cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Helium II Film Transport. IV. The Role of Temperature

The study of film transport, inaugurated in previous papers in this series, is concluded with a statistical analysis of the temperature dependence of the transport rates, with particular attention to the possibility of detecting systematic variations with substrate, surface finish, and film height. Analysis of 153 rate vs temperature characteristic curves reveals that the temperature dependence of the transport is relatively insensitive to changes in the aforementioned parameters. The functional dependence of the normalized, average transport rates for all materials, finishes, and film heights discussed in papers I-III, is given by [$1\ensuremath{-}{(\frac{T}{{T}_{\ensuremath{\lambda}}})}^{7}$], in the temperature range under investigation ($1.1\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{K}l~Tl{T}_{\ensuremath{\lambda}}$). These results are compared with various theoretical predictions based on the two-fluid model of liquid helium as well as with relevant reports of other observers.
Special Issue: Self-Regulation in Early Childhood: Assessment and Educational Implications

In recent years, children's school readiness has emerged as a crucial area of interest in the education of young children. In particular, with the increased academic focus of many early school envi...
Electronic State Distributions of YBa2Cu3O7-x Laser Ablated Plumes

A systematic study of the spectrally resolved atomic emission arising from the laser ablation of YBa2Cu3O7−x targets in the presence of an oxygen background reveals statistically distributed populations with characteristic temporally averaged electronic temperatures of 0.28–0.38 eV, 0.28–0.37 eV, and 0.40–0.48 eV for neutral barium, yttrium, and copper, respectively. The higher electronic temperatures of the lighter copper atoms cannot be explained by the effects of temporal averaging, as the time-of-flight spectra are similar for all three atomic species. The electronic temperatures decline slowly with distance from the target, with a characteristic length of 20 to 200 mean free paths. The plume kinetic energies determined from gated imagery recorded time-of-flight spectra are much higher, 3–250 eV, suggesting a small fraction of the kinetic energy is converted to electronic excitation during each collision at the shock contact front. A correlation between electronic temperatures and shock strength reduces the dimensionality of the dependence on pressure and target distance. The dependence of electronic temperature on deposition condition is weak, suggesting the electronic state distribution is a poor candidate as a monitor for process control during the manufacture of coated conductors.
Applications of viscoelastic clock models in biomechanics

The viscoelastic response of inert polymers, with respect to stress relaxation and creep, can be sped up by increasing their temperature or slowed down by decreasing their temperature. An explanation for such behavior is the existence of an internal clock whose speed relative to the laboratory clock is affected by temperature. It is assumed that the viscoelastic response of biological tissue can be affected by a biochemical factor, such as a hormone or medication, in a manner similar to that of temperature for an inert polymer. The concept of the intrinsic clock is introduced into the constitutive theory for the viscoelastic response of biological materials. Two examples are presented that illustrate the implications of a biochemically dependent internal clock: (1) cervical softening during birth due to a hormone release, (2) blood vessel dilation induced by medication.
The pacemaker of plant growth.

I thank the three anonymous reviewers for their valuable suggestions and the Alexander von Humbold-Stiftung (AvH, Bonn, Germany) for financial support.
Solutions to the stationary time series modeling and prediction problem

The aim of this paper is to describe some of the important concepts and techniques which seem to me to help provide a solution of the stationary time series problem (prediction and model identification). Section 1 reviews models. Section 2 reviews prediction theory and develops criteria of closeness of a "fitted" model to a "true" model. The central role of the infinite autoregressive transfer function g? is developed, and the time series modeling problem is defined to be the estimation of g?. Section 3 describe auto-regressive estimators of g?. It introduces a criterion for selecting the order of an auto-regressive estimator which can be regarded as determining the order of an AR scheme when in fact the time series is generated by an AR scheme of finite order.
Transition to parametric wave patterns in a vertically oscillated granular layer

Experiments on vertically oscillated granular layers reveal, at a critical acceleration, a well-defined transition from a flat surface to standing wave patterns oscillating at half the excitation frequency. The patterns observed in a cylindrical container are squares or stripes; a continuous transition between these states occurs when the vibration frequency is varied at constant acceleration. The dispersion relation for these parametric granular waves is similar to that for gravity waves in a fluid, but exhibits a well-defined cutoff associated with the particle size.
Vertical Control and the Farm-Retail Price Spread for EGGS

Between 1973 and 1983, the portion of eggs produced under contracts or vertical integration increased from an estimated 62 percent to 88 percent. This article adduces and tests two hypotheses to explain the effects of the increased vertical control on industry performance. The results suggest that deficiencies in the market mechanism rather than anticompetitive factors are responsible for the increased vertical control. The farm-retail price spread for eggs between 1973 and 1983 declined 42 percent in real terms; about 58 percent of this decline is estimated to be attributable to increased vertical control.
Viral Defense: It Takes Two MAVS to Tango

To defend cells against viruses, the MAVS (mitochondrial antiviral signaling) adaptor protein initiates an antiviral signaling cascade from mitochondrial membranes. In this issue, Dixit et al. (2010) show that MAVS also localizes to the membranes of peroxisomes, where it rapidly induces expression of a subset of antiviral genes that curb viral replication until mitochondrial MAVS can induce a sustained antiviral response.
Embedded atom calculations of the equilibrium shapes of 5–60 atom palladium nanocrystals

