cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
IDENTIFICATION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE APPLICATIONS IN AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL

Abstract Artificial intelligence consists of a broad range of computer science techniques directed at such problems as pattern matching, language processing and solving highly complex, ill-defined problems. The paper briefly reviews the current state of development of the artificial intelligence field and explores how these techniques might be applied to air traffic control. Seven possible control strategies are identified, ranging from visual and electronic collision avoidance, through proposed enhancements of the current U.S. air traffic control system, to strategies in which aircraft follow predetermined, deconflicted flight paths. A large number of possible artificial intelligence applications are grouped into seven functional areas, and ways in which they might be incorporated into the different control strategies are discussed. The paper concludes by considering some of the implementation issues that will arise in the course of applying artificial intelligence techniques to air traffic control.
Real-payment choice experiments: Valuing forested wetlands and spatial attributes within a landscape context

Abstract We consider the choice experiment approach to valuation, due to its focus on tradeoffs between alternatives. Our study is not hypothetical, but implements a real-payment choice experiment (CE) for a multi-attribute good. We use two real wetland parcels to create over 18 descriptions of parcels for conservation under a 10-year development-rights contract. Our payment protocol mitigates incentives to understate willingness to pay through a provision point with a rebate of excess funds. Real choice questions captured significant values for spatial attributes of wetland conservation. Average respondents positively valued 73-acre parcels surrounded by woodland, but required 100 acres for parcels surrounded by residential or farm land, and accepted a 19-acre smaller parcel in exchange for full public access.
SYNTHESIS AND ALKALI METAL PICRATE EXTRACTION CAPABILITIES OF NOVEL, CAGE-FUNCTIONALIZED, PYRIDINE CONTAINING CROWN ETHERS AND CRYPTANDS

Abstract The syntheses of novel cage-functionalized crown ethers,11–13, that contain one or more pyridyl units are reported. The results of alkali metal picrate extraction experiments performed by using11 and12 are compared with those obtained by using the corresponding model (non-cage) crown ethers. Cage-functionalized crown ether11 displays greater avidity toward Li+ picratevis-a`-vis the corresponding model system,2, whereas12 displays considerably lower avidity than its corresponding model system,3, toward extraction of alkali metal picrates from aqueous solution into CHCl3. In addition, a highly preorganized, cage-annulated cryptand,16, was prepared; this unusual host molecule was found to be both highly avid highly selective toward extraction of Li+ and Na+ picrates. Download : Download full-size image
Blends of metal acetates and polyurethanes containing pyridine groups

Two series of segmented polyurethanes based on 3/2/1 and 2/1/1 molar ratios of methylene diphenyldiisocyanate (MDI), N,N-bis (2-hydroxyethyl) isonicotinamide (BIN), and poly(tetramethylene oxide) (PTMO, MW = 1000) were synthesized and blended with different metal acetates. The thermal behavior and mechanical properties of the pyridinecontaining polyurethane precursors and their blends were characterized by DSC, DMTA, and tensile testing. The results suggest that coordination between pyridine groups in the hard segments and the metal ions in the acetates improves hard-domain cohesion and phase separation and, subsequently, has an effect on mechanical properties. The varying ability of the pyridine group to coordinate with different cations results in different extents of phase separation. The interaction of pyridine with Ni or Cu (II) is much stronger than with Zn. It is shown that coordination interactions can be a driving force for phase separation and hard-domain aggregation in multiblock copolymer systems. Two different morphologies are proposed for polyurethanes of differing stoichiometry to explain the differences in the results from DMTA and tensile testing. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Effect of Manganese Ions on Corrosion Inhibition of PANI for Mild Steel in 0.5 M H2SO4

Manganese ions doped Pani films were prepared by using a cyclic voltammetry technique on mild steel substrate. Corrosion resistances performances of them in 0.5 M H2SO4 solution were obtained by using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), polarization curve, and SEM method. The results showed that manganese ions doped Pani particles became smaller and tighter, the resistance reduced, and the corrosion potential rose than Pani in H2SO4 solution.
Microscopic Modeling of Control Delay at Signalized Intersections Based on Bluetooth Data

Bluetooth media access control (MAC) identification (ID) detection has been effectively used for near real-time traffic monitoring. Its continuous data collection capability by sampling actual traffic makes it feasible for permanent installation in the road with minimal cost and better data accuracy, both qualitatively and quantitatively. However, the delay calculated with simple matching of MAC IDs has some inherent errors due to the frequency hopping structure of Bluetooth detections. The detections of a Bluetooth device in a traveling vehicle can be thought of as random events varying in space and time. This article presents two models to calculate traffic control delay based on synchronized Bluetooth and global positioning system (GPS) probe vehicle data. The two models are based on the number of Bluetooth observed detections and the time duration between the first and the last detections. The proposed models were found to be more accurate than the existing practice and have the potential to be used f...
High-temperature stabilities of low-linolenate, high-stearate and common soybean oils.

