cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Immuno-oncology and Its Opportunities for Interventional Radiologists: Immune Checkpoint Inhibition and Potential Synergies with Interventional Oncology Procedures

Immunotherapy, specifically the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors, offers a new approach to fighting cancer. Although the results of treatment with immune checkpoint inhibition alone have been remarkable for certain cancers, these results are not universal. Preclinical and early clinical studies indicate the potential for synergistic effects when immune checkpoint inhibition is combined with immunogenic local therapies such as ablation and embolization. This review offers an overview of immunology as it relates to immune checkpoint inhibition and the possibilities for synergy when combined with interventional radiology treatments.
The Use of Complementary Health Approaches Among U.S. Adults with a Recent Cancer Diagnosis

Abstract Objective: The object of this study was to explore the use of complementary health approaches among U.S. adults with a cancer diagnosis in the past 5 years and distinguish use for general wellness from use specifically for treatment. Methods: Using data from the 2002, 2007, and 2012 National Health Interview Survey, the study included 1359 persons with a cancer diagnosis of selected cancers in the past 5 years. Participants were asked about their use of complementary health approaches for general reasons and cancer treatment in the past 12 months. Responses were aggregated into the use of any complementary approach as well as examined by mode of practice. Results: Overall, 35.3% of persons with a cancer diagnosis used complementary health approaches in the past 12 months. These persons were more likely to have used a biologically based approach (22.8%) compared with other approaches. Persons with breast cancer were significantly more likely to use any complementary health approach (43.6%) compare...
High temperature ultrasound NDT using photoacoustic Lamb waves and AlN sensors (Conference Presentation)

Ultrasound nondestructive Testing (NDT) of materials, processes, and structures has been broadly applied to space, defense, aerospace, civil and energy industries. Especially, industrial facilities such as nuclear power plants or chemical plants contain numerous high-temperature (< 700°C) pipes and pressure vessels that require continuous health monitoring for instant detection of structural flaws. In this work, a new ultrasound NDT method based on photoacoustic Lamb wave detection was proposed for high temperature NDT. AlN single crystal is chosen as the sensor material primarily due to its temperature-robust piezoelectric properties and high Curie temperature (> 2000 °C). The fundamental symmetric (S0) and antisymmetric (A0) mode Lamb waves generated by the pulsed laser were successfully detected by the AlN sensor on a stainless steel plate. The time-of-flights (ToFs) of the S0 and A0 mode waves proportionally increased with the distance (D) between the laser source and the sensor, and almost no attenuation of the amplitude was observed as the distance increases. At the HT NDT experiment, the combination of non-contact, portable laser source as a Lamb wave generator and temperature-robust NDT sensor made of AIN has shown its great capability to detect the Lamb waves at elevated temperatures up to 800 °C. Based on the ToFs analysis of S0 and A0 mode Lamb waves propagated in a specimen with defects, the capability of this NDT method to localize the defect even at high temperature (~800 °C) has been verified.
Demonstrating structural waves in rods/beams

Structures exhibit some interesting properties in that multiple types of waves can propagate, and the behavior of those waves is different. This demonstration focuses specifically on the difference between longitudinal waves in rods and bending waves in beams. As used here, rods and beams can be the same structure, in practice, but the terms are used to help distinguish between the particular type of wave propagation. For these wave types, the theory of wave propagation for rods and beams is quite accurate in predicting the experimental response, and can be readily demonstrated if near-ideal boundary conditions are used. This demonstration uses a rod/beam that has free-free boundary conditions. For longitudinal waves, the resonances of the rod should be perfectly harmonic. For bending waves, the resonances of the beam are unevenly spaced due to the dispersive nature of the bending waves. It will be shown how the results from a simple experimental apparatus match theory very well, and how the two types of ...
Role of Wnt11 during Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Microstructured Titanium Surfaces

Successful osseointegration of an endosseous implant involves migration and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on the implant surface. Micro-structured, hydrophilic titanium surfaces direct MSCs to undergo osteoblastic differentiation in vitro, in the absence of media additives commonly used in cultures grown on tissue culture polystyrene (TCPS). This process involves non-canonical Wnt5a, in contrast to canonical Wnt3a typically credited with osteoblastic differentiation on TCPS. Wnt proteins have been implicated in morphological development and tissue patterning, suggesting that additional Wnts may participate. Here, we demonstrate that Wnt11 is a mediator of osteoblast commitment of MSCs, and increases in a surface-roughness dependent manner. Experiments using cells silenced for Wnt11 indicate that cross-talk between Wnt5a and Wnt11 occurs. Wnt11 potentially acts upstream to Wnt5a, increasing Wnt5a expression and factors associated with osteogenesis. Thus, Wnt11 contributes to peri-implant bone formation distal to the implant surface through a heavily regulated signaling cascade of autocrine/paracrine proteins.
Investigation of 2, 3-epoxypropyl methanesulfonate (OMS) as an electrolyte additive for lithium ion batteries

