cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Status of the Just War Theory

In this chapter the current status of the just war theory is addressed. Several broad criticisms that can be brought against the just war theory are reviewed. One relates to the sovereignty condition, which requires that a just war be declared by a sovereign (or the legitimate authority of the state). The criticism is that it is questionable whether states have sovereignty in this sense. Often a condition of a just war in its conduct that is advanced by just war theorists is that innocent civilians not be intentionally killed, but it has been argued that modern wars invariably involve the intentional killing of innocents. A further criticism is that wars, modern or not, violate justice because they violate the right of persons to be treated as persons. Also in this chapter it is seen how political figures have contemporaneously appealed to just war principles in delineating their governmental position and in justifying specific policies.
Suspension of deformable particles in Newtonian and viscoelastic fluids in a microchannel

In this paper, we study a suspension of cells at a moderate volume fraction flowing in a microchannel filled with Newtonian or viscoelastic fluids and investigate the role of cell size, cell volume fraction, inertia, deformability, and fluid elasticity on the cell distribution. Our results suggest that the use of constant-viscosity viscoelastic fluid pushes the cells toward the channel centerline which can be used in microfluidic devices used for cell focusing such as cytometers. The cell-free layer increases which provides larger gap for separating rare cells in microfluidic devices. Furthermore, we show that the volumetric flow rate can be significantly enhanced with the addition of polymers in the suspending fluid. This effect enhances the processing speed which is of interest in designing microfluidic devices. This fundamental study can provide insight on the role of rheological properties of the fluid that can be tuned to control the motion of the cells for efficient design of microfluidic devices.
Anarchist Ethics as a Foundation for Educational Alternatives

In this article, the distinctions between anarchism as a political philosophy are outlined and contrasted with that of liberal democratic theory upon which much of educational philosophy is based. ...
Individual Factors Associated with Women’s Use of Mental Health Services during Incarceration: Targeting Programmatic Resources

This study analyzed data from the Bureau of Justice Statistics Survey of Inmates in State Correctional Facilities to identify factors associated with the use of mental health services among incarce...
The synthesis, sintering, and thermal properties of (Ca1−x, Mgx)Zr4(PO4)6 (CMZP) ceramics

(Ca1−x, Mgx)Zr4(PO4)6 (CMZP) ceramics have been made by sol-gel and solid state reaction methods. Single phase (Ca1−x, Mgx)Zr4(PO4)6 (x = 0.4) has been obtained. The densification of CMZP depends on the powder synthesis method. Near theoretical density can be achieved by cold pressing and sintering with the addition of a sintering aid. Bulk thermal expansion of CMZP is shown to depend on the phase composition, grain size, and presence of microcracks. By choosing different sintering temperatures and times, the thermal expansion of CMZP can be controlled. CMZP (x = 0.4) ceramics exhibit near zero bulk thermal expansion, low thermal expansion anisotropy, low thermal conductivity, and thermal stability up to 1500 °C.
Nasal adenocarcinoma as a suspected secondary malignant neoplasm in a cat previously treated for nasal lymphoma

Case summaryA case of nasal adenocarcinoma as a suspected secondary malignant neoplasm following definitive radiation therapy and multiagent chemotherapy for nasal lymphoma is described. An 11-year...
Artificial Intelligence for the Computer-aided Detection of Periapical Lesions in Cone-beam Computed Tomographic Images

Abstract Introduction The aim of this study was to use a Deep Learning (DL) algorithm for the automated segmentation of cone-beam computed tomographic (CBCT) images and the detection of periapical lesions. Methods Limited field of view CBCT volumes (n = 20) containing 61 roots with and without lesions were segmented clinician dependent versus using the DL approach based on a U-Net architecture. Segmentation labeled each voxel as 1 of 5 categories: “lesion” (periapical lesion), “tooth structure,” “bone,” “restorative materials,” and “background.” Repeated splits of all images into a training set and a validation set based on 5-fold cross validation were performed using Deep Learning segmentation (DLS), and the results were averaged. DLS versus clinical-dependent segmentation was assessed by dichotomized lesion detection accuracy evaluating sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and voxel-matching accuracy using the DICE index for each of the 5 labels. Results DLS lesion detection accuracy was 0.93 with specificity of 0.88, positive predictive value of 0.87, and negative predictive value of 0.93. The overall cumulative DICE indexes for the individual labels were lesion = 0.52, tooth structure = 0.74, bone = 0.78, restorative materials = 0.58, and background = 0.95. The cumulative DICE index for all actual true lesions was 0.67. Conclusions This DL algorithm trained in a limited CBCT environment showed excellent results in lesion detection accuracy. Overall voxel-matching accuracy may be benefited by enhanced versions of artificial intelligence.
MANEJO DE LA DIABETES EN SITUACIONES EXTREMAS: CATÁSTROFES NATURALES, SITUACIONES DE ENCIERRO

