cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Math1/Atoh1 contributes to intestinalization of esophageal keratinocytes by inducing the expression of Muc2 and Keratin-20

Esophageal intestinal metaplasia, also known as Barrett’s esophagus, is the replacement of the normal epithelium with one that resembles the intestine morphologically. Generally, this includes intestinal mucin-secreting goblet cells. Barrett’s esophagus is an important risk factor for adenocarcinoma development. In-vitro models for Barrett’s esophagus have not, to date, focused on the induction of goblet cells in Barrett’s epithelium. To explore the contribution of Math1/Atoh1 to induction of Barrett’s esophagus and intestinal mucin-secreting goblet cells from normal human esophageal epithelium. We explored the level and pattern of Math1/Atoh1 mRNA and protein expression in human Barrett’s esophagus. Then, using retroviral-mediated gene expression, we induced Math1 mRNA and protein expression in a human esophageal keratinocyte cell line. We evaluated the effects of this ectopic Math1 expression on cell proliferation and gene expression patterns in cells cultured under two-dimensional and three-dimensional tissue-engineering conditions. Math1/Atoh1 mRNA and protein are detected in human Barrett’s esophagus specimens, but the mRNA levels vary substantially. In the keratinocyte expression studies, we observed that Math1/Atoh1 ectopic expression significantly reduced cell proliferation and altered cell morphology. Moreover, Math1/Atoh1 expression is associated with a more intestinalized gene expression pattern that is distinct from that reported in after studies using other intestinal transcription factors. Most significantly, we observe the induction of the Barrett’s esophagus markers Mucin-2 and Keratin-20 with Math1/Atoh1 expression. We conclude that ectopic Math1/Atoh1 expression makes unique contributions to intestinalization of the esophageal epithelium in Barrett’s esophagus.
Justice empowered or justice hampered: The International Criminal Court in Darfur

It came as a surprise to many international observers when, on 31 March 2005, the United Nations Security Council passed resolution 1593, which referred the situation in Darfur to the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court. Some celebrated this event as initiating a new era in which international criminal justice would prevail, but they might have done well to consider the objections immediately raised by the representatives of the Sudanese government, which was not a party to the ICC, a point that created a series of impediments to the implementation of the resolution. For all that the ICC has been charged with investigating crimes against humanity in Darfur, its investigators are being prevented from seeking the evidence on the ground essential to any successful prosecution. The Sudanese government has so far maintained its obstructive position, arguing that it is capable of handling such cases within its own sovereign jurisdiction. The imperative of excluding the ICC from Darfur has contribut...
Low-Valent Ruthenium Complexes of the Non-innocent 2,6-Bis(imino)pyridine Ligand

A series of low-valent ruthenium complexes bearing 2,6-bis(imino)pyridyl (“[N3]”) ligands has been synthesized and characterized. Reduction of [N3]RuCl2(C2H4) ([N3xyl] = 2,6-(XylNCMe)2C5H3N, 1a; [N3mes] = 2,6-(MesNCMe)2C5H2N, 1b; [tBu-N3mes] = 2,6-(MesNCMe)2p-tBuC5H2N, 1c) with hydridosilanes in an arene solvent such as toluene yields new 18e− η6-arene complexes [κ2-N3]Ru(η6-MeC6H5), 2a,b,c, in which the [N3] ligand is bidentate and only one imine group is coordinated to the metal. The arene ligand can be displaced with dinitrogen in non-arene solvents to yield the binuclear, four-coordinate, formally Ru(0) complexes {[N3]Ru}2(μ-N2), 3a,b,c. Pyrophoric complex 3c is a rare example of a structurally characterized Ru(0) dinitrogen complex. Treatment of low-valent complexes 2 or 3 with donor ligands generates five-coordinate complexes [N3xyl]RuL1,2 (L1,2 = C2H4, 4a; L1,2 = PMe3, 5a; L1,2 = CO, 6a; L1 = PMe3, L2 = CO, 7a). Complexes 2a, 3c, 5a, 6a, and 7a are diamagnetic and have been structurally characteriz...
Is the 11.95 MeV 8+ state of 20Ne in the ground-state band?

Abstract Alpha-particle reduced widths for the 8 + state at 11.95 MeV, obtained from analysis of both 16 O + α resonant scattering data and 16 O( 6 Li, d) 20 Ne reaction data are consistent with expectation for the 8 + member of the ground-state rotational band.
Time-Dependent Statistics of the Ising Model in a Magnetic Field

It is of interest to solve the master equation of a one-dimensional Ising model in a magnetic field (Glauber's equation) not only as a mathematical problem, but also for some practical applications. While an exact treatment of Glauber's equation seems impossible, we consider its approximate solutions. We review the applications of the perturbation-expansion method and applications of the mean-field theory to this problem. We also introduce a local-equilibrium method that improves the mean-field theory by taking the short-range correlation into account. The new method yields an analytically soluble differential equation, which, contrary to the preceding two methods, has an exact steady-state solution.
Stable Jet Modes: A Special Case of Eddy and Mean Flow Interaction