The embedded atom method (EAM) has been used to compare the stability of a series of small palladium clusters with 5–60 atoms and a variety of shapes. It is found that the 13- and 55-atom icosahedra and cubo-octahedra are stable at 0 K. However, other sized icosahedra and cubo-octahedra are unstable at 0 K. Upon annealing, the icosahedra and cubo-octahedra reconstruct into nonpolyhedral structures which are highly strained. The strained structures are much more stable than the icosahedron or cubo-octahedron except when there are 13 or 55 atoms in the cluster. Further, there are many disordered shapes which are within 0.01 eV of the minimum energy structures at all cluster sizes including 13 and 55 atoms. We observe transitions between these low energy structures in Monte Carlo calculations. These results suggest that at equilibrium one should rarely observe polyhedral palladium particles. Instead, most of the particles should be disordered. Further, there should be a wide distribution of particle shapes in agreement with experiment.
Pulmonary follow-up of moderately low birth weight infants with and without respiratory distress syndrome

Pulmonary function was measured in 18 children aged 6 to 9 years who had been born prematurely (mean birth weight 1760±555 g) and who had each received>100 hours (mean 177±74 hours) of mechanical ventilation for respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). We used as controls 26 children aged 6 to 7 years who had been born prematurely (mean birth weight 1636±554 g) but who had required no treatment for pulmonary disease. Results for total lung capacity, FEV 1 , ratios of functional residual capacity and residual volume to total lung capacity, specific airway conductance, and alveolar plateau slope did not differ in the RDS and control groups. Eight of the 18 children in the RDS group had had radiologic evidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia at 30 days and oxygen dependence at 30 days, but did not differ from the control group for any of the indices of pulmonary function. However, FEV 1 and specific airway conductance were significantly reduced in the premature control group compared with children born at term. Therefore, factors associated with prematurity rather than combined effects of RDS and its treatment determined pulmonary function at age 6 to 9 years.
Intermediate storage for noncontinuous process variability and failures

Abstract Intermediate storage is frequently installed at strategic locations in a noncontinuous chemical process to eliminate short term fluctuations in the material flow between adjacent processing stages. In this paper, we apply our previously developed stochastic model to obtain analytical expressions for the storage size required to mitigate the effects of random parameter variations, batch failures and equipment failures/repairs in the two-stage process with nonidentical, parallel batch/semicontinuous units. Numerical evaluation on several simulated problems indicates that the theoretical storage size estimates are within 16% of the predictions obtained from extensive Monte Carlo simulations.
Trichothecene biosynthesis in Gibberella pulicaris : Inheritance of C−8 hydroxylation

Naturally occurring strains ofGibberella pulicaris (Fusarium sambucinum) produce different kinds and levels of trichothecene toxins. Progeny from crosses between strains which produce trichothecenes with an oxygen-containing group at C−8 (C8+) and those that do not (C8−) can segregate in a 1∶1 ratio for this trait. These results define a genetic locus, which we have designatedTox1. The segregation patterns observed for progeny obtained from crosses between high-toxin producers and low-toxin producers indicate that the level of toxin production is determined by several loci. One gene which controls quantitative aspects of toxin production segregates independently of both theTox1 locus and another locus which controls toxin levels. These results suggest that multiple, unlinked nuclear loci are involved in the control of trichothecene biosynthesis.
How to Defend Response Moralism

Here I defend response moralism, the view that some emotional responses to fictions are morally right, and others morally wrong, from the objection that responses to merely fictional characters and events cannot be morally evaluated. I defend the view that emotional responses to fictions can be morally evaluated only to the extent that said responses are responses to real people and events.
Kinematics of a High-Redshift Galaxy: a Case Study

A kinematics of a z = 2.81 galaxy toward bright QSO 0528-250, as inferred from the absorption spectroscopy is discussed. There are sufficient arguments for a far-reaching conclusion that we are observing an older, uninvolved version of the local Galactic interstellar medium.
Responses of neurons in the ventrolateral orbital cortex to noxious cutaneous stimulation in a rat model of peripheral mononeuropathy

The responses of ventrolateral orbital cortex neurons to noxious cold pressor were compared in rats with loose ligatures tied around their sciatic nerve with those in rats in which the sciatic nerve was exposed but not ligated. In ligated rats more cells responded to cold pressor and their average afterdischarges were longer. There were no differences in the background firing rate or the magnitude of response to the cold pressor between the two groups.
Polarizabilities and effective parameters for collections of spherical nanoparticles formed by pairs of concentric double-negative, single-negative, and∕or double-positive metamaterial layers

Unusual scattering effects from tiny spherical particles may be obtained when concentric shells are designed by pairing together “complementary” double-negative, single-negative, and∕or standard double-positive materials. By embedding these highly polarizable scatterers in a host medium one can achieve a bulk medium with interesting effective parameters. Some physical insights and justifications for the anomalous polarizability of these concentric spherical nanoparticles and the effective parameters of the bulk composite medium are discussed.
The ubiquitin-proteasome system regulates membrane fusion of yeast vacuoles.

