cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamics of microstructure formation in the two-phase region of peritectic systems

Abstract Directional solidification experiments have been carried out in the two-phase region of the Sn–Cd peritectic system. A variety of different microstructures have been shown to form under intrinsically non-steady-state growth conditions in both the hyperperitectic and hypoperitectic compositions. The selection of microstructure is shown to be governed by the relative effects of convection, nucleation undercooling, nucleation rate and the growth competition between the two phases. Convection effects have been found to give significantly different microstructures than those predicted by the diffusive growth models. Experiments are thus carried out in samples of different diameters in which convection effects are shown to be reduced as the diameter of the sample is decreased. It is shown that diffusive growth condition is achieved in this alloy system when the sample diameter is
Rationalization, Evidence, and Pretense

In this paper I distinguish the category of “rationalization” from various forms of epistemic irrationality. I maintain that only if we model rationalizers as pretenders can we make sense of the rationalizer’s distinctive relationship to the evidence in her possession. I contrast the cognitive attitude of the rationalizer with that of believers whose relationship to the evidence I describe as “waffling” or “intransigent”. In the final section of the paper, I compare the rationalizer to the Frankfurtian bullshitter.
Measurement of the acoustic velocity field of nonlinear standing waves using the synchronized PIV technique

The motion of gas within an air-filled rigid-walled square channel subjected to acoustic standing waves is experimentally investigated. The synchronized particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique has been used to measure the acoustic velocity fields at different phases over the excitation signal period. The acoustic velocity measurements have been conducted for two different acoustic intensities in the quasi-nonlinear range (in which the nonlinear effects can be neglected in comparison with the dissipation effects), and one acoustic intensity in the finite-amplitude nonlinear range (in which both the nonlinear term and the dissipative term play a role in the wave equation). The experimental velocity fields for the quasi-nonlinear cases are compared with the analytical results obtained from the time-harmonic solution of the wave equation. Good agreement between the experimental and analytical velocity fields proves the ability of the synchronized PIV technique to accurately measure both temporal and spatial variations of the acoustic velocity fields. The verified technique is then used to measure the acoustic velocity fields of the finite-amplitude nonlinear case at different phases.
Boundary Organizations in Environmental Policy and Science: An Introduction

Scholarship in the social studies of science has argued convincingly that what demarcates science from nonscience is not some set of essential or transcendent characteristics or methods but rather an array of contingent circumstances and strategic behavior known as "boundary work" (Gieryn 1995, 1999). Although initially formulated to explain how scientists maintain the boundaries of their community against threats to its cognitive authority from within (e.g., fraud and pseudo-science), boundary work has found useful, policy-relevant applications-for example, in studying the strategic demarcation between political and scientific tasks in the advisory relationship between scientists and regulatory agencies (Jasanoff 1990). This work finds that the blurring of boundaries between science and politics, rather than the intentional separation often advocated and practiced, can lead to more productive policy making. If it is the case, however, that the robustness of scientific concepts such as causation and representation are important components of liberal-democratic thought and practice (Ezrahi 1990), one can imagine how the flexibility of boundary work might lead to confusion or even dangerous instabilities between science and nonscience. These risks could be conceived, perhaps, as the politicization of science or the reciprocal scientification of politics. Neither risk should here be understood to mean the importation to one enterprise from the other elements that are entirely foreign; that is, science is not devoid of values prior to some politicization, nor politics of rationality, prior to any scientification. Rather, both should be understood to mean the rendering of norms and practices in one enterprise in a way that unreflexively mimics norms and practices in the other. These concerns have been central to the socalled science wars, and to the extent that they are implicated in public discussions of such policy issues as health and safety regulation, climate change, or genetically modified organisms, they are real problems for policy makers and publics alike.'
Antitumor immunity and cancer stem cells.

Self-renewing cancer stem cells (CSC) capable of spawning more differentiated tumor cell progeny are required for tumorigenesis and neoplastic progression of leukemias and several solid cancers. The mechanisms by which CSC cause tumor initiation and growth are currently unknown. Recent findings that suggest a negative correlation between degrees of host immunocompetence and rates of cancer development raise the possibility that only a restricted minority of malignant cells, namely CSC, may possess the phenotypic and functional characteristics to evade host antitumor immunity. In human malignant melanoma, a highly immunogenic cancer, we recently identified malignant melanoma initiating cells (MMIC), a novel type of CSC, based on selective expression of the chemoresistance mediator ABCB5. Here we present evidence of a relative immune privilege of ABCB5+ MMIC, suggesting refractoriness to current immunotherapeutic treatment strategies. We discuss our findings in the context of established immunomodulatory functions of physiologic stem cells and in relation to mechanisms responsible for the downregulation of immune responses against tumors. We propose that the MMIC subset might be responsible for melanoma immune evasion and that immunomodulation might represent one mechanism by which CSC advance tumorigenic growth and resistance to immunotherapy. Accordingly, the possibility of an MMIC-driven tumor escape from immune-mediated rejection has important implications for current melanoma immunotherapy.
Surgical Treatment of Acute and Chronic Monteggia Fracture-Dislocations

