cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Study of Dynamic Solid-Liquid Interfacial Phenomena in Hypereutectic Al-Si Alloy Using in situ HRTEM

Solid-liquid interfaces are extensively encountered in materials processing and applications. The structure and properties of these interfaces affect solidification, wetting behavior, and crystalline growth mechanisms, including epitaxial growth. The exact structural and chemical nature of these interfaces has been historically difficult to study at high resolution due to the fact that one phase is a liquid. Recently, in situ HRTEM experimental methods have progressed to enable the study of solid-liquid interfaces in metals with resolution on the atomic-scale [14]. Reported results thus far include direct observation of step/ledge growth [1], various crystallographic facets present during growth/dissolution[1,2], ordering of liquid layers adjacent to crystalline solids [14], and chemical segregation at interfaces [2,5]. This work reports first observations of new interfacial phenomena associated with the dynamic behavior of a highindex solid-liquid facet at equilibrium.
Economic evaluation for U.S. railroads

Abstract In the United States the railroads are the only intercity freight carriers that own the vehicles, routes and terminals that they use. Routes and terminals are natural monopolies and need regulation; the operation of vehicles is naturally competitive and, at most, needs antitrust. On this view, the operation of rail vehicles should be divested and deregulated; the routes and terminals need improved regulation. The present objective is to propose a method of regulating the tolls that would be charged by the route operators. The network would be partitioned into separately owned route segments. Each segment would be operated by a supplier of route services under a franchise bidding scheme. The unit of service would be a linear space on a track; this unit would equal the length of the train plus a safety interval, and it would move along the track at a standard speed. The heart of the proposal consists of a rule for pricing this space. A unit of route service is produced if and only if the revealed gain from exchange is nonnegative, and any unit produced is sold to that train operator who values it most. Price equals incremental cost, and a bidding scheme ensures that the subsidies will be such as either to yield normal profits in the long run or else to cause the route segment to be shut down.
The urinary excretion of nucleosides of ribonucleic acid by patients with advanced cancer.

By means of a sensitive and specific method utilizing gas-liquid chromatography, the excretion levels for three nucleosides, degradation minor base products of ribonucleic acid, primarily transfer ribonucleic acid, were determined in 24–hour urine specimens from over 200 patients with solid tumor malignancies. These nucleosides were N2, N2-dimethylguanosine, 1–methylinosine, and pseudouridine. When compared to normal control values, elevated levels of these compounds were found for patients in each of several tumor types studied. Increases in pseudouridine excretion suggest increased tumor transfer ribonucleic acid turnover; in addition, for the methylated nucleosides, higher than normal values may reflect enhanced transfer ribonucleic acid methylase activity of the neoplastic cells.
Crystal Structure of 1,3,4,6-Tetra-O-Acetyl-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-β-D-Galactopyranoside

Abstract 1, 3, 4, 6-Tetra-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-β-D-galactopyranoside is a key intermediate in the synthesis of phenyl-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-α-D-galactopyranoside which is used in the studies of the inhibitoty activities of α-2-L-fucosyl transferase. Crystals of the title compound (C14H1909F) are triclinic, space group P1, with cell dimensions a=7.679(1), b=9.933(1), c=11.458(2)A0, α=89.31(1), β=72.83(1), γ=86.49(1)°, V=833.5a3, Z=2 (two independent molecules in the unit cell), F.W. 351.3, Dobs = 1.39 g/c.c, Dcalc = 1.401 g/c.c, CAD-4 diffractometer data (3533 reflections, 2483 > 3ρ) and final R = 0.048. The sugars of both the independent molecules have chair conformations with C(3) and 0(1) deviating by 0.64 and-0.66A in one molecule and C(2) and C(5) deviating by 0.70 and-0.69A in the other molecule from the best plane involving the other four atoms of the pyranose ring. The conformation across C(5)-C(6) is gauche-trans in both molecules. The acetyl groups take up the preferred trans conformation across ...
HYPOXANTHINE‐GUANINE‐PHOSPHORIBOSYL‐TRANSFERASE FROM RAT BRAIN (PURIFICATION, KINETIC PROPERTIES, DEVELOPMENT AND DISTRIBUTION)

Hypoxanthine-guanine-phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPR Tase; ECC 2.4.2.8) has been purified from rat brain 650-fold to about 50 per cent purity by conventional methods. An isoenzyme pattern of at least three components is observed on DEAE-cellulose chromatography. On polyacrylamide disc electrophoresis only one sharp band of enzyme activity can be detected. The apparent Km-value determined for phosphoribosylpyrophosphate (PRPP) is about 0.2 mM. The product, GMP, and also GDP, GTP, UMP, CMP, AMP and ATP are competitive inhibitors with respect to PRPP. Inhibition by a number of other nucleotides has also been investigated. Studies on the development of enzyme activity in the brain of the young rat show that a rapid increase occurs during the first 15-20 days of life and reaches a plateau thereafter. The regional distribution of HGPRTase activity in adult rat brain is more homogenous than that reported for human brain. The enzyme is predominantly a constituent of the soluble supernatant fraction, but can also be found in carefully washed synaptosomes. An antiserum against rat brain HGPRTase obtained from rabbits inhibits this enzyme to about 30 per cent of control activity, but does not crossreact with HGPRTases from rabbit or human erythrocytes.
Examination of the gender–student engagement relationship at one university

