cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Testing the interpersonal theory of suicide: The moderating role of hopelessness.

Recent theories posit diverse mechanisms of suicide risk, yet many models converge on one variable—hopelessness. The purpose of this study was to examine the role of hopelessness in the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide (ITS), specifically, whether hopelessness moderated the interaction of thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness when predicting current suicidal ideation, plans, and urges. Moderation was tested in two independent samples, one nonclinical (n = 189) and one clinical (n = 760), through hierarchical multiple linear regression analyses. After controlling for demographic covariates, depressive and anxious symptoms, main effects of thwarted belongingness, perceived burdensomeness, hopelessness, and all two-way interactions, the three-way interaction between thwarted belongingness, perceived burdensomeness, and hopelessness was a positive and significant predictor of suicidal risk in both samples. Probing revealed that the interaction between thwarted belongingness and perceived burdenso...
Carbohydrate Metabolism in Lactic Streptococci: Fate of Galactose Supplied in Free or Disaccharide Form

Phosphorylation of free galactose by lactic streptococci was mediated by an adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent kinase. The phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) phosphotransferase system (PTS) was involved to a limited extent in transport of the sugar. The conversion of free galactose to glucose also was demonstrated, and uridine diphosphogalactose-4-epimerase was demonstrated to account for this change. Galactose, supplied as lactose, was phosphorylated during transport by means of the PTS with PEP as the phosphate donor. Data also indicated that galactose derived from lactose was catabolized by the glycolytic pathway. Results showed the participation of ATP or PEP, or both, in the phosphorylation of five growth sugars for lactic streptococci, namely, galactose, glucose, lactose, maltose, and mannose. Free galactose was phosphorylated exclusively by ATP except when cells were grown on galactose; in this case, slight involvement of PEP in phosphorylation also was noted. Lactose phosphorylation was much more effective with PEP except when cells were grown on lactose, in which case ATP was equally effective. Glucose was phosphorylated to about the same degree by either ATP or PEP.
Synthesis of non-spherical CdSe nanocrystals

Non-spherical CdSe quantum dots were synthesized through high temperature reduction of cadmium and selenium in the presence of TOP (tri-n-octylphosphine) and TOPO (tri-n-octylphosphine oxide). The high affinity of phosphine oxide to the surface of CdSe nanocrystals typically leads to the formation of spherical particles with diameters between 1.5 and 10 nm. However, with lower temperatures and longer reaction times relative to conventional synthesis techniques, the formation of non-spherical nanocrystals dominated. The three reaction temperatures that were studied were 230, 250, and 270 °C. Results verify the need to quench CdSe nanocrystals immediately following the injection of selenium dissolved in TOP (TOPSe) if spherical particles are the desired shape. Nanocrystal shape evolves from sphere to rectangle to hexagon or triangle as the reaction time is extended regardless of temperature. The highest yield of rectangular particles (~89 %) was achieved while maintaining a temperature of 250 °C for 20 min.
Effects of Feeding Alkaline Hydrogen Peroxide-Treated Wheat Straw-Based Diets on Digestion and Production by Dairy Cows

Twelve Holstein cows, averaging 34 d postpartum, were used in three replications of a 4 x 4 Latin square design to determine the effects of feeding different levels of alkaline hydrogen peroxide-treated wheat straw on digestion and production responses in lactating dairy cows. Complete mixed diets consisted of 50% concentrate (DM basis) plus varying proportions of treated wheat straw, alfalfa haylage, and corn silage as the forage source. Treatment contained 0 (control), 12.5 (low), 25.0 (medium), or 37.5% (high) treated wheat straw in the diet. Dry matter intakes were 18.5, 17.2, 17.4, and 16.7 kg/d for the four treatments, respectively. Apparent digestibilities of DM and OM were decreased (approximately 4.4 percentage units), and NDF and ADF digestibilities were increased by 9.4 and 3.0 percentage units, respectively, with the high wheat straw diet. Yields of milk and 4% FCM, and SNF percentage did not differ among the treatment groups. Milk fat percentage increased (from 3.07 to 3.32%) and milk protein percentage decreased (from 2.61 to 2.56%) as the proportion of treated wheat straw increased in the diet. Cows fed the higher proportions of treated wheat straw had increased ruminal concentrations of total VFA and molar percentage acetate but a decreased molar percentage propionate, resulting in a greater acetate to propionate ratio. Cows fed the low and medium wheat straw diets had slightly lower DM intakes but production responses were similar to cows fed the control diet containing alfalfa haylage and corn silage as fiber sources.
Judgments of semantic and episodic relatedness: Common time-course and failure of segregation

