cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recurrent Tissue-Specific mtDNA Mutations Are Common in Humans

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation can affect phenotypic variation; therefore, knowing its distribution within and among individuals is of importance to understanding many human diseases. Intra-individual mtDNA variation (heteroplasmy) has been generally assumed to be random. We used massively parallel sequencing to assess heteroplasmy across ten tissues and demonstrate that in unrelated individuals there are tissue-specific, recurrent mutations. Certain tissues, notably kidney, liver and skeletal muscle, displayed the identical recurrent mutations that were undetectable in other tissues in the same individuals. Using RFLP analyses we validated one of the tissue-specific mutations in the two sequenced individuals and replicated the patterns in two additional individuals. These recurrent mutations all occur within or in very close proximity to sites that regulate mtDNA replication, strongly implying that these variations alter the replication dynamics of the mutated mtDNA genome. These recurrent variants are all independent of each other and do not occur in the mtDNA coding regions. The most parsimonious explanation of the data is that these frequently repeated mutations experience tissue-specific positive selection, probably through replication advantage.
E-business-spawned EMCs: an overlooked aspect of the impact of e-business proliferation on EMCs

The impact of e-business proliferation on export marketing intermediaries and, in particular, on Export Management Companies (EMCs), has been a subject of serious debate among international business scholars. However, the debate remained focused on the reintermediation or disintermediation aspects of EMCs and overlooked the aspect that e-business could also spawn new types of EMCs, labelled here as E-Business-Spawned EMCs (EBS-EMCs). This study develops a comprehensive framework on the impact of e-business proliferation on EMCs and brings into light the emergence of EBS-EMCs. The study also describes the types of EBS-EMCs and the factors favouring their emergence.
Dynamics of hegemony: Mapping mechanisms of cultural and political power in the debates over workfare in New York City, 1993–1999

Abstract This article analyzes debates over workfare in New York City in the 1990s in order to shed light on three related questions with respect to policy debates in general. How should we understand the creation of meaning in policy debates? How should we understand the different power that actors and their claims may have in shaping the boundaries and terms of these debates, and how is this power related to the question of meaning? And finally, if we are to understand policy debates as changeable, how do we account for changes in the power of actors and claims within them, and in the meanings that they enable? In order to focus on the interactions among multiple actors, claims, and institutional settings I turn to structural analysis of culture and the network-analytic techniques associated with it. By breaking down more than ten years of claim-making into eight periods and by coding actors, their claims, and the contexts in which they make them, I look at how actors, claims, and settings combine to produce variously contested and settled meanings of political claims, and at changes in the power actors and claims have in setting the terms of political debate as a whole.
Periodic precipitation in a competitive particle growth model

Abstract The paper explores the possibility of using periodic precipitation to prepare anisotropic materials, on the basis of a numerical model of the time evolution and product distribution in periodic precipitates formed by competitive particle growth. The model envisages a pre-existing uniformly distributed material. After a time which depends on the sample length and other system parameters, a nearly stationary state is reached, in which the band spacings and masses, and the radii of individual particles are indeed much more uniform than they are in systems which depend primarily on reagent diffusion.
Teaching language rhythm: Unstressed function words

(1966). Teaching language rhythm: Unstressed function words. The Speech Teacher: Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 77-81.
Does electron holography energy-filter?

Abstract The contribution of inelastic scattering to off-axis electron holograms is considered. For a sample which introduces a single sharp energy loss δ E , we find that this loss contributes time-independent interference fringes to the hologram provided δ E E , where Δ E is the electron source energy spread. The relevance of this to two-beam lattice imaging at the Bragg condition is outlined, and the relationship between the uncertainty principle, the Van Cittert-Zernike theorem and the phase-space interpretation of coherence and Brightness reviewed.
Deformation processes in high impact polystyrene as revealed by analysis of arrested cracks

Abstract Fracture of rubber-toughened polystyrene (HIPS) has been studied via post-mortem analysis of specimens with arrested cracks formed under impact loading conditions. This methodology involves the study of the deformed region around an arrested crack tip by electron microscopy. It was applied to two commercial HIPS products and two experimental products with sub-micron rubber particles. For the HIPS materials, the arrested crack tip has a blunted shape with a width from 50 to 100 μm depending of the material and its impact resistance. As expected, massive crazing was found in all these materials around the crack. In a narrow zone just ahead of the crack tip, where the crack would have continued to grow if not arrested, considerable elongation and deformation of the rubber particles was observed. This zone appears to be the precursor of the crack. In this region, “dilatation” and “shear” bands of more than 50 μm long were observed. Higher magnification TEM observations show highly deformed rubber particles (“S” or “tear-drop” shape) along the shear bands of 1–6 μm width. Three different kind of cavitation was observed just ahead of the crack tip: (1) small voids inside the membranes of the rubber particles; (2) large voids in the interface between rubber particles and the matrix and (3) interfacial cavities within the particles between the rubber membrane and the polystyrene occlusions. Within the narrow shear-bands there is evidence of shear yielding in the fracture of HIPS, similar to that observed in more ductile polymers.
Fine-needle aspiration cytology of medullary breast carcinoma: Report of two cases and review of the literature with emphasis on differential diagnosis

