cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Organising agriculture in the year 2000

Abstract How much of the world's potential food production is realised depends on how effectively agriculture is organised. The authors evaluate the effects of alternative agricultural systems on food production, consumption and trade growth rates in the food-deficit, developing countries. The effects of these alternative agricultural systems on production and trade in the rest of the world are also discussed. They conclude with a review of the specific characteristics of the alternative systems and examine the role each is likely to play in organising agriculture in the year 2000.
Varicella outbreak in the patients during group therapy: seroprevalence in a healthcare system during breakthrough varicella occurrence.

PURPOSE There are different principles regarding varicella vaccination depending on social requirements. This study was performed to report a case of breakthrough chickenpox outbreak among a group of people in the healthcare center and also evaluate the seroprevalence of patients who have been managed with chronic neurological diseases in this center. MATERIALS AND METHODS We included patients diagnosed with varicella in April 2009 as an index cases and investigated the past history for chickenpox and the varicella-specific IgG. Sixty-two patients (children) and 156 healthcare workers who may have had possible contact with the index cases were also investigated for. RESULTS We investigated the seroprevalence of 62 patients not affected by the outbreak. The varicella vaccination rate in children was 90.3%. Sixty-one point three percent of all patients were seropositive and 63.6% of these patients were aged between 12 and 23 months and 87.5% were aged between 24 and 35 months. Seropositive rate was decreased for patients aged between 36 and 59 months while the seropositive prevalence has increased for patients over 5 years old. Over 90% of the adults investigated were seropositive. IgG seronegative despite vaccination was 32.1% (18 persons). CONCLUSION Breakthrough varicella outbreak can have huge impact in healthcare centers with affiliated group housing. We need to investigate vaccination status and immunogenicity according to ages and reflect appropriately on vaccination policy taking into consideration of social and medical requirements in the local area.
Long-Term Follow-Up of Neonatal Coarctation and Left-Sided Cardiac Hypoplasia

Neonatal coarctation of the aorta (CoA) is often associated with hypoplastic left-sided cardiac structures. Limited data are available regarding the long-term clinical outcomes. Our purposes were to assess the following in neonates with CoA and left-sided cardiac hypoplasia: (1) left-sided cardiac structure growth over time, (2) echocardiographic parameters predicting reintervention, and (3) long-term outcomes and reintervention rates. Data were collected for all patients born with isolated CoA, along with a mitral or aortic Z-score of
Toxicity and Tolerance Studies with Yellow-phase Eels: Five Chemicals

Abstract Acute 96-h toxicity tests were conducted to determine the 96-h LC50 values of five chemicals to yellow-phase American eels (Anguilla rostrata). Tolerance of yellow eels to the five chemicals was determined by exposing eels to recommended concentrations and exposure times of each chemical and comparing mortalities to controls. Chemicals tested and calculated 96-h LC50 values (mg/L) were: malachite green, 2.86; potassium permanganate, 21.60; formalin, 329.65; Dylox, 8.57; and antimycin A, 0.003. In tolerance tests, eels appeared to tolerate the recommended application rates of potassium permanganate, formalin and Dylox; however, recommended application rates of malachite green and antimycin A caused substantial mortality.
Reaction time measurement errors resulting from the use of CRT displays

Three sources of potential error in reaction time measurement may occur when raster scan CRT displays are used to present stimuli: phosphor persistence, sweep delay, or transmission delay. For most applications, only the third source of error is likely to be significant.
Mastitis infection from abrupt loss of milking vacuum.

Abstract During a single reversal trial of two 2-wk experimental periods, teats of all glands of 12 Holstein cows were subjected to a milking routine conducive to large vacuum fluctuations and flooded teat cups. High pathogen contamination was produced by continuous infusion into the long milk tube of 10 10 colonyforming units of Streptococcus agalactiae per min. At each milking, teat cups of control glands (two per cow) were clamped at the short milk tube and removed after milk ceased flowing. As inflations were opening, we subjected teats of the remaining (treated) pair of glands to abrupt vacuum drop by venting the long milk tube at its connection to the bucket of the milking machine. Excluding glands infected at starts of periods, 10 (22%) of 45 treated glands versus 2 (5%) of 43 control glands became infected with Streptococcus agalactiae (criterion: Wisconsin mastitis test rise plus positive culture at two consecutive milkings). We concluded that the rapid airflow toward teats which resulted from sudden vacuum loss characterizes vacuum abnormalities associated with increased risk of mastitis infection.
Profound hypophosphatemia and isolated hyperphosphaturia in two cases of multiple myeloma

We describe the development of severe hypophosphatemia and urinary phosphate wasting in two patients with multiple myeloma. In both cases, the serum phosphorus was repeatedly less than 1.0 mg/dL despite vigorous replacement, and the calculated fractional excretion of urinary phosphorus was greater than 100%. Neither patient demonstrated other tubular defects typical of Fanconi's syndrome. With treatment of the myeloma, both patients achieved normalization of the serum phosphorus and no longer required phosphorus supplementation. We believe that multiple myeloma should be considered in the differential diagnosis in patients with profound hypophosphatemia, urinary phosphate wasting, and otherwise intact tubular function.
Sudden cardiac death in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection.

