cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phase Diagram of Helium Monolayers

In the past few years there has been increased interest in the physics of thin films, stimulated largely by the technical achievements and promise in solid state electronics and in superconductivity. Another important stimulus comes from surface science research, which has brought new and highly detailed insights into the properties of the top few atomic layers of solids. The field of adsorption can be considered as a part of “thin films,” with a subdivision for physisorption and a further subdivision for adsorbed helium films. But there has been very little communication between the helium film subfield and the other parts of the parent field, even though there appear to be some extremely important areas of overlap and much can be learned from each. The reason for this lack of communication is that those who work on helium films have been primarily interested in the films as special cases of the bulk phases. To some extent they are: Certainly there is a range of film thickness in which a film behaves mainly as a thin slice of the bulk. But when they become thin enough this approximation no longer holds: A film begins to take on such different character that one must treat the layer as a new regime. This change does not occur suddenly; furthermore, the thickness at which it occurs depends on what properties are being considered. But where it does occur, there one must take account of specific properties of the substrate. In the limit of a single monolayer the substrate properties can become supremely important; and one must be at least as concerned with the characteristics of the substrate and the surface-helium interactions as with the helium-helium interactions. We speak as new converts to this view, which was forced on us by work done in the past couple of years.
Alternative Therapeutic Approaches to the Treatment of Arthritis

Alternative therapies are widely used for the treatment of arthritis. Some examples of these are acupuncture/acupressure, animal venoms, copper bracelets, dimethyl sulfoxide, herbal products, magnets, and nutritional therapy. Many products used for alternative therapies are not regulated in the United States and can vary greatly in their content. They may contain toxic contaminants, induce allergic reactions, or interact with prescription medications. Much of the support for their use is based on testimonials and poorly controlled trials. The Office of Alternative Medicine was established under the National Institutes of Health to promote study and evaluation of unconventional therapies.
Regulation of apoptosis by viruses that infect insects

Orthobunyviruses and alphaviruses cause encephalitis, neuronal apoptosis and mortality in mammals, but fail to kill the mosquitoes that transmit these viruses. Therefore, host cell factors, as well as viral factors, regulate the outcome of infection. Drosophila Reaper is a pro-death factor in the Drosophila nervous system during development but homologues were not previously known to exist outside flies. Recent discovery of a Reaper protein encoded by orthobunyaviruses provides interesting insight into the mechanisms by which viruses modulate the death pathway in both vertebrate and invertebrate hosts.
A framework for systems and network management ensembles

A richness of systems and network management technology has been defined by standards. The ensembles method developed by the Network Management Forum (NMF) joins the stan­dards with operational functions used by the enterprise resource manager. In order to ensure that the total enterprise is considered, a framework is required that will tie NMF ensembles to a wider (scalable) management mission. This paper sets out a framework for selection of management ensembles.
Sliding-rotating stimulation of neuromuscular system

People with neuromuscular problems stumble or fall when they suddenly encounter obstacles at home and the community or misjudge their ability to overcome them. This could be avoided if they are presented with similar conditions in controlled environment to determine their ability to overcome. This paper presents a frictionless sliding and rotating staging system and data to show feasibility. Operating virtually frictionless an integrated sliding and rotating system was developed to simulate sudden destabilizing conditions that cause fall in humans. Data from single subject show that graded acceleration and deceleration motion of the platform increased the level of destabilization enough to expose the innate ability of individuals standing on the platform to overcome graded levels of destabilizing forces. Quantifying an individual's neuromuscular ability can be used to prescribe safe living environments for people prone to fall.
Proceedings of the 19th annual international conference on Supercomputing

Welcome to ICS'05, the ACM International Conference on Supercomputing, 2005. Since, 1987, ICS has been a leading forum on all aspects of high performance computing. We hope this, the 19th edition of ICS, consisting of three days of talks, keynotes, and workshops, will be as enjoyable and useful as its predecessors.We received 152 submissions and accepted 42 for an acceptance rate of 27%. This rate is somewhat higher than last year's 21%, (35 accepted from 162 submissions). Moreover, the acceptance rate of program committee papers jumped from 25% to 33%. Of course, statistics are misleading as 3 out of 12 PC papers were accepted last year and 4 out of 12 this year. We feel that ICS remains healthy and competitive.The program committee had a strong international fl avor, with members from 8 different countries, 4 continents, and spanned 12 time zones. The committee held a meeting in Cambridge, MA. Some of the members attended in person, while others via phone, chat room and a wiki. Everyone participated no matter where they were located.As is traditional, this conference comprises papers from a broad range of topics, from architecture to applications. The desire to span a wide range of interest has its strengths and weaknesses. Supercomputing demands solutions that cross the traditional abstraction boundaries. On the other hand, deep but narrow results that appeal to only a very small group of ICS members were likely not to fi nd champions among the program committee members. Indeed, every paper accepted had to have a champion; the absence of fl aws was not enough to get a paper accepted.The review time was very short and the PC members had to quickly review about 15 papers each. The results presented in this conference are timely with less than a half year from submission to presentation. The selection procedure included a rebuttal process which allowed the author a chance to respond to comments made in the reviews. The rebuttal process was valuable and actually changed the status of several papers. We thank the authors for their kind understanding and patience in explaining our misconceptions.
Effect of Correlation on Power in Within-Subjects versus between-Subjects Designs1:

