cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preoperative Transthoracic Echocardiography in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: A New Thermometer.

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), a common condition estimated to affect 4% to 7% of adults older than the age of 65 years,1 will likely remain a common clinical problem given the evolving demographics of the United States and world populations. The adverse clinical significance of AAA, as well as the ramifications should rupture ensue, have been well established. In the United Sates alone, AAA rupture is responsible for an estimated 10 000 deaths per year.2 Although rupture carries mortality exceeding 90%, perioperative mortality associated with a surveillance-based approach with endovascular or surgical elective repair is <3%.3 See Article by O’Driscoll et al In stable patients undergoing elective AAA repair, perioperative morbidity and mortality have been favorably affected by a transition from traditional open surgical repair to an increasing reliance on endovascular repair of the abdominal aorta (EVAR). Recent national data indicate that >70% of AAA cases lend themselves to an endovascular approach.4 Despite technical advances in reducing short-term 30-day (ie, perioperative) risk, by 2 years, the mortality trend in this patient population is similar independent of repair technique and remains disappointingly high.5 From clinicians’ recognition of the natural history, efforts have emerged to improve the method and manner of risk assessment in patients slated for elective EVAR to mitigate this risk. Indeed, the diagnosis of AAA is associated with a higher risk of death from causes other than aneurysmal disease in patients diagnosed in the prerupture setting.6 Ideally, improvements in risk assessment would offer opportunities for risk reduction and enhanced patient outcomes specific to this population. The approach to risk assessment and …
Oil Wealth, Post-conflict Elections, and Postwar Peace Failure:

New research has emerged that suggests there is a troubling relationship between elections and civil wars; primarily, elections increase the risk of civil war recurrence. I investigate this relationship further by examining the economic factors associated with the connection between postwar elections and peace failure. Specifically, how does the presence of oil wealth impact the risk posed by postwar elections. Drawing on previous findings in the democratization literature, I suggest the immobility of oil wealth dramatically increases the stakes associated with postwar elections. As postwar elites use irregular electioneering to consolidate their control of oil revenue, it increases the incentives for postwar opposition to use violence as a means to achieve their objectives. Using post-civil war data from 1945 to 2005, I demonstrate that postwar elections that occur in oil-rich economies dramatically decrease the durability of postwar peace. Once controlling for petro elections, though, I demonstrate that...
Computer-Aided Reporting of Chest Radiographs: Efficient and Effective Screening in the Value-Based Imaging Era

In the post-PACS era, mammography is unique in adopting specialized ergonomic interfaces to improve efficiency in a high volume setting. Chest radiography is also a high volume area of radiology. The authors hypothesize that applying a novel interface for chest radiography interpretation and reporting could create high productivity while maintaining quality. A custom version of the ClearCanvas open source software, EzRad, was created with a workflow re-designed specifically for tuberculosis screening chest radiographs, which utilized standardized computer generated reports. The preliminary reports from 881,792 studies evaluated by radiology residents over a nine-year period were analyzed for productivity as RVU/FTE and compared to the finalized reports from a subspecialty attending chest radiologist for accuracy. Radiology residents were able to produce 7480 RVU/FTE per year in screening chest radiography productivity when using a custom interface at a large academic medical center with a miss rate of 0.1%. Sensitivity was 77% and specificity was 99.9%. An ergonomic user interface allowed high productivity in interpretation of chest radiography for tuberculosis screening while maintaining quality.
Wisconsin Eighth Congressional District: From Swing Seat to Solidly Republican?

Wisconsin’s 8th Congressional district is a battleground area within a battleground state. In the past, the district has been very competitive, rotating between Democratic and Republican representatives every few election cycles. In recent years, the district has leaned Republican, though it is still usually seen as “up for grabs” by both major political parties. Thus, Congressional elections in the district are typically characterized by high levels of campaign spending and advertising. The 2016 election in Wisconsin’s 8th District attracted a great deal of attention due to the fact that the incumbent opted not to run for reelection. This open-seat election involved two major party candidates—Tom Nelson, the Democratic candidate, and Mike Gallagher, the Republican. Although many people predicted that it would be a close election, Gallagher ended up winning 63% of the vote to Nelson’s 37%, a 26-point margin of victory.
On Stability and Trace Regularity of Solutions to Reissner-Mindlin-Timoshenko Equations

Uniform stability of Reissner-Mindlin-Timoshenko (RMT) plates is addressed. Similarly to waves, Kirchhoff plates, and elastodynamics, boundary stabilization of the RMT model relies on an observability inequality, which in turn necessitates the derivation of certain trace regularity estimates. The exponential stability of RMT plates has been quoted for many years, yet, to the best of our knowledge, a detailed analysis of a requisite trace regularity result does not appear to exist in the literature. The purpose of this note is to provide such details.
The Potential Reflections of National Agricultural Research on the Solution of Global Agricultural Issues

