cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dimethylsulfoxide and ethanol, commonly used diluents, prevent dilation of pial arterioles by openers of KATP ion channels ☆

Abstract Ethanol and dimethylsulfoxide are commonly used as diluents for water-insoluble drugs. Both are antioxidants. An earlier study of cats presented pharmacological evidence indicating that oxidants could open the KATP ion channel in cerebral surface arterioles [pial arterioles] and that antioxidants including dimethylsulfoxide and l -cysteine prevented opening of these channels. Ethanol was not tested. The present study extends the older observations to a second species, the rat, and examines ethanol as well as dimethylsulfoxide and l -cysteine. A microscope and image splitter were used to measure arteriolar diameters under a closed cranial window in pentobarbital-anesthetized, paralyzed rats. Drugs were topically applied. Dose-dependent dilations produced by two well-established openers of the KATP ion channel were inhibited in dose-dependent manner by ethanol at doses from 0.01% to 0.075%. Above this dose, the effect disappeared. Dilation by sodium nitroprusside was not affected. Dimethylsulfoxide and l -cysteine inhibited dilation produced by pinacidil. Dimethylsulfoxide inhibited pinacidil in a dose-dependent manner at doses from 0.01% to 0.2%. l -Cysteine inhibited pinacidil. Since all the inhibitory drugs have antioxidant properties, their effect may be a reflection of that property as suggested in an earlier paper. Ethanol and dimethylsulfoxide inhibited in doses frequently present when these agents are used as solvents. When investigators use these solvents to dissolve water-insoluble, topically applied drugs, we suggest that they first test the possibility that their observations are being made under conditions in which opening of the KATP ion channel is inhibited.
The Magnetic Moment of the Palladium Atom

The magnetic moment of the palladium atom has been investigated by the Stern-Gerlach method by evaporating the metal from a tungsten boat resistance furnace through beam forming slits of Pyrex glass and allowing the beam to impinge and condense on a glass plate after passing through an inhomogeneous magnetic field. It was found that images too weak to be detected could be developed satisfactorily by the method used by Stern and Gerlach for silver images. No splitting of the beam of palladium atoms was observed although the same field gave a splitting of 0.04 cm for a beam of atomic hydrogen. This indicates that the palladium atom in its normal state has zero magnetic moment in agreement with spectroscopic results giving for its ground term a $^{1}S$.
Cytochrome P450 2C9 type II binding studies on quinoline-4-carboxamide analogues

CYP2C9 is a significant P450 protein responsible for drug metabolism. With the increased use of heterocyclic compounds in drug design, a rapid and efficient predrug screening of these potential type II binding compounds is essential to avoid adverse drug reactions. To understand binding modes, we use quinoline-4-carboxamide analogues to study the factors that determine the structure-activity relationships. The results of this study suggest that the more accessible pyridine with the nitrogen para to the linkage can coordinate directly with the ferric heme iron, but this is not seen for the meta or ortho isomers. The pi-cation interaction of the naphthalene moiety and Arg 108 residue may also assist in stabilizing substrate binding within the active-site cavity. The type II substrate binding affinity is determined by the combination of steric, electrostatic, and hydrophobicity factors; meanwhile, it is enhanced by the strength of lone pair electrons coordination with the heme iron.
Rayleigh's problem in magnetogasdynamics with Hall effect.

The boundary-layer solutions for large times of the velocity and temperature distributions in a gas, induced by the impulsive motion of an infinite flat plate in its own plane, are obtained by using the Karman-Pohlhausen technique. The gas is assumed to be thermally ionized through a combination of dissipative effects and heat supplied at the plate. The following two examples are given for seeded argon at about 2500°K: 1) with Hall effect (strong magnetic field) and 2) without.
Quantification of soy isoflavones, genistein and daidzein, and conjugates in rat blood using LC/ES-MS.

Genistein is the principal soy isoflavone to which the putative beneficial effects of soy consumption have been attributed; however, the possibility of adverse biological effects (e.g., estrogenic, antithyroid) has also been raised. This paper describes development and validation of a simple and sensitive analytical method for the determination of genistein in the blood of rats receiving dietary genistein ( 90%), and only small amounts of the sulfate conjugate and the aglycone were observed at all dose levels. No evidence for additional metabolites was obtained. The 7- and 4'-glucuronide conjugates of genistein were identified using electrospray mass spectrometry and (1)H NMR. Total blood genistein ranged from <15 nM in animals fed soy-free control diet to as high as 8.9 microM in male rats fed 1250 microg of genistein/g of chow and encompasses blood isoflavone levels observed in humans consuming a typical Asian diet and nutritional supplements (0.1-1 microM) and infants consuming soy formulas (2-7 microM).
Potentiation of the transport response with supplemental stimulation in white rats

An experiment was performed to investigate the effects of various smells combined with tactile stimulation on the transport response in white rats. Thirty-eight 16-day-old rats were lightly suspended by the nape of the neck with a spring-mechanized clothespin. They then were given a series of stimulus presentations in an attempt to induce the transport response. Results showed that gently rubbing the mother against the pup’s snout or receiving a puff of water from an atomizer were effective in inducing the response. Also effective in inducing a response were having the pup’s snout gently rubbed with a brush inundated with the dam’s hair, being stroked with a brush inundated with dog hair, and being presented with the smell of orange extract while being brushed with a clean brush. Having the snout brushed with a clean brush with no additional stimulus did not produce a statistically reliable increase in transport-response intensity over a no-stimulus condition.
MRI: time is dose--and money and versatility.

