cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamics of active separation control at high Reynolds numbers

A series of active flow control experiments were recently conducted at high Reynolds numbers on a generic separated configuration. The model simulates the upper surface of a 20% thick Glauert-Goldschmied type airfoil at zero angle of attack. The flow is fully turbulent since the tunnel sidewall boundary layer flows over the model. The main motivation for the experiments is to generate a comprehensive data base for validation of unsteady numerical simulation as a first step in the development of a CFD design tool, without which it would not be possible to effectively utilize the great potential of unsteady flow control. This paper focuses on the dynamics of several key features of the baseline as well as the controlled flow. It was found that the thickness of the upstream boundary layer has a negligible effect on the flow dynamics. It is speculated that separation is caused mainly by the highly convex surface while viscous effects are less important. The two-dimensional separated flow contains unsteady waves centered on a reduced frequency of 0.9, while in the three dimensional separated flow, frequencies around a reduced frequency of 0.3 and 1 are active. Several scenarios of resonant wave interaction take place at the separated shear-layer and in the pressure recovery region. The unstable reduced frequency bands for periodic excitation are centered on 1.5 and 5, but these reduced frequencies are based on the length of the baseline bubble that shortens due to the excitation. The conventional works well for the coherent wave features. Reproduction of these dynamic effects by a numerical simulation would provide benchmark validation.
Conclusions — and Policy Advice

While the preceding chapters have presented theoretical analysis and empirical evidence on the economic performance of the transition economies, the fundamental question of the volume remains unanswered. Does the experience of the 1990s provide a springboard to the return of sustained economic growth for these countries? It is easy to conclude that the 1990s were a decade to forget (from an economic standpoint) for the citizens of these countries. It is less easy to conclude that the next decade will be one to remember
Continuous infusion of furosemide combined with low-dose dopamine compared to intermittent boluses in acutely decompensated heart failure is less nephrotoxic and carries a lower readmission at thirty days.

Introduction: Furosemide is a potent loop diuretic that is widely used in the management of heart failure. Several reports have suggested that continuous intravenous administration of loop diuretics may be superior to intermittent administration. In addition the effect of low-dose dopamine to improve renal perfusion might be of benefit to this patient cohort. Methods: We retrospectively evaluated 116 consecutive cardiac care unit patients, who were admitted with acute decompensated heart failure and were divided into two equal groups according to diuretic protocol. Group A patients received furosemide by continuous infusion combined with low-dose dopamine infusion. Group B patients received bolus therapy of intravenous furosemide. The effect on renal function and readmission rate was recorded. Results: Among 116 patients (60% males, average age 71, range 46-96 years) 41% had ischemic cardiomyopathy, NYHA functional Class was 3.5 ± 0.5 and average EF was 21% ± 7%. On admission, patients in Group A had creatinine (Cr) 2.3 ± 0.2 mg/dL, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) 49.2 ± 25 mg/100 ml and median b-type natriuretic peptid (BNP) 1340 pg/mL, compared to group B patients with Cr 1.7 ± 1.2 mg/dL, BUN 32 ± 22 mg/100 ml and median BNP 1106 pg/mL. The average furosemide dose in group A was 7.9 ± 3.5 mg/hr compared to 7.6 ± 2.7 mg/hr for group B (p=NS). At the end of the study, patients in group A had lower Cr 1.8 ± 0.9 (p=0.0001), lower BUN 43.6 ± 22.9 (p=NS), an increase in estimated glomerular filtration rate 57.4 ± 27.4, a shorter hospital stay (p=0.015) and lower readmission rates at 30 days (p=0.0003). Conclusions: Continuous infusion of furosemide in addition to low-dose dopamine is safe, effective and less nephrotoxic than intermittent boluses in patients admitted with acute decompensated heart failure and portends a shorter hospital stay and lower readmission rates at 30 days.
A Philosophical Definition of Health (and what to Do about It)

(1978). A Philosophical Definition of Health (and what to Do about It) Health Education: Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 28-28.
Characterization of the burst aggregation process in optical burst switching

We describe an analytic approach for the calculation of the departure process from a burst ggregation algorithm that uses both a timer and maximum/minimum burst size. The arrival process of packets is assumed to be Poisson or bursty modelled by an Interrupted Poisson Process (IPP). The analytic results are approximate and validation against simulation data showed that they have good accuracy.
Amino Acid Resolution of Halothane Binding Sites in Serum Albumin

Saturable binding of various inhaled anesthetics to serum albumin has been shown with a variety of approaches. In order to determine the location of halothane binding sites in serum albumin, both human and bovine serum albumins (HSA and BSA) were photolabeled with [14C]halothane, and subjected to proteolysis and microsequencing. BSA was found to have a higher affinity for halothane than HSA, and it contained two specifically labeled sites. One site was characterized by diffuse labeling from Trp212-Leu217, and the other by a more discrete and higher affinity labeling at Trp134-Gly135. HSA contained only a single labeled site, and although lower affinity, was determined to be analogous to BSA Trp212. The position 130–140 region of HSA, having a leucine instead of tryptophan at position 134, was not labeled. These results demonstrate specific and discrete binding of an inhaled anesthetic to a mammalian-soluble protein, and further suggest the importance of aromatic residues as one feature of inhaled anesthetic binding sites.
The racemization of complex ions on activated carbon—III: The effect of electrolytes on the racemization of tris(ethylenediamine)cobalt(III) chloride and potassium ethylenediaminetetra-acetatocobaltate(III)

