cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Critical Regulation of Calcium Signaling and NMDA-type Glutamate Receptor In Developmental Neural Toxicity

Calcium (Ca 2+ ) is a vital element in the process of neurotransmitter release, and is a common signaling mechanism. Calcium can act in signal transduction after influx resulting from activation of ion channels or as a second messenger. Glutamate receptors play an important role in the excitatory synaptic action of the central nervous system. Activation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-type glutamate receptor increases the concentration of (Ca 2+ ) in the cell. Ca 2+ can in turn function as a second messenger in various signaling pathways. The developing nervous system varies in susceptibility to neurotoxic insults depending on the stage of development. By monitoring alterations in calcium influx, cell signaling processes, expression levels of receptor subtypes and imaging outcomes, it may be possible to completely define the affected system(s) during development. This review attempts to discuss how the potential application of some sophisticated research approaches, e.g., calcium imaging/Ca 2+ influx and monitoring gene and/or protein expression levels of receptor subtypes, provides a platform in which preclinical research models can inform clinical interventions and vice versa in the developing brain. This review focuses the discussion on representative general anesthetic agents - primarily ketamine - as examples of how the Ca 2+ influx event and specific receptor subunit expression can be used to dissect relevant mechanisms underlying the etiology of the neurotoxicity associated with developmental exposures to anesthetic agents.
The Power of Mindsets

As we have done throughout the book, we organize the final chapter around the individual, the program, and the system. Our primary purpose in the chapter is to focus your thinking on the mindsets of each of these levels of service delivery, and the critical role they play in the planning, implementation, and success of future habilitation services for adults with disabilities.
Phase transition of iron inside carbon nanotubes under electron irradiation

Selective encapsulation of different materials or phases of a material inside a carbon nanotube leads to controlling local properties of the nanotube. We report a method of synthesizing stable γ-Fe selectively inside a carbon nanotube by transforming α-Fe through electron irradiation in situ inside a transmission electron microscope. Therefore, this method enables a single nanotube to encase both high (γ-Fe) and low (α-Fe) temperature phases of iron simultaneously. γ-Fe produced by this method may be used as a novel catalyst, and its presence inside a carbon nanotube may affect the physical properties of the nanotube, which therefore can be used to modify the nanotube.
The Creation of Proton Hopping from a DrugReceptor Encounter

We extend recent modeling studies of proton hopping, used to describe the functioning of membrane channels and axon nerve conduction, to offer an explanation of the initiation of the nerve impulse at an effector-ligand encounter. This encounter is proposed to create a hydronium ion in the vicinity of the effector and ligand, which leads to a continuous flow of protons, called proton hopping, through water adjacent to this encounter. This proton hopping is proposed to be the message carried from the encounter to the axon of a particular nerve system associated with that particular effector-ligand system.
Modified Atmosphere Maintains Quality of Fresh‐cut Cantaloupe (Cucumis melo L.)

Fresh-cut cantaloupe cubes were placed in film-sealed containers in which the internal gas mixture was attained naturally (nMAP), was flushed with 4 kPa O 2 plus 10 kPa CO 2 (fMAP), or was maintained near atmospheric levels by perforating the film (PFP). While both nMAP and fMAP maintained the salable quality of melon cubes for 9 d at 5 °C, fMAP maintained quality better than nMAP. The benefit of fMAP was indicated by better color retention, and by reduced translucency, respiration rate, and microbial population compared with nMAP. Shelf life of cubes In PFP was only 5 to 7 d at 5 °C, and its rapid decline was due to tissue translucency and/or off-odor development. Cette etude decrit les changements dans la qualite et la population microbienne naturelle de cantaloups fraichement coupes, places dans des conteneurs scelles par un film. La composition interne en gaz est soit atteinte naturellement (nMAP) pendant l'entreposage, soit chassee avec un melange de 4 kPa d'O 2 et 10 kPa de CO 2 (fMAP) ou maintenue a des concentrations atmospheriques en perforant le film. Bien que les conditionnements en nMAP et fMAP maintiennent une bonne qualite des cubes de melons pendant 5 jours a 5°C, le procede fMAP est plus efficace.
Effects of microtubule disruption on force, velocity, stiffness and [Ca2+]i in porcine coronary arteries

Force generated by smooth muscle cells is believed to result from the interaction of actin and myosin filaments and is regulated through phosphorylation of the myosin regulatory light chain (LC20)....
Design Principles and Guidelines

Chapter 3 discussed the planning of UCD in the development of the social network including the specification of the context of use, the identification of potential user groups and the analysis of their characteristics as well as potential tasks, and finally, the user requirements analysis using different methods.
Montería indiana: El Chaco

Pocos placeres tan gustados en la epoca —y aun hoy—, pocos tan senoriales, tan de guerreros como la caza. Tambien para Garcilaso Inca, noble soldado, buen jinete, halconero en su mocedad cuzquena y sin duda montero en la campina andaluza. En la Florida y ambas partes de los Comentarios surgen aqui y alli referencias a estos ejercicios, pero sobre todo al chaco, gran caceria de los incas, cuya presentacion resultara esplendida; al escribirla, tanto sus recursos literarios cuanto sus dotes de historiador se ponen a la obra. Buena ocasion para examinar, a la vez que su cultura cortesana, sus calidades de autor veraz: muchos cronistas trataron del chaco, y el cotejo puede resultar instructivo.
Surgical management of the aortic root in patients with Marfan syndrome.

BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE STUDY Surgical aortic root reconstruction techniques are standard therapy to avoid catastrophic vascular events in patients with Marfan syndrome with a dilated and/or dissected aortic root. The study aim was to evaluate the long-term results of aortic root reconstruction. METHODS Eighty-three patients (54 males, 29 females; mean age 37+/-17 years) fulfilling strict Ghent criteria for Marfan syndrome underwent aortic root surgery between 1971 and 2001. Of these patients, 65 (78%) underwent a composite valve conduit repair and 18 (22%) a valve-sparing aortic root reconstruction. Six patients (7%) suffered from an acute type A dissection, and 16 (19%) a chronic type A dissection. RESULTS In-hospital and 30-day mortality was 3.6% (n = 3). Morbidity included stroke (1.2%; n = 1), perioperative myocardial infarction (1.2%; n = 1) and reoperation for bleeding (10%; n = 8). Of 21 late deaths, the cause was cardiac in nine cases. Actuarial survival at 5, 10, 15 and 20 years was 84% (95% CI 76-93%), 73% (CI 61-86%), 59% (CI 45-77%) and 43% (CI 26-72%), respectively. Multivariate predictors for late death were postoperative dysrhythmias and need for inotropes (p < or =0.01). Freedom from reoperation at 5, 10, 15 and 20 years was 86% (CI 78-95%), 69% (CI 56-85%), 53% (CI 38-74%) and 48% (CI 23-71%), respectively. Multivariate predictors for reoperation were preoperative mitral valve prolapse and an initial valve-sparing aortic procedure (p < or =0.05). In the composite valve conduit patients, freedom from thromboembolism was 88% (CI 76-100%), and from endocarditis was 99% (CI 93-100%) at 15 years. CONCLUSION Composite valve conduit replacement of the aortic root in patients with Marfan syndrome offers a durable result, with low mortality and long-term complication rates. Reoperation was most commonly required for cardiac and vascular disease unrelated to the initial operation and in patients undergoing a valve-sparing aortic root procedure.
An Introduction to Technical Analysis

Technical stock analysis uses past prices and trading volume or both to predict future prices. A broad range of techniques such as chart analysis, moving averages, and other filters and oscillators can be used to identify predictable patterns in stock prices. The conventional wisdom is that stock-price patterns emerge from systematic psychological behavior of market participants. This note provides an overview of some common analytical tools for identifying trading opportunities.
Driven to Distraction

We address several themes that emerged in the commentaries related to our target article. First, we consider the relationship between cognitive distraction and crash risk. Second, we discuss the development of our cognitive distraction scale. Third, we weigh issues of self-regulation, appropriate baselines, and satisficing. Finally, we identify several areas where additional research is needed to refine our understanding of driver distraction and crash risk.
Guards, Failure, and Partiality: Dijkstra's Guarded-Command Language Formulated Topologically

Existing treatments of Dijkstra's guarded-command language treat divergence and failure as equivalent, even though Dijkstra clearly states they are not. We reexamine Dijkstra's language, redefining its denotational semantics with powerdomains formulated ini¾?topological terms. The results refine existing work, give a sound semantics of guards, failure, and divergence for non-flat storage domains, and reveal the important role that general topology plays in program correctness.
α,α′,α″,α′″-meso-tetrahexyltetramethyl-calix[4]pyrrole: an easy-to-prepare, isomerically pure anion extractant with enhanced solubility in organic solvents

α,α′,α″,α′″-meso-Tetrahexyltetramethyl-calix[4]pyrrole is easily obtained as a single diastereomer in a one-pot reaction. It exhibits enhanced solubility in organic solvents, including aliphatic solvents, relative to its parent meso-octamethylcalix[4]pyrrole (1). Somewhat surprisingly, the tetrahexyl derivative 2 complexes with tributylmethylammonium chloride in chloroform more strongly than does 1 as shown by NMR titrations. However, 1 and 2 exhibit comparable complexation strength in extraction experiments, the difference between the NMR and extraction results being attributed to the effect of organic-phase water in the extraction systems. Mass-action analysis indicates the formation of the predominant complex TBMA+(1 or 2)Cl− in both NMR and extraction systems, and equilibrium constants are reported. x-Ray crystal structures were obtained for the free ligand 2 and its complex with tetramethylammonium chloride. The free ligand crystallises in the 1,3-alt conformation with equatorial hexyl arms. In the c...
Neonatal vocalizations in bats of eight genera.

