cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Faithful Recovery of Vector Valued Functions from Incomplete Data

On March 11, 1944, the famous Eremitani Church in Padua (Italy) was destroyed in an Allied bombing along with the inestimable frescoes by Andrea Mantegna et al. contained in the Ovetari Chapel. In the last 60 years, several attempts have been made to restore the fresco fragments by traditional methods, but without much success. We have developed an efficient pattern recognition algorithm to map the original position and orientation of the fragments, based on comparisons with an old gray level image of the fresco prior to the damage. This innovative technique allowed for the partial reconstruction of the frescoes. Unfortunately, the surface covered by the fragments is only 77 m 2, while the original area was of several hundreds. This means that we can reconstruct only a fraction (less than 8%) of this inestimable artwork. In particular the original color of the blanks is not known. This begs the question of whether it is possible to estimate mathematically the original colors of the frescoes by making use of the potential information given by the available fragments and the gray level of the pictures taken before the damage. Can one estimate how faithful such restoration is? In this paper we retrace the development of the recovery of the frescoes as an inspiring and challenging real-life problem for the development of new mathematical methods. We introduce two models for the recovery of vector valued functions from incomplete data, with applications to the fresco recolorization problem. The models are based on the minimization of a functional which is formed by the discrepancy with respect to the data and additional regularization constraints. The latter refer to joint sparsity measures with respect to frame expansions for the first functional and functional total variation for the second. We establish the relations between these two models. As a byproduct we develop the basis of a theory of fidelity in color recovery, which is a crucial issue in art restoration and compression.
Basic functions for rational continuity

The parametric or geometric continuity of a rational polynomial curve has often been obtained by requiring the homogeneous polynomial curve associated with the rational curve to possess parametric or geometric continuity, respectively. Recently this approach has been shown overly restrictive. We make use of the necessary and sufficient conditions of rational parametric continuity for defining basis functions for the homogeneous representation of a rational curve.
Structure, Characterization and Reactivity of Pt–Sn Surface Alloys

Thermally stable, ordered surface alloys of Sn and Pt that isolate threefold Pt, twofold Pt, and single-Pt atom sites can be produced by controlled deposition of Sn onto Pt single crystals and annealing. The structure was established by characterization with several techniques, including ALISS, XPD, LEED, and STM. Chemisorption and catalysis studies of these well-defined, bimetallic surfaces also define the overall chemical reactivity of Pt–Sn alloys, clarify the role of a second-metal component in altering chemistry and catalysis on Pt alloys, and develop general principles that describe the reactivity and selectivity of bimetallic alloy catalysts.
Reference Sources on Psychological Tests: A Contemporary Review

This article presents an overview of the major contemporary reference sources (print, online, electronic) for scholarly information about psychological/educational tests. The authors stress books a...
Real-world evaluation of TNF-inhibitor utilization in rheumatoid arthritis.

AbstractObjectives:To evaluate 12-month treatment patterns, healthcare resource use (HCRU), and costs for patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), following initiation of index TNF inhibitors (TNFi) and subsequent biologic DMARDs (bDMARDs).Methods:This was a retrospective cohort analysis of adults with RA newly initiating TNFi in the Truven Marketscan Commercial Claims and Encounters and Medicare Supplemental Databases during 2010–2013. A sub-group of patients who switched to a bDMARD within 12 months post-index and within 180 days of last index TNFi were subsequently evaluated over 12 months. TNFi/bDMARD treatment patterns were characterized as: continuers, no gap >180 days in prescription/administration of index TNFi; discontinuers, gap >180 days; switchers, initiated new bDMARD. Concomitant conventional synthetic DMARD use, co-morbid chronic illnesses, and RA severity were assessed. All-cause/RA-related HCRU and costs were evaluated 12 months post-index.Results:Of 9567 identified patients, 67.2%, 17.3%...
Bank versus venture capital

Why do some start-up firms raise funds from banks and others from venture capitalists? To answer this question, I develop a model of start-up financing when intellectual property rights are not well protected. The upside of VC financing is that the VC understands the business better than a bank. The downside, however, is that the VC may steal the idea and use it himself. The results of the model are consistent with empirical regularities on start-up financing. The model implies that the characteristics of the firms financing from venture capitalists are low-collateral, high-growth and high-profitability. The model also suggests that the tighter protection of intellectual property rights contributes to the recent dramatic growth of the US venture capital industry.
Catching up with time: Tips, tricks, and best practices for library renovations

July/August 2015 362 Academic libraries built before the wave of digital and broadband technology rolled in are now required to provide today’s users with advanced technologies and facilities. As a result, libraries are renovating their existing facilities, as well as creating new spaces. Benjamin S. Rosenthal Library (BRL), l o c a t ed on the campus o f Q u e e n s College of the City University of New York, opened i t s d o o r s d u r i n g t h e spring semester of 1988. At the time, t he awa rd winning, sixstory library was “suited to high tech services for years to come.” At its opening, the state-of-the-art facility was lauded for its “advanced technology” and “services of dial-up access . . . to library’s databases.” Nearly 25 years later, the technological advances in formats and access have left the library vastly outdated, unable to meet the current needs for more computer work stations, wireless access, and more comfortable study and lounge areas. In 2008, BRL formed the Rosenthal Improvement Committee to initiate plans to improve the library through a multiphase plan. As our experience may soon be your experience, an overview of the process, and lessons learned, may help you and your institution.
Prevention of vertical transmission of HIV in resource-limited countries.

