cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Uterine secretion from mares with post-breeding endometritis alters sperm motion characteristics in vitro

Uterine secretion was collected from five normal mares during estrus by the use of a tampon. In subsequent estrus cycles, mares were inseminated with 1×109 spermatozoa from a stallion of known fertility, and uterine secretion was collected randomly at 6, 12, and 24 hours after insemination. All mares had negative endometrial cytology before insemination. At the time of uterine secretion sampling, semen was collected from two stallions and extended with Kenney's extender to a concentration of 50×106 spermatozoa/mL. Extended semen was diluted 2:1 with uterine secretion; semen extender; and centrifuged uterine secretion (noncellular). Samples were kept at room temperature and sperm motion characteristics (corrected motility (CMOT), progressively motile spermatozoa (PMS), and mean path velocity (MPV) were evaluated using a computer-assisted semen analyzer every 40 minutes for a total of 4 hours. Sperm motion characteristics of spermatozoa were significantly better when incubated in semen extender compared to uterine secretion (P < 0.05). The CMOT and PMS were significantly better in uterine secretion collected before, compared to after AI with the lowest values observed in samples collected at 12 hours after breeding (P < 0.05). Sperm motion characteristics of spermatozoa incubated in centrifuged uterine secretion was only slightly suppressed compared to spermatozoa incubated in semen extender, suggesting that the altered motion characteristics were mostly due to the presence of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) in the samples. It was concluded from this study that spermatozoa can survive in inflamed uterine secretion, but that sperm motion characteristics in vitro are altered.
An ultraviolet spectrophotometric method for the determination of pyrite and ferrous ion oxidation by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans

An ultraviolet spectrophotometric method was used to monitor the formation of soluble ferric iron in acid culture solutions of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. This methodology was demonstrated to be applicable for determining both pyrite and ferrous ion oxidation. Kinetic parameters of Fe2+ oxidation determined with the use of this method were in close agreement with those previously obtained by measurement of oxygen uptake rates.
Pneumocystis carinii in fna of the thyroid

We report the diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii (PC) in a fine-needle aspirate (FNA) from the thyroid of a human immunodeficiency virus infected (HIV+) male receiving aerosolized pentamidine as prophylaxis for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP). The clinical diagnosis prior to FNA was multinodular goiter. The patient did not have pulmonary symptoms nor previous diagnosis of PCP at the time of the aspirate diagnosis. Recently, extrapulmonary Pneumocystis carinii (EPC) has been reported with increasing frequency in HIV+ patients receiving prophylactic aerosolized pentamidine. Awareness of extrapulmonary presentations of Pneumocystis carinii infection is a prerequisite for accurate cytologic diagnosis.
Unique Clinicopathology of Proximal Gastric Carcinoma: A Critical Review

Background: Gastric cancer is a heterogeneous disease with respect to its molecular and histopathological features. Proximal gastric carcinoma (PGC) and distal gastric carcinoma (DGC) are two distinct clinical entities, suggesting the existence of different pathogenic mechanisms. PGC arises in a narrow region of the proximal stomach below the gastroesophageal junction. It accounts for around half of gastric cancers in men, with an increasing incidence worldwide and a predominance in elderly males. Summary: At present, the pathogenic mechanisms involved in the onset of PGC remain unknown. This mini-review presents the most recent findings on the pathology and natural history of this widespread and frequently fatal cancer. Key Message: PGC has unique clinicopathological characteristics distinct from esophageal adenocarcinoma and DGC. Practical Implications: Patients with a high risk for PGC, such as elderly obese men, should undergo upper endoscopy for early detection and appropriate endoscopic therapy in the early stages of disease. Once it has progressed, the cancer is more easily spread, although the current staging systems are not perfectly adapted to the disease. PGC should be staged and treated as a gastric cancer. A separate staging system and genomic studies on this cancer are urgently needed for optimal patient management and appropriate disease prevention.
Viral vector-mediated transduction of a modified platelet factor 4 cDNA inhibits angiogenesis and tumor growth

