cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A new source formulation for FDTD simulation of high‐frequency integrated circuits with and without ground planes

A newoltage source formulation for FDTD is reported in this article. By stimulating theoltage source right in the plane of the strip line, this new source formulation can be used in the simulation of a wideariety of high-frequency integrated circuits, including those without ground planes. Compared with existing source formulations, the new source formulation is also relatiely simple for most circuit simula- tions, because, since its relation to the actual sourceoltage is fairly straightforward. In addition to numerical calculations to show thealida- tion, we present in this article the applications of this method in adanced high-frequency integrated circuits such as quasioptical diode array and coplanar waeguide nonlinear transmission lines. Q 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 14: 321)324, 1997.
Surface photovoltage measurements on cadmium sulfide

Abstract Surface photovoltage measurements on conducting crystals of cadmium sulfide show that, at equilibrium, there is a difference in potential between the surface and the bulk of 0.2 to 0.3 eV. This is due to adsorbed oxygen which forms charged acceptor states on the surface. The adsorption is a reversible process and the oxygen may be removed by replacing the air ambient with an inert gas such as nitrogen. The density of charged surface states on typical conducting crystals is 1 × 10 11 per cm 2 . On high resistance photoconducting crystals there is no detectable density of charged surface states. There is, however, a measurable photovoltage which is apparently due to the Dember effect. A model is proposed for the surface states which accounts for the observed behavior.
Binsorting on hypercubes with d-port communication

Three sorting algorithms are given for hypercubes with d-port communication. All of these algorithms are based on binsort at the global level. The binsort allows the movement of keys among nodes to be performed by a d-port complete exchange rather than a sequence of l-port exchanges as in other algorithms. This lowers communication costs by at least a factor of d compared to other sorting algorithms. The first algorithm assumes the keys are uniformly distributed and selects bin boundaries based on the global maximum and minimum keys. The other two algorithms make no assumption about the distribution of keys and so they sample the keys before the binsort in order to estimate their distribution. Splitting keys based on that estimate reduce the variance among the lengths of the subsequences left in the nodes after the complete exchange of bins which in turn helps to balance the computational load in each node. The performance of two of these algorithms on an FPS T-40 is given for data of various distributions and is compared to the performance of bitonic sort and hyperquicksort.
Small-scale auroral arc distortions

Small scale spatially periodic auroral arc distortion observations, using low light level TV reception
Electronic and Spectroscopic Studies of the Non-Heme Reduced Binuclear Iron Sites of Two Ribonucleotide Reductase Variants: Comparison to Reduced Methane Monooxygenase and Contributions to O2 Reactivity

Circular dichroism (CD), magnetic circular dichroism (MCD), and variable-temperature variablefield (VTVH) MCD have been used to probe the biferrous active site of two variants of ribonucleotide reductase. The aspartate to glutamate substitution (R2-D84E) at the binuclear iron site modifies the endogenous ligand set of ribonucleotide reductase to match that of the binuclear center in the hydroxylase component of methane monooxygenase (MMOH). The crystal structure of chemically reduced R2-D84E suggests that the active-site structure parallels that of MMOH. However, CD, MCD, and VTVH MCD data combined with spin-Hamiltonian analysis of reduced R2-D84E indicate a different coordination environment relative to reduced MMOH, with no mu-(1,1)(eta(1),eta(2)) carboxylate bridge. To further understand the variations in geometry of the active site, which lead to differences in reactivity, density functional theory (D T) calculations have been carried out to identify active-site structures for R2-wt and R2-D84E consistent with these spectroscopic data. The effects of varying the ligand set, positions of bound and free waters, and additional protein constraints on the geometry and energy of the binuclear site of both R2-wt and variant R2s are also explored to identify the contributions to their structural differences and their relation to reduced MMOH.
NONENZYMIC BROWNING IN A SYNTHETIC ORANGE‐FLAVORED DRINK

Storage resistance of a powdered synthetic orange-flavored drink (OFD) to nonenzymic browning as measured by formation of three browning products at 38°C was compared with that for natural instant orange juice (IOJ). OFD was freeze dried to afford a homogenous OFD mixture comparable to IOJ and its storage stability was compared with that of IOJ. Although OFD was more resistant than IOJ to nonenzymic browning when OFD had a lower moisture level than IOJ, at the same moisture level, OFD was no more stable. This indicated that the greater storage stability of OFD is due to its lower moisture content, rather than to its discrete separation of components which might retard sugaracid reactions.
Conformational Flexibility Mediates Resistance of HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase to Nonucleoside Inhibitors

HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) plays a critical role in the HIV lifecycle and is a major drug target. Although nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) have proven effective anti-AIDS drugs, NNRTI resistance mutations appear frequently in patient populations and represent a continuing challenge in the treatment of AIDS. K103N is a common NNRTI resistance mutation that conveys high levels of resistance to multiple NNRTIs including the widely used drug efavirenz (EFV). Because NNRTIs are allosteric inhibitors, mechanisms of both inhibition and resistance may be mediated by conformational dynamics.Hydrogen/deuterium exchange reveals that the K103N mutation increases the structural flexibility of RT in portions of the polymerase domain of the p66 subunit, which contains the polymerase active site and the NNRTI binding pocket. We also find increased flexibility in parts of the RNAse H domain. Previous H/D exchange studies showed that EFV binding induced significant long-range suppression of molecular flexibility in wild-type RT, suggesting that this rigidification may contribute to NNRTI inhibition. In K103N, EFV binding has negligible effects on molecular flexibility except in the immediate vicinity of the binding site. As a result, K103N-EFV complex is more flexible than wild type-EFV complex throughout most of the structure, including regions thought to be essential for DNA translocation. EFV binding studies by equilibrium dialysis show that, while the binding affinity of the drug is reduced by a factor of 3 for K103N RT compared to wild type, K103N RT is saturated with EFV under the conditions of the H/D exchange experiments. We propose that the retention of essential molecular mobility even when bound to inhibitor contributes to NNRTI resistance in K103N. Our findings suggest that conformational flexibility may play a role in the resistance of other RT mutants to NNRTIs.
Clinical assessment of DSM-IV anxiety disorders in fragile X syndrome: prevalence and characterization.

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common form of inherited intellectual disability (ID). Anxiety and social withdrawal are considered core features of the FXS phenotype, yet there is limited diagnostic evidence of the prevalence of formal anxiety disorders in FXS. This study assessed the prevalence of anxiety disorders in a sample of 58 males and 39 females with FXS (ages 5.0–33.3 years). Participants’ parents completed the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule (ADIS-IV), a clinical interview based on DSM-IV criteria, and the Anxiety Depression and Mood Scale (ADAMS), a psychiatric disorders screening instrument normed in ID. We conducted cognitive (IQ) and autism (AUT) assessments and surveyed medication use. Despite a high rate of psychopharmacological treatment, 86.2% of males and 76.9% of females met criteria for an anxiety disorder, with social phobia and specific phobia the most commonly diagnosed. Proband status, gender, and IQ were not significantly related to any anxiety disorders, however significantly higher rates of a few anxiety disorders were found in older age and AUT groups. Significant correlations between ADIS diagnoses and ADAMS scores provided cross-validation of instruments, indicating that the ADIS is suitable for use in FXS. A greater percentage of our sample met criteria for most anxiety disorders than has been reported in other ID groups or the general population. The rate of anxiety compared to general ID suggests that the FMR1 full mutation confers an especially high risk for these disorders, regardless of factors commonly associated with FXS clinical involvement. A thorough clinical assessment and treatment of anxiety should be included in the FXS standard of care.
Saline-Cooled Versus Standard Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation for Infarct-Related Ventricular Tachycardias

Background—Saline cooling of the electrode during radiofrequency (RF) ablation increases lesion size in animal models. If cooled RF also increases lesion size in human infarcts, it should facilitate the termination of ventricular tachycardia (VT). Methods and Results—In 66 patients with VT due to prior infarction, 366 ablation sites, which were classified by entrainment and isolated potentials followed by ablation during VT with either standard RF energy (247 sites) or cooled RF (119 sites), were retrospectively reviewed to compare the efficacy for terminating VT. RF energy was applied at 259 isthmus sites, 62 bystander sites, 28 inner loop sites, and 17 outer loop sites. Compared with standard RF, cooled RF terminated VT more frequently at isthmus sites where an isolated potential was present (89% versus 54%, P=0.003), isthmus sites without an isolated potential (36% versus 21%, P=0.04), and at inner loop sites (60% versus 22%, P=0.04). Termination rates were similarly low for cooled and standard RF at b...
The effect of hydroxylamine on the rejoining of X-ray-induced chromatid breaks in Vicia faba

Abstract Hydroxylamine produces significant levels of chromosomal breakage in plant and animal cells. Pursuant to treatment of plant root cells with this agent is the observation of little or no reunion of broken chromosome ends. The nature of the cytological effects of hydroxylamine has made it possible to study its influence on the production and rejoining of X-ray-induced chromosomal breaks. Lateral roots of Viccia faba were treated with 10 −3 M hydroxylamine alone and in combination with X-rays, including fractionated dose exposures. Hydroxylamine was employed in a phosphate buffer at pH 6.75, and administered to the roots for one hour. Analyses of chromatid breaks and aberrations at metaphase of mitosis were made with respect to their frequencies and to the patterns of reunion of the broken ends. A few chromosome-type aberrations were observed. An apparently synergistic effect is produced by combined treatment, and, of greater significance, the reunion of broken ends of chromosomes is reduced considerably below that found with X-ray treatment alone. Reunion of isochromatid deletions was confined to either the distal (SUd) or proximal (SUp) ends, with many showing no reunion (NUpd). Of particular interest was the absence of complete reunion in a number of exchange aberrations. When a dose of 200 R was divided into two equal fractions of 100 R each and separated by an interval of one hour, differences in aberration frequencies were observed according to the conditions imposed during the interval. The presence of hydroxylamine between the two doses gave rise to an aberration frequency considerably higher than that found when the roots were held in water between X-ray exposures. This result provides strong support for the conclusion that hydroxylamine inhibits the rejoining events. Hydroxylamine, therefore not only causes chromosomal breaks, but also inhibts their rejoining. The mechanism of rejoining inhibition may involve some alteration of enzyme activity necessary for restitution and reunion and/or an impairement of DNA synthesis but no direct information is yet available to support these possibilities.
Experimental and Computational Induced Aerodynamics from Missile Jet Reaction Controls at Angles of Attack to 75 Degrees

