cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimized Volume Determinations and Uncertainties for Accurate and Precise Manometry

Precise manometric pressure, volume, and temperature (P-V-T) measurements of carbon in samples, standards, and blanks are critical for radiocarbon studies. While P and T uncertainties depend on instrument choice and environmental stability, V uncertainties depend on their method of measurement and are often overlooked. We used numerical simulations and error propagation to find optimum procedures for measuring “cold-finger” volumes equipped with capacitance diaphragm gauges (CDGs) by two common application of Boyle’s Law: cryogenic transfers and serial gas expansions with a reference flask of known volume. Minimum relative uncertainties of cold-finger volumes are comparable for these two methods (∼0.002), but the serial gas expansion method is preferred due to its convenience. Serial gas expansions can be performed to high precision by using dry air, an initial pressure ∼76% full-scale (e.g., 760 Torr), and a reference flask with an optimal volume based on preliminary estimates of cold-finger volumes and an empirical power function. The volumes of cold-fingers ≥ 12 cm3 can be determined with minimum achievable relative uncertainties of 0.0021 to 0.0023. This limit translates to minimum achievable relative uncertainties of 0.0026 to 0.0027 for P-V-T measurements of moles of gas simulated here.
Remodeling of fibrous extracellular matrices by contractile cells: predictions from discrete fiber network simulations.

Contractile forces exerted on the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM) lead to the alignment and stretching of constituent fibers within the vicinity of cells. As a consequence, the matrix reorganizes to form thick bundles of aligned fibers that enable force transmission over distances larger than the size of the cells. Contractile force-mediated remodeling of ECM fibers has bearing on a number of physiologic and pathophysiologic phenomena. In this work, we present a computational model to capture cell-mediated remodeling within fibrous matrices using finite element–based discrete fiber network simulations. The model is shown to accurately capture collagen alignment, heterogeneous deformations, and long-range force transmission observed experimentally. The zone of mechanical influence surrounding a single contractile cell and the interaction between two cells are predicted from the strain-induced alignment of fibers. Through parametric studies, the effect of cell contractility and cell shape anisotropy on matrix remodeling and force transmission are quantified and summarized in a phase diagram. For highly contractile and elongated cells, we find a sensing distance that is ten times the cell size, in agreement with experimental observations.
Selma to Saigon: The Civil Rights Movement and the Vietnam War Daniel S.Lucks. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2014.

Selma to Saigon: The Civil Rights Movement and the Vietnam War Daniel S. Lucks. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2014.According to historian Daniel S. Lucks, the death toll of the Vietnam War was more than the millions of Vietnamese and fifty-plus thousand American troops. To the list of casualties we can add the Civil Rights Movement. In Selma to Saigon: The Civil Rights Movement and the Vietnam War, Lucks argues that the war not only extinguished the movement as a pressing national issue, it also spurred an internal fracturing of the Civil Rights coalition along generational and ideological lines.The relationship between the Civil Rights Movement and the Vietnam War has been explored before, most notably in Simon Hall's Peace and Freedom: The Civil Rights and Antiwar Movements in the 1960s. Lucks extends this scholarship by anchoring his analysis in a Cold War context. This critical move elucidates how the Red Scare of the 1940s and 1950s created a political terrain that demarcated the fault lines for the Civil Rights coalition's eventual three-way split into moderates (NAACP and National Urban League) wedded to LBJ's anticommunist foreign policy, radicals (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee [SNCC] and Congress of Racial Equality [CORE]) critical of America's colonial character, and hesitant critics of Vietnam (Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.).Lucks begins by examining the effects of the postWorld War II Red Scare on African American intellectuals and organizations. Many of these early Civil Rights leaders viewed their racial oppression in Jim Crow America through an internationalist prism wherein racism was tied to colonialism and imperialism perpetrated by white oppressors against people of color. Their anticolonial critiques against American foreign policy, however, led to political persecution in the age of McCarthyism. Lucks argues convincingly that, in order to avoid being red-baited, prominent African American organizations like the NAACP and National Urban League quietly conformed to Cold War ideology, sealing a decades-long allegiance to liberal anticommunism, which set them at odds with others in the Civil Rights coalition.However, the Cold War orthodoxy that ensnared an older generation of Civil Rights activists didn't affect younger, more radical members of the coalition. As the war in Vietnam began to escalate in 1964 and 1965, African American activists and organizers within SNCC and CORE resurrected the racialized anti-colonial critique against American foreign policy that had been obliterated during the Red Scare, a position summed up most poignantly by SNCC chairman Stokely Carmichael: "This Vietnam War ain't nothing but white men sending black men to kill brown men, to defend, so they claim, a country they stole from red men" (122). …
Servant Leadership and Crisis Leadership

While reading a book on crisis leadership the reader might ask, “Which leadership style is best suited for dealing with a crisis?” There are many different leadership styles and theories that could be evaluated but for this book I have chosen to focus on servant leadership because I believe it is the leadership style that works best with crisis leadership. This chapter will present the theory behind servant leadership and will also show how this style can best be used to lead during a crisis. Other leadership theories can fit with crisis leadership, but I will leave the evaluation and discussion of them to others. I believe servant leadership fits best when considering which leadership style will have the best results in a crisis due to the emphasis on serving those in the organization.
MyoSight—semi-automated image analysis of skeletal muscle cross sections

