cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantitative Analysis of the Model-System

The principal limiting factors in setting up a model-system are the following: a. The capacity of the computer, i.e., whether it has a sufficient number of operational units and elements. Since the computer is used as a mathematical tool, but not as a simulating device, the number of differential equations which can be programmed on the computer is one of the limiting factors. b. The ability of the operator to solve the problem. This may be considered one of the most important limiting factors. After a certain amount of experimentation, it was decided to establish a model-system which contained four basic functional genes which represent group-properties. This approach is justified if one considers that the group-property is based on the fact that all basic functional entities are built up with a certain number of integral building blocks, and a complete number of blocks have to be there in order to build a basic functional entity. If one building block is missing, a functional unit cannot be built. Consequently, the group-property will give a cross-behavior of the system. In the initial condition it is assumed that all functional entities have a relative value of unity and as a function of time all entities will start to grow. They reach approximately double value at the end of the generation time, which has been selected as a convenient time interval in the framework of computer observation time. It will be noted that all functional entities do not start to grow at the same rate. Instead, they each have different kinetic characteristics, and many entities may initially decline in absolute value and later grow more rapidly than other elements. The growth of the model-system is initiated from initial conditions by activating the external pool. This process is equivalent to taking cells and placing them in a nutrient medium and measuring their growth.
Too Cool Two – Service Learning and Faculty Engagement in Physics Outreach

We describe the design and manufacture of a classroom set of devices that simultaneously measures and records the resistivity of four conductive elements (superconductor, semiconductor, metal alloy, and pure metal) as a function of temperature. The unique nature of this multi-semester project was that these devices would be designed, machined and assembled, and piloted in a local high school classroom by undergraduate service learning students.
Environmental correlates of fine-scale juvenile steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) habitat use and movement patterns in an intermittent estuary during drought

We used acoustic telemetry and environmental monitoring to elucidate preferred microhabitats of juvenile steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in a Central California intermittent estuary (IE) during historic drought. We collected over half a million fish locations in the Pescadero IE (San Mateo County, CA) across 15 weeks during an extended sandbar-closed period which permitted quantification of fine scale habitat use and movement patterns. Tagged juvenile steelhead expressed strong site fidelity, especially at night when core habitat area - defined as the 50% probability of being present in an area - contracted by over one order of magnitude. The rate of movement was slow overall (~0.4 to 0.6 lengths·s−1) and remained at baseline levels at night (~40 mm∙s−1). The daytime rate of movement generally tracked solar radiation levels and appeared to be moderated by water temperatures. Spikes in the rate of movement occurred during crepuscular periods and the maximum hourly rate of movement (138 mm∙s−1) was observed during the early study period from 10:00 to 11:00 when water temperatures were physiologically optimal (17–18 °C). Water quality worsened upstream when water temperatures exceeded 18 °C and dissolved oxygen concentrations declined below 7.0 mg·L−1. Fish tag detections at stationary receivers in the upper estuary declined linearly with deteriorating water quality conditions. Qualitative analysis of juvenile steelhead habitat utilization indicated a strong preference for two microhabitat features in the estuary during the study; both were shallow (~1.5 m), wind-protected, and possessed cover and sandy substrates that occurred within the fresh or near fresh epilimnion where lagoon water quality was best and benthic prey was likely most abundant. Upstream movement occurred in late fall for over half of the tagged cohort, which likely enhances population resiliency by allowing these fish to escape lethal water quality conditions coincident with the transition from closed to open estuary in late fall. Climate projections for California’s Central Coast predict an increase in extreme dry events and the information presented here can help natural resource managers prepare for the future, such as the critical need to promote development of a sufficiently oxygenated epilimnion during extended sandbar-closed ecosystem states.
Blame and service recovery strategies in lateral exchange markets

In lateral exchange markets, consumers can interact with one another to varying degrees (consociality) along different levels of platform management and involvement (platform intermediation). Apply...
Sleep and the aging brain. A multifaceted approach

In the current review we provide a theoretical background on studies examining the association between sleep and brain function. We focus on the association between sleep and cognitive performance, cognitive changes over time and incident dementia as well. We then present some data on the link between sleep and subjective cognitive complaints, in participants without any objective clinical cognitive decline. We conclude with investigating the association between sleep and brain biomarkers, by highlighting the importance of specific genes and specific brain regions' morphometry. The role of sleep is vital in maintaining a healthy aging brain, and multiple factors should be taken under account when investigating this association.
Light-ellipticity and polarization-angle dependence of magnetic resonances in rubidium vapor using amplitude-modulated light: Theoretical and experimental investigations