Medullary carcinoma is a rare variant of breast carcinoma with a relatively good clinical prognosis as strictly defined. Characteristic features on fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) allow medullary carcinoma to be considered in the cytologic differential diagnosis. We present two FNAC cases with such features, including high cellularity with clusters and single intact malignant cells, bizarre stripped nuclei with prominent nucleoli in a lymphoplasmacytic background, and illustrate one case in liquid-based preparation. Surgical excision revealed that one patient had medullary carcinoma, while the second patient had high-grade infiltrating ductal carcinoma. Breast FNAC samples with syncytial fragments, bizarre nuclei with prominent nucleoli, and a chronic inflammatory infiltrate should raise the possibility of medullary carcinoma. However, the differential diagnosis also includes high-grade ductal carcinoma, lymphoma, or metastasis to breast or intramammary lymph nodes; thus, histopathologic analysis is required for definitive diagnosis. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2007;35:313–318. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Antigens in perienteric fluid of Ascaris suum as detected through antibodies in pigs orally inoculated with fully embryonated eggs

Abstract Perienteric fluid (Pf) of adult Ascaris suum was fractionated by ammonium sulfate precipitation, gel filtration or DEAE-cellulose chromatography, and sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Anti-sera (anti-EE) from pigs which were inoculated orally with fully embryonated eggs (EE) of A. suum were used in an indirect radioimmunoassay (IRIA) to determine which fractions of Pf reacted positively in the analyses at the lowest protein concentration. These fractions were considered to contain more potent antigens. Comparative IRIA were performed employing antisera (anti-Pf) produced by injecting Pf into pigs. Six out of 35 fractions reacted positively at ⩽ 0.2 μg protein when anti-EE was used in the IRIA. Twenty-two out of 35 fractions reacted positively at ⩽ 0.2 μg protein when anti-Pf was used. Five of the 6 fractions reacting positively with anti-EE also reacted with anti-Pf. A 76 000 dalton component appears to be one of the major proteins in the 6 fractions which react positively with anti-EE while components from 10 000–138 000 daltons were present in the various fractions reacting positively with anti-Pf at ⩽ 0.2 μg protein.
Heteroatomic deltahedral clusters of main-group elements: synthesis and structure of the Zintl ions [In4Bi5]3-, [InBi3]2-, and [GaBi3]2-.

Reported are the first heteroatomic deltahedral Zintl ions made of elements differing by more than one group, indium or gallium and bismuth. Nine-atom clusters [In4Bi5]3- are characterized in two different compounds, (Na-crypt)3[In4Bi5] (4, P21/n, a = 23.572(6) A, b = 15.042(4) A, c = 24.071(4) A, β = 106.00(3)°, Z = 4) and (K-crypt)6[In4Bi5][In4Bi5]·1.5en·0.5tol (5, P21/c, a = 28.532(2) A, b = 23.707(2) A, c = 28.021(2) A, β = 93.274(4)°, Z = 4). Tetrahedra of [InBi3]2- or [GaBi3]2- are found in (K-crypt)2[InBi3]·en (1, P21, a = 12.347(4) A, b = 20.884(4) A, c = 12.619(7) A, β = 119.02(4)°, Z = 2) and in the isostructural (Rb-crypt)2[InBi3]·en (2, a = 12.403(8) A, b = 20.99(1) A, c = 12.617(9) A, β = 118.83(4)°) and (K-crypt)2[GaBi3]·en (3, a = 12.324(5) A, b = 20.890(8) A, c = 12.629(5) A, β = 118.91(3)°). All compounds are crystallized from ethylenediamine/crypt solutions of precursors with nominal composition “A5E2Bi4” where A = Na, K, or Rb and E = Ga or In. The cluster in 4 is a well-ordered monocap...
Kinetics of argon diffusion in calcite

Abstract Here we present results of detailed diffusion experiments on 37 Ar in laser-heated calcite crystals. The data define linear Arrhenius arrays that yield an average apparent activation energy of 417.4 ± 4.3 kJ/mol and average frequency factor of 43.2 ± 0.6 ln(s −1 ), which correspond to a closure temperature of 385 ± 2 °C (for a 10 °C/Ma cooling rate). These results indicate that calcite quantitatively retains trapped atmospheric and in situ produced cosmogenic argon at Earth surface and upper crustal temperatures over geologic time. Furthermore, these are the first reported data on argon diffusion in a rhombohedral or carbonate mineral, an important constraint on models of noble gas diffusion kinetics in crystalline materials.
Injury-related visits and comorbid conditions among homeless persons presenting to emergency departments.

