cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Line-Contact Micro-EHL Model With Three-Dimensional Surface Topography

A mathematical model is presented fn this paper that can be used to analyze the effect of 3-D surface topography on the thermal, transient micro-elastohydrodynamic lubricatioin (EHL). The model efficiently incorporates the surface deformation due to the 3D pressure rippling and the lubricant side flow around the asperities. The resulting computer implementation requires little additional storage space and does not reduce computational efficiency from its 2-D counterpart. The model is shown to sensibly describe the physical problems. The results presented in this paper and in a separate paper (Chang et al., 1993c) show that the lubricant local side flow significantly affects the contact conditions of the EHL of rough surfaces, especially under high sliding
Raman studies of nucleic acids. XII. Conformations of oligonucleotides and deuterated polynucleotides.

Laser Raman spectra of the trinucleoside diphoshate ApApA and dinucleoside phosphates ApU, UpA, GpC, CpG, and GpU are reported and discussed. Assignments of conformationally sensitive frequencies are-facilitated by comparison with spectra reported here of poly(rA), poly(rC), and poly(rU) in deuterium oxide solutions. The significant spectral differences between ApU and UpA, and between GpC and CpG, reveal that the sequence isomers have nonidentical conformations in aqueous solution. In UpA at low temperature the bases are stacked and the backbone conformation is similar to that found in ordered polynucleotide structures and RNA. In ApU no base stacking can be detected and the backbone conformation differs from that found in UpA, both in the orientation of phosphodiester linkages and in the internal conformation of ribose. At the conditions employed neither ApU nor UpA exhibits base pairing in aqueous solutions. In both GpC and CpG the bases are stacked and the phosphodiester conformations are similar to those encountered for UpA and RNA. However, major differences between spectra of GpC and CpG indicate that the geometries of stacking and ribosyl conformations are different. In GpC the Raman data favor the formation of hydrogen bonded dimers containing GC pairs. Protonation of C in GpC is sufficient to eliminate the ordered conformation detected by Raman spectroscopy. Despite the ordered backbone conformation evident in GpU, this dinucleoside apparently contains neither stacked nor hydrogen bonded bases at the conditions employed here. The Raman data also confirm the stacking interactions in ApApA, poly(rA), and poly(rC) but suggest that the backbone conformation in poly(rC) differs qualitatively from that found in most ordered polynucleotide structures and is thermally more stable. The present results demonstrate the sensitivity of the Raman technique to sequence-related structural differences in oligonucleotides and provide additional spectra–structure correlations for future conformational studies of RNA by laser Raman spectroscopy.
Fine-scale sampling reveals distinct isolation by distance patterns in chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) populations occupying a glacially dynamic environment

Populations with spatially restricted gene flow are characterized by genetic differentiation that may be positively correlated with the geographic distance separating populations, a pattern known as isolation by distance (IBD). Here we examined the fine-scale genetic structure of 66 chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) populations spawning in Alaska waterways and explored patterns of IBD using 90 nuclear and 3 mitochondrial single nucleotide polymorphisms. Estimating population structure of chum salmon in Alaska is of increasing concern because of fluctuating census sizes and the uncertain effects of harvest on specific populations. We hypothesized that IBD would be present because chum salmon spawn in coastal rivers that are distributed along a linear array and gene flow is spatially restricted due to homing. Evidence of very weak IBD was found throughout the region (R2 = 0.06, p < 0.0001) but the strength of the IBD relationship varied greatly over different spatial scales and geographic regions. Decomposed pairwise regression analyses identified nine outlier populations to regional IBD patterns, suggesting that geographic distance is not the only factor influencing genetic differentiation in the region. Instead, population structure appears to be heavily influenced by glacial history of the region and the presence of a glacial refugium on Kodiak Island.
Attitude toward Diversity: Can Teacher Education Programs Really Make a Difference?.

Abstract Initial findings from the first phase of a longitudinal study suggest that field experiences can create significant differences in attitudes toward diversity and social distance preference in educational settings.
Mechanism of cholesterol gallstone dissolution. III. Electrophoretic studies showing the correlation between the bile micellarcharge and the effect of alkyl amines as cholesterol gallstone dissolution rate accelerators

We have shown that the cholesterol monohydrate dissolution rate acceleration in chenodeoxycholic acid solutions due to the addition of hexylamine and octylamine may be directly related to their ability to bind to the negatively charged chenodeoxycholate micelles. Based on these results, we have proposed that the primary mechanism by which these amines accelerate the dissolution rate is by reducing the micellar charge. An independent test of the above hypothesis was carried out by measuring the electrophoretic mobility of chenodeoxycholate micelles as a function of the amine concentration utilizing the moving boundary electrophoresis method in the presence of and absence of 0.1 M sodium chloride. At the concentrations of hexylamine and octylamine which gave the same dissolution rate, J/A, i.e., at equal efficacy, the electrophoretic mobilities were found to be the same. These results verify our hypothesis that the primary mechanism by which these amines accelerate the dissolution rate is by reducing the micellar charge. In addition, particle microelectrophoresis studies showed no significant surface charge variation with cholesterol particles as a function of amine concentration.
Wave optics simulation of Gaussian Schell-model vortex beam propagation in turbulence: intensity and scintillation analysis

