cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Communication about Contraception with Adolescent Females with Asthma in Pediatric Visits.

Abstract Study Objective Occurrence and characteristics of contraception discussions with adolescents are unexplored. Our study sought to address this gap using transcripts of audiotaped healthcare visits. Design, Setting, and Participants This study was a secondary analysis of 153 transcripts of medical visits with female adolescents with asthma. Medical visits took place among four outpatient clinics in North Carolina. Main Outcome Measure(s) Transcripts were reviewed for occurrence and characteristics of contraception discussions. Demographics were collected from adolescent interviews, caregiver questionnaires, and provider questionnaires. Results Contraception was mentioned in 3% (n=5) of office visits. Conversations about contraception included the topics of contraception efficacy (20%), contraception side effects (60%), contraception adherence (20%) and adolescent sexual health (20%). No conversations included the topics of contraception indication or alternative methods. Conclusions Conversations about contraception occurred infrequently. When conversations did occur, the topics they covered lacked alignment with guideline recommendations.
Do Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons Prescribe More Opioids After Third Molar Removal for Patients with Substance Use History

Purpose Oral and maxillofacial surgeons (OMSs) must manage postoperative pain control for patients who take illicit substances. The purpose of this study was to measure and compare the amount of opioid prescribing between patients with and without self-reported substance use history (SUH) by OMSs after third molar (M3) removal. Materials and Methods The investigators implemented a retrospective cohort study and enrolled a sample of subjects who had M3 removal between January 1, 2019 through December 31, 2019. The primary predictor variable was SUH coded as yes (SUH+) or no (SUH-). The primary and secondary outcome variables were prescribed morphine milligram equivalents (MMEs) and number of postoperative visits due to inadequate pain control (IPC), respectively. Other variables were age, gender, payor, provider, anesthesia, and procedure specific. Descriptive, bivariate, and multiple linear regression models were computed. Results The sample included 1,112 subjects with a mean age of 25 ± 9 years; 61.2% were female. Of the 1,112 subjects, 198 (17.8%) reported a SUH. Mean MMEs were 70.9 ± 27.9 and 63.4 ± 28.8 in the SUH+ and SUH- groups, respectively (P ≤ .001). An adjusted linear regression model showed a non-significant association between SUH and MMEs prescribed (P = .50). The study showed a non-significant increase (P = .15) in the proportion of patients with IPC in the SUH- group (4.1%) versus the SUH+ group (2.0%). Conclusions The results suggest that 10% more opioids were prescribed for postoperative pain after M3 removal for patients with SUH, though after adjustment, the amount may not be clinically significant. Postoperative pain management after M3 removal in patients with SUH, on average, can be managed in a similar manner as for patients without SUH.
Unique prospects of phase change material Sb 2 Se 3 for ultra-compact reconfigurable nanophotonic devices

In this work, we explore inverse designed reconfigurable digital metamaterial structures based on phase change material Sb2Se3 for efficient and compact integrated nanophotonics. An exemplary design of a 1 × 2 optical switch consisting of a 3 µm x 3 µm pixelated domain is demonstrated. We show that: (i) direct optimization of a domain containing only Si and Sb2Se3 pixels does not lead to a high extinction ratio between output ports in the amorphous state, which is owed to the small index contrast between Si and Sb2Se3 in such a state. As a result, (ii) topology optimization, e.g., the addition of air pixels, is required to provide an initial asymmetry that aids the amorphous state's response. Furthermore, (iii) the combination of low loss and high refractive index change in Sb2Se3, which is unique among all phase change materials in the telecommunications 1550 nm band, translates into an excellent projected performance; the optimized device structure exhibits a low insertion loss (∼1.5 dB) and high extinction ratio (>18 dB) for both phase states.
The Distribution of Mycobacterium avium Paratuberculosis in the Environment Surrounding Minnesota Dairy Farms

Paratuberculosis, or Johne's disease, is a chronic and progressive intestinal disease in ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). The usual route of infection is fecal-oral, with young cattle becoming infected by exposure to infected adults or their environment. The disease becomes manifest in adulthood and results in economic losses due to premature culling, reduced milk production and loss of body weight in cattle sold for slaughter. The bacterium survives for months in extreme environmental conditions. The objectives of this study were to characterize the distribution of MAP in the environment of Minnesota dairy farms and to assess the association between infected dairy herds and their environments.
On the application of Weibull statistics for describing strength of micro and nanostructures