The catastrophe is a natural (drought, flood, hurricane, earthquake) or human (with armed conflict, nuclear accident) event that acts as a trigger for a crisis. The disaster consists of the impact of that crisis and its human, social and economic consequences. A catastrophe triggers a disaster by acting on a pre-existing situation of vulnerability, when the affected community does not have the necessary capacities to execute the coping strategies with which to resist such a process.
Novel blood-based early cancer detection: diagnostics in development

Cancer affects millions of Americans, and the number of cases is steadily rising. The increase in diagnosis of cancer cases comes with an associated increase in personal and economic burden. Earlier detection can improve treatment outcomes and may reduce the burden of cancer. Screening for cervical cancer is a good example of the potential of effective screening methods to dramatically reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with cancer. However, many current screening methods have high false-positive rates, increasing the concern for overdiagnosis and overtreatment. Blood-based tests capable of detecting multiple types of cancer represent an emerging approach to early cancer detection. Although there are several single-cancer detection tests in development, multicancer screening tests have greater potential to allow for widespread screening in the general population. Three multicancer screening tests are being validated in ongoing clinical trials, including the CancerSEEK assay, the Galleri test, and the PanSeer assay, all of which show high specificity in preliminary findings. Further validation is required before multicancer detection tests are incorporated into general population cancer screening.
Interdisciplinary Learner Engagement: Bridging Corporate Training and K-12 Education

There are many learning strategies that corporate trainers and K-12 educators can borrow from each other in order to engage their learners in content and skill development. This chapter examines qualitative data from K-12 educators and corporate trainers to identify engagement strategies and to explore what these two fields can learn from each other and how they can share their approaches to engaging learners in new ways. There are several areas where corporate training and K-12 education overlap when engaging learners, leading to the conclusion that a space should be created for K-12 educators and corporate trainers to interact and share engagement strategies that can aid learners and educators in both fields.
Handbook of Financial Risk Management: by Thierry Roncalli, Chapman & Hall/CRC Press (2020). Hardback. ISBN 978-1-138-50187-4.

© 2020, Chapman & Hall/CRC Press The Handbook of Financial Risk Management is an impressively comprehensive survey of risk management models, measurement techniques, and issues. The field of risk m...
The LX-σ Relation for Galaxies and Clusters of Galaxies

We demonstrate that individual elliptical galaxies and clusters of galaxies form a continuous X-ray luminosity-velocity dispersion (LX-σ) relation. Our samples of 280 clusters and 57 galaxies have LX ∝ σ4.4 and LX ∝ σ10, respectively. This unified LX-σ relation spans 8 orders of magnitude in LX and is fully consistent with the observed and theoretical luminosity-temperature scaling laws. Our results support the notion that galaxies and clusters of galaxies are the luminous tracers of similar dark matter halos.
Sodium selenite suppresses intestinal carcinogenesis in Muc-2 knockout mice and colorectal cancer cells

LB-322 Epidemiological and clinical studies suggest that the increased intake of dietary selenium significantly reduced overall cancer risk, the effect was most pronounced in gastrointestinal and prostate cancers; and that lower peripheral serum selenium level also increased cancer risk. To elucidate anti-cancer mechanisms of selenium, we fed the Muc-2 knockout mice with selenium-enriched (sodium selenite) diet for 24 weeks and treated human colorectal cancer cell lines HCT116 and SW620 with sodium selenite at different concentration and variant periods, respectively. First, we found that the western style diet (high fat and low calcium and vitamin D) modulated intestinal tumor formation, but selenium significantly prevented intestinal tumorigenesis in the Muc2-/- mice. In comparison with the mice fed AIN-76A control diet, intestinal tumor frequency was increased in the mice fed western-style diet (1.93 vs. 4.31, p
Hippo-Independent Regulation of Yki/Yap/Taz: A Non-canonical View

Initially identified in Drosophila, the Hippo signaling pathway has emerged as an evolutionarily conserved tumor suppressor pathway that controls tissue growth and organ size by simultaneously inhibiting cell proliferation and promoting cell death. Deregulation of Hippo pathway activity has been implicated in a wide range of human cancers. The core Hippo pathway consists of a kinase cascade: an upstream kinase Hippo (Hpo)/MST1/2 phosphorylates and activates a downstream kinase Warts (Wts)/Lats1/2, leading to phosphorylation and inactivation of a transcriptional coactivator Yki/YAP/Taz. Many upstream signals, including cell adhesion, polarity, mechanical stress, and soluble factors, regulate Hippo signaling through the kinase cascade, leading to change in the cytoplasmic/nuclear localization of Yki/YAP/Taz. However, recent studies have uncovered other mechanisms that regulate Yki/YAP/Taz subcellular localization, stability, and activity independent of the Hpo kinase cascade. These mechanisms provide additional layers of pathway regulation, nodes for pathway crosstalk, and opportunities for pathway intervention in cancer treatment and regenerative medicine.
Effect of the shape of the softening damage law on the predicted tensile fracturing and energy dissipation in textile composites

The fracturing behavior of fiber-reinforced composites is often modeled using continuum damage mechanics-based approaches which commonly assume a linear softening damage law, i.e. a linearly decrea...
Disrupting progression of the yeast Hsp90 folding pathway at different transition points results in client-specific maturation defects.

