cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A comparison of the oxidation of lignin model compounds in conventional and ionic liquid solvents and application to the oxidation of lignin

The oxidation of lignin model compounds was studied in conventional solvents in parallel with oxidations in ionic liquid solvents. Catalyst systems were investigated in ionic liquid solvents to determine how reaction rates and the selectivity for benzylic carbon oxidation were affected. Oxidation rates were often lower in ionic liquids than in conventional solvents – as indicated by lower conversion in a standard reaction time – likely due, at least in part, to the higher viscosity of ionic liquids. Selectivity of the TPPFeCl/t-BuOOH catalyst system for oxidation of the benzylic C–OH versus benzylic C–H was higher in the ionic liquids tested than in conventional solvents.
L-band radiometer calibration consistency assessment for the SMOS, SMAP and Aquarius instruments

Three L-band radiometers have been observing the Earth in order to retrieve soil moisture and ocean salinity. They use different instrument configurations and calibration and retrieval algorithms. In any case, the brightness temperature retrieved at the Earth surface should be consistent between all instruments. One reason for inconsistency would be the use of different approaches for the instrument calibration or the use of different models to retrieve surface brightness temperature. We report on the different approaches used for the SMOS, SMAP and Aquarius instruments and their impact on the observations consistency.
The Contexts of Collaboration

The term “context” originally applied to language and referred to the connections between words and sentences in a discourse. The word “context” comes from the Latin “contextere” meaning “to weave together.” The Oxford English Dictionary (Simpson and Weiner, 1989) defines context as, “[t]he whole structure of a connected passage regarded in its bearing upon any of the parts which constitute it; the parts which constitute it; the parts which immediately precede or follow any particular passage or text and determine its meaning.” Use of the word “context” has evolved so that it is now applied to actions more generally. Typically, context is used to refer to the various conditions in which an action is done or an event occurs. Context is seen to affect the ways in which actions are carried out and to influence the descriptions of events.
Strategies in Ebola virus disease (EVD) diagnostics at the point of care

Ebola virus disease (EVD) is a devastating, highly infectious illness with a high mortality rate. The disease is endemic to regions of Central and West Africa, where there is limited laboratory infrastructure and trained staff. The recent 2014 West African EVD outbreak has been unprecedented in case numbers and fatalities, and has proven that such regional outbreaks can become a potential threat to global public health, as it became the source for the subsequent transmission events in Spain and the USA. The urgent need for rapid and affordable means of detecting Ebola is crucial to control the spread of EVD and prevent devastating fatalities. Current diagnostic techniques include molecular diagnostics and other serological and antigen detection assays; which can be time-consuming, laboratory-based, often require trained personnel and specialized equipment. In this review, we discuss the various Ebola detection techniques currently in use, and highlight the potential future directions pertinent to the development and adoption of novel point-of-care diagnostic tools. Finally, a case is made for the need to develop novel microfluidic technologies and versatile rapid detection platforms for early detection of EVD.
Most common dermatology diagnoses to the emergency department in the paediatric population

Skin related complaints are a top 10 reason for pediatric presentation to the ED. Older studies and those conducted outside of the US demonstrate wide variability in the frequency of pediatric presentations to the ED for skin complaints, ranging from 4-40% of visits.1 One study found urticaria to be the most frequent PED dermatological diagnosis, while others found viral exanthema and contact dermatitis to be the most common diagnoses. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
A broadband high-gain aperture coupled patch array for communication and radar applications

A broadband aperture couple microstrip patch antenna array is proposed. The proposed array offers greater than 18 dBi gain, 15 dB Forward to Backward (F/B) ratio, and −15 dB Side Lobe Levels (SLL) across the operating band. The array proposed in this work can be scaled and integrated into the conformal surface of a vehicle or aircraft provided that materials and feeding constraints can be met.
History of the Genesis and Development of the Study of Effects of Low Energy Electromagnetic Fields

Any review of this topic should include consideration of the development of the field of nonionizing radiation biohazard research in the broader context of the development of the biophysical interdisciplinary sciences. Hence I shall structure my lecture in three parts: 1. The development of Biomedical Engineering and Biophysics. 2. History of the nonionizing radiation field before World War 2. 3. History after World War 2.
THE VOLUME OF DISTRIBUTION IN SINGLE-EXIT COMPARTMENTAL SYSTEMS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the volume of distribution in single-exit compartmental systems. In recent years, the use of mathematical compartmental models to describe biological phenomena has become more prevalent, particularly with respect to tracer kinetics. In a living organism, the introduced tracer creates an observable transient that will provide information about certain aspects of the system. The chapter focuses on the identification of certain parameters of the system, in particular the volumes of distribution of the tracer, on the basis of these experimental observations. It highlights the class of compartmental systems that is concerned with a problem frequently encountered in physiology—the injection of an isotope by the intravenous route into one compartment at time zero and the sequential sampling of that same compartment to estimate the tracer concentration as a function of time and then utilization of this concentration function to provide information about the characteristics of the system. This chapter describes the development of the mathematical model. It also discusses the identification of the transfer coefficients.
Long-Term Survivors after Renal Transplantation