Abstract The quasi-geostrophic, small-amplitude free modes of oscillation are examined for a midlatitude ocean basin with mean currents. Attention is restricted to a particular class of mean currents which are solutions of nonlinear, inviscid and unforced equations and whose free modes are all stable ones. Among the free modes are ones confined to the narrow regions where the mean jets are strongest. These modes, dubbed “jet modes”, have the following properties: 1) their phase speed is in the direction of and of the order of magnitude of the mean jet maximum velocity; 2) they are vertically in phase and upper-layer intensified when the mean jet is upper-layer intensified in phase and the thermocline is shallow; 3) they have a broader horizontal scale in the deep water than in the thermocline; 4) they have horizontal critical layers whose local balance is a nonlinear rather than a frictional one; 5) their Doppler-shifted frequencies are proportional to a mean potential vorticity gradient dominated by the ...
Horizontal distribution of geosmin in a reservoir before and after copper treatment

Extracellular geosmin, chlorophyll a, and Anabaena circinalis filament density were measured at several stations on the surface of Lake Penis, a 1.62 × 108 m3 (131,450 acre-ft) reservoir in southern California, before and after the reservoir was treated with copper sulfate. Samples were collected from 22 stations within three hours the day before copper was applied by helicopter to the reservoir, which was undergoing an odorous Anabaena bloom. The day after the copper application, 19 stations were sampled over the same short period of time to see how the copper application affected parameter distribution on the reservoir surface. The presence of higher geosmin concentrations in some areas of the lake after copper treatment suggests that additional geosmin was released into the water when Anabaena cells were lysed by the copper.
Precombustion Chamber NOx Emission Contribution to an Industrial Natural Gas Engine

AbstractThis work expands the knowledge base concerning the formation of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) in the precombustion chamber (PCC) of a four-stroke lean burn (4SLB) industrial gas engine. Two analysis methods were used to characterize specific exhaust constituent concentrations formed in the PCC.The first method extracted gas from the PCC and the overall engine exhaust to be analysed by the industry standard five gas rack (THC, NOx, O2, CO2, and CO) and a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) to quantify formaldehyde (CH2O), nitric oxide (NO), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentrations. This paper focuses only on NOx. The engine was operated at the manufacturer's recommended conditions and at the engine's lean limit. A PCC air-fuel ratio (A/F) map was performed at each engine operating condition by varying the fuel supply pressure to the PCC. An analytical model was developed to estimate the mass flow between the PCC and main cylinder, and mass flow out of the PCC through a sample extraction app...
Understanding Change in the Academy

Change—everyone in the academy is in favor of it when it is directed at the improvement of others and other areas. Similarly, we like change for ourselves and in our activities when we believe modifications will cause little inconvenience and bring about a more desirable state of affairs personally and professionally. Post-secondary education is a frequent focus (some would say target) of calls for change both from within and outside of the academy. Since 1983, when the (U.S.) National Commission on Excellence in Education issued the report A Nation at Risk, numerous commissions, agencies, and associations have evaluated higher education in the U.S. and declared that it falls short of many desirable goals and objectives. Even when there is broad agreement on the problems and the need for change in higher education, the “how” often alludes us. As pointed out in the article by Lee and colleagues in this issue, the academy is largely organized around departments which house faculty in specific fields and disciplines. And, departmental “readiness” for change is affected by disciplinary characteristics, the relative strength of basic academic values, the existence of protected subunits or subcultures in the department, departmental leadership, the reward structure, external support, and the general support of undergraduate education. The important life and workplace related learning outcomes of general education (e.g. communication, writing, critical thinking) receive the most criticism. Faculty members tend to think in terms of “courses” and think less so about learning across courses, let alone across the curriculum. General education is the crossroads where we encounter difficulty in setting curricular goals, agreeing on pedagogies, and negotiating the structure for “general” learning; it is the place where consensus and change are so difficult. Disciplinary differences create different views of the world—what is important to know, how one approaches knowing, and what stands as “truth.” While disciplinary diversity and loose coupling of departments and faculty fuel innovation, discovery, and application of knowledge within specific areas, this organizational structure makes fundamental change in undergraduate education and overarching student learning outcomes (i.e., general education) exceedingly difficult. Innov High Educ (2007) 32:1–2 DOI 10.1007/s10755-007-9038-8
Recognizing Residents with a Deficiency in Operative Performance as a Step Closer to Effective Remediation

