cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rescuing the concept of discrimination

en Bill Gates created a billion-dollar scholarship fund in 2000 and rected it to minori ty college and graduate students, ne i ther he, nor anyone who applauded the gift, called it "racial discrimination." Yet, that label would have been universally applied if he had established a scholarship fund for whites only. Recently, a national task force convoked by the College Board r ecommen ded a massive, nationwide effort by government and the private sector to improve black, Hispanic and Native American academic performance. This was to be accomplished via educational programs confined to members of these groups. The task force did not call this restriction "racial discrimination," a label that everyone would have used, had such a proposal occurred in behalf of whites. For a third of a century, American institutions of undergraduate , graduate and professional educat ion have granted preferential admissions to students of color, at the expense of whites and sometimes of Asians. By its p roponents this practice is never called "racial discrimination," a label that would immediately attach if the preference were reversed. Should the label "racial discrimination" d e p e n d on the race of the person benefi ted by the act? That is to say, should the very definit ion of "racial discrimination" treat people differently based on their race? Surely, an acceptable definit ion of "racial discrimination" would be race-neutral. Those who refuse to call differential t rea tment "racial discrimination" when it favors minorit ies might deny that their definit ion is racially biased. They might say that by "discrimination" they mean differential t rea tment that is unjust, regardless of the race involved. Preferential college admission for blacks and Hispanics is justified, they might argue, because of past segregation, whereas preference for whites is not; hence, the latter is "discrimination," while the former is not.
The effects of liposome-encapsulated and free clodronate on the growth of macrophage-like cells in vitro: the role of calcium and iron.

Clodronate (dichloromethylene bisphosphonate) inhibits the activity of osteoclasts, thereby preventing bone resorption in disorders characterized by excessive bone loss. Intravenously injected clodronate encapsulated in liposomes is also known to inactivate phagocytic cells in spleen and liverin vivo. The macrophage suppressive effect of clodronate is of interest in autoimmune diseases, like rheumatoid arthritis, in which phagocytic cells are involved in inflammatory processes, but knowledge of the interaction of clodronate with phagocytic cells is scarce. We have studied the uptake of clodronate, both free and encapsulated in negatively charged liposomes, by the macrophage-like cell line RAW 264 and by other types of cell lines. The uptake was assessed by a growth inhibition assay. The liposome-encapsulated lodronate was 50 and 350 times more potent than free drug for RAW 264 and CVI-P, respectively. Cell lines with a lower endocytotic capacity were insensitive to liposome-mediated delivery of the drug. The action of free clodronate seemed to be extracellular in all cell lines studied. Calcium and/or iron have been suggested to be involved in the intracellular uptake and action of clodronate in phagocytic cells. We found that the uptake of free clodronate by RAW 264 cells was indeed mediated by calcium and iron, while the uptake of liposomal drugs was only slightly affected by calcium. The increased intracellular calcium concentration in macrophages did not significantly affect the growth-inhibitory properties of clodronate, whereas iron loading of the cells partially restored the cell growth. The data do not support the role of calcium chelation as a mechanism of action of clodronate, but suggest that intracellular iron is, at least partially involved.
Semiconductor pseudobinary alloys: Bond-length relaxation and mixing enthalpies.

Harrison's bonding theory, the valence force field (VFF), and an elastic continuum are combined in a study of the substitution energies ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{s}$ and local (first-shell) bond lengths ${d}_{1}$ of isoelectronic impurities in semiconductors. Explicit expressions for ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{s}$ and ${d}_{1}$ are derived, which enable us to absorb measured elastic constants into the calculation and to study the chemical effects arising from differences in the covalent radii and polarities. Several models based on VFF alone are also derived for comparison. The full theory and at least five VFF models are found toalculated self-consistently in the Hartree approximation. The degenerate valence-band structure and the matching of the wave function at the interface are taken into account. Without magnetic field we calculate the subband dispersion parallel to the interface. The subbands are found to be strongly nonparabolic and spin split. The calculated classical cyclotron effective masses do not agree very well with those found in cyclotron resonance experiments. We have therefore included the magnetic field in the calculation. The B dependence of the Landau levels is found to be strongly nonlinear. The calculated transition energies are partly in very good agreement with experiment. The dependence of the results on areal hole density, doping concentrations, valence-band discontinuity, etc., is also investigated.
Circulating Tumor Cells in Prostate Cancer Diagnosis and Monitoring: An Appraisal of Clinical Potential

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) have emerged as a viable solution to the lack of tumor tissue availability for patients with a variety of solid tumors, including prostate cancer. Different approaches have been used to capture this tumor cell population and several of these techniques have been used to assess the potential role of CTCs as a biological marker to predict treatment efficacy and clinical outcome. CTCs are now considered a strong tool to understand the molecular characteristics of prostate cancer, and to be used and analyzed as a ‘liquid biopsy’ in the attempt to grasp the biological portrait of the disease in the individual patient.
Uncertainty Considerations in the Dynamics of Gear-Pair

