cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A pattern-surface interactive model of morphogenesis

A model consisting of two coupled equations and three parameters is given. The two second order equations describe a pattern function on a surface and an equation for the surface which is affected by the pattern function and changes in time. The system is open, and pattern changes give rise to changes of form, these changes in form or surface geometry cause further pattern changes, and so on, as the total area of the surface increases in time. This model is considered as a caricature of early development in living organisms. The processes of regeneration and duplication (e.g. imaginal discs of flies), gastrulation in echinoderms, and segmentation of the insect blastula are considered in a generalized and unified way from the point of view of the model. The ubiquitous formation of cylinders in nature (blood vessels, nephritic tubes, etc.) are also considered from the point of view of energy minimization of the combined system of pattern and surface.
Distributed sensor data processing for many-cores

Future many-core systems will rely heavily on a wide variety of sensors which provide run-time information about on-chip environment and workload. In this paper, a new dedicated infrastructure for distributed sensor processing for many-core systems is described. This infrastructure includes a sparse array of dedicated processors which evaluate on-chip sensor data and a two-level hierarchical network-on-chip (NoC) which allows for efficient sensor data collection. This design is evaluated using benchmark driven simulations for a three-dimensional (3D) stack, necessitating inter-layer sensor data communication. The experimental results for up to 1024 cores indicate that for typical sensor data collection rates, one sensor data processor (SDP) per 64 cores is optimal for sensor data latency. The use of a two-level NoC is shown to provide an average of 65% sensor data latency improvement versus a flat sensor data NoC structure for a 256-core system.
Resists for fine-line lithography

Resists are radiation-sensitive materials used in the fabrication of integrated circuits (VLSI) for imaging the desired pattern onto the silicon wafer. Most resists in use today consist of polymeric solutions that are spin-coated onto the silicon wafer, exposed in a lithographic tool, developed, and completely removed after the pattern has been transferred to the substrate. This paper presents a historical development of resist materials, present uses of resists, and future requirements, dictated primarily by developments in lithographic tools.
Synthesis of distillation configurations. II: A search formulation for basic configurations

Abstract It is known that there exist a combinatorially large number of multicomponent distillation column configurations for a given feed and given product specifications. In the accompanying part I of the paper, we classified configurations into basic configurations (those that use ( n − 1) columns for an n -component feed mixture) and non-basic configurations (those that use more than ( n − 1) columns for the same feed). As n exceeds four, the number of non-basic configurations greatly exceeds the number of basic configurations and have a huge impact on the size of the search space. However, through extensive calculations for a four-component feed, we have found that a non-basic configuration never has a lower heat duty than the lowest heat duty basic configuration. While prior researchers have proposed a mathematical formulation that could be used to generate only the set of basic configurations, we present an alternative supernetwork model to achieve this goal. We show how the supernetwork can be reduced to a binary integer program (BIP), and how all feasible configurations can be drawn for a given application using a suitable solver. We present different solution techniques, including parallel algorithms based on the fact that the evaluation of the performance for each configuration is independent of any other configuration. Through such a procedure, all applicable basic configurations can be rank listed for a given application according to a chosen criterion. We also extend the supernetwork formulation to a unified non-convex MINLP that can be used in a flexible way to find the best candidate configurations for a given application. We show the power of our search formulation in accommodating general separation techniques other than distillation, such as membranes, adsorption, etc.
The enemy concept in Franco-German relations, 1870–1914

(1994). The enemy concept in Franco-German relations, 1870–1914. History of European Ideas: Vol. 19, No. 1-3, pp. 41-46.
Gender and response effects in telephone interviews about gender characteristics

This study investigates the effect of gender on responses to questions about sex role orientations. Literature on gender effects in survey interviews, job interviews and counseling studies, and experiments leads to hypotheses that male interviewers will elicit more response effects than female interviewers, especially from females; that female respondents will show desirability effects more than males; and that respondents, especially female respondents, will disclose liberal orientations more to female than to male interviewers. Findings show that male interviewers do not elicit more response effects, especially among females, and there seem to be desirability effects operating instead of conformity effects, especially for female interviewers. Females, and low-power, highly educated males exhibit more liberal responses to female interviewers. This study demonstrates that in areas where interviewer—respondent question content is related to salient dimensions, response effects are observed and constitute potentially damaging sources of error.
Human-swarm hybrids outperform both humans and swarms solving digital Jigsaw puzzles

We compare three approaches to solving digital jigsaw puzzles with wrap-around connections: human-only, swarm-only, and a hybrid approach that requires humans to interact with the swarm in a high-level, scalable manner. Using an iterative improvement strategy, some positive aspects of the human solvers migrate to the swarm-only approach. As the swarm-only approach gets better, humans continue to assist and the hybrid outperforms either of the independent approaches. This strategy for improving swarms is general, and continuously applicable. We show that even after many iterations and significant improvements to the swarm-only approach, support from a human improves the performance of the swarm.
High Affinity Binding and Regulatory Actions of Dexamethasone-Type I Receptor Complexes in Mouse Brain*

