cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ultra-high field parallel imaging of the superior parietal lobule during mental maze solving

We used ultra-high field (7 T) fMRI and parallel imaging to scan the superior parietal lobule (SPL) of human subjects as they mentally traversed a maze path in one of four directions (up, down, left, right). A counterbalanced design for maze presentation and a quasi-isotropic voxel (1.46 × 1.46 × 2 mm thick) collection were implemented. Fifty-one percent of single voxels in the SPL were tuned to the direction of the maze path. Tuned voxels were distributed throughout the SPL, bilaterally. A nearest neighbor analysis revealed a “honeycomb” arrangement such that voxels tuned to a particular direction tended to occur in clusters. Three-dimensional (3D) directional clusters were identified in SPL as oriented centroids traversing the cortical depth. There were 13 same-direction clusters per hemisphere containing 22 voxels per cluster, on the average; the mean nearest-neighbor, same-direction intercluster distance was 9.4 mm. These results provide a much finer detail of the directional tuning in SPL, as compared to those obtained previously at 4 T (Gourtzelidis et al. Exp Brain Res 165:273–282, 2005). The more accurate estimates of quantitative clustering parameters in 3D brain space in this study were made possible by the higher signal-to-noise and contrast-to-noise ratios afforded by the higher magnetic field of 7 T as well as the quasi-isotropic design of voxel data collection.
Compliance with SEC Disclosure Requirements About Market Risk

The SEC recently introduced a new regulatory requirement that firms should provide more complete disclosure of their activities involving derivatives. For example, they must now report more complete information about the accounting treatment of their derivatives positions, as well as both quantitative and qualitative information about market risk exposure of sensitive instruments. This article describes the new reporting requirements and provides an overview of how major firms have responded in their initial submissions.
PPAA: peer-to-peer anonymous authentication

In the pursuit of authentication schemes that balance user privacy and accountability, numerous anonymous credential systems have been constructed. However, existing systems assume a client-server architecture in which only the clients, but not the servers, care about their privacy. In peer-to-peer (P2P) systems where both clients and servers are peer users with privacy concerns, no existing system correctly strikes that balance between privacy and accountability. In this paper, we provide this missing piece: a credential system in which peers are pseudonymous to one another (that is, two who interact more than once can recognize each other via pseudonyms) but are otherwise anonymous and unlinkable across different peers. Such a credential system finds applications in, e.g., Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANets) and P2P networks. We formalize the security requirements of our proposed credential system, provide a construction for it, and prove the security of our con - struction. Our solution is efficient: its complexities are independent of the number of users in the system.
ON SEQUENCES GENERIC IN THE SENSE OF MAGIDOR

The main result of this paper is a combinatorial characterization of Magidor-generic sequences. Using this characterization, I show that the critical sequences of certain iterations are Magidor-generic over the target model. I then employ these results in order to analyze which other Magidor sequences exist in a Magidor extension. One result in this direction is that if we temporarily identify Magidor sequences with their ranges, then Magidor sequences are maximal, in the sense that they contain any other Magidor sequence that is present in their forcing extension, even if the other sequence is generic for a different Magidor forcing. A stronger result holds if both sequences come from the same forcing: I show that a Magidor sequence is almost unique in its forcing extension, in the sense that any other sequence generic for the same forcing which is present in the same forcing extension coincides with the original sequence at all but finitely many coordinates, and at all limit coordinates. Further, I ask the question: If d e V[c], where c and d are Magidor-generic over V, then which Magidor forcing can d be generic for? It turns out that it must essentially be a collapsed version of the Magidor forcing for which c was generic. I treat several related questions as well. Finally, I introduce a special case of Magidor forcing which I call minimal Magidor forcing. This approach simplifies the forcing, and I prove that it doesn’t restrict the class of possible Magidor sequences. That is, if c is generic for a Magidor forcing over V, then it is generic for a minimal Magidor forcing over V.
Development of an exostosis following a free gingival graft: Case report

A case of an exostosis developing subsequent to the placement of a free gingival graft in the mandibular premolar area is described. J Periodontol 1996;67:250–253.
Quantitative Prediction of Molecular Clock and Ka/Ks at Short Timescales

Recent empirical studies of taxa including humans, fish, and birds have shown elevated rates of molecular evolution between species that diverged recently. Using the Moran model, we calculate expected divergence as a function of time. Our findings suggest that the observed phenomenon of elevated rates at short timescales is consistent with standard population genetics theory. The apparent acceleration of the molecular clock at short timescales can be explained by segregating polymorphisms present at the time of the ancestral population, both neutral and slightly deleterious, and not newly arising slightly deleterious mutations as has been previously hypothesized. Our work also suggests that the duration of the rate elevation depends on the effective population size, providing a method to correct time estimates of recent divergence events. Our model concords with estimates of divergence obtained from African cichlid fish and humans. As an additional application of our model, we calculate that K(a)/K(s) is elevated within a population before decaying slowly to its long-term value. Similar to the molecular clock, the duration and magnitude of K(a)/K(s) elevation depend on the effective population size. Unlike the molecular clock, however, K(a)/K(s) elevation is caused by newly arising slightly deleterious mutations. This elevation, although not as severe in magnitude as had been previously predicted in models neglecting ancestral polymorphism, persists slightly longer.
Rapid and Efficient Extraction Method for Reverse Transcription-PCR Detection of Hepatitis A and Norwalk-Like Viruses in Shellfish

