cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prophylactic versus reactive gastrostomy tube placement in advanced head and neck cancer treated with definitive chemoradiotherapy: A systematic review.

Abstract Although chemoradiotherapy (CRT) has improved disease outcomes in advanced head and neck cancer (aHNC), toxicity remains a major concern. Treatment interruptions and decreased quality of life (QOL) can occur due to malnutrition, secondary to mucositis, dysphagia and odynophagia. Gastrostomy tubes are used in many patients to improve nutrition during CRT. The optimal timing of PEG placement in patients with aHNC undergoing CRT remains controversial. Using the PubMed database, we performed a systematic review of published CRT series in aHNC to guide decision-making regarding optimal timing of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) placement. We aimed to compare outcomes when patients are treated with prophylactic PEG (pPEG) versus reactive PEG (rPEG). Twenty-two studies examining the role of PEG placement in CRT for aHNC were reviewed. pPEG reduces the number of malnourished patients (defined as >10% of body weight), but average weight loss at various time points following treatment appears similar to patients with rPEG. pPEG is also associated with improved QOL at 6 months, and greater long term PEG dependence. Clinical and dosimetric parameters that correlate with malnutrition in patients without pPEG include advanced age, percent weight loss preceding treatment, and radiation dose to the pharyngeal constrictor muscles. Based on this evidence, our institutional strategy is to encourage pPEG in those patients deemed at greatest risk of becoming malnourished during the course of treatment, and to approach the remainder of patients with rPEG.
Afterword: In Search of Melanesian Order

ABSTRACTThese essays explore three contemporary forms of order in Papua New Guinea: improvised village courts, a nursing school curriculum including village practicums, and student boycotts and str...
Complementary roles of photoperiod and temperature in environmental sex determination in Daphnia spp.

ABSTRACT Daphnia spp., a keystone genus in freshwater lentic habitats, are subject to environmental sex determination wherein environmental conditions dictate offspring sex and whether they reproduce asexually or sexually. The introduction of males into a population denotes the first step in the switch from asexual parthenogenetic reproduction to sexual reproduction. We tested the hypothesis that photoperiod and temperature co-regulate male sex determination and that these environmental stimuli would activate elements of the male sex determination signaling cascade. The results revealed that photoperiod was a critical cue in creating permissive conditions for male production. Further, under photoperiod-induced permissive conditions, male sex determination was temperature dependent. The two daphnid species evaluated, Daphnia pulex and Daphnia magna , exhibited different temperature dependencies. Daphnia pulex produced fewer males with increasing temperatures between 16 and 22°C, and D. magna exhibited the opposite trend. We found consistent expression patterns of key genes along the male sex-determining signaling pathway in D. pulex independent of environmental stimuli. mRNA levels for the enzyme responsible for synthesis of the male sex-determining hormone, methyl farnesoate, were elevated early in the reproductive cycle, followed by increased mRNA levels of the methyl farnesoate receptor subunits Met and SRC . Environmental conditions that stimulated male offspring production significantly increased Met mRNA levels. The results indicate that male sex determination in daphnids is under the permissive control of photoperiod and the regulatory control of temperature. Further, these environmental cues may stimulate male sex determination by increasing levels of the Met subunit of the methyl farnesoate receptor.
Redistribution and persistent exploitation in an accumulation economy with decreasing marginal impatience

A variant of John Roemer’s accumulation economy is studied in which agents have identical payoff functions characterized by decreasing marginal impatience (DMI), such that time discount rates are d...
A kinetochore-based ATM/ATR-independent DNA damage checkpoint maintains genomic integrity in trypanosomes.

DNA damage-induced cell cycle checkpoints serve as surveillance mechanisms to maintain genomic stability, and are regulated by ATM/ATR-mediated signaling pathways that are conserved from yeast to humans. Trypanosoma brucei, an early divergent microbial eukaryote, lacks key components of the conventional DNA damage-induced G2/M cell cycle checkpoint and the spindle assembly checkpoint, and nothing is known about how T. brucei controls its cell cycle checkpoints. Here we discover a kinetochore-based, DNA damage-induced metaphase checkpoint in T. brucei. MMS-induced DNA damage triggers a metaphase arrest by modulating the abundance of the outer kinetochore protein KKIP5 in an Aurora B kinase- and kinetochore-dependent, but ATM/ATR-independent manner. Overexpression of KKIP5 arrests cells at metaphase through stabilizing the mitotic cyclin CYC6 and the cohesin subunit SCC1, mimicking DNA damage-induced metaphase arrest, whereas depletion of KKIP5 alleviates the DNA damage-induced metaphase arrest and causes chromosome mis-segregation and aneuploidy. These findings suggest that trypanosomes employ a novel DNA damage-induced metaphase checkpoint to maintain genomic integrity.
Complex distal humeral fractures: internal fixation with a principle-based parallel-plate technique. Surgical technique.

