cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Emotion Classification and Textual Clustering Techniques for Gang Intervention Data

We study a recent dataset documenting the nature of gang involvement among 14-25 year-olds participating in the Los Angeles Mayor’s Office of Gang Reduction and Youth Development (GRYD) Intervention Family Case Management Program. We use natural language processing techniques, including emotion classification and textual clustering, to perform quantitative analyses of free-form responses in the data. These analyses yield insights into the effectiveness of the program and provide a better understanding of its participants. We also compare several computational techniques and remark on their relative effectiveness in application to this dataset.
Circulation in Lake Ontario: Numerical and Physical Model Analysis

AbstractThe validation of numerical models for large lakes is difficult because of sparse field observations. In this study, a Froude-Rossby scaled physical model of Lake Ontario, North America, is...
Interprofessional Learning and Working

This chapter outlines the way in which diagnostic radiographers interact with other health and social care professionals and how the different professional cultures interact with one another.
Development of an efficient general purpose cable model and simulation for marine applications

This paper develops a general numerical model and efficient integration routine to predict the response of the underwater cable that connects the Lockheed Martin remote minehunting vehicle to its variable depth sensor. The general model is developed from continuous cable equations that are discretized using a finite element method with linear elements. The resulting discrete system of equations is nonlinear and stiff. Thus, we chose the implicit Generalized-/spl alpha/ method to integrate these equations because it possesses numerical dissipation. This integration routine is coded into a PC based numerical simulation and the results and efficiency were compared with those from the Runge-Kutta method. Based on the validation test cases, the Generalized-/spl alpha/ method proved to be an efficient and reliable integration method for stiff equations governing the motion of underwater cables.
Privacy Policy Assessment for the Livingston Lord Library at Minnesota State University Moorhead

Libraries are not doing all they should to protect users' privacy. Several sections of the USA PATRIOT Act potentially encroach on this privacy. To preserve intellectual freedom and the flow of information in a democratic society, libraries must adopt privacy policies that tell library users their rights and demonstrate the library's willingness to be held accountable for such protections. The current privacy policy at the Livingston Lord Library at Minnesota State University Moorhead does not take into consideration the various ramifications of the PATRIOT Act because the policy predated the Act by more than 20 years. An updated policy is a recommendation of this study. The study was conducted using research from two previously conducted surveys given to libraries regarding the PATRIOT Act as well as investigating and analyzing 30 library privacy policies posted on their academic library web sites. In developing this proposed privacy policy, guidelines and recommendations from the American Library Association were used whenever possible. Results indicate that while libraries and librarians think the right to privacy is important, librarians do not have the time, the understanding, or the means to involve themselves in a complete privacy audit of their library.
Comparative Evaluation of Five Serological Methods for the Diagnosis of Sporotrichosis

The diagnosis of sporotrichosis can be time consuming. Serological procedures could facilitate the rapid and accurate diagnosis of this disease. A slide latex agglutination (SLA) test for sporotrichosis was developed and compared with the tube agglutination (TA), complement fixation (CF), and immunodiffusion (ID) tests in the serological study of 80 proven human cases of sporotrichosis representing the cutaneous, subcutaneous, and extracutaneous forms of the disease. In addition, the indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) technique was applied to 61 case sera. In the SLA test, latex particles sensitized with culture filtrate antigens from the yeast form of Sporothrix schenckii (B 959) detected 94% of the cases, as compared to 96% of the cases detected by the TA test, 68% by the CF test, and 56% by the ID test. The IFA test detected 90% of the 61 cases. The SLA and ID tests were specific, showing no reactions with sera from 86 persons with no disease or with diseases other than sporotrichosis. Because of its sensitivity, specificity, ease of performance, and ability to provide results in 5 min, the SLA test is highly recommended for routine use in the clinical laboratory.
Micro/Nanotribology and Micro/Nanomechanics of Magnetic Storage Devices

A magnetic recording process involves relative motion between a magnetic medium (tape or disk) against a stationary or rotating read/write magnetic head. For ever-increasing, high areal recording density, the linear flux density (number of flux reversals per unit distance) and the track density (number of tracks per unit distance) should be as high as possible. The size of a single bit dimension for current devices is typically less than 1000 nm2. This dimension places stringent restrictions on the defect size present on the head and medium surfaces. Reproduced (read-back) magnetic signal amplitude decreases with a decrease in the recording wavelength and/or the track width. The signal loss results from the magnetic coating thickness, read gap length, and head-to-medium spacing (clearance or flying height). It is known that the signal loss as a result of spacing can be reduced exponentially by reducing the separation between the head and the medium. The need for increasingly higher recording densities requires that surfaces be as smooth as possible and the flying height (physical separation or clearance between a head and a medium) be as low as possible. The ultimate objective is to run two surfaces in contact (with practically zero physical separation) if the tribological issues can be resolved. Smooth surfaces in near contact lead to an increase in adhesion, friction, and interface temperatures, and closer flying heights lead to occasional rubbing of high asperities and increased wear. Friction and wear issues are resolved by appropriate selection of interface materials and lubricants, by controlling the dynamics of the head and medium, and the environment. A fundamental understanding of the tribology (friction, wear, and lubrication) of the magnetic head/medium interface, both on macro- and micro/nanoscales, becomes crucial for the continued growth of this more than $ 60 billion a year magnetic storage industry. In this chapter, initially, the general operation of drives and the construction and materials used in magnetic head and medium components are described. Then the micro/nanotribological and micro/nanomechanics studies including surface roughness, friction, adhesion, scratching, wear, indentation, and lubrication relevant to magnetic storage devices are presented.
Tax Professionals’ Perception of Large and Mid-Size Business Tax Law Complexity

