cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Axonal outgrowth and pathfinding.

Publisher Summary Important progress has been made in understanding, at the molecular level, how general growth and guidance signals are transduced by the growth cone. This chapter presents an overview of the present understanding of this fascinating structure. Despite its considerable complexity, the fuller understanding of the growth cone's capabilities should allow strategies to be developed to bypass, by pharmacological or other means, specific steps and signals that might not occur following axotomy, but which are necessary for regeneration and restoration of function. Once the goal of regeneration of long fiber tracts is realized, attention must be paid to the reestablishment of specific circuits. In the past few years, major strides have been made in determining the molecules involved in cell adhesion and recognition and how these transducer specific signals to allow both axon outgrowth and pathfinding. The chapter also illustrates the complexity of the growth cone that is capable of transducing and integrating multiple signals, both positive and negative.
JAMES B. ASHBROOK AND HIS HOLISTIC WORLD: TOWARD A “UNIFIED FIELD THEORY” OF MIND, BRAIN, SELF, WORLD, AND GOD

. James B. Ashbrook's “new natural theology in an empirical mode” pursued an integrated understanding of the spiritual, psychological, and neurological dimensions of spiritual life. Knowledge of neuroscience and personality theory was central to his quest, and his understandings were necessarily revised and amplified as scientific findings emerged. As a result, Ashbrook's legacy may serve as a case example of how to do religion-and-science in a milieu of scientific change. The constant in the quest was Ashbrook's core belief in the basic holism of brain, mind, personality, the nature of reality, and the underlying reality of God.
Experimental evaluation of reformate-assisted diesel NOx trap desulfation

NO, adsorber catalysts are leading candidates for improving NO, aftertreatment in diesel exhaust. The major challenge in the use of adsorbers that capture NO, in the form of nitrates is their susceptibility to sulfur poisoning. Sulfur, which is present in diesel fuel, adsorbs and accumulates as sulfate (SO -2 4 ) at the same adsorption sites as NO,, and, since it is more stable than nitrates, inhibits the ability of the catalyst to adsorb NO,. It is found that high temperature (> about 650 °C) in the presence of a reducing gas is required to release sulfur rapidly from the catalyst. Since the peak temperatures of diesel engine exhaust are below 400 °C, additional heat is required to remove the sulfur. This work describes a reformate-assisted "sulfur purge" method, which employs heat generated inside the NO, trap catalyst by exothermic chemical reactions between the oxygen in diesel exhaust and injected reformate (H 2 + CO). Our results with a laboratory gas bench system show that catalyst desulfation is successful following a desulfation schedule with an inlet gas temperature of about 300 °C. In addition, we have examined impact of temperature, duration of exposure, and reformate-based gas compositions employed for rich-gas desulfation on NO, adsorber efficiency.
Gene‐Environment Interaction

Gene-environment interaction, or GxE, as it is commonly called in behavioral genetic literature, is the acknowledgement that genetic and environmental influences on variation in behaviors and traits may not act additively and independently, but may instead be dependent upon one another. There are three main strategies for assessing GxE interactions in behavioral genetic research, primarily through the use of adoption studies, twin studies, and studies of genotyped individuals. Each method has its relative strengths and weaknesses. Keywords: gene-environment interplay; GxE; diathesis-stress models; moderation; environmental risk
Chloroplast Membrane Proteins II. SOLUBILIZATION OF THE LIPOPHILIC COMPONENTS

Abstract The membrane of spinach chloroplast grana has been solubilized by a method which does not involve use of detergents. This method is based on the fact that most of the membrane components are soluble in acidic ethanol. The alcoholic extract is chromatographed on a hydroxylapatite column and the pigments are removed quantitatively by washing with alcohol. The membrane proteins can then be eluted by successive washing with phosphate buffer and dilute ammonium hydroxide. Some protein remains on the column and requires sodium dodecyl sulfate for elution. The major component of the membrane is eluted in the ammonia fraction, and is freely soluble in aqueous buffers at pH 7.5. This protein was shown to bind β-carotene. None of the major chloroplast proteins are glycoproteins. The fraction which was insoluble in acidic alcohol had a bright pink color due to the presence of β-carotene. This complex was highly insoluble, even in high sodium dodecyl sulfate concentrations unless the β-carotene was first removed by extraction with an organic solvent. This complex was shown to be a precipitate of β-carotene and several peptides.
Relativistic and Qed Calculations for Many-Electron and Few-Electron Atoms

Over the past two decades, calculations of atomic energy levels have reached a high degree of technical refinement. For example, for many-electron atoms, relativistic Dirac-Fock calculations together with approximate estimates of quantum electrodynamic corrections give precise predic-tions for inner-shell transitions that agree with experiment to within parts in 104. With this approach, the numerical precision of the calculations is not the factor that limits the agreement with experiment, but rather it is the approximate nature of the formulation that produces the current uncertainty in theory. To make further progress it will be necessary to refine the formulation to include corrections to the approximate equations, or perhaps to make a more radical departure from traditional Dirac-Fock methods. In any case, it will be necessary to include radiative (QED) corrections in the formulation, since the level of precision already achieved is well past the magnitude of these effects.
A mating tube for studying attractiveness of queen honeybees and mating behaviour of drones.

