cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Further clarification of interpersonal versus social values conflict: Insights from motorized and non-motorized recreational river users

Abstract This study examined interpersonal conflict and social values conflict among motorized and non-motorized river recreational users at a relatively low use recreation area in interior Alaska. Previous methodologies for operationalizing social values conflict are not conceptually clear and may result in individuals being classified into the wrong conflict typology. This study addressed these conceptual problems by: (1) introducing a new conflict typology to differentiate between social values conflict and latent problem behaviors and (2) by uniformly applying a non-behavior based measure to classify social values conflict. Data were collected using an on-site survey of motorized (n=26) and non-motorized (n=63) river recreational users at multiple put-in/take-out locations. To the extent that conflict existed, social values conflict was the most prevalent. A small but perceptible number of respondents in both user groups reported a latent-behavior conflict. The results of this study were compared to the results of studies using previous methodologies. Differences were found between the number of non-motorized respondents who were classified into the no conflict and social values conflict typologies. Management implications Understanding the underlying causes of recreation conflict is essential to implementing an effective management response. Research has increased our understanding of conflict, yet the refinement of measures continues. This study investigated measurement issues regarding interpersonal vs. social values conflict and the impacts on management recommendations. • Correctly identifying conflict as interpersonal or social values is crucial to selecting the most appropriate management response. • Future studies of recreation conflict should also include evaluations of latent-behavior conflict to identify users who simply have a problem with another’s behavior even though it is not evident as interpersonal or social values conflict. • Evaluations of social values conflict should focus on non-behavior based measurements. • Managers should apply a combination of management strategies to reduce conflict among river recreational users. • Education efforts can be used to reduce social values conflict by broadening general understanding among users and dispelling myths. It can also be used to communicate generally accepted practices that can reduce or eliminate interpersonal and latent-behavior conflict. • Zoning and alternative management strategies such as alternative infrastructure development can be used to reduce interpersonal conflict by limiting interactions between users, enhancing recreational opportunities, and maintaining quality recreational experiences for multiple use types.
Intrahypothalamic microinjection of calcitonin prevents stress-induced gastric lesions in rats

Abstract Injection of salmon calcitonin into the lateral ventricle or the cisterna magna was reported to potently inhibit gastric lesions induced by cold restraint stress. The forebrain sites of action were investigated using unilateral microinjection of salmon calcitonin prior to exposing conscious pylorus-ligated rats to cold restraint stress for 2 hr. Calcitonin (100 ng), microinjected in 100 nl volume by pressure ejection from glass micropipette positioned into the lateral or ventromedial hypothalamus or the paraventricular nucleus, prevented the development of gastric lesions whereas microinjections into the caudate putamen, the cerebral cortex or the hippocampus were ineffective. The antiulcerogenic effect of lateral hypothalamic injection was dose dependent and specific since calcitonin gene-related peptide, tested under the same conditions, had no effect. Microinjection of calcitonin at 100 ng dose into the ventromedial hypothalamus did not modify gastric secretion whereas microinjection into the lateral hypothalamus or the paraventricular nucleus induced 75–82% inhibition of gastric acid output in pylorus-ligated rats exposed to restraint stress. These results demonstrate that the hypothalamus including the lateral, ventromedial and paraventricular nuclei are responsive sites of action for calcitonin-induced inhibition of cold restraint stress ulcers. The antiulcerogenic effect may be related to suppression of gastric acid secretion along with other mechanisms that remain to be elucidated.
Distribution and morphology of immunoreactive gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons in the basal forebrain of ponies.

Recent reports have indicated that analysis of changes in the staining characteristics of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons and characterization of morphological plasticity of the related structural framework may help to elucidate the physiological mechanisms involved in neuroendocrine control of mammalian reproduction. Whether comparative studies will facilitate this process or simply elucidate species-specific mechanisms is not yet clear. The present study was performed in order to begin analysis of GnRH neurons in a seasonally breeding species that exhibits an unusually long ovulatory luteinizing hormone (LH) surge. To this end, light microscopy and image analysis were used to characterize distribution and morphology of GnRH neurons in 15 adult male and female ponies. Samples were collected in the middle of the normal ovulatory season. Unipolar, bipolar, and multipolar GnRH neurons were organized in a loosely defined continuum that extended from the medial septum to tuberoinfundibular areas in the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH). Most cells were bipolar, and the majority of neurons were located in the MBH. Fiber projections to the median eminence included presumptive pathways similar to those previously described in other species. Image analysis of cell size indicated that cells in the MBH were larger than those in preoptic areas and GnRH neurons in both of these locations were larger than neurons in rostral areas of the medial septum. Results from this experiment suggest that the large population of MBH GnRH neurons in the equine species is likely to be of primary importance to reproductive function, whereas cells in other areas are fewer and smaller. Further work is needed to characterize morphological characteristics that may be related to physiological fluctuations in reproductive function of the equine species. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
On the inverse limit of the branched cyclic covers associated with a knot

