cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Increasing reflectivity of the Antarctic ocean-atmosphere system: Analysis of Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) and passive microwave data for 1979–1994

[1] Measurements of Lambert equivalent reflectance at 380 nm from the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) instrument have shown increases in reflectivity between 1979 and 1994 over much of the Southern Ocean, encompassing 280° in longitude. These trends represent a possible change in the state of the Antarctic ocean-atmosphere system related to recent climate warming. To determine if these reflectivity trends are due to changes in cloud cover or sea ice, or both, the TOMS data were collocated with a contemporaneous passive microwave satellite data set from the scanning multichannel microwave radiometer and the Special Sensor Microwave Imager. The passive microwave data sets specify total sea ice concentration, retrieved by a uniform method for all years using the NASA Team algorithm. To first order the locations of TOMS reflectivity increases coincide with regions where sea ice concentration has increased over the past 2 decades, signifying that the TOMS trends are the result of trends in underlying sea ice and not cloud cover. However, when the TOMS reflectivity measurements are sorted into fixed sea ice concentration bins of 0.1 width, the TOMS data also show increasing reflectivity trends in regions where sea ice extent has been decreasing (Amundsen and Bellingshausen Seas and the Western Antarctic Peninsula). Over open water, TOMS reflectivity trends are less convincing and may be artifacts related to uncertainties in passive microwave sea ice identification. These results suggest that a significant component of the Southern Ocean TOMS reflectivity trends may be a gradual increase in the albedo of the underlying sea ice. This could be caused by a gradual lengthening of the sea ice season, with a concomitant increase in the persistence of dry snow on the sea ice cover.
Plasma sheet convection and the stability of the magnetotail

Particle simulations are used to investigate the effects of plasma sheet convection into regions of increasing tail lobe magnetic field strength on the stability of a magnetotail equilibrium. The self-consistent treatment of convection first drives B(z) to zero on axis in the region of the strongest lobe field B(x) and then causes the equilibrium to break due to the rapid growth of tearing modes driven by the induced temperature anisotropy. The net result is the evolution of the inward-convecting plasma sheet into a slowly moving or stagnant plasmoid. The time scale for this process is much more rapid than that associated with particle drift losses across the tail. These results support the suggestion that steady convection within the plasma sheet may not be possible.
Fast wavelet-based algorithms for multiresolutional decomposition and feature extraction of hyperspectral signatures

Spectral features are often extracted from multispectral/hyperspectral data using a multiresolutional decomposition known as the spectral fingerprint. While the spectral fingerprint method has proven to be quite powerful, it has also shown several shortcomings: (1) its implementation requires multiple convolutions with Laplacian-of-Gaussian filters which are computationally expensive, (2) it requires a truncation of the filter impulse response which can cause spurious errors, and (3) it provides information about the sizes and areas of radiance features but not the shapes. It is proposed that a wavelet- based spectral fingerprint can overcome these shortcomings while maintaining the advantages of the traditional method. In this study, we investigate the use of the wavelet transform modulus-maximus method to generate a wavelet-based spectral fingerprint. The computation of the wavelet-based fingerprint is based on recent fast wavelet algorithms. The analyses consists of two parts: (1) the computational expense of the new method is compared with the computational costs of current methods, and (2) the outputs of the wavelet-based methods are compared with those of current methods to determine any practical differences in the resulting spectral fingerprints.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Stringy domain walls and target-space modular invariance.

Based on the target-space modular invariance of the nonperturbative superpotential of the four-dimensional {ital N}=1 supersymmetric string vacua, we find topologically stable, stringy domain walls of nontrivial compactification modulus field configurations. They are supersymmetric solutions, thus saturating the Bogomolnyi bound. Their physical implications are discussed.
Controllability of inherently damped large flexible space structures

Abstract Graph theoretic techniques are used to study controllability of linear systems which could represent large flexible orbiting space systems with inherent damping. The controllability of the pair of matrices representing the system state and control influence matrices is assured when all states in the model are reachable in a digraph sense from at least one input and also when the term rank of a Boolean matrix whose non trivial components are based on the state and control influence matrices has a term rank of the order of the state vector. It is seen that the damping matrix does not influence the required number of actuators but gives flexibility to the possible locations of the actuators for which the system is controllable, and that the stiffness matrix term rank deficiency dictates the number as well as the location of the required actuators. Specific examples include a model of a shallow spherical orbiting shell where both orientation and shape control are required, and also a smaller dimensional numerical example (unrelated to the shell) which readily demonstrates the effect of damping.
Growth and properties of InAsP alloys prepared by organometallic vapor phase epitaxy

