cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of altered availability of energy-yielding substrates upon survival from hypoxia in mice.

SUMMARY The duration of survival during a hypoxic or ischemic incident can be altered by barbiturate anesthesia. If this effect on the brain results from a reduction in lactic acid production by hypoxia, then a similar protective effect may be produced by altering substrate availability. Six groups of mice were subjected to hypoxia (4 to 5% O2, balance N2) at 30 to 35°C: 1. Hypoglycemia was induced by 2 U insulin injected ip 30 min prior to hypoxia. 2. Ketotic hypoglycemia was induced by fasting 85 to 90 hours prior to hypoxia. 3. Hyperglycemia was induced by iv dextrose. 4. Diabetic-ketotic-hyperglycemia was induced by iv alloxan 5 days prior to hypoxia. 5. One group was given both the insulin and dextrose in the above sequence. 6. In controls, saline was given iv or ip when appropriate. The mean survival time for ketotic-hypoglycemic and diabeticketotic-hyperglycemic mice was significantly higher than control. The mean survival time for the insulinhypoglycemic mice was significantly lower than control. The remaining groups showed no difference from control. The observed improvement in survival time from hypoxia seen in the ketotic animals suggests that during hypoxia, the brain metabolizes ketones selectively and minimizes the production of lactic acid to maintain neuronal viability. Stroke Vol 10, No 3, 1979
Testosterone Infusion Reduces Nocturnal Luteinizing Hormone Pulse Frequency in Pubertal Boys

Administration of testosterone (T) can inhibit LH secretion in early pubertal boys. However, the GnRH pulse generator is relatively resistant to the effects of T, since T infusion beginning at 2100 h, 3 h before the usual nighttime increase in T, does not suppress the characteristic increase in LH pulse frequency or amplitude associated with the onset of sleep in early pubertal boys. To test the hypothesis that the hypothalamic-pituitary axis must be exposed to T for a longer duration to suppress the nocturnal rise in LH pulse frequency and amplitude, we infused saline or T at one third the adult male production rate (320 nmol/h), beginning at 1200 h on two consecutive weekends in each of eight early to midpubertal boys. Blood was obtained from 2000-0800 h every 10 min for LH and every 30 min for T measurements. T infusion increased the mean plasma T concentration from 6.9 +/- 1.7 to 11.8 +/- 1.4 nmol/L (P less than 0.01) between 2000-0800 h. Despite the T infusion, the nocturnal rise in mean LH concentration and LH pulse frequency persisted, suggesting that the nocturnal amplification of LH, and by inference GnRH, secretion is resistant to the negative feedback effects of T. A higher dose of T, approximating the adult male production rate (960 nmol/h), was given to eight additional boys beginning at 1200 h. The mean T concentration increased from 4.2 +/- 1.7 to 20.8 +/- 3.1 (P less than 0.001) nmol/L between 2000-0800 h. The mean plasma LH concentration was suppressed by T infusion from 5.2 +/- 0.5 to 2.9 +/- 0.4 IU/L, and LH pulse frequency decreased from 0.50 +/- 0.04 to 0.27 +/- 0.11 pulses/boy/h (P less than 0.01). There was no nocturnal amplification of LH secretion, but high amplitude LH pulses did occur during the night in six of the eight boys. The low dose T infusion had no effect on pituitary LH release by exogenous GnRH. With the high dose T infusion, however, the ability of GnRH, at 25 ng/kg but not at 250 ng/kg, to release pituitary LH was amplified. Thus, T supplementation at one third the adult male production rate does not blunt the sleep-associated nighttime rise in LH pulse frequency or LH concentration. T infusion approximating the adult male production rate suppresses the nocturnal increase in LH pulse frequency and mean LH concentration, and high amplitude, slow frequency LH pulses similar to patterns seen in adult men persist.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Stress relaxation of elongated strip of poly(vinylidene fluoride) in ethyl acetate vapor

Poly(vinylidene fluoride) films in ethyl acetate vapor were studied at 30°C for vapor pressures of p = 0, 12, 30, 40, 66, 85 torr and elongations e = 4.5%, 7%, 9.5%, 19%, 29%, and 44%. A cyclic experiment was also performed at e = 7% and p = 40 torr for three sorption/desorption cycles. Assuming, as a first approximation, that the stress relaxation of the “dry” and “wet” polymers is proportional to the elastic strain, eel, empirical calculations were performed and compared to experimental results. In general, the presence of a vapor or gas in a polymer matrix enhances the stress relaxation by softening or plasticizing the polymer and transforming a portion of the elastic strain, eel, into the plastic strain, epl. As the transformation continues, the sorption and stress of the wetted elongated sample change simultaneously with time until an optical “overshoot” and a mechanical or stress “undershoot” is observed. This result seems to be the consequence of the differential change of the stress of the “dry” and “wetted” samples with sorption time, τ = t − to(t = time; to = initial sorption time), which depends on the differential time dependencies of the transformations of the elastic and plastic strains.
Highly conducting iodine derivatives of polyacetylene: Raman, XPS and x‐ray diffraction studies

