cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transfer in Young Children's Understanding of Spatial Representations

The creative and flexible use of symbols is a unique human ability. In order to use a symbol, one must understand the basic relation between the symbol and what it represents. How do young children come to appreciate such relations? One possibility is that insight into one symbolic relation helps children appreciate different ones. The 3 studies presented here support this possibility. In Experiments 1 and 2, both 2.5- and 3.0-year-old children showed transfer from an easy task that required appreciation of a model-room symbolic relation to a more difficult one, one that children their age typically do not appreciate. In Experiment 3, 2.5-year-olds showed transfer between symbol types: Experience with a model-room relation helped them appreciate a map-room relation. These transfer effects are consistent with the claim that early experience with symbolic relations contributes to symbolic sensitivity, a basic readiness to recognize that one object or event may stand for another.
The effect of γ-vinyl GABA on amphetamine stereotypy in rats

Abstract Results of early studies of GABA-dopamine interactions in basal ganglia suggesting that a striatonigral GABA system is inhibitory to the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway, provided a rationale for using GABA-ergic drugs as a treatment for hyperkinetic movement disorders that appear to result from increased dopamine influence, either through a postulated supersensitivity of dopamine receptors (tardive dyskinesia) or a deficit of GABA (Huntington's disease). As part of a study of the role of GABA in an animal model of hyperkinesia, we examined the effect of γ-vinyl GABA, an irreversible catalytic inhibitor of GABA transaminase, on amphetamine stereotypy in the rat. Sixteen hours after administration of vinyl GABA (1,000 mg/kg IP), control and treated animals (200–250 g male S-D rats) were given saline or dextroamphetamine in doses ranging from 2–6 mg/kg. After three hours of behavioral observation, the animals were sacrificed and the brains quickly removed and frozen for biochemical studies. At all doses of amphetamine, locomotor activity was markedly diminished by the vinyl GABA pretreatment. At a dose of amphetamine (4 mg/kg) that is at threshold for producing gnawing, licking stereotypy, the vinyl GABA pretreatment facilitated the development of stereotypy. Striatal homogenates showed a 2–3 fold increase in GABA, 50% inhibition of GABA transaminase activity, and 30% inhibition of succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase activity (10 animals, 2 experiments). The apparent dual action of elevated GABA on amphetamine stereotypy suggests differing interactions between GABA and dopamine systems in neostriatum, which presumably mediates gnawing stereotypy, and in mesolimbic striatum which mediates locomotor activity. The results also support other observations that treatments intended to increase GABA activity facilitate rather than inhibit motor behavior mediated by the neostriatum.
PREDICTING SHORELINE CHANGES AT TIDAL INLETS ON A DEVELOPED COAST

Implementation of shore protection measures at tidal inlets in New Jersey has reduced the rate of shoreline change and altered mechanisms for sediment transfer. Shoreline mobility has been reduced to 19 percent of pre-development rates updrift of inlets where new breaches in the islands are prevented by bulkheads or accretion related to human activities. Rates of change downdrift of inlets have been influenced by protection structures and channel dredging. A conversion from cyclic to unidirectional shoreline change has occurred in some areas. Prediction of future changes must be based on probabilities of human action, calibrated with knowledge of physical processes.
SPECIATION AND POPULATION GENETIC STRUCTURE IN TROPICAL PACIFIC SEA URCHINS.

Unlike populations of many terrestrial species, marine populations often are not separated by obvious, permanent barriers to gene flow. When species have high dispersal potential and few barriers to gene flow, allopatric divergence is slow. Nevertheless, many marine species are of recent origin, even in taxa with high dispersal potential. To understand the relationship between genetic structure and recent species formation in high dispersal taxa, we examined population genetic structure among four species of sea urchins in the tropical Indo-West Pacific that have speciated within the past one to three million years. Despite high potential for gene flow, mtDNA sequence variation among 200 individuals of four species in the urchin genus Echinometra shows a signal of strong geographic effects. These effects include (1) substantial population heterogeneity; (2) lower genetic variation in peripheral populations; and (3) isolation by distance. These geographic patterns are especially strong across scales of 5000-10,000 km, and are weaker over scales of 2500-5000 km. As a result, strong geographic patterns would not have been readily visible except over the wide expanse of the tropical Pacific. Surface currents in the Pacific do not explain patterns of gene flow any better than do patterns of simple spatial proximity. Finally, populations of each species tend to group into large mtDNA regions with similar mtDNA haplotypes, but these regional boundaries are not concordant in different species. These results show that all four species have accumulated mtDNA differences over similar spatial and temporal scales but that the precise geographic pattern of genetic differentiation varies for each species. These geographic patterns appear much less deterministic than in other well-known coastal marine systems and may be driven by chance and historical accident.
A mixed estimator interpretation of ridge regression

Abstract It is shown that a formal isomorphism between the ridge estimator and the homogeneous case of the Theil-Goldberger mixed estimator leads to a general interpretation of ridge regression as ordinary least squares estimation subject to a prior stochastic constraint that all slope coefficients in the model are zero. Users of ridge regression are cautioned to consider this implied specification in their use and interpretation of the technique.
Relationship of thalamic basal forebrain projection neurons to the peptidergic innervation of the midline thalamus.

