cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation and Policy Analysis: A Communicative Framework

A major challenge for the next generation of students of human development is to help shape the paradigms by which we analyze and evaluate public policies for children and families. Advocates of building research and policy connections point to health care and stress experiences across home, school, and community as critical policy issues that expand the scope of contexts and outcomes studied. At a minimum, development researchers and practitioners will need to be well versed in available methods of inquiry; they will need to be "methodologically multilingual" when conducting evaluation and policy analysis, producing reports, and reporting their interpretations to consumer and policy audiences. This article suggests how traditional approaches to policy inquiry can be reconsidered in light of these research inquiry and communicative skills needed by all policy researchers. A fifteen year review of both policy and discourse processes research is presented to suggest ways to conduct policy studies within a communicative framework.
Microstructural and Microchemical Characterization of a Calcium Aluminate—Polymer Composite (MDF Cement)

The microstructure of a macrodefect-free (MDF) cement has been characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and high-resolution electron microscopy (HREM). The microchemistry of ultramicrotomed samples has been studied by energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) and parallel electron energy loss spectrometry (PEELS). MDF cement consists of CaAl2O4 and CaAl4O7 grains randomly distributed in a polymer matrix. The ceramic/polymer interface contains an amorphous interphase inside of which are distributed very fine crystallites of the metastable hydration product Ca2Al2O5·8H2O. PEELS analyses of the interphase revealed the presence of carbon, indicating that Ca2Al2O5·8H2O was most likely stabilized by the intercalation of polymeric chains into its basal interlayers. The polymer phase preferably cross-links with Al. In situ environmental cell electron microscopy showed that moisture uptake of MDF cements occurred by polymer swelling and interphase dissolution. The role of the interfacial interphase in dry and wet mechanical properties is discussed.
The Effect of Various Stages of Vitamin a Deficiency in the White Rat on the Resistance to Nippostrongylus Muris

For some years it has been accepted that vitamin A contributes in some way to the maintenance of bodily resistance to infection. The subject as related to bacterial infections is reviewed by Lassen1 while Culbertson2 discusses Aavitaminosis as it pertains to the parasitic infections. The literature, however, fails to reveal any reports of changes in resistance prior to frank avitaminosis. Robertson3 stated, " ... a considerable reduction of resistance to infections oc-
The book as mass commodity: The audience perspective

An examination of the issue of literary massification and degradation of taste in the light of how locally organized reading groups select and respond to books. Although commodification does somewhat narrow the universe of choice for these groups it seems less important in shaping their use of books than are the opinions of cultural authorities or the reader’s own personal experience. Further, the responses of these readers of “good” books resemble in certain ways what is known of reader responses to mass market books, which also undermine a rigid dichotomy between high culture and mass culture.
Evaluation of Software-Based Telephone Counseling to Enhance Medication Persistency Among Patients with Multiple Sclerosis

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the effect of a software-supported intervention based on the Transtheoretical Model of Change and motivational interviewing on decreasing discontinuation (or increasing persistency) of Avonex (interferon beta-1a—Biogen), a medication for treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS). Design Randomized controlled experimental design comparison of software- based telephone counseling (intervention group) and standard care (control group). Setting United States. Participants 366 patients with MS. Intervention Software-based telephone counseling. Main Outcome Measure Discontinuation of Avonex treatment and movement among stages of the Transtheoretical Model of Change. Results Patients in the software intervention group demonstrated a statistically significantly lower proportion of Avonex treatment (1.2%) discontinuation than the standard care group (8.7%). In addition, stage movement away from discontinuation of Avonex (i.e., toward continuation of therapy) was significantly higher in the treatment group. Conclusion The Transtheoretical Model of Change constructs and motivational interviewing processes were effectively incorporated into a softwarebased intervention program, and this significantly decreased the proportion of patients who discontinued treatment of MS with Avonex. The integration of behavioral theory with information systems offers a promising approach for pharmacists and other providers to promote medication persistency.
Does the principle of informed consent apply to futures studies research

Informed consent is a well-established practice in medical and behavioral research worldwide for both ethical and legal reasons (Faden & Beauchamp, 1986). Futures studies, while an eclectic multidisciplinary field, can reasonably be classified as primarily a social science and as such can involve human subjects in its research. Moreover much of the field is oriented toward applied, prescriptive pathways toward preferred futures that can involve influencing public policy and thus have significant social ramifications. This work investigates the extent to which futures studies research is involving human subjects, and, if so, whether informed consent practices are being applied to such futures studies research. The study proceeds to report the results of a poll of World Futures Studies Federation and Association of Professional Futurists members to gauge the nature of their research with emphasis on the use of human subjects and submission of proposed research to IRB evaluation. The piece concludes with a discussion on the expansion of the concept of informed consent to include engaging the public-at-large in the long-term effects of policy initiatives as a key element of the futures studies field and the representation of futures perspectives on institutional review boards particularly those involved in research on groups and communities.
An evaluation of the nomenclatural status of Biatorella kulshanensis Herre

