cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Uncemented Hemispherical Acetabular Components in Revision THA

Hemispherical uncemented components have become the most frequently inserted components for acetabular revision. Reliable osseous fixation following press fit insertion with supplemental screw fixation has been achieved even in cases with significant acetabular deformities. Modular polyethylene liners have increased intraoperative flexibility with options for modifying head size, offset, and inclination. Cementable polyethylene liners allow independent positioning of the shell and articular surface and may reduce backside wear and facilitate improved liner positioning. Dislocation and infection remain leading complications after acetabular revision surgery.
Resident perspectives on duty hour limits and attributes of their learning environment.

Background Residents are stakeholders in the debate surrounding duty hour restrictions, yet few studies have assessed their perspective on their programs’ efforts to comply with them.
Organic geochemistry of Dead Sea sediments

Abstract Four stations in the Dead Sea (representing two shallow oxidizing and two deep reducing environments) were analyzed. The total organic carbon content of the sediment ranged from 0.23 to 0.40 per cent. Hydrocarbons, fatty acids, amino acids, humic acids and chlorins were separated and characterized. Of special significance were the following findings: 1. (i) the presence of the isoprenoid hydrocarbons (phytane and pristane) as well as phytanic acid, phytol and dihydrophytol, all thought to be derived from a phosphatidyl glycerophosphate lipid present in halophilic bacteria which populate the water column 2. (ii) a high abundance of unsaturated C-18 fatty acids 3. (iii) presence of apparently unaltered chlorophyll a in the chlorins isolated, but absence of chlorophyll b 4. (iv) low concentration of humic and fulvic acids in the oxidizing shallow sediments as compared to their concentration in the deeper reducing sediments. It is apparent that the hypersaline environment is conducive for preservation of the organic matter under reducing conditions but not under oxidizing conditions. In the latter case, the organic matter of the sediment is rapidly converted into an insoluble, non-extractable complex.
Testing quasi-visual neurons in the monkey's frontal eye field with the triple-step paradigm.

To look successively at sites where several spots of light have appeared in the dark, we cannot simply rely on the image left by these targets on our retina. Our brain has to update target coordinates by taking into account each gaze movement that has taken place. A particular type of brain cell – the quasi-visual (QV) neuron – is assumed to play an important role in this updating by combining target coordinates and eye displacement signals. However, what is exactly this role? Is a QV neuron an element of a working memory that encodes the location of a potential target, or is it pointing to the location of the single goal selected for the next saccade? The two roles theoretically correspond to successive stages of processing: the locations of the optional targets would be stored at one stage, whereas the location of the next selected target would be stored at the subsequent stage. With a task that imposes a choice of goals – the triple-step paradigm – we found evidence that several groups of QV neurons can become simultaneously activated in the monkey's frontal eye field (FEF), suggesting that each group represents a different target location. This supports the hypothesis that the FEF itself contains the spatial information about not yet selected targets.
Quantitative visible spectroscopy at low temperatures: A systematic examination

Abstract A systematic study of the enhancement of optical absorption of solutions upon freezing is presented. The enhancement factor, the ratio of absorbance of the frozen solution under given conditions to that of the solution at room temperature, is shown to increase with the optical pathlength of the sample, lower temperatures, and decreasing optical density of the solution. The enhancement factor is only weakly dependent upon wavelength under the defined conditions. This study makes possible a clearer understanding of the factors involved in low-temperature spectroscopy. Also presented are measurements of the relative contributions of the two hemes of cytochrome oxidase to the optical spectrum at −140°C, as an example of quantitative studies at low temperatures.
Cladistics of the Lernaeidae (Cyclopoida), a major family of freshwater fish parasites

Abstract Currently about 110 species of lernaeid copepods are known from 332 species of freshwater fishes belonging to 161 genera in 41 families. Fourteen lernaeid genera are recognized in this study with two of them Lamproglena and Lernaea , containing the bulk of the species (81/113 or 71.7%). Two trees were obtained from a cladistic analysis with length of 14 steps, consistency index of 92 and a retention index of 97. The adopted phylogenetic hypothesis shows that the Lernaeidae can be divided into two subfamilies: Lernaeinae (including Areotrachelus , Dysphorus , Lernaea , Lernaeogiraffa , Opistholernaea , Pillainus , Taurocheros ) and Lamprogleinae (including Afrolernaea , Catlaphilla , Indolernaea , Indopeniculus , Lamproglena , Lamproglenoides , Pseudolamproglena ); while the Lernaeinae have wide geographic distribution, members of the Lamprogleninae are confined to Africa and Asia. Analysis of the area cladogram revealed that this pattern of uneven distribution has resulted from an explosive cladogenesis of the Lamprogleninae on the mobile `Indian Raft' in the Tertiary, before collision of this subcontinent with the Asian continent.
Characterization of Starch Based Edible Coatings