Manual analysis of cross-sectional area, fiber-type distribution, and total and centralized nuclei in skeletal muscle cross sections is tedious and time consuming, necessitating an accurate, automated method of analysis. While several excellent programs are available, our analyses of skeletal muscle disease models suggest the need for additional features and flexibility to adequately describe disease pathology. We introduce a new semi-automated analysis program, MyoSight, which is designed to facilitate image analysis of skeletal muscle cross sections and provide additional flexibility in the analyses. We describe staining and imaging methods that generate high-quality images of immunofluorescent-labelled cross sections from mouse skeletal muscle. Using these methods, we can analyze up to 5 different fluorophores in a single image, allowing simultaneous analyses of perinuclei, central nuclei, fiber size, and fiber-type distribution. MyoSight displays high reproducibility among users, and the data generated are in close agreement with data obtained from manual analyses of cross-sectional area (CSA), fiber number, fiber-type distribution, and number and localization of myonuclei. Furthermore, MyoSight clearly delineates changes in these parameters in muscle sections from a mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (mdx). MyoSight is a new program based on an algorithm that can be optimized by the user to obtain highly accurate fiber size, fiber-type identification, and perinuclei and central nuclei per fiber measurements. MyoSight combines features available separately in other programs, is user friendly, and provides visual outputs that allow the user to confirm the accuracy of the analyses and correct any inaccuracies. We present MyoSight as a new program to facilitate the analyses of fiber type and CSA changes arising from injury, disease, exercise, and therapeutic interventions.
Conus venom fractions inhibit the adhesion of Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 domains to the host vascular receptors.

Abstract Using high-throughput BioPlex assays, we determined that six fractions from the venom of Conus nux inhibit the adhesion of various recombinant PfEMP-1 protein domains (PF08_0106 CIDR1α3.1, PF11_0521 DBL2β3, and PFL0030c DBL3X and DBL5e) to their corresponding receptors (CD36, ICAM-1, and CSA, respectively). The protein domain-receptor interactions permit P. falciparum-infected erythrocytes (IE) to evade elimination in the spleen by adhering to the microvasculature in various organs including the placenta. The sequences for the main components of the fractions, determined by tandem mass spectrometry, yielded four T-superfamily conotoxins, one (CC-Loop-CC) with I-IV, II-III connectivity and three (CC-Loop-CXaaC) with a I-III, II-IV connectivity. The 3D structure for one of the latter, NuxVA = GCCPAPLTCHCVIY, revealed a novel scaffold defined by double turns forming a hairpin-like structure stabilized by the two disulfide bonds. Two other main fraction components were a miniM conotoxin, and a O2-superfamily conotoxin with cysteine framework VI/VII. This study is the first one of its kind suggesting the use of conotoxins for developing pharmacological tools for anti-adhesion adjunct therapy against malaria. Similarly, mitigation of emerging diseases like AIDS and COVID-19, can also benefit from conotoxins as inhibitors of protein-protein interactions as treatment. Biological significance Among the 850+ species of cone snail species there are hundreds of thousands of diverse venom exopeptides that have been selected throughout several million years of evolution to capture prey and deter predators. They do so by targeting several surface proteins present in target excitable cells. This immense biomolecular library of conopeptides can be explored for potential use as therapeutic leads against persistent and emerging diseases affecting non-excitable systems. We aim to expand the pharmacological reach of conotoxins/conopeptides by revealing their in vitro capacity to disrupt protein-protein and protein-polysaccharide interactions that directly contribute to pathology of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. This is significant for severe forms of malaria, which might be deadly even after treated with current parasite-killing drugs because of persistent cytoadhesion of P. falciparum infected erythrocytes even when parasites within red blood cells are dead. Anti-adhesion adjunct drugs would de-sequester or prevent additional sequestration of infected erythrocytes and may significantly improve survival of malaria patients. These results provide a lead for further investigations into conotoxins and other venom peptides as potential candidates for anti-adhesion or blockade-therapies. This study is the first of its kind and it suggests that conotoxins can be developed as pharmacological tools for anti-adhesion adjunct therapy against malaria. Similarly, mitigation of emerging diseases like AIDS and COVID-19, can also benefit from conotoxins as potential inhibitors of protein-protein interactions as treatment.
Fake, Faulty, and Authentic Stand-Taking: What Determines the Legitimacy of Corporate Social Advocacy?

This study experimentally interrogates the critical preconditions of how an organization legitimizes its corporate social advocacy (CSA) initiatives as an integral part of strategic communication. ...
Preventing Emergency Department Visits for Children With Medical Complexity Through Ambulatory Care: A Systematic Review.

