cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Treatment with erythropoietin in Central and Eastern Europe

Human recombinant erythropoietin (r-HuEpo) was introduced widely to the clinical practice more than ten years ago. In many countries belonging to Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) use of this drug was very delayed mainly due to the high costs of treatment. The aim of the presented study was to estimate actual possibilities of r-HuEpo administration in thirteen CEE countries. Survey was performed using especially prepared questionnaires including questions connected with r-HuEpo and filled out by the members of the Central and Eastern Advisory Board in Chronic Renal Failure. Below mentioned numbers of patients were under the control of the responders during performing the survey: on hemodialysis (HD) 1119, on peritoneal dialysis (PD) 205 and 1556 after renal transplantation (RT). Respectively in subsequent groups 53.5% (HD), 41.5% (PD) and 16.2 (RT) of patients were treated using r-HuEpo. Possibilities of treatment differs significantly between two groups of countries. In those with better developed economy (Croatia, Czech, Hungary, Macedonia, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Yugoslavia) 60-70% of dialysed patients were given r-HuEpo and in the rest of countries (Bulgaria, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Russia) this drug was administered in 10-35% of patients. The most popular way of the r-HuEpo administration were subcutaneous injections (89.3%) comparing with only 10.7% of patients getting this important hormone intravenously. Average weekly dose of r-HuEpo was 71-90 IU/kg/week in so treated patients and 91-100 IU/kg/week in whom drug was administered i.v., in majority of patients two or three times weekly. Major part of responders tried to achieve as the optimal level of Hb 10-12 g/dl but simultaneously in 1/3 of centres only achieving of the Hb level 9-10 g/dl was possible. The general majority of responders were not satisfied with the obtained results and recognised economical constrains as the main reason of such a situation. These problems were more widely observed in predialysis patients, because only few of them were on r-HuEpo treatment. Side effects of this drug expressed rarely and main of them were development or acceleration of hypertension (16%) and thrombotic complications in the vascular access (8%). The main cause of hyporesponsiveness to drug was iron deficit despite of the adequate monitoring of responders were convinced that further avoiding of economical constrains would be benefit dialysis and predialysis patients. It is especially important looking on the literature finding supported by personal experience showing that r-HuEpo was positive impact on the quality of life, status of the cardiovascular system, endocrine, metabolic and immunological disorders observed in uremic patients.
Functional aspects of eicosanoid hydroxylation by lung and kidney cytochromes P450. Expression of cDNAs in mammalian cells and E. coli

A gene subfamily of cytochromes P450 with catalytic activity toward various eicosanoid substrates has been studied with a variety of techniques in this laboratory, including purification and characterization, localization at the tissue and subcellular levels, physiological function, and cloning and expression in prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems. This paper reports experiments directed toward determining the function of the cytochrome P4504A metabolite, 20-hydroxyarachidonic acid (20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid; 20-HETE), in cellular ion flux, immunohistochemical localization in lung, the effects of a mechanism-based inhibitor, 12-hydroxy-16-heptadecynoic acid (12-HHDYA) on PGE1 omega-hydroxylation, and the structure-function determinants which govern the activities of the enzymes encoded by this gene subfamily.
Tone language experience enhances sensitivity to melodic contour

Lexical tones are perceived along several dimensions, including pitch height, direction, and slope. Melody is also factored into several dimensions, key, contour, and interval, argued to correspond to phonetic dimensions. Tone speakers are expected to possess enhanced sensitivity to musical properties corresponding to properties of their tonal inventories. Mandarin- and English-speaking non-musicians took a melody discrimination test. Mandarin listeners more accurately discriminated melodic contour and interval, corresponding to relevant Mandarin tonal properties direction and slope. Groups performed similarly on other dimensions, indicating that tone language experience causes specific, rather than general, melody perception improvement, consistent with neural and perceptual learning theories.
Performance, Methanogenesis and Nitrogen Metabolism of Finishing Steers Fed Monensin and Nickel

Sixty-four Angus steers initially averaging 354 kg were allotted to a 2 X 2 factorial arrangement of treatments to determine the effects of dietary Ni (0 or 5 mg/kg supplemental), monensin (0 or 33 mg/kg) and their possible interaction on performance, methane production and N metabolism. The basal diet was a high energy, corn-cottonseed hull based diet containing 10.2% crude protein and .30 mg/kg Ni on a dry matter basis. Monensin reduced (P less than .05) feed intake, did not affect average daily gain and improved (P less than .05) feed conversion over the 102-d study. Nickel supplementation did not significantly alter or interact with monensin to affect steer performance. However, steers fed Ni tended to have higher average daily gains and improved feed conversions. Monensin decreased (P less than .05) in vitro methane production, altered several carcass traits, increased (P less than .05) molar proportion of ruminal propionate and decreased (P less than .05) molar proportion of ruminal acetate. Nickel did not alter methane production, carcass characteristics or ruminal volatile fatty acid proportions. Both monensin and Ni increased (P less than .05) ruminal fluid urease activity when samples were obtained before feeding. A significant monensin X Ni interaction was found to affect ruminal epithelial urease activity. Monensin increased ruminal epithelial urease in steers not receiving supplemental Ni, but had no effect on ruminal epithelial urease activity in steers fed supplemental Ni. Ruminal fluid protein and ammonia-N were decreased (P less than .05) by monensin. Results of this study indicate that Ni may interact with monensin to affect ruminal epithelial urease activity but not performance or methane production in finishing steers.
The Association Between Perceived Health Status and Health Information Communication Channels.