Global warming and water availability, loss of biodiversity, impacts of climate changes on agriculture, environmental pollution, food security and safety and renewable energy are worldwide problems affecting agricultural sustainability. In this respect, food safety, climate change, system management and risk management are becoming hot topics in agriculture. Increasing productivity and creating economies of scale, intensive technology and renewable energy use, establishing regional agro-industrial ecologies of life cycle assessment, networking marketing and trade and reducing risk are some proposed solutions. International organizations have been focusing on national and international research projects in order to determine global problems in agricultural sustainability and to diversify proposed solutions. Unfortunately, databases of research projects in the world are not connected for data, data mining, and big data processing purposes yet. Moreover, basic research, applied research, and experimental development do not complement each other. Projects are funded by national scientific and technological research councils. Due to the fact that project final reports and results are mainly published in native languages, such material cannot be utilized for the benefit of global issues. The objective of this study is to examine final reports of some national projects results of Turkey in order to understood well whether they are valuable to translate for international uses or not. We recommend that international organizations; such as OECD, FAO, etc. should collaborate on translating project final reports into English, which would be helpful in coping with global agricultural problems. Long-term surveys in agriculture should also be conducted by all nations to understand agricultural changes and technological development.
Microfluidic generation of physiological oxygen gradients in vitro

Cancer progression normally creates intrinsic hypoxic or oxygen gradients within tumor lesions that further instigate metastasis. Despite the advancements, recreating physiological oxygen gradients in vitro remains challenging yet a necessary requirement to develop effective point of care (POC) technologies for elucidating cellular migratory or therapeutic responses for personalized treatments. Here, we report a unique method of generating stable and linear oxygen gradients using the split/recombine strategy within microfluidic devices. Internal glass coating ensures proper stabilization of oxygen gradient and prevents gaseous escape. Underlying PtOEPK sensor enables accurate and instantaneous detection of gradients in real-time. The versatility of this gradient platform encompasses a wide variety of biological and biomedical analyses such as cell viability, cell migration, drug resistance, and ER (endoplasmic reticulum) stress responses under hypoxia and many of these are currently being explored.
Trust and the Flow Experience on Facebook: What Motivates Social Network Usage?

Social networking sites (SNSs) have become one of the most frequently used communication media. While many studies have examined the motivations of SNS usage and visiting behaviors, this study mainly focuses on exploring the role of trust in an SNS and intrinsic motivational factors affecting continuous usage behaviors, using the flow theory. Using a web-based survey of 291 college students, the age group that most frequently uses SNSs, our research findings suggest theoretical insights. The flow experience—consisting of perceived enjoyment, perceived control, and concentration—serves as a salient antecedent to explaining SNS users’ satisfaction, which in turn has a positive effect on continuous use of an SNS. Intent for continuous usage of an SNS mediates the relationships between satisfaction and actual use behaviors. Our research findings also reveal that trust in an SNS significantly affects all other constructs, including perceptions of SNS users, intentions, and actual behaviors. Further discussion is detailed, and the limitations of this research are addressed.
Corrigendum to “The faster, the better? The impact of internet speed on employment”

Abstract In The faster, the better? The impact of internet speed on employment, I used the first-difference regression method to analyze the impact on employment of internet with different tiers of download speed. An error in the data analysis procedure is discovered after the publication of the article. This note explains the error and how the error changes the result of the study.
The social construction of autobiographical memory

In this chapter, we propose that the construction of autobiographical memory begins in early parent-child conversations about the past. Through these conversations, children learn the conventionalized narrative forms which eventually provide a structure for internally represented memories. Interestingly, parents differ in the complexity of the narrative forms they use in these interactions. Some parents show an “elaborative” style; they have long, richly detailed conversations about the past. Other parents are more “repetitive”; they have short conversations about the past in which they tend to ask the same questions over and over. Moreover, these parental differences are linked to gender of the child, such that parents are more elaborative with daughters than with sons. Implications of these individual differences for children’s and adults’ autobiographical memories are discussed.
Atypical Vertebral Hemangiomas Are Frequently Associated with Radiculomedullary Arteries.

Background Preoperative endovascular embolization of atypical hemangiomas of the spine can reduce intraoperative blood loss. One frequent concern raised about embolizing these tumors is a possible association with arteries feeding the spinal cord, such as the artery of Adamkiewicz. This study aimed to elucidate a relationship between spinal levels affected by atypical spinal hemangiomas and radiculomedullary arteries. Methods This was a retrospective review of 8 patients undergoing preoperative embolization of atypical spinal hemangiomas. We evaluated 54 spinal levels by angiography during embolization procedures. Each spinal level was categorized on the basis of the presence or absence of tumor and radiculomedullary artery. Results Six of 15 (40%) affected levels had an associated radiculomedullary artery. Four of 39 (10.2%) unaffected levels had an associated cord feeding artery. The relative risk of affected spinal levels having an associated radiculomedullary artery was 3.9 (95% confidence interval 1.28–11.91). The attributable risk was 0.40 (95% CI 0.12–0.76). The chi-squared statistic was 6.35, with a P value of 0.01. Six of 8 patients (75%) had a radiculomedullary artery at a level of disease and embolization. Conclusions In this study, spinal levels affected by atypical hemangiomas requiring surgery were associated with radiculomedullary arteries. When performing preoperative embolization, great care must be taken to identify and preserve arteries supplying the spinal cord.
Identifying the Contribution of Nurse Practitioners in the Care of Older Adults With Cancer.

