cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interactions between inducible nitric oxide synthase and heme oxygenase-1 in glomerulonephritis

Interactions between inducible nitric oxide synthase and heme activated in inflammation. Such enzymes include iNOS, oxygenase-1 in glomerulonephritis. cyclooxygenase and cytochrome P450 monooxygenases. Background. In anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) Degradation of heme by HO-1 can, therefore, limit heme nephritis, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and heme oxy- availability for synthesis or optimal activity of these en- genase (HO-1) are co-induced. Moreover, in glomerular mes- zymes. This may reduce synthesis of proinflammatory me- angial cells iNOS-derived nitric oxide (NO) production stimu- lates HO-1 while HO-1 activation reduces iNOS expression/ diators such as prostaglandins and thromboxane from activity. These observations prompted us to explore regulatory activation of cyclooxygenase and arachidonate epoxides interactions between iNOS and HO-1 in anti-GBM nephritis. from activation of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, and Methods. Rats with anti-GBM nephritis were pretreated with attenuate formation of prooxidant byproducts, that is, the iNOS inhibitor l-N 6 -(1-iminoethyl) lysine (L-NIL) or with
PERFECT STOCHASTIC SUMMATION IN HIGH ORDER FEYNMAN GRAPH EXPANSIONS

We describe a new application of an existing perfect sampling technique of Corcoran and Tweedie to estimate the self energy of an interacting Fermion model via Monte Carlo summation. Simulations suggest that the algorithm in this context converges extremely rapidly and results compare favorably to true values obtained by brute force computations for low dimensional toy problems. A variant of the perfect sampling scheme which improves the accuracy of the Monte Carlo sum for small samples is also given.
Anaerobic bioconversion of cellulose by Ruminococcus albus, Methanobrevibacter smithii, and Methanosarcina barkeri.

A system is described that combines the fermentation of cellulose to acetate, CH4, and CO2 by Ruminococcus albus and Methanobrevibacter smithii with the fermentation of acetate to CH4 and CO2 by Methanosarcina barkeri to convert cellulose to CH4 and CO2. A cellulose-containing medium was pumped into a co-culture of the cellulolytic R. albus and the H2-using methanogen, Mb. smithii. The effluent was fed into a holding reservoir, adjusted to pH 4.5, and then pumped into a culture of Ms. barkeri maintained at constant volume by pumping out culture contents. Fermentation of 1% cellulose to CH4 and CO2 was accomplished during 132 days of operation with retention times (RTs) of the Ms. barkeri culture of 7.5–3.8 days. Rates of acetate utilization were 9.5–17.3 mmol l−1 day−1 and increased with decreasing RT. The Ks for acetate utilization was 6–8 mM. The two-stage system can be used as a model system for studying biological and physical parameters that influence the bioconversion process. Our results suggest that manipulating the different phases of cellulose fermentation separately can effectively balance the pH and ionic requirements of the acid-producing phase with the acid-using phase of the overall fermentation.
Some message variables and the MUM effect.

A separate group of subjects scaled 55 messages with regard to pleasantness for a potential recipient (N = 53), desire to communicate (N = 55), obligation to communication (N = 57), and the probability with which they would communicate each (N = 56). These ratings were used to test the hypothesis that message transmission is a function of felt obligation and desire to transmit, and that felt desire and obligation to transmit, in turn, are functions (linear for desire; U-shaped for obligation) of message pleasantness for the recipient. Results indicated that transmission is a function of felt desire and obligation over all levels of message pleasantness (r= 97; p <.001); that the determinants of obligation and desire are qualitatively different for good news versus bad news messages, i.e., message pleasantness can account for desire (r=.85; p <.01) and obligation (r=.75; p <.01) among good news messages, but neither message pleasantness nor other inferred relevant parameters of messages, namely locus of cause of message, urgency of message, or ability to empathize with the recipient, could account for desire and obligation among bad news messages. Finally, greater variability was found for bad news messages than good news messages on rated probability of transmitting, felt obligation, and desire to transmit. This greater variability suggested greater norm ambiguity with respect to the handling of bad news than of good news messages.
Modeling subsolar thermospheric waves during a solar flare and penetration electric fields

Thermospheric waves occurring around the time of the 14 July 2000 solar flare were investigated using the Global Ionosphere and Thermosphere Model. The simulation results showed that extensive acoustic and gravity waves were excited by the solar flare in the subsolar region. The subsolar buoyancy period at 400 km altitude was approximately 16 min. Gravity waves with frequencies lower than the buoyancy frequency traveled from the dayside to the nightside and converged in the longitudinal region that was the antisubsolar region when the flare occurred. Acoustic waves with frequencies well above the buoyancy frequency propagated upward from approximately 130 km altitude with increasing amplitudes. The power spectra of the vertical neutral winds in the acoustic branch peaked at a period of approximately 13 min, just below the buoyancy period. The gradient in pressure was the driver of the two waves, while the ion drag caused a phase delay between the variations in the pressure gradient and the vertical velocity in the acoustic waves. An anticorrelation in the high-frequency component of the vertical neutral wind exists between the subsolar and antisubsolar points at times away from the flare, which was driven by the rapid variations of the ion flows due to the penetration electric field. It is suggested that the penetration of the high-latitude interplanetary magnetic field electric field to low latitudes can drive neutral waves in the equatorial region through momentum coupling with rapidly changing ion flows.
Phase transitions in mesophase macromolecules. VI. The transitions in poly(oxy‐2,2′‐dimethylazoxybenzene‐4,4′‐diyloxydodecanedioyl)

