cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of tidal current phase at the junction of two straits

Abstract Estuaries typically have a monotonic increase in salinity from freshwater at the head of the estuary to ocean water at the mouth, creating a consistent direction for the longitudinal baroclinic pressure gradient. However, Mare Island Strait in San Francisco Bay has a local salinity minimum created by the phasing of the currents at the junction of Mare Island and Carquinez Straits. The salinity minimum creates converging baroclinic pressure gradients in Mare Island Strait. Equipment was deployed at four stations in the straits for 6 months from September 1997 to March 1998 to measure tidal variability of velocity, conductivity, temperature, depth, and suspended sediment concentration. Analysis of the measured time series shows that on a tidal time scale in Mare Island Strait, the landward and seaward baroclinic pressure gradients in the local salinity minimum interact with the barotropic gradient, creating regions of enhanced shear in the water column during the flood and reduced shear during the ebb. On a tidally averaged time scale, baroclinic pressure gradients converge on the tidally averaged salinity minimum and drive a converging near-bed and diverging surface current circulation pattern, forming a “baroclinic convergence zone” in Mare Island Strait. Historically large sedimentation rates in this area are attributed to the convergence zone.
Nonoperative management of traumatic suprahepatic inferior vena cava pseudoaneurysms

Inferior vena cava (IVC) pseudoaneurysms are rare clinical entities with an uncertain natural history due to limited follow-up information. This case report describes a 30-year-old woman with two IVC pseudoaneurysms and their associated anatomy. It also details our treatment plan, with follow-up through radiographic resolution of the pseudoaneurysms. To our knowledge, this is the first case report to document a patient with two pseudoaneurysms of the IVC and full resolution treated by nonoperative management.
Analysis of bacteriophage N protein and peptide binding to boxB RNA using polyacrylamide gel coelectrophoresis (PACE)

The antitermination protein N from bacteriophage (N) interacts with the nut site in its own mRNA, as well as host factors, to facilitate formation of a termination-resistant transcription complex. The conserved, amino-terminal argininerich domain of N protein is known to interact with a small RNA hairpin (boxB) derived from the nut site RNA. We have examined the binding of N protein, peptides derived from the amino terminus of N, and the related phage P22 N protein to boxB RNAs. To facilitate the study of complexes that are not amenable to gel retardation assays, a new polyacrylamide affinity coelectrophoresis technique (PACE) was developed. Using the PACE assay, we have demonstrated that a 19-amino acid peptide from the amino terminus of N protein binds boxB RNA with a Kd,app of 5.2 nM. PACE was also used to study the binding affinity of a number of N peptide and boxB RNA mutants. The PACE technique is complementary to the traditional gel retardation assay for direct measurement of binding interactions, and will be useful for any procedure that requires a pool of RNAs to be resolved based on their relative affinities for proteins or peptides.
Pest Status and Distribution of the Stem Borer, Dectes texanus, in Kansas

The Dectes stem borer, Dectes texanus LeConte (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), is currently receiving increased attention as a pest of soybeans in the Great Plains of North America. Field surveys were conducted in 1999 and in 2008 to record the distribution of this pest in Kansas. These surveys documented an increase in the abundance of the pest and an expansion in the range of this insect westward and eastward. The percentage of fields with more than 50% of plants infested also increased from 4% in 1999 to 11% in 2008. The far eastern counties still had surprisingly few infested fields even though much of the Kansas soybean acreage is located in these counties. It is not clear if D. texanus simply haven't expanded into eastern Kansas yet or if there is an ecological barrier that keeps them from doing so. Field crop entomologists from across eastern North America were sent an email questionnaire and their responses indicate that this pest is now well established as a pest of soybeans in at least 14 states across eastern North America.
Tuberculosis Drug Development: History and Evolution of the Mechanism-Based Paradigm

Modern tuberculosis (TB) chemotherapy is widely viewed as a crowning triumph of anti-infectives research. However, only one new TB drug has entered clinical practice in the past 40 years while drug resistance threatens to further destabilize the pandemic. Here, we review a brief history of TB drug development, focusing on the evolution of mechanism(s)-of-action studies and key conceptual barriers to rational, mechanism-based drugs.
Rejected by the New York Times? Why Academics Struggle to Get Published in National Newspapers

At one time or another the bug to write an editorial strikes many in our profession. Our motivation is driven by disgust in what we see in the media, where many of the pundits are, for lack of a more nuanced description, idiots. However, we must admit that we are also motivated by the lure of celebrity. Viewing one's name in print in a format other than some stodgy academic journal, and having people say “I read your piece in the paper,” is an experience that strokes our PhD-animated egos. In this essay I will offer some explanations why we are often rejected by the New York Times , and based on my own learning journey, provide three suggestions to aspiring op-ed writers. You must write within the rules, write differently with due dispatch, and keep writing.
Future Directions for Dissemination and Implementation Science: Aligning Ecological Theory and Public Health to Close the Research to Practice Gap

