cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An approach for increasing aeroelastic divergence dynamic pressure of wind-tunnel models

An approach for increasing the aeroelastic divergence dynamic pressure of wind-tunnel model support systems is presented. A study has been conducted to investigate the effect of increased flexibility of the forward portion of balances on the divergence pressure of wind-tunnel models. The study utilized prior divergence analyses completed for various models to be tested in NASA Langley Research Center's National Transonic Facility, the Engineering Analysis Language finite-element analysis code, and an in-house computer program which solves for divergence dynamic pressure utilizing a transfer-matrix method based on fourth-order Runge-Kutta integration. Analytical results for balance flexibility changes versus changes in divergence pressure were obtained and demonstrate that a significant increase in divergence pressure can be obtained from the increased flexibility of the balance's forward portion for many models and their support systems.
An NMR spectroscopic study of the reactions of (2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethyl)diphenylphosphine with rhodium(I) olefin complexes

Abstract The reactions of Ph 2 P(CH 2 CH 2 O) 2 CH 3 (I) with [(cod)Rh(μ-Cl)] 2 and [(coe) 2 Rh(μ-Cl)] 2 (cod = 1,5-cyclooctadiene, coe = cis -cyclooctene) and of Ph 2 PMe with [(coe) 2 Rh(μ-Cl)] 2 have been studied using 31 P and 13 C NMR spectroscopy. These studies indicate that the two Rh complexes give quite different reaction products. The reaction of I with [(cod)Rh(μ-Cl)] 2 at a Rh/I ratio of 1/1 yields (cod)RhPh 2 P(CH 2 CH 2 O) 2 CH 3 - P Cl (II). Increasing the Rh/I ratio in this solution to 1/2 results in the formation of ClRhPh 2 P(CH 2 CH 2 O) 2 CH 3 - P 3 (III), but not of any complexes with two I's coordinated to Rh. A complex with two I's attached to the Rh can be formed by first reacting II with AgBF 4 to form [(cod)RhPh 2 P(CH 2 CH 2 O) 2 CH 3 - P , O ]BF 4 (IV) and then by reacting IV with a second equivalent of I to form [(cod)RhPh 2 P(CH 2 CH 2 O) 2 CH 3 - P 2 ]BF 4 (V). The reaction of [(coe) 2 Rh(μ-Cl)] 2 with Ph 2 PMe yields [(coe)(Ph 2 PMe)Rh(μ-Cl)] 2 (VI) at a Rh/Ph 2 PMe ratio of 1/1, [(Ph 2 PMe) 2 Rh(μ-Cl)] 2 (VII) at a Rh/Ph 2 PMe ratio of 1/2 and ClRh(Ph 2 PMe) 3 (VIII) at a Rh/Ph 2 PMe ratio of 1/3. The reaction of [(coe) 2 Rh(μ-Cl)] 2 with I gives a different product, [Ph 2 P(CH 2 CH 2 O) 2 CH 3 - P , O Rh(μ-Cl)] 2 (IX) at a Rh/I ratio of 1/1, but similar products at Rh/I ratios of 1/2, [Ph 2 P(CH 2 CH 2 O) 2 CH 3 - P 2 Rh(μ-Cl)] 2 (XI) and 1/3, III. The differences in the reaction products are due to the fact that the bidentate cod ligand coordinates much more strongly to the Rh than do either the bridging chlorine or the monodentate coe ligand. Thus, the reactions of [(cod)Rh(μ-Cl)] 2 with phosphines initially involve displacement of the bridging chloride, but those of [(coe) 2 Rh(μ-Cl)] 2 with phosphines initially involve loss of the coe ligand. The weak Rh-coe bond allows I to function as a chelating P/O-ligand in IX.
Fermi surface nesting and the origin of charge density waves in metals

The concept of a charge density wave (CDW), which is induced by Fermi-surface nesting, originated from the Peierls idea of electronic instabilities in purely one-dimensional metals and is now often applied to charge ordering in real low-dimensional materials. The idea is that if Fermi surface contours coincide when shifted along the observed CDW wave vector, then the CDW is considered to be nesting derived. We show that, in most cases, this procedure has no predictive power, since Fermi surfaces either do not nest at the right wave vector or nest more strongly at the wrong vector. We argue that only a tiny fraction, if any, of the observed charge ordering phase transitions are true analogs of the Peierls instability because electronic instabilities are easily destroyed by even small deviations from perfect nesting conditions. By using prototypical CDW materials ${\text{NbSe}}_{2}$, ${\text{TaSe}}_{2}$, and ${\text{CeTe}}_{3}$, we show that such conditions are hardly ever fulfilled and that the CDW phases are actually structural phase transitions driven by the concerted action of electronic and ionic subsystems, i.e., a $\mathbf{q}$-dependent electron-phonon coupling plays an indispensable part. We also mathematically show that the original Peierls construction is so fragile that it is unlikely to apply to real materials. We argue that no meaningful distinction between a CDW and an incommensurate lattice transition exists.
The mAKAPβ Scaffold Regulates Cardiac Myocyte Hypertrophy via Recruitment of Activated Calcineurin