The transitions of poly(oxy-2,2′-dimethylazoxybenzene-4,4′-diyloxydodecanedioyl) (PDAD) have been analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry, optical microscopy, and light scattering. The mesophase glass devitrifies at 288 K [ΔCp = 220 J/K mol]. Crystallization from the liquid mesophase can be described between 322 and 362 K by an Avrami expression with an exponent between 3 and 4. Results of light scattering and optical microscopy are in accord with a spherulitic morphology grown after athermal nucleation. Melting of the semicrystalline samples (crystallinity up to 58%) occurs at about 391 K. The heat of fusion of the completely crystalline sample is calculated to be only 13.55 kJ/mol. The mesophase to isotropic phase transition occurs at 418 K with a heat of transition of 4.1 kJ/mol. A general discussion of these transitions is given.
Effects of surface chemistry and particle size and density on froth flotation of fine coal

Abstract This paper reports the effects of surface chemistry and particle size and density on the froth flotation of fine coal. It is shown that froth flotation of very fine coal particles (up to 12 μm) can be readily accomplished in a mechanical-type flotation cell. In addition, the coal particle surface, though primarily hydrophobic, consists of hydrophilic sites such as minerals, hydroxyl and carboxyl groups. The flotability of the coal increases as the surface hydrophobicity increases, but decreases as more hydrophilic sites become ionized. The lower flotability for particles of high mineral content is further attributed to the density effect. Thus, clean coal particles can be selectively froth floated while leaving particles of a high mineral content in the tailings. The selectivity deteriorates as the average particle sizes are reduced from 75 to 12 μm. The selectivity problem can be partially overcome, however, through the use of an anionic collector and staged froth flotation.
Instruments of Faith and Unity in Canon Law: the Church of Nigeria Constitutional Revision of 2005

The Church of Nigeria's canon law revision of 14 September 2005 redefined the terms of inter-provincial Anglican unity from a focus on communion with the Archbishop of Canterbury to communion based explicitly upon the authority of scripture and historic doctrinal statements. This paper will examine the revision as an ecclesiastical reform connected to, yet independent from, the current controversy over human sexuality. Pertinent issues of episcope and ecclesial communion as they are affected by the canon law change will then be examined. Finally, the ecumenical implications of the revision will be discussed, with particular reference to the Anglican�Roman Catholic dialogue and the �continuing� churches of North America
Antidepressant-like profile and reduced sensitivity to rolipram in mice deficient in the PDE4D phosphodiesterase enzyme.

Pharmacological inhibition of type 4 cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-specific phosphodiesterase (PDE4) produces antidepressant-like effects in animals; however, it is not known which of the four PDE4 subtypes mediates these actions. In the present study, immunoblot analysis showed loss of phosphodiesterase 4D (PDE4D) expression in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of PDE4D knockout (PDE4D−/−) mice, but unchanged PDE4A and PDE4B expression, relative to the wild type (PDE4D+/+) and heterozygous knockout (PDE4D+/−) mice. This reduced expression was accompanied by a reduction in PDE4 activity, while non-PDE4 activity was unchanged. PDE4D−/− mice exhibited decreased immobility in tail-suspension and forced-swim tests, which is indicative of an antidepressant-like effect on behavior. Desipramine and fluoxetine produced similar antidepressant-like effects in all three genotypes, even though their behavioral baselines differed markedly. By contrast, the PDE4 inhibitor rolipram only produced antidepressant-like effects in PDE4D+/+ mice. Consistent with this, rolipram potentiated isoproterenol-induced cyclic AMP formation only in the PDE4D+/+ mice. These results suggest that PDE4D is an essential mediator of the antidepressant-like effects of rolipram, and that PDE4D-regulated cyclic adenosine monophosphate signaling may play a role in the pathophysiology and pharmacotherapy of depression.
Morphology and Deposition Conditions of CVD Au Films

The chemical vapor deposition of Au films by thermal decomposition from an organometallic precursor [dimethyl 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexaflouro-2,3-pentanedionato Au (III)] has been investigated for application as a interconnection metallization. The morphology and feature fill properties of deposits obtained using H2 and N2 carrier gases and varying pressure and temperature conditions were observed by cross-section scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM). Line patterns etched in SiO2 with aspect ratios up to 1.5 filled with few or no voids at a growth temperature of 250°C. For films deposited in H2 the Au grain size is large (on the order of the feature size). In unetched areas, however, large (600 nm) triangular-shaped structures protrude from the deposit. TEM observation shows that these structures are single-crystal Au dendrites which contain a central twinned region. Au films grown at 275°C had poor hole fills with large, irregular voids. These films exhibited large protrusions which occluded the lines and halted growth in these areas. The deposit morphology suggests a low reaction probability except at preferred crystal sites.
Novel Functions of nanos in Downregulating Mitosis and Transcription during the Development of the Drosophila Germline

