cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High-energy ion linacs based on superconducting spoke cavities

The applicability of superconducting TEM-class spoke cavities to high-energy ion linacs is discussed, and detailed designs for two TEM-class, triple-spoke-loaded superconducting niobium resonant cavities are presented. The 345 MHz cavities have a velocity range of $0.4l\ensuremath{\beta}l0.75$ and a beam aperture of 4 cm. Spoke-loaded cavities offer several advantages compared with the higher-frequency elliptical-cell cavities that are currently being developed for this range of particle velocities. The proposed triple-spoke cavities can provide broader velocity acceptance, more accelerating voltage per cavity, reduced heat-load operation at 4.2 K, and increased longitudinal acceptance through the high-energy section. Application to the proposed U.S. rare-isotope accelerator driver linac is discussed in detail.
Evaporative instabilities in climbing films

We consider flow in a thin lm generated by partially submerging an inclined rigid plate in a reservoir of ethanol{ or methanol{water solution and wetting its surface. Evaporation leads to concentration and surface tension gradients that drive flow up the plate. An experimental study indicates that the climbing lm is subject to two distinct instabilities. The rst is a convective instability characterized by flattened convection rolls aligned in the direction of flow and accompanied by free-surface deformations; in the meniscus region, this instability gives rise to pronounced ridge structures aligned with the mean flow. The second instability, evident when the plate is nearly vertical, takes the form of transverse surface waves propagating up the plate. We demonstrate that the observed longitudinal rolls are driven by the combined influence of surface deformations and alcohol concentration gradients. Guided by the observation that the rolls are flattened, we develop a quasi-two-dimensional theoretical model for the instability of the lm, based on lubrication theory, which includes the eects of gravity, capillarity and Marangoni stresses at the surface. We develop stability criteria for the lm which are in qualitative agreement with our experimental observations. Our analysis yields an equation for the shape of the interface which is solved numerically and reproduces the salient features of the observed flows, including the slow lateral drift and merging of the ridges.
Validation of self-report of influenza and pneumococcal vaccination status in elderly outpatients

Abstract Objective: To assess the validity of self-reported influenza and pneumococcal vaccination status. Design: Cross-sectional surveys of outpatients aged 65 years or older. Setting: A Veterans Affairs Medical Center (VA) and a community managed care organization (MCO). Both organizations have organized influenza and pneumococcal vaccination programs. Subjects: VA subjects included all elderly respondents to a mailed survey of 500 randomly selected outpatients. MCO subjects included all respondents to a telephone survey of 300 randomly selected elderly members of the MCO. Measurements: The VA survey was conducted following the 1995–1996 influenza season while the MCO survey was conducted following the 1994–1995 season. Self-report from the mailed survey for VA subjects and from the telephone survey for MCO subjects was compared to medical record documentation (paper and computerized combined). Results: The response rate was 77% ( n = 369) for the VA subjects of whom 195 (53%) were aged 65 or older. The response rate for the MCO subjects was 84% ( n = 237). Self-report of influenza vaccination had a sensitivity (SENS) of 1.0 and a specificity (SPEC) of .79 with a kappa of .72 (95% CI .58–.86) among VA patients. Among MCO patients, self-report of influenza vaccination had a SENS of .98 and a SPEC of .71 with kappa of .75 (95%CI .69–.89). Self-report of pneumococcal vaccination status among VA patients had a SENS of .97 and a SPEC of .53 with a kappa of .42 (95%CI .32–.52). Among MCO patients, self-report of pneumococcal vaccination had a SENS of .90 and a SPEC of .64 with a kappa of .54 (95%CI .40–.68). A secondary analysis excluding subjects living outside of the VA's catchment area improved the specificity and indices of concordance of self-report of both influenza and pneumococcal vaccination. A secondary analysis of MCO data which excluded subjects who received a pneumococcal vaccination > 2 years prior to the study also improved concordance and the negative predictive value of self-report. Conclusions: Self-report of influenza vaccination is a highly sensitive and moderately specific measure. Self-report of pneumococcal vaccination is also a highly sensitive but less specific measure of vaccination status. Lower rates of validity for pneumococcal vaccination may reflect both less accurate recall, particularly for more distant vaccination, and less complete documentation in medical records.
Antidepressants and seizure-interactions at the GABA-receptor chloride-ionophore complex

Convulsive seizures are a potential side effect of antidepressant drug treatment and can be produced by all classes of antidepressants. It is also known that some convulsant and anticonvulsant drug actions are mediated by the GABA-receptor chloride-ionophore complex. Drugs acting at this complex appear to induce convulsions by inhibiting chloride conductance through the associated chloride channel. Using the method of GABA-stimulated 36Cl-uptake by rat cerebral cortical vesicles, we show that some antidepressant drugs (imipramine, amitryptyline, and mianserine) can inhibit the GABA-receptor chloride uptake, and that the degree of chloride channel inhibition by these drugs correlates with the frequency of convulsive seizures induced by them.
Structural Control in ATRP Synthesis of Star Polymers Using the Arm-First Method

