cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Crystal temperature control in the Czochralski crystal growth process

This work proposes a control configuration and a nonlinear multivariable model-based feedback controller for the reduction of thermal gradients inside the crystal in the Czochralski crystal growth process after the crystal radius has reached its final value. Initially, a mathematical model which describes the evolution of the temperature inside the crystal in the radial and axial directions and accounts for radiative heat exchange between the crystal and its surroundings and motion of the crystal boundary is derived from first principles. This model is numericully solved using Galerkin's method and the behaviour of the crystal temperature is studied to obtain valuable insights which lead to the precise formulation of the control problem, the design of a new control configuration for the reduction of thermal gradients inside the crystal and the derivation of a simplified 1-D in a space dynamic model. Then, a model reduction procedure for partial differential equation systems with time-dependent spatial domains (Armaou and Christofides, 1999) based on a combination of Galerkin's method with approximate inertial manifolds is used to construct a fourth-order model that describes the dominant thermal dynamics of the Czochralski process. This low-order model is employed for the synthesis of a fourth-order nonlinear multivariable controller that can be readily implemented in practice. The proposed control scheme is successfully implemented on a Czochralski process used to produce a 0.7 m long silicon crystal with a radius of 0.05 m and is shown to significantly reduce the axial and radial thermal gradients inside the crystal. The robustness of the proposed controller with respect to model uncertainty is demonstrated through simulations.
Hypnos: understanding and treating sleep conflicts in smartphones

To maximally conserve the critical resource of battery energy, smartphone OSes implement an aggressive system suspend policy that suspends the whole system after a brief period of user inactivity. This burdens developers with the responsibility of keeping the system on, or waking it up, to execute time-sensitive code. Developer mistakes in using the explicit power management unavoidably give rise to energy bugs, which cause significant, unexpected battery drain.In this paper, we study a new class of energy bugs, called sleep conflicts, which can happen in smartphone device drivers. Sleep conflict happens when a component in a high power state is unable to transition back to the base power state because the system is suspended when the device driver code responsible for driving the transition is supposed to execute. We illustrate the root cause of sleep conflicts, develop a classification of the four types of sleep conflicts, and finally present a runtime system that performs sleep conflict avoidance, along with a simple yet effective pre-deployment testing scheme. We have implemented and evaluated our system on two Android smartphones. Our testing scheme detects several sleep conflicts in WiFi and vibrator drivers, and our runtime avoidance scheme effectively prevents sleep conflicts from draining the battery.
AIRFrame: integrating diverse digital collections in astrobiology

Astrobiology is an inherently interdisciplinary field concerned with questions of life in the universe. This paper describes the design and ongoing implementation of the Astrobiology Integrative Research Framework (AIRFrame), an open source, ontology-driven information system designed to ingest and analyze heterogeneous inputs of both published and unpublished data, and to identify and illustrate latent connections between research in astrobiology's diverse constituent fields.
Zr diffusion in titanite

Chemical diffusion of Zr under anhydrous, pO2-buffered conditions has been measured in natural titanite. The source of diffusant was either zircon powder or a ZrO2–Al2O3–titanite mixture. Experiments were run in sealed silica glass capsules with solid buffers (to buffer at NNO or QFM). Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS) was used to measure diffusion profiles. The following Arrhenius parameters were obtained for Zr diffusion parallel to c over the temperature range 753–1,100°C under NNO-buffered conditions: D Zr = 5.33 × 10−7 exp(−325 ± 30 kJ mol−1/RT) m2 s−1 Diffusivities are similar for experiments buffered at QFM. These data suggest that titanite should be moderately retentive of Zr chemical signatures, with diffusivities slower than those for O and Pb in titanite, but faster than those for Sr and the REE. When applied in evaluation of the relative robustness of the recently developed Zr-in-titanite geothermometer (Hayden and Watson, Abstract, 16th V.M. Goldschmidt Conference 2006), these findings suggest that Zr concentrations in titanite will be less likely to be affected by later thermal disturbance than the geothermometer based on Zr concentrations in rutile (Zack et al. in Contrib Mineral Petrol 148:471–488, 2004; Watson et al. in Contrib Mineral. Petrol, 2006), but much less resistant to diffusional alteration subsequent to crystallization than the Ti-in-Zircon geothermometer (Watson and Harrison in Science 308:841–844, 2005).
Infusion manometry and detection of sphincteric function of crural diaphragm