We surveyed corporate tax directors and managers from LMSB companies (gross assets of $10MM or more) as to their perception of complexity of the U.S. income tax law. The results showed that the international arena was the number one area of complexity.
Sensitivity analysis of a pulse nutrient addition technique for estimating nutrient uptake in large streams

The constant nutrient addition technique has been used extensively to measure nutrient uptake in streams. However, this technique is impractical for large streams, and the pulse nutrient addition (PNA) has been suggested as an alternative. We developed a computer model to simulate Monod kinetics nutrient uptake in large rivers and used this model to evaluate the sensitivity of the PNA technique. We parameterize our model using the average hydrogeomorphological estimates from a pulse release study of ammonium in the Snake River, WY, and used this study to demonstrate how data from a field experiment can be effectively analyzed using a simulation model. To evaluate the sensitivity of the PNA technique, we manipulated the hydrogeomorphology and uptake kinetics of our stream model, simulated a pulse ammonium addition, and measured the downstream response in our model as if it were a field experiment, while ammonium areal uptake at ambient concentration was kept unchanged in the model. Ammonium uptake estimates by the PNA technique were different from the uptake in our model and these differences were nonrandom. The difference was greatest when velocity was high and there was little solute spread, either in the water column or from exchange with transient storage. The difference was also high when the half saturation coefficient for uptake was low. Our estimates of ammonium uptake under the assumption of Monod kinetics were higher than those under the assumption of first-order kinetics based on direct calculation from the experimental data.
A résumé of one hundred consecutive cases of ectopic pregnancy

Abstract This study was made from the records of 100 consecutive cases of ectopic pregnancy treated in the Surgical Division of the City Hospital of Akron during the five-year period from 1931 to 1936. In this series, the patients for the greater part were admitted late and therefore the Friedman test, necessitating a forty-eight-hour delay, was not considered a justifiable procedure. It might, however, have been of some value were it used in the early unruptured cases.
Alternative test methods for RF immunity testing

From January 1, 1996, immunity and emissions testing of electronic products became mandatory for manufacturers shipping products into the European Union. For RF immunity, the test standards are IEC 1000-4-3 and ENV 50140, which are virtually identical. Both are written primarily for testing in an anechoic or modified semi-anechoic chamber; however, more cost effective alternative methods are described and allowed. Not only are these alternative technologies effective, they provide the additional advantages of lower cost, smaller size, reduced test set-up times, and simple but effective pre-compliance emission testing.
Interhemispheric amplitude symmetry in the EEGs of normal full term, low risk premature, and trisomy-21 infants

Abstract RMS measurements of amplitude symmetry were calculated for samples of typical active and quiet sleep periods in 12 normal full term, 5 premature and 7 Trisomy-21 infants from recordings obtained at 1, 4, 12, 26 and 52 weeks post term. The frequency distributions of the symmetry data for each group did not deviate significantly from the expected normal distributions. The mean symmetry ratios were not significantly different among the 3 groups. It was concluded that the EEGs of the 3 groups are characterized by amplitude symmetry in the first year of life. The possibility that symmetry data may be used for classification of abnormal EEGs was discussed.
Fc receptor for shark IgM.

Abstract Fc receptors for shark IgM have been demonstrated on shark leukocytes. Measurement of receptor binding required treatment of leukocytes with Cytochalasin D to inhibit phagocytosis. EA rosetting assays were carried out using human erythrocytes coated with shark anti-human antibody. Binding to shark leukocytes was demonstrated to be specific to shark IgM in that affinity purified shark IgM and purified Fc5μ fragments could block rosette formation, but not shark transferrin, bovine serum albumin or fetal bovine serum. The binding was shown to be saturable and reversible, characteristic of receptor-ligand interaction. Further, it was shown that affinity purified, radioiodinated IgM could also bind Cytochalasin D-treated shark leukocytes in a manner analogous to rosetting. We conclude that Fc receptors appeared early in evolution, and that previous difficulties in demonstrating the Fcμ receptor resulted from non-specific binding associated with phagocytosis.
Reassigned Time Frequency Analysis for PD Signals in GIS

