cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fiber optic bundle array wide field-of-view optical receiver for free space optical communications

We propose a design for a free space optical communications (FSOC) receiver terminal that offers an improved field of view (FOV) in comparison to conventional FSOC receivers. The design utilizes a microlens to couple the incident optical signal into an individual fiber in a bundle routed to remote optical detectors. Each fiber in the bundle collects power from a solid angle of space; utilizing multiple fibers enhances the total FOV of the receiver over typical single-fiber designs. The microlens-to-fiber-bundle design is scalable and modular and can be replicated in an array to increase aperture size. The microlens is moved laterally with a piezoelectric transducer to optimize power coupling into a given fiber core in the bundle as the source appears to move due to relative motion between the transmitter and receiver. The optimum position of the lens array is determined via a feedback loop whose input is derived from a position sensing detector behind another lens. Light coupled into like fibers in each array cell is optically combined (in fiber) before illuminating discrete detectors.
Temperature control of reproduction and productivity in a subarctic coralline alga

Based on detailed quantitative distributional data for the North Atlantic and qualitative data for the North Pacific, a hypothesis of winter temperature control of reproduction and distribution is ...
A Digital Control System for a Nuclear Physics Laboratory

An integrated hardware-software system for monitoring and controlling experimental equipment in nuclear structure experiments at the Yale University Wright Nuclear Structure Laboratory is described. In this system, the control and monitoring of symbolically addressed devices is multiprogrammed with other tasks. Where possible, the details of a control operation are handled by an external control unit rather than by the computer itself.
High-performance liquid chromatographic assay with electrochemical detection for azithromycin in serum and tissues

High-performance liquid chromatographic methods using reversed-phase chromatography and electrochemical detection have been developed for the quantitation of azithromycin in serum and tissues of laboratory animals and humans. Serum sample preparation involved addition of internal standard, alkalinization, and solvent extraction. Tissue sample preparation involved Polytron homogenization in acetonitrile containing internal standard, evaporation of the supernatant, alkalinization of the residue, and solvent extraction. Serum samples were chromatographed on an alkylphenyl-bonded silica column eluted with pH 6.8-7.2 mobile phase with a dual-electrode coulometric detector operated in the oxidative screen mode. Serum and tissue samples were chromatographed on a gamma RP-1 alumina column with pH 11 mobile phase with a glassy carbon amperometric detector. Recovery of azithromycin was 87% from serum and 85% from tissues. Linear standard curves were prepared in serum over two concentration ranges (0.01-0.20 and 0.20-2.0 micrograms/ml) and in tissues over several concentration ranges (0.1-2, 1-10, 10-100, and 100-1000 micrograms/g). In serum and tissues, intra- and inter-assay precision ranged from 1 to 8% and 4 to 11%, respectively. The tissue assay has been applied to liver, kidney, lung, spleen, muscle, fat, brain, tonsil, lymph nodes, eye, prostate and other urological tissues, and gynecological tissues.
Pediatric Primary Pulmonary Hypertension.

| Primary pulmonary hypertension is a disease for which there is no single best therapy. Rather, it is a process that progresses inexorably to disability and death, for which there are a variety of palliative therapies, all with significant side effects, and none curative. Nevertheless, it is clear that the available therapies improve the quality of life and prolong life; failure to offer therapy for patients with this disease in the current era is indefensible. As primary pulmonary hypertension progresses, one must chose from among the available therapies the regimen that provides the most benefit for the patient with the least associated morbidity. Organ replacement is appropriate only after all other available therapies have been exhausted. The recommended hierarchy of ther-apy is 1) anticongestive therapy, anticoagulation, and supplemental oxygen, 2) calcium channel blockade, 3) continuous intravenous prostacyclin, 4) beta-receptor agonists for cardiac support, and 5) lung transplantation. Newer therapies, described in this review, soon will be incorporated into this hierarchy.
TRANSLOCATION OF GLUCOKINASE IN PANCREATIC BETA -CELLS DURING ACUTE AND CHRONIC HYPERGLYCEMIA

Glucokinase (GK) plays a key role in the regulation of glucose-induced insulin secretion, and questions have been raised about its relationship to the glucose transporter GLUT2 and its function in diabetes. This study examined the location of immunostained GK and GLUT2 in beta-cells using confocal microscopy. On double stained sections from pancreases of normal fed rats, GLUT2 Texas Red staining was restricted to the plasma membrane, and GK fluorescein isothiocyanate staining was found in a limited area of cytoplasm that was perinuclear with slight extension toward the apical pole. The GK staining occupied 8.6 +/- 1.7% of total cytoplasmic area and was almost never adjacent to the GLUT2 staining of the plasma membrane. To determine whether the GK staining pattern is altered by metabolic perturbation, normal rats were made acutely hyperglycemic with iv glucose injections; after 20 min the GK staining changed from being localized to become diffusely distributed throughout the cytoplasm. To examine the influence of chronic hyperglycemia, rats were subjected to 90% partial pancreatectomy (Px), which produced glucose levels of 10.9-20.8 mM. When studied 6 or 14 days after Px, those rats with glucose levels greater than 17.7 mM had an altered GK staining pattern that was variable; in some beta-cells GK staining was diffuse and in others the localized staining pattern was preserved. GLUT2 staining was reduced overall, but variability between cells was observed, unlike the more uniform reductions seen with hyperglycemia of longer duration. Other rats received islet transplants to prevent hyperglycemia after Px; their GK and GLUT2 staining patterns were normal. These findings indicate that GK is translocated in association with acute and chronic hyperglycemia. The translocation of this key enzyme for glucose recognition by beta-cells may lead to altered rates of insulin secretion during acute perturbations of fuel provision and in the diabetic state.
Antenatal diagnosis of isolated congenital diaphragmatic hernia is not an indicator of outcome.

