cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of foot-pedal positions by inexperienced cyclists at the highest aerobic level

Summary The purpose of this study was to assess whether the platform foot-pedal position affected maximal oxygen intake (V02 max) at the highest aerobic demand in cycling. 21 inexperienced cyclists completed two exercise tests, one in the “normal” platform foot-pedal position and the other in the Biopedal™ forefoot varus foot-pedal position, cycling on an exercise ergometer. The time between tests ranged from 1 to 3 days depending on the subject's reported fatigue and muscle soreness. The highest aerobic demand was the subject's V02 max at the point just below the subject's anaerobic threshold. A one-way analysis of variance indicated that the subject's V02 max performance was similar between the foot-pedal positions. These results did not support the assumption that the Biopedal™ forefoot varus foot-pedal position would enable the cyclist to be more efficient at the highest aerobic demand when compared to a standard platform foot-pedal position.
Viscoelastic solutions for conical indentation

The aim of indentation analysis is to link indentation data, typically an indentation force vs. indentation depth curve, P–h, to meaningful mechanical properties of the indented material. While well established for time independent behavior, the presence of a time dependent behavior can strongly affect both the loading and the unloading responses. The paper presents a framework of viscoelastic indentation analysis based on the method of functional equations, developed by Lee and Radok [1960, The contact problem for viscoelastic bodies, J. Appl. Mech. 27, 438–444]. While the method is restricted to monotonically increasing contact areas, we show that it remains valid at the very beginning of the unloading phase as well. Based on this result, it is possible to derive closed form solutions following the classical procedure of functional formulations of viscoelasticity: (1) the identification of the indentation creep function, which is the indentation response to a Heaviside load; and (2) a convolution integral of the load history over the indentation creep function. This is shown here for a trapezoidal loading by a conical indenter on three linear isotropic viscoelastic materials with deviator creep: the 3-parameter Maxwell model, the 4-parameter Kelvin–Voigt model and the 5-parameter combined Kelvin–Voigt–Maxwell model. For these models, we derive closed form solutions that can be employed for the back-analysis of indentation results from the loading and holding period and for the definition of unloading time criteria that ensure that viscous effects are negligible in the unloading response.
The Private Market for Long‐Term Care Insurance in the United States: A Review of the Evidence

This paper reviews the growing literature on the market for private long-term care insurance, a market notable for its small size despite the fact that long-term care expenses are potentially large and highly uncertain. After summarizing long-term care utilization and insurance coverage in the United States, the paper reviews research on the supply of and the demand for private long-term care insurance. It concludes that demand-side factors impose important limits on the size of the private market and that we currently have a limited understanding of how public policies could be designed to encourage the growth of this market.
African American women and physical activity

Abstract Background: The rates of overweight and obesity are the highest in African American women over 40 years of age. Excess weight is associated with significant health risks. Physical activity is an essential component of weight management and disease prevention. Participation in physical activity is lower among African American women than all other race–gender groups except Mexican American women. Objectives: This article reviews the literature on the role of physical activity in weight management in African American women. There were limited studies to include in the review. Intervention studies with primarily African American women failed to demonstrate a significant increase in physical activity behaviours over the long term. Qualitative studies explored the role of physical activity in the lives of African American women through focus group and semistructured interviews. Major findings: Common identified facilitators of physical activity included setting goals, convenient, safe places to exercis...
Improving Range Resolution in Near-Field Ultrasound Beamforming

The design of beamformer is a critical component in the development of ultrasound imaging. Conventional delay-and-sum beamformer is intuitive and easy to implement, however the range resolution is limited by the pulse bandwidth. In this paper, we propose a technique that optimizes the reconstruction kernel to approximate an ideal impulse, while also controlling the mainlobe/sidelobe tradeoff. Preliminary simulation has demonstrated that the new method achieves significantly better range resolution than simple delay-and-sum beamformers for medium bandwidth near-field imaging.
Improved rearing system for pickleworm and melonworm (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae).

A new system for rearing pickleworm, Diaphania nitidalis (Stoll), and melonworm, D. hyalinata (L.), reduces manual labor ca. 85%. Larval diet is poured in large crispers and eggs laid on fiberglass insulation are placed onto the diet surface. Larvae pupate in crumpled paper towels which are removed to holding containers for adult emergence. For rearing pickleworm, a plastic lighting louvre is placed in rearing containers for efficient utilization of diet.
A survey of web resources for teaching computer architecture

The use of Web resources is becoming a core part of teaching computer architecture. In this paper we identify five notable Web sites that specialize in teaching tools for computer architecture instructors and discuss the role they can play in facilitating learning. While these Web sites contain a wide range of valuable resources, there remain gaps in what is available online. Community support appears meager for making tools and resources available. We conclude that the computer-architecture community faces challenges both in the content of Web-based materials (accurate and appropriate information) and the process (making information known and available to academic community).
Structural Correlations in High-Spin Complexes of [Fe{HC(3,5-Me2pz)3}2]2+: Solid State Structure of [Fe{HC(3,5-Me2pz)3}2][Fe2OCl6]