We report on experimental and theoretical investigations of the polarization dependence of magnetic resonance generated by synchronous optical pumping. Magnetic resonances with narrow linewidth are generated experimentally using a rubidium vapor cell with octadecyltrichlorosilane antirelaxation coating on inner walls. We studied the effect of light ellipticity on the amplitudes and widths of magnetic resonances by matching the light modulation frequency with $2{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{L}$ (alignment) and ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{L}$ (orientation) in a Bell-Bloom interaction geometry, where ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{L}$ corresponds to the Larmor frequency. Both $2{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{L}$ and ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{L}$ resonance amplitudes showed a strong dependence on the light ellipticity. In addition, we showed that the duty cycle of light modulation changes the slope of amplitude variations in $2{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{L}$ and ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{L}$ resonances with light ellipticity. As a potential application, we showed that the difference between $2{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{L}$ and ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{L}$ resonance amplitudes can be used for in situ measurement of light ellipticity. We also studied the dependence of $2{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{L}$ and ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{L}$ resonance amplitudes on the polarization angle of linearly polarized light. These amplitudes oscillate periodically with the polarization angle. We found this oscillatory behavior to be sensitive to the tilt in magnetic field direction from the polarization plane. Such a property could be used to realize a vector magnetometer. A density matrix based theoretical model is developed to simulate the magnetic resonance spectrum for different light polarizations. Our theoretical model accurately reproduces the above-mentioned experimental observations.
Impact of thoracic aortic aneurysm on outcomes of transcatheter aortic valve replacement: A nationwide cohort analysis.

BACKGROUND The use of transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) has expanded to patient populations of varying surgical risk in light of recent clinical trials, yet its role in patients with aortic stenosis and coexisting thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA) is not well-delineated. We aimed to evaluate whether risk factors and in-hospital outcomes vary between TAVR patients with and without an unruptured TAA. METHODS The Nationwide Readmissions Database was queried for patients hospitalized between January 2012 and December 2017 who underwent TAVR with and without an unruptured TAA. In-hospital outcomes were compared between cohorts after adjusting for sex, comorbidities, and TAVR approach, and in a subgroup analysis that excluded those with bicuspid aortic valves. RESULTS Among 171,011 TAVR patients, 1,677 (1%) presented with TAA. Patients with TAA were younger (median age 80 vs. 82 years, p < .001) and more likely to have bicuspid aortic valves (9.3% vs. 0.9%, p < .001). Among patients with aneurysm, 2.6% died, 2.2% developed stroke, 1% developed aortic dissection, and 1.4% experienced cardiac tamponade while hospitalized. After adjusting for age, sex, bicuspid aortic valve, and all comorbidities, TAA was associated with significantly higher risk of post-TAVR aortic dissection (OR = 2.117, 95% CI [1.304-3.435], p = .002) and cardiac tamponade (OR = 1.682, 95% CI [1.1-2.572], p = .02). CONCLUSIONS While the overall incidence of post-TAVR complications is low, patients with an unruptured TAA should be carefully considered by the Heart Team in weighing the additional risks of aortic dissection and cardiac tamponade after TAVR with those associated with surgery.
Universal Design for Learning in Assessment: Supporting ELLs with Learning Disabilities.

Diseno universal para el aprendizaje en la evaluacion: apoyo a los ELL con dificultades de aprendizajeDesign universal para a aprendizagem na avaliacao: apoio aos ELLs com dificuldades de aprendizagemStudying English is challenging and, for many learners, undiagnosed learning disabilities can present a serious threat to their success. Recent studies indicate that up to 10% of the world population has a non-apparent disability, such as autism or dyslexia. At the same time, few English language learner (ELL) instructors in higher education have training in learning disabilities, and they are often unsure of how to support learners who seem to have extra challenges. This is especially true when it comes to assessment, as instructors often rely on traditional tools that could negatively affect the validity of the assessment outcomes. In this brief reflection, the authors share how instructors can apply the principles of Universal Design for Learning (UDL) to their assessment practices to support students with disabilities, regardless of diagnostic status. First, disabilities that affect language learning will be briefly discussed, followed by the explanation of how English to speakers of other languages (ESOL) assessments present specific challenges for students with disabilities. Then, the authors will provide an overview of UDL theory, which proposes that learners with disabilities are often best served by accommodations in representation, expression and engagement that can benefit the entire class. Most of the paper will focus on specific, practical strategies for implementing UDL within assessment in higher education. Such strategies include building executive function, implementing multi-channel assessment, and learning about students through an “evaluation loop.”To reference this article (APA) / Para citar este articulo (APA) / Para citar este artigo (APA)Delaney, T. A., & Hata, M. (2020). Universal design for learning in assessment: Supporting ELLs with learning disabilities. Latin American Journal of Content & Language Integrated Learning, 13(1), 79-91. https://doi.org/10.5294/laclil.2020.13.1.5Received: 16/10/2019Accepted: 25/02/2020Published: 28/08/2020
Improving patient outcomes with oncology hospital at home: A program model.

