cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In-home consumer evaluations of individual muscles from beef rounds subjected to tenderization treatments.

In-home evaluations of the M. vastus lateralis, M. rectus femoris, M. semimembranosus, and M. adductor (n = 266) muscles that were either blade tenderized, enhanced with a salt and phosphate solution, or served as a control (no tenderization or enhancement treatment) were conducted. Consumers (n = 261) cooked these steaks and were asked to document cooking method and degree of doneness, and provide palatability ratings for each steak. Enhancing round muscles with a salt and phosphate solution improved most palatability traits compared to blade tenderized or control steaks. For M. semimembranosus and M. vastus lateralis, the enhanced steaks received higher (P < 0.05) ratings for all palatability traits. Cooking method and degree of doneness had little influence on consumer palatability ratings, and where differences occurred, they were muscle specific. This may allow limited recommendations for the most appropriate cooking method and degree of doneness for specific beef round muscles.
Formaldehyde sensor using interband cascade laser based quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy

A novel continuous-wave mid-infrared distributed feedback interband cascade laser was utilized to detect and quantify formaldehyde (H2CO) using quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy. The laser was operated at liquid-nitrogen temperatures and provided single-mode output powers of up to 12 mW at 3.53 μm (2832.5 cm-1). The noise equivalent (1σ) detection sensitivity of the sensor was measured to be 2.2×10-8 cm-1 W (Hz)-1/2 for H2CO in ambient air, which corresponds to a detection limit of 0.6 parts in 106 by volume (ppmv) for a 10 s sensor time constant and 3.4 mW laser power delivered to the sensor module.
An Overview of Copyright Law and Distance Education

T HE COPYRIGHT ACT OF 1976 did not anticipate copy machines, scanners, or new technologies that would change our ideas of instructional space, making the globe our classroom. The amendments (Section 110) to the Copyright Act give faculty a certain degree of freedom in using copyrighted materials copyrighted books, slides, videos, sound recordings, and other media--in their classes. The Fair Use Doctrine established criteria to determine fair use and the amount of reproduction (mostly by photocopying) of copyrighted materials for educational and scholarly purposes. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998 sought to fill in loopholes in the copyright law and promote distance education through digital technologies, including interactive digital networks, while balancing between the fights of copyright owners and the needs of users of copyrighted works. However, there were too many copyright issues that couldn't be resolved at the time. It was then left to publishers, government personnel, educators, authors, and others to work toward an acceptable solution. Until then, fair use remains a critical part of distance education. Performance and display in instruction, other educational uses of works (the provision of supplementary materials), or student downloading of course materials will continue to be subject to the fair use doctrine. It is the responsibility of the campus community to identify whether a portion of a certain copyrighted work in coursepacks, multimedia projects, and on Web sites constitutes fair use of a work. Therefore,
ZF-DFE transceiver design for time-varying MIMO channels using space-time generalized triangular decomposition

We consider the design of MIMO transceivers with zeroforcing (ZF) decision feedback detection over time-varying MIMO channels. The data vectors are grouped into spacetime blocks (ST-blocks) for the spatial and temporal precoding to take advantage of the diversity offered by time-varying channels. We extend the generalized triangular decomposition (GTD) for the case of time-varying channels by introducing the space-time GTD (ST-GTD). Based on ST-GTD and the channel prediction, we propose the space-time geometric mean decomposition (ST-GMD) based system which minimizes the arithmetic mean square error (MSE) for every ST-block. We also present the causal ST-GTD based system which does not require channel prediction. The simulations show that this system achieves the same BER performance asymptotically as the ST-GMD based system. In moderate high SNR, the proposed systems have superior BER performance over the conventional GMD-based systems.
History of spinal cord vascular malformations and their treatment

Abstract In this article, the history of spinal cord vascular malformations will be reviewed. Beginning with the first indentification in 1885, the progress in both understanding and treating these vascular malformations will be traced. Advances in diagnostic imaging and techniques for treatment, both microsurgical and endovascular, contributed to the present day classification, pathophysiology, and management of these complex, yet rare, problems.
Agonist-induced hydrolysis of phosphoinositides and formation of 1,2-diacylglycerol in adult human keratinocytes

The ability of a variety of agonists to induce formation of inositol phosphates and 1,2-diacylglycerol in cultured adult human keratinocytes has been investigated. Histamine, bradykinin, and thrombin significantly stimulated formation of inositol mono-, bis-, and trisphosphate and 1,2-diacylglycerol within 5 min after addition. Aluminum fluoride also caused a dose-dependent accumulation of inositol phosphates suggesting the participation of a GTP binding protein in the regulation of phospholipase C-catalyzed phosphoinositide hydrolysis. These data demonstrate that human keratinocytes possess the capacity for phospholipase C-mediated signal transduction and suggest that this pathway may participate in the regulation of keratinocyte function.
Procedure for conducting the host-mediated assay utilizing bacteria (‘Salmonella typhimurium’)

Irrespective of the indicator system selected, several concentrations of a compound under investigation should be used and a dose-response curve is essential. A standard mutagen as well as an adequate negative control should always be included in the test. At the present state of the art, it is quite, possible that the host-mediated assay will play a significant role in characterizing chemical mutagens and establishing a correlation between carcinogenic and mutagenic substances. Future development in this field will include attempts to localize the site of action of a specific agent by the use of chambers (Fiscor et al. [2]), the development of a single indicator microbial strain that could detect multiple genetic lesions, and use of experimental animals other than the mouse. In addition to the conventional host-mediated assay, the indicator system described in this report will no doubt be used as one of the few available methods for detecting the presence of chemical mutagens and carcinogens in man, by appropriate analysis of body fluids.
A developmental study of the asymmetrical tonic neck reflex.