Abstract Let X be the infinite cyclic covering of a knot complement and let Σ be the inverse limit of the associated finite branched cyclic coverings. Cowsik and Swarup showed that the map i:H 1 ( X )→ Σ ) is an injection, but did not compute H 1 ( Σ ) . In this paper we obtain a formula (Theorem 3) for H 1 ( Σ ) and examine some related limits. These are used to generalize and strengthen some well known results.
Silicon nanowire hybrid photovoltaics

Silicon nanowire Schottky junction solar cells have been fabricated using n-type silicon nanowire arrays and a spin-coated conductive polymer (PEDOT). The polymer Schottky junction cells show superior surface passivation and open-circuit voltages compared to standard diffused junction cells with native oxide surfaces. External quantum efficiencies up to 88% were measured for these silicon nanowire/PEDOT solar cells further demonstrating excellent surface passivation. This process avoids high temperature processes which allows for low-cost substrates to be used.
Mammalian spontaneous otoacoustic emissions are amplitude-stabilized cochlear standing waves.

Mammalian spontaneous otoacoustic emissions (SOAEs) have been suggested to arise by three different mechanisms. The local-oscillator model, dating back to the work of Thomas Gold, supposes that SOAEs arise through the local, autonomous oscillation of some cellular constituent of the organ of Corti (e.g., the “active process” underlying the cochlear amplifier). Two other models, by contrast, both suppose that SOAEs are a global collective phenomenon—cochlear standing waves created by multiple internal reflection—but differ on the nature of the proposed power source: Whereas the “passive” standing-wave model supposes that SOAEs are biological noise, passively amplified by cochlear standing-wave resonances acting as narrow-band nonlinear filters, the “active” standing-wave model supposes that standing-wave amplitudes are actively maintained by coherent wave amplification within the cochlea. Quantitative tests of key predictions that distinguish the local-oscillator and global standing-wave models are presented and shown to support the global standing-wave model. In addition to predicting the existence of multiple emissions with a characteristic minimum frequency spacing, the global standing-wave model accurately predicts the mean value of this spacing, its standard deviation, and its power-law dependence on SOAE frequency. Furthermore, the global standing-wave model accounts for the magnitude, sign, and frequency dependence of changes in SOAE frequency that result from modulations in middle-ear stiffness. Although some of these SOAE characteristics may be replicable through artful ad hoc adjustment of local-oscillator models, they all arise quite naturally in the standing-wave framework. Finally, the statistics of SOAE time waveforms demonstrate that SOAEs are coherent, amplitude-stabilized signals, as predicted by the active standing-wave model. Taken together, the results imply that SOAEs are amplitude-stabilized standing waves produced by the cochlea acting as a biological, hydromechanical analog of a laser oscillator. Contrary to recent claims, spontaneous emission of sound from the ear does not require the autonomous mechanical oscillation of its cellular constituents.
Different regions of the immunophilin FKBP52 determine its association with the glucocorticoid receptor, hsp90, and cytoplasmic dynein.

FKBP52 is a high molecular mass immunophilin possessing peptidylprolyl isomerase (PPIase) activity that is inhibited by the immunosuppressant drug FK506. FKBP52 is a component of steroid receptor·hsp90 heterocomplexes, and it binds to hsp90 via a region containing three tetratricopeptide repeats (TPRs). Here we demonstrate by cross-linking of the purified proteins that there is one binding site for FKBP52/dimer of hsp90. This accounts for the common heterotetrameric structure of native receptor heterocomplexes being 1 molecule of receptor, 2 molecules of hsp90, and 1 molecule of a TPR domain protein. Immunoadsorption of FKBP52 from reticulocyte lysate also yields co-immunoadsorption of cytoplasmic dynein, and we show that co-immunoadsorption of dynein is competed by a fragment of FKBP52 containing its PPIase domain, but not by a TPR domain fragment that blocks FKBP52 binding to hsp90. Using purified proteins, we also show that FKBP52 binds directly to the hsp90-free glucocorticoid receptor. Because neither the PPIase fragment nor the TPR fragment affects the binding of FKBP52 to the glucocorticoid receptor under conditions in which they block FKBP52 binding to dynein or hsp90, respectively, different regions of FKBP52 must determine its association with these three proteins.
A precision pointing system for space telescope class optical trackers

This paper reports on the results of a study effort whose main objective was to develop a conceptual design for a space based, large-payload (3000 kg) pointing system capable of both rapid slew maneuvers (0.35 rad/sec-squared) and very stable tracking (1 microrad, 1 sigma, each axis). The key features of the resulting solution are: (1) cross elevation over elevation gimbal system, (2) closed cross elevation gimbal ring, (3) graphite-epoxy structure, (4) two-motor reactionless joint torquers, (5) payload mounted vernier reaction wheel, and (6) gyrostabilized model following control system.
Providing Written Language Services in the Schools: The Time Is Now.

