cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Patterned Photostimulation in the Brain

Photostimulation has been instrumental in the past two decades for studying the structural synaptic plasticity and functional connectivity of neuronal circuits. With the advent of optogenetic strategies, this approach has been further expanded and used to identify the neuronal substrates of behavior via monitoring and modulating the activity of specific neuronal types in vivo. To date, however, photostimulation has been mainly implemented via full-field illumination and laser scanning protocols, which suffer from limited selectivity and stop short of generating asynchronous and spatially distributed neuronal firing patterns, characteristic for brain activity.
On Straying Crops and Patent Rights

The issue of inadvertent presence in infringement cases is a significant issue in the law of utility patents for plants. Commentators have sggested a variety of possible solutions to this issue. This article describes and defines the inadvertent presence issue and discusses the possible solutions. More boldly, this article proposes that the most viable solution to the inadvertent presence issue for utility patent law is found by using and analogizing to the law of stray animals. Courts can find in the law of stray animals the stable, predictable, common-sense, and neighborly rules that protect both the farmer who experiences inadvertent presence and the patent holder who has intellectual property rights in the straying seeds and plants.
Abstract 9594: Case Report of Vasopressin Induced Hyponatremia in a Patient With Pulmonary Hypertension, Hypotension and Sepsis

Introduction: Vasopressin induced hyponatremia is a rare occurrence that can pose a diagnostic dilemma. Vasopressin is commonly used in the setting of septic shock as the endogenous stores of vasopressin are depleted. On the contrary, patients with heart failure exhibit elevated levels of endogenous vasopressin, which contributes to water retention and hyponatremia. Clinical Vignette: A 55 year-old woman with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, persistent pulmonary hypertension (PH) and right heart failure 13 days status post pulmonary thromboendarterectomy was transferred to the intensive care unit for hypoxic respiratory failure and presumed septic shock. She was febrile, tachypneic, tachycardic and in respiratory distress. Examination revealed an elevated jugular venous pressure and a right ventricular heave. Labs were notable for a leukocytosis and a mixed venous oxygen saturation of 51% (hemoglobin 10gm/dL). A transthoracic echocardiogram demonstrated a normal left ventricular ejection fra...
Two cradles for the heavy elements

Where do the Solar System's heavy elements come from? We have know for decades that many of the elements heavier than iron must have been formed in Supernovae. But it now appears impossible to produce all the so called ‘r-process’ isotopes in a single type of supernova. Instead, those r-process isotopes with a mass number less than about 134 probably come from rare events involving accreting white dwarfs; and the more common core-collapse supernovae take over for heavier isotopes.
Mational Electrical Manufacturers Association Flexible Insulation and Mica Section (6-FI)

High-quality electrical insulation materials are essential to efficient, long-lasting electrical equipment, and the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) has long sponsored efforts of insulation manufacturers to work with its other member groups to serve the electrical industry. The Flexible Insulation and Mica Section is one such activity. This paper describes the operations of the Section, and invites other manufacturers to participate.
FIR filtering using vector transformation and convolution processor

In many signal processing applications, finite impulse response (FIR) filters with long coefficient sequences (more than a thousand coefficients) are required. To achieve high-speed operation, dedicated convolution processors have been used for FIR filtering. However, the number of coefficients that a single convolution processor chip can handle is relatively small, compared with the number of coefficients required. A straightforward way of using those convolution processors for FIR filtering of long coefficient sequences is to cascade them. A more efficient alternative method is introduced. By using a vector transformation with convolution processors, the total amount of hardware is reduced. Hardware implementation of the vector transformation is also discussed. >
The volunteers' contribution to polio eradication.

Never has the spirit of volunteerism been demonstrated more eloquently than in the global effort to eradicate polio. With its worldwide community-based network of business and professional leaders Rotary is the volunteer arm of the global partnership dedicated to ending this crippling disease. For nearly 20 years Rotary members have quietly worked in cooperation with national health ministries WHO UNICEF and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention among others to immunize more than 2 billion children against polio in 122 countries. Why polio? During the first half of the 20th century the disease paralysed half a million people a year. In the 1980s Rotary International was looking for a common global task: protecting children from the cruel and sometimes fatal consequences of polio seemed a natural choice. (excerpt)
Crystals of Peptide Deformylase from Plasmodium falciparum Reveal Critical Characteristics of the Active Site for Drug Design

Peptide deformylase catalyzes the deformylation reaction of the amino terminal fMet residue of newly synthesized proteins in bacteria, and most likely in Plasmodium falciparum, and has therefore been identified as a potential antibacterial and antimalarial drug target. The structure of P. falciparum peptide deformylase, determined at 2.8 A resolution with ten subunits per asymmetric unit, is similar to the bacterial enzyme with the residues involved in catalysis, the position of the bound metal ion, and a catalytically important water structurally conserved between the two enzymes. However, critical differences in the substrate binding region explain the poor affinity of E. coli deformylase inhibitors and substrates toward the Plasmodium enzyme. The Plasmodium structure serves as a guide for designing novel antimalarials.
Case of Severe Serous Fat Atrophy