Summary tion in the soma coincides with the migration of nuclei to the embryo surface. Zygotic transcription of patterning It has previously been shown that germ cells in em- genes sets in motion the regulatory pathways that ultibryos derived from nos mutant mothers do not migrate mately assign specific identities to somatic cells in difto the primitive gonad and prematurely express sev- ferent regions of the embryo. In striking contrast, pole eral germline-specific markers. In the studies reported cell nuclei shut down RNA polymerase II (but not polyhere, we have traced these defects back to the syncy- merase I) dependent transcription when they enter the tial blastoderm stage. We show that pole cells in nos 2 pole plasm (Seydoux and Dunn, 1997; Van Doren et al., embryos fail to establish/maintain transcriptional qui- 1998). Moreover, once pole cells are formed, they remain escence; the sex determination gene Sex-lethal (Sxl) transcriptionally quiescent until they associate with the and the segmentation genes fushi tarazu and even- primitive somatic gonad. Transcriptional quiescence is skipped are ectopically activated in nos 2 germ cells. a characteristic feature of germ cells in other organisms We show that nos2 germ cells are unable to attenuate besides Drosophila .I nC. elegans, for example, RNA the cell cycle and instead continue dividing. Unexpect- polymerase II transcription in the germ cell lineage is edly, removal of the Sxl gene in the zygote mitigates specifically repressed by the product of pie-1, a gene both the migration and mitotic defects of nos 2 germ which is critical for maintaining germ cell identity (Sey
On the use of feedback in an introduction-based reputation protocol

Consider a network environment with no central authority in which each node gains value when transacting with behaving nodes but risks losing value when transacting with misbehaving nodes. One recently proposed mechanism for curbing the harm by misbehaving nodes is that of an introduction-based reputation protocol [1]: transactions are permitted only between two nodes who (i) consent to being connected through introduction via a third node and (ii) provide binary-valued feedback about one another to that introducer when the connection closes. This paper models probabilistically the decision processes by which this feedback is both generated and interpreted—the associated reputation management algorithms account for different modes of misbehavior, respect the inherent information decentralization and are consistent with the utility-maximizing decisions established previously for other parts of the protocol.
A Protocometary Cloud around HR 4796A

We report both ROSAT observations and ground-based 10.8 ?m imaging of the wide binary HR 4796, which consists of a main-sequence A-type star with a large amount of circumstellar dust, HR 4796A, and, at a separation of 77, a pre-main-sequence M-type companion, HR 4796B. From the ROSAT data, we find that the X-ray emission is centered on HR 4796B, with LX/Lbol ? 3 ? 10-4. The 10.8 ?m flux, which arises from HR 4796A, displays an excess over the photospheric emission of 0.08 ? 0.02 Jy, a result consistent with the previous characterization of the emission from the circumstellar dust in the wavelength range 12 ?m ? ? ? 100 ?m as a 110 K blackbody. The Hipparcos data can be used to argue that the three main-sequence A-type stars in the Bright Star Catalogue with LIR/Lbol > 10-3 (HR 4796A, ? Pic, and 49 Cet) all have low luminosities for their colors. We argue that approximately 20% of all A-type stars pass through an early phase where they possess an amount of circumstellar dust comparable to that found around HR 4796A or ? Pic. In order to explain the result that the grain emission can be approximated by a 110 K blackbody, we propose that the circumstellar grains are largely composed of ice particles with a typical radius near 100 ?m, and that they sublimate rapidly when they are closer than ~35 AU to HR 4796A. This swarm of ice particles might be a protocometary cloud.
Nickel(II) α-diimine catalyst for Grignard metathesis (GRIM) polymerization.

A nickel α-diimine catalyst was used for Grignard metathesis (GRIM) polymerization of 2,5-dibromo 3-hexylthiophene and 2-bromo-5-iodo-3-hexylthiophene monomers. GRIM polymerization of 2-bromo-5-iodo-3-hexylthiophene generated regioregular polymers with molecular weights ranging from 3,000 to 12,000 g · mol(-1). The nickel α-diimine catalyst was also successfully used for the GRIM polymerization of a bulky benzodithiophene monomer.
Extraskeletal osteosarcoma of the pleura: a case report

We herein present an exceedingly rare case of pleural osteosarcoma that was surgically resected in an elderly patient. A 74-year-old man, complaining of a dry cough and breathlessness on effort, was found to have massive pleural effusion on a chest X-ray. The chest CT and MRI scans indicated a massive effusion and a pleural tumor encasing the left lower lung. The resected tumor was histologically an osteosarcoma, measuring 11.3 x 9.0 x 6.0 cm. Because there was no evidence of any other primary tumor, the diagnosis of extraskeletal osteosarcoma was appropriate.
PREEMPTIVE SCHEDULING ALGORITHMS WITH NESTED PROCESSING SET RESTRICTION

We consider the problem of preemptively scheduling n independent jobs {J1, J2, …, Jn} on m parallel machines {M1, M2, …, Mm}, where each job Jj can only be processed on a prespecified subset of machines called its processing set. The machines are linearly ordered, and the processing set of Jj is specified by two machine indexes aj and bj; i.e., . The processing sets are nested; i.e., for i ≠ j, we have , or , or . Our goal is to minimize the makespan. We first give an O(n log n)-time algorithm to find an optimal schedule. We then give an O(mn + n log n)-time algorithm to find a maximal schedule, where a schedule is said to be maximal if it processes as much work as any other schedule in any time interval [0, t], t > 0.
Structure and tribological characteristics of a cast heterogeneous alloy before and after laser treatment