Monteggia fracture-dislocations refer to fractures of the ulna associated with radiocapitellar dislocations. Accurate diagnosis and timely intervention will allow for the restoration of bony and soft tissue anatomy and expectations for full functional recovery. Treatment of acute injuries usually is dictated by the pattern of ulnar injury. Unfortunately, despite increased awareness and understanding of Monteggia fracture-dislocations, the initial diagnosis often is missed, resulting in late presentation, the need for technically challenging surgical reconstruction, and suboptimal functional outcomes. The purpose of this review is to describe the management of both acute and chronic Monteggia fracture-dislocations, with emphasis on surgical technique, postoperative care, and results of treatment.
Multi-protocol web services for enterprises and the grid

The Web Services paradigm is a simple model for building web-wide distributed systems using XML and HTTP. However, as the use of this technology expands to include Grid and Enterprise computing, the requirement for higher qualities of service becomes important. To address these requirements, we propose a pluggable framework for using Web services components that allows both static and dynamic invocation of services over multiple protocols. These protocols can include existing reliable technologies such as CORBA/IIOP or new emerging protocols such as BEEP. By moving Web services beyond SOAP, the approach embodied by the Web Services Invocation Framework enables a Web service to be exposed and used over any of a number of protocols whose choice can be made on the basis of the available infrastructure and the required quality of service. A complementary piece of pluggable architecture, the Web Services Gateway, is presented to handle interception of messages coming in to a service. This allows services to be offered over protocols that they were not originally designed for, as well as performing mediation functions as routing, mapping to different protocols, and filtering. Making the gateway itself uses pluggable providers for multiple bindings enables a Web service to be invoked over multiple protocols, while still being able to benefit from the mediation services provided. Providing a Web service with both of the above frameworks enables it to both invoke and be invoked by other artefacts distributed over the network while taking full advantage of the heterogeneity that makes Web services unique. The evolution of this concept is a separation between application logic, which deals in "services" as complete units of available function, and the infrastructure, which may select the best available service over the most appropriate protocol.
17β-Estradiol decreases vascular tone in cerebral arteries by shifting COX-dependent vasoconstriction to vasodilation

We have previously shown that estrogen treatment increases cerebrovascular cyclooxygenase-1, prostacyclin synthase, and production of prostacyclin. Therefore, vascular tone and prostanoid production were measured to investigate functional consequences of estrogen exposure. Middle cerebral arteries were isolated from ovariectomized female Fischer-344 rats with or without chronic in vivo 17beta-estradiol treatment. In vivo 17beta-estradiol treatment increased cerebral artery diameter; functional endothelium was required for expression of these differences. The nonspecific cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin constricted, whereas arachidonic acid dilated, cerebral arteries from estrogen-treated animals. Estrogen exposure increased production of prostacyclin by cerebral arteries. Conversely, in estrogen-deficient animals, indomethacin dilated and arachidonic acid constricted cerebral blood vessels. This correlated with vasorelaxation following inhibition of the thromboxane-endoperoxide receptor with SQ-29548 but not after selective blockade of thromboxane synthase with furegrelate, suggesting prostaglandin endoperoxide (i.e., PGH2) activity. Removal of the endothelium or selective blockade of cyclooxygenase-1 with SC-560 abolished estrogen-mediated differences in the effects of arachidonate on vessel diameter and on prostacyclin production by cerebral arteries. These data suggest 17beta-estradiol decreases cerebrovascular tone by shifting the primary end product of the endothelial cyclooxygenase-1 pathway from the constrictor prostaglandin PGH2 to the vasodilator prostacyclin. These effects of estrogen may contribute to the heightened thromboresistance and enhanced cerebral blood flow documented in pre-versus postmenopausal women.
Radiolysis of Ribonuclease in Controlled Environments

The separate contributions of the primary aqueous radicals to the changes in activity, molecular configuration and amino acid composition of RNase, produced by γ-irradiation of dilute solutions, have been identified. The most effective radical for inactivation is the H atom. Additional molecular products are formed on irradiation of the enzyme. Amino acid analyses of the irradiation products show significant damage only to the aromatic and sulfur-containing residues.
A Method for Simulating Complex Nakagami Fading Time Series With Nonuniform Phase and Prescribed Autocorrelation Characteristics