Abstract InAsxP1-x with x ranging form 0 to 0.60 has been heteroepitaxially deposited on InP. Organometallic vapor phase epitaxy was carried out in a horizontal, atmospheric pressure reactor using the reactants trimethyl indium, phosphine and arsine. Layers were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Hall and photoluminescence (PL) measurements. Photoluminescence was measured for the epitaxial layers at 20 K. PL spectral half widths of 12–15 meV were observed indicating that homogeneous layers were deposited. The net donor concentration for phosphorus-rich alloys was in the 1015 cm-3 range with Hall mobilities as high as 5000 cm2/V·s being observed at 295 K.
Self-organizing network for optimum supervised learning

A new algorithm called the self-organizing neural network (SONN) is introduced. Its use is demonstrated in a system identification task. The algorithm constructs a network, chooses the node functions, and adjusts the weights. It is compared to the backpropagation algorithm in the identification of the chaotic time series. The results show that SONN constructs a simpler, more accurate model, requiring less training data and fewer epochs. The algorithm can also be applied as a classifier. >
Pain sensitivity in silent myocardial ischemia

Abstract Although, the cause of silent myocardial ischemia (SMI) is unknown, several theories have been advanced to explain the disorder. Most prominent among these are the suggestions that attribute the condition to generalized impaired pain sensitivity and/or enhanced endorphin activity. The present study examined both hypotheses. It was carried out in 33 patients with myocardial ischemia: 13 with silent myocardial ischemia (silents) and 20 with symptomatic: ischemia (symptomatics). Pain sensitivity was determined with thermal, electrical, and ischemic pain tests using signal detection theory (SDT) and conventional threshold procedures. To evaluate the significance of endorphin mechanisms naloxone (6 mg i.v.) and placebo were administered on alternate days in a double-blind, cross-over procedure before the pain tests and again before a treadmill exercise test (TET). Somatic pain sensitivity was found. not to be impaired in patients with SMI, and no evidence was found to support a causal role for endorphins in the disorder.
Resilience in a concentrated and consolidated food system

The focus of this article is to articulate the risks of a consolidated, industrialized agrifood system for our planet’s ecology and our ability to guarantee a future food supply, while also considering how the food system might become more resilient. A relatively small number of agribusiness firms, operating globally, have powerfully shaped who produces food, what is produced, how and where it is produced, and by whom it is eaten. To examine food system resilience, one must see that ecological risks of agriculture (e.g., monoculture, overuse of fertilizer and chemicals, and lack of genetic diversity) are intertwined with its social and economic organization, that relationships between people and between people and their particular places are critical to situate food decisions within ecology, and that issues of scale in a global food system are keenly important and challenging to resolve. Our highly concentrated global food system has resulted from horizontal and vertical integration in food system sectors and globalization of agricultural and food markets. This system constrains farmers (and others) in making choices that can fend off likely ecological and social disruptions while limiting their ability to accommodate change. It has eliminated smaller farms and businesses that provided a redundancy of role and function, resulting in few fail-safe mechanisms for the food system. A focus on efficiency, standardization, and specialization has decreased the diversity of scale, form, and organization across the food system. Finally, the dominant food system’s inability to solve food insecurity and hunger within both rich and poor countries, coupled with an industrial diet that uses up a great many natural resources, makes the system precarious. While there is no single approach at any given scale that will accomplish food system resilience, a combination of actions, strategies, and policies at multiple levels that are rooted in ecology, democracy, and economic and social equality is necessary to move forward.
Green's function solution for transient heat conduction problems

Abstract A derivation is given of the Green's function solution for the linear, transient heat conduction equation including the m 2 T term. The solution is given in a form that explicitly and separately includes five kinds of boundary conditions. The boundary conditions are the three standard ones and an additional two involving a surface film of finite heat capacity. Some suggestions regarding a numbering system are given. The important multiplicative property of Green's functions is discussed and an example of the use of Green's functions is also given.
Free Prize Inside! Embedded Librarianship and Faculty Collaboration at a Small-Sized Private University

Embedded librarianship, or academic librarian involvement in the online learning environment, deserves recognition as a transformative tradition in reference librarianship. This article discusses the evolution of the efforts of librarians at Everglades University to provide library assistance to students in the eCollege environment over a 12-year period. A retrospective look in conjunction with a thorough review of recent embedded librarianship practices may refine the embedded librarian protocols elsewhere and provide guidance to librarians who are embarking on an embedded adventure. Marketing the embedded services, assessment measures, lessons learned, and considerations for the future are also discussed.
Gains from international dual listing

This study presents an attempt to explain how international dual listing of securities can reduce the effects of segmented international markets. By applying the mean-variance model we show that, for a return generating process given by the maximum distribution, the expected return on the dually listed security will be higher and the variance associated with it will be lower than for an otherwise identical domestically single listed security. This result appears to be consistent with the existence of dually listed securities in capital markets which are otherwise not integrated.
Adolescent Fast Food Choices in the Era of the Menu Boards with Nutritional Information: A Study to Maximize Effectiveness