Varying types of health information sources may influence health outcomes, but not much is known about their impact. The purpose of our study was to explore the association between health information sources and individuals’ health status. A total of 14,966 participants who responded to the Annenberg National Health Communication Survey between 2005 and 2012 were included. Controlling for demographics, comorbidities, communication patterns, and socioeconomic status, we utilized regression analysis to examine the relationship between sources of health information and perceived health status. Included in the study were a total of 8,103 females and 6,863 males between 18 and 101 years old (M = 49.14, SD = 16.13). Health information from the Internet and pharmaceutical companies was significantly associated with better health status (p < .05), whereas information from social media, health care apps, news outlets, and health care companies was not. Information from the Internet was significantly associated wit...
Crosswind response of tall buildings with nonlinear aerodynamic damping and hysteretic restoring force character

Abstract This study deals with analysis of stochastic crosswind response of tall buildings with bilinear hysteretic restoring force character at the vicinity of vortex lock-in speed where nonlinear negative aerodynamic damping is significant. The nonlinear aerodynamic damping at a given wind speed and the hysteretic damping resulted from hysteretic restoring force are modelled as polynomial functions of amplitude of narrow-band building response. It permits analytical estimations of response statistics by using equivalent nonlinear equation (ENEL) approach, which include root-mean-square value, kurtosis, extreme value distribution and fatigue damage. Response history analysis is also performed to prove the accuracy of this analytical framework. A comprehensive parameter study is carried out to shed insights on the characteristics of inelastic crosswind response. This study also illustrates the advantage of the ENLE approach over the statistical linearization approach with assumption of Gaussian response distribution when applied to estimate inelastic crosswind response at wind speed region with negligible aerodynamic damping. This study not only presents an effective analytical approach but also sheds new insights towards improved understanding of inelastic crosswind response of tall buildings, contributing to a safer and more economical design of tall buildings against strong winds.
Killing of gram-negative bacteria by neutrophils: role of O2-independent system in intracellular killing and evidence of O2-dependent extracellular killing.

The cytotoxic capabilities of the neutrophil have long been recognized, particularly in relation to this cell’s function against invading microorganisms (1). Two events central to the mobilization of the cytotoxic function of the neutrophil are: 1) the respiratory burst, a prompt and marked rise in O2 consumption generating, denovo, several toxic metabolites of reduced O2 (2); and 2) degranulation, the fusion of cytoplasmic granules with plasma membrane sites proximate to the target delivering pre-existing cytotoxic proteins into the space surrounding the microbe (3). Both granule proteins and O2 metabolites can be released outside the neutrophil and damage extracellular tissues and large non-ingested cells and parasites (4). However, substantial extracellular killing of bacteria has not been found under normal circumstances. Hence, it is generally believed that intracellular sequestration of the bacterium is required for effective killing by neutrophils (5).
The Effect of Instructional Set and Intertrial Activity on Retention in a Short-Term Memory Task

These experiments investigated the effects of intertrial activity and instructional set on recall of consonant trigram stimuli in a short-term memory task. Subjects either: (a) sat silently during the intertrial interval; (b) overtly rehearsed the prior item during the intertrial interval; (c) overtly rehearsed the prior item under a set that they were to recall all items; (d) were given the set and engaged in a neutral counting activity during the intertrial interval; (e) counted during the intertrial interval with no set. Overt rehearsal and set, singly and togther, depressed recall over a 3- and 18-sec retention interval and largely eliminated differences in recall between the two intervals. Counting during the intertrial interval depressed recall of the initial and middle items.
Nanocrystal Superlattices of Copper, Silver and Gold, by Nanomachining

Synthesis of metallic nanoparticles has captured the attention of scientists for decades, especially for their application in the area of catalysis, but more recently due to their unusual properties, different from those of the atomic or bulk metal. In addition, ordered structures of metallic nanoparticles display properties that lie between those of the isolated particles and the bulk material. Nanoparticles can act as building blocks to form well-organized structures, known as nanocrystal superlattices (NCSL). A narrow particle size distribution is required to obtain long-range superlattice ordering. The collective properties of metallic NCSL can be engineered by controlling the particle size and the type of ligand used to stabilize the colloidal system. The most widely studied metallic systems have been the ones prepared using gold nanoparticles [1,2,3], but there are other studies where silver [4,5,6,7], and cobalt [8] have been used to prepare NCSL. In this paper, we present for the first time the synthesis of NCSL by selfassembly of thiol stabilized copper nanoparticles, which have been prepared using the solvated metal atom dispersion (SMAD) method. The main advantage of the SMAD technique is that it allows us to prepare large quantities of the metal colloid, free of impurities. This is in great contrast to other techniques such as chemical reduction. A novel method discovered in our laboratories [9,10,11], called “digestive ripening” (i.e. allowing sufficient time and temperature (usually at the solvent’s boiling point) to attain a structural equilibrium.), has been used to attain a narrow particle size distribution. The same procedure as described here has previously been used to prepare NCSL from gold and silver colloids. Herein, it is shown to be applicable for copper as well.
Genealogies in Growing Solid Tumors