Abstract The racemization of the [Co(en)3]3+ ion in the presence of activated carbon was found to be retarded by H2SO4, to a slightly lesser extent by Li2SO4 or MgSO4, and to a slight extent by Na2SO4. Salts containing the ClO4−, NO3− or NO2− ions accelerated the racemization. The racemization of the [Co(EDTA)]− ion in the presence of carbon was not greatly affected by added electrolytes. The racemization was slightly retarded by H2SO4, KNO3, and NaClO4 and slightly accelerated by alkali sulphates.
Arthroscopic Primary Repair of Posterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries

Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) injury can present either as an isolated tear or in the setting of a multiligament-injured knee. Most PCL injuries are midsubstance tears and 10%-40% of tears are either bony avulsion or soft tissue avulsion of the femur or tibia. PCL reconstruction is the mainstay for treatment of midsubstance tears, but primary arthroscopic PCL repair can be considered for avulsion tears. Although the literature on PCL injuries and especially PCL repair is scarce, some studies show good results with primary repair techniques. In this article, we describe the surgical technique of arthroscopic primary PCL repair by passing Bunnel-type stitches into the ligament using a reloadable suture passer. Sutures are then fixed either to bone with a suture anchor technique or by passing the sutures through drill holes at the femoral footprint and tying them over a bony bridge or button. Patient selection and surgical indications, including radiographic assessment, are critical to successfully using this technique. The areas of concern and most common pitfalls of this technique are discussed, as well as the postoperative care regimen and reported clinical results to date. When these steps are carefully optimized, successful patient outcomes can be achieved. Although this technique is not meant to be the mainstay of surgical PCL treatment, we believe that the arthroscopic primary PCL repair technique is quite useful in select clinical situations, and should be in the armamentarium of every surgeon treating multiligament-injured knee or isolated PCL injuries.
Interpreting the Qur'an and the Constitution: Similarities in the Use of Text, Tradition, and Reason in Islamic and American Jurisprudence

This article identifies parallels in interpretive theories within Islamic and American jurisprudence. It explains how, although they operate against very different cultures and legal institutions, jurists of both Islamic and American law have adopted a similar range of approaches to interpreting their founding texts, the Qur'an and the Constitution, respectively. This article traces these methodological threads by studying, side by side, Muslim and American advocates of: (1) plain meaning literalism, (2) historical understanding originalism, and (3) reference to underlying purpose and spirit. Seen in this comparative context, it becomes clear that jurists of these different legal cultures often have more in common with each other than with their fellow jurists adhering to opposing methodologies within their own system. These similarities stand as a counterpoint to the stark polarities often drawn between "Islam" and the "West." This article thus fills an empty space in the comparative law literature by identifying phenomena that have been unrecognized so far, largely because the greater Muslim and American legal communities have themselves been talking past each other for so long.
Bringing Women In: Gender and American Government and Politics Textbooks

This study of 12 introductory American government and politics textbooks shows that their main narratives still focus largely on men's experiences as political actors and pay little attention to women's experiences. While on average just 9% of pages included in-text references to women, 28% of images and 17% of sidebars, tables, figures, and charts included women. Especially in-text references to women focus almost exclusively on white, middle-class women, thus ignoring the complex reality of gender, race, ethnicity, and class. This article offers suggestions for how women's political experiences could be integrated fully into these textbooks, rather than relegating women to a sidebar or photo. I focus on three main topics within the literature on women and politics: ongoing discrimination against women in the political sphere; different life experiences that affect them as political actors; and the real political contributions of women that are usually overlooked. I argue that integrating the experiences...
Neurodevelopmental Outcomes of Extremely Preterm Infants

Survival of extremely preterm infants has improved since 2000. Neurodevelopmental impairment rates remain high at the limits of viability. Although improved survival and neurodevelopmental impairment rates are associated with higher gestational age and more recent year of birth, significant variability in findings among geographic areas and networks is evident, and seems related to differences in population, management style, regional protocols, definitions, and outcome assessments. Outcome studies during adolescence and young adult age are needed to determine the long-term impact of extremely preterm birth.
The Association Between Dietary Patterns at Midlife and Health in Aging: An Observational Study

