cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In situ calorimetric study of the hexagonal-to-lamellar phase transformation in a nanostructured silica/surfactant composite

Restructuring of hexagonal silica/surfactant composites under hydrothermal conditions was studied using in situ scanning microcalorimetry to understand the energetic changes associated with these rearrangements. Thermal processes can be associated with either changes in packing of the organic template or with chemistry of the cross-linked inorganic framework. To sort these out, calorimetric data were collected as composites were heated in water, where a hexagonal-to-lamellar phase transformation occurs, and as composites were heated in an acidic boric acid buffer, where no phase change is observed. The scanning calorimetric data were correlated with in situ low angle XRD to explore the relationship between rearrangements of the nanoscale architecture and the various energetic processes occurring in these materials. 29 Si NMR, which tracks changes in framework bonding, TGA and 1 H NMR, which measure surfactant loss from the composite, and 13 C NMR, which tells us about surfactant rearrangement and degradation, were also correlated with the calorimetric data. Both samples showed an endotherm at 70-71 °C that was assigned to an order-disorder transformation of the organic surfactant of the composite. In this same moderate temperature range, broad exotherms observed in both samples were associated with condensation of the silica framework. Two endotherms were observed in calorimetric scans of the water-treated composites that were not present in data collected on composites treated in boric acid. These endotherms were thus associated with the hexagonal-to-lamellar phase transformation, which has an enthalpy change of +0.5 ( 0.1 kJ/(mol SiO2 )o r+2.4 ( 0.3 kJ/(mol surfactant) and entropy changes of + 1JK -1 (mol SiO2) -1 or + 6JK -1 (mol surfactant) -1 . The results quantify differences in thermodynamic stability in silica/surfactant composites and identify the physical, molecular, and nanoscale changes that influence stability in these materials.
Total petroleum system assessment of undiscovered resources in the giant Barnett Shale continuous (unconventional) gas accumulation, Fort Worth Basin, Texas

Undiscovered natural gas having potential for additions to reserves in the Mississippian Barnett Shale of the Fort Worth Basin, north-central Texas, was assessed using the total petroleum system assessment unit concept and a cell-based methodology for continuous-type (unconventional) resources. The Barnett-Paleozoic total petroleum system is defined in the Bend arch–Fort Worth Basin as encompassing the area in which the organic-rich Barnett is the primary source rock for oil and gas produced from Paleozoic carbonate and clastic reservoirs. Exploration, technology, and drilling in the Barnett Shale play have rapidly evolved in recent years, with about 3500 vertical and 1000 horizontal wells completed in the Barnett through 2005 and more than 85% of the them completed since 1999. Using framework geology and historical production data, assessment of the Barnett Shale was performed by the U.S. Geological Survey using vertical wells at the peak of vertical well completions and before a transition to completions with horizontal wells. The assessment was performed after (1) mapping critical geological and geochemical parameters to define assessment unit areas with future potential, (2) defining distributions of drainage area (cell size) and estimating ultimate recovery per cell, and (3) estimating future success rates. Two assessment units are defined and assessed for the Barnett Shale continuous gas accumulation, resulting in a total mean undiscovered volume having potential for additions to reserves of 26.2 TCFG. The greater Newark East fracture-barrier continuous Barnett Shale gas assessment unit represents a core-producing area where thick, organic-rich, siliceous Barnett Shale is within the thermal window for gas generation (Ro 1.1%) and is overlain and underlain by impermeable limestone barriers (Pennsylvanian Marble Falls Limestone and Ordovician Viola Limestone, respectively) that serve to confine induced fractures during well completion to maximize gas recovery. The extended continuous Barnett Shale gas assessment unit, which had been less explored, defines a geographic area where Barnett Shale is (1) within the thermal window for gas generation, (2) greater than 100 ft (30 m) thick, and (3) where at least one impermeable limestone barrier is absent. Mean undiscovered gas having potential for additions to reserves in the greater Newark East assessment unit is estimated at 14.6 tcf, and in the less tested extended assessment unit, a mean resource is estimated at 11.6 TCFG. A third hypothetical basin-arch Barnett Shale oil assessment unit was defined but not assessed because of a lack of production data.
Impact of Atta colombica Colonies on Understory Vegetation and Light Availability in a Neotropical Forest1

We quantified patterns of vegetation removal and light availability above Atta colombica nests on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. Ants cleared vegetation less than 1 cm in diameter from an area of 77 m2, and up to 3 m above ground level. Overall light availability 1.5 m above ground level was 49 percent greater at ant nest sites than at sites in undisturbed understory. These higher light levels fell within the range known to enhance growth of both shade tolerant and pioneer species.
Non-Destructive Prediction of the Properties of Forest Biomass for Chemical and Bioenergy Applications Using near Infrared Spectroscopy:

Forest biomass will play a key role as a feedstock for bioproducts as the bioeconomy develops. Rapid assessment of this heterogeneous resource will help determine its suitability as feedstock for specific applications, aid in feedstock improvement programmes and enable better process control that will optimise the biorefinery process. In this study, near infrared spectroscopy coupled with partial least-squares regression was used to predict important chemical and thermal reactivity properties of biomass made up of needles, twigs, branches, bark and wood of Pinus taeda (loblolly pine). Models developed with the raw spectra for property prediction used between three and eight factors to yield R2 values ranging from a low of 0.34 for higher heat values to a high of 0.92 for volatile matter. Pretreating the raw spectra with first derivatives improved the fit statistics for all properties (i.e. min 0.57, max 0.92; with two or three factors). The best-performing models were for extractives, lignin, glucose, cel...
Numerical simulation of the temperature dependence of band-edge photoluminescence and electroluminescence in strained-Si/sub 1-x/Ge/sub x//Si heterostructures

The temperature dependence of band-edge photoluminescence (PL) and electroluminescence (EL) of Si/sub 1-x/Ge/sub x//Si heterostructures was simulated using a two-carrier device simulator. The device simulator was used to determine electrically and optically excited carrier profiles, from which light emission was computed. The simulations confirmed an earlier result that PL intensity at high temperature (>150 K) is controlled by surface recombination. Furthermore, it was found that the difference in measured temperature dependence between PL and EL experiments is due to (i) the EL experiments being performed at a much higher total injection rate and (ii) the heavily doped, buried contact layers in EL structures (p-i-n diodes) effectively blocking carriers from diffusing into the substrate and away from the Si/sub 1-x/Ge/sub x/ layer.
Analog peak detector and derandomizer for high rate spectroscopy

A compact and accurate readout system has been developed for high-rate spectroscopy with multi-element detectors. The fully self-triggered system multiplexes the signals from 32 detectors into a novel peak detector, which also serves as a derandomizer. The captured pulse heights are stored as analog samples before being presented to the ADC along with the corresponding channel addresses. The peak detector incorporates a new two-phase configuration that cancels offsets and other errors found in conventional designs. Offset cancellation gives the peak detector rail-to-rail sensing and driving capability, and permits two or more peak detectors to be operated in parallel to serve as a data-driven analog memory. First experimental results on the new peak detector and derandomizer (PDD) circuit, fabricated in 0.35 /spl mu/m CMOS technology, include a 0.2% absolute accuracy for pulses with 500 ns peaking time, 2.7 V linear input range, 3.5 mW power dissipation, 250 mV/s droop rate, and negligible dead time. We have tested the system with 32 CZT detectors and a /sup 241/Am source. The spectra collected from the 32-channel system show that the noise performance of the preamp/shaper is not degraded by the multiplexing, peak detecting, and derandomizing operations.
Toward a behavioral model of academic remediation with learning disabled children.

One of the more rapidly developing approaches to the remediation of academic deficiencies in learning disabled children involves the use of behavioral technology in the direct instruction of academic skills. In this topical review, Treiber and Lahey discuss the essential characteristics of a behavioral approach to intervention and then examine some of the evidence that supports use of the approach with learning disabled children. Although the review is essentially positive, the authors do point out that we need much more research on the long-term effectiveness of behavioral approaches to remediation. A final contribution of this paper is the presentation of a model for developing new interventions that may serve as a useful guide to teachers and researchers alike.—JKT
Transcatheter Closure of Atrial Septal Defect: Does Age Matter?

Atrial septal defect (ASD) is the most common type of common congenital heart disease (CHD) in adults. During the last decade, there has been a remarkable change in the treatment strategy of ASD, shifting the therapeutic gold standard from surgery to transcatheter closure, along with refinements and the evolution of device technology. Reports on the outcome of transcatheter ASD closure have shown an excellent efficacy as well as a low complication rate. However, the procedural details and/or outcomes of this procedure may be influenced by several factors including morphologic characteristics of the defect, co-morbid diseases, as well as individual factors including age and weight of the patient. Because the risk-benefit relationship in both the very young and the elderly subsets of the patients has not been clearly defined yet, closure of an ASD with device may be potentially subtracted from the treatment option in these patient groups. In this article, we will review the basis for device closure in small children and elderly patients with ASD and provide an overview of the frequently encountered problems.
Mood disorders in HIV infection

Summary Major depression and mania have increased prevalence in HIV-infected patients, particularb in clinical settings and at later stages of disease. Varied rates of major depression have been reported but dzzerences in definition, methods of study, and population may partly explain these dafferences. We describe the clinical characteristics, assessment and treatment of mood disorders in HIV-infected patients, with emphasis on aspects specific to the setting of HIV infection. Diagnosis and treatment are complicated by medical complexity, stigma and psychosocial stress. Treatment is associated with clinical improvement. Mood disorders are associated with impulsivity, substance abuse, hopelessness, and demoralization, all of which may increase risk for HIV infection. Also, HIV-associated subcortical damage may be a risk factor for mood disorders, which are increased in late stage HIV infection. We discuss the data supporting the thesis that both of these factors may be at work in producing the high rates of mood disorders seen, and speculate that aggressive treatment of mood disorders may improve outcome and risk behaviors in HIV-infected patients.
Vibrational Excitation in Single-Molecule Transistors: Deviation from the Simple Franck−Condon Prediction

