cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Isolated leptons from heavy flavor decays: Theory and data

Events with isolated leptons play a prominent role in signatures of new physics phenomena at high energy collider physics facilities. In earlier publications, we examine the standard model contribution to isolated lepton production from bottom and charm mesons and baryons through their semileptonic decays $b$, $c\ensuremath{\rightarrow}l+\mathrm{X}$, showing that this source can overwhelm the effects of other standard model processes in some kinematic domains. In this paper, we show that we obtain good agreement with recent Tevatron collider data, both validating our simulations and showing that we underestimate the magnitude of the heavy-flavor contribution to the isolated lepton yields. We also show that the isolation requirement acts as a narrow bandpass filter on the momentum of the isolated lepton, and we illustrate the effect of this filter on the background to Higgs boson observation in the dilepton mode. We introduce and justify a new rule of thumb: isolated electrons and muons from heavy-flavor decay are produced with roughly the same distributions as $b$ and $c$ quarks, but with $1/200$ times the rates of $b$ and $c$ production, respectively.
Reduction in timing jitter for a Cr:YAG Q-switched Nd:YAG laser

To address the issue of pulse-to-pulse timing jitter in a passively Q-switched Cr:YAG/Nd:YAG laser, we have developed a technique for optical triggering, where the energy from a single bar diode was used to bleach a thin sheet within the Cr:YAG saturable absorber from a direction orthogonal to the lasing axis. A strong anisotropy for bleaching effect was observed; with appropriate polarization of the bleaching light the transmission through the saturable absorber was increased from 45% to 63%. This technique was applied to a monolithic Cr:YAG/Nd:YAG laser operating under steady state conditions. By placing the Q-switched pulse at the time corresponding to the steepest slope for change in transmission during bleaching, which occurs ~1μs after the bleaching diode trigger, we measured an 12.5X reduction in the pulse-to-pulse timing jitter, from 100ns for free running operation to 8ns with optical triggering.
Effects of exercise on heart rate, QT, QTc and QQS2 in the Romano-Ward inherited long QT syndrome

Patients with the Romano-Ward inherited long QT syndrome have an incompletely defined cardiac sympathetic system abnormality, and exhibit ventricular arrhythmias during exercise, fear and anxiety. Treadmill and bicycle exercise were used to modulate cardiac autonomic activity in 27 Romano-Ward subjects and 27 normal controls. The heart rate, and the QT, QTc and QT/QS2 (ratio of electrical to mechanical systole) intervals were compared. Subjects with long QT were compared with normals. Those with a long QT interval had the following results: similar resting heart rates; lower rates during moderate (151.6 vs 169.6 beats/min, p = 0.04) and maximal (155.9 vs 182.1 beats/min, p = less than 0.001) exercise; an abnormal QT cycle-length relationship, with failure of the QT to shorten normally with increasing heart rate; an increase in QTc versus a decrease in normals; supine rest QT/QS2 ratio of 1.12 vs 0.93, p = 0.001; and an exercise QT/QS2 that increased by 30%, from 1.12 at rest to 1.45, versus 15%, in normals, from 0.93 to 1.07, p = 0.001. The lower heart rates and excessively prolonged QT/QS2 ratios during exercise further support an abnormality of, or abnormal cardiac response to, sympathetic activity. A QT/QS2 greater than 1.0 at rest, an exercise QT/QS2 ratio greater than 1.17, and an increase in QTc during moderate exercise may be helpful diagnostic findings in patients with borderline long QTc intervals at rest.
Unsupervised Risk Stratification in Clinical Datasets: Identifying Patients at Risk of Rare Outcomes

Most existing algorithms for clinical risk stratification rely on labeled training data. Collecting this data is challenging for clinical conditions where only a small percentage of patients experience adverse outcomes. We propose an unsupervised anomaly detection approach to risk stratify patients without the need of positively and negatively labeled training examples. High-risk patients are identified without any expert knowledge using a minimum enclosing ball to find cases that lie in sparse regions of the feature space. When evaluated on data from patients admitted with acute coronary syndrome and on patients undergoing inpatient surgical procedures, our approach successfully identified individuals at increased risk of adverse endpoints in both populations. In some cases, unsupervised anomaly detection outperformed other machine learning methods that used additional knowledge in the form of labeled examples.
Coevolution of Minibasin Subsidence and Sedimentation: Experiments

