cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A distribution management system for implementing synthetic regulation reserve

With high renewable integration and changing consumer patterns, it has become hard to predict fast load deviations using historic data. To ensure acceptable frequency, the industry must rely on many small end users providing synthetic reserves instead of on requiring regulation reserves by generators. In this paper, a distribution management system is introduced to support such regulation services. Mathematical formulations of both end-user decision making to bid and the coordinating mechanism for bid clearing are defined. A droop-based physical implementation of bids is elucidated. Finally, a real world microgrid system is used to demonstrate potential benefits obtainable by participation of consumer devices in energy and/or regulation reserve market. Open questions remain such as representation of uncertainties and their impact on outcomes.
Perceptions of Zika Virus Prevention Among College Students in Florida

Zika virus in Florida prompted a strong public health response, due to its causal association with birth defects. While primarily spread by mosquitos, Zika can be transmitted sexually. The spread of Zika may influence reproductive behaviors among sexually active persons in Florida. This study examined factors associated with willingness to change birth control method use in response to Zika virus among college women and men in Florida. Women and men ages 18–44 at a Florida university (N = 328) were surveyed about Zika knowledge, beliefs about Zika, use of contraceptives and condoms, and socio-demographics between November 2016–April 2017. The outcome variable was willingness to change birth control method were Zika in their area. Logistic regression models in SAS 9.4 were used. Most participants were women (80%), and 47% were 20–22 years old. Only 27% of participants said they would change their birth control method if Zika were in their area. Participants who knew that Zika was sexually transmitted were more likely to be willing to change their birth control method (aOR = 1.71, 95%CI 1.01–2.91). Participants who agreed or strongly agreed that they were fearful of being infected with Zika virus were more likely to be willing to change their birth control methods (aOR = 1.98, 95%CI 1.07–3.67). This study found that, among Florida college students, Zika beliefs and knowledge were associated with a willingness to change birth control method in response to Zika. Understanding the factors that motivate individuals to change reproductive behaviors during an emerging health issue can help tailor preventative messages.
The Mathematics Usage Test of The Act Assessment Program: An Overview of its Purpose, Content, and Use

The assessment of students during the transition from high school to college serves to collect and disseminate relevant information essential for decision making by the concerned parties: students and their parents, high schools, colleges, and?to a certain extent?the public, which helps to finance postsecondary education. Because students bring multiple talents; diverse backgrounds; and unique needs, interests, and desires to the transition from high school to college, that assessment should be designed to reflect the breadth and depth of each individual student. Specifically, stu dents should be allowed to reveal their strengths to the chosen postsecondary insti tution and to identify those areas where further development or exploration would enhance their chances of success in college. Since 1959 the American College Testing Program (ACT) has provided the ACT As sessment Program for students planning to enter postsecondary institutions. The ACT Assessment Program, a comprehensive program of assessment instruments and re lated services, is administered to approxi mately one million students each year. The basic component of the program is the ACT assessment instrument?a battery of four academic tests, the Student Profile Section, and the Interest Inventory. The academic tests cover four subject areas: English, mathematics, social studies, and natural sciences. The Student Profile Section collects admissions and enrollment data, academic and out-of-class informa tion about the student's high school achievements and aspirations; information about the student's high school course work; biographical data; and self-reported high school grades received in the four con tent areas measured by the academic tests. The Interest Inventory, which the students complete along with the Student Profile Sec tion at the time they register for the ACT Assessment, is designed to measure six ma jor areas of interest. The results are used to compare an individual's profile of interests to that of successful and satisfied college seniors in a variety of educational majors. Interest Inventory results are also used to help students compare their work prefer ences with work activities that characterize specific "families" of jobs. This paper will focus on the ACT Assess ment Program's Mathematics Usage Test, which should be viewed as only one ele ment in the array of information carefully designed to enable college-bound students to present themselves to colleges not as test scores, but as whole individuals seeking an educational environment responsive to their abilities, needs, and interests.
Analysis of poetic literature using B. F. Skinner's theoretical framework from verbal behavior.

This paper examines Skinner’s work on verbal behavior in the context of literature as a particular class of written verbal behavior. It looks at contemporary literary theory and analysis and the contributions that Skinner’s theoretical framework can make. Two diverse examples of poetic literature are chosen and analyzed following Skinner’s framework, examining the dynamic interplay between the writer and reader that take place within the bounds of the work presented. It is concluded that Skinner’s hypotheses about verbal behavior and the functional approach to understanding it have much to offer literary theorists in their efforts to understand literary works and should be more carefully examined.
The Sorting-Out Problem in Antigen Presentation

It has become increasingly clear in recent years that there exists a severe restriction in antigen presentation to a large class of T cells. Even when so unrestricted an assay as induction of proliferation (as opposed to generation of help) is used, it is generally found that only small regions (and, in many cases, a single region) of protein antigens are presented. Such a result is amply illustrated in this volume in the papers of Lin et al.; Berkower et al.; Thomas et al.; Krzych et al.; Rude et al.; and Corradin et al.
Bidirectional Relationships Between Weight Change and Sleep Apnea in a Behavioral Weight Loss Intervention.