Chronic systemic delivery of therapeutic proteins, such as inhibitors of angiogenesis, present a number of difficult pharmacological challenges. To overcome these problems for one such protein, we constructed retroviral and adenoviral vectors that express a novel, secretable form of the antiangiogenic protein, platelet factor 4 (sPF4). Vector-mediated sPF4 transduction selectively inhibits endothelial cell proliferation in vitro, and results in hypovascular tumors that grow slowly in vivo. Additionally, tumor-associated angiogenesis is inhibited and animal survival is prolonged, following transduction of established intracerebral gliomas by an sPF4-expressing adenoviral vector. These data support the concept that targeted antiangiogenesis, using virally mediated gene transfer, represents a promising strategy for delivering antiangiogenic therapy.
Measurement of Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1 Expression Defines a Group with Better Prognosis in Patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1) has been suggested as a surrogate biomarker for cancer stem cells in breast cancer and other tumors. We quantitatively measured ALDH1 in two large cohorts of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and investigated its prognostic value. The AQUA method of quantitative immunofluorescence was used to measure ALDH1 in 134 patients with NSCLC from Yale University and 296 patients with NSCLC from Sotiria and Patras University hospitals in Greece, using tissue microarrays. Patients were classified as positive or negative for ALDH1 based on the detection threshold for quantitative immunofluorescence. Patients with squamous cell carcinoma had higher scores than patients with adenocarcinoma. Detectable ALDH1 predicted better prognosis in both cohorts (P = 0.0035 for the Yale cohort; P = 0.0238 for the Sotiria/Patras cohorts). The effect of ALDH1 expression was independent of clinicopathologic factors in the Yale cohort (risk ratio = 3.2, P = 0.0008), but did not reach significance in the Sotiria/Patras cohort (hazard ratio = 1.51, P = 0.08). Among patients with adenocarcinoma, the ALDH1-negative group had shorter survival compared with the ALDH1-positive group in the Yale cohort (P = 0.00001), but not in the Sotiria/Patras cohort (P = 0.45). Unlike breast cancer, in which ALDH1 expression predicts poor outcome, in NSCLC our exploratory and retrospective study indicates that ALDH1 expression is associated with favorable outcome.
Some Conceptual Limits on Reliability Estimates of Measures of Imagining

Summary.-It is argued that to the degree that some imagining processes are uansforrnatory in nature, estimates of reliability either bear no relation to their validity or in fact may indicate lack of validity. This is so because the nature of transformation implies that the object under study will not stand still to be measured. Any indication of reliability would then merely be a fortuitous coincidence between the waxing and waning of the objen to be measured and of the measuring device. Alternacively, the presence of reliable measurement may indicate that the imagining being measured is related to verbal-mathematical reasoning. Foar Experiences
Floating Collections: A Collection Development Model for Long-Term Success

Wendy K. Bartlett. Santa Barbara, CA: Libraries Unlimited, 2014, 128 pp., ISBN: 978-1-59884-743-7, e-book ISBN: 978-1-59844-744-4, $55.00.Floating collections are owned by multi-library systems. Th...
A New Locus for Synaptic Plasticity in Cerebellar Circuits

Experimental and computational analyses of cerebellar function indicate that excitatory synapses onto deep nucleus neurons are likely to be a critical site of plasticity during motor learning. In this issue of Neuron, Pugh and Raman report that unconventional stimulus protocols can drive synaptic plasticity in the deep cerebellar nuclei.
High-frequency acoustic interaction of resonant systems using SAWs

A planar array of microspheres was deposited on the surface of a surface-acoustic-wave (SAW) device. Arrays of polymer microspheres with mode number m=1 and 2 were observed to resonate with the acoustic wave, thus absorbing or scattering the wave such that transmission is reduced at the resonant frequency. Comparing the quality factor determined from the transmission spectra (Q approximately 15) and that determined from rapid pulse shut-off experiments (Q >
A surface ultrastructure study of ganglia and digital mucous cysts

Three digital mucous cysts and three dorsal wrist ganglia were studied by light and scanning electron microscopy. Both exhibited the same findings, namely a porous network of collagenous fibers forming the wall and a fibrillated inner surface composed of a random arrangement of collagen fibers. An intermittent thin membrane was observed on the inner surface, but no evidence of a cellular lining was apparent. This anatomic study lends support to a shared cause.
A common enzyme may be responsible for the conversion of organic nitrates to nitric oxide in vascular microsomes

We compared the nitric oxide (NO)-generating behavior of nitroglycerin (NTG), pentaerythritol trinitrate (PEtriN) and isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN), in the microsomal preparation of bovine coronary artery smooth muscle cells. The comparative NO generating activities among these nitrates were consistent with their relative reported vasodilating activities. Consistent with our previous observations with NTG, 400 microM bromosulfophthalein did not affect NO generation from PEtriN and ISDN in vascular microsomes while 400 microM 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene completely inhibited NO generation from these nitrates. Gel filtration chromatography with solubilized microsomes of bovine aortic smooth muscle cells showed the primary activity of NO generation from all three nitrates to be eluted at about 200 kD, consistent with that found with solubilized microsomes from the bovine coronary artery microsomes. These results suggest that organic nitrates may be converted to NO by one common enzyme in vascular microsomes.
Resonance Raman spectra of mass-selected Mo2 and Mo3 in Argon matrices

Abstract We report on mass-selected molybdenum dimers (Mo 2 ) and trimers (Mo 3 ) in argon matrices via resonance Raman spectroscopy. The resonance Raman spectrum of Mo 2 displays lines at 394.5(12), 445.0(18), and 473.3 (15) cm −1 , with several overtones observed for the most intense 394.5 cm −1 line. The trimer (Mo 3 ) displays absorption in the 575–625 nm region with a maximum at ∼600 nm. Excitation into this region gives Raman lines at 224.5(5), 236.2(8), 386.8(12), and 446.9(7) cm −1 . They are assigned to ν 3 (a 1 ), ν 2 (b 1 ), ν 1 (a 1 ) (the bend, antisymmetric stretch, and symmetric stretch) and 2 ν 2 , respectively.
Removal of fluorine from a Si (100) surface by a remote RF hydrogen plasma

