cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
GRAMICIDIN S MESSENGER RNA. II. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES.

Gramicidin S messenger RNA was found to be essentially monodisperse with respect to size, molecular weight, and biological activity. It had a molecular weight of 11,400 as determined by osmotic pressure, light scattering, and end group analysis. Calculations based on these values, and also on base analysis, gave a chain size of 36 ± 2 nucleotides. Studies of end groups indicated that the polynucleotide was free of terminal phosphates and that both termini were occupied by adenosine. The RNA had an ultraviolet absorbance transition upon heating which was normal for its high cytosine-guanine content. The reaction with formaldehyde terminated within five hours. These observations suggest a random coil model for this molecule.
Precision Resonant Beam Strain Sensor Employing Gap-Dependent Frequency Shift

A micromechanical structure for on-chip strain sensing maps strain-induced gap changes to resonance frequency shifts while employing differential strategies to null out bias uncertainty, all towards repeatable measurement of sub-nm displacement changes that equate to sub- $-\mu\varepsilon$ strain increments. The key enabler here is the use of gap-dependent electrical stiffness to shift resonance frequencies as structural elements stretch or shrink to relieve stress. An output based on the difference frequency between two close proximity structures with unequal stress arm lengths (cf. Fig. 1) removes uncertainty on the initial gap spacing and permits a $206\ \text{Hz}/\mu\varepsilon$ scale factor. The ability to precisely measure the frequency of the high- $Q$ (∼4000) structures, down to at least 1 Hz, puts the resolution of this sensor at least $5\mathrm{n}\varepsilon$ (or 790 Pa for polysilicon). An on-chip highly sensitive strain sensing device like this will likely be instrumental to managing stress changes over the lifetime of micromechanical circuits, such as oscillators and filters.
S arcopeltis gen. nov. (Gigartinaceae, Rhodophyta), with S . skottsbergii comb. nov. from southern South America and S. antarctica sp. nov. from the Antarctic Peninsula

Gigartina skottsbergii is the currently accepted name for the large, peltate species of Gigartinaceae distributed in Argentina, Chile, and along the Antarctic Peninsula. However, phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences for more than twenty years indicate that two species are passing under the name G. skottsbergii, and both DNA sequences and morpho-anatomy indicate that the species are assignable to an undescribed genus. To formally validate the new genus and species, we performed next generation sequencing (NGS) on the lectotype material of G. skottsbergii to document its genetic identity and obtained its complete mitogenome and partial plastid genome. Phylogenetic analysis of rbcL and cox1 sequences of the lectotype along with recent collections of G. skottsbergii from southern South America and Antarctica, confirmed the generic distinction and the presence of two morphologically similar taxa. We propose Sarcopeltis gen. nov., containing the generitype S. skottsbergii comb. nov. from southern South America, and S. antarctica sp. nov. from the Antarctic Peninsula. Sarcopeltis is characterized by the following suite of features: 1) peg-like secondary haptera that adhere to the substratum, 2) absence of an envelope surrounding each cystocarp, 3) presence of extensive, terminal, tubular gonimoblast filaments that fuse with surrounding vegetative cells, and 4) tetrasporangia formed from secondary filaments entirely in the medulla. This study demonstrates that genetic analysis of type material, together with recently obtained DNA sequences from field collected specimens, can provide clear and objective taxonomic conclusions.
No Venous Thromboembolism Increase Among Transgender Female Patients Remaining on Estrogen for Gender-Affirming Surgery.

Background Both surgery and exogenous estrogen use are associated with increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE). However, it is not known whether estrogen hormone therapy (HT) exacerbates the surgery-associated risk among transgender and gender nonbinary (TGNB) individuals. The lack of published data has contributed to heterogeneity in perioperative protocols regarding estrogen HT administration for TGNB patients undergoing gender-affirming surgery. Methods A single-center retrospective chart review was performed on all TGNB patients who underwent gender-affirming surgery between November 2015 and August 2019. Surgery type, preoperative HT regimen, perioperative HT regimen, VTE prophylaxis management, outcomes, and demographic data were recorded. Results A total of 919 TGNB patients underwent 1858 surgical procedures representing 1396 unique cases, of which 407 cases were transfeminine patients undergoing primary vaginoplasty. Of the latter, 190 cases were performed with estrogen suspended for 1 week prior to surgery, and 212 cases were performed with HT continued throughout. Of all cases, 1 patient presented with VTE, from the cohort of transfeminine patients whose estrogen HT was suspended prior to surgery. No VTE events were noted among those who continued HT. Mean postoperative follow-up was 285 days. Conclusions Perioperative VTE was not a significant risk in a large, homogenously treated cohort of TGNB patients independent of whether HT was suspended or not prior to surgery.
Shifting Analytics within US Biomedicine: From Patient Data to the Institutional Conditions of Health Care Inequalities

