cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of image contrast and resist types upon line edge roughness (LER)

The effect of aerial image contrast upon line edge roughness (LER) of four different commercial resists-UV210, SEPR-463, Apex-E, and UVII-HS-is examined via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Image contrast is varied by exposing both a detailed foreground pattern and a large open area background pattern on the same wafer location. Contrast varies from 0.37 to 1.0. In the case of UV210, LER measured via AFM is 2.55 nm at 1.0 contrast, 2.16 nm at 0.54 contrast, and 3.6 nm at 0.37. Results from other resists follow this trend, wherein no consistent correlation between LER and aerial image contrast can be drawn. SEM measurements also demonstrate no significant correlation between LER and image contrast in any resist type.
Curing Temperature Study for Curl Distortion Control and Simulation in Projection Based Stereolithography

Polymerization shrinkage and thermal cooling effect have been identified as two major factors leading to the curl distortion in the Stereolithography (SLA) process. In this paper, the curing temperatures of built layers in the mask image projection based Stereolithography (MIP-SL) process are investigated using a high-resolution infrared (IR) camera. The curing temperatures of built layers using different exposure strategies including varying exposure time, grayscale levels and mask image patterns have been studied. The curl distortions of a test case based on various exposure strategies have been measured and analyzed. It is shown that, by decreasing the curing temperature of built layers, the exposure strategies using grayscale levels and mask image patterns can effectively reduce the curl distortion. In addition to curl distortion control, the curing temperature study also provides a basis for the curl distortion simulation in the MIP-SL process.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Recent advances in subwavelength engineering in integrated optics

Recently developed subwavelength structures in silicon waveguides are presented. Subwavelength grating photonic structures are discussed along with emerging practical components that exploit the principle of subwavelength refractive index engineering, including polarization-independent athermal silicon waveguides, ultra-broadband and compact multimode interference couplers, fabrication tolerant polarization rotators and interferometer arrays with subwavelength optical delay lines.
A hybrid multijunction photoelectrode for hydrogen production fabricated with amorphous silicon/germanium and iron oxide thin films

Abstract A multijunction photoelectrode for hydrogen production is being developed at the University of Hawaii (UH) which incorporates an Fe2O3/electrolyte photoelectrochemical top junction with two underlying amorphous silicon/germanium (a-Si:Ge) solid-state junctions. The device structure is fabricated onto stainless-steel foil, which is coated on the back surface with a thin film of nickel–molybdenum hydrogen catalyst, also developed at UH. The Fe2O3 films for this photoelectrode were initially based on a pyrolytically deposited material developed at Duquesne University which has demonstrated rectifying behavior in alkaline electrolyte with a broad absorption spectra in the 300– 500 nm range, and photo-generated currents exceeding 8 mA / cm 2 for 1 sun illumination. An investigation into the use of reactively sputtered films, which can be synthesized at lower temperatures than the spray-pyrolytic material, has also been initiated. The a-Si:Ge tandem “nipnip” structure for the initial photoelectrode design is based on the bottom and middle layers of the high-efficiency triple junction photovoltaic devices developed by the University of Toledo. These monolithically stacked solid-state structures, which absorb strongly in the 500–700 and 600– 900 nm ranges provide the supplementary voltage bias needed to sustain the hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions, respectively, occurring simultaneously at the catalyzed back surface and the Fe2O3 front surface, respectively. Performance and stability results from initial tests of fabricated prototype photoelectrodes in potassium hydroxide under simulated AM1.5 illumination are presented. Also, efforts to optimize the device design using bandgap and thickness tailoring for improved optics and current matching are described.
Role of intrinsic renal cells versus infiltrating cells in glomerular crescent formation

Role of intrinsic renal cells versus infiltrating cells in glomerular crescent formation. Background Studies were undertaken to characterize the cellular composition that occurs in glomeruli and the tubulointerstitium of a passive model of complement-independent crescentic nephritis in mice. Methods Glomerulonephritis was induced by the injection of antibody to whole rabbit glomeruli, and tissue was examined histologically at 7, 14 and 28days. Results Mice developed proteinuria, glomerular crescents, and progressive glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. The majority of the cells within the crescents appeared to be intrinsic ezrin-positive epithelial cells of visceral or parietal origin. Many of the ezrin positive cells were proliferating and expressing the PDGF receptor. Despite expression of the macrophage adhesive protein, osteopontin, the early crescents were devoid of infiltrating macrophages, T cells or myofibroblasts, which could be explained by the finding that the Bowman's capsule remained intact. Tubulointerstitial damage also occurred, and included tubular dilation and atrophy, periglomerular and patchy interstitial infiltration and interstitial fibrosis with increased interstitial deposition of type IV collagen and laminin. Interstitial infiltrating cells included macrophages, CD4+ T lymphocytes, CD8+ T lymphocytes, and activated myofibroblasts. Tubular osteopontin expression was increased in the areas of tubulointerstitial damage and was associated with interstitial macrophage infiltration. Conclusions We describe an experimental model of complement-independent murine crescentic nephritis associated with tubulointerstitial injury. Proliferating glomerular epithelial cells are the main cellular components of the crescents in this model.
Approach for selection of individual enteric bacteria for competitive exclusion in turkey poults

