cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gaining a Public Voice: A Historical Perspective on American Women’s Public Speaking

To answer the question ‘How did American women speakers succeed in gaining a public voice?’ it is helpful to consider the history of women as public speakers. However, because public speaking is a social event involving not just a speaker but also a willing audience, this analysis should incorporate public speaking as a cultural phenomenon. Anthropological approaches and ethnography illuminate the history of women’s public speaking. The ethnography of communication is concerned with recognizing recurrent speech events, their components, the relationship among components and other aspects of society, attitudes toward the event, and how communicative skills and attitudes are acquired. Pioneered by Hymes (1962), this approach places speaking within its cultural context. While it is often used to understand cultures which are very different from one’s own, this approach is ideal for understanding speaking practices from the history of one’s native culture. In this chapter I will consider U.S. culture of the early 1800s and how traditions of speaking were effectively challenged by early women orators.
Développement et mise en œuvre des programmes de reverse logistics

(1999). Developpement et mise en œuvre des programmes de reverse logistics. Logistique & Management: Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 81-86.
The marine hydrological cycle: The ocean's floods and droughts

The sea surface salinity (SSS) displays fluctuations that are not solely in response to local air-sea flux of freshwater but also reflect ocean circulation and mixing processes. Ponte and Vinogradova (2016), using Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean output, estimate the relative roles of these forces for the global ocean. They find that the governing forces vary greatly across ocean regimes. Their research identifies features that will be addressed with enhanced SSS observations from orbiting satellites and in situ global arrays, which promise new insight into the marine water cycle and its place in the global hydrological system.
The development of indolequinone-based anticancer agents for the treatment of pancreatic cancer

A6 A large series of indolequinone containing compounds were synthesized and examined for their ability to induce cytotoxicity in human pancreatic cancer cell lines. Many of these compounds were very efficient mechanism-based inhibitors of NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), however, no correlation between NQO1 inhibition and cytotoxicity in human pancreatic cancer cells was observed. From this large series of indolequinones MAC220 (6-methoxy-1,2-dimethyl-3-(4-nitrophenoxymethyl)indole-4,7-dione, NJ824 (2-hydroxymethyl-5-methoxy-1-methyl-3-(4-nitrophenoxymethyl)indole-4,7-dione; and MAC511 (6-methoxy-1-methyl-3-(4-nitrophenoxymethyl)indole-4,7-dione) were selected for their ability to induce cytotoxicity and inhibit colony formation in human pancreatic cancer cell lines. The antitumor activities of MAC220 and NJ824 were further evaluated in mouse xenograft experiments. In these studies human pancreatic cancer (MiaPaCa-2) xenografts were established in mice followed by daily dosing (IP) with MAC220 (2.5-10mg/kg) or NJ824 (0.5-2.5mg/kg) for 10 days. In these studies treatment with MAC220 or NJ824 resulted in a significant reduction in tumor volume compared to DMSO treated controls. Treatment with MAC220 or NJ824 did not result in any apparent toxicities and no significant changes in body weights were observed during or after drug treatment. These data indicate that MAC220 and NJ824 have antitumor activity in vivo against human pancreatic cancer. To establish whether MAC220, NJ824 and MAC511 had antitumor activity against other human cancers these compounds were evaluated in the NCI 60 human cancer cell line screen. Preliminary results from these studies demonstrated potent growth inhibitory activities against a wide range of human cancers especially renal cancers and melanomas. Studies are currently underway to identify the molecular target(s) and the mechanism of action of these compounds and to develop structural analogs with superior antitumor activities.
Review of Prosthetic Joint Infection from Listeria monocytogenes

Abstract Background: Prosthetic joint infection from Listeria monocytogenes is rare. We decided to shed light on this illness and review the reported cases to better understand its characteristics. Patients and Methods: We conducted a comprehensive review of the English literature using PubMed. We also included one case that we had managed. Results: We found 25 cases of prosthetic joint infection from L. monocytogenes reported individually and a retrospective study of 43 cases of joint and bone listerial infection, including 34 with prosthetic joint infection, conducted in France. We have described their clinical and para-clinical features and tried to elaborate on the pathophysiology, treatment, and prevention. Conclusion: Prosthetic joint infection from L. monocytogenes is mainly late. Systemic inflammation may be absent. Although rare, it must be suspected in patients at high risk for both prosthetic joint and listerial infections. In addition, those patients must be instructed on appropriate preventiv...
Ovarian metastasis from midgut neuroendocrine tumors: Incidence, clinical implications, and management options—An update.

