglutination latex particle slide test for HCG has been evaluated. This test uses latex particles coated with anti-HCG as the only reagent. It is convenient to use and requires only 2 minutes to perform. In our series it had an accuracy rate (about 98 per cent) comparable to the presently available pregnancy tests. This test may be used on serum or urine and there is no interference from significant amounts of hemoglobin or protein in the urine.
Structure and mechanical properties of selected protective systems in marine organisms

Marine organisms have developed a wide variety of protective strategies to thrive in their native environments. These biological materials, although formed from simple biopolymer and biomineral constituents, take on many intricate and effective designs. The specific environmental conditions that shape all marine organisms have helped modify these materials into their current forms: complete hydration, and variation in hydrostatic pressure, temperature, salinity, as well as motion from currents and swells. These conditions vary throughout the ocean, being more consistent in the pelagic and deep benthic zones while experiencing more variability in the nearshore and shallows (e.g. intertidal zones, shallow bays and lagoons, salt marshes and mangrove forests). Of note, many marine organisms are capable of migrating between these zones. In this review, the basic building blocks of these structural biological materials and a variety of protective strategies in marine organisms are discussed with a focus on their structure and mechanical properties. Finally, the bioinspired potential of these biological materials is discussed.
Femtosecond laser‐induced ionization/dissociation tandem mass spectrometry (fsLID‐MS/MS) of deprotonated phosphopeptide anions

RATIONALE Radical-directed dissociation techniques provide structural information which is complementary to that from conventional collision-induced dissociation (CID). The analysis of phosphopeptide anions is warranted due to their relatively acidic character. As femtosecond laser-induced ionization/dissociation tandem mass spectrometry (fsLID-MS/MS) is uniquely initiated by field ionization, an investigation is warranted to determine whether fsLID may provide novel analytical utility for phosphopeptide anions. METHODS Twenty-three synthetic deprotonated phosphopeptide anions were introduced into a three-dimensional quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer via electrospray ionization. The ion trap was interfaced with a near-IR (802 nm) ultrashort-pulsed (35 fs FWHM) ultrahigh-powered (peak power ~1014 W/cm2) laser system. Performance comparisons are made with other techniques applied to phosphopeptide anion analysis, including CID, electron detachment dissociation (EDD), negative electron transfer dissociation (NETD), activated electron photodetachment dissociation (activated-EPD), and ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD). RESULTS FsLID-MS/MS of multiply deprotonated phosphopeptide anions provides sequence information via phosphorylation-intact a/x ions in addition to other sequence ions, satellite ions, and side-chain losses. Novel fragmentation processes include selective c-ion formation N-terminal to Ser/Thr and a phosphorylation-specific correlation between xn–98 ion abundances and phosphorylation at the nth residue. Sequencing-quality data required about 30 s of signal averaging. fsLID-MS/MS of singly deprotonated phosphopeptides did not yield product anions with stable trajectories, despite significant depletion of the precursor. CONCLUSIONS Multiply deprotonated phosphopeptide anions were sequenced via negative-mode fsLID-MS/MS, with phosphosite localization facilitated by a/x ion series in addition to diagnostic xn–98 ions. fsLID-MS/MS is qualitatively competitive with other techniques. Further efficiency enhancements (e.g., implementation on a linear trap or/and higher pulse frequencies) may permit sequence analyses on chromatographic timescales. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Classical Chinese Gardens in Twenty-first Century America: Cultivating the Past

This paper presents a brief examination of three tracts of American real estate that have been transformed into Chinese-style gardens. Each re-presentation serves a specific function at its particular site and also creates and perpetuates symbolic meaning that goes beyond the individual site to connect to other sites past and present. In each case, the re-presentation demonstrates adaptations and continuations in function and meaning. The three sites used to illustrate the range of adaptations were chosen for their diversity in several areas: the defining and reinventing of authenticity, their sizes and locations, the type of installation, their origin story and funding, the reflexivity of the institution about the changes made, and programs to produce meaning for the viewers. In their commitment to preserve, recreate, and sustain the past, these institutions have transformed the physical form of the garden. Hybridization is unavoidable when transferring a cultural icon, especially one so layered in meaning as the garden in China.
Cervical neuromas following extensive maxillofacial surgery.