mAKAPbeta is the scaffold for a multimolecular signaling complex in cardiac myocytes that is required for the induction of neonatal myocyte hypertrophy. We now show that the pro-hypertrophic phosphatase calcineurin binds directly to a single site on mAKAPbeta that does not conform to any of the previously reported consensus binding sites. Calcineurin-mAKAPbeta complex formation is increased in the presence of Ca(2+)/calmodulin and in norepinephrine-stimulated primary cardiac myocytes. This binding is of functional significance because myocytes exhibit diminished norepinephrine-stimulated hypertrophy when expressing a mAKAPbeta mutant incapable of binding calcineurin. In addition to calcineurin, the transcription factor NFATc3 also associates with the mAKAPbeta scaffold in myocytes. Calcineurin bound to mAKAPbeta can dephosphorylate NFATc3 in myocytes, and expression of mAKAPbeta is required for NFAT transcriptional activity. Taken together, our results reveal the importance of regulated calcineurin binding to mAKAPbeta for the induction of cardiac myocyte hypertrophy. Furthermore, these data illustrate how scaffold proteins organizing localized signaling complexes provide the molecular architecture for signal transduction networks regulating key cellular processes.
RB and p53 cooperate to prevent liver tumorigenesis in response to tissue damage.

Background & Aims The tumor suppressors retinoblastoma (RB) and p53 are important regulators of the cell cycle. Although human cancer cells inactivate RB and p53 by many mechanisms, the cooperative roles of these proteins in tumorigenesis are complex and tissue specific. We analyzed the cooperation of RB and p53 in liver development and pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Methods Spontaneous and carcinogen-induced (diethylnitrosamine) tumorigenesis were studied in mice with liver-specific deletions of Rb and/or p53 ( Rb f/f ;albcre+, p53 f/f ;albcre+ and Rb f/f ; p53 f/f ;albcre+ mice). Genotype, histologic, immunohistochemical, microarray, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, immunoblot, and comparative genomic hybridization analyses were performed using normal and tumor samples. Comparative microarray analyses were performed against publicly available human microarray data sets. Results Deletion of RB and p53 from livers of mice deregulated the transcriptional programs associated with human disease. These changes were not sufficient for spontaneous tumorigenesis; potent quiescence mechanisms compensated for loss of these tumor suppressors. In response to hepatocarcinogen-induced damage, distinct and cooperative roles of RB and p53 were revealed; their loss affected cell cycle control, checkpoint response, and genome stability. In damaged tissue, combined loss of RB and p53 resulted in early lesion formation, aggressive tumor progression, and gene expression signatures and histologic characteristics of advanced human hepatocellular carcinoma. Conclusions The effects RB and p53 loss are determined by the tissue environment; cell stresses that promote aggressive disease reveal the functions of these tumor suppressors.
Benign metastasizing leiomyoma responsive to megestrol: case report and review of the literature

Benign metastasizing leiomyoma (BML) is an unusual condition typically treated by surgical resection and hormonal therapy. A 37-year-old woman presented with dyspnea 6 years after uterine myomectomy. Computed tomographic scans showed pelvic and right-sided lung masses. Total abdominal hysterectomy and right salpingo-oophorectomy revealed only leiomyomas and benign ovarian cysts. Thoracotomy revealed multiple nodules consistent with leiomyomas. Estrogen and progesterone receptors on lung and uterine tissue were positive. A 21- × 18-mm residual area of neoplasm in the lung completely resolved 3 months after treatment with megestrol. The patient remains free of disease 3 years after lung resection. We present a rare case of BML in which the lung neoplasm responded to megestrol alone in the setting of intact ovarian function.
The long-term effect of glucagon on pyruvate kinase activity in primary cultures of hepatocytes

Glucagon caused a marked decrease in the total L-pyruvate kinase activity of control hepatocytes maintained in monolayer culture (t1/2 = 54 h), while the addition of insulin to hepatocytes isolated from a fasted rat caused a four- to fivefold increase in the total enzyme activity. Maintenance of L-pyruvate kinase in control cultures of hepatocytes was shown to require insulin. However, when 1 microM glucagon was present in the medium, the total L-pyruvate kinase activity was not maintained even in the presence of 1 microM insulin, but rather the total L-pyruvate kinase activity of the cells steadily declined from 12.1 to 5.7 units/mg DNA by the 6th day in culture. The increase in the total L-pyruvate kinase activity of fasted hepatocytes cultured in the presence of insulin was shown to result from an increase in protein synthesis, since actinomycin D and cycloheximide blocked the insulin-induced increase in the enzyme activity. The addition of 1 microM glucagon to cultures of fasted hepatocytes also blocked the insulin-induced increase in total L-pyruvate kinase activity. Since glucagon decreased the total L-pyruvate kinase activity in control hepatocytes and blocked the increase in L-pyruvate kinase activity in fasted hepatocytes, it is suggested that, in addition to the phosphorylation of L-pyruvate kinase by a cAMP-dependent protein kinase, glucagon also acts to decrease the synthesis of L-pyruvate kinase in vitro.
Forward and backward to mid-rapidity correlations measured in d+Au collisions at SNN=200 with the PHENIX detector