The cation in the solid state structure of [Fe{HC(3,5-Me2pz)3}2][Fe2OCl6] (pz = pyrazolyl ring) contains an octahedral iron(II) center with an average Fe–N bond distance of 2.17 A, indicating that the iron(II) is in the high-spin form. While M–N bond distances of this length with κ3-[HC(3,5-Me2pz)3] ligands generally cause tilting of pz to open up the “bite” angle, in this structure the average tilting angle is only 3.1°, a much lower value than observed in earlier structures of this same cation paired with different anions. The crystals are monoclinic, space group P21/n, with a = 11.1671(12) A, b = 10.8091(11) A, c = 17.4385(17) A, α = γ = 90°, β = 95.685(2)°, and Z = 2. The cation in the solid state structure of [Fe{HC(3,5-Me2pz)3}2][Fe2OCl6] (pz = pyrazolyl ring) contains an octahedral iron(II) center in the high-spin form with unusual orientations of the pyrazolyl rings.
The SARA system for computer architecture design and modelling

There are many practical forces at work which encourage improvement in design methods. "Structural programming", "hierarchical design" and "modularity" are terms which have become commonplace. However, the frequency of their use does not mean that design methods now exist which can guarantee that a particular complex system, whose programs are shared by many users, will have no design errors. Nor do design methods yet exist which can guarantee that a digital system, "simple" enough to be integrated into one device and reproduced in the millions, will have no design errors.
Calculation of bulk moduli of diamond and zinc-blende solids.

Theoretical arguments on the role of covalency in determining the bulk moduli of diamond and zinc-blende semiconductors and insulators are shown to yield a surprisingly simple and accurate expression for determining the bulk moduli B of these materials. One resulting formula for compounds in the center of the Periodic Table depends only on the nearest-neighbor separation d. It has the form B=1761${d}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3.5}$ for B in GPa and d in A\r{}.
Clinical importance of cardiac troponin release and cardiac abnormalities in patients with supratentorial cerebral hemorrhages.

OBJECTIVE To determine the incidence of cardiac troponin T (cTnT) elevation, electrocardiographic (ECG) changes, and arrhythmias in supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and their association with early mortality. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with supratentorial ICHs admitted to Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn, from March 1998 to October 2003 were studied. We excluded moribund patients with ICHs who died within 12 hours of hospital admission. Cardiac troponin T levels measured on admission and day 2 were determined by a third-generation enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Continuous ECG monitoring was performed in all patients. Computed tomographic scans were graded and correlated with abnormal cardiac variables. RESULTS Peak levels of cTnT were elevated at 0.035 to 1.2 μg/L (mean ± SD, 0.27±0.38 μg/L) in 10 (20%) of 49 patients and were not associated with changes in creatine kinase MB fraction or ECG results. The cTnT levels did not correlate with location or side of hemorrhage or mortality at 30 days. Seventy (64%) of 110 patients displayed ECG abnormalities. The ECG changes did not correlate with the location or side of ICH, hydrocephalus, midline shift, or extension to the ventricles. CONCLUSION The cTnT elevations in survivors of acute ICH are frequent but without confirmatory ECG changes that suggest mild myocardial injury. One-month mortality is not influenced by such cTnT elevations. In addition, ECG abnormalities are common but likely benign in patients with supratentorial ICH who survive the initial insult.
Investigation into the Source of a Summer Alfalfa Weevil Larval Population in New Jersey

Sweep-net collections during the summers of 1962 and 1963 showed that a reduced population of the alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Gyllenhall), was present in northern New Jersey alfalfa fields. Larvae and adults were consistently collected. Investigations into the source of the larval populations were based primarily on dissections of field-collected and laboratory-reared female adults. From the present data it appears that the summer larval population is the result of late maturing, overwintered adults.
Comparative studies of fish adenosine deaminases.

Abstract 1. 1. Previously hepatic adenosine deaminase patterns have been made on thirty-seven different species of terrestrial vertebrates. 2. 2. In these studies, several characteristic patterns have been found, including cases where the low molecular weight C enzyme is the only one present, where low molecular weight C enzyme and its high molecular weight polymer (A) are present, and numerous cases where a B adenosine deaminase of intermediate molecular weight is present in addition to the C and A enzymes. 3. 3. In the present study, hepatic adenosine deaminases have been studied in twenty-five species of fish from ten different orders. 4. 4. Exactly the same kinds of patterns were observed in these organisms as in the terrestrial forms, and in about the same relative proportions.
Augmenting lexicons automatically: clustering semantically related adjectives

