cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What are successful recruitment and retention strategies for underserved populations? Examining physical activity interventions in primary care and community settings.

The purposes of this review are to (1) describe recruitment and retention strategies for physical activity interventions focusing on underserved populations and (2) identify successful strategies which show the most promise for “best practices” recommendations to guide future research. The method used was systematic review. Data on recruitment and retention strategies were abstracted and analyzed according to participant characteristics, types of strategies used, and effectiveness using an ecological framework. Thirty-eight studies were identified. Populations included African American (n = 25), Hispanic (n = 8), or Asian (n = 3) groups. Successful recruitment strategies consisted of partnering with respected community stakeholders and organizations, well-trained study staff ethnically, linguistically, and culturally matched to the population of interest, and use of multiple advertising channels. Successful retention strategies included efficient administrative tracking of participants, persistence, skillful teamwork, and demonstrating a positive, caring attitude towards participants. Promising recruitment and retention strategies correspond to all levels of ecological influence: individual, interpersonal, organizational, and societal.
Electrophoretic mobilities of brain subcellular particles and binding of γ-aminobutyric acid, acetylcholine, norepinephrine, and 5-hydroxytryptamine

Electrophoretic mobilities of brain synaptosomes and synaptic vesicles and of brain, liver, and kidney mitochondria were determined in a continuous sucrose density gradient. All of the above particles were negatively charged with isoelectric points in the neighborhood of 4. γ-Aminobutyric acid was bound well by the vesicles, synaptosomes, and mitochondria from brain, but not at all by mitochondria from liver or kidney. Acetylcholine was bound to vesicles and synaptosomes but only slightly to the mitochondrial preparations. The binding of 5-hydroxytryptamine to the vesicles, and synaptosomes was much higher than to any of the mitochondrial preparations; while the binding of norepinephrine was much more evenly distributed among the particles. The results suggest that the binding capacities of the particles tested for the above 4 substances are not directly related to the net negative charge, and that the net negative charge on the particles cannot be attributable to that bound form of N-acetylneuraminic acid that can be removed by the action of neuraminidase.
Effects of l -dihydroxyphenylalanine ( l -Dopa) and d,l ,5-hydroxytryptophan ( d,l ,5-HTP) on reserpine-induced amnesia

In a series of experiments the effects of reserpine, l-Dopa, and d,l,5-hydroxytryptophan (d,l,5-HTP) on retention of a passive avoidance training in mice were investigated. Reserpine (2.5 mg/kg) produced amnesia when given at 120 min before but not at 30 min before or at 0, 10, 30, or 90 min following training. This time-dependent reserpine effect did not appear to be due to either an alteration in footshock sensitivity during training or to the drug producing state-dependent learning. The amnesic effect of reserpine could be blocked when both l-Dopa and d,l,5-HTP were also administered up to 10 min but not at 30 or 90 min following training. The drugs, l-Dopa or d,l,5-HTP, given alone or in higher doses, could not at any time counteract the reserpine effect. The retrograde effects of the combined administration of these biogenic amine precursors on the reserpine-induced amnesia are discussed in terms of the possible role of biogenic amines in memory formation.
Streptomycin biosynthesis. Enzymatic synthesis of O-phosphorylstreptidine from streptidine and adenosinetriphosphate.

Abstract 1. 1. An enzyme has been found in dialyzed extracts of streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces which catalyzes the formation of an O-phosphorylstreptidine from streptidine and ATP. Although streptidine kinase activity was detected in vivo in many Streptomyces strains, activity in cell-free preparations could be detected only in extracts from mature mycelia of streptomycin-producing strains; extracts from log-phase mycelia were inactive. 2. 2. A partially purified enzyme preparation phosphorylates streptidine and 2-deoxystreptidine, but not N-amidinostreptamine, N′-amidinostreptamine, or N-amidinoinosamines. The closely-related N-amidinostreptamine kinase from streptomycin producers is inhibited by the sulfhydryl reagents formamidine disulfide and p-chloromercuribenzoate, but streptidine kinase is not. Streptidine kinase activity is inhibited by streptomycin. 3. 3. The ATP requirement can be met by dATP, but not by GTP, CTP, UTP, or dTTP; Mn2+ can replace Mg2+. 4. 4. A sensitive radiochemical assay for the streptidine in biological materials can be devised by coupling streptidine kinase with amidinotransferase. 5. 5. A scheme is presented which summarizes current concepts of streptidine metabolism.
Chemotherapy-induced nausea and emesis in pediatric cancer patients: an analysis of coping strategies

Abstract We investigated the preference and perceived efficacy of coping strategies used to manage chemotherapy-induced nausea and emesis in 57 pediatric oncology patients. Over 85% of children preferred "Wishful Thinking," "Emotional Regulation," and "Distraction" to cope with nausea, and "Emotional Regulation" to manage emesis. Stepwise logistic regression analyses revealed that the coping strategy used and its perceived efficacy depended upon patient age and gender, severity of symptom distress, time elapsed from last chemotherapy, experience, and whether nausea or emesis was the identified problem. Successful copers, defined as those reporting high coping efficacy and minimal distress, composed only 25% of the sample. These children most often used "Problem Solving" combined with "Social Support" for symptom management. Successful coping was also associated with lower emetogenic potential of chemotherapy. The significance of these results is discussed for identifying high-risk children who may benefit from coping interventions.
Basics of research (Part 13): Qualitative research--an example.