As part of an effort to develop a broadly applicable test for Norwalk-like viruses and hepatitis A virus (HAV) in shellfish, a rapid extraction method that is suitable for use with one-step reverse transcription (RT)-PCR-based detection methods was developed. The method involves virus extraction using a pH 9.5 glycine buffer, polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation, Tri-reagent, and purification of viral poly(A) RNA by using magnetic poly(dT) beads. This glycine–PEG–Tri-reagent–poly(dT) method can be performed in less than 8 h on hard-shell clams (Mercenaria mercenaria) and Eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) and, when coupled with RT-PCR-based detection, can yield results within 24 h. Observed sensitivities for seeded shellfish extracts are as low as 0.015 PFU of HAV and 22.4 RT-PCR50 units for Norwalk virus. Detection of HAV in live oysters experimentally exposed to contaminated seawater is also demonstrated. An adaptation of this method was used to identify HAV in imported clams (tentatively identified as Ruditapes philippinarum) implicated in an outbreak of food-borne viral illness. All of the required reagents are commercially available. This method should facilitate the implementation of RT-PCR testing of commercial shellfish.
Detection of mouse eosinophils and quantitative assessments of degranulation using secondary granule protein-specific polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies

Abstract Rationale Tissue eosinophilia is an accepted hallmark feature of parasite infections and allergen-mediated inflammatory responses. We have developed a number of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies specific for mouse eosinophils and their associated products to facilitate studies of this leukocyte and the use of mouse models of human diseases. Methods Eosinophil secondary granule proteins, including major basic protein (MBP), eosinophil peroxidase (EPO), and eosinophil associated ribonucleases (EARs), were purified from eosinophils derived from IL-5 transgenic mice. These purified proteins were used in immunization and screening protocols to generate rabbit polyclonal antisera as well as monoclonal antibodies in rats and mice. Results Rabbit polyclonal antisera reactive to MBP and EARs were generated and shown to be useful reagents in western blots of cell/tissue extracts, immuno-electron microscopy, and immunohistochemistry/immunofluorescence using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections. Moreover, a series of rat and mouse monoclonal antibodies reactive to MBP, EPO, and EARs were produced and shown also to function in the venues noted above. Many of these antibodies also cross-react with human and other non-rodent eosinophil targets. Finally, specific monoclonal antibodies were selected for their use in an immunoblot ELISA format which has yielded a quantitative assay to measure the levels of released granule components in compartments such as the airway lumen (i.e., BAL). Conclusions The availability of multiple eosinophil-specific antibody reagents provides the community with invaluable resources for the characterization of eosinophils and their role(s) in disease model systems. Information regarding specific reagents, as well as their availability, is possible through a newly established website http://www.eosinophils.org.
The Mediating Effect of World Assumptions on the Relationship Between Trauma Exposure and Depression

The association between trauma exposure and mental health-related challenges such as depression are well documented in the research literature. The assumptive world theory was used to explore this relationship in 97 female survivors of intimate partner violence (IPV). Participants completed self-report questionnaires that assessed trauma history, world assumptions, and depression severity. Regression analyses revealed that diminished world assumptions mediate the relationship between trauma exposure and depression severity. As predicted, this relationship held for interpersonal forms of trauma, whereas noninterpersonal forms of trauma were related neither to diminished world assumption nor to depression severity. This suggests that our conceptual system of relating to the world, our core beliefs that comprise our assumptive world, may be challenged in the face of human-induced trauma, increasing our risk for developing adverse psychological outcomes such as depression.
Reconfigurable fault tolerant neural network

A reconfigurable fault-tolerant multilayer feedforward neural network is presented. It addresses both fault detection and reconfiguration of a neural network in a unified manner. As a result, a neural network with low area overhead and high reliability is achieved. A concurrent error detection scheme on neural networks which consumes low hardware overhead and negligible time overhead is described. It is capable of detecting a single fault in each neuron of the network. The reconfiguration of this neural network is addressed. It features low complexity of interconnection and low hardware overhead. >
Development of a Composite Model of Quality of Life: A Case Study in Austin, Texas