We investigated the inner-sphere reorganization of ferrocene ((Cp)2Fen+) and tris(2,2′-bipyridine) iron ((bpy)3Fen+) in a single-molecule-transistor geometry. In (Cp)2Fen+ (n = 0 and 1), almost no vibrations were excited during single-electron transport, whereas in (bpy)3Fen+ (n = 1, 2, and 3), many distinct vibrations appeared, consistent with its larger reorganization energy. The observed excitation intensities varied significantly across devices, however, and could not be accounted for by “Franck−Condon” factors. This observation indicates that a quantitative account of electron−vibration coupling in single-electron tunneling requires further investigation.
Preparation and properties of recycled HDPE/clay hybrids

Hybrids based on recycled high density poly- ethylene (RHDPE) and organic clay were made by melt com- pounding. The influence of blending method, compatibil- izers, and clay content on clay intercalation and exfoliation, RHDPE crystallization behavior, and the mechanical proper- ties of RHDPE/clay hybrids were investigated. Both ma- leated polyethylene (MAPE) and titanate could improve the compatibilization of RHDPE and clay. RHDPE/clay hybrids containing completely exfoliated clay were obtained using a two-step blending method. Without compatibilizers, the clay could not be exfoliated, and it lowered the crystallization peak temperature, crystallinity level, and the long period of RHDPE. MAPE and clay layers could act as heterogeneous nucleating agents for RHDPE. The titanate had a little influ- ence on crystallization behavior of RHDPE. Adding clay to RHDPE reduced the impact strength but had little influence on the tensile strength. Both the storage and loss moduli increased with up to 5% of clay in hybrids containing CAPS, and there was an about 44% increase in impact strength of RHDPE/clay hybrid containing 5% MAPE compared with that of the hybrid containing no MAPE. The clay presence lowered the thermal stability of RHDPE. 2006 Wiley Periodi-
Childhood lead exposure and uptake in teeth in the Cleveland area during the era of leaded gasoline.

Childhood uptake of lead from exposure to atmospheric leaded gasoline in the United States has been studied using mainly blood lead levels. Since reliable blood lead techniques were used only after the peak use of leaded gasoline, the prior exposure history is unclear. The well-documented decline in blood lead levels after the mid-1970s could represent the continuation of a historic steady decline in exposure from many sources. Alternatively, the post-1970s decline might represent the declining phase of a unimodal rise and fall corresponding closely to usage of leaded gasoline. To assess these possibilities, lead concentration and 207Pb/206Pb isotope ratios were measured in the enamel of permanent molar teeth formed between 1936 and 1993 in mainly African-American donors who grew up in the Cleveland area. Tooth enamel preserves the lead concentration and isotope ratio that prevails during tooth formation. Historical trends in enamel lead concentration were significantly correlated with surrogates of atmospheric lead exposure: lead in sediments of two dated Lake Erie cores, and lead consumed in gasoline. About two-thirds of the total lead uptake into enamel in this period was attributable to leaded gasoline, and the remainder to other sources (e.g. paint). Enamel 207Pb/206Pb isotope ratios were similar to those of one lake sediment. Multivariate analysis revealed significant correlation in neighborhoods with higher levels of traffic, and including lake sediment data, accounted for 53% of the variation in enamel lead levels. Enamel lead concentration was highly correlated with reported African-American childhood blood levels. The extrapolated peak level of 48 μg/dL (range 40 to 63) is associated with clinical and behavioral impairments, which may have implications for adults who were children during the peak gasoline lead exposure. In sum, leaded gasoline emission was the predominant source of lead exposure of African-American Cleveland children during the latter two-thirds of the 20th century.
Growth-climate Relations of Lodgepole Pine in the North Cascades National Park, Washington

Information about the sensitivity of lodgepole pine to climate will allow forest managers to maximize growth, better understand how carbon sequestration changes over time, and better model and predict future ecosystem responses to climate change. We examined the effects of climatic variability during the 20th century on the growth of lodgepole pine along an elevation gradient in the North Cascades National Park, Washington. Multivariate analysis and correlation analysis were used to simplify growth patterns and identify climate-growth relations. Mid-elevation chronologies correlated negatively with growing season maximum temperature and positively with growing season precipitation. By contrast, high-elevation chronologies correlated positively with annual temperatures and winter Pacific Decadal Oscillation index. Projected increases in summer temperatures will likely cause greater soil moisture stress in many forested ecosystems and the potential of extended summer drought periods over decades may significantly alter spatial patterns of productivity, thus impacting carbon storage. The productivity of lodgepole pine likely will decrease at sites with shallow, excessively drained soils, south and west facing aspects, and steep slopes, but increase at high-elevation sites.
Management and Prevention of Anaphylaxis