Abstract Background Children with medical complexity (CMC) represent a growing population with high emergency department (ED) utilization. How to reduce preventable ED visits is poorly understood. Objective We sought to determine what components of ambulatory care programs focused on CMC were most effective in preventing ED visits. Data Sources PubMed Plus, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science, Scopus, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature databases through October 2019, and hand search of bibliographies. Study Eligibility Criteria Two independent reviewers used a structured screening protocol to include English language articles summarizing studies that included CMC, emergency care, or ED utilization. Data on ED utilization were extracted. Results Sixteen included studies described outpatient interventions to prevent ED utilization. Of these, studies that included 24/7 access to knowledgeable providers for acute care needs by phone (telehealth) or expedited or next-day appointments were the most consistently successful in reducing ED visits. Limitations Risk of bias was mixed across studies. The evidence base is currently small and observational nature of interventions and their evaluations limit definitive, generalizable recommendations. Conclusions and Implications of Key Findings Current research suggests that real-time access to knowledgeable providers and expedited appointments can prevent ED visits. Further study is needed to generalize these findings as well as investigate novel strategies such as telehealth to improve quality of care, decrease utilization, and provide cost-effective care for this vulnerable population.
The Public’s Views of Professor Punditry

This chapter offers an empirical test of the Professor Pundit approach to political coverage. We used two survey embedded experiments on national population samples to test reaction to academics featured in television news coverage of political events. Our expectation is that audiences will have a generally positive impression of these academics when they cite findings from scholarly research (and without making partisan references). In relating these findings, academics put their expertise forward in the service of audience understanding of politics—thereby fulfilling our view of how academics can rehabilitate punditry’s use and reputation. Across analysis from both experiments, the news stories featuring academics referencing research findings received substantially more positive response from audiences than academics offering what might be best termed “conventional punditry.”
Genetic Spectrum Identified by Exome Sequencing in a Chinese Pediatric Cerebral Palsy Cohort.

Objective To explore the genetic spectrum of cerebral palsy (CP) in a Chinese paediatric cohort. Study design This was a retrospective observational study of patients with CP from the Children’s Hospital of Fudan University between June 2015 and December 2019. Their clinical data and exome sequencing data were collected and analysed. Results A total of 217 patients with CP were enrolled, and genetic variants were identified in 78 subjects (35.9%): 65 patients with single-nucleotide variants (SNVs), 12 patients with copy number variants (CNVs) and one patient with both an SNV and a CNV. The genetic diagnosis rates were significantly higher in patients without clinical risk factors than in patients with clinical risk factors (χ 2 =21.705, P = .000) and were significantly higher in patients with a family history than in those without a family history (χ 2 =4.493, P=0.034). Variants in genes related to neurologic disorders were the most commonly detected variants, affecting 41 patients (62.1%, 41/66). Among the patients with SNVs detected, the top 12 genes were found to cover 62.1% (41/66) of cases, and 39.4% (26/66) of patients with SNVs had medically actionable genetic findings. Conclusions The overall genetic diagnostic rate in this study was 35.9%, and patients without any clinical risk factors or with a family history were more likely to have genetic risk factors. The top 12 genes detected in this study as well as genes related to neurologic disorders or other medically actionable disorders should be noted in the analysis of genetic testing results in patients with CP.
Some Results for Functions of Kato Class in Domains of Infinite Measure

In this note we extend the gauge theorem to certain sets of infinite measure provided they are “Small” at infinity. For such sets when the gauge is bounded we show that the Schrodinger-Green Kernel is weakly compact in L’ and compact in Lp for 1<p<∞.
Changes in the atmospheric helium isotope ratio over the past 40 years

[1] We have compared the helium isotope ratio in five samples of Pacific marine air spanning the 40 year period between 1973 and 2013 against a secondary gas standard. In a separate experiment we directly compared the 3He/4He ratio in air samples collected in 1973 and 2013 at the same location in La Jolla, California, eliminating any geographical bias. Both experiments are consistent with zero time rate of change for atmospheric 3He/4He. Our best estimate for the rate of change of the 3He/4He ratio in Pacific marine air is −0.0014 ± 0.0045%/yr (2σ), indicating that air helium is still a valid standard for terrestrial helium isotope measurements.
The ferric chloride α-DI-imine systemVI

Abstract Magnetic susceptibility (1.45–300 K), zero and high field Mossbauer spectroscopy, IR and solution conductivity measurements were used to characterize the title DMR adduct, Fe(phen)Cl 3 ·DMF. The absence of magnetic hyperfine splitting in zero external field is correlated with D positive corresponding to an isolated, rapidly relaxing ground ( M s = ± 1 2 Kramers doublet. X-ray data show that the ferric ion centres are apparently sufficiently close (∼ 7 A) to allow for rapid spin-spin relaxation via dipolar interactions. The application of longitudinal magnetic fields (0–5 Tesla for 1.7–4.2 K) slows relaxation and results in fully resolved Zeeman split Mossbauer spectra for which the effective internal field, H n = 354 kG at 1.7 K for H 0 = 5T. The complex [Fe(phen) 3 ] [O(FeCl 3 ) 2 ] contains an unusual binuclear anion based on tetrahedral FeOCl 3 units as recently found in [pyridinium] 2 [O(FeCl 3 ) 2 ] and is obtained as a trace by-product in our preparation of Fe(phen)Cl 3 ·DMF. Further magnetic characterization of the latter pyridinium compound is presented.
Development of a miniature fast analyzer.