Star polymers were synthesized via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) using the “arm-first” method. First, linear poly(tert-butyl acrylate) (polytBA) precursors were prepared, and subsequently divinylbenzene (DVB) was added as cross-linker at certain tBA conversion. Several experimental parameters, including the polytBA arm length, the amount of cross-linker, the monomer conversion at which DVB was added, and the chemical composition of the star core (fraction of tBA units in the star core), were systematically varied. For example, the degree of polymerization of the polytBA arm was typically 40 and was varied from 20 to 90. The molar ratio of DVB to the macroinitiator was varied from 1.5 to 15, and DVB was added at 60%, 80%, and 90% tBA conversions. The influence of these factors on the structures of the star polymers was studied. Employing shorter arm lengths and using more cross-linker produced star polymers in higher yield, with higher molecular weight, with more arms per star, and with a mor...
The Plasmodium chabaudi-mouse system in chemotherapy studies.

Abstract The course of infection of Plasmodium chabaudi in the mouse was found to be highly reproducible under standardized experimental conditions. The conditions were (1) injection of at least 1 × 106 parasitized cells, (2) use of the intravenous route, (3) small time interval required for processing inocula, (4) maintaining inocula at 4 °C during preparation and injection, and (5) use of young mice of approximately 20 gm in weight. Deviations from these conditions resulted both in increasing the variability of the response and in delaying the development of the parasitemia. The usefulness of this system in chemotherapy studies was demonstrated with several compounds. Both suppression of parasitemia on day 6 and increased survival time were used in evaluating drug activity. Compounds were administered in graded dosages subcutaneously, intraperitoneally, and per os by intubation. Suppressive test data were more reliable than survival time data in the minimal effective dosage range. Suppressive test data were also increasingly more consistent as the suppression approached 100%. A relationship between suppression and increased survival time existed when both had reached appreciable proportions. The dosage of each drug which caused approximately 90% suppression on day 6 also caused increased survival times in the range of 50%.
Formation of bromodioxin analogs from closed tube pyrolysis of 2,4,6-tribromoaniline (I)

Abstract Closed-tube pyrolysis of 2,4,6-tribromoaniline (TBAn) produced polybromophenazines (PBPZs). The identities of these compounds were supported by matching their mass spectra with the mass spectra of brominated phenazines and by the formation of phenazine from the pyrolysis of aniline under the same conditions. Tetrabromophenazine (T4BPZ) was isolated from the pyrolysis by-products by using activated acid alumina column. An in vitro study showed that T4BPZ exhibits dioxin-like activity.
Recognition of contrasting magmatic processes using SB-systematics: An example from the western Central Luzon arc, the Philippines

Abstract The western Central Luzon volcanic system is associated with eastward subduction along the Manila Trench. Two arcs, the Bataan (BA) and the Mindoro (MA) arcs have resulted from this subduction and are separated by a NE-SW-oriented rift related zone of volcanism called the Macolod Corridor (MC). The BA consists of volcanism related to partial melting of the mantle wedge initiated by fluids from the subducted slab. The MA volcanics are also related to the subduction process but LILE and radiogenic Sr isotope data compared with the western part of the BA are significantly higher. The MC also has high LILE data compared with the western section of the BA but lower radiogenic Sr isotope values than the MA. Trace-element modelling has been used to explain SB-systematics (Sr/Ca vs. Ba/Ca) observed in geochemical data from volcanoes worldwide. These trends and their sense of curvature are most probably the result of variations in plagioclase and clinopyroxene crystal fractionation. SB-systematics have been examined from four volcanoes: Mt. Natib and Mt. Mariveles within the western section of the BA; Mt. Maquiling within the MC; and the Mt. San Cristobal-Banahaw Complex within the MA. The results suggest that crystal fractionation was a dominant process during the evolution of the magma chambers below the various volcanoes. In addition, initial melt compositions suggest that the source of the MA magmas has been enriched in a crustal component. The original magma composition(s) from the MC volcano, Mt. Maquiling, appears to have been generated by smaller degrees of partial melting compared with the BA volcanoes studied.
Infrared photoconductivity of polycrystalline selenium

Abstract Photoconductivity up to a wavelength of 10.7 μm has been observed in sodium-doped polycrystalline selenium, which was cooled to 80 K and simultaneously irradiated with visible light.
The radio-loud fraction of quasars is a strong function of redshift and optical luminosity

Using a sample of optically selected quasars from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, we have determined the radio-loud fraction (RLF) of quasars as a function of redshift and optical luminosity. The sample contains more than 30,000 objects and spans a redshift range of 0 10 to define radio-loud quasars, we find that b0 = -0.132 ± 0.116, bz = -2.052 ± 0.261, and bM = -0.183 ± 0.025. The RLF at z = 0.5 declines from 24.3% to 5.6% as luminosity decreases from M2500 = -26 to -22, and the RLF at M2500 = -26 declines from 24.3% to 4.1% as redshift increases from 0.5 to 3, suggesting that the RLF is a strong function of both redshift and luminosity. We also examine the impact of flux-related selection effects on the RLF determination using a series of tests and find that the dependence of the RLF on redshift and luminosity is highly likely to be physical, and that the selection effects we considered are not responsible for the dependence.
Thermochemical Compatibility and Optical Properties of Gd2Zr2O7 and YSZ for Thermal Barrier Coatings

