cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ridge Regression based classifiers for large scale class imbalanced datasets

Large scale, class imbalanced data classification is a challenging task that occurs frequently in several computer vision tasks such as web video retrieval. A number of algorithms have been proposed in literature that approach this problem from different perspectives (e.g. Sampling, Cost-sensitive learning, Active learning). The challenge is two fold in this task - first the data imbalance causes many classification algorithms to learn trivial classifiers that declare all test examples to be from the majority class. Second, many algorithms do not scale to large dataset sizes. We address these two issues by using two different cost-sensitive versions of Ridge Regression as our binary classifiers. We demonstrate our approach for retrieving unstructured web videos from 10 events on the benchmark TRECVID MED 12 dataset containing ≈47000 videos. We empirically show that they perform at par with state-of-the-art support vector machine based classifiers using χ2 kernels while being 30 to 60 times faster.
Laparoscopic Radical Nephrectomy With Level II Vena Caval Thrombectomy: Survival Porcine Study

ABSTRACTPurpose: Inferior vena caval tumor thrombus due to renal cell carcinoma generally precludes laparoscopic techniques for radical nephrectomy. We developed the technique of laparoscopic infrahepatic (level II) inferior vena caval thrombectomy in a survival porcine model.Materials and Methods: Of the 7 female pigs used in the study 2 were acute and 5 were chronic animals which were allowed to survive for 6 weeks postoperatively. Laparoscopic right radical nephrectomy and inferior vena caval thrombectomy were performed in accordance with established open surgical principles, including vascular control and intracorporeal reconstruction of the vena cava and left renal vein.Results: Complete removal of the simulated caval thrombus was successful in each case without intraoperative or postoperative complications. Average operative time was 160 minutes. Postoperatively inferior venacavography showed a patent vena cava and left renal vein in all animals.Conclusions: Laparoscopic radical nephrectomy was succ...
Women's Experiences in the United States Criminal Justice Aftercare System

Recent changes in political policy have shifted the profile of the average inmate incarcerated in American prisons. In the future, more women will be serving probation, and current aftercare programs are not designed to accommodate their specific needs as they transition to society. This qualitative study was undertaken so that clinicians working with women on probation or families in the criminal justice system would have empirically supported data to support their treatment methods. A discussion of the results from a feminist perspective assimilates the findings in clinically useful ways.
Solar neutrino-induced reactions

Abstract The 8B solar neutrino-induced 37Cl(νe, e−)37 Ar cross section is obtained using weak matrix elements from a recent model calculation to complement existing experimental data: ω8Bmodel=(1.27 ± 0.01) x 10−42 cm2. More generally, constraints that can be placed on this cross section by a model-independent analysis are considered and yield ω8Bmodel=(1.27 ± 0.23) x 10−42 cm2.
An immortalized rat ventral mesencephalic cell line, RTC4, is protective in a rodent model of stroke.

One therapeutic approach to stroke is the transplantation of cells capable of trophic support, reinnervation and/or regeneration. Previously, we have described the use of novel truncated isoforms of SV40 large T antigen to generate unique cell lines from several primary rodent tissue types. Here we describe the generation of two cell lines, RTC3 and RTC4, derived from primary mesencephalic tissue using a fragment of mutant T antigen, T155c (cDNA) expressed from the RSV promoter. Both lines expressed the glial markers vimentin and S100β, but not the neuronal markers NeuN, MAP2 or β-III-tubulin. A screen for secreted trophic factors revealed substantially elevated levels of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) in RTC4, but not RTC3 cells. When transplanted into rat cortex, RTC4 cells survived for at least 22 days and expressed PDGF. Since PDGF has been reported to reduce ischemic injury, we examined the protective functions of RTC4 cells in an animal model of stroke. RTC4 or RTC3 cells, or vehicle, were injected into rat cortex 15–20 min prior to a 60-min middle cerebral artery ligation. Forty-eight hours later, animals were sacrificed and the stroke volume was assessed by triphenyl-tetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. Compared to vehicle or RTC3 cells, transplanted RTC4 cells significantly reduced stroke volume. Overall, we generated a cell line with glial properties that produces PDGF and reduces ischemic injury in a rat model of stroke.
On the number of factors to retain in exploratory factor analysis for ordered categorical data

Conducting exploratory factor analysis (EFA) using statistical extraction methods has been recommended, but little is known about the accuracy of the decisions regarding the number of factors to retain for ordered categorical item data by considering a chi-square test, fit indices, and conventional criteria, such as eigenvalue >1 and parallel analysis. With computer-generated data, the authors examined the accuracy of decisions regarding the number of factors to retain for categorical item data, by combining these pieces of information using weighted least-square with mean and variance adjustment estimation methods based on polychoric correlations. A chi-square difference test was also conducted to compare nested EFA models. The results showed that the eigenvalue >1 criterion resulted in too many factors, in general. The chi-square test, chi-square difference test, fit indices, and parallel analysis performed reasonably well when the number of scale points was four, the number of items was 24, the sample size was at least 200, and the categorical distributions were similar across items. However, parallel analysis had a tendency toward factor underextraction when the correlation among factors was .50, particularly for two-point and 12-item scales.
Micro Vibration Sensor Based on the Nano Measuring Machine

External micro vibration is an important obstacle factor for the measuring result of scanning tunneling microscopy. In order to achieve better result, the influence of vibration must be eliminated. In this study, a large range new sensor with two nano stages is built up to detect the micro vibration for the compensation of the results. Finnaly, the vibration detection experiments are made to illustrate the rationality of the sensor.
Tensile failure of fiber composites.

