cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A field assessment of claw removal impacts on the movement and survival of stone crabs Menippe spp.

Abstract Claw-only crab fisheries are often marketed as renewable because crabs are returned to the water after declawing to regenerate claws and re-enter the fishery. The challenge of managing a claw-only fishery for stone crabs ( Menippe spp.) is compounded by varying regulations throughout their range that include the number of claws harvested from a crab and use of a seasonal closure to protect spawning females. We conducted mark-recapture studies to examine crab responses to claw removal in the field and compared claw handedness and type (crusher, intermediate, pincer) in a wild population to commercial landings to examine compliance with fishery regulations in a one-claw fishery with no seasonal closure. Declawed crabs were recaptured less frequently than control crabs, particularly if claw removal created large wounds. Control crabs were more commonly recaptured within one month of tagging and declawed crabs recaptured one to three months after tagging, suggesting that declawed crabs were less mobile or less motivated to feed initially after claws were harvested and that, over time, intact crabs left the study area. Crabs with fishery-related, regenerated claws comprised 3% of crabs with legal claws. Claw type ratios in a limited assessment of the commercial catch most closely reflected expected ratios consistent with a two-claw fishery, indicating that voluntary adherence to current one-claw fishing regulations is not universal. In fisheries needing better protection of spawning stock, a seasonal closure on fishing could be instituted to ensure better protection of spawning.
Evolutionary Kanai-Tajimi Type Earthquake Models

A versatile mathematical framework based on the concept of random pulse train is proposed for the modeling of hypothetical ground acceleration in a future earthquake for engineering design purposes. This framework is potentially capable of incorporating various physical features arising from propagation, reflection and refraction of seismic waves in the ground. Three specific simplified models are then investigated: an evolutionary Kanai-Tajimi model, a one-dimensional elastic model, and a one-dimensional Maxwell model. Artificial seismograms are generated from these models to simulate the 1985 Mexico earthquake, and the results are compared with an actual record. It is shown that all the random pulse train models have an evolutionary spectral representation which permits variation of both mean-square intensity and frequency contents, and that the random vibration analyses of linear and nonlinear structures under such excitations can be simply formulated.
Moral Expertise in the Context of Clinical Ethics Consultation

The question of moral expertise remains largely academic until it serves as a foundation for a morally charged act or practice. Clinical ethics consultation is a complex and potentially impactful practice typifying the translation of theoretical ethics to clinical ethics, from the textbook to the bedside. To this extent, clinical ethics consultation requires a very concrete, applicable form of moral expertise. This service is no different from consulting services provided by other disciplines in health care, which have long ago instituted professional practice standards and methods for evaluating quality of care. In addition to the skills identified by the ASBH, we contend that clinical ethics consultants would benefit from a personalist approach to professionalism, that encourages the development of character traits intrinsic to a profession. In clinical ethics, we argue that this could be achieved, as other professions have discovered, through apprenticeship and professional accreditation. We show that this suggestion is consistent with statements from the ASBH as well as the UK Clinical Ethics Network.
Developing climate model ensembles: A comparative case study

Abstract Projections of future changes in hydroclimatic variables are available through various general circulation models (GCMs) that are part of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5). Assessment of the performance of these models in simulating past climate, both individually and as an ensemble, has received much attention and is commonly the first step in assessing their suitability of application. In this study, we have evaluated the ability of various ensemble models to simulate past temperature and precipitation in the Gulf Basin region of North America, chosen as an illustrative case study. We have developed ensembles from 34 CMIP5 GCMs using six diverse approaches, including random forest, support vector regression, neural networks, linear regression, and weighted k-nearest neighbors, and compared the performance of the ensembles with each other and the individual GCMs using a robust set of metrics and nonparametric tests. For temperature, random forest outperforms all other ensembles and the best-performing GCM by a statistically significant margin and is able to simulate temporal and spatial patterns in temperature well. None of the ensembles are able to adequately simulate observed precipitation patterns in the study area, likely due to spatial differences in precipitation drivers in the region, as well as the coarseness of the dataset itself. However, the random forest, support vector regression, neural network, and linear regression ensembles achieved statistically significant improvements to precipitation simulation, as compared to the individual GCMs and the simple arithmetic mean ensemble, which has been used in several studies.
Additional Kinetic Distinctions Between Normal Pyruvate Kinase and a Mutant Isozyme From Human Erythrocytes. Correction of the Kinetic Anomaly by Fructose-1,6-diphosphate

Several cases have been reported in which chronic hemolytic anemia was thought to be secondary to the same mutant isozyme of erythrocyte PK. In crude hemolysates from one of these cases, defective kinetic characteristics of the isozyme were found to be completely correctable in vitro by low concentrations of the PK activator, fructose-1,6-diphosphate. The patterns of response to the activator further distinguished this isozyme from normal PK and suggested that the isozymes in these cases, previously thought to be identical, more probably represent three subtly distinct mutant forms.
Lowering the boom on lower-risk myelodysplastic syndromes