Ultrasonics of eight species of infant bats are described and related to adaptations of precocial and altricial conditions at birth. Species include Antrozous pallidus, Eptesicus fuscus, Myotis lucifugus, Leptonycteris sanborni, Carollia perspicillata, Phyllostomus hastatus, Macrotus californicus , and Molossus ater . Newborn Antrozous and Eptesicus are relatively immature; they emit but one type of vocalization; eyes and ears are closed; the body is naked. This condition is termed altricial. Newborn Carollia and Macrotus are relatively mature; they emit more than one type of vocalization; eyes and ears are open; the body is covered with fur. This condition is termed precocial. Newborns of most species of bats (that is Myotis, Leptonycteris, Phyllostomus , and Molossus ) probably fall somewhere between precocial and altricial; these are termed intermediate.
Biophysical intrapartal fetal monitoring.

Electronic techniques for continuous monitoring of the fetus are an integral part of fetal intensive care in hospitals around the world, largely because of the development of instrumentation which is simple and convenient to use, a better understanding of fetal heart rate patterns, and results of biochemical studies of the fetal rhesus monkey.
Mestizaje in the Mother-Daughter Autobiography of Rosario Morales and Aurora Levins Morales

(1993). Mestizaje in the Mother-Daughter Autobiography of Rosario Morales and Aurora Levins Morales. a/b: Auto/Biography Studies: Vol. 8, FEMINIST BIOGRAPHY, pp. 303-315.
Neurologic management following cardiac arrest.

Providing patients with the optimum chance of being discharged neurologically intact requires careful and knowledgeable titration of therapy for both intracranial and extracranial disorders after cardiac arrest. A detailed understanding of the postresuscitation syndrome serves to guide this effort. Although research in brain resuscitation has many promising frontiers, the best available therapy after cardiac arrest focuses on well-performed general intensive care.
Localization of soluble and insoluble fractions of hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins during maize kernel development

Monoclonal antibodies have been developed against PC-1 protein, the major hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein (HRGP) from maize pericarp, and have been used as probes in an indirect alkaline phosphatase antibody assay to localize this protein in tissue of three maize varieties. Kernels were sampled several days after pollination (d.a.p.). HRGPs were assayed by reacting antibodies with tissue prints of kernels and embedded tissue samples. Tissue prints show that soluble HRGPs are present in small quantities even at early stages of kernel development. The greatest accumulation of PC-1 in the pericarp is at the top of the kernel. As the kernels mature, HRGPs begin to accumulate in the developing embryo. Total HRGPs in embedded tissue begin to accumulate at 10 d.a.p. and increase quite dramatically at 20–30 d.a.p. Popcorn kernels lose antigenic reactivity at 40 d.a.p., while sweet corn kernels continue to show strong reactivity.
Asbestos–free clutches and brakes reinforced with Kevlar aramid fibres

This review shows how the unique properties and several fibre forms of Kevlar aramid fibre make it useful as a partial substitute for asbestos in clutches and brakes. This is a significant feat, since asbestos is a fibre with excellent properties, at a fraction of the cost of Kevlar. Every asbestos replacement must demonstrate that it is not itself a hazard. Toxicological testing is also be covered.
Feasibility study: protein denaturation and coagulation monitoring with speckle variance optical coherence tomography

We performed the feasibility study using speckle variance optical coherence tomography (SvOCT) to monitor the thermally induced protein denaturation and coagulation process as a function of temperature and depth. SvOCT provided the depth-resolved image of protein denaturation and coagulation with microscale resolution. This study was conducted using egg white. During the heating process, as the temperature increased, increases in the speckle variance signal was observed as the egg white proteins coagulated. Additionally, by calculating the cross-correlation coefficient in specific areas, denaturized egg white conditions were successfully estimated. These results indicate that SvOCT could be used to monitor the denaturation process of various proteins.
Comparison of jugular and transverse facial venous sinus blood analytes in healthy and critically ill adult horses

Objective To compare blood gas, electrolyte, and metabolic analysis results between blood obtained by jugular and transverse facial venous sinus (TFVS) venipuncture in healthy adult horses and sick adult horses presented for emergency evaluation. Design Prospective, experimental study, from June 2012 to October 2013. Setting Large animal university teaching hospital. Animals Ten healthy adult University-owned horses and 48 client-owned adult horses (≥2 years old) presenting to the large animal hospital emergency service for medical or surgical evaluation of systemic illness. Interventions Venipunctures (jugular vein [JV] and TFVS) were performed using preheparinized syringes and obtained prior to institution of medical therapy. Samples were analyzed in random order within a 10-minute interval using a point-of-care blood gas analyzer (NOVA Critical Care Xpress) that also reports electrolyte and metabolite results. Comparisons between venipuncture sites were analyzed using the Student's paired t-test for normally distributed data and the Wilcoxon paired test for nonnormally distributed data. Bland–Altman analysis was used to assess agreement between venipuncture sites. Measurements and Main Results There were no statistically significant differences found between variables for JV and TFVS in healthy horses. In sick horses, JV measurements were greater than TFVS for ionized calcium (P = 0.002) and glucose (P = 0.001), and less than TFVS for hematocrit (P = 0.015). Bland–Altman plots demonstrated small biases but overall agreement between sites. Conclusions The TFVS can be used interchangeably with JV for venous blood gas analysis in healthy horses. In sick horses, identified differences were small and likely not clinically important. The reliability of this point-of-care blood gas analyzer for measurement of hematocrit remains to be determined.
Bacterial Branched-Chain Amino Acid Biosynthesis: Structures, Mechanisms, and Drugability