446Background: Midgut neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are rare malignancies that can produce carcinoid syndrome and/or carcinoid heart disease. The incidence of ovarian metastasis, their clinical implications, and the optimal management strategy for these metastasis have not been well studied. We hypothesized that patients with ovarian metastasis will have a high incidence of carcinoid syndrome and carcinoid heart disease. Methods: Charts of 431 female patients seen in our NET clinic between October 2006 and December 2014 with a diagnosis of midgut NET were reviewed. Patients who had a previous bilateral oophorectomy with or without total abdominal hysterectomy were excluded. The incidence of ovarian metastasis, carcinoid syndrome and carcinoid heart disease was calculated. Median survival and 5-year survival rates were determined via the Kaplan-Meier Method. Results: Forty-one (41/431, 10%) patients were found to have ovarian metastasis. Twenty-four (24/41, 59%) patients exhibited carcinoid syndrome and thr...
Letters to Our Children: Narrating Legacies of Love, Dissent, and Possibility

ABSTRACTDrawing from Cervantes-Soon’s (2012) framework of testimonios as confessions, counter-narratives, and consejos, we explore how writing letters to our children serves as a process of historical documentation, healing, and a passing down of social justice principles and family history. Additionally, we expand on Cervantes-Soon’s framework by utilizing testimonios as a process by which to affirm intergenerational memory. Finally, connections are made to the potential role of letter writing as an important pedagogical tool.
20 years of SISPAD: Adolescence of TCAD and further perspective

SISPAD and Technology Computer Aided Design (TCAD) are relatively new compared to semiconductors. The history of using computers to design technology dates to the 60's and the first conferences devoted to the field started in the late 70's. As the field matured, the various conferences combined. TCAD has both benefited from and contributed to Moore's Law. New frontiers in nano-devices, sensors, reliability, and alternate materials are still active areas of research.
Interactions Between Gene, Environment, and Aging in Modulation of Brain Redox Potential and Memory

The cause for the late-onset (sporadic) Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which accounts for 95% of AD cases, is unknown and most likely conferred by complex interactions between genetic and environmental risk factors plus aging. How the genetic and environmental risk factors as well as aging interact, leading to AD, however, is unknown. In this study, we explored the potential interactions between ApoE4, a genetic risk factor, O3, an environmental risk factor, and aging in the induction of memory impairment, using human ApoE4 and ApoE3 (the majority of human population carry the ApoE3 gene) targeted replacement (TR) male mice. The results show that exposure to O3 following a cyclic exposure protocol, which mimics human exposure scenarios, impairs memory of old ApoE3 TR mice, although it has no significant effect on the memory of young ApoE3 and ApoE4 or old ApoE4 TR mice. The concentrations of glutathione (GSH), an important antioxidant, decrease with age and with O3 exposure in frontal cortex (FC) and hippocampus, two brain areas affected mainly in AD, in ApoE3 TR mice, but only in FC of ApoE4 TR mice. The GSH and GSSG redox potentials decrease with age in the FC and hippocampus of ApoE3, but not ApoE4, TR mice; O3 exposure, on the other hand, reduces the redox potential in young ApoE3 and old ApoE4 TR mice. Cysteine concentrations decrease with age and with O3 exposure in both FC and hippocampus in ApoE3, but not in ApoE4, TR mice. The cysteine/cystine redox potentials, a major extracellular redox couple, decrease with O3 exposure in both brain areas in young and old ApoE3 TR mice, but only in the frontal cortex of young ApoE4 TR mice. Together, the results suggest that male ApoE3 TR mice are more sensitive to aging- and O3-induced oxidative stress than ApoE4 TR mice, although young ApoE4 mice per se experience increased level of oxidative stress, compared to young ApoE3 TR mice. The results also suggest that increased sensitivity to oxidative stress may underlie memory loss in O3 exposed old ApoE3 TR mice. As ApoE4 mainly affects females, interactions between ApoE4, O3, and aging in modulation of brain oxidative stress levels and memory in females warrant further investigation.
O programa de pesquisa da Ecologia Histórica

Resumo: Ecologia historica e um novo programa de pesquisa interdisciplinar relacionado a compreensao das dimensoes temporal e espacial nas relacoes das sociedades humanas com o seu ambiente local e os efeitos globais cumulativos dessas relacoes. Ecologia historica contem postulados centrais que se referem a tipos qualitativos de alteracoes humano-mediadas dos ambientes naturais e seus efeitos na diversidade das especies, entre outros parâmetros. Um termo central usado em ecologia historica para situar comportamento humano e agencia no ambiente e a paisagem, como derivado da geografia historica, e nao ao contrario de ecossistema, o qual provem de sistemas ecologicos. Ecologia historica e similar a teoria dinâmica de nao-equilibrio, no entanto difere, no seu postulado, de alteracao humano-mediada como um principio de transformacao da paisagem. Tais alteracoes, contra intuitivamente, podem envolver sucessao antropogenica primaria e secundaria que resultam em incremento liquido de diversidade alfa e beta. Ecologia historica aplicada pode suprir as condicoes referenciais de profundidade temporal e conhecimento tradicional para restaurar paisagens preteritas . Abstract: Historical ecology is a new interdisciplinary research program concerned with comprehending temporal and spatial dimensions in the relationships of human societies to local environments and the cumulative global effects of these relationships. Historical ecology contains core postulates that concern qualitative types of humanmediateddisturbanceofnaturalenvironmentsandtheeffectofthese on species diversity, among other parameters. A central term used in historical ecology to situate human behavior and agency in the environment is the landscape, as derived from historical geography, instead of the ecosystem, which is from systems ecology. Historical ecology is similar to nonequilibrium dynamic theory, but differs in its postulate of human-mediated disturbance as a principle of landscape transformation. Such disturbances counterintuitively may involve anthropogenic primary and secondary succession that result in net increases of alpha and even beta diversity. Applied historical ecology can supply the reference conditions of time depth and traditional knowledge to restore past landscapes.
Rational design for cervical cancer therapeutics: cellular and non-cellular based strategies on the horizon for recurrent, metastatic or refractory cervical cancer.

