cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermal expansion coefficient of dental composites measured with strain gauges

Abstract Objectives . A simple test method was developed to determine the coefficient of thermal expansion of prevailing restorative resin composites and to study the transient behavior as a function of temperature and repeated thermocycles. Methods . Strain gauges were used to determine the thermal expansion for seven commonly used restorative resin composites by measuring the instantaneous strain along with temperature change. The temperature was measured by means of a thermocouple, the tip of which was embedded in the composite. The differences among the test groups were analyzed using ANOVA, followed by Scheffe´'s multiple comparisons test. Results . The coefficient of thermal expansion determined for the composites tested was: 22.5 ± 1.4 × 10 −6 /°C (Z-100), 23.5 ± 1.4 × 10 −6 /°C (P-50), 32.6 ± 1.6 × 10 −6 /°C (Herculite XR), 34.1 ± 1.8 × 10 −6 /°C (APH), 35.4 ± 1.4 × 10 −6 /°C (Conquest), 41.6 ± 1.5 × 10 −6 /°C (Silux Plus), 44.7 ± 1.2 × 10 −6 /°C (Heliomolar). The coefficient was almost linear in the considered temperature range (26–75°C) for all composites (r > 0.99) and decreased with each consecutive thermocycle (p Significance . Thermally induced loads, introduced into restored teeth by the mismatch of the coefficient of thermal expansion of the tooth and the restorative material, may be related to microleakage and wear problems. A highly filled hybrid composite such as Z-100 had a coefficient of thermal expansion closest to that of the tooth crown, confirming other studies which demonstrated the benefits of high filler loading in matching the properties of the dental hard tissues.
Formation of Oxide Scales on Zirconium Diboride–Silicon Carbide Composites During Oxidation: Relation of Subscale Recession to Liquid Oxide Flow

The formation of oxide scales on zirconium diboride (ZrB2)– silicon carbide (SiC) composites oxidized at high temperatures (415001C) is studied. Subscale recession found in oxidized ZrB2 composites is proposed to form due to flow of boron oxide (boria) (B2O3)-rich borosilicate liquid through convection cells that form upon oxidation of the composite at high temperatures. The flow of the B2O3-rich liquid to the surface, with the subsequent loss of B2O3 to evaporation, explains the formation of a glassy silica-rich layer on the surface commonly reported in the literature. Also the outward flow of the liquid creates a localized inward path for oxygen due to lower viscosity that allows faster oxidation under the convection cells which creates the subscale recession. Optical and electron micrographs of a ZrB2–15%SiC composite oxidized at 15501C are presented as evidence of flowing liquids. Micrographs of oxide scale deformations are also presented, which are proposed to be related to the formation of oxide scale features called convection cells. The subscale recession and oxide scale deformations of ZrB2– 15%SiC composites oxidized for 3 and 4 h at 15501 Cw ere studied with microstructure and chemical composition analysis.
Investigation of Chrysactinia mexicana, A. Gray

The authenticated, air-dried aerial portion of this heath-like shrub, with relatively few flower heads present, has been subjected to the usual proximate, qualitative, and quantitative analyses. No extraordinary constituents seem to be present. A sugar, maltose, was isolated from one series of extracts of the prepared drug. Less than one-half of one per cent of a volatile oil was separated from another extract. This oil contained a camphoraceous, ketone-like component. A separation by the method of Pincus, modified by Costello, yielded extracts which produced characteristic color reactions with m-dinitrobenzene. These results from the Zimmerman color reaction, modified by Pincus, were highly suggestive of 3- and/or 17-ketosteroids being present in the extracts. Some estrogenic activity from an extract of the drug was obtained on ovariectomized rats.
Estimates on the first eigenvalue of an integral equation

Abstract We show how inequalities of the type ∥F∥ p ⩽ C(p, q) a 1 + ( 1 p )− ( 1 q ) ∥ F ′ ∥ q′ when F(0) = 0 can be used to find lower bounds of the first eigenvalue of the integral equation F ( z ) = λ ∝ 0 a k ( s , z ) F ( s ) ds .
On aversion to positive risks and preference for negative risks

Abstract An intertemporal Von Neumann-Morgenstern utility function may account for aversion to risks when only gains are at stake and preference for risks when only losses are at stake. It may therefore be used to account for the findings of Markowitz and Kahneman and Tversky.
Was the 18 May 1980 lateral blast at Mt St Helens the product of two explosions

The 18 May 1980 lateral blast at Mt St Helens has been interpreted as the product of a single explosion by some stratigraphers and as two closely spaced explosions by others. The stratigraphic evidence that bears on this question is inconclusive; strata change dramatically over short distances and this complexity provides wide latitude for interpretation. Some independent non-stratigraphic evidence, however, suggests that the blast was the product of two explosions or clusters of explosions. The independent evidence comes from eyewitness accounts and photographs, from satellite sensors, and from seismic records. This paper reviews the pertinent evidence, offers a new interpretation, and concludes that the blast was indeed the product of two explosions or clusters of explosions.
Magnetic resonance evaluation of the midbrain in Parkinson's disease.