It is well known that the two dependent-samples t test (and a within-subjects design in general) is typically more powerful than the two independent samples t test (a between-subjects design), and ...
Not all anthocyanins are born equal: distinct patterns induced by stress in Arabidopsis

Main Conclusion Different abiotic stress conditions induce distinct sets of anthocyanins, indicating that anthocyanins have different biological functions, or that decoration patterns of each anthocyanin are used for unique purposes during stress. The induction of anthocyanin accumulation in vegetative tissues is often considered to be a response of plants to biotic or abiotic stress conditions. Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) accumulates over 20 anthocyanins derived from the anthocyanidin cyanidin in an organ-specific manner during development, but the anthocyanin chemical diversity for their alleged stress protective functions remains unclear. We show here that, when grown in various abiotic stress conditions, Arabidopsis not only often accumulates significantly higher levels of total anthocyanins, but different stress conditions also favor the accumulation of different sets of anthocyanins. For example, the anthocyanin patterns of seedlings grown at pH 3.3 or in media lacking phosphate are very similar and characterized by relatively high levels of the anthocyanins A8 and A11. In contrast, anthocyanin inductive conditions (AIC) provided by high sucrose media are characterized by high accumulation of A9* and A5 relative to other stress conditions. The modifications present in each condition correlate reasonably well with the induction of the respective anthocyanin modification enzymes. Taken together, our results suggest that Arabidopsis anthocyanin profiles provide ‘fingerprints’ that reflect the stress status of the plants.
New Records of Association for the Anemone Shrimp Periclimenes Pedersoni Chace, 1958 (Decapoda, Caridea): the Bivalve Mollusk Lima Scabra and the Black Coral Antipathes Pennacea

The anemone shrimp Periclimenes pedersoni Chace, 1958 is distributed widely throughout the West Indies (Spotte et al., 1991). Its only reported associates have been cnidarians, mostly sea anemones. These include Aiptasia paluda Verrill, 1864 (cf. Cr?ales, 1979, 1984), Bartholomea annulata Duchassaing & Miche lotti, 1866 (cf. Chace, 1958, 1972; Cr?ales, 1979, 1984; Cr?ales & Corredor, 1977; Engel, 1972; Gwaltney & Brooks, 1994; Herrnkind et al., 1976; Johnson & Rubin, 1988; Limbaugh et al., 1961; Mahnken, 1972; Spotte et al., 1991; Stanton, 1977), Bunodosoma granuliferum Lesueur, 1817 (cf. Cr?ales, 1984), an undetermined species of Cerianthus Chiaje, 1841 (cf. Cr?ales, 1984), Condy lactis gigantea Weinland, 1860 (cf. Cr?ales & Corredor, 1977; Engel, 1972; Spotte et al., 1991; Stanton, 1977), Heteractis lucida Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1866 (cf. Cr?ales & Corredor, 1977), Lebrunia danae Duchassaing & Miche lotti, 1866 (cf. Cr?ales, 1979, 1984; Cr?ales & Corredor, 1977; Herrnkind et al., 1976; Johnson & Rubin, 1988; Spotte et al., 1991; Stanton, 1977), and the rhi zostome scyphozoan Cassiopea xamachana Bigelow, 1892 (cf. Cr?ales, 1979, 1984). On 30 November 1994, my associate J. Thomas Whitman collected a sin gle P. pedersoni from the surface of the bivalve mollusk Lima scabra Schu macher, 1817, while we were diving in the Exuma Cays, Bahamas. The mantle evaginations of L. scabra bear a striking resemblance to sea anemone tenta cles. The shrimp was collected in 3 m at 23?45'N 76?06/W between Tug and Barge Cays within sight of Lee Stocking Island. It was a nonovigerous female (table I).
Costs and benefits of territorial defense in wild golden lion tamarins, Leontopithecus rosalia

The costs and benefits of territorial defense were examined in a group of five wild golden lion tamarins, Leontopithecus rosalia, at Poco d'Antas Biological reserve, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. I examined the effects of both interference and exploitative competition between groups of tamarins by comparing their use of space, time budgets and foraging success in different contexts of intergroup interactions and in quadrats shared and not shared by other groups. Tamarins spent more time moving and vocalizing, and less time feeding, foraging, and resting during intergroup encounters than in non-encounter contexts. Irrespective of intergroup distance, the group spent more time in overlapping areas of the range periphery than expected on the basis of quadrat availability. In those areas, however, foraging success per unit of foraging effort was lower than in exclusive areas of the range center. This suggests that access to high payoff central areas depended on costly defense (by both interference and exploitation) of the range periphery. Time and energy invested by the resident group in territorial defense (1) increased the availability of food in the range center, and (2) minimized food loss to neighboring groups in the range periphery. These benefits are likely to justify the costs of defense for an animal which depends on easily-depletable food supplies, such as prey in microhabitats and small concentrations of fruits and nectar.
Domestic terror: 1970s radicalism in Philip Roth’s An American Pastoral and Susan Choi’s An American Woman