MRI examination time is equivalent to x-ray CT radiation dose. Just as we limit dose for CT examinations, we suggest that MRI examination time should be limited. Making MRI examinations shorter would make them less expensive, enable more MRI examinations because more people could be imaged, and extend the range of diagnostic procedures that can be done
Development of absolute intensity multi-angle light scattering for the determination of polydisperse soot aggregate properties

Abstract This work investigates the capability of multi-angle light scattering to determine polydisperse aggregate parameters including the size distribution and the fractal dimension. The investigation considers one laser wavelength in the visible at 527 nm and a fixed angle range from 10° to 160°. The corresponding range of the scattering wave vector limits the measured section of the overall structure factor significantly and makes an unambiguous determination of the size distribution parameters using relative multi-angle scatter intensities difficult. An interplay of the distribution width parameter and the fractal dimension is significant and impairs the possibilities for determining both properties simultaneously. The ambiguity of solutions can be overcome by including the absolute scattering intensity which is obtained via comparison with a known Rayleigh scatterer. However, additional parameters like the primary particle diameter, the soot volume fraction, the fractal prefactor, and the scattering function of the refractive index F ( m ) must be known with sufficient accuracy. We show how the analysis can be applied to a variety of soot sources ranging from very small aggregates in premixed flames, over intermediate aggregates in a laminar diffusion flame to large cooled soot emitted from a diffusion flame in inverted geometry.
LES and URANS predictions of the hydrodynamic loads on a tension-leg platform

Abstract This paper reports on the prediction of the unsteady hydrodynamic forces that act on a floating Tension-Leg Platform (TLP) due to the action of a steady current. The results were obtained by solving the three-dimensional, time-dependent form of the equations governing conservation of mass and momentum. Movement of the free surface was tracked using the volume of fluid algorithm. The effects of turbulence were accounted for using two very different approaches: Large-Eddy Simulations (LES) and Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (URANS). The latter approach utilized a two-equation turbulence closure that has been extended to capture the occurrence and consequences of vortex shedding from bluff bodies. The primary objective of the work was to explore the merits and de-merits of each modeling approach when applied to a large-scale structure of the type frequently encountered in practice. The test case chosen for this purposes of this assessment was the case of a conventional TLP in steady current at Reynolds numbers (based on column diameter) of 7.5×106 and 7.5×107. These values are representative of those encountered in deep-sea operations. Experiments and field observations have indicated that the resulting flows exhibit a number of complicated features due to the interactions between the shed vortices and the various structural components of the TLP. Many but not all of these features were captured by the present computations. In addition to a critical assessment of the two modeling approaches, the paper reports on a number of practical experiences gained in the course of conducting this study, including an assessment of the importance of allowing for the movement of the free surface (as opposed to adopting the usual solid-lid approximation) and an illustration of the effects of the current's angle of incidence on the computed hydrodynamic loads.
Sizing the oligomers of Azami Green fluorescent protein with FCS and antibunching

Fluorescent proteins are invaluable molecules in fluorescence microscopy and spectroscopy. The size and brightness of fluorescent proteins often dictates the application they may be used for. While a monomeric protein may be the least perturbative structure for labeling a protein in a cell, often oligomers (dimers and tetramers) of fluorescent proteins can be more stable. However, from a quantitative microscopy standpoint, it is important to realize the photophysical properties of monomers do not necessarily multiply by their number when they form oligomers. In this work we studied oligomerization states of the Azami Green (AG) protein with fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) and photon antibunching or photon pair correlation spectroscopy (PPCS). FCS was used to measure the hydrodynamic size of the oligomers, whereas antibunching was used to count the number of fluorescent emitters in the oligomers. The results exhibited that the dimers of AG were single emitters and the tetramers were dual-emitters, indicative of dipole-dipole interactions and energy transfer between the monomeric units. We also used these methods to estimate the number of fluorescent proteins displayed on T7 phage molecules.
Swelling‐activated cation channels mediate depolarization of rat cerebrovascular smooth muscle by hyposmolarity and intravascular pressure