In this paper, the phase stability of 50wt% gadolinium zirconate (Gd2Zr2O7, GZ) and 50wt% yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) powder mixture heat treated at 1300 °C for different time was investigation by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Results showed that due to the gadolinium and yttria ion diffusion, the lattice parameter of GZ decreased with increase of the heat treatment time, and a part of YSZ had phase transformation which might be one of the reasons for the interface failure in double-layered or functionally gradient TBC systems. In addition, the room-temperature hemispherical reflectance, transmittance and absorptance spectra over the wavelength range from 0.8 to 15 μm were also determined for free standing GZ, YSZ and 50wt% GZ+50wt% YSZ plasma sprayed coatings. All of the ceramic coatings are semitransparent due to the high transmittance in the wavelength range <6 μm where turbine engine thermal radiation is concentrated. GZ is transparent to longer wavelengths than 8YSZ and has unique small peaks at wavelength 2.4 μm. The mixed coating is intermediate in behavior to GZ and YSZ coatings.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Recent Advances in Acoustic Microscopy for Nondestructive Evaluation

Driven by new demands from industry, the field of acoustic imaging is rapidly evolving new approaches to meet the demands. The current trend toward micro and nanotechnology has been pushing the operating frequency of scanning acoustic microscopes (SAM), from MHz to GHz. To become a useful tool for nondestructive evaluation AIDE), the SAM must give high resolution and also maintain reasonable depth of field below the sample surface, while overcoming the effects of surface roughness. A recent trend of needs for the SAM is to enhance resolution for detecting defects (e.g., microcracks, inclusions, debondings, delaminations), and develop a capability and an accuracy for obtaining quantitative data (e.g., velocities of waves, attenuation) for measuring residual stress, anisotropy, thickness of thin films, or the like. Furthermore, the SAM is to be modified to use in various environments. In this paper, a principle and some applications for both a practical shear wave lens and a noncontact lens will be summarized.
Reported and projected self disclosure.

A self-disclosure questionnaire was administered to 21 male and 21 female Ss under instructions to report what they (1) had disclosed, (2) would initiate, and (3) would disclose in response to others' initiation to the significant others of mother, father, same-sex friend and opposite-sex friend. The results indicated that Ss were not willing to initiate self disclosure at a greater depth than they had disclosed in the past, although they would be willing to disclose in more depth were topics initiated by the significant other. The same pattern of differential disclosure to significant others was found to hold for what Ss “had told,” “would initiate,” and “would respond.”
Incremental and Radical Innovation: Design Research vs. Technology and Meaning Change

Incremental and Radical Innovation: Design Research vs. Technology and Meaning Change Donald A. Norman, Roberto Verganti Donald A. Norman and Stephen W. Draper, Centered System Design: New Perspectives on Human–Computer Inter- action (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1986); Donald A. Norman, “Human-Centered Product Development,” Chapter 10 in The Invisible Computer: Why Good Products Can Fail, the Personal Computer Is So Complex, and Information Appliances Are the Solution (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1998), Background Our work began independently. Norman was one of the originators of the class of design exploration now commonly known as user- centered or human-centered design (HCD). 1 These methods have a common framework: an iterative cycle of investigation—usually characterized by observations, an ideation phase, and rapid proto- type and testing. Each iteration builds on the lessons learned from the previous cycle, and the process terminates either when the results are appropriate or when the allotted time has run out. Norman realized that this continual process of checking with the intended users would indeed lead to incremental enhancements of the product; he also realized that it actually was a form of hill climbing—a well-known mathematical procedure for finding local optimization. In hill climbing’s application to design, consider a multi-dimensional hill where position on one dimen- sion—height along the vertical axis—represents product quality; and where position along the other dimensions, represents choices among various design parameters. This image is usually illus- trated with just two axes: product quality along the vertical axis and design parameters along the horizontal, as shown in Figure 1. Hill-climbing is used in situations, such as design, where the shape of the hill cannot be known in advance. Therefore, one makes tiny movements along all the design dimensions and selects the one that yields an increase in height, repeating until satisfied. This movement is precisely what the repeated rapid prototyping and testing is doing in HCD. Think of a blindfolded person trying to reach the top of a hill by feeling the ground in all directions around the current position and then moving to the highest posi- tion, repeating until the “ground” in all directions is lower than the current one: This position would be the top of the hill. Although the hill-climbing procedure guarantees continual improvement, with eventual termination at the peak of the hill, it has a well-known limit: “Climbers” have no way of knowing whether even higher hills might be scaled in some other part of the design space. Hill-climbing methods get trapped in local maxima. © 2013 Massachusetts Institute of Technology DesignIssues: Volume 30, Number 1 Winter 2014 doi:10.1162/DESI_a_00250
A Linear Permanent Magnet Generator for Powering Implanted Electronic Devices