Premature mortality has substantially reduced over the past two decades. With the resulting increase in life expectancy, the number of healthy years lost to disability has generally increased (1); maintaining health and well-being in aging populations now represents a major challenge (2). Midlife factors likely underlie development of many chronic health conditions, which evolve over years or decades before emergence of clinical disease. While extensive literature has explored ways to reduce mortality, limited research has addressed promotion of overall health and well-being in aging. The Healthy Eating Index, which reflects adherence to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, and an Alternative-Healthy Eating Index, which further incorporates research on specific foods and nutrients predictive of chronic disease risk, have been strongly related to lower mortality (3–7), lower incidence of major chronic diseases (8–11) and better physical functioning in older Americans (12, 13). Likewise, adherence to the Mediterranean diet has been related to less cardiovascular and cancer-related mortality (14), lower incidence of stroke, cognitive impairment and depression (15), and to better physical functioning (16–18). Therefore, the role of dietary patterns in overall healthy aging is potentially considerable, although inadequately studied. We investigated the associations of dietary patterns at midlife with the prevalence of healthy aging an average 15 years later among women in the Nurses’ Health Study, simultaneously considering survival, chronic diseases, cognitive function, physical function, and mental health.
Plasmids for recombination-based screening

To facilitate recombination-based screening, we constructed the ColE1-based plasmid, pi G4, that confers chloramphenicol resistance, contains a polylinker with multiple unique restriction enzyme recognition sequences, and contains the genetic marker, supF. To facilitate recombination-based screening followed by rapid DNA sequencing, we inserted the selectable marker, supF, into each of 20 high-copy-number (hcn) pUC-derived NoC plasmids that were designed for multiplex DNA sequencing. To facilitate recombination-based screening of common cDNA libraries that often contain ColE1 sequences, we constructed a supF-carrying plasmid whose replication was driven from an R6K replicon that does not share sequence homology with ColE1. Furthermore, we incorporated a useful polylinker and increased the copy number of this plasmid to create the 4.4-kb hcn plasmid, pMAD1. Thus, these plasmids allow: (1) background-free transformation of cells by a supF plasmid carrying an antibiotic-resistance marker; (2) simultaneous performance of the recombination-based assay and DNA sequencing; and (3) screening bacteriophage cDNA libraries that contain ColE1 sequences by recombination with a supF plasmid that is not homologous to ColE1 derivatives.
Direct in vivo evidence of activated macrophages in human osteoarthritis

Summary Objective Through binding to folate receptor-β (FR-β), the new 99m Tc–EC20 (Etarfolatide) imaging technique detects activated but not resting macrophages in vivo . The goal of this study was to investigate macrophage-related inflammation in osteoarthritis (OA). Methods Twenty-five individuals (50 knees) with symptomatic OA of at least one knee underwent SPECT-CT imaging of both knees and planar imaging of the whole body after injection of Etarfolatide. Scans and knee radiographs were scored blinded to clinical information including knee and other joint site pain severity. Measures of association controlled for age, gender, body mass index (BMI) and employed repeated measures to adjust for correlation between knees. Design Activated macrophages were present in the majority (76%) of knees. The quantity of knee-related macrophages was significantly associated with knee pain severity ( R = 0.60, P R = 0.68, P = 0.007), and osteophyte ( R = 0.66, P = 0.001). Macrophages were also localized to joints commonly affected by OA including hand finger joints (12%), thumb bases (28%), shoulders (26%), great toes (18%) and ankles (12%). The presence of joint pain at fingers, wrists, ankles and great toes was significantly positively associated with presence of activated macrophages at these sites ( P Conclusions This study provides the first direct in vivo evidence for macrophage involvement in OA in a substantial proportion of human knees. The association of quantity of activated macrophages with radiographic knee OA severity and joint symptoms suggests that drugs targeting macrophages and macrophage-associated inflammatory pathways may have the potential to be both symptom and structure modifying.
Dopaminergic stimulation and inhibition of growth hormone secretion in normal man: studies of the pharmacologic specificity.

We have previously reported that dopamine (DA) stimulates basal GH secretion, but blunts the response to hypoglycemia. Because the pharmacological specificity of these dual actions has never been determined, a four-part study was undertaken. Before the administration of regular insulin (0.1 U/kg), male subjects received saline, DA or the DA agonist bromocriptine either alone or during dopaminergic blockade with metoclopramide. DA and bromocriptine increased GH levels comparably, and pretreatment with metoclopramide abolished this response [control, 2.9 ± 0.7 (±SE); DA, 12.8 ± 3.2 (P < 0.01); bromocriptine, 13.0 ± 3.4 (P < 0.05); bromocriptine plus metoclopramide, 4.8 ± 1.4 ng/ml (NS compared to control; P < 0.05 compared to bromocriptine)]. Both DA and bromocriptine significantly inhibited the GH response to hypogycemia [peak increment: control, 35.2 ± 4.8; DA, 7.5 ± 1.8 (P < 0.001); bromocriptine, 13.7 ± 3.2 ng/ml (P < 0.05)], while pretreatment with metoclopramide restored GH secretion to normal (24.5 ±...
The future is a moving target

The first planning conference of the North American Society for Corporate Planning, held in New York City in May, was a tribute to those who planned it. In terms of what is generally used to measure such events—such things as number of conferees, quality of speakers, smoothness of arrangements, palatability of hotel food—it was very successful. As might be expected, some parts of the conference appealed more than others. An attempt to provide an overview therefore will reflect certain personal biases. I confess, for example, to overcoverage of applications of strategic planning in companies and to lack of coverage on sessions dealing with modeling and economics. This is not to disparage the quality of the latter sessions, merely to indicate that a choice had to be made.
Variations and Trends in Tropospheric and Stratospheric Global Temperatures, 1958–87