1. Increases in intravascular pressure depolarize vascular smooth muscle cells. Based on the attenuating effects of Cl- channel antagonists, it has been suggested that swelling-activated Cl- channels may be integral to this response. Consequently, this study tested for the presence of a swelling-activated Cl- conductance in both intact rat cerebral arteries and isolated rat smooth muscle cells. 2. A 50 mosmol l-1 hyposmotic challenge (300 to 250 mosmol l-1) constricted rat cerebral arteries. This constriction contained all the salient features of a pressure-induced response including smooth muscle cell depolarization and a rise in intracellular Ca2+ that was blocked by voltage-operated Ca2+ channel antagonists. The hyposmotically induced depolarization was attenuated by DIDS (300 microM) and tamoxifen (1 microM), a response consistent with the presence of a swelling-activated Cl- conductance. 3. A swelling-activated current was identified in cerebral vascular smooth muscle cells. This current was sensitive to Cl- channel antagonists including DIDS (300 microM), tamoxifen (1 microM) and IAA-94 (100 microM). However, contrary to expectations, the reversal potential of this swelling-activated current shifted with the Na+ equilibrium potential and not the Cl- equilibrium potential, indicating that the swelling-activated current was carried by cations and not anions. The swelling-activated cation current was blocked by Gd3+, a cation channel antagonist. 4. Gd3+ also blocked both swelling- and pressure-induced depolarization of smooth muscle cells in intact cerebral arteries. 5. These findings suggest that swelling- and pressure-induced depolarization arise from the activation of a cation conductance. This current is inhibited by DIDS, tamoxifen, IAA-94 and gadolinium.
Isotropic subspaces for pairs of Hermitian matrices

The maximal dimension of a subspace which is neutral with respect to two hermitian matrices simultaneously, is identified (in many cases) in terms of inertia of linear combinations of the matrices.
The effect of high school sports participation on the use of performance-enhancing substances in young adulthood.

Abstract Purpose The present study examined the relationship between high school sports participation and the use of anabolic steroids (AS) and legal performance-enhancing dietary supplements in young adulthood. Additionally, the relationship between the use of AS and legal dietary supplements was explored. Methods Data on approximately 15,000 adolescents from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health were used. School sports participation was assessed when adolescents were in grades 7–12. AS use and legal performance-enhancing dietary supplement use were assessed six years later. Results Males were more likely than females to use AS and legal supplements. A sport by gender interaction emerged for the use of AS, indicating that the gender differences in AS use were greater for those who participated in sports during high school. High school sports participation was associated with increased likelihood that adolescents would use legal supplements in young adulthood. Finally, there was a positive relationship between the use of legal dietary supplements and AS use. Conclusions This study highlights the important role that the social environment during adolescence has on future health behaviors. Results suggest that the sporting context experienced during early adolescence may have lasting effects on the use of performance-enhancing substances. The use of legal performance-enhancing dietary supplements appears to be more prevalent than the use of AS, and there seems to be a positive relationship between the use of AS and legal performance-enhancing dietary supplements.
Unconventional magnetism via optical pumping of interacting spin systems.

We consider strongly interacting systems of effective spins, subject to dissipative spin-flip processes associated with optical pumping. We predict the existence of novel magnetic phases in the steady state of this system, which emerge due to the competition between coherent and dissipative processes. Specifically, for strongly anisotropic spin-spin interactions, we find ferromagnetic, antiferromagnetic, spin-density-wave, and staggered-$XY$ steady states, which are separated by nonequilibrium phase transitions meeting at a Lifshitz point. These transitions are accompanied by quantum correlations, resulting in spin squeezing. Experimental implementations in ultracold atoms and trapped ions are discussed.
Triapine (3-aminopyridine-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone) induces apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells.

Objectives:Triapine (Vion Pharmaceuticals, New Haven CT) is a potent ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor which exerts its antineoplastic activity by inhibiting DNA synthesis and repair. The objectives of this study were: (1) to determine whether Triapine has cytotoxic effects on epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) cells; (2) to characterize the apoptotic cascade induced in response to this agent; and (3) to determine its utility in combination treatment with carboplatin and paclitaxel.Methods:Five EOC cell lines were treated with tenfold dilutions of Triapine (0.1 to 100 μM) for 24 and 48 hours. Cell viability was determined by the CellTiter 96 AQueous One Solution Cell Proliferation Assay (Promega Corp, Madison, WI) and the morphologic features of apoptosis were observed using Hoechst staining. The apoptotic cascade was characterized by Western blot analyses.Results:All EOC cell lines treated with Triapine showed decreased cell viability in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Hoechst staining revealed nuclear ...
Induction of regulated hypothermia in mice by urine administration

