cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Advances in the genetics of endometriosis

Endometriosis is a gynecological disease characterized by implantation of endometrial tissue outside of the uterus. Early familial aggregation and twin studies noted a higher risk of endometriosis among relatives. Studies on the roles of the environment, genetics and aberrant regulation in the endometrium and endometriotic lesions of women with endometriosis suggest that endometriosis arises from the interplay between genetic variants and environmental factors. Elucidating the hereditary component has proven difficult because multiple genes seem to produce a susceptibility to developing endometriosis. Molecular techniques, including linkage and genome-wide analysis, have identified candidate genes located near known loci related to development and regulation of the female reproductive tract. As new candidate genes are discovered and hereditary pathways identified using technologies such as genome-wide analysis, the possibility of prevention and treatment becomes more tangible for millions of women affected by endometriosis. Here, we discuss the advances of genetic research in endometriosis and describe technologies that have contributed to the current understanding of the genetic variability in endometriosis, variability that includes regulatory polymorphisms in key genes.
Ethno‐nationalism and the global ‘modernising’ project

This article analyses the features and problems of ethno-nationalism in the global context. The existing bodies of theories and literature on ethno-nationalism mainly reflect the views and interests of the colonising ethno-nations and their states at the cost of the dominated ethno-nations. This preliminary study shows the inadequacy of information, knowledge and theory in the study of nationalism by questioning the validity of the global ‘modernising’ projects of modernisation theorists and some Marxists and by addressing the question of ethno-nationalism from the perspective of the colonised ethno-nations. By providing the reference cases of the Oromos and the Southern Sudanese, this study explains the challenge ethno-nationalism poses to the nature and role of the state.
UTD-SpRL: A Joint Approach to Spatial Role Labeling

We present a joint approach for recognizing spatial roles in SemEval-2012 Task 3. Candidate spatial relations, in the form of triples, are heuristically extracted from sentences with high recall. The joint classification of spatial roles is then cast as a binary classification over the candidates. This joint approach allows for a rich feature set based on the complete relation instead of individual relation arguments. Our best official submission achieves an F1-measure of 0.573 on relation recognition, best in the task and outperforming the previous best result on the same data set (0.500).
An Oceanic Mixed Layer Model Capable of Simulating Cyclic States

Abstract A new one-dimensional bulk model of the mixed layer of the upper ocean is presented. An entrainment hypothesis dependent upon the relative distribution of turbulent energy between horizontal and vertical components is offered as a plausible mechanism for governing both entrainment and layer retreat. This model has two properties not previously demonstrated: (i) The fraction of wind-generated turbulent kinetic energy partitioned to potential energy increase by means of mixed layer deepening is dependent upon layer stability, H*=h/L, as measured by the ratio of mixed layer depth h to Obukhov length L. This results in a modulation of the mean entrainment rate by the diurnal heating and cooling cycle. (ii) Viscous dissipation is enhanced for increased values of Ro−1= hf/u*, where f is the Coriolis parameter and u*. the friction velocity for the water. This enables a cyclical steady state to occur over an annual period by limiting maximum layer depth. A nondimensional framework used to present the gen...
Lipoprotein lipase in human milk : compartmentalization and effect of fasting, insulin, and glucose

The object of this study was to investigate the effect of maternal metabolic state on the activity of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) in human milk. Although the total LPL activity in milk was not significantly affected by up to three cycles of freezing and thawing, the amount of LPL associated with the cream fraction of the milk increased from an average of less than 10% to about 70% after this treatment. The enzyme was relatively stable when the milk was stored on ice, losing activity at a rate of about 1% per hour. At 37 degrees C degradation was more rapid, about 7% per hour. When LPL activity was measured in samples taken at hourly intervals by breast pump, using oxytocin to achieve a complete letdown at each pumping, activity was found to double from the first to the third pumping. Thereafter the activity was stable under fasting conditions. Hyperglycemic and euglycemic, hyperinsulinemic glucose clamp protocols were used to evaluate the effects of glucose and insulin. Both high plasma glucose and high plasma insulin in the presence of normal glucose significantly increased LPL activity within 4 hours. We conclude that, like adipose, tissue LPL, mammary LPL is regulated by plasma insulin.
Prenylation of Rab8 GTPase by type I and type II geranylgeranyl transferases