During the past two decades renal transplantation has become an established clinical procedure performed in a large number of hospitals. Over 20,000 transplants were reported to the European Dialysis and Transplant Association as of January 1, 1979,1 and at least 35,000 transplants were performed in the United States through 1979. The early problems, mainly related to insufficient dialysis preparation, overimmuno-suppression, and infections, have been described in hundreds of articles over the past decade. This clinical research has led to a marked improvement in the immediate post-transplant survival. Thus many centers report an improvement from approximately a 10%–20% first-year survival during the early 1960s to a first-year patient survival of around 90% in the late 1970s.2
Phases of Amorphous, Crystalline, and Intermediate Order in Microphase and Nanophase Systems

To describe matter, one can use two levels, the microscopic one, which requires identification on a molecular scale, and the macroscopic one, which can make use of the identification of the phase of the sample. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, IUPAC, has provided a binding scientific definition of the phase [1]. It is to be “an entity of a material system which is uniform in chemical composition and physical state.”
Facilitating Argumentation in the Laboratory: The Challenges of Claim Change and Justification by Theory

Scientific argumentation is a key means by which students make sense of content and processes in inquiry-based instruction. In scientific argumentation students make a claim that they support with evidence and provide reasoning as to how the evidence supports the claim. Integrating the different aspects of scientific argumentation can be challenging for students especially if they need to make a claim change to accommodate new evidence. This study examines student argumentation within a two-semester general chemistry laboratory sequence at a minority-serving, comprehensive university in the Midwest, which employed the Argument-Driven Inquiry (ADI) instructional model for laboratory instruction. Video recordings of group argumentation from four investigations, two each semester, were coded using the Assessment of Scientific Argumentation in the Classroom (ASAC) observation protocol. On the basis of the data, students did not tend to change their claims or reasoning even when provided with contradictory evi...
PREDICTING GENE FREQUENCIES IN NATURAL POPULATIONS: A TESTABLE HYPOTHESIS

ABSTRACT . Darwinian theory has been criticized because it is more often used to make retrodictions than predictions. The neutralist theory has become popular among molecular evolutionists because it leads to predictions and testable hypotheses. Our studies provide a testable hypothesis for predicting gene frequencies in natural populations from a selectionist viewpoint, utilizing enzymology and physical environmental parameters. We generate an equation, q = E n E e n + E n , and test its predictive powers by employing the LDH-B locus in Fundulus heteroclitus . The results are consistent with selectionist predictions. The extent of selection or lack of it remains an open question that we will continue to test via a biochemical approach.
U.S. Perceptions of the Communist Threat in Iran during the Mossadegh Era

Most studies of the coup d’etat in Iran in August 1953—a coup backed by U.S. and British intelligence agencies—attribute it at least partly to U.S. concerns about the threat of a Communist takeover...
A graphene oxide-based fluorescence assay for the sensitive detection of DNA exonuclease enzymatic activity

The 3'-5' exonuclease enzyme plays a dominant role in multiple pivotal physiological activities, such as DNA replication and repair processes. In this study, we designed a sensitive graphene oxide (GO)-based probe for the detection of exonuclease enzymatic activity. In the absence of Exo III, the strong π-π interaction between the fluorophore-tagged DNA and GO causes the efficient fluorescence quenching via a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). In contrast, in the presence of Exo III, the fluorophore-tagged 3'-hydroxyl termini of the DNA probe was digested by Exo III to set the fluorophore free from adsorption when GO was introduced, causing an inefficient fluorescence quenching. As a result, the fluorescence intensity of the sensor was found to be proportional to the concentration of Exo III; towards the detection of Exo III, this simple GO-based probe demonstrated a highly sensitive and selective linear response in the low detection range from 0.01 U mL-1 to 0.5 U mL-1 and with the limit of detection (LOD) of 0.001 U mL-1. Compared with other fluorescent probes, this assay exhibited superior sensitivity and selectivity in both buffer and fetal bovine serum samples, in addition to being cost effective and having a simple setup.
Cultural Competence in Home Healthcare Nursing: Disparity, Cost, Regulatory, Accreditation, Ethical, and Practice Issues:

Home healthcare patients, who are members of minority, marginalized, or vulnerable patient populations, are at risk for healthcare disparities. Inadequate attention to the needs of the many differe...
Quality Assurance in Custom Dental Devices: A Technologist'S Perspective:

Manufacturing of custom-made dental devices such as removable dentures, fixed prosthodontics and orthodontics are subject to the requirements of the Medical Devices Directive (MDD). Many dental laboratories often enhance these requirements by implementing quality assurance procedures that then provide enhanced consistency. this paper provides a dental technologist's view of some of the systems currently being used in dental laboratories to provide a quality assured product and associated issues.
Abstract 12871: Comparison of Risk Scores at Predicting Mortality and Morbidities After Isolated Tricuspid Valve Surgery

Background: Risk models play important roles in stratification and decision-making towards cardiac surgery. Isolated tricuspid valve surgery (TVR) is a high risk but increasingly performed operatio...
Introduction: Problems, Policies and Technologies

This introductory chapter provides perspective on the global and regional contexts of the problems posed by the emissions. The focus is on climate change and public health problems—and therefore on the kinds of emissions that contribute to those problems. The chapter addresses the enduring issues: What are the emissions’ chemical and physical features that are problematic? What are their effects on public health and climate change? What policies and technologies can mitigate the emissions? Black carbon (BC) receives special attention—both because it is one of the three most potent climate change forcing agents—along with carbon dioxide and methane—and because it is a worldwide public health problem causing millions of deaths per year. The coronavirus pandemic in 2020 and the global economic recession, of course, suddenly reduced the levels of emissions of all types—a topic that is considered in the final chapter. The following six chapters provide more detailed mode-specific, industry-specific and country-specific analyses of the emissions as well as mitigation policies and technologies.
Computer-Assisted Microvascular Free Flap Reconstruction and Implant Rehabilitation of the Maxilla—Treatment of a Rare Post-orthognathic Complication

Orthognathic surgery is generally a safe and predictable procedure. Major postoperative complications are rare and often non-life threatening. An example of a rare complication associated with the LeFort I osteotomy is avascular necrosis of the maxilla (ANM). While cases of ANM have been described in the literature, the majority involves only a portion or segment of the maxillary complex and is commonly treated with conservative measures such as strict oral hygiene, hyperbaric oxygen therapy and local debridement. Occasionally, larger segments of osteonecrosis may require extensive reconstruction such as bone grafting with local soft tissue flaps. Here, we present a patient that underwent a single-stage microvascular free tissue reconstruction with concomitant placement of dental implants and a patient-specific implant (PSI) for post-orthognathic ANM.
Convex Optimization of the Basic Reproduction Number.

The basic reproduction number $R_0$ is a fundamental quantity in epidemiological modeling, reflecting the typical number of secondary infections that arise from a single infected individual. While $R_0$ is widely known to scientists, policymakers, and the general public, it has received comparatively little attention in the controls community. This note provides two novel characterizations of $R_0$: a stability characterization and a geometric program characterization. The geometric program characterization allows us to write $R_0$-constrained and budget-constrained optimal resource allocation problems as geometric programs, which are easily transformed into convex optimization problems. We apply these programs to a case study of allocating vaccines and antidotes, finding that targeting $R_0$ instead of the spectral abscissa of the Jacobian matrix (a common target in the controls literature) leads to qualitatively different solutions.
Fetal Screening for Chromosomal Abnormalities

With more and more reproductive-aged women opting to pursue genetic screening during pregnancy, health care professionals must understand the variety of testing options available as well as the advantages and limitations of each testing option. Presently, no single screening test is universally believed to be superior because the combination of the specific test and the population being tested determines the range of potential identifiable conditions as well as the positive predictive values. As a result, pre- and posttest counseling are not always straightforward and may require discussions with multiple specialists including genetic counselors, obstetricians, and pediatricians/neonatologists. The purpose of this review is to summarize the screening options currently available to pregnant women to determine their risk of having a child affected by a chromosomal disorder. Screening for chromosomal abnormalities using ultrasonography, maternal serum analytes, cell-free DNA, and preimplantation genetic testing will be discussed here. Advances in the field, including the possible future use of cell-based noninvasive prenatal screening (NIPS) as a more accurate method for genetic screening and the incorporation of screening for copy number variants (microdeletions and duplications) into traditional cell-free NIPS will also be reviewed.
A multifunction recognition operator for telerobotic vision

Research on developing an operator capable of performing the various subtasks required of a telerobot's vision sensor is reported. The operator uses a goal-driven matching technique which is an application of a linear programming method that readily adapts to the elastic template matching approach to pattern recognition. Four applications of the operator are discussed: (1) three-space location of an isolated object; (2) shape determination of isolated planar figures; (3) image compression/restoration; and (4) shape decomposition.
Bleeding from the Papilla