The training paradigm in which residents learn in the operating room through graded responsibility was introduced by William Halsted more than a century ago. Today, reduced hours in training, financial constraints, focus on patient safety, and evolution of a competencybased assessment require a more structured training experience and a valid assessment of surgical skills. Surgical training must evolve from a paradigm that relies on time spent and number of cases performed to sit for the American Board of Surgery (ABS) examinations to one that documents operative proficiency. The first steps have already been taken; residents must demonstrate proficiency in basic laparoscopic skills before becoming ABS eligible, and will shortly be required to have a minimum number of direct evaluations of their operative skills during training. Proficiency-based training refers to the concept of learners practicing surgical skills until testing shows them to be at a predetermined level of ability. The advantages include fewer errors during operating room performance and the graduation of residents who perform at a uniform level of proficiency. However, this approach will bring new challenges, such as how to recognize and remediate those residents who do not achieve proficiency. Obviously, we need to graduate surgical residents who know how to operate, but change in established practice is seldom welcome, particularly when that change adds to the burden of the stakeholders. To make the argument for change, we need to consider whether our current practice allows a resident to graduate with unremediated deficiencies in operative performance (DOP).
Analytical formulas for a 2-D crack tip singular boundary element for rectilinear cracks and crack growth analysis

Abstract Simple analytical formulas for the displacement, traction, and stress intensity factor for a 2-D crack tip singular boundary element are developed using the continuous distribution of dislocation dipoles and Chebyshev polynomials. The known r crack tip opening displacement and the 1/ r stress singularity at the crack tip is mathematically built into the formulas. In the boundary element implementation the crack tip singular element is placed locally at each crack tip on top of the ordinary non-singular crack elements that cover the entire crack surface. Within the constraint of the rectilinear approximation, any curvilinear cracks can be modeled, including center and edge cracks. Although the quarter-point element is accurate and easy to use, it does not provide the analytical formula for the stress intensity factor which is the key feature of the proposed method. The performance of the crack tip singular element is compared against other crack elements that incorporate the crack tip singularity analytically. A numerical result is given for a crack growth problem where repeated update of the crack shape and calculation of the stress intensity factor are required as the crack grows in a curvilinear path.
Surface Electromyography for Speech and Swallowing Systems: Measurement, Analysis, and Interpretation.

Purpose Applying surface electromyography (sEMG) to the study of voice, speech, and swallowing is becoming increasingly popular. An improved understanding of sEMG and building a consensus as to app...
A Wind Tunnel Investigation of the Rate of Evaporation of Small Water Drops Falling at Terminal Velocity in Air

Abstract An experimental study of the effect of ventilation on the rate of evaporation of millimeter sized water drops failing at terminal velocity in air has been carried out in a wind tunnel where drops were suspended freely in the tunnel air stream. It was found that for drops in the size range 1150 µm≤a0≤2500 µm, the mean ventilation coefficient fvfh could be expressed as f=(0.78±0.02)+(0.308±0.010)X, where X=N&frac13Sc,v N½Re. Previously, we showed that this relation holds for drops in the size range 60 µm≤a0≤400 µm. Taken together, our present and previous data suggest that with reasonable accuracy f=0.78+0.308X, for 1.4≤X≤51.4 (60 µm≤a0≤2500 µm). For 0≤X≤1.4 (0≤a≤60 µm), one may use our previous result f=1.00+0.108 X2. To illustrate how the present data may be applied, we computed the distance which is required for a water drop to travel from cloud base through a NACA Standard Atmosphere of various relative humidities, in order to reach the earth's surface with a given size.
SOFC-based Fuel Cells for Load Following Stationary Applications

This paper presents a dynamic model of SOFC and the response of the fuel cell for sudden load changes. Slow response of the fuel cell prevents it from following the load, Hence connection with the DC/DC buck-boost converter is required. The models are developed in PSCAD with and without a feedback control system. Power characteristics obtained in order to validate the need of the DC/DC converter which allows the SOFC system to be used for load following applications.
Quality of harvested seed associated with soybean cultivars and herbicides under weed-free conditions

Different herbicides were applied to soybean plants in field plots planted to different soybean cultivars located at four locations in Illinois between 1997 and 2000. Treatments varied from hand weeded to preemergence herbicides to postemergence herbicides. Soybean seeds were harvested and evaluated for different seed quality parameters. The percentage of seeds infected with Phomopsis spp. ranged from 1 to 40%, and the percentage of seeds infected with Cercospora kikuchii was low, ranging from 0 to 4%. Herbicides had little or no effect on seed quality parameters such as percent germination and incidence of seed pathogens or on protein and oil concentrations. Soybean seed quality was affected by Phomopsis spp. in that there were significant (P ≤ 0.05) inverse correlations between Phomopsis spp. incidence and percentage seed germination. It appears that Phomopsis spp. may be a more prevalent seed pathogen than C. kikuchii for soybean fields in central to northern Illinois.
Fast feature extraction for machining applications

Abstract An algorithmic method for feature shape extraction from solid geometric models is presented. The method is based on a boundary representation graph and categorizes sets of faces, based on the topology and geometry of the set, into well defined, nonintersecting, machining cavity feature classes. Shapes within a class can vary in topology and geometry but share many machining-oriented characteristics. Fast linear time recognition algorithms are also presented. The paper concludes with a discussion of a prototype feature recognition implementation.
A behavioral technique for recovery from the psychological trauma of hysterectomy.