Gears and Gear systems are subjected to uncertainty of design parameters and loading caused by inherent conditions, measurement and manufacturing errors. Hence, the motivation of this work is to improve the deterministic design practice of gears and gear systems. A probabilistic rigid multibody dynamic gear-pair model with design and load uncertainties has been developed and analyzed. Rigid gear-pair model was developed in multibody dynamics software ADAMS and parameter uncertainty and probabilistic analysis was performed from separate probabilistic software called NESSUS. To perform the probabilistic multibody analysis, ADAMS and NESSUS were interfaced using MATLAB. The effect of parameter uncertainty on dynamic factor, DF of a gear pair was investigated. The sensitivity of DF to five uncertain loading and design parameters were also determined. This paper has demonstrated the importance of the novel PMBD modeling approach to gear design and dynamic factor analysis. The method has brought a new dimension of design approach of gears and gear systems than traditional approach that considers a certain empirically defined dynamic rating factors. In addition to revealing system reliability or under-performance through probability of failure, it also helps designers to consider certain variables critically through the sensitivity results.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Cicatricial Pemphigoid, Bullous Pemphigoid, and Epidermolysis Bullosa Acquisita Antigens: Differences in Organ and Species Specificities and Localization in Chemically-Separated Human Skin of Three Basement Membrane Antigens

Bullous pemphigoid, cicatricial pemphigoid, and epidermolysis bullosa acquisita are three autoimmune diseases characterized by the presence of subepidermal blisters, in vivo-bound immunoreactants along the dermoepidermal junction, and variably detectable circulating anti-basement membrane autoantibodies. In order to better characterize the antigen(s) defined by cicatricial pemphigoid sera, indirect immunofluorescence was performed on a variety of human organs, skins of different animals, and on human skin chemically-split within the lamina lucida, comparing sera from cicatricial pemphigoid patients with sera from these two other blistering diseases. Sera from patients with each disease bound to the dermoepidermal junction of every laboratory animal species examined. In contrast, more mucosal tissues were bound by anti-basement membrane autoantibodies from patients with cicatricial pemphigoid and epidermolysis bullosa acquisita than from patients with bullous pemphigoid, consistent with the marked tendency for mucosal involvement in patients with the former two diseases. In addition, one of the cicatricial pemphigoid sera stained basal cell surfaces as well as dermoepidermal junction. Differences were also apparent in the staining of chemically-split human skin. The combined findings suggest that cicatricial pemphigoid and bullous pemphigoid antigens are distinct despite their common localization within the lamina lucida of the dermoepidermal junction. These data also suggest the presence of at least two different cicatricial pemphigoid antigens.
Structural modeling and Psychometrika: An historical perspective on growth and achievements.

The field of linear structural equation modeling with continuous variables is reviewed. Trends in psychometric theory and data analysis across the five decades of publication ofPsychometrika are discussed, especially the clarification of concepts of population and sample, explication of the parametric structure of models, delineation of concepts of exploratory and confirmatory data analysis, expansion of statistical theory in psychometrics, estimation via optimization of an explicit objective function, and implementation of general function minimization methods. Developments in the ideas of factor analysis, latent variables, as well as structural and causal modeling are noted. Some major conceptual achievements involving general covariance structure representations, multiple population models, and moment structures are reviewed. The major statistical achievements of normal theory generalized least squares estimation, elliptical and distribution-free estimation, and higher-moment estimation are discussed. Computer programs that implement some of the theoretical developments are described.
Spatial characteristics of net methylmercury production hot spots in peatlands

Many wetlands are sources of methylmercury (MeHg) to surface waters, yet little information exists about the distribution of MeHg within wetlands. Total mercury (THg) and MeHg in peat pore waters were studied in four peatlands in spring, summer, and fall 2005. Marked spatial variability in the distribution of MeHg, and %MeHg as a proxy for net MeHg production, was observed, with highest values occurring in discrete zones. We denote these zones “MeHg hot spots”, defined as an area where the pore water %MeHg exceeded the 90th percentile of the data set (n = 463) or >22% of THg as MeHg. MeHg hot spots occurred near the interface between peatland and the upland watershed with few exceptions. The %MeHg in pore water was significantly less in peatland interiors compared to upland−peatland interface zones, with the significance of these differences related to the delineation of the boundary between the two areas. Although further research is necessary, our data suggest that the occurrence of MeHg hot spots is re...
Foetal antigens cross-reactive with tumour-specific transplantation antigens.