Abstract. The type specimen of the overlooked lichen Biatorella kulshanensis Herre was examined and is shown to be synonymous with the well-known Sporastatia testudinea (Ach.) Massai.
Comparative demography of a laboratory and a wild strain of the oriental fruit fly, Dacus dorsalis

Abstract Host-specific development and survival rates were measured and population parameters computed for both a wild and a laboratory strain of the oriental fruit fly (Dacus dorsalis Hendel) in Hawaii. Gross fecundities of the wild and laboratory strains were 241 and 1551 eggs per female, respectively. Egg to eclosion developmental rates were 27 days for the wild strain and 24 days for the laboratory strain. The preovipositional period of the wild strain was 19 days compared to 9 days in the laboratory strain. Differences of this magnitude in fecundity and developmental rates between laboratory and wild strains have not been observed in other recent demographic studies of tephritids. The results suggest that the laboratory strain of the oriental fruit fly may have undergone more intense selection than laboratory strains of the other species. Resume Demographies comparees de deux souches, une de laboratoire et une sauvage, de Dacus orientalis Pour deux souches, l'une sauvage, l'autre de laboratoire, de D. dorsalis de Hawai, les mesures ont porte sur la duree de developpement et le taux de survie, les parametres caracteristiques de la population ont ete traites sur ordinateur. Pour les souches sauvage et de laboratoire, les fecondites brutes ont ete respectivement de 241 et 1551 oeufs par femelle. Les durees de developpement larvaire et nymphal ont ete de meme de 27 jours pour la souche sauvage et de 24 j pour celle de laboratoire; les periodes de latence avant la ponte ont ete de 19 j pour la souche sauvage contre 9 j pour celle de laboratoire. Jamais de telles differences de fecondites et de durees de developpement entre souches sauvages et de laboratoire n'avaient ete observees lors des etudes recentes sur des tephritidae. Ces resultats suggerent que la selection subie par la souche de laboratoire de D. dorsalis ete plus intense que celles subies par d'autres especes.
In Vitro Atherosclerotic Plaque Characterization by Acoustic Impedance Monitoring, Part II: Experimentation and Validation:

Although coronary atherosclerosis is the leading cause of hospitalization and death in the United States, at present no effective diagnostic technique is available to effectively characterize atherosclerotic plaque in vivo and in real-time. In `Introduction' of this article, we propose the use of an impedance-based technique to diagnose the presence of atherosclerotic plaque. Both analytical and finite element methods are developed to study the effect of a multi-layer substrate in contact with a sensor on the sensor's electro-mechanical impedance. Also a modified version of the Krimholtz, Leedom, and Matthaei (KLM) model is introduced to design the sensor dimension based on a sensor/plaque configuration. An appropriate fabrication technique for manufacturing a small-scale PZT sensor is also proposed for possible use in small arteries. In section `Analytical Model' of the article, we show that the presence of plaque can be accurately predicted by using the proposed impedance-probing technique on samples of...
Effects of heat treatment on dynamic mechanical properties of nonstoichiometric, amine-cured epoxy resins

Epoxy resins cured with diethylenetriamine (37%–103% of stoichiometric composition) were heat treated at 120°C, and the dynamic elastic modulus and internal friction of the specimens were measured over the range of 85°–300°K. Results indicate that heat treatment causes the dynamic modulus to decrease at 85°K and at room temperature, but to increase over the region 150°–200°K. The γ- (∼150°K) and β-(∼250°K) peaks merge into a single broad peak with heat treatment, and a β′-peak is observed in the heat-treated samples. Effects of heat treatment also depend upon the amount of diethylene-triamine used.
Applying stochastic simulation techniques to a deterministic vadose zone solute transport model

Abstract Current models for simulation of water flow and solute transport through the vadose zone are limited in their applicability to field-scale problems. On the one hand, most of the models lack the capability to account for naturally existing soil spatial heterogeneity and complex (bio)chemical processes that many solutes undergo, and on the other, use of certain types of the existing models is often not economically feasible. In the present study, stochastic simulation techniques were applied to GLEAMS, a deterministic vadose zone solute transport model, to simulate soil water changes and nitrate (NO 3 − ) concentrations at various depths in the top 1.2 m heterogeneous soil profiles of three research plots in southern Ohio. Simulations were conducted at three levels of complication: (1) single-value output was obtained for each plot by running GLEAMS with plot-based mean values of soil parameters; (2) a prediction band was formed from the output probability density function (pdf) with selected soil properties described by a multi-variate normal (MVN) random vector for each plot; and (3) with each plot decomposed into sub-environments, a prediction band was formed from all output pdfs obtained using MVNs for every sub-environment. Predicted and observed soil water contents and nitrate concentrations were compared to evaluate model performance. Overall, the predicted long-term means from all simulations fit the long-term means of field observations well. However, stochastic simulation at the sub-environment level showed two distinct merits over the other two approaches: (1) it better predicted variations in soil water content and nitrate concentration at a plot scale; and (2) it had the capability of locating high-risk areas at a sub-environment scale.
Influence of Cosolvent Systems on the Gelation Mechanism of Globular Protein: Thermodynamic, Kinetic, and Structural Aspects of Globular Protein Gelation