Lower-risk myelodysplastic syndromes are defined using prognostic scoring systems that incorporate data on bone marrow blast percentage, degree and numbers of cytopenias, and cytogenetic abnormalities. Increasingly, these are incorporating molecular abnormalities to further refine risk. Therapy is geared toward predominating cytopenias, with erythropoiesis-stimulating agents luspatercept and lenalidomide used to ameliorate anemia, romiplostim and eltrombopag tackling thrombocytopenia, and hypomethylating agents and antithymocyte globulin palliating pancytopenia. Newer agents on the horizon are abrogating the downstream sequelae of specific molecular mutations. One challenge for the future is in further modifying response criteria to align with improvements that are clinically meaningful to patients.
Compressive strength of Super Soft wheat endosperm

Abstract Wheat endosperm texture (hardness) largely determines end-product suitability. Since its development 25 years ago, the single kernel classification system (SKCS, a mechanical instrument that measures, among other properties, the force imparted on a kernel during crushing) has been used in breeding programs to differentiate soft wheats from hard wheats. Nominally, these have a soft to hard SKCS hardness index (HI) range of 25–75 (dimensionless units). However, in recent years, breeders have developed extremely soft (‘Super Soft’) lines having SKCS HI
Head-on Allograft Transplantation: A Unique Case Report Where a Large Piece of Femoral Bone was Extruded from One Patient's Body and Impaled Another Patient's Tibia.

Introduction Open femoral fractures are relatively uncommon occurrences, with few reports addressing their management. They are caused by high-energy mechanisms, and bone loss is a possible, but infrequent occurrence. We present a case in which two friends, 20- and 21-year-old males, were involved in a motorcycle collision. A large piece of bone was ejected from one patient's femur as a bony projectile and impaled the other patient's tibia, resulting in an open tibial plateau fracture. This is the first case in the English literature, to the best of our knowledge, in which a piece of bone was ejected from one patient, causing a fracture in another. Case Report Two males, in their mid-twenties, were involved in a head-on motorcycle collision. Both patients sustained open fractures to their lower extremities. A large piece of bone was ejected from one patient's femur and impaled the other patient's tibia, causing an open tibial plateau fracture. The patient who provided the bony projectile underwent retrograde intramedullary nail fixation. The segmental piece of bone was not replanted, and he went on to heal without negative sequelae at 2-year follow-up. Conclusion To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case documented in the English literature in which an ejected piece of bone from one person caused a fracture in another fracture. Management of extruded bone segments should be considered on a case-by-case basis.
Antimicrobial prodrug activation by the staphylococcal glyoxalase GloB

ABSTRACT With the rising prevalence of multidrug-resistance, there is an urgent need to develop novel antibiotics. Many putative antibiotics demonstrate promising in vitro potency but fail in vivo due to poor drug-like qualities (e.g. serum half-life, oral absorption, solubility, toxicity). These drug-like properties can be modified through the addition of chemical protecting groups, creating “prodrugs” that are activated prior to target inhibition. Lipophilic prodrugging techniques, including the attachment of a pivaloyloxymethyl group, have garnered attention for their ability to increase cellular permeability by masking charged residues and the relative ease of the chemical prodrugging process. Unfortunately, pivaloyloxymethyl prodrugs are rapidly activated by human sera, rendering any membrane permeability qualities absent during clinical treatment. Identification of the bacterial prodrug activation pathway(s) will allow for the development of host-stable and microbe-targeted prodrug therapies. Here, we use two zoonotic staphylococcal species, S. schleiferi and S. pseudintermedius, to establish the mechanism of carboxy ester prodrug activation. Using a forward genetic screen, we identify a conserved locus in both species encoding the enzyme hydroxyacylglutathione hydrolase (GloB), whose loss-of-function confers resistance to carboxy ester prodrugs. We enzymatically characterize GloB and demonstrate that it is a functional glyoxalase II enzyme, which has the capacity to activate carboxy ester prodrugs. As GloB homologs are both widespread and diverse in sequence, our findings suggest that GloB may be a useful mechanism for developing species-or genus-level prodrug targeting strategies.
Predictably unequal: understanding and addressing concerns that algorithmic clinical prediction may increase health disparities.

The machine learning community has become alert to the ways that predictive algorithms can inadvertently introduce unfairness in decision-making. Herein, we discuss how concepts of algorithmic fairness might apply in healthcare, where predictive algorithms are being increasingly used to support decision-making. Central to our discussion is the distinction between algorithmic fairness and algorithmic bias. Fairness concerns apply specifically when algorithms are used to support polar decisions (i.e., where one pole of prediction leads to decisions that are generally more desired than the other), such as when predictions are used to allocate scarce health care resources to a group of patients that could all benefit. We review different fairness criteria and demonstrate their mutual incompatibility. Even when models are used to balance benefits-harms to make optimal decisions for individuals (i.e., for non-polar decisions)–and fairness concerns are not germane–model, data or sampling issues can lead to biased predictions that support decisions that are differentially harmful/beneficial across groups. We review these potential sources of bias, and also discuss ways to diagnose and remedy algorithmic bias. We note that remedies for algorithmic fairness may be more problematic, since we lack agreed upon definitions of fairness. Finally, we propose a provisional framework for the evaluation of clinical prediction models offered for further elaboration and refinement. Given the proliferation of prediction models used to guide clinical decisions, developing consensus for how these concerns can be addressed should be prioritized.
CP-Less MIMO Discrete Fourier Transform Spread OFDM