Abstract Deuteron-gold collisions provide the opportunity to probe the partonic structure of the Au nucleus, measuring a valuable baseline for Au+Au collisions. There are strong theoretical and experimental interests in the possibility of gluon saturation effects, which could influence parton distributions at very low x in the nucleon. These effects would be even stronger in a nucleus and can be investigated via d+Au collisions, particularly with the PHENIX forward detectors, which can access x ≈ 0.005 . Comparison of the mid-rapidity yield correlated with jets triggered on the d going side to the yield correlated with those triggered on the Au going side allows exploration of gluon saturation and other x dependent effects. The status of this analysis will be presented.
The ischemic penumbra: identification, evolution and treatment concepts

The concept of the ischemic penumbra is an important one for both basic investigators of cerebral ischemia and for clinicians who treat stroke patients. The ischemic penumbra has been defined in a variety of ways, but the most clinically relevant definition is that portion of the ischemic territory that is still potentially salvageable, if an appropriate treatment is given. Currently, three main challenges persist for those interested in the ischemic penumbra concept: how can this ischemic region be most accurately identified in stroke patients, what mechanisms of ischemic cell death are most important for progression from penumbra towards irreversible injury and what therapeutic modalities are most likely to impede the development of infarction? Much important information regarding each of these topics has become available recently and will be the focus of this paper.
Effect of a personal weight transfer device on muscle activities and joint flexions in the stooped posture.

Abstract Repetitive work in the stooped posture is a known risk factor for developing low back disorders (LBDs); regardless, the stooped posture is widespread throughout the world in the agriculture, construction, and mining industries. An on-body weight transfer device was tested as a possible intervention for reducing the risk of developing LBDs. Eighteen subjects (11 male and 7 female), with no history of LBDs, performed stooped posture tasks in the laboratory. Surface electromyograms of the erector spinae, rectus abdominis, biceps femoris, and tibialis anterior muscles were recorded. Bodily joint flexions were measured with a combination of inclinometers and electrogoniometers. When wearing the device in the stooped posture, biceps femoris activity and lumbar flexion were significantly reduced. Subjects who did not experience flexion–relaxation had a significant reduction in lumbar erector spinae activity. By reducing back muscle activity, and by limiting lumbar flexion, the device could reduce the risk of developing LBDs for those who work while adopting the stooped posture. The device may also be beneficial for those with existing LBDs. Follow up field studies are needed to confirm the long-term potential benefits of such an intervention approach.
Apolipoproteins do not add prognostic information beyond lipoprotein cholesterol measures among individuals with obesity and insulin resistance syndromes: the ARIC study.

AimsThere are conflicting guidelines regarding the measurement of apolipoproteins (apoB, apoA-1), in addition to standard lipoprotein cholesterol measures, for cardiovascular risk assessment among individuals with obesity or insulin resistance syndromes. This study aims to assess whether apolipoprotein assessments add prognostic information regarding coronary heart disease (CHD) risk beyond standard lipoprotein cholesterol measurements among individuals with obesity, diabetes, and the metabolic syndrome.Methods and resultsWe followed 9026 participants in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study without cardiovascular disease at baseline (visit 4, 1996–99). We compared the associations of apoB, apoA-1, and their respective lipoprotein cholesterol measures with incident CHD events among individuals with and without obesity, the metabolic syndrome, or diabetes. Over a median follow up of 10.1 years, there were 903 CHD events. Among participants with obesity, the top quintiles of apoB (HR 2.00, 95...
EPR spectroscopic and computational characterization of the hydroxyethylidene-thiamine pyrophosphate radical intermediate of pyruvate: ferredoxin oxidoreductase

The radical intermediate of pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFOR) from Moorella thermoacetica was characterized using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy at X-band and D-band microwave frequencies. EPR spectra, obtained with various combinations of isotopically labeled substrate (pyruvate) and coenzyme (thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)), were analyzed by spectral simulations. Parameters obtained from the simulations were compared with those predicted from electronic structure calculations on various radical structures. The g-values and 14N/15N-hyperfine splittings obtained from the spectra are consistent with a planar, hydroxyethylidene-thiamine pyrophosphate (HE-TPP) π-radical, in which spin is delocalized onto the thiazolium sulfur and nitrogen atoms. The 1H-hyperfine splittings from the methyl group of pyruvate and the 13C-hyperfine splittings from C2 of both pyruvate and TPP are consistent with a model in which the pyruvate-derived oxygen atom of the HE-TPP radical forms a hydrogen bond...
Exploring Single-File Diffusion in One-Dimensional Nanochannels by Laser-Polarized 129Xe NMR Spectroscopy

Single-file diffusion behavior is expected for atoms and molecules in one-dimensional gas phases of nanochannels with transverse dimensions that do not allow for the particles to bypass each other. Although single-file diffusion may play an important role in a wide range of industrial catalytic, geologic, and biological processes, experimental evidence is scarce despite the fact that the dynamics differ substantially from ordinary diffusion. We demonstrate the application of continuous-flow laser-polarized 129Xe NMR spectroscopy for the study of gas transport into the effectively one-dimensional channels of a microporous material. The novel methodology makes it possible to monitor diffusion over a time scale of tens of seconds, often inaccessible by conventional NMR experiments. The technique can also be applied to systems with very small mobility factors or diffusion constants that are difficult to determine by currently available methods for diffusion measurement. Experiments using xenon in nanochannel ...
Platelet aggregability, thromboxane A2 and malonaldehyde formation following administration of aspirin to man.