To the Editor. —We commend the investigation by Huber et al 1 of midbrain pars compacta size in Parkinson's disease (PD) using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The authors have stimulated interest in an important area of new research, namely the use of MRI to correlate anatomic finding in vivo with clinical disease. Their detailed attention to the MRI methodology adds credence to their findings. However, methodological issues related to the composition and selection of the control group need to be considered carefully and the design of the present study illustrates some of the difficulties frequently encountered. The authors have not reported the range and mean (±SD) age for the mild and moderate/severe PD groups as well as the standard deviation for age in the control and PD groups. We are concerned that the group of mild PD patients may have been significantly younger than the control subjects. Age may have
Dissociation Between the Time Course of Ethanol and Extracellular Dopamine Concentrations in the Nucleus Accumbens After a Single Intraperitoneal Injection

Background: Dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens has been linked to the reinforcing effects of ethanol, but the time course or relationship of this response to ethanol concentrations in the brain has not been studied. Methods: Various doses of ethanol (0-2.0 g/kg) were administered intraperitoneally to male Sprague Dawley® rats, and dopamine and ethanol were simultaneously analyzed in dialysate samples from the nucleus accumbens. A separate study to compare the ethanol-induced dopamine response in male and female rats was carried out by using a 1 g/kg intraperitoneal dose of ethanol. Results: In male rats, 1 and 2 g/kg ethanol significantly increased dialysate dopamine by 40% over basal, whereas 0.25 and 0.5 g/kg ethanol produced a nonsignificant 20% increase. Dialysate ethanol concentrations exhibited a curvilinear decline after reaching peak levels for the lower doses but showed a linear decrease after 1 and 2 g/kg. There was a dissociation between the time courses of extracellular dopamine and ethanol after 1 and 2 g/kg ethanol treatment. The dopamine response returned to basal within 90 min, whereas the ethanol concentrations remained elevated. In a separate study that compared male and female rats, the ratio of the dopamine response over basal to the dialysate ethanol concentrations was significantly decreased at 60 min after an injection of I g/kg. However, there were no differences between males and females. Conclusions: The dissociation between dopamine and ethanol levels may reflect the development of acute tolerance to ethanol-induced dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens within the time course of a single acute injection. Given the strong links between dopamine and ethanol reinforcement, our findings may be relevant for understanding the time course of ethanol's reinforcing effects in vivo.
Surface replicas of drawn polyethylene. II. Annealing of cold-drawn samples with different draw ratio

Abstract Quenched linear polyethylene was drawn at 60[ddot]C to draw ratios between 9 and 22. The samples were annealed at 120, 122, and 130[ddot]C for between 90 and 120 min and subsequently etched in fuming nitric acid at 80[ddot]C for different amounts of time. The surface replicas obtained by a shadow-transfer technique show a strong dependence of annealing effects on draw ratio. The annealed drawn material is fibrillar, each fibril consisting of a stack of lamellae initially oriented perpendicular to the draw direction. The higher the draw ratio the more the sample resists lamella rotation during annealing. Variation of draw ratio in adjacent fibrillar regions of the same sample produces an inhomogeneous surface structure. Unchanged areas alternate with regions exhibiting a high degree of lamella rotation about an axis situated in the surface plane and perpendicular to the draw direction. With further annealing the fibrils originally parallel to the draw direction may locally markedly change their or...
A latent intron-encoded maturase is also an endonuclease needed for intron mobility

Some yeast mitochondrial introns encode proteins that promote either splicing (maturases) or intron propagation via gene conversion (the fit1 endonuclease). We surveyed introns in the coxl gene for their ability to engage in gene conversion and found that the group I intron, al4 alpha, was efficiently transmitted to genes lacking it. An endonucleolytic cleavage is detectable in recipient DNA molecules near the site of intron insertion in vivo and in vitro. Conversion is dependent on an intact al4 alpha open reading frame. This intron product is a latent maturase, but these data show that it is also a potent endonuclease involved in recombination. Dual function proteins that cleave DNA and facilitate RNA splicing may have played a pivotal role in the propagation and tolerance of introns.
The e3Σ−-a3Π(0, 0) and E1Σ−-A′1Π(0, 0), (1, 1), and (2, 2) bands of CaO: Multistate deperturbation of the e3Σ−(v = 0) ∼ c3Σ+ (v = 1) ∼ E1Σ− (v = 0) system

Abstract The experimental study and analysis of the e3Σ−-a3Π(0, 0) and E 1 Σ − -A′ 1 Π (0, 0), (1, 1), and (2, 2) Orange-Band transitions of CaO are presented along with a deperturbation analysis of the e3Σ− (v = 0) ∼ c3Σ+ (v = 1) ∼ E1Σ− (v = 0) complex of spin-orbit interacting, Aππ−1 configuration, electronic states. Use of laser-induced fluorescence, sub-Doppler intermodulated fluorescence, and optical-optical double-resonance techniques allowed the determination of accurate molecular constants for the e3Σ− (v = 0) and E1Σ− (v = 0, 1, 2) states as well as their common perturber, c3Σ+ (v = 1). Based on an integer-valence, single-atomic-ion configuration, ligand field model of the structure of the low-lying electronic states of CaO, in which the monovalent CaF structure is used as a model for Ca+ localized orbitals and the monovalent NaO structure is used for O− localized orbitals, predictions of several interstate interactions compare favorably with experimentally determined interaction parameters. The discussions of interactions include treatments of diagonal and off-diagonal spin-orbit interactions in Π and Σ electronic states, lambda doubling in 1Π and 3Π states, and fine structure in 3Σ states. Analyses of interactions between O− p σ−1 and pπ−1 configuration states, which differ in re by ∼5%, required the introduction of an empirical factor, Θ, which is interpreted as a measure of hybridization in atomicion orbitals.
Trading currencies using moving averages – trend following versus contrarian strategies