In this work, we present the first Cyclic prefix (CP)-less Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) OFDM System. It is based on incorporating DFT spreading, signal discrimination with Walsh-Hadamard coding, and PAPR reduction with Tukey (tapered cosine) time-domain windowing techniques. This combination of mechanisms provides an effective combination of benefits related to Bit Error Rate (BER), Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR), Complementary Cumulative Distribution Function (CCDF) of PAPR, and Out-of-Band (OOB) spectral power. Our simulation study shows that the proposed scheme achieves Out-of-Band (OOB) spectral power attenuation of 142 dB with PAPR of 8.56 dB and BER of 10−4 under a scenario of E b /N 0 = 15 dB with a 16-QAM modulation.
A price-performance analysis of the protective capabilities of wholesale bicycle helmets.

Although bicycle helmets are an effective countermeasure against head injury, many cyclists do not wear one. One avenue for facilitating widespread helmet use is through community-driven helmet saf...
Synthetic pulmonary perfusion images from 4DCT for functional avoidance using deep learning.

Purpose.To develop and evaluate the performance of a deep learning model to generate synthetic pulmonary perfusion images from clinical 4DCT images for patients undergoing radiotherapy for lung cancer.Methods. A clinical data set of 58 pre- and post-radiotherapy99mTc-labeled MAA-SPECT perfusion studies (32 patients) each with contemporaneous 4DCT studies was collected. Using the inhale and exhale phases of the 4DCT, a 3D-residual network was trained to create synthetic perfusion images utilizing the MAA-SPECT as ground truth. The training process was repeated for a 50-imaging study, five-fold validation with twenty model instances trained per fold. The highest performing model instance from each fold was selected for inference upon the eight-study test set. A manual lung segmentation was used to compute correlation metrics constrained to the voxels within the lungs. From the pre-treatment test cases (N = 5), 50th percentile contours of well-perfused lung were generated from both the clinical and synthetic perfusion images and the agreement was quantified.Results. Across the hold-out test set, our deep learning model predicted perfusion with a Spearman correlation coefficient of 0.70 (IQR: 0.61-0.76) and a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.66 (IQR: 0.49-0.73). The agreement of the functional avoidance contour pairs was Dice of 0.803 (IQR: 0.750-0.810) and average surface distance of 5.92 mm (IQR: 5.68-7.55).Conclusion. We demonstrate that from 4DCT alone, a deep learning model can generate synthetic perfusion images with potential application in functional avoidance treatment planning.
Biosynthesis of the [FeFe] hydrogenase H-cluster via a synthetic [Fe(II)(CN)(CO)2(cysteinate)]− complex

The H-cluster of [Fe–Fe] hydrogenase consists of a [4Fe]H subcluster linked by the sulfur of a cysteine residue to an organometallic [2Fe]H subcluster that utilizes terminal CO and CN ligands to each Fe along with a bridging CO and a bridging SCH2NHCH2S azadithiolate (adt) to catalyze proton reduction or hydrogen oxidation. Three Fe–S “maturase” proteins, HydE, HydF, and HydG, are responsible for the biosynthesis of the [2Fe]H subcluster and its incorporation into the hydrogenase enzyme to form this catalytically active H-cluster. We have proposed that HydG is a bifunctional enzyme that uses S-adenosylmethione (SAM) bound to a [4Fe–4S] cluster to lyse tyrosine via a transient 5′-deoxyadenosyl radical to produce CO and CN ligands to a unique cysteine-chelated Fe(II) that is linked to a second [4Fe–4S] cluster via the cysteine sulfur. In this “synthon model”, after two cycles of tyrosine lysis, the product of HydG is completed: a [Fe(CN)(CO)2(cysteinate)]− organometallic unit that is vectored directly into the synthesis of the [2Fe]H sub-cluster. However our HydG-centric synthon model is not universally accepted, so further validation is important. In this Frontiers article, we discuss recent results using a synthetic “Syn-B” complex that donates [Fe(CN)(CO)2(cysteinate)]− units that match our proposed HydG product. Can Syn-B activate hydrogenase in the absence of HydG and its tyrosine substrate? If so, since Syn-B can be synthesized with specific magnetic nuclear isotopes and with chemical substitutions, its use could allow its enzymatic conversions on the route to the H-cluster to be monitored and modeled in fresh detail.
First things first: Black women situating identity in the first-year faculty experience

The first year in the education professoriate is an ineluctably critical time to establish a pathway for long-term professional success mirroring a scholar’s commitment to positively influencing st...
Levocarnitine supplementation for management of hypertriglyceridemia in patients receiving parenteral nutrition.