5Background: Hospital at Home provides acute hospital level care to patients in their homes, diminishing the need for inpatient care or emergency department (ED) use. It has been evaluated for a va...
Reading the Story Behind Success

Everyone who is successful in their career and in life has a story. While the storylines may differ from individual to individual, there is almost always something more to the plot than innate talents and skills. Obstacles, failures, and setbacks are common to everyone, but the successful somehow find a way to rebound, recover, and persevere. This editorial describes one such story of passion and grit of an award-winning pediatric pharmacist.
The Photoeccentric Effect and Proto-hot Jupiters. III. A Paucity of Proto-hot Jupiters on Super-eccentric Orbits

Gas giant planets orbiting within 0.1 AU of their host stars are unlikely to have formed in situ and are evidence for planetary migration. It is debated whether the typical hot Jupiter smoothly migrated inward from its formation location through the proto-planetary disk, or was perturbed by another body onto a highly eccentric orbit, which tidal dissipation subsequently shrank and circularized during close stellar passages. Socrates and collaborators predicted that the latter model should produce a population of super-eccentric proto-hot Jupiters readily observable by Kepler. We find a paucity of such planets in the Kepler sample, which is inconsistent with the theoretical prediction with 96.9% confidence. Observational effects are unlikely to explain this discrepancy. We find that the fraction of hot Jupiters with an orbital period P > 3 days produced by the star-planet Kozai mechanism does not exceed (at two-sigma) 44%. Our results may indicate that disk migration is the dominant channel for producing hot Jupiters with P > 3 days. Alternatively, the typical hot Jupiter may have been perturbed to a high eccentricity by interactions with a planetary rather than stellar companion, and began tidal circularization much interior to 1 AU after multiple scatterings. A final alternative is that early in the tidal circularization process at high eccentricities tidal circularization occurs much more rapidly than later in the process at low eccentricities, although this is contrary to current tidal theories.
Parallelization of loops with exits on pipelined architectures

Modulo scheduling theory can be applied successfully to overlap Fortran DO loops on pipelined computers issuing multiple operations per cycle both with and without special loop architectural support. It is shown that a broader class of loops-repeat-until, while, and loops with more than one exit-where the trip count is not known beforehand, can also be overlapped efficiently on multiple issue pipelined machines. Special features that are required in the architecture as well as compiler representations for accelerating these loop constructions are discussed. The approach uses hardware architectural support, program transformation techniques, performance bounds calculations, and scheduling heuristics. Performance results are presented for a few select examples. A prototype scheduler is currently under construction for the Cydra 5 directed dataflow computer.
Improving data labeling efficiency for deep learning-facilitated bioacoustics monitoring

Over the last decade, deep learning has proven invaluable for classifying data with complex spatial and temporal relationships. Unfortunately, its utility in the context of bioacoustics monitoring has been limited by the unavailability of large, labeled datasets of species vocalizations. To explore solutions to this problem, various deep learning architectures and techniques were evaluated for their ability to reduce the data labeling efforts required to characterize the distinct sound stimuli present in two different acoustic environments. Located around Lake George, NY, these sites were acoustically monitored nearly continuously for 12 months. Commonly employed techniques such as transfer and semi-supervised learning were then analyzed for their ability to reduce the amount of labeled data necessary to achieve state-of-the-art classification results. Meanwhile, cross-corpus training was used to provide automatic “pre-labels” for these datasets, reducing the amount of total time associated with data labeling efforts. A hierarchical neural network was also implemented in order to reduce the performance costs associated with encountering sound stimuli in the test dataset that was not captured in the training dataset, perhaps as a result of the reduction techniques outlined.
Symmetries of 3D Objects

Now at last we begin our study of three-dimensional objects! The crowning achievement of this chapter is a 3D version of Da Vinci’s Theorem; that is, a classification of the ways in which bounded 3D objects can be symmetric. No matter what object I print on my 3D printer or sculpt from clay, you soon will be able to determine how it fits into the classification scheme.
Another Lazy Person Looking for a Meal

She sat on the hospital bed munching on a sandwich someone brought her and told me her story. Oh, they sometimes judge her when she comes into the emergency department. What's the occasion tonight? Pain in her feet? An ache in her back? What's the real reason: looking for food and a warm place to get rest? She's told that she wouldn't be on the street if not for the alcohol. Some have even asked if maybe she's homeless by choice.
RESPONSE TO TROXEL v. GRANVILLE: Implications of Attachment Theory for Judicial Decisions Regarding Custody and Third-Party Visitation

In today's world, children grow up in families that take many different forms, and society can no longer consider the traditional nuclear family the normal or optimal family structure. As a result, in cases of divorce, courts are increasingly relying on the results of psychological research when awarding custody and visitation privileges. In contrast to recent trends, however, the U.S. Supreme Court's majority decision in Troxel v. Granville favors biological parents' rights over the psychological interests of children. This article discusses the potential contributions of attachment theory to the contest between biology and psychology in America's divorce courts.
The Stanford University Electronic Learning Portfolios project