Objectives The aim of this study was to determine the incidence and clinical characteristics of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Background As the HIV-infected population ages, cardiovascular disease prevalence and mortality are increasing, but the incidence and features of SCD have not yet been described. Methods The records of 2,860 consecutive patients in a public HIV clinic in San Francisco between April 2000 and August 2009 were examined. Identification of deaths, causes of death, and clinical characteristics were obtained by search of the National Death Index and/or clinic records. SCDs were determined using published retrospective criteria: 1) the International Classification of Diseases-10th Revision, code for all cardiac causes of death; and (2) circumstances of death meeting World Health Organization criteria. Results Of 230 deaths over a median of 3.7 years of follow-up, 30 (13%) met SCD criteria, 131 (57%) were due to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), 25 (11%) were due to other (natural) diseases, and 44 (19%) were due to overdoses, suicides, or unknown causes. SCDs accounted for 86% of all cardiac deaths (30 of 35). The mean SCD rate was 2.6 per 1,000 person-years (95% confidence interval: 1.8 to 3.8), 4.5-fold higher than expected. SCDs occurred in older patients than did AIDS deaths (mean 49.0 vs. 44.9 years, p = 0.02). Compared with AIDS and natural deaths combined, SCDs had a higher prevalence of prior myocardial infarction (17% vs. 1%, p Conclusions SCDs account for most cardiac and many non-AIDS natural deaths in HIV-infected patients. Further investigation is needed to ascertain underlying mechanisms, which may include inflammation, antiretroviral therapy interruption, and concomitant medications.
Mechanism and kinetics of reduction of a FeO-Fe2O3-CaO-MgO aluminosilicate melt in a high-CO-activity environment

Droplets of an iron-bearing calcia magnesia aluminosilicate (Fe-CMAS) melt were reacted under distinctly reducing conditions ( f O2 = 2.4 × 10−13 and 6.4 × 10−15 atm) at high temperature (~1400 °C) and ambient pressure. The low f O2 environment was maintained by a flowing gas mixture of CO and CO2, with a high content of CO. Molten metallic iron alloyed with silicon and carbon formed on the surface of the melt; no metal was observed in sample interiors. A color change from brown to pale blue confined to the outer layer of the melt indicated that essentially complete reduction of Fe3+ to Fe2+ had occurred in this region. Analysis of the reaction kinetics, particularly in comparison to melts of similar polymerization but free of CaO, reveals that the concentration of electron holes has decreased to such an extent that ionic transport in the melt is significantly slowed and the diffusion of CO as a neutral species becomes dominant and rate-limiting: molecular CO, initially incorporated into the melt as a physically dissolved species, subsequently reacts to form chemically dissolved (bonded into the melt structure) CO32− anions, consuming electron holes in the process. The chemical diffusion coefficient for CO in the reduced melt at 1400 °C is estimated as D CO ≈ 4 × 10−4 cm2/s, consistent with that of other, similarly sized molecular species (e.g., H2 and H2O) for similarly polymerized melts, as reported by other investigators. Upon quenching, the droplet acts as a closed system. Internal redox couples see the reduction of the carbonate so as to form bubbles of CO, the composition of which are confirmed with Raman spectroscopy. The open-system reduction and closed-system quenching dynamics are analyzed following an Ellingham-diagram approach.
Structure-activity relationship of 2-(ar) alkoxyadenosines at the adenosine A2 receptor in coronary artery

Abstract We examined the ability of four 2-(ar)alkoxyadenosines (2-(-phenylethoxy)adenosine, PEA; 2-[2-(2-naphthyl)ethoxy]adenosine, NEA; 2-[2-(4-methylphenyl)ethoxy]adenosine, mPEA; 2-(1-hexyloxy)adenosine, HOA) to relax porcine coronary artery in vitro. All four compounds produced concentration-dependent relaxations in rings contracted with 30 mM KCl. The EC25 values are as follows (× 10−9 mol/1): CGS21680, (2-[p-(2-carboxyetyl)phenethylaminol]-5′-N-ethylcarbonxamidoadenosine) (32.7) ≈ NECA, 5′-N-ethylcarbonxamidoadenosine (51.4) ∼ NEA (74.3) ≈ NEA (160.7) >HOA (855.1) ≈ PEA (1259) ≈ 2-chloroadenosine (1871) >adenosine (9705). However. EC75 values for all the compounds except adenosine were found to be independent converged to a range of 8.16 to 22.86 μM, suggesting a biphasic response. Furthermore, the responses were found to be independent of endothelial integrity. The unselective adenosine receptor antagonist 8-p-sulphophenyltheophylline (100 μM) attenuated the relaxant response to NNEA (EC25 = 1172 nM), suggesting that adenosine receptors mediated relaxation. Structure-activity correlations suggest that the adenosine A2 receptor in porcine coronary artery contains a region of limited bulk tolerance juxtaposed to the region occupied by adenine C-2 and distal to that a large hydrophobic region.
Endoscopic intervention for biliary leaks after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a multicenter review ☆ ☆☆ ★

