cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mitochondrial mutations in hepatocellular carcinomas and fibrolamellar carcinomas

Mitochondrial mutations are well documented in hepatocellular carcinoma, but their role in carcinogenesis remains unclear. To clarify their significance, a comprehensive analysis was performed of hepatocellular carcinomas (N=24), including quantifying the total mitochondrial DNA levels, quantifying the levels of mitochondrial DNA with the common deletion, and complete sequencing of the mitochondrial control region. In addition, these studies were expanded and reinforced by analysis of fibrolamellar carcinomas (N=15), a unique type of liver carcinoma that has increased numbers of mitochondria on electron microscopy. Overall, approximately 50% of hepatocellular carcinomas had lower levels of total mitochondrial DNA than paired non-neoplastic tissues. Interestingly, despite their increased numbers of mitochondria, primary fibrolamellar carcinomas had lower levels of total mitochondrial DNA. In contrast, metastatic fibrolamellar carcinomas had greatly increased mitochondrial DNA levels. Overall, deletions in the control region were associated with lower total DNA levels in typical hepatocellular carcinoma, but somatic single base pair mutations were not. In fact, almost all single base pair mutations were either reversions to the wild-type sequence or known population polymorphisms, strongly suggesting they are not directly oncogenic. Complete sequencing of the entire mitochondrial genome in fibrolamellar carcinomas identified several somatic mutations, but no consistent pattern of mutations was found. Overall, the levels of the common deletion were highest in tissues with lower total mitochondrial DNA. In conclusion, control region deletions, but not somatic mutations, may influence total DNA copy numbers. Somatic control region mutations in hepatocellular carcinoma are not directly oncogenic but instead may be adaptive.
Work in progress: Outreach assessment: Measuring engagement: An integrated approach for learning

The Learn By Doing Lab (LBDL) at Cal Poly, San Luis Obispo is an on-campus laboratory where 5th through 8th grade students are taught by undergraduates who may be planning a careers in teaching. The two populations -elementary students and undergraduates — are equally important in the process. Since 2008, the lab has seen over 4000 elementary and junior high students and over 100 undergrads have participated. In most outreach assessment the number of individuals participating is an important metric, but this last Spring we experimented with a more in depth measure of effectiveness. As in any learning experience engagement in the process is an essential ingredient. Although there are several methods of measuring engagement, we chose to observe the activity of the participants as a proxy for engagement. Two industrial engineering (IE) undergraduates who themselves have been exposed to the topics of work sampling and observation studies had an opportunity to improve professional skills through this application. This involvement of undergraduates is consistent with the LBDL and Cal Poly's motto of “learn by doing.” These two students, who are also coauthors, spent multiple hours coding and randomly sampling the of the elementary and junior high students as well as the undergraduate teacher's activities. Not only did the IE students discover important insights for the LDBL they also learned how to apply work sampling in a research setting. This paper discusses the integrated learning environment and the next steps involved in these undertakings.
Bridged cyanine dyes. Part 3 †. Zwitterionic bis-4-pyridyl and cationic bis-dimethylanilino derivatives

The preparation is described of two novel classes of bridged cyanines: zwitterionic bis-4-pyridyl and cationic bis-dimethylanilino and bis-methylcarbazolyl derivatives 5 and 11. In these compounds an uneven number of carbon atoms of the methine chain forms part of a five- or six-membered ring. The visible absorption is discussed.
Seropositivity of Toxoplasma gondii in domestic donkeys (Equus asinus) and isolation of T. gondii from farm cats

Donkeys (Equus asinus) are used as both companion and working animals throughout the world and in some countries, their meat and milk are used for human consumption. Here we report the first serological survey of Toxoplasma gondii in donkeys in the United States. Serum samples from 373 donkeys from eight farms in five states were tested for T. gondii antibodies by the modified agglutination test (MAT). Twenty-four of 373 (6.4%) of donkeys were seropositive, with MAT titers ranging from 25 to ≥ 200. All seropositive donkeys were Miniature breed. Seropositivity prevalence was 7.0% in female donkeys (20/282) and 4.1% in male donkeys (4/91). No donkeys less than 24 months of age (129) were seropositive, suggesting postnatal transmission of infection. Domestic cats were present on six of the eight farms. Three cats from one farm had MAT titers of 200. Viable T. gondii was isolated from the hearts of two cats, but not from brain tissues. Genotyping of isolate DNA extracted from culture-derived tachyzoites using 10 PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers (SAG1, SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, c22-8, c29-2, PK1, L358 and Apico loci) revealed that both isolates were clonal Type II (ToxoDB PCR-RFLP genotype #1). This is the first serological survey for T. gondii in donkeys in the United States, and suggests that donkey milk and meat should be considered as a potential source for human infection. The role of barn cats in the transmission of T. gondii to donkeys on farms warrents further investigation.
Abundance effects on the Cepheid distance scale

A new investigation of the dependence of the period-luminosity (PL) and period-luminosity-color (PLC) relations on the helium and metal abundances in classical Cepheids is presented. Composition dependences are assigned to all quantitites under study, so that the results represent a true theoretical prediction. It is found that the PLC relation in B,V magnitudes is at least five times more sensitive to chemical composition than is the PL relation. If the PL relation is adopted and the helium abundance is held fixed, a Cepheid with Z = 0.005 should be fainter than one with Z = 0.02 by about 0.04 mag. Since the slope of the predicted PL relation is independent of chemical composition, the PL relation can be considered to be effectively universal. Additional supporting observational evidence is described, and theoretical results are also presented for the bolometric PL relation, whose slope and dependence on metal abundance should be roughly applicable to infrared observations of Cepheids.
Bloom's syndrome. III. Analysis of the chromosome aberration characteristic of this disorder.