While market globalization and increasing use of minimally processed foods require increased product shelf life, environmental care constraints induce us to search for natural materials to be used in effective packaging systems. Both these issues can be addressed by using edible coatings based on naturally occurring polymers. The characteristics of basic materials need to be modified in formulated coatings to obtain satisfactory results. As edible coatings must act as a barrier, the correct measurement of transport properties is extremely important in product development and in assessing effectiveness. In the present work, different starch samples were tested to obtain edible films or coatings. After optimizing concentration, composition, dispersion and gelatinization time and temperature, a high amylose starch was selected for preparation of the films. Films obtained by casting were characterized for water and oxygen permeability developing suitable and simple testing methods, finding a water vapour transfer rate of about 32 gm2 h−1 and an oxygen transfer rate of 5.6 cm3O2 m2 h−1. They were also tested for protection from UV radiation by adding foodapproved iron oxides.
Role of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome in the development of protein-calorie malnutrition in ESRD

Abstract Chronic activation of the systemic inflammatory response is a common and unifying factor in many end-stage illnesses, particularly end-stage renal disease. Protein-calorie malnutrition and hypoalbuminemia, which are prominent features of end-stage renal disease, develop as a consequence of this syndrome. Recognition of this relationship can assist in the development of new approaches to the successful management of protein-calorie malnutrition developing in the course of end-stage renal disease. (Am J Kidney Dis 1998 Dec;32(6 Suppl 4):S113-7)
One-dimensional proton—carbon correlations for the structure determination of natural products

Abstract The selective INEPT technique, a one-dimensional, J-modulated, proton—carbon correlation technique, has proved to be a very powerful tool for both unambiguous carbon and proton spectral assignment, as well as providing critical carbon framework information. In this brief review we offer some examples of recent work in our laboratories which demonstrates the power of the technique, particularly when sample size is limited.
Remark on the Number of Classes of Binary Quadratic Forms of a Given Negative Determinant

On p. 254 of Mathews' "Theory of Numbers," Part I, 1892 (all that was published), we find the following clear statement of a desideratum that has often been expressed. "... leads to the conclusion that in the series 1, 2, 3, ... (p-1)/2 (p is an odd prime), there are more quadratic residues of p than non-residues. It does not appear that any independent proof of this proposition has ever been discovered. If any such proof could be found, it is not impossible that it might lead to a determination of h (the number of classes described in the title of this note) without the use of infinite series. Similar remarks apply to the other formulae for negative determinants."
Nondestructive measurement of firmness and soluble solids content for apple fruit using hyperspectral scattering images

Nondestructive sensing is critical to assuring postharvest quality of apple fruit and consumer acceptance and satisfaction. The objective of this research was to use a hyperspectral scattering technique to acquire spectral scattering images from apple fruit and develop a data analysis method relating hyperspectral scattering characteristics to fruit firmness and soluble solids content (SSC). Hyperspectral scattering images were obtained from ‘Golden Delicious’ (GD) and red ‘Delicious’ (RD) apples, which were generated by a broadband beam over the spectral region between 500 nm and 1,000 nm. Mean and standard deviation spectra were extracted from the hyperspectral scattering images. A hybrid method combining the backpropagation feedforward neural network with principal component analysis was used to develop prediction models for fruit firmness and SSC. The neural network models were able to predict fruit firmness with r 2 = 0.76 and the standard error of prediction (SEP) of 6.2 N for GD, and r 2 = 0.55 and SEP = 6.1 N for RD. Better SSC predictions were obtained with r 2 = 0.79 and 0.64 and SEP = 0.72% and 0.81% for GD and RD, respectively. Hyperspectral scattering is promising for assessing internal quality, especially the firmness, of apples.
Achievement Goal Validation Among African American High School Students CFA and Rasch Results

Achievement goal theory helps describe how and why students engage in various academic behaviors. Historically, achievement goals have been examined almost exclusively with undergraduate, nonminori...
Effect of oxygen plasma etching on graphene studied using Raman spectroscopy and electronic transport measurements

In this paper, we report a study of graphene and graphene field effect devices after their exposure to a series of short pulses of oxygen plasma. Our data from Raman spectroscopy, back-gated field-effect and magnetotransport measurements are presented. The intensity ratio between Raman 'D' and 'G' peaks, ID/IG (commonly used to characterize disorder in graphene), is observed to initially increase almost linearly with the number (Ne) of plasma-etching pulses, but later decreases at higher Ne values. We also discuss the implications of our data for extracting graphene crystalline domain sizes from ID/IG. At the highest Ne value measured, the '2D' peak is found to be nearly suppressed while the 'D' peak is still prominent. Electronic transport measurements in plasma-etched graphene show an up-shifting of the Dirac point, indicating hole doping. We also characterize mobility, quantum Hall states, weak localization and various scattering lengths in a moderately etched sample. Our findings are valuable for understanding the effects of plasma etching on graphene and the physics of disordered graphene through artificially generated defects.
The kinetics and mechanism of the autocatalytic decomposition of HCOOH on clean Ni(110)