Prevention of vertical (i.e., mother-to-child) transmission of HIV is essential to reduce significant HIV-related child morbidity and mortality in developing countries. Globally, pediatric infections comprise about 15% of all new HIV infections each year and virtually all pediatric infections can be prevented by eliminating vertical transmission [1]. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations (revised in 2006) for prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT)1 include a four-pronged comprehensive strategy [2]. Although we acknowledge the critical role that all approaches play in reducing pediatric HIV infection, the focus of this chapter is on strategies that address the third prong: preventing HIV transmission from infected mothers to their infants. Considerable achievements have been made on this front, including many clinical trials demonstrating good efficacy.
Relationships among amylases determined by rabbit antisera to human salivary amylase.

Abstract Antibodies to human salivary amylase were formed by injection of the enzyme into rabbits. The presence of antibodies was demonstrated by both enzyme inhibition and precipitin reactions. Both human salivary and pancreatic amylases were inhibited 70–80% by these antisera and thus are quite similar to one another if not identical. Human liver amylase was not inhibited at all by the antisera and is therefore structurally, as well as immunologically, different from the salivary and pancreatic amylases. Human serum and urinary amylases were inhibited equally, about 50%. This finding is consistent with the assumption that the amylase appearing in the urine is derived from that in the blood. Corresponding monkey and human amylases were inhibited equally by the antisera. Reactions of rat amylases to the antisera indicated that rat serum amylase is not formed in the rat pancreas.
Mechanism of Autocatalysis in the thermal dehydrochlorination of poly(vinyl chloride)

Autocatalysis during the thermal dehydrochlorination of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) is shown to be a free-radical process that converts the ordinary monomer units of the polymer into chloroallylic structures that have low thermal stabilities. In the first stage of dehydrochlorination, conjugated polyene sequences are created by a nonfree-radical route. They react with HCl to give cation monoradicals and/or excited cation diradicals. One or both of these species, or other radicals formed from them, can then abstract methylene hydrogen in order to produce new radicals that are also carbon-centered. These are converted by chlorine-atom β scission into the chloroallylic segments, which start the growth of new polyenes in the usual (nonradical) way. At 180 °C in solid PVC, autocatalysis was inhibited by free-radical scavengers (a hindered phenol, triphenylmethane, and metallic mercury) but greatly enhanced by an increased concentration of HCl when all-trans-β-carotene, a model for PVC polyene sequences, was int...
pH-Dependent Tetramerization and Amantadine Binding of the Transmembrane Helix of M2 from the Influenza A Virus

The M2 proton channel from the influenza A virus is a small protein with a single transmembrane helix that associates to form a tetramer in vivo. This protein forms proton-selective ion channels, which are the target of the drug amantadine. Here, we propose a mechanism for the pH-dependent association, and amantadine binding of M2, based on studies of a peptide representing the M2 transmembrane segment in dodecylphosphocholine micelles. Using analytical ultracentrifugation, we find that the sedimentation curves for the peptide depend on its concentration in the micellar phase. The data are well-described by a monomer−tetramer equilibrium, and the binding of amantadine shifts the monomer−tetramer equilibrium toward tetrameric species. Both tetramerization and the binding of amantadine lead to increases in the magnitude of the ellipticity at 223 nm in the circular dichroism spectrum of the peptide. The tetramerization and binding of amantadine are more favorable at elevated pH, with a pKa that is assigned t...
Selecting outcome measures for child welfare settings: lessons for use in performance management

Abstract Child welfare managers and administrators are increasingly adapting managed care principles and performance-based evaluation to foster achievement of positive outcomes for children and families, identify programs that work, target get those that don't work for technical assistance and/or sanction, and link payment to performance. Systematic performance measurement also provides a mechanism to inform the public and legislature about the accomplishments and progress of agencies serving children and identify programs or components of programs that are ineffective in achieving desired goals. Using outcome measures to set performance standards promises to increase clarity of purpose and achievement of goals for children and families. However, effective use of these tools requires a great deal of attention to the process of design, implementation, and follow-up evaluation. These issues are even more salient in the context of recent federal requirements to institute reporting of specified child welfare outcomes. The authors summarize the status of outcome measure development in child welfare, present major considerations for developing an outcomes-based management system, provide tools for selecting outcomes and their indicators for use in performance management, and lessons for appropriate use of outcome information in agency management. Steps and models for identifying and selecting outcome domains, indicators and measures are presented.
Temperature dependence of strain hardening and plastic instability behaviors in austenitic stainless steels

