cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Radiation-Induced Damage Centers in Lead Zirconate Titanate Ceramics

A study of the nuclear reactor irradiationinduced changes in the electrical and lattice properties of ferroelectric Pb(Zr0.65Ti0.35)O3+ 1 wt% Nb2O5 revealed that these changes in properties are caused by different damage centers. The changes observed in electrical properties were: (1) Pr decreased but P3 remained constant, (2) double (antiferroelectric-type) hysteresis loops were formed, (3) an increase by a factor of 5 in grain size did not affect the radiation damage rate in the ceramics, (4) an increase in irradiation temperature of 100°C above room temperature doubled the damage rate, (5) EC for unpoled ceramics was insensitive to irradiation until integrated fast neutron fluxes of lo18 nvt (and the associated γ-dose) were exceeded and thereafterECincreased exponentially, (6) aging of the radiation-induced damage did not occur at room tem perature, (7) the damage centers which affected the electric properties were temperature annealed, the annealing temperature depending on the particular material, (8) the introduction of lattice strain, as observed by changes in the longitudinal wave velocity (phonon mean free path length), did not appear to be related to changes in electrical properties. These changes in electrical and thermal properties are consistent with the published data for irradiated triglycine sulfate, Rochelle salt, barium titanate, and guanidinium aluminum sulfate and it is suggested that a common damage model may be constructed for all these ferroelectric materials.
Otomicroscope in the emergency department management of pediatric ear foreign bodies

Summary Objective To determine the effect of a dedicated otomicroscope in the emergency department (ED) management of complex ear foreign bodies (FB). Methods Prospective analysis of 85 patients with complex pediatric ear FB's. Results 65 (76%) of 85 FB's were successfully removed in the ED. 54 (63%) had previous attempted removal, 27 (31%) were less than age 4, 37 (44%) had ear FB's present longer than 24 h, 3 (4%) had multiple ear FB's, and 9 (11%) had an external auditory canal (EAC) comorbidity prior to attempted removal. 31 (36%) were touching the tympanic membrane (TM). 20 (23%) had complications with removal with EAC laceration most common and no TM perforations or hematomas. Mean and median number of attempts for removal was 1.65 and 1.0. Successful removal was associated with the location of the FB, presence of an EAC comorbidity, and number of attempts (p Conclusions The implementation of an otomicroscope into the ED resulted in successful removal of complex pediatric ear FB's with few attempts and a low rate of serious complications.
Digital Tomosynthesis of the Chest: Current and Emerging Applications

Digital tomosynthesis of the chest is discussed in terms of basic principles, fundamentals of image interpretation, advantages and limitations, potential applications, and suggested indications.
Two Wasp Families Rare in the Fossil Record (Hymenoptera): Perilampidae and Megaspilidae from the Miocene of Spain

Three new species of parasitoid wasp are described and figured from Early Miocene (Early Burdigalian) compression fossils from Rubielos de Mora Basin, Spain. These wasps are significant as they are representative of two families exceedingly rare in the fossil record. The first is a species of the family Perilampidae (Chalcidoidea) and, aside from an old and unconfirmed record of an undescribed Perilampus in Baltic amber, is the only documented fossil of this lineage. Perilampus renzii, new species, is described from a single female. The remaining two species are both of the family Megaspilidae (Ceraphronoidea), which is otherwise known in the fossil record solely from a paucity of species preserved in fossil resins. Conostigmus lazaros, new species, and C. chthonios, new species, are distinguished from each other as well as modern congeners.
Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease: reducing the risk.

BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is a major risk factor for developing cardiovascular disease (CVD). The growing epidemic of T2DM has contributed to CVD becoming the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States. OBJECTIVE: To review the pathophysiology of CVD; to demonstrate the interrelatedness of CVD, the metabolic syndrome, and T2DM; and to discuss treatment options that may reduce the risk of CVD in patients with T2DM. SUMMARY: Recent data from the International Diabetes Federation show that the worldwide prevalence of T2DM is much higher than previously estimated. Managing patients with T2DM continues to severely burden the U.S. health care system. Furthermore, most costs associated with managing these patients are associated with treating CVD complications. Studies have shown that several agents can decrease the risk of CVD in patients with T2DM. CONCLUSIONS: To combat the diabetes epidemic, clinicians should treat patients with T2DM and prediabetes early and aggressively to control their metabolic disturbances and reduce the risk of CVD. Diet, exercise, and several pharmacologic agents have been shown to reduce the risk of CVD.
Country estimates of maternal mortality: an alternative model.