There are three main sources that contribute to the appearance of bleeding from the papilla: biliary tract, pancreatic duct, and the papilla itself. Iatrogenic injury of the bile duct, mostly in the form of percutaneous transhepatic manipulations, is the leading cause of hemobilia. On the other hand, the most common reason for hemosuccus pancreaticus is rupture of an arterial pseudoaneuysm within the pancreas, occurring in the setting of acute or chronic pancreatitis. Rarely, sphincterotomy-induced bleeding may mimic hemobilia without the obvious signs of hemorrhage from the papilla. Hemosuccus or hemobilia is not typically suspected before endoscopic or pancreaticobiliary investigations, although it should be strongly considered whenever there is concomitant pancreatic or biliary symptom and active gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding. Traumatic or iatrogenic cause of hemobilia may resolve spontaneously, and initial management is usually delivered endoscopically. Severe bleeding may require immediate radiologic or surgical therapy. Conversely, endoscopy has a very small role in the treatment of clinically significant hemosuccus pancreatitis. Angiographic interventions are typically the first line intervention, with surgery reserved for therapeutic failures.
A raison d'être for making a reggae opera as a pedagogical tool for psychic emancipation in (post)colonial Jamaica

Critical participatory action research is a form of community engagement and knowledge generation which, when represented semiotically, may promote social transformation. In this paper, I describe a critical participatory action research project I undertook as a liberation psychologist and researcher in (post)colonial Jamaica. I summarise a narrative psychological portrait of downpressing produced by analysing participant's relationship to state violence using a voice-centred method of analysis. Denied racism and classism are found to dominate the way in which downpressors relate to others they inferiorise. I discuss the raison d'etre for animating the psychology of the downpressor in a performance piece, a reggae opera. Such a piece of community art could be a pedagogical tool for psychic emancipation. Finally, I describe challenges and potentials encountered in an effort to forge an aesthetic synthesis among multiple pieces of conscious art.
White Privilege/White Complicity: Connecting "Benefiting From" to "Contributing To"

In a 1945 program to denazify Germany, posters began to appear across occupied Germany illustrated with pictures of concentration camps and an accusatory finger pointed at the reader with the words, “You are guilty.” Many ordinary citizens were forced to acknowledge (some for the first time) that the camps really did exist, though denial and indignation were common. “We are innocent! How can we be responsible for these terrible crimes when we did not know that they existed and even if we did know, we could not have done anything?” Can people be responsible for evil they did not directly perpetrate, might not have known about, or might not have been able to affect? Intention, understood as free will, and causality are the hallmarks of responsibility. Yet intention and causality were absent in the case of many ordinary Germans. Nevertheless, Hannah Arendt, who coined the piercing term “the banality of evil” to describe how evil is perpetrated by regular people who uncritically go about their daily lives, intimates that any German who even indirectly supported Nazi ideology was responsible for the Nazi regime’s evils.
Sociable information spaces

Any computer on the Internet potentially connects you to millions of other people. The promise is that great communities will form, communities based not on accidents of location, but on common interests and concerns. This is, to a certain extent occurring. Usenet newsgroups and similar forums host thousands of discussions on a wide variety of topics. Conceptually, combining online forums and published materials is quite interesting. It brings the experience of sitting in a room with several people, reading the paper, and exclaiming over a particularly unusual event or arguing over a relevant point of politics to a global scale. It lets the reader see what ideas have drawn the most commentary and it transforms the wholly passive reader into a potentially active writer. It is especially interesting in the context of the Web, for here the boundaries between content and comment begin to break down.
INTENTION, PERMISSIBILITY, TERRORISM, AND WAR

There are many important moral beliefs that have been comparatively stable over time and across cultures that seem to presuppose that the intention with which one acts can affect the permissibility of one’s action. Until about forty years ago, the consensus among moral philosophers was that these beliefs are indeed best explained and justified by the idea that intention is relevant to permissibility, an idea that has traditionally been articulated in the Doctrine of Double Effect. This is the doctrine that it can be permissible to bring about bad effects, including the deaths of innocent people, provided that they are not intended either as an end or as a means but are unavoidable and proportionate side effects of the pursuit of good ends. Over the last four decades, however, the consensus in support of this view has dissolved. Most consequentialists (for example, act-consequentialists) have always maintained that it is permissible to intend to cause bad effects when this is a necessary means of producing the greatest good, so it is unsurprising that the earliest of the recent attacks on the relevance of intention to permissibility came primarily from philosophers who, if not avowedly consequentialists, are close enough to be reasonably mistaken for consequentialists. 1 Over the past two decades, however, a number of distinguished deontological and contractualist moral theorists have joined the attack, as have many practitioners of “experimental philosophy,” and their combined efforts have probably reduced Double Effect to a minority position among moral philosophers. Between 2000 and 2007, when I was one of the editors of Ethics, I reviewed a number of submissions by junior philosophers in which Double Effect was relegated to a footnote and dismissed as an exploded view that no reasonable person could take seriously. I saw that as evidence of a decisive shift in philosophical orthodoxy. According to the Doctrine of Double Effect, an act can be impermissible if done with a wrongful intention even if the same act — or at least an act
Neurobiology. Translating activity into plasticity.