By 2013, chain fast food restaurants will be required to list nutritional information on menu boards. We hypothesize that consumers will not know how to apply the nutritional information without first learning their estimated calorie needs. To test this, we created a “calorie teaching tool” for the primary care pediatric setting, which estimates caloric requirements by gender and height. We then administered it to a group of adolescent volunteers in a pediatric hospital. Seventy subjects were enrolled, of which 34 received the calorie teaching tool. Within two weeks of the teaching tool being administered, all subjects were given lunch vouchers to a chain fast food restaurant within the hospital that lists nutritional information on the menu board. Seventy-four percent of subjects who received the teaching tool accurately reported their estimated daily caloric needs, compared to 31% of control subjects (p 0.001). However, our findings suggest that adolescentsmay not have reviewed themenuboard’s nutritional information, as subjects in both groups did not accurately report the caloric content of the meal they ordered. Subsequently, the total calories ordered between the experimental (mean 1071 185) and control (mean 1060 295) groups were not significantly different. We propose that at least two things must occur for consumers to use menuboardnutritional information effectively: (1) theymust learn their daily caloric requirements, which the “calorie teaching tool” imparts effectively; and (2) they must then look at the new menu boards with nutritional information, to balance the number of calories they requirewith their food choices.
Contests where there is variation in the marginal productivity of effort

We provide a characterization of participants' behavior in a contest or tournament where the marginal productivity of effort varies across contestants and individual productivity is private information. We then consider the optimal design of such a contest.
Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation for myelofibrosis: A 10‐year experience at single institution

Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) remains the only curative approach for patients with myelofibrosis [1,2]; however, it can result in substantial transplant related mortality. We retrospectively examined the outcomes of 18 myelofibrosis patients who underwent allogeneic HCT between 2000 and 2008. Eleven (61%) had high-risk prognostic scores. Fourteen (78%) received a reduced-toxicity regimen of pharmacokinetically-targeted (a median AUC of 5,300 μm min ―1 ; range, 3,500-6,000) intravenous busulfan plus fludarabine (t-IV Bu/Flu). Source of hematopoietic cells were from HLA matched-related (50%), matched-unrelated (44%), or mismatched-unrelated (6%) donors. Fourteen (78%) received G-CSF-mobilized peripheral blood stem cells. Median time to neutrophil and platelet engraftment were 17 (range, 15-28) and 18 (range, 8-213) days, respectively. There were two cases of secondary graft failure after myeloablative conditioning and one case following t-IV Bu/Flu. Overall survival was 50.2% at 54 months (95% confidence interval [C: 24.1-71.6%) with a median follow-up of 15 (range, 3-63) months. Nonrelapsed mortality (NRM) at 100 days and at 1-year were 0 and 22.6% (95% CI: 9.1-49.7%), respectively. The causes of NRM comprised of infections (56%) and graft-versus-host-disease (44%). t-IV Bu/Flu is a feasible conditioning regimen for allogeneic HCT in myelofibrosis showing encouraging engraftment with 7% graft failure rate.
Human T-cell epitopes of the latex allergen Hev b 5 in health care workers.

Abstract Background: Latex allergy affects health care workers as a high-risk cohort. Hev b 5 is a major latex allergen reacting with serum IgE from 92% of latex-allergic health care workers. Because CD4 + T-cell recognition is central to the specific immune response to allergens, identification of dominant T-cell epitopes is important for the development of specific immunotherapy for latex allergy. Objective: Our purpose was to map T-cell epitopes of Hev b 5 in health care workers. Methods: Six latex-allergic health care workers (grade 3 to 4 enzyme allergosorbent test score) were studied. Peripheral blood latex specific 3-week T-cell lines were generated and screened for proliferative response to overlapping 20-mer peptides of Hev b 5. Supernatants collected at 48 hours were analyzed by ELISA for IL-5 and IFN-γ. Results: Dot immunoblotting with use of recombinant Hev b 5/maltose-binding protein indicated serum-specific IgE in 5 of 6 patients. T-cell reactivity to one or more Hev b 5 peptides was identified in these 5 donors, but not in the sixth. Hev b 5 (46-65) induced T-cell proliferation in all 5 donors. Hev b 5 (109-128) stimulated T cells from 3 of these patients. Proliferative responses were accompanied by substantial IL-5 secretion and minimal IFN-γ, indicating a T H 2-predominant cytokine profile. Conclusions: Five of 6 latex-allergic patients demonstrated T-cell responsiveness to Hev b 5 consistent with a major T-cell reactive latex allergen. Two T-cell immunodominant regions of Hev b 5 were identified, and reactivity to these sites was associated with strong IL-5 but minimal IFN-γ production. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000;105:1017-24.)
Routing Techniques Used in Computer Communication Networks