The protein molecular chaperone Hsp90 (Heat shock protein, 90 kilodalton) plays multiple roles in the biogenesis and regulation of client proteins impacting myriad aspects of cellular physiology. Amino acid alterations located throughout Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hsp90 have been shown to result in reduced client activity and temperature-sensitive growth defects. Although some Hsp90 mutants have been shown to affect activity of particular clients more than others, the mechanistic basis of client-specific effects is unknown. We found that Hsp90 mutants that disrupt the early step of Hsp70 and Sti1 interaction, or show reduced ability to adopt the ATP-bound closed conformation characterized by Sba1 and Cpr6 interaction, similarly disrupt activity of three diverse clients, Utp21, Ssl2, and v-src. In contrast, mutants that appear to alter other steps in the folding pathway had more limited effects on client activity. Protein expression profiling provided additional evidence that mutants that alter similar steps in the folding cycle cause similar in vivo consequences. Our characterization of these mutants provides new insight into how Hsp90 and cochaperones identify and interact with diverse clients, information essential for designing pharmaceutical approaches to selectively inhibit Hsp90 function.
DmCaMKII: Type II CaM-dependent PK (D. melanogaster) (Multifunctional CaM-dependent PK)

The Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II is a multisubstrate protein kinase that is activated by increases in intracellular Ca2+ concentration. The mammalian kinase CaMKII phosphorylates a wide variety of intracellular proteins including metabolic enzymes, transmitter synthesizing enzymes, ion channels, membrane receptor proteins, and transcription factors. Although the molecular weight of DmCaMKII has not been determined by analogy with the mammalian enzyme, it is thought to be a heteromultimer composed of several subunits, all of which are catalytic. At least four alternatively spliced catalytic subunits have been described. The smallest corresponds to the a subunit and the largest to the b and δ subunits of rat CaMKII. The four known subunits of DmCaMKII arise by alternative splicing of a single gene. Like rat CaMKII, each subunit contains an N-terminal kinase domain followed immediately by an autoinhibitory region containing the autophosphorylation site at T287. The inhibitory domain partially overlaps the calmodulin-binding domain. The variable sequences are found between residues 347 and 397. The autophosphorylation sites (T287, T306, and S315) are conserved between rat and Drosophila melanogaster.
Neural Nets, Hopfield

The sections in this article are 1 Artificial Neural Networks 2 Applications of Recurrent Neural Networks 3 Discrete Hopfield Networks 4 Continuous Hopfield Network 5 Recent Developments 6 Summary and Conclusions
Once again on rapamycin-induced insulin resistance and longevity: despite of or owing to

Calorie restriction (CR), which deactivates the nutrient-sensing mTOR pathway, slows down aging and prevents age-related diseases such as type II diabetes. Compared with CR, rapamycin more efficiently inhibits mTOR. Noteworthy, severe CR and starvation cause a reversible condition known as “starvation diabetes.” As was already discussed, chronic administration of rapamycin can cause a similar condition in some animal models. A recent paper published in Science reported that chronic treatment with rapamycin causes a diabetes-like condition in mice by indirectly inhibiting mTOR complex 2. Here I introduce the notion of benevolent diabetes and discuss whether starvation-like effects of chronic high dose treatment with rapamycin are an obstacle for its use as an anti-aging drug.
Breeding Apple Rootstocks

The ancient art of grafting makes it possible to fuse two or more different genetic entities into a single tree. Grafting permits the selection of a scion for its horticultural excellence and its adaptations to the aboveground environment—its capacity to produce high quality fruit ripening at a particular season and to survive the vicissitudes of weather and pests. About 250 years ago, apple growers began to recognize that grafting also permitted the selection of specific rootstocks for their capacities to influence favorably the productivity characteristics of the scion cultivar and for their abilities to survive the edaphic, climatic, and biotic components of the rootstock environment. Thus the 2- or 3- or 4-part tree can more easily possess diverse favorable attributes than can a fruiting cultivar on its own roots.
Pamyua's Akutaq: Traditions of Modern Inuit Modalities in Alaska

Cet essai presente les paysages sonores afro-inuit et le sens des affaires du groupe prime Pamyua comme caracteristiques des modernites inuites, rompant avec les conceptions statiques de la musique culturelle et interrogeant les significations possibles du terme autochtone aujourd’hui. Je situe les alliances personnelles et musicales de Pamyua sur une trajectoire historique du transnationalisme circumpolaire inuit afin d’illustrer les facons dont les modernites musicales du groupe sont enracinees dans les paysages sonores familiaux et socioculturels singuliers de chaque membre. J’explore egalement le developpement de Pamyua, Inc. et Arctic Voice Records comme moyens de subvertir ce que j’appelle les politiques de quantums sonores par la transformation des pratiques de l’industrie musicale sur la base de la connaissance inuite.
Development of a Multilingual Aphasia Battery Progress and Problems