Abstract The flash decomposition of DCOOH was studied on a clean nickel (110) surface following adsorption at 37°C. The reaction proceeded by a two-dimensional autocatalytic mechanism to form D2, CO2 and CO products. The results indicated DCOOH adsorbed dissociatively at 37°C by splitting off H2O and forming an adsorbed molecule composed of DCO and DCOO. Above ten percent of saturation coverage these molecules formed a condensed phase or island structure. The decomposition of the molecules was rate determining for the formation of CO2 and D2 products. Theoretical calculations for branched chain mechanisms and coadsorption experiments with CO and H2 separately with DCOOH indicated the intermediate involved in the explosion was not associated with the observed product molecules. The intermediate in the explosive decomposition was shown by interrupted flashes to be stable at 37°C. The autocatalytic flash decomposition curves were explained by reaction occurring at bare metal sites within the islands, and as product molecules desorbed the number of sites increased, causing the rate to accelerate. The rate of decomposition was well described by the equation Rate = −k( c c I )(c I −c + fc I ) , where c is the surface concentration, cI is the initial surface concentration, and f is the density of initiation sites. The activation energy of 26.6kcal/mol was determined from heating rate variation. The narrow flash curves were fit with a first order pre-exponential factor of 1.6 × 1015 sec−1 with a density of initiation sites of 0.004.
Determinants of polyphagy by a woolly bear caterpillar: a test of the physiological efficiency hypothesis

The physiological efficiency hypothesis argues that the physiological efficiency of food utilization determines feeding habits of herbivorous insects. Although relatively unsuccessful at explaining dietary specificity, it may explain the food-mixing habit of individually polyphagous herbivores because they may opportunistically increase physiological efficiency by optimizing nutrient balance or diluting toxins in the course of feeding on multiple host-plant species. This study tests two predictions of the physiological efficiency hypothesis with the woolly bear caterpillar, Grammia geneura (Strecker) (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae). Namely, both herbivore performance (survival, developmental rate, pupal mass) and growth efficiency should be better on mixed-plant diets than on single-plant diets. In a series of three laboratory experiments, 1 found that larval survival and developmental rate on mixed-plant diets were superior to performance on single-plant diets in only one of four cases. In all other cases, mixed-plant diets were either inferior (female pupal mass) to single-plant diets or not detectably different from them. Larval growth efficiency on mixed-plant diets was never superior to that on single-plant diets. In mixed-plant treatments, caterpillars often selected a diet that included plant species of relatively low suitability alone, thereby suffering reduced performance and growth efficiency. These results contradict predictions of the physiological efficiency hypothesis, indicating the limitations of the conventional focus on the physiological constraints on food utilization as an explanation for both individual polyphagy and dietary specificity in herbivorous insects.
Variations in Social Quality of Life Indicators in Medium Metropolitan Areas

Abstract. The basic objective of this paper is to develop a systematic model by which a series of social indicators can be constructed to reflect variations in the social quality of life (QOL) among the medium metropolitan areas. Statistical data which are logically representative of the indicators were collected for the 83 medium metropolitan areas with populations between 200,000 and 500,000 in 1970. More than 50 variables were evaluated under these critical social components: individual concerns, individual equality and community living conditions. The standardized “Z” score method was employed to compute, based on 1970 data, the index for each of the social QOL indicators. The 83 SMSAs were then rated by the indexes. These indexes will help decision makers to identify their regional weaknesses and strengths in comparison to others so that appropriate action can be taken toward the improvement of social QOL in those areas.
Further characterization of a fodrin-containing transmembrane complex from mouse T-lymphoma cells

Abstract A transmembrane complex containing fodrin (an actin-binding protein) and a major surface glycoprotein (GP 180) was previously isolated from mouse T-lymphoma cells by the complementary techniques of non-ionic detergent extraction and sucrose gradient centrifugation (Bourguignon et al. (1985) J. Cell Biol. 101, 477–487). The analysis of this complex has been extended to verify the structural association and further define the interaction between fodrin and GP 180. The association between fodrin and GP 180 has been confirmed by the following evidence: (1) co-sedimentation of fodrin and GP 180 in a single peak on a sucrose gradient with a sedimentation coefficient of 20 S; (2) a constant ratio of fodrin and GP 180 across the 20 S peak; (3) the specific co-precipitation of GP 180 with fodrin from the 20 S peak using anti-fodrin antibody; and (4) the colocalization of fodrin and GP 180 from the 20 S peak on actin filaments using an immuno-electron microscopic technique. Furthermore, this fodrin-GP 180 complex can be readily dissociated and reassembled in the presence and absence of 0.6 M NaCl, respectively. The fact that this fodrin-GP 180 complex displays actin-binding ability indicates that this transmembrane complex may play an important role in the linking event between receptors and the cytoskeleton during lymphocyte patching and capping.
Thermal effects on the Josephson series-array voltage standard

Abstract A series-array voltage standard containing 2,076 Josephson junctions has been operated in a liquid helium bath maintained within a refrigerated Dewar over the temperature range 1.56K ≤ T ≤ 4.54K. No systematic variation in the array voltage near 1.018V with temperature was detected over this entire range, indicating that any temperature coefficient of the array voltage must be less than 2×10 -8 V/K. The critical current and gap energy of the weakest junction within the array in the absence of millimeter wave power were measured as a function of temperature over this same range. The noise sensitivity of the array was observed to change abruptly but by a small amount as the helium bath was pumped superfluid. Voltage calibrations were unaffected by the bath's superfluid transition.
Delineation of an Antiapoptotic Action of Glucocorticoids in Hepatoma Cells: The Role of Nuclear Factor-κB

