cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of a high pressure micromechanical force apparatus

The formation of gas hydrates and subsequent plugging of pipelines are risks that need to be well understood during the production and transportation of oil and gas in subsea flowlines. These flowlines are typically operating at low temperature and high pressure conditions, which are well within the hydrate formation stability region. One of the key processes for hydrate plugs to develop is the agglomeration of hydrates. To obtain a more comprehensive understanding on this problem, we have developed a high-pressure micromechanical force (MMF) apparatus to directly measure cohesive forces between gas hydrate particles. The MMF system is housed in a stainless steel vessel that can withstand pressures of up to 10 MPa, thereby facilitating studies on a broad spectrum of hydrate formers and conditions. The MMF apparatus comprises of two cantilever fibers: one is stationary and another is manipulated via a nano-manipulator. Water droplets (∼500 μm in diameter) are placed at the end of the each cantilever fiber so that they can be converted to hydrate. In order to demonstrate the stability of this apparatus, CH4/C2H6 (74.7 mol. %/25.3 mol. %) mixed hydrates were prepared at 2 MPa and −5 °C and annealed at 0 °C for 15 h. Subsequently, the hydrate particle cohesive force was measured at 2 °C. Compared with the cohesive force of cyclopentane hydrates in cyclopentane liquid (∼4.3 mN/m), the average cohesive force of gas hydrates was about 10 times higher, ∼43 mN/m. Studies using this new high pressure MMF apparatus will be central to better understand the agglomeration of hydrates in multiphase flowlines.
Toward a method of neurophenomenological assessment and intervention

Abstract People who have sustained brain injury are administered standardized neuropsychological tests designed to evaluate brain dysfunction. Phenomenology is a descriptive method that seeks to explicate people's lived experience and hence goes beyond the realm of mere brain function. Our method of neurophenomenological assessment mitigates the dangers of reducing people to brain dysfunction, and facilitates collaborative assessment of people who have brain injury. We offer examples of how clinicians can supplement their understanding of brain‐injured people, and we report concrete suggestions that relate to these clients’ everyday lives.
MR compatible force sensing system for real-time monitoring of wrist moments during fMRI testing

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of brain function is used in neurorehabilitation to gain insight into the mechanisms of neural recovery following neurological injuries such as stroke. The behavioral paradigms involving the use of force motor tasks utilized in the scanner often lack the ability to control details of motor performance. They are often limited by subjectiveness, lack of repeatability, and complexity that may exclude evaluation of patients with poor function. In this paper we describe a novel MR compatible wrist device that is capable of measuring isometric forces generated at the hand and joint moments along wrist flexion–extension and wrist ulnar–radial deviation axes. Joint moments measured by the system can be visually displayed to the individual and used during target matching block or event related paradigms. Through a small set of pilot testing both inside and outside the MR environment, we have found that the force tracking tasks and performance in the scanner are reproducible, and that high quality force and moment recordings can be made during fMRI studies without compromising the fMRI images. Furthermore, the device recordings are extremely sensitive making it possible for individuals with poor hand and wrist function to be tested.
Quantum efficiency modeling of PIN photodiodes with InGaAs/GaAsSb quantum wells absorption region

A thermionic emission model is used to simulate the quantum efficiency (QE) of InGaAs/GaAsSb type-II quantum wells PIN photodiodes. The effects of layer thicknesses, number of periods, and front- or back-illumination on QE are presented.
Amplified energy harvester from footsteps: design, modeling, and experimental analysis

This paper presents the design, modeling and experimental analysis of an amplified footstep energy harvester. With the unique design of amplified piezoelectric stack harvester the kinetic energy generated by footsteps can be effectively captured and converted into usable DC power that could potentially be used to power many electric devices, such as smart phones, sensors, monitoring cameras, etc. This doormat-like energy harvester can be used in crowded places such as train stations, malls, concerts, airport escalator/elevator/stairs entrances, or anywhere large group of people walk. The harvested energy provides an alternative renewable green power to replace power requirement from grids, which run on highly polluting and global-warming-inducing fossil fuels. In this paper, two modeling approaches are compared to calculate power output. The first method is derived from the single degree of freedom (SDOF) constitutive equations, and then a correction factor is applied onto the resulting electromechanically coupled equations of motion. The second approach is to derive the coupled equations of motion with Hamilton’s principle and the constitutive equations, and then formulate it with the finite element method (FEM). Experimental testing results are presented to validate modeling approaches. Simulation results from both approaches agree very well with experimental results where percentage errors are 2.09% for FEM and 4.31% for SDOF.
THE EFFECT OF PH, ACIDITY, AND LOW LEVEL SORBATE ON THE SHELFLIFE OF INOCULATED APPLE JUICE

A model was derived to predict changes in optical density and changes in the number days to sensory failure for apple juice. Samples of juice were treated to produce varying levels ofpH, titratable acidity, and sorbate. Only low doses of sorbate, up to 100 ppm, were used in the study. Results indicated that apple juice with varying levels of pH and sorbate concentrations, will have varying effects on the growth of yeasts, and ultimately on the shelflife of the juice. Titratable acidity apparently did not have a significant effect over the range studied in the experiment.
Low write-energy STT-MRAMs using FinFET-based access transistors