The positive influence of laser treatment on the formation of the structure of the surface layer of a Fe– Cr–Cu–C–Ti cast alloy and its tribological characteristics under conditions of boundary lubrication is shown.
Quantum-mechanics-based design principles for solid oxide fuel cell cathode materials

Low oxide ion conductivity in perovskite-type transition metal oxides is one of the major problems with solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). Here, simple quantum mechanical analyses of LaMO3 (M = Cr, Mn, Fe, Co) materials provide new insights into what drives the relative ease of formation of oxygen vacancies, which is a prerequisite for and predictor of oxide ion bulk diffusion. From our results, we derive design principles based on easily measurable or computable properties to improve SOFC cathode materials.
Sex-specific association between infant diet and white matter integrity in 8-y-old children.

Sex-specific association between infant diet and white matter integrity in 8-y-old children
Using High Performance Computing to Understand Roles of Labile and Nonlabile Uranium(VI) on Hanford 300 Area Plume Longevity

Evolution of a hexavalent uranium [U(VI)] plume at the Hanford 300 Area bordering the Columbia River was investigated to evaluate the roles of labile and nonlabile forms of U(VI) on the longevity of the plume. A high fidelity, three-dimensional, field-scale, reactive flow and transport model was used to represent the system. Richards’ equation coupled to multicomponent reactive transport equations were solved for times up to 100 yr, taking into account rapid fluctuations in the Columbia River stage resulting in pulse releases of U(VI) into the river. The petascale computer code PFLOTRAN developed under a Department of Energy Scientific Discovery through Advanced Computing (SciDAC-2) project was used in the simulations and executed on Oak Ridge National Laboratory’s Jaguar XT5 Cray supercomputer. Labile U(VI) was represented in the model through surface complexation reactions and its nonlabile form through dissolution of metatorbernite used as a surrogate mineral. Initial conditions were constructed corresponding to the U(VI) plume already in place to avoid uncertainties associated with the lack of historical data for the waste stream. The cumulative U(VI) flux into the river was compared for cases of equilibrium and multirate sorption models and for no sorption, and its sensitivity on the initial plume configuration was investigated. The presence of nonlabile U(VI) was found to be essential in explaining the longevity of the U(VI) plume and the prolonged high U(VI) concentrations at the site exceeding the USEPA maximum contaminant level for U(VI).
New Mixed Metal Cluster Complexes Containing Platinum. The Synthesis and Structural Characterizations of PtFe~4(CO)~1~2(COD)(mu~5-C) and PtFe~4(CO)~1~2(PMe~2Ph)~2(mu~5-C)

The new mixed metal carbide containing cluster compounds PtFe4(CO)12(COD)(μ5-C) 1 and PtFe4(CO)12(PMe2Ph)2(μ5-C), 2 were obtained by metal–metal exchange reactions between [Et4N]2[Fe5(C)(CO)14] with Pt(COD)Cl2 in the presence of TIPF6 and Pt(PMe2Ph)2Cl2, respectively. Compound 1 was also obtained by the reaction of Fe5(CO)15(μ5-C) with Pt(COD)2 in the presence of UV irradiation but in a lower yield. Both compounds were characterized by a combination of IR, 1H NMR and single crystal x-ray diffraction analyses. Both complexes consists of a square pyramidal cluster of five metal atoms with an “interstitial” carbido ligand in the center of the square base. The phosphine ligands in 2 undergo a dynamical intramolecular interchange at a rate that is fast on the 1H NMR time scale at 45°C, ΔG† (at 318 K)=15.1 kcal/mol.
Correlates of Cognitive Change

Although there has been considerable interest in identifying potential correlates of cognitive change, results of past studies have been inconsistent. The present study incorporated a number of methodological features intended to maximize sensitivity to detect characteristics of individuals with different amounts of cognitive change. Cognitive change in 5 cognitive abilities was analyzed with 2nd-order latent growth curve models applied to data from a moderately large sample of healthy adults ranging from 18 to 99 years of age (Ns of 4,802 with 1 occasion, 2,265 with 2 occasions, and 1,128 with 3 occasions). There was significant individual difference variance in the longitudinal changes in several cognitive abilities, even in separate analyses of individuals between 18 years of age and 39, between 40 and 64, and 65 and over. Potential correlates of change included measures of self-rated health, vision, mood, personality, and lifestyle. Most of the potential correlates of change had high reliability, and several analyses were based on even more reliable factors determined by the variance common to multiple measures. Despite favorable conditions for detecting correlates of change, there was little evidence that cognitive change was moderated by any of the variables examined. Possible reasons for the inconsistent results regarding correlates of cognitive change are discussed.
Roles of Exc Protein and DNA Homology in the CTnDOT Excision Reaction