Abstract Examined in this paper are the variations and trends in tropospheric and low-stratospheric temperature for seven climatic zones, hemispheres, and world for intervals 1958–87 and 1973–87, based on 63 well-distributed radiosonde stations. For the 30-yr interval 1958–87, these data indicate an increase in year-average global temperature at the surface and in the tropospheric 850–300 mb layer of 0.08°C (10 yr)−1 and 0.09°C (10 yr)−1, respectively, just significant at the 5% level. Nevertheless during this interval there is evidence for a slight decrease in year-average temperature at the surface and in the troposphere of the north polar and north temperate zones. The global 300–100 mb temperature is indicated as having decreased by 0.18°C (10 yr)−1 during this 30-yr interval (significant at the 1% level), with a temperature decrease in all seven climatic zones, though largest in the south polar zone (associated with the Antarctic “ozone hole” phenomenon). For the 15-yr interval 1973–87, the global te...
Analysis of fiber motion during wet filament winding of composite cylinders with arbitrary thickness

Abstract A continuum consolidation model is proposed for macroscopic analysis of fiber motion during filament winding of thermoset composite cylinders with arbitrary thickness. The model takes account of the variation of both instantaneous stiffness and permeability of the mixture with fiber compaction. Due to resin filtration, structure of the resulting initial-boundary value problem is similar to that of a moving boundary problem. Based on this analogy, a finite difference scheme is devised for the solution of the problem. For the case of winding onto a rigid mandrel, the results point to the existence of an active and a passive zone of consolidation. The results further indicate the possibility that during hoop winding of relatively thick cylinders, the tension can be completely lost in the portion of the passive zone away from the mandrel.
ON THE THEORY OF CYCLONES

Abstract The “tendency equation” is applied to analyze the pressure changes produced in wave-shaped westerly flow. With sufficiently strong westerlies horizontal divergence and convergence occur in such distribution as to cause eastward displacement of troughs and crests. When the westerlies drop under a “critical speed” the distribution of divergence and convergence is reversed. In the normal case of supercritical speed and increasing west wind with height, incipient waves will develop thermal asymmetry and will intensify. The same kind of irreversible growth of incipient waves would occur in easterlies which increase with height. Therefore, the temperate westerlies in all seasons, and the subtropical easterlies in summer and fall, are the regions of dynamic instability, where, respectively, the extratropical and the tropical cyclones are generated. The tendency equation applied to closed circulations shows such distribution of pressure rise and fall as to make the patterns drift westwards unless they ar...
Example applications of the direct adaptive design technique

This paper describes the results of a computer study of the adaptive control of several example systems by the model reference algorithm of Morse, suitably modified to account for external disturbances.
Comparison of POCl 3 diffusion with phosphorus ion implantation for Czochralski and Quasi-mono silicon solar cells

Both ion implanted and POCl 3 diffused emitters are used for industrial production of p-type Si solar cells. Formation of phosphorus doped emitter is known to perform gettering of impurities, however, gettering efficiency of these two diffusion techniques is not well quantified for single crystal Cz Si and Cast multi or Quasi-mono Si wafers. In addition, ion implantation can provide higher quality emitter with in situ oxide passivation[1]. This paper compares the performance of Quasi-mono and Cz Si cells fabricated with POCl 3 and ion-implanted emitters. Quasi-mono wafers have more defects and are expected to benefit from gettering. Large area screen printed p-type industrial cells with full Al-BSF cell structure were fabricated on commercial grade single crystal Cz Si and two different Cast Quasi-mono Si wafers with 50% and 80% mono-crystalline regions. Bulk lifetime was measured to evaluate the gettering efficiency of each technology before and after each emitter formation[2]. POCl 3 diffusion gave greater improvement in bulk lifetime of Quasi-mono wafers compared to ion implanted wafers, resulting in 0.7 ∼ 1% higher absolute efficiency and over 5 ∼ 15mV higher Voc compared to the implanted cells. However, in the case of Cz cells, bulk lifetime remained high and comparable for the two emitters. Therefore, Cz cells with implanted emitter gave 0.4% higher efficiency and 7mV higher Voc due to a higher quality emitter with in situ front oxide passivation.
Thermoreflectance of metal transducers for optical pump-probe studies of thermal properties

