cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Advancing Social Studies Learning for the 21st Century with Divergent Thinking.

Social studies teachers of all grade levels are responsible for (a) connecting students with standards-based content, (b) engaging students in their own learning, (c) expanding students’ levels of understanding by co-constructing new knowledge, (d) motivating students to express and exchange ideas with one another, and (e) incorporating social studies across the curriculum and into their students’ lives. To achieve powerful learning that is meaningful, active, challenging, valued and integrative as well as to demonstrate 21st Century Skills more efficiently and effectively, social studies teachers are urged to feature divergent thinking. Using divergent thinking, students deconstruct a topic into parts and then generate as many creative, original, and varied productions as possible. This article provides ten classroom-tested strategies with specific examples in civics, economics, geography, and history that can be easily adapted along with guidelines and checklists for classroom implementation. Additional...
Mixed-Valence Perovskite Thin Films by Polymer-Assisted Deposition

In thin films of rare-earth manganites, RE1−xMxMnO3 (RE=rare earth, M=Ca, Sr, Ba), with mixed-valence perovskite structure, the transport properties highly depend on the deposition technique, processing conditions, and the substrate used. Chemical solution deposition techniques provide many advantages, such as low cost, easy setup, and coating of large areas. However, the crystalline quality, uniformity, and reproducibility of the film depend on the reactivity of the chemical used for solution preparation. In this paper, we report a novel process to grow rare-earth manganite films using low-cost polymer-assisted deposition technique. In this process, polymer controls the viscosity and binds metal ions, resulting in a homogeneous distribution of metal precursors in the solution and a uniform film. These solutions were stable, and crack-free films were obtained using these solutions. In this paper, thin films of La1−xSrxMnO3, La1−xCaxMnO3, and Pr0.5Ca0.5MnO3 were grown on (001) LaAlO3 substrates. The La1−xSrxMnO3 and La1−xCaxMnO3 films were highly c-axis oriented and epitaxial, and showed high magnetoresistance near their Curie temperature. Charge ordering was observed in the Pr0.5Ca0.5MnO3 film at 220 K and high magnetoresistance of nearly −100% was obtained at low temperatures. The structural, transport, and magnetic properties of these films were similar to those obtained for films grown by physical vapor deposition.
How to Investigate and Prove Discrimination Based on Colour

In transcripts obtained by the New York Times, senior executives with Texaco Inc. are recorded on tapes referring to black employees as “black jelly beans” and using racial epithets. A federal jury in Richmond, Va. found that Circuit City Stores Inc. systematically discriminated against black employees in promotions in its corporate headquarters. Employees working for an Avis Rent A Car franchise stated on the CBS news programme 60 Minutes that they were told not to rent to blacks. Several black secret service agents responsible for protecting the President agreed in 1994 to a settlement to end a class action law suit against Denny's Restaurants for being refused service and racial discrimination.
Optically controlled current-voltage characteristics of ion-implanted MESFETs

Abstract Optically controlled MESFETs are useful as optical devices for optical communications, and as photodetectors. In this paper, a theoretical model for the I–V characteristics of these MESFETs is presented. The model considers the nonuniform Gaussian doping for ion-implanted channels. It takes both the photogenerated carriers as well as the doping generated residual carriers into account. It is noted that the density of photogenerated carriers in the channel due to diffusion is much less than that due to drift. Treatment both under gradual channel approximation and saturation velocity approximation has been presented. The gradual channel and the velocity saturation approximations are applied to study the I–V characteristics of long-channel and short-channel MESFETs, respectively. Results for both long-channel and short-channel MESFETs indicate that drain saturation current and transconductance can be improved by properly fixing the optical flux, and the absorption coefficient of the material.
Maspin controls mammary tumor cell migration through inhibiting Rac1 and Cdc42, but not the RhoA GTPase.

Rac1 and Cdc42 are members of the Rho family of small GTPases that play essential roles in diverse cellular functions, including cell migration. The activities of these Rho family proteins are controlled by growth factor receptor activation and cell-ECM interactions. Here, we show that maspin, a well-documented tumor suppressor gene, also controls cell motility through inhibiting Rac1/Cdc42 activity. Using the GST-PAK and GST-Rho binding protein pull-down assays for GTP-bound Rac1, Cdc42, and RhoA, we showed that treatment of MDA-MB-231 tumor cells with recombinant maspin for a short time period significantly inhibited the activity of Rac1 and Cdc42, but not RhoA. The reactive site loop (RSL) within maspin protein is the functional domain involved in the inhibition. Maspin mutants with the RSL deleted or a point mutation in the RSL region lost their inhibitory activity. We further examined the ability of maspin to inhibit Rac1- and Cdc42-mediated signaling pathways and transcription factors. Treatment of MDA-MB-231 cells with maspin led to the inhibition of JNK kinase activity as assayed by immuno-kinase assays. In addition, the AP-1 transcription activity downstream of JNK kinase pathway was also reduced. Together, we have identified Rac1 and Cdc42 as the downstream targets that mediate the inhibition of mammary tumor cell migration by maspin. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Quantum statistics and allometric scaling of organisms