This research examines how quality of life (QOL) may be studied empirically for Austin, Texas by using social, economic, and environmental variables at the census tract level. In addition to common factors examined by previous researchers, this paper examined the inclusion of crime rate and commute time in modeling QOL. The results from factor analysis evaluated six factors related to QOL for the study area, including education and commute time (factor 1), housing and population density (factor 2), property crimes (factor 3), environmental quality (factor 4), some college education (factor 5), and violent crimes (factor 6). Using the percentage of variance for each variable as a weight, a synthesized index was developed to assess QOL in Austin, Texas.
Tongue Bite Apparatus of Osteoglossomorph Fishes: Variation of a Character Complex

Osteoglossomorpha were first defined on the basis of two characters: (1) the parasphenoid-tongue bite apparatus (TBA); and (2) the presence of processes associated with the second hypobranchial and/or basibranchial element of the ventral gill arches. These two characters have continued to be cited as unambiguous support of the monophyly of this group of basal teleostean fishes. The TBA has been vaguely defined as a ‘‘bite’’ of gill arch dentition against that of the parasphenoid and palatoquadrate bones. Historical definitions include both plesiomorphic (e.g., enlarged teeth on palatoquadrate bones and gill arches) and apomorphic (e.g., enlarged teeth on the parasphenoid and a direct connection between the sternohyoideus muscle and the ventral gill arch skeleton) character states. Also, the processes associated with the second gill arches are likely components of the osteoglossomorph TBA by providing an additional attachment surface for the sternohyoideus (i.e., in addition to the sternohyoideus-urohyal connection). There is variation both of presence and form of these processes within osteoglossomorphs. To use both the presence or absence of a TBA as well as its component characters in systematic analyses artificially weights the value of this character complex. This character complex should not be used in place of, and especially not in addition to, its component characters.
Rhizobacteria associated with weed seedlings in different cropping systems

Abstract Rhizobacteria isolated from the rhizospheres of dominant weed species in six representative cropping systems and one native prairie ecosystem in mid-Missouri were screened for phytotoxicity on Lactuca sativa seedlings and their host plants in the laboratory. The proportions of deleterious rhizobacteria (DRB) were compared among different cropping systems to determine possible effects of crop management practices on the occurrence of DRB. Phytotoxicity screening on L. sativa seedlings revealed that an integrated crop management system with a Zea mays–Glycine max–Triticum aestivum cover crop rotation under no-tillage had the highest proportion of DRB at 25.3%, followed by an organic farming system with continuous Fragaria virginiana (strawberry) and organic amendments under minimum tillage at 22.9%. A continuous cool-season grass–legume meadow with no agrochemical inputs had the lowest proportion of DRB at 13%. Crop management practices that maintained high soil organic matter had higher proportion...
An Analytical Model to Evaluate the Static Soil Pressure Throughout Geological Era

In this study, the time dependent characteristics of the soil pressure coefficient is theoretically investigated and a new model is developed to evaluate the static soil pressure in a normally consolidated soil deposit during geological era. The volumetric deformation of soil is described by the Kelvin model, while its shear deformation is represented by the modified Maxwell model assuming the shear- creep relationship as a linear function of the time logarithm. By employing the “elastic-viscoelastic correspondence principle”, the coefficient of soil pressure is found as a function of time, indicating an increase within the geological time span
Fitness and quality of life in endometrial cancer survivors and controls

19502 Background: It has been suggested that sedentary behavior during cancer treatment or effects of the treatment itself may decrease cardiorespiratory fitness in cancer survivors. However, few studies have tested whether cancer survivors actually have impaired cardiorespiratory fitness compared to similarly aged individuals who have not had cancer. We investigated whether endometrial cancer survivors had poorer fitness than women of similar age and activity level with no cancer history. Methods: The sample included endometrial cancer survivors in a pilot exercise study; all had been diagnosed with Stage I-IIIa disease and were at least 6 months post- treatment. Controls were recruited from a local multi-speciality clinic. Both groups had no contraindications to exercise and were sedentary. Cardiorespiratory fitness was measured by predicted maximal myocardial oxygen carrying capacity (MV02 max) on a submaximal ramped cycle ergometer test. Quality of life was measured using the SF-36 (physical and menta...
Unplugging Plug-and-Play Regulation

The Federal Communications Commission should refrain from regulating technical standards in the cable industry.Among two competing proposals currently before the FCC concerning ways the FCC can facilitate development of two-way cable services, such as pay-per-view and video-on-demand, one proposal from the consumer electronics industry requests that the FCC impose common carrier type regulations on cable facilities in order to ensure third party service providers are able to have input into interoperability standards for their products. However, regulation of this market could impose significant costs on industry and consumers alike by locking in sub-optimal technical standards and expanding the FCC's authority to micro-manage the industry in the future. FCC regulation can only be warranted if there is an identified market failure in the cable applications market. With no reported exclusions of third-party services and applications, pre-emptive regulation is not justified. Consumer demand and other entertainment platforms, such as FIOS and programming available via the Internet, provide competition in the market which will discourage attempts to block application providers. The FCC should also not deny cable companies the right to develop services and applications for their networks in favor of third-party innovation.If the FCC wants to promote development of features and services for cable, they should refrain from imposing open access type regulations. Instead the better approach is to encourage ongoing marketplace experimentation, private negotiations, and greater facilities-based competition. Leaving standards creation in control of the government, as opposed to private negotiation, would do little to benefit consumers. Instead, FCC-controlled standards could hinder the cable applications and platform market by restricting future development and innovation to inferior technology.
An Empirical Investigation of the Relationships between Rebate Redemption Motives: Understanding How Price Consciousness, Time and Effort,and Satisfaction Affect Consumer Rebate Redemption