We report measurements of the temperature dependence of the optical reflectivity, dR/dT of fifteen metallic elements at a wavelength of λ = 1.03 μm by time-domain thermoreflectance (TDTR); and the thermoreflectance of thin-films of Pt, Ta, Al, Au, SrRuO(3), and LaNiO(3) over the wavelength range 0.4 6∙10(-5) K(-1), and are good choices as optical transducers for TDTR experiments using a Yb:fiber laser oscillator. If low optical reflectivity and the associated high degree of steady-state heating are not a concern, LaNiO(3) provides an exceptionally sensitive thermometer in the infrared; (1/R)(dR/dT) > 2.5∙10(-4) K(-1) in the wavelength range 0.85 < λ < 1.3 μm. This compilation of data will assist in the design and interpretation of optical pump-probe studies of thermal properties.
Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Carbon Isotope Ratios of Cellulose from Submerged Aquatic Crassulacean Acid Metabolism and Non-Crassulacean Acid Metabolism Plants

Isotope ratios of cellulose and cellulose nitrate from aquatic Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) and non-CAM plants were determined. Cellulose oxygen istope ratios for all plants that grew together were virtually identical, whereas large differences were observed for hydrogen isotope ratios of cellulose nitrate between CAM and non-CAM plants. Carbon isotope ratios of cellulose nitrate did not differentiate CAM from non-CAM plants.
Vacuum passivated T-gates: a new method for fabricating submicron gates

This paper will outline a novel technique for fabricating T-gates. Although dependent upon two lithographic exposures, this process is more robust and flexible than existing techniques. The resultant gates are structurally stable, with electrical resistance that can be made arbitrarily small by increasing the size of the T-gate top. Moreover, this gate process is fully compatible with existing MESFET and HEMT fabrication methods. Performance of microwave devices will be presented, contrasting 0.25 tm conventional gates with vacuum passivated T-gates. The T-gates will be shown to offer superior breakdown and gain performance and to produce FET characteristics which remain stable from gate level to final frontside.
Early decrease in apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease is followed by DNA fragmentation after cold injury-induced brain trauma in mice.

Abstract Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease, a multifunctional protein in the DNA base excision repair pathway, plays a central role in repairing DNA damage caused by reactive oxygen species. We examined protein expression of apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease before and after cold injury-induced brain trauma in mice, where we have previously shown reactive oxygen species to participate. Immunohistochemistry showed the nuclear expression of apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease in the entire region of control brains. One hour after cold injury-induced brain trauma, nuclear immunoreactivity was predominantly decreased in the inner boundary of the lesion, whereas there was a slight increase in the outer boundary area. Four hours after cold injury-induced brain trauma, nuclear immunoreactivity was almost absent in the entire lesion, and remained so until 24 h. At this time, a marked increase in apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease immunoreactivity was seen in the outer boundary zone. Western blot analysis of the sample from the non-ischemic area showed a characteristic 37,000 mol. wt band, which decreased markedly 24 h after cold injury-induced brain trauma. A time-dependent increase in DNA fragmentation was also observed after cold injury-induced brain trauma. Our data provide the first evidence that apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease decreased rapidly in the lesion after cold injury-induced brain trauma, whereas it was significantly increased at the outer boundary zone. Although further examination is necessary to elucidate the direct relationship between apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease alteration and the pathogenesis of cold injury-induced brain trauma, our results suggest the possibility that an early decrease in apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease and failure of the DNA repair mechanism may contribute to DNA-damaged neuronal cell death after cold injury-induced brain trauma.
A fluorometric method for the determination of functional (Na,K)-ATPase and cardiac glycoside receptors☆

Abstract A method to measure high-affinity binding sites for fluorescent ligands is described. The method is applied to the determination of (Na,K)-ATPase using the fluorescent ouabain derivative anthroylouabain (P. A. G. Fortes (1977) Biochemistry 16 , 531–540). The method consists of measurements of the fluorescence intensities of a saturating concentration of anthroylouabain in the presence and absence of (Na,K)-ATPase and ouabain. These data and the fluorescence enhancement factor upon anthroylouabain binding are used to calculate the concentration of binding sites. The measurements can be done in a few minutes and 10 to 100 pmoles of ouabain sites is sufficient for accurate determinations. Because phosphorylation of (Na,K)-ATPase is necessary to bind anthroylouabain, only functional enzyme is detected by this method.
An empirical analysis of likelihood-weighting simulation on a large, multiply connected medical belief network

We are developing a probabilistic reformulation of the Quick Medical Reference (QMR) system. Our current probabilistic model of the QMR knowledge base of internal medicine consists of a two-level, multiply connected, belief network. Because of the size and connectivity of this belief network, most exact algorithms for calculating the posterior marginal probabilities of diseases are not applicable. In this paper, we analyze the convergence properties of an approximation algorithm, called likelihood-weighting simulation, on the QMR-DT belief network. Specifically, on two difficult diagnostic cases, we examine the effects of Markov blanket scoring, importance sampling, and self-importance sampling, demonstrating that the Markov blanket scoring and self-importance sampling significantly improve the convergence of the simulation on our model.
Using logistic regression to estimate delay-discounting functions.