An investigation was conducted in the Langley 16-Foot Transonic Tunnel to determine induced aerodynamic effects from jet reaction controls of an advanced air-to-air missile concept. The 75-percent scale model featured independently controlled reaction jets located near the nose and tail of the model. Aerodynamic control was provided by four fins located near the tail of the model. This investigation was conducted at Mach numbers of 0.35 and 0.60, at angles of attack up to 75 deg and at nozzle pressure ratios up to 90. Jet-reaction thrust forces were not measured by the force balance but jet-induced forces were. In addition, a multiblock three-dimensional Navier-Stokes method was used to calculate the flowfield of the missile at angles of attack up to 40 deg. Results indicate that large interference effects on pitching moment were induced from operating the nose jets with the the off. Excellent correlation between experimental and computational pressure distributions and pitching moment were obtained a a Mach number of 0.35 and at angles of attack up to 40 deg.
Ultrastructural characteristics of rat peritoneal mast cells undergoing differential release of serotonin without histamine and without degranulation

Rat mast cells pretreated with the tricyclic antidepressant drug amitriptyline and stimulated with compound 48/80 secreted 60% of the total serotonin present in the cells, but only 15% of histamine, another amine stored in the same granules. Ultrastructural studies demonstrated that mast cells undergoing such differential release do not exhibit classical degranulation by compound sequential exocytosis. However, there were changes in granule shape and size, as well as alterations in many morphometric parameters consistent with secretion. Storage granules lost their homogeneity, exhibited greatly reorganized matrix and were surrounded by clear spaces which were often associated with small (0.1–0.01 μm) cytoplasmic vesicles, some of which contained electron-dense material. Secretory granules often had bud-like protrusions or were fused together in series. Quantitative autoradiography localized 3H-serotonin outside the storage granules, close to small vesicles, while staining with ruthenium red demonstrated that vesicular structures associated with differential release were not endocytotic. These results suggest that amitriptyline may inhibit regular exocytosis and permit at least serotonin to be moved selectively from storage granules to the cytosol or small vesicles from which it is eventually released.
Automatic classification of activities in classroom discourse

Classroom discourse is the primary medium through which teaching and learning occur. Managed skillfully, it can provide an opportunity for students to develop their understanding and to profit from the ideas of their peers and the teacher. Yet it is difficult for teachers to be mindful of the nature and distribution of classroom discourse at the same time as they juggle other instructional concerns. It is possible to record, transcribe, and analyze classroom discourse, but it is not possible to do this quickly enough to give a teacher timely feedback. We report on the development and validation of an automated system for recording and analyzing aspects of classroom discourse that can result in timely feedback. Based on the LENA system, it aims to identify three common discourse activities: teacher lecturing, whole class discussion and student group work. The system consists of a speech processing module (diarisation performed by the LENA system) and an activity detection module that detects the discourse activities by using classification analysis. Results showed that our automatic detection of discourse activities converged well with those of human coders. The system enables timely and relatively inexpensive generation of a classroom discourse profile, which helps teachers to visualize and potentially improve their classroom discourse management skills.
Mapping the Type I Collagen-binding Site on Pigment Epithelium-derived Factor IMPLICATIONS FOR ITS ANTIANGIOGENIC ACTIVITY

Abstract Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), a neurotrophic and antiangiogenic serpin, is identified in tissues rich in collagen, e.g. cornea, vitreous, bone, and cartilage. We show that recombinant human PEDF formed complexes with collagens from the bovine cornea and vitreous. We have examined the direct binding of PEDF to collagen I and found that interactions were ionic in nature and occurred when PEDF and collagen I were both in solution, when either one was immobilized, or even when collagen I was denatured under reducing conditions. 125I-PEDF bound to immobilized collagen I in a saturable fashion (K D = 123 nm). Compared with neurotrophic PEDF-derived peptides, ovalbumin and angiogenic inhibitors, only full-length PEDF competed efficiently with 125I-PEDF for the binding to immobilized collagen I (EC50 = 3 μg/ml). The collagen-binding region was analyzed using controlled proteolysis and chemically modified PEDF. Cleavage of the serpin exposed loop did not prevent binding to collagen I. Conjugation of lysines with fluorescein increased the collagen binding affinity. However, treatment of PEDF with 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide abolished it, implicating the PEDF aspartic and/or glutamic acid residues in its interaction with collagen I. A negatively charged region on the surface of the PEDF molecule is rich in acidic residues (Glu41, Glu42, Glu43, Asp44, Asp64, Asp256, Asp258, Glu290, Glu291, Glu296, Asp300, Glu304) available to interact directly with positively charged areas of collagen. This represents the first collagen-binding site described for a serpin, which in PEDF, is distinct from its heparin-binding region, neurotrophic active site, and its serpin exposed loop. The collagen-binding property of PEDF may play a role in surface localization and modulation of its antiangiogenic effects in the eye and bone.
Global economic crisis: boon or bust for East Asian trade integration?

