cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interferon Activity in Bovine Colostrum and Milk

Studies have shown that IFNs have potent immunologic (1,2) and antiviral (3,4) activity in both in vitro and in vivo testing in the bovine species. In calves given IFN orally, enteric disease due to rotavirus or mixed rotavirus and coronavirus infection was prevented or reduced(5). Interferons are also involved in immunity to protozoal infections (6), and a polypeptide with many characteristics similar to an alpha IFN has been identified that stimulated macrophages to inhibit intracellular development of Eimeria bovis (7). In preliminary studies, calves administered partially purified natural bovine alpha IFN intravenously had less coccidial diarrhea than control calves (8). Although lymphocytes isolated from human colostrum and milk are capable of producing interferon ( IFN) when stimulated in vitro (9,10), assays of human colostrum and milk for IFN have usually yielded negative results (9-11). Since bovine peripheral blood lymphocytes, when stimulated with virus, are capable of producing alpha IFN (12), it would seem logical that these cells in mammary secretions would also have this ability. The only citation of the spontaneous occurrence of IFN in milk or colostrum from any species is a brief mention that a sample from one woman's breast milk contained antiviral activity (11). It was not known whether this woman was infected with a virus (11). It has been well documented, however, that when mother mice were inoculated with Newcastle disease virus, their milk contained measurable lFN (7). Furthermore, the newborns suckling such mothers had a significantly greater survival rate than that of controls after lethal challenge with vesicular stomatitis virus (7). Since most mammalian infants have a lower incidence of neonatal disease when raised on maternal milk as opposed to milk replacer (13,14), it was hypothesized that interferons in mammary secretions may play an important role in neonatal immunity. Since bovine milk and colostrum had not been heretofore examined, the objective of this study was to determine whether IFN could be found in detectable levels in normal bovine colostrum and milk.
Congenital Bone and Connective Tissue Disorders

A boy with osteogenesis imperfecta Type 3 is scheduled for open reduction internal fixation of a femur fracture; the relevant anesthetic implications are considered. Additional questions review the various radial dysplasias and their associated syndromes, rickets, and achondroplasia.
50th anniversary of the discovery of reverse transcriptase

The simultaneous discovery in 1970 of reverse transcriptase in virions of retroviruses by Howard Temin and David Baltimore was perhaps the most dramatic scientific moment of the second half of the 20th century. Ten years previously, Temin's observation of cells transformed by Rous Sarcoma virus led him to the conclusion that retroviruses replicate through a DNA intermediate he called the provirus. This heretical hypothesis was greeted with derision by fellow scientists; Temin and Baltimore performed a simple experiment, rapidly reproduced, and convincing to all. Its result was a major paradigm shift-reversal of the central dogma of molecular biology. It immediately grabbed the attention of both the scientific and lay press. It also came at a key time for cancer research, at the start of the "War on Cancer." As a theoretical base and fundamental molecular tool, it enabled a decade of (largely fruitless) search for human oncogenic retroviruses but laid the foundation for the discovery of HIV 13 years later, leading to the development of effective therapy. I had the good fortune, as a student in Temin's lab, to witness these events. I am honored to be able to share my recollection on the occasion of their 50th anniversary.
STEM Outreach in Underrepresented Communities through the Lens of Play, Creativity, and Movement

We designed, implemented, and assessed a STEAM (STEM + Arts) outreach program. Our goals were to increase children's exposure to STEAM topics, spread awareness of STEM fields, and build confidence and interest in STEM fields with underrepresented students in a fourth and fifth grade afterschool program so that these students could see themselves in STEM roles in the future. Our program involved kinesthetic movement, collaboration, and project-based learning. The program encouraged self-expression through the lens of play, creativity, and movement. Students engaged in coding through technology-enabled activities. This kind of educational enrichment begins by scaffolding interdisciplinary collaborations and promoting a culture where engineering, science, and art are equally considered. The overall framework of our program addressed many UN Sustainable Development Goals including quality education, gender equality, and reduced inequalities, ultimately contributing to the development of sustainable cities and communities. This project was conducted by university students working in a research group with a faculty member at the University of Washington. Our outreach program succeeded in reaching underrepresented students, with female students and all students without previous STEM experience showing the most substantial gains in confidence and interest over the course of the program.
Does User-Generated Content Contribute to Public Benefits? Its Effectiveness in Relieving Traffic Congestion Around Urban Areas