Abstract Qualitative research is a method less commonly used by investigators to answer questions related to air transport. However, qualitative research is no less rigorous than more quantitative measures and, in many cases, may be a more appropriate approach. This article has provided a hypothetical example of a grounded theory study.
First Report of Bacterial Fruit Blotch of Watermelon in Oregon.

Most of the watermelons, Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai, consumed in the Pacific Northwest during the summer months are grown in the southern Columbia Basin under dry (<5 cm rainfall), low relative humidity (46 to 57%), and high temperature (29 to 41°C) conditions, using transplants, plastic mulch, and drip irrigation. During May 1996, irregularly shaped, water-soaked lesions were observed on cotyledons and first true leaves of watermelon cv. Sangria transplants growing in a greenhouse. Similar lesions were observed later on older leaves in a commercial field of cv. Millionaire. Microscopic examination of symptomatic tissue revealed bacterial streaming, and isolation on nutrient agar consistently yielded numerous creamy to off-white bacterial colonies. Bacteria from purified, single colonies were Gram negative and rod shaped. Physiological characterization by the Biolog GN Bacterial Identification System (version 3.5) showed a similarity of 0.971 to the Biolog description for Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli. Pathogenicity of two strains was confirmed in three separate tests by hypodermic needle infiltration of cotyledons or by stab inoculation into hypocotyls of 12 to 24 21-day-old cv. Crimson Sweet seedlings with aqueous suspensions of bacteria containing approximately 6.0 × 108 CFU/ml. Inoculum was prepared from 48-h-old nutrient agar cultures. Test plants were incubated in the greenhouse at 21°C, under a 16-h photoperiod. Hypocotyl and cotyledon inoculations produced water-soaked lesions within 24 to 48 h on both the hypocotyl and cotyledons or just the cotyledon, respectively, on plants inoculated by either method. No symptoms developed on control plants infiltrated or stabbed with sterile water only. Isolations from three symptomatic seedlings yielded colonies similar in morphology to those used for inoculation. Tests of two purified cultures by Biolog indicated the bacteria were A. avenae subsp. citrulli. The symptomatic test plants were transplanted to fields, and the maturing melons developed large, dark green, water-soaked lesions with irregular margins. Similar fruit symptoms were seen in commercial fields. Labels on seed used in commercial production and in our tests warned of risks related to fruit blotch. This is the first report of bacterial fruit blotch of watermelon in Oregon. This disease may have a significant impact on watermelon production in the Columbia Basin.
Analysis of the leakage from computer-generated holograms synthesized by direct binary search

Images reconstructed from computer-generated holograms synthesized by the iterative direct binary search (DBS) technique suffer from noise due to leakage from uncontrolled parts of the diffraction pattern. The statistics of the nonhomogeneous leakage noise are analyzed under the assumption of independent, identically distributed (iid) addressable hologram cell transmittances. Three measures for the effect of the leakage, root-mean-squared (rms) error, efficiency, and contrast are defined and compared for ensemble statistics based on the model and for sample statistics of the leakage noise in images reconstructed from iid holograms and from actual DBS holograms. To assess the relative significance of the leakage noise, these measures are compared with the rms representation-related error and the total efficiency in images reconstructed from DBS holograms. Except for a cross artifact due to a nonzero mean hologram transmittance, the leakage noise is found to exhibit specklelike unity contrast.
Asymmetric memory hierarchies

A study is presented of some of the system implications of memory hierarchies in which the backing or secondary store has a very small read time, relative to both the time required for writing and to the read time of conventional backing storage devices. Several analytic models are introduced, and it is shown that such hierarchies may operate in ways which differ from those of more conventional hierarchies. In particular, it is shown that it may not be necessary to multiprogram in such a situation.In the past, backing storage devices have been roughly symmetric with respect to their read and write times. This situation may not continue, as several devices are currently under development which may have a very small read-time/write-time ratio. This study places particular emphasis on one such system—the RCA read/write holographic optical memory.
Ethoxy pyridine- and methylpyridine-2-phosphonato scandium(III), yttrium(III) and lanthanide(III) chelates

Abstract Reaction of MCl 3 (M=Sc, Y, Ln) with diethyl pyridine-2-phosphonate, diethyl 4-methylpyridine-2-phosphonate or diethyl-6-methylpyridine-2-phosphonate at elevated temperatures leads to the precipitation of ML 3 complexes with the corresponding monoethylesters. Characterization studies led to the conclusion that these complexes, unlike their alkoxy alkylphosphonato analogs, which are OPO-bridged polymers, are monomeric metal chelates. The ethoxy pyridine- or methylpyridine-2-phosphonato anions act as bidentate chelating agents, coordinating through one of the POO oxygens and the nitrogen of the pyridine ring. The new complexes are, thus, characterized by MO 3 N 3 moieties.
Inexpensive telecytology solutions that use the Raspberry Pi and the iPhone