This critical commentary examines the challenges of leveraging data and technology to confront health care inequities, given growing public attention to health disparities amidst the rapid expansion of large-scale data sources. Grasso et al. (2019) recently published the first year of HRSA Uniform Data System reporting on patient sexual orientation and gender identity (SOGI), recounting three-quarters and two-thirds missing data respectively across all participating US health centers. Given broad investment in data-driven strategies with the rise of Electronic Health Records, scholars and advocates explain the observed missing data as an issue of poor implementation within sites of care. Such an explanation, however, deflects attention away from the upstream conditions that powerfully shape gender and sexual minority health inequities within biomedicine itself, including the content and breadth of clinical training, the location and scope of sites of care, and the diversity of the health professions workforce. Given these existing forms of biomedical stratification, data-driven strategies that prioritize counting patients over redressing structural conditions are unlikely to result in substantive social change. To advance health equity, we must do more than merely collect data: we must shift our analytic to consider the broader context in which health inequalities materialize.
[Taurolidine for the prevention of catheter-related infections in children with intestinal insufficiency: preliminary experience in a Chilean tertiary hospital].

Background Taurolidine is a molecule with anti-endotoxic, anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory properties that inhibits bacterial adhesion, allowing for its use as lock therapy for the prevention of catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSI) in long-term central venous catheters (CVC). Aim To report a preliminary experience, the first one in Chile, using lock therapy with taurolidine for the prevention of CRBSI and to report its efficacy. Method A taurolidine-based solution was instilled in the CVC of three children with intestinal insufficiency dependent on parenteral nutrition, attended in a Chilean tertiary hospital, and the rate of CRBSI before and after its use was compared in retrospect. Results In the two patients who started lock therapy immediately after the installation of their CVC, the rate of CRBSI was brought to zero, whereas in the third patient, who had a 9 months-old CVC with a recurrent CRBSI history, an intercurrent CRBSI forced discontinuation of the prophylaxis. Conclusions Lock therapy with a taurolidine-based solution prevented CRBSIs when it was begun immediately after installing the CVC, in contrast with an old CVC with a history of recurrent CRBSIs.
Timeless and the temporary: Strategic thinking for 21st century strategy

A central challenge of the military profession revolves around how best to understand future wars and the strategies needed to fight them. Colin S. Gray grappled with this matter throughout his lon...
Pentosan polysulfate maculopathy

Pentosan polysulfate sodium (PPS), a semisynthetic sulfated polysaccharide, is the only FDA-approved oral therapy for interstitial cystitis. Recent studies have described a progressive, vision-threatening macular condition associated with long-term PPS use. We reviewed all publications concerning PPS maculopathy to consolidate known clinical features and to evaluate the strength of this association. Current literature supports a strong dose-dependent association between PPS exposure and a progressive maculopathy impacting the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and RPE-photoreceptor interface that may worsen even after drug cessation. Initial symptoms may include prolonged dark adaptation and difficulty reading with relative visual acuity preservation. Fundus examination often shows macular pigment clumps corresponding to lesions of focal RPE thickening. Fundus autofluorescence most clearly depicts the condition, with a distinctive pattern of hypo- and hyperautofluorescent spots in the posterior pole that sometimes extends to the retinal periphery. Many cases also show a characteristic peripapillary hypoautofluorescent halo. Near infrared reflectance may aid in early detection. RPE atrophy, cystoid macular edema, and macular neovascularization may also occur, potentially resulting in loss of central acuity. This newly described association implies significant public health risk. Ophthalmologists should screen PPS users with multimodal retinal imaging, and prescribers should minimize dose and duration of PPS use.
Exploring the experience of IUD self-removal in the United States through posts on internet forums

Abstract Objective Some IUD users self-remove their IUDs, and these experiences are not well understood. This study examines what IUD users post in internet forums about their experience, as well as advice and questions shared among IUD users about self-removal. Methods This study uses qualitative analysis of internet health and parenting forum postings about IUD self-removal identified from an internet search engine. We analyzed the data using inductive and deductive content analyses. Results Twenty-eight sites, containing 1742 posts by 1197 unique users, satisfied our eligibility criteria. Users reported successful IUD self-removal attempts as “quick,” “easy,” and “painless”; it was rare to encounter IUD users describing complications of their self-removal attempts. Users described unsuccessful attempts as failure to find or grasp strings. Many IUD users described their successful removal techniques and gave advice to other users who were struggling with self-removal. Users frequently utilized the forum to ask questions about IUD self-removal methods and timing, pain, when to seek medical intervention, and the effects on future fertility. Conclusions Posts describing successful IUD self-removal report positive experiences. IUD users who have difficulty with self-removal may utilize internet forums to learn from others’ experiences. Implications Exploring IUD users’ experiences with and questions about self-removal may inform strategies to develop better resources for those who desire self-removal.
Magnetic Frustration and Pairing in Doped Lanthanum Cuprate

We discuss the temperature-concentration (T−x) phase diagram of La2−x (SrBa) x CuO4. The magnetic interactions of the hole spins with the Cu spins yield frustration, explaining the fast decrease in the Neel temperature and yielding a new spin glass phase. The same interactions yield a strong attractive hole-hole potential, which can lead to pairing and superconductivity.
Novel Tandem Aldol Intramolecular Cyclization of Substituted N-Benzylpiperidine-4-one: Synthesis of Novel-Type Nitrogen 2,8-Phenanthroline Heterocycles

Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame,Notre Dame 46556, Indiana, USA*E-mail: mkostochka@yahoo.comAdditional Supporting Information may be found in the online version of this article.Received December 18, 2013DOI 10.1002/jhet.2263Published online 00 Month 2014 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com).
Regeneration of enzyme activity by air oxidation of reduced subtilisin-modified ribonuclease.

