cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vectorial Ca2+ flux from the extracellular space to the endoplasmic reticulum via a restricted cytoplasmic compartment regulates inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-stimulated Ca2+ release from internal stores in vascular endothelial cells

Depletion of the Ins(1,4,5)P3-sensitive intracellular Ca2+ store of vascular endothelial cells after selective inhibition of the endoplasmic-reticulum (ER) Ca2+ pump by thapsigargin or 2,5-di-t-butylhydroquinone (BHQ) increases Ca2+ influx from the extracellular space in the absence of phosphoinositide hydrolysis. One model to account for these results suggests a close association between the internal store and the plasmalemma, allowing for the vectorial movement of Ca2+ from the extracellular space to the ER. Furthermore, recent evidence suggests that Ins(1,4,5)P3-induced Ca2+ release from intracellular stores is regulated by the free cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i). Thus agonist-induced Ca2+ entry may directly regulate Ca2+ release from internal stores. To test these hypotheses, we examined the effect of 1-(beta-[3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propoxy]-4-methoxyphenethyl)-1H-imidazole (SKF 96365), an inhibitor of Ca2+ influx, on unidirectional 45Ca2+ efflux (i.e. retrograde radioisotope flux via the influx pathway) and on [Ca2+]i as measured by fura-2. Bradykinin produced a transient increase in [Ca2+]i, reflecting release of Ca2+ from internal stores, and a sustained increase indicative of Ca2+ influx. In the absence of agonist, 45Ca2+ efflux was slow and monoexponential with time. Addition of BK dramatically increased 45Ca2+ efflux; 50-60% of the 45Ca2+ associated with the cell monolayer was released within 2 min after addition of bradykinin. Both the bradykinin-induced change in [Ca2+]i and the stimulation of 45Ca2+ efflux was completely blocked by loading the cells with the Ca2+ chelator BAPTA. At a supermaximal concentration of bradykinin (50 nM), SKF 96365 (50 microM) inhibited the rise in [Ca2+]i attributed to influx without affecting release from internal stores. At a threshold concentration of bradykinin (2 nM), SKF 96365 blocked influx, but stimulated Ca2+ release from internal stores, as indicated by increases in both the transient component of the fura-2 response and 45Ca2+ efflux. Thapsigargin (200 nM) and BHQ (10 microM) produced an increase in 45Ca2+ efflux that was completely blocked by SKF 96365 or by cytosolic loading with BAPTA. These results suggest the existence of a restricted sub-plasmalemmal space that is defined by an area of surface membrane which contains the Ca(2+)-influx pathway but is devoid of Ca2+ pumps, and by a section of ER that is rich in thapsigargin-sensitive Ca(2+)-pump units.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
A Faculty/Staff/Student Team for Collaboration in Developing Mobile Applications in the Software Engineering Course

A faculty/staff/student team was used as a collaboration model to develop, maintain, and improve mobile applications built for use by students on the campus of California State University, San Bernardino. The team was developed in the software engineering class where the projects are mobile applications requested by real clients in the campus. After the class is over, the students continue the development through independent studies and senior projects. During this time, the students work with a team of student interns and staff from the Administrative Computing Services, Information Technology Division of the campus until the mobile applications are published in both Google Play and Apple App Store. The students learn tremendously through hands-on experience and actual interactions with real clients in the software engineering course. We found that the principles and concepts of software engineering are learned better in this project-based class.
Response to Intervention for English Learners

When compared to English-only (EO) students, English learners (ELs) continue to demonstrate lower academic achievement in all areas throughout their school careers. There appear to be a number of reasons why this is the case, including a lack of emphasis on research-based English language development (ELD) instruction in the schools and, concurrently, a lack of differentiated instruction for ELs throughout the school day. Additionally, due to the fact that EL students tend to be concentrated in urban, low-income environments, these students tend to lack vocabulary and literacy skills in their first language. All of these issues serve to place EL students at a disadvantage early on, and this achievement gap becomes more pronounced later on. Fortunately, there is a movement in schools toward the use of response to intervention (RTI), and with that, the adoption of evidence-based instructional programs and practices in schools. Consequently, this chapter focuses on the advantages this movement provides for EL students, and specifically, the incorporation of empirically based ELD instruction and classroom practices that support academic language development during content area instruction. Additionally, specific recommendations for screening, instruction, progress monitoring, and intervention at tiers 1 and 2 are discussed.
Techniques to perform robotic left adrenalectomy in the obese patient.