Anaphylaxis prevalence has increased within the last few years. This may be due to a marked increase in allergic sensitization to foods especially in the pediatric population, as well as to an increase in outdoor recreational habits and the availability of new biologic medications. Furthermore, guidelines for the diagnosis of anaphylaxis have been published, thus facilitating the recognition of this disorder. Diagnosis of anaphylaxis is mainly based on history and clinical criteria of organ system involvement. The serum tryptase assay is now commercially available and may be a helpful diagnostic tool in certain clinical situations involving hypotension, but not in the context of food-induced anaphylaxis. Treatment of anaphylaxis mainly involves the use of epinephrine as a first line medication for severe manifestations followed by symptomatic management of specific symptoms, such as antihistamines for urticaria and albuterol for wheezing. Although commonly practiced, treatment with systemic corticosteroids is not supported by evidence-based literature. Observation in a medical facility for 4-6 hours is recommended to monitor for late phase reactions, although these rarely occur. Education is an essential component of management of a patient with a previous history of anaphylaxis, emphasizing early use of epinephrine and providing a written action plan. Referral to a board-certified allergist/immunologist is recommended to determine the cause of the anaphylaxis as well as to rule out other potential conditions. In this review, our main focus will be on the treatment and prevention of anaphylaxis while providing our readers with a brief introduction to the diagnosis of anaphylaxis, its prevalence and its most common causes.
Dr. King and Parents Involved: The Battle for Hearts and Minds

In 1954, a unanimous Supreme Court held that laws requiring dual public school systems, separated solely on the basis of race, violated the rights afforded to African American children under the Fourteenth Amendment Equal Protection and Due Process clauses. Brown v. Board of Education marked the beginning of a judicial assault on statutory schemes and state court decisions, that the Court characterized as “an endorsement of the doctrine of White Supremacy.” Both Chief Justice Earl Warren and Dr. King recognized that the practice of white supremacy did more than keep people separated. Likewise, Dr. King embraced the centrality of the heart and mind in the struggle for social justice. In Brown, Warren's opinion also validated the relevance of the psychic injury caused by what Dr.King often referred to as “the iron feet of oppression.” Warren wrote that the segregation of children solely based on race “generates a feeling of inferiority as to their status in the community that may affect their hearts and minds in a way unlikely ever to be undone.” While Warren's conclusion remains hotly debated,Brown introduced personal stigmatic injury into school desegregation discourse. Part II juxtaposes Dr. King's thoughts on the evils of segregation and the necessity of integration with the development of desegregation jurisprudence after Brown. Part III traces the short-lived efforts of the federal judiciary to integrate public schools following Dr. King's death up to the Parents Involved decision. Part IV summarizes the Parents Involved decision and compares the plurality's legal and social visions to that of Brown and Plessy v. Ferguson. Part V hypothesizes about Dr. King's reaction to Parents Involved and takes a closer look at the importance of the heart and mind in the Brown opinion and in Dr. King's thinking. In conclusion, I attempt to answer the prophetic question posed by Dr. King near the end of his life: “Where do we go from here?,” to achieve and sustain racial diversity in public education.
SINR, power efficiency, and theoretical system capacity of parallel interference cancellation

This paper analytically derives exact expressions for the SINR of the two-stage linear parallel interference cancellation (LPIC) and two-stage hard-decision parallel interference cancellation (HPIC) multiuser detectors in a synchronous, nonorthogonal, binary, CDMA communication system with deterministic short spreading sequences. We consider approximations to the SINR expressions that are justified in typical operating scenarios to obtain a more intuitive understanding of the SINR performance of the HPIC detector. We consider the case where a specific SINR requirement is given for each user in the system and derive expressions for the set of transmit powers necessary to meet this requirement when two-stage LPIC or HPIC detection is used. We also derive expressions for a measure of the theoretical system capacity using LPIC and HPIC detection, defined as the maximum number of users possible in a system with finite available transmit power. Numerical results are presented that compare the HPIC and LPIC detectors to the hard-decision successive interference cancellation (SIC) detector and matched filter (MF) detector. Our results suggest that HPIC detection may offer the best SINR and power efficiency performance when the number of users in the system is low to moderate and that SIC detection may offer superior performance when the number of users in the system is large.
Use of a Vertical Expandable Prosthetic Titanium Rib in Children With Thoracic Insufficiency Syndrome and Scoliosis

Thoracic insufficiency syndrome is the inability of the thorax to support normal respiration or lung growth. One treatment to address the thoracic deformities associated with the syndrome is placement of a vertical expandable prosthetic titanium rib. The goal is to restore thoracic volume, symmetry, and function and to allow for growth of the thorax in skeletally immature children. The main topics include indications for placement of a titanium rib, postoperative nursing care, potential complications, long-term follow-up, quality-of-life issues, and implications for critical care nurses and advanced practice nurses.
A new subfamily of agmatinases present in methanogenic Archaea is Fe(II) dependent.