A 21-year-old man with a history of hemochromatosis and chronic heart failure presented with a 6-month history of weight loss (13.5 kg), fatigue, and generalized weakness. On physical examination, he appeared older than stated age, had cachexia with temporal wasting, and was unable to get up from a sitting position. Laboratory test results were as follows: hemoglobin, 10.7 g/dL; hematocrit, 30.2%; red blood cells, 3.13 × 1012/L; white blood cell count, 2.9 × 109/L; total iron-binding capacity, 190 μg/dL; iron, 75 μg/dL; ferritin, 306 μg/L; alanine aminotransferase, 77 U/L; aspartate aminotransferase, 40 U/L; and alkaline phosphatase, 32 U/L. The peripheral blood smear was unremarkable (not shown). Subsequent bone marrow biopsy showed marked hypocellularity and gelatinous stromal transformation, consistent with advanced serous fat atrophy. The gelatinous substance stained strongly with alcian blue at a pH of 2.5. Serous fat atrophy (gelatinous bone marrow transformation) is a rare condition that presents with weight loss and anemia.1 Although the pathogenesis is unknown, serous fat atrophy has been associated with acute febrile states, AIDS, alcoholism, anorexia nervosa, cachexia, carcinomas, chronic heart failure, and lymphoma.1-3 Serous fat atrophy has an adult male predominance, with maximal severity in men aged 20 to 29 years.1 Bone marrow changes are characterized by fat cell atrophy, focal to diffuse loss of hematopoietic cells, and deposition of extracellular mucopolysaccharides rich in hyaluronic acid, without reticulin fibers.1,4 The mucopolysaccharide gelatinous material is confirmed by strong alcian blue staining at a pH of 2.5.5 The bone marrow changes can be reversed by treating the associated condition.3
A Conformational Rearrangement upon Binding of IgE to Its High Affinity Receptor

One of the critical steps in the allergic reaction is the binding of immunoglobulin E (IgE) to its high affinity receptor (FceRI). FceRI is a tetrameric complex composed of an α-chain, a β-chain, and a dimeric γ-chain. The extracellular portion of the α-chain (α-t) is sufficient for the binding of IgE. The Fc portion of IgE contains two copies of the FceRI binding sites. In contrast, the binding stoichiometry is 1:1. Previously, it was hypothesized that the binding of FceRI to IgE results in a conformational change in IgE that precludes the binding of a second molecule (Presta, L., Shields, R., O'Connel, L., Lahr, S., Porter, J., Gorman, C., and Jardieu, P. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 26368-26373). Here we characterize the secondary structure of IgE and α-t and analyze their interaction by circular dichroism spectroscopy. Binding experiments show that when IgE interacts with α-t there is a 15-26% decrease of the negative ellipticity at 217 nm. Together, the absence of an α-helix element in α-t and the small contribution of α-t to the spectra of the complex indicate that upon binding, a major conformational rearrangement must occur on IgE. In addition, we analyze the thermal unfolding of α-t, IgE, and their complex. Despite the several domains that constitute IgE and α-t, these molecules unfold cooperatively with two-state kinetics.
‘Silicon Valley’ locational clusters: when do increasing returns imply monopoly?

Abstract It is often argued that the presence of increasing returns implies that one product, or one technology, out of several possible must come to dominate a market. This paper examines this argument in the context of regional economics. It constructs a model of industry location where firms choosing among regions are attracted by agglomeration economies due to the presence of other firms in these regions, and where ‘historical accident’ enters because firms are heterogeneous and enter the industry in random order. It asks: When do economies of agglomeration lead to a ‘Silicon Valley’ - a single dominant location or region monopolizing the industry? The paper shows that: (i) Where there is no upper bound to locational increasing returns due to agglomeration, there will indeed be a monopoly outcome: industry will cluster in one dominant region, with probability one. ( Which region depends both on geographical attractiveness and accidental historical order of firm entry.) (ii) Where there is an upper bound to increasing returns due to agglomeration, certain sequences of firm entry can produce dominance by one region; others can produce regional sharing of the industry exactly as if the agglomeration effects were absent. Construed more generally in economics, the results show that increasing returns, if bounded, do not guarantee monopoly outcomes.
Multiscale boundary conditions in crystalline solids: Theory and application to nanoindentation

This paper presents a systematic approach to treating the interfaces between the localized (fine grain) and peripheral (coarse grain) domains in atomic scale simulations of crystalline solids. Based on Fourier analysis of regular lattices structures, this approach allows elimination of unnecessary atomic degrees of freedom over the coarse grain, without involving an explicit continuum model for the latter. The mathematical formulation involves compact convolution operators that relate displacements of the interface atoms and the adjacent atoms on the coarse grain. These operators are defined by geometry of the lattice structure, and interatomic potentials. Application and performance are illustrated on quasistatic nanoindentation simulations with a crystalline gold substrate. Complete atomistic resolution on the coarse grain is alternatively employed to give the benchmark solutions. The results are found to match well for the multiscale and the full atomistic simulations.
Digital diasporas and international development: Afghan-Americans and the reconstruction of Afghanistan