Our work focuses on identifying various types of lexical data in large corpora through statistical analysis. In this paper, we present a method for grouping adjectives according to their meaning, as a step towards the automatic identification of adjectival scales. We describe how our system exploits two sources of linguistic knowledge in a corpus to compute a measure of similarity between two adjectives, using statistical techniques and a clustering algorithm for grouping. We evaluate the significance of the results produced by our system for a sample set of adjectives.
Networked-based Characterization of Extracellular Matrix Proteins from Adult Mouse Pulmonary and Aortic Valves

A precise mixture of extracellular matrix (ECM) secreted by valvular cells forms a scaffold that lends the heart valve the exact mechanical and tensile strength needed for accurate hemodynamic performance. ECM proteins are a key component of valvular endothelial cell (VEC)-valvular interstitial cell (VIC) communication essential for maintenance of the valve structure. This study reports the healthy adult pulmonary and aortic valve proteomes characterized by LC-MS/MS, resulting in 2710 proteins expressed by 1513 genes, including over 300 abundant ECM proteins. Surprisingly, this study defines a distinct proteome for each semilunar valve. Protein-protein networking (PPN) was used as a tool to direct selection of proteomic candidates for biological investigation. Local PPN for nidogen 1 (Nid1), biglycan (Bgn), elastin microfibril interface-located protein 1 (Emilin-1), and milk fat globule-EGF factor 8 protein (Mfge8) were enriched with proteins essential to valve function and produced biological functions highly relevant to valve biology. Immunofluorescent investigations demonstrated that these proteins are functionally distributed within the pulmonary and aortic valve structure, indicative of important contribution to valve function. This study yields new insight into protein expression contributing to valvular maintenance and health and provides a platform for unbiased assessment of protein alterations during disease processes.
A three-dimensional homology model of the O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase-B from Salmonella typhimurium.

O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase (OASS) catalyzes the last step in the cysteine biosynthetic pathway in enteric bacteria and plants. The overall pathway involves the substitution of the β-acetoxy group of O-acetyl-L-serine with inorganic bisulfide. Two isozymes are present in S. typhimurium, the A- and B-isozymes, expressed under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, respectively. No crystal structure is presently available for the B-isozyme. Kinetic data indicate the catalytic mechanism of OASS-B is ping-pong, as found for the A-isozyme, but kinetic parameters and substrate specificity differ. In order to estimate whether structural differences may be responsible for the kinetic differences, a homology model was built using the structure of OASS-A as the template for the OASS-B model. The β- subunit of tryptophan synthase and cystathionine β-synthase were used for comparison. Differences between the OASS-A structure and the homology model for OASS-B are discussed.
Analysis of Expressed Sequence Tags from the Harmful Alga, Prymnesium parvum (Prymnesiophyceae, Haptophyta)

A cDNA library was constructed from late log-phase cultures of the ichthyotoxin-producing haptophyte, Prymnesium parvum. Approximately 6,300 single-pass 5′ nucleotide sequences (out of nearly 8,000 randomly isolated clones) achieved length and quality criteria for incorporation into an expressed sequence tag (EST) database. Collectively, 3,415 unique genes (tentative unigenes [TUGs]) were assembled. Database searches revealed approximately 1,100 TUG (34%) that encode proteins of known or putative function (expect values E ≤ 1.0 × 10−10), representing most functional classes of proteins and many metabolic pathways. In addition to proteins involved in photosynthesis and protein synthesis/degradation, one of the most frequently encountered transcripts putatively encodes an ABC-type phosphate transport system component. Active (and efficient?) phosphate transport may correlate with rapid growth, perhaps explaining how this alga out-competes other species when it blooms and becomes toxic under low-phosphate conditions. The majority of TUGs, including 12 of the 50 most commonly encountered transcripts, encode potentially novel proteins, some of which are probably involved in synthesis and secretion of the unique prymnesin toxins. This work suggests that future studies on the expression of many of these genes during rapid growth should provide insight into the genetic basis of bloom formation and toxicity.
Conducting a survey of computer technology graduates (abstract only)

The Curriculum Committee of the Computer Technology Department at IPFW requested a survey of our graduates with degrees in Computer Technology. The following are reasons cited: To identify more closely the strengths and weaknesses of the Computer Technology program from the standpoint of our graduates. To permit the department to more closely tailor our curriculum to reflect the changing needs of our graduates. To identify topics of specific courses that need to be added to our curriculum. To determine the need to offer a graduate program in MIS.A committee consisting of one faculty member and a representative from the IPFW Alumni Association conducted the survey: designing the survey instrument and the cover letter, supervising the distribution of the survey, collecting the replies and recording them in a statistical database. The data have been tabulated and are now being analysed.The survey was designed for the ease of completion by our graduates and for the ease of tabulation of the responses.Questions in the survey covered the following areas: General background of graduates, including starting and current salaries; location, size and primary business of employer; and primary job responsibilities. Assessment of Computer Technology curriculum in terms of: theory / application balance quality of courses offered knowledge of faculty. Recommendations concerning subjects that need to be added to the curriculum and courses that may be outdated or are perceived to be of little value.Survey forms were mailed to approximately 650 graduates during the winter of 1985 - 86. We have received 135 replies, giving us a 20% response.
Numerical analysis for evaluating the "Exposure Reduction Effectiveness" of room air cleaners