To better understand the input-output organization of the midline thalamus, we compared the distribution of its peptidergic and monoaminergic afferents, which were visualized by using immunocytochemistry, with the distribution of neurons projecting to different basal forebrain structures, which were mapped using retrograde fluorescent tracers. Serotonin and most of the peptides were found throughout paraventricular thalamic nucleus (PV) and in other midline and intralaminar nuclei (type 1 pattern). Neuropeptide Y, αMSH and the catecholamine synthetic enzymes were largely restricted to dorsolateral PV (type 2 pattern). Vasopressin was found in dorsomedial PV and intermediodorsal nucleus in a pattern complementary to the type 2 distribution (type 3 pattern). Neurons projecting to accumbens core were present in paraventricular, intermediodorsal, and other midline nuclei. Neurons projecting to accumbens shell and to central amygdaloid nucleus were found in dorsal PV. The peptidergic zones were only loosely correlated with the distribution of different classes of projection neurons. The type 2 pattern overlapped best with neurons projecting to accumbens shell, and to a lesser extent to central amygdaloid nucleus, While the type 3 pattern overlapped best with neurons projecting to core of accumbens. This partial overlap suggests that some brainstem and hypothalamic nuclei preferentially affect differentbasal forebrain targets through the midline thalamus, and may allow, for example, information about stress to specifically influence accumbens shell and central amygdaloid nucleus. Nevertheless, most of the peptidergic afferents (type 1 pattern) to midline thalamus cover neurons projecting throughout the basal forebrain, which suggests that all of these neurons receive a variety of brainstem and hypothalamic inputs. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and characterization of a series of diphosphine ligated PtAu cluster compounds

Abstract A series of diphosphine Ph2P(CH2)nPPh2, n = 2–4, abbreviated P-n-P ligated platinum-gold cluster compounds has been synthesized in high yield by ligand exchange reactions with PPh3 ligated, hydrido PtAu clusters. The exchange reaction between [(H)(PPh3)Pt(AuPPh3)7]2+ and the P-2-P ligands gives the clusters [(PPh3PtAu8(P-n-P)4]2+ (1, 2), and with P-4-P the cluster [(P-4-P)PtAu6(P-4-P)3]2+ (3) is formed. The higher nuclearity cluster [PtAu10(P-3-P)5]2+ (8) was prepared by reaction of [(H)Pt(AuPPh3)9]2+ with P-3-P. All of these clusters have the 18-electron configuration and thus are unreactive with small electron donor molecules such as CO, Hg and H2. Clusters 2, 3 and 8 react with the Lewis acids MX (MX = CuCl and AgNO3) giving tri-metallic compounds of higher nuclearity. The products of the MX addition to 1 and 2 are the four new clusters [(PPh3)Pt(MCl)Au8(P-n-P)4]2+ where n = 2 and 3 and M = Cu and Ag (4–7). The reaction of MX with 8 gives only the double addition products [Pt(MCl)2Au10(P-3-P)5]2+ (9, 10). The molecular structures of clusters 2, 3, 5, 7 and 8 were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction ( Mo K α, λ = 0.71037 A , 173 K ; crystal data for 2 : P 1 , a = 17.1484(4), b = 20.8146(5), c = 23.1098(5), α = 71.284(1) A , β = 70.717(1), γ = 71.632(1)°, V = 7169.6(3) A 3 , Z = 2, R = 0.10; 3: P 1 , a = 14.833(1), b = 15.905(2), c = 27.068(3) A , α = 81.175(7), β = 77.088(12), γ = 67.742(6)°, V = 5743.7(10) A 3 , Z = 2, R = 0.051; 5: P2 1 /c, a = 24.353(3), b = 26.326(3), c = 20.554(2) A , β = 108.082(6)°, V = 12526(2) A 3 , Z = 4, R = 0.067; 7: P 1 , a = 17.4401(3), b = 18.4505(2), c = 23.1111(3) A , α = 97.615(1), β = 104.731(1), γ = 104.275(1)°, V = 6817.3(2) A 3 , Z = 2, R = 0.087; 8: P 1 , a = 16.048(3), b = 16.015(3), c = 30.790(5) A , α = 83.408(12), β = 89.677(12), γ = 65.135(13)°, V = 7124(2) A 3 , Z = 2, R = 0.096) . All have Pt-centered, icosahedral fragment geometries for their PtMAu8 metal frames with the diphosphine ligands bridging adjacent Au atoms and also chelated to Pt in 3. The diphosphine ligated clusters are less labile and less fluxional than their PPh3 analogs due to constraints on the number of skeletal rearrangement pathways imposed by the bridging diphosphine ligands.
Diagnostic blocks of the lower back—A clinical interpretation

