cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In Situ solid-state NMR investigation of cracking reactions on zeolite HY

Abstract In situ 13C solid-state NMR spectroscopy was used to monitor the cracking of propene oligomers on zeolite HY at elevated temperatures. Experiments were performed in sealed magic-angle spinning rotors, the temperatures of which were cycled between ambient and 503 K. At the upper temperature, the oligomers cracked to form branched butanes, pentanes, and other alkanes. The driving force for this reaction was the formation of highly aromatic coke. These products remained after the catalyst temperature was reduced to ambient. Although olefins are observed in the product stream from cracking in flow reactors, they did not accumulate in detectable quantities in the in situ NMR experiment. We conclude that olefins are unstable with respect to conjunct polymerization for long reaction times on zeolite HY at 503 K. The results of this study are consistent with the view that coke formation can be important in hydrogen-transfer reactions during cracking.
Investigating the Use of Traditional and Spectral Biofeedback Approaches to Intervention for /r/ Misarticulation

Purpose Misarticulation of /r/ is among the most challenging developmental speech errors to remediate. Case studies suggest that visual biofeedback treatment can establish perceptually accurate /r/ in clients who have not responded to traditional treatments. This investigation studied the response of children with persistent /r/ misarticulation to a course of traditional treatment and a course of biofeedback treatment. Method Eleven children with /r/ misarticulation completed 10 weeks of individual treatment consisting of 4–6 weeks of traditional treatment followed by 4–6 weeks of biofeedback treatment. Progress was measured by tracking correct /r/ productions within treatment and probing /r/ in words at 3 time points. Results At the group level, there was no difference in independent judges’ ratings of /r/ sounds produced by the children before and after traditional treatment. However, /r/ sounds produced after biofeedback treatment were significantly more likely to be rated by the judges as perceptually...
A Concave Property of the Hypergeometric Function with Respect to a Parameter

The hypergeometric function is shown to be logarithmically concave in integer values of one of its parameters. The methods used are probabilistic.
Tephrochronology, lichenometry and radiocarbon dating at Gulkana Glacier, central Alaska Range, USA

Multiple geochronologic techniques, when used in an integrated approach, provide a powerful means of deciphering the stratigraphy of Holocene moraine sequences. The Jarvis Creek Ash, deposited across central Alaska at 3650 ± 125 BP, underlies a mid-Holocene lateral moraine of the Gulkana Glacier. This tephrochronological datum provides new control on long-term Rhizocarpon geographicum growth rates in central Alaska, and suggests that this species grows at approximately 4mm per century in the central Alaska Range. Lichenometry, together with tephrochronology and radiocarbon dates from buried organic horizons, indicate Holocene advances of the Gulkana Glacier occurred c. 5700 ± 260 BP, 4100 ± 800 BP, 3600 ± 700 BP, 800 ± 125 BP and 150-200 years ago.
Gas-phase acid-base properties of homocysteine, homoserine, 5-mercaptonorvaline, and 5-hydroxynorvaline from the extended kinetic method

Abstract The gas-phase proton affinities (PA) and gas-phase acidities (GA) for the non-protein amino acids homocysteine (hcys), homoserine (hser), 5-mercaptonorvaline (hhcys), and 5-hydroxynorvaline (hhser) have been determined using the extended kinetic method in an ESI-triple quadrupole instrument. Increasing the length of the side chain of cysteine by one and two methylene units has a dramatic effect on the proton affinity. The PAs of hcys and hhcys were determined to be 932 ± 9 kJ/mol and 944 ± 9 kJ/mol, 29 and 41 kJ/mol more basic than cysteine. The proton affinity enhancement for the serine homologs is more dramatic. PAs of 951 ± 11 and 986 ± 10 kJ/mol were measured for hser and hhser, 39 and 74 kJ/mol more basic than serine. The proton affinity enhancement can be rationalized by the increased stability of internally hydrogen-bonded structures in the cations of the homo-amino acids with longer side chains. High-level density functional theory calculations confirm the cyclic structures for the cations and give predictions for the proton affinities that are in excellent agreement with the measured results. The GAs for hcys was determined to be 1398 ± 10 kJ/mol which is the same as the GA of cysteine (1396 ± 9 kJ/mol). Calculations predict that as with cysteine, the preferred site of deprotonation for hcys is the sulfur atom in the side chain rather than the carboxylic acid group. For hhcys, the lowest enthalpy structure is an internally-hydrogen-bonded thiolate, while the lowest free energy structure is a carboxylate with an extended side chain. These conformers lie within 5 kJ/mol of each other in both enthalpy and free energy and should both be populated in a gas-phase sample. Theoretical predictions for the acidities of hcys and hhcys predict a slight trend in acidity with increasing side-chain length. The experimental GA for hser was determined to be 1394 ± 10, the same as serine (1393 kJ/mol), and calculations predict that Ser, hser, and hhser all have the same acidity within error.
Epidemiology, pathology, and treatment of axillary hidradenitis suppurativa