Partial discharge signal in GIS is a kind of typical non-stationary signal, using the time or frequency domain simply is not enough to describe the time-varying information of PD. Based on the reason above, this paper introduces a joint time-frequency analysis method according to the reassignment theory for analyzing the PD of GIS. After the processing of the PD signals simulated and on field, we conclude that this method provides a higher concentration in the time-frequency plane and reduces the most influence of the cross-interference terms.
Effects of long-term oxandrolone administration in severely burned children

Abstract Background Severe burns cause exaggerated catabolism of muscle protein and inhibit bone deposition. Weakness and bony growth arrest interfere with rehabilitation. The purpose of this study was to determine whether oxandrolone administration for 1 year after the burn reverses muscle and bone catabolism in hypermetabolic pediatric burn patients. Methods Children with burns greater than 40% total body surface area were enrolled into a randomized controlled trial to receive oxandrolone as a long-term anabolic agent. All patients received similar clinical care. Subjects were studied at discharge (95% healed) and at 6, 9, and 12 months after the burn, after treatment with 0.1 mg/kg po bid or placebo. Serum hepatic transaminases were measured. Lean body mass (LBM), bone mineral content (BMC,) and bone mineral density (BMD) were measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Patients completed a safety questionnaire and were reviewed clinically at intervals. Results The groups were similar in age, weight, and total body surface area burned. LBM was significantly greater with oxandrolone at 6, 9, and 12 months after the burn (P Conclusions Long-term administration of oxandrolone safely improves LBM, BMC, and BMD in severely burned children.
Predictive Value of Technically Adequate and Normal Abdominal Sonography Prior to Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography

A prospective study identified 85 patients who had endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) within 60 days of a technically adequate sonogram of the biliary tree and pancreas which was normal using strict criteria. Eighty-two normal sonograms ultimately proved to be true-negatives and two were false-negatives. The correct diagnosis is uncertain in one patient. The three incorrect or potentially incorrect sonograms were performed in the first year of a 2-year study. Patients who have both a technically acceptable and completely normal sonogram of the biliary tree and pancreas are very unlikely to have an abnormal ERCP.
Intranasal delivery of cardiovascular agents: An innovative approach to cardiovascular pharmacotherapy

The intranasal administration of drugs has long been used for the topical treatment of various nasal disorders. Many features of the intranasal mucosa also make it useful for delivery of systemically active agents. It has been shown that intranasal drug administration can provide plasma drug levels similar to those observed with comparable doses of parenteral drugs. The feasibility of intranasal administration of propranolol, nifedipine, and nitroglycerin has been investigated in several small clinical studies. Intranasal propranolol has been shown to improve exercise tolerance in patients with angina pectoris. Intranasal nifedipine has been used to treat patients with perioperative hypertension and hypertensive crisis. Intranasal administration of nitroglycerin was shown to blunt the hypertensive response to endotracheal intubation. These studies and others suggest that intranasal delivery of cardiovascular drug treatment could be used in those clinical situations where a rapid or intermittent drug effect is desired and can potentially serve as an alternative to parenteral drug administration.
198: Renal Dysfunction before Ventricular Assist Impacts Renal Function Post-Transplant, Despite Improvements in Renal Function during Ventricular Support

inflammation.T-regs and inflammation were positively correlated (Spearman correlation coefficient 0.68; p 0.001). Among biopsies with low T-regs, the majority showed low inflammation: 77% (10/13) of those with FOXP3 score of 0 had an inflammation score of 1, as did 80% (24/30) of those with FOXP3 score of 1. By contrast, biopsies with more T-regs showed greater inflammation. In biopsies with a T-regs score of 2, 73% (16/22) had an inflammation score of 2, and those with a score of 3, 89% (8/9) had an inflammation score of 3. Table 2 shows the association between inflammation and the grade of rejectionInflammation correlated with the grade of rejection. Among biopsies with a high degree of inflammation (3), 46% (6/13) had grade 3A rejection and 38% (5/13) grade 2. By contrast, with less inflammation (1), 51% (19/37) had grade 1A. Conclusions: In heart transplants, T-regs increased with greater inflammation. Higher inflammation scores correlated with higher grades of rejection. Thus, T-regs increased with higher grades of rejection and reflected anti-allograft reactivity. Table 1
Monopolar electrothermal arthroscopy for treatment of shoulder instability in the athlete

Abstract Arthroscopic stabilization of the shoulder has gained considerable interest as a treatment alternative for shoulder instability in athletes. Basic science and clinical studies are helping to define the ideal patient population, surgical techniques, and rehabilitation protocols that will enhance our surgical results and maximize patient satisfaction. We describe here our surgical program, basic science foundation, and early clinical results.[/]ab
Repetitive DNA sequences: Some considerations for simple sequence repeats