Three groups of women (ns = 10) undergoing hysterectomy were subjects in an evaluation of biofeedback and relaxation techniques applied to recovery from psychlogical trauma of hysterectomy. Dependent measures included requests of pain medications, anxiety levels, finger-tip temperature, subjective units of discomfort, and number of days post-operative care. Although the results were mixed on most variables, the number of days post-operative care was significantly less in the relaxation/biofeedback group.
Heat Transfer in Two-Pass Rotating Rectangular Channels (AR=2) With Five Different Orientations of 45 Deg V-Shaped Rib Turbulators

An experimental study was made to obtain heat transfer data for a two-pass rectangular channel (aspect ratio=2:1) with smooth and ribbed surfaces for two channel orientations (90 deg and 135 deg with respect to the plane of rotation). The V-shaped ribs are placed on the leading and trailing surfaces. Five different arrangements of 45 deg V-shaped ribs are studied. The Reynolds number and rotation number ranges are 5000-40000, and 0.0-0.21, respectively. The rib height to hydraulic diameter ratio (e/D) is 0.094; the rib pitch-to-height ratio (P/e) is 10; and the inlet coolant-to-wall density ratio (Δρ/ρ) is maintained around 0.115 for every test
Transitioning antimicrobial stewardship beyond the hospital: The cleveland clinic's community‐based parenteral anti‐infective therapy (CoPAT) program

One of the tenets of value-based health care is a focus on providing benefits to patients, as measured by better health outcomes per dollar spent rather than minimizing costs. In fact, proponents of value-based health care argue that the best way to reduce health care costs is through a focused approach to improving health outcomes. Associated with this approach is the need to measure outcomes over the full cycle of care, not simply for services rendered while an inpatient. This article examines the community-based parenteral anti-infective therapy program at the Cleveland Clinic as a model for antimicrobial stewardship for patients requiring parenteral antimicrobial therapy at the time of discharge from the inpatient setting. The program is a patient needs-focused, coordinated team effort that mandates inpatient infectious disease consultation for patients requiring community-based parenteral anti-infective therapy. An examination of some of the features of the Cleveland Clinic program should provide guidance for other institutions seeking to improve the care of their patients requiring parenteral anti-infectives when transitioning care from the acute setting.
Nonadiabatic theory of atomic line broadening: Redistribution calculations for Sr ( 1 P← 1 S)+Ar

The close-coupled theory of collisions in a radiation field is used to calculate the absorption profile for the Sr /sup 1/Preverse arrow/sup 1/S resonance line broadened by collisions with Ar. The calculations predict the polarization ratios of Sr /sup 1/P fluorescence following line wing excitation by either linear or circular polarized light. Ab initio calculations were used to obtain the ground and excited SrAr molecular-potential curves, which were adjusted to give improved agreement with experiment. The radiative-scattering theory gives a unified description of the absorption coefficient and polarization redistribution from the small detuning impact limit region to the far spectral wings. The cross sections for elastic and inelastic depolarizing collisions of Sr /sup 1/P/sub 1/+Ar were also calculated. The calculated absorption coefficient, impact-broadening rate, linear- and circular-polarization ratios, and depolarization rate coefficients are for the most part in good agreement with experiment.
Retroviral super-antigens and T cells.

For many years immunologists have been intrigued by a series of potent antigens encoded in the murine genome. These antigens, originally termed minor lymphocyte stimulating (Mls) antigens, are capable of inducing extremely strong T cell proliferative responses when presented in the context of MHC class II molecules. Recently, Mls antigens have been shown to stimulate T cells bearing particular T cell receptor Vβ elements, leading to the designation of super-antigens. The endogenous expression of these super-antigens in mice results in the clonal elimination of large numbers of T cells in order to maintain self-tolerance. In this review we discuss the recent identification of endogenous super-antigens as retroviral gene products. In addition, we analyze the role of class II MHC molecules in the presentation of endogenous super-antigens to T cells. Finally, we discuss the dramatic effect of retroviral super-antigens on the T cell repertoire.
Yasmin Ahmad's ““Orked”” Trilogy

Abstract Sepet (2004), the sequel Gubra (2006), and prequel Mukhsin (2006), directed by Yasmin Ahmad, narrate the three major relationships of Orked, a Muslim girl in Malaysia negotiating them at different points in her life. The essay considers Ahmad9s cinephilia and sentimental style, and their relation to the trilogy9s postcolonial themes.
Asymmetric bidding in second-price, common-value auctions

Abstract Two comparative static characterizations for common-value auctions under second-price rules are extended to heterogeneous bidders: the willingness-to-pay of the two highest bidders is enhanced on average by the release of public information, and best responses are less aggressive when facing more rival bidders.
Priorities in tourists’ decision making research in the 1990s and beyond: From a North American perspective

The decision making procedures for most tourists involves a complex process of evaluating and eliminating various choices. The individual's thought processes are engaged at the micro level regarding the nature of the experience, service quality, or satisfaction and at the macro level which is concerned with the social or economic impacts of the choices. There are numerous choice sets that a tourist may select from, however, choosing from the Initial Consideration Set and the Late Consideration Set often provide conflicting marketing implications. By identifying the characteristics of the people in each choice set by using geographic sociographic, or behavioral descriptors, it is possible to define market segments by their choice set patterns. Cumulative attractions and multi‐destination trip behaviors are also discussed, as well as tourists’ motivations.
Ovarian volume and menopausal status.

