cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fabrication and characterization of porous membranes with highly ordered three-dimensional periodic structures

This paper describes a procedure that uses opaline arrays of spherical particles (with diameters ≥100 nm) as templates to fabricate porous membranes having three-dimensional interconnected networks of air balls. An aqueous dispersion of monodispersed polystyrene (or silica) beads was injected into a specially designed cell and assembled into an opaline array under external gas pressure and sonication. After drying, the void spaces among the spheres were filled with a liquid precursor such as a UV-curable (or thermally cross-linkable) prepolymer or a sol−gel solution. Subsequent solidification of the precursor and dissolution of the particles produced a well-defined porous membrane having a complex, three-dimensional architecture of air balls interconnected by a number of small circular “windows”. The porous structure of this kind of membrane can be easily tailored by using colloidal particles with different sizes: when spherical particles of diameter D are used, the dimension of air balls in the bulk is ...
Critical pulses of anisomycin drive the circadian oscillator inGonyaulax towards its singularity

Dose and phase response curves for phase shifting the circadian oscillator in the dinoflagellateGonyaulax polyedra were measured with pulses of the antibiotic anisomycin (an inhibitor of protein synthesis on 80 S ribosomes), using the bioluminescent glow rhythm as the assay. The three dimensional surface of final phase, initial phase, and concentration was found to be a right handed helix, with the axis at a critical initial phase near circadian time 12 h, and critical concentration near 0.2 micromolar anisomycin (for 1 h pulses). The normally rhythmic glow of populations ofGonyaulax was significantly disrupted by pulses with these critical parameters, and in many instances appeared nearly arrhythmic.
Submerged culture of Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense under N2-fixing condition and regulation of activity of nitrogen fixation

A submerged culture technique for Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense under the nitrogen-fixing condition (microaerobic and N-limited) was set up. In N-limited medium with Na-lactate as a sole carbon source, the optical density (A600 nm) and activity of nitrogen fixation of cells were 1.3 and 217 nmol of ethylene produced per hour per A600nm respectively within 21 h by three times of feeds. The pH and temperature were controlled at 7.2 and 30°C respectively, and the oxygen concentration was controled by sparging with N2 containing 0.4%–0.8% of O2. The activity of nitrogen fixation of cells was obviously inhibited by oxygen and ammonium. It indicated that the posttranslational regulation of nitrogenase existed in M. gryphiswaldense.
A kinetic analysis of spontaneous ρ− mutations in yeast

Summary Spontaneous mutation to the petite state at the level of the individual cell was studied in a haploid strain of yeast by the technique of pedigree analysis. Results indicated that (1) the mutability of ρ+ cells within a population in log phase is variable; (2) ρ+ mitotic buds are, on the average, about 50% more mutable than the ρ+ cells from which they arose; (3) the mutability of a ρ+ cell tends to decrease as it produces consecutive buds: (4) the probability that a mother cell will become ρ− at or immediately subsequent to cell division is, on the average, one third the probability that its bud will be ρ−; (5) most, if not all spontaneous ρ− mutant cells contain mitochondrial DNA as judged from suppressiveness measurements. The data indicate that the spontaneous production of a mutant cell is a multi-step process. Neither a replicative advantage of defective mitochondrial DNA nor the existence of a “master” mitochondrial genome provides a satisfactory explanation of the process. Either selective dispensation of defective mitochondria to the bud at cytokinesis or normal retention by the mother cell of factors influencing the amplification or rate of induction of defective mitochondrial DNA could be involved.
A Hierarchical Exercise Scale to Measure Function at the Advanced Activities of Daily Living (AADL) Level

Standard functional assessment instruments often fail to capture subtle impairment in community-dwelling older persons. To create a scale to measure function at the Advanced Activities of Daily Living (AADL) level, we chose three questions to separate a community sample into four levels: frequent vigorous exercisers (8.0%), frequent long walkers (10.8%), frequent short walkers (23.7%), and nonexercisers (57.5%). These levels of exercise formed a hierarchical scale that correlated positively in a graduated manner with progressively advanced social activities of daily living, current health status, and mental health. At 1-year follow-up, 20% of persons declined in exercise level, 63% showed no change in exercise level, and 17% improved their exercise level. Changes in exercise level in both directions were associated with changes in mental health status. The Advanced Activities of Daily Living scale may be a sensitive measure of earlier functional decline, but longer follow-up will be necessary to determine its clinical usefulness.
Folate depletion impairs DNA excision repair in the colon of the rat