Here we report that the Methanocaldococcus jannaschii enzyme derived from the MJ0309 gene is an Fe(II) dependent agmatinase (SpeB). This is the first report of an iron-dependent agmatinase. We demo...
Characterization of plasma polymerized C, H, and O containing compounds by MALDI mass spectrometry.

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry is used for the first time to characterize radio frequency plasma-deposited polymers and for investigation of the plasma polymerization process. The MALDI mass spectra of the plasma polymers of allyl alcohol, di(ethylene glycol) vinyl ether and ethylene glycol butyl vinyl ether are all reported using solvent-based MALDI sample preparation approaches. The MALDI mass spectra of each of the three plasma polymers contain distinctive polymer series ion signals having molecular weight distributions below 2000 Da. Unexpectedly, however, the ion signals from each of the three plasma polymers show a common polymer repeat unit of 44 Da, for which the chemical formula is most likely -(C 2 H 4 O)-, and no evidence of the expected radical chain polymerization polymer is detected. These results are discussed in terms of the likely involvement of gas-phase radical species having different stabilities in the radio frequency plasma environment.
Paul Valéry on Pascal

As his contribution to the Pascal tercentenary number of the Revue Hebdomadaire, dated July 14, 1923, Paul Valery chose to make public an attack on Pascal that was impious in its brevity. He entitled it “Variation sur une ‘Pensee’,” and took for his theme “Le silence eternel de ces espaces infinis m'effraie.” Valery's own recent and perhaps fleeting fame as a lyric poet did not in everyone's eyes qualify him for the task. Some even among his admirers felt that so antithetical a spirit must inevitably fail to understand Pascal. For the skeptic confronts the believer, the idolator of the intellect its depreciator.
Mice Fed High-fat Obesigenic Diets with Walnut Plus Other Whole Foods Demonstrate Metabolic Improvement and Changes in Gene Expression and Metabolomic Patterns

We tested the hypothesis that addition of PUFA-rich walnut to a high-fat Western diet (HF) would improve metabolism in male C57BL/6J mice. Further, various polyphenol-rich foods were added to walnu...
Shear Carrying Capacity of Composite Material Stiffened Wall with Impact Damage

The experimental study was performed on the impact damage and shear carrying capacity of composite material stiffened wall with different layer parameters.The influences of impact strength and layer parameters on the shear carrying capacity of the composite material stiffened wall were thus investigated.The results show that,in the case of different impact strength,higher impact strength leads to lower shear carrying capacity.Layer parameters have effects on shear carrying capacity,rather than the impact damage area.The destructive load of P1is 19.1% higher than T2.
TH-AB-BRB-03: 4n Radiotherapy

Current state-of-the art digital C-arm medical linear accelerators are capable of delivering radiation treatments with high level of automation, which affords coordinated motions of gantry, couch, and multileaf collimator (MLC) with dose rate modulations. The new machine capacity has shown the potential to bring substantially improved radiation dosimetry and/or delivery efficiency to many challenging diseases. Combining an integrated beam orientation optimization algorithm with automated machine navigation, markedly improved dose conformity has been achieved using 4ρ therapy. Trajectory modulated radiation therapy (TMAT) can be used to deliver highly conformal dose to partial breast or to carve complex dose distribution for therapy involving extended volumes such as total marrow and total lymph node treatment. Dynamic electron arc radiotherapy (DEAR) not only overcomes the deficiencies of conventional electron therapy in dose conformity and homogeneity but also achieves so without patient-specific shields. The combination of MLC and couch tracking provides improved motion management of thoracic and abdominal tumors. A substantial body of work has been done in these technological advances for clinical translation. The proposed symposium will provide a timely review of these exciting opportunities. Learning Objectives: 1.Recognize the potential of using digitally controlled linacs for clinically significant improvements in delivered dose distributions for various treatment sites. 2.Identify existing approaches to treatment planning, optimization and delivery for treatment techniques utilizing the advanced functions of digital linacs and venues for further development and improvement. 3.Understand methods for testing and validating delivery system performance. 4.Identify tools available on current delivery systems for implementation and control for such treatments. 5.Obtain the update in clinical applications, trials and regulatory approval. K. Sheng, NIH U19AI067769, NIH R43CA183390, NIH R01CA188300, Varian Medical Systems V. Yu, Varian Medical Systems, AAPM Summer Undergraduate Fellowship, NSF graduate fellowship S. Nill, Elekta AB. Cancer Research UK under Programme C33589/A19727, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at The Royal Marsden and The Institute of Cancer Research.
The optimization of simulation models by genetic algorithms: a comparative study

