cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Global Health Education in Emergency Medicine Residency Programs

Abstract Background Interest in global health and international electives is growing among Emergency Medicine (EM) residents in the United States (US). The majority of EM residency programs offer opportunities for international electives. The degree of participation among residents and type of support provided by the residency program, however, remains unclear. Study Objectives To explore the current state of global health education among EM residents who participate in international electives. Methods A 12-question survey was e-mailed to the program directors of the 192 EM residency programs in the US. The survey included questions about the number of residents participating in international electives and the types of preparation, project requirements, supervision, and feedback participating residents receive. Results The response rate was 53% with 102 responses. Seventy-five of 102 (74%) programs reported that at least one resident participated in an international elective in the 2010–2011 academic year. Forty-three programs (42%) report no available funding to support any resident on an international elective. Residents receive no preparation for international work in 41 programs (40%). Only 25 programs (26%) required their residents to conduct a project while abroad. Forty-nine programs (48%) reported no formal debriefing session, and no formal feedback was collected from returning residents in 57 of 102 (59%) programs. Conclusion The majority of EM residencies have residents participating in international electives. However, the programs report variable preparation, requirements, and resident supervision. These results suggest a need for an expanded and more structured approach to international electives undertaken by EM residents.
Computer-Assisted Analysis of Qualitative Gerontological Research.

Qualitative research has tremendous potential for breaking new ground in gerontological research. QUALOG, a qualitative analysis program using logic programming and computer support, has been developed. This article describes how QUALOG was utilized to analyze data from a qualitative study of older adult learners.
Ethanol preference in Maudsley and RXNRA recombinant inbred strains of rats.

Abstract Male and female rats of the Maudsley Reactive (MR/Har) and the Maudsley Nonreactive (MNRA/Har substrain), as well as four of the RXNRA recombinant inbred (RI), strains were tested for ethanol intake and preference across 6 weeks of two-bottle choice between 10% ethanol (vol./vol.) and water. In Experiment 1, after exposure to 10% ethanol as their sole source of fluid for 4 days before the onset of the two-bottle choice, MR/Har rats showed a higher preference for ethanol than that observed for all other strains. Three of the RI strains of rats showed a preference intermediate between that for MR/Har and MNRA/Har rats, and one RI strain of rat (BD) drank reliably less than the amount consumed by other strains. In Experiment 2, ethanol-naive rats exhibited lower ethanol intake and preference than in Experiment 1, and strain differences were minimal, with the exception that BD rats drank less ethanol than that consumed by all other rat strains. In both experiments, female rats drank more ethanol than did male rats across nearly all strains. Marked differences in ethanol consumption between Experiments 1 and 2 support earlier work showing that forced exposure to ethanol increases later intake, but that this effect is strongly influenced by genotype and gender such that MR/Har rats exhibited this change, but MNRA/Har rats did not. The patterns of strain differences in ethanol consumption were consistent with their determination by a polygenic system.
Pearls in the desert : Death reminders provoke immediate derogation of extrinsic goals, but delayed inflation

Abstract Psychologists and philosophers have argued that explicitly contemplating one’s mortality makes extrinsically oriented goal pursuits, such as for wealth and fame, seem unimportant. Research inspired by terror management theory has shown, however, that when thoughts of death are active outside current focal attention, individuals bolster culturally sanctioned standards of self-worth. The present studies thus examined the hypotheses that (a) immediately after explicit reminders of mortality, individuals will trivialize extrinsic goals, but (b) when a delay and distraction follows an explicit mortality reminder, individuals will favorably evaluate extrinsic goals. Consistent with these hypotheses, Studies 1 and 2 showed that, relative to subjects reminded of an aversive control topic, mortality salience led to lower importance ratings for extrinsic goals. Study 2 further showed that, when mortality salience was followed by a distracter task, subjects gave higher importance ratings for a high priority extrinsic goal.
Rapid determination of manganese in sea water by flow-injection analysis with chemiluminescence detection

Abstract Flow-injection analysis (FIA) with chemiluminescence detection was used to determine manganese in sea water. The oxidation of 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane in an alkaline solution produces light. Manganese(II) catalyzes this reaction and its concentration can be determined by measuring the rate of photon emission. A column containing 8-hydroxyquinoline immobilized on a solid support was used in-line in the FIA system to concentrate manganese. The analysis time was 6 min per sea-water sample with a corresponding detection limit of 0.1 nM (3σ). Lower detection limits can be obtained by increasing the amount of manganese loaded onto the column. The relative standard deviation of analyses of sea water containing 1–10 nM manganese was typically 3%. Analyses of North Atlantic Surface Sea Water (NASS-1) and Coastal Atlantic Surface Sea Water (CASS-1) standards gave manganese concentrations within the accepted ranges, confirming the accuracy of the technique. Shipboard determinations of manganese produced excellent agreement with previous reliable data. This technique is widely applicable to a variety of natural water and process-oriented studies.
New single ion conductors (“polyBOP” and analogs) for rechargeable lithium batteries