Fluorine contamination was removed from a Si(100) surface by an atomic H flux. The surface was intentionally contaminated to approximate the residual fluorine concentration remaining after a concentrated HF last process. By dipping the wafers in concentrated HF the thin oxide was removed and replaced with a hydrogen and fluorine terminated surface. This surface was then either vacuum annealed or exposed to a 20 Watt rf excited H-plasma at 50 mTorr, in order to achieve an atomically clean surface. The substrate temperature during the Hplasma exposure and vacuum anneal was 450°C. The surface chemistry was characterized with x-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS), auger electron spectroscopy (AES), and angle-resolved UV photoemission spectroscopy (ARUPS). The surface symmetry was characterized with low energy electron diffraction (LEED). Before the H-plasma exposure, the XPS spectra indicated Si-F bonding, and a l×1 LEED diffraction pattern was observed. Immediately following the Hplasma exposure, the fluorine concentration was reduced below detection limits of XPS, and the surface showed a 2×1 reconstruction. A mechanism is proposed by which molecular HF results from atomic hydrogen interactions with fluorine on the surface.
Commentary: Undocumented women: Pushed from poverty and conflict, pulled into unjust disparity

The statistics provide the background. The United Nations estimates that 3 per cent of the world's population (213 million people by 2010) live outside their country of origin.1 Most immigrants move from developing to developed countries, where international migrants constitute more than 10 per cent of the population. Global data for undocumented migrants are difficult to obtain, but estimates suggest that there may be 30 million undocumented migrants worldwide, as many as 11 million in the United States.2 Undocumented immigrants make up 4 per cent of the population of the US and 5.4 per cent of its workforce. Women now constitute more than half (51.4 per cent) of the international migrants in developed countries, only slightly more than 40 years ago. But women today migrate largely in search of their own work and security, rather than as dependents, traveling to live with their husbands.4'5 Studies from the US, Canada, Europe, and Asia report an excess of health problems among undocumented migrants. Poverty, less access to health services contraception, cervical cancer prevention, and prenatal care language barriers, stigma, abuse, and sexual vulnerability put them at greater risk. They experience unplanned pregnancies and labor complications more frequently. Mental illness, sexually transmitted diseases, HIV, and TB are more common.6"16 Because of fear and discrimination, as well as oppressive working and living situations, women may be unable to get health or social services. In their study 'Self rated and health problems of undocumented immigrant women in the Netherlands, a descriptive study', Schoevers and her co-authors add the voices of immigrant women in the
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SEED OF ABUTILON THEOPHRASTI. II. SEED COAT

WINTER, DOROTHY M. (Iowa State U., Ames.) The development of the seed of Abutilon theophrasti. II. Seat coat. Amer. Jour. Bot. 47(3): 157-162. Illus. 1960.-The integuments of Abutilon theophrasti Medic. undergo a rapid increase in size, predominantly by anticlinal cell divisions during the first 3 days after fertilization. Within 7 days, the outer epidermis of the inner integument becomes thick walled. At maturity this compact, lignified, and cutinized palisade layer accounts for more than half the thickness of the seed coat. During early growth, the palisade cells form a continuous layer in the micropylar region. In the chalazal region the palisade layer is discontinuous in a slit-shaped region, 60 X 740 microns. The shape of this discontinuity constitutes a major difference between dormant-seeded Abutilon and non-dormant Gossypium seeds. Exterior to the palisade layer is the outer integument which consists of a small-celled layer and a large-celled layer sparsely covered with unicellular, lignified hairs. Interior to the palisade is the thick mesophyll of the inner integument which is largely digested during seed growth and leaves only 2 pigmented cell layers in most regions at maturity. The inner epidermis is small-celled, pigmented and cutinized and adheres tightly to the endosperm. Seed coat impermeability increases with seed maturity. Even immature seeds will germinate, if scarified, indicating a lack
Ulnar-femoral nerve anastomosis in paraplegic rhesus monkey.

ConclusionsClinical, electrical and microscopic studies demonstrated functional continuity after ulnar-femoral nerve anastomosis in a paraplegic rhesus monkey.
Cellular and Subcellular Localization of Androgen Receptor Immunoreactivity Relative to C1 Adrenergic Neurons in the Rostral Ventrolateral Medulla of Male and Female Rats

In male and female rats, high androgen levels can increase blood pres- sure. The C1 area of the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), which is crucial for blood pressure regulation, contains estrogen receptors (ERs) in pre- and postsynaptic neuronal compartments and is modulated by estrogens (Wang et al. (2006) Brain Res 1094:163-178). In this study, the cellular and subcellular localization of androgen recep- tors (ARs) in the C1 area was examined in sections from male, proestrus (high estrogen) and diestrus (low estrogen) female rat brains that were immunocytochemically labeled for AR and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). By light and electron microscopy, AR-labeled nuclei were scattered among TH-labeled somata in the RVLM; significantly more AR-labeled nuclei were seen males compared to females. Electron microscopy revealed that extranuclear AR-immunoreactivity (ir) was in similar profile types in male and female rats. AR-ir was almost exclusively in myelinated and unmyelinated axons and in glia. Rarely, AR-ir was in axon terminals that contacted TH-containing dendrites. AR-labeled axon terminals had large diameters and contained numerous dense-core vesicles, resem- bling peptide-containing hypothalamic or solitary tract inputs. No nuclear or extranu- clear AR-ir was found in TH-labeled perikarya and dendrites although a few non-TH- labeled dendrites contained AR-ir. Qualitatively, more axonal profiles appeared to be present in males compared to females. These studies suggest that, unlike ERs, ARs in male and female rats are almost exclusively positioned on afferents and glia, suggesting that androgens modulate RVLM C1 neurons, and thus blood pressure, through presyn- aptic and glial signaling. Synapse 61:268-278, 2007. V C 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Atrial natriuretic peptide and the renal response to hypervolemia in nephrotic humans