Digital diasporas, diasporas organised on the Internet, offer potential to contribute relevance, representativeness and responsiveness in meeting development needs. Following a brief overview of thorny dilemmas faced by the changing international development industry, the article discusses diasporas and their current role in international development, and examines the potential mobilisation and communication benefits afforded by the Internet. Three organisations of the Afghan-American digital diaspora are described, representing a range of development activities and intentions. Two sets of propositions are presented: those for digital diasporas seeking to promote effective development contributions and those for actors in the traditional international development industry. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
List Differentiation with Varied Trials on Both Lists

Differentiation, defined as the discrimination of list membership, was studied with a recognition procedure. In each of the two studies, the number of learning trials was varied for one list and the trials on the other list were held constant. Differentiation was a U-shaped function of trials, passing through a minimum when both lists were shown equally often.
Nyainqentanglha shear zone: A late Miocene extensional detachment in the southern Tibetan Plateau

A major low-angle ductile shear zone containing S-C mylonites involves metamorphosed granitic rocks at the southeastern edge of the Nyainqentanglha mountain range, southern Tibet. Prominent triangular facet geomorphology is developed by valley erosion of the detachment surface, defined by the top of the southeast-dipping mylonitec shear zone. Kinematic criteria consistently indicate a top-to-southeast sense of shear. The ductile shearing deformation is inferred, from isotopic cooling ages, to have occurred during the interval 11-5 Ma (late Miocene). We interpret the shear zone as a regional extensional detachment; its development indicates when the extensional tectonics in this area started, which in turn may mark the time when the maximum sustainable surface elevation, and perhaps crustal thickness, was reached in southern Tibet.
Raising the Dead

Traditional zombie movies have no direct antecedent in the written word because of the monsters' essentially visual nature; zombies don't think or speak—they simply act. This unique embodiment of horror recalls Sigmund Freud's concept of the uncanny, which finds itself better suited to filmic representations rather than prose renditions.
Increased Jump Height with an External Focus Due to Enhanced Lower Extremity Joint Kinetics

ABSTRACT Individuals jump higher when they adopt an external focus of attention, relative to an internal focus or no focus of attention (G. Wulf, T. Zachry, C. Granados, & J. S. Dufek, 2007). In the present study, the authors determined the underlying cause of this effect. Participants performed a vertical jump-and-reach task for (a) an external focus condition (i.e., participants focused on the rungs of a Vertec [Perform Better, Cranston, RI] measurement device that they touched) and (b) an internal focus condition (i.e., participants focused on the finger with which they touched the rungs). Participants’ jump height, center-of-mass displacement, jump impulse, and lower extremity joint moments were greater with an external focus compared with an internal focus. These results suggest that participants jump higher by producing greater forces when they adopt an external focus. This finding adds to evidence that an external focus facilitates the production of effective and efficient movement patterns.
Weight-loss practices, nutrition beliefs, and weight-loss program preferences of urban American Indian women.

Abstract Objective To describe health beliefs, weight concern, dieting practices, and weight-loss program preferences of American Indian women residing in an urban setting. Design Face-to-face interviews using a semistructured questionnaire were conducted and height and weight were measured. Subjects/setting Subjects were 203 American Indian adult women in an urban community setting. Statistical analysis Frequency distributions and χ 2 analysis were performed using the Statistical Analysis System software. Results About two-thirds of the subjects were overweight. Most women were concerned about obesity and reported attempting to manage their weight. Healthful weight-loss practices (eg, eating more fruits and vegetables, increasing physical activity) were used most frequently. However, unhealthful practices, such as skipping meals/fasting, using laxatives/diuretics, and self-induced vomiting were also mentioned. Regular bingeing was reported by 10% of respondents. Applications Weight-management intervention efforts should focus on helping clients modify their diet and physical activity patterns. Low-cost programs offered in convenient locations would attract more participants, as would the provision of child care. Education about the dangers and ineffectiveness of unhealthful weight-loss practices will be necessary, given the high rates of such behaviors in this population. J Am Diet Assoc. 2000; 100: 442-446.
Differential Utilization of Ribosomes for Protein Synthesis During Oogenesis and Early Embryogenesis of Urechis caupo (Echiura)

A procedure for the preparation of intact polysomes from immature oocytes and embryos of Urechis caupo is described. Analysis of polysome profiles from immature oocytes at several stages of growth reveals that 7–8% of the ribosomes are present in polysomes at each stage. This indicates that although immature oocytes utilize only a relatively small fraction of their potential protein synthesizing capacity, the apparent protein synthesizing capacity of the immature oocytes increases in parallel with the accumulation of ribosomes during oogenesis. The polysomes in mature oocytes are barely detectable, with approximately 0.6% of the ribosomes present in polysomes. During early stages of embryogenesis when there is no net increase in the total ribosomes per embryo, ribosomes are transferred into polysomes. The percentage of ribosomes in polysomes increases to 4.1% by the two-cell stage and continues to increase approximately linearly with time of development until 50% of the ribosomes are in polysomes at the trochophore larval stage.
Dynamical phase transitions in the two-dimensional XY model

We study the phase diagram of the two-dimensional anisotropic next-nearest neighbor Ising (ANNNI) model by comparing the time evolution of two distinct spin configurations submitted to the same thermal noise. We clearly see several dynamical transitions between ferromagnetic, paramagnetic, antiphase, and floating phases. These dynamical transitions seem to occur rather close to the transition lines determined previously in the literature.
The DEAD-box RNA helicase Dbp2 connects RNA quality control with repression of aberrant transcription.

