cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of angularly dependent ODNMR spectra of 151Eu3+ in LaF3.

The angular dependence and Zeeman splitting of optically detected nuclear magnetic resonance (ODNMR) spectra of the $^{7}\mathrm{F}_{0}$ ground state of $^{151}\mathrm{Eu}^{3+}$ in ${\mathrm{LaF}}_{3}$ have been measured in optical-rf double resonance experiments. Splitting of the degeneracy-left ODNMR spectrum is attributed to magnetically inequivalent ${\mathrm{Eu}}^{3+}$ sites. In analysis of the magnetic-field angle dependence of the spectra with an effective-operator Hamiltonian, nuclear quadrupole and magnetic interaction parameters as well as the orientation of the principal axes are determined. None of the principal axes coincides with the crystallographic axes. But the directions of the magnetic interaction tensors for different ${\mathrm{Eu}}^{3+}$ sites relate to each other according to a ${\mathit{C}}_{2}$ symmetry. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Sex and the Single Malt Girl: How Voluntary Intoxication Affects Consent

This paper, a version of which was presented at the Browning Symposium at the University of Montana School of Law, addresses the important question of how the law should treat a voluntarily intoxicated person's assent to sexual contact. Many jurisdictions, as well as the Model Penal Code, do not consider voluntary intoxication as vitiating consent, notwithstanding that such intoxicated choices might sometimes be inauthentic. While acknowledging the positive autonomy interests in recognizing many instances of intoxicated consent, the paper argues that certain cases of extreme intoxication deserve different treatment. It also explains how these cases can be addressed, at least in part, without embracing objectionably vague liability standards. It canvasses and critiques the various approaches to this problem that have been suggested in the American Law Institute's draft revisions of the Model Penal Code sexual assault provisions. The paper concludes with some preliminary thoughts about the relationship between just criminal law and campus sexual assault regulation.
Data-driven statistical modeling of a cube regrasp

Regrasping is the process of adjusting the position and orientation of an object in one's hand. The study of robotic regrasping has generally been limited to use of theoretical analytical models and cases with little uncertainty. Analytical models and simulations have so far proven unable to capture the complexity of the real world. Empirical statistical models are more promising, but collecting good data is difficult. In this paper, we collect data from 3300 robot regrasps, and use this data to learn two probability functions: 1) The probability that the object is still in the robot's hand after a regrasp action; and 2) The probability distribution of the object pose after the regrasp given that the object is still grasped. Both of these functions are learned using kernel density estimation with a similarity metric over object pose. We show that our data-driven models achieve comparable accuracy to a geometric model and an off-the-shelf simulator in classification and prediction tasks, while also enabling us to predict probability distributions.
Notes on Fossil Octocorals and Comparisons of Some Modern and Ancient Octocoral Remains

Few published reports exist describing fossil octocoral remains, and most deal only with spicules or axial structures. The calcified holdfast has been greatly neglected. Observations of numerous holdfasts indicate features that may possibly be used for identification. Macrostructures such as overall morphology, surface striations or furrows, laminations, a central depression caused by the removal of the axis and an encrusting habit may all be used for gross identification. Microstructures, however, may prove to be much more helpful and may be a key to the identification of fossil holdfasts at the generic level. Study of these microstructures is still in the early stages. The dominant microstrucures are bundles of fibrous aragonite that form hemispheroidal mound-like features separated by thin laminae of gorgonin. The overall texture, size and configuration of the hemispheroids probably are usable for taxonomy, at least to the generic level.
The Lingua Franca of Technology

If we can produce text that can be accurately translated from one language to another, any language can be considered the language of technology. The web extra at https://youtu.be/h8hMgcKXQWY is an audio recording of author David Alan Grier reading his Global Code column.
Polymer-immobilized, hybrid multi-catalyst architecture for enhanced electrochemical oxidation of glycerol

The development of a hybrid, tri-catalytic architecture is demonstrated by immobilizing MWCNTs, TEMPO-modified linear poly(ethylenimine) and oxalate decarboxylase on an electrode to enable enhanced electrochemical oxidation of glycerol. This immobilized, hybrid catalytic motif results in a synergistic 3.3-fold enhancement of glycerol oxidation and collects up to 14 electrons per molecule of glycerol.
Sustained Prescription Opioid Use Among Previously Opioid-Naive Patients Insured Through TRICARE (2006-2014)

This review of data from the Military Health Data Repository examines causes of sustained prescription opioid use.
An epidemiologic perspective on the stem cell hypothesis in human carcinogenesis