A generation after the Vietnam War ended, Philip Roth and Susan Choi published novels that place the radical protesters of that era in the context of American history. Each examines the legacy of violence in the US; Roth’s American Pastoral (first published 1997) evokes the Revolutionary War and John Brown’s anti-slavery insurrection, while Choi’s American Woman (first published 2003) notes the violence of the Gold Rush and the settlement of California. Each lays particular emphasis on the legacy of World War II and its influence on the generation of radical youth born in its immediate aftermath. Roth sees Merry Levov’s career as a bomber in terms of her largely ignored family history, which includes grandparents shaped by the knowledge that their European cousins were being killed in German camps, her father’s combat service in the South Pacific, and the brutalities of the immigrant experience. Choi sets Wendy Yoshimura’s bomb-making in the context of her father’s repressed experience of the war years, w...
Strength of Screw Connections in Cold-Formed Steel Construction

This paper presents a review of the design provisions for screw-fastened cold-formed steel connections in the United States, including criteria for testing and evaluating the strength of screw fasteners. In addition, the paper examines the relationship between the connected elements/components computed connection strength and the strength of the connector (screws). Fastener strength test data from three independent manufacturers is presented and it is shown that as the thickness or yield strength of the connected elements/components is increased, the ratio of the fastener strength to the bearing/tilting strength decreases to values less than one-half in some cases. Analysis of the test data showed that even when the 2001 North American Specification (NASPEC) for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members statistical requirements for distribution of the test data are met, the computed safety and resistance factors can exceed the recommended limits in Section E4 of the 2001 NASPEC. On this basis, it is recommended that the current language in the 2001 NASPEC be revised to specify, if necessary, limits on manufacturer computed safety and resistance factors. Finally, it is recommended that fastener tilt during screw shear strength tests be eliminated to facilitate an accurate evaluation of the shear strength of a fastener.
E2 = M x C2: excellence in education = motivation times commitment times commitment

What is our goal in education? I t is to promote this "holy curiosity of inquiry," to motivate students and to create an exciting environment in which they want and are able to learn. What are the ingredients necessary to achieve this goal, and how does the introduction of computer systems into the classrocrn help or hinder the achievement of excellence in education? Also, is the use of computers in the classroom a growing concern or a passing fancy that is not of basic importance? Let's tackle this last question first.
Combinatorial chemistry in insects : A library of defensive macrocyclic polyamines

The pupal defensive secretion of the coccinellid beetle Epilachna borealis is composed principally of a combinatorial library of macrocyclic polyamines. These compounds constitute a previously unrecognized family of natural products, characterized by extremely large-ring lactonic structures derived from a small set of (2-hydroxyethylamino)alkanoic acids. The combinatorial assembly of these simple building blocks generates a high degree of structural diversity, which is further increased by slow, spontaneous intramolecular rearrangement of the macrocycles.
Plasma source ion implantation: A new, cost-effective, non-line-of-sight technique for ion implantation of materials

Abstract Surface modification by ion bombardment is a well-established technique for improving the hardness, friction, wear resistance and corrosion resistance of materials. Surface modification of materials by conventional ion implantation is a line-of-sight process in which a directed beam of energetic ions is rastered across a target. If the target is three dimensional, the process generally requires target manipulation to achieve uniform implantation over the entire surface of the object. This target manipulation requirement can seriously limit the cost effectiveness of ion implantation relative to more conventional surface treatments, especially for large and/or heavy targets. We are developing a new technique, plasma source ion implantation (PSII), which circumvents the line-of-sight restriction of conventional ion implantation. In PSII, targets to be implanted are placed directly in a plasma source chamber and are then pulse biased to high negative voltage (10 – 100 kV in our experiments). A thick, ion matrix sheath forms around the target, and ions accelerate through the sheath drop and bombard the target from all sides simultaneously without the necessity of target manipulation. Although the PSII process bears a superficial resemblance to existing techniques such as “ion plating”, “ion coating” or “plasma nitriding”, PSII produces a deposition profile characteristic of high energy ion implantation. Our experiments have demonstrated that PSII (1) efficiently implants ions to the concentrations and depths required for surface modification, (2) produces material with improved microhardness and wear properties and (3) dramatically improves the life of manufacturing tools in actual industrial applications. For example, in recent industrial field tests the tool life of M-2 pierce punches used to produce holes in mild steel plate has been increased by a factor of 70 – 80. In this paper we describe (1) the latest results from a series of ongoing field tests, (2) extensions of the PSII process to ion beam mixing and ion beam enhanced deposition modes of operation, and implantation of molecular ions, and (3) the comparative economics of surface modification by PSII relative to conventional ion implantation.
Elastic and inelastic proton scattering from 124Te

