cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Materials: Easy to identify but hard to find

Human observers are very good at deducing the material composition of an object from its visible surfaces. Sharan (2009) has shown that a 40 msec exposure is adequate to determine if an object is made of wood, cloth, glass, etc. The visual signatures that define these materials have not been identified ,but it seems likely that some statistical regularities make one surface look like plastic and another like fur. Statistical properties like mean orientation can be extracted from textures without analyzing the orientation of individual contours in the texture. Are the statistical regularities or other properties that define materials used to guide attention? Can observers search efficiently for cloth among stone or glass among paper? To assess this, we used Sharan’s stimuli; moderate close-up views of objects made from nine material categories: plastic, fabric, glass, leather, metal, paper, stone, water, & wood. Observers searched for targets of one category. On each trial, distractors were drawn from one other category. Search was inefficient (Hits: 35.9 msec/item, Absent: 78.4 msec/item). Perhaps Sharan’s stimuli were too heterogeneous. We tried again with simpler surfaces: square, frontal patches of water, wood, skin, stone, fur, and feather. This was still inefficient. We ran three conditions with target and distractor held constant. Feather among wood and fur among water were run in grayscale. Stone among fur was run in color. Of these, only feather among wood was close to efficient (Hit: 8.2 msec/item) but this may have been an orientation artifact. Most of the wood grain was vertically oriented while feathers were horizontally oriented. Thus, while it may be possible to extract material information very rapidly and, perhaps, even to appreciate a material properties without attention, material information cannot be used to efficiently guide attention to targets of one type of material among distractors of another.
Rapidly Charging Battery Systems

For rapidly charging battery systems to be fully realized, there must be [i] a cell chemistry with an adequate energy density that accepts high power charging without overheating and accelerated degradation, [ii] electricity sources that can supply the necessary charging power, [iii] battery pack designs that can handle the large charging currents while not drastically decreasing the mass and volumetric energy densities, and [iv] high power chargers. This study first explores the feasibility of these elements, and presents a particular design that was demonstrated on an electric motorcycle. The final system consists of four battery modules, totaling 1.6 kWatt-hours, a 10 kWatt charger, and an integrated circuit-based Battery Management System. A single module was rapidly charged to 90% capacity in 15 minutes, and all four modules connected in series were rapidly charged to 40% capacity. Future tests will rapidly charge the 4 modules to >90% capacity.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
System identification of finite element modeling parameters using experimental spatial dynamic modeling

A design parameter based update methodology for updating finite models based on the results of experimental dynamics tests is presented. In the proposed method, analyst-selected design parameters are updated with the objective of making realistic changes to a finite element model that will enable the model to more accurately predict the behavior of the structure. This process of 'reconciling' the finite element model with experimental data seeks to bring uncertainty in design parameters into the formulation for realistic updates of the model parameters. The reconciliation process becomes a problem of system identification. Since the finite element model is a spatial model, the high spatial density measurement of the structure's operating shape by the scanning laser-Doppler vibrometer is highly desirable. The reconciliation process updates the selected design parameters by solving a non-linear least-squares problem in which the differences between laser-based velocity measurements and analytically derived structural velocity fields are minimized over the entire structure. In the formulation, design or model parameters with greatest uncertainty are identified first, retaining statistical qualification on the estimates. This method lends itself to cross-validation of the model over the entire structure as well as at several frequencies of interest or over a frequency range. Model order analysis can also be performed within the process to ensure that the correct model is identified. The experimental velocity field is obtained by sinusoidally exciting the test structure at a given frequency and acquiring steady-state velocity data with a scanning laser-Doppler vibrometer. Conceptually, the laser-based measurements are samples of the structure's velocity field of operating shape. The finite element formulation used to generate the analytical steady-state velocity field is derived using either a dynamic stiffness finite element formulation or a static stiffness/mass matrix formulation. The emphasis on operating shapes is a key concept in the process, as it focuses reconciling the finite element model directly with the laser-based measurements. This process avoids the process of comparing mode shapes extracted from the experimental data with eigenvalues and eigenvectors extracted from the finite element model. Thus, the intermediate modal model is eliminated from the reconciliation process. Non-linear optimization algorithms such as sequential quadratic programming or the Nelder-Mead simplex method are used to perform the parameter updates. The ability to impose constraints on parameter changes is useful for keeping the parameters at reasonable values and for preserving system characteristics such as total structure mass. Statistical knowledge of the parameters could also be utilized in this context to penalize large changes from prior parameter estimates.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Assessing biodiversity funding during the sixth extinction

Funding for understanding biodiversity on this planet has had a checkered and unsatisfactory history. There have been some true successes in developing models for assessing biodiversity, but satisfactory governmental and international support has been piecemeal and unsatisfactory. A true solution to the biodiversity crisis will require greater attention from governmental and international funding agencies.
Natural killer cells play a key role in the antitumor immunity generated by chaperone‐rich cell lysate vaccination