Abstract This article proposes a mechanism to explain allometric relations between basal metabolic rate and the body size of organisms. The model postulates that energy transduction in biological organisms is constrained by two classes of dynamical processes: The first process has its origin in quantum mechanics and the constraints which the coupling of electron transport and proton translocation impose on metabolic activity. The second derives from evolutionary dynamics and the constraints which ecological and demographic forces impose on metabolic rate. These two processes are invoked to show that the scaling exponent between basal metabolic rate and body size follows a 3 4 rule, in the case of organisms subject to ecological constraints defined by scarce but dependable resources, and a 2 3 rule when constraints are defined by ample but only temporarily available resources. Our conclusions are based on general arguments incorporating the molecular mechanisms that determine metabolic activity at all levels of biological organization. Hence the model applies to uni-cellular organisms, plants and animals.
Perception vs. evidence: An analysis of this and these in academic prose

Abstract This study investigates the use of this and these as pronouns versus determiners in a corpus of research articles in Applied Linguistics and Materials and Civil Engineering. The study reveals that authors in the two disciplines use both structures in a similar manner, with pronominal uses constituting one-fifth of all occurrences. Five types of nouns were found to follow this/these as determiners: concrete, deictic, shell ( Hunston and Francis, 2000 , Schmid, 2000 ), adverbial head, and other abstract nouns. Shell nouns constituted over 40% of all nouns following this/these as determiners. The functions of shell nouns and their high frequency of occurrence lead to the conclusion that this/these + shell noun is a frequently used cohesive structure in academic research articles. The knowledge gained by this study can increase awareness of these demonstrative structures in composition instructors and L2 writers, leading to clearer, more cohesive texts.
Mitochondrial uncoupling as a therapeutic target following neuronal injury.

Mitochondrial dysfunction is a prominent feature of excitotoxic insult and mitochondria are known to play a pivotal role in neuronal cell survival and death following injury. Following neuronal injury there is a well-documented increase in cytosolic Ca2+, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and oxidative damage. In vitro studies have demonstrated these events are dependent on mitochondrial Ca2+ cycling and that a reduction in membrane potential is sufficient to reduce excitotoxic cell death. This concept has gained additional support from experiments demonstrating that the overexpression of endogenous mitochondrial uncoupling proteins (UCP), which decrease the mitochondrial membrane potential, decreases cell death following oxidative stress. Our group has demonstrated that upregulation of UCP activity can reduce excitotoxic-mediated ROS production and cell death whereas a reduction in UCP levels increases susceptibility to neuronal injury. These findings raise the possibility that mitochondrial uncoupling could be a potential novel treatment for acute CNS injuries.
Inborn errors of carbohydrate metabolism

Glycogen storage diseases (GSD) and inborn errors of galactose and fructose metabolism are the most common representatives of inborn errors of carbohydrate metabolism. In this review the focus is set on the current knowledge about clinical symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. Hepatomegaly and hypoglycaemia are the main findings in liver-affecting GSD like type I, III and IX. Diagnosis is usually made by non invasive investigations, e.g. mutation analysis. In GSD I, a carbohydrate balanced diet with frequent meals and nocturnal continuous tube feeding or addition of uncooked corn starch are the mainstays of treatment to prevent hypoglycaemia. Liver transplantation has been performed in different types of GSD. It should only be considered in high risk patients e.g. with substantial cirrhosis. Many countries have included classical galactosaemia in their newborn screening programs. A lactose-free infant formula can be life-saving in affected neonates whereas a strict fructose-restricted diet is indicated in hereditary fructose intolerance.
Algorithms for minimum covering by cliques and maximum clique in claw-free perfect graphs

An algorithm is given for determining a minimum cardinality clique cover ongraphs that do not contain claws, odd holes or odd anti-holes. These graphs are also shown to be perfect so that we obtain a new proof of the strong perfect graph theorem for claw-free graphs. A by-product of our analysis is an algorithm for determining a maximum cardinality clique on claw-free perfect graphs.
QTL, additive and epistatic effects for SCN resistance in PI 437654.