Background/Aims —Diminished folate status appears to promote colonic carcinogenesis by, as of yet, undefined mechanisms. Impaired DNA repair plays a significant role in the evolution of many colon cancers. Since folate is essential for the de novo synthesis of nucleotides and since folate depletion has previously been associated with excessive DNA strand breaks, it was hypothesised that folate depletion may impair DNA repair. Studies were therefore performed to examine whether folate depletion affects the two major categories of DNA repair. Methods —Study 1: eight weanling male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed on diets containing either 0 or 8 mg folate/kg diet with 1% succinylsulphathiazole for four weeks. After viable colonocytes had been harvested, DNA excision repair was evaluated by a single cell gel electrophoresis assay. Study 2: eighteen animals were fed on similar diets for five weeks. Also in study 2, 18 additional rats were fed on the same defined diet without succinylsulphathiazole for 15 weeks. Weekly injections with the procarcinogen, 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (20 mg base/kg), were administered to the latter group of animals. Five microsatellite loci from different chromosomes were investigated for instability in hepatic and colonic DNA. Results —In study 1, a significantly retarded rate of DNA excision repair was observed in the folate deficient colonocytes compared with controls (p<0.05). In study 2, there was no evidence of instability at the five microsatellite loci associated with either short or long term folate depletion. Conclusions —Folate deficiency impairs DNA excision repair in rat colonic mucosa; a similar degree of deficiency, even when administered in conjunction with a colonic carcinogen, did not produce evidence of a widespread defect in mismatch repair.
Nuclear ribonucleoprotein complexes of amphibian liver. I. Characterization of the complex and its small molecular weight RNA moiety.

Abstract Nuclear RNA-protein complexes containing small molecular weight RNAs were isolated from hepatic nuclei of Rana catesbeiana tadpoles and frogs according to a procedure normally used for the isolation of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein complexes from other eukaryotic tissues. Preliminary characterization of the tadpole nuclear RNP indicated a particle size of 50–70 S in sucrose density gradients and a buoyant density of 1.40 gm/ml in CsCl gradients. When analyzed on SDS-polyacrylamide gels, this complex was observed to contain at least 40 polypeptides ranging in molecular weight from 15 000 to 200 000. Nuclear RNA-protein complexes were also isolated from adult frog hepatic nuclei by the same protocol and the RNA moiety which had been purified from the frog complex was compared with the nuclear RNA isolated from the tadpole particles. Electrophoretic analysis of the nuclear RNA-protein-associated RNA revealed minor qualitative and quantitative differences in the more than 25 discrete bands (4–9 S) associated with each particle. Base analysis of tadpole and frog nuclear RNA revealed a nucleotide composition of approximately 50% adenosine plus uridine nucleotides, with an unusually high content of cytosine residues (approximately 30%). Comparison of the two RNA samples demonstrated a large increase in the adenosine content of frog nuclear RNA, and the presence of a minor base in frog nuclear RNA which was absent in the tadpole sample. These results indicated that changes in the RNA content of the amphibian nuclear RNP complex had occurred during bullfrog development.
The inflammasome regulatory pathway and infections: Role in pathophysiology and clinical implications

The innate immune system serves to generate immediate host defenses against pathogens. Advance in the mechanism of innate immunity has provided new insights into host-pathogen microbial interactions. The cytosolic multi-protein complex called the inflammasome, which regulates the caspase-1 dependent processing of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18, is critical for the innate defense against pathogens. We summarize the current knowledge regarding the regulatory functions of the inflammasome in the pathogenesis of infections by various microbes (e.g., bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa), and discuss its potential application in a clinical setting. Understanding of the unique role of the inflammasome signaling pathway in initiating and regulating inflammation is pivotal for the development of innovative approaches to optimize management of these infections.
Macrophage/epithelium cross-talk regulates cell cycle progression and migration in pancreatic progenitors

Macrophages populate the mesenchymal compartment of all organs during embryogenesis and have been shown to support tissue organogenesis and regeneration by regulating remodeling of the extracellular microenvironment. Whether this mesenchymal component can also dictate select developmental decisions in epithelia is unknown. Here, using the embryonic pancreatic epithelium as model system, we show that macrophages drive the epithelium to execute two developmentally important choices, i.e. the exit from cell cycle and the acquisition of a migratory phenotype. We demonstrate that these developmental decisions are effectively imparted by macrophages activated toward an M2 fetal-like functional state, and involve modulation of the adhesion receptor NCAM and an uncommon “paired-less” isoform of the transcription factor PAX6 in the epithelium. Over-expression of this PAX6 variant in pancreatic epithelia controls both cell motility and cell cycle progression in a gene-dosage dependent fashion. Importantly, induction of these phenotypes in embryonic pancreatic transplants by M2 macrophages in vivo is associated with an increased frequency of endocrine-committed cells emerging from ductal progenitor pools. These results identify M2 macrophages as key effectors capable of coordinating epithelial cell cycle withdrawal and cell migration, two events critical to pancreatic progenitors' delamination and progression toward their differentiated fates.
A Victory Celebration after a Military Defeat? Al-Mutanabbī's 'Ayniyyah of 339/950