SummaryA plastic queen holder which can be used to obtain matings by drones in congregation areas is described. Copulating drones become stuck in the tube, and can be recovered and examined. When the device is used with a population containing marked drones, their age, race and apiary of origin can be determined.
Intercomparison of ground based and satellite pictures of the sun

Using NASA facilities in space (0S0-7) and on the ground (Goddard Multi-Channel Spectrophotometer at Sacramento Peak, New Mexico) we have mapped an active region, and by combining these ultraviolet, X-ray and visible data, have constructed a physical picture of this structured region from the photosphere to the corona, corresponding to temperature regimes over the range 4500 K to 4 000 000 K.
NAKED SINGULARITIES IN SPHERICAL GRAVITATIONAL COLLAPSE

The Cosmic Censorship Conjecture of Penrose is perhaps the most important open question in nonquantum general relativity theory.1,2 According to the weak form of this conjecture,3 if one starts with regular initial conditions for gravitational collapse for a physical system in an asymptotically flat setting, then any spacetime singularities which appear later must lie within black holes, so that they will be hidden from external observers. The strong form of the conjecture1 states that no observer can see a singularity, even if the observer has fallen into a black hole. This strong form is equivalent to the statement that, generically, spacetimes are globally hyperbolic.
The Role of Excited States of Molecular Ions in Structure Studies with High Energy Collisions

As a result of the efforts of several experimental groups, a very large amount of data has been accumulated in studies of the interactions of energetic (several MeV) molecular-ion beams with solid and gaseous targets [1, 2]. A fairly detailed (though by no means complete) picture of these interactions is now evolving. We have reached the point of sophistication where it is apparent that one of the crucial factors in successfully interpreting the available data is an equally detailed knowledge of the geometric structures of the incident molecular-ions [3]. More importantly, if experimental conditions are properly controlled, these data can be used to determine uniquely such structures with a fair degree of accuracy [4]. Though the accuracy achievable in these measurements is not as high as through standard photon emission or absorption techniques, they do provide an important starting point for the usually more difficult photon measurements. In this presentation, we will describe the use of such “Coulomb explosion” measurements to gain important structural information about various molecular ions.
Relative Closure and the Complexity of Pfaffian Elimination

We introduce the “relative closure” operation on one-parametric families ofsemi-Pfaffian sets. We show that finite unions of sets obtained with this operation(“limit sets”) constitute a structure,i.e., a Boolean algebra closed under projections. Any Pfaffian expression, i.e., an expression with Boolean operations, quantifiers, equations and inequalities between Pfaffian functions, defines a limit set. The structure of limit sets is effectively o-minimal: there is an upper bound on the complexity of a limit set defined by a Pfaffian expression,in terms of the complexities of the expression and the Pfaffian functions in it.
Shock compression modeling of metallic single crystals: comparison of finite difference, steady wave, and analytical solutions

The shock response of metallic single crystals can be captured using a micro-mechanical description of the thermoelastic–viscoplastic material response; however, using a such a description within the context of traditional numerical methods may introduce a physical artifacts. Advantages and disadvantages of complex material descriptions, in particular the viscoplastic response, must be framed within approximations introduced by numerical methods. Three methods of modeling the shock response of metallic single crystals are summarized: finite difference simulations, steady wave simulations, and algebraic solutions of the Rankine–Hugoniot jump conditions. For the former two numerical techniques, a dislocation density based framework describes the rate- and temperature-dependent shear strength on each slip system. For the latter analytical technique, a simple (two-parameter) rate- and temperature-independent linear hardening description is necessarily invoked to enable simultaneous solution of the governing equations. For all models, the same nonlinear thermoelastic energy potential incorporating elastic constants of up to order 3 is applied. Solutions are compared for plate impact of highly symmetric orientations (all three methods) and low symmetry orientations (numerical methods only) of aluminum single crystals shocked to 5 GPa (weak shock regime) and 25 GPa (overdriven regime). For weak shocks, results of the two numerical methods are very similar, regardless of crystallographic orientation. For strong shocks, artificial viscosity affects the finite difference solution, and effects of transverse waves for the lower symmetry orientations not captured by the steady wave method become important. The analytical solution, which can only be applied to highly symmetric orientations, provides reasonable accuracy with regards to prediction of most variables in the final shocked state but, by construction, does not provide insight into the shock structure afforded by the numerical methods.
Right Bundle-Branch Block Associated with Left Superior or Inferior Intraventricular Block Associated with Acute Myocardial Infarction

Over an 11-year period, 28 instances of acute myocardial infarction and bilateral bundle-branch block were encountered. Twenty-two of these patients had right bundle-branch block and left axis deviation, and six had right bundle-branch block and block of the inferior radiation of the left bundle. The overall incidence of complete heart block in these 28 cases was 21%. In-hospital mortality for the whole group was 36%, whereas it was 33% for those patients who developed complete heart block. From these results it is concluded that for the patient with bilateral bundle-branch block and acute myocardial infarction the prophylactic insertion of a temporary transvenous pacemaker is not only warranted, but is probably indicated.
Proliferative and Regenerative Capacities of CD4+ T Cells upon TCR Stimulation