Tumor derived chaperone-rich cell lysate (CRCL) when isolated from tumor tissues is a potent vaccine that contains at least 4 of the highly immunogenic heat shock proteins (HSP) such as HSP70, HSP90, glucose related protein 94 and calreticulin. We have previously documented that CRCL provides both a source of tumor antigens and danger signals triggering dendritic cell (DC) activation. Immunization with tumor derived CRCL elicits tumor-specific T cell responses leading to tumor regression. In the current study, we further dissect the mechanisms by which CRCL simulates the immune system, and demonstrate that natural killer (NK) cells are required for effective antitumor effects to take place. Our results illustrate that CRCL directly stimulates proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine production by NK cells, which may lead to activation and recruitment of macrophages at the tumor site. Thus, this report provides further insight into the function of CRCL as an immunostimulant against cancer.
Multiscale Modeling and Simulation of Deformation in Nanoscale Metallic Multilayered Composites

Abstract Nanoscale metallic multilayers (NMM) have very high strength approaching a fraction of the theoretical limit. Their increased strength is attributed to the high interface density and is limited by the interfacial strength. As the density of interfaces increases (due to smaller layer thicknesses) the strength of NMM structures becomes increasingly determined by the specific nature and properties of the interfaces and is most likely controlled by the nucleation of dislocations from the interfaces. With focus on material systems with incoherent interfaces, we performed MD simulations to determine the controlling deformation mechanisms at different length scales for Cu–Nb multilayers under biaxial tensile deformation conditions. The results of the simulations show that there is a transition in the operative deformation mechanism in NMMs from Hall–Petch strengthening for the length scales of sub microns to microns, to individual dislocations confined to glide in individual layers for few nm to few tens of nm, and dislocation-nucleation-controlled models for less than few nanometers. Based on these results, we develop a Molecular dynamics-based rate-sensitive model for viscoplastic flow which describes the anisotropic deformation behavior of NMMs at different length scales.
TimeCube: A manycore embedded processor with interference-agnostic progress tracking

Recently introduced processors such as Tilera's Tile Gx100 and Intel's 48-core SCC have delivered on the promise of high performance per watt in manycore processors, making these architectures ostensibly as attractive for low-power embedded processors as for cloud services. However, these architectures space-multiplex the microarchitectural resources between many threads to increase utilization, which leads to potentially large and varying levels of interference. This decorrelates CPU-time from actual application progress and decreases the ability of traditional software to accurately track and finely control application progress, hindering the adoption of manycore processors in embedded computing. In this paper we propose Progress Time as the counterpart of CPU-time in space-multiplexed systems and show how it can be used to track application progress. We also introduce TimeCube, a manycore embedded processor that uses dynamic execution isolation and shadow performance modeling to provide an accurate online measurement of each application's Progress Time. Our evaluation shows that a 32-core TimeCube processor can track application progress with less than 1% error even in the presence of a 6× average worst-case slowdown. TimeCube also uses Progress Times to perform online architectural resource management that leads to a 36% improvement in throughput compared to existing microarchitectural resource allocation schemes. Overall, the results argue for adding the requisite microarchitectural structures to support Progress Time in manycore chips for embedded systems.
Dynamics of reverse recovery of high-power P-i-N diodes

The reverse recovery of high-power P-i-N diodes is studied under resistive (step recovery) and inductive (ramp recovery) switching conditions. It is shown that, under resistive switching, the reverse recovery characteristics of P-i-N diodes depend significantly on whether it is turned off during the turn-on transients (forward recovery) or whether it is turned off when the diode has reached a steady forward conducting state. It is pointed out that, under inductive switching, the voltage across the diode becomes negative even when the current in the diode is still, ramping down in the reverse direction. It is also shown that the ramp recovery characteristics of P-i-N diodes depend quite significantly on the circuit operating conditions and the reverse recovery characteristics can be different even if the current that the diode turns-off and the rate at which the diode current ramps down are the same. Finally, a novel test circuit is proposed and employed to carry out accurate reverse recovery measurements of high-power P-i-N diodes under resistive switching.
Racial/Ethnic Perspectives on the Quality of Hospice Care:

Diversity in the US population is increasing, and evaluating the quality of culturally sensitive hospice care is important. A survey design was used to collect data from 743 patients enrolled in hospice or their family members or caregivers. Race/ethnicity was not significantly associated with any of the hospice interventions or outcomes. Patients were less likely to be satisfied with the overall hospice care (OR = 0.23, 95% CI = 0.065-0.796, P = .021) compared to other type of respondents. Satisfaction with emotional support was substantially associated with the increased likelihood of satisfaction with pain management (OR = 3.82, 95% CI = 1.66-8.83, P = .002), satisfaction with other symptom management (OR = 6.17, 95% CI = 2.80-13.64, P < .001), and of overall satisfaction with hospice care (OR = 20.22, 95% CI = 8.64-47.35, P < .001).
A Comparison of Two Methods for Determining the Extracellular Potential Field of an Isolated Purkinje Strand in a Volume Conductor

The models considered in this study are those of Spach et al., [1], and Clark and Plonsey [6], [7]. Both assume circular cylindrical geometry for the isolated Purkinje strand and input information to the models consists mainly of the recorded transmembrane action potential, the ratio of conductivities of the intra- and extracellular media, the conduction velocity of the action potential, and the radius of the strand. In general the extracellular potentials computed using both methods agree with measured potential data and with each other. However, the Clark-Plonsey method provides a more accurate prediction of both the peak-to-peak magnitude and the separation between peaks of the bipolar extracellular potential waveform, particularly at field points close to the strand.
The effect of weight-based chemotherapy dosing in a cohort of gynecologic oncology patients.