Background: Endoscopic therapy of biliary tract leaks was uncommon before laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Studies have demonstrated the efficacy of endoscopic drainage by endoscopic sphincterotomy or stent placement. Various endoscopic therapeutic modalities and long-term follow-up of this problem were studied. Methods: Members of the Midwest Pancreaticobiliary Group reviewed all patients referred for endoscopic therapy of biliary leaks after laparoscopic cholecystectomy from 1990 to 1994. Long-term follow-up was by direct patient contact. Results: Fifty patients were referred for endoscopic therapy of biliary leaks. Abdominal pain was present in 94%. The mean time from laparoscopic cholecystectomy to referral was 6.9 days. Therapy consisted of sphincterotomy only in 6 patients, stent only in 13, and sphincterotomy with stent in 31. Biliary leaks were healed in 44 patients at a mean of 5.4 weeks. A second or third endoscopic procedure was necessary to achieve healing in five patients. Two stent-related complications were noted. Percutaneous or surgical drainage of biliary fluid collections was required in 16 patients. The mean hospital stay for treatment of the leak was 11.1 days after endoscopic therapy. On follow-up (mean 17.5 months), all patients were well except two with mild abdominal discomfort. Conclusions: Endoscopic sphincterotomy, stent placement, or sphincterotomy with stent are effective in healing biliary leaks after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Despite prolonged treatment for the leak, patients did well on long-term follow-up. (Gastrointest Endosc 1998;47:261-6.)
Optimal robust compression of test responses

A compression of test responses technique for a built-in self-test (BIST) VLSI design is presented. The authors introduce the notion of a robust compression technique which incorporates prior knowledge of the statistics of fault-free responses under pseudorandom testing to achieve a guaranteed error detectability independent of a distribution of errors. The presented robust quadratic compressor requires two r-bit registers (r-bit signature) more than a multiple-input linear feedback shift register; however, it provides for equal protection against all error patterns. Therefore, quadratic compressors are optimal and robust with respect to a statistics of errors in a device under test. >
Effects of Various Preplant and In-Season Nitrogen Management Practices for Potatoes on Plant and Soil Nitrogen Status

Adequate availability of nitrogen (N) to satisfy potato crop N requirement is critical for production of optimal tuber yields with high processing qualities, which will contribute to maximum net returns. The agroclimatic conditions in the Columbia Basin region in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) supports high potato tuber yields with high processing qualities. Best management of N fertilization is important to increase N uptake efficiency and to minimize N losses. Monitoring soil and petiole N provides a basis to evaluate available N in the soil and N status in the plants. This study was conducted on a Quincy fine sand (mixed, mesic Xeric Torripsamments; >95% sand) using ‘Ranger Russet’ potato cultivar. Potato followed by 2 years of sweet corn rotation was adapted in this study. Treatments included the following preplant (PP) + in‐season (IS) N rates in kg ha−1: (i) 56 + 280, (ii) 112 + 224, or (iii) 112 + 336 in 2004 or 112 + 112 in 2005. The IS N was applied in five equally divided doses at 2‐week intervals,...
Effect of Time of Day on Prehospital Care and Outcomes After Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest

Background—More than 300 000 out-of-hospital cardiac arrests (OHCA) occur each year in the United States. The relationship between time of day and OHCA outcomes in the prehospital setting is unknown. Any such association may have important implications for emergency medical services resource allocation. Methods and Results—We performed a retrospective review of cardiac arrest data from a large, urban emergency medical services system. Included were OHCA occurring in adults from January 2008 to February 2012. Excluded were traumatic arrests and cases in which resuscitation measures were not performed. Day was defined as 8 am to 7:59 pm; night, as 8 pm to 7:59 am. A relative risk regression model was used to evaluate the association between time of day and prehospital return of spontaneous circulation and 30-day survival, with adjustment for clinically relevant predictors of survival. Among the 4789 included cases, 1962 (41.0%) occurred at night. Mean age was 63.8 years (SD, 17.4 years); 54.5% were male. Pa...
The Political Economy of Agricultural Resettlement and Rural Development in Zimbabwe: The Performance of Family Farms and Producer Cooperatives

Zimbabwe's rural and agricultural development reflects the development policy contradictions of the African continent. A major aspect of the country's development program involves the large-scale resettlement of poor and landless farm households under various planning models. Currently, the two most important of these models are the Model A individual-family managed farms and the Model B cooperatively organized farms. This article evaluates aspects of the implementation and performance of these so-called Model A and B schemes. Evidence is presented for a comparative case study of two adjacent and contrasting schemes, namely, Mufurudzi Model A and Simba Youth Model B schemes both established in 1980 in the Mashonaland Central Province. Planning projections for these resettlement schemes indicate optimistic economic returns, especially after three to five years of inception. However, while the Model As are generally doing very well the Model Bs are woefully underperforming. For instance, the greater majorit...
Hypothermia as a treatment for birth asphyxia.