Objectives To identify the best available dataset that measured the number of nurse practitioners (NPs) and the type of care they provided; patient information, including malignancy type, age, and insurance status; and volume of procedures performed by NPs. Sample & setting All available national datasets that included patients with cancer and provider types. Methods & variables Using prespecified consensus-driven criteria, all available administrative datasets were reviewed. The authors evaluated four that met the inclusion criteria. Results The authors' analysis identified the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program linked with Medicare claims dataset as the most appropriate to measure the contribution of NP-provided cancer care to older adults. The Chronic Conditions Data Warehouse was excluded because of the limited number of malignancies included in the data; the SEER-Medicare dataset included all malignancies. Implications for nursing Evidence demonstrates that NPs provide an unknown amount of cancer care to older adults. Further research using the SEER-Medicare dataset may yield a solution to the health issue of insufficient oncologists to care for the growing older adult population. Workforce research informs future training needs and influences policymakers' decisions, making secondary data analyses in nursing particularly important.
Renal effects of three endoaortic occlusion strategies in a swine model of hemorrhagic shock.

Abstract Introduction Trauma patients are predisposed to kidney injury. We hypothesized that in shock, zone 3 REBOA would increase renal blood flow (RBF) compared to control and that a period of zone 3 occlusion following zone 1 occlusion would improve renal function compared to zone 1 occlusion alone. Materials and methods Twenty-four anesthetized swine underwent hemorrhagic shock, 45 min of zone 1 REBOA (Z1, supraceliac), zone 3 REBOA (Z3, infrarenal), or no intervention (control) followed by resuscitation with shed blood and 5 h of critical care. In a fourth group (Z1Z3), animals underwent 55 min of zone 3 REBOA following zone 1 occlusion. Physiologic parameters were recorded, blood and urine were collected at specified intervals. Results During critical care, there were no differences in RBF between the Z1 and Z3 groups. The average RBF during critical care in Z1Z3 was significantly lower than in Z3 alone (98.2 ± 23.9 and 191.9 ± 23.7 mL/min; p = 0.046) and not different than Z1. There was no difference in urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin-to-urinary creatinine ratio between Z1 and Z1Z3. Animals in the Z1Z3 group had a significant increase in the ratio at the end of the experiment compared to baseline [median (IQR)] [9.2 (8.2–13.2) versus 264.5 (73.6–1174.6)]. Following Z1 balloon deflation, RBF required 45 min to return to baseline. Conclusion Neither zone 3 REBOA alone nor zone 3 REBOA following zone 1 REBOA improved renal blood flow or function. Following zone 1 occlusion, RBF is restored to baseline levels after approximately 45 min.
The role of iron repletion in adult iron deficiency anemia and other diseases

Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is the most prevalent and treatable form of anemia worldwide. The clinical management of patients with IDA requires a comprehensive understanding of the many etiologies that can lead to iron deficiency including pregnancy, blood loss, renal disease, heavy menstrual bleeding, inflammatory bowel disease, bariatric surgery, or extremely rare genetic disorders. The treatment landscape for many causes of IDA is currently shifting toward more abundant use of intravenous (IV) iron due to its effectiveness and improved formulations that decrease the likelihood of adverse effects. IV iron has found applications beyond treatment of IDA, and there is accruing data about its efficacy in patients with heart failure, restless leg syndrome, fatigue, and prevention of acute mountain sickness. This review provides a framework to diagnose, manage, and treat patients presenting with IDA and discusses other conditions that benefit from iron supplementation.
Systematic Review: Treatment for Addictive Disorder in Transplant Patients

Background and objectives The number of patients with substance use disorders in need for organ transplantation is expected to increase. Patients with addictive disorders are considered a higher risk of negative outcomes after organ transplantation due to the impact of substance use upon medical status and adherence with treatment. The goal of this systematic review was to assess the current literature on treatment for addiction transplant candidates and recipients. Methods We conducted a literature search within four databases PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PsycINFO for publications dated 1/1/1988 to 12/31/2018. Results Out of 3108 articles identified through database screening, 39 were included in the qualitative synthesis. Sixteen studies described addiction treatment in groups over five patients. All the articles included liver transplant patients, with only two studies including patients who needed a kidney or a heart transplant. Nine articles described treatment of alcohol use disorder exclusively, five focused on treatment of opioid use disorders. Although 9 of 16 studies were prospective, the variability of the treatment intervention, outcome measures, and control group when applicable prohibited a meaningful meta-analysis of the results. Eight articles that described the case reports are analyzed separately. Discussion and conclusions Promising treatment options for alcohol use disorder have been reported but more studies are needed to confirm their effectiveness and their feasibility. Methadone appears effective for opioid disorder in transplant patients. Scientific significance To the best of our knowledge, this is the first systematic review on the treatment of addictive disorders in transplant patients. (Am J Addict 2020;29:445-462).
Enhanced singlet oxygen generation by hybrid Mn-doped nanocomposites for selective photo-oxidation of benzylic alcohols