DEAD-box proteins are a class of RNA-dependent ATP hydrolysis enzymes that rearrange RNA and RNA-protein (ribonucleoprotein) complexes. In an effort to characterize the cellular function of individual DEAD-box proteins, our laboratory has uncovered a previously unrecognized link between the DEAD-box protein Dbp2 and the regulation of transcription in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Here, we report that Dbp2 is a double-stranded RNA-specific ATPase that associates directly with chromatin and is required for transcriptional fidelity. In fact, loss of DBP2 results in multiple gene expression defects, including accumulation of noncoding transcripts, inefficient 3′ end formation, and appearance of aberrant transcriptional initiation products. We also show that loss of DBP2 is synthetic lethal with deletion of the nuclear RNA decay factor, RRP6, pointing to a global role for Dbp2 in prevention of aberrant transcriptional products. Taken together, we present a model whereby Dbp2 functions to cotranscriptionally modulate RNA structure, a process that facilitates ribonucleoprotein assembly and clearance of transcripts from genomic loci. These studies suggest that Dbp2 is a missing link in RNA quality control that functions to maintain the fidelity of transcriptional processes.
Absorption of pyribenzamine through intact and damaged skin.

It was previously reported (1) that the inunction of pyribenzaminef hydro-chloride on normal skin had a moderate but definite effect on the histamine wheal and flare, in spite of the fact that insufficient amounts were absorbed to be demonstrated in the urine, i.e., less than 1 or 2 gamma.
The memory independence effect : what do the data show ? what do the theories claim ?

Abstract We attempt to reconcile recent data and theory showing that transitive inference does not depend on premise memory with Chapman and Lindenberger's (1992) conclusion that the opposite is true. We focus on three weak links in their analysis. First, a methodological variable (spatial-magnitude correlations) that Chapman and Lindenberger deem to be essential to findings of memory independence appears to be irrelevant to such findings. Second, their own data favor memory independence when properly analyzed. Third, some of Chapman and Lindenberger's theoretical proposals, particularly regarding fuzzy-trace theory's analysis of reasoning-remembering relationships in cognitive development, conflict with statements in the cited references. We conclude that the available evidence overwhelmingly favors memory independence.
A critical assessment of particle temperature distributions during plasma spraying : Numerical studies for YSZ

A three-dimensional computational model is used to simulate the in-flight particle melting behavior during plasma spraying process. The stochastic model is used for the particle size distribution. The particles surface temperature distributions at various spray distances have been presented. The results show that the surface temperature distribution varies with the spray distance. Single peak to double peaks and back to single peak has been observed in the simulations and also in the experiment. The effects of particle size and its distribution and plasma composition on the pattern shift have been investigated. Understanding the pattern shift may enable the design of a good control indicator to determine the particle melting status.
Hierarchy vs. partnership

Abstract Simple organizations, composed of operatives and one manager, may be organized as a hierarchy with the manager appropriating all profits or as a partnership with (say) equal shares of profits. Conditions on profitability and the optimal span of control are analyzed. Next, partnerships are considered and alternative incentives and distributions are compared. When partners are free to choose their time inputs, then a sufficiently high preference for leisure as against income will make a partnership more attractive even though it is less profitable.
Color measurement and color theory: II. Opponent-colors theory

Abstract Quantitative opponent-colors theory is based on cancellation of redness by admixture of a standard green, of greenness by admixture of a standard red, of yellowness by blue, and of blueness by yellow. The fundamental data are therefore the equilibrium colors: the set A 1 of lights that are in red/green equilibrium and the set A 2 of lights that are in yellow/blue equilibrium. The result that a cancellation function is linearly related to the color-matching functions can be proved from more basic axioms, particularly, the closure of the set of equilibrium colors under linear operations. Measurement analysis treats this as a representation theorem, in which the closure properties are axioms and in which the colorimetric homomorphism has the cancellation functions as two of its coordinates. Consideration of equivalence relations based on opponent cancellation leads to a further step: analysis of equivalence relations based on direct matching of hue attributes. For additive whiteness matching, this yields a simple extension of the representation theorem, in which the third coordinate is luminance. For other attributes, precise representation theorems must await a better qualitative characterization of various nonlinear phenomena, especially the veiling of one hue attribute by another and the various hue shifts.
Content Analysis of the Rotter Incomplete Sentences Blank and the Prediction of Behavior Ratings