Background Levocarnitine deficiency has been observed in patients receiving parenteral nutrition (PN) and can cause or worsen hypertriglyceridemia. The objective was to characterize use of levocarnitine supplementation in PN and evaluate its effect on triglyceride levels in hospitalized adults. Methods This retrospective, single-center study included patients with triglyceride levels ≥175 mg/dl while receiving PN who had a subsequent reduction in lipid injectable emulsion dose. A piecewise linear regression was used to evaluate trends in triglyceride levels before and after the intervention, defined as initiation of levocarnitine in PN for the levocarnitine group, or reduction in lipid injectable emulsion alone for the control group. Results Two hundred sixty-one patients who received PN had an elevated triglyceride level and lipid injectable emulsion dose reduction, of which 97 (37.2%) received levocarnitine in PN. The median (IQR) levocarnitine dose added to PN was 8.0 (5.7-9.9) mg/kg. Triglyceride levels at 30 days post-intervention did not differ between groups (125 vs 176 mg/dl, P = .345). The addition of levocarnitine to PN was associated with a significantly greater rate of reduction in triglyceride levels pre-intervention to post-intervention compared with a reduction in lipid injectable emulsion alone (-11 vs -3 mg/dl per day; 95% CI, -15 to -2; P = .012). Conclusion In hospitalized adults with hypertriglyceridemia who had a lipid injectable emulsion dose reduction, the addition of levocarnitine in PN was not associated with a difference in triglyceride levels at 30 days; however, a greater rate of improvement in pre-intervention to post-intervention triglyceride levels was observed.
Unknown Input Observer Based Series DC Arc Fault Detection in DC Microgrids

In this paper, a fault detection and isolation technique for series arc faults in dc microgrids with multiple power electronics loads is proposed using Unknown Input Observers (UIO). The dc microgrid is first modeled as a linear system using its corresponding graph information, including the oriented incidence matrix. The lines are assumed to be in Pi form (resistive, inductive, and capacitive) defining the dynamic states: line currents and node voltages. Sources and loads are considered inputs to the network and details are presented to include the case where these are not measured. DC series arc faults are then analyzed as disturbances affecting any line. An UIO framework is then presented to detect and identify the faulted line using the network model. Simulation and experimental results are then presented.
Catholic Education in England and Wales

In this chapter I set my study of the relationship between distinctiveness and inclusiveness in Catholic education in the particular national context of England and Wales. First, I describe a Catholic school system that is both diversified and decentralised. Second, I comment on important changes in the composition of Catholic schools and in the position of Christianity in general and of Catholicism in particular. When combined with the effects of government legislation these changes present new challenges and opportunities to Catholic educators who now need to reexamine the rationale for Catholic schools and the foundational principles that should underpin and permeate all their work. Third, I summarise theological developments within Catholicism that are relevant to re-thinking about Catholic education. Fourth, I indicate factors which have a bearing upon the lack of clarity about the distinctive nature of Catholic education currently shown by many of those involved in Catholic schools and suggest why there is a need for greater clarity. Fifth, I make a preliminary analysis of types of distinctiveness. Sixth, I offer a personal summary of a Catholic view of education in anticipation of the more extended examination carried out in chapters four and five. Finally, I analyse those general characteristics of Catholicism which provide a foundation for the distinctive components in Catholic education which are explored in the next chapter.
The seeds we planted: Portraits of a Native Hawaiian charter school

The seeds we planted: Portraits of a Native Hawaiian charter school. Goodyear- Ka‘ōpua, Noelani. (2013). Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press. 352 pp. ISBN: 978-0-8166-8048-1.
Expressive Volume Rendering

Accurately and automatically conveying the structure of a volume model is a problem not fully solved by existing volume rendering approaches. Physics-based volume rendering approaches create images that may match the appearance of translucent materials in nature, but may not embody important structural details. Transfer function approaches allow flexible design of the volume appearance, but generally require substantial hand tuning for each new data set in order to be effective. We have introduced the volume illustration approach, combining the familiarity of a physics-based illumination model with the ability to enhance important features using non-photorealistic rendering techniques. Since features to be enhanced are defined on the basis of higherorder model characteristics rather than volume sample value, the application of volume illustration techniques requires less manual tuning than the design of a good transfer function. Volume illustration provides a flexible unified framework for enhancing structural perception of volume models through the amplification of features, the addition of illumination effects, and the application of procedural textures. Volume illustration works on both presampled and procedurally defined volume models, enabling a range of image styles from practical technical illustrations to more abstract painterly effects.
The Journey to Jesus: John 4:19-26

