cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sawgrass (Cladium jamaicense) responses as early indicators of low-level phosphorus enrichment in the Florida Everglades.

Anthropogenic phosphorus (P) inputs to the Florida Everglades have produced dramatic changes in the wetland vegetation of this otherwise oligotrophic system. While the proliferation of undesirable plant species in response to enrichment has been well documented, nutrient-related changes in the physiological and morphological attributes of existing vegetation, prior to any shifts in species composition or changes in the spatial extent of certain taxa, have yet to be adequately characterized. In this experiment, three sawgrass-dominated areas were enriched with P for 3 years at rates of 0.4 g P/m2/year (HP), 0.1 g P/m2/year (LP), or 0 g P/m2/year (controls) to assess potential impacts of P-enriched discharges from stormwater treatment areas into the Everglades. Elevated concentrations of TP in rhizomes and leaves and reduced ratios of leaf N:P were detected in HP plants within ~1 year at most sites. Live leaf densities, plant heights, and plant densities of the HP groups were generally higher than LP and control groups after 2 years, a pattern that was evident even after major fire events. Total aboveground biomass was significantly elevated in both HP and LP treatments at two of the three sites after 3 years. No change in species composition was detected during the study. Planned hydrologic restoration measures will increase P loads into parts of the Everglades that have not previously experienced anthropogenic P enrichment. Monitoring native vegetation such as sawgrass can be a sensitive and relatively robust means of detecting unintended P enrichment in these areas prior to shifts in vegetation community composition or changes in area cover of key species.
The Case For Coherent Imaging

If asked for an opinion concerning image formation with coherent ( or partially coherent) light you are most likely to get one of the following reactions. (a) Avoid it like the plague. (b) Make sure that your system is designed incoherently! (c) Ignore it, it will go away.© (1974) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Comment une figue figure sans en avoir l’air—mimèsis dans Comment une figue de paroles et pourquoi de Francis Ponge

This essay explores Francis Ponge's ars poetica in Comment une figue de paroles et pourquoi through a reexamination of the notion of mimesis as defined by Jacques Derrida and Laurent Jenny.
“Like a nuclear blast”;: Fay Weldon's explosion of the military order in the Shrapnel Academy

(2000). “Like a nuclear blast”;: Fay Weldon's explosion of the military order in the Shrapnel Academy. Lit: Literature Interpretation Theory: Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 351-384.
A new parameter for classification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon crystalline motifs: a Hirshfeld surface investigation

The classical crystalline motif categorizations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have gained interest as of late as it was discovered that the “defining” crystallographic axis was not always the “shortest crystallographic axis” as previously defined and that systems under pressure would exhibit a motif's typical axis length but not its typical interplanar angle (θ). Here we use Hirshfeld surfaces to investigate the relative percent of intermolecular close contact interactions existing within the four established crystalline PAH motifs under ambient and high pressures. It was discovered that the fraction of C⋯C interactions (C⋯C%) coupled with θ could ultimately define the structural motifs. A new parameter, the pi-degree parameter (π°), which relates the amount of π⋯π interaction to the interplanar angle, was developed as a function of θ and C⋯C% in order to unambiguously categorize PAH motifs. A new motif, beta-herringbone (β-HB), defining a subset of PAH structures with σ-bound aromatic groups is defined. The new motif parameter was then used to investigate several high pressure and low temperature PAH structures and provided unambiguous motif categorization regardless of the “shortest crystallographic axis”, temperature, or pressure.
Investigations of the Scope and Mechanism of the Tandem Hydroesterification/Lactonization Reaction

Heating allylic and homoallylic alcohols and 2-pyridylmethyl formate in the presence of Ru3(CO)12 initiates a tandem sequence of hydroesterification and lactonization. Mechanistic studies suggest that regioselectivity and overall reaction efficiency are governed by the relative rates of reductive elimination and β-hydride elimination for the alkylruthenium intermediates.
An improved model for predicting fatigue S–N (stress–number of cycles to fail) behavior of glass fiber reinforced plastics

In a previous study a model to predict the fatigue S–N behavior of glass fiber reinforced thermoplastics by using a fracture mechanics approach was presented. Using a single flaw size model, some degree of success was observed, particularly for a reinforced polyamide. The model was not successful in predicting the S–N behavior of a reinforced polyester. The earlier study also employed flexural fatigue rather than tensile fatigue data in the calculations because the calculated flaw sizes were more nearly constant as a function of stress level. Subsequently it was shown that the flexural fatigue stress calculations were in error for these types of short glass fiber reinforced plastics owing to the nonlinearity of their stress–strain behavior. In this report we reexamine the utility of the fracture mechanics approach to predict fatigue S–N behavior for both materials using an improved model. Whereas previously a single initial surface flaw was assumed, here we assume multiple flaws growing simultaneously across the sample thickness. The new model is applied to both flexural and tensile fatigue loading. Results demonstrate that this new approach provides accurate predictions of the S–N behavior for both materials under both loading conditions. This reflects the fact that the calculated initial flaw sizes are relatively independent of stress level. No additional adjustable parameters are required if one uses the initial breaking strength of the material as part of the model calculations.
On the nature of CS and US representations in Pavlovian learning