Composite tensile-failure modes, discussing failure load prediction, experimental data and statistical analysis of stress concentration effects
Metabolic vulnerability in melanoma: a ME2 (me too) story

Metabolic reprograming is a hallmark of cancer and might represent an Achilles' heel in cancer cells. The study by Chang et al. in this issue highlights a critical role of mitochondrial malic enzyme 2 (ME2) in melanoma progression. Targeting ME2 could be an effective approach to inhibit melanoma cell proliferation and tumor growth.
Tat protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 is a monomer when expressed in mammalian cells.

Abstract Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) encodes a transactivator protein, known as Tat, that stimulates transcription directed by the HIV-1 long terminal repeat sequences. Tat appears to bind directly to the TAR RNA element present at the 5′ end of nascent HIV-1 transcripts and thereby stimulates the activity of transcription complexes. We have expressed Tat in simian COS cells by transfection of a mammalian expression vector. Using immunoblots to detect Tat, the results of gel filtration and velocity sedimentation analyses demonstrate that Tat is a monomer in COS cell extracts. These results agree with other studies which indicate that Tat is a monomeric protein.
THEORY OF THE LOW-ENERGY PION-PION INTERACTION

The double-dispersion representation is applied to the problem of pion-pion scattering, and it is shown that, if inelastic effects are important only at very high energies and $S$-wave scattering dominates at low energy, a set of integral equations for the low-energy amplitudes can be derived. The solution of these equations depends on only one arbitrary real parameter, which may be defined as the pion-pion coupling constant. The order of magnitude of the new constant is established, and a procedure for solving the integral equations by iteration is outlined. If $P$-wave scattering is large the equations become singular and must be modified. Such a modification can be performed, at the expense of introducing an extra parameter, but is not considered here.
Shear buckling response of tailored, rectangular, composite plates

The concept of stiffness tailoring for improved shear buckling resistance of rectangular composite plates is investigated analytically. The tailoring involves only the redistribution of the given material with given orientations to create beneficial stiffening patterns across the planform of the plate. The resulting local nonuniformities in thickness and membrane and bending stiffness combine to change the buckling response of the plate. The weight and average membrane shear stiffness are essentially unaffected by the tailoring. Practical limitations on the degree to which the tailoring may be carried out are shown to govern most designs. Improvements in the shear buckling load on the order of 50 percent are shown possible with monolithic tailoring. Tailored sandwich concepts, in which a light-weight core material is added to keep both plate surfaces flat, can produce improvements well over 100 percent in specific buckling loads compared with uniform composite plates.
Informative frame classification for endoscopy video

Advances in video technology allow inspection, diagnosis and treatment of the inside of the human body without or with very small scars. Flexible endoscopes are used to inspect the esophagus, stomach, small bowel, colon, and airways, whereas rigid endoscopes are used for a variety of minimal invasive surgeries (i.e., laparoscopy, arthroscopy, endoscopic neurosurgery). These endoscopes come in various sizes, but all have a tiny video camera at the tip. During an endoscopic procedure, the tiny video camera generates a video signal of the interior of the human organ, which is displayed on a monitor for real-time analysis by the physician. However, many out-of-focus frames are present in endoscopy videos because current endoscopes are equipped with a single, wide-angle lens that cannot be focused. We need to distinguish the out-of-focus frames from the in-focus frames to utilize the information of the out-of-focus and/or the in-focus frames for further automatic or semi-automatic computer-aided diagnosis (CAD). This classification can reduce the number of images to be viewed by a physician and to be analyzed by a CAD system. We call an out-of-focus frame a non-informative frame and an in-focus frame an informative frame. The out-of-focus frames have characteristics that are different from those of in-focus frames. In this paper, we propose two new techniques (edge-based and clustering-based) to classify video frames into two classes, informative and non-informative frames. However, because intensive specular reflections reduce the accuracy of the classification we also propose a specular reflection detection technique, and use the detected specular reflection information to increase the accuracy of informative frame classification. Our experimental studies indicate that precision, sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for the specular reflection detection technique and the two informative frame classification techniques are greater than 90% and 95%, respectively.
Importance of bone mineral density measurements in evaluating fragility bone fracture risk in Asian Indian men.

