cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Segmentation of Vessels Cluttered with Cells Using a Physics Based Model

Segmentation of vessels in biomedical images is important as it can provide insight into analysis of vascular morphology, topology and is required for kinetic analysis of flow velocity and vessel permeability. Intravital microscopy is a powerful tool as it enables in vivoimaging of both vasculature and circulating cells. However, the analysis of vasculature in those images is difficult due to the presence of cells and their image gradient. In this paper, we provide a novel method of segmenting vessels with a high level of cell related clutter. A set of virtual point pairs ("vessel probes") are moved reacting to forces including Vessel Vector Flow (VVF) and Vessel Boundary Vector Flow (VBVF) forces. Incorporating the cell detection, the VVF force attracts the probes toward the vessel, while the VBVF force attracts the virtual points of the probes to localize the vessel boundary without being distracted by the image features of the cells. The vessel probes are moved according to Newtonian Physics reacting to the net of forces applied on them. We demonstrate the results on a set of five real in vivoimages of liver vasculature cluttered by white blood cells. When compared against the ground truth prepared by the technician, the Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) of segmentation with VVF and VBVF was 55% lower than the method without VVF and VBVF.
Intensity‐duration effects on drainage: Column experiments at near‐zero pressure head

[1] We conducted column experiments to examine the effects of rapidly changing upper boundary flux conditions upon an unsaturated, near-zero pressure head flow region. An entire 0.75 m long medium sand column was driven to a quasi-steady pressure head and uniform water content with low-intensity irrigation. We then spike increased the irrigation rate by 2–9 times the background intensity but 3–4 orders of magnitude below the saturated hydraulic conductivity and for various durations. Thereafter, the irrigation rate was reduced to the prespike value for 1 hour and then stopped. Results show that during the postspike irrigation the pressure head, water content, and column storage decreased to values that were lower than those observed during the prespike interval, despite having the same steady irrigation rate. This observation indicates that a rapid decrease in surface flux upon a near-zero pressure head region could lead to an enhanced drainage of an unsaturated profile. The conceptual model explaining these observations relies on the “release” of stored water from the bulk soil water flow.
Evidence for Strong Tantalum-to-Boron Dative Interactions in (silox)3Ta(BH3) and (silox)3Ta(η2-B,Cl-BCl2Ph) (silox = tBu3SiO)1

Treatment of (silox)3Ta (1, silox = tBu3SiO) with BH3·THF and BCl2Ph afforded (silox)3Ta(BH3) (2) and (silox)3Ta(η2-B,Cl-BCl2Ph) (3), which are both remarkably stable Ta(III) compounds. NMe3 and ethylene failed to remove BH3 from 2, and no indication of BH3 exchange with BH3·THF-d8 was noted via variable-temperature 1H NMR studies. Addition of BH3·THF to (silox)3TaH2 provided the borohydride-hydride (silox)3HTa(η3-BH4) (5), and its thermolysis released H2 to generate 2. Exposure of 2 to D2 enabled the preparation of isotopologues (silox)3Ta(BH3-nDn) (n = 0, 2; 1, 2-D; 2, 2-D2; 3, 2-D3) for isotopic perturbation of chemical shift studies, but these failed to distinguish between “inverse adduct” (i.e., (silox)3Ta→BH3) or (silox)3Ta(η2-B,H-BH3) forms of 2. Computational models (RO)3Ta(BH3) (R = H, 2‘; SiH3, 2SiH SiMe3, 2SiMe, and SitBu3, 2SiBu) were investigated to assess the relative importance of steric and electronic effects on structure and bonding. With small R, η2-B,H structures were favored, but for 2...
Analysis of the Form Factors Present in the Description of Heavy Vector Meson Decay

In recently published work by the author, in which the decay rates of all known $1S$ vector meson states have been explained via the Gluon Emission Model ({\rm GEM}), form factors, $f_{j}$ , come into play as associated with the descriptions of the decays of the $\Psi (1S)$ and the $\Upsilon (1S)$, where, in the case of the $\Psi (1S)$, $f_{1} = 1 - q_{s}^{2}$ $(q_{s}$ represents the charge of the strange $(s)$ quark in units of the electron charge), and, in the case of the $\Upsilon (1S)$, $f_{2} = 1$. Specifically, $f_{j}$ represents the fraction of relevant given vector meson states which make a point-like transition to a quark/anti-quark structure of the next lesser mass \dots charm/anti-charm $(cc^*) $ to strange/anti-strange $(ss^*)$ in the case of the $\Psi (1S)$ and bottom/anti-bottom $(bb^*)$ to $cc^*$ in the case of the $\Upsilon(1S)$ \dots the latter respective structures either forming the major portion of the decay scheme (the $\Psi(1S)$), or its entirety (the $\Upsilon (1S)$).\ Investigation of $\Psi (NS)$ and $\Upsilon (NS)$ states, with $N>1$, has revealed three highly interesting eventualities: (1)~$f_{1}$ retains its form noted above as associated with all presently known $\Psi (NS)$, while (2)~$f_{2}$ is seen to be unique to the $\Upsilon (1S)$, as for the known $\Upsilon (NS)$ states, the resulting form factor is seen to be $f_{3} = 1 - q_{c}^{2}$, where $q_{c }$ represents the charm quark charge. In addition to the above it appears convincingly that (3) for a respective given ``$N$'' such that $N \ge 2$, quark color disengagement from lepton production takes place. In the work which follows we attempt to represent the above-mentioned form factors in a logically consistent way as stemming from what we term as ``Reduction Operators''. Necessarily, $f_{2}$ is of a slightly different form than that of $f_{1}$ or $f_{3}$; therefore, we posit a logical reason as to the nature of the difference, viz., the $\Upsilon (1S)$ never does find itself as a $bb^*$ construction. Rather, it starts out as and decays as a $cc^*$ construction. In addition, from a detailed look into the situation pertaining to the $\psi (NS)$ decay, we suggest that ``quark color disengagement'' from the decay of the relevant $N \ge 2$ states is consistent what we denote as ``dimensional reduction'', which is seen to involve reflection-invariant arrays of entangled di-quark structures within an assumed cubic lattice arrangement of same. Investigation of the analogous situation pertaining to the $\Upsilon (NS)$ decay suggests, on the other hand, that ``dimensional reduction'' is its own phenomenon. Nevertheless, we attempt to make the case that the two phenomena are intricately tied together.
Localization of mRNA and Axis Formation During Xenopus Embryogenesis