Objectives The authors examined the clinical characteristics of homeless patients presenting to emergency departments (EDs) in the United States, with a focus on unintentional and intentional injury events and related comorbid conditions. Methods The study included a nationally representative sample of patients presenting to EDs with data obtained from the 2007 through 2010 National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NHAMCS). Descriptive and analytical epidemiologic analyses were employed to examine injuries among homeless patients. Results Homeless persons made 603,000 visits annually to EDs, 55% of which were for injuries, with the majority related to unintentional (52%) and self-inflicted (23%) injuries. Multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that homeless patients had a higher odds of presenting with injuries related to unintentional (odds ratio [OR] = 1.4. 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.1 to 1.9), self-inflicted (OR = 6.0, 95% CI = 3.7 to 9.5), and assault (OR = 3.0, 95% CI = 1.5 to 5.9) injuries. Conclusions A better understanding of the injuries affecting homeless populations may provide medical and public health professionals insight into more effective ways to intervene and limit further morbidity and mortality related to specific injury outcomes. Resumen Objetivos Se examinaron las caracteristicas clinicas de los pacientes sin hogar que acudieron a los servicios de urgencias (SU) de Estados Unidos, centrandose en los episodios de lesiones intencionadas y no intencionadas y en las enfermedades asociadas relacionadas. Metodologia Se incluyo una muestra representativa nacional de pacientes que acudieron a los SU con datos obtenidos desde 2007 a 2010 de la National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey. Los analisis descriptivos y analiticos epidemiologicos se llevaron a cabo para examinar las lesiones entre los pacientes sin hogar. Resultados Las personas sin hogar hicieron 603.000 visitas anuales a los SU, de las cuales un 55% fueron por lesiones: la mayoria fueron no intencionadas (52%) y autoinfligidas (23%). Los analisis de regresion logistica multivariable revelaron que los pacientes sin hogar tuvieron mayor razon de ventajas (odds ratio, OR) de acudir con lesiones no intencionadas (OR = 1,4, IC95% = 1,1 a 1,9), autoinfligidas (OR = 6,0, IC 95% = 3,7 a 9,5) y relacionadas con asaltos (OR = 3,0, IC 95% = 1,5 a 5,9). Conclusiones Una mejor comprension de las lesiones que afectan a la poblacion sin hogar puede proporcionar a los medicos y profesionales sanitarios publicos un conocimiento de la manera mas efectiva de intervenir y limitar la morbilidad y mortalidad relacionadas con los resultados de las lesiones especificas.
Primary total correction of tetralogy of Fallot in children less than four years of age.

Twenty-two consecutive severely symptomatic infants and small children less than 4 years of age (mean age 25.5 months, range 3½ to 48 months) have presented for initial surgical treatment of the tetralogy of Fallot at the University of Alabama Medical Center between September 1, 1971 and January 31, 1973. One was considered unsuitable for complete repair because of massive thrombosis of the inferior vena cava, and was successfully treated by a right Blalock-Taus-sig operation. Twenty-one were treated by primary intracardiac repair. One patient (age 24 months) died, a hospital mortality rate of 4.8%. Mean value for the RV/LV peak pressure ratio immediately after repair was 0.55. An outflow patch was placed across the valve ring in one patient, and should have been placed in one other. Heart block has not occurred. Profound hypothermia and circulatory arrest (Kyoto-Barratt-Boyes technique) was used in 9 patients, and cardiopulmonary bypass with profound hypothermia in 12. We discuss the controversy concerni...
Contemporary philosophy of communication

THE LANGUAGE AND LOGIC OF PHILOSOPHY. By Hubert G. Alexander. Albuquerque: The University of New Mexico Press, 1972; pp. x+362. Paper $4.95. SEMANTICS. VOLS. I AND II. By John Lyons. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1977; pp. I: xiii+371, II: xiv+372–897. I: 124.95, paper §7.95; II: $31.50, paper $8.95. SPEAKING AND MEANING: THE PHE NOMENOLOGY OF LANGUAGE. By James M. Edie. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1976; pp. xiii+271. $12.50. EXPERIMENTAL PHENOMENOLOGY: AN INTRODUCTION. By Don Ihde. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1977; pp. 155. $7.95. LISTENING AND VOICE: A PHENOMENOLOGY OF SOUND. By Don Ihde. Athens: Ohio University Press, 1976; pp. x+ 188. $12.00. SYSTEM AND STRUCTURE: ESSAYS IN COMMUNICATION AND EXCHANGE. By Anthony Wilden. New York: Harper & Row Publishers, Inc.; Barnes and Noble (Import) Division, 1977; pp. xxx+540. Paper $14.50. A THEORY OF SEMIOTICS. By Umberto Eco. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1976; pp. ix+354. $15.00.
HEALTH, HEALTH INSURANCE, AND THE UNINSURED

THE PURPOSE of this article is to express a personal viewpoint that might be useful in designing policies to improve the health of the American population. Emphasis will be placed on the uninsured. The viewpoint is based on my experience and research findings from a series of studies that had the following objectives: (1) to improve measures of quality and health status 1-4 ; (2) to determine how a person's health status or quality was altered by economic incentives or disincentives such as the lack of any health insurance, the level of out-of-pocket payment in the fee-for-service system, or membership in a capitated health maintenance organization plan as opposed to the fee-for-service system 5-19 ; (3) to develop explicit measures of medical appropriateness and to use those measures to determine how much care may not be necessary 20-27 ; (4) to study how physicians' behavior was affected by both economic incentives and the
UPGRADE OF THE DØ DETECTOR: THE TEVATRON BEYOND 2 fb-1

Recent performance of Fermilab's Tevatron has exceeded this year's design goals and further accelerator upgrades are underway. The high-luminosity period which follows these improvements is known as Run IIb. The DO experiment is in the midst of a comprehensive upgrade program designed to enable it to thrive with much higher data rate and occupancy. Extensive modifications of and additions to all levels of the trigger and the silicon tracker are in progress. All upgrade projects are on schedule for installation in the 2005 shutdown.
Effects of preload and eicosanoid synthesis inhibition on rat aortic smooth muscle sensitivity.

