cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Americas, Sociocultural Overviews: North America, Native Americans

An overview of Native Americans north of Mexico is provided, including characteristics of Native American societies and cultures, aspects of Native American history – especially governmental policies aimed at assimilating Native Americans – and the contemporary situation of Native Americans in the United States and Canada. Particular attention is given to Native American origins, aboriginal population size, population decline following the arrival of Columbus, and recent population recovery and current demographic situation. The study of Native Americans is also considered, as it was important in the development of anthropology in North America and elsewhere.
Union—Management Participation in Corporate Decision-Making

Organizational effectiveness and the international competitiveness of U.S. firms have been related to different types of human resources strategies (Ferris, Schellenberg, & Zammuto, 1984; Snow & Miles, 1984; Odiorne, 1984). Labor relations and the union—management relationship have been largely ignored in the discussion on human resources strategies, but the need for change in U.S. union—management relations toward more cooperation and union or employee participation in corporate decision-making (codetermination) is supposedly suggested by the effectiveness of Japanese management techniques and other human resources strategies of successful U.S. multinationals (Ouchi, 1981; Peters & Waterman, 1982). Whereas some emphasize the “hard skills” of organizational learning and not soft skills or human resources strategies of Japanese management (Nonoka & Johansson, 1985), recent research shows more cooperation and codetermination in U.S. industrial relations (Capelli, 1983; Freedman & Fulmer, 1982; Kassalow, 1984), and in one quite recent study, a strong relationship between the union—management relationship and organizational effectiveness (Katz, Kochan, & Weber, 1985).
The Comparative Effect of Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Sleeve Gastrectomy on 10-Year and Lifetime Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk

Bariatric surgery reduces atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk. However, the comparative effect of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and sleeve gastrectomy (SG) on 10-year and lifetime ASCVD risk, as defined by the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA), remains unknown. Using the ACC/AHA ASCVD risk estimator, 10-year and lifetime ASCVD risks were calculated before and 1 year after bariatric surgery for patients aged 40–78 who underwent RYGB or SG at an academic medical center in California between 2003 and 2015. Change in risk was calculated by taking the difference between 1-year and baseline risk. Statistical analyses included the Wilcoxon signed rank test, Mann-Whitney U test, Quade’s test, and multiple logistic regression. There were 536 patients (mean age 52 ± 10 years, 20% male), of whom 438 underwent RYGB and 98 underwent SG. Patients undergoing RYGB were predominately female (82% vs 71%, p = 0.021) and had higher baseline BMIs (44.4 ± 8.4 vs 41.9 ± 8.0, p < 0.001) than patients undergoing SG. Compared with baseline, 10-year and lifetime ASCVD risks were significantly lower 1 year after surgery (aggregate of RYGB and SG, 4.2 ± 6.0% vs. 2.2 ± 3.5%, p < 0.001; 50 ± 11% vs. 39 ± 12%, p < 0.001, respectively). Patients who underwent RYGB had greater reductions in 10-year and lifetime ASCVD risks from baseline to 1 year after surgery than patients who underwent SG (1.7 ± 3.5% vs. 0.8 ± 2.4%, p < 0.001; 11 ± 23% vs. 0 ± 12%, p < 0.001, respectively). Although RYGB and SG significantly lower 10-year and lifetime cardiovascular disease risks by 1 year after surgery, patients who undergo RYGB may experience greater cardiovascular risk reduction relative to counterparts who undergo SG.
Quantifying Tongue Tip Shape in Apical and Laminal /s/: Contributions of Palate Shape.

Purpose Anterior tongue shape during /s/ production is often described as “tip-up” or apical, versus “tip-down” or laminal. Typically, this is determined by observing the shape of the anterior midl...
Educational and learning morbidity in pediatric heart transplant recipients: A pediatric heart transplant society study.

Educational development is an important component of quality of life for children with heart transplant. Aims include determining prevalence of and risk factors for modified education placement in a large representative sample of pediatric heart transplant recipients. Participants included 1495 patients (age 6-18 years) from the PHTS database. Data on education placement and clinical predictors were collected at listing and at 1 and 3 years post-transplant. At listing, 88% of patients were in typical education placement, while 12% were in modified education. Males (P = .02), those with CHD (P < .0001), those with non-private insurance (P < .0001), and those with longer hospital stay (P = .001) were more likely to be in a modified education placement at time of listing. Age, race, listing status, mechanical support, and waitlist time were not significantly associated with placement. The prevalence of typical education placement was similar (87% at 1-year and 86% at 3-year) post-transplant. Predictors of modified education placement at 3-year follow-up included placement at listing (OR = 12.9 [95% CI 7.6-21.9], P < .0001), non-private insurance (OR = 2.0 [95% CI 1.3-3.2], P = .001), CHD (OR = 1.8 [95% CI 1.1-2.7, P = .01), history of post-transplant infection (OR = 1.9 [95% CI 1.2-2.9, P = .007), and number of post-transplant infections (OR = 1.3 [95% CI 1.1-1.5, P = .002). Among pediatric heart transplant recipients, males, those with non-private insurance, those with CHD, and those who experience post-transplant infections are at greatest risk for modified academic placement, which persists for several years post-transplant and deserves targeted intervention.
Immunomodulation by HDAC inhibition: Results from a phase I study with entinostat in combination with atezolizumab and bevacizumab in metastatic renal cell carcinoma patients.