Dissemination and implementation science (DI) has evolved as a major research model for children's mental health in response to a long-standing call to integrate science and practice and bridge the elusive research to practice gap. However, to address the complex and urgent needs of the most vulnerable children and families, future directions for DI require a new alignment of ecological theory and public health to provide effective, sustainable, and accessible mental health services. We present core principles of ecological theory to emphasize how contextual factors impact behavior and allow for the reciprocal impact individuals have on the settings they occupy, and an alignment of these principles with a public health model to ensure that services span the prevention to intervention continuum. We provide exemplars from our ongoing work in urban schools and a new direction for research to address the mental health needs of immigrant Latino families. Through these examples we illustrate how DI can expand its reach by embedding within natural settings to build on local capacity and indigenous resources, incorporating the local knowledge necessary to more substantively address long-standing mental health disparities. This paradigm shift for DI, away from an overemphasis on promoting program adoption, calls for fitting interventions within settings that matter most to children's healthy development and for utilizing and strengthening available community resources. In this way, we can meet the challenge of addressing our nation's mental health burden by supporting the needs and values of families and communities within their own unique social ecologies.
Customized, rapid-production microstereotactic table for surgical targeting: description of concept and in vitro validation

Purpose To introduce a novel microstereotactic frame, called the Microtable, consisting of a tabletop that mounts on bone-implanted spherical markers. The microtable is customized for individual patient anatomy to guide a surgical instrument to a specified target.
Early recognition of acute thoracic aortic dissection and aneurysm

Thoracic aortic dissection (TAD) and aneurysm (TAA) are rare but catastrophic. Prompt recognition of TAD/TAA and differentiation from acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is difficult yet crucial. Earlier identification of TAA/TAD based upon routine emergency department screening is necessary. A retrospective analysis of patients that presented with acute thoracic complaints to the ED from January 2007 through June 2012 was performed. Cases of TAA/TAD were compared to an equal number of controls which consisted of patients with the diagnosis of ACS. Demographics, physical findings, EKG, and the results of laboratory and radiological imaging were compared. P-value of > 0.05 was considered statistically significant. In total, 136 patients were identified with TAA/TAD, 0.36% of patients that presented with chest complaints. Compared to ACS patients, TAA/TAD group was older (68.9 vs. 63.2 years), less likely to be diabetic (13% vs 32%), less likely to complain of chest pain (47% vs 85%) and head and neck pain (4% vs 17%). The pain for the TAA/TAD group was less likely characterized as tight/heavy in nature (5% vs 37%). TAA/TAD patients were also less likely to experience shortness of breath (42% vs. 51%), palpitations (2% vs 9%) and dizziness (2% vs 13%) and had a greater incidence of focal lower extremity neurological deficits (6% vs 1%), bradycardia (15% vs. 5%) and tachypnea (53% vs. 22%). On multivariate analysis, increasing heart rate, chest pain, diabetes, head & neck pain, dizziness, and history of myocardial infarction were independent predictors of ACS. Increasing heart rate, chest pain, diabetes, head & neck pain, dizziness, and history of myocardial infarction can be used to differentiate acute coronary syndromes from thoracic aortic dissections/aneurysms.
Focal dorsal raphe stimulation and pinnal electrical stimulation modulate spontaneous and noxious evoked responses in thalamic neurons

This study investigated the nocieceptive responses of single neurons within the nucleus parafascicularis (PF) thalami of the rat following two modes of electrical stimulation known to induce analgesia. It was found that both focal electrical dorsal raphe stimulation (DRS) and bilateral pinnal (ear) electrical stimulation (PES) converge on the same PF neurons, affecting both the spontaneous discharges and the noxious evoked responses toward these neurons. The effects of different stimulus current intensity, frequency and pulse duration were also examined. It was found that for both DRS and PES at pulse frequency of 10 Hz and current amplitude of 10 microA are the optimal parameters to modulate both the spontaneous and the noxious evoked responses. These stimuli produced prolonged effects related to the duration of stimulation. The external (PES) low current stimulation which was delivered below the sensory threshold was as effective in modulating noxious responses as the invasive DRS in intact animals and in animals with bilateral dorsolateral-funiculus ablation. It was observed that dorsal lateral funiculus ablation (DLFx) did not modify the DRS and the PES effects. These observations further support the existence of an ascending pain modulation pathway.
Rewriting for, and by, the Children The Social and Ideological Fate of a Media Miss in an Urban Classroom

Stories have often been rewritten for children. Children themselves are onlookers to the “chain of communication” that unfolds, as stories are rewritten by perceived ideological conservatives and, ...
Resource-Allocation for OFDMA Multi-Hop Relaying Downlink Systems

This paper proposes resource-allocation algorithms to maximize the sum-rate in orthogonal frequency-division multiple-access multi-hop relaying downlink systems. With advance subchannel allocation to users and relay stations, Lagrange dual-decomposition solves the power-allocation problem. This paper shows the optimal solution to be a modified water-filling algorithm, where an inner-outer bisection method determines the optimal water-levels. Further, proposed heuristic resource- allocation algorithms rely on the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker conditions. Simulation results show that the multi-hop OFDMA relaying systems outperform the conventional OFDMA systems by more than 30% with use of the proposed resource-allocation algorithms.
Prevention and treatment of laser complications