Abstract Although the Weibull distribution has been used to describe strength data at the micro/nanoscale, its general applicability for micro/nanostructures has yet not been established. Most results are inconclusive due to insufficient data (an unavoidable challenge in micro/nanomechanical testing), and because they do not reveal the characteristics of the representative volume element. Macroscale structures are assumed to contain thousands of elements or more—the mathematical form of the Weibull distribution arises from this assumption. Micro/nanostructures, on the other hand, may contain much fewer elements. Another macroscale assumption is that the stress is far smaller than the strength of the representative element, i.e. the theoretical strength, but the strength of nanostructures approaches this value. The traditional mathematical form of the distribution also precludes calculation of the representative volume from strength data, preventing comparisons to defects or microstructural features that control failure (their size should be similar). Here, it is demonstrated that the Weibull distribution can mathematically describe the probability of failure with m > 2. Furthermore, using the exact form of the distribution, without the assumptions that lead to its traditional exponential form, equations are derived that allow the representative volume to be calculated from strength data, provided sufficient specimens and sizes are tested. Data for graphene and polysilicon are analyzed with the newly-derived equations, obtaining representative elements that agree well with the observed defects.
Ripmeester, John A.: Forty-Plus Years of Research in Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy

As in the case of most researchers, I spent the early part of my career in learning the fundamentals—in this case, solid-state NMR as practiced in the late 1960s and early 1970s. This background eventually gave me employment at the National Research Council of Canada where my expertise was seen as a valuable asset to venture into detailed studies of dynamics in clathrate hydrates. This led to the exploration of new approaches, e.g., the exploration of 129Xe NMR spectroscopy for the characterization of pore space as well as the exploration of new materials—generally classifiable as guest–host and supramolecular solids. The research group which I led for a number of years, with expanded expertise in NMR and complementary techniques, became known for the ability to characterize complex materials where disorder and dynamics were a problem. With the recent global interest in natural gas hydrates, my interests have swung back to concentrating on understanding structures and processes in this challenging class of labile minerals. Keywords: solid state NMR; clathrates; inclusion compounds; porous materials; supramolecular solids; molecular motion; disorder
SPIRITUALITY AND AGING BY Robert C. Atchley

In some ways one may consider Spirituality and aging a culminating achievement in the career of noted teacher and writer Robert C. Atchley. Atchley taught for many years at Miami University (Ohio)....
Gastric lipolysis and fat absorption in preterm infants: effect of medium-chain triglyceride or long-chain triglyceride-containing formulas.

The extent of gastric lipolysis, fat absorption, and infant weight gain was studied in 12 preterm infants (gestational age 28.75 ± 0.50 weeks, postnatal age 6.08 ± 0.81 weeks) fed medium-chain triglyceride or long-chain triglyceride formula for 1 week in a crossover design. The former formula contained 42% of 8:0 and 10:0 and 19% of 12:0, 14:0, and 16:0; the latter formula contained only 7% of 8:0 and 10:0 and 46% of 12:0, 14:0, and 16:0. Gastric aspirates were obtained on the second and third day of formula feeding for quantitation of lipase activity and of the extent of gastric lipolysis. Fat balance studies were conducted during the last three days of each feeding regimen. The study showed that (1) there was marked hydrolysis of formula fat in the stomach during feeding of either medium-chain triglyceride formula or long-chain triglyceride formula (20% and 16%, respectively); (2) lipase activity in the gastric aspirates was less during feeding of medium-chain triglyceride formula than before the meal, which suggested stimulation of lipase secretion by long-chain fatty acid released from long-chain triglyceride formula fat or more rapid binding of lipase to ingested lipid in the medium-chain triglyceride formula; (3) fatty acid distribution in glycerides and free fatty acids showed preferential release of medium-chain (8:0, 10:0) and long-chain unsaturated (18:1, 18:2) fatty acids in the stomach. The low content of 8:0 and 10:0 in gastric triglyceride and free fatty acids suggested that medium-chain fatty acids were absorbed directly in the stomach. (4) fat balance studies showed almost identical absorption rates (84.6% ± 3.1% and 82.8% ± 4.0%) and weight gain (23.0 ± 1.5 g/d and 20.8 ± 1.8 g/d) during feeding of either medium-chain triglyceride or long-chain triglyceride formula. In this study, in which each infant was fed either formula alternately, it was shown that although the extent of fat digestion varied among infants, medium-chain and long-chain triglyceride were absorbed to the same extent by most infants.
Recognition-based measures of ethical sensitivity and reformulated cognitive moral development: An examination and evidence of nomological validity

Because most prominent theories of ethical decisionmaking posit that the process begins with anindividual's recognition of the ethical issuesinherent in a decision situation, and is followed bysome degree of individual cognitive processing, theconstructs ethical sensitivity and cognitive moraldevelopment assume great importance in the study ofbusiness ethics. Two recent developments in theethics literature suggest that these two constructswarrant additional examination. First, is the use ofrecognition-based measures of ethical sensitivity;second is the development of a new index for theprincipal measure of cognitive moral development, theDefining Issues Test. In this paper, the authorsexamine issues of nomological validity related tothese two constructs in light of these recentdevelopments. Results of an empirical study showstrong support for the new index of cognitive moraldevelopment, but likely because of samplecharacteristics, support for the ethical sensitivitymeasure is inconclusive.
Synthesis of high aspect ratio platelet SrTiO3