This paper summarizes our recent work concerned with the developmental polarity of the frog egg and the patterning of the embryonic body plan. In two separate projects, we are studying genes involved in setting up basic embryonic axes. One of these genes, Vg1, codes for a maternal mRNA that is localized in the frog egg. The Vg1 gene is used in studies on the induction of mesoderm and as a probe to understand how the polarity of an egg is established. A second gene, Xhox3, contains a homeodomain and is differentially expressed in the axial mesoderm. Our studies suggest that this homeobox gene is critically involved in setting up different positional values along the anteroposterior axis.
Hemangioma of the cervix.

Abstract A patient with hemangioma of the uterine cervix diagnosed clinically because of its gross appearance was subjected to vaginal hysterectomy for associated pathologic lesions. Microscopic examination of the cervix revealed a cavernbus hemangioma involving chiefly the portio vaginalis. portio vaginalis.
Dark Entropy: Holographic Cosmic Acceleration

In cosmic holography, the fundamental quantity is the degrees of freedom on a horizon surface rather than the material contents within the volume. That is, the horizon area and hence cosmological expansion rate H is related to the entropy. Using this as a guide, we examine the consequences of an effective dark {\it entropy} on the past and future dynamics of the universe. The results, including nonmonotonic expansion behavior, are interesting apart from the theoretical motivation.
Quantitative determination of

Abstract Sealed 252 Cf sources in the microCurie to milliCurie range are routinely used in industry and research. At present, no reliable analytical method is available for precise determination of the activity. Very strong sources can be analyzed by neutron counting but the error is large. We propose to use γ-ray spectroscopy for such analysis. In particular, high-energy γ rays (above 1 MeV ) of fission fragments in equilibrium with the source are very convenient because they have little absorption in materials surrounding the source. It is found that the 1435.8-keV γ-ray of 138 Cs and the 1596.5-keV γ-ray of 140 La are well isolated and sufficiently above the background under these peaks. We have measured the γ/α ratio for the 252 Cf with an uncertainty of better than 5%. The experiment involved the preparation of several thin 252 Cf sources, alpha pulse height analysis, determination of α decay rate, and the measurement of γ singles spectrum with a well-shielded germanium spectrometer. The measured ratio and the γ-ray spectroscopy of unknown samples can provide the activity of 252 Cf in these samples.
Disparate In Vitro and In Vivo Requirements for IL-2 During Antigen-Independent CD8 T Cell Expansion

Transient TCR stimulation induces multiple rounds of CD8 T cell division without further requirement for Ag. The mechanism driving Ag-independent proliferation, however, remains unclear. In this study, we show that the initial duration of TCR stimulation positively correlates with the number of divisions that CD8 T cells subsequently undergo. We find that increased periods of Ag stimulation result in enhanced CD25 up-regulation and greater IL-2 production by CD8 T cells. Depletion of IL-2 from T cell cultures with specific Abs dramatically impairs programmed proliferation. Consistent with this result, IL-2-deficient T cells undergo markedly attenuated Ag-independent proliferation in vitro. Although IL-2 production by stimulated CD8 T cells appears to be essential for in vitro proliferation, upon transfer into recipient mice, IL-2-deficient CD8 T cells undergo extensive proliferation in vivo after transient stimulation. Furthermore, the extent of in vivo proliferation correlates with the duration of in vitro Ag stimulation. These results indicate that the requirements for autocrine IL-2 production by CD8 T cells differs between in vitro and in vivo conditions and suggests that factors in addition to IL-2 can support Ag-independent CD8 T cell proliferation.
A Partial-Step Algorithm for the Nonlinear Estimation Problem

The "normal equations" solution to the weighted least-squares estimation problem is recast in terms of the singularvalue decomposition of the equations-of-condition matrix, A. The superior convergence properties of rank-deficient, pseudoinverse solutions in the presence of nonlinearitie s and ill-conditionedness of the normal matrix AT A are examined. An extension of this partial-step technique, which makes use of part of the information contained along "eigen-directions" associated with singular values previously ignored in the standard rank-deficient solution, is presented. Results are given showing the relative convergence powers of the methods in obtaining a solution to the orbit determination problem for a simulated Martian orbiter trajectory. These results indicate that the extended partial-step method will be of value during the orbit phase of the Mariner Mars '71 mission.
Properties of a 5'-AMP specific nucleotidase which accumulates in one cell type during development of Dictyostelium discoideum.