Abstract Political economists have long noted that the prospects for trade liberalization diminish in a climate of economic recession. A stagnant economy intensifies the burden of adjustment for non-competitive sectors and polarizes domestic trade politics. Not surprisingly, the global financial crisis has raised concerns of a substantial protectionist backlash, through the imposition of national measures that circumvent WTO disciplines such as anti-dumping or tied stimulus packages. The impact of economic crisis on regional integration is, however, more ambiguous and has not been explored systematically. On the one hand, policymakers may be pressed to renege on trade liberalization commitments on all fronts – also weakening the momentum to negotiate or implement free trade agreements (FTAs). On the other hand, policymakers may be tempted to ‘insulate’ their region from adverse global trends and may see FTAs as more amenable to political manipulation that shelters inefficient sectors. In order to shed lig...
Industrial gas turbine combustion performance test of DME to use as an alternative fuel for power generation

DME (dimethyl ether, CH3OCH3) is both a good alternative fuel for transportation and power generation and an LPG substitute owing to its cleanliness, multi-source productivity and the ease with which it is transported. This study was conducted to verify whether DME is a good fuel for gas turbines and to identify potential problems in fuelling a commercial gas turbine with DME. In this study, the GE7EA gas turbine of the Pyong-tak power plant in Korea was selected as the target of DME application. Combustion performance tests were conducted by comparing DME with methane, which is a major component of natural gas. Most results of the combustion performance tests show that DME is very clean and efficient fuel for gas turbines. However, other results have shown that it is necessary to retrofit a fuel nozzle to the combustor in consideration of the combustion properties of DME in order to enhance the availability and reliability of DME fired gas turbines.
Programming with sequences

Programming can be done using procedural definitions or functional definitions. Procedures involve variables and dynamic concepts and are not the natural tools for defining computations. This dynamism of procedural programs is a hindrance to program productivity and program reliability. Functions are natural means of defining computations and do not involve variables, though their recursive formulations may be as bad as dynamic procedural iterations. An alternative style of programming is proposed here for defining functions without using recursion. This style uses abstract sequences defined using recurrence relations. It is shown that the abstract sequences aid reasoning about programs as their properties can be shown using elementary induction principles. They correspond to the trajectories of procedural programs in their state spaces and so can also be used to semantically characterize procedural loops.
The preface to Lyrical Ballads:Poetics, poor laws, and the bold experiments of 1797–1802

(1997). The preface to Lyrical Ballads:Poetics, poor laws, and the bold experiments of 1797–1802. Nineteenth-Century Contexts: Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 287-311.
Evidence for singlet oxygen-induced cross-links and aggregation of collagen.

Abstract Singlet oxygen, generated by a hematoporphyrin-photosensitized reaction, was shown to cause insolubilization and an increase in molecular weight of acid soluble type I collagen and vitreous collagen as manifested in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. No such changes in the molecular properties of collagen could he observed when the irradiation was carried out in the presence of sodium azide, a singlet oxygen quencher. The increase in molecular weight and insolubilization of the collagen solution was attributed to extensive cross-links in the protein molecules.
Nonperturbative theory of temperature‐dependent optical dephasing in crystals. IV. Microscopic model for pseudolocal phonons

We continue our study of the optical dephasing of impurities by phonons. The pure dephasing contribution to the homogeneous linewidth is calculated to all orders in the excitation–phonon interaction. We introduce a microscopic model for the pseudolocal phonon spectral density when the impurity is in the ground electronic state. This microscopic model improves upon our previous phenomenological model. The model is applied to several experimental systems—in all cases, the theoretical results provide a reasonably accurate description of the temperature‐dependent linewidth with no adjustable parameters.
VARIATION IN HYDRA'S TENTACLE NUMBERS AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE

Chlorohydra uiridissima whose tentacle number is altered at different temperatures, was studied to see how other developmental variables changed as a function of temperature. The results suggest that temperature is instrumental in establishing the size of bud and tentacle primordia, but the number of primordia present may play a limiting role. Animals were cultured at 18, 23 and 28°C and shifted between the extreme temperatures. Large animals with 8 tentacles, small animals with 5 tentacles, and intermediate animals with 6 and 7 tentacles served as parents. Buds and parents were monitored daily and scored for numbers of buds and tentacles. Temperature, not parental size, determined the size of the buds. At the lower temperature buds were produced more slowly and initiated less frequently, but occurred in greater numbers per parent and had more tentacles than at the higher temperatures. The duration of bud development also increased at lower temperature, but at the lowest temperature the duration of bud de...
Primary productivity in the central equatorial Pacific (3°S 130°W) during GasEx‐2001

[1] Measurements of chlorophyll concentration, phytoplankton productivity, and nutrient dynamics were made during the GasEx‐2001 cruise to the equatorial Pacific in February 2001. During the core measurement period of the experiment, a parcel of water was tracked over a 16‐day period in order to close the mixed layer carbon budget. Chlorophyll concentration averaged 0.16 mg m−3 and integrated mixed layer primary productivity increased from 10 to 50 mmolC m−2 d−1, concomitant with a shoaling of the thermocline. The mean f ratio (ratio of new to primary production) decreased from 0.17 at the surface to 0.04 at 60 m, and the ratio of silicate to nitrate uptake by phytoplankton was 0.8. These results are close to or slightly lower than climatological values, and are consistent with moderate productivity in an iron‐silicate co‐limited environment. Fast repetition rate (FRR) fluorometry indicated that the effects of iron limitation increased with distance from the equator, the origin of upwelled iron. Measured chlorophyll concentrations were used to calculate the attenuation of solar irradiance, which facilitated a more accurate simulation of mixed layer temperature in a separate physical study. The productivity data presented here were incorporated into a carbon budget of the mixed layer, which derived a gas transfer velocity in excellent agreement with direct CO2 flux measurements.
Optimal firing-angle control of cascaded HVDC converters for minimum reactive power demand

An asymmetrical firing strategy for the cascaded converters of a HVDC link is proposed, resulting in minimum reactive power compensation at both ends of the DC link. Both 6- and 12-pulse converters, in unipolar and bipolar operation, are considered. In addition to reactive power reduction, AC and DC harmonics are greatly reduced. >
Chromosomal rearrangements in a primary hepatocellular carcinoma

Chromosome analysis of cells obtained at biopsy from a 65-year-old man with primary hepatocellular carcinoma revealed characteristic abnormalities of chromosomes 1, 5, 6, 9, 13, 16, and 22 in each cell and maintenance of a pseudodiploid chromosome number (46,XY). Five of the chromosomal sites involved in these rearrangements are either in fragile site regions or in regions containing genes that encode cellular oncogenes. Some of the tumor cells manifest mitotic deviations in the form of asynchronies, spiralization, premature centromere division, and non-sister chromatid associations. The significance of these findings to hepatocellular carcinogenesis is discussed.
AEX: a DFA analysis and advisor system

The concept of designing products for low cost and easy assembly operations is explained. The general system architecture and methodology of assembly expert (AEX), knowledge-based software under development that will assist the designer optimize product design with respect to low cost and easy assembly, are described. AEX is intended as a subsystem of a general CAD system, rather than a substitute for it. Results for the prototype system and the current status of the full-scale development of AEX are reported. The prototype shows that AEX is cleanly hierarchical and easily expandable, due to the hierarchical nature of the GT code part representation used. >
Simultaneous photoreduction and microbial oxidation of iron in a stream in the New Jersey Pinelands1

Photoreduction of ferric to ferrous iron was determined in water held in bottles placed in a New Jersey Pinelands stream, although concentrations of ferrous iron in the stream itself remained below detection (15 ng ml- I). The low ambient levels of ferrous iron apparently resulted from the action of iron-oxidizing microorganisms in water and soil, as shown by a temperature optimum for, and by the inhibitory effect of sterilization upon, the disappearance of ferrous iron. Measurements of 14C0, incorporation into soil organic matter indicated that the iron-oxidizing microorganisms were not chemolithoautotrophs, but might have been iron-depositing bacteria or chemolithoheterotrophs.
Single Parenting and Child Behavior Problems in Kindergarten.

Two waves of data from a sample of 89 poor and near-poor single black mothers and their preschool children were used to study the influences of parenting stress, physical discipline practices, and nonresident fathers’ relations with their children on behavior problems in kindergarten. The results indicate that higher levels of parent stress, more frequent spanking, and less frequent father–child contact at time 1 were associated with increased teacher-reported behavior problems at time 2. In addition, more frequent contact between nonresident biological fathers and their children moderated the negative effect of harsh discipline by mothers on subsequent child behavior problems. Specifically, when contact with the father was low, maternal spanking resulted in elevated levels of behavior problems; with average contact, this negative effect of spanking was muted; and with high contact, spanking was not associated with increased behavior problems in kindergarten. The implications of these findings for future research and policy are discussed.
Confocal fluorescence microscopy for rapid evaluation of invasive tumor cellularity of inflammatory breast carcinoma core needle biopsies