Lasers are useful for treating a variety of dermatologic conditions but have a number of potential complications associated with their use. A basic understanding of laser mechanics is paramount in preventing and troubleshooting compli­cations.
Uncertainty, certainty,and relativity(Invited Paper)

One of the most fascinating principles in quantum mechanics must be Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, which can be briefly stated as follows: every physical observation cannot be precisely determined without some degree of error or uncertainty. And it is by no means can one use the principle within the limit of certainty region, as will be shown in this Letter. Two of the most important pillars in modern physics must be Einstein’s relativity theory and Schr?dinger’s contribution to quantum mechanics. Yet, there is a profound connection between these discoveries by means of the uncertainty relationship, in which we shown that the observation of a high-speed object is conceivable if the speed of the observer keeps up with object’s speed.
Eliza Knipe's "On the Lake of Windermere" and the Limits of the Aesthetic Gaze

This article offers the first modern reading of the collection Poems on Various Subjects (1783), written by Eliza Knipe (later Cobbold). The collection, and in particular her poem "On the Lake of Windermere," offers an early example of how poetry shapes our understanding of the Lake District and lays the groundwork for the popularization of the Lake District as a site of travels in the later eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Knipe's poem enacts a shift in landscape aesthetics from the neoclassical to the picturesque, the latter modeled on the works of Claude Lorrain. The article concludes that Knipe offers a sensitive new model for environmentalism that still has relevance for today.
Treatment of diabetes in children

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) mellitus are on the increase in children and adolescents. An increase in T2D is linked to the increasing rates of obesity in children. Usually, in both children and adults, T1D is treated with insulin while T2D is treated with metformin. There are other classes of drugs that are under assessment for their safety and efficacy in relation to pediatric patients. Most of these new drugs, however, have not been studied in children. Thus, the repertoire of drugs that are available to treat diabetes in children is limited. In this review, we outline the current pathology and treatment and future therapies of T1D mellitus and T2D mellitus in children.
Reflections on Judicial Review and the Plight of the Poor in a World Where Nothing Works

Justice Thurgood Marshall stated that "it is disgraceful for an interpretation of the Constitution to be premised upon unfounded assumptions about how people live." This article proposes a standard of judicial review in cases involving laws having an adverse effect on poor people. It argues that Washington v. Davis is overly deferential to the Legislature.
Review: An Assault on Old Friends: Thiazide Diuretics Under Siege

The adverse biochemical effects of thiazide use are of uncertain clinical significance. Thiazides raise LDL cholesterol only slightly in long-term studies and do not decrease HDL cholesterol. The evidence linking thiazide-induced hypokalemia with arrhythmias and sudden death is tenuous at best. Thiazide diuretics cause glucose intolerance, but no strong evidence has been advanced to suggest that this is dangerous. Because these effects are probably related to hypokalemia, a randomized trial comparing the effects of thiazides with thiazides plus a potassium-sparing diuretic on LDL cholesterol, ectopy on 48 hour ambulatory cardiac monitoring, fasting glucose and insulin, and post-glucose tolerance glucose and insulin would be of interest. The most compelling reason for continuing to use thiazides is that they have been shown in long-term randomized studies to reduce cardiovascular risk. Beta-blockers are the only other class of anti-hypertensive agent for which this claim can be made. The importance of long-term clinical trials in assessing the efficacy and toxicity of therapeutic agents is illustrated by the study that found clofibrate reduced cholesterol levels and coronary disease but increased total mortality. This finding remained undetected until a large randomized long-term trial was completed. Thiazide diuretics have not reduced the rate of coronary disease to the degree expected from epidemiologic studies, but the short length of the randomized trials may be responsible. It is not clear that other anti-hypertensive agents will be superior. Thiazides are less expensive than other anti-hypertensive agents being touted as metabolically safer; the cost issue is not a trivial matter.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
NK cells set sights on cancer stem cells