Abstract Objective Many clinicians limit chemotherapy doses based on a maximum body surface area (BSA) of 2m 2 . We sought to determine how chemotherapy-related toxicities compared between groups of patients that varied with respect to BSA. We hypothesized that obese patients receiving weight-based (WB) dosing would not have significantly higher chemotherapy-related toxicities than control groups. Methods We performed a retrospective review of patients with BSA≥2m 2 who received WB chemotherapy for a gynecologic cancer between January and August 2013. Subjects were matched with two controls: patients with BSA 2 who received WB dosing, and patients with BSA≥2m 2 who received capped dosing at BSA=2m 2 . Groups were matched for medical co-morbidities and prior cancer treatment. Demographic and clinical information was extracted and analyzed via ANOVA and Fisher's exact test. Results A total of 75 patients were included. The three groups were similar in their medical co-morbidities and prior cancer treatment. When comparing pre- and post-treatment laboratory values, there was no difference in hematologic toxicities. There was no difference between groups with regard to treatment delays, unplanned admissions, transfusions, or dose reductions for toxicity. Conclusions Gynecologic cancer patients with BSA≥2m 2 treated with WB chemotherapy had no increase in hematologic or non-hematologic toxicities when compared to controls. Consideration should be given to using WB dosing in obese patients with gynecologic malignancies. Further investigation is required to determine the effect of WB dosing on progression-free and overall survival in obese gynecologic cancer patients.
Sexual selection and the geography of Plasmodium infection in Savannah sparrows ( Passerculus sandwichensis )

According to Hamilton and Zuk's hypothesis of parasite-mediated sexual selection, host-parasite coevolution maintains variation in male genetic quality and allows for strong intersexual selection in species with high rates of infection. In birds, most interspecific tests of this hypothesis relate the prevalence of blood parasites to some measure of the intensity of sexual selection. Such tests often rely on limited sampling of single populations to estimate species-wide infection rates, and many tests are thus vulnerable to intraspecific (geographic) variation in the evolutionary ecology of disease. Here, we used molecular techniques to examine variation in the prevalence of Plasmodium spp. across 14 populations of Savannah sparrows, Passerculus sandwichensis, in eastern North America. Plasmodium could not be detected in any of 68 island birds, but 34 of 119 (29%) mainland males, and 7 of 43 (16%) mainland females were infected. Among mainland birds, infection was common in southern populations but rare in New Brunswick, Canada. Overall, the prevalence of Plasmodium ranged from 0 to 60% across populations, although only 17.8% of birds were infected in the pooled (species-wide) sample. The extent of this geographic variation suggests that limited sampling of single populations is unlikely to yield accurate estimates of species-wide infection rates. However, among mainland Savannah sparrows, the prevalence of malaria correlated strongly with average male size and the degree of sexual size dimorphism. We speculate that either sexual selection leads to male-biased infection or, conversely, that high rates of infection promote the evolution of strong intersexual selection.
Self-reference in facial recognition

Subjects made decisions about facial photographs and were tested later for recognition memory of the pictures. The study decisions involved judgments about abstract personality traits (e.g., friendliness) or physical features (e.g., lip thickness) relative to either self-comparisons or some nonself standard. The expected abstract-physical feature difference emerged, but there was no evidence for a self-other difference for either type of feature. A molar self-reference task specifying no particular attribute produced good performance, but no better than the abstract-nonself task or intent-to-learn instructions. For the molar-self task, faces judged to be similar to one’s own were easier to recognize than were dissimilar faces. The self-comparison task yields good retention with face stimuli, but apparently no better than other tasks that require examining many features during encoding.
Application of an Ecology-Based Methodology for Paleopopulation Studies

Current paleodemographic studies are insufficient for the examination of smaller, non-urban populations. An ecological methodology, based on research and methods in landscape ecology, may be used to analyze landscape resources availability, thereby allowing analysis of populations that are too small for examination using existing paleopopulation study methods. This new methodology, through its development of a Human Suitability Index (HSI), is applied to the Interior Salish populations of the northern Columbia Plateau of British Columbia, inclusive of the Okanogan, Lillooet, Thompson, and Shuswap tribes. The resulting application demonstrates the accuracy and inaccuracy of population counts variously applied to the area and suggests future uses in other non-urban areas in the context of maximum population size, percentage of population size achieved, location of settlement, and migration and growth factors.
Exact solutions in nonlinearly coupled cubic-quintic complex Ginzburg-Landau equations

