cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Orchestration of pulmonary T cell immunity during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection: Immunity interruptus

Despite the introduction almost a century ago of Mycobacterium bovis BCG (BCG), an attenuated form of M. bovis that is used as a vaccine against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, tuberculosis remains a global health threat and kills more than 1.5 million people each year. This is mostly because BCG fails to prevent pulmonary disease – the contagious form of tuberculosis. Although there have been significant advances in understanding how the immune system responds to infection, the qualities that define protective immunity against M. tuberculosis remain poorly characterized. The ability to predict who will maintain control over the infection and who will succumb to clinical disease would revolutionize our approach to surveillance, control, and treatment. Here we review the current understanding of pulmonary T cell responses following M. tuberculosis infection. While infection elicits a strong immune response that contains infection, M. tuberculosis evades eradication. Traditionally, its intracellular lifestyle and alteration of macrophage function are viewed as the dominant mechanisms of evasion. Now we appreciate that chronic inflammation leads to T cell dysfunction. While this may arise as the host balances the goals of bacterial sterilization and avoidance of tissue damage, it is becoming clear that T cell dysfunction impairs host resistance. Defining the mechanisms that lead to T cell dysfunction is crucial as memory T cell responses are likely to be subject to the same subject to the same pressures. Thus, success of T cell based vaccines is predicated on memory T cells avoiding exhaustion while at the same time not promoting overt tissue damage.
Population genomics in natural microbial communities

Little is known about the evolutionary processes that structure and maintain microbial diversity because, until recently, it was difficult to explore individual-level patterns of variation at the microbial scale. Now, community-genomic sequence data enable such variation to be assessed across large segments of microbial genomes. Here, we discuss how population-genomic analysis of these data can be used to determine how selection and genetic exchange shape the evolution of new microbial lineages. We show that once independent lineages have been identified, such analyses enable the identification of genome changes that drive niche differentiation and promote the coexistence of closely related lineages within the same environment. We suggest that understanding the evolutionary ecology of natural microbial populations through population-genomic analyses will enhance our understanding of genome evolution across all domains of life.
VirD2 Protein of Agrobacterium tumefaciens Very Tightly Linked to the 5' End of T-Strand DNA

The T-strand, a probable intermediate of Agrobacterium plant transformation, is bound by a nondenaturable linkage to a protein moiety at its 5' end. The protein is shown to be the polypeptide VirD2, previously identified as a component of the T-DNA border endonuclease that initiates T-strand production. T-strands from an Agrobacterium strain expressing a virD2-lacZ fusion are bound to a protein of larger size than the wild-type protein and are immunoprecipitable by antibody to β-galactosidase
Soluble organic acids and their chelating influence on Al and other metal dissolution from forest soils

The effects of mineral acid deposition on chemical properties of leachates of three granitic forest soils and pine O1−litter were investigated under controlled laboratory conditions. Of the array of organic acids released from litter and SOM as detected by HPLC analysis, nine compounds were identified and six compounds have been quantified. Organic acids possessing certain functional group arrangements, such as di- and tri-carboxylic acids containing s-hydroxyl groups, and phenolic acids with ortho-hydroxyls were about three to ten times faster in dissolving Al than similar organics with other functional group combinations or mineral acids at comparable pH and concentration levels. There was little correlation between the initial pH of chelating organic acid input solution and rate of metal dissolution. On a mole metal-leached per gram basis, dissolution of metals from Shaver soil followed the order Al>Mn>Fe in both organic and mineral acids.
Vibrational spectra and conformations of epifluorohydrin

The infrared and Raman spectra of solid, liquid and gaseous epifluorohydrin have been recorded. For the fluid phases, there are a number of spectral triplets which can be interpreted as arising from a cis and two nonequivalent gauche conformations. The number of bands which disappear as the solid sample is annealed indicates that a single conformation exists in the crystalline state. The temperature dependence of the intensities of Raman lines for the liquid state is consistent with enthalpy differences of approximately 0.6 and 0.4 kcal mol−1 between the most stable and each of the less stable conformers. The existence and identities of the less stable conformers are discussed.
Evaluation of biodegradable poly(lactide) pellets prepared by direct compression

Biodegradable pellets intended for either parenteral or oral use were successfully prepared from low molecular weight poly(DL-lactide) (low MW PLA, MW' = 2000) or a relatively high molecular weight poly(L-lactide) (L-PLA, MW = 215,000) sample by a simple direct compression technique without the use of heat or organic solvents. The energy imparted during the compression step caused fusion of the low MW PLA particles. Pellets prepared from low MW PLA swelled considerably before eroding in pH 7.4 buffer, but acted as an enteric matrix in 0.1 M HCl. This was attributed to the high carboxyl endgroup:polymer chain ratio which increased with a decrease in molecular weight. Interactions between salts of basic drugs (quinidine sulfate or propranolol hydrochloride) and the polymeric carboxyl endgroups caused retardation in the drug release from low MW PLA pellets. The drug release from L-PLA pellets was independent of the pH of the dissolution media and drug-polymer interactions were absent. The drug release could be increased by admixing sodium chloride prior to compression, or reduced by dipping the pellets into methylene chloride for a short period of time.
Stress metabolite accumulation, bacterial growth and bacterial immobilization during host and nonhost responses of soybean to bacteria