Fully reduced bovine ribonuclease, a molecule which probably exists in a random coil configuration (1, 2)) will, under the influence of molecular oxygen alone, oxidize to form an organized, enzymatically active product in high yield (3, 4). This material seems indistinguishable on the basis of physical properties from native ribonuclease (RNase) . These observations suggest that the information determining not only the covalent structure, but also the secondary and tertiary structure of the molecule, is contained in the amino acid sequence itself. It is of interest to determine which portions of the sequence are most necessary for correct refolding. The reduction and subsequent oxidation of subtilisin-modified RNasei has, therefore, been studied in an attempt to obtain at least a partial answer to this question. The results described below indicate that after removal of 20 of the 124 residues which form the RNase chain, an enzymatically active product may be produced by oxidation of the fully reduced derivative.
Enteroviruses, hygiene and type 1 diabetes: toward a preventive vaccine

Summary Enteroviruses and humans have long co-existed. Although recognized in ancient times, poliomyelitis and type 1 diabetes (T1D) were exceptionally rare and not epidemic, due in large part to poor sanitation and personal hygiene which resulted in repeated exposure to fecal–oral transmitted viruses and other infectious agents and viruses and the generation of a broad protective immunity. As a function of a growing acceptance of the benefits of hygienic practices and microbiologically clean(er) water supplies, the likelihood of exposure to diverse infectious agents and viruses declined. The effort to vaccinate against poliomyelitis demonstrated that enteroviral diseases are preventable by vaccination and led to understanding how to successfully attenuate enteroviruses. Type 1 diabetes onset has been convincingly linked to infection by numerous enteroviruses including the group B coxsackieviruses (CVB), while studies of CVB infections in NOD mice have demonstrated not only a clear link between disease onset but an ability to reduce the incidence of T1D as well: CVB infections can suppress naturally occurring autoimmune T1D. We propose here that if we can harness and develop the capacity to use attenuated enteroviral strains to induce regulatory T cell populations in the host through vaccination, then a vaccine could be considered that should function to protect against both autoimmune as well as virus-triggered T1D. Such a vaccine would not only specifically protect from certain enterovirus types but more importantly, also reset the organism's regulatory rheostat making the further development of pathogenic autoimmunity less likely. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seti: A More Eclectic Approach

Three groups, one at Ames Research Center, one at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and one at Stanford University are currently engaged in the research and development phase of the NASA SETI program Other papers in this session will describe in greater detail some of the work going on at each of these centers. It is my intent here to give an overall picture of the program so that the other papers may be viewed in context.
Variation in physician deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis attitudes and practices at an academic tertiary care center.

Background Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) remains a major cause of in-hospital morbidity and mortality. Effective DVT prophylaxis is available but underutilized. We sought to describe physician understanding of DVT epidemiology and prophylaxis practices. Methods All medical and surgical residents, and hospitalist attendings were invited to participate in an on-line survey. Physicians were queried about DVT epidemiology, risk factors, prophylaxis practices, and complications. Means and standard deviations were calculated for ordinal responses. χ2 was used for dichotomous variables. Results Of 281 doctors emailed, 69/160 (43%) medical residents, 26/72 (36%) surgical residents, and 21/49 (43%) hospitalist attendings participated. All three overestimated DVT incidence and morbidity. Surgical residents listed paralysis as high risk and minor surgery as a low/no risk factor. Medical residents thought heart failure and varicose veins were low/no risk for developing DVT. Regarding prophylaxis, surgical residents did not identify ambulation as a prophylactic measure, and were more likely to use SCDs, compression stockings, and enoxaparin, while medical residents and hospitalist attendings prescribed unfractionated heparin most frequently. Medical residents reported that they would hold anticoagulants for comorbidities most frequently, but all 3 groups agreed that anticoagulant prophylaxis would not significantly increase bleeding risks. Conclusions Perceptions of DVT risk factors and prophylaxis practices vary by both physician specialty and attending/resident status. Prophylaxis practice differences may result from these perceptions.
Nonword repetitions of children with specific language impairment: Exploration of some explanations for their inaccuracies