Spin-Transfer Torque Magnetic RAM (STT-MRAM) technology requires a high current in order to write data into memory cells, which gives rise to large access transistors in conventional MOS-accessed cells. On the other hand, FinFET devices offer higher ON current and denser layout compared with planar CMOS transistors. This paper thus proposes the design of an energy-efficient STT-MRAM cell which utilizes a FinFET access transistor. To assess the performance of the new cell, optimal layout-related parameters of the FinFET access transistor and the MTJ are analytically derived in order to minimize the STT-MRAM cell area. Afterwards, detailed cell- and architecture-level comparisons between FinFET- vs. MOS-accessed STT-MRAMs are performed. According to the comparison results, while the area of the MOS-accessed STT-MRAM increases significantly under 3ns write pulse width (τ w ), the FinFET-based design can effectively function under τ w = 2ns, at the cost of slight increase in the memory area. Hence, the FinFET-accessed STT-MRAM offers denser area and higher energy efficiency compared with the conventional MOS-accessed counterpart.
Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 binds fibrinogen and fibrin.

Following tissue injury, a fibrin network formed at the wound site serves as a scaffold supporting the early migration of stromal cells needed for wound healing. Growth factors such as insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) concentrate in wounds to stimulate stromal cell function and proliferation. The ability of IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs) such as IGFBP-3 to reduce the rate of IGF-I clearance from wounds suggests that IGFBP-3 might bind directly to fibrinogen/fibrin. Studies presented here show that IGFBP-3 does indeed bind to fibrinogen and fibrin immobilized on immunocapture plates, with K(d) values = 0.67 and 0.70 nM, respectively, and competitive binding studies suggest that the IGFBP-3 heparin binding domain may participate in this binding. IGF-I does not compete for IGFBP-3 binding; instead, IGF-I binds immobilized IGFBP-3.fibrinogen and IGFBP-3.fibrin complexes with affinity similar to that of IGF-I for the type I IGF receptor. In the presence of plasminogen, most IGFBP-3 binds directly to fibrinogen, although 35-40% of the IGFBP-3 binds to fibrinogen-bound plasminogen. IGFBP-3 also binds specifically to native fibrin clots, and addition of exogenous IGFBP-3 increases IGF-I binding. These studies suggest that IGF-I can concentrate at wound sites by binding to fibrin-immobilized IGFBP-3, and that the lower IGF affinity of fibrin-bound IGFBP-3 allows IGF-I release to type I IGF receptors of stromal cells migrating into the fibrin clot.
A clinician's guide to the treatment of foot burns occurring in diabetic patients

Abstract Introduction Diabetes mellitus affects 25.8 million Americans and is predicted to almost double by 2050. The presence of diabetes complicates hospital courses because of the microvascular complications associated with disease progression. Patients with diabetes represent 18.3% of annual burn admissions to our unit and 27% have burns to the feet. The purpose of this project was to develop an evidence-based guideline for care of the patient with diabetes and foot burns Methods A multidisciplinary group was charged with developing an evidence-based guideline for the treatment of foot burns in patients with diabetes. Evidence was evaluated in the areas of diabetes, burn care, hyperbaric medicine, care of diabetic foot wounds and physical therapy. After guideline development and approval, key aspects were incorporated into order sets. Results Key aspects of this guideline are the ability to identify patients with undiagnosed diabetes, assess diabetic control, optimize glycemic and metabolic control, optimize burn wound management, treat microvascular disease, and provide education and a discharge plan. Evaluated outcomes are glycemic control, length of stay, complication rates, amputation rates, infection rates and the use of hyperbaric oxygen. Conclusions Best outcomes for this high risk population will be attainable with an evidence based guideline.
A narrow clear zone over Florida and the Atlantic Ocean

A narrow cloud-free zone of large longitudinal extent was observed in visible and infrared satellite imagery on September 21, 1978. An attempt to explain the zone in terms of subsidence induced by a transverse frontal circulation is presented.
Spirodiclofen and spirotetramat bioassays for monitoring resistance in citrus red mite, Panonychus citri (Acari: Tetranychidae).

BACKGROUND: Citrus red mite, Panonychus citri (McGregor), is a key pest of San Joaquin Valley California citrus. Spirodiclofen was registered for mite control in 2007, and spirotetramat for scale control in 2008. Because of the potential for resistance to spirodiclofen to develop in spider mites, and cross-resistance to spirotetramat used for other citrus pests, bioassay methods for resistance monitoring were developed. RESULTS: The responses of four populations of adult female, egg and larval stages of P. citri to spirodiclofen were compared to determine the most robust bioassay method for this pesticide. Adult females responded with a higher LC99 and larval stages exhibited higher control mortality and a lower slope of response compared with the egg stage. Thus, the egg stage was found to be the most suitable stage for testing. Egg production and egg shape were significantly affected by spirodiclofen treatment of adult female mites. Bioassays with the related compound spirotetramat revealed that P. citri egg hatch was less affected by this compound, requiring the assessment of mortality to be extended to 11 days after treatment when the hatched larvae succumbed to the pesticide. Discriminating concentrations of 10 ppm for spirodiclofen and 31.6 ppm for spirotetramat in an 11 day bioassay were tested against eight field populations of P. citri, and 99–100% mortality resulted. CONCLUSION: These results provide a baseline for the response of P. citri to spirodiclofen and spirotetramat that will aid resistance management in California citrus. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Leishmania-macrophage interactions: multiple receptors, multiple ligands and diverse cellular responses