One model for changes in the structure and function of synapses in response to neuronal activity invokes protein synthesis at synapses. In vivo evidence now confirms that neuronal activity regulates protein synthesis at synapses, which in turn controls synaptic plasticity.
Freedom of Expression and the Arts

In early 1996 the Phoenix Art Museum displayed the exhibit “Old Glory: The American Flag in Contemporary Art.” This exhibit produced a truly astounding amount of public controversy—most of it quite shrill—and even led some members of the Phoenix City Council to consider withdrawing financial support from the museum. Kate Millett’s 1970 “The American Dream Goes to Pot” (an American flag in a toilet bowl) and Dread Scott’s 1988 “What is the Proper Way to Display the U.S. Flag?” (an American flag positioned on the floor so that people might walk on it) were the objects most under discussion. Thus did Kulturkampf (culture war) finally come to Arizona—Millett and Scott doing here what in other locales had earlier been done by Robert Mapplethorpe’s “X Portfolio,” Andres Serrano’s “Piss Christ,” performance artist Karen Finley’s chocolate-smeared naked body, and the song lyrics of the rap group Two Live Crew.
Intermittent Sand Filtration of Household Wastewater

Intermittent sand filtration of septic tank and aerobic unit effluents are investigated as a feasible on-site wastewater treatment and disposal system. Sand filters receiving septic tank and aerobic unit effluents were constructed and monitored at two home sites in Wisconsin. The filters were constructed to allow access to the sand surface for periodic maintenance. High hydraulic loadings rates of 2 gpd/sq ft to 20 gpd/sq ft were used. data, date, including effluent qualities, methods of rejuvenation, and costs of the sand filters, are presented.
Automated Experiments on Ad Privacy Settings

To partly address people’s concerns over web tracking, Google has created the Ad Settings webpage to provide information about and some choice over the profiles Google creates on users. We present AdFisher, an automated tool that explores how user behaviors, Google’s ads, and Ad Settings interact. Our tool uses a rigorous experimental design and analysis to ensure the statistical significance of our results. It uses machine learning to automate the selection of a statistical test. We use AdFisher to find that Ad Settings is opaque about some features of a user’s profile, that it does provide some choice on ads, and that these choices can lead to seemingly discriminatory ads. In particular, we found that visiting webpages associated with substance abuse will change the ads shown but not the settings page. We also found that setting the gender to female results in getting fewer instances of an ad related to high paying jobs than setting it to male.
Lipid Metabolism In Plants

Publisher Summary Plants produce the majority of the world's lipids, and most animals, including humans, depend on these lipids as a major source of calories and essential fatty acids. Like other eukaryotes, plants require lipids for membrane biogenesis, as signal molecules, and as a form of stored carbon and energy. In addition, leaves and other aerial surfaces, bark, herbaceous shoots, and roots each have distinctive protective lipids that help prevent desiccation and infection. The presence of chloroplasts and related organelles in plants has a profound effect on both gross lipid composition and the flow of lipid within the cell. Fatty acid synthesis occurs not in the cytosol as in animals and fungi, but in the chloroplast and other plastids. On a whole organism basis, plants store more carbon as carbohydrate than as lipid. Since plants are not mobile, and since photosynthesis provides fixed carbon on a regular basis, plant requirements for lipid storage as an efficient, light weight energy reserve are less acute than those of animals. Plant lipids have a substantial impact on the world economy and human nutrition. More than three-quarters of the edible and industrial oils marketed annually are derived from seed and fruit triacylglycerols.
Gender and Organizational Justice Preferences

Despite evidence that women and men possess similar workplace values, debate continues regarding gendered preferences for justice in the workplace. In particular, some have argued that women and men have fundamentally different justice orientations, which lead men to value fair outcomes and women to value fair procedures. Recent research finds that such beliefs may influence managers to reward men with greater monetary rewards than those provided to women. Here, we review this literature and argue that men and women do not have fundamentally different justice orientations. Instead, the few findings of gender difference in preferences for procedural vs. distributive justice in the workplace are a function of status differences between men and women.
A resource-based view of quantum information