To examine possible explanations of the reported inaccuracies of children with specific language impairment (SLI) on nonword repetition, we compared the repetitions of 54 children with SLI and their peers in terms of number and type of error as well as latency and duration of response. We found no evidence of differences between the groups in auditory discrimination or response processes, but we did find some evidence suggesting differences in either the formation or storage of phonological representations in working memory. Because repetition accuracy was significantly correlated with expressive, but not receptive, measures of language, we hypothesized that the problem lay with the nature of phonological representations in working memory and not with the ability to hold phonological information in working memory.
The importance of experimental design on measurement of dynamic interfacial tension and interfacial rheology in diffusion-limited surfactant systems

Abstract Pendant bubble and drop devices are invaluable tools in understanding surfactant behavior at fluid–fluid interfaces. The simple instrumentation and analysis are used widely to determine adsorption isotherms, transport parameters, and interfacial rheology. However, much of the analysis performed is developed for planar interfaces. The application of a planar analysis to drops and bubbles (curved interfaces) can lead to erroneous and unphysical results. We revisit this analysis for a well-studied surfactant system at air–water interfaces over a wide range of curvatures as applied to both expansion/contraction experiments and interfacial elasticity measurements. The impact of curvature and transport on measured properties is quantified and compared to other scaling relationships in the literature. The results provide tools to design interfacial experiments for accurate determination of isotherm, transport and elastic properties.
Coincidence electroproduction of charged pions and the pion form factor

We report measurements of the electroproduction reaction ${e}^{\ensuremath{-}}+p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}+{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}+n$ carried out at the Cambridge Electron Accelerator by observing the final electron and pion in coincidence. The apparatus consisted of two focusing magnetic spectrometers equipped with wire spark chambers for determining the trajectories of the particles and with \ifmmode \check{C}\else \v{C}\fi{}erenkov counters for particle identification. Data were collected in three scans which varied in turn one of the three variables: the photon mass squared ${k}^{2}$, the virtual photon-hadron center-of-mass energy $W$, or the angle $\ensuremath{\theta}$ between the virtual photon and the electroproduced pion in the virtual-photon-hadron center-of-mass system. The ${k}^{ 2}$-scan central settings were ${k}^{ 2}=\ensuremath{-}0.18,\ensuremath{-}0.30,\ensuremath{-}0.40,\ensuremath{-}0.80$, and -1.20 Ge${\mathrm{V}}^{2}$ for $W=2.15$ GeV and $\ensuremath{\theta}={0}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$; the $W$-scan central settings were $W=1.85,2.05,2.15$, and 2.50 GeV for ${k}^{ 2}=\ensuremath{-}0.30$ Ge${\mathrm{V}}^{2}$ and $\ensuremath{\theta}={0}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$; the central settings for the $\ensuremath{\theta}$ scan were $\ensuremath{\theta}={0}^{\ensuremath{\circ}},{7}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$, and 15\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} for $\ensuremath{\varphi}={0}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$ and 180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and for ${k}^{ 2}=\ensuremath{-}0.40$ Ge${\mathrm{V}}^{2}$ and $W=2.15$ GeV. The data are analyzed to determine the longitudinal-transverse interference term and are compared with the predictions of a dispersion-theory calculation by Berends. The dispersion-theory model is used to extract the pion electromagnetic form factor. The result is consistent with ${F}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}={F}_{1}^{V}$, but a simple $\ensuremath{\rho}$-pole form factor cannot be ruled out.
PROPERTIES OF s-p AND s-d TYPE A-15 SUPERCONDUCTORS - A COMPARISON*

Publisher Summary Since its discovery, the record high transition temperature of superconductivity has consistently been A15 phases and includes Nb3Sn at 18.4 K. At present there are over 70 intermetallic compounds with an A15 structure and approximately 50 of those are superconducting. The idealized composition for the A15 phase is A3B, with the A atoms occurring in pairs on each of the faces of a cubic cell and forming three orthogonal lines or “chains of atoms.” The conditions considered favorable for the formation of the A15 phase are (1) when the A-atoms are limited to the transition elements; (2) when the ratio of the Goldschmidt CN12 radii is within the limits of 0.84 and 1.12 with a value close to unity being the most favorable; (3) when the valence electron per atom ratio, which is most favorable for the occurrence of the superconducting phase is at 4.75 and 6.5. It was originally believed that the A15 phases were nicely ordered compounds with narrow composition ranges that occurred close to the ideal A3B composition and were always on the A rich side.
Foam-Stabilizing Effects and Cling Formation Patterns of Iso-α-acids and Reduced Iso-α-acids in Lager Beer

Foam-stabilizing properties and cling formation patterns of iso-alpha-acids and reduced iso-alpha-acids were investigated using an unhopped lager beer. Unhopped beer was dosed with iso-alpha-acid (Iso), rho-iso-alpha-acid (Rho), tetrahydro-iso-alpha-acid (Tetra), and hexahydro-iso-alpha-acid (Hexa), separately, over a range of concentrations from 2 to 10 ppm. A uniform foam was created by Inpack 2000 Flasher Head and was measured by a NIBEM Foam Stability Tester (NIBEM-TPH) followed by a NIBEM Cling Meter (NIBEM-CLM) to determine the relationship between the concentration and NIBEM-30 and the cling formation ability of each compound. The foam-stabilizing power was determined to be Tetra, Hexa, Iso, and Rho from the strongest to weakest. Linear regression models were created using the NIBEM-TPH data set, and on the basis of 95% confidence intervals, the foam stability of Tetra or Hexa became significantly larger than that of Iso when 2.4 or 4.2 ppm of Tetra or Hexa was used as a replacement for Iso, respectively. Cling formation patterns could be categorized into three groups: "ring", "mesh", and "powdery". The control beer had the lowest foam stability and did not yield any foam cling.
The Mechanism in High Temperature Corrosion in Municipal Incinerators

