cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stereotactic Breast Biopsy: A Review

In 2008, more than 40,000 women died from breast cancer in the United States. Breast cancer is a devastating public health concern that is best addressed through early detection and treatment. Once a suspicious breast finding is detected, only a biopsy can determine whether it is benign or malignant. Stereotactic breast biopsy uses mammography, ultrasound and occasionally magnetic resonance imaging to guide the placement of a biopsy needle into the breast. A computer plots the coordinates, which help guide the needle to the precise location of a mass or suspicious finding to extract a tissue sample. Stereotactic breast biopsy has its limitations, but its benefits include decreased patient pain and anxiety, quick recovery time and cost-effectiveness. Most importantly, it can prevent women with benign findings from undergoing surgical biopsy.
Water Current Trichobothria on the Larvae of Toxorhynchites rutilus (Diptera: Culicidae)

Larvae of the mosquito, Toxorhynchites rutilus (Coquillett), were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The head bears 30 specialized hair sensilla not associated with the mouthparts. Each sensillum appears to be a typical trichobothrium, as viewed by SEM, with a long hair shaft arising from a specialized bothrium or socket. Similar hair sensilla are associated with laterally projecting hair tufts on the abdomen and thorax. A dendrite ending in a tubular body and packed with microtubules (TEM) is associated with an inverted bowl-shaped modification of the hair base. Larval antennae and associated hair sensilla are not the major organs of prey detection. Live prey or experimental disturbance of the surrounding water cause movement of hair sensilla on the head. We suggest that these hair sensilla, acting as water-current trichobothria, may assist T. rutilus larvae in the detection or striking behavior involved in prey capture.
Simple Assay for Proteases Based on Aggregation of Stimulus-Responsive Polypeptides

Unregulated changes in protease activity are linked to many diseases including cancer. Fast, accurate, and low-cost assays for detection of these changes are being explored for early diagnosis and monitoring of these diseases and can also be used as platforms for the discovery of new drugs. We report a new methodology for the simple detection and quantification of protease activity in buffer and human serum. The assay is based on recombinant diblock polypeptides that undergo temperature- or salt-triggered micellization in water. The coronae of the micelles are linked to the water-insoluble cores by a peptide substrate that is cleaved in the presence of the target protease. Protease cleavage of the diblock polypeptide triggers the aggregation of the core-forming segment, leading to a change in solution optical density, which can be used to detect the presence of, and to quantify the concentration of, protease. We used matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) as a model protease and found peptide aggregation time...
External counterpulsation of a systemic-to-pulmonary artery shunt increases coronary blood flow in neonatal piglets.

Background:Systemic-to-pulmonary artery shunt (SPS) palliation reduces coronary blood flow (CBF), which may precipitate myocardial ischemia postoperatively.Hypothesis:Counterpulsation (CP) of SPS augments CBF.Methods:Seven neonatal piglets (4.3 ± 0.23 kg) underwent sternotomy and ductus ligation. With a 5-mm polytetrafluoroethylene graft, SPS was created from innominate to pulmonary artery. A rigid shell holding a 9.5-mm diameter balloon was placed around the graft for CP. Using electrocardiographic signal, CP was initiated to trigger balloon inflation/deflation during the diastolic/systolic intervals, respectively. Instantaneous proximal and distal pulmonary artery and mid-anterior descending coronary artery flow rates were measured using transit time flow probes. Blood pressure and flow rates were recorded during three states: shunt closed, shunt open, and shunt open with CP. Statistical Comparison:Friedman’s test and repeated measures analysis of variance.Results:Diastolic pressure decreased significan...
Seedling Growth Law & Cutting Technology of Seed of Cerbera manghas

The seeds of Cerbera manghas from Taiwan were introduced to Fujian experiments of seedling culture were carried out in Chihu stated-owned protection forest farm in Huian county in order to rich tree species in Fujian coastal zone.Result shows that the forming of seedling of Cerbera manghasby seed breeding need two half months,height growth of seedlings from early August to early October is fast while the growth of ground diameter is slow.The rooting rate of the branch cutting of Cerbera manghas is affected by the type concentration of the growth regulators,the lignification degree of the cutting the position of the cutting in the mother tree.It can be improved obviously after using concentration of 100×10-6 IBA or 25×10-6 NAA to deal the above cutting in the mother tree.
China Electroplating Industry and New Technologies in Cleaner Production

Environment concerned directive laws published by EU China Government in recent years were reviewed.Difficulties,challenges and developing opportunities facing China electroplating industry were analysed. That pushing cleaner production is the only way to go for China electroplating industry in replying challenge and seeking development was pointed out.Also,some new plating technologies in cleaner production were introduced.All these new technologies were successfully applied in actual electroplating production.
Erectile response to acute and chronic occlusion of the internal pudendal and penile arteries.