Abstract 5′-AMP nucleotidase activity accumulates during the culmination stage of development in a thin layer of cells at the prestalk-prespore interface of Dictyostelium discoideum. In this report we characterize a highly purified preparation of this enzyme in an attempt to determine the physiological significance of the accumulation and localization of the activity during cellular differentiation. A pH optimum of 9.5 was determined using nine different buffer systems tested over a range of pH from 3 to 13.5. The Michaelis constants for p-nitrophenylphosphate (NPP) and 5′-AMP were 1.8 and 1.2 m m , respectively. Substrate concentrations of 5′-AMP in excess of 2.5 m m were found to inhibit the activity. Little or no effect on the activity of the enzyme was observed in the presence of EDTA, Mg2+, Mn2+, Ca2+, Fe2+, or Zn2+ ions. However, the enzyme appears to be a zinc metalloprotein as evidenced by its inhibition with 1,10-phenanthroline and recovery of activity in the presence of zinc. Other inhibitors of enzymatic activity include dithiothreitol and imidazole. The enzyme was bound by calcium phosphate, but could not be immobilized on matricies containing other substrate or product analogs, including 5′-AMP, cyclic AMP, ATP, phenylalanine, blue dextran, and Procion Red HE3B. The hydrophobicity of 5′-AMP nucleotidase was demonstrated by its strong affinity for immobilized alkyl and ω-amino alkyl ligands, as well as phenyl Sepharose. Isoelectric focusing of the enzyme in granulated gel required both the presence of detergent to prevent aggregate formation and precipitation of the enzyme, and the addition of zinc after focusing to reverse Ampholine inhibition. Apparently, Ampholine chelates zinc away from the enzyme much like 1,10-phenanthroline. Using this method, the isoelectric point of 5′-AMP nucleotidase was found to be 4.5–4.9, with a 30% recovery of the applied activity.
Configuring Detection Wells Near Landfills

A graphical method was devised for designing contaminant detection monitoring networks in aquifers. The approach eliminates bias in detection efficiency among well pairs, thereby improving the overall efficiency of a ground water monitoring network. In the equidistant configurations derived by the graphical approach, all wells are located the same distance from a landfill, but the distance is measured parallel to ground water flow, Measured perpendicular to ground water flow, there is also an equal spacing between wells in an equidistant network. A simulation model was used to compare an equidistant network to a peripheral monitoring configuration, in which wells were spaced evenly along the downgradient boundaries of a landfill. The equidistant network yielded a 12.4% higher detection efficiency and also facilitated earlier release detection. In practice, the graphical approach that yields equidistant configurations can be used to identify candidate monitoring networks to detect potential releases from landfills.
On the local geometry of rotating matter

This paper shows that general relativity and ordinary continuum models of matter imply the presence of Cartan torsion. The key concept is that torsion can be viewed as translational holonomy per unit area, in the limit of very small areas. Translational holonomy is introduced as the nonclosure of the “development” of a space-time loop into a flat space-time. The translational holonomy around a charged rotating black hole is calculated. If a large collection of small rotating objects is approximated by continuous spinning matter, the resulting torsion and spin have the same relation as in Einstein-Cartan theory, except that the torsion traces remain zero for the simple model of spinning matter used here. Finally, this construction adds torsion to the list of nonpropagating fields which can be viewed as continuum density of holonomy around localized space-time boundaries, or around throats which are connected to further local topological structures.
Energy payback time (EPBT) and energy return on energy invested (EROI) of solar photovoltaic systems: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract There is a fast growing interest in better understanding the energy performance of PV technologies as evidenced by a large number of recent studies published on this topic. The goal of this study was to do a systematic review and a meta-analysis of the embedded energy, energy payback time (EPBT), and energy return on energy invested (EROI) metrics for the crystalline Si and thin film PV technologies published in 2000–2013. A total of 232 references were collected of which 11 and 23 passed our screening for EPBT/EROI and embedded energy analysis, respectively. Several parameters were harmonized to the following values: Performance ratio (0.75), system lifetime (30 years), insolation (1700 kWh m−2 yr−1), module efficiency (13.0% mono-Si; 12.3% poly-Si; 6.3% a:Si; 10.9% CdTe; 11.5% CIGS). The embedded energy had a more than 10-fold variation due to the variation in BOS embedded energy, geographical location and LCA data sources. The harmonization narrowed the range of the published EPBT values. The mean harmonized EPBT varied from 1.0 to 4.1 years; from lowest to highest, the module types ranked in the following order: cadmium telluride (CdTe), copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS), amorphous silicon (a:Si), poly-crystalline silicon (poly-Si), and mono-crystalline silicon (mono-Si). The mean harmonized EROI varied from 8.7 to 34.2. Across different types of PV, the variation in embedded energy was greater than the variation in efficiency and performance ratio suggesting that the relative ranking of the EPBT of different PV technology today and in the future depends primarily on their embedded energy and not their efficiency.
Polarography of organic compounds in aprotic solvents