Chromatid interchange between somatic chromosomes, a phenomenon occasionally observed in normal lymphocytes in culture, occurs with a greatly increased frequency in Bloom's syndrome lymphocytes. Highly characteristic interchanges occur at apparently homologous sites on homologous chromosomes and affect certain regions preferentially.
Quantitation of tetrabromobisphenol-A from dust sampled on consumer electronics by dispersed liquid-liquid microextraction.

Abstract Tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA) is a brominated flame retardant used worldwide. Despite its widespread use, there are few data concerning environmental concentrations of TBBPA. Thus, the objective of this work was to optimize an ultrasound-assisted dispersed liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) method to analyze swabbed surfaces of consumer electronics to determine TBBPA concentrations. Upon sample preparation with DLLME, TBBPA was derivatized with acetic anhydride and then analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Using a 13C12-TBBPA internal standard to improve precision and quantitation, a recovery study was performed. At concentrations of 250–1000 ng/mL, recoveries were 104–106%. Sample preparation with solid phase extraction had comparable recoveries, although overall, improved analyte recovery and precision were achieved with DLLME. In a small survey study, TBBPA concentrations in dust collected from 100 cm2 areas on electronic surfaces (monitor, microwave, refrigerator, and TV) were determined to range from less than the LOQ to 523 ng/mL.
A critical evaluation of alternative methods and paradigms for conducting mediation analysis in operations management research

Abstract Mediation as a theory testing approach has witnessed considerable adoption among Operations Management (OM) researchers. Although mediation-testing methods have evolved tremendously in the past decade, their dissemination in the OM field has not seen parallel growth. These advanced techniques facilitate the testing of existing and complex hypotheses in a more precise manner. With the intent of critically evaluating existing and alternative methods for conducting mediation analysis needed to support sophisticated empirical research, this paper first reviews OM studies that tested for mediation in the past eleven years (2002–2012) from top-tier OM journals. Four commonly used mediation approaches were identified. Based on principles of good theory building, type of mediation model, and properties of empirical data, we evaluate the existing methodologies and make recommendations on how to improve the rigor of OM mediation testing. Using published OM studies in top journals as examples, we then illustrate the relevance and advantages of these recommendations, as well as their ease of use. Furthermore, we empirically show that more robust and insightful results can be achieved by adopting these techniques, which in turn have the promise of leading to better theory building and testing in the field of operations management.
Familial Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Clinical Features and Outcome

Study objectives Familial idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (FIPF) has been defined as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) occurring in two or more members of a family. The clinical course of FIPF has not been fully defined. Accordingly, the current study was undertaken to establish clinical, radiologic, and histologic features, and survival in a consecutive series of patients with FIPF. Design Retrospective analysis of clinical, radiologic, and pathologic data from a consecutive series of patients with FIPF who were seen at Mayo Medical Center. Survival in patients with FIPF was contrasted to that of previously characterized patients with nonfamilial IPF who were evaluated at our institution. Setting Tertiary referral medical center. Patients We screened 47 patients and family members with FIPF from 15 families who were identified between the years 1992 and 2002. We further analyzed the subgroup of FIPF patients that was composed of 27 patients from 15 families in whom the complete clinical course was monitored at our institution. Measurements All patients exhibited clinical features that were compatible with IPF and either compatible high-resolution CT (HRCT) scan findings or histologic evidence of usual interstitial pneumonia. Clinical data, including symptoms, physical findings, HRCT scan findings, lung function test results, biopsy results, and survival were abstracted from the clinical records. Results Compared to patients with nonfamilial IPF, patients with FIPF did not demonstrate any notable differences in clinical, radiologic, or pathologic features. We observed that the total number of affected members in a family with FIPF was a significant risk factor for earlier mortality (p = 0.0157; hazard ratio, 1.434). Overall, however, patients with FIPF had a statistically similar outcome to those patients with nonfamilial IPF. Conclusions Although uncommon, FIPF represents a distinct syndrome, which has clinical features and patient survival rates that are similar to those of nonfamilial IPF.
Airglow from Jupiter's nightside and crescent: Ultraviolet spectrometer observations from Voyager 2