Abstract We designed two animal experiments to elucidate the effect of obstruction of the internal pudendal artery on erectile function. In five dogs the internal pudendal or penile artery was acutely clamped unilaterally or bilaterally with a non-crushing vascular clamp. In eight dogs, the internal pudendal or penile artery was ligated, unilaterally or bilaterally, and occlusion was maintained for two months. In both models, electrodes were implanted around the cavernous nerves for electroerection. In unilateral occlusion, blood flow in the contralateral internal pudendal artery was recorded via an ultrasonic probe. In both unilateral and bilateral occlusion, intracavernous pressure in both corpora cavernosa was recorded through a 21-gauge butterfly needle connected to a Statham transducer. In the chronic model, selective pudendal angiography was done after the erection study was completed; the dogs were then sacrificed and the penile tissue was examined histologically under light microscopy. Unilateral acute clamping of the internal pudendal or penile artery caused a compensatory increase in arterial flow in the contralateral pudendal artery with only moderate impairment of intracavernous pressure on the ipsilateral side, but bilateral occlusion resulted in a marked reduction in the intracavernous pressure response to neurostimulation. In contrast, chronic obstruction of penile vessels had a minimal effect on erectile function due to the development of a rich network of collaterals around the penis. Histological evaluation revealed mild local changes in the cavernous tissue with characteristic compensatory enlargement of branches of the cavernous artery on the control side in cases of unilateral occlusion.
The poverty of resilience: On memory, meaning, and well-being

Along with risk and trauma, resilience and well-being are key terms for understanding and responding to disaster and suffering in the contemporary world. This article not only explores how memory c...
The Myth of “Free” Public Education: Impact of School Quality on House Prices in the Fremont Unified School District, California:

Using the Fremont Unified School District in Fremont, California, as the study area, this study estimates the impact of school quality on house prices and finds that a one-standard-deviation increase in the quality of elementary, middle, and high schools significantly increases house prices—by 20 percent for an average-priced house. I urge urban planners and policy makers to explicitly recognize the impact of schools on residential segregation, to consider access to high-quality K–12 education when developing plans and policies, to collaborate with school districts to improve educational quality, and to provide incentives for the construction of affordable housing in neighborhoods with high-quality schools.
Consolidation of Findings and Future Directions for Offshore Helicopter Operations

This final chapter presents a consolidated overview of the information provided by some the world's leading authorities in the psychophysiological aspects of human performance in harsh environments and the integration of safety and survival equipment. Specifically, this chapter brings together an expert point of reference from a historical, present-day, and future perspective of factors that influence survival rates following a helicopter ditching/water impact. Given the primary goal of this book (to increase survivability of individuals involved in a ditching situation), this final chapter is designed to more formally present an argument for a global helicopter underwater egress training (HUET) standard that includes an informed framework of fidelity, physiological and psychological responses, supplementary survival training equipment, and training methodologies. Combined, these factors, if taken into consideration during the preparation offshore personnel, will fundamentally improve the way HUET is currently conducted and ultimately save the lives of future personnel.
12 Zeta Functions of Languages and Dynamical Systems

In this chapter, we apply the character theory of finite monoids to provide a proof of a theorem of Berstel and Reutenauer on the rationality of zeta functions of cyclic regular languages [BR90]. This generalizes the rationality of zeta functions of sofic shifts [Man71, LM95], an important result in symbolic dynamics. Background on free monoids, formal languages, and automata can be found in [Eil74, Eil76, Lot97, Lot02, BPR10, BR11].
Características Sociodemográficas de las Mujeres Migrantes Hondureñas en Estados Unidos de América, Período 2001- 2013

The sociodemographic characteristics of Honduran migrant women living in the United States reflected in the American Household Survey (ACS American Community Survey) during the period 2001-2013, shows a significant increase in the migratory flow of women born in Honduras who migrate to that northern country. Mostly migrant women travel in search of better job opportunities. Among the main features identified in this study it stands out, a young population between 25 and 29 years of age with a low educational level and with little or no English proficiency. A significant number of migrant Honduran women do not have legal immigration status. In addition, a significant percentage of household heads is recorded. An important finding is that most once established in the United States choose to have fewer children. Migrant women work focuses on low-skilled service, which includes occupations related to food preparation, maintenance and cleaning of buildings, domestic services, caregiving, and the like. Revista Poblacion y Desarrollo: Argonautas y Caminantes Vol.12, 2016: 53-63
La traduzione d'autore come genere letterario: Alcune note sul De interpretatione recta di Leonardo Bruni:

Il presente articolo offre una lettura analitica del De interpretatione recta di Bruni, soffermandosi su quegli aspetti peculiari del testo che lo rendono il primo manuale di traduzione apparso in Occidente dopo le riflessioni di San Girolamo. Nel primo trentennio del Quattrocento, l'umanista aretino Leonardo Bruni compone questo trattato, e lo fa con una duplice finalita: se infatti l'opera, prima nel suo genere, codifica i canoni da seguire nel tradurre testi antichi, dall'altro essa mira a far tacere le aspre critiche di cui l'intellettuale era stato fatto oggetto per le sue traduzioni latine di Aristotele. Il tono di un tale sdegno certo non colpisce se calato nella temperie culturale del primo umanesimo fiorentino, ma appare talmente marcato da limitare il potenziale innovativo dell'opera del Bruni.Soppesando debitamente meriti e limiti del trattato bruniano, questo articolo si propone di sottolineare la centralita del De interpretatione recta sia come manifesto intellettuale umanista che come opera ...
Composition-dependent electronic energy relaxation dynamics of metal domains as revealed by bimetallic Au144−xAgx(SC8H9)60 monolayer-protected clusters

We examined the electronic relaxation dynamics for mono and bimetallic Au144−xAgx(SC8H9)60 monolayer-protected clusters (MPCs) using femtosecond time-resolved transient extinction spectroscopy. MPCs provide compositionally well-defined model systems for structure-specific determination of nanoscale electronic properties. Based on pulse-energy-dependent transient extinction data, we quantified electron–phonon coupling constants for three distinct Au144−xAgx(SC8H9)60 MPC samples, where x = 0, 0 < x < 30, and x ∼ 30, as Gx=0 = (1.61 ± 0.1) × 1016 W m−3 K−1, Gx<30 = (1.74 ± 0.1) × 1016 W m−3 K−1 and Gx∼30 = (2.07 ± 0.15) × 1016 W m−3 K−1, respectively. These results reflect a trend of greater electron–phonon coupling efficiency with increasing silver content. Based on these data, we conclude that gold-atom replacement by silver occurs at surface sites of the 114-atom metal core of the MPC. Definitive determinations of functional response to nanoscale “alloy” formation and dopant inclusion are critical to establishing predictive models for the development of materials that feature nanoparticles as active components.
Antimalarial drug resistance in Africa: strategies for monitoring and deterrence.

Despite the initiation in 1998 by the World Health Organization of a campaign to ‘Roll Back Malaria’, the rates of disease and death caused by Plasmodium falciparum malaria in sub-Saharan Africa are growing. Drug resistance has been implicated as one of the main factors in this disturbing trend. The efforts of international agencies, governments, public health officials, advocacy groups and researchers to devise effective strategies to deter the spread of drug resistant malaria and to ameliorate its heavy burden on the people of Africa have not succeeded. This review will not attempt to describe the regional distribution of drug resistant malaria in Africa in detail, mainly because information on resistance is limited and has been collected using different methods, making it difficult to interpret. Instead, the problems of defining and monitoring resistance and antimalarial drug treatment outcomes will be discussed in hopes of clarifying the issues and identifying ways to move forward in a more coordinated fashion. Strategies to improve measurement of resistance and treatment outcomes, collection and use of information on resistance, and potential approaches to deter and reduce the impact of resistance, will all be considered. The epidemiological setting and the goals monitoring determine how antimalarial treatment responses should be measured. Longitudinal studies, with incidence of uncomplicated malaria episodes as the primary endpoint, provide the best information on which to base treatment policy changes, while simpler standard in vivo efficacy studies are better suited for ongoing efficacy monitoring. In the absence of an ideal antimalarial combination regimen, different treatment alternatives are appropriate in different settings. But where chloroquine has failed, policy changes are long overdue and action must be taken now.
Exploding the Superpredator Myth: Why Infancy is the Preadolescent's Best Defense in Juvenile Court

This paper advocates the implementation of a reformulated infancy defense by juvenile courts. The defense would create a protective presumption for juveniles ages seven to eleven who are charged with serious offenses. This presumption would require the state to prove that the charged juvenile had both the capacity to possess and was in possession of the charged crime's requisite mens rea. The defense would grant a similar protection to juveniles over the age of eleven who could demonstrate lack of capacity sufficient to justify such a presumption. The paper desribes the development of the infancy defense and critiques the primary justifications behind its erosion, including the Rehabilitation Theory, the Procedural Policing Theory, and the Demarcation Theory. The paper analyzes the ongoing trend towards treating juveniles as miniature adults, the emphasis on punishment over rehabilitation in the modern juvenile court system, and the psychological differences between juveniles and adults relating to their capacity to form criminal intent and understand the consequences of their behavior.
EMC fundamentals — ESD

Charge separation leads to high voltages, walking, sitting up from a chair and removing a sweater are typical situations Removing a sweater can easily lead to 20kV in dry air System level ESD testing is based on the human-metal ESD ESD testing can be performed in contact and air discharge mode. Contact mode must be applied to conductive surfaces. Failures can be caused by current and by fields. Most damage is caused by current, except, fields can also cause latch up. In most cases TVS are the right choices for overvoltage protection. Soft failure root cause analysis can be performed using local scanning, locally injecting fields from a fast (< 1ns) rise time pulse generator
OpenSeesPy: Python library for the OpenSees finite element framework