Rab GTPases are post-translationally modified by addition of geranylgeranyl moieties to carboxyl-terminal cysteine residues. For Rab proteins ending with xxCC xCxC and CCxx motifs this modification is catalysed by geranylgeranyltransferase type II (GGTaseII), and is entirely dependent on the Rab substrate being bound to Rab escort protein (REP). Several Rab proteins contain carboxyl-terminal CaaL prenylation motifs typical of members of the Rho family, which are modified in a REP-independent manner by geranylgeranyltransferase type I (GGTaseI). The present studies show that one such Rab protein (Rab8), which ends with a CVLL motif, is uniquely able to serve as a substrate for either REP/GGTaseII or GGTaseI in cell-free assays. The modification of Rab8 by GGTaseI did not require REP, indicating that a REP-induced conformational change is not essential for exposure of the Rab carboxyl-terminal cysteine prenylation site. To determine whether one enzyme plays a predominant role in Rab8 prenylation in vivo, the incorporation of [3H]mevalonate into Rab8 was measured in human embryonal kidney 293 cells under conditions where the activity of GGTaseI, but not GGTaseII, was blocked by the peptidomimetic inhibitor GGTI-298. The GGTaseI inhibitor did not prevent prenylation of either overexpressed Myc-tagged Rab8 or endogenous Rab8, whereas prenylation of a known GGTaseI substrate with the same carboxyl-terminal motif, Cdc42Hs, was completely blocked. To rule out the possibility that the apparent prenylation of Rab8 by GGTaseII occurs only when GGTaseI activity is eliminated, metabolic labelling studies were carried out in the absence of the GGTaseI inhibitor, using a REP-binding-deficient Rab8 construct (Y78D) that cannot serve as a substrate for GGTaseII, but is indistinguishable from wild-type Rab8 as a substrate for GGTaseI. Prenylation of the Y78D mutant was reduced by 60-70% in intact cells, consistent with the conclusion that the majority of Rab8 is prenylated by the REP/GGTaseII system in vivo.
Supportive evidence by field testing and laboratory experiment for a new hypothesis of the ecology and pathogenicity of canine blastomycosis

This paper offers evidence showing that the pathogenicity of Blastomyces dermatitidis involves the following: 1. Infection with B. dermatitidis in dogs is very severe. Among 33 infected dogs almost 20% died, all but one with eye lesions. In addition, 70% developed skin lesions in the first 66 weeks of observation. 2. The skin test appears to be a useful tool in defining dogs probably infected with B. dermatitidis. 3. Serologic tests do not appear useful as indicators of infection because cross reactions with histoplasmin are frequent. 4. Field skin testing of dogs with blastomycin and histoplasmin indicates that it is extremely useful in detecting infected dog packs and premises. Almost half of more than 100 dogs in the area of the only known blastomycosis epidemic in North Carolina showed specific blastomycin tests as contrasted with an 11–18% rate in mongrel dogs in Kentucky. Skin testing of 20 fox hound packs in Kentucky has revealed 8 premises where 35% or more of the dogs show positive specific blast...
Patterns of Word Usage in Expert Tutoring Sessions: Verbosity versus Quality

It is widely acknowledged that one-on-one human tutoring is one of the most effective ways to provide learning, however, the source of its effectiveness is still unclear. Tutor-centered, student-centered, and interaction hypotheses have been proposed as possible explanations of the effectiveness of human tutoring. Most research has addressed this question by analyzing tutorial sessions at the dialogue move or speech act level. The present paper adopts a different approach by focusing on word usage patterns in 50 naturalistic tutorial sessions between human students and expert tutors. Specifically, each unique word in the session was designated as a student initiative word, a tutor initiative word, or a shared-initiative word. Comparisons of the frequencies as well as the weights of the words assigned to each of these categories indicated that the student and tutor share initiative even though the tutor’s are considerably more verbose. The implications of the results for the development of an ITS that aspires to model expert tutors are discussed.
Acute Kidney Injury.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a global public health concern associated with high morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. Other than dialysis, no therapeutic interventions reliably improve survival, limit injury, or speed recovery. Despite recognized shortcomings of in vivo animal models, the underlying pathophysiology of AKI and its consequence, chronic kidney disease (CKD), is rich with biological targets. We review recent findings relating to the renal vasculature and cellular stress responses, primarily the intersection of the unfolded protein response, mitochondrial dysfunction, autophagy, and the innate immune response. Maladaptive repair mechanisms that persist following the acute phase promote inflammation and fibrosis in the chronic phase. Here macrophages, growth-arrested tubular epithelial cells, the endothelium, and surrounding pericytes are key players in the progression to chronic disease. Better understanding of these complex interacting pathophysiological mechanisms, their relative impo...
Secrets and Liens: The End of Notice in Commercial Finance Law