SUMMARY The asymmetrical tonic neck reflex (atnr) was elicited in 84 normal children aged between three and nine years. The children were positioned on all-fours and the head was placed first in the mid-line, then rotated to the right and finally to the left; the positions of the ipsilateral and contralateral elbows were then measured with a goniometer. The atnr was demonstrated in all the children and showed no systematic change with increasing age. When instructed to do so, the children in all age-groups were able to lessen the amount of reflex movement, but not to eliminate it completely. Some tentative norms for the physical examination of the atnr in children are provided. RESUME Le reflexe tonique asymetrique du cou (atnr) a ete sollicite chez 84 enfants normaux de trois a neuf ans. Les enfants etaient a quatre pattes, la tete placee dans la ligne moyenne puis tournee vers la droite et finalement vers la gauche. Les ouvertures des coudes ipsilateraux et contra-lateraux etaient alors mesurees a l'aide d'un goniometre. L'atnretait present chez tous les enfants de tous les groupes sans changement avec l'âge. Quand on le leur demandait, les enfants de tous les groupes pouvaient diminuer l'importance du mouvement reflexe sans le supprimer completement. Quelques indications de normes pour la recherche clinique de L'atnr chez l'enfant sont indiquees. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Der asymmetrisch tonische Halsreflex (atnr) wurde bei 84 normalen Kindern im Alter zwischen drei und neun Jahren ausgelost. Die Kinder wurden in Vierfuβerstellung gebracht und der Kopf aus Mittelposition erst nach rechts dann nach links gedreht: die Positionen der ipsi-und kontralateralen Ellenbogen wurde mit einem Goniometer gemessen. Der atnr konnte bei alien Kindern ausgelost werden und zeigte mit zunehmendem Alter keine Veranderung. Alle Kinder waren in der Lage, auf Anweisung die Starke der Reflexbewegung herabzusetzen, jedoch nicht vollstandig auszuschalten. Es werden einige empirische Normen fur die physikaliche Untersuchung des atnr bei Kindern gegeben. RESUMEN Se estudio el reflejo tonico del cuello asimetrico en 84 ninos normales de edad entre 3 y 9 anos. Fueron colocados a 4 patas y la cabeza primero en la linea media, y despues girada hacia la derecha y finalmente hacia la izquierda, midiendose con un goniometro el angulo del codo homolateral y contralateral. El reflejo se demostro en todos ninos de los 4 grupos de edad y no mostro ningun cambio sistematico al sumentar la edad. Cuando se les enseno a hacerlo los ninos de todos los grupos eran capaces de disminuir la cantidad de movimiento reflejo, pero sin eliminarlo completamente. Se dan algunas normas para el examen fisico del citado reflejo en ninos.
A review of applications of group-contingency procedures used in behavior modification in the regular classroom: some recommendations for school personnel.

The increasing popularity of behavior modification techniques has led to the development of contingencies applied on a group-wide basis. The use of group contingencies in regular school classroom research is reviewed and specific studies discussed. A comparison between the effectiveness of group and individual contingencies is made. The positive and negative features of group contingencies are presented. Questions for future research are posed. Finally, recommendations are presented for the practitioner in the school.
Saturable Thermally-Representative Steinmetz-Based Loss Models

Core losses in power magnetic components are important factors in their design. These losses are influenced by factors including frequency, temperature, and flux density waveform. A common empirical model to predict these losses is the Steinmetz equation and its derivatives such as the modified Steinmetz equation and the generalized Steinmetz equation. In this paper, these three models are modified to address magnetic saturation and temperature dependence. The work focuses on manganese zinc ferrite samples for low to medium frequency operation. Experimental hardware verification is provided and results obtained demonstrate that the proposed model modifications significantly reduce model error.
Efficacy of cimetidine for gastric acid suppression in pediatric patients.

The efficacy of oral cimetidine for gastric acid suppression in pediatric patients was examined in a double-blind study. Twenty-seven patients with gastroesophageal reflux-related gastrointestinal symptoms, pulmonary symptoms, or both were given randomly determined doses of cimetidine. Response was evaluated by continuous intragastric monitoring with a pH probe. Twenty-three patients were given cimetidine doses of 5, 7.5, and 10 mg/kg; eight of these patients were also given additional doses of 15 mg/kg. Four patients received only 10 and 15 mg/kg, because of previous poor clinical response to the lower dosages. The onset of gastric pH>4 was delayed more than 2 hours in 50% of patients with responses to the 5 mg/kg dose. Of the patients with responses to the 10 mg/kg dose, 75% had showed a rise in gastric pH>4 within 2 hours. With respect to the duration of gastric acid suppression, 70% of patients receiving 5 mg/kg doses and 52% of those receiving 7.5 mg/kg doses did not have a sustained a response for more than 2 hours, whereas 75% of patients receiving 10 mg/kg doses had gastric acid suppression for longer than 2 hours. Of the patients receiving 15 mg/kg doses, 75% had a response for more than 2 hours; 50% of these patients had a response for more than 3 hours. We conclude that recommended doses of cimetidine for children may not be optimal for adequate gastric acid suppression.
Design of InGaAs/Si avalanche photodetectors for 400-GHz gain-bandwidth product

