cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Building a cluster: shocks, cavities, and cooling filaments in the group–group merger NGC 6338

We present deep Chandra, XMM-Newton, Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope and Halpha observations of the group-group merger NGC 6338. X-ray imaging and spectral mapping show that as well as trailing tails of cool, enriched gas, the two cool cores are embedded in an extensive region of shock heated gas with temperatures rising to ~5 keV. The velocity distribution of the member galaxies show that the merger is occurring primarily along the line of sight, and we estimate that the collision has produced shocks of Mach number M=2.3 or greater, making this one of the most violent mergers yet observed between galaxy groups. Both cool cores host potential AGN cavities and Halpha nebulae, indicating rapid radiative cooling. In the southern cool core around NGC 6338, we find that the X-ray filaments associated with the Halpha nebula have low entropies (<10 kev cm^2) and short cooling times (~200-300 Myr). In the northern core we identify an Halpha cloud associated with a bar of dense, cool X-ray gas offset from the dominant galaxy. We find no evidence of current jet activity in either core. We estimate the total mass of the system and find that the product of this group-group merger will likely be a galaxy cluster.
Microangiopathic Hemolytic Anemia (MHA) Associated with Acute Rheumatic Valvulitis.

While MHA has been frequently reported with mechanical heart valves, hemolysis associated with native valvular heart disease is rare. A 20-year-old Amish female presented with left hip arthritis in 5/03. She had suffered rheumatic fever at age 10 manifested by Sydenham chorea, mitral regurgitation (MR) and migratory polyarthritis prompting a 5-year course of penicillin. In 5/03, she was admitted with acute arthritis of the left hip and pain in her left shoulder and hands. This picture together with a systolic murmur, pericardial friction rub and an ESR of 118 mm/h prompted a transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) revealing a myxomatous mitral valve (MV) with severe MR and thickening of the tip of the posterior leaflet of the MV suspicious for endocarditis. Mild aortic regurgitation (AR) was also present. Blood cultures remained sterile; however, she received a course of penicillin prior to her hospital presentation. Antibiotics followed for culture-negative endocarditis. Anemia was noted with Hgb of 9.4 g/dL (12–16), HCT 27.6% (37–49), reticulocyte count 2.2%, absolute reticulocyte count 73.1 k/mcL (22–106). Serum haptoglobin was 452 mg/dL (34–234), bilirubin 0.5 mg/dL (0.2–1.2) and LDH 169 U/L (94–250). ESR was 118 mm/h (0–30). ASO was 200 IU (
Travel in Adverse Weather Using Electronic Mobility Guidance Devices

After a discussion of the required characteristics of an ideal aid, four electronic mobility guidance devices–the Mowat Sonar Sensor, the Russell E Model Pathsounder, the Bionic C-5 Laser Cane, and...
Real-time tunable phase response and group delay in broadside coupled split-ring resonators

Manipulating the phase of electromagnetic radiation is of importance for applications ranging from communication to imaging. Here, real-time reconfigurable phase response and group delay of a tunable terahertz metamaterial consisting of dual-layer broadside coupled split-ring resonators is demonstrated. Utilizing electrostatic comb-drive actuators, the metamaterial resonant frequency is tuned by changing the lateral distance between the two layers which modifies the transmission amplitude and phase spectrum. The phase modulation is approximately 180\ifmmode \mathring{}\else \r{}\fi{} in the vicinity of the resonant frequency. In addition, remarkable modulation in the group delay of transmitted pulses (from \ensuremath{-}7 to 3 ps) is evaluated based on the measured frequency response using the convolution method when the lateral distance is changed from 0 to $24\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$. A two-port resonator model, derived from coupled-mode theory and supported by finite-element full-wave simulations, reveals the underlying physics of the modulation. Specifically, the coupling factor between the two layers plays a critical role, the tuning of which provides a route for structure design and optimization. The capability of tuning the phase response and group delay enables applications, such as phase compensation and group-delay equalization at terahertz frequencies.
Poggio and Alberti Revisited

The careers of the Curial secretaries Poggio Bracciolini (1380-1459) and Leon Battista Alberti (1404-1472) reveal many parallels. In 1437-1438 the Este court of Ferrara, where Eugenius IV convoked a church council, provided a focal point for their friendship. It was to the Ferrarese canon Francesco Marescalchi that Poggio dedicated Book 1 of his Latin epistles (1436), and Alberti his Hundred Apologues (1437). Both men were inspired to critiques of contemporary society by the Greek satirist Lucian, and both indulged in composing brief witticisms that expose human vice: Poggio in his Facetiae (Jests) and Alberti in his Apologi (Fables) and Vita (Autobiography). From Lucian, they also learned to dramatize human foibles on the imagined stage of the theatrum mundi, or theater of the world: Poggio in his dialogues, and Alberti in both the Intercenales and Momus. Despite such literary affinities, their approach to ethical questions differed, especially concerning the validity of allegory, which Poggio rejected but Alberti embraced. As a tribute to his colleague, Alberti dedicated Book 4 of his Intercenales to Poggio; he prefaced the work with an ironic Aesopic fable that asserts the superiority of recondite scientific research over commonplace humanistic studies. Eventually, Alberti’s status as an outsider in Florence was reflected in the deterioration in his relations with Poggio. The rift was widened in 1441, when Alberti organized the Italian poetic competition called the Certame Coronario that was held in the Florence cathedral on October 22. Poggio was a member of the jury that, to Alberti’s chagrin, refused to declare a winner.
Analyzing Training Using Phase Transitions in Entropy - Part I: General Theory.

