cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measurement of polarization of the tyndall beam of aqueous suspensions as an aid in determining particle size

Abstract The relation between particle size and the degree of polarization of the Tyndall beam created by suspension of non-uniform particulate substances was investigated for three materials (silica, granite, and calcite) ranging in size from one to fifty microns. The degree of polarization was found to be a function of the arithmetic mean diameter of the material. The optical property of birefringence was also found to be a determining factor although its effect was not studied quantitatively. It is shown that by combining the equation expressing the relation between particle size and strength of Tyndall beam with the mathematical relation between degree of polarization and particle size, an indirect method of obtaining a complete definition of particle size is given. Particle size values calculated from observed Tyndall readings and measurements of polarization were found to be within approximately ten per cent. of observed values.
Arfs, phosphoinositides and membrane traffic

Arf (ADP-ribosylation factor) GTP-binding proteins function in cells to regulate membrane traffic and structure. Arfs accomplish this task through modification of membrane lipids and the recruitment of proteins, including coat proteins and actin, to membrane surfaces. Arf1 and Arf6 are the most divergent and most studied human Arf proteins that localize predominantly to the Golgi complex and plasma membrane respectively. We have been studying the targeting of Arf1 and Arf6 to these specific compartments and the common and divergent activities that they exert on these membranes. We have found that Arf6 acts through activation of type I phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinases to generate phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate and that this activity is instrumental in facilitating the actin cytoskeletal rearrangements and alterations in endosomal membrane trafficking observed with increased Arf6 activation. Arf1 can also stimulate the activity of phosphatidylinositol kinases and recruit coat proteins and actin cytoskeletal elements to the Golgi complex.
Smith Canyon dune field, Washington, U.S.A : relation to glacial outburst floods, the Mazama eruption, and Holocene paleoclimate

Abstract Sedimentary deposits from the Smith Canyon dune field, south-central Columbia Basin, Washington, U.S.A. document climatically-influenced Late Pleistocene and Holocene aeolian and fluvial deposition in a region impacted by glacial outburst floods and tephra falls. The depositional history is summarized by five environmentally distinctive and climatically sensitive sedimentary units (temporal limits estimated): Unit 1 ( c. 15·5–8 ka), pedogenically altered glacial outburst flood and minor aeolian silt and clay; Unit 2 ( c. 8–6·9 ka), fluvial and minor aeolian sand; Unit 3 ( c. 6·9–6·8 ka), flood-induced fluvial sand with gravel-sized tephra clasts; Unit 4 ( c. 6·8–3·9 ka), aeolian dune sand; Unit 5 ( c. 3·9 ka to present), pedogenically altered, stabilized dune sand. Estimated age ranges are based on stratigraphic position, tephrochronology, and correlation with temporally constrained strata from elsewhere in the region.
The Wookey flap revisited.

Background Complete circumferential pharyngoesophageal reconstruction has undergone remarkable changes and developments during the last three decades. Gastric transposition and microvascular techniques are the standards of care. However, in cases of failure, or where other factors such as severe comorbidities prevent the use of microvascular techniques, reconstruction with local flaps provide a reliable option. We have used the Wookey flap technique in six patients with complete circumferential loss of the pharynx and upper esophagus. To make the procedure more reliable, we added a “delay” stage. Methods Retrospective review of charts of six Wookey-type reconstructions of the pharynx and upper esophagus done in our department at SUNY-HSC, Brooklyn, and The Long Island College Hospital. Results Five of the six patients had successful reconstruction of complete circumferential pharyngoesophageal resection. All five resumed oral alimentation. The flap failed in one patient. Conclusions The Wookey flap may still provide surgeons with a “last resort” reconstructive option after complete, circumferential pharyngoesophageal resection. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 24: 395–400, 2002
Gas-phase acidity and C–H bond energy of diacetylene

Abstract Threshold energies for the proton transfer reaction C 4 H − +C 2 H 2 → C 4 H 2 +C 2 H − and for competitive collision-induced dissociation of the proton-bound complex of diacetylide and acetaldehyde, [HC 4 ··H··CH 2 CHO] − , are measured using guided ion beam tandem mass spectrometry. From the bimolecular proton transfer threshold, the gas-phase acidity of diacetylene is Δ acid H 0 (C 4 H 2 )≥1500±8 kJ/mol as a lower limit. The competitive dissociation is modeled using RRKM theory, yielding Δ acid H 0 (C 4 H 2 )=1508±12 kJ/mol. Using the literature electron affinity of C 4 H, the derived bond dissociation energy of diacetylene is D 0 (HC 4 –H)=539±12 kJ/mol.
Solubility and reactions of perchloryl fluoride in water

Abstract Perchloryl fluoride (ClO 3 F) when dissolved in water reacts very slowly with the solvent. The solubility in water at one atmosphere pressure and temperatures up to 40°C is given by the equation, solubility (mol/l) = 6.387 x 10 −8 exp 6852/RT. The following reactions have been studied to learn their rate laws and rate constants: ClO 3 F + 2I − = I 2 + F − + ClO 3 − ClO 3 F + 2OH − = ClO 4 − + F − + H 2 O ClO 3 F + 3NH 3 (aq) = 2NH 4 + + HNClO 3 − + F − ClO3F + H 2 O = ClO 4 − + F − + 2H + At temperatures near O°C, perchloryl fluoride and water readily form a solid clathrate hydrate of highly variable composition. The observed minimum ratio of H 2 O to ClO 3 F in the solid is about 7.75.
Determination of the Relative Spectral Sensitivity of Phototubes