A computerized quantitative content analysis was performed on the Rotter Incomplete Sentences Blanks of 61 newly admitted male and female freshmen whose frequencies of word usages were then used to generate five discrete category scores. Regression analyses using these scores as predictor variates yielded significant initial sample relationships with each of two asocial behavior ratings obtained after a two-year interval. Of these two criterion measures, one labeled narcissism yielded upon cross validation a coefficient significant at the .05 level. All of the three rated behavioral dimensions, bizarre or extravagant religious behavior, post-drinking excessive-ness, and self-serving egocentricity were found to be independent of the standard RISB score in both the initial and validation sample.
Modulation of the cGMP-gated ion channel in frog rods by calmodulin and an endogenous inhibitory factor

1. Outer segment patches excised in the light were used to investigate the effects of exogenous calmodulin and an endogenous inhibitory factor on the cGMP-gated channel of frog rods. 2. Calmodulin shifted to the right the dose-response relation for activation of the channels by 8-Br-cGMP, but did not change the maximum current or the form of the relation. Reversal of this effect by removal of calmodulin was accelerated by brief exposure to saturating [8-Br-cGMP]. Inhibition by calmodulin required calcium and gave as much as a 5-fold decrease in current for an [8-Br-cGMP] functionally comparable to the presumed physiological [cGMP]. 3. Exposure to low [Ca2+]i (tens of nanomolar) appeared to irreversibly remove or inactivate an endogenous channel inhibitory factor from the patches, increasing the current at low [8-Br-cGMP]. Like calmodulin, this factor slowed the voltage-dependent channel-gating kinetics and did not change the maximum current. However, unlike calmodulin, the endogenous factor remained stably associated with the patches at high [Ca2+]i (1 microM), even with exposure to saturating [8-Br-cGMP]. 4. After the low-Ca2+ treatment increased the current, calmodulin reduced the current to about the same level as it had before the low-Ca2+ treatment, giving a larger fractional suppression. Furthermore, patches with high initial sensitivity to 8-Br-cGMP had small low-Ca2+ effects and large calmodulin effects, while the reverse was true for patches with low initial agonist sensitivity. 5. Application of trypsin to the intracellular surface of the patch prevented the responses to calmodulin and to low [Ca2+]i, suggesting involvement of a cytoplasmic portion of the channel. However, trypsin also reduced the total agonist-induced patch current. 6. Our results are consistent with a model in which calmodulin and an endogenous calcium-binding protein compete for the same site, inhibiting channel opening or cGMP binding. The tight association of the endogenous factor with the channel even at relatively low [Ca2+]i suggests that in the transducing rod it may inhibit the channels most of the time in darkness and in dim light, preventing any potential inhibitory effects of calmodulin. The endogenous factor would be expected to leave the channel only in bright or prolonged light, when the [Ca2+]i is thought to be very low.
Genotypic variation in coleus in the ability to accumulate abscisic acid in response to water deficit

Terry, P. H., Krizek, D. T. and Mirecki, R. M. 1988. Genotypic variation in coleus in the ability to accumulate abscisic acid in response to water deficit. - Physiol. Plant. 72: 441–449. Abscisic acid (ABA) concentration and plant and soil water potentials were determined in leaves of three cultivars of Coleus blumei Benth. cvs. Marty, Buckley Supreme and PI354190, chosen for their differences in sensitivity to drought, SO2 and/or chilling stress. Plants were subjected to ‘gradual’ soil moisture stress (SMS) for 0–6 days, during which time the soil dried out slowly and to more ‘rapid’ SMS for 0–9 days where the soil dried out at a faster rate. Plants were propagated from clonal stock in the greenhouse and transferred to the growth chamber, where they were maintained for 1 week prior to beginning water stress treatment. ABA concentration was determined as the methyl ester using a gas chromatography - electron capture detector method. Samples for ABA determinations were taken from the third pair of leaves from the apex at the same time each day (1430 h). Measurements of stomatal conductance (C5) and leaf water potential (φl) were made on the fourth pair of leaves from the apex, using the same plants as those sampled for ABA. During the more rapid stress portion of the study soil matric potentials (φm) were monitored on a daily basis. Despite large cultivar differences in ABA concentration at 0–6 days, by 7–9 days these differences had largely disappeared. Except for drought-insensitive cv. Marty, there was generally little correlation between ABA levels and measurements of plant and soil water status at 7–9 days.
Accelerator-driven subcritical facility:Conceptual design development