Proliferation of activated CD4(+) T cells effectively amplifies the immune response. Based on a model of selective CD4(+) T cell proliferation using an anti-CD3:anti-CD8 bispecific monoclonal antibody that leads to selective proliferation of CD4(+) T cells, we demonstrated that the peripheral CD4(+) T cells of normal subjects can divide for 17 to 38 generations, expanding 1.7 x 10(5) to 3 x 10(11) fold, following a single short period of anti-TCR stimulation. The proliferating CD4(+) T cells maintained IL2R expression. A large subgroup from each subject maintained the CD45RA(hi)CD45RO(lo) phenotype, demonstrating that activation and proliferation do not automatically convert CD4(+) T cells into CD45RA(lo)CD45RO(hi) phenotype. The enormous number of cells generated demonstrated that the peripheral CD4(+) T cells have remarkable regenerative expansion capacity. The high, but substantially variable, proliferative capacities among subjects have important implications for diseases in which CD4(+) T cells play an important role, such as HIV-infection, graft rejection, and autoimmunity.
SELECTION OF VARIABLES IN CLUSTER ANALYSIS : AN EMPIRICAL COMPARISON OF EIGHT PROCEDURES

Eight different variable selection techniques for model-based and non-model-based clustering are evaluated across a wide range of cluster structures. It is shown that several methods have difficulties when non-informative variables (i.e., random noise) are included in the model. Furthermore, the distribution of the random noise greatly impacts the performance of nearly all of the variable selection procedures. Overall, a variable selection technique based on a variance-to-range weighting procedure coupled with the largest decreases in within-cluster sums of squares error performed the best. On the other hand, variable selection methods used in conjunction with finite mixture models performed the worst.
Nonlinear ring formation via self-phase modulation in hot atomic vapor

We have observed high-contrast nonlinear optical ring formation in hot atomic vapor. The standard Kerr model fails to predict important qualitative features of these optical patterns, but a Doppler-broadened two-level model is extremely successful.
Chronic stress and chronic disease in life and work: Conceptual and methodological issues

Abstract This paper argues that the lack of strong prospective evidence linking occupational and social stress to chronic disease stems from the failure of research designs to attend sufficiently to the aetiological chronicity of such diseases. Studies of both supposedly acute stress (life events) and chronic stress in life or work must increasingly be designed to distinguish between stress which is sustained or chronic over a period of yean or even decades, and hence capable of causing a serious chronic disease, and brief or transient stress, which may produce transient or brief psychological or physiological disturbances but cannot generate major chronic disease. Prospective studies are needed which collect measures of both stress and health or disease at multiple points over an extended period of time. Measures of stress should focus more on affect (for example, feelings of pressure and tension) than on cognition (for example feelings of satisfaction). Limited existing evidence is consistent with these...
Spatial Discrimination in Tehran’s Modern Urban Planning 1906–1979

This article studies the relationship between social culture and spatial discrimination in the modern urban planning of Tehran. It examines how planning attempts during the Qajar era began to enrich the ideas of citizenship and public space, which in effect transformed the racial and religious discriminations to new forms of segregation based on economic classes. It shows how multiple planning practices during Reza Shah favored a uniform modernist style to create an imaginary national identity. The divergence of socioeconomic classes under Shah’s planning practices is also analyzed to show the spatial discrimination that the new urban poor had to bear.
Experimental venous thrombosis in agranulocytic rabbits

Abstract Experimental thrombi were produced by trauma in the jugular veins of normal and agranulocytic rabbits. Upon histologic examination, the thrombi in agranulocytic rabbits appeared the same as those in normals, aside from the absence of characteristic accumulation of granulocytes. Comparative data on the amount of fibrin in the thrombi was determined using I125-fibrinogen. There was no significant difference in thrombus radioactivity between the two groups. These data fail to support the thesis that granulocyte thromboplastin has a role in thrombogenesis. The possible role of granulocytes in thrombosis is also discussed.
Recent Progress in the Transgenic Modification of Swine and Sheep

INTRODUCTION For centuries the genetic composition of domestic animals has been manipulated to enhance their usefulness to man. In the past decade, development of recombinant DNA technology has enabled scientists to isolate single genes, analyze and modify their nucleotide structures, make copies of these isolated genes, and transfer copies into the genome. Animals that integrate this recombinant DNA in their genome are called “transgenic.” Recently, medically important human proteins have been produced in large quantities in milk of transgenic sheep. Unless unforeseen complications arise during extraction and purification of these proteins, we can expect to see such products to begin clinical evaluation very soon. Use of transgenic animals for food and fiber remains more distant in the future. Few agriculturally useful genes have thus far been isolated, sequenced, and cloned. In addition, insufficient information on gene regulation is available so that these integrated transgenes can be regulated sufficiently to prevent overexpression that has been shown in some instances to adversely impact the health status. The purpose of this paper will be to briefly review the progress that has been achieved since transgenic modification of swine and sheep was first reported in 1985 (Hammer et al., 1985), with emphasis on developments during the past year.
Sandwich-type theorem for Carathéodory multifunctions

