cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impact - Parameter Method for Proton—Hydrogen - Atom Collisions. III. The Use of Non - Hydrogenic Expansion Functions in Coupled - State Calculations

The boundary condition (at $t\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}$) previously shown to be associated with the customary time-dependent Schr\"odinger equation of the impact-parameter method places a restriction upon the approximate or trial wave functions which are to be used in the usual coupled-state calculations. For the trial wave function to be physically acceptable, it must belong to the class of functions which have the asymptotic form of the exact wave function. This simply means that one must obtain from the coupled-state calculation, approximate transition amplitudes for which the absolute squares are time independent as $t\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}$. It is noted that the trial wave function in the six-, eight-, and nine-state Sturmian calculations are not physically acceptable. The trial wave function in the pseudostate calculation of Cheshire, Gallaher, and Taylor is acceptable; however, if one attempted to include an additional pseudostate with the same symmetry as one already in the set, then this trial wave function would not be physically acceptable.
Species grouping in multicomponent adsorption calculations

The validity of the assumption of species grouping, which combines several adsorbable species into a fewer number of pseudo-species in adsorption calculations, was examined by comparing the equilibrium concentrations obtained from exact calculations with those obtained with the use of the assumption. It was found that if the adsorption affinities of the individual species exhibited by their single-species isotherms are of the same order of magnitude, the use of the species grouping assumption yields acceptable results. This procedure applies to three situations, including those in which (a) all the species are grouped into a single pseudo-species; (b) the various species are combined into several (but fewer) pseudo-species; and (c) only some of the species are grouped, while the others remain individual species. On a etudie la validite dans les calculs d'adsorption, de l'hypothese selon laquelle plusieurs especes adsorbables se combinent pour former un petit nombre de pseudo-especes; cette etude a consiste a comparer les concentrations d'equilibre obtenues, a partir de calculs exacts, avec celles que l'on peut calculer en employant l'hypothese en question. On a constate que, si les affinites d'adsorption des especes individuelles deduites des isothermes de chaque espece etaient du me'me ordre de grandeur, l'emploi de l'hypothese du regroupement des especes fournit des resultats acceptables. La methode mentionnee s'applique a trois situations dans lesquelles (a) toutes les especes sont groupees en une seule pseudo-espece; (b) les diverses especes sont combinees en plusieurs pseudo-especes; (c) quelques especes seulement sont groupees, tandis que les autres demeurent des especes individuelles.
Comment on the Paleoenvironment of Ardipithecus ramidus

White and colleagues (Research Articles, 2 October 2009, pp. 65–67 and www.sciencemag.org/ardipithecus) characterized the paleoenvironment of Ardipithecus ramidus at Aramis, Ethiopia, which they described as containing habitats ranging from woodland to forest patches. In contrast, we find the environmental context of Ar. ramidus at Aramis to be represented by what is commonly referred to as tree- or bush-savanna, with 25% or less woody canopy cover.
Lipid peroxidation and the concept of antioxygenic potential: vitamin E changes in acute experimental CCl4-, BrCCl3-, and ethanol-induced liver injury.

Relative content of α -tocopherol in the entire pool of vitamin E and its oxidation products can be determined with a radioisotope distribution method. The method measures changes in lipid antioxygenic potential by direct determination of content of vitamin E relative to content of its oxidation products. It was shown that during the course of in vitro liver microsomal lipid peroxidation, relative vitamin E content decreased by 46%. Three hours and 12 hr after CCl 4 intoxication, rat liver microsomal lipids exhibited conjugated diene absorption. At these same time points, the relative content of microsomal vitamin E was decreased 36.4 and 35.2%, respectively. Two hours after BrCCl 3 intoxication, microsomal lipids exhibited marked conjugated diene absorption, and the relative vitamin E content was decreased 33%. Three hours and 12 hr after acute ethanol intoxication, we found no evidence of conjugated diene absorption in rat liver mitochondrial lipids. At 3 and at 12 hr, the relative content of liver mitochondrial vitamin E in rats given ethanol was identical with control animals not given ethanol.
Strain accumulation across the Prince William Sound asperity, Southcentral Alaska

The surface velocities predicted by the conventional subduction model are compared to velocities measured in a GPS array (surveyed in 1993, 1995, 1997, 2000, and 2004) spanning the Prince William Sound asperity. The observed velocities in the comparison have been corrected to remove the contributions from postseismic (1964 Alaska earthquake) mantle relaxation. Except at the most seaward monument (located on Middleton Island at the seaward edge of the continental shelf, just 50 km landward of the deformation front in the Aleutian Trench), the corrected velocities qualitatively agree with those predicted by an improved, two-dimensional, back slip, subduction model in which the locked megathrust coincides with the plate interface identified by seismic refraction surveys, and the back slip rate is equal to the plate convergence rate. A better fit to the corrected velocities is furnished by either a back slip rate 20% greater than the plate convergence rate or a 30% shallower megathrust. The shallow megathrust in the latter fit may be an artifact of the uniform half-space Earth model used in the inversion. Backslip at the plate convergence rate on the megathrust mapped by refraction surveys would fit the data as well if the rigidity of the underthrust plate was twice that of the overlying plate, a rigidity contrast higher than expected. The anomalous motion at Middleton Island is attributed to continuous slip at near the plate convergence rate on a postulated, listric fault that splays off the megathrust at depth of about 12 km and outcrops on the continental slope south-southeast of Middleton Island.
Application of Insulated Protective Coatings for Reduction of Corrosion Potential of Type 304 Stainless Steel in High-Temperature Water

