cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the usability of an auto-stereoscopic display

A considerable number of different auto-stereoscopic display systems are available on the market. Increased resolution of flat panel displays and greatly reduced cost have made auto-stereoscopic displays practical to use in applications for games, 3D television, the military, and industrial manufacturing. However, the usability and qualitative user experience provided by autostereoscopic 3D display has not been widely studied. This study sought to evaluate the qualitative user experiences with auto-stereoscopic 3D displays and their potential shortcomings by testing specific user tasks and comparing the difference between a stereo 3D display and flat 3D display. The results provide a good reference for the product application developer trying to select a display system and for the user interface designer.
What's new in in vitro studies of exocrine pancreatic cell injury?

Summary Exocrine pancreas in vitro models are useful for the study of pancreatic differentiation, secretion mechanisms, cell injury, and lysosomal processing of secretory product. Syrian hamster pancreas in explant organ culture undergoes a series of morphologic changes which parallel in vitro acinar cell injury, differentiation, and phenotypic alteration. Within 48 hours, the cultured acinar cells show morphologic evidence of sublethal cell injury. Autophagy and crinophagy are particularly striking. The autophagic processes can be inhibited by the addition of the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide or by culture at lowered temperatures (20°C). Acinar cells lethally damaged show pyknotic nuclei, high amplitude swelling, and necrosis. Approximately 25% of each explant is viable after 12 hr in culture and the viability remains constant at 25-35% for up to 60 days of culture. The morphological changes of the explants are consistent with many of the features of pancreatitis and carcinoma of the exocrine pancreas. There is an increase in the ductal elements and a decrease in acini over time in culture. This may be due to: (a) an increased replication of ductal epithelial cells concomitant with necrosis of acinar epithelial cells andl or (b) phenotypic alteration of acinar cells to ductal cells. Acinar cell necrosis and phenotypic alterations may in part be due to the activation of lysosomal degradation pathways. Processes which inhibit lysosomal activation proved protective against these alterations, while processes which promote zymogen activation were deleterious.
Retinoic acid induces cholinergic differentiation of NTera 2 human embryonal carcinoma cells

Retinoic acid (RA), a natural metabolite of vitamin A, influences the survival and neurotransmitter phenotype of several classes of vertebrate neurons during development. We now report that RA induces a subpopulation of NTera 2/clone D1 (NT2) human embryonal carcinoma cells to differentiate into postmitotic cells with cholinergic properties (NT2-N cells). After growth for 6 days in the presence of RA (10 microM) low levels of the acetylcholine-synthesizing enzyme choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) were detected in NT2 cell cultures. ChAT activity in the NT2 cell cultures continued to increase for at least an additional 22 days to a final activity of 50 pmol ACh synthesized/min/mg protein. Immunohistochemical staining of RA-treated cultures demonstrated that only those cells with a neuronal morphology (NT2-N cells) expressed the human ChAT protein. Since such cells comprised a small proportion (approximately 20%) of the population, the ChAT activity per neuronal cell was estimated to approach 250-300 pmol ACh/min/mg protein. Cultures composed of > 95% NT2-N cells had significantly lower ChAT specific activities and this could be increased by either ciliary neurotrophic factor or leukemia inhibitory factor, but not by nerve growth factor. We conclude that NT2 cells provide a system in which to study the molecular events that underlie neurotransmitter choice during the differentiation of human cholinergic neurons.
Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin receptors. A novel marker for colorectal tumors.

PURPOSE: Receptors forEscherichia coliheat-stable toxin (ST) are selectively expressed in membranes of intestinal mucosa cells and colon carcinoma cellsin vitro,suggesting their use as a marker for colorectal tumorsin vivo.The present studies examined the expression and function of ST receptors in normal human tissues and primary and metastatic colorectal tumors obtained from patients at surgery. METHODS: Surgical specimens were obtained as follows: from normal colon; from primary adenocarcinomas from all anatomic divisions of the colon and rectum; from gallbladder, kidney, liver, lung, lymph node, ovary, peritoneum, stomach; and from colon carcinomas metastatic to liver, lung, lymph node, ovary, and peritoneum. Membranes prepared from these specimens were assessed for the presence and functional characteristics of ST receptors. RESULTS: ST bound specifically to membranes from each division of normal colon and rectum and all primary and metastatic colorectal tumors examined. The affinity and density of ST receptors were similar in tumors of different grades and from various metastatic sites. ST-receptor interaction was coupled to activation of guanylyl cyclase in all normal samples of colon and rectum and all primary and metastatic colorectal tumors examined. In contrast, neither ST binding nor ST activation of guanylyl cyclase was detected in any extraintestinal tissues examined. CONCLUSIONS: Functional ST receptors are expressed in normal colonic tissue and primary and metastatic colorectal tumors but not by extraintestinal tissues in humans. Expression of ST receptors does not vary as a function of the metastatic site or grade of these tumors. Receptors expressed by colorectal tumors retain their characteristic function, with binding of ST coupled to activation of guanylyl cyclase. These studies support the suggestion that ST receptors represent a specific marker for human colorectal tumors that may have use as a target for directing diagnostics and therapeutics to these tumorsin vivo.
Dirac distributions and threshold firing in neural networks