Abstract An “Exposure Reduction Effectiveness” index is proposed to quantify the performance of room air cleaners based on their capability of reducing occupants' exposure to pollutants of interest. The index has advantages over existing index such as CADR. It is applicable to both room average and local breathing zones, and can be used to compare air cleaning with the other two IAQ strategies: ventilation and source reduction. A computational fluid dynamics model is developed and used to assess the effectiveness of a room air cleaner for VOCs and particles of different sizes. The simulation results show: (1) species transport model and drift-flux Eulerian model can be used to predict concentration distributions of gaseous pollutants and particulate matters when there's an air cleaner operating and CFD simulation is an efficient tool to analyze personal ventilation; (2) the Exposure Reduction Effectiveness (ERE) index is effective for describing the removal effectiveness of room air cleaners in local zones as well as the room average.
High temperature mechanical behavior of polycrystalline alumina from mixed nanometer and micrometer powders

Sintered aluminum oxide materials were formed using commercial methods from mechanically mixed powders of nano-and micrometer alumina. The powders were consolidated at 1500 and 1600 C with 3.2 and 7.2 ksi applied stress in argon. The conventional micrometer sized powders failed to consolidate. While 100 percent nanometer-sized alumina and its mixture with the micrometer powders achieved less than 99 percent density. Preliminary high temperature creep behavior indicates no super-plastic strains. However high strains (less than 0.65 percent) were generated in the nanometer powder, due to cracks and linked voids initiated by cavitation.
Subsetting the SPEC CPU2006 benchmark suite

On August 24, 2006, the Standard Performance Evaluation Corporation (SPEC) announced CPU2006 -- the next generation of industry-standardized CPU-intensive benchmark suite. The SPEC CPU benchmark suite has become the most frequently used suite for simulation-based computer architecture research. Detailed processor simulators take days to weeks to simulate each of the SPEC CPU programs. In order to reduce simulation to a tractable time, architects and researchers often use only a subset of benchmarks from the SPEC CPU suite to evaluate the potential of their ideas. Prior research has demonstrated that statistical techniques are most effective to find a representative subset of benchmark programs from a benchmark suite. The objective of this paper is to apply multivariate statistical data analysis techniques for selecting a representative subset of programs from the SPEC CPU2006 benchmark suite. We measure a set of performance counter based characteristics for the SPEC CPU2006 programs across a large number of architectures and apply multivariate statistical analysis techniques to find a representative subset of benchmarks and representative input sets wherever multiple input sets are provided. The results from this paper will help architects and researchers to find a smaller but representative set of programs from the SPEC CPU2006 benchmark suite, when time or resource constraints prohibit experimentation with the entire benchmark suite.
Influenza-induced expression of functional tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells

The immunologic response to influenza virus infection, like many other viruses, is characterized by robust production of proinflammatory cytokines, including type I and II interferon (IFN), which induce a number of antiviral effects and are essential for priming the innate and adaptive cellular components of the immune response. Here, we demonstrate that influenza virus infection induces the expression of functional tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) on human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) populations. Consistent with previous studies examining TRAIL upregulation, increased TRAIL expression correlated with increased type I and II IFN levels in PBMC cultures. Interestingly, dilution of these cytokines resulted in decreased expression of TRAIL. TRAIL upregulation was not dependent on active viral infection, and TRAIL was observed on NS-1-negative cells. Furthermore, influenza virus infection of lung adenocarcinoma cells (A549) resulted in increased sensitization to TRAIL-induced apoptosis compared with uninfected A549. Infected PBMC expressing TRAIL preferentially killed infected A549, but did not affect uninfected cells, and the addition of soluble TRAIL-R2:Fc blocked the lysis of infected cells, demonstrating TRAIL-dependent killing of infected cells. Collectively, these data demonstrate that TRAIL expression is induced on primary human innate and adaptive immune cells in response to cytokines produced during influenza infection and that TRAIL sensitivity is increased in influenza virus-infected cells. These data also suggest that TRAIL is a primary mechanism used by influenza-stimulated human PBMC to kill influenza-infected target cells and reinforce the importance of cytokines produced in response to TLR agonists in enhancing cellular immune effector functions.
Large scale nonlinear deterministic and stochastic optimization: formulations involving simulation of subsurface contamination