It has been reported previously that infants diagnosed with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) antenatally have a much poorer prognosis than those diagnosed postnatally. The authors identified 173 high-risk (symptomatic within the first 6 hours of life) infants with CDH treated in the past decade. Seventy-seven cases were diagnosed antenatally and 96 were diagnosed postnatally. The survival rate was slightly worse for the antenatal group (34% v 48% for the postnatal group; P = .04). However, 59 of the 173 patients (34%) had other life-threatening congenital anomalies. Among the 114 patients with isolated CDH, the survival rate increased to 59% in the antenatal group and 63% in the postnatal group--a difference that was not significant. The timing of antenatal diagnosis (> or < 25 weeks) had no impact on the statistics (P = .08). The only parameter consistently different between all groups and subgroups was the Apgar score at 5 minutes, which was always better in the antenatal group (P < .02), possibly reflecting more efficient resuscitation. Of the 59 patients with other life-threatening anomalies (42 cardiac), there was one survivor among the 34 in the antenatal group and only two among the 25 in the postnatal group, despite the fact that 39 patients had undergone resuscitation, which included ECMO in 25.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The effect of sleep state on active thermoregulation in the premature infant.

Summary during extended periods might heavily contribute to the overall Alterations in thermoregulatory mechanisms related to sleep state may play an important role in the problems of homeostasis experienced by the premature infant. In the adult, homeothermic regulation of body temperature may. be suspended during REM. We measured oxygen consumption (VOz) in six premature infants 33-35 wk gestation both at thermoneutrality and during a mild thermal stress to determine whether thermoregulatory responses were intact during REM sleep. All infants were studied under radiant warmers. Skin temperature was allowed to fall 7-8 times during a 6-8 h study period while VOz, VCOZ, heart rate and TcPOz were continuously recorded. Sleep state was scored using EEG, EOG, EMG and behavioral criteria. A total of 1,162 onemin epochs were scored. In all states including REM, VOZ was significantly higher during the cool periods. The mean increases: 21.5%, 23.3%, 11.1% and 5.3% for Awake, Indeterminate, REM and NREM respectively. When REM and NREM were compared at thermoneutrality, there was no difference in the VOZ (8.80 + 0.11 and 8.93 f 0.15 cc/kg/min, mean f S.E., for REM and NREM, respectively). We conclude that in contrast to the adult, active thermoregulation occurs in the premature infant during REM sleep. Speculation In the adult, the reason for temporary poikilothermy during REM sleep is unknown. Some have considered this phesomenon a regression to a phylogenetically primitive condition which is necessarv for normal hvpothalamic function. Because the newborn " period is characterized by profound ontogenic change, it is reasonable to s~eculate that the difference we observed between the premature and the adult is due to a developmental phenomenon. We further suggest that this developmental process may serve to protect the premature infant during REM sleep from extended periods of poikilothermy.
Measurements of year-long exposure to tree nursery workers using multiple pesticides.

A year-long nurseryworker pesticide exposure study was designed to measure and evaluate the exposure occurring to workers who had the potential for simultaneous exposure to multiple pesticides. This four-State study was conducted in five nurseries (four USDA Forest Service and one State) involved in conifer seedling production. Primary comparisons were made among nursery workers in the Pacific northwest and south central United States. Worker exposure was assessed by using patches attached to clothing, handrinse samples and urine excreted from potentially exposed workers. In addition, dislodgeable residue in rinsate from a water wash of pesticide-treated seedlings was also evaluated. Four different groups of field workers, designated as applicators, weeders, scouts and packers, were included. The pesticide absorbed dose, assessed by urine analysis of pesticide metabolites and the deposition of pesticide on patches attached to the clothing of field workers, was monitored as they performed their duties under normal conditions (e.g., typical clothing, pesticide application). Monitoring was performed for the 14 different pesticides which were used in these nurseries. Seven pesticides were studied in more detail using biological monitoring. For these compounds, metabolites known to be excreted in the urine of exposed humans or other mammals were used to estimate the dose of pesticide absorbed by the exposed workers.
Synthesis and characterization of a novel pentacyclic C16 diketone and derivatives