Abstract Ingestion of aspirin at a single dose of 600 mg blocked arachidonic acid /AA/ induced platelet aggregation, thromboxane A 2 /TXA 2 / generation and malonaldehyde /MDA/ formation in platelet-rich plasma /PRP/ of 10 subjects. The ability of PRP to produce TXA 2 was abolished completely for 2–3 days. It reappeared thereafter, mounting sharply to the initial values within 8–13 days following removal from aspirin. The time of recovery of AA-induced platelet aggregability to the starting values corresponded well with that of TXA 2 , while blockade of MDA generation by aspirin appeared to be of somewhat shorter duration than that of TXA 2 . We conclude that: 1/ Measurements of platelet life-span by non-radioisotope method, using aspirin is likely to encircle the measurement of megakaryocyte function; 2/ In clinical trials of secondary prevention of myocardial infarction 600 mg aspirin given once every three to four days might well be a sufficient dose.
The tethered spinal cord in patients with anorectal malformations

The aims of this study were to find the prevalence of tethered cord in patients with anorectal malformations; to determine if the presence of tethered cord relates to the severity of the anorectal defect, and to certain symptoms, signs, radiologic findings, and associated anomalies; and finally to determine whether tethered cord impacted on a patient's functional prognosis and whether surgical untethering improved the patient. The authors studied 934 patients with anorectal malformations, 111 of whom had magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the spine. We compared patients with and without tethered cord by using parametric and nonparametric statistical tests. Tethered cord occurred in 24% of the patients. The prevalence varied according to the type of anorectal defect from 43% in the complex group to 11% in patients with rectovestibular fistula. Patients with tethered cord had a lateral sacral ratio lower than that of patients without tethered cord (0.410 versus 0.702). Tethered cord was present in 90% of patients with myelodysplasia, 60% of patients with a presacral mass, 57% of patients with sacral hemivertebrae, and 56% of patients with a single kidney. The greater number of associated anomalies a patient had, the greater the risk of having tethered cord (P < .05 for all differences). The authors noted differences between patients with and without tethered cord in the presence of voluntary bowel movements (46% versus 70%), fecal soiling (91% versus 63%), constipation (21% versus 43%), and urinary incontinence (86% versus 42%). The data indicate that patients with tethered cord have a worse functional prognosis than patients without tethered cord. However, the incontinence in our patients was also predictable based on the type of anorectal defect and the character of the sacrum irrespective of the presence of tethered cord. Eighteen patients underwent surgical untethering of the cord, and none had any significant change in bowel or urinary function postoperatively. No patient with tethered cord experienced incontinence that could be attributed to the cord defect alone. This study suggests that tethered cord occurs more frequently in patients with severe anorectal defects, sacral hypodevelopment, myelodysplasia, presacral mass, sacral hemivertebrae, or a single kidney, or in those with an anorectal defect with poor functional prognosis. At present no solid evidence supports the concept that tethered cord by itself affects the functional prognosis of patients with anorectal malformations. Also, there is no good evidence demonstrating that surgical untethering improves the prognosis.
Variation in Galr1 expression determines susceptibility to excitotoxin‐induced cell death in mice

Inbred strains of mice differ in their susceptibility to excitotoxin-induced cell death, but the genetic basis of individual variation in differential susceptibility is unknown. Previously, we identified a highly significant quantitative trait locus (QTL) on chromosome 18 that influenced susceptibility to kainic acid-induced cell death (Sicd1). Comparison of susceptibility to seizure-induced cell death between reciprocal congenic lines for Sicd1 and parental background mice indicates that genes influencing this trait were captured in both strains. Two positional gene candidates, Galr1 and Mbp, map to 55 cM, where the Sicd1 QTL had been previously mapped. Thus, this study was undertaken to determine if Galr1 and/or Mbp could be considered as candidate genes. Genomic sequence comparison of these two functional candidate genes from the C57BL/6J (resistant at Sicd1) and the FVB/NJ (susceptible at Sicd1) strains showed no single-nucleotide polymorphisms. However, expression studies confirmed that Galr1 shows significant differential expression in the congenic and parental inbred strains. Galr1 expression was downregulated in the hippocampus of C57BL/6J mice and FVB.B6-Sicd1 congenic mice when compared with FVB/NJ or B6.FVB-Sicd1 congenic mice. A survey of Galr1 expression among other inbred strains showed a significant effect such that ‘susceptible’ strains showed a reduction in Galr1 expression as compared with ‘resistant’ strains. In contrast, no differences in Mbp expression were observed. In summary, these results suggest that differential expression of Galr1 may contribute to the differences in susceptibility to seizure-induced cell death between cell death-resistant and cell death-susceptible strains.
The effect of recycle on a linear reactor

The theoretical transient behavior of an isothermal packed bed or tubular reactor with direct recycle is investigated. It is shown that the recycle effect, coupled with the phenomenon of axial dispersion, causes waves in the reactant concentration to travel through the bed when the feed concentration undergoes a step change. The waves have a length almost equal to the bed length and they travel with the velocity of the fluid. The behavior of the waves is very insensitive to the value of the Peclet number. The pertinent linear differential equation is solved by the method of generalized Fourier transforms and the boundary conditions are such that the Sturm-Liouville theorem cannot be used. The operator is nonself-adjoint and the eigenfunctions are not mutually orthogonal. The eigenvalues, which are complex, are found by means of the argument principle. Sample calculations are presented of the first one hundred terms of the Fourier expansion of a solution function and this is compared to a simplified approximate series which is developed.
819 SEROLOGIC AND VIROLOGIC STUDIES OF EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS INFECTIONS IN CHILDREN WITH AN INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS (IM) -LIKE DISEASE