Excision from the chromosome is the first step during the transfer of conjugative transposons (CTns) to a recipient. We previously showed that the excision of CTnDOT is more complex than the excision of lambdoid phages and CTns such as Tn916. The excision in vivo of CTnDOT utilizes four CTnDOT-encoded proteins, IntDOT, Xis2c, Xis2d, and Exc, and a host factor. We previously developed an in vitro excision reaction where the recombination sites attL and attR were located on different plasmids. The reaction was inefficient and did not require Exc, suggesting that the reaction conditions did not mimic in vivo conditions. Here, we report the development of an intramolecular excision reaction where the attL and attR sites are located on the same DNA molecule. We found that Exc stimulates the reaction 3- to 5-fold. The efficiency of the excision reaction was also dependent on the distance between the attL and attR sites and on the sequences of the overlap regions between the sites of the strand exchanges. Substrates with identical overlap sequences recombined more efficiently than ones with heterologous overlap sequences. This was surprising, because the integration reaction is not sensitive to heterology in the overlap regions of the attDOT and attB sites.
Enhanced Thermal Stability of W-Ni-Al2O3 Cermet-Based Spectrally Selective Solar Absorbers with Tungsten Infrared Reflectors

Solar thermal technologies such as solar hot water and concentrated solar power trough systems rely on spectrally selective solar absorbers. These solar absorbers are designed to efficiently absorb the sunlight while suppressing re-emission of infrared radiation at elevated temperatures. Efforts for the development of such solar absorbers must not only be devoted to their spectral selectivity but also to their thermal stability for high temperature applications. Here, selective solar absorbers based on two cermet layers are fabricated on mechanically polished stainless steel substrates using a magnetron sputtering technique. The targeted operating temperature is 500–600 °C. A detrimental change in the morphology, phase, and optical properties is observed if the cermet layers are deposited on a stainless steel substrate with a thin nickel adhesion layer, which is due to the diffusion of iron atoms from the stainless steel into the cermet layer forming a FeWO4 phase. In order to improve thermal stability and reduce the infrared emittance, tungsten is found to be a good candidate for the infrared reflector layer due to its excellent thermal stability and low infrared emittance. A stable solar absorptance of ≈0.90 is demonstrated, with a total hemispherical emittance of 0.15 at 500 °C.
The Large Glass Seen Anew: Reflections of Contemporary Science and Technology in Marcel Duchamp's “Hilarious Picture”

Marcel Duchamp's The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors, Even (The Large Glass) of 1915–1923 is a unique image-text system in which the physical object is complemented by hundreds of preparatory notes the artist considered to be as important as the object itself. Although Duchamp talked of “Playful Physics” in his notes for the Glass, much of his humor and the breadth of his creative invention was obscured for later audiences when, after 1919, the popularization of relativity theory eclipsed the late Victorian ether physics that had fascinated the public in the early years of the century. Indeed, drawing upon contemporary science and technology, among other fields, Duchamp had created in the Large Glass a witty, multivalent commentary on the age-old theme of sexual desire, presented in the very newest verbal and visual languages. These ideas are explored in this article, reprinted from the conclusion of the author's book Duchamp in Context: Science and Technology in the Large Glass and Related Works.
Social conflict and the development of children's moral and conventional concepts

Observations of naturally occurring social transgressions indicate that peer interactions in the context of moral conflicts differ qualitatively from those in the context of breaches of convention.
Debt and Democracy in Germany

THE GREAT WEAKNESS of the manner in which the Allied Control Commission governs Germany has been its demonstrated inability to plan for the solution of problems before they become critical. An administration that does not have long-term plans must solve each new crisis upon the basis of short-run expediency. This approach is especially undesirable in the economic area, where it has been particularly evident. The Allied governments, in dealing with German economic problems, must have as an uppermost consideration the probable effect which the policies they approve will have upon Germany's political future. One of these problems which will be clamoring for solution in the near future is that of the German government's internal debt.
Carbon and nitrogen primary productivity in three North Carolina estuaries.

Abstract Uptake of inorganic carbon and ammonium by the plankton community of three North Carolina estuaries was measured using 14 C and 15 N isotope methods. At 0% light, C appeared to be lost via respiration, and at increasing light levels uptake of inorganic carbon increased linearly, saturated (mean I k = 358±30 μEin m −2 s −1 ), and frequently showed inhibition at the highest light intensities. At 0% light NH 4 + uptake was significantly greater than zero and was frequently equivalent to uptake in the light (light independent); at increasing light levels NH 4 + uptake saturated (mean I k = 172±44 μEin m −2 s −1 ) and frequently indicated strong inhibition. Light-saturated uptake rates of inorganic carbon and NH 4 + were a function of chlorophyll a ( r 2 = 0·7−0·9); average assimilation numbers were 625 nmol CO 2 (μg chl. a ) −1 h −1 and 12·9 nmol NH 4 + (μg chl. a ) −1 h −1 and were positively correlated with temperature ( r 2 = 0·3−0·7). The ratio of dark to light-saturated NH 4 + uptake tended to be near 1·0 for large algal populations at low NH 4 + concentrations, indicating near light independence of uptake; whereas the ratio was lower for the opposite conditions. These data are interpreted as indicative of nitrogen stress, and it is suggested that uptake of NH 4 + deep in the euphotic zone and at night are mechanisms for balancing the C:N of cellular pools. A 24-h study using summed short-term incubations confirmed this; the cumulative C:N of CO 2 and NH 4 + uptake during the daylight period was 10–20, whereas over the 24-h period the ratio was 6 due to dark NH 4 + uptake. Annual carbon and nitrogen primary productivity were respectively estimated as 24 and 4·0 mol m −2 year −1 for the South River estuary, 42 and 7·3 mol m −2 year −1 for the Neuse River estuary, and 9·6 and 1·6 mol m −2 year −1 for the Newport River estuary.
Effect of Water Hardness and Dissolved-Solid Concentration on Hatching Success and Egg Size in Bighead Carp