The principles of infusion manometry in the measurement of lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure were laid down in the mid-1960s by L.D. Harris and his coworkers. Dodds and his colleagues were largely responsible for the improvements and advent of the low-compliance manometry. Using side-hole manometry, it is possible to detect accurate LES pressure that correlates with the strength of the antireflux barrier. The LES pressure as measured by the side-hole manometry, shows respiration-induced pressure oscillations. These pressure oscillations were initially thought to be due to the influence of abdominal and thoracic pressures on the LES. However, it was later pointed out that these pressure oscillations were due to the relative motion of the point pressure sensor (side hole of the manometric catheter) and the LES during respiration. Recent studies suggest that active contraction of the crural diaphragm during inspiration is responsible for the pressure oscillations observed in the cat LES pressure tracings. The use of the sleeve device in the measurement of LES pressure during contraction of the diaphragm has been described recently. Using the principles of manometry and sleeve device, it is now possible to identify two lower esophageal sphincters: the smooth muscle LES, traditionally known as the LES, and crural diaphragm, which we have referred to as the external lower esophageal sphincter. The purpose of the following paper is to summarize the general principles of the infusion manometry in the measurement of intraluminal pressure, specifically the LES pressure. The recently developed technique of detection of the sphincteric function of the crural diaphragm by the sleeve device will be discussed. In the last paragraph the limitations of manometry in detection of the muscular contractile activity are described.
Ferredoxin-NADP+ oxidoreductase is active as a monomer with molecular weight 33,000-36,000.

Abstract Concerned about the lack of agreement among reports of the molecular weight of ferredoxin-NADP + oxidoreductase, we carried out molecular weight determinations in the ultracentrifuge. Sedimentation velocity, sedimentation equilibrium, and active enzyme sedimentation studies all indicate that ferredoxin-NADP + oxidoreductase in the purified form is active as a monomer of molecular weight 33,000–36,000.
Bacterial Spore Detection and Determination by Use of Terbium Dipicolinate Photoluminescence

A new method to detect bacterial endospores and determine their concentration was demonstrated by the addition of a solution of terbium chloride to a suspension of bacterial endospores. The terbium chloride reacted with the calcium dipicolinate in the spore case to form terbium(III) dipicolinate anion. Solid particles, including residual bacterial particles, were removed by filtering. The photoluminescence from the solution was measured as a function of excitation wavelength, emission wavelength, and bacterial endospore concentration. The photoluminescence from terbium(III) dipicolinate anion in the solution was easily identified.
The effect of cooperativity on hydrogen bonding interactions in native cellulose Iβ from ab initio molecular dynamics simulations

Hydrogen bonding cooperativity plays an important role in the stability of α-helices, β-sheets and many other hydrogen bonding systems. Here ab initio calculations were performed to determine the cooperative effect on hydrogen bonding structures in native crystalline cellulose Iβ. Both isolated and paired cellulose chains with degree of polymerisation varying from 2 to 7 were investigated. A highly cooperative hydrogen bonding interaction was found in the paired cellulose chains, particularly between the inter-chain and intra-chain hydrogen bonds. An enhancement in hydrogen bonding strength was also observed when infinite cellulose chains were paired to form cellulose sheets, and when cellulose sheets were stacked to form three dimensional cellulose crystalline structures. This hydrogen bonding cooperativity is likely due to the electron delocalisation effect.
Description: Likewise, as Technical Experts, But Not (At All) by Way of Culture (2012-2013).

Artist's Description of the video artwork Likewise, as Technical Experts, But Not (At All) by Way of Culture (2012-2013) included in this edition of Contemporaneity.
Tidal pumping and nutrient fluxes on Georges Bank: A process-oriented modeling study

Abstract Process-oriented studies with the unstructured-grid, three-dimensional Finite-Volume Coastal Ocean Model (FVCOM) of Georges Bank were used to examine the importance of physical processes on the cross-isobath transport of nutrients onto the Bank. Starting from idealized vertical profiles of NO 3 constructed from summertime climatologic fields, the nutrient field was integrated in time using a conservative tracer equation with both homogenous and stratified initial hydrography and both tide and wind forcing. The model results reveal that: a) nutrient fluxes are spatially inhomogeneous, with the greatest nutrient flux generated by tidal pumping into surface waters along the edge of the Bank's northern flank; b) a surface nutrient maximum occurs on the northeast flank as a result of advection along the northern edge and bifurcation of the flow as waters circulate clockwise and spread laterally around the eastern portion of the Bank; c) advection enriches nutrient concentrations downstream and around the Bank, generating a donut-shaped pattern of elevated nutrients; and d) waters on the top of the Bank, especially in the southwest portions, experience the lowest nutrient flux rates. The length of time required to reach a quasi-equilibrium state of nutrient distribution over the Bank is controlled primarily by tidal advection, with cross-frontal fluxes modulated by stratification, surface wind stress, and the initial nutrient concentration in the Gulf of Maine source waters.
Maintaining prevention in practice: Survival of PPIP in primary care settings

Results: PPIP has been maintained—at varying degrees of integration—in four of the five sites studied, for 6 years after adoption. Organizational factors that facilitated the institutionalization process were the site’s institutional strength, the integration of PIPP within extant programs and services, visibility of the program within and outside the site, planning for the termination of grant funding, and presence of a program champion with mid- to upper-level managerial authority. Successful initiation of the program was not a predictor of institutionalization outcomes. Conclusions: We have highlighted the need to consider organizational determinants of institutionalization in relation to their specific sociopolitical contexts, and in relation to each other, not in isolation. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH): health promotion, preventive health services, primary health care, program evaluation, program sustainability, public health (Am J Prev Med 2001;20(3):184 ‐189) © 2001 American Journal of Preventive Medicine
Reaction at Limited Water Concentration 1. Sucrose Hydrolysis