Abstract Phosphorus-containing single ion conducting polyanionic electrolytes have been synthesized from PCl 5 , oxalic acid (or catechol) and polyethylene glycols (or polypropylene glycols), using a stepwise procedure. The highest ambient conductivity of 10 −5.8 S cm −1 is obtained for the polymer synthesized from oxalic acid and PEG600 (LiBOPEG 600 ). While the ionic conductivity of the polymer formed from chloro bis(oxalato)borate (BOP) and PEG400 is nearly one order of magnitude higher than that of the polymer formed from BOP and PPG425, the ionic conductivity of the polymer formed from oxalic acid, PCl 5 and PEG600 is only slightly higher than that of the polymer formed from catechol, PCl 5 and PEG600. All the temperature dependence of the ionic conductivities shows curved Arrhenius plots, suggesting that the ion transport is closely associated with segmental motion of the polymer chain. Both the free-volume theory based William–Landel–Ferry (WLF) equation and the well-known Vogel–Tammann–Fulcher (VTF) equation are found to be valid for describing the conductivity data within the temperature range investigated.
Low temperature NMR evidence shows the elusive siliconium ion is a further example of tautomeric equilibrium

Abstract Compounds with a potentially pentacoordinated silicon central atom have been synthesized using a new tridentate ligand. Detailed NMR studies have shown, however, that, in contrast to an earlier report 1 , each of these species exists in solution as an equilibrium mixture of two equivalent structures in which the central atom is tetracoordinated.
Mixing Shifts of Finite Type with Non-Elementary Surjective Dimension Representations

The dimension representation has been a useful tool in studying the mysterious automorphism group of a shift of finite type, the classification of shifts of finite type, and surrounding problems. We discuss the importance of understanding the image of the dimension representation and discuss the candidate range for the fundamental case of mixing shifts of finite type. We present the first class of examples of mixing shifts of finite type for which the dimension representation is surjective necessarily using non-elementary conjugacies.
Electron states and bonding in titanium sulfide

The electronic structure of titanium sulfide is studied in a series of molecular orbital and band structure calculations using the first-principles Hartree-Fock-Slater model. The results are correlated with optical data and with X-ray emission and absorption, and compared with recent semiempirical tight binding models.
Intertemporal risk–return relationship in the Asian markets around the Asian crisis

Abstract This study investigates the risk–return relationship in nine Asian capital markets and the U.S. before, during, and after the Asian financial crisis. Using a state-dependent approach in a TGARCH(1,1)-M framework, we investigate a contemporaneous version of the CAPM by accounting for negative and positive market price of variance risk. We find a significant positive relationship between risk premium and variance in all markets in upstate, as well as a significant negative relationship in downstate. Also, we validate our findings by showing that implied state-dependent market prices of variance risk explain risk premia across markets. Finally, we investigate how the model can be used to uncover overreaction and improve the number of correct directional calls in a tactical asset allocation strategy. Our results provide support for a contrarian strategy that individual investors can follow.
Characterization of heliostat corrosion

Abstract Corroded mirrors from a heliostat exposed at Livermore, CA, for seven months have been characterized by a variety of techniques including optical and electron microscopy, reflectance and transmission spectroscopy, and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. The results indicate that the chemical methods used in previous studies to remove the paint from the back surface of corroded mirrors significantly altered the morphology of the corroded film. A mechanical stripping technique has been developed which eliminates these problems. Use of this new technique, combined with studies of the reflective surface as viewed through the glass, have revealed that the corrosion spots are areas of agglomerated silver which are only loosely bonded to the glass superstrate. These agglomerates can be removed by wiping with paper tissue or by placing the sample in water or glacial acetic acid for a few seconds. These observations have led to the suggestion of a new model for the corrosion process.
Vasoactive properties of urotensins I and II in a columbiform and three galliform birds, and a bioassay for urotensin I

Crude extracts ofGillichthys urophyses and chromatographically purified urotensin I (UI) and urotensin II (UII) (fromCatostomus urophyses) were injected intravenously intoCoturnix coturnix japonica, Colinus virginianus, Alectoris graeca (Galliformes) andColumba livia (Columbiformes). Changes in arterial blood pressure were monitored. UI elicited dose-dependent vasodepressor responses in all birds. Thioglycollate treatment abolished the depressor action of arginine vasotocin but not that of UI (in all birds). UII was a pressor agent inCoturnix andColinus, both members of the Galliformes. However, the hormone had no pressor activity inColumba, a member of the Columbiformes, and in another member of the Galliformes,Alectoris. The pressor effect of UII was also dose-dependent. Injection of crude urophysial extract intoColinus andCoturnix, therefore, elicited biphasic responses. UII effects can be abolished by prior incubation with carboxypeptidase A. Intravenous injection of the α-adrenoceptor blocker, phenoxybenzamine, prior to urotensin injections had no effect on the responses to urotensins. As the chukar,Alectoris graeca, is sensitive to UI and resistant to anesthesia and surgery, and does not readily develop tachyphylaxis to repeated UI injections, its use is recommended as a routine bioassay animal for UI.
Noise analysis of polarization-based optoelectronic connectionist machines