Introduction There is currently substantial interest in dynamic telecytology—the presentation of microscopic findings by live video feed to a cytopathologist at a remote location. However, the initial costs of a telecytology system can be high. We present several low-cost alternatives along with their performance characteristics. Materials and methods We tested 3 low-cost telecytology systems: a Raspberry Pi with a webcam, an iPhone 4S with FaceTime, and an iPhone 4S with a live streaming app. Costs, resolution capacities, and latency periods for image transmission were determined. Results At $85.55, the Raspberry Pi system is the least expensive telecytology solution described to date. When the cost per megapixel of resolution is considered, the cost of a Raspberry Pi system is 120× less than the most expensive commercially available option and about 7-fold less than the iPhone-based alternatives. Latency periods were substantially lower for the iPhone systems: 2.5 ± 1 seconds for FaceTime and 2.8 ± 0.3 seconds for iPhone live streaming versus 6.6 ± 0.6 seconds for the Raspberry Pi system at comparable frame rates. Conclusions This proof-of-principle study demonstrates that inexpensive telecytology systems are able to stream live video feeds of cytology slides from a microscope to a remote location at useable resolutions.
Issues in Training Therapists to Deal with Clients' Sexual Performance Problems

Many professionals agree that therapists need specialized training to help clients with sexual problems. However, recent literature on teaching this subject in minimal. This article describes the creation of a class designed to train students in the skills required for dealing with clients who have sexual performance problems. Issues important to the development of such a class are discussed.
A Longitudinal Analysis of Unemployment Insurance Receipt: 1987–1991

Abstract Past research shows that certain individuals (i.e., women and people of color) in particular places (i.e., in the South or in rural areas) are more susceptible than others to economic hardship. Many researchers have also argued that this economic vulnerability translates into a disadvantaged position within the welfare system. Both labor market and welfare inequality have been intensified by economic transformations in the U.S. economy during the last 20 years. This research examines the connection between labor market vulnerability and welfare inequity in one particular social insurance program, the unemployment insurance program (i.e., whether or not unemployed workers receive unemployment insurance benefits). Using multivariate logistic regression, this research identifies differences in unemployment insurance receipt due to human capital, household and labor market variables and how these effects vary from year to year. The data for this study come from the National Longitudinal Surveys for Y...
Poetic diplomacy: Carolina Coronado and the American Civil War

Various ambassadors and the Secretary of the Legation of the United States, Horatio Perry, officially carried out American diplomacy in Spain during the 1860s. However, Perry's wife, Carolina Coronado, one of the most well-known poets of mid-19th-century Spain, both negotiated with the Spanish royal family in private and, through a series of widely-published poems, promoted the North and abolition among her Spanish readership. At a time when women were excluded from public political conversations, Coronado succeeded in persuasively arguing against Spain's imperial legacy and urging present support for Lincoln in order to rectify her nation's past colonial blunders (namely, the introduction of slavery to the Americas). This article examines three poems and one essay written during the 1860s in which Coronado attempted to influence Spanish public opinion regarding the US Civil War and abolition of slavery in Spanish-controlled Cuba.
Passerine dietary iron overload syndrome

Iron storage disease attributable to dietary iron overload was identified in four genera and seven species of tanagers. Dietary analysis showed iron levels seven-to 12-fold above recommended values. The source of the iron was commercial mynah bird diet, a common component of passerine diets, which suggests an alternative interpretation of iron syndromes previously described as idiopathic heritable conditions. Pathologically, the syndrome was characterized by marked iron deposition in hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, and reticuloendothelial cells of the spleen and other tissues. Pathologic, demographic, and clinical data were compatible with a dietary source of iron overload.
N400s from sentences, semantic categories, number and letter strings?

The N400 component of the event-related brain potential (ERP) was examined by presenting subjects with stimulus series, each composed of seven items. Four different stimulus types were employed: sentences, semantically related words, numbers, and letters. Half of each stimulus series ended appropriately and half ended anomalously, with half of the terminal items for each ending type printed in large letters. Subjects were instructed to read each item of the series and press a button after the last item to indicate whether the series ended normally or oddly. N400 components were observed for all odd-ending series. Large-type endings tended to produce a substantial P300 component which followed and mitigated the preceding negativity effects. Although somewhat different ERP patterns were obtained across stimulus and ending types, it appears that the N400 can be obtained with a variety of stimuli and is followed by a P300 when an explicit categorization of the eliciting stimulus is required.
The chemistry of vicinal tricarbonyl compounds. Applications in the synthesis of vincamine-related alkaloids

Abstract A vicinal tricarbonyl system attached to a suitable ester residue has been used as a key unit in the synthesis of the indole alkaloids, eburnamonine and tacamonine.
Mechanisms of HO-1 mediated attenuation of renal immune injury: a gene profiling study.