5064Background: Immunosuppressive regulatory T cells (Tregs) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) limit the efficacy of immunotherapies. We have previously reported that the HDAC inhibitor ...
Drosophila PTPMT1 Has a Function in Tracheal Air Filling.

Summary The fly trachea is the equivalent of the mammalian lung and is a useful model for human respiratory diseases. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying tracheal air filling during larval development. In this study, we discover that PTPMT1 has a function in tracheal air filling. PTPMT1 is a widely conserved, ubiquitously expressed mitochondrial phosphatase. To reveal PTPMT1's functions in genetically tractable invertebrates and whether those functions are tissue specific, we generate a Drosophila model of PTPMT1 depletion. We find that fly PTPMT1 mutants show impairments in tracheal air filling and subsequent activation of innate immune responses. On a cellular level, these defects are preceded by aggregation of mitochondria within the tracheal epithelial cells. Our work demonstrates a cell-type-specific role for PTPMT1 in fly tracheal epithelial cells to support air filling and to prevent immune activation. The establishment of this model will facilitate exploration of PTPMT1's physiological functions in vivo.
Branching Condition of the Color-Word Interference Test Enhances Prediction of Meta-Tasking in Community-Dwelling Older Adults.

OBJECTIVES Meta-tasking (MT) is an aspect of executive functioning (EF) that involves the ability to branch (i.e., to apply "if-then" rules) and to effectively interleave sub-goals of one task with sub-goals of another task. As such, MT is crucial for successful planning, coordination, and execution of multiple complex tasks in daily life. Traditional tests of EF fail to adequately measure MT. This study examined whether Condition 4 of the Color-Word Interference Test (CWIT-4; the inhibition/switching condition that requires branching) predicted MT beyond Condition 3 (CWIT-3; inhibition-only condition) and beyond other subtests from the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS) that have a switching condition. METHOD Ninety-eight non-Hispanic white community-dwelling older adults completed the first four subtests of the D-KEFS and an ecologically valid measure of MT. RESULTS Time to completion and total errors on CWIT-4 accounted for variance in MT above and beyond CWIT-3 and beyond the switching conditions of other D-KEFS subtests. Results remained virtually unchanged when controlling for demographics and general cognitive status. CONCLUSIONS Among older adults, CWIT-4 is more strongly associated with MT than other D-KFES tasks. Future research should examine whether CWIT-4 relates to lapses in instrumental activities of daily living among older adults above and beyond other EF tests.
Ghrelin Receptors Enhance Fat Taste Responsiveness in Female Mice.

Ghrelin is a major appetite-stimulating neuropeptide found in circulation. While its role in increasing food intake is well known, its role in affecting taste perception, if any, remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the role of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor’s (GHS-R; a ghrelin receptor) activity in the peripheral taste system using feeding studies and conditioned taste aversion assays by comparing wild-type and GHS-R-knockout models. Using transgenic mice expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP), we demonstrated GHS-R expression in the taste system in relation phospholipase C s2 isotype (PLCβ2; type II taste cell marker)- and glutamate decarboxylase type 67 (GAD67; type III taste cell marker)-expressing cells using immunohistochemistry. We observed high levels of co-localization between PLCβ2 and GHS-R within the taste system, while GHS-R rarely co-localized in GAD67-expressing cells. Additionally, following 6 weeks of 60% high-fat diet, female Ghsr−/− mice exhibited reduced responsiveness to linoleic acid (LA) compared to their wild-type (WT) counterparts, while no such differences were observed in male Ghsr−/− and WT mice. Overall, our results are consistent with the interpretation that ghrelin in the taste system is involved in the complex sensing and recognition of fat compounds. Ghrelin-GHS-R signaling may play a critical role in the recognition of fatty acids in female mice, and this differential regulation may contribute to their distinct ingestive behaviors.
Implicit bias, disproportionate discipline, and teacher responsibility for instruction as prevention

While suspension continues to be a common response to student misbehavior in schools, evidence mounts for its ineffective and counterproductive results. Moreover, as the use of suspension increases...
System Integration: Managing Complexity to Advance Health Care Value

Integrated health care systems are well positioned to handle the continuum of care for value-based contracts, but they pose unique management challenges. The head of Baystate Health in Springfield,...
Ambulatory Anesthetic and Sedative Techniques for Children

SUMMARY Among the issues relevant to sedation and anesthesia for children in ambulatory settings are many topics other than drugs. We contend that such issues as preoperative evaluation, preparation of equipment and monitoring devices, and availability of trained personnel are as important as, or perhaps more important than, the choice of any particular drug or drugs for the sedation or anesthesia of children.
Kuhn’s Structure : A Moment in Modern Naturalism