In an InGaAs/Si avalanche photodetector (APD), Si is used as the multiplication material to provide avalanche gain, while InGaAs is used as the absorption material. High quantum efficiency, high gain-bandwidth product, and low noise for detection of wavelengths between 1.0 micrometer and 1.6 micrometer can be achieved in this way. We present possible design variations and analyze the performance of these APDs. Particular attention is paid to a 10 Gbit/s APD and we design InGaAs/Si APDs with a 3-dB bandwidth larger than 10 GHz and a gain-bandwidth product greater than 400 GHz.
Enzymatic synthesis of geraniol and citronellol esters by direct esterification in n-hexane

Short chain fatty acid esters of geraniol and citronellol were synthesized by lipase-catalyzed direct esterification with yields ranging from 90 to 100% molar conversion. The effect of the order of addition of substrates, solvent and enzyme was investigated. Yields were highest when the solvent was added first followed by the substrates and then the lipase.
FOXP3 is a direct target of miR15a/16 in umbilical cord blood regulatory T cells.

Exact mechanism of action of umbilical cord blood (CB)-derived regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the prevention of GVHD remains unclear. On the basis of selective overexpression of peptidase inhibitor 16 in CB Tregs, we explored the related p53 pathway, which has been shown to negatively regulate miR15a/16 expression. Significantly lower levels of miR15a/16 were observed in CB Tregs when compared with conventional CB T cells (Tcons). In a xenogeneic GVHD mouse model, lower levels of miR15a/16 were also found in Treg recipients, which correlated with a better GVHD score. Forced overexpression of miR15a/16 in CB Tregs led to inhibition of FOXP3 and CTLA4 expression and partial reversal of Treg-mediated suppression in an allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction that correlated with the reversal of FOXP3 demethylation in CB Tregs. On the other hand, miR15a/16 knockdown in CB Tcons led to expression of FOXP3 and CTLA4 and suppression of allogeneic lymphocyte proliferation. Using a luciferase-based mutagenesis assay, FOXP3 was determined to be a direct target of miR15a and miR16. We propose that miR15a/16 has an important role in mediating the suppressive function of CB Tregs and these microRNAs may have a ‘toggle-switch’ function in Treg/Tcon plasticity.
Pulmonary Fibrosis-A possible mechanism

Abstract The hypothesis that pulmonary fibrosis, a chronic and incurable respiratory disease in man, could develop if reepithelialization following acute lung damage was compromised by a second toxic agent was investigated. Previous work suggested that in the lung dividing alveolar type II cells are more susceptible to the cytotoxic effect of oxygen than dividing interstitial cells. Male BALB c mice were injected ip with 400 mg/kg butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and placed immediately in 70% oxygen or air for 6 days. In vivo incorporation of thymidine into pulmonary DNA was significantly inhibited by exposure to oxygen 2 and 4 days after BHT administration, whereas after 6 days it was markedly elevated as compared to treatment with BHT alone. Animals exposed to oxygen following BHT developed extensive interstitial fibrosis by Day 14, as determined by both hydroxyproline analysis and histopathological examination. No fibrosis developed in mice treated with oxygen alone or when oxygen treatment was delayed until 7 days following BHT injection. Mice treated with BHT alone showed only slight lung fibrosis. The minimum length of exposure to oxygen resulting in increased lung hydroxyproline was 24 hr. Pretreatment for 7 days with oxygen, followed by BHT, did not enhance the development of fibrosis. The combined effects of BHT and oxygen, when given in the correct temporal sequence, were synergistic and not simply additive. We concluded that pulmonary fibrosis can result from interaction between an agent causing acute lung damage and a second toxic agent which compromises reepithelialization.
Development of a fast chromotomographic spectrometer

A method for preprocessing spectral information produced by chromotomographic imagers combined with a new postprocessing strategy is proposed. The new technique makes it possible to collect both spectral and limited spatial information from a chromotomographic sensor at kilohertz rates with a conventional charge-coupled device (CCD) array. The proposed technique involves forming a vector projection of each 2-D frame collected by the sensor. The vector projections are postprocessed via a reconstruction algorithm that produces 1-D profiles of the scene and a spectrum for each 1-D pixel. This on-chip preprocessing approach results in a large reduction of the bandwidth through the analog to digital converter, while maintaining the desired temporal resolution of the sensor. High-speed CMOS cameras can obtain comparable speeds, but at significant added cost in hardware and postprocessing time. This makes the proposed sensor attractive for applications where large numbers of sensors are required and the need to obtain spectral information quickly is of paramount importance.
X-ray diffraction structure of the 1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene (dppf)-bridged complex [(dppf)AgCl]2: An unexpected product from the reaction betweencis-(bpy)2RuCl2 and dppf in the presence of AgBF4