PI 437654 is a unique accession because of its resistance to nearly all HG types (races) of soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines Ichinohe; SCN). Objectives of this study were to confirm and refine the locations and gene action associated with SCN resistance previously discovered in PI 437654, and to identify new QTLs that may have been missed because of low coverage with genetic markers used in previous studies. Using 205 F7:9 RILs and 276 SSR and AFLP molecular markers covering 2,406.5 cM of 20 linkage groups (LGs), we confirmed and refined the locations of major SCN resistance QTLs on LG-A2, -B1, and -G previously identified in PI 437654 or other resistant sources. We found that these major QTLs have epistatic effects among them or with other loci for SCN resistance. We also detected some new QTLs with additive or epistatic effects for SCN resistance to different HG types (races) on all LGs except LGs-B2 and -D1b. The QTL on LG-G was associated with resistance to HG types 2.5.7, 1.2.5.7, 0, and 2.7 (races 1, 2, 3, and 5), and it contributed a large proportion of the additive effects. The QTL on LG-A2 was associated with resistance to HG types 2.5.7 and 0 (races 1 and 3). The QTL on LG-B1, associated with resistance to HG types 2.5.7, 0, 2.7 (races 1, 3, and 5), was the similar QTL found in PI 90763 and PI 404198B. In addition to QTL on LGs-A2, -B1 and -G, a novel additive QTL associated with SCN resistance to HG types 0, 2.7, and 1.3.5.6.7 (race 3, 5, and 14) was identified on LG-I flanked by Sat_299 and Sat_189. Several minor QTLs on LGs-C1, D1a, H, and K were also found to be associated with SCN resistance. Confirmation of the new resistance QTL is underway by evaluating another RIL population with a different genetic background.
Organic–mineral interactions in marine sediments studied using density fractionation and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

Abstract Interactions between organic matter (OM) and minerals are important for the preservation of organic material in marine sediments. Recent evidence suggests that these interactions may not be due to protection of the organic matter via simple sorption to minerals, but rather that the organic matter is acting as a glue between mineral particles resulting in aggregate formation. Density fractionation into multiple density intervals is a powerful approach for looking at the patchy nature of organic matter distribution (Bock, M.J., Mayer, L.M., 2000. Mesodensity organo-clay associations in a near-shore sediment. Marine Geology 163, 65–75), because isolates with varying organic matter loadings can be obtained. The aggregate surfaces can be examined using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), because this technique is restricted to the top 10 nm of the sample surface. XPS gives quantitative information on all the elements on the surface (except H and He) and, in addition, gives information on the chemical bonding of carbon and nitrogen. We used these techniques, along with more standard geochemical tools (CHN, surface area and amino acid analyses), to study a sediment sample of high organic matter content from the oxygen deficient zone off the western coast of Mexico. We found that amino acid composition indicates that the fractions get progressively more degraded as density increases, while the fraction of carbon bonded to oxygen suggests that the oxidation state of the organic matter is similar for all fractions. In addition, the comparison of surface carbon concentrations from XPS and OC:SA suggests that the OM is located in discrete spots on the surface and that as density increases (OC:SA decreases) the organic matter decreases in thickness while retaining the same proportional areal extent.
Introvert educators: techniques to be effective in the traditional face-to-face CS classroom

This purpose of this session is two-fold: first, to consider an initial set of strategies that introvert educators could adopt (and then adapt) in order to be effective in the traditional face-to-face computer science classroom; and, then, to initiate research (and dialogue) about educator personality types, in general, and their associated best teaching practice, since, just as preferred learning style depends on the personality of the learner, best teaching practices should be determined based (among other things) upon the personality type of the instructor.
Differential cell cycle modulation of human DNA glycosylases against oxidized pyrimidines.

Abstract Cellular DNA is continuously subject to damages by both endogenous and exogenous oxidizing agents. Excision repair of oxidized bases in human cells is initiated by DNA glycosylases which remove them from DNA. 5-Hydroxymethyluracil-DNA glycosylase excises 5-hydroxymethyluracil from DNA. A different enzyme, termed a redoxyendnuclease, has glycosylase activity against many modified DNA pyrimidines. The regulation of these enzymes in proliferating human cells was examined. Both glycosylases were assayed in serum-stimulated WI-38 cells by measurements of direct release of modified free bases from their respective DNA substrates. There was no significant variation of 5-hydroxymethyluracil-DNA glycosylase activity during the cell cycle. However, the glycosylic activity of the redoxyendonuclease was stimulated with DNA synthesis. Thi activity again increased at the beginning of a second cell cycle. Therefore, the glycosylases that initiate excision repair of oxidized DNA are subject to different controls during the cell cycle.
Batch versus interactive learning by demonstration

Agents that operate in human environments will need to be able to learn new skills from everyday people. Learning from demonstration (LfD) is a popular paradigm for this. Drawing from our interest in Socially Guided Machine Learning, we explore the impact of interactivity on learning from demonstration. We present findings from a study with human subjects showing people who are able to interact with the learning agent provide better demonstrations (in part) by adapting based on learner performance which results in improved learning performance. We also find that interactivity increases a sense of engagement and may encourage players to participate longer. Our exploration of interactivity sheds light on how best to obtain demonstrations for LfD applications.
Snowfall less sensitive to warming in Karakoram than in Himalayas due to a unique seasonal cycle

Glaciers in the Karakoram mountains have been stable in mass, whereas in nearby regions, mass loss has prevailed. Climate model simulations reveal a unique seasonal cycle in Karakoram snowfall that contributes to this pattern.
Shallow Cenozoic seismic stratigraphy and structure: South Carolina lower coastal plain and continental shelf