The epidemiology, pathology, and management of axillary hidradenitis suppurativa were examined in 11 patients with this disease. On the basis of this study, the following predisposing factors were incriminated in the epidemiology of the disease: predilection of the disease for women, obesity, hair removal by a safety razor, antiperspirants and deodorants, and local pyogenic infections distant from the axilla. Because antiperspirants do not effect transepidermal water loss of axillary skin, their potential deleterious effects are probably related to their chemical irritant effects on cut, nicked, or irritated axillary skin. Treatment of this disease will vary according to its severity. Incision and drainage are usually needed to treat the localized disease. Specific measures must also be instituted to prevent progression of the disease (eg, weight reduction, avoidance of safety razor and antiperspirants and deodorants, and control of localized pyogenic infections distant from the axilla). Management of the chronic phase of the disease is primarily excision of infected axillary skin.
A case study in IVHS implementation: an image processing application for I-15 HOV lanes

Presents findings on image processing applications to the continuous and automatic monitoring and verification of the status of control devices and vehicle speed estimation on the Interstate-15 Reversible High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) lanes as examples of "IVHS at Work". The overall goal of the study has been to supply additional enhanced monitoring capabilities for the HOV operations. These capabilities have been intended to assist, rather than to eliminate the human operators from the loop. The authors describe this unique undertaking together with the issues related to the systems architecture, hardware and software components, the integration, image processing tools, and preliminary field test results.
Clival and craniovertebral junction chordomas.

hordomas are rare, aggressive, destructive tumors that are presumed to be of notochordal origin and arise along C the vertebral axis with preponderance for the foramen magnum region (craniocervical), the petroclival area, and the sphenoclival, which includes the cavernous sinus (1, 9). They are also common in the sacral region. The overall incidence of chordomas is 0.2 0.5 per 100,000 persons per year and account for 0.15% of all intracranial tumors (14). Although usually midline, the notochord may have distal projections that extend to the clinoid processes and the petrous bone (11). In most major centers, chordomas are seen both extradural as well as intradural. At the craniocervical region, this is a lateral spread past the tectorial membrane to become intradural and thus occupy both the ventral and ventrolateral portions of the midline posterior fossa (13). This spread is also more common in patients with recurrences. Most patients have been symptomatic for at least a year before diagnosis.
Human-machine interface for tele-robotic operation: mapping of tongue movements based on aural flow monitoring

A new human-machine interface is introduced for "hands-free" tele-operation of mobile robots. This interface consists of tracking tongue movement by monitoring changes in airflow that occur in the ear canal. Tongue movements within the human oral cavity create unique, subtle pressure signals in the ear that can be processed to produce commands signals in response to that movement. Once recognized, said movements can in turn be used in for robotic tele-operation. The complete strategy is tested on 4 tongue actions: touching the tongue to the left and right corners of the mouth, and to the top and bottom center of the mouth. Through extensive experiments, it is shown that the pressure signals due to tongue movements are distinct and can be detected with over 97% accuracy. A case study to control the Whegs II robotic platform has specifically been investigated. Based on simulation results, it is concluded that this unique strategy will make hands-free robotic tele-operation a practical reality.
Performance modeling of daylight integrated photosensor-controlled lighting systems

Some building energy codes now require the incorporation of daylight into buildings and automatic photosensor-controlled switching or dimming of the electric lighting system in areas that receive daylight. This paper describes enhancements to the open-source Daysim daylight analysis software that permit users to model a photosensor control system as it will perform in a real space, considering the directional sensitivity of the photosensor , its mounting position, the space and daylight aperture geometry, window shading configuration; the electric lighting equipment and control zones; exterior obstructions; and site weather conditions. System output includes assessment of the daylight distribution in a space throughout the year, the photosensor's ability to properly track the daylight and modify electric lighting system output, and the energy savings provided by the modeled control system. The application of daylight coefficients permits annual simulations to be conducted efficiently using hourly or finer weather data time increments.
Acoustic approach to thermal management: miniature thermo acoustic engines

An acoustic approach to thermal management in electronics can be efficient and it can be directly interfaced with electronic devices. It is based on two types of thermoacoustic heat engines, which are being developed for microcircuit applications. One type of device, the prime mover, converts heat to sound; energy is radiated away acoustically. This is achieved with essentially no moving parts. The other type of device, a heat pump or refrigerator, moves heat from one reservoir to another reservoir using sound waves. Both devices are resonant and hence their size scales inversely with operating frequencies. Devices presented here operate in the frequency range of 4 kHz to 21 kHz, depending on their size. The components are simple and they can be fabricated using microcircuit techniques. They consist of an acoustic resonator, heat exchangers, a stack of high surface area material for heat storage, and a working gas such as air or helium or gas mixture (He-Ar). The cooler has a loudspeaker to generate the sound for pumping heat, while the prime mover has a coupler to the source of heat. Working devices range in size from 2 cm to a few millimeters. Their efficiency, which depends on geometrical factors, is an appreciable fraction of Carnot. An important feature is a high power density. Working models and modeling show that power densities of several watts per cubic centimeter can be achieved by optimizing the parameters and working conditions. Performance characteristics of miniature prime movers and refrigerators will be presented.
High-level test generation for design verification of pipelined microprocessors