Once subsurface water supplies become contaminated, designing cost-effective and reliable remediation schemes becomes a difficult task. The combination of finite element simulation of groundwater contaminant transport with nonlinear optimization is one approach to determine the best well selection and optimal fluid withdrawal and injection rates to contain and remove the contaminated water. Both deterministic and stochastic programming problems have been formulated and solved. These tend to be large scale problems, owing to the simulation component which serves as a portion of the constraint set. The overall problem of combined groundwater process simulation and nonlinear optimization is discussed along with example problems. Because the contaminant transport simulation models give highly uncertain results, quantifying their uncertainty and incorporating reliability into the remediation design results in a class of large stochastic nonlinear problems. The reliability problem is beginning to be addressed, and some strategies and formulations involving chance constraints and Monte Carlo methods are presented.
"Siri, is this you?": Understanding young children's interactions with voice input systems

The increasing pervasiveness of voice input systems in consumer devices (e.g., Apple's iOS Siri) creates the potential for young children to use features and access content that previously required the ability to read and write. However, whether and how young children use voice input systems and associated voice agents on mainstream devices has not been studied in detail. This paper reports preliminary findings from an online survey with parents about children's use of voice input systems and a content analysis of YouTube videos depicting child interaction with one popular voice input system. Our results reveal three primary ways in which children use voice input systems: exploration, to understand and relate to the voice agent and for fun; information seeking, related to fact-finding questions and information about their surrounding environment; and functional, as a means of operating the device. While our results are preliminary, they highlight a variety of opportunities and challenges voice input systems present for children and parents.
Ethical dilemma and moral distress: proposed new NANDA diagnoses.

purpose. To propose two NANDA diagnoses—ethical dilemma and moral distress—and to distinguish between the NANDA diagnosis decisional conflict and the proposed nursing diagnosis of ethical dilemma. sources used. Journal articles, books, and focus group research findings. data synthesis. Moral/ethical situations exist in health care. Nurses’ experiences of ethical dilemmas and moral distress are extrapolated to the types and categories of ethical dilemmas and moral distress that patients experience and are used as the basis for development of two new nursing diagnoses. conclusion. The two proposed NANDA diagnoses fill a void in current standardized terminology. practice implications. It is important that nurses have the ability to diagnose ethical or moral situations in health care. Currently, NANDA does not offer a means to document this important phenomenon. The creation of two sets of nursing diagnoses, ethical dilemma and moral distress, will enable nurses to recognize and track nursing care related to ethical or moral situations.
ttime: an R Package for Translating the Timing of Brain Development Across Mammalian Species

Understanding relationships between the sequence and timing of brain developmental events across a given set of mammalian species can provide information about both neural development and evolution. Yet neurodevelopmental event timing data available from the published literature are incomplete, particularly for humans. Experimental documentation of unknown event timings requires considerable effort that can be expensive, time consuming, and for humans, often impossible. Application of suitable statistical models for translating neurodevelopmental event timings across mammalian species is essential. The present study implements an established statistical model and related functions as an open-source R package (ttime, translating time). The model incorporated into ttime allows predictions of unknown neurodevelopmental timings and explorations of phylogenetic relationships. The open-source package will enable transparency and reproducibility while minimizing redundancy. Sustainability and widespread dissemination will be guaranteed by the active CRAN (Comprehensive R Archive Network) community. The package updates the web-service (Clancy et al. 2007b) www.translatingtime.net by permitting predictions based on curated event timing databases which may include species not yet incorporated in the current model. The R package can be integrated into complex workflows that use the event predictions in their analyses. The package ttime is publicly available and can be downloaded from http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/ttime/index.html.
The structure of the surface membranes in rat heart muscle mitochondria as revealed by freeze-fracturing.

The two surface membranes of rat heart muscle mitochondria are structurally very different. They both also differ structurally from the crista membranes. There is therefore no justification to consider the crista membranes as mere infoldings of the innermost surface membrane. Most of the earlier freeze-fracture studies on intact mitochondria have predominantly involved the innermost surface membrane. The conclusions drawn from these studies therefore cannot be accepted as being relevant to the crista membranes. Of the two surface membranes, the outermost showed the simplest structure. Fish scale-like particles measuring 120 to 240 A in width and a second type of particle measuring 120 A in diameter were distributed over an otherwise mostly smooth surface. The former particles extended through the entire membrane. The innermost surface membrane consisted of closely aggregated particles in a monolayer. Irregularities in the inner surface of this membrane could be related to stalk-like connections extending from this membrane to the inner membranes of the cristae. The thickness of the innermost surface membrane was measured on cross fractures to be 70 A. The distribution of the dimensions of the particles of this membrane deviated from that of the inner membranes. Particles with diameters measuring 100 to 150 A in directions parallel to the plane of the membrane thus dominated in the innermost surface membrane. The distinguishing of three structurally different types of membranes in heart muscle mitochondria agrees with the observations made by Sjostrand (1977, J. Ultrastruct. Res. 59, 292–319) on material that had been prepared according to the low denaturation techniques. The thicknesses of the surface membranes measured on the freeze-fractured material also agree with those determined on material prepared according to the low denaturation techniques.
Water vapour, sonoluminescence and sonochemistry

