cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE DEMOCRATIC PEACE AFTER THE COLD WAR

Political scientists and policy-makers agree that democratic states were less likely to engage each other in militarized disputes than were other states during the Cold War. Most among them attribute this to their domestic political structures. Some, however, believe that the common and conflicting interests that the East–West conflict induced explain the relatively low democratic-dispute rate. Evidence from the post-Cold War world can help to arbitrate between these very different claims, as the collapse of the Soviet Union destroyed the bipolar system, precipitated a sharp rise in the number of democracies, and shifted dispute-rate patterns. The analyses in this paper show that dyadic dispute rates converge after the Cold War, casting doubt on the existence of a democratic peace.
Improving Procedure Start Times and Decreasing Delays in Interventional Radiology: A Department's Quality Improvement Initiative.

Rationale and Objectives To identify and reduce reasons for delays in procedure start times, particularly the first cases of the day, within the interventional radiology (IR) divisions of the Department of Radiology using principles of continuous quality improvement. Materials and Methods An interdisciplinary team representative of the IR and preprocedure/postprocedure care area (PPCA) health care personnel, managers, and data analysts was formed. A standardized form was used to document both inpatient and outpatient progress through the PPCA and IR workflow in six rooms and to document reasons for delays. Data generated were used to identify key problems areas, implement improvement interventions, and monitor their effects. Project duration was 6 months. Results The average number of on-time starts for the first case of the day increased from 23% to 56% ( P value P value P value Conclusions Many complex factors contribute to procedure start time delays within an IR practice. A data-driven and patient-centered, interdisciplinary team approach was effective in reducing delays in IR.
Two-photon magnetospectroscopy of A -exciton states in CdS

High-resolution spectra are obtained for the free $A$ excitons in CdS by two-photon absorption using photoconductivity techniques. At zero applied magnetic field the anisotropy splitting of the $2P$ and $3P$ exciton states is observed and interpreted with an anisotropic effective-mass Hamiltonian. The energies of these states are measured as a function of magnetic field up to $B\ensuremath{\simeq}$10 T. The magnetic field dependences are analyzed in terms of linear Zeeman splitting and diamagnetic interactions. At low fields the diamagnetic contribution gives the usual quadratic field dependence but deviates significantly at higher fields. At a given field, the deviation is found to increase dramatically with increasing quantum number $n$. This deviation is fitted by variational calculations developed by Larsen, which take into account the interaction of states through the diamagnetic term in the Hamiltonian. The magnetic field dependence of these states allow us to determine the masses as ${m}_{e}^{\ensuremath{\perp}}=(0.210\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.003){m}_{0}$ and ${m}_{h}^{\ensuremath{\perp}}=(0.64\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2){m}_{0}$. At $B=0$ the narrow laser linewidths (0.05 meV) allow an accurate determination of the $A$-exciton binding energy of 27.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.8 meV and the anisotropy parameter of 0.797\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.013 from which the energy gap ${E}_{g}^{A}=2582.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2$ meV at $T=1.8$ K is calculated. Finally, the temperature dependence of the $A$ gap is determined.
Representing Work Spaces Generically in Construction Method Models

Construction activities require a set of work spaces to be executed safely and productively. The locations and volumes of these spaces change in three dimensions and across time, according to project-specific design and schedule information. Previous research on construction space management requires users to specify the spatio-temporal data necessary to represent each project-specific space needed for construction. Since a construction schedule consists of hundreds of activities requiring multiple types of spaces, this approach is practically infeasible. There is a need for a generic (project-independent) representation of work spaces, from which the project-specific instances of spaces can be derived automatically based on project-specific design and construction schedule information. This paper formalizes such a generic space description as a computer-interpretable ontology. This ontology is general, reusable, and comprehensive. A prototype system developed uses this ontology to capture the spatial requirements associated with construction methods and to automate the generation of project-specific spaces represented in three dimensions and across time.
Alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient as a predictor of outcome in patients with nonneonatal pediatric respiratory failure

Although the mortality rate for acute respiratory failure has been estimated to be as high as 60%, predicting outcome is very difficult. 1 The alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient (A-aDo2) has become widely accepted as a predictor of outcome in the neonatal population; however, its value for assessing outcome in older children with respiratory failure remains unknown. 2-7 Additionally, few data are available to suggest other criteria for assessing outcome in older children with severe respiratory failure. With the development of unconventional techniques for the treatment of respiratory failure, the need for such criteria has become paramount. In an attempt to assess the value of the A-aDO2 as an early predictor of risk of death, we performed a 4-year analysis of all nonneonatal patients admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit with severe respiratory failure. METHODS
Aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) Intake and Preference by Mammalian Herbivores: The Role of Plant Secondary Compounds and Nutritional Context

Aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) has evolved a chemical defense system comprised of phenolic glycosides (PG), which effectively deter insect herbivory. However, much less is known about the role of PG and the nutritional quality of the associated plant community on aspen browse susceptibility to mammalian herbivores. In three successive periods during the growing season, we conducted experiments with sheep by offering leaves from two aspen stands with different concentrations of PG (LOW, HIGH) or aspen leaves vs. leaves from a forb (Utah pea, Lathyrus pauciflorus) or a grass (smooth brome, Bromus inermis Leyss.) growing in an aspen understory. Intake of aspen (19 to 35 % PG) was low in all periods (1 to 6 g/Kg0.75 in 2 hr) supporting the notion that aspen’s defense system may contribute to its ecological success. However, lambs ate larger amounts of LOW than of HIGH suggesting that sheep could discriminate between aspen stands with different concentrations of PG, even when both stands were relatively well defended. Concentration of nutrients and chemical defenses in aspen leaves remained fairly stable across the growing season, and preference for aspen increased over the growing season. In contrast, preference for the forb and the grass decreased across the growing season in concert with a decline in the nutritional quality of these plants. The data suggest that nutritional context of aspen and associated forage species drove preference more than contrasts in defense chemistry of aspen. There may be periods of “susceptibility” of aspen use by mammalian herbivores, despite high concentrations of chemical defenses, which can potentially be targeted by management to reduce aspen herbivory.
Pharmacology of excitatory amino acid neurotransmission in nucleus laminaris of the chick.

Abstract The receptors mediating excitatory neurotransmission from the cochlear nucleus (nuc. magnocellularis, NM) to third-order auditory neurons in nucleus laminaris (NL) of the chicken were studied using in vitro brain slices, bath application of drugs, and electrophysiological recording of postsynaptic field potentials. Postsynaptic responses in NL were blocked completely, in a concentration-dependent and reversible fashion, by bath application of the broad-spectrum excitatory amino acid (EAA) antagonist kynurenic acid, the ‘non-NMDA’ EAA receptor antagonists 6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (DNQX) and 2,3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulfamoyl-benzo (F)quinoxaline (NBQX), and the EAA agonists domoic acid, kainic acid, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA), and quisqualic acid. The selective NMDA receptor antagonists 3-((−)-2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonate (CPP) and dibenzocycloheptenimine (MK-801) had no effect. The results demonstrate that excitatory input from the cochlear nucleus to NL is mediated by non-NMDA (G2) EAA receptors which exhibit some of the pharmacologie features typical of the AMPA receptors defined by binding studies.
Root systems of chaparral shrubs.

Root systems of chaparral shrubs were excavated from a 70 m2 plot of a mixed chaparral stand located on a north-facing slope in San Diego County (32°54' N; 900 m above sea level). The main shrub species present were Adenostoma fasciculatum, Arctostaphylos pungens, Ceanothus greggii, Erigonum fasciculatum, and Haplopappus pinifolius. Shrubs were wired into their positions, and the soil was washed out beneath them down to a depth of approximately 60 cm, where impenetrable granite impeded further washing and root growth was severely restricted. Spacing and interweaving of root systems were recorded by an in-scale drawing. The roots were harvested in accordance to their depths, separated into diameter size classes for each species, and their dry weights measured. Roots of shrubs were largely confined to the upper soil levels. The roots of Eriogonum fasciculatum were concentrated in the upper soil layer. Roots of Adenostoma fasciculatum tended to be more superficial than those from Ceanothus greggii. It is hypothesized that the shallow soil at the excavation site impeded a clear depth zonation of the different root systems. The average dry weight root:shoot ratio was 0.6, ranging for the individual shrubs from 0.8 to 0.4. The root area always exceeded the shoot area, with the corresponding ratios ranging from 6 for Arctostaphylos pungens to 40 for Haplopappus pinifolius. The fine root density of 64 g dry weight per m2 under the canopy was significantly higher than in the unshaded area. However, the corresponding value of 45 g dry weight per m2 for the open ground is still high enough to make the establishment of other shrubs difficult.
How Does a Muslim Teacher Fit? One Teacher's Journey Into and Out of the American Public School System

This comparative case study explored a Muslim teacher's experience in 2 different types of schools: a public school and an Islamic private school. A conceptual framework guided the inquiry, which was comprised of constructs such as school culture, workplace relationships, and professional fit. Data was gathered through in-depth interviews and observations at the public and Islamic schools. The analysis of data revealed to this Muslim teacher that her failure to fit in at public school was a direct result of her identity as a Muslim. In each school, the direct and indirect actions of administrators were critical to her sense of belonging.
Shock-induced suppression of drinking following electrolytic median raphe lesions

Electrolytic lesions of the median raphe nucleus in rats were found to attenuate the suppression of drinking produced by noncontingent footshock presented in an environment in which the rats had been trained to drink. Standard passive avoidance of an electrified drinking tube, however, was not altered, demonstrating that, under some circumstances, animals with raphe lesions are capable of showing normal inhibition of a reinforced response. It is suggested that these results may reflect an impairment in the attention paid to less salient aspects of the stimulus environment.
Ultrafast time-resolved infrared probing of energy transfer at surfaces

