cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Energy decomposition analysis along the reaction coordinate. Theory and example: F− + HF → [FHF]−

Abstract Based on Morokuma et al.'s energy decomposition scheme applied to molecular complexes, methods of energy decomposition are proposed for interactions involving changes of intramolecular coordinates. A method is proposed which decor poses the energy into an intramolecular term and intermolecular components (electrostatic, exchange, polarization, charge transfer and coupling) along the reaction coordinate connecting reactants to the transition state or products. The methods are then applied to a simple reaction FH + F − → [FHF] − .
Renormalization group flow and other ideas inspired by physics for nonlinear filters, Bayesian decisions, and transport

We describe many new ideas for research in particle flow corresponding to Bayes’ rule. Some of these ideas were inspired by quantum field theory and classical electromagnetism whereas others were taken from mathematics or signal processing. For example, we discuss renormalization group flow, Ricci flow, Yang-Mills equations, the Dirac approximation, Kronecker product expansions to estimate the covariance matrix, charge quantization, etc. Three new algorithms for particle flow inspired by renormalization group flow are derived in detail.
Conformational studies on pyranoid sugar derivatives by n.m.r. spectroscopy. Conformational equilibria of the peracetylated and some perbenzoylated methyl d-aldopentopyranosides in solution

Abstract The method of averaging of spin-coupling was used to determine by n.m.r. spectroscopy the conformational populations of the eight methyl d -aldopentopyranoside triacetates and the corresponding tribenzoates having the β- d - ribo , β- d - arabino , α- d - xylo , β- d - xylo , and α- d - lyxo configurations. The α- d - xylo derivatives adopt the C1 ( d ) conformation almost exclusively, and the β- d - arabino derivatives favor the 1C ( d ) conformation very strongly; in solution, the other examples have substantial proportions of both chair conformers. The axial-directing effect of the methoxyl group at C-1 is greater than that of the acetoxy or benzoyloxy group, except when the axial 1-substituent would be syn -axial to the 3-substituent. The axial-directing effect of the methoxyl group at C-1 is enhanced by replacing acetoxy groups at C-2, 3, and 4 by benzoyloxy groups. The axial-directing effect of a 1-substituent is discussed in terms of polar and steric contributions. For methyl 2,3,4-tri- O -benzoyl-β- d -xylopyranoside, the proportion of the all-axial chair conformer was found to decrease with increasing polarity of the solvent; this behavior contrasts with that observed with some aldopentopyranose tetraacetates and tri- O -acetyl-β- d -xylopyranosyl chloride, for which the polarity of the solvent has little effect on conformational populations.
A Strategy to Manage Overcrowding: Development of an ED Holding Area

Laura T. Gantt, ENA Eastern Tarheel Chapter, is Research Chair,State Council, North Carolina ENA, and Administrator, Division ofEmergency and Transport Services, Pitt County Memorial Hospital,Greenville, NC; formerly, Manager, Adult Emergency Department,WakeMed Emergency Services, Raleigh, NC.For reprints, write: Laura T. Gantt, RN, PhD, 2100 Stantonsburg Rd,Greenville, NC 27835; E-mail: ltgantt@pcmh.com.J Emerg Nurs 2004;30:237-42.0099-1767/$30.00Copyright n 2004 by the Emergency Nurses Association.doi:10.1016/j.jen.2004.02.016
Transverse mechanical properties of carbon nanotube crystals. Part II: sensitivity to lattice distortions

Abstract Perfect crystals of carbon nanotubes tend to form aligned bundles that assume a hexagonal packing configuration in a minimum energy state. The theoretical constitutive relation for these defect-free crystals is highly anisotropic with a large axial stiffness due to a network of strong delocalized carbon–carbon bonds and transverse properties that are orders of magnitude lower due to a sole dependence on non-bonding van der Waals forces. The assemblage of a large number of collimated nanotubes may be expected to exhibit a distribution of lattice sites containing imperfections caused by packing faults or inclusions that will function as ‘weak-links’ and adversely affect local stiffness and strength. The present study is therefore directed towards quantifying the effects of distorted bundle configurations on mechanical properties. To illustrate distortion sensitivity, the transverse shear and bulk moduli are calculated by considering various magnitudes of random perturbations in nanotube packing. Monte Carlo simulations are performed to obtain a statistical distribution of predicted moduli. The present analysis demonstrates that even small perturbations to the lattice geometry give rise to large variations in transverse moduli, and suggests that chemical functionalization to improve nanotube bundle cohesion may be required for successful structural applications.
Interlock/friction model for dynamic shear response in natural jointed rock