What were the historical conditions of possibility for Structure’s naturalism about science and its mode of change? Kuhn’s book was remarkable in its time in setting aside the celebration of science and– despite its skepticism about the place in science of Reason, Method, Truth, and Progress—any note of criticism as well. The naturalistic impulse to describe, interpret, and explain, rather than to evaluate and justify, was not a notable feature of commentary about science before Kuhn’s work, and I trace this new naturalism to historical changes in the institutional and cultural conditions of science itself in post-World War II America. The possibility of naturalism about the nature of science, I argue, flowed partly from its new institutional security and its strengthened ties with political power.
Controlled Studies of Wave-Wave Interactions in a Beat-Wave Laser Driven Plasma

The process of driving a plasma with a laser pump containing two frequencies has enjoyed renewed interest in the past several years due to interest in the Plasma Beat-Wave Accelerator (PBWA) scheme1. In this paper we report on experiments designed to study basic physics issues which are of importance to schemes which are currently under study at UCLA and elsewhere.
Determining evolutionary spectra from non-stationary autocorrelation functions

Abstract For non-stationary stochastic processes, the classic integral expression for computing the autocorrelation function from the evolutionary power spectral density (evolutionary spectrum) developed by Priestley is not invertible in a unique way. Thus, the evolutionary spectrum cannot be determined analytically from a given autocorrelation function. However, the benefits of an efficient inversion from autocorrelation to evolutionary spectrum are vast. In particular, it is more straightforward to estimate the autocorrelation function from measured data, yet efficient simulation depends on knowing the evolutionary spectrum. This work examines the existence and uniqueness of such an inversion from the autocorrelation to the evolutionary spectrum under a certain set of conditions. It is established that uniqueness of the inversion is likely although it is not proven. A methodology is presented to determine the evolutionary spectrum from a prescribed or measured non-stationary autocorrelation function by posing the inversion as a discrete optimization problem. This method demonstrates the ability to perform the inversion but is computationally very expensive. An improved method is then proposed to enhance the computational efficiency and is compared with some established optimization methods. Numerical examples are provided throughout to demonstrate the capabilities of the proposed methodologies.
Calvarial Regeneration With Use of Acellular Dermal Matrix in Aplasia Cutis Congenita.

AbstractAplasia cutis congenital (ACC) is a rare congenital anomaly, most commonly affecting the scalp, with a variable penetrance ranging from a small (<2 cm2) area of missing skin to large defects characterized by absent skin, subcutaneous tissue, calvarium, and dura. Calvarial reconstruction in A
Varieties of Expressivism

After offering a characterization of what unites versions of ‘expressivism’, we highlight a number of dimensions along which expressivist views should be distinguished. We then separate four theses often associated with expressivism – a positive expressivist thesis, a positive constitutivist thesis, a negative ontological thesis, and a negative semantic thesis – and describe how traditional expressivists have attempted to incorporate them. We argue that expressivism in its traditional form may be fatally flawed, but that expressivists nonetheless have the resources for preserving what is essential to their view. These resources comprise a re-configuring of expressivism, the result of which is the view we call ‘neo-expressivism’. After illustrating how the neo-expressivist model works in the case of avowals and ethical claims, we explain how it avoids the problems of traditional expressivism.
Vessels vivified by Akt acting on NO synthase.

The short- and long-term effects of stimuli such as shear stress on blood vessels are mediated through endothelial nitric oxide synthase. But whereas the short-term effects occur through transient increases in cytosolic calcium, the long-term changes result from constitutive activation of the synthase by the serine/threonine kinase Akt.
Industrial/environmental crises and corporate social responsibility

Abstract Industrial and environmental crises pose major threats to human survival. These crises are rooted in corporate activities, products, and production systems. For corporations to meaningfully respond to such crises, we need a more adequate conception of corporate social responsibility (CSR). This article critiques the existing conception of CSR as being anthropocentric, Western-centric, and marginal to business practice. It proposes an alternative conception of CSR anchored in ecocentric management, sustainable development, and crisis prevention and management. Using the example of Union Carbide's responses to the Bhopal crisis, it examines the consequences of the company's not accepting broad social responsibilities.
The national security dividend of global carbon mitigation

Abstract Energy and environmental security objectives are often conflated in political circles and in the popular press. Results from a well-established integrated assessment model suggest that policies designed to stabilize atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations at levels above ∼500 ppm generally do not align with policies to curb global oil dependence, because these atmospheric objectives can be achieved largely through reductions in global coal consumption. Policies designed to stabilize atmospheric carbon dioxide at levels below ∼500 ppm, on the other hand, directly facilitate the alignment of environmental and security objectives because atmospheric targets in this range demand significant reductions in both coal and oil use. Greater recognition that investment in carbon mitigation can yield significant security dividends may alter the political cost–benefit calculus of energy-importing nations and could increase the willingness of some key global actors to seek binding cooperative targets under any post-Kyoto climate treaty regime.
Hip flexion contracture and diminished functional outcomes in cerebral palsy.