The Voyager Ultraviolet Spectrometer has made extensive observations of airglow from Jupiter's dark-side equatorial latitudes. The brightness of H Lyman alpha, the only emission detected, varies between 700 and 1000 rayleighs (R) as a function of longitude. The dark side of Jupiter is illuminated by sky background Lyman alpha arising from resonance scattering of the solar Lyman alpha line by the neutral hydrogen of the interstellar medium. Calculations show that resonance scattering of this sky background by hydrogen in Jupiter's thermosphere will produce about 300 R of Lyman alpha emission. The additional Lyman alpha observed is probably excited by electrons and protons precipitating at equatorial latitudes. Based on the 500-R upper limit set here on the dark-side H2 Lyman and Werner bands, and the Lyman alpha measurements, the exciting particles are thought to have a soft energy spectrum and deposit about 0.04 erg/sq cm per sec in the atmosphere. There is evidence for an asymmetrical precipitation pattern associated with the longitudinal variation in Lyman alpha emission, and a suggestion of a strong day-night difference in precipitation as well.
Ingratiation tactics channeled by target values and threat capability1

Several hypotheses concerning the use of ingratiation tactics were tested in a paradigm where subjects believed that monetary rewards were contingent on a favorable evaluation from a supervisor. Manipulated variables in the 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design were (a) the nature of the supervisor's values (i.e., efficiency vs. sociability), (b) the level of threats issued by the supervisor (no threat vs. high threat), and (c) the extent to which the subjects were dependent on the supervisor's evaluation (low dependency vs. high dependency). The dependent variables were the extent to which the subjects used the ingratiation tactics of other-enhancement (flattery) and selective self-presentation. Findings indicate that the manipulation of the supervisor's values affected the form of other-enhancement used by subjects; more flattery in terms of efficiency occurred in the efficiency values condition, while more flattery in terms of sociability occurred in the sociability values condition. The supervisor's values also affected self-presentation; subjects claimed to hold efficiency ideals when the supervisor held efficiency values, but (in line with earlier findings) they did not claim to hold sociability ideals when the supervisor held sociability values. The manipulation of threats issued by the supervisor had a significant effect on the subjects' use of other-enhancement with respect to the target's sociability, but it had no effect on other ingratiation measures. Finally, the manipulation of dependency had no effect on other-enhancement, but it did produce a surprising “modesty effect” on self-presentation. Subjects presented themselves as both less efficient and less sociable under high dependency than under low. These findings are discussed in the light of previous research on ingratiation tactics.
Two Conceptions of the Physical

The debate over physicalism in philosophy of mind can be seen as concerning an inconsistent tetrad of theses: (1) if physicalism is true, a priori physicalism is true; (2) a priori physicalism is false; (3) if physicalism is false, epiphenomenalism is true; (4) epiphenomenalism is false. This paper argues that one may resolve the debate by distinguishing two conceptions of the physical: on the theory-based conception, it is plausible that (2) is true and (3) is false; on the object-based conception, it is plausible that (3) is true and (2) is false. the paper also defends and explores the version of physicalism that results from this strategy.
Proton decay matrix elements on the lattice

Hadronic matrix elements of proton decay are essential ingredients to bridge the grand unification theory to low energy observables like proton lifetime. In this paper we non-perturbatively calculate the matrix elements, relevant for the process of a nucleon decaying into a pseudoscalar meson and an anti-lepton through generic baryon number violating four-fermi operators. Lattice QCD with 2+1 flavor dynamical domain-wall fermions with the direct method, which is direct measurement of matrix element from three-point function without using chiral perturbation theory, are used for this study to have good control over the error due to lattice discretization effects, operator renormalization, and chiral extrapolation. The relevant form factors for possible transition process from an initial proton or neutron to a final pion or kaon induced by all types of three quark operators are obtained through three-point functions of (nucleon)-(three-quark operator)-(meson) with physical kinematics. In this study all the relevant systematic uncertainties of the form factors are taken into account for the first time, and the total error is found to be the range 30%–40% for π and 20%–40% for K final states.
Changes in cellularity induced by radiation in a solid tumour.

SummaryThe growth and cellular responses of Morris hepatoma 3924 A to a locally-administered dose of 3750 R X-rays were studied using the following parameters: (1) relative tumour volume changes; (2) tritiated thymidine (3H-TdR) incorporation into DNA; (3) tumour DNA content and (4) cellular analysis, including 3H-TdR labelling index, mitotic index, aberrant mitotic frequency and relative cell density. Before depression of tumour growth, cell proliferation is temporarily interrupted. As proliferation is reinitiated, a short-lived synchrony and prolongation of cell-cycle traverse are reflected in (a) the labelling index and mitotic index, (b) the relative cell density, and (c) the rate of incorporation of 3H-TdR into DNA. Within 4 days after radiation, cell proliferation and 3H-TdR incorporation are significantly depressed. Simultaneously there are reductions in both the relative cell density and tumour DNA contents, and these remain depressed as the tumours initiate regression. From these studies, it is a...
Convective Cooling Affects Cardiac Catheter Cryoablation and Radiofrequency Ablation in Opposite Directions

