cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Kaye Scholer Affair: The Lawyer's Duty of Candor and the Bar's Temptations of Evasion and Apology

The charges brought by the Office of Thrift Supervision against the law firm of Kaye, Scholer, Fierman, Hays, and Handler, in 1992 generated the most prominent legal ethics controversy of the decade. Despite massive attention to the case, the substance of the OTS charges has received little analysis and has been often mischaracterized. This article analyzes the charges and the bar's response to them. It concludes that the charges were plausible prima facie. It argues, further, that the response by bar organizations and leaders has been pervasively disingenuous and irresponsible. It also identifies and analyzes some broad ethical issues raised by the case about the participation of lawyers in financial scandals. The article concludes with an appendix reporting and assessing Kaye Scholer's response to the charges. For three years, lawyers from the New York firm of Kaye, Scholer, Fierman, Hays, & Handler devoted themselves to keeping the government off the back of Charles Keating while he engaged in financial and political exploits that eventuated in criminal convictions for Keating and several of his associates, billions of dollars in civil liability for Keating and a larger group of associates, formal criticism by the United States Senate of five of
A Tale of Two Estuaries: Columbia Bay, Alaska, and San Francisco Bay, California

Columbia Bay and San Francisco Bay are two estuaries that are opposites in almost every respect. Columbia Bay is a deep, high latitude fjord where dynamics are dominated by subglacial freshwater flows; San Francisco Bay is a shallow estuary dominated by tides and to a lesser extent by freshwater inflow. These different forcing mechanisms in conjunction with the dissimilar geometries, lead to different circulation patterns. These two particular estuaries provide examples of the wide range of circulation patterns found in estuaries.
Fracture of the cricoid cartilage after Sellick's manoeuvre

We report a case of fracture of the cricoid cartilage associated with cricoid pressure during rapid sequence tracheal intubation in a patient with status asthmaticus. This patient had a history of laryngeal trauma 48 yr previously. Fracture of the cricoid cartilage has not been reported previously after cricoid pressure.
Capitalism, Protestantism and the Private Family: Comparisons among Early Modern England, France, and the American Colonies*

The study of western family change lies disintegrated, divided into two largely independent intellectual communities–family history and theoretical family sociology. An integration of the two fields is proposed. The results of family historical research from three national cases, England, France, and the North American Colonies, are used to evaluate critically the family theories of Parsons, Seccombe, Zaretsky, and Horkheimer. The pattern of family organization regarded as modern, including the differentiation of the family from other social institutions, the emergence of companionate marriage, and the consolidation of authority over the family in the role of the father, characterize the family systems of England and the Colonies better than that of France. A theory of modern family organization is proposed that identifies the emergence of a culturally dominant middle class and the institutionalization of Protestantism as facilitating conditions for the development of this private family system.
Parallel formulation of the inverse kinematics of modular hyper-redundant manipulators

A method is presented for generating inverse kinematic solutions for hyper-redundant manipulators of fixed or variable length. This method uses a continuous backbone curve to capture the macroscopic geometric features of the manipulator. The inverse kinematics of the backbone curve can be used directly to specify the geometry of a wide variety of hyper-redundant manipulator morphologies. The hyper-redundant manipulators are broken nonredundant segments which have closed form inverse kinematic solutions. The kinematic constraints for each segment are specified independently by the backbone curve, and the kinematics of the total manipulator can therefore be solved in parallel. The method is demonstrated with planar and spatial variable geometry truss manipulators. >
Extracellular Potassium Homeostasis: Insights from Hypokalemic Periodic Paralysis

Extracellular potassium makes up only about 2% of the total body's potassium store. The majority of the body potassium is distributed in the intracellular space, of which about 80% is in skeletal muscle. Movement of potassium in and out of skeletal muscle thus plays a pivotal role in extracellular potassium homeostasis. The exchange of potassium between the extracellular space and skeletal muscle is mediated by specific membrane transporters. These include potassium uptake by Na(+), K(+)-adenosine triphosphatase and release by inward-rectifier K(+) channels. These processes are regulated by circulating hormones, peptides, ions, and by physical activity of muscle as well as dietary potassium intake. Pharmaceutical agents, poisons, and disease conditions also affect the exchange and alter extracellular potassium concentration. Here, we review extracellular potassium homeostasis, focusing on factors and conditions that influence the balance of potassium movement in skeletal muscle. Recent findings that mutations of a skeletal muscle-specific inward-rectifier K(+) channel cause hypokalemic periodic paralysis provide interesting insights into the role of skeletal muscle in extracellular potassium homeostasis. These recent findings are reviewed.
Neural circuitry underlying the central hypertensive action of nesfatin-1: melanocortins, corticotropin releasing hormone and oxytocin