Abstract Low-back pain is a common complaint in the general population and has a significant economic impact on society. The proper diagnosis and successful treatment of low-back pain remains challenging and contributes to a significant incidence of chronic low-back pain and poor surgical outcome. This article reviews the application of diagnostic blocks in the evaluation and management of patients with low-back pain complaints. Emphasis is placed on proper patient selection, rationale for test selection, and interpretation of results. For patients experiencing chronic low-back pain, appropriate diagnostic evaluation can guide treatment and improve long-term outcome. Copyright © 2000 by W.B. Saunders Company
The SMART information retrieval project

The primary goal of the SMART information retrieval project at Cornell University remains, as it has for the past 30 years, investigating the effectiveness and efficiency of automatic methods of retrieval of text. In recent years this has expanded to include retrieval of parts of documents in response to both user queries (passage retrieval) and parts of other documents (automatic hypertext links). The emphasis of SMART has always been on purely automatic text retrieval --- starting from an arbitrary piece of natural language text from the user and matching against automatically indexed documents --- and this continues.
FLAIR lesion volume in multiple sclerosis: relation to processing speed and verbal memory

Information processing speed and episodic memory are two commonly affected cognitive abilities in MS. Insights into the mechanisms of and relationships between these abilities have recently come from structural neuroimaging techniques, but few studies have used fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR), a neuroimaging sequence known to be sensitive to cortical and juxtacortical lesions in MS. We hypothesized that a volumetric index of FLAIR total lesion volume (TLV) would be associated with slowed processing speed and verbal memory dysfunction in MS. Twenty MS patients underwent FLAIR imaging and were administered measures of verbal memory and processing speed. Correlational and regression analyses indicated that TLV was directly and independently related to measures of processing speed and verbal memory, and TLV accounted for 56% of the variance in cognitive performance. These findings, considered in the context of prior work, suggest that FLAIR TLV is a useful predictor of commonly impaired cognitive functions in MS, and shows promise as a functionally relevant biomarker for disease status.
Triple Phase Boundaries in Solid-Oxide Cathodes

Component potential modeling based on solid-oxide electrochemistry is used to study a single-particle configuration where a hemispherical LSM particle sits on a YSZ electrolyte half-space. The primary comparison is between two pathways: one where oxide ions travel on the particle surface; the other where these ions travel through the bulk particle interior. The systems that model each of the pathways are analyzed both mathematically and numerically, yielding insights into diffusion-reaction-conduction processes for this single-particle model. A broad range of parameter values are considered, particularly in regards to the least well-established value, the surface conductance for the surface pathway. This work includes a number of case studies that indicate which pathway dominates for a variety of parameter choices.
Synthesis and characterization of a polycarbon organometallic cluster, [PPN]2[Fe6(CO)18C4].

The polycarbon metal cluster [Fe6(CO)18C4]2- is formed by the reaction of CF3SO3SO2CF3 with [Fe3(CO)9(CCO)]2-. Apparently, the SO2CF3 moiety abstracts an oxygen from the ketenylidene (CCO) ligand and C−C coupling occurs to form the C4 ligand. A single-crystal X-ray structure determination reveals that the pattern of C−C bond lengths of the C4 ligand in [Fe6(CO)18C4]2- mimic those in free butadiene.
Effects of Localized Holes on Charge Transport, Local Structure and Spin Dynamics in the Metallic State of CMR La1-xCaxMnO3

We review resistivity, x-ray-absorption fine-structure (XAFS) and muon spin relaxation (μSR) data which provide clear evidence for localized holes causing polaron distortion and unusual spin dynamics below Tc in “colossal magnetoresistive” (CMR) La1-xCaxMnO3. Resistivity measurements for x=0.33 under an applied field H have shown that ln[ρ(H,T)] ∝ -M, where M is the magnetization. The XAFS data show a similar functional dependence for the polaron distortions on M. The data from these two measurements are interpreted in terms of some fraction of the available holes x remaining localized and some increasing fraction becoming delocalized with increasing M. Finally, this polaron-induced spatial inhomogeneity yields anomalously slow, spatially inhomogeneous spin dynamics below Tc, as shown in the μSR data. These experiments individually probe the charge, lattice and spin degrees of freedom in this CMR system and suggest that the polarons retain some identity even at temperatures significantly below Tc.
Direct Simulation Of A Mach 1.92 Jet And Its Sound Field

A perfectly expanded turbulent Mach 1.92 jet was simulated by direct numerical solution of the compressible Navier-Stokes equations in a computational domain that included the near acoustic field. Reynolds stresses, two-point correlations, and turbulent energy spectra are computed and discussed. The sound field is highly directional and dominated by Mach waves as are commonly observed experimentally. Analysis of the sound using weak-shock theory shows that non-linear effects are significant away from the jet, but that linear theory is sufficient to estimate near-field sound pressure levels. Sound pressure levels are cdmpared with experimental results and are found to agree very well with jets at similar convective Mach numbers.
Application of multi-port power electronic interface for contactless transfer of energy in automotive applications

Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV) and Electric Vehicles (EV) are gaining popularity due to political, environmental, and economical reasons. Research is being done to charge these alternatively fueled vehicles by means of Inductively Coupled Power Transfer (ICPT). In this paper authors present a system to use a Multi Port Power Electronics Interface (MPEI) to control power flow from/to several AC and DC sources/sinks within a PHEV or EV, especially including Inductively Coupled Power Transfer (ICPT). This paper shows potential reduction in mass and improvement in driving range and fuel economy due to the use of a novel charging strategy.
SWIR staring FPA performance at room temperature

We report significant improvements in the performance of short wavelength infrared 128 X 128 focal plane arrays at room temperature. Using InGaAs and HgCdTe detector materials coupled to readout multiplexers having gate modulated detector interface, sensitivity that is near the theoretical detector-limited levels has been achieved via both low detector dark current and self-adjusting readout current gain. Extrapolating to nocturnal imaging conditions, the uncooled FPA-level sensitivities of 1.68 micrometers InGaAs and 1.86 micrometers HgCdTe arrays are shown to be within 35% and 80% of theoretical, respectively.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A photoacoustic study of the water in hydrated cement paste

Abstract The photoacoustic signal strength was measured on a series of similar portland cement pastes dried to different water contents. Under appropriate conditions this signal is a function of only the paste's specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity. Because of this, inferences can be made about the state of water held in the paste by examining the manner in which the signal strength changes with water content. The water content-signal strength relationship has an abrupt change at a location related to the degree of hydration and corresponding to the D-dry state. The results indicate that there are two thermally distinct states of water detected by the method in cement paste. These two types of water are apparently sequentially removed upon first drying. The first type of water to be removed may be physically bound water and the second type chemically bound water. The results show that the D-dry condition corresponds to the water content that separates the removal of these two types of water.
Special Boundary Integral Equations for Potential Problems in Regions With Circular Holes

On developpe un systeme infini d'equations integrales limites speciales pour la solution de l'equation de Laplace dans une region bidimensionnelle avec des trous circulaires. On montre que la solution converge quand le nombre de trous est fini et que 2 trous ne se touchent pas
Implementing an evidence-based breast cancer support and communication tool to newly diagnosed patients as standard care in two institutions

While many women turn to the Internet to obtain health information, it is unlikely that unstructured Internet use provides optimal benefit to women newly diagnosed with breast cancer, due to uneven quality, conflicting claims, redundancy, and search engine idiosyncrasies, which may make finding information and assessing its accuracy and applicability difficult. To answer the need for information and support, the Comprehensive Health Enhancement Support System (CHESS) was developed to provide access to integrated information for decision-making, behavior change, and emotional support, and has been validated in randomized trials. This observational study of real-world implementation focuses on the process of integrating CHESS into standard care in two Denver healthcare systems. Results from this study provide guidance for implementation of other web-based patient information and support programs in large healthcare organizations.
Light-induced magnetic precession in (Ga,Mn)As slabs: Hybrid standing-wave Damon-Eshbach modes

Coherent oscillations associated with spin precessions were observed in ultrafast optical experiments on ferromagnetic (Ga,Mn)As films. Using a complete theoretical description of the processes by which light couples to the magnetization, values for the anisotropy constants and the spin stiffness were unambiguously determined from the data. Estimates for the hole-Mn exchange coupling are significantly larger than those previously reported. Results also reveal an important negative contribution to the energy due to surface anisotropy leading to excitations that are a mixture of bulk waves and surface modes.
Is levodopa toxic

Shortly after the introduction of high-dosage levodopa for the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD), adverse motor effects of dyskinesias and clinical fluctuations ("wearing-off" and "on-off" phenomena) were seen [see [1] for historical review]. This soon led to the suggestion [2] that the introduction of levodopa for the treatment of PD should be delayed in an effort to postpone the development of such effects. For the past 20 years, this suggestion has been debated in the literature (Table 1 and Table 2), at national and international neurologic meetings, [3-7] and in two separate courses at the American Academy of Neurology meeting in March 1996. The debate will likely continue until a definitive study can be conducted to provide the correct answer. View this table: Table 1. Articles in favor of delaying the introduction of levodopa View this table: Table 2. Articles in favor of starting levodopa early Historically, when motor complications with chronic levodopa therapy became known, concern was raised that the medication was responsible (see Table 1). Others countered that the duration or dosage of levodopa was not responsible, but rather these complications occurred because of the severity of the disease, which continues to progress despite levodopa therapy (see Table 2). Concern over motor complications has largely been superseded by concern regarding increased oxidant stress from levodopa therapy and the possibility that such stress can lead to more rapid progression of the disease itself, i.e., enhance further neurodegeneration. This suspicion that levodopa might be toxic to patients with PD is the focus of this article. Before presenting the arguments for and against this toxicity hypothesis, we will briefly review the question whether duration and dosage of levodopa could be the responsible factors in the motor complications because this could be one overt manifestation of levodopa toxicity. When levodopa therapy is first initiated, there is a long-duration …
Ferromagnetic order and critical behavior at surfaces of ultrathin epitaxial films

