cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Infection of human cytomegalovirus in cultured human gingival tissue.

Background Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection in the oral cavity plays an important role in its horizontal transmission and in causing viral-associated oral diseases such as gingivitis. However, little is currently known about HCMV pathogenesis in oral mucosa, partially because HCMV infection is primarily limited to human cells and few cultured tissue or animal models are available for studying HCMV infection.
Data Watch The National Longitudinal Surveys

This article describes the design features and topical coverage of the National Longitudinal Surveys (NLS). The NLS are perhaps the oldest and most widely used panel surveys of individuals in the United States. These surveys were started in the mid-1960s to exam employment issues faced by different cohorts of the U.S. population. Since then, the NLS surveys have expanded to include two new cohorts of youth. Survey topic areas include employment, education, training, family relationships, financial well-being, and health. Information on data access is also provided.
Lambs Among Lions? The Impact of Ethical Ideology on Negotiation Behaviors and Outcomes

Relationships between individuals' ethical orientations (classified on dimensions of idealism and relativism), their negotiation strategies, their views of ethically ``marginal'' tactics, and their outcomes in dyadic negotiation are examined. Results indicate a relationship between ethical orientation and negotiation strategy. Specifically, absolutists (high on idealism, low on relativism) tended to employ more assertive negotiation strategies than did those of other ethical orientations. Individuals in no one category of ethical ideology outperformed those in any other category in terms of integrativeness of agreements or outcomes. Absolutists viewed ethically questionable tactics as less acceptable, whereas subjectivists found them more acceptable. We found that individuals less accepting of questionable tactics (``lambs''), who negotiated against those more accepting of such tactics (``lions''), were able to achieve better outcomes and a greater percentage of joint outcomes.
Functional studies of candidate genes within the minimally overrepresented 8q24 region in prostate cancer

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 47, 2006 4199 Over-representation of the chromosome 8q23-24 region is one of the most common cytogenetic alterations in prostate cancer, and is associated with higher stage and poorer prognosis. Identification of over-expressed genes within the over-represented region will improve the understanding of prostate cancer progression, provide new diagnostic markers and may result in new therapeutic targets. We have previously mapped the minimal area of over-representation in prostate cancer to an 8.2 Mb region of 8q24 that encompasses the MYC gene. We are comprehensively assessing the expression of all known and computationally identified genes in this region. Five prostate cancer and four colon cancer cell lines with and without 8q24 over-representation were selected for use in expression studies. Eighteen of 24 genes examined were found to be over-expressed in one or more cell lines with 8q24 over-representation. Of these, 10 were over-expressed in all prostate cancer and colon cancer cell lines with 8q24 over-representation. For the purpose of this report, we have focused further functional analyses on 16 genes within this region. The biological relevance of these genes was evaluated by siRNA transfection of the PC-3 and M2205 cell lines, because both of these prostate cancer cell lines have 8q24 over-representation. Knockdown of DDEF1, NOV, PrlZ, and RNF139 significantly impaired cell invasion in a modified Boyden chamber assay in both cell lines (p for each < 0.001). Cell proliferation measured by MTT and thymidine incorporation was significantly inhibited after RAD21, PrlZ, NOV, and RNF139 were silenced (p for each < 0.001). These results indicate that several genes in the minimally over-represented 8q region may be important for prostate cancer cell invasion and proliferation.
Comparison of mathematical frameworks for modeling erythropoiesis in the context of malaria infection

Malaria is an infectious disease present all around the globe and responsible for half a million deaths per year. A within-host model of this infection requires a framework capable of properly approximating not only the blood stage of the infection but also the erythropoietic process that is in charge of overcoming the malaria induced anemia. Within this context, we compare ordinary differential equations (ODEs) with and without age classes, delayed differential equations (DDEs), and discrete recursive equations (DREs) with age classes. Results show that ODEs without age classes are fair approximations that do not provide a crisp temporal representation of the processes involved, and inclusion of age classes only mitigates the problem to some degree. DDEs perform well with respect to generating the essentially fixed delay between cell production and cell removal due to age, but the inclusion of any other processes, such as sudden blood loss, becomes cumbersome. The framework that was found to perform best in representing the dynamics of red blood cells during malaria infection is a DRE with age classes. In this model structure, the amount of time a cell remains alive is easily controlled, and the addition of age dependent or independent processes is straightforward. All events that populations of cells face during their lifespan, like growth or adaptation in differentiation or maturation rate, are properly represented in this framework.
Efficient Sharing of Encrypted Data

This paper describes the design of a censorship-resistant distributed file sharing protocol which has been implemented on top of gnunet, an anonymous, reputation-based network. We focus on the encoding layer of the gnunet file-sharing protocol which supports efficient dissemination of encrypted data as well as queries over encrypted data. The main idea advocated in this paper is that simple cryptographic techniques are sufficient to engineer an efficient data encoding that can make it significantly harder to selectively censor information. Our encoding allows users to share files encrypted under descriptive keys which are the basis for querying the network for content. A key property of our encoding is that intermediaries can filter invalid encrypted replies without being able to decrypt the query or the reply. Files are stored in small chunks which are distributed and replicated automatically by the GNUnet infrastructure. Additionally, data files may be stored in plaintext or encrypted form or as a combination of both and encrypted on demand.
Association between adult atopic dermatitis, cardiovascular disease, and increased heart attacks in three population-based studies.