Abstract OpenSees, an open source finite element software framework, has been used broadly in the earthquake engineering community for simulating the seismic response of structural and geotechnical systems. The framework allows users to perform finite element analysis with a scripting language and for developers to create both serial and parallel finite element computer applications as interpreters. For the last 15 years, Tcl has been the primary scripting language to which the model building and analysis modules of OpenSees are linked. To provide users with different scripting language options, particularly Python, the OpenSees interpreter interface was refactored to provide multi-interpreter capabilities. This refactoring, resulting in the creation of OpenSeesPy as a Python module, is accomplished through an abstract interface for interpreter calls with concrete implementations for different scripting languages. Through this approach, users are able to develop applications that utilize the unique features of several scripting languages while taking advantage of advanced finite element analysis models and algorithms.
Quantification of Histidine rich protein 3 of Plasmodium falciparam

Malaria is a life-threatening infectious disease and continues to be a major public health crisis in many parts of the tropical world. Plasmodium falciparum is responsible for the majority of mortality and morbidity associated with malaria. During the intraerythrocytic cycle, P. falciparum releases three proteins with high histidine content as follows: histidine-rich protein 1 (HRP1), histidine-rich protein 2 (HRP2), and histidine-rich protein 3 (HRP3). Currently, most of the diagnostic tests of P. falciparum infection target HRP2, and a number of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against HRP2 have been developed for use in HRP2 detection and quantification. When parasites have HRP2 deletions, the detection of HRP3 could augment the sensitivity of the detection system. The combination of both HRP2 and HRP3 mAbs in the detection system will enhance the test sensitivity. In the HRP quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), both HRP2 and HRP3 contribute to the result, but the relative contribution of HRP2 and HRP3 was unable to investigate, because of the nonavailability of HRP3 specific antibody ELISA. Hence an ELISA test system based on HRP3 is also essential for detection and quantification. There is not much documented in the literature on HRP3 antigen and HRP3 specific mAbs and polyclonal antibodies (pAbs). In the present study, recombinant HRP3 was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified with Ni-NTA agarose column. The purified rHRP3 was used for the generation and characterization of monoclonal and pAbs. The purification of monoclonal and pAbs was done using a mixed-mode chromatography sorbent, phenylpropylamine HyperCel™. With the purified antibodies, a sandwich ELISA was developed. The sandwich ELISA method was explored to detect and quantify HRP3 of P. falciparum in the spent medium. The generated mAbs could be potentially used for the detection and quantification of P. falciparum HRP3.
egtplot: A Python Package for 3-Strategy Evolutionary Games

Evolutionary game theory is a very broad modeling framework that effectively describes many aspects of biological cooperation and competition. Visualization of three-strategy evolutionary games has historically been difficult within the Python ecosystem. We have created a package to ease visualization efforts that is capable of displaying both static and animated dynamics with the game space. We demonstrate the functionality of our package here and motivate the demonstration with an example drawn from a game theoretic-treatment of cancer cell interactions.
Channeling Xining: Tibetan Place-Making in Western China during the Era of Commodity Housing

Through an analysis of Tibetan place-making in China's Xining City, I argue that a focus on channeling in place-making provides a way to move beyond typical accounts of resistance and domination in...
Becoming a World-Renowned Health Sciences Centre in the Era of the Global Market

The University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC) is the only public academic health sciences centre in the State of Nebraska (USA) and its educational programmes are responsible for training more health professionals that practise in Nebraska than any other institution. Through its commitment to education, research, patient care and outreach, the UNMC and its hospital partner, the Nebraska Medical Center (NMC), deliver state-of-the-art healthcare, prepare the best-educated health professionals and scientists and rank among the leading research centres. Moreover, the UNMC seeks to advance its historic commitment to community health, embrace the richness of diversity to build unity and create economic growth in Nebraska.
The Moine Thrust Zone: A Comparison with Appalachian Faults and the Structure of Orogenic Belts

The Moine Thrust transported rocks of the Moine Series over a thin foreland sequence overlying continental Lewisian basement (1.75 Ga.). Mylonitic rocks were generated below or within the brittle- ductile transition zone and later (following uplift?) transported northwestward along the brittle Moine Thrust. Deformation in the underlying foreland sequence took place in classic thin-skinned style, with some additional penetrative strain, producing typical detachment- ramp and duplex structures resulting in a southeastward-thickening wedge in weak and strong lower Paleozoic sedimentary units. Within part of the Moine Thrust zone, intermediate level thrusts, e.g., the Arnabol, transported Lewisian basement into the thrust pile along low angle thrusts, which exhibit thin-skinned behaviour as well.
Use of CAHPS Patient Experience Surveys to Assess the Impact of Health Care Innovations