Abstract Subsidence patterns resulting from differential sediment loading on a mobile substrate (e.g., salt) are an important process for the development of accommodation and stratigraphic architectures in intraslope minibasins. Numerous studies of minibasin systems have focused on either the tectonic processes involved in salt deformation or the stratigraphic interpretation of the sedimentary fill of minibasins. This study focuses on the coevolution of depositional and tectonic processes to investigate the response of substrate movement to minibasin sedimentation. Using a silicone polymer to model a viscous mobile substrate, a series of 2D experiments were conducted to explore the effects of variation in 1) sediment supply rate, 2) depositional style (intermittent sediment supply), and 3) the thickness of the deformable substrate on subsidence patterns and minibasin stratigraphic development. Experimental results indicate that larger initial thickness of salt substrate as well as lower sedimentation rates result in greater amounts of subsidence for a given amount of deposit. Furthermore, in the experiments with intermittent sediment supply, increasing subsidence rate was observed as sedimentation continued, while decreasing subsidence rate occurred once sedimentation ceased. These accelerations and decelerations in subsidence were attenuated as the total thickness of the minibasin deposit increased and the thickness of the remaining salt decreased. Lower sediment supply rate led to a narrower but deeper minibasin formation. The increase in overall time allowed the salt substrate to have a greater response to the overburden. In contrast, the linked depositional and tectonic processes caused higher sediment supply rate to increase the planform size of the minibasin. Based on the experimental results, a new model of autostratigraphic minibasin evolution is suggested: 1) differential loading causes initial subsidence, 2) ponded (basin infilling) architecture occurs during a period of acceleration in subsidence, and 3) perched (spilling) architecture occurs over the duration of final subsidence deceleration.
Lymphocyte adhesive interaction with lacrimal gland acinar epithelium involves carbohydrate recognition.

The tear film provides a barrier against pathogenic invasion of the ocular surface. One component of this defense is secretory immunoglobulin A (S-IgA), the predominant immunoglobulin in tears in many species, which is known to be inhibitory for bacterial adhesion.1 IgA is produced by lacrimal gland plasma cells and then transported to the tears by transcytosis following an interaction with secretory component expressed on the surface of epithelial cells. In the mucosal immune network, the precursors of IgA producing plasma cells migrate from sites of antigen encounter to distal mucosal sites such as lacrimal glands. T cells are involved in regulating mucosal immunity and are also retained in the lacrimal gland. The purpose of this study was to further delineate mechanisms responsible for the preferential accumulation of specific lymphoid populations in lacrimal glands.
Development of Teaching Objectives in Professional Ethics

(1978). Development of Teaching Objectives in Professional Ethics. Improving College and University Teaching: Vol. 26, 100th Issue. The Wonderful World of Learning., pp. 91-95.
Comparison of Methods for Estimating Thyroid Secretion Rate in Chickens

Abstract THE classical goiter-prevention assay of Dempsey and Astwood (1943), first applied to chickens by Mixner et al. (1944), has been used often and to good advantage in studying thyroid secretion rate in poultry. In recent years, availability of radioactive iodine (I131) and development of modern detectors and counting equipment have allowed a new approach in secretion rate studies. Both the goitrogen and the radioiodine techniques are based on the assumption that the daily exogenous dose of thyroid hormone (usually thyroxine) which will block secretion of pituitary thyrotrophic hormone (TSH) is equivalent to the normal secretion rate. In the goiter-prevention assay, the blocking dose of thyroxine is estimated from thyroid weight data in goitrogen-fed animals; while in the I131 assay, the blocking dose is estimated from in vivo measurement of changes in thyroid radioactivity. 1 Underlying both methods is the classical concept that the thyroid and hypophysis constitute a “feedback” mechanism in …
The pulmonary endothelial glycocalyx regulates neutrophil adhesion and lung injury during experimental sepsis

Sepsis, a systemic inflammatory response to infection, commonly progresses to acute lung injury (ALI), an inflammatory lung disease with high morbidity. We postulated that sepsis-associated ALI is initiated by degradation of the pulmonary endothelial glycocalyx, leading to neutrophil adherence and inflammation. Using intravital microscopy, we found that endotoxemia in mice rapidly induced pulmonary microvascular glycocalyx degradation via tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-dependent mechanisms. Glycocalyx degradation involved the specific loss of heparan sulfate and coincided with activation of endothelial heparanase, a TNF-α-responsive, heparan sulfate-specific glucuronidase. Glycocalyx degradation increased the availability of endothelial surface adhesion molecules to circulating microspheres and contributed to neutrophil adhesion. Heparanase inhibition prevented endotoxemia-associated glycocalyx loss and neutrophil adhesion and, accordingly, attenuated sepsis-induced ALI and mortality in mice. These findings are potentially relevant to human disease, as sepsis-associated respiratory failure in humans was associated with higher plasma heparan sulfate degradation activity; moreover, heparanase content was higher in human lung biopsies showing diffuse alveolar damage than in normal human lung tissue.
Risk Factors for Requiring Intensive Care Among Children Admitted to Ward With Bronchiolitis