Background Adults with eczema are more likely to smoke cigarettes, consume alcohol, and have sedentary lifestyle. We sought to determine whether adult eczema is associated with increased cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease. Methods Data from the 2005–2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (n = 4970) and 2010 (n = 27 157) and 2012 (n = 34 525) National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). History of coronary artery disease (CAD), angina, heart attack, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease (PVD) were determined. Results In NHANES, flexural eczema in the past year was associated with significantly higher odds of CAD (P ≤ 0.04), heart attack (P ≤ 0.01), and congestive heart failure (P ≤ 0.02), but not with stroke (P ≥ 0.37), in survey-weighted multivariate logistic regression models that controlled for socio-demographics, comorbid asthma, and hay fever. Similarly, in NHIS 2010 and 2012, 1-year history of eczema was associated with significantly higher odds of CAD (P ≤ 0.02), angina (P ≤ 0.02), heart attack (P ≤ 0.047), other heart disease (P < 0.0001), stroke (P ≤ 0.02), and PVD (<0.0001) in multivariate models. Conclusions Adults with atopic dermatitis may have increased cardiovascular disease, heart attack, and stroke.
Highly concurrent architectures for recursive median filters

The authors present highly concurrent (i) array architectures (ii) stack filter architectures and (iii) sorting network architectures for recursive median filters. In order to pipeline these architectures to any level, the authors develop clustered look ahead and scattered look ahead realizations of the recursive median filters. These realizations are based on approximating the recursive median filter with a weighted recursive median filter. New array architectures and stack filter architectures are developed for weighted recursive median filters that support clustered look ahead, and new sorting network architectures for weighted recursive median filters that support scattered look ahead. These architectures can be pipelined to any level with a corresponding linear increase in the hardware complexity. In addition, these architectures can also be used to implement the larger class of weighted order statistic filters. >
A behavioral profile for stumptail macaques ( Macaca arctoides )

Behavioral observations made on a group of 15 stumptail macaques living in a seminatural environment are used to delineate an activity profile for the species which embraces numerous locomotor, self-directed, environment-directed and social behaviors. Data indicating that certain animals direct or receive particular behaviors at markedly different rates than the rest of the group are noted. The data from 39,000 10-sec observational samples are used to construct a detailed behavioral time-budget for the group. The budget takes into account the co-occurrence rates of the most frequently observed behaviors with each other and with the other behaviors recorded. The activity profile constructed in this way is compared with the results of four other studies which estimate daily behavioral rates for the species. Environmental, social group composition and sampling-technique variables are considered for their probable effects upon the behavioral rates reported in both the present and the compared studies. A detailed comparison of data from the different studies permits the estimate of a species-typical rate for each of the behavioral patterns reported and commented upon. The estimated rates, expressed as a range of values indicating the percentage of time that an average group member dedicates to various behaviors, should be valid in a wide variety of environments.
Ca2+ can affect Vmax without changes in myosin light chain phosphorylation in smooth muscle.

The effects of elevated [Ca2+]o on crossbridge cycling rate, measured as maximum velocity of shortening (Vmax) and high energy phosphate usage (Δ∼P), and on the degree of phosphorylation of the 20,000-dalton light chain of myosin (MyLCP) during an isometric tetanus were determined in the rabbit taenia coli at 18°C. In an normal Krebs medium (1.9 mM Ca2+) the average rate of Δ∼P during force development is 4xhigher than during force maintenance. In 4.5 mM Ca2+-Krebs, the average rate of Δ∼P increases by 100% during force development and during force maintenance above that observed in normal Krebs medium, with no significant change in force output.Vmax increased in the high Ca2+ medium, in good agreement with the corresponding rates of Δ∼P, but without any significant change in the degree of MyLCP. Also, in both high and low calcium media,Vmax decreased with tetanus duration as did the Δ∼P; however, the degree of phosphorylation was not directly related to the average rate of energy usage during the two phases of the tetanus. Therefore, in intact smooth muscles Ca2+-dependent and time-dependent changes inVmax and average rate of Δ∼P can occur without corresponding changes in MyLCP. Modulation of crossbridge cycling rate may be accomplished by a Ca2+-dependent process in addition to MyLCP.
`Chasing' in gambling behavior: personality and cognitive determinants