This paper analyzes al-Mutanabbī's 'Ayniyyah, one of the poet's early odes in the court of Sayf al-Dawlah al-Hamdanī (d. 356/967), presented to the emir in the year 339/950. The ode in question is composed after a battle that the historical sources refer to as “ghazāt al-Musibah” (the battle of the disaster), a major military defeat that Sayf al-Dawlah suffered at the hand of the Byzantines. Taking into account the akhbār (anecdotes) and historical documents associated with this ode, the paper argues that al-Mutanabbī composes his poem in the context of celebrating victory in court ceremonial. The main purpose was to legitimize Sayf al-Dawlah's position in the community by means of his military victory despite the fact that the emir was defeated in this battle. The paper analyzes the poem's structure, rhetorical strategies and allusions, showing that al-Mutanabbī's poetic build-up is rooted in the Jāhilī pre-Islamic ethos of blood vengeance, used as a call for a new beginning and a quest for the Muslim polity's fertility and renewal.
Consequentialism, egoism, and the moral law

It is often claimed that Kant rejected utilitarianism. The basis for this claim, however, is not entirely clear. It would, of course, be foolish to deny that Kant's ethical writings have a distinctly non-utilitarian flavor. One clear example is his discussion of punishment (1797a: 331-334) and another example is his essay "On the Alleged Right to Tell a Lie from a Benevolent Motive"'. In these cases, and many others, Kant exhibits his non-consequentialist tendencies. Furthermore, Kant's supreme principle of morality, the categorical imperative, is not the principle of utility. Indeed, Kant claims that all of "the confusions of philosophers concerning the supreme principle of morals" results from their failure to see "that the moral law is that which first defines the concept of the good" (1788: 64). In contrast to teleological accounts of moral reasons, Kant's "second proposition" in the first chapter of the Groundwork states.
Use of nonsteroidal topical immunomodulators for the treatment of atopic dermatitis in the pediatric population.

infection, which are related to poor skin barrier function and altered cutaneous immunity. Although the precise pathophysiology is unclear, AD appears to represent a condition of cutaneous immune dysfunction influenced by genetic predisposition and external triggers. Patients with AD show T-cell activation, an imbalance of TH1/TH2 cytokine production, hyperstimulated Langerhans cells, and excessive production of IgE by B cells.3
Overlay improvement roadmap: strategies for scanner control and product disposition for 5-nm overlay

To keep pace with the overall dimensional shrink in the industry, overlay capability must also shrink proportionally. Unsurprisingly, overlay capability < 10 nm is already required for currently nodes in development, and the need for multi-patterned levels has accelerated the overlay roadmap requirements to the order of 5 nm. To achieve this, many improvements need to be implemented in all aspects of overlay measurement, control, and disposition. Given this difficult task, even improvements involving fractions of a nanometer need to be considered. These contributors can be divided into 5 categories: scanner, process, reticle, metrology, and APC. In terms of overlay metrology, the purpose is two-fold: To measure what the actual overlay error is on wafer, and to provide appropriate APC feedback to reduce overlay error for future incoming hardware. We show that with optimized field selection plan, as well as appropriate within-field sampling, both objectives can be met. For metrology field selection, an optimization algorithm has been employed to proportionately sample fields of different scan direction, as well as proportional spatial placement. In addition, intrafield sampling has been chosen to accurately represent overlay inside each field, rather than just at field corners. Regardless, the industry-wide use of multi-exposure patterning schemes has pushed scanner overlay capabilities to their limits. However, it is now clear that scanner contributions may no longer be the majority component in total overlay performance. The ability to control correctable overlay components is paramount to achieving desired performance. In addition, process (non-scanner) contributions to on-product overlay error need to be aggressively tackled, though we show that there also opportunities available in active scanner alignment schemes, where appropriate scanner alignment metrology and correction can reduce residuals on product. In tandem, all these elements need to be in place to achieve the necessary overlay roadmap capability for current development efforts.
Feline fibrosarcomas at vaccination sites and non-vaccination sites

A retrospective study of 195 feline sarcomas diagnosed histologically between July 1988 and June 1994 showed that 170 (87.2%) were fibrosarcomas. Cats with vaccination site (VS) fibrosarcomas were younger (8.6 +/- 3.9 years; median = 8 years) than cats with non-vaccination site (NVS) fibrosarcomas (10.2 +/- 4.7 years; median = 11 years) (P = 0.03), but there was no such association with breed, sex, or "neuter status". Microscopical features more characteristic of VS fibrosarcomas than of NVS fibrosarcomas were (1) subcutaneous location (P < 0.001), (2) necrosis (P < 0.001), (3) inflammatory cell infiltration (P < 0.001), (4) increased mitotic activity (P < 0.02), (5) pleomorphism (P < 0.001), and (6) variability in the density of the extracellular matrix (P < 0.001). When these data were fitted to a logistic regression model, younger age (P = 0.003), subcutaneous location of the fibrosarcoma (P = 0.0002), and the presence of inflammation (P = 0.017) were more characteristic of VS fibrosarcomas than of NVS fibrosarcomas. The study showed that in the absence of any vaccination history, the age of a cat, coupled with certain histological characteristics (e.g., tumour location in skin, and inflammation), may help in distinguishing VS fibrosarcomas from NVS fibrosarcomas. The characteristic histological features of VS fibrosarcomas, such as necrosis, increased mitotic activity and pleomorphism, are those of aggressive tumours.
Towards Prenatal Biomonitoring in North Carolina: Assessing Arsenic, Cadmium, Mercury, and Lead Levels in Pregnant Women