This paper describes a learning-technology task-force project of the Stanford University Learning Laboratory carried out in conjunction with other academic institutions and with industry, to enable students, faculty, staff, and industry professionals to significantly enhance their personal learning. Called the Electronic Learning Portfolios (E-folios) project, it is intended to help individuals capture, organize, integrate and re-use the results of learning experiences encountered throughout their careers. The authors believe that E-folios can contribute significantly to improvements in personalized, collaborative learning while also supporting a variety of student learning styles. E-folios are ubiquitous, portable electronic knowledge bases that are private, personalized and sharable. They contain and represent one's own formal and informal learning experience. At the same time, E-folio content can be selectively shared, thereby creating an unlimited constellation of larger communities with common understandings and experience. Such communities can range in scale from pair relationships to teams of several persons through to enterprise-wide frameworks.
Functional magnetic resonance imaging of autism spectrum disorders

This review presents an overview of functional magnetic resonance imaging findings in autism spectrum disorders (ASDS), although there is considerable heterogeneity with respect to results across studies, common themes have emerged, including: (i) hypoactivation in nodes of the "social brain" during social processing tasks, including regions within the prefrontal cortex, the posterior superior temporal sulcus, the amygdala, and the fusiform gyrus; (ii) aberrant frontostriatal activation during cognitive control tasks relevant to restricted and repetitive behaviors and interests, including regions within the dorsal prefrontal cortex and the basal ganglia; (iii) differential lateralization and activation of language processing and production regions during communication tasks; (iv) anomalous mesolimbic responses to social and nonsocial rewards; (v) task-based long-range functional hypoconnectivity and short-range hyper-connectivity; and (vi) decreased anterior-posterior functional connectivity during resting states. These findings provide mechanistic accounts of ASD pathophysiology and suggest directions for future research aimed at elucidating etiologic models and developing rationally derived and targeted treatments.
Reduced Inhibition and Increased Output of Layer II Neurons in the Medial Entorhinal Cortex in a Model of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

Temporal lobe epilepsy is the most common type of epilepsy in adults, and its underlying mechanisms are unclear. To investigate how the medial entorhinal cortex might contribute to temporal lobe epilepsy, we evaluated the histology and electrophysiology of slices from rats 3-7 d after an epileptogenic injury (pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus). Nissl staining, NeuN immunocytochemistry, and in situ hybridization for GAD65 mRNA were used to verify the preferential loss of glutamatergic neurons and the relative sparing of GABAergic interneurons in layer III. From slices adjacent to those that were used for anatomy, we obtained whole-cell patch recordings from layer II medial entorhinal cortical neurons. Recordings under current-clamp conditions revealed similar intrinsic electrophysiological properties (resting membrane potential, input resistance, single spike, and repetitive firing properties) to those of controls. Spontaneous IPSCs were less frequent (68% of controls), smaller in amplitude (57%), and transferred less charge (51%) than in controls. However, the frequency, amplitude, and rise time of miniature IPSCs were normal. These findings suggest that after epileptogenic injuries the layer II entorhinal cortical neurons receive less GABA(A) receptor-mediated synaptic input because presynaptic inhibitory interneurons become less active. To investigate the possible consequences of reduced spontaneous inhibitory input to layer II neurons, we recorded field potentials in the dentate gyrus, their major synaptic target. At 5 d after pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus the spontaneous field potentials recorded in vivo were over three times more frequent than in controls. These findings suggest that an epileptogenic injury reduces inhibition of layer II neurons and results in excessive synaptic input to the dentate gyrus.
Network-Based Electronic Publishing of Scholarly Works: A Selective Bibliography

This bibliography presents selected articles, books, electronic documents, and other sources that are useful in understanding scholarly electronic publishing efforts on the Internet and other networks. Most sources have been published between 1990 and the present; however, a limited number of key sources published prior to 1990 are also included. Where possible, links are provided to sources that are available via the Internet. Version 26 is the final update of this bibliography. For more current information, see the Scholarly Electronic Publishing Bibliography by the same author.
Experience with a Primal Presolve Algorithm

Sometimes an optimization problem can be simplified to a form that is faster to solve. Indeed, sometimes it is convenient to state a problem in a way that admits some obvious simplifications, such as eliminating fixed variables and removing constraints that become redundant after simple bounds on the variables have been updated appropriately. Because of this convenience, the AMPL modeling system includes a “presolver” that attempts to simplify a problem before passing it to a solver. The current AMPL presolver carries out all the primal simplifications described by Brearely et al. in 1975. This paper describes AMPL’s presolver, discusses reconstruction of dual values for eliminated constraints, and presents some computational results.
Behavioral response to threat (BRTT) as a key behavior for sexual assault risk reduction intervention: a critical review