Amputated branches of the cervical plexus may develop neuromas within the area of a radical neck dissection. At times these are palpable and are thought to be recurrent tumor. The distinction between recurrent tumor and neuroma cannot be made easily. Many patients who have extensive maxillofacial surgery have discomfort or neuromas within the operated area postoperatively. Five patients have been found to have palpable neuromas within their cervical operative field, but 84% (42/50) had painful neurological symptoms or unusually sensitive areas within the area of previous surgery. Only a third of this latter group had recurrent tumor.
Purification and characterization of human biliverdin reductase

Abstract Conversion of biliverdin to bilirubin is catalyzed by the cytosolic enzyme biliverdin reductase. We have purified and characterized the human liver reductase and find it to differ extensively from the previously described rat enzyme (H. Fakhrai and M. D. Maines, 1992, J. Biol. Chem. 267, 4023-4029) in its primary structure/composition, yet share kinetic properties. The human enzyme is substantially larger than the rat enzyme (≍41,000-42,000 versus 33,000-34,000), is dual cofactor and dual pH dependent, and requires free -.SH groups. At pH 6.0-7.0 the NADH was the more effective cofactor, whereas at pH 8.5-8.75 NADPH was the preferred cofactor. The activity was inhibited by -SH reagents, 5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) and p -chloromercuribenzoic acid, and protected from these reagents by cofactors and substrate. On two-dimensional electrophoresis, the purified protein resolved into four distinct isoelectric zones (p I 6.03,5.83, 5.68, and 5.55) and two molecular weight forms (≍40,700 and ≍39,600). Variants with similar p I values were detected in the purified human kidney reductase, although their relative tissue abundance varied. The tryptic map, amino acid composition, and sequence of NH2 terminus and four tryptic peptides of human reductase were compared with those of the rat. The HPLC profile and amino acid composition of the human and the rat enzymes differed vastly, and two tryptic peptides were present in the human that could not be detected in the predicted amino acid sequence of the rat enzyme. At the same time, the first 21 amino acids of the NH 2 terminus of rat and human, except for the substitution of glutamic acid in human for lysine (amino acid 4) in the rat, were found identical and two peptides with 78-87% similarity to the rat reductase were found in the human reductase. Of the seven cysteine residues present in the human, four or five were titratable with 5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid).
A MODEL OF DISLOCATION-CONTROLLED RHEOLOGY FOR THE MANTLE

The dislocation microstructure of mantle materials can account simultaneously for long-term steady-state creep, and for stress wave attenuation at seismic frequencies. The hypothesis that a single microstructural model explains the rheology for characteristic times ranging from 1 to 10^(10) seconds can be used to restrict the class of permissible rheological models for the mantle. We review steady-state dislocation damping models in order of increasing complexity, and reject those which do not satisfy laboratory data or geophysical constraints. This elimination procedure leads us to consider an organized microstructure, in which most dislocations are found inside subgrain walls. The cells contain relatively few dislocation links. These are free to bow under small, i.e. seismic, stresses. The time constant of this mechanism is controlled either by the diffusion of kinks or of point defects bound to the dislocation line. The glide of intragrain dislocations explains the magnitude and frequency range of seismic attenuation. Steady-state creep is governed by recovery through climb and annihilation in cell walls. Under conditions of jog undersaturation, climb is controlled by jog formation in addition to self-diffusion, and the model requires a higher creep activation energy than for self-diffusion, in agreement with observations on olivine. Quantitative agreement with laboratory data is achieved if the density of cell-wall dislocations is one to two orders of magnitude higher than the density of intracell dislocations. Self-diffusion is probably controlled by silicon diffusion at low pressure and by oxygen diffusion at high pressure. The long-term tectonic stress is the dominant factor determining scale lengths; as a result, the total strength of the relaxation associated with bowing of intracell dislocation links is fixed by the geometry and is of the order of 10%. This limits the width of the seismic absorption band to 2-3 decades in frequency for each mantle mineral. The actual position of the seismic absorption band is determined primarily as a result of a trade-off between temperature, pressure and tectonic stress. This model provides a physical framework within which the quality factor Q and viscosity are related via the dislocation microstructure.
Early events in the pathogenesis of foot-and-mouth disease in cattle after controlled aerosol exposure

The goal of this study was to identify the primary sites of replication of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in cattle subsequent to aerogenous inoculation. A novel aerosol inoculation method was developed to simulate natural, airborne transmission and thereby allow the identification of early replication sites. Virus distribution after aerosol inoculation was compared at 24h post inoculation with simple nasal instillation. Aerosol inoculation of FMDV consistently resulted in virus detection by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and viral isolation in the soft palate, pharynx, and lungs. Viral antigen was also detected in each of these tissues by immunohistochemistry. Aerosol exposure resulted in typical clinical signs of FMD when animals were kept alive long enough to develop disease. This aerosol infection method is highly reproducible regarding inoculum dose and volume, and allowed the detailed study of early events in FMDV-infected cattle. Extensive postmortem sampling and trimodal virus detection system allows a more precise determination of FMDV localization than previously reported.
Spermine fractionation of soluble ribonucleic acid of rabbit liver.