ABSTRACTBackground:Severe comminution, bone loss, and osteopenia at the site of a distal humeral fracture increase the risk of an unsatisfactory result, often secondary to inadequate fixation. The purpose of this study was to determine the outcome of treating these fractures with a principle-based t
Pregnant and parenting teens' attitudes toward pregnancy and motherhood and their perceptions of social support

iv INTRODUCTION 1 Statement of Purpose 2 Research Questions 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 4 Understanding Why Teens Become Pregnant and Carry Their Babies to Term 4 Attitudes about Motherhood 7 Social Support Network 12 Strain/Stress with Social Supporters 16 METHODOLOGY 19 Participants 19 Instruments 20 Procedure 23 Analysis 24 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 26 Demographic Questionnaire 26 Teens' Level of Perceived Support by Sources 33 Levels of Financial, Social, and Emotional Support Two Years Ago and Now 38 Expectations for Relationship and Support 38 Perceptions and Attitudes About Pregancy and Motherhood 41 Relationships Between Social Support, Stress, and Perception of Motherhood 43 LIMITATIONS 46 CONCLUSIONS 47 REFERENCES 49
CNN Convolutional layer optimisation based on quantum evolutionary algorithm

In this paper, a quantum convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture is proposed to find the optimal number of convolutional layers. Since quantum bits use probability to represent binary info...
Examining how sexual identity, psychosocial factors, and organizational differences relate to intent-to-quit in a large-scale, cross-sectional study

The aim of this study was to evaluate the link between sexual minority status and intent-to-quit by analyzing traditional occupational and psychological factors. A large-scale online survey consist...
Free Energy and Binding Selectivity

A brief summary is presented of a discussion on the use of free energy simulations to interpret and predict molecular recognition.
Early surgery is associated with improved long-term survival compared to class I indication for isolated severe tricuspid regurgitation.

Abstract Background Isolated tricuspid valve (TV) surgery has higher mortality compared with other single-valve operations. The optimal timing and indications remain controversial, and earlier surgery before the development of class I surgical indications may improve outcomes. We aimed to compare the characteristics and outcomes of surgery for isolated tricuspid regurgitation (TR), based on class I indication versus an earlier operation. Methods Consecutive patients undergoing isolated TV surgery for TR without other concomitant valve surgery at our center during 2004 to 2018 were studied. Indications were divided into class I versus earlier surgery (asymptomatic severe TR with right ventricular dilation and/or dysfunction) for comparative analyses of characteristics and outcomes. The primary outcome was mortality. Results The study included 159 patients (91 females [57.2%]; 115 for class I, 44 for early surgery), with a mean age of 59.7 ± 15.6 years, 119 (74.8%) with surgical repairs, and a mean follow-up of 5.1 ± 4.0 years. Overall operative mortality was 5.1% (8 patients) (class I, 7.0%; early surgery, 0.0%; P = .107), and class I had a higher composite morbidity than early surgery (35.7% [n = 41] vs 18.2% [n = 8]; P = .036). On Cox proportional hazard model analysis, class I versus early surgery (hazard ratio [HR], 4.62; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.09-19.7; P = .04), age (HR, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.00-1.07; P = .046), and diabetes (HR, 2.50; 95% CI, 1.13-5.55; P = .024) were independently associated with higher mortality during follow-up. Conclusions Patients with class I indication for isolated TV surgery had worse survival compared with those undergoing earlier surgery before reaching class I indication. Earlier surgery may improve outcomes in these high-risk patients.
Addressing Intimate Partner Violence in White Evangelical and Fundamentalist Churches

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a common but often overlooked aspect of life within Evangelical and Fundamentalist families and congregations. Within this chapter, the distinct characteristics of both Evangelical and Fundamentalist traditions are outlined, along with descriptions of key leaders and influences. The values of the group are identified, especially as they relate to relational health. The interaction of religious beliefs with IPV perpetration is discussed, including beliefs regarding submission, the sanctity of marriage, and the “happy” nature of Christian marriages. Spiritual coping and resources are identified as helpful for IPV survivors, especially having a personal relationship with God, utilizing positive coping methods, processing feelings of guilt, and reinterpreting certain religious beliefs. Finally, the role of churches in providing IPV awareness and education is discussed, and areas for future research and clinical work are identified.
Multiple strains of Coxiella burnetii are present in the environment of St. Paul Island, Alaska

In 2010, Coxiella burnetii was identified at a high prevalence in the placentas of Northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus) collected at a single rookery on St. Paul Island Alaska; an area of the United States where the agent was not known to be present. As contamination was hypothesized as a potential cause of false positives, but nothing was known about environmental C. burnetii in the region, an environmental survey was conducted to look for the prevalence and distribution of the organism on the island. While environmental prevalence was low, two strains of the organism were identified using PCR targeting the COM1 and IS1111 genes. The two strains are consistent with the organism that has been increasingly identified in marine mammals as well as a strain type more commonly found in terrestrial environments and associated with disease in humans and terrestrial animals. Further work is needed to elucidate information regarding the ecology of this organism in this region, particularly in association with the coastal environment.
ETHOLOGICAL STUDY OF MANUAL LATERALITY IN THE CHIMPANZEES OF THE MAHALE MOUNTAINS, TANZANIA