Abstract A conceptual design development of an accelerator-driven subcritical facility has been carried out in the preparation of a joint activity with Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology of Ukraine. The main functions of the facility are the medical isotope production and the support of the Ukraine nuclear industry. An electron accelerator is considered to drive the subcritical assembly. The neutron source intensity and spectrum have been studied. The energy deposition, spatial neutron generation, neutron utilization fraction, and target dimensions have been quantified to define the main target performance parameters, and to select the target material and beam parameters. Different target conceptual designs have been developed based the engineering requirements including heat transfer, thermal hydraulics, structure, and material issues. The subcritical assembly is designed to obtain the highest possible neutron flux level with a K eff of 0.98. Different fuel materials, uranium enrichments, and reflector materials are considered in the design process. The possibility of using low enrichment uranium without penalizing the facility performance is carefully evaluated. The mechanical design of the facility has been developed to maximize its utility and minimize the time for replacing the target and the fuel assemblies. Safety, reliability, and environmental considerations are included in the facility conceptual design. The facility is configured to accommodate future design improvements, upgrades, and new missions. In addition, it has large design margins to accommodate different operating conditions and parameters. In this paper, the conceptual design and the design analyses of the facility will be presented.
Interference effect on laser trimming and layer thickness optimization

Due to imprecisions in the deposition process, linear semiconductors require post-production circuit adjustment. Lasers are used to adjust (or trim) thin film resistors to precise electrical performance specifications. The effect of coherent laser beam interference in multilayer structure on thin film resistor trimming has been well documented. As the layer structure becomes more and more complex, the difficulty in determining the interference effect on the trimming results becomes greater. To assist the circuit designer and laser trimmer user, a simplified multilayer thin-film resistor interference model and a universal software program have been developed. Several verifications have been made of customer designs using the model and software programs. While the model gives the user a clear picture of the physics of the interference effect, the software provides a precise recommendation for layer structuring that results in maximum laser absorption into the resistor.
Delineation of lymphocyte subsets in lymph nodes of nonhuman primates

Monoclonal antibodies which recognize specific surface antigens on human lymphocytes were used with an avidin-biotin immunoperoxidase technique to stain lymph nodes from nonhuman primates. Cells in lymph nodes from three macaque species and two new-world primate species could be stained to define T11, T4, T8, and B1 lymphocyte subsets. This approach will facilitate the study of many important spontaneous and experimentally induced diseases of nonhuman primates.
A conjugate direction algorithm without line searches

We develop an algorithm which generates conjugate search directions and maintains finite termination, when applied to quadratic functions, without requiring that line searches be exact. The technique requiresO(n) storage, wheren is the dimension of the problem. Results when the algorithm is applied to a number of standard test problems are included.
Differential effects of prenatal and postnatal ACTH or nicotine exposure on 5-HT high affinity uptake in the neonatal rat brain

These studies were designed to examine the differential effects of prenatal or postnatal administration of ACTH 1-39 and nicotine, on 5-HT high affinity uptake in brainstem and hippocampal synaptosomes. ACTH was administered prenatally (to pregnant dams) and postnatally to the neonates. Postnatal administration of ACTH significantly increased high-affinity 5-HT uptake in the hippocampus and especially the brainstem at both 7 and 21 days after birth. Prenatal ACTH, on the other hand, transiently increased 5-HT uptake in only the brainstem at 7 days, a change that was reversed at 21 days. While the effects of postnatal nicotine administration were essentially the same as those of postnatal ACTH treatment, prenatal nicotine, unlike ACTH, did not alter 5-HT uptake in 7-day-old rats but did reduce uptake in both tissues at 21 days. The observation that postnatal nicotine mimics the effects of postnatal ACTH and that nicotine stimulates ACTH release, suggests that the postnatal effects of nicotine may be exerted through ACTH.
Parental occupation, coercive power, and behavioral compliance

Forty fifth- and sixth-grade children of entrepreneurial and bureaucratic parents were faced with a simulated peer who intermittently sent threats to them during the course of a reiterated prisoner’s dilemma. One-half of each group of children was assigned to high, and one-half to low-threat credibility conditions. Irrespective of parental occupation, children responded to the cost-gain features of the situation. Entrepreneurial children cooperated more frequently than did bureaucratic children. The latter result was interpreted as indicating that entrepreneurial children are more responsive to a positive norm of reciprocity.
a Comparison of Three Techniques Using Steady State Data to Identify Non-Linear Modal Behavior of AN Externally Excited Cantilever Beam

Non-linear system identification is used to generate models of modes in physical structures. Analysis of the theoretical non-linear model of a cantilevered beam is used to predict the inputs to the physical system that will produce responses suitable for enhanced parameter estimation, thereby improving the model. Three identification techniques are described and applied to both numerical and experimental data: the first is based on the continuous-time differential equation model of the system, the second uses relationships generated by the method of harmonic balance, and the third is based on fitting steady state response data to the amplitude and phase modulation equations resulting from a multiple time scales analysis. The performance of each method improves as the non-linearities in the system become more pronounced. The benefits and limitations of the methods are discussed.
Anti-idiotypic antibodies to rubella virus.