We analyze phase transitions in the conditional entropy of a sequence caused by a change in the conditional variables. Such transitions happen, for example, when training to learn the parameters of a system, since the transition from the training phase to the data phase causes a discontinuous jump in the conditional entropy of the measured system response. For large-scale systems, we present a method of computing a bound on the mutual information obtained with one-shot training, and show that this bound can be calculated using the difference between two derivatives of a conditional entropy. The system model does not require Gaussianity or linearity in the parameters, and does not require worst-case noise approximations or explicit estimation of any unknown parameters. The model applies to a broad range of algorithms and methods in communication, signal processing, and machine learning that employ training as part of their operation.
Percurso universitário de alunas/os com deficiência em instituição de ensino privada

The entry of students with disabilities in undergraduate courses is an effect of factors such as the expansion of higher education and access policies, giving rise to discussions about effectiveness from an inclusive perspective. Seeking to evaluate the academic experience, the investigation aimed to analyze the path of students with disabilities, from the perspective of life stories. In methodological terms, this is a qualitative research, using interviews as data collection instrument, carried out with eight students, who are about to graduate, in a private higher education institution. The results address issues such as learning, relationship with teachers and colleagues, differences between university / school context and university path. It evidences the initial achievement of architectural accessibility and the subsequent construction of pedagogical and relational conditions for students with disabilities, thus revealing new challenges to be faced by the entire academic community.
Blessing or Burden? Another Look at the Natural Resource Curse

The “natural resource curse” refers to the apparent paradox in which nations with abundant natural resource endowments tend to have slower rates of economic growth, and less democracy and economic development, than do nations with lesser natural resource endowments. The salient question, of course, is whether or not this observed phenomenon is universal and inevitable, or is instead due to the particular details of a nation’s socio-political-economic structure.
Identification of opportunities for integrating chemical processes for carbon (dioxide) utilization to nuclear power plants

Abstract The energy and industrial sectors are responsible for more than 75% of global carbon dioxide emissions, which are primary contributors to climate change. Decarbonization strategies to reduce overall carbon dioxide emissions are urgently needed. Among the numerous decarbonization strategies that are being defined and implemented, a particular strategy of interest for the present work is “the Re-X or zero waste” strategy, which involves recycling, reuse, repurposing, and remanufacturing of industrial emissions, by-products, and waste in general. A circular value chain or Circular Economy is embedded within this strategy. In a circular carbon economy, efficient reuse of emitted carbon dioxide is considered. However, the stability of carbon dioxide implies the requirement of significant amounts of energy for its transformation into value-added chemicals or products, which must be supplied by low carbon emitting energy sources. Nuclear power plants are low carbon energy sources that, additionally to electricity, could also supply heat and radiation for chemical transformations. This work identifies the opportunities and challenges for the development of integrated energy systems to upgrade and transform carbon dioxide, involving chemical and nuclear energy. The analysis encompasses possible use of the different forms of energy that can be obtain from nuclear reactors (i.e., radiation, electricity, and heat), by reviewing the published literature on potential routes for its conversion. Our review indicates that an universal technology of the one-fits-all solution-type is an utopic dream. Instead, a suite of (contaminants tolerant) technologies for processing various concentrations CO2 and producing a variety of products is currently needed.
The State in Private Security: Examining Mexico City’s Complementary Police

This study investigates the participation of the Mexico City government in the private security market through the Policia Complementaria (Complementary Police), a grouping of public police forces ...
Organizational Communication and The University of Texas System: Learning to Speak Spanish

As the Spanish-speaking population in Texas continues to grow, this paper considers how The University of Texas System can better serve this population through embracing polylingual discourse.
Recommendations for Dose Selection for Adolescent Patients in Relevant Adult Oncology Clinical Trials