Abstract In the first experiment, mice were placed in a temperature gradient and were permitted to select their ambient temperature ( T a ). After 1 h, the animals were removed from the gradient, injected with mouse urine at doses of 0, 6, 12 or 18 ml/kg (i.p.) and were placed quickly back in the gradient. The 18 ml/kg dose elicited a decrease in the selected T a along with a significant reduction in body temperature measurement at 60 and 120 min post-injection. In a second experiment it was found that urine collected from mice maintained at T a 's of 20, 30 or 35°C overnight had similar effects on the behavioral thermoregulatory response. In the third experiment, mouse urine was dialyzed against saline using dialysis tubing with a molecular cutoff of 1000 Da. The dialyzed urine had no effect on behavioral thermoregulation but did elicit a significant drop in body temperature; however, the decrease in temperature was not as great as that following administration of undialyzed urine. These studies indicate that mouse urine contains toxic substances that evoke a decrease in the set-point (i.e. anapyrexia). Interestingly, the response to urine is similar to that following acute exposure to xenobiotic chemical substances.
EVOLUTION INTO AND OUT OF THE ANDES: A BAYESIAN ANALYSIS OF HISTORICAL DIVERSIFICATION IN THAMNOPHILUS ANTSHRIKES

The Andean uplift played important roles in the historical diversification of Neotropical organisms, both by producing new high-elevation habitats that could be colonized and by isolating organisms on either side of the mountains. Here, we present a molecular phylogeny of Thamnophlius antshrikes, a clade of 30 species whose collective distribution spans nearly the entirety of lowland habitats in tropical South America, the eastern slope foothills of the Andes, and the tepuis of northern South America. Our goal was to examine the role of the Andes in the diversification of lowland and foothill species. Using parsimony and Bayesian ancestral state reconstructions of a three-state distribution character (lowland-restricted, lowland-to-highland, highland-restricted), we found that the Andes were colonized twice independently and the tepuis once from lowland-restricted ancestors. Over the entire evolutionary history of Thamnophilus, the highest transition rates were between highland-restricted and lowland-to-highland distributions, with extremely low rates into and out of lowland-restricted distributions. This pattern suggests lowland-restricted distributions are limited not by physiological constraints, but by other forces, such as competition. These results highlight the need for additional comparative studies in elucidating processes associated with the colonization of high-elevation habitats and the differentiation of populations within them.
Increased Risk of Squamous Cell Esophageal Cancer after Adjuvant Radiation Therapy for Primary Breast Cancer

Prior studies have demonstrated that adjuvant radiation therapy following mastectomy for breast cancer increases the risk of second primary esophageal cancer after 10 years, but the risk following breast-conserving surgery (lumpectomy) has yet to be determined. The authors used 1973-2000 data from the population-based Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program and estimated relative risks of 2.83 (95% confidence interval: 1.35, 5.92) and 2.17 (95% confidence interval: 1.67, 4.02) for squamous cell esophageal cancer at 5-9 and > or =10 years, respectively, following postmastectomy radiation therapy. This increase was mainly due to tumors located in the upper and middle thirds of the esophagus. No significant increase in risk was found for adenocarcinoma following mastectomy or for any type of esophageal cancer following lumpectomy. In summary, postmastectomy radiation therapy moderately increases the risk of squamous cell esophageal cancer starting 5 years after exposure, which persists after 10 years, with no increase in the risk of adenocarcinoma. This finding appears to be a function of the portals used for postmastectomy radiation therapy, which do not expose the lowest third of the esophagus, where adenocarcinomas commonly arise.
INNOVATIVE THERAPY FOR CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA

Innovative therapies for chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) have focused mainly on combining autologous transplantation with another modality of therapy for purging of the graft or treatment of the patient after transplant. Of the three categories of innovative therapies, two are based on studies that demonstrate the bcr/abl gene rearrangement in the pathogenesis of CML, whereas the third is based on the observation that allogeneic disparity is important to maintain remissions in CML. The rationale and data supporting these innovative approaches are reviewed in this article and future strategies are discussed.
Pseudouridine modification of U5 RNA in ribonucleoprotein particles assembled in vitro.

Abstract The formation of pseudouridine (psi) in U5 RNA during ribonucleoprotein (RNP) assembly was investigated by using HeLa cell extracts. In vitro transcribed, unmodified U5 RNA assembled into an RNP particle with the same buoyant density and sedimentation velocity as did U5 small nuclear RNP from extracts. The greatest amount of psi modification was detected when a combination of S100 and nuclear extracts was used for assembly. psi formation was inhibited when ATP and creatine phosphate or MgCl2 were not included in the assembly reaction, paralleling the inhibition of RNP particle formation. A time course of assembly and psi formation showed that psi modification lags behind RNP assembly and that at very early time points, Sm-reactive U5 small nuclear RNPs are not modified. Two of three psi modifications normally found in U5 RNA were present in RNA incubated in the extracts. Mutations in the form of deletions and truncations were made in the U5 sequence, and the effect of these mutations on psi formation was investigated. A mutation in the area of stem-loop I which contains the psi moieties or in the Sm binding sequence affected psi formation.
Ballistic transport and terahertz electronics