The reaction betweencis-Ru(bpy)2Cl2 (where bpy=bipyridine) and the diphosphine ligand 1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene (dppf) in the presence of AgBF4 has led to the isolation of the title compound [Ag(dppf)Cl]2. [Ag(dppf)Cl]2 has been structurally characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis, which confirms the bridging mode adopted by the ancillary dppf ligand and the centrosymmetric nature of this molecule. Dimeric [Ag(dppf)Cl]2 crystallizes in the triclinic space group\(P\bar 1\),a=11.426(1) A,b=11.509(1) A,c=12.786(1) A, α=68.96(2)°, β=70.66(2)°, γ=71.24(2)°,V=1441(1) A3,Z=1,dcalc=1.608 g·cm−3;R=0.0445,Rw=0.0566 for 4486 observed reflections withl>3σ(l)
Methane partial oxidation on Pt/CeO2 and Pt/Al2O3 catalysts

Partial oxidation of methane to synthesis gas over 0.5 wt.% Pt/Al_2O_3 and 0.5 wt.% Pt/CeO_2 catalysts was studied in a packed-bed reactor and supplementary runs of methane reforming with carbon dioxide were carried out. Fresh and used catalysts were characterized by nitrogen adsorption (BET method) for total surface area, and by H_2 and CO chemisorption or by the rate of propene hydrogenation for metal surface area. At temperatures up to 650°C, the Pt/CeO_2 catalyst gave considerably higher methane conversion and higher selectivity to CO and H_2 but above 700°C, the activities and selectivities of both catalysts were comparable. The Pt/CeO_2 catalyst maintained high selectivity to CO and H_2 when the CH_4:O_2 feed ratio varied from 1.7 to 2.3 while the Pt/Al_2O_3 catalyst had lower activity and selectivity under methane-rich conditions. The Pt/CeO_2 catalyst was also more active for methane reforming by carbon dioxide.
Third-order nonlinearity and optical limiting of dichloromethane solutions of cis-Mo(CO)4(PPh3)2

Abstract Oxidized dichloromethane solutions of cis -Mo(CO) 4 (PPh 3 ) 2 stabilized by the addition of excess PPh 3 exhibit unusual large molecular second-order hyperpolarizabilities with minimal linear absorption. To better understand the mechanism by which this occurs, DFWM, Z-scan and optical limiting experiments have been carried out on oxidized dichloromethane solutions of cis -Mo(CO) 4 (PPh 3 ) 2 using 5.8 ns laser pulses at 532 nm. Our results demonstrate that the mechanism by which the oxidized species enhance the third-order nonlinear response is not dominated by thermal effects, but is instead due to the strong nonlinear absorption and nonlinear refraction of the oxidized species. Moreover, the oxidized species shows very strong optical limiting properties. Such complexes would be very interesting third-order nonlinear optical materials for optical limiting applications.
Indigenous traces in colonial spaces Archaeologies of ambiguity, origin, and practice

This article reconsiders how archaeologists find Indigenous people, particularly Native Americans, in past colonial communities. Significant progress has been made in studying indigenous living are...
A quantitative colorimetric assay for squalene.

Abstract A rapid and sensitive quantitative colorimetric test for squalene has been devised. The color reaction involves the use of sulfuric acid and formaldehyde. The test will give a positive reaction with other compounds which contain double bonds and must consequently be used in conjunction with other methods which yield purified squalene. This method has been found very useful for rapid quantitation of the amounts of squalene eluted from silicic acid columns.
Some issues in the abstraction of genetic structures of monkey societies

Genetic models of subdivided populations usually assume highly simplified fixed population structures. Studies of social groups of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) and hamadryas baboons (Papio hamadryas) indicate that populations of these monkeys possess complex, distinctive, highly dynamic population structures. The lack of correspondence between assumptions of ordinary genetic models and observations on real monkey populations seems sufficiently great that existing genetic models for subdivided populations cannot serve as theories for monkey populations. It is suggested that more adequate representations of genetic structures of populations of social species will be built with formalisms borrowed from linguistic and computer sciences.
Management trends in prenatally detected hydronephrosis: national survey of pediatrician practice patterns and antibiotic use.