Abstract Background Tomasetti and Vogelstein have hypothesized that the patterns of cancer incidence in various cells and tissues are highly correlated with the estimated lifetime number of stem cell divisions. The authors reviewed the risks in tissues of 17 types of cancer from the United States and 69 additional countries. Positive correlations were observed consistently between the tissue − specific cancer incidence and the estimated lifetime number of stem cell divisions. The authors concluded that approximately two-thirds of global cancer incidence may be attributed to random DNA replication errors. Methods An epidemiologic perspective is presented that may serve as a counterpoint in interpreting organ-specific cancer risks. The unifying nature of the Tomasetti/Vogelstein hypothesis must be viewed in the context of diverse and contrasting global trends and patterns of types and “causes” of cancers that are closely linked with economic development and cultural lifestyle practices. The presentation is organized by reviewing the global burden of cancer; concepts of causal inferences and counterfactual assumptions; multifactorial causes of hepatocellular carcinoma and a hierarchy of causes that varies internationally; tobacco carcinogenesis and the multiplex associations with 19 cancer sites and tissues; profile in contrasts in transit through the small and large intestine. Observations and conclusions It is readily recognized that DNA replication errors and number of stem cell divisions may vary in individuals and populations due to external environmental genotoxic chemicals and biologic agents, and internal hormonal and metabolic factors. There is a striking contrast in the risk of adenocarcinoma in the small intestine with that in the large intestine. Tomasetti and Vogelstein indicated that the cumulative number of divisions of stem cells over a lifetime in normal epithelial mucosal cells from colorectal cancer patients was 4 time greater than in the epithelial tissue from patients with adenocarcinoma of the small intestine. Their conclusion would suggest a “seed” and “soil” interaction rather than exclusively the independence of either component. Namely, that the contrasting physiological, biochemical, microbial and immunological features in the lumen and on the mucosal surface of the large intestine, in contrast to that in the small intestine, would foster molecular genetic and epigenetic events that are advantageous to neoplasia in the large intestine.
A probabilistic application of oil and gas data for exploration stage geothermal reservoir assessment in the Appalachian Basin

Abstract Geothermal energy is a renewable, widespread, baseload energy source that has the potential to supply a large portion of the world’s energy needs. High development risk, specifically high drilling costs combined with uncertainty in subsurface flow properties, have hampered growth of geothermal energy development. One option to reduce subsurface risk is to target locations where reservoir data are already available, including sedimentary basins where there has been extensive hydrocarbon production. Sedimentary basins are widespread and often have suitable geothermal gradients. This chapter presents a low-cost methodology that can be used at the pre-drilling exploration phase of a low-temperature geothermal project to predict the location of high-productivity and low-risk reservoirs, applied to a case study of the Appalachian Basin in the eastern United States. Because only averaged reservoir data were available for analysis, the technique uses a Monte Carlo simulation of the Reservoir Flow Capacity (RFC) and Reservoir Productivity Index (RPI) for over 1800 individual reservoirs, using liquid water or supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO 2 ) as the reservoir fluid. RFC is used as an initial screening tool to identify high-priority geologic formations and reservoirs. Our results indicate that 99% of the reservoirs in the basin are of insufficient quality for geothermal heat production with water as the assumed fluid and without using stimulation technologies associated with Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS). RPI is also used as an alternative metric to identify high-productivity reservoirs. When comparing the RPI results to natural gas production volumes from several selected reservoirs, the predicted RPI proves to be a good estimate of flow potential for porous reservoirs, but overestimates flow by a factor of three for fractured or vuggy reservoirs. A greater uncertainty ought to be utilized when applying the RPI equation to non-porous media, therefore we recommend utilizing the RPI metric when higher resolution data are available for analysis. This methodology can be utilized in other basins that have experienced hydrocarbon exploration and production, to highlight low-risk reservoirs or geologic formations for further geothermal development.
The Drug of Abuse Gamma-Hydroxybutyric Acid Exhibits Tissue-Specific Nonlinear Distribution.

The drug of abuse γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) demonstrates complex toxicokinetics with dose-dependent metabolic and renal clearance. GHB is a substrate of monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) which are responsible for the saturable renal reabsorption of GHB. MCT expression is observed in many tissues and therefore may impact the tissue distribution of GHB. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the tissue distribution kinetics of GHB at supratherapeutic doses. GHB (400, 600, and 800 mg/kg iv) or GHB 600 mg/kg plus l-lactate (330 mg/kg iv bolus followed by 121 mg/kg/h infusion) was administered to rats and blood and tissues were collected for up to 330 min post-dose. Kp values for GHB varied in both a tissue- and dose-dependent manner and were less than 0.5 (except in the kidney). Nonlinear partitioning was observed in the liver (0.06 at 400 mg/kg to 0.30 at 800 mg/kg), kidney (0.62 at 400 mg/kg to 0.98 at 800 mg/kg), and heart (0.15 at 400 mg/kg to 0.29 at 800 mg/kg), with Kp values increasing with dose consistent with saturation of transporter-mediated efflux. In contrast, lung partitioning decreased in a dose-dependent manner (0.43 at 400 mg/kg to 0.25 at 800 mg/kg) suggesting saturation of active uptake. l-lactate administration decreased Kp values in liver, striatum, and hippocampus and increased Kp values in lung and spleen. GHB demonstrates tissue-specific nonlinear distribution consistent with the involvement of monocarboxylate transporters. These observed complexities are likely due to the involvement of MCT1 and 4 with different affinities and directionality for GHB transport.
Transistor Sizing Algorithms: Existing Approaches