SUMMARY —To enable development of a model describing reaction kinetics in dehydrated foods, we studied sucrose hydrolysis at limited water concentration. Saturated sucrose solutions containing various acids and inert solid materials gave identical rate constants and energy of activation as predicted from dilute solutions. Reaction rates in freeze-dried systems humidified to low moisture contents indicated that any equation describing the rate of hydrolysis must include a term for the velocity of dissolution of solid sucrose into the surface water. The rate of hydrolysis was a pseudo first-order reaction obeying the same kinetics as in dilute solution; the rate of dissolution became rate-limiting when the initial supply of dissolved sucrose was exhausted.
Mitral valve repair in patients with low left ventricular ejection fractions: Early and late results

Study objectives: This retrospective study was performed to examine the outcome of mitral valve repair (ie, mitral valvuloplasty [MVP]) in relation to preoperative low left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Design and settings: From our series of 338 consecutive patients who underwent MVP between 1983 and 2001, we compared the course of 302 patients with preoperative LVEF of > 35% (group I) to that of 36 patients with LVEF of < 35% (group II). Results: Preoperatively, group II patients were more likely to be associated with ischemic heart disease (IHD) [p < 0.0002], and to have undergone emergency surgery (p < 0.02) and concomitant coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) [p < 0.02]. The perioperative mortality rate was 8% for group II and 2% for group I (p < 0.03). On multivariate analysis, predictors of increased operative mortality were emergent operation (p < 0.001) and preoperative New York Heart Association (NYHA) class IV (p < 0.02). Predictors of overall mortality (early and late) included emergency operation (p < 0.02), preoperative NYHA class IV (p < 0.002), and IHD (p < 0.0001). Postoperatively, 78% of patients from both groups were in NYHA class I/II. The 5-year rate of freedom from reoperation was 89%. The estimated overall 5-year survival rate (early and late) was 82% for group I and 54% for group II (p < 0.02), and when associated with prior CABG, prior myocardial infarction, or concomitant CABG, it was 0%, 37%, and 63%, respectively, in group II. Conclusions: Good symptomatic relief and acceptable overall survival can be obtained in patients in both groups after they have undergone MVP, in the absence of serious comorbidities. Preoperative NYHA class IV and end-stage IHD increase early and late mortality, particularly in group II patients, in whom surgery may be a salvage effort only. Prognosis is dismal in group II patients who have previously undergone CABG. In chronic cases, an early referral for MVP electively before deterioration to end-stage heart disease would improve survival even in patients with low LVEF. (CHEST 2004; 126:709 –715)
"I've got a lot to do and i don't think i'll have the time": Gender differences in late adolescents' narratives of the future.

The present study examined gender differences in late adolescents' future narratives.Thirty-nine male and 43 female late adolescents (M=20.01 years) completed 90-minute individual interviews assessing dimensional and thematic aspects of the future narrative as well as psychological profile characteristics (abstract reasoning, psychological distress, self-concept, and self-esteem). As predicted, gender differences emerged in the anticipation and projected timing of adulthood transition events. More females than males anticipated marriage and parenthood; females also anticipated younger ages at marriage and parenthood than males. Examination of adolescents' narratives of the life course beyond the adulthood transition revealed greater extensionoverall among males than females. No gender differences in extension or densitywere obtained for the anticipated occupational domain, and no gender differences were obtained in extension in the family domain. Female adolescents, however, anticipated more events in the family domain than did males. The findings are discussed in terms of the implicit theories of adulthood that inform adolescents' future narratives.
Indicator dispersion in the circulation

Stewart,28 in 1897, was one of the first to observe that a bolus became increasingly dispersed as it traveled through the vascular system. He noted that, for a bolus of injected saline, the time between first appearance at the femoral artery and maximal concentration was longer when injection was made into the right ventricle than when made into the left ventricle. This is to be expected whether flow is laminar or turbulent. In general, dispersion in the circulation is due to four distinct types of processes: (1) velocity profile produced by differences in the velocities of particles at different distances from the wall of a vessel; (2) mixing-pool effects, such as occur in eddies or cardiac chambers which exchange a proportion of their volume with the blood flowing through or past them; (3) random movement of particles backward, forward, and across the stream, as in turbulent flow; and (4) differences in lengths of parallel pathways through the capillary networks of an organ or through different regions of the body.
Synthesis, crystal structure, and magnetic properties of two-dimensional divalent metal glutarate/dipyridylamine coordination polymers, with a single crystal-to-single crystal transformation in the copper derivative

