cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantification and statistical modeling--part II: dermal concentrations of monomeric and polymeric 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate.

tics, mixed models generated in this study described no <36% of the variability in dermal concentrations of the different polyisocyanates measured in painters who did not wear protective clothing. These models also described 55% of the variability in dermal concentrations of isocyanurate measured in all painters (N 5 288 paint tasks). The product of analyte-specific breathing-zone concentration (BZC) and paint time was the most significant variable in all the models. Through LMM, a better understanding of the exposure pathways governing individual polyisocyanate exposures may be achieved. In particular, we were able to establish a link between BZC and dermal concentration, which may be useful for exposure reconstruction and quantitatively characterizing the protective effect of coveralls and gloves. This information can be used to reduce dermal exposures and better protect automotive spray painters from potential adverse health effects.
QUANTITATIVE MANAGEMENT OF TECHNOLOGY

The paper examines a not too comprehensive set of quantitative aspects of technology. It concentrates mainly on the quantification of management tools.
A reproducible olfactory display for exploring olfaction in immersive media experiences

Olfaction, the sense of smell, is an important perceptual function. It has been shown to enhance the quality of life and to facilitate memory recall. However, despite its importance and potential benefits, olfaction is often neglected when creating immersive media experiences (IMEs). The probable reason is that olfactory displays are not readily available. We have developed a reproducible olfactory display that is simple and affordable to make olfactory displays more available. More importantly, we have conducted three exploratory studies on the effects of olfaction. The results of these studies indicate that olfaction is a nuanced sense that can have both positive and negative effects on user experiences. Hence, further research is needed to better understand and design for olfaction in IMEs.
High flow nasal heliox improves work of breathing and attenuates lung injury in a newborn porcine lung injury model.

Background High flow nasal cannula (HFNC) has been shown to improve ventilation and oxygenation and reduce work of breathing in newborns with respiratory distress. Heliox, decreases resistance to airflow, reduces the work of breathing, facilitates the distribution of inspired gas, and has been shown to attenuate lung inflammation during the treatment of acute lung injury. Hypothesis Heliox delivered by HFNC will decrease resistive load, decrease work of breathing, improve ventilation and attenuate lung inflammation during spontaneous breathing following acute lung injury in the newborn pig. Methods Spontaneously breathing neonatal pigs received Nitrox or Heliox by HFNC and studied over 4 hrs following oleic acid injury. Gas exchange, pulmonary mechanics and systemic inflammation were measured serially. Lung inflammation biomarkers were assessed at termination. Results Heliox breathing animals demonstrated lower work of breathing reflected by lower tracheal pressure, phase angle and phase relationship. Ventilation efficiency index was greater compared to Nitrox. Heliox group showed less lung inflammation reflected by lower tissue interleukin-6 and 8. Conclusion High flow nasal Heliox decreased respiratory load, reduced resistive work of breathing indices and attenuated lung inflammatory profile while ventilation was supported at less pressure effort in the presence of acute lung injury.
Quasi-Stationary Wave Evolution on a Falling Film

We examine the quasi-stationary approximation of nonlinear two-dimensional wave evolution on a falling film with numerical experiments and analyses. It is found that, unless the noise spectrum contains an inordinate amount of nearly neutral ω/ω 0 > 0.9 and nearly static ω/ω 0 < 0.05 frequencies, the waves behave in a quasi-stationary manner at every location downstream from the feed. Secondary wave evolution can hence be modeled as successive and increasingly long near misses of weakly unstable stationary waves via their stable and unstable manifolds. Wave selection and the entire evolution downstream can then be accurately predicted with simple models.
Free-volume hole relaxation in molecularly oriented glassy polymers.

The free-volume hole relaxation in polycarbonate and poly(methyl methacrylate) with different levels of molecular orientation was studied by positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy at variable pressures. The molecular orientation was achieved through a simple shear process performed at different temperatures and extrusion rates. It has been demonstrated that the \ensuremath{\beta} relaxation is largely responsible for the free-volume hole anisotropy after simple shear orientation. Upon the removal of mechanical force, the deformation of the free volume is mostly reversible at temperatures much lower than the glass transition. No strong correlation between macroscopic deformation and the free-volume hole deformation was found regardless of molecular orientation.
Superlattice Interface and Lattice Strain Study by Ion Channeling