The critical behavior, ferromagnetic order and magnetic anisotropies of ultrathin, epitaxial, magnetic films is studied using electron capture spectroscopy (ECS), which is capable of probing the long-ranged and short-ranged electron spin polarization (ESP) at the topmost surface layer of uncoated and coated magnetic structures. For all systems [Ni(100)/Cu(100), Ni(100)/NaCl(100), fcc Fe(111)/Cu(111), Fe(100)/Ag(100), Tb/Fe(100)/Ag(100), Fe(100)/Au(100), hcp Tb(0001)/W(110), Fe(110)/W(110), V(100)/Ag(100), Pd(100)/Ag(100), Pd/W(110)] investigated so far, ferromagnetic order is detected. It is found that the surface Curie temperatureT Cs depends on film thicknessd. ECS data obtained at the surface of various systems reveal the existence ofT- andd-dependent magnetic anisotropies. Although for V(100)/Ag(100) the measured critical exponentβ=0.128 agrees very well withβ=1/8 predicted for the two-dimensional Ising model, for other systems, such as Fe(100)/Au(100), the measuredβ value (0.25) is in disagreement with theoretical predictions. The experimental results are discussed within the framework of presently available experimental and theoretical data.
Cooperation of adapter molecules in proximal signaling cascades during allergic inflammation

Activation of mast cells through their high-affinity immunoglobulin E receptor (FcepsilonRI) plays an important role in allergic disorders. Other mast cell-activating stimuli, such as Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands, synergize with FcepsilonRI to enhance allergic inflammation. Thus, there is much interest in understanding how signaling occurs downstream of these receptors. One key event for FcepsilonRI-mediated mast cell activation is the inducible formation of multimolecular proximal signaling complexes. These complexes are nucleated by adapter proteins, scaffolds that localize various signaling molecules through their multiple molecule-binding domains. Here we review recent findings in proximal signaling cascades with an emphasis on how adapter molecules cooperate with each other to generate an optimal signal in mast cells, and we discuss how signals crosstalk between FcepsilonRI and TLRs in enhancing mast cell activation. Deciphering the molecular mechanisms leading to mast cell activation will hopefully bring new ideas for the development of novel therapeutics to control allergic diseases.
Pollination service to urban agriculture in San Francisco, CA

Urban agriculture can increase the sustainability of cities by reducing their ecological footprint, conserving biodiversity, and improving quality of life in a city. Given the environmental, economic and social value of urban agriculture, it is important to understand the ecosystem services that sustain it. We experimentally investigated how pollination by wild bees affects tomato production on 16 urban agriculture sites in San Francisco, CA. By comparing four pollination service indicators (fruit set, fruit mass, yield, and seed set) in four pollination treatments (open, artificial-self, artificial-cross, control), we were able to determine that tomatoes pollinated by wild bees significantly outperform the control in terms of all four pollination service indicators measured. Furthermore, the results of this study indicate that urban areas can support adequate pollination service to urban agriculture, regardless of garden size, garden age, or proportion of impervious surface in the surrounding matrix, and that floral resource density is a major factor influencing pollination service.
Micro/nanotribology and its applications to magnetic storage devices and MEMS

Abstract Scanning tunnelling microscopy and atomic force microscopy/friction force microscopy are increasingly used for tribological studies ranging from atomic and molecular scales to microscales. These studies are needed to develop a fundamental understanding of interfacial phenomena on a small scale and to study interfacial phenomena in micro- and nanostructures used in magnetic storage devices, MEMS and other industrial applications. Although micro/nanotribological studies are critical to study micro/nano structures, these studies are also valuable in understanding interfacial phenomena in macrostructures to provide a bridge between science and engineering. Friction and wear on micro- and nano-scales have been found to be generally smaller compared to that at macro-scales. Therefore micro/nanotribological studies may identify regimes for ultra-low-friction and zero-wear. In this paper we present examples of micro-scale tribological measurements made on magnetic storage and MEMS components.
Performance upgrades to the MCNP6 burnup capability for large scale depletion calculations

Abstract The first MCNP based inline Monte Carlo depletion capability was officially released from the Radiation Safety Information and Computational Center as MCNPX 2.6.0. With the merger of MCNPX and MCNP5, MCNP6 combined the capability of both simulation tools, as well as providing new advanced technology, in a single radiation transport code. The new MCNP6 depletion capability was first showcased at the International Congress for Advancements in Nuclear Power Plants (ICAPP) meeting in 2012. At that conference the new capabilities addressed included the combined distributive and shared memory parallel architecture for the burnup capability, improved memory management, physics enhancements, and new predictability as compared to the H.B Robinson Benchmark. At Los Alamos National Laboratory, a special purpose cluster named “tebow,” was constructed such to maximize available RAM per CPU, as well as leveraging swap space with solid state hard drives, to allow larger scale depletion calculations (allowing for significantly more burnable regions than previously examined). As the MCNP6 burnup capability was scaled to larger numbers of burnable regions, a noticeable slowdown was realized. This paper details two specific computational performance strategies for improving calculation speedup: (1) retrieving cross sections during transport; and (2) tallying mechanisms specific to burnup in MCNP. To combat this slowdown new performance upgrades were developed and integrated into MCNP6 1.2.
The vascular supply to the proximal interphalangeal joint