This chapter will report to the frequency of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. The pathophysiology and the childhood outcome of encephalopathy due to hypoxia-ischemia will be examined. The limitations of current therapy for this condition and new therapies will be evaluated. Hypothermia seem
The Unique Culture of Gullah/Geechee Families on the Southern Coast of the United States

The Gullah/Geechee people are a distinct group of African Americans that have been more successful in maintaining customs and traditions from Africa than any other subset of African Americans. This group's unique language is often the first characteristic that brings them to the attention of outsiders; however, upon closer look, their uniqueness is revealed in their art, folklore, music, religion, food, and overall culture. An exploration of the uniqueness of this subgroup of African Americans can provide valuable insight for social workers assisting clients from the Gullah/Geechee culture.
A new method for extracting EOT for leaky insulators

A three-parameter model is developed and demonstrated for extracting the capacitance and parallel resistance for leaky capacitors. The technique combines dc and ac measurements tn extract these values. The range over which the measurement is valid varies with the device, but is readily determined with a simple measurement. For devices with the highest dc leakage, minority carrier injection into the substrate can substantially increase the measured capacitance. This is not an artifact of the measurement procedure, but a real parasitic effect that increases the gate capacitance.
A multi-wavelength survey of AGN in massive clusters: AGN distribution and host galaxy properties

We investigate the effect of environment on the presence and fuelling of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) by identifying galaxies hosting AGN in massive galaxy clusters and the fields around them. We have identified AGN candidates via optical variability (178), X-ray emission (74), and mid-IR SEDs (64) in multi- wavelength surveys covering regions centered on 12 galaxy clusters at redshifts 0.5 < z < 0.9. In this paper, we present the radial distribution of AGN in clusters to examine how local environment affects the presence of an AGN and its host galaxy. While distributions vary from cluster to cluster, we find that the radial distribution of AGN generally differs from that of normal galaxies. AGN host galaxies also show a different colour distribution than normal galaxies, with many AGN hosts displaying galaxy colours in the "green valley" between the red sequence and blue star-forming normal galaxies. This result is similar to those found in field galaxy studies. The colour distribution of AGN hosts is more pronounced in disturbed clusters where minor mergers, galaxy harassment, and interactions with cluster substructure may continue to prompt star-formation in the hosts. However, we find no relationship between host galaxy colour and cluster radius among AGN hosts. This may indicate that processes related to the accreting supermassive black hole have a greater impact on the star-forming properties of the host galaxy than the intracluster medium and/or local galaxy environment.
The differential: Nineteenth and twentieth century developments

In this essay I shall be concerned principally with the way in which mathematicians have dealt with the concept of the differential and the meaning of differentiability of functions of more than one real variable or of a vector variable. For the nineteenth century the principal concern is with realvalued functions of several real variables. In the twentieth century attention shifts to the differential in functional analysis, and specifically to the Frechet differential for functions from one normed vector space to another. The classical function of several real variables is subsumed under functional analysis. The exposition is arranged in three parts: In Part I, I recount briefly how the concept of the differential for ordinary analysis was given essentially its modern formulation by Stolz in 1893 and how Frechet, in 1911 and 1912, pointed the way to the concept of the differential appropriate to functional analysis. In Part II, I review the treatments of differentials in the nineteenth century. In Part III, I survey the conceptual developments of the differential in the twentieth century.
DEVS-suite: a simulator supporting visual experimentation design and behavior monitoring

Complexity associated with the design of experiments for simulation models can be reduced through visualization. DEVS-Suite, a new generation of the DEVS Tracking Environment which itself was extended from DEVSJAVA, supports visual design of experiments and introduces simulation data visualization. Data generated by the selected models can be collected dynamically and displayed as time-based trajectories. These capabilities complement animation of DEVS model components and their interactions. A service-oriented software system is modeled to illustrate the novel modeling features for DEVS simulations. Another example is developed in Ptolemy II and SimEvents to show the reduced visual complexity afforded by DEVS-Suite.
Analysis of patient bed positioning in SPECT-CT imaging for dedicated mammotomography

Patient positioning on a bed is an integral part of accurate imaging for dedicated 3D breast imaging. For both dedicated breast SPECT (single photon emission computed tomography) and breast CT (computed tomography or computed mammotomography, CmT) which are under development in our lab, maximum access to the breast in the imaging system's field of view is required to obtain the largest imaged breast volume. Accurate bed positioning will be necessary as it may be integrated with a guided biopsy apparatus. Thus, a patient bed with flexible 3D positioning capability is being integrated into the various independent and hybrid 3D imaging systems. The customized bed has both manual and computer controlled positioning capability, and the accuracy and reproducibility of the system are being characterized. Computer controlled positioning and feedback provide seemingly reproducible results. However, gross movements may vary in their accuracy to the given input position. While linear with slopes near 1.0 and intercepts near 0.0cm, lateral (Y) movement translates less than the input amount, while axial (X) movement translates farther than the input amount. Vertical (Z) directional movement follows a quadratic shift with a small dc component with or without added weight on the table. A variety of patient imaging conditions along with x-ray image data are evaluated to demonstrate the reproducibility of positioning accuracy. Individual directional repositioning accuracy is found to be better than multiple, combined directional repositioning accuracy. Imaging results indicate a reproducibility (error) of less than 1mm, which may be suitable for SPECT imaging but perhaps not for higher resolution dedicated breast CT. However, for the independent SPECT system, bed motion is not necessary because the detector's line of sight can already acquire data at the chest wall.
Seasonal delivery of organic matter and metals to farm canals: effect on sediment phosphorus storage capacity