Atrial natriuretic peptide and the renal response to hypervolemia in nephrotic humans. To elucidate the abnormality of body fluid homeostasis that attends the nephrotic syndrome, we compared the atrial hormonal and renal excretory and vasomotor responses to water immersion of nephrotic patients (N = 10) with those of healthy controls (N = 9). Nephrotics exhibited depressed baseline levels of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP, P
A major urban earthquake : planning for Armageddon

Two million people will die in earthquakes in the twenty-first century assuming no increase in the average annual rate of deaths from the twentieth century. The economic result is a financial loss of five trillion dollars to the world's economy in current dollar terms, and probably a comparable but lower financial figure for the building losses. This human economic loss represents six quarters of US government consumption on defense and non-defense spending, or about twenty-times the period in Australian gross domestic product terms. The probable largest fatal earthquake, defined as the probable century event with a one percent probability in the century, will have a death toll in the range of three-hundred-thousand to one million people, coupled with a significant loss of dwellings, factories, and production capacity for the city that bears this disaster. The death toll will be as high as thirty percent of the population in the peak felt intensity region of the earthquake zone. Two to three earthquakes in this century will have death tolls in the range of one hundred to three-hundred-thousand people. There are one-hundred and twenty-five urban areas that have sufficient population and population density to sustain a loss of the one million people. The bulk of these one-hundred and twenty-five urban areas are located in the intraplate regions of the world including the Central and Eastern United States (twenty five), Australia (two), Europe, China, and India. Interplate earthquakes occur on the edges of the major tectonic plates, whilst intraplate earthquakes occur within the tectonic plates. This distinct geologic feature between interplate and intraplate means that an earthquake with a Richter magnitude of six in an interplate region, such as Kobe, has about the equivalent destructive power as a Richter 5.2 in an intraplate region, such as Sydney or New York. Three significant issues arise for planning for a city, such as Sydney, Australia or New York, to deal with this fatal event. The first issue is that the probability of the major event occurring in each one of the one-hundred and twenty-five urban areas is poorly understood. The historical earthquake and geologic data does not support reducing the probability of each of the one-hundred and twenty-five urban area of suffering from this major event from the average of 0.8 percent without investigating the probability distribution of deaths of the preceding two millennia. The second issue is how to develop the key components of an interdisciplinary planning strategy for a compact major urban area to mitigate the losses in a probable century event. The third issue is to equitably deal with this loss from the world insurance perspective. This paper outlines the preliminary research into these three issues from a town planning perspective using Sydney, Australia as the city example.
Solvent effects on AOT reverse micelles in liquid and compressed alkanes investigated by neutron spin-echo spectroscopy.

Neutron Spin−Echo (NSE) spectroscopy has been employed to study the interfacial properties of reverse micelles formed with the common surfactant sodium bis-2-ethylhexyl-sulfosuccinate (AOT) in liqu...
YIELDS AND SOLIDS LOSS IN WATER AND STEAM BLANCHING, WATER AND AIR COOLING, FREEZING, AND COOKING OF BROCCOLI SPEARS

Blanching and cooling process alternatives were compared for overall product yield and solids content using broccoli spears. Blanching was in steam or water, the latter including fresh water and recycling water in a screw blancher system. Cooling was evaporative, with and without sprays, or by fluming. Product was frozen in an air blast freezer and cooked. Solids content and yields were measured after each operation. Results quantify the lower solids loss of steam blanching compared to fresh water blanching, but indicate that recycling blanching water may result in even lower losses than steam blanching.
An estimate of error rates in integrated circuits at aircraft altitudes and at sea level

Abstract Negative muons nearing the end of their range can undergo capture in the nucleus, disintegrate, and damage microelectronics. Although there are large numbers of muons produced in the atmosphere by cosmic rays, there have been no experimental data evaluating the vulnerability of integrated circuits to stopping muons. Changes in bit states (errors) in 4K NMOS static RAMs have been obtained with accelerator beams of positive and negative muons nearing the end of their range, along with the corresponding microdosimetric spectra. These data and earlier results are used to estimate both absolute error rates and the relative contributions of different particle types at 10 km (a nominal aircraft altitude) and at sea level. The calculation indicates that typical error rates at 10 km would be about 10 errors per megabit per year, only slightly less than the estimated rate for satellite altitudes.
Biosynthesis of complement components in chronically inflamed gingiva.