The determination of the relative spectral response of phototubes usually involves the calibration of the spectrum from a monochromator and subsequent exposure of the phototubes thereto. To avoid the well-known difficulties of radiometry, involving monochromators, thermocouples and/or thermopiles, galvanometers, and amplifiers, an alternative method is developed. Instead of using the calibrated spectrum from a monochromator as a radiation standard, known radiation samples are obtained from the combination of an accurately calibrated tungsten lamp with each of a conveniently spaced set of narrow band interference filters of the Fabry-Perot type.
The oxidation of H2CO on a copper(110) surface

Abstract The oxidation of H 2 C 16 O by adsorbed 18 O was studied on an Cu(110) sample by temperature programmed reaction spectroscopy. Formaldehyde exchanged its oxygen with surface 18 O upon adsorption to yield H 2 C 18 O (a) and 16 O (a) . Formaldehyde was also oxidized by surface 16 O and 18 O atoms to H 2 COO which subsequently released one of the hydrogen atoms to form HCOO. The evolution of H 2 from the Cu(110) surface was desorption limited, and the low pre-exponential factor for the recombination of the surface hydrogen atoms suggested stringent requirement on the trajectories of the colliding partners. The formate was very stable and dissociated at elevated temperatures to simultaneously yield H 2 and CO 2 . The surface concentration of 18 O exerted a pronounced affect on the activity of the oxidation of formaldehyde on Cu(110).
Differential impairment of social cognition factors in bipolar disorder with and without psychotic features and schizophrenia

While it is well-established that patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder exhibit deficits in social cognition, few studies have separately examined bipolar disorder with and without psychotic features. The current study addressed this gap by comparing patients with bipolar disorder with (BD+) and without (BD-) psychotic features, patients with schizophrenia (SZ), and healthy controls (NC) across social cognitive measures. Principal factor analysis on five social cognition tasks extracted a two-factor structure comprised of social/emotional processing and theory of mind. Factor scores were compared among the four groups. Results identified differential patterns of impairment between the BD+ and BD- group on the social/emotional processing factor while all clinical groups performed poorer than controls on the theory of mind factor. This provides evidence that a history of psychosis should be taken into account while evaluating social cognition in patients with bipolar disorder and also raises hypotheses about the relationship between social cognition and psychosis.
The changing world of work in the information age

(1998). The changing world of work in the information age. New Political Economy: Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 123-128.
The association between chronic stress type and C-reactive protein in the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis: does gender make a difference?

The objective of this study is to examine how chronic stress in major life domains [relationship, work, sympathetic-caregiving, financial] relates to CVD risk, operationalized using the inflammatory marker C-Reactive Protein (CRP), and whether gender differences exist. Participants were 6,583 individuals aged 45–84 years, recruited as part of the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Demographic and behavioral factors, health history, and chronic stress were self-reported. CRP was obtained through venous blood draw. In aggregate, gender by chronic stress interaction effects accounted for a significant, albeit small, amount of variance in CRP (P < .01). The sympathetic-caregiving stress by gender interaction was significant (P < .01); the work stress by gender effect approached significance (P = .05). Women with sympathetic-caregiving stress had higher CRP than those without, whereas no difference in CRP by stress group was observed for men. Findings underscore the importance of considering gender as an effect modifier in analyses of stress—CVD risk relationships.
Report on Travel to Former Yugoslavia, April 17–May 7, 2008

The author traveled primarily to Sarajevo, Bosnia‐Herzegovina and Skopje, Macedonia. She attended the 4th International Convention of Slavicist Librarians in Sarajevo and visited the Sarajevo Book Fair. In both capitals she met with book vendors and visited bookstores and libraries. She also learned that travel between the successor states is more complicated now than before the breakup of close Yugoslavia.
Parity Conservation in Quantum Chromodynamics

We show that in parity-conserving vectorlike theories such as QCD, parity conservation is not spontaneously broken.
Release of periplasmic enzymes and other physiological effects of β‐lactamase overproduction in Escherichia coli

When Escherichia coli containing the plasmid ptac11 is induced with 10(-4) M isopropyl-beta-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG), 90% of the beta-lactamase activity of an overnight culture is present in the medium. The high extracellular activity of beta-lactamase does not result from cell lysis but from an increase in the permeability of the outer membrane. The excreting cells release several other periplasmic enzymes into the extracellular fluid and are more sensitive to lysis by detergents. It was also shown that in these cells the level of two membrane proteins, OmpA and OmpC, is decreased. None of these phenomena were observed with the plasmid pDW17, which has a mutation in the tac promoter that reduces its activity to one fourth of the tac promoter.
Microcomputer Applications in Manufacturing