Abstract Objective To examine the bidirectional relationship between weight change and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in the context of a behavioral weight loss intervention. Patients and Methods Adults who were overweight or obese (N=114) participated in a 12-month behavioral weight loss intervention from April 17, 2012, through February 9, 2015. The apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), a marker of the presence and severity of OSA, was assessed at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months. Linear mixed models evaluated the effect of weight change on the AHI and the effect of OSA (AHI ≥5) on subsequent weight loss. Secondary analyses evaluated the effect of OSA on intervention attendance, meeting daily calorie goals, and accelerometer-measured physical activity. Results At baseline, 51.8% of the sample (n=59) had OSA. Adults who achieved at least 5% weight loss had an AHI reduction that was 2.1±0.9 (adjusted mean ± SE) events/h greater than those with less than 5% weight loss (P Conclusion Behaviorally induced weight loss in overweight/obese adults was associated with significant AHI reduction. However, the presence of OSA was associated with blunted weight loss, potentially via reduced adherence to behaviors supporting weight loss. These results suggest that OSA screening before attempting weight loss may be helpful to identify who may benefit from additional behavioral counseling.
Spontaneous Diaphragmatic Hernia

A spontaneous diaphragmatic hernia (SDH) occurs when intra-abdominal contents extend into the thoracic cavity through a defect in the diaphragm after a sudden increase in intra-abdominal pressure. SDH is one of the rarest surgical emergencies with less than 30 reported cases in the literature.1,2 In our case a 94-year-old female presented to the emergency department in respiratory distress with unilateral breath sounds and was diagnosed with a SDH. The only treatment option for a SDH is surgical.3,11 However, nasogastric tube decompression of the gastrointestinal tract and supplemental oxygen can be used to alleviate symptoms until definitive operative management is performed.
Low dimensional magnetism in the trirutile tantalates Co 1 − xMg xTa 2O 6 with weak-ferromagnetic features

The magnetic properties of the low-dimensional trirutile tantalates Co 1 − xMg xTa 2O 6 [ x = 0.0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 1.0] are reported in this paper. CoTa 2O 6 is an antiferromagnet with a transition temperature at T N = 6.6 K, while showing a very broad peak in the magnetic susceptibility at ≈12 K owing to the low dimensionality of the magnetic interactions. In our study, where Mg is introduced at the Co position, we see the disappearance of the broad transition for high values of x. For the x = 0.1 composition, three transitions are observed in the magnetization at 28 K, 6 K, and 3.3 K. Our analysis of magnetization data using the anisotropic Heisenberg and the Ising models for spin chains points out that the magnetic interactions in Co 1 − xMg xTa 2O 6 are indeed low dimensional. Field-induced metamagnetic transitions are observed in the case of x = 0 and x = 0.1 compositions of Co 1 − xMg xTa 2O 6, which are evident in the magnetization isotherms at T = 2 K. Interestingly, we find that with progressive doping up to x = 0.5 and 0.7, we obtain higher magnetization pointing to the possibility of weak-ferromagnetism. This might point toward the formation of single-chain magnets, which opens up a new possibility in low dimensional oxides for spintronics applications.
A new approach for using GIS to link infiltration BMPs to Groundwater Pollution Risk

ABSTRACTThis research analyzed the efficiency of the BMP Siting Tool developed by the US Environmental Protection Agency and the Grey-to-Green Decision Support Tool. Both tools were used in conjunction with ArcGIS 10.1 to obtain cartographic data illustrating suitable sites for bioswales and infiltration basins in Hillsborough County, Florida. The data were integrated with the Karst Aquifer Vulnerability Index (KAVI) groundwater vulnerability model. The BMP Siting Tool sited 2.80% of all bioswales and 27.89% of all infiltration basins above vulnerable areas identified by the KAVI. Alternatively, 21.66% of all bioswales and 9.62% of all infiltration basins sited by the Grey-to-Green Decision Support Tool were above vulnerable areas. The results of this analysis prompted the proposal of a supplemental framework unique to each tool’s weakness. The idea behind the supplemental framework is to determine the most suitable sites for stormwater BMPs by refining the current siting framework to better respect groun...
Low-threshold InAs-based interband cascade lasers with room-temperature emission at 6.3 um (Conference Presentation)