Abstract Hydrothermal reaction of divalent metal chlorides with glutaric acid and 4,4′-dipyridylamine (dpa) has afforded an isostructural family of coordination polymers with formulation [M(glu)(dpa)]n (M=Co (1), Ni (2), Cu (3); glu=glutarate). Square pyramidal coordination is seen in 1–3, with semi-ligation of a sixth donor to produce a “5+1” extended coordination sphere. Neighboring metal atoms are linked into 1D [M(glu)]n neutral chains through chelating/monodentate bridging glutarate moieties with a syn–anti binding mode, and semi-chelation of the pendant carboxylate oxygen. These chains further connect into 2D layers through dipodal dpa ligands. Neighboring layers stack into the pseudo 3D crystal structure of 1–3 through supramolecular hydrogen bonding between dpa amine units and the semi-chelated glutarate oxygen atoms. The variable temperature magnetic behavior of 1–3 was explored and modeled as infinite 1D Heisenberg chains. Notably, complex 3 undergoes a thermally induced single crystal-to-single crystal transformation between centric and acentric space groups, with a conformationally disordered unilayer structure at 293 K and an ordered bilayer structure at 173 K. All materials were further characterized via infrared spectroscopy and elemental and thermogravimetric analyses.
The Efficacy of Learning Teams: A Comparative Analysis

This article investigates the effect of long-term learning teams on a student's retention of factual knowledge, ability to apply theories to analyze political events, and perception of the learning experience. The study compares two sections of an introductory world politics course—one that grouped students into long-term learning teams and one that did not. The results revealed that learning teams that met weekly helped students recall facts and cooperate with others to learn. However, learning teams did little to enhance a student's ability to use theories to explain political events. This suggests that future analysis of learning teams might focus on the dynamics found within the group and/or on how student personalities affect the learning process.
Isothermogravimetric determination of the enthalpies of vaporization of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium ionic liquids.

Vaporization enthalpies for two series of ionic liquids (ILs) composed of 1-n-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium cations, [Imm1+] (m = 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, or 10), paired with either the bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide, [Tf2N−], or the bis(perfluoroethylsulfonyl)amide anion, [beti−], were determined using a simple, convenient, and highly reproducible thermogravimetric approach, and from these values, Hildebrand solubility parameters were estimated. Our results reveal two interesting and unanticipated outcomes: (i) methylation at the C2 position of [Imm1+] affords a significantly higher vaporization enthalpy; (ii) in all cases, the [beti−] anion served to lower the enthalpy of vaporization relative to [Tf2N−]. The widespread availability of the apparatus required for these measurements coupled with the ease of automation suggests the broad potential of this methodology for determining this critical parameter in a multitude of ILs.
An In-Depth Examination of Optimal Outcome Children with a History of Autism Spectrum Disorders.

Abstract Previous research has suggested that some children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) may improve to such an extent that they lose their diagnosis, yet little research has examined these ‘optimal outcome’ children in depth. We examined multiple aspects of functioning in a group of 13 optimal outcome (OO) children, matched on age, gender, and non-verbal IQ to a group of typically developing children (N = 14) and a group of high-functioning children with ASD who still retained a diagnosis on the autism spectrum (N = 14). These children were tested on average about eight years after they had been diagnosed (OO = 93 months, HFA = 94 months). Unlike their high-functioning peers with ASD, the OO group's adaptive and problem behavior scores fell within the average range. They also showed average language and communication scores on all language measures. The HFA group, however, continued to show pragmatic, linguistic, social, and behavioral difficulties. The OO children tended to have been diagnosed at younger ages and were significantly more likely to have received intensive early intervention. Although the high-functioning children with ASD continued to show difficulties in the behavioral realm, the individuals in the OO group were functioning within the average range on all measures. Future research should address how this optimal outcome is achieved.
Cyanide speciation at four gold leach operations undergoing remediation.

Analyses have been made of 81 effluents from four gold leach operations in various stages of remediation to identify the most -persistent cyanide species. Total cyanide and weak acid-dissociable (WAD) cyanide were measured using improved methods, and metals known to form stable cyanocomplexes were also measured. Typically, total cyanide greatly exceeded WAD indicating that cyanide was predominantly in strong cyanometallic complexes. Iron was generally too low to accommodate the strongly complexed cyanide as Fe(CN)63− or Fe(CN)64−, but cobalt was abundant enough to implicate Co(CN)63− or its dissociation products (Co(CN)6−x(H2O)x(3−x)−). Supporting evidence for cobalt−cyanide complexation was found in tight correlations between cobalt and cyanide in some sample suites. Also, abundant free cyanide was produced upon UV illumination. Iron and cobalt cyanocomplexes both photodissociate; however, the iron concentration was insufficient to have carried the liberated cyanide, while the cobalt concentration was su...
Flexibility in the development of heron sibling aggression: an intraspecific test of the prey-size hypothesis

Abstract Sibling aggression in nestling Arceidae has been associated with a diet of monopolizably small prey items: in a Texas colony two egret species that eat small prey are siblicidal, while adjacent broods of great blue herons, Ardea herodias, eat very large prey and seldom fight. In a previous experiment these herons showed considerable developmental plasticity, acquiring egret-like behaviour (direct feeding and fatal sibling aggression) when foster-reared on a small-prey diet. The prey-size hypothesis was further tested by studying a Quebec colony of great blue herons that take small prey as their natural diet. As predicted, these nestlings fought much more than their Texas conspecifics (an increase of 800–900%) and learned to catch the discrete food boluses directly from the parent's bill. Thus, early-hatched/senior brood members maintained a competitive advantage over younger siblings, even after losing their initial handling speed advantage, and they consumed disproportionate shares of the food. It is proposed that sibling aggression in this species is adaptively facultative, developing only when food is sufficiently small to be economically defended via aggression.
Gallstones induced by Normal Foodstuffs in Dogs