How thermostability and gelation of globular protein are affected by cosolvent systems present in food systems is critical to understanding their functionality. The expression of these functional attributes depends on the molecular structure and thermal-mechanical history of the protein, as well as its chemical environment. To improve the design of processing protein-containing food systems, one must fully understand the thermodynamic, kinetic, and structural impact of cosolvent on globular protein gelation. This review focuses on the impact of weakly interacting neutral cosolvent systems (for example, sugars and polyols) on the gelation of globular proteins. The physicochemical mechanisms by which these cosolvent systems can modulate protein gelation are highlighted from a thermodynamic, kinetic, and structural point of view.
The capping of lymphocytes and other cells, studied by an improved method for immunofluorescence staining of frozen sections

Experiments have been carried out on the capping by lectins and antibodies of surface receptors of mouse splenic T and B lymphocytes and other cells, in which the surface distribution of the lectin or antibody, and the intracellular distribution of myosin or actin, were determined on the same cells by a double fluorescence technique. For this purpose, a general method for intracellular staining was developed which is intended to preserve sensitive antigens and fragile ultrastructural elements. The method involves mild formaldehyde fixation of the cells or tissues, infusion with concentrated sucrose, rapid freezing, and the preparation of frozen sections thinner than 2 μm thickness. The immunofluorescent or other appropriate fluorescent reagents are then applied to the thawed section. In the present experiments, intracellular actin was detected using a fluorescent staining method based on the interaction of F-actin with heavy meromyosin, while intracellular myosin was detected by an indirect immunofluorescence procedure. Our findings were that the formation of a cap by each of the lectins or antibody reagents was always accompanied by a concentration of myosin and actin directly under the cap. These and other results suggest that capping is an active process in which actin and myosin participate directly in the formation of all caps. This proposal carries important new implications for the molecular mechanism of capping.
Vascular Smooth Muscle Overexpression of G Protein–Coupled Receptor Kinase 5 Elevates Blood Pressure, Which Segregates With Sex and Is Dependent on Gi-Mediated Signaling

Background— Essential hypertension involves an increase in sympathetic nervous system activity and an associated decrease in β-adrenergic receptor (AR)–mediated dilation. In addition, increased levels of G protein–coupled receptor (GPCR) kinases (GRKs), which regulate GPCR signaling, are associated with increased blood pressure (BP). Methods and Results— We generated transgenic mice with ≈2-fold vascular smooth muscle (VSM)–specific overexpression of GRK5 to recapitulate a selective aspect of hypertension and understand the impact on GPCR regulation of BP. VSM-GRK5 mice were hypertensive, with a 25% to 35% increase in BP, whereas there was no concomitant cardiac or VSM hypertrophy. BP elevations were segregated with sex, with male mice having higher levels than female mice, and ovariectomy did not alter this phenotype. BP was restored to control values with pertussis toxin Gi-signaling inhibition or chronic β1AR inhibition after 7 days of CGP20712A, whereas the β2AR antagonist ICI 118,551 was ineffective....
Individual recognition in salamanders: Cloacal odours

Abstract Male red-backed salamanders ( Plethodon cinereus ) were studied to determine the origin of the chemical cues allowing for individual odour recognition between conspecifics. Individual males showed a preference for substrates with their own faecal and cloacal odours rather than those marked by unfamiliar conspecific males. This discriminatory ability did not depend on recent differences in food consumed. These scent marks might be used to define breeding territories in the field.
Observations of the Stardust Sample Return Capsule Entry with a Slitless Echelle Spectrograph

Spectroscopic observations of the 2006Stardust SampleReturnCapsule entry arepresented, obtainedbymeans of a slitless miniature echelle spectrograph onboardNASA’s DC-8 airborne laboratory. The data cover the wavelength range from 336 to 880 nm, at 0.14–0.9 nm resolution, and were obtained during the time interval when radiative heatingwasmost important. Thedata contain abroadband continuum,presumably from the hot heat-shield surface, shock-layer air plasma emissions of N, O, andN 2 , and atomic hydrogen and CNmolecular band emission from the ablating heat-shield material, a form of phenol-impregnated carbon ablator. Early in flight, there were also atomic line emissions of Zn, K, Ca , and Na, presumably from a white Z-93P paint applied to the top of the phenolimpregnated carbon ablator. At each moment along the trajectory, the whole spectrum was recorded simultaneously, but broken into smaller segments. Key issues addressed in the data reduction and calibration are described. The interpretation of these data was given elsewhere.
Percutaneous coronary excimer laser-assisted angioplasty: Initial multicenter experience in 141 patients

Abstract Initial multicenter clinical experience with percutaneous coronary excimer laser-assisted angioplasty is described for 158 lesions in 141 patients. Using a xenon chloride (308 nm) excimer laser generator and 1.5 to 1.75 mm catheters, excimer laser angioplasty was attempted at 135 ns pulse width, 25 to 40 Hz repetition rate, 2 to 5 s laser delivery time and 30 to 60 mJ/mm 2+ energy fluence. Laser success (> 20% improvement in luminal diameter) was achieved in 138 (87%) of 158 lesions, with a reduction to
TRUE, FALSE, BOTH, NEITHER? USING DOCUMENTARY FILM IN TEACHING JOURNALISM ETHICS