Abstract The phenomenon of `chasing' has been identified as one of the central characteristics of the behavior of pathological gamblers [American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., DSM IV). Washington, DC: APA]. It consists of more frequent involvement, increased persistence and elevated monetary risk in an effort to recoup money that has been lost. The present research makes a distinction between within- and between-session chasing, and attempts to examine the determinants of within-session chasing in a reasonably valid laboratory analogue. Male college students who gambled (N=248) were given US$10 and an opportunity to gamble. They could: (1) decline to gamble and keep their US$10 (nonplayers); (2) gamble and win even more money by quitting at a more optimal time (nonchasers); or (3) gamble longer than they should, resulting in the loss of all available money (chasers). Zuckerman's impulsivity factor (from the ZKPQ) discriminated chasers from nonchasers. Breen and Zuckerman's Gambling Beliefs and Attitudes Survey (GABS) discriminated players from nonplayers. A sensation-seeking explanation of within-session chasing was not supported. The results are discussed in terms of the impact of impulsivity on within-session chasing. It is suggested that the GABS may serve as a general measure of `affinity' to gambling, and could be useful in examining the process of between-session chasing, that is, returning on another day to `get even'.
Ohmic contacts and Schottky barriers to n-GaN

Gallium nitride is a highly promising wide bandgap semiconductor with applications in high power electronic devices and optoelectronic devices. For these devices to be realized, metallization, both ohmic and rectifying must be available. In this manuscript, we discuss the properties of ohmic contacts and Schottky barriers on n-type GaN. The most recent ohmic metallization scheme involves TV Al based composites, namely Ti/Al/Ni/Au (150A/2200A/400A/500A) preceded by a reactive ion etching (RIE) process which most likely renders the surface highly n-type. With annealing at 900°C for 30 s, contacts with specific resistivity values less than ps= 1 x 10-7 Ω cm2 for a doping level of 4 x 1017 cm-3 were obtained. Schottky barriers with Ti, Cr, Pd, Au, Ni, and Pt have been reported; however, we will concentrate here on Pt based structures as they yield a large barrier height of 1.1 eV. Both capacitance-voltage and current-voltage analyses have been carried out as a function of temperature to gain insight into the current conduction processes involved. Attention must now be turned to the modifications needed to render these contacts reliable.
Faculty Development of a Joint MSW Program Utilizing Tuckman's Model of Stages of Group Development

This article describes and analyzes Tuckman's model of the stages of group development, which evolved from a four-phase to a five-phase scheme. The genesis and evolution of the model and its main assumptions and concepts are discussed. The authors present an innovative application of Tuckman's model where faculty members at two different schools of social work employed it as they strived as a group to implement a joint Master of Social Work Program across two different campuses. This application can apply to the tasks of faculty members who frequently implement their internal work or across-systems activities in groups.
Inter-relationships between egg shell quality, blood acid-base balance and dietary electrolytes

Egg shell quality is a significant economic problem in many countries which rely on high performance breeds. Various nutritional and management practices can be employed to provide the flock with a...
Prism fingerprint sensor that uses a modified holographic optical element

ABSTRACT This is an improved version of the prism fingerprint sensor described in an earlier paper by Bahuguna et. al.1. The newdesign uses a modified holographic grating glued to a right-angled truncated prism and is more compact than the previousone.Keywords: prism sensor, holographic grating, fingerprint 1. INTRODUCTION In a previous paper and patent, Bahuguna et. al."2 described a prism fingerprint sensor that uses a holographic grating glued to a right-angled prism. The design corrected the I2 factor associated with a 4509O0450 prism and also provided a fingerprint image the plane of which was parallel to the sensor-plane of the CCD camera. The optical signal comes out of theprism as a parallel beam and therefore a lens at least the size of the fingerprint is needed to capture the whole image; asmaller lens would generate an image which is bright in the center and weaker in the outer area, in other words a hot-spot iscreated in the image of the fingerprint.The sensor discussed in this paper eliminates the above mentioned problem. It consists of a truncated right angledprism and a holographic grating glued together with a cement. The finger to be sensed is pressed against one side of theprism and the slant surface illuminated with collimated light. The image is captured by a CCD camera.
Biogenic-silica accumulation in the Ross Sea and the importance of Antarctic continental-shelf deposits in the marine silica budget