It is often implied that the various molecular, physiological, and behavioral responses to the glucocorticoid dexamethasone (DEX) are mediated in brain exclusively via the interactions of this synthetic steroid with the classical glucocorticoid (type II) receptor. The results reported in this study, however, suggest this generalization may, at least for the female mouse, be too restrictive. In the first experiment we compared the efficacy of the mineralocorticoid aldosterone (ALDO) with that of DEX to measure the classical mineralocorticoid (type I) receptor in brain cytosol. Since both of these steroids also bind to type II receptors, our assays included the type II receptor-selective ligand, RU26988. Whereas the specific binding of ALDO to type I receptors was largely unaffected by a 10-fold increase in the concentration of RU26988 (50- vs. 500-fold excess), there was a dramatic reduction in the specific binding of DEX. In a follow-up experiment, Scatchard analyses were used to confirm the differential affinity of RU26988 for DEX- vs. ALDO-type I receptor-binding sites and to reveal that the affinity of type I receptors for DEX (Kd approximately 0.83 nM) was nearly as high as it was for ALDO (Kd approximately 0.46 nM). A series of competition studies indicated that the competitive affinity (Kdc) of DEX for the ALDO-binding site was equivalent to the Kd computed in the saturation analyses, thus suggesting that the high affinity binding sites for DEX and ALDO on type I receptors may be equivalent or at least overlapping. The binding of DEX to these high affinity sites may prove to be important, since the systemic administration of this steroid was found to down-regulate both type I and type II receptors in a number of brain regions. Because coadministration of the type I receptor antagonist RU26752 was shown to block these actions on type I, but not type II receptors, the formation of the DEX-type I receptor complex appears to be required for DEX-induced type I receptor down-regulation. An analysis of the in vitro efficacy of ALDO- vs. DEX-type I receptor transformation suggests that whereas there is a significant increase in the binding of both complexes to DNA-cellulose after treatment with thiocyanate, there is also a dramatic decrease in the stability of DEX- but not ALDO-type I receptor binding. We contend that it is this decrease in binding stability that mediates the DEX-induced down-regulation of type I receptors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Popular Perceptions of Shari‘a Law in Nigeria

After years of brutal authoritarian rule, a window of opportunity opened and Nigeria successfully held democratic elections in 1999. The election forced leaders of the Hausa ethnic group to relinquish power after nearly twenty years at the helm. In an attempt to demonstrate their political power and influence, some states in the northern part of the country implemented Shari'a in the months following the national election that witnessed the victory of Olusegun Obasanjo. Although there have been several works that examine the issue of Shari‘a, such studies have not examined the subject taking public opinion data into account. Afrobarometer data collected in Nigeria in 2001 and 2007 give unparalleled insight into how Nigerians view Shari‘a law and how these views have changed over time.
Conformer isomerization kinetics in glassy amorphous poly (ethylene terephthalate) and their effect on penetrant sorption

Amorphous poly(ethylene terephthalate) is a binary mixture of repeat units with the ethylene segments exhibiting either a trans or a gauche rotational conformation. The ratio of these conformational species varies as reversible isomerization reactions induced by CO2 sorption or thermal annealing occur. Incorporation of a critical amount of CO2 into the polymer catalyzes isomerization from the trans to the gauche conformation. Exposure of the polymer to temperatures slightly below the glass transition temperature initiates the reverse isomerization reaction. Analysis of the rate data for both of these reactions suggests that the isomerization mechanism involves simultaneous rotation of three adjacent chain segments. A corresponding increase in Langmuirian sorption capacity of the polymer is observed with increasing gauche fraction. A stochastic model is developed relating the number of Langmuirian sorption sites to the number of volume elements containing a fixed quantity of gauche segments.
Electrokinetic Properties of Surfactant-Stabilized Oil Droplets

To study the electrokinetic behavior of highly charged colloidal particles, we used monodisperse oil drops suspended in water and stabilized with a surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate. Results from dynamic light scattering, conductivity, and electrophoretic mobility measurements show that the emulsion particles have high ζ-potentials, corresponding to a large density of surfactant ions on the surface. Attempts to reconcile results from mobility and conductivity measurements using the standard electrokinetic model were unsuccessful. The inadequacy of the standard model is ascribed to the high surface potential of the droplets and attendant changes in the counterion density and properties of the inner part of the diffuse layer.
An experimental study of the effects on the listener of anticlimax order and authority in an argumentative speech

(1956). An experimental study of the effects on the listener of anticlimax order and authority in an argumentative speech. The Southern Speech Journal: Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 73-78.
Peptide probe of ryanodine receptor function. Imperatoxin A, a peptide from the venom of the scorpion Pandinus imperator, selectively activates skeletal-type ryanodine receptor isoforms.