In the quest for effective new immunotherapies, one cell population continues to be resistant: cancer stem cells (CSCs). CSCs don’t respond to traditional therapies and are often responsible for tumor repopulation and metastasis. These cells have long been elusive, with only recent characterization of reliable markers that may differ by primary tumor site. A new study by Ames et al . demonstrates that NK cells may preferentially target CSCs by virtue of their natural ability to home to nondividing cells, in contrast to other cytotoxic cells, which target dividing cells. The authors sorted CSCs aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1) from pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, and sarcoma cell lines. Sorted “bright” cells (high ALDH1 expression) versus “dim” cells were then exposed to NK cells, which promptly killed ALDH1bright cells more effectively than the ALDH1dim ones. This preferential targeting was confirmed with fresh human tumor specimens in single-cell suspension and allogeneic NK cells. To examine mechanism, the authors showed that ALDH1bright cells had greater surface expression of death receptors and of ligands for the NK activation receptor, NKG2D; blocking NKG2D stopped NK cell killing of CSCs. In vivo in mouse xenografts of multiple human cancer cell lines, NK cells colocalized with CSCs in the tumors, suggesting active targeting. Furthermore, the ALDH1bright cell population isolated from the tumors was significantly decreased, while the ALDH1dim cell population remained unchanged in mice that received NK cells. Even ex vivo–activated NK cells administered intravenously to mice with lung and liver metastases led to reduced tumor colonies, suggesting that NK immunotherapy may be an option for controlling metastatic disease. This study raises renewed interest for NK cell immunotherapy to fight notoriously recalcitrant CSCs. E. Ames et al ., NK cells preferentially target tumor cells with a cancer stem cell phenotype, J. Immunol. 10.14049/jimmunol.1500447 (2015). [[Abstract]][1] [1]: http://www.jimmunol.org/content/early/2015/09/11/jimmunol.1500447.abstract
Intradural Extramedullary Spinal Tuberculosis Diagnosed Eight Years After Treatment of the Primary Infection: A Case Report.

Tuberculosis (TB), the disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is the second leading killer worldwide from a single infectious agent. Spinal TB is associated with pulmonary disease and may originate from hematogenous spread outside the central nervous system, sites located within the cranium (meningitis), or secondary extension from vertebral bodies or discs (Pott disease)1. Other presentations of tuberculosis include tuberculous arachnoiditis, nonosseous spinal tuberculoma, and spinal meningitis. Of these conditions, spinal tuberculoma can be intradural, extradural, intramedullary, or extramedullary. Intradural extramedullary tuberculosis is the most rare type and is only observed in one of 50,000 cases of tuberculosis2,3. To the best of our knowledge, in North America there has only been one previously documented intradural extramedullary tuberculoma in a patient who is not infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)4. Intradural spinal tuberculomas often present simultaneously with, or are preceded by, tuberculous meningitis5,6. We treated an otherwise healthy man who developed progressive lower-extremity pain and weakness from an intradural spinal tuberculoma. While spinal tuberculomas have been previously described2-10, to our knowledge, there have been no reports of a tuberculoma several years after successful eradication of the pulmonary infection. In this report, we present the case, pertinent imaging, operative findings, histopathology, and a review of the literature. The patient was informed that data concerning the case would be submitted for publication, and he provided consent. A sixty-eight-year-old man presented with a four-month history of progressive low back pain, lower-extremity weakness on the left side, and radiculopathy (pain level, 7 of 10), which became worse with activity. There was no history of trauma, bowel or bladder incontinence, balance problems, neck pain, or upper-extremity symptoms. Past medical history was noteworthy for diabetes mellitus, diabetic neuropathy, and tuberculosis, which had …
Analysis of Diarrhea Incidence in the Expo 2010 Shanghai China

[Objective] To understand the characteristics of diarrhea incidence in the Expo park in Shanghai. [Methods] Information of cases with diarrhea was collected through a clinic visit monitoring and reporting system in real time including food and drink. The relationships between temperature and diarrhea were also analyzed. [Results] Diarrhea occurred mainly from July to August in the youth. 50.53% patients with diarrhea were in the ages of 15 to 39. 11 630 diarrhea cases were individual visitors which counted for 71.87% of total cases. The Incidence of diarrheawas 20.14/10 million. The daily highest temperature correlated to the diarrhea incidences of the visitors and the expo staff. Food hygiene was the cause of diarrhea. [Conclusion] Similar characteristics diarrhea incidence were identified between the Expo park and Shanghai city. Enhancing management and supervise to food safety in surrounding areas is crucial for diarrhea prevention during large-scale events.
Package-Level Reconfiguration of RF Matching Networks Using SMD Components

Digital power amplifiers provide an unprecedented level of flexibility in their ability to operate on different signals using simple reprogramming of the digital signal processing, but their output matching networks must be redesigned for different frequency bands. This involves a redesign of part of the back-end-of-line mask set at a great cost. We present a package-level reconfiguration technique that allows a single transmitter to be reconfigured for multiple frequency bands, or different output power levels by soldering different surface mount device (SMD) components directly to the surface of the die, saving design and fabrication cost while delivering similar performance. We demonstrate the technique on a multiphase transmitter IC, showing optimized operation at three different frequencies using soldered SMD components to reconfigure the matching network of the IC at the package level. The transmitter’s linearity and performance are validated using a 5-MHz, 64-QAM LTE signal.
The Small Heat Shock Protein Hsp31 Cooperates with Hsp104 to Modulate Sup35 Prion Aggregation