Action of Spermine on Soluble Ribonucleic Acid and Some Polynucleotides: Spermine Fractionation of Soluble Ribonucleic Acid of Rabbit Liver
2D plasma sheet ion density and temperature profiles for northward and southward IMF

[1] We previously developed a method for inferring plasma sheet ion temperature and density from ionospheric observations. Using this method and DMSP observations for 1992, we present 2D profiles of the equatorial plasma sheet ion density and temperature for southward and northward IMF for b2i > 64° or Kp < ∼3. During periods of northward IMF, cold dense ions can be found plentifully along the plasma sheet flanks. However, during periods of southward IMF, the presence of these cold dense ions is noticeably diminished, especially at the dusk flank where the density peak is less discernable. These cold dense ions have been previously interpreted in terms of magnetosheath ion entry into the plasma sheet. Our result suggests that any mechanism proposed to transport magnetosheath ions from dusk LLBL to the plasma sheet along the dusk flank during periods of northward IMF would have to be able to do so efficiently over a large spatial scale.
Teaching community-college students to follow the train of thought in expository texts

Community-college students in a one-semester remedial reading course were taught that main ideas in expository texts are located in sentences connected by rhetorical relations into trains of thought. After extensive practice with a variety of materials, they were compared to students in no-treatment and alternative-treatment control groups on (a) identifying main ideas while reading a test passage, and (b) recalling main ideas and supporting details two days later. The test passage differed in rhetorical structure from passages previously studied. Results indicated that the experimental group scored significantly higher than both control groups on main-idea identification. The experimental group also scored significantly higher than the alternative-treatment group on the free-recall of main ideas but not supporting details. Effect sizes were generally large. Information about the course is presented, and the theoretical rationale for its design is discussed. Implications for classroom instruction and for the reading comprehension curriculum are discussed.
Temperature dependence of poloxamer insertion into and squeeze-out from lipid monolayers.

F68, a triblock copolymer of the form poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide)-poly(ethylene oxide), is found to effectively seal damaged cell membranes. To better understand the molecular interaction between F68 and cells, we have modeled the outer leaflet of a cell membrane with a dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) monolayer spread at the air−water interface and introduced poloxamer into the subphase. Subsequent interactions of the polymer with the monolayer either upon expansion or compression were monitored using concurrent Langmuir isotherm and fluorescence microscopy measurements. To alter the activity of the poloxamer, a range of subphase temperatures from 5 to 37 °C was used. Lower temperatures increase the solubility of the poloxamer in the subphase and therefore lessen the amount of material at the interface, resulting in a lower equilibrium spreading pressure. Additionally, changes in temperature affect the phase behavior of DPPC. Below the triple point, the monolayer is condensed at perti...
Am I Native Enough?: Exploring American Indian Identity Through Language Learning

Minowe is an online community dedicated to teaching and learning Ojibwe, an American Indian language. Its goal is to enable certain Peripheral American Indians (defined below) to better connect with their American Indian communities. Building on prior research in language education, the Minowe website and mobile app emphasize situation-based learning. Minowe introduces non-speakers to Ojibwe through the use of game-oriented lessons. It facilitates language learning by connecting fluent speakers and non-speakers via video chat. Minowe encourages collaboration by incorporating user-generated vocabulary into future lessons and activities.
Design Study of a 200 KeV Scanning Proton Microprobe Using a Field Ionization Source

A preliminary design study has been conducted for constructing a 200 KeV scanning proton microprobe which utilizes the phenomenon of field ionization in hydrogen gas to create a proton source of extremely small dimensions and high "brightness." Calculations for the focusing action of a non-uniformly graded accelerating column, in conjunction with a superconducting magnetic solenoid indicate a final beam-spot size better than 50 A. The ultimate aim is to construct a high energy proton or heavy-ion microprobe which will rival or even excel the field emission scanning electron microscopes presently in use. Justification for using high energy protons (or heavy-ions) as probe particles instead of electrons has been presented in this paper, along with details of the beam transport and focusing system.