We have used [3H]ryanodine binding experiments and single channel recordings to provide convergent descriptions of the effect of imperatoxin A (IpTxa), a ∼5-kDa peptide from the venom of the scorpion Pandinus imperator (Valdivia, H. H., Kirby, M. S., Lederer, W. J., and Coronado, R.(1992) Proc. Ntl. Acad. Sc. U.S.A. 89, 12185-12189) on Ca2+ release channels/ryanodine receptors (RyR) of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). At nanomolar concentrations, IpTxa increased the binding of [3H]ryanodine to skeletal SR and, to a lesser extent, to cerebellum microsomes. The activating effect of IpTxa on skeletal SR was Ca2+-dependent, synergized by caffeine, and independent of other modulators of RyRs. However, IpTxa had negligible effects on tissues where the expression of skeletal-type RyR isoforms (RyR1) is small or altogether absent, i.e. cardiac, cerebrum, and liver microsomes. Thus, IpTxa may be used as a ligand capable of discriminating between RyR isoforms with nanomolar affinity. IpTxa increased the open probability (Po) of rabbit skeletal muscle RyRs by increasing the frequency of open events and decreasing the duration of the closed lifetimes. This activating effect was dose-dependent (ED50 = 10 nM), had a fast onset, and was fully reversible. Purified RyR from solubilized skeletal SR displayed high affinity for [3H]ryanodine with a KD of 6.1 nM and Bmax of ∼30 pmol/mg of protein. IpTxa increased [3H]ryanodine binding noncompetitively by increasing Bmax to ∼60 pmol/mg of protein. These results suggested the presence of an IpTxa-binding site on the RyR or a closely associated regulatory protein. This site appears to be distinct from the caffeine- and adenine nucleotide-regulatory sites. IpTxa may prove a useful tool to identify regulatory domains critical for channel gating and to dissect the contribution of skeletal-type RyRs to intracellular Ca2+ waveforms generated by stimulation of different RyR isoforms.
The morphological basis of labriform rowing in the deep-sea Bigscale Scopelogadus beanii (Percomorpha: Beryciformes)

A recent shipboard video reveals that the deep-sea melamphaeid fish Scopelogadus beanii is capable of rowing labriform propulsion. These data indicate that S. beanii engages in powerful and highly maneuverable drag-based locomotion, an energetically expensive swimming mode in which the pectoral fin produces thrust from a fore-aft rowing stroke. The pectoral-girdle musculoskeletal morphology, including muscle insertions and origins is described herein, and estimations of isometric force produced by each division are reported based on calculations of physiological cross-sectional area. The study species possesses similar adductor muscle configuration but has one fewer abductor muscle as compared to previously studied rowers. In addition, girdle muscle masses are compared with a previously published morphospace of labriform swimmers. From this analysis, it is inferred that muscles occupying a portion of morphospace not yet described for rowing fishes, power the dynamic sculling of S. beanii. Placing these results in an ecomorphological context, the resource utilization of S. beanii is considered, specifically that it is a consumer of gelatinous zooplankton, a consistently distributed food resource. Although S. beanii resides in the dimensionless bathypelagic zone of the open ocean, a swimming mode that increases maneuverability is perhaps an adaptation to feed among dense aggregations of its prey.
GCM Response of Northern Winter Stationary Waves and Storm Tracks to Increasing Amounts of Carbon Dioxide

Abstract The response of the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) coupled ocean-atmosphere R15, 9-level GCM to gradually increasing C02 amounts is analyzed with emphasis on the changes in the stationary waves and storm tracks in the Northern Hemisphere wintertime troposphere. A large part of the change is described by an equivalent-barotropic stationary wave with a high over eastern Canada and a low over southern Alaska. Consistent with this, the Atlantic jet weakens near the North American coast. Perpetual winter runs of an R15, nine-level atmospheric GCM with sea surface temperature, sea ice thickness, and soil moisture values prescribed from the coupled GCM results are able to reproduce the coupled model's response qualitatively. Consistent with the weakened baroclinicity associated with the stationary wave change, the Atlantic storm track weakens with increasing C02 concentrations while the Pacific storm track does not change in strength substantially. An R15, nine-level atmospheric model line...
Functional analysis of a tripartite stability element within the CD40 ligand 3' untranslated region.

Summary We previously identified a cis-acting element within the 3′ untranslated region of CD40 ligand messenger RNA (mRNA) that is composed of three complex binding sites and acts to increase mRNA stability in both in vitro and in vivo systems. We now demonstrate the functional consequences of the three binding sites with respect to increasing both luciferase activity and mRNA stability in a heterologous transcript expressed in a T-cell line. The internal region B was shown to be a bona fide stability element because its presence increased luciferase activity fourfold over the unmodified transcript and its removal from the XbaI–HaeIII region resulted in rapid degradation of the transcript. Region A contained both a binding site for a polypyrimidine-tract-binding protein (PTB)-mediated complex (Complex I) and an upstream, adjacent sequence that was a negative regulator of mRNA stability. Region C bound Complex II, which contained both PTB and heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteinL (hnRNPL), and was less effective as a stability element on its own compared to region B. Our findings demonstrate differential levels of activity for the three binding sites relative to the turnover of CD40 ligand mRNA, suggesting that the lack of binding of Complex I/II during the early stages of T-cell activation contributes to the rapid degradation of the CD40 ligand mRNA transcript.
Perceptions of Vulnerability to Pregnancy and the Use of Effective Contraception