We have studied the interface and the lattice strain of superlattices by ion channeling technique. The objective in this work is to verify the existence of alternating tensile and compressive strain in the superlattice and to develop a method for measuring the lattice strain directly. Alternating layers of GaSb/AlSb were grown epitaxially by MBE with 10 periods. The thickness of each individual layer is 30 nm. Channeling measurements and analysis were made using a 1.76 MeV 4He ion beam. The measurements reveal higher dechanneling along the [110] axis than along the [100] axis. This is consistent with the dechanneling results published earlier. The high dechanneling along the [110] axis has been considered due to the lattice strain that occurs in the layers caused by the slight mismatch between the lattice constants of the two materials. The strain effect make [110] axis slightly bent from layer to layer (“zigzag”), but it does not occur in [100] axis. The axial angular scan analyses were made around the [110] direction at the different depths using a movable energy window setting. We have found that the angular position of the best alignment shifts from layer to layer. The oscillation of those angular positions with depth is of a direct evidence of the existence of alternating tension and compression strain layers in the superlattice. The “kink” angle at the interface is given by the difference of the angular position between the first and second layer. This is found to be 0.17° ± 0.03°. This is in a good agreement with the result calculated from elasticity. Preliminary result of this experiment is recently published. We are also investigating the interface and lattice strain by planar angular scan across the (110) plane at a position three degrees from [110] axis. The similar oscillatory results have been found for {110} planar channeling and the “kink” angle measurement is in a good agreement with the results from axial angular scan. We believe that the method of ion beam channeling and angular scan is very effective in strain measurements in multi-layered heteroexpitaxy system.
Insights into the Thermal Decomposition of Co(II) Oleate for the Shape-Controlled Synthesis of Wurtzite-Type CoO Nanocrystals

Fatty acid salts of transition metals are known to undergo thermal decomposition in high-boiling organic solvents. Although it is a straightforward, promising approach for generating colloidal metal oxide nanocrystals in high yield, its widespread implementation is hindered by irreproducibility. Subtle structural variations and impurities are often introduced during preparation of the carboxylate precursors, which exhibit strong influence on thermal decomposition, and the resulting nucleation and growth of oxide nanocrystals. Here, we studied the colloidal synthesis of wurtzite-type CoO (wz-CoO) nanostructures via thermal decomposition of Co(II) oleate complex [Co(OL)]2. Using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, we discovered that the conventional method for preparing [Co(OL)]2 gives rise to an isolable impurity containing a free hydroxide moiety. Furthermore, [Co(OL)]2 did not thermally decompose within the expected temperature range when the impurity was removed. In contrast, pencil-shaped wz-CoO n...
CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION IN CANCER PATIENTS WITH THROMBOCYTOPENIA: 4-YEAR EXPERIENCE FROM A HIGH VOLUME CANCER CENTER CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION LABORATORY

Thrombocytopenia is common in certain types of cancer. Research data and guidelines about PCI in this subgroup of patients is scarce as cancer patients have been excluded from all major PCI clinical trials. Between 11/2009 and 11/2013 a total of 1,517 consecutive cancer patients underwent cardiac
Observations on the Genus Catenaria

A fungus with a thallus similar to Catenaria Anguillulae and resting bodies that germinate as in Blastocladiella cystogena has been isolated from soil with its host, Allomyces anomalus. Growth expe...
Opening up a New Way for Ideological Work in University

Since the ideological education of contemporary university students bears a series of new characteristics, every university should make the ideological work more practically and effectively, locate the point to start with and contact of the ideological work under the new circumstances, and try hard to open up a new way of ideological work in universities.
Recent progresses in Lattice Boltzmann simulations of flow and multi-component reactive transport in porous media

In recent years, the Lattice Boltzmann (LB) method has become a powerful numerical tool for simulating complex fluid flows and modeling physics and chemistry in fluids. Derived from the continuum Boltzmann equation used in statistical mechanics, the LB method has the advantage of describing non-equilibrium dynamics, especially in fluid-flow applications involving interfacial dynamics and complex boundaries, without simplifying the physics. In addition, the parallel structure inherent in the LB method makes it extremely suitable for parallel computing. Because of these features, the LB method affords the most comprehensive pore-scale approach to systematically investigate fundamental issues involving flow and reactive transport in porous media. In this paper, the state of the art of this method is discussed. Specifically, a multi-component LB model for simulating reactive transport in porous media at the pore scale is presented. In the model, a set of distribution functions is introduced to simulate fluid flow and solute transport. The LB equation for flow recovers the correct pore-scale continuity and Navier-Stokes equations. The LB equations for solute transport are modified to recover advection-diffusion equations for total concentrations at the pore scale. The model takes into account advection, diffusion, homogeneous reactions among multiple aqueous species, heterogeneous reactions between the aqueous solution and minerals, as well as changes in solid and pore geometry. Homogeneous reactions are described through local equilibrium mass action relations. Mineral reactions are treated kinetically through boundary conditions at the mineral surface. Simulation examples presented include injection of carbon dioxide saturated brine into a limestone rock with pore geometry derived from a thin section, crystal formation from a supersaturated solution without flow, and crystal formation during carbon dioxide sequestration in oceanic sediments.
Monilial sepsis in the surgical patient.

