cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mitochondrial DNA Diversity in Gorillas

A highly variable portion of the mitochondrial DNA control region was sequenced in 63 free-living and captive gorillas including representatives of the three recognized subspecies. This region has proven useful for evaluation of relative levels of genetic variability in populations, for clarification of the subspecies identity of a wild population, and for examination of the phylogenetic relationships of the three subspecies. The eastern lowland (Gorilla gorilla graueri) and mountain gorilla (Gorilla gorilla beringei) sequences are distinct but closely related, with low variability within each subspecies. Two currently isolated populations of mountain gorillas, one in the Virungas Volcanoes region and the other in the Bwindi Forest, are indistinguishable using this mitochondrial DNA region for comparison. The subspecies identity of the Bwindi Forest group has previously been debated. Mitochondrial D-loop DNA variability within the western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) is very high. The genetic distance between the most divergent gorilla sequences is approximately as great as the distance between sequences of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and bonobos (Pan paniscus).
Effector-like CD8+ T cells in the memory population mediate potent protective immunity

Summary The CD8 + memory T cell population is heterogeneous, and it is unclear which subset(s) optimally mediate the central goal of the immune system—protection against infection. Here we investigate the protective capacities of CD8 + T cell subsets present at the memory stage of the immune response. We show that a population of CD8 + T cells bearing markers associated with effector cells (KLRG1 hi , CD27 lo , T-bet hi , Eomes lo ) persisted to the memory phase and provided optimal control of Listeria monocytogenes and vaccinia virus, despite weak recall proliferative responses. After antigen-specific boosting, this population formed the predominant secondary memory subset and maintained superior pathogen control. The effector-like memory subset displayed a distinct pattern of tissue distribution and localization within the spleen, and their enhanced capacity to eliminate Listeria involved specialized utilization of cytolysis. Together, these data suggest that long-lived effector CD8 + T cells are optimal for protective immunity against certain pathogens.
Privacy Issues in Identity Verification

Identity verification plays an important role in creating trust in the economic system. It can, and should, be done in a way that doesn't decrease individual privacy.
Effect of molecular weight on processing and adhesive properties of the phenylethynyl-terminated polyimide LARC-PETI-5

Abstract Three different molecular weight versions of the phenylethynyl-terminated polyimide LARC™-PETI-5 were synthesized. The materials synthesized had theoretical number average molecular weights of 2500, 5000, and 10000 g mol. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) was performed on the dry powder form of these materials to establish cure conditions which result in high glass transition temperatures. Lap shear specimens were prepared from adhesive tape made from each material and with the thermal cure conditions determined from the DSC data. The tensile shear data established which processing conditions provided the best adhesive strengths. Titanium tensile shear strengths as high as 52.6 MPa (7630 psi) at RT and 35.2 MPa (5100 psi) at 177°C were determined. Processing temperatures as low as 316°C and pressures as low as 0.17 MPa (25 psi) resulted in good adhesive properties. The tensile shear properties of these materials were unaffected by hydraulic fluid. The molecular weight of LARC™-PETI-5 has an...
Reinforced concrete interaction diagrams

Abstract A time sharing program for reinforced concrete beam-column interaction diagrams is presented. The program is limited to doubly symmetric rectangular sections, but can handle multiple layers of reinforcing. The program is founded on the fact that for each assumed neutral axis location, one interaction diagram point is defined. The basic algorithm is easy to understand, and output is organized so that a novice could verify a few diagram points by simple hand calculations. Thus, the program aids in describing theory as well as serving as a tool for use in student design projects.
Autonomy, Consent, and Medical Paternalism: Legal Issues in Medical Intervention

Abstract Patients are increasingly questioning their relationships with their doctors during a time when use of alternative health care approaches is rising, paternalistic models of health care are waning, and police powers related to health care are expanding. Focusing on the topics of mandatory vaccination and forced medical treatment of children with cancer, this paper reviews issues related to autonomy, informed consent, medical paternalism, forced medical treatment, the police powers of the state, and related legal issues. Based upon this review, it becomes clear that the fight over personal autonomy and paternalism in health care is far from over.
Evolution of Cooperation through the Heterogeneity of Random Networks

We use the standardized variance $({\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\mathit{st}})$ of the degree distribution of a random network as an analytic measure of its heterogeneity. We show that ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\mathit{st}}$ accurately predicts, quantitatively, the success of cooperators in an evolutionary prisoner's dilemma. Moreover, we show how the generating functional expression for ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\mathit{st}}$ suggests an intrinsic interpretation for the heterogeneity of the network that helps explain local mechanisms through which cooperators thrive in heterogeneous populations. Finally, we give a simple relationship between ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\mathit{st}}$, the cooperation level, and the epidemic threshold of a random network that reveals an appealing connection between epidemic disease models and the evolutionary prisoner's dilemma.
A nonhydrostatic mesoscale ocean model. Part II: Numerical implementation