Our research supported the dose selection recommendations for adolescents in the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Guidance on Inclusion of Adolescent Patients in Adult Oncology Clinical Trials. The FDA Guidance states that for drugs administered as a flat dose in adults and data showing no clinically meaningful effect of body size on drug exposure and toxicity in adults, a minimum body weight threshold may need to be defined to prevent adolescents who have a lower body weight from exceeding adult exposures. Our review of adult population pharmacokinetic analyses of new molecular entities approved for oncology between January 2015 and March 2021 suggested that 40 kg (the approximate median body weight of a 12-year-old) is generally the lower end of the body weight range that has no clinically relevant effect on drug pharmacokinetics or safety. The minimum body weight threshold and selection of an appropriate dose for adolescents in relevant adult oncology clinical trials should ultimately be determined based on available data on pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics of the investigational drug with consideration of body size effect on drug exposure, toxicity, and efficacy data (if available), the therapeutic index of the drug, and dose- and exposure-response relationships in adults.
Theoretical Entities in Statistical Explanation

The ideas in this paper are based on an analysis of statistical explanation that uses the information transmitted by a theory [2]. Consider a theory that specifies a probability distribution on the events of some domain, where for purposes of analysis we divide the variables that describe the domain into two sets: [M], a set of variables whose values are to be explained, and [S], a set of variables whose values are used to explain the values of the variables in [M].
This Is Like That: Metaphors in Public Discourse Shape Attitudes

A metaphoric framing is a message comparing an abstract concept (e.g., the economy) to a dissimilar concept that is more concrete and easier to comprehend (e.g., a vehicle). Metaphoric framings are commonly used in public discourse (e.g., magazine editorials, political campaign advertisements) to communicate about controversial sociopolitical issues. These messages are not mere figures of speech. Mounting evidence shows that even brief exposure to a metaphoric framing can prompt observers to transfer their knowledge of the metaphor's concrete concept to interpret analogous features of the target issue, even though the two concepts are superficially quite different. This article reviews this evidence, demonstrating that the metaphors pervading everyday communication uniquely shape how people think and feel about a host of important issues. The authors draw on theories of motivated social cognition to chart avenues for future research on the situational factors that moderate metaphor's impact on attitudes.
Haemodilution for acute ischaemic stroke

Background Ischaemic stroke interrupts the flow of blood to part of the brain. Haemodilution is thought to improve the flow of blood to the affected areas of the brain and thus reduce infarct size. Objectives To assess the effects of haemodilution in acute ischaemic stroke. Search methods We searched the Cochrane Stroke Group Trials Register (February 2014), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (Issue 1, 2014), MEDLINE (January 2008 to October 2013) and EMBASE (January 2008 to October 2013). We also searched trials registers, scanned reference lists and contacted authors. For the previous version of the review, the authors contacted manufacturers and investigators in the field. Selection criteria Randomised trials of haemodilution treatment in people with acute ischaemic stroke. We included only trials in which treatment was started within 72 hours of stroke onset. Data collection and analysis Two review authors assessed trial quality and one review author extracted the data. Main results We included 21 trials involving 4174 participants. Nine trials used a combination of venesection and plasma volume expander. Twelve trials used plasma volume expander alone. The plasma volume expander was plasma alone in one trial, dextran 40 in 12 trials, hydroxyethyl starch (HES) in five trials and albumin in three trials. Two trials tested haemodilution in combination with another therapy. Evaluation was blinded in 14 trials. Five trials probably included some participants with intracerebral haemorrhage. Haemodilution did not significantly reduce deaths within the first four weeks (risk ratio (RR) 1.10; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.90 to 1.34). Similarly, haemodilution did not influence deaths within three to six months (RR 1.05; 95% CI 0.93 to 1.20), or death and dependency or institutionalisation (RR 0.96; 95% CI 0.85 to 1.07). The results were similar in confounded and unconfounded trials, and in trials of isovolaemic and hypervolaemic haemodilution. No statistically significant benefits were documented for any particular type of haemodiluting agents, but the statistical power to detect effects of HES was weak. Six trials reported venous thromboembolic events. There was a tendency towards reduction in deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism or both at three to six months' follow-up (RR 0.68; 95% CI 0.37 to 1.24). There was no statistically significant increased risk of serious cardiac events among haemodiluted participants. Authors' conclusions The overall results of this review showed no clear evidence of benefit of haemodilution therapy for acute ischaemic stroke. These results are compatible with no persuasive beneficial evidence of haemodilution therapy for acute ischaemic stroke. This therapy has not been proven to improve survival or functional outcome.
Plutonium Speciation in Selected Basalt, Granite, Shale, and Tuff Groundwaters

The speciation of added plutonium was determined in groundwaters of widely varying composition from four rock types: basalt, granite, shale, and tuff. Plutonium was soluble in the basalt water, whi...
Connected Dominating Set in Sensor Networks and MANETs

3 Centralized CDS Construction 335 3.1 Guha and Khuller’s Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336 3.2 Ruan’s Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338 3.3 Cheng’s Greedy Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340 3.4 Min’s Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341 3.5 Butenko’s Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
Human transcription factor IIIC (TFIIIC). Purification, polypeptide structure, and the involvement of thiol groups in specific DNA binding.