Motivation and background microcomputer systems for data acquisition and control microcomputer operation and programming digital logic, Boolean algebra and number systems microcomputer architecture and operation interfacing methods for data analysis and control data acquisition and analysis system modelling and identification digital control case studies setting clearances on a rolling mill monitoring a turning process control of a stepping motor driven X-Y table speed control of a DC motor.
Troposphere–Stratosphere (Surface–55 km) Monthly Winter General Circulation Statistics for the Northern Hemisphere—Interannual Variations

Individual monthly mean general circulation statistics for the Northern Hemisphere winters of 1978-79, 1979-80, 1980-81, and 1981-82 are examined for the altitude region from the earth's surface to 55 km. Substantial interannual variability is found in the mean zonal geostrophic wind; planetary waves with zonal wavenumber one and two; the heat and momentum fluxes; and the divergence of the Eliassen-Palm flux. These results are compared with previous studies by other workers. This variability in the monthly means is examined further by looking at both time-latitude sections at constant pressure levels and time-height sections at constant latitudes. The implications of this interannual variability for verifying models and interpreting observations are discussed.
Contradictions in the Gender Subtext of the War on Poverty: The Community Work and Resistance of Women from Low Income Communities

This article examines the community-based work of women from low income neighborhoods who were hired by the anti-poverty programs established by the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964. This examination reveals the ways in which gendered assumptions, gender-differentiated policies, and the gender division of labor inform the organization of the state. It also demonstrates how the gender subtext of the state can serve as a site for resistance. As the community workers brought their previous unpaid work experience into their state supported jobs, they challenged the assumptions of the state that included (1) narrow interpretations of community needs, (2) bureaucratic organization and reliance on credentialed knowledge as a basis for decision-making, (3) separation of political action from state provisions of social welfare, and (4) a limited definition of labor. The workers' resistance reveals the contradictions of state-sponsored, community-based employment of women from low income communities.
Effect of Sea-Water Concentration on the Reproduction and Survival of Largemouth Bass and Bluegills

(1964). Effect of Sea-Water Concentration on the Reproduction and Survival of Largemouth Bass and Bluegills. The Progressive Fish-Culturist: Vol. 26, No. 3, pp. 99-106.
Prolonged Use of Propranolol Safely Decreases Cardiac Work in Burned Children

Propranolol has been shown to be effective for as long as 5 days in massively burned children to reduce heart rate and cardiac work. This article describes the use of propranolol given for 10 days to burned children to test whether the drug remains effective and safe in reducing heart rate and cardiac work for longer periods. We prospectively studied 22 children, 1 to 10 years of age with burns covering > or = 40% of their total body surface area. These children were treated with 0.5 to 1.0 mg/kg propranolol given orally or intravenously every 8 hours for 10 days. In both septic and nonseptic patients, propranolol significantly decreased their daily average heart rate (between 10% and 13%, p or = 10 days.
Lobster G-protein coupled receptor kinase that associates with membranes and G? in response to odorants and neurotransmitters

A cDNA clone (lobGRK2) encoding a protein of 690 amino acids with significant similarity to the GRK2 subfamily of G-protein coupled receptor kinases was isolated. lobGRK2 was widely expressed as a 9-kb major transcript and a protein of 80 kDa. It was most abundant in the brain and the olfactory organ but was absent in the eye/eyestalk. Immunocytochemistry revealed lobGRK2 immunoreactivity in the outer dendritic segments of the olfactory receptor neurons, the site of olfactory transduction. LobGRK2 immunoreactivity was observed in most neuronal structures in the brain, although with varying intensity. It was strongest in neuropil, especially the olfactory and accessory lobes but was also detectable in neuronal cell bodies. Stimulation of brain homogenates with a mixture of neurotransmitters increased the association of lobGRK2 with membranes and with G(beta). Similarly, stimulation of olfactory dendrite homogenates with an odorant mixture caused lobGRK2 to associate with G(beta). These results support the conclusion that lobGRK2 responds to odorants and to neurotransmitters and may act to initiate desensitization by phosphorylating G-protein-coupled receptors in the olfactory organ and the brain, respectively.
Positron emission tomography scan for a hepatic mass.

A 66-year-old male patient who is hepatitis C RNA positive, without cirrhosis, has been found to have a mass on ultrasound examination of the liver. Physical examination is unremarkable. The hemoglobin, white cell count and platelet counts are normal. The alkaline phosphatase is mildly elevated to 212 U/L(normal <115), the AST 112 U/L, and the ALT 128 U/L. The CA 19-9 is 82 U/mL (normal < 55 U/mL) and the alpha fetoprotein 12 ng /mL. A CT scan of the abdomen shows a vague mass in segment V of the liver without definite arterial enhancement. An MRI of the abdomen is carried out with contrast but the mass is still indeterminate on T1 and T2 imaging.
Performance of HEXTE engineering model phoswich detectors