Four methods were used to identify the vascular branches that supply the proximal interphalangeal joint in 55 cadaver fingers. They were intra-arterial injection of radiopaque dyes, microscopic dissections of the arterial system, selective injection of specific branches followed by sectioning of the joints and examination of the areas stained, and histologic sectioning. Our studies show that the major branches of the digital artery to the joint arise from the dorsal aspect of the vessel, while smaller branches that run to the soft tissue arise from the palmar side. Three branches supply the proximal interphalangeal joint. The first arises 1.5 to 2.5 em proximal to the joint and divides into branches to the dorsal skin, the bone proximally, the vincular system, the lateral surface of the joint, and the palmar plate. The other two branches arise distal to the joint space; the first has branches to the palmar aspect of the joint of the middle phalanx and the vincular system. The most distal of the three perfuses the dorsal surface of the joint.
Linear Acousto-Optic Filters For Programmable And Adaptive Filtering

AbstractA class of broadband, linear acousto -optic filters whose frequency response can beprogrammed or adapted directly in the frequency domain is described. A practical, compactarchitecture for these broadband linear filters is presented. Experimental measurements ofthe dynamic range and filter response functions are presented and compared with theory.Applications for interference excision, wideband recording, wideband digitizing, fast fre-quency synthesis, and fast tracking superhet receivers are outlined.IntroductionA variety of broadband linear filters can be constructed by combining acousto -opticmodulation with optical heterodyne detection techniques. One important class of such linearacousto -optic filters has a high Q, RF frequency response which may be programmed or adapteddirectly in the frequency domain. Over the past several years, Probe Systems has examinedthe architectures, theoretical performance, measured performance and systems applicationsfor this class of linear acousto -optic filters. The results of this effort are summarizedbelow and indicate that the technology is extremely attractive for high performance program-mable and adaptive filtering of broadband signals.The functional concept of a programmable linear acousto -optic filter is shown in Figure 1.The filter accepts an electronic RF input s(t) and produces an electronic RF output
Dynamic Expression of Erbb Pathway Members during Early Mammary Gland Morphogenesis

Similar to other epithelial appendages, mammary anlagen progress from stratified epithelium through placode and bud stages. Embryonic mammary morphogenesis is elicited by a combination of local cell migration, adhesion changes and proliferation, and these same developmental processes impact breast cancer etiology. The Erbb signaling network plays important roles in postnatal mammary gland morphogenesis and carcinogenesis. Neuregulin3 (Nrg3), an Erbb family ligand, has recently been shown to be involved in the specification of mammary glands in mice. To further examine the possible involvement of other Erbb family members and their ligands in early mammary morphogenesis, we have characterized their expression patterns during this process. We used whole mount in situ hybridization to analyze the expression patterns of these genes at stages prior to and during mammary placode formation. Immunohistochemistry was used to examine expression patterns at later bud stages. The Neuregulin ligands, Nrg1, Nrg2, Nrg3, Nrg4 and the receptors, Erbb1, Erbb2, Erbb3, Erbb4, were expressed either at stages prior to morphological appearance of the mammary placode or from the time that the placode is first morphologically distinct through to later bud stages. The expression patterns presented here suggest that multiple members of this signaling network are potential mediators of early mammary morphogenesis.
Vapor Pressure and Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonding in Fluorotelomer Alcohols

Vapor pressure and aqueous solubility are important parameters used to estimate the potential for transport of chemical substances in the atmosphere. For fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs), currently under scrutiny by environmental scientists as potential precursors of persistent perfluorocarboxylates (PFCAs), vapor pressure is the more significant property since these compounds are only very sparingly soluble in water. We have measured the vapor pressures of a homologous series of fluorotelomer alcohols, F(CF2CF2)nCH2CH2OH (n = 2−5), in the temperature range 21−250 °C by three independent methods: (a) a method suitable for very low vapor pressures at ambient temperatures (gas-saturation method), (b) an improved boiling point method at controlled pressures (Scott method), and (c) a novel method, requiring milligram quantities of substance, based on gas-phase NMR, a technique largely unfamiliar to chemists and holding promise for studies of relevance to environmental chemistry. The concordant values obtained ...
Promoting Distributed Accountability in the Cloud

Cloud computing enables highly scalable services to be easily consumed over the Internet on an as-needed basis. A major feature of the cloud services is that users' data is usually processed remotely in unknown machines that users do not own or operate. While enjoying the convenience brought by this new emerging technology, users' fears of losing control of their own data(particularly financial and health data) can become a significant barrier to the wide adoption of cloud services. To address this problem, in this paper, we propose a novel highly decentralized information accountability framework to keep track of the actual usage of the users' data in the cloud. In particular, we leverage the programmable capability of Java JAR files to enclose our logging mechanism together with users' data and policies. Our approach ensures that any access to users' data will trigger authentication and automated logging local to the JARs. To strengthen user's control, we also provide distributed auditing mechanisms. Our experimental study demonstrates the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed approaches.
Adolescent growth in weight and its relation to menarche in contemporary American girls.