Objective To assess the practice patterns of general pediatricians in the management of prenatally detected hydronephrosis. Hydronephrosis is the most common abnormality found on prenatal ultrasonography. The utility of prophylactic antibiotics in the postnatal management of this condition is controversial. No study has assessed the practice patterns of general pediatricians in the management of prenatally detected hydronephrosis. Methods An 18-question survey was sent to a random cross-section national sample of pediatricians from the American Medical Association Masterfile. The participants answered questions regarding practice location and type, practice experience, frequency of cases seen, familiarity with the published data, use of antibiotics, workup of hydronephrosis, and specialist referral. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify the factors associated with prescribing antibiotics. Results Of the 461 pediatricians, 244 (53%) responded. Of the respondents, 56% routinely prescribed antibiotics for prenatally detected hydronephrosis, and 57% performed the postnatal workup themselves. Of these, 98% routinely ordered ultrasound scans and ∼40% routinely ordered voiding cystourethrograms. Of the respondents, 94% always had specialists readily available; however, only 41% always referred to a specialist. On multivariate logistic regression analysis, those who believe prophylactic antibiotics to be beneficial were significantly more likely to prescribe antibiotics than those who had not read the published data (odds ratio 6.1, 95% confidence interval 2-15). Those without specialist consultation readily available had an increased odds of starting prophylactic antibiotics compared with those who had consultation available (odds ratio 7.2, 95% confidence interval 1.3-39). Conclusion Most pediatricians initiate postnatal management of prenatally detected hydronephrosis; therefore, pediatricians truly are the gatekeepers for children with this condition. Knowledge of the practice patterns is crucial for the dissemination of evidence-based information to the appropriate providers and will enable us to learn more about the utility of antibiotic prophylaxis in future studies.
DECREASED GROWTH HORMONE (GH) BINDING TO IM-9 CELLS IN CHILDREN WITH BIOLOGICALLY INACTIVE GH SYNDROME (BI)

We measured the ratio of radioreceptor assayable (RRA) to radioimunoassayable (RIA) GH in: a/ Fifteen normal stature children and young adults (controls), b/ Seven poorly growing children (neurosecretory; NS) who had normal GH RIA responses to stimulation but deficient 24-hour integrated concentration of GH (IC-GH). c/ Six poorly growing children (bioinactive; BI) who had normal GH secretion both to stimulation and IC-GH. The BI group was 9.1±3 (mean ± SD) years of age, bone age 6.1±2.7 years, IC-GH 6±2.4 ng/ml (normal 3.2-12). On GH therapy the growth rate of BI patients increased from 3.2±0.5 cm/yr to 8.8±1.9 cm/year. RRA was a modification of a previously reported RRA using IM-9 lymphocytes. The RRA/RIA was 1.3±0.4 in controls, 1.5±0.7 in NS and 0.6±0.6 in BI patients. The difference in RRA/RIA between BI patients and controls was significant (P<0.005). We conclude that 1/ The circulating GH of NS patients has a normal binding affinity to IM-9 cells. 2/ Decreased binding to IM-9 cells may be a clinically useful diagnostic test for BI.
Population Structure and Relatedness among Female Northern Pintails in Three California Wintering Regions

Abstract. Female Northern Pintails (Anas acuta) were sampled in California's three main Central Valley wintering regions (Sacramento Valley, Suisun Marsh, San Joaquin Valley) during September–October before most regional movements occur and microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA were analyzed to examine population structure and relatedness. Despite reportedly high rates of early-fall pairing and regional fidelity, both sets of markers indicated that there was little overall genetic structuring by region. Pintails from Suisun Marsh did exhibit higher relatedness among individuals and capture groups than in the Sacramento or San Joaquin Valleys, likely reflecting a sample comprised of a greater proportion of local breeders. The lack of genetic structuring among regions indicates that a high degree of movement and interchange occurs among pintails wintering in the Central Valley. Thus, although maintaining the existing distribution of pintails among Central Valley regions is important for other reasons, it doe...
Expression of A, B, and H blood group antigens in epithelial ovarian cancer : Relationship to tumor grade and patient survival

The expression of A, B, and H blood group antigens in epithelial ovarian cancer was evaluated in 137 patients with advanced disease by staining frozen sections with specific monoclonal antibodies using an indirect immunoperoxidase method. Expression of blood group antigens was observed in a proportion of ovarian carcinomas and in some areas of ovarian surface epithelium. Forty-eight percent of the tumors tested from 130 blood group A, B, or O individuals showed no expression of the appropriate blood group antigen, 32% had heterogeneous antigen expression, and 20% had strong expression. In the 7 blood group AB patients studied, no expression, heterogeneous expression of both antigens, or absence of one, but not the other antigen, was observed. No tumor showed A, B, or H antigen expression that was not compatible with the patient's blood group type. Histologic Grade 3 tumors showed absence of blood group antigen expression more often than did Grade 2 tumors. The presence or absence of A, B, or H antigen expression did not correlate with survival in this group of patients. This is in contrast to studies in other epithelial tumor types in which the normal epithelium synthesizes blood group antigens and loss of ABH antigen expression is observed in the corresponding tumors.
Betting Behavior in Sexually Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Groups

Groups of undergraduates, 4 males, 4 females, 3 males-1 female, or 3 females-1 male made bets in an individual condition (Phase I). One-half the groups were then transferred to a group condition in which Ss knew the bets of other group members and one-half continued to make bets in the individual condition (Phase II). In Phase I males were more risky than females. In Phase II Ss in the group condition were more risky than those in the individual condition and males were more risky than females in both the individual and group conditions. In the group condition males in all-male groups and with one female in the group shifted toward risk, but males with three females in the group shifted toward caution. In the group condition females in all-female groups were cautious, became slightly more risky with one male in the group, and showed a marked shift toward risk with three males in the group These results are similar to the Asch (1952) conformity studies and suggest that shifts toward risk or caution are due...
Nowhere Differentiable Lipschitz Maps and the Radon-Nikodým Property