Abstract The development and present status of a proposed multilingual aphasia examination are described. A selection of tests has been made and these are in various stages of development. Firm arrangements for securing adequate samples of normal and brain-damaged subjects in clinics and school systems in France, Germany, Italy and the United States have been concluded. A major problem which was encountered is that of formulating a sufficiently precise definition of standardization groups of patients with cerebral disease. This problem has been met by establishing “reference” groups of patients with unilateral cerebral disease on the basis of explicit neurological criteria of a non-linguistic nature without reference to the circumstance of whether or not the patients have been classified as “aphasic”.
Emission spectroscopy using a microfabricated inductively coupled plasma-on-a-chip

In this work a novel, microfabricated inductively coupled plasma (mICP) generator for emission spectroscopy is described. The spatial distribution of light emitted from the mICP, the electron temperature and ion density of the plasma, and the detection of trace amounts of SO2 excited by the mICP are presented. The miniature ICP system consists of a planar, spiral-shaped inductor and an impedance matching network that are microfabricated on a glass wafer and subsequently bonded to a miniature aluminum vacuum chamber. The plasma operates from 0.1 to 10 Torr, and requires less than 4 W of power at a frequency of 490 MHz. The chamber was designed to maximize the excitation and emission from SO2 molecules. An SO2 fraction as low as 3 ppm is directly measured using the intensity of atomic sulfur emission at 469.5 nm. The detection limit, however, is found to improve with both increasing plasma power and argon pressure, and is as low as 190 ppb. It is also clear from the optical emission spectra that this mICP has the ability to excite the entire SO2 molecule, which suggests that it is also a promising molecular detection tool.
Emergency restoration structure

A restoration structure is recommended as a temporary replacement to assure rapid restoration in an emergency event. The modular structure provides a method to rapidly restore safe operation of a transmission line while a permanent replacement is in the engineering and procurement process. The modular structure provides an 'erector set' at full scale with interlocking units standardized. Each unit is labeled with its exact weight. No unit exceeds 600 lb. A user-friendly PC program is used to determine structure strength by guy tensions and anchor locations. After selection of the structure type the program asks for several inputs at the structure location. Structure height, guy slope, load parameters, factors, etc. are inputs. Computer program output gives guy tension and checks comprehensive loads. The user determines if computed tensions are viable for the chosen guy/anchor system and modifies the program to suit the parameters and chosen guy/anchor system. With the results of the design program for a given structure type, the user determines a layout for the structure foundation and the required anchors. Field operations and the erection method for the structure are discussed. >
Thermal Conductivity of UO2 to 2100°C

The thermal conductivity of UO2 was measured from 833 to 2112 deg C using UO2 disks of 85% theoretical density and the radial heat flow method. The data were corrected to theoretical density and plotted vs. temperature along with the data of W. D. Kingery et al, and Hedge and Fieldhouse; the equation for the least squares fit curve is k = 1/ (17.3 plus or minus 0.016 T), where k is in watts/cm deg C and T is in deg K. Power loss as a possible source of error is discussed, and it is concluded that all the errors from power loss would cause an error in k of not more than 15 to 20%.
Information disclosure under realistic assumptions: privacy versus optimality

The problem of information disclosure has attracted much interest from the research community in recent years. When disclosing information, the challenge is to provide as much information as possible (optimality) while guaranteeing a desired safety property for privacy (such as l-diversity). A typical disclosure algorithm uses a sequence of disclosure schemas to output generalizations in the nonincreasing order of data utility; the algorithm releases the first generalization that satisfies the safety property. In this paper, we assert that the desired safety property cannot always be guaranteed if an adversary has the knowledge of the underlying disclosure algorithm. We propose a model for the additional information disclosed by an algorithm based on the definition of deterministic disclosure function (DDF), and provide definitions of p-safe and p-optimal DDFs. We give an analysis for the complexity to compute a p-optimal DDF. We show that deciding whether a DDF is p-optimal is an NP-hard problem, and only under specific conditions, we can solve the problem in polynomial time with respect to the size of the set of all possible database instances and the length of the disclosure generalization sequence. We then consider the problem of microdata disclosure and the safety condition of l-diversity. We relax the notion of p-optimality to weak p-optimality, and develop a weak p-optimal algorithm which is polynomial in the size of the original table and the length of the generalization sequence.
Evaluation of Ti-6Al-4V surface treatments for use with a polyphenylquinoxaline adhesive

Three surface treatments for Ti-6Al-4V adherends were evaluated using a thermoplastic polymer monoether polyphenylquinoxaline, MEPPQ, which had been shown in previous studies to have good potential as a high temperature adhesive for aerospace applications. Initial results based on long term thermal exposure at 232 C (450 F) using the phosphate-fluoride (PF) and chromic acid anodized (CAA) treatments with MEPPQ adhesive were not encouraging. A significant improvement in strength retention and a change in failure mode (cohesive) at 232 C (450F) was found for the SHA treated specimens compared to the PF and CAA treatments. Although an improvement in long term thermal durability was obtained with the SHA treatment of Ti-6Al-4V, an improved surface treatment with better long term durability is still required for aerospace applications.
Synergy and reality