Ubiquitination is known to regulate early stages of intracellular vesicular transport, without proteasomal involvement. We now show that, in yeast, ubiquitination regulates a late-stage, membrane fusion, with proteasomal involvement. A known proteasome mutant had a vacuolar fragmentation phenotype in vivo often associated with vacuolar membrane fusion defects, suggesting a proteasomal role in fusion. Inhibiting vacuolar proteasomes interfered with membrane fusion in vitro, showing that fusion cannot occur without proteasomal degradation. If so, one would expect to find ubiquitinated proteins on vacuolar membranes. We found a small number of these, identified the most prevalent one as Ypt7 and mapped its two major ubiquitination sites. Ubiquitinated Ypt7 was linked to the degradation event that is necessary for fusion: vacuolar Ypt7 and vacuolar proteasomes were interdependent, ubiquitinated Ypt7 became a proteasomal substrate during fusion, and proteasome inhibitors reduced fusion to greater degree when we decreased Ypt7 ubiquitination. The strongest model holds that fusion cannot proceed without proteasomal degradation of ubiquitinated Ypt7. As Ypt7 is one of many Rab GTPases, ubiquitin–proteasome regulation may be involved in membrane fusion elsewhere.
The effect of social determinants on immunization programs

Vaccine preventable diseases have been responsible for a significant portion of childhood mortality in low-income countries, and have been re-emerging in medium- and high-income countries. The effectiveness of routine childhood immunization programs relies on multiple factors. Social determinants have the potential to affect immunization programs around the world, with globalization and ease of communication facilitating their effect. Exploring the types of social determinants affecting immunization efforts in various countries is of great importance to the ability of nations to address them, prevent the spread of disease and lower mortality rates. The social determinants affecting vaccination programs can vary among countries of different income levels, with some social determinants overlapping among these country groups. In this article we explore the various social determinants affecting routine immunization programs in low-, middle- and high-income countries and possible interventions to address them.
Twenty-first century Arctic climate change in the CCSM3 IPCC scenario simulations

Arctic climate change in the Twenty-first century is simulated by the Community Climate System Model version 3.0 (CCSM3). The simulations from three emission scenarios (A2, A1B and B1) are analyzed using eight (A1B and B1) or five (A2) ensemble members. The model simulates a reasonable present-day climate and historical climate trend. The model projects a decline of sea-ice extent in the range of 1.4–3.9% per decade and 4.8–22.2% per decade in winter and summer, respectively, corresponding to the range of forcings that span the scenarios. At the end of the Twenty-first century, the winter and summer Arctic mean surface air temperature increases in a range of 4–14°C (B1 and A2) and 0.7–5°C (B1 and A2) relative to the end of the Twentieth century. The Arctic becomes ice-free during summer at the end of the Twenty-first century in the A2 scenario. Similar to the observations, the Arctic Oscillation (AO) is the dominant factor in explaining the variability of the atmosphere and sea ice in the 1870–1999 historical runs. The AO shifts to the positive phase in response to greenhouse gas forcings in the Twenty-first century. But the simulated trends in both Arctic mean sea-level pressure and the AO index are smaller than what has been observed. The Twenty-first century Arctic warming mainly results from the radiative forcing of greenhouse gases. The 1st empirical orthogonal function (explains 72.2–51.7% of the total variance) of the wintertime surface air temperature during 1870–2099 is characterized by a strong warming trend and a “polar amplification”-type of spatial pattern. The AO, which plays a secondary role, contributes to less than 10% of the total variance in both surface temperature and sea-ice concentration.
Correlating Residue Coevolution and Function in a Conserved Voltage-Sensing Domain

The voltage-sensing domain (VSD) is a 4-helix transmembrane (TM) regulatory domain that undergoes a conformational change in response to a change in TM potential. While originally identified in voltage-gated cation channels, the VSD has since been observed in voltage-gated proton channels and voltage-sensing lipid phosphatases. Therefore, sensitivity to a change in TM potential appears to rely on an evolutionarily unique and structurally conserved domain. Moreover, VSDs have been fine-tuned by evolution to sense a wide range of polarization states. Here, we develop a robust hidden Markov model (HMM) of the VSD sequence for the purpose of detecting and aligning remote homologues. Then, we use statistical coupling analysis and molecular dynamics simulations to correlate highly-conserved residues and residue pairs with the atomic-level details of VSD structure, function, and tunability.
Evaluation of left ventricular outflow tract area after septal reduction in obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: A real-time 3-dimensional echocardiographic study