An investigation is undertaken to determine the relationships between important rebate redemption motives and rebate redemption using responses from a random sample of 417 adult consumers collected via telephone interviews. A proposed model of the relationships between price consciousness, time and effort, satisfaction and rebate redemption is tested via linear structural equation modeling. The results demonstrate that the effects of price consciousness and perceived time and effort on rebate redemption are mediated by perceived satisfaction with rebate usage. Implications and recommendations for effectively utilizing a rebate program are discussed.
Should Israel be concerned by the high proportion of medical care paid for privately: comments from a U.S. perspective.

As a frequent visitor to Israel, I am keenly aware of the concerns of many Israelis that limits in government funding is forcing a high proportion of the country’s medical care to be paid by private sources. Frequently used statistics suggested that close to 40 % of health care is paid for by private funds and that this generates inequalities in terms of access to needed services. The results of a recent IJHPR paper by Engelcin-Nissan and Shmueli cast some doubts on these concerns although they do suggest some degree of inequality in access to needed care. The authors suggest that a better measure of the proportion of private uses of care is not 39 % but about 15 %. And that for some essential medical services it is much lower; in particular, it is less than 10 % for primary care. On the other hand, the study indicates that, in 2009, 15 % of hospitalizations had some private funding. Moreover, a related study has indicated that in 2014 60 % of surgeries were supported by private funds. The authors raise additional concerns that sicker individuals and those with higher income are more likely to use private financing. Whether this level of private spending and its concentration on sicker and higher income individuals violates the commitment of equity and fairness is up to the citizens of Israel. For those of us in the U.S. we only wish our level of inequality was so low. In making the decision on what Israel should do about its inequality it would be helpful to understand why individuals use private funding for services that are covered by the national health insurance system. And, most importantly does using a different source of funds (private versus public) impact on the health outcomes of the care involved. This issue is particularly relevant with respect to the very high use of private financing for surgeries.
Emplacing Risks in the City: Class, Politics, Risk, and the Built Environment of Women’s Residential Clubs, 1896-1917:

Residential clubs for women in Progressive Era urban America offered protection against risks in the city. This article is an investigation into the relationship between perceptions of risk, built ...
On a Reference-Dependent Model of Difference Scores

This paper proposes a reference-dependent (RD) model for closing the empirical loop for difference scores. The RD model suggests that testing equations should consider a difference score and its re...
The Family Name of the Lace-Bugs (TingitidÆ)

A discussion as to whether the form Tingidae or Tingitidae should be used as the family-name of the “Lace-bugs,” (See Science, Vol. LVI, pp. 334, 449, 535, 603, 754) has taken place. I observe that in the last issue of the Zoological Record, Insecta, p. 241, the form Tingitidae is employed. The majority of scholars have elected in practice to employ the latter form, and this usage appears to the writer, who is not merely an entomologist, but a linguist, to be altogether preferable, and accordant with the teachings of sound philology and the International Code of Nomenclature.
STATES OF NATURE AND THE NATURE OF STATES

This paper discusses the definition of the state space and corresponding choice sets that figure in the theory of decision making under uncertainty. It elucidates an approach that overcomes some conceptual difficulties with the standard models and accommodates a procedure for expanding the state space in the wake of growing awareness.
Living unrelated donor renal transplantation.

SUMMARY The organ shortage remains a major barrier to renal transplantation in the United States. Living unrelated kidney donors help to alleviate this problem. The current literature supports the use of living unrelated donors for kidney transplantation. This approach helps to reduce the cadaveric graft shortage and may improve results. A uremic patient should not be obligated to wait for a cadaveric kidney when a willing motivated living unrelated donor exists.
The internal morality of medicine: a constructivist approach