MOST investigators exploring the relationship between “foetal antigens” and the antigens of experimental tumour cells have used rodent neoplasms induced by oncogenic viruses. They usually found that if the adult animal is exposed to foetal tissue of a certain age and in an appropriate fashion, an immunity develops which seems to be cross-reactive with tumour cell antigens demonstrable by various in vivo and in vitro techniques1–4.
40-Gb/s MIMO-OFDM-PON using polarization multiplexing and direct-detection

We propose and experimentally demonstrate the first 40-Gb/s MIMO-OFDM-PON. Superior performance over 20 km SSMF plus 15 dB attenuation is reported using polarization multiplexing and direct photo-detection, thereby significantly reducing implementation complexity and cost.
Specifying behavioral semantics of UML diagrams through graph transformations

The Unified Modeling Language (UML) has been widely accepted as a standard for modeling software systems from various perspectives. The intuitive notations of UML diagrams greatly improve the communication among developers. However, the lack of a formal semantics makes it difficult to automate analysis and verification. This paper offers a graphical yet formal approach to specifying the behavioral semantics of statechart diagrams using graph transformation techniques. It supports many advanced features of statecharts, such as composite states, firing priority, history, junction, and choice. In our approach, a graph grammar is derived automatically from a state machine to summarize the hierarchy of states. Based on the graph grammar, the execution of a set of non-conflict state transitions is interpreted by a sequence of graph transformations. This facilitates verifying a design model against system requirements. To demonstrate our approach, we present a case study on a toll-gate system.
Bi1-xSbx alloy thin film and superlattice thermoelectrics

We have grown Bi1-xSbx alloy thin films on CdTe(111)B over a wide range of Sb concentrations (0≤x≤0.183) using MBE. We have observed several differences with the bulk system. The 3.5 and 5.1% Sb alloys show semiconducting behavior, and the Sb concentration with the maximum bandgap is shifted to a lower Sb concentration, from 15% in bulk to 9%. The power factor S2/ρ (where S is thermoelectric power(TEP) and ρ electrical resistivity) peaks at a significantly higher temperature (250K) than previously reported for the bulk alloy (80K). The magnetotransport properties of Bi1-x,Sbx thin films (x = 0, 0.09, and 0.16) and Bi/CdTe superlattices have been determined by applying the Quantitative Mobility Spectrum Analysis (QMSA) and multicarrier fitting to the magneticfield- dependent resistivities and Hall coefficients, using algorithms which account for the strong anisotropy of the mobilities. The calculated S values are in good agreement with experimental results. The structural stability of bulk Bi is studied using the local density linear muffin-tin orbital method. It is shown that the internal displacement changes the Bi electronic structure from a metal to a semimetal, in qualitative agreement with a Jones-Peierls-type transition. The total energy is calculated to have a double well dependence on the internal displacement, and to provide a stabilization of the trigonal phase. We show that an increase of the trigonal shear angle leads to a semimetal-semiconductor transition in Bi.
Underwater Explosives: Scaling of Source Spectra

Underwater explosives are a popular source of acoustic energy because of their ease of deployment, broad bandwidth, high power and low cost. A significant disadvantage of using explosives is the difficulty in obtaining accurate source calibration, largely due to the sensitivity at low frequencies of the source spectrum to detonation depth.
Custodians and Custodianship in Urban Neighborhoods A Methodology Using Reports of Public Issues Received by a City’s 311 Hotline

The paper introduces a methodology for using a city’s administrative data to study custodianship, or those behaviors aimed at preventing physical disorder in the public space. Custodianship was ope...
Parkin Regulates Mitophagy and Mitochondrial Function to Protect Against Alcohol-induced Liver Injury and Steatosis in Mice

Alcoholic liver disease claims two million lives per year. We previously reported that autophagy protected against alcohol-induced liver injury and steatosis by removing damaged mitochondria. However, the mechanisms for removal of these mitochondria are unknown. Parkin is an evolutionarily conserved E3 ligase that is recruited to damaged mitochondria to initiate ubiquitination of mitochondrial outer membrane proteins and subsequent mitochondrial degradation by mitophagy. In addition to its role in mitophagy, Parkin has been shown to have other roles in maintaining mitochondrial function. We investigated whether Parkin protected against alcohol-induced liver injury and steatosis using wild-type (WT) and Parkin knockout (KO) mice treated with alcohol by the acute-binge and Gao-binge (chronic plus acute-binge) models. We found that Parkin protected against liver injury in both alcohol models, likely because of Parkin's role in maintaining a population of healthy mitochondria. Alcohol caused greater mitochondrial damage and oxidative stress in Parkin KO livers compared with WT livers. After alcohol treatment, Parkin KO mice had severely swollen and damaged mitochondria that lacked cristae, which were not seen in WT mice. Furthermore, Parkin KO mice had decreased mitophagy, β-oxidation, mitochondrial respiration, and cytochrome c oxidase activity after acute alcohol treatment compared with WT mice. Interestingly, liver mitochondria seemed able to adapt to alcohol treatment, but Parkin KO mouse liver mitochondria had less capacity to adapt to Gao-binge treatment compared with WT mouse liver mitochondria. Overall, our findings indicate that Parkin is an important mediator of protection against alcohol-induced mitochondrial damage, steatosis, and liver injury.
Self-induced heterodyne: The interaction of a frequency-swept pulse with a resonant system