Nesfatin-1 is produced in the periphery and in the brain where it has been demonstrated to regulate appetite, stress hormone secretion, and cardiovascular function. The anorexigenic action of central nesfatin-1 requires recruitment of neurons producing the melanocortins and centrally projecting oxytocin (OT) and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) neurons. We previously have shown that two components of this pathway, the central melanocortin and oxytocin systems, contribute to the hypertensive action of nesfatin-1 as well. We hypothesized that the cardiovascular effect of nesfatin-1 also was dependent on activation of neurons expressing CRH receptors, and that the order of activation of the melanocortin-CRH-oxytocin circuit was preserved for both the anorexigenic and hypertensive actions of the peptide. Pretreatment of male rats with the CRH-2 receptor antagonist astressin2B abrogated nesfatin-1-induced increases in mean arterial pressure (MAP). Furthermore, the hypertensive action of CRH was blocked by pretreatment with an oxytocin receptor antagonist ornithine vasotocin (OVT), indicating that the hypertensive effect of nesfatin-1 may require activation of oxytocinergic (OTergic) neurons in addition to recruitment of CRH neurons. Interestingly, we found that the hypertensive effect of α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) itself was not blocked by either astressin2B or OVT. These data suggest that while α-MSH-producing neurons are part of a core melanocortin-CRH-oxytocin circuit regulating food intake, and a subpopulation of melanocortin neurons activated by nesfatin-1 do mediate the hypertensive action of the peptide, α-MSH can signal independently from this circuit to increase MAP.
Make It or Take It: Fatty Acid Metabolism of Apicomplexan Parasites

Lipids are essential and highly abundant components of all organisms. They serve as the main building blocks of the membranes that surround and compartmentalize cells, as a store for energy and reduction power, and in posttranslational modifications that regulate the localization and function of a
Defect Passivation by Selenium-Ion Implantation for Poly-Si Thin Film Transistors

Low-dose (1013 cm-2) selenium-ion implantation prior to pulsed-excimer-laser crystallization is investigated as a low-thermal-budget defect-passivation technique for polycrystalline silicon TFTs. Selenium defect passivation is found to be effective for improving TFT performance and for providing superior TFT reliability as compared with hydrogenation. Ion implantation, passivation, polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si), selenium (Se), thin-film transistor (TFT).
Studies on the role of organophosphites in polyester blends: II. The inhibition of ester‐exchange reactions

Ester-exchange reactions during melt extrusion of polyarylate, polycarbonate, and polyethylene terephthalate ternary blends result in a decrease of the melting point and the heat of fusion of the poly(ethylene terephthalate). When an organophosphite is used to suppress the ester-exchange reactions, it was found that whenever the phosphite is converted into a phosphonate, there is little change in both the melting point and the heat of fusion of the polyethylene terephthalate during prolonged exposure to high temperature in the blends. 31P nuclear magnetic resonance is employed to investigate the chemical changes and differential scanning calorimetry to evaluate the thermal stability of the blends. The organophosphite appears to be transformed through side-chain hydrolysis into other phosphorous species, such as diphosphonate in order to be an effective suppressant of the ester-exchange reactions.
Microhabitat distribution of two Florida scrub endemic plants in comparison to their habitat-generalist congeners

Habitat-specialist species may be restricted to a narrower range of microhabitats than habitat-generalist species. We addressed this hypothesis by comparing microhabitats of two pairs of congeners that differ in habitat specificity and co-occur in one distinct habitat type, Florida rosemary scrub. We characterized microhabitats of rosemary scrub specialists, Polygonella basiramia and Lechea cernua, their habitat-generalist congeners, Polygonella robusta and Lechea deckertii, and random points in the rosemary scrub habitat. Plants of both habitat specialists occurred in microhabitats with significantly more bare sand than plants of habitat-generalist species and random points. Plants of all four species occurred in microhabitats that were farther from dominant shrubs, Ceratiola and Quercus spp., than random points. Seedlings of both habitat specialists grew larger in bare sand microhabitats, whereas ground lichens and litter did not affect seedling growth of the habitat generalists. As the time since fire increases, bare sand cover decreases, Ceratiola density increases, Quercus density remains constant, and shrubs become taller. Physical characteristics, such as soil temperature, soil carbon, and soil moisture, differ slightly with respect to microhabitat. Our results suggest that P. basiramia and L. cernua are specialized on bare sand microhabitats that characterize their preferred habitat, rosemary scrub. Microhabitat specialization may limit the distribution of these rare species.
The Effect of a Narrative Intervention on Story Retelling and Personal Story Generation Skills of Preschoolers With Risk Factors and Narrative Language Delays

Narration, or storytelling, is an important aspect of language. Narrative skills have academic and social importance. This study evaluated the effects of a narrative intervention on story retelling and personal story generation skills of preschoolers with risk factors and narrative language delays. Narrative intervention was delivered in a small group arrangement, and materials, activities, and assistance were systematically adjusted within sessions to facilitate increasingly independent practice of oral narration. Participants were 5 preschoolers enrolled in a Head Start classroom who performed below average on two narrative language tasks. Participants made substantial gains in narrative retelling, demonstrated improved preintervention to postintervention scores for personal story generations, and maintained improvements when assessed following a 2-week break. These results have several implications for practice, including narrative intervention’s versatility with a range of children from diverse backgrounds and its use of economic and efficient classroom-based small group formats for intervention.
Religious Trajectories and Transitions over the Life Course.