Exposure to toxic metals during the prenatal period carries the potential for adverse developmental effects to the fetus, yet such exposure remains largely unmonitored in the United States. The aim of this study was to assess maternal exposure to four toxic metals (arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and lead (Pb)) in a cohort of pregnant women in North Carolina. We analyzed blood samples submitted to the North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services for blood typing to assess toxic metal levels in pregnant women (n = 211) across six North Carolina counties. Whole blood metal concentrations were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The association between maternal characteristics, including county of residence, age, and race, and metal exposure was analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis. A large fraction of the blood samples showed detectable levels for each of the four metals. Specifically, As (65.7%), Cd (57.3%), Hg (63.8%), and Pb (100%) were detected in blood samples. Moreover, compared with adult females participating in the Fourth National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals and guidelines for pregnant women, some women in the sample population exceeded benchmark levels of Cd, Hg, and Pb. Evidence from this pilot study indicates that pregnant women in North Carolina are exposed to As, Cd, Hg, and Pb and suggests that factors related to maternal county of residence and race may impact maternal exposure levels. As increased levels of one or more of these metals in utero have been associated with detrimental developmental and reproductive outcomes, further study is clearly warranted to establish the impacts to newborns.
Chemical routes to ultra thin films for copper barriers and liners

Triruthenium dodecarbonyl and trimethylphosphine or triphenylphosphine, and cis-ruthenium(II)dihydridotetrakis-(trimethylphophine) were used in flowing hydrogen or argon at 575 K to explore the effect of changing the percentage of P on the amorphous character of the films and on the electrical properties of the films. First-principles density-functional calculations are presented that reveal the interaction of Ru with P, and that predict the amorphous structure should be most stable above 20 at.% P and 10 at.% B. The films contained a carbon impurity that depended on the delivery gas and the alkylphoshphine source; film resistivity was highly dependent on the carbon impurity level. The microstructure changed with the percentage P; amorphous films formed provided the percentage of P exceeded 15 at.%. Film resistivity was most sensitive to the carbon impurity and also changed with microstructure. A 15 nm thick, amorphous film containing ∼15 at.% P had a resistivity of 210 μohm-cm.
117 INCREASED CALCIUM CHANNEL DENSITY IN CARDIAC SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM FROM FETAL SHEEP

Decreased active Ca accumulation by vesicles of cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) from fetal sheep can in part be attributed to decreased density of Ca pumps. To determine if differences in Ca release channels also contribute to decreased Ca accumulation, we measured the effects of ryanodine on Ca uptake by SR vesicles isolated from fetal and maternal sheep. Ryanodine caused a larger increase in Ca uptake in the fetal (84±10%, mean ±SD, n=4) than in the maternal (52±18%, n=4, P<0.02) SR vesicles suggesting that a larger number of channels were open in the fetal SR vesicles before the addition of ryanodine. We then measured the binding of (3H)Nitrendipine, a dihydropyridine drug that is a potent Ca channel antagonist. (3H)Nitrendipine binding sites-which purportedly measure Ca channels, have been identified in cardiac SR vesicles. Specific binding measured at 2.5 nM (3H)Nitrendipine was significantly higher in fetal (0.33±0.053 pM/mg protein, n=4) then in maternal (0.19±0.042 pM/mg protein, n=4, p<0.01) SR vesicles. The equilibrium constant was not different in fetal (363±111 pM) and maternal (321±26 pM) SR vesicles. However, the density of binding sites was significantly higher in the fetal (0.81±0.13 pM/mg protein) than in the materanl SR(0.50±0.07 pM/mg protein, P<0.01). We conclude that decreased Ca accumulation in fetal SR vesicles may be related to a higher density of Ca release channels. This data suggests that the immature myocardium may respond differently to Ca channel antagonists than the adult myocardium.
Dynamic Measurements of Arc Temperature Distribution, Radius, and Current in a Pulsed Coaxial Plasma

Spectroscopic techniques, in synchronization with a high-speed rotating mirror arrangement, have been employed to determine the dynamic response characteristics of a well-stabilized coaxial arc plasma subjected to a step pulse in voltage; data acquisition time is about 5 ?s. Experiments were conducted in argon at 1.1 atmospheres pressure with mass flows of 0.107, 0.157, and 0.206 grams per second. Radial distributions of temperature were obtained at various times during the transient. The timewise variation of arc radius was also determined.
Capturing cultural identity/creating community A grassroots video project in San Antonio, Texas

The author investigates a grassroots video project in San Antonio, Texas, and the ways it has incorporated two residual cultural identities in the largely working-class Mexican American community, Chicano nationalism and Catholic humanism, to create an emergent culture based on communitarian values and creative expression. Using ethnographic field research, the author traces one video’s conceptualization, production and exhibition to illustrate the tensions and negotiations involved in creating this emergent culture. The author shows that the video project process is double-edged; the video reinforced a Mexican American community based on mutual respect, tolerance and self-esteem, while also unavoidably privileging certain cultural identities over others.
A role for clathrin light chains in the recognition of clathrin cages by 'uncoating ATPase'.