Permanent magnet (PM) machines provide high efficiency, compact size, robustness, lightweight, and low noise. These features qualify them as the best suitable machine for medical applications. The system presented in this paper is a self-contained, small size, and reliable device that can continuously provide power. The core of the system is a linear generator that consists of two layers of PMs and one layer of coils. It generates power from multidirectional body movements. The movement of the device causes the coil layer to move. The relative movement of the coils versus PMs, on two sides, creates a varying flux in the windings. This change in flux produces voltage in the winding and can be converted into electrical power if a load is connected. The best place to implement this device to produce continuous power is on a muscle inside the body that is linked to the respiratory system. Design, simulation, implementation, and testing of the generator are presented in this paper. The testing results reveal that the generator can produce up to 1 mW of power in the body.
Yours ever (well, maybe): studies and signposts in letter writing

Electronic mail and other digital communications technologies seemingly threaten to end the era of handwritten and typed letters, now affectionately seen as part of snail mail. In this essay, I analyze a group of popular and scholarly studies about letter writing—including examples of pundits critiquing the use of e-mail, etiquette manuals advising why the handwritten letter still possesses value, historians and literary scholars studying the role of letters in the past and what it tells us about our present attitudes about digital communications technologies, and futurists predicting how we will function as personal archivists maintaining every document including e-mail. These are useful guideposts for archivists, providing both a sense of the present and the past in the role, value and nature of letters and their successors. They also provide insights into how such documents should be studied, expanding our gaze beyond the particular letters, to the tools used to create them and the traditions dictating their form and function. We also can discern a role for archivists, both for contributing to the literature about documents and in using these studies and commentaries, suggesting not a new disciplinary realm but opportunities for new interdisciplinary work. Examining a documentary form makes us more sensitive to both the innovations and traditions as it shifts from the analog to the digital; we can learn not to be caught up in hysteria or nostalgia about one form over another and archivists can learn about what they might expect in their labors to document society and its institutions. At one time, paper was part of an innovative technology, with roles very similar to the Internet and e-mail today. It may be that the shifts are far less revolutionary than is often assumed. Reading such works also suggests, finally, that archivists ought to rethink how they view their own knowledge and how it is constructed and used.
Gendering Ottoman Labor History: The Cibali Régie Factory in the Early Twentieth Century

This article examines the “mutual distancing” between Ottoman labor history and women’s and gender history. For this purpose, I first summarize the scholarship produced by each field and scrutinize the ways in which both fields have remained unresponsive toward one another. I then offer a specific way to make women visible to labor history in the particular setting of the Cibali Regie Factory in the early decades of the twentieth century. Using photographic images of the factory and an approach which applies gender as a conceptual tool of historical analysis, I discuss the social conditions of work, the sexual division of labor, and the channels through which power structures were established in the Cibali factory. This study does not claim to present a comprehensive history of labor in the Ottoman Empire; my goal is rather to make women visible to labor history, to remind one that women were present on the shop floor, and to discuss how the available sources can be interpreted in gendered ways. In that sense, this article challenges the mainstream of Ottoman labor history, and seeks to answer the question as to why the female workers who appear in the photographs, in archival documents, and in other sources have so far remained largely invisible in the historiography.
Radioimmunotherapeutic strategies in autologous hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation for malignant lymphoma.

High-dose therapy followed by autologous hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation is the preferred therapy for relapsed chemotherapy-sensitive aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and may play a role in the treatment of high-risk first-remission aggressive lymphomas, mantle-cell lymphomas and relapsed follicular lymphomas. The primary cause of failure of this approach is disease recurrence despite initial responses. Traditional high-dose regimens have relied upon myeloablative combinations of chemotherapy with or without total body irradiation. In the Western world, over 90% of lymphomas are of B-cell origin, and the vast majority of those that come to transplant remain CD20-positive. The development of radioimmunotherapeutic approaches targeting this antigen allows for either dose escalation with stem-cell support, or the addition of targeted therapy to conditioning regimens either as a replacement for total body irradiation or in addition to myeloablative chemotherapy regimens. Results to date with yttrium-90 ibritumomab tiuxetan (Zevalin ® ) and I-131 tositumomab (Bexxar ® ) suggest that the addition of radioimmunoconjugate therapy to conventional conditioning regimens results in a toxicity profile similar to that seen with chemotherapy conditioning alone. Demonstration of improved disease control will ultimately require phase-III studies, though preliminary results are promising.
Characterization of urinary sulfatides in metachromatic leukodystrophy using electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry.