Over the past two decades, the theory of tumor evolution has largely focused on the selective sweeps model. According to this theory, tumors evolve by a succession of clonal expansions that are initiated by driver mutations that have a fitness advantage over the resident types. A 2015 study of colon cancer by Sottoriva et al has suggested an alternative theory of tumor evolution, the so-called Big Bang model, in which all of the necessary driver mutations are acquired before expansion began, and the evolutionary dynamics within the expanding population are predominantly neutral. In this paper, we will describe a simple mathematical model inspired by work of Hallatschek and Nelson (2009) that makes quantitative predictions about spatial patterns of genetic variability. While this model has some success in matching observed patterns in two dimensions, it fails miserably in three dimensions. Despite this failure, we think the model analyzed here will be a useful first step in building an accurate model.
CONSTRUCTING BIORDERED SETS

Abstract Relative to the operation of forming “basic products” the set of idempotents of a regular semigroup forms a partial binary algebra which has been axiomatically characterized by K.S.S. Nambooripad as a “biordered set” (K.S.S. Nambooripad, Structure of Regular Semigroups I, Memoirs, Amer. Math. Soc. 244 (1979)). In this paper we indicate some techniques for constructing biordered sets from semilattices and rectangular biordered sets. In particular we describe a construction of all coextensions of rectangular biordered sets by semilattices, a construction of solid biordered sets and a construction of all pseudo-semilattices. We show how all finite biordered sets may be constructed from (finite) semilattices and (finite) rectangular biordered sets.
Generalization by rats of alcohol and atropine stimulus characteristics to other drugs.

Two operant procedures were used for training albino rats to make differential responses on the basis of their drug or nondrug condition. In the Conflict procedure, every fifth lever press was rewarded by a food pellet in one condition (drug for half the animals, saline for the other half) and was punished by electric shock in the other condition. For 6 animals the drug condition was ethyl alcohol (1200 mg/kg of a 10% v/v solution in isotonic saline, injected i.p. 5 min before the start of the session); for 4 animals the drug condition was atropine sulfate (10 mg/kg in 1 ml/kg saline injected i.p. 30 min before the start of the session). In the Choice procedure, food reward was obtained by the first press on one of two levers at a variable time interval, averaging one minute, after the prior food reward. The rewarded lever depended on the animal's drug or saline condition (alcohol for 7 animals, atropine for 5 animals, administered as in the Conflict procedure); the same right-hand or left left-hand lever was rewarded in the drug condition for half the animals and in the saline condition for the other half.
The “Gravitational Lens” 3C 321: A Remarkable Impostor

Recent observations of the radio galaxy 3C 321 are presented. The optical nucleus consists of two components (A, B), separated by ~ 4″ (~6 kpc), whose low-resolution spectra strongly resemble those of high-ionization type 2 Seyfert nuclei. The relative intensities of the emission lines differ in A and B by less than 1%, and their profiles are almost identical. 3C 321 appears to be a convincing example of a gravitationally lensed object.
Inequalities in entanglement percolation

We present proofs of two results concerning entanglement in three-dimensional bond percolation. Firstly, the critical probability for entanglement with free boundary conditions is strictly less than the critical probability for connectivity percolation. (The proof presented here is a detailed justification of the ideas sketched in Aizenman and Grimmett.) Secondly, under the hypothesis that the critical probabilities for entanglement with free and wired boundary conditions are different, for p between the two critical probabilities, the size of the entangled cluster at the origin with free boundary conditions does not have exponentially decaying tails.
The South Fork Fishing & Hunting Club

The Club begins work at the South Fork dam with a 50-man crew 5 months before John Reilly transferred the property. The Club workers removed the cast-iron discharge pipes as part of a “handshake deal” between Reilly and Ruff. They lowered the crest of the dam and filled in the partial breach of 1862, accomplishing this between late 1879 and early summer of 1881. The Club’s changes fatally weakened the dam and doomed the towns below it. John Fulton inspected the dam on behalf of Cambria Iron but his sensible comments were rebuffed by Ruff. After completing the dam, clubhouse, and other infrastructure, the elite Club officially opened in late July, 1881. The first guest in the ledger book was John Hunt. Several weeks later he returned with Robert Pitcairn.
Great, now the dogs are lying

![Graphic][1] Lately, usually after reading the news, I find myself looking at my dog and saying, ‘Now here is an honest mammal’. Like all dogs, Mister Garcon lacks the ability to understand how lying may get him ahead in life. He may put on a show when treats are on offer, sure; but he
A Mathematical Programming Solution for Automatic Generation of Synthetic Power Flow Cases