A significant problem in the study of Pavlovian conditioning is characterizing the nature of the representations of events that enter into learning. This issue has been explored extensively with regard to the question of what features of the unconditioned stimulus enter into learning, but considerably less work has been directed to the question of characterizing the nature of the conditioned stimulus. This article introduces a multilayered connectionist network approach to understanding how “perceptual” or “conceptual” representations of the conditioned stimulus might emerge from conditioning and participate in various learning phenomena. The model is applied to acquired equivalence/distinctiveness of cue effects, as well as a variety of conditional discrimination learning tasks (patterning, biconditional, ambiguous occasion setting, feature discriminations). In addition, studies that have examined what aspects of the unconditioned stimulus enter into learning are also reviewed. Ultimately, it is concluded that adopting a multilayered connectionist network perspective of Pavlovian learning provides us with a richer way in which to view basic learning processes, but a number of key theoretical problems remain to be solved, particularly as they relate to the integration of what we know about the nature of the representations of conditioned and unconditioned stimuli.
PROFESSIONAL EXPECTATIONS: ACCURACY AND DIAGNOSIS OF ERRORS

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the errors made by professional forecasters (ana? lysts) in estimating earnings per share for a large number of firms over a number of years. We have demonstrated in a previous paper that consensus (average) estimates of earnings per share play a key role in share price determination. In this paper, we examine con? sensus estimates with respect to the following questions: (1) What is the size and pattern of analysts' errors? (2) What is the source of errors? (3) Are some firms more difficult to predict than others? (4) Is there an association between errors in forecasts and divergence of analysts' estimates?
Glucocorticoid suppression enhances the 18-hydroxycorticosterone and aldosterone response to metoclopramide in man.

18-Hydroxycorticosterone (18-OHB) is a precursor of aldosterone and is the only corticosteroid, other than aldosterone, that is synthesized predominantly in the zona glomerulosa. Administration of the dopamine antagonist, metoclopramide results in parallel rises in plasma 18-OHB and aldosterone levels without affecting the plasma levels of other aldosterone precursors. However, 18-OHB is a product of the zona fasciculata as well as the glomerulosa. Thus, it is possible that metoclopramide may stimulate zona fasciculata secretion of 18-OHB. In order to more selectively examine dopaminergic regulation of zona glomerulosa secretion of 18-OHB we have examined the effect of glucocorticoid suppression of the fasciculata on the 18-OHB and aldosterone responses to metoclopramide, 10 mg iv in 6 normal volunteers. Dexamethasone, 2 mg every 6 hours for 5 days, suppressed basal levels of cortisol, corticosterone, 18-OHB and aldosterone. Dexamethasone treatment had no effect on basal levels of PRA or PRA responses to metoclopramide. The 18-OHB and aldosterone responses to metoclopramide were enhanced (p less than .05) by dexamethasone suppression. The results suggest that dopaminergic mechanisms selectively suppress glomerulosa production of 18-OHB. Endogenous ACTH may inhibit zona glomerulosa production of 18-OHB and aldosterone in response to the dopamine antagonist, metoclopramide.
Nanoscale integrated planar multispectral image sensors

We propose and demonstrate planar multispectral image sensors with individual pixel sizes down to 2.5 μm × 575 nm, and whose resonant wavelength can be tuned by varying the width of the pixel.
Superoxide dismutase expression in the lizard genus Anolis: systematic significance of a silenced gene

Data on the expression of a duplicated superoxide dismutase locus are presented for 41 species in the lizard genus Anolis. Expression of a single locus in these forms has resulted from several loss (silencing) events, and is regarded as a derived condition from the primitive duplicated state. There is apparent consistency in the presence or loss of the duplication within several groups known to be related based on morphological or other biochemical evidence. However, it is demonstrated here that the silencing of the gene has occurred independently in several infrageneric lineages.
Trajectories of heart failure self-care management and changes in quality of life:

Introduction: Heart failure patients vary considerably in their self-care management behaviors (i.e. recognizing and responding to symptoms). The goal of this study was to identify unique patterns of change in heart failure self-care management and quantify associations between self-care management and quality of life (HRQOL) over time. Methods: A prospective cohort study among adults with symptomatic heart failure was designed to measure changes in self-care management (Self-care of Heart Failure Index) and HRQOL (Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire) over six months. Growth mixture modeling was used to identify unique trajectories of change in self-care management. Results: The mean age (n=146) was 57 years, 70% were male, and 41% had class II heart failure. Two trajectories of self-care management were identified (entropy = 0.88). The larger trajectory (73.3%) was characterized by a significant decline in self-care management over time and no change in HRQOL. The smaller trajectory (26.7%) was characterized by marked improvements in self-care management and HRQOL. Changes in heart failure self-care management occurred in the absence of change in routine self-care maintenance behaviors, functional classification, and physical and psychological symptoms. Patients with greater physical symptoms at enrollment (odds ratio (OR) =1.04, p=0.037), larger left ventricles (OR=1.50, p=0.044), and ischemic heart failure (OR=3.84, p=0.014) were more likely to have the declining trajectory of self-care management. Higher levels of depression at enrollment were associated with reduced odds of having a decline in self-care management over time (OR=0.85, p<0.001). Conclusions: There are unique and clinically-relevant trajectories of change in heart failure self-care management that are associated with differences in HRQOL.
An Integrated Model for Patient Care and Clinical Trials (IMPACT) to support clinical research visit scheduling workflow for future learning health systems