The preliminary design for the 15-250 keV, 200/sq cm, phoswich detectors for the High Energy X-ray Timing Experiment for NASA's X-ray Timing Explorer mission has been completed, and the first engineering model has been fabricated. This unit has undergone extensive environmental and performance testing, including extended vibration, thermal range, resolution, uniformity, and pulse shape, and is within specifications for all tests. Broad beam energy resolution of better than 15 percent at 60 keV and clear separation of NaI and CsI pulse shape peaks are seen. The design and test results will be presented.
A TEST OF THE ACCURACY OF OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE THERMOMETERS FOR STUDIES OF SMALL ECTOTHERMS

Abstract 1. 1. Various devices have been used to estimate the equilibrium body temperature of ectotherms occupying natural environments. We tested the accuracy of such devices under a range of conditions. 2. 2. We measured body temperatures of lizards ( Sceloporus magister ) exposed to short-wave radiation under varying convective conditions and compared these to temperatures of hollow metal casts duplicating the animal's shape and reflectivity, as well as to the temperatures of cylinders similar to those used by other workers. 3. 3. Casts equilibrated within 2–3°C of live animals, yielding errors of 14–37% of the radiation-produced elevation of body temperature. 4. 4. Various cylinders differed from animal body temperature more than lizard casts did, producing errors equally 33–53% of the radiation-produced elevation. 5. 5. It is imperative that workers using operative-temperature thermometers experimentally confirm the adequacy of the devices they use for the range of conditions encountered within a specific analysis.
Problem solving in the rat: Piecemeal acquisition of cognitive maps

The purpose of this experiment was to compare the problem-solving performance of rats allowed to explore either one or two tables of Maier’s three-table-problem apparatus on successive days. The feeding experience and test trial were administered on the day after all tables and runways had been explored in this piecemeal fashion. No rat that explored only one table and runway per day was able to solve the problem, whereas 60% of the rats that explored two tables and their interconnecting runways did solve the problem. All rats that explored the entire apparatus on each exploratory day were able to solve the problem. These data support the notion that animals can conceptually link objects experienced successively into cognitive representations which specify the constant relationships existing between those objects. The existence of such an absolute spatial mechanism makes it unnecessary for an organism to depend upon relative spatial mechanisms such as routes or cues.
Biochemical identification of the binding domain in the GABAA receptor-associated protein (GABARAP) mediating dimer formation

The γ-aminobutyric acid receptor type A (GABAA) receptor-associated protein (GABARAP) is a member of a growing family of intracellular membrane trafficking and/or fusion proteins and has been implicated in plasma membrane targeting and clustering of GABAA receptors. GABARAP interacts with microtubules and the γ2 subunit of GABAA receptor and modulates channel kinetics. From crystal structures of GABARAP in high salt concentration it has been proposed that oligomerization of GABARAP might take place in a head-to-tail fashion. In this study, we report that GABARAP self-associates and dimerizes in physiological salt concentrations. We find no evidence for higher order complex larger than a dimer. By using deletion constructs of GABARAP we show that interaction takes place between amino acid 36 and 68. We further narrow the interacting domain by inhibiting the self-association, by adding GABARAP-derived synthetic peptides in GST pull-down assays and shows that the interaction specifically takes place in the previously identified GABARAP-GABAA receptor interaction domain from amino acid 41–51. The identification of binding domains in GABARAP allows for the study of GABARAP functions, including GABAA receptor dynamics.
Subcloud Layer Energetics of Precipitating Convection

Abstract The thermodynamic modification of the subcloud layer in the GATE area is shown to be a function of precipitating convection. A critical rate of 2 mm h−1, based on the Z – R relationship, in conjunction with 4 km × 4 km scale 15 min mean radar maps, distinguishes between evaporation of precipitation in the subcloud layer (no change in moist static energy h) and vertical mass transport associated with penetrative downdrafts (decreases in h) into this layer from near and above cloud base. The spatial extent of the outflow of the active downdrafts is limited to a convective-mesoscale area directly under and as much as 15 km downwind of the precipitation causing the change. A more extensive wake region occurs on the upwind side of the precipitating region. The initial thermodynamic environment directly affects energy transport per unit mass by moist convection. Precipitating cells which operate upon an initially undisturbed atmosphere cause a net transfer of 60% more energy per unit mass than those co...
Green Oxidative Homocoupling of 1-Methylimidazole

Relatively few experiments for the introductory organic chemistry laboratory demonstrate the utility of metal-catalyzed reactions in organic chemistry. A copper-catalyzed aerobic oxidative dimerization of 1-methylimidazole is described that introduces this topic. The reaction uses a low-cost substrate, a low-cost precatalyst that is stable to air and moisture, and a readily prepared base. The experiment can be performed using equipment found in a typical organic teaching lab. The crude product can be analyzed by 1H NMR spectroscopy. The experiment allows for a general discussion of redox processes of organic substrates and green chemistry.
Enhancement of L-Dopa Incorporation into Melanoma by Dopa Decarboxylase Inhibition