This paper addresses test generation for design verification of pipelined microprocessors. To handle the complexity of these designs, our algorithm integrates high-level treatment of the datapath with low-level treatment of the controller and employs a novel "pipeframe" organization that exploits high-level knowledge about the operation of pipelines. We have implemented the proposed algorithm and used it to generate verification tests for design errors in a representative pipelined microprocessor.
Addiction and Choice: Theory and New Data

Addiction’s biological basis has been the focus of much research. The findings have persuaded experts and the public that drug use in addicts is compulsive. But the word “compulsive” identifies patterns of behavior. Thus, the question is not whether addiction has a biology, but whether it is sensible to say that addicts use drugs compulsively. Research shows most of those who meet the American Psychiatric Association’s criteria for addiction quit using illegal drugs by age thirty, that they usually quit without professional help, and that the correlates of quitting include legal concerns, economic pressures, and the desire for respect, particularly from family members. That is, the correlates of quitting are the correlates of choice. However, addiction is, by definition, a disorder, and thereby not beneficial in the long run. This is precisely the pattern of choices predicted by quantitative choice principles, such as the matching law, melioration, and hyperbolic discounting. Although the brain disease model of addiction is perceived by many as received knowledge it is not supported by research or logic. In contrast, well established, quantitative choice principles predict both the possibility and the details of addiction.
Hardware implementation of a VDPCM using parallel processing architecture

A parallel processing architecture is described to implement the VDPCM encoder/decoder hardware for real-time image coding applications. The architecture consists of processing elements in modular form, and each module is designed around AT&T's DSP32 chip. The system is flexible and expandable. The hardware was used to encode images at a rate of 0.5 bit pixel, and results are given. The hardware results are in agreement with the computer simulations. >
Sophocles, Oedipus Rex 1271–4

In an article in the July 1959 issue of the American Journal of Philology , Mr. William Calder III offers two suggestions for the interpretation of 11. 1271–4 of Sophocles' Oedipus Rex , one concerning the reference of wv in 1271, and the other, the reference of in 1273 and 1274.
Elevated Expression of Ferritin H-Chain mRNA in Metastatic Ovarian Tumor

To identify genes associated with tumor metastasis, we prepared 5 cDNA libraries using mRNA from normal ovaries, paired primary and metastatic ovarian tumors, as well as paired cultured ovarian tumor cells. By differential screening, we identified 12 clones, which can be divided into 3 classes based on hybridization to various probes. Class 1 clones showed no reaction with the normal probe, slight or no reaction with the primary probe, but high reaction with the metastatic probe. Class 2 clones showed some reaction with normal and primary probes, but showed stronger reaction with the metastatic probe. Class 3 clones showed strong hybridization to the normal probe, slight or no reaction with the primary probe, and did not hybridize with the metastatic clone. These clones were further analyzed by determination of DNA sequence. One of the class 1 clones (clone I) was identified as ferritin heavy chain. Northern blot analysis showed higher expression of ferritin H-chain in metastatic samples compared to prima...
Do Fund Managers Identify and Share Profitable Ideas

We study data from an organization in which fund managers privately share investment ideas. Evidence suggests the investors in our sample have stock-picking skills. A strategy of going long (short) buy (sell) recommendations earns monthly value-weight calendar-time abnormal returns of 1.31% (-2.67%) over the January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2011 sample period. Interestingly, these skilled investors share their profitable ideas. We determine that the managers in our sample share ideas to receive constructive feedback and to attract additional arbitrageur capital to their asset market.
Clinical significance of overexpression of multiple RND-family efflux pumps in Bacteroides fragilis isolates

Objectives: The aim of the present study was to determine correlation between bmeB efflux pump overexpression and resistance to fluoroquinolones and b-lactams in Bacteroides fragilis clinical isolates (n = 51) and the effects of broad-spectrum efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs) on the MICs of the test antibiotics. Methods:Susceptibilitytogarenoxacin,levofloxacin,moxifloxacin,cefoxitinandfaropenem –EPIs(CCCP, MC-207,110, reserpine and verapamil) was determined. Expression of bmeB efflux pumps was measured, topoisomerase genes were sequenced and b-lactamase production was determined. Results: Isolates weregrouped into categories based on susceptibility patterns, topoisomerase sequence and efflux pump expression. Panel I isolates (19/51, 37.3%) were highly resistant to fluoroquinolones and cefoxitin (resistance to all agents was significantly reduced by EPIs,P<0.05), had a point mutation ingyrA (C!T) causing a Ser-82!Phe substitution, and overexpressedbmeB4andbmeB15. Panel II isolates (7/51; 13.7%) had intermediate-level resistance to fluoroquinolones and cefoxitin and a GyrA substitution. Panel IIIAisolates(21/51;41.2%)hadintermediate-levelfluoroquinoloneresistanceandhigh-levelcefoxitinresistance [resistance to all agents was significantly reduced by EPIs (P < 0.05)] and overexpressed bmeB4 andbmeB15. Panel IIIB isolates (4/51; 7.8%) had low-level fluoroquinolone resistance and high-level resistance to cefoxitin [cefoxitin resistance was significantly reduced by EPIs (P < 0.05)] and overexpressed bmeB4, bmeB6, bmeB10 and bmeB14. All isolates were b-lactamase-positive. Conclusions: These data suggest that bmeB efflux pump overexpression can (i) cause low- to intermediate-level clinically relevant fluoroquinolone resistance; (ii) be coupled with GyrA substitutions to cause high-level fluoroquinolone resistance; (iii) contribute to high-level clinically relevant resistance to b-lactams.
Acute alcohol withdrawal is associated with c-Fos expression in the basal ganglia and associated circuitry: C57BL/6J and DBA/2J inbred mouse strain analyses.

