cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An area-efficient reconfigurable binary tree architecture

The VLSI layouts of most fault-tolerant binary tree architectures are based on the classical H-tree layout, resulting in low area utilization and an unnecessarily high manufacturing cost due to the waste of a significant portion of silicon area. An area-efficient approach to the reconfigurable binary tree architecture is presented. Area utilization and interconnection complexity of the proposed design compare favorably with other known approaches. The use of the coverage factor makes it possible to analyze the system reliability by means of the Markov model. Unlike previous reliability studies in which chips are assumed to be defect-free, this analysis considers the fact that an accepted chip may have used spares to replace manufacturing defects, and the number of spares available for tolerating operational faults may thus vary from chip to chip. The developed analytical model for reliability is readily extended to other VSLI/WIS-based multiprocessor systems. >
Electromyographic and Neuromuscular Variables in Post-Polio Subjects

Abstract Objective: Post-polio subjects experience functional deterioration many years after developing acute poliomyelitis and have been shown previously to have a deficit in strength recovery after isometric activity. This study characterized the size and stability of the motor units in a group of post-polio subjects with macro and single fiber electromyography (EMG) and correlated these variables with isometric strength, endurance, "work capacity," and strength recovery after fatiguing isometric exercise. Design: A cohort of 12 post-polio subjects was tested for neuromuscular function. Electromyographic variables were determined on a separate day. Setting: Volunteers were recruited from the community and tested in our neuromuscular research laboratory. Subjects: A volunteer sample was obtained from advertisements. All subjects acknowledged post-polio syndrome symptoms. Main Outcome Measures: Neuromuscular variables were isometric knee extension peak torque, endurance (time to exhaustion) at 40% of maximal torque, tension time index, and recovery of torque at 10 minutes. Electromyographic variables were macro EMG and single fiber EMG (percent blocking and jitter). Results: Macro EMG amplitude was ninefold the control value, and both jitter and blocking were greatly increased in comparison to control values. Isometric strength significantly ( p Conclusions: The weakest subjects had the greatest number of muscle fibers within the motor unit (as measured by macro EMG amplitude). Jitter and blocking did not correlate with neuromuscular function.
Novel amino acid modified zinc polycarboxylates for improved dental cements

Summary Objective The objective of this study was to develop a novel amino acid modified zinc/calcium polycarboxylate cement system, formulate the cements, and evaluate their mechanical strengths. Materials and methods Acrylate and methacrylate derivatives of four amino acids were synthesized and characterized using FT-IR and 1 HNMR spectroscopy. The derivatives were formulated with polymer having pendent methacrylate group, water, and synthesized novel filler. Compressive (CS) as well as flexural strengths (FS) and viscosities of the resin liquids were used as tools to evaluate the formulations and formed cements. The specimens for CS and FS tests were conditioned in distilled water at 37 °C for 24 h and 7 d, respectively, prior to testing. Results The measured CS and FS of the cements was in the decreasing order of methacryloyl beta-alanine>acryloyl glutamic acid=acryloyl beta-alanine>methacryloyl glutamic acid>2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate. Methacryloyl beta-alanine was selected for further formulations due to its relatively low solution viscosity and high CS as well as FS. Effects of polymer content, P / L ratio, tartaric acid and initiator concentration were significant. During aging, the cement showed a constant increase in CS for up to 1 month and then kept constant for up to 3 months. Conclusions This study developed a novel amino acid modified zinc/calcium polycarboxylate cement system. This system was 85% higher in CS, 98% higher in DTS and 183% higher in FS, compared to Durelon.
Septal repair implants: evaluation of magnetic resonance imaging safety at 3 T.

Specialized implants are used for transcatheter closure of septal defects, including atrial and ventricular septal defects, and patent foramen ovale. These metallic devices may pose a risk to patients undergoing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) procedures especially if performed at 3 T. Therefore, this investigation evaluated MRI safety at 3 T for septal repair implants (CardioSEAL Septal Repair Implant and STARFlex Septal Repair Implant, NMT Medical, Boston, MA, USA) by characterizing magnetic field interactions, heating and artifacts. These implants exhibited minor magnetic field interactions; heating was not excessive (+0.5°C); and artifacts will only create a problem if the area of interest is in the same area as or near these devices. Thus, the findings indicated that it would be safe for a patient with these implants to undergo MRI at 3 T or lower. Importantly, because of the minor magnetic field interactions, MRI may be performed immediately after implantation.
Functional Activation of Myelin-Specific T Cells by Virus-Induced Molecular Mimicry