Transition-metal ions doped nanocrystals (NCs), specifically Mn-doped NCs, hold great potential in the field of photocatalysis, especially, to improve photocatalytic performance for singlet oxygen (1O2) generation. Here, we report the design of a novel Mn-doped NC-based nanocomposites, specifically, silica-coated Mn-doped CdS/ZnS NCs decorated with Pt NCs (denoted as Mn-NCs@SiO2-Pt), which enhance photocatalytic 1O2 generation. Owing to the long-lived Mn excited state (on the order of ms), the energy-transfer between Mn-NCs and molecular oxygen is facilitated with the assistance of the Pt NCs adhered to the Mn-NC@SiO2 surface. Therefore, the Mn-NCs@SiO2-Pt composites, integrate the advantages of Mn-doped NCs, a protective silica layer, and Pt NCs to exhibit excellent catalytic activity and selectivity for the selective oxidation of primary benzylic alcohols to aldehydes through an 1O2 engaged oxidation process under visible-light irradiation. This work paves the way for enhancing catalytic performance via facilitated energy transfer relaxation by utilizing the long-lived excited-state of Mn2+ dopant ions in nanocomposites.
Investigation of risk factors of coronary heart disease in Huizhou

Objective To analyze the risk factors of coronary heart disease(CHD) by health examination in Huizhou.Methods A total of 85 patients withCHD,were chosen from 970 health check-up subjects as research cases.The roles of 6 risk factors of CHD were analyzed.Results 970 examination,amomg the CHD group were 85 cases(8.8% ),non-CHD group( control group)338 cases(34.8% ),normal healthy individuals 547 cases(56.4% ) respectively;The age of 60-year-old,70-year-old were significantly higher than 50 years in CHD(X2=6.78,X2=7.02,P＜0.01 );The prevalence of obesity 、smoking、over-drinking 、hypertension and dyslipidemia in CHD group were higher than that in control group( t = 2.71,t = 2.803,t = 2.875,t = 2.841,t = 2.901,all P ＜ 0.01 );The index of crowding index ≥ 1 for 92.8%,≥ 3% for 41.2% in 85 cases with CHD;Analysis showed that coronary heart disease andTG ( r = 0.28,P ＜ 0.001 ),TC ( r = 0.23,P ＜ 0.001 ),SBP( r= 0.14,P = 0.011 ) were significantly positively correlated.Conclusions Dyslipidemia、hypertension、obesity 、smoking、over-drinking are the remarkable risk factors of CHD in Hui Zhou. Key words: Coronary diseaes; Risk factors; Hypertension; Dyslipidemia; Obesity
Pester Power: Examining Children's Influence as an Active Intervention Ingredient.

Abstract Objective To determine if children's pester power related to a classroom-based nutrition program, Together, We Inspire Smart Eating (WISE), is related to familial dietary habits and parental food purchases and practices. Methods Classroom teachers delivered weekly WISE lessons at 7 Head Start sites across 2 states in the southern US. Before and after the intervention, parents were interviewed on the consumption of WISE fruits and vegetables, intake of nutrient-poor foods, parenting practices related to food, and exposure to WISE through the child's pester power. Results After controlling for baseline levels of outcome variables, child willingness to try new foods at baseline, and the effect of state, pester power predicated significant variance in the outcomes of consumption of WISE foods (F3, 229 = 34.7, P Conclusions and Implications The findings of this study highlight the potential for children's influence on food consumption and habits at home.
Phenomapping a Novel Classification System for Patients with Destination LVADs: An Unsupervised Machine Learning Cluster Analysis