Melanoma cells possess a special biochemical pathway for the conversion of L-dopa to melanin. Selective incorporation of exogenous L-dopa into melanoma cells in vivo has been limited by extensive decarboxylation to dopamine. Pretreatment of animals bearing the S-91 Cloudman or ACI melanomas with Ro4-4602, a potent dopa decarboxylase inhibitor limited incorporation of label into adrenal tissue and enhanced entry of label into tumor. Six hours following pretreatment, the ratio of tumor to adrenal specific activities was altered from 0.25 to 1.5 for the S-91 melanoma and 0.68 to 1.99 for the ACI melanoma indicating diversion of metabolism away from catecholamine formation. The possibility of a selective diagnostic and/or therapeutic approach is proposed.
REGIONAL HIERARCHIES IN CALIFORNIA AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION: 1939–19541

(1963). REGIONAL HIERARCHIES IN CALIFORNIA AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION: 1939–1954. Annals of the Association of American Geographers: Vol. 53, No. 1, pp. 27-37.
An Educational Framework to Support Gerontological Nursing Education at the Baccalaureate Level

Building gerontological content into a nursing curriculum will help meet the rising nursing care needs of older adults. An educational framework used to support innovative teaching and learning strategies is presented. Using this framework, strategies for developing and teaching a new undergraduate nursing elective include exposure to and interactions with older adults, national conference attendance, and use of film to investigate issues of aging. A topical outline of the course, assignments, and additional teaching strategies are presented. To date, 58 students have reported high satisfaction and increased interest in gerontological nursing. Twenty-three percent of graduating nurses enrolled in this course and received specialty content in the care of older adults. Faculty satisfaction remained high. The innovative teaching strategies enhanced faculty and student engagement in course content. The successful use of these strategies should be considered for implementation in both elective and required courses that focus on gerontological nursing.
Time-dependent-dielectric-breakdown measurements of thermal oxides on n-type 6H-SiC

Time-dependent-dielectric-breakdown (TDDB) measurements are reported on n-type 6H-SiC MOS capacitors formed by thermal oxidation. Failure distributions are obtained at 145, 240, and 305/spl deg/C, and intrinsic mean-time-to-failure (MTTF) is plotted as a function of oxide field at each temperature. The results indicate that oxide reliability will not be a significant limitation to MOS-based power switching devices at temperatures up to 150/spl deg/C. However, long-term operation of SiC MOS devices at temperatures higher than 250/spl deg/C may not be practical.
Models of Functional Enzyme Membranes for Hemo-Sensor Design

Functional membranes can be used to develop hemo-sensors (for urea, creatinine, etc.) based on pH response devices. In this work, we present a model-based approach to design and fabricate functional enzyme membranes. Specifically, through model development and simulation, membrane matrix materials are selected, and the membrane design parameters are optimized. The membrane material selection and design are based on thermodynamic modeling of the Donnan equilibrium and membrane swelling. And the optimization of membrane parameters is based on a dynamic model of the sensing process of an ISFET based hemo-sensor coated with a functional enzyme membrane. The dynamic models of the sensing process are important for the real time control applications using such biosensors.
Probabilistic topic decomposition of an eighteenth-century American newspaper

We use a probabilistic mixture decomposition method to determine topics in the Pennsylvania Gazette, a major colonial U.S. newspaper from 1728–1800. We assess the value of several topic decomposition techniques for historical research and compare the accuracy and efficacy of various methods. After determining the topics covered by the 80,000 articles and advertisements in the entire 18th century run of the Gazette, we calculate how the prevalence of those topics changed over time, and give historically relevant examples of our findings. This approach reveals important information about the content of this colonial newspaper, and suggests the value of such approaches to a more complete understanding of early American print culture and society. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Latent design faults in the development of Multiflow's TRACE/200

The author recounts some of the more notable design faults that appeared during the development of the Multiflow TRACE/200 series of minisupercomputers. During development of the TRACE, the design errors found appeared to be largely random and uncorrelated. However, it appears that a fairly small set of categories can nearly span the set. These faults fall roughly into a few categories: interface misassumptions, stale-instructions-in-cache, parity-related, designer errors, CAD tools, and parts with defective designs. Specific examples are given for each category, and corrections for these design flaws are mentioned. >
Ultrastructure of the lung of the rattlesnake crotalus viridis oreganus

Scanning and transmission electron microscopic observations were made on the rattlesnake lung, which has the form of a cigar-shaped bag enclosing a large axial air chamber. The lungs were fixed by tracheal instillation of fixative to preserve the structural features of inflated lungs. An open tracheal groove along the ventral aspect of the lung is the only structural "airway" present. The wall of the lung has two histologically distinct regions: anteriorly, a respiratory portion, where up to three generations of septa subdivide the wall into cup-shaped gas-exchange chambers, termed faveoli; and posteriorly, a simple, thin-walled saccular portion. The epithelium lining the internal surface of the lung is composed of several cell types: (1) ciliated cells; (2) type I pneumonocytes; (3) type II pneumonocytes, secretory cells characterized by the presence of lamellar bodies; and (4) serous epithelial cells, secretory cells characterized by the presence of homogeneous, densely staining secretory granules. However, the distinctiveness of the secretory cell types in the snake lung is blurred because intermediate-appearing cells have both the lamellar body and homogenous type of secretory granule. The nonepithelial components of the pulmonary wall and septa consist of blood vessels and lymphatics, smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts, embedded in a matrix of extracellular connective tissue fibers. Tubular myelin figures were observed in the faveolar lining layer.
The influence of the bulk liquid thermal boundary layer on saturated nucleate boiling