Despite extensive research on sexual assault, study of the processes and behaviors central to responding to sexual assault threats is limited. The purpose of this paper is to provide a critical, narrative review of the literature on behavioral response to threat (BRTT) highlighting BRTT as mechanism of self-defense interventions and process of sexual victimization. Empirical findings regarding measurement, styles, effectiveness of different styles of BRTT, and facilitators and barriers of BRTT, are reviewed. Most individuals engage in some type of active behavior when faced with a sexual assault threat; yet, the range of the behaviors elicited can be broad and is not well captured by current measurement approaches. Assertive BRTT is the most effective response style, but few, if any, feminist self-defense intervention studies measure change in this behavior as a result of intervention. Recommendations for clinical practice include developing comprehensive measurement of BRTT and adapting interventions to decrease barriers to assertive BRTTs. Recommendations for future research include undertaking both qualitative and quantitative efforts to better characterize the range, stability, and predictors of all possible BRTT styles. Language: en
Engineering the Next-Generation PET Detectors

Positron emission tomography (PET) is a functional imaging modality where image contrast is generated by exploiting the biochemical activity of the lesion of interest. The technique is widely used in the clinic, mainly for staging of cancerous lesions and monitoring their response to therapy. This chapter discusses recent research and engineering efforts aimed at improving images obtained with clinical PET cameras. We want to provide the reader with an overview of novel techniques that potentially will make it into clinical PET systems. After introducing PET and the current state-of-the-art commercially available clinical systems, we will discuss characteristics of current and novel scintillating materials and introduce improvements in spatial resolution through depth-of-interaction measurements and novel optical photon extraction methods. Next will be a discussion of various photodetectors: we present photomultiplier tubes, the current clinical workhorse in PET, as well as silicon-based solid-state photodetectors: avalanche photodiodes (APDs) and silicon photomultipliers (Si-PMs). We also briefly discuss semiconductor detectors that do not require photodetectors. Improved time resolution and its consequences for time-of-flight (TOF) imaging is the next topic of focus. Accurate TOF information significantly improves image SNR. Furthermore, we present the challenges involved in combining PET with MR systems and improvements in image reconstruction speed using GPUs.
Let the Diabetic Play

(1975). Let the Diabetic Play. Journal of Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 46, No. 5, pp. 40-42.
Therapeutic and Material hood: Ideology and the Struggle for Meaning in the Illinois Death Penalty Controversy

This article analyzes the struggle over the ideograph following former Illinois Governor George Ryan's decision to commute all state death sentences in 2003. A therapeutic rendering of the ideograph typified mainstream opposition to Ryan's move. This approach personalized the death penalty at the expense of discussing its social and political implications. In contrast, the discourse of George Ryan and his supporters offered a material hood grounded in political, historical, and economic contextualization. By performing a historical materialist critique of this dialogue, I conclude that rhetorically deploying the figure of a material is an indispensable strategy for the abolitionist movement in that it allows activists to capitalize on the ideological constraints of liberalism while maintaining an awareness of capital punishment's implications in a capitalist society.
Solar radar astronomy with the low-frequency array

Abstract Initial studies of the Sun's corona using a solar radar were done in the 1960s and provided measurements of the Sun's radar cross-section at about 38 MHz. These initial measurements were done at a time when the large-scale phenomenon known as a coronal mass ejection was unknown; however, these data suggest that coronal mass ejections (CMEs) may have been detected but were unrecognized. That solar radar facility, which was located at El Campo, TX, no longer exists. New solar radar investigations are motivated by our modern understanding of CMEs and their effects on the Earth. A radar echo from an Earthward-directed coronal mass ejection may be expected to have a frequency shift proportional to velocity; thus providing a good estimate of arrival time at Earth and the possible occurrence of geomagnetic storms. Solar radar measurements may also provide new information on electron densities in the corona. The frequencies of interest for solar radars fall in the range of about 10–100 MHz, corresponding to the lower range planned for the low-frequency array. In combination with existing or new high-power transmitters, it is possible to use the low-frequency array to re-initiate radar studies of the Sun's corona. In this report, we review the basic requirements of solar radars, as developed in past studies and as proposed for future investigations.
Acoustic behaviour of a wolf spider, Lycos a gulosa

Male spiders, Lycosa gulosa, were observed beating the palps on dead leaves in Massachusetts woods in April and May. The resulting sounds were audible to humans at 6 m. Sometimes a quiet spider followed and overtook a sound-producing one. In the presence of a female the drumming behaviour of the male was much more dramatic. Isolated males did not produce sounds in terraria, but groups of males did. Tactile stimulation in the laboratory elicited the more dramatic behaviour seen in the field only in the presence of a female. The sounds produced by beating the palps and also by tapping the tip of the abdomen on dead leaves were recorded in the field and later analysed, revealing frequency spectra of 2–3·5 kHz and 0·5-5 kHz respectively. The palpal strum generally lasted less than 0·25 sec and consisted of a series of pulses with a repetition rate of about 50/sec. The abdominal taps are of shorter duration and occur at a variable rate of several per second. The palpal strums are more intense (audible at 6 m) while the taps cannot be heard at distances much greater than 3 m.
Flipping the switch: mechanisms that regulate memory consolidation.