Graphical abstractDisplay Omitted We created software Integrated Model for Patient Care and Clinical Trials (IMPACT).IMPACT coordinates clinical research visits with patient care visits.IMPACT recommends optimal dates and times for pending research visits.IMPACT can increase efficiency where clinical and research activities occur.IMPACT received satisfactory user acceptance in a formative evaluation. We describe a clinical research visit scheduling system that can potentially coordinate clinical research visits with patient care visits and increase efficiency at clinical sites where clinical and research activities occur simultaneously. Participatory Design methods were applied to support requirements engineering and to create this software called Integrated Model for Patient Care and Clinical Trials (IMPACT). Using a multi-user constraint satisfaction and resource optimization algorithm, IMPACT automatically synthesizes temporal availability of various research resources and recommends the optimal dates and times for pending research visits. We conducted scenario-based evaluations with 10 clinical research coordinators (CRCs) from diverse clinical research settings to assess the usefulness, feasibility, and user acceptance of IMPACT. We obtained qualitative feedback using semi-structured interviews with the CRCs. Most CRCs acknowledged the usefulness of IMPACT features. Support for collaboration within research teams and interoperability with electronic health records and clinical trial management systems were highly requested features. Overall, IMPACT received satisfactory user acceptance and proves to be potentially useful for a variety of clinical research settings. Our future work includes comparing the effectiveness of IMPACT with that of existing scheduling solutions on the market and conducting field tests to formally assess user adoption.
Adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and gastroesophageal junction. Prognostic factors and results of therapy

Adenocarcinomas of the esophagus and gastroesophageal junction (AE and GE) are uncommon neoplasms with a poor prognosis. AE or GE are usually analyzed as part of the larger group of carcinomas in patients with either epidermoid carcinoma of the esophagus or with gastric cancer. The prognostic variables and outcome of therapy for patients with AE and GE alone have not been well described. The records of 131 patients treated at Memorial Hospital during the period 1978 to 1982 were reviewed. The majority underwent surgery as their primary therapy. Clinical staging was found to be highly inaccurate, with almost all patients having Stage III disease at surgery. Operative mortality was 7.1%. Adjuvant chemotherapy did not appear to influence survival. Treatment of advanced disease with either conventional or investigational agents yielded modest objective response rates. Prognostic variables for those presenting with locoregional disease who were candidates for potentially curative surgery were analyzed. Only the presence or absence of weight loss and location of the primary tumor (AE versus GE) were significant variables. A model for predicting survival was employed.
A robust linear-pressure analog for the analysis of natural gas transportation networks

Abstract Reliable analysis of transportation networks is crucial for design and planning purposes. A pipeline network system could range from simple to very sophisticated and complex arrangement: from a single pipe transporting fluid from a place to another or elaborated as an interconnected set of fluid networks for intra-state or international transportation. As the complexity of the network system grows, the solution for the network model complicates further. For a natural gas network system, the resulting set of fluid flow governing equations is highly non-linear. In such situations, the customary method employed for the solution of a set of non-linear equations is the multivariable Newton–Raphson method despite its potentially negative drawbacks. Newton–Raphson solution protocols demand a good initialization (i.e., a good initial “guess” of the actual solution) for satisfactory performance because convergence is only guaranteed to occur within a potentially narrow neighborhood around the solution vector. This prerequisite can become fairly restrictive for the solution of large gas network systems, where estimations of “good” initial gas load and nodal values across the domain can defy intuition. In addition, some Newton–Raphson formulations require pre-defining flow loops within a network system prior to attempting a solution, which proves to be a challenging task in an extensive network. We propose an alternate, simple yet elegant method to address the aforementioned problems. The proposed solution methodology retains most advantages of the Newton-nodal method while removing the need for initial guesses and eliminating the need for expensive Jacobian formulations and associated derivative calculations. The resulting linear-pressure analog model is robust, reliable and its execution and convergence is independent of user-defined initial guesses for nodal pressures and flow rates. This allows the simulation study of a steady-state gas network system to be efficiently and straight-forwardly conducted.
Effects of known variations in photopigments on L/M cone ratios estimated from luminous efficiency functions.