Four soybean oils (SBO) with different fatty acid (FA) compositions were tested for stability during intermittent heating and frying of bread cubes. None of the oils was hydrogenated or contained any additives. Two of the oils were from common commercial varieties. The other two oils were from seed developed in a mutation breeding program and included the line A5, which contained 3.5% linolenate, and the line A6, which contained 20% stearate. Each oil (450 g) was heated to 185 C in a minifryer. Bread cubes were fried at the beginning of heating, and half were stored at −10 C to preserve freshness. The second half was stored at 60 C for 14 days. Heating was continued for 10 hr/day for four days. After 40 hr of heating, an additional 30 g of bread cubes were fried. According to sensory evaluations of the fried bread cubes, peroxide values of oil extracted from the cubes and conjugated diene values of the oils, the A5 and A6 oils were more stable than those from the commercial varieties. Small differences occurred in the flavor and oxidative stability of the cubes fried after 40 hr of heating the oils. Large differences between A5 and A6 and the commercial varieties occurred after storage of bread cubes for 14 days.
Counting backward during chess move choice

Backward counting was used to interfere with working memory during tree search from chess game positions. Skilled players at different levels of expertise analyzed games while counting or not, and also while moving the pieces or not. Counting had the effect of reducing the maximum depth of search, the number of branches searched, the total number of moves considered, and the quality of the moves. Moving the pieces increased the depth of search at the expense of alternative branches slightly, but with no reliable effect on move quality. Level of playing skill was correlated with move quality and evaluation accuracy, and interacted with both counting and moving such that stronger players were more, rather than less, affected by counting interference. Such interference seems more likely to affect the central executive than the verbal or visuospatial components of working memory.
Japanese Loan Subsidies for Structural Adjustment and Their Effects on Trade with the United States

In recent years there has been a proliferation of international trade disputes centering on domestic economic policies that are alleged to affect trade and the economies of trading partners. Estimates of the effects of these policies are rare, in spite of their value to policymakers. One such policy was a Japanese program to aid in the structural adjustment of small-and medium-sized exporting firms hurt by the appreciation of the yen after 1985. We introduce a methodology for estimating the effects of a subsidy to a subset of producers in an industry in one country on export prices and the output of the competing industry of a trading partner, and we apply it to the Japanese program. We show that subsidized loans provided under the program had minimal effects on competing industries in the United States. [F13, F14]
Resistance-network representation of radiative heat transfer with particulate scattering

Abstract The resistance-network representation for radiative heat transfer is developed for a planar absorbing-scattering medium on the basis of the two-flux model and the linear anisotropic scattering model. Particular attention is given to the scattering effect due to particulates such as flame soot or smoke particles. Limiting relations for various radiative regimes are derived and the physical significance of the resistances are discussed. An illustrative example is presented for thermal radiation from a smoke layer. Extension to two-phase dispersed systems is also demonstrated.
Speciation of complex organic contaminants with Raman spectroscopy

Raman spectroscopy was utilized to acquire resolved spectra of the neutral and zwitterion involved in the tautomeric solution equilibrium of 3-hydroxypyridine. As these species exist in varying proportion to one another at different temperatures, spectral measurements across a series of temperatures was required. Previously determined microequilibrium and enthalpy constants allowed the calculation of concentrations at all temperatures. This allowed for the deconvolution of component Raman spectra by multiple linear regression. The spectra are found to be similar, but contain significant structurally related differences, sufficient to distinguish one species from the other. To our knowledge, resolved Raman spectra of tautomers in water has not previously been reported.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The Myth of a Sub-Culture of Corporal Punishment

This paper addresses the question of whether adolescents coming from families using physical punishment have disciplinary beliefs similar to adolescents coming from families not using physical punishment. A related question is whether different ethnic groups share similar disciplinary beliefs. Anglo and Hispanic adolescents were asked to judge the appropriateness of certain disciplinary actions for specific teenage misbehaviors and asked if "physical punishments" were used in their families. Individual response profiles were compared and tested for patterns of clustering indicative of attitudinal sub-cultures. A Cultural Consensus Model was used to create an empirically derived description of community disciplinary standards and to calculate individual deviance from the standard. Results indicated that Hispanic and Anglo adolescents did not differ significantly in their disciplinary attitudes nor in the proportion of each group reporting physical punishment at home. Rather, a single value system was detec...
THE URINARY GLYCOPROTEIN GP51 AS A CLINICAL MARKER FOR INTERSTITIAL CYSTITIS

AbstractPurpose: GP51 is a urinary glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 51 kDa. This glycoprotein is produced and secreted by the transitional epithelium of the genitourinary tract, and has been isolated from human urine. Studies have demonstrated that GP51 levels are decreased in bladder biopsies of patients with interstitial cystitis. We evaluated urinary GP51 in a noninvasive manner as a clinical marker of interstitial cystitis.Materials and Methods: Urinary GP51 levels were measured using antigen inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In blinded fashion we analyzed for quantitative differences 24-hour urine samples of 36 patients with interstitial cystitis and 23 normal controls who were age matched within 5 years (mean age 47.3). We also evaluated GP51 in random urine specimens of 17 normal controls, 14 patients with interstitial cystitis and 11 subjects who had undergone cystectomy to determine whether urinary GP51 is mainly produced by the bladder, which is the site of interstitial cystit...
Two Meals in the Active Period of the Rat Both Entrain Food-Anticipatory Activity