The feature sizes of modern semiconductor devices have entered the range, where ballistic or quasi-ballistic transport is dominant. In this regime, conventional notions of electron mobility become invalid and the device impedance becomes an oscillatory function of frequency. Electron inertia plays an important role at high frequencies and/or in short devices and oscillations of the electron density in device channels enable a new generation of THz devices. Plasma wave THz detectors using oscillations of the electron density in device channels already outperform more conventional THz detectors but achieving their full potential of plasma wave electronics will require using “plasmonic crystals”, which might be implemented as 2D or 3D arrays of coherently operating plasmonic FETs.
Hemispheric asymmetry of the afternoon electron aurora

[1] Using ultraviolet images from two global auroral imagers, IMAGE FUV in the northern hemisphere and Polar UVI in the south, we present the first synoptic scale conjugate observations of the dayside aurora. We find that the morphology of the afternoon aurora is significantly different in the two hemispheres. Multiple spots in a “string of pearls” configuration are seen in the southern hemisphere while the northern aurora is unstructured. We relate the observed asymmetry in the aurora to the Y GSM component of the IMF: a strong IMF BY modifies the ionospheric convection and field aligned current patterns, leading to the auroral asymmetry. Additionally, we suggest that the instability giving rise to the multiple spot morphology occurs at low altitude.
The molluscan neuropeptide, SCPB, increases the responsiveness of the feeding motor program of Limax maximus.

Small cardioactive peptide B (SCPB) has an excitatory effect on both buccal neurons and musculature in numerous molluscan species. The present study reports the effects of SCPB on the activity of specified buccal neurons and the expression of the feeding motor program of the terrestrial slug, Limax maximums. Superfusion of an isolated CNS preparation with 10−6M SCPB results in a 3–4-fold increase in the burst frequency of the fast salivary burster neuron (FSB), while having no effect on the activity of another endogenous burster, the bilateral salivary neuron (BSN). The response of the FSB to SCPBiS dose dependent, with a threshold concentration of 2 × 10−8M. The response of the FSB to SCPB showed no indication of desensitization, even after long-term exposure (20 min). The feeding motor program (FMP) in Limax is a discrete pattern of cyclical motor activity that can be initiated by lip nerve stimulation. In the presence of SCPB a previously subthreshold stimulus can initiate the full FMP. The pattern of the FMP, once initiated, appears unaffected by SCPB. Thus it is the responsiveness of the initiation process that is enhanced by SCPB. Histochemical studies revealed a number of buccal neuron somata and fibers that stain for SCPB-like immunoreactive material (SLIM).
Magnetic Field Line Reconnection Experiments

A laboratory experiment on the problem of magnetic field line reconnection in plasmas has been performed. Comprehensive measurements of the magnetic field topologies as well as the plasma dynamics have been performed. The formation of neutral magnetic sheets, tearing, island formation and magnetic turbulence will be shown first. Then, the force density and ion acceleration have been measured. An anomalous ion collision frequency ν* has been derived from these quantities and found to be large, ≲ 0.5, when turbulence is present. Finally, detailed time-dependent measurements of the total electric field and current density vectors have been made in the large (35 × 85 × 200 cm3), weakly collisional (νei/ωpe ≃ 10-4) argon plasma (n0 ≃ 1012 cm-3, Te = 10 Ti = 6 eV, β ≃ 1). The evolution of a broad (l ≃ 35 cm), thin (Δz ≃ 3 C/ωpe = 1.5 cm) neutral current sheet is seen to coincide with an increase in the calculated resistivity. The resistivity is found to be spatially inhomogeneous with average values exceeding the classical resistivity by one order of magnitude and locally by two orders.
Status Valued Goal Objects and Performance Expectations

I designed an experiment to test predictions, derived from expectation states theories, that the unequal allocation of social rewards among collective task-focused actors will affect the actors' rates of power and prestige behavior. Past research shows that allocations of exchangeable resources can have these effects. The prediction, however, is general and applies to groups where distributed rewards possess only status value. Consistent with predictions, participants who received a fictitious title and a special certificate inviting them to attend an "exclusive private reception" as an honored guest resisted influence more and evaluated themselves as more capable compared to participants whose partners received the title, certificate and invitation. I discuss implications of this research for status construction theories, which invoke the processes I examine to describe how new status characteristics could emerge in a society.
The histology of inhibition of limb regeneration in the newt, Triturus, by actinomycin D.