Introduction Minimally invasive adrenalectomy may be associated with reduction in postoperative pain, morbidity, and length of stay and, as a result, has become a preferred approach for many adrenal tumors. Left-sided adrenal tumors, however, are particularly challenging to address in the morbidly obese patient due to difficulties in maintaining exposure and dissection. The robotic platform offers instruments with greater degrees of freedom that aid in retraction and dissection, especially of the adrenal vein, but fixed patient positioning and the large distance needed between patient ports to avoid arm collisions can be restrictive in patients with a large amount of retroperitoneal fat and small working space.
Fault isolation in distributed parameter systems modeled by parabolic partial differential equations

A fault detection and isolation scheme is addressed for a class of linear distributed parameter systems (DPS) described by partial differential equations (PDE). In contrast to using ordinary differential equations (ODE) for describing DPS, in this paper, a filter based observer based on the linear PDE representation is proposed with an output measurement. A fault is declared active when the magnitude of the detection residual exceeds a predefined threshold. Upon detection, an actuator and a sensor fault isolation estimators are activated to identify the fault type when their isolation residual is below a predefined threshold and the other is above the threshold. When both actuator and sensor fault isolation estimator residuals are above their isolation thresholds, a state fault is considered to have occurred. Upon isolation, the magnitude of the fault parameter is identified. Finally, the performance of the fault detection and isolation scheme is demonstrated on a heat reactor system which is represented by linear parabolic PDEs.
Angular Momentum and Rotational Wavefunctions

Several topics related to the subject of angular momentum are discussed in this appendix. In particular, it is pointed out that considerable insight into the transformation properties of rotational wavefunctions can be gained by writing them in terms of the elements of the direction-cosine matrix. These results are utilized in Chapter 2, where we consider the symmetry properties of rigid molecules. The ideas presented here are based upon some remarks of Louck [7] and Louck and Galbraith [17], together with Judd’s double-tensor formalism [11]. This approach has also recently been developed by Hilico et al. [14] and by Pascaud [15].
How Lipid Composition Controls Ordered Membrane Domain (“Raft”) Formation in Membranes of Pathogenic Bacteria

Borrelia burgdorferi is the causative agent of Lyme disease. Co-existing ordered (raft) and disordered membrane domains have been detected in the outer membrane of B. burgdorferi, and in whole Borrelia lipid extracts, despite lacking sphingolipids - which are a crucial component of eukaryotic rafts. In order to understand the principles of lipid raft formation in this organism, we have isolated its three major lipids, acylated cholesteryl galactoside (ACGal), monogalactosyl diacyglycerol (MGalD) and phosphatidylcholine (PC). Anisotropy and FRET experiments have been used to study ordered domain formation in aqueous dispersions formed from these lipids individually and in various lipid mixtures. We found that ACGal has the highest potential to form ordered domains both by itself and in lipid mixtures. Interestingly, B. burgdorferi PC forms ordered domains more readily than MGalD. MGalD has only a very weak tendency to participate in ordered domain formation, though more so than an unsaturated phospholipid (dioleoyl PC). The observation that PC and ACGal have a level of saturation in their acyl chain composition (which we confirmed NMR) is one factor contributing to their strong ability to form ordered domains. The formation of co-existing ordered and disordered domains in B. burgdorferi may help predict when lipid raft would form in other bacteria containing similar lipids.
Characterization of the 14 June 2011 Norman, Oklahoma, Downburst through Dual-Polarization Radar Observations and Hydrometeor Classification

AbstractOn 14 June 2011, thunderstorms developed along a cold front in central Oklahoma in a thermodynamic environment that was conducive for downbursts. One of the thunderstorms produced a wet downburst in Norman, Oklahoma, that resulted in surface winds in excess of 35 m s−1 (>80 mi h−1) and hailstones in excess of 4 cm in diameter. Unique 1-min observations of the downburst were recorded by an Oklahoma Mesonet station. These observations indicated a 6.6-hPa pressure rise that was coincident with a rain rate of 213 mm h−1 at the center of the downburst. In this event, both the research KOUN (Norman) and operational KTLX (Oklahoma City, Oklahoma) Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) instruments were scanning this downburst and its parent storm at close range (<30 km). KOUN provided polarimetric radar data (PRD) while both radars provided limited dual-Doppler coverage. The evolution of the downburst is analyzed mostly through the use of reconstructed range–height indicators of the PRD. A hydr...
ℓ2-homology of the free group

Abstract We analyze the reduced l 2 -homology groups of a finitely generated nonabelian free group, F . Specifically, the projection map onto the space of harmonic l 2 -1-chains is explicitly described and a weak isomorphism from ( l 2 ( F ) ) rk ( F ) − 1 to the space of harmonic l 2 -1-chains is given.
‘Adults don’t understand’: exploring how teens use dialectical frameworks to navigate webs of tensions in online life

ABSTRACTAs communication increasingly takes place online and via mobile technologies, young people are the fastest growing adopters of new online platforms. Consequently, communication scholars have begun to consider young people’s experiences online, comparing online and offline interactions, establishing how developmental stages affect youth’s engagement with online content, and documenting risks for youth’s experience online. We argue that much can be gained from a ‘tension-centered’ approach that highlights the competing demands of young people’s online engagement and problematizes current conceptions of risk. Through focus group interviews with teens, we examine current trends of online activity and re-conceptualize opportunities for conducting research with youth. Teens’ ‘local logics’ for negotiation webs of communicative tensions online reveal articulation of formal rules, which are later eclipsed by lived experiences. We offer strategies for parents, caregivers, and educators to more productively...
A Systematic Review of Cost-Effectiveness Studies Reporting Cost-per-DALY Averted.