We investigated the processes by which people discriminate preexperimental (semantic) from experimental (episodic) associations. Dosher (1984, Cognitive Psychology, 16, 519–555) showed that information about semantic relatedness intruded into judgments of episodic (newly learned) associations, especially early in the time course of recognition. Time course is evaluated in a speed-accuracy trade-off (SAT) paradigm, in which subjects are interrupted at various points during retrieval with a cue to respond. The present study: (i) replicated the semantic intrusion into episodic judgments; (ii) found intrusion of episodic associations into judgments of semantic relatedness, although the effect was smaller; (iii) allowed a direct comparison of the speed of associative recognition judgments and of semantic relatedness judgments in comparable situations for the same subjects—the time courses of the two judgments were similar; and (iv) showed that these effects in SAT retrieval functions translate into comparable patterns in RT and error rates for both types of judgment. Conclusions for semantic/episodic system distinctions, possible relation to the implicit/explicit distinction, and an analysis of differential cuing processes related to Humphreys, Bain, and Pike (1989, Psychological Review, 96, 208–233) are discussed.
Twelve-month follow-up of behaviorally trained ex-alcoholic social drinkers

Over a period of at least one year a significantly larger proportion of hospitalized alcoholics (trained to become social drinkers) functioned successfully in society than that proportion of a comparable control group who had not been so trained. It is concluded that at least some aspects of alcoholism follow conventional learning models.
Development and testing of a quality of life model for long-term female cancer survivors

This research resulted in the evolution of a model depicting the quality of life of long-term female cancer survivors. The foundation for this model's development was Ferrell's (1993) breast cancer model, which incorporates physical, social, psychological and spiritual domains of life. The Ferrell model was adapted following focus-group discussions with 11 long-term female cancer survivors. The adjusted model included new categories, within each of Ferrell's initial domains, that were specific to the focus group participants. Administration of a new instrument, the Long-Term Quality of Life (LTQL), to 187 long-term female cancer survivors produced a final model that included the interaction of all four domains in six major concepts of quality of life. This new model, which reflects the complexity of life in long-term female cancer survivors, may be useful to health professionals in designing interventions to meet the unique needs of these women.
THE ULTRASONIC DESCRIPTION OF POSTPUBERTAL TESTICLES IN MEN WHO HAVE UNDERGONE PREPUBERTAL ORCHIOPEXY FOR CRYPTORCHIDISM

Purpose: We provide a sonographic description of postpubertal testicles in patients who have undergone prepubertal orchiopexy with placement of a suture through the tunica albuginea. Materials and Methods: Testicular ultrasound was performed in men who had undergone prepubertal testicular fixation for cryptorchidism using a suture passed through the tunica albuginea. Comparison was made to the sonographic appearance of cryptorchid testicles not secured with a fixating suture through the tunica albuginea. The operative report for each patient was reviewed with specific attention to use and type of suture material, and age at orchiopexy. Results: Ultrasonography was performed on 22 men in whom a tunica albuginea fixating suture was placed during orchiopexy for cryptorchidism. Average patient age at orchiopexy was 5.6 years and median time from orchiopexy to this examination was 14.8 years. Right cryptorchidism existed in 64% of the men. No significant difference was noted in size between the 2 testicles in any patient. Ultrasonography did not identify any parenchymal abnormalities. A tunica albuginea calcification with posterior shadowing on the side of fixation was noted in 32% of patients, of whom 3 had calcified areas evident on physical examination. An area of subtunical hypoechogenicity was noted in 14% of patients. All tunical abnormalities were associated with the use of chromic suture. The remaining 12 patients (54%) had normal sonographic and physical examinations. The control group comprised 6 men who underwent orchiopexy without a fixating suture through the tunica albuginea. These men were examined identically and no sonographic abnormalities were noted in the tunica albuginea or testicular parenchyma. At a median of 16 months no patient had been diagnosed with testicular cancer or had a change in testicular self-examination. Conclusions: Tunica albuginea calcifications and hypoechogenic cysts are common ultrasonic findings in men who have undergone orchiopexy using a suture passed through the tunica albuginea. Parenchymal lesions should not be considered secondary to this procedure and must be treated as de novo abnormalities. These changes seem to be induced by the use of a fixating suture through the tunica albuginea.
Adjustment for Body Weight in the Measurement of Oxygen Consumption

Abstract An absence of a significant difference in oxygen consumption at 68 days of age between lines selected in opposite directions for eight-week body weight was reported by Washburn and Siegel (1963). Means and standard errors of oxygen consumption for a representative sample of birds, presented in l./kg./hr., were 0.76 ± 0.05 for the high line and 0.70 ± 0.06 for the low line. Mellen (1963) has criticized us for reporting these data as volume of oxygen consumed per unit weight per unit of time without further adjustments for body weight because there were, as we showed, differences between lines for body weight. Mellen stated, “Proper treatment of these data might lead to a reversal of the conclusion that there was no line difference in metabolic rate.” Interest in our laboratory of the problem discussed by Mellen (1963) is evidenced by the publications of Leighton et al. (1962) and Siegel et al.…
Selection and design of the Oak Ridge radioactive ion beam facility target/ion source

Abstract The high-temperature version of the CERN ISOLDE source has been selected as the first source to be used for the generation of radioactive ion beams at the Oak Ridge Radioactive Ion Beam Facility (ORRIBF) because of its low emittance, relatively high ionization efficiency, and capability for producing a broad range of radioactive species. Of equal importance, the source has been cleverly engineered for remote installation, removal and servicing as required for safe handling of highly radioactive contaminated sources, source components, and ancillary equipment. The source design also permits easy modification to lower-temperature versions and conversion from electron impact ionization to either thermal or positive and negative surface ionization sources. The reasons for choosing the CERN ISOLDE source and design features of the source are discussed in this paper.
Evaluation of the iCE280 Analyzer as a potential high-throughput tool for formulation development.