OBJECTIVE: To examine risk factors for transfer of bronchiolitis patients from theward to the intensive care unit (ICU) and/or initiation of critical care interventions. METHODS: We performed a 16-center, prospective cohort study of hospitalized children age <2 years with bronchiolitis. During the winters of 2007 to 2010, researchers collected clinical data and nasopharyngeal aspirates from study participants. The primary outcome was late intensive care use, defined as a transfer to the ICU and/or use of mechanical ventilation (regardless of location) after the child’s first inpatient day. RESULTS: Among 2104 children hospitalized with bronchiolitis, 1762 (84%) were identified as initial ward patients, comprising the analysis cohort. The median age was 4 months (interquartile range, 2‐9 months), and 1048 (59%) were boys. The most frequently detected pathogens were respiratory syncytial virus (72%) and rhinovirus (25%). After the first inpatient day, 47 (3%; 95% confidence interval, 2‐4) were subsequently transferred to the ICU or required mechanical ventilation. In the multivariable logistic regression model predicting subsequent transfer to the ICU or mechanical ventilation use, the significant predictors were birth weight <5 pounds (odds ratio, 2.28; 95% confidence interval, 1.30‐ 4.02; P ¼.004) and respiratory rate high of $70 breaths/min on the first inpatient day (odds ratio, 4.64; 95% confidence interval, 2.86‐7.53; P <.001). CONCLUSIONS: In this multicenter study of children hospitalized with bronchiolitis, low birth weight and tachypnea were significantly associated with subsequent transfer to the ICU and/or use of mechanical ventilation.
Stability and dynamics of Pt-Si liquid microdroplets on Si(001)

The formation and dynamics of Pt-Si liquid droplets on Si (001) surfaces are explored with real-time ultraviolet photoelectron emission microscopy. PtSi islands of micrometer lateral diameter begin to melt and are transformed into molten Pt-Si alloy islands below the melting point of bulk PtSi. In particular, at ∼1100 °C surface migration of the liquid microdroplets is observed, where the droplets move directionally from the cold to the hot regions of the surface following the temperature gradient across the substrate. It is proposed that the droplet surface migration is due to dissolution-diffusion-deposition flow of Si through the droplet driven by the Si concentration difference in the droplet. In addition, the migration rate of the droplet is measured as a function of temperature and droplet diameter. Above a minimum diameter, the migration velocity is independent of the droplet size, which indicates that Si diffusivity through the droplet is the primary factor determining the rate of migration. The activation energy for the Si diffusion in the droplet is found to be ∼0.57 eV. We conclude that the thermal and chemical stability of the droplet-substrate interface significantly affects the evolution and dynamics of the liquid island on the surface.
THE PARADOX OF GLOBALIZATION Labor Relations in Germany and Beyond

What is the impact of globalization on labor in the advanced industrial countries? One body of work holds that globalization pushes all countries toward neoliberalism; another argues that the impact of globalization will vary according to prevailing institutional arrangements and predicts continued divergence between the so-called liberal and coordinated market economies. In an analysis of the German case that combines case-study and formal-modeling methods, we refute the first, neoliberal convergence, theory, showing that globalization in some ways empowers unions by rendering employers extremely vulnerable to industrial unrest. Furthermore, we suggest some revisions to the second, varieties of capitalism, perspective. We show that, in Germany, employers' increased vulnerability to conflict has shored up centralized bargaining arrangements in the short run, but at the same time, has also set in motion feedback effects that are deeply destabilizing to the system in the longer term.
Measuring absorptive two-dimensional infrared spectra using chirped-pulse upconversion detection

Chirped-pulse upconversion (CPU) enables the detection of mid-infrared spectra using a silicon CCD camera by sum-frequency mixing a mid-IR field with a highly chirped near-IR (800 nm) field. Although the substantial chirp limits the spectral broadening and phase distortions caused by the inherent cross-phase modulation, the exquisite phase fidelity needed to measure a fully absorptive two-dimensional IR spectrum demands the correction of the phase distortions. We demonstrate how to correct all of the phase distortions involved in recording an absorptive 2DIR spectrum including delay stage calibrations as well as the requisite nonlinear signals. Besides the extra experimental step of the upconversion process itself, the phase correction procedure requires only the knowledge of the spectral or temporal phase of the chirped pulse. The method is demonstrated in a metal carbonyl complex, Mn2(CO)10, in n-hexane and methanol solvents showing that the method operates well in cases of both homogeneous and inhomogeneous broadening.
The Teaching of International Relations in the United States

INTERNATIONAL relations, as a subject of instruction, has flourished more in the United States than elsewhere and more in recent years than ever before. What forces explain its growth and its present shape? How have methods of teaching it been affected by the goals of the teacher, by his relation to research, and by the formal organization of international studies in American colleges and universities? To what extent is the American experience so rooted in uniquely American conditions that it is unlikely to be repeated elsewhere? These questions will be considered in turn.
Determination of moisture ingress through various encapsulants in glass/glass laminates