Glucocorticoids are primarily recognized for their profound antiinflammatory actions and their ability to induce lymphocyte apoptosis. We report here that, in contrast to their effect on cells of the immune system, glucocorticoids suppress serum deprivation induced apoptosis of rat hepatoma (HTC) cells. Suppression of apoptosis in these cells occurs at physiological concentrations of glucocorticoid and is abrogated by the glucocorticoid antagonist RU486. Although HTC cells also express receptors for progesterone, estrogen, and thyroid hormone, ligands for these receptors fail to rescue these cells from programmed cell death. Because the sensitivity of cells to apoptotic stimuli is often regulated by the ratio of antiapoptotic to proapoptotic Bcl-2 family members, we analyzed the influence of glucocorticoids and induction of apoptosis by serum starvation on the expression of these proteins. Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, Bad, Bak, and Bax levels were not altered by either treatment. Mitochondrial function has recently bee...
Morphology and Properties of Polyester/Exfoliated Graphite Nanocomposites

Nanocomposites reinforced with graphite platelets were compared to those with functionalized graphite sheets (FGS) prepared by partial pyrolysis of graphite oxide. Melt dispersion in poly(ethylene-2,6-naphthalate) (PEN) was quantified using a range of characterization techniques: electron microscopy, X-ray scattering, melt rheology, electrical conductivity, gas barrier, and mechanical properties. Conductivity percolation was obtained with as little as 0.3 vol % FGS, whereas 3 vol % was required for graphite. The threshold concentrations of FGS and graphite for rigidity percolation determined with melt rheology were in good agreement with conductivity percolation. Hydrogen permeability of PEN with 4 wt % FGS was decreased by 60% while the same amount of graphite reduced permeability only 25%. Structural differences between graphite and FGS were characterized with atomic force microscopy (AFM), Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The highly exfoliated morphology of FGS was mainta...
Video-based motion expertise analysis in simulation-based surgical training using hierarchical dirichlet process hidden markov model

In simulation-based surgical training, a key task is to rate the performance of the operator, which is done currently by senior surgeons. This is a costly practice and objectively quantifiable assessment metrics are often missing. Researchers have been working towards building automated systems to achieve computational understanding of surgical skills, largely through analysis of motion data captured by video or other sensors. In this paper, we extend the Hierarchical Dirichlet Process Hidden Markov Model (HDP-HMM) for this purpose. We start with detecting spatial temporal interest points from the video capturing the tool motion of an operator, and then generate visual words from the descriptors of those interest points. For each frame, we construct a histogram with the associated interest points, i.e. the "bag of words" and then every video is represented by a sequence of those histograms. For sequences of each motion expertise level, we infer an HDP-HMM model. Finally, the classification of the motion expertise level for a testing sequence is based on choosing a model that maximizes the likelihood of the given sequence. Compared with the other action recognition algorithms, such as kernel SVM, our method leads to a better result. Further, the proposed approach also provides some important cues on the patterns of motion for each expertise level.
Obscurins: Goliaths and Davids take over non-muscle tissues.

Obscurins comprise a family of proteins originally identified in striated muscles, where they play essential roles in myofibrillogenesis, cytoskeletal organization, and Ca2+ homeostasis. They are encoded by the single OBSCN gene, and are composed of tandem adhesion domains and signaling motifs. To date, two giant obscurin isoforms have been described in detail that differ only at the extreme COOH-terminus; while obscurin-A (∼720 kDa) contains a non-modular COOH-terminus that harbors binding sites for the adaptor proteins ankyrins, obscurin-B (∼870 kDa) contains two COOH-terminal serine-threonine kinase domains preceded by adhesion motifs. Besides the two known giant obscurins, a thorough search of transcript databases suggests that complex alternative splicing of the obscurin transcript results in the generation of additional giant as well as small isoforms with molecular masses ranging between ∼50–970 kDa. These novel isoforms share common domains with the characterized isoforms, but also contain unique regions. Using a panel of highly specific antibodies directed against epitopes spanning the entire length of giant obscurins, we employed western blotting and immunohistochemistry to perform a systematic and comprehensive characterization of the expression profile of obscurins in muscle and non-muscle tissues. Our studies demonstrate for the first time that obscurins are not restricted to striated muscles, but are abundantly expressed in several tissues and organs including brain, skin, kidney, liver, spleen, and lung. While some obscurin isoforms are ubiquitously expressed, others are preferentially present in specific tissues and organs. Moreover, obscurins are present in select structures and cell types where they assume nuclear, cytosolic, and membrane distributions. Given the ubiquitous expression of some obscurins, along with the preferential expression of others, it becomes apparent that obscurins may play common and unique roles, respectively, in the regulation and maintenance of cell homeostasis in various tissues and organs throughout the body.
Acoel development indicates the independent evolution of the bilaterian mouth and anus