Abstract Angular distributions of elastically and inelastically scattered 12 MeV protons from 124 Te have been measured. Parameters of an optical model to fit the observed elastic scattering were obtained. The measured cross sections for the excitation of the one-phonon (2 + and 3 − ) states were compared to the predictions of the DWBA analysis and quadrupole and octupole deformations parameters were extracted. Using these deformation parameters and the same opticalmodel parameters as used in the DWBA analysis (except for the depth of the absorptive potential), the predictions of the coupled-channel calculations have been obtained for the twophonon as well as the one-phonon states.
Studies in the synthesis of a hexafluoropenicillamine

Abstract The known acid (F3C)2CC(NHCOPh)CO2H was more fully characterized (the neutralization equivalent was one-fifth the molecular weight). Thioacetic acid did not react with it. Efforts to effect conjugate addition of α -toluenethiol led with piperidine only to intractable mixtures and with BF3·Et2O only to the thiol ester. Without catalyst, addition occurred but in the reverse sense to give 2-benzamido-2-benzylthio-3-trifluoromethyl-4,4,4-trifluorobutanoic acid. The latter was reduced by metals in liquid ammonia only to a red non-sulfur polymer but was reductively desulfurized by HBr/AcOH to 2-benzamido-3-trifluoromethyl-4,4,4-trifluorobutanoic acid (two crystalline forms).
Anorectal malformation without fistula: a defect with unique characteristics

Anorectal malformations (ARMs) without fistula occur in approximately 5 % of all cases of ARM. The high frequency of Trisomy 21 associated to this type of malformation has been previously described. A review of the literature revealed only one previous publication discussing ARM without fistula with or without Trisomy 21; all other publications focused their discussion in patients with Trisomy 21. We felt that ARM without fistula has very specific characteristics and therapeutic implications that deserved a special discussion, which prompted us to review our experience. A retrospective review of the medical records of patients with ARM without fistula was performed between September 1980 and March 2014. From a series of 2,189 cases of ARMs, 92 had no fistula identified. Information related to demographic, anatomic, and prognostic factors, as well as outcome variables was obtained and compared to those results obtained from other types of ARMs. Seventy-six patients were males and 16 females. Thirty-seven patients (40 %) had Trisomy 21. Eighty-six patients were primarily operated on and six had a reoperation after a failed attempted repair at another institution. Of the six patients that were reoperated, five had an attempted repair in the newborn period without a colostomy and the operation was aborted after the rectum could not be found. The location of the blind rectum was at the level of the bulbar urethra in males or 1–2 cm from the perineal skin in females in 80 patients; and in 9 patients it was found at the level of the prostatic urethra. In five patients, during the repair, there was an incidental opening of the urethra, which was repaired with uneventful recovery. The sacrum was normal in 61 patients; 4 patients had a sacral ratio <0.4, which indicated poor prognosis for fecal continence. Sixty-four patients had normal urinary tract, four patients had an absent kidney, ten had bilateral hydronephrosis, and three unilateral. Long-term outcomes related to bowel control were available in 52 cases: 11 of 18 patients with Trisomy 21(61 %) had voluntary bowel movements and 29 of 34 (85 %) without Trisomy 21 had voluntary bowel movements. All patients without Trisomy 21 had urinary control. Anorectal malformation without fistula is a unique defect. In our series, it occurs in 4 % of all ARMs. Even when patients do not have a fistula, the operation is not technically easier due to the presence of an extensive common wall between the rectum and urethra in males or vagina in females. The ARM with no fistula has a good reasonable functional prognosis, even in patients with associated Trisomy 21 and conveys a low frequency of associated urologic defects.
Correlations Among Particles and Jets Produced with Large Transverse Momenta

We continue to investigate consequences of the assumption that the high transverse momentum particles seen in hadron-hadron collisions are produced by a single, hard, large-angle elastic scattering of quarks; one from the target and one from the beam. A large p⊥ event consists of four jets (collection of hadrons moving in roughly the same direction). The two outgoing quarks fragment into two jets of hadrons with roughly equal and opposite transverse momentum. The other two jets have small transverse momentum and result from the break up of the beam and target hadrons. We compare the model with existing data on the correlations among particles on the same and opposite (away) side of a large p⊥ trigger. If we allow the quarks within the initial hadrons to have a large mean transverse momentum, 〈k⊥〉_(h→q), then good agreement with data is found. We have taken 〈k⊥〉_(h→q) = 500 MeV; however, even larger values are suggested by certain ISR experiments. A large cross section for producing a jet (quark) is predicted. For instance, σ(pp → jet + X)/σ(pp → π^0 + X) = 370 at x⊥ = 0.4 and θ_(c.m.) = 90°. This is consistent with a recent FNAL jet trigger experiment. Predictions for future FNAL and ISR experiments are made.
Multipliers for the symmetry groups of p -adic spacetime

The consequences for particle classification of the Volovich hypothesis that spacetime geometry is non-archimedean at the Planck scale are explored. The multiplier groups and universal topological central extensions of the p-adic Poincare and Galilean groups are determined.
Anti-inflammatory pre-treatment and the resultant effects of interleukin-10: adjuncts to multi-therapeutical strategies.