This study examined patterns of change and stability in religiosity over the life course. Open-ended interviews with 129 adults aged 65 and older provided a rich source of data for applying a life course perspective to the study of religion. Two theoretical constructs from the life course perspective (i.e., trajectories and transitions) were used as a framework for understanding religion and aging. The interviews were content analyzed to identify: 1) dimensions of religiosity that exhibit change; 2) patterns of religious trajectories; and 3) social forces that promote changes in religiosity. These analyses revealed four distinct patterns: stable, increasing, decreasing, and curvilinear trajectories. Several forces were involved with either increasing religiosity (e.g., child rearing, adverse life experiences) or decreasing religiosity (e.g., disillusionment with church members, adverse life experiences). Directions for future research are discussed.
International Trade Effects And The Decline In The Union Sector

Since the 1960s, U.S. manufacturing has undergone tremendous changes due to international trade and technological convergence. Not all industry sectors have fared equally. High-tech sectors (e.g., aircraft and computers) have maintained a high degree of international competitiveness as evidenced by an increasing export share. Common technology sectors (e.g., autos and steel), conversely, have not as they have experienced a declining export share and increasing import competition. High-tech industries typically employ highly skilled, human capital intensive workers while common technology industries are characterized by unskilled labor with lower levels of human capital. International trade theory suggests that the more skilled high-tech labor force should receive relatively higher wages than the relatively less skilled common-tech sector under international competition. Secondly, the level of unionization in a given industry may or may not have adverse impacts on international competitiveness. Also, unions tend to oppose adoption of new technologies, drive highly educated workers into the nonunion sector, and may adopt end game strategies to maximize current wages at the expense of future economic viability. Consequently, international trade and high-tech industries may have a negative effect on union participation rates. The issues addressed include the effect of international trade and technological comparative advantage on union and nonunion wage levels, and the indirect effect of trade and technology on union participation. This study uses the National Longitudinal Survey (NLS) panel data set. The empirical results suggest that international trade effects wage levels, and high-tech industries appear to have a higher wage distribution after controlling for labor market, product market, and individual characteristics. Furthermore, trade and technology appear to be negatively related to the degree of union density. The secondary effect tends to lower union and nonunion wages, primarily for less-skilled workers. It also may partially explain the trend of increasing income inequality for less-skilled workers and the opposition of unions to free-trade policies.( JEL J3, J5)
State and Local Government Defined Benefit Pension Plans: Estimates of Liabilities and Employer Normal Costs by State, 2000-2011

In the 2013 comprehensive revision of the National Income and Product Accounts, BEA introduced a new accrual treatment of defined benefit pension plans based on actuarial estimates of liabilities and normal costs. Accrual accounting is the preferred method for compiling national accounts because it matches incomes earned from production with the corresponding output and records both in the same period. The recording of pension plan transactions on an accrual basis better aligns pension-related compensation with the timing of when employees earn the future retirement benefits. This paper describes the methodology for estimating defined benefit pension liabilities and normal costs for state and local governments and presents estimates by state for 2000-2011.  The views expressed in this paper are solely those of the author and not necessarily those of the Bureau of Economic Analysis or the U.S. Department of Commerce. Please email David.Lenze@bea.gov with comments. State and Local Government Defined Benefit Pension Plans: Estimates of Liabilities and Employer Normal Costs by State 2000-2011 The Estimates The estimates of pension liabilities and employer normal costs presented in this paper are for the entire universe of state and local government defined benefit plans. Because of the importance of accrual accounting in the National Income and Product Accounts (NIPA), we adjusted the liability and normal cost data reported by the pension plans—typically calculated using an entry age actuarial method—to an accumulated benefit obligation (ABO) basis. Instead of the usual 8.0% discount rate used by the pension plans in their present value calculations, the NIPA estimates are based on a 6.0% discount rate for 2000-03, 5.5% for 200409 and 5.0% for 2010-11. The estimates are available in an Excel workbook on the BEA web site. In the aggregate, the growth rates of state and local government defined benefit pension liabilities and employer normal costs have tended to slow since 2001 (Chart 1). Liability growth slowed from 9.1% in 2001 to 4.1% in 2011. Employer normal cost growth slowed from 6.4% in 2001 to -3.2% in 2011. The decline in employer normal costs in 2011 reflects a combination of adjustments plans have made to improve their finances, such as reducing cost of living adjustments to retirement benefits and requiring employees to contribute a larger share of normal costs. Superimposed on the downward trend in the growth rates is a spike in 2004, when liabilities and normal costs jumped 15-16%, and in 2010, when they jumped 10-11%. The spikes resulted from 1⁄2 percentage point reductions in the discount rate. Pension liabilities and normal costs calculated using the entry age actuarial method are not accrual measures in an accounting sense; they take into account future pay raises that employees are likely to receive.
Comiendo Bien: The Production of Latinidad through the Performance of Healthy Eating among Latino Immigrant Families in San Francisco

