cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Point defect management in GaN by Fermi-level control during growth

A point defect control scheme is demonstrated, to control point defects during the growth of doped wide bandgap semiconductors. First the theoretical description of this new concept is presented, second GaN:Mg is used as a model system and as an experimental example to show its feasibility. It can be shown that above bandgap UV-light illumination during the growth can reduce the passivation and compensation of Mg acceptors in GaN:Mg. The amount of hydrogen impurities, that usually passivates Mg at doping concentrations around Mg:2x1019 cm-3, is significantly reduced by UVillumination. The resistivity of samples grown with UV is similar to the resistivity of post-growth annealed samples. No post growth annealing was needed. In contrast samples that are doped below Mg:<1x1018 cm-3 become n-type conductive when the samples are grown with UV illumination. This observation suggests a reduced incorporation of Mg acceptors due to the UV light. At low Mg doping concentrations the native donor incorporation by O donors dominates the conductivity over Mg acceptors. UV-illumination therefore reduces compensation of donors by Mg acceptors. Thus, these observations support the concept of UV illumination as a way to control the Fermi level of different charged point defects to control compensation in doped semiconductors.
Functional consequences of NOD2 (CARD15) mutations

Polymorphisms in NOD2 (CARD15) are associated with ileal and ileocolonic Crohn's disease, increased mortality from graft-versus-host disease, and Blau syndrome. NOD2 activation by peptidoglycan components initiates various signaling pathways and CD-associated NOD2 mutations are associated with decreased activation of NF-kappaB. NOD2 may be important for both initial defenses against commensal and pathogenic bacteria and tolerance mechanisms for maintaining controlled activation of the intestinal immune system. Significant progress has been made in defining NOD2 signaling partners and pathways and functional consequences of NOD2 mutations with respect to its activation, expression, signaling, synergistic effects with Toll-like receptor signaling, and antimicrobial effects. However, NOD2 contributions to human intestinal inflammation are complex and incompletely understood. Improved understanding of NOD2-mediated pathways may lead to identification of other molecules that can also contribute to the development of Crohn's disease in humans.
An annotated situation-awareness aid for augmented reality

We present a situation-awareness aid for augmented reality systems based on an annotated "world in miniature." Our aid is designed to provide users with an overview of their environment that allows them to select and inquire about the objects that it contains. Two key capabilities are discussed that are intended to address the needs of mobile users. The aid's position, scale, and orientation are controlled by a novel approach that allows the user to inspect the aid without the need for manual interaction. As the user alternates their attention between the physical world and virtual aid, popup annotations associated with selected objects can move freely between the objects' representations in the two models.
Analysis Of Rev1p And Pol ζ In Mitochondrial Mutagenesis Suggests An Alternative Pathway Of Damage Tolerance

Ultraviolet light is a potent DNA damaging agent that induces bulky lesions in DNA which block the replicative polymerases. In order to ensure continued DNA replication and cell viability, specialized translesion polymerases bypass these lesions at the expense of introducing mutations in the nascent DNA strand. A recent study has shown that the N-terminal sequences of the nuclear translesion polymerases Rev1p and Pol zeta can direct GFP to the mitochondrial compartment of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We have investigated the role of these polymerases in mitochondrial mutagenesis. Our analysis of mitochondrial DNA point mutations, microsatellite instability, and the spectra of mitochondrial mutations indicate that these translesion polymerases function in a less mutagenic pathway in the mitochondrial compartment than they do in the nucleus. Mitochondrial phenotypes resulting from the loss of Rev1p and Pol zeta suggest that although these polymerases are responsible for the majority of mitochondrial frameshift mutations, they do not greatly contribute to mitochondrial DNA point mutations. Analysis of spontaneous mitochondrial DNA point mutations suggests that Pol zeta may play a role in general mitochondrial DNA maintenance. In addition, we observe a 20-fold increase in UV-induced mitochondrial DNA point mutations in rev deficient strains. Our data provides evidence for an alternative damage tolerance pathway that is specific to the mitochondrial compartment.
Value structure of college students.

This was an investigation of value orientations and perceived value sources in four domains: family, education, ethical situations, and religious beliefs. What was sought was (1) the nature of student attitudes toward specific value situations, and (2) student perception of the relative amount of influence of various social agencies in shaping values. The sample consisted of undergraduates enrolled in classes in Educational Psychology at the University of Iowa, and freshmen and senior students living in residence halls at Coe College. Four hundred and fifteen students participated in the project, of which 132 were men and 283 were women. In general, the results did not support the findings of a "degeneration of values in a majority of college students" reported in previously published research. The findings do support recent research which indicates college students have high positive identification with their families (i.e., especially with parental values).
Renormalization Group and Strong Interactions