Most bilaterian animals have a 'through' gut, with a mouth at one end and an anus at the other. It is commonly believed that in the transition from radial to bilaterial symmetry, both openings evolved simultaneously by the partial, lateral closure of a slit-like blastopore. This idea is called into question by work on acoel flatworms, primitive bilaterians with a mouth but no anus. In studies of the acoel Convolutriloba longifissura, Andreas Hejnol and Mark Martindale use molecular markers to show that the its mouth does indeed correspond with a generic mouth, and that molecular markers characteristic of the hind end of the gut cluster at the (blind) end of the body, in a posterior domain associated with a gonopore. This suggests that the anus evolved many times independently, in association with reproductive structures. Most bilaterian animals have a through gut and it is commonly believed that in the transition from radial to bilaterial symmetry, both openings evolved simultaneously by the partial, lateral closure of a slit-like blastopore. This idea is called into question by work on acoel flatworms, primitive bilaterians that have a mouth but no anus. In studies of the acoel Convolutriloba longifissura, molecular markers are used to show that the acoel's mouth does indeed correspond with a mouth, and that molecular markers characteristic of the hind end of the gut cluster around the (blind) end of the body, in a posterior domain associated with a gonopore. Most bilaterian animals possess a through gut with a separate mouth and anus1. It is commonly believed that during the transition from radial to bilateral symmetry, both openings evolved simultaneously by the lateral closure of a slit-like blastopore1,2,3,4. Molecular phylogenies however, place the acoel flatworms, which have only one opening to their digestive system, as the sister group to all remaining Bilateria5,6,7. To address how this single body opening is related to the mouth and anus of the protostomes and deuterostomes, we studied the expression of genes involved in bilaterian foregut and hindgut patterning during the development of the acoel Convolutriloba longifissura. Here we show that the genes brachyury and goosecoid are expressed in association with the acoel mouth, suggesting that this single opening is homologous to the mouth of other bilaterians8. In addition, we find that the genes caudal, orthopedia and brachyury—which are expressed in various bilaterian hindguts8,9,10—are expressed in a small region at the posterior end of the animal, separated from the anterior oral brachyury-expressing region by a dorsal domain of ectodermal bmp2/4 expression. These results contradict the hypothesis that the bilaterian mouth and anus evolved simultaneously from a common blastoporal opening, and suggest that a through gut might have evolved independently in different animal lineages.
Sensorimotor Integration: Locating Locomotion in Neural Circuits

Neural components of the circuits that transform sensory cues into changes in motor activities are largely unknown. Several recent studies have now functionally mapped the sensorimotor circuits responsible for locomotion behaviors under defined environmental conditions in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.
Predictive models for sandstone diagenesis

Abstract Factors governing the evolutionary path that sandstone and shale sequences follow during burial diagenesis include: provenance and depositionally-controlled compositional and textural elements; near-surface redox reactions; organic-inorganic interactions within the zone of intermediate burial diagenesis; deep diagenetic reactions, which include abiotic, thermal sulfate reduction, carbonate mineral alteration and quartz cementation; and, the potential for meteoric influx and renewal of near-surface processes due to uplift, exposure and/or base level fluctuation. As a consequence, the use of thermal exposure indicators to describe the extent of diagenesis, such as R0, or time-temperature history indicators, such as TTI, must be used with caution. Though useful in predicting general trends in porosity loss due to simple compaction, they have little utility in making forward predictions of anomalously-high porosity (e.g. preserved and/or enhanced porosity), or anomalously-low porosity. A more useful approach, whereby the processes controlling porosity evolution are evaluated in terms of the depositional, hydrologic, burial and thermal histories, is presented here.
Amino acid uptake and levels: influence of endurance training.

Abstract The influence of endurance training on the rate of uptake and levels of free amino acids in plasma and various tissues was investigated. Training decreased the uptake of α-aminoisobutyric acid into heart but not into muscle and liver. Total tissue water of muscle, heart, and liver was similar in trained and untrained animals. Training increased extracellular water in muscle but not in heart or liver. Endurance training decreased the concentrations of carnosine and phenylalanine in muscle, taurine in liver, and glutamic acid, glutamine, methionine, and taurine in plasma. However, the levels of serine in muscle, arginine, and lysine in heart, asparagine in liver, and arginine and urea in red blood cells were increased in trained animals.
Non-ammonium reduced nitrogen species in atmospheric aerosol particles

The traditional belief that ambient aerosol particles contain nitrogen predominantly in the form of inorganic ionic species such as NH/sub 4//sup +/ and NO/sub 3//sup -/ was challenged about 10 years ago by results from x-ray photoelectron spectroscopic analysis (ESCA) of California aerosol particles. A significant fraction (approx. 50%) of the reduced nitrogen was observed to have an oxidation state more reduced than ammonium, characteristic of organic nitrogen species. We have used a recently developed thermal evolved gas analysis method (NO/sub x/) in conjunction with ESCA to confirm the existence of these species in aerosol particles collected in both the United States and Europe. The agreement of EGA and ESCA analyses indicates that these species are found not only on the surface but also throughout the particles. 9 references, 6 figures.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF COMPRESSIBLE TURBULENT MIXING LAYERS