A method for synthesis of high aspect ratio platelet seeds by growth of SrTiO3 on Sr3Ti2O7 core particles is reported. The aim of this study was to identify and control the morphology and size of SrTiO3 particles via molten salt synthesis. Platelet and tabular morphologies with rectangular faces were obtained using rutile and anatase, respectively. Platelet SrTiO3 particles with an edge length of 10–40 μm and a thickness of 1–4 μm were obtained. High aspect ratios (edge length to thickness) of 7–10 were measured for platelet particles as opposed to lower aspect ratios of 2–4 for tabular particles. Highly anisotropic platelets are suitable template candidates to achieve textured ceramics.
Parent perceptions of the quality of information received about a child's cancer.

Background Parents' perceptions of the quality of information communicated by their child's oncologist about the child's cancer are not well understood. Procedure We conducted a cross-sectional survey of 194 parents of children with cancer (response rate 70%), treated at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass, and the children's physicians. Parents were asked to report the quality of information received about the child's cancer in several domains. Results Most parents reported that information about their child's cancer had been excellent (49%) or good (41%) overall, and ratings were similar for information about diagnosis (P = 0.62) and treatment (P = 0.59). Fewer parents felt they received high quality information about how cancer treatment is working (P < 0.001), likelihood of cure (P < 0.001), what the diagnosis means for the future (P < 0.001), and whether there is a cause for the child's cancer (P < 0.001). In multivariable models, parents were more likely to consider information of high quality when they also rated physician communication style highly. The accuracy of their knowledge on likelihood of cure and the child's future limitations, however, was not associated with quality ratings. Conclusions Although parents feel that they have received high quality cancer information overall, parents feel they receive lower quality information about issues relating to the child's future. Yet quality ratings are not associated with their actual knowledge. Parent perceptions of quality represent one, but not the only, facet of communication quality. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013;60:1896–1901. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Predictive factors for latency period and a prognostic model for survival in patients with therapy‐related acute myeloid leukemia

Therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia (t-AML) is an increasingly recognized sequela in patients receiving chemotherapy or radiotherapy for a primary malignancy or autoimmune disease. This study assessed factors related to the latency period (LP) between the antecedent disorder (AD) and t-AML diagnosis and developed a comprehensive prognostic model to predict overall survival (OS). We evaluated a cohort of newly diagnosed t-AML patients treated with cytarabine-based induction therapy from 2001 to 2011. Multivariable linear and proportional hazards models were used to assess the impact of different classes of chemotherapy on the LP and to identify independent prognostic factors for OS. Of 730 treated AML patients, 58 (7.9%) had t-AML. Median LP to t-AML was 5.6 years (range, 0.5–38.4). 64% of patients achieved CR and median OS was 10.7 months. Independent prognostic factors of short LP were age at AD (P 60 (P = 0.03), and platelet count <30,000 μL (P = 0.04) at the time of t-AML diagnosis were prognostic for inferior OS. A prognostic model using these factors was developed that risk stratified t-AML patients into two groups: favorable and unfavorable. Patients in the favorable group had a median OS of 37.6 months compared with 6.4 months in patients comprising the unfavorable group (P < 0.0001). Multicomponent prognostic models integrating disease or treatment-related covariates can help better understand how t-AML evolves; and can be clinically useful in risk stratifying t-AML patients undergoing induction therapy. Am. J. Hematol. 89:168–173, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Emergency Department Hypotension Predicts Sudden Unexpected In-hospital Mortality: A Prospective Cohort Study

Objective The prevalence and prognostic significance of nontraumatic hypotension measured in the emergency department (ED) have not been studied. We hypothesized that ED hypotension confers risk of in-hospital mortality. Design Prospective cohort study. Setting Large urban ED with 115,000 visits per year. Participants Nontrauma ED patients aged > 17 years admitted to the hospital were prospectively identified on a random sample of 24-h blocks during 2004 to 2005. "Exposures" had any systolic BP (SBP) Outcome measures Mortality rates were compared with confidence intervals (CIs), Kaplan-Meier survival curves, and multivariate logistic regression. Results A total of 4,790 patients were enrolled during the study period, with 887 patients (19%) in the exposure group. Exposures were more likely to die in the hospital compared with nonexposures (8% vs 3%; 95% CI for difference of 5%, 4 to 8%). Exposures were more likely to have sudden and unexpected death compared with nonexposures (2% vs 0.2%, 95% CI for difference of 1.8%, 1 to 3%). Kaplan-Meier estimates showed increased mortality in the exposure group at all time points (log-rank test, p Conclusion Nontraumatic hypotension was documented in 19% of a random sample of ED patients admitted to the hospital. Patients exposed to hypotension had a significantly increased risk of death during hospitalization.
The marketplace and medical education.