We extend our earlier work on positive reciprocal kernels of Fredholm integral operators [9] to study firings and their synthesis in neural networks. First we show that, in general, neural response in both spontaneous and non-spontaneous firing give rise to generalized functions of the Dirac type. For spontaneous unstimulated firing we solve a homogeneous eigenvalue equation and obtain a family of gamma type functions. Finite linear combinations of these functions are dense in Sobolev spaces. The solution of the inhomogenous equation representing non-spontaneous firing belongs to these spaces. Next we show that according to known facts about neural networks, the forcing function of the inhomogeneous equation is a linear combination of the above functions and can be used to represent the synthesis of stimuli within a neuron causing it to fire. We also show that the solution of the inhomogeneous equation can be expressed as a linear combination of the basic functions describing the neural response to those stimuli. The need for a firing threshold, characteristic of the Dirac distribution, emerges as a necessary condition for the existence of a solution. Second, we study the synthesis of the response of several neurons in both hierarchic and feedback network arrangements. The analysis is then briefly generalized to examine response to several stimuli and represent it as a direct sum of topological spaces. One observation is that generalized functions are appropriate rcprescntations of neural firings. Another is that understanding the structure of this representation is facilitated by the inevitable use of a fundamental set of dense functions to deal with the operations of a very complex system. 2.
Does lymphadenectomy improve cancer-specific survival in patients with renal cell carcinoma?

Does lymphadenectomy improve cancer-specific survival in patients with renal cell carcinoma?
Scanning Electron Microscopy, Proteolytic Enzyme Activity, and Acceptability of Beef Semitendinosus Cooked by Microwaves and Conventional Heat

Beef semitendinosus muscles cooked by conventional heat and microwave energy to endpoint temperatures of 40, 50, 60, and 70°C were evaluated for structural (scanning electron microscopy, SEM) changes, enzyme activity, and shear value. The 70°C samples were evaluated by sensory panel. As endpoint temperature increased, there were concomitant increases observable in SEM in intermyofibrillar spaces, fiber fragmentation, and occurrence of nonfibrous connective tissue. At 70°C, microwave samples were more fragmented, flattened, and coagulated than the conventional samples. Generally, enzyme activity of the muscle and drip decreased as end-point temperature increased. Conventional samples received higher sensory scores than microwave samples.
Effects of a six month program of endurance exercise on the serum lipids of middle-aged men

HE EFFECT of six months of physical conditioning upon a number of physiologic variables has been investigated in a group of previously sedentary middle-aged men.’ This study was performed to help lay the groundwork for a possible large-scale, long term investigation of whether or not regular exercise protects against the development of coronary heart disease. A major aim of the present study was to try to
A synthesis of the literature on research methods education

The purpose of this research synthesis is to examine the current research on teaching and learning research methods. The aims are to understand the themes present in the current literature and identify gaps in our understanding of how we teach, and how students learn, research methods. A synthesis of 89 studies generated three themes: (1) characteristics of students taking a research methods course, (2) teaching methods and techniques, and (3) content and course goals. Gaps identified include a lack of research on assessment and on what and how students learn in research methods courses. The majority of studies reviewed were teacher reports of attempted teaching strategies so that an additional need exists for other types of research into the teaching and learning of research methods such as case studies of students' learning or experimental studies of assessment techniques. Suggestions for instructors and future research are considered.
Individual and Occupational Correlates of the Sick Building Syndrome

Results of a questionnaire survey of 939 workers from 5 air-conditioned offices where smoking was prohibited are reported. Levels of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, formaldehde, respirable particulates, and temperature, relative humidity, and illuminance were measured in these buildings, but these did not correlate with symptom reports. The number of sick building syndrome symptoms per worker was related linearly to perceived indoor air quality, job stress, job satisfaction, allergies, eyewear, and seasonal affective disorder. Two hundred and fifty five of these workers also completed a battery of psychological measures. Measures of depression, personality variables, situational stress, vulnerability to stress, and individual differences in circadian rhythms did not correlate with the numbers of sick building syndrome symptoms per worker, although depression did correlate with the number of symptoms when these were weighted for their frequency of occurrence in the previous month. Job stress and perceptions of indoor air quality correlated with both the unweighted and weighted indices of sick building syndrome.
Resonant Charge Exchange in Atomic Collisions. II. Further Applications and Extension to the Quasi-Resonant Case