Abstract Picosecond and femtosecond infrared techniques are used to characterize vibrational energy transfer rates and provide novel insights into the relaxation of non-equilibrium energy distributions. For adsorbates on metal surfaces, it is essential to determine the absolute coupling strengths between different degrees of freedom, i.e., vibrational modes and low-lying electronic states. In the present work, the spectral shift of the CO stretch has been used to follow the temporal evolution of the adlayer response as a consequence of ultrashort infrared, visible, and ultraviolet excitation of the underlying metal. Results from CO/Pt(111) and CO/Cu(100) will be presented, their differences will be discussed, and comparison will be made to current theoretical models of the damping rates.
Optical studies of nitrogen-doped amorphous carbon: laboratory and interstellar investigations

Measurements of plasma generated amorphous carbon films (a:C-II and A:C) in our laboratory show that nitrogen doping of the carbon imparts infrared activity to the films. In particular, the Raman G and D bands which are infrared inactive in typical amorphous carbons become active when nitrogen is substituted for carbon. This increase in infrared activity is attributed to a symmetry breaking by the nitrogen centers. In this paper we show that this symmetry breaking also gives rise to increases infrared emission. We suggest this same mechanism may be relevant to the origin of diffuse interstellar infrared emission from carbonaceous dust.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Mechanisms of fatigue in mill-annealed Ti-6Al-4V at room temperature and 600°F

The mechanisms of the fatigue of mill-annealed Ti-6A1-4V were studied at 600°F and room temperature. Early crack initiationN 0/N f< 0.14) was found to occur in hcpα-grains by a slip-band mechanism under all but the least severe conditions of cyclic stress. Under cyclic stresses near the fatigue limit at room temperature, fatigue cracks began much laterN 0/N f ∼ 0.4) at the interface between hcpα and bccβ grains without detectable slip. Under all conditions, Stage I fatigue crack growth occupied 50 to 80 pct of the total life. Although mechanical twins were produced in profusion near the growing Stage II fatigue cracks, they appeared to play no role in crack initiation or Stage I crack growth; nor did they facilitate Stage II growth. None of the observations could be interpreted as evidence for a metallurgical instability or strain-induced phase transformation which might be harmful to the fatigue resistance of the alloy.
Improved Prediction of CYP-Mediated Metabolism with Chemical Fingerprints.

Molecule and atom fingerprints, similar to path-based Daylight fingerprints, can substantially improve the accuracy of P450 site-of-metabolism prediction models. Only two chemical fingerprints have been used in metabolism prediction, so little is known about the importance of fingerprint parameters on site of metabolism predictions. It is possible that different fingerprints might yield more accurate models. Here, we study if tuning fingerprints to specific site of metabolism data sets can lead to improved models. We measure the impact of 484 specific chemical fingerprints on the accuracy of P450 site-of-metabolism prediction models on nine P450 isoform site of metabolism data sets. Using a range of search depths, we study path, circular, and subgraph fingerprints. Two different labelings, also, are considered, both standard SMILES labels and also a labeling that marks ring bonds differently than nonring bonds, enabling ortho, para, and meta positioning of substituents to be more clearly encoded. Optimal ...
Horizontal ridge augmentation using human mineralized particulate bone: Preliminary results

Abstract Purpose We evaluated the hypothesis that particulate human mineralized bone can be used to augment the thin mandibular ridge followed by implant placement 4 months after augmentation. The thin ridge prevents implant placement without grafting. Patients and Methods Eleven consecutive patients with thin posterior mandibular ridges had approximately 1 cc of particulate human mineralized bone placed through a tunneling approach to augment the ridge width. Thirty-five implants were placed into 13 ridges after graft consolidation, with 1 implant failure. Results All grafted ridges were able to have at least a 3.25 mm diameter implant placed. One implant failed to integrate. One-year follow-up indicates stability of the augmentation. Conclusion This preliminary report indicates the potential for this technique to substitute for more invasive procedures.
The transcriptional regulator Np20 is the zinc uptake regulator in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Zinc is essential for all bacteria, but excess amounts of the metal can have toxic effects. To address this, bacteria have developed tightly regulated zinc uptake systems, such as the ZnuABC zinc transporter which is regulated by the Fur-like zinc uptake regulator (Zur). In Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a Zur protein has yet to be identified experimentally, however, sequence alignment revealed that the zinc-responsive transcriptional regulator Np20, encoded by np20 (PA5499), shares high sequence identity with Zur found in other bacteria. In this study, we set out to determine whether Np20 was functioning as Zur in P. aeruginosa. Using RT-PCR, we determined that np20 (hereafter known as zur) formed a polycistronic operon with znuC and znuB. Mutant strains, lacking the putative znuA, znuB, or znuC genes were found to grow poorly in zinc deplete conditions as compared to wild-type strain PAO1. Intracellular zinc concentrations in strain PAO-Zur (Δzur) were found to be higher than those for strain PAO1, further implicating the zur as the zinc uptake regulator. Reporter gene fusions and real time RT-PCR revealed that transcription of znuA was repressed in a zinc-dependent manner in strain PAO1, however zinc-dependent transcriptional repression was alleviated in strain PAO-Zur, suggesting that the P. aeruginosa Zur homolog (ZurPA) directly regulates expression of znuA. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays also revealed that recombinant ZurPA specifically binds to the promoter region of znuA and does not bind in the presence of the zinc chelator N,N′,N-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl) ethylenediamine (TPEN). Taken together, these data support the notion that Np20 is the P. aeruginosa Zur, which regulates the transcription of the genes encoding the high affinity ZnuABC zinc transport system.
Nuclear pseudoinclusions in a case of parotid mucoepidermoid carcinoma