Abstract Concentration-response curves to serotonin and phenylephrine were obtained from aortic strips subjected to low (0.75 g) and high (3.0) preloads in the presence and absence of eicosanoid synthesis inhibitors. The sensitivity of the strips to both agonists was greater in the high preload strips. The cyclooxygenase inhibitor, indomethacin (28 μM), shifted the serotonin concentration-response curves to the right. However, the preload effect still remained. The lipoxygenase inhibitor, nordihydroguaiaretic acid (10μM), not only decreased sensitivity to serotonin and phenylephrine, but eliminated the preload effect as well. These results suggest that 1) both cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase metabolites affect the sensitivity of isolated arterial smooth muscle to vasoactive agents, and 2) lipoxygenase, but not cyclooxygenase, metabolites may play a role in the effect of preload on arterial smooth muscle sensitivity.
Anomalous proton spin-lattice relaxation at high temperatures in bcc transition-metal--hydrogen solid-solution systems

We report anomalous behavior of the proton spin-lattice relaxation time {ital T}{sub 1} at high temperatures (up to 1000 K) for hydrogen in solution in the bcc metals V, Nb, and Ta and in a Nb-V alloy. Besides the usual {ital T}{sub 1} minimum at intermediate temperatures ({similar to}225 K) characterized by the mean dwell time for hopping, {tau}{sub {ital d}}=exp({ital E}{sub {ital a}}/k{sub B}T), {ital T}{sub 1} again decreases sharply at higher temperatures instead of returning to the value {ital T}{sub 1{ital e}} determined by the conduction-electron contribution to ({ital T}{sub 1}){sup {minus}1}. This decrease is well described by an additional contribution to ({ital T}{sub 1}){sup {minus}1} of the form exp({minus}{ital U}/{ital k}{sub {ital B}}T), where {ital U} is a phenomenological activation energy. We have also measured the temperature dependence of the hydrogen diffusion coefficient {ital D} at high temperatures using an NMR stimulated-echo alternating pulsed-field-gradient technique. Within experimental error {ital D} increases with temperature, {ital D}{proportional to}exp({minus}{ital E}{sub {ital a}}/k{sub B}T), up to at least 820 K, where {ital D}{approx gt}10{sup {minus}4} cm{sup 2}/s. If a deviation from Arrhenius behavior occurs, it is toward higher {ital D} at the highest temperatures. The {ital T}{sub 1} and {ital D}more » results can be described in terms of a model in which hydrogen motion at high temperatures is controlled by two characteristic times corresponding to mobile and immobile states. Two forms of this model are discussed; however, neither is completely satisfactory. One requires an unusual temperature dependence for the immobile state time, while the other predicts a frequency dependence for {ital T}{sub 1} that is not observed.« less
CT motion artifact correction using pixel-specific back-projection

To reduce artifacts caused by respiratory motion in chest CT scans, an algorithm called pixel-specific back-projection (PSBP) has been developed. PSBP is an approximate filtered back-projection algorithm that corrects for in-plane motion by performing the reconstruction using a coordinate system that is specific to each pixel. The coordinate systems move according to the in-plane motion in the slice at the time the projection was acquired. PSBP reduced artifacts caused by motion in both simulated and patient scan data.
Diel patterns of CO2 exchange for epiphytic cacti differing in succulence.

Net CO: uptake over 24-h periods was examined for 6 species of epiphytic cacti. which as a group number about 120 species that vary considerably in stem succulence. Nocturnal CO, uptake as a percentage of the total daily CO, uptake increased from 0% for Rhipsalis houlletiana to 14% for Epipliyl/urn pittieri to 21% for E. oxypetnluin to 51% for R. rhornbea to 87% for Schlumbergera truncata to 98% for Cryplocercus anthonyamis. For R. houlletiana and S. truncata, maximum net CO, uptake occurred at a photosynthetically active radiation of only 200 μmol m−2 s−1, as is typical for shade plants. Short-term drought of R. rhombea caused a shift favoring nocturnal CO, uptake. For the 6 species examined, increased reliance on nocturnal CO, uptake characteristic of Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) was closely correlated with increases in stem thickness, fresh weight per unit area, water mass per unit area, and to a somewhat lesser extent with another measure of succulence, water mass per unit mass of chlorophyll.
Evidence for the role of protein kinase C in astrocyte-induced proliferation of rat cerebromicrovascular endothelial cells

The proliferation of cerebral endothelial cells is a crucial step in neural angiogenesis and is a process responsive to changes in the surrounding environment. Serum-free medium conditioned by rat cortical astrocytes was found to accelerate DNA synthesis, induce transient activation of protein kinase C (PKC), and increase the endogenous phosphorylation of the PKC-specific substrate, the 85 kDa MARCKS protein, in rat cerebromicrovascular endothelial cells (RCEC). The stimulatory factor(s) in astrocyte conditioned media (ACM) were heat- and trypsin-sensitive and found to have an apparent molecular weight greater than 10 kDa. The potent PKC activator, 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol 13-acetate (TPA), also stimulated RCEC proliferation, whereas the inhibition of PKC by staurosporine caused a concomitant loss in ACM-induced PKC translocation, MARCKS protein phosphorylation and DNA synthesis. These findings implicate PKC activation as a critical early event in cerebral endothelial cell proliferation triggered by astrocyte-derived mitogen(s).
Abstract 4642: Biomarkers for assessment of tissue quality in cancer research