EXPERIMENTAL models of gallstone formation have been described in many species1,2, but the lithogenic methods used were unphysiological or unnatural. In dogs, spontaneous gallstones are rare1, and human cholesterol gallstones placed in the dog gallbladder will dissolve3. Canine gallstones occur in biliary fistulas4, but the only report of gallbladder stones followed combined cholesterol-feeding and occlusion of the cystic duct5. To induce stones physiologically in this resistant species, we designed a diet in 1965 which hypothetically would alter bile salt–phospholipid–cholesterol–pigment relationships in bile and cause bile stasis as follows: low amounts of protein, high content of sugar and no added bile salts to reduce total bile salt and volume-flow of bile6,7; low content of total and unsaturated fat to reduce and alter phospho-lipids and bile salts in bile and to decrease gallbladder contractions8–10; and added cholesterol to overcome the cholesterol-holding capacity of dog bile1,11. Cornstarch and multiple small feedings were added further to simulate diets of certain human populations with a high incidence of cholelithiasis, for example, the Pima Indians12, or produce biliary stasis1,8. The diet was compounded of purified casein 10 per cent, sucrose 50 per cent, cornstarch 26 per cent, animal lard 5 per cent, cholesterol USP 1 per cent, salt mixture USP XIV 5 per cent, ‘Vitamin Diet Fortification Mixture’ 2 per cent and cellulose as filler 1 per cent (Nutritional Biochemicals Corporation, Cleveland, Ohio).
Modular invariant partition functions for parafermionic field theories

The partition functions of the parafermionic theories of Zamolodchikov and Fateev are computed in terms of the string functions of affine algebra. Conditions for modular invariance are given and a complete set of solutions is found. The partition functions in the presence of twisted boundary conditions are also given. All the solutions are shown to be orbifolds of some principal ones.
Tight-binding investigation of electron tunneling through ultrathin SiO2gate oxides

Abstract We investigate electron tunneling through ultrathin gate oxides using scattering theory within a tight-binding framework. We employ Si[100]/SiO 2 /Si[100] model junctions with oxide thicknesses between 7 and 18 A. This approach accounts for the three-dimensional microscopic structure of the model junctions and for the three-dimensional nature of the corresponding complex energy bands. The equilibrium positions of the atoms in the heterostructure are derived from first-principles density-functional calculations. We show that the present method yields qualitative and quantitative differences from conventional effective-mass theory.
Potential antiapoptotic activity of aldosterone antagonists in postinfarction remodeling.

To the Editor: We welcome the paper from Suzuki et al1 on the beneficial effect of eplerenone on postinfarction left ventricular remodeling in dogs. However, we believe that the authors have failed to thoroughly appraise their findings as they neglected to analyze and discuss the role of myocardial apoptosis as a major pathophysiological mechanism potentially underlying the benefits derived from aldosterone receptor antagonism. Myocardial apoptosis plays a pivotal role in postinfarction left ventricular remodeling, as shown by several investigators, including researchers …
Dipping San Andreas and Hayward faults revealed beneath San Francisco Bay, California

The San Francisco Bay area is crossed by several right-lateral strike-slip faults of the San Andreas fault zone. Fault-plane reflections reveal that two of these faults, the San Andreas and Hayward, dip toward each other below seismogenic depths at 60° and 70°, respectively, and persist to the base of the crust. Previously, a horizontal detachment linking the two faults in the lower crust beneath San Francisco Bay was proposed. The only near-vertical-incidence reflection data available prior to the most recent experiment in 1997 were recorded parallel to the major fault structures. When the new reflection data recorded orthogonal to the faults are compared with the older data, the highest amplitude reflections show clear variations in moveout with recording azimuth. In addition, reflection times consistently increase with distance from the faults. If the reflectors were horizontal, reflection moveout would be independent of azimuth, and reflection times would be independent of distance from the faults. The best-fit solution from three-dimensional traveltime modeling is a pair of high-angle dipping surfaces. The close correspondence of these dipping structures with the San Andreas and Hayward faults leads us to conclude that they are the faults beneath seismogenic depths. If the faults retain their observed dips, they would converge into a single zone in the upper mantle ~45 km beneath the surface, although we can only observe them in the crust.
State-of-health of a CuCl electrolyzer during a 168-h test