The Everglades Agricultural Area (EAA), USA, comprises nearly 280,000 ha of organic soil farmlands that are drained by a network of farm canals. During the wet summer season, the water-table in the farmlands is maintained by moving water from farm canals via low-fit, high-volume drainage pumps. The drainage pumping creates a hydraulic pressure gradient, which has the potential to deliver particulate and dissolved substrates from surrounding farmlands into farm canals. This study investigated the role that seasonal drainage plays on the fate and transport of farm canal water including nutrients and metals, plants, and sediments. Intact sediment cores were collected from eight farm canals during the months of November and June, sectioned into two depth intervals (0–2.5 and 2.5–5 cm), and tested for organic matter (OM), phosphorus (P), iron (Fe), and aluminum (Al). In addition, water from the canal (core-water) was also collected and tested for total P, total dissolved P, soluble reactive P, particulate P, dissolved organic carbon, and calcium (Ca). Oxalate extractable Fe, Al, and P were used to estimate sediment P storage capacity. In order to evaluate the seasonal variability in aquatic vegetation coverage in the farm canals, spatial assessment of coverage was conducted every 2 months over a 2-year period. Significant increases in Fe and Al concentrations were observed in the sediment in November compared with June, possibly derived from surrounding soils. The source of OM to the sediments was directly associated with aquatic plants, following a seasonal trend. Total P and Ca were significantly higher in the water during June compared with November. The seasonal trends in sediment and core-water concentrations can be explained by groundwater inputs, surface runoff, and plant coverage within farm canals. High concentrations of Fe and Al in the sediments did not reflect a high P storage capacity, due to the presence of high OM content and seasonal fluctuations in redox potential. The discharge of groundwater from surrounding farmlands is seasonal and has the potential to deliver nutrients, OM, and metals into adjacent farm canals. During summer, primary productivity is at its peak, and this has a direct effect on the percent aquatic plant coverage, nutrient cycling, and P storage capacity within the farm canals. Within the EAA farm canals, the presence of Ca-carbonate may have a greater influence on P storage capacity of the sediments than Fe and Al.
Model Conditioned Data Elasticity in Path Analysis: Assessing the “Confoundability” of Model/Data Characteristics

Much research has been directed at the validity of fit indices in Path Analysis and Structural Equation Modeling (e.g., Browne, MacCallum, Kim, Andersen, & Glaser, 2002 ; Heene, Hilbert, Draxler, Ziegler, & Buhner, 2011 ; Hu & Bentler, 1999 ; Marsh, Hau, & Wen, 2004 ). Recent developments (e.g., Preacher, 2006 ; Roberts & Pashler, 2000 , 2002 ) have encouraged researchers to investigate other criteria for comparing models, including model complexity. What has not been investigated is the inherent ability of a particular data set to be fitted with a constrained set of randomly generated linear models, which we call Model Conditioned Data Elasticity (DE). In this article we show how DE can be compared with the problem of equivalent models and a more general problem of the "confoundability" of data/model combinations (see MacCallum, Wegener, Uchino, & Fabrigar, 1993 ). Using the DE package in R, we show how DE can be assessed through automated computer searches. Finally, we discuss how DE fits within the controversy surrounding the use of fit statistics.
Destruction of Potential Vorticity by Winds

The destruction of potential vorticity (PV) at ocean fronts by wind stress–driven frictional forces is examined using PV flux formalism and numerical simulations. When a front is forced by “downfront” winds, that is, winds blowing in the direction of the frontal jet, a nonadvective frictional PV flux that is upward at the sea surface is induced. The flux extracts PV out of the ocean, leading to the formation of a boundary layer thicker than the Ekman layer, with nearly zero PV and nonzero stratification. The PV reduction is not only active in the Ekman layer but is transmitted through the boundary layer via secondary circulations that exchange low PV from the Ekman layer with high PV from the pycnocline. Extraction of PV from the pycnocline by the secondary circulations results in an upward advective PV flux at the base of the boundary layer that scales with the surface, nonadvective, frictional PV flux and that leads to the deepening of the layer. At fronts forced by both downfront winds and a destabilizing atmospheric buoyancy flux F B, the critical parameter that determines whether the wind or the buoyancy flux is the dominant cause for PV
TGF-β1 maintains suppressor function and Foxp3 expression in CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells

Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 is a major pluripotential cytokine with a pronounced immunosuppressive effect and its deficiency results in lethal autoimmunity in mice. However, mechanisms of its immunosuppressive action are not completely understood. Here, we report that TGF-beta1 supports the maintenance of Foxp3 expression, regulatory function, and homeostasis in peripheral CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T (T reg) cells, but is not required for their thymic development. We found that in 8-10-d-old TGF-beta1-deficient mice, peripheral, but not thymic, T reg cells are significantly reduced in numbers. Moreover, our experiments suggest that a defect in TGF-beta-mediated signaling in T reg cells is associated with a decrease in Foxp3 expression and suppressor activity. Thus, our results establish an essential link between TGF-beta1 signaling in peripheral T reg cells and T reg cell maintenance in vivo.
Place Representation within Hippocampal Networks Is Modified by Long-Term Potentiation