Introduction Patients with continuous flow destination therapy (DT) left ventricular assist devices (LVAD) are a heterogenous population that may have distinct phenotypic clusters. Hypothesis We hypothesize there will be distinct phenotypic clustering of individuals with DT LVADs by their clinical characteristics at implantation that are associated with different long-term risk profiles. Methods We analyzed 8245 patients with a continuous flow DT LVADs in INTERMACS and selected 25 baseline clinical characteristics including demographic, echocardiographic, hemodynamic, and laboratory data. Variables with >10% missingness were excluded except for left ventricular dimensions which were imputated. Unsupervised K-means clustering derived phenogroups and the optimal number of clusters was assessed by minimization of the Bayesian Information Criterion. The final dataset included 5999 patients with 18 selected variables for 4 distinct phenogroups. Survival analyses for events considered competing risk for cumulative incidence of transplant or the composite endpoint of death or heart transplant when appropriate. Results Of the 4 phenogroups, phenogroup 1 (n=1163, 19%) was older (median age 71 years), primarily white (81%), and most frail (9%). Phenogroup 4 (n=517, 9%) was younger (41 years), heavier (108 kg), and more diverse (white race 46%) with the least frailty (3%), largest left ventricles (LVEDD 7.5 cm), and highest rate of non-adherence (8%) amongst the clusters. Phenogroups 2 (n=648, 11%) and 3 (n=3671, 61%) were of intermediate age (69 & 61 years), weight (87 & 90 kg), and ventricular size (LVEDD 6.5 & 6.9 cm). The cumulative incidence of death, heart transplant, bleeding, LVAD malfunction and LVAD thrombosis differed among phenogroups (Figure A-D). The highest cumulative incidence of death and the lowest rate of heart transplant was seen in phenogroup 1 (P Conclusions Our exploratory unsupervised machine learning analysis highlighted 4 phenogroups that differed in fatal and non-fatal adverse events. These observations underscore the influence of phenotypic heterogeneity on post-LVAD implantation outcomes.
Community Dynamics, Collective Efficacy, and Police Reform

In this chapter we illustrate how transformational police reform—i.e. changing the game—is possible. We draw on Bandura’s (2001) social cognitive theory to formulate the concepts of neighbourhood dynamics and neighbourhood atmosphere. These are both latent dimensions of neighbourhoods and communities that have clear and profound implications for neighbourhood safety. This work extends the concept of neighbourhood collective efficacy by explicating the multifaceted nature of “low collective efficacy”. We do this by focusing on the psychodynamic processes that occur in small neighbourhood and community places and show how they related to collective efficacy. In turn, we show why psychodynamic processes are important for neighbourhood safety and police reform.
Labtainers Cyber Exercises: Building and Deploying Fully Provisioned Cyber Labs that Run on a Laptop

Labtainers are fully provisioned Linux-based computer science lab exercises with an initial emphasis on cybersecurity. Consistent lab execution environments and automated provisioning are provided by Docker containers. With over 50 lab exercises including multi-component networks that all run on a modestly performing laptop computer., Labtainers supports exploratory learning for both local and remote learners. They offer automated assessment of student lab activity and progress as well as individualized lab exercises to discourage sharing solutions. Free and open at: https://nps.edu/web/c3o/labtainers, Labtainers is distributed as a single virtual machine for either VirtualBox or VMWare. On an exercise-specific basis, the framework leverages Docker containers to instantiate one or more networked computers within that single VM. This hands-on workshop covers the basics of creating Labtainer-based labs, whether for security, networking, operating systems, or other computer science classes. The workshop also introduces how this lab framework helps remove three barriers to CS lab exercises: 1) administrative setup and resulting divergent behavior between student environments; 2) sharing of solutions amongst students; 3) assessing student work. Participants should have a computer running either VMWare or VirtualBox, with the Labtainers VM appliance installed.
An effectively nondestructive method for dose assessment from accidental exposure using PCBs from electronic watches

Abstract Dose assessment from accidental exposure has historically been demonstrated in cases where individuals are not wearing any personal dosimeter by measuring the luminescence signal from personal items following a radiological emergency. The limitation of using the luminescence method is that it requires extensive sample preparation, which is a challenge during emergency triage applications where rapid dose assessment is the goal. We propose a nondestructive method of dose assessment which requires minimal sample preparation and provides rapid dose estimation with potentially nondestructive assay. The nondestructive method involves collecting shavings from the printed circuit boards (PCBs) of electronic watches without altering the circuit followed by SAR measurement of the fiberglass matrix. A comparative analysis of the actual applied dose, absorbed dose from commercial OSL dosimeters, and absorbed dose from alanine dosimeters suggests that PCB shavings from electronic watches can be used as an individual dosimeter during accidental radiation exposures with some caveats.
The Colloidal Chemistry of Growing Silica Spheres

The mechanism by which monodisperse silica spheres precipitate during the base catalyzed hydrolysis of tetraethyl orthosilicate is explored. From a knowledge of the equilibrium solubility of silica in the parent liquor and the change of particle size with time, it is established that nucleation continues for a substantial fraction (gt; 2/3) of the total reaction. This is supported by electron micrographs of solids in the suspension taken as a function of time. These electron micrographs suggest that a coagulative nucleation and growth mechanism is occurring. A model is presented which shows that monodispersity can be conferred on the precipitating silica solids through colloidal interactions of the growing particles.
Ultracentrifugal Analysis of the Crystalline Toxin and Isolated Fractions of Clostridium botulinum Type A