In this paper we present a sandwich-type theorem for Caratheodory multifunctions. We obtain our result by means of the Marczewski function.
Effects of α/β-androstenediol immune regulating hormones on bone remodeling and apoptosis in osteoblasts

Abstract A large body of evidence suggests that the immune system directly impacts bone physiology. We tested whether immune regulating hormones (IRH), 17β-androstenediol (β-AED), 7β,17β-androstenetriol (β-AET) or the 17α-androstenediol (α-AED), and 7α,17β-androstenetriol (α-AET) metabolites could directly influence bone remodeling in vitro using human fetal osteoblasts (FOB-9). The impact on bone remodeling was examined by comparing the ratio of RANKL/OPG gene expression in response to AED and AET compounds. The α-AED was found to significantly increase in the ratio of RANKL/OPG gene expression and altering the morphology of RANKL stained FOB-9 cells. Cell viability was assessed using a Live/Dead assay. Again α-AED was unique in its ability to reduce the proportion of viable cells, and to induce mild apoptosis of FOB-9 cells. Treatment of FOB-9 cells with WY14643, an activator of PPAR-α and -γ, also significantly elevated the percentage of dead cells. This increase was abolished by co-treatment with GW9962, a specific inhibitor of PPAR-γ. Analysis of PPAR-γ mRNA by Quantitative RT-PCR and its activation by DNA binding demonstrated that α-AED increased PPAR-γ activation by 19%, while β-AED conferred a 37% decrease in PPAR-γ activation. In conclusion, α-AED opposed β-AED by elevating a bone resorption scenario in osteoblast cells. The increase in RANKL/OPG is modulated by an activation of PPAR-γ that in turn caused mild apoptosis of FOB-9 cells.
The synthesis of some cyclic diketones isolated from coffee

Abstract The syntheses of several alkylated derivatives of cyclopentane-1,2-dione(cyclopent-2-en-2-ol-1-one), four of which have been previously identified in roasted coffee2, are described.
Effects of grazing and invasive grasses on desert vertebrates in California

Much of California's San Joaquin Valley is a desert and, like portions of other North American deserts, is experiencing an ecological shift from being dominated by ephemeral native forbs, with widely spaced shrubs, to fire-prone non-native annual grasses. Small terrestrial vertebrates, many of which are adapted to open desert habitats, are declining. One hypothesis is that the invasive plants contribute to the decline by altering vegetative structure. Although cattle may have originally been a factor in the establishment of these non-native plants, their grazing may benefit the terrestrial vertebrates by maintaining an open structure, especially during average or wet winters when the exotic grasses grow especially dense. We experimentally tested the effect of cattle grazing on invasive plants and a community of small vertebrates at a site in the southwestern San Joaquin Desert. We established and monitored 4 treatment (grazed) and 4 control (ungrazed) plots from 1997 to 2006, and assessed the abundances of blunt-nosed leopard lizards (Gambelia sila), giant kangaroo rats (Dipodomys ingens), short-nosed kangaroo rats (Dipodomys nitratoides nitratoides), and San Joaquin antelope squirrels (Ammospermophilus nelsoni), all of which are listed as threatened or endangered by state or federal agencies. We also recorded abundances of the non-protected western whiptail lizards (Aspidoscelis tigris), side-blotched lizards (Uta stansburiana), San Joaquin pocket mice (Perognathus inornatus inornatus), and Heermann's kangaroo rats (Dipdomys heermanni). Based on repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) and a 0.05 alpha level, only Heermann's kangaroo rats showed a treatment effect; they were more abundant on the control plots. However, this effect could be accounted for by the natural re-establishment of saltbush (Atriplex spp.) on part of the study site. Saltbush return also favored western whiptail lizards and San Joaquin antelope squirrels. A regression analysis indicated that populations of blunt-nosed leopard lizard and giant kangaroo rat increased significantly faster in grazed plots than the ungrazed controls, and abundances of 6 of 8 species were negatively correlated with increased residual dry matter. With relaxed alpha values to decrease Type II error, populations of blunt-nosed leopard lizards (500% greater), San Joaquin antelope squirrels (85% greater), and short-nosed kangaroo rats (73% greater) increased significantly on grazed plots over the course of the study compared to ungrazed plots. We did not find grazing to negatively affect abundance of any species we studied. When herbaceous cover is low during years of below average rainfall in deserts and other arid areas, grazing may not be necessary to maintain populations of small vertebrates. However, if cattle grazing is closely monitored in space and time to minimize adverse effects on the habitat, it could be an effective tool to control dense stands of non-native grasses and benefit native wildlife. 2011 The Wildlife Society.
An analysis of factors associated with weekly food store sales variation

Retail food sales tend to decrease systematically as the time since payday increases. While the pattern of weekly sales is similar from store-to-store, the percentage variation of sales from the first to the last week of the month is greater for stores with low income customers than for similar stores with higher income customers. Meat department sales demonstrate the greatest variability, produce department sales the least. Retail costs, both labor and overhead, appear to increase with increased sales variability. Weekly sales variation has possible implications for the location and ownership of supermarkets, the design of in-store sales experiments, and pricing practices.
Leadership Mentoring and Situated Learning: Catalysts for Principalship Readiness and Lifelong Mentoring.