Encapsulant materials can provide protection and electrical isolation of the solar components in photovoltaic (PV) modules from the environment. However, some photovoltaic devices are sensitive to low levels of moisture and the ingress of water into a module can decrease its performance significantly during the lifetime of a module. In glass/glass PV modules, the moisture penetrates through the encapsulant to the module's metal components and degradation can occur. In this study, we have developed and validated methods to determine moisture ingress in situ in a laminate. Water permeability and equilibrium moisture level (which are temperature dependent) through the encapsulant may affect the corrosion of metal components. We have measured the moisture ingress through an encapsulant material from the glass edge towards the center by an in-situ Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy technique after damp-heat exposure. The FTIR measurements were performed on glass / encapsulant / glass laminates that were weathered at various times at elevated temperatures and humidity. The moisture level in the encapsulant can be determined by integration of the IR band between 1880 and 1990 nm. This peak surface was compared to a calibration curve, which was obtained using laminates with known encapsulant moisture levels (determined by Karl-Fischer titration). The moisture migration through an encapsulant material from the edge was also measured using an ASTM D7191 moisture analysis method [1]. The measurements were made on Al foil/encapsulant/Al foil laminates that were exposed to 85°C and 85%RH (damp heat). The experimental data correlated well to a Fickian diffusion model.
"To Get Quit of Negroes": George Washington and Slavery

George Washington died much as he lived, stoic, dignified, controlled to the very end. True to form, his last moments, much like his life, saw him surrounded by slaves. At daybreak on the day he died – Saturday, 14 December 1799 – Caroline, a housemaid, bustled into his room to make a fire. Three other slaves fetched the physicians, who ministered to the dying General. Washington's body servant, twenty-four-year-old Christopher, otherwise known as Christopher Sheels, attended his master throughout the long day of his last illness. Indeed, in the afternoon Washington motioned Christopher to take a seat by his bedside as he had been standing throughout his vigil. At the moment of death, blacks outnumbered whites in the room. Caroline, Charlotte, a seamstress, and Molly, a domestic, were all standing near the door, and Christopher was by the bed, while only three whites – Dr. James Craik, his primary physician and old friend; Tobias Lear, his secretary; and Martha Washington, his wife – were present. At Martha's behest, Christopher aroused Lear from his grief by asking him to take care of the General's keys and other personal items which the body servant had taken out of the dead man's pockets. On the day after Washington's death, Frank Lee, the family's mulatto butler, Christopher, and Marcus, another house servant, received new shoes so that they would look presentable at the funeral.
Ambulatory foot temperature measurement: A new technique in polyneuropathy evaluation

Complaints of abnormal foot temperature are common among patients with polyneuropathy. However, there is no published method of ambulatory foot temperature measurement to identify possible thermoregulatory disturbances in these patients. We configured a digital electronic thermometer and thermocouple to measure and record distal foot and ambient temperatures simultaneously every minute for 24 to 48 h. Sixteen patients with polyneuropathy and 5 normal subjects were studied; 12 patients with polyneuropathy and 4 normal subjects had at least 24 h of successful recording. The data obtained from these patients were consistent and easily summarized by standard statistical methods. In the others, technical difficulties produced nonphysiological readings. In the patients with polyneuropathy, changes in foot temperature mirrored ambient temperature fluctuations more closely than in normal subjects. This technique shows promise in studying temperature regulation in the feet and may provide new insights into neuropathy-associated pain and the pathogenesis of polyneuropathy.
CRAWFISH PROCESSOR PREFERENCES FOR THE ADOPTION OF A POTENTIAL CRAWFISH PEELING MACHINE: A CONJOINT ANALYSIS

Louisiana crawfish processors' preferences for hypothetical crawfish peeling machines are evaluated using conjoint analysis. Of 5 attributes considered, deveining was the most important attribute. Retention of the hepatopancreas (fat), whether individual handling of crawfish was required, and retention of the backstrap were of roughly equal importance. Whether the machine was owned or leased was the least important attribute. The most preferred machine deveined, retained the hepatopancreas, did not require individual handling of crawfish, retained the backstrap, and was owned, though the ownership variable was not significant at the 0.05 level.
Optimal Foraging Theory: A Review of Some Models and Their Applications

Hunter-Gatherer Foraging Strategies: Ethnographic and Archeological Analyses. Bruce Winterhalter and Eric Alden Smith, eds. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981. x + 268 pp. $18.00 (cloth), $7.50 (paper).
What determines the climatic niche width of species? The role of spatial and temporal climatic variation in three vertebrate clades

Aim Climatic niche breadth (the range of climatic conditions that a species experiences over space and time) is a fundamental topic in ecology, biogeography and evolution.But what determines the climatic niche width of species? In 1967,Janzen suggested that climatic niche widths for temperature were determined by levels of seasonal fluctuation in temperature at each locality, such that niche breadths are narrow in tropical species and broad in temperate species. However, it is unclear whether climatic niche breadths of species are determined more by seasonal variability within sites as opposed to climatic variation between sites across the species’ range. We address this question here. Location Global. Methods We analysed three vertebrate clades (plethodontid salamanders, hylid frogs and phrynosomatid lizards) for which we had phylogenetic information and climatic data from localities throughout each species’geographic range,collectively including 409 species. We tested how climatic niche breadths of localities (i.e. temporal variation) are related to overall species climatic niche breadths (i.e. temporal and spatial variation) using phylogenetic comparative methods, focusing both on temperature extremes and precipitation. Results Across the three clades, we find that niche breadths for single localities generally span most of the species’ climatic niche breadth, and are strongly correlated with overall species niche breadths. However, species with wider climatic niches also tend to show greater climatic divergence between localities. Main conclusions The extent to which the climatic niche breadths of species are determined by variation within localities versus spatial variation between localities has been largely unexplored. Our results suggest that within-locality seasonal variation explains most variation in climatic niche breadths among species. However, between-locality variation and local adaptation may also play some role. These results require more general testing, but have several important implications.
Analysis of Mesoband Single Element Pulsed Ring-Down Antennas for Implementation in Phased Array Systems