Research examining the relationship between gender and student engagement at the post secondary level has provided mixed results. The current study explores two possible reasons for lack of clarity regarding this relationship: improper parameter estimation resulting from a lack of multi‐level analyses and inconsistent conceptions/measures of ‘student engagement’. Data from the 2006 administration of the National Survey for Student Engagement (NSSE) at a southeastern university were analysed. Results indicated that the relationship between gender and engagement is related to engagement type as well as an institution level factor (gender composition). Implications and directions for future research are discussed.
Gulf Stream warm rings: a statistical study of their behavior

Abstract A 10 year series of NOAA polar-orbiter satellite infrared-based determinations of Gulf Stream warm-core ring (WCR) locations, is used to derive mean loci, lifetime and size, and movement statistics in the Slope water region off the northeast United States east coast. This time series, produced by the NOAA/NMFS Atlantic Environmental Group, is validated against precision observations of WCR frontal loci by investigators at the Universities of Miami and Rhode Island: an r.m.s. error of ± 15 km in latitude and longitude between the two sets is determined. We find that the ensemble of WCR lifetime is bi-modal with the split at 140 days. Rings are formed with a semi-major axis of ≈75 km. Longer-lived rings show a reduction in size over their lifetime to ≈35 km, shorter-lived rings do not. Ring movement shows some dependence on location, but mean motions are never
Effect of angiotensin II on vascular resistance in whole-body perfused dogfish

Abstract 1. 1. The effect of angiotensin II (AII), norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (E) and isoproterenol (ISO) was observed on the branchial and systemic circulations in a whole-body-pump perfused dogfish preparation. 2. 2. NE and E increased systemic blood flow resistance, but decreased branchial resistance. 3. 3. ISO decreased both systematic and branchial blood flow resistance. 4. 4. AII had no significant effect on either branchial or systemic resistance.
Processing and attenuation of noise in deep seismic-reflection data from the Gulf of Maine

The U.S. Geological Survey deep crustal studies reflection profile across the Gulf of Maine off southeastern New England was affected by three sources of noise: side-scattered noise, multiples, and 20-Hz whale sounds. The special processing most effective in minimizing this noise consisted of a combination of frequency-wavenumber (F-K) filtering, predictive deconvolution, and spectral whitening, each applied in the shot domain (prestack). Application of the F-K filter to remove side-scatter noise in the poststack domain resulted in a much poorer quality profile. The prestack noise suppression processing techniques resulted in a reflection profile with good signal-to-noise ratios and reliable strong reflections, especially at depths equivalent to the lower crust (24–34 km). Certain geologic features, such as a buried rift basin and a crustal fault are resolved much better within the upper crust after this processing. Finite difference migration of these data using realistic velocities produced excellent results. Migration was essential to distinguish between abundant dipping and subhorizontal reflections in the lower crust as well as to show an essentially transparent upper mantle.
Effects of high dose transdermal nicotine replacement in cigarette smokers.

Rationale Nicotine replacement therapies (NRT) have been evaluated to facilitate cigarette smoking reduction in smokers unwilling or unable to quit. In most of these studies, only conventional doses of NRT have been tested and higher doses may be required to result in significant reductions in smoking and in biomarkers of exposure.
Digital Campaigning: Using the Bill of Rights to Advance a Political Position

(2006). Digital Campaigning: Using the Bill of Rights to Advance a Political Position. The Social Studies: Vol. 97, No. 5, pp. 208-214.
What Are Hyperactive Children Like as Young Adults

Abstract In this article, the author describes two males with Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) when they are referred as children to a clinic and when they are 21 years of age. The two case histories indicate that each subject behaves in a fairly consistent manner over time. Also, differences between these individuals at referral predict differences in their outcome as young adults: the subject who displays more aggression as a child engages in more antisocial activity as an adolescent and an adult. This finding is discussed in relationship to the literature.
The Successful Use of Inhaled Nitric Oxide in the Management of Severe Hepatopulmonary Syndrome after Orthotopic Liver Transplantation

Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) is characterized by pulmonary vasodilation and subsequent hypoxemia in the setting of hepatic dysfunction. There is currently no pharmacologic intervention that has been shown to significantly affect outcomes and liver transplantation remains the mainstay of therapy. Unfortunately, patients undergoing liver transplantation are at high risk of significant hypoxemia and mortality in the early postoperative period. In the following case series, we present two cases of patients with severe HPS who underwent liver transplantation and experienced marked hypoxemia in the early postoperative period. In both cases, we successfully treated the patients with inhaled nitric oxide for their severe refractory life-threatening hypoxemia which led to immediate and dramatic improvements in their oxygenation. Although the use of inhaled nitric oxide in patients with HPS has been sporadically reported in pediatric literature and in animal studies, to our knowledge, our cases are the first recorded in adult patients.
Age-related subsensitivity of cerebellar Purkinje neurons to locally applied beta1-selective adrenergic agonist

Previous electrophysiological studies in aged rats have revealed a number of deficits in noradrenergic neurotransmission in the central nervous system. Such deficits include subsensitivity to the depressant effects of norepinephrine on cerebellar Purkinje neurons, which has been attributed specifically to altered beta adrenergic receptor-mediated processes. The objective of this study was to determine which beta adrenergic receptor subtype, beta1 or beta2, in responsible for this age-related subsensitivity. The effects of beta1 and beta2 agonists on spontaneous activity of Purkinje neurons was first examined in young rats and the selectivity of these agents was validated using selective beta1 and beta2 antagonists. The effects of the selective beta1 and beta2 agonists were then compared in young (3-month-old) and aged (18- and 26-month-old) Fischer 344 rats. These agents were applied to Purkinje neurons by pressure microejection from multibarreled micropipettes and the change in neuronal action potential discharge rate was recorded. Both dobutamine, a beta1-selective agonist, and zinterol, a beta2-selective agonist, induced dose-dependent inhibitions of Purkinje cell firing rate. Dobutamine-induced inhibitions were blocked by the selective beta1 antagonist, ICI 89406 and not by the beta2-selective antagonist, ICI 118551; conversely, zinterol-induced inhibitions were not blocked by ICI 89406 but were blocked by the presence of ICI 118551. Purkinje neurons of both groups of aged rats were significantly less sensitive to locally applied dobutamine than Purkinje cells of young rats. Subsensitivity to zinterol was not observed in either of the aged groups. These results suggest an age-related functional decline in beta1 adrenergic receptor-mediated processes, with no concomitant change in beta2 receptor-mediated processes. Since beta1 adrenergic receptors modulate inhibitory afferent input to Purkinje neurons, a process that may be critical in maintaining intact motor function, this selective subsensitivity may be an important factor contributing to the motor dysfunctions often seen in the e elderly.
Hilltopping behavior of Polistes commanchus navajoe (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)

Males of the paper wasp Polistes commanchus aggregate in large numbers on hilltops in central and southeastern Arizona where individual males defend perch sites on shrubs, trees or rocks. Residents chase intruders away quickly and exhibit strong site fidelity at their perches. Takeovers are rare as are prolonged battles for possession of a site. Males have only weak preferences for peaktop perch sites as opposed to those lower on hillsides, and a similarly weak preference for perches in shrubs as opposed to those on rocks. Receptive females appear occasionally at the male aggregation sites to mate with perch holders. The relatively weak territoriality exhibited by P. commanchus may stem in part from the high density of males at peaktops and the correspondingly high rate of interactions. The evolution of hilltopping in a species whose reproductive females are clumped spatially at nest sites poses a puzzle for the ecological analysis of mating systems.
Eustasy as a test of a Cretaceous superplume hypothesis

The mantle plume model has been used to explain a variety of geological and geodynamic events. For instance, a large plume, or ‘superplume’, under the Pacific basin has been proposed to account for a number of Cretaceous events, such as a global sealevel rise, an increase in global average temperature, and a pause in the reversals of the Earth's magnetic field [1,2]. The primary evidence for this hypothesis is a model for the rate of production of ocean ridge material and ocean plateaus, with a high from about 120-80 Ma, mostly due to activity in the Pacific basin, which is claimed to have been driven by the upwelling of a large plume from the core-mantle boundary. The hypothesis requires that a large part of the primary evidence for this high productivity has disappeared by subduction. Here, we test this hypothesis by comparing the Cretaceous eustatic sealevel highstand which would result from the superplume model with generally accepted values. Our model includes estimates of eustatic sealevel change resulting from phenomena explicitly specified for the proposed plume, such as the volume of ocean crust produced and the extent of lithospheric swelling associated with the plume head, as well as other events known to affect eustatic sealevel, such as glaciation and continental collision. The estimated Cretaceous highstand resulting from all the modeled effects is 220–470 m, compared to the observed value of 120–200 m. This discrepancy indicates a probable overestimate of the rate of seafloor and plateau creation and of the size of plume that could have existed. The breakup of the Pangean supercontinent is a more viable explanation of the Cretaceous sealevel rise.
Contract Design with a Dominant Retailer and a Competitive Fringe