Memories can follow different processing routes. For example, some memories are enhanced during wakefulness while the enhancement of others is delayed until sleep. Converging evidence suggests that inhibitory mechanisms can ‘switch off’ a processing route, thereby preventing the consolidation of select memories during wakefulness. This switch arises due to an actively imposed ‘bottleneck’ generated by the brain. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can interfere with this bottleneck, allowing multiple memories to be consolidated simultaneously during wakefulness. This bottleneck restricts memory processing, perhaps allowing for the selection of only rewarded, or relevant memories. Overall, this bottleneck makes it necessary to select memories for consolidation, and the state of a switch (‘on’ or ‘off’) determines whether or not a memory is subsequently consolidated. Understanding how memory consolidation is regulated may provide novel therapeutic strategies.
Threshold hypotheses developmental age and menstrual function

Hypotheses relating the onset and maintenance of menstrual function to threshold levels of various parameters have been subject to statistical critique. Analysis of trends in parameter variance, applied here to data from the Berkeley Guidance Study, discriminates between the predictions of such hypotheses and those of the more traditional concept of developmental age.
Photoproduction of Narrow Resonances

A very narrow resonance with a mass of 3.105 GeV/${\mathit{c}}^{2}$ is observed in the reaction $\ensuremath{\gamma}+\mathrm{Be}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}+{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}+X$. The total cross section for this process, as well as its $t$ distribution, is given.
A Hypersexual Paraphilic Patient Treated with Leuprolide Acetate: A Single Case Report

This article presents the case of a young adult paraphilic patient with no comorbid psychiatric or medical pathology. This patient's history is notable for hypersexuality and exhibitionistic behaviors. He was treated with the Luteinizing Hormone-releasing Hormone (LHRH) agonist leuprolide acetate. Shortly after he commenced treatment, his sexual drive and his urge to expose himself diminished significantly. Serial penile plethysmograph and hormonal profile data will also be reviewed.
Rate and Extent of Neutral Detergent Fiber Degradation of Feedstuffs in Situ

Abstract Rate and extent of neutral detergent fiber degradation were determined for 22 feedstuffs in situ. Polyester bags containing 8g of a forage or 5g of a grain were suspended in the rumen of cannulated dairy animals .5h after feeding and were removed at intervals up to 48h. Major differences were among feeds in both extent and rate of neutral detergent fiber degradation; however, positive relationship between these two measures of digestion was not close. Lag times were associated with variability of digestion of the neutral detergent fiber fraction of forages as well as of some grains. Neutral detergent fiber fill, representing the ratio of ruminal neutral detergent fiber to neutral detergent fiber turnover rate, was calculated for each feed from its turnover rate constant, lag time, potential digestibility in situ, and rate of passage. Two diets then were formulated to be similar in chemical composition but to differ in fill. When these diets were tested in situ, the rate and extent of neutral detergent fiber degraded at 24h was .024h −1 and 43% versus .074h −1 and 58% for the high and low fill diets. It is possible to utilize variability among feeds of rate and extent of neutral detergent fiber degradation to formulate diets that may promote greater intake.
The Sedimentation of Bimodal Distributions of Unflocculated Microspheres

Abstract An improved analysis for sedimentation of binary mixtures (two particle sizes) is proposed and tested with data that include differences in both the particle sizes and densities and sedimentation in both the viscous region and the transitions region, between viscous and turbulent (inertial flow). The new analysis can be used for any ratio of particle sizes even when the particle sizes are relatively close. It has been successfully tested beyond the viscous region and with variations in particle density as well as particle size. Although one previous analysis has been successful in predicting most earlier binary data with particles of different size, the new analysis is believed to be better supported by physical principles and thus more reliably extrapolated to different conditions.
Bremsstrahlung in the atmosphere.

Results of calculations concerning the emission of bremsstrahlung by electrons in the upper atmosphere and the penetration of this radiation to atmospheric depths of 3 to 10 g/sq cm, where it can be measured by balloon-borne detectors. The calculations take into account the multiple scattering and slowing down of electrons, and the multiple Compton scattering and photoelectric absorption of bremsstrahlung photons. Numerical data have been generated for electron beams incident onto the atmosphere with energies between 20 keV and 2 MeV, assuming wide-area precipitation and an incident angular distribution isotropic over the downward hemisphere. The results relate the number and energy spectrum of the incident electrons to the bremsstrahlung flux spectrum at balloon heights. The interpretation of some observed bremsstrahlung flux spectra is attempted.
Coarse-sediment bands on the inner shelf of southern Monterey Bay, California