Abstract The extent to which known variations in photopigment λ max and optical density may affect cone ratios estimated from the spectral luminous efficiency function (LEF) was examined. LEFs were generated using L - and M -cone fundamentals, one of which had been shifted in λ max (±1, 2, 4 or 6 nm) or varied in peak optical density (increased or decreased by 10, 25 or 50%). A curve-fitting program was then used to estimate the L / M cone ratios for the generated LEFs assuming standard L - and M -cone fundamentals. These modeling exercises indicate that L / M cone ratios estimated from LEFs are highly correlated with long-wave sensitivity and with known variations in L -cone λ max . Variations in M -cone λ max and photopigment optical density for both cone types are also correlated with L / M cone ratios, but have much less impact on the estimated ratios.
Myocardial Extraction and Production of Catechol Amines

Stimulation of the cardiac sympathetic efferent nerves is accompanied by a release of catechol amines in coronary blood. This release is a function of stimulation intensity and occurs even when stroke volume and coronary outflow are maintained constant. Comparison between the ethylenediamine and the trihydroxyindole methods for the analysis of plasma catechol amines shows both quantitative and qualitative differences, with only the results with the latter method showing a consistent relationship to the hemodynamic changes observed during cardiac sympathetic stimulation. The acutely synipatheetomized heart extracts catechol amines from coronary blood in the absence of nervous stimulation. The patterns of extraction observed indicate that the quantity of catechol amines in the myocardium can modify the extent of extraction in the unstimulated state as well as the extent of release during stimulation. Continued stimulation of the cardiac sympathetics is accompanied by at least a partial depletion of the myoeardial catechol amine stores. These stores appear to be repleted by circulating catechol amines, since the response to any given intensity of stimulation can be potentiated by a prior norepinephrine infusion. Dichloroisoproterenol prevents neither the myocardial extraction of catechol amines in the unstimulated state nor the release of catechol amines during sympathetic stimulation; it does lessen or abolish the cardiody-namic effects of sympathetic stimulation. Data are presented which indicate that a direct coronary vasoconstriction is one of the consequences of cardiac sympathetic nerve stimulation, the vasodilatation usually observed being due, at least in part, to overriding metabolic factors.
Dipole polarizability of 2 S 1 3 and 2 S 0 1 metastable helium measured by the electric deflection time-of-flight method

The static dipole polarizability of helium atoms in the metastable $2^{3}S_{1}$ and $2^{1}S_{0}$ states has been determined by measuring the deflection of a beam of excited helium atoms that is caused by an inhomogeneous electric field of known properties. The necessary velocity distribution information is obtained from time-of-flight measurements, and a resonance quenching technique made it possible to distinguish the singlet and triplet components of the beam. The results, $\ensuremath{\alpha}(2^{3}S_{1})=(44.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}24}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$ and $\ensuremath{\alpha}(2^{1}S_{0})=(108\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}13)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}24}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$, agree with the theoretical value that has been used to calibrate earlier polarizability measurements of the alkali metals and the heavier noble gases.
Nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis of fatty acids derivatized with a near-infrared fluorophore.

Saturated linear fatty acids, derivatized with a near-infrared absorbing fluorescent dye, were separated in 100% methanol with 12.5 mM tetraethylammonium chloride added as a charge carrier. Separation at 380 V/cm was acceptable for acids that differed in length by a single carbon. The labeled linear fatty acids behaved as random coils in the nonaqueous separation medium, as shown in a fit to a simple theoretical expression. However, even in 100% methanol with a trimethylsilylated capillary, significant adsorption to the capillary wall occurred, which reduced resolution and slowed the separation. Addition of water to the methanol medium caused significant differences in separation behavior of high molecular weight acids (>C16). Addition of a cetyltrimethylammonium bromide surfactant to the separation medium dynamically coated the capillary and greatly improved the separation. The surfactant also interacted with the acyl tail, apparently causing it to collapse. Resolution in an optimal separation medium (20...
Ceramide Synthase-dependent Ceramide Generation and Programmed Cell Death INVOLVEMENT OF SALVAGE PATHWAY IN REGULATING POSTMITOCHONDRIAL EVENTS

The sphingolipid ceramide has been widely implicated in the regulation of programmed cell death or apoptosis. The accumulation of ceramide has been demonstrated in a wide variety of experimental models of apoptosis and in response to a myriad of stimuli and cellular stresses. However, the detailed mechanisms of its generation and regulatory role during apoptosis are poorly understood. We sought to determine the regulation and roles of ceramide production in a model of ultraviolet light-C (UV-C)-induced programmed cell death. We found that UV-C irradiation induces the accumulation of multiple sphingolipid species including ceramide, dihydroceramide, sphingomyelin, and hexosylceramide. Late ceramide generation was also found to be regulated by Bcl-xL, Bak, and caspases. Surprisingly, inhibition of de novo synthesis using myriocin or fumonisin B1 resulted in decreased overall cellular ceramide levels basally and in response to UV-C, but only fumonisin B1 inhibited cell death, suggesting the presence of a ceramide synthase (CerS)-dependent, sphingosine-derived pool of ceramide in regulating programmed cell death. We found that this pool did not regulate the mitochondrial pathway, but it did partially regulate activation of caspase-7 and, more importantly, was necessary for late plasma membrane permeabilization. Attempting to identify the CerS responsible for this effect, we found that combined knockdown of CerS5 and CerS6 was able to decrease long-chain ceramide accumulation and plasma membrane permeabilization. These data identify a novel role for CerS and the sphingosine salvage pathway in regulating membrane permeability in the execution phase of programmed cell death.
Cognitive modeling analysis of decision-making processes in cocaine abusers.