Candida infections commonly occur following the introduction of broad spectrum antibiotics, especially in those patients with a severe debilitating condition necessitating the use of indwelling intravenous and urinary catheters. The patient’s clinical response tends to mimic that seen in gram-negative sepsis, except that the developmental course of the septic state is much more insidious.
Rural Health More Than Just “Big Data”

To the Editors:I was intrigued by the recent article on county-level vulnerability for rapid dissemination of HIV or Hepatitis C infection (HCV).1 Van Handel et al, report finding that rural counties were at increased risk for rapid dissemination of HIV and HCV infections. The article did not appear
Structural Rearrangement from Oligomer to Fibril Detected with FRET in a Designed Amphiphilic Peptide.

s-sheet conformation is promoted in peptides with amphiphilic design, and stable s-turn formation is favored with the unnatural amino acid DPro followed by a flexible residue, such as Gly. A 19-residue peptide (B3) was synthesized with alternating hydrophobic and hydrophilic residues connected by symmetrical DPro-Gly and Gly-DPro turns. B3 forms an oligomeric aggregate, rich in s-sheet conformation, which reversibly transforms into unordered structure on heating as evidenced by its temperature dependent IR spectra. When a dansyl moiety was added to the N-terminus of B3, the resulting peptide (B3D) can convert into a fibrillar structure after higher temperature incubation, which is detectable spectroscopically as well as by TEM. The fibrillization process involved an initial unfolding step monitored by the quenching of dansyl emission that contrasted with subsequent enhanced ThT emission seen on its binding to the fibril. A possible mechanism is proposed in which B3D forms a low-temperature oligomer that is at least partially unfolded due to a heat trigger, and, after this reassembles more slowly as a fibril.
Provenance Signals In the Piceance Creek Basin: Unroofing of the Sawatch Range and Extent of the Early Paleogene California River System (Colorado, U.S.A.)

Abstract: New and compiled U-Pb detrital zircon ages (n = 495) and sandstone petrographic compositions (n = 45) indicate a largely similar provenance throughout deposition of the Paleocene and lowermost Eocene Wasatch Formation in the Piceance Creek basin of northwest Colorado, U.S.A. Age spectra are dominated by Cretaceous- and Precambrian-age zircons from fluvial sand bodies composed of compositional litharenites and feldspathic litharenites. Our comparison with age spectra from other geologic formations exposed in surrounding Laramide uplifts indicates the Wasatch Formation is most similar to Upper Cretaceous fluvio-deltaic and marine strata of the Mesaverde Group, Mancos Shale, and their equivalents. Age spectra and paleodrainage directions from the lower Paleogene Wasatch and underlying Ohio Creek formations suggests recycling of these strata off the Sawatch and Uncompahgre uplifts from south and southeast of the basin. The data are inconsistent with previous hypotheses that Yavapai–Mazatzal crystalline basement in the Sawatch Range and Mesozoic eolianites in the Uncompahgre uplift contributed significant sediment to the basin. Based on these provenance insights and estimates of maximum depositional ages from detrital-zircon ages and biostratigraphy it appears that exposure and erosion of sedimentary strata of the Sawatch Range began between 65 and 60 Ma. This timing is significantly younger than the previously hypothesized ∼ 72 Ma unroofing of the crystalline basement in the uplift. Furthermore, we find no provenance evidence that sediment was transported across the Douglas Creek arch into the Piceance Creek basin from the Uinta basin. Thus, we infer this subdued Laramide structure was sufficient to block sediment dispersal from the paleo–California River system, which contemporaneously deposited ∼ 3000 km 3 of sediment, transported from the magmatic arc, in the Uinta basin.
Possible Influences of Solar UV Radiation in the Evolution of Marine Zooplankton

Evolution is understood to be a species’ total response to a large number of environmental factors. One of these factors, even in the sea, may be solar UV radiation. If so, one might relate a number of unique features of marine zooplankton to, the selective pressures of this near-surface stress. Some characteristics of marine zooplankton that may have been influenced or even determined by UV radiation are the diel vertical migration, certain seasonal migrations and the seasonal occurrence of near-surface larvae, UV-absorbent cuticles, zooplankton coloration, zooplankton associations, and zooplankton shapes.
The Tibetan PHD2 Polymorphism Asp4Glu Is Associated with Hypersensitivity of Erythroid Progenitors to EPO and Upregulation of HIF-1 Regulated Genes Hexokinase (HK1) and Glucose Transporter 1 (SLC2A/GLUT1),

