cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of limited mobility of adspecies on the rates of desorption and reaction

In a multicomponent system, if the mobility of the adspecies characteristic of the crystal temperature is low, the details of the dosing procedure such as dosing sequence and temperature can have a significant effect on the resulting configuration of the adspecies. This, in turn, can lead to a dependence of the TPD/TPR spectra on the details of the dosing procedure. This is illustrated through a simple kinetic lattice-gas model that takes into account the limited mobility of one or more adspecies. On the basis of this kinetic lattice-gas model, expressions are derived for the effect of surface diffusion of the adspecies on the rate of a bimolecular reaction taking place on the crystal surface. An attractive feature of the proposed scheme is the ease with which lateral interactions between the adspecies can be included in the analysis.
A method for freezing synchronous mitotic and G1 cells

Abstract A modification of the protocol developed by Kawamoto, J C & Barrett, J N, Brain res (1986) , in press [3] for freezing primary neuron cultures in a solution containing low sodium and high lactate and potassium concentrations was used to freeze synchronous mitotic and G1 CHO cells. After thawing, the cells behaved as if they had never been frozen with respect to cell growth, cell division, plating efficiency, and hyperthermic sensitivity.
Friction and heat transfer in the swirl flow of water in an annulus

Abstract Measurements of friction and of heat transfer on an annulus in which swirl flow of water was produced by a single helical vane indicate that the friction and the heat-transfer coefficients for turbulent flow can be predicted by the appropriate adjustment of available values for straight channels. Friction in the laminar range exhibits similarity with that found for curved tubes but the interpretation of the few heat transfer results obtained for this region is clouded by the possible contributions of free convection.
Anatomy of "regenerating axons"

In their Report “Repair of adult rat corticospinal tract by transplants of olifactory ensheathing cells” (26 Sept., [p. 2000][1]), Ying Li et al . describe destroying unilaterally the upper cervical corticospinal tract (CST) of adult rats by focal electrolytic lesions and then transplanting
Fluctuations in postabsorptive blood glucose in relation to insulin release

Abstract In the dog multiple glucose determinations in rapid succession (at 15-second intervals) on hepatic-venous blood were correlated with assays of immunoassayable insulin concentrations in pancreaticvenous blood. Within a period of 9 1 2 minutes, the following observations were made: (1) Pulsatile rises in hepatic-venous glucose are followed within approximately 15 seconds by corresponding increases in the insulin content of the effluent of the pancreas. (2) As the insulin concentration in the pancreatic veins increases, glucose level in the hepatic veins decreases. (3) With decrease in the glucose release, there is a simultaneous decrease in the insulin content of hepatic-venous blood. (4) A return of hepatic-venous glucose concentration is associated with a coincidental return of its insulin concentration. Two opposite modalities of insulin control are suggested: in the first, pulses of increased hepatic-venous glucose output seem to promote the release of insulin into the pancreatic veins; in the second, an increasing insulin concentration in the pancreatic veins seems to be associated not only with precipitous reduction in hepatic-venous glucose but also with inhibition by the liver of insulin output into the periphery. In all probability, both processes represent a feedback regulatory mechanism whereby during postabsorption the liver controls the production of glucose as well as the availability to the tissues of insulin in accordance with peripheral needs. As originally shown by Madison, this control is mediated by the liver through variations in its release of hepatic-venous glucose.
Differential effects of procainamide, lidocaine and acetylstrophanthidin on body surface potentials and epicardial conduction in dogs with chronic myocardial infarction.

Abstract Twenty-eight anesthetized mongrel dogs were studied 2 to 74 months after experimental myocardial infarction in order to examine the effects of procainamide, lidocaine and acelylstrophanthidin on conduction within the infarcted region and the way such effects relate to changes in body surface potentials and antiarrhythmic efficacy. In each animal, 100 to 200 QRS complexes in the X, Y, Z leads were signal averaged, vector summed and high pass filtered at 50 Hz. Susceptibility to ventricular arrhythmia was evaluated using routine programmed ventricular extrastimulation in the anesthetized open chest animal. Epicardial electrograms were sequentially recorded at 45 standard sites within the infarcted region and referenced to the beginning of the QRS complex. Of the three agents, only procainamide exhibited antiarrhythmic action whereas lidocaine and acetylstrophanthidin produced inconsistent effects. Procainamide prolonged the time at which activity in the epicardiol electrographic recordings ended relative to the beginning of the body surface QRS complex. This effect was significantly greater in electrograms that ended late in the QRS complex in the control state than for those that ended earlier. Such preferential effect on more abnormal sites was reflected on the body surface as a greater effect of procainamide in prolonging the lower energy terminal portion of the signal-averaged QRS complex than the earlier high energy portion. In contrast, lidocaine significantly prolonged the time at which electrograms ended only for those relatively normal electrograms that ended early in the QRS complex in the control state. In the signal-averaged body surface QRS complex, lidocaine produced a small tat significant prolongation of the early high energy portion of the QRS complex but no change in the late portion. Acetylstrophanthidin produced a significant prolongation in early-ending electrograms and, surprisingly, significantly shortened the end time of electrograms that ended late in the QRS complex in the control state. Such effects were not reflected, however, on the body surface because acetylstrophanthidin had no significant effect on either the early or the late portion of the QRS complex. It is concluded that procainamide's differential effect between early- and late-ending electrograms is detected on the body surface by a greater prolongation in the terminal portion of the QRS complex. The signal-averaged body surface QRS complex is less sensitive in detecting the more subtle effects on conduction caused by lidocaine and acetyl-strophanthidin. The preferential depression of areas of abnormal conduction by procainamide distinguished it from the other two agents and thus may play a role in its antiarrhythmic efficacy.
Reduction of integer programs to accelerate a multiple choice programming algorithm