Using a mouse model of immune injury directed against the renal glomerular vasculature and resembling human forms of glomerulonephritis (GN), we assessed the effect of targeted expression of the cytoprotective enzyme heme oxygenase (HO)-1. A human (h) HO-1 complementary DNAN (cDNA) sequence was targeted to glomerular epithelial cells (GECs) using a GEC-specific murine nephrin promoter. Injury by administration of antibody against the glomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) to transgenic (TG) mice with GEC-targeted hHO-1 was attenuated compared with wild-type (WT) controls. To explore changes in the expression of genes that could mediate this salutary effect, we performed gene expression profiling using a microarray analysis of RNA isolated from the renal cortex of WT or TG mice with or without anti-GBM antibody-induced injury. Significant increases in expression were detected in 9 major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-class II genes, 2 interferon-γ (IFN-γ)–inducible guanosine triphosphate (GTP)ases, and 3 genes of the ubiquitin-proteasome system. The increase in MHC-class II and proteasome gene expression in TG mice with injury was validated by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or Western blot analysis. The observations point to novel mechanisms underlying the cytoprotective effect of HO-1 in renal immune injury.
Selective effects of tocainide in canine acute myocardial infarction.

Abstract We examined the in vivo electrophysiologic effects of tocainide in canine acute myocardial infarction. We compared the effects of tocainide in infarcted and non-infarcted zones. The left anterior descending coronary artery of 8 dogs was ligated and bipolar ventricular electrograms were recorded from a needle electrode placed transmurally in the infarcted zone and from electrodes in the non-infarcted zone. Conduction intervals were measured from the onset of the limb lead QRS to the major deflection of the recorded electrograms in the infarcted and non-infarcted zones. Effective refractory periods were also determined. Measurements were made before, during and after intravenous infusion of tocainide in therapeutic doses 2 hours after infarct. Tocainide prolonged conduction intervals by 26–31% in the infarcted zone at peak ( P P
Synaptic plasticity and AMPA receptor trafficking.

Abstract: Alterations in neuronal activity can elicit long-lasting changes in the strength of synaptic transmission at excitatory synapses and, as a consequence, may underlie many forms of experience-dependent plasticity, including learning and memory. The best-characterized forms of such synaptic plasticity are the long-term depression (LTD) and long-term potentiation (LTP) observed at excitatory synapses in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. It is now well accepted that the trafficking of AMPA receptors to and away from the synaptic plasma membrane plays an essential role in both LTP and LTD, respectively. Here we review current models of AMPA receptor trafficking and how this trafficking may be regulated at the molecular level in order to produce the observed changes in synaptic strength. We also review recent work from our lab suggesting that synaptic plasticity in the mesolimbic dopamine system may contribute importantly to the neural adaptations elicited by drugs of abuse.
Adverse events associated with high-dose rifabutin in macrolide-containing regimens for the treatment of Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease

We initiated a multidrug trial that included high-dose rifabutin for the treatment of pulmonary Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) disease. Twenty-six patients received rifabutin (600 mg/d) in combination with ethambutol, streptomycin, and either clarithromycin (500 mg b.i.d.; 15 patients) or azithromycin (600 mg/d; 11 patients). Rifabutin-related adverse events occurred in 77% of patients. Fifty-eight percent of patients required a dosage adjustment or discontinuance of rifabutin therapy. The most common adverse event was a reduction in the mean total white blood cell (WBC) count, which decreased from 8,600 +/- 2,800/mm3 before treatment to 4,500 +/- 2,100/mm3 during treatment (P = .0001). Although all patients had some decrease in WBC count, only three patients (12%) required a dosage adjustment for this reason. Other common adverse events included gastrointestinal symptoms (nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea; 42%) and abnormal liver enzyme levels (12%). Eight of 11 patients (73%) with gastrointestinal symptoms, including one patient with abnormal liver enzyme levels, required a rifabutin-dosage adjustment. The most severe adverse events, always requiring an adjustment of therapy, were a diffuse polyarthralgia syndrome (19%) and anterior uveitis (8%). The latter toxicity has previously been reported to occur only in patients with AIDS and was seen only in patients who also were receiving clarithromycin. On the basis of the current findings, we recommend that rifabutin be used at a dose of 300 mg/d in multidrug regimens that include a macrolide for treatment of MAC lung disease.
JIT purchasing as a quality and productivity centre

Recently, Just-In-Time (JIT) purchasing practices have been recognized as a cornerstone of Japan's success in improving product quality and productivity. Traditionally, however, US firms have treated purchasing functions as a ‘profit centre’. This paper presents the proposition that US firms must recognize the potential of purchasing activities as ‘quality and productivity centres’ through successful implementation of JIT purchasing. Personal interviews have been conducted at four US manufacturing firms in an effort, first, to identify the major activities of JIT purchasing that have favourable effects on product quality and productivity and, second, to describe how these activities can improve product quality and productivity in US firms.
The Organizational Context for Decision Making in High-Hazard Industries