We evaluated the effect of BMD on fracture risk prediction using FRAX® among Asian Indian men when used in conjunction with clinical risk factors. A majority of our subjects were either osteopenic or osteoporotic, and their fracture risk increased when FRAX® was used in conjunction with femur neck T-scores. Asian Indian men living in the United States may represent a population that is at high and underappreciated risk for fragility bone fractures. To evaluate the effect of BMD on fracture risk prediction using FRAX® among Asian Indian men when used in conjunction with clinical risk factors. Forty four Asian Indian men (mean age 64.9 (±8.4) years) who had lived in the United States for an average of 33.6 (±10.6) years underwent BMD measurement at the proximal femur. Subjects were subjected to a general physical exam and history of fracture, hip fracture in a parent, current smoking and alcohol use, and diagnosis of inflammatory arthritis was obtained. Data from each subject were entered into the FRAX® algorithm and 10-year fracture probabilities were calculated using clinical risk factors (CRFs) alone and in combination with femur neck T-scores. Thirteen subjects (29.5%) had femur neck T-scores ≥ −1.0, 28 (63.6%) T-scores between −1.0 and −2.5, and three (6.8%) T-scores < −2.5. The 10-year probability of a major osteoporotic fracture based on a combination of clinical risk factors and femur neck T-scores was significantly higher than the fracture probability based on clinical risk factors alone (t(43) = 2.58, p = 0.01). Among Asian Indian men, the 10-year probability of a major osteoporotic fracture increases when femur neck T-scores are added to clinical risk factors in the FRAX® algorithm, and this population have a high fracture probability even in the absence of clinical risk factors.
Influence of salts on the vibriostatic action of 2,4-diamino-6,7-diisopropyl pteridine.

It was found that the vibriostatic agent, 2,4-diamino-6,7-diisopropyl pteridine, was ineffective against Vibrio parahaemolyticus and two marine Vibrio species when the agent was tested on media prepared with natural or synthetic seawater. The action of the vibriostatic agent was also abolished when magnesium or sodium chloride was added to a basal medium prepared with distilled water.
Psychosis in Wilson's disease

Wilson's disease, also called hepatolenticular degenera­ tion, is caused by progressive accumulation ofcopper with­ in the brain and body tissues, which can result in acute he­ molytic anemia and hepatic insufficiency. This uncommon familial disease (the incidence of Wilson's disease is 30 per million) is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait, occur­ ring most often in children of consanguineous marriages. Almost every patient with Wilson's disease shows some psychiatric symptoms during the course of the disease. In approximately 10% to 25% of the patients, the psychiatric symptoms precede other clinical manifestations. I These symptoms may include bizarre behavior, depression, ma­ nia, hysteria, and anxiety. Clinical syndromes resembling adjustment problems, schizoaffective disorder, or even schizophrenia have been described.' We report on a woman whose psychiatric manifestations led initially to a diagnosis of functional psychosis but who was subsequently diag­ nosed as having Wilson's disease.
An analysis of the last round matching problem

The probability distribution of the number of players in the last round of a matching problem is analyzed and the existence of the limiting distribution is proved by using convolution method.
Herceptin and the heart--a molecular modifier of cardiac failure.

Dr Kenneth Chien writes that the translational research exemplified by trastuzumab (Herceptin) has implications that reach well beyond the boundaries of breast-cancer therapy.
Enhanced alignment of plate ice crystals in a non-uniform electric field

An atmospheric electric field exerts a torque on both column and plate ice crystals. Columns tend to align along the direction of the field. One diameter of plate crystals also aligns parallel to a field, while a non-uniform diverging field leads to further orientation and proscribes a secondary orientation along the direction of least divergence. A laboratory investigation treats the electrical orientation of thin plate ice crystals in a non-uniform field as a two-step process. In the model, the average field provides the primary torque and aligns one diameter of the plate crystal while simultaneously a spatially varying component of the field aligns the perpendicular diameter. The first element of the process, the primary torque, has been investigated previously. The complete reorientation, caused by a secondary torque, is investigated herein. Experimentally a stronger field with sufficient non-uniformity is required to demonstrate the secondary torque. The realignment caused by this torque depends also on the strength of the aerodynamic torques on the falling ice crystals. Experiments in a laboratory cold chamber with small thin plate crystals in an electric field provided by a charged rod demonstrate crystal reorientation by changing the reflections of a beam of white light. A model incorporating electrical torques is applied to the laboratory observation and used to investigate the possibility of the effects occurring in the atmosphere. Fields near lightning strokes, which are strong but of short duration, may reorient small crystals. Larger crystal aggregates like planar snowflakes are governed by the same electrical torques. It is suggested that the secondary torque realignment might be observable for aggregates large enough to be detected by radar in cases pertaining to weaker but longer duration fields associated with cloud electrification. A simplification of the model is used to investigate electrically caused crystal motion and linear aggregation, with applications to the atmosphere and to lightning initiation.
Student Board-Writing to Integrate Communication Skills and Content to Enhance Student Learning (Abstract Only)