Molecular mimicry is the process by which T cells activated in response to determinants on an infecting microorganism cross-react with self epitopes, leading to an autoimmune disease. Normally, infection of SJL/J mice with the BeAn strain of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) results in a persistent CNS infection, leading to a chronic progressive, CD4(+) T cell-mediated demyelinating disease. Myelin damage is initiated by T cell responses to virus persisting in CNS APCs, and progressive demyelinating disease (50 days postinfection) is perpetuated by myelin epitope-specific CD4(+) T cells activated by epitope spreading. We developed an infectious model of molecular mimicry by inserting a sequence encompassing the immunodominant myelin epitope, proteolipid protein (PLP) 139-151, into the coding region of a nonpathogenic TMEV variant. PLP139-TMEV-infected mice developed a rapid onset paralytic inflammatory, demyelinating disease paralleled by the activation of PLP139-151-specific CD4(+) Th1 responses within 10-14 days postinfection. The current studies demonstrate that the early onset demyelinating disease induced by PLP139-TMEV is the direct result of autoreactive PLP139-151-specific CD4(+) T cell responses. PLP139-151-specific CD4(+) T cells from PLP139-TMEV-infected mice transferred demyelinating disease to naive recipients and PLP139-151-specific tolerance before infection prevented clinical disease. Finally, infection with the mimic virus at sites peripheral to the CNS induced early demyelinating disease, suggesting that the PLP139-151-specific CD4(+) T cells could be activated in the periphery and traffic to the CNS. Collectively, infection with PLP139-151 mimic encoding TMEV serves as an excellent model for molecular mimicry by inducing pathologic myelin-specific CD4(+) T cells via a natural virus infection.
Neurokinin1 Receptor Antagonists as Potential Antidepressants

Selective, nonpeptide antagonists for tachykinin receptors first became available ten years ago. Of the three known tachykinin receptors, drug development has focused most intensively on the substance P-preferring receptor, neurokinin1 (NK1). Although originally studied as potential analgesic compounds, recent evidence suggests that NK1 receptor antagonists may possess antidepressant and anxiolytic properties. If confirmed by further controlled clinical studies, this will represent a mechanism of action distinct from all existing antidepressant agents. As reviewed in this chapter, the existing preclinical and clinical literature is suggestive of, but not conclusive, concerning a role of substance P and NK1 receptors in the pathophysiology of depression and/or anxiety disorders. The ongoing clinical trials with NK1 receptor antagonists have served as an impetus for much needed, basic research in this field.
Type dispatch for named hierarchical types

Type dispatch constructs are an important feature of many programming languages. Scheme has predicates for testing the runtime type of a value. Java has a class cast expression and a try statement for switching on an exception's class. Crucial to these mechanisms, in typed languages, is type refinement: The static type system will use type dispatch to refine types in successful branches. Considerable previous work has addressed type case constructs for structural type systems without subtyping, but these do not extend to named type systems with subtyping, as is common in object oriented languages. Previous work on type dispatch in named type systems with subtyping has not addressed its implementation formally.This paper describes a number of type dispatch constructs that share a common theme: class cast and class case constructs in object oriented languages, ML style exceptions, hierarchical extensible sums, and multimethods. I describe a unifying mechanism, tagging, that abstracts the operation of these constructs, and I formalise a small tagging language. After discussing how to implement the tagging language, I present a typed language without type dispatch primitives, and a give a formal translation from the tagging language.
Xenon Emission Accompanying Fracture of Xenon-Implanted Cubic Zirconia

The emission of xenon following the fracture of xenon-implanted cubic zirconia has been studied using mass spec-trometry. All samples showed intense Xe bursts at failure. Order of magnitude estimates of the amount of Xe released suggest that micrometer-scale regions of the tensile surface on either side of the fracture surface of these samples do not show sufficient damage to account for this emission. However, SEM micrographs of the fracture surface show evidence for extensive microcracking immediately adjacent to the tensile surface. It is believed that these microcracks are formed when the advancing crack encounters the tensile stresses immediately below the Xe-implanted surface layer and disrupts the Xe inclusions produced by implantation. Some samples also show Xe bursts prior to failure; SEM observations of these samples show shallow conchoidal cracks on the tensile surface, which apparently form during loading and would account for the release of Xe prior to failure.
The Impact of Job Applicants' Facial Maturity, Gender, and Academic Achievement on Hiring Recommendations

Two studies investigated the impact of job applicants' facial maturity, gender, and achievement level on hiring recommendations. The results revealed that discrimination based on gender and facial appearance varies with the type of job for which an applicant is being considered. Applicants who were babyfaced or female were favored for jobs requiring qualities of warmth and submission, whereas those who were maturefaced or male were favored for jobs requiring qualities of shrewdness and leadership. These hiring preferences were most pronounced for high achieving applicants. They were also paralleled by stereotypical perceptions of the job- relevant attributes possessed by the applicants, which suggests that the effects of applicants' gender and facial maturity are mediated by the perceived fit between their assumed attributes and the job requirements. Finally, the jobs for which male and maturefaced applicants were favored were those for which high-achieving applicants were also favored, which suggests that female and babyfaced applicants are most apt to be discriminated against when applying for higher status jobs.
Male same-sex couple dynamics and received social support for HIV medication adherence:

This qualitative study examines received social support by analyzing relationship dynamics concerning antiretroviral therapy adherence among HIV+ seroconcordant and serodiscordant male couples. Using narrative data from 40 participants (20 couples interviewed separately), we describe patterns of relationship dynamics and support preferences. One group viewed adherence as a Personal Responsibility. A second group viewed adherence as a Couple Responsibility and integrated support for medication adherence into the relationship. A third group was in the process of ending their relationships and adherence support was one-sided or withdrawn altogether. Examining support exchange contexts at cultural, situational, relational, and personal levels illuminated adherence processes. Qualitative methods provided a framework for investigating these complex relationships and their associations with HIV treatment adherence.
LESSONS FROM A COOPERATIVE, BACTERIAL-ANIMAL ASSOCIATION: The Vibrio fischeri–Euprymna scolopes Light Organ Symbiosis

Although the study of microbe-host interactions has been traditionally dominated by an interest in pathogenic associations, there is an increasing awareness of the importance of cooperative symbiotic interactions in the biology of many bacteria and their animal and plant hosts. This review examines a model system for the study of such symbioses, the light organ association between the bobtail squid Euprymna scolopes and the marine luminous bacterium Vibrio fischeri. Specifically, the initiation, establishment, and persistence of the benign bacterial infection of the juvenile host light organ are described, as are efforts to understand the mechanisms underlying this specific colonization program. Using molecular genetic techniques, mutant strains of V. fischeri have been constructed that are defective at specific stages of the development of the association. Some of the lessons that these mutants have begun to teach us about the complex and long-term nature of this cooperative venture are summarized.
Neonatal amygdala lesions: co-occurring impact on social/fear-related behavior and cocaine sensitization in adult rats.

Neurodevelopmental abnormalities of temporal–limbic structures may underlie both adult psychiatric syndromes and increased addiction vulnerability, leading to high frequencies of “dual diagnosis” disorders. Although the amygdala is implicated in various mental disorders and drug addiction, no studies have explored the impact of early developmental damage to the amygdala on phenotypes relating to mental illness and addictions as co-occurring processes. We tested rats with neonatal amygdala lesions (NAML) vs. SHAM-operated controls in a battery of tests—novel field activity, elevated plus maze (EPM), and social interaction (SI) at baseline and after odor and restraint stress—followed by measures of cocaine sensitization (15 mg/kg vs. saline 5 days challenge session 2 weeks later) and remeasurement of SI. NAMLs showed increased novelty-related locomotion, less fear responding in the EPM, and resistance to predator-odor- but not to restraint-induced suppression of SI. NAMLs also had elevated cocaine sensitization profiles, and cocaine history differentially affected subsequent SI in NAMLs compared with SHAMs. NAMLs may provide models for understanding a shared neurobiological basis for and complex interactions among psychiatric symptoms, drug exposure history, and addiction vulnerability.
User-model interaction in decision support systems for risk management

This paper describes and evaluates three different approaches to building decision support systems: the Operations Research/Management Science approach, the Decision Analysis/Multiattribute Utility approach, and the Artificial Intelligence/Expert Systems approach. It evaluates the usefulness of the three approaches for risk management. In particular, it defines evaluation objectives of risk analysts, risk managers, and laypeople and provides a subjective assessment how the three approaches stack up against their objectives. The paper concludes that for most risk management applications a combination of the three approaches would be most desirable.
Effects of Potent Antiretroviral Therapy on Free Testosterone Levels and Fat-Free Mass in Men in a Prospective, Randomized Trial: A5005s, a Substudy of AIDS Clinical Trials Group Study 384

Background. Low testosterone levels are commonly reported in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus disease. The effects of initiation of different antiretroviral regimens on testosterone levels and changes in fat-free mass have not been reported.Methods. Antiretroviral-naive men (n = 213) were randomized to receive nelfinavir, efavirenz, or both plus either zidovudine and lamivudine or stavudine and didanosine. Patients underwent measurements of metabolic parameters, including determination of free testosterone level by equilibrium dialysis and bioelectrical impedance analysis, over a 64-week period.Results. At baseline, the median free testosterone level was 92 pg/mL; the level was subnormal (i.e., <50 pg/mL) in 6%. Lower CD4 cell count at the time of study entry, higher weight, and greater age were independently associated with lower baseline free testosterone level. At week 64, the median free testosterone level increased more in zidovudine-lamivudine recipients (48 of whom had paired values available; change, +31 pg/mL) than in stavudine-didanosine recipients (57 of whom had paired values; change, +3 pg/mL; P = .001, by Wilcoxon rank sum test), and it increased more in efavirenz recipients (37 of whom had paired values; change, +30 pg/mL) than in nelfinavir recipients (28 of whom had paired values; change, -3 pg/mL; P = .05). The median fat-free mass for the entire group increased by 1.2 kg at week 64 (change, +2.0%; P < .001); the increase was greater in the zidovudine-lamivudine group (n = 70; change, +1.8 kg) than in the stavudine-didanosine group (n = 79; change, +0.5 kg; P = .04), and the increase was also greater for efavirenz recipients (n = 53; change, +2.1 kg) than among nelfinavir recipients (n = 47; change, +0.4 kg; P = .003). White race, lower CD4 cell count at study entry, assignment to the efavirenz treatment arm, and assignment to the zidovudine-lamivudine treatment arm independently predicted greater absolute change in fat-free mass at week 64.Conclusions. Subnormal free testosterone levels occurred infrequently among these antiretroviral-naive men. Free testosterone and fat-free mass levels increased after initiation of antiretroviral therapy, with greater increases at 64 weeks among zidovudine-lamivudine recipients than among stavudine-didanosine recipients and among efavirenz recipients than among nelfinavir recipients.
Causes of systematic over‐ or underestimation of low streamflows by use of index‐streamgage approaches in the United States