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma is a common malignant salivary gland tumor characterized by cellular and architectural heterogeneity. Nuclear pseudoinclusions have not been previously described in this salivary gland tumor. This is a description of the cytologic and histologic findings of a parotid mucoepidermoid carcinoma with nuclear pseudoinclusions.
Heritability Estimates for Turfgrass Performance and Stress Response in Zoysia spp.

Zoysiagrasses (Zoysia spp.) are widely adapted and highly variable; however, information is lack- ing regarding the heritability and potential for improvement of numerous performance charac- teristics. Three individual replicated fi eld studies, which included 90 very fi ne, 108 fi ne, and 126 coarse-textured zoysiagrass genotypes, respec- tively, were conducted near Gainesville, FL, to determine the response and broad-sense herita- bilities of 10 turfgrass performance and stress- related characteristics. Genotypic variance largely contributed to the wide range in expressed phenotypic response for plot coverage, turf den- sity, turf quality, genetic color, and seedhead density, which resulted in higher broad-sense heritability estimates (0.62 ≤ H 2 ≤ 0.94). Fall dor- mancy and spring greenup were infl uenced more by the environment and had lower heritabilities (0.32 ≤ H 2 ≤ 0.58). Turf quality was also rated considering the effects of glufosinate (2-amino- 4-(hydroxymethylphosphinyl)butanoic acid) her- bicide application, Bipolaris incidence, and mole cricket (Scapteriscus spp.) damage. Large error variances and low broad-sense heritablities were typical for these stress-related traits. Potential exists for improvement of characteristics that exhibited large amounts of genetic variation and were less infl uenced by the environment. Broad- sense heritability estimates indicate the pos- sibility of combining desirable traits in superior clonally propagated F 1 hybrids.
Self-shearing retentive pins: a laboratory evaluation of pin channel penetration before shearing

Pins in two of four self-shearing systems did not reach the 2-mm length considered optimal for retentive depth. Four self-shearing pin systems were evaluated for channel depth penetration when shearing occurred. The depth reached by pins in two of the systems was less than the 2-mm length considered as the optimal depth of retention.
Abstract A38: Nanoreformulation of platinum-based drugs to address disparate cancer treatment outcomes.

Modest responses and systemic toxicities during treatment of advanced cancer limits cancer drug efficacy, especially in African Americans. We determined the utility of cisplatin-loaded biodegradable XPclad nanoparticles coated with folate-conjugated polycaprolactone-polyethylene glycol. XPclad nanoparticles under in vitro conditions exhibited sustained release of the encapsulated cisplatin. Prostate cancer (PCa) cell lines (PC3, LNCaP, PTEN-CaP2, etc.), but not normal prostatic epithelial cells (PrEC and RWPE-1), expressed high levels of folate receptor α (FRα/FR1). Similar to cancer cells, Treg cells but not T helper cells express high affinity folate receptor (FRδ/FR4). Treatment using 20 μM of cisplatin solution resulted in > 90% cell death of PCa cells, PrEC, and RWPE-1 cells as well as purified CD4+CD25HiFoxP3+ T cells (Tregs) and CD4+CD25LoFoxP3- T cells (T helper). However, XPclad nanoparticles, containing cisplatin (equivalent to a 200 nM dose), were taken up and induced the same level of apoptosis in PCa and Treg cells as cisplatin solution, but did not significantly affect PrEC or RWPE-1 cells or T helper cells. Finally, we show that PC3 tumor-bearing mice that received either cisplatin solution (8 mg/kg/week) or cisplatin-encapsulated folate-coated XPclad nanoparticles (equivalent cisplatin dose = 0.08 mg/kg/week) resulted in significant tumor regression. Mice receiving cisplatin solution had significantly higher kidney and liver toxicities than naive or XPclad nanoparticle-treated mice. Our studies show XPclad nanoparticles enhance tumor therapy efficacy with significantly lower to no toxicity and suggest that FR-targeted nanotherapy modulates the destruction of both tumor cells and Treg cells for increased efficacy. GRANT SUPPORT: G12 RR03034, U54 CA118638 and P60MD00525 Citation Format: James W. Lillard, S. Singh, R. Singh. Nanoreformulation of platinum-based drugs to address disparate cancer treatment outcomes. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Fifth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2012 Oct 27-30; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2012;21(10 Suppl):Abstract nr A38.
Our words, our story: a textual analysis of articles published in the Bulletin of the Medical Library Association/Journal of the Medical Library Association from 1961 to 2010.