A free and popular mobile navigation app, Waze, enables smartphone users to crowdsource traffic-related content in real time. User-generated content (UGC), crowdsourced by Waze users, plays a critical role as a helpful source of traffic information by contributing to their wisdom of crowds. The UGC first provides primary information, which Waze users co-create by posting initial alerts, on traffic conditions and events. Second, the UGC includes not only follow-up feedback — which Waze users offer by adding comments on the posted alerts — but also collective confirmation, which they conduct by increasing the number of thumbs-up responses on the existing alerts. This paper addresses how UGC generates desirable effects on traffic congestion around urban areas. We utilize large-scale data on hour-by-hour content-crowdsourcing activities and locations of Waze users in New York City (NYC) over fourteen weeks and use the spatial panel data approach to estimate the effective contribution of the UGC to the traffic mobility around NYC’s urban areas. Our empirical results of multiple spatial panel data models consistently suggest that the UGC reduces the duration of traffic congestion around NYC. We also find the synergy effects between the different UGC types. That is, the effectiveness of primary information is complemented by both follow-up feedback and collective confirmation in reducing the traffic congestion duration. Our findings reveal that the UGC via Waze benefits the public by reducing the duration of traffic congestion: i.e., while the minority of drivers use the Waze app platform and crowdsource traffic-related content, the benefits from the UGC — i.e., the reduced duration of traffic congestion — eventually extend to the majority of drivers, regardless of whether they use the mobile navigation app or not. Drawing on these findings, we discuss implications for the practice of mobile app design and the policy on urban transportation.
The EU Google Decisions: Extreme Enforcement or the Tip of The Behavioral Iceberg?

The recent EU Google decisions may represent a high-water mark for the use of behavioral economics in EU antitrust to date, but what do they imply for competition policy in the future? Do such cases represent the outer extremes of how far behavioral thinking can and should be taken? Or do they represent baby steps towards the more comprehensive incorporation of behavioral economics into competition policy thinking? This article highlights the widespread influence of behavioral economics across other areas of policy and discusses a number of directions in which competition policy could potentially be transformed. Noting the existence of an extensive literature in behavioral antitrust, it focuses on a number of aspects which have been given less attention to date.
Latent Variables Model Based MPC for People with Type 1 Diabetes

Abstract A model predictive control (MPC) system based on latent variables (LV) model generated by using partial least squares (PLS) method is developed. The difference in the performance of MPCs that use recursively updated LV models based on autoregressive time series modeling (with exogenous inputs - ARX) and PLS is studied. The effect of signal noise on MPC performance is also investigated for both types of models. MPC performance is evaluated by regulating the blood glucose concentration (BGC) of people with Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in simulation studies. Signal noise in glucose concentration sensor data, delays caused by insulin absorption and action, and disturbances caused by consumption of meals make the regulation of BGC difficult. The proposed controller is evaluated with 10 in-silico adult subjects of the UVa/Padova simulator with different levels of signal noise. The results illustrate the effectiveness of the MPC based on LV model. The average time for BGC in the safe range (70-180 mg/dL) for the LV-based MPC is 83.23% compared to 79.68% for the MPC based on ARX model when intravenous BGC values are used. The average time in safe range decreases to 76.04% and 71.92%, respectively, when using the generic CGM sensor of the simulator. It is reduced further to 71.93% and 67.20% when additional noise is added to CGM readings.
A Framework for Effective Use of Hydroclimate Models in Climate-Change Adaptation Planning for Managed Habitats with Limited Hydrologic Response Data

Climate-change adaptation planning for managed wetlands is challenging under uncertain futures when the impact of historic climate variability on wetland response is unquantified. We assessed vulnerability of Modoc National Wildlife Refuge (MNWR) through use of the Basin Characterization Model (BCM) landscape hydrology model, and six global climate models, representing projected wetter and drier conditions. We further developed a conceptual model that provides greater value for water managers by incorporating the BCM outputs into a conceptual framework that links modeled parameters to refuge management outcomes. This framework was used to identify landscape hydrology parameters that reflect refuge sensitivity to changes in (1) climatic water deficit (CWD) and recharge, and (2) the magnitude, timing, and frequency of water inputs. BCM outputs were developed for 1981–2100 to assess changes and forecast the probability of experiencing wet and dry water year types that have historically resulted in challenging conditions for refuge habitat management. We used a Yule’s Q skill score to estimate the probability of modeled discharge that best represents historic water year types. CWD increased in all models across 72.3–100 % of the water supply basin by 2100. Earlier timing in discharge, greater cool season discharge, and lesser irrigation season water supply were predicted by most models. Under the worst-case scenario, moderately dry years increased from 10–20 to 40–60 % by 2100. MNWR could adapt by storing additional water during the cool season for later use and prioritizing irrigation of habitats during dry years.
High-Performance algorithm engineering for large-scale graph problems and computational biology

Many large-scale optimization problems rely on graph theoretic solutions; yet high-performance computing has traditionally focused on regular applications with high degrees of locality. We describe our novel methodology for designing and implementing irregular parallel algorithms that attain significant performance on high-end computer systems. Our results for several fundamental graph theory problems are the first ever to achieve parallel speedups. Specifically, we have demonstrated for the first time that significant parallel speedups are attainable for arbitrary instances of a variety of graph problems and are developing a library of fundamental routines for discrete optimization (especially in computational biology) on shared-memory systems. Phylogenies derived from gene order data may prove crucial in answering some fundamental questions in biomolecular evolution. High-performance algorithm engineering offers a battery of tools that can reduce, sometimes spectacularly, the running time of existing approaches. We discuss one such such application, GRAPPA, that demonstrated over a billion-fold speedup in running time (on a variety of real and simulated datasets), by combining low-level algorithmic improvements, cache-aware programming, careful performance tuning, and massive parallelism. We show how these techniques are directly applicable to a large variety of problems in computational biology.
Resale Price Maintenance and Consumer Welfare