With the advent of off-pump coronary bypass surgery, there is increasing demand for research in attenuating the deleterious effects of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). An improved understanding of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) has distinguished which areas of components have the most adverse effects and which are, in fact, anti-inflammatory. This classification of inflammatory components allows strategic treatment for those likely to cause the most clinically significant ‘effect’, suitably termed ‘effectors’. This article will identify current methods in treating ‘effectors’, as well as those components having anti-inflammatory effects.This article selectively features certain inflammatory components by: (1) grouping them as being ‘mediators’ or ‘effectors’; (2) relating them to interleukin-10 (IL-10) and treatments potentiating anti-inflammatory effects; (3) summarizing their mechanisms of action; (4) recognizing the time periods during bypass exhibiting peak levels; and (5) investigati...
Estimating the actual dose delivered by intravascular coronary brachytherapy using geometrically correct 3D modeling

Intravascular brachytherapy has shown to reduce re-occurrence of in-stent restenosis in coronary arteries. For beta radiation, application time is determined from source activity and the angiographically estimated vessel diameter. Conventionally used dosing models assume a straight vessel with the catheter centered and a constant-diameter circular cross section. Aim of this study was to compare the actual dose delivered during in-vivo intravascular brachytherapy with the target range determined from the patient's prescribed dose. Furthermore, differences in dose distribution between a simplified tubular model (STM) and a geometrically correct 3-D model (GCM) obtained from fusion between biplane angiography and intravascular ultrasound were quantified. The tissue enclosed by the segmented lumen/plaque and media/adventitia borders was simulated using a structured finite-element mesh. The beta-radiation sources were modeled as 3-D objects in their angiographically determined locations. The accumulated dose was estimated using a fixed distance function based on the patient-specific radiation parameters. For visualization, the data was converted to VRML with the accumulated doses represented by color encoding. The statistical comparison between STM and GCM models in 8 patients showed that the STM significantly underestimates the dose delivered and its variability. The analysis revealed substantial deviations from the target dose range in curved vessels.
Early warning system for PC-AIDS revisited

Abstract Computer viruses can wipe out some or all of a user's hard work. Thus, it is important for every computer user to be on the alert. Virus programs have been written in assembler language in the past. However, it also is possible to write them in a high-level language. This may lead to an even greater proliferation of these types of programs than previously thought. A tool which aids in the detection of Corresponding and Surrogate File Viruses is discussed. This tool can be used in conjunction with other tools to provide a high level of security from the computer virus problem. The source code for this tool is provided in the Appendix.
Voluntary heart rate control as a function of individual differences in electrodermal lability.

Twenty-four male subjects were run in a paradigm in which they were first asked to rest for 10 min and then given 20 1-min training trials of analog and digital feedback of their heart rate, with instructions to increase the rate. Subjects were rewarded with 0.2 cents for each interbeat interval that was faster than a designated criterion. Subjects were subdivided into “labile” and “stabile” groups on the basis of frequency of spontaneous skin conductance fluctuations during the baseline period. Mean heart rate for the training trials was compared with the baseline period for the most labile and most stabile subjects. Results indicated that there was a significant treatment effect for stabile subjects only, but not for labile subjects.
What women do: gendered labor in the Red River Valley flood

Findings are reported from a qualitative case study of women's work in the 1997 Red River Valley flood in the Upper Midwestern US. Drawing on narrative accounts from 115 informants in 14 group interviews, the paper explores women's disaster work at home, in the workplace, and in the community. A typology of ten forms of disaster work was developed to analyze the findings and encourage comparative research. Women's physical and socioemotional work in the household materially contributed to mitigation and reconstruction. Women were also “backstage” emergency responders in their professional roles in female-dominated occupations. These activities led some to collective and individual protest of social inequities arising during the flood. The findings were used to develop practical guidelines for more inclusive emergency planning and practice.
Spectroscopic Studies of Brilliant Cresyl Blue/Water-Soluble Sulfonated Calix[4]arene Complex

Water-soluble sulfonated calix[4]arene (SCX4) was used as the host molecule for the guest dye(probe), Brilliant Cresyl Blue (BCB), which is commonly employed for studies of various biological systems. Absorption and fluorescence techniques were employed for the analysis of this system. The formation of a complex between the BCB dye and SCX4 results in a decrease in the BCB fluorescence intensity. A study of the changes in absorption and of temperature effects on the fluorescence of BCB/SCX4 was conducted. The binding constant for BCB/SCX4 at room temperature was estimated to be 8.49 X 103 M-1.
Development and characterization of a pulsed micro hollow cathode discharge array

Summary form only given. A high side, high voltage pulser is used to excite a micro hollow cathode discharge (MHCD) geometry with short pulsed voltages adjustable on the order of 100-500 ns, at repetition rates from 10-200 kHz. The goal of this research is to develop an intense, efficient UV/VUV radiation source capable of generating photons of sufficient energy to affect direct photo-ionization in a gaseous volume rather than photoemission from surfaces. The pulser used in this study has experimentally demonstrated to be capable of efficiencies on the order of 80% when delivering power to a 1 KΩ resistive load at 200 kHz repetition rate. The final design is to be compact, and robust, capable of long term rep-rated operation with minimal electrode erosion and dielectric degradation. Present designs involve laser machining a direct bonded copper (DBC) substrate consisting of Cu-Al2O3-Cu. Transient ignition of the MHCD, voltage and current waveforms, and spectral emission are all experimentally studied. A transient, 2-dimensional, cylindrical coordinate (r-z) fluid model is used for the theoretical treatment of the microdischarge. Using known rate coefficients for argon, time and space resolved behavior of discharge under pulsed conditions is presented.
Cochlear N1 depression produced by the sodium salts of ethacrynic acid and its cysteine adduct