A shortage of large power system data sets, as well as the frequent restrictions on sharing such models, have led to newfound interest in creating synthetic data that can be easily shared among researchers. This paper considers the problem of forming a power system test case from the constituent parts of realistic power grid samples. Starting from a topology, and samples of generation, load, and branches, we assemble systems while respecting the constraints imposed by a typical Optimal Power Flow problem. Expressed in this manner, the problem involves solving for permutations of the input data. Since permutations matrices are binary, the problem is linearized, allowing for a Mixed Integer Linear Problem formulation. The problem is further decomposed using the Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers as well as an Evolutionary Algorithm to facilitate scaling to larger system sizes. A post processing step is used to add shunt elements for reactive power planning. The resulting systems demonstrate statistically similar power flow behavior to reference systems. Finally, new analysis avenues, opened by synthesizing test cases according to the proposed method, are briefly introduced by creating fictitious systems with different topology models and examining how these affect power flow behavior.
Impact of population-specific dental development on age estimation using dental atlases.

OBJECTIVES The steady development and subsequent eruption of the dentition is particularly useful for the estimation of age in juveniles. There are few studies that examine and test methods on a population-diverse sample. Our goal is to test the Ubelaker () and London Atlas (2010) dental charts on a sample representing several different population backgrounds to infer if refinement for population-specific standards should be developed. MATERIALS AND METHODS The first and second authors examined panoramic radiographs of 335 individuals from the James K. Economides Orthodontic Collection blind to chronological age, sex, and ancestry and scored using both dental atlases. RESULTS The age of Native Americans and African Americans was generally overestimated, suggesting faster rates of development. European Americans and New Mexico Hispanics, while not always showing the highest success rates, generally were closer to the correct age than other ancestry groups. The overall success rate for Ubelaker () was 80.00% for both observers, while the London Atlas was significantly lower at approximately 21.79-23.28%. Accuracy rates did not differ significantly between ancestry groups, though patterns were evident regarding under- or over-estimation of age. DISCUSSION The present study demonstrates that incorrect age estimations were typically still within 1.5 years of the actual age. Ubelaker () had higher rates of success due to broader age ranges. The results suggest that though accuracy rates did not significantly differ, different developmental rates may affect age estimates and population-specific standards should be considered for known-ancestry individuals, while aging standards constructed from a diverse sample should be utilized for unknown-ancestry cases.
Capacity degradation in commercial Li-ion cells: The effects of charge protocol and temperature

Abstract To examine the impact of charge protocol and temperature on Li-ion cell degradation, commercial 18650 Li-ion cells with NCA/C chemistry are cycled deeply1000 times at either 25 °C or 60 °C using two different charge termination protocols: (a) potential-limited constant-current (CC) without a constant potential dwell, or (b) constant-current constant-voltage (CC-CV). Analyses indicate that the cells that experienced the CC CV charge protocol show a lower degradation rate than those cycled using the potential-limited/CC charge protocol at both temperatures. Additionally, the cells that used the potential-limited/CC charge protocol exhibit a much higher capacity degradation rate at 25 °C than at 60 °C. Electron microscopy and surface chemistry analyses show a thick secondary solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) is formed on the anode surface for the cell using the potential-limited CC charge protocol at 25 °C, while this does not occur in the cells with potential-limited CC charge protocol at 60 °C. Based on the electrochemical data, this thick secondary SEI shows large resistance and makes higher rate cycling difficult. This secondary SEI is thought to be a key contributor to the fast capacity degradation rate of the cells using the CC charge protocol at 25 °C.
Distinguishing midzonal iris pigment epithelial cyst from adenoma and ciliary body melanoma

A 49-year old male with corrected visual acuity of 20/25 OD and 20/20 OS was found to have an asymptomatic dark iris mass OD with suspicion for ciliary body melanoma. Predilation slit-lamp biomicroscopy revealed a well-circumscribed brown round mass arising posterior to the iris, presumably from the ciliary body; however, postdilation demonstrated an extended fusiform mass of the iris pigment epithelium (IPE). By anterior segment imaging, the well-circumscribed IPE mass was cystic and measured 1440 microns in thickness peripherally predilation and 300 microns in thickness postdilation. There was no solid IPE or ciliary body component. A diagnosis of midzonal IPE cyst was rendered and observation advised. Clinical features and anterior segment imaging can assist in differentiation of midzonal IPE cyst from adenoma and ciliary body melanoma. The diagnostic methodology described in this paper can be used by ophthalmologists to promptly rule out underlying melanoma.
The Crusader Armies: 1099–1187. By Steve Tibble. (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2018. Pp. xvi, 402. $35.00.)

This book is primarily a detailed look at twelfth‐century warfare and the armies that engaged in battle throughout the Levant. However, behind the innocuous title is a much more provocative thesis,...
Perioperative Risks of Sleeve Gastrectomy Versus Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Among Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease: A Review of the MBSAQIP Database.