Circuit delays in integrated circuits often have to be reduced to obtain faster response times. A typical digital integrated circuit consists of multiple stages of combinational logic blocks that lie between latches that are clocked by system clock signals. For such a circuit, delay reduction must ensure that valid signals are produced at each output latch of a combinational block, before any transition in the signal clocking the latch. In other words, the worst-case input-output delay of each combinational stage must be restricted to be below a certain specification.
The Evolution of Motor Cortex and Motor Systems

The motor systems of vertebrates have undergone remarkable evolutionary changes that resulted in progressive augmentation and differentiation of motor structures in the brain. This article compares the descending control of spinal cord motoneurons across vertebrate classes and concludes that additional pathways were added in stages. The unique mammalian component, the motor cortex and its descending outflow, the corticospinal tract, emerged early in the radiation of mammalian Orders, and became progressively differentiated in particular groups, such as primates. The functional significance of these changes is discussed.
The Politics and Policy of Skilled Economic Immigration Under New Labour, 1997–2010

Changes to British immigration policy under the Labour government (1997-2010) have been significant. The analysis provided here suggests at least two distinct policy phases. The first phase marked a liberalisation of the system that can be attributed in large part to a combination of the business lobby’s influence and economic growth combined with increased global integration of the UK economy. The second phase—including the creation of the Points-Based System—did not reverse the core policy goal of managed economic migration, but asserted strong control elements in a rule-bound system. This later period of policy change can be attributed to new political and social realities following the 2004 expansion of the European Union and the General Election of 2005 together with greater political attention to public opinion on immigration generally. Future trends will include a cap on non-EU migration.
Energy Management in Passerine Birds during the Nonbreeding Season

During the nonbreeding season, fitness is enhanced primarily by adaptations that promote survival as opposed to reproduction. Adaptations that minimize risks of starvation and predation have been the subject of much theoretical and empirical research during the past decade. Here, we review energy management during the nonbreeding season, paying particular attention to recent theoretical advances and to experimental work designed to evaluate such theory. Energy management consists of adaptations that deal with locating and acquiring resources and also with storing and utilizing them. Energy management includes adaptations concerning the storage of such resources in the bird’s body or in the environment (food-caching birds only) and adaptations that permit optimal use of stored energy to escape death by either starvation or predation (Grubb and Pravosudov, 1994b).
Cardiovascular Complaints in Adolescence: Clinical Considerations

Adolescents with cardiovascular disease face existential uncertainty, physical limitations, psychosocial and familial distress, and, sometimes, neurological and cognitive impairment during a time when most adolescents are developing autonomy. For the adolescent with cardiovascular disease, the aforementioned factors may present barriers to optimal quality of life (QoL) and transition to adulthood. This chapter will present information regarding the etiology, physical presentation, treatment, QoL, psychosocial difficulties, familial concerns, and neurocognitive sequelae found in adolescents with congenital heart defects, electrophysiological disorders, and cardiomyopathy. The chapter will close with discussion of measures that can be used in the psychosocial assessment of teens with cardiac conditions, as well as forms of intervention that may aide adjustment and development.
Platinum-Group Element Abundance in Chromite Deposits of the Acoje Ophiolite Block, Zambales Ophiolite Complex, Philippines

Whole rock platinum-group element (PGE) analyses of 36 stratigraphically controlled chromitite samples from the peridotite unit of the Acoje ophiolite sequence reveal the following: (a) Chromitites occurring within harzburgite of the mantle section (Group I chromitites) have abundances ranging from < 20 to 120 Ir, < 100 to 150 Ru, 0·7 to 17·8 Rh, < 1·0 to 66·0 Pt and 0·5 to 25·0 Pd (all in ppb). (b) Those located within the basal cumulate dunite-wehrlite of the crustal section (Group I1 chromitites) show concentrations ranging from 2·6 to 759Rh, 2·8 to 5958 Pt and 2·3 to 8351 Pd; two samples have 30 and 460 Ir, 830 and 1100 Ru (all in ppb).
The pineal region in the opossum, Didelphis virginiana. I. Ultrastructural observations.