Introduction: Though cervical cytology, HPV DNA testing, and pre-invasive disease management has significantly reduced the number of new diagnoses of cervical cancer, women with persistent oncogeni...
Crystallization of Poly(3-hexylthiophene) on graphitic surfaces with different curvatures

Abstract Graphitic substrates with different curvatures (i.e. carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers and graphene) are used to induce the crystallization of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) on the surfaces. The effect of P3HT molecular weight (Mn) and the surface curvature on P3HT crystal structures is investigated. P3HTs with an Mn above the chain folding threshold Mn value form nanowires from all graphitic surfaces. P3HTs with an Mn below the chain folding threshold Mn value form nanowires from graphitic surfaces with a large curvature (e.g. SWCNTs) but produce nanoribbons from graphitic surfaces with smaller curvatures (e.g. MWCNTs, CFs, and graphene). The kinetic study of P3HT crystallizations on graphitic surfaces reveals that intermolecular interactions, specific surface area and curvature have major effects on P3HT crystallization rate on graphitic surfaces.
Phenological Studies and Modeling in Grasslands

Energy in the form of solar radiation is the basic driving force of the vegetation system. A small fraction of this energy is utilized in photosynthesis. Much is utilized in changing the state of water in the system, that is, in evapotranspiration. Since evapotranspiration depends upon temperature and daylength, there is a gradient of evapotranspiration decreasing from south to north in the contiguous 48 United States with some minor modifications according to changes in elevation.
Conceptual Model: Evidence Based Interagency Implementation Model

This book highlights the different technology transfer (TT) models that have been tried over the last two decades, and the factors that affect successful efforts to change organizations and implement EBP. The discussion also highlights those factors that are less important to implementation. These lessons are especially pertinent to the corrections field where attention to evidence-based practice (EBP) requires the recognition of a new goal related to offender change as well as embracing offender change as an integral part of the primary mission of public safety. Given the emphasis on offender accountability as a dominant public safety theme, the recent interest in ­de-incarceration policies provides an opportunity for correctional programming to embrace treatment and offender change. A major shift in corrections policy and practice appears imminent (Taxman, 2011).
LaPlace Approximation for Curved Surfaces

The computation of posterior moments and marginal distributions in non-conjugate cases is an important research area for Bayesians. This paper reviews general progress in the area, with special emphasis on Laplacean approximation, especially in the fully exponential form. Then the paper considers the extension of these methods to curved surfaces (circles, spheres, cylinders, etc.). First, we address why a separate theory for curved surfaces is convenient, since Euclidean Laplace approximations apply. After a review of recent work by the authors that gives a Laplacean approximation for curved surfaces, a number of examples are considered in depth.
Complications of chronic pancreatitis.

The most common complication of chronic pancreatitis is pain, which in many cases seems related to pancreatic ductal obstruction with ductal hypertension. Longitudinal pancreaticojejunostomy is indicated in patients with a dilated (larger than 7 mm) duct and pain that requires narcotic analgesics for relief. Chronic pseudocysts may be corrected surgically without the usual 6-week wait, and asymptomatic pseudocysts less than 4 cm in diameter may not require surgery at all. The relative efficacy and risks of percutaneous drainage of pseudocysts versus the standard surgical approaches need to be studied. Pancreatic fistulas may be external or internal, where pancreatic ascites or hydrothorax can be the clinical manifestation. The pharmacologic suppression of pancreatic secretion (e.g., with somatostatin) may be useful in their management, but surgery may be required. Pancreatic resection or internal drainage is usually effective. Persistent jaundice should be relieved surgically by choledochoduodenostomy to avoid the development of secondary biliary cirrhosis. Obstruction at various levels of the gastrointestinal tract (duodenum, small bowel, colon) may require bypass (gastrojejunostomy) or resection. Hemorrhage from major arteries is an infrequent but often lethal complication of chronic pancreatitis, especially associated with pseudocysts. Angiography is invaluable for diagnosis and occasionally for treatment (embolization). Surgery is preferred in good-risk patients, with suture ligation (resection) of the bleeding source. Chronic pancreatitis is the most common cause of splenic vein thrombosis. The resultant hemorrhage from gastric varices is managed effectively by splenectomy.
Study on Module Partition Method for CNC Lathe Design

A multi-dimensional module partition methodology is put forward for CNC lathe, in which not only the functional module partition and the physical structure module partition of CNC machine tools are taken into account, but the characteristics of different stages of in the whole life-cycle of machine tools is considered as well. On the basis of this module partition flow and the principle of module partition for CNC machine tools are presented. The CNC lathe is elaborated on the functional module and structural module. A CNC machine tool company’s HTC Series CNC lathes modular design is illustrated as an example.
Effects of childhood trauma on adult moral decision-making: Clinical correlates and insights from bipolar disorder.