Abstract A review of the polarography of organic compounds in aprotic solvents is presented.
Backstepping for Active Control of Surge in Unshrouded Centrifugal Compressors With Magnetic Thrust Bearing Actuation

The backstepping method is applied to design a controller which is capable of actively suppressing the oscillations induced by compressor surge using the sensitivity of the centrifugal compressor characteristic to the tip clearance of the unshrouded impeller. This is achieved using a magnetic thrust bearing to modulate the tip clearance of the impeller. The controller is designed with the objective that system trajectories remain on the compressor characteristic curve in the presence of disturbances downstream of the compressor. This ensures zero steady state offset of the impeller, which maintains the efficiency of the compressor. Results from simulation of the nonlinear model for a single stage high speed centrifugal compressor show that using backstepping control, mass flow and pressure oscillations associated with compressor surge are quickly suppressed with acceptable control requirements of typical machines. Further, the stable region of the compressor operation is significantly increased and the compression system will not enter surge cycles for a wide variety of disturbances downstream of the compressor.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Correlation of spatial intensity distribution of light reaching the retina and restoration of vision by optogenetic stimulation

Stimulation of retinal neuronal cells using optogenetics via use of chanelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) and blue light has opened up a new direction for restoration of vision with respect to treatment of Retinitis pigmentosa (RP). In addition to delivery of ChR2 to specific retinal layer using genetic engineering, threshold level of blue light needs to be delivered onto the retina for generating action potential and successful behavioral outcome. We report measurement of intensity distribution of light reaching the retina of Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) mouse models and compared those results with theoretical simulations of light propagation in eye. The parameters for the stimulating source positioning in front of eye was determined for optimal light delivery to the retina. In contrast to earlier viral method based delivery of ChR2 onto retinal ganglion cells, in-vivo electroporation method was employed for retina-transfection of RP mice. The behavioral improvement in mice with Thy1-ChR2-YFP transfected retina, expressing ChR2 in retinal ganglion cells, was found to correlate with stimulation intensity.
Revised values for the Gibbs free energy of formation of [Al(OH)4 aq-], diaspore, boehmite and bayerite at 298.15 K and 1 bar, the thermodynamic properties of kaolinite to 800 K and 1 bar, and the heats of solution of several gibbsite samples

Abstract Solution calorimetric measurements compared with solubility determinations from the literature for the same samples of gibbsite have provided a direct thermochemical cycle through which the Gibbs free energy of formation of [Al(OH)4 aq−] can be determined. The Gibbs free energy of formation of [Al(OH)4 aq−] at 298.15 K is −1305 ± 1 kJ/mol. These heat-of-solution results show no significant difference in the thermodynamic properties of gibbsite particles in the range from 50 to 0.05 μm. The Gibbs free energies of formation at 298.15 K and 1 bar pressure of diaspore, boehmite and bayerite are −9210 ± 5.0, −918.4 ± 2.1 and −1153 ± 2 kJ/mol based upon the Gibbs free energy of [A1(OH)4 aq−] calculated in this paper and the acceptance of −1582.2 ± 1.3 and −1154.9 ± 1.2 kJ/mol for the Gibbs free energy of formation of corundum and gibbsite, respectively. Values for the Gibbs free energy formation of [Al(OH)2 aq+] and [AlO2 aq−] were also calculated as −914.2 ± 2.1 and −830.9 ± 2.1 kJ/mol, respectively. The use of [AlC2 aq−] as a chemical species is discouraged. A revised Gibbs free energy of formation for [H4SiO4aq0] was recalculated from calorimetric data yielding a value of −1307.5 ± 1.7 kJ/mol which is in good agreement with the results obtained from several solubility studies. Smoothed values for the thermodynamic functions CP0, ( H T 0 - H 298 0 ) T , ( G T 0 - H 298 0 ) T , ST0 - S00, ΔH ƒ,298 0 kaolinite are listed at integral temperatures between 298.15 and 800 K. The heat capacity of kaolinite at temperatures between 250 and 800 K may be calculated from the following equation: CP0 = 1430.26 − 0.78850 T + 3.0340 × 10−4T2 −1.85158 × 10−4T2 1 2 + 8.3341 × 10 6 T −2 . The thermodynamic properties of most of the geologically important Al-bearing phases have been referenced to the same reference state for Al, namely gibbsite.
Effectiveness of Treatment Foster Care With Children and Adolescents: A Review of Outcome Studies

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of treatment foster care with children and adolescents. Method Published outcome studies ( N = 40) from 1974 to 1996 were systematically reviewed and coded. A weighted predictive value statistic was used to analyze the impact of treatment foster care on five dependent variables: placement permanency, behavior problems, discharge status, social skills, and psychological adjustment. Results Treatment foster care produced large positive effects on increasing placement permanency and children's social skills. Medium positive effects were found in reducing behavior problems, improving psychological adjustment, and reducing restrictiveness of postdis-charge placement. Conclusions Few investigations collected data both at time of program completion and follow-up, precluding a test of the durability and generalizability of treatment foster care outcomes. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 1997, 36(5):581–588.
FEM modeling of induction hardening processes in steel