This dissertation is a comparative study of simulation optimization methods. We compare a new technique, genetic search, to two old techniques: the pattern search and the response surface methodology search. The pattern search uses the Hooke and Jeeves algorithm and the response surface method search uses the code of Dennis Smith. The research compares these three algorithms for accuracy and stability. In accuracy we look at how close the algorithm comes to the optimum. The optimum having been previously determined from exhaustive testing. We evaluate stability by using the variance of the response function as determined from 50 searches. The test-bed consists of three simulation models. We took the three simulation models from textbooks and modified them to make them optimization models if that was required. The first model consists of a big S, little s inventory system with two decision variables: big S and little s. The response is the monthly cost of operating the inventory system. The second model was a university time-sharing computer system with two decision variables: quantum, the amount of time that the computer spends on a job before sending it back to the queue and overhead, that is the time that its takes to execute this routing operation. The response was the cost of operating the system determined from a cost function. The third model was a job-shop with five decision variables: the number of machines at each of the five work stations. The response was the cost of operating the job-shop again determined from a cost function. The decision variables were integer for the inventory system and job-shop, and were real for the computer system.
The Origins of Classroom Deliberation: Democratic Education in the Shadow of Totalitarianism, 1938–1960

Many theorists of democratic education assume that the idea of having students deliberate about social issues in the classroom can be traced directly to the student-centered and reform-oriented ideals of interwar educational theorists such as John Dewey and Harold Rugg. However, in this intellectual history, Thomas D. Fallace argues that classroom deliberation as it is currently conceived emerged in part out of a backlash against the interwar ideology and epistemology that took place between 1938 and 1960, when democratic theorists rejected any commitment to ideology because such commitments were considered dangerous in a world falling prey to totalitarianism. As a result, leading educational theorists reoriented the focus on teaching social issues in the classroom away from the transmission of ideological subject matter toward deliberative skills, scientific thinking, open-ended inquiry, and consensus building, representing a major reorientation in civic education that largely continues to this day.
Scheduling Battery-Powered Sensor Networks for Minimizing Detection Delays

Sensor networks monitoring spatially distributed physical systems often comprise battery-powered sensor devices. To extend lifetime, battery power may be conserved using sleep scheduling : activating and deactivating some of the sensors from time to time. Scheduling sensors with the goal of maximizing average coverage, which is the average fraction of time for which each monitoring target is covered by some active sensor, have been studied extensively. However, many applications also require time-critical monitoring in the sense that one has to minimize the average delay until an unpredictable change or event at a monitoring target is detected. In this letter, we study the problem of sleep scheduling sensors to minimize the average delay in detecting such time-critical events in the context of monitoring physical systems that can be modeled using graphs, such as water-distribution networks. We provide a game-theoretic solution that computes schedules with near optimal average delays. We illustrate that schedules that optimize average coverage may result in large average detection delays, whereas schedules minimizing average detection delays using our proposed scheme also result in near optimal average coverage.
Directional excitatory input to direction‐selective ganglion cells in the rabbit retina

Directional responses in retinal ganglion cells are generated in large part by direction-selective release of γ-aminobutyric acid from starburst amacrine cells onto direction-selective ganglion cells (DSGCs). The excitatory inputs to DSGCs are also widely reported to be direction-selective, however, recent evidence suggests that glutamate release from bipolar cells is not directional, and directional excitation seen in patch-clamp analyses may be an artifact resulting from incomplete voltage control. Here, we test this voltage-clamp-artifact hypothesis in recordings from 62 ON-OFF DSGCs in the rabbit retina. The strength of the directional excitatory signal varies considerably across the sample of cells, but is not correlated with the strength of directional inhibition, as required for a voltage-clamp artifact. These results implicate additional mechanisms in generating directional excitatory inputs to DSGCs.
Upscaling participatory thermal sensing: Lessons from an interdisciplinary case study at University of California for improving campus efficiency and comfort

Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) is responsible for most of the energy consumed in many university buildings, which are still often uncomfortable for occupants. Previous research suggests crowdsourcing thermal comfort feedback from occupants, called participatory thermal sensing (PTS), and incorporating it into the HVAC control system can improve energy efficiency and comfort simultaneously. Most PTS research has focused on automated closed-loop systems whereby occupant feedback is automatically integrated into HVAC operations, but such systems are difficult to scale. PTS can also be implemented in a manual closed-loop system, whereby facilities management personnel analyze occupant feedback then make appropriate changes to HVAC operations. This approach may be easier to scale, but little is known regarding how to implement such a program. This paper describes lessons learned from a campus-wide manual closed-loop PTS program at University of California, Davis, after 23 months of implementation. We discuss the program in terms of three main goals: inspiring occupant participation, interpreting the data, and improving comfort and energy efficiency. Each goal requires a different set of skills and resources, which has resulted in an inter-sector and interdisciplinary project team comprised of facilities management staff and behavioral science and engineering researchers.
Internet Offering to Foster NDE/NDT Technological Education in Community and Technical Colleges

Iowa State University, specifically the Center for Nondestructive Evaluation (CNDE) and the Department of Engineering, Cowley County Community College (Arkansas City, Kansas), Ridgewater College—Hutchinson Campus (Hutchinson, Minnesota), Northeast Iowa Community College (Peosta, Iowa), and Southeast Community College (Milford, Nebraska) make up the NSF funded North Central Collaboration For Education in NDE/NDT. The Collaboration has many goals to improve the NDE/NDT education [1].
Chemistry in a vesicle.