John 4:19-26 is a part of Jesus’ conversation with the Samaritan woman at the well. This portion of the conversation includes Jesus’ first revelation of himself as the Messiah and the only way to the Father in what Eric John Wyckoff calls an “astonishing self-revelation unparalleled in its explicitness.” Jesus’ later claims develop these ideas further (John 8:24, 28, 58; 13:19; 18:5) but this scene serves to not only reveal Jesus as the Messiah-Christ but also to demonstrate how Jesus transcends all the expectations which are associated with the title. The Journey to Realization Jesus first transcends the expectations and perceptions of the woman he encounters at the well. Her perception of Jesus moves from thirsty Jew, to puzzling man, to prophet, and finally to Messiah. She first perceives Jesus’ identity as Jew but is soon baffled by his discussion of living water. Then, when he demonstrates his knowledge of her life, she declares him a prophet but then Jesus reveals himself as the Messiah and the Christ. When Jesus first encounters the woman, she is astonished that he would even dare to ask her for water. This is because Jews did not associate with Samaritans. She is confused by Jesus’ teaching of living water and begins to see that Jesus might be more than he appears. This is validated by his ability to know what she has done and she proclaims that he must be a prophet and quickly changes the subject to something less personal. Jesus steps into this role of prophet by answering her question, however he does not give an answer regarding who is right or wrong in the argument of where to worship. He does not give an answer to her question, which she might have expected, but instead supplies an answer that creates even more questions. His answer would have been initially disappointing to the woman but as he continues to teach with authority, his answer transcends her earthly view of the issue and causes her to question whether he is the Messiah. In response, Jesus reveals that he is speaking on the authority of God and is more than just what the woman expects of him. She discovers that the man she sarcastically proposes is “as great as Jacob” has proven to be the Messiah and indeed greater than Jacob. This episode is only one 1 Hagen: The Journey to Jesus: John 4:19-26 Published by Pepperdine Digital Commons, 2011
The influence of sex hormones on the reticulo-endothelial cells of the uterus and a possible application to the treatment of pelvic inflammatory conditions

Abstract A series of experiments were performed to determine the incidence of tissue macrophages in the uterus of the rabbit, as well as the macrophage response following trauma, under various hormonal conditions. The uterus of the normal female rabbit was found to contain only a few macrophages scattered throughout the propria mucosae, while they were totally absent in the atrophied uterus of spayed animals. The injection of large doses of estrin or the induction of progestational proliferation of the rabbit's uterus by the administration of urine from pregnant women resulted in an increase in the number of macrophages in less than 50 per cent of the cases. However, the growth of the spayed rabbit's uterus which resulted from estrin stimulation was associated with the appearance of large numbers of macrophages. The traumatization of one horn of the uterus resulted in the appearance of many macrophages at the site of injury in all animals, but in the normal doe or in the spayed animal this was of a purely local nature. In the rabbits given large doses of theelin or in which a progestational proliferation had been induced, the response was tremendously increased and was apparent not only at the site of injury but throughout the whole uterus. It may thus be said that when the rabbit's uterus undergoes the tissue differentiation and vascular changes brought about by the ovarian hormones estrin and progestin, it acquires the power of responding much more actively with macrophages to traumatic stimuli. The possibility of employing sex hormones in the treatment of pelvic inflammatory conditions is discussed.
The Political Economy of Public Sector Governance: The Power of the Purse

The people take part in the making of the laws by choosing the lawgivers, and they share in their application by electing the agents of the executive power; one might say that they govern themselves, so feeble and restricted is the part left to the administration, so vividly is that administration aware of its popular origin, and so obedient is it to the font of power. The people reign over the American political world as God rules over the Universe. It is the cause and end of all things; everything rises out of it and is absorbed back into it. – Alexis de Tocqueville ([1835] 2000, 60) In Tocqueville's view of the antebellum United States, the connection between the sovereign authority of the people and the administration of the laws that shape their behavior was a defining feature of its democracy. As we consider the political economy of public sector governance, the connection between the people and public managers will always be at the center of our story. In the narrative of American public management that developed with its practice beginning in the nineteenth century, the need for administrators to exercise rational, balanced judgment that is accountable to the public through its elected representatives was seen as a requirement for the people to govern themselves (Bertelli and Lynn, 2006). Thus the lessons of the analytical models that we review in this and subsequent chapters will reveal themselves as corresponding to the broadest and most trenchant themes of public management: what it is, what its practitioners do, what they should do, and what a democratic public expects of them when they do it.
Taking Voting Rights Seriously: Race and the Integrity of Democracy in America.