Polyacetylene film and bulk samples were prepared by polymerization of acetylene in the presence of a μ‐ (η1:η5‐cyclopentadienyl) ‐tris (η‐cyclopentadienyl) dititanium (Ti–Ti) catalyst in hexane. Conducting films (σR.T.∼25 Ω−1⋅cm−1), or bulk polymer samples (σR.T.∼1 Ω−1⋅ cm−1) were prepared by treatment of the nascent polymer with solutions of iodine in hexane. Raman, x‐ray photoelectron, and x‐ray diffraction techniques were used to characterize these polyacetylene‐iodine derivatives. The measurements are consistent with the presence of iodine in two different forms, I3− and possibly I5−. Although the concentration of the iodine varied in different samples (40%–70% by weight), in all cases the amount of the second species decreases irreversibly upon thermal annealing or the application of high mechanical stresses. X‐ray diffraction measurements suggest that iodine species intercalate in sheets parallel to a close packed plane of the polyacetylene. Valence band x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements on an iodinated cis‐rich polymer film, show a finite density of states at the Fermi level. This observation suggests metallike conductivity in the sample.
Theoretical insights into the effect of amine and phosphine decoration on the photoluminescence of copper(i) and silver(i) coordination polymers.

Coinage metal cyanides (MCN) form photoluminescent 1D coordination polymers. The decoration of these chains with amine and phosphine ligands shifts the wavelength for photoluminescence into the visible region. Density-functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT) calculations of zigzag and helical models of decorated chains are used to show that the transitions that contribute to the experimental spectra are related to the π–π excitations previously shown for coinage metal cyanide chains.
Unexpected magnetism, Griffiths phase, and exchange bias in the mixed lanthanide Pr0.6Er0.4Al2

We report an unusual coexistence of ferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism, and metamagnetism in ${\text{Pr}}_{0.6}$${\text{Er}}_{0.4}$${\text{Al}}_{2}$. In addition, this compound retains a clear Griffiths phase behavior even at 1 kOe magnetic field and shows a large exchange bias after field cooling from the paramagnetic state. The crystal-field excitations and opposite exchange interactions between nearest-neighbor and next-nearest-neighbor rare earth sites explain these behaviors.
Shape-memory NiTi foams produced by solid-state replication with NaF

Abstract A martensitic NiTi foam was produced by hot isostatic pressing a blend of NiTi and NaF powders and subsequent dissolution of the NaF phase. The NiTi foam consists of 40 vol.% near-fully open pores, 240 μm in size, and with ragged surfaces due to incomplete NiTi powder densification. Near linear stress–strain curves are measured in compression with an average loading stiffness of 4 GPa, well below the unloading stiffness of 13 GPa because of detwinning on loading. Shape-memory recovery after unloading corresponds to 85–89% of the unloading plastic strain. After sintering at 1250 °C, the foam exhibits 20% porosity, smaller, smoother and partially-closed pores, and a shift in composition towards a martensite/austenite mixture at ambient temperature. This new composition allows for the activation of the superelastic effect in the austenite during loading and unloading resulting in average stiffnesses of 6–12 GPa, and the shape-memory effect in the martensite with 60–97% of the plastic strain recoverable.
COMMUNICATOR-RECIPIENT SIMILARITY AND DECISION CHANGE.

municator is perceived to have had with an object, the more likely it is that the recipient's behavior with respect to the object will be modified by the communicator's influence attempts. The second hypothesis followed the aforementioned research on communicator- recipient similarity: to the extent that the recipient perceives that he and the communicator share an attribute, that is, have a similar relationship to an object, to that extent is the recipient's behavior with respect to the object likely to be modified by the communicator's influence attempts. The two forces, perceived communicator expertise and perceived communicator similarity, were pitted against one another by conducting a field experiment in which the communicator, for half the recipients, was perceived as similar but inexperienced while for the other half, he was perceived as dissimilar but experienced. METHOD
Cryosurgery of Bronchopulmonary Structures: An Approach to Lesions Inaccessible to the Rigid Bronchoscope

Cryonecrosis of the upper lobe of the lung and bronchi was safely induced in healthy dogs by application of the cryoprobe to serosal surfaces or, through a bronchotomy, to the mucosal surfaces under direct vision. Seven days after cryosurgery, hyperemia of the bronchus was seen. By 14 days the bronchus at the target site was covered with cuboidal epithelium. Reappearance of normal ciliated epithelium occurred by 180 days after cryosurgery. Cartilage remained intact, and there was no evidence of formation of a stricture or other gross alteration of bronchial architecture. In the lung there was coagulation necrosis; and by 14 days after cryosurgery, there was fibrosis in the target area. There were no complications of the pleural space. Cryosurgery of tissues at the margins of the bronchotomy does not impair healing. Cryosurgery may reduce the necessity for extensive surgery in selected patients with bronchopulmonary tumors, including those inaccessible to the rigid bronchoscope. Clinically, eight patients with recurrent bronchogenic tumors have received palliation by transbronchoscopic cryosurgery.
An integrated patch-clamp amplifier for high-throughput planar patch-clamp systems