The Janet Doe Lecture on the history or philosophy of medical librarianship: I will warn you right now that you will get very little philosophy out of me today, for two reasons. First, my predecessor T. Scott Plutchak, AHIP, was a philosophy major, and I knew that a zoology major like myself could not compete with that. Second, “philosophy” in many Janet Doe lectures is actually a strong personal viewpoint of medical librarianship—what it is or what it should be. I do collection development, where things change so much and so rapidly that I have not had time to develop a strong viewpoint like many of my Doe predecessors. Like most of my collection development colleagues, I'm just trying to survive day to day. That tends to create a very pragmatic attitude. If I believe in anything strongly, it is that I believe I'll have another cookie. Without philosophy, I am left with history. And here I will echo the complaint of many Doe lecturers by stating that I have a severe lack of historical research skills. I became painfully aware of this lack as I read previous Doe Lectures, such as David Kronick's 1980 lecture 1. Kronick was a true scholar, with a doctorate in librarianship. We honor him to this day with the Medical Library Association's (MLA's) David A. Kronick Traveling Fellowship. In his Doe Lecture, Kronick quoted H. Curtis Wright's “The Oral Antecedents of Greek Librarianship,” Francis Bacon, and the fifteenth-century Abbot Johannes Trimethius. In contrast, later in this speech, I will quote the Talking Heads. While I am totally unqualified for traditional historical research, that still leaves informal, or personal, history. Although I am old enough to be in my anecdotage, I just do not have many interesting stories to tell. And as Thomas Basler, FMLA, told us in his 2008 Doe Lecture, there are no more giants. While I met some of those giants, I did not know them, and I certainly do not have any stories to tell about them. I suppose I could tell stories about some of the taller than average individuals I have met in my career, but that does not sound very exciting.
The adsorption and decomposition of organometallics on GaAs(001) surfaces studied with high-resolution electron energy-loss spectroscopy

Abstract Ga(CH 3 ) 3 (TMGa), Ga(C 2 H 5 3 (TEGa) and Ga(C 2 H 5 ) 2 Cl (DE-GaCl) are used in combination with arsine (AsH 3 ) in atomic layer epitaxy (ALE) of GaAs. We stimulated this process in a UHV system by dosing a c(2×8) or (1×6) reconstructed GaAs(001) surface with AsH 3 and organometallics at different temperatures. HREEL spectra were taken after annealing the sample to successively higher temperatures. Vibrations of the adsorbate and its fragments induce changes of the dipole moment at the surface. The orientation of the dipole moment is different for molecularly and dissociatively adsorbed organometallics. By considering the change of the dipole moment perpendicular to the surface we determined how the adsorbates and their fragments are adsorbed on the surface. By following the relative intensities of the energy-loss peaks of the corresponding vibrations through an annealing series, we concluded how the pyrolysis proceeds. We found that most of the TMGa and TEGa adsorbs molecularly on an As-rich cooled surface but a large fraction decomposes upon adsorption on a Ga-stabilized surface. Complete desorption occurs at a lower temperature on the (1×6) compared to the c(2×8) surface. For DEGaCl our spectra indicate that it is adsorbed dissociatively on both surfaces.
Segmentation by temporal detection integration

We propose a novel method, called segmentation by temporal detection integration (STDI), to improve the segmentation results of background subtraction. The STDI applies split and merge algorithms forwardly and backwardly to obtain appropriate region segmentations based on the integration of the temporal detections across frames. The proposed scheme can be applied to human detection and tracking to avoid the situations that a group of people being detected as one single segment or a human body being separated into fragments, thus making the subsequent human tracking more reliable. To verify the performance of the proposed STDI, a dynamic layer model is used to depict motion, appearance, and shape of detections for human tracking. Experimental results show that the proposed STDI significantly improves the background subtraction segmentation results, and therefore, the accuracy of human tracking.
The effect of tranquilization upon territory maintenance in the male red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus).

Abstract Reserpine was administered in the field to ten territorial male red-wings to determine what effect reducing their level of overt behaviour would have upon their ability to maintain territory. The four males which received effective doses gave significantly fewer vocal and visual displays and spent progressively less time on their territories as the drug took effect. There was a significant increase in the rate of trespassing upon the territories of tranquilized males; and as tranquilized males spent more time off territory, conspecific males spent correspondingly more time on them. A critical level of behaviour (vocal and visual display and movement) while on territory as well as a critical amount of time on territory seem necessary for normal territory maintenance by male redwings.
The role of dietary fatty acids in the evolution of spontaneous and facultative hibernation patterns in prairie dogs