The monetary choice questionnaire (MCQ) and similar computer tasks ask preference questions in order to ascertain indifference, the perceived equivalence of immediate versus larger delayed rewards. Indifference data are then fitted with a hyperbolic function, summarizing the decline in perceived value with delay time. We present a fitting method that estimates the hyperbolic parameterk directly from survey responses. Binary preferences are modeled as a function of time (X2) and a transformed reward ratio (X 1), yielding logistic regression coefficients β2 and β1. The hyperbolic parameter emerges ask = β2/β1, where the logistic predictedp = .5 (the definition of indifference). The MCQ was administered to 1,073 adolescents and was scored using both standard and logistic methods. The means for ln(k) were similar (standard, −4.53; logistic, −4.51), and the results were highly correlated (ρ = .973). Simulated MCQ data showed thatk was unbiased, except where β1 ≥ −1, indicating a vague survey response. Jackknife standard errors provided excellent coverage.
Effect of virtual reality on time perception in patients receiving chemotherapy

Purpose Virtual reality (VR) during chemotherapy has resulted in an elapsed time compression effect, validating the attention diversion capabilities of VR. Using the framework of the pacemaker–accumulator cognitive model of time perception, this study explored the influence of age, gender, state anxiety, fatigue, and cancer diagnosis in predicting the difference between actual time elapsed during receipt of intravenous chemotherapy while immersed in a VR environment versus patient’s retrospective estimates of time elapsed during this treatment.
Numerical ellipsometry: Advanced analysis of thin absorbing films in the n–k plane

Abstract A major challenge for those utilizing ellipsometry is numerical processing of the measured data. The transcendental, multivalued equations arising from the physics of simple reflection are problematic for the least-squares numerical methods in common use. Previously we have applied Complex Analysis in the n–k plane and this has led to a growing array of numerical research methods which achieve computational accuracy at a chosen limit (~ 10 − 14 ) rather than achieving only a mean square value of a large number of measurements, more than 14 orders of magnitude less accurate in this case. The work presented here is the mathematics for film stacks of an arbitrary number of layers required to apply numerical methods for use with absorbing films deposited on transparent and on absorbing substrates. The approach finds intersections of projections of three “twisted curves” resulting from a single light incidence angle and light wavelength measurement for three film thicknesses at a time. The approach employed here determines the thickness and optical properties of chromium films (between 10 and 25 nm nominal thickness) deposited onto silicon substrates. A simple single film model matched the measurements to a first order only. Improved agreement is obtained by the addition of interface layers above and below the main chromium film.
A new satellite deep convective ice index for tropical climate monitoring : Possible implications for existing oceanic precipitation data sets

The tropical atmosphere is continually overturning, with deep moist convective cloud systems exporting energy from the subcloud layer and depositing it in the upper troposphere. A new satellite index of this deep convective activity is based upon measurements of large ice particles in the upper portions of tropical convective complexes. This 20-year record reveals a strong signal of the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO), with 10 to 15% upward (downward) swings in the deep convective index during El Nino (La Nina). Warming of tropical sea surface temperatures (SST), whether from anthropogenically-produced greenhouse gases or natural climate variability, is expected to be associated with more convective overturning of the atmosphere. While other tropical precipitation climatologies vary dramatically in their support of this relationship, the present deep convective ice (DCI) index shows a strong correlation between interannual variations of tropical convection and SST.
Delphi technique in an educational environment

Abstract This paper discusses the importance of technological forecasting as a planning and decision making tool. The basic Delphi methodology is briefly described and its variations summarized. Outline of an experiment conducted with Delphi in a classroom environment is given and its results discussed.
Sugar Composition of Cell Wall Polysaccharides of Suspension-cultured Tobacco Cells

Neutral sugar composition of cell walls of suspension-cultured tobacco cells was examined with the advance of culture age by an anion-exchange chromatography. Isolated cell walls gave on hydrolysis the following sugars: 2% of l-rhamnose, 6% of d-mannose, 26% of l-arabinose, 13% of d-galactose, 8% of d-xylose and 47% of d-glucose as neutral sugars. Little changes in composition of cell wall polysaccharides were recognized with the advance of culture age. Sugar composition of the extra-cellular polysaccharides was similar to that of hemicellulose fraction from cell walls. Pectinic acid gave on hydrolysis 2-O-(α-d-galactopyranosyluronic acid)-l-rhamnose, d-galacturonic acid and its oligosaccharides.
Separation process optimization calculations

Abstract A modified Newton-like method for nonlinearly constrained optimization calculations is presented and applied to a variety of separation process optimization problems. The nonlinear programming algorithm in this paper is similar to those of Wilson, Han and Powell. It differs only in the way in which approximations to the Hessian matrix of the Lagrangian function are built. For separation process applications, a large amount of reliable second-derivative information is available in analytical form. Much of the remaining second-derivative information is subject to certain thermodynamic constraints. Our algorithm exploits these two facts by building Hessian matrix approximations in two parts, a computed part which is built analytically, and an approximated part which is built by iterated projections and the Powell-symmetric-Broyden formula. Iterated projections are required so that the quasi-Newton matrix approximations satisfy the thermodynamic constraints at each iteration and a limiting secant condition. Further advantage is taken of the complete separability of the thermodynamic functions. This modified successive quadratic programming algorithm has been compared to various Newton-like methods on a number of separation process optimization problems. These include cost minimization calculations for one- and two-stage flash units and the optimization of the operating conditions of a distillation column. The numerical results show that our modified algorithm can compete favorably with existing methods, in terms of reliability and efficiency, on these applications.
Incidence of intrapartum maternal risk factors for identifying neonates at risk for early-onset group B streptococcal sepsis : A prospective study