Background The comparative impact of percutaneous alcohol septal reduction (ASR) and surgical myectomy on the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) area in patients with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HC) is not well defined. Real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE) provides accurate information about the LVOT geometry and shape. We aimed to analyze the change in LVOT area after septal reduction interventions in patients with obstructive HC using RT3DE. Methods Thirty-one HC patients (mean age 53 ± 17 years) undergoing ASR (n = 14) or myectomy (n = 17) were studied at baseline and during follow-up with RT3DE. LVOT area was measured after observing the LVOT in the 3D space as the smallest area during midsystole. LVOT pressure gradients were determined by conventional continuous wave Doppler. Results Overall, LVOT area increased from 0.86 ± 0.20 to 2.50 ± 0.88 cm 2 ( P P P P = NS between both groups). However, the increase in LVOT area was greater in myectomy than in ASR group (from 0.81 ± 0.22 to 2.90 ± 0.64 cm 2 and 0.93 ± to 0.16 to 2.02 ± 0.92 cm 2 , respectively, P Conclusion RT3DE demonstrated an effective increase in LVOT area after both ASR and myectomy. This technique may be useful for assessing the results of septal reduction in patients with obstructive HC.
Sympathetic neural activity and the pathogenesis of sudden cardiac death.

t t p m t b i t a h f There seems to be little doubt that the sympathetic nerous system can play an important primary pathogenic role s a trigger of ventricular tachyarrhythmias and sudden ardiac death in patients. The evidence in support of this elationship is extensive and compelling, but it is also argely circumstantial. Much of this evidence comes from tudies in which inhibition or blunting of sympathetic neural ctivity has been found to be associated with reduced morality or arrhythmogenesis. Thus, for example, beta adrenrgic blockade has been shown to decrease sudden cardiac eath mortality in patients following myocardial infarction. imilarly, left cardiac sympathetic denervation, in some ases involving ablation of the left stellate ganglion, dereases the incidence of ventricular tachyarrhythmias in atients with myocardial infarction. Other studies have ocused on the relationship between anatomical differences n the extent of sympathetic innervation of the heart and evelopment of arrhythmias. For example, increased cariac sympathetic nerve density has been identified in paients with a history of ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Infuion of nerve growth factor (NGF) in the vicinity of the left tellate ganglion in dogs can increase the density of cardiac ympathetic innervation and also increase the incidence of entricular tachyarrhythmias. Other evidence linking symathetic discharge to the pathogenesis of arrhythmias comes rom studies focused on natural circadian rhythms. It has een well documented, for example, that REM sleep is ssociated with enhanced sympathetic neural activity which, n turn, has been linked to surges in heart rate. Moreover, s many as 20% of sudden cardiac deaths occur at night as atients sleep, raising the possibility that diurnal increases n neural activity may play a role. Yet, despite the great preponderance of evidence linking ympathetic neural activity to the onset of ventricular arhythmias, it has been challenging to define the precise role hat sympathetic stimulation plays in sudden cardiac death n patients or to demonstrate that sympathetic neural disharge precedes the onset of an arrhythmia and acts as direct rigger of that arrhythmia. Now, a study appearing in this
Chinese cultural values: new angles, added insights

Abstract To identify as fully as possible for pedagogical purposes the characteristics of Chinese college students of English whom foreign teachers of English can expect to encounter in typical Chinese college classrooms, an anonymous two-part descriptive survey of cultural values and of attitudes toward English-language learning and teaching was administered cross-sectionally in Chinese and in English to 512 men and women in 15 colleges or universities. Quantitative data from the semistructured and open-ended questionnaire were subjected to statistical analysis at two levels: (a) that of culture and (b) that of demographics. Qualitative data generated by verbatim student comments allow analysis at a third level: that of the individual. At the culture level, students exhibit a strong tendency toward individualism, rather than toward the collectivism generally associated with traditional Chinese society. T -tests and chi-square procedures demonstrate that males and females, younger and older students, English majors and non-English majors do — quite literally — inhabit different perceptual worlds. Evidence of such student diversity and complexity calls into question the usefulness of labels that polarize populations and highlights the risks of stereotyping.
Cloacal Gland and Gonadal Photoresponsiveness in Male Japanese Quail Selected for Divergent Plasma Corticosterone Response to Brief Restraint

Corticosterone is linked to testicular depression, and in Coturnix, a relatively photorefractory species, day length and androgen dependency in cloacal gland development and foam production are evident. Furthermore, male quail selected for reduced (low stress, LS) rather than exaggerated (high stress, HS) plasma corticosterone stress response show more photo-induced reproductive development, greater resistance to reproductive declines induced by exposure to very short days, and a quicker recovery to a higher reproductive level upon return to long days. To determine whether a milder reduction in day length would also influence stress line reproductive photoresponsiveness, and perhaps photorefractoriness, males grown on 16 h of light were given 13 h of light for 4 wk followed by a return to long days for 12 wk. Cloacal gland measurements were made following the initial stimulatory photoperiod and weekly thereafter during the 2 light treatments. Plasma testosterone was determined initially, after 4 wk of light reduction, and at the end of the study, along with BW, testes weight (TWT), and TWT relative to BW. Cloacal gland volume (CVOL) was greater in LS than HS males grown on long days. Whereas exposure to 13 h of light reduced CVOL in both lines, line differences (LS > HS) persisted during the first 3 wk of light reduction. Moreover, by 2 wk of rephotostimulation, and weekly thereafter, line differences (LS > HS) in CVOL reemerged. Cloacal gland foam production and the proportion of individuals that produced cloacal gland foam responses reflected changes in CVOL. The BW did not differ by line, yet LS males had a higher TWT and TWT relative to BW than HS ones. All individuals, however, exhibited relative photorefractory responses. Whereas none of the LS males completely resisted reproductive regression induced by a 3 h light reduction, LS males showed other reproductive benefits upon mild photocastration and subsequent rephotostimulation (e.g., greater resistance to CVOL and cloacal gland foam production losses during a mild light crash and quicker restoration to full reproductive potential upon relighting).
Holographic and Dynamical Imaging of Weak Patterns in Noise