Students frequently use a whiteboard to individually demonstrate understanding or interactively develop understanding in groups. The practice is employed to develop content knowledge; however, an opportunity to intentionally develop communication skills is overlooked. On the other hand, instructors carefully integrate instructional organization and communication to maximize student content learning. Taken together, this presents an opportunity for students to intentionally improve their communication skills in the service of content learning. This poster details a "work in progress" project where students follow organizational guidelines for written homework and board-writing to facilitate in-class, problem solution presentation. Problem solution presentations occur during one class period each week. Students are given colored pencils for written homework and colored markers for board-writing. Student work including written homework and board-writing was gathered from the 2013 and 2014 iterations of a sophomore-level computer architecture course. Preliminary analysis of student work shows that students either adopt the guidelines from the start or learn to use them through feedback and practice. On the semester-end survey, students report that adopting guidelines for written homework, board-writing, and color scheme improve presentation, and board-writing improves student learning. Future work includes gathering data from more students including recorded student presentations, developing quantitative scores to analyze student work, and developing measures of student learning.
On Modified Mabuchi Functional and Mabuchi Moduli Space of Kähler Metrics on Toric Bundles

Mabuchi introduced the Mabuchi functional in [Mb1], and it turns out that it is very useful for dealing with Kahler metrics with constant scalar curvatures on compact manifolds (see [BM], etc.). One can also expect that the existence of Kahler metric with constant scalar curvature is almost equivalent to the existence of a lower bound of the Mabuchi functional (see, e.g., [Ti]). But for the case of extremal metrics, the Mabuchi functional is not applicable. Therefore, we need a new (or a modified) functional for metrics which are invariant under a maximal compact connected subgroup K of Aut(M). We did not obtain this functional until the appearing of [FM] (while we were reviewing [FM] in 1995). Mabuchi also found this functional independently [Mb3] (see also [Sm]). A definition of this functional was given in [GC]. We shall give some results and applications in this paper. It turns out that our modified Mabuchi functional M(ω1, ω2) has the property that M(ω1, g∗ω2) = M(ω1, ω2), for any g ∈ CKC(K), where CKC(K) is the centralizer of K in the complexification K of K. Moreover, the extremal metrics are exactly the local minimal points of this functional. Therefore, we expect that the existence of an extremal metric is almost equivalent to the existence of a lower bound of this functional. Surprising enough that the first application of this functional is not the existence but the uniqueness of extremal metrics on smooth toric varieties, i.e., smooth Kahler manifolds with an open (C∗)n-orbit. Therefore, there is for example at most one extremal metric in any Kahler class of the manifold obtained by blowing up two points or three points of a two dimensional complex projective space. To have the uniqueness, we consider the Mabuchi moduli space of the Kahler metrics on the toric varieties (see [Mb2], which was rediscovered by Semmes [Se1] and Donaldson [Ch]). It turns out that the moduli space is flat in this situation (see also [Se1,2]). Moreover, for any two Kahler metrics there is a unique geodesic
The Assessment and Management of the Respiratory Complications of Pediatric Neuromuscular Diseases

Respiratory complications are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the pediatric neuromuscular diseases. Weakness of the muscles of respiration results in shallow breathing and ineffective cough, making patients vulnerable to atelectasis, pneumonia, and tracheal obstruction by retained respiratory tract secretions. Assessment of the risk of respiratory complications includes evaluating the patient's history and respiratory physical examination and measuring pulmonary function and gas exchange. Treatment options include methods of assisted cough and mechanical ventilation. This review emphasizes the use of noninvasive respiratory aids to optimize duration and quality of life in these potentially fatal diseases.
A hard problem indeed

. Owen Flanagan's The Really Hard Problem provides a rich source of reflection on the question of meaning and ethics within the context of philosophical naturalism. I affirm the title's claim that the quest to find meaning in a purely physical universe is indeed a hard problem by addressing three issues: Flanagan's claim that there can be a scientific/empirical theory of ethics (eudaimonics), that ethics requires moral glue, and whether, in the end, Flanagan solves the hard problem. I suggest that he does not, although he provides much that is of importance and useful for further reflection along the way.
Potential biomarkers for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