Background The Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (CAHPS) surveys are the standard for collecting information about patient experience of care in the United States. However, despite their widespread use, including in pay-for-performance and public reporting efforts and various provisions of the Affordable Care Act, knowledge about the use of CAHPS in assessing the impact of quality improvement efforts is limited. A study was conducted to examine the use of patient experience surveys in assessing the impact of innovations implemented in health care settings. Methods Innovation profiles identified on the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) Health Care Innovations Exchange website that included patient experience (including patient satisfaction) as an outcome (N = 201), were analyzed with a variety of qualitative analysis methods. Results Fewer than half of the innovations used a patient experience measure, most commonly employing global measures such as an overall rating. Most innovations assessed patient experience at a single time point, with only one third using techniques such as pre-post comparisons, time trends, or comparisons to control groups. Ten domains of measures addressed reports of patient experience, all of which could be assessed by existing CAHPS instruments. Similarly, CAHPS measures are available to assess all of the organizational processes that are addressed by innovations in the profiles and for which patients are the best source of information. While 120 of the innovations that use patient experience measures report using surveys to collect these data, only 6 reported using a CAHPS measure. Conclusions Although innovations targeting quality improvement are often evaluated using surveys, there is considerable untapped potential for using CAHPS measures or surveys to assess their effectiveness.
Library of deep-learning image segmentation and outcomes model-implementations.

Abstract An open-source library of implementations for deep-learning-based image segmentation and outcomes models based on radiotherapy and radiomics is presented. As oncology treatment planning becomes increasingly driven by automation, such a library of model implementations is crucial to (i) validate existing models on datasets collected at different institutions, (ii) automate segmentation, (iii) create ensembles for improving performance and (iv) incorporate validated models in the clinical workflow. Inclusion of deep-learning-based image segmentation and outcomes models in the same library provides a fully automated and reproduceable pipeline to estimate prognosis. The library was developed with the Computational Environment for Radiological Research (CERR) software platform. Centralizing model implementations in CERR builds upon its rich set of radiotherapy and radiomics tools and caters to the world-wide user base. CERR provides well-validated feature extraction pipelines for radiotherapy dosimetry and radiomics with fine control over the calculation settings, allowing users to select appropriate parameters used in model derivation. Models for automatic image segmentation are distributed via containers, allowing them to be deployed with a variety of scientific computing architectures. The library includes implementations of popular DVH-based models outlined in the Quantitative Analysis of Normal Tissue Effects in the Clinic effort and recently published literature. Radiomics models include features from the Image Biomarker Standardization Initiative and application-specific features found to be relevant across multiple sites and image modalities. The library is distributed as a module within CERR at https://www.github.com/cerr/CERR under the GNU-GPL copyleft with additional restrictions on clinical and commercial use and provision to dual license in future.
Single-institute outcomes of palliative chemotherapy in metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).

e18513Background: Distantly metastatic HNSCC carries a poor prognosis with limited palliative systemic treatment options and a paucity of literature examining factors impacting outcomes of such the...
Variations in community sentiment toward affirmative consent policies

University affirmative consent (AC) policies indicate that potential sexual partners must give a clear ‘yes,’ confirming that they wish to engage in sexual activity. A lack of resistance or a failu...
Mechanics of shrinkage-swelling transition of microporous materials at the initial stage of adsorption

Abstract This work extends the recently developed surface poromechanics theory to explain the unusual contraction behaviour of some microporous materials at the early stage of adsorption. In micropores, the overlap of adsorbed layers near opposing solid walls can give rise to forces that are formerly disregarded in the analysis of macro/meso porous materials. The effect of these interactions is studied at the microscale with reference to a slit pore geometry through pore-scale thermodynamic analysis. As a result, an extra pressure normal to the pore walls known as the disjoining pressure, in addition to the bulk fluid pressure that is typically considered for macro/meso pores, is obtained for micropores. This term also modifies the surface tension parallel to the pore walls. The disjoining pressure and the modified surface tension together create a competing effect depending on which, the material can exhibit shrinkage or swelling during adsorption at low gas pressures, which has been experimentally observed in various microporous solids since the 1950s. By adopting proper adsorption and microstructure models with physically meaningful parameters, the theory is validated against the recent adsorption-deformation data of microporous carbon interacting with nitrogen, argon, and carbon dioxide gases. For the first time, the abnormal contraction of porous materials upon initial gas uptake is quantitatively modelled through poromechanics that considers surface forces developed in micropores. The proposed theory offers a rigorous procedure to upscale the disjoining pressure and surface tension operating at pore-scale to the adsorption stresses felt by the overall solid skeleton, effectively preserving the characteristics of solid-adsorbate interaction in the continuum modelling of microporous materials.
Verification and Validation of SysML Models