Laterality of function in hand use by the chimpanzee ( Pan troglodytes ) is unresolved. Ethological studies of groups observed in nature find mostly ambilaterality, while experimental studies of individuals in laboratories and zoos show evidence of rightside bias. These disparate data can be compared systematically using a 5-level scheme, ranging from Level 1, comprehensive ambilaterality, to Level 5, exclusive use of left or right hand across tasks. We sought to clarify this discrepancy with an ethological study of wild chimpanzees in the Mahale Mountains of Tanzania, East Africa. We observed 44 subjects of all ages using focalsubject sampling, showing 35 patterns of manual behaviour (excluding tool use) over 31/2 months. For the 15 most frequent patterns, which included subsistence, social, communicatory, and self-maintenance patterns, we found mostly Level-1 results, whether pooled across subjects or patterns, or analysed individually or pattern-by-pattern. These findings closely replicate earlier findings from another population in Tanzania, Gombe. We hypothesise that chimpanzees in confined settings may show right side preferences due to (inadvertent) human influence; these can be tested empirically.
XIV. Access to Information Resources: The Developmental Context of the Space WARC

Abstract The first session of the Space WARC to be convened in August 1985 is concerned with ‘principles, technical parameters, and criteria for planning’. This article argues that the actual agenda is much greater: it concerns equitable access to the tools of the information revolution. The author proposes an agenda for action including modification of the INTELSAT VI series and measures to ensure access to terrestrial facilities. The author believes that failure to view the Space WARC in a developmental context could result in an impasse at the conference and perpetuation of inequitable access to information resources.
Integrating multiple database coursewares in database classes: tutorial presentation

This workshop will introduce participants to a database courseware tool developed by the author (http://coffee.kennesaw.edu/) as well as other database courseware tools (such as http://www.eas.asu.edu/~winrdbi/) that are freely available on the web. The tools that will be presented have been successfully used by the author and as well as database instructors from different universities for several years. The work shop will focus on how to best incorporate the software in a classroom setting. Animations to teach the following topics will be presented: Database Design (Problem Specification to E-R Diagrams, E-R Diagrams to Tables, Normalization), Query Languages (Relational Algebra and SQL), Transaction Processing (PL/SQL, JDBC, Embedded SQL with C, Recovery, Concurrency, Triggers, Stored Procedures and Functions), and Object-Oriented DBMS. A similar workshop (but focusing exclusively on the tools developed by the PI) has been successfully presented at a Regional Conference and at an International Conference.
Constraining climate sensitivity with linear fits to outgoing radiation

[1] Several papers have used correlations between outgoing radiation and surface temperature to estimate climate sensitivity via a linearized energy balance equation. A crucial assumption in such studies is the use of global averages to relate radiation and temperature data that are actually functions of space and time. Here it is shown that this assumption is important to understanding why transient and equilibrium climate feedbacks may differ. There are important limitations to derivations of climate sensitivity from correlations between radiation and temperature data. In particular, because of heat transport between regions, obtaining the equilibrium temperature change by multiplying the forcing by a climate sensitivity is valid only for a global domain. The analysis of Lindzen and Choi (2009) erroneously applies global concepts to a limited region. I also show that a simple, point-by-point regression of outgoing radiation against surface temperature gives better slope estimates than the interval method used by Lindzen and Choi (2009).
Bartonellosis, an increasingly recognized zoonosis

Cat scratch disease is the most common zoonotic infection caused by Bartonella bacteria. Among the many mammals infected with Bartonella spp., cats represent a large reservoir for human infection, as they are the main reservoir for Bartonella henselae, Bartonella clarridgeiae and Bartonella koehlerae. Bartonella spp. are vector-borne bacteria, and transmission of B. henselae by cat fleas occurs mainly through infected flea faeces, although new potential vectors (ticks and biting flies) have been identified. Dogs are also infected with various Bartonella species and share with humans many of the clinical signs induced by these infections. Although the role of dogs as source of human infection is not yet clearly established, they represent epidemiological sentinels for human exposure. Present knowledge on the aetiology, clinical features and epidemiological characteristics of bartonellosis is presented.
Multiattribute optimization of restoration options: Designing incentives for watershed management

[1] Watershed restoration requires careful assessment of impairment in ecosystem attributes to design appropriate conservation policies. This study applies a multiattribute optimization framework for evaluating relative gains in restoration based on potential improvements in economic and environmental attributes related to water quality, habitat, and urbanization. Policy mechanisms through direct compensation of restoration activities are evaluated based on single-attribute and multiattribute optimization and watershed response to varying levels of restoration incentives. Results indicate that tradeoffs in economic and environmental objectives are critical to identifying optimal restoration strategies at a watershed scale. The multiattribute optimization method developed in this study balances levels of multiple attributes and reflects tradeoffs in preferences for each attribute. Through an evaluation of a variety of attributes for relative gains and costs, opportunities exist for strategic selection of restoration activities in subwatersheds. The multiattribute method is found to be superior to the single-objective method in incorporation of tradeoffs, balancing economic and environmental impacts, and development of participatory solutions. Multiattribute assessment and policies are important for cost-effective and consensus-based watershed restoration practices.
Control of Proximal Airway Branching in Developing Mouse Lung Morphogenesis• 318