Recently, cryoablation has received increased attention as a safer alternative to radiofrequency (RF) ablation. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of convective cooling at physiologic flow rates on RF lesion size and on cryo lesion size. Porcine hearts were sectioned into 40 pieces and placed in a temperature-controlled saline bath (37degC) with varying directed flow rates (0, 1, 2 and 3 L/min). Large-tip cryoablation (8mm tip) was performed for 4 minutes on 20 tissue sections at -80degC tip temperature. Large-tip RF catheter ablation (10 mm tip) was performed at 60degC target temperature for 1 minute on 20 tissue sections. For each catheter, flow rates were randomized between applications. The tissue pieces were placed in culture medium for 24 hrs, sectioned, stained and measured to determine lesion depth, width and volume. Average lesion geometry was estimated from the data. Lesion dimensions were dependent on the flow rate for RF ablation with larger lesions at higher flow rates (mean volumes: 211plusmn35, 304plusmn79, 439plusmn125 and 525.7plusmn187 mm3 for 0, 1, 2 and 3 L/min flow rate, respectively, p < 0.01). Also for cryoablation lesion size varied significantly with flow, such that lower flow rates produced larger lesions (mean volumes: 855plusmn402, 809plusmn218, 658plusmn91 and 360plusmn114 mm3 for 0, 1, 2 and 3 L/min flow rate respectively, p < 0.01). While RF ablation creates larger lesions at high flow rates (3 L/min), cryoablation creates larger lesions at low flow rates (0-1 L/min, p < 0.05).
S 3 : storable, shareable search

We present S3, a system that implicitly captures the process and products of Web investigations (exploratory searches involving multiple queries). This automatically-created, persistent representation of an investigation enables future review and continuation of suspended search activities. This persistent representation can reduce unnecessary re-execution of queries and enable users to quickly regain the context of a resumed activity. Stored investigations can also be shared with, and augmented by, collaborators. Furthermore, a stored investigation can act as a standing query, proactively updating itself when a user revisits it.
The in vitro effects of metal cations on eukaryotic cell metabolism

The in vitro cytotoxicity of nine metal cations common in dental casting alloys was evaluated using Balb/c 3T3 fibroblasts and four toxicity parameters: total protein production, 3H-leucine incorporation, 3H-thymidine incorporation, and MTT-formazan production. Concentrations causing 50% toxicity compared to controls (TC50's) and reversibility of these effects were determined. The range of potency of the metal cations was 2-3 orders of magnitude, with Cd2+ showing the greatest potency and In3+ showing the least. Potency did not correlate with atomic weight for these metals. For each metal cation, the TC50's of the various toxicity parameters were similar in most cases. However, several cations (Cu2+, Ga3+) showed greater potency with 3H-thymidine incorporation. Reversibility of the toxic effects was observed for all cations; the effects generally became irreversible at concentrations in the range of the TC50 value for each cation. Several stimulatory effects were seen. Small but statistically significant stimulations were observed after 24 h of metal exposure for Ag1+, Au4+, Cu2+, Ga3+, and Ni2+. Residual stimulations 24 h after removal of the metal cations were observed for Au4+, Cd2+, Ni2+, and Zn2+. Stimulations always occurred at concentrations below the TC50 concentrations. This study should be useful in evaluating the potential cytotoxic effects of metal cations released from dental alloys.
Polymer – drug conjugates: Origins, progress to date and future directions

This overview focuses on bioconjugates of water-soluble polymers with low molecular weight drugs and proteins. After a short discussion of the origins of the field, the state-of-the-art is reviewed. Then research directions needed for the acceleration of the translation of nanomedicines into the clinic are outlined. Two most important directions, synthesis of backbone degradable polymer carriers and drug-free macromolecular therapeutics, a new paradigm in drug delivery, are discussed in detail. Finally, the future perspectives of the field are briefly discussed.
Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator shocks in patients with a left ventricular assist device

Background Left ventricular assist device (LVAD) use is becoming increasingly common for patients with end-stage heart failure. However, the rate of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) shocks and the effect of these shocks on outcomes in patients with LVADs remain unknown. Methods Medical records were reviewed from patients with both an ICD and a LVAD from September 2000 to February 2009. The association between ICD shocks and survival while receiving device support was assessed using Cox proportional hazards modeling. Results Thirty-three of 61 patients with a LVAD also had an ICD and form the basis of this report. The mean duration of LVAD support was 238 days. One or more ICD shocks were delivered to 14 patients (42%) with 8 (24%) receiving appropriate shocks for ventricular arrhythmias and 6 (18%) receiving inappropriate shocks. No patients received both appropriate and inappropriate shocks. When compared with receiving no ICD shock, receiving any ICD shock or an appropriate ICD shock were both associated with an increase in the risk of death (hazard ratio [HR] 4.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2 to 17.3, p = 0.027, and HR 5.3, 95% CI 1.3 to 22.6, p = 0.023, respectively); receipt of an inappropriate shock showed a non-significant trend for an increased risk of death (HR 3.2, 95% CI 0.7 to 16.1, p = 0.151). Conclusions ICD shocks are common after implantation of LVADs, with nearly equal numbers of appropriate and inappropriate shocks. ICD shocks are associated with higher mortality. Larger studies are needed for assessing the independent relationship of ICDs to a variety of clinical outcomes in patients with LVADs.
Formation of benzoyl ions: A complicated simple cleavage reaction†

Charge exchange and electron-impact induced cleavages of some N-phenyl benzamides, phenyl benzoates and benzophenones are reported. The data obtained appear to be consistent with energy being lost from ions by photon emission or stored in isolated states of the molecular ions.
2449 Use of a variable stiffness colonoscope allows completion of colonoscopy after failure with the standard adult colonoscope.