This article examines important, recent changes in commercial finance law that reduce or eliminate the obligation to give notice of nonpossessory interests in personal property. To the extent we weaken notice rules, we increase the likelihood of secret liens, interests in property that are neither recorded nor otherwise readily observable. Historically, the problem of secret liens - and indeed notice of nonpossessory interests in personal property, generally - was addressed by notice-filing systems, such as that created by Article 9 of the Uniform Commercial Code. Yet, two recent sets of legislative developments suggest that we may care much less about the problem of secret liens than we might acknowledge. First, recent revisions to Article 9 of the U.C.C. (which governs many commercial finance transactions) tolerate secret liens as to such increasingly important assets as data, intellectual property, bank accounts, and securities. Second, states have recently begun to enact non-uniform legislation designed to promote "asset securitizations." This legislation gives fully-preemptive effect to the parties' contracts, and would therefore appear to displace rules on notice-filing that might otherwise apply. They effectively end the obligation to give notice. This article considers how we have come to diminish the role of notice-filing, and what that might mean. I argue that tolerance of secret liens challenges a deeply-held intuition about the relationship between property rights and notice obligations. This intuition enjoys both a new theoretical cache and a long lineage. I also suggest that we have become increasingly tolerant of secret liens because we have been seduced by a series of economic arguments about the alleged inefficiencies of notice-filing. I consider and reject most (but not all) of the economic arguments as incomplete or speculative. The article then suggests that notice-filing systems may perform at least two important informational functions not fully considered by critics of these systems. First, they will act as proxy for the information that might otherwise be generated within tightly-knit merchant communities. Second, they may have important behavioral consequences both for those required to provide the notice and for the audience for the information thus provided. The article therefore counsels caution in enacting legislation that would diminish or dilute notice-filing in commercial finance transactions.
Localization of twisted \( \mathcal{N}=\left(0,\;2\right) \) gauged linear sigma models in two dimensions

We study two-dimensional $$ \mathcal{N}=\left(0,\ 2\right) $$ supersymmetric gauged linear sigma models (GLSMs) using supersymmetric localization. We consider $$ \mathcal{N}=\left(0,\ 2\right) $$ theories with an R-symmetry, which can always be defined on curved space by a pseudo-topological twist while preserving one of the two supercharges of flat space. For GLSMs which are deformations of $$ \mathcal{N}=\left(2,\ 2\right) $$ GLSMs and retain a Coulomb branch, we consider the A/2-twist and compute the genus-zero correlation functions of certain pseudo-chiral operators, which generalize the simplest twisted chiral ring operators away from the $$ \mathcal{N}=\left(2,\ 2\right) $$ locus. These correlation functions can be written in terms of a certain residue operation on the Coulomb branch, generalizing the Jeffrey-Kirwan residue prescription relevant for the $$ \mathcal{N}=\left(2,\ 2\right) $$ locus. For abelian GLSMs, we reproduce existing results with new formulas that render the quantum sheaf cohomology relations and other properties manifest. For non-abelian GLSMs, our methods lead to new results. As an example, we briefly discuss the quantum sheaf cohomology of the Grassmannian manifold.
Role of interleukin-10 (IL-10) in regulation of GABAergic transmission and acute response to ethanol

Mounting evidence indicates that ethanol (EtOH) exposure activates neuroimmune signaling. Alterations in pro-inflammatory cytokines after acute and chronic EtOH exposure have been heavily investigated. In contrast, little is known about the regulation of neurotransmission and/or modulation by anti-inflammatory cytokines in the brain after an acute EtOH exposure. Recent evidence suggests that interleukin-10 (IL-10), an anti-inflammatory cytokine, is upregulated during withdrawal from chronic EtOH exposure. In the present study, we show that IL-10 is increased early (1 h) after a single intoxicating dose of EtOH (5 g/kg, intragastric) in Sprague Dawley rats. We also show that IL-10 rapidly regulates GABAergic transmission in dentate gyrus neurons. In brain slice recordings, IL-10 application dose-dependently decreases miniature inhibitory postsynaptic current (mIPSC) area and frequency, and decreases the magnitude of the picrotoxin sensitive tonic current (Itonic), indicating both pre- and postsynaptic mechanisms. A PI3K inhibitor LY294002 (but not the negative control LY303511) ablated the inhibitory effects of IL-10 on mIPSC area and Itonic, but not on mIPSC frequency, indicating the involvement of PI3K in postsynaptic effects of IL-10 on GABAergic transmission. Lastly, we also identify a novel neurobehavioral regulation of EtOH sensitivity by IL-10, whereby IL-10 attenuates acute EtOH-induced hypnosis. These results suggest that EtOH causes an early release of IL-10 in the brain, which may contribute to neuronal hyperexcitability as well as disturbed sleep seen after binge exposure to EtOH. These results also identify IL-10 signaling as a potential therapeutic target in alcohol-use disorders and other CNS disorders where GABAergic transmission is altered.
Constructing Geographic Areas by REDCAP and MLR for Analysis of Homicide Rates: A Case Study of New Orleans, Louisiana

The small population problem arises in analysis of rare events such as homicides when rates are often unreliable and sensitive to missing data and other data errors in arbitrarily delineated areal units (e.g., census tracts) of low population. This article uses two geographic information systems (GIS) automated regionalization methods, namely regionally constrained agglomerative clustering and partitioning (REDCAP) and mixed-level regionalization (MLR), to mitigate the problem by constructing larger geographic areas with a sufficient threshold population for homicide rate estimate. The case study applies the method to examining the homicide pattern in New Orleans, Louisiana. Analysis of homicide rates in the original census tracts shows a wide variation of unreliable homicide rates and an insignificant relationship between concentrated disadvantage and homicide rates in the study area. Based on the newly constructed geographic areas by either the REDCAP or MLR method, the variability of homicide rates is ...
The research of cotton's self-ignition risk by thermal analysis