In recent years, the pulsed ring-down antenna has become of great interest due to its compact size and high power on target potential. Since these systems are fairly new in study, it is often difficult to predict the overall performance without experimental evaluation. A pulsed ring-down antenna operates by charging the single element antenna with a high potential source and then closing a switch to develop transient wave reflections on the antenna, typical CW case analysis does not apply. For this reason, we have constructed a simulation model that allows us to predict the transient behavior of the structure. By utilizing the Comsol RF module transient analysis functions, we are able to characterize various parameters of different antennas, beginning with a dipole pulsed ring-down antenna operating around the 100 MHz range. After examining the simulated results against the experimental results for accuracy, we then moved to more complicated mesoband antenna structures. The simulation model developed within the COMSOL RF module allows us to examine various influential factors such as material losses, transient switching effects, structure capacitance, switch capacitance, and initial charging losses. With this, we are able to examine methods to improve the results in the far field such as capacitive spark gap loading and other capacitive storage methods. Utilizing the pulsed ring-down antenna model, we are able to give a better characterization of mesoband pulsed ring-down structures for implementation into a specific or multi-purpose phased array system.
Lifetimes of singly excited states in Cu + and Ag +

The lifetimes of all the known singly excited states in Cu+ and Ag+ were calculated by using a realistic potential (Hartree–Slater) to represent the atomic (ionic) core. Since ab initio calculation of transition wavelengths still lags greatly behind experiment, we used the available experimental values. The results obtained are in good agreement with available sparse experimental data of lifetimes and are intended for guidance of future experimental investigations. The present numerical Coulomb-approximation approach is free from artificial integration cutoffs employed in the various widely used Coulomb approximations.
Improving Global Software Development Project Performance Using Simulation

Global software development (GSD) has become a dominant paradigm in the software industry. Conducting development projects in multiple countries offers many potential benefits including reduction in development cost and reduction in time-to-market especially trough the use of follow-the-sun strategy. However, GSD also poses challenges and difficulties due to geographic dispersion, time-zone differences as well as cultural and language differences. Thus, few GSD projects have been able to realize the full benefits of follow-the-sun development. This raises the question whether follow-the-sun strategy is the best way to pursue in order to reduce development time. What need to be done to ensure that the full benefits of follow-the-sun are achieved? In this paper, we described a hybrid simulation model of the software development process that is specifically architected to examine GSD projects. Then, we illustrated how project managers can use such model to support project planning and process improvement. We found that, in general, one should avoid using follow-the-sun strategy since it requires too much communication and coordination between sites, which resulted in higher effort and longer duration. If one is determined to use a follow-the-sun strategy, three development sites working in 24- hour cycle are needed in order to reduce cycle time.
Export infrastructure and monetizing options for Lebanon's natural gas

Lebanon stands to benefit significantly from extracting and monetizing its potential natural gas reserves. However, significant uncertainty has resulted in stakeholders adopting a wait-and-see approach in decision-making and investment in the hydrocarbon sector. This paper aims to address this uncertainty by providing a structured framework to determine the conditions that make various export options under consideration feasible and attractive. Our analysis particularly focuses on the LNG option that Lebanon could use to ship its gas to market. This option is broad and the alternatives range from building an LNG liquefaction plant in Lebanon, deploying floating LNG vessel, leasing an existing underutilized LNG plant, to a brownfield expansion of an existing LNG facility in Egypt.
Environmental transformation mechanisms of thiodiglycol

The fate of thiodiglycol (TDG) in environmental samples was studied through analysis of batch solid-solution suspensions. The authors monitored aqueous-phase TDG concentrations and thiodiglycolic acid (TGDA) concentrations by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. They investigated TDG and TDGA sorption to six soils. Thiodiglycol sorption was insignificant, with a maximum sorption capacity of less than 10 mg/kg. Sorption of TDGA varied, with maximum sorption capacities ranging from 19.9 to 427.4 mg/kg. Photolysis, hydrolysis, and the presence of iron oxide and aluminum oxide had little effect on the fate of TDG and TDGA. However, manganese oxide sorbed TDG and was pH dependent. Biological transformation of TDG to TDGA, with the formation of [(2-hydroxyethyl)thio]acetic acid (TDGMA) as an intermediate, occurred with zero-order rate coefficients ranging from 0 to 6.26 {times} 10{sup {minus}6} mol/L{center_dot}h{sup {minus}1}. Biological toxins hindered this transformation. The major process affecting TDG was biotransformation to form TDGMA and subsequently its biotransformation to TDGA.
The Interaction of Agreement and Case