The propagation of partially coherent vortex beams through atmospheric turbulence in weak-to-strong fluctuation regimes is investigated. Irradiance profiles from wave optics simulations and analytical theory compare favorably for a variety of link parameters. Simulation results indicate that partially coherent vortex beams can reduce scintillation index values relative to comparable classic Gaussian Schell model beams when turbulence conditions are mediate to strong. However, the overall propagation performance of partially coherent vortex beams, as measured by the metric Δ, tends to be poorer than classic Gaussian Schell model beams because of larger inherent beam spread.
Reconstruction of diagnostic x‐ray spectra by numerical analysis of transmission data

Numerical reconstruction of x-ray spectra from narrow-beam transmission data was tested with published spectra in the range from 45 to 100 kVp. Transmission curves were calculated from the spectra to simulate measured data. Spectra were reconstructed from these transmission curves with use of an iterative numerical analysis. Comparison of the calculated spectra with the original spectra shows good agreement, including the tungsten characteristic x rays. This demonstrates the potential usefulness of measured transmission data for deducing x-ray spectra in the diagnostic energy range.
Remission in rheumatoid arthritis: wishful thinking or clinical reality?

Objectives To review the concept of remission in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), as defined by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the American College of Rheumatology (ACR), and the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR). To delineate differences between significant clinical improvements, very low disease activity, and the achievement of true remission. To evaluate the prevalence of these outcomes with biologic therapy and traditional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARD) regimens. Methods The MEDLINE database was searched for the key words "remission" and "rheumatoid arthritis." Efficacy data of RA clinical trials from 1985 to 2004 are based on a literature review of medical journals and abstracts from rheumatology meetings. We review 3 well-defined sets of criteria established by the ACR, EULAR, and the FDA for measuring remission. Results Defining remissions in clinical trials and clinical practice requires appropriate standardized and objective outcome measures, such as the ACR and EULAR remission criteria. Traditional DMARDs often provide symptom relief, improvements in physical function, and the slowing of radiographic progression in patients with RA, but rarely lead to the complete cessation of RA activity. Remission, as defined by the ACR criteria, has been observed in 7 to 22% of patients treated with traditional DMARD monotherapy (ie, gold, penicillamine, methotrexate [MTX], cyclosporine A, or sulfasalazine), but these remissions have often been short-lived. Treatments with DMARD combinations, biologic monotherapy, and biologic combination therapy with MTX offer greater hope and may facilitate the higher rates of remission. Clinical trial results have shown that newer DMARDs such as leflunomide or the combination of multiple DMARDs can generally elicit greater EULAR remission rates (ranging from 13 to 42%) than monotherapies. Biologic combinations with MTX have also been shown to induce significant remission (as defined by the EULAR criteria) in RA patients, with a 31% rate observed with infliximab plus MTX at 54 weeks, a 50% rate observed for adalimumab plus MTX after 2 years of therapy, and a 41% rate observed for etanercept plus MTX after 2 years of therapy. Conclusions In the era of biologics and combination therapy, identifying remission or at least very low disease activity as the ultimate goal in RA therapy should become the new standard for the outcome of all RA trials. The criteria established by the FDA, the ACR, and the EULAR represent an important step toward achieving this goal.
A new species of Kudoa (Myxosporidea: Chloromyxidae) from the spot, Leiostomus xanthurus Lacépède, in Clear Lake, Texas.

SYNOPSIS. Kudoa branchiata sp. n. (Myxosporidea: Chloromyxidae) is described from the gills of the marine sciaenid fish, Leiostomus xanthurus Lacepede, from Clear Lake, Texas. Twelve of the 429 hosts examined from 10 September 1970 to 28 April 1971, were infected. Eight of the 12 infected fish were collected in February and March 1971—a period during which only 13% of the total host sample was taken. The mean total length of infected hosts was 149 mm, with a range of 112–185 mm. The mean number of myxosporidean cysts per infected host was 3.5, with a range of 1–11.
Technique of pedicle screw fixation of the lumbosacral spine

Pedicle screw fixation is a safe and effective technique for fixating the spine for the promotion of fusion. It is most often performed in the lumbosacral spine to treat instability. The most common indication is degenerative instability; however, congenital, traumatic, neoplastic, or infectious causes of instability can also be treated effectively. Likewise, pedicle screw fixation can be performed in the thoracic and cervical regions. With few exceptions, the basic principles for placement are the same as for the lumbosacral region. This article offers a detailed description of our technique for placing lumbosacral pedicle screws.
A morphological and immunohistochemical study of human retinal pigment epthelial cells, retinal glia, and fibroblasts grown on Gelfoam matrix in an organ culture system. A comparison of structural and nonstructural proteins and their application to cell type identification

Retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, retinal glia, and fibroblasts undergo marked phenotypical change when outside their usual microenvironment, as occurs in epiretinal membrane formation. To explore their phenotypic potential without the influence of other cell types, each was cultured on Gelfoam matrix and assessed immunohistochemically and ultrastructurally. All cell types demonstrated vimentin and a universalβ-tubulin epitope, TU27. RPE and retinal glial cells were positive for cytokeratin, Len 7, and neuron-specific (γγ) enolase, as were glia and ibroblasts for S-100 protein and RPE cells and fibroblasts for glutamine synthetase. RPE cells alone showed positivity for class III β-tubulin and retinal S-antigen (monolayer cultures only) ; occasional retinal glia, which immunohistochemical findings suggest are Willer cell derived, demonstrated GFA protein. Therefore, class III β-tubulin may be useful in distinguishing RPE cells from retinal glia and ibroblasts, and Leu-7 may help to identify RPE cells and fibroblasts; these cell types are difficult to distinguish in clinical material using more traditional morphological criteria.
The line of Gennari--sometimes history gets it right.

A commonly used eponymous name in neuroscience is Gennari. The term line (or stripe) of Gennari is used for the stria laminae granularis interna corticis cerebri or stria occipitalis (Terminologia ...
Tuning the Orchestra: Transcriptional Pathways Controlling Axon Regeneration

Trauma in the adult mammalian central nervous system leads to irreversible structural and functional impairment due to failed regeneration attempts. In contrast, neurons in the peripheral nervous system exhibit a greater regenerative ability. It has been proposed that an orchestrated sequence of transcriptional events controlling the expression of specific sets of genes may be the underlying basis of an early cell-autonomous regenerative response. Understanding whether transcriptional fine tuning, in parallel with strategies aimed at counteracting extrinsic impediments promotes axon re-growth following central nervous system injuries represents an exciting challenge for future studies. Transcriptional pathways controlling axon regeneration are presented and discussed in this review.
Development and Tribochemical Evaluation of Biobased Antiwear Additive

Seed oils are renewable resources, environmentally friendly non toxic fluids, pose no work place health hazards and are readily biodegradable. The amphiphilic character of these oils makes them an excellent candidate as lubricants and as specialty chemicals. Industrial application of seed oils is limited due to poor thermo-oxidative stability, poor low temperature fluidity, and other tribochemical degrading processes that occur under severe conditions of temperature, pressure, shear stress, metal surface and environment. This work describes the development and tribochemical evaluation of seed oil based antiwear additive through chemical modification. The current process retains the seed oil structure, eliminates poly-unsaturation in the molecule, and adds polar functional groups that significantly improve adsorption on metal surfaces. These compounds also contribute to the formation of protective films through chemical reaction during the tribochemical process. Comparative tests with commercial products demonstrate its effectiveness.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Numerical Evaluation and Comparison of Different Reduced Mechanisms for Predicting the Performance of a SOFC Operating on Coal Syngas

Three-dimensional numerical simulations of an anode supported button solid oxide fuel cell were performed using the code developed in house DREAM SOFC. The cell operates on coal syngas at atmospheric pressure and 1073 K. A gas phase mechanism and a heterogeneous mechanism are studied in this work to assess their influence on the performance of the button cell. Both mechanisms take into account the steam methane reforming reaction and water gas shift reaction. The implemented electrochemistry model allows the cell to simultaneously electrochemically oxidize H2 and CO. Results show that methane reforming from the bulk reactions is negligible compared to the catalyzed reactions. Also with a higher reformation the power delivered by the cell is improved. A small temperature difference of one degree is observed when both mechanisms are compared. The electrochemistry model does not require the ratio between current produced from H2 and CO to be prescribed a priori as an input. Under the operating conditions used in this study the model predicts the ratio to be around 4 for both mechanisms.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Effects of visual reinforcer brightness and color on operant behavior of Siamese Fighting Fish

The reinforcing effectiveness of models of Siamese Fighting Fish for operant responding of other Siamese Fighting Fish was found to vary as a function of the coloration of the model but not its brightness. Models colored unlike the S were effective reinforcers whereas models colored similar to the S’s coloration were relatively ineffective, confirming an earlier finding. The possible interaction between color and brightness remains unresolved.
Urinary Cyclic Nucleotide Levels in Patients with Hyper- and Hypothyroidism

Urinary cyclic AMP, cyclic GMP and creatinine excretion were measured in 38 patients with hyperthyroidism, 32 patients with hypothyroidism and in 57 normal subjects. The excretion of both cyclic nucleotides was significantly increased in hyperthyroid females, but not in hyperthyroid males. The cyclic nucleotide/creatinine ratios, however, were uniformly elevated in both male and female hyperthyroid subjects and this was due, in part, to decreased creatinine excretion. Cyclic AMP excretion was significantly decreased in the hypothyroid subjects, but the cyclic AMP/creatinine ratios were not significantly different from normal. There were no significant alterations in cyclic GMP and cyclic GMP/creatinine ratios in the male hypothyroid patients, but ratios in the female patients were slighly greater than in the normals. These results demonstrate that hyper- and hypothyroidism may be associated with appreciable alterations in urinary cyclic nucleotide levels and that there may be sexrelated differences in the...
The occurrence of immunoglobulin fragments, two types of lactoferrin and a lactoferrin-IgG2 complex in bovine colostral and milk whey.