The behavior of a pulse whose frequency sweeps through the resonance of a linear system, although first studied in spin resonance, is widely applicable to many wave phenomena. A frequency-swept optical pulse transmitted through a resonant medium develops intensity oscillations, which are the result of heterodyning the input pulse with the field radiated by the resonant system. This self-induced heterodyne signal allows the determination of the relative phase between the input pulse and the single frequency field radiated by the resonant system. A simple approximate model which very accurately describes the time evolution of the output pulse is given a physical and mathematical basis. Results for the optically thin case are extended to include the effects of propagation, revealing phenomena which have no spin-resonance analogy.
Behavior of 802.11g traffic at high sustained bit rates in the home

802.11g is a popular method of wireless transmission throughout homes. However, common broadcast-quality video bitrates represent difficult challenges for wireless networks in terms of latency, packet loss, and packet jitter. An in-home network was sampled between 0.5 and 2 Megabits per second (Mbps) and analyzed with respect to packet losses. Our experimental results indicate that the distribution of the number of consecutive error bursts is a combination of the classic Gilbert-Elliot model and a long-tail model due to router losses.
Association between stressful life events and exacerbation in multiple sclerosis: a meta-analysis

Objective To quantify the association between stressful life events and exacerbations of multiple sclerosis. Data sources PubMed, PsychInfo, and Psychological Abstracts searched for empirical papers from 1965 to February 2003 with terms “stress”, “trauma”, and “multiple sclerosis”. Review methods Three investigators independently reviewed papers for inclusion/exclusion criteria and extracted the relevant data, including methods, sample statistics, and outcomes. Results Of 20 studies identified, 14 were included. The meta-analysis showed a significant increase in risk of exacerbation in multiple sclerosis after stressful life events, with a weighted average effect size of d = 0.53 (95% confidence interval 0.40 to 0.65), P < 0.0001. The studies were homogenous, q = 16.62, p = 0.22, i 2 = 21.8%. Neither sampling nor study methods had any effect on study outcomes. Conclusions There is a consistent association between stressful life events and subsequent exacerbation in multiple sclerosis. However these data do not allow the linking of specific stressors to exacerbations nor should they be used to infer that patients are responsible for their exacerbations. Investigation of the psychological, neuroendocrine, and immune mediators of stressful life events on exacerbation may lead to new behavioural and pharmacological strategies targeting potential links between stress and exacerbation.
Formative journeys of first-year college students: tensions and intersections with intercultural theory

Development of intercultural skills is recognized as an essential outcome of a college education, but in order to facilitate students' growth effectively, we must understand the points of the developmental journey at which students enter the college classroom. This study tests four hypotheses developed on the basis of leading models of intercultural development in relation to first-year students' levels of maturity, attitudes toward difference, capacity for productive interaction and emotions experienced in the face of difference. To test the hypotheses, we collected written narratives on a formative encounter with difference from 414 incoming students at the University of Minnesota. Each narrative was coded for an initial, intermediate or advanced stage of intercultural development, as well as for the outcomes of the interaction and emotions experienced in the course of the encounter. Findings indicate that: (1) only 21% of respondents display evidence of ethnorelative thinking; (2) the majority report v...
Temporal Shifts in the Determinants of Young and Elderly Migration in Nonmetropolitan Areas

Analysis of the determinants of net migration rates, comparing persons under age 65 with those over age 65, for nonmetropolitan areas over three time periods (1950-60, 1960-70, 1970-75) supports the following conclusions: (1) economic factors are more important determinants of migration for the young than for the elderly; (2) the reverse is the case for noneconomic factors; (3) over time, the influence of economic determinants diminishes for the young and the elderly; (4) noneconomic determinants are gaining in importance for both populations; and (5) temporal change in the relative importance of both economic and noneconomic factors is most evident in the younger population. These conclusions support the ecological proposition that migration is an adaptive response to organization change. Findings also imply that we must look beyond the community context to broader societal change in order to explain changing migration patterns in nonmetropolitan areas. From the human ecological perspective, migration is viewed as an adaptive response to organizational change (Frisbie and Poston, a, b; Sly and Tayman). Recent evidence supports an additional proposition: transformation of societal organization alters the relative importance of specific determinants of migration (Beale and Fuguitt; McCarthy and Morrison). Areas which were once considered depressed and backward are now experiencing dramatic population growth while their counterparts are undergoing decline. Of particular note has been the reversal from substantial
Pathology of the congenital rubella syndrome