Purpose The current study was conducted to investigate the provision of written language services by school-based speech-language pathologists (SLPs). Specifically, the study examined SLPs' knowled...
Library for First-Principle Models of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells in Modelica

This paper describes the architecture and key equations of FCSys, a library to model proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) in Modelica. The motivating goal of this work is to reconcile many of the published models of PEMFCs and combine them in a reconfigurable PEMFC model that is effective for a variety of uses. It is necessary to distill equations from fuel cell literature into forms that at once capture the essence of the physical interactions, are conducive to the physical modularity of the device, and work within the constraints and take full advantage of the Modelica language. Since the behavior of PEMFCs depends on both advection and diffusion, a suitable alternative to the Modelica Fluid library and the stream concept is necessary. The proposed solution uses a “mixing” scheme based on the exponential of the Peclet numbers for each transport process. Storage and transport processes are co-located in each subregion of a rectilinear grid—all in the same base model. The Onsager formulation is used, whereby the effort and flow rate are conjugates of the entropy flow rate associated with energy transfer. The implementation is modular. It allows species to be enabled independently for each region. In addition, the geometric axes may be independently enabled (up to 3D) and shearing (transverse momentum) may be optionally included. Chemical/electrochemical interactions are communicated in a fully acausal manner through expandable connectors. This paper focuses on the motivation, background, and approach. Future publications will describe the ongoing work to calibrate, validate, and utilize the model for particular case studies. The library is made available as open source.
Designing Paclitaxel Drug Delivery Systems Aimed at Improved Patient Outcomes: Current Status and Challenges

Paclitaxel is one of the most widely used and effective antineoplastic agents derived from natural sources. It has a wide spectrum of antitumor activity, particularly against ovarian cancer, breast cancer, nonsmall cell lung cancer, head and neck tumors, Kaposi's sarcoma, and urologic malignancies. It is a highly lipophilic compound with a log P value of 3.96 and very poor aqueous solubility of less than 0.01 mg/mL. In addition, the compound lacks functional groups that are ionizable which could potentially lead to an increase in its solubility with the alteration in pH. Therefore, the delivery of paclitaxel is associated with substantial challenges. Until the introduction of Abraxane, only commercial formulation was solution of paclitaxel in cremophor, which caused severe side effects. However, in recent years, a number of approaches have been reported to solubilize paclitaxel using cosolvents and inclusion complexes. In addition, innovative approaches have been reported for passive targeting of tumors using nanoparticles, nanosuspensions, liposomes, emulsions, micelles, implants, pastes and gels. All approaches for delivery of improved therapeutic outcome have been discussed in this paper.
Limits on electromagnetic and particle emission from palladium-D 2 O electrolytic cells

We have carried out a series of experiments to test the recently claimed observations of cold fusion. In a first experiment, we used an electrochemical cell with a Pd wire cathode. Neutrons were detected by the1H(n,γ) photons from surrounding water and paraffin. In a second experiment, two vacuum-cast Pd disks were the cathodes in “twin” cells, one with H2O, and the other with D2O. The two cells were shuttled every 24 hours between similar detector setups, equipped with neutron, γ- and x-ray detectors. A third experiment was designed to measure production of charged particles, using an Si surface barrier detector viewing the back of a 76-μm thick Pd foil cathode. No statistically-significant evidence of nuclear fusion has been obtained in any of these experiments, either in steady-state operation or in transient response to a variety of perturbations. Upper bounds on the rate of various postulated fusion processes were set including <2×10−23 neutrons (dd pair)−1 s−1 for the d(d,n)3He reaction and <6×10−25 protons (dd pair)−1 s−1 for the d(d,p)3H reaction (2σ level). Chemical analysis of our electrolytes revealed no anomalous increase in3H concentrations. (PACS numbers: 82.45.+z,29.30.-h,29.70.-e,25.45.-z).
Indigenous movements and the risks of counterglobalization : Tracking the campaign against Papua New Guinea's Ok Tedi mine

Many contemporary indigenous movements deploy strategies of counterglobalization that make innovative use of the architecture of globalization. This article examines an indigenous political movement that took legal action to gain compensation and limit the environmental impact of the Ok Tedi copper and gold mine in Papua New Guinea. Even though the campaign sought to balance the desire for economic benefits with the protection of local subsistence practices, its objectives were frequently misinterpreted. Indigenous movements that deviate from an antidevelopment position run the risk of being seen as greedy rather than green. Instead of reproducing allegories about the successful exercise of veto power over development projects, anthropologists need ethnographic accounts that analyze the complex ambitions of indigenous movements and the risks of particular strategies of counterglobalization.
A demographic analysis of skeletons from the Larson site (39WW2) Walworth County, South Dakota: Vital statistics

A life table methodology was used for paleodemographic analysis of skeletons from the Larson site (39WW2), an Arikara village and cemetery dated to circa A.D. 1750–1785. Vital statistics on mortality, survivorship, age-specific probability of death, life expectancy and crude mortality rate were derived from skeletal data. The population had an extremely high infant mortality rate and high rates of childhood mortality. The lowest probability of death was for adolescents. Mortality increased for young adults, ages 15–19. This increase was especially marked for females, the actual peak of adult female mortality was during ages 15–19. A second mode in the female mortality curve occurred at ages 35–39. The greatest percentage of male deaths was observed in the fourth decade, ages 30–34. Only 4.0% of the population attained the age of 50. The population crude death rate was 76 per thousand per year. This estimate, although high, is congruent with archaeological and historical sources which report a rapid Arikara population decline during the Post-Contact period. Causes of specific deaths appear to be linked to childbirth (affecting mother and infant), starvation, diseases especially tuberculosis, and intertribal warfare.
Allergic rhinitis quality of life in urban children with asthma