Objective: The purposes of this study were to (1) examine whether ovarian volume differs by age and menopausal status in healthy women; (2) evaluate whether ovarian volume could be a sensitive and specific predictor of menopausal status; and (3) assess whether ovarian volume is affected by cigarette smoke, oral contraceptives (OCs), and hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Design: Each participant (527 women) completed an extensive in-home interview that assessed age, menopausal status, smoking history, OC use, and HRT use. Each participant also received a transvaginal ultrasound that measured ovarian volume. Geometric means for ovarian volume were compared between premenopausal and postmenopausal women using t tests. Tests for trends were conducted using linear regression analyses. Results: Ovarian volume declined with age (p ≤ 0.0001) and also differed by menopausal status; postmenopausal women had smaller ovarian volumes than premenopausal women of the same age (p ≤ 0.0001). Ovarian volume was not associated with smoking history or HRT use. However, it was significantly smaller in current users of OCs compared with past users of or those who never used OCs (p ≤ 0.0001). Ovarian volume was a sensitive and specific predictor of postmenopausal status. Conclusions: The data suggest that age, menopausal status, and OC use may be determinants of ovarian volume. They also suggest that ovarian volume may be useful for predicting menopausal status in women. (Menopause 2000;7:53-61. © 2000, The North American Menopause Society.)
Conversion of petroleum resid from Maya crude: Effects of H-donors, hydrogen pressure and catalyst

Abstract A vacuum resid from Maya crude oil was converted to lighter products in autoclave experiments in the presence and absence of hydrogen, tetralin or dispersed metal catalyst. The yield of light products was found to depend solely on the thermal severity (time/temperature). The amount of hydrogen pressure, tetralin or catalyst had no effect on the conversion to light products; however, these sources of hydrogen suppressed the formation of coke. Hydrogen without a catalyst is only minimally effective, while hydrogen in the presence of an active well-dispersed catalyst is highly effective in suppressing coke formation. A qualitative reaction mechanism involving free radical cracking as the primary reaction step is proposed to explain the observed product distribution. A source of hydrogen is needed to stabilize the olefins and radicals formed in free radical cracking in order to prevent their further reaction to coke and gas.
A randomized trial of a lay person-led self-management group intervention for back pain patients in primary care.

Study design Randomized, controlled trial. Objective To evaluate a four-session self-management group intervention for patients with pain in primary care, led by trained lay persons with back pain. The intervention was designed to reduce patient worries, encourage self-care, and reduce activity limitations. Background data Randomized trials of educational interventions suggest that activating interventions may improve back pain outcomes. Expert opinion increasingly regards effective self-management of back pain as important in achieving good outcomes. In this study, an educational intervention designed to activate patients and support effective self-management was evaluated. Methods Six to 8 weeks after a primary care visit for back pain, patients were invited to participate in an educational program to improve back pain self-management. Those showing interest by returning a brief questionnaire became eligible for the study. Participants (n = 255) randomly were assigned to either a self-management group intervention or to a usual care control group. The effect of the intervention, relative to usual care, was assessed 3, 6, and 12 months after randomization, controlling for baseline values. The intervention consisted of a four-session group applying problem-solving techniques to back pain self-management, supplemented by educational materials (book and videos) supporting active management of back pain. The groups were led by lay persons trained to implement a fully structured group protocol. The control group received usual care, supplemented by a book on back pain care. Results Participants randomly assigned to the self-management groups reported significantly less worry about back pain and expressed more confidence in self-care. Roland Disability Questionnaire Scores were significantly lower among participants in the self-management groups relative to the usual care controls at 6 months (P = 0.007), and this difference was sustained at 12 months at borderline significance levels (P = 0.09). Among self-management group participants, 48% showed a 50% or greater reduction in Roland Disability Questionnaire Score at 6 months, compared with 33% among the usual care controls. Conclusions Self-management groups led by trained lay persons following a structured protocol were more effective than usual care in reducing worries, producing positive attitudes toward self-care, and reducing activity limitations among patients with back pain in primary care.
Transient Response of Flow-Direction-Switching Vapor-Phase Biofilters