Abstract The effect of 2,3-epoxypropyl methanesulfonate (OMS) as an electrolyte additive for lithium ion batteries (graphite/NCM) has been investigated. Incorporation of OMS improves the discharge capacity retention by 8% and increases the coulombic efficiency by 2% compared to cells containing standard electrolyte for cells cycled at 55 °C. Electrochemical measurements suggest that OMS reacts on the surface of the graphite anode modifying the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) has been conducted to investigate the surface chemistry of electrodes cycled with OMS. Surface analysis suggests that lithium alkylsulfonates, the decomposition products of OMS, play a critical role in enhancing the SEI thermal stability and improving capacity retention.
The Patient Comes First: The Perfect Surrogate

The information age has been a marvel to behold. Mind boggling advances in almost every sphere of science and technology have been forthcoming - discoveries, creations, processes, devices, instruments, systems that are smaller, bigger, faster, and better. This accelerated progress has also been manifest in medicine where significant advances in the ability to more effectively diagnose, treat and cure have gone forward at a remarkable pace. This also holds true for most subdisciplines within medicine, including the focus of this workshop on augmented environments and computer aided interventions (AE-CAI). These are beginning to have measurable impact on the health and well-being of the population. Initial technologies have exhibited high performance and realistic simulation for efficient training, rehearsal and on-line guidance of medical interventional procedures. But this success still lags far behind the ultimate potential, and even farther from the horizon of expectations and vision for the field.
A 40GB/S Optical NRZ Transmitter Based on Monolithic Microring Modulators in 45NM SOI CMOS

This paper demonstrates a 40Gb/s optical NRZ transmitter based on microring modulator in a monolithic zero-change 45nm SOI CMOS process. It achieves 330fJ/b complete transmitter energy (including clock distribution and serializer sub-systems) and 6.7Tb/s/mm2 area bandwidth density (including modulator and driver). The platform requires no modifications to the standard CMOS process providing high-yield and low-cost photonics with fast transistors on a single die. High-swing transmitter with differential driver and an AC coupler is used to improve the optical modulation amplitude (OMA) of microring modulators, achieving 3dB extinction ratio and 4.7dB insertion loss at 40Gb/s.
Elevated Brain Iron in Cocaine Use Disorder as Indexed by Magnetic Field Correlation Imaging.

Abstract Background Iron homeostasis is a critical biological process that may be disrupted in cocaine use disorder (CUD). In the brain, iron is required for neural processes involved in addiction and can be lethal to cells if unbound, especially in excess. Moreover, recent studies have implicated elevated brain iron in conditions of prolonged psychostimulant exposure. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine iron in basal ganglia reward regions of individuals with CUD using an advanced imaging method called magnetic field correlation (MFC) imaging. Methods MFC imaging was acquired in 19 non-treatment-seeking individuals with CUD and 19 healthy control individuals (both male and female). Region-of-interest analyses for MFC group differences and within-group correlations with age and years of cocaine use were conducted in the globus pallidus internal segment (GPi), globus pallidus external segment, putamen, caudate nucleus, thalamus, and red nucleus. Results Individuals with CUD had significantly elevated MFC compared with control individuals within the GPi. In control individuals, MFC significantly increased with age in the GPi, globus pallidus external segment, putamen, and caudate nucleus. Conversely, there were no significant MFC within-group correlations in the CUD group. Conclusions Individuals with CUD have excess iron in the GPi, as indexed by MFC, and lack the age-related gradual iron deposition seen in normal aging. Because the globus pallidus is critical for the transition of goal-directed behavior to compulsive behavior, significantly elevated iron in the GPi may contribute to the persistence of CUD. These findings implicate dysregulation of brain iron homeostasis in CUD and support pursuing this new line of research.
Physician and Patient Characteristics Associated With More Intensive End-of-Life Care.

Abstract Context Although patient and physician characteristics are thought to be predictive of discretionary interventions at the end of life (EoL), few studies have data on both parties. Objective To test the hypothesis that patient preferences and physician attitudes are both independently associated with discretionary interventions at the EoL. Methods We report secondary analyses of data collected prospectively from physicians (n = 38) and patients with advanced cancer (n = 265) in the Values and Options in Cancer Care study. Predictor variables were patient attitudes toward EoL care and physician-reported comfort with medical paternalism, assessed indirectly using a modified version of the Control Preference Scale. We explored whether the magnitude of the physician variable was influenced by the inclusion of particular patient treatment-preference variables (i.e., effect modification). Outcomes were a chemotherapy use score (≤14 days before death [scored 2], 15–31 days before death [scored 1], and >31 days [scored 0]) and an emergency department visit/inpatient admission score (two or more admissions in the last 31 days [scored 2], one admission [1], and 0 admissions [0]) in the last month of life. Results Chemotherapy scores were nearly 0.25 points higher if patients expressed a preference for experimental treatments with unknown benefit at study entry (0.238 points, 95% CI = 0.047–0.429) or reported an unfavorable attitude toward palliative care (0.247 points, 95% CI = 0.047–0.450). A two–standard deviation difference in physician comfort with medical paternalism corresponded to standardized effects of 0.35 (95% CI = 0.03–0.66) for chemotherapy and 0.33 (95% CI = 0.04–0.61) for emergency department visits/inpatient admissions. There was no evidence of effect modification. Conclusion Patient treatment preferences and physician attitudes are independently associated with higher levels of treatment intensity before death. Greater research, clinical, and policy attention to patient treatment preferences and physician comfort with medical paternalism might lead to improvements in care of patients with advanced disease.
Nurse case management to improve the hepatitis C care continuum in HIV co‐infection: Results of a randomized controlled trial