Abstract The nonhydrostatic model with a free surface is numerically implemented in boundary-fitted curvilinear coordinates to model the mesoscale circulation in an ocean basin with natural topography. A semi-implicit numerical scheme is used, and the directional inhomogeneity in the elliptic equation for pressure is exploited to speed up the computation of its solution while using the multigrid method. The model is used to simulate the circulation in the Gulf of Mexico. We observe the formation of the Loop Current and several eddies. The flow is very strongly controlled by the topography and our numerical experiments reveal that in the bottom layers, the flow along topographic contours is in the opposite direction of the anticyclonic circulation in the top layers.
Protection Motivation Theory: Prediction of Intentions to Engage in Anti‐Nuclear War Behaviors1

The present study examined potential mediators of intentions to engage in behaviors related to the prevention of nuclear war. Protection motivation theory (Rogers, 1975, 1983) suggested that perceived severity of the consequences of nuclear war, perceived likelihood of occurrence of nuclear war, perceived efficacy of responses designed to prevent nuclear war, and perceived capability of engaging in those responses would combine additively and interactively to predict behavioral intentions. The theory further suggested that the effects of a fear-arousing communication on behavioral intentions would be mediated indirectly by changes in the predictor variables. Thus, a second purpose of the study was to evaluate the effects of the program “The Day After”, which dramatically depicted a nuclear holocaust, on viewers' affect (fear-arousal) and cognitions. Surprisingly, the program had no effects on viewers that we could document. We were, however, able to predict behavioral intentions, for both viewers and nonviewers (n= 282), from subjects' affect and cognitions, providing support for protection motivation theory in a new domain.
Abstract system-level models for early performance and power exploration

With increasing complexity of today's embedded systems, research has focused on developing fast, yet accurate high-level and executable models of complete platforms. These models address the need for hardware/software co-simulation of the entire system at early stages of the design. Traditional models tend to be either slow or inaccurate. In this paper, we present ingredients for a class of abstract, high-level platform models that enable fast yet accurate performance and power simulation of application execution on heterogeneous multi-core/-processor architectures. Models are based on host-compiled simulation of the application code, which is instrumented with timing and power information. Back-annotated source code is further augmented with abstract OS and processor models that are integrated into standard co-simulation backplanes. The efficiency of the modeling platform has been evaluated by applying an industrial-strength benchmark, demonstrating the feasibility and benefits of such models for rapid, early exploration of the power, performance and cost design space. Results show that an accurate Pareto set of solutions can be obtained in a fraction of the time needed with traditional simulation and modeling approaches.
MANIAC: A COMPUTER CODE FOR CORRECTING NEUTRON SCATTERING ANGULAR DISTRIBUTIONS

Abstract MANIAC is a Fortran computer code which uses a Monte Carlo technique to simulate the scattering of neutrons by right cylindrical targets to calculate the effects of geometry, attenuation of neutron flux, and multiple scattering for finite targets. Single scattering events are simulated exactly. Multiple scattering is approximated by modifying the yield of double scattering. The program is fast and highly effecient and compact enough to be used with 8000 word real-time computers.
Simulation study of wildlife density estimators

Estimators of the mean individual calling rate and density of a wildlife population in a fixed area are derived on the basis of aural information ob-tained by a listener within the fixed area. An estimator of density assuming known calling probabilities and independent callers is minimum variance un-biased. Estimators of density based on unknown calling probabilities are derived under the assumption of independent callers and a Poisson distribu-tion of calls for each caller. The effectiveness and robustness of the estimators are investigated by simulation
Discovery of HSD-621 as a Potential Agent for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes.

11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) catalyzes the conversion of inactive glucocorticoid cortisone to its active form, cortisol. The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) signaling pathway has been linked to the pathophysiology of diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Herein, the structure–activity relationship of a series of piperazine sulfonamide-based 11β-HSD1 inhibitors is described. (R)-3,3,3-Trifluoro-2-(5-(((R)-4-(4-fluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl)sulfonyl)thiophen-2-yl)-2-hydroxypropanamide 18a (HSD-621) was identified as a potent and selective 11β-HSD1 inhibitor and was ultimately selected as a clinical development candidate. HSD-621 has an attractive overall pharmaceutical profile and demonstrates good oral bioavailability in mouse, rat, and dog. When orally dosed in C57/BL6 diet-induced obesity (DIO) mice, HSD-621 was efficacious and showed a significant reduction in both fed and fasting glucose and insulin levels. Furthermore, HSD-621 was well tolerated in drug safety ...
Assessing the Assumptions: A Critical Analysis of Agency Theory

Principal-agent (agency) theory dominates the bureaucratic politics literature. Yet there has been very little effort devoted to assessing the assumptions of agency theory since the model was imported from economics. This article examines five major assumptions underlying agency theory. The authors suggest that the effort to translate and apply assumptions from economics to the study of bureaucratic politics misses much that is important. They offer modifications to agency theory and a new direction for research.
THE STING APPARATUS IN THE PRIMITIVE ANTS NOTHOMYRMEC1A AND MYRMEC1A

The skeletomusculatures of the sting apparatuses of Nothomyrmecia macrops Clark and several Myrmecia species are described and compared to each other, and to those of other ants and Hymenoptera. Although Nothomyrmecia is often considered the most primitive living ant, its sting apparatus is more derived than those of Myrmecia and the primitive ponerine Amblyopone. Stings of these three genera show no clear derivation from those of other Hymenoptera.
Multivariate Alternatives to Regression Analysis in the Evaluation of Salary Equity-Parity.