Abstract An approach was developed for achieving a low electrochemical corrosion potential (ECP) on structural materials exposed to high-temperature water, even without the addition or presence of reducing species such as hydrogen (H2). This approach uses highly insulating coatings (e.g., yttria-stabilized zirconia [YSZ]) on structural materials to restrict the oxygen (O2) transport rate to the metal surface while simultaneously preventing formation of a differential aeration crevice cell because of its highly insulating character. Initial experimental data on type 304 stainless steel (SS [UNS 30400]) coated by air plasma spray showed ECP of YSZ-coated type 304 SS remained at ≈ −0.5 VSHE in 288°C water containing up to 200 ppb O2 and no H2.
Hypertext as a tool for the metatheoretical analysis of learning theories: the TIP database

THIS ARTICLE discusses the metatheoretical aspects of a hypertext database about learning and instructional theory. The links among 45 theories, 18 concepts, and 17 learning domains are analyzed. The highest number of links were between theories and concepts or domains; there were relatively few links among theories themselves. The results of this analysis suggest that different theories of learning and instruction have less overlap than is commonly supposed. The value of this kind of tool for research and practice is discussed.
An Image Stabilization System For The Large Space Telescope (LST)

Sol L. MorrisonGrumman Aerospace CorporationBethpage, N. Y.IntroductionSpace astronomy, the observation of the heavens through telescopes which are above the atmosphere, is now well under way. It began with balloon and rocket flights, and pro­ gressed to satellites capable of long steady observation. The most success­ ful of these has been OAO-2, which is now in its third year of operation, gathering data continuously and adding richly to scientific knowledge of the universe (Ref. 1). OAO-3 failed to reach orbit in Nov. 1970 due to launch vehicle malfunction, but OAO-4 is scheduled for launch in late 1971.The OAO series represents a growth in telescope size, from 8 and 16 in.on OAO-2, to 38 and 32 in. on -3 and -4 respectively. (Launch of a -3 replacement satellite, including the 38 in.telescope, is currently under consideration by NASA for 1973-) The astronomical community has rec­ ommended in effect that this growth be continued, by identifying the need and desirability of orbiting a largespace telescope of at least 120 in. aperture. (Refs. 2 and 3)Grumman has drawn on its exten­ sive astronomical satellite experience to establish a reasonable but not necessarily optimized configuration for an LST (Figure 1).The pacing problem of such a large space-borne telescope, if it is to provide diffraction-limited perform­ ance in zero g, is undoubtedly the primary mirror (Ref. 4). However, the resolution potential of such a mirror (.04 arc sec) will go un­ realized if the image of the celes­ tial object in the focal plane is not stabilized to the order of a tenth of the optical resolution. The experi­ ment field of the telescope must be several arc minutes wide for maximum utility, yet the stabilization system must have an error resolution in the vicinity of 0.001 arc sec. The conse­ quent dynamic range coupled with the necessarily long effective focal length of the telescope poses a track-3 MET&? TELESCOPE f/9 SUSTffc/ OPTICAL SCUEM
Control of Catalytic Reactions at the Surface of a Metal Oxide Nanowire by Manipulating Electron Density Inside It

We show that the rates and extent of oxidation and reduction reactions taking place at the surface of a SnO2 nanowire, configured as a field-effect transistor, can be modified by changing the electron density in the wire with a gate voltage.
State-selected molecular ion-surface scattering: probing energetic and geometric effects in charge transfer and dissociation

We have utilized resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization in conjunction with ion optics to produce state-selected NO+(X1(Sigma) +, v equals 0 - 6, Etrans equals 8 - 80 eV) ions.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Comparing Toxicologic and Epidemiologic Studies: Methylene Chloride‐A Case Study

Exposure to methylene chloride induces lung and liver cancers in mice. The mouse bioassay data have been used as the basis for several cancer risk assessments. (1,2) The results from epidemiologic studies of workers exposed to methylene chloride have been mixed with respect to demonstrating an increased cancer risk. The results from a negative epidemiologic study of Kodak workers have been used by two groups of investigators to test the predictions from the EPA risk assessment models.(3,4) These two groups used very different approaches to this problem, which resulted in opposite conclusions regarding the consistency between the animal model predictions and the Kodak study results. The results from the Kodak study are used to test the predictions from OSHA's multistage models of liver and lung cancer risk. Confidence intervals for the standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) from the Kodak study are compared with the predicted confidence intervals derived from OSHA's risk assessment models. Adjustments for the “healthy worker effect,” differences in length of follow-up, and dosimetry between animals and humans were incorporated into these comparisons. Based on these comparisons, we conclude that the negative results from the Kodak study are not inconsistent with the predictions from OSHA's risk assessment model.
Effect of Sequence Distribution on Copolymer Interfacial Activity