Throughout the twentieth century, American medical schools have found themselves with two homes: one in the university, the other in the healthcare delivery system. Of the two, the ties to the university have traditionally been far stronger. Since the passage of the Medicare and Medicaid legislation in 1965, the patient care activities of medical faculties have grown enormously, and the ties of medical schools to the healthcare delivery system have correspondingly increased. This has resulted from both the financial incentives of the marketplace and the faculties' enjoyment of the much higher salaries and benefits they have received in the post-Medicare era (1). In the past, medical schools have creatively modified the content and methods of their instruction to take into account changing scientific knowledge and social circumstances. However, at present, traditional curricular reform no longer suffices to meet the major educational challenges we face. This is because present-day market forces arc rapidly destroying the learning environment in which clinical education occurs. This essay will show that unless medical educators are able to correct the erosive effects on the learning environment that have occurred during the managed care era, the country faces the prospects that its physicians in the future will be ill prepared to meet their professional and public responsibilities.
Purification of Pneumolysin

A procedure for the purification of pneumolysin has been developed. Its use results in a 96-fold increase in specific activity from the original crude pneumococcal extract to the final purified product. The purified material is heat-labile and is inactivated by trypsin and cholesterol; inactivation by p-hydroxymercuribenzoate can be reversed by mercaptoethanol. Intravenous administration of the material to rabbits results in crenation, increased osmotic fragility, and intravascular lysis of the erythrocytes of the animal.
A new unified approach for analyzing wing-body-tail configurations with control surfaces

A general theory for steady and unsteady, subsonic and supersonic potential aerodynamics for complex configurations is presented. Special attention is given to the theoretical formulation and the corresponding numerical implementation for coplanar interfering surfaces. Applying the Green's function method to the equation of the velocity potential and discretizing the spatial problem by using the finite-element technique, yields a set of differential-delay equations in time relating the potential to the normal wash. For fully unsteady flow, the motion is assumed to consist of constant subsonic or supersonic speed for time t less than or equal to 0 (steady state) and of small perturbations around the steady state for time t greater than 0; the solution is obtained in the Laplace domain. From the potential, the aerodynamic pressure and the generalized forces are evaluated. The program SOUSSA (Steady, Oscillatory and Unsteady Subsonic and Supersonic Aerodynamics) is briefly described. Numerical results obtained with SOUSSA are presented.
Interaction of chlorhexidine digluconate with and adsorption of chlorhexidine on hydroxyapatite

It is well known that chlorhexidine digluconate provides an effective microbicidal activity during oral rinsing, and therefore, it was considered worthwhile to investigate its interaction with hydroxyapatite on a fundamental level. The kinetics of uptake (or reaction) of the compound from aqueous solutions by synthetic hydroxyapatite was studied at 23 degrees C for four time periods by monitoring its concentration. There was no uptake at low concentrations for any time period. The uptake curves for higher concentrations shifted towards the lower concentrations as the period increased and became more and more vertically oriented to the concentration axis. The concentrations of calcium ions increased, phosphate ions decreased and hydrogen ions decreased a little for a given period as the concentration of the compound was increased. All of these experimental facts can be qualitatively explained on the basis of the solubility considerations of hydroxyapatite and of chlorhexidine phosphate, the reaction product that slowly precipitates out of the solution. The needle-shaped birefringent crystals of the phosphate salt are clearly visible in the apatite matrix under a microscope, and its refractive index and differential Fourier transform infrared spectra match almost exactly with those of a well-characterized, synthesized phosphate salt. To explore the nature of interaction, the uptake of chlorhexidine base was studied from p-dioxane and it is irreversible. The uptake is total below a threshold equilibrium concentration and constant above it.
Binding Inequalities for Tree Network Location Problems with Distance Constraints

In this paper, we consider the problem of finding locations of several new facilities in an imbedded tree network with respect to existing facilities at known locations so as to satisfy distance constraints, which impose upper bounds on distances between pairs of facilities. It is known that the existence of a feasible solution to the distance constraints is related to shortest paths through an auxiliary network. The arc lengths in this auxiliary network are the upper bounds on pairwise facility distances. This relationship takes the form of necessary and sufficient conditions, termed the separation conditions. We relate “tight” separation conditions to the solution of multifacility minimax location problems and efficient solutions to multiobjective multifacility location problems. In addition, we demonstrate how the multiobjective results provide insight into the question of lowest computational order of an algorithm for determining whether or not the distance constraints are consistent.
A Theory of Composites Modeled as Interpenetrating Solid Continua