A system identification approach is used to formulate a discrete element analytical model to predict the behavior of natural jointed rock specimens subject to static normal stress and dynamic shear in a compliant loading apparatus. Model parameters are synthesized to correspond to various low and high frequency physical phenomena that are observed to occur in available experimental data for welded tuff specimens subject to harmonic shear. An approximate interlock/friction model is postulated for the rock interface dynamics, while various spring/mass and damper systems represent the loading apparatus. Furthermore, it is found that primary and secondary asperities of the joint interface roughness must be characterized in order to provide an adequate model of the observed experimental behavior. It is found that the fundamental jointed rock behavior can be related to basic excitation frequency and primary joint asperities, while higher frequency phenomena are associated with compliant mode responses of the loading apparatus that are excited by secondary joint asperities. Recommendations are given for impact of the results on current joint friction model theories.
Islands in a string: The use of background knowledge in an obstetrical resident’s notes

L'A. analyse les informations contenues dans des notes redigees par des medecins en secteur obstetrical. Des informations comme celles contenues, par exemple, dans les abreviations, ne sont interpretables que par une communaute de locuteurs partageant un meme savoir, en l'occurence un savoir medical. C'est cette connaissance partagee qui est a la base de la coherence attribuee aux informations lues. La presentation des informations influence les decisions medicales qui sont prises par le personnel soignant
Studies On the Cymothoid Fish Symbionts of the Eastern Pacific (Isopoda, Cymothoidae) I. Biology of Nerocila Californica

[Description et figuration du cymothoadien ectoparasite de poissons Nerocila culifornica (Isopoda: Flabellifera). Le developpement et le cycle evolutif sont discutes et les stades de developpement figures. Le travail porte egalement sur la zoogeographie et l'association hote/parasite, ainsi que sur les differents hotes possibles pour la famille., Description et figuration du cymothoadien ectoparasite de poissons Nerocila culifornica (Isopoda: Flabellifera). Le developpement et le cycle evolutif sont discutes et les stades de developpement figures. Le travail porte egalement sur la zoogeographie et l'association hote/parasite, ainsi que sur les differents hotes possibles pour la famille.]
Time to surgery and preoperative cerebral hemodynamics predict postoperative white matter injury in neonates with hypoplastic left heart syndrome.

Objective Hypoxic-ischemic white mater brain injury commonly occurs in neonates with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS). Approximately one half of HLHS survivors will exhibit neurobehavioral symptoms believed to be associated with this injury, although the exact timing of the injury is unknown. Methods Neonates with HLHS were recruited for pre- and postoperative monitoring of cerebral oxygen saturation, cerebral oxygen extraction fraction, and cerebral blood flow using 2 noninvasive optical-based techniques: diffuse optical spectroscopy and diffuse correlation spectroscopy. Anatomic magnetic resonance imaging was performed before and approximately 1 week after surgery to quantify the extent and timing of the acquired white matter injury. The risk factors for developing new or worsened white matter injury were assessed using uni- and multivariate logistic regression. Results A total of 37 neonates with HLHS were studied. On univariate analysis, neonates who developed a large volume of new, or worsened, postoperative white matter injury had a significantly longer time to surgery ( P = .0003). In a multivariate model, a longer time between birth and surgery, delayed sternal closure, and greater preoperative cerebral blood flow were predictors of postoperative white matter injury. Additionally, a longer time to surgery and greater preoperative cerebral blood flow on the morning of surgery correlated with lower cerebral oxygen saturation ( P = .03 and P = .05, respectively) and greater oxygen extraction fraction ( P = .05 for both). Conclusions A longer time to surgery was associated with new postoperative white matter injury in otherwise healthy neonates with HLHS. The results suggest that earlier Norwood palliation might decrease the likelihood of acquiring postoperative white matter injury.
Opioids, pain, and behavioral outcomes

U se of opioid analgesics in management of chronic nonmalignant pain, as in any other intervention, must ultimately be viewed in terms of effects on patient performance. Proponents of opioid use under appropriate safeguards1-4 take the position that the choice is an option to consider under certain circumstances. These circumstances include careful weighing of psychological and social factors in the patient’s context. The focus of their position is that opioid usage does not necessarily impair patient ability to function, or does so only to a degree that is “cost effective,” in terms of suffering and the meeting of life’s obligations, when weighed against what is anticipated were they not used. The factor to weigh is maximum function versus minimal suffering. They have also argued that opponents of opioid use draw on “nonmedical considerations,” including reluctance to use on the basis of morality issues. Portenoy3 for example, mentions “stigma attached to these drugs by their potential for abuse.” Their position also seems to imply that opponents may tend to an “all-or-none” perspective in which such moral or ethical issues, when invoked, fail to consider whether patient performance is enhanced or, at the least, not compromised. These are valid points. There are social and political factors influencing the use of opioids. Legal criteria may fail to differentiate medically prescribed usage dictated by professionals from drug usage on a nonprescribed basis. This may result in excessive constraints on their use. Resort may also be made to law or to agency policy to restrain prescription of prescribed opioids.
Normative foreign policy: The Chinese case