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Objectives: Much of the progress in molecular cancer research would not have been achieved without access to clinical tissue specimens. However, lack of quality control on these specimens frequently leads to the generation of irreproducible research data, especially when archived samples of uncertain quality are utilized. We hypothesized that biomolecules have different susceptibility to decomposition and that susceptible molecules may serve as indicators to reveal the molecular quality of tissue. We seek to use a proteomic approach to evaluate protein decomposition over time at room temperature (RT) and to mathematically coordinate the extent of decomposition with the RT-exposure time length. This decomposition curve will serve for tissue-quality assessment. Materials and methods: Cultured cells were used for primary biomarker-screening. Cell origins included kidney (293T), prostate (LNCaP), breast (MDA-MB-231), blood (Jurkat), and lymphoma (Namalwa). Aliquots of cells were randomly assigned to immediate flash-freezing or exposure to RT for 0.5, 4, 8, 24, 48 hours. Lysates were applied in duplicate to Two-Dimensional Fluorescence Difference Gel Electrophoresis (2D DIGE) with pH 3-10 IPG strips and large format PAGE. Proteomic comparison was performed using Decyder software with embedded paired t-/ANOVA-analysis. Spots, consistent in repeats with statistical significance between groups, were sequenced with both LC/MS/MS and MALDI-TOF. Clinical specimens (n=3 for each corresponding organs), procured as above, were used for biomarker validation via regular Western blot and 2-D/IPG-strip Western blot. Results: 2D-DIGE revealed ∼3000 spots per gel. During the course of exposure to RT, proteomic patterns exhibited dynamic and time-dependent changes in specific subsets of proteins, starting from 0.5 hour. The alterations revealed on 2D-DIGE were changes in molecular weight and/or isoelectric point; the results were validated via Western blot and 2-D/IPG-strip Western blot, respectively. Protein candidates that decomposed in a time-dependent manner allowed for the generation of regression curves using the protein quantity against corresponding time points. Several of above proteins, mostly housekeeping proteins, behaved consistently across all types of observed cell/specimen. Therefore, they could serve as widely applicable biomarkers for indication of exposure time (to RT) and further for assessment of the molecular quality of research specimens. Conclusions: The study will draw peers’ attention on the molecular quality of their research tissue and offer biomarkers for the quality assessment. Based on the assessment result, the meaning of tissue-research data should be reinterpreted accordingly. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4642. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4642
Analysis of Optical Absorption in Silicon Nanowire Solar Cells

Nanowires and nanotubes can serve as electrodes for polymer and electrochemical photovoltaic cells [1,2] and building blocks in other novel optical devices [3,4]. Recently photovoltaic cells based on silicon nanowire arrays have been suggested as a promising candidate for solar energy harvesting [5]. The advantage of the silicon-nanowire photovoltaic cell lies in its short collection length for excited carriers, resulting in significant improvement in carrier collection efficiency. The optical absorption characteristics of nanowire arrays in the solar spectrum, one of the key factors that determine the efficiency of solar cells, remain unclear. A detailed analysis of the optical absorption will help the design and optimization processes of the silicon nanowire solar cells. In this letter, we numerically analyze the effects of wire diameter, length and filling ratio on the optical absorption of periodic nanowire arrays, and compare the cases with the results of silicon thin films. We found that, in comparison to thin films, nanowire array based solar cells have an intrinsic antireflection effect that increases absorption in short wavelength range.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Gold anion catalysis of methane to methanol

The oxidation of CH4 has been investigated in the presence and absence of the atomic Au− ion catalyst. We have employed the first principles density functional theory (DFT) and dispersion-corrected DFT calculations for the transition state on the Au− ion and analyzed the thermodynamics properties of the reactions as well. Our results demonstrate that atomic gold anions could be used to catalyze CH4 into valuable industrial products without the emission of CO2, thereby making gold extremely valuable. The fundamental mechanism involves breaking the C–H bond through the formation of the anionic Au−(CH4) molecular complex permitting the oxidation of CH4 to methanol at the temperature of 325 K which is below that of CO2 emission. Potentially, this could significantly impact the quality of our environment.
Homopolymerization and Copolymerization of Cyclohexene Oxide with Carbon Dioxide Using Zinc and Aluminum Catalysts

Homopolymerization of cyclohexene oxide and copolymerization of cyclohexene oxide and carbon dioxide using zinc and aluminum catalysts having the same type of substitution were studied. The aluminu...
Eldercare in a Filipino Community: Older Women's Attitudes toward Caregiving and Service Use

Focus group research on elderly Filipino women living in the United States yields preliminary findings regarding their attitudes toward caregiving and formal service use. Filipino cultural values and the economic challenges attributed to their immigration status were perceived to be the greatest strengths and challenges in caring for the aged. Results identify generally positive attitudes toward formal service use and governmental assistance. Together, these findings shed light on Filipinos' acceptance and use of formal services. Further research to confirm and explore these findings can guide the design of the nation's practice and policy interventions for an increasingly ethnic and cultural diverse older population.
Response of four potato varieties to potassium fertilization in a seed growing area of eastern Idaho