Abstract Hypersensitive response inducing (HR-inducing) strains of the heterologous (non-soybean) pathogens Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola and P. syringae pv. syringae attained populations in soybean leaves only three-fold to five-fold less than a compatible race of the soybean pathogen P. syringae pv. glycinea. Incompatible (HR-inducing) races of P. syringae pv. glycinea and a non-HR-inducing strain of the heterologous pathogen Corynebacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens showed more restricted growth. A non-HR-inducing strain of the heterologous pathogen Erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica and a strain of the saprophyte Bacillus cereus did not grow in soybean leaves. Incompatible races of P. syringae pv. glycinea and the heterologous pseudomonads induced accumulation of isoflavonoids (daicizein, formononetin, genistein, glyceollin) and isoflavone glucosides (daidzin, genistin, ononin). Bacillus cereus induced accumulation of isoflavone glucosides alone, and C. flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens and E. carotovora subsp. astroseplica did not induce accumulation of either type of stress metabolite. Of the purified compounds tested, glyceollin alone had significant antibacterial activity, but only against Cram-positive bacteria. By use of in vitro bioassays, no evidence was obtained to indicate that induction of additional inhibitory compounds or inhibitory activity due to total isoflavonoid content of inoculated leaf tissue was responsible for resistance. Immobilization of bacteria by highly electron-dense material in intercellular spaces of soybean leaves occurred to the greatest extent with E. carotovora subsp. atroseptica and B. cereus, and to a lesser extent with C. flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens. No bacterial immobilization was evident at 48 h after inoculation with incompatible races of P. syringae pv. glycinea or heterologous pseudomonads.
Stackelberg Routing on Parallel Networks With Horizontal Queues

This paper presents a game theoretic framework for studying Stackelberg routing games on parallel networks with horizontal queues, such as transportation networks. First, we introduce a new class of latency functions that models congestion due to the formation of physical queues. For this new class, some results from the classical congestion games literature (in which latency is assumed to be a non-decreasing function of the flow) do not hold. In particular, we find that there may exist multiple Nash equilibria that have different total costs. We provide a simple polynomial-time algorithm for computing the best Nash equilibrium, i.e., the one which achieves minimal total cost. Then we study the Stackelberg routing game: assuming a central authority has control over a fraction of the flow on the network (compliant flow), and that the remaining flow (non-compliant) responds selfishly, what is the best way to route the compliant flow in order to minimize the total cost? We propose a simple Stackelberg strategy, the Non-Compliant First (NCF) strategy, that can be computed in polynomial time. We show that it is optimal for this new class of latency on parallel networks. This work is applied to modeling and simulating congestion relief on transportation networks, in which a coordinator (traffic management agency) can choose to route a fraction of compliant drivers, while the rest of the drivers choose their routes selfishly.
Where do diets, exercise, and behavior modification fit in the treatment of obesity?

Obesity is a significant public health concern that affects a growing number of people in the United States and throughout the world. While substantial advances have been made in the development of new pharmacotherapies and in understanding the biological underpinnings (e.g., genetics and physiology) of obesity, lifestyle modification, which involves the application of behavior modification principles to alter eating and activity patterns, is the foundation of any comprehensive obesity management. The purpose of this article is to provide a practical overview of the benefits of dietary and activity change and to review behavior modification principles that have been used success-fully in obesity management.
Syringomyelia Persistence after Chiari Decompression as a Result of Pseudomeningocele Formation: Implications for Syrinx Pathogenesis: Report of Three Cases

OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE: We present the cases of three patients in whom pseudomeningocele (PSM) formations after posterior fossa decompression of hindbrain herniations (Chiari I malformations) were associated with persistence of syringomyelia. The physiological importance of correcting this complication has not been previously described. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: We identified three patients who developed suboccipital PSMs after undergoing posterior fossa decompression for hindbrain herniations and syringomyelia. All three patients experienced persistence of their symptoms and their syringomyelia, despite adequate posterior fossa decompression. TECHNIQUE: Subsequent exploration revealed cerebrospinal fluid leaking either from the dural suture line (one patient) or from perforations found within the bed of a polyglactin mesh dural graft (two patients). Correction of the PSM resulted in resolution of both the syringomyelia and the symptoms in all three patients. DISCUSSION: The persistence of syringomyelia in the presence of a PSM may be the result of dissipation of the cerebrospinal fluid systolic pressure wave into the distensible PSM cavity. This phenomenon suggests that the cerebrospinal fluid pressure exerted on the spinal cord surface favors resolution of the syrinx cavity.
Annihilators of rational modules

Abstract We apply the Cauchy transform to derive results which relate approximation problems in different Lipshitz norms, and in the uniform norm, to one another.
Thermal analysis of phenylethynyl end-capped fluorinated imide oligomer afr-pepa-4