Hox genes code for transcription factors that define pattern formation and organ structure in the developing embryo. We have previously shown that the expression pattern and antisense inhibition of Hoxb-5 in the developing mouse lung suggests its importance to proximal airway branching and epithelial cell fate. We hypothesized that stimulation of Hoxb-5 in embryonic lung would alter the normal pattern of branching morphogenesis. We used retinoic acid (RA) to induce Hoxb-5, and Hoxb-5 antisense or sense oligonucleotides (Hoxb-5 AS or Hoxb-5 sense) to determine if the changes in branching morphogenesis related to RA treatment are Hoxb-5 specific. Embryonic mouse lungs (d11.5, term is 19 days) were cultured in BGJb medium with ethanol (control); RA (10-6M) alone; RA in combination with Hoxb-5 AS (20 μM) or Hoxb-5 sense (20 μM) oligos; or with Hoxb-5 AS (20 μM) or Hoxb-5 sense (20 μM) oligos alone for 72 hrs. Changes in morphology and terminal bud counts were evaluated at 24 hr intervals in control versus treatment groups. At 72 hrs, lungs were harvested and Hoxb-5 protein analyzed by Western blot and immunostaining. As compared to ethanol and sense controls, RA treated lungs had elongated proximal branches with decreased distal branching. In embryonic lungs treated with RA and Hoxb-5 AS oligos, the morphologic changes seen with RA treatment alone were prevented and in contrast showed decreased elongation of proximal branches and decreased distal cleft development leading to foreshortened dilated secondary branches with multiple rudimentary distal clefts. Embryonic lungs treated with Hoxb-5 AS oligos alone showed similar findings to lungs treated with RA in combination with Hoxb-5 AS oligos. As compared to ethanol and sense treated cultures, terminal bud counts were reduced by 25%(p<0.02)in lungs treated with RA or with RA/Hoxb-5 AS oligos. Western blot analysis showed a 200-300% increase in Hoxb-5 protein in RA versus control lungs. Conversely, Hoxb-5 protein was decreased in RA/Hoxb-5 AS and Hoxb-5 AS treated lungs as compared to control, sense and RA treated lungs. Histochemistry of RA treated lungs showed elongated, dilated proximal airways lined by cuboidal epithelium. Hoxb-5 immunostaining was increased in the subepithelial mesenchyme adjacent to these dilated, elongated airways. We conclude that regional and quantitative changes in Hoxb-5 protein expression alters branching morphogenesis of proximal airways in the developing mouse lung. Alterations in branching morphogenesis induced by RA treatment are mediated in part through Hoxb-5 stimulation.
Aspects of Identity Predict Engagement in Work Under Adverse Conditions

This study examined whether aspects of identity relevant to an occupational domain predict increased engagement in work when the conditions of work are unclear or ambiguous, whereas possessing an aspect of identity unrelated to one's occupational domain would not be associated with increased engagement. Members of an elite army unit (U.S. Army Rangers) who scored high on "warriorism" (a belief in the necessity and inevitability of war) evidenced high levels of engagement in their job even when they reported that the guidelines for their job were unclear and their work was not relevant to their training. Those scoring low on warriorism were more likely to evidence decreased engagement under these adverse conditions. In contrast, identifying with the role of "peacekeeper," an aspect of identity not associated (or perhaps negatively associated) with the Rangers' occupational domain, was associated with a larger decrease in engagement when job guidelines were unclear. Results are discussed in terms of aspects...
Cost-Benefit Analysis of Usability Engineering Techniques

A methodology for computing the value of iterative usability work is presented using data from a series of three usability tests of each of two software applications. The cost-benefit analysis methodology provides software development managers a basis for making pragmatic decisions about human factors work. The projected dollar value of the reduction in end user time on an application task based on data from the first to the third test is compared to the costs of the usability work. The analysis shows a 2:1 dollar savings-to-cost ratio for a relatively small development project and a 100:1 savings-to-cost ratio for a large development project. Sources of additional savings are examined. Methodological techniques employed during the iterative usability testing are highlighted and the tradeoffs concerning use of these techniques for human factors, software development schedule, and economic reasons are discussed. Cost-benefit analysis is one of several mechanisms that generate product management support for...
Low Dose Factor Eight Inhibitor Bypassing Activity (FEIBA) for Incessant Bleeding in Pediatric Patients on Mechanical Circulatory Support (MCS)