The biosynthesis of the third and fifth components of complement in chronically inflamed gingiva is demonstrated. The technique utilized in these studies was an immunochemical detection of 14C-labeled amino acid incorporated protein from gingival explant cultures. C3 and C5 synthesis was detected in 8 of 10 individuals with periodontal disease, while no evidence of synthesis was noted in 5 control subjects. The results indicate an even greater consumption of complement occurs in periodontal disease than has been predicted previously using serum as the sole source of complement. The local production of complement could play a role in modulating the inflammatory response in the gingiva.
An Essential Domain within Cdc34p Is Required for Binding to a Complex Containing Cdc4p and Cdc53p in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Abstract The CDC34 gene of the yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae encodes a ubiquitin-conjugating protein that transfers ubiquitin onto substrates to signal rapid degradation via the proteasome. Cdc34p has been implicated in signaling the destruction of a variety of substrates including the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, Sic1p, which must be degraded for cells to enter S-phase. Mutants lacking CDC34activity fail to degrade Sic1p and fail to enter S-phase, a phenotype that is also shared with cells lacking CDC4 andCDC53 activity. Here we demonstrate that Cdc4p, Cdc34p, and Cdc53p interact in vivo. We have mapped a Cdc4p/Cdc53p-binding region on Cdc34p; this region is essential for S-phase entry and thus the association of these three proteins is required for Sic1p degradation. All three proteins migrate in gel filtration to sizes that greatly exceed their actual size suggesting that they form stable associations with other proteins and we observe Cdc4p, Cdc34p, and Cdc53p fractionating into overlapping families of high molecular weight complexes. Finally, we demonstrate that Cdc4p, Cdc34p, and Cdc53p are stable throughout the cell cycle and that Cdc34p permanently resides as part of a complex throughout the cell cycle. This suggests that all Cdc34p substrates are ubiquitinated by a similar high molecular weight complex.
Analogs of tetrahydrofolic acid. XXXI. Hydrophobic bonding to dihydrofolic reductase. III. Further observations on conformational aspects of hydrophobic bonding with some 5-alkyl-2,4-diamino-6-pyrimidinols

Thirteen 5-alkyl - 2, 4 -diamino - 6 - pyrimidinols have been compared as inhibitors of dihydrofolic reductase in an attempt to delineate some of the conformational requirements for hydrophobic bonding to the enzyme; definite conformational limitations were observed. For example, cyclohexyl and trans-crotyl side-chains gave inhibitors that were as effective as the n-butyl-6-pyrimidinol, whereas, isoamyl was better than all three; these results indicate that the n-butyl group complexes in a near-staggered conformation and additional hydrophobic bonding can be obtained by branching at C3 of the butyl group. Methyl branching at C2 of the n-butyl group also gave a better inhibitor than n-butyl, but the 2-methylbutyl side-chain was only half as effective as isoamyl; in contrast, the 1-methylbutyl side-chain gave an inhibitor only one-half as effective as n-butyl. That the amount of hydrophobic bonding was simply an “extraction process” dependent upon the size of the hydrocarbon group was unequivocally eliminated.
Symposium on Organizations and Economics

M t r ost production in modern economies occurs within organizations, and this production is regulated only to a limited extent by prices. The size of some of the largest organizations, like General Motors or IBM or ATT if managers didn't, they would be replaced; and firms that didn't maximize value wouldn't survive. Accordingly, what went on inside the black box was mere detail. The behavior of the firm could be described completely without knowledge of those details.
The Composition of the Colostrum of the Dairy Goat

Summary 1.The composition of colostrum and the transition to normal milk of six goats has been studied for a period of nine days. All the constituents decrease rapidly on the second day, with the exception of lactose which showed an increase. 2.Goat colostrum has a tendency to approach normality between the third and fourth days. 3.The newer methods of protein analysis have been used in a quantitative determination of these constituents present in goat colostrum. Total protein, free from non-protein nitrogen, was obtained by precipitating with 8 per cent trichloracetic acid. Casein was precipitated at its isoelectric point of pH 4.6 with an acetate buffer solution. 4.Albumin and globulin were determined separately. By salting out with MgSO 4 , a quantitative estimation of the globulin content and its transition to normal has been followed for the first time. After the first milk is removed from the goat the globulin decreases very rapidly while only a moderate decline in albumin occurs.
Palmitate and glucose oxidation by fetal type II pneumocytes

Fetal type II pneumocytes in organotypic culture can oxidize both palmitate and glucose, with glucose being converted to CO2 at a rate substantially greater than that of palmitate. Glucose can be oxidized by both the pentose shunt pathway and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Palmitate oxidation to CO2 is increased by carnitine and reduced by glucose and unsaturated fatty acids. These data suggest that glucose may be an important oxidative substrate during late fetal life and that fatty acids may play a relatively minor role in type II cell oxidative metabolism.
Early repeated exploration after laparoscopic urologic surgery: comparison of clinical, radiologic, and surgical findings