Ever since the publication of country level estimates of maternal mortality for 1990 by WHO and UNICEF, there has been some degree of controversy about these estimates. The recent publication of a 1995 revision, based on the modification of the multivariate model used for 1990, has not managed to put this controversy to rest. Countries with national estimates of their own have generally protested against the higher figures resulting from the multivariate modelling approach used by WHO and UNICEF, but some experts have also objected to the model itself. As a result of earlier discussions with the WHO/UNICEF team, some adjustments were incorporated into their model, notably the age standardization of maternal mortality ratios (MMRs) and proportions maternal among deaths of females of reproductive age (PMDF) of demographic and health surveys (DHS) direct sisterhood data, as the use of unstandardized values was shown to cause systematic biases. However, a model feature that continued to be controversial was the use of the PMDF as the dependent variable. As will be shown in this paper, the use of this dependent variable has a number of conceptual and practical disadvantages, such as its dependence on non-maternal deaths and the need for separate projections of births and deaths of women of reproductive age, in order to convert the estimated PMDF into a more conventional MMR. The latter greatly increases the uncertainty of the resulting MMR estimates, even though this additional variance is ignored in the WHO/UNICEF estimates of confidence intervals. On balance, the MMR, while also subject to some legitimate objections, is still considered preferable as an independent variable. This paper therefore derives alternative country estimates for 1995 based on a multivariate model of the MMR. The model is shown to lead to smaller root mean square relative errors of the MMR estimates. While the overall number of maternal deaths estimated worldwide is very similar to the number reached by WHO/UNICEF, there are major disagreements with respect to particular countries. Finally, a discussion is included on the appropriate way to incorporate the DHS direct sisterhood data, as this affects the results substantially. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Statistical associations between restriction fragment length polymorphisms and quantitative traits in beef cattle.

Data on 41 traits from 677 animals produced in a five-breed diallel were matched with genotypes for five marker-loci provided by restric- tion fragment length polymorphisms to detect quantitative effects associated with the markers, following three different designs based on inbred lines, half-sib families, and on assumptions of the markers being quantitative trait loci (QTL). Three growth hormone-TaqI alleles, B, C, and D, in high frequencies in this sample of the Brahman breed, were associated with decreases in birth weight, as a maternal trait (P c .Ol), and decreases in shoulder width at birth (Pc .05). Among F2 Angus- Brahman and Brahman-Hereford cows, homozygotes for the B, C, or D alleles gave birth to calves 4.0 kg lighter than cows homozygous for the A allele, an effect that amounts to the magnitude of the corresponding breed difference in the diallel, and represents one phenotypic SD. A putative cytoplasmic effect seems to interact (P = .02) with this effect on maternal birth weight. Also, at birth, F2 calves homozygous for the B, C, or D alleles were .8 cm narrower at the shoulders than those homozygous for the A allele, after adjusting for birth weight. Significant associations (P c .05) between the parathyroid hormone-MspI marker and measures of body size were detected, as well as an effect on weaning weight (P = .03) as a maternal trait, whose magnitude (17.5 kg) equals the Brahman vs Angus and Hereford breed differ- ence, as quantified in the diallel, and represents .8 of a phenotypic SD. No significant associations were found for three other marker-loci (prolactin- MspI, osteonectinEcoR1, and keratinVI-MspI). Res- triction fragment length polymorphisms have the potential to provide new insights and useful applications to animal breeding, but, as in this work, small sample sizes, extreme susceptibility to Type I errors, and different types of possible confounding obfuscate the conclusions that can be drawn from studies of limited scope and less than ideal planning.
Osteological description of an embryonic skeleton of the extinct elephant bird, Aepyornis (Palaeognathae: Ratitae)

Abstract The embryonic skeleton of the most massive bird ever discovered, the extinct elephant bird Aepyornis, has remained until this time essentially unknown. This state is due, in large part, to the reluctance to open complete, unbroken eggs. However, the advent of high-resolution X-ray computed tomography (HRCT) provides a non-destructive means of looking inside such eggs to observe the contents that they conceal. This study uses HRCT technology to digitally extract an embryonic skeleton from a complete Aepyornis egg and subsequently to aid in the systematic description of this specimen. Skeletal elements digitally retrieved from the egg include portions of the braincase, palate, rostrum, vertebral column, and both the fore- and hindlimbs. Because this specimen is at a relatively early stage of ontogenetic development, the bones that were recovered reveal morphology that typically is obliterated in the adult due to the highly fused state of the skeleton, especially seen in the skull. The usefulness of...
CyberPLAYce, A Cyber-Physical-Spatial Storytelling Tool: Results from an Empirical Study with 8-10-Year-Old Storytellers

The product of a multidisciplinary and iterative process, CyberPLAYce is an interactive, portable learning tool for children enhancing personal and computational expression, and particularly, playful storytelling. CyberPLAYce finds inspiration in the concept of embodied child-computer interaction, where meaning is constructed through spatially reconfiguring the physical environment. This paper briefly outlines the motivations for CyberPLAYce, and focuses on an iterative design, mixed-methodology and usability studies involving 8-10-year-old storytellers. The kinds of digital-physical-spatial activity afforded by CyberPLAYce promise to scaffold thinking, imagining, creating, and sharing in children. Lessons learned from this research-through-design case will aid members of the HCI International community as they design and test tools for our youngest learners.
The Nazi Genocide of the Roma: Reassessment and Commemoration

Inclusion of Roma within the framework of genocide remains fertile ground for debate. Historians have often couched the persecution of the Roma by the Nazis in the category of others. Edited by Ant...
Hopes and Needs for the Future

Interest in the estimation of steroids by gas chromatographic methods continues to grow, judging from the number of papers appearing in the literature. It seems appropriate to end this book with a very brief summary of the achievements and failures of the technique and to indicate what is likely to be done in the immediate future.
The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis in Fibromyalgia: Where Are We in 2001?