Single-channel high-resolution seismic reflection data from the South Carolina lower Coastal Plain and continental shelf delineate no substantial deformation that could possibly be associated with the seismicity of the Charleston area. Correlation of the seismic data with available wells reveals seaward-dipping Paleocene through Quaternary depositional sequences representing carbonate and terrigenous sediments that were deposited in shallow to outer shelf paleoenvironments. Only middle Eocene and younger units are delineated on the lower Coastal Plain due to limited acoustic penetration. The seismic profiles also reveal thick Miocene and Pliocene progradational sediments within a broad north-northwest–south-southeast–trending depositional basin in the middle to outer shelf region. The variations in the thicknesses of the depocenters are attributed to an interrelationship of subaerial and marine processes, which are in turn governed by the shifting of the Gulf Stream, the Suwannee Channel, and sea level. The Cenozoic section in the study area indicates a stable structural framework except offshore Charleston where the Paleocene through Miocene reflectors are displaced by a northeast-southwest–trending monoclinal flexure downthrown to the southeast. The amount of displacement decreases from 20 m on the Paleocene surface to 10 m on the shallowest Miocene reflector seen 10 m below the sea floor. This flexure probably originated by reactivation of the deeply seated pre-Cretaceous Helena Banks fault revealed in multichannel profiles reported elsewhere.
On the tension test as a means of characterizing fibre composite failure mode

A model of composite tensile failure, which has been utilized previously in analysing modes of composite fracture [1], is extended to describe fracture in systems not considered previously. This model, based on tensile testing with a stiff, elongation rate controlled machine, predicts a strain concentration in the vicinity of a fibre break during such testing. The magnitude of the stress increase associated with this strain concentration is analytically predicted and compared with experimental data. The existence of this strain concentration can lead to phenomenologically different modes of composite failure. The type of failure observed depends upon the properties of the composite constituents as well as the composite parameters, fibre volume fraction (V f), number of fibres in the composite (N) and ratio of specimen length to fibre ineffective length (Lδ).
High speed imaging of OH* chemiluminescence and natural luminosity of low temperature diesel spray combustion

Abstract This study focused on spray combustion of ultra low sulfur diesel (ULSD) fuel under low oxygen conditions with low temperature combustion (LTC) mode in an optically accessible constant volume combustion chamber. The ambient oxygen concentration was configured as 10% and 15% to achieve low flame temperature. The ambient gas temperature varied from 800 K to 1200 K. High speed imaging of OH* chemiluminescence and natural luminosity (NL) was used to visualize the instantaneous spray combustion process. The heat release rate was analyzed using the transient combustion pressure and the flame structure was studied based on the combustion images. Results show that a higher oxygen concentration case features a shorter ignition delay and higher heat release rate. The LTC mode can be realized by decreasing the oxygen concentration and ambient temperature simultaneously and it features a longer ignition delay, a slower reaction rate, and apparently lower soot radiation heat loss. The visualization results of NL and OH* show that the high temperature reaction occurs mainly in the mid-stream and downstream of the spray combustion, but not in the region very close to the chamber wall. This study validates the LTC process by showing very weak OH* chemiluminescence signal. The results also indicate that in order to realize LTC mode, it is important to control the ambient oxygen and ambient temperature at the same time. By only reducing the ambient oxygen concentration it may not be effective to suppress soot generation.
A new silicon nitride mask technology for synchrotron radiation X-ray lithography: first results

Abstract The processing steps for making an X-ray mask for X-Ray Lithography at the Wisconsin Center for X-Ray Lithography (W-CXRL) are reviewed. Silicon nitride can be used to make a stable and reliable mask blank with high optical transparency. A method to measure and monitor the strain field in the silicon nitride film is discussed. A tri-level resist is a promising method to make a pattern for electroplating gold as an X-ray absorber.
Magnetic nanomaterials for hyperthermia-based therapy and controlled drug delivery

Abstract Previous attempts to review the literature on magnetic nanomaterials for hyperthermia-based therapy focused primarily on magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH) using mono metallic/metal oxide nanoparticles. The term “hyperthermia” in the literature was also confined only to include use of heat for therapeutic applications. Recently, there have been a number of publications demonstrating magnetic nanoparticle-based hyperthermia to generate local heat resulting in the release of drugs either bound to the magnetic nanoparticle or encapsulated within polymeric matrices. In this review article, we present a case for broadening the meaning of the term “hyperthermia” by including thermotherapy as well as magnetically modulated controlled drug delivery. We provide a classification for controlled drug delivery using hyperthermia: Hyperthermia-based controlled drug delivery through bond breaking (DBB) and hyperthermia-based controlled drug delivery through enhanced permeability (DEP). The review also covers, for the first time, core–shell type magnetic nanomaterials, especially nanoshells prepared using layer-by-layer self-assembly, for the application of hyperthermia-based therapy and controlled drug delivery. The highlight of the review article is to portray potential opportunities for the combination of hyperthermia-based therapy and controlled drug release paradigms -towards successful application in personalized medicine.
Prediction of use of psychiatric services: application of the CART algorithms