Abstract The temperature dependencies of true strain-hardening and plastic-instability properties are investigated for austenitic stainless steels; including annealed 304, 316, 316LN, and 20% cold-worked 316LN, at test temperatures from −150 to 450 °C. In both annealed and cold-worked conditions, strength decreases with increasing temperature, while ductility peaks below room temperature and is least at about 400 °C. At room temperature or below, the strain-hardening behavior exhibits two stages consisting of a rapid decrease for small strains and an increase-decrease cycle before plastic instability occurs. At higher temperatures the strain-hardening rate decreases monotonically with strain. The characteristics of these strain-hardening behaviors are explained by changes in deformation microstructure. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of the deformed 316LN steel shows that twins, stacking faults, and/or martensite laths, along with dislocations, are formed at subzero temperatures, and dislocation-dominant microstructures at elevated temperatures. It is also shown that the average strain-hardening rate during necking to failure is almost equal to the true stress at the onset of necking. This stress is called the plastic instability stress (PIS). Cold-worked specimens fail by prompt necking at yield when the yield stress exceeds the PIS of annealed material, indicating that the PIS is independent of prior cold work.
Factor Analytic Evidence for the Construct Validity of Scores: A Historical Overview and Some Guidelines

Expectations for reporting factor analysis results as part of construct validation are explored in the context of emerging views of measurement validity. Desired practices are discussed regarding both exploratory factor analysis (e.g., principal components analysis) and confirmatory factor analysis (e.g., LISREL and EQS factor analyses). A short computer program for conducting parallel analysis is appended.
Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (sNRI) with improved pharmaceutical characteristics.

Abstract The design synthesis and SAR of a series of chiral ring-constrained norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors with improved physicochemical properties is described. Typical compounds are potent (IC50s 1 μM) and stable to oxidation by human liver microsomes. In addition, the compounds exhibit a favorable polarity profile.
Hematological variations during aerobic training of college women.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to observe the effects of a progressive aerobic training program on hemoglobin concentration (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), red blood cell (RBC) count, mean RBC size (MCV), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) of college women (N = 19). Training consisted of jogging (3 × week) one mile per session (Week 1) with a progressive increase in duration to five miles per session (Week 9). Training intensity elicited heart rates between 165–185 beats per minute. Blood samples were taken before training and after approximately two, five, seven, and nine weeks. Maximal oxygen uptake (ml/kg · min−1) increased significantly during training from 41.2 ± 0.7 ( ± SE) to 44.7 ± 0.7. Initial values of Hb, Hct, RBC count, MCV, and MCH were 14.7 ± 0.13 g/dl, 40.4 ± 0.46%, 4.5 ± 0.5 × 106/mm3, 89.0 ± 1.1/μ3, and 32.4 ± 0.4 μμg respectively. Orthogonal polynominal regression indicated significant decreasing quadratic trends for Hb, Hct, and RBC count, a significant cubic trend for MCV, and no ch...
The role of tertiary education in fixing failed states: globalization and public goods

The plight of nations labeled as ‘failed’ is well-documented, as are suggested strategies to fix them. One area that receives a great deal of focus in the extant literature is education. How can education contribute to the rebuilding of a failed State? Most often the responses to this question focus on the importance of reestablishing primary and secondary education and on improving teacher education programs. This paper extends the analysis around the contribution of education to consider the role of tertiary institutions. The author works from a theoretical perspective of public goods, and argues that universities, as engines for economic development and social change, make important contributions to society and need to be considered alongside primary and secondary education when setting plans for fixing failed states. In doing so, tertiary education is posited as a global public good and a force of stabilization within the nation.
Further Evidence on the Dynamic Link Between Capacity Utilization and Inflation

We reexamine the dynamic link between capacity utilization and inflation, allowing for the relationship to be asymmetric. We conduct a time series analysis of aggregate monthly U.S. data over an extended period of time (January 1967 to November 2008) as well as over several subsample periods corresponding to known changes in supply chain eras. The results indicate that significant asymmetry exists over different sample periods, but the specific relationship between inflation and capacity utilization has dwindled in the more recent information engineering era. In particular, the results are consistent with more efficient supply chains.
Santiagos Untergang – Lissabons Schrecken: Heinrich von Kleists Erdbeben in Chili im Kontext des Katastrophendiskurses im 18. Jahrhundert