An overview is provided in this paper of the routing procedures used in a number of operating networks, as well as in two commercial network architectures. The networks include TYMNET, ARPANET, and TRANSPAC. The network architectures discussed are the IBM SNA and the DEC DNA. The routing algorithms all tend to fall in the shortest path class. In the introductory sections, routing procedures in general are discussed, with specialization to shortest path algorithms. Two shortest path algorithms, one appropriate for centralized computation, the other for distributed computation, are described. These algorithms, in somewhat modified form, provide the basis for the algorithms actually used in the networks discussed.
The Role of the Extracellular Matrix in Ovarian Follicle Development

Regulation of ovarian follicle development depends on endocrine- and paracrine-acting hormones, the 3-dimensional architecture of the follicle, and the physical rigidity of the surrounding tissue. These 3 forces are integrated throughout the life cycle of the follicle to ensure appropriate hormone secretion, differentiation of the somatic cells, and maturation of the oocyte. The process of in-follicle maturation provides a new tool for understanding ovarian follicle development under the influence of these factors.
You Can't Be Serious, that Ball Was IN: An Investigation of Junior Tennis Cheating Behavior.

Because junior tennis players have to enforce the rules of the game against each other, cheating to give a player an unfair advantage is common. While this deviant behavior is found to be commonplace in the sport, there is little research to investigate its cause or influences. Results indicated that junior players felt that personal and parental pressures were the most common sources of perceived pressure to win that resulted in cheating behavior. The prevalence of parents who cheat was also cited as a major issue with the participants. Implications as to how the current study adds to the literature of youth cheating as well as practical implications are discussed. Key Words: Cheating, Tennis, Moral Development, and Youth Sport
Probabilistic Image Sensor Fusion

We present a probabilistic method for fusion of images produced by multiple sensors. The approach is based on an image formation model in which the sensor images are noisy, locally linear functions of an underlying, true scene. A Bayesian framework then provides for maximum likelihood or maximum a posteriori estimates of the true scene from the sensor images. Maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters of the image formation model involve (local) second order image statistics, and thus are related to local principal component analysis. We demonstrate the efficacy of the method on images from visible-band and infrared sensors.
Two Arabidopsis Phragmoplast-Associated Kinesins Play a Critical Role in Cytokinesis during Male Gametogenesis

In plant cells, cytokinesis is brought about by the phragmoplast. The phragmoplast has a dynamic microtubule array of two mirrored sets of microtubules, which are aligned perpendicularly to the division plane with their plus ends located at the division site. It is not well understood how the phragmoplast microtubule array is organized. In Arabidopsis thaliana, two homologous microtubule motor kinesins, PAKRP1/Kinesin-12A and PAKRP1L/Kinesin-12B, localize exclusively at the juxtaposing plus ends of the antiparallel microtubules in the middle region of the phragmoplast. When either kinesin was knocked out by T-DNA insertions, mutant plants did not show a noticeable defect. However, in the absence of both kinesins, postmeiotic development of the male gametophyte was severely inhibited. In dividing microspores of the double mutant, microtubules often became disorganized following chromatid segregation and failed to form an antiparallel microtubule array between reforming nuclei. Consequently, the first postmeiotic cytokinesis was abolished without the formation of a cell plate, which led to failures in the birth of the generative cell and, subsequently, the sperm. Thus, our results indicate that Kinesin-12A and Kinesin-12B jointly play a critical role in the organization of phragmoplast microtubules during cytokinesis in the microspore that is essential for cell plate formation. Furthermore, we conclude that Kinesin-12 members serve as dynamic linkers of the plus ends of antiparallel microtubules in the phragmoplast.
A closer look at same-day bidirectional endoscopy.

Background Same-day bidirectional endoscopy (BDE) is commonly used in clinical practice. Objective Our purpose was to determine the frequency, patient demographics, indications, and significant endoscopic findings for patients undergoing BDE. Design Retrospective study with a national endoscopic database. Setting Diverse clinical practice settings in the United States, including 75% from private practice. Patients A total of 591,074 adult patients had upper or lower endoscopy; 66,265 patients (11.2%) with same-day BDE and a subgroup (n = 9067) with a common indication for both upper and lower examinations are the subjects of this analysis. Main Outcome Measurements Age, sex, and procedure indication were analyzed in all subjects. Significant endoscopic findings were measured in patients with a single indication of anemia, a positive fecal occult blood test (FOBT), or abdominal pain/dyspepsia (pain) for both upper and lower endoscopy. Methods The Clinical Outcomes Research Initiative (CORI) national endoscopic database was analyzed to determine the number of patients who underwent same-day BDE between 2000 and 2004. Patients with a single indication of anemia, positive fecal occult blood test (FOBT), or abdominal pain/dyspepsia (pain) on both EGD and colonoscopy were included for the analysis of endoscopic findings. Significant upper GI findings were defined as suspected malignancy, arteriovenous malformation (AVM), ulcer, Barrett's esophagus, and stricture. Significant lower GI findings included suspected malignancy, polyp >9 mm, and AVM. Results A total of 591,074 patients had upper and/or lower endoscopy; 66,265 patients (11.2%) had same-day BDE. The majority of patients were female (52.1%), and the mean age of patients with BDE was 60.8 years. A total of 6538 patients (9.9%) had anemia, 1169 (1.8%) had a positive FOBT, and 1360 (2.1%) had pain as the sole indication for both examinations. After adjustment for age and sex, significant findings were higher in patients with anemia than in those with pain (odds ratio 1.89; 95% CI, 1.59-2.26) and for patients with positive FOBT versus pain (odds ratio 1.83; 95% CI, 1.48-2.26). Limitations Retrospective analysis with possible bias. Fewer patients with pain had significant findings compared to the other two groups ( P value Conclusions More than 10% of patients undergoing upper or lower endoscopy receive same-day BDE. BDE commonly revealed important conditions in patients with anemia or positive FOBT. Bidirectional endoscopy commonly revealed important pathology in patients with anemia or positive FOBT. Patients with pain had a lower prevalence of serious findings compared to the other groups studied. The benefits of BDE in patients with pain are uncertain and require additional investigation.
RNA Sampler