Utilizing a bricolage of interactionist cultural studies, ethnic foodways, and situational analysis this paper examines how Latino immigrants, representing six countries and multiple preimmigration class positions, come to perform Latinidad through the lay health practice of comiendo bien (eating well). Comiendo bien was examined through participant observation of 15 families living in San Francisco and 27 key informant interviews. Comiendo bien is a performance that exists through the convergence of multiple identity positions. Latina/o immigrants not only enact the Latinidad in the United States through artistic expression or political strategizing, but also by sharing an idealized practice of healthy eating.
Hibernation of Meadow Jumping Mouse

The meadow jumping mouse, Zapus h. hudsonius Zimmermann, is generally regarded as one of the more profoundly hibernating mammals. It retreats early into its winter quarters, and returns to activity when spring is well advanced. Indications are that males emerge first in the spring, and that the date of emergence usually comes in April or May. This was the situation in Vermont as reported by Sheldon (Jour. Mamm., 19: 332, …
Francesco Sassetti and the Downfall of the Medici Banking House

Among the close associates of Piero di Cosimo de' Medici and his illustrious son, Lorenzo de' Medici, no one was more trusted by both father and son than Francesco Sassetti, their business partner and general manager. Yet Sassetti is virtually unknown to English readers. Like the Medici, he belonged to a noble Florentine family whose wealth originated in trade and was later re-invested in landed property in the city of Florence and the surrounding country.
Methods for Recording Heart Rate and Respiratory Rate by Radio Telemetry and by Direct Wiring and for Recording Body Temperature in Chickens

Abstract Essler and Folk (1961) have reported on the use of radio telemetry in recording physiological data from humans, cats, dogs and rabbits. Sturkie (1963) described a method for recording heart rate in fowl using radio telemetry on unrestrained chickens and obtained results similar to those obtained by traditional methods. Boone and Welter (1963) reported the use of thermocouples in determining body temperatures in the fowl. The purpose of this study was to try some new ideas on recording heart rate, respiratory rate and body temperature in unrestrained caged laying hens and in confined but unrestrained young chicks. A physiograph equipped for recording by both biotelemetry and direct wiring was used to determine heart rate and respiratory rate. The transmitter used measured 32×25×16 cm. and weighed 19 gms. with batteries. This transmitter was fastened on the bird by using 10 to 15 of the larger feathers found just anteriodorsally from the…
10 DETERMINANTS OF LONG-TERM EFFICACY FOR GROWTH HORMONE THERAPY IN PRADER-WILLI SYNDROME.

Introduction Prader-Willi syndrome is a complex, multisystem disorder characterized by hypotonia, hyperphagia, obesity, short stature, delayed or absent puberty, and mental retardation. Short stature is a central feature of PWS and appears to be caused by dysregulation of the GH/IGF axis in which both GH and IGF levels may be low. We reviewed a large Prader-Willi clinical population at Baylor College of Medicine to investigate the long-term effects of GH therapy on linear growth. Methods Retrospective data were collected from a clinical Prader-Willi population of 112 patients at Baylor College of Medicine. Sixty-two patients did not receive GH therapy; 50 patients did receive GH therapy. These patients were followed between 1 and 18 years and GH treatment was initiated at varying ages. Linear growth was measured at each visit. The raw data were inputted into Excel and analyzed using linear regression and proc mixed in SAS V8 and GLM repeated measures in SPSS 12.0. Results GH therapy increases height z-score primarily in years 1 to 2 of therapy (p
Study on etiology and lymphocyte subsets in infant with viral pneumonia

OBJECTIVE To investigate the etiology and changes of lymphocyte subsets in peripheral blood on infant with viral pneumonia in Guangzhou.METHODS ELISA and real-time PCR were taken to detect eight kinds of respiratory virus,including respiratory syncytial virus(RSV),adenovirus(ADV),influenza virus(IFV),parainfluenza virus(PIV),enterovirus(EV),cytomegalovirus(CMV),Epstein-Barr virus(EBV) and herpes simplex virus(HSV),in 226 cases of infants with acute bronchopneumonia.The percentage changes of lymphocyte subsets in peripheral blood were detected by flow cytometer in both patients and health control children.RESULTS Totally 106 cases of viral infection were detected form 226 cases of infants with acute bronchopneumonia.The positive rate was 47%.There were 71 cases of single viral infection(67%) and 35 cases of mixed viral infection(33%) among them.RSV,ADV and IFV were the top three infective viruses.Compared with control group,the percentage of CD3+,CD3+CD4+ and NK cells were obviously decreased(P0.05),while CD19+ B lymphocytes was significantly increased(P0.01) among the three groups.The percentage of CD3+CD4+ T helpers of severe pneumonia was significantly lower than that in control group(P0.01).Compared with mild group,the percentage of NK cells was significantly decreased in severe group(P0.01).CONCLUSION Varied pathogen can cause virus pneumonia in children.There are obviously immunologic derangements in children with viral pneumonia,especially in severe pneumonia.Early diagnosis of etiology and immunological function are made for appropriate treatment.
Structure of a Novel Rhodium Phosphinite Compound: Agostic Interactions as a Model for an Oxidative Addition Intermediate