Interband cascade lasers (ICLs) are becoming a leading semiconductor laser technology for the mid-infrared because of their high efficiency and low power consumption, especially as compared with conventional diode lasers and intersubband quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) in the wavelength range from 3-5 μm. Although a greater effort has been directed towards GaSb-based ICLs in the ~3-5μm range, recent work has highlighted the exciting potential for InAs-based ICLs for reaching longer emission wavelengths. In this work we report the development of low-threshold InAs-based ICLs with a room-temperature emission wavelength of 6.3μm. The devices were grown on n+-InAs (100) substrates by solid-source molecular beam epitaxy in a custom V90 system using valved crackers for Sb2 and As2. The ICL structures employ an improved waveguide design using intermediate AlAs/AlSb/InAs strain-balanced superlattice cladding layers surrounded by heavily-doped n+-InAs plasmonic claddings. The active region includes 15-stages with AlSb/InAs/In(0.35)Ga(0.65)Sb/InAs/AlSb type-II “W” quantum wells and optimized electron injector doping. In pulsed mode, broad-area devices lased at 300 K at a lasing wavelength of 6.26 μm and a threshold current density of 395 A/cm2 which is the lowest ever reported among semiconductor lasers at similar wavelengths. The broad-area devices lased up to 335K in pulsed mode at a wavelength of 6.45 μm. These results provide strong evidence of the potential for InAs-based ICLs as efficient sources in the mid-IR.
Cholecystostomy: Are we using it correctly?

Abstract Background Percutaneous Cholecystostomy Tubes (PCT) have become an accepted and common modality of treating acute cholecystitis in patients that are not appropriate surgical candidates. As percutaneous gallbladder drainage has rapidly increased newer research suggests that the technique may be overused, and patients may be burdened with them for extended periods. We examined our experience with PCT placement to identify independent predictors of interval cholecystectomy versus destination PCT. Methods All patients with cholecystitis initially treated with PCT from 2014 to 2017 were stratified by whether they underwent subsequent interval cholecystectomy. Demographic data, initial laboratory values, Tokyo Grade, Charlson Comorbidity Index, ASA Class, complications related to PCT, complications related to cholecystectomy, and mortality data were retrospectively collected. Descriptive statistics, univariable, and multivariable Poisson regression were performed. Results 165 patients received an initial cholecystostomy tube to treat cholecystitis. 61 (37%) patients went on to have an interval cholecystectomy. There were 4 complications reported after cholecystectomy. A total of 46 (27.9%) deaths were reported, only one of which was in the cholecystectomy group. Age, Tokyo Grade, liver function tests, ASA Class, and Charlson Comorbidity Index were significantly different between the interval cholecystectomy and no-cholecystectomy groups. Univariable regression was performed and variables with p Conclusion Patients in the no-cholecystectomy group were older, had more comorbidities, higher Tokyo Grade, ASA Class, and initial liver function test values than those that had interval cholecystectomy. Since interval cholecystectomy was performed with a low rate of complications, we may be too conservative in performing cholecystectomy after drainage and condemning many patients to destination tubes.
Iron: The cancer connection.

Abstract Iron plays an essential role in normal biological processes: The generation of cellular energy, oxygen transport, DNA synthesis and repair are all processes that require iron-coordinated proteins, either as elemental iron, heme or iron-sulfur clusters. As a transition metal with two major biological oxidation states, iron is also a critical intermediate in the generation of reactive oxygen species that can damage cellular structures and contribute to both aging and cancer. In this review, we focus on experimental and epidemiologic evidence that links iron and cancer, as well as strategies that have been proposed to either reduce or increase cellular iron for cancer therapy.
Toxicology, Education and Careers

Toxicology is the study of harmful effects of agents on people, animals, other living organisms, and the environment. Toxicology education requires not only a solid background in the fundamental principles of the field, but also an understanding of bench work and its possible translation for human benefit as well as its use in risk assessment. Employment opportunities are available in multiple job sectors, including academia, the chemical and pharmaceutical industries, contract research organizations, and in various governmental agencies. Training in toxicology should be broad in both science and skills that impact effective use, interpretation and communication of toxicology data, and decision-making processes.
The Roadmap to Keeping Oregon Open Part I: Establishing the COVID-19 Capacity for Testing and Contact Tracing Required to Keep the State Safe and Open

This is the first in a multi-part series of white papers published by the University of Oregon’s Institute for Policy Research & Engagement (IPRE). In this white paper, we contrast the guidelines for phased reopening set out by the Oregon state government and a proposed approach based on guidelines from national experts. The costs of standing up testing and contact tracing are substantial, but the cost of inaction or only meeting the minimum standards set by the state to reopen will likely be more costly in terms of jobs and lives lost. Our subsequent papers in this series will address the economic impacts of COVID-19 in our region and make the case for immediate collective investment and action needed to combat the COVID-19 pandemic, safely reopen our economy, and initiate community and economic recovery efforts in earnest.
H2 Evolution at an Electrochemical “Underpotential” with an Iridium-Based Molecular Photoelectrocatalyst

Molecular platforms capable of both photochemical H2 evolution and electrochemical catalyst regeneration hold promise for the efficient generation of solar fuels. Systems studied to date require si...
Management of Velopharyngeal Insufficiency in Cleft Patients With and Without Multidisciplinary Team Care.