Abstract Exact analytical solutions for pulse propagation in a nonlinear coupled cubic–quintic complex Ginzburg–Landau equations are obtained. Three families of solitary waves which describe the evolutions of progressive bright–bright, front–front, dark–dark and other families of solitary waves are investigated. These exact solutions are analyzed both for competition of loss or gain due to nonlinearity and linearity of the system. The stability of the solitary waves is examined using analytical and numerical methods. The results reveal that the solitary waves obtained here can propagate in a stable way under slight perturbation of white noise and the disturbance of parameters of the system.
Nonparametric estimation of structural models for high-frequency currency market data

Abstract Empirical modeling of high-frequency currency market data reveals substantial evidence for nonnormality, stochastic volatility, and other nonlinearities. This paper investigates whether an equilibrium monetary model can account for nonlinearities in weekly data. The model incorporates time-nonseparable preferences and a transaction cost technology. Simulated sample paths are generated using Marcet's parameterized expectations procedure. The paper also develops a new method for estimation of structural economic models. The method forces the model to match (under a GMM criterion) the score function of a nonparametric estimate of the conditional density of observed data. The estimation uses weekly U.S.-German currency market data, 1975–90.
Effect of thiols on cadmium-induced expression of metallothionein and other oxidant stress genes in rat lung epithelial cells.

Abstract This study examined cadmium-induced alterations in metallothionein-1 (MT), glutathione- S -transferase Ya (GST), and heme oxygenase-1 (HO) gene expression in an adult rat lung epithelial cell line. Elevations in MT mRNA and HO mRNA occurred as early as l h after exposure to a sub-toxic concentration of CdCl 2 (10 μM) whereas GST expression did not increase significantly until 4 h after Cd addition. At t = 8 h, levels of GST, MT, and HO mRNA were elevated 9-fold, 27-fold, and 44-fold, respectively, over basal expression. By 24 h, MT expression was almost back to baseline levels. GST mRNA and HO mRNA were also reduced, compared to 8 h, but to a lesser extent than MT expression. The MT gene was more responsive to low Cd concentrations (5 μM) than the genes for HO or GST whereas HO was induced more than the others at higher Cd doses (10–20 μM). Pro-oxidant conditions play a role in Cd-induced gene expression, as suggested by the rapid decline (15–30 min) in glutathione (GSH), amounting to 25–30% of baseline, that occurred after exposure to 10 μM CdCl 2 . This was followed by resynthesis of GSH to a concentration higher than the initial. Depleting GSH by treatment of cells with buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) enhanced Cd-induced expression of MT, GST, and HO whereas thiol supplementation, by treatment with N -acetyl cysteine (NAC), had an attenuating effect. BSO and NAC pretreatment had no effect on basal gene expression or Cd uptake. In summary, this study has shown that: (1) Cd increases MT, GST, and HO gene expression in a time- and dose-dependent fashion; (2) MT gene expression appears to be most sensitive to Cd whereas the HO gene is most inducible at higher Cd concentrations; (3) Cd-induced expression is enhanced by GSH depletion and suppressed by thiol supplementation.
Propagation of a nonrelativistic electron beam in three dimensions

The propagation of a nonrelativistic electron beam injected into space plasma from a conductor was studied by means of an electrostatic three-dimensional simulation model. Only the injection of an electron beam along a magnetic field was considered. Contrary to one- and two-dimensional simulations, an overdense electron beam whose density is much larger than the ambient plasma density can escape a spacecraft without causing significant charging. It was found that the radial electric field arising from the space charge of the beam electrons can give rise to a rotation of both the beams and ambient electrons with respect to ambient ions. The rotation speed can easily exceed the electron thermal speed even when the beam density is smaller than the ambient density. Instabilities arising from such a rotating electron beam are discussed.
On the flow of air at chemical equilibrium near a stagnation point

In dieser Arbeit werden die Grenzschichtgleichungen fur die allgemeine dreidimensionale Staupunktstromung analytisch gelost unter der Voraussetzung des chemischen Equilibriums. Fur den speziellen Fall einer rotationssymmetrischen Stromung sind unsere Resultate in vollem Einklang mit denen vonFay undRiddell, die numerisch erhalten wurden. Diese Resultate, welche die verhaltnismassig komplizierten hypersonischen Effekte umfassen, zeigen, dass auch fur eine solche Klasse der Grenzschichtprobleme eine zweckmassige Anwendung der asymptotischen Methode vonMeksyn zu annehmbaren, genauen Werten der Warmeubertragung und Reibung fuhrt.
NICMOS Narrowband Images of OMC-1*