The white-tailed prairie dog is a spontaneous hibernator which commences deep torpor bouts during early fall while the black-tailed prairie dog is a facultative hibernator that will only enter shallow torpor when stressed by cold and food deprivation. Plant oils rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) enhance the duration and depth of mammalian torpor. Thus, we tested the hypothesis that black-tailed prairie dogs sampled in the field have less PUFAs in their diets and that the enhancement of torpor bouts by this species on a diet higher in PUFA is less profound than that by white-tailed prairie dogs. Individuals of both species fed a high PUFA diet: (1) entered torpor earlier, (2) had lower torpor body temperatures and (3) had longer bouts of torpor, compared to those on a low PUFA diet. However, the magnitude of this change was similar for both species. Additionally, the PUFA compositions of white adipose tissue (WAT) samples taken from individuals in the field were identical, indicating that diet PUFA contents for these two species were also equivalent. Therefore, while high PUFA diets can enhance hibernation by these species, it does not appear to explain the differences between spontaneous and facultative strategies. The rate of lipid peroxidation during torpor, however, was significantly higher in the WAT from white-tailed prairie dogs. Ancestral prairie dog species are spontaneous hibernators. Natural selection may have favored shallow, facultative hibernation with lower lipid peroxidation rates in the black-tailed prairie dogs as they radiated from the Rocky Mountains into the Great Plains.
The condensation coefficient of water

Abstract Filmwise condensation of steam at low pressure on a vertical flat plate was investigated experimentally in order to ascertain the existence of an interfacial heat-transfer resistance and hence deduce a value of the mass accommodation or “condensation” coefficient of water. Data is presented for the condensation of saturated steam between 45 and 50°F at heat fluxes between 9000 and 12000 Btu/h-ft 2 degF. It was found that no significant interfacial resistance was present and the condensation coefficient was deduced to have a value between 0·45 and unity. That the condensation coefficient is at least greater than 0·45 ensures that the interfacial resistance will be negligible in industrial applications of filmwise condensation. The inability to determine a more exact value for the coefficient was due to an inherent limitation in the technique and the range quoted must not be taken to favor an intermediate value.
Effects of internal strains on hardness of nanocrystalline Al–Fe–Cr–Ti alloys

Abstract The effects of internal strain on the microhardness of nanocrystalline metals were investigated using an Al 93 Fe 3 Ti 2 Cr 2 alloy prepared via mechanical alloying. The results clearly indicate that the hardness of the nanocrystalline Al alloy decreases with decreasing the internal strain at a given grain size, even though dislocation activity within the grain interior is absent in all cases.
The siege of "Castle Pox": A medical revolution in Marblehead, Massachusetts, 1764-1777

In January 1773 sailors and other members of Marblehead's so-called “Savage Mobility” burned down the new inoculation hospital, nicknamed “Castle Pox.” This article re-creates those explosive events, places them within the history of the American Revolution, and argues that Marblehead's people demanded equal access to medicine as well as to political rights.
The effects of hyperthermia on fast axoplasmic transport in rat sensory fibers

The fast axoplasmic transport rate increased exponentially with the temperature from 30-45 degrees C. No decline in the fast axoplasmic transport rate was detected during hyperthermic conditions. Hyperthermic conditions induced a decrease in the amplitude of the advancing crest as well as a decline in the slope of the leading edge of the advancing wave in the sciatic nerve. This may suggest that there is a decline in the number of viable fibers transporting the material in these hyperthermic conditions.
Cooperativity in hydrogen bonded aggregates. Models for crystals and peptides

Abstract This paper provides a review of our work that emphasizes the importance of cooperative interactions (and the consequent failure of pairwise models) to explain hydrogen-bonding interactions in the solid state and peptides. The details of the calculations have been omitted for the sake of brevity. They can be found in the primary references to several aspects of this presentation. The systems specifically discussed include aggregates of: (a) water (b) cyclohexane-1,3-dione, (c) urea and thiourea, (d) para -benzoquinone; and (d) formamide.
Narrative Identity: Preschoolers' Self-Construction Through Narrative in Same-Sex Friendship Group Dramatic Play

Recently, researchers have been interested in narrative as a conversational point-making activity. Some of the features of narrative (e.g., its "objectivity", Benveniste, 1971) render it ideally suited for self-exploration and positioning of the self with respect to societal institutions (Polanyi, 1989), especially in the context of conversations within friendship groups (Coates, 1996). While past research has often focused on self-constructing and political uses of narratives of personal experience, the present study examines such uses with respect to narratives produced during preschoolers' dramatic play in friendship groups. An ethnographic-sociolinguistic study that followed friendship groups in two preschool classrooms of a California university children's center was conducted. Children were videotaped in their two most representative friendship groups each academic quarter. Narrative was coded when children used explicit proposals of irrealis in one of three forms: the marked subjunctive (past tense irrealis marking in English, e.g., "they were hiding"); the paraphrastic subjunctive (unmarked irrealis proposals such as "and I'm shy"); and pretend directives such as "pretend" ("pretend we're Shy Wizards"). Also, instances of character speech were counted as narrative. Children used con-trastive forms (subjunctive, coherence markers vs. absence of subjunctive; pitch variation) to mark different phases within narrative. Collaborative self-construction was seen in the linguistic forms they used (pretend statements; tag questions; "and-elaborations") and in the identities the children constructed for their protagonists. Girls' protagonists suggested they valued qualities of lovingness, graciousness, and attractiveness. The protagonists the boys constructed suggested they valued physical power. Girls had a greater reliance on story for self-construction than boys did. It is notable that the dramatic play narratives produced during children's play in friendship groups serve some of the same functions in positioning participants with respect to one another and exploring possible selves collaboratively with one another that personal experience narratives serve in adult intimate social groups.
Invited commentary on 'different minimal clinically important difference (MCID) scores lead to different clinical prediction rules for the Oswestry disability index when using the same sample of patients'.