A series of cotton samples with different humidity and temperature were analyzed by self-ignition method and TGDTA.It was proved that thermal analysis method can represent the self-ignition process of cotton.The effect of humidity in cotton's degradation process was studied,and the 3exothermic methods of cotton in the process were discussed.Furthermore,the thermal analysis curves were calculated by kinetics method.Results showed that the self-ignition temperature of cotton is 260～280 ℃;The initial decomposition temperature in air atmosphere is 20℃earlier than that in nitrogen atmosphere,and the whole degradation process is different too;the self-ignition risk increases with the relative humidity,while the self-ignition temperature is still above 220 ℃;Mildew reaction is the main reason of self-ignition risk increasing.
Characterization of compacted silty sand via relative humidity-controlled triaxial testing

Rather limited experimental evidence is available of triaxial shear-induced response of unsaturated soils at suction states far beyond residual suction. In this work, a fully automated, relative-humidity (Auto-RH) control unit is adapted to a newly implemented double-walled triaxial cell to test compacted silty sand specimens under consider-ably high total suction states via the vapor-pressure technique. The work is intended to gain critical insight into some of the most essential hydro-mechanical features of densely compacted intermediate geomaterials, such as post-peak softening and strain-induced dilatancy, under suction-controlled monotonic shearing. In general, peak strength is followed by large strain-induced softening until critical state is apparently reached. Strain-softening is observed to be-come considerably more pronounced with increasing total suction. The slope of critical state lines, however, remains virtually constant, regardless of induced total suction, in agreement with critical state-based constitutive frameworks previously postulated for unsaturated soils.
Neural Stem Cells: Functional Multipotency and Spinal Cord Injury Research Protocols

Human neural stem cells (hNSCs) have been the focus in basic science and translational research as well as in investigative clinical applications. The endeavors partly aim to devise hNSCs into stem cell-based therapeutic modalities, disease models, and investigative tools for treating neurological abnormalities, understanding pathophysiology, and advancing fundamental neurobiology, respectively. Therefore, the capability to perform reliable derivation, effective expansion, and long term maintenance of primordial and uncommitted NSCs in vitro is essential for growing the capacities of stem cell biology and regenerative medicine. In this chapter, we systematically describe a set of protocols and unique procedures that have been developed in the principal investigator’s laboratories. These regimens have been, over years, productively used to derive, propagate, maintain, and differentiate operationally defined human somatic NSCs or NSCs of different origins. Moreover, we summarize our established multimodal methodologies for characterizing the functional multipotency of NSCs and their value in basic as well as translational studies.
Association between Race, Household Income and Grip Strength in Middle- and Older-Aged Adults.

Background: Poor grip strength is an indica­tor of frailty and a precursor to functional limitations. Although poor grip strength is more prevalent in older disabled African American women, little is known about the association between race and poverty-relat­ed disparities and grip strength in middle-aged men and women. Methods: We examined the cross-sectional relationship between race, socioeconomic status as assessed by household income, and hand grip strength in men and women in the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span study. Gen­eral linear models examined grip strength (maximum of two trials on both sides) by race and household income adjusted for age, weight, height, hand pain, education, insurance status, family income, and two or more chronic conditions. Results: Of 2,091 adults, 422(45.4%) were male, 509(54.8%) were African American, and 320 (34.5%) were living in households with incomes below 125% of the federal poverty level (low SES). In adjusted models, African American women had greater grip strength than White women independent of SES (low income household: 29.3 vs 26.9 kg and high income household: 30.5 vs. 28.3kg; P<.05 for both); whereas in men, only African Americans in the high income household group had better grip strength than Whites (46.3 vs. 43.2; P<.05). Conclusions: The relationship between grip strength, race and SES as assessed by house­hold income varied in this cohort. Efforts to develop grip strength norms and cut points that indicate frailty and sarcopenia may need to be race- and income-specific. Ethn Dis. 2016;26(4):493-500; doi:10.18865/ ed.26.4.493
Hypoxia Sensing and Persistence Genes Are Expressed during the Intragranulomatous Survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Although it is accepted that the environment within the granuloma profoundly affects Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and infection outcome, our ability to understand Mtb gene expression in these niches has been limited. We determined intragranulomatous gene expression in human-like lung lesions derived from nonhuman primates with both active tuberculosis (ATB) and latent TB infection (LTBI). We employed a non–laser-based approach to microdissect individual lung lesions and interrogate the global transcriptome of Mtb within granulomas. Mtb genes expressed in classical granulomas with central, caseous necrosis, as well as within the caseum itself, were identified and compared with other Mtb lesions in animals with ATB (n = 7) or LTBI (n = 7). Results were validated using both an oligonucleotide approach and RT-PCR on macaque samples and by using human TB samples. We detected approximately 2,900 and 1,850 statistically significant genes in ATB and LTBI lesions, respectively (linear models for microarray ana...
A multicenter randomized phase II study of sequential epirubicin/cyclophosphamide (EC) followed by docetaxel (D) with or without celecoxib (Cx) or trastuzumab (Tr) according to HER2 status, as primary chemotherapy (PCT) for localized invasive breast cancer (BC) patients (pts): results of the planned interim analysis