Abstract The intentional early colonization of the intestinal tract with beneficial microflora, known as competitive exclusion, has been shown to successfully protect poultry from selected enteric pathogens. Although effective cultures have been produced and are available, an inexpensive, air-tolerant, and completely defined culture is needed. Presently, we developed an in vitro competition assay to select for individual facultative anaerobes of poultry enteric origin that could exclude Salmonella. Using this assay, 24 isolates were selected and stored individually. These 24 isolates were amplified in batch culture (tryptic soy broth, 4 h at 40 degrees C) and administered at final dilutions of 10, 100, or 1,000 cfu to day-of-hatch poults. Forty-eight hours later, poults were challenged with 100 to 1,000 cfu antibiotic-resistance-marked Salmonella enteritidis PT 13A by oral gavage. Five days later, all poults were killed, and cecal tonsils were aseptically removed for tetrathionate enrichment (24 h at 37 degrees C) followed by selective plating with marker antibiotics. Selected lactose-negative, antibiotic-resistant colonies typical of Salmonella were further confirmed by serogrouping. Treatment-related protection ranged from 0 to 100% in three experiments. Greatest protection was related to the lowest concentrations of the protective microflora in each experiment. These data suggest that effective combinations of competitive enteric microflora can be identified by appropriate in vitro selection methods.
BendID: flexible interface for localized deformation recognition

We present BendID, a bendable input device that recognizes the location, magnitude and direction of its deformation. We use BendID to provide users with a tactile metaphor for pressure based input. The device is constructed by layering an array of indium tin oxide (ITO)-coated PET film electrodes on a Polymethylsiloxane (PDMS) sheet, which is sandwiched between conductive foams. The pressure values that are interpreted from the ITO electrodes are classified using a Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithm via the Weka library to identify the direction and location of bending. A polynomial regression model is also employed to estimate the overall magnitude of the pressure from the device. A model then maps these variables to a GUI to perform tasks. In this preliminary paper, we demonstrate this device by implementing it as an interface for 3D shape bending and a game controller.
Exploration in product usage: A model of use innovativeness

In this article a conceptual model of use innovativeness is proposed. Use innovativeness is positioned within the broader innate innovativeness construct. Use innovativeness is conceptualized as a consumer's receptivity/attraction to and creativity with using products in new ways. Thus, use innovativeness focuses on the origination and production of new product uses rather than the adoption of new products. Relationships between innovativeness, use innovativeness, and use behaviors are explicated. In addition, issues in construct measurement and validation are also highlighted. Finally, a research agenda that flows from the proposed model is suggested. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Immunoprecipitins in Schistosoma mansoni infections: II. Cercopithecus sabaeus and Macaca mulatta monkeys.

Immunoprecipitins occurring in Cercopithecus sabaeus and Macaca mulatta monkeys after exposure to 200 cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni have been studied by means of agar double diffusion and immunoelectrophoresis, using sonicated homogenates of cercariae, adult worms, and eggs as antigens. With both techniques, reactions were negligible at 35 days, while maximum clarity and numbers of bands occurred on days 61 and 77 of infection, and the bands were only slightly reduced in number on day 167. With immunoelectrophoresis, no reactions occurred with sera of Cercopithecus from the West Indies on day 167, whereas M. Mulatta and African Cercopithecus were still reactive. With agar double diffusion, the total number of bands was about the same with cercarial and worm antigens, while almost twice as many were detected with the egg antigen. With immunoelectrophoresis, the worm antigen was relatively weakly reactive and on the basis of the electrophoretic mobility, eight distinct bands were detected with cercarial antigen, seven or eight with egg, and only three to four with worm antigen. Concurrent increases in the amount of beta2-macroglobulins and the immunoprecipitins were noted.
Staging lost love in the eclogues of Lope’s Rimas (1609)

This article analyzes the poetics of theatricalization present in the three eclogues of Lope de Vega’s Rimas (1609), exploring parallels between the poems’ dramatic aesthetics and the principles Lope espouses in El arte nuevo de hacer comedias. The article not only provides insight into Lope’s creation of affective intensity and powerful sensory appeal in his poetry as a whole, but also offers a representative, analytical model for comparing Lope’s work, and that of his contemporary poets in Spain, with other European verse identified with Baroque aesthetics.
Xantusiid "night" lizards: a puzzling phylogenetic problem revisited using likelihood-based Bayesian methods on mtDNA sequences