Abstract Chemical analyses, electron microprobe surveys, and X-ray diffraction examinations of deposits and corroded metal surfaces from corrosion probes exposed in operating municipal incinerators...
Pulmonary mechanics in normal infants and young children during first 5 years of life

To characterize lung function in young children we measured lung compliance and pulmonary conductance in 40 normal infants and children ranging in age from the newborn period to 5 years. Inspiratory and expiratory flow was measured by a pneumotachograph, esophageal pressure through a water-filled feeding tube, and functional residual capacity (FRC) by a N2 washout technique. The esophageal pressure change per breath [(mean +/- SD) 7.3 +/- 1.4 cm H2O] and specific compliance (75 +/- 13 ml/cm H2O/L-FRC) did not change with growth. Specific conductance was high (0.60 L/s/cm H2O/L-FRC) in preterm infants, decreasing rapidly with initial growth but minimally beyond 10 kg of body weight, and stabilizing at 0.10 L/s/cm H2O/L-FRC. During the age period studied, compliance increased approximately x 25 whereas conductance only rose five-fold. The changes in compliance and conductance were well correlated to FRC, body weight, and length. These findings suggest that in the last trimester of pregnancy the airways are already well developed and postnatal lung growth occurs mainly by formation of new alveoli, leading to a proportional increase in FRC and lung compliance. Postnatally, conductance increases much more slowly than FRC, resulting in a rapid drop in specific conductance.
Intellectual Structure of Research in Organizational Behavior, 1972-1984: A Cocitation Analysis.

Using citations which appeared in published research from 1972 to 1984 (from the Social Sciences Citation Index), the study identifies the subspecialties that constitute the foundations of current research. It focuses on two fields organizational behavior and organization theory. The matrix of raw cocitation counts was factor-analyzed using a principal components analysis with a varimax rotation
Attempts to immunize monkeys against experimental infection with Herpesvirus suis.

Abstract Attempts were made to immunize grivet monkeys by intranasal administration of 2 doses of the avirulent Bartha strain of Aujeszky's disease virus (ADV). They were later challenged by the same route with virulent ADV. Vaccination failed to provide any protection and all the animals died of encephalomyelitis 9 to 14 days after infection. The clinical disease was more prolonged than in non-immunized monkeys, but the nature of the histological lesions and their distribution in the brain were the same.
Vacuum system for an infrared calibration facility.

Calibration facilities for large aperture (up to 56 cm diam) infrared radiometers require commeasurable size vacuum chambers with full thermal shrouding and ultraclean pumping systems. Such a facility has been fabricated and is described in detail. The chamber is 106 cm in diameter and 4.87 m long. It utilizes integral ion pumping for operation in the 1 microtorr region. Economic considerations and time constraints of the total system program required local fabrication and, therefore, nonproprietary-type flange sealing.The sealing mechanism used was the flat flange with aluminum wire effecting the seal. Included in the discussion is the description of the cryogen distribution system which allows complete constant temperature control of the several shroud structures.
Probing Protein/Protein Interactions with Mass Spectrometry and Isotopic Labeling: Analysis of the p21/Cdk2 Complex

Departments of Molecular Biology and ChemistryThe Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037ReceiVed March 7, 1996An important first step in understanding protein/proteinrecognition is the identification of the amino acids at the protein/protein interface. A variety of approaches are used to studythese interfaces, ranging from random mutagenesis and chemicalcross-linking to high-resolution structure determination. Pro-tease mapping is an established method for probing the primarystructure of proteins
The Use of a Digital Computer in Time-of-Flight Experiments

A general-purpose digital computer has been incorporated as an integral part of a data acquisition and processing system for use in neutron time-of-flight experiments. The system has been used successfully in experiments designed to measure the neutron capture and fission cross sections of U235, U233, and Pu239 as a function of neutron energy. A digital computer was chosen for these experiments because of the increased data handling capacity that could be attained as compared to that attained with a conventional analyzer. In the application of the latter to time-of-flight spectroscopy, the channel width ?t is chosen to meet the energy resolution required by the experiment. The computer was programmed to simulate a series of analyzers, each having a channel width appropriate for the energy region covered. Eight regions were used with the channel width changing by a factor of 2 in successive regions. The recording of data in this manner greatly increases the time range which can be covered without sacrificing energy resolution. With the computer the increased flexibility in the control of the experiments can also be obtained. Another feature which has proved very useful is the scope display which permits a detailed visual inspection of the data during the experiment.
Chemical contaminants, health indicators, and reproductive biomarker responses in fish from rivers in the Southeastern United States.