Abstract Objective: In mid-1996 and early 1997, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, and the American Academy of Pediatrics all published guidelines outlining 2 potential strategies for the purpose of preventing neonatal sepsis caused by group B Streptococcus . One of these approaches involves treating pregnant women intrapartum with antibiotics if any of the following risk factors develop: delivery at 1 institution evaluating all deliveries for the presence of maternal risk factors by using the definitions of the current guidelines. Study Design: A prospective cohort study was initiated in 1995 at 3 private community hospitals and 1 private referral center. The study population was composed of 5410 consecutively delivered patients from the 4 different hospitals. Every pregnancy was analyzed for gestational age at delivery, duration of membrane rupture, temperature during labor, and use of intrapartum antibiotic chemoprophylaxis. Results: Of the 5410 patients, a total of 455 (8.4%) were delivered of their neonates before 37 weeks' gestation, 421 (7.8%) had rupture of membranes for at least 18 hours' duration, and 378 (7.0%) had an intrapartum temperature of ≥38°C. Overall, 1071 pregnant women (19.8% of the population studied) had ≥1 of the defined risk factors. Conclusions: These data suggest that, if the current risk factor strategy is used, 19.8% of the delivering population would potentially be candidates for intrapartum antibiotic chemoprophylaxis. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;181:1197-202.)
The impact of birth weight on the racial disparity of end-stage renal disease.

PURPOSE: Blacks have a high rate of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and low birthweight (LBW) than whites. LBW has been associated with ESRD. The purpose of this study was to assess impact of LBW on the racial difference in ESRD. METHODS: Patients born in SC after 1950 and diagnosed with ESRD between 1991–1996 were identified from the ESRD registry. Birth weight was compared for 858 black and 372 white patients and 2460 controls matched for age, sex, and race. LBW was defined as birthweight <2500 g. RESULTS: Among patients with ESRD, mean birthweight was lower in blacks than whites (3179 vs 3367 g, p < 0.001). LBW was more common in blacks than whites with ESRD (13.9 vs 7.5%, p = 0.02). The risk ratio for LBW among ESRD patients was 1.4 (95% C.I. 1.1 to 1.8) for blacks and 1.5 (95% C.I. 0.9 to 2.5) for whites. The population attributable risk (PAR) for ESRD due to LBW was greater for blacks than whites (33.6 vs 4.2 per 100,000). CONCLUSIONS: Birthweights were lower and LBW was more common among blacks than whites with ESRD. Moreover, LBW contributed more to the PAR of ESRD in blacks than whites. Thus, LBW may contribute to the greater risk for ESRD in African Americans than Caucasians. This preliminary study indicates that further research on the link between LBW and ESRD could be instructive in understanding the racial health disparities.
Who's Calling the Shots? Women Coaches in Division I Women's Sports*

Objective. During the past 30 years, women have become an increasingly small proportion of coaches of women's sports. We test several explanations for why some institutions have women coaches and others do not. Methods. Taking the 329 NCAA Division I institutions with women's sports programs as the cases in point, we explore possible explanations for the dearth of women coaches: the resources and prestige of an institution or sport; the gender of the athletic director; and institutional traditionalism. Results. Within Division I schools, women coaches are more frequently found in more prestigious, resource-richer institutions and those that devote more resources to women's sports. Conclusions. Although the analysis is confined to Division I schools, it appears that more institutional and organizational efforts need to be made to increase the number of women in the eligible pools for head coaching jobs.
Statistical Mechanics of Irreversibility

The fluctuation-dissipation theorem relating spontaneous equilibrium fluctuations to the conductance in a dissipative thermodynamic system is extended to the case of several variables, using a quantum statistical analysis. The conductance matrix is shown to be subject to certain symmetry relations, providing a generalization of the Onsager reciprocity theorem. The susceptance matrix is also shown to be subject to similar symmetries. The symmetries apply to all frequency components, and hence to arbitrary transient processes.
An evaluation of the overjustification effect across multiple contingency arrangements

The overjustification effect suggests that external rewards may decrease intrinsically reinforced behaviors; however, this conclusion is often drawn from pre- and post-assessment data. The majority of studies published in this area do not take repeated measures of behavior. In addition, previous research has not distinguished between the use of rewards and reinforcers by demonstrating a reinforcement effect; hence, it is possible that the occurrence of the overjustification effect varies depending on the nature of the stimuli that are used. This study extended previous research by evaluating whether the overjustification effect was relevant to the use of non-reinforcing stimuli, reinforcers, or both. The effects of verbal praise were also evaluated in relation to the overjustification effect. Results indicated that behavior did not decrease below baseline levels following the contingent delivery of non-reinforcing stimuli, reinforcers, or verbal praise. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
". . . 'twas ten to one; And yet we ventured. . .": P300 and Decision Making