Abstract We prove that a Banach space X fails the RNP if and only if there is an equivalent norm |||·||| for X and an isometry U: R1 ↦ (X, |||·|||) such that U is nowhere differentiable on R1. A characterization of closed convex sets which lack the RNP is also given in terms of nowhere differentiability of Lipschitz maps.
Electromagnetic bias estimation using in situ and satellite data: 1. RMS wave slope

[1] The electromagnetic (EM) bias is the largest source of error in TOPEX/Poseidon and Jason-1 satellite altimeter sea surface height (SSH) estimates. Current operational EM bias models are based on empirical relationships between the bias, wind speed, and significant wave height. These models are limited in their accuracy because wind speed and wave height do not capture enough information about the sea state to uniquely specify the bias. In order to improve EM bias estimation, we have studied the correlation between the EM bias and RMS long wave slope using data from tower-based experiments in the Gulf of Mexico and Bass Straight, Australia. Models based on significant wave height and RMS slope are more accurate than models based on wave height and wind speed by at least 50% in RMS error between predicted and ground truth bias values. Furthermore, models which incorporate wave slope exhibit reduced regional variation between the two widely separated experiment locations.
History of scorpion antivenom: one Arizonan's view

This paper was originally presented as the Elsevier Lecture in July, 2012 at the International Society on Toxinology/Venom Week combined meeting in Honolulu, Hawaii. In it, the author addresses the ancient history of venom and immunity, from the Silurian Era to the 1890s; the development of the first antivenoms; the impact of shifting political and economic pressures; the special case of Arizona; the relative stability of the 1960s through 1990s; the transition to regulatory compliance that took place at the time of the author's own research; and concluding thoughts regarding the instability of apparent success.
Opening and closing transitions for BK channels often occur in two steps via sojourns through a brief lifetime subconductance state

Single channel currents were recorded with microsecond time resolution from large-conductance calcium-activated K+ channels to examine the details of the opening and closings transitions. Analysis of averaged closing transitions indicated that the initial average conductance step for closing was to the 90–95% closed channel current level. Averaged brief closings (approximately 50 microseconds) reopened from the initial 90–95% level, whereas averaged longer closings (> 300 microseconds) closed completely from this level over the next 50–100 microseconds. The 90–95% initial closed level in the averaged current records resulted typically from the average of both complete and partial closings. From 45–80% of the initial closings were complete and 20–55% were to brief lifetime (approximately 50 microseconds) subconductance levels at 65–90% of the completely closed level. Averaged opening transitions were typically mirror images of averaged closing transitions. To extend the analysis to the very brief conductance changes that underlie the flickers of the single channel current toward the closed current level, flickers, brief closings, and longer closings were averaged separately and their slopes compared. The slopes were similar (within the 3% resolution of the method), suggesting similar initial conductance steps. Similar initial closing properties for both the briefer and longer closings would be expected if the channel first passed through the kinetic and subconductance states associated with the briefer closings (including flickers) before entering the longer closed states. Such transitions would provide an explanation for the observation that openings and closings often occur in two steps.
Pregnancy and Interstitial Cystitis/Painful Bladder Syndrome

Painful bladder syndrome (PBS) and interstitial cystitis (IC) often affect women of child-bearing age. This article includes information of interest to PBS/IC patients who are pregnant or contemplating pregnancy, and to the clinicians who care for them. One topic is how pregnancy affects PBS/IC symptoms, although little is known at this time. The article also describes the pregnancy risks associated with the most commonly used PBS/IC treatments. Finally, the current knowledge regarding genetic factors in IC is discussed.
ENZYME POLYMORPHISM IN THE CORN EARWORM, HELIOTHIS ZEA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE). HEMOLYMPH ESTERASE POLYMORPHISM

Esterases present in the hemolymph of last instar Heliothis zea (Boddie) were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Four systems, all polymorphic, were observed. One system, Est-II, appeared especially suited for the study of some of the important population processes of this species; these include host–plant relations, migration, and the effects of environmental pressures such as pesticides on the species.Est-II was classified as a carboxylesterase, being sensitive only to organophosphate inhibitors. Dichlorvos at 10−5M completely inhibited Est-II activity.Populations collected from corn from Tifton, Ga., and in two locations in Illinois, at approximately the same time were very similar genetically when compared on the basis of Est-II allele frequencies. A population collected from leguminous hosts in Tifton, Ga., at the same time as the above three populations was different genetically.Est-IIc, an allele normally rare or absent in the populations studied, was present at a high frequency in one Urbana population collection. Est-IIc may be useful in studying the long-range dispersal of H. zea.
Finite volumes simulations of aerodynamic flows based on velocity-vorticity formulations

In small disturbance theories of aerodynamics, the flow field is decomposed into two regions consisting of an inviscid outer region and a viscous inner region of a boundary or shear layer. In both outer and inner regions the governing equations can be written in terms of the divergence and the curl of the velocity. In the outer region, the flow is assumed to be irrotational. In addition, to account for compressibility effects, the flow is assumed to be isentropic. In the inner region, the vorticity equation is obtained by taking the curl of the momentum equation. Furthermore, the governing equations are simplified using boundary layer approximations. Viscous-inviscid interaction procedures are implemented to implicitly couple the calculations in the two regions. Several finite volumes calculations based on the above velocity-vorticity formulations of the two- and three-dimensional incompressible and compressible flows are presented and the results are discussed together with some concluding remarks. The present work provides the results of a unified physical approach for main aerodynamics calculations.
West African HIV-2-related human retrovirus with attenuated cytopathicity