Abstract Three topics are treated in this paper: (1) can the polymorphism evident in the length of many simple sequence repeats (SSRs) or microsatellites be explained as a result of unequal mitotic crossing over? We conclude that although this mechanism may be a reasonable explanation for polymorphisms of minisatellite sequences, it is less attractive for SSRs, because they are considerably shorter and some of the rates of generation of new length alleles are extremely high. A more likely mechanism is some form of slipped strand mispairing, whether occuring during normal DNA replication or during replication accompanying recombination. (2) Some results are presented on the number of mono- and di-nucleotide repeats in the human genome. For each high scoring locus, an optimal alignment is made of the actual with an ideal SSR; from such alignments, the relative numbers of insertions/deletions (indels), transitions and transversions are obtained for each class of SSR. (3) An elementary derivation of the number of equivalence classes of SSRs of any word length, n , is given.
Effect of Implanted Cl and Deposited Oxides on the Pitting Behavior of Aluminum

Insight into the influence of Cl on the pitting behavior of aluminum has been gained using a combination of ion implantation and oxide deposition. High-purity Al thin-film samples were implanted with 35 keV Cl + followed by plasma deposition of an aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ). The pitting potential of unimplanted areas in 50 mM NaCI increased with increasing deposited oxide thickness (0, 80, 140 A). For implanted areas, polarization in 50 mM NaCI resulted in pitting that was insensitive to oxide thickness and implant fluence above a critical level. By comparison, polarization in 50 mM K 2 SO 4 resulted in pitting which exhibited a dependence on both deposited oxide thickness and implant fluence. Finally, the effect of the Cl source (solution, implantation, or both) on the pitting behavior of Al with a deposited oxide was examined. These results are used to support the hypothesis that both a critical chlorine distribution and oxide modification are contributing factors to pit nucleation.
Differential modulation of muscarinic receptors in the rat brain by repeated exposure to methyl parathion.

The neurochemical and behavioral effects of repeated subdermal administration of methyl parathion (MP) at low doses were investigated. Adult male rats were treated repeatedly with either vehicle or MP subcutaneously (3 mg/kg/day) and observed for the signs of toxicity during the treatment period. The toxic sign, tremor, reached maximum right after 9th injection in MP-treated rats, and declined thereafter. Animals were sacrificed and brains were taken 1 week or 3 weeks after the daily treatment for measurement of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and binding of radioligands, [3H]QNB (nonselective), [3H]pirenzepine (M1-selective), and [3H]AF-DX384 (M2-selective) to muscarinic receptors. With this treatment regimen, the AChE activity in the blood dropped quickly and maintained at 30% of the control level after 6 injections. After 3 weeks of treatment, MP caused 80 ~ 90% AChE inhibition and substantial reductions in [3H]QNB binding (9 ~ 33%), [3H]pirenzepine binding (9 ~ 22%) and [3H]AF-DX384 binding (6 ~ 38%) in different brain regions, including striatum, hippocampus, frontal cortex, thalamus and midbrain. After 1 week of treatment, the inhibition of AChE in brain regions was from 54 to 74%, whereas receptor densities were only marginally affected in a few regions. The timing of the changes in receptor population correlates well with the changes in behaviors during the repeated MP exposure. Our findings suggest that down-regulation of muscarinic receptors plays a role in the development of tolerance to MP. And, the regulations of muscarinic receptors were different among receptor subtypes and brain regions.
The role of the sheath in resistance of Haemonchus contortus infective-stage larvae to proteolytic digestion

Surface iodinated larvae of Haemonchus contortus were incubated in the presence of the fungal protease, proteinase K, and proteolysis quantified by scintillation counting of released radioactivity. No radioactivity was released from live ensheathed infective-stage larvae (L3(2M)). In contrast, 58% of the radioactivity was released from ecdysed, second molt (2M) cuticles (sheaths) of L3(2M) and 48% from live exsheathed third-stage larvae (L3). When L3(2M) larvae were killed by heat (80 degrees C for 10 min) prior to proteinase K incubation, 61% of the radioactivity was released, whereas less than 7% was released from larvae killed by the metabolic inhibitors NaN3 or KCN. Proteinase K released 44% of the radioactivity from live L3(2M) larvae which had been preincubated with 1% sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS), whereas no radioactivity was released from L3(2M) larvae preincubated with either 1% Triton X-100, 0.2% CTAB, 50% methanol, 50% ethanol, or water. Following incubation with proteinase K, only L3(2M) larvae which had been heat-killed or preincubated with SDS showed visible damage to the sheath. Material released from L3(2M) larvae by exposure to either heat or SDS contained a 98,000 M(r) protein by SDS-PAGE autoradiography. These results indicate that viable L3(2M) larvae are resistant to attack by proteinase K and that this resistance is dependent on structural properties of the sheath.
PHENIX beam energy scan results