Minimal clinically important difference (MCID) scores are frequently used by clinicians and researchers to describe outcomes following treatment episodes. There is debate regarding appropriate inte...
Increased bilirubin production from sources other than circulating erythrocytes in mutant Southdown sheep.

SummaryBilirubin production from circulating erythrocytes and from other sources was studied in normal and mutant Southdown sheep with congenital hyperbilirubinemia. In mutant sheep, 66% on average of the total bilirubin produced originated from sources other than turnover of hemoglobin of circulating erythrocytes. This represented a 4-fold absolute increase above the bilirubin production rate from such other sources in normal sheep. Two separate “early-labeled” fractions were observed in both normal and mutant sheep following the injection of glycine-2-14C. Since mutant sheep exhibited no signs of ineffective erythropoiesis as evidenced by hypoplastic bone marrow and normal plasma and erythrocyte iron turnover, the hepatic overproduction of bilirubin should be considered and further investigated.
Simulating colors of clear and partly cloudy skies.

A model (SKYCOLOR) is developed that simulates the light and color of the sky and open cloud decks in the vertical plane including the Sun and the observer and animates the changes as the Sun goes down. Model skylight consists of sunbeams that are scattered toward the observer, but depleted by scattering and absorption in the Chappuis bands of ozone. SKYCOLOR includes the Earth’s curvature, atmospheric refraction, cloud shadows, and solar eclipses. Scattering is given a wavelength (λ) dependence of λ−4 for air molecules (Rayleigh scattering), λ−1 for tropospheric aerosols, and λ+1 for volcanic aerosol particles. Multiple scattering is calculated directly in clouds but is parameterized in clear air by decreasing the scattering rates of sunlight and of skylight in the Earth’s shadow by 30%.
Participatory action research in two primary schools in a rural Tanzanian village: an exploration of factors to cultivate changes in teaching and learning

Access to primary and secondary education in Tanzania has drastically expanded in the past two decades. In response to this success, its ministry is now targeting improvements in educational quality through additional reform. Yet teacher absenteeism, physical abuse, overcrowding, lecture-based pedagogy and a system of accountability based primarily on state and district examinations centered on rote memorization impose great obstacles to students being prepared for future employment and further education. This study draws insights into how traditional teaching and learning methods in one rural village in Tanzania can be changed through examining a collaboratively created intensive after-school program that focused on three content areas and used a participatory action research approach centered on cooperative inquiry. The key elements of the participatory action research approach drawn upon were using a participatory model to create a community of co-learners, designing the curriculum collectively, studen...
Viewing the Wreckage: Eco-Disaster Tourism in the Wake of Katrina Vues du sinistre: tourisme eco-désastre dans le sillage de Katrina Mirando el naufragio: turismo del desastre ecológico después de Katrina

Before hurricane Katrina, "cultural tourism" was Louisiana's second largest industry. Tourism agencies are now imploring potential tourists to visit New Orleans for "An eyewitness account of the events surrounding the worst natural disaster on American soil!" Economic need is driving tour agencies to construct 'eco-disaster tourism,' and the construction includes explicit causes of blame. Who is defining the new tourism? How is the controversy surrounding causation being negotiated in eco-disaster tour narratives? e main finding is that the big players in the tourism industry, namely Gray Line Tours, have maneuvered into a powerful position to rewrite the tourism narrative by allying with the state. Gray Lines' narrative blames the oil and gas industry for Katrina's severity, while avoiding pointing fingers at government agencies and officials. Les agences de Tourisme supplient les touristes potentiels de visiter New Orleans pour "Un temoignage oculaire des evenements occasionnes par le pire desastre naturel jamais vu sur le sol Americain!" Les besoins economiques sont tels qu'ils incitent les tours operateurs de l'industrie touristique a creer un 'tourisme-eco-desastre' et cette creation genere de nombreux reproches pour des raisons explicites. Qui determine ce nouveau genre de tourisme? Comment cette controverse autour de ce fait est-elle negociee? La grande decouverte est de realiser que les grands joueurs de la partie de cette industrie touristique ne sont autres que Gray Line Tours, et qu'ils ont oeuvre habilement se positionnant dans une situation de force en s'alliant avec l'etat. Gray Line tient pour responsables les societes de carburants et de gaz pour la gravite de la situation du sinistre Katrina; ce qui leur permet bien evidemment d'eviter de montrer du doigt les agences gouvernementales et leurs responsables officiels gouvernementaux. Antes del huracan Katrina, el "turismo cultural" era la segunda mas importante industria de Louisiana. Las Agencias de Turismo estan ahora implorando a los turistas potenciales que visiten Nueva Orleans para "Dar cuenta personalmente de los acontecimientos que se dan cita en el peor desastre natural en suelo americano". La necesidad impulsa a las agencias a construir un "turismo de desastre ecologico" y ello incluye inculpar a sus causantes. ?Quien define el nuevo turismo? ?Como se discute ello en la narrativa de ese turismo? La principal consecuencia es que los principales actores de la industria turistica, Gray Line Tours, se han colocado en una posicion que les permite reescribir la historia aliandose con el Estado. Gray Lines culpabiliza a la industria del petroleo y del gas por las dimensiones de Katrina, evitando senalar a las agencias gubernamentales y sus funcionarios.
Stability of steam-water countercurrent flow in an inclined channel: Flooding