Pincer ligand metalation is presumed to proceed via initial coordination to the phosphorus atoms followed by C–H oxidative addition. Few isolated intermediates in this process are known. A rhodium phosphinite complex has been isolated and structurally characterized that exhibits a strong agostic interaction with a C–H bond in the ligand backbone. The [(tBuPOCOP)Rh(CO)H]+ system exhibits greater acidity and reactivity than the analogous iridium species (tBuPOCOP = κ3-C6H3-1,3-[OP(tBu)2]2).
Leibniz and Materialism

(1974). Leibniz and Materialism. Canadian Journal of Philosophy: Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 495-513.
Proximities: Irigaray and Heidegger on Difference

Explicating Heidegger's and Irigaray's critiques of difference, this essay proposes a new approach to the crucial concept of relationship in their thought. Articulated as proximity rather than difference, such relationality works in a manner that is non-appropriative and free from power. The essay shows that at the center of Heidegger's questioning of being is not the ontico-ontological difference but the notion of nearness (Nahe), elaborated by Heidegger as a critique of the metaphysical logic of difference and relation. Linking Heidegger's nearness with his critique of power in the recently published Besinnung, the essay explains how such relationality exceeds the parameters of power (machtlos). The remainder of the essay investigates the way in which Irigaray's reformulation of sexual difference as an ethics of proximity similarly calls into question the differential economy of being and aims at a new model of non-appropriative relation. While Heidegger links the change in relation from power to letting be to a decisive confrontation with modern technicity, Irigaray criticizes this approach and reformulates the question of technology through the prism of sexual difference. By taking into account the often ignored aspects of Irigaray's thought - temporality, event, proximity - the essay situates Irigaray's ethics and culture of sexual difference not only beyond the discussions of essentialism but also outside the equality-difference debates.
Human Papillomavirus and Oropharyngeal Cancer

Human papillomavirus-associated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (HPV-OPSCC) comprises approximately 25% of all head and neck cancers (head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, HNSCC). Epidemiologic studies have shown a dramatic increase of HPV-OPSCC in the past 2 decades, whereas tobacco-related HNSCC rates are decreasing worldwide. The distinctions between HPV-OPSCC and oral cavity cancers are now reflected in the most recent editions of the World Health Organization Classification of Tumors of the Head and Neck and the American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging Manual, respectively. This review describes current understanding of the link between HPV infection and OPSCC.
Benzenoid hydrocarbons in space: The evidence and implications

Many different celestial objects emit an infrared sprectrum which has been attributed to infrared fluorescence from a family of highly vibrationally excited benzenoid hydrocarbons referred to as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The most intense emitters contain between 20 to 50 carbon atoms, although larger species also contribute to the emission. This assignment is based on a rough resemblance of the interstellar emission spectra to the vibrational spectra of PAHs and related materials such as chars and soots which contain PAH mixtures. The spectroscopic assignments of the features between 3200 and 700 cm−1 are discussed in detail.
Approaching the Attosecond keV X-ray Frontier

We demonstrate the generation of isolated 53-as soft X-ray pulses reaching the water window. Mid-infrared lasers centered at 2.5 to 8 μm are being developed to extend the attosecond X-rays to the keV range.
H 2 S Delivery from Aromatic Peptide Amphiphile Hydrogels

Hydrogels are materials composed mostly of water that have found use in a wide variety of applications, including tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Aromatic peptide amphiphiles can be designed to self-assemble in aqueous solution into one-dimensional aggregates that entangle to form hydrogels with very high water content (>99 wt. %). Here, we describe the synthesis of an aromatic peptide amphiphile designed to release hydrogen sulfide (H2S), a vital biological signaling gas with significant therapeutic potential. Peptide synthesis, purification, aliquotting, and procedures for measuring H2S release are detailed.
Neuroanatomical Correlates of Symptoms on the Frontal Systems Behavior Scale in Frontotemporal Dementia and Early-Onset Alzheimer's Disease (P06.048)