Compressible, turbulent mixing layers have been investigated experimentally using pressure mesurements, Schlieren photographs, and velocity measurements with a two-component laser Doppler velocimeter system. Seven mixing-layer cases were examined, with relative Mach numbers ranging from 0.40 to 1.97 which spans the region of significant compressibility effects. Both the spatial development and similarty of the mixing layers were considered.
The polar nature of 2,1,3‐benzoxadiazole, ‐benzothiadiazole, ‐benzoselenadiazole and derivatives as determined by their electric dipole moments

Permanent electric dipole moments have been determined in benzene solutions at 25° for the oxygen, sulfur, and selenium series of 2,1,3-benzodiazoles. The derivatives studied contained 4, 5, and 6 substituted methyl, chloro, nitro, and amino groups. The dipole moment data of the derivatives were analyzed relative to that of the parent species which allowed deductions to be made about the mesomeric structures operating in the compounds. The mesomeric charge transfer increases regularly from the oxygen to the selenium structures, being nearly undetected in 2,1,3-benzoxadiazole derivatives and very pronounced in the 2,1,3-benzoselenadiazoles.
NEUTRAL PIONS FROM PROTON-PROTON COLLISIONS

The production of neutral pions in p-p collisions has been measured from 346 to 437 Mev. The method was to detect singie photons at laboratory angles of 30, 60, and 90from the decay of neutral pions in the reaction p + p yields pi / sup o/ + p + p. Total cross sections which were obtained in this experiment and previous results for proton energies near threshold, have an energy dependence consistent with the phenomenological theory. Additional data were obtained on neutral pion production in proton bombardment of several complex nuclei from Li to Pb. A cross section for bound neutrons was obtained by a comparison of results from H/sub 2/O and D/sub 2/O targets. (auth)
Initial Results from a Portable Dual-Beam Sounder for In Situ Measurements of Target Strength of Fish

A portable 105-kHz dual-beam sounder has been field tested for two years. Data have been obtained on the target strength of standard targets, adult sockeye salmon and juvenile and adult Pacific herring. White Halex ping-pong balls have been the most uniform standards with a TS of -39.1 dB. The TS/kg for adult sockeye salmon is -32 dB/kg and for juvenile and adult Pacific herring -26 dB/kg.
Single neuronal responses in medial prefrontal cortex during cocaine self‐administration in freely moving rats

Chronic single neuronal recording techniques were applied to investigate the involvement of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) during cocaine self-administration in the rat. Rats were trained to press a lever for cocaine under continuous reinforcement and fixed ratio schedules. Different patterns of phasic neuronal activity changes were found to be associated with lever-pressing for cocaine. The neuronal responses could be classified into five categories: 1) increases in neuronal firing before the lever press (15 out of 121 neurons, 12.4%); 2) decreases in neuronal firing before the lever press (13 neurons, 10.7%); 3) increases in neuronal firing after cocaine infusion (4 neurons, 3.3%); 4) decreases in neuronal firing after cocaine infusion (32 neurons, 26.4%); and 5) no alteration of neuronal activity throughout the self-administration session (67 neurons, 55.4%). The anticipatory responses, i.e., neuronal activity appearing before the lever press, were observed for both the continuous reinforcement and fixed ratio schedules. In a few cases, alteration of firing rate was not observed for the first lever press but appeared before subsequent lever presses in fixed ratio schedules. Eliminating cocaine abolished the inhibitory neuronal responses observed after lever press, suggesting that these inhibitory responses after cocaine self-administration were attributable to the pharmacologic effect of cocaine. The data provide initial electrophysiological evidence that the mPFC may play a role in mediating the task sequencing which leads to cocaine self-administration. Synapse 26:22–35, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The role of “chirp” identification in duplex perception

Duplex perception occurs when the phonetically distinguishing transitions of a syllable are presented to one ear and the rest of the syllable (the “base”) is simultaneously presented to the other ear. Subjects report hearing both a nonspeech “chirp” and a speech syllable correctly cued by the transitions. In two experiments, we compared phonetic identification of intact syllables, duplex percepts, isolated transitions, and bases. In both experiments, subjects were able to identify the phonetic information encoded into isolated transitions in the absence of an appropriate syllabic context. Also, there was no significant difference in phonetic identification of isolated transitions and duplex percepts. Finally, in the second experiment, the category boundaries from identification of isolated transitions and duplex percepts were not significantly different from each other. However, both boundaries were statistically different from the category boundary for intact syllables. Taken together, these results suggest that listeners do not need to perceptually integrate F2 transitions or F2 and F3 transition pairs with the base in duplex perception. Rather, it appears that listeners identify the chirps as speech without reference to the base.
The H.264 Video Coding Standard