The opportunity to eliminate hepatitis C virus (HCV) is at hand, but challenges remain that negatively influence progress through the care continuum, particularly for persons co-infected with HIV who are not well engaged in care. We conducted a randomized controlled trial to test the effect of nurse case management (NCM) on the HCV continuum among adults co-infected with HIV compared to usual care (UC). Primary outcomes included linkage to HCV care (attendance at an HCV practice appointment within 60 days) and time to direct-acting antiviral (DAA) initiation (censored at 6 months). Sixty-eight participants were enrolled (NCM n = 35; UC n = 33). Participants were 81% Black/African American, 85% received Medicaid, 46% reported illicit drug use, 41% alcohol use, and 43% had an undetectable HIV viral load. At day 60, 47% of NCM participants linked to HCV care compared to 25% of UC participants (P = .031; 95% confidence bound for difference, 3.2%-40.9%). Few participants initiated DAAs (12% NCM; 25% UC). There was no significant difference in mean time to treatment initiation (NCM = 86 days; UC = 110 days; P = .192). Engagement in HCV care across the continuum was associated with drinking alcohol, knowing someone who cured HCV and having a higher CD4 cell count (P < .05). Our results support provision of NCM as a successful strategy to link persons co-infected with HIV to HCV care, but interventions should persist beyond linkage to care. Capitalizing on social networks, treatment pathways for patients who drink alcohol, and integrated substance use services may help improve the HCV care continuum.
Agony, A Womb of Poetry. Why?

The creative processes of formulating poetic imagery during therapy may control, integrate, and communicate emotional distress. Poetic writing may exert control by containing pain, naming it, balancing its destructive potential, giving aesthetic expression to it, providing distance from it, and recording it. The effort to construct imagery may also foster integration of previously unknown feelings by first revealing and interpreting them, and then weaving new interpretations of the past into present self-understandings. Through poetic imagery one may also communicate with others in order to gain emotional support or, more importantly, to share insights which may soothe other persons’ pain.
From risk to survival: chromosome 3p aberrations in renal cell carcinoma

146 Purpose: Chromosome 3p aberration is the most frequently mutated genetic region in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Recent studies suggested that, besides the VHL gene, loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at 3p14.2-3p21 that may harbor other potential tumor suppressor genes might be an early event in RCC carcinogenesis. However, the tumorigenic significance of these genetic changes in RCC remains unknown. Benzo[a]pyrene diol expoxide (BPDE), a main metabolic product of the tobacco constituent bezo[a]pyrene, may induce chromosomal aberrations in genetic loci including 3p. We hypothesized that BPDE-induced lymphocytic 3p aberrations are biomarkers of genetic susceptibility to RCC and such aberrations in tumor tissues may also predict clinical outcome of RCC therapeutic interventions. Methods: Peripheral blood lymphocyte (PBL) cultures from 107 RCC patients and 108 matched healthy controls were treated with 2 μM BPDE for 24 hours. The 3p25, 3p21.3, 3p14.2 and 3q13 (a control locus) aberrations were assessed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). One thousand lymphocyte interphases were scored for each sample. In addition, we analyzed 67 tumor tissues using 12 microsatellite markers spanning 3p12-3p25. These data were evaluated for associations with clinicopathological features and prognosis of RCC. Results: RCC patients exhibited significantly higher number of 3p aberrations than controls in 3p25 (cases vs. controls [mean±standard deviation]: 43.7±1.2 vs. 36.7±1.4, P=0.0005), 3p21.3 (case vs. control: 43.5±8.4 vs. 38.3±7.1, P
Three-dimensional kinematics in healthy older adult males during golf swings.