Design features and operation of a prototype miniaturized Fast Analyzer are described, and some results obtained with it are presented. The Analyzer occupies only one cubic foot of space. It has a 17-cuvet plastic rotor that rotates through a stationary optical system at speeds up to 5000 rpm. The resulting centrifugal force is utilized to transfer and mix a series of sample(s) and reagent(s) into the cuvets. The ensuing reactions are monitored spectrophotometrically, and the data evaluated in real time by an on-line computer. Samples (1 to 10 µl) and reagents (70 to 110 µl) are loaded into the rotor either discretely or dynamically; various rotor configurations can be used to do this. Many of the standard clinical analyses, including most of the NADH-linked enzymatic analyses, have been adapted for use with this analyzer. Precision obtained ranges from 1 to 4%. This report considers, specifically, analyses of some serum enzymes. Results show that the small analyzer possesses the previously demonstrated advantages of Fast Analyzers and, in addition, has several beneficial features arising from miniaturization.
A 70 GHz Bidirectional Front-End for a Half-Duplex Transceiver in 90-nm SiGe BiCMOS

This paper presents a 70 GHz bidirectional front-end transceiver circuit in a 90-nm SiGe BiCMOS process. The design consists of a bidirectional power amplifier/low-noise amplifier (PALNA) and a passive mixer. Isolation between the transmitter (TX) and receiver (RX) is achieved with a passive impedance transformation network, eliminating the need for a high frequency transmit/receive switch. Measurement results show the transmitter has a peak output power of 7.2 dBm and a peak conversion gain of 14.5dB while nominally consumes 47 mA from a 1.8 V supply. The receiver has a peak conversion gain of 9.9 dB and a minimum noise figure of 8.6 dB with nominal current consumption of 18 mA from a 1.5 V supply. This switchless bidirectional front-end is suitable for a half-duplex system with shared TX/RX antenna such as a pulse- compression range sensor or a time-division duplexing (TDD) point-to-point communication system in E-band.
Loss and Restoration of Sensitivity to Epinephrine in Cultured BHK Cells: Effect of Inhibitors of RNA and Protein Synthesis

Cultured baby hamster kidney fibroblasts were used to study the phenomenon of receptor-mediated tachyphylaxis. Exposure to epinephrine or other β-adrenergic agonists causes the adenylyl cyclase of these cells to become less responsive to stimulation by catecholamines without affecting the response to PGE1 or NaF. Conversely, preincubation with PGE1 leads to a selective loss of the response to PGE1 but not to catecholamines. The loss of responsiveness to epinephrine is concentration dependent, can be prevented by propranolol, occurs rapidly (detectable within 2 min), requires approximately 2 h to reach maximum, and is not secondary to increased levels of cyclic AMP. Recovery from tachyphylaxis (resensitization) is ordinarily a slower process but may occur rapidly in certain circumstances. When tachyphylaxis is allowed to develop fully, as after exposure to epinephrine for 2 h, the cells remain poorly responsive for many hours and may require 24 h for complete resensitization. But if exposure to epinephrine is limited to 20 min or less, then recovery occurs much more rapidly (complete within 30 to 60 min). Inclusion of cycloheximide or actinomycin D during preincubation with epinephrine does not prevent tachyphylaxis but permits rapid recovery even after prolonged exposure to epinephrine. Both the development of tachyphylaxis and the recovery from it are temperature-dependent processes: Cells incubated with epinephrine at 6 instead of 30 or 37°C do not become tachyphylactic, and tachyphylactic cells incubated at low temperatures in the absence of epinephrine do not regain their sensitivity. The data suggest that the interaction of epinephrine with β-receptors in these cells leads to a third effect in addition to the stimulation of adenylyl cyclase and the development of tachyphylaxis. This third effect is slower than the other two and can be inhibited by cycloheximide or actinomycin D, but the nature of the effect is obscure. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors are grateful to Ms. Carol Laird and Ms. Barbara Couture for expert technical assistance.
Operation of the J-series thruster using inert gas

Electron bombardment ion thrusters using inert gases are candidates for large space systems. The J-Series 30 cm diameter thruster, designed for operation up to 3 k-W with mercury, is at a state of technology readiness. The characteristics of operation with xenon, krypton, and argon propellants in a J-Series thruster with that obtained with mercury are compared. The performance of the discharge chamber, ion optics, and neutralizer and the overall efficiency as functions of input power and specific impulse and thruster lifetime were evaluated. As expected, the discharge chamber performance with inert gases decreased with decreasing atomic mass. Aspects of the J-Series thruster design which would require modification to provide operation at high power with insert gases were identified.
Use of learned odours by a parasitic wasp in accordance with host and food needs