Moving average trading strategies are examined for trading ten major currencies during the 1997‐2001 time period. Both a traditional trend‐following moving average cross over strategy and a contrarian strategy are tested. Following a simple moving average cross over out performed, on average, the contrarian strategy. However, neither strategy consistently outperformed a simple strategy of holding U.S. dollars during the four‐year test period.
An analysis of the Venus thermal infrared temperature maps

A detailed analysis of the published Venus IR maps has been performed and a number of new results have been obtained. The global contour map of the average temperature variations in the vicinity of 6120 km reveals the existence of saddle points along the equator at dawn, at noon, and just before sunset. The hot spots observed at 4:30-4:40 A.M. at 65 deg to 68 deg S latitude appear to be in the vicinity of the coldest region from which the 8- to 14-micron emissions originate. At large earth zenith angles the limb darkening curves show a hump which is attributed primarily to a single patchy haze layer in the vicinity of 6123 km and with a thickness of the order of 3 km. An average IR source region temperature of 250 K is obtained at the equator. At the poles the same altitude region is 8 K cooler.
Reversing the Effects of Antiplatelet Agents in the Setting of Intracranial Hemorrhage A Look at the Literature

Patients are increasingly being prescribed antiplatelet agents (APAs) for a growing number of medical and surgical conditions. These agents are associated with an increased risk of hemorrhage, including intracranial hemorrhage (ICH). In the setting of warfarin use and ICH, strategies to reverse the drug effects have improved outcomes. No such strategy exists for APAs, and these patients continue to have poor posthemorrhage outcomes. One strategy is the use of platelet transfusions to provide functional, circulating platelets. Studies have shown mixed results regarding the benefit of this practice. Other strategies include the use of desmopressin and recombinant factor VIIa. More studies are necessary to delineate the effectiveness of the various strategies.
Conversion of 13C‐1 phenol to 13C‐4 benzoate, an intermediate step in the anaerobic degradation of chlorophenols

13C-1 phenol was converted to 13C-4 benzoic acid by an anaerobic phenol converting enrichment, which did not form p-hydroxybenzoate as a free intermediate but converted p-hydroxybenzoate first phenol and then, probably by another organism, to benzoate. No isotopic effect was observed using D5- and D6-phenol, suggesting that the breakage of the C-H bond on the C-4 position was not a rate limiting step in the conversion.
Heat shock proteins, thermotolerance, and their relevance to clinical hyperthermia

Mammalian cells, when exposed to a non-lethal heat shock, have the ability to acquire a transient resistance to subsequent exposures at elevated temperatures, a phenomenon termed thermotolerance. The mechanism(s) for the development of thermotolerance is not well understood, but earlier experimental evidence suggests that protein synthesis may play a role in its manifestation. On the molecular level, heat shock activates a specific set of genes, so-called heat shock genes, and results in the preferential synthesis of heat shock proteins. The heat shock response, specifically the regulation, expression and functions of heat shock proteins, has been extensively studied in the past decades and has attracted the attention of a wide spectrum of investigators ranging from molecular and cell biologists to radiation and hyperthermia oncologists. There is much data supporting the hypothesis that heat shock proteins play important roles in modulating cellular responses to heat shock, and are involved in the development of thermotolerance. This review summarizes some current knowledge on thermotolerance and the functions of heat shock proteins, especially hsp70. The relationship between thermotolerance development and hsp70 synthesis in tumours and in normal tissues is examined. The possibility of using hsp70 as an indicator for thermotolerance is discussed.
A proposed mechanism for the cardioprotective effect of oestrogen in women: Enhanced endothelial nitric oxide release decreases coronary artery reactivity

1. During their reproductive years women have a much lower incidence of coronary heart disease than men of similar age. A cardioprotective effect of circulating oestrogen appears to be responsible for this decrease in cardiovascular mortality in women. 2. Oestrogen can enhance nitric oxide (NO) production by the vascular endothelium, possibly through enhanced production of the enzyme NO synthase. 3. Pressure-induced constrictions in isolated coronary arteries from rats with physiological circulating levels of oestrogen are reduced compared to oestrogen-deficient animals. This difference is abolished by endothelial removal or inhibition of NO synthase. 4. NO through stimulation of guanylyl cyclase increases levels of the cytosolic second messenger cyclic GMP (cGMP) which activates a cGMP-dependent protein kinase in vascular smooth muscle cells. 5. Potassium currents through calcium-activated channels in vascular smooth muscle cells are increased in response to NO or upon exposure to cGMP-dependent protein kinase. 6. In rat coronary arteries dilations to NO are reduced by agents which inhibit calcium-activated potassium channels. NO can also hyperpolarize this tissue, suggesting membrane potential changes are involved in the response to NO. 7. We propose that oestrogen increases NO production leading to more negative membrane potentials and decreased calcium entry in coronary vascular smooth muscle cells.
A limit theorem for Szegö polynomials with respect to convolution of point masses with the Fejér kernel