Further applications are made of the author's previous discussion of charge exchange in wide-angle (small-impact-parameter) collisions between simple atoms. Oscillatory charge exchange is predicted for H-${\mathrm{H}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ and resonant double exchange for He-${\mathrm{He}}^{++}$ collisions. The case of near-resonant collisions is treated as a quasi-resonant process with damping, which arises from the lack of exact resonance. As in the resonant case, the frequency of oscillation can be predicted from the molecular model, and a qualitative estimate of damping is possible. A quality factor $Q$ is introduced as a convenient parameter for classifying quasi-resonances in charge-exchange collisions. A discussion is given to account for the presence of oscillatory charge exchange in proton-helium collisions and the lack of oscillations in ${\mathrm{He}}^{+}$-H encounters. Pronounced oscillatory behavior is predicted for the He-${\mathrm{Li}}^{++}$ system, but not for H-${\mathrm{He}}^{+}$ or H-${\mathrm{He}}^{++}$. A discussion is given of ionization by collisions between neutral atoms, such as H-H or H-He. The role of level crossing in resonant charge exchange also is discussed. The failure of the Landau-Zener theory to predict resonant charge exchange is shown to result from omission of quantum-mechanical phase factors. When a properly modified Landau-Zener model is used, oscillatory energy dependence is predicted in certain cases, in agreement with experiment and the present discussion. In general, oscillatory charge exchange is expected in high-$Q$ collisions.
p-Chlorophenylalanine-Induced Chemical Manifestations of Phenylketonuria in Rats

p-Chlorophenylalanine, a potent inhibitor of phenylalanine hydroxylase in vivo, has been used to simulate phenylketonuria in rats. This inhibitor, when administered with phenylalanine, produces marked elevation of blood and tissue phenylalanine without an increase in tyrosine. Disproportionate ratios of phenylalanine to tyrosine are characteristic of phenylketonuria in humans. The use of p-chlorophenylalanine permits the production of this characteristics amino acid imbalance in experimental animals.
Src tyrosine kinase inhibits apoptosis through the Erk1/2- dependent degradation of the death accelerator Bik

Src, the canonical member of the non-receptor family of tyrosine kinases, is deregulated in numerous cancers, including colon and breast cancers. In addition to its effects on cell proliferation and motility, Src is often considered as an inhibitor of apoptosis, although this remains controversial. Thus, whether the ability of Src to generate malignancies relies on an intrinsic aptitude to inhibit apoptosis or requires preexistent resistance to apoptosis remains somewhat elusive. Here, using mouse fibroblasts transformed with v-Src as a model, we show that the observed Src-dependent resistance to cell death relies on Src ability to inhibit the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis by specifically increasing the degradation rate of the BH3-only protein Bik. This effect relies on the activation of the Ras–Raf–Mek1/2–Erk1/2 pathway, and on the phosphorylation of Bik on Thr124, driving Bik ubiquitylation on Lys33 and subsequent degradation by the proteasome. Importantly, in a set of human cancer cells with Src-, Kras- or BRAF-dependent activation of Erk1/2, resistances to staurosporine or thapsigargin were also shown to depend on Bik degradation rate via a similar mechanism. These results suggest that Bik could be a rate-limiting factor for apoptosis induction of tumor cells exhibiting deregulated Erk1/2 signaling, which may provide new opportunities for cancer therapies.
Creation of Empathic Lead Users From Non-Users via Simulated Lead User Experiences

Customer Needs Analysis (CNA) is a common method used to help non-user designers to identify latent user needs. However, efforts by engineers in developed countries to conduct CNA with lead users from developing countries is complicated by differences in culture, geographical location, and language among participants. To overcome these issues, we present in this paper an alternative strategy to create Empathic Lead Users (ELU) from non-user product design engineers through the use of simulated lead user experiences.The strategy for creating ELU includes two exercises to build empathic understanding of the needs of lead users. The problem selected for this case study was to improve lower-limb prosthetics for amputees in developing countries. The first exercise was an academic, lecture-style training session — based on videos, photos, and literature — to build understanding of the needs of amputees worldwide and in a particular developing country, Bolivia. The second exercise simulated the experiences of lead users by allowing participants to don, ambulate, and doff a mock-prosthetic limb. Each participant was interviewed before, between, and after the experiences and customer needs were interpreted from their responses. For comparison, lead users in Bolivia and typical users in the United States were similarly interviewed and customer needs interpreted from their responses.The ELU participants were able to identify a majority of the lead user group’s needs and the traditional user group’s needs, 95% and 95% respectively. Further, by completing a CNA with the ELU group, there was a 100% increase in the number of latent needs that could be utilized in future design efforts in this study, relative to the 5 latent needs identified by the lead users themselves. As a result of this study, it appears that customer needs analysis with ELU helps to identify more latent needs, and possibly more avenues for product innovations, than interviewing lead or traditional users alone.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Experiences addressing health-related financial challenges with disease management among African American women with asthma.

AbstractObjective: Despite economic hardship, compliance with self-management regimens is still evident among individuals and families managing chronic disease. The purpose of this study was to describe how women with asthma address cost-related challenges to management of their condition. Methods: In 2012 and 2013, four focus groups were conducted in Southeast Michigan with 26 African American women with asthma, recruited based on maximum variation sampling procedures. A semi-structured interview protocol was employed by trained facilitators. Coded transcripts were analyzed for themes regarding means to reduce the impact of the cost of asthma management. Results: Major themes identified were acceptance of the status quo; stockpiling and sharing medicines; utilizing community assistance programs; reaching out to healthcare providers and social networks for help; foregoing self-management; and utilizing urgent care. Conclusions: Awareness of strategies that are helpful to patients in reducing out-of-pocket...
Family Privacy and Death — Antigone, War, and Medical Research