We present a fully-integrated implementation of a patch-clamp measurement system. The system was implemented in a 0.5mum silicon-on-sapphire process and is capable of recording cell membrane currents up to plusmn20nA, with a rms noise of 5pA at 10kHz bandwidth. The system can compensate for the capacitance and resistance of the planar electrode, up to 20pF and 4MOmega respectively. The die size is 1150 by 700mum. The power consumption is 3.3mW at 3.3V. The integrated patch- clamp system will be used to fabricate high-throughput planar patch-clamp systems.
Canary Pox in Sparrows and Canaries (Fringillidae) and in Weavers (Ploceidae); Pathology and Host Specificity of the Virus

An epornitie of canary pox occurred in white-crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelli), golden-crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia atricapilla), and house sparrows (Passer domesticus), which had...
Verification of digitally-intensive analog circuits via kernel ridge regression and hybrid reachability analysis

The emergence of digitally-intensive analog circuits introduces new challenges to formal verification due to increased digital design content, and non-ideal digital effects such as finite resolution, round-off error and overflow. We propose a machine learning approach to convert digital blocks to conservative analog approximations via the use of kernel ridge regression. These learned models are then adopted in a hybrid formal reachability analysis framework where the support function based manipulations are developed to efficiently handle the large linear portion of the design and the more general satisfiability modulo theories technique is applied to the remaining nonlinear portion. The efficiency of the proposed method is demonstrated for the locked time verification of a digitally intensive phase locked loop.
Comparison of pulmonary function and postoperative pain after laparoscopic versus open gastric bypass: a randomized trial

Abstract BACKGROUND: Impairment of pulmonary function is common after upper abdominal operations. The purpose of this study was to compare postoperative pulmonary function and analgesic requirements in patients undergoing either laparoscopic or open Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (GBP). STUDY DESIGN: Seventy patients with a body mass index of 40 to 60 kg/m 2 were randomly assigned to undergo laparoscopic (n = 36) or open (n = 34) GBP. The two groups were similar in age, gender, body mass index, pulmonary history, and baseline pulmonary function. Pulmonary function studies were performed preoperatively and on postoperative days 1, 2, 3, and 7. Oxygen saturation and chest radiographs were performed on both groups preoperatively and on postoperative day 1. Postoperative pain was evaluated using a visual analog scale and the amount of narcotic consumed was recorded. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. RESULTS: Laparoscopic GBP patients had significantly less impairment of pulmonary function than open GBP patients on the first three postoperative days (p CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic gastric bypass resulted in less postoperative suppression of pulmonary function, decreased pain, improved oxygenation, and less atelectasis than open gastric bypass.
PKR-dependent and -independent mechanisms are involved in translational shutoff during Sindbis virus infection.

The replication of Sindbis virus (SIN) profoundly affects the metabolism of infected vertebrate cells. One of the main events during SIN infection is the strong inhibition of translation of cellular mRNAs. In this study, we used a combination of approaches, including the study of SIN replication in PKR−/− mouse embryo fibroblasts or in the presence of an excess of catalytically inactive PKR. We show that the PKR-dependent inhibition of translation is not the only and most likely not the major pathway mediating translational shutoff during SIN infection. The PKR-independent mechanism strongly affects the translation of cellular templates, whereas translation of SIN subgenomic RNA is resistant to inhibition, and this leads to a benefit for viral replication. Our findings suggest that both PKR-dependent and non-PKR-dependent mechanisms of SIN-induced translational shutoff can be manipulated by using SIN replicons expressing mutated SIN nsP2 or kinase-defective PKR. Specifically, we show that expression of heterologous genes from SIN-based and most likely other alphavirus-based replicons can be increased by downregulating both the PKR-dependent and PKR-independent translational shutoffs.
European and U.S. aircraft development strategies

A comparison of 20 years of aircraft production in Europe and America. U.S. cost increases in the system acquisition process have resulted in large part from unforeseen (sometimes unforseeable) engineering difficulties in the development phase, and from substantial production commitment before development was complete. Common European strategy completed basic development before beginning production and demonstrated utility through prototypes, using early proof-testing of engines, electronics and airframes. An alternative acquisition strategy to that used in the 1960s in the United States is recommended for the next decade: (1) incremental acquisition, based on a sequence of decision points and a succession of development and production phases; and (2) pronounced austerity in early development phases. These changes would result in lessened cost growth and lower U.S. acquisition costs, as well as in improved predictability of schedule and system performance outcomes.
Prodrug Strategies for Improving Drug-Like Properties