A cycle of clathrin assembly and disassembly drives the formation of coated vesicles, intermediates in intracellular protein transport. The heavy chain of clathrin is needed for assembly, but the function of the clathrin light chains has remained obscure. An enzyme has now been purified which uses ATP hydrolysis to power the release of clathrin from coated vesicles, presumably recycling the coat protein for repeated rounds of vesicle budding. This ‘uncoating ATPase’ requires clathrin light chains for its action.
The Use of Carbon and Carmine Particles in Cell Fusion Experiments to Distinguish Hybrids from Parental Cells

The phagocytosis of inert particles, a long-known in vivo phenomenon among cells of the reticuloendothelial system, has more recently been found to be a widespread capability of cells in vitro (Gropp 1963) and can be utilized as a marking system when colored particles are employed. Carbon particles (black) were used by Stoker (1964) as cellular markers and later carmine particles (red) were used as markers in cell transformation studies (Stoker 1967; Rabinowitz and Sachs 1968).
Morbidity and mortality after bowel resection for acute mesenteric ischemia.

Background Patients presenting with acute mesenteric ischemia (AMI) sufficiently advanced to require bowel resection have a high morbidity and mortality. The objective of this study was to analyze these patients to determine if certain pre- or intraoperative variables are predictive of death or complications which could then be used to develop a predictive model to aid in surgical decision-making. Methods Patients undergoing bowel resection for AMI were identified from the American College of Surgeons’ National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database (2007–2008). Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed. Results The 861 patients identified had a median age of 69 years. Thirty-day postoperative morbidity and mortality were 56.6% and 27.9%, respectively. Pre- and intraoperative variables significantly associated with postoperative mortality (C statistic, 0.84) included preoperative do not resuscitate order, open wound, low albumin, dirty vs clean-contaminated case, and poor functional status. Pre- and intraoperative variables significantly associated with postoperative morbidity (C statistic, 0.79) included admission from chronic care facility, recent myocardial infarction, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, requiring ventilator support, preoperative renal failure, previous cardiac surgery, and prolonged operative time. A predictive risk calculator was developed using these variables. Conclusion Mortality and morbidity rates after bowel resection for AMI are high. A risk calculator for prediction of postoperative mortality and morbidity has been developed and awaits validation in subsequent studies.
Acquisitions of family owned firms: boon or bust?

Using a hand-collected dataset, we examine the acquisitions of 307 family owned targets for the period 1984–2000 to study the conflicting roles of entrenchment and alignment of interests in these firms. We find that bidders experience the strongest announcement market reaction at the medium levels of family ownership. However, bidder returns are negatively impacted when acquiring a public target family firm, even controlling for the percent owned by the family. We also find that overall firms that acquire family owned targets experience significant large negative returns in the long run. However, the long run results are also sensitive to the ownership structure of the family firm target with medium levels resulting in insignificant returns in the long run.
Optical Network That Learns To Perform Motion Compensation In Radar Imaging

In order to produce well-focused images of moving targets using radar, distortions in the radar echos due to the target's motion should be compensated for. Techniques exist to compensate distortion due to a target's changing range but compensation for non-uniformity in the target's aspect is generally neglected. We present an iterative technique and its optical implementation for performing aspect compensation.
Visual differential calculus

This expository paper is intended to provide engineering and technology students with a purely visual and intuitive approach to differential calculus. The plan is that students who see intuitively the benefits of the strategies of calculus will be encouraged to master the algebraic form changing techniques such as solving, factoring and completing the square. Differential calculus will be treated as a continuation of the study of branches11 of continuous and smooth curves described by equations which was initiated in a pre-calculus or advanced algebra course. Functions are defined as the single valued expressions which describe the branches of the curves. Derivatives are secondary functions derived from the just mentioned functions in order to obtain the slopes of the lines tangent to the curves. The derivatives of the derivatives are related to the turning of the tangent lines. The concepts involved in the study of continuous curves are not difficult to comprehend. But parsing complexity arises from the many combinations of forms, kinds and operations on functions. The paper will focus on the properties of continuous and smooth curves while maintaining an organized topic structure. Subsequently a student, enabled with the goals and structure of a course in differential calculus, can refer to conventional texts to fill in and expand on subordinate details.
Evolution of Sustainability in American Forest Resource Management Planning in the Context of the American Forest Management Textbook

American forest resource management and planning goes back to the European roots of American Forestry. Timber management plans, documents based on forest regulation for timber production, were the foundation of American forestry. These types of management plans predominated until World War II. Multiple use forestry developed after World War II and issues like recreation, wildlife, water quality, and wilderness became more important. In the 1970’s harvest scheduling became part of the planning process, allowing for optimization of multiple goals. By 2001 social, environmental, and economic goals were integrated into the timber production process. American forestry experienced distinct historical periods of resource planning, ranging from classic sustained yield timber production, to multiple use-sustained yield, to sustainable human-forest systems. This article traces the historical changes in forest management planning philosophy using the forest management textbooks of the time. These textbooks provide insight into the thought process of the forestry profession as changes in the concept of sustainability occurred.
Attitudes of men with erectile dysfunction: a cross-national survey.