Abstract Background Urban children with asthma and allergic rhinitis (AR) are at risk for experiencing worse AR-related quality of life (QOL). Although AR may be underdiagnosed and undertreated in urban minority children, research has not considered which illness-related indicators (eg, AR control) may contribute to AR QOL in this population. Objective To examine associations among AR control, asthma control, allergy symptoms, asthma symptoms, and AR QOL in a sample of 195 urban caregivers and their children with asthma (7-9 years of age) from African American, Latino, and non-Latino white backgrounds. Racial and ethnic differences in AR QOL were also examined. Methods Families resided in 1 of 4 cities selected as recruitment sources because of their high concentrations of ethnic minority and non-Latino white, urban families. Caregivers and children completed a series of interview-based and clinician-based assessments across one academic year and 4-week periods to track daily asthma and nasal symptoms. Results Better AR control was associated with higher AR QOL (β = −.32, P P P Conclusion Findings suggest that strategies to enhance AR control in urban children with asthma may assist in improving AR QOL. Non-Latino white children may experience less impairment of their AR QOL because of practical problems (eg, blow nose) than African American or Latino children with asthma.
Psychometric validation of a subjective well-being measure for people with spinal cord injuries.

Purpose: The researchers examined the factorial validity and the concurrent validity of the Sense of Well-Being Inventory (SWBI) based on a sample of Canadians with spinal cord injuries (SCI) in the community.Method: One hundred thirty-two participants were recruited from the Alberta, Saskatchewan, Nova Scotia, and Manitoba chapters of the Canadian Paraplegic Association. Mean age of participants was 45.82 years (SD = 15.67), and 77% were men. The participants were asked to complete a research packet containing a demographic questionnaire, the SWBI, and the brief version of the World Health Organization Quality of Life questionnaire (WHOQOL-BREF).Results: Factor analysis yield four factors (Psychological Well-Being, Financial Well-Being, Social and Family Well-Being, and Physical Well-Being) similar to the original SWBI. In addition, the SWBI factors in the present study correlated moderately well with the corresponding factors in the WHOQOL-BREF and with demographic variables appropriate to the respectiv...
Effects of radiation on the NMR relaxation effects of aqueous solutions of gadolinium contrast agents.

We investigate the effects of radiation on aqueous solutions of two common MRI contrast agents based on paramagnetic gadolinium chelates. Aqueous solutions of Gd–DTPA (gadolinium diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid) and Gd–HP-DO3A (gadoteridol), as well as Gd–DTPA in the presence of concentrations of several common metabolites (N-acetylaspartate, Choline, Creatine and myo-inositol) typical of conditions in vivo, were irradiated at dose levels up to 30 Gy using a 6 MV linear accelerator and imaged using a 1.5 T MRI system. In addition, the effects of radiation dose on solution relaxation rates were compared with the effects of temperature by subjecting the same samples to varying temperatures over a range of 4 K using the same experimental conditions and imaging sequences. Radiation caused small increases (1% or less at a dose of 20 Gy) in the relaxivity of solutions. The effects of radiation on relaxivities were orders of magnitude smaller than the effects of temperature over the range in this study. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Double Aortic Arch and D-Transposition of the Great Arteries

We present a rare case of D-transposition of the great arteries (D-TGA) and double aortic arch (DAA). The anatomy was prospectively and preoperatively diagnosed by echocardiography and confirmed by ultra-fast computed tomography. The patient underwent successful arterial switch operation and division of the vascular ring at a single procedure.
Development of a closed-loop testing method for a next-generation terminal area automation system

A next-generation air traffic decision support tool, known as the active final approach spacing tool (aFAST), will generate heading, speed and altitude commands to achieve more precise separation of aircraft in the terminal area. The techniques used to analyze the performance of earlier generation decision support tools are not adequate to analyze the performance of aFAST. The paper summarizes the development of a new and innovative fully closed-loop testing method for aFAST. This method, called trajectory feedback testing, closes each aircraft control loop inside of the aFAST scheduling algorithm. Validation of trajectory feedback testing by examination of the variation of aircraft time-of-arrival predictions between schedule updates and the variation of aircraft excess separation distances between simulation runs is presented.
Appearance of acinar‐cell‐specific mucin in prenatal mouse submandibular glands