This article demonstrates that secure and reliable elections are easily achievable in the United States - if those with economic and political power so desired. Given the costs implicit in continued clouds of legitimacy over those currently governing this nation, one would therefore expect strong and decisive action to remedy once and for all race-based electioneering games and faulty voting machinery. The thesis of this article, however, is that this is very unlikely to occur; rather, those with power seem to be exercising an option to use race instrumentally to foil the democratic process and to enhance their electoral interests. Of course, if this thesis is correct, not only does it mean that prospectively no effective voting reform will occur, it also means that there is additional reason to question the legitimacy of these past, tainted elections. Part I of this article will review the problems with the elections of 2000 and 2004 with a view towards highlighting the primary barriers inherent in the current matrix of election regulation and law that prevents the will of the people from being manifest in election outcomes. Part II will review the major reform - Help America Vote Act - that has occurred thus far as a result of these controversies, and will show that this reform is not effective to address the root problems plaguing our democracy. Part Ill of this article seeks to explain why effective reform did not occur in the wake of the elections of 2000 and 2004, through the use of interest convergence theory and its emphasis on the power of race in America to serve the needs of those with political and economic power. The article concludes that real election reform is not likely to occur because elites find it in their interest to retain the status quo - including the ability to use race instrumentally to manipulate elections.
Visual tools for generating iconic programming environments

The authors present VAMPIRE a visual system for rapid generation of iconic programming systems. VAMPIRE uses a graphical class editor to construct a hierarchy describing an iconic language's structure. Each node in the hierarchy represents an abstraction of a group of language elements; each leaf represents an icon which can be placed into a program. Attributes are added to each 'class' in the tree to represent aspects of the language elements, including 'icons' which describe the graphical visualization of the elements and 'rules' which describe the semantics of the element. The semantics of the language are defined using attributed graphical rule. VAMPIRE has been designed so that it can create iconic systems similar to all of the major classes which have appeared to date in the literature. >
An ab initio molecular orbital study of the trimethylgallium-arsine adduct: (CH3)3Ga:AsH3

The structure, harmonic frequencies, and binding energy of the trimethylgallium-arsine adduct, (CH3)3Ga: AsH3, have been computed using ab initio molecular orbital methods, and, where possible, compared with experimental results. The structures and frequencies of the precursors trimethylgallium and arsine are perturbed to only a small extent upon adduct formation. The binding energy of (CH3)3Ga: AsH3 is found to be 5.2 kcal/mol lower than that for H3Ga:AsH3 at the MP2/HUZSP*//RHF/HUZSP* level of computation.
Large magnetothermopower and Fermi surface reconstruction in Sb 2 Te 2 Se

We report the magnetoresistance, magnetothermopower, and quantum oscillation study of ${\mathrm{Sb}}_{2}{\mathrm{Te}}_{2}\mathrm{Se}$ single crystal. The in-plane transverse magnetoresistance exhibits a crossover at a critical field ${B}^{*}$ from semiclassical weak-field ${B}^{2}$ dependence to the high-field unsaturated linear magnetoresistance which persists up to the room temperature. The low-temperature Seebeck coefficient is negative in zero field contrary to the positive Hall resistivity, indicating the multiband effect. The magnetic field induced the sign reversion of the Seebeck coefficient between 2 and 150 K. The quantum oscillation of crystals reveals the quasi-two-dimensional (quasi-2D) Fermi surface. These effects are possibly attributed to the large Fermi surface which touches the Brillouin-zone boundary to become quasi-2D and the variation in the chemical potential induced by the magnetic field.
Globally Convex Agricultural Production System: Parameter Estimation

The goal of incorporating, into a computable general equilibrium model, an econometric model of agricul tural production that maintains flexibility and global convexity for a large number of inputs and outputs leads to a computationally complex estimation prob lem. We have developed and implemented an iterative least squares procedure to estimate the parameters of this nonlinear production system subject to nonlinear constraints imposed by the underlying economic the ory. The large computer memory of the Cornell Na tional Supercomputer Facility allows the estimation of this large, globally convex, flexible agricultural produc tion system.
Suicide in Indian states and religion.

In India in 1981, the percentage of Muslims in 21 states was not associated with the suicide rates (per 100,000 per year) of the states.
Propensity score estimation to address calendar time-specific channeling in comparative effectiveness research of second generation antipsychotics.

Background Channeling occurs when a medication and its potential comparators are selectively prescribed based on differences in underlying patient characteristics. Drug safety advisories can provide new information regarding the relative safety or effectiveness of a drug product which might increase selective prescribing. In particular, when reported adverse effects vary among drugs within a therapeutic class, clinicians may channel patients toward or away from a drug based on the patient's underlying risk for an adverse outcome. If channeling is not identified and appropriately managed it might lead to confounding in observational comparative effectiveness studies. Objective To demonstrate channeling among new users of second generation antipsychotics following a Food and Drug Administration safety advisory and to evaluate the impact of channeling on cardiovascular risk estimates over time. Data source Florida Medicaid data from 2001-2006. Study design Retrospective cohort of adults initiating second generation antipsychotics. We used propensity scores to match olanzapine initiators with other second generation antipsychotic initiators. To evaluate channeling away from olanzapine following an FDA safety advisory, we estimated calendar time-specific propensity scores. We compare the performance of these calendar time-specific propensity scores with conventionally-estimated propensity scores on estimates of cardiovascular risk. Principal findings Increased channeling away from olanzapine was evident for some, but not all, cardiovascular risk factors and corresponded with the timing of the FDA advisory. Covariate balance was optimized within period and across all periods when using the calendar time-specific propensity score. Hazard ratio estimates for cardiovascular outcomes did not differ across models (Conventional PS: 0.97, 95%CI: 0.81-3.18 versus calendar time-specific PS: 0.93, 95%CI: 0.77-3.04). Conclusions Changes in channeling over time was evident for several covariates but had limited impact on cardiovascular risk estimates, possibly due to unmeasured confounding. Although calendar time-specific propensity scores appear to improve covariate balance, the impact on comparative effectiveness results is limited in this setting.
Magnetic ordering in TbMn0.5Cr0.5O3 studied by neutron diffraction and first-principles calculations