We show that under some conditions, quantity discounts and two-part tariffs are equivalent as mechanisms for channel coordination when an upstream firm sells its product in a downstream market that is characterized by a dominant retailer and a competitive fringe. We consider a setting in which discriminatory offers are feasible and a setting in which the same menu of options must be offered to all retailers. We find that the upstream firm's profit in both settings is independent of whether quantity discounts or two-part tariffs are used. The implication of this finding is that the firm's choice of contract design may turn on which one is easier to implement.
Development of a pharmacokinetic limited sampling model for temozolomide and its active metabolite MTIC

To develop a pharmacokinetic limited sampling model (LSM) for temozolomide and its metabolite MTIC in infants and children. LSMs consisting of either two or four samples were determined using a modification of the D-optimality algorithm. This accounted for prior distribution of temozolomide and MTIC pharmacokinetic parameters based on full pharmacokinetic sampling from 38 patients with 120 pharmacokinetic studies (dosage range 145–200 mg/m2 per day orally). Accuracy and bias of each LSM were determined relative to the full sampling method. We also assessed the predictive performance of the LSMs using Monte-Carlo simulations. The four strategies generated from the D-optimality algorithm were as follows: LSM 1=0.25, 1.25, and 3 h; LSM 2=0.25, 1.25, and 6 h; LSM 3=0.25, 0.5, 1.25, and 3 h; LSM 4=0.25, 0.5, 1.25, and 6 h. LSM 2 demonstrated the best combination of low bias [0.1% (−8.9%, 11%) and 11% (4.3%, 15%)] and high accuracy [−1.0% (−12%, 24%) and 14% (7.9%, 37%)] for temozolomide clearance and MTIC AUC, respectively. Furthermore, adding a fourth sample (e.g., LSM 4) did not substantially decrease the bias or increase the accuracy for temozolomide clearance or MTIC AUC. Results from Monte-Carlo simulations also revealed that LSM 2 had the best combination of lowest bias (0.1±6.1% and −0.8±6.5%), and the highest accuracy (4.5±4.1% and 5.0±4.3%) for temozolomide clearance and MTIC apparent clearance, respectively. Using data derived from our population analysis, the sampling times for a limited sample pharmacokinetic model for temozolomide and MTIC in children are prior to the temozolomide dose, and 15 min, 1.25 h and 6 h after the dose.
Application Resource Demand Phase Analysis and Prediction in Support of Dynamic Resource Provisioning

Profiling the execution phases of an application can lead to optimizing the utilization of the underlying resources. This is the thrust of this paper, which presents a novel system-level application resource demand phase analysis and prediction prototype to support on-demand resource provisioning. The phase profile learned from historical runs is used to classify and predict phase behavior using a set of algorithms based on clustering. The process takes into consideration application's resource consumption patterns, pricing schedules defined by the resource provider, and penalties associated with service-level agreement (SLA) violations.
Controlled follow-up study of physical and psychosocial functioning of adolescents with juvenile primary fibromyalgia syndrome

Objectives. Currently, there are no prospective studies exploring the prognosis of patients with juvenile primary FM syndrome (JPFS) or their physical, emotional and social outcomes as they enter the early adult years. The primary objective of this study was to assess long-term outcomes of a paediatric sample of clinically referred JPFS patients and their matched healthy controls. Methods. Participants were 48 youths (current mean age = 19 years) diagnosed with JPFS in childhood or adolescence and 43 healthy controls matched in age, gender and race. The average length of follow-up was 3.67 years (range 2–6 years). Participants completed online (web-based) self-report questionnaires about current pain and physical symptoms, health status, anxiety, depressive symptoms and current and past treatments. Results. Results showed that 62.5% of participants in the JPFS group continued to experience widespread pain and 60.4% reported having all the cardinal features of FM syndrome (including widespread pain, poor sleep and fatigue) at follow-up. The JPFS group reported significantly lower scores on all measures of health status and physical functioning compared with healthy controls and significantly greater symptoms of anxiety and depression. Conclusion. The results of this controlled follow-up study demonstrate that symptoms of FM appear to be chronic in a majority of clinically referred JPFS patients and the associated physical and emotional impairment can also be persistent. Implications for treatment and the need for further prospective longitudinal studies are discussed.
Miniaturized nuclear magnetic resonance platform for detection and profiling of circulating tumor cells

Accurate detection and profiling of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) is a highly sought after technology to improve cancer management. Such “liquid biopsies” could offer a non-invasive, repeatable window into each patient's tumor, facilitating early cancer diagnosis and treatment monitoring. The rarity of CTCs, approximated at 1 CTC for every billion peripheral blood cells, however, poses significant challenges to sensitive and reliable detection. We have recently developed a new micro-nuclear magnetic resonance (μNMR) platform for biosensing. Through the synergistic integration of microfabrication, nanosensors, and novel chemistries, the μNMR platform offers high detection sensitivity and point-of-care operation, overcoming technical barriers in CTC research. We herein review the μNMR technology with emphasis on its application to CTC detection. Recent advances in the sensing technology will be summarized, followed by the description of the dynamic interplay between our preclinical and clinical CTC studies.
EARLY PLEISTOCENE DINOFLAGELLATES FROM THE ROYAL SOCIETY BOREHOLE AT LUDHAM, NORFOLK