The yeast homolog of DJ-1, Hsp31, is a multifunctional protein that is involved in several cellular pathways including detoxification of the toxic metabolite methylglyoxal and as a protein deglycase. Prior studies ascribed Hsp31 as a molecular chaperone that can inhibit α-Syn aggregation in vitro and alleviate its toxicity in vivo. It was also shown that Hsp31 inhibits Sup35 aggregate formation in yeast, however, it is unknown if Hsp31 can modulate [PSI+] phenotype and Sup35 prionogenesis. Other small heat shock proteins, Hsp26 and Hsp42 are known to be a part of a synergistic proteostasis network that inhibits Sup35 prion formation and promotes its disaggregation. Here, we establish that Hsp31 inhibits Sup35 [PSI+] prion formation in collaboration with a well-known disaggregase, Hsp104. Hsp31 transiently prevents prion induction but does not suppress induction upon prolonged expression of Sup35 indicating that Hsp31 can be overcome by larger aggregates. In addition, elevated levels of Hsp31 do not cure [PSI+] strains indicating that Hsp31 cannot intervene in a pre-existing prion oligomerization cycle. However, Hsp31 can modulate prion status in cooperation with Hsp104 because it inhibits Sup35 aggregate formation and potentiates [PSI+] prion curing upon overexpression of Hsp104. The absence of Hsp31 reduces [PSI+] prion curing by Hsp104 without influencing its ability to rescue cellular thermotolerance. Hsp31 did not synergize with Hsp42 to modulate the [PSI+] phenotype suggesting that both proteins act on similar stages of the prion cycle. We also showed that Hsp31 physically interacts with Hsp104 and together they prevent Sup35 prion toxicity to greater extent than if they were expressed individually. These results elucidate a mechanism for Hsp31 on prion modulation that suggest it acts at a distinct step early in the Sup35 aggregation process that is different from Hsp104. This is the first demonstration of the modulation of [PSI+] status by the chaperone action of Hsp31. The delineation of Hsp31's role in the chaperone cycle has implications for understanding the role of the DJ-1 superfamily in controlling misfolded proteins in neurodegenerative disease and cancer.
Efficient model updating of a multi-story frame and its foundation stiffness from earthquake records using a timoshenko beam model

Abstract We present a new approach to estimate the dynamic stiffnesses of soil-foundation systems using earthquake-induced response signals recorded on multi-story buildings with sparsely instrumentation. Identification of soil-foundation dynamic stiffness parameters from real-life data, especially earthquake-induced response signals, is arguably one of the most challenging problems in structural/geotechnical earthquake engineering. This is because the said parameters are frequency-dependent, and the non-stationary input excitation is not measurable due to soil-structure interaction effects. It is possible to identify these parameters using recently developed blind source separation techniques, provided that a finite element model of the superstructure is available. However, developing and updating a finite element model is usually a laborious undertaking, and its success strongly depends on the spatial density of measurements. In the present study, we offer a new method that is based on the use of a Timoshenko beam model to represent the superstructure. In this method, key parameters of the Timoshenko beam model – and those of its soil-foundation system – are adjusted through a systematic procedure, until the systems’ overall (flexible-based) modal properties match those identified from real-life data. The proposed method is robust against sensor sparseness, and yields accurate results even if the foundation rocking is not measured. The proposed procedure is first verified using a synthetic problem, and subsequently applied to real-life data recorded at the Millikan Library building, which is located at the Caltech campus in Pasadena, California.
The heritability of chimpanzee and human brain asymmetry

Human brains are markedly asymmetric in structure and lateralized in function, which suggests a relationship between these two properties. The brains of other closely related primates, such as chimpanzees, show similar patterns of asymmetry, but to a lesser degree, indicating an increase in anatomical and functional asymmetry during hominin evolution. We analysed the heritability of cerebral asymmetry in chimpanzees and humans using classic morphometrics, geometric morphometrics, and quantitative genetic techniques. In our analyses, we separated directional asymmetry and fluctuating asymmetry (FA), which is indicative of environmental influences during development. We show that directional patterns of asymmetry, those that are consistently present in most individuals in a population, do not have significant heritability when measured through simple linear metrics, but they have marginally significant heritability in humans when assessed through three-dimensional configurations of landmarks that reflect variation in the size, position, and orientation of different cortical regions with respect to each other. Furthermore, genetic correlations between left and right hemispheres are substantially lower in humans than in chimpanzees, which points to a relatively stronger environmental influence on left-right differences in humans. We also show that the level of FA has significant heritability in both species in some regions of the cerebral cortex. This suggests that brain responsiveness to environmental influences, which may reflect neural plasticity, has genetic bases in both species. These results have implications for the evolvability of brain asymmetry and plasticity among humans and our close relatives.
Spatiotemporal change of phosphorous speciation and concentration in stormwater in the St. Lucie Estuary watershed, South Florida.