Sonoluminescence is the production of light from acoustically forced bubbles; sonochemistry is a related chemical processing technique. The two phenomena share a sensitive dependence on the liquid phase. The present work is an investigation of the fate and consequences of water vapour in the interior of strongly forced argon micro–bubbles. Due to the extreme nonlinearity of the volume oscillations, excess water vapour is trapped in the bubble during a rapid inertial collapse. Water vapour is prevented from exiting by relatively slow diffusion and non–equilibrium condensation at the bubble wall. By reducing the compression heating of the mixture and through primarily endothermic chemical reactions, the water vapour reduces the temperatures within the bubble significantly. The quantity and disposition of hydroxyl radicals produced within the bubble are studied in some detail, as this is of keen interest in sonochemistry. It was recently shown by Moss and co–workers that light emission from a sonoluminescence bubble depends sensitively on the water–vapour content. The quantity of trapped water vapour determined in the present analysis is in excellent agreement with the amount found by Moss and co–workers to match photon yields and pulse widths of recent experiments.
The Institutionalization of Nonprofit Human Service Delivery: The Role of Political Culture

This article demonstrates that political culture is an important factor for human service delivery systems. Information from two metropolitan areas with different political cultures is used to test expectations regarding the design andfunctioning of these systems. Thefindings indicate that in a moralistic (as opposed to a traditionalistic-individualistic) political culture, state and local governments spend more for human services, provide more funding to nonprofit organizations, and compensate forfederal human service program budget reductions. In a traditionalistic-individualistic culture, on the other hand, the private sector is relatively more important for the funding of nonprofits and for their adjustment to federal budget cuts. This has implications for the level and range of human services available to the citizens of a community andfor the changes that can be expected in communities over time.
My Best Work

As physicians we spend years of formal training and decades of practice in order to achieve optimal competence in the care of our patients. Although our education never ends, we always fall short of perfection, and we remain forever fallible, we do achieve a vast array of high-level skills that benefit our patients, their families, our staff and team members, and as well as ourselves and our families. We learn to diagnose, treat, and prevent illness, to promote health and well-being, and to communicate.
USING CONJOINT ANALYSIS TO PREDICT TRIAL AND REPEAT-PURCHASE PATTERNS OF NEW FREQUENTLY PURCHASED PRODUCTS*

A new approach is proposed to evaluate new-product opportunities. This approach uses the distribution of brand-purchase probability of the new product over a population of potential customers and the outputs from conjoint analysis. The heterogeneous distribution of brand-purchase probability is expressed by a beta binomial brand-choice model compounded with a negative binomial product-class purchase-incidence model. The resulting model provides a way to predict trial and repeat-purchase patterns of new-product concepts. The paper discusses the development of the model. It also discusses issues of measurement, estimation, testing, and implementation of the proposed approach based on actual empirical data.
Solventless Suzuki Coupling Reactions on Palladium-Doped KF/Al2O3

A solventless Suzuki coupling has been developed. A commercially available potassium fluoride−alumina mixture is utilized along with palladium black.
Understanding the welfare implications of currency substitution

Abstract This paper develops a model of endogenous currency substitution where agents decide which purchases will be made with domestic and which with foreign currency. In a representative agent economy allowing for this use of alternative means of payments is welfare enhancing. The result is an application of Ramsey taxation rules, by which currency substitution shifts the burden of the inflation tax towards relatively demand inelastic commodities. When extending the model to the case in which agents have different productivities we show that inflation has strong income distribution effects with high (low) income agents benefitting (losing) when currency substitution is introduced.
The Moral Paradigm Test

Teaching business ethics classes can often be difficult because many students memorize enough of the moral theories to pass their tests, but never understand the motivating spirit underlying the theories. The result is that students are able to apply the moral principles to various situations, but produce the wrong results due to their illicit biases and rationalizations.
Popliteus Tendon Resection During Total Knee Arthroplasty: An Observational Report

Background The contribution provided by the popliteus tendon in patients undergoing TKA is poorly defined. Some authors believe the popliteus tendon is essential to a well-functioning arthroplasty, while others do not believe it provides a critical function.
Lymphomas of the testicle.

Although lymphomas of the testicle anecdotally may be confined to that organ, in general they represent a part of the disease which is distributed widely in other parts of the body. A review of the literature and of our nine cases indicates that of those presenting initially in the testicle, the first recurrence is often in a visceral organ or in a noncontiguous lymph node region. Frequent involvement of Waldeyer's ring, the paranasal sinuses, and contralateral testicle makes this disease worthy of further study.
Reduction of compost phytotoxicity during the process of decomposition.