Model Based Systems Engineering depends on correct models. However, thus far, relatively little attention has been paid to ensuring their correctness - particularly for larger system engineering models. This paper describes a methodology for performing verification and validation on models written in SysML. The method relies on a catalog of candidate requirements that can be selected and tailored for a specific project. Many of these requirements can be verified automatically. Examples of diagrams taken from an independently created SysML model of a satellite are presented to show how automated verification can be used to identify non-obvious modeling deficiencies.
Constructing police as first responders: a critical rhetorical archetype analysis

Utilizing Critical Race theory, this essay constitutes an ideological critique of recent mediated discourses that construct police officers as “heroic first responders.” Through the rhetorical arch...
Energy flexibility of residential buildings: A systematic review of characterization and quantification methods and applications

Abstract With building electric demand becoming increasingly dynamic, and a growing percentage of intermittent renewable power generation from solar photovoltaics and wind turbines, the power grid is facing increasing challenge to manage the real time balance between the supply and demand. With advancements in smart sensing and metering, smart appliances, electric vehicles, and energy storage technologies, demand side management of residential buildings can help the grid to improve stability by optimizing flexible loads. This paper reviews recent studies on residential building demand side management, with a focus on characterization and quantification of energy flexibility covering various types of flexible loads, metrics, methods, and applications. The reviewed studies showed four levels of applications: building level (45%), district or community level (29%), system level (19%), and building sector level (7%). Shifting loads is the dominant flexibility type in 60% of applications, followed by shedding (19%), generation (16%), and modulating (6%). Depending on the technology and application scope, flexible operations have a wide range of performance, with peak power reductions of 1%~65%, energy savings up to 60%, operational cost reduction of 1%~48%, and greenhouse gas emission reductions of up to29%. More than half (51%) of the studies employed control strategies to achieve flexibility; among those 72% used optimal controls, while 28% used rule-based controls. About 58% of the studies used mathematical formulation to quantify energy flexibility. Most studies were based on simulation, while less than 15% of the studies had measurements from experiments or field tests. The review reveals research opportunities to address significant gaps in the existing literature: (1) establishing a common definition and performance metrics for energy flexibility of buildings that are technology and application agnostic, (2) developing an ontology to standardize representation of flexibility resources for interoperability, (3) integrating occupant impacts into the quantification and optimization of energy flexibility, and (4) developing requirements and credits of energy flexibility in building energy codes and standards. Findings from the review can inform future research and development of energy flexible buildings which are essential to a reliable and resilient power grid.
From Tyranny to Totalitarianism in the Twentieth Century: Fascism and Nazism, Mass Mobilization and Mass Murder

Mussolini followed Machiavelli’s The Prince on how to come to power and maintain power. But Mussolini went far beyond Machiavelli. Mussolini used symbols from Italy’s Roman, heroic past; he used manufactured charismatic effects rivaling the Divine Kingships; he ruled through force, violence, and terror, but he also created huge public projects that dazzled the people and legitimized his rule. Hitler copied Mussolini and took totalitarianism to a new level: the symbols were Germanic, the public pageantry even larger, the civic projects even more dazzling, and the violence and terror were taken to a new level never seen before. The genocide of the Jews (and Gypsies) were justified by visions of the Germans as “The Master Race.” The German people were swept up into this totalitarian frenzy.
High-resolution temporal weighting of interaural time differences in speech

Previous studies have shown that for high-rate click trains and low-frequency pure tones, interaural time differences (ITDs) at the onset of stimulus contribute most strongly to the overall lateralization percept (receive the largest perceptual weight). Previous studies have also shown that when these stimuli are modulated, ITDs during the rising portion of the modulation cycle receive increased perceptual weight. Baltzell, Cho, Swaminathan, and Best [(2020). J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 147, 3883-3894] measured perceptual weights for a pair of spoken words ("two" and "eight"), and found that word-initial phonemes receive larger weight than word-final phonemes, suggesting a "word-onset dominance" for speech. Generalizability of this conclusion was limited by a coarse temporal resolution and limited stimulus set. In the present study, temporal weighting functions (TWFs) were measured for four spoken words ("two," "eight," "six," and "nine"). Stimuli were partitioned into 30-ms bins, ITDs were applied independently to each bin, and lateralization judgements were obtained. TWFs were derived using a hierarchical regression model. Results suggest that "word-initial" onset dominance does not generalize across words and that TWFs depend in part on acoustic changes throughout the stimulus. Two model-based predictions were generated to account for observed TWFs, but neither could fully account for the perceptual data.
Experiencing a Natural Disaster Temporarily Boosts Relationship Satisfaction in Newlywed Couples.