We survey progress in understanding quantum information in terms of equivalences, reducibilities, and asymptotically achievable rates for transformations among nonlocal resources such as classical communication, entanglement, and particular quantum states or channels. In some areas, eg source coding, there are straightforward parallels to classical information theory; in others eg entanglement-assisted communication, new effects and tradeoffs appear that are beginning to be fairly well understood, or the remaining uncertainty has become focussed on a few simple open questions, such as conjectured additivity of the Holevo capacity. In still other areas, e.g. the role of the back communication and the classification of tripartite entanglement, much remains unknown, and it appears unlikely that an adequate description exists in terms of a finite number of resources.
Direct laser fabrication of GaAs nanostructures on GaAs(001) in MBE reactor in-situ

The so-called Stranski-Krastanov (S-K) growth technique is useful to fabricate quantum dots in large quantity. However, it is limited to hetero-epitaxial systems because the S-K growth method requires a lattice mismatch generally larger than 2% such as in InGaAs quantum nanostructures. We present a study on direct laser fabrication of a strain-free selfassembled GaAs nanostructures on GaAs(001) surfaces in a molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) growth reactor in-situ. This self-assembly is due to the rapid thermal relaxation of materials heated at the interference maxima lines that are created by overlapping two laser pulses interferentially on the epitaxial growth front inside an MBE growth reactor. The morphologies of the GaAs nanostructures are characterized by atomic force microscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) while their stoichiometry has been characterized by low voltage energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy that is coupled with FESEM. The morphological study indicates that the width and length of nanodots are a few tens of nanometers while their height is around ten nanometers. The nanodot dimensions are much smaller than the interferential period and the wavelength of laser used but comparable to findings in our recent reports of quantum dots produced by direct laser annealing. For the stoichiometry study of the nanostructures, low electron voltages less than 5 kilovolts have been used in order to enhance the surface sensitivity of the resulting X-ray fluorescence due to the small inelastic mean free path of electron (~ 4 nm at 3 kV) in GaAs. The stoichiometric analysis indicates that the relative gallium content increases with size. However, the nanodots’ arsenic content as well as the relative Ga composition reaches to those of GaAs substrate when the dot size becomes smaller than 100 nm. The chemical analysis suggests a novel route of strainfree semiconductor nanodots.
Dynamic prediction characteristics of the Child Abuse Potential Inventory

OBJECTIVES: Risk measures are commonly used to evaluate outcomes in child abuse prevention and intervention programs. This study examined whether pre-intervention to post-intervention changes on the Child Abuse Potential Inventory (CAP) Abuse Scale corresponded to actual changes in risk for future reports of maltreatment and evaluated the validity of several algorithms for classifying clinically significant change. METHOD: Participants in the study were 459 parents participating in any one of 27 community-based family preservation and family support programs. Most parents were low-income mothers with a variety of social risk indicators, about a third of whom would be classified as high-risk by the CAP Abuse Scale. Participants were administered the CAP at program enrollment, then at completion of the intervention (median time=150 days), then followed for an average of approximately 2 years for future official maltreatment reports. Dynamic predictive validity of the CAP Abuse Scale was modeled by comparing survival models using a time-dependent structure of pre- and post-intervention scores to identically structured models using only a pre-intervention score. RESULTS: Pre-intervention CAP Abuse Scale scores demonstrated incremental future predictive validity. However, score changes failed to correspond to changes in likelihood of future abuse. Models using pre-intervention scores only were more predictive than time-dependent score models, and pre-intervention scores were better predictors than post-intervention scores of post-intervention CPS referrals. Common algorithms for classifying clinically significant change yielded results that could be counter-intuitive and misleading. For example, participants classified as improved on these algorithms were actually at similar or even higher risk than those classified as unchanged or worse. CONCLUSIONS: The results strongly supported the static predictive validity of the CAP and the use of the CAP for screening purposes. The results did not support the dynamic predictive validity of the CAP. Results of exploratory analyses suggested the possibility that the changes observed on the CAP Abuse Scale reflected changes in subscales assessing subjective distress or parenting attitudes, which may be markers for initial risk but when changed, do not necessarily translate into actual changes in future maltreatment behavior. Although replication and extension are needed before drawing firm conclusions, the current study raises questions about the common practice of using risk instruments as proxy measures for child maltreatment risk in intervention and prevention programs. Language: en
Precipitation of silica and formation of chert–mudstone–peat association in Miocene coastal environments at the opening of the Sea of Japan