Abstract Thirty-five box cores were collected from the continental shelf in the Ross Sea during cruises in January and February, 1983. Pb-210 and Pu-239, 240 geochronologies coupled with biogenic-silica measurements were used to calculate accumulation rates of biogenic silica. Sediment in the southern Ross Sea accumulates at rates ranging from ≤0.6 to 2.7 mm/y, with the highest values occurring in the southwestern Ross Sea. Biogenic-silica content in surface sediments ranges from 2% (by weight) in Sulzberger Bay and the eastern Ross Sea to 41% in the southwestern Ross Sea. Biogenic-silica accumulation in the southwestern Ross Sea averages 2.7 × 10−2 g/cm2/y and is comparable to accumulation rates in high-productivity, upwelling environments from low-latitude continental margins (e.g., Gulf of California, coast of Peru). The total rate of biogenic-silica accumulation in the southern Ross Sea is approximately 0.2 × 1014 g/y, with most of the accumulation occurring in basins (500–1000 m water depth). If biogenic-silica accumulation in the southern Ross Sea continental shelf is typical of other basins on the Antarctic continental shelf, as much as 1.2 × 1014 g/y of silica could be accumulating in these deposits. Biogenic-silica accumulation on the Antarctic continental shelf may account for as much as a fourth of the dissolved silica supplied to the world ocean by rivers and hydrothermal vents.
Approaching throughput-optimality in a distributed CSMA algorithm: collisions and stability

It was shown recently that CSMA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access)-like distributed algorithms can achieve the maximal throughput in wireless networks (and task processing networks) under certain assumptions [1]. One idealized assumption is that the sensing time is negligible, so that there is no collision. In this paper, we study more practical CSMA-based scheduling algorithms with collisions. First, we provide a model and give an explicit throughput formula, which has a simple product-form due to the quasi-reversibility structure of the model. Second, we show that the algorithm in [1] can be extended to approach throughput optimality in this case. Finally, sufficient conditions are given to ensure the convergence and stability of the proposed algorithm. Such conditions are also provided for the algorithm in [1] to achieve throughput-optimality. (Detailed proofs of all theorems here can be found in [2, 3].)
Stereoselectivity in the epoxidation of carbohydrate-based oxepines.

The facial selectivity in the DMDO epoxidation of carbohydrate-based oxepines derived from glucose, galactose, and mannose has been determined by product analysis and density functional theory (DFT, B3LYP/6-31+G**//B3LYP/6-31G*) calculations. Oxepines 3 and 4, derived from d-galactose and d-mannose, largely favor α- over β-epoxidation. The results reported here, along with selectivities in the DMDO-mediated epoxidation of d-xylose-based oxepine 1 and d-glucose-based oxepines 2 and 5 reported earlier, support a model in which electronic effects, guided by the stereochemistry of the oxygens on the oxepine ring, largely determine the stereoselectivity of epoxidation. Other contributing factors included conformational issues in the oxepine’s transition state relative to the reactant, the asynchronicity in bond formation of the epoxide, and the overall steric bulk on the α- and β-faces of the oxepine. Considered together, these factors should generally predict facial selectivity in the DMDO-epoxidation of cycl...
Comparison of Soil Sampling Devices for Soil Bulk Density Determination for Carbon Sequestration Monitoring

Soil bulk density is often used to adjust soil carbon (C) values for changes in soil density because of management differences in C-sequestration studies. Often hand-sampling devices used for soil fertility monitoring may be used for sampling soil to a depth of up to 30 cm. Four sampling devices of differing characteristics that can be used with hand-sampling equipment across full tillage, reduced tillage, and no-tillage to determine soil bulk density were evaluated. There were no significant differences in soil bulk density values between three cylindrical devices, which measured from 19 to 31 mm in diameter. However, a 21 mm × 76 mm rectangular device gave significantly lower bulk density values than the cylindrical devices. Calculation of soil organic carbon (SOC) mass per unit area showed similar results for the cylindrical devices with the rectangular device giving a significantly lower value than the cylindrical devices. Using a cylindrical device on a hand probe in a consistent manner will give sat...
Spectral Analysis of Detailed Vertical Wind Speed Profiles

Cape Kennedy vertical wind speed profiles measured by spectral analysis using fast Fourier transform method
Effects of acid neutralization on the properties of K+ and Na+poly(ethylene-co-methacrylic acid) ionomers

Abstract The effects of the degree of neutralization of the acid groups and, to some extent, the precursor melt index on the thermal, rheological, and mechanical properties of two series of poly(ethylene-co-methacrylic acid) (EMAA) ionomers, one based on sodium (Na + ) cations and one based on potassium cations (K + ), were examined. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and modulus results indicate that the secondary crystallization of the ionomers is generally completed 21 days after melt processing. DSC results indicate that the extent of crystallization increases with increasing neutralization level. The mechanical relaxation seen by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) in the vicinity of the secondary crystal melting point shifts to higher temperatures as the neutralization level increases. The rheological properties increase with decreasing precursor melt index and with increasing neutralization level to a lesser extent. The ionomer modulus and yield strength increase with increasing neutralization level up to 40% neutralization and then plateau or slightly decrease with further neutralization. The plateaus/maxima may be the result of an optimal spacing of alkaline ions and carboxyl groups within ionic groups at neutralization levels near 33%. The elongation at break and the Izod impact strength decrease with increasing neutralization. The modulus, yield stress, and impact strength are generally lowest for the ionomers with the highest precursor melt index.
Bank window dressing: Theory and evidence