Abstract We examined the effect of presenting two meals at fixed times on the activity of six intact female rats. Rats maintained on a 12-12 h light-dark cycle were fed: ad lib, at two randomly chosen times during the active period, and at 3 and 9 h, 1 and 7 h, and 5 and 11 h after light offset. During ad lib and random feeding conditions, wheel turning primarily occurred during the first half of the active period. During fixed-time feeding conditions, wheel turning was concentrated around the times of meal availability. To determine whether anticipatory wheel turning during fixed-time feeding conditions was based on a circadian mechanism, each condition was followed by a test: light cues were omitted and rats were deprived of food for 2 consecutive days. Wheel turning patterns observed while a feeding condition was in effect persisted during meal omission. Nest and food/water compartment visits were not as sensitive to feeding times. Meals may have modified bouts of activity that are also synchronized by light-dark cycles.
A Modified Incision and Technique for Total Retroperitoneal Access and Lymph Node Dissection

Surgical assessment of aortocaval lymph nodes in patients with unresectable primary cervical cancer helps in planning radiation treatment ports. Removal of enlarged lymph nodes may also serve a therapeutic purpose in reducing the tumor load to be sterilized by radiation. An extraperitoneal dissection is considered to be superior to a transperitoneal approach, and numerous incisions to access either the upper or the lower retroperitoneum have been described. A modified supraumbilical incision and technique that provide wide bilateral exposure of the retroperitoneum from the suprarenal aorta to the obturator fossae were used in six patients.
Novel theory and methods for tensor scale: a local morphometric parameter

Scale is a widely used notion in image analysis that evolved in the form of scale-space theory whose key idea is to represent and analyze an image at various resolutions. Recently, the notion of space-variant scale has drawn significant research interest. Previously, we introduced local morphometric scale using a spherical model whose major limitation was that it ignored orientation and anisotrophy making is suboptimal in many biomedical imaging applications where structures are inherently anisotropic and have mixed orientations. Here, we introduce a new idea of local scale, called tensor scale, which, at any image location, is the parametric representation of the largest ellipse (in 2D) or ellipsoid (in 3D) centered at that location that is contained in the same homogeneous region. Tensor scale is useful in spatially adapting neighborhood and controlling parameters in a space-variant and anisotropic fashion complying with orientation, anisotrophy, and thickness of local structures. Results of the method on several 2D images are presented and a few experiments are conducted to examine its behavior under rotation, varying pixel size, background inhomogeneity, and noise and blurring. Similarity of tensor scale images computed from multi-protocol images is studied.
Asymmetric minimization with a convex fourth degree approximation

The Newton-Raphson method is a basic technique in unconstrained minimization which exactly minimizes a quadratic, symmetric approximation to an objective function. Functions with some degree of asymmetry can be optimized more efficiently by exact minimization of asymmetric approximations. In this paper, a special separable convex asymmetric fourth degree function is proposed whose minimum can Vie found in a finite number of steps, despite the high degree of the approximation. The method may be regarded as a. quasi-Newton method with a few operations added to measure and correct for asymmetry.
Gesellschaftlicher Wandel und psychotherapie

Zusammenfassung Veraltete Vorstellungen uber die Attribute der Manlichkeit und des Frauentums werden in der Psychotherapie nach immer zur Zielsetzung verwendet und verhindern Behandlungserfolg. Ebenso wird der Spannung zwischen uberholten revolutionaren Ideologien und der heutigen Machtstellung der USA in der Psychotherapie nicht Rechnung getragen.
Structurally compliant rocket engine combustion chamber - Experimental and analytical validation

A new, structurally compliant rocket engine combustion chamber design has been validated through analysis and experiment. Subscale, tubular channel chambers have been cyclically tested and analytically evaluated. Cyclic lives were determined to have a potential for 1000 percent increase over those of rectangular channel designs, the current state of the art. Greater structural compliance in the circumferential direction gave rise to lower thermal strains during hot firing, resulting in lower thermal strain ratcheting and longer predicted fatigue lives. Thermal, structural, and durability analyses of the combustion chamber design, involving cyclic temperatures, strains, and low-cycle fatigue lives, have corroborated the experimental observations.
Circadian rhythm and seasonal dependence in the toxicological response of mice to epirubicin.