Important to the proposed analysis of Choctaw verb agreement is the disjunctive application of the conditions for agreement. We saw in the last chapter that this disjunctive application arises in Choctaw for the same reason that verb agreement rules in Southern Tiwa and Tigre are disjunctively applied: a single form satisfies more than one rule, but only one rule can apply to that form. In this final chapter, I examine Choctaw case more closely, showing that the conditions for nominative and oblique case assignment stand in a disjunctive relationship. Further, by examining the interaction of case and agreement, we find that the two most salient morphological marking systems interact to provide a transparent view of Choctaw clause structure; the result is an account superior to one that takes agreement and case as lexical properties as has been proposed elsewhere in the Choctaw literature and to a specific account proposed by Heath (1977).
Psychological Research in Childhood Cancer: The Children’s Oncology Group Perspective

Objective To review benefits and barriers to psychological research on childhood cancer in multidisciplinary, multicenter clinical-trial cooperative groups and identify opportunities for research activities in the coming decade. Methods Review of progress of cooperative-group research in the Children's Oncology Group and legacy groups and the contribution of psychological research to this effort. Results Multidisciplinary, multicenter clinical-trial cooperative groups offer opportunities for psychological research that may be impossible at local institutions. Benefits include collaboration with other disciplines, access to adequate numbers of participants, shared research infrastructure, and access to longitudinal cohorts. Barriers include cost, standardization and quality control, competition for limited resources, and authorship and publication challenges. Conclusions The inclusion of psychological research as a task of the multidisciplinary cooperative group contributes to a transdisciplinary science focused on cure of childhood cancer followed by optimal quality of survivorship. The focus of this research for the next decade should be on the development of intervention studies that address acute problems, lessen the impact of late effects of treatment, and ultimately prevent these effects by better diagnostic classification and targeted treatment. This focus should ultimately lead to translation of intervention research findings to standard of care in the larger childhood cancer community.
Strategic Interactions Among Private and Public Efforts When Preventing and Stamping Out a Highly Infectious Animal Disease

Upon the outbreak of a contagious animal disease, a primary motive for restoring disease‐free status is often to regain access to international product markets. Efforts applied toward continuing or regaining such access generate a public good—all growers benefit regardless of the extent of private effort taken, while exclusion is impractical. Private incentives to take preventive measures and stamp‐out effort interact in complex ways. There are intra‐farm temporal interactions and also inter‐farm contemporaneous interactions. Public effort also takes place and interacts with private effort. This paper provides a succinct multi‐agent model to explore these interactions in social optimum and in Nash equilibrium, and also to explore how socially optimal and Nash behavior differ. Comparative statics under social optimality are more straightforward than under Nash equilibrium. Whether it is in social optimum or Nash equilibrium, public prevention effort complements both private prevention and private stamp‐out efforts. However, public stamp‐out effort substitutes for both private stamp‐out and private prevention efforts. Reasonable conditions are identified under which Nash levels of private prevention and stamp‐out efforts are both below socially optimal levels. Concerning policy prescriptions, secure property rights and low property transfer costs should promote prevention and eradication efforts. Other things being equal, public prevention effort should be more effective at improving welfare than comparable public stamp‐out effort. Subsidies on private effort should favor prevention because subsidies on eradication effort may discourage prevention effort. Even if products from diseased animals are safe to consume and acceptable to consumers, it may be optimal to destroy them.
The Cost of Sunshine: The Threat to Public Employee Privacy Posed by the California Public Records Act

Defining the scope of the right to privacy has been a polarizing issue since that right was summoned from the shadows of other specific protections in the United States Constitution.2 This issue has been in sharp focus at the intersection between the public sector and the private individual. In light of vehement demands for government transparency, it has become increasingly challenging to balance the public’s desire for knowledge about government actions with individual public employees’ rights to privacy. These competing interests are both compelling; however, in the past decade the balance has seemingly tipped in favor of government transparency. Taxpayers have become wary of what goes on behind closed doors. Burned by blatant examples of corruption and exploitation by public officials,3 citizens are demanding to be made privy to the decisions made by their leaders, even when doing so tramples
Susceptibility of Mycobacterium intracellulare to hydrogen peroxide

The susceptibility to H2O2 of 5 strains of Mycobacterium intracellular and both catalase-positive (TMC 102) and negative (TMC 303) strains of M. tuberculosis, H37Rv, was tested at pH 7.0 and 4.0. All strains of M. intracellular were significantly more resistant to this oxygen metabolite than were the two M. tuberculosis strains, even though the catalase activity of M. tuberculosis TMC 102 was higher than most M. intracellular strains. Even the catalase negative (Egge-man) strain of M. intracellular showed greater resistance to 0.2% H2O2 than M. tuberculosis H37Rv (TMC 102). This suggests that M. intracellular is protected from H2O2 damage by factors additional to their catalase activity.
Does intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring matter in noncomplex spine surgeries