Abstract Largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were collected from 13 sites located in the Mobile (MRB), Apalachicola–Flint–Chattahoochee (ARB), Savannah (SRB), and Pee Dee (PRB) River Basins to document spatial trends in accumulative chemical contaminants, health indicators, and reproductive biomarkers. Organochlorine residues, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-like activity (TCDD-EQ), and elemental contaminants were measured in composite samples of whole fish, grouped by species and gender, from each site. Mercury (Hg) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were the primary contaminants of concern. Concentrations of Hg in bass samples from all basins exceeded toxicity thresholds for piscivorous mammals (> 0.1 μg/g ww), juvenile and adult fish (> 0.2 μg/g ww), and piscivorous birds (> 0.3 μg/g ww). Total PCB concentrations in samples from the MRB, ARB, and PRB were > 480 ng/g ww and may be a risk to piscivorous wildlife. Selenium concentrations also exceeded toxicity thresholds (> 0.75 μg/g ww) in MRB and ARB fish. Concentrations of other formerly used (total chlordanes, dieldrin, endrin, aldrin, mirex, and hexachlorobenzene) and currently used (pentachlorobenzene, pentachloroanisole, dacthal, endosulfan, γ-hexachlorocyclohexane, and methoxychlor) organochlorine residues were generally low or did not exceed toxicity thresholds for fish and piscivorous wildlife. TCDD-EQs exceeded wildlife dietary guidelines (> 5 pg/g ww) in MRB and PRB fish. Hepatic ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity was generally greatest in MRB bass and carp. Altered fish health indicators and reproductive biomarker were noted in individual fish, but mean responses were similar among basins. The field necropsy and histopathological examination determined that MRB fish were generally in poorer health than those from the other basins, primarily due to parasitic infestations. Tumors were found in few fish (n = 5; 0.01%); ovarian tumors of smooth muscle origin were found in two ARB carp from the same site. Intersex gonads were identified in 47 male bass (42%) representing 12 sites and may indicate exposure to potential endocrine disrupting compounds. Comparatively high vitellogenin concentrations (> 0.35 mg/mL) in male fish from the MRB, SRB, and PRB indicate exposure to estrogenic or anti-androgenic chemicals.
Influence of particle size on the effectiveness of beet pulp fiber.

Sixteen Holstein cows in midlactation were used in a design based on a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square with the last period removed to determine the influence of particle size of beet pulp neutral detergent fiber (NDF) on its effectiveness as a replacement for alfalfa NDF. Diets were a low forage, low fiber diet [12.1 g of alfalfa NDF/100 g of dry matter (DM)], a normal forage diet (low forage plus 7.8 g of additional alfalfa NDF/100 g of DM), and two low forage diets with 5.3 g of NDF/100 g of DM from either whole or finely ground dried sugar beet pulp. Replacement of alfalfa fiber with beet pulp fiber increased milk protein yield because of the tendencies toward increased milk yield and protein concentration. However, milk fat concentration and yield were unaffected. The addition of beet pulp fiber, either whole or ground, to the basal low forage, low fiber diet did not affect yields of milk, protein, or fat, but milk protein concentration tended to be lower for cows fed the beet pulp diets than for cows fed the basal diet. Reducing the particle size of beet pulp increased DM intake but did not affect any of the milk yield measurements. Particle size reduction of beet pulp did not reduce its effectiveness as a fiber source as measured by changes in milk fat content.
Dynamic equilibrium of a supramolecular dimeric rhomboid and trimeric hexagon and determination of its thermodynamic constants.

A supramolecular dimeric rhomboid and its trimeric counterpart, a hexagon, are generated by design via the directional bonding methodology of self-assembly. The different-sized supramolecular macro...
The effect of radiative heat loss on steady cellular convection

In the atmosphere there may be layers undergoing cellular convection with a much larger heat flux through the base of the layer than through the top. This may be either because there is a steady loss of heat by radiation from the body of the fluid or because the temperature is everywhere rising. In this latter case the temperature gradients could remain constant so that the mechanics would be the same as if the heat were being lost and the temperature kept steady. The fluid is considered incompressible as in the classical theory of cellular convection, and we determine the critical Rayleigh number for the onset of convection and the width to height ratio of the cells as functions of the heat loss. The problem, is in some respects analogous to that of the motion of a viscous fluid between rotating cylinders but in this case there are two non-dimensional-numbers-the Rayleigh number (g α βh 4/K v) and a number representing the ratio of the heat loss by radiation to the heat flux. It is found that the critical Rayleigh number is decreased and the cells widened as had already been found for the case of a fluid with transfer coefficients having a spatial variation, with free boundaries, but the cells are made more narrow if the boundaries are rigid.
Integrated analog filter bank for adaptive optics speckle field statistical analysis

Real time wavefront control for adaptive laser communication and imaging system requires fast measurement of image quality. Statistical analysis of speckle field provides effective image quality criteria for adaptive correction of phase-distorted images. We propose an analog continuous time VLSI (very-large-scale-integration) spectrum analysis chip to provide such a real time image quality measurement. The chip takes the signal sensed by a photo detector which is located in the speckle field as analog input and computes its spectrum distribution continuously. Experiment and analysis on distorted laser beam was conducted with the analog spectrum analysis chip. Target-in-the-loop system is under development to demonstrate the capability of real time adaptive imaging
Effect of vitamin A on tumor development in burned, unburned, and glucocorticoid-treated mice inoculated with an oncogenic virus.