Abstract Phosphorous (P) concentration in stormwater runoff varies at different spatial and temporal scales. Excessive P loading from agriculture system into the St. Lucie Estuary (SLE) contributed to water quality deterioration in southern Indian River Lagoon. This study examines the spatial and temporal shifts of different P forms in runoff and storm water under different land use, water management, and rainfall conditions. Storm water samplings were conducted monthly between April 2013 and December 2014 in typical farmland and along the waterway (Canal C-24) that connects lands to the SLE. Concentrations of different P forms and related water quality variables were measured. Approximately 89% of the collected water samples contained total P (TP) concentrations exceeding the total maximum daily load (TMDL) level (0.081 mg L−1). Concentrations of different P forms declined from agricultural field furrows to the canal and then increased from the upstream to the downstream in the canal where urban activities dominated land use. Total dissolved P (TDP) was the predominant form of TP, followed by PO4-P. Speciation and concentrations of P varied with sites and sampling times, but were significantly higher in the summer months (from June to September) than in the winter. Water pH explained ∼20% of TP variation. Spatiotemporal variations of P concentrations and compositions provide a data-based guide for development of best management practices (BMPs) to minimize P export from the SLE watershed.
Remodeling Specific Immunity by Use of MHC-Tetramers Distinguishes Graft-Versus-Tumor Activity from Graft-Versus-Host-Disease.

Abstract MHC molecules carrying selected peptides will bind specifically to their cognate T cell receptor on individual clones of reactive T cells. Fluorescently labeled, tetrameric MHC-peptide complexes have been widely used to detect and quantitate antigen specific T cell populations via flow cytometry. We hypothesized that such MHC-peptide tetramers could also be used to selectively deplete unique reactive T cell populations, while leaving the remaining T cell repertoire and immune response intact. We show in an MHC-matched, minor antigen disparate, murine BMT model (BALB.B → C57BL/6), MHC-peptide-tetramers can be used to deplete the T cells responsible for Graft-Versus-Host-Disease (GVHD), while leaving the remaining immune response intact, as demonstrated by the retention of Graft-Versus-Tumor (GVT) activity. Using PE-labeled tetramers, anti-PE microbeads and an autoMACs separation system, we successfully depleted donor splenocytes of alloantigen specific T cells prior to transplantation. We demonstrated the specificity of the depletion by showing loss of the tetramer reactivity after depletion, whereas no changes were observed in the Vβ repertoire and the percentage of T cells, B cells, NK cells, monocyte/macrophages and granulocytes between pre- and post-depletion samples. When analyzed 6 days after transplantation, mice receiving specifically-depleted splenocytes had 8.5% of the CD8+ T cells in mice that received control-depleted splenocytes. A nearly 50% decrease in in vivo proliferation of donor splenocytes, assessed by CFSE dilution, was seen 3 days after transplant in recipients of specifically-depleted splenocytes, as compared to mice receiving control-depleted splenocytes. However, pre- and post-depletion splenocytes (specific and control) were equally capable of mounting an immune response against third party cells as demonstrated by mixed lymphocyte reaction. In a series of bone marrow transplants designed to assess GVHD and GVT, mice receiving specifically-depleted splenocytes had a nearly 4-fold increased median survival due to significant decreases in GVHD morbidity and mortality compared to recipients of control-depleted splenocytes. All mice receiving splenocytes (tetramer-depleted or not) showed equal GVT activity. Finally, we were able to demonstrate the simultaneous abrogation of GVHD and the retention of GVT in a single bone marrow transplant. In recipients of specifically-depleted splenocytes, there was a 33% long-term survival and significant increases in median survival, as compared to recipients of non-depleted splenocytes, control-depleted splenocytes or bone marrow only; all of these latter groups succumbed to GVHD or tumor. This method also provides the proof-of-concept for similar strategies to selectively remove other unwanted T cell clones, which could result in novel therapies for certain autoimmune disorders, T cell malignancies and solid organ graft rejection.
Improvements in bladder, bowel and sexual outcomes following task-specific locomotor training in human spinal cord injury

Objective Locomotor training (LT) as a therapeutic intervention following spinal cord injury (SCI) is an effective rehabilitation strategy for improving motor outcomes, but its impact on non-locomotor functions is unknown. Given recent results of our labs' pre-clinical animal SCI LT studies and existing overlap of lumbosacral spinal circuitries controlling pelvic-visceral and locomotor functions, we addressed whether LT can improve bladder, bowel and sexual function in humans at chronic SCI time-points (> two years post-injury). Study design Prospective cohort study; pilot trial with small sample size. Methods Eight SCI research participants who were undergoing 80 daily one-hour sessions of LT on a treadmill using body-weight support, or one-hour of LT and stand training on alternate days, as part of another research study conducted at the Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, were enrolled in this pilot trial. Urodynamic assessments were performed and International Data Set questionnaire forms completed for bladder, bowel and sexual functions at pre-and post-training time points. Four usual care (non-trained; regular at-home routine) research participants were also enrolled in this study and had the same assessments collected twice, at least 3 months apart. Results Filling cystometry documented significant increases in bladder capacity, voiding efficiency and detrusor contraction time as well as significant decreases in voiding pressure post-training relative to baseline. Questionnaires revealed a decrease in the frequency of nocturia and urinary incontinence for several research participants as well as a significant decrease in time required for defecation and a significant increase in sexual desire post-training. No significant differences were found for usual care research participants. Conclusions These results suggest that an appropriate level of sensory information provided to the spinal cord, generated through task-specific stepping and/or loading, can positively benefit the neural circuitries controlling urogenital and bowel functions. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03036527.
Use of haloperidol versus atypical antipsychotics and risk of in-hospital death in patients with acute myocardial infarction: cohort study.