The basic issue in this exchange' is whether Professors Gould and Yamey have materially weakened the case I made for the legality of resale price maintenance (r.p.m.) desired by a manufacturer who is not in collusion with other manufacturers.2 I believe they have not. In this response I will try to demonstrate that their Rejoinder's strictures on welfare economics are irrelevant, its price theory mistaken, and its demands for certainty one-sided and unreasonable.
Reduction of Perceived Social Distance as an Explanation for Media's Influence on Personal Risk Perceptions: A Test of the Risk Convergence Model

The risk convergence model proposes reduction of perceived social distance to a mediated personality as a mechanism through which the mass media can influence audiences' personal risk perceptions. As an initial test of the model, this study examined whether 5 audience variables known to facilitate media effects on personal risk perceptions—identification, parasocial interaction, personal relevance, transportation, and perceived realism—would exert their influences through the reduction of perceived social distance. The results indicate that reduction of perceived social distance fully explained the process of identification and transportation influencing personal risk perceptions, while partially mediating the relationship between personal relevance and personal risk perceptions. Theoretical and practical implications for health risk communication and entertainment education are discussed.
Pitch angle distributions of energetic electrons in the equatorial regions of the outer magnetosphere - OGO-5 observations

Pitch angle distributions (PAD) of energetic electrons relate to a wide variety of magnetospheric processes. Wave-particle interactions (turbulence, instabilities) act on a time scale comparable to the particle gyro period; betatron acceleration is important on time scales of the bounce period to minutes; and drift-shell effects are important on time scales of the azimuthal drift period. A study of pitch angle effects can provide important information on the static and dynamic aspects of field topology. Our interest in this paper is primarily with the drift shell effects.
Metastases to the pancreas: The experience of a high volume center and a review of the literature

Background Metastasis to the pancreas (PM) is uncommon. Several types of cancers were reported to metastasize to the pancreas. Surgery is advocated in selected patients when technically feasible and if the patient can be rendered disease free. Methods A retrospective review of PM patients at the University of Cincinnati Pancreas Database was performed over a 7-year time period. Results Twenty patients with a median age of 62.5 years were identified. Fifteen patients (75%) were males and (50%) presented with abdominal pain. Nine patients (45.0%) were offered surgical resection, distal pancreatectomy was the most common procedure (n = 4, 44.4%). The commonest pathology was RCC (60%), followed by lung (20%), colon (15%), and breast (5%). Median disease free interval (DFI) was 96 months for RCC, 7 months for other pathologies. Median survival was 19 months for RCC, 8.5 months for other pathologies. Based on DFI, short DFI patients (≤12 months) had worse prognosis (2-year survival of 40%), as opposed to (2-year survival of 80%) in longer DFI patients (P = 0.01). RCC patients with a DFI longer than 94 months had a better survival (P = 0.01). Survival of resected PM tended to be longer than non-resected PM (P = 0.11). Conclusions PM from RCC carries a consistently favorable prognosis compared to other pathologies. Surgical resection of PM is a safe and viable option, and, in selected patients, may improve survival. However, a period of expectant management in patients with short DFI may be considered. J. Surg. Oncol. 2012; 105:156–161. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Liquid Crystal Display Technology

As the display in most imaging systems is the final medium through which an image is rendered for manipulation and verification, an understanding of display technologies is essential to the imaging process. Because individuals working in the field of imaging science and technology may spend more time looking at a display screen than at anything else in their office or laboratory, it is imperative that it be comfortable to use and appropriate for the particular context. Twenty years ago, system manufacturers often integrated the electronic display directly into the system to provide a complete package for a specified imaging application. Although this approach does not afford much flexibility, the display could be closely matched to a specific application because user requirements were well defined. This custom design approach enabled optimizing the graphics controller, system software, and user interface for the display, user, and application requirements. Despite the positive attributes of this “black-box” approach, such as high performance and superior application specific image quality, closed architecture platforms tend to be more expensive and suffer from incompatibility with peripheral add-ons and software packages not supported by the system manufacturer. Today, the situation is dramatically different due to the continual evolution of the graphics controller interface. By mixing images with text and graphics, software developers require more from the display to support moving images without diminishing display performance for static images. The graphical capability of today's standard computer platforms has now made it unprofitable for vendors of imaging systems to develop their own displays for system-specific tasks. End users now typically purchase a computer platform, display, and a variety of other peripherals from multiple vendors and integrate them with ease (i.e., a plug-and-play philosophy). In such a marketplace, one must be well educated to match display technology to application needs. This article provides the reader with a fundamental knowledge of working principles of liquid crystal displays (LCDs), their capabilities, and their limitations. Keywords: liquid crystal displays (LCD); addressing displays; configurations; properties; liquid crystal materials
Specific initiation site for simian virus 40 deoxyribonucleic acid replication.

