cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Some Social Functions of Kutchin Anxiety1

A NXIETY may be defined as a generalized rise in tension or, to paraphrase H. S. Sullivan, a drop in euphoria, in anticipation of pain or deprivation. The anticipatory aspect of anxiety and its diffuse nature are central both to the "ordinary common-sense meaning" of the term (Homans 1941:164n) and its clinical usage (e.g., Freud 1936:112n). Goldstein (1939), Sullivan (1946, 1948) and Cameron (1947), among other psychologists, distinguish anxiety from fear by the diffuse nature of the former; their definitions "all stress the vagueness of cognitive structure as one of the central factors in anxiety, a factor directly-if not ultimately-responsible for the helplessness which is an integral part of any experience of strong anxiety" (Hanfmann 1950 64). Students of society have seen anxiety as a condition of disorganization wherein the individual requires the support or the discipline provided by social control; they have also found anxiety to be in itself a driving force for social control. Thus Malinowski's theory of magic explains magical ritual as a means for reducing anxiety arising from the inadequacy of realistic techniques for controlling the forces of nature (1935; 1948:12-14, 60; Homans 1941). Nativistic movements have been viewed as mechanisms for relieving anxiety resulting from drastic sociocultural change (Gillin 1942; Linton 1943; Hallowell 1945). On the other hand, from Kierkegaard-if not earlier-to the psychoanalysts it has been asserted that anxiety is a great teacher. Whiting (1941) has shown specifically how it plays a part in the enculturation process. Hallowell (1941) has indicated its social value in another context, where antisocial behavior is inhibited through techniques for intensifying anxiety. Hallowell's contributions to the study of both social aspects of anxiety are based upon researches among American Indian cultures of the northern Woodland area. The purpose of this paper is to indicate how, among another northern American Indian people, the Kutchin, anxiety may serve as a positive social force, enhancing group cohesion, even though it is not acted out in a shared ritual. At the same time, certain characteristics of Kutchin status relationships are noted which may operate centripetally in situations where, among peoples of very similar culture, entirely centrifugal tendencies have been described. A high level of "free-floating" anxiety has been observed among Indians of the American boreal forest. This has been seen as reaction to the threat of traumatic situations such as hunger or disease with which the cultures in question are unable adequately to cope (Landes 1937:88; Hallowell 1946:225).2 On the level of personality development, the generalized and "disproportionate"
Algorithms for network reliability and connection availability analysis

Communications networks used for transmitting and receiving voice or digital data involve copper wire, fiber optics, radio, satellite, and microwave links. In general, these networks are large, diffuse, and complex. Even using modern high-speed computers, exact computations of the network reliability for use as a figure of merit in an interactive network design procedure can take an inordinate amount of time. This paper discusses various exact techniques whose complexity results in run-times short enough for practical network design. We model the network by an undirected probabilistic graph whose vertices represent the nodes and whose edges represent the links. A special feature of our model is that it allows nodes to be imperfect and associates a reliability measure with each node, assumed to succeed or fail independently. Therefore, the network reliability measure is based upon the reliability measures of the individual links and nodes. >
Drug interactions and the evolution of antibiotic resistance

Large-scale, systems biology approaches now allow us to systematically map synergistic and antagonistic interactions between drugs. Consequently, drug antagonism is emerging as a powerful tool to study biological function and relatedness between cellular components as well as to uncover mechanisms of drug action. Furthermore, theoretical models and new experiments suggest that antagonistic interactions between antibiotics can counteract the evolution of drug resistance.
Direct measurements of the ionospheric convection variability near the cusp/throat

[1] For the first time precise measurements obtained using Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) radars are used to quantify the temporal variability in the convection velocity and identify the cause of the variations for a particular event located in the vicinity of the cusp. Using SuperDARN line-of-sight (LOS) Doppler velocities near 1200 magnetic local time and a standard fitting technique, the observed temporal variability is related to dayside convection features such as the cusp, convection throat, and convection reversal boundaries (CRBs). Two distinct regions of variability are observed: a region of high (often >500 m s−1) hourly temporal variability occurring near the dayside CRB of the dusk convection cell during interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) By < 0, and a region of very low (<100 m s−1) temporal variability in the convection throat. The source of the high variability near the dayside dusk CRB is caused primarily by motion of the large-scale convection pattern most likely due to the variable IMF. The line-of-sight velocities in this region fluctuate between sunward and antisunward directed flow depending on the position of the CRB relative to the radar observation area. In the convection throat, however, steady antisunward directed flow exceeding 500 m s−1 is observed despite the variable IMF. Based on these observations it is expected that increased Joule heating due to variability in the electric field occurs near the dayside CRB of the crescent-shaped convection cell and little additional Joule heating occurs in the convection throat.
Ly108 expression distinguishes subsets of invariant NKT cells that help autoantibody production and secrete IL-21 from those that secrete IL-17 in lupus prone NZB/W mice.