: Background: The DBA/2J (D2) and C57BL/6J (B6) mouse strains are the most widely studied genetic models of severe and mild acute alcohol withdrawal, respectively. Previous studies have identified quantitative trait loci and genes involved in risk for acute ethanol withdrawal using mapping populations derived from the D2 and B6 strains, but the brain region(s) and circuit(s) by which these genes and their protein products influence ethanol physiological dependence and associated withdrawal remain to be elucidated. Methods: B6 and D2 were administered a sedative-hypnotic dose of ethanol (4 g/kg) or saline (control) and returned to their home cages where they were left undisturbed for 7 hr, which has been shown in previous studies to correspond to peak acute ethanol withdrawal severity. The mice were then euthanized and assessed for their numbers of c-Fos immunoreactive neurons across 26 brain regions. The question addressed was whether or not ethanol-withdrawn D2 and B6 mice differed in c-Fos induction (neural activation) within circuitry that could explain the severe ethanol withdrawal of the D2 strain and the mild ethanol withdrawal in B6 strain mice. Results: At peak acute ethanol-withdrawal ethanol-withdrawn D2 and B6 mice differed in neural activation within the basal ganglia, including the subthalamic nucleus and the two major output nuclei of the basal ganglia (the medial globus pallidus and the substantia nigra pars reticulata). Genotype-dependent c-Fos induction was also apparent in associated circuitry including the lateral septum, the ventral tegmental area, the nucleus accumbens core, the dorsolateral caudate putamen, the substantia nigra pars compacta, the cingulate and entorhinal cortices, and the ventral pallidum. D2 and B6 mice showed comparable neural activation in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and the nucleus accumbens shell. Conclusions: The present studies are the first to use immediate early gene product expression to assess the pattern of neural activation associated with acute ethanol withdrawal. Our results point to the involvement of an extended basal ganglia circuit in genetically determined differences in acute ethanol withdrawal. Based on these data, we suggest that quantitative trait genes (QTGs) involved in acute ethanol withdrawal exert their effects on this phenotype via one or more of the brain regions and circuits identified. As more information becomes available that integrates neural circuit and QTG analyses, the precise mechanisms by which QTGs affect ethanol physiological dependence and associated withdrawal will become apparent.
Television News and the Cultivation of Fear of Crime

Why has the public persisted in believing that violent crime is a widespread national problem in the U.S. despite declining trends in crime and the fact that crime is concentrated in urban locations? Cultivation theory suggests that widespread fear of crime is fueled in part by heavy exposure to violent dramatic programming on prime-time television. Here we explore a related hypothesis: that fear of crime is in part a by-product of exposure to crime-saturated local television news. To test this, as well as related and competing hypotheses, we analyzed the results of a recent national survey of perceived risk; a 5-year span of the General Social Survey (1990‐1994); and the results of a recent survey of over 2,300 Philadelphia residents. The results indicate that across a wide spectrum of the population and independent of local crime rates, viewing local television news is related to increased fear of and concern about crime. These results support cultivation theory’s predicted effects of television on the public. Violent crime was among the American public’s most important concerns during the 1990s. According to the 1994 Gallup Poll, concern about crime reached its highest point in history in that year. Nevertheless, both police arrest records (Fox & Zawitz, 2000) and annual victimization studies (Rennison, 2000) show that violent crime declined throughout the 1990s. Although it has since dipped in importance, crime continues to show up on surveys as a cause for national concern. Moreover, fear of crime is widespread despite the fact that violent crime tends to occur in low-income urban areas and not in the suburbs that house the majority of the population (Scheingold, 1995). Our research asks whether these polling data reflect the mugging of America not by violent crime but by television news accounts of it. In this research, we test several competing theories for the public’s persistent belief that violent crime is a widespread national problem.
Nonquadratic regularization for waveform optimization