Motivation: Non-coding RNA genes and RNA structural regulatory motifs play important roles in gene regulation and other cellular functions. They are often characterized by specific secondary structures that are critical to their functions and are often conserved in phylogenetically or functionally related sequences. Predicting common RNA secondary structures in multiple unaligned sequences remains a challenge in bioinformatics research. Methods and Results: We present a new sampling based algorithm to predict common RNA secondary structures in multiple unaligned sequences. Our algorithm finds the common structure between two sequences by probabilistically sampling aligned stems based on stem conservation calculated from intrasequence base pairing probabilities and intersequence base alignment probabilities. It iteratively updates these probabilities based on sampled structures and subsequently recalculates stem conservation using the updated probabilities. The iterative process terminates upon convergence of the sampled structures. We extend the algorithm to multiple sequences by a consistency-based method, which iteratively incorporates and reinforces consistent structure information from pairwise comparisons into consensus structures. The algorithm has no limitation on predicting pseudoknots. In extensive testing on real sequence data, our algorithm outperformed other leading RNA structure prediction methods in both sensitivity and specificity with a reasonably fast speed. It also generated better structural alignments than other programs in sequences of a wide range of identities, which more accurately represent the RNA secondary structure conservations. Availability: The algorithm is implemented in a C program, RNA Sampler, which is available at http://ural.wustl.edu/software.html Contact:xingxu@ural.wustl.edu and stormo@genetics.wustl.edu. Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Strain and temperature-dependent variation in the amount of BtuB polypeptide in the Escherichia coli K-12 outer membrane

The outer membrane protein BtuB of Escherichia coli K-12 is the receptor for vitamin B12; it is normally present in approx. 200 copies per cell. We describe here the conditions by which BtuB was readily observed in electropherograms of outer membrane preparations. These conditions are as follows. (1) Incorporation of 8 M urea in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel systems improved detection of the polypeptide. (2) In most E. coli K-12 strains examined, BtuB was most abundant when cells were grown at 27°C. This thermoregulation of BtuB was independent of envZ and envY, two regulatory genes for outer membrane proteins.
The Dockworker Subculture and Some Problems in Cross-Cultural and Cross-Time Generalizations

Following a few introductory comments on the concept ‘subculture’ and the likelihood of universally similar responses to the industrialization experience, some generalizations are offered here about a dockworker subculture and the conditions that create it. The generalizations are in the form of propositions, not operational hypotheses—certainly not verified generalizations. They are based primarily on written sources, though the author has conducted interviews in San Francisco and Karachi. In conclusion the problems involved in making this type of cross-culture, cross-time proposition into a verifiable hypothesis are briefly suggested.
PRIAM: polite rescheduler for intelligent automated manufacturing

This paper considers the problem of rescheduling in a decentralized manufacturing system. Flexible manufacturing systems must be able to respond to unexpected disruptions; including schedule disruptions. However, when a cell controller in a decentralized system responds to a disruption, it may disrupt some other cells, because the actions taken at one cell may have some consequence at another cells. In the approach we propose, a controller at a disrupted cell tries to respond in a way which is likely to be least disruptive to other cells, through negotiation with controllers at other cells. This approach, which we call "polite replanning", has the advantage of retaining much of the original distributed plan, while avoiding wide propagation of the disruption through the rest of the system. We apply this concept to the domain of distributed factory rescheduling, and describe PRIAM (polite rescheduler for intelligent automated manufacturing), a "polite" rescheduling architecture which is currently under development. Simulation results show that the use of negotiation in "polite" rescheduling prevents the wide propagation of disruption from an initial local disruption.
Influenza genetic sequence patents: where intellectual property clashes with public health needs