Transient loading of vapor-phase biofilters may result in exceedence of the local reaction or mass transfer capacity of the inlet region. In such cases, higher concentrations of contaminants are carried deeper into the bed where there is less active biomass and, in some cases, breakthrough of contaminants may occur. Previous studies have demonstrated that periodic reversal of the flow direction results in improved transient-loading response. However, quantitative information on the extent of the benefit is lacking. Step function increases in toluene concentration were applied to unidirectional-flow and flow-direction-switching laboratory reactors operated in parallel. Contaminant concentration was monitored at several points along the packed beds. Relative to unidirectional mode of operation, periodic flow reversal produced a more uniform distribution of microbial reaction capacity along the length of the packed bed. Directional switching at a 12-h interval did not result in a loss of activity or removal capacity. Mass-removal rates under transient-loading conditions were similar in the first-half of both biofilters but, in the second-half of the units, significant removals were observed only in the flow-direction-switching biofilter. As a result, maximum mass-removal rates under transient-loading conditions were approximately twice as great for the flow-direction-switching biofilter relative to the conventional unidirectional-flow biofilter receiving similar mass loading.
The dependence of electron channeling line width degradation on deformation mode

Abstract The calibration curves for SACP line resolution versus deformation in simple tension and tension-tension fatigue cycling were evaluated. It follows from this study that SACP's degradation in the case of simple tension process distinctly faster than in fatigue. For this experiment those equations possess a from as follows: tension mm = 1.05 + 0.059 ϵ fatigue m = 1.0 + 0.0836·ϵ0.7 The inference is that dislocation distributions have a strong effect on line broadening and hence on the correlation.
Corrigendum: Quasi-separatrix layer reconnection for nonlinear line-tied collisionless tearing modes (2014 Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 56 064013)

This is a correction to a reference error in our paper 'Quasi-separatrix layer reconnection for nonlinear line-tied collisionless tearing modes', which appeared in the special issue 'Self-organization in Magnetic Flux Ropes Cluster' in Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion earlier in 2014.
Fluorometric assay of a calcium-dependent, paired-basic processing endopeptidase present in insulinoma granules.

Abstract A novel fluorogenic substrate Cbz-Arg-Ser-Lys-Arg-AMC (RSKR-AMC) was used to characterize Ca ++ -activated proteolytic activity present in purified insulinoma secretory granules. Secretory granules efficiently cleaved this substrate in a time- and protein-dependent manner; the hydrolysis rate was between 2 and 4 pmol/min/ug of protein, with an apparent K m of 55 μM. Greater than 90% of the activity against this substrate was dependent on the presence of Ca ++ , with half-maximal stimulation obtained at 100 μM Ca ++ . The pH optimum of enzymatic activity was 5.5–6, and the profile of inhibition by various proteinase inhibitors was similar to that previously described for the type I and II proinsulin processing enzymes. These biochemical characteristics and co-elution of the RSKR-AMC processing activity with the type II endopeptidase activity on anion-exchange chromatography suggest that the new assay selectively detects the Lys-Arg-directed, or type II, proinsulin processing endopeptidase. This fluorogenic assay is more quantitative, sensitive and rapid than methods previously used, and therefore presents a significant improvement for the study of similar Ca ++ -activated processing endopeptidases.
The mechanism of catalase action. II. Electric analog computer studies.

Abstract An electric analog computer has been constructed for a study of the kinetics of catalase action. This computer gives results for the formation and disappearance of the catalase-hydrogen peroxide complex that are in good agreement with the experimental data. The computer study verifies an approximate method for the computation of the velocity constant for the combination of hydrogen peroxide and catalase and justifies the simple formula used previously to compute the velocity constant for the reaction of the catalase-hydrogen peroxide complex with donor molecules. Finally, the computer data show that the binding of peroxide to catalase is a practically irreversible reaction.
Temperature Effects on the Resetting of the Phase of the Neurospora Circadian Rhythm

Various temperatures relative to a 25°C control have been applied as phase-resetting agents in release-assay experiments using the conidiation rhythm of the mold Neurospora crassa. The larger the difference in temperature from the 25°C control, the stronger the phase-resetting effects. Phase- resetting curves of the weak type (type 1) are observed for temperatures up to 28°C and down to 22°C, whereas temperatures above 28°C and less than 22°C generally cause phase-resetting curves of the strong type (type 0). Singularity behavior occurs at approximately 22°C and 28°C when 25°C is used as the control temperature. When a different control of 29.5°C is used in a release-assay experiment and the resetting temperature is 25°C, near-singularity behavior is observed.
The long-term sequelae of child and adolescent abuse: A longitudinal community study☆☆☆