Abstract Thermal analysis of phenylethynyl end-capped imide oligomer AFR-PEPA-4 was performed to characterize cure reaction, thermal stabilities and semicrystalline behavior of AFR-PEPA-4 oligomer and its cured polyimide. Cured AFR-PEPA-4 polyimide showed high T gs up to 418C. Both AFR-PEPA-4 oligomer and polyimide exhibit excellent thermal stabilities comparable to PETI-5 polyimides. AFR-PEPA-4 imide oligomer has a T m of 330C and exhibits spherulite crystalline morphology in the film. The crystallinity in AFR-PEPA-4 films could not be regenerated under any annealing conditions after the initial melt.
Isotopic spikes from tropical cyclones in surface waters: Opportunities in hydrology and paleoclimatology

Abstract The stable isotopic ratio of precipitation from tropical cyclones is very low compared to that of normal summer precipitation ( Lawrence and Gedzelman, 1996 ). Tropical Storms Allison and Chantal made landfall in southeast Texas in the summer of 1989 and dumped large amounts of rain. Isotope ratios of surface waters measured at five different sites decreased markedly after the passage and remained low for a few weeks. The return of isotope values to normalcy following these storms varied from site to site reflecting differences among the hydrological environments. During other summers from 1985 to 1993 isotope ratios of rains were higher and in the normal range. Calculations using air temperatures and oxygen isotope measurements of the surface waters show that organically precipitated fresh water carbonate should have recorded the two oxygen isotopic spikes produced by Allison and Chantal at all five sites. This suggests that isotopic analysis of ancient fresh water fossil carbonate shells, fossil mammal teeth or tree rings might be used to document past tropical cyclone activity.
CCK-octapeptide injected in CSF and changes in feed intake and rumen motility.

Abstract Cholecystokinin-octapeptide (CCK-OP) is a potent and specific suppressor of feeding in sheep. Continuous injections into the lateral cerebral ventricles in 2-hr fasted sheep of as little as 0.01 pmoles/min significantly decreased feed intake for up to 60 min, and doses of 0.638 and 2.55 pmoles/min completely suppressed feeding during the entire 3-hr injection. Since continuous intravenous injection of 2.55 pmoles/min did not affect feed intake, CCK-OP's effect on feeding is apparently mediated by the CNS. Several factors can limit feed intake independently of a primary effect on satiety, but CCK-OP-induced suppression of feed intake was due neither to decreased water intake in water-deprived sheep nor to elevated body temperature. The CNS can affect rumen function which in turn can alter feeding behavior. We also found that CCK-OP elicited changes in contraction amplitude, even in sheep without feed, similar to those which occurred with feeding during sCSF control injections. We hypothesize that CCK-OP is released in the CNS by meal-related signals from the periphery, and that it then acts in the brain to produce satiety and possibly to mediate other changes that occur during a meal.
Managing Uncertainty: Intermediate Organizations as Triple Agents

�� In “Uncertainty and the Welfare Economics of Medical Care” (1963), Kenneth Arrow focused on the physician-patient relationship, which was by far the most important relationship in U.S. medical care at that time. With the development of managed care, “intermediate organizations” began to impinge on this formerly sacrosanct dyad, interacting in a complex web of relationships with patients, physicians, and one another (Figure 1). These organizations —i ncluding Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs), Preferred Provider Organizations (PPOs), large medical groups such as Independent Practice Associations (IPAs), Physician-Hospital Organizations (PHOs), accreditation organizations such as the National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA), and large public and private purchasers of health insurance — function as double agents
The influence of early climbing experience upon later climbing behavior

Two groups of albino rats were raised individually in cages that were identical except that one group had the opportunity to climb on a vertical wire-mesh cage front (C), while the other group did not (NC). Testing in an exploratory box with horizontal, sloping, and vertical planes showed that the C group explored more in the vertical plane than did the NC group. No performance differences were found on a straight alley task involving a forced climb.
A Comparison of Common Diets for the Continuous Culture of Adult Lucilia sericata (Diptera: Calliphoridae) for Forensic and Medical Entomological Applications

Blow fly members of the family Calliphoridae, specifically Lucilia sericata (Meigen), have application in the fields of behavioral ecology, forensics, and medicine as agents for assessing ecological succession or decomposition and postmortem interval estimation, and for maggot debridement therapy, respectively. The lack of standardization of laboratory adult insect feeding, breeding, and rearing protocols among researchers in behavioral, medical, and forensic fields has become problematic. With the goal of understanding physical and physiological effects of diet as a baseline for future behavioral experiments, this article focuses on determining basic culture requirements for the adult blow fly L. sericata by comparing nine diets and the effects of each on survivorship and fecundity under controlled laboratory conditions. Percent survival, fecundity, and the effect of culture density were analyzed over the course of 120 d. Results indicate that a simple broad spectrum diet of honey water and bovine liver is the optimum diet for extending the life span of the flies and increasing the number of eggs laid per female per oviposition event, with 5-20 female flies being the optimum number per culture vessel. This culture protocol is simple to follow, can be easily incorporated into current behavioral, forensic, and medical entomology research programs, and the dietary components are readily available across diverse geographic areas.
Lack of association between cytomegalovirus infection, HLA matching and the vanishing bile duct syndrome after liver transplantation.