The congenital rubella syndrome is now recognized as a generalized systemic disease. This report reviews the pathological changes in 18 fatal cases and compares the results with previous reports. Chronic inflammation was prominent in the leptomeninges, lung, and uveal tract of the eye in most of the cases. In fewer cases, the kidney, liver, peritoneum, and testes were chronically inflamed. Noninflammatory lesions included cardiovascular anomalies, especially patent ductus arteriosus and nodular sclerosis of the cardiac valves, growth aberrations in the long bones and ribs, precocious development of lymphoid germinal centers, and adrenal cortical cytomegaly. Infection of clones of cells in the embryo causes faulty cell multiplication, and this results in the lesions and in generalized retardation of growth.
Monte Carlo study of thermal transport of frequency and direction dependent reflecting boundaries in high Kn systems

The effective thermal conductivity of non-continuum wires with rough boundaries was investigated theoretically. The boundaries were designed to reflect phonons differently depending on the phonon frequency or the angle of incidence. Devices with these properties could be useful in thermal management problems on the nanoscale and microscale. In the first study the scattering was dependent on the frequency of the phonons where lower frequency phonons reflected diffusely while higher frequency phonons reflected specularly. In the directional study a parameter p, which is a function of the x-component of direction and the phonon frequency, was used to account for the degree of specularity. This work studied the effects of varying the cutoff frequency and the device size, including length and cross section. A one-dimensional Monte Carlo simulation of phonon transport was used to investigate the thermal conductivity of a device with adiabatic boundaries. This difference in scattering emerges from the geometry and magnitude of rough surfaces where the roughness is of the order of the dominant phonon wavelength.
THE MOLECULAR BASIS FOR ALLELIC COMPLEMENTATION OF ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE MUTANTS OF MAIZE

Studies on interallelic complementation with two temperature-sensitive alcohol dehydrogenase mutants in maize are described. The data suggest that the phenomenon results from instability or abnormal maturation of the mutant homodimer rather than correction of configurational defects in mutant heterodimers.
Robust Image Segmentation for Removal of Distortion with Reconstruction

A new algorithm is proposed for removing distortion from digital images. The challenge is to fill in the hole that is left behind in a visually reasonable way and reconstruction techniques for filling in small image gaps. We propose a best-first algorithm in which the confidence in the synthesized pixel values is propagated in a manner similar to the propagation of information in reconstruction. Reconstruction, the technique of modifying an image in an untraceable form, is as ancient as art itself. The goals and applications of reconstruction are numerous, from the restoration of damaged paintings and photographs to the removal/replacement of selected objects. In this paper, we introduce a novel algorithm for digital reconstruction of still images that attempts to replicate the basic techniques used by professional restorators . After the user selects the regions to be restored, the algorithm automatically fills-in these regions with information close them. The fill-in is done in such a way that isophote lines arriving at the regions’ boundaries are completed inside. In contrast with previous approaches, the technique here introduced does not require the user to specify where the novel information comes from. This is automatically done. Applications of this technique include the restoration of old photographs and damaged film; removal of superimposed text like dates, subtitles, or publicity; and the removal of entire objects from the image like microphones or wires in special effects. Index Terms—Distortion; Image Reconstruction; Image restoration; isophotes; anisotropic diffusion
Economic Decisions and Foraging Trade-offs in Chickadees

Publisher Summary This chapter explores the economic basis of animal decision making through an experimental field study of foraging decisions in the black-capped chickadee (Poecile atricapillus, formerly Parus atricapillus). The black-capped chickadee is a small gray bird with a distinctive and unmistakable black cap and bib. It is a common permanent resident throughout the northern United States and southern Canada. During the fall, winter, and early spring, chickadees are easily attracted to bird feeders, where sunflower seeds are one of their favorite foods. After grasping a sunflower seed in its bill, a chickadee will fly to a sturdy perch in a nearby tree and, using its feet to secure the seed to the perch, peck at the seed until it succeeds in extracting the nutritious kernel from the shell. Processing a sunflower seed and extracting the kernel may take 30 seconds or more. However, many of the seeds that chickadees take from feeders during the fall and winter are not eaten immediately but stored in small cache sites in trees for recovery later. Although bird feeders provide chickadees with a readily available source of food, visiting feeders can be dangerous. Predators such as the sharp-shinned hawk (Accipiter striatus), Cooper's hawk (Accipiter cooperii), and domestic cat have learned that bird feeders can be profitable places to search for prey; and they often attack and kill small birds at feeders.
Effect of Several Anti-Leprosy Drugs on Multiplication of Human Leprosy Bacilli in Foot-Pads of Mice