Abstract Bighead carp Hypophthalmichthys nobilis is an Asian species that has been introduced to the United States and is regarded as a highly undesirable invader. Soft water has been said to cause the bursting of Asian carp eggs and thus has been suggested as a factor that would limit the spread of this species. To evaluate this, we subjected fertilized eggs of bighead carp to waters with a wide range of hardness and dissolved-solid concentrations. Hatching rate and egg size were not significantly affected by the different water qualities. These results, combined with the low hardness (28–84 mg/L) of the Yangtze River (the primary natal habitat of Hypophthalmichthys spp.), suggest that managers and those performing risk assessments for the establishment of Hypophthalmichthys spp. should be cautious about treating low hardness and dissolved-solid concentrations as limiting factors.
The statistical analysis of some group experiments.

(1959). The Statistical Analysis of Some Group Experiments. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 61, No. 2, pp. 205-210.
X-ray mask fabrication techniques for micromachining

In this paper we present specifics of x-ray mask fabrication suitable for high-aspect ratio microlithography in micromachining. Results of fabrication and exposures using x-ray masks with approximately 4 micrometer thick gold absorber (one level resist) are illustrated. For conventional x-ray masks commercially available substrates were used: B-doped Si membrane (2-3 micrometers thick) on a 4' Si wafer bonded to a Pyrex glass ring. A new approach -- the transfer mask technique -- is demonstrated. This technique is based on forming an absorber pattern directly onto the resist surface of the sample. The transfer mask method is suitable for any radiation (visible, UV, and x-rays) and is based on the use of a master mask (optical or x- ray) to achieve patterns with desired aspect ratio. When used in conjunction with multiple x- ray exposures and sequential developments the transfer mask method produces patterns with extremely high aspect ratio.
Stereospecific glucocorticoid binding to subcellular fractions of the sensitive and resistant lymphosarcoma P1798.

WE have shown that in vitroexposure of cells of these PI798 tumours to physiological doses of glucocorticoids produces significant inhibition of DNA, RNA and protein metabolism1–3 and glucose uptake2, 4 only in the glucocorticoid-sensi-tive tumour. These glucocorticoid-induced inhibitions can be correlated with the inhibition of growth and subsequent regression and dissolution of the sensitive tumour. In this study we have carried out competition experiments using the two 11-hydroxy isomers of Cortisol which have been shown to have the requisite stereospecific restraints necessary to show specific glucocorticoid binding5. It would be reasonable to suppose that both the 11α and 11β-isomers of Cortisol would compete almost equally for nonspecific binding sites of triamcinolone acetonide. But since only 11β-cortisol has glucocorticoid activity, only this isomer could compete with triamcinolone acetonide for specific binding. Thus, the difference in displacement caused by these two 11-hydroxy isomers is an indication of the specific binding of 3H-triamcinolone acetonide to different fractions of the PI 798 tumour.
Searching for two things at once: Establishment of multiple attentional control settings on a trial-by-trial basis

Recent work has demonstrated that attention can be configured to multiple potential targets in spatial search. However, this previous work relied on a fixed set of targets across multiple trials, allowing observers to offload attentional control settings to longer-term representations. In the present experiments, we demonstrate multiple attentional control settings that operate independently of space (Experiments 1 and 2). More important, we show that observers can be cued to different control settings on a trial-by-trial basis (Experiment 3). The latter result suggests that observers were capable of maintaining multiple control settings when the demands of the task required an attentional search for specific feature values. Attention can be configured to extract multiple feature values in a goal-directed manner, and this configuration can be can be dynamically engaged on a trial-by-trial basis. These results support recent findings that reveal the high precision, complexity, and flexibility of attentional control settings.
Potential for Growth of Enterotoxigenic Staphylococci in Cheddar Cheese Whey

Abstract Enterotoxigenic strains of Staphylococcus aureus were incubated in commercial and laboratory-prepared, heated and unheated Cheddar cheese wheys. Successive counts on Baird-Parker medium decreased. This loss of viability was confirmed by plating on Staphylococcus Medium-110, though the counts on Baird-Parker medium were consistently higher. Filtration removal or heat inactivation of the lactic acid bacteria diminished the inhibitory properties of the wheys for Staphylococcus aureus , which grew well in these processed neutralized wheys. Enterotoxin A was not detected by the capillary tube gel-diffusion method in heat-treated wheys with Baird-Parker counts in the magnitude of 1.7×10 6 /ml whey. Heat-stable nuclease activity, on the other hand, was observed in these wheys.
Personal and Social Characteristics Associated with Perceived Likelihood of Success in Incarcerated Youth

This brief report presents a study undertaken to explore the association between youth perceptions of personal and social characteristics within correctional programs and perceived likelihood of success on release. Surveys were administered to 543 youth committed to select facilities in 4 Western states. Results indicate low levels of anger expression and a strong sense of program belonging were related to more positive future forecasts for both males and females. Further, high relationship quality with an important staff member and strong social support were related to more positive future forecasts, but only for males.
Evaluation of the retinal nerve fiber layer: descriptive or predictive?