Background:Hip flexion contracture (HFC) in the ambulatory child with cerebral palsy (CP) may impair function and lead to deteriorations in health-related quality of life. Furthermore, increasing HFC may lead to increasing disability. However, the association between passive range of motion and the
Membrane-supported rhodium hydroformylation catalysts

Abstract Films prepared from THF solutions containing cellulose acetate, [HRh(CO)(PPh3)3] and PPh3 were tested for catalytic activity in the vapor phase hydroformylation of ethylene and propylene: RCH=CH2+CO+H2→RCH2CH2CHO. The reaction proceeded smoothly at 800 ton- and 80 °C. Turnover rates were about 25 mol propanai per mol Rh per h. No loss of PPh3 or Rh from the film was observed even after long periods of reaction. The excess PPh3 seemed to stabilize the catalytic activity of the film but concentrations beyond 10 molar produced no further improvement. The turnover rate with the films was equal to or even slightly higher than that obtained under similar conditions using a homogeneous solution of [HRh(CO)PPh3] in 2-methylmaphthalene solvent. The turnover rate for propylene to C-4 aldehydes was about an order of magnitude smaller than that for ethylene to propanal. Films prepared from poly(phenylsulfone) were also active catalysts. The ratio of n/iso C-4 aldehydes with this support was about 20. In the absence of oxygen the catalyst system retained its activity for more than 13 days but no attempt was made to test for longer lifetimes. The use of polymeric films or membranes as a support for the rhodium catalysis of the hydroformylation reaction thus appears to hold considerable promise.
Epidermoids and dermoids of the calvarian bones in early childhood: Their behaviour in the growing skull

Thirteen out of 25 cystic lesions of the infantile skull, radiographically classified as epidermoids or dermoids of the calvarian bones, disappeared spontaneously during early childhood. A further six lesions showed involution. In all, 19/25 lesions were involutive. In no case did we find an enlargement which could be attributed with certainly, to growth after the age of 3 years. These findings strongly support the opinion of Faure that by far most of these lesions are non-evolutive and generally do not need surgical treatment. Only lesions which do persist beyond the third year of life and grow continuously or begin to grow again need to be operated. Thus, we recommend a conservative attitude and a radiographic follow-up at long intervals.
Bacillus thuringiensis δ-endotoxin proteins show a correlation in toxicity and short circuit current inhibition against Helicoverpa zea.

Pesticidal activity of Bacillus thuringiensisδ-endotoxins, Cry1Aa, Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, and Cry2A, was determined by using the force-feeding bioassay method to 4th instar larvae of Helicoverpa zea. H. zea was susceptible to Bt toxins in the order Cry1Ac > Cry1Ab > Cry1Aa > Cry2A with 63.60, 89.04, 159.65, and 375.78 ng/larvae respectively. The abilities of selected Bacillus thuringiensis toxins to inhibit short circuit current (ISC) in midgut epithelia of H. zea were also investigated by voltage clamp assay. The voltage-clamp studies were conducted on isolated midguts, measuring the inhibition of short circuit current (ISC) by activated toxin. A Cry1Aa toxin dilution of 33.3 and 500 ng/ml resulted in inhibition of ISC of −2.29 μA/min (lag time 15 min) and −4.48 μA/min (lag time, 2 min) respectively. The Cry1Ab dilution of 25 ng/ml inhibited ISC to −1.39 μA/min, a lag time of 14 min, and 333.3 ng/ml dilution resulted in decay of ISC−2.49 μA/min, lag time 1 min respectively. The Cry1Ac lower dilution 16.7 ng/ml inhibited ISC to −1.39 μA/min, lag time 4 min, and a high dilution 333.3 ng/ml decay ISC to −2.44 μA/min, lag time 1 min. The inhibition of ISC (−1.10 μA/min, lag time 25) at lower dilution (33.3 ng/ml) and high dilution (500 ng/ml), decay (−2.38 μA/min, lag time 5 min), showed a correlation between toxin concentration and inhibitory response with Cry2A toxin. The lag time decreased with increasing concentration of toxin applied, which is additional evidence of dose response besides direct correlation of toxicity assays and ISC.
Evaluation of a Steam Autoclave for Sterilizing Medical Waste at a University Health Center

Abstract BACKGROUND: As healthcare institutions search for methods to decrease costs associated with medical waste disposal, many are turning to the use of steam autoclaves. Steam autoclaving theoretically saves money by sterilizing large loads of medical waste, making it safe for disposal in a public landfill. There are no national standards for challenging medical waste autoclaves and no guidelines for parameters of sterilization for medical waste. When Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center—Shreveport (LSUHSC—S) tested one steam autoclave marketed as a medical waste autoclave, the machine repeatedly failed the tests. A complete description of the challenge testing and results are presented. METHODS: A test scenario was developed using biological indicators (BI) and chemical indicators distributed throughout four loads of clean waste which were controlled for weight, volume, and density. BI ampules and chemical strips were wrapped inside an adult diaper, which was tied in a common plastic bag and placed inside an open medical waste bag, reflecting common diaper disposal methods. At least five prepared bags were distributed throughout each load. Loads were run at 270° F, 30 pounds per square inch (psi), for 30 minutes, or at 270° F, 30 psi, for 60 minutes. RESULTS: Bacterial growth occurred in 18 out of 22 ampules, and chemical indicators failed in 19 out of 22 locations. CONCLUSIONS: Steam did not fully penetrate the load, and bacteria were not killed. Despite assurances from marketers of medical waste autoclaves, institutions considering this method must test autoclaves carefully to ensure safety and compliance with local health regulations.
Computer modeling of adaptive depression