Abstract Metabolism of ethacrynic acid (EA) to its cysteine adduct (CEA) may be involved in ethacrynic acid's clinical ototoxicity. To investigate this postulate, the effects of i.v. administration of the sodium salts of these agents on the cochlear N1 potential were studied in 54 cats. Ethacrynic acid has a significantly longer latent period than CEA before N1 depression occurs. In addition, CEA is 10–15 times more potent than EA with respect to the time needed for development of maximal N1 depression. These differences could be due to EA being converted to CEA before exerting an ototoxic effect. Furthermore, the slopes and heights of the dose-response curves for EA and CEA are similar, indicating similarity of site and mechanism of action. There is an apparent parallel shift to the right in the dose-response for EA, the extent of which indicates that EA is 3 1 2 –5 times less potent than CEA with respect to the amount needed to produce equivalent N1 depressions. This could be due to incomplete conversion of EA-CEA although it ordinarily would be taken to mean that EA has less affinity than CEA for the receptors involved.
Conditional Modeling. 1. Requirements for an Equation-Based Environment

In a series of two papers, we investigate the setting up and solving of conditional models within an equation-based modeling environment. Conditional models arise in chemical engineering when model...
The ABCs of centromeres

Accurate segregation of genetic information during cell division relies on a multiprotein complex called the kinetochore, whose formation requires specialized centromeric chromatin. Two papers in this issue of Nature Cell Biology identify a multitude of new vertebrate kinetochore proteins that provide insight into the link between centromeric chromatin and the kinetochore, and suggest a functional relationship between centromeres and nucleoli during interphase.
Optical studies of the cesium arc

Abstract Experimental studies of the emitted optical radiation from cesium arc-mode energy converters were described. Three types of measurements were made: (1) Studies of details of spectra and line shapes. (2) Variation of radiation output with power output for the converter. (3) Studies of radiation during after-glow. These studies indicate that the excited states 6P 3 2 and 6P 1 2 (1·45 and 1·38 V respectively above the ground state) play an important role in the plasma generation mechanism. The results will be discussed in relation to the theory of the low voltage arc.
Neighborhoods and Parenting: Assessing the Influence of Neighborhood Quality on the Parental Monitoring of Youth

The present study examines the relationship between neighborhood quality and parental monitoring of youth aged 10 to 18 (N = 1,630) from the Child Development Supplement of the Panel Study of Incom...
Decreased use of adjuvant breast cancer therapy in a randomized controlled trial of a decision aid with individualized risk information.

Objective. Oncology patients often seek involvement in their medical consultations. Such involvement is endorsed by most health care providers and mirrored in practice guidelines. However, oncologists exhibit great variation in how they provide patients with disease-relevant information, and many remain reluctant to do so at all. The authors examined the impact of a patient-specific decision aid on women’s decisions about adjuvant therapy for breast cancer.Method. 386 women with breast cancer were randomized to receive either an informational pamphlet about adjuvant therapy (usual care) or a patient-specific, evidence-based decision aid about adjuvant therapy. The authors compared rates of adjuvant therapy between the groups controlling for age, education, marital status, race, tumor severity, and practice type of their physician (university-based or community-based).Results. Among women with low tumor severity, only 58% (35/60) of women in the decision aid group chose adjuvant therapy, compared to 87% (3...
Image-Based 3D Reconstruction for Posthurricane Residential Building Damage Assessment

AbstractStreet-level storm damage photos are an essential type of data used in postdisaster damage assessment. However, the existing approaches only leverage such data in a two-dimensional context....
Aurora kinase B modulates chromosome alignment in mouse oocytes

The elevated incidence of aneuploidy in human oocytes warrants study of the molecular mechanisms regulating proper chromosome segregation. The Aurora kinases are a well-conserved family of serine/threonine kinases that are involved in proper chromosome segregation during mitosis and meiosis. Here we report the expression and localization of all three Aurora kinase homologs, AURKA, AURKB, and AURKC, during meiotic maturation of mouse oocytes. AURKA, the most abundantly expressed homolog, localizes to the spindle poles during meiosis I (MI) and meiosis II (MII), whereas AURKB is concentrated at kinetochores, specifically at metaphase of MI (Met I). The germ cell-specific homolog, AURKC, is found along the entire length of chromosomes during both meiotic divisions. Maturing oocytes in the presence of the small molecule pan-Aurora kinase inhibitor, ZM447439 results in defects in meiotic progression and chromosome alignment at both Met I and Met II. Over-expression of AURKB, but not AURKA or AURKC, rescues the chromosome alignment defect suggesting that AURKB is the primary Aurora kinase responsible for regulating chromosome dynamics during meiosis in mouse oocytes.
Responses to Deception in the Workplace: Perceptions of Credibility, Power, and Trustworthiness