Each February since 2004, Columbia, Mo., has welcomed documentary filmmakers to the True/False Film Fest, a celebration of nonfiction film, a venue for vigorous discussion about what it means for s...
Millimeter-Wave and THz Circuits in 45-nm SOI CMOS

This paper presents low-noise amplifiers (LNA) at 45?C95 GHz, a frequency doubler at 180 GHz, active and passive mixers at 130?C180 GHz fabricated in 45-nm Semiconductor-On-Insulator (SOI) CMOS process for digital and mixed-signal applications. The measured ft and fmax of a 30iA1-?Im transistor are 200 GHz at 0.3 mA/?Im current density, referenced to the top metal layer. The measured gain and NF of LNAs are 15?C11 dB and 3.3?C6.0 dB at 45?C95 GHz. The balanced doubler results in an output power of 1 mW and 8 dB conversion loss at 180 GHz. Passive double-balanced and active single-balanced mixers achieve conversion loss of 12?C13 dB at 130?C180 GHz, and 4 dB with 3-dB bandwidth of 145?C161 GHz, respectively. This work shows that 45-nm SOI CMOS process results in state-of-the-art performance for millimeter-wave applications.
Francis bacon and the historiography of scientific rhetoric

(1989). Francis bacon and the historiography of scientific rhetoric. Rhetoric Review: Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 74-88.
Validation of a method for the determination of (R)-warfarin and (S)-warfarin in human plasma using LC with UV detection.

A sensitive and selective chiral high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed for the determination of (R)-warfarin and (S)-warfarin in human plasma. (R)- and (S)-warfarin and the internal standard (oxybenzone) were extracted from human plasma that had been made acidic with 1 N sulfuric acid into ethyl ether. The ethyl ether layer was removed and evaporated, and the residue was reconstituted in 200 microl of acetonitrile. A 50-microl aliquot was injected onto the HPLC system. Separation was achieved on a beta-cyclodextrin column (250 x 4.6 mm, 5 microm) with a mobile phase composed of acetonitrile:glacial acetic acid:triethylamine (1000:3:2.5, v/v/v). Detection was by ultraviolet absorbance at 320 nm. Late-eluting peaks were diverted from the analytical column by using a beta-cyclodextrin precolumn (50 x 4.6 mm, 5 microm) and a column switching device. The retention times of (R)- and (S)-warfarin and the internal standard were approximately 7.7, 6.9 and 4.0 min, respectively. The run time was 15 min. The assay was linear in concentration ranges of 12.5-2500 ng/ml for (R)- and (S)-warfarin in human plasma. The analysis of quality control samples for (R)- and (S)-warfarin (25.0, 400 and 2000 ng/ml) demonstrated excellent precision with relative standard deviations (R.S.D.) for (R)-warfarin of 10.9, 2.8, and 2.8%, respectively (n = 18), and for (S)-warfarin of 7.0, 2.4 and 2.6%, respectively (n = 18). The method was accurate with all overall (n = 18) mean concentrations being less than 6.0% from nominal at all quality control sample concentrations.
Nitrosative stress in the ER: a new role for S-nitrosylation in neurodegenerative diseases.

S-Nitrosylation, the covalent addition of a nitrogen monoxide group to a cysteine thiol, has been shown to modify the function of a broad spectrum of mammalian, plant, and microbial proteins and thereby to convey the ubiquitous influence of nitric oxide on cellular signal transduction and host defense. Accumulating evidence indicates that dysregulated, diminished, or excessive S-nitrosylation may be implicated in a wide range of pathophysiological conditions. A recent study establishes a functional relationship between inhibitory S-nitrosylation of the redox enzyme protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), defects in regulation of protein folding within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and neurodegeneration. Further, an examination of human brains afflicted with Parkinson’s or Alzheimer’s disease supports a causal role for the S-nitrosylation of PDI and consequent ER stress in these prevalent neurodegenerative disorders.
Multichamber Gunshot Wounds of the Heart: The Utility of Transesophageal Echocardiography

A patient had a gunshot wound to the heart involving three cardiac chambers. Conventional echocardiography failed to identify the intracardiac injuries. The utility of transesophageal echocardiography in a patient with cardiac trauma is described.
TWO NATURALLY OCCURRING AMINO ACID SUBSTITUTIONS IN THE HUMAN 5-HT1A RECEPTOR : GLYCINE 22 TO SERINE 22 AND ISOLEUCINE 28 TO VALINE 28