A patient's right to privacy ends with the patient's death, but the privacy rights of the surviving family members are less clear. Annas discusses recent court rulings that have broadened privacy rights to include the family of the deceased. An Icelandic court ruled that a daughter could prevent the inclusion of information about her deceased father in a genetics research database. Given that relatives share patients' DNA, issues of family privacy will be hotly debated as genetic testing becomes more common in research and clinical practice.
Enhancement of the negative ion flux to surfaces from radio‐frequency processing discharges

The relative flux of negative ions from rf discharges through CF4 and F2‐He has been studied using mass spectrometry. The negative ion flux impinging on a surface in contact with a glow discharge is usually quite small because of the sheaths formed to contain the more mobile electrons. In the afterglow, however, these sheaths decay on the time scale of the electron density loss rate while negative ions can remain in the discharge region significantly longer. As a consequence, the negative ion flux to a surface in contact with the glow discharge can rise by a very large amount in the afterglow when the sheaths have diminished. It is shown here that the flux of the negative ions can be enhanced by factors of 50 to greater than 1000 by square wave amplitude modulating the rf discharge. This enhancement depends upon the dc self‐bias voltage and the modulation frequency as well as the particular negative ion. Data are presented for both CF4 and F2‐helium discharges, along with the correlation to simple models.
Evaluation of preparative hydrodynamic chromatography of silica stationary phase supports.

Abstract Reducing the particle size distribution (PSD) of sub-2 μm chromatographic packing materials can improve the performance of capillary UHPLC columns, but several size refinement methods are only partially effective in this size range. To this end, a preparative scale hydrodynamic chromatography (HDC) method was developed to size-refine C18 functionalized sub-2 μm particles, but suffered from poor reproducibility and particle aggregation issues. Presented here are improvements based on the use of an ammonium hydroxide as the mobile phase. This mobile phase makes the method reproducible, decreases column conditioning requirements, and focuses on the preparation of bare silica material which allows for a wider variety of stationary phase bondings. Additionally, particle recovery for both non-porous silica size standards and bridged-ethyl hybrid (BEH) particles are detailed to highlight the advantages of this method. The data presented demonstrates the capability of this method to reduce the relative standard deviation (RSD) of the PSD of BEH particles by 33% in under 2 h with sufficient yield to pack several capillary columns.
The Idea of the National Interest

Dans le cadre du debat sur les criteres d'action d'une nation opposant les defenseurs de l'impartialite des principes moraux et les defenseurs du principe de l'interet national, l'A. se propose d'analyser la notion meme d'interet national au regard des buts que doit se fixer la nation dans le contexte international, d'une part, et en reference aux ideaux regulateurs de la politique interieure, d'autre part. Examinant le concept d'interet a la lumiere de la theorie de la justification des affirmations prima facie et de la theorie subjectiviste des desirs, ainsi que les concepts de nation et nationalite a l'aide des criteres subjectif et objectif des croyances de la communaute des citoyens, l'A. explique l'idee d'interet national a partir d'une approche aristotelicienne du bien-etre et du bien exposes dans l'«Ethique a Nicomaque», et definit le projet d'une nation (MacIntyre) comme l'ideal regulateur (B. Herman) du partage d'une meme culture
“Giant” Raman scattering by adsorbed molecules on metal surfaces

Abstract The very large Raman scattering cross-section of adsorbed molecules, such as pyridine and CN-, on Ag is attributed to mechanisms involving either electron-hole pair excitations in the surface region of the metal or charge-transfer excitations between the metal substrate and the adsorbed molecules.
Effects of in utero exposure to linuron on androgen-dependent reproductive development in the male Crl:CD(SD)BR rat.

Linuron (3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methoxy-1-methylurea) is a herbicide that blocks androgen action in the male rat. Studies were undertaken to characterize the ability of linuron to activate transcription through the human androgen receptor (AR) in vitro and to determine whether in utero linuron exposure induces dose-responsive alterations in androgen-dependent reproductive development in the male rat. In vitro, linuron competitively antagonized transcriptional activity of the AR induced by dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in a dose-responsive manner with an equilibrium dissociation constant (K(B)) of 75.8 x 10(-8) M. Pregnant rats were administered linuron by gavage at 0, 12.5, 25, or 50 mg/kg/day (n = 11/group) from gestation day 12 to 21. Anogenital distance of resulting offspring was unaffected, whereas male areola/nipple retention was increased in a dose-responsive manner. Hypoplastic testes in adult offspring were seen in 2/56 rats (2/10 litters), 8/69 rats (4/11 litters), and 5/44 rats (3/8 litters), while hypoplastic epididymides occurred in 1/56 rats (1/10 litters), 8/69 rats (4/11 litters), and 2/44 rats (1/8 litters) in the 12.5, 25, and 50 mg/kg/day dose groups, respectively. Partial agenesis of the epididymides was observed in 3/44 rats (2/8 litters) only in the 50 mg/kg/day group. These data indicate that in utero exposure to linuron preferentially impairs testosterone-mediated, rather than DHT-mediated, reproductive development. This effect is distinctly different from the effects induced by flutamide, an AR antagonist that shares structural similarities with linuron. Furthermore, these data suggest that dose-response studies utilizing late gestational exposure to endocrine-active compounds may be more robust than the traditional or EPA-modified multigeneration protocols in identifying adverse effects.
Neonatal treatment with a competitive NMDA antagonist results in response-specific disruption of conditioned fear in preweanling rats