My colleagues in this workshop have commented on what is meant by the terms “drug-like” or “drugable” properties. Clearly, most companies prefer to develop drugs that do not require heroic interventions to achieve drug delivery, pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) goals. Thus a drug should have adequate water solubility to facilitate dissolution if administered orally and superior solubility if a parenteral solution dosage form is required. The drug should have the ability to cross biological membranes either via passive permeation or via a carrier-mediated process. If it is unable to do so, absorption from the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) may be limited and access to intracellular sites a challenge. For passive permeation, having lipophilic properties is ideal, thus this property can conflict with the goal of adequate water solubility. The drug must have adequate chemical stability in its desired dosage forms, once in solution and adequate metabolic stability so that it does not undergo excessive presystemic clearance and has a reasonable in vivo residence time. The drug should have properties such as taste, odor, etc. that allow for ease of formulation and it would be ideal if the drug had greater affinity for the activity receptor site than for sites and receptors that could lead to toxic outcomes.
Oceanic crust and arc-trench gap tectonics in southwestern British Columbia

The identification of an Early Jurassic arc-trench gap assemblage floored by oceanic crust in southwestern British Columbia supports previous inferences of an “inland” subduction zone during Mesozoic time. The tectonic and sedimentary records preserved between oceanic and arc rocks suggest an arc-trench gap site that evolved from a fore-arc setting in Early Jurassic time to an interarc setting in Late Jurassic time to a successor basin during Cretaceous time. A westward subduction shift during Middle Jurassic time is therefore inferred.
Synaptic Physiology and Receptive Field Structure in the Early Visual Pathway of the Cat

How does the cortical circuitry analyze the visual scene? Here we explore the earliest levels of striate cortical processing: the first stage, where orientation sensitivity emerges, and the second stage, where stimulus selectivity is further refined. The approach is whole cell recording from cat in vivo. Neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus have circular receptive fields whose subregions, center and surround are concentrically arranged and have the reverse sign, on or off. These neurons supply cortical simple cells, whose receptive fields have on and off subregions that are elongated and lie side by side. Feedforward models hold that orientation sensitivity depends on this thalamocortical change in receptive field structure and an arrangement within subregions such that stimuli of the reverse contrast evoke synaptic responses of the opposite polarity-push-pull. Our work provides support for feedforward models and emphasizes that push-pull is key in the geniculostriate pathway, preserved from retina by thalamic relay cells and reiterated, point by point, by cortical simple cells. Also, we help define the cortical push-pull circuit by identifying inhibitory simple cells. Lastly, separate experiments that compare the first and second levels of cortical processing suggest that differences in the synaptic physiology of connections at the two (thalamocortical versus intracortical) stages underlie differential selectivity for properties such as motion.
Distributed volume rendering on a visualization cluster

We describe the rendering of massive volumes on a volume visualization cluster. We present our data distribution scheme and introduce an algorithm which reduces the memory requirement with no loss of accuracy. The volume is automatically cropped and partitioned into small volume blocks. The bounding boxes of these volume blocks are used at run-time for flexible partitioning of the volume across the network. We present results of rendering the full visible male color dataset, seismic data, and several large micro-CT scanned fossil and teeth datasets.
Chondrogenesis Mediated by PPi Depletion Promotes Spontaneous Aortic Calcification in NPP1−/− Mice

Objective— We recently linked human arterial media calcification of infancy to heritable PC-1/nucleotide pyrophosphatase phosphodiesterase 1 (NPP1) deficiency. NPP1 hydrolyzes ATP to generate PP i , a physicochemical inhibitor of hydroxyapatite crystal growth. But pathologic calcification in NPP1 deficiency states is tissue-restricted and in perispinal ligaments is endochondral differentiation–mediated rather than simply a dystrophic process. Because ectopic chondro-osseous differentiation promotes artery calcification in atherosclerosis and other disorders, we tested the hypothesis that NPP1 and PP i deficiencies regulate cell phenotype plasticity to promote artery calcification. Methods and Results— Using cultured multipotential NPP1−/− mouse bone marrow stromal cells, we demonstrated spontaneous chondrogenesis inhibitable by treatment with exogenous PP i . We also demonstrated cartilage-specific gene expression, upregulated alkaline phosphatase, decreased expression of the physiological calcification inhibitor osteopontin, and increased calcification in NPP1−/− aortic smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Similar changes were demonstrated in aortic SMCs from ank/ank mice, which are extracellular PP i –depleted because of defective ANK transmembrane PP i transport activity. Moreover, NPP1−/− and ank/ank mice demonstrated aortic media calcification by von Kossa staining, and intra-aortic cartilage-specific collagen gene expression was demonstrated in situ in NPP1−/− mice. Conclusions— NPP1 and PP i deficiencies modulate phenotype plasticity in artery SMCs and chondrogenesis in mesenchymal precursors, thereby stimulating artery calcification by modulating cell differentiation.
The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide

Suicidal behavior is a major problem worldwide and, at the same time, has received relatively little empirical attention. This relative lack of empirical attention may be due in part to a relative absence of theory development regarding suicidal behavior. The current article presents the interpersonal theory of suicidal behavior. We propose that the most dangerous form of suicidal desire is caused by the simultaneous presence of two interpersonal constructs—thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness (and hopelessness about these states)—and further that the capability to engage in suicidal behavior is separate from the desire to engage in suicidal behavior. According to the theory, the capability for suicidal behavior emerges, via habituation and opponent processes, in response to repeated exposure to physically painful and/or fear-inducing experiences. In the current article, the theory’s hypotheses are more precisely delineated than in previous presentations (Joiner, 2005), with the aim of inviting scientific inquiry and potential falsification of the theory’s hypotheses.
Programmable Assembly With Universally Foldable Strings (Moteins)

Understanding how linear strings fold into 2-D and 3-D shapes has been a long sought goal in many fields of both academia and industry. This paper presents a technique to design self-assembling and self-reconfigurable systems that are composed of strings of very simple robotic modules. We show that physical strings that are composed of a small set of discrete polygonal or polyhedral modules can be used to programmatically generate any continuous area or volumetric shape. These modules can have one or two degrees of freedom (DOFs) and simple actuators with only two or three states. We describe a subdivision algorithm to produce universal polygonal and polyhedral string folding schemas, and we prove the existence of a continuous motion to reach any such folding. This technique is validated with dynamics simulations as well as experiments with chains of modules that pack on a regular cubic lattice. We call robotic programmable universally foldable strings “moteins” as motorized proteins.
Effects of an intensive, task-specific rehabilitation program for individuals with chronic stroke: A case series

Purpose. The purpose of this case series was to determine feasibility and evaluate changes in activity and participation outcomes in persons with chronic stroke after an intensive, task-specific rehabilitation program incorporating whole-body and client-centred interventions.Method. Participants with chronic stroke (N = 12) who were ambulatory and had at least minimal arm/hand function were recruited. The program included whole-body goal-focused activities, gait training and strengthening exercises for 4 h, 5 days per week for 2 weeks. Daily educational sessions and a home activities program were also included. Activity-based measures including the Wolf motor function test, Berg balance scale, timed up and go test and 6-min walk test and participation-based measures including the Stroke Impact Scale and Canadian Occupational Performance Measure were collected at pre-test, immediate post-test and 5-month retention.Results. The effect of the intervention on participation-based outcomes was much greater than...
Bifurcation analysis in heterogeneous azeotropic distillation

Parameterization with respect to the aqueous reflux ratio has been carried out for the steady-state analysis of a tower to dehydrate secbutanol using disecondary butyl ether as the entrainer. With an equilibrium-stage model, singularities are observed as the second liquid phase is introduced on the trays and regions of steady-state multiplicity are demonstrated. Furthermore, a critical aqueous reflux ratio, in the vicinity of which two liquid phases are introduced on most of the trays, varies only slightly with the number of trays in the tower. The model predicts that the product purities and recoveries remain high using one-third of the trays in the industrial SBA-II tower. Bifurcation analysis for a single stage does not explain these observations, and the effect of recycle is suspected.
Distinct BRAF (V600E) and KRAS mutations in high microsatellite instability sporadic colorectal cancer in African Americans.

Purpose: Colorectal cancer develops through genetic, epigenetic, and environmental events that result in uncontrolled cell proliferation. Colorectal cancer incidence and mortality is higher in African Americans (AA) than in the general population. Here, we carried out a molecular analysis of sporadic colorectal cancer tumors from AAs to investigate possible explanations for the observed disparities. Experimental Design: A total of 222 AA colorectal cancer tumors were analyzed for microsatellite instability (MSI) for protein expression of two DNA mismatch repair genes, MLH1 and MSH2, by immunohistochemistry; for the methylation silencing of MLH1, p16, APC , and APC2 promoters by methylation-specific PCR; and for point mutations in two oncogenes, KRAS and BRAF , by sequencing. Results: In our sample, 19.8% of the AAs colorectal cancer tumors were MSI high (MSI-H) and did not associate with any of the clinicopathologic features, except tumor differentiation. Higher levels of inactive DNA mismatch repair proteins MLH1 (41%) and MSH2 (33%) were found by immunohistochemistry. Methylation-specific PCR analysis revealed a high level of methylation for MLH1 (66%), APC (53%), and APC2 (90%), but not for p16 (26%). BRAF mutations were only within the MSI-H tumors, whereas most (64%) of KRAS mutations were found within the non–MSI-H group. Conclusions: MLH1, MSH2 , and BRAF alterations are significantly associated with MSI-H phenotype, unlike APC, APC2 and KRAS alterations. The prominent role of DNA mismatch repair gene suppression in MSI-H and a distinctive role of BRAF and KRAS mutations with respect to MSI status are supported by this study.
Exploiting global knowledge to achieve self-tuned congestion control for k-ary n-cube networks