The renormalization-group method of Gell-Mann and Low is applied to field theories of strong interactions. It is assumed that renormalization-group equations exist for strong interactions which involve one or several momentum-dependent coupling constants. The further assumption that these coupling constants approach fixed values as the momentum goes to infinity is discussed in detail. However, an alternative is suggested, namely, that these coupling constants approach a limit cycle in the limit of large momenta. Some results of this paper are: (1) The e+−e− annihilation experiments above 1-GeV energy may distinguish a fixed point from a limit cycle or other asymptotic behavior. (2) If electrodynamics or weak interactions become strong above some large momentum Λ, then the renormalization group can be used (in principle) to determine the renormalized coupling constants of strong interactions, except for U(3)×U(3) symmetry-breaking parameters. (3) Mass terms in the Lagrangian of strong, weak, and electromagnetic interactions must break a symmetry of the combined interactions with zero mass. (4) The ΔI=12 rule in nonleptonic weak interactions can be understood assuming only that a renormalization group exists for strong interactions.
Transneuronal degeneration in brains of monkeys asphyxiated at birth

Abstract Brain damage occurring from 10 months to 8 years 9 months after neonatal asphyxiation for 11.5–17 min was assessed histologically in 12 rhesus monkeys. Comparison was made with brains of ten monkeys asphyxiated for brief periods or living shorter times and with those of five nonasphyxiated controls. Very slight damage occurred after 6–7 min of asphyxia; major destruction of relay nuclei in afferent input systems and parts of the basal ganglia, after 11.5–17 min. In the course of time, beginning about 10 months after birth, secondary transneuronal degeneration became evident. This was most clearly seen in the parts of the cerebral cortex which had received projections from the thalamic nuclei destroyed during the asphyxia; also in other thalamic nuclei and the brain-stem reticular formation. Gradual improvement in physical status and in behavioral responses to environment occurred while brain structure deteriorated.
Using process control chart techniques to analyse crime rates in Houston, Texas

In this paper we use ARIMA time series models and statistical process control techniques to determine if changes occurred in the process that generated a series of observations. The procedure is applied to eight crime time series for the city of Houston, Texas: total crime, murder, rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, theft, and motor vehicle theft. The objective of our analysis is to determine if, after the institution of an overtime programme by the Houston Police Department, the different series show some statistical evidence of a change. Our results show that the categories of total crime, robbery, burglary, theft, and motor vehicle theft decreased significantly. Murder and rape remained statistically unchanged, while aggravated assault continued to increase.
Intra-4f electronic Raman scattering in cerium-doped scandium oxide and barium gadolinium tantalate

Abstract Electronic Raman (ER) transitions within the states of the 4f-ground configuration of trivalent cerium (Ce 3+ ) in scandium oxide (Sc 2 O 3 ) and barium gadolinium tantalate (Ba 2 GdTaO 6 ) have been studied using an Ar + -laser excitation in a backscattering geometry. Energy-level positions of all seven Kramer's doublets of Ce 3+ occupying the C 2 site, and four out of seven in the C 3 i , site of Sc 2 O 3 are determined. Five 4f levels of the ion in Ba 2 GdTaO 6 are also identified. Previous literature values of energy for some of the levels are confirmed. For resonant excitation involving the lowest-5d intermediate state approximately two-orders-of-magnitude enhancement in ER transition strength (not including v 4 -type scattering dependence) was observed.
Reactions of lithium bis(μ-phenylphosphido)-bis(tricarbonyliron), (μ-PhPLi)2Fe2(CO)6, with organic halides. A novel anionic rearrangement of a chelating diphosphido ligand

Abstract Reactions of (μ-PhPLi) 2 Fe 2 (CO) 6 with various organic mono- and di-halides resulted in alkylation of the phosphorus atoms. The use of α,ω-dihalides gave products with an organic bridge between the two phosphorus atoms. Deprotonation of the complex where the organic bridge is an o-xylylene group at 20°C gives an anion ( 16 ) which undergoes a novel rearrangement via intramolecular attack at an iron atom to produce 19 .
Geoeconomic Imaginations and Economic Geography in the Early Twentieth Century

The geoeconomic discourses that underpinned the commercial expansion of the United States in the first decades of the twentieth century drew on and produced an imagined geography that positioned the United States in the center of a world in which commerce and trade moved freely around a globe comprised of nations whose economic growth potentials were just being realized. Drawing on two case studies of large corporations that expanded outside the United States, and in response to scholarly interrogations of the historicization of geoeconomics and geopolitics, I argue that geoeconomic imaginations fueled and legitimized economic expansion in the early decades of the twentieth century, thus refiguring the narrative that positions geoeconomics as a more recent phenomenon and reconceptualizing the term geoeconomics as a discursive field. In addition, by analyzing the intersections of the discourses of civilization, geoeconomics, and commercial geography, I provide an important new chapter in critical examinati...
Comparison of laparoscopic ultrasonography and fluorocholangiography in 300 patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Background: This study compares laparoscopic ultrasonography to fluorocholangiography in detecting common bile duct (CBD) stones and delineating biliary anatomy.
An Integrated Optic Vector Multiplier For Phased Array Antennas