Objectives: To determine associations between intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring (IOM) for spinal decompressions and simple fusions with neurologic complications, length of stay, and hospitalization charges. Methods: Adult discharges in the Nationwide/National Inpatient Sample (NIS) (2007–2012) with spinal decompressions and simple spinal fusions were included. Revision surgeries, instrumentations, complicated approaches, and tumor- and trauma-related surgeries were excluded. Extracted data included patient demographics, medical comorbidities, primary spinal surgery type, and hospital characteristics. Bivariate and multiple regression analyses using NIS survey design variables correlated IOM use with neurologic complications, hospital charges, and length of stay. Results: IOM was reported in 4.9% of an estimated 1.1 million discharges in the weighted sample. Discharges reporting IOM were more often privately insured (61% vs 57%, p p = 0.01). Spinal fusions more often reported IOM than decompressions. The IOM group had fewer neurologic complications (0.8% vs 1.4% of controls) with no difference in length of stay (3.0 days for each group), but increased hospital charges (39% greater). Multiple regression adjustment showed significant associations of IOM with fewer neurologic complications (odds ratio 0.60, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.47, 0.76, p p p Conclusions: IOM was associated with better clinical outcomes and some increased hospital charges among discharges of simple spinal fusions and laminectomies in a large, multiyear, nationally representative dataset.
A Spatial Compositional Model for Linear Unmixing and Endmember Uncertainty Estimation

The normal compositional model (NCM) has been extensively used in hyperspectral unmixing. However, previous research has mostly focused on the estimation of endmembers and/or their variability, based on the assumption that the pixels are independent random variables. In this paper, we show that this assumption does not hold if all the pixels are generated by a fixed endmember set. This introduces another concept, endmember uncertainty , which is related to whether the pixels fit into the endmember simplex. To further develop this idea, we derive the NCM from the ground up without the pixel independence assumption, along with: 1) using different noise levels at different wavelengths and 2) using a spatial and sparsity promoting prior for the abundances. The resulting new formulation is called the spatial compositional model (SCM) to better differentiate it from the NCM. The SCM maximum a posteriori objective leads to an optimization problem featuring Noise-weighted least-squares minimization for unmixing. The problem is solved by projected gradient descent, resulting in an algorithm that estimates endmembers, abundances, noise variances, and endmember uncertainty simultaneously. We compared SCM with current state-of-the-art algorithms on synthetic and real images. The results show that SCM can, in the main, provide more accurate endmembers and abundances. Moreover, the estimated uncertainty can serve as a prediction of endmember error under certain conditions.
Characterizing a Shallow Groundwater System beneath Irrigated Sugarcane with Electrical Resistivity and Radon (222Rn), Puunene, Hawaii

ABSTRACT In this study, we use a combination of electrical resistivity profiling and radon (222Rn) measurements to characterize a shallow groundwater system beneath the last remaining, large-scale sugarcane plantation on Maui, Hawaii. Hawaiian Commercial & Sugar Company has continuously operated a sugarcane plantation on the western flank of Haleakala Volcano since 1878. The sugarcane is irrigated with a combination of surface water brought through tunnels from the wetter, eastern flank of Haleakala Volcano and groundwater from wells within the plantation. To assess the flow of irrigation water through the shallow subsurface, we collected a representative topo-sequence of four 2-D resistivity profiles that sample different topographic and hydrologic settings within the plantation. The profiles show a down-slope-thickening (0 to 20 m), surficial low-resistivity (10-200 Ohm-m) layer extending from the upslope limit of irrigated sugarcane to the lowest elevations of the plantation. At a canal crossing, the l...
A Rope of Sand: Interpreting Locke's First Treatise of Government

The historiography of Locke's First treatise exhibits a vicious circle of oversight, prejudgement and caricature which has effectively prohibited detailed, structural interpretation of that work for generations. Twenty years ago the solitary voice of Herbert Rowen escaped the inertia and admonished scholars for their lack of attention. ‘There is more to the First treatise’, he argued, ‘than a refutation of Sir Robert Filmer's derivation of political authority from Adam in a straight line of inheritance.’ The central theme of the treatise had been misconstrued, Rowen thought, and that mistake helped to account for the general neglect. He urged a reassessment of the predominant dogma, maintaining thatLocke's First treatise turns out to be an essential portion of his total argument on behalf of the social compact state, and against the dynastic (and potentially absolute) state. Though its argument is negative, the First treatise is necessary to Locke's major, positive work in the Second treatise because it clears and defines the ground for it. It therefore merits more attention than has usually been given to it.
What explains the different rates of human papillomavirus vaccination among adolescent males and females in the United States

Purpose To identify factors that explain differences in HPV vaccination rates for male and female adolescents and to determine self-reported barriers by parents affecting vaccination decisions.
The Effect of the Scaleless Gene, sc, on Growth Performance and Carcass Composition of Broilers,