Adaptive optical systems such as the bipolar, polarization-based optical connectionist machine are capable of operating in the presence of substantial noise generated by optoelectronic devices such as spatial light modulators, sources, and detectors. We present results on two optoelectronic connectionist machines that implement the single-layer delta rule and backward error propagation neural network algorithms and analyze the influence of noise on their performance. Results show that an optoelectronic neural network with 200 input units can easily classify 30 random patterns with a spatial light modulator contrast ratio of 10:1 and output cross talk of 10%.
Environmental Systems Optimization

This is a fine textbook that introduces the reader ‘to the application of systems analysis and, most particularly, mathematical modeling and optimization techniques to environmental management.’ It is organized and written with clarity such that it lends itself naturally to use in an upper-level undergraduate course that is essential for any environmental program. As was stated by the author, ‘Two principal topics are emphasized. The first is the use of mathematical models that reduce environmental problems to mathematical relationships that can be manipulated to evaluate the effects of management alternatives. The second is the application of optimization methods such as search techniques, linear programming, dynamic programming and integer programming to determine which management alternatives are better than others.’ Thus, the first topic tells how to set up the environmental model, and the second topic tells how to solve the environmental model.
Assessment of a bidirectional reflectance distribution correction of above-water and satellite water-leaving radiance in coastal waters

Water-leaving radiances, retrieved from in situ or satellite measurements, need to be corrected for the bidirectional properties of the measured light in order to standardize the data and make them comparable with each other. The current operational algorithm for the correction of bidirectional effects from the satellite ocean color data is optimized for typical oceanic waters. However, versions of bidirectional reflectance correction algorithms specifically tuned for typical coastal waters and other case 2 conditions are particularly needed to improve the overall quality of those data. In order to analyze the bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) of case 2 waters, a dataset of typical remote sensing reflectances was generated through radiative transfer simulations for a large range of viewing and illumination geometries. Based on this simulated dataset, a case 2 water focused remote sensing reflectance model is proposed to correct above-water and satellite water-leaving radiance data for bidirectional effects. The proposed model is first validated with a one year time series of in situ above-water measurements acquired by collocated multispectral and hyperspectral radiometers, which have different viewing geometries installed at the Long Island Sound Coastal Observatory (LISCO). Match-ups and intercomparisons performed on these concurrent measurements show that the proposed algorithm outperforms the algorithm currently in use at all wavelengths, with average improvement of 2.4% over the spectral range. LISCO’s time series data have also been used to evaluate improvements in match-up comparisons of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer satellite data when the proposed BRDF correction is used in lieu of the current algorithm. It is shown that the discrepancies between coincident in-situ sea-based and satellite data decreased by 3.15% with the use of the proposed algorithm. This confirms the advantages of the proposed model over the current one, demonstrating the need for a specific case 2 water BRDF correction algorithm as well as the feasibility of enhancing performance of current and future satellite ocean color remote sensing missions for monitoring of typical coastal waters.
COMBINATION OF GENE TARGETING AND SUBSTRATE TRAPPING TO IDENTIFY SUBSTRATES OF PROTEIN TYROSINE PHOSPHATASES USING PTP-PEST AS A MODEL

Identification of physiological substrates of protein tyrosine phosphatases is a key step in understanding the function of these enzymes. We have generated fibroblast cell lines having a gene-targe...
Engineering Generalized Shortest Path queries

Generalized Shortest Path (GSP) queries represent a variant of constrained shortest path queries in which a solution path of minimum total cost must visit at least one location from each of a set of specified location categories (e.g., gas stations, grocery stores) in a specified order. This problem type has many practical applications in logistics and personalized location-based services, and is closely related to the NP-hard Generalized Traveling Salesman Path Problem (GTSPP). In this work, we present a new dynamic programming formulation to highlight the structure of this problem. Using this formulation as our foundation, we progressively engineer a fast and scalable GSP query algorithm for use on large, real-world road networks. Our approach incorporates concepts from Contraction Hierarchies, a well-known graph indexing technique for static shortest path queries. To demonstrate the practicality of our algorithm we experimented on the North American road network (with over 50 million edges) where we achieved up to several orders of magnitude speed improvements over the previous-best algorithm, depending on the relative sizes of the location categories.
Relocating Regulation in Montana's Gold Mining Industry

In this paper I seek to make a preliminary link between the discursive representation of the ‘environment’ and the regulation of economic activity. The contemporary Montana gold mining industry belies accounts that economic regulation can be situated purely in concepts of structures and institutions. In the 1990s, the Montana gold mining industry was fundamentally transformed in the absence of concomitant changes in the economic structure of the industry or in the institutions of regulation. Indeed, the changes in the efficacy of the Montana gold mining economy can only be explicated by adding a discursive account of regulation. In particular, I link a regulationist account of reregulation with the post-structural sensibilities found in cultural economic geography. This analysis, which focuses on how nature is represented in the mine-permitting process, illustrates that how we perceive ‘environment’ in particular places and times can influence access to resources and their subsequent physical transformation.
Dissociation between left ventricular untwisting and filling. Accentuation by catecholamines.