A modeling system for analyzing the integrated induction hardening processes was developed based on a general-purpose finite element program, with the capability to analyze the whole process from electromagnetic-induced thermal heating to final hardening. A coupled electromagnetic-thermal model was applied to study the induction heating process, which includes consideration of nonlinear material characteristics on temperature. Also, arrangement of AC current density distribution was conducted to simulate practical induction coil structure and magnetic concentrator effects to achieve desired heating patterns for later quenching and hardening analysis. Quenching analysis can provide cooling curve at any location in a heat-treated workpiece based on heat transfer principles. In hardening analysis, phase transformation was studied and an algorithm was developed to determine volumetric content of micro-structural constituents formed from austenitized phase in quenching process, based on analysis of the interaction between cooling curve and material time-temperature-transformation (TTT) diagram. Finally, hardness value was converted from martensite content based on a developed formulation. Validation was preliminary conducted based on comparison of hardening pattern of induction hardening of an automotive spindle with complex surface.
HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY

Contemporary Soviet philosophy was born in the discussion of G. F. Aleksandrov’s History of Western European Philosophy1. This fact is sufficient to account for the great attention which this domain has since received. But, another factor is the increased concern and attention devoted to contemporary; ‘bourgeois’ philosophies which necessarily relate to historical trends in philosophy and which must be situated in reference to Marxist-Leninist philosophy.
Pitch control during autonomous aerobraking for near-term Mars exploration

Conventional aerobraking requires propellant to dump the spacecraft's angular momentum and to maintain attitude control during the atmospheric flythrough. We consider how reaction wheels can be used to control the spacecraft's pitch during each atmospheric flythrough and to reduce angular momentum simultaneously. Control laws are developed for minimum onboard instrumentation (where the only state information are the angular rates of the spacecraft and the reaction wheels) to compensate for large variations in entry time and atmospheric density. Simulations indicate that pitch attitude and angular momentum can be controlled with reaction wheels alone, thus saving precious propellant while significantly increasing the timing margin for sequencing.
Reliability Study of an N-Channel Silicon Gate FET with Field Shield

A reliability study was performed on an N-channel FET with a self-aligned gate and a field shield. It was found that the field shield was very successful in reducing leakage and did not add significantly to the failure rate of the structure, It was further found that in terms of dielectric shorts and VT stability, the silicon gate structure was as good as or better than comparable metal-gate devices.
Improved communality estimation in factor analysis

The symmetric treatment of an asymmetric approach to factor analysis is shown to provide accurate communality estimates. In comparison with existing estimates including upper and lower bounds, the present approach is shown to be superior. In one example with known communalities, the present approach perfectly captures those communalities. In two empirical examples, it is shown to produce better communality estimates than any existing method.
ASXL1 mutations promote myeloid transformation through loss of PRC2-mediated gene repression.

Recurrent somatic ASXL1 mutations occur in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome, myeloproliferative neoplasms, and acute myeloid leukemia, and are associated with adverse outcome. Despite the genetic and clinical data implicating ASXL1 mutations in myeloid malignancies, the mechanisms of transformation by ASXL1 mutations are not understood. Here, we identify that ASXL1 mutations result in loss of polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2)-mediated histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27) tri-methylation. Through integration of microarray data with genome-wide histone modification ChIP-Seq data, we identify targets of ASXL1 repression, including the posterior HOXA cluster that is known to contribute to myeloid transformation. We demonstrate that ASXL1 associates with the PRC2, and that loss of ASXL1 in vivo collaborates with NRASG12D to promote myeloid leukemogenesis.
A HIGH ORDER PERTURBATION THEORY USING RECTANGULAR COORDINATES

Poisson and differential equations for high order perturbation theory using rectangular coordinates
Two-particle transfer reactions with heavy-deformed nuclei

Abstract Detailed calculations of two-particle transfer reactions on heavy, deformed nuclei are carried out within the framework of the macroscopic model for pair transfer and the sudden limit for rotational excitation. The marked structure that appears as a general feature of the angular distributions is explained as an interference of amplitudes that correspond to different orientations of the deformed nucleus. A comparison to recent data supports the existence of this structure.
Nasal air flow and rhinencephalic activity

Abstract This study has investigated factors involved in the elicitation of 40 c/sec spindling in the olfactory bulb and amygdala utilizing both acute and chronic animals. The olfactory bulb 40 c/sec activity which has been identified as a correlate of emotional behavior appears indistinguishable from olfactory induced activity. Drugs such as cocaine and barbiturates affect the 40 c/sec responses in a similar fashion in both chronic and acute preparations supporting the contention that the “emotional” role of such activity is mediated by changes in the respiratory processes.
Analysis of HDG Methods for Oseen Equations

We propose a hybridizable discontinuous Galerkin (HDG) method to numerically solve the Oseen equations which can be seen as the linearized version of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. We use same polynomial degree to approximate the velocity, its gradient and the pressure. With a special projection and postprocessing, we obtain optimal convergence for the velocity gradient and pressure and superconvergence for the velocity. Numerical results supporting our theoretical results are provided.
Multiple-acid equilibria in adsorption of carboxylic acids from dilute aqueous solution