Human transcription factor IIIC (TFIIIC) is an initiation factor required for the in vitro transcription of 5 S RNA, tRNA, and adenovirus viral-associated (VA) RNA genes by RNA polymerase III. A TFIIIC activity which complemented purified TFIIIB and RNA polymerase III fractions for VA transcription was highly purified from cultured HeLa cells. This activity copurified through all chromatographic procedures, including B-block oligodeoxynucleotide affinity chromatography, with the two forms of TFIIIC detected by gel mobility shift assays with the VA gene (Hoeffler, W.K., Kovelman, R., and Roeder, R.G. (1988) Cell 53, 907–920). Both specific binding activity to the VAI gene and TFIIIC transcription activity were inhibited by the alkylating agents diisopropyl fluorophosphate, N-tosyl-L-phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone (TPCK), and N-ethylmaleimide, and to a lesser extent by N α-p-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone, whereas neither activity was inhibited by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride. These data suggest further that the DNA binding and transcription assays scored the same protein(s). TPCK and N-ethylmaleimide inactivated TFIIIC solely through thiol group modification, since prior modification with the reversible thiol reagent 2,2′-dithiopyridine prevented permanent inactivation. The involvement of reduced thiol groups in the specific binding of TFIIIC to the VAI gene was further indicated by an increase in TFIIIC binding activity upon addition of dithiothreitol. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that a Mr = 126,000 polypeptide both eluted from a B-block oligodeoxynucleotide affinity column with the DNA binding and transcription activities of TFIIIC and was specifically cross-linked by UV to a 5-bromo-2-deoxynucleotide-substituted B-block oligodeoxynucleotide. The near identity of the TFIIIC molecular weight determined by gel filtration on SOTA Phase GF 200 (Mr = 140,000) suggests that TFIIIC in solution (in the presence of 0.3 M NaCl at pH 7.0) consists of a single polypeptide which is fairly globular in nature.
Purchase or Else: The Health Insurance ‘Tax’

With the Affordable Health Care for America Act, H.R. 3962, 111th Cong. (2009) passed by the U.S. House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate’s version of a health care bill, the Patient Protection and Affordable Health Care Act, H.R. 3590, 111th Cong. (2009) recently passed, this article reviews the particulars of each Act’s respective tax or penalty imposed on individual taxpayers who fail to purchase acceptable health care coverage, and questions whether or not such constitutes a “tax” at all, and if such does, whether or not it is an unconstitutional regulatory tax, indirectly regulating that which Congress cannot under the “Commerce Clause” of the U.S. Constitution; namely, non-participating taxpayers who merely “fail to purchase.”
Cycle Progression and Division of Viable and Nonviable Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells following Acute Hyperthermia and Their Relationship to Thermal Tolerance Decay

Abstract Cell cycle progression delays and subsequent growth kinetics of viable and nonviable Chinese hamster cells following acute (45.5°) hyperthermia were documented in an attempt to correlate these changes with the decay of thermal tolerance. Following heating for various lengths of time, cells exhibited a delay in subsequent division which was related to cell survival by a power function relationship. A cell was considered to be viable if it retained the ability to divide to form a colony of 50 or more cells. The components of the delay in cycle transit for viable cells heated in G 1 for a treatment of 20 min at 45.5° were approximately 28 hr in G 1 and 20 hr in S and G 2 -M. This represents a 7-fold decrease in the rate progression through G 1 and a 2-fold decrease through S and G 2 -M relative to control rates. The doubling times of viable cells, in subsequent generations, were significantly decreased to a rate 61% of that of control up to 120 hr after heating. This reduction was in part due to lethal sectoring, i.e. , a division which produces only one daughter that is capable of forming a viable subclone, within the viable progeny. Within a viable subclone, up to 30% of the cells that divided from 48 to 91 hr after a heat treatment of 20 min at 45.5° were found to be nonclonogenic. Following resumption of division, nonviable cells slowly lost their capacity for proliferation. Nearly all thermal tolerance development induced by a 20-min pretreatment occurred while the viable cells remained in G 1 . Subsequent progression into heat-sensitive S and G 2 -M phases modulated thermal tolerance only slightly. Finally, maximal loss of thermal tolerance was exhibited at the time corresponding to the resumption of viable cell division.
Linking the microstructure of a heat-treated WE43 Mg alloy with its corrosion behavior

Abstract The corrosion microstructure of a WE43 Mg alloy immersed in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution saturated with Mg(OH)2 was characterized across several length scales in order to understand the relationship between corrosion behavior and the alloy microstructure developed after solution treatment and aging. Hydrogen bubbles evolved and protruding Mg(OH)2 domes formed on Zr-rich impurity particles by a microgalvanic effect. The observed porous bi-layered corrosion film was explained by inward oxidation and hydration reactions. Aging treatment decreased the corrosion rate of the alloy via the interactions between the finely dispersed precipitates and the corrosion reactions.
Improved OTU-picking using long-read 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and generic hierarchical clustering.