Objective:To evaluate the effect of an American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association (ACPA)–approved multidisciplinary team on velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) diagnosis and treatment.Design:Ret...
Josiah at Bethel and the “Monument” to the Unnamed Prophet from Judah:

In a reexamination of the narrative in which Josiah travels to Bethel and desacralizes the shrine originally constructed by King Jeroboam, special attention is given to issues of spatiality, sensor...
Elastic instabilities, microstructure transformations, and pattern formations in soft materials

Abstract Large deformations of soft materials can give rise to the development of various elastic instabilities. The phenomenon is associated with a sudden and dramatic change in structure morphologies. The underlying mechanism is crucial for the formation of complex morphologies in biology. Moreover, the concept of instability-induced pattern transformations is promising for designing novel materials with switchable functions and properties. In this paper, we review the state of the art in elastic instability phenomena in soft materials. We start by considering the classical buckling in beam-based structure lattice designs. Then, we discuss the instability-induced microstructure transformations in soft porous materials, and heterogeneous multiphase and fiber composites. Next, the mechanisms – often involving the post-buckling consideration – leading to the wrinkling and folding, creasing, fringe, and fingering are discussed.
Three roads to complete lattices: orders, compatibility, polarity

This note aims to clarify the relations between three ways of constructing complete lattices that appear in three different areas: (1) using ordered structures, as in set-theoretic forcing, or doubly ordered structures, as in a recent semantics for intuitionistic logic; (2) using compatibility relations, as in semantics for quantum logic based on ortholattices; (3) using Birkhoff’s polarities, as in formal concept analysis.
Softness mapping of the concentration dependence of the dynamics in model soft colloidal systems

Abstract The dynamics of a series of soft colloids comprised of polystyrene cores with poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) coronas was investigated by diffusing wave spectroscopy (DWS). The modulus of the coronas was varied by changing the cross-link density and we were able to interpret the results within a hard-soft mapping framework. The soft, swellable particle properties were modeled using an extended Flory-Rehner theory and a Hertzian pair potential. Following volume fraction jumps, softness effects on the concentration dependence of dynamics were determined, with a ‘soft colloids make strong glass-forming liquid’-type of behavior observed close to the nominal glass transition volume fraction, φ g . Such behavior from the current systems cannot be fully explained by the osmotic deswelling model alone. However, inspired by the soft-hard mapping from Schmiedeberg et al, [Europhys. Lett. 2011, 96 (3) , 36010] we estimated effective hard-sphere diameters and achieved a successful mapping of the α-relaxation times to a master curve below φ g . Above φ g , the curves no longer collapse but show strong deviations from a Vogel-Fulcher type of divergence onto soft jamming plateaux. Our results provide evidence that osmotic deswelling itself cannot fully explain the observed dynamics. Softness also plays an important role in the dynamics of soft, concentrated colloids.
Graph-based Multi-view Learning for Cooperative Spectrum Sensing

This paper concerns the cooperative spectrum sensing (CSS) for cognitive radio (CR) networks, where the secondary users (SUs) collaborate to detect the presence of the primary users (PUs). With CSS, the information from different SUs is first fused, then, the detection of the PU signal is implemented based on the fused information. Most of the previous works focus on the design of a mapping function that calculates the probability of the existence of the PU signal based on the fused information. In this paper, we study the fusion process which combines the information from all SUs based on the local property of each SU. A graph-based multi-view learning framework for CSS (GMCSS) is designed to better fuse the information from different SUs. In the proposed framework, the information from each SU is considered as a view of the state of the target wireless channel and is fused with the information from other SUs through a graph-based learning process. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of our method.
The Continuum Multiple-Scattering Approach to Electron-Molecule Scattering and Molecular Photoionization

Properties of the electronic continuum of molecules such as cross sections for photoionization and electron scattering are both scientifically interesting and important for practical applications. Nevertheless, this subject is largely unexplored owing to the computational difficulty associated with the nonseparable nature of the multicenter wave equation, for which no practical, comprehensive method of solution exists. This volume summarizes the most promising approaches designed to cope with this dilemma, e.g., R-matrix, single-center expansion, L2, and continuum multiple-scattering methods. Each shares the same general goal and has met with substantial success, but always with limitations in scope or accuracy dictated by the compromises required in developing a workable scheme.
Editorial: In This Issue

and disclosure limitation through a trio of articles, but we begin by reproducing related materials from some other sources on broader aspects of the topics. Social networking sites on the Internet have recently been much in the news in connection to the issue of access to members’ personal information. In particular, earlier this year the largest networking site, Facebook, which is approaching 500 million members worldwide, changed how it dealt with privacy settings on individual information spawning a public outcry of major proportions. In a short piece, Bruce Schneier reminds us why claims that \privacy is dead in the age of the Internet" are much exaggerated. We hope to include a more detailed look at the current and past Facebook controversies in a future issue of the Journal. Two recent National Research Council reports address the issue of privacy in a broad
A Narrative Of The Adventures And Escape Of Moses Roper From American Slavery