When the fraction of bovine colostral or normal whey soluble in 40% saturated (NH4)2SO4 is applied to a column of DEAE-Sephadex A-50 equilibrated with 0.05 M NaCl, 0.1 M Tris, pH 8.3, the unadsorbed protein appears as three peaks (I, II, III). Each of these peaks can be subsequently resolved into 5–8 fractions by gel filtration. This fractionation procedure, combined with immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoretic analyses, has allowed for characterization and identification of the proteins comprising the original three peaks obtained by DEAE chromatography. Peak I is predominately lactoferrin but IgG2-lactoferrin complexes and ribonuclease can also be detected. Peak II is predominately 7-S IgG2 while Peak III contains Fab, IgG2-Fc and an immunoelectrophoretically distinct form of lactoferrin. The secondary form of lactoferrin, present in purified lactoferrin preparations, appears to be of lower molecular weight and like lactoferrin, is antigenically distinct from the bovine milk protein lactollin. F(ab′)2 fragments are also present in this complex mixture while glycoprotein-a (free secretory component) is absent. The immunoelectrophoretic arcs of the IgG immunoglobulins described could explain the minor IgG-related precipitin arcs often observed in bovine serum and secretions without postulating a new subclass of IgG. The kinds of immunoglobulin fragments detected are similar to those observed in stored human serum and certain human exocrine secretions (except urine) and may result from proteolysis of intact IgG rather than de novo synthesis.
Society, Biology, and Ecology: Bringing Nature Back Into Sociology’s Disciplinary Narrative Through Critical Realism

This article represents both a continuance and a reformulation of an ongoing project: a call to sociology proper to “bring nature back in.” Moving beyond such earlier heuristics as Demeritt’s “conj...
Amplitude Metrics for Cellular Circadian Bioluminescence Reporters

Bioluminescence rhythms from cellular reporters have become the most common method used to quantify oscillations in circadian gene expression. These experimental systems can reveal phase and amplitude change resulting from circadian disturbances, and can be used in conjunction with mathematical models to lend further insight into the mechanistic basis of clock amplitude regulation. However, bioluminescence experiments track the mean output from thousands of noisy, uncoupled oscillators, obscuring the direct effect of a given stimulus on the genetic regulatory network. In many cases, it is unclear whether changes in amplitude are due to individual changes in gene expression level or to a change in coherence of the population. Although such systems can be modeled using explicit stochastic simulations, these models are computationally cumbersome and limit analytical insight into the mechanisms of amplitude change. We therefore develop theoretical and computational tools to approximate the mean expression level in large populations of noninteracting oscillators, and further define computationally efficient amplitude response calculations to describe phase-dependent amplitude change. At the single-cell level, a mechanistic nonlinear ordinary differential equation model is used to calculate the transient response of each cell to a perturbation, whereas population-level dynamics are captured by coupling this detailed model to a phase density function. Our analysis reveals that amplitude changes mediated at either the individual-cell or the population level can be distinguished in tissue-level bioluminescence data without the need for single-cell measurements. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the method by modeling experimental bioluminescence profiles of light-sensitive fibroblasts, reconciling the conclusions of two seemingly contradictory studies. This modeling framework allows a direct comparison between in vitro bioluminescence experiments and in silico ordinary differential equation models, and will lead to a better quantitative understanding of the factors that affect clock amplitude.
Spectral tuning and perceptual differences do not explain the rejection of brood parasitic eggs by American robins ( Turdus migratorius )

By laying their eggs in the nests of other birds, avian brood parasites impose the cost of rearing young upon their hosts. The recognition and rejection of foreign eggs are primary host defenses against costly brood parasitism. Hosts of parasitic brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater) challenge coevolutionary theory because most cowbird hosts accept parasitic eggs despite their drastically different appearance from the hosts’ own eggs. American robins (Turdus migratorius) are one of only 10 % of the over 200 potential cowbird host species to robustly reject parasitic eggs, but the mechanisms driving the sensory bases of foreign egg rejection remain elusive. Our research combined avian visual perceptual modeling and behavioral experimentation to investigate chromatic cues eliciting parasitic egg rejection in American robins. We assessed the effects of perceivable background color differences between real host and model parasite eggs, across all four avian photoreceptors, on rates of rejection of model eggs spanning in color across the entire avian spectral sensitivity range, and including immaculate model eggs matching the natural colors of robin and cowbird eggs. The results suggest that egg rejection in robins is driven by the overall perceivable difference in color between own and artificial eggs, and input from all four single-cone avian photoreceptors affects the rejection decision. The results, however, also reveal that when viewed by the avian eye, natural cowbird eggs appear more similar in background color to robin eggs than predicted by the high rejection rate of these parasitic eggs. This suggests that robins respond specifically to parasitism by cowbirds, despite an apparent lack of sensory tuning toward the detection of the background color of cowbird eggs.
A program for psychological education: Some preliminary issues