Abstract We present results from the PHENIX Experiment for Au+Au collisions with s NN = 7.9 , 19.6 , 27 , 39 , 62 , and 200 GeV . Measurements of the charged particle multiplicity at central rapidity scale linearly with the number of participant quarks for s NN = 62 GeV and above; for s NN = 27 GeV and below the multiplicity scales with the number of participant nucleons. For the HBT radii we perform a linear interpolation for radii from PHENIX, STAR, and ALICE to a m T = 0.26 GeV and calculate ratios and differences in quadrature at this value of the transverse mass. We observe a non-monotonic behavior near s NN = 19 GeV in the form of a peak in R o 2 − R s 2 and a dip in ( R s − 2 R ¯ ) / R l .
Influence of substrate temperature on damage buildup and removal of ion implanted gallium nitride

Abstract Ca + and Mg + ions were homogeneously implanted in GaN in a dose range between 5 × 10 12 and 7.3 × 10 16 cm −2 at a variety of substrate temperatures from liquid nitrogen temperature to 500°C. The implantation energies were 180 keV for Ca + and 90 keV for Mg + implantation, respectively. The structural properties of the implanted film before and after rapid thermal annealing (RTA) at 1150°C in flowing N 2 were studied by Rutherford backscattering/channeling (RBS/C), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy. The damage buildup and removal was quantitatively assessed. Significant decomposition of GaN has been observed during RTA 1150°C under flowing N 2 even though for the very short time of 15 s. Lattice expansion due to implantation doping was found and its dependence on ion dose and substrate temperature has been determined.
Role of the coronoid process in varus osteoarticular stability of the elbow

The role of the coronoid process in varus osteoarticular stability of the elbow was investigated in 10 cadaveric elbows. Testing was performed at multiple flexion angles after incremental removal of the coronoid. At each flexion angle, removal of more than 50% of the coronoid produced a statistically significant decrease in the load resisting varus displacement compared with all lesser resection levels (P < .003). There was a trend for decreasing load after removal of 50% of the coronoid. The mean decrease in load across all flexion angles was 10.1%, 50.4%, and 75.4% after removal of 50%, 75%, and 100% of the coronoid, respectively. Resistance to varus displacement tended to decrease more as a percent of control at lower flexion angles than at higher flexion angles after removal of more than 50% of the coronoid. The coronoid process was found to be a key varus stabilizer in the elbow and may contribute more to elbow stability in extension than in flexion.
Interpretation of Impeller Flow Calculations

Most available computer programs are analysis and not design programs. Therefore the intervention of the designer is indispensable. Guidelines are needed to evaluale the degree of fluid mechanic perfection of a design which is compromised for practical reasons. A new way of plotting the computer output is proposed here which illustrates the energy distribution throughout the flow. The consequences of deviating from optimal flow pattern is discussed and specific cases are reviewed. A criterion is derived for the existence of a jet/wake flow pattern and far the minimum wake mixing loss
Horizontal, anomalous U(1) symmetry for the more minimal supersymmetric standard model

We construct explicit examples with a horizontal, {open_quotes}anomalous{close_quotes} U(1) gauge group, which, in a supersymmetric extension of the standard model, reproduce qualitative features of the fermion spectrum and CKM matrix, and suppress FCNC and proton decay rates without the imposition of global symmetries. We review the motivation for such {open_quotes}more{close_quotes} minimal supersymmetric standard models and their predictions for the sparticle spectrum. There is a mass hierarchy in the scalar sector which is the inverse of the fermion mass hierarchy. We show in detail why {Delta}S=2 FCNCs are greatly suppressed when compared with naive estimates for nondegenerate squarks. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Influence of local steroid injections on traumatized tendon properties A biomechanical and histological study

We investigated the effects of peritendon injections of hydrocortisone acetate on the separation force required to completely avulse a posttraumatized Achilles tendon of the adult male rat. One hundred thirty-five rats were randomly assigned to 3 groups and subsequently trau matized, treated, and sacrificed. One group was used to examine the effect of trauma; the second to examine effects of trauma and injections of hydrocortisone ace tate on the tension to failure strength of tendons; the third group was the control group. Injected animals received one, three, or five injections of 0.10 cc (125 mg/ml) hydrocortisone acetate and were sacrificed 3, 6, or 9 weeks following initial injection. Experimental animals (anesthetized) were traumatized by dropping a weight onto the Achilles tendon. The tendon was tested in tension to failure employing a soft tissue linear dis seminator. Histologic analysis using light microscopy was performed. We concluded that hydrocortisone ace tate has no deleterious effect on th...
Magnetic resonance imaging of right ventricular morphology and function in boxer dogs with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy.