The availability of an accurate and systematic channel simulation technique is critical for the verification of the performance of digital radio transceivers designed for use on wireless channels. Despite the abundant results on channel simulation techniques available in the literature, an accurate technique for simulating Nakagami- m fading signals that have nonuniform phase distributions and any prespecified temporal autocorrelation function is not yet available. Such a technique is reported for the first time in this paper. We develop new cumulative distribution function (cdf) mapping methods to generate complex Nakagami sequences from complex Gaussian sequences, based on the independent transformation of their real and imaginary parts. Additionally, we analyze the relationships between the autocorrelation functions of Rayleigh and Nakagami fading signals to determine the autocorrelation function of Rayleigh input that is required to produce a specified autocorrelation function for the Nakagami output. Then, we implement the mapping algorithm to transform Rayleigh sequences with the so-determined autocorrelation functions into Nakagami sequences with the desired prespecified autocorrelation functions. Simulation results verify that our approaches can lead to the accurate simulation of Nakagami fading signals with prespecified autocorrelation functions and nonuniform phase distributions.
Exploiting Multiplicity to Teach Reliability and Maintainability in a Capstone Project

Many, if not most, Computer Science programs contain some form of capstone, or senior, project as a key requirement in receiving a bachelor's degree in Computer Science or Software Engineering. One decision that needs to be made is if all the students should be developing versions of the same project or if each project should be different. In this paper we describe how having multiple teams working on the same project can enrich the capstone experience by supporting reflection on the impact the quality of their code and documentation has on the reliability and maintainability of the final product.
Planar cell polarity, cilia, and human disease

The planar cell polarity (PCP) proteins govern diverse cellular behaviors, are essential for embryonic development, and are associated in a variety of human birth defects, including ciliopathies. While many PCP proteins have been extensively characterized, the “PCP effector” proteins, Inturned, Fuzzy and Fritz, remain largely unstudied. We have shown that each of these novel proteins is broadly essential for ciliogenesis in vertebrate animals. Here, we will discuss our efforts to combine bioinformatics, genomics, mouse genetics, and in vivo time-lapse imaging of intraflagellar transport to understand the mechanisms by which the PCP proteins govern cilia structure and function.
Functional connectivity during language processing in acute cocaine withdrawal: A pilot study

Recent research revealed decreased access to semantic and associative networks in acute cocaine withdrawal. In autism, such behavioral outcomes are associated with decreased functional connectivity using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Therefore, we wished to determine whether connectivity is also decreased in acute cocaine withdrawal. Eight subjects in acute cocaine withdrawal were compared to controls for connectivity in language areas while performing a task involving categorization of words according to semantic and phonological relatedness. Acute withdrawal subjects had significantly less overall connectivity during semantic relatedness, and a trend towards less connectivity during phonological relatedness. Of potential future interest is whether this might serve as an imaging marker for treatment in patients.
Role of Quantum Coherence and Environmental Fluctuations in Chromophoric Energy Transport

The role of quantum coherence in the dynamics of photosynthetic energy transfer in chromophoric complexes is not fully understood. In this work, we quantify the biological importance of fundamental physical processes, such as the excitonic Hamiltonian evolution and phonon-induced decoherence, by their contribution to the efficiency of the primary photosynthetic event. We study the effect of spatial correlations in the phonon bath and slow protein scaffold movements on the efficiency and the contributing processes. To this end, we develop two theoretical approaches based on a Green's function method and energy transfer susceptibilities. We investigate the Fenna-Matthews-Olson protein complex, in which we find a contribution of coherent dynamics of about 10% in the presence of uncorrelated phonons and about 30% in the presence of realistically correlated ones.
Liana host preference and implications for deciduous forest regeneration.

Abstract Lianas have the potential to shape forest communities and alter forest regeneration. However, impacts of lianas on forest regeneration, particularly in temperate forests, are largely unstudied. To understand potential liana impacts on the community we need to first know the location and intensity of liana burdens on host trees. We examined liana-tree host preferences within a series of young regenerating deciduous forests in the Piedmont region of New Jersey, USA. Established trees (≥ 5 cm dbh) and the lianas associated with each tree were surveyed in 2008. The five most abundant liana species were Celastrus orbiculatus, Lonicera japonica, Parthenocissus quinquefolia, Toxicodendron radicans, and Vitis species. Host preference for each liana species was measured in two ways, as colonization on tree trunks and coverage in the canopy. Host preferences based on tree species and tree size were compared among liana species. A total of 798 trees were measured and lianas occurred on 64% of them. Host pre...
Neuron hemilineages provide the functional ground plan for the Drosophila ventral nervous system