We present images of a 90in. x 90in. field centered on BN in OMC-1, taken with the Near-Infrared Camera and MultiObject Spectrograph (NICMOS) aboard the Hubble Space Telescope. The observed lines are H2 1-0 S(l), Pa, [FeII] 1.64 pm, and the adjacent continua. The region is rich in interesting structures. The most remarkable are the streamers or "fingers" of H2 emission which extend from 15in. to 50in. from IRc2, seen here in unprecedented detail. Unlike the northern H2 fingers, the inner fingers do not exhibit significant [FeII] emission at theirdips, which we suggest is due to lower excitation. These observations also show that the general morphology of the Pa and [FeII] emission (both imaged for the first time in this region) bears a striking resemblance to that of the Ha and [SII] emission previously observed with WFPC2. This implies that these IR and optical lines are produced by radiative excitation on the surface of the molecular cloud. The Pa morphology of HH 202 is also very similar to its H a and [OIII] emission, again suggesting that the Pa in this object is photo-excited by the Trapezium, as has been suggested for the optical emission. We find evidence of shock-excited [FeII] in HH 208, where it again closely follows the morphology of [SII]. There is also H2 coincident with the [SII] and [FeII] emission, which may be associated with HH 208. Finally, we note some interesting continuum features: diffuse "tails" trailing from IRc3 and IRc4, more extensive observations of the "crescent" found by Stolovy, et al. (1998), and new observations of a similar oval object nearby. We also find a "V"-shaped region which may be the boundary of a cavity being cleared by IRc2.
Revolution and War: Rethinking the Linkage Between Internal and External Conflict

A not inconsiderable literature has been devoted to the complex of the linkages/connections/causal structure between phenomena occurring within the borders of nation-states and phenomena occurring beyond those borders. The issue of linkages between domestic and foreign conflict has been of particular concern to students of international relations and comparative politics, to students of war and revolution. While a variety of theoretical perspectives would argue for such linkages between internal and external conflict, difficult questions continue to focus scholarly attention on this relationship.
Cepstral mean based speech source discrimination

This paper presents and compares methods for discrimination between speech from a broadcast audio device - like a television, radio, or GPS receiver - and live speech in the same acoustic environment. A solution to this discrimination problem has direct application wherever the audio from such a device interferes with voice recognition, verification, or transcription tasks. The methods and theory applied also have potential applications in multimedia and speaker segmentation, as well as in speaker verification. This paper presents a new use of the cepstral mean as an estimator of the linear time-invariant response of a “speaker” - either broadcast or live - over a relatively long time window. The problem is framed in terms of traditional speaker verification, but with two classes of speakers. This method is tested on five different data sets and the results compared for different feature sets, training methods, and window lengths.
Relationship between breast histopathology and family history of breast cancer.

Background. The relationship between breast cancer histology and a number of epidemiologic risk factors associated with breast cancer was examined in 4071 histologically confirmed breast cancer cases aged 20 to 54 years from the Cancer and Steroid Hormone Study. Methods. The distribution of risk factors, which included a family history of breast cancer, age at onset of breast cancer, laterality, race, age at menarche, age at menopause, history of benign breast disease, parity, number of livebirths and number of stillbirths, and age at first childbirth, were examined by histologic subgroup. To determine whether histology is associated with familial risk of breast cancer, a Cox proportional hazards model was used, modeling time to onset of breast cancer among mothers and sisters. Results. Cases with medullary carcinoma were found to be significantly younger than cases with other tumor types in these data. In addition, medullary carcinoma was reported more frequently among black cases than among white cases. Cases with lobular carcinoma in situ were significantly more likely to have a mother and/or sister affected with breast cancer than cases with other tumor types and were also more likely to be bilateral, although few of these cases were both bilateral and reported a family history of breast cancer. The highest reported rates of benign breast disease occurred in cases with carcinoma in situ (both ductal and lobular) and tubular carcinoma. The remaining risk factors showed no association with histology. Conclusions. The current study clarifies the extent and nature of the relationship between breast cancer histology and epidemiologic risk factors including a family history of breast cancer. Cancer 1993; 71:147-53.
BALB/c mice have more CD4+CD25+ T regulatory cells and show greater susceptibility to suppression of their CD4+CD25− responder T cells than C57BL/6 mice

Increasing evidence indicates that CD4(+)CD25(+) T regulatory (Treg) cells control a wide spectrum of immune responses. The initial identification of CD4(+)CD25(+) Treg cell as a "professional suppressor" was based on observations made in BALB/c mice. This mouse strain is well known to preferentially develop T helper cell type 2 responses, to be more susceptible to intracellular parasite infection, to have a higher tumor incidence, and to be more resistant to the induction of autoimmune diseases, as compared with C57BL/6 (B6) mice. We therefore decided to compare Treg cell function of B6 and BALB/c mice. We observed that the frequency of CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells in the thymus and peripheral lymphoid organs of BALB/c mice was higher than in B6 mice. CD4(+)CD25(+) Treg cells from both mouse strains shared similar phenotypic properties, including expression of characteristic immunological markers and hyporesponsiveness to T cell receptor cross-linking and in their capacity to suppress proliferation of BALB/c CD4(+)CD25(-) T responder (Tres) cells. However, CD4(+)CD25(-) Tres cells from B6 mice were notably less susceptible to suppression by CD4(+)CD25(+) Treg cells from either mouse strain. Our data suggest that the number and the level of suppression of CD4(+)CD25(+) Treg cells for CD4(+)CD25(-) Tres cells may be dictated by genetic background. Our data also suggest that differences in the CD4(+)CD25(+) Treg cell number and the susceptibility of CD4(+)CD25(-) Tres cells may, at least in part, account for the differences in immune response between B6 and BALB/c strains of mice.
Employment diversity and economic performance in small, resource‐dependent communities near western national forests