Physicians frequently ask whether they should give patients what they want, usually when there are considerations pointing against doing so, such as medicine’s values and physicians’ obligations. It has been argued that the source of medicine’s values and physicians’ obligations lies in what has been dubbed “the internal morality of medicine”: medicine is a practice with an end and norms that are definitive of this practice and that determine what physicians ought to do qua physicians. In this paper, I defend the claim that medicine requires a morality that is internal to its practice, while rejecting the prevalent characterization of this morality and offering an alternative one. My approach to the internal morality of medicine is constructivist in nature: the norms of medicine are constructed by medical professionals, other professionals, and patients, given medicine’s end of “benefitting patients in need of prima facie medical treatment and care.” I make the case that patients should be involved in the construction of medicine’s morality not only because they have knowledge that is relevant to the internal morality of medicine—namely, their own values and preferences—but also because medicine is an inherently relational enterprise: in medicine the relationship between physician and patient is a constitutive component of the craft itself. The framework I propose provides an authoritative morality for medicine, while allowing for the incorporation, into that very morality, of qualified deference to patient values.
Fatigue and fracture life-cycle cost assessment of a Miter gate with multiple cracks

Abstract Fatigue cracks in Miter gates are considered a nuisance as they require periodic inspection and repair. If left unattended, the cracks could grow to reach a critical length and threaten the integrity of the structure. Although the cracks are typically characterized by a stable propagation rate, the scatter in fatigue performance is difficult to quantify and could be on the order of thousands or even millions of cycles. The development of maintenance and management programs for Steel Hydraulic Structures (SHSs) should therefore account for the inherent scatter in performance through probabilistic fatigue assessment. The assessment can be performed through conducting large number of numerical (e.g. finite element analysis) or analytical (e.g. mathematical formulation) simulations that account for the inherent statistical scatter in both load and resistance. In this study, a framework for probabilistic assessment of the propagation rate of cracks in Miter gates using finite element Monte Carlo simulations was developed. The parameters influencing the propagation rate were treated as random variables with predefined statistical distributions. In addition, a life-cycle cost optimization framework was devised using the results of the probabilistic assessment to derive optimal inspection/repair schedule patterns such that the service life of the Miter gate could be extended as required. The framework was tested on nine different cases and an optimal schedule is obtained for each case successfully.
Get to Know Your Librarian: How a Simple Orientation Program Helped Alleviate Library Anxiety

Library orientations do their part to familiarize students with information literacy, and how the library fits within university life. But what if an orientation could give a student a strong intro...
GENETIC VARIANTS IN FTO AND ADIPOQ GENE ASSOCIATED WITH OBESITY IN AFRICAN AMERICAN AND HISPANIC/LATINO POPULATION

Over 35% of US adults are obese (BMI>30 kg/m2), with African Americans and Hispanics/Latinos disproportionately affected compared to non-Hispanic whites. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified obesity-related genetic variants, including the FTO locus, in whites of European descent,
Spontaneous Ruptured Pyomyoma in a Nulligravid Female: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.

Introduction. Pyomyoma, or suppurative leiomyoma, is a rare complication of uterine fibroids. It occurs most commonly in the setting of pregnancy, the immediate postpartum period, or postmenopausal status. It may also arise after recent uterine instrumentation, after uterine artery embolization, or in immunocompromised patients. The most likely cause of pyomyoma is vascular compromise followed by bacterial seeding from direct, hematogenous, or lymphatic spread. Diagnosis is difficult, as the condition is rare, presents with vague symptoms, and is difficult to identify on imaging. Definitive diagnosis is only possible with surgery. Pathology shows a degenerating fibroid with hemorrhage, necrosis, cystic degeneration, and/or inflammatory change. Cultures of the pus contained within often show polymicrobial infection. Case Presentation. Our patient is a 24-year-old nulligravid female who presented with a surgical abdomen, fever, hypotension, and leukocytosis. She had no significant prior medical or surgical history, no history of uterine instrumentation, and no history of pelvic infection; she was not currently sexually active at the time of presentation. She was taken to the operating room, where she underwent diagnostic laparoscopy. This showed a ruptured pyomyoma originating in the left broad ligament. She then underwent laparoscopic myomectomy. She was transferred to the ICU intubated; she slowly recovered on IV antibiotics and was discharged home on postoperative day 10. Discussion. Pyomyoma is a rare condition and is even rarer in premenopausal patients without recent history of pregnancy or uterine instrumentation. This demonstrates an unusual case of spontaneous pyomyoma in the absence of risk factors, other than a history of known fibroids. Pyomyoma should be considered as a diagnosis in patients with sepsis, history of fibroids, and no other identifiable source of infection.
Wetting and adsorption at chemically heterogeneous surfaces

Many industrial processes require control of wettability of a solid surface by various liquids. For example, the liquid may be a paint, a lubricant or a dye, and the solid may have smooth or rough surface. In this chapter the surface is fabricated by chemisorbing mixed alkanethiol monolayer on gold substrate from solution. Such surfaces can be used for controlling wetting, spreading, adhesion and friction of industrially engineered smooth surfaces. Alkanes are (CH 2) n groups, thiols refer to SH, and alkanethiol chains are X- (CH 2) n -SH molecules. In this chapter X is either OH or CH 3; OH is hydrophilic and CH 3 is hydrophobic. We shall deal with alkanethiol chains chemiosorbed from solution onto gold (Au), as shown in Figure 19.1.
Problems in Computer Diagnosis