Reflecting on a provocative report from 2002 on the benefits of fusing different technologies, Chris Toumey considers the importance of being realistic about the potential of nanotechnology.
Image analysis applications for grain science

Morphometrical features of single grain kernels or particles were used to discriminate two visibly similar wheat varieties foreign material in wheat hardsoft and spring-winter wheat classes and whole from broken corn kernels. Milled fractions of hard and soft wheat were evaluated using textural image analysis. Color image analysis of sound and mold damaged corn kernels yielded high recognition rates. The studies collectively demonstrate the potential for automated classification and assessment of grain quality using image analysis.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Alamouti based cooperative wireless networks for multiplexing-diversity balanced multimedia transmission

In this paper, an Alamouti based cooperative wireless networks for multimedia transmission is proposed. According to various requirements of video, image, voice or medical signal transmissions, the multiplexing-diversity balanced structure is provided for such comprehensive multimedia network. Simulation results of this Alamouti based cooperative network have been compared with Maximum Ratio Combining (MRC) method. Simulation results show the BER performance of proposed schedule outperforms several other spatial modulation methods.
Synergistic Inhibition of Endothelial Cell Proliferation, Tube Formation, and Sprouting by Cyclosporin A and Itraconazole

Pathological angiogenesis contributes to a number of diseases including cancer and macular degeneration. Although angiogenesis inhibitors are available in the clinic, their efficacy against most cancers is modest due in part to the existence of alternative and compensatory signaling pathways. Given that angiogenesis is dependent on multiple growth factors and a broad signaling network in vivo, we sought to explore the potential of multidrug cocktails for angiogenesis inhibition. We have screened 741 clinical drug combinations for the synergistic inhibition of endothelial cell proliferation. We focused specifically on existing clinical drugs since the re-purposing of clinical drugs allows for a more rapid and cost effective transition to clinical studies when compared to new drug entities. Our screen identified cyclosporin A (CsA), an immunosuppressant, and itraconazole, an antifungal drug, as a synergistic pair of inhibitors of endothelial cell proliferation. In combination, the IC50 dose of each drug is reduced by 3 to 9 fold. We also tested the ability of the combination to inhibit endothelial cell tube formation and sprouting, which are dependent on two essential processes in angiogenesis, endothelial cell migration and differentiation. We found that CsA and itraconazole synergistically inhibit tube network size and sprout formation. Lastly, we tested the combination on human foreskin fibroblast viability as well as Jurkat T cell and HeLa cell proliferation, and found that endothelial cells are selectively targeted. Thus, it is possible to combine existing clinical drugs to synergistically inhibit in vitro models of angiogenesis. This strategy may be useful in pursuing the next generation of antiangiogenesis therapy.
Computer-assisted prediction of gas chromatographic retention times of polychlorinated biphenyls.

The gas chromatographic retention times of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were predicted by using descriptors derived directly from the molecular structures. A five-variable regression equation with R/sup 2/ of 0.997 and relative standard deviation of 1.7% was developed. Descriptors that represent degree of chlorination, substitution pattern, and geometry of the molecules were among the variables included in the equation. At least 40 compounds are needed in order to accurately predict the retention times of all 209 PCB congeners.
Multiple-step prediction using a two stage Gaussian Process model

A two stage probabilistic prediction model is presented that uses nonparametric Gaussian Process (GP) regression to model continuous complex actions combined with a parametric model for known system dynamics. This two stage model is applied to the case of anticipating driver behavior and vehicle motion. The cross covariances between the initial state distribution and the control action distributions given by the GP regression model are computed analytically, allowing for a closed form evaluation of the joint distribution over the initial state and the GP outputs. Computing these cross covariances is necessary to capture important state dependent behavior in the GP data such as lane keeping for road vehicles. The proposed prediction model is evaluated using driving data collected from three human subjects navigating a standard four-way intersection in a driving simulation.
Pulsed infrared radiation excites cultured neonatal spiral and vestibular ganglion neurons by modulating mitochondrial calcium cycling.

Cochlear implants are currently the most effective solution for profound sensorineural hearing loss, and vestibular prostheses are under development to treat bilateral vestibulopathies. Electrical ...
Optical-Mechanical System for On-Combine Segregation of Wheat by Grain Protein Concentration

Grain segregation by grain protein concentration (GPC) may help growers maximize revenues in markets that offer protein premiums. Our objective was to develop an on-combine system for automatically segregating wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) by GPC during harvest. A multispectral optical sensor scans the grain as it is conveyed by the combine's grain bin-filling auger. Light from the optical probe is transmitted through a fiber optic cable to a spectrometer, which determines the spectral characteristics of the grain. This information is processed by the instrument control software that is programmed to calculate GPC from a chemometric model. The continuous GPC output is simultaneously fed to a binary computer algorithm for triggering a logic circuit and operating a mechanical diverter valve that diverts the grain into either one of two bins. Field tests of the system were conducted during harvest of hard red spring wheat using a Case IH 1470 combine modified with front and rear bins. Front and rear bins were compared in terms of the mean and frequency distribution of the optically sensed GPC. In addition, the grain in each bin was manually sampled and tested in the laboratory for GPC. Results showed that it is possible to use the GPC measured by an optical sensor to effectively control a mechanical diverter valve for routing the grain into one of two bins on a combine. An advantage of this approach is that prior knowledge of harvesting zones is not required.
RADIATIVE TRANSPORT IN THE DELTA-P1 APPROXIMATION FOR LAMINAR OPTICAL TOMOGRAPHY