SUMMARYObjectives: To summarize the current status of the hypo-thalamic pituitary adrenal [HPA] axis in the fibromyalgia syndrome [FMS].Findings: Attention has been focused on the HPA axis in FMS because there is a perceived association of the onset of this disorder with physiologically stressful situations. The medical literature strongly supports some kind of dsyfunction in the HPA system in FMS, but when studies have compared FMS with healthy normal controls, the actual patterns of HPA axis abnormalities have been suprisingly variable. It is possible that some of this variability may relate to a variable balance between the two receptors for corticotropin-releasing hormone which exhibit opposite influences on the stress management system when activated.Conclusions: The roles of the psychological stress response systems, including the HPA axis, remain uncertain in FMS because there has been so much variability of the findings from controlled studies. Part of the problem may be that pain is the defining ...
Location, location, location. Salmonella senses ethanolamine to gauge distinct host environments and coordinate gene expression

Chemical and nutrient signaling mediate all cellular processes, ensuring survival in response to changing environmental conditions. Ethanolamine is a component of phosphatidylethanolamine, a major phospholipid of mammalian and bacterial cell membranes. Ethanolamine is abundant in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract from dietary sources as well as from the normal turnover of intestinal epithelial and bacterial cells in the gut. Additionally, mammalian cells maintain intracellular ethanolamine concentrations through low and high-affinity uptake systems and the internal recycling of phosphatidylethanolamine; therefore, ethanolamine is ubiquitous throughout the mammalian host. Although ethanolamine has profound signaling activity within mammalian cells by modulating inflammatory responses and intestinal physiology, ethanolamine is best appreciated as a nutrient for bacteria that supports growth. In our recent work (Anderson, et al. PLoS Pathog (2015), 11: e1005278), we demonstrated that Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (Salmonella) exploits ethanolamine signaling to adapt to distinct host environments to precisely coordinate expression of genes encoding metabolism and virulence, which ultimately enhances disease progression.
An Empirical Exploration of Moral Foundations Theory in Partisan News Sources

News sources frame issues in different ways in order to appeal or control the perception of their readers. We present a large scale study of news articles from partisan sources in the US across a variety of different issues. We first highlight that differences between sides exist by predicting the political leaning of articles of unseen political bias. Framing can be driven by different types of morality that each group values. We emphasize differences in framing of different news building on the moral foundations theory quantified using hand crafted lexicons. Our results show that partisan sources frame political issues differently both in terms of words usage and through the moral foundations they relate to.
Formation and stabilization of silver nanoparticles with cucurbit[n]urils (n = 5-8) and cucurbituril-based pseudorotaxanes in aqueous medium.

A series of silver/cucurbituril nanoparticles and aggregates have been prepared upon reduction of silver nitrate with sodium borohydride in the presence of different cucurbit[n]uril (CB[n]) macrocycles; CB[7] and CB[8] allow the formation of stable solutions of monocrystalline, narrowly dispersed nanoparticles (5.3 and 3.7 nm, respectively), while CB[5] and CB[6] induce rapid aggregation and sedimentation. The rigidity of CB[5] and CB[6], and their possible lack of suitable arrangement at the silver surface, may explain the poor stabilization of these silver assemblies, while the more flexible CB[7] and CB[8] may undergo some minor distortions and better adapt to the requirements of the metallic surface; computer modeling supports the existence of interactions between the silver nanoparticles and the oxygen atoms of the CB[n] carbonylated rim. The optimal silver nitrate/CB[7] ratio for the formation of stable nanoparticles is 1:1−2:1, while large excesses of silver or CB[7] trigger aggregation. Masking th...
Managing Multiplexity: Coordinating Multiple Services at a Regional Level

Metropolitan areas are characterized by policy and service fragmentation, not just jurisdictional fragmentation. Studies of vertical and horizontal coordination in metropolitan regions tend to focu...
Occurrence of Brood Stages and Adult Castes in Field Colonies of the Red Imported Fire Ant in South Carolina

From 1971 to 1973, 36 Solenopsis invicta Buren colonies were examined monthly in Orangeburg County, S. C. Marked and randomly selected mounds were opened and the various forms present were visually identified and recorded. This study indicated that all forms (adult and immature) of the fire ant could be found in some colonies throughout the year. The occurrence of asexual immatures varied greatly throughout the year. They were observed in the largest number of mounds from the last of June until the first of August. A considerable decline was noticed in September. A cyclic trend was not evident in the frequency of occurrence of these immatures. The sexual immatures and adults showed a definite cyclic trend in frequency of occurrence. This cycle apparently began sometime between December and January and reached its peak between July and August. Only a small percentage of active colonies contained these forms during the colder months.
Transport and Stability of Laser-Deposited Amorphous Polymer Nanoglobules