Abstract Bands of coarse sand that trend parallel to the shore, unlike the approximately shore-normal bands found in many inner shelf areas, occur in southern Monterey Bay at water depths of 10–20 m, less than 1 km from the shore. The bands are 20–100 m wide and alternate with bands of fine sand that are of similar width. The coarse-sand bands are as much as 1 m lower than the adjacent fine-sand bands, which have margins inclined at angles of about 20°. The mean grain sizes of the coarse and fine sand are in the range of 0.354–1.0 mm and 0.125–0.354 mm, respectively. Wave ripples that average about 1 m in spacing always occur in the coarse-sand bands. Over a period of 3 yrs, the individual bands moved irregularly and changed in shape, as demonstrated by repeated sidescan sonar surveys and by the monitoring of rods jetted into the sea floor. However, the overall pattern and distribution of the bands remained essentially unchanged. Cores, 0.5–1.0 m long, taken in coarse-sand bands contain 0.2–0.5 m of coarse sand overlying fine sand or interbedded fine and coarse sand. Cores from fine-sand bands have at least one thin coarse sand layer at about the depth of the adjacent coarse-sand band. None of the cores revealed a thick deposit of coarse sand. The shore-parallel bands are of unknown origin. Their origin is especially puzzling because approximately shore-normal bands are present in parts of the study area and immediately to the north.
GENGUB: a generator for linear programs with generalized upper bound constraints

Abstract We report on the development and implementation of a random generator for linear programming (LP) problems. The generator extends previous efforts by considering problems that exhibit a form of special structure often found in real-world applications, namely the presence of generalized upper bound (GUB) constraints. The algorithm allows the user considerable flexibility in the form of the final problems created, and the ability to specify certain problem anomalies at the optimal solution. The generator is of use to those involved in several areas of LP research, including the computational performance of general LP algorithms and the development of methods for detecting special structure such as GUBs within an arbitrary LP.
IMMUNOLOGICAL IDENTITY OF INSULIN FROM VARIOUS SPECIES1

THE STRIKING similarity in the physiological activity and in the chemical analysis (I) of purified extracts of insulin derived from various animal sources prompted further work in an attempt to demonstrate more fully the identity of insulin prepared from different species. An immunological approach has been used since it already has been demonstrated that insulin is active as an antigen, producing complement fixation antibodies (2) and anaphylactic antibodies(3).Using the SchultS-Dale anaphylactic response, Lewis (3) demonstrated that typical reactions indicative of anaphylaxis may be produced by sensitising pigs with insulin extracted from the pancreas of one species and then using, as the shocking antigen, insulin produced from an entirely different species. The report of Bernstein, Kirsner, and Turner (4) on anaphylaxis in guinea pigs, using insulin as the antigen, is scarcely decisive in settling the point in question since the same type of insulin was used both for sensitisation and for shocking purp...
Lymphocyte stimulation in vitro: generation of cytotoxic effector lymphocytes using subcellular fractions of a lymphoid cell line.

Abstract Subcellular fractions, isolated from the lymphoid cell line IM-1, are capable of stimulating a weak proliferative response in allogeneic lymphocytes. They also stimulate the generation of cytotoxic effector lymphocytes. The proliferative response to subcellular fractions, as measured by 3H-thymidine incorporation, is only one-fourth to one-sixth as great as that to intact IM-1 cells, suggesting that a component(s) synthesized during the mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR), or a short-lived cellular constituent, may be responsible for the ability of intact cells to stimulate a lymphocyte proliferative response. This component appears to be lacking or in limiting quantity in subcellular fractions, including the soluble fractions. In contrast to the decreased proliferative response to subcellular fractions, the cytotoxic capacity of the stimulated lymphocytes is comparable to that after stimulation by intact IM-1 cells. The data demonstrate that, in this system, cytotoxic effector lymphocytes can be generated in the absence of the extensive proliferative response normally observed in the MLR. The antigenic stimulus responsible for the generation of cytotoxic effector cells appears to reside on intracellular components as well as on plasma membrane. In these reactions, specificity is shown by the failure of the cytotoxic cells to release 51Cr from autologous target cells. In fact, reactivity of lymphocytes stimulated by subcellular fractions is more specific than the reactivity of cells stimulated by intact IM-1 as judged by their lytic capacity for another target cell, RPMI 4265.
Faceting transformations of the stepped Pt(001) surface.

We describe x-ray scattering studies of the structure and morphology of a stepped Pt(001) surface between 300 and 1850 K. Two distinct faceting transformations are observed. Above 1820 K, we find an unreconstructed, stepped surface. Between 1820 and 1620 K, there is coexistence among hexagonally reconstructed, step-free domains and unreconstructed, stepped domains. The tilt angle of the unreconstructed domains exhibits a one-half power-law dependence on reduced temperature. At 1620 K, there is a second morphological transformation at which the unreconstructed domains are replaced by [ital magic] [ital vicinals].
MgO–Na2O–P2O5‐Based Sintering Additives for Tricalcium Phosphate Bioceramics

Effects of MgO–Na2O–P2O5-based sintering additives on densification, microstructure, hardness, compression strength, and biodegradability of β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) ceramics were studied. Three additive compositions were prepared and introduced into β-TCP. Uniaxially compacted ceramic structures, sintered at 1250°C in air, were characterized. Scanning electron microscopy was used to study the microstructure. The X-ray diffraction technique was used for phase analysis. Results showed that these additives modified the microstructure and improved the sintered density and mechanical properties. An increase of 9% in density, 40% in hardness and 38% in compression strength were achieved. Biodegradation analysis revealed that these additives could tailor the rate of resorption and hardness degradation of β-TCP.
A Note on Extreme-Point Solutions and A Paper by Lemke, Salkin, and Spielberg