Abstract The recent interest in personal and/or psychological education as an objective for school programs has created the necessity for the development of a careful theoretical framework. This paper examines the current status of theory vis a vis personal education and suggests a number of major issues for consideration. A toxonomy for personal education has yet to be developed. Concepts of emotions as “bad”, pathological, and private need revision. Also, it is suggested that adolescence as a stage of development comprehends a special set of theoretical questions which cannot be begged. Particular attention is directed at implications derived from a developmental framework suggested by Piaget in cognitive areas and by Kohlberg in moral growth. Such a framework connotes educational goals as objectives which avoid the problems inherent in other current theoretical frameworks.
Analysis of long term reliability of plated-through holes in multilayer interconnection boards Part A: Stress analyses and material characterization

Abstract The thermomechanical deformation of plated-through-holes (PTHs) in multilayer interconnection boards (MIBs) has been examined so as to develop a suitable test methodology for evaluating the long term reliability of electroless copper PTH structures. The concern over PTH reliability arises from the large Z-direction (through-thickness) thermal expansion coefficient mismatch between the epoxy-glass and copper which generates stresses when the MIB is subjected to a temperature change. Finite element modeling of the PTH is used to calculate the stresses and strains in the copper barrel section of the PTH. By comparing these results for two different PTH idealizations, it was found that the incorporation of an internal copper land into the structure, significantly increases the PTH barrel stress. The maximum stress for both idealizations was found to exist at the midplane of the MIB along the PTH barrel inside diameter. Monotonic and fatigue tests conducted on thin electroless copper foils, coupled with electron microscopy, revealed that electroless copper is an inherently ductile material; the previously reported low ductility of electroless copper is believed to reflect the influence of topographical irregularities in plated foils.
Sitting posture in a waiting-room environment.

Information on sitting posture in a leisure environment is lacking. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of various sitting postures by observing adults in straight-backed chairs in the waiting areas of several airport terminals. A total of 374 subjects (231 men, 143 women) were studied. The majority of the subjects used the backrest (87%). Men more frequently sat in the slouched position than did women. Most of the group (87%) used a crossed-leg position; women predominantly used the knee-over-knee crossed-leg position while the men slightly favoured the ankle-over-knee crossed-leg position. No preference for laterality was found with respect to the crossed-leg sitting postures.
A point mutation converts dihydroneopterin aldolase to a cofactor-independent oxygenase

Dihydroneopterin aldolase (DHNA) catalyzes the conversion of 7,8-dihydroneopterin (1) to 6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropterin (4) in the folate biosynthetic pathway. Substitution of a conserved tyrosine residue at the active site of DHNA by phenylalanine converts the enzyme to a cofactor-independent oxygenase, which generates mainly 7,8-dihydroxanthopterin (6) rather than 4. 6 is generated via the same enol intermediate as in the wild-type enzyme-catalyzed reaction, but this species undergoes an oxygenation reaction to form 6. The conserved tyrosine residue plays only a minor role in the formation of the enol reaction intermediate but a critical role in the protonation of the enol intermediate to form 4.
Implications of preoperative administration of aspirin in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting

The perioperative consequences of preoperative aspirin administration were assessed in a large prospective cooperative study of 772 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. The 772 patients were randomized to receive either aspirin (325 mg once a day), aspirin (325 mg three times a day), aspirin plus dipyridamole (325 and 75 mg together three times a day) (aspirin group), sulfinpyrazone (267 mg three times a day) or placebo (nonaspirin group). The therapy, except in the aspirin group, was started 48 h before the operation. In all aspirin subgroups, one 325 mg aspirin dose was given 12 h before surgery and maintained thereafter according to the assigned regimen. Patients in the aspirin group had significantly more postoperative bleeding and received more packed blood cells and blood products than did patients in the nonaspirin group. Although total operative duration and cardiopulmonary bypass duration were not different, the interval between completion of cardiopulmonary bypass and wound closure was significantly longer (p = 0.035) in the aspirin group. Thirty-one (6.6%) of 471 patients in the aspirin group and 5 (1.7%) of 301 patients in the nonaspirin group also required reoperation for control of postoperative bleeding (p = 0.002). The site of bleeding found at reoperation was not different between the two groups. There was no difference in operative mortality rates, incidence of other bleeding complications or occurrence of other post-operative complications between the two groups. Thus, antiplatelet regimens involving preoperative initiation of aspirin therapy, which has been shown to improve graft patency, increase the risk of abnormal postoperative bleeding and the need for reoperation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
PERCEPTIONS OF GOVERNMENTAL FAIRNESS BY LIBERALS AND CONSERVATIVES