Metachromatic leukodystrophy is an inherited disorder characterized by a deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme arylsulfatase A and the subsequent accumulation of sulfatide in neural and visceral tissues. Clinical diagnosis is usually confirmed by in vitro analysis of arylsulfatase A activity, but may be complicated in cases of arylsulfatase A pseudodeficiency and sphingolipid activator protein deficiency. Large quantities of sulfatide can be detected in the urinary sediment of affected individuals and its measurement can aid in diagnosis. A number of complex methods have been described for the measurement of urinary sulfatide excretion. We have developed a rapid, sensitive, and specific mass spectrometric method for determining urinary sulfatide concentration of metachromatic leukodystrophy patients. Sulfatides are extracted from urine and then directly analyzed using electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. A sulfatide internal standard has been employed for quantification. The assay has demonstrated significant elevations in the concentrations of several hydroxy and nonhydroxy molecular species of sulfatide in the urine of metachromatic leukodystrophy patients compared to age-matched controls. Analysis of urinary sulfatides in arylsulfatase A pseudodeficiency patients showed a mild elevation in some individuals when related to urinary phosphatidylcholine.
ABSOLUTE DIVERSIFICATION RATES IN ANGIOSPERM CLADES

The extraordinary contemporary species richness and ecological predominance of flowering plants (angiosperms) are even more remarkable when considering the relatively recent onset of their evolutionary diversification. We examine the evolutionary diversification of angiosperms and the observed differential distribution of species in angiosperm clades by estimating the rate of diversification for angiosperms as a whole and for a large set of angiosperm clades. We also identify angiosperm clades with a standing diversity that is either much higher or lower than expected, given the estimated background diversification rate. Recognition of angiosperm clades, the phylogenetic relationships among them, and their taxonomic composition are based on an empirical compilation of primary phylogenetic studies. By making an integrative and critical use of the paleobotanical record, we obtain reasonably secure approximations for the age of a large set of angiosperm clades. Diversification was modeled as a stochastic, time-homogeneous birth-and-death process that depends on the diversification rate (r) and the relative extinction rate (epsilon). A statistical analysis of the birth and death process was then used to obtain 95% confidence intervals for the expected number of species through time in a clade that diversifies at a rate equal to that of angiosperms as a whole. Confidence intervals were obtained for stem group and for crown group ages in the absence of extinction (e = 0.0) and under a high relative extinction rate (epsilon = 0.9). The standing diversity of angiosperm clades was then compared to expected species diversity according to the background rate of diversification, and, depending on their placement with respect to the calculated confidence intervals, exceedingly species-rich or exceedingly species-poor clades were identified. The rate of diversification for angiosperms as a whole ranges from 0.077 (epsilon = 0.9) to 0.089 (epsilon = 0.0) net speciation events per million years. Ten clades fall above the confidence intervals of expected species diversity, and 13 clades were found to be unexpectedly species poor. The phylogenetic distribution of clades with an exceedingly high number of species suggests that traits that confer high rates of diversification evolved independently in different instances and do not characterize the angiosperms as a whole.
CD5 acts as a tyrosine kinase substrate within a receptor complex comprising T-cell receptor zeta chain/CD3 and protein-tyrosine kinases p56lck and p59fyn.

Abstract T-cell antigens including CD2, CD4, CD6, CD8, and CD28 serve as coreceptors with the T-cell receptor (TCR)/CD3 complex in control of T-cell growth. The molecular basis by which these antigens fulfill this role has remained a major issue. An initial clue to this question came with our finding that the sensitivity of in vitro kinase labeling (specifically using protein-tyrosine kinase p56lck) allowed detection of a physical association between CD4-p56lck and the TCR/CD3 complexes. Another T-cell antigen, CD5, is structurally related to the macrophage scavenger receptor family and, as such, can directly stimulate and/or potentiate T-cell proliferation. In this study, we reveal that in Brij 96-based cell lysates, anti-CD5 antibodies coprecipitated TCR zeta chain (TCR zeta)/CD3 subunits as well as the protein-tyrosine kinases p56lck and p59fyn. Conversely, anti-CD3 antibody coprecipitated CD5, p56lck, and p59fyn. Indeed, anti-CD5 and anti-CD3 gel patterns were virtually identical, except for a difference in relative intensity of polypeptides. Anti-CD4 coprecipitated p56lck, p32, and CD3/TCR zeta subunits but precipitated less CD5, suggesting the existence of CD4-TCR zeta/CD3 complexes distinct from the CD5-TCR zeta/CD3 complexes. Consistent with the formation of a multimeric CD5-TCR zeta/CD3 complex, anti-CD5 crosslinking induced tyrosine phosphorylation of numerous T-cell substrates, similar to those phosphorylated by TCR zeta/CD3 ligation. Significantly, as for TCR zeta, CD5 was found to act as a tyrosine kinase substrate induced by TCR/CD3 ligation. The kinetics of phosphorylation of CD5 (t1/2 = 20 sec) was among the earliest of activation events, more rapid than seen for TCR zeta (t1/2 = 1 min). CD5 represents a likely TCR/CD3-associated substrate for protein-tyrosine kinases (p56lck or p59fyn) and an alternative signaling pathway within a multimeric TCR complex.
TIME-DELAY EMBEDDINGS OF IFS ATTRACTORS

A modified type of iterated function system (IFS) has recently been shown to generate images qualitatively similar to "classical" chaotic attractors. Here, we use time-delay embedding reconstructions of time-series from this system to generate three-dimentional projections of IFS attractors. These reconstructions may be used to access the topological structure of the periodic orbits embedded within the attractor. This topological characterization suggests an approach by which a rigorous comparison of IFS attractors and classical chaotic systems may be attained.
Biosynthesis in vitro of core lacto-series glycosphingolipids by N-acetyl-d-glucosaminyltransferases from human colon carcinoma cells, Colo 205