3511 Aims: (1) to assess antitumor activity of sequential EC (75/750 mg/m²) q3w x 4 followed by D (100 mg/m²) q3w x 4, with the randomized addition of Cx (Her2-ve pts) or Tr (Her2+ve pts) vs no additional treatment, in terms of externally reviewed pathological complete response (pCR, defined as absence of residual invasive breast carcinoma and of nodal involvement,)on the first 170 pts randomized form may 2004 to april 2006 , and (2) to correlate these responses to Circulating tumour cells (CTC) , gene expression profile (GEP) (RTPCR, DNA array), p53 function (Yeast functional assay), Results (table 1) Discussion: This planned interim ITT analysis (Fleming’s sequential design) confirms that presurgical addition of Tr to D in ECD sequence improves the pCR rate,yet not to the extent reported with a protracted co-administration before surgery (JCO 23:3676). We also observed a lower pCR rate than previously described with similar PCT. CTC lack sensitivity and specificity due to the low number of detected cells (median 1.5/ml).Ongoing analysis of p53 mutations - a major predictor of pCR with anthracycline-based chemotherapy - and of GEP will be reported and should help clarifying these apparent discrepancies. Supported by PHRC AOM/2002/02117, Pfizer Inc., Roche Pharma, Sanofi-Aventis
Managing Creativity: The Innovative Research Library

Creativity is a quality we would all like to believe we possess. And perhaps we would like to work in an environment that brings out the best of our creativity. Are there tactics or structures that...
Complications of Home Enteral Nutrition: Mechanical Complications and Access Issues in the Home Setting

Home enteral nutrition (HEN) is an essential component in the care of patients with an array of underlying etiologies resulting in the inability to meet caloric needs through volitional intake alone. Although some would include oral nutrition supplementation as HEN, for the purposes of this review, the term is limited to a patient's requiring an enteral access device for the delivery of exogenous nutrients. Complications related to such devices remain a difficult problem in the hospital setting, and these issues are often amplified when encountered in the home setting. Focused multidisciplinary teams and close follow-up are essential in optimizing outcomes for patients receiving HEN, but all healthcare providers should have foundational knowledge regarding commonly encountered complications of HEN access and the initial management of these issues.
Prevalence and predictors of physician recommendations for medication adjustment in bipolar disorder treatment

Abstract Background Successful medication management for bipolar disorder requires clinicians to monitor and adjust regimens as needed, to achieve maximum effectiveness and patient adherence. This study aims to measure the prevalence of indications for medication adjustment at visits for bipolar disorder treatment; the frequency with which physicians recommend medication adjustments; and how strongly the indications predict the adjustments. Methods Data included 3,094 visits for 457 patients in Bipolar CHOICE, a comparative effectiveness study that compared treatment with lithium versus quetiapine. A set of indications for adjustment was matched to reports of whether the physician recommended a medication adjustment at that visit, and what type. Associations between indication and adjustment were examined using bivariate tests and hierarchical logistic mixed effects models. Results Medication adjustment was recommended at 63% of the visits where one of the indications was present, and at 53% of all visits. In multivariable analyses, adjustment was more likely to be recommended if there was an indication of non-response or side effects, for patients who started on quetiapine rather than lithium, or for patients who were female, married, employed or more educated. Limitations The study's cross-sectional design implies that observed associations could result from confounding variables. Also, the CHOICE trial placed certain restrictions on physicians’ medication choices, although this is not likely to have resulted in major alterations of prescribing patterns. Conclusions Clinical inertia may help explain the lack of any adjustment recommendation at 37% of the visits where one of the indications was present. Other explanations could also apply, such as watchful waiting.
Scale-Area Analysis of Scanning Tunneling Microscopy/Atomic Force Microscopy Data by the Patchwork Method

A new method of analyzing large, topographic data sets, such as those generated by scanning probe microscopy (e.g., STM, AFM) is described. The method uses triangular patches to calculate areas of the topographic data set as a function of patch areas, i.e., as a function of scale. This patchwork method is analogous to the coastline method of fractal analysis for profiles, however, because the calculations are based on areas rather than profiles or coastlines, the patchwork method makes use of the information inherent in the proximity of the individual scans. This method develops characterizations for the data sets that have clear applications in engineering design and research. It has the potential for elucidating mechanisms of interactions with surfaces, analyzing surface creation and wear mechanisms, and for designing surface topographies and the manufacturing processes to produce them.
Treatment of Focal Brain Ischemia with Viral Vector-Mediated Gene Transfer