Abstract A state-of-health test of a CuCl/HCl electrolytic cell was carried out by maintaining a constant current density of 0.3 A cm −2 for 168 h at 80 °C and ambient pressure. While the most common method used to characterize the electrochemical performance of a CuCl electrolytic cell is to record current–voltage ( I–V curves), it is also essential to separate the electrochemical and ohmic components of the polarization curve. In our study, the AC impedance characteristics of a single cell were studied along with the DC polarization curves. After the durability test, the potential required to maintain the cell at 0.3 A cm −2 increased from 630 mV of the fresh membrane electrode assembly (MEA) to 710 mV due to some degradation processes in the electrolytic cell. Quantitative analysis of the performance decay was carried out by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). EIS measurements showed an increase in the area specific ohmic resistance of the MEA from 0.6 Ω cm 2 to 0.85 Ω cm 2 and area specific charge-transfer resistance from 0.61 Ω cm 2 to 0.8 Ω cm 2 measured at an overpotential of 0.2 V. The degradation in the cell is attributed to the decrease in membrane conductivity and an increase in the charge-transfer resistance.
Prolactin-stimulated mitogenesis of cultured astrocytes.

PRL has been reported to activate cell cycle-specific enzyme markers in nonreproductive tissues. To determine if PRL stimulates cell cycle-specific markers and cell growth in the central nervous system, the effect of PRL on cellular proliferation was examined in cultured astrocytes. Astrocytes from confluent cultures were plated onto glass slides at a density of 2 x 10(4) cell/ml 24 h before use. In some experiments, cells were serum deprived for 24 h (Go-arrested) after plating. Cell proliferation was examined directly by an increase in cell number and in individual cells by immunofluorescent detection of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and the incorporation of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrUd). When incubated with 1% serum, a small percentage (less than 5%) of the cells expressed PCNA. In cells cultured with rat PRL (10(-10)-10(-7) M) for 18 h, staining of PCNA increased in a dose-dependent manner, with maximal expression occurring at 10(-9) M PRL. At concentrations above 10(-9) M, PCNA staining ...
Phase Equilibria in the System SrO-CdO-V2O5

Phase equilibria in the system SrO-CdO-V2O5 in air were established from data obtained by DTA, quenching, and high-temperature solid-state reaction experiments. The SrO-V2O5 boundary system contains 4 compounds at SrO to V2O5 molar ratios of 4:1, 3:1, 2:1, and 1:1. A fifth compound with a molar composition of ∼10:3 with the apatite crystal structure was also found; it may, however, be a hydroxyapatite phase. The CdO-V2O5 system contains the compounds 3CdO·V2O5, 2CdO·V2O5, and CdO·V2O5. The latter compound exhibits a rapid reversible polymorphic transition at 180°C. Complete solid solubility exists in the SrO-CdO system. The most probable compatibility relations were determined from the data available for the SrO-CdO-V2O5 ternary system. Limited solid solubility exists between SrO·V2O5 and CdO·V2O5, and the high-temperature CdO·V2O5 polymorph is stabilized to room temperature by solid solution of SrO·V2O5. Evidence for the existence of 2 ternary compounds with limited local solid solubility is also presented.
Accelerated discovery through integration of Kepler with data turbine for ecosystem research

There is a need for Accelerated Discovery Cycles (ADCs) for integrating experimental and observational data to capture large-scale dynamic ecosystem complexity, to instantly process massive datasets, to test contrasting mechanistic models and to drive the next set of experiments. The overreaching objective is to enable ADCs by coupling recent advances in computational models and cyber-systems with the unique experimental infrastructure of Biosphere 2 (B2), a large-scale earth system science facility now under management by the University of Arizona. In the context of ADCs, there is a need for software development environment for modeling complex systems and a middleware for data streaming from the field into the models. Kepler is an open source tool that enables the end user to design scientific workflows in order to manage scientific data and perform complex analysis on the data. Ring Buffered Network Bus (RBNB) Data Turbine is a middleware system that is used to integrate sensor-based environment observing systems with data processing systems. Currently the integration between Kepler and Data Turbine is limited to reading from the Data Turbine only. In ADC, multiple hypotheses are tested with different assimilation models. These models run on a distributed computing environment, therefore capability of simultaneous reads and writes to the Data Turbine is a necessity. In this paper we show how to integrate Kepler with RBNB Data Turbine to achieve this capability. We also exploit the open-source features of Kepler system and create customized processing models in order to accelerate and automate the experiments in ecosystems research. We describe in further details our implementation approach to enable future studies on Kepler and Data Turbine integration.
Is There an Entity of Chemically Induced BCR-ABL–Positive Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia?