This article examines the theoretical basis of decision-making deficits exhibited by cocaine abusers in a laboratory decision-making task first described by Bechara, Damasio, Damasio, and Anderson (1994). A total of 12 male cocaine abusers and 14 comparison subjects performed the task, and the cocaine group performed significantly worse than the comparison group. A cognitive modeling analysis (Busemeyer & Stout, 2002) was used to estimate three parameters that measure importance of the cognitive, motivational, and response processes for determining the observed performance deficit. The results of this analysis indicated, for the first time, that motivational and choice consistency factors, but not learning/ memory were mainly responsible for the decision-making deficit of the cocaine abusers in this task.
T2ρ-weighted contrast in MR images of the human brain

In this work, the feasibility of using T2ρ weighting as an MR contrast mechanism is evaluated. Axial images of a human brain were acquired using a single-slice spin-lock T2ρ-weighted pulse sequence and compared to analogous T2-weighted images of the same slice. The contrast between white matter and gray matter in T2ρ-weighted images was approximately 40% greater than that from T2-weighted data. These preliminary data suggest that the novel contrast mechanism of T2ρ can be used to yield high-contrast T2-like images. Magn Reson Med 52:1223–1227, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Mechanism(s) involved in opioid drug abuse modulation of HAND.

Drug abuse and HIV infection are interlinked. From the onset of the HIV/AIDS epidemic, the impact of illicit drug use on HIV disease progression has been a focus of many investigations. Both laboratory-based and epidemiological studies strongly indicate that drug abuse may exacerbate HIV disease progression and increase mortality and morbidity in these patients Increase susceptibility to opportunistic infection has been implicated as one of the major cause for this detriment. Furthermore, opioids are known to elicit prevalence of neurodegenerative disorders in HIV-infected patients. Numerous authors have delineated various molecular as well as cellular mechanisms associated with neurological complications in these patients. This review gives an overview of these findings. Understanding the mechanisms will allow for the development of targeted therapies aimed at reducing the progression of neurocognitive decline in the drug abusing HIV infected individuals.
Hypercortisolism in Obesity-Associated Hypertension

Obesity is prevalent worldwide and associated with co-morbidities that result in increased cardiovascular risk. Hypertension is the most prevalent obesity comorbidity associated with increased cardiovascular risk. Obesity hypertension is a distinct subtype of essential hypertension. While endogenous Cushing’s syndrome is an uncommon cause of both obesity and hypertension, the recent recognition of other hypercortisolemic states has raised the profile of hypercortisolism as an important contributor in obesity hypertension. The high prevalence of exogenous, iatrogenic, pseudo, and subclinical Cushing’s syndromes makes hypercortisolism an important diagnostic consideration in the evaluation and management of patients with obesity hypertension who are resistant to conventional management. Available data suggest that the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system modulating antihypertensives have the best efficacy in hypercortisolism-mediated obesity hypertension. Strategies aimed at reducing cortisol production and action also have utility. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the epidemiology, etiopathogenesis and management options available for glucocorticoid-mediated obesity hypertension.
Biochemical differences between serotypes of Cryptococcus neoformans.

Prior studies have shown that C. neoformans isolates belonging to serotypes B and C differed from serotype A and D isolates in respect to the morphology of the perfect state, geographic distribution within the U.S.A. and frequency of isolation from avian droppings. The current study found that uptake of radiolabeled l-malic acid was approximately tenfold greater in serotype B and C than in A and D isolates. Assimilation of l-malic, fumaric and succinic acids also distinguished serotypes B and C from A and D. Greening of Guizotia seed agar occurred with 18 of 32 serotype B and C but in none of 91 serotype A or D isolates. The one property not following the same line of division was relatively slow creatinine assimilation, which distinguished type A alone.
Maternal HIV Serostatus, Mother–Daughter Sexual Risk Communication and Adolescent HIV Risk Beliefs and Intentions

Daughters of HIV-positive women are often exposed to the same factors that placed their mothers at risk. This cross-sectional study (N = 176 dyads) examined HIV status, parent-teen sexual risk communication (PTSRC), and daughters’ abstinence and condom use beliefs and intentions. Maternal HIV status was not associated with PTSRC. Path analyses show that maternal depression was associated with PTSRC behavioral and normative beliefs; relationship satisfaction was associated with PTSRC normative and control beliefs. Control beliefs were solely predictive of maternal PTSRC intention. PTSRC was associated with adolescent behavioral and normative beliefs. Abstinence beliefs were associated with abstinence intentions; condom beliefs were associated with condom use intentions. Relationship satisfaction was associated with adolescent control beliefs about both abstinence and condom use. There is a need for interventions that help HIV-positive mothers recognize their daughter’s HIV risk and provide them with relationship building and parent process skills to help reduce these risks.
XEL: extended ephemeral logging for log storage management