ABSTRACT Introduction Erectile dysfunction (ED), the inability to achieve or maintain an erection sufficient for sexual performance, is a complex disorder involving multiple biopsychosocial factors. Aim To better understand the psychological and behavioral aspects of ED and compare the attitudes of ED patients in different countries. Methods The Cross‐National Survey on Male Health Issues surveyed men aged 20–75 years in six countries. Participants completed questionnaires on attitudes, behavior, doctor‐related issues, and comorbidities. Main Outcome Measures Men rated their attitudes using a scale of 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Responses of “somewhat agree” and “strongly agree” were combined and the percentage calculated for each country and overall. A mean score for all responses (1–5) was calculated for each country. Results Attitudes held by men with ED overlap significantly when compared between countries. Men in all countries agreed that ED was a source of great sadness for themselves and their partners, and nearly all disagreed with the idea that they were too old for sex. Men in all countries agreed that it was important to know they had the capacity to perform sexually, and half of all men reported they would do “nearly anything” to cure their ED. Men in all countries also agreed that their doctor was the best source of information on sexual issues. Men in the United States and the United Kingdom were less willing to accept ED, more motivated to find a cure, and less likely to consider ED a result of psychological problems. Conclusions Attitudes of men with ED overlap significantly when compared between countries, but interesting differences were seen. Additional research is needed to understand how attitudes and behaviors reported reflect actual experiences. This study highlights some of the barriers that exist between physician–patient communication surrounding identification and treatment of ED.
Adaptive remeshing for transient problems

Abstract Adaptive remeshing schemes for transient problems are presented. The main advantage of these schemes is the ease in incorporating directional refinement and body motion in the context of adaptive refinement. Practical numerical examples for the Euler equations, run on the CRAY-XMP-24 at NRL, show that the adaptive remeshing scheme by itself cannot compete with ordinary h-refinement for strongly unsteady flows that require a grid change every 5–10 timesteps. Therefore, we study the combination of adaptive remeshing and h-refinement. After generating a coarser grid with stretched elements, the whole grid is h-refined at once. Even with one level of h-refinement, the combined scheme easily out-performs ordinary h-refinement, yielding a very effective adaptive refinement method for this class of problems.
New day/New Deal : a bibliography of the Great American Depression, 1929-1941

Preface Overviews and General Histories Bibliography and Historiography Participant Accounts Biographies The Hoover Administration The Roosevelt Administration The Economy Society Regional, State, and Local Affairs Thought and Culture Constitutional and Legal Foreign Relations Aftereffects Author Index
Determination of lead in blood by chelation with ammonium pyrrolidine dithio-carbamate followed by tungsten-coil atomic absorption spectrometry

Abstract An inexpensive, bench-top blood Pb analyzer has been developed. The system is based on tungsten-coil atomic absorption spectrometry. Pb atomization occurs on W-coils extracted from commercially available slide projector bulbs. The system has minimal power requirements: 120 ACV and 15 A. A small, computer-controlled CCD spectrometer is used as the detector. A Pb hollow cathode lamp is used as the source. Blood Pb is chelated with ammonium pyrrolidine dithio-carbamate and extracted into methyl iso-butyl ketone (4-methyl 2-pentanone). Twenty-microliter volumes of the organic phase are deposited on the W-coil, dried at 1.4 A, charred at 2.3 A and atomized at 6.0 A. Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry is used as a comparison for W-coil results. Levels 1–4 of a NIST standard reference material 955b ‘lead in bovine blood’ are used to test accuracy and precision. The analytical figures of merit for the system are: 12-pg instrument detection limit, 24-pg blood detection limit and a characteristic mass of 28 pg.
Microbial Conversion of Terpenoids

(1988). Microbial Conversion of Terpenoids. Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews: Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 271-320.
Schizotypy and Nicotine, Alcohol, and Cannabis Use in a Non-Psychiatric Sample

Schizotypy is a multidimensional personality construct that is characterized by perceptual abnormalities, social withdrawal, mild suspiciousness, and odd thinking patterns. This study examined the relationship between four dimensions of self-reported schizotypy and substance use involving nicotine, alcohol, and cannabis, in undergraduate students. Results showed that higher levels of disorganized schizotypy, or odd thinking and behavior, were associated with greater indices of use of all three substances. Furthermore, higher cognitive-perceptual schizotypy was selectively associated with cannabis use. Results confirm findings of recent research that has discovered associations among schizotypy and substance use, highlighting links between behavioral traits and use of nicotine, alcohol, and cannabis. This study is one of the first to examine a wide range of schizotypy domains, and to show selective effects of the disorganized domain of schizotypy.
Diurnal variation of precipitation and forecasting