OBJECTIVE To determine whether patients with CKD experience higher rates of perioperative complications after RYGB compared to sleeve gastrectomy. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA For obese CKD patients who qualify for bariatric surgery, sleeve gastrectomy is often preferred to RYGB based on perceptions of prohibitively-high perioperative risks surrounding RYGB. However, some patients with CKD are not candidates for sleeve gastrectomy and the incremental increased-risk from RYGB has never been rigorously tested in this population. METHODS CKD patients who underwent RYGB or sleeve gastrectomy between 2015 and 2017 were identified from the Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Accreditation and Quality Improvement Program Participant Use File. RYGB patients were 1:1 propensity-score matched with sleeve gastrectomy patients based on preoperative factors that influence operative choice. Primary outcomes included 30-day readmissions, surgical complications, medical complications, and death. Secondary outcomes included the individual complications used to create the composite surgical/medical complications. Univariate logistic regression was used to compare outcomes. E-value statistic was used to test the strength of outcome point estimates against possible unmeasured confounding. RESULTS Demographics were similar between RYGB (n = 673) and sleeve gastrectomy (n = 673) cohorts. There were no statistically significant differences in primary outcomes. Among secondary outcomes, only acute kidney injury was statistically-significantly higher among RYGB patients (4.9% vs 2.7%, P = 0.035, E-value 1.27). CONCLUSIONS Among well-matched cohorts of RYGB and sleeve gastrectomy patients, incidence of primary outcomes were similar. Among secondary outcomes, only acute kidney injury was statistically-significantly higher among RYGB patients; however, the E-value for this difference was small and relatively weak confounder(s) could abrogate the statistical difference. The perception that RYGB has prohibitively-high perioperative risks among CKD patients is disputable and operative selection should be weighed on patient candidacy and anticipated long-term benefit.
Radiation induced oxidation of [18F]fluorothia fatty acids under cGMP manufacturing conditions.

Abstract Objective The objectives of the present work were to optimize and validate the synthesis and stability of 14(R,S)-[18F]fluoro-6-thia-heptadecanoic acid ([18F]FTHA) and 16-[18F]fluoro-4-thia-palmitic acid ([18F]FTP) under cGMP conditions for clinical applications. Methods Benzyl-14-(R,S)-tosyloxy-6-thiaheptadecanoate and methyl 16-bromo-4-thia-palmitate were used as precursors for the synthesis of [18F]FTHA and [18F]FTP, respectively. For comparison, a fatty acid analog lacking a thia-substitution, 16-[18F]fluoro-palmitic acid ([18F]FP), was synthesized from the precursor methyl 16-bromo-palmitate. A standard nucleophilic reaction using cryptand (Kryptofix/K222, 8.1 mg), potassium carbonate (K2CO3, 4.0 mg) and 18F-fluoride were employed for the 18F-labeling and potassium hydroxide (0.8 M) was used for the post-labeling ester hydrolysis. The final products were purified via reverse phase semi-preparative HPLC and concentrated via trap and release on a C-18 plus solid phase extraction cartridge. The radiochemical purities of the [18F]fluorothia fatty acids and [18F]FP were examined over a period of 4 h post-synthesis using an analytical HPLC. All the syntheses were optimized in an automated TRACERlab FX-N Pro synthesizer. Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LCMS) and high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) was employed to study the identity and nature of side products formed during radiosynthesis and as a consequence of post-synthesis radiation induced oxidation. Results Radiosyntheses of [18F]FTHA, [18F]FTP and [18F]FP were achieved in moderate (8–20% uncorrected) yields. However, it was observed that the HPLC-purified [18F]fluorothia fatty acids, [18F]FTHA and [18F]FTP at higher radioactivity concentrations (>1.11 GBq/mL, 30 mCi/mL) underwent formation of 18F-labeled side products over time but [18F]FP (lacking a sulfur heteroatom) remained stable up to 4 h post-synthesis. Various radiation protectors like ethanol and ascorbic acid were examined to minimize the formation of side products formed during [18F]FTHA and [18F]FTP synthesis but showed only limited to no effect. Analysis of the side products by LCMS showed formation of sulfoxides of both [18F]FTHA and [18F]FTP. The identity of the sulfoxide side product was further confirmed by synthesizing a non-radioactive reference standard of the sulfoxide analog of FTP and matching retention times on HPLC and molecular ion peaks on LC/HRMS. Radiation-induced oxidation of the sulfur heteroatom was mitigated by dilution of product with isotonic saline to reduce the radioactivity concentration to Conclusions Successful automated synthesis of [18F]fluorothia fatty acids were carried out in cGMP facility for their routine production and clinical applications. Instability of [18F]fluorothia fatty acids were observed at radioactivity concentrations exceeding 1.11 GBq/mL (30 mCi/mL) but mitigated through dilution of the product to
Place and Role of a Human in the System of Robotized Circular Reproduction in the Regional Economy