A study was conducted to determine (a) whether the lower pregnancy risk that sexually active college women attribute to themselves relative to "average"others results from underestimating their own risk or overestimating others' risk and (b) the relationship of this perceived difference to contraceptive use. Sexually active women, on the average, accurately rated their own and their best friend's risk and overestimated others' risk, although users of poor contraception did tend to overestimate the effectiveness of the methods they used. Coitally inexperienced women also overestimated others' pregnancy risk. Contrary to previous findings, perceived relative invulnerability to pregnancy was positively correlated with effectiveness of contraception, and poor contraceptors estimated their pregnancy risk to be higher than that of effective contraceptors. Implications of the findings for the theory of "unique invulnerability" to victimization are discussed.
A study of strain-induced crystallization of polymers

The response of polymers depends on their morphology. One of the challenges in modeling from a continuum perspective is how to incorporate the microstructural features into the homogenized continuum model. Here, we use a recent framework that associates different natural states and material symmetries with distinct microstructures of the body (Rajagopal, K.R., Wineman, A.S., 1992. International Journal of Plasticity 8, 385; Rajagopal, K.R., 1995. Reports of the Institute for Computational and Applied Mechanics, University of Pittsburgh; Rajagopal, K.R., Srinivasa, A.S., 1995. International Journal of Plasticity 11, 653; Rajagopal, K.R., Srinivasa, A.S., 1999. ZAMP 50, 459). We study the problem of strain-induced crystallization of polymeric materials, in particular, we study the problem of uniaxial stretching of polymeric materials and the subsequent crystallization and the predictions of the theory are compared with experimental results.
Everyday Telepresence: Emerging Practices and Future Research Directions

As network availability becomes ubiquitous, users are leveraging this access to establish their presence in remote locations through the use of commercially available telepresence technologies. With the increasing adoption of systems, new questions are emerging about how these technologies affect user interactions and relationships. Our goal for this workshop is to bring an interdisciplinary group of telepresence researchers together to trade perspectives, fostering new opportunities for collaboration and to facilitate discussion on how to advance the field.
The Concentration and Dispersion of Charisma: Their Bearing on Economic Policy in Underdeveloped Countries

The countries with underdeveloped economies are primarily peasant countries and their national unity is quite new and fragmentary. The uneducated classes are rooted mainly in local territorial and kinship groups; sometimes they are the dependents of feudal magnates to whom are directed whatever wider loyalties they have. They do not have the strong sense of nationality which drives the leaders of their country, who are often the creators of the new nation and not merely of the new state. These leaders are strong and creative persons who have broken away from the bonds of the old order—the bonds of kin and family and local territory.
Patterns of Comorbid Inflammatory Diseases in Frail Older Women: The Women’s Health and Aging Studies I and II

Background. Developing interventions to prevent frailty in older adults is a priority as it increases the risk for disability, institutionalization, and death. Single chronic infl ammatory diseases are known to increase the risk of frailty. Identifi cation of comorbid infl ammatory diseases that synergistically might heighten this risk would provide further insight into therapeutic approaches to prevent frailty. The study aims were to characterize whether there are specifi c infl ammatory disease pairs that are associated with frailty and to determine whether the risk of frailty is affected by synergistic interactions between these infl ammatory diseases. Methods. Data were from the Women’s Health and Aging Studies I and II and complementary cohorts of communitydwelling women aged 70 – 79 years from Baltimore, Maryland ( n = 620). Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate the relationships between these diseases and frailty. Results. Among the frail (11.3%), 15.2% had both depressive symptoms and anemia and 14.5% had pulmonary disease and anemia. The risk of frailty was synergistically increased in those with depressive symptoms and anemia (adjusted risk ratios = 11.93, 95% confi dence interval [CI] 4.10 – 34.76) and those with pulmonary disease and anemia (risk ratios = 5.57, 95% CI 2.14 – 14.48), compared with those without either disease in each pair. The attributable proportions of frail cases due to interaction between the diseases of each pair were 0.56 (95% CI 0.07 – 1.05) and 0.61 (95% CI 0.18 – 1.05), respectively. Conclusions. Synergistic interactions between specifi c infl ammatory diseases may heighten the risk of frailty. These fi ndings suggest that a common etiologic pathway may exist among co-occurring infl ammatory diseases and that their improved comanagement may be an approach to reducing frailty.
Endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm using a pararenal fenestrated stent-graft.