Abstract Objectives. To correlate the clinical scenarios and radiographic findings with the operative findings in patients who underwent repeated exploration to define a management strategy. Postoperative complications after laparoscopy may cause diagnostic challenges because of atypical presentation. Methods. We retrospectively reviewed the records from 1226 urologic laparoscopic procedures between July 1993 and July 2000. We compared the clinical, radiologic, and surgical findings of patients who underwent repeated exploration within the first month after laparoscopy. Results. During the study period, 9 patients (0.7%) were taken back to the operating room for repeated exploration. The median time for the appearance of symptoms was the second postoperative day. Eight patients were evaluated by computed tomography (CT) and one by both renal Doppler ultrasonography and MAG-3 renal perfusion scan. Repeated operations were laparoscopic in 4 and open in 5 patients. In all the patients evaluated by CT scan, the radiologic findings were consistent with the surgical findings. In the patients who underwent diagnostic laparoscopy because of the severity of clinical findings, despite negative CT findings, no abnormality was discovered at exploration. In 1 patient who was not evaluated by CT, duodenal perforation was detected at exploration. Conclusions. Clinical findings may not be sufficient for the decision of repeated operation for patients acutely ill after laparoscopy. CT findings correlated well with the findings at exploration. In cases in which no abnormality is detected by CT, it appears reasonable to withhold surgical exploration unless the clinical situation deteriorates.
Flight Development for Cryogenic Fluid Management in Support of Exploration Missions

This paper describes the results of the "Experimentation for the Maturation of Deep Space Cryogenic Refueling Technology" study. The purposes of this study were to identify cryogenic fluids management technologies requiring low gravity flight experiments to bring to technology readiness level (TRL) 5-6; to study many possible flight experiment options; and to develop near-term low-cost flight experiment concepts to mature core technologies of refueling. A total of twenty-five white papers were prepared in the course of this study. Each white paper is briefly summarized and relevant references cited. A total of 90 references are cited.
American patriotism, American protest: social movements since the Sixties

by Simon Hall, Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010, 240 pp., $55.00 (cloth), ISBN 0812242955 The most dynamic social movement in our current political world is undoubtedly the cons...
Rat Adrenal Androgen Receptor: A Possible Mediator of Androgen-Induced Decrease in Rat Adrenal Weight

Many previous studies have demonstrated effects of gonadal steroids on adrenal weight in the rat. Most of these effects are indirect, depending upon alterations in the pituitary-adrenal axis for their expression. In this study we have attempted to examine the direct effects of gonadal steroids on adrenal weight in the rat. This was done using hypophysectomized, castrated male rats receiving ACTH replacement, a model which excludes pituitary-adrenal feedback effects. Estradiol-treated rats did not differ from controls, whereas testosterone-treated rats exhibited a small but statistically significant decrease in adrenal weight. As a first step in exploring the mechanism of this androgen effect, we have identified a specific dihydrotestosterone-binding protein in the rat adrenal gland. A single class of high affinity (Kd = 0.6–-2.0 × 10-8 M), saturable (28 fmol/mg cytosol protein), cytoplasmic binding sites was found using both protamine sulfate precipitation and dextran-coated charcoal assays. The specifici...
Depression and suicide in the dark months.

Total and standard suicide rates in Finland by month of year for 15 years (1980–1994) show the same pattern as rates in the USA and do not support the notion that dark months are associated with depression that may lead to suicide.
1,4-Benzoquinone is a topoisomerase II poison.

Benzene is a human carcinogen that induces hematopoietic malignancies. It is believed that benzene does not initiate leukemias directly, but rather generates DNA damage through a series of phenolic...
Brain state evolution during seizure and under anesthesia: A network-based analysis of stereotaxic eeg activity in drug-resistant epilepsy patients

Epilepsy is a neurological condition with a prevalence of 1%, and 14–34% have medically refractory epilepsy (MRE). Seizures in focal MRE are generated by a single epileptogenic zone (or focus), thus there is potentially a curative procedure - surgical resection. This procedure depends significantly on correct identification of the focus, which is often uncertain in clinical practice. In this study, we analyzed intracranial stereotaxic EEG (sEEG) data recorded in two human patients with drug-resistant epilepsy prior to undergoing resection surgery. We view the sEEG data as samples from the brain network and hypothesize that seizure foci can be identified based on their network connectivity during seizure. Specifically, we computed a time sequence of connectivity matrices from EEG recordings that represent network structure over time. For each patient, connectivity between electrodes was measured using the coherence in a given frequency band. Matrix structure was analyzed using singular value decomposition and the leading singular vector was used to estimate each electrode's time dependent centrality (importance to the network's connectivity). Our preliminary study suggests that seizure foci may be the most weakly connected regions in the brain during the beginning of a seizure and the most strongly connected regions towards the end of a seizure. Additionally, in one of the patients analyzed, the network connectivity under anesthesia highlights seizure foci. Ultimately, network centrality computed from sEEG activity may be used to develop an automated, reliable, and computationally efficient algorithm for identifying seizure foci.
Laser Noise In Fibre Optic Interferometer Sensors