BACKGROUND Efficient early diastolic filling is essential for normal cardiac function. Diastolic suction, as evidenced by a decreasing left ventricular pressure during early filling, could result from restoring forces (the release of potential energy stored during systolic deformation) dependent on myofilament relaxation. Although these restoring forces have been envisioned within individual myofibers, recent studies suggest that gross fiber rearrangement involving the connective tissue network occurs easy in diastole. This may lead to the release of potential energy stored during systole and suction-aided filling. METHODS AND RESULTS To establish precisely the timing and extent of restoration of the systolic torsional deformation of the left ventricle with respect to early filling at baseline and with enhanced relaxation, we studied untwisting during control conditions and with catecholamine stimulation. Using noninvasive and nondestructive magnetic resonance tagging, torsional deformation of the left ventricle was measured at 20-msec intervals in 10 open-chest, atrially paced dogs, starting at aortic valve closure. Eight equiangular tags intersected the epicardium and endocardium in three short-axis imaging planes (base, mid, and apex). From the intersection points, epicardial and endocardial circumferential chord and arc lengths were measured and angular twist of mid and apical levels with respect to the base (maximal torsion and its reversal, untwisting) was calculated. Echo-Doppler provided timing of aortic valve closure and of mitral valve opening. Zero torsion was defined at end diastole. Torsion at the apical level reversed rapidly between its maximum and the time immediately after mitral valve opening: from 7.0 +/- 5.8 degrees to 3.2 +/- 5.4 degrees and 12.0 +/- 8.5 degrees to 6.9 +/- 7.8 degrees (mean +/- SD, both p less than 0.01) at the epicardium and endocardium, respectively. During the same period, no significant circumferential segment length changes occurred. As expected, after mitral valve opening, filling resulted in significant circumferential segment lengthening, whereas further reversal of torsion was small and nonsignificant. During dobutamine infusion, torsion at end systole was greater and reversal during isovolumic relaxation was much more rapid and greater in extent (p less than 0.01). Torsion reversed from 11.5 +/- 4.3 degrees to 5.7 +/- 4.8 degrees and 17.4 +/- 6.4 degrees to 6.9 +/- 7.7 degrees at epicardium and endocardium. CONCLUSIONS Untwisting occurs principally during isovolumic relaxation before filling and is markedly enhanced in speed and magnitude by catecholamines. This partial return of the left ventricle to its preejection configuration before mitral valve opening could represent an important mechanism for the release of potential energy stored in elastic elements during the systolic deformation. These myocardial restoring forces would be markedly enhanced by physiological changes consequent to catecholamines such as during exercise, offsetting the concomitant shortening of the filling period.
Preparation and characterization of polymeric coatings with combined nitric oxide release and immobilized active heparin

A new dual acting polymeric coating is described that combines nitric oxide (NO) release with surface-bound active heparin, with the aim of mimicking the nonthrombogenic properties of the endothelial cell (EC) layer that lines the inner wall of healthy blood vessels. A trilayer membrane configuration is employed to create the proposed blood compatible coating. A given polymeric substrate (e.g., the outer surface of a catheter sleeve, etc.) is first coated with a dense polymer layer, followed by a plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) or polyurethane (PU) layer doped with a lipophilic N-diazeniumdiolate as the NO donor species. Finally, an outer aminated polymer layer is applied. Porcine heparin is then covalently linked to the outer layer via formation of amide bonds. The surface-bound heparin is shown to possess anti-coagulant activity in the range of 4.80-6.39 mIU/cm2 as determined by a chromogenic anti-Factor Xa assay. Further, the surface NO flux from the underlying polymer layer containing the diazeniumdiolate species can be controlled and maintained at various levels (from 0.5 to 60 x 10(-10) mol cm(-2)min(-1)) for at least 24 h and up to 1 week (depending on the flux level desired) by changing the chemical/polymer composition of the NO release layer. The proposed polymeric coatings are capable of functioning by two complementary anti-thrombotic mechanisms, one based on the potent anti-platelet activity of NO, and the other the result of the ability of immobilized heparin to inhibit Factor Xa and thrombin (Factor IIa). Thus, the proposed polymeric coatings are expected to exhibit greatly enhanced thromboresistivity compared to polymers that utilize either immobilized heparin or NO release alone.
An Evaluation of B-Grade Molasses in Chick Starter Rations

Abstract RECENT investigations have shown that certain by-products of the sugar cane industry may serve as a source of carbohydrates for growing and laying chickens. Palafox and Rosenberg (1954) reported that New Hampshire chicks fed experimental rations containing as much as 47 percent low-grade sugar-bagasse pith (10:1 by weight) grew as well as those fed a standard starter ration and with excellent feed efficiency to 42 days of age. Older birds, under test from 8 to 15 weeks of age, grew faster than their controls when they were fed rations in which one third of the yellow corn meal (19.5 percent of total ration) was replaced by either low-grade sugar or low-grade sugar-bagasse pith, and growth was not depressed when two thirds of the corn meal was substituted by these products. However, growth rate was significantly depressed when all the corn was replaced by either sugar product. When low-grade sugar-bagasse pith …
Suppression of fluorescence in a lossless cavity