The analysis of salary equity-parity in institutions of higher education typically involves the use of multiple regression analysis to determine predicted salary and the residual differences between predicted and actual salary. Multiple regression analysis forces the variable weights throughout the salary structure to be uniform, permits only one criterion or dependent variable to be examined at a time, restricts the coordinates to those provided by the variables as measured, and as customarily used, treats qualitative or discrete variables as if they were continuous, assuming ordinality of the numbers used. Two multivariate alternatives to regression analysis are presented, canonical analysis and multiple discriminant analysis, both of which define new coordinate systems for evaluation of dimensions underlying salary decisions.
Characterizing corn hybrid moisture stress sensitivity using canopy temperature measurements

Abstract The relationship between a canopy temperature stress indicator (TSI) and relative grain yields (RGY) was examined for five hybrids of corn (Zea maize L.). TSI is the midday difference in canopy temperature between a specific location and an area producing maximum yields for each hybrid. The results show that relative grain yields can be estimated to within ±8% if hybrid type is unknown or ±4% if hybrid type is known. The TSI relationship is a potentially important tool for screening drought response among hybrids.
AT1 and AT2 Angiotensin Receptor Gene Expression in Human Heart Failure

Background The availability of selective antagonists for angiotensin II receptors has focused interest on the gene expression of angiotensin II–receptor subtypes in the human heart. Methods and Res...
Comments on alternate formulations for preequilibrium decay

The physical and mathematical differences of several formulations for preequilibrium decay are discussed. Mathematical models and examples are presented or referred to in order to illustrate what the author believes to be errors in the exciton formulation as being due to improper inclusion of spectator effects. An earlier work of Gadioli et al. is reinterpreted, and quotations therein to work of the present author are corrected.
Prolonged surgery increases the likelihood of admission of scheduled ambulatory surgery patients

Abstract Study Objective: To identify variables influencing the likelihood of unanticipated admission following scheduled ambulatory surgery. Design: Retrospective case-controlled chart review study. Setting: A large academic tertiary care hospital. Patients: 8,549 ASA physical status I, II, III, and IV patients who underwent scheduled ambulatory surgery in 1991. Measurements and Main Results: Of the 8,549 patients, 216 were admitted, with complete medical record information available for 167 of the admitted patients. The most common reasons for admission among the 167 were surgical (43%), anesthetic (28%), and medical (17%) complications. Odds for admission following long surgery (of at least 60 minutes) were 7.5 times ( p Conclusions: Surgery duration of 60 minutes or longer was the most important predictor of unanticipated admission following scheduled ambulatory surgery
Clinical enflurane metabolism by cytochrome P450 2E1.

Background Fluorinated ether anesthetic hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity are mediated by cytochrome P450–catalyzed oxidative metabolism. Metabolism of the volatile anesthetic enflurane to inorganic fluoride ion by human liver microsomes in vitro is catalyzed predominantly by the cytochrome P450 isoform CYP2E1. This investigation tested the hypothesis that P450 2E1 is also the isoform responsible for human enflurane metabolism in vivo. Disulfiram, which is converted in vivo to a selective inhibitor of P450 2E1, was used as a metabolic probe for P450 2E1. Methods Twenty patients undergoing elective surgery were randomized to receive disulfiram (500 mg orally; n = 10) or nothing (control subjects; n = 10) the evening before surgery. All patients received a standard anesthetic of enflurane (2.2% end-tidal) in oxygen for 3 hours. Blood enflurane concentrations were measured by gas chromatography. Plasma and urine fluoride concentrations were quantitated by ion-selective electrode. Results Patient groups were similar with respect to age, weight, gender, duration of surgery, and blood loss. Total enflurane dose, measured by cumulative end-tidal enflurane concentrations (3.9 to 4.1 MAC-hr) and by blood enflurane concentrations, was similar in both groups. Plasma fluoride concentrations increased from 3.6 ±1.5 µmol/L (baseline) to 24.3 ± 3.8 µmol/L (peak) in untreated patients (mean ± SE). Disulfiram treatment completely abolished the rise in plasma fluoride concentration. Urine fluoride excretion was similarly significantly diminished in disulfiram-treated patients. Fluoride excretion in disulfiram-treated patients was 62 ± 10 and 61 ± 12 µmol on days 1 and 2, respectively, compared with 1090 ± 180 and 1200 ± 220 nmol in control subjects (p < 0.05 on each day). Conclusions Disulfiram prevented fluoride ion production after enflurane anesthesia. These results suggest that P450 2E1 is the predominant P450 isoform responsible for human clinical enflurane metabolism in vivo. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1994) 55, 434–440; doi:10.1038/clpt.1994.53
The role of bioturbation in sediment resuspension and its interaction with physical shearing