Abstract Lupus is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by anti-nuclear antibodies in humans and genetically susceptible NZB/W mice that can cause immune complex glomerulonephritis. T cells contribute to lupus pathogenesis by secreting pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-17, and by interacting with B cells and secreting helper factors such as IL-21 that promote production of IgG autoantibodies. In the current study, we determined whether purified NKT cells or far more numerous conventional non-NKT cells in the spleen of NZB/W female mice secrete IL-17 and/or IL-21 after TCR activation in vitro , and provide help for spontaneous IgG autoantibody production by purified splenic CD19 + B cells. Whereas invariant NKT cells secreted large amounts of IL-17 and IL-21, and helped B cells, non-NKT cells did not. The subset of IL-17 secreting NZB/W NKT cells expressed the Ly108 lo CD4 − NK1.1 − phenotype, whereas the IL-21 secreting subset expressed the Ly108 hi CD4 + NK1.1 − phenotype and helped B cells secrete a variety of IgG anti-nuclear antibodies. α-galactocylceramide enhanced the helper activity of NZB/W and B6.Sle1b NKT cells for IgG autoantibody secretion by syngeneic B cells. In conclusion, different subsets of i NKT cells from mice with genetic susceptibility to lupus can contribute to pathogenesis by secreting pro-inflammatory cytokines and helping autoantibody production.
Expression of an inwardly rectifying potassium channel in Xenopus oocytes.

Abstract: The murine macrophage-like cell line J774.1 was used as a source of mRNA for the expression of inwardly rectifying potassium channels in Xenopus oocytes. RNA was isolated, poly(A)+-selected, and size-fractionated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Oocytes injected with J774.1 RNA expressed large-amplitude current (0.9 pmn 0.07 μA; mean pmn SEM, n = 31) at -100 mV in 96 mM extracellular K+ showing prominent inward rectification. The inwardly rectifying currents were most strongly expressed by an mRNA size class of 4–5 kb. The expressed current displayed selectivity, conductance, and rectification properties of inwardly rectifying potassium channels in their native membranes. The current was potassium selective and was specifically blocked by Ba2+. The conductance and the voltage dependence of the current rectification depended on the extracellular potassium concentration, with the midpoint in peak conductance following the potassium equilibrium potential. This high level of expression of inward rectifier current and the absence of other expressed currents suggest that J774.1 mRNA represents an excellent starting material for expression cloning of the inward rectifier potassium channel cDNA.
Röntgenindustrie und Patentfragen

Rontgen schenkte seine grose Entdeckung der Allgemeinheit und zog personlich keinerlei Vorteil daraus. Diese groszugige Einstellung des Entdeckers wurde schon zuvor besprochen. Ein anschauliches Bild derselben gab der Berliner Ingenieur Dr. Max Levy1: „Alsbald nach Veroffentlichung der Rontgenschen Entdeckung hielt ich im Kreise von Beamten der AEG., deren Ingenieur ich damals war, einen Vortrag uber seine Entdeckung. Ich wurde daraufhin von der Direktion beauftragt, diese Entdeckung fur die Zwecke der Technik zu bearbeiten und zu verwerten. Bald nach Aufnahme dieser Tatigkeit schlug ich meiner Direktion vor, an Rontgen heranzutreten, um mit ihm einen Vertrag abzuschliesen, wonach seine kunftigen Entdeckungen und Erfindungen unter gewissen noch zu vereinbarenden Bedingungen der AEG. zur technischen Verwertung uberlassen werden sollten. Ich erhielt den Auftrag, nach Wurzburg zu fahren und mit Rontgen laut meinem Vorschlage zu verhandeln. Prof. Rontgen, der eine hohe, leicht nach vorn gebeugte, stattliche Figur hatte, empfing mich sehr nett im Physikalischen Institut der Universitat und horte meine Ausfuhrungen ruhig und uberlegt an. Alsdann dankte er mir fur den Vorschlag, erkannte gern an, das wir in der AEG. bereits Beachtliches bezuglich der Entwicklung der X-Strahlen-Technik geleistet hatten, verkannte auch nicht die Vorteile einer Zusammenarbeit mit einem so grosen Unternehmen; jedoch erklarte er, das er durchaus, der guten Tradition deutscher Professoren entsprechend, der Auffassung sei, das seine Erfindungen und Entdeckungen der Allgemeinheit gehoren und nicht durch Patente, Lizenzvertrage u. dgl. einzelnen Unternehmungen vorbehalten bleiben durfen. Er war sich daruber klar, das er mit dieser Stellungnahme darauf verzichte, geldliche Vorteile aus seiner Erfindung zu ziehen.
Neural networks update

Summary form only given, as follows. Neural networks have been intensively studied as a discipline in their own right in the last five years (late 1980s, early 1990s). Initial claims were extremely ambitious; by using the brain's computing principles, networks would eliminate programming, revolutionize computer architecture and sensor interfacing, make analog VLSI a reality, and give guidance to a new understanding of human cognition. Work in two areas is described: statistical methods to deal with classification, prediction, and control in data-rich, intuition-poor problems; and VLSI solutions, both in digital and analog styles, to accommodate these architectures. >
Incarnating Ecosystem Management