The Narrative of the Adventures and Escape of Moses Roper can be read as an extended autobiographical meditation on the meaning of race in antebellum America. First published in England, the text documents the life of Moses Roper, beginning with his birth in North Carolina and chronicling his travels through South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. Roper was able to obtain employment on a schooner named The Fox, and in 1834 he made his way to freedom aboard the vessel. Once in Boston, he was quickly recruited as a signatory to the constitution of the American Anti-Slavery Society (AASS), but he sailed to England the next year. Roper's narrative is especially interesting because although it was published after Frederick Douglass's much-heralded 1845 Narrative, Roper actually preceded Douglass in his involvement in AASS as well as in his travel to the United Kingdom. This text is often cited by literary scholars because of its length, its extensive detail, and its unforgiving portrayal of enslaved life in the "land of the free." A DOCSOUTH BOOK. This collaboration between UNC Press and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Library brings selected classic works from the digital library of Documenting the American South back into print. DocSouth Books uses the latest digital technologies to make these works available as downloadable e-books or print-on-demand publications. DocSouth Books are unaltered from the original publication, providing affordable and easily accessible editions to a new generation of scholars, students, and general readers.
Control Mechanism of Ribonucleic Acid Synthesis in Eukaryotes THE EFFECT OF AMINO ACID AND GLUCOSE STARVATION AND CYCLOHEXIMIDE ON YEAST DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID-DEPENDENT RIBONUCLEIC ACID POLYMERASES

Abstract The amount and proportion of the multiple species of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase isolated from starved and cycloheximide-treated nonstarved yeast spheroplasts are similar to that isolated from nonstarved and untreated spheroplasts. In addition, there is no alteration of the biochemical properties and the pattern profile of the enzyme fractionated by DEAE-Sephadex chromatography. On the contrary, nuclear RNA polymerase activities, i.e. RNA synthesis in isolated nuclei, are inhibited by the stringent phenomenon and by cycloheximide treatment. Both processes inhibit nuclear α-amanitin-resistant activities (polymerase I and III) as well as the α-amanitin-sensitive activity (polymerase II); the former are more inhibited than the latter. These observations indicate that RNA polymerases per se are not under regulatory control, but the binding of the enzymes to the nuclear DNA template is controlled by the stringent phenomenon. However, before affecting this binding, stringency produces inhibition of the rate of [5-3H]uridine uptake into RNA. Furthermore, the addition of cycloheximide abolishes inhibition (phenotypic relaxation), but not the restriction of the nuclear RNA polymerases. The lack of synchronization in the inhibition of RNA synthesis and nuclear enzymatic activities, and phenotypic relaxation suggest that starvation also controls the ribonucleotide polymerization process. Stringency produces an unequal inhibition of the synthesis of the different RNA species, and this is correlated with a similar restriction in the different enzyme species. Thus, there is more inhibition of rRNA synthesis and α-amanitin-resistant nuclear enzymes than mRNA synthesis and α-amanitin-sensitive enzyme. This correlation supports the assumption that α-amanitin-resistant enzymes (as a group) are involved with the synthesis of rRNA and that the αamanitin-sensitive enzyme is involved with the synthesis of mRNA. Stringency and cycloheximide have a similar effect with the nuclear enzymes. It appears that they limit the number of enzyme molecules bound to the nuclear template, thereby limiting the number of RNA chain initiations. However, they have an opposite influence on the rate at which [5-3H]uridine is incorporated into the RNA molecules. Stringency produces inhibition of [5-3H]uridine uptake and cycloheximide abolishes this inhibition. It is postulated, then, that RNA synthesis in eukaryotes is controlled by the interplay of at least two distinct factors. One controls the rate of the ribonucleotide polymerization process and the other, the number of enzyme molecules bound to the DNA template.
Symmetry Adaptation to Sequences of Finite Groups

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an introduction to symmetry adaptation and the assignment of group theoretical quantum numbers. For symmetry adaptation with respect to a finite group, the matric basis of the Frobenius (group) algebra may be employed. Wedderburn's construction of a matric basis is reviewed. For symmetry adaptation with respect to a group sequence, a special matric basis called the sequence adapted matric basis may be employed. The chapter also presents the modification of Wedderburn's method to yield a constructive proof of the existence of a sequence adapted matric basis. Developments of the properties of the sequence adapted matric basis are shown. The sequence adapted matric basis for special types of group sequences is considered; formulas for the corresponding sequence adapted irreducible representation matrix elements are presented. Further, two methods for obtaining a sequence adapted irreducible representation from one that is not sequence adapted is provided followed by a description of application to the symmetric group. The chapter also presents examples from the symmetric group.
Distant secondary craters from Lyot crater, Mars, and implications for surface ages of planetary bodies

[1] The population of secondary craters - craters formed by the ejecta from an initial impact event - is important to understand when deriving the age of a solid body's surface. Only one crater on Mars, Zunil, has been studied in-depth to examine the distribution, sizes, and number of these features. Here, we present results from a much larger and older Martian crater, Lyot, and we find secondary crater clusters at least 5200 km from the primary impact. Individual craters with diameters >800 m number on the order of 104. Unlike the previous results from Zunil, these craters are not contained in obvious rays, but they are linked back to Lyot due to the clusters' alignment along great circles that converge to a common origin. These widespread and abundant craters from a single impact limit the accuracy of crater age-dating on the Martian surface and beyond.
A fast router and placement algorithm for wafer scale integration and wafer scale hybrid packaging