Summary.-Perceptions by 25 liberals and 25 conservatives of the fairness-unfairness of local, state, and federal governments were studied. Conservatives believed that the federal government favors minorities, while liberals believed that all levels of government favor economic elites. Conservatjves saw the federal government as least fair, while liberals saw local government as least fair. Both liberals and conservatives tended to see local government as influencible but the federal government as not changeable. People may have negative views about government even if they have had favorable experiences with governmental agencies (Katz, Gutek, Kahn, & Barton, 1975). In this study, we examined the perceptions of liberals and conservatives regarding governmental fairness. We have been studying liberals and conservatives who made financial contributions to political campaigns (Eisenman & Sirgo, 1990; Sirgo & Eisenman, 1990) because such behavior shows an active political involvement. Such contributors can be said to be showing an active interest in their society, reflecting what Alfred Adler called Gemeinschaftsgefiihl or social interest (Ansbacher & Ansbacher, 1956; Ionedes, 1988). Liberals and conservatives have been shown to differ in important ways (Eisenman & Sirgo, 1990; Furnman & Heaven, 1988; Himmelstein & McRae, 1988; Jones & Iacobucci, 1989; Kiecolt & Nelson, 1988; Ray & Furnham, 1984; Rinehart & Perkins, 1989). For example, Eisenman and Sirgo (1990) found that liberals were much more permissive and accepting of a wide range of behaviors both for themselves and in raising children, while conservatives were more restrictive and, for child rearing, more in favor of physical punishment. This investigation was done to find out how liberals and conservatives view local, state, and federal government in terms of fairness-unfairness. Since the above-mentioned studies suggested differences between liberals and conservatives, it seems reasonable that their perceptions of the government may be different as well.
Confocal Backscatter Laser Velocimeter with On-Axis Sensitivity

A confocal backscatter laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV) that measures two velocity components has been developed. This device requires only two incident beams polarized normally to one another. Moreover, the velocity components sensed are nearly orthogonal. The velocimeter employs a combined dual-scatter, local oscillator arrangement to obtain the bidirectional sensitivity. Two photodetectors are used, each sensing only one Doppler frequency proportional to one of the very nearly orthogonal velocity components. In addition, a single Bragg cell serves to frequency bias both velocity components in order to eliminate directional ambiguity. A differencing technique has also been incorporated to enhance the dual-scatter Doppler signal corresponding to the transverse velocity.
Transient second harmonic generation from oxazine dyes at the air/water interface

Ultrafast surface second harmonic generation (SHG) studies are reported for several oxazine dyes at the air/water interface. As we demonstrated previously [J. Phys. Chem. B 2001, 105, 3062] in our steady-state SHG studies of aqueous oxazine dye solutions, the SHG signals are almost entirely due to dimers. The transient SHG recovery is biexponential with time constants of 4−8 ps and 22−44 ps depending on the dye and the solution composition. The SHG recovery is one-photon resonant and is attributed to two parallel ground state recovery mechanisms. Transient absorption signals were also measured for bulk dye solutions of water and methanol, and the results indicate a fast (2 ps) solvation dynamics component as well as a longer component due to the excited state lifetime (>400 ps) of the dye monomer. Therefore, both decay times observed for the dyes at the surface are different than what is seen for bulk solution, and they resemble what has been previously reported for dye aggregates.
The CFP™ Certification Examination process: a discussion of the modified Angoff scoring method

Abstract The CFP™ Certification Examination 1 , unlike many other professional examinations, is scored using a system that reports scores on a pass–fail basis but does not provide specific numerical scores. This grading system, known as the modified Angoff process, establishes a passing score for each examination and then incorporates adjusting factors to reconcile actual and expected testing results. The CFP Board also factors in an additional scoring adjusting to equate test scores for consistency over time. The purpose of this paper is to explain the methodology of the modified Angoff process and, in particular, how it relates to the Certified Financial Planner Board of Standards Certification Examination.
The effect of SrTiO3:ZnO as cathodic buffer layer for inverted polymer solar cells