The biomechanics of the golf swing have received considerable attention in previous research. However, existing studies have focused on young athletes, while the kinematics of older golfers remain poorly documented. This study presents kinematic data for healthy senior golfers during swings performed with a driver and six-iron. Seventeen male golfers (62.2 ± 8.8 years) volunteered for participation and a 10-camera Vicon system (Oxford, UK) recorded kinematic data (500 Hz). A launch monitor (TrackMan, Vedbaek, Denmark) recorded club head speed and initial ball speed. Joint angles and peak velocities of the trunk and lower body were extracted at the top of the backswing, ball contact, and end of the swing. Intraclass correlations and standard error of measurement determined reliability, and pairwise statistics determined between-club differences. Swings with the driver had 7.3° less trunk extension and 4.3° less X-factor at backswing, and 10.5° less trunk flexion and 3.2° less X-factor at ball impact. Older adults portray several differences in lower body kinematics between a six-iron and driver but maintain good to excellent reliability (0.728-0.997) during the swings. Comparisons with previous research also showed senior athletes produce slower club head and ball speeds than younger golfers, and that kinematic differences exist between the populations.
Nb 3 Sn Wires and Cables for High-Field Accelerator Magnets

Since the discovery of superconducting Nb3Sn in 1954, continuous developments have led to a strong improvement of its properties. This chapter describes the evolution of Nb3Sn fabrication techniques since the 1960s and the main properties of modern Nb3Sn composite wires and Rutherford cables.
How to get Certain Knowledge from Fallible Justification

“Real knowledge,” as I use the term, is the most highly prized form of true belief sought by an epistemic agent. This paper argues that defeasible infinitism provides a good way to characterize real knowledge and it shows how real knowledge can arise from fallible justification. Then, I argue that there are two ways of interpreting Ernest Sosa's account of real knowledge as belief that is aptly formed and capable of being fully defended. On the one hand, if beliefs are aptly formed only if they have a specific causal etiology, namely that they are efficiently caused fully or partially by virtuous characteristics of the epistemic agent, then Sosa's account falls prey to what I call the problem of the Hazard of Empirical Disconfirmation (HED). The HED problem applies to all forms of causal accounts of real knowledge and is simply that as we gain more empirical knowledge about the causal origins of our true beliefs that are the most highly prized we will discover that they do not always (or even hardly ever) satisfy the required efficient causal constraints. Bluntly put, having sufficiently good reasons for our beliefs might not require that the beliefs have the requisite efficient causal etiology. On the other hand, there is a way of interpreting Sosa's views that does not include an efficient causal prerequisite. That interpretation makes Sosa's account of real knowledge almost identical to defeasible infinitism but expressed in an alternate vocabulary. Such a view is not subject to the HED problem and it can solve the deep problem in epistemology, namely how to get epistemically certain (as opposed to psychologically certain) knowledge from fallible justification.
Privacy-preserving model learning on a blockchain network-of-networks.

Author(s): Kuo, Tsung-Ting; Kim, Jihoon; Gabriel, Rodney A | Abstract: ObjectiveTo facilitate clinical/genomic/biomedical research, constructing generalizable predictive models using cross-institutional methods while protecting privacy is imperative. However, state-of-the-art methods assume a "flattened" topology, while real-world research networks may consist of "network-of-networks" which can imply practical issues including training on small data for rare diseases/conditions, prioritizing locally trained models, and maintaining models for each level of the hierarchy. In this study, we focus on developing a hierarchical approach to inherit the benefits of the privacy-preserving methods, retain the advantages of adopting blockchain, and address practical concerns on a research network-of-networks.Materials and methodsWe propose a framework to combine level-wise model learning, blockchain-based model dissemination, and a novel hierarchical consensus algorithm for model ensemble. We developed an example implementation HierarchicalChain (hierarchical privacy-preserving modeling on blockchain), evaluated it on 3 healthcare/genomic datasets, as well as compared its predictive correctness, learning iteration, and execution time with a state-of-the-art method designed for flattened network topology.ResultsHierarchicalChain improves the predictive correctness for small training datasets and provides comparable correctness results with the competing method with higher learning iteration and similar per-iteration execution time, inherits the benefits of the privacy-preserving learning and advantages of blockchain technology, and immutable records models for each level.DiscussionHierarchicalChain is independent of the core privacy-preserving learning method, as well as of the underlying blockchain platform. Further studies are warranted for various types of network topology, complex data, and privacy concerns.ConclusionWe demonstrated the potential of utilizing the information from the hierarchical network-of-networks topology to improve prediction.
Effect of hirudoid in pediatric difficult and complicated veinpuncture

Objective To investigate the application effect of hirudoid in pediatric difficult and complicated veinpuncture. Methods 172 cases of children with venous puncture difficulty in our hospital from May 2015 to April 2017 were randomly divided into two groups. The control group was given routine venipuncture nursing intervention; the observation group was smeared with hirudoid ointment at the vascular site, and then was given the traditional venous puncture method. The puncture success rate, puncture time, and the incidence of adverse reactions at puncture site of the two groups were observed and compared. Results The one-time success rate of puncture in the observation group was 94.19%, which was higher than 60.47% in the control group (P<0.05). The puncture time of indwelling needle and PICC in the observation group were shorter than those in the control group (P<0.05). The incidence of adverse reactions at puncture site of the observation group was 11.63%, which was lower than that of the control group (31.40%) (P<0.05). Conclusion The use of hirudoid in pediatric difficult and complicated veinpuncture helps to increase the one-time success rate of puncture, shorten the puncture time, and reduce the related complications. Key words: Hirudoid; Children; Difficult and complicated veinpuncture
Review of When the State Winks: The Performance of Jewish Conversion in Israel: by Michal Kravel-Tovi, New York, Columbia University Press, 2017, 310 pp., USD $28 (paperback), ISBN 978-0-231-18324-6.