Computers have played experimental roles in clinical diagnosis for over twenty years. Interest in the possibilities of computer diagnosis was stimulated by the seminal article of Ledley and Lusted in 1959 [17] and research flourished in the 1960s. A number of conferences were held [13] [14] to facilitate interactions among investigators pursuing different approaches. In the 1970s, more sophisticated techniques of artificial intelligence (AI) were applied to computer diagnosis resulting in the development of a variety of programs possessing considerable conceptual depth. The enormous growth of medical knowledge continues to fuel interest in computer diagnosis as a means of obtaining a more manageable access to this knowledge.
Towards more creative case-based design systems

Case-based reasoning (CBR) has a great deal to offer in supporting creative design, particularly processes that rely heavily on previous design experience, such as framing the problem and evaluating design alternatives. However, most existing CBR systems are not living up to their potential. They tend to adapt and reuse old solutions in routine ways, producing robust but uninspired results. Little research effort has been directed towards the kinds of situation assessment, evaluation, and assimilation processes that facilitate the exploration of ideas and the elaboration and redefinition of problems that are crucial to creative design. Also, their typically rigid control structures do not facilitate the kinds of strategic control and opportunism inherent in creative reasoning. In this paper, we describe the types of behavior we would like case-based design systems to support, based on a study of designers working on a mechanical engineering problem. We show how the standard CBR framework should be extended and we describe an architecture we are developing to experiment with these ideas.
A Little Abstract Theory

In Chapter II we constructed Lebesgue’s measure on ℝ N , and in ensuing chapters we saw how to construct various other measures from a given measure. However, as yet, we have not discussed any general procedure for the construction of measures ab initio; it is the purpose of the present section to provide such a procedure.
New Coordination Polymers of Copper(I) and Silver(I) with Pyrazine and Piperazine: A Step Toward “Green” Chemistry and Optoelectronic Applications

Five coordination polymers and one hexanuclear cluster have been obtained, and their crystal structures were determined upon reaction of Cu(I) or Ag(I) precursors with pyrazine (Pyz) or piperazine (Ppz). Five complexes are mixed-imine-ligand with anionic-fluorinated pyrazolate [3,5-(CF3)2Pz]- ([PzF]-) besides Pyz or Ppz, whereas the sixth had the neutral diimine as a single chromophore. Complexes 1-3 are isomers of the same Cu/PzF/Pyz composition with the same or different unit cell stoichiometry, namely, {Cu6[3,5-(CF3)2Pz]6(Pyz)3(CH2Cl2)}∞ (1·CH2Cl2), {Cu2[3,5-(CF3)2Pz]}2(Pyz)2·toluene}∞ (2·toluene), and {Cu3[3,5-(CF3)2Pz]3(Pyz)1.5·1.5benzene}∞ (3·1.5benzene), respectively. Altering only the metal attains {Ag6[3,5-(CF3)2Pz]6(Pyz)2·2benzene} (4·2benzene), while also changing the neutral diimine attains {Ag2[3,5-(CF3)2Pz]2(Ppz)}∞ (5). Using Pyz without an anionic imine yields {[Cu(Pyz)(MeCN)2][BF4]}∞ (6). The crystal structure of 1 shows two trimers linked together with two pyrazine ligands. Crystals of 2 represent a metal-organic framework (MOF-TW1) with significant surface area (1278 m2/g) and porosity (23.7% void volume) without considering toluene adsorbates in channels. MOF-TW1 was obtained serendipitously upon a reaction attempt to attain a mixed-metal product, instead attaining a Cu(I)-only product with interconnected four-coordinate dinuclear units. Likewise, 3 was obtained through a transmetalation of all Ag atoms in 4 to replace them by Cu atoms. Three reactions (to obtain 1, 4, and 5) were successfully carried out by both solvent-mediated and solventless transformations, whereas 2 and 3 were obtained only by solvent-mediated reactions, while 6 was attainable only by solventless transformations. The solventless transformations occurred either by sublimation and vapor diffusion or by mechanical grinding at ambient laboratory conditions-without the aid of heating, high pressure, vacuum, or any automated equipment. All transformations could be monitored by the human eye as the reaction progresses, as evidenced by progressive discoloration and/or luminescence changes. All crystal structures were obtained with the aid of conventional crystal growth methods from organic solvents for bulk products obtained from both solvelntless and solvent-mediated reactions. Powder X-ray diffraction was used to compare bulk products with one another and the crystallographic products. All Cu(I) products are colored and nonluminescent; the progress of their vapor diffusion-based solventless reactions can be followed by gradual discoloration of white solid reactants and/or quenching precursor's phosphorescence. Both Ag(I) products were colorless with 4 being luminescent but not 5.
Quinoxaline protects zebrafish lateral line hair cells from cisplatin and aminoglycosides damage.