The circular economy is a modern concept that satisfies the conditions of development of digitization and formation of “Industry 4.0”. High level of interest in the study of these problems is due to environmental degradation, as well as to the abandonment of the so-called “linear” economics, based on the industrial growth in case of unrestricted use of natural resources. Active implementation of the linear model caused major ecological problems, which include exhaustion of natural resources, emission of pollutants, greenhouse gases, the increase in volumes of rubbish and waste, as well as their poor management. As a result, the need to transform the economy in the aspect of improvement of its stability, achievement of climatic goals and conservation of global natural resources is beyond doubt. One of the top-priority tasks is to create fundamentally new workplaces and development of human capital as a key competitive advantage of countries experiencing such economic transformations. Digitization of the economy and technologies of the Fourth Industrial Revolution can open up new opportunities for the implementation of circular principles of production. The Fourth Industrial Revolution is accompanied by the blurring of distinctions between physical, digital and biological technologies. The term Industry 4.0 that was first put forward at the Hanover Fair in 2011, characterizes the process of fundamental transformation of global value-creation chains. The ultimate goal of this process is the flexible interaction of virtual and physical production systems, ensuring complete adaptation of products and the formation of new operating models. Achievement of interaction should be based on automated digital production, which is controlled in real time by intelligent systems that are in continuous contact with the external environment, going way beyond a particular company with the aim of combining of things and services in a global industrial network.
Magnetic and electronic structures of superconducting RuSr 2 GdCu 2 O 8

The coexistence of ferromagnetism and superconductivity in ${\mathrm{RuSr}}_{2}{\mathrm{GdCu}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{8}$ was reported both from experiments (by Tallon et al.) and first-principles calculations (by Pickett et al.). Here we report that our first-principles full-potential linearized augmented plane wave calculations, employing the precise crystal structure with structural distortions (i.e., ${\mathrm{RuO}}_{6}$ rotations) determined by neutron diffraction, demonstrate that antiferromagnetic ordering of the Ru moments is energetically favored over the previously proposed ferromagnetic ordering. Our results are consistent with recently performed magnetic neutron diffraction experiments (Lynn et al.). Ru ${t}_{2g}$ states, which are responsible for the magnetism, have only a very small interaction with Cu ${e}_{g}$ states, which results in a small exchange splitting of these states. The Fermi surface, characterized by strongly hybridized $\mathrm{dp}\ensuremath{\sigma}$ orbitals, has nesting features similar to those in the two-dimensional high-${T}_{c}$ cuprate superconductors.
Forging Aspirant Undergraduate Scientists and Engineers into Stellar Researchers

In the current research environment, the potential contribution (and guidance) of aspiring undergraduates is often neglected. Here, Ye Tao from the Rowland Institute discusses the opportunities and challenges to foster this next generation of scientists and proposes three guiding principles of successful undergraduate mentorship.
Does Energy Yield Increase when Conjoining a PV Module with a Thermoelectric Device

For photovoltaic devices to optimally operate in high-temperature conditions, a solution must be found that addresses the device's efficiency dependence on temperature. During operation, photovoltaic devices heat up and emit low-grade waste heat, in turn, reducing performance. By affixing a thermoelectric generator to a photovoltaic device, the waste heat is utilized to generate additional electricity and partially offset photovoltaic performance loss. Through physics-driven simulation, we examine the performance and energy yield improvements that a conjoined photovoltaic and thermoelectric generator exhibits under varying operating conditions.
Briefing Note: Investment Promotion and Facilitation for Sustainable Development

Investment is a critical component of sustainable development. In particular, under the right conditions, foreign direct investment (FDI) can improve economic growth and living standards, create jobs, transfer technology and know-how and result in supply chain upgrading. However, its benefits are not automatic, and, if not carefully governed, investment can result in harm to the environment, labour standards and lead to tax evasion or other undesirable outcomes. Investment promotion and investment facilitation, in turn, can help states attract, expand and retain FDI. CCSI works on analyzing how investment promotion and facilitation measures can advance sustainable development objectives and created this briefing note on investment promotion and facilitation for sustainable development in July 2020.
Detecting Factor Risk in Private Asset Returns

The authors introduce a novel approach of attributing factor risk to a time series of reported private asset returns. Their factor-optimized lagged-beta (FOLB) method uncovers more latent factor risk than standard unsmoothing techniques, offering a more precise attribution of factor betas and alpha for major categories of private assets, including buyout, venture capital, and private real estate. They find that factor-adjusted alpha is most robust for buyout, though results vary somewhat by factor-model specification. The FOLB method enhances portfolio management by providing improved estimates of factor risk and alpha for private asset classes, an optimal factor benchmark for asset allocation modeling and manager performance benchmarking, and new procedures for unsmoothing reported private asset returns to estimate risk parameters for portfolio optimization.
Shared Trauma: Group Reflections on the COVID-19 Pandemic