Adult newts, Triturus viridescens, were treated with from 1.0–10.0 μg/g body weight of actinomycin D one day before amputation of both forelimbs. Mean survival times ranged from over 50 days in newts treated with 1.0 μg/g to 13.2 days in animals given 10.0 μg/g body weight of actinomycin. Low doses little altered the course of regeneration, but animals treated with over 2.0 μg/g never formed blastemas. In another series, animals were given doses of 2.5 μg/g body weight of actinomycin D at intervals from 14 days before to 30 days after amputation. It was found that certain signs of toxicity (loss of equilibrium) are related to the time of administration of the drug whereas others (hemorrhage into the limb stumps) are restricted to a definite phase of the regenerative process. Early administration of actinomycin completely inhibits regeneration whereas later treatment results in a considerably lessened effect. The postamputational stages which are basically destructive in nature are not noticeably affected by actinomycin D, but the phases of dedifferentiation, blastema formation and redifferentiation are strongly inhibited.
Computer program for selection of norms for use in the diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (DRIS)

Abstract A FORTRAN computer program was written to select the norms and coefficients of variation (CV) for DRIS. The program splits the population into a high and low yielding subpopulation and then calculates the mean, variance and standard deviation for each element and form of expression (ratio and product of each element to all others). Based on the significance of the variance ratio (low yield/high yield), one then selects the form of expression which has the highest variance ratio and uses the corresponding high yield means and CV's as the norms from which DRIS indices are calculated.
A galvanic skin response interface for people with severe motor disabilities

Biometric input devices can provide assistive technology access to people who have little or no motor control. We explore a biometric control interface based on the Galvanic Skin Response, to determine its effectiveness as a non-muscular channel of input. This paper presents data from several online studies of a locked-in subject using a Galvanic Skin Response system for communication and control. We present issues with GSR control, and approaches that may improve accuracy and information transfer rate.
On the Marriageability of Men

The “marriageability of men” is an argument used in sociological research to understand demographic changes in marriage and to analyze social dynamics associated with gender, race, class, family, the workplace, incarceration, and more. While some are marrying later and others are foregoing marriage altogether, a lack of marriageable men is often part of the argument concerning new patterns of family formation in the United States. Research mobilizing the marriageability of men hypothesis spans a great deal of subfields of sociological research, not all in conversation with one another – and not all explicitly making use of the term. This article collects these diverse strands of thought and presents an argument for how and why men are less marriageable, what this means, and why it means different things for different groups of men and women. Racialized and classed conceptions of masculinity create different kinds of struggles for different groups of men and work against their marriageability for different reasons. We discuss the impact of incarceration, new struggles in a service economy, and shifts in women's perceptions and expectations of what qualifies men as “marriageable.”
Sex, Lies and Jurisprudence: Robert Bork, Griswold, and the Philosophy of Original Understanding

This article analyzes Robert Bork's philosophy of original understanding jurisprudence in the context of the Supreme Court's decision in Griswold v. Connecticut, and concludes that Bork's theory does not perform as advertised and in fact -- contrary to Bork's representations -- actually supports the outcome reached by the Supreme Court in the Griswold case. It nonetheless concludes that original understanding interpretation has something to offer, if not as much as Bork claims.
Infants Use Statistical Sampling to Understand the Psychological World

Preverbal infants engage in statistical and probabilistic inference to learn about their linguistic and physical worlds. Do they also employ probabilistic information to understand their social world? Do they infer underlying causal mechanisms from statistical data? Here, we show, with looking-time methods, that 10-month-olds attend to statistical information to understand their social–psychological world and plausibly infer underlying causal mechanisms from violations of physical probabilities.
Histidine Decarboxylase Activity of Bovine Aortic Endothelium and Intima–Media

SummaryThe HFC of bovine aortic endothelial cells was compared to that of subjacent intima–media homogenates. Results indicated that endothelial HFC, and thus the endothelial histidine decarboxylas...
Investigation of Character Patterns of Early Growth in Infants with Different Birth Weights

Objective To explore the rules of growth and development in children born small for gestational age(SGA,10th percentile birth weight for gestation) or large for gestational age(LGA,≥90th percentile) with those appropriate for gestational age.Methods Screening was performed to 38 898 newborns in Hangzhou of Zhejiang province in 2000,2004,2005 years and 794 newborns were followed up in survey,who took partial physical examination and were assessed with WHO standard.Measurements of body mass index(BMI) scores and Z scores for weight and length were based on normalized distributions.Results Prevalence rates were as follows:SGA infants,1.5%,2.0%,2.3%respectively and LGA infants 4.7%,5.2%,4.2%respectively.Development of weight,height and BMI in LGA group were the best among the 3 groups,while the SGA group showed the lowest level of development in the 12-18 and 24-30 months after birth.LGA group remain heavier,while SGA group showed postnatal catch-up height and BMI by 72-78 months compared with those appropriate for gestational age(AGA),LGA group.Conclusions There is a consanguineous relationship between the growth in uterus and the growth in the early childhood.Monitoring and intervention shall be given to those infants with different birth weights and as early as possible with rational nutrition.
Conceivability of Roof Garden's Application in Tongliao