Low-flow characteristics can be estimated by multiple linear regressions or the index-streamgage approach. The latter transfers streamflow information from a hydrologically similar, continuously gaged basin (‘index streamgage’) to one with a very limited streamflow record, but often results in biased estimates. The application of the index-streamgage approach can be generalized into three steps: (1) selection of streamflow information of interest, (2) definition of hydrologic similarity and selection of index streamgage, and (3) application of an information-transfer approach. Here, we explore the effects of (1) the range of streamflow values, (2) the areal density of streamgages, and (3) index-streamgage selection criteria on the bias of three information-transfer approaches on estimates of the 7-day, 10-year minimum streamflow (Q7,10). The three information-transfer approaches considered are maintenance of variance extension, base-flow correlation, and ratio of measured to concurrent gaged streamflow (Q-ratio invariance). Our results for 1120 streamgages throughout the United States suggest that only a small portion of the total bias in estimated streamflow values is explained by the areal density of the streamgages and the hydrologic similarity between the two basins. However, restricting the range of streamflow values used in the index-streamgage approach reduces the bias of estimated Q7,10 values substantially. Importantly, estimated Q7,10 values are heavily biased when the observed Q7,10 values are near zero. Results of the analysis also showed that Q7,10 estimates from two of the three index-streamgage approaches have lower root-mean-square error values than estimates derived from multiple regressions for the large regions considered in this study. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Über fluorhaltige Verbindungen der Elemente der V. Hauptgruppe. VI. Über Bindungsisomerie bei gemischten Phosphor(V)‐halogeniden

Halogenide des funfwertigen Phosphors konnen in valenzisomeren Formen auftreten. Deutlich ausgepragt ist diese Erscheinung bei der Verbindung PCl4F, die einerseits homoopolar – PCl4F – und andererseits heteropolar – [PCl4]+F− – vorkommen kann. Die homoopolare Form wandelt sich in die heteropolare um, wobei eine Aktivierungsenergie von 10,6 kcal/Mol auftritt. Der Haufigkeitsexponent der Reaktion betragt 4,37. Das Auftreten der Aktivierungsenergie wird einer innermolekularen Umlagerung zugeschrieben.
Telezoo (B): Feast or Famine?

The B case describes the different strategies initiated by Murville as she attempts to correct the problems highlighted in the A case (UVA-M-0651). The B case develops the thinking and the rationale for Telezoo's new approach to the market and describes how the plan was executed. In addition, the case describes aspects of B2B exchanges and develops an argument for the approach advocated by Telezoo. The case also discusses the role of the Internet in developing a comprehensive go-to-market channels strategy. See also the C case (UVA-M-0662).
Cross-Border Mobility, Violence and Spiritual Healing in Beitbridge District, Zimbabwe

This article examines the significance and contestations surrounding some small huts, which are found at the margins of many homesteads in Beitbridge district on the Zimbabwean border with South Africa. Locally referred to as zvimba zvemipfuko, the huts are part of a socio-cultural phenomenon called chimwanakadzi, which also involves the pledging of young girls to appease avenging spirits of migrants killed in Beitbridge as they travelled between Zimbabwe and South Africa. The study argues that chimwanakadzi is intended not only to treat people haunted by avenging spirits, but is also an attempt to combat on-going violence and build cohesive communities in the border district. However, this phenomenon faces opposition from Christians who castigate it as sinful, and human rights activists who view it as an abuse of young girls and a denigration of women’s dignity.
No effect of femoral offset on bone implant micromotion in an experimental model