SUMMARY A more complete account is presented of the 'hystrichospheres', both indigenous and recycled, originally found by West (I96I) during his palynological investigation of Early Pleistocene marine sediments penetrated by the Royal Society Borehole at Ludham, in Norfolk, England. The commonly encountered 'hystrichosphere' types of West are identified as x = Operculodinium israelianum (R.)W., y = Tectatodinium pellitum W. and z = Leptodinium multiplexum sp. nov., while it is probable that a collection of Hystrichosphaera species comprise West's category 'hooked-Hystrix'. The majority of these organisms are fossilized gonyaulacid and protoceratioid dinoflagellate resting cysts (spores). These dinoflagellates form five facies-associations in this sequence. The palaeoecological significance of their distribution is discussed with special concern to palaeoclimates and the future use of dinoflagellates in Quaternary stratigraphy.
A Controlled Family Study of Cannabis Users with and without Psychosis

Background Cannabis is one of the most highly abused illicit drugs in the world. Several studies suggest a link between adolescent cannabis use and schizophrenia. An understanding of this link would have significant implications for legalization of cannabis and its medicinal value. The present study aims to determine whether familial morbid risk for schizophrenia is the crucial factor that underlies the association of adolescent cannabis use with the development of schizophrenia.
Testing in the Noninvasive Vascular Laboratory

The circulatory system is made up of the heart and blood vessels. The heart is the pumping organ that circulates blood through the vessels. There are 3 major types of blood vessels: arteries, which carry oxygen-rich blood to the organs and limbs; veins, which return blood from the organs and the limbs to the heart to be resupplied with oxygen by the lungs; and the lymphatics, which return fluid from the skin and tissues to the veins. Disorders of the blood vessels are common, and there are many different vascular disorders (Table 1). After a doctor’s physical examination, testing in the vascular laboratory is often the first step in diagnosing vascular disease. View this table: TABLE 1. Common Disorders of Blood Vessels The most common disorder of the arteries is atherosclerosis, or clogging of the arteries with cholesterol-rich plaque, and it can occur in almost any artery of the body. The symptoms of atherosclerosis depend on the location of the blocked arteries. Aneurysm, or severe enlargement of a blood vessel, is another common disorder of arteries. The most common location for an aneurysm is the abdominal portion of the aorta. This abnormality is known as abdominal aortic aneurysm. The aorta is the largest artery that delivers blood from the heart to the rest of the body through its branches. There are also many disorders of the veins. Deep vein thrombosis is a serious disorder that usually requires immediate treatment. Deep vein thrombosis most frequently occurs in the veins of the legs, but it also can develop in the veins of the arms or the abdomen. Varicose veins are bulging veins that appear on the legs, may be unsightly, and may cause discomfort. Venous insufficiency is the term used to describe damaged veins that allow backward flow of blood down the …
Informed Consent in Acute Stroke

To the Editor: The process of informed consent is an integral component in the daily practice of medicine. Ongoing debate reflecting varying societal issues across wide geographical locales, medicolegal sophistication and evolving regulations have shaped this process. Increasingly complex medical decisions are formulated through this interaction between patients and doctors, opting for established surgical procedures, concocting medication regimens for off-label use, or choosing investigational approaches. Although a dedicated document may not be used in every scenario, the process embodies a universal doctrine designed to protect the patient. Elaborate algorithms or language considerations are often devoted to protect specific populations, yet this process also protects the doctor by noting patient consent. When consent is not established, many providers now document informed refusal.1 Discussions of risks, benefits, and alternatives have culminated in informed consent or refusal documents spanning up to 20 pages. Such documentation may not be feasible and the process may be entirely waived under specific emergency circumstances. The US Food and Drug Administration recently held public hearings to update stipulations for waiver of consent in emergency research. Clinical trialists have actively engaged in these forums, yet paradoxically, public interest and participation in these discussions that may decisively influence their future …
Java applications: issues in Java-based continuous time step physical modelling

This paper discusses the problems involved in developing a Java based simulation model of autonomous entities that can navigate themselves in 2-dimensional space. We develop some ideas for solving those problems. The ideas mentioned in this paper can be applied to simulations that have fuzzy logic for navigation, encapsulation for object-oriented simulation, many instances of objects, or statistically complex results. We cite reasons for distributing a simulation among several computers and propose several topics for future research.
A pattern skipping method for weighted random pattern testing