ADULT parasitic wasps need nectar or some other fragrant food source1,2, but the effect of food odours on their behaviour has not been investigated to any extent3. Females of the parasitic wasp Microplitis croceipes learn volatile odours associated with host sites and use them to find hosts more effectively4,5. We have now performed flight tunnel experiments that show that this wasp also uses airborne odours to find food sources. Females learn associatively and subsequently fly to volatile odours presented for smell while they are feeding on sugar water. Furthermore, they can learn two novel odours associated with separate host and food resources and then make an accurate choice between these odours on the basis of their relative host and food needs. This ability of parasitic wasps to link different odours with specific resources and then effectively to use them as cues for choice between competing needs is of fundamental and applied importance.
Brittle to ductile transition due to large strains along the White Rock thrust, Wind River mountains, Wyoming

Abstract The deformed foreland of the Rocky Mountain Cordilleras is characterized by major reverse faults that bring Precambrian basement rocks to the surface. The White Rock thrust in the Wind River mountains of Wyoming is one such fault that developed at fairly shallow levels in the crust. Detailed study of grain-size variations and textures within the fault zone provide a framework for discussion of the mechanics of movement along the fault. Textural criteria are suggested for distinguishing between dominantly brittle and dominantly ductile deformation. A transition from brittle fracturing to ductile deformation is seen with increasing strain and resultant decrease in grain-size along the fault zone. Diffusional creep in the final stages of deformation leads to strain softening and may allow large strains to take place along narrow zones at low deviatoric stresses. This may be one way of obtaining large displacements along major faults at shallow levels in the crust.
Changes in the immunologic phenotype of human malignant glioma cells after passaging in vitro.

Although immunotherapeutic strategies against glioblastomas have been promising both in vitro and in animal models, similar successes have not been realized in human clinical trials. One reason may be that immunotherapeutic strategies are based on prior studies that primarily have used human glioblastoma cell lines passaged in vitro, which may not accurately reflect the in vivo properties of glioblastoma cells. In this report, we used flow cytometry to quantify the expression of immunological cell surface molecules on human glioblastomas directly ex vivo (prior to any in vitro culturing) and after varying passages in vitro. Furthermore, we used ELISA to quantitate cytokine secretion after various passages in vitro. We demonstrate that in vitro culturing of established cell lines led to increases in the cell surface expression of MHC class I and ICAM-1 and secretion of IL-6 and TGF-beta(2). Furthermore, there were significant changes in the expression of MHC class I, MHC class II, B7-2, ICAM-1, and FasL when comparing ex vivo tumor cells to those after a single passage in vitro. After passaging once in vitro, there were also significant changes in the secretion of TGF-beta(2) and IL-10. This report indicates that in vitro culturing leads to significant changes in both cell surface molecules and secreted cytokines, which are known to affect the ability of immune cells to initiate an anti-tumor immune response. These changes in the immunological phenotype of glioblastomas after in vitro culturing may in part explain the limited success of immunotherapeutic strategies against glioblastomas in human clinical trials.
Wide Temperature Range Kinetics of the O + CHF3 Reaction

Rate coefficients for the depletion of ground-state oxygen atoms by CHF3 have been measured using a high-temperature photochemistry (HTP) reactor. The O atoms were generated by the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) flash photolysis of either SO2, O2, or CO2, and their relative concentrations were monitored by resonance fluorescence. The data are best fitted by the expression k(630−940 K) = 2.5 × 10-11 exp(−7236 K/T) cm3 molecule-1 s-1. The data are contiguous with those from an earlier laser-photolysis shock-tube study for temperatures ranging from 960 to 1330 K. A fit to the combined data yields the recommendation k(630−1330 K) = 5.1 × 10-10 exp(−9536 K/T) cm3 molecule-1 s-1, with 2σ precision levels varying from ±8 and ±22% and corresponding suggested accuracy levels of ±22 to ±29%. Transition-state theory predictions, made using input data from a literature ab initio study, are in excellent agreement with this recommendation over the entire temperature domain.
Echo patterns of benign cystic teratomas by transvaginal ultrasound.

The transvaginal ultrasound echo patterns of 39 surgically proven cystic teratomas were retrospectively reviewed. Six different ultrasound echo patterns could be differentiated, ranging from purely cystic to densely echogenic. Importantly, in 82% of the tumors, areas of dense echogenicity were noted. Although the transvaginal appearance of cystic teratomas may allow correct preoperative prediction, the variable nature of the echo patterns makes dtfferentiation from malignant tumors difficult. Copyright © 1993 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Growth retardation and cysteine deficiency in gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase-deficient mice

gamma-Glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) is an ectoenzyme that catalyzes the first step in the cleavage of glutathione (GSH) and plays an essential role in the metabolism of GSH and GSH conjugates of carcinogens, toxins, and eicosanoids. To learn more about the role of GGT in metabolism in vivo, we used embryonic stem cell technology to generate GGT-deficient (GGTm1/GGTm1) mice. GGT-deficient mice appear normal at birth but grow slowly and by 6 weeks are about half the weight of wild-type mice. They are sexually immature, develop cataracts, and have coats with a gray cast. Most die between 10 and 18 weeks. Plasma and urine GSH levels in the GGTm1/GGTm1 mice are elevated 6-fold and 2500-fold, respectively, compared with wild-type mice. Tissue GSH levels are markedly reduced in eye, liver, and pancreas. Plasma cyst(e)ine levels in GGTm1/GGTm1 mice are reduced to approximately 20% of wild-type mice. Oral administration of N-acetylcysteine to GGTm1/GGTm1 mice results in normal growth rates and partially restores the normal agouti coat color. These findings demonstrate the importance of GGT and the gamma-glutamyl cycle in cysteine and GSH homeostasis.
General Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Resistance