Objective The purpose of the study was twofold: 1) to search for potential biomarkers that were overexpressed in cell lines that could represent both a clinical premalignant (immortalized) and a malignant state, and 2) to attempt to correlate metallothionein gene expression with clinical outcome in laryngeal carcinoma. Study Design A series of in vitro experiments were used to unearth differentially expressed genes among normal, immortalized and tumorigenic cell lines. Secondarily, a retrospective analysis was undertaken. Methods Differential display analysis was conducted to identify differentially expressed genes between human papillomavirus–infected immortalized HOK16B and benzo[a]pyrene–derived tumorigenic cell line, HOK16B-BaP-T. The cell-specific expressions were examined by Northern blot analysis and compared with other known immortalized and cancer cell lines. Immunohistochemical staining was also conducted to localize metallothionein (MT I/II) protein expression among the different cell lines studied. A retrospective analysis of laryngeal specimens from archival tissues of 29 cancer patients who underwent primary surgical resection was also undertaken after immunohistochemical staining. Results Twenty-one differentially expressed complementary cDNA clones, both novel and known, were identified using the differential display analysis. Northern blot analysis confirmed that clone 6 hybridized to a 1.6-kb RNA in HOK16B-Bap-T cell line. Clone 4 showed decreased expression in immortalized and cancer cell compared with NHOK. MT I/II transcript was observed in HOK16B, which was further elevated in HOK16B-Bap-T. Retrospective analysis showed that high immunoreactivity to MT I/II in surgically resected laryngeal cancer specimen correlated with increased frequency of recurrence within 2 years of surgery. Conclusion These findings suggest that clone 4 may potentially function as a tumor suppressor gene, which may be significant in tumor progression and invasion. Clone 6 may participate in viral-mediated oncogenic transformation of normal cells. Clone 6 may also have potential as a tumor maker differentiating normal from malignant tissue, as in the determination of surgical resection margins. MT I/II gene product may serve as a prognostic biomarker for laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. The differentially expressed genes and gene products may serve as sensitive biomarkers for improved early detection, diagnosis, and prognosis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.
A Controller for the LittleDog Quadruped Walking on Rough Terrain

We present a controller for a quadrupedal robot statically walking on known rough terrain. The controller has both deliberative and reactive components for task specific control issues, such as impassable terrain and unmodeled foot slippage. The controller architecture supports multiple gaits, and we present both a stable omnidirectional gait and a faster directional gait. The robot successfully negotiates obstacles up to 7.5 cm (ap40% leg length) tall and navigates over rocky terrain.
An oncogenic KRAS2 expression signature identified by cross-species gene-expression analysis

Using advanced gene targeting methods, generating mouse models of cancer that accurately reproduce the genetic alterations present in human tumors is now relatively straightforward. The challenge is to determine to what extent such models faithfully mimic human disease with respect to the underlying molecular mechanisms that accompany tumor progression. Here we describe a method for comparing mouse models of cancer with human tumors using gene-expression profiling. We applied this method to the analysis of a model of Kras2-mediated lung cancer and found a good relationship to human lung adenocarcinoma, thereby validating the model. Furthermore, we found that whereas a gene-expression signature of KRAS2 activation was not identifiable when analyzing human tumors with known KRAS2 mutation status alone, integrating mouse and human data uncovered a gene-expression signature of KRAS2 mutation in human lung cancer. We confirmed the importance of this signature by gene-expression analysis of short hairpin RNA-mediated inhibition of oncogenic Kras2. These experiments identified both a pattern of gene expression indicative of KRAS2 mutation and potential effectors of oncogenic KRAS2 activity in human cancer. This approach provides a strategy for using genomic analysis of animal models to probe human disease.
Urinary Diversion in Early Childhood: Indications and Outcomes in the Exstrophy Patients

Objective To evaluate indications and applicability of continent and incontinent urinary diversion (CUD and IUD, respectively) in early childhood in patients with classic bladder exstrophy (CBE). Methods Using an institutionally approved exstrophy database, patients with CBE born after 1980 who underwent CUD or IUD by 2 surgeons within the first 5 years of life were identified. All aspects of their care and clinical outcomes were studied. Results In the CUD group (n = 14), only 21% had successful primary closure. Indications were desire to be dry (7), persistent hydronephrosis (4), urinary tract infections (UTIs) (1), repeat CUD (1), and inaccessible proper follow-up (1). Three patients had neobladder creation, 10 had bladder augmentation with continent stomas, and 2 underwent ureterosigmoidostomy. Currently, all patients are dry with clean intermittent catheterization (CIC). In the IUD group (n = 5), only 1 had successful primary closure. In addition to small, noncontractile bladders, the indications for IUD were severe hydronephrosis (2), recurrent UTIs (2), and noncompliance with catheterization (1). Four patients were re-diverted to CUD after a mean of 9.4 years and 1 has colon conduit. All are socially dry via catheterization. There was no case of renal function loss or malignant transformation. Conclusion The need for early diversion in CBE is primarily driven by upper tract changes after secondary closure and social factors. Urinary diversion can be safe in younger children with a favorable continence outcome.
The Role of Computed Tomography in the Diagnosis of Subperiosteal Abscess of the Orbit