We consider reconstruction of low-level images hidden in intense noise by two nonlinear techniques: coherence gating via holography and coherence resonance via dynamical signal-noise coupling. The latter is a new type of threshold-less stochastic resonance.
The vacuum ultraviolet spectra of methylvinylsilane and propylene

Abstract The VUV spectra of methylvinylsilane and propylene are reported and corresponding transitions are assigned. The small red shift of the π→π* transition and the large blue shift of the σ→σ* excitation of the methyl group in methylvinylsilane may be attributed to the +I inductive effect of silicon without involving interaction between d orbitals and the π system. No evidence for a second allowed π→π transition is found in methylvinylsilane.
Speech-Language Pathologists' Preparation, Practices, and Perspectives on Serving Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Children.

This study describes the backgrounds, diversity training, and professional perspectives reported by 154 Colorado speech-language pathologists in serving children from culturally and linguistically ...
Calcium-dependent control of volume regulation in renal proximal tubule cells: II. Roles of dihydropyridine-sensitive and -insensitive Ca2+ entry pathways.

The Ca2− entry pathways in the basolateral plasma membrane of the isolated, nonperfused proximal straight tubule (PST) of rabbit kidney were investigated using fura-2 fluorescence microscopy. Under isotonic conditions, reduction of bath [Ca2−] from 1 mM to 1 μM caused intracellular free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) to fall close to zero. Treatment with 10 μM verapamil, a calcium channel blocker, had a similar effect. Treatment with verapamil or low Ca2+ also induced fluctuations in cell volume. However, isotonic treatment with 10 μM nifedipine, a dihydropyridine (DHP)-type calcium channel blocker, did not affect [Ca2+]i or cell volume, indicating that the endogenous Ca2+ entry pathway is verapamil-sensitive but DHP-insensitive. When cells were exposed to hypotonic solutions in the presence of 1 mM Ca2+, they swelled and underwent normal RVD while [Ca2+]i increased transiently to a peak before decreasing to a late phase plateau level above the baseline level (see McCarty, N.A., O'Neil, R.G. 1991.J. Membrane Biol. 123:149–160). When cells were swollen in the presence of verapamil or low bath [Ca2+], RVD was abolished and [Ca2+]i fell well below the baseline during the late phase response. In contrast, when cells were swollen in the presence of nifedipine, RVD and the late phase rise in [Ca2+]i were abolished, but [Ca2+]i did not fall below the baseline level in the late phase, indicating that nifedipine inhibited the swelling-induced Ca2+ entry but that Ca2+ entry by another pathway was undisturbed. It was concluded that PST cells are characterized by two Ca2+ permeability pathways in the basolateral membrane. Under both isotonic and hypotonic conditions, Ca2+ entry occurs at a slow rate via a verapamil-sensitive, DHP-insensitive “baseline” Ca2+ entry pathway. Cell swelling activates a separate DHP-sensitive, verapamil-sensitive Ca2+ entry pathway, which is responsible for the supply of Ca ions to the Ca2+-dependent mechanism by which cell volume regulation is achieved.
Medical pluralism and infant mortality in a rural area of Bangladesh

This paper examines some aspects of the health search behavior of parents in a rural area of Bangladesh who were unsuccessful in their attempt to save their infant's life. This issue is analyzed within the pluralist medical milieu and very high infant mortality rates prevalent in Bangladesh. There are several different medical cultures in Bangladesh each with their distinctive ideologies about disease causation and the nature of medical intervention. Practitioners of the modern cosmopolitan or western system of medicine are only one of the major types among several types of healers. The choice of a healer by the parents of infants is a complex process depending on a great variety of conditions such as the health status of the infant, relative proximity of the healer, cost of health care, transportation facilities, gender of the infant, attitude of the parents toward different systems of medicine, the past experience of the parents and the like. We posit that the choice of healer of a particular type may be related less to the traditional or modern orientation of the parents than to the severity of the infant's condition and the expectancy of cure. Thus, infants exhibiting acute symptoms of a disease may be more likely to be placed under the care of a 'western' type physician than taken for treatment to an indigenous medical practitioner. Such attitude on the part of the parents may, however, result in the loss of precious time at the most critical moments, and thus may reduce their chances of success to save their infant's life.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Kinematic characteristics of air flowing into and out of precipitating convection over the west Pacific warm pool: An airborne Doppler radar survey