Recently, it has been shown in [1],[2] and [3] how to reduce an integer linear programming problem with m constraints and bounded variables to an equivalent integer linear programming problem with only one constraint and bounded variables. In [4] it has been shown that for a particular choice of the reduction it is possible to accelerate the calculations for heuristic integer linear programming algorithms. This paper discusses how to accelerate Balintfy and Blackburn's heuristic algorithm for multiple choice programming [5].
EVALUATION OF A DISPOSABLE PLASTIC, LOW VOLUME, PUMPLESS OXYGENATOR AS A LUNG SUBSTITUTE.

A simple, disposable plastic device, with a total priming volume as low as 30 ml. (20 ml. per kilogram) has been tested as a lung substitute for prolonged periods. Primed with saline, it is interposed between a single femoral artery and vein, with cardiac action as the sole pumping mechanism. Asphyxiated puppies have been maintained for eight hours. Preliminary studies on moribund infants with the respiratory distress syndrome indicate sufficiently good chemical results to warrant further trial.
Improved estimate of the magnetic field in a prominence

We present new results on the inversion of spectropolarimetric data of the He I D3 line in a prominence. These data were taken with the High Altitude Observatory Stokes II polarimeter on 1980 August 5. Full Stokes profiles in I, Q, U, and V were recorded at 13 locations of a prominence at the northeast limb. This prominence erupted 3 hr later, giving rise to the day of year 218 Solar Maximum Mission coronal transient. The data were originally analyzed in a paper by Querfeld et al. Here we analyze the data using the new inversion algorithm proposed by Lopez Ariste & Casini based on pattern recognition techniques. This method employs full Stokes profiles, and in tests on synthetic data, it proved to be much more precise than previous diagnostic procedures. When applied to the Stokes data of the prominence under study, it gives magnetic field strengths at least 2 times larger than previous estimates.
An augmented LSQR method

The LSQR iterative method for solving least-squares problems may require many iterations to determine an approximate solution with desired accuracy. This often depends on the fact that singular vector components of the solution associated with small singular values of the matrix require many iterations to be determined. Augmentation of Krylov subspaces with harmonic Ritz vectors often makes it possible to determine the singular vectors associated with small singular values with fewer iterations than without augmentation. This paper describes how Krylov subspaces generated by the LSQR iterative method can be conveniently augmented with harmonic Ritz vectors. Computed examples illustrate the competitiveness of the augmented LSQR method proposed.
Exclusive diffractive processes and the quark substructure of mesons

Exclusive diffractive processes on the nucleon are investigated within a model in which the quark-nucleon interaction is mediated by Pomeron exchange and the quark substructure of mesons is described within a framework based on the Dyson-Schwinger equations of QCD. The model quark-nucleon interaction has four parameters which are completely determined by high-energy {pi}N and KN elastic scattering data. The model is then used to predict vector-meson electroproduction observables. The obtained {rho}- and {phi}-meson electroproduction cross sections are in excellent agreement with experimental data. The predicted q{sup 2} dependence of J/{psi}-meson electroproduction also agrees with experimental data. It is shown that confined-quark dynamics plays a central role in determining the behavior of the diffractive, vector-meson electroproduction cross section. In particular, the onset of the asymptotic 1/q{sup 4} behavior of the cross section is determined by a momentum scale that is set by the current-quark masses of the quark and antiquark inside the vector meson. This is the origin of the striking differences between the q{sup 2} dependence of {rho}-, {phi}-, and J/{psi}-meson electroproduction cross sections observed in recent experiments. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Chronic Disease Self-Management Workshop: An Implementation Model From Southern California

What if there was a new medication for patients with chronic disease that had been proven to improve overall functioning, decrease fatigue and health distress, and reduce the number of days patients spent in the hospital? And what if the treatment had no known adverse effects? Its major side effects were that patients felt less depressed and more confident in managing their illnesses. This treatment is not a new drug. Rather, these benefits result from participation in a lay-led [peer-led] Chronic Disease Self-Management course for patients with chronic illness. Indications for use include patients with one or more chronic diseases. The dose is a two-hour [21 2-hour] session each week for seven [6] weeks. The course is cost-effective: documented improvements in quality and cost savings yielding a greater than 3:1 return on investment. This new “medication” has now been accepted in the formulary of several Kaiser Permanente regions, integrated into care delivery, and is being made available through community organization partnerships with underserved patients in our larger community. (Sobel, 2001, p. 1)
Quaquaversal tilings and rotations

We construct a hierarchical tiling of 3 dimensional Euclidean space based on a triangular prism, using repeated rotations, about orthogonal axes, by angles 2π/m and 2π/n. To analyze the structure of the tiling we are led to determine the group G(m,n) generated by such a pair of rotations, for m=n=3 and for m=3, n=4.
Maternal circulating angiogenic factors in twin and singleton pregnancies.