The choice of single mode semiconductor diode lasers for the source in fiber optic interferometers is primarily determined by the size, power requirements and potential cost of these devices. In interferometer systems (both bulk and fiber) powered by GaAlAs diode lasers, the noise properties of the laser primarily govern the noise properties of the interferometer. Since 1980 there has been a continuing interest in the low frequency properties of these devices. In this paper, the noise properties of the radiation emitted by these devices will be reviewed. Methods of improving the noise properties of these devices will be discussed. Properties of broadband sources suitable Sagnac interferometry will also be briefly discussed.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Metalloproteinases in endochondral bone formation: Appearance of tissue inhibitor-resistant metalloproteinases☆

Abstract Dissected embryonic chick limbs release neutral metalloproteinases during endochondral bone development. These enzymes degrade cartilage proteoglycan and gelatin in culture medium. We found the enzymes active in the medium conditioned by explants of the region adjacent to the bone marrow cavity (cavity-surround). These enzymes degrade proteoglycan (PG) and/or gelatin. These spontaneously active enzymes are resistant to serum and tissue proteinase inhibitors, α 2 -macroglobulin, and cartilage metalloproteinase inhibitor (TIMP). The other enzymes secreted from tarsus and bone marrow explants are mostly latent in the culture medium. Activated tarsus enzymes (PG degrading and gelatinolytic) are blocked by the above inhibitors. Activated marrow enzyme does not degrade PG but is resistant to those inhibitors. Cavity-surround enzymes may play an important role in embryonic osteogenesis of long bones because of their resistance to tissue and serum inhibitors. The in vivo mechanisms by which cavity-surround enzymes are activated are yet to be determined.
Polarons Bound in a Coulomb Potential. II.2P-State Zeeman Effect

Approximate polaron effective-mass trial functions are constructed to describe $2P$ hydrogenic polaron levels in weak magnetic fields. Breakdown of the effective-mass description due to level crossing of the $2P$ effective-mass states with $1S$ one-phonon states [denoted ($1S,1$)] necessitates admixture of ($1S,1$) states to the initial effective-mass state in order to achieve lowest cariational energy. The effect of mixing in the ($1S,1$) states is to produce, effectively, a double-values $2P$ energy and to reduce considerably the linear Zeeman splitting near the point of level crossing. Level crossings with ($1S,n$) states for $ng1$ are expected, on the basis of a heuristic argument, to produce similar discontinuities near the respective crossing energies. Perturbation theory is used to find expressions in the weak-coupling limit for the Zeeman splitting in the limit of weak binding, and, for stronger binding, near the ($1S,1$) level crossing.
The challenge of defining brainstem pain modulation circuits.

Studies of descending pain modulatory systems during the past 2 decades have focused primarily on the midline pathways, those neurons of the periaqueductal gray (vlPAG) that synaptically activate neurons in the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) that, in turn, project to the spinal cord and produce analgesia by inhibition of dorsal horn neurons. More recent evidence shows that activation of these descending modulatory neurons can also facilitate nociceptive transmission in the spinal cord dorsal horn. The review by Tavares and Lima presents evidence for an additional system of pain modulatory neurons that originates in the caudal ventrolateral medulla (VLM). Tavares and Lima concluded that the antinociception produced by stimulation of the VLM is mediated in part by spinally projecting serotonergic and noradrenergic neurons in the RVM and in the A5 cell group, respectively. This conclusion suggests that this caudally located medullary pain modulation system does not function in isolation but, rather, appears to complement and interact with the more rostral modulation systems located in the RVM, the vlPAG, and pontine catecholamine cell groups. It is well established that neurons in the vlPAG also activate serotonin and noradrenergic neurons and that RVM neurons activate noradrenergic neurons. Thus, electrical or chemical stimulation of neurons in the vlPAG produces antinociception that is reduced by intrathecal injection of either serotonin or 2-adrenoceptor antagonists. This antinociceptive effect is partly mediated by the projection of vlPAG neurons to the spinally projecting serotonin-containing neurons in the RVM. Such antinociception is also mediated by RVM neurons that project to and activate spinally projecting noradrenergic A7 neurons. More recent findings indicate that the antinociceptive effects of vlPAG activation may also be mediated by neurons in the vlPAG that have direct monosynaptic connections with neurons in the A7 catecholamine cell group that innervate the superficial laminae of the spinal cord dorsal horn. PAG-induced antinociception may also be mediated in part by neurons in the vlPAG that have direct monosynaptic connections with spinally projecting neurons in the A5 catecholamine cell group that project to the deep dorsal horn and the intermediate zone (laminae IV to VII) of the spinal cord. Thus, stimulation of neurons in both the vlPAG and the VLM appears to produce antinociception by activating the same final common pathway, RVM neurons that project to the spinal cord or to the A7 catecholamine cell group and neurons in the A5 cell group. However, this conclusion must be tempered in view of the large number of observations that demonstrate that significant differences in the neuronal circuits that modulate nociception exist in different strains and stocks of rats.
Effects of protein deficient diets on the developmental toxicity of inorganic arsenic in mice.