Flooding of stratified countercurrent steam-water flow in nearly-horizontal and in inclined flat-plate geometries is investigated. An envelope theory for onset of flooding in inclined stratified flow is developed, which agrees better than the experimental data than other theories. In addition, some basic flow parameters, such as mean film thickness and interfacial friction factor in the roll-wave regime (near-flooding) have been measured. Empirical correlations for these parameters were sought, which are essential in the flooding analysis.
Molecules and circuits involved in nicotine addiction: The many faces of smoking

Tobacco smoking in humans is one of the most persistent and widespread addictions and is driven by nicotine in tobacco smoke. Over the last several decades, understanding of the molecular and cellular basis for nicotine addiction has increased tremendously as a result of pharmacological, molecular genetic, electrophysiological and behavioral studies of nicotine reinforcement. Studies of the biological basis for nicotine reinforcement has helped in the design of new treatments for smoking cessation such as varenicline; however, smokers report that they smoke for many reasons, including the ability to control symptoms of anxiety and depression or the desire to control appetite. Further, developmental exposure to tobacco smoke increases the likelihood of adult smoking. Here we review what is known about the molecular and circuit basis for a number of behaviors related to tobacco smoking. Leveraging the knowledge from studies of different behaviors mediated by nicotine receptors in multiple brain circuits could provide points of convergence that will inform future therapeutic development for smoking cessation. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'NIDA 40th Anniversary Issue'.
Nitrogen fixation (acetylene reduction) in the phyllosphere of Thalassia testudinum

N2 fixation (C2H2 reduction) associated with the leaves of the sea grass Thalassia testudinum was investigated at 5 sites in South Florida (Biscayne Bay) and one site in the Bahamas (Bimini Harbor). Significant activities were correlated with the occurrence of a heterocystous blue-green alga (Calothrix sp.) on the leaves. C2H2 reduction was not stimulated by organic compounds, either aerobically or anaerobically in the light or dark. Therefore, other physiological types of microbes were not important in N2 fixation. Diurnal and seasonal variations in N2 fixation occurred, with maximal rates during the daytime and in the late spring and early summer. N2 fixation was negligible at four stations in Biscayne Bay. At the fifth station, near Fowey Rock, about 5 kg N ha-1 year-1 was fixed. In the summer, the N2 fixed per day (4–5 mg N m-2) could provide 4 to 23% of the foliar productivity demands of T. testudinum at this site and the station in Bimini Harbor. N2 fixation at the periphery of a sea-grass patch, near Fowey Rock, could provide 8 to 38% of the daily nitrogen requirement for leaf production, and thereby might compensate for a less effective trapping and recycling of nitrogen from dead leaves in such regions.
Selenium in Plants: Uptake, Functions, and Environmental Toxicity

Selenium (Se) has chemical properties similar to sulfur, but slight differences can lead to altered tertiary structure and dysfunction of proteins and enzymes, if selenocysteine is incorporated into proteins in place of cysteine. In some areas of California with irrigation agriculture elevated Se concentration in drainage and shallow groundwaters caused bioaccumulation of Se in wetlands and Se toxicity to wildlife. Among higher plants Se accumulators are tolerant to high Se concentrations whereas non-accumulators are Se-sensitive. Algae show a requirement of Se for growth and development, but no Se essentiality has been demonstrated for higher plants, possibly with the exception of Se accumulators. Higher plants take up Se preferentially as selenate via the high affinity sulfate permease. Contents of Se in agricultural crops are usually below 1 mg kg−1 DW, and hence such crops are considered safe for human and animal consumption even when grown on moderately high Se soils. Sulfate salinity inhibits uptake of selenate by many plant species. Assimilation of selenate by non-accumulators leads to synthesis of selenocysteine and selenomethionine; Se-cysteine is readily incorporated into proteins. High Se can interfere with S and N metabolism in non-accumulators. In contrast, Se accumulators sequester Se mainly in non-protein selenoamino acids. Among several selenoenzymes identified in bacteria and mammals, Se-dependent glutathione peroxidase which catalyses the reduction of organic peroxides and H2O2 has been demonstrated convincingly in algae; in higher plants, however, the experimental evidence regarding its occurrence is controversial. All organisms including higher plants contain Se-cysteyl-tRNAs that decode UGA. Selenocysteine is proposed to function as 21st proteinaceous amino acid and thus is suggested to have a biological role in higher plants. Biogeochemical cycling of Se involves significant volatilization of methylated selenides such as dimethyl selenide to the atmosphere from higher plants as well as freshwater algae, but Se exchange between oceans and the atmosphere appears to proceed as net flux to the oceans.