How do natural disasters affect intimate relationships? Some research suggests that couples are brought closer together after a disaster, whereas other research suggests that relationships become m...
Nonlinear wave propagation in a hexagonally packed granular channel under rotational dynamics

Abstract In the present work, we numerically and experimentally investigate the propagation of nonlinear waves in a hexagonally packed granular channel. Specifically, we assemble a simple 1-2-1 granular chain, which triggers not only normal but also tangential interactions of particles up on a striker impact. We experimentally measure the transmission of nonlinear waves propagating along the channel direction using an embedded piezoelectric sensor particle. For numerical simulations, we introduce a discrete element model that accounts for both elastic and damping effects in axial and rotational directions. As a result, we find that the wave propagation in this 1-2-1 hexagonal architecture is governed strongly by the rotational dynamics of particles. We also verify that the effect of rotational damping is crucial for the accurate description of the particle’s dynamics. The findings in this study hints the significance of particles’ rotational dynamics when stress waves propagate along hexagonally packed particle channels even in highly ordered 2D/3D granular architectures.
Chapter 10 Enantioselective liquid chromatographic analysis of drugs in forensic science

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the recent scientific and technical advances, and the current understanding of the principles and mechanisms in enantioselective liquid chromatographic separations. Chiral stationary phases and their potential applications to clinical forensic drug and metabolite analysis are discussed with a focus on the sample preparation and essential analytical parameters. Chiral pharmacology is gaining increasing recognition and relevance. Governmental agencies have encouraged the development of single isomers and racemic switch. Chiral analysis has witnessed rapid advances. With more than 100 chiral selectors, there is a steady infusion of new technologies, such as antibiotics chiral stationary phase (CSP) and other polymeric CSP. Amphetamines, methadone, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), antidepressants, and selected anticancer drugs are of interest to clinical or forensic toxicology and therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM). There seems to be adequate selection for forensic toxicologists. Emerging from the increasing application of antibiotics bound CSP is the concept of the enantioselectivity complementarity. Perhaps, the limiting factor is the high cost of chiral columns. Further rapid advances in LC-MS and CE greatly enhance the sensitivity and specificity of enantiomeric analysis. Along with the rapid development in pharmacogenetics, enantiomeric analysis may contribute to the understanding of polymorphism in drug metabolism.
A simple model study of transient temperature and thermal stress distribution due to aerodynamic heating

The present work is concerned with the determination of transient temperatures and thermal stresses in simple models intended to simulate parts or the whole of an aircraft structure of the builtup variety subjected to aerodynamic heating. The first case considered is that of convective heat transfer into one side of a flat plate, representing a thick skin, and the effect of the resulting temperature distribution in inducing thermal stresses associated with bending restraint at the plate edges. Numerical results are presented for the transient temperature differentials in the plate when the environment temperature first increases linearly with time and then remains constant, the period of linear increase representing the time of acceleration of the aircraft. Corresponding thermal stress information is presented. The second case is that of the wide-flanged I-beam with convective heat transfer into the outer faces of the flanges. Numerical results are presented for transient temperature differentials for a wide range of values of the applicable parameters and for an environment temperature variation as described above. Corresponding thermal stresses in a beam of infinite length are determined. A theoretical analysis of the stress distribution in a beam of finite length is carried out and numerical results obtained for one case. An experimental investigation of temperatures and stresses in such a beam is described, and results are presented which indicate good agreement with corresponding theoretical results.
Functions of DNA polymerases.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on DNA polymerases (Pols) and their functions. DNA Pols are central players in DNA repair and replication—the processes that duplicate genomes and maintain their integrity to ensure faithful transmission of genetic information from one generation to other. A complex network of DNA transactions must occur in cells to maintain appropriate balance between accurately maintaining genetic information over many generations and permitting some diversity for the evolution of species for the increased survival of microbes when subjected to changing environments and for the development of a normal immune system. The chapter discusses Pols for DNA repair, nucleotide excision repair (NER), base excision repair (BER), and interstand cross-link repair. The chapter discusses Pols for replicating undamaged DNA and damaged DNA and for developing the immune system and describes the biological consequences of Pol dysfunction.
Heat-induced changes in the mechanics of a collagenous tissue

The outcome of many clinical heat therapies depends on the post-treatment structural integrity of the tissue. Unfortunately, there are few data on heat-induced changes in the mechanical properties of tissues due to temperature levels commonly achieved in laser, microwave, and radio-frequency-based modalities. Without such information, one cannot design optimal clinical protocols. Hence, we present new findings on the uniaxial stress strain behavior at 37 degrees C of a model collagenous tissue (chordae tendineae) both before and after thermal damage. This damage was induced via a variety of different thermo-mechanical loads: isothermal heatings at temperatures from 65 degrees C to 90 degrees C, durations of heating from 120 to 3600 s, and isotonic loads during heating from 0 to 0.65 MPa. Our data reveal that chordae exhibit pseudoelastic responses both before and after heating, but the extensibility, hysteresis, and compliance all increase with increased thermal damage. Fortunately, these complex heat-induced changes in behavior can be parameterized using a single measure of the prior thermal damage. This will clearly simplify the requisite constitutive formulations.
A look back at some early results in membrane computing