Height measurements at frequent intervals, from age six to adulthood, of 338 middle-class American girls are used to examine contemporary height and height velocity at specified ages, the characteristics of the adolescent growth spurt and its relation to menarche. These data, analysed by fitting to a mathematical model (Preece and Baines 1978), are presented as tables of means and standard deviations, percentiles and correlations. There is no evidence of a trend towards increased or accelerated growth in height; in the United States and Western Europe, girls have been the same height at specified ages, and have grown at the same rate, for the past 45 years, at least. Examination of the data plots and the growth statistics of all 338 girls revealed a group of 67 girls (designated E) who are different from the remaining 271 girls (designated S). Plots of the E girls show no discernible growth spurt. Compared with the S girls, they are significantly taller at specified ages; velocities are greater at ages 6 and 9 but less at age 12. During the growth spurt, and at menarche, they are taller but not older. Their adult height is greater and is reached later. Their velocity at takeoff is greater but, at peak, smaller; spurt intensity is much lower. Their adolescent growth spurt contributes less to adult height. For all 338 girls (the E as well as the S subgroup), adult height is correlated only with height during the growth spurt and is virtually independent of spurt timing, whereas menarche is strongly correlated with spurt timing and very little with height. Additional indications that menarche is unrelated to size are that E girls at menarche are significantly taller but not older than the S girls, and that 19 prematurely-born girls at menarche are shorter than girls born at full term but the same age.
A Unified Framework for Multimodal Submodular Integrated Circuits Trojan Detection

This paper presents a unified formal framework for integrated circuits (ICs) Trojan detection that can simultaneously employ multiple noninvasive side-channel measurement types (modalities). After formally defining the IC Trojan detection for each side-channel measurement and analyzing the complexity, we devise a new submodular formulation of the problem objective function. Based on the objective function properties, an efficient Trojan detection method with strong approximation and optimality guarantees is introduced. Signal processing methods for calibrating the impact of interchip and intrachip correlations are presented. We define a new sensitivity metric that formally quantifies the impact of modifications to each existing gate that is affected by Trojan. Using the new metric, we compare the Trojan detection capability of different measurement types for static (quiescent) current, dynamic (transient) current, and timing (delay) side-channel measurements. We propose four methods for combining the detection results that are gained from different measurement modalities and show how the sensitivity results can be used for a systematic combining of the detection results. Experimental evaluations on benchmark designs reveal the low-overhead and effectiveness of the new Trojan detection framework and provides a comparison of different detection combining methods.
The transport of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis through saturated aquifer materials

Aims: To investigate the processes controlling the transport of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) through aquifer materials. Methods and Results: We measured two important surface characteristics known to affect bacterial attachment to sediment surfaces: surface charge and hydrophobicity. We then measured the transport of Map through laboratory columns packed with aquifer sand with varying ionic strength solutions and sediment surface charge. We found that Map has a strong negative charge and is highly hydrophobic and that the transport of Map through positively charged Fe-coated sands was reduced compared with transport through negatively charged clean quartz sand, although Map transport for all treatments was low compared with the transport behaviour reported in the literature for other bacteria. Conclusions: Our results suggest that the potential for groundwater contamination by Map is low; however, the organism may remain bound to the soil near the surface where it can be ingested by grazing animals or be released during run off events. Significance and Impact of the Study: This is the first study looking at the surface characteristics and transport behaviour of Map through aquifer materials and therefore provides important information for understanding the movement of Map in the environment.
Stochastic Sliding Mode Arbitration for Energy Management in Smart Building Systems

There is increasing need to improve the electric load management in building applications. This is driven by the increasing cost of fuel and limitations on available distribution infrastructure. One aspect of this is the coordination of electrical loads to minimize the variation in power demand. Recent developments in smart grid technologies have created the opportunity to provide real-time electricity costs to residential users. In order to deploy smart building energy management systems, this paper presents a new method and experimental results of a control scheme that allows the arbitration of electrical loads in order to meet performance objectives for appliance operation while also minimizing the variation in overall daily usage.
Extended layered decoding of LDPC codes

In this paper, we propose an extended layered decoding approach for low density parity check (LDPC) codes. Compared to conventional layered decoding algorithms, the proposed approach has no constraint in the column weight of each layer. Hence, it enables more flexibility in high-throughput LDPC decoder design with layered decoding. Simulations on structured and random LDPC codes show that the proposed decoding method achieves significantly faster convergence and slightly better error correction performance than the conventional two phase massage passing sum-product algorithm. We also propose an efficient highly parallel decoder architecture for generic quasi-cyclic LDPC codes to facilitate the practical application of the proposed decoding scheme.
On the Role of Knowledge in Multi-Agent Opportunism