The differential equations and boundary conditions describing the behavior of a finitely deformable, heat-conducting composite material are derived by means of a systematic application of the laws of continuum mechanics to a well-defined macroscopic model consisting of interpenetrating solid continua. Each continuum represents one identifiable constituent of the N-constituent composite. The influence of viscous dissipation is included in the general treatment. Although the motion of the combined composite continuum may be arbitrarily large, the relative displacement of the individual constituents is required to be infinitesimal in order that the composite not rupture. The linear version of the equations in the absence of heat conduction and viscosity is exhibited in detail for the case of the two-constituent composite. The linear equations are written for both the isotropic and transversely isotropic material symmetries. Plane wave solutions in the isotropic case reveal the existence of high-frequency (optical type) branches as well as the ordinary low-frequency (acoustic type) branches, and all waves are dispersive. For the linear isotropic equations both static and dynamic potential representations are obtained, each of which is shown to be complete. The solutions for both the concentrated ordinary body force and relative body force are obtained from the static potential representation.
A comparison of texture models for automatic liver segmentation

Automatic liver segmentation from abdominal computed tomography (CT) images based on gray levels or shape alone is difficult because of the overlap in gray-level ranges and the variation in position and shape of the soft tissues. To address these issues, we propose an automatic liver segmentation method that utilizes low-level features based on texture information; this texture information is expected to be homogenous and consistent across multiple slices for the same organ. Our proposed approach consists of the following steps: first, we perform pixel-level texture extraction; second, we generate liver probability images using a binary classification approach; third, we apply a split-and-merge algorithm to detect the seed set with the highest probability area; and fourth, we apply to the seed set a region growing algorithm iteratively to refine the liver's boundary and get the final segmentation results. Furthermore, we compare the segmentation results from three different texture extraction methods (Co-occurrence Matrices, Gabor filters, and Markov Random Fields (MRF)) to find the texture method that generates the best liver segmentation. From our experimental results, we found that the co-occurrence model led to the best segmentation, while the Gabor model led to the worst liver segmentation. Moreover, co-occurrence texture features alone produced approximately the same segmentation results as those produced when all the texture features from the combined co-occurrence, Gabor, and MRF models were used. Therefore, in addition to providing an automatic model for liver segmentation, we also conclude that Haralick cooccurrence texture features are the most significant texture characteristics in distinguishing the liver tissue in CT scans.
Knot concordance and von Neumann ρ -invariants

We present new results, announced in [T], on the classical knot concordance group $\mathscr{C}$. We establish the nontriviality at all levels of the $(n)$-solvable filtration $$\cdots \subseteq \mathscr{F}_{n} \subseteq \cdots \subseteq \mathscr{F}_1 \subseteq\mathscr{F}_{0} \subseteq\mathscr{C}$$ introduced in [COT1]. Recall that this filtration is significant due to its intimate connection to tower constructions arising in work of A. Casson and M. Freedman on the topological classification problem for $4$-manifolds and due to the fact that all previously known concordance invariants are reflected in the first few terms in the filtration. In [COT1], nontriviality at the first new level $n=3$ was established. Here, we prove the nontriviality of the filtration for all $n$, hence giving the ultimate justification to the theory. A broad range of techniques is employed in our proof, including cut-and-paste topology and analytical estimates. We use the Cheeger-Gromov estimate for von Neumann $\rho$-invariants, a deep analytic result. We also introduce a number of new algebraic arguments involving noncommutative localization and Blanchfield forms. We have attempted to make this article accessible to readers with only passing knowledge of [COT1].
Infections during extended circulatory support: University of Alabama at Birmingham experience 1989 to 1994

Background. The University of Alabama at Birmingham experience with investigational ventricular assist devices (VADs) used as a bridge to transplantation has increased over the past several years; it now includes 27 VAD implantations with 13 VAD runs lasting for extended periods (ie, >30 days). A review of complications experienced by patients during extended VAD runs is warranted before the further development and testing of chronically implanted mechanical circulatory support devices. Methods. This study focuses on the infectious complications of extended VAD support; it includes 13 patients who were supported by either a Thoratec or HeartMate VAD for longer than 30 days pending cardiac transplantation. Infection was defined as any positive culture. The infections were classed according to site and severity as follows: class I were patient-related non-blood-borne infections, class II were blood-borne infections, class III were VAD percutaneous site infections, and class IV were infections of the blood-contacting surfaces or intracorporeal components of the VAD. Results. The 8 Thoratec and 5 HeartMate patients were supported for a total of 1,648 days with a range of 33 to 279 days per patient. Every patient had at least one infection; however, there were 6 patients who had no class II or IV infections during the period of support. One of these 6 patients died of a stroke, whereas the other 5 patients survived VAD support. No trends were identified for a change in the incidence of bacterial compared with fungal infections during the course of VAD support. There was no trend for a greater number of infections in patients who died during VAD support compared with those who survived. Neither class II nor IV infections precluded transplantation. Three patients died during VAD support; 1 died as a direct consequence of fungal infection. Eight patients received transplants. One patient had an unanticipated recovery of cardiac function and the VAD was removed. Support in 1 patient is ongoing. Conclusions. Infection during VAD support pending cardiac transplantation is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in patients maintained for longer than 30 days by circulatory assist. Infectious complications will probably be a prominent component of the risk associated with the use of chronically implanted mechanical circulatory assist devices and will likely have an important effect on the quality of life experienced by these patients.
Determination of geometrical and kinematical properties of halo coronal mass ejections using the cone model