Grumbine (1994) traces the conceptual evolution of ecosystem management over more than a half-century within the scientific community, from calls for more ecologically sound boundaries for reserves to greaterecosystem plans for the conservation of wide-ranging mammals to a theoretical framework for the maintenance of ecological systems inhabited by wildlife and used by humans. Within the forest management community a parallel, gradual incorporation of ecosystem perspectives into natural resource policies has culminated in a formal embrace of ecosystem management by the U.S. Forest Service (Franklin, in press). Single natural resource management (maximum yield of timber) and its successor, multiple resource management (optimal combined yields of timber, forage, recreation, and other resources) have in principle been replaced by natural system management (the system itself is the only sustainable resource). Grumbine (1994) finds that an academic consensus exists for a working definition that "ecosystem management integrates scientific knowledge of ecological relationships within a complex sociopolitical and values framework toward the general goal of protecting native ecosystem integrity over the long term." Subsumed under this general goal are the maintenance of species, habitat types, natural processes and evolutionary potential, and human use within these constraints. The action
Experiences of women who have lost young children to AIDS in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: a qualitative study.

AIDS continues to be the leading cause of death in South Africa. Little is known about the experiences of mothers who have lost a young child to AIDS. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the attitudes and experiences of women who had lost a young child to HIV/AIDS in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa.
Methylated Genes in Sputum Among Older Smokers With Asthma

Objective The epigenetic basis for human asthma is not well studied, particularly among older adults. This study investigated the methylation profiles in sputum DNA among older adults with asthma, using a population of smokers. Methods This was a cross-sectional study using the Lovelace Smokers Cohort, a population of former and current smokers aged ≥ 40 years in New Mexico. One hundred eighty-four smokers with asthma were compared with 511 smoker control subjects with a similar smoking history, after carefully excluding those with COPD. Environmental exposures were assessed by a standard questionnaire. Postbronchodilator spirometry was performed. Induced sputum was analyzed for the methylation prevalence of 12 selected asthma-related genes using nested methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction assay. Results Asthma was associated with a greater number of methylated genes and, specifically, with methylated protocadherin-20 gene in sputum DNA compared with control subjects with a similar smoking history. These associations remained significant after adjustment for covariates as well as Bonferroni correction. A synergistic interaction was noted between two methylated genes (protocadherin-20 and paired box protein transcription factor-5α) in sputum DNA on the odds for asthma (P = .009). Interestingly, the epigenetic-asthma associations were not explained by the environmental factors studied. Further, methylated genes in sputum DNA, including the protocadherin-20 gene, identified a symptomatically more severe asthma phenotype in a subgroup analysis. Conclusions Asthma is associated with methylation of selected genes, such as protocadherin-20 gene, in sputum DNA. If future studies establish causality, novel demethylating interventions to prevent and treat asthma among older smokers may be possible.
Pressure support ventilation in adult respiratory distress syndrome: Short-term effects of a servocontrolled mode

Abstract Purpose : To assess the short-term effects of pressure support ventilation in adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), we studied 17 patients with moderate to severe ARDS using mandatory rate ventilation (MRV), a servocontrolled mode of PSV having respiratory rate as the targeted parameter. Materials and Methods : Based on the duration of ARDS, the patients were divided into two groups: Group 1, early ARDS (duration up to 1 week), 10 patients; Group 2, intermediate ARDS (duration between 1 and 2 weeks). The patients were initially ventilated with assisted mechanical ventilation then with MRV, and finally with controlled mechanical ventilation. After a 20-minute period allowed for stabilization in each mode, ventilatory variables, gas exchange, hemodynamics, and patient's inspiratory effort were evaluated. Results : During MRV blood gases, airway pressures and hemodynamic variables remained within acceptable limits in all patients. Compared with assisted mechanical ventilation, during MRV, patients of group 1 decreased their V t and V (from 0.64 ± 0.04 to 0.42 ± 0.03 L/sec) and increased their T i /T t (from 0.39 ± 0.03 to 0.52 ± 0.03). f did not change. P AO 2 - Pa O 2 and Q s /Q t decreased (from 306 ± 16 to 269 ± 15 mm Hg, and from 20.2 ± 1.4 to 17.5 ± 1.1, respectively), while Pa CO 2 increased (from 44 ± 3 to 50 ± 3 mm Hg). On the contrary, patients of group 2 increased their V t (from 0.69 ± 0.02 to 0.92 ± 0.09 L), decreased their f (from 22.3 ± 0.5 to 19.3 ± 0.3 b/min), although they did not change their V and T i /T t . P AO 2 - Pa O 2 and Q s /Q t remained stable. Pa CO 2 diminished (from 39 ± 3 to 34 ± 3 mm Hg). Pressure support level was higher in group 2 than in group 1 (29.4 ± 3.0 v 19.8 ± 2.9 cm H2O). Conclusions : We conclude that (1) PSV delivered by MRV may adequately ventilate patients with moderate to severe ARDS, preserving gas exchange and hemodynamics, at least for the short period tested; (2) early and intermediate ARDS respond in a different manner to MRV in terms of breathing pattern, gas exchange, and level of pressure assistance; and (3) patients with early ARDS are those who have an improvement in intrapulmonary oxygenation probably due, at least in part, to alveolar recruitment augmented by active diaphragmatic contraction.
BMP4 and CNTF are neuroprotective and suppress damage-induced proliferation of Müller glia in the retina.