Purpose: The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate the efficacy of a smaller caliber variable stiffness colonoscope (VSC) in patients with failed colonoscopy. Methods: The VSC (Olympus America XPCF-140AL) has the diameter of a pediatric colonoscope (11.3 mm) with the ability to increase the stiffness of the shaft on demand to avoid excessive looping. It was used to immediately reattempt colonoscopy in all patients who failed colonoscopy to the cecum with the standard adult colonoscope (SAC). The stiffener was fully activated at 30-cm from the anus and turned off during withdrawal of the colonoscope. Results: Sixteen (4.2%) of 385 colonoscopies at our institution from 4/16/99 to 8/27/99 failed to reach the cecum. Failures due to poor prep or obstruction were excluded. Average age was 54 years (28 to 75 yrs) and 75% were women. Failed colonoscopy with the SAC took an average of 28 minutes (range 12 to 45 min). Positional change and abdominal pressure were used on all patients before aborting the procedure. Location of failures included sigmoid colon (3), descending colon (2), splenic flexure (1), transverse colon (6), hepatic flexure (2) and ascending colon (2). Eleven patients (69%) had previous abdominal surgeries and 7/12 women (58%) were status-post hysterectomy. Reasons for failure were looping (12 patients), fixation of sigmoid colon due to adhesions (3), and diverticulosis (1). All patients without obstruction (15/15) had a complete colonoscopy with the VSC. One patient failed colonoscopy with the VSC due to an obstructing mass in the transverse colon not reached by the SAC. With the VSC, mean time to cecal intubation was 10.3 minutes (range 5 to 25 min), only 4/16 patients (25%) required a change in patient position and 6/16 patients (37.5%) required abdominal pressure. All patients received IV sedation during colonoscopy with the SAC (mean doses, meperidine 100 mg and midazolam 4 mg). Additional sedation was required in 7 (44%) patients with the VSC (mean doses, meperidine 29.2 mg and midazolam 1.0 mg). Pathology beyond the extent of examination with the SAC was found in 3 patients (including cancer, 5 mm adenomatous polyp and scarring from Crohn's disease). There were no complications. Conclusions: A VSC allowed for completion of colonoscopy in all patients without obstruction who failed colonoscopy with the SAC. Further study is needed to determine if the variable stiffness colonoscope should be used routinely for colonoscopy.
A State-in-Society Approach to the Nonprofit Sector: Welfare Services in Japan

This article uses the case of Japan to advocate for a new theoretical approach to the study of the nonprofit sector. In particular, it examines how theoretical models based on the European and North American experiences have difficulty explaining the relationship between the nonprofit sector and the state in Japan, and argues that a state-in-society approach is better suited to explaining complex state–society relations in diverse cultural contexts. It does this by examining the evolution of social welfare service provision in Japan. This article is motivated to explain an apparent paradox: Japan’s recent efforts toward greater government decentralization and privatization of services have empowered and enlarged the nonprofit sector even as they have also expanded the scope of state authority and enhanced its legitimacy.
Biomaterial Calcification: Mechanisms and Prevention

Pathologic calcification of implants is a detrimental condition that can severely impact device performance and ultimately lead to implant failure. Although calcification affects a wide variety of medical implants, both synthetic and biologically derived, the pathogenesis of the disease is not well understood. In biologically derived implants, such as bioprosthetic heart valves, the major mechanisms of and factors contributing to calcification are chemical crosslinking, cellular damage, extracellular matrix composition, patient factors, and mechanical stress on the device. However, in synthetic-material implants, for example, intraocular lenses, pacemakers, and vascular replacements, calcification is largely due to surface conditions, such as material porosity, surface defects, and protein adsorption. This chapter investigates the mechanisms of implant calcification and discusses anti-calcification strategies, using specific medical devices as examples.
Methodologies in Polymeric Medication

The range of polymeric systems that can be used in medication is discussed. These approaches include controlled release devices (such as erodable systems, diffusion controlled systems, mechanical systems and microcapsules), biologically active polymers (such as natural polymers, synthetic polypeptides, pseudo-enzymes, pseudo-nucleic acids and polymeric drugs), and immobilized bioactive materials (such as immobilized enzymes, antibodies and other bioactive agents). Some illustrations of these methodologies are presented.
Law's Revolutionary: James Wilson and the Birth of American Jurisprudence