Abstract Although a great deal of progress has been made over the last several years in understanding the interactions of leishmania with mammalian cells, much work remains. The consensus from many of these studies is that promastigotes utilize multiple receptors to bind to macrophages. Ongoing studies involving the use of both purified and molecularly cloned receptors and ligands should eventually provide a more detailed understanding of the mechanisms by which promastigotes infect macrophages. At this time, the mechanism(s) involved in the interaction of amastigostes with mammalian cells remains somewhat enigmatic. Since amastigotes are responsible for the cell to cell spread of leishmania, gaining a better understanding of amastigote-macrophage interactions represents an important goal of future leishmania research.
Reciprocal excitation of muscle antagonists by the primary afferent pathway

Measurements were made from electromyograms, evoked in human soleus and tibialis anterior muscles by tendon taps. Evidence is presented to suggest that in certain motor disorders it is possible to stimulate the stretch reflex afferents from a single muscle and elicit activity both in that muscle and its antagonist at comparable latencies and levels. Responses in both muscles occur at the short latencies of an oligosynaptic or even possibly a monosynaptic pathway. We discuss the proposition that the traditional concept of spinal reciprocal innervation as an inhibitory linking of muscle antagonists must be expanded to include both inhibitory and excitatory connections. Such reciprocal excitatory connections appear pronounced in spastic patients who have suffered perinatal injuries to the immature nervous system.
Initial decay rate of the dynamical-scattering factor for dilute polymer solutions

The initial decay rate of the dynamical-scattering factor for dilute polymer solutions is calculated with the aid of the renormalization-group theory, which has given reasonable results for transport coefficients. The fundamental kinetic equation for a polymer chain is reconsidered critically and the necessity of the $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ expansion is explained.
Chronic duodenal inhibition of the intestinal phase of gastric secretion.

Diversion of gastric contents away from the duodenum by means of gastrojejunostomy led to increases in Heidenhain pouch secretion in 8 dogs previously subjected to total antrectomy. It is suggested that acid in the duodenum may exert a chronic depressant effect on Heidenhain pouch secretion in the antrectomized dog.
Is There a Glass Escalator for Male Nurses in Canada

This study aims to answer two questions: Do male nurses receive a wage premium? and, secondly: Do men ride a "glass escalator" and rise to supervisory positions with a higher probability than women do? Using data from the 2005 National Survey of the Work and Health of Nurses (NSWHN), this study finds that male nurses do have higher odds of being in a higher income bracket if they are registered nurses. Further, male nurses who work as registered psychiatric nurses have a very small, but higher likelihood of being in a supervisory position, thus providing small evidence of the existence of a glass escalator within the labour market for nurses in Canada.
Alternative Pathways for Radical Dissipation in an Active Site Mutant of B12-dependent Methylmalonyl-CoA Mutase

Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase catalyzes the adenosylcobalamin-dependent rearrangement of (2R)-methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA. The crystal structure of the enzyme reveals that Y243 is in van der Waals contact with the methyl group of the substrate and suggests a possible role for it in the stereochemical control of the reaction. This hypothesis was tested by designing a molecular hole by replacing the phenolic side chain of Y243 with the methyl group of alanine. The Y243A mutation lowered the catalytic efficiency >(4 x 10(4))-fold compared to wild-type enzyme, the K(M)app for the cofactor approximately 4-fold, and the cob(II)alamin concentration under steady-state turnover conditions approximately 2-fold. However, the mutation did not appear to lead to loss of the stereochemical preference for the substrate. The Y243A mutation is expected to create a cavity and should, in principle, allow accommodation of bulkier substrates. To test this, we used ethylmalonyl-CoA and allylmalonyl-CoA as alternate substrates. Surprisingly, both analogues resulted in suicidal inactivation, albeit in an O(2)-dependent and O(2)-independent fashion, respectively. The inactivation by allylmalonyl-CoA was further investigated, and revealed formation of cob(II)alamin at an approximately 1.5-fold higher rate than with wild-type mutase under single-turnover conditions. Product analysis revealed a stoichiometric mixture of 5'-deoxyadenosine, aquocobalamin, and allylmalonyl-CoA. Taken together, these results are consistent with an internal electron transfer from cob(II)alamin to the substrate analogue radical. These studies serve to emphasize the fine control exerted by Y243 in the vicinity of the substrate to minimize radical extinction in side reactions.
Enhanced sensitivity and response bias for male anger in women with borderline personality disorder