Equilibria were measured for adsorption of carboxylic acids from aqueous, binary-acid mixtures of lactic and succinic acids and acetic and formic acids onto basic polymeric sorbents. The experimentally determined adsorption isotherms compared well with model predictions, confirming that simple extensions from adsorption of individual acids apply. Fixed-bed studies were carried out that establish the efficacy of chromatographic fractionation of lactic and succinic acids using basic polymeric sorbents. Finally, sequential thermal and solvent regeneration of lactic and acetic acid-laden sorbents was investigated as a method to fractionate among coadsorbed volatile and nonvolatile acids. Essentially complete removal of the acetic acid from the acid-laden sorbent was achieved by vaporization under the conditions used; a small amount of loss of lactic acid (about 11%) was observed.
Serum deprivation of human marrow stromal cells (hMSCs) selects for a subpopulation of early progenitor cells with enhanced expression of OCT-4 and other embryonic genes

Recently there has been interest in developing cell and gene therapies with adult stem cells from human bone marrow referred to as mesenchymal stem cells or marrow stromal cells (hMSCs). We incubated early-passage hMSCs in serum-free medium without cytokines or other supplements for 2 to 4 weeks. Surprisingly, a subpopulation of the cells survived serum deprivation and then began to proliferate in serum-containing medium. The cells selected by serum deprivation had longer telomeres than control cells. Also, the patterns of gene expression revealed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays and microarray data indicated that the cells selected by serum deprivation were a subpopulation of very early progenitor cells with enhanced expression of octomer-binding transcription factor 4 (OCT-4) and several other genes characteristically expressed in embryonic cells.
Feasibility problems for recurring tasks on one processor

Abstract We give a comprehensive summary of our recent research on the feasibility problems for various types of hard-real-time preemptive task systems on one processor. We include results on periodic, sporadic, and hybrid task systems. While many of the results herein have appeared elsewhere, this is the first paper presenting a holistic view of the entire problem.
From surveys to collaborative art: enabling children to program with online data

Being able to store and access data online enables a wide range of creative possibilities, starting from surveys to collaborative art, from global high-score-lists for games to real-time chat-rooms. While end-user tools in these categories are increasingly becoming available to children, what is still missing is the opportunity for children to program and create such systems. Causes behind this lack of opportunity include, among other things, high barriers to entry due to complex client-server technologies, as well as hard to understand topics such as access control, etc. This paper presents Cloud data-structures -- a feature in the online visual language Scratch 2.0 that enables children to programmatically store and retrieve data online. While standard data-structures are stored in memory, for Cloud variants, all operations (and data) on the data-structure are additionally sent to remote servers over the Internet. This has two consequences for a given Scratch 2.0 project: (1) Cloud data-structures are persistent across multiple execution instances, and (2) they are shared between simultaneous instances. This paper describes the motivations behind, and the design of Cloud data-structures, along with case studies describing projects created by children with this system, with a focus on the learning outcomes.
Synopsis of the genus Eldarca Signoret, 1864 (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Coreidae).

A synopsis of the Coreid genus Eldarca Signoret, 1864 is presented. Full species status is given to Eldarca rufa Reed, 1899 n. stat. New distributional data are provided for Eldarca nigra Signoret, 1864. Eldarca haematoloma rufa Reed, 1899 n. stat. is considered as subspecies of E. haematomera . Eldarca nigroscutellata sp. nov. is described from southern Patagonia; which becomes also the southernmost record of Coreidae in South America. Differential diagnoses and figures for all the species of the genus are included. The distribution of the species is commented and a distribution map is provided. A key to the four known species of Eldarca is added.
The influence of some Lewis acids on homogeneous olefin hydrogenation by metal complexes

Abstract The rate of hydrogenation of cyclohexene catalyzed by RhCl(PPh3)3 was studied in the presence of BCl3, B(CH3)3, Eu(fod)3 (fod = 6,6,7,7,8,8-heptafluoro-2,2-dimethyl-3,5-octadione anion), AlCl3, AlBr3 and Al(i-C4H9)3. Only AlBr3 effected a large increase in rate, which is attributed to the formation of the more active catalyst RhBr(PPh3)3 by a simple metathesis. A very significant rate enhancement was found for the hydrogenation of ethylene by RhCI(PPh3)3 when Al(i-C4H9)3 was added to the system. It is postulated that RhH(PPh3)3 formation is responsible for this rate increase. The rate of 1-hexene hydrogenation catalyzed by RuCl2(PPh3)3 is increased by the presence of aluminum alkyls, and the origin of this rate increase is elucidated. In the course of this work the compound RuCl(CH3)(PPh3)3 was isolated and characterized. This compound is closely related to alkyl complexes which have been postulated as intermediates in olefin hydrogenation catalysis by RuClH(PPh3)3.
Planetary science: Hidden martian carbonates

Evidence for the sedimentary carbonate rocks proposed to be prevalent on Mars has generally been lacking. Carbonate-bearing rocks found in the Leighton Crater may be associated with the formation of methane detected in the martian atmosphere.
Increase in normal placental weights related to increase in maternal body mass index.