Few data are available about the antibody response to Epstein-Barr virus(EBV) and the rate of isolation of this virus in children with an IM-like disease. Twenty-five children presenting with a clinical picture suggesting this diagnosis are the subject of this report. Fourteen children were 4 mo to 5 yrs of age, eleven were 6 to 16 yrs. High antibody(IgG) titers(>160) to viral capsid antigen of EBV were detected in the sera of 15(60%.) of the children. Antibodies to early antigen, predominately to the diffuse component, were found in 22(88%). Specific IgM to EBV was detected in 17(81%) of 21 children's sera examined. The initial sera of 14(56%) children contained antibodies to viral capsid antigen but lacked antibodies to nuclear antigen of EBV. The latter was further evidence of a primary EBV infection. EBV was isolated from the oropharynx in 12(63%) of 19 children tested. Children <3 yrs of age tended to lack IM-associated heterophile antibodies and have a higher rate of antibodies to restricted component of early antigen than the older group. Two children 4 mo and 2 yrs old, probably did not have an EBV-induced disease. The type and duration of the immune response and the rate and duration of EBV isolation were roughly similar to that noted in adults with EBV-induced IM. EBV specific serologic and virologic cesting is a valuable diagnostic aid particularly when the heterophile antibody test is negative, early or throughout the course of IM, or the clinical presentation is atypical.
Multiphysics well-stirred reactor modeling of coal gasification under intense thermal radiation

Abstract Gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar radiation can be an efficient and cost-effective way of supporting the endothermic reactions. To understand the effect of concentrated solar energy on the gasification process, we applied a multiphysics constant-volume well-stirred reactor model. The model considers detailed gas-phase chemistry, devolatilization kinetics, particle-phase reactions, film diffusion, pore evolution, as well as full coupling between the two phases at multiple scales for mass, species, and energy exchange. Numerical simulations were conducted using an in-house code to understand the effects of concentrated solar energy flux on conversion time, syngas yield, solar-to-fuel conversion efficiency, and solar-to-chemical enthalpy conversion percentage.
Intensity diffraction tomography using non-interferometric side-band holography

In this talk, we develop a generalized intensity diffraction tomography reconstruction theory for use with side-bank holographic measurement geometries. Computer simulation studies are presented to demonstrate the method.
Medicine discovers child abuse.

The battered-child syndrome is a term the authors used to describe young children who received serious physical abuse, generally from a parent or foster parent. In response to a survey, 71 hospitals reported that 302 battered children were seen in the past year. Characteristics of the battered-child syndrome were described and 2 cases were reported in detail.See PDF for full text of the original JAMA article.
Using scripting languages in optical interferometry

ABSTRACT Testbeds and production systems need lightweight, capable, and rapidly developed applications. We have developed several such scripts for testing and operating the Keck Interferometer. Two stand-alone (Tcl/Tk script) applications implemented to support the Keck Interferometer are discussed. The first is a front end to automatic and manual optical alignment embedded software, developed using the Keck Observatory Keyword API extension. The second is a user interface to the Interferometer Sequencer that communicates with it via both Keywords and Common Orbject Request Broker Architecture (CORBA). We discuss client-side CORBA scripts implemented in Tcl, Perl and Python. These are all technologies that are either currently being used on testbeds at JPL or being evaluated for future use. Finally, a Python example demonstrating implementation of a simple CORBA server is presented. Keywords: CORBA, Tcl, Python, Perl, Interferometer, Keck, Sequencer, Align 1. INTRODUCTION In the "990s scripting languages evolved rapidly to a very high level of sophistication. Extensible languages like Tcl, Perl and Python are ideal for rapid prototyping and rival the power of languages like FORTRAN, C, C++ and JAVA. At JPL we utilize these languages on several different projects. JPL's Real Time Interferometry Software Group is responsible for development of software and hardware technology to support implementation of astronomical interferometer systems. Both ground and space interferometer projects are currently in progress. The major ground based interferometer supported by the group links the two "0m telescopes of the W. M. Keck Observatory at Mauna Kea, Hawaii. In addition, several technology testbeds are being implemented for future flight missions including the Space Interferometry Mission (SIM). The Keck Observatory telescope control system was implemented using a software package called Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System (EPICS). EPICS is a distributed control system running at Keck on single board computers using the VxWorks real time operating system. EPICS software is also used to implement the alignment software of the Keck Interferometer optics. Client-side applications communicate with EPICS via a Keyword
SOLAR RADIO BURSTS AND COSMIC RAYS

Abstract Current theories of the origin of solar radio bursts suggest that fast drift (Type III) bursts may be generated by the emission of solar particles with velocities approaching those of cosmic rays. An examination of cosmic ray intensity and solar radio data over the two-year period 1956 October–1958 September shows, however, no correlation between fast drift bursts and cosmic ray increases on the earth. Solar flares, with which fast drift bursts are associated, also appear to be unrelated to cosmic ray increases. On the other hand there have been a number of cases of increases in low energy cosmic ray particles, recorded by equipment in satellites and balloons, which were probably related to outbursts of solar continuum (Type IV) radiation. Forbush type decreases in cosmic ray intensity, and accompanying magnetic storms, are regularly preceded by slow drift (Type II) radio bursts.
Human chorionic gonadotrophins (hCG) in nontrophoblastic neoplasms. Assessment of abnormalities of hCG and CEA in bronchogenic and digestive neoplasms