The study of decision making in high-hazard industries has recently shifted from the traditional focus on control room operators to other actors in the sociotechnical system, including designers an...
Inguinal cordopexy: A simple and effective new technique for securing the testes in reoperative orchiopexy

Abstract Background/Purpose: A new procedure is described for securing the testis in the scrotum in patients with a past history of inguinal sugery and testes in an unsatisfactory position. Methods: Twenty-seven patients with 29 abnormally positioned testes (two bilateral) were evaluated. All patients had a past history of inguinal surgery, and ages ranged between 4 and 16 years (mean, 7.2). Previous surgical procedures included 23 orchiopexies, 4 inguinal herniorrhaphies, and 2 testicular detorsions of undescended testis. In all reoperations an attempt was made to fix a strip (two nonabsorbable stitches) of the fascia attached to the cord, to the pubic bone, or to the tendinosous part of the gracilis muscles (cordopexy), so that the distal part of the cord and the testis lay freely in the scrotum without tension. Patients underwent follow-up every 6 months after the operation with physical and ultrasound examinations. Results: Cordopexy was possible in 11 (38%) of the 29 inguinal reoperations. In all cases, orchiopexy was the previous surgical procedure. One hundred percent of the testes remain within the scrotum after a mean follow-up of 21 months (range, 8 to 38). Conclusion: When feasible, inguinal cordopexy is a simple and effective technique for securing testicles in reoperative orchiopexy procedures.
Partial purification and some properties of human erythrocyte prostaglandin 9-ketoreductase and 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase.

Abstract Human erythrocytes were found to contain two prostaglandin metabolizing enzymes: a prostaglandin E 9-ketoreductase catalyzing the reduction of prostaglandin E 2 to form prostaglandin F 2α and a 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase that catalyzes the oxidation of prostaglandin F 2α to form 15-ketoprostaglandin F 2α . Both enzymes are found in the cytoplasmic fraction of erythrocytes and both enzymes use the triphosphopyridine nucleotides as cofactors more effectively than the diphosphopyridine nucleotides. These two enzymes were partially purified from erythrocyte homogenates and some of their properties were studied.
Vitamin E and breast cancer : A review

Breast cancer is a major health problem in America, accounting for almost one-third of cancer-related deaths in women. The prevention of breast cancer through dietary modification is an active area of clinical and epidemiologic research. It has been proposed that the dietary supplementation of vitamin E, a lipid-soluble antioxidant, may reduce a woman's risk of developing breast cancer. In animal models, vitamin E has decreased the incidence of carcinogen-induced mammary tumors. Intake and serum levels of vitamin E and their relation to breast cancer have been evaluated in epidemiologic studies. Results of epidemiologic studies, however, have been conflicting. In this review, we examine the evidence that is available pertaining to the relationship between vitamin E and breast cancer. Although epidemiologic study results have been inconsistent, further study of this nontoxic vitamin is warranted. Particular attention should be paid to the interactions of other antioxidants with vitamin E and to the duration and timing (pre- vs. postmenopausal) of vitamin E use in determining its preventive utility in breast cancer.
Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol-induced desensitization of cannabinoid-mediated inhibition of synaptic transmission between hippocampal neurons in culture

Abstract Prolonged exposure to cannabinoids results in desensitization of cannabinoid receptors. Here, we compared the desensitization produced by the partial agonist, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) to that produced by the full agonist Win55,212-2 on cannabinoid-mediated inhibition of glutamatergic synaptic transmission. Synaptic activity between rat hippocampal neurons was determined from network-driven increases in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i spikes). To assess the effects of prolonged treatment, cultures were incubated with cannabinoids, washed in 0.5% fatty-acid-free bovine serum albumin to ensure the removal of the lipophilic drug and then tested for inhibition of [Ca2+]i spiking by Win55,212-2. In control experiments, 0.1 μM Win55,212-2 inhibited [Ca2+]i spiking by 93 ± 5%. Win55,212-2 produced significantly less inhibition of [Ca2+]i spiking following 18–24 h treatment with 1 μM THC (48 ± 5%) or treatment with 1 μM Win55,212-2 (29 ± 6%). Thus, THC produced significantly less functional desensitization than Win55,212-2. The desensitization produced by THC was maximal at 0.3 μM, remained stable between 1 and 7 days of preincubation and shifted the EC50 of acute inhibition by Win55,212-2 from 27 to 251 nM. Differences in the long-term effects of cannabinoid receptor agonists on synaptic transmission may prove important for evaluating their therapeutic and abuse potential.
Accidental Archaeologist: Memoirs of Jesse D. Jennings, Foreword by C. Melvin Aikens. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City, 1994