Periorbital cellulitis is a frequent complication of sinusitis in children. Subperiosteal abscess (SPA), however, is an uncommon sequela and may lead to serious complications if not promptly and adequately treated. A series of 13 consecutive patients who underwent orbital computed tomographic (CT) scans from January 1, 1986, to June 30, 1989, to investigate the possibility of SPA were reviewed. As demonstrated in this series, the diagnosis of subperiosteal abscess remains a clinical one that may be supported, but not determined, by an orbital CT scan. Cautious interpretation of these studies is advocated. Aggressive surgical therapy in appropriate clinical situations will lead to more rapid resolution of the disease process and fewer complications.
A survey of the large structures control problem

The problem of controlling a large structure is difficult because the dynamic model of such systems is a partial differential equation. The controller must be finite dimensional, so the problem arises immediately of how to develop a finite dimension controller for an infinite dimensional plant. When this question is posed the ancillary question of guaranteeing that the resulting design is insensitive to parameter uncertainties arises. The design must not only be of low order, but must also be "robust" in the sense of gain and phase margins etc. The design must also be stable despite uncertainties in the placement of actuators and sensors (the spatial distribution) and the design procedure must also be able to specify where and how many sensors and actuators are to be used. Lastly, all of these problems must be solved in such a way that practical control designs may be developed - in particular the design of digital control systems of large state dimension with high precision is required. This paper is the first of a sequence of invited papers on the large structures control problem, and is meant to be an overview of the problem. It, of necessity, must be a short introduction to the problem with some mention of the open questions. Any survey paper is a reflection of the authors' bias, likes and dislikes. We have attempted to eliminate those as much as possible, but if we have failed in some way to mention a particularly important issue it is but an oversight that we appologize for at the outset.
Hydroxyl Radicals Are Involved in Cell Killing by the Bacterial Topoisomerase I Cleavage Complex

Escherichia coli expressing SOS-inducing mutant topoisomerase I was utilized to demonstrate that covalent protein-DNA complex accumulation results in oxidative damage. Hydroxyl radicals were detected following mutant topoisomerase induction. The presence of the Fe2+ chelator 2,2′-dipyridyl and an iscS mutation affecting Fe-S cluster formation protect against topoisomerase I cleavage complex-mediated cell killing.
Infinite integral transforms in diffraction theory

It is emphasized that rather flexible general solutions of the scalar wave equation formed by integrating a separable solution over a separation "constant" are of direct application in certain boundary value problems if an appropriate infinite integral transform is available. The theory, on these lines, of the diffraction of a scalar plane wave in turn by a circular cylinder, a sphere, and a parabolic cylinder is briefly indicated.
PSYCHOGENIC PROBLEMS OF BRAIN-INJURED CHILDREN AND THEIR PARENTS

It is the purpose of this article to discuss the manifestations, psychodynamics, and therapy of some of the more common psychogenic problems seen in brain-injured children and their parents. For clarity of presentation, the discussion will be divided into two sections: one, on the problems which primarily stem from the parents; and the second, on those difficulties which, for the most part, arise in the child. This distinction, however, is often artificial as the interplay between the symptoms of the child and those of his parcnts is so great. Each one's prohlems complement and feed into thc other's to such an extent that each symptom can be best understood as an a ttcm pt at resolu tion of, or adapta tion to, a multiplicity of complex interacting forces present in both child and paren ts. Throughout this discussion, an attempt will be made to recommend therapeutic approaches which are simple, short, and practical. It is recognized, however, that when such measures are not successful, intensive treatment such as analytically oriented psychotherapy or psychoanalysis may be indicated. The discussion of the parents' reactions will he divided into the acute and chronic adaptations. In general, the acute are transient
Competition and Consumer Protection: A Behavioral Economics Account

Do the benefits of competition extend to a world with imperfectly rational consumers? I argue that sellers, operating in a competitive market, will design their products, contracts and pricing schemes in response to consumer misconception, resulting in both efficiency losses and harm to consumers. Under certain conditions, competition provides incentives for sellers to educate consumers and reduce misconception, but these mistake-correction forces are limited. The existence of biased demand, generated by imperfectly rational consumers, creates a market failure – a behavioral market failure. Mandated disclosure, deliberately designed for imperfectly rational consumers, or for sophisticated intermediaries that advise imperfectly rational consumers, can help.
Progress in magnetic fusion energy research

The remarkable scientific progress that has been made in the Magnetic Fusion Energy Program since its inception 40 years ago is reviewed. This formalized international collaborative effort of design and development for a 1000-MW experimental reactor (ITER) has been entered into by the United States, Russia, Japan, and the European Community. In the United States, a national project to build a superconducting steady-state advanced tokamak (SSAT) to improve the reactor prospects of fusion is underway. Beginning with a quick summary of fundamentals, progress in research is traced through major steps in the program. This study concludes with a view of the future and of the problems remaining to be overcome before a demonstration (demo) power plant can be built by the 2025 date given in the US National Energy Strategy. >
Nonlinear optical Fourier filtering technique for medical image processing