This essay describes the experiences of the instructor’s class in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, comparing these experiences to those of a previous class that lived through the 9/11 disaster. Both experienced shared trauma; that is, both cohorts were exposed directly as citizens of the impacted region and secondarily through the traumatic narratives of their clients. Students living through the pandemic described their choice of living arrangements and the meaning that “home” and family held for them; the use of existing coping mechanisms, development of new ones, or the exacerbation of bad habits brought about by the uncertain course of the pandemic; the role of social media in maintaining connectivity while potentially stoking fears and spreading false information; the challenges of social isolation and self-quarantining and their contribution to the discovery of new sources of strength and aspects of self; the importance of maintaining self-care and connection to others; the transition to teletherapy and remote learning and the attendant difficulties; the concerns about impending graduation into a post-COVID-19 professional landscape; and the need for the social work profession to focus on macro-level issues of social injustice and racial inequality highlighted by the COVID-19 pandemic.
AFM-Based nanofabrication and quality inspection of three-dimensional nanotemplates for soft lithography

Abstract Soft lithography is one of the most promising nanofabrication technologies for scalable nanomanufacturing. It uses flexible molds or stamps to fabricate extremely high-resolution nanopatterns in a low cost and rapid fashion on both flat and curved surfaces. Although two-dimensional soft lithography has been widely investigated and applied for some applications, there is a lack of quantitative research on using nanometer scale 3D patterns fabricated by atomic force microscope (AFM) for 3D soft lithography. In this paper, we demonstrated the effectiveness of ultrasonic vibration assisted AFM-based nanomachining in fabricating 3D master nanotemplates for 3D soft lithography. We successfully applied Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) daughter molds, casted from a nanometer scale 3D master template, using a soft lithography technique solvent-assisted micromolding. In addition, we investigated the quality and reusability of the master nanotemplates, and the quality of the PDMS patterns by quantifying the volume differences using an automatic imaging registration algorithm. Results show that there are zero or little PDMS residuals in the polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) master nanotemplate with a simple contour for the first and second daughter mold casting, but 7% residuals for the third casting. And a more complex master nanotemplate shows slightly higher residual levels.
Sleep efficiency and physical performance differences between pain-free individuals and individuals with chronic lower back pain

Within the United States, chronic low back pain (cLBP) is a leading cause of pain and the second leading cause of disability. Individuals with cLBP frequently report sleep disturbances—most commonly, cLBP impacts sleep efficiency and quality. Additionally, cLBP most visibly impacts physical functioning with individuals with cLBP being not able to perform physical function tasks as effectively as pain-free individuals. Emerging evidence indicates that sleep has a significant relationship on physical functioning, however whether pain exacerbates sleep disturbances and physical functioning of people with cLBP, relative to pain-free individuals (PF) has not been previously examined. This study quantified differences by pain-status (cLBP and PF) for an individual's actigraphic sleep variables (e.g. sleep efficiency) and physical function, and examined the influence of pain on actigraphic variables and physical function in cLBP. Participants (cLBP = 102, PF = 45) completed the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), daily pain ratings, and home sleep monitoring for 7-consecutive days/nights. Analyses revealed that cLBP individuals had reduced objective sleep quality (p = .003), and SPPB dynamic performance (p = .000), but not for static tasks (p >.05) compared to PF. Sleep quality prior to SPPB was associated with SPPB tasks for cLBP individuals (total battery r=.23) but not for PF (r=-.08). Additionally, daily pain ratings influenced sleep efficiency (p = .003), and pain from the night prior to SPPB was associated with worse outcomes for the dynamic SPPB tasks, but not the balance tasks for cLBP. Our findings suggest that sleep and pain may influence physical performance tasks for cLBP, but not PF– this further reinforces the importance of further examination of identifying whether pain or sleep are antecedents to reduced performance and outcomes in cLBP or if a bilateral relationship exists with pain severity and sleep quality. This work was supported by Examining Racial And SocioEconomic Disparities in cLBP; ERASED; R01MD010441.
Widely wavelength tunable Dy 3+ /Er 3+ co-doped ZBLAN fiber lasers

Wavelength tunable dysprosium-erbium (Dy3+/Er3+) co-doped ZBLAN (ZrF4-BaF2-LaF3-AlF3-NaF) fiber lasers pumped at 980 nm were developed with a bulk grating blazed at 3.1 µm in the Littrow configuration and their performances were investigated. A wavelength tunable range of 674.4 nm (2709.2 nm −3373.6 nm) was achieved with a 4.5-m 0.25 mol.% Dy3+/ 4 mol.% Er3+ co-doped ZBLAN fiber. Our experiments demonstrated that either Er3+ or Dy3+ can be lasing individually in a Dy3+/Er3+ co-doped ZBLAN fiber and a fiber laser with wavelength tunable range from 2.7 µm to 3.4 µm or longer wavelengths can be achieved with proper fiber and cavity design.
Chapter 6 - SARS-CoV-2 viral structure and genetics

Abstract Severe acute respiratory distress syndrome coronavirus 2 or CoV2 emerged in 2019 and is responsible for the ongoing worldwide pandemic. There are multiple ongoing vaccine and treatment trials to decrease transmission, confer protection against infection, and improve patient's clinical course including morbidity and mortality. This can only be possible with a detailed understanding of the molecular structure and genomics of this particular virus to better identify possible targets. In this chapter, I have highlighted pertinent details of the viral structure, genetic expression, various immune interactions, and specific host evading viral defenses with emphasis on possible targets for above.
Moral Approaches to Nuclear Strategy: A Critical Evaluation