Purpose:To report an unusual case of endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) exclusion in which a fenestrated stent-graft was used to seal a proximal Type I endoleak.Methods and Results:An 84-year-old man with a 6.0-cm AAA underwent an aortomonoiliac aneurysm exclusion procedure that was complicated by a proximal endoleak. Because the patient had no right kidney, an additional stent-graft was designed to cover the right renal artery stump while preserving left renal perfusion through a fenestration in the graft material. This approach was successful in obliterating the endoleak around the proximal attachment site, but flow through the lumbar arteries remained.Conclusions:The use of a fenestrated stent-graft is feasible, but the type of fenestration in this case has limited applicability owing to the rarity of patients with suitable anatomy.
Hopf insulators and their topologically protected surface states

Three-dimensional (3D) topological insulators in general need to be protected by certain kinds of symmetries other than the presumed $U(1)$ charge conservation. A peculiar exception is the Hopf insulators which are 3D topological insulators characterized by an integer Hopf index. To demonstrate the existence and physical relevance of the Hopf insulators, we construct a class of tight-binding model Hamiltonians which realize all kinds of Hopf insulators with arbitrary integer Hopf index. These Hopf insulator phases have topologically protected surface states and we numerically demonstrate the robustness of these topologically protected states under general random perturbations without any symmetry other than the $U(1)$ charge conservation that is implicit in all kinds of topological insulators.
New spatial media, new knowledge politics

New spatial media – the informational artefacts and mediating technologies of the geoweb – represent new opportunities for activist, civic, grassroots, indigenous and other groups to leverage web-based geographic information technologies in their efforts to effect social change. Drawing upon evidence from an inductive analysis of five online initiatives that engage new spatial media in activism and civic engagement, we explore new dimensions of the knowledge politics advanced through new spatial media and the mechanisms through which they emerge. ‘Knowledge politics’ refers to the use of particular information content, forms of representation or ways of analysing and manipulating information to try to establish the authority or legitimacy of knowledge claims. The five new spatial media initiatives we analyse here introduce new dimensions to the modes of collecting, validating and representing information, when considered against practices of many activist/civic encounters with other kinds of geographic information technologies, such as GIS. The significance of these practices is not in their (arguable) newness, but rather their role in advancing different epistemological strategies for establishing the legitimacy and authority of knowledge claims. Specifically, these new knowledge politics entail a deployment of geovisual artefacts to structure a visual experience; a prioritisation of individualised interactive/exploratory ways of knowing; hyper-granular, highly immediate, experiential cartographic representations de-coupled from conventional practices of cartographic abstraction; and approaches to asserting credibility through witnessing, peer verification and transparency.
Frobenius powers of complete intersections

Let R be a commutative noetherian local ring of characteristic p > 0, and let φ : R → R be the Frobenius endomorphism, φ(a) = a. Each iteration φ defines on R a new structure of R-module, denoted φ r R, for which a · b = aprb. In 1969 Kunz [7, (3.3)] discovered that if R is regular, then φ r R is flat for all r ≥ 0 and, conversely, that if R is reduced and φrR is flat for some r ≥ 1, then R is regular. Regularity is equivalent to the finiteness of the projective dimension of the R-module k = R/m, where m is the maximal ideal of R, so Kunz’s theorem connects the homological properties of k and those of φ. To summarize further results along these lines, we let c(R) denote the least integer s such that (y : m) * m for some maximal R-regular sequence y (such an s exists by the Artin-Rees Lemma). For a finitely generated R-module M the following conditions are equivalent. (i) M has finite projective dimension. (ii) Torn (M, φrR) = 0 for all n, r ≥ 1. (iii) Torn (M, φrR) = 0 for all n ≥ 1 and infinitely many r. (iv) Torn (M, φrR) = 0 for j ≤ n ≤ j + depthR+ 1 where j, r are fixed integers satisfying j ≥ 1 and r > logp(c(R)). The implication (i) =⇒ (ii) is a fundamental theorem of Peskine and Szpiro [9, (1.7)]. An early converse, (iii) =⇒ (i), was given by Herzog [4, (3.1)]. Recently, Koh and Lee [6, (2.6)] proved (iv) =⇒ (i) (but stated a weaker result). The local ring R is a complete intersection if in some (equivalently, in each) Cohen presentation of its m-adic completion as a homomorphic image of a regular local ring, the defining ideal is generated by a regular sequence. When R has this property and the length `R(M) is finite, a sharpening of Herzog’s theorem is proved (but is not stated explicitly) in [8, (2.4)]: If n ≥ 1 and M has infinite projective dimension, then 0 < limr→∞ ( `R ( Torn (M, φrR) ) /p dimR ) <∞. Our main result links, qualitatively and quantitatively, the homology of Frobenius powers of a complete intersection and the homology of the residue field.
Effects of oxygen supersaturation on the culture of cutthroat trout, Oncorhynchus clarki Richardson, and rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss Richardson