Introduction Calculating the cost per disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) averted associated with interventions is an increasing popular means of assessing the cost-effectiveness of strategies to improve population health. However, there has been no systematic attempt to characterize the literature and its evolution. Methods We conducted a systematic review of cost-effectiveness studies reporting cost-per-DALY averted from 2000 through 2015. We developed the Global Health Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (GHCEA) Registry, a repository of English-language cost-per-DALY averted studies indexed in PubMed. To identify candidate studies, we searched PubMed for articles with titles or abstracts containing the phrases “disability-adjusted” or “DALY”. Two reviewers with training in health economics independently reviewed each article selected in our abstract review, gathering information using a standardized data collection form. We summarized descriptive characteristics on study methodology: e.g., intervention type, country of study, study funder, study perspective, along with methodological and reporting practices over two time periods: 2000–2009 and 2010–2015. We analyzed the types of costs included in analyses, the study quality on a scale from 1 (low) to 7 (high), and examined the correlation between diseases researched and the burden of disease in different world regions. Results We identified 479 cost-per-DALY averted studies published from 2000 through 2015. Studies from Sub-Saharan Africa comprised the largest portion of published studies. The disease areas most commonly studied were communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional disorders (67%), followed by non-communicable diseases (28%). A high proportion of studies evaluated primary prevention strategies (59%). Pharmaceutical interventions were commonly assessed (32%) followed by immunizations (28%). Adherence to good practices for conducting and reporting cost-effectiveness analysis varied considerably. Studies mainly included formal healthcare sector costs. A large number of the studies in Sub-Saharan Africa addressed high-burden conditions such as HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, neglected tropical diseases and malaria, and diarrhea, lower respiratory infections, meningitis, and other common infectious diseases. Conclusion The Global Health Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Registry reveals a growing and diverse field of cost-per-DALY averted studies. However, study methods and reporting practices have varied substantially.
Discriminations That Depend Upon Blue Cones

This report is concerned with discriminations between two parts of a split field for special conditions where the perceived difference depends solely upon the differential stimulation of blue (B) cones1. There are three interrelated ways to regard this problem. The first makes use of the concept of chromaticity, as represented for example by the CIE chart of Fig. 1. A second perspective utilizes the hypothesized pathways of an opponent-color model. The third viewpoint pays special attention to the spectral sensitivities of human cones.
WAVES: Web-based Audio/Video Educational Systems for Real-Time Laboratory Experiments

Abstract This article describes the architecture of a web-based audio/video educational system for real-time laboratory experiments through Internet, currently developed at the WAVES Lab of the University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona. The goal of the WAVES project is to develop an open and integrated platform for online laboratory experimentation, computer simulation, and course instruction using the Internet for research and teacfiing in modeling, design, analysis, and control of dynamical systems. The project is unique in that we can conduct hardware lab experiments via the Internet and provide researchers and students at remote sites with real-time data feedback and delayed (few minutes) audio/video feedback of experimented results. Although many Internet-based tools have been developed for instruction, to the best of our knowledge, none includes “hand-on” experiments with actual hardware. Since Internet-based hardware systems can be shared and scheduled for use by a large number of researchers and students in various locations, the WAVES platform is a cost-effective way to address the issue of “hands on” experience for students and researchers. In our current implementation, a three layer architecture is used, i.e., the clients, the dispatcher, and the coordinators. First, the clients issue tasks and receive feedback for conducting a specific lab experiment; then the dispatcher deals with the control and communication between the clients and coordinators; finally the coordinators conduct the actual experiment through hardware setups, simulation models, and database systems.
Underground Power Plants in Yugoslavia

Yugoslavia has 12 underground water power plants in operation and 3 under construction, 2 of which exceed 400 Mw; majority are constructed in limestone, which has been found satisfactory for such plants; plant chamber is generally near face of mountain to reduce length of access and galleries; table lists plants with number of turbines, plant capacity, height of head, and type of surrounding rock formations; plans and elevational drawings of plants are given.
Automatic performance evaluation in surgical simulation