The syntheses and crystal structures of pentacyclo[9.4.1.05,14.07,13.012,15]hexadecane-3,9-dione (2), a novel C16 diketone with potential inclusion ability, and the products of the reaction of2 withn-butyllithium andmeso-erythritol (i.e.,meso-1,2,3,4-butanetetrol) are described. Crystal data:2·H2O, orthorhombic,Pmmn,a=10.7385(8),b=9.0188(6),c=6.8411(4)A,V=662.55(7)A3, andR=0.039 (379 reflections);3 (product from reaction withn-butyllithium), triclinic,P¯1,a=8.7192(7),b=10.9351(8),c=12.1842(8)A,α=68.933(5),β=75.850(6), γ=80.309(6)°,V=1047.0(1)A3, andR=0.081 (1811 reflections);4 (product from reaction with erythritol), triclinic,P¯1,a=7.7224(8),b=10.1976(8),c=10.7021(9)A,α=85.405(7),β=85.766(8), γ=76.056(7)°,V=814.0(1)A3, andR=0.052 (1471 reflections).
THERMAL NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS OF TITANIUM USING 5.8-MINUTE TITANIUM- 51 AND RAPID RADIOCHEMICAL SEPARATIONS

A nuclear reactor was used to determine trace amounts of Ti by neutron activation analysis in a variety of samples. A 10-minute radiochemical separation procedure coupled with gamma spectrometry permitted measurement of the 5.8-minute Ti/sup 51/. With a neutron flux of approximates 10/sup 12/ n cm/ sup -2/ sec/sup the practical lower limit of detection was approximates 6 x 10/ sup -7/ grams of Ti. (auth)
Audiovisual corpus to analyze whisper speech

Current automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems cannot recognize whisper speech with high accuracy. ASR systems are trained with neutral speech, which have significant acoustic differences with whisper speech (i.e., energy, duration, harmonics structure, and spectral slope). Given the limitations of speech-based systems to process whisper speech, we propose to explore the benefits of visual features describing the orofacial area. We hypothesize that the lips' articulation between whisper and neutral speech is similar, providing a valuable whisper-invariant modality. This paper introduces the first audiovisual corpus of whisper speech. While we are targeting over 40 speakers, the current corpus has recordings from eleven subjects who were asked to read TIMIT sentences, and isolated digits alternating between neutral and whisper speech. The corpus also includes spontaneous recordings, in which the subject answered a series of general questions. The paper also analyzes an exhaustive set of audiovisual features, including action units (AUs), lip spreading, fundamental frequency, intensity, MFCCs, and formants. We study the differences in the features' distributions between whisper and neutral speech using Kullback-Leibler divergence (KLD). Then, we conducted statistical test to determine whether the differences in the features are statistically significant. The results support our hypothesis that visual features are less affected by whisper speech.
Binocular capture: The role of non-linear position mechanisms

Abstract When monocular Vernier targets are presented with binocular disparate elements, an increase in vertical separation elevates alignment thresholds and also shifts its perceived visual direction towards the visual direction of the binocular disparate surround. This observation has been termed binocular capture. There is increasing evidence that this shift in the visual direction of the monocular target may be related to the type of position encoding mechanism involved in processing the relative position signal. This study investigated the interaction between capture magnitude and vertical separation for stimulus conditions that favored the recruitment of linear or non-linear position encoding mechanisms. Relative alignment thresholds and bias were measured for a pair of vertically separated (8′, 30′, 60′, 120′) monocular Gabor gratings (1, 2, 4 and 8 cpd). Grating stimuli were constructed to constrain relative alignment judgments to the carrier grating (CO) or to the envelope (EO). Relative alignment thresholds and bias were also measured for a pair of vertically separated monocular Gabor gratings comprising a 1 cpd vertical square wave grating (SQ) or a 1 cpd missing fundamental grating (MF). Capture magnitudes were significantly larger across vertical separation and varied proportionally with relative alignment threshold for the EO and MF conditions. This was not evident with the CO and SQ conditions. The stark difference in capture magnitudes between the stimuli conditions suggest that the increase in capture magnitude observed with increasing vertical separation is intimately related to the transition from a “capture-immune” first-order spatial filter mechanism to a “capture-vulnerable” non-linear/feature-based position encoding mechanism.
Gradient-based buffer control technique for MPEG

This paper proposes a new buffer-control technique for MPEG Video. The goal is to minimize the distortion while keeping the change in distortion between consecutive frames small. We formulate this goal as a constrained optimization problem and find the optimal solution using an iterative gradient search method. A preliminary experiment on a sub- GOP (4 frames, IBBP) shows that the solution is very close to the global optimal point. Further experiments on short video sequences show that, at the same bit rate and buffer constraint, the technique generates output sequences with smaller and more stable mean square error than other techniques, and strictly constant bit rate for every group of pictures. This technique should be particularly useful for off-line encoding or for one encoder/many decoders situations, where the higher computational cost required at the encoder can be afforded pays off by allowing higher quality sequences or smaller decoder buffers.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The use of oral contraceptive pharmaceutical sample packs by adolescent health care providers.