Evaluation of plasma hCG measurement in the diagnosis of nontrophoblastic neoplasms and assessment of the value of concomitant measurement of plasma hCG and CEA in patients with bronchogenic carcinoma and neoplasms of the digestive tract were undertaken. Only one of 70 normal control subjects had positive plasma hCG (3.5 ng/ml), whereas 54 of 320 patients with nontrophoblastic neoplasms had measurable plasma hCG (1.9 to 160 ng/ml). Forty of these patients had less than 5.1 ng/ml. Elevated plasma CEA levels of 3.6 to 140 ng/ml were found in 38 of the 70 patients with bronchogenic carcinoma and 30 of the 72 patients with neoplasms of the digestive tract in this series. Concomitant positive hCG was found in only six of the 68 patients who had elevated CEA levels, and positive hCG was found in eight of 74 patients who had normal plasma CEA. The low frequency and the modest elevation of plasma hCG, despite frequent advanced disease, indicate plasma hCG has limited value as a biologic marker for diagnosis and assessment of non-trophoblastic neoplasms.
Developmental plasticity in the respiratory pathway of the adult rat

Abstract Hemisection of the cervical spinal cord rostral to the phrenic nucleus paralyzes the ipsilateral hemidiaphragm. When the contralateral phrenic nerve is transected immediately after the hemisection, function may be restored to the paralyzed hemidiaphragm. This response, which occurs only in some mammalian species (e.g., the cat, but not the guinea pig), has been termed the “crossed phrenic phenomenon”. Although the crossed phrenic response cannot be induced in the guinea pig when the hemisection and phrenicotomy are performed without delay, it is induced when the phrenicotomy is performed several hours after hemisection. This result led to the suggestion that the synaptic connections essential for the response normally exist in a functionally ineffective state in guinea pigs. These ineffective connections are converted within a few hours after spinal cord injury to synapses capable of eliciting the crossed phrenic response. The present study was carried out to determine if functionally ineffective synapses are also present in the respiratory pathway of rats. Young rats (5 to 9 weeks old) required an interoperative delay of 24 h or more to elicit the crossed phrenic response, whereas in older rats (26 weeks of age) the crossed phrenic response occurred without any interoperative delay. The results indicate that functionally ineffective synapses exist in young rats and these synapses are converted to functionally effective ones with age. This change in synaptic connections occurs in adult rats as they develop from young maturity to older maturity. The mechanisms for such developmental plasticity in the adult animal are not known.
Performance Characteristics of Prototype MR Engine Mounts Containing Glycol MR Fluids

Lord Corporation has developed glycol-based magnetorheological (MR) fluids for use in applications such as engine mounts and bushings, in which the MR fluid will contact rubber or other oil-sensitive elastomers. Prototype MR fluid engine mounts were designed with either a simple MR valve or an MR valve in combination with an inertia track. The mounts were filled with glycol MR fluids containing either 22% or 36% iron by volume, and the mounts' dynamic responses were measured. The mounts displayed large changes in dynamic stiffness and damping that were controllable by changing the strength of the magnetic field.
Characteristics and retention of luteal structures, extended postinsemination cycle, progesterone, and pregnancy-specific protein B in serum after human chorionic gonadotropin treatment of dairy cows.

Abstract Our objectives were to determine characteristics (size, number, and stayability) of luteal structures formed in response to human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) administered on d 7 after timed artificial insemination (AI) and the influence of hCG on returns to estrus and pregnancy outcome. Holstein cows (n = 328), milked 3 times daily, previously inseminated at first service were assigned randomly to a completely randomized design consisting of 2 treatments when at least 1 corpus luteum (CL) was detected on d 7 after AI. Treatment consisted of 1,000 IU hCG or 1 mL of saline (control) administered i.m. Blood was collected and luteal structures were mapped and sized by transrectal ultrasonography on d 7, 14, 21, 28, and 32 after AI. Blood also was collected on d 60 in all pregnant cows. Treatment with hCG induced new luteal structures in 70% of cows, regardless of pregnancy status or number of pretreatment CL. Cows producing greater than the median 46 kg of energy-corrected milk per day were less likely to respond to hCG. The number of total luteal structures per cow, original CL volume, and total luteal volume (original CL + new luteal structures) were increased by hCG. Progesterone concentration was greater in pregnant than nonpregnant cows on d 14 unless cows responded to hCG by forming new luteal structures. Concentrations of progesterone were greatest in pregnant, hCG-treated cows. Pregnancy per AI at d 32 or 60 after first AI was less in hCG- than saline-treated cows because pregnancy outcome for hCG cows that had only 1 pretreatment CL and failed to respond to hCG was only 55 to 61% of that observed in controls. Proportions of cows returning to estrus from 18 to 25 d after AI were less in hCG than control cows but greater for cows returning >25 d. Regardless of treatment, 25% of cows in both treatments retained at least 1 original CL to d 28 after AI and were not pregnant on d 32. Progesterone concentrations in these nonpregnant cows with retained CL between d 14 and 28 after AI were intermediate between nonpregnant cows that returned to estrus by d 25 and all pregnant cows. Concentrations of pregnancy-specific protein B were elevated in some of these nonpregnant, CL-retained cows, indicating early pregnancy loss. Retention of original luteal tissue in nonpregnant cows to d 28 after AI indicated that pregnancy had been initiated but failed, as verified by concentrations of progesterone and pregnancy-specific protein B.
Protection of vascular barrier integrity by activated protein C in murine models depends on protease-activated receptor-1