Objective. Reference values of normal placental weights are many decades old. Recently, a trend of increasing weights of normal placentas has been noted. We aimed to confirm this observation and to find any associated fetal and maternal factors.Methods. Information on all live singleton deliveries that met our inclusion criteria was collected for the years 1995 and 2004 at Creighton University Medical Center in Omaha, Nebraska. This information was compared to the standards set forth in the older references. The Student's t-test and correlation-regression statistics were applied.Results. The mean weight of the mature, term (37–42 weeks of gestation) placenta has increased significantly from 1995 to 2004 (499 g to 537 g, p = 0.02), as well as from the older standards (27% increase at 40 weeks of gestation). There has also been a significant increase in the maternal body mass index (BMI) from 1995 to 2004 (25.2 to 26.5, p = 0.02), which correlates with maternal weight gain during pregnancy, and fetal and pl...
Testing Concurrent Java Programs using Randomized Scheduling

Abstract The difficulty of finding errors caused by unexpected interleavings of threads in concurrent programs is well known. Model checkers can pinpoint such errors and verify correctness but are not easily scalable to large programs. The approach discussed here is more scalable but less systematic. We transform a given Java program by inserting calls to a scheduling function at selected points. The scheduling function either does nothing or causes a context switch. The simplest scheduling function makes the choice blindly using a pseudo-random number generator; more sophisticated scheduling functions use heuristics to weight the choices. We try to insert as few calls as possible while still ensuring that for each reachable deadlock and assertion violation, there is a sequence of choices by the scheduling function that leads to it; thus, there is a non-zero probability of finding it by testing the transformed program, regardless of the scheduling policies of the underlying Java Virtual Machine.
Stabilization paper radiography with ten second processing.

SUMMARY Radiography using a stabilization paper and a stabilization processor is available and could be valuable in large animal practice. The processor is easily transported and can be used in any dark area where a 115 volt power supply is available. A finished positive radiographic print can be produced in 10 seconds. Good image quality was obtained in pilot studies. It was possible to demonstrate small fracture fragments, vascular channels in the third phalanx and navicular bone, and bone trabeculae. The high contrast and low sensitivity of the stabilization paper necessitated separate exposures for evaluation of soft tissues and bones, and an exposure 7.5 times that used for conventional radiographic film. RESUME La radiographie avec emploi d'un papier fixateur et d'un dispositif fixateur est possible et parait devoir etre utile chez les grands animaux. Le dispositif de developpement est facilement transporte et peut etre utilise dans n'importe quelle zone obscure ou un courant de 115 Volts est accessible. Une radiographie positive definitive est obtenue en 10 secondes. De bonnes images furent obtenues. Il fut possible de mettre en evidence de petits fragments osseux, les canaux vasculaires de la troisieme phalange et les trabecules osseuses. L'image tres contrastee et la faible sensibilite de l'emulsion employee exige des temps d'exposition differents pour l'appreciation des tissu mous et des os, et une exposition durant un temps sept fois et demi superieur a celui necessaire avec les films conventionnels. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Eine radiographiche Technik, die ein Stabilisationspapier und einem Stabilisationsverarbeiter einsetzt, konnte in der Grosstierpraxis nutzlich sein. Der Verarbeiter kann leicht transportiert und in jeder dunklen Umgebung verwendet werden, wo ein Anschluss an ein 115 Volt-Netz vorhanden ist. Ein fertiges positives Rontgenbild kann innert 10 Sekunden hergestellt werden. Die ersten Untersuchungen ergaben eine gute Bildqualitat. Es war moglich, kleine Frakturfragmente, Gefasskanale in Hufbein und Strahlbein und Knochentrabeculae zu demonstrieren. Der gute Kontrast und die Unempfindlichkeit des Stabilisationspapiers erforderten verschiedene Belichtungen fur Weichgewebe und Knochen und eine 7,5 mal hohere Belichtungszeit als bei konventionellen Rontgenfilmen.
On the control of stochastic systems

Abstract A general model is available for analysis of control systems involving stochastic time varying parameters in the system to be controlled by the use of the “iterative” method of the authors or its more recent adaptations for stochastic operator equations. It is shown that the statistical separability which is achieved as a result of the method for stochastic operator equations is unaffected by the matrix multiplications in state space equations; the method, therefore, is applicable to the control problem. Application is made to the state space equation x = Ax + Bu + C, where A, B, C are stochastic matrices corresponding to stochastic operators , i.e., involving randomly time varying elements, e.g., a ij (t, ω) ϵ A, t ϵ T, ω ϵ (Ω, F,μ) , a p.s. It is emphasized that the processes are arbitrary stochatic processes with known statistics. No assumption is made of Wiener or Markov behavior or of smallness of fluctuations and no closure approximations are necessary. The method differs in interesting aspects from Volterra series expansions used by Wiener and others and has advantages over the other methods. Because of recent progress in the solution of the nonlinear case, it may be possible to generalize the results above to the nonlinear case as well but the linear case is suffcient to show the connections and essential point of separability of ensemble averages.
Frailty and Hospitalization of Long-Term Stay Nursing Home Residents