Abstract This study is the first to examine empirically the propensity of banks to engage in window dressing behavior. We found evidence of a systematic upward window dressing adjustment in bank assets on the last day of each quarter over the 1978–1986 period. For the 1984–1986 period, there was also evidence of reversals of temporary window dressing behavior as assets returned to permanent (benchmark) levels after the quarter-end reporting date. Money market instruments such as Federal funds, repurchase agreements, Certificates of Deposit, and Eurodollar deposits appeared to be important liability-side vehicles for upward window dressing.
Dark matter and vectorlike leptons from gauged lepton number

We investigate a simple model where lepton number is promoted to a local U(1)L gauge symmetry which is then spontaneously broken, leading to a viable thermal dark matter (DM) candidate and vectorlike leptons as a byproduct. The dark matter arises as part of the exotic lepton sector required by the need to satisfy anomaly cancellation and is a Dirac electroweak (mostly) singlet neutrino. It is stabilized by an accidental global symmetry of the renormalizable Lagrangian which is preserved even after the gauged lepton number is spontaneously broken and can annihilate efficiently to give the correct thermal relic abundance. We examine the ability of this model to give a viable DM candidate and discuss both direct and indirect detection implications. We also examine some of the LHC phenomenology of the associated exotic lepton sector and in particular its effects on Higgs decays. © 2013 American Physical Society.
The 6.5 Ts: rationalising security and risk management strategies

Known strategies for responding to risk or insecurity help us to establish our options, make choices, follow best practices, behave commonly or interoperably with our partners and communicate about our behaviours with a common understanding. Unfortunately, different risk management authorities offer incompatible or incomplete strategies. For instance, no authority admits diversification, a routine strategy in many domains, especially finance. Similarly, no authority explicitly admits the possibility of turning a risk from negative to positive. This article reviews what is meant by a strategy, reviews and aligns currently prescribed strategies and rationalises the following strategies in detail: tolerate; treat (which sometimes leads to terminate); turn; take; transfer; and thin.
The Real Threat: An Essay on Samuel Huntington

Examining the most recent book by Samuel Huntington, Wlho Are We?: The Challenges to America's National Identity, raises a question that applies to similar publications, like The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life by Charles Murray: How should such books be reviewed? Who Are We? is one of a small number of volumes that look like works of social science and have the appearance of scholarship but actually appeal to, reinforce, and help to legitimate one form of prejudice or another. Some of these works, we shall see, "merely" agitate against democratic forms of government; others reflect various anti-feelings-anti-Black, Mexican (and more generally immigrants), or Muslim (and more generally foreigners)-just as certain films seem at first glance to be works of art but actually appeal to prurient interests. Should one treat such works the
Growth inhibition of human Tenon's capsule fibroblasts and rabbit dermal fibroblasts with non-carcinogenic N-alkylated anthracyclines

Bleb fibrosis after glaucoma filtering surgery and proliferative vitreoretinopathy after retinal detachment surgery are complications caused by proliferation of fibroblasts or fibroblastlike cells. The anthracycline daunomycin (DNM) has been used for treatment of those proliferative processes in humans. However, complications such as conjunctival necrosis and corneal or scleral ulcerations have been reported after administration of DNM to glaucoma patients. Intravitreal administration of DNM in rabbit eyes resulted in morphological and functional retinal damage. DNM also has the undesired general effect of carcinogenicity. N-Alkylation of the aminosugar moiety of DNM results in reduction or loss of carcinogenicity. We evaluated the inhibitory effect of the new non-carcinogenic N-alkylated analogues aclacinomycin A (ACA), N,N-dimethyladriamycin (AD280), and N-trifluoroacetyladriamycin-14-O-hemiadipate (AD143) on the growth of cultured human Tenon's capsule fibroblasts and rabbit dermal fibroblasts. Using DNM as a positive control, we conducted proliferation assays that demonstrated that ACA and AD280 inhibited fibroblast growth as effectively as DNM. AD143 was less efficacious. The magnitude of cellular growth inhibition was concentration dependent for all drugs tested. Extension of exposure times resulted in increased rates of cell death. Our in vitro studies suggest that further evaluation of ACA and AD280 should be carried out in animal models of ocular proliferative disorders.
Reconsidering the Tribal-State Compact Process

This essay evaluates the tribal-state compact process, as one of several alternative, nonadversarial processes, warranting attention. It argues that, because of its binding character and relatively low cost (in contrast to litigation), and because it is based in the idea of tribes and states exhibiting mutual respect, the compact process is an advanced version of negotiation and bargaining that tribes and states should consider where appropriate.
The influence of repellency on the efficacy of blatticides. III. Field experiments with German cockroaches with notes on three other species.