A soil test value of 112 ppm K in the 0 to 8 in (0 to 20 cm) depth was sufficient to produce a 250 cwt/A (28 T/ha) yield with no response to K fertilization. With a 93 ppm soil test value, potassium fertilizer increased yields in all four varieties tested. These results were obtained from trials at two locations in a seed-growing area in eastern Idaho where soil tests indicated low potassium levels (90 to 100 ppm K). Russet Burbank, Targhee, Nampa, and Butte varieties were included in the study at one location and only Russet Burbank at the second location. Potassium fertilizer treatments included K2O rates of 0, 250, and 5001b/A (0, 280, and 560 kg/ha) for each of the two forms of potassium fertilizer (KC1 and K2SO4). At the time of tuber initiation, a petiole content of 7% K in Russet Burbank was sufficient to produce maximum yields while a petiole content less than 6% K was insufficient. Analysis of petiole samples taken during the season showed that the K content declined rapidly as the season progressed. Potassium chloride generally resulted in higher petiole K levels than did potassium sulfate. Varieties appeared to differ in petiole K levels.
Examining the validity of office discipline referrals as an indicator of student behavior problems

Office discipline referral (ODR) data are increasingly used to monitor student behavior problems and the impact of interventions, but there has been limited research examining their validity. The current study examined the concordance of ODRs with teacher ratings of student behavior using data on 8,645 children in 335 classrooms at 21 elementary schools. The results of a variety of analyses (e.g., correlations, multivariate analysis of variance, receiver operating characteristics) suggested that ODRs are moderately valid and reliable. Multilevel analyses revealed that teacher ratings of disruptive behaviors were significantly associated with ODRs, even after controlling for other student-, classroom-, and school-level factors. These findings suggest that ODRs are moderately valid indicators of student behavior problems and may be an efficient source of information for use in school-based research and data-based decision-making. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pheromone Titer and Calling in Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): Effect of Mating with Normal and Sterile Backcross Males

Sex pheromone production was terminated in mated Heliothis virescens (F.) females, and the titer of the pheromone in the pheromone gland reached a very low level within 2 h following mating. Mated females did not call and were nonreceptive to males following mating. However, mated females resumed pheromone production and became receptive on nights following the night of mating. Mating with backcross sterile males (obtained by backcrossing female hybrid progeny of H. virescens and H. subflexa (Guenee) cross to H. virescens males) also caused termination of pheromone production and receptivity.
The Great society and its legacy : twenty years of U.S. social policy

A uniquely balanced look at the Great Society and its aftermath, this work describes and evaluates America's key social policy initiatives from Presidents Johnson to Reagan.
Identification and analysis of safener-inducible expressed sequence tags in Populus using a cDNA microarray

Safeners are the chemicals used to protect plants from detrimental effects of herbicides, but their mode of action at the molecular level is not well understood. As an initial step towards understanding the molecular mechanism of safener action in trees, homologous genes in hybrid poplar (Populus nigra x Populus maximowiczii) that were induced by a safener were identified. We here describe the identification of differentially expressed genes in Populus that are induced by Concep-III, a herbicide safener. Expressed sequence tags (ESTs) enriched for transcriptionally induced genes were isolated by suppressive subtractive hybridization (SSH). The SSH library cDNA inserts were used to construct a cDNA microarray for high-throughput validation of the up-regulated expression of safener-induced genes. Single-pass and partial sequences of 1,344 safener-induced ESTs were assembled into 418 singletons and 328 clusters, but the putative functions of almost 53% of the ESTs are not known. Genes encoding proteins involved in all three different phases of safener action, viz., oxidation, conjugation, and sequestration, were found in the SSH library. Almost 75% of genes that showed greater than 2-fold expression upon safener treatment were redundant in the SSH library. The expression pattern for selected genes was validated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. A few safener-induced genes that were not previously reported to be induced by safeners, but which may have a role in herbicide metabolism, were identified. The newly identified genes could have potential for application in genetic engineering of plants for herbicide detoxification and tolerance.
Properties of a discrete high molecular weight poly(A) containing mitochondrial RNA

Abstract Pulse-labeled mitochondrial RNA from hamster cells contains a number of discrete high molecular weight poly[A(+)] and poly[A(−)] RNAs. Characterization of the largest and most plentiful of the poly[A(+)] RNAs, the “20S E RNA,” showed it to be a labile, unmethylated component with a molecular weight ∼- 730,000. Hybridization of the 20S E RNA to mtDNA was 60–70% inhibited in the presence of excess 17S rRNA, suggesting a significant degree of primary sequence homology between these RNA species. In vitro treatment with RNAse III converted the 20S E RNA to a poly[A(−)] “17S” product, while similar treatment of mitochondrial 17S rRNA or a poly[A(+)] 12S E RNA had no effect on these RNAs. These data support the proposition that the 20S E RNA is a precursor to the 17S rRNA.
Two-band model for anisotropic Hall effect in high-T c Y-Ba-Cu-O