A number of advances have recently taken place in influenza virus genomics research, due largely to an extensive genome sequencing project and widespread access to these sequences. If a pandemic virus emerges, whether it is a reassorted A/H5N1 strain or another zoonosis, it is essential that access to information about its genetic sequence is not restricted through intellectual property claims. Products of nature are not patentable inventions, according to US code and the US Supreme Court, and naturally occurring genetic sequences should not be eligible for patenting. Viral genetic sequences represent natural information upon which diagnostics and preventions are necessarily based. Patents covering this fundamental information will limit, or even prevent, crucial and time-sensitive biomedical research.
Agrostopoa (Poaceae, Pooideae, Poeae, Poinae), a New Genus with Three Species from Colombia

Agrostopoa Davidse, Soreng & P. M. Peterson, a new genus endemic to the paramos of Colombia, is proposed. The genus includes two new species, A. barclayae Davidse, Soreng & P. M. Peterson and A. woodii Soreng, P. M. Peterson & Davidse, and a third species transferred from Muhlenbergia Schreber, A. wallisii (Mez) P. M. Peterson, Soreng & Davidse (lectotype designated here). A key for determining the species and illustrations of the three species are provided. Agrostopoa is placed in subfamily Pooideae because it has non-Kranz anatomy and lanceolate membranous lodicules, and in tribe Poeae where it differs from Agrostis L. by having carinate lemmas with a terminal awn or mucro, well-developed paleas, and peculiar synflorescences with recurved branches and fragile pedicels. It is classified near Poa L., but differs from that in its single-flowered spikelets that lack rachilla extensions and possess awned or mucronate lemmas.
Drake Passage and palaeoclimate

The effect of Drake Passage on the Earth's climate is examined using an idealised coupled model. It is found that the opening of Drake Passage cools the high latitudes of the southern hemisphere by about 3°C and warms the high latitudes of the northern hemisphere by nearly the same amount. This study also attempts to determine whether the width and depth of the Drake Passage channel is likely to be an important factor in the thermal response. A deeper channel is shown to produce more southern cooling but the magnitude of the effect is not large. Channel geometry is relatively unimportant in the model because of a haline response that develops when the channel is first opened up. Published in 2000 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Overcoming Antigen Escape with CAR T-cell Therapy

Sotillo and colleagues describe the molecular events associated with apparent loss of target antigen expression following CAR T-cell therapy. We propose that broader immune activation is required to prevent outgrowth of tumor antigen escape variants following targeted therapies.
Joint Receptor Contributions to Reflexive and Kinesthetic Responses

This article presents a review of the neuroanatomy and neurophysiology of joint receptors. The role of joint receptors in signaling position and movement has been studied since the early part of this century. Morphological descriptions and reflexive and kinesthetic contributions of articular receptors in the regulation of motor behavior have been identified in studies on anesthetized animals and to a lesser extent in studies on human subjects. Areas for future laboratory and clinical research include articular receptor input in motor learning and relearning tasks as well as standardization of methodology and responses for assessing joint position.
How Do Mindfulness-Based Interventions Work? Strategies for Studying Mechanisms of Change in Clinical Research

Randomized controlled trials of mindfulness-based interventions have demonstrated beneficial effects of treatment across a variety of disorders (Keng et al., Clin Psych Rev 31:1041-1056, 2011). More research is needed to determine the mechanisms through which these treatments improve psychological functioning. This chapter provides a variety of concrete recommendations for conducting methodologically rigorous studies, including design, sample, psychometric, and statistical considerations. Because reliable and valid assessment of mindfulness is critical to research on mechanisms of change, we review the available tools for measuring trait and state mindfulness processes. In addition, a brief review of treatment-based mediational studies is included, revealing the need for more theory-based, systematic exploration of mediational pathways. By optimizing and standardizing methods in this area of research, clinical scientists can hasten accumulation of knowledge about how mindfulness-based interventions work.
Criticism and Appreciation in Theatre for Young Audiences

Criticism refers to the public act of discerning, analyzing, interpreting, and judging theatre performances and dramatic literature. Its artistic purpose is to convey one person’s aesthetic experience of a theatrical event and its observable “effects” on other spectators by justifying one’s opinions with artistic criteria and evidence interpreted from performances. In contrast, Elliot Eisner refers to appreciation as the private act of appraising a performance’s artistic qualities, but with no obligation to justify one’s opinions about its emotional effects other than to articulate one’s culturespecific criteria (1991, p. 85). As Wolfgang Schneider reminds us, Goethe (1819) noted “three types of [spectators]: one who appreciates without criticizing, another who criticizes without appreciation, and the intermediate one who appreciatively criticizes and critically appreciates; this latter one essentially reproduces a work of art again” (1995, p. 71).
Fetal Surveillance and Timing of Delivery for Multiples.