Abstract Replicating simian virus 40 (SV40) deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules have been isolated under conditions in which the newly synthesized DNA is uniformly labeled with 3H-thymidine. These newly synthesized strands are released from the replicative intermediate molecules by alkaline treatment, and it has been possible to isolate single-stranded SV40 DNA which varies in size from 157,000 daltons (from molecules that are 10% replicated) to 1,360,000 daltons (85% replicated). The rates of duplex formation of newly synthesized DNA have been used to relate their genetic complexity to the extent of DNA replication. As DNA replication proceeds, the time required to effect 50% renaturation of the newly synthesized DNA increases at a proportional rate. The data establish that DNA replication is not initiated at random, but rather that there is a single specific initiation site for DNA replication.
Comparison of measured and computed Strehl ratios for light propagated through a channel flow of a He–N 2 mixing layer at high Reynolds numbers

A lateral shearing interferometer was used to measure the slope of perturbed wave fronts after they propagated through a He–N2 mixing layer in a rectangular channel. Slope measurements were used to reconstruct the phase of the turbulence-corrupted wave front. The random phase fluctuations induced by the mixing layer were captured in a large ensemble of wave-front measurements. Phase structure functions, computed from the reconstructed phase surfaces, were stationary in first increments. A five-thirds power law is shown to fit streamwise and cross-stream slices of the structure function, analogous to the Kolmogorov model for isotropic turbulence, which describes the structure function with a single parameter. Strehl ratios were computed from the phase structure functions and compared with a measured experiment obtained from simultaneous point-spread function measurements. Two additional Strehl ratios were calculated by using classical estimates that assume statistical isotropy throughout the flow. The isotropic models are a reasonable estimate of the optical degradation only within a few centimeters of the initial mixing, where the Reynolds number is low. At higher Reynolds numbers, Strehl ratios calculated from the structure functions match the experiment much better than Strehl ratio calculations that assume isotropic flow.
Measurement and calculation of the rate constant for the reaction of isopropyl isocyanate with hydroxyl radical

The rate constant for the gas-phase reaction of hydroxyl radical with isopropyl isocyanate (IIC) has been measured, relative to toluene, in the T = 287–321 K range at atmospheric pressure in air. Ultraviolet photolysis of methyl nitrite served as the source of hydroxyl radical. The experimental Arrhenius expression obtained for this reaction is 7.09 × 10−13 × exp[(307 ± 263)/T] cm3 molecule−1 s−1, where the indicated error is one least-squares standard deviation and does not include the uncertainty in the rate constant for toluene. Multilevel ab initio calculations, performed at the MP-SAC2 level, indicate that hydrogen atom transfer from the tertiary carbon atom occurs without an energy barrier, in agreement with the experimentally observed slight negative temperature dependence of the rate constant. The calculations indicate that hydrogen-bonded complexes of IIC and OH form in the reactant entrance channels along the minimum-energy paths. Use of conventional transition state theory and MP-SAC2 scaled transition state relative energies, with an asymmetric Eckart tunneling model for transfer of a hydrogen atom from a methyl group, yields a theoretical rate constant of 1.81 × 10−18 × T2 × exp(744/T) cm3 molecule−1 s−1 in the T = 200–350 K range. From the rate constant data, an estimated upper limit for the tropospheric lifetime of IIC is determined as 6.0 days at 15°C, based on the global weighted-average OH concentration of 9.4 × 105 molecules cm−3 determined by Prinn et al. (Science 2001, 292, 1882–1888). © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 41: 187–197, 2009
Corrosion effects of three sterilization methods on experimental implant surfaces

Autoclave sterilization of paper-wrapped stainless steel implants resulted in slight general surface corrosion and crystalline contamination. Such artifacts may produce microanodes which induce local tissue reactions, thereby lowering the pH and further activating the corrosion process. Implants sterilized in ethylene oxide or benzalkonium chloride did not show artifact corrosion or contamination. Mechanisms are presented to show the effects contaminants have upon both the corrosion behavior and the tissue reaction of implant materials.
Correlation of temperature response and structure of annealed VOx thin films for IR detector applications

The effects of thermal annealing on vanadium oxide (VOx) thin films prepared by pulsed-dc magnetron sputtering were studied to explore methods of improving the efficiency of uncooled IR imaging microbolometers, particularly with respect to maximizing the temperature coefficients of resistance (TCR) (typically ∼2%) while minimizing resistivity values (typically 0.05–5Ωcm). Since high TCR values are usually associated with high resistivities, the experiments were designed to find processing conditions that provide an optimal balance in these properties and to then determine the underlying structural correlations which would enable rational design of thin films for this specific application. VOx films of different compositions were deposited by pulsed-dc reactive sputtering from a vanadium target at different oxygen flow rates. The deposited films were further modified by annealing in inert (nitrogen) and oxidizing (oxygen) atmospheres at four different temperatures for 10, 20, or 30min at a time. The resist...
A Brønsted acid strength hierarchy for zirconia—silica—sulfate aerogels