The legs and wings of insects are borne on the middle body segments, which make up the thorax. The nervous system inside of the thorax is part of the insect equivalent of the spinal cord and contains clusters of interneurons that relay signals between the sensory nerves, the brain and the muscles. This enables the insect to perform complex actions such as walking and flying. The thoracic interneurons are produced by a fixed set of stem cells. Each stem cell makes neurons in a pair-wise fashion by producing a sequence of neural progenitor cells, each of which then divides to produce two different types of daughter neurons. All of the daughter neurons of the same type are said to belong to the same hemilineage, and in the fruit fly Drosophila, the majority of the interneurons in the thorax are from one of 33 hemilineages. Each interneuron cluster in the insect thorax is made up of cells from a single hemilineage. Harris et al. developed genetic tools that allow the different hemilineages in the Drosophila thorax to be labeled, and used this to create a set of flies that allows the role of the different clusters to be investigated. Each fly type was modified so that increasing the temperature activated a heat-sensitive channel in the neurons of a single hemilineage, and Harris et al. recorded the behavioral response this produced. Each hemilineage caused the fly to move in a distinctive way when stimulated, and many of these movements were unique to a single cluster. Furthermore, the hemilineages can be divided into different groups based on their complexity. Activating the simplest group of hemilineage clusters produces simple movements such as leg twitches and stretches. Another group of hemilineages are then able to organize these movements into more complicated behaviors, such as walking. The third, most complex, hemilineages can coordinate several complex actions to enable the flies to perform very complicated tasks, like take off for flight. These findings suggest that hemilineages act as the basic modules of the nervous system in the fly thorax. Furthermore, the flies and techniques developed by Harris et al. will provide valuable resources for future studies into the organization and function of the nervous system.
Tc-99m adherence and dose reduction in myocardial perfusion imaging.

From the early 1980s to 2006, the proportion of ionizing radiation exposure of the US population attributed to medical imaging has increased from 15% to 48%. Nuclear medicine studies represent approximately one-quarter of that medical exposure. Myocardial perfusion imaging represents a majority of those studies and is commonly indicated as an adjunct to cardiac stress testing in the appropriate patient. As clinicians and imagers we strive to balance the diagnostic quality of studies with effective radiation dose to our patients. Traditional approaches to striking this balance in radionuclide imaging include stress-only SPECT imaging with attenuation correction, appropriate selection of radiotracers and protocols, advanced iterative reconstruction methods, and utilizing multi-detector imaging systems. In this issue, Reynolds et al highlight how critical radiochemistry and administration technique of a radiopharmaceutical can be in myocardial perfusion imaging and dose reduction. They demonstrate how the variable adherence of Tc-99m Sestamibi in syringes alters the actual delivered dose to the patient and complicates efforts at reducing effective dose. The result is a prescribed dosage intended to overcome residual activity and variable adherence in order to provide diagnostic quality imaging.
Tanzania’s Economic and Political Performance: A District-Level Test of Selectorate Theory

This chapter focuses on the selectorate (those having a say in leader selection, e.g. all voters in a democracy) and the winning coalition (those voters who provide a majority). By providing private goods (individual material or financial benefits) and/or public goods (e.g. health care or higher income equality) the leader can ensure the support of the winning coalition. In this chapter, we will test a central hypothesis of : the larger the winning coalition the more public goods (rather than private goods) are provided. A district level analysis for the case of Tanzania—controlling for poverty levels, productivity, population, etc.—confirms that larger winning coalitions favour public goods, whereas smaller winning coalitions count on private goods provision. This finding might explain some of the obstacles for improved living conditions in Tanzania.
The K-observer problem in computer networks

For any non-negative integer K, a K-observer P of a network N is a set of nodes in N such that each message, that travels at least K hops in N, is handled (and so observed) by at least one node in P. A K-observer P of a network N is minimum iff the number of nodes in P is less than or equal the number of nodes in every K-observer of N. The nodes in a minimum K-observer of a network N can be used to monitor the message traffic in network N, detect denial-of-service attacks, and act as firewalls to identify and discard attack messages. This paper considers the problem of constructing a minimum K-observer for any given network. We show that the problem is NP-hard for general networks, and give linear-time algorithms for constructing minimum or near-minimum K-observers for special classes of networks: trees, rings, L-rings, and large grids.
Diversity Leadership: A Mandate for the 21st Century Workforce:

This article contends that if U.S. corporations are to remain competitive as they enter the 21st century, their managers must stop trying to manage members of a workforce that is becoming increasin...
Negative ion photoelectron spectroscopy confirms the prediction that D3h carbon trioxide (CO3) has a singlet ground state

The CO3 radical anion (CO3˙−) has been formed by electrospraying carbonate dianion (CO32−) into the gas phase. The negative ion photoelectron (NIPE) spectrum of CO3˙− shows that, unlike the isoelectronic trimethylenemethane [C(CH2)3], D3h carbon trioxide (CO3) has a singlet ground state. From the NIPE spectrum, the electron affinity of D3h singlet CO3 was, for the first time, directly determined to be EA = 4.06 ± 0.03 eV, and the energy difference between the D3h singlet and the lowest triplet was measured as ΔEST = − 17.8 ± 0.9 kcal mol−1. B3LYP, CCSD(T), and CASPT2 calculations all find that the two lowest triplet states of CO3 are very close in energy, a prediction that is confirmed by the relative intensities of the bands in the NIPE spectrum of CO3˙−. The 560 cm−1 vibrational progression, seen in the low energy region of the triplet band, enables the identification of the lowest, Jahn–Teller-distorted, triplet state as 3A1, in which both unpaired electrons reside in σ MOs, rather than 3A2, in which one unpaired electron occupies the b2 σ MO, and the other occupies the b1 π MO.
Protecting Cruise Line Employees' Rights to Maintenance and Cure: The Need for Pre-Trial Adjudication