Background: Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is a myocardial disease characterized by fibrofatty replacement of the right ventricle and ventricular tachyarrhythmias, reported most commonly in the Boxer dog. Although ARVC is characterized as a myocardial disease, the impact of the disease on the function of the right ventricle has not been well studied. Objective: To noninvasively evaluate the function and anatomy of the right ventricle in Boxer dogs with ARVC. Animals: Five adult Boxer dogs with ARVC and 5 healthy size-matched hound dogs. Methods: Magnetic resonance imaging was performed on an ECG-gated conventional 1.5-T scanner using dark blood imaging and cine acquisitions. Images were evaluated by delineation of endocardial right and left ventricular contours in the end-diastolic and end-systolic phases of each slice. Right and left end-systolic and end-diastolic volumes were generated using Simpson's rule and ejection fraction was calculated. Images were evaluated for right ventricular (RV) aneurysms and wall motion abnormalities. Spin echo images were reviewed for the presence of RV myocardial fatty replacement or scar. Results: RV ejection fraction was significantly lower in Boxers with ARVC compared with the controls (ARVC 34%± 11 control 53%± 10, P < .01). There was an RV aneurysm in 1 dog with ARVC but not in any of the controls. RV myocardial gross fatty changes were not observed in dogs of either group. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: These findings could be interpreted to suggest that arrhythmias and myocardial dysfunction precede the development of morphological abnormalities in dogs with ARVC.
Quantum phase diagram of the S = 1 2 triangular-lattice antiferromagnet Ba 3 CoSb 2 O 9

The magnetic phases of the ideal spin-$\frac{1}{2}$ triangular-lattice antiferromagnet ${\mathrm{Ba}}_{3}{\mathrm{CoSb}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{9}$ are identified and studied using $^{135,137}\mathrm{Ba}$ nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in magnetic fields ranging to 30 T, oriented parallel and near perpendicular to the crystallographic $ab$ plane. For both directions, the saturation field is approximately 33 T. Notably, the NMR spectra provide microscopic evidence for the stabilization of an up-up-down spin configuration for in-plane fields, giving rise to a $\frac{1}{3}$ magnetization plateau (${M}_{\mathrm{sat}}/3$), as well as for a higher-field phase transition near to $\ensuremath{\sim}(\frac{3}{5}){M}_{\mathrm{sat}}$ for both field orientations. Phase transitions are signaled by the evolution of the NMR spectra, and in some cases through spin-lattice relaxation measurements. The results are compared with expectations obtained from a semiclassical energy density modeling, in which quantum effects are incorporated by effective interactions extracted from the spin-wave analysis of the two-dimensional model. The interlayer coupling also plays a significant role in the outcome. Good agreement between the model and the experimental results is achieved, except for the case of fields approaching the saturation value applied along the $c$ axis.
Effect of variable-stiffness walking shoes on knee adduction moment, pain, and function in subjects with medial compartment knee osteoarthritis after 1 year.

This study investigated the load-modifying and clinical efficacy of variable-stiffness shoes after 12 months in subjects with medial compartment knee osteoarthritis. Subjects who completed a prior 6-month study were asked to wear their assigned constant-stiffness control or variable-stiffness intervention shoes during the remainder of the study. Changes in peak knee adduction moment, total Western Ontario and McMaster Universities (WOMAC), and WOMAC pain scores were assessed. Seventy-nine subjects were enrolled, and 55 completed the trial. Using an intention-to-treat analysis, the variable-stiffness shoes reduced the within-day peak knee adduction moment (−5.5%, p < 0.001) in the intervention subjects, while the constant-stiffness shoes increased the peak knee adduction moment in the control subjects (+3.1%, p = 0.015) at the 12-month visit. WOMAC pain and total scores for the intervention group were significantly reduced from baseline to 12 months (−32%, p = 0.002 and −35%, p = 0.007, respectively). The control group had a reduction of 27% in WOMAC pain score (p = 0.04) and no significant reduction in total WOMAC score. Reductions in WOMAC pain and total scores were similar between groups (p = 0.8 and p = 0.47, respectively). In the intervention group, reductions in adduction moment were related to improvements in pain and function (R2 = 0.11, p = 0.04). Analysis by disease severity revealed greater efficacy in adduction moment reduction in the less severe intervention group. While the long-term effects of the intervention shoes on pain and function did not differ from control, the data suggest wearing the intervention shoe reduces the within-day adduction moment after long-term wear, and thus should reduce loading on the affected medial compartment of the knee. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:514–521, 2012
Synthesis of a Stephenson II Function Generator for Eight Precision Positions

This paper presents a synthesis methodology for a Stephenson II six-bar function generator that provides eight accuracy points, that is it ensures the input and output angles of the linkage match at eight pairs of specified values. A complex number formulation of the two loop equations of the linkage and a normalization condition are used to form the synthesis equations, resulting in 22 equations in 22 unknowns. These equations are solved using the numerical homotopy continuation solver, Bertini. The approach is illustrated with an example. Copyright © 2013 by ASME.
Biomass sorghum production and components under different irrigation/tillage systems for the southeastern U.S.