Abstract Study Objective: The purpose of this study was to understand how health care providers use and distribute oral contraceptive pill (OCP) sample packs to adolescents. Design: Qualitative study involving face-to-face structured interviews. Setting: Interviews lasted approximately 20–30 minutes and were done in the health care provider's office setting. Participants: A convenience sample of fourteen health care providers (pediatricians, family practitioners, nurse practitioners, and midwives) who have practices that include adolescents were interviewed. Main Outcome Measures: Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed. Two independent reviewers read the transcripts for themes. Transcripts were then coded and frequency counts were done. Conclusions: OCP sample packs are an important tool for education and compliance. The pharmaceutical OCP sample supply may influence the health care provider's OCP choice for a teen.
Valuation rings and the (catenary) chain conjectures

For a Noetherian domain R (altitude R < ∞) with quotient field F, an overring I(R) of R is defined as the intersection of a certain family of valuation rings in F which contain R. I(R) is characterized in several ways, and it is shown that I(R) has many properties which are analogous to properties of the integral closure of R. Then it is shown that further knowledge of I(R) should help to settle some of the conjectures concerning maximal chains of prime ideals in a Noetherian domain.
Perspectives on Elder Abuse and Neglect in Brazil

In a sample of 70 Brazilian participants (46 females and 24 males) who responded to the cross-cultural survey on family violence and abuse, nearly half of the participants provided no examples of extreme, moderate, or mild elder abuse. In the sample of responses that were provided, the most commonly cited form of abuse overall was psychological neglect, followed by neglect/abandonment. Although forms of physical aggression were mentioned less often than forms of neglect, the older the participants were, the more frequently they identified physical aggression as abusive.
Low-temperature thermochronology: Techniques, interpretations, and applications, edited by Peter W. Reiners and Todd A. Ehlers

Low-termperature thermochronology: Techniques, interpretations, and applications, edited by Peter W. Reiners and Todd A. Ehlers
Myristoylome Profiling Reveals a Concerted Mechanism of ARF GTPase Deacylation by the Bacterial Protease IpaJ

Summary N -myristoylation is an essential fatty acid modification that governs the localization and activity of cell signaling enzymes, architectural proteins, and immune regulatory factors. Despite its importance in health and disease, there are currently no methods for reversing protein myristoylation in vivo. Recently, the Shigella flexneri protease IpaJ was found to cleave myristoylated glycine of eukaryotic proteins, yet the discriminatory mechanisms of substrate selection required for targeted demyristoylation have not yet been evaluated. Here, we performed global myristoylome profiling of cells treated with IpaJ under distinct physiological conditions. The protease is highly promiscuous among diverse N- myristoylated proteins in vitro but is remarkably specific to Golgi-associated ARF/ARL family GTPases during Shigella infection. Reconstitution studies revealed a mechanistic framework for substrate discrimination based on IpaJ's function as a GTPase "effector" of bacterial origin. We now propose a concerted model for IpaJ function that highlights its potential for programmable demyristoylation in vivo.
Taking on goliath: The Jews against Rome, AD 66–73

(1994). Taking on goliath: The Jews against Rome, AD 66–73. Small Wars & Insurgencies: Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 1-28.
Sticking Probabilities in Adsorption of Alkanethiols from Liquid Ethanol Solution onto Gold

The sticking probability (i.e., the rate of adsorption per molecular collision with the surface) is the most fundamental and powerful way to express adsorption rate constants, yet its accurate use has been restricted almost exclusively to adsorption from the gas phase. Here, we extend this concept to transient rate measurements of adsorption from liquid solutions, and apply it to clarify the dynamics of alkanethiol adsorption on gold. A numerical solution to Fick's law of diffusion, using the measured adsorption rate versus time as a boundary condition, provides the adsorbate concentration versus distance from the surface and time. The resulting concentration nearest the surface gives the collision frequency with the surface, used to calculate the sticking probability. Quantitative measurements of adsorption kinetics of a series alkanethiols onto gold from ethanol solutions by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy reveal first-order Langmuir kinetics up to a coverage of ∼4 × 1014 molecules/cm2, wit...
Bilateral Wilms' tumors.