A computerized recursive partitioning program called Classification and Regression Trees (CART) was used to identify potential high users of services among low-income psychiatric outpatients. Sociodemographic variables, clinical variables (e.g., psychiatric diagnosis and type of presenting complaint), source of referral and the most recent psychiatric treatment setting used were studied. Discharge from inpatient psychiatric treatment right before admission to outpatient psychiatric treatment was found to be the most consistent, the most powerful and the only necessary predictor of high use of outpatient psychiatric services.
High-energy physics: Top quarks go it alone

The first, long-sought evidence for the production of single top quarks, by the weak interaction, has been reported from a sophisticated analysis of a large number of proton–antiproton collisions at the Tevatron.
Spreading Social Media Messages on Facebook: An Analysis of Restaurant Business-to-Consumer Communications

As a method of determining what types of social media messages work best for hospitality firms, this study examined what types of messages gained the most clicks of “Like” and comments on Facebook....
Vulvar Intraepithelial Neoplasia Treated with Cavitational Ultrasonic Surgical Aspiration

Abstract Objective. The aim of the study was to investigate the use of the cavitron ultrasonic surgical aspirator (CUSA) for the treatment of vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) as it combines the advantage of laser removal of the superficial dermal layers without scars and the advantage of resection with collection of a pathological specimen. Methods. Between 1992 and 1998, 37 patients with VIN were treated using the CUSA. Charts were reviewed retrospectively. Results. The median age at diagnosis was 40 years. Eleven patients (30%) had been previously treated for VIN. Diagnosis was made by inspection before and after ascitic acid application, colposcopy, and multiple biopsies revealing VIN II in 8 patients (22%) and VIN III in 29 patients (78%). At least two quadrants of the vulva were involved in 16 cases (43%) and three or four quadrants in 12 cases (33%). Under anesthesia the CUSA was used to remove all lesions with a 1-cm margin. There were no complications except 1 admission for pain control. Healing was complete in 4 to 6 weeks and no patient developed scarring. Final pathology confirmed the preoperative diagnostic grade in 24 cases (65%), while upgrading to a higher dysplasia occurred in 4 patients (11%). A second treatment was necessary in 3 patients with widespread disease. Patients were followed for an average of 33 months. Thirteen recurrences (35%) developed after a median interval of 16 months. Recurrences were significantly ( P = 0.004) more frequent if VIN involved hair-bearing tissue, 6 of 7 (86%) cases, in contrast to patients with disease confined to the labia minora and introitus, 7 of 30 (23%) cases. Conclusion. CUSA is an acceptable treatment alternative for VIN confined to non-hair-bearing vulvar skin.
Alcohol consumption and reproductive health risks in rural Central Kenya

Abstract Objective The goal of the current study is to explore the perceived reproductive health risks associated with alcoholism from the perspective of rural communities in Kenya where abuse of illicit liquor especially among men has become an epidemic. Methods Data for the study were gathered qualitatively through focus groups among community members and in-depth interviews with opinion leaders and key informants who were selected through a snowball method. All recorded data were analyzed through constructivist and interpretive techniques, which started with a line-by-line examination of transcripts for identification of emerging themes. Results Rural communities are aware of the lethal nature of the illicit liquor and the severe reproductive health problems associated with it among male consumers. Alcoholism also affects women’s sexual and reproductive needs and is attributed to risky sexual behaviors in alcohol-discordant relationships, which puts them at a higher risk of HIV infection. Conclusions Results indicate a need to address alcoholism in rural Kenya as a public health problem focusing on education and understanding of the long-term health consequences. Addressing the impact on male reproductive health is crucial because it impacts the wider community. Given the complex relationship between alcohol abuse and HIV/AIDS, it is also important for prevention interventions to target married women and non-alcohol consumers. Furthermore, engaging communities will ensure development of culture- and gender-specific interventions. Such engagement requires facilitation of health practitioners for development of meaningful community-based initiatives.
A Model for Environmental Education in Natural Resources

Abstract The authors propose an alternative model for environmental education in natural resources with emphasis on a complete systems approach. The model focuses on helping people evaluate and understand natural resources based on underlying ecological principles. This model integrates a broad array of life and physical sciences in addition to sociology, political science, history, government, and communication and provides a context for understanding ecological concepts, natural resource systems, and environmental issues.
Conley Field, Hardeman County, Texas: Chappel (Mississippian) Production from Facies-Selective Porosity in Carbonate-Sand Buildups: ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT The Mississippian Chappel Formation at Conely Field in Hardeman County, Texas produces oil and gas from skeletal grainstone buildups, not from 'Waulsortian-style" mud mounds or "crinoid banks" as previously thought. Petrographically-defined microfacies indicate that these depositional bodies represent current-swept bioclastic sand waves consisting of grainstones and packstones that contain 25% to 70% fragmented and sorted crinoidal and bryozoan debris. These carbonate sands are flanked by packstones and wackestones that consist of 20-60% crinoidal debris and up 70% mud. Spiculiferous, silty wackestones to mudstones occupy the platform areas farther away from the sand buildups. Presumably, those muds represent the ambient shelf depositional mode and the sand banks represent conditions that required a special combination of hydrodynamics, topography, and biology. Perhaps subtle, antecedent topography on the Ellenburger surface helped to anchor the sand waves and perpetuate the buildup. Reservoir porosity occurs only in the crinoid-bryozoan sands where it is linked with the intraparticle spaces in fenestrate bryozoan fragments. To a lesser extent, interparticle pore spaces exist, along with solution-enhanced interparticle porosity. The chief porosity destroyers have been calcite cementation and compaction. Because the porosity is mainly intraparticle in nature, permeability is low (typically less than 1.0 md except where fractures are present). Even though there is a large amount of post-Mississippian structural closure at Conley Field, the reservoir is dependent on the petrographic and stratigraphic properties that are the results of Chappel-aged depositional and early diagenetic processes. Exploration and development techniques in such a field require careful attention to paleostructures and their "telltale" isopach signatures.
Impairment of spontaneous alternation performance by an NMDA antagonist: attenuation with non-NMDA treatments.