We characterized the transport, i.e., time-of-flight, and nanoscale thermal properties of amorphous polymer nanoglobules fabricated via a laser-deposition technique, Matrix-Assisted Pulsed Laser Deposition (MAPLE). Here, we report the first experimental measurement of the velocity of polymer during MAPLE processing and its connection to nanostructured film formation. A nanoscale dilatometry technique using atomic force microscopy was employed to directly measure the thermal properties of MAPLE-deposited polymer nanoglobules. Similarly to bulk stable polymer glasses deposited by MAPLE, polymer nanoglobules were found to exhibit enhanced thermal stability and low density despite containing only thousands of molecules. By directly connecting the exceptional properties of the nanostructured building blocks to those of bulk stable glasses, we gain insight into the physics of glassy polymeric materials formed via vapor-assisted techniques.
Exercise when young to protect old bones

![][1] As you read this article, you're probably sitting in a chair. Your lumbar vertebrae are supporting your weight. The longer you sit, the more your bones will actively remodel – modifying your vertebrae to better support your weight. However, the older you are, the less your
Analysis and Improvement on the Game Model Controlling Tour Guides' Moral Risk

The moral risk behavior produced by tour guides' seeking interests maximum has damaged the interests of travel agents and tourists,and has had very bad effect on the business of travel agents and even the whole traveling.In order to make clear the reasons,model analyzes tour guides' moral risk on the basis of game model.The supervision function of travel agents and tourists is the effective method to reduce tour guides' moral risk.
Analysis of 7 Cases of Pregnancy-induced Hypertension Syndrome and Cerebrovascular Disease Complication

Objective\ To investigate the cause of pregnancy induced hypertension syndrome and cerebrovascular disease complication and the methods of primary diagnosis and treatment.Methods\ By reviewing and analyzing the clinical information of 7 inpatients with pregnancy induced hypertension syndrome and ccrebrovascular disease complication.Results\ Systematically prenatal check up and treatments have not been given to the 7 patients with pregnancy induced hypertension syndrome and cerebrovascular disease complication in general. The patients show the symptoms of convulsion, headache,emesia, obstacle in consciousness and debility.Diagnosis may be confirmed by CT inspection of the cephalia. After the in time adoption of caesarean birth and related medical treatment, foeta in 7 cases survived and one puerperant died.Conclusion\ Regular systematically prenatal checd up is the main precaution to prevent pregnancy induced hypertension syndrome and cerebrovascular disease complication.Take CT inspection as early as possible if questionable symptoms are detected. Terminate the pregnancy on time if diagnosis is confirmed.Give acive treatment to pregnancy induced hypertension syndrome with related internal medical treatments so as to reduce the dearth rate of the foeta and the puerperants.
Tetrameric psuedo-peptide receptors with allosteric properties

This paper reports the binding properties of tetrameric pseudo-peptide receptors for protonated cytidines. The receptors, which were isolated from a dynamic combinatorial chemistry (DCC) experiment, bind the analytes with affinities that depend on the presence or absence of excess acid, and with a stoichiometry that is both concentration and temperature dependent.
Abstract 1979: Comprehensive analysis of the dynamics of aberrant WNT signaling on global gene expression and higher order nuclear structure in human cells

The organization of the genome in the nucleus is complex and dynamic. Features of the nuclear architecture, including the spatial arrangement of genomic sequences, the structure of chromatin, and the accessibility of regulatory DNA elements modulate nuclear processes such as gene transcription DNA replication, DNA repair, RNA processing, and mRNA transport. However, the interplay between nuclear architecture and gene expression is poorly understood. We propose to elucidate the impact of silencing the prominent transcription factor, TCF7L2, the major effector of the WNT signaling pathway, on the transcriptional equilibrium and nuclear architecture of the nucleus in human colorectal cancer cells. Our multidisciplinary approach combines targeted silencing of TCF7L2, 3D-FISH, RNA-seq, and Hi-C chromosome conformation capture, in parallel with mathematical modeling to delineate structure/function relationships in the interphase nucleus. This approach will elucidate the intricacies of a dynamic cellular signaling pathway in three-dimensional space. Citation Format: Markus Brown, Darawalee Wangsa, Yue Hu, Thomas Ried. Comprehensive analysis of the dynamics of aberrant WNT signaling on global gene expression and higher order nuclear structure in human cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 1979.
The Social Security Administration's Appeal Council's Use of Medical Support Staff in Evaluating Disability Benefits Claims: The Fourth Bite at the Apple Denies Claimants Due Process