Chinese foreign policy can be usefully examined from a world order perspective because its normative components play such a crucial role. An explicit set of world order values are employed to explore the differences in style and substance between Maoist foreign policy and that of the post‐Mao regime. The Maoist conception of world order can be characterized by the interrelated values of struggle, populism, egalitarianism, and national sovereignty, independence, and equality. Many of these normative values of Mao's world view have been treated by the post‐Maoist leadership as hindering the new goal of modernization. The “trilateralization” of Chinese foreign policy‐the geopolitical and ecopolitical axis shifting more decisively to the North‐is symbolic of the partial repudiation of Mao's “three worlds” theory. The discernible reorientation of Chinese foreign policy in the current period from Mao's value‐centered world order to Deng's power‐centered world order augers dramatic change both within and without...
Cloning and sequence analysis of cDNA for the Ca2+-activated photoprotein, clytin

Clytin is a member of the aequorin family of photoproteins. It is made up of 189 amino acid residues, contains 3 Ca2+-binding sites, and shows 62% homology in amino acid residues to those in aequorin. The cysteine, tryptophan, and histidine residues, and the C-terminal proline, that are conserved in aequorin and clytin may be involved in the Ca2+-activated bioluminescence of the two proteins. Clytin may also prove useful in the determination of Ca2+.
Phase variation in tcpH modulates expression of the ToxR regulon in Vibrio cholerae

We evaluated a spontaneous mutant of Vibrio cholerae, which was avirulent in an infant mouse and had reduced expression of cholera toxin and TcpA in response to environmental signals. The toxR, toxS and toxT genes in the mutant were normal, but transcription of toxT was absent. A plasmid expressing wild-type tcpP and tcpH complemented the mutant. The mutation resulted from a frameshift in a string of nine G residues within tcpH; similar slipped-strand mutations in tcpH arose at a frequency of 10(-4) during overnight growth and in the majority of colonies by the end of 5 days of growth in ToxR-inducing conditions. Transcription of tcpPH was regulated by temperature and pH independently of ToxR or ToxT. These results suggest that TcpH couples environmental signals (temperature and pH) to expression of the ToxR regulon, and provide a model for phase variation in the co-ordinate expression of cholera virulence factors.
From Sulfenylation to Sulfhydration: What a Thiolate Needs to Tolerate

There is a growing appreciation that oxidants such as hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) and gases such as nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) can act as modulators of various signaling pathways. Much of this signaling occurs through the modifications of specific, critical cysteine residues in target proteins. How such small, diffusible molecules (H(2)O(2), NO, H(2)S) can achieve the required specificity is incompletely understood. Now, new findings provide considerable insight into these and related questions.
An Improved Algorithm for Segregating Large Geospatial Data

SUMMARY This study investigates an improved k-means clustering algorithm for segregating large geospatial data. Although the conventional k-means method is sufficient for datasets with minimal data, it does not perform well and, therefore yields poor accuracy for high-volume datasets. Clustering methods are one of the most important components in data classification, visualization, and mining highvolume datasets. The primary aim of this study is to explore two individual methods that were originally designed to increase the overall performance of k-means clustering: Mashor's updating method and the Davies-Bouldin validity index.
Fluorine Compounds, Inorganic, Potassium

The two stable forms of potassium with fluorine of commercial significance are the normal fluoride and potassium bifluoride. Potassium fluoride is used in the manufacture of silver solder fluxes and in fluxes for various metallurgical operations. Polyurethane foams can be formed with KF and it is used as a catalyst for the reaction of adiponitrile carbonate and a polyester polyol. Potassium bifluoride is used in the electrolyte for cells in fluorine manufacture, and fluxes for a wide variety of metal joining applications utilize KHF2, usually in combination with potassium pentaborate, boric acid, and other fluorides and chlorides. Physical and chemical properties are discussed.
Computing optimal randomized resource allocations for massive security games

Predictable allocations of security resources such as police officers, canine units, or checkpoints are vulnerable to exploitation by attackers. Recent work has applied game-theoretic methods to find optimal randomized security policies, including a fielded application at the Los Angeles International Airport (LAX). This approach has promising applications in many similar domains, including police patrolling for subway and bus systems, randomized baggage screening, and scheduling for the Federal Air Marshal Service (FAMS) on commercial flights. However, the existing methods scale poorly when the security policy requires coordination of many resources, which is central to many of these potential applications. We develop new models and algorithms that scale to much more complex instances of security games. The key idea is to use a compact model of security games, which allows exponential improvements in both memory and runtime relative to the best known algorithms for solving general Stackelberg games. We develop even faster algorithms for security games under payoff restrictions that are natural in many security domains. Finally, introduce additional realistic scheduling constraints while retaining comparable performance improvements. The empirical evaluation comprises both random data and realistic instances of the FAMS and LAX problems. Our new methods scale to problems several orders of magnitude larger than the fastest known algorithm.
Spectral reflectance of Thalassia testudinum (Hydrocharitaceae) seagrass: low salinity effects