An adaptive algorithm for eigen-based waveform optimization is presented. The algorithm is capable of improving the matched filter signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) of a radar operating in a colored interference environment while simultaneously constraining the shape of the matched filter response. To arrive at the algorithm cost function, the asymptotic behavior of the interference covariance matrix is examined, and a p-norm regularization term is considered. The resulting cost function consists of one term to improve SINR, and another term to constrain the shape of the matched filter response. This provides the waveform designer with a means of trading between SINR performance and matched filter response for a given application. The simulated performance of various steepest descent algorithms applied to waveforms in a colored interference environment is presented. These results show that a low-complexity stochastic gradient algorithm (in the spirit of LMS) is capable of improving radar performance in band-limited interference.
Latter-stage preclinical developmental work on PL69/DM1157

The drug class we originally termed ‘Reversed Chloroquines’ has been assessed, via SAR, to select a candidate for preclinical evaluation. Such molecules were originally designed to function like the late-20th century Gold-standard, chloroquine, but with an appendage that intentionally inhibits resistance. Thus, PL69/DM1157 was subjected to screening, beginning with potency against many laboratory-adapted strains of chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum and in vivo efficacy in mice. PL69/DM1157, having structural features in common with chloroquine, might have cardiac effects, so we evaluated for hERG interaction, but more rigorously in a guinea pig electrocardiogram model. The results indicated the cardiac safety to be similar to chloroquine. Academic collaborators have subjected PL69/DM1157 to clinical isolates of highly resistant P. falciparum, as well as to P. vivax strains. A chloroquine-resistant strain of P. falciparum was also subjected to PL69/DM1157 pressure for over two years in an unsuccessful attempt to increase IC50. The project has now progressed through off-target evaluations, in vitro toxicity assessments, and rat preclinical toxicity tests. The molecule has been synthesized under GLP certification, without chlorinated solvents or any chromatographic steps to >99% purity, at sufficient scale to permit final toxicity evaluation in a second species, as well as in a Phase-I clinical trial, using the same batch. This work also demonstrates how collaboration between a university and a start-up company can be an alternative pathway to bring a neglected-disease drug through the necessary drug development steps. The experience gained through this and other malaria work has enabled the company to begin collaborative work on drug-resistant bacterial diseases as well.
Designing Highly Flexible and Usable Cyberinfrastructures for Convergence

This article presents the results of a 7-year-long quest into the development of a "dream tool" for our research in information science and scientometrics and more recently, network science. The results are two cyberinfrastructures (CI): The Cyberinfrastructure for Information Visualization and the Network Workbench that enjoy a growing national and interdisciplinary user community. Both CIs use the cyberinfrastructure shell (CIShell) software specification, which defines interfaces between data sets and algorithms/services and provides a means to bundle them into powerful tools and (Web) services. In fact, CIShell might be our major contribution to progress in convergence. Just as Wikipedia is an "empty shell" that empowers lay persons to share text, a CIShell implementation is an "empty shell" that empowers user communities to plug-and-play, share, compare and combine data sets, algorithms, and compute resources across national and disciplinary boundaries. It is argued here that CIs will not only transform the way science is conducted but also will play a major role in the diffusion of expertise, data sets, algorithms, and technologies across multiple disciplines and business sectors leading to a more integrative science.
Contrasting alloreactive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells: there's more to it than MHC restriction.

Surface expression of CD4 or CD8 is commonly used to identify T-cell subsets that recognize antigen presented by class II MHC or class I MHC, respectively. This holds true for T cells that respond to allogeneic MHC molecules that are directly recognized as foreign, as well as peptides from allogeneic MHC molecules that are indirectly presented by self MHC molecules. CD4 or CD8 expression was initially believed to define cytokine secreting helper T cells or cytotoxic cells, respectively. However, this association of phenotype and function is not absolute, in that CD4+ cells may possess lytic activity and CD8+ cells secrete cytokines, notably IFNγ. Recently, additional fundamental differences in the immunobiology of these T-cell subsets have been identified. These include differences in costimulatory requirements, cytokine responsiveness, cytokine production, cell survival, and the maintenance of memory. This review will survey these differences, emphasizing alloreactive T-cell responses as well as relevant observations that have been made in other systems.
Analysis of autocatalytic networks in biology

Autocatalytic networks, in particular the glycolytic pathway, constitute an important part of the cell metabolism. Changes in the concentration of metabolites and catalyzing enzymes during the lifetime of the cell can lead to perturbations from its nominal operating condition. We investigate the effects of such perturbations on stability properties, e.g., the extent of regions of attraction, of a particular family of autocatalytic network models. Numerical experiments demonstrate that systems that are robust with respect to perturbations in the parameter space have an easily ''verifiable'' (in terms of proof complexity) region of attraction properties. Motivated by the computational complexity of optimization-based formulations, we take a compositional approach and exploit a natural decomposition of the system, induced by the underlying biological structure, into a feedback interconnection of two input-output subsystems: a small subsystem with complicating nonlinearities and a large subsystem with simple dynamics. This decomposition simplifies the analysis of large pathways by assembling region of attraction certificates based on the input-output properties of the subsystems. It enables numerical as well as analytical construction of block-diagonal Lyapunov functions for a large family of autocatalytic pathways.
How geography professors select materials for classroom lectures: implications for the design of digital libraries