Mild, delimited, and adaptive depression may be a specific example of a more general class of mechanism by which intelligent systems--individual, social, and artificial--adapt to dynamic, uncertain, and dangerous environments. Computer modeling, based on connectionist and artificial intelligence planning and learning programming techniques, supports this hypothesis by generating both adaptive behavior and analogs for 10 phenomena associated with depression: global, stable, and internal failure explantation, a cognitive loop of failure rumination, decreased motivation, self-esteem, and self-efficacy, and increased realism, negative generalization, and cognitive change. The idea of adaptive depression can be applied to more than one level of living systems. A better understanding of normal and adaptive depression may lead to a better understanding of clinical depression.
Fate of Listeria monocytogenes in raw and cooked ground beef with meat processing additives

Abstract The effect of sodium lactate (1.8% w/w), sodium erythorbate (0.1% w/w), kappa-carrageenan (1% w/w), and the alginate meat binder (0.4% w/w, sodium alginate; 0.6% w/w lactic acid; and 0.075% w/w calcium carbonate) on Listeria monocytogenes survival and growth was determined in raw and cooked ground beef stored aerobically at 4°C. There was no significant ( P > 0.05) increase in numbers of L. monocytogenes during storage of raw ground beef. However, L. monocytogenes numbers were generally lower in treatments with sodium lactate, and higher in sodium erythorbate compared to controls and meat with other additives. Increases in total aerobic plate counts were less pronounced in raw meat formulated with sodium lactate and alginate meat binder than with other additives. Cooking meat with initial inoculum levels of 6.52 to 7.03 L. monocytogenes log CFU/g to 65°C resulted in lower destruction (0.56 and 1.18 log CFU/g) in samples with added alginate meat binder and kappa-carrageenan, respectively, compared to the control. Survivors (2.11–3.73 log CFU/g) decreased initially and then increased slightly, but not significantly ( P > 0.05), during storage (4°C, 6 days) of the cooked products.
Magnitude and Distance Scaling of Response Spectral Shapes for Rock Sites with Applications to North American Tectonic Environment

Abstract Response spectral shapes (Sa/a) computed from the BLWN (Band Limited White Noise) ground motion model combined with RVT (Random Vibration Theory) compare favorably with shapes computed from WNA (Western North American) earthquakes recorded at rock sites. The comparisons are made at close distances and for moment magnitudes 4 1/2, approximately 5, 6, and 6 1/2. Predicted spectral shapes for the ENA (Eastern North America) show reasonably good agreement with empirical results at frequencies of 1 and 10 Hz and with other random process models at frequencies of 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, and 20 Hz. Magnitude dependence of Sa/a is predicted to be significant for periods greater than 0.2 seconds in WNA and for periods greater than 0.1 seconds in ENA and increases with increasing period. Distance scaling appears to be significant only in WNA and at distances exceeding 50 km.
Disciplinary Sanctioning of Students with Intellectual Disabilities : Revisiting the Status Liability Hypothesis.

We examined the impact of disability status on disciplinary sanctioning of a student committing a minor versus severe behavioral infraction. We used the status liability hypothesis as a framework. This hypothesis suggests that individuals with a higher personal status receive sanctioning differentially based on the severity of offense. Specifically, individuals of high status are predicted to be sanctioned less severely than persons with lower status given a minor offense. The hypothesis also predicts that individuals accorded high status will receive more punitive sanctioning when the act of deviance from social norms is perceived as severe. Pre-service teachers were randomly assigned to judge the behavior of a student with or without an intellectual disability committing a behavioral offense. A student with an intellectual disability was seen as influenced by dispositional factors, regardless of the offense, while a student without a disability who committed a minor offense was seen as influenced by situational factors. The behavior of a student with an intellectual disability was judged as less severe, and the student was 50% less likely to incur an in-school suspension. When a student with an intellectual disability was sanctioned, the length of suspension was equal to that of a student without a disability.
Volatile fatty acid concentrations in the digestive tract of the West Indian manatee, Trichechus manatus.

Abstract 1. 1. Digesta samples were collected from five West Indian manatees, Trichechus manatus , for volatile fatty acid (VFA) analysis. 2. 2. Mean total VFA concentrations were low in the stomach and duodenum (18.6 and 12.3 mM/l, respectively). Mean VFA concentrations were considerably higher in the cecum and colon (220.6 and 307.3 mM/l, respectively). 3. 3. The relative proportions of the individual VFA's shifted from predominantly acetic acid in the foregut to a mixture of acetic, butyric and propionic acids in the hindgut. 4. 4. The VFA concentrations in the manatee are similar to those in the dugong, Dugong dugon , and the green sea turtle, Chelonia mydas . 5. 5. The mean total VFA concentrations indicate that the cecum and colon of the manatee are sites of microbial cellulose fermentation. The contribution of VFAs to the manatees total energy requirements could not be calculated, but it is probably considerable.
Evaluation of the effect of variable refraction index on the path of a laser beam