Massive anthropogenic changes in estuarine salinities, from manipulations of freshwater flows, are again occurring through governmental projects ‘‘correcting’’ past freshwater alterations. The downstream effects of increased freshwater on seagrass meadows, a major fisheries and ecosystem habitat, are not clear. Spectral responses to low salinities were quantitatively delimited for the important habitat seagrass Thalassia testudinum utilizing spectral reflectance measurements for the first time (non-invasive sampling). Over a range of salinities (32‐16 parts per thousand sea salts [ppt] for 24 h) and spectra (308‐1138 nm), Thalassia specimens showed statistically significant differences in spectral values (P , 0.05) between treatments at normal (32 ppt) and 50% reduced (16 ppt) seawater. Mature blades yellowed at low salinities. Reflectance changes at 525 nm and 650‐680 nm at low salinities suggested changes in xanthophylls and chlorophylls. Four indices were also used to characterize the reflectance spectra to delineate the effect of the salinity changes: (1) The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) for mature blades reduced at 16 ppt from that at 32 ppt. (2) The chlorophyll normalized difference index (Chl NDI) suggested chlorophyll content decreases in response to reduced salinity. (3) The structure independent pigment index (SIPI), higher in mature blades at 16 ppt than new blades, indicates a higher carotenoid : chlorophyll ratio in mature blades. (4) The photochemical reflectance index (PRI) suggested a lower photochemical efficiency at lower salinities. The main low-salinity effect on Thalassia physiology delineated herein is likely through changes in pigmentation (decreases in chlorophyll and changes in xanthophyll cycle epoxidation).
Bicultural Socialization Among Adoptive Families: Where There Is a Will, There Is a Way

Although bicultural competence has been viewed as an advantage for immigrants and other ethnic minorities in American society, we do not know whether bicultural socialization is similarly advantageous for children in families formed through international, transracial adoption. This study examines what factors enable adoptive Chinese children to achieve modest levels of bicultural competence. The data are from a longitudinal survey of parents who adopted children from China in the 1990s. Results indicate that parental attitudes toward bicultural socialization, parental social networks of Chinese adults, and the racial composition of the community all affect children's levels of Chinese cultural competence, while documenting how bicultural socialization can occur even when parents and children do not share a common birth culture. The implications of the findings for adoption agencies and professionals are also discussed, as well as the need for future research as the first cohorts of children adopted from C...
Calcium regulation of the actin‐mediated cytoskeletal transformation of sea urchin coelomocytes

Coelomocytes from several echinoderm species undergo an actin-mediated cytoskeletal transformation once subjected to hypotonic shock. In this study, coelomocytes from the sea urchins Lytechinus variegatus and Arbacia punctulata were induced to "transform" by treatment with greater than 5 microM of the calcium ionophore A23187 in the presence of external Ca++. The dependence of ionophore transformation on external Ca++ and the lack of chlorotetracycline staining indicates that these cells rely on external Ca++ sources. NBD-phallacidin (7-Nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazole-phallacidin) staining of lysolecithin permeabilized cells and whole-mount transmission electron microscopy (TEM) show that similar reorganizations of the actin cytoskeleton take place during hypotonic shock and ionophore transformation, although actin filament bundling is less apparent in A23187-treated cells. As has been shown with hypotonic shock transformation, the ionophore elicited shape change is inhibited by anticalmodulin drugs. Greater than 10 microM concentrations of W 13 inhibit filopod formation, while this drug's less active structural analogue, W 12, exhibits no effects. W 13 also appears to disrupt actin filament-membrane associations in the cells. Fluorescent localization of calmodulin using a photooxidized derivative of trifluoperazine indicates a general cytoplasmic distribution with some concentration in filopod core bundles. Coelomocyte transformation may be an example of a cellular shape change regulated by Ca++ through the action of calmodulin modulation of actin-membrane interactions.
Navigation-based optimization of stochastic strategies for allocating a robot swarm among multiple sites

We present a decentralized, communication-less approach to the dynamic allocation of a swarm of homogeneous robots to a target distribution among multiple sites. Building on our work, we optimize stochastic control policies for the robots that cause the population to quickly redistribute among the sites while adhering to a limit on inter-site traffic at equilibrium. We propose a way to account for delays due to navigation between sites in our controller synthesis procedure. Control policies that are designed with and without the use of delay statistics are compared for a simulation in which 240 robots distribute themselves among four buildings.
Released-phase quantum Monte Carlo method

The correlation function Monte Carlo method for calculating ground and excited state properties is extended to complex Hamiltonians and used to calculate the spectrum of neutral helium in a wide range of magnetic fields, a system of particular interest in astrophysics. Correlation functions in imaginary time are evaluated for a set of trial functions over a random walk whose dynamics is governed by the imaginary-time Schr\"odinger equation. Estimates of the exact energy spectrum and other expectations are made by diagonalizing the matrix of correlation functions. Using the exact results of this ``released-phase'' Monte Carlo approach, we assess the accuracy of the fixed-phase quantum Monte Carlo and Hartree-Fock methods for the helium atom in strong magnetic fields.
Fused floating-point two-term sum-of-squares unit