Protease activated receptor-1 (PAR1) mediates barrier protective signalling of activated protein C (APC) in human endothelial cells in vitro and may contribute to APC's beneficial effects in patients with severe sepsis. Mouse models are of key importance for translational research but species differences may limit conclusions for the human system. We analysed whether mouse APC can cleave, activate and induce signalling through murine PAR1 and tested in newly established mouse models if long-term infusion of APC prevents from vascular leakage. Cell surface immunoassays demonstrated efficient cleavage of endogenous murine endothelial PAR1 by either murine or human APC. Pharmacological concentrations of APC of either species had powerful barrier protective effects on cultured murine endothelial cells that required PAR1 cleavage. Vascular endothelial growth factor-mediated hyperpermeability in the skin was reduced by either endogenously generated as well as directly infused recombinant mouse APC in wild-type mice. However APC did not significantly alter the vascular barrier function in PAR1-deficient mice. In endotoxin-challenged mice, infused APC significantly prevented from pulmonary fluid accumulation in the wild-type mice but not in mice lacking PAR1. Our results directly show that murine APC cleaves and signals through PAR1 in mouse endothelial cells. APC reduces vascular permeability in mouse models and PAR1 plays a major role in mediating these effects. Our data in vitro and in vivo support the paradigm that PAR1 contributes to protective effects of APC on vascular barrier integrity in sepsis.
Synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy with a silicon-intensified target vidicon

Abstract A silicon-intensified target vidicon is evaluated as a detector for synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy. Data acquired in the form of 180 emission spectra at each of 100 excitation wavelengths are stored in computer memory. Synchronous spectra are obtained as diagonals through the data matrix that correspond to fixed wavelength differences (Δλ) between excitation and emission wavelengths. Single- and two-component mixtures of anthracene, 9,10-diphenylanthracene, perylene, and tetracene were studied. Of the possible mixtures, synchronous spectra for three exhibited no detectable interactions; spectra for two exhibited one-way interactions; and spectra for one exhibited two-way interactions. Relative pooled standard deviations were in the range of 1% for single-component samples and 4–8% for two-component samples. Detection limits at the 95% confidence level were estimated between 0.005 mg l −1 (perylene) and 0.17 mg l −1 (anthracene).
The effect of accelerated lactation on fetal maintenance in the rat

Rats mated post partum were permitted to nurse 2 pups until day 9, at which time laparotomy was performed and the number of implantation sites counted. Control animals were left to nurse 2 pups or none, while lactation was then accelerated in 4 other groups by the addition of more pups to totals of 3, 5, 7 or 9. On day 19 the mothers were killed and the fetuses counted, weighed and checked for normality. With increased lactational demand the proportion of fetuses maintained decreased. Total fetal weight was decreased significantly only when 7 or more pups were being nursed. Individual fetal weights and normalcy were not affected by accelerated lactation.
On the spread of viruses on the internet

We analyze the contact process on random graphs generated according to the preferential attachment scheme as a model for the spread of viruses in the Internet. We show that any virus with a positive rate of spread from a node to its neighbors has a non-vanishing chance of becoming epidemic. Quantitatively, we discover an interesting dichotomy: for a virus with effective spread rate λ, if the infection starts at a typical vertex, then it develops into an epidemic with probability λΘ(log(1/λ)/log log(1/λ), but on average the epidemic probability is λΘ(1).
Characterization of the Interaction between Fur and the Iron Transport Promoter of the Virulence Plasmid in Vibrio anguillarum

The expression of iron transport genes fatDCBA in Vibrio anguillarum strain 775 is negatively regulated by two iron-responsive repressors, the Fur protein and the antisense RNA, RNAalpha. Here we report the identification of the promoter for the iron transport genes and studied the interaction between the V. anguillarum Fur protein and this promoter. The iron transport promoter was localized in a region approximately 300 base pairs upstream of fatD by both primer extension and S1 mapping analysis. High activity of the promoter was measured in response to iron depletion in the wild-type strain when a promoter-lacZ fusion was examined, whereas the promoter was constitutive in the Fur-deficient strain. Gel retardation and DNase I footprint analysis showed that Fur binds specifically to two contiguous sites comprising the promoter region and the region downstream of the transcription start site. The identified Fur binding sites showed a low degree of homology to each other as well as to the consensus sequence for the Escherichia coli Fur protein. DNase I footprints pattern suggested a sequential interaction of Fur with these two sites that renders a protection in the template strand and a hypersensitivity to the nuclease in the nontemplate strand. The periodicity of the hypersensitive sites suggested that the promoter DNA undergoes a structural change upon binding to Fur, which might play a role in the repression of gene expression.
Rethinking Soot for summary-based whole-program analysis