Interpersonal difficulties, which are characteristic of Borderline personality disorder (BPD), may be related to problems with social cognition. We explored facial emotion recognition in 44 women (15 with BPD, 15 healthy controls, and 14 with a history of childhood trauma but no BPD) examining the role of BPD and abuse history in the ability to detect fearful, angry and happy cues in emotional faces. In Task 1, participants viewed pictures of morphed faces containing different percentages of specific emotions and reported the emotion they saw. In Task 2, participants were asked to increase the intensity of a specific emotion on an initially neutral face until they could detect that emotion in the face. Across both tasks, BPD predicted the earlier detection of anger in male faces. BPD symptoms also predicted the misidentification of anger in male faces containing no anger cues. Although participants with BPD were slower to recognize happiness in male faces, their overall ability to recognize happiness was unimpaired. Abuse history did predict problems with happiness recognition. Finally, recognition of fear was unrelated to abuse history and BPD. Findings suggest that BPD is associated with a bias toward seeing anger in males and that this is independent of abuse history.
Binary Interval Search

Motivation: The comparison of diverse genomic datasets is fundamental to understand genome biology. Researchers must explore many large datasets of genome intervals (e.g. genes, sequence alignments) to place their experimental results in a broader context and to make new discoveries. Relationships between genomic datasets are typically measured by identifying intervals that intersect, that is, they overlap and thus share a common genome interval. Given the continued advances in DNA sequencing technologies, efficient methods for measuring statistically significant relationships between many sets of genomic features are crucial for future discovery. Results: We introduce the Binary Interval Search (BITS) algorithm, a novel and scalable approach to interval set intersection. We demonstrate that BITS outperforms existing methods at counting interval intersections. Moreover, we show that BITS is intrinsically suited to parallel computing architectures, such as graphics processing units by illustrating its utility for efficient Monte Carlo simulations measuring the significance of relationships between sets of genomic intervals. Availability: https://github.com/arq5x/bits. Contact: arq5x@virginia.edu Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
An atom-probe field-ion microscope for the study of the interaction of impurity atoms or alloying elements with defects

Abstract A time-of-flight (TOP) atom- probe field-ion microscope (FIM) designed for the study of defects is described. This atom probe features: 1. (1) a variable magnification internal-image-intensification system; 2. (2) a liquid-helium goniometer stage; 3. (3) a low-energy (⩽3 keV) gas-ion gun for in-situ irradiations; 4. (4) an ultra-high vacuum ( ≈3 × 10 −10 torr) chamber; 5. (5) a high vacuum (≈10 −6 Torr) specimen-exchange device; 6. (6) a Chevron ion detector; an 7. (7) an eight-channel digital timer with a ±10 ns resolution for measuring the TOFs. The entire process of applying the evaporation pulse to the specimen, measuring the voltages, and analyzing the TOF data is controlled by a computer. With this system we can record and analyze 600 TOF/min. Results on unirradiated specimens of molybdenum, tungsten, W-25 at% Re, Mo-1.0 at% Ti, Mo-1.0 at% Ti-0.08 at% Zr and a special low swelling stainless steel alloy (LS1A) demonstrate the instrument's ability to determine quantitatively concentrations at the 5 × 10 −4 at fr level and to determine their spatial distribution with a resolution of a few angstroms.
Effect of tunicamycin on Candida albicans biofilm formation and maintenance

Background Candida albicans is a common opportunistic pathogen of the human body and is the frequent causative agent of candidiasis. Typically, these infections are associated with the formation of biofilms on both host tissues and implanted biomaterials. As a result of the intrinsic resistance of C. albicans biofilms to most antifungal agents, new strategies are needed to combat these infections.
Characterization of positive photoresist

This paper presents techniques for measuring a new set of parameters used to describe the image forming properties of positive photoresist [1]. Exposure is described by three optical parameters, A, B, and C, through which the process is modelled. Development is described in terms of a rate relationship R(M) between the rate of removal of photoresist in the developer and the degree of exposure of the photoresist. This set of functional parameters provides a complete description of positive photoresist exposure and development, and is the basis for the theoretical process models discussed in the accompanying papers.
An Improved Colorimetric Assay for Bacterial Lipase in Nonfat Dry Milk

A modification of McKellar and Cholette's (1986) colorimetric method for determining lipase activity in reconstituted non-fat dry milk was developed. The method uses the color reaction between Fast Blue BB and the β-naphthol (BN) enzymatically cleaved from β-naphthyl cap-rylate (BNC) as a measure of lipase activity. In the modified method, a solvent system is used to clarify the sample rather than extracting the colored product. This modification allows measurement of total sample lipase by excluding centrifugation. In addition, the modified method has greater sensitivity with equal ease of use.
Silicon-Based 2-D Slab Photonic Crystal TM Polarizer at Telecommunication Wavelength