Cruise ship workers are often exposed to callous treatment by certain members of the cruise industry. Many cruise lines hire third world employees desperate for jobs and fearful of U.S. immigration authorities. Particularly appalling is the way foreign cruise line employees are sometimes deprived of maintenance and cure. Maintenance and cure is a maritime law doctrine which compels shipowners to provide medical care to seamen injured in the service of the vessel until the seaman is declared at maximum medical improvement (MMI).Despite the United States Supreme Court's repeated admonishment regarding maintenance and cure, cruise line employees often encounter delays with the maintenance and cure provision of their suits against their employers.Two legal arguments are frequently put forth by the cruise industry in an attempt to avoid or delay fulfilling their legal obligations to seaman medically signed off cruise vessels: 1) Courts cannot compel the provision of disputed medical care or cure before trial or summary judgment and 2) The duty to investigate claims of seamen's injuries gives shipowners a broad right to delay or deny provision of medical care or cure. This article demonstrates that these legal arguments are unsustainable and do not justify the delays they cause in the provision of maintenance and cure. The case of Vesna Nasteska v. Carnival Cruise Lines is used as an example of a foreign cruise worker denied maintenance and cure after a medical signoff.
Situational Influcence in the Internationa Marketplace: An Examination of Japanese Gift-Giving

This study was funded by the U.S. Department of Agriculture through the National Research Initiative Competitive Grants Program.Within the theoretical framework of modern interactionism, the study focuses on the influence of situational factors on Japanese gift-giving market, a market rife with subtle nuance and arcane conventions. ANOVA is used to examine the significance and the magnitude of situational influence on Japanese gift-giving behavior and regression analysis is used to examine in greater detail the nature of the situational influence. The findings show significant situational main and interaction effects and demonstrate an ability to transcend product-based segmentation methods by identifying products that, although they are dissimilar from a product attribute perspective, satisfy similar needs and are directly competitive from a situational perspective. The study is among the first to examine situational influence outside of the US market.
Effects of GABA antagonists and habituation to novelty on ethanol-induced locomotor activity in mice.

The effects of the γ-aminobutyne acid (GABA) antagonists picrotoxin and bicuculline on ethanol-induced motor excitation were assessed on habituated and non-habituated mice. Habituated mice were exposed to the testing apparatus for 30 mm on 4 consecutive days before testing Mice were treated with several doses of ethanol (0.8. 1 2 and 1.6 g/kg, intraperitoneally) and at each dose were pretreated with picrotoxin (0 25. 0 5 and 1.0 mg/kg, i.p.) or bicuculline (0 5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg, i.p ). Habituated animals had consistently lower scores than non-habituated animals throughout the experiment Ethanol alone produced a significant increase in motor activity Picrotoxin and bicuculline alone decreased motor activity only at the two higher doses in both habituated and non-habituated mice For the non-habituated mice, picrotoxin and bicuculline at the lowest doses decreased ethanol induced motor activity at the 0.8 and 1.2 g/kg ethanol doses, whereas in habituated mice, only bicuculline attenuated activity. At the highest dose of ethanol picrotoxin increased ethanol-induced excitation for both nonhabituated and habituated animals, whereas bicuculline only augmented the activity of the nonhabituated animals at this ethanol dose. Neither antagonist affected blood-ethanol levels These results suggest that habituation affects not only motor activity per se but also changes in activity due to the combination of GABA antagonists and ethanol.
Effect of Phage on Electrokinetic Potential of Susceptible Cells.

Earlier work1,2 has served to establish the following essential facts concerning the phage-bacterium reaction:A. Phage-production is conditioned by bacterial growth.B. There is at all times a normal distribution of phage between susceptible cells and the surrounding medium providing the cells are alive, i. e.,C. Lysis of bacteria depends upon the attainment of a critical ratio of phage to bacteria. In our experiments this threshold is approximately 100 activity units3 per bacterium.While the above relationships are significant for the development of a rational mechanism of phage action on bacteria4 and have been proved to apply to more than one organism and the corresponding phage,5 they give no evidence as to how phage induces cellular dissolution. Apparently phage does not measurably alter the normal bacterial growth-rate or the rate of cellular metabolism;4,5,6 it may or may not bring about swelling of susceptible bacteria just before lysis begins. Bronfenbrenner8 has found that phage produces hydrolyt...
Pseudo-turbulent gas-phase velocity fluctuations in homogeneous gas–solid flow: fixed particle assemblies and freely evolving suspensions