One of the most important advantages of computer simulators for surgical training is the opportunity they afford for independent learning. However, if the simulator does not provide useful instructional feedback to the user, this advantage is significantly blunted by the need for an instructor to supervise and tutor the trainee while using the simulator. In fact, the continued need for instructor feedback with most existing simulators is often cited as a primary reason for the reluctance of many medical schools to fully embrace simulator technology. Thus, the incorporation of relevant, intuitive metrics---and, just as importantly, the presentation of such metrics to the user in such a way so as to provide constructive feedback that facilitates independent learning and improvement---is essential to the development of efficient simulators. This dissertation presents a number of novel metrics for the automated evaluation of surgical technique. Although many of the concepts behind these metrics have wide application throughout surgery, they have been implemented specifically in the context of a simulation of mastoidectomy, a surgical procedure that involves drilling away part of the temporal bone in order to access the inner ear. First, the visuohaptic simulator itself is described, followed by the details of a wide variety of metrics designed to assess the user's ability to make correct decisions in response to discrete events in a surgical scenario, maintain proper visibility of the surgical field, achieve sufficient exposure of critical anatomic structures, remove the optimal volume of bone, apply appropriate forces and velocities as vulnerable structures are approached, and demonstrate expert technique in the positioning and movement of the drill and suction. Mechanisms for providing visualizations and other feedback to the user based on these metrics, both interactively in the simulator while performing the virtual procedure, and afterwards in an automated debriefing session using a novel performance evaluation console, are then elaborated. Next, the results of several user studies are reported, providing some preliminary validation of the simulator, the metrics, the feedback mechanisms, and the hypothesis that skills learned on a haptic simulator can transfer to a real-world, surgically-relevant task. Finally, our efforts to apply machine learning algorithms to our simulator data in order to automatically differentiate users' expertise levels are recounted, and some final thoughts are offered.
Isolation of Intact mRNA and Construction of Full-Length cDNA Libraries: Use of a New Vector, λgt22, and Primer-Adapters for Directional cDNA Cloning

cDNA cloning has proven to be an indispensable tool for elucidating the structure, organization and expression of eukaryotic genes. It has also been essential for synthesizing foreign proteins in heterologous hosts, providing coding sequence of a gene of interest. In the future this technology will undoubtedly assume an ever expanding role in both science and commerce. cDNA libraries constructed by classical methods contain a population of cDNAs in which the inserts of a given species have widely varying lengths. Isolation of a full-length cDNA requires repeated screening of the library, or more usually, the full-length cDNA is reconstructed from partial length cDNAs. There have been continuing efforts to modify the technology in order to produce full-length cDNAs from mRNAs of large size (larger than 4 kb) and low abundance (less than 0.01%). Even so, it has been difficult until recently to isolate cDNA representing a complete copy of an intact mRNA, especially when it is to be cloned from a tissue rich in nuclease or when the mRNA is very large (more than 5 kb). Recently we have constructed a cDNA library from adult rat pancreas and isolated cDNA clones which encode the lysophospholipase mRNAs from cap to polyA site, 2.1 kb in length (1). In this same library, the majority of other cDNA clones (more than 80% tested) are full-length copies as well. During this work we have made significant modifications to the existing methodology for cDNA cloning. This includes an improvement in the procedures for isolation of intact RNA, and modification for directional cDNA cloning using primer-adapters and finally optimization of lambda vectors. A combination of these modifications not only allows construction of a full-length cDNA library but also provides other valuable applications, for example, an effective method to screen the library in a subtractive manner. This chapter provides the details of the modifications and discusses the implications of up-to-date directional cDNA cloning techniques. The strategy described here is especially helpful for isolating rare gene products which are difficult to purify by conventional biochemical means.
Double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging trial of intravenous ketamine as adjunctive therapy in treatment-resistant depression (TRD)

Supplementary Figure 1 and Supplementary Tables 1-4 have been re-uploaded so as to reflect the versions supplied during proofs stage. The publisher apologizes for the error in versioning. The HTML version of the paper has been updated.
Assessment of blood-brain barrier integrity and neuroinflammation in preeclampsia.

Abstract Background While blood-brain barrier integrity is intact under normal pregnancy conditions, animal studies suggest that blood-brain barrier impairment occurs in preeclampsia. Yet, human data is limited, and the integrity of the blood-brain barrier has not been assessed in women with preeclampsia. Objective We sought to test the hypothesis that the integrity of the blood-brain barrier is impaired, and neuroinflammation is increased, in women with preeclampsia. Study Design We performed an observational case-control study in pregnant women >24 weeks gestation, undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery or combined spinal epidural analgesia for labor. Cases were women with preeclampsia and controls were women with either healthy pregnancy, chronic hypertension, or gestational hypertension. Paired samples of blood, urine and cerebrospinal fluid were collected from each subject before delivery. We measured albumin, C5a, C5b-9, TNF-α, and IL-6 concentrations in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid, and albumin, C5a, and C5b-9 concentrations in urine, using colorimetric or enzyme linked immunosorbent assays. The ratio of albumin in cerebrospinal fluid to plasma (Q alb ) was used as a surrogate for maternal blood-brain barrier integrity. Cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of C5a, C5b-9, TNF-α, and IL-6 were used as surrogate markers of neuroinflammation. Differences in Q alb and cerebrospinal fluid protein concentrations between groups were assessed by non-parametric test of medians. Results Forty-eight subjects were enrolled, including 16 cases with preeclampsia, 16 controls with healthy pregnancy and 16 controls with either chronic or gestational hypertension. Q alb values were not increased in preeclampsia cases compared to healthy or hypertensive controls [Q alb median (interquartile range): 3.5 (2.9-5.1) vs. 3.9 (3.0-4.8) vs. 3.9 (3.0-4.8), P=0.78]. Moreover, Q alb values were not increased in the subset of women with preeclampsia with severe features (n=8) compared to those without severe features (n=8) [Q alb median (interquartile range): 3.5 (3.3-4.9) vs. 3.7 (2.3-5.5), P=0.62]. Cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of C5a, C5b-9, TNF-α and IL-6 were not increased in cases of preeclampsia, compared to controls with either healthy pregnancy, chronic hypertension, or gestational hypertension (P>0.05, all comparisons). In contrast to the negative findings in cerebrospinal fluid, plasma concentrations of both C5b-9 and IL-6, and urine concentrations of C5a and C5b-9, were increased in subjects with preeclampsia. Conclusion Through measurements of albumin, complement proteins, and cytokines in paired samples of blood and cerebrospinal fluid at the time of delivery, we found no evidence of blood-brain barrier impairment or neuroinflammation in preeclampsia. Larger studies investigating a wider range of proteins are suggested to validate our findings.
Analysis of the Effect of Sensors for End-to-End Machine Learning Odometry.