The authors describe an algorithm developed for discretionary wafer routing needed for wafer scale integration (WSI) or multichip packaging. A very fast multilayer line probe router has been developed and implemented. The router uses a collection of depth-first heuristics to provide an extremely fast route with exceptional wiring quality and very high completion rate. The search algorithms and data structures are significantly different from those of D. Hightower (1969). These differences make it possible to route the special kinds of wiring needed for WSI in under a minute of VAX 6410 CPU time in many cases. Such a high-speed router will be necessary when line routing is to proceed at wafer throughput rates for fabrication. >
Mitochondrial injury measured by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in severe head trauma patients.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the extent of mitochondrial injury by assessing N-Acetyl-Aspartate by MR spectroscopy in head injured patients and relating the extent of mitochondrial injury to outcome. The study population (n = 15) consisted of head injured patients (GCS < 8) in whom legal consent was obtained for MRS studies. Studies were performed on a 1.5 Tesla Vision/Siemens system. Size of Voxel equaled 8 cm3 with location determined from T1 images. Voxels were positioned adjacent to the lesion and in the contralateral hemisphere for focal and bilateral for diffuse. Mitochondrial impairment was considered as percent reduction in NAA/Cr ratio compared to matched controls. Mitochondrial impairment gradually increases soon after injury reaching a nadir at 10 days. Subsequently, mitochondria recover in patients with favorable outcome, but remains impaired in patients with poor outcome. The prognostic value of NAA/Cr to assist in management and also to serve as a surrogate endpoint for clinical trials appears promising.
Failure of hemicholinium-3 to inhibit the uptake of 3 H-choline in mouse brain in vivo

Es wird die Wirkung von Hemicholinium-3-dibromid und Troxopyrrolidinium chlorid auf die Aufnahme von [3H]Cholin im Gehirn der Maus studiert. Beide Substanzen hatten keine Wirkung, und es ist wahrscheinlich, dass der Mechanismus der Cholinaufnahme in das Gehirn vom dem der Cholinaufnahme in die cholinergischen Nervendigungen verschieden ist.
Beyond Model Systems: Super-Resolving the Subcellular Dynamics of Starch Digestion in the Human Gut Microbiome

By beating the diffraction limit that restricts traditional microscopy, single-molecule fluorescence imaging provides a flexible, noninvasive way to super-resolve position and dynamics. Single-molecule methods are ideally suited to the small size of bacterial cells, and are being applied to central processes that remain contested by microbiologists. Pushing the scope of single-molecule microscopy further, we are keenly interested in the realm of non-model systems, including pathogens and beneficial bacteria, which play a key role in human health and nutrition. In a synergistic collaboration with microbiologists, we have used super-resolution microscopy, single-molecule tracking, and gene knockouts to elucidate for the first time in live cells the mechanism of starch-utilization proteins in the human symbiont Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, which colonizes our guts to unlock calories from otherwise indigestible sugars.Our live-cell super-resolution imaging reveals the transient interactions, assembly and collaboration of the Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron Starch Utilization System (Bt-Sus) outer membrane proteins. Overall, we demonstrate that the polymeric starch substrate dynamically recruits Sus proteins, serving as an external scaffold for bacterial membrane assembly of the Sus complex, which may promote efficient capturing and degradation of starch. Furthermore, by simultaneously localizing multiple Sus outer membrane proteins on the Bt cell surface, we have characterized the dynamics and stoichiometry of starch-induced Sus complex assembly on the molecular scale. Finally, based on Sus protein knockout strains, we have discerned the mechanism of starch-induced Sus complex assembly in live anaerobic cells with nanometer-scale resolution.
A Simulation of Strategies to Lower Bulk Tank Somatic Cell Count Below 500,000 per Milliliter

Abstract In the future, the Pasteurized Milk Ordinance may make milk quality standards more stringent by lowering the somatic cell count (SCC) limit on Grade A raw milk to 500,000/ml. Therefore, using a discrete event simulation model, we investigated the effects of the prevention of intramammary infection (as recommended by the National Mastitis Council), lactation therapy, and dry cow therapy (all seven possible combinations) on bulk tank SCC; milk, fat, and protein yields; prevalence of intramammary infection; and culling for mastitis. Untreated controls were also tested. Ten replicates of each intervention and each control were run for 2 simulated yr, including the daily sampling of 100 cows. The goal was to lower bulk tank SCC Although all strategies occasionally met this goal, on no occasion did all replicates perform without a violation in the 2nd yr of the study (median last month of violation ranged from mo 12 to 23). The combination of the prevention of intramammary infection, lactation therapy, and dry cow therapy resulted in the lowest bulk tank linear score, most replicates without a violation in the 2nd yr, fewest months with a bulk tank linear score ≥5.3, and fewest mastitis culls. The combination of the prevention of intramammary infection and dry cow therapy also was favorably ranked (highest milk yield, fewest clinical intramammary infections during lactation, and highest percentage of uninfected cows).
Bio-necro-biblio-politics? Restaging feminist intersections and queer exceptions