Bacteria can become resistant to antimicrobial agents by two routes, either by mutation or by the inheritance of new genetic information in the form of resistance plasmids. The mechanisms by which bacteria express resistance are manyfold, and five different biochemical mechanisms have been demonstrated in clinical isolates. The most important mechanisms are alteration of the drug target site, interference with the transport of the antimicrobial agent into the cell, and detoxification (inactivation) of the drug in the immediate environment of the cell.
Possible Role of the Oxygen Potential Gradient in Enhancing Diffusion of Foreign Ions on α‐Al2O3 Grain Boundaries

Thermally grown, alpha-Al2O3 external scales formed on alloys after oxidation in pure oxygen at temperatures between 1000° and 1500°C were analyzed using FEG-STEM/XEDS. Alloy dopants such as Y, Zr, La, Hf, and Ti were found to segregate to the alpha-Al2O3 grain boundaries and to the alloy-scale interface. With increasing oxidation time and temperature, the amount of segregant on the oxide grain boundaries near the gas interface increases until a critical level is reached and precipitates begin to nucleate and grow. These observations are a result of the outward transport of dopants from the alloy, through the external alumina scale, to the gas interface. The apparent driving force for the dopant diffusion is the oxygen potential gradient in the growing oxide scale.
A Technique of Peripheral Arteriography using Tolazoline1

Summary Vasodilatation induced by the intra-arterial administration of tolazoline is a reliable and safe method of enhancing opacification of distal vessels in peripheral arteriography. The authors' technique based on experience with over 250 studies is described.
Control of the Translational Regulators PHAS-I and PHAS-II by Insulin and cAMP in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes

The eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF-4E)-binding proteins PHAS-I and PHAS-II were found to have overlapping but different patterns of expression in tissues. Both PHAS proteins were expressed in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, in which insulin stimulated their phosphorylation, promoted dissociation of PHAS·eIF-4E complexes, and decreased the ability of both to bind exogenous eIF-4E. The effects of insulin were attenuated by rapamycin and wortmannin, two agents that block activation of p70S6K. Unlike PHAS-I, PHAS-II was readily phosphorylated by cAMP-dependent protein kinase in vitro; however, the effects of insulin on both PHAS proteins were attenuated by agents that increase intracellular cAMP, by cAMP derivatives, and by phosphodiesterase inhibitors. These agents also markedly inhibited the activation of p70S6K. In summary, our results indicate that PHAS-I and -II are controlled by the mammalian target of rapamycin and p70S6K signaling pathway and that in 3T3-L1 adipocytes this pathway is inhibited by increased cAMP.
Hydraulic and thermal response of groundwater–surface water exchange to flooding in an experimental aquifer

Summary The effects of flooding on interactions between streams and shallow aquifers are poorly studied due to the unpredictable nature of flooding events. This study examines groundwater–surface water interactions in a constructed experimental meander over several simulated flood events using hydrologic and thermal monitoring. Detailed steady-state hydraulic head measurements were taken of the stream surface and in 59 piezometer nests during baseflow, bankfull flow, and overbank flooding conditions, allowing for three-dimensional hydrologic characterization. Additionally, a lithium tracer test was conducted, and pressure transducers and thermistors were deployed to capture transient behavior. Results demonstrate extensive coupling between the stream and adjacent alluvial aquifer under all discharge conditions. Water table elevation responds rapidly to changes in stream stage and re-equilibrates to order of magnitude increases in discharge within about 1 h. Though flooding elevates the water table, steady-state hydraulic gradients within the meander are independent of stream stage. This results from the flow boundary condition imposed by the stream, which deepens in response to flooding but has a slope that is essentially independent of discharge. In addition to the stream boundary, flow within the meander is also controlled by loss of stream water to the subsurface, which directs hydraulic gradients towards the base of the meander. Finally, the temperature distribution within the meander during normal and bankfull flow mimics the water table distribution and results from advected warm stream water being progressively cooled by vertical conduction in the direction of groundwater flow. These findings suggest that areas of high reaction rates within meanders (hot spots) will be sensitive to whether a stream reach is gaining or losing water to the subsurface. Further, the location of these hot spots of is likely independent of stream stage, though other controls on reaction rates may be affected.
Tribological behavior of unfilled and filled poly(amide-imide) copolymer