This paper proposes a low-power and high-performance fused floating-point two-term sum-of-squares (fused SoSQ) unit and compares it with discrete and fused dot-product units containing normal significand multipliers and discrete sum-of-squares units containing significand squarers; with these units, sum-of-squares is computed. The fused sum-of-squares unit has less latency, area, and power consumption than the floating-point dot-product units and the discrete parallel sum-of-squares unit. The main reason is that a fused floating-point architecture is used, its significand squarer is faster and smaller than normal significand multipliers, and the sub-modules related to subtraction can be removed. Furthermore, compound addition can be applied to the fused sum-of-squares unit to enhance the performance in the single-path addition. Compared with the fused floating-point dot-product, the fused floating-point sum-of-squares unit with the compound addition has 54% less power consumption, 48% less area, and 44% less latency.
Management of Test Results in Family Medicine Offices

PURPOSE We wanted to explore test results management systems in family medi- cine offi ces and to delineate the components of quality in results management. METHODS Using a multimethod protocol, we intensively studied 4 purposefully chosen family medicine offi ces using observations, interviews, and surveys. Data analysis consisted of iterative qualitative analysis, descriptive frequen- cies, and individual case studies, followed by a comparative case analysis. We assessed the quality of results management at each practice by both the pres- ence of and adherence to systemwide practices for each results management step, as well as outcomes from chart reviews, patient surveys, and interview and observation notes. RESULTS We found variability between offi ces in how they performed the tasks for each of the specifi c steps of results management. No offi ce consistently had or adhered to offi ce-wide results management practices, and only 2 offi ces had written protocols or procedures for any results management steps. Whereas most patients surveyed acknowledged receiving their test results (87% to 100%), a far smaller proportion of patient charts documented patient notifi ca- tion (58% to 85%), clinician response to the result (47% to 84%), and follow-up for abnormal results (28% to 55%). We found 2 themes that emerged as factors of importance in assessing test results management quality: safety awareness—a leadership focus and communication that occurs around quality and safety, teamwork in the offi ce, and the presence of appropriate policies and proce- dures; and technological adoption—the presence of an electronic health record, digital connections between the offi ce and testing facilities, use of technology to facilitate patient communication, and the presence of forcing functions (built-in safeguards and requirements). CONCLUSION Understanding the components of safety awareness and techno- logical adoption can assist family medicine offi ces in evaluating their own results management processes and help them design systems that can lead to higher quality care.
Dynamical Characteristics of the Fusional Vergence Eye-Movement System

Experiments have been performed on the fusional vergence eye-movement mechanism in humans to provide a comparison with the established dynamical characteristics of the versional eye-movement system. Transient and frequency response experiments indicate that the fusional vergence system is not characterized by sampled data or refractory operation. When provided with a periodic input, this system may utilize prediction to reduce inherent phase lags. The gain of the system, although apparently unaffected by the predictive mechanism, is subject to input amplitude-dependent nonlinearities. Under conditions of artificially high loop gain, the system breaks into smooth sustained oscillations at a frequency predicted by frequency response data. The absence of a refractory period in the fusional vergence system is demonstrated by the system response to brief pulsatile stimulation. These results are discussed, emphasizing comparison with corresponding results from experiments on the versional system.
A PC based robot for learning computer vision and advanced programming (abstract only)

In this paper, we describe an approach of using a PC based robot (PCRob) for teaching advanced topic course in pattern recognition and computer vision. Unlike most of the robots where only the microprocessors are used, the robot we design and build uses mini PC and off-the-shelf peripherals to provide the computing power in order to process some functionalities such as image processing and pattern recognition.
Serious winter sport injuries in children and adolescents requiring hospitalization.

Abstract To describe the epidemiology of serious winter sports-related injuries resulting in hospitalization in children and adolescents, we prospectively collected and analyzed records of all winter sports-related injuries requiring hospitalization at our respective institutions from 1996 to 2000. We identified 101 patients with a mean age of 10.7 years, of whom 68% were male and 32% female. Skiers accounted for 71% and snowboarders 26% of injuries; 3% of injuries were snowmobile-or luge-related. Leading mechanisms of injury were ground level falls (50%), crashes into trees, (18%), and falls from ski lift (13%). Approximately 26% of the patients met criteria for trauma-team activation. Leading diagnoses were head injury (20%), femur fracture (18%), and concussion (11%). Five patients required admission to the intensive care unit. The median injury severity score (ISS) was 7; 8% of patients had an ISS score > 15. Abbreviated Injury Scale-1990 scores of ≥ 3 were noted in 34% of the patients. We conclude that Injuries sustained through participation in winter sports may be severe, especially in the case of injuries involving the head. Injury-prevention strategies should focus on head injuries. (Am J Emerg Med 2003;21:95-99. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.)
The promise of digital (mobile) health in cancer prevention and treatment