The eight enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of the three branched-chain amino acids (l-isoleucine, l-leucine, and l-valine) were identified decades ago using classical genetic approaches based on amino acid auxotrophy. This review will highlight the recent progress in the determination of the three-dimensional structures of these enzymes, their chemical mechanisms, and insights into their suitability as targets for the development of antibacterial agents. Given the enormous rise in bacterial drug resistance to every major class of antibacterial compound, there is a clear and present need for the identification of new antibacterial compounds with nonoverlapping targets to currently used antibacterials that target cell wall, protein, mRNA, and DNA synthesis.
Looking Backward, Looking Forward: An Afterword

The afterword examines Broadway’s relationship to technology against the backdrop of American culture in general. Recurring themes that emerge in the collection of essays are identified and discussed, and Broadway’s continued relationship with digital technology is considered.
Interlanguage Pragmatics, Curricular Innovation, and Digital Technologies

Human interaction is fundamentally about shared understanding, created when interlocutors engage with one another around their own intended meaning and the intended meaning of others. Pragmatics is at the core of this interaction. The fields of computer-assisted language learning (CALL) and the teaching and learning of interlanguage pragmatics (ILP) have grown up together. These fields have sometimes been at odds, but, more often than not, they have drawn on synergies from one another to advance. Emerging digital tools have made notable innovations in the field of ILP development possible, and, simultaneously, the needs of ILP researchers and practitioners have led to technological innovation. This article explores these advancements through a synthesis of key research in the field of technology-mediated teaching and learning of ILP in five core areas – curricular materials, classroom interventions, telecollaboration, research methodologies, and expanding pragmatic practices.
Endovascular Therapy and Ethnic Disparities in Stroke Outcomes.

Background and Purpose Ethnic disparities in stroke are well described, with a higher incidence of disability and increased mortality in Blacks versus Whites. We sought to compare the clinical outcomes between those ethnic groups after stroke endovascular therapy (ET). Methods We performed a retrospective review of the prospectively acquired Grady Endovascular Stroke Outcomes Registry between September 1, 2010 and September 30, 2015. Patients were dichotomized into two groups - Caucasians and African-Americans - and matched for age, pretreatment glucose level, and baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score. Baseline characteristics as well as procedural and outcome parameters were compared. Results Out of the 830 patients treated with ET, 308 pairs of patients (n = 616) underwent primary analysis. African-Americans were younger (p < 0.01), had a higher prevalence of hypertension (p < 0.01) and diabetes (p = 0.04), and had higher Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score values (p = 0.03) and shorter times to treatment (p = 0.01). Blacks more frequently had Medicaid coverage and less private insurance (29.6 vs. 11.4% and 41.5 vs. 60.3%, respectively, p < 0.01). The remaining baseline characteristics, including baseline NIHSS score and CT perfusion-derived ischemic core volumes, were well balanced. There were no differences in the overall distribution of 90-day modified Rankin scale scores (p = 0.28), rates of successful reperfusion (84.7 vs. 85.7%, p = 0.91), good outcomes (49.1 vs. 44%, p = 0.24), or parenchymal hematomas (6.5 vs. 6.8%, p = 1.00). Blacks had lower 90-day mortality rates (18 vs. 24.6%, p = 0.04) in univariate analysis, which persisted as a nonsignificant trend after adjustment for potential confounders (OR 0.52, 95% CI 0.26-1.03, p = 0.06). Conclusions Despite unique baseline characteristics, African-Americans treated with ET for large vessel occlusion strokes have similar outcomes as Caucasians. Greater availability of ET may diminish the ethnic/racial disparities in stroke outcomes.
Follicular growth in the rat: a reevaluation of the roles of FSH and LH.

Although it has been well established that there are two structurally distinct pituitary gonadotropins, the question of why there are two remains an intriguing, unresolved question to those studying the hormonal control of follicular development. The purpose of this communication is to describe some mechanisms by which luteinizing hormone (LH) as well as follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) may act to stimulate follicular growth (1) and to examine how the effects of LH appear dependent on the differentiation of theca cells and granulosa cells. To provide a conceptual framework for this review, first we will describe studies concerning the interactions of estradiol and FSH on granulosa cell differentiation in the hypophysectomized immature rat. This will be followed by a description of studies demonstrating a role for LH in follicular growth in the estradiol primed, hypophysectomized rats and in adult cycling and pregnant rats. These studies suggest that LH acts not only to increase follicular estradiol production via stimulation of theca cell androgen synthesis (2), but may also act directly on granulosa cells of developing preovulatory follicles to increase the content of LH receptor.
The Image Made Flesh: A Photographic Re-Reading of the Pygmalian Myth