Abstract The iCE280 Analyzer (iCE280) was evaluated for its potential application as a high-throughput tool to determine pI and separate charge related species using glycosylated, non-glycosylated and pegylated protein therapeutics as models. Resolution was achieved for glycosylated and non-glycosylated molecules, but remained a challenge for pegylated proteins. The sources of charge variants were determined to be the presence of C-terminal lysine residues, sialic acid content, and deamidation. Limited assay performance evaluation demonstrated that the method was linear in the concentration range of 2–333 μg/ml of IgG with linear regression coefficients of 0.984, 0.998, and 0.990 for acidic, main and basic species, respectively. Limit of detection and limit of quantitation were determined to be 3 and 11 μg/ml. The R.S.D. for intra- and inter-day precision as well as reproducibility was determined to be 0.2% or less for all pI values and 1.4% or less for acidic and main peak area distribution; the R.S.D. for basic peak area distribution was 5.7% or less. Robustness testing was performed by deliberately deviating ±50% of pharmalyte concentration away from the desired condition. This deviation revealed a pI shift of only 0.06 units and resulted in no significant impact on area percent distribution. Utilization of iCE280 Analyzer eliminated the mobilization step associated with traditional capillary isoelectric focusing analysis and increased analytical throughput at least 2-fold.
Nazis after Hitler: How Perpetrators of the Holocaust Cheated Justice and Truth. By Donald M. McKale. (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2012. Pp. xxvi, 405. $39.95.)

Donald M. McKale has written a clear and comprehensive history of how Nazis escaped justice after 1945. Apart from “big fish” caught in the Nuremberg net in 1945–1946, the 632 Nazi war criminals co...
Substorm and storm time ionospheric particle flux at the Moon while in the terrestrial magnetosphere

Abstract The Moon spends 20% of its orbit within the terrestrial magnetosphere. During this time it experiences a flux of ions from the Earth, which can be accelerated within the magnetosphere prior to impacting the Moon. Both 3D multi-fluid simulations and particle tracking were used to study the lunar environment while the Moon is inside the magnetosphere and quantify the energy and flux of ionospheric ions at lunar orbits for times ranging from moderate substorms to severe storms. The results from the fluid simulations indicate that during storms, the flux of ionospheric oxygen ions to the Moon can increase by two orders of magnitude and the bulk of those oxygen ions have energies up to 100s of keV. Particle tracking indicates that the peak energy of particles in the tail of the distribution approaches 1 MeV for the most intense storms, as particles from the ring current can be lost downtail to lunar orbits. Periods of increased flux of ionospheric particles intercepted by the Moon over geologic time periods would have played a role in weathering of the lunar surface and delivery of water components to the surface.
A comparison of Selas and membrane filters for the sterilization of bacteriophage preparations

Lysates of three different coliphage were sterilized by filtration through Selas, Millipore GVWP, and Millipore GS filters. Phage titers were comparable when either the Selas or Millipore GVWP (hydrophilic) filters were used; however, the GVWP filters were faster and could accommodate more lysate before the filters clogged. The Millipore GS (hydrophobic) filters were unsatisfactory.
Trying and buying locally grown produce at the workplace: Results of a marketing intervention

Although consumers have a high opinion of locally grown produce, they do not consider origin as important as other factors in produce selection. Inconvenience is a major barrier to purchasing local produce. In a rural community in Maine, the Farm Fresh Project tested an intervention designed to exploit consumers' high regard for locally grown produce and also overcome the inconvenience of buying it. Each week for six weeks in the summer of 1997, employees at three worksites were offered tastings of locally grown produce, information about the produce, and an opportunity to order it at their workplaces. Changes in purchases of locally grown produce were compared with changes among employees at three matched control worksites. More than a quarter of workers at intervention worksites ordered produce through the project. Significant numbers of employees at intervention worksites who had not bought locally grown produce earlier in the summer bought it at outlets in the community during the four weeks following the intervention. Visits to the community farmers' market, purchases at roadside stands, pick-your-own purchases, and purchases of locally grown produce, both overall and at locations other than at the farmers' market, increased significantly in the intervention group. Among workers at control sites, only roadside stand purchases increased significantly. It appears that the opportunity to taste and purchase locally grown produce at a convenient venue, the workplace, motivated consumers to overcome barriers to purchasing locally grown produce at less convenient venues outside of the workplace. Temporary farm stands at workplaces may offer a promising new direct market for farmers.
Superconducting Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O Films Prepared by Laser Ablation