An integrated-optic analog vector multiplier can be used to achieve RF beam steering and nulling of a phased array antenna. We have characterized such a device, consisting of two sets of electrooptic grating modulators, using simulated antenna signals. Accurate linear four-quadrant multiplication can be obtained.
Should 12 Months of Training Be Required Before Diagnostic Radiology Residents Take Independent Call?: A Survey of the Association of Program Directors in Radiology

To assess program director's reactions to a Residency Review Committee rule change requiring diagnostic radiology residents to complete 12 months of training prior to taking independent call, 303 Association of Program Directors members were surveyed. A total of 147 members responded (48.5% response rate). Overall, 66.1% of respondents were opposed to the change, 21.1% were in favor of it, and 12.8% were neutral. Although this rule change has already been accepted by the residency review committee for implementation July 1, 2008, there has been much debate over this modification and the impact it will have on varying programs.
Recent high-energy laser system tests using the MIRACL/SLBD

Over the past decade, the Mid-Infrared Advanced Chemical Laser (MIRACL) and SeaLite Beam Director (SLBD) have been completed, moved to the High Energy Laser System Test Facility (HELSTF) at White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico, and integrated into the largest and most powerful operational high energy laser system in the U.S. The MIRACL/SLBD system has since been used for the development and demonstration of high power optical components and beam control techniques. High power propagation, tracking and beam control experiments over horizontal and near vertical beam paths have been conducted. Successful demonstrations of the vulnerability of both subsonic and supersonic in-flight targets to high energy laser radiation have also occurred.
Determination of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in vapor phases by laser-induced molecular fluorescence

Laser-induced molecular fluorescence (l.i.m.f.) is shown to be a highly sensitive and selective technique for the dynamic quantitation of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in the vapor phase. A plot of log (fluorescence intensity × temperature) vs 1/T for anthracene is linear over five orders of magnitude; fluoranthene exhibits a linear dependence over four orders of magnitude. The vapor pressures of anthracene and fluoranthene were determined from 25 to 150°C and 25 to 105°C, respectively. The vapor pressures of anthracene and fluoranthene were 9.10 × 10−9 atm and 3.55 × 10−8 atm, respectively, at 25°C. It is feasible to quantify anthracene and fluoranthene in a mixture by using the time delay and emission wavelength selectivity of l.i.m.f.
Performance of CdS solar cells after simulated micrometeoroid exposure.

Thin film plastic encapsulated CdS solar cells performance reduction after simulated micrometeoroid impact in shock tube
Preliminary clinical activity of a topical JAK1/2 inhibitor in the treatment of psoriasis

Background Janus-associated kinases (JAKs) are involved in signal transduction from a variety of cytokines implicated in the pathogenesis of psoriasis, including interleukin (IL)-12, IL-23, and interferon-γ. INCB018424, a small molecule inhibitor of JAK1 and JAK2, inhibits cytokine-induced JAK/signal transducers and activators of transcription signaling and the resultant production of inflammatory proteins (eg, IL-17). Objective We sought to demonstrate proof of concept in patients with stable plaque psoriasis. Methods Patients were dosed with vehicle, 0.5% or 1.0% INCB018424 phosphate cream once a day or 1.5% twice a day for 28 days. Additional groups included two active comparators (calcipotriene 0.005% cream or betamethasone dipropionate 0.05% cream). Results Both the 1% and the 1.5% cream improved lesion thickness, erythema, and scaling and reduced lesion area compared with placebo. A composite lesion score decreased by greater than 50% with the efficacious doses of INCB018424 compared with 32% for vehicle controls. Topical application of INCB018424 was well tolerated with few mild adverse events noted. Mean plasma concentrations of INCB018424 after topical application of 0.5% to 1.5% cream were in the low nanomolar range, representing a fraction ( 50 ) in whole blood for inhibition of cytokine-stimulated signal transducers and activators of transcription-3 phosphorylation. Limitations This study was limited by the relatively short study duration and small sample size. Conclusion Topical INCB018424 is safe, is well tolerated, and exhibits clinical activity in the topical treatment of psoriasis.
A hierarchical approach to protein molecular evolution

Biological diversity has evolved despite the essentially infinite complexity of protein sequence space. We present a hierarchical approach to the efficient searching of this space and quantify the evolutionary potential of our approach with Monte Carlo simulations. These simulations demonstrate that nonhomologous juxtaposition of encoded structure is the rate-limiting step in the production of new tertiary protein folds. Nonhomologous “swapping” of low-energy secondary structures increased the binding constant of a simulated protein by ≈107 relative to base substitution alone. Applications of our approach include the generation of new protein folds and modeling the molecular evolution of disease.
The functions of technology infrastructure in a competitive economy