Purpose The institution of mechanical circulatory support is often complicated by incessant bleeding as a result of pre-existing coagulopathy or the use of anticoagulation. The use of pro-coagulant factors in these cases carries a high risk for thrombosis or pump malfunction. The pro-coagulant FEIBA has been used for refractory bleeding in cases of factor deficiency, however its use in pediatric mechanical support patients has not been reported. Methods and Materials Retrospective review of FEIBA use in our pediatric mechanical circulatory program between June 2010 and Nov 2012. Results Eleven patients (weight 2.4 to 72 kg) on MCS received low dose FEIBA for uncontrolled postoperative bleeding. Three patients were placed on Heartmate 2® left ventricular assist device, two patients on right ventricular assist device after heart transplant (Biomedicus ® and Revolution ® ), three patients on the Berlin Heart ® ventricular assist device, and three patients on extracorporeal membrane circulatory support after congenital heart surgery. Ages ranged from 7 days to 16 years. Six patients received a single low dose (approximately 10 units/kg), three patients received two low doses, and two patients received greater than two low doses. Blood product utilization and chest tube output were decreased significantly following administration of FEIBA in all patients, although one patient required chest re-exploration. There were no thrombotic events or device malfunctions. There were three deaths unrelated to FEIBA administration. Conclusions Low dose FEIBA administration is effective in controlling bleeding in pediatric MCS patients. In appropriate situations, it can be used safely with a low adverse event rate.
The Consequences of Witnessing Family Violence on Children and Implications for Family Counselors

Although a large number of children are directly abused, an even larger number may indirectly experience the effects of abuse as witnesses of family violence. However, the effects on children who witness such violence have long been unaddressed, although a growing body of research indicates that these children are affected in various domains, including their physical or biological functioning, behavior, emotions, cognitive development, and social adjustment. This article summarizes some of the recent literature regarding the effects of witnessing family violence on children's development, addresses the clinical implications of these effects, and offers several recommendations for family counselors who work with children affected by violence within the family.
Evidence against a strange ground state for baryons

Abstract We argue that if strange quark matter were the ground state of baryons at zero pressure and if some observed compact stars (or some cosmic rays) are strange, then the interstellar medium is so contaminated by strangelets that essentially all “neutron” stars in the disk of the galaxy would have to be quark stars: Strangelet contamination would apparently vastly exceed the minimum abundance needed to seed all newly born neutron stars. Because observed glitches seem not to be compatible with quark stars, a strange quark ground state is unlikely.
Quantification of myocardial ischemia and infarction with 201thallium scintigraphy

A quantitative method for the analysis of 201 thallium myocardial scintigrams, developed in an experimental infarcted dog heart model, has been compared with two nonquantitative methods for interpretation of stress myocardial scintigrams in two groups of patients studied with coronary angiography: 11 with normal coronary arteries and 14 with coronary artery disease. Three independent observers interpreted scintigrams which were (1) not computer processed; (2) corrected for background activity in lungs and chest wall; and (3) processed by a computer method which uses a uniform threshold of counts determined from the dog model to define perfusion defects. Interobserver variability as well as sensitivity and specificity of detecting coronary disease were examined.
The effects of adrenalectomy on protein-carbohydrate choice

The self-selection of dietary protein and carbohydrate was studied in adrenalectomized and intact rats. Adrenalectomized rats decreased protein intake but did not alter carbohydrate intake relative to controls. These data suggest that the reduction in food intake which follows adrenalectomy may reflect an attempt at reducing net protein intake. Further, these data support the position that dietary self-selection patterns reflect the nutritional requirements of the organism.
Analysis of Large Aperture Parabolic Mirrors for Solar Furnaces

An analysis is made of large aperture parabolic reflectors as solar furnaces to determine the most effective areas and estimate maximum attainable temperatures for two types of radiation targets. The maximum attainable temperature calculated is 5200°K.
Tandem Isobenzofuran Formation−Diels Alder Reactions in the Coupling of Carbene Complexes with 2-Alkynylbenzaldehyde Derivatives Featuring an Alkyne-Dienophile Tether

The coupling of carbene complexes and 2-alkynylbenzaldehyde derivatives has been examined for systems where the alkyne is further linked to an alkene. This reaction proceeds via generation of an is...
Evidence of early tobacco in Northeastern North America

While tobacco use was a widespread and important social practice among Native Americans during the Historic Period, the prehistoric origins of the practice are poorly understood. Smoking pipes significantly predate botanical evidence of tobacco in Eastern North America. A promising technique for addressing this problem is gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) analysis to identify nicotine or related compounds in smoking pipe residues. GC/MS analysis of a smoking pipe dating to approximately 300 B.C. from the Boucher Site, a Middlesex-complex site from Vermont, has produced evidence of nicotine decay products. This is interpreted as evidence for an Early Woodland Period origin for tobacco use in Eastern North America. The cultural and chronological implications of this finding are discussed.
Natural Kinds and Nominal Kinds