Abstract Hog manure from windrows composted at different operating strategies was used in a bioassay to determine phytotoxicity. Twelve windows that differed in composting strategies (i.e. turning frequency and moisture content adjustment) were built. The effects of hog manure water extracts on seed germination and primary root growth of cress (Lepidum sativum L.) was measured. The germination index (GI, a product of relative seed germination and root elongation) was related to the chemical characteristics (electrical conductivity, nitrogen compounds, C:N ratio, heavy metals and humification parameters) of the hog manure. The water-extractable chemical properties of the hog manure that showed the highest negative correlation with GI were extractable Cu, extractable Zn and NH 4 + N , demonstrating that these chemical compounds gradually decrease during composting due to transformation to other compounds and immobilization effects. A GI > 80 (an indicator of the disappearance of phytotoxicity) was reached when the concentrations of NH 4 + –N, extractable Cu, and extractable Zn were ⩽ 2 g kg−1, ⩽ 15 mg kg−1, and ⩽ 15 mg kg−1, respectively. Multiple regression analysis revealed that NH 4 + –N was the most important factors affecting the phytotoxicity of the hog manure. Composting strategies employed affected the speed of composting, time of maturation, and disappearance of phytotoxicity. The disappearance of phytotoxicity corresponded with the time of maturation of the hog manure. If optimum composting conditions (windrows turned every 4 d with weekly moisture adjustment to 60%) are met, phytotoxicity disappears within 56 d.
A scalable multistage linear solver for reservoir models with multisegment wells

Wellbore flow and interactions between wells and the reservoir can be complex. Accurate modeling of these behaviors is especially important for multilateral and other advanced wells. This paper describes a new scalable linear solver for flow simulation of detailed reservoir models with advanced wells and well groups. A general purpose research simulator serves as the computational platform, in which a multisegment well (MsWell) model is used to describe wellbore flow. In the MsWell model, the wellbore is discretized into a number of segments. Hence, the MsWell model adds a large number of equations and unknowns, which are fully coupled to the reservoir model. Operating constraints on groups of wells add one more level of complexity to the system. The new linear solver is a generalized two-stage constrained pressure residual preconditioner. A global pressure system is obtained algebraically in the first stage. The system represents the pressure coupling between the reservoir and wells accurately. The well groups are disaggregated into individual multisegment wells, which then are further reduced to a standard well-like form. The two-stage scheme serves as the inner loop of a generalized minimum residual solver. Algebraic multigrid is used to compute the first-stage pressure solution; a special block-based incomplete lower–upper preconditioner is used for the second stage. We demonstrate the superior performance of this new solver compared with state-of-the-art methods using a variety of highly detailed reservoir models with complex wells and well groups.
Correlation between surface core levels and surface states in Si(111)-(7×7) probed by Ag adsorption

Synchrotron-radiation photoemission is employed to examine the spectral modifications caused by Ag adsorption on Si(111)-(7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}7). There is a correlation between the adatom-derived surface state at a binding energy of 0.3 eV and a surface core-level component at a binding energy 0.8 eV lower than that of the bulk core-level component; both are completely suppressed at a 1/4 monolayer Ag coverage. This result suggests that the same surface core-level component is derived from the adatoms.
Woody biomass pretreatment for cellulosic ethanol production : technology and energy consumption evaluation

This review presents a comprehensive discussion of the key technical issues in woody biomass pretreatment: barriers to efficient cellulose saccharification, pretreatment energy consumption, in particular energy consumed for wood-size reduction, and criteria to evaluate the performance of a pretreatment. A post-chemical pretreatment size-reduction approach is proposed to significantly reduce mechanical energy consumption. Because the ultimate goal of biofuel production is net energy output, a concept of pretreatment energy efficiency (kg/MJ) based on the total sugar recovery (kg/kg wood) divided by the energy consumption in pretreatment (MJ/kg wood) is defined. It is then used to evaluate the performances of three of the most promising pretreatment technologies: steam explosion, organosolv, and sulfite pretreatment to overcome lignocelluloses recalcitrance (SPORL) for softwood pretreatment. The present study found that SPORL is the most efficient process and produced highest sugar yield. Other important issues, such as the effects of lignin on substrate saccharification and the effects of pretreatment on high-value lignin utilization in woody biomass pretreatment, are also discussed.
Effect of chilling on the organization of tubulin and chromosomes in rhesus monkey oocytes.