OBJECTIVE: To examine neuroanatomical correlates of cognitive and behavioral symptoms in patients with behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) and early-onset Alzheimer9s disease (EOAD). BACKGROUND: Patients with younger-onset forms of dementia, such as bvFTD and EOAD, tend to exhibit more frontal-executive symptoms compared to patients with late-onset Alzheimer9s disease. We used tensor-based morphometry (TBM) to map the association between regional brain volumes and caregiver ratings on the Frontal Systems Behavior Scale (FrSBe) in bvFTD and EOAD patients. DESIGN/METHODS: Caregivers of 19 study participants (mean age=59.3, sd=8.0), including 9 bvFTD and 10 EOAD patients, completed the FrSBe, yielding 3 subscale scores (Apathy, Disinhibition, Dysexecutive) and a Total score. TBM was applied to 3D T1-weighted MRI scans for each participant. Each individual image was warped to a common brain template, and Jacobian maps showing the expansion or compression factor at each voxel were created. Mean Jacobian values within selected regions of interest were computed for each subject to provide a numeric summary of regional volume. Voxel-wise regression of FrSBe scores was performed on the Jacobian maps. RESULTS: None of the FrSBe subscales or Total scores were significantly correlated with overall frontal lobe volume (Apathy: r=-.18, p=.45; Disinhibition: r=-.08, p=.74; Dysexecutive: r=-.16, p=.51; Total: r=-.16, p=.53). Examination of more specific frontal regions revealed that dorsolateral prefrontal volume showed non-significant correlations similar to overall frontal volume. However, orbitofrontal volume was significantly correlated with Apathy subscale scores (r=-.52, p=.02), and showed a marginally significant correlation with FrSBe Total scores (r=-.43, p=.07). Correlations between orbitofrontal volume and Disinhibition (r=-.28, p=.24) and Dysexecutive (r=-.37, p=.12) subscales did not reach significance. CONCLUSIONS: Although the FrSBe is a measure of frontal-executive dysfunction, the symptoms assessed by the FrSBe, especially apathy, seem to be associated more specifically with the orbitofrontal cortex, rather than the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex or overall frontal volume. Supported by: NIH grants K23-AG028727 and R01-AG034499 from the National Institute of Aging (NIA), the Alzheimer9s Disease Research Center grant P50 AG-16570, California Alzheimer9s Disease Centers, and the Department of Veterans Affairs. Disclosure: Dr. Lee has nothing to disclose. Dr. Lu has nothing to disclose. Dr. Meghpara has nothing to disclose. Dr. Shapira has nothing to disclose. Dr. Mather has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kaiser has nothing to disclose. Dr. Jimenez has nothing to disclose. Dr. Thompson has nothing to disclose. Dr. Mendez has received personal compensation in an editorial capacity for UpToDate.
EMG Reactivity and Oral Habits Among Facial Pain Patients in a Scheduled-Waiting Competitive Task

For individuals with temporomandibular disorder (TMD) it has been theorized that stressful events trigger oral habits (e.g., teeth grinding), thereby increasing masticatory muscle tension and subsequent pain. Recent research involving adjunctive behaviors found an increase in masseter surface EMG (sEMG) and oral habits when students with TMD symptomatology were placed on a fixed-time reinforcement schedule. The current study used a treatment-seeking community sample with TMD symptomatology in a competitive task designed to be a more naturalistic Fixed Time task. The experiment consisted of Adaptation, Free-Play, Scheduled-Play, and Recovery phases. During the Scheduled-Play phase participants played, and waited to play, an electronic poker game. Results indicated that masseter muscle tension in the Scheduled-Play phase was significantly higher (p<.001) than in any other phase. Moreover, during the Scheduled-Play phase masseter sEMG was higher (p#60;.001) when participants waited to play. Self-reported oral habits and overall affect were significantly higher (p's<.05) in the Free-Play and Scheduled-Play phases relative to Adaptation and Recovery. The observation that masseter sEMG was elevated during the Scheduled-Play phase relative to all other phases, and within the Scheduled-Play phase sEMG was highest while waiting, suggests that adjunctive oral habits may lead to TMD symptomatology.
Contribution of Natural Killer Cells to Inhibition of Angiogenesis by Interleukin-12

Interleukin-12 (IL-12) inhibits angiogenesis in vivo by inducing interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and other downstream mediators. Here, we report that neutralization of natural killer (NK) cell function with antibodies to either asialo GM1 or NK 1.1 reversed IL-12 inhibition of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)-induced angiogenesis in athymic mice. By immunohistochemistry, those sites where bFGF-induced neovascularization was inhibited by IL-12 displayed accumulation of NK cells and the presence of IP-10–positive cells. Based on expression of the cytolytic mediators perforin and granzyme B, the NK cells were locally activated. Experimental Burkitt lymphomas treated locally with IL-12 displayed tumor tissue necrosis, vascular damage, and NK-cell infiltration surrounding small vessels. After activation in vitro with IL-12, NK cells from nude mice became strongly cytotoxic for primary cultures of syngeneic aortic endothelial cells. Cytotoxicity was neutralized by antibodies to IFN-γ. These results document that NK cells are required mediators of angiogenesis inhibition by IL-12, and provide evidence that NK-cell cytotoxicity of endothelial cells is a potential mechanism by which IL-12 can suppress neovascularization.
Dealing with hostility: a war of words.