With the increasing problems of environmental pollution,human beings began to realize the relationship between people and nature and they began to focus on the Landscape greening,which is one of the important approaches to improving the environment.The project of roof gardening is a means of afforestation and beautification to make Urban greening process three-dimensional,spatialization and Multidimensional by Artificial expansion of the city.This paper,an early researching work,which studies and surveys the species of roof gardening plants,waterproof designing,theory and technical indicators such as construction points,takes Tongliao as application object.The survey aiming at creating a more harmonious,comfortable space for people of Tongliao,increasing urban ecological factors and greenification coverage,promoting sustainable and coordinated development among residents,cities,economics,societies and environment has a great significance.
Ocean Basin and Continental Evolution

Earth’s surface can be readily divided into oceanic and continental areas. Each is characterized by particular rock types and compositions, which can be approximated by the terms mafic (basaltic) for ocean crust and felsic (granitic) for continental crust. Oceanic crust is thin (ca. 10 km) and relatively dense while continental crust is rather thicker (ca. 40 km) and somewhat less dense. Both types “float” on the solid, higher density mantle of ultramafic rock. The thinner ocean crust sits at lower elevations than the continents, providing the basins which have filled with water, that is, the oceans. At the earliest stages of Earth’s history there was little or no continental crust, but a global ocean crust, thinly covered by the primitive ocean. This situation would have existed even before the bulk of volatile degassing, implying that the impact of late accreting meteoritic material would have largely been into the global ocean. This is an important factor in considering the chemical processes that would have occurred during degassing of most of the early Earth’s volatiles. It is likely that the earliest prebiotic molecules were formed at the same time as much of the primordial degassing. Production of continental crust by geochemical (igneous) processing of oceanic and some mantle material has taken place over most of Earth’s history. The relative stability of continental crust results in its preservation and accumulation over time, leading to the present situation in which continental masses cover about 40% of Earth’s surface.
Accelerated process optimization for laser-based additive manufacturing by leveraging similar prior studies

ABSTRACTManufacturing parts with target properties and quality in Laser-Based Additive Manufacturing (LBAM) is crucial toward enhancing the “trustworthiness” of this emerging technology and pushing it into the mainstream. Most of the existing LBAM studies do not use a systematic approach to optimize process parameters (e.g., laser power, laser velocity, layer thickness, etc.) for desired part properties. We propose a novel process optimization method that directly utilizes experimental data from previous studies as the initial experimental data to guide the sequential optimization experiments of the current study. This serves to reduce the total number of time- and cost-intensive experiments needed. We verify our method and test its performance via comprehensive simulation studies that test various types of prior data. The results show that our method significantly reduces the number of optimization experiments, compared with conventional optimization methods. We also conduct a real-world case study that ...
A Dyadic Exercise Intervention to Reduce Psychological Distress Among Lesbian, Gay, and Heterosexual Cancer Survivors.

Abstract Purpose: Studies have found disparities in psychological distress between lesbian and gay cancer survivors and their heterosexual counterparts. Exercise and partner support are shown to reduce distress. However, exercise interventions haven't been delivered to lesbian and gay survivors with support by caregivers included. Methods: In this pilot randomized controlled trial (RCT), ten lesbian and gay and twelve heterosexual survivors and their caregivers were randomized as dyads to: Arm 1, a survivor-only, 6-week, home-based, aerobic and resistance training program (EXCAP©®); or Arm 2, a dyadic version of the same exercise program involving both the survivor and caregiver. Psychological distress, partner support, and exercise adherence, were measured at baseline and post-intervention (6 weeks later). We used t-tests to examine group differences between lesbian/gay and heterosexual survivors and between those randomized to survivor-only or dyadic exercise. Results: Twenty of the twenty-two recruited...
Surgical Emergencies Related to Abdominal Wall Hernias

• Layered structure extending from the xiphoid process and the costal margins superiorly to the pubic symphysis inferiorly • Musculature: – Two recti abdominis muscles Each runs from the xiphoid process to the pubic symphysis, and its lateral border has a convex shape, which gives rise to the linea semilunaris . – Lateral abdominal muscles Includes three muscles from superfi cial to deep: the external oblique, the internal A. C. Sideris , MD Division of Trauma, Emergency Surgery, and Critical Care , Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA e-mail: ASIDERIS@PARTNERS.ORG
Switching control of functional electrical stimulation and motor assist for muscle fatigue compensation

The torque generation capability of muscles often reduces during a functional electrical stimulation (FES) session due to the rapid onset of muscle fatigue. Hybrid rehabilitation systems that use FES and electric motor assist may overcome this issue. The primary control challenge in such a system is how to allocate control inputs between electric motor and FES during muscle fatigue and muscle recovery. One strategy is to switch between FES and the electric motor by using an estimate of the muscle fatigue. This would allow the system to switch from using FES to using the electric motor when the muscle torque output has significantly decreased, then switch back to FES once the muscles have sufficiently recovered. This paper uses a second order sliding mode controller cascaded with a feedback linearization controller for a switched, FES and electric motor, system. The second order sliding mode is achieved through the use of a variable-gain super-twisting algorithm. A Lyapunov stability analysis was used to prove asymptotic stability of the switched control system. Simulations of the developed controller on a hybrid knee extension model illustrate that prolonged knee movements can be elicited through the switched system.
Toward a Developmentally Informed Theory of Mental Disorder in Older Adults