Boric acid powder, applied at dosages of from 0.18 to 2.27 kg per dwelling and from 1.45 to 22.7 kg per commercial building, resulted in better control of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.), than such representative organic insecticides as Baygon® ( O -isopropoxyphenyl methylcarbamate), diazinon and diazinon plus dichlorvos, applied as liquid sprays at the usual dosages. It was more, effective also than Drione® (1 % pyrethrins, 10% technical piperonyl butoxide, 38.12% amorphous silica aerogel, 1.88% ammonium fluosilicate, 49% petroleum base oil), or sodium fluoride applied as dusts. Its greater efficacy was believed to be principally the result of its much lower repellency to cockroaches, although its longer residual activity, when compared with the organic insecticides, was probably also important. The relative superiority of boric acid increased in complex environments such as buildings of loose construction with excessive furnishings and clutter, where much untreated harborage existed. Boric acid acted as a contact and stomach insecticide. It killed cockroaches slowly, and in heavy infestations a few insects could be seen for as long as 7-10 days following treatment, but it had less tendency than other insecticides to drive the insects to previously uninfected parts of a building. In some heavy infestations in dwellings, rapid knockdown of cockroaches was accomplished by first treating the kitchen and other heavily infested areas with pyrethrum aerosols or with base oil-pyrethrum solutions with electric fogging devices. Dusting with boric acid in commercial buildings was usually followed by mopping the floors with I cup of granular boric acid added to the usual rinse water. With the exception of trisodium phosphate, the detergents normally used did not detract from the insecticidal efficacy of the solution.
Talking It Over With the Gals: An Analysis of Editorials by Phyllis Stern

Editorials written by a journal editor proved a glimpse of that individual's philosophy and opinions about topical events. The purpose of the present project was to analyze the editorials of Phyllis Noerager Stern during the years that she served as editor-in-chief of Health Care for Women International (1983–2001). Using ethnographic content analysis, 65 editorials were examined to ascertain: (1) what event triggered the editorial; (2) what aim or objective could be identified; and (3) what rhetorical devices the editor employed. Personal narratives and editorials about the abuse/exploitation of women made up the largest categories. Stern's grounded theory orientation, fascination with other cultures, and zest for life were evident throughout the corpus of editorials.
Structural and dynamic interpretation of the fractal scalings of the open and closed time distributions from single channel recordings

The open and closed time histograms of ion channels can be described by scaling functions that relate how the probability to change states at one time scale is related to that probability at other time scales. In some channels these scaling functions have a fractal form. We show how these scaling functions can be understood in terms of the structure or the dynamics of the ion channel protein. In the structural interpretation, the scaling functions determine the distribution of activation energy barriers between conformational sub-states. In the dynamic interpretation, the scaling functions determine the time dependence of the activation energy barriers.
Nitric oxide production during adjuvant-induced and collagen-induced arthritis.

Objective. To investigate the role of nitric oxide (NO) production and NO synthase (NOS) induction during adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) and collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in Dark Agouti rats. Methods. Urinary nitrate excretion and immune NOS (iNOS) messenger RNA (mRNA) expression were measured in the joint, lymph node, spleen, and liver tissues following the induction of either AIA or CIA. Results. Urinary nitrate excretion and iNOS mRNA expression increased substantially during joint inflammation in both models of arthritis. However, the increases in urinary nitrate excretion and iNOS mRNA expression observed in the joint, liver, and spleen tissues during AIA were greater than those observed during CIA, although iNOS induction in the lymph nodes was similar for both models. A prior injection with Mycobacterium bovis heat-shock protein resulted in suppression of arthritis and NO production in AIA, but not in CIA. Conclusion. Differences in NO production during AIA versus CIA are a reflection of the fundamental pathophysiologic differences between these 2 models of arthritis. Thus, NO production in these 2 models could not be merely a nonspecific reaction to the adjuvant injection, nor simply a byproduct of local inflammation in the joint.
The turnover frequency of methylcyclohexane dehydrogenation to toluene on a Pt reforming catalyst

Abstract The dehydrogenation of methylcyclohexane to toluene is representative of one of the major types of reactions occurring in the catalytic reforming of petroleum naphtha fractions. An investigation of the kinetics of the reaction on a platinum reforming catalyst in the temperature range of 588–645 K was reported by the writer and coworkers in 1960. Included in that paper was a value of the reaction rate per unit surface area of platinum at 588 K, along with a rate expression permitting one to obtain such information over a range of reaction conditions. The determination of this intrinsic measure of the dehydrogenation activity of the 1 nm clusters of platinum in the catalyst was made possible by the work of Spenadel and Boudart on the development of a hydrogen chemisorption method for the evaluation of the platinum surface area. In the present paper, the writer reports the dehydrogenation activity of the platinum clusters in the form of a turnover frequency, a measure of catalytic activity advocated by Boudart analogous to that used by workers in enzyme catalysis. The writer then extrapolates the rate equation in the 1960 paper of Sinfelt and coworkers to determine a turnover frequency at a substantially higher temperature characteristic of a catalytic reforming operation, and compares this with a value at that temperature determined directly by experiment. Finally, the turnover frequency for methylcyclohexane is compared with that for its homolog cyclohexane.
Achieving optimal outcomes after radical prostatectomy