In his novella Das Erdbeben in Chili (1807), Heinrich von Kleist depicts the destruction of the Chilean capital Santiago in 1647 in the wake of a series of seismic shocks. Despite Kleist’s situating of the disaster within a specific spatiotemporal frame, scholars have noted that its descriptive details demonstrate strong correlations with the Lisbon earthquake of 1755. Kleist’s intertextual allusions to this widely publicized catastrophe can be substantiated by means of an analysis of two source texts—the eyewitness accounts of Lisbon’s downfall published in the Hannoverisches Magazin (1779) and Theodor Nevermann’s drama Alonzo und Elvira, oder das Erdbeben von Lissabon (1795). Contextualizing the novella within the disaster discourse of the 18th century shows Kleist’s radical break with traditional modes of endowing calamities with meaning to be all the more poignant. The chaos that engulfed both royal cities testifies to a historical continuum punctuated by upheavals devoid of any transcendent meaning.
Comparison of the Stanford-Binet with the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised: Preliminary Report

Bilan d'une comparaison des QI moyens obtenus par 15 sujets adultes au test WAIS-R (1981) et au Stanford-Binet (1960), les resultats etant discutes dans le cadre d'etudes indiquant l'obtention de QI plus bas au test WAIS-R par rapport a la WAIS non revisee
Resident training in pediatric critical care transport medicine: a survey of pediatric residency programs.

Objective The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) Program Requirement for Pediatrics includes specific objectives that pediatric residents participate in both the pre-hospital care of acutely ill or injured patients and the stabilization and transport of patients to critical care areas. Previously, residents were often included as the physician component for many pediatric critical care transport teams. Subsequent regionalization of transport services and development of nurse-only transport teams prompted us to determine the current level of resident participation in pediatric critical care transport as well as how individual residency programs were meeting the educational objectives. Methods A questionnaire was mailed to each pediatric residency program listed in the 1996–1997 GME Directory. Information was obtained regarding the size of the hospital and the residency program, the presence of a pediatric critical care transport team, the number of annual transports, and transport team leader. In addition, the use of pediatric residents for transports was ascertained, as well as their specific role, training requirements, and method of evaluation. Results Data were received from 138 programs for a return rate of 65%. Eighty percent of programs offered a pediatric critical care transport service. Nurse-led teams were used for 51% of NICU and 44% of PICU transports. Of the 82 NICU and 84 PICU teams that used residents, the majority used them as team leaders (60% and 70%, respectively) with only the minority requiring that they be at the PL-3 year or greater. The training and/or certification required for resident participation in transports varied among programs, with 85% requiring completion of a NICU or PICU rotation, and 94% requiring NRP or PALS certification. Programs that did not allow resident participation provided exposure to Transport Medicine by various mechanisms, including lectures and emergency department (ED) rotations. Conclusion Pediatric resident participation in critical care transport varies widely among pediatric critical care transport teams. The degree to which residents participate in the transport team would appear to have diminished in comparison to previous studies. Transport teams often use other resources, such as nurses, fellows, or attendings, to lead their transport teams. Pediatric resident exposure to and participation in Transport Medicine varies among programs, as do the methods used to prepare residents for their experience.
ALGEBRA AUTOMATA II: THE CATEGORICAL FRAMEWORK FOR DYNAMIC ANALYSIS.

We extend the treatment of algebra automata to automata employing algebras over arbitrary theories. To this end we re-present Eilenberg and Wright's approach to the notion of a theory and its algebras originated by Lawvere. Special attention is given here to the free theories which correspond, in ordinary automata theory, to the free monoids. For example, we prove that the free theories (like the free monoids) are characterized as the projective objects in the category of theories with surjective morphisms of theories only. For a theory T , a T -automation is defined in a straightforward analogy with the notion of an automaton with an arbitrary input monoid. Our definition of a T -automaton becomes obvious once it is recognized that a T -algebra is the appropriate explication for a right-action of T on a set. Consequently, the construction of a minimal realization and of a minimal dynamics of any given response function f on a theory is analogous to the same construction with respect to a mapping f on a monoid. Also the basic division lemmata which underlie Krohn and Rhodes' composition theory of machines are true for response function on free theories.
Control of stochastic distributed-parameter systems

A scheme is proposed for the feedback control of distributed-parameter systems with unknown boundary and volume disturbances and observation errors. The scheme consists of employing a nonlinear filter in the control loop such that the controller uses the optimal estimates of the state of the system. A theoretical comparison of feedback proportional control of a styrene polymerization reactor with and without filtering is presented. It is indicated how an approximate filter can be constructed, greatly reducing the amount of computing required.
Application of nonlinear programming in power system state estimation

Abstract This paper presents a nonlinear programming approach to the power system state estimation problem. The proposed technique combines the estimation, detection and identification steps applied to the classical weighted least square method and rejects the corrupted data while estimating the state of the system. The nonlinear programming approach is compared with least square and linear programming algorithms and the results are presented. This technique is very reliable, efficient, and does not require separate testing of the system observability.
An Area Function Method for Calculating the Apparent Elimination Rate Constant of a Metabolite

A simple method for determination of the apparent elimination rate constant of a metabolite (km) has been developed. This procedure requires calculation of area intervals under the plasma concentration-time curves of the parent drug and its derived metabolite. The method has been evaluated and compared with the Chan moment method using both errorless and errant data. The approach is accurate for various ratios of elimination rate constants of drug and metabolite, allows several values of km to be averaged, but works best using data prior to the metabolite tmax.
Design for Healthy Living: Mobility and the Disruption of Daily Healthcare Routines