The use of a laser-Doppler anemometer to measure velocities in a fluid with a larger variation in its refractive index perpendicular to the laser beams may introduce appreciable errors. This situation is commonly encountered in convective heat transfer studies. The beams are refracted as they pass through the fluid and the distance of the intersection of the beams, control volume, from the surface may be significantly different than the distance of the beams from the surface when they entered the fluid. If the flow is unsteady or turbulent, the relative movement of the beams may be such that the size and location of the control volume is constantly changing causing appreciable errors.
Three-dimensional (3D) Fast Neutron Tomography at the Low Energy Neutron Source (LENS)

Abstract We have constructed a neutron imaging station at the Low Energy Neutron Source (LENS), located within the Center for the Exploration of Energy and Matter at Indiana University. In contrast to many existing neutron imaging stations, we utilize a broad range of neutron energies, extending into the fast neutron regime, to take advantage of the higher fluxes and larger penetrating power of these high-energy neutrons. The imaging station consists of a collimator to define the beam, a rotating sample stage, and a cooled charge-coupled device camera (Alta U6) using a scintillator. A LiF + ZnS screen is used to produce scintillation light. Typical image collection times are a few seconds for a aperture to sample distance ratio of 100, yielding a spatial resolution of 0.2 × 0.2 mm 2 . Examples of the scanned and calculated image are presented.
Biological basis of suicide and suicidal behavior.

Objective Suicide is a major public health concern as each year 30,000 people die by suicide in the US alone. In the teenage population, it is the second leading cause of death. There have been extensive studies of psychosocial factors associated with suicide and suicidal behavior. However, very little is known about the neurobiology of suicide. Recent research has provided some understanding of the neurobiology of suicide, which is the topic of this review.
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor in Human Epidermal Cells: Direct Demonstration in Cultured Cells

The interaction of [ 125 I] labeled murine epidermal growth factor (EGF) with cultured human keratinocytes has been studied. Epidermal cells from neonatal foreskins were propagated to confluence in 24-well culture trays and incubated with [ 125 I] EGF for binding assays. Association reached equilibrium within 2–4hr at 4° and slightly earlier at 37°. EGF bound at 37° dissociates very slowly from cells, since it can be shown to enter cells and is degraded to trichloracetic-acid-soluble material. Cells exposed to chloroquine, an inhibitor of lysosomal enzymes, fail to degrade internalized [ 125 I] EGF. Scatchard plots of the binding data yield a dissociation constant of 1 × 10 −9 M and show that epidermal cells bind approximately 3–4 × 10 4 molecules of EGF. Cells exposed to EGF alter their ability to bind EGF by decreasing the number of binding sites in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Differentiation of epidermal cells in culture poses a problem in assessment of binding of EGF and possibly of other biologically active ligands, since cells lose the ability to bind EGF as they differentiate. These findings indicate that isolated epidermal cells possess a functional receptor for EGF which binds and responds to EGF in a manner similar to that described for other cells.
Managers: When Do We Get More Engineers?

From the figures presented, it has been demonstrated that engineers will be in short supply for the next twenty years. The effects on industry have been shown to be threefold: (1) a shortage of development engineers; (2) a shortage of engineers to serve a necessary function of management; and, (3) a far reaching effect on the military preparedness program. The possible solutions to this problem have been widely discussed in the literature. They are not as clearly presented as is the statement of the problem. At least, we have compiled the first phase of an engineering solution to a tough problem: a statement of the problem. We are now searching for possible solutions. If we proceed with the engineering approach, we will next choose one of these solutions and develop it to its fullest extent. At the end of this development period, we wil be ready to apply the solution to an industrial situation to achieve the desired end result.
MEMS-Based Single Fiber Reflectance Confocal Microscope System (SFCM) for in vivo Cellular Imaging

Single fiber reflectance confocal microscope based on 2-axis micro scanning mirror is demonstrated. 140×100 µm FOV, 1.4 µm lateral, and 20 µm axial resolution at 8-frames/s are achieved. We get images of biological tissue.
Chemical mass transfer in the Rio Tanama system, west-central Puerto Rico

Abstract Equilibrium relationships are defined between stream waters and weathering products, kaolinite and calcium montmorillonite, for the Rio Tanama system, west-central Puerto Rico. The major element composition of 46 water samples of springs and streams define a reaction path in the system CaO-Na 2 O-MgO-Al 2 O 3 -SiO 2 -H 2 O between acid waters containing low concentrations of alkali cations and detrital reactant minerals. The principal reactant phases appear to be chlorite, plagioclase and orthoclase and occasionally anhydrite or calcite. Headward erosion by the Rio Tanama supplies the reactant phases to the stream silt load. The chemical denudation rate calculated for the Rio Tanama system is about 30 m/million yr. The chemical stream load appears to be buffered by the product phases in the main river over the 15–20 km river length sampled in this study. The silt and soil mineralogy and water compositions are used to define a log K for the hydrolysis of Ca-montmorillonite at 25°C of 35.0 ± 0.8. This value is in reasonable agreement with the value of 37.1 ± 1.0 defined by Garrels and Mackenzie (1967) in a similar manner for spring waters in the Sierra Nevada.
On the Bäcklund transformation for the Gel'fand-Dickey equations