Two recently-proposed methods for estimating the m frequencies of a trigonometric signal using Szego polynomials of fixed degree k>m consist of multiplying the moments of the n-truncated periodogram by the moments of the Poisson kernel and the wrapped Gaussian, respectively, in an effort to address the non-convergence of the polynomials as n→∞. These methods are seen to be equivalent to convolution of point masses with approximate identities, suggesting a general method. We characterize the limit polynomial for the case when the approximate identity is the Fejer kernel, extending recent results of the author for the case of the Poisson kernel. Moreover, the limit is seen to be the same as in the former case.
Estimation of the eigenvalues of noncentrality parameter matrix in noncentral Wishart distribution

We consider the problem of estimating the eigenvalues of noncentrality parameter matrix in noncentral Wishart distribution when the scale parameter is known. A decision theoretic approach is taken with squared error as the loss function. We propose two new estimators and show their superior performance to an usual estimator theoretically and numerically.
Factors Associated With Pediatric Use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine

BACKGROUND: Limited data are available on the use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) and factors associated with use among the pediatric population in the United States. METHODS: Using the 2007 National Health Interview Survey data among individuals n = 9417), we compared CAM users (excluding those using vitamins and minerals) and non-CAM users. Using bivariable and multivariable logistic regression models, we examined independent associations of CAM use with sociodemographic factors, prescription medication use, delays in health care caused by access difficulties, and common medical conditions/symptoms. RESULTS: In an adjusted multivariable logistic model, CAM users were more likely than non-CAM users to be adolescents rather than infants or toddlers (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 1.61 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.11–2.34]); live in the West (aOR: 2.05 [95% CI: 1.62–2.59]), Northeast (aOR: 1.36 [95% CI: 1.02–1.80]), or Midwest (aOR: 1.35 [95% CI: 1.04–1.74]) compared with those in the South; more likely to have a parent with a college education (aOR: 4.33 [95% CI: 2.92–6.42]); and more likely to use prescription medication (aOR: 1.51 [95% CI: 1.19–1.92]). Pediatric CAM users were more likely to have anxiety or stress (aOR: 2.54 [95% CI: 1.89–3.42]), dermatologic conditions (aOR: 1.35 [95% CI: 1.03–1.78]), musculoskeletal conditions (aOR: 1.94 [95% CI: 1.31–2.87]), and sinusitis (aOR: 1.54 [95% CI: 1.11–2.14]). Use of CAM by a parent was strongly associated with the child9s use of CAM (aOR: 3.83 [95% CI: 3.04–4.84]). CONCLUSIONS: In 2007, pediatric CAM users were more likely to take prescription medications, have a parent who used CAM, and have chronic conditions such as anxiety or stress, musculoskeletal conditions, dermatologic conditions, or sinusitis. Research is required to guide pediatricians in making recommendations on CAM modalities for children including potential risks and/or benefits and interactions with conventional therapies.
Associations between having a boyfriend and the body satisfaction and self-esteem of college women: an extension of the Lin and Kulik hypothesis.

(2006). Associations Between Having a Boyfriend and the Body Satisfaction and Self-Esteem of College Women: An Extension of the Lin and Kulik Hypothesis. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 146, No. 3, pp. 381-384.
Feasibility of biomass-based fuels and chemicals production in the USA

Abstract Under the sponsorship of the Energy Conversion and Utilization Technology (ECUT) Division of the US Department of Energy, a recent study by Pacific Northwest Laboratories estimated the fossil energy savings possible from large-scale applications of biomass conversion technologies for fuels and bulk chemicals production in the US. Using wastes, residues and surplus crops, 1% of the liquid and 16% of the gaseous fuel requirements could be replaced using bio-derived fuels. Growing biomass for the production of ethanol, methanol or SNG to replace the total US demand for liquid or gaseous fuels would require 792%, 253% or 108% more land than is currently available, respectively. For the bulk chemicals industry, 2·20 EJ (one exajoule is 10 18 J) or 2·1 quads (one quad is 10 15 Btu) of fossil feedstocks could be replace by 3·70 EJ (3·51 quads) of biomass; however, the process energy requirements for biomass would exceed conventional process fuel requirements by up to 1·21 EJ (1·15 quads) due to problems such as diluted products. The study concludes that research is needed to improve biomass yields and bio-process efficiencies.
The S800 spectrograph

The high resolution S800 spectrograph built at the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory (NSCL) is specially designed for reactions studies with radioactive beams. Its large acceptances both in solid angle and momentum are well adapted to the large emittances of secondary beams produced by projectile fragmentation. The high resolution is achieved via an analytical reconstruction method in which the aberrations of the spectrograph are calculated a priori from the magnetic field maps and used directly to correct the raw data. Following the coupled cyclotron upgrade now completed at the NSCL, the S800 has undergone a number of improvements. An overview of past and future experiments is also presented.
Gender differences in adult spatial information processing: Their relationship to pubertal timing, adolescent activities, and sex-typing of personality☆