Chromaffin cells are neuroendocrine cells that reside within the medulla of the adrenal glands. They release several hormones in amounts and proportions that vary greatly in response to homeostatic needs and to a wide range of challenges and stresses. In addition to catecholamines, the contents of
Beyond Liability: Legal Issues of Human-Machine Interaction for Automated Vehicles

Many automated vehicles are already on our roads, and we can expect that many more will follow soon. Yet, the legal frameworks that govern the deployment and operation of these vehicles are still under development. This paper explores legal issues related to the human-machine interaction for automated vehicles. The paper reviews the current legal landscape, with a focus on the United States, and presents some of the issues that will be of interest to researchers, developers, and regulators as the new legal frameworks take shape.
Influence of Prior Hip Salvage Surgery on Outcomes After Total Hip Arthroplasty in Young Patients.

Abstract Background As the indications for total hip arthroplasty (THA) have expanded, this procedure is being increasingly performed in young patients. Oftentimes, this population has undergone one or more salvage procedures in an attempt to delay or forestall a THA. However, it is unclear whether patients with prior salvage procedure have higher risk of adverse events. Methods From 2004 to 2014, 215 THAs performed in patients less than 30 years at a single institution were identified. These patients were screened to identify 37 THAs in which one or more salvage procedures were performed prior to the THA (salvage group). The prior salvage procedures were open in 30 (pelvic osteotomy = 5, femoral osteotomy = 15, combined osteotomy = 2, core decompression = 7, bone graft = 1) and arthroscopic in 7. Medical and surgical complications within 90 days and overall survivorship at a minimum follow-up of 2 years were recorded. Nonparametric tests and Kaplan-Meier survival curves were used to compare the groups. Results Salvage group had a higher rate of wound complications (P = .037), superficial infections (P = .005), and reoperations (P = .015). The 5-year survivorships in the salvage and nonsalvage groups were 97.1% and 96.7%, respectively (P = .787). Conclusion Patients less than 30 years who undergo THA after a previous salvage procedure have a higher risk of wound complications, superficial infections, and reoperations, but similar survivorship, compared to those who did not have any prior salvage procedures. This information is helpful in counseling young patients while offering various surgical options for the management of various hip pathologies.
Theories of Tolerance to and Physical Dependence on Opioids

Though under certain conditions (see below), tolerance to opioids can develop without concomitant physical dependence, the two phenomena will be considered together inasmuch as most explanatory theories postulate common mechanisms and assume that one sort or another of “counteradaptation” to the agonistic actions of opioids develops during repeated drug administration (accounting for tolerance); this results in “latent hyperexcitability” of the central nervous system, which is suppressed as long as opioids are administered; when opioids are abruptly withdrawn, or when a narcotic antagonist is administered, the latent hyperexcitability becomes manifest as the opioid-abstinence syndrome (indicative of physical dependence).
Upper Extremity Arthroplasty

With improvements in techniques and implants, upper extremity arthroplasty is becoming increasingly popular. Total shoulder arthroplasty has been demonstrated to be effective in patients with osteoarthritis and reverse total shoulder arthroplasty has become a viable option in such patients with concomitant rotator cuff deficiency. Arthroplasty of the elbow, wrist, and finger joints also have roles in the treatment of multiple arthritic conditions.
Gender and Feminist Studies in Anthropology

The development of studies of gender in anthropology received its impetus from the emergence during the late 1960s and early 1970s in Europe and the USA of what became known as the second wave feminism. Early feminist anthropologists re-theorized categorical oppositions such as nature/culture and public/private to question dominant theories of women's subordination. Subsequent scholarship explored the interconnections between gender cultural constructions and other domains of social and cultural life. Gender rhetoric was found instrumental in the legitimation of power relations, while gender assumptions permeated seemingly neutral domains such as scientific production. The areas of reproduction, sexuality, and the body were theorized in connection to postcoloniality and national identity. The role of gender and sexuality was also explored in relation to colonialism and the transnational division of labor. Feminist anthropology has forcefully contributed to feminist debates on power differences among women and has proposed new forms of ethnographic writing. This article also addresses the emergence of recent anthropological research on masculinity.
1946–1947: Personal Tragedy and Professional Triumph