Clinical and seroepidemiological studies in West Africa indicate that human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) is widespread and associated with immunodeficiency states of variable degree. In this study, an isolate of HIV-2 from a patient in Senegal was molecularly cloned and characterized. This isolate (HIV-2ST) was shown by hybridization and restriction enzyme analysis to be more related to the prototype HIV-2ROD than to other human or primate retroviruses. Cultures of HIV-2ST showed genotypic polymorphism, and clones of the virus had transmembrane envelope glycoproteins of 30 and 42 kilodaltons. Unlike other immunodeficiency viruses, HIV-2ST did not cause cell death or induce cell fusion in peripheral blood lymphocytes or in any of four CD4+ cell lines tested. Although HIV-2ST entered cells by a CD4-dependent mechanism and replicated actively, cell-free transmission of the virus was retarded at the level of cell entry. These findings suggest that immunodeficiency viruses prevalent in West African populations are members of the HIV-2 virus group and that certain strains of this virus have attenuated virulence.
Describing trouble: Practical epistemology in citizen calls to the police

In this article, we examine the way citizens' descriptions of troublesome occurrences in reports to emergency dispatch personnel are vulnerable to suspicion and doubt. The vulnerability of description in these cases involves callers' categorization of, visual or aural access to, and involvement in the reported “trouble.” It is through displays of what we term practical epistemology – displays of how one has come to know about a particular event – that these vulnerabilites emerge and are tested and negotiated in the request for and dispatch of emergency assistance. (Conversation analysis, language in institutional settings, pragmatics)
The use of amperometric oxygen electrodes for measurements of enzyme reactions.

Abstract Amperometric oxygen electrodes are useful transducers for enzymatic analyses. One must, however, account for contributions from oxygen incorporation or depletion caused by sample introduction, stirring and diffusion, or non-enzymatic reactions, as well as for instrumental response time. Examples of various characteristics of these contributions are shown and discussed from a theoretical basis.
Computer assisted purchasing

Today's supermarket shoppers need information on the “best” buys in terms of low prices, shopping convenience, and traveling cost. A survey of literature shows that there is no existing system which provides this information to the shoppers. In this paper we propose an urban supermarket shopping information system. First, a design program for the development of such a system is delineated. Then, two “shopper strategy models” are developed. The first model gives the best strategy to buy predetermined food items for weekly shopping. The second model is shopper activated and allows specification of food items, preference for stores and constraint on shopping time.
Resource intensification and resource depression in the Pacific Northwest of North America : A zooarchaeological review

In the Pacific Northwest of North America, researchers routinely suggest changes in human use of animals explain hunter-gatherer organizational changes and development of cultural complexity. For example, most models developed to explain developing cultural complexity invoke salmon in some fashion. Yet until recently, fish remains were not carefully studied and more generally, zooarchaeological evidence has not been systematically used to test models of culture change. This study reviews the 10,000-year-old faunal record in the Pacific Northwest to test predictions drawn from models of resource intensification, resource depression and hunter-gatherer organizational strategies. The records from two subareas, the South-Central Northwest Coast (Puget Sound/Gulf of Georgia) and the Northern Columbia Plateau, are examined in detail, representing 63 archaeological sites. While minor changes in animal use are evident, the overall record is characterized by stability rather than change.
The effect of added water on the stability at 50° of hydrogen peroxide-glycerol solutions with and without oxine*

At 50°, hydrogen peroxide-glycerol solutions, containing 8-hydroxyquinoline, show an increased stability with increasing water content. The presence of oxine markedly increases the stability of hydrogen peroxide-glycerol solutions over that of solutions without oxine. Hydrogen peroxide solutions, without oxine, show a minimum stability with the commercial C. P. grade of glycerol without added water, and an increase in stability with amounts of added water up to 70 per cent. Anhydrous glycerol showed a stabilizing action somewhat better than the commercial grade, but was less effective than a solution containing 70 per cent added water, particularly as the experiment progresses.
A model for chemisorption of nitrogen on the {100} face of tungsten

Abstract A theoretical model for the adsorption of nitrogen on the {100} face of tungsten is given which is similar to an earlier model proposed by King and Wells to explain the dependence of the sticking coefficient on the covering fraction. The present model differs from the earlier one in that it attributes disorder in the chemisorbed adlayer to the irreversible nature of the adlayer formation process rather than to equilibrium entropic considerations. In contrast to the equilibrium model, the present one successfully accounts for the experimentally observed, temperature independence of the adlayer disorder, and, in particular leads to prediction of a temperature independent, effective saturation covering fraction at which chemisorption ceases. A simple one-dimensional model of the adlayer formation process is developed which leads to an estimate of the saturation covering fraction, independent of any adjustable parameter, which is within 5% of the experimentally observed value. Other manifestations of the non-equilibrium nature of the adlayer formation process are also discussed.
The Association between Maternal Perception of Obstetric and Pediatric Care Providers’ Attitudes and Exclusive Breastfeeding Outcomes