This chapter represents an exercise in theory building, setting out propositions that are essential for a model of mental disorder in older adults. The intent is to provide a framework that will be useful to research and practice through implications for etiology, course, treatment, and prevention.
Bicyclo[1.1.0]butane

Abstract The chemistry of bicyclo[1.1.0]butane and some of its derivatives is reviewed. The effect of its bond angle deformation on its strain energy, its orbital hybridization, and its reactivity is discussed.
( s d ) 4 states in Be 12 , 14

For suggested cluster states beginning at about 10 MeV in $^{12}\mathrm{Be}$, absolute energy and relative energy spacings agree well with calculations for the $^{8}\mathrm{Be}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{(sd)}^{4}$ configuration. Comparison indicates that the proposed $({8}^{+})$ state at 20.9 MeV is probably ${6}^{+}$. A similar calculation for $^{14}\mathrm{Be}$ predicts that the lowest ${(sd)}^{2}$ and ${(sd)}^{4}$ states are rather close together in that nucleus.
Interactions of Constrained Flow and Size Scale on Mechanical Behavior

Coupled effects between constrained flow, increased strength as a function of decreased sample size, and resulting high stresses affect both modulus and fracture toughness. For submicron size crystalline spheres [1,2], boxes [3], and cubes [4], we have recently shown that dislocation by dislocation events can be followed using a combination of AFM/nanoindentation. This has led to at least three proposed strengthening mechanisms for hardening of small constrained volumes under compression[4]. With the increased stresses, this can produce increased moduli of elasticity in confined volumes small in three dimensions. With increased constrained plasticity this produces increased strength in volumes small in three, two or one dimensions.
Some temperatures of birds of Belém, Brazil

ABSTRACT Cloacal temperatures are listed for Amazonian birds of Belem, Para. Eight hundred and two individuals representing 85 species and 23 families were studied. As in birds of temperate zones, large and small birds show low cloacal temperatures and medium-sized birds show high cloacal temperatures.
SENSITIVITY OF TUFTED APPLE BUDMOTH (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) LARVAL INSTARS TO PHOTOPERIODIC INDUCTION OF DIAPAUSE AT 21C

An examination of the sensitivity of the tufted apple budmoth, Platynota idaeusalis (Walker), larval instars to a diapause-inducing photoperiod at a constant 21C revealed that maximum expression of...
Efficacy and Safety of Titanium Miniplates for Patients Undergoing Septorhinoplasty

This case series evaluates the efficacy and safety of titanium miniplates for cartilaginous graft fixation in patients undergoing septorhinoplasty.
Understanding arsenic incorporation in CdTe with atom probe tomography

Abstract Overcoming the open circuit voltage deficiency in Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) photovoltaics may be achieved by increasing p-type doping while maintaining or increasing minority carrier lifetimes. Here, routes to higher doping efficiency using arsenic are explored through an atomic scale understanding of dopant incorporation limits and activation in molecular beam epitaxy grown CdTe layers. Atom probe tomography reveals spatial segregation into nanometer scale clusters containing > 60 at% As for samples with arsenic incorporation levels greater than 7–8 × 1017 cm−3. The presence of arsenic clusters was accompanied by crystal quality degradation, particularly the introduction of arsenic-enriched extended defects. Post-growth annealing treatments are shown to increase the size of the As precipitates and the amount of As within the precipitates.
Introducing Boolean Semilattices

We present and discuss a variety of Boolean algebras with operators that is closely related to the variety generated by all complex algebras of semilattices. We consider the problem of finding a generating set for the variety, representation questions, and axiomatizability. Several interesting subvarieties are presented. We contrast our results with those obtained for a number of other varieties generated by complex algebras of groupoids.
Growth and Longevity of Nautilus

Like many other aspects of the life history of Nautilus, its rate of growth and longevity have until recently been unknown. Growth rate is defined as the increase in dimensions of the shell or number of septa (chambers) with respect to time. The growth of the shell involves two processes: (1) Shell is accreted at the aperture in conjunction with growth of the soft body; as traced along the venter, the shell forms a logarithmic spiral in which radial increase is an exponential function of rotational angle. (2) Periodically, the animal moves forward to begin formation of a new septum (chamber) at the rear of the body chamber (see Chapter 34, this volume). Except near maturity and immediately after hatching, septa are usually secreted at equal angular intervals and the ratio of chamber volumes between adjacent chambers is constant.