To provide a computational efficient forward model with moderate accuracy for rapid 3D optical tomography in small volumes, radiative transport in the delta-P1 approximation combined with the approximation of the reciprocity was examined. Perturbations of optical signals caused by absorption and fluorescence heterogeneities submerged in a resin-based liquid phantom with background parameters close to rat brain tissues were measured using a recently constructed laminar optical tomography system. These measured perturbations were used to examine the theoretically calculated fluence perturbations based on the delta-P1 approximation and the reciprocity approximation. Results show that the errors between the predicted and measured data are acceptable, especially for fluorescence perturbations.
Paraconsistent Logical Consequence

ABSTRACT The concept of paraconsistent logical consequence is usually negatively defined as a validity semantics in which not every sentences is deducible or in which inferential explosion does not occur. Paraconsistency has been negatively characterized in this way because paraconsistent logics have been designed specifically to avoid the trivialization of deductive inference entailed by the classical paradoxes of material implication for applications in a system that tolerates syntactical contradictions. The effect of the negative characterization of paraconsistency has been to encourage an unsystematic development of distinct versions of paraconsistent logic. It has also contributed to a restricted overview of the full range of paraconsistent formalisms. After reviewing a standard negative characterization of paraconsistency and commenting on its limitations, I propose a positive characterization that makes possible a constructivistic description of the complete spectrum of distinct families of paracon...
Primary adenocarcinoma of the duodenum: management and survival in 67 patients.

Background: Because of the rarity of primary adenocarcinoma of the duodenum, accumulation of natural history data has been difficult. As a result, debate continues over important treatment issues. Methods: We did a retrospective review of 67 patients with nonampullary adenocarcinoma of the duodenum treated at the University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center between 1967 and 1991. Presenting symptoms and signs, diagnostic studies, operation performed, surgical pathology, and survival were analyzed. Results: A primary duodenal tumor was demonstrated by upper gastrointestinal radiographs (UGI) in 37 of 42 patients (88%), esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) in 49 of 55 (89%), and computerized tomograms (CT) in 21 of 42 (50%). A curative resection was performed in 36 of the 59 patients who underwent operation (61%); 27 had pancreaticoduodenectomies and nine had wide local excisions. Overall 5-year survival was 29%. The 5-year survival difference between resected and unresected patients was 54% versus 0%, respectively (p<0.0001). No survival difference was noted between patients who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy rather than wide local excision. Lymph node metastases were significantly related to the occurrence of distant metastases (p=0.0034). The 5-year survival for patients with stage I or II tumors was 100% and 52%, respectively, compared to 45% and 0% for stage III and IV (p<0.0001). Conclusions: Our data suggest that UGI and EGD are effective for diagnosing duodenal carcinoma. Survival is improved by curative resection and is not compromised by a wide local excision instead of a pancreaticoduodenectomy for lesions of the third and fourth portion. We recommend that adjuvant chemotherapy be considered for stage III disease, because distant failure is the predominant pattern of failure in this group.
Alloy Effects And Extended Solubilities In Binary Mixtures Of Nanometer-Sized Fe-Cu Crystals

Binary mixtures of Fe-Cu powders in the range of 10–95 at.% Fe have been prepared by mechanical alloying and investigated by x-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The final grain sizes of the powders vary between 6 and 20 nm, and depend on the composition of the material. Indications for the formation of single-phase alloys with up to 60 at.% Fe in Cu and 20 at.% Cu in Fe have been found although the Fe-Cu system exhibits only vanishingly small solid solubilities under equilibrium conditions. Between 60 at.% and 80 at.% Fe a two-phase region of fee and bec solid solutions exists. Alloy formation is discussed with respect to the thermodynamic conditions of the material. The influence of the large grain boundary fraction, as well as the role of internal strains and stored enthalpies introduced by ball milling, is critically assessed.
Analysis of Natural Phytoplankton Populations by Pattern Recognition of Two-Dimensional Fluorescence Spectra.