This paper reports on how people express health concerns as they move around their homes and travel between their homes and workplaces, stores, gyms, restaurants, friends' homes, hotels and other locations. We gathered stories from focus groups and in-home interviews with people with a broad range of health needs, and from these discussions, support for mobility emerged as a key issue for making health maintenance routines easy and resilient in the face of disruptions. The things people carry with them and access at strategic places help them maintain their health routines in the face of stressful and unforeseen situations.
Segmental Wall Motion Abnormalities in an Individual with Idiopathic Pulmonary Hemosiderosis

Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis (IPH) is a rare condition characterized by diffuse pulmonary hemorrhage of unknown etiology. Cardiac involvement in the form of myocarditis and right ventricular hypertrophy have been reported to occur in association with IPH, although findings on echocardiography have not been described. Herein is presented a case of an adult with IPH and echocardiographic abnormalities.
Marital Adjustment and Sex Therapy Outcome

Abstract The hypothesis that an initially severe level of marital dissatisfaction limits responsiveness to sex therapy was tested. As part of a larger investigation of the predictive utility of certain patient characteristics for sex therapy outcome, 15 married couples who underwent an average of 15 sessions of conjoint treatment for sexual dysfunction completed a marital adjustment scale and a constellation of outcome measures. Support for the hypothesis was mixed. Individuals reporting milder and more severe levels of marital distress manifested equivalent levels of relationship enhancement on the Sexual Interaction Inventory. However, therapists' and, to a lesser extent, patients' posttreatment ratings indicated that more satisfied spouses of both sexes registered greater improvement on both sex‐specific and more generic outcome criteria. Although the results leave open the overall question of a linkage between initial level of marital satisfaction and responsiveness to sex therapy, they suggest the po...
Optimization of photodynamic therapy light dose distribution and treatment volume by multi-fiber insertions.

The development of a methodology which optimizes the light dosage in tissue and improves the tailoring of the light with consequent sparing of normal adjacent tissue, will enhance the possibility for routine clinical photodynamic therapy. Specific, important goals for the clinical use of PDT are (a) efficient distribution of light flux to all parts of the tumor at sufficient level to effect eradication. (b) avoidance of the destruction of adjacent normal tissue, and (c) ability to tailor the treatment field, taking into account the varied shapes of tumors. Dividing the available power among several fibers is a promising method of achieving these goals. This is accomplished by (1) extending the volume, and by (2) increasing the flux spatial uniformity. This latter defocussing of the flux field is especially important because it may help to avoid concentrating a high intensity field from an implanted fiber near an essential structure of the normal tissue. The question arises how best to orient these multiple fibers for maximum coverage and uniformity. Hence, theoretical and experimental investigations were made to determine optimal fiber placements. A series of intensity distributions were generated using two and three fibers positioned at various separations within a postulated tumor volume. A criterion for uniformity was defined. Iterative computation produced optimal fiber separation for the given constraints. In the two fiber case, for small values of attenuation coefficient (μ. ≦ 0.2 mm−1), optimal fiber separation ranged from 0.6 to 0.7 times the diameter of the defined volume. For large values of attenuation coefficient (μ. ≧ 0.8), fiber separation was about 0.5 to 0.55 times the region diameter. The effects of fiber separation on volume of treatment were also determined. Maximal treatment volume was found to be dependent on the attenuation coefficient. With μ, = 0.50, a 40% increase in treatment volume over single fiber insertion of equivalent energy input was shown to be obtainable with a dual fiber configuration of 24 mm separation. Experiments using two fibers in vitro in mammalian tissue were performed to substantiate these results. The multiple fiber system is a promising method for delivering optimum light dosage to targeted PDT tissue.
Explicitly unpaired delivery of morphine and the test situation: Extinction and retardation of tolerance to the suppressing effects of morphine on locomotor activity

The Pavlovian conditioning model of drug tolerance was examined in the context of tolerance to the locomotor activity-suppressing effects of morphine (10 mg/kg) on rats. Tolerance was found to be situation specific—it only occurred in a place that was previously paired with morphine. Morphine delivery explicitly unpaired with the test site retarded the development of subsequent tolerance. This explicitly unpaired procedure was more successful in extinguishing tolerance than was a morphine omission procedure. It is suggested that this explicitly unpaired procedure may be applied to clinical situations where the manipulation of opiate tolerance is of importance.
Relativized problems with abelian phase group in topological dynamics.