If security officers can be provided with more understanding of why people act the way they do, the training needed to respond to those actions, and the verbal and physical skills needed in almost all situations, injuries will be reduced and security forces will be able to deal with hostility and win "the war of words," says the author. Language: en
Conducting a Factor Analytic Research: Strategy and Tactics

It is proposed here to run through the essential steps of a factor analytic research experiment in the context of the general strategy of investigation. This will permit integrating the application of the principles and concepts treated in preceding chapters, with the touch of a summary.
Comparative assessment of content overlap between written documentation and verbal communication: an observational study of resident sign-outs.

Objective Effective sign-outs involve verbal communication supported by written or electronic documentation. We investigated the clinical content overlap between sign-out documentation and face-to-face verbal sign-out communication. Methods We audio-recorded resident verbal sign-out communication and collected electronically completed ("written") sign-out documentation on 44 sign-outs in a General Medicine service. A content analysis framework with nine sign-out elements was used to qualitatively code both written and verbal sign-out content. A content overlap framework based on the comparative analysis between written and verbal sign-out content characterized how much written content was verbally communicated. Using this framework, we computed the full, partial, and no overlap between written and verbal content. Results We found high a high degree of full overlap on patient identifying information [name (present in 100% of sign-outs), age (96%), and gender (87%)], past medical history [hematology (100%), renal (100%), cardiology (79%), and GI (67%)], and tasks to-do (97%); lesser degree of overlap for active problems (46%), anticipatory guidance (46%), medications/treatments (15%), pending labs/studies/procedures (7%); and no overlap for code status (<1%), allergies (0%) and medical record number (0%). Discussion and Conclusion Three core functions of sign-outs are transfer of information, responsibility, and accountability. The overlap-highlighting what written content was communicated-characterizes how these functions manifest during sign-outs. Transfer of information varied with patient identifying information being explicitly communicated and remaining content being inconsistently communicated. Transfer of responsibility was explicit, with all pending and future tasks being communicated. Transfer of accountability was limited, with limited discussion of written contingency plans.
Design of SUPERball v2, a Compliant Tensegrity Robot for Absorbing Large Impacts

In this paper, we present the system design and initial testing of SUPERball v2, a completely re-designed 2-meter spherical six-bar tensegrity robot designed to survive high-speed landings as well as locomote to desired locations. SUPERball v2 was designed to enable a host of new actuation and experimentation. The prototype features a fully actuated six-bar design (24 actuators), compliant nylon cables (up to 15% stretch), torque-control enabled motors, and a robust mechanical structure capable of surviving impact velocities upwards of 8 m/s.
A robust adaptive iterative ensemble smoother scheme for practical history matching applications

Much of the recent work on history matching reservoir models has focused on the iterative Ensemble Smoother (iES) method. This is well suited for practical applications because it avoids frequent simulation restarts which can be expensive for traditional Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF) approaches. In this paper, we derive a novel, adaptive iES method (ES-LM) based on the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm for nonlinear least squares optimization. We demonstrate that the solution of the linearized least squares subproblems from each iteration of ES-LM have a similar structure to those of the standard ensemble smoother update equation. This allows us to use the ensemble smoother as an approximate linear least squares solver and thus avoid expensive adjoint calculations. The proposed algorithm may therefore be seen as a variant of iES whose regularization parameter can be updated using the usual trust region method. The resulting parameter update equation is similar to those in existing iES methods, but our derivation provides new insights into iES that enable us to extend the adaptive ES-LM to two new formulations: (1) Auto ES-LM, where the measurement error has unknown variance that will be estimated by the algorithm; and (2) Robust ES-LM, where the measurement error follows a Cauchy distribution. Robust ES-LM, in particular, reduces the effect of outliers in the data, which can be critical for real-world applications. Although estimating measurement error and adding robustness are common for data assimilation with EnKF, they have not been incorporated into iES within the reservoir engineering community. The three resulting algorithms are easy for reservoir engineers to use for practical history matching applications without the need for deep understanding of the computational details. Finally, we demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of these algorithms on two synthetic reservoir models.
Lerner Symmetry: A Modern Treatment

Which policies are protectionist and which ones are not? The Lerner Symmetry Theorem establishes that import tariffs and export taxes are equally protectionist. In this paper we provide a modern treatment of this classical result, highlighting the importance of multinational firms, global imbalances, and imperfect competition. Under perfect competition, the result follows from the separability of consumption and production across countries, ruling out tourism and some forms of multinational firms, but not others. Though we do not require trade balance, the role of initial assets is subtle: our result rules out foreign ownership of domestic assets, but does not constrain domestic ownership of foreign assets. Under imperfect competition, our result effectively rules out all multinational firms. We conclude by discussing the implications for border adjustment taxes.
Automation and Molecular Diagnostics: A New Era in Clinical Microbiology