Background:Exclusive breastfeeding is recommended for 6 months. Successful breastfeeding requires support from family members, peers, and health care professionals.Objective:This study aimed to determine the association between maternal perception of the attitudes of obstetric and pediatric care providers about infant feeding during the neonatal period and exclusive breastfeeding at 1, 3, and 6 months.Methods:The study sample consisted of 1602 women from the Infant Feeding Practices Study II (2005-2007), a longitudinal study of women in the United States. Analyses included chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests and logistic regression models.Results:Mothers who perceived that the obstetric care provider favored exclusive breastfeeding were significantly more likely to exclusively breastfeed their infants at 1 and 3 months (odds ratio [OR] = 1.73, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.33-2.24; and OR = 1.41, 95% CI, 1.09-1.80, respectively) as compared to mothers who perceived that the obstetric care provider was n...
Percutaneous dissolution of gallstones

Contact dissolution with MTBE is an effective and safe method to treat symptomatic patients with cholesterol gallstones. Personnel, time, and safety factors have limited widespread use of the procedure. With current competing methods to treat gallstones, it is likely that MTBE use will be reserved for those patients who elect percutaneous therapy due to fear of surgery or anesthesia and in those elderly patients who are compromised by underlying medical conditions.
Modeling effects of urban heat island mitigation strategies on heat-related morbidity: a case study for Phoenix, Arizona, USA

A zero-dimensional energy balance model was previously developed to serve as a user-friendly mitigation tool for practitioners seeking to study the urban heat island (UHI) effect. Accordingly, this established model is applied here to show the relative effects of four common mitigation strategies: increasing the overall (1) emissivity, (2) percentage of vegetated area, (3) thermal conductivity, and (4) albedo of the urban environment in a series of percentage increases by 5, 10, 15, and 20% from baseline values. In addition to modeling mitigation strategies, we present how the model can be utilized to evaluate human health vulnerability from excessive heat-related events, based on heat-related emergency service data from 2002 to 2006. The 24-h average heat index is shown to have the greatest correlation to heat-related emergency calls in the Phoenix (Arizona, USA) metropolitan region. The four modeled UHI mitigation strategies, taken in combination, would lead to a 48% reduction in annual heat-related emergency service calls, where increasing the albedo is the single most effective UHI mitigation strategy.
Thermal reactions of mesocarbon microbead (MCMB) particles in LiPF6-based electrolyte

Abstract The thermal reaction of ternary electrolyte (1.0 M LiPF6 in 1:1:1 ethylene carbonate/dimethyl carbonate/diethyl carbonate) with mesocarbon microbeads (MCMB) particles was investigated by the combined use of NMR, GC–MS, FTIR-ATR, TGA, XPS and SEM/EDS-element map. The thermal decomposition of ternary electrolyte is not inhibited by the presence of MCMB particles. The chemical composition and morphology of the surface of MCMB particles changes significantly upon storage in the presence of ternary electrolyte. Electrolyte decomposition products including oligocarbonates, oligoethylene oxides, polyethylene oxide (PEO), lithium fluorophosphates (LixPOyFz), and lithium fluoride are deposited on the surface of MCMB particles. The concentration of decomposition products on the surface of MCMB increases with increased storage time and temperature. The addition of dimethyl acetamide (DMAc) impedes the thermal decomposition of the electrolyte and deposition of electrolyte decomposition products on the surface of MCMB.
Developmental Regulation of Placental Insulin-Like Growth Factor (IGF)-II and IGF-Binding Protein-1 and -2 Messenger RNA Expression During Primate Pregnancy

Abstract The present study was conducted to determine the developmental expression of placental insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-II, IGF-binding protein (IGFBP)-1 and -2, and IGF-II receptor mRNA expression during baboon pregnancy and whether estrogen, the levels of which increase with advancing pregnancy, regulates placental trophoblast IGF-II mRNA expression. Levels of the IGF-II 6.1-kilobase (kb) and 4.9-kb mRNA transcripts determined by Northern blot analysis progressively increased three- to fourfold in placental syncytiotrophoblast and whole-villous tissue between early (Day 60), mid (Day 100), and late (Day 170) baboon gestation (term = 184 days). In contrast, syncytiotrophoblast IGFBP-1 and -2 mRNA levels decreased, and IGF-II receptor mRNA expression remained relatively constant, with advancing baboon pregnancy. Placental cytotrophoblast IGF-II mRNA levels determined by competitive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction on Day 54 of gestation were increased (P < 0.05) almost twofold at 1...
Evaporation from the (1 1 0) surface of PETN

Abstract In order to provide insight into coarsening mechanisms of pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), we performed kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) simulations of evaporation from the predominantly exposed (1 1 0) surface. Our KMC simulations show that different surface structures, such as islands and straight step segments, move in very different ways during evaporation. We show that closed surface structures (e.g. islands or convex step edges) evaporate faster than open features (e.g. straight or concave step edges) due to inexhaustible sources of kink sites in their edges. From Arrhenius plots of step velocities we obtained activation energies for evaporation that are in excellent agreement with predictions from a model and recent experimental data. The effects of surface diffusion on evaporation rates are discussed within a rate theory model.