Accurate position and orientation estimations are essential for navigation in autonomous robots. Although it is a well studied problem, existing solutions rely on statistical filters, which usually require good parameter initialization or calibration and are computationally expensive. This paper addresses that problem by using an end-to-end machine learning approach. This work explores the incorporation of multiple sources of data (monocular RGB images and inertial data) to overcome the weaknesses of each source independently. Three different odometry approaches are proposed using CNNs and LSTMs and evaluated against the KITTI dataset and compared with other existing approaches. The obtained results show that the performance of the proposed approaches is similar to the state-of-the-art ones, outperforming some of them at a lower computational cost allowing their execution on resource constrained devices.
Prevalence of ambulatory blood pressure phenotypes using the 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association blood pressure guideline thresholds: data from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study.

Background The 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) blood pressure (BP) guideline lowered the BP thresholds for defining hypertension compared with the Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee (JNC7) guideline. Methods We analyzed clinic and ambulatory BP monitoring data from 717 Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study participants and compared the prevalence of clinic and out-of-clinic BP phenotypes using thresholds from the 2017 ACC/AHA and JNC7 guidelines. Results Among participants not taking antihypertensive medication and according to the JNC7 and 2017 ACC/AHA guidelines, 11.1 and 30.1% of participants had clinic hypertension, 37.5 and 57.9% had awake hypertension, 35.7 and 58.1% had asleep hypertension, and 35.7 and 58.6% had 24-h hypertension, respectively. According to the JNC7 and 2017 ACC/AHA guideline definitions, 1.9 and 3.2% had white-coat hypertension, 28.2 and 31.0% had masked hypertension and 9.3 and 26.9% had sustained hypertension, respectively. Among participants taking antihypertensive medication and when defined using the JNC7 and 2017 ACC/AHA guideline BP thresholds, 18.6 and 45.3% had uncontrolled clinic BP, 48.1 and 62.5% had uncontrolled awake BP, 48.1 and 70.2% had uncontrolled asleep BP and, 47.7 and 65.3% had uncontrolled 24-h BP, respectively. Using JNC7 and 2017 ACC/AHA guideline BP thresholds, the prevalence was 1.4 and 5.2% for white-coat effect, 30.9 and 22.5% for masked uncontrolled hypertension, and 17.2 and 40.0% for sustained uncontrolled BP, respectively. Conclusion The 2017 ACC/AHA guideline results in a substantially higher prevalence of awake, asleep, 24-h, and sustained hypertension.
Measuring Adverse Child Experiences Among Young Adolescents Globally: Relationships With Depressive Symptoms and Violence Perpetration.

Abstract Purpose The purpose of the study was to develop a measure of ACEs applicable for young adolescents in low- and middle-income countries (ACEs) and to analyze the relationships of ACEs against two outcomes: depressive symptoms and violence perpetration. There is a paucity of research on the consequences of adverse child experiences (ACEs) on adolescent health and behavior from low- and middle-income countries and virtually no multinational studies. Methods As part of the Global Early Adolescent Study, an 11-item measure of ACEs was developed and piloted with 1,284 adolescents aged 10–14 years in 14 urban communities in an equal number of countries. With one exception where interviewers were used, data were self-reported anonymously using tablets. Results compared a summative ACEs index score and latent class analysis. Results Findings show high rates of ACEs exposure experienced by young adolescents in resource-poor neighborhoods in low- and middle-income countries; disproportionate exposures of boys and strong associations between ACEs and both depressive symptoms and violence perpetration. Latent class analysis provided modest refinement over a summed ACEs score. Conclusion While interventions tend to focus on behavioral outcomes, evidence suggests that ACEs exposure is a strong antecedent related to both depressive symptoms and violence perpetration.
The “Tyranny” of Choice: A Reexamination of the Prevailing Narrative