The diurnal variation of predisposition for precipitation strengthens and weakens frontal effects periodically and gives rise to a diurnal variation of precipitation. The predisposition is an effect of stability conditions In the atmosphere. Blue Hill Meteorological Observatory, near Boston, Massachusetts, is taken as a station characteristic of the coast, and Jasper, New York, 332 miles west of Blue Hill, is taken to represent inland conditions. Hourly frequencies of rainfall are taken from four years of record. The discussion singles out frequencies of slight (<0.05 in/hour) and heavy (≥0.10 in/hour) rainfall intensities. In winter a whole-day wave predominates for both heavy and slight rainfall intensity, but heavy rainfall, inland, shows a rather well developed semidiurnal wave superposed. In summer, semidiurnal waves predominate both at the inland and the coast stations for the two intensities of rain. Numerical tables and diagrams facilitate understanding and provide rapid reference. Apparently instability showers prevail at the coast station, and cyclonic precipitation prevails at the inland station. In summer, at the coast station, a morning maximum of both heavy and slight precipitation-intensity frequency exists, caused by instability showers while an afternoon or evening maximum is of convectional nature (semidiurnal wave). Probabilities are important to the forecaster. For example, the average probability of a heavy snowfall at the coast station during night is 4.3 times as great as in daytime.
LOCALIZATION OF VIBRATIONS IN LARGE SPACE REFLECTORS

A study is presented of the mode localization phenomenon in a generic class of large space reflectors. The study is based on a Rayleigh-Ritz formulation using the first five cantilevered beam bending modes and a finite-element formulation using Bernoulli-Euler beam elements. Coupling between the structures is provided by massless axial members. Numerical results indicate that mode localization does, in fact, occur in engineering structures of this type. Localization is characterized by the amplitude of a global mode becoming confined to a local region of the structure. For the 18-rib reflector studied, the first rib bending mode did not localize, but the second and third modes did. Localization is found to become more severe with increasing mode number. Increasing the number of ribs to 48 resulted in significant distortion in some of the first rib bending modes and severe localization of the second and third bending modes. The phenomenon of wave confinement in finite structures is also demonstrated using a single-degree-of-freedom per substructure model. Nomenclature
Ischemia Alters Cerebral Vascular Responses to Hypercapnia and Acetylcholine in Piglets

Effects of ischemia (20 min) on cerebral cortical prostanoid synthesis and microvascular responses to hypercapnia and topical acetylcholine were examined in anesthetized newborn pigs. Pial arteriolar dilation in response to hypercapnia (10% CO2 ventilation, 10 min) was absent 2 h after ischemia and reversed toward constriction by 24 h postischemia. In sham control piglets, hypercapnia increased cortical periarachnoid fluid prostanoid concentrations. After ischemia, hypercapnia did not affect prostanoid concentrations on the brain surface. Acetylcholine (10(-3) M)-induced pial arteriolar constriction was reversed toward dilation 24 h after cerebral ischemia. Further, acetylcholine-induced prostanoid synthesis was markedly attenuated after ischemia. We conclude that cerebral ischemia-reperfusion alters cerebral prostanoid synthesis and microvascular control in newborn pigs. These abnormalities persist for at least 24 h.
Physiological observations of extranuclear temperature-sensitive lethality in Nicotiana tabacum L.

Summary Ultrastructural observations of extranuclear temperature-sensitive induced lethality in a mutant of Nicotiana tabacum L. have shown that chloroplasts in this mutant gradually degenerate in plants grown at reduced temperatures, while mitochondria remain intact (Nessler and Wernsman, 1979). To further elucidate the organellar site of temperature sensitivity in this same tobacco mutant, leaf chlorophyll content, rates of oxygen exchange and ribulose 1,5 bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBPCase) activities were examined in temperature sensitive and control genotypes at varying time intervals during 35 days exposure to lethal temperatures (13°C day/8°C night). Rates of photosynthetic oxygen evolution by leaf disks rapidly declined in mutant plants after one week at low temperatures and remained significantly lower than rates in controls. Total chlorophylls in both mutant and control plants gradually decreased with the increased time at reduced temperatures. This decrease in chlorophyll content of temperature sensitive plants was not sufficiently rapid to account for the sharp drop observed in photosynthetic rates and probably resulted from the disruption of chloroplast membranes. Mitochondrial function in mutant plants was apparently unaffected by prolonged exposure to lethal temperatures as evidenced by the almost constant rates of respiratory oxygen uptake seen throughout the experiment. RuBPCase activities on a leaf area basis were similar in mutant and control plants over the last four sampling dates (days 14–35); thus this enzyme does not appear to be the site of the temperature-sensitive lesion. The loss of chlorophylls, rapid decline in photosynthetic oxygen evolution and continued respiratory oxygen uptake reported here for mutant plants grown at lethal temperatures supports the concept that the chloroplast is the site of extranuclear temperature-sensitivity in this tobacco genotype.
Hemorrhage into Pituitary Adenomas