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship between childhood and adolescent physical and sexual abuse before the age of 18 and psychosocial functioning in mid-adolescence (age 15) and early adulthood (age 21) in a representative community sample of young adults. Subjects were 375 participants in an ongoing 17-year longitudinal study. At age 21, nearly 11% reported physical or sexual abuse before age 18. Psychiatric disorders based on DSM-III-R criteria were assessed utilizing the NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule, Revised Version (DIS-III-R). Approximately 80% of the abused young adults met DSM-III-R criteria for at least one psychiatric disorder at age 21. Compared to their nonabused counterparts, abused subjects demonstrated significant impairments in functioning both at ages 15 and at 21, including more depressive symptomatology, anxiety, psychiatric disorders, emotional-behavioral problems, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempts. While abused individuals were functioning significantly more poorly overall at ages 15 and 21 than their nonabused peers, gender differences and distinct patterns of impaired functioning emerged. These deficits underscore the need for early intervention and prevention strategies to forestall or minimize the serious consequences of child abuse.
Comparison of the resolving properties of a group of chromatography systems for a collection of compounds

Abstract Chromatography systems can be ranked in discriminating power (resolving power) for a specific collection of compounds by determining the standard deviation ( S ) of the mean R F of the compounds in each system; the discriminating power decreases with decreasing values for S . Pairs of chromatography systems (systems 1 and 2, 1 and 3, 2 and 3, etc.) can be ranked in discriminating power by calculating the coefficient of correlation ( r 1,2 , r 1,3 , r 2,3 , etc.) between the R F values of the members of each pair and using the coefficient to “correct” the total standard deviation of the pair for the discriminating power that the two systems have in common. The discriminating power of the various pairs of systems decreases with decreasing values for corrected total standard deviation (Σ S ′). Combinations of three or more systems may be ranked in discriminating power by use of the same general approach. This method for comparing chromatography systems was applied to the analysis of the R F values from the chromatography of 163 steroids in seven systems and from the chromatography of 100 basic drugs in seven additional systems. When compared by rank, excellent correlation was found between values for Σ S ′ and discriminating power for both sets of data. A theoretical relationship between Σ S ′ and discriminating power is discussed as well as limitations to use of this method for the evaluation of chromatography systems.
A new noise-induced phase transition for optical bistability

The effect of noise with a positive correlation time on the phase transition to optical bistability is studied using both analytical and numerical methods. Considering the dispersive case as well as the purely absorptive one, it is shown that increasing the correlation time in the noise can induce the phase transition to optical bistability. This is a new mechanism, different than the one found for white noise.
Gene Targeting Constructs: Effects of Vector Topology on Co-expression Efficiency of Positive and Negative Selectable Marker Genes

Abstract Targeting of DNA into specific chromosomal loci often involves the use of a negative selectable marker gene to enrich for cell clones that have undergone homologous recombination. In this study we asked if the arrangement of the positive and negative markers in ′knockout′ constructs can influence the expression of a lacZ gene that was used as a negative marker. We show that constructs which differ only in their topology have vastly different co-expression efficiencies. The site of DNA linearization was critical. While linearizing at the 5′-end of the lacZ gene was compatible with efficient lacZ expression, linearizing at the 3′-end was always detrimental. We also demonstrate that the topology of the template was more important than the promoter used to drive lacZ expression.
Multiattribute decision analysis of mandatory ballast water treatment measures in the US Great Lakes

Abstract Mandatory ballast water management, resulting in an increase of required freight rates on the St. Lawrence Seaway, could induce a modal shift away from marine transportation. Such a shift may cause such side effects as increased air pollution and lower transportation safety. A multinomial logit model is built to predict the changes in market shares of competing transportation modes. Two wheat transportation scenarios are studied. The results show that only a small shift, if at any, will accompany mandatory measures for ballast water treatment. To evaluate the trade-offs between the side effects brought by any modal shifts and the NIS invasion effects, the analytic hierarchy process is used to analyze the preferences of federal and state decision-makers. Analysis of questionnaires shows that among the three alternatives, ballast water exchange, filtration/UV, and heat, ballast water exchange proved to be the favored method.
Silver disposition and dynamics during electroless metal thin film synthesis

Morphological and physicochemical disposition of silver (Ag) during redox-driven self-assembly of metal films on silica surfaces under equilibrium hydraulic conditions has been examined in real time in a novel electroless (EL) metal deposition cell by transmission UV-vis (T-UV) spectroscopy. Optical features due to localized surface plasmon resonance, surface plasmon polaritons, and photoluminescence from Ag and gold (Au) nanoarchitectures such as particles, clusters, and films were attributed by correlating T-UV with time-resolved scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Silver that deposited onto tin-sensitized surfaces in thin films nucleated nanoparticles when exposed to reductant or broadband light. Kinetic changes in plasmon features suggested four previously unrecognized time-dependent physicochemical regimes occur during consecutive EL deposition of Ag and Au onto tin-sensitized silica surfaces: self-limiting Ag activation; transitory Ag nanoparticle formation; transitional Au–Ag alloy formation during galvanic replacement of Ag by Au; and uniform metal deposition under controlled hydraulic conditions. Growth mechanisms at the surface, interior, and interface of the resulting thin metal films inferred from real time T-UV spectra were characterized by depth profile XPS analysis.
Thermal inactivation of Bacillus anthracis surrogate spores in a bench-scale enclosed landfill gas flare