Gas-phase velocity fluctuations due to mean slip velocity between the gas and solid phases are quantified using particle-resolved direct numerical simulation. These fluctuations are termed pseudo-turbulent because they arise from the interaction of particles with the mean slip even in ‘laminar’ gas–solid flows. The contribution of turbulent and pseudo-turbulent fluctuations to the level of gas-phase velocity fluctuations is quantified in initially ‘laminar’ and turbulent flow past fixed random particle assemblies of monodisperse spheres. The pseudo-turbulent kinetic energy in steady flow is then characterized as a function of solid volume fraction and the Reynolds number based on the mean slip velocity . Anisotropy in the Reynolds stress is quantified by decomposing it into isotropic and deviatoric parts, and its dependence on and is explained. An algebraic stress model is proposed that captures the dependence of the Reynolds stress on and . Gas-phase velocity fluctuations in freely evolving suspensions undergoing elastic and inelastic particle collisions are also quantified. The flow corresponds to homogeneous gas–solid systems, with high solid-to-gas density ratio and particle diameter greater than dissipative length scales. It is found that for the parameter values considered here, the level of pseudo-turbulence differs by only 15 % from the values for equivalent fixed beds. The principle of conservation of interphase turbulent kinetic energy transfer is validated by quantifying the interphase transfer terms in the evolution equations of kinetic energy for the gas-phase and solid-phase fluctuating velocity. It is found that the collisional dissipation is negligible compared with the viscous dissipation for the cases considered in this study where the freely evolving suspensions attain a steady state starting from an initial condition where the particles are at rest.
The Influence of Controlled Environments and Grass Hosts on the Life Cycle of Endria inimica (Homoptera: Cicadellidae)

The painted leaf hopper, Endria inimica (Say), was studied in the greenhouse and in an ISCO (E-2) environmental growth chamber. In the greenhouse it survived best if the temperature was maintained at 80°F. During winter months artificial lighting was required for propagation. When the environmental growth chamber was programmed for a day, an interim, and a night temperature of 80°, 75°, and 65°F, respectively—females required an average of 12.8 days to oviposit after mating. An average of 44 eggs was laid, and eggs required an average of 13.6 days to hatch. Survival of nymphs was highest when the day, interim, and night temperatures were between 80°–70°–65°F and 90°–80°–75°F. At these temperature ranges the length of the nymphal stage was from 27 to 31 days. Each instar required from 3 to 8 days to complete development. Nymphs could not survive in the environmental growth chamber when the day, interim, and night temperatures were 65°, 60°, and 55°, or lower. Suitability of various gramineous hosts of E. inimica was determined in the environmental growth chamber. Of the species studied, Bromus inermis, Agropyron repens, and Triticum durum were the most suitable.
Medical Device Adverse Event Monitoring and Risk Management

OBJECTIVE: To discuss the concepts and methods of medical device adverse event monitoring and risk man- agernent .METHODS:The regulations on the medical device vigilance in the US,EU and some international organizations were introduced, the rnain regulatory measurements of the risk management for the marketed medical devices were discussed, and some works compketed in the past and to be done in the next stage were outlined .RESULTS CONCLUSION: The system of medical device vigilance in China is only beginning to formulate,there are a lot of work to be planned and accomplished.
Nanofluidic Devices for Rapid Continuous-Flow Bioseparation

Compared with conventional gel-based techniques, such as gel electrophoresis, which are routinely used for bioseparation in biology and biomedical laboratories, nanofluidic devices with regular engineered sieving structures offer the potential for faster separation, better resolution, higher throughput, and more convenient sample recovery. Here, we detail the fabrication process of a two-dimensional nanofluidic filter array device and its implementation for rapid continuous-flow separation of biomolecules such as proteins.
Current and future trials of Taxol (paclitaxel) in head and neck cancer

Phase II clinical trials of single-agent paclitaxel have demonstrated the drug's activity in ovarian cancer, breast cancer, and both small cell and non-small cell lung cancer. A recently completed trial in recurrent head and neck cancerpatients conducted by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group resulted in a 40% (12 of 30) overall (complete plus partial) response rate with a high dose of paclitaxel (250 mg/m2 by 24-hour continuous infusion) and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor support. Responses were observed in previously irradiated sites of locoregional disease as well as in distant metastases. The major toxicities were brief grade 3-4 neutropenia occurring in 91%, peripheral neuropathy in 39%, and arthralgias/myalgias in 39% of treated patients. Confirmatory single-agent trials with paclitaxel are in progress in the United States and Europe. Phase I and II trials also in progress or planned combine paclitaxel with cisplatin or carboplatin; ifosfamide; methotrexate; and cisplatin/5-fluorouracil. Lower doses (135 to 175 mg/m2) and alternative infusion schedules ranging from 3 hours to 10 days are also under evaluation in head and neck cancer and other solid tumors. Studies combining paclitaxel and radiotherapy are reviewed as well.
Cyclosporine A Treatment Abrogates Ischemia-Induced Neuronal Cell Death by Preserving Mitochondrial Integrity through Upregulation of the Parkinson's Disease-Associated Protein DJ-1