Despite almost 100 years of policies designed to promote the stability of communities and an emerging body of research on the issue (Byron, 1978; Huebner, 1988; Wear et al., 1989), the relationship between the economies of forest‐dependent communities and resource management is poorly understood (Machlis & Force, 1987; Muth & Lee, 1986; Schallau, 1989). This knowledge gap has made formulation of natural resource management policies difficult. This study aims to clarify relationships between the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service programs and the economies of affected small rural communities. The study addresses two main issues; dependence of sample communities on employment associated with Forest Service programs and the relationship between employment diversity and economic performance. A relatively strong case can be made that counties with high employment diversity are better able to cope with changing economic conditions than less diverse counties over time. Thus the effort to facili...
Cajal revisited: does the VMH make us fat?

A new study used several mouse mutants to study insulin receptor function specifically in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH), and found a role for VMH insulin signaling in promoting high-fat diet–induced obesity.
Electrostatic correction to the square-potential model of nanostructures significantly affects current resonances

Depletion of carriers in nanostructures generates an electrostatic correction to the square potential model. This correction changes the tunneling probability and consequently affects current resonances. We analyze this effect numerically for the double-barrier quantum well (DBQW) at various temperatures and carrier densities, and conclude that the electrostatic correction significantly affects the resonant voltage, the current at resonance, the peak-to-valley ratio, and may even cause disappearance of the lowest resonance.
Sensitivity of climate and atmospheric CO2 to deep-ocean and shallow-ocean carbonate burial

A model of the carbonate-silicate geochemical cycle is presented that distinguishes carbonate masses produced by shallow-ocean and deep-ocean carbonate burial and shows that reasonable increases in deep-ocean burial could produce substantial warmings over a few hundred million years. The model includes exchanges between crust and mantle; transients from burial shifts are found to be sensitive to the fraction of nondegassed carbonates subducted into the mantle. Without the habitation of the open ocean by plankton such as foraminifera and coccolithophores, today's climate would be substantially colder.
Experimental observation of exciton surface polaritons on a polymerized diacetylene crystal

Abstract Exciton surface polaritons (ESP's) have been observed by the technique of attenuated total reflection (ATR) spectroscopy at 295 K on the (100) face of the polymerized diacetylene crystal poly-2,4-hexadiyne-1,6-diol bis ( p -toluene sulfonate). The ATR experiments were performed by measuring the p-polarized reflectivity as a function of angle of incidence at constant wavelength. By changing the wavelength of the exciting light and repeating the angular scans, the experimental dispersion of the surface mode was determined for the wavelength range 632.8 to 596 nm. The intensity of the electromagnetic field in the three regions, prism, gap and sample, was calculated to demonstrate the localization of the ESP at the crystal surface.
Static Mechanical Performance of Composite Elliptic Springs

Caracteristiques mecaniques statiques d'un ressort forme d'ellipses superposees en materiau composite
Equilibrium solutions in sequential stochastic games

Closed-loop equilibrium solutions in generalized dynamic decision problems with uncertainty are difficult to obtain. In cases where the order of the various decisions has a sequential pattern, the equilibrium problem can be formulated in a standard form. This form leads to obtaining necessary conditions similar to the maximum principle of optimal control theory, and constructive sufficient conditions related to dynamic programming, which characterize the equilibrium solutions.
Selecting Selective Suppressors of Selective Uptake

Scavenger receptor BI (SR-BI) is a high-density lipoprotein (HDL) receptor that mediates the selective uptake of HDL cholesteryl ester (CE) and the bidirectional flux of free cholesterol (FC). The identification of selective uptake inhibitors holds promise for mechanistic studies of SR-BI and for discovery of pharmaceuticals useful in therapy of atherosclerosis.
Conformations of ethyl esters versus thiolesters

Ethyl formate and other substituted ethyl formates exist in stable anti and gauche conformations about the COCC dihedral angle, according to microwave spectroscopic studies. Similar studies of ethyl thiolformates characterize stable gauche conformations about the corresponding CSCC dihedral angle in every compound studied, but the anti conformation is found only in ethyl fluorothiolformate and chlorothiolformate. Ab initio calculations that include electron correlation via MP2 or the B3LYP density functional model have been carried out for ethyl and methyl formate and thiolformate and their fluoroformate analogs. These calculations reveal that the potential energy minima at gauche and anti COCC configurations are well developed in every case. However, although the gauche minimum for the CSCC torsional angle is clearly defined, the potential function near the anti CSCC configuration corresponds to a potential energy plateau rather than a minimum. In the case of ethyl fluorothiolformate, a modest well is predicted at the anti CSCC configuration, in agreement with experimental results.
Type IV Pili in Francisella tularensis: Roles of pilF and pilT in Fiber Assembly, Host Cell Adherence, and Virulence