Leadership mentoring and situated learning are important components in the effective preparation of candidates for school principalships. This study examined this assertion through responses to reflective writing prompts and to interview questions by students enrolled in three different closed cohorts in the same university‐based preparation program. Readiness to assume a principalship appears to be linked to an individual’s (a) encouragement and support from leadership mentors; (b) opportunities to engage in authentic leadership activities; and (c) perceptions of personal competence to assume school‐leadership responsibilities. To develop these elements, especially as pools of principals shrink, preparers should carefully select leadership mentors for aspiring administrators and organize authentic problems of practice in schools, which expand opportunities for aspirants to apply knowledge in practice. In this vein, three models of leadership mentoring during full‐time authentic school‐leadership practice...
Factors affecting oligomycin inhibition of yeast mitochondrial ATPase

Summary The level of inhibition of yeast mitochondrial ATPase by oligomycin has been altered by the addition of several reagents. Potassium chloride greatly enhances oligomycin inhibition while sodium chloride has no effect. Both dihydrolipoic acid and lipoic acid enhance inhibition while lipoamide has no effect. As pH is varied from 9.5 down to 5.5, inhibition by oligomycin is decreased. Addition of low levels of either mercuric ion or iodoacetic acid blocks oligomycin inhibition but not enzyme activity. These results are interpreted in terms of a model in which the oligomycin binding site of ATPase can exist in two forms with relative amounts of these forms governed by the added reagents.
Complex resistivity signatures of ethanol in sand–clay mixtures

Abstract We performed complex resistivity (CR) measurements on laboratory columns to investigate changes in electrical properties as a result of varying ethanol (EtOH) concentration (0% to 30% v/v) in a sand–clay (bentonite) matrix. We applied Debye decomposition, a phenomenological model commonly used to fit CR data, to determine model parameters (time constant: τ, chargeability: m, and normalized chargeability: mn). The CR data showed a significant (P ≤ 0.001) time-dependent variation in the clay driven polarization response (~ 12 mrad) for 0% EtOH concentration. This temporal variation probably results from the clay–water reaction kinetics trending towards equilibrium in the sand–clay–water system. The clay polarization is significantly suppressed (P ≤ 0.001) for both measured phase (ϕ) and imaginary conductivity (σ″) with increasing EtOH concentration. Normalized chargeability consistently decreases (by up to a factor of ~ 2) as EtOH concentration increases from 0% to 10% and 10 to 20%, respectively. We propose that such suppression effects are associated with alterations in the electrical double layer (EDL) at the clay–fluid interface due to (a) strong EtOH adsorption on clay, and (b) complex intermolecular EtOH–water interactions and subsequent changes in ionic mobility on the surface in the EDL. Changes in the CR data following a change of the saturating fluid from EtOH 20% to plain water indicate strong hysteresis effects in the electrical response, which we attribute to persistent EtOH adsorption on clay. Our results demonstrate high sensitivity of CR measurements to clay–EtOH interactions in porous media, indicating the potential application of this technique for characterization and monitoring of ethanol contamination in sediments containing clays.
Not All Conditions Respond Equally to Spine Injections: A Review of the Outcome Literature for Common Spine Pathologies

A variety of spinal pathologies can result in symptoms including low back and radicular pain. These different diagnostic etiologies have different natural histories and may have varying responses to treatment. Unfortunately, this is not often accounted for in the literature, and the outcomes from treatment of these various diseases are lumped together based on their symptomology. This is an inappropriate way to examine the literature given the different pathologies. This article will therefore offer a narrative review of the outcomes of injection therapy for common disease processes including zygapophyseal (facet) joint pain, sacroiliac joint pain, discogenic pain, disk herniation with radicular pain, and spinal stenosis.
The change of PSA doubling time and its association with disease progression in patients with biochemically relapsed prostate cancer treated with intermittent androgen deprivation.

BACKGROUND We sought to determine the change of PSA doubling time (PSADT) and its association with disease progression during intermittent androgen deprivation (IAD) therapy for prostate cancer. METHODS Data were retrospectively analyzed in 96 patients with biochemically relapsed prostate cancer (BRPC) treated with IAD since 1995. IAD consisted of LHRH-agonists ± antiandrogen given usually at PSA threshold (ng/ml) of 10–20, for 6–9 months. Cycles were repeated until the development of castration resistance. Mixed effects model was used to study PSADT change over cycles. Multivariate cox regression model was used to identify outcome-associated variables. RESULTS Patients received a mean of 2.8 treatment cycles over a mean follow-up time of 71 months. Fifty-seven (59%) remain on treatment and 39 (41%) developed PSA refractoriness (n = 8) or positive scans (n = 31). First off treatment interval PSADT (median 2.3 months) was significantly shorter than the baseline (median 7.34) but remained stable in subsequent cycles. Off treatment interval PSADT adjusted for testosterone recovery (median 3.7) was significantly longer than that based on all PSA determinations (median 2). Factors associated with disease progression were pre-treatment PSADT (≥6 vs. <6), first off treatment interval PSADT (≥3 vs. <3), and PSA nadir during the first treatment interval (<0.1 vs. ≥0.1). CONCLUSIONS During IAD for BRPC, PSADT becomes shorter, and is associated with testosterone recovery. PSADT before treatment and during the first off treatment interval is associated with disease progression. If prospectively validated these data may guide treatment with IAD and clinical trial design. Prostate 71:1608–1615, 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Racism in academia: the white superiority supposition in the “unbiased” search for knowledge