Promoting functional recovery after ischemic brain injury has emerged as a potential approach for the treatment of ischemic stroke. An ideal restorative approach to enhance long-term functional recovery is to promote postischemic angiogenesis and neurogenesis. This chapter describes a system using adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector-mediated vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene transfer into the ischemic brain. The methods described here for construction, production, and purification of AAV vector expressing VEGF gene can also be applied to producing AAV vectors expressing other genes. This chapter also illustrates the methods to produce mouse middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), injection of viral vector into the mouse brain, and standard assays for determining the success of brain ischemia and gene transfer.
Neuropsychology and Behavior Disorders in Children and Youth

Estimates of the incidence of behavior disorders in school-aged populations varies from a high of 20% to 30% to a low of 1.5% to 3% (Wood & Zabel, 1978). One has but to read the daily newspaper or hear the latest statistics on juvenile delinquency to realize this is a growing problem. Arrests of youth for all crimes rose 138% from 1960 to 1974, and 254% for the violent crimes of murder, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault (Federal Bureau of Investigation, 1974). Certainly not all behavior-disordered youth appear in the criminal statistics. Numerous laws, the most recent of which is P.L. 94-142 (The Education of All Handicapped Children’s Act of 1975), mandate educational programs for all children regardless of handicapping condition. This has resulted in many behavior-disordered individuals being returned or maintained in the public school classroom and the development of a growing concern for understanding the causes and treatments of behavioral problems. Despite the high frequency of occurrence, serious research into either etiologies or treatment of this group of children did not occur with any frequency until the end of World War II (Rie, 1971).
Activation of estrogen receptor alpha induces beiging of adipocytes.

Abstract Objectives Brown adipose tissue (BAT) and BAT-like adipose tissues, referred to as ‘beige’ adipose tissues uncouple respiration from ATP synthesis via uncoupling protein one (UCP-1). There is a sexual dimorphism with respect to beige and BAT tissues; pre-menopausal women have more BAT and are more sensitive to BAT activation than men or postmenopausal women. We hypothesized selective activation of adipose tissue estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) induces beiging of WAT through induction of lipolysis mediated by adipose tissue triglyceride lipase (ATGL). Methods 3T3-L1 and primary adipocytes were treated with the selective ERα agonist pyrazole triol (PPT), and selection deletion of ERα (using siRNA) was used to determine if selective ERα activation, or inhibition, influences the adipose tissue expression of genes associated with beiging. In a second series of experiments, ERα was selectively added back to adipose tissue of mice lacking total body ERα (ERKO) to determine if add back of ERα changed the morphology of adipose tissue to resemble beige tissues. Additionally, WT and ERKO mice were exposed to cold and FDG labeled glucose uptake was measured to determine the ability of cold to induce UCP-1 in ERKO mice. To begin to mechanistically probe how activation of ERα facilitates beiging, we tested the influence of PPT to activate the lipolytic pathway through ATGL. Finally, since ERα exerts its effects both at the genomic and non-genomic level depending on its cellular location, we determined in vivo if beiging occurs in mice expressing ERα only at the plasma membrane (MOER mice) or only at nucleus (NOER mice). Results Selective ERα activation by PPT increased markers of beiging in vitro in 3T3-L1 and primary adipocytes, whereas, knockdown of ERα with siRNA reduced the ability of PPT to induce beiging in vitro . ERα add back to the adipose tissue of ERKO mice resulted in multilocular adipose tissue resembling a beige phenotype. Following cold exposure, FDG labeled glucose in BAT tissues of ERKO mice was reduced when compared to weight-matched controls. Glycerol release and ATGL expression were increased after PPT treatment, while pre-treatment with the ATGL inhibitor prevented PPT's ability to increase UCP-1 expression. Finally, MOER mice were more sensitive to beiging of adipose tissues when compared to NOER mice. Conclusion Our results demonstrate for the first time that selective-activation of ERα in adipocytes increases markers of beiging and this is likely through induction of AMPK and ATGL-mediated lipolysis providing FFAs as a fuel to activate UCP-1.
Assessment of patients' satisfaction of an innovative oncology telemedicine clinic.

e17506 Background: Telemedicine has been used in various ways to improve patient access to care. However, telemedicine has rarely been applied within medical oncology. The Palo Alto (PA) Veterans A...
Fluxomic Analysis Reveals Central Carbon Metabolism Adaptation for Diazotroph Azotobacter vinelandii Ammonium Excretion