Rationale The N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor has been implicated in processes of neurodevelopment, including cell proliferation, synaptogenesis, and apoptosis. Several studies have reported that administration of NMDA antagonists early in development can cause long-lasting changes in behavior. For example, Gould and Cameron [Behav Neurosci 111:49–56 (1997a)] have shown that a single injection of the competitive NMDA antagonist CGP 43487 on postnatal day (PD) 5 affected behavioral immobility in young rats exposed to the odor of a natural predator.
Extremely Red Objects in Two Quasar Fields at z ~ 1.4*

We present an investigation of the properties and environments of bright extremely red objects (EROs) found in the fields of the quasars TXS 0145+386 and 4C 15.55, both at z � 1:4. There is marginal evidence from Chandra Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer (ACIS) imaging for hot cluster gas with a luminosity of a few 10 44 ergs s � 1 in the field of 4C 15.55. The TXS 0145+386 field has an upper limit at a similar value, but it also clearly shows an overdensityof faintgalaxies. Noneof theEROsaredetectedasX-raysources.FortwooftheEROsthathavespectral energy distributions and rest-frame near-UV spectra that show that they are strongly dominated by old stellar populations, we determine radial surface brightness profiles from adaptive optics images. Both of these galaxies are best fit by profiles close to exponentials, plus a compact nucleus comprising � 30% of the total light in one case and 8% in the other. Neither is well fit by an r 1/4 -law profile. This apparent evidence for the formation of massive � 2 ;10 11 disks of old stars in the early universe indicates that at least some galaxies formed essentially monolithically, with high star formation rates sustained over a few 10 8 yr and without the aid of major mergers. Subject headingg galaxies: evolution — galaxies: formation — galaxies: high-redshift
Sympathy for Pacman

Our understanding of the digital world is influenced by the interfaces that we use to access it. Traditionally, interfaces are designed to be innocuous so that we do not question the role that they play in our experience. Sympathy for Pacman, addresses both the role and the potential for interfaces. This experimental interface which requires vigorous activity to control makes the user more aware of themselves and their actions. This work addresses interaction from the perspective of fine art, giving viewers a look at how digital elements and digital space can be translated into the physical world. By creating a piece that is not strictly practical, participants are given the opportunity to consider alternative connections and understanding of digital media while questioning their relationship to it.
Identification of a 2-phenyl-substituted octahydrobenzo[f]quinoline as a dopamine D3 receptor-selective full agonist ligand

Abstract This work describes the identification of a novel class of octahydrobenzo[f]quinolines as dopamine D3-selective full agonists. We developed a facile method that utilizes Suzuki coupling for easy incorporations of various substituted pendant rings into the scaffold. A small focused library of octahydrobenzo[f]quinolines 5 was synthesized, and these compounds demonstrated at least 14-fold D2-like selectivity over D1 in native porcine striatal tissue. Furthermore, n-propyl analog 5f was found to be a high affinity (Ki = 1.1 nM) D3 dopamine full agonist with 145-fold selectivity over the D2 receptor and about 840-fold selectivity over the D1 receptor.
Biochemical changes during reproduction and starvation in the sipunculid worm Phascolosoma agassizii

Abstract 1. 1. Levels (% dry weight) of protein, non-protein nitrogen, total carbohydrate, glycogen, lipid and lipid fractions, and water were determined for Phascolosoma , some of them at various times in the reproductive cycle, and after various degrees of starvation. 2. 2. The body of the worm contains about 82·3 per cent water; various tissues contain 75–78 per cent water. The water content of a starved worm increases to between 86·2 and 88·3 per cent. 3. 3. The protein tissue (Kjeldahl) level is about 30 per cent; lipid levels vary for different tissues, being 25 per cent in the gut, 17·2 per cent for eggs, 6·9 per cent for sperms, and lesser quantities in muscle and body wall. However, the lipid level of the female body wall is double that of the male. About half of the lipid content of the female worm is in the eggs. 4. 4. Starvation results in a weight loss accompanied by a decrease in lipid reserves, particularly of the neutral lipid. Later the protein content also decreases. GLycogen levels are maintained or may even rise during starvation, although glycogen content may decline. Non-protein nitrogen levels rise during utilization of protein. 5. 5. The respiratory rate of Phascolosoma is of the order found in other marine invertebrates. Calculations based on oxygen consumption show that a Phascolosoma rapidly exhausts its nutrient reserves.
Categoricity without equality