High-throughput bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequencing followed by clustering of short sequences into operational taxonomic units (OTUs) is widely used for microbiome profiling. However, clustering of short 16S rRNA gene reads into biologically meaningful OTUs is challenging, in part because nucleotide variation along the 16S rRNA gene is only partially captured by short reads. The recent emergence of long-read platforms, such as single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing from Pacific Biosciences, offers the potential for improved taxonomic and phylogenetic profiling. Here, we evaluate the performance of long- and short-read 16S rRNA gene sequencing using simulated and experimental data, followed by OTU inference using computational pipelines based on heuristic and complete-linkage hierarchical clustering. In simulated data, long-read sequencing was shown to improve OTU quality and decrease variance. We then profiled 40 human gut microbiome samples using a combination of Illumina MiSeq and Blautia-specific SMRT sequencing, further supporting the notion that long reads can identify additional OTUs. We implemented a complete-linkage hierarchical clustering strategy using a flexible computational pipeline, tailored specifically for PacBio circular consensus sequencing (CCS) data that outperforms heuristic methods in most settings: https://github.com/oscar-franzen/oclust/ . Our data demonstrate that long reads can improve OTU inference; however, the choice of clustering algorithm and associated clustering thresholds has significant impact on performance.
Against the Grain: An intervention of mastery learning and intellectual emancipation in art education

AbstractIn a case study of an undergraduate course in art education, modes of mastery learning and propositions of intellectual emancipation were explored as interventions in curriculum design. By adopting Ranciere’s framework of a ‘will to will’ relationship between instructor and students, the core assignment—a visual journal—became a site of student positionality through mastery methods, rather than information gathering. The visual journal provided a record of the event of knowledge and served as a forum to verify that acts of student thinking were done with attention, congruent with Ranciere’s perspective that learning generates greater consciousness, feeling and action. Requiring both qualitative and quantitative criteria within the parameters of the visual journal functioned as a means to experiment with the potential convergences of mastery and emancipatory approaches. The visual journal then operated as a third space where ongoing, consistent engagement demonstrated the capacity of students to en...
Effect of Chain Transport in the Secondary Surface Nucleation Based Flux Theory and in the Lauritzen−Hoffman Crystal Growth Rate Formalism

A previous study (Snyder, C. R.; Marand, H.; Mansfield, M. L. Macromolecules 1996, 29, 7508) by the authors suggested that, within the context of the Lauritzen−Hoffman secondary surface nucleation ...
CD-1 and Balb/cJ mice do not show enduring antidepressant-like effects of ketamine in tests of acute antidepressant efficacy.

In patients, ketamine is a fast-acting antidepressant that can induce long-lasting symptom relief. Similar rapid effects have been reported in rodents, but reports of lasting effects are limited. We sought to extend past findings by examining dose–response curves that overlap with the individual doses previously reported to induce lasting effects in rodents and determining whether effects generalize to the tail suspension test (TST) and Balb/cJ mice. Using common tests of antidepressant efficacy we first confirmed our ability to detect the effects of desipramine, a well-characterized antidepressant drug. Next, we sought to determine whether two non-competitive NMDA antagonists, ketamine and MK-801, had long-lasting antidepressant-like effects in CD-1 mice, a strain that has often been used to demonstrate the short-term antidepressant-like effects of ketamine. Finally, we examined the short- and long-term effects of ketamine in a mouse strain that is more sensitive to antidepressant-like effects, Balb/cJ mice. In CD-1 mice, desipramine treatment yielded significant short-term antidepressant-like effects in the TST and the forced swimming test (FST). However, no significant enduring effects of ketamine or MK-801 were observed 1 week later. Short-term effects of ketamine in the TST were observed in Balb/cJ mice, but lasting effects were absent 1 week later. Although the TST and FST have been widely used to detect antidepressant-like effects in mice, they do not appear to be sensitive to long-lasting antidepressant-like effects of ketamine in mice and, therefore, do not model the therapeutic effects of ketamine that have been reported in humans with major depression.
The effect of trisomy 18 on transverse cerebellar diameter

The transverse cerebellar diameter was measured in 19 fetuses with trisomy 18. Eleven of the cerebellar measurements (57.9%) were >2 SD below the mean for the patient's gestational age. If fetal biometry rather than last menstrual period were used to determine gestational age, four of the 19 (21.0%) cerebellar measurements were >2 SD below the mean. Both intrauterine growth retardation and intrinsic central nervous system abnormalities associated with trisomy 18 appeared to affect cerebellar size.
Transmission-electron microscopy study of ion-beam implanted single-crystal ceramics