The Social Security Administration (“SSA”), by its own regulations, allows the Appeals Council, the body that conducts the highest level of review within the SSA, to request and evaluate additional evidence from medical personnel on staff at the SSA when reviewing an appeal from a decision of an Administrative Law Judge (“ALJ”). The reports from these medical personnel are ex parte and, in many cases, not formally admitted by the Appeals Council into the administrative record.This Article argues that this practice violates the procedural due process rights of disability benefits claimants in three important ways. First, a disability claimant is denied the opportunity to review and rebut this additional evidence. Second, the reviewing court is denied the opportunity to review a full administrative record and, consequently, cannot accurately determine the weight that the Appeals Council placed on the evidence. Third, the claimant’s overall faith and confidence in the disability benefits system is undermined. Part I offers an overview of the disability benefits determination process, and the role of the Appeals Council in that process. It specifically analyzes the ability of the Appeals Council to seek and evaluate ex parte evidence from medical support staff. Part II analyzes whether the Appeals Council should adhere to the requirements of procedural due process. Part III looks to the specific practices of the Appeals Council with regard to reports from Medical Support Staff and analyzes where and how it departs from the constitutional requirement of a “meaningful opportunity to be heard”.
A parabolic velocity-decomposition method for wind turbines

An economical parabolized Navier-Stokes approximation for steady incompressible flow is combined with a compatible wind turbine model to simulate wind turbine flows, both upstream of the turbine and in downstream wake regions. The inviscid parabolizing approximation is based on a Helmholtz decomposition of the secondary velocity vector and physical order-of-magnitude estimates, rather than an axial pressure gradient approximation. The wind turbine is modeled by distributed source-term forces incorporating time-averaged aerodynamic forces generated by a blade-element momentum turbine model. A solution algorithm is given whose dependent variables are streamwise velocity, streamwise vorticity, and pressure, with secondary velocity determined by two-dimensional scalar and vector potentials. In addition to laminar and turbulent boundary-layer test cases, solutions for a streamwise vortex-convection test problem are assessed by mesh refinement and comparison with Navier-Stokes solutions using the same grid. Computed results for a single turbine and a three-turbine array are presented using the NREL offshore 5-MW baseline wind turbine. These are also compared with an unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes solution computed with full rotor resolution. On balance, the agreement in turbine wake predictions for these test cases is very encouraging given the substantial differences in physical modeling fidelity and computer resources required.
Following asthma guidelines improves quality of life in children with asthma

Background: Asthma prevalence is on rise worldwide and adherence with guidelines is less than adequate. Aim: To document improvement in quality of life in families with asthma by managing asthma as per NAEPP (EPR-3) guidelines. Methods: After IRB approval, children enrolled in our pediatric asthma center since 2010 (n=823), were provided asthma care as per NAEPP guidelines. Patients were difficult to control asthmatics referred by their primary care physicians. A validated pediatric asthma quality of life questionnaire (pAQLQ) of 13 questions with 7 levels of severity ranging from all the time to none of the time (pAQLQ) was used to evaluate the impact of asthma during the past week. Families completed the survey at each visit and results were compared over time. R esults. Parents of 633 children ages 5-16 years, completed the survey at their first visit. The mean total score at first visit was 67.7 ±18.6. Over a 3 year period, children completed the pAQLQ from 2 to 6 consecutive times and total pAQLQ scores increased significantly over time to 84.5 at the sixth visit. Repeated measures ANOVA indicated that all but one QOL item scores improved significantly from the initial visit through the second to sixth consecutive visits. Conclusion: Following simple guidelines significantly improved quality of life in children with asthma. Guidelines need to be followed at PCP offices.
Social Justice Attitudes and Concerns for Labor Standards: An Empirical Investigation of the Theory of Planned Behaviors and Consumer Actions

This study utilizes an adapted version of the Social Justice Scale to capture and assess the extent to which social-justice-related values and attitudes toward labor standards relate to consumer in...
COUNCILS, PETITIONS, AND DELEGATIONS: CROW CREEK ACTIVISM AND THE PROGRESSIVE ERA IN CENTRAL SOUTH DAKOTA

While the Progressive Era in U.S. history featured varied examples of individuals and organizations turning to the federal government for reform and support, major narratives have mainly left American Indian tribal communities out of the story. This essay argues that Native people actually were quite active in their reservation communities during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Among other things, they held their own political councils, sent petitions to federal officials to promote their own agendas, and supported delegations to make their case in Washington, DC. This case study of activism on the Crow Creek Reservation in central South Dakota reveals numerous similarities and distinctions between Indian and non-Indian people in terms of progressive activism, while reinforcing the idea of American Indian political adaptations and cultural persistence during the Progressive Era.
“Undoing” a Rhetorical Metaphor: Testing the Metaphor Extension Strategy

ABSTRACTPolitical metaphors do more than punch up messages; they can systematically bias observers’ attitudes toward the issue at hand. What, then, is an effective strategy for counteracting a metaphor’s influence? One could ignore or criticize the metaphor, emphasizing strong counterarguments directly pertaining to the target issue. Yet if observers rely on it to understand a complicated issue, they may be reluctant to abandon it. In this case, a “metaphor extension” strategy may be effective: Encourage observers to retain the metaphor but reinterpret its meaning by considering other, less obvious implications. The current studies support this claim. Under conditions where participants gained a strong (versus weak) epistemic benefit from a rhetorical metaphor, they were more persuaded by a rebuttal that extended (versus ignored or criticized) that metaphor. The studies use converging operational definitions of epistemic benefit and offer insight into how political attitudes are made and unmade.
The Third Eye: A Shopping Assistant for the Visually Impaired