Abstract A sedimentary sequence of layered chert alternating with mudstone and associated peat is present at Yachi, Japan. These deposits were accumulated in a local lacustrine to brackish-water environment along a coastal setting during the Early to Middle Miocene. The basement of the sedimentary sequence is rhyolite erupted just before the chert precipitation and its weathered derivatives. The chert and the mudstone lack coarse detrital grains. On the other hand, associated peat contains abundant plant leaves and debris that are compressed and deformed post-depositionally. Uncompressed leaf fragments and broken twiggy trunks in the chert suggest rapid chert precipitation and early lithification. Four quartz fabrics are recognized: chalcedony, microquartz, megaquartz, and euhedral quartz. These types vary from colorless to pale brown. Microscopic, SEM, and XRD observations reveal a paragenetic sequence of silica crystallization, chalcedony, microquartz and megaquartz, was precipitated and consolidated rapidly, then euhedral quartz was crystallized in voids. There is neither evidence indicating opal-A and opal-CT precursors of these quartz nor evidence showing that the chert is a post-depositional silicification product of volcanic ashes. Petrographic observation indicates that the initial silica mineral phase was quartz and chalcedony. Silica was interpreted to have precipitated as a result of influx of low pH water and mixing with silica-concentrated solution in the coastal depressions. The petrography and depositional environment of the chert are compared with those of other chert types. The chert–mudstone–peat association found at the Yachi seems to represent brackish-water sediments deposited during continental rifting of the Sea-of-Japan type.
Cold Antibody and Persistent Intravascular Hemolysis after Surgery under Hypothermia

Intravascular hemolysis began during cardiac surgery under hypothermia in a patient with an anti-HI cold agglutinin. The hemolysis continued for a week with destruction of an amount of red blood cells equal to the mass of A2B cells transfused. At the same time, 51Cr-tagged A1 cells were surviving normally. The destruction in vivo of HI positive red blood cells was later duplicated in vitro by pre-incubating group O red blood cells with the patient's plasma in the cold at a time when he was hematologically normal. This cause of clinical hemolysis must be a rare complication of hypothermia.
Calcium and salmon calcitonin in treatment of osteoporosis.

Calcitonin has been considered of therapeutic value in osteoporosis because of its effects in tissue culture. In the whole animal, however, the predominant result seems to be hypocalcemia, which might be expected to have the opposite effect of stimulating parathyroid hormone secretion and therefore resorption of bone. Indeed, in a short term study of 3- and 4-month duration in osteoporotic women, this was found to be so. A combination of calcium and calcitonin was therefore considered a more promising therapeutic alternative for this disease. Calcium was given to 26 patients, alone or with vitamin D, for a period of 15 months, and the effects on serum and urine calcium and phosphorus and on bone resorption and formation were evaluated. Calcium and vitamin D decreased serum parathyroid hormone levels, reduced bone resorption, and increased urinary calcium. The addition of calcitonin to the calcium and vitamin D did not seem to change these effects. Neither form of treatment resulted in change of bone mass....
Analysis of Npl4 deletion mutants in mammalian cells unravels new Ufd1-interacting motifs and suggests a regulatory role of Npl4 in ERAD

Abstract Npl4 is a 67 kDa protein forming a stable heterodimer with Ufd1, which in turn binds the ubiquitous p97/VCP ATPase. According to a widely accepted model, VCPUfd1–Npl4 promotes the retrotranslocation of emerging ER proteins, their ubiquitination by associated ligases, and handling to the 26S proteasome for degradation in a process known as ERAD (ER-associated degradation). Using a series of Npl4 deletion mutants we have revealed that the binding of Ufd1 to Npl4 is mediated by two regions: a conserved stretch of amino acids from 113 to 255 within the zf-Npl4 domain and by the Npl4 homology domain between amino acids 263 and 344. Within the first region, we have identified two discrete subdomains: one involved in Ufd1 binding and one regulating VCP binding. Expression of any one of the mutants failed to induce any changes in the morphology of the ER or Golgi compartments. Moreover, we have observed that overexpression of all the analyzed mutants induced mild ER stress, as evidenced by increased Grp74/BiP expression without associated XBP1 splicing or induction of apoptosis. Surprisingly, we have not observed any accumulation of the typical ERAD substrate αTCR. This favors the model where the Ufd1–Npl4 dimer forms a regulatory gate at the exit from the retrotranslocone, rather than actively promoting retrotranslocation like the p97VCP ATPase.
Preparation of 3-stearoyl-D-glucose—A bread-softening agent

In previous work 3-stearoyl-d-glucose was found to have superior bread softening action. This paper describes its synthesis by reaction of stearoyl chloride with 1,2∶5,6-diisopropylidene-d-glucose and subsequent deacetonation of the intermediate stearoyl diisopropylidene-d-glucose. Acetonation of the product, followed by saponification of the acyl group, produced 1,2∶5,6-diisopropylidene-d-glucose and indicated that the substance is 3-stearoyl-d-glucose.
Multiaxial strength characteristics of trabecular bone