A goal of the Alexandria Digital Earth Prototype (ADEPT) project is to make primary resources in geography useful for undergraduate instruction in ways that will promote inquiry learning. The ADEPT education and evaluation team interviewed professors about their use of geography information as they prepare for class lectures, as compared to their research activities. We found that professors desired the ability to search by concept (erosion, continental drift, etc ) as well as geographic location, and that personal research collections were an important source of instructional materials. Resources in geo-spatial digital libraries are typically described by location, but are rarely described by concept or educational application. This paper presents implications for the design of an educational digital library from our observations of the lecture preparation process. Findings include functionality requirements for digital libraries and implications for the notion of digital libraries as a shared information environment. The functional requirements include definitions and enhancements of searching capabilities, the ability to contribute and to share personal collections of resources, and the capability to manipulate data and images.
The Gastrointestinal Tract and Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia

The gastrointestinal tract is believed to play an important role in ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), because during critical illness the stomach often is colonized with enteric Gram-negative bacteria. These are the same bacteria that frequently are isolated from the sputum of patients with VAP. Interventions such as selective decontamination of the digestive tract (SDD), use of sucralfate for stress ulcer prophylaxis, and enteral feeding strategies that preserve gastric pH, or lessen the likelihood of pulmonary aspiration, are used to decrease the incidence of VAP. A review of both meta-analyses and large randomized controlled trials providing Level I evidence on these topics has led to the following conclusions. First, SDD substantially decreases the incidence of VAP and may have a modest positive effect on mortality. However, there is strong contravening evidence that SDD promotes infections by Gram-positive bacteria. In the context of an emerging public health crisis from the steady rise in drug-resistant Gram-positive bacteria, we cannot endorse the general use of SDD to prevent VAP. Rather, therapy should be focused on strategies other than antibiotic prophylaxis. Second, in patients who are at risk for clinically important gastrointestinal bleeding, a histamine-2 receptor antagonist should be used for stress ulcer prophylaxis, rather than sucralfate, because histamine-2 receptor antagonist provides substantially better protection without substantially increasing the risk of VAP. Third, post-pyloric enteral feeding may reduce the incidence of VAP.
“Hybrid Cottonseed Production is Children’s Work”: Making Sense of Migration and Wage Labor in Western India

In this article, I explore the seasonal labor migration of young people from a tribal community in southern Rajasthan, India. In recent years, hybrid cottonseed production has come to be viewed in this community as “children’s work.” Drawing on nine months of field research, I describe the political economic and social structures and processes through which this migration has become commonplace. I discuss the contradictory nature of young people’s engagements in this work, focusing on shifts in understandings of their own agency and in their patterns of mobility. I employ young people’s experiences and stories, drawn from focus groups and interviews, to show how gender works to mediate these engagements and understandings. The study of seasonal migratory labor, through the grounded perspectives of laborers themselves, sheds light on how young people negotiate their roles within households and communities through their working lives at home and away from home. This case also presents an important example of how school and marriage can be used to organize and frame young people’s work in significant, unexpected, and lasting ways.
The Chemical Composition of Star-Forming Galaxies at High Redshift

The prospects of deriving metallicities from restframe ultraviolet lines in distant star-forming galaxies are reviewed. Strong stellar-wind lines indicate recent active star formation. Broadened interstellar lines are most likely the result of mechanical energy input from winds and supernovae. I discuss metallicity estimates in galaxies at high redshift from a comparison with synthetic stellar-wind profiles. Observed correlations between metallicity and ultraviolet spectral properties in a local star-forming galaxy sample permit an independent method to constrain the chemical composition. If the local and the distant population have similar morphological properties, the line strengths and continuum slopes of high-z galaxies suggest Magellanic Cloud-like chemical composition.
Abuse of war zone detainees: veterans' perceptions of acceptability.

ABSTRACT We assessed detainee abuse acceptance and variables associated with it. Outpatients from a veterans' hospital were administered questionnaires with three increasingly severe scenarios of a U.S. soldier abusing a detainee. Three questionnaire versions differed in the final line of each version's scenarios, describing abuse either as: soldier initiated, superior ordered, or wrong by a “whistleblower” soldier. Three hundred fifty-one veterans participated, 80% with service during the Vietnam War. Zero tolerance for abuse—“completely unacceptable” regardless of who the detainee was—increased with abuse severity (16% for exposure, 31% for humiliation, and 48% for rape of detainee) and with soldier initiation. The strongest, most consistently significant odds were of depressed veterans, veterans with comorbid depression/post-traumatic stress disorder, and men being approximately 2, 3, and 4 to 20 times more tolerant of abuse than those without depression/post-traumatic stress disorder and women, respec...
Design Research as a Mechanism for Consultants to Facilitate and Evaluate Educational Innovations.