This chapter describes the current evidence and recommendations for surveillance and delivery timing for multifetal gestations. Ultrasound surveillance should include early determination of chorionicity, anatomic survey for all twins with fetal echocardiography for monochorionic twins, and growth as
Defining the mobile-digital situation within perpetual telecopresence: An exploratory study of the impact of mobile phones on the life-world

ABSTRACTThis study explores the impact of mobile phone use on the structure of the life-world and the process of defining the situation. The findings from data collected from five focus groups (N = 38) and 26 in-depth interviews (N = 28) suggest that, as mobile phones become normalized within personal relationships, people develop a sense of perpetual telecopresence with their significant others (i.e., best friends, romantic partners, close family members). Additionally, since the mobile-digital situation is dislocated, very little empirical information is available for defining the situation; consequently, definitions of the mobile-digital situation are based upon imagined-empirical information relative to the relational identities of the interlocutors. Moreover, cognitive involvement becomes a central dynamic for any definitions of the mobile-digital situation.
Take a Chance: Building Trust in and Across Identity Groups

This paper addresses the question of how trust can be developed in and across social identity groups. Our model of trust-building is based on the concept of reassurance, where individuals who start with too much distrust to cooperate over important issues proceed gradually to reassure each other and cooperate over larger and larger issues over time. A critical aspect of reassurance is that it involves not mere contact but actually taking chances with another person in order to observe behavior and determine that person’s trustworthiness. We consider two parameters that shape interactions within and across groups: loyalty and prejudice. Our findings suggest that those who wish to build trust between identity groups should be relatively unprejudiced against the out group, be very loyal to their own identity group, and be in a structure where interaction involves limited but real risks.
Effect of Greenbug (Homoptera: Aphididae) Feeding on Carbohydrate Levels in Wheat

The effect of biotype E green bug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), feeding on nonstructural carbohydrate profiles in susceptible ‘TAM W-101’ winter wheat seedlings was investigated. Although greenbugs caused significant reductions in plant biomass, soluble carbohydrates (expressed as percentage dry weight) were not depleted and partitioning patterns were not altered, suggesting that reduced growth rates result from decreased photosynthetic capacity caused by toxicosis induced by greenbug. Total furanose levels were significantly reduced and did not recover after aphids were removed. Moreover, stem fructans showed a lower degree of polymerization in infested plants. These results may help to explain findings from previous reports that greenbug infestations predispose winter wheat to increased injury from cold temperature.
Compensation of Acceptors in ZnO Nanocrystals by Adsorption of Formic Acid

Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanocrystals have potential applications in optoelectronic devices and are widely used as catalysts for a variety of chemical processes. Using infrared (IR) and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopies, we provide evidence that ZnO nanocrystals contain hydrogenic acceptors and propose an energy-level scheme to explain the observations. IR absorption peaks at liquid-helium temperatures, which correspond to electronic transitions of the acceptor, disappeared after exposure to formic acid (HCOOH) vapor. This observation is consistent with electrical compensation of the acceptor by the formate ion. The energy level of the formate ion is estimated to be ∼0.9 eV above the valence-band maximum. Room temperature IR measurements show that the formate species are adsorbed on the surface of ZnO nanocrystals. A broad PL peak centered at 3.2 eV, for samples exposed to HCOOH, is attributed to an exciton bound to a formate species.
All the News That Fits

The name Mark Silk may be familiar to American Academy of Religion members not primarily from his journalism or his scholarship but from the excellent brochure he wrote for the AAR "A Religion Scholar's Guide to Dealing with the News Media." Widely circulated and read within our professional organization, it is a practical, informed, and easy to read primer on what to say after the phone rings at your office and an unfamiliar voice says, "Professor so-and-so, this is Andy Hardy at the News Distort."
Posterior reversible leukoencephalopathy syndrome (PRES) as a complication of ozone injections for chronic pain

A 57-year-old female presented with encephalopathy, focal neurological findings, and possible seizure immediately after receivingan intramuscular injection of liquefied ozone to the posterior skull base. Ozone injections were being used to treat chronic neckpain and headaches. On presentation the patient was found to have a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 6. Her blood pressure washigh at 220/93 and she had a temperature of 39.5 ℃ . Neurological exam revealed increased muscle tone in the left leg as well asan extension plantar reflex. Lab work, including lumbar puncture results, were unremarkable. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed findings consistent with Posterior Reversible Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome (PRES). The patient’s hypertension wastreated and she significantly recovered after five days. Follow up MRI three weeks later showed interval resolution of the previousfindings, and the patient had complete return to functional baseline thereby making the diagnosis of PRES most likely. No othercases of ozone induced PRES have been reported in the literature.
Lessons from Nature: Understanding Immunity to HCV to Guide Vaccine Design.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an important global health concern with approximately 185 million people infected [1]. HCV infection most often leads to chronic infection with few early symptoms, but chronically infected individuals can develop liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Genome-wide association studies in humans have identified innate associated genes and HLA class II as important predictors of spontaneous clearance of HCV [2,3], but the correlates of protective immunity are not fully defined. The existence of few models to study protective immunity has hindered vaccine development research. Despite this limitation, significant advancements have been made in our understanding of protective immune responses to HCV using the chimpanzee model and humans exposed to HCV (Fig 1). Fig 1 Hepatitis C virus vaccine development has been hindered by few representative models and the recent significant limitation in use of chimpanzees as a model.
Repatriation after de Gaulle: Pompidou and Giscard