Objective The purpose of this study was to compare longitudinally sampled maternal angiogenic proteins between singleton and twin pregnancies. Study Design Placental growth factor (PlGF), soluble feline McDonough sarcoma (fms)-like tyrosine kinase (sFlt)-1, and soluble endoglin from healthy pregnant women were quantified at 10, 18, 26, and 35 weeks' gestation (n = 91), and during the third trimester (31-39 weeks) and at delivery (33-41 weeks; n = 41). Geometric means and 95% confidence intervals were calculated for gestational age-adjusted angiogenic protein concentrations and compared between matched twin and singleton pregnancies. Results Maternal sFlt-1 concentrations and the sFlt-1/PlGF ratio were higher in twins than singletons across pregnancy and at delivery, with the greatest differences at week 35 (sFlt-1: 36,916 vs 10,151 pg/mL; P P P Conclusion Higher maternal antiangiogenic proteins in twin than singleton pregnancies does not appear to be due to greater placental mass in the former, and may be one explanation for the increased risk of preeclampsia in women carrying multiple gestations. Determining whether women with a history of multiple gestations have an altered cardiovascular disease and breast cancer risk, like those with a history of preeclampsia, is warranted.
Locating corticospinal neurons by retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase.

Abstract Different views of the location and organization of corticospinal (CS) neurons in the rat have resulted from fiber degeneration studies, electrophysiologically derived somatotopic maps, studies of CS axonal branching, and functional alterations after ablation of parts of the motor-sensory cortex. To locate more precisely CS neurons that projected to different levels of the spinal cord, and to determine whether or not they were arranged somatotopically, we labeled them with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) from their cut spinal axons. These labeled neurons were arranged in a major caudal band about 4.5 mm long and 3 mm wide corresponding principally to areas 3, 4, and 6, and a minor rostral band in the anterior part of area 10. The caudal band also corresponded to electrophysiologically derived somatotopic hindlimb and forelimb motor areas. The most significant finding was that CS neurons labeled from the lumbar spinal cord and from cervical levels were intermixed generally throughout the caudal band, showing virtually no somatotopic anatomic arrangement. The rostral band, which corresponded to mouth parts in somatotopic maps, was an unexpected finding. Calculations based on estimates of the numbers of CS axons at different cord levels indicated that about 10,000 CS neurons in each cortex projected as far as the rostral cervical cord, and about 2000 continued as far as lumbar levels. The HRP method as used was capable of labeling a majority of the calculated numbers of CS neurons, but showed a large variance in the total numbers of neurons labeled. The distributions of the neurons within the domains of the bands was consistent regardless of the numbers labeled.
TREATMENT OF YOUNG OFFENDERS WHO DRINK OR USE DRUGS : A CRITIQUE OF MCMURRAN AND BOYLE (1990)

The 1990 study by McMurran and Boyle suffers from use of a small sample, weak intervention and making a big to do about nonsignificant differences. Contrary to their claims, there is no reason to think that group intervention will increase recidivism.
System for Generating Sequences of Phased Gust or Taxi Loadings

A method is presented for Monte Carlo generation of phased load conditions for multiple loading durability testing. These load conditions are consistent with the gust and taxi environmental-dynamic model used in aircraft design. Time histories of individual loads from sequences of load conditions are consistent with the load sequences used in standard single load point durability and damage tolerance testing and analysis. Truncation can be applied to a sequence of load conditions so that only the most severe are retained. The truncation process is consistent with the mission analysis approach to design and to durability and damage tolerance. The load conditions can be modified using an induced autocorrelation approach to give variation in the number of zero crossings of the load time histories. OAD sequences generated for durability and damage tolerance analysis are usually applied at a single point. However, the stresses in a component of structure often arise from combinations of multiple loads. Selection of a single application point and direction is often a difficult task. This is particularly true for aircraft structures flying in turbulence. In that case, loads arise from complex combinations of ex- ternal and internal forces. At McDonnell Douglas the full-scale durability test of the C-17 aircraft requires the simultaneous application of test loads which are properly phased by some rational definition of phasing. The following criteria was developed for satisfying this requirement: 1) Time histories for each individual load (e.g., wing root normal bending) must be consistent with load sequences used in durability and damage tolerance testing and analysis. 2) The phasing of the simultaneously applied loads must be consistent with the dynamic gust and taxi models used to design the aircraft. A method is presented here that meets this criteria. The method generates load conditions, that is, multiple loads for simultaneous application at several points on an aircraft struc- ture. The multiple loads are correlated in conformance with the mathematical model of the gust environment and the structure. In this model the magnitude, frequency response, and correlation of loads are based on a flexible linear aircraft response to a forcing function having the characteristics of a stationary Gaussian random process (see Fig. 1). The specifics of the mathematical model of an aircraft flying in turbulence have been summarized by Hoblit in Ref. 1. This method as implemented at Douglas Aircraft Corpo- ration is called the Phased Loading Sequence Generator Sys- tem (PLSGS). This system will be used to generate gust and taxi loadings for the C-17 full-scale durability test. For the C-17 application the taxi forcing function (the runway) was treated as a stationary Gaussian random process, and the
Hierarchical modeling of alternative exon usage associations with survival