Abstract Two experiments were conducted in which featherless broilers (scaleless, sc/sc) were compared with feathered broilers for growth and body composition characteristics at environmental temperatures of 22, 34, and 38 C. The sc gene reduces growth and efficiency at 22 C but at 38 C the sc/sc broilers gain more, eat more, and are more efficient than feathered broilers. They achieve greater live, New York dressed, and eviscerated weights and consistently have greater eviscerated yields. The sc/sc broilers have more protein and mineral content and less fat than the feathered broilers.
High Resolution Mass Spectrometry

■ CONTENTS Mass Resolution, Mass Resolving Power 708 Mass Resolution and Accuracy 708 Time-of-Flight Mass Analyzers 708 Orthogonal Acceleration (see ref 13) 709 Reflectron/Multipass TOF 709 Recent Advances in TOF Mass Analyzers 709 Selected Applications 710 Fourier Transform Mass Analyzers 710 Common Features of Fourier Transform Mass Analyzers 710 Ion Accumulation and Detection 711 Advances in Fourier Transform Mass Analyzers 711 Selected Applications 713 Author Information 715 Corresponding Author 715 Biographies 715 Acknowledgments 715 References 715
Case Study of Psychological Type: A Church:

This case study illustrating how concepts from psychological type theory may be useful in understanding a religious organization. A small group which was assigned responsibility for finding a new r...
Exploring the Rhythmic Timelines of Southern Benin in the General Music Classroom.

The inclusion of world music from a variety of cultures and traditions within the general music curriculum creates valuable opportunities for students to experience music in ways that are both cult...
Noise analysis and circuit design of detection circuit based on photodiode

This paper analyzes why photoelectric detection circuit makes a noise according to theoretical formula and the equivalent circuit model of noise and SNR.Noises of Photodiode are mainly thermal noises and shot noises which are caused by internal resistor of Optical conversion device and the random fluctuation of PN junction carrier.These noises have some connection with structures of photodiode,materials,temperature,operating voltage and the external environmental interference.The noise of the pre-amplifier circuit has more to do with noise voltage of the pre-amplifier circuit,noise current,temperature variation and feedback resistance.This paper designs the pre-amplifier circuit with low noise based on the photodiode and gives the principle of designing the photoelectric detection circuit with low noise according to analytical result.
A comparison of nonoperative and operative treatment of type II distal clavicle fractures

A retrospective study was performed to compare nonoperative and operative treatments of Type II distal clavicle fractures. From a total of 30 diagnosed patients, 16 were identified as receiving nonoperative treatment and 14 open reduction and coracoclavicular stabilization. The average follow-up was 53.5 months for the nonoperative group and 59.8 months for the operative group. All patients were evaluated postoperatively for pain, range of motion, function, and fracture healing as well as for isokinetic strength. Fractures treated surgically achieved union within six to ten weeks. Nonoperative treatment resulted in seven nonunions. There were no significant differences between the two groups in the mean UCLA, Constant, and ASES scores. Nonunion had no significant effect on functional outcome or strength. This study suggests that Type II distal clavicle fractures can be successfully managed nonoperatively. The high incidence of nonunion does not impede a clinical outcome comparable to that achieved by surgical treatment.
An elite runner with cerebral palsy: cost of running determines athletic performance

Background : Running performance is widely understood in terms of the Joyner model (VO2max, %VO2max at ventilatory threshold (VT), running economy (often measured as cost of running (CR) as VO2 in ml.kg‑1.km‑1). Objective : To test the Joyner model by evaluating a runner in whom one element of the Joyner model is systematically abnormal. Methods : The case of a two-time Paralympian with cerebral palsy (CP), 2nd place in the Sydney 2000 Paralympic 1500 m (T37) is reported. Incremental and steady state treadmill runs as well as simulated competitions were completed. Incremental and steady state (50% PPO) cycling with two legs (2L), the non-affected leg (NL), and the affected leg (AL) were also completed. Results : His silver medal (2000 Sydney OG) performance for 1500 m was 269 s (4:29) (77.2% of velocity in contemporary ablebodied world record (WR). At the time of study, his VO2max was 64.2 ml.min‑1.kg‑1. His cost of running (CR) (1% grade) was higher, at 257 vs 228, 211 and 188 ml.kg‑1.km‑1 (for ACSM norms, elite Europeans, elite East Africans). During cycling, his VO2max with 2L, NL and AL was 3.74, 3.78 and 3.71 l.min‑1, and his gross efficiency (GE) was 18.4, 12.2 and 9.3%, respectively. Conclusions : In a former elite runner with CP, there is little evidence of a central oxygen transport limitation. The higher CR (plausibly reflected by the reduced GE of his AL) appears to account for much of the difference in performance compared to able-bodied runners. The results provide both insight into the physiological limitations of runners with CP and support for the Joyner model of competitive running performance. Keywords : biomechanics, athletic training, exercise performance, exercise physiology