While Plato was describing the imminent dangers of art because of its mimetic remove from the Idea, men were attempting to copulate with the sculpture of the Knidian Aphrodite, so enamored were they of her derriere, ideally depicted and displayed in an open rotunda.1 The Knidian Aphrodite (Figure 1) derived her notoriety not only for being the first depiction of the female nude in Greek art, but for the reaction she elicited from viewers: her derriere is said by Pliny to have borne the seminal stains of her male viewers’ lust,2 testimony both to the success of her mimetic remove and to the dangers that Plato identified are inherent in that success.
Marketing Education Students' Perceptions Toward Marketing Education Courses

For more than a decade, reform in vocational education has been a major topic in national reports calling for educational change. A majority of these documents identify the teacher as the major change agent. The instrument used in this study is designed to assess attitudes of vocational education students regarding the vocational course in which they are enrolled. Responses from 354 secondary marketing education students are analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The five core propositions of exemplary teaching developed by The National Board for Professional Teaching Standards provide a philosophical framework for further examination of study findings. Findings suggest that students are generally positive about their marketing course and form perceptions toward marketing courses based on three factors-Personal Relevance, Educational Value, and Life Skills.
Stratospheric aerosol injection tactics and costs in the first 15 years of deployment

We review the capabilities and costs of various lofting methods intended to deliver sulfates into the lower stratosphere. We lay out a future solar geoengineering deployment scenario of halving the increase in anthropogenic radiative forcing beginning 15 years hence, by deploying material to altitudes as high as ~20 km. After surveying an exhaustive list of potential deployment techniques, we settle upon an aircraft-based delivery system. Unlike the one prior comprehensive study on the topic (McClellan et al 2012 Environ. Res. Lett. 7 034019), we conclude that no existing aircraft design—even with extensive modifications—can reasonably fulfill this mission. However, we also conclude that developing a new, purpose-built high-altitude tanker with substantial payload capabilities would neither be technologically difficult nor prohibitively expensive. We calculate early-year costs of ~$1500 ton−1 of material deployed, resulting in average costs of ~$2.25 billion yr−1 over the first 15 years of deployment. We further calculate the number of flights at ~4000 in year one, linearly increasing by ~4000 yr−1. We conclude by arguing that, while cheap, such an aircraft-based program would unlikely be a secret, given the need for thousands of flights annually by airliner-sized aircraft operating from an international array of bases.
Opioid use and the presence of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias among elderly Medicare beneficiaries diagnosed with chronic pain conditions.

Abstract Introduction There is scant literature on the use of opioids among community-dwelling elderly with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD). Methods We adopted a retrospective, cross-sectional study design using Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey data from 2006 to 2013. The study sample included elderly community-dwelling Medicare beneficiaries who were diagnosed with chronic pain conditions and had Medicare fee-for-service plans for the entire year. We conducted bivariate χ2 test and multivariate logistic regression to examine the relationship between opioid use and ADRD status. Results The study sample included 19,347 Medicare beneficiaries; 7.7% of them had ADRD. We found no statistically significant difference in opioid use by ADRD status in the unadjusted analysis; however, controlling for various factors, those with ADRD had lower odds of opioid use (adjusted odds ratio = 0.81, 95% confidence interval = 0.71, 0.93) than those without ADRD. Discussion This population-based study suggests that elderly Medicare beneficiaries with ADRD and chronic pain conditions may have undertreatment of pain.
Abstract P610: Hypertension Is Associated With Profound Pathological Changes In The Gut

Background and objective: Our previous studies have shown that gut microbial dysbiosis is linked to hypertension (HTN) in both animal models and patients with high blood pressure (BP) (Hypertension...
Biochemical Profile Affects IOPTH Kinetics and Cure Rate in Primary Hyperparathyroidism.

Recently, normocalcemic (NC) and normohormonal (NH) variants of primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) have been described, with distinct biochemical profiles from the typical high serum calcium and parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels. Here, we investigate whether biochemical profile affects cure rate, as well as the kinetics of intraoperative PTH (IOPTH). This is a single-center, retrospective study of pHPT patients undergoing parathyroidectomy. Patients were grouped based on preoperative calcium and PTH levels into typical, NC (normal calcium, elevated PTH, no evidence of secondary hyperparathyroidism), and NH (elevated calcium, unsuppressed PTH) biochemical profiles. All patients had IOPTH monitoring and ≥6-month post-op serum studies to confirm surgical cure. Patient variables were analyzed with Kruskal–Wallis test and Chi-square analysis. IOPTH kinetic curves were analyzed using a linear mixed model. From June 2006 to October 2014, 646 patients met inclusion criteria. Biochemical profile was typical in 460 patients (71%), NC in 101 (16%), and NH in 85 (13%). IOPTH levels were higher at all time points in typical patients, p < 0.001. Surgical cure rates were significantly lower for NC patients (90.1%) than for typical (98.5%) or NH patients (97.7%), p < 0.001, although a stricter criteria for cure was used in this group (normal calcium AND normal PTH). In a multivariable linear mixed model, NC patients had a significantly slower rate of IOPTH decline (p < 0.001 at 10 min). Here, we better characterize the atypical variants of pHPT. Using a stricter definition of cure in the NC variant, these patients have a lower surgical cure rate than typical or NH variants in pHPT. The IOPTH curve is affected by biochemical profile, with both NC and NH patients having lower absolute values and NC patients having a slower decline.
The Gender Gap in Stem Attainment