Compared to doxorubicin, equimolar epirubicin toxicity is reduced by about 50% by the epimerization of a hydrogen and hydroxyl group at the 4′ position of the anthracycline sugar moeity. The circadian timing of doxorubicin administration markedly affects its lethal and sub-lethal bone marrow and gut toxicities in mice, as well as the severity of its clinical toxicity. We tested whether the timing of administration of equitoxic epirubicin doses similarly affected the toxicological response in female CD2F1 mice. A large and highly reproducible effect of the circadian stage of administration was documented with best drug tolerance occurring during the first half of the daily rest (light) span of the animals. In addition to this circadian rhythm, a significant seasonal effect was found with significantly fewer deaths occurring after epirubicin was given in the Summer, as compared to the Winter. Safest circadian timing for epirubicin is statistically significantly earlier in the day than for doxorubicin, while their seasonal patterns are quite similar.
Mindfulness and self-compassion as predictors of psychological wellbeing in long-term meditators and matched nonmeditators

Mindfulness training has well-documented effects on psychological health. Recent findings suggest that increases in both mindfulness and self-compassion may mediate these outcomes; however, their separate and combined effects are rarely examined in the same participants. This study investigated cross-sectional relationships between self-reported mindfulness, self-compassion, meditation experience, and psychological wellbeing in 77 experienced meditators and 75 demographically matched nonmeditators. Most mindfulness and self-compassion scores were significantly correlated with meditation experience and psychological wellbeing. Mindfulness and self-compassion accounted for significant independent variance in wellbeing. A significant relationship between meditation experience and wellbeing was completely accounted for by a combination of mindfulness and self-compassion scores. Findings suggest that both mindfulness and self-compassion skills may play important roles in the improved wellbeing associated with ...
VimA mediates multiple functions that control virulence in Porphyromonas gingivalis

Summary Porphyromonas gingivalis, a black-pigmented, gram-negative anaerobe, is an important etiological agent of periodontal disease. Its ability to survive in the periodontal pocket and orchestrate the microbial/host activities that can lead to disease suggest that P. gingivalis possesses a complex regulatory network involving transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms. The vimA (virulence modulating) gene is part of the 6.15-kb bcp-recA-vimA-vimE-vimF-aroG locus and plays a role in oxidative stress resistance. In addition to the glycosylation and anchorage of several surface proteins including the gingipains, VimA can also modulate sialylation, acetyl coenzyme A transfer, lipid A and its associated proteins and may be involved in protein sorting and transport. In this review, we examine the multifunctional role of VimA and discuss its possible involvement in a major regulatory network important for survival and virulence regulation in P. gingivalis. It is postulated that the multifunction of VimA is modulated via a post-translational mechanism involving acetylation.
Selection of Patients with Truncus Arteriosus for Surgical Correction Anatomic and Hemodynamic Considerations

Six years have passed since the first successful surgical correction of truncus arteriosus. A review of our experience enables some conclusions regarding the operation. Patients with mild or moderate truncal valve incompetence do not need truncal valve replacement. Patients with severe truncal valve incompetence require valve replacement, which is associated with a significantly increased surgical mortality. The surgical mortality is not increased in hemodynamically favorable patients who have only one pulmonary artery. However, these patients are especially likely to have early development of severe pulmonary vascular disease. The surgical mortality for the patient with uncomplicated disease and two pulmonary arteries, with pulmonary resistance of less than 8.0 units m2, is 10%. In patients with pulmonary resistance between 8.0 and 12 units m2, the mortality is approximately three times greater. Patients with pulmonary resistances greater than 12.0 units m2 are probably inoperable. Different hemodynamic ...
Experience and the Onset of the Capability to Learn Names Incidentally by Exclusion

The onset of naming, a behavioral developmental cusp, makes it possible for children to learn the names of things incidentally as listeners and speakers. Naming-byexclusion (NE) is an extension of this. When children have NE, they learn word-object relations from hearing a word for an unknown stimulus when they know the names of all items in view except the unknown item. We identified 39 preschoolers with naming, only 5 had naming-by-exclusion. We selected 16 of the children with naming who were missing NE and matched them by repertoires in 8 pairs and randomly assigned pairs to 2 groups. The experimental group received exclusion multiple exemplar training (EMEI), in a non-concurrent multiple probe design sequence, as well as the school curriculum, while the control received the school curriculum alone. The dependent variable was untaught responses to novel stimuli presented in settings that provided the opportunity to learn names by exclusion. The 8 participants who received EMEI acquired NE; 1 of 8 participants in the control group did. The single case design also showed a functional relation between the EMEI and NE. Experiences appear to establish learning the names of things by exclusion.
Increased degradation of rat liver co-binding pigment by methylmercury hydroxide

Abstract Following subcutaneous injections of methylmercury hydroxide (10 mg/kg/day for 2 days), rat liver cytochrome P-450 is decreased 55% while NADPH cytochrome c reductase is unchanged. Incorporation of 3H-δ-aminolevulinic acid into hemoprotein of CO-binding particles is more rapid in treated than control rats, although maximum incorporation is similar in both cases. Treatment with methylmercury hydroxide stimulates the synthesis of fast-phase hemoprotein and decreases synthesis of the slow-phase component. The half-life of the fast-phase hemoprotein is 5.5 hours in treated animals compared to 10 hours in controls whereas the slow-phase half-lives are approximately 65 hours in both sets of animals. These data suggest that cytochrome P-450 content is reduced by increasing degradation of the fast-phase component and/or decreasing synthesis of the slow-phase component.
Teaching & Learning Guide for: The Paradox of Confirmation