Advances in the therapy of malignancy have been accompanied by an increased frequency of cases of secondary acute myelogenous leukemia and related clonal cytopenias and oligoblastic (subacute) myelogenous leukemia (myelodysplastic syndromes). The acute myelogenous leukemia incidence can be increased by high-dose acute ionizing radiation exposure, alkylating agents, topoisomerase II inhibitors, possibly other DNA-damaging therapeutic agents, heavy, prolonged cigarette smoking, and high dose-time exposure to benzene, the latter less frequently seen in industrialized countries with worksite regulations. Acute myelogenous leukemia and myelodysplastic syndromes may result from innumerable primary types of chromosome damage. In the case of chronic myelogenous leukemia, a specific break in chromosome bands 9q34 and 22q11 must occur to result in the causal fusion oncogene (BCR-ABL). A review of 11 studies of the chromosomal abnormalities found in presumptive cases of cytotoxic therapy-induced leukemia and of 40 studies of the subtypes of leukemia that occur following cytotoxic therapy for other cancers has not provided evidence of an increased risk for chemically induced BCR-ABL-positive chronic myelogenous leukemia. Studies of the effects of alkylating agents, topoisomerase inhibitors, and benzene on chromosomes of hematopoietic cells in vitro, coupled with the aforementioned epidemiological studies of secondary leukemia after cytotoxic therapy or of persons exposed to high dose-time concentrations of benzene in the workplace, do not indicate a relationship among chemical exposure, injury to chromosome bands 9q34 and 22q11, and an increased risk for BCR-ABL-positive chronic myelogenous leukemia.
Kant's Presumed Repudiation of the "Moral Argument" in the "Opus Postumum": An Examination of Adickes' Interpretation

Until comparatively recently the complete text of the Opus Postutmum has not been available to students of the Kantian philosophy.Prior to the publication of Adickes’ commentary on this material in 1920, students of Kant were almost wholly dependent upon Reicke's incomplete and markedly inadequate edition of 1882–84.2 Adickes’ commentary, with its abundance of quoted passages, provided an access to a great deal of material hitherto unavailable. But it was not until the publication of the Academy Edition in 1936 that the complete text became available for independent study. Because of the recent publication of the full text, most accounts of Kant's position in the Opus Postumum have depended upon Reicke's inadequate edition or, as has been more frequently the case, upon Adickes’ commentary.3 In view of the considerable influence it has had upon Kant interpretation, Adickes’ analysis of the Opus Postumum warrants a careful and critical examination.
Surface plasmon resonance: a label-free tool for cellular analysis

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is a popular technique that allows for sensitive, specific, label-free and real-time assessment of biomolecular interactions. SPR is a nondestructive, modular and flexible tool for various applications in biomedical sciences ranging from cell sorting, cell surface characterization and drug discovery. In this review, we will discuss more specifically how SPR is used to monitor the dynamics of various types of cellular binding events and morphological adherence changes in response to external stimuli.
THREE UNUSUAL ENDOCRINOPATHIES WITH ASSOCIATED OVARIAN PATHOLOGY: I. OVARIAN AGENESIS. II. PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY. III. VIRILISM1

INTRODUCTION THE ORIGINAL intent of the authors in grouping the following three dissimilar cases under one title was to emphasize the nonneoplastic ovarian origin of the endocrinopathies. It soon became apparent that the primary ovarian origin of the syndromes could not be upheld unequivocally. Nevertheless, inasmuch as the three cases present such a dramatic contrast, each to the other, it was thought appropriate to leave them as a triad: the first, an instance of congenital ovarian aplasia; the second, precocious hyperactivity of the ovarian function; and the third, a pathologic perversion of the same function. In all three the diagnosis was verified by surgical exploration, and in each instance benefit was obtained by appropriate therapy. I. OVARIAN AGENESIS In March 1942, Varney, Kenyon and Koch (31) published an article entitled, “Association of short stature, retarded sexual development and high urinary gonatfotrophin titers in women; ovarian dwarfism.” When they pointed out the association of eithe...
RACE, CODE OF THE STREET, AND VIOLENT DELINQUENCY: A MULTILEVEL INVESTIGATION OF NEIGHBORHOOD STREET CULTURE AND INDIVIDUAL NORMS OF VIOLENCE

The study outlined in this article drew on Elijah Anderson's (1999) code of the street perspective to examine the impact of neighborhood street culture on violent delinquency. Using data from more than 700 African American adolescents, we examined 1) whether neighborhood street culture predicts adolescent violence above and beyond an adolescent's own street code values and 2) whether neighborhood street culture moderates individual-level street code values on adolescent violence. Consistent with Anderson's hypotheses, neighborhood street culture significantly predicts violent delinquency independent of individual-level street code effects. Additionally, neighborhood street culture moderates individual-level street code values on violence in neighborhoods where the street culture is widespread. In particular, the effect of street code values on violence is enhanced in neighborhoods where the street culture is endorsed widely.
Modification of Plant Lipids for Human Health: Development of Functional Land-Based Omega-3 Fatty Acids

We have remodeled canola seeds to accumulate the omega-3 fatty acid, stearidonic acid (SDA). In doing so, we have demonstrated the feasibility of developing a land-based source of functional omega-3 fatty acids on a large scale. Land-based omega-3 fatty acids represent a sustainable source of omega-3 fatty acids that can be produced on large acreages and delivered to consumers in a wide variety of functional foods. And unlike alpha-linolenic acid, SDA can provide eicosapentaenoic acid equivalence at moderate intakes. Widely applied, SDA-enriched foods could become a valuable tool for delivering recommended levels of omega-3 fatty acids to large portions of the population. By obviating the need for dietary changes, SDA-enriched foods may facilitate increased compliance with recommendations for daily omega-3 intakes.
A penetrating, cortical electrode array: design considerations