Abstract The microstructural changes in single-crystal MgO following implantation with 200 keV Xe+ ions, at a range of ion fluences, have been studied using transmission-electron microscopy (TEM) and selected-area diffraction (SAD). By the application of a novel specimen preparation technique, the microstructure of the implanted specimen can be observed directly, without the possibility of introducing artifacts which may arise during conventional methods of post-implantation specimen preparation for TEM analysis. At low ion fluences the microstructure remained crystalline and the damage was confined to small point-defect clusters and dislocation networks. At higher ion fluences, > 5 × 102ions/cm2, solid noble-gas inclusions were identified by examination of SAD patterns and evidence was obtained for recrystallization from an amorphous phase.
Civil Society/Public Sphere: History of the Concept

The concept of the public sphere refers to the capacity of the members of civil society to coordinate their common affairs through collective discourse which transcends the private interests of each. The concept is associated especially with the theories of Hannah Arendt and Jurgen Habermas. Current work focuses especially on the relationship between rational-critical communication and other dimensions of culture-formation and expressive communication; on issues of diversity in participation, topics, and communicative styles; and on the relationship of the public sphere to state-centered politics and/or the transcendence of the state in an international public sphere.
Glutamate and vasopressin interact to control scent marking in Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus).

Abstract In Syrian hamsters, vasopressin (AVP) in the medial preoptic-anterior hypothalamus (MPOA-AH) controls a form of scent marking called flank marking. Another neurochemical signal that may interact with AVP to control flank marking is glutamate. We tested the hypothesis that glutamate interacts with AVP in the MPOA-AH to regulate flank marking. On day 1, AVP was microinjected into the MPOA-AH. On day 2, AVP was microinjected as a cocktail combining either AP-5, a NMDA antagonist, or GAMS, a non-NMDA antagonist or propranolol, a β norepinephrine antagonist. On day 3, AVP alone was microinjected. Hamsters engaged in high levels of marking in response to AVP alone or to a combination of AVP and propranolol. In contrast, the frequency of marking was significantly reduced in response to a combination of either AVP and AP-5 or AVP and GAMS. These data support the hypothesis that stimulation of flank marking by AVP within the MPOA-AH requires the activity of glutamate.
A paper chromatographic investigation of the homologous series of amino acids from glycine to α-amino-n-tetradecanoic acid

Abstract The R F values and R M values for the homologous series of amino acids glycine-α-amino- n -tetradecanoic acid were determined in a number of solvent developers. The results are in accord with a liquid-liquid distribution process except for the longer chain amino acids having 10-14 carbon atoms. For these amino acids there is evidence of adsorption. An excellent solvent developer, tert. -amyl alcohol-dioxane-water (5:1:2, v/v), cleanly separates not only the homologous series glycine-α-amino- n -nonanoic acid but also valine, leucine and isoleucine.
Keynote: recent discoveries from Paxos

Summary form only given. The rapid decrease in the cost of computing and networks has made fault tolerance much cheaper. The gradual increase in the IQ of system designers is leading to a switch from programming hacks to provably fault-tolerant algorithms. These developments have motivated the resumption of archaeological research on Paxos. Some lower-bound theorems have recently been dug up, along with algorithms that achieve them. Rigorous examination of the hypotheses of these theorems have led to more efficient algorithms in certain interesting cases. Great excitement has been generated by a recently discovered parchment. There are indications that it was considered very significant by the Paxons. If it can be deciphered in time, its contents will be presented.
Perforated microstrip structure for miniaturising microwave devices

The perforated slow-wave microstrip is proposed for high-frequency microwave devices and characterised experimentally and theoretically up to 7 GHz. The perforated structure is realised with a periodic-inductive-section-maintained uniform edge-shape. The slow-wave factor is demonstrated to be 1.2 times larger than that of a conventional microstrip over a wide frequency range. The perforated slow-wave microstrip shows reduction of physical length and superior quality-factor. The proposed structure is easier to fabricate than other slow-wave structures, which require multilayer substrates.
Kinetic decomposition for kinetic models of BGK type

Abstract In this paper, we consider kinetic models of BGK type which describe the scalar conservation law at the microscopic scale. We use new technique developed in Comm. Partial Differential Equations 27 (2002) 1229 in order to get the convergence. First, we obtain the approximate transport equation for the given kinetic models of BGK type. Then using the averaging lemma, we obtain the convergence. This paper shows how to relate the given kinetic model with the averaging lemma to get the convergence.
Distortion of the core exciton by the swift electron and plasmon wake in spatially resolved electron-energy-loss scattering.