. Hempel’s theory of confirmationwas based on a few very simple (and seemingly plausible) assumptions about (instantial)‘inductive-logical support’. However, as Hempel himself was keenly aware, even suchsimple and seemingly plausible assumptions give rise to various puzzles and paradoxes.The two most famous paradoxes of confirmation were discovered by Hempel andGoodman. This article discusses Hempel’s paradox (which is known as ‘the’ paradoxof confirmation, since it was discovered first). However, many of the historicaldevelopments surrounding Hempel’s paradox (also known as the ‘raven paradox’)are also crucial for understanding Goodman’s later (‘grue’) paradox.
Copper nanorod array assisted silicon waveguide polarization beam splitter

We present the design of a three-dimensional (3D) polarization beam splitter (PBS) with a copper nanorod array placed between two silicon waveguides. The localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of a metal nanorod array selectively cross-couples transverse electric (TE) mode to the coupler waveguide, while transverse magnetic (TM) mode passes through the original input waveguide without coupling. An ultra-compact and broadband PBS compared to all-dielectric devices is achieved with the LSPR. The output ports of waveguides are designed to support either TM or TE mode only to enhance the extinction ratios. Compared to silver, copper is fully compatible with complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology.
The Culinary Origins of Human Occupation: Part 1 (Motor and Process Skills)

While occupation is increasingly recognized as a biologically determined trait of Homo sapiens, current understanding of human occupation rests primarily on observations of contemporary human beings, and it is often further limited by geographic, cultural, and historical considerations. Recent efforts to expand existing biological, anthropological, and evolutionary knowledge of human occupation have been hampered by a failure to provide a cogent causal explanation for the origin of occupation among our hominid ancestors that might help to optimize occupational interventions on the basis of a clearer understanding of the specific evolutionary triggers that impelled proto-human beings to become occupational human beings. This paper, the first of two, proposes that human occupation cannot be understood in a biologically valid evolutionary sense without an appreciation of energy metabolism as the primary cause of human occupational evolution; that our hominid ancestors evolved into occupational human beings i...
Infusion of Sodium Bicarbonate-C14 in Sheep.∗:

SummaryThe carbon dioxide pool system of sheep was evaluated by the constant infusion of sodium bicarbonate-C14 for a period of 4 hours. The specific activity of blood CO2 plateaued during the final hour of infusion. Following infusion, the half-lives of blood and expired CO2 were 32.6 and 31 minutes, respectively. Mean turnover rate, turnover time and CO2 space were 9.58 meq/hr/kg body weight, 46.8 minutes and 41.4% of body weight, respectively. Considerable radioactivity was found in the rumen at the end of the infusion period, These observations suggest a time of at least 3 hours for complete labeling of the CO2 pool, of which the rumen is a part, and that blood CO2 data may be used as well as expired CO2 data for substrate oxidation studies.
Theoretical studies of the reaction of hydroperoxy radicals (HO2) with ethyl peroxy (CH3CH2O2), acetyl peroxy (CH3C(O)O2), and acetonyl peroxy (CH3C(O)CH2O2) radicals

Abstract Product yield studies indicate that the reaction of organic peroxy radicals (RO 2 ) with hydroperoxy radicals (HO 2 ) may proceed via four reaction channels: (R1a) RO 2 + HO 2 → ROOH + O 2 (R1b) RO 2 + HO 2 → ROH + O 3 (R1c) RO 2 + HO 2 → RO + OH + O 2 (R1d) RO 2 + HO 2 → R′CHO + H 2 O + O 2 While (R1a) is the dominant pathway for alkyl peroxy radicals, it has been reported that acetyl peroxy radicals (R = CH 3 C(O)) react via (R1a) , (R1b) and (R1c) , while acetonyl peroxy radicals (R = CH 3 C(O)CH 2 )) reacts via (R1a) and (R1c) . In this work, quantum calculations using the CBS-QB3 method coupled with Master equation analysis and kinetic simulations have been used to propose reaction mechanisms for the formation of the products observed in reaction (R1) for ethyl peroxy (R = CH 3 CH 2 ), acetyl peroxy, and acetonyl peroxy radicals. (R1a) is found to proceed via hydrogen atom transfer, while (R1b) and (R1c) both proceed through a hydrotetroxide intermediate. The calculations demonstrate that the mechanism is consistent with the experimentally measured product yields, and that (R1b) and (R1c) may also be significant for structurally similar organic peroxy radicals. The implications of these calculations are discussed.
Design of tape systems for 0.1 to 10 Gbit/s applications (VLBA)

In some recorder applications there is a demand for both high data rates and high capacity. Radio astronomy is an example of such an application, and the longitudinal recorder has been developed for an array of radio telescopes known as the Very Long Baseline Array. The advantages, limitations, and future potential of this system are discussed in the light of new technologies for large arrays of heads, and extremely thin magnetic tapes. >
A conserved G1 regulatory circuit promotes asynchronous behavior of nuclei sharing a common cytoplasm