There is an important and often overlooked distinction between natural kind terms and nominal kind terms, as I have argued elsewhere.' Some familiar examples of natural kind terms are 'gold', 'water', and 'tiger'. According to Putnam and Kripke natural kind terms are rigid designators. Putnam holds that this is due to their indexicality. In the ideal case, the extension of a natural kind term is not determined by descriptive concepts or lists of non-trivial necessary and sufficient conditions. A natural kind term is meant to refer to whatever has a common underlying trait or essence, even though this underlying trait may be unknown to us. When we speak of water, we believe that there is a chemical nature that makes some stuff water, independently of its superficial characteristics. We believe that we know what this nature is in the case of water-namely, being H20. This is an empirical matter, however, and thus we might be wrong. There is no (even loose) analytical specification of what it is to be water. It is my view that nominal kind terms differ from natural kind terms in that the extension of a nominal kind term is not gathered by an underlying trait. Perhaps the best examples of nominal kind terms are the names of common artifacts such as 'pencil', 'bottle', and 'chair'. Underlying traits play no role in the semantics of such terms. The essence of a nominal kind is not a natural essence, rather nominal kinds, at least in the ideal case, do have a linguistic essence. This linguistic essence is the definition of the nominal kind term. The extension of a nominal kind term is determined by an analytical specification of superficial features such as phenomenal properties, and/or form, function, or origin. In this paper I will suggest a useful criterion for distinguishing between natural kind terms and nominal kind terms. A general term is indexical, according to Putnam, if and only if its extension is determined by a similarity relation pegged to
In vitro duplication of the primary light-induced charge separation in purple photosynthetic bacteria

THE primary light-induced electron transfer events of both green plant and bacterial photosynthesis result in very rapid charge separation which subsequently generates a chemical potential within the organism. There is much information concerning the primary events of bacterial photosynthesis but for green plants the details of these processes are just beginning to become available. Strong evidence based mainly on electron spin resonance and electron-nuclear double resonance studies of oxidised bacterial reaction centres favours a dimeric bacteriochlorophyll a (BChl a) structure for the primary photochemical electron donor1. The dimeric BChl a species absorbs light at 865nm in reaction centres from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides yielding an excited state which rapidly transfers an electron to a molecule of bacteriopheophytin a (BPh a) in <10 ps (refs 2–4). Within about 150 ps the electron is transferred to a quinone molecule which in turn transfers an electron to a secondary quinone within a few microseconds5,6. In reaction centres for which the quinones have been either extracted or chemically reduced before light excitation, BPh− back transfers an electron to (BChl a)2+ in 10–20 ns (ref. 7). Thus, the in vivo geometry of the reaction centre is such that the reverse electron transfer is 5–10 × 103 times slower than the forward reaction. We now report the first in vitro model that duplicates both the rapid light-induced charge transfer and the slow back reaction of the reaction centre.
Controlled roughness reduction of patterned resist polymers using laser-induced sub-millisecond heating

High resolution polymer resist systems are critical for nanometer-scale photolithographic patterning. Substantial research has explored modifications in resist formulations and pattern development protocols to control critical dimensions (CD) and line width roughness (LWR), and post-development treatment of polymer patterns has also received active attention. In this work, we use a laser-induced heating technique (λ = 10.6 μm) to anneal (hardbake) fully developed polymer patterns at peak temperatures between 175–450 °C for 500 μs. Polymer flow at temperatures far above the glass transition (∼100 °C) enables surface energy minimization to reduce pattern roughness. Results from this laser hardbake process are compared to conventional techniques using a vacuum-chuck hot-plate at 90–150 °C for 30 s. At low temperatures, surface roughness can be reduced only with unacceptable loss of the sidewall angle and trench profiles. In contrast, reductions in LWR (from 6.4 nm to 2.6 nm) and surface roughness of 35% are achieved with less than 1 nm change in CD for a common acrylate-based polymer under the laser hardbake at elevated temperatures. Minimal changes in the sidewall angle and trench profiles are observed due to nano-scale flow over the sub-millisecond time frames. This novel sub-millisecond heating technique provides a means to reduce roughness by surface energy minimization in high resolution polymer patterns with minimal resolution loss, potentially complementing other advances in high performance photolithography.
Metastable solubility limits of primary HCP solid solutions quenched from the liquid state

The extension of metastable solid solubility limits of Ti, Zr, and Hf in hcp rare earth elements Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er and Lu, including Sc and Y, were obtained by quenching alloys from the liquid state Both the solubilities of Zr and Hf in host matrices were increased enormously beyond their equilibrium solubilities, however little increase can be made for Ti as the solute. The large extension of the solubility limits by quenching from the liquid state was attributed to the three unique factors associated with the liquid quenching, namely the high mutual solubility in liquid state, the phase transformation of L →β →α′ (martensite) and the high cooling rate. However, the retainable metastable solubility at room temperature is invariant as long as the cooling rate is sufficiently high enough to carry theβ →α′ transformation. The resulting solubility limits are described as theUltimate Solubility Limits (USL) for the hcp structure and refer to the maximum amount of the solute that can be dissolved in the matrix without immediate depletion at room temperature. A correlation of this USL to the size factors and the relative axial ratios (c/a) between the solute and solvent of 24 alloy systems was established. The strong correlation of these limits to the c/a ratios is due to the strain-induced mechanism of phase transformation.
Managing investment revenue