In this paper we theoretically investigate the behavior of a two-level atom in a lossless cavity driven by an external field. Using classical electrodynamics to describe the external field while quantizing the cavity field, we find that the cavity field is excited to a coherent state whose amplitude is equal to that of the external field, but shifted 180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} in phase. This results in the disappearance of the atomic resonance fluorescence (i.e., the atom stops interacting with the fields). When we quantize the external field the effect persists. A fully quantized dressed-state approach provides some helpful insight and a nice analogy to another problem in which the resonance fluorescence vanishes.
The electrical properties of germanium semiconductors at low temperatures

Synopsis Low temperature anomalies in the Hall effect — a steep maximum — and a change of the slope of the log resistivity versus 1/T curve in germanium semiconductors, which were first observed by Hung and Gliessman, have been re-investigated using single crystals of N- and P-type germanium of various carrier concentrations. By using cross-shaped samples, the influence of contacts was investigated. To estimate the effect of surface layers, various surface treatments have been tried and the ratio of surface area to bulk volume has been changed. It was found that the effects cannot be explained by surface conduction. To exclude electrical field effects at low temperatures (to about 1.50°K), fields as low as 3 mV/cm, well below breakdown field, have been used. The Hall effect was measured with varying magnetic fields ranging from 200 to 4300 Gauss. In the same temperature region where Hall effect and resistivity become anomalous, the magnetoresistive ratio also shows drastic changes. In the temperature range before the Hall maximum is reached the magneto-resistive ratio changes only slowly with temperature, but starts to decrease sharply at the temperature where the Hall effect approaches the maximum and where the resistivity curve changes slope. The discussion of the results indicates that the observations can be described by a model which assumes conduction in two bands, the regular conduction band (valence band in the case of P-type material) and a band with a very small mobility. The sharp decrease of this mobility with decreasing impurity content suggests that conduction in an impurity band is a plausible explanation of these phenomena.
Experimental Characterization Of High-Resolution Electrophotographic Recording Media

High-resolution electrophotographic recording media have a number of characteristics which make them attractive for holographic data storage and laser recording. Exposure sensitivity, resolution and storage capacity are in some cases comparable to Lippmann photographic emulsions. We have evaluated the recording and storage performance of several electrophotographic recording media: Scott Graphics TEP film (absorption medium) and Kalle AG and Scott Graphics photoplastic recording films (phase media). The Scott Graphics photoplastic recording films were created by adding a 1 μm thick layer of thermoplastic to Scott Graphics P5-003 and Laser Recording TEP films. We measured various sensitometric and data storage parameters, particularly diffraction efficiency and signal-to-noise ratio, and operational properties such as performance consistency, image permanence and recyclability. Experimental data showed a broad range of exposure sensitivity, resolution and storage capacity and revealed a number of problem areas. Nonetheless, these recording materials appear promising for some holographic and laser recording applications.© (1977) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Rhipicephalus appendiculatus (Acari: Ixodidae): dynamics of Thogoto virus infection in female ticks during feeding on guinea pigs

Engorged nymphs (Rhipicephalus appendiculatus) were inoculated parenterally with Thogoto (THO) virus (approximately 1 microl per nymph; 10(6)-10(7) PFU/ml). The adult females which resulted were used as the source of infected ticks for this study. Hemolymph, salivary glands, synganglion, gut, ovary, and Malpighian tubules were collected on each day of the blood meal and titrated for THO virus by plaque assay. The percent of tissues infected with virus was 16% or less on the day of attachment. Percent infection rose for all tissues throughout 6-7 days of feeding, reaching 40-100% infection during the rapid phase of engorgement. For the first 4 days of feeding, virus titer in the synganglion was higher than in salivary glands (means of 6.4-34.7 PFU/synganglion and 1.6-8.8 PFU/salivary gland pair). From days 5-7, virus titer was generally higher in the salivary gland than the synganglion (means of 422, 408, and 817 PFU/gland pair and means of 62, 811, and 9 PFU/synganglion). However, because a salivary gland pair is much heavier than a synganglion, the virus concentration in the synganglion was much higher than in the salivary gland during the slow phase of feeding. During the rapid phase of feeding, the difference in virus titer between the synganglion and salivary gland reduced. This difference between the early and late stages of feeding may explain why a previous study [J. Gen. Virol. 70 (1989) 1093], using immunofluorescence and immuno-gold labelling, failed to detect virus in the salivary gland early in feeding. These data provide evidence to explain that R. appendiculatus can transmit THO virus within 24h of attachment, an important epidemiological finding.
Annealing kinetics of electron‐irradiated GaAs heteroface solar cells in the range 175–200 °C