On this tenth anniversary of the Workshop on Membrane Computing, it seems appropriate and fitting to look back at some early basic contributions in the area. We give a brief summary of results, some of which answered fundamental open questions in the field. These concern complexity issues such as universality versus non-universality, determinism versus nondeterminism, various notions of parallelism, membrane and alphabet-size hierarchies, and characterizations of some classes of P systems.
Summary of High-Lift and Control Surface Research on NASA General Aviation Airfoils

Summary findings and bibliographical information are presented for airfoil and airfoil-related research conducted at Wichita State University during the past decade. Topics include flap, aileron, and spoiler design data for new airfoils, extensive flow measurements, modifications to older airfoils, new symmetrical sections and contributions to analytical methods for cases with partial separation.
A branch-and-price approach for the stochastic generalized assignment problem

In this article, we address a stochastic generalized assignment machine scheduling problem in which the processing times of jobs are assumed to be random variables. We develop a branch-and-price (B&P) approach for solving this problem wherein the pricing problem is separable with respect to each machine, and has the structure of a multidimensional knapsack problem. In addition, we explore two other extensions of this method—one that utilizes a dual-stabilization technique and another that incorporates an advanced-start procedure to obtain an initial feasible solution. We compare the performance of these methods with that of the branch-and-cut (B&C) method within CPLEX. Our results show that all B&P-based approaches perform better than the B&C method, with the best performance obtained for the B&P procedure that includes both the extensions aforementioned. We also utilize a Monte Carlo method within the B&P scheme, which affords the use of a small subset of scenarios at a time to estimate the “true” optimal objective function value. Our experimental investigation reveals that this approach readily yields solutions lying within 5% of optimality, while providing more than a 10-fold savings in CPU times in comparison with the best of the other proposed B&P procedures. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 61: 131–143, 2014
GOOD LUCK TO LIBERTARIANS

In this review essay on Mele's Free Will and Luck, I evaluate the ‘daring soft libertarian’ view presented in the heart of the book, and in particular the way that it provides an answer to the objection that introducing indeterminism into one's view of freedom merely adds an element of luck and so undermines freedom. I also compare the view's strengths and weaknesses to those of traditional libertarian views. Finally, I consider the ‘zygote’ argument that Mele takes to be his reason for remaining agnostic about whether determinism is compatible with freedom, and argue that if one accepts the main arguments presented earlier in the book, one should not let this argument stand in the way of accepting compatibilism.
Nutritional status in a healthy elderly population: riboflavin

Riboflavin status in 270 free-living and healthy elderly was determined from dietary intake (3-day food records) and erythrocyte glutathione reductase activity coefficients (EGR-AC). High EGR-ACs (greater than 1.35) indicate poor riboflavin nutriture. Mean dietary intakes of riboflavin were 1.86 +/- 0.64 (SD) for males and 1.58 +/- 0.69 mg/day for females. Approximately 45% of the population were taking some supplemental riboflavin and total riboflavin intakes ranged from 0.65 to 165 mg/day. The mean EGR-AC for those taking supplemental riboflavin was significantly lower than that of the nonsupplemented group (1.06 and 1.16, respectively). Only three subjects had EGR-ACs greater than 1.35. A significant correlation was found between total riboflavin intake and EGR-AC (r = 0.53). In a separate population of 667 volunteers between the ages of 20 and 87 yr, a significant decrease in mean EGR-AC with age was found. The mean EGR-AC for those over 60 yr and not taking a supplement was 1.16 +/ 0.10 compared to 1.23 +/- 0.11 for those from 20 to 29 yr old. Inadequate riboflavin nutriture appears to be more of a problem for younger than older adults.
A pre-college outreach program creating a pipeline to success

Mathematics, Science, and Engineering Academy (MSEA) is a pre-college outreach program implemented by the Fort Valley State University (FVSU) Cooperative Developmental Energy Program (CDEP) since 1993. The goal of the CDEP's MSEA program is to create a continuous pipeline of minority and female students, from eighth grade through Ph.D., majoring in mathematics, science, or engineering. MSEA targets minority and female students who have just been promoted to the eighth grade-one of the most critical periods of educational development and growth. During each summer (from 8th grade to 12th grade), the students are exposed to new mathematical concepts, and hands-on-laboratory experiments beyond what they are taught at their middle schools and high schools. The students also visit other universities, national laboratories and private industries. All these experiences are valuable in helping the students to excel in their educational pursuits. Currently, there are 112 students participating the MSEA program, and 181 students have graduated for the program.