Real-time nonlinear optical Fourier filtering for medical image processing is demonstrated, exploiting light modulating characteristics of thin films of the biophotonic material bacteriorhodopsin (bR). The nonlinear transmission of bR films for a 442 nm probe beam with a 568 nm control beam and vice versa is experimentally studied in detail. The spatial frequency information carried by the blue probe beam is selectively manipulated in the bR film by changing the position and intensity of the yellow control beam. The feasibility of the technique is first established with different shapes and sizes of phantom objects. The technique is applied to filter out low spatial frequencies corresponding to soft dense breast tissue and displaying only high spatial frequencies corresponding to microcalcifications in clinical screen film mammograms. With the aid of an electrically addressed spatial light modulator (SLM), we successfully adapt the technique for processing digital phantoms and digital mammograms. Unlike conventional optical spatial filtering techniques that use masks, the technique proposed can easily accommodate the changes in size and shape of details in a mammogram.
Vaccines and autism in primate model

The fear that vaccines cause autism has been a tale of changing hypotheses: first, involving the measles–mumps–rubella (MMR) vaccine followed by thimerosal, an ethylmercury-containing preservative in vaccines, and, most recently, the number and timing of vaccines. The primate study by Gadad et al. (1) addresses all three concerns.
What do we mean by prediction in language comprehension

ABSTRACTWe consider several key aspects of prediction in language comprehension: its computational nature, the representational level(s) at which we predict, whether we use higher-level representations to predictively pre-activate lower level representations, and whether we “commit” in any way to our predictions, beyond pre-activation. We argue that the bulk of behavioural and neural evidence suggests that we predict probabilistically and at multiple levels and grains of representation. We also argue that we can, in principle, use higher-level inferences to predictively pre-activate information at multiple lower representational levels. We suggest that the degree and level of predictive pre-activation might be a function of its expected utility, which, in turn, may depend on comprehenders’ goals and their estimates of the relative reliability of their prior knowledge and the bottom-up input. Finally, we argue that all these properties of language understanding can be naturally explained and productively e...
Supreme Court Review: Court Preserves Privileges of the Dead

Commentary and analysis of the Supreme Court’s procedural decisions handed down during the 1997-98 Term. The article discusses the Court 6-3 decision in Swidler & Berlin v. United States, in which a majority of the Court upheld the sanctity of the attorney-client privilege even after the client was deceased. In a short decision, the Court upheld the longstanding posthumous application of the attorney-client privilege, and all nine Justices agreed that even the dead may retain a personal, reputational and economic interest in maintaining the confidentiality of discussion with their attorneys. In another decision, the Court in Baker v. General Motors Corp. held that full faith and credit under the Constitution does not mean that enforcement measures must travel with the sister state judgment as preclusive effects do; such measures remain subject to the even-handed control of forum law. In an opinion relating to appellate review of trial court’s Daubert decisions – General Elec. Co. v. Joiner – a unanimous Court held that an abuse of discretion standard governs appellate review of a district judge’s determination to allow or exclude scientific testimony. Finally, in Lexecon Inc. V. Milberg Weiss Bershad Hynes & Lerach, a unanimous Court held that the multidistrict litigation statute (28 U.S.C. § 1407) literally requires that cases transferred to an MDL forum for coordinated pretrial proceedings must be remanded back to their original courts upon completion of those pretrial proceedings. This article discusses the background to these cases as well as the Supreme Court’s decision in each appeal.
Use of ontologies in information extraction

Information extraction (IE) aims to recognize and retrieve certain types of information from natural language text. For instance, an information extraction system may extract key geopolitical indicators about countries from a set of web pages while ignoring other types of information. IE has existed as a research field for a few decades, and ontology-based information extraction (OBIE) has recently emerged as one of its subfields. Here, the general idea is to use ontologies—which provide formal and explicit specifications of shared conceptualizations—to guide the information extraction process. This dissertation presents two novel directions for ontology-based information extraction in which ontologies are used to improve the information extraction process. First, I describe how a component-based approach for information extraction can be designed through the use of ontologies in information extraction. A key idea in this approach is identifying components of information extraction systems which make extractions with respect to specific ontological concepts. These components are termed “information extractors”. The component-based approach explores how information extractors as well as other types of components can be used in developing information extraction systems. This approach has the potential to make a significant contribution towards the widespread usage and commercialization of information extraction. Second, I describe how an ontology-based information extraction system can make use of multiple ontologies. Almost all previous systems use a single ontology, although multiple ontologies are available for most domains. Using multiple ontologies in information extraction has the potential to extract more information from text and thus leads to an improvement in performance measures. The concept of information extractor, conceived in the component-based approach for information extraction, is used in designing the principles for accommodating multiple ontologies in an ontology-based information extraction system.
Models: Operational, Expert, and Intelligent