I investigate the determinants of high school completion and college attendance, the likelihood of taking science, technology, engineering or math (STEM) courses in the first year of college and the probability of earning a degree in a STEM field. The focus is on women, who tend to be underrepresented in STEM fields. Tracking four cohorts of students throughout Florida, women perform nearly as well as men on math achievement tests through high school and are more likely to finish high school and attend college than males. Among college students, however, women are less likely than men to take courses in the physical sciences in their first year and are less likely to earn a degree in physics or engineering, even after adjusting for pre-college test scores. Gender matching of students and math/science teachers in middle and high school tends to increase the likelihood that female college freshman will take at least one STEM course. However, conditional on first-year coursework, neither gender matching at the secondary or college levels appears to have any effect on the likelihood of completing a major in a STEM field. For all students, having high school math and physics teachers with a degree in math or physics, respectively, (as opposed to education) is associated with a higher likelihood of taking STEM courses as college freshmen.
Chemotherapy and CDK4/6 Inhibition in Cancer Treatment: Timing Is Everything.

Chemotherapy remains the main treatment option for patients with several tumor types. In this issue of Cancer Cell, Salvador-Barbero et al. demonstrate that treatment with CDK4/6 inhibitors after application of taxanes (or other chemotherapeutic compounds) strongly potentiates the anti-tumor effect due to repression of DNA repair machinery.
Original contributionGastric-juice ammonia assay for diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection and the relationship of ammonia concentration to gastritis severity

OBJECTIVES: To determine the test characteristics of gastric-juice ammonia concentration as measured by an ion-selective electrode and a rapid ammonia detection device for the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection and to assess the relationship between gastric-juice ammonia concentration and the severity of gastritis. METHODS: Patients undergoing upper endoscopy had collection of gastric juice that was tested for ammonia using an ion-selective electrode and a rapid ammonia assay device that uses a pH-indicating membrane. A receiver operating characteristic curve was calculated for ammonia concentration. Severity of gastritis was graded using the Sydney classification (1) and correlated to gastric-juice ammonia concentration. Patients also underwent H. pylori testing by IgG serology, rapid urease testing, and histological special stain. Ammonia testing results were compared with a reference standard of two of three positive tests and with a second reference standard of a positive serology. RESULTS: 73 patients underwent endoscopy and collection of gastric juice. The receiver operating characteristic curve indicated an optimal cutoff value of 5 mM, yielding a sensitivity of 67%, specificity of 93%, positive predictive value of 67%, and negative predictive value of 93% (compared with the combined reference standard). The rapid NH3-testing device yielded a sensitivity of 83%, specificity 63%, positive predictive value 31%, and negative predictive value 95%. The severity of neutrophilic (p = 0.001) and mononuclear cell (p = 0.003) infiltration were significantly correlated with gastric-juice ammonia concentration. CONCLUSIONS: Measurement of gastric-juice ammonia concentration by ion-selective electrode or rapid detection device is a relatively insensitive and nonspecific means of H. pylori diagnosis. Gastritis severity increases with gastric-juice ammonia concentration.
A national prospective cohort study of SARS/COV2 pandemic outcomes in the U.S.: The CHASING COVID Cohort

ABSTRACT Purpose The CHASING COVID Cohort study is a U.S.-based prospective cohort study launched during the upswing of the U.S. COVID-19 epidemic. The objectives are to: 1) estimate and evaluate determinants of the cumulative incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection, disease, and deaths; 2) assess the impact of the pandemic on psychosocial and economic outcomes; and 3) assess the uptake of pandemic mitigation strategies. Participants We began enrolling participants March 28, 2020 using internet-based strategies. Adults ≥18 years residing anywhere in the U.S. or U.S. territories were eligible. 6,753 people are enrolled in the cohort, including participants from all 50 U.S. states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and Guam. Participants are contacted regularly to complete study assessments, including interviews and specimen collection. Findings to date Of 4,247 participants who provided a specimen for baseline serologic testing, 135 were seropositive by screening antibody testing (3.2%, 95% CI 2.7%-3.5%) and 90 were seropositive by confirmatory antibody testing (2.1%, 95% CI 1.7%-2.6%). Cohort data have been used to assess the role of household crowding and the presence of children in the household as potential risk factors for severe COVID-19 early in the U.S. pandemic; to describe the prevalence of anxiety symptoms and its relationship to COVID-19 outcomes and other potential stressors; and to identify preferences for SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic testing when community transmission is on the rise via a discrete choice experiment. Future plans The CHASING COVID Cohort Study has outlined a research agenda that involves ongoing monitoring of the cumulative incidence and determinants of SARS-CoV-2 outcomes, mental health outcomes and economic outcomes. Additional priorities include COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy, uptake and effectiveness; incidence, prevalence and correlates of long-haul COVID-19; and the extent and duration of the protective effect of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies.
Generalized Linear Model with Elastic Net Regularization and Convolutional Neural Network for Evaluating Aphanomyces Root Rot Severity in Lentil