Exon expression platforms have allowed the detection of associations between alternative exon usage (AEU) and the proliferation of malignant cells in cancer. However, due to inadequate number of studies performed on AEU and the approaches utilized to detect AEU events, well established biomarkers for GBM are not available. The expression of exons corresponding to 25,403 genes was related to the survival of 328 patients diagnosed with Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). An approach that takes exon expression into account was adopted to detect the association between exon expression and survival. Association between expression and survival were identified in 22 single-exon genes 248 genes with 2–25 exons, 1430 genes with >24 and 50 exons. Among the multiple-exon genes exhibiting AEU were epidermal growth factor (EGF) and nidogen2 (NID2) that have known association with GBM. These results are consistent with reports that these genes have 12 and 10 transcripts, respectively.
A comparison of explicit and implicit spatial downscaling of GCM output for soil erosion and crop production assessments

Spatial downscaling of climate change scenarios can be a significant source of uncertainty in simulating climatic impacts on soil erosion, hydrology, and crop production. The objective of this study is to compare responses of simulated soil erosion, surface hydrology, and wheat and maize yields to two (implicit and explicit) spatial downscaling methods used to downscale the A2a, B2a, and GGa1 climate change scenarios projected by the Hadley Centre’s global climate model (HadCM3). The explicit method, in contrast to the implicit method, explicitly considers spatial differences of climate scenarios and variability during downscaling. Monthly projections of precipitation and temperature during 1950–2039 were used in the implicit and explicit spatial downscaling. A stochastic weather generator (CLIGEN) was then used to disaggregate monthly values to daily weather series following the spatial downscaling. The Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) model was run for a wheat–wheat–maize rotation under conventional tillage at the 8.7 and 17.6% slopes in southern Loess Plateau of China. Both explicit and implicit methods projected general increases in annual precipitation and temperature during 2010–2039 at the Changwu station. However, relative climate changes downscaled by the explicit method, as compared to the implicit method, appeared more dynamic or variable. Consequently, the responses to climate change, simulated with the explicit method, seemed more dynamic and sensitive. For a 1% increase in precipitation, percent increases in average annual runoff (soil loss) were 3–6 (4–10) times greater with the explicit method than those with the implicit method. Differences in grain yield were also found between the two methods. These contrasting results between the two methods indicate that spatial downscaling of climate change scenarios can be a significant source of uncertainty, and further underscore the importance of proper spatial treatments of climate change scenarios, and especially climate variability, prior to impact simulation. The implicit method, which applies aggregated climate changes at the GCM grid scale directly to a target station, is more appropriate for simulating a first-order regional response of nature resources to climate change. But for the site-specific impact assessments, especially for entities that are heavily influenced by local conditions such as soil loss and crop yield, the explicit method must be used.
Human S-antigen: characterization of uveitopathogenic sites

Human S-antigen (HSA) is a 50,000 molecular weight photoreceptor cell protein capable of inducing an experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) in susceptible animal strains. In order to determine specific sites responsible for its uveitopathogenicity, we synthesized 39 overlapping peptides corresponding to its entire 404 amino acid sequence and tested each peptide for its ability to induce an EAU in Lewis rats. Two synthetic peptides designated peptide HSA 319 (amino acid positions 286 to 305) and peptide HSA 320 (amino acid positions 306 to 325) were uveitopathogenic when used at 50 and 100 micrograms immunizing doses. Smaller peptides corresponding to the amino, mid, and carboxy terminal portions of each peptide further refined each uveitopathogenic site to 12 amino acids. A computerized analysis of the amino acid sequence of S-antigen indicates that these uveitopathogenic sites are complex and may be related to a two-fold symmetry in the molecule. Our present and previous studies provide a basis for the uveitopathogenicity of human and bovine S-antigen in the pathogenesis of EAU as well as the pathogenesis of certain forms of uveitis in humans.
Explanations in evolutionary theory