Abstract Background In total hip replacement (THR), the femoral offset (FO) is assessed preoperatively, and the surgeon must determine whether to restore, increase, or decrease the FO based on experience and the patient's clinical history. The FO is known to influence the abductor muscle strength, range of motion (ROM), gait, and hip pain after THR; however, the true effect of FO on bone implant micromotion is unclear. Therefore, we investigated to assess: (1) the muscle loading response during gait, (2) whether FO affects bone implant micromotion during gait. Hypothesis A variation of ± 10 mm from the anatomical FO affects the muscle loading forces. Materials and methods We modified a personalized musculoskeletal model of the lower extremity to determine the 3-dimensional contact forces at the hip joint in the presence of a stem with varying offsets during a gait cycle. A detailed finite element (FE) model was then constructed for increased, restored, and decreased FOs. The maximum load obtained during normal walking gait from the musculoskeletal model was applied to the respective FE models, and the resultant stem-bone micromotion and stress distribution were computed. Results Increasing the FO to +10 mm decreased the peak force generated by the abductor muscles during the cycle by 15.0% and decreasing the FO to −10 mm increased the von Mises stress distribution at the distal bone by 77.5% ( P P > 0.05) and peak stresses ( P > 0.05). Discussion Coupling the musculoskeletal model of the gait cycle with FE analysis provides a realistic model to understand how FO affects bone implant micromotion. We found that there was no effect of FO on bone implant micromotion; thus, a surgeon does not need to evaluate the implications of FO on micromotion and can determine a FO that best decreases the work load of abductor muscles, increases ROM, and reduces hip pain. Level of evidence IV, biomechanical study.
Comparisons of CFD calculations and measurements for a sonic jet in a supersonic crossflow

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model calculations were completed for comparisons with wind tunnel measurements of an underexpanded sonic air jet injected transversely into a Mach 1.6 crossflow. The results are significant for model validation because they compare a state-of-the-art finite volume CFD flow solver solution with high quality non-intrusive Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV) and Pressure Sensitive Paint (PSP) measurements of velocity, surface pressure, and turbulence kinetic energy. Furthermore, these comparisons are apropos because of current interest in the use of jet-reaction thrusters for the divert and attitude control of hypersonic interceptors and direct fire tactical missiles. This work in the development of CFD models which can accurately predict jetinteraction phenomena is critical for these applications.
The Point of Origin of the Bronchial Breath Sounds

A tracheotomy was performed on a patient who had a carcinoma of the larynx, and a pneumonia developed in the left lower lobe. With the patient's nose closed firmly by the fingers of the doctor and the mouth closed firmly by the patient, bronchial breath sounds which sounded typical were heard over the left lower lobe. The breath sounds over the other lower lobe were normal. This would seem to show that the vocal cords play no very large role in the formation of the bronchial breath sounds, but that the bronchial breath sounds are formed by the passage of air through the bronchial tubes much after the manner of the formation of sound in lip pipes.A patient who had loud bronchial breath sounds over the right lower lobe came to autopsy. A rubber tube was passed through the vocal cords and air was periodically allowed to enter the lungs from an oxygen tank. There was a side tube for allowing the egress of air and by alternately closing the outflow and inflow tubes, artificial inspiration and expiration could ...
Effect of Reduction on Cube Texture in Ni5W Substrate

Ni5W ingots was obtained with the starting materials of the stoichiometric amount of nickel powder and tungsten powder by the powder metallurgy.A vacuum arc furnace melting process was applied after powder metallurgy,in order to reduce the inhomogenity and realize homogenization.Then the Ni5W alloy substrate with the thickness of 80μm was fabricated by hot rolling,cold rolling and recrystallizing heat treatment.The effect of the deformations rate per pass and general deformations rate to the rolling texture of Ni5W alloy substrate was investigated.The results showed that,small pass reduction and big general deformations rate was beneficial for the further growth of the cube textured grains after recrystallization heat treatment.The effect of pass reduction to the cube texture was smaller than the general deformation.After the cold rolling with the per pass 5% and general deformations rate 98%,the high content of S texture and Copper texture are obtained.
The pharmacotherapy of minor depression.

While not as extensively studied as major depression, several pharmacologic studies of patients with variously diagnosed minor depression confirm response rates similar to those found for patients ...
Escherichia coli O157:H7 in retail ground beef in Seattle : Results of a one-year prospective study

Escherichia coli O157:H7 was sought systematically in 1,400 samples of retail ground beef in Seattle in a 1-year prospective study. Sorbitol-nonfermenting, lactose-fermenting, indole-positive colonies isolated after enrichment culture were probed for the presence of Shiga toxin genes. Totals of 67,040 sorbitol-nonfermenting and 66,705 sorbitol-fermenting colonies were characterized, but E. coli O157:H7 was not identified. The sensitivity of this technique was usually sufficient to detect E. coli O157:H7 at a concentration below 1 CFU/g of meat. These data demonstrate that retail ground beef in Seattle is neither frequently nor heavily contaminated with E. coli O157:H7.
Spread of Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) After Infection of Human Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells: Model of HCMV Latency