This response to Jasbir Puar's Terrorist Assemblages: Homonationalism in Queer Times (2007. Durham, NC: Duke University Press) proposes that, although it might seem a bit far afield for scholars within biblical studies, a range of conceptual interventions from this work could make striking contributions to this sub-discipline. Through further interaction with both exceptionalisms and intersectionalities, this response demonstrates the way that feminist, postcolonial and queer interrogations of biblical argumentation can also intervene, extend or reorient practices within cultural studies. The recurrence of exceptionalism reframes religious groups' claims to openness, while concerns over the deployment of intersectionality enable critical reflections on interdisciplinary projects such as religious studies and biblical studies as disciplines.
Osseous Integration after Fresh Osteochondral Allograft Transplantation to the Distal Femur: A Prospective Evaluation Using Computed Tomography.

Objective:Fresh osteochondral allograft transplantation (OCA) is an increasingly available option for patients with damage to the bone-cartilage complex of the distal femur. This study prospectivel...
Lesions of the MPO or AV3V: influences on fluid intake.

Abstract Electrolytic lesions in the MPO of rats had no significant effects on ad lib food and water intake, but impaired the drinking response to 1 M NaCl. Large MPO lesions also produced a persistent increase in plasma osmolality. In Experiment 2, we depleted neurons from the MPO of rats by iontophoretic application of the neurotoxin kainic acid (KA) which destroys nerve cell bodies without damage to fibers of passage. KA-induced neuron depletion in the MPO of rats significantly reduced the drinking response to 1.0 M saline, to 30% PG, and to 30 μg/kg isoproterenol. Ad lib water intake and drinking responses to food or water deprivation, to low concentrations (0.5 M) of hypertonic saline, to low concentrations (10% or 20%) of PG, and to systemic administration of 1.5 mg/kg angiotensin II were within the normal range. In Experiment 3, rats with electrolytic lesions that were strictly confined to the tissue immediately surrounding the wall of the anteroventral portion of the third ventricle (AV3V), without invading the MPO displayed normal ad lib food and water intake and plasma osmolality as well as drinking responses to water deprivation, hypertonic saline (0.5 or 1.0 M), angiotensin II (1.5 mg/kg) and isoproterenol (30 μg/kg).
Relations between vacancy-solute binding energies and bulk properties in metals

H.-J. Rockosch (1983) has recently obtained a set of vacancy-solute binding energies for seven Cu-based and five Ag-based alloys from an analysis of diffusion data. The author investigates the extent to which these binding energies correlate with (i) the difference between solute and host valences Delta Z, (ii) the slope of the solidus curve, dTm/dCs, and (iii) the lattice constant change da/dCs. D. Lazarus (1954) and A.D. LeClaire (1978) have previously developed a model relating binding energies to Delta Z; in this work, the author presents new models that predict correlations (ii) and (iii). Specifically, the author derives the approximate relations Evs=-(E1v/z)(dTm/dCs) (where E1v is the monovacancy formation energy in the pure solvent and z is the coordination number), and Evs=-(9K Omega /z)(d ln nat(R1)/d ln R1)-1 d ln a/dCs (where K is the bulk modulus, nat is the atomic charge density of host atoms, R1 is the nearest-neighbour separation and Omega is the atomic volume). The correlation between the Rockosch binding energies and either Delta Z or dTm/dCs is only fair; the correlation with da/dCs, however, is quite close.
Cooperative Learning and Computer-Based Instruction

Much published research focuses on the benefits of learning in small groups. However, little research has differentiated small-group learning methods or considered the implications of related research for designing instructional software. In this article, the origins of small-group learning are traced, and one method, cooperative learning, is distinguished from other small-group learning methods. The instructional and social benefits of cooperative learning are examined and theoretical explanations for the effects of grouping are presented. Finally, issues relevant to designing instructional software for cooperative learning are examined and suggestions for future research are made.
Location of potential binding sites on deoxy hemoglobin for the design of antigelling agents

The binding sites of indole-based gelation inhibitors with sickle cell hemoglobin were investigated by two parallel theoretical approaches. A geometric approach originated by Kuntz and co-workers uses a spatial buildup scheme to locate potential binding regions, while a hybrid grid/geometric search method searches for specific indole ring binding pockets over the hemoglobin surface. The binding sites derived from these calculations were tested for their ability to accommodate indole rings by means of accessibility calculations with probes of various radii. These sites were further scanned for van der Waals' overlap and electrostatic interactions. A full 5BrTrp residue was built in each indole ring binding site, and its conformational energy of association with sickle hemoglobin was calculated at that site. Our theoretical results predict a total of 14 potential binding regions, including all of the sites observed from X-ray crystallography, and sites that are consistent with solution nuclear magnetic resonance studies.
Ring‐opening metathesis polymerization and cyclic organoborane monomer