Abstract Bovine trabecular bone specimens were tested in multiaxial stress, including pure shear, in a special test device. Shear strength was proportional to apparent density to the exponent 1.65, in approximate agreement with theoretical and experimental studies on the shear strengths of porous foams. The mean shear strength was 6.60 ± 1.66 MPa, after normalizing for apparent density. This compares well with normalized shear strengths from Saha and Gorman's (1981) study on human femora. A scanning electron microscope study indicated random trabecular architecture and a complex fracture mechanism at the level of the individual trabecular struts. Hoffmann's (1967) 3-D isotropic failure criterion was applied to the multiaxial test data, along with data from uniaxial compression tests, indicating a compressive strength approximately three times the tensile strength.
Using Storybooks to Promote Multicultural Sensitivity in Elementary School Children

The authors discuss the use of storybooks to promote multicultural sensitivity among elementary school children. The increasing diversity in the United States dictates that children are sensitive to cultural differences of individuals from varied backgrounds. Because they are in a formative stage of life, children are an ideal population with which to begin teaching about diversity. Los autores discuten el uso de libros de cuentos para promover la sensibilidad multicultural entre ninos de escuela primaria. La diversidad creciente en los Estados Unidos dicta que ninos son sensibles a diferencias culturales de individuos de origen variados. Porque ellos estan en una etapa formativa de la vida, los ninos son una poblacion ideal con que empezar la ensenanza acerca de la diversidad.
The planet in a pebble: A journey into Earth's deep history

An old idea in America is that the perfect educator could sit on one end of a log, with a pupil on the other end, and simply by dint of knowledge, organization, and verve be able to teach that student anything. Picture now a log of driftwood on a beach in Wales. The educator takes one end, and we—any of us, but mainly someone not too well versed in geology—take the other end. He is about to clue us in. He picks up a pebble, a beach cobble, and begins.
Migration of plasticizers from printing inks into foods

It has been demonstrated that on storage of a tightly wound reel of polypropylene packaging film, specially printed for experimental purposes, transfer can occur of components from the ink on the outer surface of the film on to the inner food contact surface. For dicyclohexyl phthalate this transfer amounted to 6% of the total amount of plasticizer available in the printing ink system. It was subsequently shown for confectionery and snack food products wrapped in commercially printed polypropylene films that plasticizers only present in the printing ink migrated into the foods. The migration of plasticizer increased with storage time of the wrapped product; for dibutyl phthalate, for example, levels increased from 0.2 to 6.7 mg/kg over the period from 0 to 180 days storage of a chocolate-coated confectionery product. A small retail survey (47 samples) of confectionery, snack products and biscuits wrapped in printed polypropylene film showed the presence of one or more plasticizers at levels from 0.02 to 14.1 mg/kg for dibutyl phthalate, from less than 0.01 to 18.6 mg/kg for dicyclohexyl phthalate and from less than 0.01 to 1.8 mg/kg for di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. In all cases there was a good correlation between the plasticizers found in the printing ink from the film and those in the food. Wide variations were found, however, in the amounts and types of plasticizers used in printed packaging of the same brand of retail food product purchased from different regions of the country.
An Investigation of Fatigue Crack Nucleation and Growth in a Ti–6Al–4V/TiB in Situ Composite

Abstract This paper presents the results of an experimental study of fatigue crack nucleation and growth in a Ti–6Al–4V/TiB in situ whisker-reinforced composite. The onset of crack nucleation is shown to correspond to ∼20% of the total life at a stress range of 480 MPa. This is associated with transverse cracking across TiB whiskers, and interfacial decohesion between the TiB whiskers and the Ti–6Al–4V matrix. Subsequent cracking occurs by the formation of multiple cracks across the elongated α grains. These cracks are retarded initially by the β phase. However, subsequent fatigue damage results in transgranular crack growth across α and β phases prior to the onset of catastrophic failure. The long fatigue crack growth rates in the Paris regime in the Ti–6Al–4V/TiB composite are comparable to those of Ti–6Al–4V processed under nominally identical conditions. However, the fatigue crack growth rates in the composite are faster than those in the matrix alloy at lower Δ K values. Cyclic deformation of the composite is associated with strain softening, presumably as a result of progressive interfacial decohesion around the TiB whiskers early in the fatigue deformation process. The implications of the results are assessed for potential structural applications of the Ti–6Al–4V/TiB composite.
Probing the Niobium Metallaaziridine Functionality

Borane abstraction from 4-BH4 was used to access the metallaaziridine-hydride functionality in a niobium system. Unlike its known molybdenum analog, proposed intermediate 4-H displays reactivity characteristic of electrophilic early transition-metal hydride complexes.