Conventional stored pattern testing of very large scan design networks is increasingly burdened by the immense volume of pattern data that must be explicitly stored and manipulated for testing. Weighted random pattern testing uses an effective test data coding scheme to reduce the required explicit storage at the expense of increased test time. A novel method is introduced for efficiently skipping over ineffective WRP tests without adding any substantial storage overhead. Examples indicate that the method in a very practical way combines the short test times of stored pattern methods with the storage efficiency of WRP. >
Destructive multiphoton interference in optical coherent transients

Summary form only given. Suitable probing of an accumulated population grating can induce destructive interference among various order wave-mixing processes under strong saturation conditions, resulting in the suppression of the scattered signal. A similar effect is predicted in transient four-wave-mixing (FWM) with stochastic pumps. Experimental results for the latter case are presented.
Climatic warming increases voltinism in European butterflies and moths

Climate change is altering geographical ranges, population dynamics and phenologies of many organisms. For ectotherms, increased ambient temperatures frequently have direct consequences for metabolic rates, activity patterns and developmental rates. Consequently, in many insect species both an earlier beginning and prolongation of seasonal duration occurred in parallel with recent global warming. However, from an ecological and evolutionary perspective, the number of generations (voltinism) and investment into each generation may be even more important than seasonality, since an additional generation per unit time may accelerate population growth or adaptation. Using a dataset extending back to the mid-nineteenth century, I report changes in the voltinism of butterfly and moth species of Central Europe. A significant proportion of 263 multi-voltine species showed augmented frequency of second and subsequent generations relative to the first generation in a warm period since 1980, and 44 species even increased the number of generations after 1980. Expected ecological consequences are diverse. Since multi-voltinism has been linked to insect outbreaks they include an increase in the abundance of herbivorous pests of agriculture and forestry. However, disruption of the developmental synchrony associated with multi-voltinism and host plant phenology may also reduce fitness, potentially having unexpected consequences for species of conservation concern. The ability of species to adapt evolutionarily to a changing environment may be facilitated by increased voltinism.
Determining a Discrete Set of Site-Constrained Privacy Options for Users in Social Networks Through Stackelberg Games

The privacy policies of an online social network play an important role in determining user involvement and satisfaction, and in turn site profit and success. In this paper, we develop a game theoretic framework to model the relationship between the set of privacy options offered by a social network site and the sharing decisions of its users within these constraints. We model the site and the users in this scenario as the leader and followers, respectively, in a Stackelberg game. We formally establish the conditions under which this game reaches a Nash equilibrium in pure strategies and provide an approximation algorithm for the site to determine a discrete set of privacy options to maximize payoff. We validate hypotheses in our model on data collected from a mock-social network of users’ privacy preferences both within and outside the context of peer influence, and demonstrate that the qualitative assumptions of our model are well-founded.
Obey All Laws and Be Good: Probation and the Meaning of Recidivism

Probation is the most commonly imposed criminal sentence in the United States, with nearly four million adults currently under supervision. Yet the law of probation has not been the focus of sustained research or analysis. This Article examines the standard conditions of probation in the sixteen jurisdictions that use probation most expansively. A detailed analysis of these conditions is important, because the extent of the state’s authority to control and punish probationers depends on the substance of the conditions imposed. Based on the results of my analysis, I argue that the standard conditions of probation, which make a wide variety of noncriminal conduct punishable with criminal sanctions, construct a definition of recidivism that contributes to overcriminalization. At the same time, probationary systems concentrate adjudicative and legislative power in probation officers, often to the detriment of the socially disadvantaged. Although probation is frequently invoked as a potential solution to the problem of overincarceration, I argue that it instead should be analyzed as part of the continuum of excessive penal control.
Perioperative cerebral hemodynamics and oxygen metabolism in neonates with single-ventricle physiology.

Congenital heart disease (CHD) patients are at risk for neurodevelopmental delay. The etiology of these delays is unclear, but abnormal prenatal cerebral maturation and postoperative hemodynamic instability likely play a role. A better understanding of these factors is needed to improve neurodevelopmental outcome. In this study, we used bedside frequency-domain near infrared spectroscopy (FDNIRS) and diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) to assess cerebral hemodynamics and oxygen metabolism in neonates with single-ventricle (SV) CHD undergoing surgery and compared them to controls. Our goals were 1) to compare cerebral hemodynamics between unanesthetized SV and healthy neonates, and 2) to determine if FDNIRS-DCS could detect alterations in cerebral hemodynamics beyond cerebral hemoglobin oxygen saturation (SO2). Eleven SV neonates were recruited and compared to 13 controls. Preoperatively, SV patients showed decreased cerebral blood flow (CBFi), cerebral oxygen metabolism (CMRO2i) and SO2; and increased oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) compared to controls. Compared to preoperative values, unstable postoperative SV patients had decreased CMRO2i and CBFi, which returned to baseline when stable. However, SO2 showed no difference between unstable and stable states. Preoperative SV neonates are flow-limited and show signs of impaired cerebral development compared to controls. FDNIRS-DCS shows potential to improve assessment of cerebral development and postoperative hemodynamics compared to SO2 alone.
Oximetry and Blood Flow in the Retina