When the State Winks is a superb ethnography of state-run conversion to Judaism in Israel. Michal Kravel-Tovi’s point of departure is the disjuncture between Zionist efforts to solve a perceived po...
Validation of the International Engineering Motivation Construct with Multigroup Analysis

The purpose of this study was twofold. First, the study aimed to validate multicultural workforce motivation in engineering. Second, it aimed to perform a subgroup analyses of the identified model to determine if the theoretical model is valid across demographics. Data were collected from a total of 268 employees working in the United States either as a natural citizen or with an Employment Authorization Document (EAD). The theoretical framework used in the study was Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene Theory, which is suggested by many (Ben Slimane, 2017; Shuck and Herd, 2012; Singh & Bhattacharjee, 2019). The instruments used were Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ) suggested by Weiss et al. (1967) and the Vancouver Index of Acculturation (VIA) suggested by Ryder et al., (2000). Data were collected using crowdsourcing agency. Both exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) were used in the study. The model was tested with a specific bias test and for model invariance at both the global and local levels. A multi-group difference test was conducted on the participants’ industry, position, birth country, ethnicity, gender, age group, and educational background to confirm or deny configural, metric and scalar invariance. The study validated the results from prior research that reported different number of factors for the motivation construct. The results of the study suggest that even old theories from a western country, such as Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene Theory, still could be valid in multicultural organizations. Recommendations for future research are provided.
Israel’s regime untangled: Between democracy and apartheid: by Gal Ariely, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2021, 230 pp., $117 (hardback), ISBN 9781108845250

Gal Ariely begins this ambitious volume by referencing a decades-old debate. Should Israel be classified as a democracy and if so, with what terminology should that classification be qualified? The...
Simulation of volatility of commercial gasoline based on major hydrocarbon species

Fuel volatility affects evaporative emissions and driveability. It is the property that must be changed with location and season. As exhaust gas emissions regulations become stringent, the margin of fuel injection schedule to allow for the variations of fuel volatility needs to be controlled tightly. It requires better understanding of fuel volatility effects on exhaust gas emissions and driveavility. Therefore, the modeling of fuel volatility is an essential basis for all theoretical approaches to address these issues. For the modeling, commercial gasolines were simplified with 13 major hydrocarbon species based on the carbon number and hydrocarbon families. Thermodynamic states of modeled fuels were calculated by the program SUPERTRAPP released by NIST (National Institute of Science and Technology). The program is based on the Peng-Robinson equation of state. The compositions of simulated fuels were calibrated with the specifications of commercial gasolnes such as ASTM distillation curve. Comparison with real fuels shows good agreement in front-end volatility represented by Reid vapor pressure and vapor-liquid ratios.
Loss of Na+ channel inactivation by anemone toxin (ATX II) mimics the myotonic state in hyperkalaemic periodic paralysis

1. Mutations that impair inactivation of the sodium channel in skeletal muscle have recently been postulated to cause several heritable forms of myotonia in man. A peptide toxin from Anemonia sulcata (ATX II) selectively disrupts the inactivation mechanism of sodium channels in a way that mimics these mutations. We applied ATX II to rat skeletal muscle to test the hypothesis that myotonia is inducible by altered sodium channel function. 2. Single-channel sodium currents were measured in blebs of surface membrane that arose from the mechanically disrupted fibres. ATX II impaired inactivation as demonstrated by persistent reopenings of sodium channels at strongly depolarized test potentials. A channel failed to inactivate, however, in only a small proportion of the depolarizing steps. With micromolar amounts of ATX II, the ensemble average open probability at the steady state was 0.01-0.02. 3. Ten micromolar ATX II slowed the relaxation of tension after a single twitch by an order of magnitude. Delayed relaxation is the in vitro analogue of the stiffness experienced by patients with myotonia. However, peak twitch force was not affected within the range of 0-10 microM ATX II. 4. Intracellular injection of a long-duration, constant current pulse elicited a train of action potentials in ATX II-treated fibres. After-depolarizations and repetitive firing often persisted beyond the duration of the stimulus. Trains of action potentials varied spontaneously in amplitude and firing frequency in a similar way to the electromyogram of a myotonic muscle. Both the after-depolarization and the post-stimulus firing were abolished by detubulating the fibres with glycerol. 5. We conclude that a loss of sodium channel inactivation alone, without changes in resting membrane conductance, is sufficient to produce the electrical and mechanical features of myotonia. Furthermore, in support of previous studies on myotonic muscle from patients, this model provides direct evidence that only a small proportion of sodium channels needs to function abnormally to cause myotonia.
The influence of vadose zone conditions in groundwater pollution: Part II: Fluid movement