Abstract Renewable energy sources are necessary to reduce the U.S. dependence on foreign oil. Sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor L.) may be a reasonable alternative as an energy crop in the southern U.S. because it could easily fit into existing production systems, it is drought resistant, and it has large biomass production potential. An experiment was conducted to evaluate several types of sorghum as bioenergy crops in Alabama: grain sorghum – NK300 (GS), forage sorghum – SS 506 (FS), and photoperiod sensitive forage sorghum – 1990 (PS). These sorghum crops were compared to forage corn ( Zea mays L.) – Pioneer 31G65 in 2008 and 2009 with and without irrigation, and under conventional (total disked area, 0.15 m deep) and conservation tillage (in-row subsoiling, 0.30 m deep) in a strip-split-plot design. The parameters evaluated were: plant population (PP), plant height (PH), sorghum/corn aboveground dry matter (ADM), biomass moisture content (ABMC), and biomass quality (holocellulose, lignin, and ash). Sorghum had greater ADM than corn; however, corn had lower ABMC than sorghum. Lodging was observed in PS and FS, probably due to high plant populations (>370,000 plants ha −1 ). Irrigation affected ADM positively in both years, but conservation systems improved ADM production only in 2009. Holocellulose, lignin, and ash variation differed significantly among crops but were lower than 8.3%, 2.0% and 1.9%, respectively, for both years and considered minor. Under conditions of this study, PS was considered the best variety for ADM production as it yielded 26.0 and 30.1 Mg ha −1 at 18 and 24 weeks after planting (WAP).
Prehistoric Decline in Freshwater Mussels Coincident with the Advent of Maize Agriculture

During late prehistory, high population densities and intensive agricultural practices of Native American societies had profound effects on the pre-Columbian landscape. The degree to which Native American land use affected aquatic ecosystems is unknown. Freshwater mussels are particularly sensitive harbingers of modern-day ecosystem deterioration. We used data from prehistoric Native American shell middens to examine prehistoric trends in abundance of freshwater mussels of the genus Epioblasma in North America during the last 5000 years. The relative abundance of Epioblasma declined steadily during this period, a result that could be explained either by an increase in human impacts to streams or by long-term climatic changes unrelated to human activities. The rate of decline of Epioblasma increased significantly, however, after the advent of large- scale maize agriculture in the southeastern United States about 1000 years before the present. Our results suggest that human land-use activities in prehistory caused changes in freshwater mussel communities that were lower in magnitude but similar in direction to changes caused by recent activities.
Antipsychotic drugs and relapse prevention

Strategies for preventing relapse during the maintenance or stable phase of schizophrenia are discussed for both conventional and newer antipsychotics. For conventional agents, strategies focus on finding dosages that minimize antipsychotic drug side effects and provide adequate protection against psychotic relapse. Although few studies are available to compare older and newer antipsychotics for preventing relapse, there are reasons for proposing that newer drugs will be shown to be superior. Because of their milder side effects, clinicians can choose drug dosages that provide maximum protection against relapse. Further, since patients on the newer drugs are likely to experience fewer discomforting side effects, they may be more likely to take their medications as directed. Other potential advantages of the newer drugs over the older drugs include the likelihood that they are more effective against negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia.
Language Universals and Second‐Language Acquisition*

This paper examines the goals and assumptions of second-language acquisition (SLA) research, in particular relating these goals and assumptions to those of linguistics. It is argued that SLA is linguistics and that second-language data are of import in understanding the nature of language. The main focus is language universals of which three approaches (Universal Grammar, typological universals, and processing universals) are considered. Both theoretical underpinnings and empirical evidence are brought to bear in presenting supporting and discinfiirming arguments for each of these three approaches. It is argued that we must take into account an understanding of how apparently disparate facts of language—which are universally related—are conceptually related before we can predict their effect on second-language acquisition. It is further pointed out that because an understanding of second-language learning necessitates an interdisciplinary approach, we must be able to specify where any single approach fits into the total picture. Finally, we present a view of the possible ways in which SLA and linguistics are theoretically related and point out that it is incumbent upon SLA researchers to make it known that the data we work with are of relevance and interest to the formulation of theories of language.
Analyses of the chondritic meteorite Orvinio (H6): Insight into the origins and evolution of shocked H chondrite material

We have studied the petrography, reflectance spectra, and Ar-Ar systematics of the Orivinio meteorite. Orvinio is an H chondrite not an L chondrite as sometimes reported. The material in the meteorite was involved in several impact events. One impact event produced large swaths of impact melt from H chondrite material surrounding relict clasts of chondrule-bearing material. Not only were portions of a bulk H chondrite planestesimal melted during the impact event, but shock redistribution of metal and sulfide phases in the meteorite dramatically altered its reflectance spectra. Both the melt and relict clasts are darker than unshocked H chondrite material, bearing spectral similarities to some C-class asteroids. Such shock metamorphism, which lowers the albedo of an object without increasing its spectral slope, may partially explain some of the variation among S-class asteroids and some of the trends seen on asteroid 433 Eros. Noble gases record the evidence of at least two, and perhaps three, impact events in the meteorite and its predecessor rocks. The most significant evidence is for an event that occurred 600 Ma ago or less, perhaps ~325 Ma ago or less. There is also a signature of 4.2 Ga in the Ar-Ar systematics, which could either reflect complete degassing of the rock at that time or partial degassing of even the most retentive sites in the more recent event.
Computer applications in geology—two decades of progress

Although geologists have been involved in the use of computers only for two decades, great strides in data processing and problem solving have been made. Application of computer techniques to aid geologists have progressed through the adaptation of quantitative methods from other disciplines to the development of geologically oriented ones. Advances in the computerisation of geology have been and will continue to be linked closely with hardware and software developments outside the field. Thus, predictions for the future are difficult, but trends indicate greater emphasis will be in the areas of geomorphology and applied geology with a definite effort in geomathematics, which undoubtedly will be defined as a discipline in its own right.
Crawling and walking infants see the world differently.