Polyclonal and monoclonal anti-idiotypic (Ab2) and monoclonal anti-anti-idiotypic antibodies were generated against rubella virus-specific neurtralizing and/or hemagglutination inhibiting monoclonal antibodies. None of the characterized Ab2's recognized the putative rubella virus receptor.
Neutron Diffraction Structure of (2R,3R)-l-(−)-[2-D]Carnitine Tetrachloroaurate, [(CH3)3N-CH2-CHOH-CHD-COOH]+[AuCl4]-: Determination of the Absolute Stereochemistry of the Crotonobetaine-to-Carnitine Transformation Catalyzed by l-Carnitine Dehydratase from Escherichia coli

Single-crystal neutron diffraction has been used to determine the stereochemical course of the hydration of trans-crotonobetaine to l-(−)-carnitine by the enzyme l-carnitine dehydratase. Firstly, an X-ray analysis of the undeuterated carnitinium salt [(CH3)3N-CH2-CH(OH)-CH2-COOH]+[AuCl4]- confirmed that the absolute configuration at the C3 position of l-(−)-carnitine (the CHOH group) is indeed R. This was accomplished using the gold atom as an anomalously-scattering source. Then stereospecifically deuterated l-(−)-[2-D] carnitine was prepared by the hydration of trans-crotonobetaine in D2O using purified l-carnitine dehydratase from Escherichia coli. The subsequent neutron analysis of deuterated [(CH3)3N-CH2-CH(OH)-CH2-COOH]+ [AuCl4]- revealed that the CHD group at position C2 also had the absolute R configuration, thus establishing that the addition of D2O across the CC double bond of trans-crotonobetaine proceeds by a stereospecific syn pathway. In contrast, all other hydration−dehydration reactions exa...
Specificity of porcine pancreatic elastase, human leukocyte elastase and cathepsin G. Inhibition with peptide chloromethyl ketones.

Abstract In order to design more effective elastase (EC 3.4.21.11) inhibitors, the specificity of porcine pancreatic elastase toward peptide substrates was analyzed by examining cleavages of peptides of known sequence which were reported in the literature. Elastase cleaved 99 peptide bonds in the sample of 419 bonds. The cleavage probability (number of peptide bonds cleaved/total peptide bonds in the sample) was highest for peptides with P1 residue Ile, Val and Ala, the probability being Ile (0.42), Val (0.39) and Ala (0.35). No bonds with a P3 Pro were cleaved. Based on the observed cleavage probabilities, several new chloromethyl ketones Ac-Ala-Ala-Pro-AACH2Cl (AA = Ile, Val, Thr) were synthesized. Porcine pancreatic elastase was inhibited most rapidly by the Ile chloromethyl ketone, but there was little difference in rates of inhibition (kobs/[I]) between the Ala, Val and Ile inhibitors. The Thr compound was poor. Human leukocyte elastase was inhibited more rapidly by the Ile and Val chloromethyl ketones compared to Ala inhibitor by factors of 49 and 40 respectively at pH 6.5. Excellent correlation was observed between rates of chloromethyl ketone inhibition, peptide nitroanilide hydrolysis and peptide bond cleavage for leukocyte elastase. The water soluble inhibitor MeO-Suc-Ala-Ala-Pro-ValCH2Cl was found to be the most effective chloromethyl ketone inhibitor of leukocyte elastase yet reported. A number of chloromethyl ketones were surveyed as inhibitors for cathepsin G (a leukocyte chymotrypsin-like enzyme). The most effective was Z-Gly-Leu-PheCH2Cl. Rates of reaction of several of chloromethyl ketones with bovine trypsin and chymotrypsin were determined to elucidate the specificity of the inhibitors. In addition, the rate of the reaction of MeO-Suc-Ala-Ala-Pro-ValCH2Cl with glutathione was measured as a model for non-specific alkylation reactions which might occur when chloromethyl ketones are used in physiological systems. MeO-Suc-Ala-Ala-Pro-ValCH2Cl reacted over 1770 times faster with leukocyte elastase than with glutathione and would not inhibit cathepsin G. Z-Gly-Leu-PheCH2Cl inhibited cathepsin G, but not leukocyte elastase. The results demonstrate that it possible to construct highly reactive and selective inhibitors for use in physiological situations.
The Electron Distribution of Magnesium Oxide

The intensity of $x$-rays reflected from powdered crystals of magnesium oxide was measured for all lines out to $\ensuremath{\theta}=45\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$. The values of the structure factor, $F$, were calculated and plotted against $sin \ensuremath{\theta}$. Using the values of $F$ from this curve as coefficients in Compton's Fourier series, the radial electron distribution for the atoms of magnesium and oxygen was determined. The electron distribution curves for these atoms are very similer to Havighurst's curves for sodium chloride and sodium fluoride. Although it has been generally conceded that crystals of the magnesium oxide type are polar in form, the data here included are more in line with their being non-polar crystals. However, it is not believed possible from x-ray reflection data to prove definitely this point.
Gene delivery to the neurulating embryo during culture