Extended ephemeral logging (XEL) is a more general variation of the ephemeral logging (EL) technique for managing a log of database activity on disk; it does not require a timestamp to be maintained with each object in the database. XEL does not require periodic checkpoints and does not abort lengthy transactions as frequently as traditional firewall logging for the same amount of disk space. Therefore, it is well suited for concurrent databases and applications which have a wide distribution of transaction lifetimes.Simulation results indicate that XEL can offer significant savings in disk space, at the expense of slightly higher bandwidth for logging and more main memory. The reduced size of the log permits much faster recovery after a crash as well as cost savings.
Locating and interpreting hand-held photographs over the ocean; a Gulf of Mexico example from the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project

Abstract Hand-held photographs from the Apollo spacecraft, taken over the eastern Gulf of Mexico in July 1975, are evaluated for their oceanic information. The photographs are located over the open sea by comparing cloud formations in simultaneously acquired geostationary satellite visible imagery. Using concurrently obtained ship data, patterns in the sunglint were interpreted as indicators of the cyclonic shear zone of the Gulf Loop Current. A hypothesis that frequently observed circular cloud features were indicators of mesoscale turbulence in ocean currents (Stevenson, 1974) was tested; it was found that the features could be consistently explained as being atmospheric (only) in nature and are not associated with cold core ocean eddies.
2-Bromo-2-propyl 2-(5-tert-butyl-1,3-xylyl) ketone

The 2-bromo-2-propyl (α-bromo­propyl) group in crystalline 2-bromo-2-propyl 2-(5-tert-butyl-1,3-xylyl) ketone, C16H23BrO, exhibits a surprisingly high degree of rotational disorder, although it is freely rotating in solution.
Number of chromosomes in the human cell.

CURRENT work with human chromosomes in many laboratories has resulted in the publication of numerous photographs of chromosomes of human cells both normal and abnormal. Almost all these have been obtained from cells which are selected at least to the extent that they are cells capable of undergoing mitosis one or more times in vitro. These cells are often subjected to physical conditions which might conceivably influence the process of mitosis, that is, temporary chilling, change of pH, etc. Further, in most cases the mitotic process has been disturbed intentionally by the use of colchicine.
Talk about TV: Television viewers’ interpersonal communication about programming

This research examined the ways in which television viewers talk about programming. Survey results showed that individuals talked more about news and prime‐time television programs than other types of programs. Older adults were more likely to discuss highbrow (e.g., PBS) and news programs, whereas younger adults were more likely to discuss niche programming (i.e., soap operas, animation, science fiction). Criticism of shows was common in discussing niche programs, whereas discussion of issues was more likely for news programs. Findings are discussed in terms of media literacy, critical approaches to viewership, and uses and gratifications theory. Implications for the study of interpersonal and mediated communication are addressed.
Approach to the Patient with Severe, Refractory Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Defining which patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) are "refractory" is a highly subjective undertaking. Duration of symptoms, severity of symptoms, type of symptoms, and a host of other medical, epidemiologic, and psychosocial variables all play a role in this determination. It is safe to say that a long duration of disease per se does not constitute a refractory patient. A number of studies have given us some suggestion of what constitutes refractoriness in IBS. Patients who have a predominant pain complaint as opposed to those who are mainly concerned about their bowel habit (either diarrhea or constipation) are more likely to be disabled by their IBS. However, at a clinical level, patients who are considered refractory are usually seen as individuals who fail to improve on a variety of drug therapies or who have high healthcare utilization despite aggressive treatment of their IBS. Finally, patients who are unhappy about their care and/or are assertive in their request to "be cured" can also be seen as refractory because of unrealistic expectations they set for both themselves and the physician. The key to effectively dealing with patients with "refractory" IBS is to understand that their behaviors most often have correlates and underlying issues that need to be dealt with in order to effectively address the patient's concerns. Unfortunately, most patients who fall into this category are quickly identified as "difficult," "unpleasant," or even "crazy" and are not infrequently dismissed by their treating physician. This leads to an ever-enlarging circle of healthcare utilization, with patients seeking out physicians and other practitioners looking for the elusive cure. A key component of this process is an increasing frustration and cynicism regarding the healthcare system and physicians in particular, which does no good for anyone involved. It is clearly critical for the physician dealing with a patient with IBS and a history of poor response to treatment to understand these correlates. Failure to do so creates a continuation of the cycle of treatment failure and frustration that so often characterizes these patients' care.
Judgments of an actor's Power and ability to influence others