The human 5-HT1A receptor was screened for naturally occurring mutations. The PCR product of the 5-HT1A receptor gene was digested with several restriction enzymes and evaluated by single-strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) analysis. Comparison of the SSCP electrophoretic pattern with a restriction map of the 5-HT1A receptor allowed localization of the polymorphic sites facilitating their identification by sequence analysis. Two polymorphisms were identified in the human 5-HT1A receptor gene that altered amino acid composition. The polymorphisms encode amino acid substitutions in the 5-HT1A receptor of a glycine to serine at amino acid 22 and an isoleucine to valine at amino acid 28, respectively. Both polymorphisms alter the extracellular amino terminal domain of the 5-HT1A receptor. The polymorphic 5-HT1A alleles have been found in American and Finnish Caucasians and in native American Indians. This is the first report of a polymorphism in the human 5-HT1A receptor gene that alters the structure of the 5-HT1A receptor protein composition.
Introduction to the use of negative pi-mesons in radiation therapy: Rutherford 1964, revisited

Abstract The existence of negative pi-mesons was predicted from considerations of infra-nuclear binding forces by Yukawa in 1935. Direct evidence for these unique particles was discovered during cosmic ray research by Lattes, Occhialini and Powell in 1947. I understand that the possibility that pions might be useful in radiation therapy was discussed by Drs. Chaim Richman and Cornelius Tobias here in Berkeley in about 1952. The fist detailed easy on this possibility, by P. H. Fowler and D. H. Perkins, appeared is Nature in 1961 and predicted many of the pertinent characteristics of the potential therapeutic usefulness of negative pi-mesons. Fowler described these in further detail in the 1964 Rutherford Memorial Lecture, entitled “Pi Mesons Versus Cancer.” These articles stimulated a search for appropriate methods for production of pi-mesons in sufficient quantity for consideration of human therapy. Unfortunately, as the requirements for such a device are severe, it was not until recently that particle accelerators with sufficiently high beam currents became available. Thus, clinically useful pion channels have been added to proton accelerators at Los Alamos and Vancouver. In addition, a high-yield pion concentrator has been constructed at Stanford for use with a high-intensity electron beam, and this is being adapted in Zurich for use with a proton beam. Preliminary treatment planning, using the known characteristics of pion beams, has yielded interesting and apparently unique treatment plans which promise higher biological dose to the target volume and greater protection to normal tissues. This combination may offer greater opportunity for control of neoplasms at the primary site and also control of such neoplasms as carcinoma of the pancreas and osteosarcoma, known poor responders to conventional high-energy X-irradiation.
Measuring Risk and Protection in Communities Using the Communities that Care Youth Survey.

The Communities That Care Youth Survey measures risk and protective factors shown in prior studies to predict adolescent problem behaviors such as drug use, delinquency, and violence. This paper describes the development and validation of cut points for the risk and protective factor scales in the Communities That Care Youth Survey that distinguish youths at higher risk for involvement in problem behaviors from those at lower risk. Using these cut points, populations surveyed with this instrument can be described in terms of the proportions of youths experiencing risk and the proportions experiencing protection on each predictor. This facilitates communities' prioritization of specific factors for attention. This paper compares different cut points, and evaluates the discriminant validity of selected cut points. Results indicate that cut points with sufficient sensitivity and selectivity can be established for each of the scales, and that risk and protective factors can be profiled as prevalence rates. Implications of these findings for prevention planning are discussed. Language: en
A covariance analysis of multiple paired comparisons

In the method of multiple paired comparisons the dominance of objectj over objectk is observed uponp attributes. The present paper develops a covariance analysis for these paired comparisons in terms of a linear model which includes scale, bias, and interaction effects, along withs covariants upon which the comparisons are presumably dependent. The covariance model gives rise to adjusted parameter estimates and hypothesis tests for the residual pairwise layout from which the effects of thes covariants have been removed. These estimation and testing procedures are illustrated with an analysis of political judgment data, and their relevance to the general problem of residual scaling is discussed.
Randomized Controlled Trial of a Cognitive-Behavioral Intervention for HIV-Positive Persons: An Investigation of Treatment Effects on Psychosocial Adjustment

Questions remain regarding the clinical utility of psychological interventions for HIV-positive persons because randomized controlled trials have utilized stringent inclusion criteria and focused extensively on gay men. The present randomized controlled trial examined the efficacy of a 15-session, individually delivered cognitive-behavioral intervention (n = 467) compared to a wait-list control (n = 469) in a diverse sample of HIV-positive persons who reported HIV transmission risk behavior. Five intervention sessions that dealt with executing effective coping responses were delivered between baseline and the 5 months post-randomization. Additional assessments were completed through 25 months post-randomization. Despite previously documented reductions in HIV transmission risk, no intervention-related changes in psychosocial adjustment were observed across the 25-month investigation period. In addition, there were no intervention effects on psychosocial adjustment among individuals who presented with mild to moderate depressive symptoms. More intensive mental health interventions may be necessary to improve psychosocial adjustment among HIV-positive individuals.
Epitaxial (La, Sr)TiO3 on Textured Ni?W as a Conductive Buffer Architecture for High Temperature Superconducting Coated Conductor