This intellectual history of oft-forgotten founder James Wilson contends that as an outgrowth of his peculiar anti-Publian constitutionalism, Wilson’s post-ratification jurisprudence endeavored conceptually to reconcile American Law with the American Revolution in ways that even his ablest commentators have failed to appreciate but which boast a significance in the history of American legal thought that should command the attention of legal and constitutional historians alike. Spanning the period from 1774 to 1798, the Article’s historical analysis of Wilson’s ideas over time complicates prevailing literature on popular sovereignty’s origins and influence in post-Revolutionary America, revises influential scholarship interpreting pre-Marshallian Federalist jurisprudence in the 1790s, and sheds new light on the role of civic virtue in early American constitutional culture.
American Society of Clinical Oncology Policy Statement on Clinical Pathways in Oncology

The use of clinical pathways in oncology care is increasingly important to patients and oncology providers as a tool for enhancing both quality and value. However, with increasing adoption of pathways into oncology practice, concerns have been raised by ASCO members and other stakeholders. These include the process being used for pathway development, the administrative burdens on oncology practices of reporting on pathway adherence, and understanding the true impact of pathway use on patient health outcomes. To address these concerns, ASCO's Board of Directors established a Task Force on Clinical Pathways, charged with articulating a set of recommendations to improve the development of oncology pathways and processes, allowing the demonstration of pathway concordance in a manner that promotes evidence-based, high-value care respecting input from patients, payers, and providers. These recommendations have been approved and adopted by ASCO's Board of Directors on August 12, 2015, and are presented herein.
Lipolysis-induced iron release from diferric transferrin: Possible role of lipoprotein lipase in LDL oxidation.

Abstract Conditions leading to oxidation of LDL in vivo are still unknown. While the occurrence of oxidized lipoproteins and catalytic free iron in advanced atherosclerotic lesions has been demonstrated, the origin of both is unclear. In vivo, iron metabolism is tightly regulated by iron-binding proteins that ensure that virtually no free iron exists. We examined whether physiological events such as lipolysis might reduce pH, facilitate iron release from transferrin (Tf), and promote low density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation. Lipolysis is brought about by lipoprotein lipase (LpL), a triglyceride hydrolase present on endothelial cell surfaces and in atherosclerotic lesions. LpL hydrolysis of Intralipid lowered pH from 7.40 to 7.00 in 10% human serum and from 7.40 to 6.88 in phosphate-buffered saline. Similar decreases in pH were also observed when very low density lipoproteins were hydrolyzed by LpL. Lipolysis was accompanied by a 2-fold increase in the release of 59Fe from Tf. Tf binding to subendothelial matrix (SEM), a site of key events in atherosclerosis, increased 2-fold as the pH decreased from 7.40 to 6.00. More free iron also bound to SEM as the pH decreased below 7.40. We next tested whether a reduction in pH promotes LDL oxidation. More oxidation products were found in LDL incubated at low pH for 24 h in 10% human serum. Malonaldehyde contents (nmol/mg protein), measured as TBARS, were 7.11 ± 0.34 at pH 7.40, 7.65 ± 0.49 at pH 7.00, 9.00 ± 1.18 at pH 6.50, and 11.54 ± 0.63 at pH 6.00. Based on these results, we hypothesize that lipolysis-induced acidic conditions enhance iron release from Tf and increase formation of oxidized LDL.—Balagopalakrishna, C., L. Paka, S. Pillarisetti, and I. J. Goldberg. Lipolysis-induced iron release from diferric transferrin: possible role of lipoprotein lipase in LDL oxidation. J. Lipid Res. 1999. 40: 1347–1356.
Evaluation of Cyren-B as a leukocyte protecting agent in patients undergoing radiotherapy or chemotherapy for malignant lymphoma.

The alleged protective effect of diethvldioxvstilbenedipropionate (Cyren- B) against radiation or nitrogen mustard induced leukopenia was investigated in 67 patients with malignant lymphoma. The patients were randomly allocated to treatment and control groups, and appropriate statistical techniques were used to determine whether this drug afforded any significant protection. No protective action of the drug against leukopenia or thrombocvtopenia was seen. The authors were unable to predict the likelihood of developing thrombocropenia or leukopenia in the individual patient about to undergo treatment. (auth)
Granulopoietic Effects of Human Bone Marrow Fibroblastic Cells and Abnormalities in the "Granulopoietic Microenvironment"

The in vitro granulopoietic effects of adherent bone marrow fibroblastic cells (FC) were studied in normal humans and in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) and myeloproliferative disorders (MPD). To determine their influence on granulopoiesis, we established FC in liquid-phase cultures, overlaid the adherent FC with normal bone marrow cells in agar, and subsequently measured the growth of CFU-C. When using target marrows containing few spontaneous colonies, increased numbers of CFU-C were found above the FC obtained from normals. No growth greater than controls was observed in those areas lacking FC. If target marrows contained large numbers of spontaneous CFU-C, actual inhibition of colony formation was produced by FC co-incubation. In contrast to normals, FC obtained from untreated AML and MPD patients typically failed to enhance granulopoiesis. Regardless of source, FC were not synergistic with the effects of placenta-conditioned media (typically being inhibitory) for colony number, but were synergistic for colony size. Conditioned media obtained from FC cultures did not enhance colony formation and actually inhibited spontaneous colony formation. Thus, microenvironmental abnormalities in interactions between "stromal cells" and hematopoietic progenitors may be important in the pathogenesis and clinical expression of hematopoietic malignancies in humans.
MetaSync: Coordinating Storage across Multiple File Synchronization Services