Diazotrophic bacteria are an attractive biological alternative to synthetic nitrogen fertilizers due to their remarkable capacity to fix atmospheric nitrogen gas to ammonium via nitrogenase enzymes. However, how diazotrophic bacteria tailor central carbon catabolism to accommodate the energy requirement for nitrogenase activity is largely unknown. In this study, we used Azotobacter vinelandii DJ and an ammonium excreting mutant, AV3 (ΔNifL), to investigate central carbon metabolism fluxes and central cell bioenergetics in response to ammonium availability and nitrogenase activity. Enabled by the powerful and reliable methodology of 13C-metabolic flux analysis, we show that the respiratory TCA cycle is upregulated in association with increased nitrogenase activity and causes a monotonic decrease in specific growth rate. Whereas the activity of the glycolytic Entner–Doudoroff pathway is positively correlated with the cell growth rate. These new observations are formulated into a 13C-metabolic flux model which further improves the understanding and interpretation of intracellular bioenergetics. This analysis leads to the conclusion that, under aerobic conditions, respiratory TCA metabolism is responsible for the supply of additional ATP and reducing equivalents required for elevated nitrogenase activity. This study provides a quantitative relationship between central carbon and nitrogen metabolism in an aerobic diazotroph for the first time.
Design of trace-based NS-3 simulations for UAS video analytics with geospatial mobility

The continuous evolution of commercial Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) is fuelling a rapid advancement in the fields of network edge-communication applications for smart agriculture, smart traffic management, and border security. A common problem in UAS (a.k.a. drone systems) research and development is the cost related to deploying and running realistic testbeds. Due to the constraints in safe operation, handling limited energy resources, and government regulation restrictions, UAS testbed building is time-consuming and not easily configurable for high-scale experiments. In addition, experimenters have a hard time creating repeatable and reproducible experiments to test major hypotheses. In this paper, we present a design for performing tracebased NS-3 simulations that can be helpful for realistic UAS simulation experiments. We run experiments with real-world UAS traces including various mobility models, geospatial link information and video analytics measurements. Our experiments assume a hierarchical UAS platform with low-cost/high-cost drones co-operating using a geo-location service in order to provide a ‘common operating picture’ for decision makers. We implement a synergized drone and network simulator that features three main modules: (i) learning-based optimal scheme selection module, (ii) application environment monitoring module, and (iii) trace-based simulation and visualization module. Simulations generated from our implementation have the ability to integrate di↵erent drone configurations, wireless communication links (air-to-air; air-to-ground), as well as mobility routing protocols. Our approach is beneficial to evaluate network-edge orchestration algorithms pertaining to e.g., management of energy consumption, video analytics performance, and networking protocols configuration.
High-risk alcohol use behavior and daily academic effort among college students

Objective: It is not well understood whether heavy drinking interferes with academics on specific days or if this relationship simply reflects between-student differences. Participants: N = 736 col...
Clinical research of Suoquan capsule in the treatment of children with enuresis with spleen and kidney deficiency

Objective To investigate the therapeutic effect of Suoquan capsule on the enuresis of children with spleen and kidney deficiency. Methods Eighty children with spleen and kidney deficiency were enrolled in this study and were divided into two groups randomly. The children of the control group were given dextroamphenicin (decoction), and the patients in the experimental group were treated with Suoquan capsule, and the scores of traditienal chinese medicine (TCM) symptoms, the overall treatment effect, disease related parameters, safety evaluation, adverse reaction rate and recurrence rate were compared between the two groups. Results The main symptoms, sub symptoms and TCM symptoms in the experimental group was significantly lower than those in the control group, and the efficiency was significantly higher than that in the control group; after treatment, LUTS score and nocturnal urine volume/daytime urine volume were significantly lower than those in the control group, single urine, hematuria, urine osmotic pressure ratio and the proportion of bladder capacity levels in experimental groups were significantly higher than those in the control group, the differences were significant (P<0.01). The recurrence rate of the children in the experimental group was significantly lower than that in the control group, and the difference was significant (P<0.05). Conclusions The curative effect of Suoquan capsule on children with spleen and kidney deficiency is significantly, and has high security and reference significance. Key words: Enuresis; Suoquan capsule; Safety; Follow-up
Racism and the COVID-19 Epidemic: Recommendations for Health Care Workers

[ ]health professionals need to know about the existence of anti-Chinese sentiments and lead by treating the targets of racism with compassion Because of a lack of studies on racism against Chinese and other Asian people in the medical sciences literature, many health professionals do not fully understand this type of racism [ ]health providers need to convey a clear message on the boundary between reasonable precaution against viral transmission and acts of exclusion and marginalization that can fuel racism [ ]health professionals can and should build trust and ensure the privacy of patients with COVID-19 who seek medical care
Distributed Quality of Service Routing

The goal of QoS routing algorithms is to find a loopless path that satisfies constraints on QoS parameters such as bandwidth, delay etc. In distributed QoS algorithms, the path computation is shared among various routers in the network. These can be classified into two categories depending on whether the routers maintain a global state or not. Algorithms based on a global state information have less message overhead in terms of finding a path. However they have inherent drawbacks like routing with imprecise global state information, frequent message exchanges to maintain the global state etc. Hence such algorithms are not scalable. On the other hand, algorithms based on a local state information rely on flooding techniques to compute the path. Hence they have high overhead for finding a path. In this paper, we propose a distributed QoS routing algorithm, that maintains a partial global state and finds a path based on this limited information. Experimental results show that, the overhead of our algorithm is lesser than those that rely on flooding. The results also show that the impreciseness introduced does not affect the call admission ratio greatly.
Biomaterial-guided stem cell organoid engineering for modeling development and diseases.