Abstract The formation of epitaxial (La, Sr)TiO3 on biaxially-textured Ni–W metal alloy tape was examined as a conductive buffer layer for YBa2Cu3O7 film growth. A TiN epitaxial nucleation layer served as an effective template layer for subsequent (La, Sr)TiO3 film growth on the Ni–W tape. The TiN/(La, Sr)TiO3 multilayer was epitaxial on the Ni–W substrate as confirmed via four-circle X-ray diffraction. A high temperature superconducting YBa2Cu3O7 film was deposited epitaxially on the (La, Sr)TiO3/TiN/Ni–W tape. The YBa2Cu3O7 film exhibited a superconducting transition temperature of 86 K and critical current density of 0.42 × 106 A/cm2 at 77 K.
Physiological and psychological dynamogenic factors in exercise

1. When a group of muscles is working and another group is set in action there is an immediate increase in the height of contractions of the first group. 2. At the finish of a race a vigorous arm action facilitates the leg action. 3. Squeezing corks or clenching the fists at the end of a race is a helpful device, but is not particularly efficient. A vigorous arm swinging has a greater effect upon the legs. 4. Cheering has a more powerful effect upon the leg contraction than swinging the arms. Yet, in actual competition contestants become relatively deaf and may not be cognizant of such cheering. 5. Excitable athletes under the stress of competition may involuntarily accelerate their pace to excess, thus losing their chance to win a long race.
Effects of finite plasma pressure on centrifugally driven convection in Saturn's inner magnetosphere

[1] We have previously shown simulation results for centrifugally driven plasma convection in Saturn's inner magnetosphere (2 < L < 12) using the Rice Convection Model, including a continuously active distributed plasma source, and the effects of the Coriolis force and the pickup current. These simulations result in a quasi-steady state, in which fast, narrow inflow channels alternate with slower, wider outflow channels, consistent with Cassini Plasma Spectrometer observations. These previous simulations, however, did not include the plasma pressure. We investigate here the effects of finite plasma pressure and the associated gradient-curvature drift current by giving the cold plasma a finite temperature. Our simulations confirm the theoretical expectation that a finite plasma pressure produces a force in the positive radial direction, the same direction as the centrifugal force, and acts as an additional driver of plasma convection. Our simulations also confirm that the radial velocities can be reduced (to keep them within observational constraints) by increasing the assumed ionospheric Pedersen conductance (also within observational constraints).
Electrical Contact Characteristics between Silicon Micropillars and Ag Nanoparticles with Controlled Mechanical Load

We report an experimental investigation on employing Ag nanoparticles to provide electrical and mechanical contacts between transfer-printed semiconductor devices in the shape of micro/nano- wires and pillars. The Ag nanoparticles have diameters ranging between 200–800nm and are assembled on a 200nm Au film deposited on glass substrates. With a customized tool, an ensemble of silicon pillars were brought into contact with the silver (Ag) nanoparticles (AgNPs) by precisely controlling the displacement and applied force (pressure). Current-voltage measurements were done at force resolution of ~0.2N. The test method aims to illuminate the pillar-particle contact mechanism using the nanoparticles as conductive fillers for the next generation of high performance heteroepitaxial device transfer-printing applications.
Exchange and magnetostrictive effects in rare earth superlattices

Abstract Single-crystal multilayer films with alternate heavy rare earth and yttrium layers have been shown by neutron diffraction to exhibit long-range magnetic order. Analysis of the neutron results on Dy¦Y and Er¦Y superlattices shows that the phase of the modulated magnetic structures in the dysprosium and erbium is preserved across the intervening yttrium nonmagnetic layer and corresponds to a “pseudo turn-angle” near 51° in the yttrium, which is in accord with theoretical calculations from the band structure. The ferromagnetic transitions occurring in the pure elements are completely suppressed in the multilayers as a result of epitaxial “clamping” by the yttrium layers, which inhibits the development of sufficient magnetostrictive strain to induce the phase transition. The temperature of the intermediate transitions in Er¦Y multilayers is also modified by magnetostriction, and evidence is found for different turn-angles for c axis and basal plane moment components.
Optimality of intermediate-thrust arcs of rocket trajectories

A new necessary condition is derived for the optimality of intermediate-thrust arcs of rocket trajectories in vacuum. The new necessary condition, together with previously known necessary conditions, ensures the absolute optimality of "sufficiently short" intermediatethrust arcs. For inverse-square central fields, the new condition reduces to a requirement that the primer vector must point inward; its radial component must be negative. Intermediate-thrust arcs that satisfy the new condition cannot join to arcs of a finite maximum thrust, nor join directly (without impulses) to arcs of zero thrust, except in a very restricted set of special cases. They are, therefore, of theoretical rather than practical importance.
Characterization and basis of enhanced host-finding in a genetically improved strain of Steinernema carpocapsae

Abstract The host-finding response of a strain (G13) of the entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema carpocapsae, selected for enhanced host-finding was compared with that of two wild-type strains (All and Foundation). The G13 strain showed a significant response to insect hosts up to a distance of 20 cm, compared to 3.5 cm in the wild types. Increasing the exposure period from 1 to 8 hr did not result in a corresponding increase in host-finding for any strain. G13 selection against the wax moth, Galleria mellonella, enhanced host-finding of other insect species as well, but equivalent enhancement was achieved only against the house cricket, Acheta domesticus. Host-finding by G13 infective juveniles was positively correlated with host carbon dioxide production. Removal of host carbon dioxide as a cue resulted in complete inhibition of chemotaxis in all three nematode strains. Our results indicate that the basis for enhanced host-finding in G-13 nematodes was selection for enhanced chemosensitivity to carbon dioxide.
Utilization of internet technology by low-income adults: the role of health literacy, health numeracy, and computer assistance.