In the pineal region of the opossum, Didelphis virginiana, two types of cells predominate: 1) pinealocytes, and 2) fibrous astrocytes. Pinealocytes are characterized by the presence of prominent Golgi bodies, numerous clear and dense-cored vesicles, sensory cilia (9+0), vesicle-crowned rods, and condensation of a material that was always associated with the rough endoplasmic reticulum. In addition, two other cell types are occasionally seen. These include 1) neuron-like cells, and 2) darker staining cells of unknown identity. The endoplasmic reticulum of the darker staining cells is typically expanded and filled with an amorphous substance. Although the pineal region is small in size, the present findings suggest that pinealocytes in this species are metabolically active cells displaying a secretory function. Moreover, the presence of sensory cilia (9+0) and vesicle-crowned rods indicates that pinealocytes of the opossum are phylogenetically related to the photoreceptor cells found in the pineal organ of lower vertebrates.
Abstract MP54: Sex-Related Differences in the Association of Social Isolation With Plasma Leptin Concentration

Introduction: Studies have reported a positive associations of depression and psychosocial stress and plasma leptin concentration. Social isolation has been linked to increased leptin signaling in ...
The Framing of a Problem through Gaming (Mathematics-STEM) Subject Content Areas

According to Demeter (2015) over the past fourty years, scientists, engineers, philosophers, and psychologists have been concerned with the infinite number of social, economic, and physical issues that exist and that cannot be dealt with in isolation. As agruged by Wong, Luo, and Fong (2019) it has been found through experiments and piloting techniques that the existing traditional methods and knowledge is not suited into coping and addressing the unique and sophisticated situations. In the process of searching and coming up with techniques such the use of Bernoulli’s principle for aerodynamics and aviation, perturbation techniques, and the nonlinear approximation methods, it was discovered that physics, chemistry, and mathematics brings out a limited area of interest and therefore can only offer solutions to problems in narrow perspectives. For example, the aforementioned disciplines majorly concentrated on a particular subject of interest and use limited principles towards solving the identified problem, that is to say, a significant number of assumptions are brought into play in order to help in arriving at the intended destinations. Notably, the techniques applied in solving scientific problems do not regard competing frameworks and this contributed to their limited nature in solving social and physical problems. As suggested by Leaver,Willson, and Torres (2016) it is against this backdrop that, framing of a problem through gaming techniques in subject content areas is being encouraged since it involves competing frameworks and consequently works to reduce the number of assumptions plunged in the process of solving mathematical problem. Gaming techniques entails the combination of various techniques that can deal with adversities, uncertainty, unique, and sophisticated situations in the field of science. Fundamentally, framing of a problem through gaming tricks provides an advantage of combining the social-human with economic, technological, and physical domains. The outcome associated with the gaming technique is scientific improvements and increased applications of the available knowledge and information (Wong, Luo, and Fong, 2019).
Individual Hominin Biology Beyond Earth

This chapter covers the biology of the individual human (or, more broadly, hominin) in environments beyond Earth; I consider the essential properties of such environments, such as gas composition and pressure, and gravity field, but I must emphasize that decades of biology research in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) have not furnished humanity with significant information regarding the properties of environments beyond Earth we are most likely to settle for some centuries. Mars or lunar settlements will not be at 0 g, as in LEO (where a great deal of space biology research has been done), but at 0.38 g (Mars) or 0.16 g (Moon), and molecular, cellular and larger-scale physiological processes will certainly differ in such environments. What in fact have nearly three decades of continuous biology research in LEO taught us? Something about what we might encounter if we choose to fly to Mars without rotation for artificial gravitation for about 100 days–but, to be blunt, that is about it. As regards the long-term human settlement of space it is arguable that not much learned from microgravity research is directly applicable. But we must begin somewhere—and I will note that in 2016, NASA began to fund artificial gravity research—and in this chapter I review the issues of the individual human beyond Earth, specifically tracking effects on development through the course of life.
Visual dependence affects the motor behavior of older adults during the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test.

Abstract Background Older adults show greater postural instabilities under misleading visual cues relative to younger adults. We investigated the effects of age-related visual dependence on motor performance under increased attention demands by adding a motor task and visual stimulus to the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test sub-components. Method We designed a cross-sectional quantitative study. Twenty-eight younger (n = 12) and older (n = 16) adults completed the TUG test while wearing a head-mounted display (HMD) that presented a visual stimulus and/or carrying a cup of water. Outcome measures were turning cadence; gait speed; pitch, yaw, and roll peak trunk velocities (PTVs); and acceleration ranges of sit-to-stand and stand-to-sit. Results Wearing the HMD caused significant performance differences in the TUG test tasks due to age and visual dependence, although performance was lower across all groups with the HMD (p Conclusion The demand for orienting posture to a vertical position during sit-to-stand may differentiate older adults who are more visually dependent—and thus at greater fall risk— from those who are more visually independent. Age-related differences in turning behavior suggest a relationship with fall risk that warrants further investigation.
Advances in Pediatric Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia.

Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is a rare disease accounting for only 5%–10% of pediatric acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and fewer than 1000 cases occur annually in the United States across all age groups. Characterized by t (15; 17), with a resultant PML-RARA gene fusion driving leukemia development, advances in therapy have improved outcomes for APL significantly in the past several decades, now making APL the most curable form of AML in both children and adults. Cure rates in APL are now comparable to pediatric B-lymphoid leukemias. The success of APL treatment is due, in part, to the breadth of understanding of the driver PML-RARA mutation as well as collaborative efforts to quickly introduce and maximize the benefit of new therapies. Here, we review the presentation, clinical features, pathogenesis, and treatment advances in pediatric APL.
On the equivalence between the dynamic programming principle and the dynamic programming equation

The aim of the paper is to prove the equivalence between the dynamic programming equation and the dynamic programming principle for Hamilton-Jacobi equations with an unbounded nonlinear term 〈Ax, Du〉 and convex Hamiltonian. This extends the analogue result for the case of “bounded” Hamiltonian.
Fantastic Beasts and the Dangers of American Nostalgia

At first glance, David Yates’s 2016 fantasy film Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them appears to exemplify the nostalgic cinema that Fredric Jameson dismisses as postmodern pastiche that merely ...
"Ei! Qual é a grande ideia?": ruminações sobre a questão da escala na História Intelectual

Em resposta a recente exortacao do historiador David Armitage para retornarmos a uma historia de “grandes ideias” tracada por longos periodos de tempo, este artigo examina as razoes para a resistencia a suas propostas, conforme expressa por estudiosos da Historia Intelectual textualistas e contextualistas. Discutindo a “Historia Conceitual” e a “Metaforologia” como alternativas a Historia das Ideias tradicional, defendem-se as virtudes de um metodo que reconhece e ate acolhe a ambiguidade semântica e o campo de forca dinâmico das relacoes em que as ideias estao historicamente inseridas. Em vez de se contentar com a suavizacao das diferencas inerentes as tecnicas de "leitura a distância", baseadas na recuperacao digital de tendencias de longa duracao, pleiteia-se a atencao as rupturas de sentido e as inovacoes imprevistas que impedem que a Historia das Ideias seja um exercicio de meta-narrativa de progressao, desenvolvimento e disseminacao de significados univocos.
Intelligent Control of Medium and Low Voltage Distribution Network Based on Power Big Data Interconnection

The equipment in medium and low voltage distribution network are complicated, located at wide range of points and their switch conditions are variable. Restricted by traditional management methods, inaccurate topological relation makes it hard to achieve lean management in medium and low voltage distribution network. The automatic identification of topological relation in medium and low voltage distribution network takes significant role in sorting out the distribution network ledger under 10kV completely and offering technical support for enhancing the management of distribution network. With respect of equipment load rate, power supply reliability, voltage qualification rate and line loss rate of the same period, we establish the goal of collecting all the data successfully and automatically, synchronizing all the files, connecting all the relation among the rates, reaching all the indexes and monitoring all the anomalies. We make unified use of the power grid information and resource, fully excavate the value of smart meters, accelerate the development of smart terminals and the promotion of new technologies such as broadband carrier over power line. We finally realize automatic acquisition, online monitoring, rapid elimination and objective evaluation in grid-based distribution network. It will provide strong support for scientific planning, intelligent control and smart operation in distribution network. It also promotes cross-border integration of distribution network and information network. The management efficiency and development quality of medium and low voltage distribution network will be comprehensively improved, as a result.
An Intervention With Michigan-Grown Wheat in Healthy Adult Humans to Determine Effect on Gut Microbiota: Protocol for a Crossover Trial.

Background Daily fiber intake can increase the diversity of the human gut microbiota as well as the abundance of beneficial microbes and their metabolites. Whole-grain wheat is high in fiber. Objective This manuscript presents a study protocol designed to understand the effects of different types of wheat on gastrointestinal tract microbes. Methods Human adults will consume crackers made from three types of wheat flour (refined soft white wheat, whole-grain soft white wheat, and whole-grain soft red wheat). In this study, participants will alternate between crackers made from refined soft white wheat flour to those made from whole-grain soft white wheat and whole-grain soft red wheat flour. Survey and stool sample collection will occur after 7-day treatment periods. We will assess how wheat consumption affects gastrointestinal bacteria by sequencing the V4 region of 16S rRNA gene amplicons and the inflammatory state of participants' intestines using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The butyrate production capacity of the gut microbiota will be determined by targeted quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results We will report the treatment effects on alpha and beta diversity of the microbiota and taxa-specific differences. Microbiota results will be analyzed using the vegan package in R. Butyrate production capacity and biomarkers of intestinal inflammation will be analyzed using parametric statistical methods such as analysis of variance or linear regression. We expect whole wheat intake to increase butyrate production capacity, bacterial alpha diversity, and abundance of bacterial taxa responsive to phenolic compounds. Soft red wheat is also expected to decrease the concentration of inflammatory biomarkers in the stool of participants. Conclusions This protocol describes the methods to be used in a study on the impact of wheat types on the human gastrointestinal microbiota and biomarkers of intestinal inflammation. The analysis of intestinal responses to the consumption of two types of whole wheat will expand our understanding of how specific foods affect health-associated outcomes. International registered report identifier (irrid) DERR1-10.2196/29046.
Bayesian Monte Carlo extraction of the sea asymmetry with SeaQuest and STAR data