Abstract Abstract 3388 The hypoxic response, mediated by hypoxia inducible transcription factors (HIFs), is central to the control and development of many essential biological functions, including erythropoiesis. As a high-altitude population, many Tibetans have developed a remarkable ability to protect against several hypoxic complications, including polycythemia and other harmful responses exhibited by non-adapted populations upon exposure to severe hypoxia. We have identified 10 genes involved in high-altitude adaptation in Tibetans, including a principal negative regulator of HIF-1a and HIF-2 a peptides, i.e. PHD2 (EGLN1), as well as HIF2A (EPAS1) (Simonson, Science 2010). At this meeting last year (Lorenzo, Abstract# 2602 ASH 2010), we reported a novel PHD2 Asp4Glu mutation that we found in 57 of 94 Tibetan, 2 of 88 Asian and 0 of 38 Caucasian chromosomes. In most Tibetan samples, this variant is associated with a previously reported, unvalidated PHD2 polymorphism, Cys127Ser (found in 70 of 94 Tibetan, 27 of 88 Asian and 4 of 38 Caucasian chromosomes). To study the functional consequences of this PHD2 Asp4Glu mutation, we recruited five Tibetan volunteers living in Utah, four of whom were homozygous and 1 heterozygous for PHD2 Asp4Glu and Cys127Ser. We unexpectedly found that homozygotes for the exon 1 PHD2 mutation had markedly hypersensitive erythroid BFU-E ( Fig.1 ) compared to the range of normal controls we have standardized over several decades. Interestingly, erythroid progenitors from individuals with Chuvash polycythemia or a HIF-2a gain-of-function mutation also have hypersensitive BFU-E. To determine if the Tibetan erythroid hypersensitivity data may be explained by increased HIF activity, we have quantified HIF target gene expression in subject granulocytes and found a significant increase in hexokinase (HK1) and glucose transporter (GLUT1/SLC2A) mRNA levels. Download : Download high-res image (16KB) Download : Download full-size image These data report the first molecular defect with functional consequences that is associated with the complex Tibetan adaptation to extreme hypoxia. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
The potential of targeting Sin3B and its associated complexes for cancer therapy.

Introduction: Sin3B serves as a scaffold for chromatin-modifying complexes that repress gene transcription to regulate distinct biological processes. Sin3B-containing complexes are critical for cel...
Contexts of English Language Teaching as Glocal Spaces

Cultural and economic globalization has considerably reinforced the use and spread of English as an international language across the world. In return, the learning and teaching of English in numerous local educational contexts has played a major role in making globalization (and its effects) possible. In this chapter, I view the dialectic of the global and the local as a complex, simultaneous, and constant interplay of homogenization and heterogenization, and convergence and divergence which repudiates the one-way flow from global to local. Resting upon the concept of glocalization, I suggest understanding the kaleidoscope of English Language Teaching (ELT) contexts as processual social, cultural, historical, and political constructions rather than essentialized, concretized, and static entities. This is an attempt to reconceptualize the ELT contexts as glocal spaces which are characterized by both global and local discourses and their dynamic interplay and mutual interpenetration. This reconceptualization can afford us the lens through which we can valorize the emergent glocal conditions in ELT practices and debunk the restrictive boundaries of dichotomous approaches. More specifically, glocalization can help gain further insights into the constructs of global ELT discourses and how they shape the possibilities of being, becoming, and knowing and impact the ways ELT professional negotiate identities, agency, and legitimacy in their glocal contexts.
Breast Imaging Outcomes following Abnormal Thermography.

Rationale and Objectives The study aimed to determine the outcome of patients presenting for evaluation of abnormal breast thermography. Materials and Methods Following Institutional Review Board approval, retrospective search identified 38 patients who presented for conventional breast imaging following a thermography-detected abnormality. Study criteria included women who had mammogram and/or breast ultrasound performed for evaluation of a thermography-detected abnormality between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2015. Patients whose mammograms and ultrasounds were initiated at an outside institution or who did not have imaging at our institution were excluded. Records were reviewed for clinical history, thermography results, mammogram and/or ultrasound findings, and pathology. Mammograms and ultrasounds were prospectively interpreted by one of 14 Mammography Quality Standards Act–certified breast imaging radiologists with 3–30 years of experience. Patient outcomes were determined by biopsy or at least 1 year of follow-up. Patient ages ranged from 23 to 70 years (mean = 50 years). Results Ninety-five percent (36 of 38) of patients did not have breast cancer. The two patients diagnosed with breast cancer had suspicious clinical symptoms including palpable mass and erythema. No asymptomatic woman had breast cancer. Negative predictive value was 100%. Of 38 patients, 79% (30 of 38) had Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) 1 or 2 assessments; 5% (2 of 38) had BI-RADS 3; and 16% (6 of 38) had BI-RADS 4 (n = 5) or BI-RADS 5 (n = 1) assessments. Two of six patients with biopsy recommendations were diagnosed with breast cancer (Positive predictive value 2 = 33.3%). All findings recommended for biopsy were ipsilateral to the reported thermography abnormality. Conclusions No cancer was diagnosed among asymptomatic women. The 5% of patients diagnosed with cancer had co-existing suspicious clinical findings. Mammogram and/or ultrasound were useful in accurately characterizing patients with abnormal thermography.
Alpha-Emitters and Targeted Alpha Therapy in Oncology: from Basic Science to Clinical Investigations