The theory of biological evolution is defined in many ways, leading to considerable confusion in its application and testing against objective empirical observations. Evolutionary change is usually defined as genetic which would exclude both cultural and template evolution; hence the qualifying adjective genetic should not be included in the definition of biological evolution. Darwin's theory, always described by him in the singular, is actually a bundle of five independent theories about evolution as advocated by Mayr. Furthermore only one of these theories, that of common descent, is historical, and the other four – evolution as such, gradualism, processes of phyletic evolution and of speciation, and causes of evolution – are nomological. Hence not all evolutionary theory is historical. Biological comparisons can be divided into horizontal and vertical ones and valid conclusions from one type of comparisons cannot be automatically extrapolated to the other. All phyletic evolutionary change, no matter how extensive it may be, never crosses species taxa boundaries; hence it is not possible to distinguish ‘trans-specific evolution’ (= evolution beyond or above the level of the species) from evolution within the species level. Macroevolution does not differ from microevolution except in the scale of the overall change; no special causes or processes of macroevolution exist. Zusammenfassung Die Evolutionstheorie wird auf vielfache Weise definiert, was zu einem erheblichen Durcheinander bei ihrer Uberprufung bei Anwendung auf empirische Beobachtungen fuhrt. Evolutive Anderungen werden ublicherweise als genetisch definiert, was sowohl die kulturelle wie die epigenetische Evolution ausschliest; also sollte das qualifizierende Adjektiv ,genetisch’ in der Definition der biologischen Evolution nicht verwendet werden. Darwins Theorie, die von ihm immer im Singular beschrieben wird, ist tatsachlich ein Bundel von funf unabhangigen Theorien, wie das Mayr vorgetragen hat. Uberdies ist nur eine dieser Theorien, namlich die der gemeinsamen Abstammung, historisch, und die anderen vier sind nomologische Aussagen [uber Evolution selbst, uber den Gradualismus, uber den Verlauf der phyletischen Evolution und der Artbildung und uber Evolutionsursachen]. Also ist nicht die Theorie der Evolution insgesamt historisch. Bei biologischen Vergleichen muss zwischen horizontal und vertikal unterschieden werden, und gultige Schlusse bei einem Typ von Vergleich konnen nicht automatisch auf einen des anderen Typs ubertragen werden. Keine evolutive Anderung, wie drastisch sie auch sei, uberschreitet die Grenze eines Taxons; deshalb ist es unmoglich, eine ,transspezifische Evolution’ (Evolution uber die Artgrenze hinweg) von der innerhalb einer Art zu unterscheiden. Makroevolution unterscheidet sich nicht von der Mikroevolution mit Ausnahme des Ausmases der Anderungen: Es gibt keine eigenen Ursachen oder Ablaufsformen fur die Makroevolution.
Attachment of Resin Restorations to Acid Pretreated Enamel

Fractured maxillary incisors and developmental defects on labial surfaces are two of the more perplexing restoration problems confronting the dentist. Treatment is largely indicated by the location and extent of the fracture or defect. Therapy can range from simple recontouring procedures that do not involve any restoration, to the veneered crown. Another restorative procedure that has been used successfully is the phosphoric acid-laminated resin technique.
On Overcoming Segregation: Social Work and Intergroup Dialogue

ABSTRACT Social work with groups may be used to reduce prejudice and discrimination. This paper reports on a case study of an interracial, intercultural dialogue group that has met together for over six years to share experiences based on race, ethnicity, and culture. The group exemplifies a group work model known as intergroup dialogue. Pettigrew's (1998) longitudinal intergroup contact theory was used to explore why this group has remained together so long when others have not. Factors contributing to group success included friendship potential, individual readiness, facilitation strategies, and varied and repeated contact across multiple settings. Implications for group workers are discussed.
A diagnostic tolerance system

Abstract This paper describes a Diagnostic Tolerance System (DTS) designed to allow users to interactively select the appropriate class of fit and perform tolerance analysis for an assembly. The DTS is written in C programming language for a micro-computer and can be interfaced with CAD software, such as AutoCAD and CADkey. With the DTS, the productivity of designers is enhanced and design for manufacturability is easier to achieve.
Detection of a murine coronavirus nonstructural protein encoded in a downstream open reading frame.

Abstract Mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) gene 5 contains two open reading frames. We have expressed the second open reading frame of this gene (gene 5 ORF 2) in an Escherichia coli expression system. This system utilized a plasmid which contained the promoter and the first 36 codons of the recA gene fused in frame with the MHV gene 5 ORF 2, which is fused in turn to the β-galactosidase gene. The protein product of this gene fusion was used to raise antibody to gene 5 ORF 2. The specificity of the antibody was verified by immunoprecipitation of the in vitro transcribed and translated protein product of gene 5 ORF 2. The second reading frame of MHV gene 5 was shown to be expressed during the course of infection by immunocytochemistry and radioimmunoprecipitation using the antibody raised against the E. coli fusion protein and by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis.
Shape of Mössbauer resonance with interference

Abstract The derivation of a formula for the line shape is outlined. Previously reported measurements which were fit with the thin-absorber approximation for the line shape may have a large systematic error in the value of the interference 4 parameter.
Dynamical algebras in classical mechanics