Whole-program static analysis has been extensively studied and widely used in the past few decades. For modern object-oriented programs, scalability has become an important issue for using whole-program analysis in real-world tools. In addition, the ever-increasing size of libraries (e.g., the JDK library) and frameworks exacerbates the scalability problems. To achieve the desired level of analysis performance, an effective approach could be to generate and apply analysis summary information for library methods. In this paper, such an approach is referred to as a summary-based whole-program analysis. The challenges for this technique are twofold: (1) carefully designed abstractions and algorithms are needed to create and use client-independent and analysis-specific library summary information; and (2) support for summary generation and application should be effectively incorporated into existing analysis infrastructures.This paper focuses on the second challenge. It uses Soot, a widely-used program analysis framework for Java, as a vehicle to explore some of the important issues in providing analysis infrastructures with capabilities for summary-based analysis. Experimental studies are presented to show that significant savings can potentially be achieved by making a whole-program alias analysis summary-based. To actually achieve these savings, the paper proposes to extend Soot to add support for summary-based analysis. Finally, a brief discussion of the required framework extensions is presented.
Phage P1 mutants with altered transducing abilities for Escherichia coli

Abstract A search was made for mutants of the coliphage P1 with altered transducing frequencies. A method was developed for the rapid assay of transducing frequencies in single plaques using prophage λ as the transduced bacterial marker. This procedure selects for mutants altered in their ability to package host DNA. Mutants with 5–10 times higher or 10 2 0 times lower frequencies than those of wild-type P1 were found. Not only are the markers used for the detection of the mutants affected, but all other markers are similarly affected (not always to the same extent). One of the high-transducing frequency mutants is a suppressible amber, indicating that loss of a function increases P1's ability to package host DNA preferentially.
Electric Current Tuning the Self-Oscillation Frequency of EC-VCSELs

We demonstrate a new way to electrically tune the self-oscillation frequency of an external cavity VCSEL by changing the electrical current injected into the VCSEL, without using any mechanical moving parts. We found that for a self-oscillation frequency from 500 MHz to 4 GHz, the tuning range is up to 15% and the tuning rate is up to 800 MHz/mA. Our experiments and simulation show that the injection current tuning of self-oscillation frequency is due to a change in the VCSEL birefringence induced by changing the injection current.
Limit-Cycle Oscillations of a Typical Airfoil in Transonic Flow

Using an inviscid flow computational-fluid-dynamic model and a harmonic balance flow solver, a parametric investigation of how structural-inertial parameters and freestream Mach number of a transonic flow affect the limitcycle oscillation characteristics of a typical two-degree-of-freedom transonic airfoil configuration is presented. The computational efficiency of the harmonic balance aerodynamic model allows a much more thorough exploration of the parameter range than has been possible previously. Nomenclature a = nondimensional location of airfoil elastic axis, a = e/b b, c = semichord and chord, respectively ¯ cl, ¯ cm = nondimensional coefficients of lift and moment about elastic axis for simple harmonic motion e = location of airfoil elastic axis, measured positive aft of airfoil midchord h, ¯ h = airfoil plunge degree of freedom and its nondimensional amplitude, respectively; ¯ h is identical to h/b Iα = second moment of inertia about elastic axis L = aerodynamic lift Kh, Kα = airfoil plunge stiffness and torsional stiffness about elastic axis, respectively M = freestream Mach number Me.a. = aerodynamic moment about elastic axis m = airfoil sectional mass rα = radius of gyration of airfoil about elastic axis, r 2 α is identical to Iα/mb 2
Transcriptional responses of Diabrotica virgifera virgifera larvae to benzoxazinoids

Diabrotica virgifera virgifera is a specialist pest of maize. As such, D. v. virgifera may be expected to have adaptations to cope with maize defences, including benzoxazinoids, the major defensive secondary metabolites of Poaceae. Exposure of D. v. virgifera larvae to benzoxazinoids was manipulated by rearing them on benzoxazinoid biosynthesis deficient mutant maize or a related wild-type maize line. The transcriptional profiles of larvae fed on wild-type or mutant maize were analysed by second generation sequencing. Nine transcripts were identified as differentially expressed between larvae fed on the two maize lines. Five transcripts were expressed at a higher level in larvae exposed to benzoxazinoids, including putative cytochrome P450 and cathepsin protease genes. These results support the hypothesis of an inducible counter defence to benzoxazinoids in D. v. virgifera, possibly involving cytochrome P450-mediated detoxification.
Hyperphagic psychosocial short stature – a clinical review

Hyperphagic short stature (HSS) is a specific syndrome of growth failure in association with hyperphagia without a clear underlying aetiology, seen in association with a stressful environment. Environmental stressors at home are not always immediately evident however these children characteristically demonstrate reversal of growth impairment when nurtured away from their stressful environment. This review describes the clinical phenotype, underlying endocrine dysfunction and strategies for the management of this complex condition.
Consultative Services in the Schools: A Model.

Abstract A model Child Evaluation Center was established in a regular public school to demonstrate alternative methods for providing psychoeducational services. In addition to its service/demonstration function, the center functioned as a psychoeducational field training clinic for the training of school psychologists. The center was successful in encouraging teachers to utilize consultative services, and, in the process, reducing the number of referrals for formal psychological evaluation.