N -Methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists disrupt learning on a variety of tasks. Previous findings indicate that glucose, naloxone, and physostigmine ameliorate learning deficits produced by several treatments. The present experiment examines whether these agents also reverse the amnestic effects of NMDA receptor blockade. Mice were tested for spontaneous alternation performance in a Y-maze. The animals received either saline or the NMDA antagonist, NPC 12626 (35 mg/kg, IP), 50 min prior to testing and received an additional injection of saline, glucose, naloxone, or physostigmine 30 min prior to testing. NPC 12626 significantly decreased alternation scores. Glucose (250 mg/kg), physostigmine (0.01 mg/kg), and naloxone (1 mg/kg) reversed the effects of NPC 12626. Thus, impairments of learning after NMDA receptor blockade share with other anmestic conditions the susceptibility to attenuation by glucose, naloxone, and physostigmine.
Factors influencing iron excitation in nitrogen/rare gas microwave plasmas

Abstract The results of experiments involving the use of a microwave-induced plasma operating at atmospheric pressure are discussed. The plasma gases range from pure argon, helium or nitrogen, to mixtures of rare gas and nitrogen. When nitrogen is present, the excitation mechanisms can change dramatically due to the influence of metastable nitrogen molecules. The evidence indicates that nitrogen metastables become important when the nitrogen concentration in the plasma exceeds 3%. Further, data shows that the vibrational states of the nitrogen molecules involved in the excitation process are very important, and can be justified on the basis of Franck-Condon factors.
The electronic academy revisited

Fifteen years ago the author published an article in Aslib Proceedings entitled, ‘The electronic academy’, which assessed trends in distance education and open learning. The paper provided an overview of the then dominant delivery technologies (e.g., broadcast television, videotext, audiographics, teleconferencing) and also engaged the issues of cost and quality. It is instructive to revisit that article and reflect on the extent to which the world has moved on, particularly in terms of technology and pedagogy. Naturally, the 1984 article made no mention of either the Internet or the World Wide Web, both of which are necessarily centre‐stage today in any serious discussion of asynchronous or network‐based learning. While technological advances have played an important part in accelerating the adoption of new modalities of remote learning, there are other factors (e.g., economic, socio‐cultural) to be taken into account. This article offers a wide‐angled review of developments in distance education and distributed learning: specifically, it describes the structural dynamics of the emerging virtual marketplace for perpetual learning products and services. Though written from a primarily North American perspective, the paper highlights thinking and practice globally.
Energy of a classical charged particle in an external electromagnetic field

For a classical nonrelativistic charged particle in an external time-dependent electromagnetic field the particle's energy is not in general the particle's Hamiltonian. A gauge-invariant energy is defined as the sum of the kinetic energy and the conservative potential energy. The rate of change of the particle's energy is equal to the power supplied to the particle by the external time-dependent electromagnetic field. The particle's energy is its Hamiltonian minus the scalar potential of the time-dependent electromagnetic field (multiplied by the charge).
Wave of the Future?: Reconsidering the Neuroscientific Turn in Art History

This essay examines the much-contested “neuroscientific turn” in art history, taking the cues of the best of the turn while rejecting its false starts. The most promising transdisciplinary encounters spanning the brain sciences and the humanities begin from the premise that human experience is embodied, but the “body” itself is interwoven across biological, ecological, phenomenological, social and cultural planes. Certain media artworks critically engaged with neuroscience productively model such an approach. Taking Mariko Mori’s brainwave interface and multimedia installation Wave UFO (1999–2002) as a case study, the author explores how works of art may complicate and augment brain science research as well as its dissemination into other social and cultural arenas.
InAsSb/InAlAsSb quantum-well diode lasers emitting beyond 3 um