Objectives: To examine whether low-income adults’ utilization of Internet technology is predicted or mediated by health literacy, health numeracy, and computer assistance. Method: Low-income adults (N = 131) from the midwestern United States were surveyed about their technology access and use. Results: Individuals with low health literacy skills were less likely to use Internet technology (e.g., email, search engines, and online health information seeking), and those with low health numeracy skills were less likely to have access to Internet technology (e.g., computers and cell phones). Consistent with past research, males, older participants, and those with less education were less likely to search for health information online. The relationship between age and online health information seeking was mediated by participant literacy. Discussion: The present study suggests that significant advances in technology access and use could be sparked by developing technology interfaces that are accessible to indiv...
Ethnic disparity in the success of vaginal birth after cesarean delivery.

Objective. To estimate whether maternal race/ethnicity is independently associated with successful vaginal birth after cesarean delivery (VBAC).Study design. A retrospective cohort study from January 1, 1997 to July 30, 2002 of women with singleton pregnancies and a previous cesarean delivery. The odds ratio (OR) for successful VBAC as a function of ethnicity was corrected for age >35 years, parity, weight gain, diabetes mellitus, hospital site, prenatal care provider, gestational age, induction, labor augmentation, epidural analgesia, and birth weight >4000 g.Results. Among 54 146 births, 8030 (14.8%) occurred in women with previous cesarean deliveries. The trials of labor rates were similar among Caucasian (46.6%), Hispanic (45.4%), and African American (46.0%) women. However, there was a significant difference among ethnic groups for VBAC success rates (79.3% vs. 79.3% vs. 70.0%, respectively). When compared to Caucasian women, the adjusted OR for VBAC success was 0.37 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.2...
The earth's climate as seen from space

Abstract The atmosphere-ocean-land-ice system that determines the climate of the earth is a complex and interactive system that can only be adequately understood when viewed on a global scale. Satellites are well suited for observing this system in a number of specific respects: They can map ocean surface (and eventually subsurface) temperatures, can determine extent of ice on the ocean and snow on the land, can monitor changes in the character of the earth's surface, and, perhaps the most fundamental ability of all, can determine radiation balance by mapping the solar radiation reflected and the infrared radiation emitted. It is these kinds of measurements on a global basis that are essential to our understanding of the causes of climate change, whether natural or man-made. The detection from satellites of long-term trends in the climate, on the other hand, has so far not been possible, due to the short time we have been in the “space age,” and due to the difficulty of making measurements from space with the absolute accuracy required to sense such subtle changes. This situation is improving, and the outlook for space-based monitoring of climate changes is good.
ETIOLOGY OF OROYA FEVER : XVI. VERRUGA IN THE DOG AND THE DONKEY.

In the experiments here reported, definite verruga lesions, in which the presence of Bartonella bacilliformis was established by culture or by passage to rhesus monkeys, were produced in a dog and in a donkey by inoculation of cultures or monkey passage strains. The reaction induced in these animals was entirely local, however; blood cultures were sterile. Histologically, the lesions produced were similar to those obtained in monkeys by inoculation of Bartonella bacilliformis, except for the presence of a marked polynuclear leucocytic exudate. In another donkey a lesion histologically suggestive of verruga was produced, while in one donkey and a horse the results of inoculation were negative or indefinite. The intravenous injection of a filtrate or of heat-killed cultures of Bartonella bacilliformis into two donkeys was followed by the appearance of large, soft, subcutaneous swellings, on various parts of the body, not resembling in any way verruga lesions.
Ocean Tide and Waves Beneath the Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica

The ocean tide in the southern Ross Sea is principally diurnal. The tropic tide range (double amplitude) is between 1 and 2 meters, depending on the location, and is closely related to the local water-layer thickness. The range of the tropic tide is more than three times the range of the equatorial tide. Cotidal and coamplitude charts were made for the largest diurnal constituents, K1and O1and a provisional cotidal map was made for the semidiurnal constituent M2. The amplitudes of the diurnal tide constituents are larger in the Ross Sea than in the adjacent southern Pacific Ocean, indicating the existence of a diurnal resonance related to the shape and depth of the sea. Waves related to ocean swell propagate into the ice-covered region from the northern Ross Sea. These waves have amplitudes near 1 centimeter, and periods in the range 1 to 15 minutes. The speed at which these waves travel is successfully predicted by flexural wave theory.
The Effect of Oral Contraceptive Steroids on the Response of Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone to Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone

The mean maximal TSH response to 100 μ of TRH in 15 euthyroid women was 19 ± 2.5 μ per ml (mean ± sem) compared to a mean response of 30 ± 2.5 μU per ml in 14 euthyroid patients receiving oral contraceptive steroids (P < 0.02). The results indicate that women receiving oral contraceptives have an augmented TSH response to TRH.
Phosphorylation by cAMP-dependent protein kinase modulates the structural coupling between the transmembrane and cytosolic domains of phospholamban.