Tissue sampling is a problematic issue for inflammatory breast carcinoma, and immediate evaluation following core needle biopsy is needed to evaluate specimen adequacy. We sought to determine if confocal fluorescence microscopy provides sufficient resolution to evaluate specimen adequacy by comparing invasive tumor cellularity estimated from standard histologic images to invasive tumor cellularity estimated from confocal images of breast core needle biopsy specimens. Grayscale confocal fluorescence images of breast core needle biopsy specimens were acquired following proflavine application. A breast-dedicated pathologist evaluated invasive tumor cellularity in histologic images with hematoxylin and eosin staining and in grayscale and false-colored confocal images of cores. Agreement between cellularity estimates was quantified using a kappa coefficient. 23 cores from 23 patients with suspected inflammatory breast carcinoma were imaged. Confocal images were acquired in an average of less than 2 min per core. Invasive tumor cellularity estimated from histologic and grayscale confocal images showed moderate agreement by kappa coefficient: κ = 0.48 ± 0.09 (p < 0.001). Grayscale confocal images require less than 2 min for acquisition and allow for evaluation of invasive tumor cellularity in breast core needle biopsy specimens with moderate agreement to histologic images. We show that confocal fluorescence microscopy can be performed immediately following specimen acquisition and could indicate the need for additional biopsies at the initial visit.
Molecular Simulations of Dense Hydrothermal NaCl−H2O Solutions from Subcritical to Supercritical Conditions

This research has demonstrated that simple structural and potential models can qualitatively and quantitatively predict properties in dense hydrothermal solutions of sodium chloride and water using molecular dynamics simulation. The PTρxi behavior of simulated model systems at 250 bar and 21 wt % NaCl compared favorably to experimental data from ambient to near-critical temperatures as represented by the Anderko−Pitzer equation of state. The system internal energy, including both dispersion and electrostatic contributions, was computed for a range of temperatures from 177 to 727 °C at 250 bar and found to be realistic in terms of the known thermodynamic properties of water. Radial distribution functions indicate little change in water structure from ambient to near-critical temperatures but large changes in ion association consistent with experimental observation. We found that varying system pressure from 250 to 1000 bar does not noticeably affect solution structure or ion association at subcritical cond...
Cooperative Target Tracking with Time-Varying Formation Radius

This paper extends our previous results on cooperative target tracking of a moving ground vehicle using multiple unmanned aerial vehicles with constant 2D horizontal range to a time-varying horizontal range. An early-designed guidance law that orbits one UAV around the target is modified to handle time-varying horizontal range given by a prescribed reference. Cooperative target tracking is achieved by combining two control efforts together, where one brings each UAV to orbit above the target and the other spreads all UAVs evenly on a circle. Three communication topologies are considered, i.e., an all-to-all communication, a ring topology, and a cyclic pursuit topology. The effectiveness of the proposed cooperative target tracking control laws is demonstrated by numerical simulations under the cyclic pursuit communication topology as an example.
Automating the modeling and optimization of the performance of signal transforms

Fast implementations of discrete signal transforms, such as the discrete Fourier transform (DFT), the Walsh-Hadamard transform (WHT), and the discrete trigonometric transforms (DTTs), can be viewed as factorizations of their corresponding transformation matrices. A given signal transform can have many different factorizations, with each factorization represented by a unique but mathematically equivalent formula. When implemented in code, these formulas can have significantly different running times on the same processor, sometimes differing by an order of magnitude. Further, the optimal implementations on various processors are often different. Given this complexity, a crucial problem is automating the modeling and optimization of the performance of signal transform implementations. To enable computer modeling of signal processing performance, we have developed and analyzed more than 15 feature sets to describe formulas representing specific transforms. Using some of these features and a limited set of training data, we have successfully trained neural networks to learn to accurately predict performance of formulas with error rates less than 5%. In the direction of optimization, we have developed a new stochastic evolutionary algorithm known as STEER that finds fast implementations of a variety of signal transforms. STEER is able to optimize completely new transforms specified by a user. We present results that show that STEER can find discrete cosine transform formulas that are 10-20% faster than what a dynamic programming search finds.
Novel therapeutic nano-particles (lipocores): trapping poorly water soluble compounds