Abstract Two-dimensional Fourier-transform-based pattern recognition is used to characterize natural populations of marine algae by their two-dimensional, in vivo fluorescence spectra. The two dimensional fluorescence spectrum, termed an excitation-emission matrix (EEM), is acquired using a portable, multichannel fluorescence spectrophotometer (PMFS). Natural populations in the Gulf of Mexico south of Louisiana and the coastal area near Savannah, Georgia are characterized by their measurement of in situ fluorescence. Characterization of unknown populations is achieved by comparing the unknown EEMs to a collection of standard EEMs acquired from 23 species (6 classes) of marine algae. Pattern recognition results from data collected along the Georgia coast indicating diatom populations were confirmed by microscopic examination of selected samples.
Polymer films: Just spray it

Spray-coating of multilayer films on fibre mats yields conformal coatings, opening up new possibilities for the fabrication of protective clothing and reactive membranes.
Drug‐induced EEG pattern predicts effectiveness of ketamine in treating refractory status epilepticus

Summary Refractory status epilepticus (RSE) can lack overt clinical manifestation and is usually treated with continuous infusion of intravenous anesthetic drugs (IVADs), where the use of continuous electroencephalography (cEEG) is imperative. Ketamine has recently been shown to be effective in the treatment of RSE. We retrospectively review a cohort of 11 patients receiving ketamine as part of their treatment regimen for RSE. We report on the presence of a characteristic EEG rhythm consisting of a generalized archiform theta to beta rhythms (7–20 Hz) appearing after ketamine administration. This pattern was seen in five patients, four of whom achieved successful resolution of RSE. Ketamine-induced EEG pattern may serve as a biomarker predictive of successful treatment outcome in RSE.
Implications of crystal-field and intra-atomic interactions for the electronic structure of high- T c superconductors

The energies of Cu 3d and O 2p ion orbitals in the ion-lattice potentials of ${\mathrm{La}}_{2}$${\mathrm{CuO}}_{4}$ and ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7}$, and the intra-atomic energies of various ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{3+}$(3d${)}^{8}$ configurations, are calculated. The results suggest that electrons removed from the ${\mathrm{CuO}}_{2}$ layer to accomodate doping in ${\mathrm{La}}_{2}$${\mathrm{CuO}}_{4}$ or the ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ stoichiometry come not from 's and their O 2p\ensuremath{\sigma} bonding partners but from otherwise filled \ensuremath{\pi}-bonding orbitals. The resulting two types of bonds and/or bands may be important for superconductivity.
Unusual magnetic phases in MnCo ultrathin alloy films

Abstract For over a quarter century the Mn : Co magnetic phase diagram has been controversial. We find that for Mn : Co ultrathin alloys with dilute Mn concentration, the Mn and Co moments are coupled parallel for dilute Mn concentrations using X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD), in contradistinction to the latest accepted bulk results using neutron scattering. To determine if the parallel coupling was the result of epitaxial strain, surface or interface effects, we also performed measurements on very thick films of the same compositions. XMCD shows that thick film Mn : Co alloys have identical magnetic coupling as ultrathin films.
Clinical Ethics Issues in Geriatric Psychiatry

Psychiatrists face a number of ethical challenges when caring for older adults and their families. Of paramount importance is ensuring that older adults have the capacity to make decisions about their medical care and their overall welfare. Psychiatrists must remain alert for the possibility of incapacity, which, if suspected, should prompt a thorough evaluation of decisional capacities. There is a robust literature guiding clinicians conducting such evaluations. Geriatric care focuses on maintaining or improving quality of life, which is especially relevant in end-of-life situations. With the aging of the United States population, discussion must take place at a societal level regarding a fair and just distribution of medical resources. Psychiatrists must be vigilant that the mental health needs of older adults, including access to effective therapies, are addressed adequately in such discussions.
A neural network for processing olfactory-like stimuli.

Abstract Several critical issues associated with the processing of olfactory stimuli in animals (but focusing on insects) are discussed with a view to designing a neural network which can process olfactory stimuli. This leads to the construction of a neural network that can learn and identify the quality (direction cosines) of an input vector or extract information from a sequence of correlated input vectors, where the latter corresponds to sampling a time varying olfactory stimulus (or other generically similar pattern recognition problems). The network is constructed around a discrete time content-addressable memory (CAM) module which basically satisfies the Hopfield equations with the addition of a unit time delay feedback. This modification improves the convergence properties of the network and is used to control a switch which activates the learning or template formation process when the input is “unknown”. The network dynamics are embedded within a sniff cycle which includes a larger time delay (i.e. an integer t s > 1) that is also used to control the template formation switch. In addition, this time delay is used to modify the input into the CAM module so that the more dominant of two mingling odors or an odor increasing against a background of odors is more readily identified. The performance of the network is evaluated using Monte Carlo simulations and numerical results are presented.
Preparation of ethylene/1-octene copolymers from ethylene stock with tandem catalytic system

Tandem catalysis offers a novel synthetic route to the production of linear low-density polyethylene. This article reports the use of homogeneous tandem catalytic systems for the synthesis of ethylene/1-octene copolymers from ethylene stock as the sole monomer. The reported catalytic systems involving a highly selective, bis(diphenylphosphino)cyclohexylamine/Cr(acac)3/methylaluminoxane (MAO) catalytic systems for the synthesis of 1-hexene and 1-octene, and a copolymerization metallocene catalyst, rac-Et(Ind)2ZrCl2/MAO for the synthesis of ethylene/1-octene copolymer. Analysis by means of DSC, GPC, and 13C-NMR suggests that copolymers of 1-hexene and ethylene and copolymers of 1-octene and ethylene are produced with significant selectivity towards 1-hexene and 1-octene as comonomers incorporated into the polymer backbone respectively. We have demonstrated that, by the simple manipulation of the catalyst molar ratio and polymerization conditions, a series of branched polyethylenes with melting temperatures of 101.1–134.1°C and density of 0.922–0.950 g cm−3 can be efficiently produced. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
A reciprocal flow filtration combustor with embedded heat exchangers: numerical study