Abstract The appearance of an acinar-cell-specific mucin was studied during fetal mouse submandibular gland development. The mucin was first detected in stage 23 and was quantitated through birth by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Quantitation results showed that the mucin accumulation was biphasic. Results from Western blotting and radioimmunoassay indicated that the mucin from the prenatal glands was similar both antigenically and in size to the mucin isolated from adult mice. Observations from light microscopy revealed a continuing progression of complexity throughout prenatal development, indicative of morphogenesis charateristic of differentiating exocrine tissues. When sections from various stages were compared morphometrically, it became clear that the overall ratio of epithelial cells to mesenchymal cells increased nearly 6-fold throughout the prenatal stages observed. The study suggests that acinar cell development in the mouse submandibular gland passes through a protodifferentiated stage. The proportions of epithelial and mesenchymal cells in the submandibular gland and the sensitivity of the RIA indicate that the mucin per cell actually increased to detectable levels at the onset of protodifferentiation, and this increase does not reflect a change in the relative proportions of epithelial and mesenchymal cells.
Building Terrorism from Social Ties: The Dark Side of Social Capital

In April 1984, 25 members of the Jewish Underground were arrested by the Israeli General Security Service moments after they had planted explosives in five Palestinian-owned buses. Their arrest and sentencing brought to an end one of the more sophisticated expressions of Jewish terrorism since the birth of Israel. Overall, the group planned four operations, one of which was the conspiracy to bomb the Muslim holy sites on the Temple Mount. As we outline below, social links between the members of the Jewish Underground significantly facilitated the creation of this organization. We demonstrate that social capital, here expressed in terms of networks, trust, and norms – which are widely considered important components of a healthy democracy – can take a negative turn toward participation in terrorism.
Friend-zone with benefits: The parasocial advertising of Kim Kardashian

This research focuses on the social-media-driven convention of advertising, and seeks to analyze the type of communication that occurs between celebrity endorsers and audiences within social media. Kim Kardashian is the most current and successful celebrity endorser. A content analysis including posts and responses from April and May 2011 is used to analyze the type of advertising messages and celebrity/audience interaction. The goal of the study is to establish whether Parasocial Interaction could improve the effectiveness of advertising. Due to findings that yielded a high amount of endorsements embedded into personal stories, as well as female approval for those posts, it can be stated that Parasocial Interaction takes place between the celebrity and audiences. It can also be considered as an advertising vehicle, in terms of positive audience feedback. The results imply that advertisers should utilize Parasocial Interaction to conduct successful advertising.
Molecular cloning of Per a 1 and definition of the cross-reactive Group 1 cockroach allergens.

Abstract Background: Sensitization to allergens produced by German and American cockroaches is strongly associated with the cause of asthma. Most of the cockroach allergens identified to date have been species specific. Objective: The aim of this study was to identify and sequence cross-reactive cockroach allergens. Methods: A Periplaneta americana cDNA library was screened with IgE antibody from patients in the United States who were allergic to cockroach and who were sensitized to Blattella germanica . Results: A cDNA clone was isolated that contained an 870-bp sequence with a 695-bp open reading frame, encoding a 231 amino acid protein, molecular weight 26.2 kd. Plaque immunoassays using anti-Bla g 1 and anti-Per a 1 mAbs and a panel of human IgE antibodies showed that the protein expressed by these clones was Per a 1. Sequence homology searches showed that Per a 1 was homologous to 5 previously reported, but unidentified, sequences from B germanica and P americana . These sequences encoded proteins with multiple molecular sizes containing approximately 100 amino acid repeats. The Per a 1 sequence also showed 31% identity to a mosquito precursor protein, ANG12, which may be involved in digestion. The Per a 1 cDNA was expressed in Pichia pastoris to produce purified recombinant allergen (yield, 14 mg/L). Conclusion: The results define the molecular structure and antigenic relationships between a new family of cross-reactive "Group 1" allergens produced by both P americana and B germanica . These recombinant allergens and specific mAbs will provide tools to improve the diagnosis and treatment of allergic diseases caused by cockroaches. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999;103:859-64.)
Influence of Snow and Ice Crystal Formation and Accumulation on Mercury Deposition to the Arctic

Mercury is deposited to the Polar Regions during springtime atmospheric mercury depletion events (AMDEs) but the relationship between snow and ice crystal formation and mercury deposition is not well understood. The objective of this investigation was to determine if mercury concentrations were related to the type and formation of snow and ice crystals. On the basis of almost three hundred analyses of samples collected in the Alaskan Arctic, we suggest that kinetic crystals growing from the vapor phase, including surface hoar, frost flowers, and diamond dust, yield mercury concentrations that are typically 2−10 times higher than that reported for snow deposited during AMDEs (∼80 ng/L). Our results show that the crystal type and formation affect the mercury concentration in any given snow sample far more than the AMDE activity prior to snow collection. We present a conceptual model of how snow grain processes including deposition, condensation, reemission, sublimation, and turbulent diffusive uptake influe...
Precambrian permafrost horizons as indicators of palaeoclimate

Abstract Periglacial phenomena such as polygonal wedge structures and microrelief features commonly preserved in fossil permafrost horizons can provide valuable information on palaeoclimate, including indications of mean annual air temperature, seasonal temperature range, relative precipitation, and evidence for long-term (∼ 104 years) oscillations of climate. Such features are known from early and late Proterozoic rocks and indicate mean annual air temperatures as low as −12 to −20°C or lower, and strongly seasonal periglacial climates. These palaeoclimatic data, together with information on palaeolatitude and proximity to palaeo-sea level, may impose strong constraints on palaeoclimate models for Proterozoic glaciation.
Multiple forms of nuclear estrogen receptor in the hypothalamus and pituitary after in vitro exchange with [3H]estradiol or [3H]hydroxytamoxifen.