OBJECTIVE: To determine the relationship between characteristics of older, long-term stay nursing home patients and hospitalization. DESIGN: A cohort study. SETTING: One hundred three proprietary nursing homes. PARTICIPANTS: All residents of these nursing homes aged 65 or older admitted between January 1, 1991, and December 30, 1993, who had no transitions out of the nursing home during the first 6 months of their stay. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Among the cohort of 3782 residents, 931 (25%) were hospitalized at least once during the second 6 months of their nursing home stay. In a logistic regression model, severe functional impairment (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 1.20, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01, 1.43), worsening ADL self-performance (AOR 1.22, 95% CI 1.04, 1.43), presence of a decubitus ulcer (AOR 1.62, 95% CI 1.17, 2.24), presence of a feeding tube (AOR 2.03, 95% CI 1.54, 2.67), primary diagnosis of congestive heart failure (AOR 1.61, 95% CI 1.11, 2.34), and primary diagnosis of respiratory disease (AOR 1.77, 95% CI 1.24, 2.54) were associated with hospitalization. No form of advance directive was associated with a lower rate of hospitalization. CONCLUSIONS: Physically frail patients, who may be the least likely to benefit from hospitalization, are the most likely to be hospitalized. The lack of an association between “Do-not-hospitalize” orders and lower rates of hospitalization suggests that there are substantial barriers to providing acute care in the nursing home. The association between recent functional decline, primary diagnoses of congestive heart failure and respiratory disease, and hospitalization indicates, however, that certain patient groups may be targeted successfully to reduce hospitalization rates.
Genetic and Proteomic Analyses of a Proteasome-Activating Nucleotidase A Mutant of the Haloarchaeon Haloferax volcanii

The halophilic archaeon Haloferax volcanii encodes two related proteasome-activating nucleotidase proteins, PanA and PanB, with PanA levels predominant during all phases of growth. In this study, an isogenic panA mutant strain of H. volcanii was generated. The growth rate and cell yield of this mutant strain were lower than those of its parent and plasmid-complemented derivatives. In addition, a consistent and discernible 2.1-fold increase in the number of phosphorylated proteins was detected when the panA gene was disrupted, based on phosphospecific fluorescent staining of proteins separated by 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Subsequent enrichment of phosphoproteins by immobilized metal ion and metal oxide affinity chromatography (in parallel and sequentially) followed by tandem mass spectrometry was employed to identify key differences in the proteomes of these strains as well as to add to the restricted numbers of known phosphoproteins within the Archaea. In total, 625 proteins (approximately 15% of the deduced proteome) and 9 phosphosites were identified by these approaches, and 31% (195) of the proteins were identified by multiple phosphoanalytical methods. In agreement with the phosphostaining results, the number of identified proteins that were reproducibly exclusive or notably more abundant in one strain was nearly twofold greater for the panA mutant than for the parental strain. Enriched proteins exclusive to or more abundant in the panA mutant (versus the wild type) included cell division (FtsZ, Cdc48), dihydroxyacetone kinase-linked phosphoenolpyruvate phosphotransferase system (EI, DhaK), and oxidoreductase homologs. Differences in transcriptional regulation and signal transduction proteins were also observed, including those differences (e.g., OsmC and BolA) which suggest that proteasome deficiency caused an up-regulation of stress responses (e.g., OsmC versus BolA). Consistent with this, components of the Fe-S cluster assembly, protein-folding, DNA binding and repair, oxidative and osmotic stress, phosphorus assimilation, and polyphosphate synthesis systems were enriched and identified as unique to the panA mutant. The cumulative proteomic data not only furthered our understanding of the archaeal proteasome system but also facilitated the assembly of the first subproteome map of H. volcanii.
Ground state selection in a Kagomé antiferromagnet

Abstract We address selection of a spin-ordered ground state in the quantum Heisenberg nearest-neighbor antiferromagnet with large spin S on the highly frustrated Kagome lattice. By treating the anharmonic terms in the spin-wave expansion, we obtain an effective Hamiltonian bilinear in Ising variables which parametrize the infinity of coplanar classical ground states. This favors ‘√3 × √3’ spin order, in accordance with prior expectations.
The introduction and expression of transgenes in plants

Abstract Scientists have entered a new era of agricultural biotechnology. No longer is it sufficient merely to introduce a gene into a plant. The new generation of technology requires that genes be introduced into agronomically important crops in single copy and without the integration of extraneous vector ‘backbone’ sequences and, perhaps, even selectable markers. The expression of transgenes must be predictable and consistent among numerous independent transformants. Recent research has more clearly defined these problems and pointed the way to their solution.
Analysis of the 5 min Oscillatory Photospheric Motion. I: A Problem in Waveform Classification

Four Mt. Wilson measurements (T>4 h) of the photospheric motion at one point on the Sun are shown to have the characteristics of a narrow-band random process. The motion is shown to have a characteristic correlation time of 23 min and a mean power spectrum that is a smooth, single-peaked function centered at 3.4 mHz. In order to make this classification we use the analytic signal to estimate the amplitude, phase, and frequency as functions of time. The power spectrum analysis differs from the common approaches in that it uses the theoretical expression for the mean spectrum for a sequence of random pulses. Because of the random nature of the motion, we doubt the existence of more than one eigenfrequency characteristic of the photosphere as a whole. Likewise, any description of the observed motion in terms of simple deterministic functions will be inadequate for the data used here.