Summary1. A comparison of the activity of 4 drugs was carried out in mice inoculated into the foot-pad with human leprosy bacilli. The drug was administered in the diet, starting on the day of inoculation. 2. Multiplication of the bacilli was completely suppressed by DDS, INH, and PAS, and it was delayed and partially suppressed by cycloserine.
Cholesterol epoxides: formation and measurement.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the formation and measurement of cholesterol epoxides. The isomeric cholesterol (1) 5,6-epoxides 5,6α-epoxy-5 α -cholestan-3 β -ol (cholesterol α -oxide, 1) and (2) 5,6 β -epoxy-5 β -cholestan-3 β -ol (cholesterol β -oxide, 2) are found in human tissues and foods and on bioassay exhibit diverse toxic effects in vitro . Both are formed together from cholesterol (cholest-5-en-3 β -ol, 3) by many defined oxidants, including air oxidation, and by the actions of soybean lipoxygenases and of liver microsomal lipid peroxidation systems in vitro . Of all the recognized oxidation products of cholesterol formed by attack on cholesterol of defined active oxygen species, the 5,6-epoxides (1 and 2) are the most broadly formed, being formed by ground state dioxygen ( 3 O 2 ), electronically excited (singlet) dioxygen ( 1 O 2 ), peroxide (O 2 2+ ), ozone (O 3 ), dioxygen cation (O 2+ ), and hydroxyl radical (HO·). The ratio of product 5,6-epoxides (1:2) favors the 5 β ,6 β -epoxide in most cases, the 5 α ,6 α -epoxide predominating only in oxidations involving the specific 5 α ,6 α -epoxidase, HO·, and peracids. In new experimental systems generating the 5,6-epoxides, it is of importance that the products be properly identified and the 5,6-epoxide ratio (1:2) ascertained. The 5α,6α epoxide alone has been posed as the 5,6-epoxide formed in biological systems and as the active agent in numerous bioassays but without adequate supporting evidence.
Simultaneous Determination of 18 Polyphenolic Compounds in Juice Concentrate Using UPLC-MS/MS Method

A UPLC-MS/MS method was developed for the determination of 18 polyphenolic compounds in juice concentrate.The sample was diluted with water and extracted completely by an Oasis(HLB) SPE column.The extract was evaporated to dryness and redissolved with methanol-0.1% formic acid.The targeted compounds were separated on an Acquity UPLC BEH C18(1.7 μm× 2.1 mm×50 mm) column using 0.1% formic acid-methanol as mobile phase by linear gradient elution at a flow rate of 0.3 mL·min-1,and detected by MS/MS.The quantification of eighteen polyphenolic compounds was performed by the external standard method.Under the optimal conditions,the calibration curves of 18 polyphenolic compounds were linear in the range of 10.0-10 000.0 μg·L-1 with detection limits of 10.0-1 000.0 ng·g-1.The average recoveries for all the analytes were more than 70% with RSDs(n=6) less than 8.0%.With the advantages of good reproducibility,good recovery and high sensitivity,the method was suitable for the analysis of polyphenolic compounds in juice concentrate.
Discerning devotion: Testing the signaling theory of religion

Religious rituals often entail significant investments of time, energy, and money, and can risk bodily harm. Instead of being evolutionarily inexplicable, such costly religious acts have been argued to be honest signals of commitment to the beliefs and values of the community, helping individuals establish good reputations and foster trusting, cooperative relationships. Most tests of this hypothesis have evaluated whether religious signalers are more prosocial; here I investigate whether signal receivers actually perceive religious signalers as such. I do this with data collected over 20 months of ethnographic fieldwork in two villages in South India, where Hindu and Christian residents engage in different modes of religious practice, including dramatic acts of firewalking and spirit possession as well as the more subtle but consistent act of worshipping at a church or temple each week. Each mode of religious practice is found to be informative of a distinct set of reputational qualities. Broadly speaking, in the long term, individuals who invest more in the religious life of the village are not only seen as more devout, but also as having a suite of prosocial, other-focused traits. In the short term, individuals who perform greater and costlier acts in the annual Hindu festival show a slight increase in the percent of villagers recognizing them as physically strong and hardworking. These results suggest that people are attending to the full suite of religious acts carried out by their peers, using these signals to discern multiple aspects of their character and intentions.
Geological Analysis of Wall Composition at Grasshopper with Behavioral Implications

ABSTRACTDuring the 1973 field season at the Grasshopper Ruin, a systematic sampling of wall faces was undertaken as the first step toward a site-wide analysis of wall composition. Our aim was to provide insights into the prehistoric behavioral patterns involved in the exploitation of building stones. In addition to the local outcrops of Naco and Supai Formations, all walls of rooms excavated during the 1973 season and some of the walls left exposed from the previous seasons were extensively sampled. A comparison of outcropping rocks and wall stones permitted tracing the overwhelming majority of masonry stones to four major outcrops, all located within one mile of the site.Some walls were found to be composed predominantly of one stone type while others exhibited a wide range of diversity. The behavioral implications of the statistical figures presented are discussed. A simple model incorporating distance and energy-time variables is presented in order to account for the observed pattern of lithological ut...
Quality of care received and patient-reported regret in prostate cancer: Analysis of a population-based prospective cohort