In the current debate over nuclear strategy, various moral approaches are simply taken for granted. This is unfortunate because the particular strategic recommendations that are endorsed frequently depend upon the particular moral approach that is assumed. Obviously, if we are to rid this debate of its question-begging character, we need to evaluate critically the principal alternative moral approaches to nuclear strategy. I propose to begin this task by describing what is essential to a moral approach to nuclear strategy (Part I). I will then consider the three principal alternative moral approaches to nuclear strategy, the Utilitarian Approach, the Human Nature Approach and the Social Contract Approach (Part II), and relate them to just war theory, indicating why the Social Contract Approach should be favored over the other two (Part III). I will then conclude with some practical implications for nuclear strategy (Part IV).
Monthly Consumptive Use Requirements for Irrigated Crops

Data on measured monthly rates of consumptive use of water for different irrigated crops growing in Western United States and procedure for determining monthly requirements for irrigated crops from climatological data for areas where monthly measurements of water use are not available.
Haplotype-based association analysis of the MAPT locus in Late Onset Alzheimer's disease

Late onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) is a common sporadic form of the illness, affecting individuals above the age of 65 yrs. A prominent hypothesis for the aetiopathology of Alzheimer's disease is that in the presence of a β-amyloid load, individuals expressing a pathogenic form of tau protein (MAPT) are at increased risk for developing the disease. Genetic studies in this pursuit have, however, yielded conflicting results. A recent study showed a significant haplotype association (H1c) with AD. The current study is an attempt to replicate this association in an independently ascertained cohort. In this report we present the findings of a haplotype analysis at the MAPT locus. We failed to detect evidence of association of the H1c haplotype at the MAPT locus with LOAD. None of the six SNPs forming the H1c haplotype showed evidence of association with disease. In addition, nested clade analysis suggested the presence of independent mutations at multiple points in the haplotype network or homoplasy at the MAPT locus. Such homoplasy can confound single SNP tests for association. We do not detect evidence that the set of SNPs forming the H1c haplotype in general or rs242557 in particular are pathogenic for LOAD. In conclusion, we employed two contemporary haplotype analysis tools to perform haplotype association analysis at the MAPT locus. Our data suggest that the tagged SNPs forming the H1c haplotype do not have a causal role in the pathogenesis of LOAD.
Measuring the Perceived Difficulty of a Lecture Using Automatic Facial Expression Recognition

This project explores the idea of facial expression for automated feedback in teaching. We show how automatic real-time facial expression recognition can be effectively used to estimate the difficulty level, as perceived by an individual student, of a delivered lecture. We also show that facial expression is predictive of an individual student's preferred rate of curriculum presentation at each moment in time. On a video lecture viewing task, training on less than two minutes of recorded facial expression data and testing on a separate validation set, our system predicted the subjects' self-reported difficulty scores with mean accuracy of 0.42 (Pearson r) and their preferred viewing speeds with mean accuracy of 0.29. Our techniques are fully automatic and have potential applications for both intelligent tutoring systems (ITS) and standard classroom environments.
Secure information flow via stripping and fast simulation

Type systems for secure information flow aim to prevent a program from leaking information from H (high) to L (low) variables. Traditionally, bisimulation has been the prevalent technique for proving the soundness of such systems. This work introduces a new proof technique based on stripping and fast simulation, and shows that it can be applied in a number of cases where bisimulation fails. We present a progressive development of this technique over a representative sample of languages including a simple imperative language (core theory), a multiprocessing nondeterministic language, a probabilistic language, and a language with cryptographic primitives. In the core theory we illustrate the key concepts of this technique in a basic setting. A fast low simulation in the context of transition systems is a binary relation where simulating states can match the moves of simulated states while maintaining the equivalence of low variables; stripping is a function that removes high commands from programs. We show that we can prove secure information flow by arguing that the stripping relation is a fast low simulation. We then extend the core theory to an abstract distributed language under a nondeterministic scheduler. Next, we extend to a probabilistic language with a random assignment command; we generalize fast simulation to the setting of discrete time Markov Chains, and prove approximate probabilistic noninterference. Finally, we introduce cryptographic primitives into the probabilistic language and prove computational noninterference, provided that the underling encryption scheme is secure.
Estimation of instantaneous heat transfer coefficients for a direct-injection stratified-charge rotary engine

The main objective of this report was to derive equations to estimate heat transfer coefficients in both the combustion chamber and coolant pasage of a rotary engine. This was accomplished by making detailed temperature and pressure measurements in a direct-injection stratified-charge rotary engine under a range of conditions. For each sppecific measurement point, the local physical properties of the fluids were calculated. Then an empirical correlation of the coefficients was derived by using a multiple regression program. This correlation expresses the Nusselt number as a function of the Prandtl number and Reynolds number.