Abstract Background Childhood adversity has been shown to exert profound effects on basic psychological processes well into adulthood. Some of these processes, such as those related to reward and emotion, play critical roles in moral decision-making. As a population with high rates of childhood trauma as well as heterogenous clinical presentation, individuals with bipolar disorder (BD) constitute an enriched group in which to examine the correlates of trauma and other clinical variables with moral cognition. Methods 62 euthymic BD patients and 27 controls responded to moral dilemma scenarios and completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Results Results revealed a main effect of diagnosis on moral decision-making only when both personal force and an intention were required, indicating a more utilitarian style in BD patients relative to controls. Several interesting patterns also emerged regardless of diagnostic status. Higher ratings of physical neglect were significantly associated with higher ratings of acceptability (a utilitarian tendency) across dilemma types, and a similar pattern was observed at the trend level for experiences of emotional neglect. Significant main effects on moral decision-making were also observed for sex, illness duration, and history of psychotic features in the BD sample. Limitations The present study is limited by the self-reported nature of the CTQ and by the small number of trials of moral dilemmas. In addition, practical and clinical implications of the moral dilemmas paradigm are limited due to its abstract nature. Conclusions Our results indicate that certain clinical features as well as childhood maltreatment (in particular neglect) may significantly impact moral decision making in adult life. Surprisingly, childhood trauma was associated with a more utilitarian style, which is in the opposite direction from previous effects shown in PTSD. Although speculative, our results suggest that there may be a protective quality associated with utilitarian moral decision-making tendencies.
Effect of Calcium Formate on Hydrodeoxygenation of Biomass Model Compounds

Hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass model compounds (cellulose, xylan, and lignin) was carried out between 350 and 400 °C using calcium formate (Ca(HCOO)2) as the in situ hydrogen source. In this study, high temperatures have been adopted for liquefaction as calcium formate acts as a hydrogen donor in that range. Ca(HCOO)2 catalyzes lignin degradation toward liquefaction and, consequently, increases the biocrude yields by about 80%. Conversely, cellulose biocrude yields decreased when Ca(HCOO)2 was introduced due to pronounced gasification. It was also observed that Ca(HCOO)2 did not have any effect on xylan biocrude yield which remained almost the same. The maximum biocrude yields of cellulose, xylan, and lignin in the presence of Ca(HCOO)2 were 7, 13, and 32 wt %, respectively. The excess hydrogen from Ca(HCOO)2 was successful in upgrading the biocrude by removing oxygen which was confirmed by a significant decrease in atomic O/C ratio and increase in heating values (by 34.6%). The formate salt slightl...
Accumbal Dopamine Release Tracks the Expectation of Dopamine Neuron-Mediated Reinforcement.

Summary Dopamine (DA) transmission in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) facilitates cue-reward associations and appetitive action. Reward-related accumbal DA release dynamics are traditionally ascribed to ventral tegmental area (VTA) DA neurons. Activation of VTA to NAc DA signaling is thought to reinforce action and transfer reward-related information to predictive cues, allowing cues to guide behavior and elicit dopaminergic activity. Here, we use optogenetics to control DA neuron activity and voltammetry to simultaneously record accumbal DA release in order to quantify how reinforcer-evoked dopaminergic activity shapes conditioned mesolimbic DA transmission. We find that cues predicting access to DA neuron self-stimulation elicit conditioned responding and NAc DA release. However, cue-evoked DA release does not reflect the cost or magnitude of DA neuron activation. Accordingly, conditioned accumbal DA release selectively tracks the expected availability of DA-neuron-mediated reinforcement. This work provides insight into how mesolimbic DA transmission drives and encodes appetitive action.
The Community Structure of Coral-Associated Decapod Crustaceans in Variable Environments

The decapod crustacean community associated with the branching coral Pocillopora damicornis is described from two localities on the Pacific coast of Panama. The corals are of the same approximate geologic age but the physical conditions at one locality fluctuate unpredictably while conditions at the second locality are relatively constant. The species-area relationship does not differ between the two regions while the individuals-area regression of the constant environment has a higher intercept but the same slope. The dominance diversity curves for the two regions are similar in shape but dominance is greater in the constant environment. A generalist is dominant in the fluctuating environment while a specialist is dominant in the constant environment. There is no evidence for species packing as similar-sized coral heads have the same number of species in both regions and the species composition of individual coral heads suggests a random colonization process. There is no difference in the frequency of co-occurrence of congeneric species between the two regions; in both regions more congeners coexist than would be expected by chance. Comparison of species richness between the two areas based on either equal sample size or number of individuals demonstrates a greater total species richness in the fluctuating environment. It is suggested that a natural physical disturbance, upwelling, reduces dominance and increases species richness in the fluctuating environment.
Some Implications of a Scale-Invariant Model of Statistical Mechanics to Classical and Black Hole Thermodynamics