Abstract This study explored the contributions of pubertal timing, sex-role orientation, and childhood experiences to gender differences in adult spatial ability. Two-dimensional spatial orientation ability was assessed in 52 female and 38 male college students with both information-processing and paper-and-pencil tasks. Retrospective indices of pubertal timing and previous experiences with spatial-related activities, as well as measures of the subject's adult sex-role orientation were also obtained. The direction of influence inferred from the pattern of mean differences and the results of simple and multiple regression analyses suggest that gender differences in mental rotation rate as assessed by the information-processing measure are linked to gender differences in spatial-related adolescent experiences, and to a lesser extent, adolescent pubertal timing. On the other hand, gender differences in test accuracy did not appear to be significantly related to gender differences in maturational timing, adolescent activities, or adult sex-role orientation. Implications of these findings for the locus of gender differences in spatial ability and its potentially experiential nature are discussed.
Buddhist Narratives of the Great Debates

Western scholars have written on the theory of Buddhist argumentation. They have also analyzed examples of arguments found in philosophical and polemical writing. However, little has been written to date about what might have transpired when Buddhists and their opponents met in face-to-face debates in classical India. Drawing on Chinese and Tibetan historical and biographical writings about famous Indian debates, this essay analyzes the structure and conventions of these accounts as a literary form. While it is difficult to assess the historicity of particular narratives, an analysis of this literature as a
Photoconductive Power Switches

This paper outlines the advantages and the potential of photoconductive switches applied to high-power systems. The photoconductive effect can be used to switch large amounts of energy by changing the conductivity of a solid-state circuit element many orders of magnitude with a high-power laser. The simplicity of these devices offers many advantages in high-power applications when combined with high-power pulsed lasers. The surge capability, the switched energy gain, and the maximum average power for photoconductive power switches are discussed. In addition, the results of a 100-kV, 100-MW photoconductive switch experiment transferring 20 J in 200 ns are presented.
Two new three-dimensional twelve-ring zeolite frameworks of which zeolite beta is a disordered intergrowth

Zeolite beta, first described in 19671, is an active catalyst and a useful sorbent1. Sorption1,2 and catalytic data3,4 suggest that the zeolite could possess a three-dimensional 12-ring pore system. Such a pore system suggests technological potential similar to that of faujasite framework materials, but until now the structure of this zeolite has eluded determination. Powder X-ray diffraction patterns comprise both sharp and broad features, indicative of an extensively faulted structure. Here we determine the structure of zeolite beta by high-resolution electron microscopy, electron diffraction and computer-assisted modelling. The zeolite is an intergrown hybrid of two distinct but closely related structures. Both are constructed from the same centrosymmetrlcal tertiary building unit arranged in layers, and both possess three-dimensional 12-ring pore systems. One end member, polymorph A, forms an enantiomorphic pair, with symmetries P4122 and P4322, with a = 12.4 A and c = 26.5 A. Polymorpb B, in which the stacking of layers alternates in handedness, is achiral with space group P1 ¯, and a ≃ b = 12.4 A, c = 14.5 A, α ≃ β = 73°, γ ≃ 90°. The high density of stacking faults in zeolite beta materials arises because successive layers must interconnect in either a left- or a right-handed fashion, and both modes of linkage occur with almost equal probability.
New Far Infrared Observations of Atmospheric Molecular Lines

OBSERVATIONS of the far infrared (50–700µ) pure rotational absorption lines of various atmospheric molecules are hampered by the intense absorption of the water molecule. One remedy is to carry instruments to altitudes where the quantity of water is sufficiently reduced to enable other lines to be distinguished. Aircraft platforms at altitudes of about 12 km can penetrate the tropopause and satisfy this requirement. Past workers1–3 have obtained spectra in the far infrared range in this way, but their work has been limited by two factors : (a) lack of highly sensitive detectors; (b) inability to record spectra using the Sun as a source. Together these two factors have limited resolutions to 1 cm−1 or greater with modest signal-to-noise ratios, and it has been difficult to identify individual rotational lines in the far infrared spectrum.
Do women have evolved mate preferences for men with resources?: A reply to Smuts

Abstract Research by more than 50 scientists studying more than 10,000 individuals inhabiting 33 countries, six continents, and five islands supports the hypothesis that women have evolved mate preferences for men who show cues of resource possession or resource acquisition potential. Smuts' (1991) apparent view that these species-typical preferences do not exist is contravened by the scientific evidence. Repeated assertions that “behaviors depends on context” do not illuminate our understanding in the absence of specifying which behaviors, which contexts, and which evolved mechanisms are activated by the relevant contextual input. Progress in the study of evolution and human behavior depends on using key terms in consensually defined rather than idiosyncratic ways, on distinguishing evolved psychological mechanisms from manifest behavior, and on giving greater weight to cumulative scientific evidence than to subjective impressions.
Design and Fabrication of Micro Photonic Sensors for Manufacturing