Synthesis and accumulation of conserved cell cycle regulators such as cyclins are thought to promote G1/S and G2/M transitions in most eukaryotes.1 When cells at different stages of the cell cycle are fused to form heterokaryons, the shared complement of regulators in the cytoplasm induces the nuclei to become synchronized.2 However, multinucleate fungi often display asynchronous nuclear division cycles, even though the nuclei inhabit a shared cytoplasm.3 Similarly, checkpoints can induce nuclear asynchrony in multinucleate cells by arresting only the nucleus that receives damage.4–6 The cell biological basis for nuclear autonomy in a common cytoplasm is not known. Here we show that in the filamentous fungus Ashbya gossypii, sister nuclei born from one mitosis immediately lose synchrony in the subsequent G1 interval. A conserved G1 transcriptional regulatory circuit involving the Rb-analog Whi5p promotes the asynchronous behavior yet Whi5 protein is uniformly distributed among nuclei throughout the cell cycle. The homologous Whi5p circuit in S. cerevisiae employs positive feedback to promote robust and coherent entry into the cell cycle. We propose that positive feedback in this same circuit generates timing variability in a multinucleate cell. These unexpected findings indicate that a regulatory program whose products (mRNA transcripts) are translated in a common cytoplasm can nevertheless promote variability in the individual behavior of sister nuclei.
Metabolism of branched-chain amino acids in fibroblasts from patients with maple syrup urine disease and other abnormalities of branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase activity.

ABSTRACT. The metabolism of branched-chain amino acids was studied in cultured fibroblasts from patients with branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase deficiency using 1-14C- and UL-14C-leucine and valine. The formation of 14CO2 from 1-14C-valine or 1-14C-leucine was 1-3% of normal. In fibroblasts of patients with associated lactic acidemia the values were 4-29% of control. Analysis of organic acid products revealed that in both patients and controls the amount of labeled α-ketoisovalerate recovered after incubation with 1-14C-valine was one-third of the amount of α-ketoisocaproate recovered after incubation with 1-l4C-leucine. Very little α-hydroxyisocaproate was produced, while the amount of α-hydroxyisovalerate was about 10% of the α-ketoisovalerate. Unexpectedly β-hydroxyisobutyrate ws found to be the major metabolic product of UL-14C-valine in normal fibroblasts. Large accumulations of β-hydroxyisovalerate were found in normal fibroblasts using UL-I4C-leucine. There were little or no conversions to these compounds in fibroblasts of patients with branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase deficiency. There were substantial conversions in the patients in whom dehydrogenase deficiency was associated with lactic acidemia.
Mobile surgical services in primary care in a rural and remote setting: Experience and evidence from Yala, Cross River State, Nigeria

Surgical conditions account for 11 to 15% of the global burden of disease. Yet, surgical services are very scarce in the rural areas of Nigeria where approximately 60 to 80% of the population resides. Among other basic contributing factors is the shortage of surgical workforce, since Nigeria’s few surgeons practise in the urban centre of the major cities. One way to respond to this acute shortage of surgeons is the training of generalist medical doctors to undertake surgery in rural areas. The introduction of mobile surgical services in rural populations as part of the existing primary health care activities in the Local Government Areas (districts) can reduce surgical morbidity and mortality in Nigeria. This can be done by the generalist physician with training and experience in surgery using local health staff and simple surgical equipment. A number of recommendations are made.
Mechanics of coracoacromial ligament transfer augmentation for acromioclavicular joint injuries

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine how effectively the Weaver–Dunn repair (both unaugmented and augmented with a suture and suture anchor) restores joint translation in response to applied loads to normal. Translation of a reference point on the clavicle relative to a reference point on the acromion was assessed in five cadaver shoulders by applying anterior, posterior and superior loads of 50 N to the clavicle using a specially designed test rig while measuring movement of the acromion and clavicle with an optical measurement system. Translation was determined for the intact joint, after simulated injury and Weaver–Dunn repair, and after augmentation of the Weaver–Dunn repair with a suture fixed to a suture anchor in the coracoid process. Joints were significantly more mobile after Weaver–Dunn repair (16.1 mm anterior, 15.7 mm posterior, 11.1 mm superior) than when intact (4.1 mm anterior, 3.2 mm posterior, 4.0 mm superior) ( p p p >0.05), although the power of the test to detect this difference was low (power=0.107). We anticipate that, when surgery is indicated for treating acromioclavicular joint injury, an augmented Weaver–Dunn reconstruction will yield a joint that is less painful, more functional and less likely to require revision.
Addition of photosensitive dopants to the DØ liquid argon calorimeter

Abstract The addition of photosensitive dopants to liquid argon greatly enhances the signal from heavily ionizing particles. Since binding energy losses are correlated with the heavily ionizing component in hadronic showers, the addition of photosensitive dopants has been suggested as a mechanism to tune the e / τ ratio in liquid argon calorimeters. A measurement was performed at the FNAL test beam, adding 4 ppm tetramethylgermanium to the DO uranium-liquid argon calorimeter. An increase in response for electromagnetic and hadronic showers was observed, with no net change in the e / τ ratio.
Polyethylene glycol-induced fusion of two-cell mouse embryo blastomeres.