Abstract Following the chromatographic separation of the crystalline toxin of Clostridium botulinum type A into one fraction (α) containing 5 times the specific activity of the unfractionated preparation and a second fraction (β), only feebly toxic, the native toxin and the two components were analyzed in the ultracentrifuge for homogeneity and Fraction α was analyzed for molecular weight. Under all experimental conditions, crystalline toxin resolved into two peaks with s20,w values of about 7 and 13, respectively. Fraction β aggregated to a heavier component, with s20,w of 16 or 23 S, depending upon the pH and ionic strength of the solvent and the concentration of the protein. Fraction α, however, remained homogeneous. The molecular weight of Fraction α, as determined by Yphantis' method, was 128,000 ± 10%. This value is in reasonable agreement with the molecular weight of 150,000 established for this component on Sephadex G-200 columns by Andrews' method. The possibility that Fraction α is a polymer of lower molecular weight units cannot yet be ruled out, nor do we know whether β is the inactive "subunit" proposed by Wagman, an inactive precursor as postulated by Bonventre and Kempe, or a nonspecific contaminant which crystallizes with the toxic α fraction.
ACTH stimulation of purine nucleotide biosynthesis in the adrenal cortex. ACTH stimulation of purine biosynthesis.

Abstract In the presence of azaserine an inhibitor of phosphoribosylformylglycineamidine synthetase (EC 6.3.5.3) the incorporation of [2- 14 C]glycine into 5′-phosphoribosylglycineamide and its formyl derivative was measured in 105,000 g supernatant fraction prepared from a homogenate of adrenal cortex. Corticotropin at a level of 1-0.001 n m markedly stimulated in 10 min these early steps of purine biosynthesis. The stimulus was in addition to that achieved with added glucose-6-phosphate and NADP. Increased synthesis of precursors of purine nucleotides is due to ACTH activation of adrenal glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49) and thus the pentose cycle with an increase in 5′-phosphoribosylpyrophosphate. The generation of this latter compound is presumed to be a rate-limiting factor to 5′-phosphoribosylpyrophosphate amidotransferase (EC 2.4.2.14) the first enzyme of de novo purine biosynthesis.
Relativistic force and the anisotropy of mass

A new force definition is derived which permits a more reasonable description of the nature of centripetal or transverse forces. It has separate expressions for the tangential and normal components of force. Concomitant with this new force definition, a particle that moves normal to the accelerating force has an increased inertia as manifested by its acceleration. That particle can be described as having a relativistic normal mass, \(m_n = \gamma ^2 m\), where \(\gamma = (1 - v^2 /c^2 )^{{{ - 1} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{ - 1} 2}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} 2}} \). The corresponding normal force is \(F_{n} = m_{n} \frac{{{d}V_{n} }}{{{d}t}} = \frac{{gamma^{2} {d}p_{n} }}{{{d}t}}\) where the proper velocity \(V = \gamma v\). This new force definition permits us to make a relativistic generalization of Newton's Second Law of Motion. That in turn allows us to find the mass--energy equivalence in new ways. Consider a test mass that is comprised of two particles each of mass, m. Both particles oscillate at constant speed ν, along a common line, about a stationary centre-of-mass. The effective relativistic mass, μ , at the mass centre, is then computed by comparing its dynamical description with that of the individual particles. Numerous ways of making that comparison are possible. All lead to the same result. If the force is applied along the line of motion of the particles, the common expression for relativistic mass results: μt = 2γ m . Conversely, if the force is normal to that line of internal motion, the inertial mass is greater and μn = 2γ3m. Some implications of that anisotropy are discussed.
Random Subwindows for Robust Peak Recognition in Intracranial Pressure Signals

Following recent studies, the automatic analysis of intracranial pressure pulses (ICP) seems to be a promising tool for forecasting critical intracranial and cerebrovascular pathophysiological variations during the management of many neurological disorders. MOCAIP algorithm has recently been developed to automatically extract ICP morphological features. The algorithm is able to enhance the quality of ICP signals, to segment ICP pulses, and to recognize the three peaks occurring in a ICP pulse. This paper extends MOCAIP by introducing a generic framework to perform robust peak recognition. The method is local in the sense that it exploits subwindows that are randomly extracted from ICP pulses. The recognition process combines recently developed machine learning algorithms. The experimental evaluations are performed on a database built from several hundreds of hours of ICP recordings. They indicate that the proposed extension increases the robustness of the peak recognition.
Automated T2* measurements using supplementary field mapping to assess cardiac iron content