Abstract. Two studies were conducted to determine the effects of rearing Snake River cutthroat trout, Oncorhynchus clarki Richardson, and Eagle Lake rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss Richardson, in oxygen supersaturated water. The performance of cutthroat trout held at oxygen saturation as high as 172% was compared with that of control fish held in water at or below saturation. At an oxygen saturation level of 172%, total gas pressure reached 117% in late afternoon, and nitrogen saturation was reduced to 93%. The rainbow trout were held at a maximum of 150% oxygen saturation; total gas pressure did not exceed 112% in late afternoon and nitrogen saturation was reduced to 99%. Fish growth, fin quality and feed conversions were not significantly affected in either species. At the termination of the study gas bubble disease was observed in 94% of the cutthroat trout held in oxygen supersaturated water. Gas bubble disease was not observed in rainbow trout.
TSV manufacturing yield and hidden costs for 3D IC integration

3D integration consists of 3D IC packaging, 3D IC integration, and 3D Si integration. They are different and in general, the TSV (through-silicon-via) separates the 3D IC packaging and 3D IC/Si integrations, i.e., the latter two use TSV, but 3D IC packaging does not. TSV for 3D integration is >26 years old technology, which (with a new concept that every chip could have two active surfaces) is the focus of this study. Emphasis is placed on the TSV manufacturing yield and hidden costs. A 3D integration roadmap is also provided.
Reply by the authors to Richard D. Rechtien

It may not be completely obvious that in our Kirchhoff elastic wave‐migration formulation for the case of noncoincident source and receiver the traction vector t(x′) and the displacement vector field u(x′) on the boundary of a region in our equation (1) are indeed the total traction vector and the total displacement vector field. Therefore, the boundary condition t(x′)=0 on the free surface specified by S′ is correctly imposed.
MB-27PATHWAY ANALYSIS OF A HUMAN NEURAL STEM CELL MODEL OF AGGRESSIVE MEDULLOBLASTOMA REVEALS CKD INBHIBITION AS A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC MODALITY

Medulloblastoma, the most common malignant brain tumor in children, is divided into multiple subgroups with different associated mutations and clinical prognoses. To facilitate studying the biology and developing new therapeutic options, we created a model of aggressive medulloblastoma using human neural stem cells. Neural stem cells were obtained from the cerebellar anlage of first trimester fetal autopsy specimens and transfected using lentiviral vectors with different combinations of oncogenes associated with poor prognosis medulloblastoma: dominant-negative p53, hTERT, c-MYC, and constitutively active AKT. Cerebellar derived stem cells transformed with all four oncogenes formed fast growing, aggressive tumors that were histologically similar to primary anaplastic medulloblastoma tumors. We compared the expression profile of primary medulloblastoma tumors to our model, and confirmed that our model most closely matches the most aggressive and clinically devastating subgroup of medulloblastoma. The expression profile of our model was compared with a drug sensitivity database to identify therapeutic agents that could target our model. One class of drugs identified was cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors. Because MYC also regulates the expression of CDKs 4/6, we hypothesized that flavopiridol (alvocidib), a cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor currently in clinical trials for a variety of tumor types would be effective against MYC-driven medulloblastoma. Our model and the medulloblastoma cell lines D425Med and D283Med were sensitive to treatment with flavopiridol. The IC50 of flavopiridol was less than 50nM for all cell lines tested. Flavopiridol decreased the growth and proliferation of both cell lines and our neurosphere model as measured by MTS assay and BrdU incorporation (p < 0.001)). Flavopiridol also included apoptosis as determined by staining for cleaved caspase-3 and flow cytometry (p < 0.01). The data shown here demonstrate that our human neurosphere model of medulloblastoma can facilitate the identification of agents with therapeutic efficacy against aggressive medulloblastoma.
The carcinogenic effects of single and repeated doses of 3,4-benzpyrene.

(1960). The Carcinogenic Effects of Single and Repeated Doses of 3,4-Benzpyrene. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal: Vol. 21, No. 5, pp. 350-355.
Similar Time-Dependent Recovery Property of Fast and Slow Atrioventricular Nodal Pathways

The purpose of this study was to determine whether fast and slow atrioventricular (AV) nodal pathways have the same recovery property. AV nodal recovery property is studied by delivering atrial extrastimuli coupled to atrial beats and plotting nodal coupling intervals against nodal conduction time. In patients with dual pathways the resultant curves will include a fast to fast (F-F) and a fast to slow (F-S) pathway coupled curves. Although fast pathway recovery property can be represented by the former, slow pathway recovery property requires further assessment by studying slow to slow (S-S) pathways coupled curve. In 9 patients with dual pathways F-F, F-S, S-F, and S-S curves were obtained by pacing protocols. In 8 patients (control) without dual pathways, F-F curve and atrial extrastimuli coupled to a preceding slowly conducted fast pathway beat (also designated as S-F curve) were obtained. (1) The S-S curve had a similar time constant as the F-F curve. (2) Although the S-S curve was markedly shifted upward and leftward from the F-F curve, the degree of leftward and upward shifts of the S-S curve from the F-F curve were both close to the difference of the basic fast and slow pathway conduction time (a constant). (3) Although the effective refractory period of the fast pathway in dual pathway patients was longer than that of the control patients, the slow pathway effective refractory period when corrected was close to that of fast pathway in control patients. These results suggest that the fast and slow AV nodal pathways have a similar time-dependent recovery property.
Experimental Measurements of Thermal Radiation Properties by Cyclic Incident Radiation