Abstract Of 6 cases of bilateral Wilms' tumor (8.3 per cent of all cases seen in 25 years) 4 presented with bilateral involvement initially and 2 developed contralateral involvement 27 and 39 months after unilateral nephrectomy. Although one child is surviving and free of apparent disease 4 years after Actinomycin D and irradiation alone, the recommended management of bilateral disease is biopsy, shrinkage of the tumors by Actinomycin D and irradiation, followed by heminephrectomy of the least involved kidney and subsequent removal of the other kidney. Prolonged follow-up by pyelography of the remaining kidney following nephrectomy for unilateral disease is suggested.
A possible abrograptid graptolite (Abrograptidae, Graptoloidea) from western Newfoundland

Jiangshanites (?)dubius n. sp. is the oldest abrograptid graptolite yet described. It was found in theUndulograptus austrodentatus Biozone of western Newfoundland. The specimens possess an extended rutellum and an isograptid orartus type proximal development with prosicular origin of th 11. No indication of a virgellar spine is seen. The proximal development structures of the specimens show the relation to Sigmagraptidae or Dichograptidae.
A NEW STAPHYLOCOCCAL ENTEROTOXIN, ENTEROTOXIN F, ASSOCIATED WITH TOXIC-SHOCK-SYNDROME STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS ISOLATES

612 (93.8%) of 65 Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from 65 patients with toxic-shock syndrome (TSS) produced an enterotoxin-like protein, tentatively identified as staphylococcal enterotoxin F (SEF). One of the other strains produced staphylococcal enterotoxin B and another exterotoxin C. In two blind studies all 34 TSS-associated S. aureau strains examined and 3 (11.5%) of 26 control S. aureau strains produced SEF. 2 of the latter strains were isolated from the vaginas of women who had no history of TSS. SEF was purified, and specific antibodies to it were prepared. Only 4 (4.6%) of 87 S. aureau strains from other sources were found to produce SEF. 5 (17.2%) of 29 TSS patients whose acute sera were available had anti-SEF antibody present in titres of greater than or equal to 1:100 as determined by radioimmunoassay, compared with 44 (78.6%) of 56 controls--demonstrating a greater serosusceptibility of TSS patients to SEF. It is suggested that staphylococcal enterotoxin, particularly SEF, may be a cause of the signs and symptoms of TSS.
Income Inequality, Illiteracy Rate, and Life Expectancy in Brazil

Objectives. The link between income disparities and health has been studied mostly in developed nations. This study assesses the relationship between income disparities and life expectancy in Brazil and measures the impact of illiteracy rates on the association. Methods. The units of analysis (n = 27) are all the Brazilian states and the federal capital. Simple and multiple linear regressions were performed to measure the association between income disparity, measured by the Gini coefficient, gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, and illiteracy rate. Data came from publicly available sources at the Brazilian Ministry of Health and the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. Results. Income disparities and illiteracy rates were negatively associated with life expectancy in Brazil. GDP per capita was positively associated with life expectancy. The inclusion of illiteracy rates in the regression model removed the effect of income disparities. Conclusions. Illiteracy rate is strongly associated wi...
Summary of the Findings from the Exposure Assessments for Metalworking Fluid Mortality and Morbidity Studies

Since 1985, a number of North American researchers have evaluated the association between worker exposure to metalworking fluids (MWFs) and cancer mortality or respiratory morbidity. The studies have used different methods to measure the MWF aerosol concentration and to evaluate the exposures to the specific components of the MWF aerosol (bacteria, endotoxin, elements, metals, ethanolamines, polyaromatic hydrocarbons). This diversity of approaches makes comparison of study results difficult and has impeded the development of an occupational exposure limit (OEL) for metalworking fluids. This article summarizes the exposures measured in these North American epidemiologic studies by estimating their thoracic and inhalable MWF particulate levels. In addition, issues that must be resolved before a universal sampling and analysis method for MWF can be recommended are reviewed, including: the use of gravimetric versus extractable analysis; whether the analytical limit of detection can support a lower occupational exposure limit; if the volatile components of mineral oils should also be collected; and whether there are components of specific concern in MWFs that should be regulated separately. Finally, recommendations for future directions in MWF exposure assessment and control are suggested.
Unfolding the mystery of olfactory receptor gene expression.

Reporting recently in Cell, Dalton et al. (2013) identify a central role for the unfolded protein response in the regulation of olfactory receptor expression, unveiling molecular players in an elaborate feedback loop that controls the stabilization and establishment of single olfactory receptor gene choice.
Synthesis of N-Heterocylic Carbene-Containing Metal Complexes from 2-(Pentafluorophenyl)imidazolidines

N-Heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-containing metal complexes are prepared through a simple, base-free method involving the decomposition of 2-(pentafluorophenyl)imidazolidines under mild thermolytic conditions. Ruthenium, iridium, and rhodium complexes containing NHC ligands with different electronic and steric parameters are reported.
Experimental use of cytosine arabinoside in congenital cytomegalovirus infection

Two infants with congenital cytomegalovirus infection were treated with cytosine arabinoside in an attempt to eradicate the virus and thereby possibly prevent further neurologic deterioration. Although in one case there appears to have been some modification of virus excretion during and after therapy, complete cessation of virus excretion was not achieved. The second patient apparently stopped excreting cytomegalovirus just prior to therapy but continued to harbor virus in white blood cells after therapy. Toxicities were vomiting, neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia.
Characterizing electron bombardment of Europa’s surface by location and depth