We present the development of setup composed of a retinal oximeter and a blood velocimeter implemented on a regular fundus ophthalmoscope. The oximeter part can acquire nine wavelength-dependent sub-images of the patient fundus in a single snapshot. The fundus image is projected on a large format CCD by an array of nine lenses and wavelength selection is provided by a filter array. Higher wavelength images help establishing melanin absorption, which is further extrapolated to shorter wavelength and subtracted from the absorption images. The remaining shorter wavelength subimages are used measure the oxygen saturation in the retina by fitting oxy- and deoxy-hemoglobin absorption curves. The setup was calibrated with optical phantoms of know optical properties. The velocimeter part of the setup relies on following clusters of erythrocytes to assess the velocity of blood.
Waveguide arrays in diffusive photopolymers

We describe two methods, liquid deposition photolithography and holographic lithography, for fabricating two-dimensional arrays of optical waveguides with high channel counts. Both methods rely on refractive index patterning via monomer diffusion in photosensitive polymers.
A Cage for Photons

We present a design of a “cage for photons”, i.e. an integrated optical cavity that can confine an optical mode in free space with the optical field accessible to particles such as atoms, molecules, etc.
Control of Certain Insect Pests in Cottonwood Nurseries with the Systemic Insecticide Carbofuran

In 3 studies to control the cottonwood leaf beetle, Chrysomela Scripta F., and a clearwing borer, Paranthrene dollii (Neumogen), surface and subsoil applications of several dosages of carbofuran were tested on 1st-, and 2nd-year cottonwood improved nursery stock. Subsoil applications of 10% granules at 44.8 kg/ha provided effective control of C. scripta and decreased populations of P. dollii . Some of the clones tested appeared susceptible to insect attack.
Infrastructure: Deciding Matters

This study builds upon the understanding of infrastructure developed in our paper “Infrastructure: Defining Matters” with the aim of translating it in practical terms using a more detailed formulation of the schematic for pension fund investment decision-making which we outlined in that paper. Th e method for our doing so is to use as a reference an in-depth review of the decision-making process of one of the leading, if not the leading U.S. public sector pension fund on many matters, including infrastructure investment. The text proceeds as follows: First, we determine how the fund articulates what it understands infrastructure to be or entail. Second, we review what it states are its strategic objectives for infrastructure investment. Third, we canvas its stated perceptions or beliefs as to the financial characteristics of infrastructure investments. Fourth, we review in extensive detail the approaches and parameters according to which the fund seeks to achieve those strategic objectives. Fifth, we compare these with the ones embodied in a modified and refined version of the linked categories formulated in the paper. We suggest that while those approaches and parameters are useful they embody multiple and overlapping characterizations not conducive to systematic analysis. We point out that in terms of substantive content they are encompassed by but do not exhaust ones associated with the linked categories, such as Supply – Exogenous Constraints on Competition, Enterprise – Finance, Non-Enterprise Stakeholders. We discuss why we think the categories could be a more useful tool by which to describe and assess the fund’s infrastructure investments. Sixth we explore more closely certain aspects of the actual investment decisions which the fund has made. We start by detailing as best we can determine not only the vehicles through which the fund has invested but also all the particular investments made by any of the vehicles at the level of the infrastructure-related enterprise. We then consider two of the fund’s investments at the enterprise level, in one case according to the certain of the parameters which the fund has set forth but then in both cases based on the revised version of the linked categories. Finally, we summarize key observations made in the course of the foregoing analysis and off er conclusions which might be drawn from it. These which point to ways the approach we suggest might contribute to better decision-making with respect to infrastructure investments.
Epidemiological Characteristics and Report Quality of Hand Foot and Mouth Disease of Tongjiang County in 2010

Objective To investigate epidemiological characteristics and report quality of hand foot and mouth disease(HFMD) in Tongjiang County,provide reliable evidence for the prevention and control of HFMD.Methods Epidemiological characteristics of HFMD was analyzed with descriptive epidemiology,and report quality was analyzed with delay rate,incomplete rate and inaccuracy rate.Results A total of 253 HFMD cases,including 2 deaths,were reported in 2010.Incidence rate,mortality rate and fatality rate were 37.39/105,0.30/105 and 0.79% respectively.The reported incidence rate ranked third among the notifiable communicable diseases.The cases occurred every month and peaked in spring and summer,(71.94%),the towns with large population density and flowing population were high attacked districts,especially Nuojiang town(41.90%).Among the cases,males(63.64%) were more than females,and focused in the age group of 1-2 years(54.54%),with the high incidence of scattered children(67.59%).Enterovirus coxa16 was the main pathogen of the cases infected.Based on the quality of HFMD report cards,the rate of delay,incompletion and inaccuracy were 0.00%,64.08% and 64.49% respectively.The major influencing factor of the integrality and accuracy was lacking of the detailed address of the cases,followed by the job vacancy of children and students cases.Conclusion The overall report quality of HFMD in Tongjiang County was poor,further effective measures should be taken to strengthen both the work of prevention and control work and the report administration of HFMD.
Psychiatric emergency intensive care.