Soft-x-ray-core to conduction-band absorption edges obtained by spatially resolved electron-energy-loss spectroscopy are systematically different from those obtained by x-ray-absorption or partial photo- yield techniques. I discuss here a hypothesis as to why this should be the case, and give a theoretical framework that explains the results. The Elliott theory for excitonic distortion of an absorption edge is modified to include the swift electron and its associated charge-density wake for electron-energy-loss scattering. Using a simple model potential in parabolic coordinates, Elliott's effective-mass Schr\"odinger equation is solvable for envelope functions which describe the occupation of excited crystal Bloch states. A perturbation approach is then used to include important features of the wake which are not reproduced well in the analytically solvable model. The fleeting presence of the swift electron significantly affects the excitonic distortion when the exciton is weakly bound. In addition, the trailing charge-density wake anisotropically distorts the final-state envelope function. The excited state is found to extend several tens of nanometers behind the swift electron. Comparisons with experiment are shown for diamond, crystalline silicon, and silicon dioxide core edges.
Force and pressure distribution beneath a conventional dressage saddle and a treeless dressage saddle with panels

The objective of this study was to compare forces and pressure profiles beneath a conventional dressage saddle with a beechwood spring tree and a treeless dressage saddle without a rigid internal support and incorporating large panels and a gullet. The null hypothesis was that there is no difference in the force and pressure variables for the two saddles. Six horses were ridden by the same rider using the conventional dressage saddle and the treeless dressage saddle in random order and pressure data were recorded using an electronic pressure mat as the horses trotted in a straight line. The data strings were divided into strides with ten strides analyzed per horse-saddle combination. Variables describing the loaded area, total force, force distribution and pressure distribution were calculated and compared between saddles using a three-factor ANOVA (P 11kPa were higher for the treeless dressage saddle. The panels of the treeless dressage saddle provided contact area and force distribution comparable to a conventional treed saddle but high pressure areas were a consequence of a narrow gullet and highly-sloped panels. It was concluded that, even with a treeless saddle, the size, shape, angulation, and position of the panels must fit the individual horse.
Attributions and peer harassment

Attribution theory is used as a conceptual framework for examining how causal beliefs about peer harassment influence how victims think and feel about themselves. Evidence is presented that victims who make characterological self-blaming attributions (“it must be me”) are particularly at risk of negative self-views. Also examined is the influence of social context, particularly the ethnic composition of schools and classrooms. It was found that students who were both victims of harassment and members of the majority ethnic group were more vulnerable to self-blaming attributions. In contrast, greater ethnic diversity, that is, classrooms where no one group was in the majority, tended to ward off self-blaming tendencies. Studies of peer harassment are a good context for examining one of the main themes of the special issue, which is how the social context (e.g., peer groups, ethnic groups) influences the way individuals think and feel about themselves.
Financial Architecture, Systemic Risk, and Universal Banking

Consolidation has been a fact of life in the wholesale financial services sector, resulting in fundamental change in the financial architecture and public exposure to systemic risk. The underlying drivers include advances in transactions and information technologies, regulatory changes, geographic shifts in growth opportunities, and the rapid evolution of client requirements, which in combination have obliged financial firms to rethink their roles as intermediaries. Moreover, financial sector reconfiguration has accelerated as a result of the global market turbulence that began in 2007, with governments either forcing or encouraging combinations of stronger and weaker financial firms in an effort to stem the crisis and improve systemic robustness. In the process, financial firms that are “systemic” in nature and had a major role in creating the crisis have come out of it with even larger market shares and greater systemic importance. Given the episodic socialization of risk in the form of widespread use of public guarantees to firms judged too big or too interconnected to be allowed to fail, the role of systemically important financial institutions (SIFIs) is central to the financial architecture and the public interest going forward. This survey paper considers the sources of systemic gains, losses and risks associated with SIFIs in historical context, in the theoretical and empirical literature, and in public policy discussions – i.e., what is gained and what is lost as a result of the available policy options to deal the dominant role of SIFIs in the financial architecture?
Rotary oscillations of spheroids and disks in an elastico-viscous fluid

Es wird eine Theorie fur die Stromung einer elastoviskosen Flussigkeit aufgestellt, in der ein axialsymmetrischer Korper Drehschwingungen ausfuhrt. Ziel ist die Behandlung des Scheiben-Elastoviskosimeters. Zu diesem Zweck Losen wir die Randwertaufgabe fur Rotationsellipsoide und leiten daraus durch Grenzubergang die Losung fur die Scheibe her. Es werden die Werte sowohl der Geschwindigkeit im Stromungsfeld als auch des Drehmoments, das die umstromten Korper erleiden, abgeleitet. The theory is developed for the flow of an elastico-viscous fluid when an axially symmetric body executes rotary oscillations in it. Our aim is to discuss the disk elastico-viscometer. For this purpose we solve the boundary value problems for the spheroids and derive the solution for the disk as a limit from that for the oblate spheroid. The values for the velocity field as well as the torque experienced by these bodies are derived.
The relationship between recall and precision