Purpose To develop and evaluate an algorithm that automatically identifies high-susceptibility areas and excludes them from T2* measurements in the left ventricle (LV) for myocardial iron measurements. Materials and Methods An autoregressive moving average (ARMA) model was implemented on multigradient echo scans of 24 patients (age range 3–45 years, 10 male/14 female). Voxels with relatively high susceptibility (>3 Hz/mm) were flagged and deselected from the T2* calculations for iron quantification. The mean, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation (CoV) of the ARMA-defined region were compared to the CoV of four distinct regions of the LV and the entire LV using a Student's t-test (α = 0.05). Results The CoV of T2* values obtained by the ARMA method are comparable with that in the interventricular septum (IS), where susceptibility was the lowest (CoV = 0.31). The ARMA method provides a greater area (51.9 ± 13.7% of the LV) to measure T2* than that using the IS alone (21.1 ± 3.4%, P < 0.0001). Areas where low susceptibility are measured corroborate with areas reported in previous studies that investigated T2* variations throughout the LV. Conclusion An automated method to measure T2* relaxation in the LV with minimal effects from susceptibility has been developed. Variability is reduced while covering more regions for cardiac T2* calculation. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2013;38:441–447. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Raising Mental Health Issues – Other than Insanity – In Juvenile Delinquency Defense

Juvenile delinquency cases often require the child’s attorney to identify and handle mental health issues presented by the client. Because most attorneys have no formal training in medicine, psychology or mental health issues, the client’s initial conduct observable during the early stages of an attorney-client interview may be necessary to help determine the juvenile’s mental state. Nevertheless, the juvenile’s possible mental health concerns may not present themselves or be readily apparent, and coupled with counsel’s lack of education or training in mental health such mental health issues may easily be overlooked. Thus, the importance of interviewing family members plays a vital role in identifying a juvenile’s possible mental health problems. Counsel should not overlook the family privacy rights if raising a mental health issue is a component of the defense strategy. Accordingly, counsel should seek to establish strong relationships with mental health experts in the community to help ensure that the child’s mental health issues are properly identified and diagnosed, thus contributing to a well-founded defense for the juvenile client.
Three decades of horseshoe crab rearing: a review of conditions for captive growth and survival

Threats to wild horseshoe crab populations and growing interest in their use for research, education and biomedical applications have prompted demand for improved techniques to rear and maintain crabs in captivity. Although numerous laboratory studies have been conducted to determine growth and survival of horseshoe crabs under various conditions, these data have not been compiled and summarized to inform culture practices. We surveyed the literature and analysed the range of available techniques to identify and define a consistent set of conditions for maximum growth and survival of horseshoe crabs in culture. We considered three age classes; embryo, juvenile and adult, and included all extant species (Limulus polyphemus, Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda, Tachypleus gigas and Tachypleus tridentatus). We discovered relatively few published studies that clearly related husbandry conditions to growth and survival. Comparison among studies was complicated by inconsistent data collection and reporting techniques. Most published sources reported data for younger age classes, and more studies considered L. polyphemus than Asian species. The most commonly reported variables (temperature, salinity, enclosure maintenance and diet composition) showed size dependent and in some cases species-specific effects on growth and survival that will be important in guiding culture efforts. We suggest that future studies give additional consideration to substrate type, water flow, dissolved oxygen concentrations, diet quality and the quantity and frequency of feeding. If laboratory-reared stocks are to be used for propagation and restoration activities, future studies will benefit from closing these data gaps and promoting international data sharing.
Real-time activity recognition from seismic signature via multi-scale symbolic time series analysis (MSTSA)

Reliability of unattended ground sensors (UGS) to detect and classify different activities (e.g., walking and digging) is often limited by high false alarm rates, possibly due to the lack of robustness of the underlying algorithms in different environmental conditions (e.g., soil types and moisture contents for seismic sensors), inability to model large variations in the signature of a single activity and limitations of on-board computation. In this regard, a fast and robust multi-scale symbolic time series analysis (MSTSA) framework has been formulated to detect and classify human activities from seismic signatures. The building block of the proposed framework is built upon the concept of applying the short-length symbolic time-series online classifier (SSTOC) via Dirichlet-Compound-Multinomial model (DCM) construction. The algorithm operates on symbol sequences that are generated from seismic time-series and intermediate event class time-series at different time scales. These building blocks, with different window sizes, are cascaded in multiple layers for event detection and activity classification. A variety of experiments have been conducted in the field, which include realistic scenarios of different types of walking/digging. The results of experiments show that an accuracy of more than 90% and a false alarm of around 5% can be achieved in real time for activity detection and recognition.
Resource and Risk Trade-offs in Guanxi-based IJVs in China

Many western firms are trying to conduct business in the People's Republic of China, and one of the prevalent approaches has been through the formation of international joint ventures (IJVs). While extant literature suggests that firms should focus on developing guanxi (that is, a form of political economic connection) to succeed in these IJVs, it is argued in this article that the effects of guanxi are mixed. Using resource contribution and risk-based perspectives of IJVs, eight propositions are offered that link guanxi and relative risks when IJVs are formed to access different kinds of resources.
Letter from the Editor-in-Chief: Reverse knowledge transfers, culture clashes and going international