Abstract The friction and wear behavior of poly(amide-imide) copolymer in the unfilled and filled conditions was studied. The fillers consisted of 3% polytetrafluoroethylene and 12% graphite powder. For the counterface surface, hardened steel disks ground on a blanchard grinder, which resulted in the radial surface lay being always normal to the sliding direction, were used. The disks were finished to varying surface roughness and were characterized in terms of the arithmetic average and the radius of curvature of the asperity tips. The friction and wear behavior was studied with these parameters as well as the load. The fillers were found to be very effective in reducing the coefficient of friction and wear rate. Scanning electron microscopy of the polymer sliding surfaces was performed to examine the probable wear mechanisms. A more or less continuous and thick film of the worn filled copolymer was deposited on the counterface while the deposited film was thin and patchy in the case of the unfilled material.
Planning and Implementation of a Student-led Immunization Clinic

Students and faculty planned and implemented a pharmacist-led influenza clinic on election day. A needs assessment was conducted, and a core team was convened for planning and reaching out to health departments. Stakeholders helped to identify polling sites and obtain sponsorship for vaccinations. Standing orders and a protocol were considered and university legal counsel addressed potential liability issues. Volunteers were trained, and the event was promoted through media outlets. This pharmacist-led immunization clinic provided 153 vaccinations; 42 individuals received an influenza vaccination for the first time. Over 30 students and faculty members were involved in the clinic. Lessons learned, including challenges, opportunities, and practical recommendations, are provided for students and faculty pharmacists who wish to conduct similar programs.
A RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS OF LOW FLOW, LOW GRADIENT SEVERE AORTIC STENOSIS WITH NORMAL EJECTION FRACTION: MORTALITY AND NEED FOR VALVE REPLACEMENT, A SINGLE CENTER STUDY

Low flow, low gradient aortic stenosis with normal ejection fraction (LFLGNEF) is considered a seldom-[[Unsupported Character – Codename]]studied entity of the aortic stenosis spectrum (AS). Whether LFLGNEF has a worse prognosis than severe AS remains controversial. We retrospectively identified
Bone remodeling adjacent to total hip replacements: A naturally occurring material design problem

The reaction of bone to orthopedic implants is an example of a self-adjusting material which changes from a ‘normal state’ to an altered state, based on the mechanical features of the implant and the loads applied to it. The changes in bone around cemented and uncemented femoral total hip components are well documented, and many numerical characterizations of the material reaction to stress have attempted to mimic the natural remodeling process. In this study we review the development of a simple material remodeling rule which yields a stable structure which is optimal and which allows a unique solution. We then use this algorithm to assess the effect of prosthesis stiffness and the presence of a compliant layer on bone remodeling around these implants. An axisymmetric model for axial loading is used to model changes in bone density through the thickness of the cancellous bone around the implants. With cortical remodeling left out of the simulation, the simulations showed density distributions that agreed in general with the results in the literature, and showed a marked difference in response if a compliant layer was added to the prosthesis.
Due‐date assignment and early/tardy scheduling on identical parallel machines

This article examines the problem of simultaneously assigning a common due date to a set of independent jobs and scheduling them on identical parallel machines in such a way that the costs associated with the due date and with the earliness or tardiness of the jobs are minimized. We establish that, for certain values of the due-date cost, an optimal schedule for this problem is also optimal for an early/tardy scheduling problem studied by Emmons. We discuss the solution properties for the two problems, and show that both problems are NP-hard even for two machines. We further show that these problems become strongly NP-hard if the number of machines is allowed to be arbitrary. We provide a dynamic programming solution for the problems, the complexity of which indicates that the problems can be solved in pseudopolynomial time as long as the number of machines remains fixed. Finally, we present the results of a limited computational study. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
New label-free DNA recognition based on doping nucleic-acid probes within conducting polymer films

A new biosensing strategy for in situ electrochemical detection of DNA hybridization is described. The label-free approach relies on the doping of nucleic acid probes within electropolymerized polypyrrole (PPy) films and monitoring the current changes provoked by the hybridization event. The study demonstrates that oligonucleotide probes can serve as the sole counter anion during the growth of conducting PPy films, and maintain their hybridization activity within the host polymer network. Distinct hybridization peak signals, with opposite direction in the presence of complementary and non-complementary DNA sequences, are observed in real time. Such unique response is attributed to concomitant conductivity changes, and offers great promise for DNA diagnostics.
Opportunities and Constraints on Mayoral Behavior: A Historical-Institutional Approach

A theoretical perspective that situates mayoral behavior within broader patterns of partisan competition is asserted here as a more satisfying explanatory framework for mayoral leadership than rival theories that focus on personality. Behavior is structured by the mayor's relationship toward the regime in power. Mayors are either affiliated or independent of the regime, and regimes are either strong or weak. Four leadership postures result, and case studies are used to demonstrate the robustness of the approach. Chicago mayor Richard J. Daley (1954–76) practiced reconstructive politics by modernizing the city's Democrat political machine. Atlanta mayor Andrew Young (1982–90) practiced the politics of articulation by upholding the commitments of the city's African-American electoral coalition. New York City mayor David Dinkins (1990–93) practiced disjunctive politics when the liberal order to which he was faithful suffered a crisis of legitimacy. Finally, Cleveland mayor Dennis Kucinich (1977–79) practiced preemptive politics by challenging the robust regime of party regulars and bankers in his city with little success.
Conservative management of neonatal hepatic hemangioma: a report from one institute