This video describes HCI work that is part of a multi-university NSF Expedition in Computing "Visual Cortex on Silicon" (CCF 1317560) spanning vision science, computer vision, processor architecture, information retrieval, and human-computer interaction. Our driving application is a smart camera prosthetic enabling people with visual impairment to shop on their own. The video was originally shown during Big Ten television broadcasts in Fall 2016.
Higher Education Faculty Perceptions of Open Textbook Adoption

The high cost of tuition and textbooks can have a negative impact on potential students from lower socioeconomic backgrounds. Open Educational Resources (OER) offers students a way to save educational costs while utilizing high-quality open textbooks. Up until now, there have been few studies focused on a specific provider of open textbooks. This study investigates open textbooks provided by OpenStax. Specifically, this study uses the COUP framework to examine: (1) cost reduction, (2) outcomes, (3) uses, and (4) the faculty perceptions of the quality of OpenStax textbooks. Additionally, we expanded the framework to address (5) the relationship between the perceived quality of the OpenStax textbook and the faculty perception of student performance, (6) the faculty’s intention to continue to adopt OpenStax textbooks, and (7) the perceived importance of accessibility to faculty who use OpenStax textbooks. Overall, the findings suggest that a significant amount of financial savings and a number of pedagogical shifts can be supported by the use of OpenStax textbooks.
Experimental quantification of mechanically induced boundary migration in nanocrystalline copper films

Abstract A new experimental technique is presented that combines in situ straining with transmission electron microscope-based automated crystal orientation mapping to document microstructural evolution with nanoscale resolution at sequential stages of deformation. Orientation maps of freestanding annealed nanocrystalline Cu films have been collected, and the resultant datasets provide direct measures of grain size, shape and orientation as well as local grain boundary character and position at various stages of applied strain. Numerous examples of stress-driven grain boundary and twin boundary migration were recorded and studied. Detailed analysis of the misorientation of mobile and immobile grain boundaries provided clear experimental evidence that a broad range of grain boundaries are susceptible to stress-assisted migration; no general correlation between grain boundary misorientation and mobility was detected. Incoherent Σ3 boundaries were observed to be significantly more mobile than coherent Σ3 twin boundaries. Nevertheless, deformation twins were observed to nucleate and grow from grain boundaries and triple points.
Long-term durability of multibranched endovascular repair of thoracoabdominal and pararenal aortic aneurysms.

Abstract Objective The objective of this study was to assess the durability of multibranched endovascular repair of thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms (TAAAs) and pararenal aortic aneurysms by examining the rates of late-occurring (beyond 30 days) complications. Methods There were 146 patients who underwent endovascular TAAA repair using a stent graft, with a total of 538 caudally oriented self-expanding branches. Four patients died in the perioperative period and were excluded, leaving 142 patients (mean age, 73 ± 8 years; 35 [24.7%] women). Follow-up included clinical examination and computed tomography angiography at 1 month, 6 months, and 12 months and yearly thereafter. Results Mean aneurysm diameter was 67 ± 9 mm. Sixty-seven TAAAs (47.2%) were Crawford type I, II, III, or V; 75 (52.8%) were type IV or pararenal. Three patients (2.1%) died >30 days after operation from perioperative complications. During a mean follow-up of 36 months (±28 months), there were four additional aneurysm-related deaths: one (0.7%) as a result of aneurysm rupture in the presence of untreatable type I endoleak, one (0.7%) after conversion to open repair for stent graft infection, one (0.7%) after occlusion of superior mesenteric artery and celiac branches, and one (0.7%) due to bilateral renal branch occlusion. There was one additional open conversion for stent graft infection (0.7%). Nineteen patients (13.3%) underwent 20 reinterventions for late-occurring complications, including 11 (7.7%) for renal branch occlusion or stenosis, 1 (0.7%) for mesenteric branch stenosis, 4 (2.8%) for graft limb occlusion, 1 (0.7%) for type IB endoleak (distal stent graft migration), and 1 (0.7%) for type III endoleak (fabric erosion); 2 (1.4%) open conversions were performed for stent graft infection. There were no late type IA endoleaks. By Kaplan-Meier analysis, freedom from aneurysm-related death was 91.1% and freedom from aneurysm-related death or reintervention was 76.8% at 5 years. The 5-year overall survival rate of 49.1% reflects the high rate of cardiopulmonary comorbidity. Although renal branch occlusion (23 occlusions of 256 renal branches [8.9%]) was the most common late complication, only five patients required permanent dialysis. Conclusions Total endovascular repair of TAAAs and pararenal aortic aneurysms using axially oriented cuffs is safe, effective, and durable in the long term.
Sobolev Spaces on Metric Spaces