Multi-agent opportunism refers to the ability of agents operating in a multi-agent system (MAS) to assist one another by recognizing and responding to potential opportunities for each other’s goals [2]. In theory, multi-agent systems can clearly benefit from the ability of agents to act opportunistically. In practice, however, taking advantage of an opportunity at an inter-agent level is far from trivial: The agents should be capable of recognizing whether a given event or situation may be an opportunity for a goal of another agent in the system, and of responding appropriately to these recognized opportunities. Two key issues can make the potential practical attractiveness of multi-agent opportunism somewhat questionable. First, both recognizing opportunities and responding to them should have low computational complexity, otherwise the MAS will be more “socially friendly” than useful. Second, in order for an agent to recognize potential opportunities for other agents, the agent clearly has to know something about what these other agents are doing. We believe, however, that in many applications this “something” will tend to be very limited. The question is whether multi-agent opportunism can be effective in such cases of extremely limited shared knowledge?
Spatial Variability and Prediction Modeling of Groundwater Arsenic Distributions in the Shallowest Alluvial Aquifers in Bangladesh

Elevated arsenic in groundwater is the greatest environmental problem in Bangladesh. Spatial variability of arsenic in groundwater has been examined by semivariogram analysis that revealed high degree of small-scale spatial variability in alluvial aquifers. Small-scale variability of arsenic concentrations, indicated by high “nugget” values in semivariograms, is associated with heterogeneity in local-scale geology and geochemical processes. In unsampled locations, arsenic concentrations have been predicted using both deterministic and stochastic prediction methods. Natural neighbor (NN) method predicted better than inverse distance to power (IDP) method, and small-scale variations of arsenic concentrations are preserved. Ordinary kriging (OK) method on the untransformed arsenic data and their residual values performed considerably in predicting spatial arsenic distributions on regional-scale. Predicted results are evaluated by cross-validation, mean prediction error, and root mean square methods. Results show that approximately 25% area of Bangladesh, excluding Chittagong Hill Tracts and southern coastal parts, is below the concentration of 10 µg L-1 of arsenic. Approximately, 43% area in Bangladesh has arsenic concentrations of 10-50 µg L-1 at shallow depth (< 25 m). More than 17% area has arsenic concentrations between 50 µg L-1 and 100 µg L-1. High density dataset and small-scale modeling would perform better in prediction of spatial distributions of groundwater arsenic. Sequential simulation and co-kriging methods can be applied to evaluate the spatial distributions of arsenic in groundwater in Bangladesh.
The role of Bh4 in parallel evolution of hull colour in domesticated and weedy rice

The two independent domestication events in the genus Oryza that led to African and Asian rice offer an extremely useful system for studying the genetic basis of parallel evolution. This system is also characterized by parallel de-domestication events, with two genetically distinct weedy rice biotypes in the US derived from the Asian domesticate. One important trait that has been altered by rice domestication and de-domestication is hull colour. The wild progenitors of the two cultivated rice species have predominantly black-coloured hulls, as does one of the two U.S. weed biotypes; both cultivated species and one of the US weedy biotypes are characterized by straw-coloured hulls. Using Black hull 4 (Bh4) as a hull colour candidate gene, we examined DNA sequence variation at this locus to study the parallel evolution of hull colour variation in the domesticated and weedy rice system. We find that independent Bh4-coding mutations have arisen in African and Asian rice that are correlated with the straw hull phenotype, suggesting that the same gene is responsible for parallel trait evolution. For the U.S. weeds, Bh4 haplotype sequences support current hypotheses on the phylogenetic relationship between the two biotypes and domesticated Asian rice; straw hull weeds are most similar to indica crops, and black hull weeds are most similar to aus crops. Tests for selection indicate that Asian crops and straw hull weeds deviate from neutrality at this gene, suggesting possible selection on Bh4 during both rice domestication and de-domestication.
Salt and Cocrystal Form Selection

Form selection is critical to the successful development of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). Form selection improves properties, such as solubility and ultimately bioavailability, and increase the potential viability of a candidate. This article discusses solid form screening and the selection process for pharmaceutical compounds with the main focus on salts and cocrystals. Keywords: active pharmaceutical ingredient (API); solid form screening; cocrystals; salts
Analysis of the Biological Clock Decision

The decisions of if and when to have a first child are very important for any woman or couple. This paper develops a model to examine when a woman should begin trying to conceive, which depends on the personal circumstances and values of each woman. The model incorporates separate objectives for a woman's professional, social, and family aspects of life and integrates them into a quality-of-life function that includes the changing relative importance of these aspects with age over a woman's life. Descriptions of the relative quality of each of these three aspects of a woman's life are modeled over time for different cases. One case involves no child and other cases involve the woman giving birth at different ages from 21 to 50. The probabilities of conceiving when trying, as a function of a woman's age, are included. The relative pros and cons of waiting until the late thirties to have a child to avoid perceived detrimental impacts on one's career or social life are investigated. Several illustrations are included in the paper to demonstrate insights that can be generated using the model.