Abstract Governments of industrialized nations play varied but important roles in providing the diverse technology infrastructure that supports a modern, competitive economy. An understanding of the structure and impacts of these roles as well as efficiency differences among alternative implementation schemes is particularly important at this time as competing industrialized nations are revamping their technology infrastructures in response to major shifts in thescope as well as the content of their growth strategies. These shifts in scope can be described as evolutionary changes from single-stage to multi-stage strategies, in that several modes of technology-based competition are simultaneously pursued. That is, whereas an economy may have focused on innovation, manufacturing, high-volume or niche markets, etc. most if not all of these must be pursued together in the future in order to diversify risk and achieve economies of scope. Effective implementation of the more complex multi-stage growth strategy requires a consensus model of the appropriate functions for infrastructure and its institutions. Such a consensus model is necessary to efficiently guide strategic planning in both industry and government. In particular, a conceptual basis is needed for defining the critical interfaces between the government and industry roles, including effective long-range planning, communication, and cooperation. The required technology infrastructure policy model is derived from a microeconomic model of the typical technology-based industry. Existing national strategies have demonstrated the importance of efficiency at the production and market development stages as well as at the R&D stage, but the trend is towards promoting simultaneous efficiency at all these stages. That is, the model and the derived infrastructure functions must cover all stages and interfaces in the technology and related product life cycles.
Adequacy of approximations in GW theory

Following the usual procedure of the $GW$ approximation (GWA) within the first-principles framework, we calculate the self-energy from eigenfunctions and eigenvalues generated by the local-density approximation. We analyze several possible sources of error in the theory and its implementation, using a recently developed all-electron approach based on the full-potential linear muffin-tin orbital (LMTO) method. First we present some analysis of convergence in some quasiparticle energies with respect to the number of bands, and also their dependence on different basis sets within the LMTO method. We next present a new analysis of core contributions. Then we apply the GWA to a variety of materials systems to test its range of validity. For simple $sp$ semiconductors, GWA always underestimates band gaps. Better agreement with experiment is obtained when the renormalization $(Z)$ factor is not included, and we propose a justification for it. We close with some analysis of difficulties in the usual GWA procedure.
Democracy Exported, History Expunged: John Dewey's Trip to Turkey and the Challenge of Building "Civilised" Nations for Democratic Life.

In 1924, John Dewey travelled to Turkey to make recommendations on the Turkish educational system. According to many existing accounts, Dewey brought a sorely needed progressive educational perspective to a nation emerging from centuries of despair. On the whole, these accounts dismiss the Ottoman legacy and overlook how Dewey’s historical thinking coloured his view of Turkish democracy. This article draws on these considerations to offer a critical re-reading of Dewey’s trip, arguing that the visit, rather than supporting the expansion of a bottom-up democratic perspective in the Turkish educational system, actually helped advance top-down Turkish nation-building. In so doing, it explores the connections between history and democracy in Dewey’s thinking, reclaims the significance of the Ottoman legacy, examines the role of education in radically remaking the Turkish public, and points to the need for studying places and times where schooling is used to expunge history in the name of exporting democracy.
A practical method for optical dispersion model selection and parameters variations in scatterometry analysis with variable n&k's

Abstract Optical critical dimension (OCD) scatterometry in recent years became a well-accepted and powerful technique to determine the properties and grating profiles of 2D and 3D microelectronic structures (critical dimensions, side-wall angles, grating and underlying thin film thicknesses) in modern semiconductor manufacturing. However, the optical scatterometry, as any model-based metrology technique, relies on the accuracy of the OCD model which highly depends on the optical properties (the n & k 's) of the materials in the structure. In practice, even small deviations in material's optical properties (from nominal model inputs) due to process condition variations might significantly affect the scatterometry measurements. A logical way to deal with this problem is to allow some degree of the n & k 's variability of the most affected layer(s) in the OCD model describable by relevant dispersion model(s) (floating n & k 's). Essentially, one of the largest complications for the end users (process engineers) is to decide which optical dispersion model (Cauchy, Lorentz, Tauc–Lorentz, etc.) needs to be selected to describe a material under production conditions and which parameters are more sensitive and need to be floated in the OCD model. We developed an approach which, we believe, will result in more straightforward and fast development of the OCD models. This approach provides a possibility to automatically select a most proper dispersion model which has been always an ambiguous decision for most of the end users. This methodology will allow determination of most influential model parameters to vary, eliminating potential sources of modeling error at the initial steps of the OCD modeling. A few examples to illustrate the key ideas and practical use of our procedure have been provided.
Constraints on string vacua with spacetime supersymmetry

Abstract We examine the consequences of extended spacetime supersymmetry for classical superstring vacua with four dimensions uncompactified. N = 2 spacetime supersymmetry implies that the “internal” N = 1 superconformal algebra with central charge c = 6 splits into a piece with c = 4 which has N = 4 superconformal invariance, and a piece with c = 2 which is constructed from two free dimension 1 2 superfields. N = 4 spacetime supersymmetry requires that the entire c = 6 algebra be represented by six free superfields. Using the world-sheet properties of N = 1 spacetime supersymmetric classical vacua, we show that spacetime supersymmetry cannot be continuously broken within a family of classical vacua. Finally, we argue that the effective field theories for classical vacua of superstring theories (whether spacetime supersymmetric or not) have no continuous global symmetries - all continuous symmetries are gauged.
Narrative trauma and civil war history painting, or why are these pictures so terrible?