This article examines intensive short-term hospitalization units, generally located in or near emergency settings, that emphasize multidisciplinary approaches to psychiatric problems that are amenable to short-term care. Discussed are patient selection, structure of the unit, functions of the intensive care program, special problems in intensive care, and special advantages.
Engineering Entrepreneurship from Idea to Business Plan : A Guide for Innovative Engineers and Scientists

This book is for engineers and scientists who have the aptitude and education to create new products that could become income-producing businesses for themselves and for investors. The book uses short chapters and gets directly to the point without lengthy and distracting essays. The rapid growth in technology-based business plan contests is a clear sign that there are many wealthy inventors looking to make substantial investments in start-ups based on new inventions by inventors, who lack the funds and knowledge to start a business. The key features of this reference enable readers to sharpen their new idea, turn an idea into a commercial product, conduct patent search and complete a provisional patent application, and collect requisite data and prepare a business plan based on a carefully selected business model. Supporting materials are provided on the book's extensive website (www.engineer-entrepreneur-book.com/).
Aluminum phosphate variants of feldspar

The compounds NaAlrPSiO, and KAlrPSiOe have been synthesized hydrothermally at I kbar and temperatures greater than 445"C. Both compounds are isostructural with hightemperature alkali feldspars and involve the coupled substitution of (Al + P) for (Si + Si). Cell parameters for both phases are (1) NaAl,PSiO,: a -- 8.164(6), b : 13.019(17), c : 7.139(3)A,a:94.0 0(11)',A=ll6.6l( 5)",r=89.85(10)' ;and(2)KAI,PSiO' :a:8.621(2), b = 13.084(2), c : 7.203(2)4, 0 : 115.99(2)'.
Role of Vicinal Water in Cellular Evolution

Water is crucial to all living systems; indeed, life undoubtedly developed in an aqueous environment and life depends on, and reflects, the unusual properties of water. Phrased differently, life is intimately tied to the nature and extent of hydrogen bonding, not only through the role of hydrogen bonding in determining the structure and properties of water, but in addition through the role of H-bonding in determining the stability and functioning of proteins and nucleic acids. Hydrogen bonding — and hence its manifestations in the form of the nature of water — is truly a time invariant. Thus, whatever adaptations cellular systems may have had to conform to and take advantage of H-bonding, those features must have been the same since life began and to the present time. Specifically, therefore, whatever information we may now be able to deduce about living systems, reflecting the structural properties of water, must be generally true from protocells to the most complex of present day organisms.
Magnetic forces enable controlled drug delivery by disrupting endothelial cell-cell junctions

The vascular endothelium presents a major transport barrier to drug delivery by only allowing selective extravasation of solutes and small molecules. Therefore, enhancing drug transport across the endothelial barrier has to rely on leaky vessels arising from disease states such as pathological angiogenesis and inflammatory response. Here we show that the permeability of vascular endothelium can be increased using an external magnetic field to temporarily disrupt endothelial adherens junctions through internalized iron oxide nanoparticles, activating the paracellular transport pathway and facilitating the local extravasation of circulating substances. This approach provides a physically controlled drug delivery method harnessing the biology of endothelial adherens junction and opens a new avenue for drug delivery in a broad range of biomedical research and therapeutic applications.
Indirect photodegradation of the lampricides TFM and niclosamide.

3-Trifluromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) and 2′,5-dichloro-4′-nitrosalicylanilide (niclosamide) are lampricides used in tributaries of the Great Lakes to kill the invasive parasitic sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus). Although the lampricides have been applied since the late 1950s, their photochemical behavior in natural environments is still not well understood. This study examines the indirect photodegradation of these two compounds and the resulting yields of organic and inorganic photoproducts in water samples collected from five tributaries of Lake Michigan. The tributaries were selected to span the length of Lake Michigan and its natural carbonate geologic gradient. In the presence of dissolved organic matter (DOM), the niclosamide photodegradation rate triples, while the rate of TFM photodegradation is unchanged. Additionally, the yield of lampricide organic products is influenced by DOM because many of the organic photoproducts themselves are prone to DOM-mediated indirect photodegradation. The indirect photodegradation of niclosamide is primarily mediated by reaction with singlet oxygen, which accounts for more than 50% of the increased photodegradation rate. Additionally, hydroxyl radicals and carbonate radicals (CO3−˙) influence niclosamide indirect photolysis, and their contribution is dependent on the specific river water chemistry. For example, CO3−˙ contribution to niclosamide photodegradation, while small, is greater in southern tributaries where there is higher carbonate alkalinity.