Recent experimental measurements show that for the magnetic field parallel to the c axis and the current in the a-b planes, the inverse Hall coefficient 1/${R}_{H}$ is p type and linearly temperature dependent; and for the magnetic field in the a-b plane, the Hall coefficient is n type and nearly independent of temperature. In this paper, we analyze various possibilities to cause this unusual temperature behavior of ${R}_{H}$. A two-band model with an exterior carrier source is proposed to explain the temperature dependences of both the resistivity and Hall number. The connection between this simple model and the high-${T}_{c}$ oxide Y-Ba-Cu-O is discussed.
Hypersonic Aerodynamic Control and Thrust Vectoring by Nonequilibrium Cold-Air Magnetohydrodynamic Devices

A theoretical investigation of hypersonic aerodynamic control with cold-air magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) devices was conducted for an inviscid flat-plate flow. The magnetic field is either perpendicular or directed at an angle to the plate. The cold hypersonic flow is ionized by electron beams injected along the magnetic field lines. The accelerating or decelerating Lorentz forces together with the joule heating of the flow can ensure both angle-ofattack and steering control. The profiles of tangential forces are shown to vary dramatically with the ratio χ of the applied electric field to the product of freestream velocity and the magnetic field at the surface, from predominantly decelerating forces (drag) at low χ to a combination of deceleration near the surface and acceleration of the outer flow at χ ≈ ≈ 0.5, to only acceleration (thrust) at χ = 1. Varying the tilt angle of the magnetic field is shown to increase the flexibility of MHD control. The normal (lift) force created by the MHD region is shown to be substantially stronger than the drag/thrust force, with the lift/drag (for MHD generators) or lift/thrust (for accelerators) ratios increasing from about two with magnetic field tilted against the flow or normal to the surface to more than three with aft-tilted magnetic field.
THE OVINE CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE STIMULATION TEST IN THE DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE-DEPENDENT CUSHING'S SYNDROME

ABSTRACT Objective To determine the efficacy of the ovine corticotropin-releasing hormone (oCRH) stimulation test in distinguishing between adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-dependent types of Cushing’s syndrome. Methods The cortisol and ACTH responses to intravenously administered oCRH were determined in 64 patients with pituitary-dependent Cushing’s syndrome and 13 patients with ectopic ACTH production. Results Of the 64 patients with pituitary-dependent Cushing’s syndrome, 57 (89%) had a positive ACTH response to administration of oCRH (an increase of 50% or more above baseline), and 56 (88%) had a positive cortisol response (an increase of 20% or more above baseline). One patient with an ectopic ACTH-secreting tumor had a false-positive cortisol response to administration of oCRH. Two patients with ectopic ACTH-secreting tumors had false-positive responses to both ACTH and cortisol after oCRH was administered. Because both these patients did not have hypercortisolemia at the time of testing, they were excluded from the statistical analysis. When analyzed on the basis of ACTH response alone, oCRH testing yielded a diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of pituitary-dependent hypercortisolism of 89% and 100%, respectively. The positive predictive value was 100%, and the negative predictive value was 61%. Conclusion oCRH testing distinguished between the ectopic ACTH syndrome and pituitary-dependent hypercortisolism in most cases. Therefore, this test is a useful procedure in the diagnostic evaluation of ACTH-dependent forms of Cushing’s syndrome. (Endocr Pract. 1997; 3:130-134)
SILICA AND CHLORIDE IN INTERSTITIAL WATERS OF RIVER AND LAKE SEDIMENTS1

Interstitial waters of sediment from the Concord River, Massachusetts; Neuse River, North Carolina; and Seneca Lake, New York, have higher concentrations of dissolved silica and chloride and lower pH values than coexisting surface waters in equilibrium with the atmosphere. The highest silica concentrations in the interstitial waters (20–50 mg/liter greater than coexisting river water) are observed in organic bog sediments and in river sediments at depths of 6 cm or more below the sediment-water interface. The high silica and low pH values appear to be primarily a result of the decomposition of organic matter. The high chloride concentrations are attributed to evaporation of rain water solutions in the soil.
Daily marijuana users with past alcohol problems increase alcohol consumption during marijuana abstinence

Drug abuse treatment programs typically recommend complete abstinence because of a fear that clients who stop use of one drug will substitute another. A within-subjects study investigated whether consumption of alcohol and other substances changes during marijuana abstinence. Twenty-eight daily marijuana users who were not trying to stop or reduce their marijuana consumption completed an 8-day baseline period in which they used marijuana and other drugs as usual, a 13-day marijuana abstinence period, and a 7-day return-to-baseline period. Participants provided self-report of substance use daily and submitted urine samples twice weekly to verify marijuana abstinence. A diagnosis of past alcohol abuse or dependence significantly moderated the alcohol increase from baseline to marijuana abstinence (p<0.01), such that individuals with this diagnosis significantly increased alcohol use (52% increase) but those without this history did not (3% increase). Increases in marijuana withdrawal discomfort scores and alcohol craving scores from baseline to marijuana abstinence significantly and positively correlated with increases in alcohol use. Increases in cigarettes, caffeine, and non-marijuana illicit drugs did not occur. This study provides empirical validation of drug substitution in a subgroup of daily marijuana users, but results need to be replicated in individuals who seek treatment for marijuana problems.
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase is necessary and sufficient for insulin-stimulated stress fiber breakdown.