This paper gives a framework for unifying and slightly generalizing certain properties of extreme-point solutions exploited by an approach of Lemke, Salkin, and Spielberg for solving set-covering problems.
Use of sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) markers for comparing levels of genetic diversity in centipedegrass (Eremochloa ophiuroides (Munro) Hack.) germplasm

Centipedegrass (Eremochloa ophiuroides (Munro) Hack.) has great potential as a low-input turf within the U.S. because of its lower management requirements and its tolerance to an array of environmental stresses. Only a handful of centipedegrass cultivars have been released to date, however. This is mainly due to limited morphological variation present in U.S. centipedegrass germplasm. With the objective of broadening the genetic base of this species, a germplasm collection trip was conducted in seven Chinese provinces in 1999. Although the resulting accessions exhibited morphological variation for a number of traits, little is known about levels of molecular variability in these accessions or how those levels compare to diversity in materials previously present in the U.S. Sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) markers were used in the current study to investigate these issues. Eleven primer combinations yielded 279 scored fragments. Genetic diversity, in terms of number of alleles and Dice similarity values, was highest in the Henan and U.S. groups. AMOVA indicated that while both the among and within components of variance were significant (P < 0.0001), most of the variation (94%) could be explained by differences within groups. The PCO plot showed large differences in levels of diversity in all groups evaluated. Overall, our results indicate that while the U.S. collection had high levels of diversity compared to other groups, there are alleles in the Chinese groups not represented in the U.S. collection. These materials could represent additional sources of variation to be used in centipedegrass cultivar development programs.
A highly abbreviated synthesis of pentalenene by means of the squarate ester cascade.

The sequential addition of 5-methylcyclopentyllithium and propynyllithium to diisopropyl squarate results in the efficient formation of a functionalized angular triquinane having two of its five-membered rings substituted precisely as in the target sesquiterpene. Only seven additional steps are then required to access pentalenene.
1α,25-(OH)2-Vitamin D3Analogs with Minimalin VivoCalcemic Activity Can Stimulate Significant Transepithelial Calcium Transport and mRNA Expressionin Vitro☆☆☆

Several 1α,25-(OH)2-vitamin D3(1α,25-(OH)2-D3) analogs have significant antiproliferative effectsin vitrobut do not elevate serum calciumin vivo.We tested whether the lack of a calcemic response of a vitamin D analogin vivois due to its inability to stimulate intestinal calcium absorption by examining the effect of several such compounds on transepithelial calcium transport in the human colonic carcinoma cell line Caco-2. The relative stimulations of calcium transport by the four A-ring diastereomers of 1α,25-(OH)2-D3(1α,3β) and a 3β-bromoacetate analog (1α,3β-BrAc) of the vitamin following 48-h treatment of cells at 10 nMwere 1α,3β (=100%), 1α,3α (+45.2%), 1β,3β (−15.6%), 1β,3α (+6.5%), and 1α,3β-BrAc (+50.6%). This was similar to the reported affinity of these compounds for the vitamin D receptor (VDR) and suggests that VDR binding predicts calcium transport. In contrast, three noncalcemic, sidechain- or D-ring-modified analogs of vitamin D, 1α,25-(OH)2-16-ene-D3, 1α,25-(OH)2-16-ene-23-yne-D3, and 1α,25,28-(OH)3-D2(at 10 nMfor 48 h), showed a different relationship between VDR affinity (150, 60, and 63% of 1α,25-(OH)2-D3, respectively) and calcium transport (74.1, 126, and 10%, respectively). Elevated calcium transport was accompanied by higher 24-hydroxylase and calbindin D9kmRNA levels. The data demonstrate that although some vitamin D compounds cannot stimulate calcium transport due to an inability to interact with the VDR (e.g., 1β isomers), other factors, e.g., differential cellular metabolism, may account for variations in biological responsein vivoto various vitamin D analogs.
Its possible application in the management of large-bowel cancer

The rapidly emerging therapeutic modality of cancer immunotherapy has been applied to a carefully selected group of patients with carcinoma of the large bowel. Patient selection was based on the extent of disease at the time of definitive surgery, and the strict provision that all discernible disease was removed. Thus, 20 consecutive patients who had mesenteric lymph node involvement were subsequently allocated to receive either BCG alone or the combination of 5-FU plus BCG as adjuvant treatment to surgery. After 10 months of patient accrual, all patients were clinically free of disease. Therapy was well tolerated without significant morbidity. Although general immunocompetence of these patients has improved on treatment, it is still too early to say whether immunotherapy will be clinically beneficial. Serial determination of plasma levels of CEA was useful in ruling out suspected recurrent disease. In contrast, preoperative plasma levels of CEA in patients with Dukes' C classification were elevated in only 40%. This indicates that its value in establishing the primary diagnosis is still doubtful.