Some implications of a scale invariant model of statistical mechanics to the mechanical theory of heat of Helmholtz and Clausius are described. Modified invariant definitions of heat and entropy are presented closing the gap between radiation and gas theory. Modified relativistic transformations of pressure, Boltzmann constant, entropy, and density are introduced leading to transformation of ideal gas law. Following Helmholtz, the total thermal energy of thermodynamic system is decomposed into free heat U and latent heat p V and identified as modified form of the first law of thermodynamics Q = H = U + p V. Subjective versus objective aspects of Boltzmann thermodynamic entropy versus Shannon information entropy are discussed. Also, modified thermodynamic properties of ideal gas are presented. The relativistic thermodynamics being described is in accordance with Poincare - Lorentz dynamic theory of relativity as opposed to Einstein kinematic theory of relativity since the former theory that is based on compressible ether of Planck is causal as was emphasized by Pauli.
Should we use preceptorships in undergraduate nursing education

Background Clinical learning experiences are the cornerstone of undergraduate nursing education as they allow students to apply theory to practice and help them develop as competent practitioners who are prepared for the realities of diverse, complex, and ever-changing practice environments. Problem The traditional clinical teaching model, where small groups of students work with educators who are on-site facilitating learning, has numerous issues and thus there have been calls for reform. This Creative Controversy focuses on one reform option, the alternative clinical teaching model of preceptorships, which has gained popularity in recent years. Approach Current evidence surrounding preceptorships in undergraduate education was examined and critiqued. Conclusion Despite their popularity, there is a lack of robust evidence surrounding preceptorships and the motivations for using this model remain questionable. Future study is needed so preceptorships are implemented according to evidence-based teaching practices and not clouded by inappropriate motivations. The author challenges readers to question their practices and work to positively contribute to the science and practice of nursing education.
Combined Upper Extremity and Gluteal Compartment Syndrome Following Illicit Drug Abuse: A Retrospective Case Series

Introduction The purpose of this study was to describe four cases of patients who developed concomitant upper extremity and gluteal compartment syndrome in the context of substance abuse. In somnolent patients unable to provide a reliable physical exam, the healthcare provider must be aware of patients presenting with concomitant upper extremity and gluteal compartment syndrome. Methods Retrospective chart review identified cases of the combined upper extremity and gluteal compartment syndrome following illicit drug abuse at a single academic center during the years 2009-2019. Results During the 11-year period examined, a total of eight patients were diagnosed with compartment syndrome secondary to illicit drug use and prolonged immobilization. Four (50%) patients presented with combined upper extremity and gluteal compartment syndrome. All of these patients underwent prompt surgical release of the affected compartments. All eventually returned to normal activities of daily living. Discussion Compartment syndrome is primarily a clinical diagnosis, with physical exam being extremely important. In patients presenting with somnolence secondary to illicit drug use, physical exam may not be reliable. It is critical to have a high clinical suspicion in this patient population, understanding that these patients may present with concomitant upper extremity and gluteal compartment syndrome. Level of Evidence Level IV, case series.
Influence of Geographic Access on Surgical Center Readmissions After Index Congenital Heart Surgery.

Objective To assess the impact of geographic access to surgical center on readmission risk and burden in children after congenital heart surgery. Study design Children Results Among 59 696 eligible children, 19 355 (32%) had ≥1 unplanned readmission. The median LOS was 9 days (IQR 22) across the entire cohort. In those readmitted, median total costs were $31 559 (IQR $90 176). Distance from the center was inversely related but rurality was positively related to readmission risk. Among those readmitted, increased distance was associated with longer LOS, more complications, and greater costs. Compared with urban patients, highly rural patients were more likely to have an unplanned readmission but had fewer average readmission days. Conclusions Geographic measures of access differentially affect readmission to the surgery center. Increased distance from the center was associated with fewer unplanned readmissions but more complications. Among those readmitted, the most isolated patients had the greatest readmission costs. Understanding the contribution of geographic access will aid in developing strategies to improve care delivery to this population.
Transcriptomics for radiation biodosimetry: progress and challenges.