Micron-sized subwavelength structured photonic sensors could allow critical thermo-mechanical phenomena in manufacturing processes to be monitored, while offering opportunities for fundamental understanding and better control of manufacturing processes. To implement these novel sensors into real manufacturing processes, the micro photonic sensors can be embedded at critical locations in metallic structures, which are still heavily used in hostile manufacturing environments. This paper presents the study of design, fabrication, and testing of integrated microring sensors. Various thin film optical materials were studied. Single ring resonators were designed. A new approach to fabricate metal embedded microring sensors was developed. Sensors fabricated on silicon wafers were tested and the Q factor was measured to be around 2000, the free spectrum range (FSR) was about 5 nm. Preliminary results of metal embedded sensors are also presented.© 2007 ASME
Development of calculation abilities in young children

This study investigates the development of skills for solving verbally and nonverbally presented calculation problems in children between 4 and 6 years of age. Identical addition and subtraction calculations were presented in three problem-type formats: nonverbal problems, story problems, and number-fact problems. The nonverbal problems involved presenting sets of physical referents that were then transformed either by adding or removing elements. The child saw the initial set and the number of elements that were added or removed, but not the final set. The task was to construct an array that contained the number of elements in the final set. The story problems and number-fact problems were presented orally, without props. Results indicate that children as young as 4 years of age have some success on the nonverbal problems, showing that they can transform sets by adding or subtracting elements. In contrast, children do not achieve comparable levels of success on the story problems or number-fact problems until 5 1/2 to 6 1/2 years of age. Moreover, throughout the age range tested, children performed better on nonverbal problems than on either story problems or number-fact problems. These results suggest that children's earliest ability to add and subtract is based on experiences combining and separating sets of objects in the world and that this ability precedes the development of conventional verbal methods of calculating.
Comment on "Elastoplastic contact between randomly rough surfaces"

A Comment on the Letter by B. N. J. Persson, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 116101 (2001). The authors of the Letter offer a Reply.
Influence of climate and eolian dust on the major-element chemistry and clay mineralogy of soils in the northern Bighorn basin, U.S.A.

Abstract Soil chronosequences in the northern Bighorn basin permit the study of chronologic changes in the major-element chemistry and clay mineralogy of soils formed in different climates. Two chronosequences along Rock Creek in south-central Montana formed on granitic alluvium in humid and semiarid climates over the past two million years. A chronosequence at the Kane fans in north-central Wyoming formed on calcareous alluvium in an arid climate over the past 600,000 years. Detailed analyses of elemental chemistry indicate that the soils in all three areas gradually incorporated eolian dust that contained less zirconium, considered to be chemically immobile during weathering, than did the alluvium. B and C horizons of soils in the wettest of the chronosequences developed mainly at logarithmic rates, suggesting that leaching, initially rapid but decelerating, dominated the dust additions. In contrast, soils in the most arid of the chronosequences developed at linear rates that reflect progressive dust additions that were little affected by leaching. Both weathering and erosion may cause changes with time to appear logarithmic in A horizons of soils under the moist and semiarid climatic regimes. Clay minerals form with time in the basal B and C horizons and reflect climatic differences in the three areas. Vermiculite, mixed-layer illite-smectite, and smectite form in the soils of the moist-climate chronosequence; smectite forms in the semiarid-climate chronosequence; and smectite and palygorskite form in the arid-climate chronosequence.
Experimental and Computational Study of Droplet Growth and Detachment Near the Inception Point

An experimental and computational investigation was conducted to study the growth and detachment of a single liquid droplet. High-speed photography was employed to capture the droplet evolution from the onset to the breakup time. Three-dimensional computations were carried out to predict the droplet behavior and flow dynamics inside the droplet. The droplet fluid was water immersed in the surrounding atmospheric air. The computations were performed using the finite volume and Volume of Fluid (VOF) techniques. The computations and high-speed photography of the droplet formation were carried out at 20°C. Diameter of the injection port was 2.4 mm and the flow rate for generation of droplets was 1.1 × 10−4 kg/s. These values together with the choice of liquid resulted in a Bond number of 0.19, Capillary number of 3.4 × 10−4 , and liquid-to-gas viscosity ratio of 56.05. The results indicated that the shape and evolution of the droplet as predicted by the computations were in good agreement with those captured on the high-speed photographs. The computations revealed details of the flow inside the droplet such as pressure and velocity.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
On the derivation of the bell-hirota representation of the partition function for interacting bosons☆

Abstract A simple representation of the partition function for interacting bosons was derived by Bell and Hirota. They used methods of second quantization, and the equivalence between Matsubara averages and averages over Gaussian random functions, which was pointed out by Bogoliubov. We give a derivation of this representation which entirely by-passes the formalism of second quantization, and uses methods of functional calculus only.
Charge-Coupled Device Fluorescence Detection for Capillary-Zone Electrophoresis (CCD-CZE)