Interfacial segregation of diblock, gradient, and random copolymers was measured using forward recoil spectrometry. The polymers were synthesized by a ring-opening metathesis polymerization, allowing a high degree of control over the sequence distribution. The norbornene-based monomers have reactivity ratios close to unity, which makes them ideal for facile tailoring of different gradient copolymer profiles. The copolymers form a good weakly segregating model system for which we can obtain an estimate of the interaction parameter χ. Mean-field theory was used to describe the interfacial segregation results and to relate the measured quantities to the detailed molecular structure of the interface. The diblock copolymer forms a monolayer at the interface and significantly reduces the interfacial tension, while the random copolymer forms an interfacial wetting layer. The gradient copolymer exhibits intermediate behavior, forming a monolayer with a larger interfacial width than that of the diblock copolymer.
Constructing regular 2-starcompact spaces that are not strongly 2-star-Lindelöf

Abstract It is shown that from any first-countable, zero-dimensional, locally compact, non-DFCC space X with the property that every nonempty open set has π-weight c one can construct a pseudocompact space Y+ that is not strongly 2-star-Lindelof. Such a space Y+ would therefore be 1. (1) 2-starcompact, T3 but not strongly 2-starcompact; 2. (2) 2-star-Lindelof, T3 but not strongly 2-star-Lindelof. A space satisfying (1) has been constructed using CH and a Moore space with a σ-locally countable base satisfying (2) is known. The examples generated here are easier than these two spaces, require no set theory beyond ZFC and make the distinctions (1) and (2) simultaneously.
Once Versus Twice Daily Administration of Antituberculosis Drugs

Initial treatment cases of tuberculosis were distributed randomly among once daily and twice a day isoniazid-para-aminosalicylic acid, and streptomycin-isoniazid-para-aminosalicylic acid drug regimens. The single dose program as judged by the incidence of toxicity, cavity closure, radiographic improvement and reversal of positive sputum was as effective as the divided dose regimens. The single dose program is recommended as the routine for management of tuberculosis patients.
Theory of the Mesopause Semiannual Oscillation

Abstract A semiannual oscillation in monthly mean wind has been observed in the upper mesosphere over Ascension Island (8°S) and Kwajalein (9°N). It is suggested that the selective transmission of gravity and Kelvin waves through the lower-level stratopause semiannual oscillation is responsible for this “mesopause” semiannual oscillation. No in situ semiannual forcing is required at the mesopause. The theoretical model developed here also illustrates the importance of the time-mean component of the mean zonal flow as it affects wave propagation through the equatorial middle atmosphere.
Nuevos farmacos en insuficiencia cardíaca

Heart failure is a common and growing public health problem, with increasing incidence and prevalence over the last 2 decades. Despite improvements in its current management, heart failure is still associated with significant morbidity and mortality. This has motivated the search for newer therapeutic modalities, which are based on a better understanding on the pathophysiologic events that lead to heart failure. This review summarizes the potential role of new pharmacological agents in the treatment of heart failure. These potential new agents can be classified according to their role in the modulation of the main pathophysiologic abnormalities that characterized heart failure, that include: cellular-extracellular abnormalities, endothelial dysfunction, neurohormonal and immunologic activation.
Inhibition by Liposomal Cholesterol of Streptococcus Pneumoniae Induced Lung Epithelial Cell Damage

AbstractStreptococcus pneumoniae was shown to be capable of lysing A549 cells in culture. Membrane damage to cells as assessed by trypan blue exclusion increased with increasing concentration of bacteria. After 45 min of incubation with 7.5 × 108 bacteria/ml less than 20% of A549 cells excluded trypan blue. The lytic activity of S. pneumoniae was inhibited by phosphatidylcholine liposomes containing cholesterol. Using an haemolysis assay and S. pneumoniae's culture filtrates, the efficiency of the anti-lytic activity of liposomes was found to be distearoylphosphatidylcholine (DSPC) > dipalmitoylphosphatidylcho-line (DPPC) > dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC). Furthermore, the anti-lytic activity also depended on the cholesterol content in a non-trivial manner. There was no protection against haemolytic activity at cholesterol content of less than 20% for DSPC and 35 mole% for DPPC and DMPC liposomes respectively. Above these threshold values inhibition of lytic activity increased sharply. In agreement ...
Comparing Problem-Based Learning and Traditional Instruction in High School Economics

The potential differences in the effectiveness of problem-based learning (PBL) and traditional instructional approaches regarding high school students' attainment of economics concepts and principles and attitude toward learning economics were examined. The authors also considered potential interactions between learning outcomes in PBL and traditional instructional contexts and differences in students' academic ability, entering knowledge of economics, attitude toward economics, negative feelings after failure, preferred level of task difficulty, and behavioral response to failure. No differences between PBL and traditional classes were found regarding unit-specific student learning outcomes, although there was a difference in changes in general economics knowledge measured at the beginning and end of the semester, with the traditional classes learning more.
Hybridizing Place: Global and Local Identity in Puerto Madero, Buenos Aires