The clinical and pathologic features of pituitary apoplexy were evaluated within the last 100 consecutive pituitary tumors surgically treated at this institution. From this group, ten tumor specimens exhibited pathologically verifiable hemorrhagic necrosis, including six with classic apoplectic onset; the hemorrhage in four patients was asymmetric. The tumors of symptomatic patients were large, with suprasellar and parasellar extension readily identifiable by neuroradiologic examination. All tumors within this group were chromophobic adenomas by light microscopy, and each of these tumors microscopically exhibited a sinusoidal arrangement with very prominent vascularity. Comparatively, those tumors with asymptomatic hemorrhage were all intrasellar and were encountered in younger patients who had exhibited prior endocrine disturbances. By light microscopy, two of these asymptomatic lesions were chromophobic and two were acidophilic adenomas. In contrast with larger tumors, however, increased vascularity or sinusoidal patterns were not a prominent feature within this group. Our experience suggests hemorrhage within pituitary tumors is a common event, but symptomatic bleeding generally occurs in older patients whose larger tumors contain a pathologic vascular predisposition. Urgent surgical decompression (usually transsphenoidal) in symptomatic patients produced great neurologic improvement in each case.
Antiplaque properties of sustained release SnF2: pilot studies.

Summary Pilot studies examining the physical and clinical properties of an intracoronal sustained release fluoride delivery system were performed. After testing various percentages of SnF2 incorporated into polycarboxylate, zinc phosphate, and zinc oxide cements, 70% SnF2 polycarboxylate cement was found to have adequate compressive strength while releasing the greatest amount of fluoride in vitro. A 30-day in vivo trial, in which this fluoride cement was used as a temporary intracoronal restoration, produced elevated salivary fluoride levels with only transient elevation in urinary fluoride levels. Plaque scores decreased during the experimental period, suggesting that the released SnF2 affected bacterial growth or attachment. The SnF2-polycarboxylate cement was an adequate temporary restorative material without significant side effects.
Medical anthropology: some contrasts with medical sociology.

Abstract In spite of many similarities, the fields of medical anthropology and medical sociology differ significantly in origins, in research methodologies, and in emphases. Medical anthropology has developed from three sources; (1) the traditional ethnographic interest in primitive medicine, (2) the culture and personality movement of the 1940s and (3) the international public health movement following World War II. A holistic, systems approach to research appears to characterize medical anthropology more than medical sociology. Anthropologists traditionally have studied the underdogs, the world's primitive and peasant peoples. They reflect this orientation in their tendency to identify with patients and health workers near the bottom of the medical hierarchy, rather than with physicians and other high status professionals. In the final analysis the medical anthropologist sees problems in a cultural context, while the medical sociologist sees them in a social context.
Comparative Bioavailability Study of a Generic Naltrexone Tablet Preparation

The bioavailability of a generic preparation of naltrexone (Narpan) was compared with the innovator product, Trexan. Twelve healthy volunteers participated in the study, conducted according to a completely randomized, two-way crossover design. The preparations were compared using the parameters area under the plasma concentration–time curve AUC0–∞, peak plasma concentration Cmax, and time to reach peak plasma concentration Tmax. No statistically significant difference was observed between the logarithmic transformed AUC0–∞ and the logarithmically transformed Cmax values of the two preparations. Also, no statistically significant difference was observed between the untransformed Tmax values. In addition, the 90% confidence interval for the ratio of the logarithmic transformed AUC0–∞ values of Narpan over those of Trexan was found to lie between 0.87 and 1.01, while that of the logarithmic transformed Cmax values was between 0.94 and 1.23, both being within the bioequivalence limit of 0.80–1.25. The numeric...
1123 POST-HEMORRHAGIC ENCEPHALOPATHY IN PREMATURE INFANTS

Post-hemorrhagic encephalopathy is a distinct clinical condition resulting from intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) in premature infants. Nine neonates with IVH were studied to detect possible chronic encephalopathy. Serial CSF analyses revealed persistent xanthochromia but variable RBC (679-132xK/mm3) & WBC (0-3780/mm3) counts. Protein contents were elevated (>100 mg/d1) in 7 patients (61-2420mg/d1). Hypoglycorrhachia (CSF/blood glucose ratio< 0.35) occurred in 7 cases & CSF glucose was < 10 mg/d1 in 5. Hypoglycorrhachia was not secondary to persisting cellular elements in CSF, since no correlation existed between CSF glucose level & total cell count. In addition, in vitro incubation of cellular CSF with added glucose at 37°C led to negligible rates of glucose consumption over 24 hr. Three infants manifested gross hydrocephalus documented by CAT scanning. CSF lactate in these 3 infants was increased 1-3 fold (2.3-5.5 mmol/1) above levels in non-hydrocephalic IVH neonates (1.1-1.6 mmol/1) & in patients with congenital (non-hemorrhagic) hydrocephalus (1.0-1.4 mmol/1). We speculate that IVH occurs concurrently with periventricular brain ischemia which, in turn, leads to focal anaerobic glycolysis & increased glucose requirement. With inadequate cerebral glucose delivery from blood, glucose diffuses into brain from CSF resulting in hypoglycorrhachia. Cerebral lactate production is enhanced but lactate accumulates in CSF only in the presence of an obstructed ventricular system. These metabolic alterations merit consideration of therapeutic intervention.