Purpose The most favorable outcome that can be achieved after radical prostatectomy is complete tumor resection without recurrence and full recovery of continence and potency. Risks of erectile dysfunction, incontinence, and disease recurrence are well described, but in isolation, do not adequately inform patients of the possibility of becoming cancer-free while at the same time returning to their preoperative functional state. We sought to determine the frequency of optimal outcomes after radical prostatectomy and the time to such outcomes. Patients and Methods Patients who underwent radical prostatectomy performed at a tertiary referral center between July 1998 and July 2003 for clinical stage T1 to T3 prostate cancer were identified. Patients were excluded if they were incontinent or impotent preoperatively, or if they had received radiotherapy or neoadjuvant androgen deprivation therapy previously. Six hundred forty-seven patients were analyzed for time to recovery of full continence and potency without cancer recurrence after surgery. Optimal outcome probability was calculated with a Markov state transition model to simulate clinical outcomes in the first 4 years following radical prostatectomy. Results Mean patient age was 58 years, and mean pretreatment prostate-specific antigen was 6.9 ng/mL. Cancer-free status with full continence and potency was achieved in 30% of men at 12 months, 42% at 24 months, 47% at 36 months, and 53% at 48 months postoperatively. Conclusion Optimal outcomes after radical prostatectomy can be achieved in a small majority of cases. Time to full recovery is primarily dictated by recovery of erectile function. This information is helpful for patients interested in their chances of returning to their preoperative functional state.
Routing of deep-subwavelength optical beams without reflection and diffraction using infinitely anisotropic metamaterials

Media that are described by extreme electromagnetic parameters, such as very large/small permittivity/permeability, have generated significant fundamental and applied interest in recent years. Notable examples include epsilon-near-zero, ultra-low refractive-index, and ultra-high refractive-index materials. Many photonic structures, such as waveguides, lenses, and photonic band gap materials, benefit greatly from the large index contrast provided by such media. In this paper, I discuss our recent work on media with infinite anisotropy, i.e., infinite permittivity (permeability) in one direction and finite in the other directions. As an illustration of the unusual optical behaviors that result from infinite anisotropy, I describe efficient light transport in deep-subwavelength apertures filled with infinitely anisotropic media. I then point out some of the opportunities that exist for controlling light at the nano-scale using infinitely anisotropic media by themselves. First, I show that a single medium with infinite anisotropy enables diffraction-free propagation of deep-subwavelength beams. Next, I demonstrate interfaces between two infinitely anisotropic media that are impedancematched for complete deep-subwavelength beams and enable reflection-free routing with zero bend radius that is entirely free from diffraction effects even when deep-subwavelength information is encoded on the beams. These behaviors indicate an unprecedented possibility to use media with infinite anisotropy to manipulate beams with deepsubwavelength features, including complete images. To illustrate physical realizability, I demonstrate a metamaterial design using existing materials in a planar geometry, which can be implemented using well-established nanofabrication techniques. This approach provides a path to deep-subwavelength routing of information-carrying beams and far-field imaging unencumbered by diffraction and reflection.
ELENDIF: A time-dependent Boltzmann solver for partially ionized plasmas

Abstract ELENDIF calculates the time evolution of the electron energy distribution function in a mixture of partially ionized gases with or without an applied electric field. The code can treat inelastic and superelastic processes, electron-electron and electron-ion collisions, photon-electron (free-free) processes, attachment and recombination, ionization including a distribution of secondary electrons, and an external source of electrons (e.g. an electron beam). The code also computes the mean electron energy, drift velocity, diffusion coefficient, rate coefficients and energy flow rates for the processes being included in the calculation.
Hierarchical distributed genetic algorithms: a fuzzy logic controller design application

Unlike conventional genetic algorithms, HDGAs use a multiresolutional search scheme and change structure to achieve a goal. In this application, an HDGA investigates various configurations dynamically to find the optimal design of a fuzzy logic controller for a complex, unmanned, space-based plant.
Some structural properties of simple active and passive sentences

The present experiment studied the diversity and covariation of the words used by S s as the actor, verb, and object of simple active and passive sentences. Two groups of 60 S s were given sentence-frames and asked to generate sentences. Informational uncertainty of the words S s used in these sentence-frames was used as a measure of diversity. The results were: (a) In the active sentence, the actor had much less uncertainty than the verb and object. The actor varied relatively independently of the verb and object, which covaried more as a unit. (b) In the passive sentence, the object (the first sentence part and traditional “subject”), verb, and actor did not show noticeably different uncertainties. The object and verb constrained each other more than the actor constrained either of them; however, the actor was constrained considerably by the verb. (c) The S s did not treat the passive sentence-frame simply as a transformed active sentence-frame, since the pattern of uncertainty in the actor, verb, and object and the use of animate nouns as actors and objects differed consistently in the two grammatical forms. These results present negative evidence for the notion that S s generate passive sentences simply by imposing a transformation on active sentences, as Miller's (1962) transformational model would imply; instead, the results argue for a sequential left-to-right generation of sentences.
A Spatial Modeling Framework for Siting Critical Supply Infrastructures