Clinical experience and laboratory data suggest that human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is present in peripheral blood of seropositive individuals in a latent or persistent state and can be transmitted via blood products and be reactivated in seropositive immunocompromised patients. The pathophysiology of HCMV latency and the nature of HCMV interaction with hematopoietic cells remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the infection of bone marrow (BM) progenitor cells and their progeny as a model of HCMV latency. A clinical isolate and the recombinant laboratory strain Towne/lox containing the Escherichia coli beta galactosidase (beta-gal) gene regulated by immediately early (IE) HCMV promoter were used to infect highly purified CD34+ cells. Although the infection of these cells with a clinical isolate was associated with an inhibition of proliferation by 59%, an expansion of progeny derived from these cells was possible. Polymerase chain reaction analysis and staining for beta-gal have shown that HCMV persisted in infected BM CD34+ cells and their progeny for up to 4 weeks. However, IE and late gene products (mRNA and protein) were detected only late in the course of infection and their expression correlated with terminal macrophage differentiation of the CD34+-derived progeny. Although early infection of CD34+ progenitor cells was not productive (as shown by the plaque assay), infectious virus could be recovered from the terminally differentiated cultures. BM progenitor cells may serve as a reservoir of the latent virus with limited transcription. Proliferation and monocytic maturation of infected progenitors may lead to the numerical expansion of HCMV-infected cells, which serve as a source of HCMV dissemination and reactivation.
SU-F-T-120: How Many and Which Respiratory Phases Should Be Included During the 4D Robust Optimization Process

Purpose: To study how many and which respiratory phases should be included to conduct an efficient 4D robust optimization since contouring CTV and critical organs at all 10 phases are time consuming. Methods: A 4D robust optimization algorithm which simultaneously optimizes dose distributions for all 10 respiratory phases has been developed to desensitize plan quality to various uncertainties. To study the possibility of reducing number of phases included during the optimization process while keep the plan quality, four strategies have been conducted and compared: A. including 2 phases: 0% and 50%; B. including 4 phases: 0%, 20%, 50% and 80%. C. including 5 phases: 0%, 20%, 50%, 60% and 80%; D. including all 10 phases during the optimization process. The resulting plans for two patients were evaluated at all 10 respiratory phases. Results: For patient one, reducing the number of phases included in optimization process will degrade CTV coverage while improve the normal tissue sparing. The possible worst CTV coverage at prescription dose (74Gy) for IMPT plans optimized for strategy A, B, C, D was 98.13%, 98.29%, 99.00% and 99.05% respectively. The CTV coverage is almost the same when including 5 phases compared to including 10 phases. For patient 2, reducing the number of phases included in optimization process will degrade CTV coverage, while the normal tissue sparing is not affected too much. The possible worst CTV coverage at prescription dose for IMPT plans optimized for strategy A, B, C, D was 95.85%, 99.01%, 99.18% and 99.72% respectively. The CTV coverage is similar when including 4 phases or 5 phases compared to including 10 phases. Conclusion: The preliminary data shows that at least 4 phases or 5 phases should be included during optimization process to achieve a high quality IMPT plan considering CTV coverage and normal tissue sparing.
Nanophotonics and Optical Nanomaterials

The goal of the Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies (CINT) is to plays a leadership role in integration of nanostructured materials to enable novel capabilities and applications through its function as a Department of Energy/Office of Science Nanoscale Science Research Center (NSRC) national user facility. By coupling open access to unique and world-class capabilities and scientific expertise to an active user community, CINT supports high-impact research that no other single institution could achieve – the whole of CINT including its user community is greater than the sum of its parts.
Machine Learning to Improve Energy Expenditure Estimation in Children With Disabilities: A Pilot Study in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy.

Background: Children with physical impairments are at a greater risk for obesity and decreased physical activity. A better understanding of physical activity pattern and energy expenditure (EE) would lead to a more targeted approach to intervention. Objective: This study focuses on studying the use of machine-learning algorithms for EE estimation in children with disabilities. A pilot study was conducted on children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) to identify important factors for determining EE and develop a novel algorithm to accurately estimate EE from wearable sensor-collected data. Methods: There were 7 boys with DMD, 6 healthy control boys, and 22 control adults recruited. Data were collected using smartphone accelerometer and chest-worn heart rate sensors. The gold standard EE values were obtained from the COSMED K4b2 portable cardiopulmonary metabolic unit worn by boys (aged 6-10 years) with DMD and controls. Data from this sensor setup were collected simultaneously during a series of concurrent activities. Linear regression and nonlinear machine-learning–based approaches were used to analyze the relationship between accelerometer and heart rate readings and COSMED values. Results: Existing calorimetry equations using linear regression and nonlinear machine-learning–based models, developed for healthy adults and young children, give low correlation to actual EE values in children with disabilities (14%-40%). The proposed model for boys with DMD uses ensemble machine learning techniques and gives a 91% correlation with actual measured EE values (root mean square error of 0.017). Conclusions: Our results confirm that the methods developed to determine EE using accelerometer and heart rate sensor values in normal adults are not appropriate for children with disabilities and should not be used. A much more accurate model is obtained using machine-learning–based nonlinear regression specifically developed for this target population. [JMIR Rehabil Assist Technol 2016;3(2):e7]
Renewable materials for tissue repair/biocompatibility of cellulose nanocrystals

The surface of cellulose displays hydroxyl groups can be reacted to a broad range of molecules adding unique properties to cellulose surfaces. This opens for possible applications for cellulose nanoparticles in biomedicine, specifically in areas that involve targeted delivery and tracking studies. Here we present preliminary data on biocompatibility of cellulose nanoparticles, which suggests a potential for use of cellulose nanoparticles in biomedical applications like drug delivery, and specifically, tissue repair.
Truncation of In Situ Baerveldt Glaucoma Drainage Device for Treatment of Late Persistent Postoperative Hypotony.