Abstract Manipulation of sulfate content, silica content, and activation temperature provides the means for controlling the strength of surface Bronsted acid sites in the zirconia—silica—sulfate system. This capability allows a development of an acid strength hierarchy, based on the adsorption of pyridine and isomerization of 1-butene and n-butane, as a rational basis for acid catalyst design. Introduction of silica into zirconia—sulfate co-gels also provides insight into the activation behavior of this important class of materials. Silica retards sintering upon heat treatment, thereby delaying crystallization of the zirconia component to higher temperatures. Activation of sulfate to a form capable of catalyzing the isomerization of n-butane is also delayed to higher heat treatment temperatures, confirming the role of crystallization in initiating the activation sequence.
Quantitative Shedding Patterns of Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Infants

Quantitative shedding patterns of respiratory syncytial virus in 40 infants hospitalized with acute disease of the lower respiratory tract were determined for elucidation of the pathophysiology of infection with the virus. Nasal wash specimens were collected on admission and daily thereafter and were tested for the presence and quantities of respiratory syncytial virus. The following pattern of shedding was observed. (1) The virus was shed for prolonged periods. For the first seven days of hospitalization, 92%-100% of the infants tested continued to shed virus. At discharge 87% were still shedding the virus. (2) Respiratory syncytial virus was present in high titer in the nasal secretions obtained at the time of admission. The mean titer in these samples was 5.0 log10 TCID50. (3) The titer of respiratory syncytial virus did not fall during the first few days of hospitalization, despite clinical improvement of the infants. Neither peak nor admission titers of virus could be correlated with age or with the severity of disease. However, the mean admission titer in patients with bronchiolitis appeared to be significantly higher than that in those with pneumonia.
Sn debris cleaning by plasma in DPP EUV source systems for HVM

The tin (Sn) debris contamination is one of the technical challenges for the development of high power EUV light source with Sn fuel with a long lifetime of EUV collectors. The debris mitigation techniques (DMTs) can considerably minimize the Sn debris coming out of the source thereby reducing the need or effort for cleaning. However, for HVM, which requires higher EUV power output than today, it is questionable if the DMTs alone will completely eliminate the Sn contamination. Besides, at abnormal instances, we also need to clean thick Sn debris from the mirror surface. For this purpose, the Center for Plasma-Material Interactions (CPMI) at University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign has developed a plasma-based Sn cleaning method using chlorine plasma with densities and temperature around ~9×10 9 /cm 3 and ~ 4 eV respectively. From the previous studies at CPMI, it was shown that chlorine plasma etching can remove Sn debris from Ru mirror surface in a fast (> 400 nm/min) and in situ manner. In this study, we applied the same method to clean Sn contamination on the mock-up collector in our XTS13-35 DPP EUV source system. The mock-up is made of two shells with different gap widths (4 cm, 7.5 cm and 10 cm) in similar size with the actual collector optic. The cleaning rate at different locations on the mockup was experimentally investigated, and it was found that the cleaning rates vary largely with the distance from the chlorine plasma in the range of 20 - 100 nm/min. In addition, a simple analytical model to predict the cleaning rate was developed based on the plasma-surface reactions and the plasma transport. The model describes how plasma transport, chlorine radical distribution and pumping flow affect the Sn cleaning rate with chlorine plasma. Finally, the model is then compared to the experimental results and validated. Based on the knowledge of chlorine plasma and Sn interactions obtained in this study, a remote plasma cleaning technique was also investigated and the results obtained therein are presented. The experimental results along with the model predictions will help design an integrated cleaning system for collector optic in the high power EUV source system for HVM.
Restricting back pain and subsequent mobility disability in community-living older persons

Objectives: To evaluate the relationship between back pain severe enough to restrict activity (restricting back pain) and subsequent mobility disability in community-living older persons. Design: Prospective cohort study. Setting: Greater New Haven, Connecticut. Participants: Community-living men and women aged 70 and older (n = 709). Measurements: Restricting back pain and mobility disability (defined as needing help with or unable to walk one-quarter of a mile, climb a flight of stairs, or lift and carry 10 pounds) were assessed during monthly telephone interviews for up to 159 months. The association between restricting back pain and subsequent mobility disability was evaluated using a recurrent-events Cox model. Secondary analyses evaluated the association between restricting back pain and mobility disability for two or more consecutive months (persistent mobility disability). Additional analyses were repeated in participants without baseline mobility disability. Results: The event rate for mobility disability was 7.26 per 100-person months (95% confidence interval (CI) = 6.89–7.64). Mobility disability episodes lasted for a median of 2 months (interquartile range (IQR) 1–4). In a recurrent-event Cox regression analysis, after adjusting for 11 covariates, restricting back pain was strongly associated with mobility disability (hazard ratio (HR) = 3.23, 95% CI = 2.87–3.64). The association was maintained when the outcome was defined as persistent mobility disability (adjusted HR = 3.63, 95% CI = 3.15–4.20) and when participants with baseline mobility disability were omitted (adjusted HR = 3.71, 95% CI = 3.22–4.28). Conclusion: Restricting back pain was strongly associated with mobility disability. Interventions that prevent or ameliorate restricting back pain may be effective for reducing the burden of mobility disability in older persons.
A Reply to Critics