Abstract Let (X, T) be the equicontinuous minimal transformation group with X = π∞Z2, the Cantor group, and S = [unk]∞Z2 endowed with the discrete topology acting on X by right multiplication. For any countable group T we construct a function F:X × S → T such that if (Y, T) is a minimal transformation group, then (X × Y, S) is a minimal transformation group with the action defined by (x, y)s = [xs, yF(x, s)]. If (W, T) is a minimal transformation group and ϕ:(Y, T) → (W, T) is a homomorphism, then identity x ϕ:(X × Y, S) → (X × W, S) is a homomorphism and has many of the same properties that ϕ has. For this reason, one may assume that the phase group is abelian (or S) without loss of generality for many relativized problems in topological dynamics.
Metallurgical re-examination of wear modes II: adhesive and abrasive☆

Abstract Adhesive and (three-body) abrasive wear modes in the interface between a 303 steel shaft and a 52100 steel ball-bearing inner race were studied. Scanning electron micrographs showed significant differences in the different stages of adhesive and abrasive wear modes. Further scanning electron microscopy examinations of the cross section of the worn samples showed severely strained layers on the shafts from adhesive wear and heat-affected transformed surface layers on the bearing races from both adhesive and abrasive wear tests. Transmission electron microscopy examinations also showed a severely strained layer in the case of the adhesively worn shaft. A significant increase in hardness was measured on shafts from both wear modes. Auger analysis of worn surfaces detected the existence of modified layers and material removal. The metallurgical techniques described in this paper can be successfully used to diagnose wear.
Perceptual decision making in less than 30 milliseconds

In perceptual discrimination tasks, a subject's response time is determined by both sensory and motor processes. Measuring the time consumed by the perceptual evaluation step alone is therefore complicated by factors such as motor preparation, task difficulty and speed-accuracy tradeoffs. Here we present a task design that minimizes these confounding factors and allows us to track a subject's perceptual performance with unprecedented temporal resolution. We find that monkeys can make accurate color discriminations in less than 30 ms. Furthermore, our simple task design provides a tool for elucidating how neuronal activity relates to sensory as opposed to motor processing, as demonstrated with neural data from cortical oculomotor neurons. In these cells, perceptual information acts by accelerating and decelerating the ongoing motor plans associated with correct and incorrect choices, as predicted by a race-to-threshold model, and the time course of these neural events parallels the time course of the subject's choice accuracy.
Effects of age, sex and diagnostic X-rays on chromosome damage

The frequency of micronuclei assayed in lymphocytes obtained from 73 young adults increases significantly with the age, but not the sex, of the donor. The dose of medical X-rays absorbed by the lymphocytes in the 2 years before the examination has no significant effect on micronucleus frequency, provided the data are adjusted for age. However, a small significant increase in frequency is associated with X-ray examinations that involve the injection of contrast media into the blood.
Metals in plants and waters in the Okefenokee swamp and their relationship to constituents found in coal

Abstract The Okefenokee peat-forming systems are viewed as modern progenitors of coal. Plants form an intimate component of each peat-forming system and contribute organic and inorganic constituents to peat which ultimately becomes coal. Fourteen major and minor metals—Ba, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb and Zn—were determined in plants and waters from the swamp and marsh environments. The wide variations in: 1. (1) present source vegetation between the two major environments; 2. (2) past vegetational covers; 3. (3) metal distributions between plants of different genera; 4. (4) metal distributions between different anatomical components of the same species; and 5. (5) importance of anatomical components (i.e. stems vs leaves, etc.) as organic contributors to the peat, all contribute to the erratic metal profiles previously observed in associated peat. Furthermore, the variations in metal distributions in peat-forming systems may contribute to the often wide variations in metal distributions in horizontal and vertical directions in a coal seam.
Transplantability changes of mouse mammary tumors after passage through tolerant homologous recipients.

Summary1. Modification of transplanta-bility of tumors by passage through F1 hybrid as originally reported by Barrett and Deringer has been confirmed. 2. Modification of transplantability of tumors induced by foreign environment holds for spontaneous mammary adenocarcinoma and for mammary adenocarcinoma, passaged a few times. 3. A similar modification of transplantability occurs when A strain tumor has been passed through homologous host made tolerant of A strain tissue by intravenous injection of spleen cells at birth. 4. Modification of transplantability of tumors is also induced by passage of tumor through isologous hosts made tolerant of F1 hybrid homologous strain by injection of homologous spleen cells in neonatal period. 5. The most striking modification of transplantability of mammary adenocarcinoma was obtained by passage through homologous (foreign) hosts at birth. The physiological and genetic basis for alteration of transplantable tumors in these and previous studies remains obscure.
RANBP2 mutation and acute necrotizing encephalopathy: 2 cases and a literature review of the expanding clinico-radiological phenotype.