Abstract Marine benthic fauna play an important role in governing sediment-water relationships, including resuspension of particle-borne contaminants. Constant burrowing and subsurface deposit-feeding tend to eject sediment into overlying water, break up the cohesive structure of silt-clay sediment, increase sediment-water content, and increase physical resuspension. Experimental evidence shows that resuspension of sediment is influenced by shear stress at the sediment-water interface and/or by the type, abundance and reworking time of infauna. Resuspension by biota was investigated by monitoring the turbidity of excurrent water of deposit-feeding species. The interaction between biota and physical shear in sediment resuspension was measured using an annular flume and a flume-calibrated Particle Entrainment Simulator. Sediment resuspcnsion, in the absence of physical shear, was caused by Yoldia, Macoma , and Pectinaria during the disposal of pseudofeces (20 mg/min per individual Yoldia at 20°C. The presence of motile deposit-feeders also destabilized cohesive sediment and thus increased physical resuspension. The bivalve Nucula at least doubled physical resuspension at shear values above 2 dyne/cm 2 . Infaunal activities such as feeding, locomotion and habitat development resulted in direct resuspension and modified physical resuspension. Total resuspension with respect to time ( R t dt ) was found to equal the sum of a physical resuspension term ( R p ), a biological term ( R b ) and a physical-biological interaction term ( R pb ). While all terms are time-varying R p varies as a function of currents, depth and wave height and the biological terms vary with species, abundance and activity rates (temperature).
Equidistant Arithmetic Codes and Character Sums

Abstract A cyclic arithmetic code is a subgroup of Z /( r n − 1) Z , where the weight of a word x is the minimal number of nonzero coefficients in the representation x ≡ ∑ n − 1 i = 0 c i r i with | c i | r for all i . A code is called equidistant if all nonzero codewords have the same weight. In this paper necessary conditions for the existence of equidistant codes are given. By relating these conditions to character sums on certain intervals, it is shown that for r = 2, 3 no new equidistant codes exist, and several infinite families of equidistant codes are given.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Detects Differences in Migration Between Primary and Immortalized Neural Stem Cells

Rationale and Objectives The study was performed to evaluate the effect of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent (super paramagnetic iron oxide [SPIO]) on differentiation and migration of primary murine neural stem cells (NSCs) in comparison to a neural stem cell line (C17.2). Because detection of labeled cells depends on the concentration of SPIO particles per imaging voxel, the study was performed at various concentrations of SPIO particles to determine the concentration that could be used for in vivo detection of small clusters of grafted cells. Materials and Methods Murine primary NSCs or C17.2 cells were labeled with different concentrations of SPIO particles (0, 25, 100, and 250 μg Fe/mL) and in vitro assays were performed to assess cell differentiation. In vivo MRI was performed 7 weeks after neonatal transplantation of labeled cells to evaluate the difference in migration capability of the two cell populations. Results Both the primary NSCs and the C17.2 cells differentiated to similar number of neurons (Map2ab-positive cells). Similar patterns of engraftment of C17.2 cells were seen in transplanted mice regardless of the SPIO concentration used. In vivo MRI detection of grafted primary and C17.2 cells was only possible when cells were incubated with 100 μg/mL or higher concentration of SPIO. Extensive migration of C17.2 cells throughout the brain was observed, whereas the migration of the primary NSCs was more restricted. Conclusions Engraftment of primary NSCs can be detected noninvasively by in vivo MRI, and the presence of SPIO particles do not affect the viability, differentiation, or engraftment pattern of the donor cells.
Factors Affecting the Relative Efficiency of General Acid Catalysis

Specific acid catalysis (SAC) and general acid catalysis (GAC) play an important role in many organic reactions. Elucidation of SAC or GAC mechanisms requires an understanding of the factors that affect their relative efficiency. A simple model reaction in which SAC and GAC occur concurrently is analyzed to provide guidelines for such analyses. Simple rules that predict the effect of pH on the relative efficiency of GAC are discussed. An explicit expression for determining the optimal pH at which the effects of GAC are maximized is provided as well as an analogous expression for the general base case. The effects of the pKa of the general acid and the total catalyst concentration on GAC efficiency are described. The guidelines are graphically illustrated using a mixture of theoretical data and literature data on the hydrolysis of di- tert-butyloxymethylbenzene. The relationship between the model and the Bronsted equation is developed to explain the common observation that GAC is most easily observable whe...
The Effect of Competency Restoration Training on Defendants With Mental Retardation Found Not Competent to Proceed

The present investigation focused on the reevaluations of "competency to stand trial" (CST) of 75 criminal defendants with mental retardation (MR) who were originally found incompetent and who were referred for treatment. The effect of competency restoration training was examined. Site of training was also investigated. Because habilitation facilities are specially designed to help individuals with MR, it was suspected that training at habilitation centers would have a greater effect on restoration of defendants with MR than the training at state hospitals. Results showed that significantly more defendants did not gain competency following training than those who did. Analysis revealed that (a) higher IQ and (b) being African American rather than Caucasian American were predictive of restoration. When discriminating factors were held constant, site of training did not significantly affect competency restoration. Possible explanations for this finding were discussed.
Functional analysis of the KCS-like element of the interferon-inducible RNA-specific adenosine deaminase ADAR1 promoter