Superconducting thin films of Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O have been grown on single crystal (100) SrTiO3 and MgO substrates using laser ablation at 355 nm. Films have been deposited using compositions of 2:2:1:2 (Bi:Sr:Ca:Cu) and 1.86:0.33:1.93:2.06:3.06 (Bi:Pb:Sr:Ca:Cu) to form primarily the low temperature Bi2Sr2CalCu20, and the high temperature Bi2Sr2Ca2Cu3Ox phases, respectively. Films deposited at 760-765°C substrate temperature in the presence of 1 Torr of oxygen show superconducting onset temperatures of 85 K and 110 K, respectively, for the two compositions, with zero resistance obtained at about 70 K in both cases. The zero resistance temperatures for the films can be improved by subsequent annealing of the films at higher temperatures.
FROM SIMPLICITY TO COMPLEXITY: The Development of Theory in The Study of Judicial Behavior

This article assesses the development of theories of judicial behavior in the United States in the past few decades. It is argued that the study of judicial behavior has been relatively balkanized, with some advances within particular theoretical contexts, but with little successful effort at integrating different approaches within a comprehensive theory. Although I develop no such comprehensive theory in this article, I do argue that the predominant frameworks for analyzing judicial behavior—attitude theory, fact pattern theory, role theory, small group theory, organization theory, and environmental theories—are not incompatible and can be at least partially integrated. In order to accomplish the desired integration, there are three desiderata: Thus, theories of judicial behavior must become more complex if they are to achieve a higher level of explanation and prediction.
The pulp plasty: A composite graft for complete syndactyly fingertip separations

Composite grafts of skin and subcutaneous fat harvested from the glabrous non-weight-bearing areas of the foot were used to graft 34 fingertips after separation of 23 complete syndactyly webs in 13 patients. Simple complete syndactylies accounted for 17% and complex complete syndactylies accounted for 83%; synonychia was encountered in 70%. Follow-up averaged 13.9 months (minimum, 2 months, maximum 33 months). All patients had 100% take of the composite graft. Subjective gradings were 94% good, 6% fair, and there were no poor results. This technique provides a relatively normal contour and satisfactory pad to the fingertip.
Aboriginal Fish Poisons and the Diffusion Problem

outward from a focus in northern South America (Heizer 1953:255); that there has been no diffusion from the Old World to the New (p. 257); and that the Old World may be either a single diffusion area or may fall into the three separate diffusion areas of Europe, Africa, and Asia with Oceania and Australia (pp. 249, 256). In this paper I hope to show that the Old World may be regarded as a single diffusion area, and that the independence between the New World and the Old in this matter is not conclusive. In such an analysis we must make an essential distinction between diffusion of the knowledge that plant juices can stupefy fish, and diffusion of particular plants or particular methods of extracting these juices. There can be no doubt that the former would diffuse more easily and more rapidly than the latter. Moreover, recognition that plant juices can stupefy fish is not a discovery which would appear to be made easily but must have resulted from some accidental occurrence of the phenomenon, followed by meditation on it, and recognition of the connection. This seems so much more difficult than diffusion of the knowledge itself that it is only fair to assume that the presence of the trait in two areas which are known, from other evidence, to have had cultural connections should be attributed to diffusion rather than independent discovery, even if the two areas use different plants as piscicides. Finally, if such areas use the same plants, it would seem conclusive that occurrence of the trait results from diffusion and not from independent discovery. The use of these principles in interpreting the factual material provided by Heizer, with the addition of a small amount of material which he does not mention, seems to support the impression that the Old World forms a single diffusion area. Heizer himself did not reach this conclusion, probably because of the complexity of the botanical evidence and also because of his reluctance to use diffusion over sea routes. For example, he doubts diffusion of the trait from the Levant to Greece because of its rarity in Anatolia (the land-link between the two areas), but does not mention the fact that Asia and Europe used the same plants (Anamirta cocculus and Verbascum sinuatum) for fish poisons. As we shall show later, these plants could have been carried by ship from Syria to Greece without stopping in Anatolia at all. Like most Americanists, Heizer is very sceptical of the possibility of prehistoric navigation across water distances beyond the range of vision. Old World prehistorians do not share this reluctance because they have extensive evidence for navigation even earlier than 2000 B.C. Islands of the Old World were clearly settled at very remote periods across deep water, and cultural links can be found across
Day Reporting Centers as an Alternative to Incarceration

ABSTRACT Day reporting centers (DRCs) first implemented in Great Britain are a relatively new alternative to incarceration in the United States. There are about 114 of these centers in the United States. They are characterized by high surveillance and diverse services and programs. They vary in (a) selection criteria, (b) size, (c) type, (d) goals, (e) requirements, and (f) termination rates. Preliminary evidence reveals some success in (a) reducing costs, (b) prison overcrowding, and (c) recidivism. They offer a great potential for rehabilitation because they simulate real life circumstances. The center of the future must stress (a) services, (b) a uniform policy of sanctions, and (c) a standard process for full evaluation of their effects.
Degradation of maternal cdc25c during the maternal to zygotic transition is dependent upon embryonic transcription.