In the brain, information is encoded by the firing patterns of neuronal ensembles and the strength of synaptic connections between individual neurons. We report here that representation of the environment by "place" cells is altered by changing synaptic weights within hippocampal networks. Long-term potentiation (LTP) of intrinsic hippocampal pathways abolished existing place fields, created new place fields, and rearranged the temporal relationship within the affected population. The effect of LTP on neuron discharge was rate and context dependent. The LTP-induced "remapping" occurred without affecting the global firing rate of the network. The findings support the view that learned place representation can be accomplished by LTP-like synaptic plasticity within intrahippocampal networks.
Optimal design of power-split transmissions for hydraulic hybrid passenger vehicles

Hydraulic hybrid vehicles are inherently power dense. Power-split or hydro-mechanical transmissions (HMT) have advantages over series and parallel architectures. In this paper, an approach for optimizing the configuration and sizing of a hydraulic hybrid power-split transmission is proposed. Instead of considering each mechanical configuration consisting of combinations of gear ratios, a generalized kinematic relation is used to avoid redundant computation. This captures different architectures such as input coupled, output coupled and compound configurations. Generic kinematic relations are shown to be mechanically realizable. Modal operation of the transmission is introduced to reduce energy loss. The Lagrange multiplier method for computing the optimal energy management control is shown to be computationally efficient for use in transmission design iterations. An optimal design case study indicates improvement in fuel economy and smaller component sizes for the compound and input coupled power-split configurations.
Syncopated Sex: Transforming European Sexual Cultures

Three fundamental impulses have nourished the field of the history of sexuality in modern Europe over the last thirty years. The original and most powerful of these was, in a sense, archaeological: the effort to excavate the material and imaginative universe of a past moment and reconstruct how human beings in a particular time and location experienced and made sense of sexual matters. The second major im pulse, which began to gather force in the mid-1990s even as the archaeological im pulse continued apace, could perhaps best be called integrationist (in the most pos itive sense of that word). This impulse took as axiomatic that there was no major phenomenon in modern European history that could not be more fully and deeply understood if attention to the history of sexuality was brought to bear on the study, from the Enlightenment and the French Revolution to industrialization and Euro pean imperialism in Africa and Asia, to tsarism and Nazism, to post-World War II "Americanization" and the aftermath of communism. The third impulse has devel oped even more recently, as the density of information and conceptual insights ac cumulated over the years by the archaeologists and integrationists is finally making it possible for scholars to pursue projects that are comparativist. Having studied an ever wider array of national cultures—from the initial core of British and French and then also German and Swiss history to the histories of Italy, the Soviet Union, the Netherlands, Austria, Denmark, Sweden, and Ireland, along with occasional, albeit still tentative, forays into Belgium, Portugal, Spain, Greece, Norway, Poland, Hun gary, and Romania—historians of sexuality now find it feasible to use cross-cultural comparisons and connections within Europe, including transnational flows of indi viduals, ideas, and movements, as a tool for challenging facile presumptions about causation and for thinking through more clearly than before the combinations of factors that determine changes in sexual cultures. The archaeological impulse was unquestionably inspired by the work of Michel Foucault, and it often remained deliberately agnostic about the causes of change. Nonetheless, the archaeologists were all the more profoundly historical for precisely that reason. They began from the idea that one purpose of history was to denaturalize the present, that sexuality itself had a history, and that all prior assumptions about I thank the anonymous readers for the AHR, audiences at Yale University and the University of Penn sylvania (with special thanks to George Chauncey, Joanne Meyerowitz, Kathleen Brown, and Benjamin Nathans), as well as the following, who brought their critical expertise and sharp eyes to bear: Caroline Arni, Robert Beachy, Eric Fassin, Myra Marx Ferree, Dicle Kogacioglu, Todd Shepard, and Michael Staub.
Audit in respiratory disease

Respiratory medical audit is discussed in terms of Structure, Process and Outcome with a description of the audit Feedback Loop of monitoring, assessment, improvement followed by further monitoring and assessment. Methods of monitoring include sentinel case, criterion- based, small group comparison, surveys and peer review. There are professional, social and pragmatic reasons for audit which is the responsibility of the provider professionals and requires adequate resources.
Compliance to Supervised Disulfiram Therapy: A Comparison of Voluntary and Court-Ordered Patients

We hypothesized that court mandate would significantly enhance compliance with supervised disulfiram therapy. We conducted a twelve-week prospective study of outpatient compliance with court-ordered, monitored disulfiram treatment as compared to voluntary, monitored treatment. The court ordered group (n=19) was significantly more compliant than the voluntary group (n=22). Legally mandated subjects attended an average of 87% ( &#45 21%) of scheduled visits, versus 42% ( &#45 35%) for the group without court order. Court mandate roughly doubles the compliance rate of monitored disulfiram therapy, effectively enhancing clinic attendance during the first twelve weeks of treatment. (Am J Addict 2003;12:137-143)
Remote Management of Voice and Swallowing Disorders