The history of archaeology is nourished by many sources of information, including the books and monographs that reflect archaeology's changes through the years (compare, for example, the important works of Squier and Davis, of Kidder, and of Flanenry), the formal histories Of the discipline (few and far between, though we are fortunate to have the differing views of Trigger, of Willey and Sabloff, and most recently of Thomas Patterson), and not the least important, the occasional biography or autobiography of an archaeologist, such as the one here reviewed. In his foreword C. MelvinAikens writes "Jesse D. Jennings is one of the most distinguished and influential founders of North American archaeology as it is known and practiced today, and this memoir offers a glimpse of the field's crucial growth period as reflected in the real-life experience of a leading protagonist". This is a fair appraisal-during Jennings' career archaeology has undergone profound changes and lie has played a major role in .many of them.
Effects of prolonged starvation on O2 consumption, NH4+ excretion, and chemical composition of the bathypelagic mysid Gnathophausia ingens

The large bathypelagic mysid Gnathophausia ingens was collected in January 1980 at 400 to 700 m depth from the San Clemente Basin off southern California. Instars 7-8 and Instars 10-12 were starved in the laboratory for up to 19 wk. Oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion rates, and water, protein, lipid, and ash contents were determined periodically during starvation. Protein and lipid were metabolized in approximately equal amounts by starved individuals after the initial weeks of food deprivation. Unidentified components (probably non-protein nitrogenous compounds) apparently were oxidized within the first 7 wk of starvation. Oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion by Instars 7-8 decreased steadily during 19 wk of starvation. In contrast, stable or increasing respiration and excretion rates were observed for fed mysids. The mean respiration rate of Instars 10-12 did not change significantly during 13 wk of starvation, although ammonia excretion rates decreased. Low metabolic rates and large lipid reserves probably help G. ingens to withstand long periods of starvation in the mesopelagic environment. Calculations based on the laboratory data demonstrate that small, infrequent meals could account for the rates of metabolism and growth observed for G. ingens in the field.
Local differentiation and plasticity in size and sex expression in jack-in-the-pulpit, Arisaema triphyllum (Araceae)

The size advantage hypothesis suggests that natural selection will favor size-dependent sex expression when one sex gains more than the other by being large. But members of a minority sex will also have a higher reproductive value, on average. Thus, an individual's reproductive success depends on the reproductive decisions made by neighboring individuals. As a result, the optimal relationship between size and sex may differ among populations. In Arisaema triphyllum, the probability for an individual to be female increases with size, regardless of the character measured. A reciprocal transplant experiment showed the relationship between size and sexual expression is environmentally plastic. Plants originating from our two study sites became female at a larger average size when grown at one site than when grown at the other. In addition to environmental influence on sex expression, the experiment demonstrated genetic differences in the relationship between size and sex. Plants collected from one site became female at a larger size than those from the other, regardless of where they were grown. Thus, while the environment in which an individual was grown had a substantial influence on its sex expression, populations only a few kilometers apart have genetically different relationships between size and sex.
Blood Transfusions and Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma is the fifth most frequently diagnosed cancer in the United States, with 53,900 new cases expected in 2002 (1). The incidence of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in the United States and western Europe has risen by at least 100 percent over the past five decades, with annual increases in incidence averaging 3–4 percent since the 1970s (2, 3). According to the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) cancer registry, the age-adjusted annual incidence rate from 1990 to 1997 in the United States was 15.5 per 100,000 population (4). This increase has involved all adult age groups, both sexes, and most geographic areas (2, 3, 5). Overall, incidence rates increase with age, are higher in men than in women, and are higher in Caucasians than in persons of other races/ethnicities (6). However, while incidence rates among Caucasians increased more slowly during the 1990s, they are still increasing rapidly among Blacks (6). In contrast, incidence rates of other immune system cancers such as Hodgkin’s disease, multiple myeloma, and lymphocytic leukemia have remained stable over the past 30 years (2, 3). Increases in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma have also been seen globally. Overall, rates appear to be lowest in Asian nations and intermediate in Latin America as compared with the higher rates seen in western industrialized nations (7).
A Review of Infectious Agents in Polar Bears (Ursus maritimus) and Their Long-Term Ecological Relevance

Disease was a listing criterion for the polar bear (Ursus maritimus) as threatened under the Endangered Species Act in 2008; it is therefore important to evaluate the current state of knowledge and identify any information gaps pertaining to diseases in polar bears. We conducted a systematic literature review focused on infectious agents and associated health impacts identified in polar bears. Overall, the majority of reports in free-ranging bears concerned serosurveys or fecal examinations with little to no information on associated health effects. In contrast, most reports documenting illness or pathology referenced captive animals and diseases caused by etiologic agents not representative of exposure opportunities in wild bears. As such, most of the available infectious disease literature has limited utility as a basis for development of future health assessment and management plans. Given that ecological change is a considerable risk facing polar bear populations, future work should focus on cumulative effects of multiple stressors that could impact polar bear population dynamics.
Steps Toward 8M Honeycomb Mirror Blanks: III. 1.8m Honeycomb Sandwich Blanks Cast From Borosilicate Glass