Abstract This is the concluding portion of a two-part review illustrating the influence of the vadose zone (i.e., soil materials located above a water table) on groundwater pollution. Seepage from landfills, lagoons, storage areas and land treatment sites invariably must pass through this region before entering an aquifer. In general, contaminant concentrations are highest near the source. Much of this zone is unsaturated, so that leachate and wastewater may have access to oxygen and be in close contact with solid particle surfaces. Consequently, conditions in the vadose zone affect both the seepage rate and the environment for attenuation of contaminant species. The focus of this paper is on the application of Darcy's formula to describe the flow of water, leachate and other fluids under both saturated and unsaturated conditions. The discussion is presented in a state-of-the-art format. Individual topics include the material properties that influence flow and the relationship between seepage rate, fluid pressure and the degree of saturation. To illustrate these concepts, five generalized examples are presented. They describe a wide range of practical situations, including: • steady vertical seepage • flow in the vadose zone parallel to a water table • development of groundwater mounds under liquid filled impoundments • wetting front advance through homogeneous soil • wetting front advance under lined impoundments These examples, and the principles from which they are derived, can be used both in analysis of existing situations and in design and operation of new facilities. This paper is a companion to one previously published which discussed static conditions in the vadose zone.
Kinetics of coagulation with hydrolyzed AI (III)

Abstract The kinetics of agglomeration of silica dispersions coagulated with hydrolyzed AI (III) have been studied with respect both to physical parameters, such as diameter and concentration of dispersed colloids and extent of agitation of the medium, and to chemical parameters of the solution, such as pH and AI(III) concentration relative to surface concentration of the dispersed phase. The rate of colloid destabilization, i.e., the rate of surface coverage of the colloid with adsorbed aluminum hydroxo complexes, was evaluated on the basis of results from adsorption studies. The rate of collision between colloids was determined for Ludox colloids (15 mμ) from light adsorbance measurements and for Min-U-Sil colloids (1.1μ) from microscopic counts. A comparison of the rates of destabilization and particle collision shows that the latter reaction is rate determining in the coagulation of colloidal silica with hydrolyzed AI(III). The factor of collision efficience reflecting the relative colloid stability is found as the ratio of actual coagulation rates and theoretical collision rates at various concentrations of coagulant. The observed relationship between colloid stability and coagulant concentration confirms the assumed model of particle destabilization and restabilization: specific adsorption of isopolycations causes a decrease of the surface potential and, at sufficiently high coagulant concentrations, reversal of sign of the surface potential. The over-all coagulation rate is determined by physical parameters characterizing the collision frequency and by chemical solution parameters describing the factor of collision efficiency.
A fundamental cross-layer approach to uplink resource allocation

The literature on multiaccess (uplink) communications has traditionally treated "network-layer" issues such as source burstiness and network delay apart from "physical-layer" issues such as channel modelling, coding, and detection. We establish a unified cross-layer framework for optimal resource allocation over multiaccess fading channels where packets arrive randomly to transmitters. Using optimal coding assumptions, we first show that the region of all stable arrival rates is the same as the information-theoretic capacity region of [D. Tse and S. Hanly, 1998]. Next, we show that a longest-queue-highest-possible-rate (LQHPR) allocation strategy stabilizes the multiaccess queueing system whenever stability is possible. Finally, we show that under symmetric conditions, the LQHPR policy also minimizes the average packet delay. Such a policy can be interpreted in the coding context as adaptive successive decoding. Since optimal coding assumptions are used, the throughput (delay) performance of the LQHPR policy provides a fundamental upper (lower) bound to the performance of all reliable multiaccess coding schemes. especially when the measurement noise is low.
Lies, damned lies, and marketing: an editor's lament.