Abstract We have examined the sedimentation properties of hypothalamic and pituitary estrogen receptors (ER) translocated to the nucleus by in vivo estradiol (E2) or nafoxidine treatments in the immature female rat. Nuclear ER were extracted with 0.4 M KC1 and incubated in vitro with saturating concentrations of [3H]E2under conditions which allowed exchange with endogenous unlabeled ligands (23°C for 1–16 h). Sucrose gradient centrifugation of pituitary extracts from rats treated for 1, 24 or 48 h with E2 yielded two components, sedimenting at 3 and 4–5S; in hypothalamic extracts the 3S form and variable amounts of a heavier shoulder were observed. After nafoxidine treatment the 4–5S species was present in greater proportions than after E2. Both species interacted with monoclonal antibodies prepared against cytoplasmic ER from MCF-7 cells to yield more rapidly sedimenting complexes (7–8S). The 4–5S receptor was preferentially labeled in nuclear extracts subjected to exchange with [3H]E2 for l h in vitro. In addition, nuclear ER from rats treated with [3H]E2for l h in vivo sedimented at about 5S. We also investigated the direct binding of [3H]4-hydroxytamoxifen to nuclear ER. A single 4.2–4.3S component was present in both the hypothalamus and pituitary; this peak was displaced to about 7.5S after incubation with antibodies to MCF-7 ER. In the same nuclear preparations the 3S receptor predominated after exchange with [3H]E2;however, a 1000-fold excess of unlabeled nafoxidine or hydroxytamoxifen abolished the 3S peak. These results suggest that 4–5S nuclear ER may give rise to the 3S form through degradation by endogenous proteases and that binding of antiestrogens to the larger species may interfere with this conversion.
Interspecific hybridization and apomixis between Phytophthora capsici and Phytophthora tropicalis.

Phytophthora capsici and the closely related Phytophthora tropicalis infect different hosts that have documented overlapping geographical distributions. Phytophthora capsici attacks annual vegetable hosts whereas P. tropicalis has been recovered from woody perennial hosts. Our objective was to test whether interspecific hybridization is possible and to characterize the resulting progeny. Crosses were made between P. capsici (LT263) from pumpkin to P. tropicalis from rhododendron (LT232) and to P. tropicalis from Theobroma cacao (LT12). The wild type isolates were analyzed for mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence diversity and progeny were tested for mating type (MT), AFLP marker profiles and mitochondrial DNA haplotype (mtDNA type). All oospore progeny from LT263 × LT12 were identical to LT263 whereas progeny from LT263 × LT232 were parental as well as hybrid. Hybrid progeny had either one or the other parent mtDNA type and there was no correlation between MT and mtDNA type. Attempts to generate an F2 p...
ESTIMATING RATES OF DENUDATION USING COSMOGENIC ISOTOPE ABUNDANCES IN SEDIMENT

We propose, as a testable hypothesis, a basin-scale approach for interpreting the abundance of in situ produced cosmogenic isotopes, an approach which considers explicitly both the isotope and sediment flux through a drainage basin. Unlike most existing models, which are appropriate for evaluating in situ produced cosmogenic isotope abundance at discrete points on Earth’s surface, our model is designed for interpreting isotope abundance in sediment. Because sediment is a mixture of materials, in favourable cases derived from throughout a drainage basin, we suggest that measured isotope abundances may reflect spatially averaged rates of erosion. We investigate the assumptions and behaviour of our model and conclude that it could provide geomorphologists with a relatively simple means by which to constrain the rate of landscape evolution if a basin is in isotopic steady state and if sampled sediments are well mixed.
Data cube: a relational aggregation operator generalizing GROUP-BY, CROSS-TAB, and SUB-TOTALS

Data analysis applications typically aggregate data across many dimensions looking for unusual patterns. The SQL aggregate functions and the GROUP BY operator produce zero-dimensional or one-dimensional answers. Applications need the N-dimensional generalization of these operators. The paper defines that operator, called the data cube or simply cube. The cube operator generalizes the histogram, cross-tabulation, roll-up, drill-down, and sub-total constructs found in most report writers. The cube treats each of the N aggregation attributes as a dimension of N-space. The aggregate of a particular set of attribute values is a point in this space. The set of points forms an N-dimensionaI cube. Super-aggregates are computed by aggregating the N-cube to lower dimensional spaces. Aggregation points are represented by an "infinite value": ALL, so the point (ALL,ALL,...,ALL, sum(*)) represents the global sum of all items. Each ALL value actually represents the set of values contributing to that aggregation.
A possible synergism of dietary phosphate and urine-acidifying salts in preventing silica urolithiasis in a rat model.