G. G. Berry, the writer of the following letter, was a man of very considerable ability in mathematical logic. He was employed in a rather humble capacity in The Bodleian, his subject being one which the University of Oxford ignored. The first time he came to see me at Bagley Wood he was bearing, as if it were a visiting card, a piece of paper on which I perceived the words: "The statement on the other side of this papers is false." I turned it over & found the words: "the statement on the other side of this paper is false". We then proceeded to polite conversation. (Quoted by Garciadiego 1992, 166)
Contributions of fetal leukocytes and endothelial cells in scarless fetal wound healing

Abstract Introduction: Scarless fetal dermal wound healing progresses rapidly, without the acute inflammatory response typical of adult wound healing. To better understand the factors surrounding the reduced fetal inflammatory response, we investigated the mechanisms of leukocyte trafficking in an in-vitro model. We hypothesized that the minimal inflammatory response in fetal wounds is due to impaired leukocyte endothelial interaction in the fetus. Methods: Endothelial cells (EC) were harvested from veins of fetal (day 60; term=115 days) and adult pigs. Confluent primary endothelial monolayers were activated with porcine IL-1 beta 100ng/ml and exposed to a suspension of adult and fetal leukocytes in a continuous flow system with a shear stress of 2 dynes/cm2. Adhesion of leukocytes to the ECs was quantified and compared. Student's t-test was utilized for statistics with ∗p Results: Significantly more adult leukocytes adhered to adult ECs than fetal ECs (207+/-10 vs 89+/-4 cells/mm2). Fetal leukocytes were more likely to adhere to adult EC but this was not significant (45+/-5 vs 30+/-9). Both adult and fetal ECs were more likely to attract adult leukocytes than fetal leukocytes. The number of adult leukocytes adherent to adult ECs was seven times the fetal leukocytes adherent to fetal ECs (207+/-10 vs 30+/-9) and this was significant. Conclusions: Leukocyte-endothelial interaction in the fetus is less efficient than in the adult. This impairment appears to be due to limitations in both leukocyte and endothelial function and may explain, in part, the differences in inflammatory response in fetal and adult wounds.
Thirty-Second Sampling of Plasma Growth Hormone in Man: Correlation with Sleep Stages*

Both fasting and sleep increase the secretion of human GH and, therefore, might explain its predominantly nocturnal release. To study the precise temporal relationship between GH secretory episodes and cortical activity, GH measurements and electroencephalogram sleep stage recordings were performed every 30 s for 8 h in six young male volunteers fasted for 24 h. GH was measured in two drops of whole blood, which were directly sampled into the assay tube using a continuous blood withdrawal pump and a fraction collector. Concomitant serum sampling during a GH-releasing hormone test (n = 4) revealed a high correlation (r = 0.98) between GH measurements in serum and whole blood. GH pulses were objectively identified with Cluster analysis, and GH secretion rates were calculated with a waveform-independent deconvolution algorithm. When data were analyzed as replicates with 1-min intervals, the nocturnal pulse frequency was 1.2 pulses/h. Elimination of data points demonstrated 43% and 64% reductions in the numbe...
SEMI-ANALYTICAL SOLUTION OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL ELASTICITY PROBLEMS BY FINITE DIFFERENCE–DISTRIBUTED TRANSFER FUNCTION METHOD

A semi-analytical solution method, called the Finite Difference–Distributed Transfer Function Method, is developed for static and dynamic problems of two-dimensional elastic bodies composed of multiple rectangular subregions. In the development, the original two-dimensional elasticity problem is first reduced into a one-dimensional boundary-value problem by finite difference; the exact solution of the reduced problem is then obtained by using the distributed transfer functions of the elastic continuum. The proposed technique, which combines the simplicity of finite difference and the closed form of analytical solutions, is capable of handling arbitrary boundary conditions, delivers highly accurate solutions for static and dynamic problems, and is computationally efficient. The proposed method is illustrated on a square region and an L-shaped region.
Optical Absorption of an Interstitial Alkali-Earth Cation in an Alkali-Halide Crystal

Using both the concepts of the polaron model of the electron-excess color center and the valence-electron model of atoms introduced in this paper, we have formulated a method to compute the optical absorption energy of an interstitial alkali-earth cation contained in an alkali-halide crystal. The numerical results are given for the interstitial ion Ca+ in KCl and KBr. The possibility of Kojima's model for the Z2 and Z3 bands is also discussed in this work. Auf der Grundlage des Polaronmodells der Elektronenuberschus-Farbzentren und des Valenzelektronmodells der Atome, das in dieser Arbeit eingefuhrt wird, haben wir eine Methode formuliert, um die optische Absorptionsenergie eines Zwischengitterplatz-Erdalkali-Kations in einem Alkalihalogenidkristall zu berechnen. Die numerischen Resultate werden fur ein Zwischengitterplatz-Ca+-Ion im KCl und KBr angegeben. Die Moglichkeit des Kojimaschen Modells zur Deutung der Z2- und Z3-Banden wird diskutiert.
Detachment of very-low-energy electrons from H −