Annealing of electron‐irradiation damage in GaAs solar cells is important for space applications. This paper describes studies conducted to understand this annealing process. GaAs heteroface solar cells were irradiated with 1×1015 1‐MeV electrons/cm2 followed by thermal annealing. An activation energy for annealing of 1.25±0.14 eV and a frequency factor of (3.7±1.9) ×109 sec−1 were determined. A small component of the irradiation damage, which does not anneal measurably at 200 °C, was observed.
The production of liquid fuel by fast pyrolysis of biomass

The NREL Fast Ablative Pyrolysis Technology was employed to generate oils from various biomass feedstocks. The oil yield from wood (64 percent) was higher than from herbaceous species (51 percent). Biomass oils have potential to be used as fuel though their properties are different from those of petroleum derived oils. They are multicomponent mixtures containing various groups of organic compounds such as sugars, aldehydes, acids, and phenolics. The density of the oils is about 1.2 g/ml and the pH is in the range 2.5-3.7. The viscosity of 20-80 cP (at 45°C) corresponds to that of No. 6 fuel oil. The high heating value for the biomass oils is in the range of 22.5-24. 4 MJ/kg on a water-free basis. Considering the highest oil yields, it corresponds to approximately 65 percent of the wood heating value transferred to the oil
A HETEROGENEOUS CHEMICAL ORIGIN FOR THE 16 O-ENRICHED AND 16 O-DEPLETED RESERVOIRS OF THE EARLY SOLAR SYSTEM

The oldest solids formed in the solar system, calcium-aluminum inclusions, are 16O-enriched compared to chondrules, asteroids, Earth, and Mars. Based on the preliminary measurements of the solar wind by Genesis, the Sun also appears to be 16O-enriched. This distribution of oxygen isotopes in the solar system cannot be reconciled via conventional mass-dependent isotopic fractionation processes and instead require the existence and/or production of distinct 16O-enriched and 16O-depleted reservoirs in the early solar system. The origin of these distinct reservoirs is unknown, although several mechanisms have been proposed to date including the following: (1) the injection of pure 16O by a supernova into the protoplanetary disk or parent molecular cloud, (2) self-shielding of CO in the parent molecular cloud or protoplanetary disk, (3) symmetry-dependent chemical fractionation processes in the protoplanetary disk, and (4) Galactic chemical evolution. While some of these proposals have been ruled out, the validity of others is still open. Here I propose that the 16O-enriched and 16O-depleted reservoirs present in the early solar system originated in the parent molecular cloud via the heterogeneous chemical processes that form H2O, a significant oxygen reservoir, on the surface of interstellar (IS) dust grains in dense molecular clouds, the astrophysical setting where star formation is observed to occur. As a consequence, this model predicts that molecular cloud H2O and possibly other IS solids inherited from the molecular cloud were depleted in 16O compared to the bulk gas-phase O present, thus providing distinct 16O reservoirs at the earliest stages of planetary formation.
Replacement of Lipopolysaccharide with Free Lipid A Molecules in Escherichia coli Mutants Lacking All Core Sugars

Escherichia coli mutants deficient in 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid (Kdo) biosynthesis are conditionally lethal, but their phenotypes are bypassed by certain suppressor mutations or by overexpression of MsbA, the inner membrane flippase for core-lipid A. These strains grow on broth with the tetraacylated precursor lipid IV(A) replacing lipopolysaccharide [Meredith, T. C., et al. (2006) ACS Chem. Biol. 1, 33-42]. Deletion of kdtA, which encodes the Kdo transferase, is possible under these conditions. We now show that lipid IV(A) reaches the outer surface of the outer membrane in these strains, as judged by its accessibility to the lipase PagL. On the assumption that MsbA is optimized to transport penta- or hexaacylated lipid A, we overexpressed the lauroyl- or the myristoyltransferase of lipid A biosynthesis, encoded by lpxL and lpxM, respectively, and demonstrated that kdtA deletion mutants were also viable in this setting. Although E. coli LpxL is stimulated by the presence of the Kdo disaccharide in its acceptor substrate, LpxL does slowly acylate lipid IV(A). Overexpression of LpxL from a plasmid suppressed the lethality of kdtA deletions on nutrient broth at 30 or 37 degrees C without the need for MsbA overproduction. These strains accumulated penta- and hexaacylated free lipid A containing a secondary laurate chain or a laurate and a myristate chain, respectively. Deletion of kdtA in strains overexpressing LpxM accumulated pentaacylated lipid A with a secondary myristate moiety. None of the strains lacking kdtA grew in the presence of bile salts at any temperature or on nutrient broth at 42 degrees C. Our findings show that the main function of Kdo is to provide the right substrates for the acyltransferases LpxL and LpxM, resulting in the synthesis of penta- and hexaacylated lipid A, which is optimal for the MsbA flippase.
Representation of Ecological Regions by Protected Areas at the Global Scale

Over the past 30 years, conservationists have sought ways to assess the quality of coverage provided by protected areas and to guide future site selection. One scheme among these addresses the degree to which areas protected for environmental conservation are representative of the ecological regions of a specified area. This has already been attempted at the scale of countries and regions. With the recent publication of the World Database of Protected Areas, quantitative analysis of representativeness at the global scale is finally feasible. We use GIS technology to overlay a map of ecological regions with a map of protected areas in order to identify biomes and geographic realms that are "under-represented" and "well represented" by protected areas. The results confirm an overemphasis on marginal land and dramatic landscapes, and the relative neglect of biomes with strong, alternative economic uses. Smaller biomes are typically better protected, as are those that have been targeted by conservation campai...
In vitro studies of the rabbit immune system: II. Functional characterization of rabbit T and B populations separated by adherence to nylon wool or lysis with anti-thymocyte serum and complement.