[1] Many broadside coronal mass ejections (CMEs) propagate almost radially beyond the first couple of solar radii, and their angular widths remain nearly constant while propagating through the corona. Assuming that these characteristics hold true for halo CMEs that originate far from solar limbs, some useful geometric and kinematic properties of halo CMEs may be reproduced using a simple geometrical model of a CME as a cone. The cone model uses three free parameters, characterizing the angular width and the central position of the halo CME. These geometric properties can be determined by matching the observed halos at a series of times with the modeled halos for a series of radial distances. The kinematic properties, the radial velocity and acceleration, of the halo CME can also be determined on the basis of the series of times and radial distances. These properties are important for predicting the geoeffectiveness of a halo CME and cannot be observed directly with currently available instrumentation. As a test, the geometric and kinematic properties of the 12 May 1997 halo CME have been inferred using the cone model. This shows that the cone model does provide a new way of testing our understanding of halo CMEs, though there are limitations for some halo CMEs.
A Study of Emulsification with Ultrasonic Waves II

Some factors influencing emulsification by the application of ultrasonic energy such as temperature and time of exposure are described. The emulsifying agents employed, listed in order of effectiveness, include hard soap, polyethylene glycol 400 monostearate U. S. P., polysorbate 80 U. S. P., acacia U. S. P., sodium lauryl sulfate U. S. P., and tragacanth U. S. P.
Control of Gastric Acid Secretion in Health and Disease

Recent milestones in the understanding of gastric acid secretion and treatment of acid-peptic disorders include the (1) discovery of histamine H2-receptors and development of histamine H2-receptor antagonists, (2) identification of H+K+-ATPase as the parietal cell proton pump and development of proton pump inhibitors, and (3) identification of Helicobacter pylori as the major cause of duodenal ulcer and development of effective eradication regimens. This review emphasizes the importance and relevance of gastric acid secretion and its regulation in health and disease. We review the physiology and pathophysiology of acid secretion as well as evidence regarding its inhibition in the management of acid-related clinical conditions.
Exploring new pathways of neurodegeneration in ALS: the role of mitochondria quality control

Abstract Neuronal cells are highly dependent on mitochondria, and mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with neurodegenerative diseases. As perturbed mitochondrial function renders neurons extremely sensitive to a wide variety of insults, such as oxidative stress and bioenergetic defects, mitochondrial defects can profoundly affect neuronal fate. Several studies have linked ALS with mitochondrial dysfunction, stemming from observations of mitochondrial abnormalities, both in patients and in cellular and mouse models of familial forms of ALS. Mitochondrial changes have been thoroughly investigated in mutants of superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), one of the most common causes of familial ALS, for which excellent cellular and animal models are available, but recently evidence is emerging also in other forms of ALS, both familial and sporadic. Mitochondrial defects in ALS involve many critical physiopathological processes, from defective bioenergetics to abnormal calcium homeostasis, altered morphology and impaired trafficking. In this review, we summarize established evidence of mitochondrial dysfunction in ALS, especially in SOD1 mutant models of familial ALS. The main focus of the review is on defective mitochondrial quality control (MQC) in ALS. MQC operates at multiple levels to clear damaged proteins through proteostasis and to eliminate irreparably damaged organelles through mitophagy. However, since ALS motor neurons progressively accumulate damaged mitochondria, it is plausible that the MQC is ineffective or overwhelmed by excessive workload imposed by the chronic and extensive mitochondrial damage. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled ALS complex pathogenesis .
Evaluation of the portable furrow infiltrometer

Abstract Twenty infiltrometer tests were conducted to compare infiltration rates estimated by the recirculating infiltrometer (RIF) and the newly developed portable infiltrometer (PIF). Two types of furrows commonly used in the western United States; small and steep, and large and less steep; were considered in high and low infiltration soils. Comparison of the PIF and RIF infiltration rate measurements indicated that PIF was most accurate in estimating steady infiltration rates. Use of the PIF for predicting infiltration rate functions was not recommended because of the need for collecting accurate measurements early during the infiltration process. Considering ease of installation, accuracy in measuring steady infiltration rates, and ability to collect data during irrigation, the PIF is a promising device for use in surface irrigation management.
Assumptions of the Dialectical Method