Alpha-emitters are radionuclides that decay through the emission of high linear energy transfer α-particles and possess favorable pharmacologic profiles for cancer treatment. When coupled with monoclonal antibodies, peptides, small molecules, or nanoparticles, the excellent cytotoxic capability of α-particle emissions has generated a strong interest in exploring targeted α-therapy in the pre-clinical setting and more recently in clinical trials in oncology. Multiple obstacles have been overcome by researchers and clinicians to accelerate the development of targeted α-therapies, especially with the recent improvement in isotope production and purification, but also with the development of innovative strategies for optimized targeting. Numerous studies have demonstrated the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of the targeted α-therapy. Radium-223 (223Ra) dichloride (Xofigo®) is the first α-emitter to have received FDA approval for the treatment of prostate cancer with metastatic bone lesions. There is a significant increase in the number of clinical trials in oncology using several radionuclides such as Actinium-225 (225Ac), Bismuth-213 (213Bi), Lead-212 (212Pb), Astatine (211At) or Radium-223 (223Ra) assessing their safety and preliminary activity. This review will cover their therapeutic application as well as summarize the investigations that provide the foundation for further clinical development.
Hayek and Aristocratic Influence

Hayek’s life was largely defined by his interactions with six exclusive clubs; he also legitimised three others. The first and last of the six were noble: the House of Habsburg intergeneration entitlement programme which—until April 1919—allowed him, legally, to attach the prefix ‘von’ to his name; plus the post-nominal Companion of Honour which the House of Windsor conferred on him almost two-thirds of a century later.
The role of surface waves in scattering processes of nuclear physics and acoustics

What classical and quantum physics have in common is that they deal with material objects, be they elastic bodies imbedded in a medium, atomic nuclei, or even elementary particles. Each of these target objects, when hit by an incident signal (a propagating wave, or a beam of particles), will be excited into eigenvibrations, and in its vibrating state will reemit waves or particles which will carry along with them information about the vibration properties of the target. We shall discuss here the mechanism by which the eigenvibrations are caused, demonstrating that the incident signal produces attenuated surface waves on the object which circumnavigate the latter repeatedly. If their wavelength is such that the surface waves match phases after each circumnavigation, then a standing surface wave is set up which represents the eigenvibration, and which causes peaks of finite width in the scattering amplitude when plotted as a function of frequency or energy, respectively.
A Generalization of Novikov Rings

Generalizations of theorems on simple Novikov algebras by E. I. Zel’manov and J. M. Osborn to a subvariety in the join of associative and Novikov are obtained.
The Other F-Word: Fascism, The 'Rule of Law,' and the Trump Era

This essay considers books that have suggested parallels between 1930s-style fascism and present day politics, especially that of the Trump Administration. The essay concludes that these parallels are generally unconvincing and that, however well-intentioned, they distract attention from needed political reforms.
Functional Neuroimaging of Prefrontal Cortex Activity During a Problem Solving Versus Motor Task in Children With and Without Autism

Abstract Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder characterized with deficits in social communication, repetitive behavioral patterns, and, frequently, movement dysfunction. Researchers have linked some of these issues to atypical prefrontal cortex (PFC) activity. However, it is unclear if what role (if any) the PFC plays in motor dysfunction seen in this population. In the current study, we use functional near infrared spectroscopy to compare prefrontal cortex oxygenation in boys with (n = 10) and without (n = 10) ASD, as they performed two tasks with similar movement requirements but varying levels of executive function (a computer-based Tower of Hanoi (TOH) disk-transfer task and a self-paced tapping task). Participants with ASD used significantly more moves than typically developing (TD) participants on the three-disk level (P = .012). 70% of TD and 33% of ASD participants completed the four-disk level and did not differ in number of moves. Number of taps did not differ between groups (TD: 216.7 ± 73.4; ASD: 206.3 ± 69.0). A significant interaction between group and task was found in Δdeoxy-Hb (P = .005). There was no interaction between group and task in Δoxy-Hb. Our results indicate that the ASD group used a different strategy to solve the TOH task. Furthermore, the lower performance scores in the cognitive task combined with different oxygenation measures suggest they had difficulty in organizing and planning during the TOH task.
To destroy a people: sexual violence as a form of genocide in the conflicts of Bosnia, Rwanda, and Chile