Schools across the nation are implementing innovative practices; however, questions remain regarding how to facilitate quality implementation. Research designs that emphasize high degrees of control over independent variables result in findings with internal validity, but that may not generalize to complex, dynamic educational systems. The purpose of this article is to propose a design research framework as a mechanism for consultants to facilitate and evaluate innovation implementation. Information on design research principles and processes is provided, and issues to consider when applying the framework are discussed. An illustration of how a design research framework was applied in a large-scale initiative to implement and evaluate Response to Intervention (RtI) implementation is also provided. Finally, issues and questions to consider relative to consultants' use of design research principles are explored.
Abstract A38: Remodeling of the malignant bone marrow niche represents a therapeutic target.

Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are malignant diseases of the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC). Targeting driver mutations in these diseases has had variable success. In chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), targeting the BCR/ABL pathway has completely changed the way these patients are treated; however, there still remain a significant proportion of patients who have no targetable mutation for therapy and treatments centered on non-cell autonomous pathways of disease progression may have significant value. Previously, our lab showed that malignant myeloid cells from a mouse model of CML overexpressing BCR/ABL (BA mice) expand a remodeled mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) derived osteoblast population which leads to a fibrotic bone marrow (BM) niche and preserves malignant hematopoiesis (Schepers et al. Cell Stem Cell 2013; 13: 285-299). Disrupting the establishment of this fibrotic niche hopefully could delay clinical MPN progression and restore normal hematopoiesis. Bisphosphonates are known to act locally in the BM microenvironment on many cell types and improve the survival of patients with BM-involved disease, including multiple myeloma and breast cancer (Modi and Lentzsch. Leukemia 2012; 26:589-594). The focus of our current studies is to test the effect of zoledronic acid (ZA), a widely used bisphosphonate, on in vitro MSC fibrotic colony formation induced by malignant CML cells. Using whole BM from BA or control mice co-cultured with wild type MSCs, we found that ZA potently inhibited the increase in MSC colony formation induced by CML cells. The significant four-fold increase in MSC colony size (measured by cell number per colony) in BA co-cultures was completely negated by ZA at concentrations as low as 500 nM. The BA co-cultures were exquisitely sensitive to ZA and no breakthrough colonies were seen as compared to a 65 percent reduction in colony size in control co-cultures with 500 nM ZA. Our results suggest that zoledronic acid could be an interesting therapeutic compound to target the fibrotic BM niche in MPNs. Ongoing studies seek to understand the mechanism of action of ZA and to test its efficacy in preventing fibrosis and restoring a healthy BM niche in the BA model of CML. The goal is also to expand these results to other, more strongly fibrotic, mouse models of MPNs and human MPN samples. Citation Format: Timothy B. Campbell, Emmanuelle Passegue. Remodeling of the malignant bone marrow niche represents a therapeutic target. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Hematologic Malignancies: Translating Discoveries to Novel Therapies; Sep 20-23, 2014; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2015;21(17 Suppl):Abstract nr A38.
Polyelectrolyte Multilayers on PTMSP as Asymmetric Membranes for Gas Separations: Langmuir–Blodgett versus Self-Assembly Methods of Anchoring

Polyelectrolyte multilayers derived from poly(diallyldimethylamonium chloride) and poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) have been deposited onto poly[1-(trimethylsilyl)-1-propyne] (PTMSP) with anchoring layers formed by Langmuir–Blodgett and self-assembly methods. Using gas permeation selectivity as a basis for judging the efficacy of each anchoring method, we have found that similar CO2/N2 selectivities (ranging from 110 to 140) could be achieved by both methods and that their permeances were also similar. Although LB anchors require fewer layers of polyelectrolyte to reach this level of selectivity, the greater ease associated with self-assembly and its applicability to curved, high-surface-area supports (e.g., PTMSP-coated hollow fibers) encourage its use with PTMSP in creating new membrane materials for the practical separation of gases.
I07 Abnormalities In Weight And Bmi In Children With Juvenile Huntington’s Disease

Background Abnormalities in weight and BMI have been shown not only in preHD adults, but also preHD children suggesting that metabolic abnormalities may affect body composition with primary effects in skeletal muscle. Growth measures have never been reported in children with Juvenile Huntington’s disease (JHD). Methods Growth measures for 18 JHD subjects were obtained through medical chart review, documented either prior to diagnosis or soon after. These measures were compared to a large sample (n = 274) of healthy developing children, as well as the Centre for Disease Control (CDC) growth norms. Results After controlling for effects of sex and age, the JHD subjects had no significant differences in height. However, they were an average of 10% lower than normal controls in weight and BMI. Using CDC norms, the JHD subjects had the same pattern of normal height but decrement in weight. Length of CAG repeat was significantly correlated to measures of weight with longer CAG repeats being associated with more severe weight reduction. A subset of 4 subjects had measures that pre-dated onset of any symptom and were therefore preJHD. These subjects also had a significant decrement in BMI compared to CDC norms. Conclusion Children with JHD have normal height, but significantly reduced weight and BMI, indicating a specific deficit in skeletal muscle growth. As the preJHD subjects were also low in BMI, this suggests that these changes are due directly to the effect of the mutated gene on development, rather than symptom manifestation of the disease itself.
Abstract C78: ATM/G6PD-dependent metabolic pathways promote mitochondrial redox homeostasis and resistance to FLT3 inhibition in acute myeloid leukemia