This paper summarizes our research result in the preparation of functional groups containing polyolefins, including linear and cyclic polymers, by using ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) and cyclic organoborane monomers. Most organoborane moieties are very stable to metathesis catalysts. In turn, the borane containing polymers can be converted to a broad range of functional polymers with various functional groups, such as -OH, -NH2, -NHR, under mild conditions. With some pre-designed monomers, several unique polymer structures, such as alternating copolymers have been prepared. In addition, the conformation of the polymer chain, from high cis double bonds to high trans ones, can be controlled by using various catalyst systems and reactions conditions. In this paper, we will also discuss some physical properties of the resulting polymers including thermal stability and chain conformations in selective solvents and at air-water interfaces.
Transient behavior at planar microelectrodes: Diffusion current at the disk electrode by the integral equation method

Abstract The transient diffusion-limited current at the ring electrode is calculated by the integral equation method over significant time intervals (to steady state or near steady state) for the full range of significant ring sizes. We also report on the development of generic programs for the integral equation method which will aid in the implementation of this method by others working in this area. The results of this paper were obtained by the application of these programs to the ring electrode kernel.
Electrochromic properties of nickel oxide thin films prepared by the sol-gel method

The electrochromic nickel oxide films were prepared onto transparent conducting film on glass substrate by the sol-gel method using an ethylene glycol solution of nickel nitrate hexahydrate. The films produced by the dip-coating method and calcined at 250, 300, and 350 degree(s)C. The formed films were characterized by their electrochromic behavior in cyclic voltammetry. The formed films showed electrochromic behavior in 1M KOH aqueous solution as electrolytic solution. The cyclic voltammograms were recorded up to 100 cycles for each film. The anodic peak of the coloration reaction appeared at approximately +400 mV, while the cathodic peak of the bleaching reaction occurred at about +200 mV versus Ag/AgCl. Both the anodic peak and the cathodic peak increased with an increase of the cyclic numbers in voltammograms, whereas these peaks at 100 cycles decreased with an increase of the calcination temperature of nickel oxide films. The calcination gave great influence on the other electrochromic behaviors of nickel oxide films.
The Development of the Sectional Paper-Machine Drive

To an increasing degree, large machines designed for quantity production are being subdivided into their elements, each section being driven by a separate motor as contrasted with former practise of driving these machines, as a whole, from a single unit. With the paper machine, this is called the sectional-electric drive. In this paper, the author has confined himself largely to the history and development of the several types of the sectional drive and the relative merits of each particular type. An attempt has been made to set forth clearly the advantages of the sectional drive and to show that its field of application should increase with a fuller understanding of its advantages as to increased production, improved product and lower operating cost.
Pleiotrophin stimulates tyrosine phosphorylation in NIH 3T3 and NB41A3 cells

Abstract Pleiotrophin (PTN) is a heparin-binding cytokine that functions as a neurite outgrowth promoting and mitogenic activity in vitro . PTN is highly conserved and its gene is widely expressed in mammalian tissues during development, suggesting important roles of PTN in vivo . However, the mechanisms by which PTN mediates its functional activities are unknown. We now report that an ∼200 kDa (p200) protein is phosphorylated (pp200) in PTN stimulated NIH 3T3 and NB41A3 cells five minutes after stimulation with PTN. Phosphorylation is maximum at15 minutes and is PTN concentration dependent. pp200 is recognized by antiphosphotyrosine antibodies and contains both phosphotyrosine and phosphoserine by phosphoamino acid analysis. The results suggest that PTN functions in part through activation of protein kinase(s) in NIH 3T3 and NB41A3 cells.
Exogenous Interferon-α and Interferon-γ Increase Lethality of Murine Inhalational Anthrax

Background Bacillus anthracis, the etiologic agent of inhalational anthrax, is a facultative intracellular pathogen. Despite appropriate antimicrobial therapy, the mortality from inhalational anthrax approaches 45%, underscoring the need for better adjuvant therapies. The variable latency between exposure and development of disease suggests an important role for the host's innate immune response. Type I and Type II Interferons (IFN) are prominent members of the host innate immune response and are required for control of intracellular pathogens. We have previously described a protective role for exogenous Type I and Type II IFNs in attenuating intracellular B.anthracis germination and macrophage cell death in vitro. Methodology and principal findings We sought to extend these findings in an in vivo model of inhalational anthrax, utilizing the Sterne strain (34F2) of B.anthracis. Mice devoid of STAT1, a component of IFN-alpha and IFN-gamma signaling, had a trend towards increased mortality, bacterial germination and extrapulmonary spread of B.anthracis at 24 hrs. This was associated with impaired IL-6, IL-10 and IL-12 production. However, administration of exogenous IFN-gamma, and to a lesser extent IFN-alpha, at the time of infection, markedly increased lethality. While IFNs were able to reduce the fraction of germinated spores within the lung, they increased both the local and systemic inflammatory response manifest by increases in IL-12 and reductions in IL-10. This was associated with an increase in extrapulmonary dissemination. The mechanism of IFN mediated inflammation appears to be in part due to STAT1 independent signaling. Conclusions In conclusion, while endogenous IFNs are essential for control of B.anthracis germination and lethality, administration of exogenous IFNs appear to increase the local inflammatory response, thereby increasing mortality.