Abstract Background Acute necrotising encephalopathy (ANE) is a rapidly progressive encephalopathy associated with acute viral illness. A missense mutation in nuclear pore gene RANBP2 has been identified as a major cause of familial and recurrent ANE, which is now termed as ANE1. First presentation of ANE can mimic an acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), although ANE presents in a slightly younger age group. Identification of this disorder at radiological study is the most important determinant of the outcome. ANE1 is inherited as autosomal dominant, but shows incomplete penetrance. Methods We report two female children who presented with atypical clinical presentation (afebrile) and atypical radiological presentation (lack of bilateral thalamic involvement), not fitting into the original diagnostic criteria for ANE1. Both received steroid therapy for a presumed diagnosis of ADEM and made good clinical recovery. We also reviewed the available literature on ANE1, including the clinical profile, MRI brain descriptions, CSF characteristics and common mutations. Results A total of 59 patients are reported in patients with ANE1 were identified, the incidence of ANE was higher in younger age group ( 0.45 g/l) was reported in 44/47 (94%) in absence CSF pleocytosis (Cells > 5 × 10 6 /L). Neuroimaging findings showed multifocal involvement across different studies, and bilateral thalamic involvement was seen in 77% of patients. Conclusion Based on the literature review of ANE1 with RANBP2 mutation, we propose a threshold for RANBP2 mutation testing.
Stability of a two-layer fluid model to nongeostrophic disturbances

Sufficient conditions for stability of a linear inviscid two-layer model to nongeostrophic disturbances are derived. A bound on the growth rate of an unstable disturbance is also found. When the Rossby number R 0 <1, these conditions reduce to the results established by Pedlosky (1964) within the confines of quasi-geostrophic theory. The present analysis provides a theoretical framework for further investigations of fluid systems characterized by strong concentrations of horizontal momentum, such that R 0 ?0(1). Application to atmospheric jet streams and the Gulf Stream, for example, is suggested by observationally established characteristics of these flow regimes. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1973.tb01590.x
An imaging radiometer for measurement of lunar polar cold trap temperatures

The LRO Radiometer Investigation is an experiment proposed for NASA’s Lunar Reconnaisance Orbiter mission that will use a simple but extremely sensitive radiometer to measure the temperatures of the region of permanent shade at the lunar poles. Temperature governs the ability of these surfaces to act as cold traps, and tightly constrains the identity and lifetimes of potential volatile resources. The LRO Radiometer will also measure the night time temperature of the Moon, and use the extensive modeling experience of the team to use these data to produce maps of meter-scale rocks that constitute a significant hazard to landing and operations. The LRO Radiometer also supports LRO objectives by measuring the global abundance of meter scale rocks at 1 km resolution. This measurement is accomplished in four (4) months of observations.
Superheavy element search in bismuthinite, Bi2S3

Abstract Samples of bismuthinite were examined by using a neutron multiplicity counter capable of detecting spontaneous fission events in any element. No events characteristic of spontaneous fission decay of superheavy elements were found. If a superheavy element exists in the cosmic abundance ratio estimated from the carbonaceous chrondrite measurements of Flerov et al. then it has not (even weakly) followed bismuth through its geochemical evolution into our bismuthinite samples.
Effects of anastomosis of tissue-engineered neointestine to native small bowel

Background. Our laboratory is investigating the tissue engineering of small intestine using intestinal epithelial organoid units seeded onto highly porous biodegradable polymer matrices. This study investigated the effects of anastomosis of tissue-engineered intestine to native small bowel alone or combined with small bowel resection on neointestinal regeneration. Methods. Intestinal epithelial organoid units harvested from neonatal Lewis rats were seeded onto biodegradable polymer tubes and implanted into the omentum of adult Lewis rats as follows: (1) implantation alone (n = 9); (2) implantation followed by anastomosis to native small bowel at 3 weeks (n = 11); and (3) implantation after small bowel resection and anastomosis to native small bowel at 3 weeks (n = 8). All constructs were harvested at 10 weeks and examined by histology. Morphometric analysis of the neomucosa was obtained using a computer image analysis program. Results. Cyst development was noted in all animals. All anastomoses were patent at 10 weeks. Histology revealed the development of a vascularized tissue with a neomucosa lining the lumen of the cyst with invaginations resembling crypt–villus structures. Morphometric analysis demonstrated significantly greater villus number, villus height, crypt number, crypt area, and mucosal surface length in groups 2 and 3 compared with group 1, and significantly greater villus number, villus height, crypt area, and mucosal surface length in group 3 compared with group 2 (P < 0.05, ANOVA, Tukey test). Conclusion. Intestinal epithelial organoid units transplanted on biodegradable polymer tubes can regenerate into complex tissue resembling small intestine. Anastomosis to native small bowel combined with small bowel resection and anastomosis alone contribute significant regenerative stimuli for the morphogenesis and differentiation of tissue-engineered neointestine.
First Report of Frogeye Leaf Spot of Soybean Caused by Cercospora sojina Race 11 in Virginia.