The development of stable spherical lipid-coated drug particles that are termed 'lipocores' is reported here. Unlike conventional lipid-based particles (i.e. liposomes, emulsions, micelles), these particles are comprised solely of a core of a poorly water soluble drug surrounded by polyethyleneglycol conjugated lipid (PEG-lipid) and are formed via a 'kinetic' trapping process. These lipocore particles were made with the acyl chain of 16 carbon length (C16) acyl-chain derivatives of paclitaxel or vinblastine and with the polyene antifungal hamycin. Formation of the particles occurred regardless of the type of PEG-phospholipid used (i.e. acyl chain length, chain saturation, and polymer length) and could also be formed with the negatively charged lipid N-glutaryl-dioleoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE-GA). Images from both freeze-fracture electron microscopy and electron cryo-microscopy revealed solid spherical structures with no internal lamellae for the PEG-lipid particles made with the C16 derivatives of paclitaxel (BrC16-T) or vinblastine (C16-Vin). From a solute distribution study of lipocores made with BrC16-T and distearoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine-PEG2000 (DSPE-PEG2000), the particles were found to have no measurable aqueous captured volume. Fluorescence anisotropy and order parameter measurements revealed the core material of these particles to be highly immobilized. The mole ratio of BrC16-T:lipid in the lipocores was typically > 90: < 10 and as high as 98:2, and the refrigerated lipocores were stable for several months. BrC16-T/DSPE-PEG2000 lipocores of 50-100 nm particle size were far less toxic than paclitaxel (Taxol) after intraperitoneally (i.p.) or intravenously (i.v.) administration in mice and were active against i.p. and subcutaneously (s.c.) planted human (OvCar3) ovarian carcinoma grown in SCID mice. It is believed the high drug:lipid ratio, the stability, and therapeutic efficacy of these novel particles make them a paradigm for delivery of poorly water soluble drugs and/or their hydrophobic derivatives.
Assessing Empathy in Salvadoran High-Risk and Gang-Involved Adolescents and Young Adults: A Spanish Validation of the Basic Empathy Scale

Empathy is considered a key construct in the empirical study of high-risk adolescent and young adult delinquency, crime, and violence. This study examined the psychometric properties and criterion-related validity of a Spanish adaptation of the Basic Empathy Scale (BES), which is an important measure designed to capture both affective and cognitive empathy that has been validated in multiple languages but not in Spanish. The study's sample consisted of 208 high-risk and gang-involved adolescents and young adults in the Greater San Salvador Metropolitan Area. The original BES was reduced from its 20-item design to a more culturally appropriate 7-item design. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis and criterion-related validity analysis indicate that the adapted BES is a valid and reliable multidimensional measure of empathy for high-risk Salvadoran adolescents and young adults. Consistent with previous findings, females reported lower levels of empathy than males and delinquent/violent respondents reported lower levels of empathy than their nonoffender counterparts.
The Denver Conference and Beyond

After the correction of the human diploid number by Tjio and Levan, several teams of cytologists began to analyze the human karyotype in detail and to propose nomenclature systems. I was not involved in this type of activity until Albert Levan spent six months in my laboratory in 1959. It was a real pleasure to work with Albert because he is not only a great cytologist but also a wonderful person. With only one functional eye, he is more observant with a microscope than any cytologist I know, and is extremely meticulous in his work. He would never take a photograph to measure the chromosomes from an enlarged print. Rather, he would move each chromosome to the center of the viewfield and measure its camera lucida image to minimize spherical aberration from the optics. At the time of his visit, I happened to have a skin fibroblast line from a normal boy, a son of a mongoloid woman. We therefore used the cells for karyotype analysis and proposed our nomenclature system.
The Biotic Relationships within Water Blooms

The sequence of algae blooms in an aquatic environment with periods of nearly unispecific conditions at certain times is discussed. It is pointed out that even in sewage stabilization ponds where there is an excess of the usually considered nutrients present such sequences of algae also occur. The rapid replacement of the dominant species by minor species when the former is removed by toxic chemical treatment of the water is considered to indicate the controlling factor for dominance of one species over others is very short-lived in the absence of the particular alga.
Identification and prioritization of candidate genes for symptom variability in breast cancer survivors based on disease characteristics at the cellular level

Research is beginning to suggest that the presence and/or severity of symptoms reported by breast cancer survivors may be associated with disease-related factors of cancer. In this article, we present a novel approach to the identification and prioritization of biologically plausible candidate genes to investigate relationships between genomic variation and symptom variability in breast cancer survivors. Cognitive dysfunction is utilized as a representative breast cancer survivor symptom to elucidate the conceptualization of and justification for our cellular, disease-based approach to address symptom variability in cancer survivors. Initial candidate gene identification was based on genes evaluated as part of multigene expression profiles for breast cancer, which are commonly used in the clinical setting to characterize the biology of cancer cells for the purpose of describing overall tumor aggressiveness, prognostication, and individualization of therapy. A list of genes evaluated within five multigene expression profiles for breast cancer was compiled. In order to prioritize candidate genes for investigation, genes used in each profile were compared for duplication. Twenty-one genes (BAG1, BCL2, BIRC5, CCNB1, CENPA, CMC2, DIAPH3, ERBB2, ESR1, GRB7, MELK, MKI67, MMP11, MYBL2, NDC80, ORC6, PGR, RACGAP1, RFC4, RRM2, and SCUBE2) are utilized in two or more profiles, including five genes (CCNB1, CENPA, MELK, MYBL2, and ORC6) used in three profiles. To ensure that the parsimonious 21 gene set is representative of the more global biological hallmarks of cancer, an Ingenuity Pathway Analysis was conducted. Evaluation of genes known to impact pathways involved with cancer development and progression provide a means to evaluate the overlap between the biological underpinnings of cancer and symptom development within the context of cancer.
Sort-seq under the hood: implications of design choices on large-scale characterization of sequence-function relations