In response to acute damage, Muller glia in the chicken retina have been shown to be a source of proliferating progenitor-like cells. The secreted factors and signaling pathways that regulate this process remain unknown. The purpose of this study was to test whether secreted factors, which are known to promote glial differentiation during development, regulate the ability of Muller glia to proliferate and become retinal progenitors in response to acute damage in mature retina. We made intraocular injections of BMP4, BMP7, EGF, NGF, BDNF, or CNTF before or after a single, toxic dose of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) and assayed for proliferating progenitor-like cells within the retina. We found that injections of BMP4, BMP7, or CNTF, but not EGF, NGF, or BDNF, before NMDA treatment reduced the number of Muller glia that proliferated and gave rise to progenitor-like cells. CNTF and BMP4, but not NGF or BDNF, greatly reduced the number of cells destroyed by toxin treatment indicating that these factors protect retinal neurons from a severe excitotoxic insult. Injections of CNTF 5 days before NMDA treatment prevented neurotoxin-induced cell death and Muller glial proliferation, while injections of BMP4 had no protective effect. In addition, CNTF injected after NMDA treatment suppressed glial proliferation, while BMP4 did not. We conclude that BMP4 and CNTF, when applied before a toxic insult, act as neuroprotective agents and likely suppress the proliferative response of Muller glia to retinal damage by attenuating the retinal damage; protecting bipolar and amacrine neurons from NMDA-induced cell death. When applied after a toxic insult, CNTF suppressed glial proliferation independent of levels of retinal damage.
Acute Pancreatitis Associated with Liraglutide

Objective:To report what is, to our knowledge, the first postmarketing case of acute pancreatitis associated with liraglutideCase Summary:A 60-year-old female with type 2 diabetes presented with a ...
A homeodomain protein selectively expressed in noradrenergic tissue regulates transcription of neurotransmitter biosynthetic genes.

In order to characterize the specificity of expression of the neurotransmitter biosynthetic gene dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH), the identification of proteins that interact with the DB1 enhancer was initiated. A homeobox-containing cDNA was isolated from a PC12 expression cDNA library screened with the DB1 enhancer. The homeodomain is a member of the paired-like class, and is encoded by several nonidentical cDNAs. The cDNAs contain the same sequence in the homeodomain and 3′ coding and noncoding sequences, but diverge in sequence 5′ to the homeodomain. This family of homeobox-containing cDNAs is named Arix. Arix mRNA transcripts are found only in noradrenergic, DBH-positive tissues, and in cell lines derived from those tissue. The DB1 enhancer contains two binding sites for the Arix homeodomain, and both sites contribute to basal activity of the DBH promoter. When introduced into tissue culture, Arix regulates the transcriptional activity from the DBH promoter, and also from the promoter of the tyrosine hydroxylase gene, encoding the initial enzyme of the catecholamine biosynthetic pathway. The pattern of expression of the Arix transcripts, the presence of the homeodomain, and the transcriptional regulatory properties suggest that this family of proteins may be involved in the specificity of expression of the catecholamine biosynthetic genes.
The effects of density on the topological structure of the mitochondrial DNA from trypanosomes

Trypanosomatida parasites, such as trypanosoma and lishmania, are the cause of deadly diseases in many third world countries. A distinctive feature of these organisms is the three dimensional organization of their mitochondrial DNA into maxi and minicircles. In some of these organisms minicircles are confined into a small disk volume and are topologically linked, forming a gigantic linked network. The origins of such a network as well as of its topological properties are mostly unknown. In this paper we quantify the effects of the confinement on the topology of such a minicircle network. We introduce a simple mathematical model in which a collection of randomly oriented minicircles are spread over a rectangular grid. We present analytical and computational results showing that a finite positive critical percolation density exists, that the probability of formation of a highly linked network increases exponentially fast when minicircles are confined, and that the mean minicircle valence (the number of minicircles that a particular minicircle is linked to) increases linearly with density. When these results are interpreted in the context of the mitochondrial DNA of the trypanosome they suggest that confinement plays a key role on the formation of the linked network. This hypothesis is supported by the agreement of our simulations with experimental results that show that the valence grows linearly with density. Our model predicts the existence of a percolation density and that the distribution of minicircle valences is more heterogeneous than initially thought.
Comparison of the NovaSom QSG, a new sleep apnea home-diagnostic system, and polysomnography.