We have seen that if u is a smooth function defined on a ball B in ℝ n (possibly with infinite radius so that B = ℝ n ), then the inequality $$ \left| {u(x) - u(y)} \right| \leqslant C (n)(I_1 \left| {\nabla u} \right|(x) + I_1 \left| {\nabla u} \right|(y)) $$ (5.1) holds for each pair of points x, y in B, where I1 is the Riesz potential. It is easily seen that in the definition of I1 we can integrate ‖∇u‖ against the Riesz kernel ‖z‖1−n over a ball whose radius is roughly ‖x − y‖ and still retain inequality (5.1); then, I1‖∇u‖(x) is controlled by a constant C(n) times $$ \left| {x - y} \right|M\left| {\nabla u} \right|(x), $$ as is easily seen by dividing the ball over which the integration occurs into annuli as in the proof of Proposition 3.19. By symmetry, there is a similar bound for I1‖∇u‖(y), and we therefore conclude that $$ \left| {u(x) - u(y)} \right| \leqslant C(n)\left| {x - y} \right|(M\left| {\nabla u} \right|(x) + M\left| {\nabla u} \right|(y)) $$ (5.2) for each pair of points x, y in B. If u belongs to W1,p(B), so that its gradient is in L p (B), and if p > 1, we conclude from the maximal function theorem that $$ \left| {u(x) - u(y)} \right| \leqslant \left| {x - y} \right|(g(x) + g(y)) $$ (5.3) for each pair of points x, y in B, where g e L p (B); in fact, we can choose g in inequality (5.3) to be a constant times the maximal function M‖∇u‖. By the density of smooth functions in W1,p(B), we thus obtain that inequality (5.3) continues to hold almost everywhere in B (in the sense that by ruling out a set of measure zero, inequality (5.3) holds for all points x and y outside this set).
Harmonizing the Paradigm With the Data in Stable Coronary Artery Disease: A Review and Viewpoint

Stable coronary artery disease[1][1] (CAD) or stable ischemic heart disease[2][2] are terms preferred in Europe and the United States, respectively, that generally refer to the same patients––those with angina, its equivalent, or no symptoms who experience episodes of reversible myocardial
Light sheet approaches for improved precision in 3D localization-based super-resolution imaging in mammalian cells [Invited]

The development of imaging techniques beyond the diffraction limit has paved the way for detailed studies of nanostructures and molecular mechanisms in biological systems. Imaging thicker samples, such as mammalian cells and tissue, in all three dimensions, is challenging due to increased background and volumes to image. Light sheet illumination is a method that allows for selective irradiation of the image plane, and its inherent optical sectioning capability allows for imaging of biological samples with reduced background, photobleaching, and photodamage. In this review, we discuss the advantage of combining single-molecule imaging with light sheet illumination. We begin by describing the principles of single-molecule localization microscopy and of light sheet illumination. Finally, we present examples of designs that successfully have married single-molecule super-resolution imaging with light sheet illumination for improved precision in mammalian cells.
Extracellular Protein Phosphorylation in Neuronal Responsiveness and Adaptation

The significant role of protein phosphorylation systems in the regulation and modulation of multiple neuronal functions has been extensively documented in numerous studies over the last three decades. Beginning with the demonstration by Heald (1957) that brief depolarization of respiring brain slices can cause a significant increase of phosphate incorporation into cerebral proteins, progress in this line of investigation has led to the conclusion that the cyclic process of phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of proteins represents a ubiquitous target for diverse agents which produce rapid and transient changes in neuronal activity (reviewed by Greengard, 1978; Rodnight, 1983). More recent studies, carried out with identified neurons of invertebrates, have begun to provide direct evidence for the role of specific phosphoproteins in certain well defined neuronal functions (reviewed by Nestler and Greengard, 1983). Thus, in the chain of events that occurs intracellularly subsequent to the activation of second-messenger generating systems by neurotransmitters, hormones, growth factors and trophic agents, phosphoproteins constitute a crucial link essential for the process of stimulus-response coupling (for most recent reviews see Nishizuka, 1986 and chapter by Greengard et al., in this volume). In addition, phosphorylative activity has been recognized as a site of molecular adaptation in neurons, since it was shown that modifications in the process of protein phosphorylation are induced by inputs which cause long-lasting alterations in brain function (reviewed by Ehrlich, 1979, 1984, see also chapters by Lovinger and Routtenberg and by Alkon and Naito in this volume).
INVOLVEMENT OF CALCIUM, LIPOLYTIC ENZYMES, AND FREE FATTY ACIDS IN ISCHEMIC BRAIN TRAUMA