For nearly a century, ophthalmologists have recognized that thinning of the retinal nerve fiber layer (rNFL) could be observed ophthalmoscopically in diseases of the optic nerve. Using high-resolution red-free fundus photography, Hoyt found slit-like rNFL defects that corresponded to visual field defects in glaucoma. Frisen extended these observations to multiple sclerosis, predicting the later discovery that axonal loss occurs in the retina without clinical bouts of optic neuritis. In measurement of the rNFL, red-free fundus photography has been superseded by more widely available, robust, and quantitative retinal imaging techniques, including Heidelberg retinal tomography, scanning laser polarimetry, and optical coherence tomography (OCT). Having emerged as the technique of choice in measuring the rNFL, OCT has shown that the degree of preoperative rNFL thinning reliably predicts whether vision will recover after surgery for pituitary adenoma. Such quantitative studies of the rNFL have the potential, therefore, of providing descriptive and predictive information that will be valuable in clinical care.
Cortical cartography using the discrete conformal approach of circle packings.

Cortical flattening algorithms are becoming more widely used to assist in visualizing the convoluted cortical gray matter sheet of the brain. Metric-based approaches are the most common but suffer from high distortions. Conformal, or angle-based algorithms, are supported by a comprehensive mathematical theory. The conformal approach that uses circle packings is versatile in the manipulation and display of results. In addition, it offers some new and interesting metrics that may be useful in neuroscientific analysis and are not available through numerical partial differential equation conformal methods. In this paper, we begin with a brief description of cortical “flat” mapping, from data acquisition to map displays, including a brief review of past flat mapping approaches. We then describe the mathematics of conformal geometry and key elements of conformal mapping. We introduce the mechanics of circle packing and discuss its connections with conformal geometry. Using a triangulated surface representing a cortical hemisphere, we illustrate several manipulations available using circle packing methods and describe the associated “ensemble conformal features” (ECFs). We conclude by discussing current and potential uses of conformal methods in neuroscience and computational anatomy.
Handling Partial Matches in Semistructured Data with Cooperative Query Answering Techniques

We describe for the first time in the literature the application of Cooperative Query Answering techniques to semistructured data. In particular, we develop methods to deal with partial matching of path expressions when querying data in a graph-based model. We identify different types of mismatch and offer heuristics to handle them. We also describe a preliminary implementation.
Return on Investment for a Computerized Physician Order Entry System

Abstract Objective Although computerized physician order entry (CPOE) may decrease errors and improve quality, hospital adoption has been slow. The high costs and limited data on financial benefits of CPOE systems are a major barrier to adoption. The authors assessed the costs and financial benefits of the CPOE system at Brigham and Women's Hospital over ten years. Design Cost and benefit estimates of a hospital CPOE system at Brigham and Women's Hospital (BWH), a 720-adult bed, tertiary care, academic hospital in Boston. Measurements Institutional experts provided data about the costs of the CPOE system. Benefits were determined from published studies of the BWH CPOE system, interviews with hospital experts, and relevant internal documents. Net overall savings to the institution and operating budget savings were determined. All data are presented as value figures represented in 2002 dollars. Results Between 1993 and 2002, the BWH spent $11.8 million to develop, implement, and operate CPOE. Over ten years, the system saved BWH $28.5 million for cumulative net savings of $16.7 million and net operating budget savings of $9.5 million given the institutional 80% prospective reimbursement rate. The CPOE system elements that resulted in the greatest cumulative savings were renal dosing guidance, nursing time utilization, specific drug guidance, and adverse drug event prevention. The CPOE system at BWH has resulted in substantial savings, including operating budget savings, to the institution over ten years. Conclusion Other hospitals may be able to save money and improve patient safety by investing in CPOE systems.
Numerical study of a novel passive micromixer design

Miniaturization is the trend in analytical chemistry and life sciences. In the past two decades, miniaturization of fluid handling and fluid analysis has been emerging in the interdisciplinary research field of microfluidics. Some of the microfluidic applications are drug delivery, lab-on-a-chip, pharmaceutical development, synthesis of amino acids etc. Most of these applications are used for biochemistry analysis and require rapid mixing in minute quantities. Microchannel flows, due to very low flow rate, are characterized by very low Reynolds number (Re≪100). Owing to laminar flow conditions it is difficult to achieve effective mixing of two fluids as is the case for turbulent flow. If the mixing is obtained primarily by a diffusion mechanism then fast mixing becomes impossible because biological reagents usually have very low diffusivity on the order of 10−10 m2/s. Hence microfluidic mixing is a very challenging problem because it requires fast and efficient mixing of low diffusivity fluids under laminar flow conditions [1–3]. In this paper, problem of microfluidic mixing is studied numerically using the CFD code FLUENT™[4–11]. To present the study, mixing of two low diffusivity fluids (D = 10−10 m2/s) is numerically investigated in ⊢ microchannel. Due to laminar flow conditions very poor mixing is observed in ⊢ microchannel. Previously established geometric modification called “two-way split flow technique” is applied to the baseline case. This technique involves splitting of both the inlets of the ⊢ microchannel in half such that the net flow rate at the outlet remains the same. Application of this technique is shown to improve mixing by ∼250% when it is compared to ⊢ microchannel. Based on two-way split flow design technique, novel split-and-merge (SAM) mixer designs are proposed. All the SAM mixer designs proposed show an improvement in mixing between 300 – 500% when compared with ⊢ microchannel, for same flow conditions and residence times. Pressure drops of proposed SAM mixer designs are less than 50% higher than ⊢ microchannel. Hence all the micromixer designs based on two-way split flow techniques are shown to be efficient and low pressure drop mixers.
Off-line parameter and state estimation for power electronic circuits