The Civil War generated hundreds of history paintings. Yet, as this essay argues, painters failed to create any iconic, lasting images of the Civil War using the conventions of grand manner history painting, despite the expectations of many that they would and should. This essay first examines the terms by which I am evaluating this failure, then moves on to a consideration of the American history painting tradition. I next examine several history paintings of Civil War scenes in light of this tradition and argue that their “failure” to capture the meaning and essence of the war resulted from a breakdown of the narrative conventions of history painting. Finally, I glance briefly at Winslow Homer’s Civil War scenes, arguably the only ones which have become canonical, and suggest that the success of these images comes from their abandonment of old conventions and the invention of new ones.
Fluorinated methyl cation (CF3+, CFH2+)–alkyl nitrile cluster ions

Ion-molecule reactions of CF(3)(+) or CFH(2)(+) with an acetonitrile-butyronitrile mixture yield product cluster ions in which the two neutral molecules are associated with the cation. The structures of the ion-molecule product ions were investigated by collision-induced dissociation in a multi-quadrupole mass spectrometer. The cluster ions fragment by loss of one neutral alkyl nitrile. The abundance of the fragment ions shows an unexpected inverse correlation with the proton affinity of the alkyl nitrile. This result is inconsistent with the formation of a simple cation-bound dimeric cluster containing two alkyl nitrile molecules and a fluorinated methyl cation; instead, a pair of non-symmetrical dimeric complexes, separated by a large internal barrier, is indicated. This result is analogous to that observed for the putative methyl cation-bound heterodimer of acetonitrile and butyronitrile. Collision energy dependence studies and ab initio calculations suggest that the dimeric complexes are formed in potential energy wells located in an approximately symmetrical potential energy surface. Quasi-equilibrium theory calculations were used in order to obtain additional insights into the experimental data.
UTILIZATION TRENDS OF CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE PATIENTS 10-29 YEARS IN NEW YORK STATE AND CALIFORNIA

Understanding resource utilization patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) is critical for health care planning. We examined planned vs. emergent (ED) hospitalizations of children and adults with CHD from 2005-2009 in two states, California (CA) and New York State (NYS). We obtained a 100%
Kinetics of the Immune Response of Channel Catfish to Edwardsiella ictaluri

Abstract Kinetics of the immune response of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus to Edwardsiella ictaluri were determined. The antibody titer of fish immunized with either cell extract or cell envelope increased gradually I week after intraperitoneal immunization and more rapidly thereafter until reaching a maximum titer 4 weeks after immunization. The antibody titers gradually declined after this point but were still detectable 11 weeks after immunization in vaccinated fish that did not receive a booster dose. An anamnestic response immediately followed a booster vaccination administered 6 weeks after initial vaccination, and the antibody titer increased in a short period of time. A whole-cell preparation of formalin-killed E. ictaluri injected intraperitoneally at a dose of 2.0 × 104 cells/fish produced lower antibody titers than did intraperitoneal injection of 2.0 × 106 or 2.0 × 108 cells/fish, but there was no difference in antibody titers from 2.0 × 106 and 2.0 × 108 cells/fish. A crude membrane prep...
The incidence of Homer's syndrome during lumbar extradural for elective Caesarean section and provision of analgesia during labour

Summary One hundred and fifty women in labour provided with extradural analgesia were monitored and an incidence of Homers syndrome of 1.33% was noted. Fifty women undergoing Caesarean section under extradural analgesia were also monitored and an incidence of Homer's syndrome of 4% was noted. From the results we found it impossible to predict which patients would develop a Horner's syndrome.
Cosmic microwave background bispectrum and inflation

We derive an expression for the non-Gaussian cosmic microwave background (CMB) statistic Il3 defined recently by Ferreira, Magueijo, and Gorski in terms of the slow-roll-inflation parameters e and η. This result shows that a nonzero value of Il3 in COBE would rule out single-field slow-roll inflation. A sharp change in the slope of the inflaton potential could increase the predicted value of Il3, but not significantly. This further suggests that it will be difficult to account for such a detection in multiple-field models in which density perturbations are produced by quantum fluctuations in the scalar field driving inflation. An Appendix shows how to evaluate an integral that is needed in our calculation as well as in more general calculations of CMB bispectra.
Quantitative Limits to Qualitative Engagements: GIS, Its Critics, and the Philosophical Divide∗