Frogeye leaf spot of soybean (FLS) (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), caused by Cercospora sojina Hara, was first detected in Virginia in 1942 (1). During the 2008 growing season, a FLS survey was conducted in soybean fields in Virginia. This was the first FLS race survey conducted in Virginia. Typical frogeye leaf spot symptoms, as reported by Phillips (4), were observed on soybean leaves in Westmoreland County. During 2008, Westmoreland County planted 7,365 ha of soybean. Symptomatic leaves were collected from V06-1891, V06-1365, V05-4394, V04-8405, and Hutcheson cultivars from plants in growth stages R5 to R6. Leaves were placed in a moist chamber for 24 h at 21°C with 12-h light to induce sporulation. C. sojina was only recovered from V06-1365. Conidia were removed from the leaves, placed into V8 juice agar amended with rifampicin (10 mg ml–1) and ampicillin (0.25 g liter–1) and incubated at 21°C with 12-h light. Cultures with dark pigmentation and presence of conidia were observed after 3 weeks. Conidia match...
Structural Dynamics of the α-Neurotoxin−Acetylcholine-Binding Protein Complex: Hydrodynamic and Fluorescence Anisotropy Decay Analyses†

The three-fingered alpha-neurotoxins have played a pivotal role in elucidating the structure and function of the muscle-type and neuronal alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). To advance our understanding of the alpha-neurotoxin-nAChR interaction, we examined the flexibility of alpha-neurotoxin bound to the acetylcholine-binding protein (AChBP), which shares structural similarity and sequence identities with the extracellular domain of nAChRs. Because the crystal structure of five alpha-cobratoxin molecules bound to AChBP shows the toxins projecting radially like propeller "blades" from the perimeter of the donut-shaped AChBP, the toxin molecules should increase the frictional resistance and thereby alter the hydrodynamic properties of the complex. alpha-Bungarotoxin binding had little effect on the frictional coefficients of AChBP measured by analytical ultracentrifugation, suggesting that the bound toxins are flexible. To support this conclusion, we measured the anisotropy decay of four site-specifically labeled alpha-cobratoxins (conjugated at positions Lys(23), Lys(35), Lys(49), and Lys(69)) bound to AChBP and free in solution and compared their anisotropy decay properties with fluorescently labeled cysteine mutants of AChBP. The results indicated that the core of the toxin molecule is relatively flexible when bound to AChBP. When hydrodynamic and anisotropy decay analyses are taken together, they establish that only one face of the second loop of the alpha-neurotoxin is immobilized significantly by its binding. The results indicate that bound alpha-neurotoxin is not rigidly oriented on the surface of AChBP but rather exhibits segmental motion by virtue of flexibility in its fingerlike structure.
Windows version of the ion trap simulation program ITSIM: a powerful heuristic and predictive tool in ion trap mass spectrometry

The multi-particle simulation program ITSIM version 4.0 takes advantage of the enhanced performance of the Windows 95 and NT operating systems in areas such as memory management, user friendliness, flexibility of graphics and speed, to investigate the motion of ions in the quadrupole ion trap. New features and capabilities significantly broaden its applicability. The simulation program can provide help in understanding fundamental aspects of ion trap mass spectrometry and both precede experiments and assist in directing their course. It also has didactic value in elucidating and allowing visualization of ion behavior under a variety of experimental conditions. ITSIM 4.0 provides easy access to ion simulations for all users through a dramatically improved user interface. The program uses the improved Euler method to calculate ion trajectories as a numerical solution to the Mathieu differential equation. The Windows version can simultaneously simulate the trajectories of ions with a virtually unlimited number of different mass-to-charge ratios, up to a maximum of 600000 ions, and hence allow realistic mass spectra, ion kinetic energy distributions, phase-of-ejection distributions and other experimentally measurable properties to be simulated. The simulated data are used to obtain mass spectra from mass-selective instability scans and by Fourier transformation of image currents induced by coherently moving ion clouds. Field inhomogeneities arising from exit holes, electrode misalignment, imperfect electrode surfaces or alternative trap geometries can be simulated with the program. Non-zero angle scattering in the hard-sphere collision model allows simulations involving collisional cooling to be performed. Complete instruments, from an ion source through the ion trap mass analyzer to a detector, can be simulated. Some typical applications of the simulation program are presented and discussed. Such features as the mass-selective instability scan mode, mass-range extension via resonant ion ejection, r.f. and d.c. ion isolation and non-destructive detection are shown. Comparisons are made between the simulated and experimental results, for example in mass-selective photodissociation. Fourier transform experiments and a novel six-electrode ion trap mass spectrometer illustrate cases in which simulations precede reduction to practice. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Objective home-based gait assessment in spinocerebellar ataxia.

Abstract We investigated the utility of home-based gait monitor assessment in patients with spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA). Nineteen patients with different forms of SCA were examined using a step activity monitor (SAM), clinical scales and common tests of functional motor performance including the scale for assessment and rating of ataxia (SARA), disease staging, a timed 25 foot walk test and a 9 hole peg-board test. The patient wore the SAM bracelet on his/her ankle for seven 24 hour periods at home. The objective monitor measurements were highly associated with disease duration and with the functional stage of disease (P