High doses of vitamin A decreased the severity of tumor development in mice inoculated with a murine sarcoma virus; the same doses of vitamin A had no effect on the increased tumorigenesis seen in animals severely stressed with thermal injury or the increased tumorigenesis induced by exogenous glucocorticoid administration
The Homeodomain Coordinates Nuclear Entry of the Lhx3 Neuroendocrine Transcription Factor and Association with the Nuclear Matrix

LIM homeodomain transcription factors regulate development in complex organisms. To characterize the molecular signals required for the nuclear localization of these proteins, we examined the Lhx3 factor. Lhx3 is essential for pituitary organogenesis and motor neuron specification. By using functional fluorescent derivatives, we demonstrate that Lhx3 is found in both the nucleoplasm and nuclear matrix. Three nuclear localization signals were mapped within the homeodomain, and one was located in the carboxyl terminus. The homeodomain also serves as the nuclear matrix targeting sequence. No individual signal is alone required for nuclear localization of Lhx3; the signals work in combinatorial fashion. Specific combinations of these signals transferred nuclear localization to cytoplasmic proteins. Mutation of nuclear localization signals within the homeodomain inhibited Lhx3 transcriptional function. By contrast, mutation of the carboxyl-terminal signal activated Lhx3, indicating that this region is critical to transcriptional activity and may be a target of regulatory pathways. The pattern of conservation of the nuclear localization and nuclear matrix targeting signals suggests that the LIM homeodomain factors use similar mechanisms for subcellular localization. Furthermore, upon nuclear entry, association of Lhx3 with the nuclear matrix may contribute to LIM homeodomain factor interaction with other classes of transcription factors.
EFFECT OF EARTH'S ROTATION ON THE QUANTUM MECHANICAL PHASE OF THE NEUTRON

Using a neutron interferometer of the type first developed by Bonse and Hart for x rays, we have observed the effect of Earth's rotation on the phase of the neutron wave function. This experiment is the quantum mechanical analog of the optical interferometry observations of Michelson, Gale, and Pearson.
Men, women, and sustainability

Daily, in the popular press, politics, and academe, we read and hear about environmental consequences of the combined effects of population growth and per capita consumption (e.g., Durning, 1994; Mello, 1994; MacKellar & Hatcher, 1994). The Limits to Growth study of 1972 argued that current growth trends would reach serious limits, but that it was possible to alter patterns and "establish a condition of ecological and economic stability that is sustainable into the future." Since then, a number of environmentalists and political leaders have adopted sustainable development as a goal. The Brundtland Report in 1987 defined sustainable development as "development that seeks to meet needs and aspirations of the present without compromising the ability to meet those of the future." Concepts of "sustainability," they vary in details, always concern interactions of population numbers and resource use levels. When the "Northern" and "Southern" nations squared off at the Rio Conference in 1992, each side made valid points in the sustainability debate. A population's total impact on any environment is a combined effect of the number of individuals consuming (often seen as a problem of less developed nations, with high population growth rates) times the per capita consumption rate and the impact of consumption technology (problems of developed nations). Although what contributes most urgently to any particular problem will vary, ignoring either population numbers or per capita consumption can lead to incomplete analysis and misdirected action. Thirty years ago, population growth was seen as the major problem in sustainable development. Many scholars felt that demographic transition
Assessment of internal diffusion limitation on Fischer–Tropsch product distribution

Abstract A reactor is modeled for ideal vapor–liquid equilibrium (VLE) conditions and is operated with a single α catalyst. Under steady state conditions, the relative concentration of hydrocarbon product in the catalyst pores decreases with increasing carbon number until about C20. It is deduced that the two α product distribution in Fischer–Tropsch (FT) reactions is not due to the effect of product diffusion limitations of the heavier products.
Charles Taylor's transcendental arguments for liberal communitarianism

This paper sees Charles Taylor's moral discourse as a version of liberal communitarianism, an attempt to reconcile liberalism and communitarianism, by examining his three transcendental arguments: the liberal transcendence from the parochial to the universal; the communi tarian transcendence from the instinctual to the ontological; and the theistic transcendence from the good to God. While this liberal communi tarianism absorbs some great insights from both liberalism and communi tarianism and overcomes some of their respective weaknesses, it fails to avoid their common dichotomy of the good and the right because Taylor's fundamentally communitarian commitment leads him to believe that there must be a universal ontological (religious or metaphysical) idea of the good as the foundation for any needed universal social and political idea of the right.
A procedure increasing the specificity of the Jaffe reaction for the determination of creatine and creatinine in urine and plasma.