Heated exchanges between critical theorists and GIScientists over geographic information systems (GIS) in 1990s geography gave rise to calls for increased communication between critics and practitioners of the technology and most recently for “hybrid” qualitative–quantitative GIS practices. Although GIS scholars have successfully addressed mid-1990s critiques of the technology by developing a series of critical GIS practices that involve nuanced and reflexive deployments of GIS and assessments of its visual products, theoretical critiques of GIS remain fixated on the epistemological deficiencies of the technology. Despite references to loosening metaphysical tensions across the discipline, this difference in assessments reveals the discourses of critical-theoretic geography and GIScience to remain separated by a trenchant philosophical divide, across which ontological and epistemological commitments are inviolable. The inability to fully reconcile a critical–theoretic epistemology with the explicitly onto...
Identification of functional cAMP-dependent protein kinase in a ‘neurite minus’ mouse neuroblastoma cell line (BBA 10201)

Abstract We have characterized and quantitated the level of cAMP-dependent protein kinase in the NS-20, N1E-115, N-18 and N1A-103 mouse neuroblastoma clonal cell lines, and we have correlated the occurrence of functional cAMP-dependent protein kinase with the dibutyryl cAMP-induced differentiated functions in these cells. Our results demonstrate the presence of functional cAMP-dependent protein kinase in extracts of all four cell lines examined, including the ‘neurite minus’ N1A-103 cell line. Dibutyryl cAMP induced neurite outgrowth and acetylcholinesterase activity in the NS-20, N1E-115 and N-18 neuroblastoma cell lines, but not in the N1A-103 cell line. However, dibutyryl cAMP caused a 2–3-fold increase in the R 1 regulatory subunit protein and cAMP-phosphodiesterase activity in the ‘neurite minus’ N1A-103 cells in a manner similar to that of the other three ‘neurite positive’ cell lines. These results suggest that the biochemical lesion(s) subserving the neurite-minus phenotype of the N1A-103 cells may be distal to the activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase and is in a biochemical pathway distinct from the induction of R I regulatory subunit protein and cAMP-phosphodiesterase activity.
Consumers' Evaluations of Apparel Form, Expression, and Aesthetic Quality:

Using a theoretical base grounded in aesthetic literature, consumers' evaluations of apparel form, expression, and aesthetic quality are compared. Results indicate that form is more closely related to consumers' aesthetic evaluations than to qualities of expression. It also was found that evaluations of apparel form, expression, and aesthetic quality were quite similar for male and female subjects.
Technology mapping algorithms for domino logic

We present an efficient algorithm for technology mapping of domino logic to a parameterized library. The algorithm is optimal for mapping trees consisting of two-input AND/OR nodes, and has a computation time that is polynomial in terms of constraint size. The mapping method is then extended to DAG covering that permits the implicit duplication of logic nodes. Our synthesis procedure maps the complementary logic cones independently when AND/OR logic is to be implemented, and together using dual-monotonic gates in the case of XOR/XNOR logic. The mapping procedure solves the output phase assignment problem as a preprocessing step. Based on a key observation that the output phase assignment could reduce the implementation cost due to the possible large cost difference between two polarities, a 0--1 integer linear programming formulation was designed to minimize the implementation cost. Our experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed techniques.
Endoplasmic reticulum stress and oxidative stress: a vicious cycle or a double-edged sword?

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a well-orchestrated protein-folding machine composed of protein chaperones, proteins that catalyze protein folding, and sensors that detect the presence of misfolded or unfolded proteins. A sensitive surveillance mechanism exists to prevent misfolded proteins from transiting the secretory pathway and ensures that persistently misfolded proteins are directed toward a degradative pathway. The unfolded protein response (UPR) is an intracellular signaling pathway that coordinates ER protein-folding demand with protein-folding capacity and is essential to adapt to homeostatic alterations that cause protein misfolding. These include changes in intraluminal calcium, altered glycosylation, nutrient deprivation, pathogen infection, expression of folding-defective proteins, and changes in redox status. The ER provides a unique oxidizing folding-environment that favors the formation of the disulfide bonds. Accumulating evidence suggests that protein folding and generation of reactiv...
Organizational Learning Is Essential to Achieving and Sustaining Change in Higher Education

Organizational change is often temporary or unsuccessful. This literature review of organizational change in higher education explores research in higher education, sociology, and organizational studies focusing on the problem of sustaining successful change. Indicators of successful change are distilled from the recent research. Establishing conditions for continued organizational learning in a college or university is identified as an essential aspect of sustaining successful organizational change.
Attenuation and Scattering of Millimeter Wavelength Radiation by Clouds and Precipitation