Phenomics technologies allow quantitative assessment of phenotypes across a larger number of plant genotypes compared to traditional phenotyping approaches. The utilization of such technologies has enabled the generation of multidimensional plant traits creating big datasets. However, to harness the power of phenomics technologies, more sophisticated data analysis methods are required. In this study, Aphanomyces root rot (ARR) resistance in 547 lentil accessions and lines was evaluated using Red-Green-Blue (RGB) images of roots. We created a dataset of 6,460 root images that were annotated by a plant breeder based on the disease severity. Two approaches, generalized linear model with elastic net regularization (EN) and convolutional neural network (CNN), were developed to classify disease resistance categories into three classes: resistant, partially resistant, and susceptible. The results indicated that the selected image features using EN models were able to classify three disease categories with an accuracy of up to 0.91 ± 0.004 (0.96 ± 0.005 resistant, 0.82 ± 0.009 partially resistant, and 0.92 ± 0.007 susceptible) compared to CNN with an accuracy of about 0.84 ± 0.009 (0.96 ± 0.008 resistant, 0.68 ± 0.026 partially resistant, and 0.83 ± 0.015 susceptible). The resistant class was accurately detected using both classification methods. However, partially resistant class was challenging to detect as the features (data) of the partially resistant class often overlapped with those of resistant and susceptible classes. Collectively, the findings provided insights on the use of phenomics techniques and machine learning approaches to provide quantitative measures of ARR resistance in lentil.
Identifying Cyber-Physical Vulnerabilities in Additive Manufacturing Systems using a Systems Approach

The increasing influence and adoption of Additive Manufacturing (AM) technology across manufacturing sectors has made it a target for cyber-physical attacks. While several techniques have been developed to mitigate specific AM related threats, there is little research aimed at assessing cyber-physical threats or vulnerabilities that extend across the entire AM workflow. Such an assessment requires a holistic approach that systematically analyzes all components of the AM workflow for cyber-physical vulnerabilities. Several methodologies have been successfully applied towards identifying such vulnerabilities in other domains like Information Technology (IT) systems. In response, this paper provides a systems approach towards identifying cyber-physical vulnerabilities in AM systems using the Vulnerability Assessment and Mitigation (VAM) methodology. This approach characterizes the different vulnerabilities that arise from specific AM threats by identifying the quality attributes of the AM system that introduces it. The security techniques developed to mitigate these threats are reduced to a combination of fundamental mitigation techniques, that have been compiled based on its success in other domains. Using the resources from the VAM methodology, fundamental mitigation techniques that are best suited towards mitigating specific vulnerability attributes are identified. Comparing the combination of fundamental mitigation techniques associated with an AM security technique and the list of fundamental mitigation techniques suggested by the VAM methodology provides insight into how an AM security technique can be improved. Finally, the paper provides a case study of the proposed adapted VAM methodology to demonstrate its application.
Sarnat Staging as Clinical Prognostic Tool to Assess Neurodevelopmental Outcome at 24 months of Age in Full Term Infants Treated with Therapuetic Hypothermia for Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy (563)

Objective: Assess whether Sarnat staging could predict neurodevelopmental outcome at 24 months of age. Background: Sarnat staging as neurodevelopmental predictor during therapeutic hypothermia treatment for hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy are currently minimal. Design/Methods: Retrospective chart review of full-term infants admitted to Morristown Medical Center’s Neonatal Intensive Care Unit from January 2014 – December 2017 that underwent therapeutic hypothermia for suspected HIE. Infants were retrospectively assigned Sarnat scores and classified as mild, moderate, or severe encephalopathy during treatment, post-treatment, and discharge. Developmental data was retrospectively collected at 24mo using Gesell Developmental Assessment Tool. The raw Gesell score was expressed as a developmental quotient (tested age/actual age). The effect of Sarnat stage on DQ was assessed by multiple regression analysis with DQ as the dependent variable, and gestational age, birth weight, gender, 1- and 5-minute Apgar scores as independent variables. Results: 23 full-term infants were collected. Developmental data at 24mo and Sarnat scores were available for 14 infants. Mean (SD) birth weight was 3.3 kg (0.47), gestational age 39.0w (0.6), and Apgars 2 (0.75 – 3, median, IQR), 3.5 (1.5 – 5), and 5 (4 – 5) at 1, 5, and 10 minutes. All infants required positive pressure ventilation and 6/14 (43%) required chest compressions at delivery. The DQ at 24mo significantly correlated with severity of Sarnat score pre-cooling (p = 0.024), as well as days 1 (p=0.038), 2 (p=0.023), and 3 (p=0.023) during cooling; however, not on days 1 (p=0.097), 2 (p=0.11), or 4 (p = 0.061) post-cooling. The Gesell subscales least correlating with Sarnat scores were expressive language and social skills, which were only significant at pre-cooling (p=0.018 and p=0.021). Conclusions: Sarnat staging continues to be a powerful predictor of long-term neurodevelopment before and during therapeutic hypothermia treatment. This finding may be important in low-resource settings where other potential predictors of long-term outcome may be unavailable. Disclosure: Dr. Gordon has nothing to disclose. Dr. Griffin has nothing to disclose. Dr. Bennett has nothing to disclose.
An Examination of School Resource Officers as an Approach to Reduce Social Disturbances in Schools: Evidence from a National Longitudinal Study

School safety is a priority for school administrators and policy makers as they seek strategies to provide an environment conducive to learning. Beyond preventing crime, schools must contend with s...
Are current family-history based colorectal cancer screening guidelines adequate for early detection and potential prevention of young-onset cases?