Abstract Rabbit spleen lymphocytes with functions analogous to murine T and B cells have been separated by treatment with goat anti-rabbit thymocyte serum plus complement (ATS + C) or passage over columns of nylon wool (NW). ATS + C lysis of spleen cells from sheep erythrocyte (SRBC)-immunized rabbits removes 40–60% of the total cells, but 80–100% of the fully differentiated B cells (PFC) are recovered. Conversely, the primed spleen cells which are nonadherent to NW contain ~5–20% of the applied cells but only 0.05–1.0% of the applied PFC. Neither cell population is capable of producing an anti-SRBC PFC response when cultured individually. However, the two cell types complement each other and act synergistically to reconsitute the in vitro anti-SRBC PFC response. Thus, the rabbit spleen contains separable lymphocyte populations with functions equivalent to T and B cells as defined in the murine system.
Positive network assortativity of influenza vaccination at a high school: implications for outbreak risk and herd immunity

Schools are known to play a significant role in the spread of influenza. High vaccination coverage can reduce infectious disease spread within schools and the wider community through vaccine-induced immunity in vaccinated individuals and through the indirect effects afforded by herd immunity. In general, herd immunity is greatest when vaccination coverage is highest, but clusters of unvaccinated individuals can reduce herd immunity. Here, we empirically assess the extent of such clustering by measuring whether vaccinated individuals are randomly distributed or demonstrate positive assortativity across a United States high school contact network. Using computational models based on these empirical measurements, we further assess the impact of assortativity on influenza disease dynamics. We found that the contact network was positively assortative with respect to influenza vaccination: unvaccinated individuals tended to be in contact more often with other unvaccinated individuals than with vaccinated individuals, and these effects were most pronounced when we analyzed contact data collected over multiple days. Of note, unvaccinated males contributed substantially more than unvaccinated females towards the measured positive vaccination assortativity. Influenza simulation models using a positively assortative network resulted in larger average outbreak size, and outbreaks were more likely, compared to an otherwise identical network where vaccinated individuals were not clustered. These findings highlight the importance of understanding and addressing heterogeneities in seasonal influenza vaccine uptake for prevention of large, protracted school-based outbreaks of influenza, in addition to continued efforts to increase overall vaccine coverage.
The effect of nicotine on sign-tracking and goal-tracking in a Pavlovian conditioned approach paradigm in rats

Nicotine (NIC) potently increases operant responding for non-NIC reinforcers, and this effect may depend on drug-mediated increases in incentive motivation. According to this hypothesis, NIC should also potently increase approach to Pavlovian-conditioned stimuli associated with rewards. The present studies explored the effects of NIC on Pavlovian-conditioned approach responses. To do so, liquid dippers were used to deliver an unconditioned stimulus (US; 0.1 ml sucrose) after presentation of a conditioned stimulus (CS; 30 s illumination of a stimulus light)—both the CS and US were presented in receptacles equipped to monitor head entries. In experiment 1, the CS and US were presented in the same receptacle, but NIC pretreatment (0.4 mg/kg base) did not increase conditioned approach responses. Delivery of the sucrose US was then shifted to receptacle in a different location. All rats learned to approach the new US location (goal-tracking) at similar rates. Approach to the CS receptacle (sign-tracking) declined for saline-pretreated rats, but NIC pretreatment increased sign-tracking. In experiment 2, NIC pretreatment increased sign-tracking when the CS and US were spatially separated during acquisition. In experiment 3, NIC pretreatments were replaced with saline, but the effect of NIC persisted for an additional 24 test sessions. The findings suggest that NIC increases incentive motivation and that this effect is long-lasting, persisting beyond the pharmacological effects of NIC.
Assessing Dissemination Capability An Evaluation of an Exportable Training Package

Disseminating packaged behavioral intervention programs appears to be an increasingly important objective in the field of applied behavior analysis. An exportable training package, designed to teach helping skills to community service workers, was evaluated with two social service agencies. The package was mailed to a community proctor who administered the materials without direct instructional contact with the experimenters. The results showed that the percentage of specified trainee target behaviors increased after the training package was introduced. Ratings of trainee performance by independent community service workers correlated with behavior observations of trainee performance. This study illustrates a method for assessing the effectiveness of behavioral interventions to be disseminated to potential consumers.
A philosopher looks at political science

and, therefore, the greater the differences may be between predictions of the 297 This content downloaded from 207.46.13.142 on Fri, 10 Jun 2016 05:51:32 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
Angular distributions of photoelectrons ejected from uranium by 1.118 MeV gamma rays