Two N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyltransferases have been detected in human colon carcinoma Colo 205 cells. These enzymes catalyze the biosynthesis in vitro of the core-glycolipid of Type 1 and Type 2 lacto-series antigens and of the polylactosamine-containing longer chain antigenic structures, respectively. The first enzyme, GlcNAcT-1, which catalyzes the formation of lactotriosylceramide [LcOse3Cer, beta-D-GlcpNAc-(1----3)-LcOse2Cer, the core for all lacto-series Type 1 and Type 2 chains] from lactosylceramide [beta-D-Galp-(1----4)-D-Glcp-Cer, LcOse2Cer] and UDP-GlcNAc shows optimum activity in the presence of nonionic detergent Triton CF-54. The other enzyme, GlcNAcT-2, which catalyzes the biosynthesis in vitro of iLcOse5Cer [beta-D-GlcpNAc-(1----3)-nLcOse4Cer, the core for polylactosamine-containing antigens] from nLcOse4Cer [beta-D-Galp-(1----4)-LcOse3Cer] and UDP-GlcNAc, is optimally active with the zwitterionic detergent, Zwittergent 3-14, when membrane-bound. Both of these activities, however, can be extracted from the membrane by use of a nonionic detergent. Triton X-114, with nearly the same efficiency. These two transferases showed different pH optima, different cation and anion effects, and differential heat-inactivation patterns at 55 degrees. Permethylation studies of the radioactive products isolated from both of the enzyme-catalyzed reactions using respective 3H-substrates and nonradioactive UDP-GlcNAc showed the presence of 2,4,6-tri-O-methylgalactose in the hydrolyzed products. This indicated the presence of a (1----3)-linked beta-D-GlcpNAc group at the nonreducing end in both cases. The linkage of the beta-D-GlcpNAc group to the subterminal D-Gal residue in the two products was confirmed by an almost 90% cleavage of the terminal [3H]GlcNAc group by purified clam and papaya beta-D-hexosaminidases.
Safety of the newer antiepileptic drug oxcarbazepine during pregnancy.

ABSTRACTObjective: Seizure control in pregnant women with epilepsy is vital, as maternal seizures may have deleterious consequences. The treatment of pregnant women with epilepsy is, however, complicated by the teratogenicity of older antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). In this review, the safety of the newer AED oxcarbazepine during pregnancy is assessed based on published pregnancy outcome data. Other relevant safety issues, such as oxcarbazepine pharmacokinetics during pregnancy and the compatibility of oxcarbazepine treatment with breastfeeding, are also discussed.Methods: Literature searches of the following databases were performed: MEDLINE, EMBASE, eNova, NOWIMA (an internal Novartis Germany database), Derwent Drug File, SciSearch and BIOSIS. Identified publications were examined for original data reporting rates of foetal malformation following maternal exposure to oxcarbazepine as monotherapy or adjunctive therapy.Results: Relevant publications reporting data from the worldwide Novartis safety database a...
CHARACTERISTICS FOR DISTINGUISHING AMONG BALANCED INCOMPLETE BLOCK DESIGNS WITH REPEATED BLOCKS

Abstract The class B of balanced incomplete block designs with parameters ν, b, r, k, λ considered here includes designs with repeated blocks. Attention to date has centered on constructing the members of B and on finding the minimum number of distinct blocks d ≤ b. Under the classical model, the usual statistical characteristics do not distinguish among members of B ; however, effects related to block totals can be used as distinguishing characteristics. A competing effects model is introduced and is shown to distinguish among members of B . This model is appropriate for intercropping, marketing, and survey investigations. The model is applied to the ten nonisomorphic BIB designs with parameters 7, 21, 9, 3, 3. A computer algorithm for obtaining the pairwise treatment by block incidence matrix of this model is given.
Aggressive Primes Activate Hostile Information in Memory: Who is Most Susceptible?

Research reveals that aggressive primes activate hostile information in memory. However, it is unclear whether this is true of all people or whether the activation of hostile information differs by trait aggression. In 3 studies, we investigate the organization of aggression-related knowledge. In Study 1, ratings of one's hostile emotions speeded subsequent ratings of hostile emotions, but particularly among individuals low in trait aggression. In Study 2, categorizations of blame-related words speeded categorizations of anger-related words, but particularly among individuals low in trait aggression. In Study 3, categorizations of actions as mean facilitated similar categorizations, but particularly among individuals low in trait aggression. These results suggest that aggressive primes activate hostile information in memory particularly for individuals low (rather than high) in trait aggression. The discussion of the results attempts to reconcile spreading activation processes with judgment and behavior i...
Effects of hypocretin‐1 in 192‐IgG–saporin‐lesioned rats