The large-scale global flows of capital, culture, products, and labour have shifted the identity of place and have elevated the visibility of some cities far beyond their regional or national level. As cities vie for global presence, they must inevitably address the reality of local presence. In much of the discourse surrounding globalization and place, local and global influences are described as opposing concepts whose confrontation leads to the destruction of particularization. Through a case study of the revitalized industrial area of Puerto Madero in Buenos Aires, Argentina, this paper documents an example of a hybridized local and global identity. The developers and designers of Puerto Madero, a mix of public and private entities, created this hybridized identity through the actual physical development as well as the process and narratives associated with this development.
The evolving landscape in the therapy of acute myeloid leukemia

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous clonal disorder of myeloid precursors arrested in their maturation, creating a diverse disease entity with a wide range of responses to historically standard treatment approaches. While significant progress has been made in characterizing and individualizing the disease at diagnosis to optimally inform those affected, progress in treatment to reduce relapse and induce remission has been limited thus far. In addition to a brief summary of the factors that shape prognostication at diagnosis, this review attempts to expand on the current therapies under investigation that have shown promise in treating AML, including hypomethylating agents, gemtuzumab ozogamicin, FLT3 tyrosine kinase inhibitors, antisense oligonucleotides, and other novel therapies, including aurora kinases, mTOR and PI3 kinase inhibitors, PIM kinase inhibitors, HDAC inhibitors, and IDH targeted therapies. With these, and undoubtedly many others in the future, it is the hope that by combining more accurate prognostication with more effective therapies, patients will begin to have a different, and more complete, outlook on their disease that allows for safer and more successful treatment strategies.
Polestar refined: Business ethics and political economy

Although Friedman's ‘The Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase Profits’ is widely read, the central argument is rarely identified. Stone's discussion of Friedman in Where the Law Ends, is often used as a companion piece. Stone claims that the most important argument in Friedman is the Polestar argument but never succeeds in explaining what it is. This paper shows that Friedman's position must be read in the context of his theory of political economy, and that at least four distinct utilitarian arguments are required to account for his views. Specifically, Friedman relies upon what I describe as Realistic Rule Utilitarianism in which utility is understood in terms of actual preferences. The weaknesses of this theory are then explained.
Zirconia gels in concentrated NaOH

The sol-gel process was used to produce zirconia powders that were pressed into compacts. The powders were synthesized from zirconium n-propoxide, diluted in propanol, and hydrolyzed with molar ratios of water either 1-to-1 or 10-to-1. Zirconia compacts produced in this manner were soaked in 1N NaOH to simulate a membrane cleaning process, and their weight loss was recorded. Zirconia samples with a higher weight fraction of tetragonal phase exhibited less weight loss than samples with more monoclinic phase. The weight fraction of the tetragonal phase was controlled by synthesis conditions and firing temperature.
Physician Prescribing Patterns of Oral Corticosteroids for Musculoskeletal Injuries

Background: There is considerable controversy as to when and if oral corticosteroids are indicated for musculoskeletal injury. Although the perception is that sports medicine physicians prescribe oral corticosteroids frequently, there is no documentation of this behavior in the literature. The purpose of this study was to obtain a description of the corticosteroid-prescribing patterns of primary care sports medicine physicians and look for common indications. Methods: A two-page questionnaire was included in the registration packets of 195 physicians at a national sports medicine conference. Results: Ninety-nine questionnaires were returned. Fifty-eight (58.6%) of the physicians reported prescribing oral corticosteroids for musculoskeletal injuries. Physicians who prescribed corticosteroids for injuries averaged 6.6 prescriptions per month. Prednisone was the corticosteroid prescribed by 82% of physicians. The average prescription length was 7 days. One half of the physicians (51.7%) tapered the dose. The most common starting dose (mode) was 60 mg. Conclusions: Despite little evidence to support their use, primary care sports medicine physicians commonly prescribe corticosteroids.
Improving the reporting of clinical case series.

Purpose To describe common errors in the analyses and data presentation of a clinical case series and to suggest simple solutions. Design Instructional examples. Methods Problems with commonly used data analysis and reporting techniques in clinical case series are described using both theoretical examples and those from the literature. Results An analysis reporting the proportion of a series of patients with variable follow-up does not adequately account for the differential follow-up among patients and is a potentially misleading way to present data. Instead, the proportion of patients at presentation (or study entry) and the rate during follow-up should be reported. Similarly, an analysis in which the final visual acuity of a series of patients with variable follow-up is reported does not adequately account for the effect of time and also may be misleading. Reporting of the rates of visual acuity events during follow-up (e.g., falling below a specified threshold, such as 20/50 or worse) is preferred. Alternatively, when there is nearly complete follow-up, reporting the distribution of visual acuity at specified time points (e.g., 1 year after study presentation) is appropriate. Small case series should not be overinterpreted because of the effects of chance, and appropriate statistical analyses should be employed. Conclusions Clinical case series often suffer from several potential reporting flaws. Correction of these flaws would permit the proper interpretation of the data and allow for the ability to combine data from several case series to assemble more meaningful and reliable conclusions.
Embeddable Fiber Optic Strain Sensor for Structural Monitoring

An extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometric (EFPI) fiber optic sensor is presented for measurement of strain at high ambient temperatures. The sensor is fabricated using a femto-second (fs) laser. The EFPI sensor is fabricated by micromachining a cavity on the tip of a standard single-mode fiber and is then self-enclosed by fusion splicing another piece of singlemode fiber. The fs-laser based fabrication makes the sensor thermally stable to sustain temperatures as high as 800 °C. The sensor is relatively insensitive towards the temperature as compared to its response towards the applied strain. The sensor can be embedded in Carbon fiber/Bismaleimide (BMI) composite laminates for strain monitoring at high ambient temperatures.
Selection of a core set of RILs from Forrest × Williams 82 to develop a framework map in soybean

Soybean BAC-based physical maps provide a useful platform for gene and QTL map-based cloning, EST mapping, marker development, genome sequencing, and comparative genomic research. Soybean physical maps for “Forrest” and “Williams 82” representing the southern and northern US soybean germplasm base, respectively, have been constructed with different fingerprinting methods. These physical maps are complementary for coverage of gaps on the 20 soybean linkage groups. More than 5,000 genetic markers have been anchored onto the Williams 82 physical map, but only a limited number of markers have been anchored to the Forrest physical map. A mapping population of Forrest × Williams 82 made up of 1,025 F8 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) was used to construct a reference genetic map. A framework map with almost 1,000 genetic markers was constructed using a core set of these RILs. The core set of the population was evaluated with the theoretical population using equality, symmetry and representativeness tests. A high-resolution genetic map will allow integration and utilization of the physical maps to target QTL regions of interest, and to place a larger number of markers into a map in a more efficient way using a core set of RILs.
The anaerobic contribution to sustained activity in the giant toad Bufo marinus

Abstract 1. 1. Toads ( Bufo marinus ) stimulated to 30 min activity with electric shocks exhibited an increase in lactate concentration in the whole body, in muscle, liver, and blood. 2. 2. At 15°C the return of whole body lactate concentration to resting levels was complete 2hr after stimulation. At 25°C, whole body lactate returned to resting levels after 1 hr of recovery. 3. 3. Muscle and liver lactate concentrations returned to resting levels in less than 1 hr of recovery at both 15 and 25°C, while blood laciate persisted above resting levels for more than 3 hr at both temperatures. 4. 4. These toads may accumulate acidic metabolic end products other than lactic acid.
Comparison of the in vitro and in vivo susceptibilities of Burkholderia mallei to Ceftazidime and Levofloxacin.

Background Burkholderia mallei is a zoonotic Gram negative bacterium which primarily infects solipeds but can cause lethal disease in humans if left untreated. The effect of two antibiotics with different modes of action on Burkholderia mallei strain ATCC23344 was investigated by using in vitro and in vivo studies.
Orbitozygomatic resection of meningiomas of the orbit.

Objective To review our experience with the surgical treatment of orbital meningiomas. Methods A retrospective review of all patients presenting to the author for treatment of orbital meningiomas over a 5 year period with a minimum of 1 year follow-up were included in this review. Demographic data, surgical approaches, and recurrence rates were documented. Results A total of seven patients were treated for this condition. Complete surgical resection was achieved with the outlined technique in 71% of the patients, and gross tumor removal was achieved in the remaining 29% of patients. This latter group received postoperative gamma-knife treatment, and only a single patient has evidence of persistent disease that is nonprogressive at 3-year follow-up. Conclusions Meningioma of the orbit, whether primary (ectopic) or secondary. should be treated as at other sites with complete surgical excision if possible. Gamma knife or intensity modulated radiotherapy may be useful for residual microscopic disease. Surgical clearance is facilitated with the broad field exposure afforded by the orbitozygomatic approach outlined in the article, with particular attention directed at positive identification of key landmarks particularly in retro-orbital and cavernous sinus extension.
Fully Covered Alimaxx Esophageal Metal Stents in the Endoscopic Treatment of Benign Esophageal Diseases

Background Expandable esophageal stents are widely used for the palliation of dysphagia in patients with esophageal cancer and are also beginning to be used in patients with benign esophageal diseases such as refractory strictures and fistulas. There is concern regarding the increased risk of migration of the fully covered Alimaxx metal esophageal stent and experience with this stent in benign esophageal pathology has been reported in only a small series of patients.
INSULATED GATE III-N HETEROSTRUCTURE FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTORS

Unique materials properties of GaN-based semiconductors that make them promising for high-power high-temperature applications are high electron mobility and saturation velocity, high sheet carrier concentration at heterojunction interfaces, high breakdown field, and low thermal impedance (when grown over SiC or bulk AlN substrates). The chemical inertness of nitrides is another key property. An AlGaN/GaN Heterostructure Field Effect Transistor (HFET) has been a topic of intensive investigations since the first report in 1991 [1]. Several groups demonstrated high power operation of AlGaN/GaN HFETs at microwave frequencies [2,3,4], including a 100 W output power single chip amplifier developed by Cree, Inc. and devices with 100 GHz cut-off frequency reported in [5]. However, in spite of impressive achievements, the potential of nitride based HFETs has not been fully realized as yet. The RF powers expected from the fundamental properties of nitride based materials significantly exceed the experimental data. One of the key problems limiting the HFETs RF characteristics is high gate leakage currents causing DC and RF parameter degradation. When the gate voltage goes positive the forward leakage current shunts the gate-channel capacitance and thus limits the maximum device current. When the gate voltage is negative, high voltage drop between the gate and the drain causes premature breakdown and thus limits maximum applied drain voltage. In addition, gate leakage currents increase the device sub-threshold currents, which decrease the achievable amplitude of the RF output. These limitations become even more severe at high ambient temperatures. The characteristics of III-N HFETs can be considerably improved by implementing a new approach, which results from the demonstration of good quality of SiO2/AlGaN and Si3N4/AlGaN interfaces. This approach opens up a way to fabricate insulated gate heterostructure field-effect transistors (IGHFETs), which have the gate leakage currents several orders of magnitude below those of regular HFETs, and exhibit better linearity and higher channel saturation currents. In this chapter, we describe design, characterization and applications of these novel devices.
Application of De-silylation Strategies to The Preparation of Transition Metal Pnictide Nanocrystals: The Case of FeP

Phase-pure FeP nanoparticles have been synthesized by the reaction of iron(III) acetylacetonate with tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphine at temperatures of 240−320 °C using trioctylphosphine oxide as a solvent and dodecylamine (DA), myristic acid (MA), or hexylphosphonic acid (HPA) as additional capping groups (ligands). The DA-capped particles prepared at 260 °C have an average diameter of 4.65 ± 0.74 nm with FeP being the only observed crystalline phase. Elemental analyses indicate a high percentage yield of FeP (85%) and are consistent with 12% TOPO incorporation in the product. The addition of MA has results similar to those of the addition of DA, whereas addition of HPA seems to inhibit crystallite growth, resulting in very small (ca. 1 nm) or amorphous particles that are difficult to isolate. Magnetic susceptibility data on DA-capped FeP suggest that the moments within each particle are coupled antiferromagnetically, at least over a short range; however, there is no evidence of a Neel transition, in contr...
Distribution of plasma folate forms in hemodialysis patients receiving high daily doses of L-folinic or folic acid.

cantly greater reduction in fasting total homocysteine (tHcy) levels than an equimolar dose of folic acid. The present study previous study showed that a final treatment value of uses the affinity/HPLC method to analyze the distribution of plasma tHcy 12 mol/L was achieved in only one of 15 plasma folate forms in patients who received l-folinic acid (6.7%) dialysis patients despite two months of suppleversus those who received folic acid. This was done to investi- mentation with a total of 16 mg per day of folic (pteroygate claims that renal insufficiency is associated with impaired folate interconversion, a stance that is supportive of the premise glutamic) acid, 50 mg per day of vitamin B6 ,a nd 1m g that tHcy lowering in these patients is more efficacious with per day of vitamin B12 [2]. folinic acid and other reduced folates, than folic acid.
Dietary functional benefits of Bartlett and Starkrimson pears for potential management of hyperglycemia, hypertension and ulcer bacteria Helicobacter pylori while supporting beneficial probiotic bacterial response

Abstract Phenolic-linked health benefits of Bartlett and Starkrimson pear cultivars were investigated for the potential relevance in managing type 2 diabetes and hypertension using in vitro enzyme models. Further effects of fermented (0, 24, 48, and 72-h with Lactobacillus helveticus) pear juice on inhibition of Helicobacter pylori and proliferation of probiotic Bifidobacterium longum were also evaluated. High total phenolic content along with high 2,2 diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl-linked free radical scavenging antioxidant activities were observed in peel extracts of both cultivars. In vitro enzyme assays with peel and pulp extracts also indicated high inhibitory activity of α-glucosidase and α-amylase used as models for anti-hyperglycemia benefits. Only the aqueous pulp extract of Bartlett pear had angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory activity used as model for anti-hypertension benefits. Fermented acidic pH samples of both cultivars showed H. pylori inhibition at 48 and 72 h, while fermented sample of Starkrimson even showed inhibition at 24 h. Both cultivar extracts did not inhibit growth of probiotic B. longum.
Combined central and subspace clustering for computer vision applications

Central and subspace clustering methods are at the core of many segmentation problems in computer vision. However, both methods fail to give the correct segmentation in many practical scenarios, e.g., when data points are close to the intersection of two subspaces or when two cluster centers in different subspaces are spatially close. In this paper, we address these challenges by considering the problem of clustering a set of points lying in a union of subspaces and distributed around multiple cluster centers inside each subspace. We propose a generalization of Kmeans and Ksubspaces that clusters the data by minimizing a cost function that combines both central and subspace distances. Experiments on synthetic data compare our algorithm favorably against four other clustering methods. We also test our algorithm on computer vision problems such as face clustering with varying illumination and video shot segmentation of dynamic scenes.
Can a population of suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons with different period lengths produce a stable circadian rhythm