Background: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a serious, common, and underdiagnosed disorder that challenges health care resources. While polysomnography (PSG) represents the standard diagnostic test for OSA, portable devices provide an alternative diagnostic tool when issues of cost, time, geographic availability, or other constraints pose impediments to in-lab testing. This study compares the NovaSom QSGe, a new sleep apnea home diagnostic system, to PSG both in the laboratory and in the home. Methods: Fifty-one consecutive adults referred to the sleep lab for suspicion of OSA underwent one night of in-lab, simultaneous recording of PSG and NovaSom QSG in addition to using the NovaSom QSG at home for three nights. Two separate comparisons were made using the apnea– hypopnea index (AHI): in-lab PSG to in-lab NovaSom QSG and in-lab PSG to home NovaSom QSG. Results: Using a clinical cut-off of AHI ¼ 15, the sensitivity and specificity of the in-lab NovaSom QSG vs. PSG were 95% and 91%, respectively. For home NovaSom QSG vs. in-lab PSG, the sensitivity was 91% and specificity was 83%. The intra-class correlation coefficient for the agreement between three separate nights of NovaSom QSG home data was 0.88. Conclusions: In a patient population suspected of having OSA, the NovaSom QSG demonstrated acceptable sensitivity and specificity both in the lab and self-administered in the home, when compared to PSG. q 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Spectrum Sensing for OFDM Systems Employing Pilot Tones and Application to DVB-T OFDM

Spectrum sensing is one of the core technologies of cognitive radio (CR) systems which provide a viable solution to the problem of sparsity of wireless spectrum. Nowadays, OFDM techniques are adopted by many existing or progressing wireless communication standards. Thus, a robust spectrum sensing algorithm for OFDM modulated signals is highly desired to implement CR when the primary signal uses OFDM modulation. Motivated by this demand, a time-domain symbol cross-correlation based spectrum sensing algorithm (TDSC method) is presented in this paper. The algorithm makes use of the property that the mean of the TDSC of two OFDM symbols is not zero if they have embedded the same frequency-domain pilot tones. The statistical behavior of the proposed spectrum sensor is explicitly analyzed and a theoretical lower bound on the misdetection probability is derived in this paper. An intuitive spectrum sensing method which utilizes the cyclic prefix nature of the OFDM modulated signals (CP method) is also described in this paper as a reference for comparison. Finally, we use the DVB-T Standard [8] as an application example to illustrate the proposed spectrum sensing algorithm. The simulated channel environments are the Ricean and Rayleigh channels defined in the DVB-T Standard and the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel. Four CP ratios defined in the DVB-T Standard are simulated for the probability of false alarm equaling 0.01 and the sensing time set equal to 50 ms. Simulation results show that the TDSC method can achieve a misdetection probability of 0.1 when the SNR equals -20.5 dB for all four CP ratios. The TDSC method outperforms the CP method in all cases. Furthermore, the proposed method has approximately the same detection performance for different CP ratios while the detection performance of the CP method degrades dramatically when the CP ratio becomes small. Results also reveal that the simulated performance is very close to the theoretical lower bound indicating that the lower bound can be used as a good prediction of performance.
Photoluminescence of Surface Modified Silicon Carbide Nanowires

SiC nanowires were produced from carbon nanotubes and nanosize silicon powder in a tube furnace at temperatures between 1100°C and 1350°C. SiC nanowires had average diameter of 30 nm and very narrow size distribution. The surface of the SiC nanowires is covered by an amorphous layer composed of amorphous SiC and various carbon and silicon compounds. The objective of the research was to modify the surface structure of the SiC nanowires, a step necessary for future surface functionalization. The acid etched nanowires were analyzed using FTIR, TEM, x-ray diffraction, and photoluminescence. The concentration of Si-Ox groups in untreated specimens was estimated to account for 1% of the total mass of a 2 nm thick amorphous layer wrapping around all structures. After treatment in HF this concentration was negligibly small. TEM images show that after treatment the amorphous layer was removed but the diameter of the core remained unchanged. The surface was roughened and multiple pits formed on that surface. X-ray line broadening analysis indicates a significant contribution due to stress caused by dislocations and planar faults. After acid etching line narrowing was observed and attributed to stress reduction and elimination of the smallest wires. The photoluminescence signal from as received samples was very weak but increased greatly after acid treatment, indicating that the signal is related to surface defects. Measurements at low temperatures, 8 K, showed peaks due to point and planar defects.
Lazy constraints and SAT heuristics for proof-based abstraction

SAT proof analysis techniques have been used recently with BMC in order to generate proof-based abstractions that preserve the correctness of the property up to a certain depth. In this paper, we propose various techniques for handling BMC constraints that are targeted at reducing the size of the abstract model while preserving bounded correctness. We propose lazy constraints, where the idea is to delay propagation of certain implied values without modifying a standard SAT solver. We propose different methods for automatic use of lazy constraints in SAT-based BMC. Their use can be regarded as a heuristic, which typically leads to significant reduction in the size of the abstract model, frequently accompanied by an overall performance improvement. We also use SAT proof analysis to loosen the user-specified environmental constraints, in order to generate smaller abstract models for conservative verification. We briefly describe other SAT-based heuristics for reducing the size of the abstract model. We have implemented our techniques in a prototype verification platform, and demonstrate their effectiveness on several large industry designs.
Spike Feature Extraction Using Informative Samples