Purpose To describe a new technique to treat late persistent hypotony after Baerveldt glaucoma drainage device surgery. Methods Review of 2 cases treated with in situ truncation of one or both wings of the Baerveldt device, combined with permanent but releasable tube occlusion. Results Two eyes with persistent hypotony underwent in situ truncation of one or both wings of the Baerveldt device with resolution of hypotony. Recurrence of elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) in both cases required reversal of tube occlusion, after which the IOP has remained both well controlled and sufficiently elevated to avoid complications of hypotony over 13 and 43 months. Conclusions In situ truncation of Baerveldt drainage device with permanent, releasable tube occlusion offers a safe and effective intervention for eyes with late hypotony, and also allows for maintenance of IOP control long term.
History of Botulinum Toxin Treatment in Movement Disorders

Background: The frontiers of clinical medicine constantly expand as a result of the innovative efforts of visionary researchers and keen observations of seasoned clinicians. In medicine, rarely has a therapeutic agent been found efficacious in the management of so many symptoms and in such a relatively short time as botulinum toxin. One of the most notable contributions of botulinum toxin therapy in clinical medicine is in the field of movement disorders. Methods: The English literature was searched using the Yale search engine including but not limited to PubMed and Ovid. The search includes articles from January 1 1980 to March 1 2016. Results: A total of 2055 articles were identified. Of these, 132 met the criteria for this review. Discussion: This historical review highlights early and seminal contributions that have introduced the application of botulinum toxins in the field of movement disorders and provides evidence-based contributions that have established botulinum toxin as an effective treatment for abnormal movements.
“I Think You Should Explore the Kinky Market”: How Entrepreneurs Develop Value Propositions as Emergent Objects of Activity Networks

Successful value propositions can be productively analyzed as emergent cocreated objects: co-created at the intersection of multiple activities with varying interests and cycles, and thus increment...
High spatial precision nano-imaging of polarization-sensitive plasmonic particles

Precise polarimetric imaging of polarization-sensitive nanoparticles is essential for resolving their accurate spatial positions beyond the diffraction limit. However, conventional technologies currently suffer from beam deviation errors which cannot be corrected beyond the diffraction limit. To overcome this issue, we experimentally demonstrate a spatially stable nano-imaging system for polarization-sensitive nanoparticles. In this study, we show that by integrating a voltage-tunable imaging variable polarizer with optical microscopy, we are able to suppress beam deviation errors. We expect that this nano-imaging system should allow for acquisition of accurate positional and polarization information from individual nanoparticles in applications where real-time, high precision spatial information is required.
Seeking sincerity, finding forgiveness: YouTube apologies as image repair

Abstract Social media have become important communication tools for organizations and public figures, particularly in times of crisis. Public figures are frequently advised to use social media platforms to apologize to publics, and their apologies are often posted by news outlets or individual social media users. However, evidence suggests social media may function on an interpersonal level, yet traditional image repair strategies are based on a mass media model. Using image repair strategies based in theoretical frameworks from mass mediated and interpersonal communication, this research examined the verbal behaviors and emotions displayed by public figures apologizing on YouTube and the relationships these had to audience perceptions of sincerity and forgiveness as expressed via YouTube comments. Two studies analyzed 335 segments of video from 32 public apologies on YouTube spanning from 2009 to 2014, and 1971 posted responses. The interpersonal strategies and expression of emotions were largely unrelated to the perceptions of sincerity and forgiveness; and the image repair strategies were limited in their relatedness. However, the content of the comments, a majority of which focused on the reputation of the public figure, was associated with perceptions of sincerity. Reducing offensiveness was associated with perceptions of insincerity, as was the combination of reducing offensiveness, denial and evasion. Negative comments regarding the offender’s reputation were also associated with perceptions of insincerity. Audiences were non-forgiving if the apology was perceived as insincere, but forgiving if they perceived the apology as sincere. Implications of these results in relation to the practice and scholarship of public relations are discussed.
Helper T cells specific for protein antigens: role of self major histocompatibility complex and immunoglobulin gene products.