The firing rate of a population of SCN neurons in vivo exhibits stable circadian oscillations, but the period length of individual neurons is not known and may be different or similar to the population rhythm. To address this question we used published data from Bos and Mirmiran [Brain Res., 511 (1990) 158-162] that reported different period lengths and amplitudes for individual neurons recorded in explant cultures of the SCN. We reconstructed the individual rhythms for several cycles, calculated the population rhythm, and then tested its stability. The period and amplitude of the rhythm of groups of neurons with different period lengths were unstable. Furthermore, the stability of the rhythm was reduced as the number of sampled neurons increased. These results suggest that the stable circadian rhythm reported for neuron populations in the intact SCN emerges from the identical period length of individual neurons. The possible intercellular interactions in the SCN that may underlie the stable circadian rhythm are discussed.
Transaction-efficiency analysis of franchising arrangements through chance cross-constrained game theory

In the literature of franchising arrangements, the focus of most research is on a relationship in which a franchisor is the leader and franchisees are followers. This relationship implies no control by franchisees over the franchisor. In this paper, we intend to explore the role of efficiency transactions between a franchisor and a franchisee by means of chance cross-constrained game theory. The chance constraint is formed as follows. The probability that the franchisee's profit from the franchise is less than the maximum profit to him from other opportunities should be less than his loss tolerance. Based on this chance constraint, we formulate two franchise models, i.e. the chance cross-constrained two stage game model and the chance cross-constrained cooperative game model. In the two stage game model, the franchisor is assumed to be a leader who first specifies the fixed lump sum fees and royalties. The franchisee, as a follower, then decides on the retail price. In the cooperative game model, the channel profit is maximized for every Pareto payment scheme, but not for any other schemes. The choice of the best Pareto efficient payment scheme is discussed via alternative bargaining models taking channel members' preferences and risk attitudes into account.
Possibility of experimental determination of the nature of the neutral particles in muon decay

Abstract The nature of the neutral particles from muon decay can be checked through their interactions in the bubble chamber in neutrino exposures of the near future. In particular it can be determined whether the lepton conservation law is additive or multiplicative.
Efficacy of Radiographic Imaging in Pediatric Blunt Renal Trauma

AbstractPurpose: We sought to determine whether radiographic imaging can effectively detect significant renal injuries in children with blunt trauma who do not have significant hematuria.Materials and Methods: We reviewed the records of 180 children who presented to our hospital for suspected renal trauma between 1977 and 1995. Results of excretory urography or abdominal computerized tomography were correlated with urinalysis findings and clinical outcome.Results: Of 147 patients with microscopic hematuria after blunt trauma 77 underwent imaging. Only 1 patient had a significant renal injury (grade 2 or greater) and 76 had normal findings or renal contusions only, including 11 with microscopic hematuria and shock. Of the 74 patients who did not undergo imaging a clinical diagnosis of renal contusion was made and followup was available for 57 (77 percent). All patients healed without adverse sequelae. Of 33 patients with gross hematuria significant renal injuries were found in 9, including 3 who required i...
The Relationship Between High-Temperature Superconductivity and the Fractional Quantum Hall Effect

The case is made that the spin-liquid state of a Mott insulator, hypothesized to exist by Anderson and identified by him as the correct context for discussing high-temperature superconductors, occurs in these materials and exhibits the principles of fractional quantization identified in the fractional quantum Hall effect. The most important of these is that particles carrying a fraction of an elementary quantum number, in this case spin, attract one another by a powerful gauge force, which can lead to a new kind of superconductivity. The temperature scale for the superconductivity is set by an energy gap in the spin-wave spectrum, which is also the fundamental measure of how "liquid" the spins are.
Ultradian rapid cycling in prepubertal and early adolescent bipolarity is not in transmission disequilibrium with val/met COMT alleles.