Abstract Throughout history, attacks on women have been common during armed conflict. Frequently military forces have viewed sexual violence as a spoil of war, a punishment to defeated populations, or as the deviance of rogue soldiers. However, conflicts in which sexual violence has been weaponized have been increasing. When a military force's command utilizes systematic and widespread sexual violence as a weapon of war against a specific group, in both intent and effect, it fulfills every condition of the Geneva Convention standards of genocide. In this article, we analyze three cases: Bosnia during the break-up of the former Yugoslavia, Rwanda during its genocide, and Chile under the Pinochet dictatorship. Motivations for each of the conflicts varied, from ethnic cleansing to the elimination of a competing political group, however, the constant in all three was the intended elimination of a specific group and a state sanctioned implementation of a policy of sexual violence in order to do so. Egregious acts of sexual violence were deliberately planned to murder, to incur permanent mental and physical harm, to demoralize and destroy the group's ability to procreate in the future, and to impose measures upon the group to bring about its end. Based on these examples, we argue that, irrespective of the cause of a conflict, systematic and widespread sexual violence used as a weapon of war must be classified as genocide. Our intention is not to expand the definition of genocide, but rather to more clearly specify the definition in light of advancements in the understanding of the impacts of sexual violence on societies.
Identification of infants at risk of child undernutrition in India: building a predictive algorithm with data from a nationally representative survey

Abstract Background India is at the centre of global child undernutrition, with a burden of malnourished children nearly twice that of all sub-Saharan African countries. The Indian government has established many national-level initiatives to address this public health crisis. However, there is substantial variation between and within states in the prevalence of child undernutrition, and strategies to identify at-risk populations are needed in the context of limited resources. Here, we describe the development of an algorithm that can be deployed at the time of delivery to characterise newborns' risk of undernutrition in the first 5 years of life. Methods We extracted data on 232 440 children younger than 5 years from the 2015–16 National Family Health Survey. A child was considered undernourished if either height-for-age, weight-for-height, or weight-for-age was more than 2 SD below median WHO child growth standards. We used predictor variables identified in published studies if they could be measured at the time of delivery and used multilevel logistic regression to model the outcome. Model calibration was assessed using the Hosmer-Lemeshow test. We tested internal validity of the model using 200 bootstrapped samples to derive an optimism-adjusted c-statistic. All analyses were done with svy command in STATA to account for complex clustered sampling. Findings In 2016, 54·7% of Indian children younger than 5 years were either stunted (38·4%), underweight (35·8%), or wasted (21·0%). The predictive model for overall undernutrition included maternal factors (height, education, reproductive history, number of antenatal visits), child factors (sex and birthweight), and household characteristics (district of residence, caste, rural residence, toilet availability, presence of a separate kitchen). The model demonstrated good discrimination ability (c-statistic: 0·688, optimism-adjusted c: 0·686). The prevalence of child undernutrition in the lowest decile risk group was 24·0%, and in the highest decile risk group it was 77·9%. Interpretation We are developing a mobile-based app to collect the information and categorise children into a risk decile at the time of delivery. Since more than 80% of births in India are registered by community health workers, who are also responsible for implementing child nutrition programmes, this tool could help workers identify infants at risk of malnutrition and prioritise their interventions. Funding AS: NIH-NCATS (TL1-TR001454) and NIH-NICHD (1F30HD091975-01A1) [AS] and NIH-NIMH (P60-MD006912-05) [JA].
Enhanced Memory: “The Entire History of You”

Jenkins explores the Black Mirror (2011–) episode, “The Entire History of You,” in relation to two other narratives about prosthetic memory and wearable computers—Kathryn Bigelow’s 1995 feature film, Strange Days and Steve Mann’s 2001 book, Cyborg: Digital Destiny and Human Possibility in the Age of Wearable Computers. Black Mirror’s Grain, Strange Days’ SQUID, and Cyborg’s WearComp each represent new media technologies which enable humans to record, process, access, and share their perceptual experiences in real time, resulting in what Mann describes as a “cyborg perspective.” Each is an extension of the human sensorium, which opens up radical possibilities for managing knowledge and interacting with others. Yet, in each narrative, “old troubles” catch up with us, as powerful institutions and systemic inequality shape how this technology gets used in practice.
Exercise and intermittent claudication.II. Effect of physical training.

Five men with arteriosclerosis obliterans (ASO) underwent a 3 to 8-month physical training program. The systolic pressure at the ankle (AP) before and after exercise, maximal walking time (MWT), and time of onset of claudication pain (CPT) were recorded on 4 different days. After training, these measurements were repeated on 3 different days. In addition, each subject was retested at his initial MWT. There were significant increases in resting AP levels of three subjects, in CPT and MWT of all five subjects and in the postexercise AP levels of all five subjects. Pain diminished or disappeared for varying periods of time while four of the subjects were walking. These data signify that there was a significant increase in collateral circulation at rest, during or after exercise, or both, improving the blood supply to the obstructed leg.
A Social Network Model of the COVID-19 Pandemic