A bench-scale landfill flare system was designed and built to test the potential for landfilled biological spores that migrate from the waste into the landfill gas to pass through the flare and exit into the environment as viable. The residence times and temperatures of the flare were characterized and compared to full-scale systems. Geobacillus stearothermophilus and Bacillus atrophaeus, nonpathogenic spores that may serve as surrogates for Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent for anthrax, were investigated to determine whether these organisms would be inactivated or remain viable after passing through a simulated landfill flare. High concentration spore solutions were aerosolized, dried, and sent through a bench-scale system to simulate the fate of biological weapon (BW)-grade spores in a landfill gas flare. Sampling was conducted downstream of the flare using a bioaerosol collection device containing sterile white mineral oil. The samples were cultured, incubated for seven days, and assessed for via...
Sonography of the scrotum: case-based review.

ObjectiveWe discuss five scenarios in which sonography is useful for diagnosing scrotal abnormalities, including painful scrotal disorders, an incidental disorder, and scrotal masses. Practice questions are included for your review.ConclusionSonography is the primary diagnostic tool for diagnosing disorders in the scrotum.
Modeling climate change impacts on phenology and population dynamics of migratory marine species

Abstract We review literature concerning the impacts of climate change on the migration of marine species, with an emphasis on the adaptation of migration phenology through genetic tracking and phenotypic plasticity. We then develop an individual-based modeling framework characterizing the effects of climate change on phenology and population dynamics. In the framework, an animal's ability to match its environmental preferences, its bioclimate envelope, to the environmental conditions by adjusting its migration timing between foraging and breeding habitats determines its condition, survival, and fecundity. Climate-induced changes in the envelope produce timing mismatches that result in a population adapting its phenology through both genetic and plastic processes. Model results suggest: (1) the temporal size of the bioclimate envelope is an important determinant of a population's sensitivity to climate change and susceptibility to extinction, (2) population extinction can occur if the rate of change in the timing of the envelope exceeds the rate its phenology changes or if the variability in the envelope exceeds the population's inherent capacity for variability, (3) a population with migration timing cued by photoperiod is expected to exhibit weaker phenotypic plasticity than one cued by temperature, and (4) population extinction in response to climate change follows a threshold pattern such that population size may not be a reliable indicator of extinction threat, although variability in average individual condition across years may be an extinction threat indicator. Finally, while the model is intentionally simplistic, we discuss how it can be extended to cover more complex interactions.
Application of the shock index to the prediction of need for hemostasis intervention

Abstract Introduction The traditional method to identify hemorrhage after trauma has been vital signs–based. More recent attempts have used mathematical prediction models, but these are limited by the need for additional data including a Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma exam, or an arterial blood gas. Shock Index (SI) is the mathematical relationship of the heart rate divided by the systolic blood pressure; the cutoff of > 0.9 has been associated with bleeding. Methods A total of 4292 trauma patients were identified in database over an 11 year period. Inclusion criteria included age > 16 years and initial presentation to our trauma center. Patients were excluded for incomplete data, traumatic brain injury, or transfer leaving 4277 patients for analysis. Patients were further subdivided by age, and by mechanism of injury (blunt versus penetrating). Finally, patients were divided into bleeding versus nonbleeding, and the SI formula was applied to their initial hospital vital signs. Results Across our dataset, using the standard SI cutoff of > 0.9 as the threshold for bleeding, the sensitivity is 54.5%, with a specificity of 93.6%. In the geriatric subanalysis, there was no difference for sensitivity between the age groups, but SI is more specific in the older patients. There was no difference in sensitivity using SI in blunt versus penetrating. Lowering the SI to ≥ 0.8 increases the sensitivity to 76.1%, with a specificity of 87.4%. Conclusion SI, at a lowered threshold of ≥ 0.8, can be used to identify trauma patients that will require intervention for hemostasis.
Solid-state fermentation of soybean and corn processing coproducts for potential feed improvement.

Two agro-industrial coproducts, soybean cotyledon fiber and distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS), were used as substrates to evaluate the effect of coculturing three different fungi, Aspergillus oryzae, Trichoderma reesei, and Phanerochaete chrysosporium, on enzyme production by solid-state fermentation (SSF). When soybean fiber was used as the substrate, a maximum xylanase activity of 757.4 IU/g and a cellulase activity of 3.2 IU/g were achieved with the inoculation and incubation of T. reesei and P. chrysosporium for 36 h, followed by A. oryzae for an additional 108 h. This inoculation scheme also resulted in the highest xylanase activity of 399.2 IU/g compared to other fungi combinations in the SSF of DDGS. A large-scale SSF by this fungus combination produced fermented products that had xylanase and cellulase activities of 35.9�57.0 and 0.4�1.2 IU/g, respectively. These products also had 3.5�15.1% lower fiber and 1.3�4.2% higher protein contents, suggesting a potential feed quality improvement.