Abstract Polyethylene glycol (PEG) was found to be an effective fusion-inducing agent for early mouse embryo blastomeres. A brief exposure of zona-intact 2-cell embryos to 40% PEG induced fusion of blastomeres in > 80% of embryos, and the treatment did not interfere with subsequent development of embryos to the blastocyst stage.
The association of smoking and risk of condyloma acuminatum in women

Objective: To determine the relation between cigarette smoking and the incidence of genital warts in a cohort of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected women (without AIDS-defining conditions) ( n = 148) and in HIV-negative women ( n = 428). Methods: Women were recruited between March 1990 and December 1993 from an urban, inner-city medical center and nearby community health centers. Woman initially free of genital warts ( n = 576) were followed prospectively for up to 37 months, with an average of 14 months. Results: The observed incidence of genital warts per 100 person-years was almost three times higher in smokers than in non-smokers, both in HIV-positive (13.3 versus 5.0, respectively) and HIV-negative women (1.5 versus 0.5, respectively). In a Poisson regression model adjusting for variables significantly related to genital warts, including sexual activity, current smokers were 5.2 times (95% confidence interval 1.02, 26.0) more likely to develop genital warts. The prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) by polymerase chain reaction at baseline examination and the incidence of other sexually transmitted diseases were similar in smokers and non-smokers. Conclusions: Our findings are compatible with the hypothesis that the rate of progression of symptomatic exophytic HPV disease is increased in smokers.
The effect of treatment with imidocarb diproprionate on the course of Babesia divergens infections in splenectomized calves, and on their subsequent immunity to homologous challenge.

Abstract The drug imidocarb diproprionate (IMDP) was injected intramuscularly into groups of splenectomized calves at 2·4 mg per kg body weight at various times before and during their reactions to syringe-passaged Babesia divergens infections. When the drug was given 1 or 2 weeks before infection it had a prophylactic effect, inducing appreciably milder B. divergens reactions in the calves and complete immunity to challenge. When it was given simultaneously with the parasites, the development of the infection was almost completely suppressed and no immunity to challenge developed. If B. divergens infections were allowed to develop for 7, 14 or 21 days before treatment, the infections were sterilized by the drug but the animals retained an immunity to challenge. The strength of this immunity increased with the length of time that the parasites had been allowed to exist before treatment. These results demonstrate that IMDP is an effective drug against B. divergens infections but suggest that blanket-treatment of all animals in a herd at the first sign of the disease may not invariably prevent further redwater cases.
The use of intravenous amiodarone in the acute therapy of life-threatening tachyarrhythmias

VER THE PAST several years oral amioda- rone has been shown to be effective for a wide variety of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias.‘-” A unique aspect of amiodarone therapy is the long time required to reach maxi- mum efficacy.‘6’* For example, Rakita and Sobol used continuous ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring to compare several different oral regi- mens for amiodarone loading and found that between 9.5 to 16.9 days were required for control of ventricular ectopy.16 Kadish et al demonstrated that the electrophysiologic effects of amiodarone differed at two weeks and 3 months, implying that the maximum effects of amiodarone were not present after two weeks of oral therapy.‘* A prolonged time to maximum clinical effi- cacy may have important implications in certain groups of patients. The natural history of sponta- neous arrhythmias is highly variable. Some patients may have infrequent episodes of ar- rhythmia and long arrhythmia-free intervals. In these patients, oral amiodarone may be an appro- priate agent. In contrast, other patients may have frequent recurrences of life-threatening arrhyth- mias or incessant tachycardias unresponsive to direct countershock. In these patients, rapid anti- arrhythmic efficacy is important, and therefore oral amiodarone by itself may not be adequate therapy. There is evidence that amiodarone adminis- tered intravenously (IV) may have a rapid onset of action. Thus, IV amiodarone may be poten- tially useful in the therapy of patients with frequent or incessant arrhythmias. In addition, there may be patients with severe systemic ill- nesses in whom IV therapy may be the only method available for delivering an antiarrhyth- mic agent. This article will review the mecha- nisms of action of IV amiodarone, its pharmaco- kinetics and pharmacodynamics, some general considerations in its use, and the published clini- cal experience concerning its efficacy in the treatment of arrhythmias.
Does vitamin D affect timing of menarche

In a recently published prospective study, Villamor et al. found increased risk of early menarche in vitamin D-deficient girls compared to vitamin D-sufficient girls in Bogota, Columbia. The association was not fully explained by differences in body mass index-for-age z-scores. The mechanism for the association, if real, has not been elucidated, but could potentially involve vitamin D receptor polymorphisms. Early menarche and vitamin D deficiency are both associated with poor health outcomes, and further exploration of their association is important for women's health.
Testing and comparison of four ionic tracers to measure stream flow loss by multiple tracer injection