Cloud-based file synchronization services such as Dropbox are a worldwide resource for many millions of users. However, individual services often have tight resource limits, suffer from temporary outages or shutdowns, and sometimes silently corrupt or leak user data. As a solution, the authors design, implement, and evaluate MetaSync, a secure and reliable file synchronization service using multiple cloud synchronization services as untrusted storage providers. To provide global consistency among the storage providers, the authors devise a novel variant of Paxos that enables efficient updates on top of the unmodified APIs exported by each service. MetaSync provides better availability and performance, stronger confidentiality and integrity, and larger storage for end users.
Pulsed-Width Modulation Technique for Family of (3N+3)-Switch Converters

This paper proposes a carrier-based pulse-width modulation (CBPWM) scheme for N independent three-phase loads using the general (3N+3)-switch converter. The proposed topology is derived from the nine-switch converter which is gaining considerable interest from researchers because it costs less due to its reduced number of active switches. The structure and limitations of the converter are elaborated; its modulation scheme is formulated in this paper. The generalized neutral voltages for the converter is derived for the first time and used as the offset voltages required by this type of topology to decouple the converter's N outputs. The proposed algorithm is validated by both theoretical simulation and experimental results using the 9-switch and 12-switch topologies as case studies.
Availability and utilization of fertilizer nitrogen by rice under alternate flooding

A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted with three nitrogen sources—15N-depleted ammonium sulfate (A/S), urea and sulfur-coated urea (SCU), three N levels—0, 50 and 200 ppm and 5 irrigation treatments consisting of continuous flooding and one and two cycles of alternating flooded-saturated/-drained conditions with rice. Growth, tillering, dry matter yield and N uptake were measured and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) was calculated.
Host Preference and Acceptance by Leiophron uniformis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae): Effects of Rearing on Alternate Lygus (Heteroptera: Miridae) Species

Leiophron uniformis (Gahan) reared on Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) or Lygus hesperus Knight were not preconditioned to attack either host preferentially in choice tests. However, L. uniformis , which had been reared on L. lineolaris for five or more generations, did accept that host 2.5 times as often as did wasps reared on L. hesperus . Regardless of the rearing host, most eggs (36-93%) deposited in L. lineolaris were encapsulated, and the parasitoids did not show any increase in resistance to encapsulation even after they had been reared on L. lineolaris for 11 generations.
Newton D. Baker and the Genesis of the War Industries Board, 1917–1918

D URING two and one half critical months from late March to midJune 1917, Secretary of War Newton D. Baker helped make three high policy decisions that in a substantial way shaped American industry's part in World War I. The first decision, made on March 28, called for an army of one million men to be raised by selected draft and trained by June 1918. The second, made on May 14, after the arrival of British and French military missions in Washington, directed that an expeditionary force of undetermined size be dispatched to France. The third, made on June 14, declared that those troops should be on the French battle line by the end of July 1918. This army would have to be supplied and equipped, and the country faced a host of difficult if not insurmountable problems in meeting the challenge. Except for government arsenals, usable plant capacity was already committed to producing munitions for the Allies and could not be freed for four to six months. Existing civilian plants had to be converted to war production and new plants had to be built. There was no lead time; weapons had to be approved, in some cases even designed, after American entrance into the war. Traditional military supply procedures also had to be modernized.' Finally, and this is the question toward which this discussion is directed, the business community and the War Department had to be brought together in such a way as to assure prompt delivery of materiel and to avoid unnecessary disruption of civilian production. Just what was Secretary Baker's role in shaping the early policies of the War Industries Board and why after ten months of war were his powers over economic
First 60 Years of the Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice

AbstractThe ASCEs’ Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice has reached 60 years of publication. Taking a detailed look at the content and authorship during that time period provides insights into the journal’s history and its progression. The authors of this article employed qualitative and quantitative investigation techniques to answer the single research question: “How has the journal changed since its inception?” Data were collected via semistructured interviews, database assimilation, and the review and evaluation of 1,573 articles. Findings generated during this study address publication rates, citation rates, article subject area trends, keyword usage, author affiliations, impact factor rankings, international collaborations, and scholarship standards. A significant number of conclusions are offered, but the primary conclusion is that the journal has increased its publication of high-quality scholarly research.
Numerical study of two-phase nozzle flow with classi- fied particles