The structure and magnetic ordering of bulk TbMn0.5Cr0.5O3 was revealed through bulk magnetization and neutron diffraction measurements, and first-principles calculations, respectively. G-type antiferromagnetic ordering of Mn3+ and Cr3+ moments was observed in the neutron diffraction data below Neel temperature TN ∼ 84 K. In addition, below ∼40 K, short-range magnetic ordering was identified correlating to a ferromagnetic component due to the canting of the moments along the c-axis. The spin configuration is consistent with the first-principles calculations. The magnetic structure revealed in the present TbMn0.5Cr0.5O3 sample is distinct from that observed for both end members TbMnO3 and TbCrO3.
Solubility of antimony metal in molten antimony(III) chloride-aluminum chloride and antimony(III) chloride-cesium chloride mixtures

Abstract The solubility of antimony metal in molten SbCl3AlCl3 and SbCl3CsCl is reported. Measurements were made at many compositions and temperatures within the following ranges: SbCl3AlCl3 system, 1–90 mol% AlCl3 at 235–430°C; SbCl3CsCl system, 0.5–25 mol % CsCl at 405°C, 45–80 mol % CsCl at 628°C and 60 mol % CsCl at 562–642°C. The solubility is attributed to the reversible reaction of antimony metal with antimony(III) in the melts to form two types of species with oxidation states below 3+. One type is stabilized in SbCl3AlCl3 melts at high pCl (pCl = − log[Cl−]) and the other is stabilized in SbCl3CsCl melts with low pCl. Both types are present in melts with a high concentration of SbCl3, but it is in such melts that antimony metal has its lowest solubility.
Computer Programmed Least-Cost Diets for Turkey Poults for the First 3 Weeks

Abstract THE formulation of feeds through least-cost linear programming methods makes it possible to formulate a diet to specific nutritional requirements at a minimum ingredient cost. Hutton et al. (1958) set up a linear programming model for least-cost broiler formulas and took into account the optimum nutritional range, price changes and ingredient specifications and composition. A similar model for swine feed formulations was proposed by Crampton (1960a, b). Brown and Arscott (1960) used a theoretical linear programming technique in predicting least-cost formulations, based on optimum energy and protein specifications. Arscott and Brown (1961) then tested the theoretical computer calculated diets which contained degossypolized cottonseed meal and milo and concluded that least-cost diets containing cottonseed meal were not the most profitable because of a lysine deficiency. Potter et al. (1960) set up a least-cost poultry diet and compared it with the 1960 New England College broiler diet in a feeding trial. There…
The technology education experience and what it can contribute to STS

(1991). The technology education experience and what it can contribute to STS. Theory Into Practice: Vol. 30, Science-Technology-Society/Challenges, pp. 260-266.
Using the SIOP Model to Promote the Acquisition of Language and Science Concepts with English Learners

In this article we report findings from research through the Center for Research on the Educational Achievement and Teaching of English Language Learners (CREATE), a National Research and Development Center. In our study we examined the efficacy of a model of instruction for English learners, the Sheltered Instruction Observation Protocol (SIOP) Model, in one content area, science. Assessments measured the acquisition of academic language and science concepts among English learners, former English learners, and English Only students in middle school science classrooms. Results indicated that students in the SIOP group performed better than controls, although not to a significant degree. Reasons for these findings are explored. Due to differential attrition of schools in the control group, caution must be used in interpreting the study's findings.
Simultaneous transformation and plastic deformation in shape memory alloys

This paper discusses the 3-D numerical modeling of irrecoverable inelastic strain generation in shape memory alloys (SMAs), which is becoming increasingly important as more complicated engineering applications of SMAs are designed. Such behavior, although often rate-independent, can be rate-dependent at high temperatures. This work primarily addresses the modeling of rate-independent inelasticity in SMAs. A material behavior of particular interest occurs when plastic slip and martensitic transformation are occurring simultaneously and the influence of irrecoverable inelastic strain formation on phase transformation is considered. Motivated by experimental results obtained both from the laboratory and the literature, an SMA model which additionally captures the formation and evolution of plastic strains is proposed. The model is implemented into a 3-D finite element method framework and analysis results for two different boundary value problems are discussed. These problems include pre-working of an SMA beam actuator and micro-indentation of SMA thin films.
High fluorodeoxyglucose (18F)PET-uptake lymph nodes in a patient with chordoma: Tumor metastasis or sarcoidosis?