The two cohorts of emerging and young adults each occupies a point in historical time that point to the significance of choice. Two styles of selection, optimizing and satisficing are discussed; those who feel compelled to take an optimizing approach make the maximal choice and those who select from the best available choices and move forward to make a satisficing choice. With respect to career choice, the two cohorts in the study provide rich and variable expression to their hopes and fears, but a clear difference in the approach to career choice emerged for the two cohorts. Those in the more affluent cohort tended to gravitate toward a pruning of choice, feeling the anxiety of choice more acutely. By comparison, those with fewer economic resources and less access to a safety net tended to prefer the risk management possibilities afforded by a wider field of choice.
Manufacturing Morals: The Values of Silence in Business School Education

Corporate accountability is never far from the front page, and as the world's most elite institution for business education, Harvard Business School trains many of the future leaders of Fortune 500 companies. But how does HBS formally and informally ensure faculty and students embrace proper business standards? Making unprecedented use of his position as a Harvard Business School faculty member, Michel Anteby takes readers inside HBS in order to draw vivid parallels between the socialization of faculty and of students. In an era when many organizations are focused on principles of responsibility, Harvard Business School has long tried to promote better business standards. Anteby's rich account reveals the surprising role of silence and ambiguity in HBS' process of codifying morals and business values. As Anteby describes, at HBS specifics are often left unspoken; for example, teaching notes given to faculty provide much guidance on how to teach but are largely silent on what to teach. Manufacturing Morals demonstrates how faculty and students are exposed to a system that operates on open-ended directives that require significant decision-making on the part of those involved, with little overt guidance from the hierarchy. Anteby suggests that this model - which tolerates moral complexity - is perhaps one of the few that can adapt and endure over time. Manufacturing Morals is a perceptive must-read for anyone looking for insight into the moral decision-making of today's business leaders and those influenced by and working for them.
Idealization and Romantic Beliefs in Love

This chapter discusses pros and cons of romantic love beliefs, positive and negative aspects of idealization in love. Empirical research of romantic beliefs shows cross-cultural and gender differences in romantic love idealization.
Cosmogenic 3He production rate in ilmenite and the redistribution of spallation 3He in fine-grained minerals

Cosmogenic nuclide surface exposure dating and erosion rate measurements in basaltic landscapes rely primarily on measurement of ^3He in olivine or pyroxene. However, geochemical investigations using ^3He have been impossible in the substantial fraction of basalts that lack separable olivine or pyroxene crystals, or where such crystals were present, but have been chemically weathered. Fine-textured basalts often contain small grains of ilmenite, a weathering-resistant mineral that is a target for cosmogenic ^3He production with good He retention and straightforward mineral separation, but with a poorly constrained production rate. Here we empirically calibrate the cosmogenic ^3He production rate in ilmenite by measuring ^3He concentrations in basalts with fine-grained (∼20 μm cross-section) ilmenite and co-existing pyroxene or olivine from the Columbia River and Snake River Plain basalt provinces in the western United States. The concentration ratio of ilmenite to pyroxene and olivine is 0.78 ± 0.02, yielding an apparent cosmogenic ^3He production rate of 93.6 ± 7.7 atom g^(−1) yr^(−1) that is 20–30% greater than expected from prior theoretical and empirical estimates for compositionally similar minerals. The production rate discrepancy arises from the high energy with which cosmic ray spallation reactions emit tritium and ^3He and the associated long stopping distances that cause them to redistribute within a rock. Fine-grained phases with low cosmogenic ^3He production rates, like ilmenite, will have anomalously high production rates owing to net implantation of ^3He from the surrounding, higher ^3He production rate, matrix. Semi-quantitative modeling indicates implantation of spallation ^3He increases with decreasing ilmenite grain size, leading to production rates that exceed those in a large grain by ∼10% when grain radii are <150 μm. The modeling predicts that for the ilmenite grain size in our samples, implantation causes production rates to be ∼20% greater than expected for a large grain, and within uncertainty resolves the discrepancy between our calibrated production rate, theory, and rates from previous work. The redistribution effect is maximized when the host rock and crystals differ substantially in mean atomic number, as they do between whole-rock basalt and ilmenite.
Matrix Formulation of Structural Stability Problems

A stability coefficient matrix is derived for use with the stiffness matrix in the deformation analysis of structures. This matrix allows the easy modification of the conventional beam stiffness matrix to include the effects of axial loads in the members and therefore gives a simple and rapid formulation of stability problems for columns and general frame structures. The matrix presented is approximate and the method gives an upper bound to the critical loading. However, the examples presented indicated excellent agreement with known exact results for both column and rigid frame critical loads, and the accuracy may be improved by a finer subdivision of the structure. The method is ideally suited for computers.
Model Predictive Q-Learning (MPQ-L) for Bilinear Systems

This paper provides a conceptual framework to design an optimal controller for a bilinear system by reinforcement learning. Model Predictive Q-Learning (MPQ-L) combines Model Predictive Control (MPC) with Q-Learning. MPC finds an initial sub-optimal controller from which a suitable parameterization of the Q-function is determined. The Q-function and the controller are then updated by reinforcement learning to optimality.
The Lullaby Project: A Musical Intervention for Pregnant Women.