ABSTRACT The current status of InAsSbflnAlAsSb quantum-well (QW) lasers emitting between 3 and 4 jim is described.QW lasers grown on GaSb substrates, with emission wavelengths at —3.9 pm, have operated pulsed up to165 K. At 80 K, cw power of 30 mW/facet has been obtained. Ridge-waveguide lasers have operated cw up to128 K. QW lasers grown on InAs have emission wavelengths between 3.2 and 3.55 pm. Broad-stripe lasershave operated pulsed up to 225 K and ridge-waveguide lasers have operated cw to 175 K. Theoretical analysisof the laser gain using a 6 x 6 k • p model to calculate the valence subband structure is reported.KEY WORDS: Diode Laser, Semiconductor Laser, Quantum Well, Molecular Beam Epitaxy, Mid-infrared,InAsSb, InAlAsSb, A1AsSb, Gain Calculation, Auger Recombination I. INTRODUCTION High-performance diode lasers emitting between 2 and 5 pm are very desirable for sensitive detection of trace gasesbecause many molecules have fundamental absorption lines in this wavelength band. The sensitivity is typically higher bytwo orders of magnitude at the fundamental absorption lines than at overtones that appear in the near infrared. For example,the sensitivity of methane is 1 .7 parts per billion at 3.26 jim for a 1-m path length, while it is 600 parts per billion
The Ideal of the Educated Person

R. S. Peters calls it an ideal.’ So do Nash, Kazemias and Perkinson who, in their introduction to a collection of studies in the history of educational thought, say that one cannot go about the business of education without it.‘ Is it the good life? the responsible citizen? personal autonomy? No, it is the educated man. The educated man! In the early 1960s when I was invited to contribute to a book of essays to be entitled The Educated Man, I thought nothing of this phrase. By the early 1970s I felt uncomfortable whenever I came across it, but I told myself it was the thought not the words that counted. It is now the early 1980s. Peters’s use of the phrase “educated man” no longer troubles me for I think it fair to say that he intended it in a gender-neutral way.3 Despite one serious lapse which indicates that on some occasions he was thinking of his educated man as male, I do not doubt that the ideal he set forth was meant for males and females alike.4 Today my concern is not Peters’s language but his conception of the educated man or person, as I will henceforth say. I will begin by outlining Peters’s ideal for you and will then show that it does serious harm to women. From there I will go on to argue that Peters’s ideal is inadequate for men as well as women and, furthermore, that its inadequacy for men is intimately connected to the injustice it does women. In conclusion I will explore some of the requirements an adequate ideal must satisfy. Let me explain at the outset that I have chosen to discuss Peters’s ideal of the educated person here because for many years Peters has been perhaps the dominant figure in philosophy of education. Moreover, although Peters’s ideal is formulated in philosophically sophisticated terms, it is certainly not idiosyncratic. On the contrary, Peters claims to have captured our concept of the educated person, and he may well have done so. Thus, I think it fair to say that the traits Peters claims one must possess to be a truly educated person and the kind of education he assumes one must have in order to acquire those traits would, with minor variations, be cited by any number of people today if they were to describe their own conception of the ideal. I discuss Peters’s ideal, then, because it has significance for the field of philosophy of education as a whole.
Ontogenetic variations in the type and size of prey consumed by juvenile coho,Oncorhynchus kisutch, and chinook,O. tshawytscha, salmon

Stomach contents of juvenile coho,Oncorhynchus kisutch, and chinook,O. tshawytscha, salmon collected in purse seines off the coast of Washington and Oregon were examined for variations related to predator size. There was a general trend toward increasing consumption of fish with increasing body size, due mainly to the increase in northern anchovy biomass consumed by the larger salmon. Most of the major prey taxa showed significant differences among the size classes examined for both salmon species. There was a direct relationship between predator and prey size for both coho and chinook, but considerable variation was found in prey length consumed within each size class. Prey width did not provide as good a fit as prey length for either species. In general, coho consumed larger fish prey in relation to their body length than chinook but there were substantial differences by month or year of collection.
Transient visual impairment following cardiac arrest

This report presents an unusual case of visual impairment following cardiac arrest during general anesthesia. The presumptive etiology was macular capillary insufficiency secondary to vascular stagnation which occurred during cardiac standstill. Ophthalmic examination confirmed areas of macular edema corresponding to localized perifoveal regional infarcts. Isolated macular infarction is not a unique condition and has been reported in hemoglobulinopathies, diabetes, and other systemic diseases.
Return-to-site of an AUV using terrain-relative navigation: Field trials

This paper presents the results from recent field trials in Monterey Bay, CA which demonstrate the use of Terrain-Relative Navigation (TRN) to perform return-to-site missions using a 53cm diameter Dorado-class Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV). For these tests, a series of targets were identified on a bathymetry map that were recognizable features (e.g. large boulders and outcroppings), and a trajectory was constructed for the AUV to fly over those targets (i.e. the latitudes and longitudes as defined on the map). Multiple missions were flown using a real-time TRN algorithm to identify and correct for georeferencing errors in the bathymetry map. The results were repeatable. They demonstrated that there was a 20m georeferencing error in the map. Without TRN, the targets were missed. With TRN, the AUV flew directly over the targets. Performance was independently validated using acoustic imagery from an on-board mapping multibeam sonar. These field results are presented and described. The TRN algorithm is also discussed.
Site-specific variation in amino acid composition of skate egg capsule (Raja erinacea Mitchell, 1825)