Hair cell (HC) death is the leading cause of hearing and balance disorders in humans. It can be triggered by multiple insults, including noise, aging, and treatment with certain therapeutic drugs. As society becomes more technologically advanced, the source of noise pollution and the use of drugs with ototoxic side effects are rapidly increasing, posing a threat to our hearing health. Although the underlying mechanism by which ototoxins affect auditory function varies, they share common intracellular byproducts, particularly generation of reactive oxygen species. Here, we described the therapeutic effect of the heterocyclic compound quinoxaline (Qx) against ototoxic insults in zebrafish HCs. Animals incubated with Qx were protected against the deleterious effects of cisplatin and gentamicin, and partially against neomycin. In the presence of Qx, there was a reduction in the number of TUNEL-positive HCs. Since Qx did not block the mechanotransduction channels, based on FM1-43 uptake and microphonic potentials, this implies that Qx’s otoprotective effect is at the intracellular level. Together, these results unravel a novel therapeutic role for Qx as an otoprotective drug against the deleterious side effects of cisplatin and aminoglycosides, offering an alternative option for patients treated with these compounds.
Deep Semi-Supervised Learning

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) attain state-of-the-art performance on various classification tasks assuming a sufficiently large number of labeled training examples. Unfortunately, curating sufficiently large labeled training dataset requires human involvement, which is expensive and time consuming. Semi-supervised methods can alleviate this problem by utilizing a limited number of labeled data in conjunction with sufficiently large unlabeled data to construct a classification model. Self-training techniques are among the earliest semi-supervised methods proposed to enhance learning by utilizing unlabeled data. In this paper, we propose a deep semi-supervised learning (DSSL) self-training method that utilizes the strengths of both supervised and unsupervised learning within a single model. We measure the efficacy of the proposed method on semi-supervised visual object classification tasks using the datasets CIFAR-10, CIFAR-100, STL-10, MNIST, and SVHN. The experiments show that DSSL surpasses semi-supervised state-of-the-art methods for most of the aforementioned datasets.
Uniform Lp-improving for weighted averages on curves

We define variable parameter analogues of the affine arclength measure on curves and prove near-optimal Lp-improving estimates for associated multilinear generalized Radon transforms. Some of our results are new even in the convolution case.
Simulated and Standardized Patients

Abstract The terms simulated patient and standardized patient (SP) are used to describe a person who has been trained to portray a patient with a healthcare problem or concern. They have been used for learning and assessment of simple and complex procedures, including medical procedures, interpersonal skills, and professionalism. SPs can take on a large spectrum of different roles; they can play a patient with simple or complex medical problems or a member of the family. They can also participate in rating the learners and providing them with feedback. SPs have also been involved in newer types of patient interactions, such as telephone encounters and computer-based encounters. Unannounced SPs can be sent to actual clinical practices or community settings to assess the skills of graduate trainees or practicing healthcare professionals, and the local procedures and work methods. Preparing for an encounter with SPs requires clearly articulated objectives, careful planning, and notable attention to detail; it involves SP recruitment, training, and rehearsal. Templates for the development of training materials can help in designing SP scenarios. Quality assurance of SP activities allows verification of appropriateness of the portrayal (both content and affect), enhances the skills of the patients through postportrayal feedback, and adds to the credibility of the program.
Gender differences in the effect of genistein on vascular smooth muscle cells: a possible cardioprotective effect?

Objective Isoflavones are a class of phytoestrogens found abundantly in soybeans. They share structural similarity to 17-beta-estradiol, bind to the estrogen receptors alpha and beta, and produce estrogenic or antiestrogenic effects. Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory-mediated fibroproliferative response to injury to the arterial wall. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are the prominent cells in the atherosclerotic plaque. VSMCs contain estrogen receptors and, at physiologic concentrations, 17-beta-estradiol-inhibited proliferation of VSMCs from sexually mature female pigs. We determined if genistein inhibited proliferation and altered matrix protein production in VSMCs from coronary arteries of sexually mature pigs. Methods The effect of genistein on cell proliferation was assessed by thymidine incorporation. The effect of genistein on matrix protein production in VSMCs was assessed by Western blot analysis. Results and conclusion We demonstrate gender-specific effects in the proliferation of coronary artery vascular smooth muscle cells obtained from a sexually mature pig model treated with genistein at physiologically relevant concentrations. There were no differences in the amount of estrogen receptor proteins between the genders, suggesting that nongenomic mechanisms may be responsible for these effects. Genistein also upregulated matrix protein expression, which may be related to the formation of the atherosclerotic plaque. Overall, these results suggest possible cardioprotection by genistein.
Primary Care Physicians' Attitudes and Perceptions Towards Antibiotic Resistance and Antibiotic Stewardship: A National Survey