Cyclic incident radiation method for measuring thermal emittance and absorption properties of metals at cryogenic temperatures
Spread of beech bark disease in the eastern United States and its relationship to regional forest composition

Beech bark disease (BBD) is an insect–fungus complex involving the beech scale insect (Cryptococcus fagisuga Lind.) and one of two canker fungi. Beech scale was introduced to Halifax, Nova Scotia a...
The Use of Songs in Music Therapy With Cancer Patients and Their Families

In a cancer setting, patients and their families often report feelings of physical and/or emotional pain. The use of songs in music therapy is effective in providing them with important means for support and tools for change. The verbal messages about people, places, feelings, events, and desires encourage resolution of issues and processing of grief. This article reviews some of the needs of cancer patients and their families and the goals and stages in music therapy. It then explores song choice themes and methods for achieving therapeutic goals. Two case studies are presented to demonstrate the work. Cancer patients generally experience feelings of isolation, depression, tension, loss, grief, and pain. The coping mechanisms individuals use to deal with these emotions and changes are usually those called upon in their pasts and/or are those which temporarily reduce pain and tension. The types of, effects of, and treatments for cancer are numerous, as are the problems that ensue. The use of songs in music therapy with cancer patients and their families effectively provides important means for support and tools for change. Human contact and professional support can often assist in diminishing the suffering involved in cancer. There exists an inherent association between songs and human contact since lyrics represent melodic verbal communication. Thus, the use of songs in music therapy can have natu­ rally meaningful applications. Elements of song experiences--cognitive stimulation, the building of relationships, singing, and listening--can provide frameworks for tension release, integration, and pleasure. In order to most effectively use song material in music therapy, it is
NEW PORK PRODUCTS FOR THE FOODSERVICE INDUSTRY: TECHNOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS

There are two inevitable areas of understanding that must be mastered for pork to be competitive in the foodservice marketplace. The first is a clear and concise understanding of the needs of the intended consumer market, the foodservice industry. The second is to understand the raw material properties to be used and the technologies to manufacture those raw materials into user-friendly pork products. A thorough understanding of the limitations of the raw materials, as well as the equipment, is critical. This understanding includes raw material selection and use, binding and other production steps, portioning, non-meat ingredients including breading and battering, precooking, shelf-life of the products, and the distribution system. Performance of the pork product during final preparation for the consumer is critical to the perceived value and consumer acceptance of the product. Repeat selection of pork products are necessary to make pork a widely sought out and selected product.
Proximal bulbar periurethral abscess.

A 67 year-old male with poorly controlled diabetes and persistent leukocytosis despite appro-priate antibiotic treatment for pneumonia underwent computer-tomography (CT) scanning to evaluate for additional sources of infection. He was noted to have a 3.5 centimeter rim enhancing fluid collection at the level of his bulbar urethra (Figure-1, Panel A, B, C). Upon questioning, the patient recalled an aching testicular pain that had resolved one week prior. He denied any difficulty voiding, and post-void resi-dual measurements were zero. Digital rectal exam, penile, scrotal, and perineal examination were nor-mal. Transrectal ultrasound demonstrated an abscess surrounding the bulbar urethra (Figure-1, Panel D). Transrectal ultrasound-guided needle aspiration was performed with return of 30 milliliters of frank pus and visible resolution of the abscess (Figure-1, Pa-nel E). The patient had subsequent rapid clinical
β1-Adrenergic receptors stimulate cardiac contractility and CaMKII activation in vivo and enhance cardiac dysfunction following myocardial infarction

The β-adrenergic receptor (βAR) signaling system is one of the most powerful regulators of cardiac function and a key regulator of Ca2+ homeostasis. We investigated the role of βAR stimulation in a...
Distribution, Breeding Density and Nest Sites of Hawfinches Coccothraustes coccothraustes in the Primeval Forest of Białowieża National Park

Long-term observations (1991–2002) have shown that Hawfinches breed throughout the extensive Bialowieza Forest; they are only slightly less numerous in the forest interior than at its edge. Population size, habitat and nest sites were studied in two plots in the species-optimal habitat (continuous oak-lime-hornbeam old-growth). The true breeding density there was 4.0–8.4, reaching as much as 15.2 p/10 ha in some years, while, according to the combined territory-mapping method for the same period, it was, on average, 5.8 pairs/10 ha in oak-lime-hornbeam, 3.3 pairs/10 ha in riparian ash-alder, but less than 0.5 pairs/10 ha in mixed coniferous-deciduous or young deciduous stands (marginal habitats for this species). Being among the most numerous species in the Bialowieza Forest bird community, Hawfinches hold small nesting territories that are sometimes loosely grouped. Nests are built at an average height of 18.1 (7–34) m in the tree canopy. Hornbeams are the preferred tree species for nesting in the oak-lime-hornbeam stands (also clumps of mistletoe in the continental maple), while black alders in the riparian woodland. Originally, the Hawfinch must have been a species of old, high forests. Its recent nesting elsewhere — low in bushes or, preferably, along woodland edges — is likely to be a secondarily acquired trait; it could also be due to a bias — Hawfinch nests are more easily discovered in such localities.
The Meaning of Consent