Abstract Dual phase SrTiO3:ZnO nanocomposite films with varied composition ratios were fabricated by sol–gel processing and applied as cathodic buffer layers (CBL) for inverted polymer solar cells, and demonstrated enhanced power conversion efficiency. Basic properties of SrTiO3:ZnO CBL films were examined by means of XRD, XPS, AFM, UV–vis absorption spectra, and goniometry. When the cathodic buffer layers were assembled to solar cells, the device properties including incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency (IPCE), power conversion efficiency, and electron mobility were investigated systematically. SrTiO3 in CBL was found to be amorphous or quasiamorphous. Although more detailed experiments are needed, SrTiO3 is more likely to have some local ordering structure with aligned TiO6 octohedra, i.e., quasiamorphous phase, and thus possesses spontaneous polarization as reported in the literature (Frenkel et al., 2005 [1]; Frenkel et al., 2007 [2]; Ehre et al., 2007 [3]; Ehre et al., 2007 [4]; Ehre et al., 2007 [5]). Such spontaneous polarization is likely to induce a self-built electric field to prevent electron recombination on the interface of the bulk heterojunction (BHJ) active layer and cathodic buffer layer (CBL), and result in high power conversion efficiency.
AFTERWORD: PUBLIC SECTOR ANTHROPOLOGISTS AND NEW DIRECTIONS FOR A PUBLIC ANTHROPOLOGY

In this final contribution in the edited volume on anthropologists working in the Veterans Health Administration within the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), the authors reflect on how developments in recent years have brought us to this moment in time from the “insider” perspective of VA anthropologists. These collected papers provide ethnographic evidence for the innovative ways in which anthropologists employed in the public sector constitute a public anthropology that is theoretically informed, actionable, and cognizant of its role in the production of authoritative knowledge. The “afterword” makes connections between the chapters, with their varied topics, and addresses how this volume points to new destinations for engaged and ethical research in the growing field of public sector anthropology.
Population- and family-level variation of brittlebush (Encelia farinosa, Asteraceae) pubescence: its relation to drought and implications for selection in variable environments

Because leaf pubescence of the desert shrub Encelia farinosa increases in response to drought and influences photosynthesis and transpiration, we hypothesized that differences in water availability across the range of this species may result in genetic differentiation for pubescence and associated productivity traits. We examined maternal family variation of pubescence-moderated light absorption (absorptance) in three populations of E. farinosa. Absorptance was always greatest for plants from the high-rainfall environment and lowest for those from the driest site, but the rate of absorptance change in response to drought was similar among all populations. Similar patterns were found when we compared families within populations-all genotypes had similar initial leaf absorptances, differentiated very early in seasonal growth, then had concordant changes in absorptance thereafter. However, family-level variance was greatest for plants from the driest site, a region with highly heterogeneous precipitation patterns, whereas low variance was found for plants from the wettest, least heterogeneous site. The concordance of leaf absorptance changes, within and among populations, may be due to integration with other drought-related traits; however, the differences in absorptance values within and among populations suggest that variation of leaf pubescence results from selection associated with geographical and local patterns of water availability.
The DNA Binding Domain of Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4 Mediates Cooperative, Specific Binding to DNA and Heterodimerization with the Retinoid X Receptor α

We recently showed that hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 (HNF-4) defines a unique subclass of nuclear receptors that exist in solution and bind DNA elements as homodimers (Jiang, G., Nepomuceno, L., Hopkins, K., and Sladek, F. M. (1995) Mol. Cell. Biol. 15, 5131-5143). In this study, we show that the dimerization domains of HNF-4 map to both the DNA binding and the ligand binding domain. Whereas the latter is critical for dimerization in solution, the DNA binding domain mediates cooperative, specific binding to direct repeats of AGGTCA separated by one or two nucleotides. Whereas amino acid residues 117-125 (the T-box/third helix region) are insufficient for cooperative homodimerization and high affinity DNA binding, residues 126-142 (encompassing the A-box region) are required. Finally, in contrast to the full-length receptor, the DNA binding domain of HNF-4 is capable of heterodimerizing with that of the retinoid X receptor α but not with that of other receptors. These results indicate that the HNF-4 DNA binding domain is distinct from that of other receptors and that the determinants that prevent HNF-4 from heterodimerizing with RXR lie outside the DNA binding domain, presumably in the ligand binding domain.
Numerical simulation of sediment-associated water quality processes for a Mississippi delta lake

Three major sediment-associated processes were presented to describe the effects of sediment on the water quality processes, including the effect of sediment on the light intensity for the growth of phytoplankton (PHYTO), the adsorption-desorption of nutrients by sediment and the release of nutrients from the bed sediment layer. A formula was generated from field measurements to calculate the light attenuation coefficient by considering the effects of concentrations of chlorophyll and suspended sediment (SS). The concentrations of adsorbed and dissolved nutrients because of adsorption-desorption were calculated using two formulas that were derived based on the Langmuir Equation. The release rates of nutrients from the bed sediment were calculated by considering the effects of the concentration gradient across the water-sediment interface, pH, temperature and dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration. Model algorithms describing the adsorption and desorption of nutrients from sediment particles as well as the release of nutrients from bed sediment were tested using experimental data. These sediment-associated water quality processes were included in a three-dimensional (3D) water quality model, CCHE3D-WQ, developed by the National Center for Computational Hydroscience and Engineering (NCCHE), to simulate the concentrations of PHYTO and nutrients in a shallow Mississippi Delta lake with special emphasis on sediment-related processes. The simulated concentration of PHYTO (as chlorophyll) and nutrients were generally in good agreement with field observations. This study shows that there are strong interactions between sediment-associated processes and water quality constituents.
McCarthy's Amb Cannot Implement Fair Merge