Transcriptomic-based approaches are being developed to meet the needs for large-scale radiation dose and injury assessment and provide population triage following a radiological or nuclear event. T...
Examining the pathways for deformation band formation at the mesoscale

Abstract At the macroscopic scale, strain accumulation is known to form parallel to the plane of maximum shear stress. In this work, plastic strain accumulation is tracked across four mesoscale areas of interests. Each representing a different configuration of tension-torsion loading. The local deviations in the deformation pathways were investigated relative to the plane of maximum shear stress. The deviations in the deformation pathways were observed to be a function of the local plastic strain magnitude and the microstructural features. From these results, a representative volume element was created based on the macroscopic and micromechanical deformations as well as the spatial statistics of the deformation bands.
Corruption and Government: Causes, Consequences, and Reform

Preface Introduction 1. The costs of corruption Part I. Corruption as an Economic Problem: 2. The economic impact of corruption 3. Corruption of high level officials 4. Reducing incentives and increasing costs 5. Reform of the Civil Service Part II. Corruption as a Cultural Problem: 6. Bribes, patronage and giftgiving Part III. Corruption as a Political Problem 7. Corruption and politics 8. Democracy and corruption: incentives and reforms 9. Controlling political power Part IV. Achieving Reform: 10. The role of the international community 11. Domestic conditions for reform Conclusions.
Chapter 29. Altered Drug Disposition in Disease States

Publisher Summary On the basis of empirical observations of the effects of disease states on drug pharmacokinetics, a few generally accepted models for drug disposition have evolved. These models have become valuable tools in assessing a priori, the kinetics of a particular drug in various disease states and in explaining why the observed changes have taken place. Physiologic models of drug elimination or clearance define the rate of drug remove in terms of various physiologic parameters. The clearance (CL) relates to the amount of drug removed per unit time (R) by the eliminating organ to the blood concentration entering the organ. The rate of elimination is equal to the difference in the concentration entering and leaving the organ (C in - C out ) multiplied by the organ blood flow (Q). The most straightforward and most commonly employed model relating to the extraction ratio to physiological parameters is the so-called “Well-Stirred” model that assumes the unbound drug concentration leaving the organ is equal to the unbound concentration inside the organ. An alternative to the “Well-Stirred” model, which is the so-called “Parallel Tube” model, has been discussed in this chapter. This model also utilizes the parameters of blood flow, intrinsic clearance, and unbound fraction of drug in blood to describe the organ clearance, but also takes into account the effect of the blood concentration gradient in the hepatic sinusoids. Drugs and other compounds that are highly extracted by the liver in healthy individuals may be poorly extracted in individuals with reduced hepatic function. This has been demonstrated for both indocyanine green and for the model drug d-propranolol. The chapter continues with analytical approach altered drug disposition mainly for kidney, heart, and liver.
Bottles of Beaujolais

IT WAS A LITTLE A F T E R eight one morning in late No vember. Fog, fat with brine, snailed uptown. Bits of the wayward cloud beaded between my lashes, it crept into the creases of my clothing; it infiltrated every pore, seeping a dank chill through my body. On the radio the man said the fog had set a record for low-visibility. Later, when the taxi pulled in front of the sashimi bar where I worked, the cabbie said that by nightfall the city would be covered with snow. Unlocking the door to the sashimi bar I watched Mushimono in the show window standing upright on his hindquarters. He was thick and cylindrical, a furry fireplug. The otter, whose love for fish had inspired my employer to install it as a sales gimmick to lure other fish connois seurs into the shop, appeared baffled by the fog. From his home inside the sashimi bar's glass-enclosed street facade?an exact replica of the otter's natural habitat that stretched twelve feet long, reaching as high as the ceiling, and jutted six feet or so into the shop?Mushimono snapped his anvil-like head from side to side, like a blind man lost, following the sounds of the traffic he could not see. Mushimono was one of those peculiar creatures evolution had thrown together like a zoologi cal mulligan stew: he had a duck's webbed feet, the whiskered snout and licorice disc eyes of a seal, a cat's quickness, and fishlike maneuverability in water. His fur was a rich burnt-coffee color and it grew thicker with each shrinking day of the season. The sashimi master met me at the door. He had the appearance of a box. The bib of Mr. Tanaka's apron cut across his throat just beneath his chin, exaggerating his dearth of neck. I followed an imaginary line that extended up from his thin, black necktie past his purplish lips until it met at a perfect perpendicular with his mustache, again reinforcing the illusion of squareness. Above this plane rested two tiny, black eyes that peered darkly out at me. Without ceremony Mr. Tanaka told me to make fog. "It not good this way," he said. "Fog outside and no fog inside drive Mushimono crazy." He sliced each syllable from his lips as if his tongue were as sharp as one of his blades. The otter stood frozen, a mortal enemy might have been perched
Coaxing Sounds from Circuits

Analog Days The Invention and Impact of the Moog Synthesizer. Trevor Pinch and Frank Trocco. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 2002. 384 pp. $29.95. ISBN 0-674-00889-8. Constructing their account from interviews with the inventors, engineers, and musicians who worked with the Moog, the authors discuss the invention, development, and impact of electronic synthesizers in the 1960s through mid-1970s.
Structure-reactivity relations of imidazole in polypeptides. II. Structural transitions and a -structure in poly-L-histidine solutions.