This paper presents a spike feature extraction algorithm that targets real-time spike sorting and facilitates miniaturized microchip implementation. The proposed algorithm has been evaluated on synthesized waveforms and experimentally recorded sequences. When compared with many spike sorting approaches our algorithm demonstrates improved speed, accuracy and allows unsupervised execution. A preliminary hardware implementation has been realized using an integrated microchip interfaced with a personal computer.
Controls in an age of complexity

Summary form only given. The paper discusses in general the changed nature of control and automation today, noting how ones now have the means to solve much larger problems than ever before, but an "in principle" qualification is necessary. Next, some of the sources of complexity are identified, including nonlinearities, couplings, the large scale nature of the problems of interest, the desire for autonomy in control systems, fast time to market demands, streamlined organizations, safety and environmental considerations, etc. Both technical and non-technical considerations apply and several approaches are being suggested for "complexity management. The author argues that no one technique, or class of techniques, is adequate for the problems that confront industry and society today. At this stage of our understanding, asking the right questions is as important as suggesting answers, multidisciplinary syntheses are critically needed, and technologies and their applications must be seen as inextricably linked.
Insecta, Ephemeroptera, Baetidae: Range extensions and new state records from Kansas, U.S.A.

The mayfly (Ephemeroptera) fauna of the U.S.A. state of Kansas is relatively poorly documented (McCafferty 2001). With respect to small minnow mayflies (family Baetidae), only 16 species have been documented with published records from Kansas. Those involve Acentrella turbida (McDunnough, 1924); Acerpenna pygmaea (Hagen, 1861); Apobaetis Etowah (Traver, 1935); A. lakota McCafferty, 2000; Baetis flavistriga McDunnough, 1921; B. intercalaris McDunnough, 1921; Callibaetis fluctuans (Walsh, 1862); C. pictus Eaton, 1871; Centroptilum album McDunnough, 1926; C. bifurcatum McDunnough, 1924; Fallceon quilleri (Dodds, 1923); Paracloeodes minutus (Daggy, 1945); P. dardanum (McDunnough, 1923); P. ephippiatum (Traver, 1935); P. longipalpus (Morihara & McCafferty, 1979); and P. propinquum (Walsh, 1963) (Traver 1935; Peters 1959; Thew 1959; Liechti 1978; Gray 1989; McCafferty and Lenat 2003; Meyer and McCafferty 2003; Fritz and Dodds 2004; McCafferty et al. 2004).
The perception of surrogate teaching patients with HIV disease of dental providers' fear and comfort.

We conducted a focus group with eight surrogate teaching patients who participate in an HIV/AIDS training program for dentists and auxiliaries. With one exception, these surrogate patients were HIV-seropositive, had taken part in eight training sessions over six months, and had been examined by about forty groups of trainees. Researchers inquired about how surrogate patients could tell if the trainees were afraid or comfortable, what negative experiences with trainees occurred or stood out, and what positive experiences were recalled or stood out. Theme analysis was used to interpret the results of the focus group. The main signifiers of clinician discomfort were related to physical distance, avoidance of physical contact, verbal interaction, and what we call "dentist interaction." The results suggest that training of dentists and other dental personnel to interact with patients with HIV/AIDS should attend to reduction of patients9 psychological distress as well as management of any physical discomfort. The feedback from surrogate patients with HIV disease who have experienced a large number of dental examinations is a valuable tool for providing feedback to, and insight into, the factors that cause psychological discomfort to patients with HIV disease.
Arbitrary partitions of prenatal life

The word 'embryo' and the closely related word 'fetus' have been used since the 14th century to partition prenatal life. Very recently two new compound words have been introduced to denote a further partition of early development. This article stresses that the definitions of these words denote arbitrary phases in a continuous process, and therefore have little precise scientific use. In rigorous ethical debate such arbitrary, terminology, particularly if it is used to assign moral values, should be avoided.
'Take These Words': The Abiding Lure of the Hebrew Bible In-Itself

The Hebrew Bible is the shared canonical text of Judaism and Christianity. It might even be the central common text of Western civilization. Yet this collection of books is also remarkable for the degree to which its meaning and authority for both believing Christians and believing Jews is so thoroughly embedded in, and even superseded by, later texts - the New Testament for Christians and the rabbinic corpus for Jews.Nevertheless, over the centuries, in various places and against the backdrop of various contexts, certain persons and movements in both traditions have repeatedly sought to reclaim the authority or religious meaning of the Hebrew Bible in-itself, so to speak, alongside or instead of the Bible’s traditional embedded meaning, in the name of one or another restorationist, reforming, revisionist, or radical agenda. These persons and movements have often been suppressed, sometimes violently. But they keep appearing as a hodge-podge of distinct but oddly similar historical moments - Persian Karaites, Russian Judaizers, Christian Hebraists, Puritans, Calvinists, Reform Jews, Zionists, Old Testament theologians, and many others - to the point that it is fair to say that they represent a consistent, abiding, tendency, a counter-story to the main trends of both Judaism and Christianity.This Article explores this recurring phenomenon. After a selective historical survey, it collects threads of that history to propose some common themes in the sporadic but insistent return to the Hebrew Bible in-itself. It then explores the complex task of reintegrating the Hebrew Bible-in-itself back into the larger complex of Jewish and Christian tradition and suggests some broader implications of that lure for the place of the Hebrew Bible in Western culture and the distinct, paradoxical, nature of its religious and textual authority.
Perturbation Theory of Reactivity Coefficients for Fast-Neutron Critical Systems*†

The first-order perturbation theory, or equivalently the interpretation of reactivity coefficients, is illustrated for fast neutron critical systems. A second-order perturbation theory for small size sample replacements is given and illustrated especially as it pertains to measurements of reactivity coefficients. (auth)
Navigating the institutional review board approval process in a multicenter observational critical care study.