Telehealth or telepractice can alleviate shortages of speech-language pathologists, particularly in rural and underserved areas, where specialists in voice and swallowing disorders may not be available. In addition to improving access to services, telehealth offers the opportunity for patients to receive care in their natural environment, as in the case of home health care where treatment can include family members and caregivers. This article presents an overview of telehealth applications in the remote management of voice and swallowing disorders including historical background, current issues, and a brief review of clinical effectiveness studies.
H2 formation in the reaction of O(1D) with CH4

The reaction of O(1D) with CH4 was studied to determine the efficiency of H2 production in a direct process, and it was found to be 0.11 ± 0.02. Thus the two channels which account for all of the reaction between O(1D) and CH4 in the gas phase are
Choline Studies with Young Dairy Calves, I. Relation of the Choline Content of Colostrum and Calf Blood

Summary (1) Immediately following parturition the choline content of colostrums was found to be comparatively high, averaging 0.69 mg. per ml. for the first milking. The choline content decreased rapidly with subsequent milkings, averaging 0.17 mg. per ml. at the sixth milking and 0.14 mg. per ml. at 1 week. (2) Calf blood choline levels were found to be low at birth, but increased throughout the first week. The increase in choline of the blood was most rapid while the colostrum was comparatively high in choline, indicating that the calf used the choline of the colostrum to increase the amount of choline in its blood.
Microcatheter Embolization of Lower Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage: An Old Idea Whose Time Has Come

Early attempts of using embolization for lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage were fraught with complications, most notably ischemic colitis or bowel infarction. Embolotherapy was eventually abandoned in favor of catheter-directed vasoconstriction (i.e., vasopressin infusion). This latter therapy is time and labor intensive. With the advent of microcatheter technology, superselective embolization emerged and is rapidly becoming the endovascular therapy of choice for patients with severe lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage refractory to medical management. Numerous studies on the subject have consistently reported high clinical success with low ischemic complications. This article will review the current status of co-axial microcatheter embolization with an emphasis on the technical aspects of the procedure.
On Extensions of Simple Modules over Symmetric and Algebraic Groups

Here and below the cohomology of algebraic groups is the rational cohomology (see [13, I.4]). This result is quite useful for calculating some Ext-groups between simple G-modules. For example, it immediately implies that ExtGLλ; Lλ = 0: We would be interested in having a result similar to (1) for the symmetric group 6n: For a partition λ of n we denote by S the corresponding Specht module, and, if λ is p-regular, we write D for the corresponding irreducible module over F6n (see [11]). It is known that the Specht modules play a role similar to that of Weyl modules for algebraic groups. So we are interested in results connecting Ext6nD;D and Hom6nrad Sλ;Dμ. The first main result of the paper is
Utility of gallium imaging of the kidneys in diagnosing primary amyloid nephrotic syndrome.

We undertook a study to determine the value of gallium imaging of the kidneys in patients who had primary amyloidosis that was manifest clinically by nephrotic syndrome. We studied 28 patients with gallium-67 (67Ga) citrate scans performed 48 hr after injection. Intense (3+ to 4+) uptake was noted in both kidneys in 25 of 28 patients. Renal amyloidosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis when diffuse bilateral renal uptake of [67Ga] citrate is seen in the setting of nephrotic syndrome. Gallium uptake did not differentiate amyloid nephrotic syndrome from other causes of nephrotic syndrome. Renal gallium uptake showed a weak correlation with 24-hr urine protein excretion (p = 0.06).
A new approach to a laser ranger for underwater robots

This paper describes the development of a laser-based ranging device, as part of a sensor work package that is to be integrated into an autonomous underwater vehicle. The objective of the laser ranging component includes robust operation in turbid ocean environments from 1 to 10 meters with a balance of accuracy and speed. A calibration technique that utilizes a spline interpolation is employed as an accurate, yet simple alternative to conventional triangulation methods. The resulting configuration is capable of range detection within 2% absolute error, at a 10 Hz refresh rate, out to 4 meters in turbid ocean conditions, and to greater than 10 meters in air. The maximum underwater range of the system is currently limited by the existing hardware, whereas the software is ready for any future system upgrades.
Loss of the PGE2 receptor EP1 enhances bone acquisition, which protects against age and ovariectomy-induced impairments in bone strength

PGE2 exerts anabolic and catabolic effects on bone through the discrete actions of four prostanoid receptors (EP1-4). We have previously demonstrated that loss EP1 accelerates fracture repair by enhancing bone formation. In the present study we defined the role of EP1 in bone maintenance and homeostasis during aging and in response to ovariectomy. The femur and L4 vertebrae of wild type (WT) and EP1(-/-) mice were examined at 2-months, 6-months, and 1-year of age, and in WT and EP1(-/-) mice following ovariectomy (OVX) or sham surgery. Bone volume fraction, trabecular architecture and mechanical properties were maintained during aging in EP1(-/-) mice to a greater degree than age-matched WT mice. Moreover, significant increases in bone formation rate (BFR) (+60%) and mineral apposition rate (MAR) (+50%) were observed in EP1(-/-), relative to WT, while no change in osteoclast number and osteoclast surface were observed. Following OVX, loss of EP1 was protective against bone loss in both femur and L4 vertebrae, with increased bone volume/total volume (BV/TV) (+32% in femur) and max load at failure (+10% in femur) relative to WT OVX, likely resulting from the increased bone formation rate that was observed in these mice. Taken together these studies identify inhibition of EP1 as a potential therapeutic approach to suppress bone loss in aged or post-menopausal patients.
An accessory protein required for anchoring and assembly of amyloid fibres in B. subtilis biofilms