Abstract This article is concerned with investigations of scattering and absorption of 35, 94, 140, and 240 GHz radiation by clouds and precipitation. The computations of radar reflectivity, Doppler spectra, and absorption coefficients are performed using Mie functions and exponential drop-size distributions. The results can be used for an assessment of the applicability of short-wavelength Doppler radars for observation and study of clouds and precipitation either from the ground or from a space platform.
Anti-seizure and anti-epileptogenic effect of γ-vinyl γ-aminobutyric acid in amygdaloid kindling

We examined the effects of systemic administration of γ-vinyl γ-aminobutyric acid (GVG), a γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transaminase inhibitor, on the kindling model of epilepsy in rats. GVG (1200 or 1500 mg/kg) approximately doubled the number of stimulations required for kindling development. GVG also suppressed both generalized motor seizures and electrographic afterdischarges in previously fully kindled animals. These results further support the idea that enhanced GABAergic neurotransmission suppresses both seizures and epileptogenesis. The results also suggest that GVG may be an effective anti-seizure and anti-epileptogenic agent in humans.
The Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment: A Continuing Debate

This research briefis a methodological critique of Richard Larson's criticism of the Kansas City Preventative Patrol Experiment. The measurement issues, which are the focus of his critique, are rea...
Role of Glutathione in Reproductive Tract Secretions on Mouse Preimplantation Embryo Development

We investigated the hypothesis that glutathione (GSH) in reproductive tract secretions (RTS) protects the preimplantation embryo from endogenous reactive oxygen species and is important for normal development during the embryo's sensitive period when it is incapable of synthesizing GSH de novo. Mice were administered buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) to inhibit GSH synthesis and decrease GSH concentration in RTS. Embryos were then allowed to develop either in vivo or in vitro in the presence of RTS and the GSH concentration of the embryos was quantified by HPLC and embryonic development was recorded. GSH concentration in RTS did not differ over the phases of the estrous cycle, but there were significant decreases in GSH concentration on Day 2 of gestation and due to BSO treatment. Embryos allowed to develop in vivo and in vitro in RTS with decreased GSH concentration did not exhibit decreased development or GSH concentration. Oocytes exposed to BSO during maturation in vivo experienced a significant decrease in GSH concentration and an increase in percent of degenerate embryos when compared with control. These data suggest that most of the GSH in RTS does not play a critical role in normal preimplantation embryo development but that GSH stored in the oocyte during maturation has an important role in subsequent embryo development. Our studies do not exclude the possibility that GSH in RTS plays an important role in protection of the preimplantation embryo during exposure to some toxicants.
Student Neighborhoods, Schools, and Test Score Growth: Evidence from Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

Schools and neighborhoods are thought to be two of the most important contextual influences on student academic outcomes. Drawing on a unique data set that permits simultaneous estimation of neighb...
Treating Functional Impairment of Autism with Selective Serotonin-Reuptake Inhibitors

OBJECTIVE:To review literature describing use of selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in the management of functional impairments associated with autistic disorder.DATA SOURCES:EMBASE (1980—3rd quarter of 2003), International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970–August 2003), and MEDLINE (1966–August 2003) were searched. Search terms included autism, autistic disorder, citalopram, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine, selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors, and sertraline.DATA SYNTHESIS:Studies and case reports evaluating treatment outcomes associated with the use of SSRIs in managing impairments of autism were reviewed. Multiple SSRI dosing ranges were evaluated in autistic patients of different ages with various functional impairments. No specific SSRI or dose range has been shown to improve a specific autistic symptom although some patients have demonstrated improvements.CONCLUSIONS:Benefits with SSRIs in treating functional impairments in autism have been observed. Response to therapy and adverse...
Types of convergence of matrices

In this paper, we extend the results on types of convergence for real matrices to the complex case. In particular, it is proven that for complex matrices of order n ≤ 3 diagonal convergence, DC convergence and boundary convergence are all equivalent. An example of a 4 by 4 matrix that is DC convergent but not diagonally convergent is constructed.
A functional analysis of disease-associated mutations in the androgen receptor gene

Mutations in the androgen receptor (AR) are associated with a variety of diseases including androgen insensitivity syndrome and prostate cancer, but the way in which these mutations cause disease is poorly understood. We present a method for distinguishing likely disease-causing mutations from mutations that are merely associated with disease but have no causal role. Our method uses a measure of nucleotide conservation, and we find that conservation often correlates with severity of the clinical phenotype. Further, by only including mutations whose pathogenicity has been proven experimentally, this correlation is enhanced in the case of prostate cancer-associated mutations. Our method provides a means for assessing the significance of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and cancer-associated mutations.
Streamline-Based Microfluidic Devices for Erythrocytes and Leukocytes Separation