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common adult acute leukemia and accounts for approximately 20% of childhood leukemias. Although frontline treatment of AML with cytotoxic chemotherapy is capable of achieving high remission rates, 75-80% of patients will either not respond to or will relapse after initial therapy, and most patients will die of their disease. More effective and better-tolerated therapies for AML are required. Activating mutations in fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) are the most frequently observed genetic defect in AML and drive leukemic cell growth and survival. FLT3 tyrosine kinase inhibitors have shown impressive anti-leukemic activity in clinical trials, however, sustained remissions using these inhibitors as monotherapy have not been achieved. In order to identify genetic targets that can sensitize AML cells to killing by FLT3 inhibitors, we performed a large-scale RNA interference-based screen. The screen identified several genes involved in metabolic regulation, including ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), as being synthetic lethal with FLT3 inhibition in FLT3 mutated AML. Genetic or pharmacological inactivation of ATM or its downstream effector glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) sensitized AML cells to FLT3 inhibition through enhancing apoptosis. Whole metabolome profiling revealed that FLT3 inhibition causes severe and widespread metabolic deficiencies, including depletion of the antioxidant factor glutathione. Inactivation of either ATM or G6PD exacerbated glutathione depletion upon FLT3 inhibition. Subsequent analyses revealed that FLT3 inhibition elicits severe mitochondrial oxidative stress that is causative in apoptosis and accentuated by ATM or G6PD inhibition. The use of a drug that promotes the production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) in combination with a FLT3 inhibitor augmented elimination of AML cells both in vitro and in vivo. Our data support the hypothesis that FLT3 mutated AML cells are highly dependent on FLT3 activity to maintain glutathione levels and sufficient mitochondrial antioxidant capacity to sustain cell survival. Moreover, these data support the novel strategy of employing mitochondrial ROS inducing agents as adjuvant to FLT3 inhibitor therapy to more effectively treat FLT3 mutated AML. Citation Format: Mark A. Gregory, Angelo D9Alessandro, Francesca Alvarez-Calderon, Jihye Kim, Travis Nemkov, Aik Choon Tan, Kirk C. Hansen, James DeGregori. ATM/G6PD-dependent metabolic pathways promote mitochondrial redox homeostasis and resistance to FLT3 inhibition in acute myeloid leukemia. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2015 Nov 5-9; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2015;14(12 Suppl 2):Abstract nr C78.
The Effect of Verapamil on a Multi-Drug ResistantBladder Carcinoma Cell Line and Its Potential as anIntravesical Chemotherapeutic Agent

A human bladder transitional cell carcinoma cell line, MGH-U1R, exhibits reproducible resistance to doxorubicin. We examined the effects on survival of this cell line caused by verapamil, which has been shown to reverse multi-drug resistance in vitro in other neoplastic cell lines. Both MGH-U1R and MGH-U1, the non-resistant parent cell line, were treated with varying concentrations of doxorubicin alone, verapamil alone, or both drugs simultaneously, all for one hour. Cells were then grown in drug-free medium for 10 days, stained, and counted. Standard survival curves were calculated. Verapamil alone had no significant cytotoxicity. Verapamil at concentrations of 16 micrograms./ml. and 32 micrograms./ml. decreased the IC50 of doxorubicin for MGH-U1R by a factor of 2.5. Using H3-verapamil, we also examined the systemic and local absorption of this drug resulting from intravesical verapamil administration in rabbits. All animals were treated for one hour, and multiple serum samples were drawn during treatment. Verapamil was found in high concentrations in the mucosa, less in the adventitia, and was absent in venous blood. Verapamil effectively reverses resistance to doxorubicin of MGH-U1R in vitro. The intravesical use of verapamil appears to be safe, and may prove to be a useful adjunct in the intravesical therapy of some bladder tumors.
Electrophysiologic findings in post-traumatic syringomyelia: implications for clinical management.

ABSTRACTTraumatic spinal cord injured (SCI) patients may develop pain, new weakness and/or sensory loss due to an enlarging fluid-filled cyst in the spinal cord. The clinical history and physical exam are nonspecific and insensitive, particularly for diagnosing and monitoring recurrent or progressive post-traumatic syringomyelia (PTS). We compare the sensitivity and specificity of three electrodiagnostic tests, median and ulnar F waves, electromagnetic motor evoked potentials (MEP), and needle electromyography, with respect to syrinx by imaging (MRI or CT scan) and neurologic progression on serial clinical exams. Central motor conduction time (CMCT) calculated from scalp and spine MEP was the most sensitive diagnostic test. F waves were less sensitive and less specific than the CMCT, and did not provide evidence of syrinxes in the mid or upper cervical cord. Positive sharp wave and fibrillation potentials were the least sensitive and least specific. The CMCT is a useful adjunct to imaging studies for diag...