To summarize the conservative treatment of neonatal hepatic hemangioma at one institute. Fifteen cases of neonatal hepatic hemangioma were managed in our hospital during the previous 5 years. Initial symptoms, combination symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment were analyzed. Initial symptoms were abdominal mass, hepatomegaly, jaundice, and pneumonia. Combination symptoms were multiple skin hemangiomas, pneumonia, and cardiac insufficiency. Ultrasound and CT showed the typical characteristics of the liver hemangioma. There were three types of hepatic hemangioma: nine cases had a single focus, four cases were multiple foci, and two had diffuse changes in the liver. The diameter of a single focus in this group was about 53–99 mm. Four cases of single focus received resection and two received biopsy. Six cases received corticosteroid treatment. The other five cases were kept under observation only. Those with cardiac insufficiency and pneumonia received diuretics and antibiotic treatment. One neonate with cardiac insufficiency and pneumonia had postoperative MODS and died. One patient having multi-focus in the liver gave up the treatment after biopsy. Other patients were followed-up at 5–17 months. Two cases that received total tumor resection did not have recurrence. In those who received conservative therapy, all hemangiomas disappeared within 1 year. The diagnosis of hepatic hemangioma can be made from symptomology, ultrasound, and CT; pathologic samples are not necessary. Corticosteroid therapy is the widely used therapy. Proactive therapy for congestive heart failure is helpful for those endangering liver hemangioma. Surgery can increase the risk of complications and is not advised for treatment of neonatal hepatic hemangioma.
Raising and lowering of phonon frequencies by spin density waves: high-Tc superconductivity

Abstract As well as the usual softened phonon mode associated with a simple Peierls-distortion charge density wave, interaction of a spin density wave with the lattice through its second harmonic, a charge density wave, results in a second mixed lattice-motion-and-electron-motion charge vibration with frequency much higher than the phonon frequency of the normal metal. The electron-vibrational mode coupling is stronger than the corresponding electron-phonon coupling. Both the low-frequency and the high-frequency vibrational modes may possibly be associated with high temperature superconductivity.
A Study of the Fate of Volatile Hop Constituents in Beer

SUMMARY— The volatile material from a pilot plant brewed beer (hopped) has been analyzed by the direct combination of capillary gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. None of the major volatile terpenoid hydrocarbons of hops (myrcene, caryophyllene, humulene) could be detected in the beer volatiles. The only volatile constituents in the beer which could be assigned to hops with some certainty were ethyl dec-4-enoate and ethyl deca-4,9-dienoate, which exist in the hop oil as the methyl esters. A capillary gas chromatography analysis of a beer which was brewed without hops but with methyl dec-4-enoate (0.02 g/L) showed that this ester was converted to the ethyl ester by the fermentation. A study was also carried out using model systems to parallel the “kettle boiling” step of brewing. This involved boiling hops with water for a set period and filtering the water extract from the hops. It was found that the pattern of volatile hop constituents in the filtrate (hopped water) was quite different from hop oil and consisted principally of free organic acids, humulene epoxide, humulenol, and other hop oil oxygenated components. With fine filteration through Celite, very little myrcene, humulene, or caryophyllene were transferred into the water, even though they form the major part of hop volatiles. If, however, only coarse filtration was used, a greater amount of these hydrocarbons were found in the filtrate. It is concluded that the amount of volatile hop oil constituents reaching the final beer probably depends upon the exact conditions of the brewing process used. No evidence could be found in the present work to support the view that the tiny amounts that do survive in beer prepared by the typical American process could contribute more than a very minor amount to the characteristic beer aroma.
Stochastic service-life modeling of chloride-induced corrosion in recycled-aggregate concrete

Abstract The development and implementation of a stochastic service-life model for chloride-induced corrosion in reinforced recycled-aggregate concrete is presented in this work. The 1D model accounts for recycled aggregates that have been initially contaminated with chlorides from previous in-service exposure. Using a probabilistic approach, the model is employed to predict the service life of normal- and recycled-aggregate reinforced concrete with and without aggregate pre-contamination. Specifically, the effect of (a) type and replacement ratio of reclaimed aggregate, (b) chloride boundary conditions, (c) initial aggregate chloride concentration, and (d) thickness of contaminated aggregate shells on time to corrosion cracking was investigated herein. Results suggest that certain levels of contamination may be permissible in the design of reclaimed-aggregate reinforced concrete structures. Furthermore, quality control standards that limit thresholds of recycled aggregate replacement ratios and aggregate purity should be based on anticipated exposure conditions and old mortar thicknesses rather than initial degrees of aggregate contamination.