This study examined full-time employees' perceptions of a coworker's credibility, power, and trustworthiness after the coworker engaged in organizational deception or truth-telling. Participants read one of three scenarios, each of which differed in the type of message (honest, withholding deceptive, distortion deceptive) the coworker communicated. Participants then evaluated the coworker's credibility, power, and trustworthiness. Results indicated that organizational members perceived the coworker as more competent, of high character, more powerful, and more trustworthy when the coworker told the truth versus deceived. Organizational members also considered the coworker to be higher in competence, character, expert power, and referent power when the coworker deceived through withholding versus distorting information. It appears that although honesty may be the best policy in the organization, all forms of deception are not equally destructive.
Anisotropic diffusion of point defects to edge dislocations

Abstract Defect diffusion under irradiation is inherently anisotropic due to the non-cubic symmetry of the saddle point configurations. A technique is developed to compute the capture efficiency of a sink in an anisotropic diffusion field of point defects, drawing an analogy between the diffusion problem and the anisotropic dielectricity problem. Analytic expressions in terms of the sink capture efficiency and, alternatively, the effective capture radii are obtained for an edge dislocation. It is found that the effect of the point defect/dislocation interactions can be attributed to the shear polarizability and an effective relaxation volume of the defect. The latter includes both the size effect and the shape effect and is in most cases considerably larger than the isotropic relaxation volume. Values of the effective relaxation volume and the effective capture radii as well as the net bias between vacancies and interstitials are given for Al, Cu, Ni, Fe, and Mo. For self interstitials, the effective relaxation volume is estimated to be 2Ω in all cases. Anisotropic growth due to mechanisms of several similar origins is also predicted.
Studies of the phosphorescent state of tetraphenyl group IV compounds

Abstract Detailed studies of the phosphorescent of tetraphynyl Group IV compounds are presented. Analysis of high resolution emission spectra of mixed crystal systems at 4.2 K indicates the following: 1. The internal heavy atom effect arises through both electronic and vibronic interactions while the external heavy atom effect appears largely through electronic interaction. 2. Both excition—trap interactions and dispersive forces are responsible for the mixed crystal solvent effects which produce spectral shifts up to ∼ 80 cm −1 . 3. Translationally equivalent interactions control triplet energy transfer. 4. The T 1 ↔ Sσ origin of tetraphynlmethane has been located at 27474 cm −1 by impurity-induced emission. EPR studies of the phosphorescent state of tetraphenylmethane dispersed in tetraphenyltin show that the magnitudes ofthe spin dipolar interactions and the inter-ring interactions are comparable (∼0.1 cm −1 .
Development of the communication and physical environment scale

This research develops and tests a communication and physical environment scale (CAPES) which can be used in conjunction with the ICA Communication Audit. The research reported here was conducted in a warehouse where organizational members occupied considerably different physical environments. The results revealed that this instrument was highly reliable, essentially unidimensional, and that it could differentiate between populations with known differences in their physical environment.
Diethylenetriamine solutions for stack gas desulfurization by absorption/stripping. Drastic reductions in steam consumption can be realized in a simple absorption/stripping process

Diethylenetriamine solutions are characterized by experimental data and correlations of pH behavior, SO/sub 2/ vapor pressure, and absorbent stability at absorber and stripper conditions. These data have been used to estimate steam requirements of a simple absorption/stripping process. 23 references, 5 figures, 3 tables. (JMT)
Sequence variation in human succinate dehydrogenase genes: evidence for long-term balancing selection on SDHA

Balancing selection operating for long evolutionary periods at a locus is characterized by the maintenance of distinct alleles because of a heterozygote or rare-allele advantage. The loci under balancing selection are distinguished by their unusually high polymorphism levels. In this report, we provide statistical and comparative genetic evidence suggesting that the SDHA gene is under long-term balancing selection. SDHA encodes the major catalytical subunit (flavoprotein, Fp) of the succinate dehydrogenase enzyme complex (SDH; mitochondrial complex II). The inhibition of Fp by homozygous SDHA mutations or by 3-nitropropionic acid poisoning causes central nervous system pathologies. In contrast, heterozygous mutations in SDHB, SDHC, and SDHD, the other SDH subunit genes, cause hereditary paraganglioma (PGL) tumors, which show constitutive activation of pathways induced by oxygen deprivation (hypoxia). We sequenced the four SDH subunit genes (10.8 kb) in 24 African American and 24 European American samples. We also sequenced the SDHA gene (2.8 kb) in 18 chimpanzees. Increased nucleotide diversity distinguished the human SDHA gene from its chimpanzee ortholog and from the PGL genes. Sequence analysis uncovered two common SDHA missense variants and refuted the previous suggestions that these variants originate from different genetic loci. Two highly dissimilar SDHA haplotype clusters were present in intermediate frequencies in both racial groups. The SDHA variation pattern showed statistically significant deviations from neutrality by the Tajima, Fu and Li, Hudson-Kreitman-Aguade, and Depaulis haplotype number tests. Empirically, the elevated values of the nucleotide diversity (% π = 0.231) and the Tajima statistics (D = 1.954) in the SDHA gene were comparable with the most outstanding cases for balancing selection in the African American population. The SDHA gene has a strong signature of balancing selection. The SDHA variants that have increased in frequency during human evolution might, by influencing the regulation of cellular oxygen homeostasis, confer protection against certain environmental toxins or pathogens that are prevalent in Africa.
Primary induction of plaque forming antibody producing cells in spleen organ culture.