Summary Aims Hypoxic-ischemia alters mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm), respiratory-related enzymes, and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Drugs acting on mitochondria, such as cyclosporine A (CsA), may reveal novel mitochondria-based cell death signaling targets for stroke. Our previous studies showed that Parkinson's disease-associated protein DJ-1 participates in the acute endogenous neuroprotection after stroke via mitochondrial pathway. DJ-1 was detected immediately after stroke and efficiently translocated into the mitochondria offering a new venue for developing treatment strategies against stroke. Here, we examined a molecular interaction between CsA and mitochondrial integrity in the in vitro acute stroke model of oxygen glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) injury with emphasis on DJ-1. Methods Primary rat neuronal cells (PRNCs) were exposed to OGD/R injury and processed for immunocytochemistry, ELISA, and mitochondria-based molecular assays to reveal the role of DJ-1 in CsA modulation of mitochondrial integrity. Results Administration of CsA before stroke onset (24 h pre-OGD/R) afforded significantly much more robust neuroprotective effects than when CsA was initiated after stroke (2 h post-OGD/R), revealing that CsA exerted neuroprotection in the early phase of ischemic stroke. CsA prevented the mitochondria-dependent cell death signaling pathway involved in cytochrome c (Cyt c)-induced intrinsic apoptotic process. CsA preserved cellular ATP content, but not hexokinase activity under hypoxic conditions. CsA prevented both mtDNA decrement and Δψm degradation after reperfusion, and enhanced secretion of DJ-1 in the mitochondria, coupled with reduced oxidative stress. Conclusion These observations provided evidence that CsA maintained mitochondrial integrity likely via DJ-1 upregulation, supporting the concept that mitochondria-based treatments targeting the early phase of disease progression may prove beneficial in stroke.
MEMBERANTAS KEJAHATAN ATAS SATWA LIAR: REFLEKSI ATAS PENEGAKAN HUKUM UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 5 TAHUN 1990

Abstrak Kejahatan atas satwa liar merupakan kejahatan yang bersifat transnasional dan terorganisasi yang telah mengakibatkan dampak negatif terhadap ekosistem Indonesia. Perkembangan kejahatan atas satwa liar yang saat ini juga merupakan kejahatan teroganisasi, lintas negara dan berbasis elektronik, membuat Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1990 tidak lagi efektif dan telah gagal untuk mengatasinya. Kegagalan ini salah satunya disebabkan oleh rendahnya sanksi pidana yang diatur dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1990. Pada tataran praktek, rendahnya tuntutan Penuntut Umum dan putusan Majelis Hakim membuat tidak adanya efek jera bagi pelaku kejahatan atas satwa liar. Tulisan ini membahas secara spesifik mengenai perkembangan kejahatan atas satwa liar dan kegagalan penegakan hukum atasnya. Tulisan ini juga memberikan masukan konstruktif untuk perbaikan Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1990 sebagai sarana untuk memberantas kejahatan atas satwa liar di Indonesia. Abstract Wildlife Crime is a transnational and organized crime that has given the negative impact for Indonesia’s ecosystem. Evolution of wildlife crime as organized crime, transnational crime, and cyber crime makes Law No. 5 Year 1990 ineffective and has failed to combat it. This failure is caused by the lack of criminal sanction in Law No. 5 Year 1990. In the implementation, low of demand and verdict by prosecutor and judge couldn’t give the deterrent effect for the criminal. This paper discuss es specifically about evolution of wildlife crime modus and the failure of law enforcement. This paper also gives input to revise Law No. 5 Year 1990 for combating wildlife crime in Indonesian context.
Materials for High Power Continuous-wave Midwave Infrared Generation

Current status of bulk and quasi-phase matched nonlinear frequency conversion materials for generation of multiwatt-power continuous wave midwave infrared radiation through both down-conversion and up-conversion processes will be discussed, along with their theoretical limits. Article not available.
On the Performance of Sub-Band Precoded OFDM in the Presence of Narrowband Co-Channel Interference

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is the preferred modulation scheme for high-speed data transmission and has been incorporated in many broadband wireless standards. Despite its many benefits, which include robust performance in noise and fading channels, OFDM systems have poor performance in the presence of narrowband co-channel interference. In this paper, we consider OFDM systems with sub-band precoding and study their signal-to-interference+noise-ratio (SINR) and bit error rate (BER) performance through analysis and simulations. Results indicate that sub-band precoding has the potential to improve the OFDM system performance in the presence of narrowband co-channel interference, when compared to conventional OFDM systems.
907 Building sustainable national child passenger safety technician training programs