Air flowing into and out of 25 cloud systems over the west Pacific warm pool was sampled by Doppler radars on board two NOAA WP-3D aircraft and the NCAR Electra aircraft during the Tropical Ocean/Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA-COARE). In convective cells, updraught inflows and downdraught outflows tended to be positioned adjacent to each other at sharp updraught-downdraught interfaces sloping at various angles and directions. The updraught inflows were sometimes shallow and sometimes deep, often extending well above the boundary layer. Downdraught outflow magnitudes were usually stronger than updraught inflows, and the horizontal directions of the inflow and outflow were frequently offset from each other at angles of ˜|90°|. In stratiform precipitation regions, the dominant airflow features were descending mid-level inflows, located at the bases of anvils and often extending into the interior of the precipitation system. These stratiform inflows originated at levels between 5 and 10 km and descended to about 3 km. A few extended down to the surface. Stratiform inflows were typically strong and sandwiched between weaker stratiform outflows at upper and lower altitudes. The stratiform-region inflow and outflow directions were frequently offset by ˜|90°| in the horizontal. The mid-level inflow currents entered the stratiform regions horizontally from a direction similar to that of the large-scale ambient wind. The mid-level stratiform inflow tended to occur in the same vertical plane as the convective downdraught outflow, although the mid-level stratiform inflow appeared to be slowed by horizontal pressure gradients before connecting with the convective downdraught outflow. In other respects, the mesoscale systems differed from a simplified two-dimensional model of airflow. The systems moved primarily by discrete propagation, and updraughts and downdraughts tended to have orthogonal horizontal relative airflow.
Where should human eating be studied and what should be measured

Meiselman's (1992) proposal for redirection of research on human eating behavior towards eating in real settings is misdirected, because it does not take into consideration the questions being addressed by laboratory studies. In fact many of the studies for which he has called have in fact been done and will be cited. There is no compelling scientific or strategic reason that investigators who are making good progress on the problem of what controls the amount eaten should be exhorted to examine what controls the place or time of eating or what is selected for eating. They are different problems which require different methodology. The field is large enough for both kinds of studies and there is no reason to berate investigators as Meiselman does for not investigating the problem he happens to be studying.
(Alkynyl)dicobalt Hexacarbonyl-Mediated Radical Cyclizations

Abstract Radicals flanked by the –(alkynyl)Co2(CO)6 unit add intramolecularly to carbon–carbon double bonds with unusual stereo- and regioselectivity. Cationic complex 13a (R=CO2Me) reacts with Zn to produce exclusively the trans-5-exo product 14a. Labile propargyl bromide complexes 16a–d, prepared from the alcohols 7a–d, undergo cyclization with Et3B/O2/Ph2SiH2 or upon irradiation. Under the latter conditions atom transfer products (17a–c, 18c,d) were obtained exclusively, whose regio- and stereochemistry were dependant on the olefinic acceptor. Thus, irradiation of the ester trans-16a or the phenyl derivative 16b (E/Z mixture) gives the trans-cyclopentyl derivatives 17a and 17b; the bromide 16c (R=Me) affords a mixture of the trans-cyclopentyl compound 17c and a comparable amount of the cyclohexyl derivative 18c; and the parent bromide 16d (R=H) is converted exclusively to the cyclohexyl derivative 18d. Heptenyl derivative 20d (R=H) cyclizes exclusively to the 7-endo cycloheptyl derivative 21d. Limited mechanistic experiments suggest the operation of a radical chain, atom transfer mechanism with a product-like transition state. A tandem cyclization/allylation reaction has been demonstrated in the reaction of acyclic bromide 16a with CpFe(CO)2(η1-allyl).
Electronic structure of the hypothetical electrode material PtWO3

Abstract We have calculated the energy bands and the density of electronic states of the hypothetical solid PtWO3. The results confirm that the electronic structure of this material is very similar to that of Pt metal, and this may be the reason for the high electrocatalytic activity of certain Pt contaminated sodium tungsten bronze electrodes.
Ecology of Colors of Firefly Bioluminescence

Dark-active North American fireflies emit green bioluminescence and dusk-active species emit yellow, in general. Yellow light and yellow visual spectral sensitivity may be adaptations to increase the signal-to-noise (that is, foliage-reflected ambient light) ratio for sexual signaling during twilight. The peaks of the electroretinogram visual spectral sensitivities of four species tested, two dark- and two dusk-active, correspond with the peak of their bioluminescent emissions.
Atomistic simulation of carbon nanotube field-effect transistors using non-equilibrium Green's function formalism

In recent years, significant progress in understanding device physics and in identifying potential applications of carbon nanotube electronic devices has occurred. In a nanotube, low bias transport can be nearly ballistic across distances of several hundred nanometers. Deposition of high-K gate insulators does not degrade the carrier mobility. Carbon nanotube field-effect transistors (CNTFETs) with near ballistic operation and excellent device performance have been recently demonstrated. Developing physical simulation capabilities are important for understanding experiments and exploring device design issues. In this work ballistic CNTFETs was simulated by self-consistently solving the Poisson and Schrodinger equations using the non-equilibrium Green's function (NEGF) formalism. The NEGF transport equation is solved at two levels: i) an atomistic real space approach using the pz orbitals of carbon atoms as the basis, and ii) an atomistic mode space approach, which only treats a few subbands in the tube's circumferential direction while retaining an atomistic grid along the carrier transport direction. The real space approach resolves the nanotube channel in an atomistic scale along both transport and circumference directions.
Determining the extent of lookahead in syntactic error repair