The design, fabrication techniques, and equipment used for producing two 1.8-m honeycomb sandwich blanks, eventually leading to production of 8-m blanks, are reported. The procedure employed 85 cast hexagonal tiles at the bottom section, affixed against flotation by SiC bolts. The two plano concave mirrors are 1.83 m thick, weight 500 kg, and are each designed for 19 supports of astatic-lever type. Both blanks are of high quality and with an adequately low bubble content; one is to be figured to high-precision 0.25-arcsecond images, and is to be tested on the Multiple Mirror Telescope. Construction of a spin-casting facility based on the same principle is being planned for test-fabricating spin-cast mirrors on a smaller scale.
Proficiency in performing breast self-examination

One hundred sixty-one women who practice breast self-examination (BSE) were tested for their competence in the BSE technique and their ability to detect lumps in a silicone breast model. Fewer than one fourth of the women performed all components of the examination correctly. The majority of these diligent performers were able to find four of the seven lumps in the silicone model. The measurements commonly used to evaluate BSE efficacy were not associated with BSE competence. Improved methods of instruction to increase proficiency in BSE must be undertaken before the true effectiveness of this technique as an early-detection modality can be accurately ascertained.
Writing for an International Audience

Authors submitting to Restoration Ecology and other international publishing venues need to give careful thought to framing their manuscripts to maximize the relevance of their message to an international audience. I discuss five questions that all authors should reflect upon in framing their papers. Namely, authors should consider which conclusions will be most relevant to an international audience, the scope of systems to which these conclusions apply, and the amount of data supporting these conclusions. Authors should also think about the breadth of the literature cited and the degree of replication of the study. Localized studies are critical to implementing ecological restoration, but all authors, regardless of their intended outlet, need to carefully consider their audience. To publish successfully in an international journal, such as Restoration Ecology, authors need to frame their results within a broad context.
Minimally invasive approach provides at least equivalent results for surgical correction of mitral regurgitation: A propensity-matched comparison

Objective Minimally invasive approaches to mitral valve surgery are increasingly used, but the surgical approach must not compromise the clinical outcome for improved cosmesis. We examined the outcomes of mitral repair performed through right minithoracotomy or median sternotomy. Methods Between January 2002 and October 2011, 1011 isolated mitral valve repairs were performed in the University of Pennsylvania health system (455 sternotomies, 556 right minithoracotomies). To account for key differences in preoperative risk profiles, propensity scores identified 201 well-matched patient pairs with mitral regurgitation of any cause and 153 pairs with myxomatous disease. Results In-hospital mortality was similar between propensity-matched groups (0% vs 0% for the degenerative cohort; 0% vs 0.5%, P = .5 for the overall cohort; in minimally invasive and sternotomy groups, respectively). Incidence of stroke, infection, myocardial infarction, exploration for postoperative hemorrhage, renal failure, and atrial fibrillation also were comparable. Transfusion was less frequent in the minimally invasive groups (11.8% vs 20.3%, P = .04 for the degenerative cohort; 14.0% vs 22.9%, P = .03 for the overall cohort), but time to extubation and discharge was similar. A 99% repair rate was achieved in patients with myxomatous disease, and a minimally invasive approach did not significantly increase the likelihood of a failed repair resulting in mitral valve replacement. Patients undergoing minimally invasive mitral repair were more likely to have no residual post-repair mitral regurgitation (97.4% vs 92.1%, P = .04 for the degenerative cohort; 95.5% vs 89.6%, P = .02 for the overall cohort). In the overall matched cohort, early readmission rates were higher in patients undergoing sternotomies (12.6% vs 4.4%, P = .01). Over 9 years of follow-up, there was no significant difference in long-term survival between groups ( P = .8). Conclusions In appropriate patients with isolated mitral valve disease of any cause, a right minithoracotomy approach may be used without compromising clinical outcome.
A carbon budget for overfishing off Peru

The rise and collapse of the Peruvian anchovy fishery between the 1950s and the 1970s was accompanied by marked changes in the fluxes of a carbon budget for the upwelling ecosystem.
Stochastic projective methods for simulating stiff chemical reacting systems

Abstract In this paper, stochastic projective methods are proposed to improve the stability and efficiency in simulating stiff chemical reacting systems. The efficiency of existing explicit tau-leaping methods can often severely be limited by the stiffness in the system, forcing the use of small time steps to maintain stability. The methods presented in this paper, namely stochastic projective (SP) and telescopic stochastic projective (TSP) method, can be considered as more general stochastic versions of the recently developed stable projective numerical integration methods for deterministic ordinary differential equations. SP and TSP method are developed by fully re-interpreting and extending the key projective integration steps in the deterministic regime under a stochastic context. These new stochastic methods not only automatically reduce to the original deterministic stable methods when applied to simulating ordinary differential equations, but also carry the enhanced stability property over to the stochastic regime. In some sense, the proposed methods are stochastic generalizations to their deterministic counterparts. As such, SP and TSP method can adopt a much larger effective time step than is allowed for explicit tau-leaping, leading to noticeable runtime speedup. The explicit nature of the proposed stochastic simulation methods relaxes the need for solving any coupled nonlinear systems of equations at each leaping step, making them more efficient than the implicit tau-leaping method with similar stability characteristics. The efficiency benefits of SP and TSP method over the implicit tau-leaping is expected to grow even more significantly for large complex stiff chemical systems involving hundreds of active species and beyond.
Fredholm determinants and inverse scattering problems