Background Meeting quality of care standards in oncology is recognized as important by physicians, professional organizations, and payers. Data from a population-based cohort of patients with prostate cancer were used to examine whether receipt of care was consistent with published consensus metrics and whether receiving high-quality care was associated with less patient-reported treatment decisional regret. Methods Patients with incident prostate cancer were enrolled in collaboration with the North Carolina Central Cancer Registry, with an oversampling of minority patients. Medical record abstraction was used to determine whether participants received high-quality care based on 5 standards: 1) discussion of all treatment options; 2) complete workup (prostate-specific antigen, Gleason grade, and clinical stage); 3) low-risk participants did not undergo a bone scan; 4) high-risk participants treated with radiotherapy (RT) received androgen deprivation therapy; and 5) participants treated with RT received conformal or intensity-modulated RT. Treatment decisional regret was assessed using a validated instrument. Results A total of 804 participants were analyzed. Overall, 66% of African American and 73% of white participants received care that met all standards (P = .03); this racial difference was confirmed by multivariable analysis. Care that included "discussion of all treatment options" was found to be associated with less patient-reported regret on univariable analysis (P = .03) and multivariable analysis (odds ratio, 0.59; 95% confidence interval, 0.37-0.95). Conclusions The majority of participants received high-quality care, but racial disparity existed. Participants who discussed all treatment options appeared to have less treatment decisional regret. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate an association between a quality of care metric and patient-reported outcome. Cancer 2017;138-143. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Associations Between Toddlers' Naturalistic Media Experience and Observed Learning from Screens.

Using secondary analysis, researchers examined associations between two-year-olds' (N = 135) naturalistic use of interactive and noninteractive media with performance on a screen-based learning task. Parents reported the number of minutes that children spent the previous day doing nine media-related activities (e.g., watching television, playing handheld videogames). The object-retrieval task required children to watch a hiding event on video and then search for the object on another screen or a real felt board. Results indicated that toddlers' naturalistic experience with interactive (but not noninteractive) media predicted their screen-based learning in the laboratory. This was true regardless of whether children were tested using interactive or noninteractive video, suggesting that using interactive media (but not watching noninteractive video) is associated with children's learning from screen media generally.
Paroxetine-The Antidepressant from Hell? Probably Not, But Caution Required

Paroxetine, also known by the trade names Aropax, Paxil, Pexeva, Seroxat, Sereupin and Brisdelle, was first marketed in the U.S. in 1992. Effective for major depression and various anxiety disorders, it quickly gained a sizable share of the antidepressant prescription market. By the late 1990s, paroxetine frequently was being associated with serious drug interactions and medication side effects. Most significantly, in a major Canadian epidemiological study examining the relationship between antidepressants and diseases, paroxetine was associated with a 620 percent increase in the rate of breast cancer in women who had taken it over a four-year period. Though re-analyses of this investigation discounted the magnitude of these findings, other studies have associated paroxetine with numerous side effects and adverse events not reported in clinical trials. Among these are effects on male fertility, birth defects, gestational hypertension, prolonged QT interval in infants, hyperprolactinemia, cognitive impairment in the elderly, autism, sexual side effects, weight gain, and suicidality, aggression, and akathisia in children and adolescents. Paroxetine has the highest inhibitory constant for the P450 2D6 isoenzyme of all antidepressants (Ki = 0.065-4.65 micromoles). This high affinity explains its high inhibitory interaction profile with substrates for 2D6. Paroxetine's potent 2D6 inhibition also implies that significant inhibition of the metabolism of 2D6 carcinogen substrates occurs which implies an increased probability of oncogenesis. Through 2D6 inhibition, tamoxifen metabolism is inhibited, which has been found to increase the risk of dying from breast cancer over a five-year period in women on both medications. Paroxetine also is a potent inhibitor of 3A4 with multiple 3A4 substrate interactions. Paroxetine has the highest known affinity for the serotonin transporter (0.13 nanomoles) of any currently used antidepressant. These characteristics and their potential negative consequences along with other adverse effects are considered and weighed against paroxetine's efficacious antidepressant and anxiolytic effects.
A Push for Progress With Shared Decision-making in Pediatrics.

* Abbreviation: SDM — : shared decision-making Shared decision-making (SDM) is a decision-making model in which “both parties share information…take steps to build consensus about the preferred treatment, and [reach an agreement] on the treatment to implement.”1 It exists on a continuum between 2 extremes (decision-making driven solely by the patient or by the physician) and represents a balance between patient and physician decisional responsibility that is guided by the patient and calibrated to the clinical context.2 At its inception, SDM was proposed to be the “ideal for the physician–patient relationship” as medicine pivoted from paternalism.3 It is now the standard decision-making model in medicine. Despite SDM’s prominence, however, problems linger. The evidence to support the purported benefits of SDM (increased patient understanding and satisfaction, improved adherence, and better health outcomes) is equivocal.4 Physicians are also struggling with how to practice SDM.5 In addition, little is known about how SDM should be applied in the pediatric setting. The gap in our understanding of SDM in pediatrics exists in part because initial frameworks used to develop the concept of SDM were based on the clinical context of a competent adult patient facing an acute, one-time intervention for the treatment of disease. This single, simplistic dyadic scenario has also served as the basis for subsequent analyses of SDM, its features, and tools to facilitate it. Analyses of SDM for scenarios common in pediatrics, such … Address correspondence to Douglas J. Opel, MD, MPH, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, 1900 Ninth Ave, Mail Stop JMB-6, Seattle, WA 98101. E-mail: douglas.opel{at}seattlechildrens.org
'Connected Learning' and the Equity Agenda: A Microsociology of Minecraft Play