We report an extremely compact (15.4 mum x 8 mum) silicon-based 2D slab nano photonic crystal (PC) transverse-magnetic (TM) polarizer which blocks propagation of the transverse-electric (TE) polarized light but passes TM polarized light around telecommunication wavelength (1550 nm). The TE polarized light totally vanishes but the TM polarized light propagates with some attenuation in a length of mere 4.9 mum and it has a great potential to be integrated in a complex photonic integrated circuits. To our knowledge, this is the first experimental demonstration of a silicon-based PC TM polarizer at 1.55-mum wavelength. The plane wave expansion method (PWEM) and 2-D and 3-D finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulation were utilized to design a periodic triangular array of air holes in 340-nm-thick silicon with a diameter of 170 nm and pitch distance of 347 nm for the TM polarizer and 371 nm for the input and output waveguide. Such a PC TM polarizer was fabricated in silicon-on-insulator wafer using focused ion beam and reactive ion etching. The device was characterized using tunable lasers in the wavelength range of 1528 nm~1604 nm. Transmitted light intensities of the TE and TM polarized lights were measured which clearly showed the TE polarized light is filtered out around 1.55-mum wavelength.
SODIUM NITROPRUSSIDE-INDUCED HYPOTENSION IN RADICAL THORACO-ABDOMINAL DISSECTION OF RETROPERITONEAL LYMPH NODES

Blood loss and replacement in 57 consecutive otherwise healthy young patients undergoing radical thoraco-abdominal dissection of retroperitoneal lymph nodes is reviewed. Twenty-five patients received nitroprusside (hypotensive group); 32 patients (normotensive group) did not. Blood loss varied significantly between the hypotensive and normotensive groups: the mean loss (± SEM) was 920 ±72 ml for the hypotensive group compared with 1341 ± 98 ml for the normotensive group (P
Centroid-based summarization of multiple documents

We present a multi-document summarizer, MEAD, which generates summaries using cluster centroids produced by a topic detection and tracking system. We describe two new techniques, a centroid-based summarizer, and an evaluation scheme based on sentence utility and subsumption. We have applied this evaluation to both single and multiple document summaries. Finally, we describe two user studies that test our models of multi-document summarization.
Islet Amyloid, Metabolic Syndrome, and the Natural Progressive History of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

The presence of amyloid within the islet of the pancreas may be one of the best kept secrets in clinical medicine and translation of this century old finding may help to better understand the progressive nature of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes mellitus are associated with multiple metabolic toxicities which result in an elevated tension of redox stress within the islet. Redox stress is associated with damage to proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids which may have a profound affect upon the structure and function of the islet. Earlier diagnosis at the stage of impaired glucose tolerance (prediabetes) and intervention may have a positive outcome on stabilization of the vulnerable islet and beta cell as well as the multiple diabetic complications. The natural history and a shift in the treatment paradigm of type 2 diabetes mellitus is explored as a result of these century old findings.
Host preference of the chinch bug, Blissus occiduus

The chinch bug, Blissus occiduus Barber (Hemiptera: Blissidae), is an important pest of buffalograss, Buchloe dactyloides (Nutall) Engelmann and potentially other turfgrass, crop, and non-crop hosts. Choice studies documented the number of B. occiduus present on selected turfgrasses, crops and weeds, and provided important insights into the host preferences of this chinch bug. Grasses with the most chinch bugs present included the warm-season turfgrasses B. dactyloides, zoysiagrass, Zoysia japonica Steudel, bermudagrass, Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., and St. Augustinegrass, Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze. The other grasses tested, green foxtail, Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv, Kentucky bluegrass, Poa pratensis L., perennial ryegrass, Lolium perenne L., rye, Secale cereale L., sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, tall fescue, Festuca arundinacea Schreb. and wheat Tritium aestivum L. had significantly fewer chinch bugs. Buffalograss and zoysiagrass had the highest numbers of chinch bugs among the warm-season grasses and the buffalograss cultivars ‘86–120’ and ‘PX-3-5-1’ had more chinch bugs than the zoysiagrass cultivars ‘Meyers’ and ‘El Toro’ after the two hour evaluation time.
A new synthetic route to 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3

Abstract A synthesis of 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D 3 using a new acetylenic Ring-A precursor is described. Ring-A synthons 4a or 4b can be prepared in homochiral form by a diastereoselective diazoester cyclization.
Cellular response to diesel exhaust particles strongly depends on the exposure method.

In vitro exposure to aerosols at the air–liquid interface (ALI) preserves the physical and chemical characteristics of aerosol particles. Although frequently described as being a more physiologic exposure method, ALI exposure has not been directly compared with conventional in vitro exposures where the particles are suspended in medium. We exposed immortalized human bronchial epithelial cells (16HBE14o) to aerosolized diesel exhaust particles at the ALI and to suspensions of collected particles. The response of the cells was determined from measurements of the cell viability and interleukin-8 (IL-8) secretion. The deposited size distribution at the cell surface was measured with transmission electron microscopy to obtain a dose for the ALI exposure. Although exposure by either method caused a slight decrease in cell viability and induced IL-8 secretion, the response to ALI exposure occurred at doses several orders of magnitude lower than exposure to particles in suspension. The most likely sources for the different dose responses are the artifacts introduced during the collection and resuspension of particles for conventional suspension exposures. The number concentration of particles deposited at the ALI is similar to the modeled deposition in the tracheal– bronchial region in a human lung, but the ALI size distribution is skewed toward particles larger than those deposited in the lung.
Lossless compression of DNA microarray images