To gain a better understanding of the molecular differences that may contribute to cleavage arrest and the poorer development associated with laboratory produced embryos, a series of experiments were conducted to quantitate the message levels of the cell cycle controller cdc25c, over the maternal to zygotic transition (MZT) in 4-cell in vivo- and in vitro-derived porcine embryos. The experiments were designed to measure both maternal and embryonic derived cdc25c transcripts by quantitative reverse transcription-competitive polymerase chain reaction (RT-cPCR), determine the point of the transition to zygotic genome activation, and study the interaction between initial embryonic transcription and maternal cdc25c degradation. Analysis of in vivo- and in vitro-derived embryos revealed no difference in cdc25c message level for any of the times P4CC (P > 0.05). Comparison of control embryos from 5- to 33-hr P4CC revealed a reduction in transcript quantities in the 10-hr P4CC group that was maintained at later time points (P 0.05). However, if embryos were first exposed to α-amanitin after 18-hr P4CC with this treatment continuing to 33 hr, the levels of cdc25c transcript were reduced (P < 0.04) when compared to those embryos that were first exposed to the inhibitor at either 5- or 10-hr P4CC. This finding and the comparison of these same embryos to the 0–33-hr α-amanitin and control groups allowed us to conclude that cdc25c transcription began between 10- and 18-hr P4CC, with the degradation of maternal cdc25c message dependent on transcriptional initiation. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 60: 181–188, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Design and Implementation of the Transatlantic Mission-Oriented Production and Experimental Networks

In this paper we present the design and implementation of the mission-oriented USLHCNet for HEP research community and the UltraLight network testbed. The design philosophy for these networks is to help meet the data-intensive computing challenges of the next generation of particle physics experiments with a comprehensive, network-focused approach. Instead of treating the network as a static, unchanging and unmanaged set of intercomputer links, we are developing and using it as a dynamic, configurable, and closely monitored resource that is managed from end-to-end. In this paper we will present our work in the various areas of the project including infrastructure construction, protocol research and application development. Our goal is to construct a next-generation global system that is able to meet the data processing, distribution, access and analysis needs of the particle physics community.
Analytic treatment for variable coefficient fourth-order parabolic partial differential equations

The variable coefficient fourth-order parabolic partial differential equation in one space variable that arise in the study of the transverse vibrations of a uniform flexible beam is examined. The analytic solution is obtained by using Adomian decomposition method. The nonhomogeneous problem is solved by using the noise terms phenomenon. The method is tested on three problems which have appeared in physical applications.
PET Imaging of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors in Baboons with 18F-AZAN, a Radioligand with Improved Brain Kinetics

There are only 2 currently available radioligands, 2-18F-FA and 6-18F-FA, for quantitative PET of the main cerebral subtype of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α4β2-nAChRs) in humans. Both exhibit slow distribution kinetics in the brain and require several hours for PET imaging. This makes PET of nAChRs with these radioligands logistically difficult and a serious burden for human subjects. The main purpose of this study was to preclinically evaluate (−)-2-(6-18F-fluoro-2,3′-bipyridin-5′-yl)-7-methyl-7-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane (18F-AZAN), our new radiolabeled antagonist of α4β2-nAChRs, that has high binding potential and rapid brain kinetics in baboons. Methods:18F-AZAN was synthesized using a modified 18F-FDG synthesis module. The regional distribution of 18F-AZAN in the brain was evaluated in baseline and cytisine-blocking studies of 4 male Papio anubis baboons. PET modeling procedures were used for calculation of regional distribution volume (VT), nondisplaceable binding potential (BPND), and receptor occupancy. Results:18F-AZAN rapidly entered the baboon brain, reached a steady state within 90 min after injection, and specifically labeled cerebral nAChRs. The peak radioactivity in the thalamus was 540 (percentage standardized uptake value) at 18 ± 7 min (n = 4) after bolus injection. Mathematical data analysis demonstrated that scanning for only 90 min is sufficient for determination of PET outcome variables (BPND, 3.2 [unitless] and VT, 32–35 mL/mL in thalamus). The dose-dependent blocking experiments with cytisine demonstrated that 18F-AZAN binds specifically with β2-containing (predominantly α4β2) nAChRs. Conclusion:18F-AZAN specifically labels nAChRs in baboon brains with a high value of BPND and it requires only 90 min of PET scanning to produce estimates of VT and BPND in the various brain regions. The blocking of nAChRs with cytisine is dose-dependent and it showed that 18F-AZAN is suitable for application in nicotinic drug evaluation. In summary, 18F-AZAN is superior to 2-18F-FA and 6-18F-FA for imaging cerebral β2-containing nAChRs in baboons. Further evaluations of 18F-AZAN in the human brain are under way.
Mechanisms of cytopenia in human immunodeficiency virus infection