Abstract Objective To compare the risk of in-hospital mortality associated with haloperidol compared with atypical antipsychotics in patients admitted to hospital with acute myocardial infarction. Design Cohort study using a healthcare database. Setting Nationwide sample of patient data from more than 700 hospitals across the United States. Participants 6578 medical patients aged more than 18 years who initiated oral haloperidol or oral atypical antipsychotics (olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone) during a hospital admission with a primary diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction between 2003 and 2014. Main outcome measure In-hospital mortality during seven days of follow-up from treatment initiation. Results Among 6578 patients (mean age 75.2 years) treated with an oral antipsychotic drug, 1668 (25.4%) initiated haloperidol and 4910 (74.6%) initiated atypical antipsychotics. The mean time from admission to start of treatment (5.3 v 5.6 days) and length of stay (12.5 v 13.6 days) were similar, but the mean treatment duration was shorter in patients using haloperidol compared with those using atypical antipsychotics (2.4 v 3.9 days). 1:1 propensity score matching was used to adjust for confounding. In intention to treat analyses with the matched cohort, the absolute rate of death per 100 person days was 1.7 for haloperidol (129 deaths) and 1.1 for atypical antipsychotics (92 deaths) during seven days of follow-up from treatment initiation. The survival probability was 0.93 in patients using haloperidol and 0.94 in those using atypical antipsychotics at day 7, accounting for the loss of follow-up due to hospital discharge. The unadjusted and adjusted hazard ratios of death were 1.51 (95% confidence interval 1.22 to 1.85) and 1.50 (1.14 to 1.96), respectively. The association was strongest during the first four days of follow-up and decreased over time. By day 5, the increased risk was no longer evident (1.12, 0.79 to 1.59). In the as-treated analyses, the unadjusted and adjusted hazard ratios were 1.90 (1.43 to 2.53) and 1.93 (1.34 to 2.76), respectively. Conclusion The results suggest a small increased risk of death within seven days of initiating haloperidol compared with initiating an atypical antipsychotic in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Although residual confounding cannot be excluded, this finding deserves consideration when haloperidol is used for patients admitted to hospital with cardiac morbidity.
Adiabatic shear instability is not necessary for adhesion in cold spray

Abstract When metallic microparticles impact substrates at high enough velocity, they bond cohesively. It has been widely argued that this critical adhesion velocity is associated with the impact velocity required to induce adiabatic shear instability. Here, we argue that the large interfacial strain needed to achieve bonding does not necessarily require adiabatic shear instability to trigger. Instead, we suggest that the interaction of strong pressure waves with the free surface at the particle edges—a natural dynamic effect of a sufficiently rapid impact—can cause hydrodynamic plasticity that effects bonding, without requiring shear instability. We proceed on this basis to postulate and confirm a proportionality between critical velocity and the bulk speed of sound, which supports the viewpoint that shear instability is not the mechanism of adhesion in cold spray.
Septic shock secondary to acute bacterial prostatitis in an HIV-positive male: a novel presentation

Acute bacterial prostatitis, an acute infection of the prostate gland, results in lower abdominal pain, flank pain, urinary symptoms and the potential for systemic symptoms like fever and shock. With a high mortality rate if left untreated, acute bacterial prostatitis becomes a true urological emergency, which if allowed to progress, may result in bacteremia, severe sepsis/septic shock and death. Diagnosis is mainly clinical with a detailed history and physical and laboratory evaluation to include a urinalysis. However, imaging may be necessary to exclude other pathology. We present the case of a 44-year-old male with a history of well-controlled HIV that used a prostate vibrator for 1-week prior to his presentation to the ED. He was subsequently diagnosed with septic shock secondary to acute bacterial prostatitis and required ICU management.
The Idea of Socialism: Towards a Renewal

Socialism is both in trouble and has renewed appeal. On the one hand, over the last two decades, the fortunes of Continental social democracy have declined dramatically. On the other hand, the rece...
Terror in West Africa: a threat assessment of the new Al Qaeda affiliate in Mali

In response to the chaos that ensued after the 2012 coup in Mali, tens of thousands of international troops were sent to West Africa to eradicate the jihadist threat emanating from the north. Howev...
Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury: Collaboration through Case Example