using an animal model involving rats fed tetraethylorthosilicate, the minimal effective dietary con centration of ammonium chloride for reduction of silica urolithiasis was determined to be â€¢â€¢â€¢â€¢ 0.10 equivalents/kg diet. Ammonium sulfate appeared to be only slightly less effective. The lower incidences of urolithiasis were asso ciated with urinarypH < 7. A subprophylacticconcentra tion (0.067 equivalents/kg diet) of ammonium chloride was factored withthree levels of supplemental phosphorus (0,0.15 and 0.30%) from Na2HPO4to determinewhether the antiurolithiceffects of dietary phosphate and urinary- acidifyingsalts are synergistic. Phosphate had no effect on urinarypH. A 50% urolithincidence occurred in controls; the incidence was 25% (P = 0.08) with 0.15 and 10% (P < 0.01) with 0.30% phosphorus, urinary pH was 7.5 in controls compared with 7.2 in rats given the subpro phylacticlevel of ammonium chloride,butammonium chlo ridealone had no effect on urolithiasis.However,complete protection from urolithiasis was provided by each of the two levels of phosphorus in combination with ammonium chloride. It is concluded that supplemental dietaryphos phorus is most effective for protection against silica urol ithiasis under conditions contributingtowardurinaryacid ification due to a possible synergism between dietary phosphorus and urinaryacidifying salts. J. fiutr, 117: 1603-1608, 1987.
Homotherium serum and Cervalces from the Great Lakes Region, USA: geochronology, morphology and ancient DNA

A scimitar-toothed cat (Homotherium serum) and stag moose (Cervalces sp.) are described from Tyson Spring Cave, Fillmore County, Minnesota. These specimens represent the first records of both species in the state, and the first record for H. serum in the Great Lakes region. Although the Cervalces specimen remains undated, it shares features with pre-Wisconsin specimens from the eastern Great Plains. The H. serum individual dates to c. 26.9 ka, when the Wisconsin ice margin was less than 60 km away. Genetic analyses support the identity of the Homotherium specimen as conspecific with Homotherium serum found in older Beringian deposits, as well as both the early divergence of tribes Homotherini and Smilodontini within Machairodontinae and the early divergence of this Machairodontinae from the lineage that produced extant cats.
March 2004: a 24-year-old woman with bifrontal headaches.

CASE OF THE MONTH: ABSTRACT MARCH 2004 COM. A 24-year-old woman with bifrontal headaches was found to have a well-circumscribed lesion in the frontal lobe subcortical white matter. Microscopic examination showed clusters of small round cells separated by hypocellular neuropil-like areas, and a distinct border between tumor and surrounding white matter. Synaptophysin was diffusely positive in neuropil-like areas, and many tumor cells expressed NeuN. Based on these findings, a diagnosis of “extraventricular neurocytoma” was made. A double-label immunofluorescence stain was performed with NeuN and Ki-67 antibodies to determine if NeuN+ cells remained in the mitotic cycle. No colocalization of these markers was found, thus supporting the hypothesis that neuronal differentiation (as marked by NeuN expression) is incompatible with continued proliferation of tumor cells, as well as normal neurons.
The Role of Ribbons at Sensory Synapses

Synaptic ribbons are organelles that tether vesicles at the presynaptic active zones of sensory neurons in the visual, auditory, and vestibular systems. These neurons generate sustained, graded electrical signals in response to sensory stimuli, and fidelity of transmission therefore requires their synapses to release neurotransmitter continuously at high rates. It has long been thought that the ribbons at the active zones of sensory synapses accomplish this task by enhancing the size and accessibility of the readily releasable pool of synaptic vesicles, which may represent the vesicles attached to the ribbon. Recent evidence suggests that synaptic ribbons immobilize vesicles in the resting cell and coordinate the transient, synchronous release of vesicles in response to stimulation, but it is not yet clear how the ribbon can efficiently mobilize and coordinate multiple vesicles for release. However, detailed anatomical, electrophysiological, and optical studies have begun to reveal the mechanics of release at ribbon synapses, and this multidisciplinary approach promises to reconcile structure, function, and mechanism at these important sensory synapses.
The Epistemic Relevance of the Virtue of Justice

Recent literature on the relationship between knowledge and justice has tended to focus exclusively on the social and ethical dimensions of this relationship (e.g. social injustices related to knowledge and power, etc.). For the purposes of this article, I am interested in examining the virtue of justice and its effects on the cognitive faculties of its possessor (and, correspondingly, the effects of the vice of injustice). Drawing upon Thomas Aquinas’s account of the virtue of justice, I argue that in certain cases justice can be a criterion of epistemic evaluation and that it deserves more attention than it has been given among virtue epistemologists. More precisely, the virtue of justice may become a criterion of epistemic evaluation in cases when a belief is formed on the basis of testimony. It would seem that there are cases when A’s assent to proposition p is something that is owed to B on the basis of B’s testimony; or there may be instances when A is culpable for declining to let B’s testimony have any effect on A’s belief. I briefly sketch four distinct scenarios in which this bears out.
Daisaku Ikeda and Value-Creative Dialogue: A New Current in Interculturalism and Educational Philosophy.