Assumptions used by investors when determining the value of an asset portfolio may result in large discrepancies. Creating a portfolio of assets must be linked to some measure of value, and this value was driven by the long-term cash flow ability of the assets. One of the most influential economic theories is the modern portfolio theory (MPT) with a consideration to maximising discounted or expected returns. This approach is similar to revenue management, with a goal of optimising goods at different prices, points in time or baskets of features. This paper suggests portfolio management is an alternative approach to revenue management emphasising risk minimisation, revenue maximisation and stakeholder's value. The proposed revenue maximisation strategy considers segmentation of the equity value for 18 restaurant companies. Values were compared to current market values, with two portfolios created. Results indicated 10% revenue return and when growth sensitivity was considered, there was a significant difference between the two portfolio returns.
Effects of flow-field and mixture inhomogeneities on the ignition dynamics in continuous flow reactors

Abstract The objective of this study is to characterize effects of turbulence and flow-field inhomogeneities on the mixing and ignition-dynamics in flow reactors. Specific focus is on investigating the ignition characteristics of hydrogen-containing fuels at gas-turbine-relevant operating conditions. Two different model formulations are developed to describe the mixing, induction, and subsequent ignition and combustion. Utilizing these models, parametric studies are performed in a generic flow reactor configuration that is representative of commonly employed facilities. Diagnostics is developed to quantify the ignition dynamics. Results show that in the case of an initially homogeneous mixture, the ignition process is fairly insensitive to the underlying flow-field. However, by considering inhomogeneities in temperature and mixture composition it is shown that the ignition process exhibits a more pronounced sensitivity to temperature perturbations, and the ignition delay is only weakly sensitive to initial equivalence ratio perturbations. Simulation results show that temperature fluctuations of less than 10% of the mean temperature are sufficient to significantly affect the ignition-onset. Results from this parametric study identify the need for quantitative measurements of temperature and composition to better characterize flow reactor facilities. A time-scale analysis is performed to characterize competing physical processes that are associated with turbulent mixing, autoignition, and flame propagation. Qualitative comparisons with experimental data suggest the possibility for deflagrative ignition modes that can occur at low temperature operating conditions.
Electrochemical Detectors Prepared by Electroless Deposition for Microfabricated Electrophoresis Chips

Microfabricated capillary electrophoresis (CE) chips with integrated electrochemical detection have been developed on glass substrates. An electroless deposition procedure was used to deposit a gold film directly onto the capillary outlet to provide high-sensitivity electrochemical detection for catechol and several nitroaromatic explosives. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the electroless gold film contains nanoscopic gold aggregates (100-150 nm) with an average thickness of 79 nm. The electroless deposition procedure can be easily and routinely performed in any wet-chemistry laboratory, and electroless gold can be deposited onto complex and internal surfaces. Intimate coupling of electrochemical detection and CE chips obviates the need for a coupling mechanism or tedious alignment procedures. With nitroaromatic compounds as a working model, microchip capillary electrophoresis equipped with electroless gold has proven to provide high sensitivity and fast response times for sensor applications. The CE microchip system was capable of separation and determination of explosive compounds including TNT in less than 130 s with detection limits ranging from 24 to 36 microg/L, i.e., 4-fold enhancements in detection efficiency in comparison to thick-film technology.
Modeling, design, and testing of a barrel-launched adaptive munition

Structural and aerodynamic models for a 10 degree half-angle, articulated, conical, barrel-launched adaptive munition (BLAM) are presented. The forward half of the test BLAM was gimballed and actuated by two orthogonal pairs of piezoceramic tendons. Laminated plate theory models showed that piezoceramic actuators could survive hard-launch conditions if they were properly precompressed by using an elevated temperature cure cycle and a high, favorable mismatch in coefficient of thermal expansion between the substrate and the piezoceramic. Aerodynamic models based on supersonic pressure distributions over cones were used to predict free-flight trim angles and normal force range. A series of bench tests on a 13.4 cm (5.28 in) long BLAM showed plus or minus 0.12 degree steady articulation angles and a first natural frequency of 198 Hz with close agreement between theory and experiment. A series of wind tunnel tests at Mach 3.26 demonstrated a steady deflection increase with field, producing untrimmed normal force coefficient changes of plus or minus 0.0019. Extrapolation of the data to a 105 mm (4.13 in) caliber PGU-28 shaped round fired at 610 m/s (2,000 ft/s) showed that effective range increases by more than a factor of 15 over the conventional PGU-28.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Florida's Community Colleges: Reflections and Projections.