3549Background: Strategies to detect and prevent young-onset colorectal cancer (YOCRC, diagnosed under age 50) are critical. Established high-risk screening guidelines (SGs) aim to detect/prevent Y...
New-Onset Pediatric Diabetes Complicated By Diabetic Ketoacidosis and Invasive Rhinocerebral Mucormycosis With Internal Carotid Artery Occlusion.

Abstract Background Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) has increased in prevalence in the emergency department (ED) in recent years. The complications of DKA are life threatening and necessitate rapid identification and management. Pediatric complications include cerebral edema, venous thrombosis, acute kidney injury, and severe infections including necrotizing fasciitis and mucormycosis. Rhinocerebral mucormycosis carries a high mortality rate and requires early treatment with antifungals and surgical debridement. Case Report A 16-year-old boy with no significant past medical history presented to the ED with new-onset DKA complicated by hypothermia, hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, cerebral edema, and multifactorial shock. During a complicated pediatric intensive care unit admission, he was found to have fatal invasive rhinocerebral mucormycosis, causing internal carotid artery occlusion with evidence of both direct and hematogenous spread into his brain. Why Should an Emergency Physician Be Aware of This? Early identification of shock and appropriate management with intravenous fluids, vasopressors, and reversal of the underlying process is key in hypotensive children. In pediatric DKA, the emergency physician must consider cerebral edema, appropriate fluid resuscitation, and identify the likely precipitants leading to the onset of DKA. Thorough workup for potential precipitants should be initiated in the ED, searching for etiologies including infection, intoxication, insulin deficiency, inflammation, and ischemia. We must remember that pediatric patients, especially those with new DKA, are susceptible to life-threatening infection, including mucormycosis. Mucormycosis is a rare diagnosis, and management includes antifungal therapies and involvement of otorhinolaryngology.
Personalized networks of social anxiety disorder and depression and implications for treatment.

Abstract Introduction Social anxiety disorder (SAD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) often co-occur; however, there is limited research evaluating how cognitive-affective and behavioral factors maintain SAD and MDD for specific individuals. Evidence suggests that individuals exhibit symptom-level heterogeneity, necessitating a person-specific approach to assessment and intervention. We compared group and person-specific models of SAD-MDD comorbidity and hypothesized that individuals would demonstrate person-specific patterns of comorbidity factors that differed from the group. Methods Cisgender women (N = 35) with SAD and a current or past major depressive episode were recruited. Ages ranged from 18 to 37 years old and a majority of women were White (n = 18; 51.43%). Brief ecological momentary assessment surveys related to SAD-MDD comorbidity were administered five times a day for a month (T = 4,357). Results Multilevel and person-specific network analyses were used to examine between-, within-, and person-specific patterns. Intra-daily depressed mood demonstrated the strongest connections to other variables and exhibited additional, unexpected temporal effects. All models demonstrated person-specific patterns relevant to SAD-MDD comorbidity. Limitations These results are descriptive in nature from women with a similar psychiatric profile. Future research integrating intensive EMA and personalized modeling within the context of experimental design is needed to determine the extent to which individuals truly differ from the group. Conclusions Patterns of SAD-MDD comorbidity varied substantially across women, underscoring the potential for results from person-specific (idiographic) networks to inform the development and implementation of personalized directives for clinical assessment and intervention.
Uma história de amor e ódio: a administração régia em Cabo Verde e a Companhia Geral do Grão-Pará e Maranhão (1757-1777)

No presente artigo pretendo discutir a percepcao entre os oficiais da administracao regia portuguesa, enviados para a gestao do arquipelago de Cabo Verde, da atuacao da Companhia do Grao-Para e Maranhao (doravante CGPM). Para tal, pretendo basear este trabalho, principalmente, na documentacao avulsa do Arquivo Historico Ultramarino em Portugal e na documentacao pontual que ja foi publicada ou esta salvaguardada no Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo e no Arquivo Nacional do Tribunal de Contas. Por meio desta documentacao, intento demonstrar a conturbada relacao existente entre os oficiais enviados para administracao do arquipelago, moradores ilheus, administradores e a Junta Administrativa da empresa monopolista. Este trabalho se divide em duas partes: na primeira falaremos da ocupacao e economia do arquipelago cabo-verdiano; na segunda parte, que e o cerne do artigo, mostraremos a conflituosa relacao entre administradores e a CGPM.
Pre-Existing Alcoholism Followed by Head and Body Trauma

This is the third of the cases injured in the same accident involing a cherry picker and a telephone line. This case was complicated by preexisting alcoholism as well as an inability of the patient to recognize the presence of his deficits.