Patient: Male, 48 Final Diagnosis: Chordoma Symptoms: — Medication: — Clinical Procedure: — Specialty: Neurology Objective: Challenging differential diagnosis
The Application of Queueing Theory to Continuous Perishable Inventory Systems

This paper develops two distinct models for studying inventory systems with continuous production and perishable items. The perishable items have a deterministic usable life after which they must be outdated. For each of the models, analytical expressions derived from queueing theory, are found for the steady-state distribution of system inventory. Knowledge of this steady-state behavior may be used for evaluation of system performance, and for consideration of alternatives for improving system performance. Both models assume that inventory is replenished by a continuous production process. The first model, assuming continuous inventory units, has Poisson demand requests with the size of each request distributed as an exponential random variable. The second model has Poisson demand requests with all demands being for a single unit. The analysis for both models exploits the similarity of the inventory system with a single-server queueing system.
Influence of mean sound pressure level on jitter and shimmer measures

Summary The purpose of this investigation was to obtain information about the relationship between vocal sound pressure level (SPL) and the magnitude of cycle-to-cycle vocal fundamental frequency (jitter) and amplitude (shimmer) perturbation. Ten normal adult men prolonged the vowel/a/ in a modal register phonation in three SPL ranges: 60–68 dB (“soft”), 70–78 dB (“moderate”), and 80–88 dB (“loud”). A consistent trend related percent jitter and shimmer to the sound pressure level of the subjects' voices, such that the degree of perturbation was inversely related to the acoustic amplitude of the vowel. However, the relationship was more variable and less pronounced for shimmer measures, as only differences between the soft and loud SPL conditions were significant. These results nonetheless indicate that mean vocal intensity must be controlled or accounted for to maintain the validity and reliability of voice perturbation measurements. Possible physiologic explanations of the results and potential clinical implications are discussed.
FASB Damage Control for Small and Medium‐Size Firms: A Strategy to Influence Rule‐making

Accounting rules promulgated by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) can have economic consequences for most firms in the United States. The objective of this paper is to provide a cost‐effective lobbying strategy for small and medium‐size firms.It includes a brief discussion of the potential economic consequences of new accounting rules and of the structure and operating procedures of the FASB. Small and medium‐size firms can best direct their lobbying efforts through representational organizations and by written comments on FASB proposals. This paper identifies the appropriate role of representational organizations and provides a guide for the preparation of comments by the firm.
Time-Optimal Parameterization of Geometric Paths for Fixed-Wing Aircraft

We propose a method for minimum-time travel along a prescribed geometric path for a fixed-wing aircraft subject to given state and control constraints. The method checks the feasibility of the path, namely, whether it is possible for the aircraft to travel along the path without violating any of the state or control constraints. If the path is feasible, the method subsequently finds a semi-analytical solution of the velocity profile to minimize the time of travel along the given path, while satisfying the prescribed control bounds. The optimal speed profile is used to time-parameterize the path, and subsequently generate the state and control histories via inverse dynamics. Two algorithms for generating the optimal velocity profile are proposed and are compared with existing time-optimal control algorithms. Numerical examples are presented to show the validity, numerical accuracy and optimality of the proposed method.
Expansion of mesenchymal stem cells on fibrinogen-rich protein surfaces derived from blood plasma

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are present in low density in bone marrow and culture expansion is necessary to obtain sufficient numbers for many proposed therapies. Researchers have characterized MSC growth on tissue culture plastic (TCP), although few studies have explored proliferation on other growth substrates. Using adult equine MSCs, we evaluated proliferation on fibrinogen-rich precipitate (FRP) surfaces created from blood plasma. When seeded at 1 × 10(4) cells/cm(2) and passaged five times over 10 days, MSCs on FRP in medium containing fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) resulted in a ∼2.5-fold increase in cell yield relative to TCP. In FGF2-free medium, FRP stimulated a 10.4-fold increase in cell yield over TCP after 10 days, although control cultures maintained in FGF2 on TCP demonstrated that the stimulatory effect of FRP was not as lasting as that of FGF2. Chondrogenic cultures demonstrated that FRP did not affect differentiation. On TCP, MSCs seeded at 500 cells/cm(2) experienced a 4.6-fold increase in cell yield over cultures seeded at 1 × 10(4) cells/cm(2) following 10 days of expansion. In 500 cells/cm(2) cultures, FRP stimulating a two-fold increase in cell yield over TCP without affecting differentiation. Low-density FRP cultures showed a more even distribution of cells than TCP, suggesting that FRP may accelerate proliferation by reducing contact inhibition that slows proliferation. In addition, FRP appears capable of binding FGF2, as FRP surfaces pre-conditioned with FGF2 supported greater proliferation than FGF2-free cultures. Taken together, these factors indicate that substrates obtained from simple and inexpensive processing of blood enhance MSC proliferation and promote efficient coverage of expansion surfaces.