This paper describes a new instrument system combining capillary-zone electrophoresis (CZE) separation and charge-coupled device (CCD) fluorescence detection. The performance of this CCD-CZE system is evaluated and compared with the performance of a photomultiplier tube (PMT) detector, with the use of signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio and acquisition time as measures of performance. The feasibility of on-column fluorescence spectrometric detection is demonstrated, and a three-dimensional electrophorogram is presented to show the spectral and time resolution obtained by injection of 2 femtomoles (5 nanoliters of 4.0 × 10−7 M) of fluorescein into the capillary column. The software uses a "peak sum" method to achieve optimum S/N ration. The limit of optical detection (LOD) for this system is 4 attomoles (4 × 10-18 mole) of fluorescein, with a CCD integration time of only 0.2 s. If the fluorescence signal were integrated for 4 s on the CCD, an LOD of less than 1 attomole could be achieved for fluorescein. A 4-s integration time would still permit three complete spectra during the 30-s elution time of the sample.
Cation radicals of organosulphur compounds.

1. Biological and biomimetic oxidations of thioethers are reviewed.2. γ-Radiolysis, pulse radiolysis, photochemical, chemical, and electrochemical methods for generating sulphur cation radicals are discussed and exemplified.3. The major reactions of sulphur cation radicals: nucleophilic attack, electron transfer, decarboxylation, reaction with O2, C-S, C-C, and α-C-M bond cleavages, sulphur abstraction, and rearrangements are presented.
Social Justice: Outcome and Procedure

A review of recent research demonstrates that people are more willing to accept decisions when they feel that those decisions are made through decision-making procedures they view as fair. Studies of procedural justice judgements further suggest that people evaluate fairness primarily through criteria that can be provided to all the parties to a conflict: whether there are opportunities to participate; whether the authorities are neutral; the degree to which people trust the motives of the authorities; and whether people are treated with dignity and respect during the process. These findings are optimistic and suggest that authorities have considerable ability to bridge differences and interests and values through the use of fair decision-making procedures. The limits to the effectiveness of such procedural approaches are also outlined. Une recension des recherches recentes montre que les gens sont prets a accepter des decisions quand ils sentent que ces decisions sont prises a la suite d'une procedure de...
Activation of the phosphorothionate insecticide parathion by rat brain insitu

The ability of the rat brain to activate the phosphorothionate insecticide parathion to its potent anticholinesterase metabolite paraoxon insitu was observed by ligating the posterior portion of the circulatory system and thus removing the liver from the circulation. Under these conditions no acetylcholinesterase inhibition was observed in 15 min at a dosage of parathion (nominally 2.4 mg/kg) which yielded 95% inhibition when the liver was in the circulation. However, at a higher dose (nominally 48 mg/kg) there was substantial (about 70%) inhibition of brain acetylcholinesterase after 15 min, suggesting that the brain does have the ability to activate parathion in the intact situation.
Digital Television in Europe and Japan

The decision of the FCC in the United States to select an all-digital HDTV system was a surprise to HDTV supporters in Europe and Japan. Both had adopted hybrid systems with both analog and digital features. Western Europe was quicker than Japan to move away from its previous arrangements. It dropped HD-MAC in June 1993 and moved on to create the Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) group to support digital television. It also responded by increasing EU support for wide-screen standard definition television programming and manufacturing. In Japan, NHK and its allies strongly resisted the idea of abandoning MUSE Hi-Vision but some of the major consumer electronics manufacturers and the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications (MPT) wanted to speed up the transition to an all-digital HDTV system. NHK was able to delay adoption of all-digital HDTV approach until mid 1997. In this paper, I consider these two stories separately, and then try to explain the differences in the reactions of the two regions
Optimal Clustering of Time Periods for Electricity Demand-Side Management

Several pure binary integer optimization models are developed for clustering time periods by similarity for electricity utilities seeking assistance with pricing strategies. The models include alternative objectives for characterizing various notions of within-cluster distances, admit as feasible only clusters that are contiguous, and allow for circularity, where time periods at the beginning and end of the planning cycle may be in the same cluster. Restrictions upon cluster size may conveniently be included without the need of additional constraints. The models are populated with a real-world dataset of electricity usage for 93 buildings and solutions and run-times attained by conventional optimization software are compared with those by dynamic programming, or by a greedy algorithm applicable to one of the models, that run in polynomial time. The results provide time-of-use segments that an electricity utility may employ for selective pricing for peak and off-peak time periods to influence demand for the purpose of load leveling.
Design of an implantable power supply for an intraocular sensor, using POWER (power optimization for wireless energy requirements)

Abstract The reduction in size and power usage of MEMS (microelectromechanical systems) devices has enabled development of fully implantable medical devices [K.D. Wise, IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Magaz. 24(5) (2005) 22–29], though major obstacles remain in developing devices of very small scale (
Influences of increased expression of the Ca2+ ATPase of the sarcoplasmic reticulum by a transgenic approach on cardiac contractility.