Background: This pilot study investigated the impact of a musical intervention on maternal/fetal attachment, psychiatric symptoms, and perceived stress in two centers. Materials and Methods: Forty-...
Discerning Motivational Interviewing through a spiritual lens—discovering a Christian MI archetype and native MI language

An overarching conceptual perspective on motivational interviewing (MI) captures how it evokes intrinsic motivation for change by relying on four key elements: establishing vision, exploring discrepancy, and building efficacy, which coalesce to resolve for change. We suggest that the Christian narrative and doctrines of creation, fall, and redemption, motivating repentance resolve, invoke these same motivating processes. In this paper we explore these parallels between MI and Christian doctrine and use empirical literature to suggest how secular and religious counselors can enhance their efforts to evoke intrinsic motivation for change with religious clients by employing their "native language" within this framework of MI process.
Modeling and experimental validation of additively manufactured tantalum-titanium bimetallic interfaces

Abstract Bimetallic structures processed via laser-based additive manufacturing (AM) efficiently combine multiple materials in single components, which are difficult to achieve using traditional methods. However, limited understanding exists on how processing parameters influence the resulting microstructures and thermal profiles of base material during processing, affecting component performance. To this end, we present a combined numerical and experimental study on the effects of input laser power and scanning speed on the heat-affected-zone (HAZ) and fusion-zone (FZ) of a tantalum-titanium bimetallic structure, two compatible materials that are challenging to process traditionally and are desirable in a bimetallic system. We demonstrate that a wide array of track characteristics can be achieved by varying the laser power and scanning speed. The HAZ and FZ microstructures' width and depth within the underlying Ti6Al4V substrate can be estimated within 6–19% of the experimentally determined values using a 3D transient-thermal finite element analysis (FEA) model, with the most significant errors occurring at low scanning speeds. Adjusting the absorptivity input to the model improves prediction to within 1–11% difference of the HAZ/FZ dimensions and corresponding temperatures relative to the experimental dimensions across a broad range of laser power and scanning speeds. Our results indicate that the underlying temperatures achieved in bimetallic components can be predicted accurately using a detailed FEA approach, aiding larger-scale approaches towards improved process modeling and manufacturing of bimetallic structures using laser-based AM.
Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis Following Skin and Soft Tissue Infection in a Patient With Human Immunodeficiency Virus.

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a systemic inflammatory syndrome of inappropriate immune cell activation which can be rapidly fatal if not recognized and treated. Here we discuss a case of a 26-year-old male with HIV on antiretroviral therapy who presented with sepsis secondary to soft tissue infection and ultimately progressed to multi-organ dysfunction despite broad-spectrum antibiotics and an improvement in soft tissue infection. Continued fever and pancytopenia without an explanation found during additional infectious and rheumatologic testing eventually led to bone marrow biopsy and laboratory criteria consistent with HLH. Although pancytopenia is a common finding in patients with HIV, here it marked a more rapidly progressing and fatal disease, HLH. Here we highlight the difficulty in identifying and diagnosing this rare condition, including a discussion of the characteristics, outcomes, underlying etiologies, and treatment of HLH in patients with HIV.
Measuring gender-based violence risk mitigation in humanitarian settings: results from a comprehensive desk review and systematic mapping.

Objectives To systematically document measurement approaches used in the monitoring and evaluation of gender-based violence (GBV) risk mitigation activities, categorise the types of available literature produced by sector, identify existing tools and measures and identify knowledge gaps within the humanitarian sector. Design Systematic mapping and in-depth review. Data sources: Pubmed, Global Health, PsychInfo, ReliefWeb, OpenGrey (grey literature), Google Scholar, Web of Science (Social Science Index) Eligibility criteria: a structured search strategy was systematically applied to 17 databases as well as registers, websites and other resources to identify materials published between 1 January 2005 and 15 May 2019. Data extraction and synthesis: Those resources that met the inclusion criteria underwent a comprehensive full-text review. A detailed matrix was developed and key data from each resource were extracted to allow for the assessment of patterns in thematic areas. Results A total of 2108 documents were screened. Overall, 145 documents and 112 tools were reviewed, representing 10 different humanitarian sectors. While numerous resources exist, many lack sufficient information on how to monitor outputs or outcomes of GBV risk mitigation activities. There is also limited guidance on how to integrate the measurement of GBV risk mitigation into existing monitoring and evaluation frameworks. Those reports that aimed to measure GBV risk mitigation activities mostly employed qualitative methods and few measured the impact of a GBV risk mitigation with robust research designs. Conclusions Recent efforts to adapt humanitarian response to COVID-19 have highlighted new and existing challenges for GBV risk mitigation. There is a significant gap in the evidence base around the effectiveness of GBV risk mitigation across all sectors. Understanding and strengthening measurement approaches in GBV risk mitigation remains a critical task for humanitarian response.
Unscented Kalman Filter for Long-Distance Vessel Tracking in Geodetic Coordinates.