For a spectrum-generating algebra of classical observables, it is proven that the phase space dynamics simplifies to a Hamiltonian system on submanifolds of the algebra's dual. These submanifolds are coadjoint orbits if the algebra arises from a symplectic group action. If the Hamiltonian splits into the sum of a function of the algebra generators plus a commuting part, then the dynamics transfers to the dual space and an explicit formula is given for the flow vector field on the coadjoint orbits. A unique feature of the presentation is that all constructions are at the Lie algebra level.
Effect of mobile phase properties and macromolecular network reactivity on liquefaction behavior of bituminous coals

Abstract The effects of quantity of mobile phase, viscosity of mobile phase, and network reactivity were evaluated on the liquefaction conversion of four coals. Reactions were carried out at 275°C for 10 and 30 minutes, and in a temperature-staged configuration for 30 minutes each at 275 and 425°C. Coals were impregnated with a sulfided ammonium molybdate catalyst. If all other factors were held reasonably comparable, it was found that a coal having lower viscosity mobile phase produced higher conversions at 275°C than a similar coal having a more viscous mobile phase. This effect is attributed to easier transport of the mobile phase from the interior of a coal particle to the catalyst on the particle's surface. For coals having comparable viscosities of mobile phase and comparable network reactivities, the coal having the greater quantity of mobile phase produced higher conversions. When network reactivity was the principal difference, the coal having the less reactive network resulted in lower conversion. Thus for good liquefaction conversions at relatively mild conditions, a coal having a large amount of fluid (low viscosity) mobile phase and a reactive network is desirable. These differences among coals are much less apparent in temperature-staged liquefaction; the much more severe reaction conditions appear to overwhelm the subtle differences of mobile phase and network properties.
Patient level decision making in recurrent acute rhinosinusitis: A cost‐benefit threshold for surgery

Objectives/Hypothesis: A previous effort to identify the threshold for surgery in recurrent acute rhinosinsutis (RARS) was made based on workforce productivity. While this macroeconomic approach is useful for population-level decision making, patient-level decision making is variable and driven by personal and financial implications. This microeconomic study seeks to identify threshold levels of infection where surgery becomes worthwhile to patients based on costs, lost income, and quality of life. Study Design: Cost-Benefit Breakeven Analysis. Methods: A breakeven analysis was constructed from literature reported medical and surgical response rates, change in quality of life as a result of intervention, and costs to patients. Results: A breakeven threshold occurs when patients suffer from 1.3–2.8 episodes per year under the conservative assumption that the effects of surgery do not extend beyond 19 months — the longest outcomes reported. Discussion: Due to possible confusion with URTIs, we have adopted an approach similar to that advocated by the Rhinosinusitis Task Force. Given the average number of URTIs suffered by adults annually is 1.4–2.3. We suggest adding this to the threshold number of episodes calculated in the present model. Under the most conservative assumptions, this suggests that patients should consider surgery when suffering from five or more episodes per year. Laryngoscope, 2013
The local post‐perovskite structure and its temperature dependence: atom‐pair distances in CaIrO3 revealed through analysis of the total X‐ray scattering at high temperatures

The temperature-dependent post-perovskite structure model of MgSiO3 is reinvestigated through analysis of the atom-pair distances observed experimentally via Fourier transformation of X-ray diffraction and diffuse scattering, the total X-ray scattering, from CaIrO3. In contrast to the results of a previous Rietveld structure refinement, which shows a negative or null thermal expansion of Ir—O and Ca—O bond lengths within the average long-range structure, visual inspection of these atom-pair distances in the pair-distribution function, in addition to structure models fitted through least-squares refinement to this local-structure data, strongly suggests that these distances between atom pairs increase with temperature. The average long-range structure of CaIrO3, visible from Rietveld structure refinement, is distinct from the short-range structure (≤ 18 A) at all of the temperatures examined in this study (325–1114 K) and is reproduced in structure models fitted to the pair-distribution function extending to sufficiently long atom-pair distances (≥ 50 A). While previous data obtained with Rietveld structure refinement show the iridium coordination octahedra to distort with increasing temperature, models of the short-range structure demonstrate that these polyhedra instead reduce distortion and rotate in a manner similar to that occurring in the perovskite structure.
Auger Spectroscopic Analysis of Bioglass Corrosion Films

Auger spectroscopy and ion beam milling were used to determine surface compositional profiles on a series of bioglass implant materials after exposure to simulated body conditions. Four glasses were examined, a soda-lime-silica glass and 3 compositions produced by adding 3, 6, and 12 wt% P2O5 to the ternary glass. An SiO2-rich layer is formed on the surface of all glasses investigated. As P2O5 is added to the bulk composition, a second film rich in Ca and P forms at the SiO2-rich film-water interface. The rate of formation of the Ca-P film increases as the P2O5 content of the bulk glass increases. When glasses are corroded under identical conditions, the thickness of the Ca-P layer increases as the P2O5 content of the bulk composition is increased.
Practical urea optical parametric oscillator for tunable generation throughout the visible and near-infrared