In this paper, we report two devices for the continuous size-based separation of particles, such as blood cells, which is an important step for on-chip blood preparation. Unlike previously demonstrated passive fluidic devices for particle separation, the local geometry of the bifurcated side channels was used as a design parameter. The design of the devices was based on 2-D fluidic simulation of a T-shaped model. This novel approach was proved to be effective in predicting device performance. The critical particle size for separation was clearly defined in the bifurcated region by simulation under the established theoretical framework. We validated the operation principle of the devices by separating 5- and 10-mum polystyrene beads. Human leukocytes were also successfully separated from erythrocytes with 97% efficiency. The separation region of the device had a small footprint for the separation of particles in micrometer range, which makes this device a good candidate to be integrated into a lab-on-a-chip system. The particles were collected in different exit channels after they were separated, which facilitated further sensing and processing. Similar to cross-flow filters, particles were separated perpendicular to the flow direction. The filtering effect was achieved with the collection zones established by the fluidic field. Clogging was minimized by designing the minimal channel width of the devices larger than the largest particle diameter. Solvent exchange could be accomplished for particles.
Possibilities of Increased Water Supply from Cloud Seeding

. A review of the development of weather modification to augment precipitation including the cloud-physical foundation is presented. Recent work has tended to re-emphasize the importance of physical understanding of storm systems and of the effects of cloud seeding. The Pyramid Lake Seeding Project is discussed.
On subalgebras which survive contraction

We prove the following theorem: if a subalgebraB of an algebraG is spanned by root vectors, then ifX is a regular element ofG, the limit {ie160-1} Ad exptX(B) exists and is isomorphic toB, i.e.B “survives” contraction withX. The algebraSL(2C) is considered as an example. In particular it is shown thatSL(2C) itself survives and applications to relativistic scattering theory are indicated.
Eliminating formal flows in automated information flow analysis

Automated flow tools for formal specification languages have the potential to increase assurance and productivity of covert channel analysts by automating much of the work, but they are not reaching that potential now. Perhaps the most serious flaw in existing flow tools is that they typically report large numbers of so-called formal flows. The paper examines the causes of formal flows and describes a technique for eliminating many of them. The result is more practical automated flow analysis. The paper describes an extension for eliminating the formal flows identified by T. Fine (1992), as the major flaw in the ft-policy, and a technique for implementing the extended ft-policy in flow tools. The technique uses a construct called an opaque definition, which is essentially a hint from the specification writer to the flow tool, suggesting semantic information that might be useful in the flow analysis. >
Ocean management policy development in subnational units of government : examples from the United States

Changes in law and policy over the last decade within the US have resulted in greater state-level influence over ocean use policy. At the same time there has been initiative at the state level of government to increase capacity for ocean management through policy development, and in a few cases, policy implementation. It is suggested that this trend of state involvement will continue because the vehicles for state participation in ocean affairs are institutionalized.
TRPM4 controls insulin secretion in pancreatic β-cells

Abstract TRPM4 is a calcium-activated non-selective cation channel that is widely expressed and proposed to be involved in cell depolarization. In excitable cells, TRPM4 may regulate calcium influx by causing the depolarization that drives the activation of voltage-dependent calcium channels. We here report that insulin-secreting cells of the rat pancreatic β-cell line INS-1 natively express TRPM4 proteins and generate large depolarizing membrane currents in response to increased intracellular calcium. These currents exhibit the characteristics of TRPM4 and can be suppressed by expressing a dominant negative TRPM4 construct, resulting in significantly decreased insulin secretion in response to a glucose stimulus. Reduced insulin secretion was also observed with arginine vasopressin stimulation, a Gq-coupled receptor agonist in β-cells. Moreover, the recruitment of TRPM4 currents was biphasic in both INS-1 cells as well as HEK-293 cells overexpressing TRPM4. The first phase is due to activation of TRPM4 channels localized within the plasma membrane followed by a slower secondary phase, which is caused by the recruitment of TRPM4-containing vesicles to the plasma membrane during exocytosis. The secondary phase can be observed during perfusion of cells with increasing [Ca 2+ ] i , replicated with agonist stimulation, and coincides with an increase in cell capacitance, loss of FM1-43 dye, and vesicle fusion. Our data suggest that TRPM4 may play a key role in the control of membrane potential and electrical activity of electrically excitable secretory cells and the dynamic translocation of TRPM4 from a vesicular pool to the plasma membrane via Ca 2+ -dependent exocytosis may represent a key short- and midterm regulatory mechanism by which cells regulate electrical activity.
Rites and Ceremonials: Corporate Video and the Construction of Social Realities in Modern Organizations.

Although communication is widely accepted as central to the construction of organizational culture, researchers in organizational theory and in rhetoric and professional communication have focused primarily on traditional spoken and written texts, overlooking the vital role that new technologies—especially film and video—are now playing in socializing members of organizations to organizational life. This article examines corporate videos as cultural texts and develops the claim that videos function as rites and ceremonials in modern organizations, facilitating organizational socialization. Drawing on videos produced by a major national financial services firm, the article defines and analyzes four types of rites: integration, passage, renewal, and enhancement.