We study the Backlund transformation of the Gel'fand-Dickey equations, and in particular how the factorization ofnth order differential operators leads to Lax type equations for first order operators, generalizing work of Adler and Moser [1]. In a similar fashion we study the Toda equations.
DOSIMETRY INTERCOMPARISONS AND PROTOCOL FOR HEAVY CHARGED PARTICLE THERAPY BEAMS

Abstract The American Association of Physicists, under the authority of it's Radiation Therapy Committee, has established a Task Group (#20) to conduct intercomparisons of absorbed dose at heavy charged particle radiotherapy facilities and to establish a protocol for the dosimetry of heavy charged particle therapy beam. This paper reports the activities and accomplishments of the Task Group to date.
Inclusive processes at high transverse momentum and the modified Kuti-Weisskopf model

The modified Kuti-Weisskopf model is applied to some additional processes like $\ensuremath{\gamma}+N\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\gamma}+\mathrm{anything}$, $\ensuremath{\gamma}+N\ensuremath{\rightarrow}N+\mathrm{anything}$, $N+N\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\gamma}+\mathrm{anything}$, and $N+N\ensuremath{\rightarrow}W+\mathrm{anything}$ at high transverse momentum using the formalism of Berman, Bjorken, and Kogut.
Interaction of visual and non-visual cues during migratory orientation by the Bobolink (Dolichonyx oryzivorus)

The Bobolink appears to use an integrated orientation system involving at least a star compass and a magnetic compass. The magnetic compass appears to provide the primary reference for the system and the star compass serves as a secondary compass. The star compass appears to be checked against the magnetic compass every 1 to 5 nights, and adjusted to compensate for changes in the relative locations of star patterns. These results are in agreement with those of other species where both the star compass and the magnetic compass have been investigated. Such an integrated orientation system is advantageous to a transequatorial migrant because the night sky changes greatly between the beginning of its journey and the end, even from night to night; and the horizontal magnetic field at the equator is unusable as a dip compass.
An image similarity measure using enhanced human visual system characteristics

Image similarity measures are crucial for image processing applications which require comparisons to ideal reference images in order to assess performance. The Structural Similarity (SSIM), Gradient Structural Similarity (GSSIM), 4-component SSIM (4-SSIM) and 4-component GSSIM (4-GSSIM) indexes are motivated by the fact that the human visual system is adapted to extract local structural information. In this paper, we propose a new measure which enhances the gradient information used for quality assessment. An analysis of the proposed image similarity measure using the LIVE database of distorted images and their corresponding subjective evaluations of visual quality illustrate the improved performance of the proposed metric.
Peroxide resistance in human and mouse lens epithelial cell lines is related to long-term changes in cell biology and architecture

Abstract It is well established that the response of the cell to environmental stress is a major basis for cell modification. Such modification is believed to adapt the cell to better survive its environment. Oxidative stress, a major and ubiquitous stressing factor, was selected for investigating the cellular response to stress. Most studies investigating such cellular response have employed examination of the cell either during or shortly after exposure to stress. We have employed a different approach arguing that the short-term response to stress obscures the biological changes that allow the cell to continue to thrive in its new environment. Reflecting this concept, murine and human cell lines capable of surviving regular exposure to toxic levels of H 2 O 2 or TBOOH have been developed. It was found that certain fundamental long-term changes in cell biology had occurred. The peroxide-resistant cells are diploid rather than aneuploid, show fundamental changes in the cytoskeletal cellular structure, suggesting less rigid more flexible cells, express a new lower molecular mass of p53, a key stress protein responder involved in adaptation, and finally have an immunochemical modification in αA-crystallin, a small heat-shock protein. Previously, it was found that there is a dramatic increase in catalase and gluthathione S -transferase activity and a remarkable limited change in expression in other antioxidative genes in these cells. The impact of these changes is discussed. It is apparent that evolutionary cell modifications can occur in response to relatively rapid changes in environment over periods ranging from days to months rather than the thousands of years considered in most evolutionary modifications.
Hemodynamic correlates of late diastolic posterior motion of the aortic root

Abstract Motion of the posterior aortic root on echocardiography is related to left atrial volume change. Early diastolic posterior motion of the aortic root reflects both LA emptying and filling and has been measured as the atrial emptying index. To study late diastolic motion of the aortic root, we measured the slope of posterior motion of the aortic root after left atrial systole (following the P wave of the ECG) in 25 subjects without heart disease (Group 1), in 15 patients with left ventricular hypertrophy due to pressure overload (Group 2), and in 10 patients (Group 3) with mitral stenosis. The aortic root slope measured (mean ± SEM) 58.0 ± 1.9 mm./sec. in Group 1, 50.6 ± 4.5 mm./sec. in Group 2 (NS vs 1) and 28.8 ± 4.5 mm./sec. in Group 3, (p In 16 patients (four in Group 1 and 12 in Group 2) studied at catheterization, an inverse correlation (r = −0.74, p
Assessing teacher practice and development: the case of comprehensive literacy instruction