The ionic tracers lithium, sodium, chloride and bromide were used to measure flow loss in a small stream (≈ 10 ls−1). An injectate containing all four tracers was added continuously at five sites along a 507 m study reach of St Kevin Gulch, Lake County, Colorado to determine which sections of the stream were losing water to the stream bed and to ascertain how well the four tracers performed. The acidity of the stream (pH 3.6) made it possible for lithium and sodium, which are normally adsorbed by ion exchange with stream bed sediment, to be used as conservative tracers. Net flow losses as low as 0.8 ls−1, or 8% of flow, were calculated between measuring sites. By comparing the results of simultaneous injection it was determined whether subsections of the study reach were influent or effluent. Evaluation of tracer concentrations along 116 m of stream indicated that all four tracers behaved conservatively. Discharges measured by Parshall flumes were 4–18% greater than discharges measured by tracer dilution.
Meiotic Recombination in Yeast: Alteration by Multiple Heterozygosities

Although meiotic gene conversion has long been known to be accompanied by crossing-over, a direct test of the converse has not been possible. An experiment was designed to determine whether crossing-over is accompanied by gene conversion in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nine restriction site heterologies were introduced into a 9-kilobase chromosomal interval that exhibits 22 percent crossing-over. Of all the exchange events that occurred, at least 59 percent of meiotic crossovers are accompanied by gene conversion of one or more of the restriction site heterologies. The average gene conversion tract length was 1.5 kilobases. An unexpected result was that the introduction of as few as seven heterozygosities significantly altered the outcome of recombination events, reducing the frequency of crossovers by 50 percent and increasing the number of exceptional tetrads. This alteration results from a second recombination event induced by repair of heteroduplex DNA containing multiple mismatched base pairs.
Use of patellar allograft to reconstruct a patellar tendon-deficient knee after total joint arthroplasty

A catastrophic complication after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is rupture of the patellar tendon. Several techniques for treatment have been described, including cast immobilization with or without operative repair, the use of a semitendinosus, fascia lata, or hamstring tendon autogenous graft, the use of a Dacron 4-mm vascular graft (U.S. Catheter and Instrument, Glen Falls, NY), the use of bovine xenograft and even transplantation of an entire allograft extensor mechanism. Treatment results of patellar tendon rupture after TKA can be discouraging. Altered tissue quality secondary to connective tissue diseases, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus erythematosus, secondary hyperparathyroidism, or concurrent steroid medications contributes to poor results. Additionally, no one treatment has provided consistent clinical success. Successful treatment of a patient with a ruptured patellar tendon after TKA using the bone-patellar tendon-bone allograft commonly used for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is reported.
Structural Insights into Modulation of Mical by its Calponin Homology (CH) Domain

MICAL (Molecule Interacting with CasL) is a 1048 amino acid protein consisting of a monooxygenase domain (FD) with redox activity, a Calponin homology domain (CH), a LIM domain, a proline-rich region, and a C-term region containing coiled-coil ERM α-like domain. In axon guidance, MICAL is a key molecule that links the extracellular signal from semaphorins -a class of repulsive guidance cues- to the reorganization of the cytoskeleton. Proper axon guidance, the process by which growing axons respond to extracellular cues that guide them towards their appropriate targets, is vital in neural development processes such as neuronal cell-migration, axonal branching, path finding, and fasiculation/defasiculation. Our laboratory has previously determined the crystal structure of MICALs FD domain (MICALFD) and showed that it uses NADPH as the reductant. Studies showed that MICALFD and MICALFD-CH can bind and oxidize Met44 on actin filaments, thereby affecting their polymerization dynamics. However, modulation of these MICAL activities by its non-redox domains is poorly understood. To structurally characterize the modulation by the CH domain, we determined the crystal structure of MICALFD-CH to 3.0-A resolution. The structure reveals that the CH domain does not interact with the active site in the FD domain. Furthermore, the FD and CH domains are flexible with respect to each other; MICALFD-CH crystallized in two different crystal forms, and no electron density was observed for the 18-residue linker between the two domains. In actin-binding proteins with tandem CH domains, the flexibility of the domains with respect to each other is important for binding F-actin. Similarly, the flexibility of the two domains in MICALFD-CH may be important in optimizing the binding to F-actin such that Met44 is more accessible to the active site.
GAL4 activates transcription in Drosophila

GAL4 is a yeast regulatory protein that binds to specific sites within a DNA sequence called UASG (galactose upstream activating sequence) and activates transcription of linked genes1–6. This activation requires two functions of the protein7,8: a DNA binding domain located near the amino terminus8, and one or more 'activating regions'7–11. The 'activating regions' are highly acidic9–11 (see also ref. 12) and can be replaced, for example, by a short peptide designed to form a negatively charged, amphipathic α-helix13. GAL4, as well as deletion derivatives bearing one or more 'activating regions' attached to the DNA binding domain, activates transcription in cultured mammalian cells from mammalian promoters linked to a UASG (refs 14,15). Here we show that GAL4, when expressed in particular tissues of Drosophila larvae, stimulates tissue-specific transcription of a Drosophila promoter linked to GAL4 binding sites.