A physical model for vapor bubble growth in saturated nucleate boiling has been developed that includes both heat transfer through the liquid microlayer and that from the bulk superheated liquid surrounding the bubble. Both asymptotic and numerical solutions for the liquid temperature field surrounding a hemispherical bubble reveal the existence of a thin unsteady thermal boundary layer adjacent to the bubble dome. During the early stages of bubble growth, heat transfer to the bubble dome through the unsteady thermal boundary layer constitutes a substantial contribution to vapor bubble growth. The model is used to elucidate recent experimental observations of bubble growth and heat transfer on constant temperature microheaters reported by Yaddanapudi and Kim [Multiphase Sci. Technol. 12(3–4) (2001) 47] and confirms that the heat transfer through the bubble dome can be a significant portion of the overall energy supply for the bubble growth. 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Satellite TDMA Capabilty

The Integrated Waveform 25kHz and 5kHz UHF Satellite Standards (MIL-STD-188-181C and MIL-STD-188-183B) describe a network time-division multiple-access (TDMA) method which relies on the use of Continuous Phase Modulated (CPM) waveforms. The CPM modulation types have higher baud rates than the modems used for the existing Demand-Assigned Multiple-Access (DAMA) system and should greatly increase the throughput over the current UHF Follow-on (UFO) satellites. This paper provides an outline of a simple TDMA scheme that can take advantage of the same military standard CPM modems to multiplex to eleven separate voice channels on a single satellite frequncy pair. The availability of this simple TDMA capability along with the planned Integrated Waveform (DAMA) will increase the throughput of the existing UFO satellite and the future Mobile User Objective System (MUOS) networks.
Estrogen receptors in the human uterus: characterization by sucrose gradient centrifugation.

The cytoplasmic estrogen—receptor of the human uterus was examined by sucrose gradient centrifugation. Peaks were identified at 8–9 S and 3–4 S. The receptor was further characterized by salt dissociation and competition experiments. Dextran—charcoal assay revealed a maximal binding capacity of 7.7 X 10-14 moles/mg cytosol protein, and a dissociation constant of 4.4 X10-9M. The characteristics of the estrogen receptors in the cytosol of the human uterus are similar to those reported in other species. (Endocrinology 91: 594,1972)
Examining the Scope of Multibusiness Health Care Firms: Implications for Strategy and Financial Performance

Objective Use theory and data to examine the scope of corporate strategies for multibusiness health care firms, also known as organized or integrated health care delivery systems.
Improved Magnetic Fusion Energy Economics via Massive Resistive Electromagnets

Abandoning superconductors for magnetic fusion reactors and instead using resistive magnet designs based on cheap copper or aluminum conductor material operating at "room temperature" (300 K) can reduce the capital cost per unit fusion power and simplify plant operations. By increasing unit size well beyond that of present magnetic fusion energy conceptual designs using superconducting electromagnets, the recirculating power fraction needed to operate resistive electromagnets can be made as close to zero as needed for economy without requiring superconductors. Other advantages of larger fusion plant size, such as very long inductively driven pulses, may also help reduce the cost per unit fusion power.
ROLE OF RESPIRATION IN THE ACCUMULATION OF ORGANIC XENOBIOTICS BY THE AMPHIPOD DIPOREIA sp.

Accumulation of hydrophobic organic xenobiotics is thought to occur by passive diffusion across the respiratory membrane of aquatic organisms. This route has been confirmed with fish. However, aquatic invertebrates tend to remove organic xenobiotics from water much more efficiently than oxygen, based on the relative uptake clearances. Uptake clearance is the rate coefficient that describes the volume of water stripped of analyte per g of organism per h. For the amphipod Diporeia sp., formerly classified as Pontoporeia hoyi, ratios of the contaminant uptake clearances to oxygen clearance were essentially constant at 3.9 f 0.4 (X + SE) for benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), 3.8 f 0.3 for hexachlorobiphenyl (HCBP), and 4.2 + 0.6 for phenanthrene (Phe). Therefore, based on the membrane transport efficiencies of nonpolar xenobiotics (60-80%) and oxygen (approximately 63%) in fish, and the uptake clearance for organic xenobiotics by Diporeia sp., either xenobiotics are accumulated through routes other than across the respiratory membrane or the accumulation efficiency of oxygen from water is much lower in amphipods than it is in fish. The variability in the uptake clearance for both BaP and HCBP was best described by regressions with the surface area- to-volume ratio, whereas the uptake clearance for the more hydrophilic Phe was best described by a total surface area relationship.
Field Endocrinology and Conservation Biology