Microarray experiments are characterized by a massive amount of data, usually in the form of an image. Based on the nature of microarray images, we consider the microarray in terms of its structure and statistics. Based on the microarray image model, we propose a context-based method for lossless compression of microarray images using prediction by partial approximate matching (PPAM). In synchronization experiments, the raw data consists of two channel microarray images. The correlation between these two channel microarray images is explored in order to improve the compression performance. Our results show that, the proposed approach produces a better compression result when compared with results from the best-known microarray compression algorithm.
Constructing the Vote: Federal State Architecture and the Voting Behavior of Female MPs

Representation is the cornerstone of democratic legitimacy. In this paper I explore the structures that mediate the relationship between the presence of women in a legislature and the representation of their interests. I examine the structure of federal state architecture and its implications for the voting behavior of female MPs in four countries. Based on a subset of data from the Legislative Vote Project, I use OLS regression to determine the propensity of male and female MPs to vote for three types of legislation. I present significant findings regarding the predictive capacity for federalism, gender, incumbency and the presence of party-level gender quotas for MP voting behavior. Specifically, I present two critically important findings. First, I find that federalism does have gender-specific effects on MP voting behavior. Second, I find that MP voting behavior is gendered with regard to both masculine and feminine policy issues. Findings of this nature suggest that both gender and state architecture play pivotal roles in shaping the voting behavior MPs.
Perception of Solar Eclipses Captured by Art Explains How Imaging Misrepresented the Source of the Solar Wind.

The visible corona revealed by the natural phenomenon of solar eclipses has been studied for 150 years. A turning point has been the discovery that the true spatial distribution of coronal brightne...
Photoincorporation of tetracycline into Escherichia coli ribosomes.

The E. colt’ ribosome is currently the object of a great variety of studies which seek to define its function in terms of its structure. Photoaffinity labeling has proven to be a valuable tool in this regard [ 11. We are currently using this technique to localize antibiotic binding sites on the ribosome. Our basic premise is that the function which a given antibiotic inhibits is likely to be carried out in the general vicinity of where the antibiotic binds, so that localization of the antibiotic binding site provides presumptive evidence for localization of the functional site. It has been shown that native puromycin photoincorporates into specific sites on the E. coli ribosomes [2]. Taking note of the intrinsic photolability of tetracycline [3,4], we decided to investigate the possible photoincorporation of native [3H]TC into E. coli ribosomes. In this communication we: (i) Show that such incorporation takes place; (ii) Identify the major labeled ribosomal proteins as being S18 and S4, and to a lesser extent, S7, S13 and S14; (iii) Present evidence that the observed incorporation is related to the functional properties of TC. This article represents the efforts of two groups working independently (R.A.G., B.S.C. and W.A.S.; B.A.W. and T.R.T.). We learned of each other’s results as separate manuscripts were being prepared
A26 Basic Understanding: The Role Of Abnormal Htt Accumulation

Diverse cellular processes are impacted by expression and accumulation of mutant HTT (mHTT) and post-translational modifications of HTT contribute to normal and aberrant protein levels and function. A number of cellular processes are involved in accumulation of mutant HTT. One of these, SUMO modification, involves the covalent attachment of SUMO (Small Ubiquitin-like Modifier) to specific lysine residues and modulates protein activity and clearance. The SUMO pathway is highly conserved and is implicated in HD and other neurodegenerative diseases including spinocerebellar ataxias, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). We have shown that a single E3 SUMO ligase, PIAS1, modulates both SUMO-1 and 2/3 modification of mHTT in cells, raising the possibility that modulation of this enzyme could provide a selective therapeutic target. In recent studies, we show that instrastriatal viral delivery of PIAS1 miRNA in R6/2 mice significantly reduces HD-like behavioural phenotypes. Biochemical analysis reveals a reduction of accumulated SUMO-1/2, Ubiquitin modified proteins, and insoluble HMW HTT species. PIAS proteins are relevant in transcriptional regulation (mainly negative) of pathways including proinflammatory cytokine signalling and innate immune response. PIAS1 interacts with a wide range of proteins and structurally diverse molecules and we show that it may act as an important negative regulator of signalling cascades that regulate inflammation and protein clearance networks in HD. The pathways identified here in the context of HD and targeting gene-specific regulators such as PIAS1 may represent novel therapeutic strategies that impact mutant HTT levels and provide insight into mechanisms underlying HD.
Performance and Reliability of thin Gate Dielectrics for VLSI: Materials and Processing Perspective

Current trends are in the direction of submicron MOSFETs employing gate dielectrics in the thickness range of about 30–100A°. The performance and reliability of submicron MOSFETs can be improved by using high dielectric constant gate dielectric material. A new concept involving 2 or more dielectric material is proposed in this paper. In-situ rapid isothermal processing is proposed for the fabrication of thin gate dielectrics.
Enhancing community support for family practice residencies.