Background Safe Kids Worldwide (SKW) is designated by the US government as the certifying body for car seat technicians in the US. Since 1998, more than 140,000 child passenger safety (CPS) technicians have been certified, and more than 38,000 technicians and 1300 instructors are currently active. This successful US model has made CPS part of the social norm in which child restraints are used until seat belts fit. However, many nations have yet to build a CPS system that is proven to save children’s lives. Methods SKW cooperated with partners to create culturally sensitive pilot training programs in China, Qatar, Mexico, Abu Dhabi, and Israel. Training programs relied on a step-by-step approach to achieve sustainability. Each nation identified stakeholders, provided awareness training, and encouraged participants to become technicians. Certification classes focused on training technicians and on identifying and training local instructors. By the third class, China and Qatar certified a pool of technicians and instructors qualified to train more local experts. Also, new instructors were mentored to become lead instructors who keep technicians engaged and work with stakeholders to create a coordinated national CPS strategy. Results China trained 60 technicians and 3 instructors and is poised to expand its program. Qatar certified 70 technicians and 5 instructors while advancing a nationwide CPS program. All countries have ongoing classes. Conclusions The model demonstrated methodical success in creating a sustainable pool of trained CPS technicians in China and Qatar to reduce child injuries and fatalities. This model shows great promise for spreading CPS expertise and creating a new safety norm around the world.
In Children with Supracondylar Humeral Fractures, Crossed Pins Increased Fracture Stability Compared with Lateral Pins.

Abdel Karim M, Hosny A, Nasef Abdelatif NM, Hegazy MM, Awadallah WR, Khaled SA, Azab MA, A ElNahal W, Mohammady H. Crossed wires versus 2 lateral wires in management of supracondylar fracture of the humerus in children in the hands of junior trainees. J Orthop Trauma. 2016 Apr;30(4):e123-8. ### Question: In children requiring closed reduction and percutaneous pinning for supracondylar humeral fractures, what is the relative effectiveness of a crossed-pin configuration compared with 2 lateral pins? ### Design: Randomized (allocation concealed), unblinded, controlled trial with 6 months of follow-up. ### Setting: Level-I trauma center of a university hospital in Cairo, Egypt. ### Patients: 60 children (mean age, 5.1 years; 70% boys) who were <10 years of age had unilateral type-II or III supracondylar humeral fractures (57 extension-type and 3 flexion-type injuries; 53 Gartland type-III and 7 type-II injuries) and were scheduled for closed reduction and Kirschner wiring under …
Parental Incarceration and Child Sleep and Eating Behaviors.

Objectives To examine whether parental incarceration is significantly associated with a number of sleep and eating behaviors among offspring during early childhood. Study design Data from the Fragile Families and Child Well-Being Study, an at-risk sample of parents and their offspring, were employed to test this possibility. Both maternal and paternal incarceration history were examined as predictors of whether children manifested high levels of the following 7 health behaviors: sleep problems, short sleep duration, salty snack consumption, starch consumption, sweets consumption, soda consumption, and fast food consumption. Logistic regression techniques were used to carry out the analyses. Results Both maternal and paternal incarceration significantly increased the odds of a number of risky sleep and eating behaviors during childhood. Ancillary analysis also revealed that the predicted probability of exhibiting multiple risky behaviors across the sleep and eating domains was twice as large among children whose parents had both been incarcerated, relative to children whose parents had not been incarcerated. Conclusions Parental incarceration may have important implications for the sleep and eating behaviors of offspring. Both scholars and practitioners may, therefore, want to consider the possible negative repercussions of parental incarceration for the sleep and eating behaviors of children, and the potential for these high-risk health behaviors to compromise the health and well-being of children as they age.
Refractive index retrievals for polystyrene latex spheres in the spectral range 220–420 nm

ABSTRACTThe recent development of an Aerosol Extinction Differential Optical Absorption Spectrometer (AE-DOAS) has allowed for the retrieval of wavelength dependent complex refractive indices for polystyrene latex spheres (PSL). The AE-DOAS is a white-type multi-pass gas cell coupled to a UV-Vis spectrometer. Refractive index values are retrieved for wavelengths between 220 and 420 nm by minimizing the χ2 goodness-of-fit between measured extinction for five diameters of PSL and model Mie Theory predictions. Comparison to literature shows agreement at wavelengths >360 nm demonstrating the validity of this new instrumental approach while expanding the known refractive index range for PSLs further into the UV where it is previously unreported. In the studied wavelength range, coefficients for the general Cauchy dispersion relationship (A = 1.538(11); B = 0.0043(16) μm2; C = 0.00094(5) μm4) for PSLs were determined using the retrieved real portion of the refractive index and the wavelength in microns. In addi...