Abstract At a gamma-ray energy of 1118 keV, we have studied longitudinal angular distributions of photoelectrons ejected from the K-, L-, and M+N+…-shells of uranium. The application of these angular functions to the calculation of the photoelectric correction factor ƒ is discussed. It is important to obtain ƒ at an energy such as 1.118 MeV to increase the accuracy, around 1 MeV, in the curve of ƒ versus energy. A smooth-curve relationship, in a log-log diagram, has been found between the gamma-ray energy hv and the angle θ m of maximum photoelectric cross-section. It is pointed out that the Swedish computer BESK now undertakes calculations of ƒ at four gamma-ray energies: 412, 662, 1118 and 1332 keV (assuming rectangular symmetry and taking source size into account). This new calculation increases the accuracy of ƒ values such that the overall accuracy in ƒ between 400 and 1400 keV is now considered to be of the order of 1 %.
A Tyrosyl-tRNA Synthetase Protein Induces Tertiary Folding of the Group I Intron Catalytic Core

The Neurospora crassa mitochondrial tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase (CYT-18 protein) functions in splicing group I introns. We have used chemical-structure mapping and footprinting to investigate the interaction of the CYT-18 protein with the N. crassa mitochondrial large subunit ribosomal RNA (mt LSU) and ND1 introns, which are not detectably self-splicing in vitro. Our results show that both these non-self-splicing introns form most of the short range pairings of the conserved group I intron secondary structure in the absence of CYT-18, but otherwise remain largely unfolded, even at high Mg2+ concentrations. The binding of CYT-18 promotes the formation of the extended helical domains P6a-P6-P4-P5 (P4-P6 domain) and P8-P3-P7-P9 (P3-P9 domain) and their interaction to form the catalytic core. In iodine-footprinting experiments, CYT-18 binding results in the protection of regions of the phosphodiester backbone expected for tertiary folding of the catalytic core, as well as additional protections that may reflect proximity of the protein. In both introns, most of the putative CYT-18 protection sites are in the P4-P6 domain, the region of the SU intron previously shown to bind CYT-18 as a separate RNA molecule, but additional sites are found in the other major helical domain in P8 and P9 in both introns and in L9 and P7.1/P7.1a in the mt LSU intron. Protease digestion of the CYT-18/intron RNA complexes results in the loss of CYT-18-induced RNA tertiary structure and splicing activity. Considered together with previous studies, or results suggest that CYT-18 binds initially to the P4-P6 region of group I introns to form a scaffold for the assembly of the P3-P9 domain, which may contain additional binding sites for the protein. A three-dimensional model structure of the CYT-18 binding site in group I introns indicates that CYT-18 interacts with the surface of the catalytic core on the side opposite the active-site cleft and may primarily recognize a specific three-dimensional geometry of the phosphodiester backbone of group I introns.
Acrylic resin blockout for interim removable partial dentures.

Abstract A technique using autopolymerizing acrylic resin as a blockout material has been described. This technique greatly simplifies the laboratory construction and insertion phases of the complex interim removable partial denture. It is not suggested that the acrylic blockout replace the wax blockout if a heat-cured denture base is not indicated. Wax should be used if a “sprinkle-on” autopolymerizing acrylic resin is used for the denture base.
Transmission of Verticillium wilt resistance to tetraploid potato via unilateral sexual polyploidization

Verticillium wilt is a serious disease of potato and is caused by the soil-borne fungi Verticillium dahliae and V. albo-atrum. No major cultivar is resistant to this disease. Two diploid interspecific potato clones, C287 and C545, were previously identified with consistently high levels of Verticillium wilt resistance and are thought to have the same genotype for the loci that confer resistance to V. dahliae stem colonization. The purpose of this study was to determine whether resistance to V. dahliae stem colonization could be transferred to the tetraploid level in potato via unilateral sexual polyploidization (USP). Progenies in eight families obtained by crossing C287 and C545 to two tetraploid breeding clones, S438 and S440, and the cultivar ‘Atlantic’ were planted in a V. dahliae-infested field and a field without a significant V. dahliae infestation. Resistance was evaluated relative to C545 and C287. There were differences among families for stem colonization and yield. No differences between the mean stem colonization of C545 and C287 progeny were detected. Family differences due to the tetraploid parents indicate that they contributed resistance to the progeny. Stem colonization data from this experiment were consistent with the proposed complementary two-gene model for Verticillium wilt resistance in the diploid parents. Unilateral sexual polyploidization is an effective method for transferring V. dahliae stem colonization resistance to the tetraploid level.
Discussion: Does Calcareous Scale Formation on Cathodically Protected Steel Affect Hydrogen Uptake?

Abstract W.H. Hartt discusses “Does Calcareous Scale Formation on Cathodically Protected Steel Affect Hydrogen Uptake?,” by G. Hinds and A. Turnbull, which was published in Corrosion 61, 9 (2005), p. 835–837. A reply from G. Hinds and A. Turnbull follows.