Abstract A reciprocal flow filtration combustor with embedded heat exchangers is numerically studied. In this system the combustion of methane and air mixture is stabilized in a transient porous media combustor by periodical switching the direction of the flow. Two heat exchangers are placed in the terminal sections of the porous matrix, constraining the reaction in the central insulated zone. The predicted temperature profile inside the reactor has a typical trapezoidal shape. The central plateau temperature ranges between 1300 and 1600 K as the equivalence ratio varies from 0.15 to 0.7 and the filtration velocity from 15 to 45 cm/s. The efficiency spans the range of 50–80% being higher for higher equivalence ratios and filtration velocities.
Maritime forest habitat dynamics on Bulls Island, Cape Romain National Wildlife Refuge, SC, following Hurricane Hugo

Abstract Bulls Island is a 2180 ha barrier island located within the Cape Romain National Wildlife Refuge near Awendaw, SC. Maritime forest covers 777 ha, much of which was considered as old-growth prior to Hurricane Hugo in 1989. Vegetation surveys done in 1991 revealed that Pinus taeda was almost eliminated by the hurricane (reduced to 1.7 stems/ha and 2 /ha basal area), while live oak density and basal area declined only 33.3 and 28.6%, respectively, after the hurricane. Sabal palmetto was the most resistant species in the maritime forest, declining by only 26.3 and 21.8% in density and basal area, respectively. By 1998, P. taeda trees (≥1.4 m tall) were 10 times greater in density and 77.3% of pre-storm basal area, indicative of its resilience in these coastal forests. S. palmetto density and basal area in 1998 were almost double pre-storm stocking values. Quercus virginiana density and basal area were similar to 1991 levels, but 38% of the tree crowns suffered from moderate to complete dieback by 1998. Q. virginiana decline appeared to be due to increases in exposure to ocean-strength salt spray and raised levels of the ground water table. Sapium sebiferum accounted for 9.8, 4.1 and 22.6% of the tree density–frequency–dominance index in the pre-storm, 1991 and 1998 forest, respectively. Increased sunlight to the forest floor and the raised water table that increased moist mesic sites conducive to reproduction and growth of this species were probably responsible for its rapid spread. The nature of the maritime forest on Bulls Island appears to be on the verge of rapid change during the next several decades due to water drainage problems that appear to be adversely affecting live oak health in the interior of the island and S. sebiferum expansion.
Purification and characterization of a carboxylesterase associated with organophosphate resistance in the greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Homoptera: Aphididae)

The Type II esterase associated with organophosphate resistance in the greenbug, Schizaphis graminum, was purified by column chromatography and preparative electrophoresis resulting in over 100-fold purification and approximately 11% recovery. The native enzyme appears to exist as a heterodimer with the subunits equal to 52 and 56 kDa. The mass of the native enzyme was estimated at 102 kDa by gel filtration chromatography and the isoelectric focusing point was 4.8. The enzyme was inhibited by both paraoxon and mercuric chloride, suggesting that it is a serine hydrolase, although it was not inhibited by carbamate insecticides or eserine. The enzyme was active toward both beta- and alpha-naphthol esters, although the length of the side chain (C-2 or C-4) also affected activity. The enzyme displayed no activity toward acetylthiocholine. N-Terminal amino acid sequence analysis of the enzyme subunits indicates that residues Val-4 and Gly-10 of the larger fragment were highly conserved among 11 other carboxylesterase sequences. Sequence data from the smaller fragment did not reveal any similarity with other esterase sequences.
An investigation of job stability and job satisfaction among family day care providers

In this research, the effects of perceived social support, job satisfaction, and the establishment of boundaries between a family day care (FDC) provider's nuclear family and her FDC system were studied in tandem with demographic factors to provide a possible explanation for the high turnover rate among FDC providers. Analysis of the data gathered from a mail survey of over 300 currently and formerly registered FDC providers in Delaware suggests that nonstable providers are more likely to have their own young children at home. Stable providers are more likely to report high levels of job satisfaction, to work longer hours, and to have previously held child-related jobs.
Smart sensors for the 80's - The status of smart sensors

The paper discusses the definition of smart sensor as perceived by three different groups of authors. The agreement and disagreement between the three separate definitions are briefly treated. Recent conferences held by the AIAA and SPIE have addressed smart sensors for a range of applications. The status of smart sensors is discussed in light of the papers presented at the three conferences. Also, the emerging technologies which will facilitate the development of smart sensors are discussed.