A fully coupled two-phase viscid nozzle flow of SRM is numerically simulated with FLUENT software. The velocity, temperature and trajectory of the particles are treated with Lagrangian approach. The gas that contains the combination of five classes of particles was tested and calculated. The results indicate particle distribution influences flow field significantly.
Flyception: imaging brain activity in freely walking fruit flies

Genetically encoded calcium sensors have enabled monitoring of neural activity in vivo using optical imaging techniques. Linking neural activity to complex behavior remains challenging, however, as most imaging systems require tethering the animal, which can impact the animal's behavioral repertoire. Here, we report a method for monitoring the brain activity of untethered, freely walking Drosophila melanogaster during sensorially and socially evoked behaviors to facilitate the study of neural mechanisms that underlie naturalistic behaviors.
Past and Future Performance: PEPFAR in the Landscape of Foreign Aid for Health

This review traces the course of the US President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) as a foreign aid program. It illustrates how the epidemiologic and geopolitical environments of the early 2000s influenced PEPFAR's early directions and contributed to its successes. In addition to scaling up infrastructure and care delivery platforms, PEPFAR led to large increases in the number of people receiving antiretroviral therapy and reductions in mortality. These successes, in turn, have brought its principal challenges-its outsized budget, narrow focus, and problem of entitlement-into sharp relief. PEPFAR's recent evolution, then, has been in response to these challenges. This review suggests that PEPFAR's early formulation as an emergency response relieved it from a need to articulate clear goals, and that this freedom is now leading to new challenges as it struggles to identify priorities in the face of expectations to do more with a flat budget.
Danish Seismic Research in Relation to American Nuclear Detection Efforts

Anne Lif Lund Jacobsen explores the role of seismic stations in Greenland as critical to US efforts to detect atomic bomb explosions over long distances. She argues that American military agencies sought to gain access to knowledge and localities in Greenland by engaging Danish seismologists in research projects and scholarly cooperation with US scientific institutions. Jacobsen points out that as Denmark’s disarmament policy increasingly influenced seismic research activities, the relationship between Danish and American agencies became more complex and politically charged. Drawing upon the private letters of Danish seismologist Inge Lehmann, and archival documents from the USA and Denmark, this chapter explores how Danish seismic science was influenced by Cold War geopolitics.
Copper-Mediated Functionalization of Aryl Trifluoroborates

This paper describes the Cu(OTf)2-mediated coupling of aryl and heteroaryl trifluoroborates with tetrabutylammonium or alkali metal salts to form C–O, C–N, and C–halogen bonds. The reactions proceed under mild conditions (often room temperature over 16 hours) with carboxylate, halide, and azide salts, all nucleophiles that have been underrepresented in the copper cross-coupling literature. Preliminary results show that copper salts bearing weakly coordinating X-type ligands are essential for enabling these transformations to proceed under mild conditions.
Corporeal Concerns: Eighteenth-Century Casta Paintings and Colonial Bodies in Spanish Texas

Eighteenth-century casta paintings from northern New Spain depict the ethnic and racial combinations resulting from mestizaje, such as mulatto. Casta paintings offer rich insights on the quotidian practices of colonial individuals, including dress, diet, and household practices; this is information that archaeologists desire. Experiences, however, often differed drastically from the world represented in images as individuals reworked colonial categories in identity formation. These paintings represent a static image of a supposedly highly structured and regulated colonial world that was imposed on colonial peoples through their bodies. Visual and archaeological evidence provide different stories, drawn from official versions and lived experiences. Casta paintings, ethnohistorical documents, and material culture are used to explore how the imagined, ordered world depicted in casta paintings meshed with daily life in colonial communities in Spanish Texas and the place of the body in the Spanish colonial world.
On detecting deception in agent societies

Driven by the advances in intelligent agent technologies, agent societies have taken on prominent roles in various sciences and applications. Research on risks posed to such societies such as deception by malicious agents has recently begun gaining ground. Drawing on the deception literature from social sciences and artificial intelligence, we propose a deception model which extends and integrates the past research on deception from multiple disciplines. In order to facilitate deception detection, we also develop a procedural model for deception detection. Application of both models to a real-world case scenario demonstrates that both models can be used to instill a better understanding of deception and to detect and remedy deception effectively.
A case of fixed asset accounting: Initial and subsequent measurement

Abstract This instructional case integrates multiple accounting concepts relating to fixed asset acquisition and subsequent measurement. You must apply accounting knowledge, professional judgment, and critical thinking skills to evaluate fixed assets and make recommendations. You must also analyze differences between fixed asset accounting under US generally accepted accounting principles and IFRS. As a student, you generally understand basic application of asset cost computation that simply recognizes the amount of cash paid for acquiring the asset. However, determining asset cost becomes challenging when you encounter more complex situations. You must consider initial measurement issues relating to a land purchase (demolition of existing building and a special assessment expenditure), interest capitalization for a self-constructed building, a nonmonetary asset exchange, and an asset retirement obligation. The case also considers subsequent measurement issues in terms of depreciation (straight-line and accelerated methods), replacement of an asset component, and impairment. The case structure is flexible and the teaching notes include alternatives for using scaled-down versions.