Collaboration between the neuropsychologist and a variety of physicians involved in the care of a child with traumatic brain injury (TBI) is complex and critical to optimal patient outcomes. Management of TBI is best viewed as a dynamic process, beginning in the field with first responders, continuing through the emergency department (ED) and pediatric intensive care unit (PICU), and ultimately to the general medical floor and post-hospitalization. Primary neuropsychological and medical concerns change as the child progresses through these stages, with initial focus on life sustaining measures and prevention or reversal of secondary brain injury. Primary brain injury from physical trauma to tissue is often irreversible, with recovery being related to neuroplasticity or compensatory mechanisms. However, secondary brain injury from the pathophysiological effects of the primary injury (edema, bleeding, hydrocephalus, increased intracranial pressure, vascular compromise, metabolic dysregulation, seizures, etc.) is often amenable to prevention or even reversal [1–3]. Initial management in the ED and PICU focuses primarily on minimizing the effects of secondary brain injury, in lieu of patient functioning. Once medically stable, focus moves to recovery of functioning, and maximizing independence via pharmacological and therapeutic interventions, and ultimately long-term treatments designed to optimize the child’s future development, school success, and eventually transition to adulthood. Although there is considerable overlap between the initial treatment of concussions and TBI in children, the differing pathophysiologies for these two conditions result in disparate post-injury treatment planning and collaboration between the neuropsychologist and physician attending to the child. Similar to TBI, management of concussion is dynamic, although generally involves less intensive services, usually terminating after ED intervention and ongoing care from the family, with outpatient follow-up as needed.
Generalized DC loop current attack against the KLJN secure key exchange scheme.

A new attack against the Kirchhoff Law Johnson Noise (KLJN) secure key distribution system is studied with unknown parasitic DC voltage sources at both Alices and Bobs ends. This paper is the generalization of our earlier investigation with a single end parasitic source. Under the assumption that Eve does not know the values of the parasitic sources, a new attack, utilizing the current generated by the parasitic dc voltage sources, is introduced. The attack is mathematically analyzed and demonstrated by computer simulations. Simple defense methods against the attack are shown. The earlier defense method based solely on the comparison of current/voltage data at Alice's and Bob's terminals is useless here since the wire currents and voltages are equal at both ends. However, the more expensive version of the earlier defense method, which is based on in situ system simulation and comparison with measurements, works efficiently.
AccessAnesthesiology: A Resource Description

AccessAnesthesiology from McGraw-Hill is an interactive database platform that provides user access to electronic books, quick reference material, drug monographs, multimedia, sample cases, and ane...
Congenital melanocytic nevi.

Purpose of review To update pediatric providers on new developments in our understanding of the clinical presentation, genetics, and systemic risks associated with congenital melanocytic nevi (CMN). Recent findings CMN are primarily caused by sporadic postzygotic somatic mutations, most frequently in NRAS, and studies of the genetic underpinnings of CMN have demonstrated a diverse array of genetic drivers. The primary complications of large and giant CMN include neurocutaneous melanocytosis and malignant melanoma. Abnormalities in CNS MRI may predict a worse clinical course for patients and increased risk of melanoma. Targeted therapies of the MEK pathway have begun to be studied for the treatment of CMN and prevention of associated complications. Summary Patients with large and giant CMN should be managed by an interdisciplinary care team for the monitoring of dermatologic, neurologic, and psychosocial concerns. Ongoing research is underway to better characterize the genetic drivers of CMN and to better guide development of targeted therapeutics.
Bacteremia due to healthcare-associated urinary tract infections in children.

Abstract Background Epidemiological data on secondary bacteremia associated with nosocomial urinary tract infections generally include adult patients with urinary catheters. Aim To evaluate the frequency and outcome of secondary bacteremia complicating healthcare-associated urinary tract infections. Material and methods This study was conducted between May 2013 and December 2017 at the Dr. Behcet Uz Children's Hospital and included symptomatic nosocomial urinary tract infections. A total of 117 patients with positive blood cultures were enrolled in the study. Results Six patients had bacteremia associated with nosocomial urinary tract infections yielding an incidence of 5.1%. The pathogens responsible for secondary bacteremia were: Klebsiella pneumonia in two patients, Enterococcus faecium in two patients, Klebsiella oxytoca in one patient, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in one patient. Conclusion The incidence of bacteremia associated with nosocomial urinary tract infections was not different from bacteremia associated with community-acquired urinary tract infections, and was approximately 5%.
Emotional awareness, empathy, and generosity in high-risk youths.

Abstract Although maltreatment places youths at risk for substantial deficits in prosociality, effective methods of improving these deficits have yet to be identified. The current investigation tested whether prosociality could be enhanced in maltreated youths by increasing their awareness of others’ sadness. Maltreated youths (n = 145) and matched community youths (n = 106) aged 6–17 years completed a sharing task within which labels about a peer’s emotions (sad vs. neutral) were experimentally manipulated. Youths who received the sad emotion label about a peer’s feelings showed greater empathic concern, and in turn generosity, toward that peer than youths who received the neutral label. Findings offer new insight into potential methods of improving prosocial responding in youths and thus provide direction for intervention efforts.
Pittsburgh's translocal social movement: A case of the new public water

Abstract This paper contributes to the water privatization and governance literatures by examining the case of Pittsburgh where renewed efforts of water privatization have emerged after a failed private management arrangement between the local water authority and Veolia ended abruptly in 2015. We argue that, as the water authority aims to rebuild trust in the community, resident mobilization has played a key role in hindering further privatizing arrangements and has exerted influence in defining what constitutes the “new public” water in Pittsburgh, by advocating for increased transparency and accountability in governance, infrastructure improvements and protections for low-income residents.