In this study we evaluated the association between cytomegalovirus infection alone or in relation to human leukocyte antigen matching and the development of vanishing bile duct syndrome, a form of chronic hepatic allograft rejection. A total of 81 consecutive liver transplant recipients were studied. Cytomegalovirus infection developed in 46 recipients (57%), and vanishing bile duct syndrome occurred in 9 recipients (11%). Cytomegalovirus infection developed in only five of the nine patients with vanishing bile duct syndrome. Univariate analysis of pretransplant recipient/donor cytomegalovirus serological tests and human leukocyte antigen typing showed they were not significant risk factors for the development of vanishing bile duct syndrome. Timedependent analysis of cytomegalovirus infection after transplantation as a risk factor for vanishing bile duct syndrome, in a multivariate analysis with human leukocyte antigen match, showed no statistical significance. In our study, no association was found between cytomegalovirus infection alone or in relation to class I or II human leukocyte antigen match and the subsequent development of vanishing bile duct syndrome. (HEPATOLOGY 1992;16:66–70.)
Half-strength TAC Topical Anesthetic For Selected Dermal Lacerations

A prospective evaluation of 75 consecutive children with lacerations of the face, lip, and scalp who received TAC (tetracaine, epinephrine [adrenalin], cocaine) topical anesthetic for the repair of their wound was performed. The TAC preparation contained one-half the conventional concentration of cocaine (5.9%) and tetracaine (0.25%) previously used in other studies that have evaluated its anesthetic efficacy. A maximal dosage of 3 ml of TAC (containing 175 mg cocaine and 7.5 mg tetracaine) was applied to each laceration. The diluted TAC preparation provided complete anesthesia for approximately 95% of the more than 400 sutures placed. No adverse reactions were noted in any patient who received TAC, and in no instance did a complication of wound healing occur.The original formulation of TAC was arbitrarily composed, and the maximum concentration per dosage of the potentially toxic component medications of TAC that can be "safely" applied to dermal lacerations in children remains to be defined. Utilization...
Anti-American Sentiment as a Media Effect? Arab Media, Political Identity, and Public Opinion in the Middle East

Many have attributed anti-American sentiment within Arab countries to a highly negative information environment propagated by transnational Arab satellite TV news channels such as Al-Jazeera. However, theoretical models and empirical evidence evaluating the linkages between media exposure and opinion about the United States remains scant. Drawing on theories of media effects, identity, and public opinion, this article develops a theoretical framework explicating how the influence of transnational Arab TV on opinion formation is contingent on competing political identities within the region. Employing 5 years of survey data collected across six Arab countries, we empirically test several propositions about the relationship between Arab TV exposure and public opinion about the United States generated by our theoretical framework. Our results demonstrate significant associations between transnational Arab TV exposure and anti-American sentiment, but also show these associations vary substantially by channel and political identification. The theoretical and policy implications of the study are discussed.
Von Willebrand Disease in Pregnancy

Because von Willebrand factor (VWF) levels increase during pregnancy, many women with VWD, though not requiring support with hemostatic agents, are at increased risk for delayed postpartum hemorrhage as coagulation factor levels fall to their prepregnancy levels in the puerperium. Women with moderate or severe disease or complicated pregnancies are best served by delivering at a center with an obstetrician, hematologist, and anesthesiologist experienced in managing coagulation disorders. In addition, on-site laboratory facilities with specialized coagulation testing capability, pharmacy, and blood bank support are critical for success. Ensuring optimal outcomes for pregnant women with VWD requires a multidisciplinary approach.
Correction Detection and Error Type Selection as an ESL Educational Aid

We present a classifier that discriminates between types of corrections made by teachers of English in student essays. We define a set of linguistically motivated feature templates for a log-linear classification model, train this classifier on sentence pairs extracted from the Cambridge Learner Corpus, and achieve 89% accuracy improving upon a 33% baseline. Furthermore, we incorporate our classifier into a novel application that takes as input a set of corrected essays that have been sentence aligned with their originals and outputs the individual corrections classified by error type. We report the F-Score of our implementation on this task.
Primitive Art in Civilized Places

Primitive Art in Civilized Places. Sally Price. Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 1989.145 pp. 14 pi.
Metabolic Syndrome Increases Carotid Artery Stiffness: the Northern Manhattan Study:

BackgroundArterial stiffness, an intermediate pre-clinical marker of atherosclerosis, has been associated with an increased risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease. The metabolic syndrome and its components are established cardiovascular disease risk factors and may also increase arterial stiffness; however, data regarding this are limited.AimThe goal of this study was to determine the association between the metabolic syndrome and carotid artery stiffness in an elderly multi-ethnic cohort.MethodsCarotid artery stiffness was assessed by carotid ultrasound as part of the Northern Manhattan Study, a prospective population-based cohort of stroke-free individuals. Carotid artery stiffness was calculated as [In (systolic BP/diastolic BP)/strain], where strain was [(systolic diameter diastolic diameter)/diastolic diameter]. Metabolic syndrome was defined by the National Cholesterol Education Program: Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. LogSTIFF was analysed as the dependent variable in linear regression model...
The 2001–Present Induced Earthquake Sequence in the Raton Basin of Northern New Mexico and Southern Colorado

We investigate the ongoing seismicity in the Raton Basin and find that the deep injection of wastewater from the coal-bed methane field is responsible for inducing the majority of the seismicity since 2001. Many lines of evidence indicate that this earthquake sequence was induced by wastewater injection. First, there was a marked increase in seismicity shortly after major fluid injection began in the Raton Basin in 1999. From 1972 through July 2001, there was one M ≥ 4 earthquake in the Raton Basin, whereas 12 occurred between August 2001 and 2013. The statistical likelihood that such a rate change would occur if earthquakes behaved randomly in time is 3.0%. Moreover, this rate change is limited to the area of industrial activity. Earthquake rates remain low in the surrounding area. Second, the vast majority of the seismicity is within 5 km of active disposal wells and is shallow, ranging between 2 and 8 km depth. The two most carefully studied earthquake sequences in 2001 and 2011 have earthquakes within 2 km of high-volume, high-injection-rate wells. Third, injection wells in the area are commonly very high volume and high rate. Two wells adjacent to the August 2011 M 5.3 earthquake injected about 4.9 million cubic meters of wastewater before the earthquake, more than seven times the amount injected at the Rocky Mountain Arsenal well that caused damaging earthquakes near Denver, Colo- rado, in the 1960s. The August 2011 M 5.3 event is the second-largest earthquake to date for which there is clear evidence that the earthquake sequence was induced by fluid injection.
U.S. Supreme Court Reviews Employers' Responsibilities Regarding Tip Reporting and FICA Taxes

ABSTRACT The recent Supreme Court Case, U.S. v. Fior D'Italia, Inc. (2002), has given the Internal Revenue Service broad new authority to conduct audits of restaurant owners in order to estimate and assess the amount of FICA taxes owed for employee tips and wages. The court approved the use by the IRS of the “aggregate method” to estimate the amount of tips received by employees in employer tax audits without requiring the prior audits of individual employees. The decision will force restaurant employers to become much more actively involved in obtaining accurate information from their employees as to the precise amount of their tip income in order to avoid the “employer first” audits. As such, the various alternatives for restaurant owners in deciding how to handle employee tips and FICA taxes are better understood.
Code size efficiency in global scheduling for ILP processors

In global scheduling for ILP processors, region-enlarging optimizations, especially tail duplication, are commonly used. The code size increase due to such optimizations, however, raises serious concerns about the affected I-cache and TLB performance. In this paper, we propose a quantitative measure of the code size efficiency at compile time for any code size related optimization. Then, based on the efficiency of tail duplication, we propose the solutions to two related problems: (1) how to achieve the best performance for a given code size increase, (2) how to get the optimal code size efficiency for any program. Our study shows that code size increase has a significant but varying impact on IPC, e.g., the first 2% code size increase results in 18.5% increase in static IPC, but less than 1% when the given code size further increases from 20% to 30%. We then use this feature to define the optimal code size efficiency and to derive a simple, yet robust threshold scheme finding it. The experimental results using SPECint95 benchmarks show that this threshold scheme finds the optimal efficiency accurately. While the optimal efficiency results show an average increase of 2% in code size, the improved I-cache performance is observed and a speedup of 17% over the natural treegion results is achieved.
Identification of normal or neoplastic murine mesenchymal cells in chimeric tissues or heterotransplants.

An improved method for identifying murine mesenchymal cells in chimeric tissues or heterotransplants using Hoechst dye 33258 is described. Following fixation in formalin-saline, tissues are embedded in JB-4 plastic Sections 3 μm thick are then stained in a 10 μg/ml solution of Hoechst 33258 in Hanks' balanced salt solution for 5–10 min at 4 C. After rinsing, the sections are coverslipped using a modified polyvinyl alcohol mounting medium. This approach offers several advantages over existing techniques: 1) uniform section thickness is more easily obtained than with paraffin or cryostat microtomy, thereby allowing improved resolution and more reliable identification of mesenchymal cells with small nuclei such as skeletal muscle myocytes or fibroblasts, 2) the preparations are stable over long periods and can be repeatedly viewed or photographed, and 3) calcified tissues can be examined without prior decalcification. An example is shown of species identification using rat chondrosarcoma cells grown in nude ...
A Critical Need of Phosphorus for the Young Pheasant

Abstract THE nutritive requirements of pheasants are generally higher than those of chicks and follow more closely the requirements of turkeys. Very little information is available on the phosphorus requirement of the pheasant. Skoglund (1940) reported that Callenbach and Murphy obtained satisfactory growth and normal bone development in Ring-necked pheasant chicks brooded in batteries and fed a ration containing 1.5 percent of calcium and .75 percent of phosphorus. In another experiment Skoglund (1940) reported that when the birds were 8 weeks old the group of pheasants fed .87 percent calcium and .78 percent phosphorus (chemical analyses) weighed the most. Protein content was also varied and this group was fed the highest level of protein (27.34 percent). EXPERIMENTAL METHODS Chinese Ring-neck pheasants were obtained from the Wisconsin Conservation Department Game Farm for these experiments. The pheasant chicks were placed in specially modified electric chick batteries when they were one day old. They …
The effect of acute blood-flow-restricted resistance exercise on postexercise blood pressure.