We have used frequency-domain fluorescence spectroscopy to investigate the structural linkage between the transmembrane and cytosolic domains of the regulatory protein phospholamban (PLB). Using an engineered PLB having a single cysteine (Cys24) derivatized with the fluorophore N-(1-pyrenyl)maleimide (PMal), we have used fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) to measure the average spatial separation and conformational heterogeneity between PMal bound to Cys24 in the transmembrane domain and Tyr6 in the cytosolic domain near the amino terminus of PLB. In these measurements, PMal serves as a FRET donor, and Tyr6 serves as a FRET acceptor following its nitration by tetranitromethane. The native structure of PLB is retained following site-directed mutagenesis and chemical modification, as indicated by the ability of the derivatized PLB to fully regulate the Ca-ATPase following their co-reconstitution. To assess how phosphorylation modulates the structure of PLB itself, FRET measurements were made foll...
A process for the removal of thiols from a hydrocarbon stream by a heterogeneous reaction with lead oxide

The heterogeneous reaction of thiols with lead oxide to form insoluble lead thiolates is the basis for a new process that separates thiols from a hydrocarbon stream. The process uses inexpensive materials and significantly less energy than conventional hydrodesulfurization. The process also allows the original thiols to be recovered for other uses, and the lead is also recovered and recycled. Experimental demonstrations of key stages of the process are presented. Experimental recovery of the lead for recycling exceeds 94%. Thiols are recovered with typical yields of 80%−90%.
Frederic Ward Putnam, Chicago's Cultural Philanthropists, and the Founding of the Field Museum

AbstractIn the waning days of the World's Columbian Exposition, 1893, a group of wealthy Chicago philanthropists and other interested parties established the Field Museum. Local founders intended the museum to be a memorial of the exposition. Their idea was to create an institution of almost limitless scope and of a size sufficient to accommodate the broad range of exhibits acquired from the fair. Harvard ethnologist Frederic Ward Putnam has enjoyed much of the credit for establishing the Field Museum. However, Putnam's plan for a museum limited to anthropology and the natural sciences was inconsistent with the broad scope adopted by the museum in its first decade of existence. In time, the museum developed a natural history format strikingly similar to Putnam's ideal. Nevertheless, Chicago's cultural philanthropists played a vital role in shaping the initial scope and philosophy of the Field Museum.
Design and implementation of an experimental cataloging advisor: mapper

Abstract The main objective of this study is to understand how an experimental, semi-automatic cataloging adviser (Mapper) could be designed to assist the intermittent user in the descriptive cataloging of certain US-produced, single-sheet maps. The study is concerned with formalizing experts' judgment into a set of rules, which are then used to design Mapper's knowledge base. The questions of user modeling and human-computer compatibility are examined in order to propose a set of user interface characteristics related to Mapper's design. Mapper is implemented using the Apple HyperCard TM system.
The practical uses of curriculum theory

It is hard not to feel a certain envy for those professions whose labels are self-explanatory. People seem to have a rough idea of what an architect, a bricklayer, a teacher, a jeweler, a cabaret singer, or a lawyer (for example) does, and can imagine the skills required and the kinds of settings in which these people work. The vividness of these images seems somehow to legitimize the activity; the practical uses of bricklaying (or indeed of cabaret singing) are rarely questioned. It is much less clear, to people both within and outside the education professions, just what "curriculum theorists" are or what purpose their products serve. One gets accustomed to polite confusion and requests for explanation, two popular responses to describing oneself as a curriculum theorist; one gets accustomed also to encountering curriculists with advanced degrees who have never dealt with curriculum theory (since the course was not required) and who seem mystified if not slightly intimidated by it. Theory seems to have a less than enthusiastic reputation, especially among practitioners; various forms of the word have been used synonymously with "abstract," "unresolvable," "ideal," or maybe even worse! "academic." It is almost always divorced from practice in our discourse about education; the two terms have become standard fixtures on a frequently used dichotomy. Theory would seem to be thoroughly impractical, of questionable direct usefulness except perhaps to those erudite people who dabble in it for various inexplicable reasons of their own.
The susceptibility of the goat to Fasciola hepatica infections.

Abstract Mixed breed goats were infected with metacercariae of Fasciola hepatica and the resulting worm burdens were quantitated after primary and secondary exposure of the goats to the parasite. Mean length and width of the parasite recovered after all primary exposures were 1.91 ± 0.2 cm and 0.91 ± 0.2 cm, respectively. A mean of 71.8 ± 5.9% of the flukes were recovered from all of the primary infections. In the secondary infections, the mean length and width of the flukes from the physically smaller population was 0.88 ± 0.27 cm and 0.53 ± 0.19 cm, respectively. A mean of 67 ± 6.7% of the flukes were recovered from this secondary infection. It appears that the goat is susceptible to challenge infections with F. hepatica and that its response to this infection is much like that of sheep.