BACKGROUND The self-interest of employers, insurers, and the public in maintaining a healthy workforce and containing health care costs can be tied directly to primary care. Therefore, primary care training programs have a sound basis on which to solicit financial, political, and moral support from employers, insurers, and the public. METHODS Our residency program director invited community and business leaders interested in the supply of primary care physicians to join a newly formed advisory board. The work of the advisory board has focused on four areas: public relations, political influence, recruiting, and fund-raising and has developed creative ways to generate political and financial support for the residency. RESULTS During the board's 3 1/2 year life span, it has influenced political decisions affecting the residency and generated more than $100,000 in support for the program. CONCLUSIONS Soliciting local nonmedical leaders to participate on an advisory board could bring important benefits to any residency. Those community leaders who directly or indirectly benefit from a residency program should be recruited into a formal support network.
Growth of Streptococcus mutans in Biofilms Alters Peptide Signaling at the Sub-population Level

Streptococcus mutans activates multiple cellular processes in response to the formation of a complex between comX-inducing peptide (XIP) and the ComR transcriptional regulator. Bulk phase and microfluidic experiments previously revealed that ComR-dependent activation of comX is altered by pH and by carbohydrate source. Biofilm formation is a major factor in bacterial survival and virulence in the oral cavity. Here, we sought to determine the response of S. mutans biofilm cells to XIP during different stages of biofilm maturation. Using flow cytometry and confocal microscopy, we showed that exogenous addition of XIP to early biofilms resulted in robust comX activation. However, as the biofilms matured, increasing amounts of XIP were required to activate comX expression. Single-cell analysis demonstrated that the entire population was responding to XIP with activation of comX in early biofilms, but only a sub-population was responding in mature biofilms. The sub-population response of mature biofilms was retained when the cells were dispersed and then treated with XIP. The proportion and intensity of the bi-modal response of mature biofilm cells was altered in mutants lacking the Type II toxins MazF and RelE, or in a strain lacking the (p)ppGpp synthase/hydrolase RelA. Thus, competence signaling is markedly altered in cells growing in mature biofilms, and pathways that control cell death and growth/survival decisions modulate activation of comX expression in these sessile populations.
Instructing Animated Agents: Viewing Language in Behavioral Terms

One activity of Penn's Center for Human Modelling and Simulation has been the exploration of natural language instructions and other high-level task specifications to create animated simulations of virtual human agents carrying out tasks. The work builds on JACK, an animation system developed at Penn, that provides simulated human models with a growing repertoire of naturalistic behaviors. The value in using high-level task specifications to create animated simulations is that the same specification can be used to produce different animations in different situations, without additional animator or programmer intervention.
Efficient Algorithms for Supersingular Isogeny Diffie-Hellman

We propose a new suite of algorithms that significantly improve the performance of supersingular isogeny Diffie-Hellman SIDH key exchange. Subsequently, we present a full-fledged implementation of SIDH that is geared towards the 128-bit quantum and 192-bit classical security levels. Our library is the first constant-time SIDH implementation and is upi¾?to 2.9 times faster than the previous best non-constant-time SIDH software. The high speeds in this paper are driven by compact, inversion-free point and isogeny arithmetic and fast SIDH-tailored field arithmetic: on an Intel Haswell processor, generating ephemeral public keys takes 46 million cycles for Alice and 52 million cycles for Bob, while computing the shared secret takes 44 million and 50 million cycles, respectively. The size of public keys is only 564 bytes, which is significantly smaller than most of the popular post-quantum key exchange alternatives. Ultimately, the size and speed of our software illustrates the strong potential of SIDH as a post-quantum key exchange candidate and we hope that these results encourage a wider cryptanalytic effort.
Chitin-Inorganic Salts Composite Material

Chitin, a polymer of 2-acetamido-2-D-glucose, and calcium phosphate composite was prepared by the process of phosphorylation of chitin substrate, Ca(OH)2 treatment and immersion in SBF solution. The C-6 chemical shift positions of 13C MAS NMR in the chitin fibres phosphorylated using urea and H3PO4 obviously indicate that phosphorylation takes place not in the C-1 but in the C-6 region. Chitin samples were phosphorylated using urea and H3PO4 and then soaked in saturated Ca(OH)2 solution at ambient temperature. This leads to the formation of thin coatings by particalhydrolysis of the PO4 functionalities, and stimulated growth of calcium phosphate coating on their surfaces after soaking in SBF solution was observed. The procedure can be applied to chitosan samples. This study demonstrates a useful method for creating faborable lacal conditions that lead to nucleation and growth of calcium phosphate over chitin or chitosan substrates.
XANES studies of the reduction behavior of (Ce1-yZry)O2 and Rh/(Ce1-yZry)O2