Network performance in tightly-coupled multiprocessors typically degrades rapidly beyond network saturation. Consequently, designers must keep a network below its saturation point by reducing the load on the network. Congestion control via source throttling-a common technique to reduce the network load-prevents new packets from entering the network in the presence of congestion. Unfortunately, prior schemes to implement source throttling either lack vital global information about the network to make the correct decision (whether to throttle or not) or depend on specific network parameters, or communication patterns. This paper presents a global-knowledge-based, self-tuned, congestion control technique that prevents saturation at high loads across different communication patterns for k-ary n-cube networks. Our design is composed of two key components. First, we use global information about a network to obtain a timely estimate of network congestion. We compare this estimate to a threshold value to determine when to throttle packet injection. The second component is a self-tuning mechanism that automatically determines appropriate threshold values based on throughput feedback. A combination of these two techniques provides high performance under heavy load, does not penalize performance under light load, and gracefully adapts to changes in communication patterns.
Metacognitive judgments of repetition and variability effects in natural concept learning: evidence for variability neglect

In four experiments, we examined the effects of repetitions and variability on the learning of bird families and metacognitive awareness of such effects. Of particular interest was the accuracy of, and bases for, predictions regarding classification of novel bird species, referred to as category learning judgments (CLJs). Participants studied birds in high repetitions and high variability conditions. These conditions differed in the number of presentations of each bird (repetitions) and the number of unique species from each family (variability). After study, participants made CLJs for each family and were then tested. Results from a classification test revealed repetition benefits for studied species and variability benefits for novel species. In contrast with performance, CLJs did not reflect the benefits of variability. Results showed that CLJs were susceptible to accessibility-based metacognitive illusions produced by additional repetitions of studied items.
Green's function extraction from field correlations from Porter-Bojarski's integral equation and implications in imaging

This work develops a previously unknown connection between the key results in Green's function extraction from field correlations [1,2,3], a field that is receiving enormous attention as the basis for a new “seismic interferometry” where “noise becomes signal”, and an integral equation called Porter-Bojarski's equation [4,5] which provides a complete formulation of the inverse source problem, and which also provides a connection between the inverse source problem and holography [6,7]. The results are given for both scalar fields and full vector electromagnetic fields. Implications of Porter-Bojarski's integral equation, and for that matter, also of Green's function extraction, in imaging are also briefly discussed.
Comparison of a Plain Methylcellulose with a Compound Bulk Laxative Tablet

Summary 1.The properties of methylcellulose and psyllium as bulk laxative materials are summarized. 2.A quantitative comparison of the bulk forming power of plain 0.5 gram methylcellulose tablets with that of tablets containing 0.4 gram methylcellulose blended with 0.1 gram of a purified psyllium hemicellulose was made by using the stool-weight method of evaluation on eight human subjects. 3.The compound bulk laxative tablet was found to have up to 87 per cent more moisture-retaining and bulk-forming power than the simple methylcellulose tablet of the same weight. 4.With this compound tablet a greater effect can be secured from a given number of tablets, or the same effect from a lesser number of tablets, than are required for plain methylcellulose. 5.The compound tablet produced its increased bulk of stool immediately from the first day of medication, whereas plain methylcellulose caused a moderate constipative effect on the first day, followed by attainment of the new level of bulk stools only at the third day. 6.It is apparent that the compound tablet combination works more promptly, and induces a greater effect per given dose. Therefore, addition of psyllium to the methylcellulose provides a combination with enhanced therapeutic value.
A Study on Reactive Spray Deposition Technology Processing Parameters in the Context of Pt Nanoparticle Formation

Catalytic materials are complex systems in which achieving the desired properties (i.e., activity, selectivity and stability) depends on exploiting the many degrees of freedom in surface and bulk composition, geometry, and defects. Flame aerosol synthesis is a process for producing nanoparticles with ample processing parameter space to tune the desired properties. Flame dynamics inside the reactor are determined by the input process variables such as solubility of precursor in the fuel; solvent boiling point; reactant flow rate and concentration; flow rates of air, fuel and the carrier gas; and the burner geometry. In this study, the processing parameters for reactive spray deposition technology, a flame-based synthesis method, are systematically evaluated to understand the residence times, reactant mixing, and temperature profiles of flames used in the synthesis of Pt nanoparticles. This provides a framework for further study and modeling. The flame temperature and length are also studied as a function of O2 and fuel flow rates.
Limits and Other Consequences of Completeness

Before You Get Started. You probably know that the sequence of real numbers \(\frac{{n - 1}}{n}\) converges to the real number 1 as n gets larger. What exactly does this mean? Can you guess a definition of “converges” that does not use words like “nearer and nearer to” or “approaches”? Think about the picture above. Each black triangle occupies \(\frac{{1}}{4}\) of the area of its “parent” triangle. If the area of the biggest triangle is 1, then the sum of the areas of all the black triangles should be thought of as \(\frac{1}{4} + \frac{1}{{4^2 }} + \frac{1}{{4^3 }} \cdots.\) You might remember from previous math courses that the sum of this series is \(\frac{{1}}{3}\). Can you see in the picture that the blackened area constitutes \(\frac{{1}}{3}\) of the total area of the biggest white triangle? (Look at the white-black-white horizontal rows of triangles.) This is an example of convergence.
Effect of Cu and Cl on EVT-CdTe solar cells