Subjects made potency judgments of the sentence subject in 128 items such as “Bill hurt the coward,” and “Joe helped the gentle man”. The verbs and objects used in constructing stimuli varied widely in their evaluative and potency characteristics. Seventyfour percent of the variation in the mean in-context potency ratings was accounted for by an equation of the form: In-context potency = −a + bV P + V e (cO e − dO p ) , where a, b, c , and d are positive constants, and V p , O p , V e , and O e refer to the potency and evaluative ratings of isolated verb and object components. Several implications of the equations are discussed in terms of belief in a “just world”, ingratiation, appeasement and threat of retaliation.
Immediate Impact of Thirty-Two Drug Use Prevention Activities among Students at Continuation High Schools

Those teenagers who are unable to remain in the regular school system for reasons including substance use are transferred to a continuation high school. Generic comprehensive social-influence-drug-use-prevention-activities are less likely to be effective for use with these at risk youth. Thus, both classroom and self-instruction (main mode of instruction at continuation high schools) versions of 16 activities derived from different theoretical sources were tested and ranked on immediate outcome variables. 388 students from six continuation high schools were provided with a pretest-activity-posttest “component study” protocol. The scores on perceived quality ratings were standardized and averaged to permit easy comparisons across lessons. While yielding similar knowledge changes, students who received the health educator led activity consistently reported higher scores on perceived quality. Social influence-oriented lessons, in general, were rated of relatively low perceived quality. The present approach a...
AN APPROACH FOR IMPROVING SYSTEMS ENGINEERING COST ESTIMATION

A critical part of a proposal for the development of a complex system is cost. One important element of this cost is the effort to perform the systems engineering function. The prevalent method for estimating these costs is a “bottom up” engineering estimate based on the experience and judgement of the estimator. In some cases, analogy to actual costs of previous, similar programs is employed. As practiced, neither of these methods provide the accuracy, consistency, or defensibility needed. This paper summarizes current practices and problems, identifies systems engineering cost drivers, and presents an approach for improving the ability to estimate systems engineering costs. The primary conclusion derived is a confirmation of the need for improvement in this area and the role of a comparable database of costs and cost drivers, as well as management commitment, in this process.
Should endovascular therapy for cerebral vasospasm coincide with hypervolemic-hypertensive therapy (HT) in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)?

In patients suffering from SAH, cerebral vasospasm is a major cause of morbidity and mortality from multifocal cerebral infaretion. Hypervolemic-hypertensive therapy is considered the cornerstone of the medical management and generally the first line approach. The therapeutic role of intra-arterial infusion of papaverine and balloon angioplasty has been established as an alternative therapy. The timing of neuroradiological intervention is unknown.
Heating of toroidal plasmas by neutral injection

Presents a brief review of the physics of ion acceleration, charge exchange and ionization, trajectories for fast ions in toroidal magnetic fields, and fast-ion thermalization. The injection of fast atoms is found to be a highly competitive method both for heating present-day experimental toroidal plasmas and for bringing full-scale toroidal CTR plasmas to low-density ignition.
Invariants of the Anti-Automorphisms of a Group

The background for this paper is provided by Klein’s work presented in the Erlangerprogram [1], and more recent developments of these ideas as well as their application outside the field of geometry [2; 3; 4; 5; 6].
Phosphorylation Alters the Transmembrane Binding Interface Between Phospholamban and SERCA

Cardiac muscle contraction is regulated through the release and reuptake of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), with the SR Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) inducing relaxation by restoring Ca2+ to the SR lumen from the cytosol. SERCA is regulated by the single-pass membrane protein phospholamban (PLB), which acts as inhibitor unless phosphorylated at Ser16. The mechanism of SERCA-PLB regulation remains poorly understood, though our recent work demonstrated that PLB remains bound to SERCA following Ser16 phosphorylation, indicating that a structural rearrangement mediates inhibition relief. To further elucidate this mechanism, we have used site-directed spin labeling and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy to study the interaction between the transmembrane (TM) domains of SERCA and PLB, where regulation is mediated. Spin labels were attached along PLB's TM helix for accessibility EPR measurements as well as double electron-electron resonance (DEER) distance measurements to spin-labeled SERCA. Our results suggest that Ser16 phosphorylation induces a change in the topology of PLB's TM helix that results in disruption of SERCA inhibition without dissociating the two proteins. Acknowledgments: spectroscopy was performed in the Biophysical Spectroscopy Center at the University of Minnesota, and funded by NIH grants to DDT (R01 GM27906, P30 AR507220).
Predictability in a Solvable Stochastic Climate Model

A highly idealized atmospheric model is presented for the purpose of examining the limits of predictability for the large scales of the temperature field. The model is of the semiempirical type introduced by Budyko (1968, 1969) and Sellers (1969), but forced by a white noise heating term. The advantage of the considered model is its simplicity and the fact that analytical methods can be used throughout so that each assumption and simplification can be examined explicitly. On the other hand, the model lacks many features expected to be important in the real geophysical system. The predictability problem is illustrated by considering first a simple model for the global temperature. The characteristic time for the decay of a global temperature anomaly is determined by the ratio of the associated heat storage to the radiative loss rate.
Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of Anti-TWEAK Monoclonal Antibody in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis

Background Persistent upregulation of signaling by cytokine tumor necrosis factor–like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) through its receptor fibroblast growth factor–inducible molecule-14 (Fn14) promotes chronic inflammation and tissue destruction. Objective The aim of this study was to explore the safety and tolerability of the TWEAK-blocking monoclonal antibody BIIB023 and determine its pharmacokinetics and effects on TWEAK pathway pharmacodynamic markers in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods Phase I, first-in-human, 2-part, multicenter, double-blind, dose-escalation study. Patients were randomized to a single dose of BIIB023 (0.03–20 mg/kg) (n = 38) or placebo (n = 15) as an add-on to methotrexate. Three open-label cohorts of RA patients taking background disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs and stable tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitor therapy (n = 12) received a single-dose of BIIB023 of 2, 10, or 20 mg/kg and were assessed over 70 days. Results The incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events for the BIIB023 monotherapy cohorts and open-label cohorts of BIIB023 as add-on therapy to TNF inhibitors compared with placebo were 47% and 50% versus 33%, respectively. Serum exposure to BIIB023 increased in a dose-dependent manner from 0.03 to 20 mg/kg, but not in direct proportion to dose level. After administration, the time course of BIIB023 serum concentration was multiphasic and showed expedited elimination when levels decreased to Conclusions Single-dose BIIB023 showed a favorable safety and tolerability profile in RA. Suppression of serum-soluble TWEAK for ≤ 28 days was observed and downward trends in serum biomarkers suggested.
Transcriptional control of preadipocyte determination by Zfp423

The worldwide epidemic of obesity has increased the urgency to develop a deeper understanding of physiological systems related to energy balance and energy storage, including the mechanisms controlling the development of fat cells (adipocytes). The differentiation of committed preadipocytes to adipocytes is controlled by PPARgamma and several other transcription factors, but the molecular basis for preadipocyte determination is not understood. Using a new method for the quantitative analysis of transcriptional components, we identified the zinc-finger protein Zfp423 as a factor enriched in preadipose versus non-preadipose fibroblasts. Ectopic expression of Zfp423 in non-adipogenic NIH 3T3 fibroblasts robustly activates expression of Pparg in undifferentiated cells and permits cells to undergo adipocyte differentiation under permissive conditions. Short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated reduction of Zfp423 expression in 3T3-L1 cells blunts preadipocyte Pparg expression and diminishes the ability of these cells to differentiate. Furthermore, both brown and white adipocyte differentiation is markedly impaired in Zfp423-deficient mouse embryos. Zfp423 regulates Pparg expression, in part, through amplification of the BMP signalling pathway, an effect dependent on the SMAD-binding capacity of Zfp423. This study identifies Zfp423 as a transcriptional regulator of preadipocyte determination.
MOT1-catalyzed TBP–DNA disruption: uncoupling DNA conformational change and role of upstream DNA

SNF2/SWI2-related ATPases employ ATP hydrolysis to disrupt protein–DNA interactions, but how ATP hydrolysis is coupled to disruption is not understood. Here we examine the mechanism of action of MOT1, a yeast SNF2/SWI2-related ATPase that uses ATP hydrolysis to remove TATA binding protein (TBP) from DNA. MOT1 function requires a 17 bp DNA ‘handle’ upstream of the TATA box, which must be double stranded. Remarkably, MOT1-catalyzed disruption of TBP–DNA does not appear to require DNA strand separation, DNA bending or twisting of the DNA helix. Thus, TBP–DNA disruption is accomplished in a reaction apparently not driven by a change in DNA structure. MOT1 action is supported by DNA templates in which the handle is connected to the TATA box via single-stranded DNA, indicating that the upstream duplex DNA can be conformationally uncoupled from the TATA box. Combining these results with proposed similarities between SNF2/SWI2 ATPases and helicases, we suggest that MOT1 uses ATP hydrolysis to translocate along the handle and thereby disrupt interactions between TBP and DNA.
Dynamic management of scratch-pad memory space

Optimizations aimed at improving the efficiency of on-chip memories are extremely important. We propose a compiler-controlled dynamic on-chip scratch-pad memory (SPM) management framework that uses both loop and data transformations. Experimental results obtained using a generic cost model indicate significant reductions in data transfer activity between SPM and off-chip memory.
Tetracyclines in urogynecology

Tetracyclines have an unusually broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity. They are generally well tolerated, with relatively few side effects compared with alternative antibiotic choices. Tetracyclines also compared favorably with newer antimicrobials, i.e., oral quinolones, with respect to cost and microbial resistance. The spectrum of antibacterial activity of doxycycline and minocycline, their pharmacokinetic and safety profile make them preferred drugs when tetracyclines are indicated in urogynecologic infections.