We perform a global QCD analysis of unpolarized parton distributions within a Bayesian Monte Carlo framework, including the new $W$-lepton production data from the STAR Collaboration at RHIC and Drell-Yan dimuon data from the SeaQuest experiment at Fermilab. We assess the impact of these two new measurements on the light antiquark sea in the proton and the $\overline{d}\ensuremath{-}\overline{u}$ asymmetry in particular. The SeaQuest data are found to significantly reduce the uncertainty on the $\overline{d}/\overline{u}$ ratio at large parton momentum fractions $x$, strongly favoring an enhanced $\overline{d}$ sea up to $x\ensuremath{\approx}0.4$, in general agreement with nonperturbative calculations based on chiral symmetry breaking in QCD.
Role of cGMP mechanisms in response of rat pulmonary arteries to hypoxia.

We have demonstrated previously that in response to hypoxia, isolated rat pulmonary arteries show an initial endothelium-dependent relaxation followed by an endothelium-independent transient contra...
Cell Adhesion Under Hydrodynamic Flow Conditions

This unit describes a hydrodynamic assay to study the relative importance of various receptor/ligand interactions in cell-cell and cell-substrate adhesion and to quantitate the strength of their binding. The basic protocol describes how to assemble the single-chamber flow system with the substrate, add the cells in suspension, and record the experiment on videotape. Alternate protocols present assays to determine how monoclonal antibodies and stimulating and inhibiting agents affect the substrate and the perfusing cells in suspension. Another alternate protocol details the use of the double-chamber flow system. Support protocols describe how to construct the single- and double-chamber flow systems and how to analyze the data from an experiment. Recording and analyzing the flow experiment requires the use of video equipment and, optionally, a computer and imaging software.
Exploring Value in Congenital Heart Disease: An Evaluation of Inpatient Admissions

Objectives Understanding value provides an important context for improvement. However, most health care models fail to measure value. Our objective was to categorize inpatient encounters within an academic congenital heart program based on clinical outcome and the cost to achieve the outcome (value). We aimed to describe clinical and nonclinical features associated with value. Design We defined hospital encounters based on outcome per resource utilized. We performed principal component and cluster analysis to classify encounters based on mortality, length of stay, hospital cost and revenue into six classes. We used nearest shrunken centroid to identify discriminant features associated with the cluster-derived classes. These features underwent hierarchical clustering and multivariate analysis to identify features associated with each class. Study Setting/Patients We analyzed all patients admitted to an academic congenital heart program between September 1, 2009, and December 31, 2012. Outcome Measures/Results A total of 2658 encounters occurred during the study period. Six classes were categorized by value. Low-performing value classes were associated with greater institutional reward; however, encounters with higher-performing value were associated with a loss in profitability. Encounters that included insertion of a pediatric ventricular assist device (log OR 2.5 [95% CI, 1.78 to 3.43]) and acquisition of a hospital-acquired infection (log OR 1.42 [95% CI, 0.99 to 1.87]) were risk factors for inferior health care value. Conclusions Among the patients in our study, institutional reward was not associated with value. We describe a framework to target quality improvement and resource management efforts that can benefit patients, institutions, and payers alike.
Optimal Rocket-Powered Ascent Study

The Goddard Problem is that of maximizing the final altitude for a vertically ascending, rocket-powered vehicle under the influence of an inverse square gravitational field and atmospheric drag. The present study is concerned with the effects of two additional constraints: a dynamic pressure limit [q max ], and a specified final time [t f ]. Nine different switching structures involving zero-thrust arcs, full-thrust arcs, singular-thrust arcs, and constrained arcs are obtained for prescribed values of q max and final time t f between t f ,min and t f *. Here t f ,min is the minimum possible time within which all the fuel can be burned, and t f * is the optimal final time. For all points in the above defined domain of the q max ,t f -plane the associated optimal switching structure is clearly identified. Finally, a comparison between the optimal solutions and a simple intuitive feedback law is given.
The Next Generation of Behavioural Law and Economics

The paper examines some of the important tasks awaiting the next generation of scholarship in behavioural law and economics. Some of these tasks reflect the need for expanding the breadth of the behavioural approach to law while others involve the mission of increasing its depth. The following sections examine each category in turn.
Interaction of a Lytic Polypeptide, Melittin, with Lipid Membrane Systems