Many of the articles published in the ICC COLUMN have emphasized the plight that respiratory patients around the world have in obtaining satisfactory access to appropriate medications and health care. Two main problems have been identified. The first involves the high costs that prevent many patients from obtaining care (1). The second involves the difficulty to determine whether or not new medications, diagnostic procedures, and treatments actually do benefit patient outcomes. This paper provides an editor’s perspective on how the marketing activities of proprietary organizations make it difficult to assess published clinical research that is intended to determine the value of treatments. Some of the data mentioned in this article have been previously published and referenced in the ICC COLUMN (2) and in another publication (3).
Covalent Surface Chemistry of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

In this review article, we explore covalent chemical strategies for the functionalization of carbon-nanotube surfaces. In recent years, nanotubes have been treated as chemical reagents (be it inorganic or organic) in their own right. Indeed, from their inherent structure, one can view nanotubes as sterically bulky, π-conjugated ligands, or conversely as electron-deficient alkenes. Hence, herein we seek to understand, from a structural perspective, the breadth and types of reactions single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs) can undergo in solution phase, not only at the ends and defect sites but also along the sidewalls. Controllable chemical functionalization suggests that the unique electronic and mechanical properties of SWNTs can be tailored in a determinable manner. Moreover, prevailing themes in nanotube functionalization have been involved with dissolution of tubes.
The relation of ribosome content to the rate of enzyme synthesis in Aerobacter aerogenes

A period of magnesium starvation greatly reduces the ribosome content of a guanine-requiring mutant of Aerobacter aerogenes. When returned to a complete medium, these cells synthesize ribosomal RNA at a constant exponential rate. Protein synthesis is very slow at first but accelerates rapidly, and at any time during the recovery is proportional to the ratio of ribosomal RNA to cell protein. In the absence of guanine no net RNA synthesis occurs. With the RNA content thus fixed, a comparison was made of the rates of synthesis of two enzymes, initially at low basal levels, by cells with normal and less than normal ribosome contents. The formation of inositol dehydrogenase, induced by inositol, and that of inosine 5′-phosphate dehydrogenase, accelerated by the removal of guanine, proceeded at rates proportional to the concentration of ribosomal RNA rather than to that of DNA or protein. It appears that ribosomal particles can limit the rate of protein synthesis and that the ribosomes which ultimately participate in the synthesis of a particular protein are present even when the protein is being made at a slow repressed rate. The significance of these results in relation to our present knowledge of protein synthesis is discussed.
Blood aging, safety, and transfusion: capturing the "radical" menace.

Abstract Throughout their life span, circulating red blood cells (RBCs) transport oxygen (O2) primarily from the lungs to tissues and return with carbon dioxide (CO2) from respiring tissues for final elimination by lungs. This simplistic view of RBCs as O2 transporter has changed in recent years as other gases, for example, nitric oxide (NO), and small molecules, such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP), have been shown to either be produced and/or carried by RBCs to perform other signaling and O2 sensing functions. In spite of the numerous biochemical and metabolic changes occurring within RBCs during storage, prior to, and after transfusion, perturbations of RBC membrane are likely to affect blood flow in the microcirculation. Subsequent hemolysis due to storage conditions and/or hemolytic disorders may have some pathophysiological consequences as a result of the release of Hb. In this review, we show that evolution has provided a multitude of protection and intervention strategies against free Hb from “cra...
Efficient algorithms for genome-wide association study

Studying the association between quantitative phenotype (such as height or weight) and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) is an important problem in biology. To understand underlying mechanisms of complex phenotypes, it is often necessary to consider joint genetic effects across multiple SNPs. ANOVA (analysis of variance) test is routinely used in association study. Important findings from studying gene-gene (SNP-pair) interactions are appearing in the literature. However, the number of SNPs can be up to millions. Evaluating joint effects of SNPs is a challenging task even for SNP-pairs. Moreover, with large number of SNPs correlated, permutation procedure is preferred over simple Bonferroni correction for properly controlling family-wise error rate and retaining mapping power, which dramatically increases the computational cost of association study.In this article, we study the problem of finding SNP-pairs that have significant associations with a given quantitative phenotype. We propose an efficient algorithm, FastANOVA, for performing ANOVA tests on SNP-pairs in a batch mode, which also supports large permutation test. We derive an upper bound of SNP-pair ANOVA test, which can be expressed as the sum of two terms. The first term is based on single-SNP ANOVA test. The second term is based on the SNPs and independent of any phenotype permutation. Furthermore, SNP-pairs can be organized into groups, each of which shares a common upper bound. This allows for maximum reuse of intermediate computation, efficient upper bound estimation, and effective SNP-pair pruning. Consequently, FastANOVA only needs to perform the ANOVA test on a small number of candidate SNP-pairs without the risk of missing any significant ones. Extensive experiments demonstrate that FastANOVA is orders of magnitude faster than the brute-force implementation of ANOVA tests on all SNP pairs. The principles used in FastANOVA can be applied to categorical phenotypes and other statistics such as Chi-square test.
Adrenocortical cells with stem/progenitor cell properties: Recent advances