While repatriation politics in the immediate aftermath of the Algerian War was about promoting the slogan of national solidarity and deferring indemnities, Gaullists also faced criticism from within official circles especially with regard to the treatment of Muslim repatriates or harkis. These criticisms would urge a new approach to the harkis, but not until the mid 1970s would actual laws be put in place to change their situation in France. It was Georges Pompidou, de Gaulle’s prime minister and later himself president of the Republic from 1969 to 1974, who dealt directly with, and issued responses to criticisms leveled at the Gaullist government’s treatment of the harkis. This chapter traces the contentious debate within official circles surrounding the harkis during the 1960s and examines the ways in which this debate intersected with the rising concerns over the presence of Algerians in France.
Femoral Artery Atherosclerosis Is Associated With Physical Function Across the Spectrum of the Ankle-Brachial Index: The San Diego Population Study.

BackgroundThe ankle‐brachial index (ABI) is inadequate to detect early‐stage atherosclerotic disease, when interventions to prevent functional decline may be the most effective. We determined assoc...
Democratic Norms, Political Money, and Corruption

Most definitions of corruption classify categories of actions as corrupt, but encounter the questions of which standards to apply. Laws are the most common choice, but others highlight harm to the public interest, or social and cultural values. The inconclusive debate over definitions suggests, however, that all three approaches have their problems. This chapter argues that democratic norms can help us build better behavior classifications. As Warren suggests, inclusion of citizens and respect for their interests is a major democratic norm. When it is disregarded, the result can be a widespread sense that democratic politics has been corrupted. Democratic norms add to, rather than supplanting, other standards, but can also help us understand the political malaise now on display in many democracies.
Making the Case for Project-based Learning (PBL) in Physical Education

This article explains what project-based learning is and makes the case for its implementation to promote physical activity during the school day by assigning students various projects aimed at inc...
Heritage Washed Ashore: Underwater Archaeology and Regionalist Imaginaries in the Central Mediterranean

The “Dancing Satyr” is a bronze statue that sunk to the 500 meter deep seabed of the Channel of Sicily between the fourth and second centuries bce and resurfaced towards the end of the twentieth century. In 1997, a Sicilian trawler returned to its homeport with the satyr’s left leg. A year later, the trawler reported recovery of the statue’s torso and head in the same fishing zone—in international waters between Pantelleria and the Tunisian coast. The satyr underwent restoration before embarking on a global tour of museums and exhibitions. It is now on display in a museum dedicated to it in Mazara, the trawler’s homeport. This chapter follows the satyr’s resurfacing in international waters as an emblem of Mediterraneanist heritage: regionalist, transnational, and sea-centered. The satyr’s voyage from the bottom of the sea to its home in Mazara depended on the interplay between forms of submarine contact with the past: motorized seabed trawling, archaeological and classicist scholarship, and Cold War underwater reconnaissance technologies. I argue that this interplay shaped the relationship between transnational connections and regionalist imaginaries. Objects such as the satyr decenter states’ national heritage projects, by pointing away from national territories and their consolidated histories and towards a potentially shared transnational past. At the same time, these objects enter the struggle over ownership and representation among various heritage projects, which attempt to harness the regionalist energies emanating from these objects to their national (Italian or Tunisian), subnational (Sicilian, Mazarese), or wider (European, North African, Mediterranean) projects.
Extensive perineural spread of an intrapelvic sciatic malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor: a case report

Perineural spread has been described in multiple neoplasms of neural and non-neural origin. The peripheral nervous system may represent a highway by which tumors can spread throughout the body. Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) is a neoplasm arising from peripheral nerves with high rates of local recurrence and distant metastases, leading to a poor 5-year overall survival. In many cases, the optimal treatment involves wide en bloc excision with negative margins as well as chemotherapy and radiation. Even in cases of negative surgical margins, recurrence rates are high, suggesting possible skip lesions or very distant infiltration along the involved nerve. We report a case of high-grade MPNST of the sciatic nerve with post-mortem dissection and histopathologic characterization of perineural spread of microscopic disease to sites significantly proximal and distal to areas with evidence of gross disease, which may help to explain the high rates of local and distal recurrence in MPNST.