Summary Introduction: Blood-flow-restricted (BFR) exercise is an emerging type of exercise that may be particularly beneficial to elderly or special populations. These populations may also benefit from reductions in blood pressure (BP). The effect of BFR exercise on postexercise BP has not been examined; this should first be examined in a young, healthy population as a preliminary investigation. Purpose: The main purpose of this study was to determine whether postexercise hypotension (PEH) occurred following low-intensity [20% 1 repetition maximum (1-RM)] BFR resistance exercise. A secondary purpose was to compare this response to both a work-matched low-intensity (20% 1-RM) (LI) and a traditional high-intensity (70% 1-RM) resistance exercise bout (HI). Methods: In a randomized cross-over design, ten normotensive, young (18–35 years) men performed one of the three lower-body resistance exercise bouts (HI, LI or low-intensity BFR) during separate visits to the laboratory. Brachial BP, cardiac ultrasound and calf blood flow measurements were taken prior to and 30 and 60 min following exercise. Repeated measures analysis of variance (3 × 3; condition × time) was performed on all variables. Results: A significant interaction (P<0·05) was found for brachial systolic blood pressure which decreased following HI only. Significant interactions (P<0·05) were also seen for heart rate, total peripheral resistance and calf vascular resistance. Conclusion: Postexercise hypotension occurred only following HI. Thus, if one is exercising with the intent of lowering BP, HI resistance exercise may be more useful than low-intensity BFR resistance exercise.
Liquid Crystals Over Silicon Integrated Circuitry

he current state of Liquid Crystal Over Silicon devices will be reviewed and some predictions of the performance of the next generation of devices will be made.
Radioiodine Treatment in Patients with Graves’ Disease

Radioiodine is one of the three options for treating Graves’ hyperthyroidism. It has been used for almost seven decades and has proven to be safe even among older children when administered in a dose that destroys most thyroid tissue and results in hypothyroidism. It is contraindicated in pregnancy and lactation and when patients are unable to comply with radiation safety precautions. It is relatively contraindicated in patients with active ophthalmopathy. The exacerbation of ophthalmopathy seen after radioiodine administration may be prevented by concurrent corticosteroid therapy in patients with mild active orbital activity. Patients with significant hyperthyroid symptoms, the elderly, and those with moderately severe chemical hyperthyroidism are usually pretreated with antithyroid drugs to attain a euthyroid state before administering radioiodine. Antithyroid drugs are stopped 2–3 days before administering radioiodine and are frequently restarted 3–7 days after administering radioiodine. Both fixed dose and calculated dose regimens appear equally effective. Radioiodine usually results in hypothyroidism 8–16 weeks after its administration. Patients are monitored at 4–8-week intervals until transitioned from antithyroid drugs (if pretreated) to thyroid hormone replacement therapy. Fourteen percent of patients fail the first treatment and require an additional treatment. Patient’s satisfaction with long-term outcomes is similar after radioiodine, surgery, or prolonged treatment with antithyroid drugs.
Costly Circuits, Submodular Schedules: Hybrid Switch Scheduling for Data Centers.

Hybrid switching - in which a high bandwidth circuit switch (optical or wireless) is used in conjunction with a low bandwidth packet switch - is a promising alternative to interconnect servers in today's large scale data-centers. Circuit switches offer a very high link rate, but incur a non-trivial reconfiguration delay which makes their scheduling challenging. In this paper, we demonstrate a lightweight, simple and nearly-optimal scheduling algorithm that trades-off configuration costs with the benefits of reconfiguration that match the traffic demands. The algorithm has strong connections to submodular optimization, has performance at least half that of the optimal schedule and strictly outperforms state of the art in a variety of traffic demand settings. These ideas naturally generalize: we see that indirect routing leads to exponential connectivity; this is another phenomenon of the power of multi hop routing, distinct from the well-known load balancing effects.
Effect of Channelling Wastewater into Water Bodies: A Case Study of the Orogodo River in Agbor, Delta State