The ADAR1 gene encodes an RNA-specific adenosine deaminase that alters the functional activity of both viral and cellular RNAs by posttranscriptional adenosine-to-inosine RNA editing. The interferon (IFN) responsive PI promoter of the ADAR1 gene possesses an IFN-stimulated response element (ISRE) responsible for IFN-inducibility, as well as an adjacent upstream sequence, designated kinase conserved sequence-like (KCS-l) element. The KCS-l element is similar to the 15-bp KCS element so far unique to the human and mouse RNA-dependent PKR kinase gene promoters. The KCS element of the PKR kinase (PKR) promoter is essential for both basal and IFN-inducible PKR promoter activity. We have now examined the functional properties of the KCS-l element of the ADAR1 PI promoter. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) detected constitutively expressed nuclear proteins that bound selectively to the ADAR1 KCS-l element. Competition EMSA and antibody supershift assays indicated that ADAR1 KCS-l-binding proteins shared some properties with PKR KCS-binding proteins. However, transient transfection analyses performed with ADAR1 PI promoter constructs possessing deletion and substitution mutant forms of the KCS-l element revealed that the ADAR1 KCS-l element was not essential for either basal or IFN-inducible promoter activity. Substitution of the ADAR1 KCS-l element with the PKR KCS element increased both basal and inducible ADAR1 PI promoter activity. These results suggest that the KCS-l element of the ADAR1 PI promoter is not functionally equivalent to the KCS element of the PKR promoter.
Effect of Pressure on Quenched-In Electrical Resistance in Gold and Aluminum

The effect of pressures up to 6 kbar on the electrical resistance quenched into gold and aluminum at various linear quench rates has been measured. Formation volumes of 6.8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.4 and 6.38\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.15 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$/mole, respectively, are inferred. Agreement with earlier measurements in gold is good when they are corrected for the pressure coefficient of resistance. The value for aluminum supports earlier values obtained by other techniques. There is also evidence that dislocations are not sinks for the majority of the vacancies during the quench.
The Age Dependence of the Detectability of Comets Orbiting Solar-Type Stars

The outflows from comets in orbit around G-type main-sequence stars can be detected when they produce transient OH absorption lines in the spectrum near 3100 ? of the host star. There is only about a 3 ? 10-8 probability of detecting an analog to comet Hale-Bopp orbiting an analog to the Sun. However, for young solar-type stars with very large numbers of comets, possibly delivering water to terrestrial planets, there is as much as a 1% chance that any sufficiently sensitive, randomly timed observation may detect such transient absorption.
A Heavy top quark from flavor universal colorons

Ordinary technicolor and extended technicolor cannot produce the heavy top quark unaided. We demonstrate that a flavor-universal extension of the color interactions combined with an extended hypercharge sector that singles out the third generation can provide the necessary assistance. We discuss current experimental constraints and suggest how collider experiments can search for the predicted new heavy gauge bosons.
A Possible Brown Dwarf Companion to the White Dwarf GD 1400

An unresolved, likely L dwarf companion to the DA white dwarf GD 1400 is reported. This would be only the second such system known, discovered 17 years after the prototype L dwarf, GD 165B, was determined to be a companion to a white dwarf. Photometric observations and model-predicted of the well-studied white dwarf primary stellar parameters indicate that GD 1400B has J - K 2.0 and MK = 12.13 mag. If correct, this would place GD 1400B at spectral type L6, and it would be the lowest-luminosity unevolved companion known to a white dwarf and thus a definite brown dwarf. However, a low-resolution Keck NIRSPEC 2.1–2.4 μm spectrum may not be consistent with known L dwarfs. Uncertainties in classification will remain until the binary is resolved or a trigonometric parallax is measured.
Generation of wideband frequency combs by continuous-wave seeding of multistage mixers with synthesized dispersion

We numerically and experimentally demonstrate efficient generation of an equalized optical comb with 150-nm bandwidth. The comb was generated by low-power, continuous-wave seeds, eliminating the need for pulsed laser sources. The new architecture relies on efficient creation of higher-order mixing tones in phase-matched nonlinear fiber stages separated by a linear compressor. Wideband generation was enabled by precise dispersion engineering of multiple-stage parametric mixers.
Variation of thorium and uranium in selected granitic rocks

Abstract A selected suite of granitic rocks representing both individual differentiation sequences and a broad sampling of granites from North America have been analysed for thorium, uranium, and potassium by γ-ray spectrometry. In the White Mountain and Oliverian series of New Hampshire both the thorium and uranium contents and the Th/U ratio tend to increase with igneous evolution. In the Southern California batholith the thorium and uranium contents increase during differentiation, but the Th/U ratio is constant. The general tendency for the Th/U ratio to increase with petrogenetic evolution is shown by a comparison of the Th/U ratio with the ratio of potassium feldspar to plagioclase for a broad sampling of granitic rocks. This increase is probably caused by oxidation during magmatic differentiation
Pullout strength of adaption screws in thyroid cartilage