Using X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES) at the Ce LIII edge, we have measured the extent of reduction of Rh-loaded and Rh-free, mixed Ce-Zr oxides under hydrogen as a function of temperature. The high surface area, mixed oxides were synthesized by sol-gel techniques and hypercritical drying. Using a simple spectrum subtraction method, the degree of reduction has been measured and compared with previous results for CeO2 and (Ce0.5Zr0.5)O2. Addition of Zr lowers the temperature of reduction and increases the extent of Ce reduction. Rh catalyzes the reduction process at low temperatures but does not substantially affect the extent of reduction achieved at high temperature. A synergism between Rh and Zr is found which leads to very high reducibility in the range of 400–600 K.
Special Problems of Elasticity

The solution of the differential equations of the theory of elasticity is greatly simplified when it is known in advance that certain components of the displacement vector u i , the strain tensor eij, and the stress tensor σij are zero or are so small that they may be neglected. It is a historical peculiarity of the literature written in English on the subject that only problems of the first class are considered to belong to the Theory of Elasticity, while those of the second class are relegated to her humble sister, called Strength of Materials. From the point of view of the engineer there is no reason for such a class distinction and we shall accept them as equally honest and equally good attempts to obtain solutions for practical problems.
Efficient HZD gait generation for three-dimensional underactuated humanoid running

Dynamic humanoid locomotion is a challenging control problem, and running is especially difficult to achieve, given the underactuation inherent to aerial domains. Previous work developed a gait-generating optimization framework for dynamic locomotion in the context of hybrid zero dynamics, producing stable 3D walking on the humanoid hardware platform DURUS. Here, we demonstrate that this optimization method also extends to stable 3D running. Gaits generated from the optimization, which utilizes the dynamics of all 23 degrees of freedom to maximize energy economy, results in stable running in a DURUS simulation model. Notably, the presented running is underactuated in all domains, due to DURUS' spring-legged design. Further, we generate 25 different running gaits, over a range of speeds (1.5–3.0 m/s), to demonstrate the reliability of solving the large-scale nonlinear program. We report statistical performance of the optimization in successfully generating stable running (average computation time: 323 seconds) in an effort to establish a benchmark for large-scale gait generation. We inspected this array of gaits across speeds, noting recognizable trends in optimized strategies from prior studies on lower-order models—e.g., both increased step frequency and step length with speed—along with the first reported cost-of-transport curve for a 3D humanoid running model. We consider this result an important step toward humanoid running on the DURUS hardware platform.
Effects of a Beaver Pond in Southwestern Montana on Metals Concentrations and Loads

A 400-m2 beaver pond on Cabbage Gulch (Deer Lodge County, MT) was investigated for its retention of total recoverable (TR) and dissolved arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and total suspended solids (TSS) during three storm water runoff events in the summer of 2013. Water samples were collected and flow rates were measured at monitoring stations above and below the pond. Decreases in TR metals concentrations were -17 percent for As (that is, As concentrations increased), 10 percent for Cu, 7 percent for Pb, and 27 percent for Zn. Total recoverable metals retained in the pond, on a mass basis, were 24 percent for As, 47 percent for Cu, 45 percent for Pb, and 55 percent for Zn. The average retention was 49 percent (by mass) for TR Cu, Pb, and Zn. Twenty-four percent of the influent TR Cu and TR Zn loads were retained because the metals were suspended in the pond with stored storm water. An additional 27 percent of the influent TR Cu and TR Zn loads settled out of the water during the sampling periods. Arsenic retention was low because all of the As was in the dissolved phase and no As could settle out. Total suspended solids concentrations decreased by 2 percent and TSS mass retention was 41 percent.
Generating Hints for Programming Problems Using Intermediate Output.

In this work, we compare two representations of student interactions within the context of a simple programming game. We refer to these representations as Worldstates and Codestates. Worldstates, which are representations of the output of the program, are generalizations of Codestates, snapshots of the source code taken when the program is run. Our goal is to incorporate intelligent data-driven feedback into a system, such as generating hints to guide students through problems. Using Worldstates simplifies this task by making it easier to compare student approaches, even for previously unseen problems, without requiring expert analysis. In the context of the educational programming game, BOTS, we find that worldstates require less prior data to generate hints in a majority of cases, without sacrificing quality or interpretability.
A Low-Temperature Thermodynamic Model for the Na-K-Ca-Mg-Cl System Incorporating New Experimental Heat Capacities in KCl, MgCl2, and CaCl2 Solutions

Chloride salts and their solutions are common on Earth and perhaps on other solar system bodies. To better understand the effects of freezing and evaporation on mineral formation and the composition of residual brines in chloride salt systems, we developed a comprehensive Pitzer model in the Na-K-Ca-Mg-Cl system valid from 298.15 to <200 K up to saturated salt concentrations. This model improves over previous models because we include new experimental heat capacities for KCl, CaCl2, and MgCl2 solutions that have been measured using differential scanning calorimetry, as well as heat capacities of crystalline phases and enthalpies of solution from literature sources. These thermal properties constrain the temperature dependence of model activity coefficients. We also use water activity data and solubility data covering the full temperature range of equilibrium salt solubilities in binary, ternary, quaternary, and quinary systems. Importantly, our model accurately represents the thermodynamic properties of C...