The rapid urbanisation, lack of financial means for adequate environmental protection has led to an increase in the rate of wastewater generation. This work is aimed at creating an awareness of the hazards caused by improper wastewater management on the environment and water bodies with the Orogodo River in Agbor, Delta State as a case study along with its economic implications. Proffer immediate and long term possible and feasible solutions out of the problem and create an exposition into the environmental and economic benefits of proper wastewater management.
"Vox Populi" versus the Patriot President: Benjamin Franklin Bache's Philadelphia Aurora and John Adams (1797)

of the 1790 s, during which George Washington and John Adams began molding that unique institution, the American presidency?witnessed the eruption of severe conflict between our first political parties, the Federalists and the Democratic Republicans.1 As students of the history of American journalism during this period know, the press played a vital role in expounding issues and personalities of signifi cance to the public. The most important opposition newspaper of the 1790 s, when animosity developed to President Washington and his Federalist "prime minister," Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, was Benjamin Franklin Baches Philadelphia General Advertiser. Founded in October, 1790, this newspaper, better known by the title Aurora which it adopted in 1794, was the Democratic-Republican daily of greatest circulation, averaging some 1700 subscribers, at a time when most daily journals attracted only about five hundred.2 The Aurora carried the most reli able transcribed reports of congressional debates, which were often reprinted by its competitors. Free copies circulated extensively in taverns and under the postal frank of Republican congressmen. Young Bache (1769-1798), Benjamin Franklins grand son, composed stirring editorial rhetoric and further proved his devotion to enlight ened thought by printing the works of Paine, Condorcet, Joseph Priestley, "Citizen" Genet, and other radicals. Most scholars agree with Donald H. Stewart, the author of a massive study of Jeffersonian journalism, that after 1793, when Philip Freneaus National Gazette went out of business, the Aurora "was in all likelihood the most influential newssheet in the country."3 James Morton Smith calls Baches paper "the leading Republican journal," and the dean of historians of American journalism, Frank L. Mott, dubs the Aurora "the chief Republican organ."4 Although scholars recognize the Auroras importance, they tend to underrate Baches rational self-control as well as his concern for the stability of the infant American nation, instead portraying him as a fanatical idealogue, "embittered repub lican visionary," "rabid partisan," and the "most vitriolic" of the anti-Washington edi tors.5 Commenting on the Auroras abuse of Washington after he signed the unpopu lar, pro-British Jay Treaty in 1795, an expert on Bache invidiously concludes: "The attack was not chiefly an attempt to rally republican sentiment, it was a black cam paign of despair and frustration, of defeat and revenge. For Bache, bitterness and contempt remained the main features of his politics right up to his premature death in the yellow fever epidemic of 1798."6He implies that Bache made few meaningful
No Adult Left Behind? Agenda Setting and the Problem of Adult Illiteracy

The 2003 National Assessment of Adult Literacy found that 93 million Americans possessed no more than basic English literacy skills. Despite the pervasiveness of this problem, we do not see a comprehensive strategy from most states and the national government to address this issue. For example, the National institute for Literacy was recently disbanded as part of President Obama’s 2010 budget due to its ineffectiveness. In this work we will apply the theories of agenda setting in public policy to assess why an issue that affects so many adults has been unable to make its way on to the policy agenda. Further, we analyze the possibility that the marginalized groups such as low income African-Americans and Latinos who are disproportionately affected by this problem lack the political influence to affect policy change. We conclude the paper by analyzing data from the 2003 National Assessment of Adult Literacy which demonstrates the spillover effects of adult illiteracy on the children and communities of adults who lack basic literacy skills.
To Inflect or Not to Inflect Is the Question Indeed: Infinitives in Second Language (L2) Portuguese

In light of the predictions of two competing approaches to adult L2 acquisition – Full Access (FA) (e.g., White 1989, 2003; Schwartz & Sprouse 1996) and Failed Features (FF) (e.g., Hawkins & Chan 1997; Liceras & Diaz, 1999) – the present study examines the acquisition of inflected infinitives by English and Spanish/English bilingual adult learners of L2 Portuguese. Target-like acquisition of inflected infinitives requires the resetting of both a syntactic parameter (the Null Subject Parameter) and a morphological parameter (the Infl-parameter) for these learners. Since FF approaches maintain a post-critical period failure to acquire new L2 features lacking from the L1, target-like acquisition is predicted to not be possible. Conversely, FA approaches, which maintain adult parameter resetting is possible, predict that native-like competence of inflected infinitives is attainable, but not inevitably so. The data we present support FA approaches, demonstrating that advanced adult learners achieve native-like interpretative knowledge of Portuguese inflected infinitives. We also consider the role of L1 transfer and its possible implications, as they differ for both groups.
Techniques for Light Scattering from Hemoglobin

This paper describes methods we have found sufficient to obtain accurate diffusion coefficient measurements of hemoblobin using quasi-elastic light scattering. The same methods should be applicable to other proteins or liquid samples which absorb at the laser wavelength. The results are precise enough to detect a change of approximately 0.5% in the diffusion coefficient of hemoglobin upon oxygenation.
Participant Citizenship in Six Developing Countries