Abstract Circular dichroic spectra down to 184 mμ were recorded on aqueous solutions of l -histidine and of poly- l -histidine, as a function of pH. A two-step transition is seen in poly- l -histidine, occurring between pH 4 and 6. The spectra are interpreted in terms of a random structure below pH 4.2, a β-structure above pH 5.2, and an intermediate form with some properties of a right-handed α-helix. Infrared spectral evidence supports these interpretations. Sedimentation equilibrium evidence was also consistent, revealing a strongly concentration-dependent aggregation in the region pH 5–6 where the postulated β-structure exists. The nature of these transitions, and of this β-structure stable in water at room temperature, is discussed. The unusual carboxymethylation behavior of the poly- l -histidine side-chains can be explained in terms of these transitions.
Parallel hierarchical N-body methods

Recent algorithmic advances utilizing hierarchical data structures have resulted in a dramatic reduction in the time required for computer simulation of N-body systems with long-range interactions. Computations which required O($N\sp2$) operations can now be done in O(N log N) or O(N). We review these tree methods and find that they may be distinguished based on a few simple features. The Barnes-Hut (BH) algorithm has received a great deal of attention, and is the subject of the remainder of the dissertation. We present a generalization of the BH tree and analyze the statistical properties of such trees in detail. We also consider the expected number of operations entailed by an execution of the BH algorithm. We find an optimal value for m, the maximum number of bodies in a terminal cell, and confirm that the number of operations is O(N log N), even if the distribution of bodies is not uniform. The mathematical basis of all hierarchical methods is the multipole approximation. We discuss multipole approximations, for the case of arbitrary, spherically symmetric, and Newtonian Green's functions. We describe methods for computing multipoles and evaluating multipole approximations in each of these cases, emphasizing the tradeoff between generality and algorithmic complexity. N-body simulations in computational astrophysics can require 10$\sp6$ or even more bodies. Algorithmic advances are not sufficient, in and of themselves, to make computations of this size feasible. Parallel computation offers, a priori, the necessary computational power in terms of speed and memory. We show how the BH algorithm can be adapted to execute in parallel. We use orthogonal recursive bisection to partition space. The logical communication structure that emerges is that of a hypercube. A local version of the BH tree is constructed in each processor by iteratively exchanging data along each edge of the logical hypercube. We obtain speedups in excess of 380 on a 512 processor system for simulations of galaxy mergers with 180000 bodies. We analyze the performance of the parallel version of the algorithm and find that the overhead is due primarily to interprocessor synchronization delays and redundant computation. Communication is not a significant factor.
Phase matching for the optical frequency conversion processes in whispering gallery mode resonators

Optical nonlinear processes in whispering gallery mode resonators require the phase matching that is profoundly different from that in bulk crystals or waveguides. We analyze the phase matching conditions for frequency doubling and parametric down conversion in the resonators, and find the configurations allowing for simultaneous occurrence of these two processes. Such double phase matching gives us access to a variety of interesting quantum nonlinear optical phenomena. For example, it can lead to antibunched emission of photon pairs through the quantum Zeno photonic blockade.
Systematic Exploration of Efficient Query Plans for Automated Database Restructuring

We consider the problem of selecting views and indexes that minimize the evaluation costs of the important queries under an upper bound on the disk space available for storing the views/indexes selected to be materialized. We propose a novel end-to-end approach that focuses on systematic exploration of plans for evaluating the queries. Specifically, we propose a framework (architecture) and algorithms that enable selection of views/indexes that contribute to the most efficient plans for the input queries, subject to the space bound. We present strong optimality guarantees on our architecture. Our algorithms search for sets of competitive plans for queries expressed in the language of conjunctive queries with arithmetic comparisons. This language captures the full expressive power of SQL select-project-join queries, which are common in practical database systems. Our experimental results demonstrate the competitiveness and scalability of our approach.
Reichenbach, induction, and discovery

Reichenbach’s pragmatic vindication of induction has almost no philosophical following today. It is taken to epitomize a narrow, unrealistic, and rigid approach to the understanding of scientific inference. But Reichenbach’s theory of induction has inspired a more formidable approach to the study of inductive inference that is now known as learning theory. Learning theory is a fusion of Reichenbach’s reliabilist standards for inductive success with the techniques and results of logic and the theory of computation. So far, learning theoretic results have not drawn much attention from the philosophy of science, despite the fact that they bear directly upon standard questions and puzzles surrounding inductive method.
Early versus delayed treatment of primary epistaxis in the United States.