In some situations subjects' predictions of future events do not accurately reflect the subjective probability associated with these events. We set up such a situation by manipulating the payoff structure in a prediction paradigm, and found that P300 provides an index of the processes responsible for subjective probability, or expectancy, not obtainable from overt predictions. Sixteen subjects were required to predict, on each trial, whether a 1, 2, or 3 would appear on a display. The numbers appeared randomly with probabilities .45, .10, and .45, respectively. In one condition subjects were given bonuses according to an all-or-none payoff function in which they received one cent if they predicted correctly, and nothing if they were incorrect. In a second condition bonuses were determined by a linear payoff function in which subjects were paid one cent if they predicted correctly, and one-half cent if they were off by one (e.g., predict 1 and 2 appears). After each condition subjects estimated the actual number of stimuli presented. These estimates were the same for both conditions, although predictions differed radically, with 2 predicted much more frequently in the linear condition. P300 area was largest for the rare event (2), and the relationship between P300 and probability was unaffected by payoffs. Our design did introduce differences between conditions in the overall “riskiness’ of predictions, and the strategies adopted by most subjects also resulted in differences in the salience, or task relevance, of the feedback stimuli. These differences resulted in an overall increase in P300 in the all-or-none condition. A relationship also emerged between the subjects' strategies and their ERPs. Subjects who adopted more effective strategies responded differentially to feedback from high and low risk predictions, whereas the others did not.
Wide Field Camera 3 CCD quantum efficiency hysteresis: characterization and mitigation

In ground testing of the Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field Camera 3 (HST/WFC3), the CCDs of its UV/visible channel exhibited an unanticipated quantum efficiency hysteresis (QEH) behavior. The QEH first manifested itself as an occasionally observed contrast in response across the format of the CCDs, with an amplitude of typically 0.1-0.2% or less at the nominal -83°C operating temperature, but with contrasts of up to 3-5% observed at warmer temperatures. The behavior has been replicated in the laboratory using flight spare detectors and has been found to be related to an initial response deficiency of ~5% amplitude when the CCDs are cooled with no illumination. A visible light flat-field (540nm) with a several times full-well signal level is found to pin the detector response at both optical (600nm) and near-UV (230nm) wavelengths, suppressing the QEH behavior. We have characterized the timescale for the detectors to become unpinned (days for significant response loss at -83°C and have developed a protocol to stabilize the response in flight by flashing the WFC3 CCDs with the instrument's internal calibration system.
The role of the student in learning from instruction

Abstract Learning from instruction requires the learner to play an active role in order to acquire new knowledge successfully. The present discussion begins with an analysis of the learning process that focuses on the role of elaborations and students' prior knowledge. Next is a discussion of ways in which learning from instruction differs from learning and instruction (as they are studied separately), including differences between (a) descriptive and prescriptive science; (b) instructional strategies and learning strategies; and (c) autonomous learning and directed learning. Finally, a series of learning functions are identified. One characteristic of these functions is that they can be accomplished in a variety of equally effective ways, and ways in which the functions can be initiated by the instructional agent (e.g., teacher, textbook) and/or by the student are discussed.
Expression of Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Is Limited to Theca of Healthy Bovine Follicles Collected during Recruitment, Selection, and Dominance of Follicles of the First Follicular Wave

Expression of mRNA encoding steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) in bovine follicles during recruitment and selection was examined. Dairy heifers (4-5/time period) were ovariectomized at 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, or 96 h after initiation of the first follicular wave (Time 0) after estrus. Follicles were collected and stored at -80 degrees C until sectioning. Expression of StAR mRNA was localized by in situ hybridization and quantified by image analysis. Expression of StAR mRNA was first detected in theca interna of antral follicles as small as 0.5 mm in diameter and increased with increasing follicular size (>/= 4 mm; r = 0.75; p < 0.001). StAR mRNA was undetectable in granulosa of healthy follicles at any size or stage of follicular wave examined. However, granulosa or luteinized granulosa of some advanced or late atretic follicles expressed StAR mRNA. During recruitment, StAR mRNA expression in theca cells was similar among recruited follicles (4-8 mm). During selection of dominant follicles (36-48 h), StAR mRNA was expressed in theca of more than one follicle (7-9 mm); therefore, expression of StAR mRNA may not be associated with dominant follicle selection. StAR mRNA in theca was higher (p < 0.05) at 48 h after initiation of the first follicular wave than at 12, 24, and 36 h, and it remained elevated thereafter through 96 h. Dominant follicles expressed more (p < 0.01) StAR mRNA in theca than did subordinate healthy follicles. Healthy follicles expressed higher (p < 0.05) StAR mRNA in theca than atretic follicles. In summary, levels of StAR mRNA increased in theca with stage of follicular wave and size of follicles. Follicular atresia was associated with reduced expression of StAR mRNA in theca cells. The results indicate that expression of StAR mRNA in theca may not be the primary limiting factor for follicular recruitment and selection.