In this paper, we report on 2 studies developing, testing, and using an observation tool for measuring primary literacy instruction, the Developing Language and Literacy Teaching (DLLT) rubrics. In Study 1 (an instrumentation study), we show that the DLLT has a high level of internal consistency, that there are high levels of inter-rater reliability when the tool is used by in-school coaches, that the items order consistent with a hypothesized developmental trajectory, and that the DLLT can distinguish between novice and more experienced teachers at one time point. In Study 2 (a 3‐year longitudinal study), we show that the DLLT is sensitive to growth in teaching practice, that this growth is related to exposure to one-on-one coaching, and that teacher practice as measured by the DLLT is related to teachers' value added to student achievement year by year.
A Fundamental Tribological Study of Ti/Al2O3 Contact in Sliding Wear

On etudie les proprietes tribologiques du titane en contact glissant avec de l'alumine mono-cristalline afin d'eclaircir les mecanismes d'usure associes avec la reaction tribo-chimique due a l'echauffement par frottement. On observe une usure par oxydation. Une approche theorique permettant de prevoir la vitesse d'usure du titane a aussi ete etudiee
Interaction of magnetohydrodynamic simple waves in monatomic fluids

It is shown that the interaction of hydromagnetic simple waves may be reduced to a single second-order, linear, partial differential equation, and the Riemann function thereof may be found from a Fourier superposition of the solutions of a linear, second-order, ordinary differential equation. (C.E.S.)
Salting-in characteristics of globular proteins

Protein solubility, and the formation of various solid phases, is of interest in both bioprocessing and the study of protein condensation diseases. Here we examine the the phase behavior of three proteins (chymosin B, β-lactoglobulin B, and pumpkin seed globulin) previously known to display salting-in behavior, and measure their solubility as a function of pH, ionic strength, and salt type. Although the phase behavior of the three proteins is quantitatively different, general trends emerge. Stable crystal nucleation does not occur within the salting-in region for the proteins examined, despite the crystal being observed as the most stable solid phase. Instead, two types of amorphous phases were found within the salting-in region; additionally, an analog to the instantaneous clouding curve was observed within the salting-in region for chymosin B. Also, protein solutions containing sulfate salts resulted in different crystal morphologies depending on whether Li(2)SO(4) or (NH(4))(2)SO(4) was used.
A quantitative comparison of the relation between the shape of the action potential and the pattern of stimulation in canine ventricular muscle and Purkinje fibers

Abstract The purpose of these experiments was to obtain a quantitative comparison of the relation between the shape of the action potential and the pattern of stimulation in canine ventricular muscle and Purkinje fibers. Papillary muscles with attached false tendons were removed from dogs and studied, utilizing standard microelectrode techniques. The area beneath the action potential was obtained by electronic integration and used as an index of changes in shape. With abrupt increases or decreases in the frequency of stimulation, there were rapid early changes in shape followed by slow changes in shape which required approximately 1 min before a new steady state was achieved. In ventricular muscle, the rapid and slow changes of shape were opposite in direction. With brief pauses, the area of Purkinje potentials increased while that of ventricular muscle decreased, thus markedly enhancing nonuniformity of recovery. With premature stimuli, the area of Purkinje potentials decreased while that of muscle fibers increased. These observations suggest that there are fundamental differences in factors which control repolarization in Purkinje fibers and muscle. The observed phenomena could not have been predicted by previously published work on the steady state relationship between the shape of the action potential and frequency of stimulation. Furthermore, none of the currently proposed models for the generation of the cardiac action potential will account for all of these observations. The discordant behavior of action potential shapes in Purkinje and muscle during changes in the pattern of stimulation may contribute to the genesis of cardiac arrhythmias.
Short range rapidity correlations from the Bose-Einstein effect and multiplicity fluctuations in heavy-ion collisions— an experimental demonstration

Abstract A measurement of the two-particle correlation of identified pions was performed E 802 E 859 magnetic spectrometer on the interval 1.5 ≤ y ≤ 2.0, δφ = 0.4 rad, for central 28 Si+Au collisions. It is demonstrated that the two-pion correlation in rapidity is entirely due to Bose-Einstein interference. The directly measured exponential correlation length is ζ y = 0.20 ± 0.03 for two π − , with strenght ( R (0, 0) ∼ 1%, in agreement with previous E802 indirect measurements derived from an analysis of intermittency using Negative Binomial Distributions.
Depression of alcohol dehydrogenase activity in rat hepatocyte culture by dihydrotestosterone

Abstract Hepatocytes harvested from castrated rats retained a higher alcohol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.1) activity than hepatocytes harvested from normal rats during 7 days of culture. Dihydro-testosterone (1 μM) decreased the enzyme activity, after 2 and 5 days of culture, in hepatocytes from castrated and control animals respectively. Dihydrotestosterone decreased the enzyme activity to similar values in both groups of hepatocytes by the end of 7 days of culture. Testosterone (1 μM) had no effect on the enzyme activity in normal hepatocytes and only a transitory effect in decreasing the enzyme activity in hepatocytes from castrated animals. The increases in alcohol dehydrogenase activity after castration and their suppression by dihydrotestosterone were associated with parallel changes in the rate of ethanol elimination. Additions of substrates of the malate-aspartate shuttle or dinitrophenol did not modify ethanol elimination. These observations indicate that dihydrotestosterone has a direct suppressant effect on hepatocyte alcohol dehydrogenase and that the enzyme activity is a major determinant of the rate of ethanol elimination.