Technological advances in how we exchange and analyze information are having a broad impact across all facets of modern medicine. Indeed, the mobile health (mHealth) paradigm is providing the format for instantaneous exchange of information between health providers and their patients, creating a potential virtual forum consisting of the patient’s medical team and expert opinion worldwide. This is particularly important in oncology where mHealth is promising to provide the platform upon which patients become more committed to cancer-preventative lifestyles. There is now a framework for a revolutionary dynamic to emerge within the patient care model that will improve self-health advocacy and, ultimately, clinical outcomes. Currently, mHealth is an indispensable modality for providing access to care in remote parts of the world and it is already being used to shore up inefficiencies in clinical trial management. The growing capacity to store and analyze large amounts of data is making the mHealth arsenal a necessary addition in the genomic age of clinical medicine. Digital networks will drive health
Esters of Erythromycin IV: Alkyl Sulfate Salts

The alkyl sulfate salts of various erythromycin 1 esters were prepared by esterification of erythromycin followed by a double decomposition salt formation. These compounds, and in particular propionyl erythromycin lauryl sulfate, are virtually tasteless and are unaffected by mixing with gastric acid. These properties render them very useful in the preparation of flavored suspensions.
Recommended practices for homeland security modeling and simulation

This paper recommends practices for development and deployment of modeling, simulation, and analysis (MS&A) tools for homeland security applications. The proposed set of recommended practices applicable to any MS&A application includes: software engineering practice/ software reliability, modeling practice, model confidence/ verification, validation and accreditation, standards, interoperability, user friendliness and accessibility, performance, and innovative and unique elements. The recommended practices are discussed with respect to the MS&A application types for U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) that include: analysis and decision support, systems engineering and acquisition, planning and operations, and training. The practices are also discussed with respect to MS&A application domains relevant to DHS.
Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage Due to Antibasement Membrane Antibody Disease Appearing With a Polyglandular Autoimmune Syndrome

We describe a patient with type 3-C polyglandular autoimmune syndrome who presented with diffuse alveolar hemorrhage and normal renal function. The diagnosis of antibasement membrane antibody disease was established by immunofluorescent staining of transbronchial biopsy specimens. We suggest the incorporation of antibasement membrane antibody disease into the spectrum of diseases that define the polyglandular autoimmune syndromes.
Logic-based work and utterance discovery from mixed-detail phonetic lattices

One approach to continuous speech recognition is to segment the acoustic linguistic analysis. It is shown how the insights of A. Smith (1976), K.W. Church (1983), and V.W. Zue (1985) in this regard may be combined in a single system. The algorithms and data structures can be conveniently expressed in a logic-based programming formalism. Input is a phonetic lattice with detail ranging from coarse classification to precise allophonic identification. A four-pass algorithm parses the phonetic input into a word lattice. Closely allied with the algorithm is a data structure for the lexicon. The lexicon's organization promotes locality of reference during the word discovery process. It is shown how a definite-clause grammar parser can be adapted to finding sentences among the words. >
Quantization Effects in Low-Density Parity-Check Decoders

A. class of combinatorial structures, called absorbing sets, strongly influences the performance of low-density parity- check (LDPC) decoders. In particular, the quantization scheme strongly affects which absorbing sets dominate in the error-floor region. Absorbing sets may be characterized as weak or strong. They are a characteristic of the parity check matrix of a code. Conventional quantization schemes applied to a (2209,1978) array-based LDPC code can induce low-weight weak absorbing sets and, as a result, elevate the error floor. Adaptive quantization schemes alleviate the effects of weak absorbing sets, and, as a result, only the strong ones dominate the error floor of an optimized decoder implementation. Another benefit of an adaptive quantization scheme is that it performs well even in very few iterations.
Optimal Burst Scheduling in Optical Burst Switched Networks

Optical burst switching (OBS) is an emerging technology that allows variable size data bursts to be transported directly over dense wavelength division multiplexing links. In order to make OBS a viable solution, the burst-scheduling algorithms need to be able to utilize the available wavelengths efficiently, while being able to operate fast enough to keep up with the burst incoming rate. For example, for a 16-port OBS router with 64 wavelengths per link, each operating at 10 Gb/s, we need to process one burst request every 78 ns in order to support an average burst length of 100 kB. When implemented in hardware, the well-known horizon scheduler has O(1) runtime for a practical number of wavelengths. Unfortunately, horizon scheduling cannot utilize the voids created by previously scheduled bursts, resulting in low bandwidth utilization. To date, minimum starting void is the fastest scheduling algorithm that can schedule wavelengths efficiently. However, while its complexity is O(log m), it requires 10 log m memory accesses to schedule a single burst. This means that it can take up to several microseconds for each burst request, which is still too slow to make it a practical solution for OBS deployment. In this paper, we propose an optimal burst scheduler using constant time burst resequencing (CTBR), which has O(1) runtime. The proposed CTBR scheduler is able to produce optimal burst schedules while having processing speed comparable to the horizon scheduler. The algorithm is well suited to high- performance hardware implementation.
Traveltime inversion for the geometry of aquifer lithologies