In the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic, currently vaccines and specific anti-viral treatment are not yet available. Thus, preventing viral transmission by case isolation, quarantine, and social distancing is essential to slowing its spread. Here we model social networks using weighted graphs, where vertices represent individuals and edges represent contact. As public health measures are implemented, connectivity in the graph decreases, resulting in lower effective reproductive numbers, and reduced viral transmission. For COVID-19, model parameters were derived from the coronavirus epidemic in China, validated by epidemic data in Italy, then applied to the United States. We calculate that, in the U.S., the public is able to contain viral transmission by limiting the average number of contacts per person to less than 7 unique individuals over each 5 day period. This increases the average social distance between individuals to 10 degrees of separation.
Chapter 9 – Measurement Inequalities

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on measurement inequalities. It describes several applications of finite linear measurement models to psychological data. In each case, an attempt has been made to test the validity of the model and to construct measurement scales by solving systems of homogeneous linear inequalities. In discussing the applications, emphasis is put on measurement models and scaling methods rather than experimental procedures and substantive conclusions. The method for constructing the utility function, which is based on an idea of Ramsey, consists of finding an event whose subjective probability equals ½. The infinite, recursive chain of cancellation conditions, equivalent to irreflexivity of the minimal regular extension, cannot all be tested. No practical general methods for determination of the solvability of a set of simultaneous polynomial inequalities have been devised; one generally proceeds by trial and error.
Interfacial water and ion distribution determine ζ potential and binding affinity of nanoparticles to biomolecules

The molecular features that dictate interactions between functionalized nanoparticles and biomolecules are not well understood. This is in part because for highly charged nanoparticles in solution, establishing a clear connection between the molecular features of surface ligands and common experimental observables such as ζ potential requires going beyond the classical models based on continuum and mean field models. Motivated by these considerations, molecular dynamics simulations are used to probe the electrostatic properties of functionalized gold nanoparticles and their interaction with a charged peptide in salt solutions. Counterions are observed to screen the bare ligand charge to a significant degree even at the moderate salt concentration of 50 mM. As a result, the apparent charge density and ζ potential are largely insensitive to the bare ligand charge densities, which fall in the range of ligand densities typically measured experimentally for gold nanoparticles. While this screening effect was predicted by classical models such as the Manning condensation theory, the magnitudes of the apparent surface charge from microscopic simulations and mean-field models are significantly different. Moreover, our simulations found that the chemical features of the surface ligand (e.g., primary vs. quaternary amines, heterogeneous ligand lengths) modulate the interfacial ion and water distributions and therefore the interfacial potential. The importance of interfacial water is further highlighted by the observation that introducing a fraction of hydrophobic ligands enhances the strength of electrostatic binding of the charged peptide. Finally, the simulations highlight that the electric double layer is perturbed upon binding interactions. As a result, it is the bare charge density rather than the apparent charge density or ζ potential that better correlates with binding affinity of the nanoparticle to a charged peptide. Overall, our study highlights the importance of molecular features of the nanoparticle/water interface and underscores a set of design rules for the modulation of electrostatic driven interactions at nano/bio interfaces.
Utilizing the educational leadership mentoring framework to analyze intern and mentor dynamics during the administrative internship

In this study, we sought to understand the development of mentoring relationships during the administrative internship through the lens of the Educational Leadership Mentoring Framework (ELMF). Two...
Vortex-induced autorotation potentials of bladeless turbine models

The autorotation and energy harvesting potential of bladeless turbine models are tested in a confined water stream with Reynolds numbers from 20 K to 40 K. Mini bladeless turbine models of various ...
Factors affecting customer intention to use online food delivery services before and during the COVID-19 pandemic

With the emerging popularity of online food delivery (OFD) services, this research examined predictors affecting customer intention to use OFD services amid the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Specifically, Study 1 examined the moderating effect of the pandemic on the relationship between six predictors (perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, price saving benefit, time saving benefit, food safety risk perception, and trust) and OFD usage intention, and Study 2 extended the model by adding customer perceptions of COVID-19 (perceived severity and vulnerability) during the pandemic. Study 1 showed that all of the predictors except food safety risk perception significantly affected OFD usage intention, but no moderation effect of COVID-19 was found. In Study 2, while perceived severity and vulnerability had no significant impact on OFD usage intention, the altered effects of socio-demographic variables during the COVID-19 pandemic were found. Theoretical and managerial implications are provided.
Leafy and Weedy Seadragon Genomes Connect Genic and Repetitive DNA Features to the Extravagant Biology of Syngnathid Fishes