: Congestive heart failure is a significant clinical problem and leads to abnormalities in Ca2+ transients and to decreases in the level of the Ca2+ ATPase of the sarcoplasmic reticulum according to reports to some investigators. The Ca2+ ATPase of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SERCA2) contributes in an important manner to diastolic Ca2+ lowering and relaxation of the heart. To determine the contractile alterations resulting from increased SERCA2 expression, we generated transgenic mice overexpressing a rat SERCA2 transgene. In these mice, SERCA2 mRNA was increased 2.6-fold, the relative synthesis rate of SERCA2 protein 1.8-fold, and SERCA2 protein levels 1.2-fold. Functional analysis of Ca2+ handling and contractile parameters in isolated cardiac myocytes indicated that the intracellular Ca2+ decline and myocyte relengthening were each accelerated by 22-23%. In addition, studies in isolated papillary muscles showed that the time to half-maximal post-rest potentiation was significantly shorter, hinting at an increased Ca2+ loading of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Furthermore, in vivo cardiac functional studies demonstrated a significant accelerated contraction and relaxation in SERCA2 transgenic mice. We also cloned a SERCA2 transgene and mutants of the phospholamban gene into E1 deleted replication-deficient human adenovirus 5 viral vectors and infected cardiac myocytes. In the cardiac myocytes, endogenous SERCA2 levels were decreased by PMA treatment. Infection of such myocytes with a SERCA2 expressing adenovirus could reconstitute the Ca2+ transient, and augmented oxalate facilitated SERCA2 Ca2+ uptake. In addition, phospholamban mutants with changes of basic to acidic amino acids in the cytoplasmic domain increased SERCA2 activity by 30-35%. These findings, therefore, suggest that increased SERCA2 activity can be achieved by increasing SERCA2 levels or by expressing phospholamban mutants. Increased SERCA2 activity can lead to significant enhancements of Ca2+ transients and myocardial contractility.
Optimal partitioning of ultrasonic data for fatigue damage detection

This paper presents an analytical tool for online fatigue damage detection in polycrystalline alloys that are commonly used in mechanical structures. The underlying theory is built upon symbolic dynamic filtering (SDF) that optimally partitions time series data for feature extraction and pattern classification. The proposed method has been experimentally validated on a fatigue test apparatus that is equipped with ultrasonics sensors and a traveling optical microscope for fatigue damage detection.
Ultrastructural examination of the somatic innervation of ventrotubercular cells in the rat.

Ventrotubercular cells are multipolar cells in the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN) that project a collateral axon to the ipsilateral dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN). These cells are thought to be involved in sensitizing DCN output neurons to spectral shapes that represent the location of a sound source in space. The present report focused on the neuronal composition of this pathway. Intracellular labeling studies in cats and mice have described two types of ventrotubercular cells (Smith and Rhode [1989] J Comp Neurol. 282:595–626; Oertel et al. [1990] J Comp Neurol. 295:136–154). In cats, one difference between the two classes is that type I multipolar neurons have fewer than 35% of their somata apposed by terminals, whereas type II cells have greater than 70% apposition values. Intracellular recordings from single cells, however, are difficult and thus limit the yield of data. We investigated whether a two-component description of the ventrotubercular pathway was representative of a larger population. This issue was addressed by retrogradely labeling ventrotubercular neurons with an extracellular injection of biotinylated dextran amine into the DCN of rats. These injections labeled many VCN neurons, thus providing a more complete view of the pathway than previous studies. Thirty-eight labeled cells were selected for electron microscopic analysis with respect to their location, cell body size, and ultrastructural morphology. We observed labeled type I and type II neurons, but unlike ventrotubercular cells in cats, many of these neurons in rats (17 of 38 cells) had appositions between 35% and 70%. On the basis of this analysis, a third class of ventrotubercular cell, called the adendritic neuron, was revealed. Adendritic neurons have small somata with many filopodial appendages, no observable dendrites, and high percentage of terminal appositions (80%). The results demonstrated that the ventrotubercular pathway in the rat is diverse. J. Comp. Neurol. 459:77–89, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Indexing terms: auditory system; electron microscopy; hearing; multipolar cells
On the use of a Gaussian beam to isolate the edge scattering from a plate of finite size

Free-space focused beam measurement systems are sometimes used to illuminate an edge of a sample under investigation while observing the scattering response. Typically, these kinds of measurements are performed to try to categorize the scattering from an edge of a material. Therefore, in this paper, a study is performed to obtain guidelines for the conditions under which the scattering of the beam is almost completely determined by the illuminated edge; that is, there is negligible scattering due to other physical structure immediately outside of the spot of the beam. The guidelines are obtained by comparing edge scattering due to a Gaussian beam incident on an infinitesimally thin, perfectly conducting plate with the edge scattering due to the same beam incident on an infinitesimally thin, perfectly conducting half-plane. The half-plane can be viewed as the ideal object for studying edge scattering because it contains only one edge. So the comparison between the plate and the half-plane determines the effect of the additional edges of the plate on the scattered field.
A hybrid approach to space power control utilizing expert systems and numerical techniques

The feasibility of combining the advantages of conventional control processing techniques with an expert system for space power system control is discussed. The results reported here focus on diagnostic evaluation and control of specific components and assemblies in the Rocketdyne Space Power Laboratory. Operating data and failure mode analyses are used to formulate the initial object-oriented rule base for the expert system running under the Nexpert operating shell. Online tests in the laboratory environment have been encouraging, demonstrating that the interface necessary for cooperative operation between a central controlling processor and an expert system is feasible. >