The optical parametric oscillator (OPO) using the urea crystal is reviewed. This oscillator has demonstrated promise as a new solid-state source of tunable, coherent radiation throughout the visible and the near infrared spectral regions. New experimental results relating to the urea OPO are also discussed. A practical OPO has been constructed utilizing a crystal of relatively short length (13 mm), which can be grown comparatively easily, and this oscillator has been demonstrated to be continuously tunable from 499 nm to 1.23 μm. The possibility of extending the tuning curve still further through the use of an alternate pump source has been examined. Parametric fluorescence in urea pumped by the fourth harmonic of Nd:YAG laser output (266 nm) has been observed for the first time.
Evolution of Spectral States of Aquila X-1 during the 2000 Outburst

We present the results of detailed analysis of X-ray data in the 3-20 keV range from a ~70 day outburst of the neutron star transient Aquila X-1 during 2000 September-November. Optical monitoring with the Yale 1 m telescope was used to trigger X-ray observations with Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) in order to follow the outburst from a very early stage. In this paper we discuss the correlated evolution in time of features in the spectral and temporal domains for the entire outburst. The state transition from the low/hard state to the high/soft state during the rise of the outburst occurs at higher luminosity than the transition back to the low/hard state during the decay, as has also been observed in other outbursts. Fourier power spectra at low frequencies show a broken power law continuum during the rising phase, with the break frequency increasing with time. During the decline from maximum, the source evolves to a position in the hardness-intensity plane, as well as in the color-color diagram, that is similar to, but distinct from, the canonical high/soft state. High-frequency quasi-periodic oscillations from 636 to 870 Hz were seen only during this transitional state.
Amorphous Calcium Phosphate: Thermodynamic and Kinetic Considerations

Crystalline hydroxyapatite (HAP) is generally considered to be the final, stable product in the precipitation of calcium and phosphate ions from neutral to basic solutions. However, over the broad range of solution conditions in which precipitation occurs spontaneously, unstable amorphous products precede the appearance of the HAP phase. These amorphous calcium phosphates (ACPs) are unique among calcium phosphate salts in that they lack the long-range, periodic atomic scale order of crystalline materials. Although this uniqueness has been the subject of considerable interest, of greater relevance to understanding the dynamics of HAP formation by spontaneous precipitation is the instability of these solids in solution. Above pH 9, ACPs convert directly into HAP. However, in the 7 9 pH range, ACPs are the immediate precursors to octacalcium phosphate (OCP) like phases that, in turn, convert to stable HAP. These transformation processes and the possible role they play in biological calcification, more than anything else, raises the importance of the ACPs above being merely laboratory curiosities and places them in the mainstream of calcium phosphate chemistry. This chapter will cover the preparation and properties of the ACPs, their thermodynamic and kinetic relationship to crystalline calcium phosphates, especially OCP and RAP, the controversy surrounding their true structural nature, and their putative presence and role in vivo.
Tertullian on Heresy, History, and the Reappropriation of Revelation

Tertullian understood the apostle Paul to have suggested there would always be heretics (1 Cor. 11:19), and he presumed God had supplied scripture for their use. Without sacred literature heretics would have nothing of consequence to misread. Without contests over critical passages, there could be no winners, no losers—no heretics.1 The difficulty, Tertullian acknowledged, was that heretics were the poorest of losers; they never conceded defeat. He advised against trying to take (or take back) scripture passage by passage. The only way to get the best of heretics and get on with the work of interpreting texts correctly was to deny heretics' right to appeal to scripture.2 It had been supplied for them, but only to enable wayward expositors to identify themselves as heretics. This was Tertullian's version of “enough rope.” Heretics' expositions showed others how far the expositors deviated from the precious tradition originating with the apostles, and to assist those others apologists introduced a rule of faith condensing the apostles' instruction and tradition. Tertullian's several presentations of the rule of faith raise important questions; discrepancies prompt suspicion that no precise formulation or rule inspired consensus, that rules were rather makeshift. At the time, however, Tertullian obviously was more interested in another discrepancy, the one between his rule(s) expressing Christianity's incontrovertible truths and the opinions and exegesis of benighted heretics, for God provided heretics, apologists, and controversy to keep traditional or “regular” Christianity advancing on its proper course.3 Tertullian's confidence in the advance of Christianity is the subject of this paper. How did he come by it and just how did he relate the persistence of heresy to the progress of Christianity?
Mice with a “Monoclonal Nose”: Perturbations in an Olfactory Map Impair Odor Discrimination

We have altered the neural representation of odors in the brain by generating a mouse with a "monoclonal nose" in which greater than 95% of the sensory neurons express a single odorant receptor, M71. As a consequence, the frequency of sensory neurons expressing endogenous receptor genes is reduced 20-fold. We observe that these mice can smell, but odor discrimination and performance in associative olfactory learning tasks are impaired. However, these mice cannot detect the M71 ligand acetophenone despite the observation that virtually all sensory neurons and glomeruli are activated by this odor. The M71 transgenic mice readily detect other odors in the presence of acetophenone. These observations have implications for how receptor activation in the periphery is represented in the brain and how these representations encode odors.
Mammalian Steroid Hormones Are Substrates for the Major RND- and MFS-Type Tripartite Multidrug Efflux Pumps of Escherichia coli