Abstract We characterize the bombardment of energetic electrons onto Europa’s surface and discuss their influence on surface albedo, chemistry, and astrobiological potential, thereby isolating and quantifying a major contributor to exogenic processes affecting the satellite.
CUTANEOUS REACTIONS TO THE POLYSACCHARIDES AND PROTEINS OF PNEUMOCOCCUS IN LOBAR PNEUMONIA

I. a. Pneumococcus polysaccharides, when injected intradermally into patients convalescent from pneumonia, are capable of eliciting a response. The polysaccharide inducing a cutaneous reaction was found always to be homologous in type to that of the pneumococcus causing the infection. b. The character of the reaction incited by the protein-free bacterial sugars is of the immediate wheal and erythema type. c. A patient's capacity to react was found to be intimately associated both with recovery from infection and with the presence of type specific antibodies in the circulating blood. II. a. The so-called nucleo-protein of pneumococcus, when injected intradermally, also causes a local cutaneous reaction in patients during convalescence from lobar pneumonia. b. The local lesion resulting from the injection of protein is tuberculin-like in character, and differs from that evoked by the type-specific polysaccharides in gross appearance, time of development, and duration. c. Individuals, acutely ill with and convalescent from pneumococcus pneumonia, possess in their circulating blood, precipitins reactive with pneumococcus protein. In the observations recorded, the concentration of anti-protein antibodies in the blood serum did not seem to influence the patient's capacity to react to intradermal injection of the protein.
Myostatin activation in patients with advanced heart failure and after mechanical unloading.

Aims Myostatin inhibits myoblast differentiation/proliferation and may play a role in heart failure (HF) and reverse remodelling after left ventricular assist device (LVAD) support. This study sought to characterize myostatin expression and activation in advanced HF before and after LVAD support.
Low-Dose Oral Alcohol and Intraocular Pressure

Ethyl alcohol, administered orally in doses of 2 to 3 ml/kg at 40 to 50% concentration, decreased intraocular pressure ( IOP) in both normal and glaucomatous eyes." These doses usually were accompanied by increases in serum osmolality of 20 to 30 mOsm/L. The peak response occurred at about one hour. The primary action of alcohol on IOP was felt to be by an osmotic mechanism.' Although Palm reported rapid penetration of alcohol from the plasma into the aqueous humor, Krupin and associates showed that penetration into the vitreous proceeded at a slower rate, thereby establishing a blood vitre­ ous gradient. A secondary action, which acted to complement the initial response, appeared to be the suppression of antidiuretic hormone release by alcohol.' This resulted in a hypotonic diuresis that enhanced the osmotic effect by maintaining a relatively high serum osmolality even in the face of a decreasing serum alcohol concentration. This response was maximum at approximately two hours. Recently, an investigation indicated that oral administration of 21 ml of 38% alcohol significantly reduced intraocular pressure in glaucomatous and normal eyes. Further­ more, increasing the amount up to fourfold did not produce an additional, earlier or pro­ longed pressure fall. Since these findings were inconsistent with current concepts of the action of alcohol, we undertook to evalu­ ate the effect of small doses of ethyl alcohol in a group of ocular hypertensives without visual field loss.
A discrete model for an ill-posed nonlinear parabolic PDE

We study a finite-difference discretization of an ill-posed nonlinear parabolic partial differential equation. The PDE is the one-dimensional version of a simplified two-dimensional model for the formation of shear bands via anti-plane shear of a granular medium. For the discretized initial value problem, we derive analytically, and observed numerically, a two-stage evolution leading to a steady-state: (i) an initial growth of grid-scale instabilities, and (ii) coarsening dynamics. Elaborating the second phase, at any fixed time the solution has a piecewise linear profile with a finite number of shear bands. In this coarsening phase, one shear band after another collapses until a steady-state with just one jump discontinuity is achieved. The amplitude of this steady-state shear band is derived analytically, but due to the ill-posedness of the underlying problem, its position exhibits sensitive dependence. Analyzing data from the simulations, we observe that the number of shear bands at time t decays like t −1/3 . From this scaling law, we show that the time-scale of the coarsening phase in the evolution of this model for granular media critically depends on the discreteness of the model. Our analysis also has implications to related ill-posed nonlinear PDEs for the one-dimensional Perona–Malik equation in image processing and to models for clustering instabilities in granular materials. © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Crossover from capillary fingering to compact invasion for two-phase drainage with stable viscosity ratios