Abstract I consider the issue of racism in academia. Mason, Myers, and Darity's findings of racial bias against economic journals controlled by Black scholars and increasing acceptance of racial deficiency theories support the allegations of Black scholars that academic publishing is racially biased, and that there is a significant amount of racial discrimination in the labor market generally and academia specifically.
Epidote-amphibolite to amphibolite facies transition in the southern Appalachian Piedmont: P-T conditions across the garnet and cale-silicate isograds

Amphibolites occur in three distinct localities (Hudson Rapids, Davis Mill, and Lindsey Creek) in the west-central Georgia part of the Uchee belt, southern Appalachian Piedmont. Epidote-amphibolite facies assemblage (plagioclase [An24-36] + hornblende + epidote + sphene + quartz) at the Davis Mill occurrence gives way to the amphibolite assemblage (calcic plagio-clase [An33-88] + hornblende + garnet + epidote + ilmenite + quartz) at Hudson Rapids. Mineral chemistries indicate that the transition was controlled by increasing pressure and unusual bulk compositions. Equilibrium mineral assemblages record temperatures ranging from 610 to 780 °C at the garnet isograd, and from 570 to 634 °C close to the calc-silicate isograd. Estimated pressures range from 7 to 9.25 ±2 kbar. These P-T conditions are consistent with a thickened crustal section caused by emplacement of the Piedmont allochthon, followed by isobaric cooling (or isothermal compression), and the formation of symplectites of epidote + amphibole around plagioclase + clinopyroxene.
An extension of the information-deductive analysis of form

Twenty-four Ss responded in a paper-and-pencil figure-cancellation task to 4-by-4 metric histoforms and polygons of both random and constrained types. Perceptual performance (number of figures correctly cancelled per minute) was better with random than constrained figures of both types, but the constraint was less disturbing with polygons than with histoforms. Over-all performance was the same with histoforms and polygons.
LOCALIZATION OF A NEGATIVE THYROID HORMONE-RESPONSE REGION IN HEPATIC STEAROYL-COA DESATURASE GENE 1

Abstract The effect of thyroid hormone on stearoyl-CoA desaturase gene 1 (SCD1) expression was investigated in mouse liver. Daily injections of 15 μg triiodothyronine (T 3 )/100 g body weight to hypothyroid mice resulted in repression of SCD1 mRNA levels by more than 50% in 48 hours and up to 65% in 6 days. Transient cotransfections were performed with an expression vector for T 3 receptor alpha (T 3 Rα) in HepG2 cells using chimeric reporter gene constructs of the SCD1 5′-flanking region. Transcriptional repression of the SCD1 putative promoter was observed upon treatment with 100 nM T 3 when cotransfected with T 3 Rα, but not without cotransfection of receptor. Transient gene expression studies localized a T 3 response region to a 70-bp sequence in the SCD1 putative promoter. Eliminating the TATA box and an AP-2 binding site, DNA mobility shift analysis demonstrated specific binding of in vivo nuclear protein from mouse liver nuclear extract to a 43-bp sequence. DNA mobility shift with purified T 3 Rα confirmed the presence of a T 3 receptor binding site in this thyroid hormone-responsive region. These data indicate that SCD1 contains a negative T 3 response region in its proximal promoter.
Negative interference of icteric serum on a bichromatic biuret total protein assay

Background Bilirubin is stated to be a negative interferent in some biuret assays and thus could contribute to pseudohypoproteinemia in icteric samples. Objective The purpose of the study was to evaluate the magnitude of and reason for a falsely low total protein concentration in icteric serum when the protein concentration is measured with a bichromatic spectrophotometric biuret assay. Methods Commercially available bilirubin was dissolved in 0.1 M NaOH and mixed with sera from 2 dogs to achieve various bilirubin concentrations of up to 40 mg/dL (first set of samples) and 35 mg/dL (second set of samples, for confirmation of first set of results and to explore the interference). Biuret total protein and bilirubin concentrations were determined with a chemistry analyzer (Cobas 6000 with c501 module). Line graphs were drawn to illustrate the effects of increasing bilirubin concentrations on the total protein concentrations. Specific spectrophotometric absorbance readings were examined to identify the reason for the negative interference. Results High bilirubin concentrations created a negative interference in the Cobas biuret assay. The detectable interference occurred with a spiked bilirubin concentration of 10.7 mg/dL in one set of samples, 20.8 mg/dL in a second set. The interference was due to a greater secondary-absorbance reading at the second measuring point in the samples spiked with bilirubin, which possibly had converted to biliverdin. Conclusion Marked hyperbilirubinemia is associated with a falsely low serum total protein concentration when measured with a bichromatic spectrophotometric biuret assay. This can result in pseudohypoproteinemia and pseudohypoglobulinemia in icteric serum.
Extraction of some mineral acids by tri‐n‐octylamine