Abstract The specificity of the Jaffe reaction for the determination of creatine and creatinine in urine and blood plasma has been improved by steps which eliminate interfering substances. In urine, ether extraction is used to remove such substances. In plasma, ether extraction preceded by treatment with iodine is employed. For precipitation of serum proteins a strongly acid medium is necessary in order to obtain 100% recoveries of creatine and creatinine in the filtrate. For subsequent complete conversion of creatine to creatinine the pH of the filtrate is raised to 2.0–2.5, the adjustment being conveniently made by the action of granulated zinc, followed by the addition of picric acid. The present method yields uniformly lower results for creatine in both urine and plasma than those obtained after iodine treatment as recently described by us 1 . Values for creatinine are lower in plasma, but urine values are in general similar to those obtained after treatment with iodine alone.
"A New Kind of Music": Jazz Improvisation and the Diasporic Dissonance of Paule Marshall's The Fisher King

Paule Marshall’s novel The Fisher King (2000) revisits a familiar site for readers of her fiction: the Brooklyn neighborhood of Bedford-Stuyvesant, familiarly known as Bed-Stuy. The primary events of The Fisher King take place in this historic African diasporic neighborhood during the spring of 1984; however, the retrospective plot that underlies these events encompasses an expansive black Atlantic geography of migration from the US South and the Caribbean to New York in the early twentieth century and from New York to Paris in the postwar years. What connects the characters who make these journeys is also what divides them: the life story of a jazz musician, the Caribbean American pianist Sonny-Rett Payne, whose rise and fall evokes legendary narratives of mid-century African American jazz musicians. Beginning in Bed-Stuy, continuing in Kansas City during World War II, and returning to establish his reputation in Brooklyn and then the Manhattan clubs where bebop came into being, SonnyRett eventually migrates to Paris, where his career continues to ascend, only to come crashing down during the 1960s. In its narrative structure as well as its plot, The Fisher King is at once an homage to and inventive revision of earlier African American narratives that feature jazz musicians as protagonists. Narrated through the dialogic interplay of the novel’s multiple voices and memories, Sonny-Rett’s life story evokes the tension between the individual and collective expression associated with jazz performance. His trajectory as a musician recalls previous African American jazz narratives, especially those inspired by Charlie Parker, from James Baldwin’s “Sonny’s Blues” (1957) to John Williams’s Night Song (1961) and William Melvin Kelley’s A Drop of Patience (1965). Like these narratives and other renowned African American jazz novels, from James Weldon Johnson’s The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man (1912) through Toni Morrison’s Jazz (1992), The Fisher King dramatizes the historical impact of jazz through its narrative adaptation of specific jazz performance practices, most notably improvisation. The Fisher King features dramatic scenes of jazz improvisation, and, like the process in which Sonny-Rett transforms popular
How the mirror-image pattern specified by a janus mutation of tetrahymena thermophila comes to expression

The initial changes of cell-surface organization that occurred as the recessive janA1 (janus) mutation of Tetrahymena thermophila first became expressed were elucidated in a special mating scheme in which old macronuclei homozygous for janA+ were synchronously replaced by new macronuclei homozygous for janA1. During this period of onset of expression, the number, regularity, and asymmetry of the ciliary rows remained unchanged. New normal (primary) oral apparatuses (OAs) continued to be formed posterior to old OAs, as in normal cells. At about four fissions after conjugation, abnormal (secondary) OAs with a partial reversal of asymmetry began to appear nearly opposite to the primary OAs, close to but not at the eventual circumferential position of janA1 secondary OAs. The array of contractile vacuole pores (CVPs), normally located adjacent to two ciliary rows centered near 22% of the cell circumference to the right of the primary oral meridian, underwent a two-step transformation: first, the number of adjacent ciliary rows bearing CVPs increased to 3, 4, and sometimes 5, then "skipped" rows appeared within this broadened CVP-arc to split the single set of CVPs into two separated subsets. The CVP transformations occurred gradually and progressively. They began prior to the expression of secondary OAs but accelerated as secondary OAs appeared. As the CVP arc became broader, its midpoint shifted somewhat to the right, away from the primary oral meridian, but ended up close to halfway between the primary and secondary oral meridians. The data provide a better fit to an intercalation model than to an alternative double-gradient model, suggesting that the janA1 mutation alters the large-scale organization of positional values by preventing the expression of a subset of these values and thus provoking reverse-intercalation of the remainder.
Endometrial cancer following radiation therapy for cervical cancer

The clinical and histologic features of eight cases of carcinoma of the endometrium which developed following radiation therapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix are described. No patient had a well-differentiated tumor and significant myometrial invasion was present in all cases. Three of the eight tumors were papillary serous adenocarcinoma. Five of the eight patients developed recurrent tumor and died of their disease. The risk of endometrial cancer in patients previously radiated for cervical cancer is evaluated.