Abstract Purpose : To determine the pullout strength of adaption screws in laryngeal cartilage and its relationship to drill hole and screw diameter. Materials and Methods : Screw pullout strength in human cadaver thyroid cartilage was measured using a load cell. Screw sizes of 1.3, 1.5, and 2.0 mm were tested using drill hole diameters of 0.76, 1.1, and 1.5 mm. Results : Maximum pullout strength was achieved using a drill hole diameter of 0.76 mm and a 1.5 mm screw. Pullout strength for this combination was 27.5 N. Conclusion: Adaption screws can be used in thyroid cartilage but pullout strengths will be less than in bone. Drill holes for screws in thyroid cartilage should be smaller than those used for cortical bone. Maximum strength will be achieved using a 1.5 mm screw in a 0.76 mm drill hole.
The Asymmetry of Legitimacy

State legitimacy is often said to have two aspects: an internal and an external one. Internally, a legitimate state has the right to rule over its subjects. Externally, it has a right that outsiders not interfere with its domestic governance. But what is the relation between these two aspects? In this paper, I defend a conception of legitimacy according to which these two aspects are related in an importantly asymmetrical manner. In particular, a legitimate state’s external right to rule affords it protections that include and go beyond what its internal right to rule enables it to do. This asymmetrical view, I argue, is preferable to its two main rivals: the view that a state’s internal and external legitimacy are separate issues, and the view that internal and external legitimacy are mirroring.
Mechanisms of Soil Release

The detergency mechanisms for oily (liquid) soils and particulate soils are different. The functioning of a soil-release finish depends therefore on several of its properties. Oily-soil detergency ...
Word order matters: measuring topic coherence with lexical argument structure

Topic models are emerging tools for improved browsing and searching within digital libraries. These techniques collapse words within documents into unordered "bags of words," ignoring word order. In this paper, we present a method that examines syntactic dependency parse trees from Wikipedia article titles to learn expected patterns between relative lexical arguments. This process is highly dependent on the global word ordering of a sentence, modeling how each word interacts with other words to gain an aggregate perspective on how words interact over all 3.2 million titles. Using this information, we analyze how coherent a given topic is by comparing the relative usage vectors between the top 5 words in a topic. Results suggest that this technique can identify poor topics based on how well the relative usages align with each other within a topic, potentially aiding digital library indexing.
Studies on the Enantioselective Catalysis of Photochemically Promoted Transformations: “Sensitizing Receptors” as Chiral Catalysts

A strategy for the enantioselective catalysis of photomediated reactions in solution is described, involving the use of chiral molecular receptors possessing appendant triplet-sensitizing moieties. Energy transfer is selectively directed to bound substrate as a consequence of the distance dependence of triplet-triplet energy transfer. This effect, which is equivalent to a binding-induced rate enhancement, enables substoichiometric chirality transfer from the receptor template to the substrate, as observed in the intramolecular enone-olefin photo[2 + 2]cycloaddition of a quinolone substrate.
Database management concepts in computer-aided design optimization

Abstract This paper deals with database management concepts in computer-aided design optimization. Complex nature of engineering data and the need to organize them are emphasized. Database management concepts applicable to finite element analysis and design optimization are explained. Various aspects associated with the development of data models, such as conceptual, internal and external models are discussed. Suitability of external models, like hierarchical, network and relational, are discussed with reference to design optimization requirements. Some techniques to organize data of large matrices for efficient numerical computations are given. Concepts of normalization of data, global and local databases are described. Details of a suitable database management system are described in a separate paper.
Evidence Against a Direct Effect of Leptin on Glucose Transport in Skeletal Muscle and Adipocytes

Recently, it has been proposed that leptin, the ob gene product, influences some steps in the insulin-signaling cascade. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether leptin exerts direct effects on glucose transport in insulin target tissues. Epitrochlearis muscles or isolated adipocytes from male SD rats were incubated in the absence or presence of recombinant leptin (3–1,000 ng/ml), and in the absence or presence of submaximal or maximal insulin concentrations. In skeletal muscle, insulin increased 3- O -methylglucose transport (1.88 ± 0.21, 4.06 ± 0.59, and 9.35 ± 1.90 umol ·μmol · ml −1 ·h −1 , for 0, 0.6, and 12.0 nmol/1 insulin, respectively). Leptin exposure (300 ng/ml) for 2 h did not alter the basal, submaximal, or maximal response of glucose transport to insulin in skeletal muscle (1.50 ± 0.14,4.76 ± 0.58, and 9.04 ± 1.09 umol · ml −1 · h −1 for 0, 0.6, and 12.0 nmol/l insulin, respectively). Insulin increased glucose transport in rat adipocytes (0.194 ± 0.007,1.059 ± 0.029, and 3.367 ± 0.143 pmol [14C]glucose · 0.5 ml −1 cell suspension · min −1 for 0,0.8, and 80 nmol/l insulin, respectively); in vitro exposure to leptin (300 ng/ml) did not alter glucose transport (0.220 ± 0.006,1.269 ± 0.046, and 3.221 ± 0.285 pmol [ 14 C]glucose · 0.5 ml −1 cell suspension · min −1 for 0, 0.8, and 80 nmol/1 insulin, respectively). Similar to our findings in the epitrochlearis muscle, leptin had no direct effect on basal or insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in soleus muscle from ob/ob or lean mice or adipocytes from normal mice. In summary, in vitro exposure of skeletal muscle or adipocytes to recombinant leptin did not alter glucose transport in the absence of insulin, nor did it affect the sensitivity or responsiveness of the glucose transport system to insulin.
Nest site characteristics and nesting success of the Western Burrowing Owl in the eastern Mojave Desert