The H.264 video coding standard, also known as MPEG AVC, represents the state of the art in video compression. This article provides an overview of the H.264 standard. To help the reader understand the similarities and differences between it and MPEG-2 (and other hybrid video coding standards), the author describes the H.264 features and compare them to functionally similar MPEG-2 features
Narrative Work in Public Social Services Through Wraparound Planning

Abstract Narrative ways of working are often associated with traditional therapy contexts, such as counseling with individuals, couples, families, and groups in an office or therapeutic facility. Recent developments in the realm of social services, however, are consistent with narrative ideas and practices. Wraparound planning, which is committed to individualized services, collaborative planning, community-based contexts, and unconditional care, is a burgeoning movement in public social services that intersects with narrative ways of working.
New Partners for HP1 in Transcriptional Gene Silencing

A new study in this issue of Molecular Cell (Yamane et al., 2010) demonstrates how chromatin assembly proteins HIRA/Asf1 help enforce transcriptional gene silencing in heterochromatin by bridging interactions between HP1 and histone deacetylase complexes.
RPE at relative intensities after 12 weeks of resistance-exercise training by older adults.

The constant-RPE tracking model monitors progress over the course of exercise training. During aerobic exercise, prior work using this model has demonstrated similar relative intensities pre- and posttraining, while the absolute workload increases posttraining. However, the prediction equation associated with these changes has not been examined during resistance training. 22 men and 27 women (M age 64 yr.) participated in a 12-wk. resistance training. Orientation determined resistances associated with RPEs of 4, 5–6, 7–8, and 9 on the OMNI-Resistance Exercise Scale for each of seven exercises for each participant. Individuals trained 3 days a week for 12 wk. Linear regression was used to calculate percent of 1-repetition maximum (%1-RM) at RPE 4, 6, and 8 for the exercises. Paired sample t tests, comparing pre- and posttraining %1-RMs at each RPE, indicated that posttraining %1-RMs were higher for RPE 4 and 6 for each exercise, while at RPE 8, results were significant for only 3 exercises. Thus for at lea...
Rigidity of higher-dimensional conformal Anosov systems

We show that Anosov systems in manifolds with trivial tangent bundles and with the property that the derivatives of the return maps at periodic orbits are multiples of the identity in the stable and unstable bundles are locally rigid. That is, any other smooth map, in a C 1 neighborhood such that it has the same Jordan normal form at corresponding periodic orbits is smoothly conjugate to it. This generalizes results of Castro and Moriyon (1997). We present several arguments for the main results. In particular, we use quasi- conformal regularity theory. We also extend the examples of an earlier paper of the author (1992) to show that some of the hypotheses we make in this paper are indeed necessary.
Metaphoric optical computing

In this paper, the authors use optical wave propagation in nonlinear media as a method for investigating nonlinear dynamical behavior of complex systems that are not optical. The basic idea is to construct an optical system whose nonlinear dynamics are related to the system we wish to simulate. We have shown that there are important classes of computationally difficult problems in finding a suitable optical simulator.
Arrested chloride abstraction from trans-RuCl2(DMeOPrPE)2 with TlPF6; formation of a 1-D coordination polymer having unusual octahedral coordination around thallium(I).

An “arrested” chloride abstraction occurs in the reaction of trans-RuCl2(DMeOPrPE)2 with TlPF6; the product is a 1-D coordination polymer in which the Tl(I) centers have an unusual octahedral coordination geometry with a stereochemically active 6s2 lone pair.
Inadequate hospital reimbursement for victims of motor vehicle crashes due to health reform legislation.

Abstract Study objective: Effective for 1997, health reform legislation in New York resulted in a change in hospital reimbursement for victims of motor vehicle crashes. We evaluated the impact of this change from no-fault to Medicaid rates on the financial viability of a regional trauma center within an academic medical center. Methods: This study represents a retrospective review of the trauma registry for all motor vehicle–related injuries (meeting the statewide definition of trauma) admitted to a regional trauma center for a 9-month period just before the legislation implementation date. Charges, costs, and projected reimbursement were calculated by standard hospital accounting methods. Profit or loss (reimbursement minus costs) was calculated by standard hospital accounting methods for each admission using no-fault and Medicaid reimbursement rates. Results: One hundred seventy-three cases during the 9-month period generated total charges of $4,112,174, total costs of $3,447,110, and estimated total profit of $800,084 ($4,625 per case) using no-fault reimbursement and a total loss of $184,154 ($1,064 per case) using Medicaid reimbursement. For the 31 patients with diagnosis-related groups (DRGs) that were specifically created in New York to ensure adequate reimbursement for multiple significant trauma (730 through 734 and 792 through 794), no-fault reimbursement resulted in an average profit of $371 per case and Medicaid generated a loss of $6,118 per case. Actual payments for the study population were almost $500,000 less than estimated. Conclusion: Changes in rates of no-fault insurance payments to hospitals will result in inadequate reimbursement for motor vehicle crash victims admitted to a regional trauma center, undermining the viability of the regional trauma system. [Henry MC, Thode HC Jr, Shrestha C, Noack P. Inadequate hospital reimbursement for victims of motor vehicle crashes due to health reform legislation. Ann Emerg Med. March 2000;35:277-282.]
Insulating Modernism: Isolated and Non-Isolated Thermodynamics in Architecture