Francisella tularensis, a highly virulent facultative intracellular bacterium, is the causative agent of tularemia. Genome sequencing of all F. tularensis subspecies revealed the presence of genes that could encode type IV pili (Tfp). The live vaccine strain (LVS) expresses surface fibers resembling Tfp, but it was not established whether these fibers were indeed Tfp encoded by the pil genes. We show here that deletion of the pilF putative Tfp assembly ATPase in the LVS resulted in a complete loss of surface fibers. Disruption of the pilT putative disassembly ATPase also caused a complete loss of pili, indicating that pilT functions differently in F. tularensis than in model Tfp systems such as those found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Neisseria spp. The LVS pilF and pilT mutants were attenuated for virulence in a mouse model of tularemia by the intradermal route. Furthermore, although absence of pili had no effect on the ability of the LVS to replicate intracellularly, the pilF and pilT mutants were defective for adherence to macrophages, pneumocytes, and hepatocytes. This work confirms that the surface fibers expressed by the LVS are encoded by the pil genes and provides evidence that the Francisella pili contribute to host cell adhesion and virulence.
Prevalence, timing, risk factors, and mechanisms of anterior cerebral artery infarctions following subarachnoid hemorrhage

Anterior cerebral artery (ACA) ischemia may be underdiagnosed following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The purpose of this study is to characterize the prevalence, timing, and risk factors for ACA infarction, following primary spontaneous SAH. This was a retrospective study of consecutive SAH patients. Final admission CT scans were reviewed for the presence of ACA infarction, and prior scans serially reviewed to determine timing of infarct. Infarctions were categorized as any, early (days 0–3), late (days 4–15), or perioperative (2 days after aneurysm treatment). Demographic and clinical variables were statistically interrogated to identify predictors of infarct types. Of the 474 study patients, ACA infarctions occurred in 8 % of patients, with 42 % occurring during the early period. Multivariate logistic regression identified H/H grade 4/5 (p < 0.001), ACA/ACom aneurysm location (p < 0.001), and surgical clipping (p = 0.011) as independent predictors of any ACA infarct. In Cox hazards analysis, H/H grade 4/5 (p < 0.001), CT score 3/4 (p = 0.042), ACA/ACom aneurysm location (p < 0.001), and surgical clipping (p = 0.012) independently predicted any ACA infarct. Bivariate logistic regression identified non-Caucasian race (p = 0.032), H/H grade 3/4 (p < 0.001), CT score 3/4 (p = 0.006), IVH (p = 0.027), and ACA/ACom aneurysm (p = 0.001) as predictors of early infarct (EI). Late infarct (LI) was predicted by H/H grade 4/5 (p = 0.040), ACA/ACom aneurysm (p < 0.001), and vasospasm (p = 0.027), while postoperative infarct (PI) was predicted by surgical clipping (p = 0.044). Log-rank analyses confirmed non-Caucasian race (p = 0.024), H/H grade 3/4 (p < 0.001), CT score 3/4 (p = 0.003), IVH (p = 0.010), and ACA/ACom aneurysm (p < 0.001) as predictors of EI. LI was predicted by ACA/ACom aneurysm (p < 0.001) while surgical clipping (p = 0.046) again predicted PI. Clinical severity/grade and ACA/ACom aneurysm location are the most consistent predictors of ACA infarctions. Vasospastic and non-vasospastic processes may concurrently contribute to ACA infarcts.
Targeting of Host Rab GTPase Function by the Intravacuolar Pathogen Legionella pneumophila

The intracellular pathogen Legionella pneumophila replicates in a vacuole that recruits material from the host cell endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Biogenesis of this unique vacuole depends on the bacterial Dot/Icm type IV secretion system that translocates proteins across host cell membranes. Here, we show that two translocated substrates, SidM and LidA, target host cell Rab1, a small GTPase regulating ER-to-Golgi traffic. SidM is a guanosine nucleotide exchange factor for Rab1 that recruits Rab1 to Legionella-containing vacuoles, a process that is enhanced by LidA. Expression of sidM in mammalian cells interferes with the secretory pathway and causes Golgi fragmentation. Consistent with a collaborative relationship between the two proteins, immobilized SidM and LidA synergize to promote Rab1-dependent binding of early secretory vesicles. These results indicate that proteins translocated into the host cell by the intravacuolar pathogen L. pneumophila are able to recapitulate events involved in host secretory trafficking.
Bringing the Material Back In: Understanding the U.S. Position on Climate Change