Field endocrinology techniques allow the collection of samples (i.e., blood, urine, feces, tissues) from free-living animals for analysis of hormones, receptors, enzymes, etc. These data reveal mechanisms by which individuals respond to environmental challenges, breed, migrate and regulate all aspects of their life cycles. Field endocrinology techniques can also be used to address many issues in conservation biology. We briefly review past and current ways in which endocrine methods are used to monitor threatened species, identify potential stressors and record responses to environmental disturbance. We then focus on one important aspect of conservation: how free-living populations respond to human disturbance, particularly in relation to ecotourism. Breeding adult Magellanic penguins, Spheniscus magellanicus, appear to habituate well to tourists, and breed in an area where about 70,000 people visit during the season. Baseline levels of corticosterone return to normal after exposure of naive birds to humans. However, penguin chicks appear to show a heightened adrenocortical response to handling stress in nests exposed to tourists, compared to chicks living in areas isolated from human intrusions. Given that developmental exposure to stress can have profound influences on how individuals cope with stress as adults, this potential effect of tourists on chicks could have long-term consequences. This field endocrine approach identified a stressor not observed through monitoring behavior alone.
Orangutan Alu quiescence reveals possible source element: support for ancient backseat drivers

Background: Sequence analysis of the orangutan genome revealed that recent proliferative activity of Alu elements has been uncharacteristically quiescent in the Pongo (orangutan) lineage, compared with all previously studied primate genomes. With relatively few young polymorphic insertions, the genomic landscape of the orangutan seemed like the ideal place to search for a driver, or source element, of Alu retrotransposition. Results: Here we report the identification of a nearly pristine insertion possessing all the known putative hallmarks of a retrotranspositionally competent Alu element. It is located in an intronic sequence of the DGKB gene on chromosome 7 and is highly conserved in Hominidae (the great apes), but absent from Hylobatidae (gibbon and siamang). We provide evidence for the evolution of a lineage-specific subfamily of this shared Alu insertion in orangutans and possibly the lineage leading to humans. In the orangutan genome, this insertion contains three orangutan-specific diagnostic mutations which are characteristic of the youngest polymorphic Alu subfamily, AluYe5b5_Pongo. In the Homininae lineage (human, chimpanzee and gorilla), this insertion has acquired three different mutations which are also found in a single human-specific Alu insertion. Conclusions: This seemingly stealth-like amplification, ongoing at a very low rate over millions of years of evolution, suggests that this shared insertion may represent an ancient backseat driver of Alu element expansion.
The study of lumbar muscle activity using isoforce maps

The concept of isoforce curves and their application to the muscle activity surfaces of the lumbar muscles is introduce. The isoforce curves are constructed from data generated by a biomechanical model of the lumbar musculature. When plotted together, the isoforce curves become contour plots of the muscle activity surfaces. On the basis of contour plots, new verification techniques are suggested and methods of developing an EMG-force relationship are explored. >
Reflection of Radio Waves from the Surface of the Earth

The reflection of an elliptically polarized electromagnetic wave from partially conducting and perfectly conducting surfaces is studied in detail. It is shown that in either case the interference of incident and reflected waves gives rise to a pseudo-stationary wave field above the surface of the reflector. This field is bodily propagated along the horizontal projection of the direction of the incoming wave with a velocity greater than that of light, i. e., c/sin α where α is the angle of incidence. The resultant field at any given point lies in a plane whose orientation varies with height. This fact is made the basis of experimental measurements. It is found that the 43-meter wave from WIZ, located at New Brunswick, N.J., holds its polarization and angle of incidence constant during morning hours at Ithaca, N.Y. The rapid fading that accompanies the signal is attributed to purely amplitude fluctuations. Observations on this station are analyzed, and it is shown on the basis of the above theory how it is possible to obtain the angle of incidence as well as complete information regarding the polarization of the incoming wave. Measurements on almost all other stations ranging from 25- to 50-meters wavelength show highly erratic conditions.
Internal-emission metal-semiconductor-metal photodetectors on Si and GaAs for 1.3-1.55-µm detection

Si and GaAs metal–semiconductor–metal photodetectors with submicrometer finger spacing are tested at a wavelength of 1.3 μm. As the finger spacing is decreased, the detectors responsivity first increased because of field-enhanced injection and then saturates and decreases because of carrier screening at the interface.
Introduction to: FDA in the Twenty-First Century: The Challenges of Regulating Drugs and New Technologies

In its decades-long effort to assure the safety, efficacy, and security of medicines and other products, the Food and Drug Administration has struggled with issues of funding, proper associations with industry, and the balance between consumer choice and consumer protection. Today, these challenges are compounded by the pressures of globalization, the introduction of novel technologies, and fast-evolving threats to public health. This paper is the introduction to a book of essays by leading scholars and government and private industry experts, FDA in the Twenty-First Century addresses perennial and new problems and the improvements the agency can make to better serve the public good.It discusses effective regulation in an era of globalization, consumer empowerment, and comparative effectiveness, as well as questions of data transparency, conflicts of interest, industry responsibility, and innovation policy, all with an emphasis on pharmaceuticals. It also intervenes in the debate over off-label drug marketing and the proper role of the FDA before and after a drug goes on the market. Dealing honestly and thoroughly with the FDA's successes and failures, contributors rethink the structure, function, and future of the agency and the effect policy innovations may have on regulatory institutions in other countries.
CCL20/CCR6 Signaling Regulates Bone Mass Accrual in Mice