Abstract Background: Prepubertal children and early adolescents with bipolar disorders (PEA-BP) who participate in the ongoing study "Phenomenology and Course of Pediatric Bipolar Disorders" have a high prevalence of ultradian (within 24-hour periods) rapid cycling. Based on a case–control finding reported in bipolar (BP) adults of an association between rapid and ultradian rapid cycling with the low-activity allele of catechol- O -methyltransferase (l-COMT), study of linkage and linkage disequilibrium of l-COMT in the PEA-BP population seemed warranted. Methods: Genotypes on a subset of the larger PEA-BP sample, for whom trio blood collection was complete (i.e., probands and both of their biological parents), were used to perform transmission disequilibrium tests (TDTs). Diagnoses were established from a comprehensive battery that included WASH-U-KSADS (Washington University Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia) given to both mothers and children and from consensus conferences. Probands with PEA-BP ( N = 52) were 10.9 ± 2.8 years old at index episode; had a mean age of BP onset at 8.0 ± 3.8 years; were severely impaired, with a mean Children's Global Assessment Scale score of 44.5 ± 8.9; and manifested the cardinal features of BP (84.6% had euphoric mood, 76.9% had grandiosity, and 57.7% had psychosis). Ultradian rapid cycling occurred in 75%. Genotyping of the single nucleotide polymorphism at COMT was performed using automated capillary electrophoresis single-strand conformational polymorphism with detection by laser-induced fluorescence. Results: Transmission disequilibrium tests were not significant for preferential transmission of l-COMT for the ultradian rapid-cycling subgroup or for the entire PEA-BP sample. Conclusions: The lack of linkage disequilibrium between l-COMT and ultradian rapid cycling in the PEA-BP sample compared to reported findings of an association in case–control studies of adults is discussed in terms of age-specific developmentally relevant phenotypes, anticipatory mechanisms, and heterogeneity. Repeat TDT analyses after these PEA-BP probands reach their adult phenotypes will be informative.
The classification of children and their emotional problems: An overview—II

Abstract This review commences in 1952, the year of the publication of DSM—I and continues to 1980, the year of the publication of DSM—III. The major classification systems described here are Cameron's, who attempted an “objective description of the manifest picture;” Lapousse and Monk's epidemiological study of behavior problems in normal children; Peterson's landmark identification of Conduct and Personality problem factors; Chess and Thomas' temperament categories; Quay's expansion of Peterson's work; Dreger's Children's Behavioral Classification Project; the 10 categories of problems of the Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry; Rutter's vastly influential multiaxial system and Jenkins' similarly influential efforts issuing in W.H.O. and DSM systems; Spivack's extensive sets of home and school dimensions; Miller's comparable sets; DSM—II's not very satisfactory coverage of children's problems; Achenbach's well-researched dimensions and clusters; Sines' self- and mother-derived sets of factors of behavior and environment; Conners' restricted but well-known factors; Lessing's considerable efforts at developing and validating her system; Stott's BSAG syndromes; Langner's factors from Manhattan's children; Wirt's most-extensively researched MMPI-like scales from the Personality Inventory for Children; and finally, DSM—III's “official” classification of a wide range of children's disorders. It is concluded that classification efforts are proliferating, that the proliferation is a wholesome phenomenon, that there is increasing recognition that a large number of dimensions or categories is required to match the complexity of the subject matter, that methodological and technological advances now allow for classification systems to be “behaviorally based,” that multivariate techniques are indispensable to producing such systems, that being behaviorally based such systems can use responses from several sources in the same matrix and that the job is not complete when dimensions of problems are obtained, but only when clusters (types) of children have been identified.
The patterns of expression of two ankyrin isoforms demonstrate distinct steps in the assembly of the membrane skeleton in neuronal morphogenesis.

Abstract We have identified in chicken neurons two membrane-bound isoforms of goblin (ankyrin), the specific membrane attachment protein for spectrin in avian erythrocytes, which exhibit distinct patterns of expression and assembly during neuronal morphogenesis. Early in cerebellar and retinal development, neither goblin isoform is detected in mitotic cells. Subsequently, β-goblin (M r 237,000) is expressed in postmitotic cells, and gradually accumulates with αγ (brain) spectrin on the neuronal plasma membrane during the phase of cell growth. At the onset of synaptogenesis and the cessation of cell growth, their levels of synthesis decline sharply while the assembled proteins remain as stable membrane components. Concomitantly, there is a dramatic induction in the accumulation of α-goblin (erythroid goblin; M r 260,000) and αβ (erythroid) spectrin, whose assembly is limited to the plasma membrane of perikarya and dendrites.
Rayleigh-Ritz formulation for active control of the acoustics in cabin enclosures

This numerical study presents a detailed optimal control design based on the Rayleigh-Ritz approach for the smart plate-cavity system. Linear quadratic (LQ) theory with output feedback is considered on the basis of the state space model of the system. A vibroacoustic model, which includes a rectangular shaped cavity, enclosed with a five rigid walls and a flexible smart plate with discrete piezoelectric sensor/actuator pairs bonded to its surface. Classical laminated plate theory is used to model the composite plate and electroelastic theory is used model the discrete piezoelectric patches. Eigenfunctions of a clamped-clamped beam are used as the Ritz functions for the panel and the rigid walled cavity modes are used the model the acoustic cavity. The dynamic equations of motion for the coupled smart panel-cavity system are derived using Hamilton's principle. The forcing term due to the cavity acoustic pressure is determined by using virtual work considerations. For the present study, five collocated pairs of sensor/actuator pairs are attached to the plate at a predetermined placement scheme. The performance index considered for the design of the optimal controller includes both the displacement of the panel and the pressure inside the cavity. Numerical simulation is used to predict the reduction in the sound pressure level inside an enclosure radiated from this optimally controlled plate. The Rayleigh-Ritz approach is found to be faster and a more efficient method for designing control system for simple plate-cavity systems when compared to other numerical methods such as the finite element method.