This paper analyzes how natural resource interests have been translated into political outcomes in the form of American climate change policy. Incorporating data about natural resource use and national decision-making, this paper concludes that comprehending fully political decisions about global climate change in the United States requires us to recognize how land-use interests in the growth machine are translated into political outcomes. The findings of this paper suggest that, in order to understand social phenomena more fully, sociologists must recommit to studying the conjoint constitution of natural resources and social processes.
Magnetic quantum tunneling and the topological phase

Abstract Recent observations are reviewed of the magnetic susceptibility of single-domain, 7.5 nm antiferromagnetic iron-oxide particles, which are a constituent of naturally occurring horse-spleen ferritin proteins. Measurements conducted with an ultra-sensitive integrated DC SQUID microsusceptometer reveal a well-defined resonance near a frequency of about 1 MHz which develops below about 200 mK. As our theoretical analysis indicates, the observed extreme sensitivity of this resonance to particle concentration, and to external magnetic field, supports the idea that collective quantum tunneling of the orientation of the Neel vector is occurring in the particle. The theoretical analysis contains an interesting surprise: it predicts that particles with an odd number of electronic spins cannot tunnel; tunneling is only permitted for particles with an even number of spins. This is an interference effect arising from a recently discovered ‘topological term’ in the spin Lagrangian. This result has broader implications: it leads to the correct path-integral interpretation of the Kramers theorem of atomic physics, and shows how this theorem manifests itself in collective magnetic quantum tunneling. I will discuss how this ‘spin-parity’ effect might be seen in magnetic-particle experiments.
Intrathymic injection of polynucleosomes delays autoantibody production in BXSB mice.

Abstract T-cell dependent autoimmunization with nucleosomes appears to be an early event in the induction of lupus anti-chromatin antibodies. We investigated this phenomenon by injecting H1-stripped chromatin polynucleosomes into the thymuses of BXSB male lupus-prone mice. In comparison to uninjected controls, the production of IgG antichromatin, anti-native DNA, and anti-denatured DNA were significantly reduced among the injected animals for a period of 8 to 10 weeks. Peripheral T-cells from intrathymic (i.t.)-treated animals showed decreased proliferative responses to polynucleosomes compared to those from uninjected controls. Treatment did not affect T-cell antigen receptor Vβ profiles, excluding the possibility that results were due to superantigen-imposed deletions. In situ staining using the TUNEL method demonstrated that generation and phagocytosis of apoptotic material in thymuses of unmanipulated BXSB mice were similar to normal controls. These findings show that polynucleosomes likely comprise the antigens for helper T-cell engagement and induction of lupus-associated anti-chromatin antibodies. Bypassing the underlying defect of T-cell tolerance for polynucleosomal antigens among BXSB mice, by i.t. administration of exogenous polynucleosomes, results in abrogation of autoantibody production.
The Arkansas Index: An Efficient System to Match Workers' Personality Dimensions with Objective Personality Tests

The current article provides an index to 288 personality dimensions and 400 personality inventories which measure them. The index was obtained by examination of the major test compendia and then sorting the tests listed in them by the various personality dimensions represented by the subscales.
Manager Skill and Risk Budgeting

Risk budgeting appears to bridge the gap between two important concepts in modern portfolio management: ex ante total return-risk portfolio optimization and ex post performance measurement relative to a benchmark. The fundamental hypothesis is that a marginal increase in allowed tracking error is associated with an increase in expected alpha. Tests of this hypothesis using monthly returns for 366 mutual funds in three asset classes over 1997–2001 reveal little evidence of a relationship between realized alpha and tracking error. In a sample split according to manager skill (information ratio), however, there is a positive relationship between alpha and tracking error for skilled (high information ratio) specialty managers and a negative relationship for unskilled (low information ratio) managers. This suggests that investors who wish to practice risk budgeting share with all investors the difficulty of identifying skilled managers in advance.
Solution phase chemistry of lanthanide complexes. 9. Mixed ligand Tb(III) complexes of ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid and 5-substituted salicylic acids

Abstract The solution phase chemistry associated with mixed ligand lanthanide complexes of ethylene- diamine tetraacetic and 5-substituted salicylic acids has been studied by means of luminescence spectroscopy. Formation of Tb(EDTA)(ligand) complexes was found to be essentially complete at 1:1:1 mole ratios. The salicylate ligands were found to sensitize Tb(III) emission to various extents, but this process only became important upon ionization of the phenolate proton. Below neutral pH values, the salicylate ligand appeared to bind in a bidentate manner which involved the ionized carboxylate and the unionized phenolate group. In that case, hydrogen bonding of the phenolate group to water molecules coordinated by the Tb(III) ion appears to exist. Deprotonation of these coordinated water molecules was found to lead to large decreases in the Tb(III) emission lifetimes.
Sialic acid transport and catabolism are cooperatively regulated by SiaR and CRP in nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae

Background The transport and catabolism of sialic acid, a critical virulence factor for nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae, is regulated by two transcription factors, SiaR and CRP.