We present a microsociology of Minecraft play based on ethnographic observations of a 40-hour co-located Minecraft camp for 28 low-income and minority children in July 2015, supplemented by usage statistics and follow-up interviews. We consider the equity challenges presented by (1) Minecraft itself and the ecosystem supporting it; (2) the multiplayer server we used, which was founded on principles of "connected learning"; and (3) our own attempts to promote equity by providing scheduled access to the game in a computer lab. We were partially successful in overcoming players' at-home computer access limitations and improving their computer/technical literacy. Still, we found that language literacy, parental abilities and involvement, racial and gender identities, and diverging interests set our campers apart from others on the server. Overall, the in-game invisibility of our campers worked against the equity aims of connected learning and point to broader patterns of bias in games like Minecraft and other communities of/for children.
Understanding and Optimizing Power Consumption in Memory Networks

As the amount of digital data the world generates explodes, data centers and HPC systems that process this big data will require high bandwidth and high capacity main memory. Unfortunately, conventional memory technologies either provide high memory capacity (e.g., DDRx memory) or high bandwidth (GDDRx memory), but not both. Memory networks, which provide both high bandwidth and high capacity memory by connecting memory modules together via a network of point-to-point links, are promising future memory candidates for data centers and HPCs. In this paper, we perform the first exploration to understand the power characteristics of memory networks. We find idle I/O links to be the biggest power contributor in memory networks. Subsequently, we study idle I/O power in more detail. We evaluate well-known circuit-level I/O power control mechanisms such as rapid on off, variable link width, and DVFS. We also adapt prior works on memory power management to memory networks. The adapted schemes together reduce I/O power by 32% and 21%, on average, for big and small networks, respectively. We also explore novel power management schemes specifically targeting memory networks, which yield another 29% and 17% average I/O power reduction for big and small networks, respectively.
Cardiovascular Disease and Renal Transplantation

Abstract Cardiovascular and renal diseases frequently coexist, not surprisingly since several of the factors that predispose someone to cardiovascular disease (CVD) also may lead to chronic kidney disease (CKD). Multiple clinical studies have documented that CVD is responsible for significant morbidity and mortality during and after renal transplantation. The process of identifying those patients at high risk for CVD complications during renal transplantation has also been a subject of intense study, and at times controversy. Once transplanted, the transplant recipient receives an array of immunosuppressants designed to impede rejection. Interestingly, in addition to their beneficial effects, these drugs may also aggravate hypertension, and accelerate atherosclerosis. In the posttransplant patient, aggressive risk factor modification and optimal therapy for all comorbidities and for coronary artery disease should be pursued in all patients. CVD including myocardial ischemia, congestive heart failure, cerebrovascular disease, and atrial fibrillation are common and should be treated per standard guidelines, recognizing the need for immunosuppression therapy. With appropriate evaluation and management the renal transplant patient can live a healthy and productive life with a modest risk of a serious CVD complication.
Management of Meconium-Stained Amniotic Fluid

Throughout most of medical history, meconium-stained amniotic fluid has been known to be associated with adverse neonatal outcomes. Many therapies have been suggested as having benefit in preventing the meconium aspiration syndrome. The history of meconium-stained amniotic fluid management and the current status of knowledge concerning the effect of various therapies on the prevention of meconium aspiration syndrome are reviewed.
Theory of Empathic Organizational Design

Public sentiment for large multinational corporations (MNCs) is remarkably low. Charges have been levied that the MNC behaves like a psychopath that pursues its own self-interest with a profound la...
Ultrasonic attenuation in MnF2 near the Néel temperature

Abstract The anomalous ultrasonic attenuation in MnF2 was measured near the Neel temperature, TN. The measurement was carried out for the [100] longitudinal waves over the frequency range of 10–110 MHz. A log-log plot of the attenuation coefficient vs. ¦T − TN¦could not be described by a single power-law stage. For the most linear part of this log-log plot, the attenuation coefficient, α, was written as α ~ ωn¦T − TN¦−η, where ω is the angular frequency of the sound; η = 0.14 ± 0.01 and n = 1−6 ± 0.1 for T >TN, whereas η decreases with increasing frequency for T