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection often has effects on the hematopoietic system which can be distinguished from the concurrent effects of medications or opportunistic infections. Exactly how the virus mediates these effects remains uncertain, but both in vivo and in vitro studies have pointed up possible direct and indirect modes of hematopoietic suppression. Whether a significant fraction of CD34+ cells in vivo are infected with HIV remains controversial, but most studies using in situ polymerase chain reaction techniques would suggest not. Other more indirect modes of hematopoietic cell suppression such as production of autoantibodies, production of other humoral inhibitory factors, T-cell mediated suppression of hematopoiesis, or production of inhibitory or stimulatory cytokines may also be contributory. It is probable that several of these mechanisms may occur simultaneously, and an increased understanding of their role may lead to improved strategies to correct the cytopenias which often accompany HIV disease.
Cleavage of Highly Structured Viral RNA Molecules by Combinatorial Libraries of Hairpin Ribozymes THE MOST EFFECTIVE RIBOZYMES ARE NOT PREDICTED BY SUBSTRATE SELECTION RULES

Combinatorial libraries of hairpin ribozymes representing all possible cleavage specificities (>10(5)) were used to evaluate all ribozyme cleavage sites within a large (4.2-kilobase) and highly structured viral mRNA, the 26 S subgenomic RNA of Sindbis virus. The combinatorial approach simultaneously accounts for target site structure and dynamics, together with ribozyme folding, and the sequences that result in a ribozyme-substrate complex with maximal activity. Primer extension was used to map and rank the relative activities of the ribozyme pool against individual sites and revealed two striking findings. First, only a small fraction of potential recognition sites are effectively cleaved (activity-selected sites). Second, nearly all of the most effectively cleaved sites deviated substantially from the established consensus selection rules for the hairpin ribozyme and were not predicted by examining the sequence, or through the use of computer-assisted predictions of RNA secondary structure. In vitro selection methods were used to isolate ribozymes with increased activity against substrates that deviate from the GUC consensus sequence. trans-Acting ribozymes targeting nine of the activity-selected sites were synthesized, together with ribozymes targeting four sites with a perfect match to the cleavage site consensus (sequence-selected sites). Activity-selected ribozymes have much higher cleavage activity against the long, structured RNA molecules than do sequence-selected ribozymes, although the latter are effective in cleaving oligoribonucleotides, as predicted. These results imply that, for Sindbis virus 26 S RNA, designing ribozymes based on matches to the consensus sequence may be an ineffective strategy.
Emergent multiple predator effects in an experimental microbial community

Studies on multiple predator effects have typically focused on metazoans. Here we examined the effects of multiple consumers on bacteria. Specifically, we investigated the separate and combined effects of two common bacterivorous ciliates, Colpidium striatum and Paramecium caudatum, on a simple bacterial assemblage. Non-additive multiple predator effects emerged for all bacterial species significantly affected by grazing, where bacterial responses in the two-consumer treatment cannot be predicted by summing the separate effects of the two consumers. Some species showed risk reduction (observed responses less than expected), whereas others showed risk enhancement (observed responses larger than expected). We attributed risk alteration to the interference between the two consumers. Contradictory to theoretical predictions, total bacterial abundance in the two-consumer treatment did not differ from single-consumer treatments and consumer-free controls, due largely to risk reduction and compensatory responses within the bacterial assemblage. Decomposition of particulate organic matter was greater in the two-consumer treatment than the Paramecium single-consumer treatment, but did not differ among other treatments. These results suggest that the presence of multiple consumers may have unexpected impacts on the structure and functioning of bacterial communities.
Surface-tethered DNA complexes for enhanced gene delivery.

Overcoming the barriers to efficient gene transfer is a fundamental goal of biotechnology. A versatile approach to enhance the delivery of nonviral DNA involves complexation with cationic polymers, which can be designed to overcome the barriers to effective gene transfer. More recently, DNA release from a polymer substrate or scaffold has been shown to enhance gene transfer, likely by increasing DNA concentrations in the cell microenvironment. We propose a novel approach that combines these two strategies in which cationic polymer/DNA complexes are tethered to a substrate that supports cell adhesion. The cationic polymers package the DNA for efficient internalization and the surface tethering functions to maintain elevated concentrations in the cell microenvironment for cells adhered to the substrate. The cationic polymer polylysine (degree of polymerization equal to 19 or 150) was modified with biotin groups, which was confirmed by mass spectrometry and biochemical analysis. Complex formation of DNA with...
What are Thick Concepts

Many theorists hold that there is, among value concepts, a fundamental distinction between thin ones and thick ones. Among thin ones are concepts like good and right. Among concepts that have been regarded as thick are discretion, caution, enterprise, industry, assiduity, frugality, economy, good sense, prudence, discernment, treachery, promise, brutality, courage, coward, lie, gratitude, lewd, perverted, rude, glorious, graceful, exploited, and, of course, many others. Roughly speaking, thick concepts are value concepts with significant descriptive content. I will discuss a number of problems having to do with how best to understand the notion of a thick concept. Thick concepts have been widely discussed in the metaethical literature. But some important problems concerning what thick concepts are supposed to be have not been squarely addressed even in the most systematic of these discussions. Here I want to highlight these problems.
Continuity as a Guide to Possibility