Reverse Knowledge Transfers Multinational enterprises (MNEs) are, sina qua non, the world’s most efficient and prolific producers of knowledge (process and product technology, management skills, intangible assets). Once produced, exploiting that knowledge is a primary motivation for foreign direct investment (FDI) as MNEs go abroad to earn rents on their knowledge-based assets created at home. Through the process of FDI, MNEs transfer knowledge and capital to their foreign affiliates in host countries. This picture – MNEs as creators, exploiters and transferrors of knowledge – suggests a one-way transfer from the parent firm in the home country out to foreign affiliates in host countries. However, this picture has been getting old for some time and is now close to obsolete. Most MNEs are now horizontally and vertically integrated networks where knowledge flows in all directions within the network, including the parent firm. MNEs from emerging economies in Asia and Latin America now engage in ‘‘springboard FDI’’, going abroad to explore for knowledge and bringing it home. Metanationals – MNEs ‘‘born in the wrong place’’ – depend on knowledge learned abroad that is transferred back to the parent firm. As a result, knowledge-seeking FDI now commands as much attention from scholars as knowledge-exploiting FDI did in the 1980s. IB scholars have increasingly focused their attention on inbound or reverse knowledge transfers – antecedents, processes and consequences. However, research on knowledge transfers within and by MNEs faces a high hurdle: how does one measure the direction, size and impact of knowledge transfers? The most popular approach has been to track patent data citations. Patent data have provided a relatively easy ‘‘trail’’ for mapping intrafirm and interfirm knowledge flows, both planned transfers and spillovers. Most scholars in this area have used patent data, building on the seminal works of Patel and Pavitt (1991) and Journal of International Business Studies (2009) 40, 177–180 & 2009 Academy of International Business All rights reserved 0047-2506
Lithium toxicity in seedlings of three cool season grasses

Lithium toxicity in seedling of crested wheatgrass (Agropyron desertorum), Sherman bluegrass (Poa ampla), and Whitmar wheatgrass (Agropyron inerme) was investigated in 2 potted soil studies. Yields of roots and shoots were unaffected at 2.5 and 5 ppm but were significantly (P Sherman bluegrass > Whitmar wheatgrass.
Stochastic community assembly causes higher biodiversity in more productive environments.

Net primary productivity is a principal driver of biodiversity; large-scale regions with higher productivity generally have more species. This pattern emerges because β-diversity (compositional variation across local sites) increases with productivity, but the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are unknown. Using data from a long-term experiment in replicate ponds, I show that higher β-diversity at higher productivity resulted from a stronger role for stochastic relative to deterministic assembly processes with increasing productivity. This shift in the relative importance of stochasticity was most consistent with the hypothesis of more intense priority effects leading to multiple stable equilibria at higher productivity. Thus, shifts in community assembly mechanisms across a productivity gradient may underlie one of the most prominent biodiversity gradients on the planet.
Ragweed pollen generation and sampling methods for filtration studies.

The means of generating and measuring the concentration of ragweed pollen particles for air filtration studies is discussed. The development of an inexpensive in-line impaction type sampler which collects the sample on filter paper is described. The advantages of the total particle count method when using this sampler are also defined. The effect of sampling an air stream without using an isokinetic probe was investigated; a non isokinetic sampling train was found to give results with accuracy comparable to isokinetic data. Another part of the study was to examine the “shadowing” effect of one sampling probe on another. Means are given for adjusting data for this effect.
Love and Death in Renaissance Italy – Thomas V. Cohen

Hadyn White once polemically remarked that it did not matter to him if a historian had spent ten days or ten years in the archives. All those footnotes directing readers to archival sources functio...
Sums of functions of bounded index and ordinary differential equations

The definition of bounded index (b.i.) has been extended to entire functions of order greater than one. It is known that the sum of f and g both of b.i. may not be of b.i. We prove that if f and g satisfy differential equations with appropriate conditions then f+g will be of b.i.
Eighteen‐month follow‐up of neuropsychiatric effects of pentaborane intoxication

Fourteen individuals briefly exposed to the neurotoxic compound Pentaborane were reevaluated 18 months following initial neurpsychiatric study. Psychiatric interview utilizing standardized diagnostic criteria, neuropsychological and psychological assessment, and CT scan ventricular brain ratios were reevaluated. Assessment revealed interaction of bilogical and psychological factors worsening. Post-traumatic stress disorder, major affective disorder, alcohol abuse, and phobias were the most common diagnoses at follow-up.
Fathers' interactions with their high‐risk infants

Fathers' face-to-face interactions with their 4-month-old high-risk infants were compared to mothers' interactions with the same infants and to those interactions of fathers and mothers of normal infants. The high-risk infants were less attentive and less affectively responsive than normal infants, and their mothers were more active. Fathers of both high-risk and normal infants engaged in more game playing and laughed more frequently than mothers during interactions. Although the behaviors of the normal and high-risk infants differed, as did the behaviors of mothers interacting with them, the fathers engaged in similar amounts of activity, smiling, laughing and playing games with normal and high-risk infants. Fathers may be less disturbed than mothers by their high-risk infants' lesser responsivity.