Modulating expression of specific genes during embryogenesis will help elucidate their role in development. Transient overexpression of specific genes can be accomplished by adding additional copies, or else antisense transcripts can be used to block expression. Manipulation of gene expression requires an efficient, nontoxic gene delivery system. We compared a plasmid and a replication-defective adenovirus (Ad5) as methods of delivering genes to the embryo during the neurulation stage of development. Both vectors utilized a construct containing the bacterial β-galactosidase reporter gene under the control of the human cytomegalovirus early gene promoter and the SV40 polyadenylation signal. Vectors were delivered by intraamniotic microinjection to embryos prepared for whole-embryo culture. Plasmid transfection experiments were done with and without polycationic lipid (lipofectamine, 20 or 125 μg/μl) enhancement at 0.1 and 0.01 μg per embryo. Twenty-six hours after transfection with plasmid only, embryos appeared normal, but had very weak gene expression which was detected only after extended periods of staining. In contrast, adenovirus gene delivery was successful. While high concentrations of virus (6 × 108 particles/μl) elicited significant malformations, lower concentrations (1.5 × 108 particles/μl) produced no malformations and intense gene expression. Time-course studies revealed staining at 6 hr postinjection, and intense staining at 26 hr. Staining appeared primarily in the neurectoderm and cells derived from the neurectoderm. This pattern of gene expression was confirmed using a green fluorescent protein-expressing adenovirus. Rapid induction of gene expression with no toxicity is critical to the utility of this technique within the whole-embryo culture system. Clearly, Ad5 transduction provides a more useful tool than plasmid vectors. Teratology 58:103–112, 1998. Published 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
AD HOC REGIONALISM IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT

. Government units such as counties and cities have long been the basis for economic development, service delivery, and problem solving in rural America, but they are increasingly inappropriate, because many of them are too small to reach the critical mass and because rural issues often transcend arbitrarily set political boundaries. To overcome the resultant adverse effects, many rural communities have been rethinking their development strategies and actively forging regional partnerships. Ad hoc regionalism is a politically feasible and effective way for rural communities to collaborate in these initiatives. The exact issues that spark such collaboration may vary from place to place, but they are all grassroots, voluntary regional governance frameworks or innovations. They allow rural communities to pool their resources and reach the critical mass necessary to tackle a variety of regional issues and take advantage of new economic development opportunities without replacing or threatening existing government units. The two case studies discussed in this article—the western Kansas Rural Economic Development Alliance and the San Juan Forum in the Four Corners region of the southwestern United States—show that ad hoc regionalism offers several advantages over rural communities working independently but that challenges in implementing it exist.
Nutrition program quality assurance through a formalized process of on-site program review.

A protocol for a systematic onsite review of the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program and Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program–Education was developed to support quality programming and ensure compliance with state guidelines and federal regulations. Onsite review of local nutrition program operations is one strategy to meet this goal. Observation and interaction with staff allow a comprehensive understanding of strengths, weaknesses, and emerging issues. This information provides managers with timely feedback to strengthen and improve all aspects of nutrition programming.
Vertical trends in particulate organic carbon 13C: 12C ratios in the upper water column

Abstract Upper water column ( 13 C: 12 C ratios were obtained at five stations in the eastern tropical North Pacific (ETNP) Ocean, six stations in the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico, and three stations in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean, along with ancillary chemical, biological, and hydrographic data. Most POC-δ 13 C ratios were relatively uniform within the surface mixed layer. Pycnocline POC-δ 13 C values were generally lighter than surface values resulting from biological reworking of the POC in the region. Below the pycnocline, POC-δ 13 C generally remained fairly constant with depth or trended back towards, but not to surface values. The trends reflect the > two-fold decrease in POC concentrations in the pycnocline and the more refractive nature of the subpycnocline organic carbon pool. Some variations in the trends observed in the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico were attributed to advection of neritic material. POC-δ 13 C values were not significantly different in the low oxygen ETNP than in the other study areas.
Cooperative hemoglobins: conserved fold, diverse quaternary assemblies and allosteric mechanisms

Assembly of hemoglobin subunits into cooperative complexes produces a remarkable variety of architectures, ranging in oligomeric state from dimers to complexes containing 144 hemoglobin subunits. Diverse stereochemical mechanisms for modulating ligand affinity through intersubunit interactions have been revealed from studies of three distinct hemoglobin assemblages. This mechanistic diversity, which occurs between assemblies of subunits that have the same fold, provides insight into the range of regulatory strategies that are available to protein molecules.
Development of the A1 adenosine receptors in the visual cortex of cats, dark-reared and normally reared.

Abstract The ontogeny of the distribution of the binding sites for [ 3 H]chlorohydroxyladenosine, an A1 adenosine receptor-specific ligand, was visualized autoradiographically within coronal sections of the visual cortical areas of developing cats. In adults, the A1 adenosine receptors were found in all lamina except for lamina IV, and in particularly high concentration within laminas I–III. In brains of kittens 2 months old and younger who were within the critical period for the development of visual neural function, the receptor distribution was less defined and sparser, except that in contrast to adults, it was found in relatively high concentration within lamina VI. Animals dark-reared from birth, so that the critical period was postponed, exhibited an ontogenetic pattern identical to that of the normally reared animals. These results indicate that, at least with respect to ocular dominance determination, A1 adenosine receptors are probably not involved in determining the state of plasticity that is seen during the critical period.