Background Epistaxis treatment is variable. This study sought to determine demographic, management, and outcome differences in patients treated with early (<24 hours) vs late ligation or embolization. Methods This study was a retrospective review of the 2008 to 2010 Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) for patients admitted with epistaxis. Hospital and patient demographics and outcomes were compared between early vs late surgical intervention. Multivariate models analyzed the economic measures (length of stay and hospital charges) between early and late treatment. Results Of 57,039 cases of primary epistaxis identified in the NIS database, 4662 (8.2%) received ligation or embolization. There was no significant influence of early treatment on the odds of mortality, stroke, blindness, or blood transfusion. The total charges and length of stay were significantly reduced for early surgical intervention using embolization or ligation. Two predictors of early intervention were common to both ligation and embolization: (1) weekday admission (p $39,000. The odds of embolization within the first 24 hours were lowered with each additional chronic condition (p = 0.017; OR, 0.912). Conclusion Efficient and effective healthcare delivery is paramount given the potentially life-threatening nature of epistaxis and the current economic environment. Delayed intervention significantly increased hospital charges and length of stay. Rapid identification and treatment may prove to be a cost-saving measure.
Embedded tutorial I: design for manufacturability

DFM (Design for Manufacturability) has recently become a buzzword; it excites passion in semiconductor process, design, EDA and manufacturing circles. What is all this hype about?This tutorial reviews DFM, the ugly cousin of technology scaling, in a broad context, and includes both hard defects and parametric variations arising from manufacturing issues in its scope. It presents the various sources of the problem and their impact on yield, silicon vs. timing model correlation, mask cost, data size and time-to-market. It then presents design methodology and EDA tool solutions, both current and future, including restrictive design rules, preferred rules, layout fixes, design-manufacturing integration, lay-out-dependent modeling, variation-aware analysis and design.This tutorial is intended for engineers and project managers involved in design, EDA, OPC/RET/tapeout and design rule formulation.
Busted: A Digital Group Game to Help At-Risk Youth Stay out of Jail

Originally developed in board format, Busted--It's Up to You is a video game designed to help at-risk youth in institutional settings gain greater self-awareness, recognize the consequences of their actions, and make better, more productive life choices.
Prediction of Near-Field Jet Cross Spectra

A prediction method is developed based on the acoustic analogy for the cross-power spectral density in the convecting near field of compressible fluid turbulence. Equivalent source near-field, midfield, and far-field terms within the model integrand create corresponding near-field, midfield, and far-field radiating waves. These equivalent sources are modeled with a single equation for the two-point cross correlation of the Lighthill stress tensor that is dependent on the jet operating conditions. An alternative equivalent source model based on steady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes solutions is proposed. The cross-power spectral density model automatically reduces to a traditional autopower spectral density model when observers are at the same location. Predictions of radiation intensity and coherence compare favorably with measurements in the near field, midfield, and far field for a wide range of jet Mach numbers and temperature ratios.
A finite memory model for haptic teleoperation

This paper is concerned with modeling the haptic exploration and recognition of objects using a teleoperator mechanism, mainly underwater. Three factors are identified which determine the success with which objects may be recognized: a) correct feature identification, b) interpretation of spatial data between features, and c) the ability to retain in memory the sequence of features identified. A haptic cognitive model is proposed which incorporates these factors, with emphasis on part c). The performance of the cognitive model is assessed with respect to previously obtained data, and further experiments are conducted to determine the number of features an operator can correctly recall when probing a remote object. >
Temperature Dependence of Energy Degradation in Organic Liquid Scintillators

Under high energy excitation, organic molecules are generally excited to electronic states above the first excited state. Since, at not too high solute concentrations, energy transfer in organic liquid scintillators occurs via the first excited electronic state, the efficiency of degradation to this state affects the overall light output. Experimental results for a number of systems, at temperatures from 20°C to 24°C are reported. It was found that the efficiency of degradation to the first excited state generally decreases with increasing temperature, with some variation among the solvents tested. It was found that; the greater the efficiency of degradation to the first excited state at 20°C, the less this efficiency varies with temperature.
Mitotic Spindle Form and Function

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitotic spindle in budding yeast is exemplified by its simplicity and elegance. Microtubules are nucleated from a crystalline array of proteins organized in the nuclear envelope, known as the spindle pole body in yeast (analogous to the centrosome in larger eukaryotes). The spindle has two classes of nuclear microtubules: kinetochore microtubules and interpolar microtubules. One kinetochore microtubule attaches to a single centromere on each chromosome, while approximately four interpolar microtubules emanate from each pole and interdigitate with interpolar microtubules from the opposite spindle to provide stability to the bipolar spindle. On the cytoplasmic face, two to three microtubules extend from the spindle pole toward the cell cortex. Processes requiring microtubule function are limited to spindles in mitosis and to spindle orientation and nuclear positioning in the cytoplasm. Microtubule function is regulated in large part via products of the 6 kinesin gene family and the 1 cytoplasmic dynein gene. A single bipolar kinesin (Cin8, class Kin-5), together with a depolymerase (Kip3, class Kin-8) or minus-end-directed kinesin (Kar3, class Kin-14), can support spindle function and cell viability. The remarkable feature of yeast cells is that they can survive with microtubules and genes for just two motor proteins, thus providing an unparalleled system to dissect microtubule and motor function within the spindle machine.
Crystal deformation: colloid model for atoms.

Pushing a sewing needle into a colloidal crystal may seem a crude experiment. On the contrary, combined with laser diffraction microscopy and confocal microscopy, it provides a valuable analogy to nanoindentation and promises a deeper understanding of the mechanical response of crystalline materials.