Rat-1 fibroblasts overexpressing the human insulin receptor undergo rapid actin rearrangement in response to insulin. Breakdown of stress fibers present in quiescent cells is followed by transient membrane ruffling and a return of stress fibers. We investigated the signaling pathways that mediate this insulin-stimulated reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton, which was visualized with rhodamine-phalloidin. Treatment of cells with the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase) inhibitor wortmannin prevented insulin action at the preliminary step of stress fiber breakdown. Cellular microinjection of a polyclonal antibody directed against the p85 subunit of PI3-kinase as well as a purified recombinant p85-SH2 domain protein also inhibited actin reorganization. Transient expression of a constitutively active form of PI3-kinase (p110*) was sufficient to cause both stress fiber breakdown and membrane ruffling in the absence of insulin. Microinjection of a polyclonal anti-Shc antibody or dominant negative N17-...
Silver ion mediated shape control of platinum nanoparticles: Removal of silver by selective etching leads to increased catalytic activity

A procedure has been developed for the selective etching of silver from platinum nanoparticles of well-defined shape, resulting in the formation of nearly elementally pure Pt cubes, cuboctahedra, or octahedra, with a largest vertex-to-vertex distance of ∼9.5 nm from Ag-modified Pt nanoparticles. The characterization of mesoporous silica-supported Pt nanoparticles by XRD, TEM, and N2 adsorption measurements demonstrated that the structure of the nanoparticles and the mesoporous support was conserved after etching in concentrated nitric acid. Both elemental analysis and ethylene hydrogenation indicated that etching of Ag is only effective when [HNO3] ≥ 7 M; below this concentration, the removal of Ag is limited to ∼10%. The activity for ethylene hydrogenation increased by four orders of magnitude after etching Pt octahedra containing the highest fraction of silver. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy of the unsupported particles after etching demonstrated that etching does not alter the surface...
Mitochondrial—Microsomal interactions in vitro: Use of microsomal 7-ethyoxycoumarin O-deethylase to study succinate-stimulated malate efflux from mitochondria

Abstract An assay system was developed utilizing microsomal 7-ethoxycoumarin O -deethylase to monitor the formation and efflux of malate from mitochondria in vitro . Malate was coupled by means of malic enzyme, NADP + , and the microsomal mixed-function oxidase system to the production of highly fluorescent 7-hydroxycoumarin. Under conditions of the assay, steady-state concentrations of NADPH could be maintained, and half-maximal rates of microsomal 7-ethoxycoumarin O -deethylase were observed with about 0.2 μ m NADPH and 250 μ m malate. Addition of succinate to mixtures of intact mitochondria and microsomes enhanced rates of 7-hydroxycoumarin formation by facilitating the generation and transport of malate from mitochondria (half-maximal stimulation was observed with 0.4 μ m succinate). Stimulation of 7-hydroxycoumarin formation by succinate, under conditions where concentrations of cofactors and substrate were adjusted to resemble those in the intact cell, provides further evidence that reducing equivalents for mixed-function oxidation may arise via malate efflux from mitochondria.
Modeling and Experimentation of Viscous Damping for LIGA Structures

LIGA (from German, LIthographie, Galvanoformung und Abformung) is one of the most viable manufacturing techniques for creating precise micro-mechanical components. Due to their monolithic construction, LIGA structures lack the most important contributor to energy dissipation; the joints. In shock and vibration environments, the low damping capacity can cause functional and structural failures. As a means of increasing the energy dissipation of LIGA structures, this paper experimentally investigates coupled fluid-structural dynamics of LIGA structures when submersed into fluids. The experiments are conducted by base-exciting a rectangular cross-section cantilever LIGA beam with a shaker, and measuring the response through a laser Doppler vibrometer. The paper also evaluates simple fluid dynamics models from the literature for their effectiveness in capturing the experimentally-observed behavior.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Dissolved iodine behavior in estuaries along the east coast of the United States

Abstract Previous studies of dissolved iodine behavior in estuaries have shown no evidence of iodine's participation in biogeochemical processes. Three estuaries along the United States' Atlantic coast clearly show the results of iodine reactivity in biological and/or particle processes. Major factors involved in controlling the iodine speciation and distribution in estuaries include: (i) remineralization of iodine-containing organic matter in sediment or anoxic bottom water; (u) anthropogenic inputs; (iii) resuspension of fine-grained sediments and their associated interstitial water: and (iv) estuarine flow regime and residence time.
The phenomenon of conglomerate crystallization. X. New classes of clavic coordination compounds crystallizing as conglomerates and enumeration of further factors relevant to conglomerate behaviour

Octahedral Co(III) compounds of the sulfenyl and sulfinyl families, as well as their Se counterparts, have been found to readily undergo spontaneous resolution into crystalline conglomerates. Examples of octahedral compounds of Co(III) containing −S2O3 and −SO3 ligands have also been found to do so. In fact, despite their superficial chemical differences sulfenyls and sulfinyls share with these latter species simple stereochemical fragments which render both of them clavic. An example of a clavic Ru-π-olefin, [Ru(NH3)5(fumarate)]2+ cation, is discussed also. From the variety of compounds discussed in this report, it is clear that the phenomenon described previously is not the province of a narrow class of compounds best classified as an interesting oddity.