Hypocretin, also known as orexin, is a neuropeptide located in the perifornical region of the lateral hypothalamus; this region projects to all the major arousal centres including the basal forebrain. The basal forebrain contains a mixed population of neurons, some of which are cholinergic. To identify the relative contribution of the noncholinergic neurons to arousal, here we utilized 192-IgG-saporin to lesion the basal forebrain cholinergic neurons and determine whether microinjection of hypocretin-1 to the basal forebrain is still effective in inducing arousal. In Sprague-Dawley rats given 192-IgG-saporin (intraventricular, 6 microg; n=7) 92% of the basal forebrain cholinergic neurons were destroyed compared to nonlesioned rats (n=5). In the lesioned rats microinjection of hypocretin-1 (0.0625, 0.125 or 0.25 nmol in 250 nL) to the basal forebrain increased waking and suppressed sleep (both non-REM and REM) in a concentration-dependent manner and to the same extent as in nonlesioned rats. These results suggest that, in the absence of the basal forebrain cholinergic neurons, the basal forebrain noncholinergic neurons are able to convey hypocretin's arousal signal unabated.
Molecular dynamics computations of two dimensional supersonic rarefied gas flow past blunt bodies

This paper presents results of molecular dynamics computations of supersonic flow past a circular cylinder and past a flat plate perpendicular to a supersonic stream. The results are for Mach numbers of approximately 5 and 10, for several Knudsen numbers and several ratios of surface to free stream temperatures. A special feature of the computations is the use of relatively small numbers of particles in the molecular dynamics simulation, and an examination of the adequacy of using small numbers of particles to obtain physically useful results.
E-mail therapy for anorexia nervosa: prospects and limitations

Demographic and clinical characteristics indicate high acceptance of e-mail by outpatients with anorexia nervosa. Patients report that frequent e-mail contact provides them with the experience of greater contact with their clinicians and requires them to be more attentive to therapeutic tasks. Routine logs of calorie counts and symptoms may be communicated by e-mail on a frequent basis, freeing up office time for better discussions. Informal investigations in a case series of outpatients with anorexia nervosa suggest that e-mail can offer a useful adjunct to treatment. No adverse consequences have been experienced. Clinicians using e-mail in this fashion must attend to legal and ethical concerns about e-mail communication. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Using composite variable modeling to achieve realism and tractability in production planning: An example from automotive stamping

Applying traditional mathematical programming techniques to problems in production planning can lead to tremendous challenges. These include non-linearities, very large numbers of constraints and weak linear programming relaxations. To ensure tractability, problems are often either simplified in scope or limited in instance size, resulting in solutions that may no longer address important real-world issues. As an alternative, this paper considers the use of models based on composite variables (variables that capture multiple decisions simultaneously) as a way to solve complex production planning problems. The scheduling of an automotive stamping facility is used as a demonstrative example, and it is shown how composite variable models and a novel corresponding algorithm can lead to high-quality, realistic solutions with acceptable run times. In the proposed approach, batch sizes, labor availability or sequencing of part types is not restricted and the number of changeovers is not fixed a priori. In additi...
Intrinsic bias and public rearrangements in the human immunoglobulin Vλ light chain repertoire

Intrinsic bias and public rearrangements in the human immunoglobulin Vλ light chain repertoire
The representation of women in political cartoons of the 1995 world conference on women

Abstract — This study comprises an analysis of 48 editorial cartoons about the 1995 World Conference on Women, held in Beijing, China. Our analysis examines how political cartoonists represented conference issues, themes, and results, as well as how the women and men who populate the cartoons are represented both individually and in relationship to each other. We then situate our findings within the broader conceptual framework of the “symbolic annihilation” of women and women’s issues in the mass media. Our results show clearly that cartoonists virtually ignored the purposes and issues of the conference, focusing instead on China’s human rights record and its handling of the event. Conference attendees were depicted primarily as mute, powerless victims and defined by their relationship to Chinese male authority figures. By ignoring the substantive purposes and accomplishments of the conference and trivializing the participants as weak and ineffectual, political cartoonists contributed to the symbolic annihilation of women.
Some Practical Problems in Implementing the Vertical Interval Reference Signal in Broadcasting

The VIR Signal, when applied as a program related signal, can be an effective means of reducing unwanted color variations in NTSC broadcasting. A number of technical problems must be overcome before widespread use of the VIR Signal by the broadcasting industry will bring full benefit to the public.
Networking Opportunities for Bacteria

In this post-genomic era, our capacity to explore biological networks and predict network architectures has been greatly expanded, accelerating interest in systems biology. Here, we highlight recent systems biology studies in prokaryotes, consider the challenges ahead, and suggest opportunities for future studies in bacterial models.
Transparent Large Anvil Press for In-situ Raman and Laser Heating