Sort-seq is an effective approach for simultaneous activity measurements in a large-scale library, combining flow cytometry, deep sequencing, and statistical inference. Such assays enable the characterization of functional landscapes at unprecedented scale for a wide-reaching array of biological molecules and functionalities in vivo. Applications of sort-seq range from footprinting to establishing quantitative models of biological systems and rational design of synthetic genetic elements. Nearly as diverse are implementations of this technique, reflecting key design choices with extensive impact on the scope and accuracy the results. Yet how to make these choices remains unclear. Here we investigate the effects of alternative sort-seq designs and inference methods on the information output using mathematical formulation and simulations. We identify key intrinsic properties of any system of interest with practical implications for sort-seq assays, depending on the experimental goals. The fluorescence range and cell-to-cell variability specify the number of sorted populations needed for quantitative measurements that are precise and unbiased. These factors also indicate cases where an enrichment-based approach that uses a single sorted population can offer satisfactory results. These predications of our model are corroborated using re-analysis of published data. We explore implications of these results for quantitative modeling and library design. Sort-seq assays can be streamlined by reducing the number of sorted populations, saving considerable resources. Simple preliminary experiments can guide optimal experiment design, minimizing cost while maintaining the maximal information output and avoiding latent biases. These insights can facilitate future applications of this highly adaptable technique.
Does Extreme Weather Drive Interregional Brain Drain in the U.S.?: Evidence from a Sorting Model

Previous studies have identified mean temperature as an important factor in household location choice, but no study has measured the impact of extreme weather on U.S. interregional brain drain. We estimate a residential sorting model to examine the effects of extreme weather on heterogeneous household location choices across the United States. We find that college graduates are more sensitive to extreme temperatures and are willing to pay more than other demographic groups to avoid hot weather. In light of predicted increases in extreme heat days in the West and Southwest, these areas may be at risk of significant human capital loss.
Weighing the Influences: Advice Seeking During Residency Training

Background: Observational data and ad hoc opinions suggest that advice seeking as a response to clinical uncertainty is central to residency culture. However, little is documented regarding this behavior or its impact upon patient care. Objective: To examine how medical residents seek advice when faced with clinical uncertainty in the inpatient setting. Methods: We conducted audiotaped, semistructured focus group interviews with internal medicine resident physicians to discuss facilitators and barriers to advice seeking. Transcribed interviews were analyzed using grounded theory methodology with text coded via the constant comparative method. Trustworthiness and reliability of findings were addressed using ATLAS.ti qualitative data management software and an iterative process of code development. Six focus groups were conducted with 28 residents. Results: Analysis of the focus group data revealed that residents' advice seeking is dependent upon situation-specific balances of facilitators and barriers. Three themes emerged as primary influences: formal and informal social networks, the active versus passive availability of an advisor, and perceptions of risk and benefit. Throughout the discussion was an undercurrent of residents weighing potential risks and benefits associated with advice seeking. Conclusions: Our findings suggest the need to reexamine the infrastructure of support and supervision for trainees in the inpatient academic setting. Positive correlation between team relationships and seeking advice indicates the importance of establishing interdisciplinary teams on ward rotations. The influence of availability and the physical presence of an advisor highlight the vulnerability of clinical decision making during duty periods such as night float and weekends.
Fatigue Design Load Development for Conceptual Structural Optimization

In heavy earth moving industry, a successful machine development requires the durability of structure components to meet fatigue life targets from physical tests. A good conceptual design is crucial to avoid unnecessary major changes and reduce design iterations in the later stage of product development. Many heavy machines, on the other hand, are equipped with a variety of advanced sensors to collect data of major machine operations. The typical way to obtain fatigue design loads for conceptual design exploration is based on hand calculation and historical data to capture envelopes of expected system responses, which is not accurate enough for a quality conceptual design. Therefore, a new approach of developing a fatigue design load set directly from measured load data is highly desired to increase the confidence in a conceptual design development. In this study, based on fundamental fatigue load patterns obtained from measured data, the goal is to extract a fatigue design load set which can be used in structural design explorations and optimizations. The proposed framework basically integrates the techniques from data analytics and physics based engineering mechanics to amplify and detect fundamental damaging load patterns. The extracted load patterns are transformed into fatigue design loads by solving an inverse optimization problem. A common I-section cantilever beam and an industrial large-scale hydraulic excavator boom are used as numerical demonstration of proposed method.
Manifest reality: Kant's idealism and his realism

This eagerly awaited book is an important addition to the literature on Kant's transcendental idealism and is sure to generate a lot of discussion. Drawing together her influential previous work al...