Contentious issues in Night Lizard (Xantusiidae) evolution are revisited using Maximum Likelihood-based Bayesian methods and compared with results from Neighbor-Joining and Maximum Parsimony analyses. Fragments of three mitochondrial genes, the 12S and 16S ribosomal genes, and the cytochrome b gene, are sampled across an ingroup composed of seven xantusiid species and a 12-species outgroup chosen to bracket ancestral states for six additional clades of scleroglossan lizards. Our phylogenetic analyses afford robust support for the following conclusions: Xantusiidae is part of Scincomorpha, rather than being allied with Gekkota; Lepidophyma is sister to Xantusia, rather than to Cricosaura; Xantusia riversiana is imbedded within, rather than being sister to, other Xantusia species; and rock-morph Xantusia are not closely related to one another. Convergence related to retarded rates of growth and development, or to physical constraints imposed by living in rock crevices, may be responsible for much of the character discordance underlying conflicts in xantusiid phylogeny. Fossil-calibrated Maximum Likelihood-based divergence time estimates suggest that although the xantusiid stem may have originated in the Mesozoic, the crown clade is exclusively Tertiary in age. Thus, the clade including extant Cricosaura does not appear to have been extant during the K-T boundary bolide impact, as has been suggested. Moreover, our divergence-time estimates indicate that the xantusiid island endemics, Cricosaura typica on Cuba and Xantusia riversiana on the California Channel Islands, arrived via dispersal rather than vicariance, as previously proposed.
Solving implication problems in database applications

Computing queries from derived relations, optimizing queries from a group of queries, and updating materialized views are important database problems and have attracted much attention. One thing common to these problems is their demand to quickly solve the implication problem — given two predicates sQ and st, can sQ imply st (sQ→st)? The implication problem has been solved by converting it into a satisfiability problem. Based on a graph representation, a detailed study of the general implication problem on its own is presented in this paper. We proved that the general implication problem, in which all six comparison operators: =, ≠, , ≤, ≥, as well as conjunctions and disjunctions are allowed, is NP-hard. In the case when “≠” operators are not allowed in sQ and disjunctions are not allowed in st, a polynomial time algorithm is proposed to solve this restricted implication problem. The influence of the “≠” operator and disjunctions are studied. Our theoretical results show that for some special cases the polynomial complexity algorithm can solve the implication problem which allows the “≠” operator or disjunctions in the predicates. Necessary conditions for detecting when the “≠” operator and disjunctions are allowed are also given. These results are very useful in creating heuristic methods.
Biological Disposition of Pentylenetetrazol-10-14C in Rats and Humans

Female white rats were dosed orally with pentylenetetrazol-10-14C. Total radioactivity in different tissues was determined at five times after dosing. The kidney and liver showed slightly higher levels of radioactivity than did the blood and other tissues analyzed. During the first 24 hr., approximately 73% of the administered 14C was recovered in the urine; less than 1% was recovered in the feces. TLC of urine followed by autoradiography showed the presence of pentylenetetrazol-10-14C and at least five radioactive metabolites. Acetone extracts of the blood were chromatographed and were found to contain pentylenetetrazol-10-14C and four of the five labeled metabolites detected in the urine. TLC of urine collected from humans dosed orally with pentylenetetrazol-10-14C showed the presence of pentylenetetrazol-10-14C and at least four radioactive metabolites. The metabolites in human urine occurred at the same Rf positions as the labeled metabolites of rat urine when cochromatographed, indicating possible similar metabolism by rats and humans.
Potent induction of chondrocytic differentiation of human adipose-derived adult stem cells by bone morphogenetic protein 6.

Objective Recent studies have identified an abundant source of multipotent progenitor cells in subcutaneous human adipose tissue, termed human adipose-derived adult stem cells (ADAS cells). In response to specific media formulations, including transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1), these cells exhibit significant ability to differentiate into a chondrocyte-like phenotype, expressing cartilage-specific genes and proteins such as aggrecan and type II collagen. However, the influence of other growth factors on the chondrogenic differentiation of ADAS cells is not fully understood. This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of TGFβ1, TGFβ3, insulin-like growth factor 1, bone morphogenetic protein 6 (BMP-6), and dexamethasone, in various combinations, on the chondrogenic potential of ADAS cells in alginate beads. Methods The chondrogenic response of alginate-encapsulated ADAS cells was measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction, 3H-proline and 35S-sulfate incorporation, and immunolabeling for specific extracellular matrix components. Results Significant differences in chondrogenesis were observed under the different culture conditions for all outcomes measured. Most notably, BMP-6 up-regulated AGC1 and COL2A1 expression by an average of 205-fold and 38-fold, respectively, over day-0 controls, while down-regulating COL10A1 expression by ∼2-fold. Conclusion These findings suggest that BMP-6 is a potent inducer of chondrogenesis in ADAS cells, in contrast to mesenchymal stem cells, which exhibit increased expression of type X collagen and a hypertrophic phenotype in response to BMP-6. Combinations of growth factors containing BMP-6 may provide a novel means of regulating the differentiation of ADAS cells for applications in the tissue-engineered repair or regeneration of articular cartilage.
Theory of high efficiency (Cd,Zn)S/CuInSe2 thin film solar cells