CCL20 is a member of the macrophage inflammatory protein family and is reported to signal monogamously through the receptor CCR6. Although studies have identified the genomic locations of both Ccl20 and Ccr6 as regions important for bone quality, the role of CCL20/CCR6 signaling in regulating bone mass is unknown. By micro-computed tomography (μCT) and histomorphometric analysis, we show that global loss of Ccr6 in mice significantly decreases trabecular bone mass coincident with reduced osteoblast numbers. Notably, CCL20 and CCR6 were co-expressed in osteoblast progenitors and levels increased during osteoblast differentiation, indicating the potential of CCL20/CCR6 signaling to influence osteoblasts through both autocrine and paracrine actions. With respect to autocrine effects, CCR6 was found to act as a functional G protein-coupled receptor in osteoblasts and although its loss did not appear to affect the number or proliferation rate of osteoblast progenitors, differentiation was significantly inhibited as evidenced by delays in osteoblast marker gene expression, alkaline phosphatase activity, and mineralization. In addition, CCL20 promoted osteoblast survival concordant with activation of the PI3K-AKT pathway. Beyond these potential autocrine effects, osteoblast-derived CCL20 stimulated the recruitment of macrophages and T cells, known facilitators of osteoblast differentiation and survival. Finally, we generated mice harboring a global deletion of Ccl20 and found that Ccl20(-/-) mice exhibit a reduction in bone mass similar to that observed in Ccr6(-/-) mice, confirming that this phenomenon is regulated by CCL20 rather than alternate CCR6 ligands. Collectively, these data indicate that CCL20/CCR6 signaling may play an important role in regulating bone mass accrual, potentially by modulating osteoblast maturation, survival, and the recruitment of osteoblast-supporting cells. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Relational Maintenance in the Digital Age: Implicit Rules and Multiple Modalities

The present project utilized a mixed methods approach to examine how individuals use CMC to maintain proximal relationships. Nine different communication channels were examined concurrently to elucidate how frequently mediated relational maintenance is used and to examine what participants reported in terms of motives for use and avoidance of particular channels. Findings indicate that participants in proximal relationships are hyper-aware of the amount of intimacy implied by a particular communication channel and strategically engage channels to suit their needs. We propose that relationships will be difficult to maintain if people violate the implicit rules that appear to govern channel selection.
Childhood symptoms in children of alcoholics and comparison group parents.

Respondents identified in a representative community sample as alcoholics, persons with chronic stomach trouble, and persons with 'neither pathology were re-interviewed with their spouses in the current study. Women in the alcoholic and comparison groups were asked a series of childhood symptom questions about their children. More symptomatology was reported for the children of alcoholics, corroborating the frequent general observations about the detrimental effect of parental alcoholism on children.
Piezoresistive Cantilever Optimization and Applications

Piezoresistors are commonly used in microsystems for transducing force, displacement, pressure and acceleration. Silicon piezoresistors can be fabricated using ion implantation, diffusion or epitaxy and are widely used for their low cost and electronic readout. However, the design of piezoresistive cantilevers is complicated by coupling between design parameters as well as fabrication and application constraints. Here we discuss analytical models and design optimization for piezoresistive cantilevers, and describe several applications ranging from studying electron movement using scanning gate microscopy to measuring the biomechanics of whole organisms.
Decarboxylation of fatty acids to terminal alkenes by cytochrome P450 compound I.

OleTJE, a cytochrome P450, catalyzes the conversion of fatty acids to terminal alkenes using hydrogen peroxide as a cosubstrate. Analytical studies with an eicosanoic acid substrate show that the enzyme predominantly generates nonadecene and that carbon dioxide is the one carbon coproduct of the reaction. The addition of hydrogen peroxide to a deuterated substrate–enzyme (E–S) complex results in the transient formation of an iron(IV) oxo π cation radical (Compound I) intermediate which is spectroscopically indistinguishable from those that perform oxygen insertion chemistries. A kinetic isotope effect for Compound I decay suggests that it abstracts a substrate hydrogen atom to initiate fatty acid decarboxylation. Together, these results indicate that the initial mechanism for alkene formation, which does not result from oxygen rebound, is similar to that widely suggested for P450 monooxygenation reactions.
Role of cellular antigens in humoral and cell-mediated immunity as measured in vitro.

SummaryThe immune responses elicited during a primary immunization in DBA/2J, C3Hf/HeHa, and AKR mice by allografts of the C57BL/6 lymphoma EL4 were studied in vitro. The 51Cr release assays were used to measure the complement-independent cellular cytotoxicity (C'ICC), the complement-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (C'DCC), and the serum cytotoxicity (SA). The following observations were made: (a) C'ICC was detected against the major histocompatibility antigens (H-2) in all three strains; (b) no C'ICC was detected against the θC3H alloantigen in AKR mice or against the D-region “public” antigens of H-2 (called here “C”) in C3H or AKR mice; (c) C'DCC and/or SA were detected against each of the three antigens in the appropriate responder strains; (d) no major interference was observed between the concomitant complement-dependent humoral response to a nontransplantation alloantigen (θC3H) and H-2, and the cell-mediated response (C'ICC) to H-2; (e) the order of appearance of the C'ICC and C'DCC were different...