Abstract We evaluated nest site selection at two spatial scales (microsite, territory) and reproductive success of Western Burrowing Owls ( Athene cunicularia hypugaea ) at three spatial scales (microsite, territory, landscape) in the eastern Mojave Desert. We used binary logistic regression within an information-theoretic approach to assess factors influencing nest site choice and nesting success. Microsite-scale variables favored by owls included burrows excavated by desert tortoise ( Gopherus agassizii ), burrows with a large mound of excavated soil at the entrance, and a greater number of satellite burrows within 5 m of the nest burrow. At the territory scale, owls preferred patches with greater cover of creosote bush ( Larrea tridentata ) within 50 m of the nest burrow. An interaction between the presence or absence of a calcic soil horizon layer over the top of the burrow (microsite) and the number of burrows within 50 m (territory) influenced nest site choice. Nesting success was influenced by a greater number of burrows within 5 m of the nest burrow. Total cool season precipitation was a predictor of nesting success at the landscape scale. Conservation strategies can rely on management of habitat for favored and productive nesting sites for this declining species.
HEPATIC LIPID METABOLISM IN THE CORTISONE-TREATED RAT.

Abstract Female rats were treated with 6.25 mg cortisone acetate daily, and found to develop marked elevation of plasma fatty acids. The hepatic triglyceride accumulation, previously demonstrated, appears to result from hepatic uptake of these free fatty acids. No defect in hepatic protein synthesis, secretion of lipid from the liver, or lack of adenine was demonstrable in the cortisonetreated rat.
Modeling and error analysis of kinematic-wave equations of furrow irrigation

A moving control volume approach was used to model the advance phase of a furrow irrigation system whereas a fixed control volume was used to model the nearly stationary phase and the runoff rate. The resulting finite-difference equations of the kinematic-wave model were linearized and explicit algebraic expressions were obtained for computation of advance and runoff rate. The solutions for the advance increment and the runoff rate were compared with the nonlinear scheme, the zero-inertia model, and a set of field data. A close agreement was found between the models and the field data. Assuming a constant infiltration rate, a differential equation was derived to estimate the error between the kinematic-wave model and the zero-inertia model in predicting the flow cross-sectional area along the field length. The differential equation and two dimensionless terms were used to define the limits for use of the kinematic-wave model in furrow irrigation.
Agriculture in the developing world: Connecting innovations in plant research to downstream applications

Enhancing agricultural productivity in those areas of the world bypassed by the Green Revolution will require new approaches that provide incentives and funding mechanisms that promote the translation of new innovations in plant science into concrete benefits for poor farmers. Through better dialogue, plant breeders and laboratory scientists from both the public and private-sectors need to find solutions for the key constraints to crop production, many of which center around abiotic and biotic stresses. The revolution in plant genomics has opened up new perspectives and opportunities for plant breeders who can now apply molecular markers to assess and enhance diversity in their germplasm collections, to introgress valuable traits from new sources, and to identify genes that control key traits. Functional genomics is also providing another powerful route to the identification of such genes. The ability to introgress beneficial genes under the control of specific promoters through transgenic approaches is yet one more stepping stone in the path to targeted approaches to crop improvement, and the new sciences have identified a vast array of genes that have exciting potential for crop improvement. For a few crops with viable markets, such as maize and cotton, some of the traits developed by the private sector are already showing benefits for farmers of the developing world, but the public sector will need to develop new skills and overcome a number of hurdles to carry out similar efforts for other crops and traits useful to very poor farmers.
Efficient Metabolic Engineering of GM3 on Tumor Cells by N-Phenylacetyl-d-mannosamine†