Abstract Objective: To determine the effects of chilling on the organization and distribution of tubulin and chromosomes in rhesus monkey oocytes. Design: Comparative laboratory study. Setting: Academic research laboratory. Animal(s): Eight adult female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) aged 6–16 years. Intervention(s): A total of 171 oocytes retrieved from eight rhesus monkeys were separated into nine groups. One group of control oocytes was held at 37°C during the experiment. Four groups of oocytes were rapidly cooled to 0°C and held for 1, 5, 10, or 30 minutes and then fixed and stained. Four other groups of oocytes were cooled to 0°C, held for 1, 5, 10, or 30 minutes, warmed and incubated at 37°C for 60 minutes, and then fixed and stained. Main Outcome Measure(s): Organization of cytoskeleton and chromosomes. Result(s): Exposure of rhesus oocytes to 0°C for only 1 minute resulted in complete depolymerization of tubulin. Incubation of chilled oocytes at 37°C for 60 minutes caused partial restoration of tubulin, although most oocytes exhibited abnormal alignment of chromosomes and disorganized meiotic spindles. Conclusion(s): We conclude that rhesus monkey oocytes are extremely sensitive to chilling injury. Their successful cryopreservation may require rapid cooling to outpace this injury.
Modulation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-24-hydroxylase by aminophylline: a cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase system.

Abstract The chick kidney mitochondrial 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 -24-hydroxylase is a cytochrome P-450 catalyzed monooxygenase system. The administration of aminophylline [3,7-Dihydro-1,3-dimethyl-1H-purine-2,6-dione compounded with 1,2-ethanediamine (2:1)], a cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor, to vitamin D 3 -sufficient chicks at a dose of 78 mg/kg body weight increased the 24-hydroxylase activity by 10-fold without a corresponding increase in the kidney mitochondrial cytochrome P-450 concentration. The product of the reaction comigrated with authentic 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 in high pressure liquid chromatography and was quantitatively sensitive to periodate oxidation cleavage. The increase in the enzyme activity occurred while serum calcium concentration fell from 14 to 9 mg%. Serum phosphate concentration remained unchanged. These results support the idea that the regulation of kidney 24-hydroxylase activity may be mediated by tissue levels of cyclic nucleotides.
Finite-amplitude models of convection in the early mantle

Models of finite-amplitude, time-dependent mantle convection at Reynolds number ten million are calculated. The models are based on the Boussinesq approximation for convection at infinite Prandtl number and treat convection in a two-dimensional, Cartesian coordinate box with an aspect ratio of 1.4. The initial conditions consist of a static fluid with a purely conductive temperature profile, while the boundary conditions are taken to be free slip, with impenetrable insulating side walls. The initial conditions are found to result in an initial burst of convection that reverses the horizontally averaged temperature gradient, making the middle layers stable with respect to convection. With bottom heating and cooling of the top, two distinct layers of convective cells occur; with top cooling only, the upper layer alone convects.
RMRP mutations in cartilage-hair hypoplasia†

Cartilage hair hypoplasia (CHH) or McKusick type metaphyseal chondrodysplasia (MCD) (OMIM # 250250) is due to either the homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in the nuclear encoded, non-coding RNA gene RMRP. Twenty-seven CHH patients were referred for molecular evaluation of the clinical diagnosis. RMRP mutations were found in 22 patients. The phenotype in one of the five mutation-negative patients was fully congruent with the adopted case definition of CHH. In a second of these patients, the diagnosis of Schmid type MCD (OMIM # 156500) was made and confirmed by the detection of a mutation in the COL10A1 gene. The remaining patients most likely represent one or more MCDs hitherto not yet delineated. The pattern of cumulative growth in infancy and early childhood in the latter four patients was the single feature with greatest negative predictive power for CHH. Fourteen mutations detected here, had not been reported previously. In this ethnically heterogeneous population, we performed a retrospective study to compare the prevalence of clinical features compared to previous reports based mostly on more ethnically homogenous groups. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Utility function security in artificially intelligent agents

The notion of ‘wireheading’, or direct reward centre stimulation of the brain, is a well-known concept in neuroscience. In this paper, we examine the corresponding issue of reward (utility) function integrity in artificially intelligent machines. We survey the relevant literature and propose a number of potential solutions to ensure the integrity of our artificial assistants. Overall, we conclude that wireheading in rational self-improving optimisers above a certain capacity remains an unsolved problem despite opinion of many that such machines will choose not to wirehead. A relevant issue of literalness in goal setting also remains largely unsolved and we suggest that the development of a non-ambiguous knowledge transfer language might be a step in the right direction.
Grouping with Bias

With the optimization of pattern discrimination as a goal, graph partitioning approaches often lack the capability to integrate prior knowledge to guide grouping. In this paper, we consider priors from unitary generative models, partially labeled data and spatial attention. These priors are modelled as constraints in the solution space. By imposing uniformity condition on the constraints, we restrict the feasible space to one of smooth solutions. A subspace projection method is developed to solve this constrained eigenproblem. We demonstrate that simple priors can greatly improve image segmentation results.