Empirical studies of retrieval performance have shown a tendency for Precision to decline as Recall increases. This article examines the nature of the relationship between Precision and Recall. The relationships between Recall and the number of documents retrieved, between Precision and the number of documents retrieved, and between Precision and Recall are described in the context of different assumptions about retrieval performance. It is demonstrated that a tradeoff between Recall and Precision is unavoidable whenever retrieval performance is consistently better than retrieval at random. More generally, for the Precision–Recall trade-off to be avoided as the total number of documents retrieved increases, retrieval performance must be equal to or better than overall retrieval performance up to that point. Examination of the mathematical relationship between Precision and Recall shows that a quadratic Recall curve can resemble empirical Recall–Precision behavior if transformed into a tangent parabola. With very large databases and/or systems with limited retrieval capabilities there can be advantages to retrieval in two stages: Initial retrieval emphasizing high Recall, followed by more detailed searching of the initially retrieved set, can be used to improve both Recall and Precision simultaneously. Even so, a tradeoff between Precision and Recall remains. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Ampacities of Multicondutor Cables in Trays

The presently available rules for prescribing ampacities of cables in trays have been found unduly restrictive for light to medium tray loading, leading to wide disregard of such derating for all loadings. Here is presented a method, founded on sound heat-transfer technology, and experimentally verified, for such ampacity determination. Its use should restore user confidence, with realistic ratings dependent on tray fill, and eliminate the serious consequences of tray cable overloading.
Exercise as a treatment for depression: An update

Abstract The traditional treatments for nonbipolar affective disorders have been pharmacological. Recently, a number of well-designed studies have demonstrated the efficacy of different nonpharmacological treatments for depression. Exercise has been among the more novel approaches to the treatment of depression, and the antidepressant effects of exercise have received considerable popular attention. The early research reports on the effects of exercise on depression suffer from conceptual confusion and methodological problems. An appraisal of recent research, however, provides grounds for cautious optimism regarding the potential therapeutic effects of exercise.
Subacute schlerosing panencephalitis in the middle east: Report of 99 cases

All patients entering with a differential diagnosis of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) at two major Lebanese medical centers since 1956 yielded 99 cases. Significant findings included: an epidemic pattern with 4 cases during 1956–57;95 cases during 1964–75; and, after 1966, 1.7 cases per year per million total population in Lebanon alone. The average age at which patients had measles shifted from 20 months in those who had onset of SSPE before 1971 to 35 months thereafter. Duration of illness was less than three months for 7% of the patients; four to 24 months for 69%; and more than 24 months for 24%. Four percent acieved significant long-term improvement.
Innovative science within and against a culture of “achievement”

As science educators struggle to reform science education, we need a better understanding of the conundrums associated with the ways educators enact innovative science within and against the “academic,” “rigorous,” and “elite” sociohistorical constructions of science. I ethnographically investigated the meanings of an innovative, reform-based curriculum (Active Physics) in various micro (classroom) and macro (school and community) contexts. I conducted the study in a high school serving primarily upper middle class students, the majority of whom (97%) planned to attend college. I explored how meanings of the curriculum transformed as the curriculum traveled across space and time. While certain aspects of the context enabled innovative science (e.g., support from the administration, pressure to serve a wider range of students), other aspects of the context constrained the potential of the curriculum (e.g., the need to establish for students, parents, and administrators the legitimacy of Active Physics as “real” and “rigorous” physics). Using practice theory to understand the influence of context and agency in shaping school science practice, this study demonstrates the potential for viewing meanings of science in local settings as partially fluid entities, sometimes reproducing and sometimes contesting sociohistorical legacies.
Are Anti-Nuclear Antibodies Common in Affective Disorders? A Review of the Past 35 Years

There has been debate in the literature about whether or not positive anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) titers are associated with affective disorders. Using specific search criteria, the author conducted a search of PubMed over the past 35 years. Four studies showed a positive correlation, whereas eight did not. Some of the positive studies have confounding factors. Given that the positive studies have confounding factors and that there are more negative studies than positive ones, it is logical to assume that there is no association between ANA titer and affective disorders until a properly controlled study is conducted.
Collective effects and elastic scattering from odd-mass nuclei

Abstract It is suggested that a difference could be observed between the elastic scattering from even and odd-mass nuclei whenever the nuclei are non-spherical. To second-order in the “deformation” the difference is shown to be mainly due to an additional diagonal matrix element which occurs for odd-mass nuclei with spin > 1 2 . Numerical evaluation of this matrix-element using the distorted- waves Born-approximation is used to give an estimate of the size and qualitative behaviour of this effect in a number of typical cases. It is found that, while not large, the effect need not be negligible, and may be important for understanding the variations in optical potential parameters from nucleus to nucleus. Apart from this effect, arguments are given that the collective effects on the scattering from odd-mass nuclei are essentially the same as for neighbouring even nuclei, (possibly with a change in the effective deformation), provided the scattering is approximately adiabatic.