Abstract A theoretical model is presented which allows the fitting of calculated results to both dark and illuminated current versus voltage characteristics at several temperatures above 300 K for two relatively high efficiency Boeing (Cd,Zn)S/CuInSe2 thin film solar cells. The model is based on the assumptions that (1) the device is an n-(Cd,Zn)S/p-CuInSe2 heterojunction, (2) interface recombination is the dominant loss current mechanism both in the dark and under illumination and (3) the interface recombination centers are negatively charged and their density increases under illumination. The model naturally explains the large A factors observed (about 1.4 – 2.2), the temperature dependence of the current-voltage characteristics, the non-translation between the illuminated and dark current-voltage characteristics and the observed low open-circuit voltages. In addition, results of parametric variation studies are presented which show that a maximum open-circuit voltage of about 550 mV is possible in these devices if the effective dopings in the selenide and sulfide are greater than 5 × 10 15 cm −3 and greater than 5 × 10 16 cm −3 respectively, while the negatively charged interface recombination level density is below 6 × 10 10 cm −2 .
Limits of radiometry

Radiometry, defined as the measurement of optical radiation, has its limits. Other disciplines can measure routinely with uncertainties of 1 part in 10 6 (voltage), 1 part in 10 8 (length) or even 1 part in 10 12 (frequency). Radiometric measurements in the laboratory have achieved 1 part in 10 4 , and we are usually overjoyed when field measurements approach 1 part in 100. The limits of uncertainty are discussed with regard to optical wavelength (broadband vs. monochromatic), radiant power, and frequency (modulation, pulse characteristics, etc.). Other limits are imposed by such diverse phenomena as instrumental linearity, polarization, atmospheric effects, diffraction, coherence, `phase of the moon,' and availability and suitability of appropriate standards. The uncertainties in field measurements are not closely related to laboratory uncertainties; the closure of this gap is a current topic of study.
MAUI: a multimodal affective user interface

Human intelligence is being increasingly redefined to include the all-encompassing effect of emotions upon what used to be considered 'pure reason'. With the recent progress of research in computer vision, speech/prosody recognition, and bio-feedback, real-time recognition of affect will enhance human-computer interaction considerably, as well as assist further progress in the development of new emotion theories.In this article, we describe how affect, moods and emotions closely interact with cognition and how affect and emotion are the quintessential multimodal processes in humans. We then propose an adaptive system architecture designed to sense the user's emotional and affective states via three multimodal subsystems (V, K, A): namely (1) the Visual (from facial images and videos), (2) Kinesthetic (from autonomic nervous system (ANS) signals), and (3) Auditory (from speech). The results of the system sensing are then integrated into the multimodal perceived multimodal anthropomorphic interface agent then adapts its interface by responding most appropriately to the current emotional states of its user, and provides intelligent multi-modal feedback to the user.
Chelate antidotes for acute Ni(II) intoxication

Abstract Twenty-seven chelating agents have been screened for efficacy as antidotes for acute Ni(II) acetate intoxication. Of these, thirteen have been found to be good to excellent antidotes when administered intraperitoneally at a level of chelate to Ni(II) of 10:1. An examination of the log of the ratio ( K NiX / K CaX ) for those compounds which are effective as antidotes showed values ranging from 3 up to 10. From the results obtained it would appear that there should be a very large number of chelating agents which should be capable of acting as antidotes in acute Ni(II) intoxication or in other circumstances where it was desired to enhance the urinary excretion of Ni(II). Sodium diethyldithiocarbamate, the antidote of choice for nickel carbonyl intoxication is not effective as an antidote in Ni(II) intoxication. The fact that N-Acetyl- d , l -penicillamine has none of the antidotal activity of d -penicillamine shows the essential role of nitrogen donor atom in this compound. Chelate molecules containing S, N, or O donors may be effective and no single type of donor atom can be described as essential to the functioning of these antidotes, though N and O seem somewhat better than S. Zinc diethylenetriaminepentaacetate is not an antidote, even though the stability constants favor its transformation into the nickel complex. In this case the slow rate of the transformation may be responsible for the absence of antidotal activity.
Neurolinguistic Programming: A selective bibliography

Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP) represents a new approach to understanding the process of human communication. Developed by Richard Bandler and John Grinder in the early 1970s, it is derived from linguistics, psychology, neurophysiology, kinetics, and cybernetics. NLP is designed to help its users—whether they are therapists, salespersons, or teachers—more quickly gain rapport with their subjects.
In the Name of Safety: Discursive Positionings of Queer Youth

This paper explores the connections between two common circulating discourses about queer youth and the ways that these discourses are wielded in the name of creating safe spaces for queer youth. First, the discourse of innocence is still applied to queer youth, however, the application has shifted to focus largely on the ways that queer youth are innocent victims in a society structured around heteronormativity. Second, a common response to this innocent victim discourse has been to position queer youth within a discourse of activist educators. “Discourses not only represent the world as it is (or rather is seen to be), they are also projective, imaginaries, representing possible worlds which are different from the actual world, and tied into projects to change the world in particular directions” (Fairclough 2003, p. 24). Gay Straight Alliances are one example; GSAs have sprung up across the country because adults, queer adults and allies in particular, have employed both of these discourses in policy decisions and discussions regarding queer students. This paper will highlight some of the ways the discourses of innocent victims and activist educators have been used in the GSA movement. The paper will apply a queer theory lens to the relationship between these discourses and the GSAs to tease out the ways that they work to simultaneously support queer students and serve to limit how queer students and their schools are imagined. The paper will conclude with a discussion of some possibilities for reworking, rupturing, or transforming these discourses so that schools, as well as the queer students and teachers within them, might be better served.
Peripheral light-focusing: measurement reliability and correlations with ocular dimensions.

Purpose When a beam of light is directed toward the temporal limbus from an angle of about 120 degrees temporal to the primary line of sight, an illuminated patch appears on the sclera at the nasal limbus. An optical apparatus was developed for measuring the angular range of this optical phenomenon, often called the temporal catchment angle. It is possible that the temporal catchment angle or its correlates could serve as a key risk factor for the development of pterygia or cortical cataract. Methods We built an apparatus that allows variation in the angle of a beam directed toward the temporal limbus. Two examiners measured the angular catchment range over which peripheral light focusing occurred for the right eyes of 30 subjects. Other anterior segment dimensions, including palpebral aperture height, refractive error, central and peripheral corneal power, anterior chamber depth, and corneal diameter, were measured. Results There was no statistically or clinically significant difference between the repeated measures of the examiners. The mean temporal catchment angle was 17.1 degrees (SD, 6.5). The intraobserver and interobserver 95% limits of agreement were 6.2 and 9.7 degrees, respectively. The mean posterior limit was 121.0 degrees (SD, 5.5), and the mean anterior limit was 104.1 degrees (SD, 6.5) from the primary line of sight. The temporal catchment angle was positively correlated with central corneal power (R(2) = 0.18; p = 0.02), peripheral corneal power (R(2) = 0.18; p = 0.01), anterior chamber depth (R(2) = 0.29; p = 0.002), and corneal diameter (R(2) = 0.37; p = 0.002). Using multivariate linear regression analysis, we determined that central corneal power in the horizontal meridian and corneal diameter, in combination, best predicted the magnitude of the temporal catchment angle (R(2) = 0.37; p = 0.0001). Conclusions We have developed a reliable method of measuring the temporal catchment angle using a new head-mounted instrument. The temporal catchment angle was highly correlated with central corneal power and corneal diameter, in combination. The temporal catchment angle or its correlated ocular dimensions could be used to investigate risk factors for pterygia and cortical cataract.
Frequency management and SETI: threats to SETI observations in the 1–3 GHz band

Abstract The nature of a SETI search makes observations uniquely vulnerable to radio frequency interference because the frequency of a possible ETI signal is unknown. Sensitive radio telescopes, sophisticated software and enhanced signal detection equipment are employed to detect faint signals in the 1–3 GHz frequency range. Frequency management at SETI occurs within a policy environment of the ITU spectrum allocation process. Increased demand by commercial satellite services for access to spectrum adjacent to bandwidth allocated to radio astronomy creates severe international and domestic pressures on SETI observations. Strategies for addressing the RFI problem at the international level will be discussed that include a contingency ITU allocation plan for exclusive use of a particular frequency range by SETI in the event a signal is detected. The lunar farside is, by international agreement, a radio quiet zone for use by radio astronomers. Protected from most human-generated emissions, a SETI radio telescope array on the lunar farside would provide reliable data with minimum interference.
Issues in television-centered instruction for adults