The distribution equilibria of nitric, hydrochloric, perchloric, sulphuric and phosphoric acids between aqueous solutions and benzene solution of tri-n-octylamine have been investigated. The partition and infra-red results indicate that the extraction of these acids is governed by the formation of the mono-amine salts of monobasic acids, and of the mono-, di-(and tri-) amino salts of di-(and tri-) basic acids.
Magnetohydrodynamic waves and instabilities in the heat-conducting solar wind plasma

Abstract The solar wind plasma is a heat-conducting, thermally anisotropic plasma. This paper studies the various wave modes and instabilities in such a plasma, based on a closed system of governing equations obtained by Whang (1971, J. geophys. Res. 76 , 7503). The inclusion of heat fluxes leads to the presence of two new wave modes, in addition to the Alfven, slow magnetosonic and fast magnetosonic modes. The presence of the zeroth-order heat fluxes also results m an asymmetry in the wave speed and a new MHD instability. The new unstable wave propagates in the direction of the heat fluxes. It is demonstrated that the Alfven wave and the associated fire-hose instability are not affected by the presence of heat fluxes, while the exclusion of heat fluxes may suppress the development of the mirror instability. The results are also applied to the heat-conducting solar wind.
Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes initialization and benchmarking in shock-driven turbulent mixing

We investigate a strategy for benchmarking Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) models by comparing moments extracted from averaged large eddy simulation (LES) data and those predicted directly by RANS. We consider the Besnard–Harlow–Rauenzahn (BHR) RANS approach designed for variable-density compressible flows, which has been previously applied to a wide variety of turbulence problems of interest. We focus on the model's ability to predict moments relevant to shock-driven material mixing. A prototypical inverse chevron shock tube configuration is considered, for which laboratory and previous LES studies are available for comparison and validation. We show that when appropriately initialized, BHR is capable of accurately capturing various characteristic integral measures of the flow; strategies for initialization are demonstrated while addressing sensitivity of BHR predictions to closure and initialization specifics, initial material interface conditions, and grid resolution. The reference simulations a...
Who Touched My Mission: Towards Probabilistic Mission Impact Assessment

Cyber attacks inevitably generate impacts towards relevant missions. However, concrete methods to accurately evaluate such impacts are rare. In this paper, we propose a probabilistic approach based on Bayesian networks for quantitative mission impact assessment. A System Object Dependency Graph (SODG) is first built to capture the intrusion propagation process at the low operating system level. On top of the SODG, a mission-task-asset (MTA) map can be established to associate the system objects with corresponding tasks and missions. Based on the MTA map, a Bayesian network can be constructed to leverage the collected intrusion evidence and infer the probabilities of tasks and missions being tainted. This approach is promising for effective quantitative mission impact assessment.
Improved biocompatibility of surface functionalized dendrimer-entrapped gold nanoparticles

A general approach to modifying preformed dendrimer-entrapped Au nanoparticles with different functionalities is proved to improve their biocompatibility.
Hlx is induced by and genetically interacts with T-bet to promote heritable T H 1 gene induction

Type 1 helper T (TH1) cells are essential for cellular immunity, but their ontogeny, maturation and durability remain poorly understood. By constructing a dominant-negative form of T-bet, we were able to determine the role played by this lineage-inducing trans-activator in the establishment and maintenance of heritable TH1 gene expression. Optimal induction of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) expression required genetic interaction between T-bet and its target, the homeoprotein Hlx. In fully mature TH1 cells, reiteration of IFN-γ expression and stable chromatin remodeling became relatively independent of T-bet activity and coincided with demethylation of DNA. In contrast, some lineage attributes, such as expression of IL-12Rβ2 (interleukin 12 receptor β2), required ongoing T-bet activity in mature TH1 cells and their progeny. These findings suggest that heritable states of gene expression might be maintained by continued expression of the inducing factor or by a mechanism that confers a stable imprint of the induced state.
Treatment of leg telangiectasias using a long-pulse frequency-doubled neodymium:YAG laser at 532 nm.

background. At the present time a large variety of vascular lesion lasers are available for the treatment of both congenital and acquired disorders of blood vessels. Although most vascular lesion lasers are variably effective in the treatment of facial telangiectasias, port-wine stains, hemangiomas, and other vascular anomalies, their use in the treatment of leg veins has been disappointing. Histologic, anatomic, and other variables have been associated with a poor response of leg veins to currently available vascular lesion lasers. objective. This study examines the use of a new long pulse frequency-doubled Neodymium (Nd):YAG laser emitting radiation at 532 nm for the treatment of leg veins. methods. Fifty patients with leg telangiectasias of varying diameters were treated using a variable pulse width frequency doubled Nd:YAG laser. This laser delivers energy through a novel water-cooled chill tip, which appears to limit epidermal damage during laser treatment. results. Sixty-two treatment sites were evaluated in 50 patients. Seventy-three percent of patients had greater than 50% improvement after one treatment. Eighty-three percent were graded with clearances of better than 50% after two treatments, with 63% showing greater than 75% improvement. conclusion. The VersaPulse variable pulse width laser appears to be an effective modality for the treatment of leg telangiectasias. The relative lack of patient discomfort combined with a high degree of patient satisfaction may indicate a fairly high level of patient acceptance of this new form of therapy for the treatment of leg telangiectasias.
Voltage dependence of the basolateral membrane conductance in the Amphiuma collecting tubule.