How does visual experience change over development? To investigate changes in visual input over the developmental transition from crawling to walking, thirty 13-month-olds crawled or walked down a straight path wearing a head-mounted eye tracker that recorded gaze direction and head-centered field of view. Thirteen additional infants wore a motion tracker that recorded head orientation. Compared to walkers, crawlers’ field of view contained less walls and more floor. Walkers directed gaze straight ahead at caregivers, whereas crawlers looked down at the floor. Crawlers obtained visual information about targets at higher elevations— caregivers and toys—by craning their heads upward and sitting up to bring the room into view. Findings indicate that visual experiences are intimately tied to infants’ posture. Much of what infants learn depends on what they see: Natural vision provides opportunities for learning about the properties and affordances of places, surfaces, objects, and people (Franchak, Kretch, Soska, & Adolph, 2011), and for establishing words and concepts that provide cognitive links with the visible denizens of the environment. For example, infants’ understanding of causal and self-propelled motion is related to the frequency with which they observe these types of motion in their everyday environments (Cicchino, Aslin, & Rakison, 2011). Similarly, toddlers are more likely to learn the name of an object if the object is large and prominent in their field of view at the moment it is named— visual input that occurs naturally when infants hold objects up for visual inspection (Yu & Smith, 2012). How do opportunities for learning from visual
Cobalt epilepsy in the squirrel monkey

Abstract Small amounts of cobalt powder will generate paroxysmal activity for 48–72 h in the unanesthetized squirrel monkey cortex. Using halothane anesthesia with a rapid recovery time, paroxysmal activity may begin within 30 min of cobalt application. Discharges can be segregated by wave form, frequency and pattern into four clearly identifiable phases. Illustrations of these phases are given. As good signal-to-noise characteristics of paroxysmal events are obtainable, this model of focal epilepsy in squirrel monkeys is open for quantification techniques.
Active plate and missile wing development using directionally attached piezoelectric elements

The properties of directionally attached piezoelectric (DAP) elements and a low aspect ratio DAP torque-plate wing are investigated. Tests show that isotropic piezoceramic elements exhibit orthotropic behavior when directionally attached using any of three methods: 1) partial attachment, 2) transverse shear lag, and 3) differential stiffness bonding. Closed-form expressions of DAP strains based on laminated plate theory are presented. The models demonstrate that DAP elements can generate pure extension, bending, or twist deflections in beams and plates. Activation sequences and balancing strains for DAP and conventionally attached piezoelectric (CAP) elements based on laminated plate theory are presented. Experimental beam specimens were constructed to verify the models. Tests show that 0.030-in. (0.0762-cm) thick aluminum beams with antisymmetrically laminated DAP elements produce twist rates of 0.23 deg/in. (9 deg/m) and bending rates in excess of 0.36 deg/in. (14 deg/m) with theory and experiment in close agreement. A DAP torque-plate was constructed of 8.0-mil-thick piezoceramic elements bonded antisymmetrically on a 5-mil steel substrate. The torque plate was then used to induce pitch deflections in a subsonic missile fin with a NACA 0012 profile and an aspect ratio of 1.4. The wing demonstrated a break frequency in excess of 80 Hz and static pitch deflections of 8.5 deg, showing excellent correlation with theory.
A specification language and service-oriented architecture to support distributed data management

In some research analysis organizations, effort is duplicated when disseminating raw information to multiple research groups. Although the various groups work on different problems, many times, the initial raw information used is the same. A solution to this problem is creating a centralized process for storing and disseminating common information using database technologies. In this paper, the requirements that must be met to create this distributed database management architecture are described. To support these requirements, a specification language, Specialized Format Markup Language (SFML), and supporting service-oriented architecture, Specialized Format Generation (SFG), are introduced. These implementations and technologies support the translation of data from relational database formats into user-specified legacy formats. In addition, this implementation supports the presentation of the resulting data across a Web-based, distributed medium. SFML and SFG incorporate current technologies such as the eXtensible Markup Language (XML), Java Servlets, the eXtensible Stylesheet Language (XSL), and other relational database approaches.
A note on the decay rate of swell

Abstract In this note, we examine the extraction of energy from waves by the turbulence in the upper ocean as one possible physical mechanism for the attenuation of swell as it propagates across an ocean basin. We derive a simple expression for the swell attenuation rate that is of potential use in wave forecast models.