In this paper, we establish that fair merge is a powerful non-deterministic primitive that cannot be implemented in terms of other well-known primitives. It is well known that fair merge embodies countable non-determinism. It is also been known that McCarthy''s amb embodies countable non-determinism. It had not been known, however, whether amb could implement a fair merge. We show that countable non-determinism together with angelic non-determinism cannot implement fair merge even in dynamic dataflow networks. This settles a question posed by Abramsky over four years ago. Earlier work had suggested this result by showing that for static dataflow networks, one cannot implement fair merge using angelic merge.
Comparative Susceptibilities of Different Life Stages of the Tarnished Plant Bug (Hemiptera: Miridae) to Three Classes of Insecticide

Abstract. Insecticidal control of the tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), is targeted at the adult and nymphal stages, but there is little information on relative susceptibilities of these insects to insecticides. Tarnished plant bug adults were collected from various locations in Mississippi during 2008–2009, and different life stages of their progeny were tested for susceptibilities to three classes of insecticides. A glass vial bioassay was used to evaluate four populations of tarnished plant bugs for susceptibility to the pyrethroid insecticide, permethrin, and two populations to the organophosphate insecticide, methamidophos. Additionally, a diet-incorporated bioassay was used to evaluate the susceptibility of the various life stages of a single population of tarnished plant bugs to a neonicotinoid insecticide, thiamethoxam. For all but one population and insecticide combination, the estimated LC50 values ranked from least to greatest were: 1st instars, 2nd instars, 3rd insta...
Validation of LOTOS specifications using an interpreter: an application to telephone systems

LOTOS (language of temporal ordering specifications) is a formal description technique (FDT) that was developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) for the specification of Open Systems Interconnection services and protocols. A design methodology for the description in LOTOS of telephone systems with modern features is provided. The description of a sample telephone system is formalized. A technique for the validation of a LOTOS specification using the facilities provided by the University of Ottawa interpreter is presented. >
Comparison of glycoprotein hormone α-subunits of laboratory animals

The common α-subunit of glycoprotein hormones (CGα) is a core protein shared by follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). In order to obtain a molecular basis for an efficient superovulation technique applicable to a wide range of animal species and to discuss the phylogenetic aspect based on molecules related to the reproductive system, we determined cDNA sequences of CGα in seven laboratory animals: the guinea pig, Mongolian gerbil, golden hamster, mastomys, Japanese field vole, the JF1 strain of Mus musculus molossinus, and rabbit. Comparison of the inferred CGα amino acid sequences of these animals and other mammals (human, mouse, rat, cow, pig, and sheep) showed that the signal peptides and the first ten residues at the N-terminus of the apoprotein were variable, while the rest of the apoproteins were highly conserved. In particular, all rodents had a leucine residue at the apoprotein N-terminus, except the guinea pig, which had a phenylalanine residue, as in the cow, pig, sheep, and rabbit. Phylogenetic trees constructed from amino acid sequences suggest a closer relationship between the guinea pig and artiodactyls than to rodents, confirming the taxonomic peculiarity of the guinea pig. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 62: 335–342, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Neural Dynamics of Motion Processing and Speed Discrimination

A neural network model of visual motion perception and speed discrimination is presented. The model shows how a distributed population code of speed tuning, that realizes a size‐speed correlation, can be derived from the simplest mechanisms whereby activations of multiple spatially short-range filters of different size are transformed into speed-tuned cell responses. These mechanisms use transient cell responses to moving stimuli, output thresholds that covary with filter size, and competition. These mechanisms are proposed to occur in the V1iMT cortical processing stream. The model reproduces empirically derived speed discrimination curves and simulates data showing how visual speed perception and discrimination can be affected by stimulus contrast, duration, dot density and spatial frequency. Model motion mechanisms are analogous to mechanisms that have been used to model 3-D form and figure-ground perception. The model forms the front end of a larger motion processing system that has been used to simulate how global motion capture occurs, and how spatial attention is drawn to moving forms. It provides a computational foundation for an emerging neural theory of 3-D form and motion perception. © 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Some recent advances and applications of infrared detector technology at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory

The Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) has a long history in the development and application of infrared detector technology for the exploration of our planetary system. The authors describe some applications of IR detector technology at JPL for ground based astronomy, the Earth Observing System, the Cassini mission to Saturn and the other proposed planetary missions. The infrared detector technologies to be discussed include single element, multiplexed linear and staring arrays, using a wide variety of infrared sensing materials including InSb, InGaAs, HgCdTe (PV and PC) and SiAs. >