Operations research (OR) has developed both formal and heuristic solutions to a broad spectrum of real-world issues. Artificial intelligence (AI) through its expert systems (ES) approaches has recently begun to attack similar problems. I believe that AI/ES and OR applications have similar objectives to permit the executive or decision maker to improve his understanding of, and take desirable actions in a particular operational domain. Both must build computable models which have an equivalent model structure. The surface differences are programming devices that may be stripped away. In the not too distant future, all significant programs intended to provide advice, diagnosis and analysis to aid decision-makers will be hybrid. That is, AI rule-based, knowledge-based and OR algorithm-based, heuristic-based expert systems will be joined to accomplish the desired end-result as efficiently as possible. This will be achieved through the construction of programming languages calling on the combined knowledge of AI, OR, and the computer science communities.
Combinatorial Cell Complexes

In this chapter we state the basic definitions and propositions about combinatorial cell complexes and work out some examples in detail. We study certain maps of cell complexes that preserve “enough” of the combinatorial structure and construct the product, quotient, and adjunction complexes.
Hexadecane decay by methanogenesis

The potential for the biological conversion of long-chain saturated hydrocarbons to methane under anaerobic conditions has been demonstrated by using an enrichment culture of bacteria to degrade pure-phase hexadecane1. The formation of methane in hydrocarbon-rich subsurface zones could be explained if a similar conversion of long-chain alkanes to methane were to take place in subsurface environments. If this process could be stimulated in the subsurface, it could be used to enhance hydrocarbon recovery from petroleum reserves1,2. Parkes2, however, questions the environmental significance of the enrichment-culture results1 on the grounds that alkane conversion to methane is very slow and because sulphate-reducing and methanogenic bacteria might both be necessary for even this slow process to occur, restricting the conversion to specialized, unusual zones in sediments. Here we show that, on the contrary, subsurface bacteria can adapt to convert hexadecane to methane rapidly and in the absence of sulphate-reducing bacteria.
Abstract 5536: KB-164, a novel and highly potent Src family kinase inhibitor, reduces cancer cell invasion and abrogates downstream oncogenic pathways in triple negative breast cancer

Proceedings: AACR 106th Annual Meeting 2015; April 18-22, 2015; Philadelphia, PA Src is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase, which acts as an integrator of diverse signaling pathways used by cancer cells for cell proliferation, migration and metastasis. Recent interest in developing target specific therapy for improved benefits with manageable toxic effects has sharply increased the interest in testing new Src family kinase inhibitors for their potential anticancer therapeutic properties. In this study, we sought to investigate the chemical characteristics and the biological effects of the novel Src family kinase inhibitor KB-164, in Src expressing triple negative breast cancer cells. We show that KB-164 acts as a potent Src kinase inhibitor (IC50 1.3 nmol/L) in MDA-MB 231 cells, 100-fold more potent than the most widely used Src family kinase inhibitor dasatinib. At concentrations of 50nmol/L, KB-164 led to complete inhibition of Src activation for 48 hours. Analysis of downstream effectors of Src revealed that treatment with KB-164 inhibits the phosphorylation of several oncogenic pathways i.e. EGFR, ERK1/2, P38MAPK and AKT. A dramatic decrease in cancer cell motility and invasion was observed on treatment with KB-164 in both SUM 149 and MDA-MB 231 triple negative breast cancer cell lines. We also show that triple negative breast cancer cells derived from the patients are equally sensitive to growth inhibition by KB-164 within an IC50 of 1.8-nmol range. No cytotoxicity was observed both in vitro (18 micro mol/L in normal human mammary epithelial cells) and in vivo (70mg/kg in mice). Our findings indicate that KB-164 inhibits signaling pathways involved in controlling tumor cell proliferation and survival, suggesting that KB-164 might prove to be a promising therapeutic agent for breast cancer. Citation Format: Rabia A. Gilani, Kristoffer R. Brandvold, Li Wei Bao, Sameer Phadke, Michael E. Steffey, Matthew B. Soellner, Sofia D. Merajver. KB-164, a novel and highly potent Src family kinase inhibitor, reduces cancer cell invasion and abrogates downstream oncogenic pathways in triple negative breast cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 5536. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-5536
Multimode VCSELs vs Si Photonics in the Data Center: A Techno-economical Comparison

Will Si photonics replace MM VCSELs in the data center? We attempt to answer this question by comparing the two technologies based on their application space, cost structure, transmission reach, and power consumption.
FLOW CONTROL OVER DELTA WINGS AT HIGH ANGLES OF ATTACK

The possibility of delaying vortex breakdown to higher angles of attack by employing control surfaces is studied experimentally. The effect of control surfaces is tested for fixed and dynamically pitching delta wings. Flow visualization, surface pressure measurements and laser-Doppler ~elocimet~ry are employed to map out pressure, velocity and vorticity fields. It is found that a drooping apex flap can delay vortex hr~ali~! .-.:. n by an angle of 8" beyond the steady flow brcs:ihclown angle. The apex flap cffect is equally pronounced in dynamic manelivers.