The environment of the clinical microbiology laboratory is rapidly changing. Testing methodologies based upon organism growth on an array of liquid and solid media are being replaced by newer methods that enhance the rate of organism identification as well as increase the sensitivity and specificity by which identification occurs. A majority of these new techniques are based upon nucleic hybridization and polymerase-chain reaction technology and range from identification of single-organisms or organism families to multiplexed syndromic panels, which can concurrently examine for the presence of numerous suspect organisms based upon the symptoms exhibited by the patient. In addition, the clinical microbiology laboratory now has access to a level of automation thus far only seen in the chemistry and hematology sections of the clinical laboratory. These transitions have been repeatedly shown to enhance the level of patient care when properly implemented into the laboratory workflow. Conversely, with the rapid encroachment of these new technologies comes potential downfalls, including cost and challenges with training laboratory staff. Collectively, the clinical microbiology laboratory is coming into a new era of technology and patient care that will bring about dramatic changes to conventional testing and organism identification.
Increased incidence of complicated appendicitis during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The fog of uncertainty surrounding COVID‐19 has begun to clear as information about the virus accumulates from around the world. Governments have had varying responses to the pandemic, indicative of this uncertainty. The Australian government's restrictions have to date been effective in slowing spread of viral infections but may have had unintended consequences on other health conditions as a result. Paediatric emergency department presentations have decreased as people are reluctant to leave home and risk contracting the virus whilst attending hospital.1 These delays to presentation have the potential to increase morbidity and mortality from non‐COVID‐19 related diseases. Our institution is the largest children's hospital in Australia and performs between 350 and 400 appendectomies each year. Using appendicitis as a bellwether, we wanted to see if there was evidence for later presentations in our hospital.
Ownership in the Seventeenth-century Admiralty Court

A sample of 1090 admiralty instance decrees from across the seventeenth century includes 234 that concerned either the ownership or co-owner management of merchant vessels. Some of these rulings is...
Validity of The Warner Initial Developmental Evaluation of Adaptive and Functional Skills (WIDEA-FS): a daily activity criterion checklist for infants and toddlers.

BACKGROUND The Warner Initial Developmental Evaluation of Adaptive and Functional Skills (WIDEA-FS) is a 50-item, criterion-specified questionnaire that assesses a child's adaptive skills in everyday context and can be used in high-risk follow-up settings to identify risk for adverse neurodevelopmental outcome. Our aim was to validate the WIDEA-FS by comparing a sample of typically developing children to children with special health needs and to compare results to the Capute Scales, which include domains of including both the Cognitive Adaptive Test (CAT) and the Clinical Linguistic and Auditory Milestone Scale (CLAMS). METHODS Six hundred and sixty children (typically developing and having special healthcare needs) aged 0-36 months completed the WIDEA-FS, the CAT, and the CLAMS assessments. RESULTS Children with special health needs scored significantly lower on the WIDEA than those with typical development. WIDEA-FS subscales were significantly associated with the CAT (WIDEA-FS self-care 0.87, social cognition 0.89) and the CLAMS (WIDEA-FS communication 0.96, social cognition 0.92) tests. CONCLUSIONS The WIDEA-FS has concurrent validity with the CAT and CLAMS and construct validity in that children with special health needs have significantly poorer performance on the WIDEA-FS than children with typical development. IMPACT The WIDEA-FS demonstrated both construct validity and concurrent validity with the Capute Scales, including the Cognitive Adaptive Test (CAT) and the Clinical Linguistic and Auditory Milestone Scale (CLAMS). This is the first study to validate the use of the WIDEA-FS in children with typical development and children with special healthcare needs. The WIDEA-FS is a quick and valid checklist that can be used to assess neurodevelopmental functioning during daily activities in typically developing children and those at risk for neurodevelopmental differences.
Deductible Status in the Pediatric Population: A Barrier to Appropriate Care?

ObjectiveThe objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of high-deductible health plans on elective surgery (tonsillectomy) in the pediatric population.Study DesignCross-sectional study.Sett...
Transactional sex, consumer society, and neoliberalism in Uganda: A political economic analysis of drivers and models of response.

Transactional sex is a topic within HIV research that is relatively undertheorised and lacking consensus. In this study, it is understood as the implicit, non-marital, non-commercial exchange of se...
Ruminant Disorders Associated with Pathogens Found within Ensiled Forages

Properly ensiled forages and grains are bio-secure when fed to dairy cows.7 Silage management is, therefore, important to dairy health and profitability. Veterinarians offering production medicine consultation to dairy producers must be knowledgeable about ensilage. Pathogens are present in silage regardless of how well it is preserved. Problems that may occur include ensiling forages: 1) too wet, resulting in clostridial fermentation and causing reductions in voluntary feed intake, 2) that deteriorate upon extreme aerobic instability, resulting in growth of Listeria monocytogenes, and causing listeriosis, and 3) too dry, producing aerobic instability problems with molds and mycotoxins.
Gray Divorce and labour Supply

We use data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) to examine how labour supply changes around divorces that occur later in life. We find that the probability of work and hours worked increase ...