Antibody responses to most antigens are dependent on the cooperative interaction of two distinct populations of lymphocytes. B lymphocytes are the precursors to antibody forming cells; their ability to produce antibody is dependent on helper T lymphocytes (Th). In classical studies of helper T cell function, B cells specific for haptens have been stimulated with hapten-protein conjugates, and the role of protein carrier-primed helper T cells measured (1). In such studies, the hapten must be physically linked to the carrier protein (1,2), and the helper T cell specifically primed to the carrier used for secondary immunization (1,2). Using this system, Katz and coworkers (3) made the surprising discovery that Th and B lymphocytes needed to be identical in the I region of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in order to cooperate effectively. Subsequent studies by a number of investigators have demonstrated that Th cells are selected during their development for the ability to recognize particular MHC encoded antigens as self, and that such Th cells will not respond to antigen except in the context of the MHC encoded antigen for which they are specific (4). This phenomenon has been termed MHC restriction.
Assessing the Effects of Diet/Health Awareness on the Consumption and Composition of Fat Intake

Efforts to inform the general public about high fat intake as a possible risk factor for coronary heart disease (or CHD) started with nutrition information programs undertaken by the American Heart Association as early as the mid-1950s (Levy and Heimbach 1989). Additional scientific evidence on the link between fat intake and CHD, publication of the USDA/HHS Dietary Guidelines for Americans, the planning and implementation of the National Cholesterol Education Program, and evidence on the possible relationship between high fat intake and certain types of cancer all resulted in an intensification of these efforts in the 1980s.
Large-Eddy Simulation of Spatially Developing Turbulent Wake Flows

The feasibility of applying the large-eddy simulation (LES) technique in complex high Reynolds number flows has been studied. The focus of the study is on the spatially developing wake flows with an application to ship wakes. The bluff body that generates the wake is excluded from the computational domain. To make this possible, a new random flow generation technique (RFG) is used to provide the turbulent inflow boundary conditions as a function of time. The technique provides an instantaneous velocity field at the inlet boundary in conjunction with the prescribed mean flow field obtained either from RANS (Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes) simulations or from experimental data. The combined LES-RFG procedure has been validated in previous publications in cases of a flat plate and a mixing layer. At the inflow boundary, turbulence characteristics, including the shear stresses, were reconstructed. The time averaged results showed good agreement with the experiments in the developing wake. The same procedure is used to simulate a ship wake (ship model DTMB 5512) in the near field of 1.5 ship cord length. The LES technique captured both spatial and temporal development of the large coherent structures that play an important role in the evaluation of bubble concentration in the ship wakes. These structures are usually smeared out in RANS simulations.
Special Topics in Simultaneous Equations

In this chapter we review selected special topics related to simultaneous equations. In Sections 25.2 and 25.3 we consider extensions of the tobit and probit models (Chapter 16) into the simultaneous equations framework. In Section 25.4 we consider systems of equations that describe disequilibrium situations, Section 25.5 contains a generalization of the usual error assumptions associated with simultaneous equations estimation, vector autoregressive disturbances. The important topic of rational expectations is reviewed in Section 25.6. Finally, procedures for updating parameter estimates using sample or nonsample information are considered in Section 25.7 in the context of a single equation model, and extensions to the simultaneous equations context briefly described.
In silico model of the dilutional effects of conventional component therapy versus whole blood in the management of massively bleeding adult trauma patients.

Background There are multiple approaches to the blood product and fluid resuscitation of a bleeding trauma patient. An in silico model of different trauma resuscitation strategies was constructed to predict their effects on the volumes of the different body fluid compartments and on several important hemostatic factors. Study design and methods This multicompartment dynamic deterministic model comprised four interconnected modules (hemostatic, resuscitation, body fluid compartment, and dilutional coagulopathy). The model was divided into five resuscitation phases with simulations using six different resuscitation strategies: whole blood (WB) only, conventional component therapy (CCT) only or 10 units of WB followed by CCT, with either 1 L of crystalloid or 1.5 units of WB or red blood cells in the prehospital phase. Results At the end of the simulations using 1 L of crystalloid fluids in the prehospital resuscitation phase, the use of WB led to a 1.4 g/dL higher hemoglobin concentration, 32 mg/dL higher fibrinogen concentration, and 0.9 L lower total extracellular fluid volume compared to CCT. Prehospital blood product transfusion in place of crystalloid resulted in higher hemoglobin and fibrinogen concentrations and a lower international normalized ratio throughout the resuscitation regardless of the resuscitation strategy used. Throughout both the prehospital crystalloid and prehospital blood product transfusion simulations, the hemoglobin and fibrinogen concentrations and platelet counts were higher, and the international normalized ratio was lower, when WB was used compared to CCT. Conclusions This model predicted improved hemostatic factor levels and a smaller total extracellular fluid volume volume when WB was transfused instead of CCT to bleeding trauma patients.
Electrochemical benzylic oxidation of C–H bonds

Oxidized products have become increasingly valuable as building blocks for a wide variety of different processes and fine chemistry, especially in the benzylic position. We report herein a sustainable protocol for this transformation through C–H functionalization and is performed using electrochemistry as the main power source and tert-butyl hydroperoxide as the radical source for the C–H abstraction. The temperature conditions reported here do not increase above 50 °C and use an aqueous-based medium. A broad substrate scope is explored, along with bioactive molecules, to give comparable and increased product yields when compared to prior reported literature without the use of electrochemistry.
Magnesium-Ion Storage Capability of MXenes

Rechargeable magnesium-ion batteries (MIBs) with Mg metal anodes have been attracting attention due to their potential safety, low cost, and high theoretical energy densities. Nevertheless, develop...