It is often said that consent is "morally transformative," even magical: it transforms what otherwise would be illegal conduct into conduct that is entirely legal. As the famous maxim goes: volenti non fit injuria-a person is not wronged by that to which he consents. But how literally should we read this maxim? Does consent of one person always have the power to change the moral and legal character of another person's actions?
Velocity of Sound in Liquid He 3

The velocity of sound in liquid He/sup 3/ along the vapor pressure curve between 1.2 and 3.2 K was measured using a pulse technique at 14 Mc/sec. Between 2 and 2.6 K the variation with pressure up to 1 atmosphere was investigated. The results are combined with other known data to calculate various thermodynamic quantities for the liquid. Available data on the specific heat along the vapor pressure curve have been converted into the more theoretically interesting case of the specific heat at constant volume along an isopycnal. The phonon contribution to the specific heat is discussed. (auth)
Heliothis Spp.: Method of Selecting Mature Pupae for Irradiation, and Performance of H. zea Irradiated as Pupae

The buoyancy of pupae of Heliothis zea (Boddie) and H. virescens (F.) increases as eclosion is approached. This biological phenomenon led to the development of a density-dependent pupal flotation technique that permitted selection of mature pupae of both species for irradiation without significantly affecting the percentage of emergent normal adults. In performance studies, the percentage of mated females and the number of spermatophores per mated female did not differ significantly from those of the control for adult H. zea from pupae selected by the flotation technique and then irradiated with 30–40 krad Co60 (male) or with 20–30 krad Co60 (females). Also, less than 1% of the eggs from these H. zea females paired with unirradiated males were viable. The percentage of viable eggs from unirradiated females paired with treated males ranged from 12–27.
Estimation and cancellation of high powered radar interference for communication signal collection

In this paper, we investigate the demodulation of a communication signal that is interfered by a high-powered radar signal. We choose quaternary phase-shift keying (QPSK) modulation for illustration. A least squares estimator (LSE) is used to estimate the amplitude and phase of the interfering radar signal to be used for interference cancellation. Then a maximum likelihood detection (MLD) receiver is used. We show that the QPSK SER improvement in the radar interference environment depends on collection time. For large collection times, the SER approaches the theoretical SER for QPSK. Unfortunately, as the collection time decreases the variance of the radar estimate increases, which degrades the SER. Further, we show increases in radar estimate variance as the QPSK SNR increases, which affects the SER. We propose a form of interference cancellation based on estimating the radar signal and then subtracting it from the received signal prior to MLD of the communication signal.
The Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society and the Civil War

Civil War historians, particularly those interested in women’s experiences, stand to learn a great deal by taking a new look at old sources. Among these are the minutes of the Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society (PFASS), housed at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. PFASS’s minutes document the society’s monthly meetings and provide a rather comprehensive list of the work the women did. The minute books record what the group accomplished between meetings, organizational correspondence, and the activities of individual members. Because the group did not disband until 1870, the minutes hold potential for scholars seeking to understand the still unexplored experiences of women of color during the Civil War and Reconstruction and how this novel group of women sought to shape the political events of the day.
An Experimental Study of Crystal Size Distribution in a Continuous, Backmixed, Gas-Phase Reactor

One of the most important aspects of a process producing a solid-phase product is the particle size distribution obtained in the process. Although much has been done on liquid-phase crystallization, and on single crystal growth from the gaseous phase, little work has been reported in the area of particle size distributions from a continuous, gas-phase process. Discussed in this paper will be the efforts of the authors in designing and utilizing a single-stage, backmixed reactor to study crystal size distribution (CSD) and growth-nucleation rate kinetics in a continuous, gas-phase crystallization system. A specific motivation for such gas-phase studies is the evaluation of the isothermal backmixed reactor as a kinetic tool in the study of other combustion systems which produce particulate products.
Fuzzy logic based control of multiple manipulators in a flexible work cell

Control of multiple robots presents numerous challenges, some of which include synchronization in terms of position, motion, force, load sharing and internal force minimization. This paper presents formulation and application of a fuzzy logic based strategy for control of two six degree-of-freedom robots carrying an object in a cooperative mode. The paper focuses on control of internal forces which get generated when two or more robots carry an object in coordination. Force/torque sensors mounted on wrist of each robot provide the force and torque data in six dimensions. A fuzzy logic controller has been designed to use these Force/Torque (F/T) data to achieve a cooperating movement in which one robot acts as leader and the other robot follows. Matlab's Fuzzy logic, Simulink, and State Flow toolboxes are used for achieving real-time, autonomous and intelligent behavior of the two robots. Simulation results from three experiments show that the above strategy was able to constrain the internal forces and provide a smooth movement of the manipulators.