It has been shown that high-pressure polymorphs of simple materials often display novel thermal/mechanical/optical properties and can be recovered at ambient conditions with significant stability (or metastability). Therefore, high-pressure synthesis of such materials offers an avenue toward novel materials applications. However, the present high-pressure method of diamond-anvil cell (DAC) or large volume press (LVP) has a fairly limited use in this regard because of a small amount of sample or the lack of in-situ optical diagnostic, respectively. Hybridizing the merits of DAC and LVP, we have recently developed a simple yet unique device, called a Transparent Large Anvil Press (TLAP), which consists of an opposed diamond anvil cell and a Paris-Edinburgh press. Coupling with a wide range of optical diagnostics such as Raman spectroscopy and laser heating, the TLAP is capable of in-situ investigation and synthesis of a milligram quantity of cryogenic samples at high pressures and temperatures.
Transmission of Salmonella typhimurium to swine

These studies were designed to determine the rate of transmission and the colonization pattern of Salmonella typhimurium in swine. Two experiments were conducted. In experiment 1, swine challenged per os with either S. typhimurium strain 798T + or strain 798N + were exposed to heterologous feces. Following exposure to heterologous strains, heterologous Salmonella were recovered from the feces of infected swine within 3 days and from the tonsil and ileum at necropsy. Bacterial populations in swine initially challenged with Salmonella remained constant. In experiment 2, Salmonella-free swine were commingled with a population of pigs that were shedding 2.69 log10 CFU Salmonella/gram feces. Salmonella was recovered from pooled fecal samples from the commingled swine on day 2 post-exposure to the infected group. Low numbers of Salmonella were detected in the ileocolic lymph node, ileum, cecum or spleen of all commingled swine throughout the necropsy period. These data provide a means for evaluating transmission of Salmonella to a population of swine which may be used to study the mechanisms involved in transmission and maintenance of the disease.
RhoA and ROCK Promote Migration by Limiting Membrane Protrusions

Previously, we and others have shown that RhoA and ROCK signaling are required for negatively regulating integrin-mediated adhesion and for tail retraction of migrating leukocytes. This study continues our investigation into the molecular mechanisms underlying RhoA/ROCK-regulated integrin adhesion. We show that inhibition of ROCK up-regulates integrin-mediated adhesion, which is accompanied by both increased phosphotyrosine signaling through Pyk-2 and paxillin and inappropriate membrane protrusions. We provide evidence that inhibition of ROCK induces integrin adhesion by promoting remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton. Furthermore, we find that ROCK regulates membrane activity through a pathway involving cofilin. Inhibition of RhoA signaling allows the formation of multiple competing lamellipodia that disrupt productive migration of monocytes. Together, our results show that RhoA/ROCK signaling promotes migration by restricting integrin activity and membrane protrusions to the leading edge.
Peer Reviewed Article Voices of the Cold War

(2007). Peer Reviewed Article Voices of the Cold War. Voice and Speech Review: Vol. 5, Voice and Gender, pp. 71-87.
A novel fusion approach to content-based image retrieval

This paper proposes a novel fusion approach to content-based image retrieval. In our retrieval system, an image is represented by a set of color-clustering-based segmented regions and global/semi-global edge histogram descriptors (EHDs). As a result, the resemblance of two images is measured by an overall similarity fusing both region-based and global/semi-global-based image level similarities. In our approach, each segmented region corresponds to an object or parts of an object and is represented by two sets of fuzzified color and texture features. A fuzzy region matching scheme, which allows one region to match several regions, is then incorporated to address the issues associated with the color/texture inaccuracies and segmentation uncertainties. The matched regions, together with the simple semantics for determining the relative importance of each region, are further used to calculate the region-based image level similarity. The global/semi-global EHDs are also incorporated into our retrieval system since they do not depend on the segmentation results. These EHDs not only decrease the impact of inaccurate segmentation and but also reduce the possible retrieval accuracy degradation after applying the fuzzy approach to the accurate segmentation for images with distinctive and relevant scenes. The Manhattan distance is used to measure the global/semi-global image level similarity. Finally, the overall similarity is computed as a weighted combination of regional and global/semi-global image level similarity measures incorporating all features. Our proposed retrieval approach demonstrates a promising performance for an image database of 5000 general-purpose images from COREL, as compared with some current peer systems in the literature.
Parametric Amplification and Processing in High-Confinement Optical Fibers

Recent advances in parametric amplification and processing in high-confinement fibers are reviewed. Selected demonstrations of advanced signal processing in near-infrared and distant optical bands are described.
Structural transformation of zirconium phosphide

Abstract Structural investigations have been made on the phosphides of zirconium, with reference to the phosphides of the transition metal family Ti, Zr, and Hf. For the hexagonal form of s-ZrP, the unit cell expansion as a function of temperature has been determined, using high temperature x-ray diffraction. The transformation from the hexagonal s-form to the f.c.c. α-form at elevated temperatures has been investigated. The unit cell dimensions of the hexagonal s-ZrP are found to increase linearly with temperature, until at a critical value in vacuum there is a slight decrease in phosphorus content and the cell suddenly collapses to the more stable cubic α-ZrP. The constancy of the hexagonal c/a value until its sudden fall to unity, for the cubic form, is indicative of a cooperative first order type of transformation. Mass spectrometric techniques have also been used to study this transformation. A structural model is given to explain this transition which is a function of both temperature and pressure, involving a slight stoichiometry change. The relative high temperature stabilities are TiP