Abstract Motivated by a wide range of applications from enhanced oil recovery to carbon dioxide sequestration, we have developed a two-dimensional, pore-level model of immiscible drainage, incorporating viscous, capillary, and gravitational effects. This model has been validated quantitatively, in the very different limits of zero viscosity ratio and zero capillary number; flow patterns from modeling agree well with experiment. For a range of stable viscosity ratios ( μ injected / μ displaced ⩾ 1), we have increased the capillary number, N c , and studied the way in which the flows deviate from capillary fingering (the fractal flow of invasion percolation) and become compact for realistic capillary numbers. Results exhibiting this crossover from capillary fingering to compact invasion are presented for the average position of the injected fluid, the fluid–fluid interface, the saturation and fractional flow profiles, and the relative permeabilities. The agreement between our results and earlier theoretical predictions [Blunt M, King MJ, Scher H. Simulation and theory of two-phase flow in porous media. Phys Rev A 1992;46:7680–99; Lenormand R. Flow through porous media: limits of fractal patterns. Proc Roy Soc A 1989;423:159–68; Wilkinson D. Percolation effects in immiscible displacement. Phys Rev A 1986;34:1380–90; Xu B, Yortsos YC, Salin D. Invasion Percolation with viscous forces. Phys Rev E 1998;57:739–51] supports the validity of these general theoretical arguments, which were independent of the details of the porous media in both two and three dimensions.
Public opinion's tilt against private enterprise.

Abstract: Drawing on hundreds of identically worded questions, this DataWatch finds that Americans now feel genuine concern for the health status of other people. This is a dramatic development in a country that has encouraged individuals to isolate themselves. The second finding is that necessity has pushed Americans into grudgingly accepting government taxation and regulation as the most feasible way to provide what is by now an expected benefit: secure access to essential health care. Evidence of Americans' concerns and of the tilt away from laissez-faire commitments challenges two of the most sacred conventional assumptions about public opinion in the United States.
A viscoelastic description of the glass transition-conversion relationship for reactive polymers

The glass transition temperature,T g is a sensitive and practical parameter for following cure of reactive thermosetting systems. A new equation was developed for predicting theT g -conversion relationship based on the Dillman-Seferis viscoelastic compliance model. It assumes that the changes inT g are primarily due to changes in relaxation time as chain extension and crosslinking reduce the mobility of a polymer network. Such information is essential in combining kinetic and viscoelastic measurements, which monitor transformations of thermosets during cure. The equation derived from the viscoelastic model was shown to be applicable for a variety of experimental data. The success of the methodology was further demonstrated by comparing well-established relations, such as the Fox equation and the Di-Benedetto equation, to predictions made possible by adjusting two viscoelastic model parameters. Finally, the fitting power of the proposed equation was shown by fitting published epoxy data from the literature as well as experimental data on a relatively new resin system such as dicyanates used as a model in this study.
Metastatic phenotype in murine cells transfected with human DNA

DNAs of cell lines derived from human metastatic tumors were transfected into tumorigenic, nonmetastasizing murine cells (BALB 3T12-3) to determine if the capacity to metastasize could be conferred by this transfer of portions of the human genome. Using the calcium phosphate method, whole cell DNA was cotransfected into the murine cells along with a neomycin-resistance gene. Recipient murine cells (10(6] which grew in neomycin, indicating successful transfection, were injected via tail vein into 4- to 6-week-old male athymic nude mice. Animals were sacrificed if they appeared ill or at times up to 24 weeks after injection if they remained healthy. Murine cells transfected with DNA from one cell line derived from a hepatic metastasis of a human pancreatic adenocarcinoma (NCI-ZRY) formed experimental pulmonary metastases in 11 of 13 animals injected. Neither murine cells (unmanipulated BALB 3T12-3 cells) nor murine cells transfected with DNA from the same cell type (BALB 3T12-3 cells transfected with BALB 3T12-3 DNA) produced experimental metastases when each cell type was injected into 20 and 10 animals, respectively (P2 less than 0.0001). The results are consistent with the hypothesis that expression of a structural or regulatory protein encoded on human DNA conferred the metastatic phenotype to the recipient murine cells.
Can molecular alkali halides be photodesorbed from metallic and nonpolar dielectric surfaces

Abstract Photodesorption of alkali halides as molecules from metals or nonpolar dielectrics is unlikely; it is much more likely that the alkali atom will be desorbed alone.
Tracer Test to Evaluate Dilution of Ground Water from Lost Circulation

Lost circulation, the inadvertent injection of drilling fluids into a highly permeable and/or fractured aquifer during rotary drilling, may result in collection of spurious information if the lost drilling fluids are not adequately purged before sampling the ground water. The purpose of this study was to determine whether removal of the volume of water lost during coring of a monitoring well in the carbonate Scotch Grove Formation (Silurian, east central Iowa) necessarily ensures collection of representative ground water samples. To monitor dilution of the ground water due to lost circulation, rhodamine dye was added to the drilling water and dye recovery was measured in samples collected during purging of five separate 5- to 10-foot intervals. Circulation loss occurred in all five intervals, ranging from nearly 200 gallons in the upper permeable portion of the Scotch Grove to 25 gallons in the less permeable Buck Creek Member below. When the volume of water purged from the upper three intervals corresponded to the volume of water lost during coring, the purge water still contained 11 to 20 percent dyed drilling water. As purging continued, the proportion of drilling water in the samples decreased slowly. After purging more than 200 gallons of water, 86 to 98 percent of the dyed drilling water was recovered from the five test intervals. Four traditionally measured water quality parameters-pH, temperature, specific conductance, and dissolved oxygen — were less useful than the dye recovery for distinguishing drilling water from formation water in those zones in which the ground water quality was similar to the drilling water. These results indicate that the determination of the quantity of water to be purged prior to sampling must be based, at least in part, on aquifer lithology and hydraulic characteristics.
Evaluation of the Multidisciplinary Seminar Format in Contemporary Clinical Nutrition