SummaryPrimary stimulation with sheep erythrocytes of mouse spleen fragments in vitro induced plaque forming antibody producing cells. All spleens tested gave fragments that responded. The percentage of responding fragments from individual spleens varied from 47 to 87%. On the fifth day after stimulation, the numbers of plaque forming cells in stimulated cultures averaged 112 per 106 cells with a range from < 1 to 1080 per 106 cells. Values significantly above the controls were reached, on this day in 72% of the cultures. In addition to 19S antibody producers, evidence of induction of cells making other types of immune globulins was obtained. Free antibody was detected as agglutinins in the (tissue culture medium.
Potential health effects of chlorine dioxide as a disinfectant in potable water supplies

Chlorination of potable water supplies high in organics may yield carcinogenic compounds such as trihalomethanes. Chlorine dioxide has been proposed as an alternative disinfectant to chlorine. However, chlorine dioxide is a strong oxidant that forms significant amounts of chlorite when added to potable water supplies, and chlorite is similar to nitrite in its molecular structure and may be similar in its mechanism of methemoglobin production. Nitrites and chlorites are thought to act synergistically to produce MetHb. Neonates and persons with G-*-PD deficiency are likely to be unusually susceptible to MetHb formation from these compounds because their red cells lack the metabolic machinery to adequately protect against oxidant stress. Since male blacks represent the largest population in the U.S. to be G-6PD deficient, Black male neonates may represent the group at highest risk to the use of chlorine dioxide as a disinfectant in the nations water supplies.
Non-radiative energy flow in elementary climate models

Abstract Elementary energy-flux models predict a sensitivity to radiative forcing without feedback λ = d T / d F = 0.30 K / ( W / m 2 ) . T is the average surface temperature and F is the net inward solar flux. Including a non-radiative surface-to-atmosphere flux of ∼ 100 W / m 2 changes this prediction to λ = 0.36 K / ( W / m 2 ) . The change is due not to feedback but to a reassessment of the model system energetics.
Impact of Generational Differences on the Future of Radiology: Proceedings of the 11th Annual ACR Forum

The 2011 ACR Forum focused on the impact of generational differences on the future of radiology, seeking to inform ACR leadership and members on how best to address the influence of the new integrated workforce on the specialty of radiology and on individual practices.
Einführung eines ethischen Basis-Assessments in der Spezialisierten Ambulanten Palliativversorgung in Augsburg

Insbesondere bei sterbenden Menschen treten im Zusammenhang mit arztlichen oder pflegerischen entscheidungen des Ofteren ethische Fragestellungen auf. Gerade wenn es sich dabei um existenzielle Probleme oder schwer losbare Konflikte handelt, empfiehlt sich eine professionelle externe und neutrale Sichtweise und Beratung. Es gilt, aktuelle Rechtsprechung und allgemein anerkannte medizinethische Prinzipien zu beachten. Im Bereich der hauslichen Versorgung sterbender Menschen ist eine ethische Fallbesprechung deutlich schwieriger zu realisieren als in stationaren Kontexten eines Krankenhauses oder Pflegeheims. Das Augsburger Palliative Care Team verwendet deshalb in solchen Fallen innerhalb der spezialisierten ambulanten Palliativversorgung zunachst eine strukturierte Dokumentation, um einen Uberblick uber die ethisch-rechtlichen Belange der Betreuung zu erhalten. Erst wenn sich durch das vorgestellte ethische Basis-Assessment keine klare Entscheidung im Konsens aller Beteiligten herbeifuhren lasst, wird versucht, dieses Basis-Assessment durch eine ethische Fallbesprechung zu erganzen bzw. zu ersetzen. Dabei werden in ublicher Weise nach Identifizierung des ethischen Problems alle relevanten medizinischen, pflegerischen und sozialen Befunde gesammelt. Unter Berucksichtigung der rechtlichen Situation und unter Beachtung von medizinethischen Prinzipien (Autonomie, Nichtschaden, Wohltun und Gerechtigkeit) wird dann versucht, eine fur alle Beteiligten tragbare Losung des Konfliktes im Sinne des Betroffenen herbeizufuhren. Diese Fallbesprechungen konnen sowohl aktuell als auch im Nachhinein erfolgen. Das hier vorgestellte Instrument eines ethisch-rechtlichen Basis-Assessments dient als einfaches, schnell und unkompliziert einzusetzendes Instrument, um neben den medizinischen und pflegerischen Gesichtspunkten einer Spezialisierten Ambulanten PalliativverEthik Med (2012) 24:67–76 DOI 10.1007/s00481-011-0165-5