The authors show how power circuit parameters and waveforms can be systematically estimated offline from recorded segments of accessible waveforms. The iterative nonlinear least-squares algorithm described combines simulation and analysis to assess fit, determine sensitivities, and tune parameters. Pitfalls, and strategies for overcoming them, are discussed and illustrated. >
Inducing codes from examples

A data compression algorithm is proposed which automatically analyzes a collection of examples to identify the set of strings which would be most useful to encode them. There is considerable subtlety in identifying the most useful strings, since the problem is NP-complete, but analysis and encoding/decoding heuristics have been developed which construct excellent codes. This paper describes the algorithm and experimental results on four different special domains: mailing addresses, FORTRAN programs, weather radar images and UNIX manual pages. >
PBAT: A comprehensive software package for genome-wide association analysis of complex family-based studies

The PBAT software package (v2.5) provides a unique set of tools for complex family-based association analysis at a genome-wide level. PBAT can handle nuclear families with missing parental genotypes, extended pedigrees with missing genotypic information, analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), haplotype analysis, quantitative traits, multivariate/longitudinal data and time to onset phenotypes. The data analysis can be adjusted for covariates and gene/environment interactions. Haplotype-based features include sliding windows and the reconstruction of the haplotypes of the probands. PBAT's screening tools allow the user successfully to handle the multiple comparisons problem at a genome-wide level, even for 100,000 SNPs and more. Moreover, PBAT is computationally fast. A genome scan of 300,000 SNPs in 2,000 trios takes 4 central processing unit (CPU)-days. PBAT is available for Linux, Sun Solaris and Windows XP.
Rescue permanent iliac vein pacing after epicardial lead failure: an unusual reversal of pacing fortune

Surgical lead placement is generally considered as a last resort for patients who require permanent pacing and who are unable to accommodate transvenous leads. The technique is limited by the need for direct epicardial access and reduced reliability of epicardial leads (compared with modern transvenous leads) [Belott and Reynolds. Permanent pacemaker and implantable cardioverter defibrillator implantation. In Ellenbogen KA, Kay GN, Lau CP, Wilkoff BL (eds). Clinical Cardiac Pacing, Defibrillation, and Resynchronization Therapy. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier, 2007; pp. 561-651]. We report a patient with limited venous access and a poorly functioning epicardial ventricular lead, who was successfully upgraded to a dual-chamber endocardial pacing system via the iliac vein. Pacemaker lead implantation from the iliac vein is an often overlooked option for patients with limited central venous access. In our patient, a pacing upgrade was achieved after the presumptive final option had been exhausted.
Vaccine-Stimulated, Adoptively Transferred CD8+ T Cells Traffic Indiscriminately and Ubiquitously while Mediating Specific Tumor Destruction

It has been suggested that antitumor T cells specifically traffic to the tumor site, where they effect tumor destruction. To test whether tumor-reactive CD8+ T cells specifically home to tumor, we assessed the trafficking of gp100-specific pmel-1 cells to large, vascularized tumors that express or do not express the target Ag. Activation of tumor-specific CD8+ pmel-1 T cells with IL-2 and vaccination with an altered peptide ligand caused regression of gp100-positive tumors (B16), but not gp100-negative tumors (methylcholanthrene 205), implanted on opposing flanks of the same mouse. Surprisingly, we found approximately equal and very large numbers of pmel-1 T cells (>25% of all lymphocytes) infiltrating both Ag-positive and Ag-negative tumors. We also found evidence of massive infiltration and proliferation of activated antitumor pmel-1 cells in a variety of peripheral tissues, including lymph nodes, liver, spleen, and lungs, but not peripheral blood. Most importantly, evidence for T cell function, as measured by production of IFN-γ, release of perforin, and activation of caspase-3 in target cells, was confined to Ag-expressing tumor. We thus conclude that CD8+ T cell-mediated destruction of tumor is the result of specific T cell triggering at the tumor site. The ability to induce ubiquitous homing and specific tumor destruction may be important in the case of noninflammatory metastatic tumor foci.
The ectomycorrhizal status of Calostoma cinnabarinum determined using isotopic, molecular, and morphological methods

Calostoma cinnabarinum Corda belongs to the suborder Sclerodermatineae (Boletales), which includes many well-known ectomycorrhizal basidiomycetes, but the genus Calostoma has been described as sapr...