The onset of cerebral ischemia causes a series of metabolic changes in central nervous system (CNS) that lead to the depletion of energy reserves and the loss of neuronal function in a time-dependent manner (Siesjo, 1981, 1984; Siesjo and Wieloch, 1985). At early stages of ischemia, recirculation of blood flow restores the energy reserves and neuronal functions, but there is a critical period of ischemia after which these functions are restored only partially upon reperfusion. Blood reflow under such conditions is assumed to be more harmful to the organ or tissue than is continued ischemia alone (Siesjo and Wieloch, 1985). In the past decade many potentially damaging factors such as ATP depletion, plasma membrane phospholipid degradation, loss of calcium homeostasis, cellular acidosis, superoxide-induced membrane damage, and mitochondrial dysfunction have been reported to play important role in ischemic injury (Siesjo, 1990; Bazan, 1976; Bazan et al., 1986). Several studies have indicated that ischemic insult markedly affects membrane integrity and membrane-associated functions such as activities of membrane-bound enzymes, ion transport, oxidative phosphorylation, and synaptic transmission (Siesjo, 1984; Bazan et al., 1986; Flynn et al., 1989). The purpose of this article is to discuss and critically evaluate the biochemical events (such as changes in calcium homeostasis, turnover of membrane phospholipids, and activation of phospholipases) initiated by ischemia and their potential role in determining the survival of nerve cells.
Hospital Large-Scale Drills

Publisher Summary Two of the most challenging processes required of an acute-care hospital under the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) are the development and implementation of the emergency-management standards. Under the emergency-management section, the standard requires hospitals to initially conduct a hazard-vulnerability analysis (HVA), which is meant to identify those hazards in the community that a hospital can potentially be subject to. The standard also requires hospitals to develop an emergency management plan (EMP), which is the plan that the acute care hospital utilizes when it is forced to respond to and mitigate a mass-casualty or disaster situation, and to conduct drills twice annually. The HVA method has been utilized by many regulatory agencies including the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), and the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). The results of an HVA can assist the acute care hospitals in developing the EMP.
Agricultural Health and Safety

The agricultural sector employs more than a third of the world's total working population. In some countries, agriculture accounts for the largest proportion of employment, often employing the entire family including young children. As a consequence of the type of labor associated with farms, agriculture workers and their families face multiple risks on a daily basis. For example, these risks can include injuries from overexertion and repetitive motion, hearing impairment due to the noise from farm equipment, and exposure to harmful pesticide and organic and inorganic toxins. This article outlines the potential hazards and ways to reduce the harmful impacts of those risks.
Enhancing targeted therapy of tumors with activating FGFR alterations.

e23134Background: Emerging evidence points to the Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor (FGFR) kinase family as a promising target in multiple cancer types including lung squamous cell carcinoma, chola...
Growth kinetics and mathematical modeling of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 under flashing light

In photobioreactors and natural systems, microalgae are subjected to rapidly changing light intensities (LI) due to light attenuation and mixing. A controlled way to study the effect of rapidly changing LI is to subject cultures to flashing light. In this study, series of flashing-light experiments were conducted using Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 with constant overall average LI of approximately 84 μmol·m-2 ·s-1 and relative times in the light and dark varied. The results were also compared with simulated results using a mathematical model including an absorbed pool of light energy, photoacclimation, and photoinhibition. With equal time in light and dark, the specific growth rate (μ) systematically decreased with increasing light duration, and µ decreased further when the ratio of light to dark was decreased. The model captured both trends with the mechanistic explanation that when the light duration was very short the changes in the pool of absorbed LI were smoothed out across the light and dark periods, whereas longer durations caused the biomass to experience discrete light and dark conditions that lead to reduced light absorption, more energy loss to nonphotochemical quenching, and more photodamage. These growth effects were accentuated as the ratio of light to dark decreased.
Probing non-covalent interactions driving molecular assembly in organo-electronic building blocks

Recent advancements in material science exploit non-covalent interactions, such as halogen bonding (XB) or π-stacking within solid-state molecular frameworks for application in organic electronic devices. Herein, we focus on these and other non-covalent interactions and the effect that furan and thiophene substituents play on the solid-state properties of co-crystals formed between pentafluoro(iodoethynyl)benzene (F5BAI; XB donor) and a pyridine disubstituted with either furans or thiophenes (PyrFur2 and PyrThio2; XB acceptors). Spectroscopic and thermal analyses of 1 : 1 mixtures provide indirect evidence of XB interactions, whereas X-ray crystallography provides direct evidence that XB and π-stacking are present in both co-crystals. Density functional theory (DFT) computations provide insight into the relative electronic energetics of each pair-wise contact observed in the experimental F5BAI-PyrFur2 and F5BAI-PyrThio2 co-crystals.
Perceptions of #fitspiration activity on Instagram: Patterns of use, response, and preferences among fitstagrammers and followers:

#fitspiration is a popular social media trend for sharing fitness-related content. To date, however, it is not clear how best to harness the power of this trend to improve users' health, including how best to tailor its content. In this study, a cross-sectional survey assessed intentions and perceptions of users who host fitspiration accounts on Instagram (n = 65), as well as young adult followers (n = 270). Fitstagrammers and men (across user groups) preferred messaging about earning fitness, whereas followers and women (across user groups) preferred messaging about the benefits of exercise efforts. Both fitstagrammers and followers also noted that they experience both positive and negative feelings in response to fitspiration images, with followers and women reporting more frequent negative feelings (vs fitstagrammers and men, respectively). These findings can inform the use of fitspiration as a health promotion tool, particularly with respect to tailoring content to match user preferences.