Background Factors that contribute to variation in Institutional Review Board (IRB) evaluation and approval of multicenter studies are not well understood.
Kinetics of 65Zinc Uptake and Distribution in Fractions from Cultured Rat Islets of Langerhans

Although large quantities of zinc have been measured in pancreatic islets and correlated with islet B-cell function, potential artifacts in histochemical techniques and theexistence of zinc-free insulin in certain species leave its role in insulin storage and secretion unclear. In this investigation, we examined the kinetics of uptake of 65 zinc into isolated rat islets and the distribution of both 65 zinc and endogenous islet zinc in islet subfractions. In addition, the chemically formed 65 zinc-sodium insulin kinetics ofcomplexes were studied. Net uptake of 65 zinc was slow, being almost linear for the first 4 h and not reaching isotopic equilibrium over the 24 h of culture. Culture of islets in high glucose (25.6 mM) resulted in a diminished net 65 zinc uptake and significantly decreased content of both endogenous zinc and insulin when compared with culture in low glucose (5.6 mM). Analysis of 65 inc and endogenous zinc distribution in islet subfractions revealed a low percentage of 65 zinc and endogenous zinc in the granule-enriched fractions: about 90% of total 65 zinc and 80% of endogenous zinc were associated with nongranular fractions. A comparison of the specific activity of the granular fractions with the lighter sucrose fractions revealed a nonequilibration of the 65 zinc taken up with the granular zinc pool. Chemical analysis of 65 zinc-insulin complexes revealed an almost instantaneous binding of 65 zinc to zinc-free insulin. Dissociation of preformed 65 zincinsulin complexes was slow, but some dissociation occurred with a loweringof the pH. We demonstrated that net zinc uptake by cultured islets is a slow phenomenon reducedby a high glucose environment. Although chemical analyses suggest a strong affinity of 65 zinc for insulin, only small quantities of 65 zinc, as well as endogenous zinc, associated with the granule-enriched fractions, and equilibration of granular 65 zinc with islet 65 zinc pools did not occur over 24 h. Thus, zinc may be needed in other metabolic processes besides insulin crystallization in the Bcell.
Atomistic Study of Deformation and Failure Behavior in Nanocrystalline Mg

Large scale molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are carried out to investigate the failure response of nanocrystalline Mg using the EAM potential under conditions of uniaxial tensile stress and uniaxial tensile strain loading. The MD simulations are carried out at a strain rate of 109s-1 for grain sizes in the range of 10 nm to 30 nm. The effect of grain size on the strength of the metal is investigated and the critical grain size for transition to inverse Hall-Petch regime is identified.
David Atlas: The Man and His Works

During his 57-yr career, David Atlas has been among the more influential people in the field of meteorology and a leading figure in the subdiscipline of radar meteorology. Researcher, inventor, laboratory leader, and educator, the contributions made by Atlas have been both broad and deep. Recognition from the American Meteorological Society (AMS) includes the Meisinger Award and Rossby Medal for research, the Cleveland Abbe Award for service, and Honorary Membership for the totality of his contributions. He also received the Symons Memorial Medal from the Royal Meteorological Society, was elected to the National Academy of Engineering and to the Presidency of the American Meteorological Society, and he has served science and society in many other capacities.
Detection Results of Urinary Iodine among Children of School Age in 6 District of Shenzhen City in 2009

[Objective]To study iodine nutrition levels of school-age children in 6 District of Shenzhen City so as to assess iodine intake,and provide scientific evidence for elimination of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) in 2010.[Methods]The urine samples of each student group (20 students) aged 7-11 years old from 30 primary schools located in 5 different direction of 6 districts were detected with As3+-Ce4+ catalytic spectrophotometery,and the results were statistically analyzed.[Results]The median of urinary iodine of school-age children in Shenzhen City was more than100 μg/L. The percentage of urinary iodine20 μg/L or 50 μg/L was 0.83% and 3.00%,respectively. The percentage of urinary iodine100 μg/L was 10.3%. There was no significant difference between 5 age groups and between different gender groups.[Conclusion]The iodine nutrition levels of school-age children in Shenzhen City are satisfactory,which meet the standards of elimination of IDD. But the situation of high levels of iodine nutrition and risk of iodine deficiency among children coexist. Therefore,different nutrition guidance measures should be taken according to different iodine nutrition levels.
Bates Parity Experiment on Elastic Electron Carbon Scattering