A steroid-hormone-dependent growth suppression was observed in Escherichia coli efflux-deficient backgrounds containing mutations in the major RND- and MFS-type tripartite multidrug efflux systems, AcrAB-TolC and EmrAB-TolC, respectively. In addition to their previously known natural steroid spectrum, which includes bile acids, both systems were shown to transport the hormones estradiol and progesterone, whereas hydrocortisone served as a substrate of only AcrAB-TolC. Furthermore, at least two other RND-type pumps, YhiV and AcrD, were capable of transporting such hormones when overexpressed on plasmid vectors (with some demonstrable specificity observed with AcrD). When this activity was examined in a wild-type background, cell-associated estradiol levels remained largely unaffected by competition with exogenous bile acids and hydrocortisone, in contrast to progesterone, which produced a significant modulation in estradiol uptake.
Pneumocystis carinii Cell Wall Biosynthesis Kinase Gene CBK1 Is an Environmentally Responsive Gene That Complements Cell Wall Defects of cbk-Deficient Yeast

Pneumocystis species remain an important cause of life-threatening pneumonia in immunocompromised hosts, including those with AIDS. Responses of the organism to environmental cues both within the lung and elsewhere have been poorly defined. Herein, we report the identification of a cell wall biosynthesis kinase gene ( CBK1 ) homologue in Pneumocystis carinii , isolated by differential display PCR, that is expressed optimally at physiological pH (7 to 8) as opposed to more acidic environments. Expression of Pneumocystis CBK1 was also induced by contact with lung epithelial cells and extracellular matrix. Translation of this gene revealed extensive homology to other fungal CBK1 kinases. Pneumocystis CBK1 expression was equal in the cyst and trophic life forms of the organisms. We further demonstrate that Pneumocystis CBK1 expressed in cbk1Δ Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells restored defective cell wall separation during proliferation. Consistent with this, Pneumocystis CBK1 expression also stimulated transcription of the CTS1 chitinase in cbk1Δ mutant yeast cells, an event necessary for cell wall separation. In addition, Pneumocystis CBK1 cDNA supported normal mating projection formation in response to α-factor in the cbk1Δ yeast cells. Site-directed mutations of serine-303 and threonine-494, potential regulatory phosphorylation sites in Pneumocystis CBK1, abolished mating projection formation, indicating a role for these amino acid residues in CBK1 activity. These findings indicate that Pneumocystis CBK1 is an environmentally responsive gene that may function in signaling pathways necessary for cell growth and mating.
Identification of Residues Responsible for the Defective Virulence Gene Regulator Mga Produced by a Natural Mutant of Streptococcus pyogenes

Mga is a transcriptional regulator in the pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes that positively activates several important virulence genes involved in colonization and immune evasion in the human host. A naturally occurring mutant of Mga that is defective in its ability to activate transcription has been identified in the serotype M50 strain B514-Sm. Sequence alignment of the defective M50 Mga with the fully functional Mga from serotypes M4 and M49 revealed only three amino acid changes that might result in a defective protein. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays using purified M50 and M4 maltose binding protein-Mga found that both exhibited DNA-binding activity towards regulated promoters. Thus, the significance of each residue for the functionality of M50 Mga was explored through introduction of “gain-of-function” mutations based on M4 Mga. Transcriptional studies of the mutant alleles under both constitutive (PrpsL) and autoactivated (Pmga4) promoters illustrated that an arginine-to-methionine change at position 461 of M50 Mga protein fully restored activation of downstream genes. Western blot analyses of steady-state Mga levels suggest that the M461 residue may play a role in overall conformation and protein stability of Mga. However, despite the conservation of the M461 protein among all other Mga proteins, it does not appear to be necessary for activity in a divergent M6 Mga. These studies highlight the potential differences that exist between divergent Mga proteins in this important human pathogen.
Progress Born From a Legacy of Collaboration

This Special Series issue of Journal of Clinical Oncology highlights collaborative efforts that have contributed to the remarkable progress achieved in advancing survival for pediatric cancers. These efforts have involved collaborations across a variety of medical subspecialties, institutions, and national and international cooperative study groups and, most importantly, collaborations among clinicians, scientists, and patients and their families. Unique to the pediatric cancer experience is a high level of participation in clinical trials that has been instrumental in establishing effective therapies for virtually all types of pediatric cancers; characterizing acute, long-term, and late-onset toxicities of therapy; refining treatment approaches adapted to the biologic characteristics of the disease; and, in recent decades, modifying therapy to prevent treatment-related adverse effects. Particularly featured within this series are innovative and genomic discoveries that have guided risk-adapted stratification of therapy and use of targeted therapy providing real prospects for precision medicine.