High-resolution energy spectra of electrons detached from ${\mathrm{H}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ and ${\mathrm{D}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ upon collisions with He and Ar have been measured at and near ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{L}=0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$. The measurements reveal some structure previously unseen in the high-energy peak at ${v}_{e}={v}_{i}$. This structure, along with changes in the spectra for ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{L}g0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$, leads to the assumption that the peak at ${v}_{e}={v}_{i}$ is due to the superposition of a very sharp peak on a broader peak. This very sharp peak has been stripped from the data and transformed to the rest frame of the incident ion. The ejection probabilities for the very-low-energy group of electrons (\ensuremath{\lesssim} 0.10 eV) were found to possess forward-backward symmetry and to be insensitive to the target gas and velocity of the ion.
Two-Level Multifidelity Design Optimization Studies for Supersonic Jets

The conceptual/preliminary design of supersonic jet configurations requires multidisciplinary analyses tools, which are able to provide a level of flexibility that permits the exploration of large areas of the design space. High-fidelity analysis for each discipline is desired for credible results; however, the corresponding computational cost can be prohibitively expensive, often limiting the ability to make drastic modifications to the aircraft configuration in question. Our work has progressed in this area, and we have introduced a truly hybrid, multifidelity approach in multidisciplinary analyses and demonstrated, in previous work, its application to the design optimization of a low-boom supersonic business jet. In this paper, we extend our multifidelity approach to the design procedure and present a two-level design of a supersonic business-jet configuration, in which we combine a conceptual low-fidelity optimization tool with a hierarchy of flow solvers of increasing fidelity and advanced adjoint-based sequential quadratic programming optimization approaches. In this work, we focus on the aerodynamic performance aspects alone: no attempt is made to reduce the acoustic signature. The results show that this particular combination of modeling and design techniques is quite effective for our design problem and the ones in general and that high-fidelity aerodynamic shape optimization techniques for complex configurations (such as the adjoint method) can be effectively used within the context of a truly multidisciplinary design environment. Detailed configuration results of our optimizations are also presented.
Higher-order infinite elements for quasi-TEM analysis of microwave transmission lines using the finite-element method

Higher-order infinite elements, which are compatible with ordinary finite elements, and which preserve the sparsity of the FEM equations, are derived for the quasi-TEM analysis of open-type microwave transmission lines. The shape of the outer boundary can be an arbitrary polygon and can be chosen to conform to the geometry of the transmission line etches. It is shown that the use of the infinite elements with higher-order approximation of the radiation condition enhances the efficiency of the method as compared to the conventional FEM, by virtue of the reduction in the requirements for the memory and computation time. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Boundary effects on the vertical ranges of deep-sea benthic species

Abstract Since environmental gradients are more pronounced on the continental shelf and continental slope than in deeper waters, benthic deep-sea species occurring in shelf and slope regions should have smaller vertical (bathymetric) distributional ranges than species occuring in continental rise and abyssal regions. This paper explains a species' vertical range with a model that considers the existence of boundaries to specices' vertival distribution (the deepest sea floor and the sea surface). The model assumes that a species' center of distribution corresponds to its mean depth of occurence [(minimum depth of occurence+maximum depth of occurence)/2]. The model shows that the maximum vertical range must be dependent on the mean depth of occurence. This value peaks at intermediate depths and decreases as one approaches either shallow or abyssal depths; the interaction of the shallow and abyssal boundaries with the endpoints of species' range produces a constraint envelope that precludes large ranges for species close to the boundaries. Data from different taxa show a relationship between mean depth of occurence and vertical range for several taxa. Vertical range is small at continental slope (200–1500 m) and upper slope depths, increases with depth to a maximum at upper continental rise depths (1500–3500 m), and then contracts at lower continental rise (3500–4500 m) and abyssal plain (4500–6000 m) depths. Results suggest that boundaries to distributions can have an important effect on the bathymetric gradient of species vertical distributions.
Reciprocity relations for uniformly moving magnetoelectric media

The conventional reciprocity relationships of macroscopic electromagnetic theory are extended to the case of uniformly moving nondispersive and dispersive magnetoelectric media. The results are exemplified with an anisotropic cold plasma moving uniformly along the direction of the static magnetic field.
Obesity in Pediatric Orthopaedics