Seadragons are a remarkable lineage of teleost fishes, and they are members of the family Syngnathidae renowned for having evolved male pregnancy. Comprising three known species, seadragons are widely recognized and admired for their fantastical body forms and coloration, and their specific habitat requirements have made them flagship representatives for marine conservation and natural history interests. Until recently, a gap has been the lack of significant genomic resources for seadragons. We have produced gene-annotated, chromosome-scale genome models for the leafy and weedy seadragon to advance investigations into evolutionary innovation and elaboration of morphological traits in seadragons as well as their pipefish and seahorse relatives. We identified several interesting features specific to seadragon genomes, including divergent non-coding regions near a developmental gene important for integumentary outgrowth, a high genome-wide density of repetitive DNA, and recent expansions of transposable elements and a vesicular trafficking gene family. Surprisingly, comparative analyses leveraging the seadragon genomes and additional syngnathid and outgroup genomes revealed striking, syngnathid-specific losses in the family of fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), which likely involve re-organization of highly conserved gene regulatory networks in ways that have not previously been documented in natural populations. The resources presented here serve as important tools for future evolutionary studies of developmental processes in syngnathids and will be a key resource for conservation studies of the extravagant seadragons and their relatives.
Gaussian Process Inference Using Mini-batch Stochastic Gradient Descent: Convergence Guarantees and Empirical Benefits.

Stochastic gradient descent (SGD) and its variants have established themselves as the go-to algorithms for large-scale machine learning problems with independent samples due to their generalization performance and intrinsic computational advantage. However, the fact that the stochastic gradient is a biased estimator of the full gradient with correlated samples has led to the lack of theoretical understanding of how SGD behaves under correlated settings and hindered its use in such cases. In this paper, we focus on hyperparameter estimation for the Gaussian process (GP) and take a step forward towards breaking the barrier by proving minibatch SGD converges to a critical point of the full log-likelihood loss function, and recovers model hyperparameters with rate $O(\frac{1}{K})$ for $K$ iterations, up to a statistical error term depending on the minibatch size. Our theoretical guarantees hold provided that the kernel functions exhibit exponential or polynomial eigendecay which is satisfied by a wide range of kernels commonly used in GPs. Numerical studies on both simulated and real datasets demonstrate that minibatch SGD has better generalization over state-of-the-art GP methods while reducing the computational burden and opening a new, previously unexplored, data size regime for GPs.
Accuracy of the Diagnosis of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia in a Referral-Based Health Care System.

Objective To evaluate the accuracy of the diagnosis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in a national database of a referral-based health care system, where preterm infants are often transferred back to regional hospitals before 36 weeks postmenstrual age (PMA). Study design We evaluated preterm infants Results We identified 243 preterm infants with a high-risk BPD profile. Sixty-seven percent of these infants had a correct BPD diagnosis recorded in the National Perinatal Registry, 2% had a false positive, and 31% a false negative diagnosis. Infants with a false negative diagnosis of BPD were twice as often transferred to a regional hospital before 36 weeks PMA compared with a true positive diagnosis. Imputation algorithms did not improve the accuracy of BPD registration. Conclusions Registration of the diagnosis BPD in a national database in countries with a referral-based health care system may not be accurate. Optimizing data collection and monitoring data entry is necessary to improve BPD registration before data can be used for national and international benchmarking.
Transparent and robust audio data hiding in subband domain

Data hiding embeds extra information into digital media for the purpose of authentication, annotation and copyright protection. Transparency and robustness are two contradictory requirements for any data hiding scheme. This paper studies audio data hiding using the spread spectrum (SS) technique in the subband domain. On the transparency part, we propose a novel method of tuning psycho-acoustic models employed in audio compression to control the audibility of the introduced distortion for data hiding. On robustness part, we have studied the feature selection and synchronization problem in order to maximize the survivability of the embedded data. Our study shows that mid-band coefficients are appropriate features for data embedding. We propose to track/recover synchronization of the audio signal before the detection, facilitating the extraction of the embedded data. Experiment results have shown that our data hiding scheme in the subband domain can survive a wide range of attacks while providing transparent audio quality and abundant embedding capacity (>20 bps).
Policymaking from Below: The Role of Environmental Inspectors and Publics

Discussions of policymaking frequently focus on officials operating at the upper echelons of the process and rarely consider individuals on the ground level, despite them having great potential to contribute to the policymaking process. In particular, this paper focuses on environmental compliance inspectors and participatory publics. We argue that the marginalization of these two groups is detrimental to our thoughtful collective understanding of environmental policy and protection in the U.S. Our argument is grounded in a discussion of deliberative democracy and the public sphere. We maintain that greater inclusion of these two groups could be achieved by considering their important roles in boundary spanning and social capital development.
Role of Odors in Ventilation Requirements for Buildings

In the era of mechanical ventilation, requirements for outdoor air derive primarily from the need for odor control. The odors arise from human beings and their activities (e.g., smoking). The experimental foundation for ventilation requirements arose from psychophysical experiments on body odor and were performed more than 40 years ago. Those data, incomplete in their time, must now be supplemented with results obtained by modern methods of psychophysics and analytical chemistry. These techniques, properly applied and blended with engineering creativity, could yield means of ventilation that would save enormous amounts of energy now used to heat, cool, humidify, or dehumidify fresh (outdoor) air.