Interest in telecommunications delivery systems has increased in higher, postsecondary, and adult education institutions in recent years, in part due to demographic shifts and in part due to improved telecommunications systems. Current research on the adult learner and on instruction through media has grave flaws, and five reviews of research are needed to assist instructional developers and adopters to make wise decisions. A critical analysis is needed of existing telecourse packages. A review of research is needed on the motivation of various subgroups of adults and the recruitment and retention strategies which are effective for them. A review of research is needed on instructional strategies effective for different subgroups of adult learners. A review of research is needed on logistics and costs of alternative delivery technologies and audiences they are likely to reach. And a review of research is needed on the technical assistance and training needs of new adopters.
Intraosseous Hemangioma of the Talus: A Case Report:

A 35-year-old female patient presented to us with a lesion in the talus that on AP-roentgenographic view simulated an osteoid osteoma. Final pathology revealed it to be an intraosseous hemangioma. An intraosseous hemangioma at this site is extremely uncommon and has not been previously reported.
Marangoni convection in a tear film

Abstract It is shown theoretically that Marangoni convection may exist in a human tear film due to the diffusion of mucin. However, the temperature drop across the tear film is not capable of generating Marangoni convection.
Chloroplast evolution in algae and land plants.

Eukaryotes contain a chimeric assembly of genomes, each localized in a specialized subcellular compartment. The successful survival of an organism requires that these sequestered genomes be viewed as dependent variables in a coevolutionary complex. This discussion focuses on chloroplast evolution. A selected review of information available on chloroplast diversity is presented, followed by an analysis of the genetic modifications which may have occurred in the conversion of a free-living ancestral photosynthetic prokaryote into an organelle that has an obligately dependent and highly efficient interplay with the nuclear genome.
Birth Order of Psychiatric Patients

Hare and Price1 stated that in studies of birth order, schizophrenics should be compared with a control group because of anticipated birth-rate biases attributable to change in birth rate and family size. But their control group was limited to psychiatric patients with diagnoses other than schizophrenia. Such a sample may be expected to differ from the normal population in various respects, including birth order.
An analysis of the topological properties of the interlaced bypass torus (iBT) networks

Abstract We analyze a new class of interconnection networks that are constructed by interlacing bypass rings to the torus network (iBT network). We establish the minimum conditions a bypass scheme needs to satisfy for generating a qualified iBT network and then we develop a recursive algorithm to calculate all of the qualified bypass schemes for a given network size and node degree. Our algorithm enables us to discover a class of the most efficient networks with up to 1 million nodes when considering the diameters of various iBT networks as a function of the bypass schemes. These analyses help achieve maximal performance improvement by the best bypass schemes.
Empowering the Parent–Child Relationship in Homeless and Other High-risk Parents and Families

High quality parent–child relations are essential to healthy development and learning in children. Homeless families experience many barriers to realizing the needed bonding and nurturance for having healthy relationships. This article explores the obstacles to the development of nurturing parent–child relations and offers strategies for addressing these issues.
Microactuators for GaAs-based microwave integrated circuits

An approach to the realization of tunable/variable GaAs microwave integrated circuits (MMICs) using micromachined electrostatically controlled actuator technology is described. This technology is potentially compatible with conventional GaAs MMIC fabrication techniques, and will allow precise positioning and repositioning of metal conductors (tuning stubs, switches, capacitor plates, etc.) on an insulating substrate after fabrication is complete. This will allow the yield and performance of these GaAs circuits to be substantially improved. Microwave switches and tunable capacitors have been fabricated in order to demonstrate the principle of these devices, and they exhibit excellent RF performance. Voltages required to initiate movement are between 80 and 200 V. The design and performance aspects of these circuits are described. >
A Decision-Theoretic Valuation of Information in Sealed-Bid Auctions for Items of Known Value

This paper considers the question of how much time and effort should be spent in preparing a bid for a single item of known value sold at a first-price sealed-bid auction. A decision-theoretic approach to this bid decision summarizes the decision maker's knowledge of the competitive environment through his or her subjective probability distribution of the highest competing bid. Research activities such as collecting and analyzing bid histories are efforts to obtain additional information that reduces the uncertainty in the highest competing bid. The decision-theoretic concepts of expected value of perfect and imperfect information are used to place an economic value on such research activities. The results presented allow the decision maker to quantify the expected value of imperfect information when the uncertainty is normally distributed. The results show that additional research is most valuable prior to auctions the bidder expects to win.
wRAPping Up Early Monocyte and Neutrophil Recruitment in Atherogenesis via AnnexinA1/FPR2 Signaling