Kiel Moe, with a foreword by Inaki AbalosBirkhauser, 2014319 pages, color and black-and-white illustrations$84.00 (hardcover)Among the numerous books and periodicals devoted to celebrating the pant...
Aphasia severity and salivary cortisol over time

The current study explored the complicated interplay between aphasia and the stress biomarker, cortisol, in left-hemisphere (LH) and right-hemisphere (RH) stroke patients. Nineteen LH patients and 12 RH patients began the study between one to six months post stroke and were followed for three months. During this time, language skills were assessed monthly while afternoon salivary cortisol samples were collected biweekly. The LH and RH groups showed improvements in language test scores over the course of three months; however, only naming skills in the RH group appeared to be associated with afternoon salivary cortisol levels. Furthermore, contradicting previous reports regarding laterality and cortisol regulation in humans, the current study found that both LH patients and RH patients exhibited similar afternoon salivary cortisol levels across all time points.
The Rheme/Dicent/Argument Distinction

I will be concerned here with an important distinction of sign-type which has yet to be used effectively in applied semiotic, as far as I know: the Peircean distinction between a rheme, a dicent, and an argument (in a generalized sense of this word). The kind of application this distinction has is clearest to me in the case of the critical analysis of artistic texts (verbal, visual, acoustical, or whatever), particularly literary texts, so I will focus upon this sort of application here, though with hope that the reader can derive from what I say an intuitive sense for its more general import and use.
Meta-Analysis: A Constantly Evolving Research Integration Tool

During the past 30 years, meta-analysis has been an indispensable tool for revealing the hidden meaning of our research literatures. The four articles in this special section on meta-analysis illus...
Supernovae as Cosmic-Ray Sources: Nonthermal radio emission and polarized light illuminate an old problem.

Certain characteristics of supernovae, inferred from observations and theories, are interpreted as suggesting that the young remnants of a supernovae eruption constitute a powerful source of cosmic rays. These features include an enormous energy release, a copious supply of relativistic electrons, large-scale magnetic fields, extended masses of plasma moving at high velocities, indications of the propagation of hydromagnetic waves, and relatively high concentrations of heavier elements. Recent evidence is reviewed which was obtained by the analysis of the continuous spectrum of electromagnetic radiations from the Crab Nebula, optical and nonthermal radio emissions, and photoelectric and photographic techniques employing polaroid filters. Notation, constants, and conversion factors used in the calculations are included. (Seventy-three references.) (C.H.)
C/EBPα: critical at the origin of leukemic transformation

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a hematopoietic malignancy characterized by clonal expansion of myeloid progenitor cells. A major mechanistic theme in AML biology is the extensive collaboration among fusion oncoproteins, transcription factors, and chromatin regulators to initiate and sustain a transformed cellular state. A new study in this issue describes how the C/EBPα transcription factor is crucial for the initiation of AML induced by MLL fusion oncoproteins, but is entirely dispensable for the maintenance of established disease. These observations provide a unique glimpse into the pioneer round of regulatory events that are critical at the origin of AML formation. Furthermore, this study implies the existence of oncogene-induced positive feedback loops capable of bypassing the continuous need for certain regulators to propagate disease.
Lung Injury Prevention with Aspirin (LIPS-A): a protocol for a multicentre randomised clinical trial in medical patients at high risk of acute lung injury

Introduction: Acute lung injury (ALI) is a devastating condition that places a heavy burden on public health resources. Although the need for effective ALI prevention strategies is increasingly recognised, no effective preventative strategies exist. The Lung Injury Prevention Study with Aspirin (LIPS-A) aims to test whether aspirin (ASA) could prevent and/or mitigate the development of ALI. Methods and analysis: LIPS-A is a multicentre, double-blind, randomised clinical trial testing the hypothesis that the early administration of ASA will result in a reduced incidence of ALI in adult patients at high risk. This investigation will enrol 400 study participants from 14 hospitals across the USA. Conditional logistic regression will be used to test the primary hypothesis that early ASA administration will decrease the incidence of ALI. Ethics and dissemination: Safety oversight will be under the direction of an independent Data and Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB). Approval of the protocol was obtained from the DSMB prior to enrolling the first study participant. Approval of both the protocol and informed consent documents were also obtained
The role of cultural practices in the emergence of modern human intelligence

Innate cognitive capacities are orchestrated by cultural practices to produce high-level cognitive processes. In human activities, examples of this phenomenon range from everyday inferences about space and time to the most sophisticated reasoning in scientific laboratories. A case is examined in which chimpanzees enter into cultural practices with humans (in experiments) in ways that appear to enable them to engage in symbol-mediated thought. Combining the cultural practices perspective with the theories of embodied cognition and enactment suggests that the chimpanzees' behaviour is actually mediated by non-symbolic representations. The possibility that non-human primates can engage in cultural practices that give them the appearance of symbol-mediated thought opens new avenues for thinking about the coevolution of human culture and human brains.