Marx employed a wide array of analytical tools and strategies. However, how the elements of his approach across its range are related to one another was left rather undeveloped by him and Engel's contributions have done little to clear up subsequent confusions. Marx also considered that his science compared well in meeting the basic criteria of sound method. All scientific methods share the fact that they must start with a series of assumptions before data gathering commences. The ongoing debates over Marx's dialectical method would be wise to clear up the assumptions with which Marx worked as he gathered and analyzed his data. Toward that end, Marx's approach to “totality”, “abstraction”, “internal relations”, “necessity versus contingency”, assumptions about individuals and society, his approach to essentialism, materialism versus idealism, functionalism, organicism, and the dynamic character of social relations are examined.
Microstructural evolution during the dissolution of nickel in liquid aluminum under the influence of an electric field

Abstract The influence of a DC current on the microstructural evolution of phases resulting from the dissolution of solid Ni in pure and Ni-saturated liquid Al was investigated. Experiments were carried out with the dissolution flux and the electronic flow being co-linear and counter-linear. The change in microstructure in the presence of a current, and its dependence on current density, is consistent with an increased dissolution of the Ni in liquid Al. No dissolution of Ni in Ni-saturated liquid Al was observed in the absence of current, but is significant when a current is imposed. On the surface of the Ni, two intermetallics formed: Al 3 Ni 2 and Al 3 Ni. The former grew parabolically during dissolution in the absence of a current, but remained constant when a current was imposed. The calculated effective diffusion coefficient decreased with dissolution time, indicating a reduction in dissolution rate with increasing concentration of dissolved Ni.
Coupled cluster and MBPT study of nickel states

Abstract Full fourth-order MBPT calculations on the 3 F, 3 D and 1 S states of the nickel atom with a Gaussian basis do not yield the correct non-relativistic energy ordering. Coupled-cluster single and double excitation calculations reveal a large discrepancy between fourth-order and infinite-order results. We achieve an improved separation of the states by employing a Slater basis and introducing infinite-order effects of triple excitations with our CCSD + T(CCSD) model.
Learning Disabilities for Regulators: The Perils of Organizational Learning in the Air Transportation Industry

In hazardous industries, regulatory agencies confront the dual mission of enforcing regulations while learning from experience. This research examines how incentives, designed for rule enforcement, influence the gathering and interpretation of hazard-related information that is essential for learning. It explores a high reliability theory argument that strict adherence to standard operating procedures can coexist with organizational learning from mishaps. Drawing on interviews with participants in aviation safety monitoring systems, the research analyzes archival data. The findings suggest that incentives for compliance alternatively decreased or increased the availability of hazard-related iinformation, depending on the design system. The research supports a political theory of organizational reliability.
Analyses of magnetohydrodynamic propulsion with seawater for underwater vehicles

Introduction T HE magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) propulsion of marine vehicles using seawater's conducting characteristics has been a subject of technical speculation and study for some time.' The concept did not appear to hold much promise until the advent of the superconducting magnets. With these magnets, the power requirement for excitation is virtually absent, and the weight penalty for the ferromagnetic core is reduced. Also, much stronger magnetic fields than those previously attainable can be realized. Its technical possibility was assessed by sea runs in the past, in which the vehicle ran slowly with low efficiency. It was then concluded that superconducting magnets are very essential. However, even with superconducting magnets, the weight problem remains because of the need for structural materials to maintain the integrity of the magnets. Whether an MHD propelled vessel is economically viable is a question awaiting further investigation. However, in certain naval applications where the importance of reducing acoustic signature outweighs other considerations, MHD propulsion offers the desired quietness due to its reduced mechanical moving parts.
Integrative aspects of renal epithelial calcium transport in crayfish: temporal and spatial regulation of PMCA

Abstract The molting cycle of the freshwater (FW) crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, has been used as a model to study the cellular physiology and molecular biology of proteins (channels, exchangers and pumps) that effect epithelial Ca transport (ECT). Specifically, periods of net Ca flux (typically postmolt influx or premolt efflux) have been compared with periods of net Ca balance (intermolt). In the present study, we further explore the spatial and temporal regulation of plasma membrane Ca ATPase (PMCA) in the antennal gland (kidney). Crayfish are uniquely adapted to produce dilute urine through reabsorption of filtered Ca at the nephridial canal; reabsorption increases in pre/postmolt to compensate for the freshwater absorbed at ecdysis to elicit shedding. Prior work has suggested that PMCA mRNA and protein increase in pre- and postmolt stages compared with intermolt at the antennal gland. In the present paper, we used state-of-the-art techniques to increase the spatial and temporal resolution of this observation. Real-time PCR indicated that the PMCA mRNA expression increased 10-fold in premolt with a further doubling in postmolt. In situ hybridization confirmed that the PMCA mRNA was expressed primarily within the nephridial canal and labyrinth of the antennal gland, and that labelling increased in pre- and postmolt. Immunolocalization with confocal visualization confirmed that the PMCA protein is primarily membrane associated in the nephridial canal cells (basolateral but also apical).
Effects of ether and curare on neuromuscular transmission.