Obesity is a rapidly expanding health problem in children and adolescents and is the most prevalent nutritional problem for children in the United States. Some believe that obesity has become a major epidemic in American children, with the prevalence having more than doubled since 1980. This epidemic has led to a near-doubling in hospitalizations with a diagnosis of obesity between 1999 and 2005 and an increase in costs from $125.9 million to $237.6 million between 2001 and 2005. This article describes some of the orthopaedic conditions commonly encountered in overweight/obese children and adolescents, classically infantile and adolescent tibia vara and slipped capital femoral epiphysis. Also discussed are genu valgum, which has been associated with obesity, and other difficulties encountered in providing orthopaedic care to obese children.
A retrovirus packages nascent host noncoding RNAs from a novel surveillance pathway

Although all retroviruses recruit host cell RNAs into virions, both the spectrum of RNAs encapsidated and the mechanisms by which they are recruited remain largely unknown. Here, we used high-throughput sequencing to obtain a comprehensive description of the RNAs packaged by a model retrovirus, murine leukemia virus. The major encapsidated host RNAs are noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) and members of the VL30 class of endogenous retroviruses. Remarkably, although Moloney leukemia virus (MLV) assembles in the cytoplasm, precursors to specific tRNAs, small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs), and small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) are all enriched in virions. Consistent with their cytoplasmic recruitment, packaging of both pre-tRNAs and U6 snRNA requires the nuclear export receptor Exportin-5. Adenylated and uridylated forms of these RNAs accumulate in cells and virions when the cytoplasmic exoribonuclease DIS3L2 and subunits of the RNA exosome are depleted. Together, our data reveal that MLV recruits RNAs from a novel host cell surveillance pathway in which unprocessed and unneeded nuclear ncRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm for degradation.
Sc2(μ2-O) Trapped in a Fullerene Cage: The Isolation and Structural Characterization of Sc2(μ2-O)@Cs(6)-C82 and the Relevance of the Thermal and Entropic Effects in Fullerene Isomer Selection

The new endohedral fullerene, Sc2(μ2-O)@Cs(6)-C82, has been isolated from the carbon soot obtained by electric arc generation of fullerenes utilizing graphite rods doped with 90% Sc2O3 and 10% Cu (w/w). Sc2(μ2-O)@Cs(6)-C82 has been characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction, mass spectrometry, and UV/vis spectroscopy. Computational studies have shown that, among the nine isomers that follow the isolated pentagon rule (IPR) for C82, cage 6 with Cs symmetry is the most favorable to encapsulate the cluster at T > 1200 K. Sc2(μ2-O)@Cs(6)-C82 is the first example in which the relevance of the thermal and entropic contributions to the stability of the fullerene isomer has been clearly confirmed through the characterization of the X-ray crystal structure.
The Effective Design of Church Web Sites: Extending the Consumer Evaluation of Web Sites to the Non-Profit Sector

Web sites are becoming an important gateway for churches to attract new members and communicate with the membership. Research has focused on developing guidelines for web site design in the for-profit world, but little has been said about non-profit web sites. This study uses an established instrument to elicit over 1100 responses from parishioners who evaluated a random sample of 250 church web sites. The results provide some guidance about which features are most valued by church members.
Concurrent muscarinic and β-adrenergic blockade in rats impairs place-learning in a water maze and retention of inhibitory avoidance

Abstract These experiments examined the effects of separate and concurrent muscarinic cholinergic and β-adrenergic blockade on inhibitory (passive) avoidance performance and spatial learning in the Morris water maze. Pretraining systemic administration of either scopolamine (0.3 or 1.0 mg/kg) or propranolol (3.0 or 10.0 mg/kg) had no significant effect on one-day retention of step-through inhibitory avoidance training. Similarly, pretraining administration of either 0.3 mg/kg scopolamine or 10 mg/kg propanolol did not affect spatial learning in the Morris water maze. However, combined administration of scopolamine and 10.0 mg/kg of propranolol impaired performance on these tasks. These findings further support a role for interactions between norepinephrine and acetylcholine in the modulation of learning and memory and implicate the participation of β-adrenergic mechanisms in this interaction. Because cholinergic and noradrenergic deterioration is found in aging and Alzheimer's disease, these results also have implications regarding the role of age-related noradrenergic and cholinergic dysfunction in cognitive decline.
THE SOCIOLOGY OF THE GROWTH/NO‐GROWTH DEBATE*

This theoretical analysis focuses on the properties of conservative, liberal, and radical paradigms in social science and their application to the growth/no-growth debate in environmental policy literature. We find conservatives working with an evolutionary model of society which suggests that environmental problems are imperfections to be remedied by science, technology, and the free market. Liberals recognize the benefits and costs of growth, and they articulate ways to minimize the costs through state regulation and planning. Radicals argue for state ownership of the means of production and new cultural values about growth as the only effective environmental policies. This analysis closes with a discussion of the future of the growth debate in terms of these paradigms.
Transmission coefficient of a metal-metal interface in the tight-binding model

We present a tight-binding-model calculation of the transmission coefficient for electrons incident upon the interface between two metals. The role of the coupling produced by overlap of wave functions of the two metals is elucidated. The existence of a critical angle analogous to the optical Brewster angle is demonstrated. The relevance of these results to proximity-effect tunneling experiments is discussed.