Background Outpatient antibiotic stewardship is needed to reduce inappropriate prescribing and minimize the development of resistant bacteria. We assessed primary care physicians' perceptions of antibiotic resistance, antibiotic use, and the need for stewardship activities. Methods We conducted a national online survey of 1550 internal, family, and pediatric medicine physicians in the United States recruited from an opt-in panel of healthcare professionals. Descriptive statistics were generated for respondent demographics and question responses. Responses were also stratified by geographic region and medical specialty, with a χ 2 test used to assess for differences. Results More respondents agreed that antibiotic resistance was a problem in the United States (94%) than in their practice (55%) and that inappropriate antibiotic prescribing was a problem in outpatient settings (91%) than in their practice (37%). In addition, 60% agreed that they prescribed antibiotics more appropriately than their peers. Most respondents (91%) believed that antibiotic stewardship was appropriate in office-based practices, but they ranked antibiotic resistance as less important than other public health issues such as obesity, diabetes, opioids, smoking, and vaccine hesitancy. Approximately half (47%) believed they would need a lot of help to implement stewardship. Respondents indicated that they were likely to implement antibiotic stewardship efforts in response to feedback or incentives provided by payers or health departments. Conclusions Primary care physicians generally did not recognize antibiotic resistance and inappropriate prescribing as issues in their practice. This poses a challenge for the success of outpatient stewardship. Healthcare stakeholders will need to explore opportunities for feedback and incentive activities to encourage stewardship uptake.
The impact of trace data and motivational self-reports in a game-based learning environment

Abstract Game-based learning environments (GBLEs) are increasingly present in school settings, primarily because they have been associated with improved academic and motivational outcomes. However, recent research found that GBLEs were no more motivational than conventional instructional methods. Yet, the disproportionate use of self-report measures may not be accurately representing children's motivation in these contexts. For this reason, this study sought to compare fifth-grade children's motivational self-reports with trace measures in their ability to predict both performance and content learning in Crystal Island - Uncharted Discovery, a science-based GBLE. Self-report measures included achievement goals and situational interest; and, trace data included two measures of in-game engagement and one measure of disengagement behaviors. Results revealed that self-reported achievement goals and interest failed to significantly predict off-task behavior and accounted for only 3% and 5% of the variance, respectively, in predicting the two measures of in-game engagement. Most importantly, self-reported achievement goals and interest were not as effective as in-game trace behaviors in predicting performance and science content learning. Findings reinforce the importance of identifying and utilizing trace measures that represent indicators of performance and learning, while also considering the limitations of using self-report measures with children in GBLEs.
Extended Sensor Paddles with Bound Lipids Revealed in Mechanosensitive Channel YnaI

Bacterial mechanosensitive channels are evolved to protect cells against hypo-osmotic shock. In Escherichia coli, the general mechanism of mechanosensing has been characterized by extensive studies on one of the six small conductance channels, MscS. However, it remains unclear how other homologs function. Here, we describe the structure of YnaI, one of the MscS homologs, in its non-conducting state at 3.27A resolution determined by cryo electron microscopy. The structure reveals the complete sensor paddle domains, which is the first time for any MscS-like channels. In the pockets between sensor paddles, there are ordered lipid densities, implying the functional importance of the protein-lipid interactions. Together with previously published mutagenesis as well as comparison with MscS structures, the results shed lights on the organization of the paddles, the ion-conducting pathway as well as the heptameric assembly in YnaI.
Dynamic Representation of Race: Processing Goals Shape Race Decoding in the Fusiform Gyri

People perceive and evaluate others on the basis of social categories, such as race, gender and age. Initial processing of targets in terms of visuallysalient social categories is often characterized as inevitable. In the current study, we investigated the influence of processing goals on the representation of race in the visual processing stream. Participants were assigned to one of two mixed-race teams and categorized faces according to their groupmembership or skin color. To assess neural representations of race, we employed multivariate pattern analysis to examined neural activity related to the presentation of Black and White faces. As predicted, patterns of neural activity within the early visual cortex and fusiform gyri (FG) could decode the race of face stimuli above chance and were moderated by processing goals. Race decoding in early visual cortex was above chance in both categorization tasks and below chance in a prefrontal control region. More importantly, race decoding was greater in the FG during the group membership vs skin color categorization task. The results suggest that, ironically, explicit racial categorization can diminish the representation of race in the FG. These findings suggest that representations of race are dynamic, reflecting current processing goals.
The effect of temperature on slip in microtextured Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo under dwell fatigue

Abstract Slip activity in dwell fatigued Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo, and its relation to the microstructure, was investigated using digital image correlation and electron backscatter diffraction at room temperature, 120 °C, and 200 °C to span a range of dwell sensitivities. The grains through which slip traces traversed were examined to identify critical grain characteristics in the percolation of long-range slip. It was found that slip accumulated more rapidly and in greater amounts at temperatures that exhibit dwell sensitivity (room temperature and 120 °C) versus temperatures that do not (200 °C). At all temperatures, plasticity occurred primarily by long-range basal slip through co-located grains with a high basal Schmid factor.