Abstract Organoids are miniature models of organs to recapitulate spatiotemporal cellular organization and tissue functionality. The production of organoids has revolutionized the field of developmental biology, providing the possibility to study and guide human development and diseases in a dish. More recently, novel biomaterial-based culture systems demonstrated the feasibility and versatility to engineer and produce the organoids in a consistent and reproducible manner. By engineering proper tissue microenvironment, functional organoids have been able to exhibit spatial-distinct tissue patterning and morphogenesis. This review focuses on enabling technologies in the field of organoid engineering, including the control of biochemical and biophysical cues via hydrogels, as well as size and geometry control via microwell and microfabrication techniques. In addition, this review discusses the enhancement of organoid systems for therapeutic applications using biofabrication and organoid-on-chip platforms, which facilitate the assembly of complex organoid systems for in vitro modeling of development and diseases. Statement of significance Stem cell organoids have revolutionized the fields of developmental biology and tissue engineering, providing the opportunity to study human organ development and disease progression in vitro. Various works have demonstrated that organoids can be generated using a wide variety of engineering tools, materials, and systems. Specific culture microenvironment is tailored to support the formation, function, and physiology of the organ of interest. This review highlights the importance of cellular microenvironment in organoid culture, the versatility of organoid engineering techniques, and future perspectives to build better organoid systems.
PhD Thesis Introduction Chapter (China’s State-Led Choices and Catch-Up Trajectories)

Strategic government decisions concerning how an economy can transition from traditional trade specialization and reliance on imitation of imported knowledge to domestic technological innovation are known to influence countries’ prospects for avoiding the middle-income trap and successfully catching up with industrial leaders. The successful strategies of several latecomers in East Asia compared with the failures of those of many latecomers from elsewhere highlight the importance of smart state-led choices to facilitate this process of economic transition. Within the last several years, mainland China, a middle-income economy, has embarked on its own state-led approach to catch up via a complex indigenous innovation (zizhu chuangxin) and intellectual property (IP) development strategy. Building on existing studies of technological catch-up, this Thesis focuses on how critical aspects of China’s IP and innovation strategies deal with the significant challenges that China faces in its next stage of development. It focuses on how China is dealing with challenges such as moving from imitation to innovation, and enhancing competitiveness of indigenous firms in increasingly global value chains, while incumbents heavily use IP as barriers to entry. It also addresses threats to environmental and socio-economic sustainability, and the challenge of acquiring useful foreign technology in an environment where incumbents are reluctant to transfer frontier technology. The Thesis investigates the following questions in particular: (1) How can state-led IP strategy enable latecomers to catch up with advanced players? (2) How can state-led IP strategy support indigenous latecomers’ catch-up efforts in increasingly globalized value chains? (3) How can state-led strategy encourage innovations that address social and environmental challenges and foster economic catch-up? and (4) How can the state strategically acquire foreign technology that is useful for catch-up? Given China’s size and impact on the rest of the world, how China responds to these challenges is of great scholarly interest.
Cancer cell metabolic plasticity in migration and metastasis

Metabolic reprogramming is a hallmark of cancer metastasis in which cancer cells manipulate their metabolic profile to meet the dynamic energetic requirements of the tumor microenvironment. Though cancer cell proliferation and migration through the extracellular matrix are key steps of cancer progression, they are not necessarily fueled by the same metabolites and energy production pathways. The two main metabolic pathways cancer cells use to derive energy from glucose, glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, are preferentially and plastically utilized by cancer cells depending on both their intrinsic metabolic properties and their surrounding environment. Mechanical factors in the microenvironment, such as collagen density, pore size, and alignment, and biochemical factors, such as oxygen and glucose availability, have been shown to influence both cell migration and glucose metabolism. As cancer cells have been identified as preferentially utilizing glycolysis or oxidative phosphorylation based on heterogeneous intrinsic or extrinsic factors, the relationship between cancer cell metabolism and metastatic potential is of recent interest. Here, we review current in vitro and in vivo findings in the context of cancer cell metabolism during migration and metastasis and extrapolate potential clinical applications of this work that could aid in diagnosing and tracking cancer progression in vivo by monitoring metabolism. We also review current progress in the development of a variety of metabolically targeted anti-metastatic drugs, both in clinical trials and approved for distribution, and highlight potential routes for incorporating our recent understanding of metabolic plasticity into therapeutic directions. By further understanding cancer cell energy production pathways and metabolic plasticity, more effective and successful clinical imaging and therapeutics can be developed to diagnose, target, and inhibit metastasis.