In this paper I will endeavor to do the following: (1) test how far certain concepts dealing with individual orientations to politics, previously used in studies of relatively advanced European societies, are appropriate to populations in developing countries; (2) ascertain how far these separate dimensions of individual political orientation cohere as a syndrome, indicating the existence of a general underlying dimension of “participant citizenship;” (3) identify elements among common orientations to politics which cannot be incorporated in this general syndrome; and (4) assess the importance of certain social experiences or forces in inculcating the qualities of participant citizenship in individuals exposed to these influences.These objectives will be better understood if they are seen in the context of the larger research program of which this report is a part, namely the Harvard Project on the Social and Cultural Aspects of Economic Development. The project is an investigation of the forms and sources of modernization in individuals. Its focus is on the person rather than the society or the institution, and its emphasis is socio-psychological rather than purely sociological or structural. Six countries are represented: Argentina and Chile, East Pakistan and India, Nigeria and Israel. This report will not, however, emphasize national differences, but rather treat each sample as another replication of the basic design. We assume that if something holds true for six such different countries, it must be a powerful connection indeed.
Design of a Digital Address-Event Triggered Compressive Acquisition Image Sensor

This paper describes a compressive acquisition image sensor realizing an on-chip focal plane compressive sensing algorithm. The proposed design enables signal sampling at a rate much lower than the Nyquist rate while preserving the capability to recover the useful information of the signal. Address events are employed to convert illumination intensity into time domain information, eliminating the use of analog-to-digital converters and effectively reducing the readout rate. A pixel-level all digital address event triggered compressive sensing request generator is implemented. An image pixel array of 48 $\times$ 72 was fabricated in 0.18 $\mu{\text{m}}$ standard CMOS technology, featuring a 22-transistor all-digital pixel architecture with a size of $15\times 15\ \mu{\text{m}}^{2}$ and a fill factor of 32.4%. Experimental results show a higher than 10 compression ratio with a power consumption of 1.56 mW at 23 fps under image acquisition mode.
Reply to Comment on "Direct observation of laser filamentation in high-order harmonic generation"

We concede the point raised by Tosa and Nam regarding the interpretation of our recent measurements of intense laser pulse dynamics. Although the measured fluence shows a double focus that is suggestive of filamentation, pulse-propagation simulations show no resurgence in intensity at the second beam waist. An interplay between the generation of plasma and natural diffraction of the apertured beam gives rise to this unusual behavior without requiring a sizable n2.
Experiences with the Technicon SMAC Analyzer

by James O. Westgard, Ph.D., R. Neill Carey, Ph.D., Donald H. Feldbruegge, M.S., Lola J. Jenkins, M.S., Julie J. Hunzicker, MT(ASCP), Elsa F. Quam, MT(ASCP), Lauren A. Loftin, MT(ASCP), Barbara J. Burmeister, MT(ASCP), and Marian R. Hunt, MT(ASCP). The authors are from the Departments of Medicine, Pathology, and Clinical Laboratories, Center for Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison. We received one of the first product ion model SMAC analyzers f rom Technicon (Tarrytown, N.Y.), on May 21,1974. This report summarizes our experiences wi th SMAC and its present status in our laboratory. Before introducing SMAC into routine service, a detailed in-house evaluation study was conducted. This evaluation required that SMAC meet our specified performance standards ( including precision and accuracy criteria) and that service and maintenance provided under the rental contract be adequate.
Methods of Parameter Estimation

There is a multitude of methods for estimating parameters of hydrologic frequency models. Some of the popular methods used in hydrology include (1) method of moments (Nash, 1959; Dooge, 1973; Harley, 1967; O’Meara, 1968; Van de Nes and Hendriks, 1971; Singh, 1988); (2) method of probability weighted moments (Greenwood, et al., 1979); (3) method of mixed moments (Rao, 1980, 1983; Shrader, et al., 1981); (4) L-moments (Hosking, 1986, 1990, 1992); (5) maximum likelihood estimation (Douglas, et al., 1976; Sorooshian, et al., 1983; Phien and Jivajirajah, 1984); and (6) least squares method (Jones, 1971; Snyder, 1972; Bree, 1978a, 1978b). A brief review of these methods is given here.
Urubamba Ramble: Hiram Bingham (1875–1956) and His Artful Encounter with Machu Picchu

An aesthetically harmonious human construction in a spectacular natural setting above the Urubamba River, Machu Picchu is the primary tourist destination in Peru. The claim of the American Hiram Bingham presents its classic narrative of discovery. In 1911 he assembled a well-organized expedition that reached the site by a combination of fortuitous circumstances: the rail line from the coast to Cusco had just been opened; a fairly new mule trail became available through the Torontoy Canyon, and he found out where to go and with whom to speak. An American living in Cusco, Albert A. Giesecke, was the conduit that enabled Bingham to conceive his “discovery.” By keeping other expedition members at bay, he arranged to be at center stage and attained the fame and status that he desired, a desire shared by many explorers. In countering Bingham’s account, this chapter also contests his assertion that Machu Picchu had been unknown before his visit. Bingham’s biography and the letters he exchanged provide insights into the centrality of his ego and his unwillingness to both acknowledge the crucial help he received and to correct erroneous conclusions he made about this Inca site.