We study categoricity in power for reduced models of rst order logic without equality. 1. Introduction. The object of this paper is to study categoricity in power for theories in rst order logic without equality. Our results will re- veal some surprising dierences between the model theory for logic without equality and for logic with equality. When we consider categoricity, it is natural to identify elements which are indistinguishable from each other. We will do this by conning our attention to reduced models, that is, modelsM such that any pair of elements which satisfy the same formulas with parameters inM are equal. We also conne our attention to complete theories T in a countable language such that all models of T are innite. T is said to be -categorical if T has exactly one reduced model of cardinality up to isomorphism. The classical result about !-categoricity for logic with equality is the Ryll-Nardzewski theorem, which says that T is !-categorical if and only if T has only nitely many completen-types for each nite n. This result fails for logic without equality. Another relevant result which fails for logic without equality is the Lowenheim{Skolem{Tarski theorem, that T has at least one model of every innite cardinality. Concerning uncountable categoricity, ao- (a) conjectured that if T is -categorical for some uncountable , then T is -categorical for every uncountable . The ao- conjecture was proved for logic with equality by Morley (M). We will show that this result also holds for logic without equality.
Quantitative Autoradiography of Mu-Opioid Receptors in the CNS of Alcohol-Naive Alcohol-Preferring P and -Nonpreferring NP Rats

The densities of mu-opioid binding sites in the CNS of alcohol-naive adult male P and NP rats (N = 9 each line) were examined using quantitative autoradiography. Coronal sections (20 microm) were prepared from frozen brains and incubated in 5 nM [3H]DAMGO to label mu-opioid receptor sites. Nonspecific binding was determined in the presence of 1 microM DAMGO. The amount of [3H]DAMGO binding was (a) 20-25% higher in the olfactory tubercle, nucleus accumbens shell and core, and basolateral and lateral amygdaloid nuclei; (b) 15% higher in the lateral septal intermediate nucleus and caudate-putamen patches; and (c) 10-30% lower in the pyramidal and radiatum layers in the CA1 region of the anterior dorsal hippocampus, ventral dentate gyrus and CA1 pyramidal layer of the posterior hippocampus, and posterior medial cortical amygdaloid nucleus of the P compared to the NP rat. No line differences were found in any of the other regions examined (e.g., the cerebral cortical subregions and layers, thalamic nuclei, ventral tegmental area, ventral pallidum, lateral hypothalamus, other regions of the hippocampus, and several subcortical structures). The innate differences in the amount of binding to mu-opioid recognition sites in certain limbic structures, such as the nucleus accumbens, amygdala, and olfactory tubercle, of the P and NP lines may be factors contributing to their disparate alcohol drinking characteristics.
Hydrology and nutrient biogeochemistry in a created river diversion oxbow wetland

Abstract A better understanding of the function of riparian wetlands is needed. In this study, hydrological, successional, and water-quality dynamics are documented for a whole-ecosystem study involving a 3-ha created riparian wetland at the Schiermeier Olentangy River Wetland Research Park at The Ohio State University in Columbus, Ohio, USA, during 2003 and 2004. This wetland typically receives seven or eight natural weeklong flood pulses each year from the Olentangy River. Of 21 species planted in 1997, only Scirpus americanus and Juncus effusus remained as important macrophyte species during the study 6–7 years after planting. Typha spp., a naturally colonizing species, was the dominant macrophyte in most of the wetland. Mean retention rates per flood pulse for nitrate-nitrite, total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), and total phosphorus (TP) were 0.71 g-N m−2, 0.92 g-N m−2, 0.016 g-P m−2, and 0.08 g-P m−2, respectively. The annual reductions of N-NO3−, TN, P-SRP, and TP were 74%, 41%, 46%, and 31% by mass. A greater attenuation of NO3− and TP occurred in the emergent marsh section of the wetland than the open water section. Conversely TKN increased through the emergent marsh and decreased through the open water section. Overall, the oxbow design is successful in ecological terms and we recommend that similar diversion wetlands be created in other locations to examine their function under different climatic and hydrological conditions.
Lifetrak: music in tune with your life

Advances in sensing technology and wider availability of network services is beckoning the use of context-awareness in ubiquitous computing applications. One region in which these technologies can play a major role is in the area of entertainment. Particularly, context-awareness can be used to provide higher quality interaction between humans and the media they are interacting with. We propose a music player, Lifetrak, that is in tune with a person's life by using a context-sensitive music engine to drive what music is played. This context engine is influenced by (i) the location of the user, (ii) the time of operation, (iii) the velocity of the user, and (iv) urban environment information such as traffic, weather, and sound modalities. Furthermore, we adjust the context engine by implementing a learning model that is based on user feedback on whether a certain song is appropriate for a particular context. Also, we introduce the idea of a context equalizer that adjusts how much a certain sensing modality affects what song is chosen. Since the music player will be implemented on a mobile device, there is a strong focus on creating a user interface that can be manipulated by users on the go. The goal of Lifetrak is to liberate a user from having to consciously specify the music that they want to play. Instead, Lifetrak intends to create a music experience for the user that is in rhythm with themselves and the space they reside in.
Neuronal intracellular pH directly mediates nitric oxide-induced programmed cell death