The Florida community college system has long been recognized as one of the nation's largest and most comprehensive. The 28‐college system was completed in 1972; the early master plan conceived by Dr. James L. Wattenbarger put a college within commuting distance of virtually every resident in the state. This article traces the more recent evolution of the system (1983‐1996) from a topical and trend perspective. Some topics addressed are: enrollment, tax support, lottery support, student fee support, college‐level skill testing, technical education, performance‐based incentive funding, and performance‐based budgeting. The closing section offers a brief discussion of the outlook for the system and mentions some of the forces that will help shape that future. Overall, the article provides an insider's view of the community college system in our nation's fourth largest state.
Shelter workers' perceptions of battered women

Research suggests that battered women vary in their perceptions about battering, and women holding certain causal explanations to external and stable causes are more likely to state that they want to leave the abusive situation than women holding internal and unstable attributions (Frieze, 1979). The present study addressed the impact of battered women's causal explanations for the violence in their lives on shelter workers' perceptions of their clients. The results partially confirmed the hypothesis that shelter workers would react more positively to battered women who attributed their battering to stable and external causes than battered women who attributed their battering to unstable and internal causes. The implications of the findings for counseling battered women are discussed.
Childhood renal carcinoma.

Four cases of renal cell carcinoma in children were seen at the Roswell Park Memorial Institute from 1940 to 1970. A review of the literature reveals that this is a very rare tumor; only about 50 cases have been previously reported. Two of the current 4 cases have a long-term follow-up; they were alive and free of disease 8 and 11 years after initial therapy with nephrectomy. Two recent cases are alive with less than a year's follow-up. Radiotherapy and chemotherapy were used in these patients with apparent good response. As in the adult form of the disease, important clinical and prognostic factors appear to be the size and extent of disease at the time of operation.
1718 THE KLUVER-BUCY SYNDROME IN A CHILD: NEURORADIOLOGIC AND PSYCHOMETRIC CORRELATES AND LONGTERM FOLLOMUP

1718 THE KLUVER-BUCY SYNDROME IN A CHILD: NEURORADIOLOGIC AND PSYCHOMETRIC CORRELATES AND LONGTERM FOLLOMUP
Diffraction studies of craze structure

Recent work using small angle scattering techniques to study craze structure is reviewed. Three different radiations, electrons, X-rays, and neutrons were used to study four problems in the area. These were (1) the structure of crazes in thin films, (2) the structure of a single craze/crack in a bulk material, (3) the effect of organic environments, and (4), the effect of mechanical fatigue on craze structures. It is shown that the high intensity of a synchrotron source permits the examination of the process of growth and breakdown of a single craze in polystyrene and also the study in real time of the short- and long-term changes during fatigue of crazes. The H/D neutron contrast effects for neutrons were used to study environmental crazes with the environment still present.
Response of Lake Michigan benthic algae to in situ enrichment with Si, N, and P

The possibility that benthic algae in the nearshore area of Lake Michigan might be growth limited by Si was tested using nutrient-releasing substrata. Nutrient treatments were Si, N + P, Si + N + P...
Manpower Requirements in Ophthalmology

Abstract Ophthalmology manpower requirements estimates presented to the Graduate Medical Education National Advisory Committee (GMENAC) are explained and compared to previous estimates published by the American Academy of Ophthalmology. Both studies used similar methods but reached different conclusions; the reasons for this are explored and shown to be due principally to (1) differences in projected hours per week spent in patient care by ophthalmologists, and (2) differences in the medical workload traceable to differences in estimated visit time and needs for care in the area of systemic ophthalmology. The manpower implications of the principal contributors to the ophthalmology workload are examined, and differences between the two studies regarding these conditions are documented. Areas for further research are suggested.
A continuum sensitivity method for the design of multi-stage metal forming processes

A novel, efficient and mathematically rigorous continuum based sensitivity method is introduced that can be used to accurately evaluate the gradients of the objective function and constraints in the optimization-based design of multi-stage deformation processes. Weak sensitivity equilibrium equations are derived for the large deformation of the workpiece in each forming operation. This sensitivity kinematic problem is linearly coupled with the corresponding continuum sensitivity constitutive, contact and thermal sub-problems for the particular process. Thus a linear sensitivity problem with appropriate driving forces is identified and the analysis is carried out in an infinite dimensional framework. The multi-stage continuum sensitivity analysis takes a form similar to the updated Lagrangian sensitivity framework developed earlier for the design of single-stage deformation processes. It allows us to treat in a unified manner shape and parameter sensitivity analyses that are both present in a typical design problem of multi-stage deformation processes. The effectiveness of the proposed methodology is demonstrated with the solution of three practical problems in the design of two-stage metal forming processes.
Thermogravimetry of filter-borne diesel particulates

Abstract A direct thermogravimetric (TG) method is described for determining the percentage of volatile components in filter-borne diesel particulates. The procedure gives a quick estimate of total solvent extractable hydrocarbon components. A silica gel fractionation/size exclusion Chromatographic (SGF/SEC) procedure has also been developed to analyze further the solvent-extractable hydrocarbons of the particulates. The solvent extraction SGF/SEC procedure determines the contribution of lubricating oil and unburned fuel to particulates emitted from diesel engines. Results from this study indicate that the TG method yields a comparable measure of adsorbed hydrocarbons with those obtained by solvent extraction.