This paper describes a novel tracking filter, designed primarily for use in collision avoidance systems on autonomous surface vehicles (ASVs). The proposed methodology leverages real-time kinematic information broadcast via the Automatic Information System (AIS) messaging protocol, in order to estimate the position, speed, and heading of nearby cooperative targets. The state of each target is recursively estimated in geodetic coordinates using an unscented Kalman filter (UKF) with kinematic equations derived from the spherical law of cosines. This improves upon previous approaches, many of which employ the extended Kalman filter (EKF), and thus require the specification of a local planar coordinate frame, in order to describe the state kinematics in an easily differentiable form. The proposed geodetic UKF obviates the need for this local plane. This feature is particularly advantageous for long-range ASVs, which must otherwise periodically redefine a new local plane to curtail linearization error. In real-world operations, this recurring redefinition can introduce error and complicate mission planning. It is shown through both simulation and field testing that the proposed geodetic UKF performs as well as, or better than, the traditional plane-Cartesian EKF, both in terms of estimation error and stability.
Bromovirus RNA Replication and Host Specificity

Positive strand RNA viruses, i.e., viruses that encapsidate single stranded messenger-sense RNA, are a numerically and practically important class of viruses in eukaryotic hosts. Such viruses are particularly significant and well diversified in plants, comprising by far the largest single class of known plant viruses (Matthews, 1982). Research interest in positive strand RNA viruses derives from many perspectives, including their role as highly successful pathogens, their facility at high level gene transmission and expression, and the novelty of their RNA-dependent replication, gene expression, and recombination pathways. The value of understanding RNA-based genetic processes is underscored by the growing suggestion that RNA genomes may have preceded DNA genomes as one stage in the early evolution of life (Joyce, 1989). Thus, as well as illuminating their own unusual biochemistry and genetics, RNA virus studies may provide general insights into replication, survival, and evolution in the putative primordial RNA world. In addition, since many of its features are widely conserved among otherwise diverse viruses of both plants and animals (see below), the viral RNA replication apparatus is a potential target for the development of broad spectrum antiviral agents, which would have great practical benefits. The genetic pathways of RNA viruses have also provided and should continue to provide further new ways to amplify and regulate gene expression in applied genetic engineering (French et al., 1986; Xiong et al., 1989). Finally, viruses possess a number of attractive features as general models for plant-microbe interactions, including uniquely small genomes, ready manipulation by recombinant DNA techniques, and a growing understanding of their life cycle. This chapter discusses some aspects of replication, recombination, and host specificity in one representative group of positive strand RNA plant viruses, the bromoviruses.
Developing A Measure of Children's Prosocial Tendencies: An Initial Validation of a Self-Report Instrument

This study reports on the development and initial validation of the Prosocial Tendencies Scale for Children (PTS-C), a multidimensional instrument examining children's self-reported tendencies to behave in a prosocial manner. Responding to calls for increased use of survey methodology in prosocial research, the PTSC uses brief vignettes to stimulate responses descriptive of children's prosocial orientations across a range of behaviors and contexts. One hundred and forty-two parent/child pairs were asked to attribute responsibility to people in need of help, and to indicate the likelihood that they would provide assistance. Analysis of children's data in this initial sample indicates that the PTS-C has good reliability and content validity, and strong factorial validity. Preliminary evidence of construct validity was found.
Detecting delay faults using power supply transient signal analysis

A delay-fault testing strategy based on the analysis of power supply transient signals is presented. The method is an extension to a Go/No-Go device testing method called Transient Signal Analysis (TSA). TSA detects defects through the analysis of a set of power supply transient waveforms in the time or frequency domain, e.g., Fourier phase components. A recent extension to TSA demonstrated a correlation between the V/sub DDT/ Fourier phase components and path delays in defect-free devices. The method proposed here is able to detect increases in delay due to resistive shorting and open defects using a similar technique. In particular simulation results show that a delay defective device can be distinguished from a defect-free device through an anomaly in the Fourier phase correlation profile of the device.
Enzinger and Weiss’s Soft Tissue Tumors. 4th ed.

Sharon W. Weiss and John R. Goldblum, editors. St. Louis: Mosby; 2001. 1632 pages. $295.00. This unique tome on soft-tissue tumors is the fourth edition of Enzinger and Weiss’s original text and includes contributions by ten additional pathologists and clinicians. The late Franz Enzinger, the senior author, had an extraordinary influence on this book, including his personal observations, buttressed by the enormous collection at the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. The first edition, published almost twenty years ago, is widely recognized …