The Gel'fand-Levitan and Marchenko formalisms for solving the inverse scattering problem are applied together to a single set of scattering phase-shifts. The result is an identity relating two different types of Fredholm determinant. As an application of the method, an asymptotic formula of high accuracy is derived for a particular Fredholm determinant that determines the level-spacing distribution-function in the theory of random matrices.
Consistent spinor equations

Long-recognized curvature inconsistencies forS≥3/2 spinor equations are shown to result from an inconsistent transport law for the Infeld-Van der Waerden σ-symbols implied by conventional spinor derivatives. A curvature-free connection for the σ-symbols and a simple spinor form of the Levi-Civita connection for spinor fields yields consistent equations for any spin with no curvature restrictions.
Estrogen-mediated Regulation of Igf1 Transcription and Uterine Growth Involves Direct Binding of Estrogen Receptor α to Estrogen-responsive Elements

Estrogen enables uterine proliferation, which depends on synthesis of the IGF1 growth factor. This proliferation and IGF1 synthesis requires the estrogen receptor (ER), which binds directly to target DNA sequences (estrogen-responsive elements or EREs), or interacts with other transcription factors, such as AP1, to impact transcription. We observe neither uterine growth nor an increase in Igf1 transcript in a mouse with a DNA-binding mutated ERα (KIKO), indicating that both Igf1 regulation and uterine proliferation require the DNA binding function of the ER. We identified several potential EREs in the Igf1 gene, and chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis revealed ERα binding to these EREs in wild type but not KIKO chromatin. STAT5 is also reported to regulate Igf1; uterine Stat5a transcript is increased by estradiol (E2), but not in KIKO or αERKO uteri, indicating ERα- and ERE-dependent regulation. ERα binds to a potential Stat5a ERE. We hypothesize that E2 increases Stat5a transcript through ERE binding; that ERα, either alone or together with STAT5, then acts to increase Igf1 transcription; and that the resulting lack of IGF1 impairs KIKO uterine growth. Treatment with exogenous IGF1, alone or in combination with E2, induces proliferation in wild type but not KIKO uteri, indicating that IGF1 replacement does not rescue the KIKO proliferative response. Together, these observations suggest in contrast to previous in vitro studies of IGF-1 regulation involving AP1 motifs that direct ERα-DNA interaction is required to increase Igf1 transcription. Additionally, full ERα function is needed to mediate other cellular signals of the growth factor for uterine growth.
Discharge-pumped soft-x-ray laser in neon-like argon*

Starting with the discovery of x‐ray lasers in 1984, laser‐created plasmas remained for almost a decade, the only medium in which large amplification of soft‐x‐ray radiation could be obtained. In this paper the recent first demonstration of large soft‐x‐ray amplification in a discharge‐created plasma column, realized utilizing a fast capillary discharge to collisionally excite the 46.9 nm transition of Ne‐like, Ar is reviewed. Results of the parametrization of the Ar IX discharge‐pumped amplifier, the study of the dynamics of its plasma column, and the measurement of the time history of the laser pulse are reported. Prospects for laser operation at shorter wavelengths are also discussed.
Dynamics of the optical Freedericksz transition

We investigate theoretically dynamical aspects of the optical Freedericksz transition in nematic liquid crystals. Specifically, we analyze (1) the existence and stability of a sequence of higher-order longitudinal modes past the Freedericksz transition, (2) effects due to transverse correlations of the molecular orientation, and (3) the effects of thermal noise on the stability of the spatial modes. Higher-order longitudinal modes are studied both in the weak-anisotropy limit, in which case the problem reduces at steady state to a sine-Gordon equation, and in the general case, using a combination of analytical and numerical methods. They can be excited by the influence of internal fluctuations. Transverse correlations are shown to lead to the existence of transverse inhomogeneities (``kinks'') of the direct-angle distribution that can appear even under plane-wave illumination.
Setting Speed Limits on Kansas Two-Lane Highways: Neuronet Approach

Recent federal legislation allowing states to set their own speed limits on highways, as well as increases in the number of requests from citizens and neighborhood groups to implement actions to reduce "excessive" speeding on their streets and highways, has created considerable debate about and scrutiny of the appropriate speed limits that should be posted on state highways. Various speed studies have indicated that sensible and cautious drivers will most likely drive at the speed dictated by roadway and traffic conditions rather than relying on a posted speed limit. To incorporate roadway characteristics and traffic volumes into the selection of the most appropriate (i.e., comfortable, safe, and efficient) speed limit, actual engineering field speed studies are carried out. Generally, the 85th percentile speed at which the drivers surveyed are driving is selected as a primary factor in determining the posted speed limit. Carrying out such field studies for all highway sections is a costly and time-consum...