The stoichiometry of CdTe plays an important role in the formation of point defects and can therefore impact solar cell performance. In this study, the effect of Cu and Cl on CdTe films is investigated as a function of stoichiometry. The stoichiometry of CdTe films was altered by varying the gas phase composition (amount of Cd and Te vapors) during the Elemental Vapor Transport (EVT) deposition process. Superstrate CdTe/CdS solar cells were fabricated using EVT-CdTe. Controlled amounts of Cu were incorporated into the CdTe cells during the back contact formation process. Solar cell performance improved for cells fabricated with EVT-CdTe deposited under Te-rich conditions. The dual benefits of Cu viz. improving doping concentration and eliminating the Schottky barrier at the back contact were observed. Capacitance-voltage (CV) measurements revealed an increase in net doping with a decrease in the Cd/Te vapor ratio, which can be attributed to an increase in the native acceptor defects, cadmium vacancies (VCd's). Open circuit voltages up to 850 mV with FF up to 70 % were measured for EVT-CdTe solar cells with Cd/Te vapor ratio 0.7. 1-photon Time Resolved Photoluminescence (TRPL) measurements revealed higher lifetimes for solar cells fabricated with Cd/Te ratio 0.7. The incorporation of Cu reduced lifetimes.
How Do Predatory Lending Laws Influence Mortgage Lending in Urban Areas

This paper examines the effects of predatory lending laws in the cities of Chicago and Philadelphia. The level of mortgage activity in each of the cities is compared during the pre- and post-legislative periods relative to other parts of the state to assess the impact of localized legislation. In Chicago, where the predatory lending law focused on banks, a subprime origination in the city was found to be more likely to be made by a nonbank after the passage of the law. In Philadelphia, however, where the predatory legislation was aimed at all financial service providers, a decline was observed in the likelihood of a subprime loan being originated in the city during the post-legislation period, with the minority and low-income market segments experiencing the largest reduction.
Loss of a Class A Penicillin-Binding Protein Alters β-Lactam Susceptibilities in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Recent studies have renewed interest in β-lactam antibiotics as a potential treatment for Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. To explore the opportunities and limitations of this approach, we sought to better understand potential resistance mechanisms to β-lactam antibiotics in M. tuberculosis. We identified mutations in the penicillin-binding protein (PBP) ponA2 that were able to confer some degree of resistance to the cephalosporin subclass of β-lactams. Surprisingly, deletion of ponA2 also confers resistance, demonstrating that β-lactam resistance can spontaneously arise from PBP loss of function. We show that ponA2 mutants resistant to the cephalosporin subclass of β-lactams in fact show increased susceptibility to meropenem, a carbapenem that is known to target l,d-transpeptidases, thereby suggesting that in the absence of PonA2, an alternative mode of peptidoglycan synthesis likely becomes essential. Consistent with this hypothesis, a negative genetic selection identified the l,d-transpeptidase ld...
A Comparative Analysis of Wind Propulsion Systems for Ocean-Going Vessels

Recent increases in fuel prices have spurred interest in energy efficiency and alternative energy technologies. These interests are especially relevant for the marine industry, which is responsible for transporting over 90% of the world’s freight. The present global fleet of commercial ships consumes approximately 200 million tonnes of diesel fuel each year — which is expected to rise to around 350 million tonnes a year by 2020 [5]. Studies have been conducted evaluating technologies to increase seagoing propulsion efficiency as well as harness available alternative energy sources. One renewable source, wind, is particularly interesting since 1) it presents a vast source of free energy that has been used throughout much of the history of marine transportation, and 2) novel technologies are available that might make it attractive for modern ships. The purpose of this analysis is to specifically evaluate and compare the ability of two modern wind-based technologies to produce thrust-reducing propulsion power for use in reducing the fuel consumption of a ship, namely a rigid wing sail and Flettner rotor. The analysis focuses on design specifications for each based on existing literature and compares the performance of the two technologies within a specified, but naturally varying wind environment. The force-producing capabilities of each technology are compared as a function of the ship operational parameters of heading and speed.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Carnosinase Activity in Tissues of Normal and Dystrophic Rabbits.