ABSTRACT. The results for the 1978 multidisciplinary education seminars of the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition were analyzed. The following aspects were evaluated: attendance, pre- and post-test results, and course evaluations. Data were examined as to combined results (7 seminars) and cohort (2 seminars) analyses. Physicians had the highest mean score on the pretest while nurses showed the I most improvement on the post-test. All groups, except the ! dietitians, rated the seminars as being relatively inappropriate ! to their clinical practices. The program format and lecture contents were rated to be very good by all groups. Recommendations for future multidisciplinary courses are included.
238U‐230Th dating of a geomagnetic excursion in Quaternary basalts of the Albuquerque Volcanoes Field, New Mexico (USA)

We report the ^(238)U-^(230)Th age derived from samples from three basalt flows from the Albuquerque Volcanoes Field, central New Mexico (USA), interpreted to have erupted during one of the Bruhnes Chron geomagnetic field polarity events. Whole-rock samples and magnetite separates from two of the samples define an isochron with an age of 156±29 ka (2σ). It is now possible to determine the ages of geomagnetic excursions with reasonable precision, by the ^(238)U-^(230)Th method, using basalts erupted between possibly 25 and up to 250 ka. Although a strict correlation of the polarity event recorded by the Albuquerque lavas with other high amplitude field phenomena in the latest Quaternary is not yet possible, the Blake and the less well-documented Old Crow and Biwa I/Jamaica events are likely candidates.
A numerical solution of axisymmetric problems in elastodynamics

The equations governing the axisymmetric dynamic deformation of an elastic solid are considered as a symmetric hyperbolic system of linear first-order partial differential equations. The characteristic properties of the system are determined and a numerical method for obtaining the solution of mixed initial and boundary value problems in elastodynamics is presented. Two examples are considered.
For Reducing Poverty Faster: Target Reasons Before People

Summary. — Poverty is inherently dynamic: large numbers of people are escaping from poverty at any given time, but large numbers are also falling into poverty simultaneously. Achieving faster poverty reduction requires speeding up the pace of escapes while concurrently slowing down the rate of descents into poverty. Studies undertaken over the past five years in India, Kenya, Peru, and Uganda, considering 223 villages and over 25,000 households, show that escapes and descents are not symmetric in terms of reasons. While one set of reasons is related to escaping poverty, another set of reasons is associated with falling into poverty. Targeting both sets of reasons is required for reducing poverty faster; targeting people alone will not help. 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Labor market analysis for developing countries

Abstract This paper is about analyzing labor markets in developing countries, searching for both improved understanding and greater policy relevance. Following a five-part policy evaluation framework, the highlights of labor markets in developing countries are presented. Theoretical models with multiple sectors and segments and empirical analysis using different kinds of data are then reviewed. A brief concluding section addresses some priority research needs.
Marketing to older adults: an updated overview of present knowledge and practice

The changing demographics and the aging of the population are affecting the age composition of consumer markets. This, in turn, creates opportunities and challenges for organizations serving consumer markets. This article reviews some corporate challenges and opportunities facing the corporate American due to the aging marketplace. A list of actionable guidelines suggested for strategy development. These guidelines are based on present knowledge about the mature market. While the effectiveness of the recommended strategies is likely to vary across situations and sub‐segments, it is hoped that they would be effective in most settings.
Development of a 96-well catheter-based microdilution method to test antifungal susceptibility of Candida biofilms

Methods: Biofilms were formed by Candida species on 5 mm catheter discs placed in microtitre plates and quantified using metabolic conversion of a formazan dye (XTT). The morphology, surface topography and three-dimensional architecture of these biofilms were evaluated by fluorescence, confocal scanning laser and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. The optimized XTT method was used to evaluate the antifungal susceptibility of formed Candida biofilms to fluconazole, voriconazole, itraconazole and anidulafungin. Results: Maximum XTT activity was achieved within 90 min. All tested Candida strains formed robust biofilms on catheter discs at both 24 and 48 h (P ¼ 0.66). Biofilms exhibited typical gross morphology, surface topography and architecture, and no difference in biofilm thickness (P ¼ 0.37). The three tested azoles were not active against the biofilms (MIC ≥64 mg/L), but anidulafungin possessed potent activity against them (MIC ¼ 0.063–0.125 mg/L). Conclusions: The developed method is simple, rapid and reproducible, and requires relatively small amounts of drug. It can be used to perform both high-resolution microscopic analysis of the topography and architecture of biofilms, and evaluation of their antifungal susceptibility.