I propose a new guide for assessing claims about what is possible. I offer examples of modal claims that are, in a certain intuitive respect, ‘continuous’ with one another. I then put forward a general, defeasible principle of modal continuity that can account for our intuitions about those examples. According to this principle, statements that differ by a mere quantitative term don't normally differ with respect to being possibly true. I offer a precise statement of the principle, and then I consider exceptions in an effort to find a more nuanced continuity principle that is more reliable and still sufficiently general. Next, I offer a possible explanation of why modal continuity tends to hold and why exceptions occur where they do. Although my primary purpose is to introduce a new technique for modal reasoning, I showcase the power of the principle by applying it to a philosophical dispute concerning parts and wholes: the principle, if true, reveals a new cost of the thesis that composition is restricte...
PERFORMANCE OF AN ELECTRICALLY TRIGGERED REPETITIVELY PULSED COAXIAL PLASMA ENGINE

Efficiency of two-stage repetitively pulsed coaxial plasma engine calculated from engine thrust and total mass flow
The Effects of Surfaces on the Aerodynamics and Acoustics of Jet Flows

Aircraft noise mitigation is an ongoing challenge for the aeronautics research community. In response to this challenge, low-noise aircraft concepts have been developed that exhibit situations where the jet exhaust interacts with an airframe surface. Jet flows interacting with nearby surfaces manifest a complex behavior in which acoustic and aerodynamic characteristics are altered. In this paper, the variation of the aerodynamics, acoustic source, and far-field acoustic intensity are examined as a large at plate is positioned relative to the nozzle exit. Steady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes solutions are examined to study the aerodynamic changes in the field-variables and turbulence statistics. The mixing noise model of Tam and Auriault is used to predict the noise produced by the jet. To validate both the aerodynamic and the noise prediction models, results are compared with Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and free-field acoustic data respectively. The variation of the aerodynamic quantities and noise source are examined by comparing predictions from various jet and at plate configurations with an isolated jet. To quantify the propulsion airframe aeroacoustic installation effects on the aerodynamic noise source, a non-dimensional number is formed that contains the flow-conditions and airframe installation parameters.
Population dynamics of coral‐reef fishes: Controversial concepts and hypotheses

Knowledge of processes that drive the local population dynamics of coral-reef fishes is important for managing reef fisheries, and for using these species as models for understanding the ecology of demersal marine fishes in general. However, the reef-fish literature is replete with poorly defined concepts and vague hypotheses regarding the issue of population dynamics. Dichotomous arguments, such as whether or not recruitment drives population dynamics, are misdirected because they fail to incorporate several important concepts. First, changes in local population size are driven by four demographic rates (birth, death, immigration and emigration), all of which must be studied to understand population dynamics. Second, all populations that persist do so because at least one of these demographic rates operates in a density-dependent way that is both sufficiently strong and appropriately time-lagged. Therefore, identifying the source(s) of direct density dependence is critical for understanding the limits to variation in population size (i.e. population regulation). Third, regulation does not imply a simple point equilibrium in population size; density dependence in populations of reef fishes is bound to lie within a field of stochastic variation, and thus be difficult to detect. Since its formal origin in 1981, the ‘recruitment limitation’ hypothesis for explaining local population dynamics in reef fishes has undergone ambiguous changes in definition that threaten its usefulness. ‘Recruitment, ‘originally defined as the appearance of newly settled fish on a reef, more recently is often measured months after settlement, thus confounding pre- and post-settlement processes. ‘Limitation, ‘ which originally referred to recruitment being so low as to preclude local populations from reaching densities where resources were limiting, is more recently defined as an absence of any form of density dependence after settlement. The most effective means of testing whether post-settlement mortality is in fact density-independent is to examine patterns of mortality directly, rather than indirectly by interpreting the shape of the relationship between initial recruit density and subsequent adult density within a cohort (the recruit-adult function). Understanding the population dynamics of coral-reef fishes will require a more equitable focus on all four demographic rates, be they density dependent or not, as well as greater attention to identifying sources of density dependence. Such a pluralistic focus necessitates integrated studies of both pre- and post-settlement processes conducted at multiple spatial and temporal scales. For example, recent evidence suggests that density-dependent pre-dation on new recruits that have settled among reefs at different densities may prove to be an important source of local population regulation, especially via the aggregative response of transient piscivores.
Principles of the Constitutional Order: The Ratification Debates

The essays in this volume consider the writings of those who drafted the Constitution, as well as the arguments pro and con presented during the ratification debates. The first of these essays examine the founding principles from historical, political and philosophical perspectives. The second group outlines the main Anti-Federalist arguments. A discussion of the nature and implications of the doctrine of separated powers follows and the volume closes with psycho-historical portraits of Thomas Jefferson and John Adams. The volume focuses attention on the Founding period so that the original character and principles of our political order may be seen clearly, in spite of the glory and veneration with which age and custom have draped our constitution.
An empirical critique of the Lucas critique

Abstract This study provides a quantitative review of the empirical literature on the Lucas critique. Although there is great dissonance concerning the Lucas critique, our meta-analysis revealed how the apparent applicability of the Lucas critique may be attributed to misspecification and the manner in which expectations are treated. When models with questionable specification are discounted, empirical support for the Lucas critique vanishes.
Biharmonic solutions to the steady-state thermoelastic problems in three dimensions

Die Kelvin-Almansi-Darstellung einer Bipotentialfunktion vermittelst zweier harmonischer Funktionen wird zur Losung elastischer Warmespannungsprobleme fur stationare Temperaturfelder angewendet.
Dynamic reserve adjustment under exchange rate flexibility

(1990). Dynamic reserve adjustment under exchange rate flexibility. Applied Economics: Vol. 22, No. 8, pp. 995-1005.
Metastatic carcinoma to the acromion in a patient after total shoulder arthroplasty: a case report and review of the literature.