Summary1. Carnosinase activity was measured in kidney, liver, spleen, heart and skeletal muscle of normal, vit. E-deficient, and gBBE treated rabbits. 2. No significant differences were noted in carnosinase values in tissues of animals on the 3 different regimens. 3. Rabbits injected with gBBE showed 1-methylhistidinuria. 4. gBBE had no effect upon carnosinase activities in vitro.
Measurement Based Fair Queuing for Allocating Bandwidth to Virtual Machines

We wish to allocate outgoing bandwidth at a server among customer VMs. The allocation for each VM is proportional to the bandwidth purchased for that VM by the customer, while allowing idle bandwidth to redistributed. Classical fair queuing in routers assumes tight feedback between transmitter and scheduler, and that cheap scheduler invocation on every transmission. Since these assumptions are false in Virtual Switches, we propose MBFQ (Measurement Based Fair Queuing) with two levels of scheduling: a microscheduler that operates cheaply and paces VM transmissions, and a macroscheduler that periodically redistributes tokens to microschedulers based on the measured bandwidth of VMs. We show that MBFQ allows a VM to obtain its allocated bandwidth in X scheduling intervals, and that idle bandwidth is reclaimed within Y periods. An implementation of MBFQ is available in Windows Server 2016 Technical Preview.
The Crisis of Representation in Ngugi wa Thiong’o’s Wizard of the Crow

(2008). The Crisis of Representation in Ngugi wa Thiong’o’s Wizard of the Crow. Journal of the African Literature Association: Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 34-57.
Electrochemical oxidation coupled with liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry to study the oxidative stability of active pharmaceutical ingredients in solution: A comparison of off-line and on-line approaches

Stability studies of pharmaceutical drug products and pharmaceutical active substances are important to research and development in order to fully understand and maintain product quality and safety throughout its shelf-life. Oxidative forced degradation studies are among the different types of stability studies performed by the pharmaceutical industry in order to understand the intrinsic stability of drug molecules. We have been comparing the use of electrochemistry as an alternative oxidative forced degradation method to traditional forced degradation and accelerated stability studies. Using the electrochemical degradation approach the substrate oxidation takes place in a commercially available electrochemical cell and the effluent of the cell can be either a) directly infused into the mass spectrometer or b) injected in a chromatographic column for separation of the different products formed prior to the mass spectrometry analysis. To enable the study of large numbers of different experimental conditions and molecules we developed a new dual pump automated electrochemical screening platform. This system used a HPLC pump and autosampler to load and wash the electrochemical cell and deliver the oxidized sample plug to a second injection loop. This system enabled the automatic sequential analyses of large numbers of different solutions under varied experimental conditions without need for operator intervention during the run sequence. Here we describe the system and evaluate its performance using a test molecule with well characterized stability and compare results to those obtained using an off-line electrochemistry approach.
Multifocal Discharges and Ictal Correlates

Continuous EEG/video recordings on 4 children with the interictal EEG pattern of multifocal independent epileptiform discharges (MIED) are reported from the Epilepsy Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
Early-Time “Shine-Through” in Laser Irradiated Targets

In direct-drive laser-fusion experiments, a deuterium or deuterium-tritium filled microballoon is imploded by direct illumination with a number of high-power laser beams. The implosion is driven by the ablation of material from the outer surface of the target. The ablation and compression occurs only after a plasma has been established at the surface of the target. This plasma, once established, dominates the interaction since the laser can no longer propagate past the critical density surface where the plasma frequency equals the laser frequency. Energy is absorbed at densities below critical and transported through the overdense region to the ablation front. Another important function of the plasma is to smooth, by thermal conduction, some of the the spatial non-uniformities in the laser energy deposition on the way to the ablation layer.
Pokémon GO May Increase Physical Activity and Decrease Sedentary Behaviors

The authors argue that Pokemon Go mobile application game may help video game users increase their physical activity levels and decrease sedentary behaviors, and it mentions a Pokemon Go-related pilot study conducted by a University of Hawaii institutional review board. A revised Godin Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire is addressed, along with data which supports the idea that Internet games can help promote health behaviors. Television viewing and strenuous physical activity are assessed.
Hip and Pelvis Injuries in Childhood and Adolescence

Disorders of the hip are common in childhood and adolescence. As a child grows older, the most common problems affecting the hip will change. The hip often may be overlooked as a source of pain as disorders may refer pain to the thigh or knee, potentially leading the clinician astray as to the source of the problem, potentially resulting in a delayed or incorrect diagnosis. Clinicians should understand the appropriate anatomy, physical exam techniques and imaging studies of the hip and the common pediatric hip disorders and injuries presented in this chapter.
CO-ROBOTIC ULTRASOUND IMAGING: A COOPERATIVE FORCE CONTROL APPROACH

Ultrasound (US) imaging remains one of the most commonly used imaging modalities in medical practice. However, due to the physical effort required to perform US imaging tasks, 63-91% of ultrasonographers develop musculoskeletal disorders throughout their careers. The goal of this work is to provide ultrasonographers with a system that facilitates and reduces strain in US image acquisition. To this end, we propose a system for admittance force robot control that uses the six-degree-of-freedom UR5 industrial robot. A six-axis force sensor is used to measure the forces and torques applied by the sonographer on the probe. As the sonographer pushes against the US probe, the robot complies with these forces, following the user's desired path. A one-axis load cell is used to measure contact forces between the patient and the probe in real time. When imaging, the robot augments the axial forces applied by the user, lessening the physical effort required. User studies showed an overall decrease in hand tremor while imaging at high forces, improvements in image stability, and a decrease in difficulty and strenuousness.