SummaryThe response of the gastrocnemius to maximal stimulation through its nerve was studied in the rat. During deep etherization there is a depression of 12% in the muscle action potential. At the same time the respiration is depressed; anoxia alone due to this may account for 5% depression. Hence a muscular depression of only 7% can be attributed to the action of ether, not necessarily involving neuromuscular block. Nevertheless there is a synergism between ether and curare, since the effects of these agents given together is one-third greater than the sum of their separate effects.
Early clinical indicators of developmental outcome in abusive head trauma

The purpose of the study was to determine the developmental prognostic significance of early clinical indicators in abusive head trauma. Seventy-one children were diagnosed with abusive head trauma and followed in a post-injury growth and development clinic. A retrospective chart review was completed to gather clinical features at the time of injury, including presence or absence of early post-traumatic seizures, presence or absence of intubation, and presence or absence of pediatric intensive care unit admission. Children then underwent developmental testing with use of the Capute Scales of the Cognitive Adaptive Test (CAT) and the Clinical Linguistic and Auditory Milestone Scale (CLAMS) during follow-up clinic visits. Clinical features at initial injury were compared to developmental outcome. Thirty-four of 71 patients with seizures during their admission hospitalization scored significantly lower on follow-up developmental testing than patients who did not have seizures. Twenty-one of 71 patients who required intubation scored lower on developmental testing than patients who did not require intubation. Thirty-five of 71 patients who required pediatric intensive care unit admission scored lower on developmental testing than patients who did not require pediatric intensive care unit admission. This study demonstrates that clinical factors at the time of injury, such as early post-traumatic seizures and intubation requirement, are associated with poorer developmental outcome. This study also suggests that close developmental follow-up should be obtained for all children with abusive head trauma, regardless of whether or not the child was admitted to the PICU.
Classical Relativistic Mechanics of Interacting Point Particles

The possibility of formulating a classical relativistically invariant mechanics of an arbitrary number of interacting point particles is demonstrated. This theory is similar to Newtonian mechanics inasmuch as the interaction between any pair of particles contains an arbitrary function of their distance. The conservation laws for energy and linear and angular momenta are established in the sense that the sum of these quantities for the particles entering a collision is equal to the corresponding sum for the collision products. The possibility of such a mechanics contrasts with the impossibility, demonstrated recently, of establishing a relativistic mechanics within the framework of the canonical representations of the Lorentz group.
Cheap bribes and the corruption ban: A coordination game among rational legislators

Legislators in modern democracies (a) accept bribes that are small compared to the value of the statutes they pass and (b) allow bans against bribery to be enforced. In our model of bribery, rational legislators accept bribes smaller not only than the benefit the briber receives but than the costs the legislators incur in accepting the bribes. Rather than risk this outcome, the legislators may be willing to suppress bribery altogether. The size of legislatures, the quality of voter information, the nature of party organization, and the structure of committees will all influence the frequency and size of bribes.
The effect of norepinephrine on cyclic AMP levels in discrete regions of the developing rabbit brain.

Abstract The ability of norepinephrine to increase the level of cyclic AMP in rabbit brain slices is age-dependent. In slices obtained from adult rabbits, norepinephrine produces a relatively large effect in the cerebellum but only a small and barely detectable effect in the cortex, hippocampus, and hypothalamus. However, we now find that the neonatal rabbit passes through a period during which the response in these latter areas is actually greater than in the cerebellum The greatest response in all areas occurs at 9 to 14 days of age. The cerebellum is distinctive in that its sensitivity to norepinephrine does not markedly decline as the rabbit matures.
Gefitinib adopts orphan kinases in leukemia

Comment on Stegmaier et al, page [2841][1] Gefitinib, an orally active small-molecule drug that is used for lung cancer therapy based on its EGFR kinase inhibitory properties, is shown to promote differentiation of leukemic cell lines and primary blasts from AML patients in an EGFR-independent
The energy dashboard: improving the visibility of energy consumption at a campus-wide scale

Presenting a fairly controlled environment for instrumentation and implementation of energy use policies, the University of California at San Diego provides an excellent testbed to characterize and understand energy consumption of buildings at the scale of a small town with over 45,000 residents. We present data collected from four selected buildings that are archetypes of diverse buildings from residence halls to data centers. In particular, we focus on 'mixed-use' buildings where the energy consumption of IT equipment accounts for more than a quarter of the total energy use. Our detailed observations identify the primary components of the baseline energy use and the sources of peaks in energy consumption. Surprisingly, computing accounts for a large fraction of the baseline energy use, thus giving insights in how to significantly reduce power consumption by creating effectively duty-cycled buildings.