Within the past 30 years, the recruitment and accumulation of proinflammatory monocytes and macrophages within atherosclerotic lesions has been a major area of research; however, the precise processes through which myeloid cells migrate are still being worked out. The formation of atherosclerotic lesions occurs in several well-characterized stages, and the recruitment of proinflammatory monocytes and neutrophils plays key roles in the initiation and progression of the disease.1 The extravasation of myeloid cells occurs in several steps (Figure), ranging from capture, to rolling, activation, binding and spreading, intravascular creeping, to transendothelial migration; and these steps are regulated in part by leukocyte (eg, β1, β2 integrins, and L-selectin) and endothelial cell adhesion molecules (eg, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and E-selectin), arrest chemokines (eg, CCL5 in atherosclerosis), and chemoattractant chemokines (eg, CCL2, CX3CL1, CXCL1, and CXCL2).2 Based primarily on knockout studies in atherosclerotic mice, Ly6Chigh classical monocytes are known to be recruited in a CCL5–CCR5, CCL2–CCR2, and CX3CL1–CX3CR1–dependent fashion3–6 and neutrophils may use CCL5–CCR5, CCL3–CCR1/CCR5,7,8 and CXCL2–CXCR2.8 Although proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and an activated endothelium positively regulate myeloid cell recruitment in atherogenesis, several novel players such as proresolving eicosanoids and annexins may support the resolution of inflammation. In this issue of Circulation Research , Drechsler et al9 examined the role of the promiscuous G-protein–coupled chemokine receptor formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2) and one of its known anti-inflammatory ligands, Annexin A1, on myeloid cell recruitment in atherosclerosis. Although the role of Annexin A1 as an atheroprotective factor has been previously suggested, Dreschler et al9 described a mechanism by which Annexin A1 may regulate integrin-dependent neutrophil and monocyte recruitment during atherogenesis. This study provides compelling evidence that Annexin A1/FPR2 signaling plays an important role in negative regulation of the Rap-1–dependent …
Recursive parameter identification of constrained systems: an application to electrically stimulated muscle

A method of incorporating constraints on model parameters is developed. This method is applicable to most recursive parameter-identification algorithms. It enforces linear equality constraints on identified parameters. The use of this method for the real-time identification of autoregressive-moving-average time series models, subject to parameter constraints, is described. These constraints may be time varying. The use of this algorithm is demonstrated in the identification of electrically stimulated quadriceps muscles in paraplegic human subjects, using percutaneous intramuscular electrodes. The nonlinear steady-state force versus pulsewidth recruitment characteristic of the electrode-muscle system is identified simultaneously with the input-output muscle response dynamics, using a Hammerstein-type model. Knowledge of the recruitment curve's shape is translated into constraints on the identified parameters. This information improves the experimental predictive quality of the identified model. >
Proposed structure of the neocarzinostatin chromophore-methyl thioglycolate adduct; A mechanism for the nucleophilic activation of neocarzinostatin

Abstract Structure 1 is proposed to represent the product of reaction of methyl thioglycolate with the neocarzinostatin chromophore. A mechanism for the formation of 1 is presented which provides a rationale for the nucleophilic activation of neocarzinostatin.
Resection of benign sciatic notch dumbbell-shaped tumors

Object. The operative management of combined intrapelvic and extrapelvic sciatic notch dumbbell-shaped tumors is challenging. The relatively rare occurrence of these tumors and the varied extent of disease have made it difficult for surgeons to establish definitive surgical indications or predict favorable neurological outcomes based on preoperative imaging data. Methods. In the past 3 years, the authors treated five patients presenting with radiating leg pain as a result of benign sciatic notch dumbbell-shaped tumors. These tumors in three patients with unilateral leg symptoms were considered unresectable by other neurosurgeons because of presumed direct intrinsic neural involvement. After high-resolution magnetic resonance (MR) imaging demonstrated that the extensive tumors were separate from the sciatic nerve and the lumbosacral plexus, however, these patients underwent a combined one-stage transabdominal and posterior transgluteal complete resection. Normal neurological status was maintained postoperatively in these three patients, and after more than 1 year of postoperative follow up, there were no tumor recurrences. In two patients with bilateral symptoms and extensive tumor burden, serial MR images showed that innumerable tumors directly involved the entire cross-sectional area of the sciatic nerves and extended longitudinally to the lumbosacral plexuses. Tumor debulking or resection in these patients would have resulted in neurological deficits and would not have addressed their neuropathic pain, and therefore no surgery was performed. These two patients were treated pharmacologically and advised to monitor their tumor status over the course of their lifetimes in case of malignant transformation of the tumor. Conclusions. A combined one-stage transabdominal and transgluteal approach allows safe resection of selected benign but extensive sciatic notch tumors. High-resolution MR imaging is a useful tool in the management of these tumors because it allows the surgeon to visualize the anatomical relationships of the tumor to the sciatic nerve. The authors believe that as this imaging technology advances, it will provide surgeons with a method to predict definitively which sciatic notch tumors displace rather than directly involve the sciatic nerve, and therefore indicate which tumors can be resected safely and completely.
The Radical Trap 5,5-Dimethyl-1-Pyrroline N-Oxide Exerts Dose-Dependent Protection against Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury through Preservation of Mitochondrial Electron Transport