In the period after the major solar events of February 1946, the solar emission at 200 MHz had decreased to modest levels. The typical 200 MHz intensities were less than 106 Jy—less intense by a factor of 10—by the next solar rotation in early March. The RPL solar group began at this time to concentrate on multi-frequency observations of the solar emission. Already at the PC (Propagation Committee) meeting of the previous November, elucidation of the metre wave spectra of the short term bursts had been proposed (i.e., the determination of the radio energy as a function of frequency or wavelength). At the PC meeting of 11 June 1946, Pawsey and Payne-Scott wrote: “Future work will concentrate on an exploration of the spectrum, both of the mean level and of the bursts”. A month later on 8 July 1946, it was clear work had begun in earnest. At 60–200 MHz, Payne-Scott had found that bursts did not correlate and simultaneous recording at 60–75 MHz had begun.( 1 ) In other words, detecting a burst in one frequency did not mean the burst would be identically or simultaneously active at other frequencies.
ACM SIGGRAPH 2008 art gallery

We are witnessing a shift in how designers conceptualize, detail, and fabricate their work. Architects increasingly talk about scripting or writing an architectural facade rather than drawing it. Buildings and everyday objects are conceptualized and fabricated via lines of code in addition to being drawn by hand or with CAD software. Tools for manipulating digital information have provided designers new means for expression as well as new "materials" with radically different properties. Digital methods and tools used by architects and designers have co-evolved with computer graphics and interactive technologies in leaps and bounds. The SIGGRAPH 2008 Design & Computation exhibit weaves together analog and digital, past and present, theory and artifact to give visitors a taste of an exploding field. The work has been selected to invite multiple layers of engagement and address the SIGGRAPH community's wide range of interests. Contemporary developments, however, are not without precedent. Long before advanced computer graphics, designers reshaped their tools. For example, the work of Joseph Marie Jacquard was not only significant for the textile industry, but also laid the foundation for contemporary computational design processes. On the one hand, his invention revolutionized the way in which silk-weavers from his hometown, Lyon, wove elaborate and varied figures. On the other hand, Jacquard's work embodied the ability to control a sequence of operations and fabricate an end result in a single process. Two Design & Computation discussion panels complement the exhibit, raising questions on complexity and craftsmanship. In the Complexity panel, architects and designers ask how tools and methods used by architects, artists, and designers contribute to the complexity of built forms. What are the problems and opportunities that increased complexity engenders both for built forms and for people's experience of these forms? The Craftsmanship panel examines the relationship among creator, tool, and final creation. Artists and designers reflect on how they conceive their work, discussing whether mediation through a digital fabrication processes alters their relationship with materials and their creations.
Transcriptional Activation by a Topologically Linkable Protein: Forging a Connection Between Replication and Gene Activity

In this chapter, we present recently acquired information and ideas about transcriptional activation by a sliding-clamp protein. The following topics are touched upon: (1) the biological context of bacteriophage T4 multiplication in which this mechanism operates is briefly reviewed; (2) the activation mechanism is described; (3) a mechanism for coupling selective gene expression to concurrent replication is proposed; (4) information on protein-protein interactions that are required for the transcriptional activation is presented.
Mathematical Model for Boiling Heat Transfer from a Thin Wire in Liquid Nitrogen

In observations of steady state nucleate boiling, fluctuations in the temperature and heat flux might initially appear to be completely random. However, for a platinum wire immersed in liquid nitrogen, it has been shown that the fluctuations about the steady state exhibit an average counterclockwise circulation when the heat flux is plotted versus the degree of superheat. A model is constructed to simulate, by discrete time steps, the fluctuations in the boiling heat transfer process from a thin wire immersed in liquid nitrogen. The fluctuations in the wire temperature and heat flux obtained from the mathematical model are compared with experimental data. From the insight gained, several parameters are identified that seem to capture the essential features of the experimental observations.
Using Dietary Reference Values to Define Fortification Levels for National Programs

Abstract Fortification of staple foods is intended to fill the gaps between nutrient intakes and nutrient requirements, and should be based on evidence of inadequate intakes, supported where appropriate by biochemical or clinical evidence of poor status. The correct approach is to measure usual food intake and convert this to nutrient intakes for each of the population groups of concern. The distribution of the intake of each nutrient is then compared to the average requirement (AR) for groups of individuals, and the prevalence of inadequacy is calculated as the percentage of the group consuming less than the AR. Using data on the amounts of potentially fortifiable foods consumed, information which is also obtained from the measurements of usual food intake, the effects of different levels of fortification of those foods on the prevalence of inadequate intakes can be estimated. In addition to the AR, the other important dietary reference value is the upper level (UL) of intake, which is used to estimate the prevalence of potentially excessive intakes as a result of fortification. Since measurement of the food and nutrient intake of individuals may be impractical in some situations, alternative approaches have used household consumption data, e.g., based on experience with different levels of fortification. Software is available to perform the calculations necessary to plan fortification levels for both macro- and micronutrients, once nutrient intake data have been collected. It provides ARs and ULs, uses bioavailability estimates appropriate for the local diet and based on the distribution of intakes of foods that could serve as fortification vehicles, simulates the effect of a range of fortification levels on the percentage inadequacy, and excessive intakes in each population group.