Neuronal injury is intricately linked to the activation of three distinct neuronal endonucleases. Since these endonucleases are exquisitely pH dependent, we investigated in primary rat hippocampal neurons the role of intracellular pH (pHi) regulation during nitric oxide (NO)-induced toxicity. Neuronal injury was assessed by both a 0.4% Trypan blue dye exclusion survival assay and programmed cell death (PCD) with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase nick-end labeling (TUNEL) 24 h following treatment with the NO generators sodium nitroprusside (300 μM), 3-morpholinosydnonimine (300 μM), or 6-(2-hyrdroxy-1-methyl-2-nitrosohydrazino)-N-methyl-1-hexanamine (300 μM). The pHi was measured using the fluorescent probe BCECF. NO exposure yielded a rapid intracellular acidification during the initial 30 min from pHi 7.36 ± 0.01 to approximately 7.00 (p < .0001). Within 45 min, a biphasic alkaline response was evident, with pHi reaching 7.40 ± 0.02, that was persistent for a 6-h period. To mimic the effect of NO-induced acidification, neurons were acid-loaded with ammonium ions to yield a pHi of 7.09 ± 0.02 for 30 min. Similar to NO toxicity, neuronal survival decreased to 45 ± 2% (24 h) and DNA fragmentation increased to 58 ± 8% (24 h) (p < .0001). Although neuronal caspases did not play a dominant role, neuronal injury and the induction of PCD during intracellular acidification were dependent upon enhanced endonuclease activity. Furthermore, maintenance of an alkaline pHi of 7.60 ± 0.02 during the initial 30 min of NO exposure prevented neuronal injury, suggesting the necessity for the rapid but transient induction of intracellular acidification during NO toxicity. Through the identification of the critical role of both NO-induced intracellular acidification and the induction of the neuronal endonuclease activity, our work suggests a potential regulatory trigger for the prevention of neuronal degeneration. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Neurobiol 40: 171–184, 1999
Parametric determination of heliostat minimum cost per unit area

Abstract A parametric analysis illustrates how heliostat costs per unit area can be minimized by distributing the costs into categories having different cost dependence on area. Heliostat costs are distributed among three basic categories: Category 1, costs that on a per unit area basis are constant, such as mirrors. Category 2, costs that are dependent on the imposed loads, and thus area, such as the structure, pedestal, and drive units. Category 3, fixed costs per heliostat, irrespective of heliostat area, such as controllers, and position sensors. Using the 150 m2 United States Department of Energy (DOE) baseline heliostat design and its cost of approximately $200/m2, cost reductions of the order of 50% are determined for a range of much smaller areas, primarily as a function of decreased Category 3 costs. For achievable Category 3 costs, the minimum cost per unit area is projected to meet the DOE 2020 goal of $75/m2.
Effect of working conditions on the structure and mechanical properties of extruded teflon

The structure and mechanical properties of extruded teflon tubes were studied. It was shown that the size of supermolecular formations in the structure of tube specimens depends on the starting powder. Largesize supermolecular formations reduce the resistance of teflon to the action of working media, elevated temperatures and high pressures.
Thermally cleavable surfactants based on furan-maleimide Diels-Alder adducts

Two new surfactant molecules are reported that contain thermally labile Diels−Alder adducts connecting the hydrophilic and hydrophobic sections of each molecule. The two surfactants possess identical hydrophobic dodecyl tail segments but have phenol and carboxylic acid hydrophilic headgroups, respectively. Deprotonation with potassium hydroxide affords the formation of water-soluble surfactants. Room temperature aqueous solutions of both surfactants exhibit classical surface-active agent behavior similar to common analagous alkylaryl surfactant molecules. Critical micelle concentrations have been determined for each surfactant through dynamic surface tension and dye solubilization techniques. Small-angle neutron scattering measurements of the aqueous surfactant solutions indicate the presence of spherical micelles with radii of 16.5 A for the carboxylate and 18.8 A for the phenolate. When these surfactants are exposed to elevated temperatures (>50 °C), the retro Diels−Alder reaction occurs, yielding hydro...
Comparison of mouse mammary gland imaging techniques and applications: Reflectance confocal microscopy, GFP Imaging, and ultrasound

Genetically engineered mouse models of mammary gland cancer enable the in vivo study of molecular mechanisms and signaling during development and cancer pathophysiology. However, traditional whole mount and histological imaging modalities are only applicable to non-viable tissue. We evaluated three techniques that can be quickly applied to living tissue for imaging normal and cancerous mammary gland: reflectance confocal microscopy, green fluorescent protein imaging, and ultrasound imaging. In the current study, reflectance confocal imaging offered the highest resolution and was used to optically section mammary ductal structures in the whole mammary gland. Glands remained viable in mammary gland whole organ culture when 1% acetic acid was used as a contrast agent. Our application of using green fluorescent protein expressing transgenic mice in our study allowed for whole mammary gland ductal structures imaging and enabled straightforward serial imaging of mammary gland ducts in whole organ culture to visualize the growth and differentiation process. Ultrasound imaging showed the lowest resolution. However, ultrasound was able to detect mammary preneoplastic lesions 0.2 mm in size and was used to follow cancer growth with serial imaging in living mice. In conclusion, each technique enabled serial imaging of living mammary tissue and visualization of growth and development, quickly and with minimal tissue preparation. The use of the higher resolution reflectance confocal and green fluorescent protein imaging techniques and lower resolution ultrasound were complementary.
Well site extraction from Landsat-5 TM imagery using an object-and pixel-based image analysis method