Abstract In skate (Raja erinacea Mitchell, 1825) egg capsule, variations in amino acid composition, notably glycine and hydroxyproline, were found to be related to morphologically distinct sites. Components sharing elution characteristics with cross-linking amino acids in collagen and elastin were detected and the relative amounts of these peaks also displayed regional variation. If the skate egg capsule contains collagen, these results suggest it is associated with differing amounts of other protein(s). The varying relative proportions of collagen and non-collagenous protein is predicted to contribute to site-specific differences in physico-chemical properties of the egg capsules.
Heterogeneous 2D and 3D integrated circuits for temporal, spectral, and spatial information processing

This paper discusses heterogeneous 2D and 3D photonic integration technologies involving various novel fabrication techniques leading to realization of chip-scale microsystems information processing capabilities in the temporal, spectral, and spatial domains. Future prospects and challenges in computing and networking applications will also be discussed.
MISIDENTIFICATION OF MYSIS STAGES OF XIPHOPENAEUS KROYERI (HELLER, 1862) AND RIMAPENAEUS PÉREZ-FARFANTE AND KENSLEY, 1997 (DECAPODA: PENAEIDAE) IN THE WESTERN ATLANTIC

Studies in the western Atlantic have relied primarily on the key of Cook (1966) to identify and discriminate early life stages (ELS) of Xiphopenaeus kroyeri (Heller, 1862) and Rimapenaeus spp. Perez-Farfante and Kensley, 1997, even though larvae had not been reared successfully past the zoea phase at that time. We surveyed the penaeid literature for descriptions of reared mysis stages of X. kroyeri and Rimapenaeus, compared characters with those of Cook (1966), and found that Cook had reversed illustrations and criteria to discriminate taxa. We also examined plankton-collected mysis stages and identified new characters and previously unrecognized differences between taxa. Mysis stages of X. kroyeri have a slender median spine laterally near the posterior margin of pleomere five, not those of Rimapenaeus, although some early first myses of Rimapenaeus may have a vestigial spine laterally on pleomere five. Rimapenaeus has single dorsomedian spines on pleomeres four through six with the spine on pleomeres five and six >40% (usually about 50%) of fifth pleomere length as measured along the dorsal midline. Rimapenaeus lacks a pterygiostomial spine, although a spine on the distal margin of the developing antennal peduncle near the ventrolateral border of the carapace can be confused with a pterygiostomial spine. Xiphopenaeus kroyeri has a pterygiostomial spine and single dorsomedian spines on pleomeres four through six with the spine on pleomeres five and six <35% (usually about 25%) of fifth pleomere length. Xiphopenaeus kroyeri also has a gap about the width of one spine between the longest and adjacent outer pairs of furcal spines along the posterior margin of the telson, whereas Rimapenaeus has contiguous furcal spines. Differences in spine length dorsally on pleomeres five and six, and the presence or absence of a pterygiostomial spine should be used to discriminate taxa because the low hepatic spine and median spine laterally on pleomere five can be difficult to detect in X. kroyeri, even with a biological stain applied. Likely misidentification of mysis stages and possible overexploitation of X. kroyeri and Rimapenaeus spp. stocks in the western Atlantic emphasizes the need to re-assess information on ELS and the necessity of accurate identifications.
Multilayer tubular phantoms for optical coherence tomography

We report preliminary results toward making artery phantoms for Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) that also exhibit mechanical properties similar to arteries for large deformation regimes. A matrix of PVA cryogels is used to obtain the strain hardening effect characteristic of arteries. Means of adjusting the optical properties of PVA cryogels are investigated and the resulting mechanical properties are characterized.
Utopian Episodes : Daily Life in Experimental Colonies Dedicated to Changing the World

Offers an insider's view into the day-to-day lives of America's most radical 19th-century utopian communities. This text focuses on the colonies of New Harmony, Indiana; Brook Farm, Massachusetts; and Icarian Communities in Iowa and Illinois. It draws on memoirs and early accounts.
A Call for Creativity in New Metrics for Liquid Media

ABSTRACTThis paper presents a call for creativity, within adaptive structures, to develop new metrics for new media. It first reviews recent innovations in audience metrics for online media, including some evolving metrics for the Web 2.0 media ecosystem. It then describes the disciplinary roots of academic research on which the current understanding of audience engagement and persuasion are based. It further describes current software and hardware developments that are driving a new era of liquid media. A framework for conceptualizing layers of media delivery and audience engagement that will be enabled by these new technologies is described. Recommendations are made for collaboration between academics and practitioners in order to rapidly pursue an understanding of advertising effectiveness in this new environment and to develop metrics that can be harnessed to monetize audience engagement, rationalize media expenditures, and create reporting structures for sharing insights.