Crosswell traveltime tomography can provide detailed descriptions of the geometry and seismic slowness of lithologic zones in aquifers and reservoirs. Traditional tomographic inversions that estimate a smooth slowness field to match traveltime data, provide limited information about the dominant scale of subsurface heterogeneity. We demonstrate an alternative method, called the multiple population inversion (MPI), that co-inverts traveltimes between multiple well pairs to identify the spatial distribution of a small number of slowness populations. We also compare the MPI with the split inversion method (SIM) that was recently introduced to address the same problem. The lithologies and hydraulic parameters for these populations can then be determined from core data and hydraulic testing. The MPI iteratively assigns pixels to a small number of slowness populations based on the histogram of slowness residuals. By constraining the number of slowness values, this method is less susceptible to inversion artifacts, such as those related to slight variations in ray coverage, and can resolve finer scale sedimentary structures better than methods that smooth the slowness field. We demonstrate the MPI in two dimensions with a synthetic aquifer and in three dimensions with the Kesterson aquifer in the central valley of California. In both cases, the constrained inversion algorithm converges to an equal or smaller average traveltime residual than obtained with unconstrained-value tomography. The MPI accurately images the dominant lithologies of the synthetic aquifer and provides a geologically reasonable image of the Kesterson aquifer.
Protective Relaying for Power Generation Systems

Power outages have considerable social and economic impacts, and effective protection schemes are crucial to avoiding them. While most textbooks focus on the transmission and distribution aspects of protective relays, Protective Relaying for Power Generation Systems is the first to focus on protection of motors and generators from a power generation perspective. It also includes workbook constructions that allow students to perform protection-related calculations in Mathcad® and Excel®.This text provides both a general overview and in-depth discussion of each topic, making it easy to tailor the material to students' needs. It also covers topics not found in other texts on the subject, including detailed time decrement generator fault calculations and minimum excitation limit. The author clearly explains the potential for damage and damaging mechanisms related to each protection function and includes thorough derivations of complex system interactions. Such derivations underlie the various rule-of-thumb setting criteria, provide insight into why the rules-of-thumb work and when they are not appropriate, and are useful for post-incident analysis. The book's flexible approach combines theoretical discussions with example settings that offer quick how-to information.Protective Relaying for Power Generation Systems integrates fundamental knowledge with practical tools to ensure students have a thorough understanding of protection schemes and issues that arise during or after abnormal operation.
Dielectrics and Piezoelectricity

A dielectric material by definition is an insulator, i.e., a non-conductor of electricity associated with mobile free charges, which can exhibit polarization in the presence of an electric field. Chapter 10 provides an introduction to dielectric material behavior in the context of geometrically nonlinear continuum mechanics. Electromechanical behaviors of general interest include piezoelectricity, pyroelectricity, and ferroelectricity. Piezoelectricity may refer to the coupling between electric field or polarization and stress or deformation. Specifically, the direct piezoelectric effect refers to electric polarization induced by mechanical strain, while the inverse piezoelectric effect refers to mechanical strain induced proportionately to an electric field (Maugin 1988). In continuum theories, piezoelectricity of first order is attributed to the particular choice of thermodynamic potential (e.g., free energy or internal energy) for the body that may depend, for example, on a scalar product of elastic strain and electric polarization or electric field.
How Automobile Accidents Stalled the Development ofInterspousal Liability

This Note analyzes the development of interspousal tort liability for personal harms following the enactment of the married women's property acts. The case law is broken down into three periods (1) the 1860s through 1913, when all courts hearing interspousal torts barred them; (2) 1914 through 1920, when a trend permitting the claims developed; and (3) 1921 through 1940, a period in which the seemingly inevitable evolution toward allowing the suits stalled. The existing literature characterizes the law as illustrating a continuing judicial desire to impose patriarchal restrictions on women's rights and blames the third-period reversal on the stagnation of the women's movement following ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment. In contrast, this Note removes the case law from the realms of conventional feminist analysis and women's history. The women's movement had no direct influence over judicial construction of the married women's acts, and the alleged post-suffrage stagnation is itself questionable. Instead, this Note suggests that the trend allowing interspousal torts was complicated by the emergence of a new fact pattern: negligent automobile accidents. Following decades of willful tort suits, automobile negligence suits brought the risk of insurance fraud and collusion, which consequently halted judicial willingness to allow them. Because willful and negligent torts were legally indistinguishable based on the text of the statutes, judicial refusal to allow negligent torts translated into a complete bar on interspousal liability.
Tails of the City: Caudal Autotomy in the Tropical Lizard, Anolis cristatellus, in Urban and Natural Areas of Puerto Rico