This article focuses on Daisaku Ikeda's (1928– ) philosophy and practice of intercultural dialogue—what I call ‘value‐creative dialogue’—as a new current in interculturalism and educational philosophy and theory. I use excerpts from Ikeda's writings to consider two aspects of his approach to dialogue. First, I locate his approach philosophically in Buddhism; in the examples of dialogue modeled by Ikeda's mentor, Josei Toda (1900–1958), and by Toda's mentor, Tsunesaburo Makiguchi (1871–1944); and in Makiguchi's theory of value creation (soka) and value‐creating pedagogy. Second, I consider the multiple and value‐creative levels Ikeda's dialogues play. I conclude with implications of value‐creative dialogue in education in general and bilingual‐bicultural education in particular.
Methoxychlor Disrupts Uterine Hoxa10 Gene Expression

Methoxychlor (MXC) is a pesticide that has adverse effects on reproductive capability in mice. MXC and its metabolites bind the estrogen receptor and function as endocrine disruptors. MXC diminishes the uterine decidual cell response, necessary for the support of pregnancy. Hoxa10 is an estrogen-regulated gene that is an essential mediator of the decidual response and necessary for pregnancy. Here we demonstrate that a mechanism by which MXC disrupts uterine function is by suppressing Hoxa10 expression. MXC treatment of mice produced a mild uterotropic response as measured by increased uterine weight and epithelial height. MXC treatment of uterine Ishikawa cells in vitro induced Hoxa10 expression. Estrogen receptor (ER) binding to the HOXA10 estrogen response element(ERE)waspromotedbytreatmentwithestradiol(E2); however, MXC disrupted E2/ER/ERE complex formation and gel shift. MXC alone allowed weak ER/ERE binding. In vivo MXC blocked the effect of E2 on Hoxa10 expression. Neonatal MXC treatment resulted in an immediate suppression and cellular restriction of Hoxa10 expression as well as a permanent generalized decrease in expression that persisted in the adult. MXC inhibited the expression of Hoxa10, a gene necessary for uterine development and function. One common mechanism by which endocrine disrupting chemicals produce lasting reproductive tract defects is through permanent alteration of developmental gene expression. (Endocrinology 146: 3445–3451, 2005) T HERE ARE A LARGE number of chemicals used in pesticides, industrial agents, and household products that can mimic the action of hormones and in some instances interfere with endocrine function. Such agents are referred to as endocrine disruptors (1). Multiple hormones are targets of endocrine disruption; however, the best-characterized endocrinedisruptorsarethosethatbindestrogenreceptorsand exert estrogenic or antiestrogenic effects (2, 3). Reproductive tract development is profoundly influenced by estrogen; estrogenic endocrine disrupting chemicals have been shown to induce histologic and morphological abnormalities in the murine female reproductive tract. At critical time points during development, hormones involved in differentiation permanently activate or repress the expression of specific genes (4–6). Exposure in utero or during the neonatal period to endocrine disruptors can interfere with the action of hormones essential to development of the reproductive tract, resulting in permanent alterations in gene expression and in subsequent organ function. Some of these alterations may be detected in the fetus or newborn, whereas others such as changes in the functioning of reproductive organs may only become apparent upon sexual maturation (7).
Novel Role of miR-33 in Regulating of Mitochondrial Function

Macrophages play a critical role throughout atherogenesis, from the initiating events leading to plaque formation to the development of plaque instability and thrombosis. Uptake of modified forms of low-density lipoprotein by macrophages within the arterial wall leads to their transition into arterial foam cells and the development of atherosclerotic plaques. In addition, as plaques mature and macrophage-derived foam cells continue to accumulate lipids, many undergo apoptosis, and the inability of other macrophages to efficiently remove apoptotic cells within atherosclerotic plaques leads to the formation of the necrotic core, a hallmark of plaque instability. Finally, macrophages produce and secrete several matrix metalloproteinases that can promote degradation of the fibrous cap and increase likelihood of plaque rupture.1 Article, see p 266 To prevent and delay the progression of atherosclerotic plaques, macrophages can remove intracellular cholesterol for transportation to and clearance by the liver, through a process known as reverse cholesterol transport (RCT).2 Efflux of cholesterol from macrophages is predominately performed by the ATP-binding cassette transporters ABCA1 and ABCG1. As these transporters require ATP to function, cholesterol efflux (CE) is inexorably linked to cellular energy status.3 Consistent with this, it has been found that inhibition of mitochondrial respiration leads to an impairment in macrophage cholesterol efflux.4 Earlier work has also shown that mitochondrial cholesterol transport plays an important role in the regulation of cholesterol efflux.5 In addition to this, macrophage mitochondrial function has been shown to be of critical importance in other important aspects of atherogenesis, including the generation of reactive oxygen species, leading to the oxidation of low-density lipoprotein and increased foam cell formation, and the underlying events leading to apoptosis.6 Together these findings highlight the important role of macrophage mitochondria in regulation of reverse cholesterol transport and the development of atherosclerosis. In this issue of …