Cells within Bacillus subtilis biofilms are held in place by an extracellular matrix that contains cell-anchored amyloid fibres, composed of the amyloidogenic protein TasA. As biofilms age they disassemble because the cells release the amyloid fibres. This release appears to be the consequence of incorporation of D-tyrosine, D-leucine, D-tryptophan and D-methionine into the cell wall. Here, we characterize the in vivo roles of an accessory protein TapA (TasA anchoring/assembly protein; previously YqxM) that serves both to anchor the fibres to the cell wall and to assemble TasA into fibres. TapA is found in discrete foci in the cell envelope and these foci disappear when cells are treated with a mixture of D-amino acids. Purified cell wall sacculi retain a functional form of this anchoring protein such that purified fibres can be anchored to the sacculi in vitro. In addition, we show that TapA is essential for the proper assembly of the fibres. Its absence results in a dramatic reduction in TasA levels and what little TasA is left produces only thin fibres that are not anchored to the cell.
Retargeting image-processing algorithms to varying processor grain sizes

Embedded computing architectures can be designed to meet a variety of application specific requirements. However, optimized hardware can require compiler support to realize the potential of the hardware. This is especially true for embedded image processing systems where significant architectural variation is possible, and targeted software can change drastically based on architectural variation. This paper presents methods to compile a single high-level source given a fundamental variation in data-parallel target architectures - processor granularity ranging from a single processor to a massively parallel processor array. The approach uses single PPE virtualization, which supports pixel-level data-parallel expressions that operate on a virtual one pixel per processing element (PPE) network and applies pixel-locating transformations to retarget the code into a given target PPE. Unlike mainstream parallel computing techniques, this technique can be applied to lightweight SIMD targets that do not provide global communication hardware or shared memory.
Systematic transmission characterization of 2D InP photonic crystal membrane structures

Two-dimensional photonic crystal membranes integrated with ridge-waveguides were fabricated in InP/InGaAsP and characterized by optical transmission measurements A photonic band-gap with at least 20 dB extinction was observed. Accurate band-edge tuning by varying r/a is demonstrated.
Comparison of Sterols of Pollens, Honeybee Workers, and Prepupae From Field Sites

Sterols from pollen collected by foraging honeybees, Apis mellifera L, at seven field sites were compared with the sterols of foraging adults and/or prepupae collected from colonies at each site. Invariably, the composition of prepupal sterols was comparable to that found in previous cage studies using chemically defined diets containing various dietary sterols: 24-methyl-enecholesterol was the major sterol; sitosterol and isofucosterol were present in lesser, but significant amounts; and a trace amount of cholesterol was identified in each sample. This occurred even though some of the pollen sterols contained little 24-methylenecholesterol, sitosterol, or isofucosterol and a preponderance of certain other sterols, such as δ7-stigmasten-3β-ol and δ7,24(28)-campestadien-3β-ol in goldenrod and corn pollens, respectively. Thus the selective transfer and utilization of sterols in honeybees that have been demonstrated in cage studies with artificial diets were also shown to occur under field conditions.
Traum/a‐Lektüren. Psychisches Trauma und literarischer Traumtext bei Heiner Müller, Ingeborg Bachmann, Franz Kafka und anderen

Psychisches Trauma und Traum betreffen den Menschen in seinem gesamten Dasein. Beides sind existenzialpsychologische Phanomene, wobei der literarische Traumtext die psychische Realitat des Traumas weit treffender erfasst als die Psychologie. Der vorliegende Essay wird darlegen, wie Michel Foucault in seiner Einleitung zu Ludwig Binswangers Traum und Existenz (1930) die Imagination zur Bedingung des Traumens erhebt und damit die Grundlage schafft fur eine Integration der Literatur in den Umgang mit einem per se nichtsprachlichen Phanomen. Anhand ausgewahlter literarischer Lekturen werden zentrale Aspekte des Traumas dargelegt: die Problematik einer sprachlosen Wahrheit (Ingeborg Bachmanns “Ein Wildermuth”); die korperliche Affizierung des Traumatisierten in Form der Inkorporation (Franz Kafkas “Die Verwandlung”); und auch die zerbrechliche Schutzvorrichtung mentaler Dissoziation (Paula Ludwigs “Das Tier”). Als exemplarischer literarischer Traumtext wird Heiner Mullers “Bildbeschreibung” untersucht. Der psychotraumatische Effekt findet sich darin namlich dergestalt inszeniert, dass die Leistung der Literatur im Hinblick auf Traum und vor allem Trauma offensichtlich wird.