Abstract Urbanization creates drastic changes in habitat and presents considerable challenges and new sources of predation to urban-dwelling herpetofauna. Research on lizards has documented increased rates of mortality in urban areas due to generalist predators such as raccoons, feral cats, and domestic animals. Caudal autotomy (self-amputation of the tail) is a defense mechanism used to escape predation in a wide range and large number of lizard species. The tail is autotomized to evade capture, and in most species with autotomy, the tail is regenerated partially or completely. Caudal autotomy can be used as an indirect measure of predation environment; however, few prior studies have used lizard caudal autotomy to measure the predation environment of urban areas. We compared caudal autotomy rates in the Puerto Rican crested anole, Anolis cristatellus, between urban and natural sites in four Puerto Rican municipalities. Across all municipalities, we found the frequency of caudal autotomy and regeneration...
Associations between non-discrimination and training policies and physicians’ attitudes and knowledge about sexual and gender minority patients: a comparison of physicians from two hospitals

Background Some physicians lack knowledge and awareness about health issues specific to sexual and gender minority (SGM) individuals. To help improve this, hospitals have implemented policies that mandate non-discrimination and training to promote sexual and gender minority health. There is limited evidence about how such policies relate to physicians’ knowledge, attitudes, and gender and sexual minority affirmative practices.
Attention, Executive Function, and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

People with epilepsy have an increased risk of problems with attention and executive function. Approximately one third meet criteria for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Also, children with ADHD have an increased risk for seizures. Risk factors for difficulties with attention and executive functioning are common genetic vulnerability or underlying central nervous system damage, early age of seizure onset, more severe and more frequent seizures, and adverse effect of antiepileptic drugs. Phenobarbital, benzodiazepine, and topiramate have been associated with attention problems. Problems with attention and executive function are associated with cognitive and academic disability. Methylphenidate is first choice medication to treat attention difficulties and rarely has a negative impact on seizure control. Atomoxetine is a second choice medication. Alpha-2 agonists, amphetamines, and low dose tricyclic antidepressants can be tried if neither methylphenidate nor atomoxetine are successful. Educational interventions may also be required.
Vaccination as a strategy to reduce the emergence of amantadine- and rimantadine-resistant strains of A/Chick/Pennsylvania/83 (H5N2) influenza virus

The influenza A virus (A/Chick/Pennsylvania/83 (H5N2) that caused up to 80% mortality in chickens provided a model system for testing the efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents against highly virulent influenza virus. Amantadine and rimantadine administered to chickens in drinking water were efficacious both prophylactically and therapeutically. However, under conditions simulating natural transmission of virus amantadine and rimantadine-resistant viruses arose and were transmitted to contact birds, causing mortality. Simultaneous administration of inactivated H5N2 vaccine and amantadine provided protection. Thus, chemotherapy may be useful in the treatment of a highly pathogenic influenza virus outbreak in humans or other animals when used in combination with vaccine.
Refinement of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Molecular Subtypes: Implications for Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Selection

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a heterogeneous disease that can be classified into distinct molecular subtypes by gene expression profiling. Considered a difficult-to-treat cancer, a fraction of TNBC patients benefit significantly from neoadjuvant chemotherapy and have far better overall survival. Outside of BRCA1/2 mutation status, biomarkers do not exist to identify patients most likely to respond to current chemotherapy; and, to date, no FDA-approved targeted therapies are available for TNBC patients. Previously, we developed an approach to identify six molecular subtypes TNBC (TNBCtype), with each subtype displaying unique ontologies and differential response to standard-of-care chemotherapy. Given the complexity of the varying histological landscape of tumor specimens, we used histopathological quantification and laser-capture microdissection to determine that transcripts in the previously described immunomodulatory (IM) and mesenchymal stem-like (MSL) subtypes were contributed from infiltrating lymphocytes and tumor-associated stromal cells, respectively. Therefore, we refined TNBC molecular subtypes from six (TNBCtype) into four (TNBCtype-4) tumor-specific subtypes (BL1, BL2, M and LAR) and demonstrate differences in diagnosis age, grade, local and distant disease progression and histopathology. Using five publicly available, neoadjuvant chemotherapy breast cancer gene expression datasets, we retrospectively evaluated chemotherapy response of over 300 TNBC patients from pretreatment biopsies subtyped using either the intrinsic (PAM50) or TNBCtype approaches. Combined analysis of TNBC patients demonstrated that TNBC subtypes significantly differ in response to similar neoadjuvant chemotherapy with 41% of BL1 patients achieving a pathological complete response compared to 18% for BL2 and 29% for LAR with 95% confidence intervals (CIs; [33, 51], [9, 28], [17, 41], respectively). Collectively, we provide pre-clinical data that could inform clinical trials designed to test the hypothesis that improved outcomes can be achieved for TNBC patients, if selection and combination of existing chemotherapies is directed by knowledge of molecular TNBC subtypes.
“Nonsurgical Rhinoplasty”: Achieving Nasal Contour Through the Use of Neuromodulators and Tissue Fillers

In the past decade, a new paradigm in the approach to rhinoplasty has been utilized in select patients where improved cosmesis is achieved through nonsurgical means. Termed the nonsurgical rhinopla...