Many syntactic error repair strategies examine several additional symbols of input to guide the choice of a repair; a problem is determining how many symbols to examine. The goal of gathering all relevant information is discussed and shown to be impractical; instead we can gather all information relevant to choosing among a set of “minimal repairs.” We show that finding symbols with the property “Moderate Phrase-Level Uniqueness” is sufficient to establish that all information relevant to these minimal repairs has been seen. Empirical results on the occurrence of such symbols in Pascal are presented.
Peridesmia discus, an egg predator of Hypera postica in Europe.

In southern France the alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Gyllenhal), overwinters in the egg stage within stems of alfalfa, Medicago sativa L., and the larvae of Peridesmia discus (Walker) feed externally upon these eggs. The biology of P. discus is discussed and the known European distribution is illustrated. During the period 1966–72 alfalfa fields in southern France were surveyed intensively to determine the relative abundance of the predator (ca. 9800 alfalfa stems were examined): egg mass predation averaged 5.8% (range: 0–13.2%) but varied widely from year to year and by location. From 1959 to 1972, 48,619 adult P. discus of French origin were liberated in 19 states, mainly in the southern part of the United States. The predator has not yet been recovered at any release sites. A technique is described for attempting the recovery of P. discus .
Evaluating multiple attribute items using queries

The task of evaluating and ranking items with multiple-attributes appears in many guises in commerce. Examples include evaluating responses to a request for quotes (RFQ) for some item and comparison shopping for an item within one or more catalogs. This task is straightforward if the value of the item can be explicitly specified by the evaluator as a function of the attribute values. However, a typical evaluator may not be able to provide the value function in explicit form. In contrast, it is intuitive for them to compare, say, two items and pick the preferable one based on all of the relevant attributes. In this paper we present a method, Q-Eval, that queries the evaluator with selected pairs of items and uses the responses to build a preference model for the evaluator. This model is then used to rank the items in order of the inferred preference. The evaluator can then pick the winning item or items by considering only the top few items in this ranked list. This should result in significant productivity improvement for the evaluator when the number of items to choose from is large. Our algorithm is novel in the way it attempts to derive a stable preference model with only a small number of user queries. This paper describes the algorithm and presents experimental results with real-life data to validate the approach.
Angioplasty of a coronary artery via the translumbar approach in a patient with severe peripheral vascular disease.

We report on a woman with severe peripheral vascular disease with unstable angina, in which access to the central circulation was not possible from a peripheral route. The translumbar approach was used for coronary angiography and a successful angioplasty of the left circumflex artery. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Rosaceous Hosts of Phyllonorycter Species (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in New England

Leaves of 26 species of woody rosaceous plants were examined for Phyllonorycter spp. to determine host ranges and wild reservoirs of pestiferous species. The apple blotch leafminer, P. crataegella (Clemens), developed on 17 hosts in seven genera; the spotted tentiform leafminer, P. blancardella (F.), infested apple, Malus domestica Borkh., and wild crab apples, Malus spp.; and P. propinquinella (Braun) mined only Prunus serotina Ehrh. In sprayed orchards, P. crataegella represented 99.2% of leafminers on M. domestica and 100% of those on six other orchard species. Mine density tended to be higher on M. domestica than on other species in commercial orchards. During the second and third generation at one orchard, density was relatively high on Cydonia oblonga Mill., M. domestica, and Malus sp. ‘Young America’. Among 11 wild hosts of P. crataegella, Crataegus sp. B, Prunus pensylvanica L., P. virginiana L., and probably M. domestica may be important wild reservoirs.
Interdecadal Thermohaline Oscillations in a Sector Ocean General Circulation Model: Advective and Convective Processes

Abstract Oceanic interdecadal thermohaline oscillations are investigated with a coarse-resolution version of the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Modular Ocean Model. The geometry of the model is a box with a depth of 5000 m and a longitudinal width of 60°, spanning latitudes from 14.5° to 66.5°N. The model ocean is forced by a zonal wind stress, a heat flux parameterized by restoring the surface temperature toward a reference value, and a specified surface freshwater flux. Zonal wind stress, reference temperature, and freshwater flux are all longitudinally uniform, time-independent, and vary meridionally. It is shown that the ocean model can be in a state of interdecadal oscillations, and a physical mechanism is explained. For these oscillatory solutions, both surface mean heat flux and basin mean kinetic energy vary with interdecadal periods. Temperature and salinity budget analyses reveal that these oscillations depend primarily on advective and convective processes. Horizontal advective heat tran...
Speed Control of Wound Rotor Motors with SCRs and Saturistors

This paper describes means for stepless speed control of induction motors, using silicon controlled rectifiers with delayed firing to vary the primary voltage, and Saturistors' in the motor secondary circuits to limit the rise in current at low speeds.
Origins of Stereoselectivity in the α-Alkylation of Chiral Hydrazones