Nonconstrained total shoulder arthroplasty is a reliable treatment for symptomatic advanced glenohumeral arthritis in patients with intact rotator cuffs.4,7,10 Painful total shoulder arthroplasty is often attributed to component wear, soft-tissue problems, or bony deficiency. In order of frequency, the most common causes of painful shoulder arthroplasty are component loosening, instability, rotator cuff tear, periprosthetic fracture, infection, implant failure (including dissociation of modular components), and deltoid denervation.11 Although pain after total shoulder arthroplasty is often attributable to one of these problems, it can also stem from rarer conditions that are not related to the surgery itself. We report a case of pain after primary total shoulder arthroplasty caused by occult metastatic lung carcinoma to the acromion. In hindsight, despite clinical and radiographic evidence of post-traumatic arthritis, some or all of the patient’s original shoulder pain may have been related to occult metastases.
The management of atrial fibrillation

Atrial fibrillation affects approximately one million persons in the United States, making it the most common cardiac arrhythmia seen in clinical practice. Its prevalence increases with age, and occurs in up to 10% of the population in the eighth decade of life. Unlike coronary heart disease, atrial fibrillation affects men and women approximately equally and, in an increasingly elderly population, will become an increasing burden to the health care system. The management of atrial fibrillation has undergone significant change in recent years. Large randomized controlled trials have shown that anticoagulation markedly reduces the risk of stroke, and a number of new antiarrhythmic agents are available for the restoration and maintenance of sinus rhythm. Furthermore, physicians have become more aware of the potential proarrhythmic side effects of all antiarrythmic drugs. Finally, new procedures such as radiofrequency ablation of the atrioventricular junction and permanent pacing are playing increasing roles in the management of this arrhythmia. In this review, the identification of underlying causes and/or precipitating factors of atrial fibrillation, methods to control the ventricular response with atrioventricular nodal blocking drugs, the questions of whether restoration of sinus rhythm is a possible or desirable goal and how best to maintain sinus rhythm, should sinus rhythm be restored, and the importance of long-term anticoagulation with warfarin or antiplatelet therapy with aspirin are discussed.
Cross-modality effects upon choice reaction time

Facilitation of reaction time by a second stimulus in another sense modality than the initial signal for response extended over a longer range of interstimulus intervals when the presented sequence was visual-auditory as compared with auditory-visual. The expected difference between visual and auditory reaction times was diminished or eliminated with paired bi-modal stimuli.
Transthoracic hepatic radiofrequency ablation

Background: Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is an alternative for the treatment of unresectable hepatic tumors. Tumors beneath the diaphragmatic dome may be difficult to access by laparoscopy. In these cases, a transthoracic transdiaphragmatic approach for delivering RFA can be used. Methods: Three patients with hepatic metastatic disease were treated using a transthoracic transdiaphragmatic approach to deliver RFA therapy for tumors in liver segments 7 and 8. The patients underwent thoracoscopy. The tumors were identified using transdiaphragmatic ultrasound, and transthoracic transdiaphragmatic RFA (TTRFA) was performed. Results: In three patients, TTRFA was successfully used to ablate five lesions. There were no perioperative complications, blood loss was minimal,and postoperative hospital stays ranged from 2 to 8 days. There were no recurrences during a follow-up period of 4 to 20 months. Conclusions: TTRFA is a viable alternative for hepatic tumors located beneath the dome of the diaphragm that are difficult to access by laparoscopy.
Comprehension of a colon cancer pamphlet among American adults at least 50 years of age

Objective: The purpose of this study was to identify determinants of comprehension of an educational pamphlet on colon cancer, by adults at least 50 years of age living in the United States.Design: Data were analysed from the 2003 National Assessment of Adult Literacy survey.The survey was designed to assess functional English literacy, which included reading a colon cancer pamphlet, among American adults.Setting: The survey was carried out at interviewees’ homes.Method: Data from 1231 adults who were 50 years of age or older were selected for the current study (mean age = 63.22 years).Results: Multiple regression analysis revealed that comprehension difficulties increased with age (β = —0.13, p < 0.001). Non-Black minority adults had poorer comprehension than Whites (β = —0.10, p < 0.001). Adults with a high school or further education had better comprehension than those with lower-level education (β = 0.22, p < 0.001). Comprehension was higher among adults who often received health information by talkin...