The basolateral potassium conductance of cells of most epithelial cells plays an important role in the transcellular sodium transport inasmuch as the large negative equilibrium potential of potassium across this membrane contributes to the electrical driving force for Na+ across the apical membrane. In the present study, we have attempted to establish, theI-V curve of the basolateral membrane of theAmphiuma collecting tubule, a membrane shown to be K+ selective. TransepithelialI-V curves were obtained in short, isolated perfused collecting tubule segments. The “shunt” conductance was determined using amiloride to block the apical membrane Na+ conductance. In symmetrical solutions, the “shunt”I-V curve was linear (conductance: 2.2±0.3 mS·cm−2). Transcellular current was calculated by subtracting the “shunt” current from the transepithelial current in the absence of amiloride. Using intracellular microelectrodes, it was then possible to measure the basolateral membrane potential simultaneously with the transcellular current. The basolateral conductance was found to be voltage dependent, being activated by hyperpolarization: conductance values at −30 and −80 mV were 3.6±1.0 and 6.6±1.0 mS·cm−2, respectively. BasolateralI-V curves were thus clearly different from that predicted by the “constant field” model. These results indicate that the K+-selective basolateral conductance of an amphibian collecting tubule shows inward (“anomalous”) rectification. Considering the electrogenic nature basolateral Na−K-pump, this may account for coupling between pump-generated potential and basolateral K+ conductance.
Peace Through Commerce: A Multisectoral Approach

Peace Through Commerce: A Multisectoral Approach Timothy L. Fort.- Business and Peace: Sketching the Terrain Jennifer Oetzel, Michelle Westermann-Behaylo, Charles Koerber, Timothy L. Fort and Jorge Rivera.- MNE Strategic Intervention in Violent Conflict: Variations Based on Conflict Characteristics Kathleen A. Getz and Jennifer Oetzel.- Peaceful Warriors: Private Military Security Companies and the Quest for Stable Societies DON MAYER.- The Kimberley Process Certification Scheme: An Innovation in Global Governance and Conflict Prevention Virginia Haufler.- Institutionalizing Peace through Commerce: Engagement or Divestment in South African and Sudan Michelle Westermann-Behaylo.- Investing in Peace: The Motivational Dynamics of Diaspora Investment in Post-Conflict Economies Tjai M. Nielsen and Liesl Riddle.- Locating Peace Through Commerce in Good Global Governance John Forrer.- Corporate Responsibility Standards: Current Implications and Future Possibilities for Peace Through Commerce Charles P. Koerber.- Building Peace in Fragile States - Building Trust is Essential for Effective Public-Private Partnerships Igor Abramov.- Dynamic Capabilities and Base of the Pyramid Business Strategies Pete Tashman and Valentina Marano.- New Convergences in Poverty Reduction, Conflict, and State Fragility: hat Business Should Know Borany Penh.- Peace Through Access to Entrepreneurial Capitalism for All Michael Strong.- Complementary Alternative Benefits romote Peace Norman D. Bishara and Cindy A. Schipani.- Peace through Tourism: The Birthing of a New Socio-Economic Order Louis D'Amore.- Peace Through Tourism: Commerce Based ciples and Practices Stuart E. Levy and Donald E. Hawkins.- Sports Commerce and Peace: Special Case of the Special Olympics Ginger Smith, Andrea Cahn and Sybil Ford.- From Scholarly Dialogue to Social Movement: Considerations and Implications for Peace through Commerce Marc Lavine.-Erratum.-
Consumer Practices and the Visibility of Identity in Antebellum St. Louis: A 1,200-Vessel Archaeological Sample from an Irish and German Neighborhood, 1845–65

This study examines a large sample of ceramic and glass artifacts from ten privy-vault features in downtown St. Louis, Missouri, dating circa 1845–65. The features were associated with a neighborhood populated primarily by recently-arrived Irish and German immigrants. Minimum vessel counts from the samples are employed to establish the basic consumer patterning of a number of products, ranging from ceramic tablewares to bottled foods. Also examined is the frequency and character of more “folk” associated artifacts, such as regionally made crockery and smoking pipes. The visibility of cultural identity is considered in the context of large samples of domestic debris, retrieved from rarified social settings but also dominated by mass produced and mass marketed goods.
Nurse practitioners' use of clinical preventive services.

Purpose: To examine the use of clinical preventive services (CPSs) by nurse practitioners (NPs) in practice. Data sources: A total of 53 transcribed NP–patient encounters and 28 NP surveys. Conclusions: Based on content analysis of the transcribed interviews, only a small majority of NPs (60.4%) used at least one CPS per visit. From the post-survey results, it appears that what NPs think they do varies greatly from what they actually do in clinical practice. Implications for practice: The knowledge gained about the use of recommended CPSs may help promote better clinical practice among NPs and foster improvement in graduate school preparation of NP students.