Density functional theory calculations and experiment reveal the origin of stereoselectivity in the deprotonation−alkylation of chiral N-amino cyclic carbamate (ACC) hydrazones. When the ACC is a rigid, camphor-derived carbamate, the two conformations of the azaenolate intermediate differ in energy due to conformational effects within the oxazolidinone ring and steric interactions between the ACC and the azaenolate. An electrophile adds selectively to the less-hindered π-face of the azaenolate. Although it was earlier reported that use of ACC auxiliaries led to α-alkylated ketones with er values of 82:18 to 98:2, B3LYP calculations predict higher stereoselectivity. Direct measurement of the dr of an alkylated hydrazone prior to removal of the auxiliary confirms this prediction; the removal of the auxiliary under the reported conditions can compromise the overall stereoselectivity of the process.
Scintillation proximity assay for measurement of RNA methylation

Methylation of RNA by methyltransferases is a phylogenetically ubiquitous post-transcriptional modification that occurs most extensively in transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Biochemical characterization of RNA methyltransferase enzymes and their methylated product RNA or RNA-protein complexes is usually done by measuring the incorporation of radiolabeled methyl groups into the product over time. This has traditionally required the separation of radiolabeled product from radiolabeled methyl donor through a filter binding assay. We have adapted and optimized a scintillation proximity assay (SPA) to replace the more costly, wasteful and cumbersome filter binding assay and demonstrate its utility in studies of three distinct methyltransferases, RmtA, KsgA and ErmC'. In vitro, RmtA and KsgA methylate different bases in 16S rRNA in 30S ribosomal particles, while ErmC' most efficiently methylates protein-depleted or protein-free 23S rRNA. This assay does not utilize engineered affinity tags that are often required in SPA, and is capable of detecting either radiolabeled RNA or RNA-protein complex. We show that this method is suitable for quantitating extent of RNA methylation or active RNA methyltransferase, and for testing RNA-methyltransferase inhibitors. This assay can be carried out with techniques routinely used in a typical biochemistry laboratory or could be easily adapted for a high throughput screening format.
Structure Analysis of Nanowires and Nanobelts by Transmission Electron Microscopy

One-dimensional (1D) nanostructures, such as nanowires, nanobelts, and nanorods, are attracting a great deal of research interest due to their unique properties and novel applications. Structure an...
Investigation into the influence of x-ray scatter on the imaging performance of an x-ray flat panel imager based cone beam volume CT

The advent of the x-ray flat panel imager (FPI) is making the study of cone beam volume CT (CBVCT) more competitive. Motivated by recent encouraging developments in CBVCT, this paper investigates the influence of x-ray scatter on the imaging performance of an x-ray FPI based CBVCT prototype. The prototype employs a circle-plus-two-arc orbit to meet the data sufficiency condition, and can reconstruct a region of interest within a longitudinally unbounded object using a cone beam filtered back-projection algorithm derived for the data acquisition orbit. First, the humanoid phantom is used to investigate the temporal variation of both scatter intensity and scatter to primary ratio (SPR) in the projection images acquired for CB reconstruction. Second, a 160 mm cylindrical water phantom consisting of four 16 mm rods made up of Acrylic, Polyethelene, Polycarborate and Polystrene respectively is utilized to evaluate the variation of interference caused by x-ray scatter (cupping effect) and signal to noise ratio vs. SPR in projection images. Third, a disc phantom consisting of seven acrylic discs stacked at even intervals is employed to evaluate the influence of x-ray scatter on reconstruction accuracy and the improvement of CBVCT image quality with recourse to an anti-scatter grid. Finally, the alleviation of the cupping effect in the presence of a beam-shaping (bow-tie) attenuator is assessed . The quantitative investigation shows that the influence of x-ray scatter on the SNR and CT number accuracy is a crucial problem to be addressed for the application of x-ray CBVCT.
Diagnoses, Catecholamine Metabolism, and Plasma Dopamine-β-Hydroxylase

ABSTRACT From a group of 80 hospitalized boys, 41 with plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DβH)ss ≤ 6 µM/ min/L were compared with 39 boys with plasma (DβH ≥ 15 µM/min/L. The low group had more diagnoses of Conduct Disorder, undersocialized, as determined by the diagnosing child psychiatrist. On a structured diagnostic instrument, the DISC/DISC-P, the high group had more diagnoses of Dysthymic Disorder and Separation Anxiety Disorder. Twenty-four-hour urine cathecholamines and their metabolites were obtained on 50 subjects. The results show differences in norephinephrine metabolism in the low group.
Experiences and lessons learned with a portable interface to hardware performance counters

The PAPI project has defined and implemented a cross-platform interface to the hardware counters available on most modern microprocessors. The interface has gained widespread use and acceptance from hardware vendors, users, and tool developers. This paper reports on experiences with the community-based open-source effort to define the PAPI specification and implement it on a variety of platforms. Collaborations with tool developers who have incorporated support for PAPI are described. Issues related to interpretation and accuracy of hardware counter data and to the overheads of collecting this data are discussed. The paper concludes with implications for the design of the next version of PAPI.