Abstract To study mechanisms whereby lytic proteins disrupt biomembranes, artificial phospholipid spherules (liposomes) were exposed to melittin, a cationic peptide in which sequences of hydrophobic (Positions 1 to 20) and hydrophilic (Positions 21 to 26) amino acids are unequally distributed. At concentrations above 10-6 m, melittin, which is the major toxin of bee venom, released marker anions (CrO4=) or glucose from the model structures. Release of marker ions was equivalent whether liposomes were prepared with a net negative (dicetyl phosphate) or net positive (stearylamine) charge. Nor was the presence of cholesterol in the model membranes necessary for the action of melittin. Spherules with net negative charges competed approximately 10 times more effectively for melittin's lytic activity on erythrocytes than did spherules with positive charges. Studies with lipid monolayers indicated that melittin had a remarkable affinity for the air-water and more so for the lipid-water interface, for it spread as a film readily from water and penetrated lipid monolayers avidly, irrespective of the surface charge of the lipid film. Negatively stained preparations of liposomes in the electron microscope showed that melittin-treated spherules lost the integrity of their concentric lamellae, which became beaded, frayed, and finally fragmented. These studies indicate that the lytic effects of melittin upon biological membranes may be due to a similar reaction with structural phospholipids. Since ionic interactions between the cationic peptide and charged lamellae were not crucial for lysis, and since melittin has an extraordinary affinity for lipid membranes, it is suggested that the surface activity of melittin and convenient apolar associations between hydrophobic portions of melittin and the acyl chains of phospholipid could account for disruption of the spherules.
Hydrothermal alteration of late‐ to post‐tectonic Lyon Mountain Granitic Gneiss, Adirondack Mountains, New York: Origin of quartz–sillimanite segregations, quartz–albite lithologies, and associated Kiruna‐type low‐Ti Fe‐oxide deposits

Quartz–sillimanite segregations, quartz–albite lithologies (Ab95–98), and Kiruna-type low-Ti iron-oxide deposits are associated with late- to post-tectonic (c. 1055 Ma) leucogranites of Lyon Mountain Gneiss (LMG) in the Adirondack Mountains, New York State. Most recent interpretations of these controversial features, which are global in occurrence, favour hydrothermal origins in agreement with results presented here. Field relations document that quartz–sillimanite veins and nodules cut, and therefore post-date, emplacement of host LMG leucogranites. Veins occur in oriented fracture networks, and aligned trains of nodules are interpreted as disrupted early veins. Late dykes of leucogranite cut veins and nodules demonstrating formation prior to terminal magmatism. Veins and nodules consist of sillimanite surrounded by quartz that commonly embays wall-rock feldspar indicating leaching of Na and K from LMG feldspar by acidic hydrothermal fluids. Subsequent, and repeated, ductile flow disrupted earlier veins into nodular fragments but produced little grain shape fabric. Geochemical and petrographic studies of quartz–albite rock indicate that it formed through metasomatic replacement (albitization) of LMG microperthite by sodic hydrothermal fluids that resulted in diagnostic checkerboard albite. Low-Ti iron-oxide ores are commonly associated with the quartz–albite sub-unit, and it is proposed that hydrothermal fluids related to albitization transported Fe as well. The regional extent of sodic alteration suggests large quantities of surface-derived hydrothermal fluids. Fluid inclusion and oxygen isotope data are consistent with high temperature, regionally extensive fluids consisting primarily of evolved surface-derived brines enriched in Na and Cl. Quartz–sillimanite veins and nodules, which are significantly more localised phenomena and require acidic fluids, were most likely formed from local magmatic fluids in the crystallizing carapaces of LMG plutons.
Imaging of Short and Ultrashort T2 and T2* Components of Tissues, Fluids, and Materials in the Body Using Clinical Magnetic Resonance Systems

A variety of techniques are now available to directly or indirectly detect signal from tissues, fluids, and materials that have short, ultrashort, or supershort T2 or T2* components. There are also methods of developing image contrast between tissues and fluids in the short T2 or T2* range that can provide visualization of anatomy which has not been previously seen with MRI. Magnetization transfer methods can now be applied to previously invisible tissues, providing indirect access to supershort T2 components. Particular methods have been developed to target susceptibility effects and quantify them after correcting for anatomical distortion. Specific methods have also been developed to image the effects of magnetic iron oxide particles with positive contrast. Major advances have been made in techniques designed to correct for loss of signal and gross image distortion near metal. These methods are likely to substantially increase the range of application for MRI. Keywords: short and ultrashort T2/T2*; short and ultrashort TE; magnetization transfer; susceptibility effects; image contrast
Resistive switching AlOx-based memory with CNT electrode for ultra-low switching current and high density memory application

We report the first AlOx-based resistive switching memory (RRAM) using carbon nanotubes (CNT) as contact electrodes. CNTs with average diameter of 1.2nm effectively localize the conduction filaments (CFs). The Al/AlOx/CNT device successfully switches over 104 cycles with less than 5µA programming current. Extreme scaling of the device down to 6nm×6nm is realized by the CNT/AlOx/CNT cross-point structure and 104 switching cycles are achieved. This work is the first step toward RRAM with nm-scale electrodes. It paves the way for future high density, low power non-volatile RRAM memory application.
Serological and immunochemical studies on the snail (Otala lactea).