Physiological and anatomical data on the visual cortex are used to generate a set of criteria for the design of any array of penetrating electrodes to be implanted into the cortex of the brain. Such an array is expected to be used to electrically stimulate neurons of the sensory cortex or to record the neural activity of output structures like the motor cortex. An array intended for implantation into an animal cortex is described. >
Social status, social support, and stress: a comparative review of the health consequences of social control factors

Abstract The purpose of this review is to present evidence that two fundamental relationship dimensions, social status and social support, play significant roles in protecting individuals from stressors, stress responding, and related health problems. While there is a substantial literature on the link between social support and health, the role of social status has been largely overlooked in health psychology research. Research with humans and animals, in a variety of disciplines, demonstrates the effects of both status and support on acute stress responding and long-term health outcomes. Taken together, this research suggests that status and support serve to increase the individual's control over the social and physical environment, thus reducing the experience and effects of stress. The proposed social control model has implications for future research, including development of new measures, identification of health-relevant relationships, and generation of research questions to further illuminate our ...
Preliminary study of the diversion of 283 m3 s-1 (10,000 cfs) from Lake Superior to the Missouri River basin

Bulkley, J.W Wright, S.J. and Wright, D., 1984. Preliminary study of the diversion of 283 m 3 s -~ (10,000 cfs) from Lake Superior to the Missouri River basin. In: G.E. Stout and G,H. Davis (Editors), Global Water: Science and Engineering -- The Ven Te Chow Memorial Volume. J. Hydrol., 68 : 461--472. Trans-basin diversion is an established practice in this country. The High Plains Study authorized by the U.S. Congress in 1976 examined large-scale intra-basin diversion to replenish the depleted groundwater resources of the Ogallala aquifer. A portion of this intra-basin diversion could come from the Missouri River basin. This study presents the preliminary engineering associated with a large-scale diversion of Lake Superior water out of the Great Lakes and into the Missouri River basin in order to replace intra-basin water diverted for recharge of the Ogallala aquifer. The magnitude of the diversion is 283 m 3 s -1 (10,000 cfs). The first cost of the conveyance structure is estimated at US $19.6 billion. The total length is estimated at 984 km and the total static lift including friction losses, static head, and pumping plant losses is 1130 m. It is estimated that eighteen pumping plants will be required to lift the water from Lake Superior and transport it to the Missouri Basin. This study estimated an energy requirement to move this water equivalent to the annual energy production from seven 1000-MW plants. Initial costs of these power plants is estimated at $ 7 billion.
Transsexuals and Caretakers Power and Deceit in Intergroup Relations

Persons Seeking Sex Change Surgery are enmeshed in medically required relations with sets of caretakers, medical specialists, and mental health professionals. A heterogeneous group of individuals at the outset, transsexuals are molded by the system to conform with a stereotype expressed as a category in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Ethnographic Participant-observation and interviewing provide insight into this whole process that may have much broader implications, [gender, transsexual, stereotype, intergroup relations, diagnostic category]
“Giving it up to God” Negotiating Femininity in Support Groups for Wives of Ex-Gay Christian Men

The gender order is subject to challenge and change, particularly when situations arise in which existing inequalities become apparent and therefore must be managed. This study examines one such situation by analyzing how conservative Christian women, who were married to gay men, negotiated feminine identities in marital situations that challenged the legitimacy of traditional gender ideologies and practices. To investigate how these women coped, in-depth interviews were conducted with 15 participants of Christian support groups for wives of homosexual men. Through support group participation, these wives learned two key strategies, redefining homosexuality and submitting to God, to transform the meanings and emotional experiences associated with their marital situations. An analysis of the use and the consequences of these strategies shows how they empowered the wives to positively redefine their marriages and themselves while justifying the existing pattern of gender relations.
CA 19-9 level as indicator of early distant metastasis and therapeutic selection in resected pancreatic cancer.

Purpose In patients with pancreatic cancer treated with curative resection, we evaluated the effect of clinicopathologic parameters on early distant metastasis within 6 months (DM 6m ) to identify patients who might benefit from surgery. Methods and Materials The study involved 84 patients with pancreatic cancer who had undergone curative resection between August 2001 and April 2009. The parameters of gender, age, tumor size, histologic differentiation, T classification, N classification, pre- and postoperative carbohydrate antigen (CA) 19-9 level, resection margin, and adjuvant chemoradiotherapy were analyzed to identify the risk factors associated with DM 6m . Results Of the 84 patients, locoregional recurrence developed in 35 (41.7%) and distant metastasis in 58 (69%). Of the 58 patients with distant metastasis, DM 6m had developed in 27 (46.6%). Multivariate analysis showed that preoperative CA 19-9 level was significantly associated with DM 6m ( p 6m was observed in 9.1%, 50%, and 80% of those with a preoperative CA 19-9 level of ≤100 U/mL, 101–400 U/mL, and >400 U/mL, respectively ( p .001). Conclusions The preoperative CA 19-9 level might be a useful predictor of DM 6m and to identify those who would benefit from surgical resection.