The existence and location of undifferentiated cells with the capability of maintaining the homeostasis of the adrenal cortex have long been sought. These cells are thought to remain mostly quiescent with a potential to commit to self-renewal processes or terminal differentiation to homeostatically repopulate the organ. In addition, in response to physiologic stress, the undifferentiated cells undergo rapid proliferation to accommodate organismic need. Sufficient adrenocortical proliferative capacity lasting the lifespan of the host has been demonstrated through cell transplantation and enucleation experiments. Labeling experiments with tritium, BrdU, or trypan blue, as well as transgenic assays support the clonogenic identity and location of these undefined cells within the gland periphery. We define undifferentiated adrenocortical cells as cells devoid of steroidogenic gene expression, and differentiated cells as cells with steroidogenic capacity. In this review, we discuss historic developmental studies together with recent molecular examinations that aim to characterize such populations of cells.
The Communicable Disease Model of Heroin Addiction: A Critique

(1974). The Communicable Disease Model of Heroin Addiction: A Critique. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse: Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 301-311.
Uniform strain may cause eastern quakes

Recent measurements made with very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) have revealed a compression of the eastern part of the United States that could provide more than a sufficient amount of strain energy to account for all of the earthquakes that occur there. Steven A. Musman of the National Geodetic Survey in Rockville, Md., and Tom Schmitt of the Georgia Geologic Survey in Atlanta will discuss these findings on Tuesday, May 20, at the 1986 AGU Spring Meeting in Baltimore, Md. Recent measurements made with very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) have revealed a compression of the eastern part of the United States that could provide more than a sufficient amount of strain energy to account for all of the earthquakes that occur there. Steven A. Musman of the National Geodetic Survey in Rockville, Md., and Tom Schmitt of the Georgia Geologic Survey in Atlanta will discuss these findings on Tuesday, May 20, at the 1986 AGU Spring Meeting in Baltimore, Md.
Doctoral Programs: How to Choose, Apply, Survive, and Thrive

Abstract Three college friends—an elementary physical educator, a fitness club manager, and a district physical education director—meet for coffee ten years after graduation. They are well-established professionals with masters degrees, but they yearn for something more. Conversation about the possibility of doctoral studies and different career pathways within the same broad profession leads to brainstorming about the time, energy, and monetary investments needed for doctoral work.
Autoelimination by means of x-rays: distinguishing the crowding factor from others in premunition caused by the mouse bile duct cestode, Hymenolepis microstoma.

Abstract Seven-day-old specimens of H. microstoma have been irradiated heavily in vitro (40 kr and 20 kr, X-rays) and implanted into the duodenum of recipient hosts (5 or 10 worms per mouse, respectively). After different intervals of incubation (8 and 20 days) following implantation, the hosts were challenged with cysticercoids by means of a stomach tube (5 or 10 cysticercoids per mouse, respectively). Autopsy after a week then revealed that in those hosts receiving the 40 kr-5 worms treatment, with 8 days incubation, the challenge of secondary worms were unaffected, although 11% of the primary worms was still present. In those hosts receiving the 20 kr-10 worms treatment, followed by 20 days incubation, both infection rate and length of the challenge worms were greatly reduced, compared with normal controls. Preliminary experiments had demonstrated a crowding effect: inhibition of establishment and growth of individual worms by pre-existing and coexisting infections. By autoelimination of pre-existing infections we showed that host resistance to H. microstoma occurs in the absence of any worms. Therefore this study succeeded in distinguishing a simple crowding effect from protective host response to a cestode.
The subcutaneous administration of sodium sulfadiazine.

Summary 1. The subcutaneous route for the administration of sodium sulfadiazineconstitutes a satisfactory method for parenteral chemotherapy in infants and children. Blood sulfadiazine concentrations of any desired magnitude can be quickly achieved and easily maintained by this method. The intravenous route is indicated only under exceptional circumstances. 2. The limitations of the infantile gastrointestinal tract for the absorption of sulfadiazine requires that the drug be administered parenterally on many occasions. 3. Adult patients do not absorb sodium sulfadiazine from the subcutaneoustissues as readily as do infants and children. 4. The rate of diffusion of sulfadiazine from the plasma to the cerebrospinalfluid in patients with meningeal infection is somewhat slower following subcutaneous administration in comparison to the intravenous method. This lag is not of sufficient magnitude, however, to contraindicate the subcutaneous route for the great majority of patients with bacterial meningitis. 5. In addition to adequate chemotherapy, hydration of the patient and alkalinization of the urine may be accomplished concurrently via the subcutaneous route by proper adjustment of the volume of the solution and its content of sodium lactate.
Solute Orientational Dynamics at the Water/Carbon Tetrachloride Interface

The orientational dynamics of several diatomic molecules of varying dipole moments adsorbed at different locations at the interface between water and carbon tetrachloride are studied using molecula...
Strongly Regular Generalized Equations

This paper considers generalized equations, which are convenient tools for formulating problems in complementarity and in mathematical programming, as well as variational inequalities. We introduce a regularity condition for such problems and, with its help, prove existence, uniqueness and Lipschitz continuity of solutions to generalized equations with parametric data. Applications to nonlinear programming and to other areas are discussed, and for important classes of such applications the regularity condition given here is shown to be in a certain sense the weakest possible condition under which the stated properties will hold.