Well sites, including both well pads and exploratory core holes, are small polygonal landscape disturbance features approximately one half to one hectare (0.5–1 ha) in area, resulting from oil and gas exploration activities. Automatic extraction and monitoring of such small features using remote-sensing technology at regional scales has always been desirable for wildlife habitat monitoring and environmental planning and modelling. Due to the vast disturbances of well sites in a province like Alberta, Canada, high-resolution imagery is not practical for well site extraction. For operational purposes, mid-resolution and cost-effective satellite imagery such as Landsat is the choice. However, automatic well site extraction using mid-resolution satellite imagery is a challenging task. Wells are typically less than three pixels in width and length in a Landsat multispectral image. Furthermore, the spectral contrast between the well site pixels and the surrounding areas is low due to vegetation regrowth and the...
Pairwise solute descreening of solute charges from a dielectric medium

Abstract We present an algorithm for incorporating a pairwise descreening approximation into the calculation of the electrostatic component of the polarization free energy of solvation within the generalized Born approximation. The method was tested on a set of 139 molecules containing H, C, O, and N. The complexity of the descreening calculation is greatly simplified by the pairwise approximation; nevertheless, using the pairwise descreening method to parameterize a new version of a previous generalized Born solvation model, we found that the rms error relative to experiment increased by only 0.2 kcal/mol.
Factors Affecting Rates of Visual Field Progression in Glaucoma Patients with Optic Disc Hemorrhage

Purpose Optic disc hemorrhage (DH) is an important risk factor for glaucoma progression. We sought to investigate factors affecting the rate of visual field (VF) progression after DH in glaucomatous eyes. Design Retrospective cohort study. Participants Consecutive glaucoma patients from our Glaucoma Progression Study with ≥5 Swedish interactive threshold algorithm standard 24-2 VFs from 1999 through 2008. Methods Disc photographs of all patients were evaluated for the presence of DH. Exclusion criteria were conditions other than glaucoma likely to affect the VF and insufficient number of VFs to create a slope after DH detection. Automated pointwise linear regression was used to determine the rate of VF loss after DH detection. Fast progression was defined as a global VF loss of ≥1.5 dB/year. Factors associated with a fast rate of VF loss after the detection of the DH were evaluated. Main Outcome Measures Assessed variables included baseline (age, gender, intraocular pressure [IOP], central corneal thickness, VF mean deviation [MD], presence of migraine, Raynaud's phenomenon, low blood pressure, and exfoliation syndrome) and intercurrent data (DH recurrence, fellow eye involvement, glaucoma surgery, and IOP reduction). Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were determined for each variable. Results Seventy-six eyes (76 patients; mean age, 68.3±10.9 years) were enrolled. Mean IOP and VF MD at the time of the DH detection were 16.6±3.8 mmHg and −5.6±5.7 dB, respectively. The mean global progression rate after DH was −1.1±1.3 dB/year (mean follow-up, 3.8±2.8 years). A rate of progression of ≥1.5 dB/year was found in 20 (26%) eyes. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed larger baseline MD (OR, 1.11; 95% CI, 1.01–1.20; P = 0.03) and older age (OR, 1.06; 95% CI, 1.01–1.13; P = 0.04) to be significant risk factors for fast progression after DH. Eyes with a baseline MD worse than −4.0 dB had a 270% increased risk of fast progression compared with those with an MD better than −4.0 dB. Conclusions The presence of a DH in older subjects with a worse VF predicted further VF global MD deterioration by more than 5 dB within 4 years. These eyes should undergo careful and frequent disease surveillance and consideration should be given to more aggressive treatment. Financial Disclosure(s) The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.
Intelligible Violence Media Scripts, Hindu/Muslim Women, and the Battle for Citizenship in Kerala

This article analyzes media narrations of an incident of Hindu/Muslim communal conflict in Kerala, India. Depicting women as victims and agents of communal violence, the media cast them in narrativ...
Axial-vector currents and τ mesonic decays

A general expression of the axial-vector current is presented, in which both the effects of the chiral symmetry breaking and the spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking are included. A new resonance formula of the axial-vector meson is derived and in the limit of q 2 → 0 this formula doesn't go back to the “chiral limit”. The studies show that the dominance of the axial-vector meson is associated with the satisfaction of PCAC. The dominance of pion exchange is companied by the strong anomaly of PCAC.
Bayesian identification of a cracked plate using a population-based Markov Chain Monte Carlo method

Estimating damage in structural systems is a challenging problem due to the complexity of the likelihood function describing the observed data. From a Bayesian perspective a complicated likelihood means efficient sampling of the posterior distribution is difficult and standard Markov Chain Monte Carlo samplers may no longer be sufficient. This work describes a population-based Markov Chain Monte Carlo approach for efficient sampling of the damage parameter posterior distributions. The approach is shown to accurately estimate the state of damage in a cracked plate structure using simulated, free-decay response data. The use of this approach in identifying structural damage has not previously been explored.