Abnormal carbohydrates expressed on tumor cells, which are termed tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs), are potential targets for the development of cancer vaccines. However, immune tolerance to TACAs has severely hindered progress in this area. To overcome this problem, we have developed a novel immunotherapeutic strategy based on synthetic cancer vaccines and metabolic engineering of TACAs on tumor cells. One critical step of this new strategy is metabolic engineering of cancer, namely, to induce expression of an artificial form of a TACA by supplying tumors with an artificial monosaccharide precursor. To identify the proper precursor for this application, N-propionyl, N-butanoyl, N-isobutanoyl, and N-phenylacetyl derivatives of d-mannosamine were synthesized, and their efficiency as biosynthetic precursors in modifying sialic acid and inducing expression of modified forms of GM3 antigen on tumor cells was investigated. For this purpose, tumor cells were incubated with different N-acyl-d-manno...
Designed Experience: A Multiple, Goal-Directed Training Program in Family Therapy†

A family-therapy training program, one of three main branches of the "Boston model," is described in detail. Salient features of the program include planned integration of a multiplicity of experiential and cognitive learning modes; grounding in a unified, theoretical framework that is neither eclectic nor limited to a single school of thought; focus on nonpathological process in families; and systematic structuring in terms of specific, articulated, training objectives. The goal-directed design process by which training units are developed is explained.
Energy Determination of Heavy Primaries in Nuclear Emulsion

The "knock-on electron" method has been used to determine the energy per nucleon of the heavy primary particle. In this method, the energy of the primary particle is determined by measuring the emission angle and the energy of the knock-on electrons. The conditions for the reliable estimate of the primary energy by this method are discussed. This method is applied to 34 flat events, of primary energy between 3 and 30 Bev/nucleon and of charge $Zg4$, which make nuclear interactions and break up into 2 or more $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ particles. The energy of the primary particle obtained by knock-on electron method is then compared with the energy obtained by (i) opening angle of $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ particles and by (ii) relative scattering measurements of $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ particles. The results obtained by knock-on electron method are quite consistent, within the experimental error, with the results obtained by other methods.
Fractionation of biological markers in crude oils during migration and the effects on correlation and maturation parameters

Abstract A crude oil from the Kelamayi oilfield, China, has been used in a detailed laboratory study to examine fractionation effects on various classes of biomarkers in the oil. These experiments were undertaken on an alumina column and in general the fractionation effects were similar to those previously ascribed to migration in the natural situation. Observations included the elution of tricyclic terpanes prior to pentacyclic terpanes, αβ-hopanes and 22S αβ hopanes prior to the βα hopanes and 22R-αβ hopanes. In addition rearranged and ββ-steranes elute faster than the αα-steranes and the αα-20S-steranes elute faster than the αα-20R-steranes. These observations were subsequently applied to a series of oils and source rocks from the Kelamayi oilfield. It was possible to correlate many of the biological marker distributions in the oils with those observed in the laboratory experiments. Thus oils with high concentrations of ββ-steranes were considered to be early expulsion products and their related source rock had lower concentrations of the ββ-steranes. Gammacerane is a relatively late expulsion product from the laboratory experiments, hence oils with low gammacerane concentrations were derived from rocks with high gammacerane concentrations. A combination of laboratory fractionation experiments and characterisation of oils and source rocks permitted correlations to be made between various oils and source rocks in the Kalamayi Basin.
Efficiency of spermatogenesis

Spermatogenesis is a process of division and differentiation by which spermatozoa are produced in seminiferous tubules. A measure of efficiency of spermatogenesis is the estimated number of spermatozoa produced per day per gram of testicular parenchyma. This measure is not influenced by species differences in testicular size; however, it is influenced by species differences in the numerical density of germ cells and in the life spans of these cells. Seminiferous tubules are composed of somatic cells (myoid cells and Sertoli cells), and germ cells (spermatogonia, spermatocytes, and spermatids). Activity of these three germ cells divide spermatogenesis into spermatocytogenesis, meiosis, and spermiogenesis, respectively. Spermatocytegenesis involves mitotic cell division to increase the yield of spermatogenesis and to produce stem cells and primary spermatocytes. Meiosis involves duplication and exchange of genetic material and two cell divisions that reduce the chromosome number and yield four spermatids. Spermiogenesis is the differentiation of spherical spermatids into mature spermatids which are released at the luminal free surface as spermatozoa. The spermatogenic cycle is superimposed on the three major divisions of spermatogenesis. Spermatogenesis and germ cell degeneration can be quantified from numbers of germ cells in various steps of development throughout spermatogenesis, and quantitative measures are related to number of spermatozoa in the ejaculate. Germ cell degeneration occurs throughout spermatogenesis; however, the greatest impact occurs during spermatocytogenesis and meiosis. Efficiency of spermatogenesis is related to the amount of germ cell degeneration, pubertal development, season of the year, and aging of humans and animals. Number of Sertoli cells and amount of smooth endoplasmic reticulum of Leydig cells (but not Leydig cell number) are related to efficiency of spermatogenesis. In humans, efficiency of spermatogenesis is reflected in number of spermatogenic stages per cross-section and number of missing generations within each stage; however, the arrangement of stages along the tubular length does not reflect differences in the efficiency of spermatogenesis. In short, spermatogenesis involves both mitotic and meiotic cell divisions and an unsurpassed example of cell differentiation in the production of the spermatozoon, and daily sperm production per g parenchyma is a measure of its efficiency.