Since the launch of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security in 2002, research needs have been established in the areas of disaster preparedness and critical infrastructure protection. Disaster preparedness seeks to lessen the adverse effects of catastrophes by planning in advance and instituting a proper response. Critical infrastructures are those entities deemed necessary for society to function correctly and thus require protection. Recent studies have used location models to aid in the management of many of these crucial establishments, but few efforts have modeled where to geographically site a future critical supply facility. Furthermore, no research has explored a multihazards approach for siting critical supply facilities and the explicitly spatial factors that make a potential target vulnerable to attack. In this article, we propose a strategic multiobjective modeling framework for siting critical supply facilities that incorporates explicitly spatial disaster preparedness directives and critica...
Effect of external acidosis on basal and ATP-evoked calcium influx in cultured astrocytes.

Abstract The effect of lactic acidosis on calcium influx, accumulation and efflux was studied in primary cultures of neonatal cortical rat astrocytes. Treatment of cultures with 20 mM sodium lactate, pH 6.0, for 10–60 min resulted in a 35% reduction of45Ca2+ influx. The decrease in calcium influx was pH dependent because a similar reduction was observed in cultures exposed to pH 6.0 without lactate, while no difference was observed in cultures treated with sodium lactate at pH 7.4. Calcium accumulation was also decreased by lactic acidosis (20% reduction), while calcium efflux was unaffected. Studies with lanthanum, an inhibitor of calcium transport, indicated that the effect of lactic acidosis was not due to non-specific leakage of calcium. The reduction in calcium influx was reversible, thereby indicating that the cells were not permenantly damaged by lactic acidosis. In addition to basal calcium influx, stimulated influx (mediated by extracellular ATP, 100 μM) was also reduced by 20 mM sodium lactate, pH 6. These findings suggest that protonization of calcium channels or other calcium entry pathways leads to a reduction in calcium influx in astrocytes. This diminished calcium entry, by affecting calcium-dependent mechanisms necessary for such processes as volume regulation, glycogen metabolism, or regulation of ionic permeability, may alter the ability of astrocytes to elicit appropriate responses following CNS injury.
Study of high temperature oxide superconductors

Experimental studies are reported whose results indicate that proper processing procedures are critical to the formation of high-temperature copper oxide superconductors. Superconducting 123 films can be fabricated using the green 211 phase as a substrate. The transition temperature and transition width characteristics of these films are better than those obtained when other oxide compounds are used as substrates. A compact or single-crystal 211 phase will be desirable as a substrate for high-quality thin films. A new high T(c) copper oxide compound with nonrare earth elements was prepared using high-temperature processing. A YBa2Cu3O7-Ag composite with improved electrical conductivity was also prepared.
Renormalization group methods for nonlinear parabolic equations

Renormalization group (RG) methods are described for determining the key exponents related to the decay of solutions to nonlinear parabolic differential equations. Higher order (in the small coefficient of the nonlinearity) methods are developed. Exact solutions and theorems in some special cases confirm the RG results.
PECVD of transition metals for the production of high-density circuits

Abstract For the direct metallization of polymers, a plasma process is developed that can be used for the fabrication of high-density interconnects (HDI) such as chipsize packages, multichip modules and fine line printed circuit boards. The two-step process consists of a polymer conditioning by plasma and a subsequent plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) of transition metals. The PECVD process combines the technological advantages as a high polymer–metal adhesion (12–25 N/cm), very smooth polymer–metal interfaces ( Rt
Chromatin fine structure of the histone gene complex of Drosophila melanogaster

Abstract We have used salt extractions of nuclei and long agarose gels to dissect the chromatin fine structure of the histone gene repeat of Drosophila melanogaster. Extraction of nuclei with 0.35 M KCl removes many non-histone chromosomal proteins but does not significantly disturb the overall nucleosome arrangement of the repeat unit. After extraction of nuclei with 0.55 M KCl, which also removes histone Hl, the basic arrangement of nucleosome core particles in the repeat unit is not greatly disturbed and the exposed DNA segments near the 5' ends of the histone genes are also retained. Extraction of nuclei with 0.75 M or higher KCl concentrations causes extensive nucleosome sliding and rearrangement with accompanying changes in the nucleoprotein organization of the histone gene complex and loss of the 5' hypersensitive sites. Our results indicate that the histone gene repeat displays a highly organized chromatin structure in vivo.