Summary. Anti-A agglutinins from snail (Otala lactea) were studied for their serological and immunochemical behavior. Column chromatography suggested that the snail anti-A had a sedimentation constant of 4.3 with estimated molecular weight of 42,000. These preparations were tested for Ouchterlony's agar gel diffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. The breakage of disulfide bonds with mercaptoethanol affected the anti-A activity of the snail protein. Attempts were made to study the percentage of anti-A active protein in these preparations and the amount of anti-A protein required for agglutination of red cells.
A performance analysis of OFDM systems in excessively dispersive multipath channels

For orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), the discrete Fourier transform (DFT)-based processing at the receiver has been perceived equivalent to the matched filter (MF)-based processing. In this paper, we revisit the equivalence and mathematically show that when the guard interval is insufficient, the well-known DFT-based processing inherently causes more intersymbol and interchannel interference (ISI/ICI) than the MF-based processing. Then, with the adverse increase of interference, analytical expressions for the link performance are derived in terms of bit error rate (BER). Numerical results from computer simulation and analysis are presented to justify our claims.
The alpha effect. A review

Instances of high reactivity (as signaled by a positive Bronsted deviation) by nucleophiles bearing one or more unshared pairs of electrons on an atom adjacent to the nucleophilic center (the alpha effect) are surveyed in the context of possible explanations for this phenomenon. No single cause appears to account satisfactorily for all the data. However, four factors (ground-state destabilization of the nucleophile, transition-state stabilization, solvent effect differences for alpha and nonalpha nucleophiles, and product stability) may be involved in contributory roles. The response to proton basicity of a substrate is probably not related to its susceptibility to the alpha effect. Carbon electrophiles seem to be receptive to the alpha effect in the order digonal > trigonal > tetrahedral. The inconsistent behavior of alpha nucleophiles makes the prediction of alpha effects rather risky and confirms the complicated nature of nucleophilic substitutions.
Design and modeling of p-i-n photodetectors using MEDICI

Physical operation of p4-n photodetector has been studied. Photodiode current in the on and off states are presented. The small-signal conductance and junction capacitance versus light intensity are shown. The conductance decreases with intensity due to an increase of photocurrent. The junction capacitance is insensitive to illumination at low intensity and increases significantly at high intensity due to modulation of photogenerated mobile carriers.
The Practice of Japan in International Law, 1961-1970

A nation's influence upon the content of international law is largely a function of the complete and rapid dissemination of its state papers and the sophistication of the international legal practitioners in its foreign office. The positions a state takes on international legal matters, and the manner in which it describes and justifies its positions, constitute the most readily accessible evidence of its state practice as a component of customary law. Therefore, one would imagine that all states would place a high premium upon the dissemination of their official practice in the international community.
Effect of a media-led education campaign on breast and cervical cancer screening among Vietnamese-American women.

Abstract Background.Previous research has shown that breast and cervical cancer screening rates are low among Vietnamese women. Methods.Over a 24-month period, we implemented a media-led community education campaign to promote recognition, intention, receipt, and currency of routine checkups, clinical breast examinations, mammograms, and Pap tests among Vietnamese-American women in Alameda and Santa Clara Counties in northern California. Women in Los Angeles and Orange Counties in southern California served as controls. To evaluate its impact, pretest telephone interviews were conducted of 451 randomly selected women in the intervention area and 482 women in the control area and posttest interviews with 454 and 422 women, respectively. Results.At posttest, after controlling for demographic differences in the surveyed populations, the odds ratios for the intervention effect were statistically significant for having heard of a general checkup, Paptest, and clinical breast examination (CBE); planning to have a checkup, Pap test, CBE, and mammogram; and having had a checkup and Pap test. The intervention had no effect on being up to date for any of the tests. Conclusions.A media-led education intervention succeeded in increasing recognition of and intention to undertake screening tests more than receipt of or currency with the tests.
Staggered Spin-Orbit Order: A New Paradigm of Broken Symmetry Phase of Matter

We propose a novel spin-orbit density wave order, which can arise in a variety of materials classes. In systems where the noninteracting wavefunctions are defined by an exotic quantum number such as total angular momentum, pseudospin, or helical quantum number owing to spin-orbit coupling of various natures, interaction can induce an emergent spin-orbit density wave even when time-reversal symmetry is intact. This density wave order is different from standard time-reversal breaking spin or orbital density wave. We apply this idea to explain the enigmatic “hidden order” phase in heavy fermion URu2Si2 as well as an unknown gapped quasiparticle state observed in two-dimensional electron gases, such as the surface state of BiAg2.
Directional perturbation factors for jitter and for shimmer

Directional perturbation factors for jitter and shimmer were calculated from the sustained production of the vowels /i/, /a/, and /u/ by 20 adult male and 20 adult female speakers. Directional factors for jitter were less than directional factors for shimmer. Shimmer directional factors for females had greater values than for the male speakers. Speculations on the relationship of directional factors and magnitude factors are made with reference to the laryngeal reflexogenic system. The usefulness of directional factors to early diagnosis of laryngeal disease are discussed.