Free radicals are important mediators of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Nitrone spin traps have been shown to scavenge free radicals. The cardioprotective effect of the spin trap, 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N -oxide (DMPO), was investigated in an isolated heart model of global ischemia and reperfusion. Rat hearts were perfused and subjected to global ischemia for 30 min followed by reperfusion with four treatment groups of varying DMPO concentration (0.5-10 mM) administered before induction of ischemia. DMPO treatment improved the recovery of left ventricular (LV) function and coronary flow over the 30-min period of reperfusion compared with untreated hearts. Enhanced recovery was observed for all doses studied but was highest with 1 mM treatment with 2.4-fold higher recovery of LV developed pressure and 37% reduction in infarct size. Superoxide was measured by tissue fluorometry using the \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(\mathrm{O}_{2}^{\overline{.}}\) \end{document} probe hydroethidine. Hearts treated with 1 mM DMPO showed a significant reduction in \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(\mathrm{O}_{2}^{\overline{.}}\) \end{document} production compared with control hearts both over the first 5 min of ischemia and upon reperfusion after 30 min of global ischemia. Studies of mitochondrial function demonstrated that 1 mM DMPO increased the recovery of function of complexes I, II/III, and IV after 30 min of reperfusion. Immunoblotting with antibodies against complexes I, II, and IV further revealed marked up-regulation of mitochondrial proteins, suggesting that DMPO prevents their ischemic degradation via scavenging oxygen radicals generated during ischemia/reperfusion. Thus, DMPO functions as a protective agent against ischemic and postischemic injury via radical scavenging, conferring robust dose-dependent protection with salvage of mitochondrial function and redox homeostasis.
Simulation of Actively Controlled Spacecraft with Flexible Appendages

Complex interplanetary spacecraft and newly proposed satellites for reconnaissance and strategic defense are being designed with increasingly light and flexible appendages despite ever more demanding requirements for accurate pointing and tracking. The onboard control systems required to satisfy these strict requirements during reasonably quiescent conditions must also act effectively to limit deformation and maintain stability of motion in the face of significant disturbances to flexible appendage motion resulting from spin-up, spin-down, orbital, and deployment maneuvers of various types. This paper incorporates a recently proposed theory for modeling flexible bodies into a framework for studying the effects of beamlike appendage deformation on overall system performance. Illustrative examples involving use of the theory hi practical applications are presented, and relative merits of this model theory vs nonlinear finite-element techniques are discussed. I. Introduction A NEW generation of spacecraft designs involving actively controlled systems with extremely light, flexible appendages has motivated increased research aimed at producing accurate models of such systems for purposes of simulation, structural verification, and control law design. A basic requirement of any such model intended for general simulation purposes is that it must be able to account properly for both large overall motions and concurrent small deformations of bodies, as well as to include accurately the important coupling effects existing between these two types of dynamic behavior. Recently, a new technique1 was proposed for modeling the behavior of flexible beamlike appendages attached to a rigid base body undergoing large overall rotations and translations. The theory was developed by considering the base motion to be prescribed as a function of time; effects of the base motion on the small deformation of an elastic appendage were then studied using the new theory and more conventional ones.2"6 The study uncovered limitations of conventional flexible multibody formalisms applied to structural elements and provided the impetus for further development and implementation of the theory into a framework for analyzing free-flying bodies wherein effects of flexible appendage motion on uncontrolled and actively controlled overall system motion could be investigated. The present paper has a threefold purpose. First, in order to extend the theory to deal with free-flying systems without prescribed base motion, the requisite additional kinematical and dynamical equations governing motion of the base are presented, and techniques for incorporating general external forcing effects; such as gravitational attraction and control system actuation, are discussed. Second, in order to illustrate the effectiveness of the model in analyzing spacecraft, simulation results for a few representative problems will be shown, and the effect of the flexible appendage motion on overall base motion will be highlighted in contrast to the aforemen
Interlaminar Fracture Toughness of a Graphite/Epoxy Multidirectional Composite

In this paper, an experimental investigation on interIaminar fracture behavior and fracture toughness of a graphite/epoxy multidirectional composite laminate is presented using end-notched flexure specimens. The 0/θ interfaces are considered. The interlaminar fracture toughness is obtained and compared using three data reduction methods, i.e., the area method, classical laminated plate theory, and finite element analysis. Results show that the toughness value depends on the data reduction method used. Two different crack-length-to-span ratios are chosen to study how the stable or unstable crack extension influences the toughness measurement. It is observed that the toughness obtained from the tests of stable crack extension is appreciably higher than that from the tests of unstable crack extension. It is also seen that friction resulting from contact of crack surfaces greatly affects the measured toughness in the case of stable crack extension. In addition, effects of the specimen geometry and fiber orientation on the interlaminar fracture toughness are also evaluated.