BACKGROUND: Inorganic arsenic, when given by injection to pregnant laboratory animals (mice, rats, hamsters), has been shown to induce malformations. Arsenic methylation may be a detoxification step, and diets deficient in protein are a poor source of methyl donors and may possibly result in impaired arsenic methylation. Human health effects from chronic arsenic exposure have been reported mainly in populations with low socioeconomic status. Individuals in such populations are likely to suffer from malnutrition, which can compromise embryonic/fetal development and diminish arsenic methylating capacity. We sought to determine if dietary protein deficiency affects the developmental toxicity of inorganic arsenic. METHODS: Mated females were randomly assigned to one of 12 treatment groups. Experimental groups received either AsIII or AsV i.p. on Gestation Day 8 (GD 8, plug=GD 0) and were maintained on a 5%, 10%, or 20% protein custom mixed diet from GD 1 until sacrifice. Controls received the custom diets alone, were given AsIII or AsV i.p. on GD 8 with Teklad LM-485 rodent diet, or were fed the LM-485 diet alone. Test females were sacrificed on GD 17, and their litters were examined for mortality and developmental defects. RESULTS: Arsenic plus dietary protein deficiency decreased maternal weight gain and increased the incidences of exencephaly, ablepharia, and skeletal defects, such as malformed vertebral centra, fused ribs, and abnormal sternebrae (bipartite, rudimentary, or unossified). CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that dietary protein deficiency enhances the developmental toxicity of inorganic arsenic, possibly by impairment of arsenic methylation. Birth Defects Res B 71:124–134, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Endothelial cell growth and protein adsorption on terminally functionalized, self-assembled monolayers of alkanethiolates on gold

The effect of specific chemical functionalities on the growth of bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC) was investigated using a set of well-characterized, chemically functionalized surfaces prepared by self-assembly of alkanethiolate monolayers on gold surfaces using the molecules X(CH2)15SH with X = −CH3, −CH2OH, −CO2CH3, and −CO2H. Cells seeded on a substrate in serum-containing culture medium interact with the adsorbed protein layer rather than the substrate. Therefore, the role of two serum proteins, albumin (Alb) (a nonadhesive or blocking protein) and fibronectin (Fn) (an adhesive protein), in cell growth was evaluated by measuring the amount of each protein bound and the tightness of binding (determined by resistance to SDS solubilization) on the self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). BAEC growth varied significantly with surface functionality. Cell growth increased in the following order: −CH2OH < −CO2CH3 < −CH3 ≪ −CO2H, illustrating the effect of specific surface groups. Cell growth on all monolayer...
Performance of the MISR instrument during its first 20 months in Earth orbit

The Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer, one of five science instruments aboard NASA's Terra spacecraft, was launched into Earth orbit in December 1999. Acquisition of Earth imagery began in February 2000, and the quality of the data is excellent. Overall, MISR has been performing superbly, though the instrument exhibits several idiosyncrasies, some of which were anticipated prior to launch. Details regarding the in-flight performance of the instrument system are presented.
Wet Release of Multipolymeric Structures with a Nanoscale Release Layer

A promising wet release process using OmniCoatTM has been developed for the release of the multilayer microsensor device that is being used for biomedical applications. OmniCoatTM has high thermal stability (Tg ~190degC) which makes it compatible with high temperature processes. A multilayer fabrication approach and OmniCoat release layer was successfully integrated for a microsensor device to be released from the substrate. Highly aligned structures and good adhesion between metals and cured polymer layers have been achieved. OmniCoatTM as a release layer has great potential in several other MEMS applications where SU-8 is used as a structural material.
Members of the Toll-Like Receptor Family of Innate Immunity Pattern-Recognition Receptors Are Abundant in the Male Rat Reproductive Tract

Protecting developing and maturing spermatozoa and reproductive tissues from microbial damage is an emerging aspect of research in reproductive physiology. Bacterial, viral, and yeast infections of the testis and epididymis can hinder maturation and movement of spermatozoa, resulting in impaired fertility. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a broad family of innate immunity receptors that play critical roles in detecting and responding to invading pathogens. Objectives of this study were to determine if organs of the rat male reproductive tract express mRNAs for members of the TLR family, to characterize expression patterns for TLRs in different regions of the epididymis, and to determine if TLR adaptor and target proteins are present in the male reproductive tract. Messenger RNA for Tlr1–Tlr9 was abundantly expressed in testis, epididymis, and vas deferens, as determined by RT-PCR, while Tlr10 and Tlr11 were less abundantly expressed. Tlr mRNA expression showed no region-specific patterns in the epididymis. Immunoblot analysis revealed relatively equal levels of protein for TLRs 1, 2, 4, and 6 in testis, all regions of the epididymis and vas deferens, and lower levels of TLRs 3, 5, and 9–11. TLR7 was primarily detected in the testis. The TLR adapter proteins, myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 and TLR adaptor molecule 1, as well as v-rel reticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene homolog and NFKBIA, were prominent in testis, epididymis, and vas deferens. The abundant expression of a majority of TLR family members together with expression of TLR adaptors and activation targets provides strong evidence that TLRs play important roles in innate immunity of the male reproductive tract. epididymis, immunology, male reproductive tract, testis