We have measured the parity-violating electroweak asymmetry in the elastic scattering of longitudinally polarized electrons from 12C nuclei. Our result for the experimental asymmetry is Aexp = 0.60 ± 0.14 ± 0.02 ppm, where the first error is statistical and the second is systematic. With a beam polarization of 0.37 ± 0.02, we deduce a value for the isoscalar vector hadronic coupling constant \(\widetilde{\gamma }\) of 0.136 ± 0.032 ± 0.009, which is in agreement with the standard model prediction of \(\widetilde{\gamma }\) = 0.155.
Design considerations and predictive direct current control of Active Regenerative Rectifiers for harmonic and current ripple reduction

This paper proposes a general and an improved methodology for the design of the passive elements of Active Regenerative Rectifiers (ARR). The proposed strategy for the L-filter is based on the current area error in the time domain and on the high order current harmonics in the frequency domain. This strategy is independent of the type of control technique and it can be implemented for different modulation techniques. Moreover, it can be extended to different converters and, under certain small considerations, to Active Power Filters (APF). For purposes of the technique explanation and practical demonstration, a two-level three-phase voltage source converter (VSC) with PWM is used in this work. Also in this paper, a predictive direct current control technique (PDCC) is presented. The control technique provides fast dynamic, high performance under diverse operation conditions and parameter independency. The combination between the proposed design and control technique lends to significant reduction on the current harmonics content and ripple. Furthermore, simulation and experimental results corroborate the ability of the proposed design procedure and the accuracy the PDCC.
Biological Sensing of Benthic Environments in Dark Shales and Related Oxygen-Restricted Facies

The stagnant basin model that is widely applied to organic-rich dark shales and laminated marls and chalks has led to the view that sea-bottom conditions during accumulation were persistently anaerobic to dysaerobic. There are however, clear indications from the presence of trace and body fossils, that the conditions were much more variable. First, there are individuals and communities adapted to lower-than-normal oxygen levels: microbial mats and “flat clams” (Inoceramidae,Posidoniidae,Monotidae, and small Pectinidae). Second, there are event populations, bedding-plane concentrations of many individuals of few species that flourished during short periods (months to years?) of higher or lower oxygenation. Third, there are often transported assemblages of taxa from adjacent shelf or slope environments or from the mass mortality of pelagic organisms.
Self-organization of human embryonic stem cells on micropatterns

Fate allocation in the gastrulating embryo is spatially organized as cells differentiate into specialized cell types depending on their positions with respect to the body axes. There is a need for in vitro protocols that allow the study of spatial organization associated with this developmental transition. Although embryoid bodies and organoids can exhibit some spatial organization of differentiated cells, methods that generate embryoid bodies or organoids do not yield consistent and fully reproducible results. Here, we describe a micropatterning approach in which human embryonic stem cells are confined to disk-shaped, submillimeter colonies. After 42 h of BMP4 stimulation, cells form self-organized differentiation patterns in concentric radial domains, which express specific markers associated with the embryonic germ layers, reminiscent of gastrulating embryos. Our protocol takes 3 d; it uses commercial microfabricated slides (from CYTOO), human laminin-521 (LN-521) as extracellular matrix coating, and either conditioned or chemically defined medium (mTeSR). Differentiation patterns within individual colonies can be determined by immunofluorescence and analyzed with cellular resolution. Both the size of the micropattern and the type of medium affect the patterning outcome. The protocol is appropriate for personnel with basic stem cell culture training. This protocol describes a robust platform for quantitative analysis of the mechanisms associated with pattern formation at the onset of gastrulation.
The Institute for Global Orthopedics and Traumatology: A Model for Academic Collaboration in Orthopedic Surgery.

In 2006 surgeons at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) established the Institute for Global Orthopaedics and Traumatology (IGOT), an initiative within the department of orthopaedic surgery. The principal aim of IGOT is to create long-term, sustainable solutions to the growing burden of musculoskeletal injury in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) through academic partnership. IGOT currently has relationships with teaching hospitals in Ghana, Malawi, Tanzania, Nicaragua, and Nepal. The organizational structure of IGOT is built on four pillars: Global Surgical Education, Global Knowledge Exchange, Global Research Initiative, and Global Leadership and Advocacy. Global Surgical Education focuses on increasing surgical knowledge and technical proficiency through hands-on educational courses. The Global Knowledge Exchange facilitates the mutual exchange of surgeons and trainees among IGOT and its partners. This includes a global resident elective that allows UCSF residents to complete an international rotation at one of IGOT’s partner sites. The Global Research Initiative strives to build research capacity and sponsor high-quality clinical research projects that address questions relevant to local partners. The fourth pillar, Global Leadership and Advocacy aims to increase awareness of the global impact of musculoskeletal injury through national and international courses and events, such as the Bay Area Global Health Film Festival. At the core of each tenet is the collaboration among IGOT and its international partners. Over the last decade, IGOT has experienced tremendous growth and maturation in its partnership model based on cumulative experience and the needs of its partners.