cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Motivational Interviewing Course for Pharmacy Students

Objective. To create, implement, and evaluate a pharmacy course on motivational interviewing. Design. A 3-hour elective course was created to train doctor of pharmacy (PharmD) students in brief patient-centered motivational interviewing counseling strategies that have proven effective with the types of health issues most commonly addressed in pharmacy settings. Students were assisted in developing their skills through required readings, interactive lectures, in-class demonstrations and practice sessions, out of class skills practice, one-on-one supervision provided by doctoral level clinical health psychology students, and written reflections on each class session. Assessment. Students demonstrated significant improvement in motivational interviewing skills and a high level of motivation for and confidence in using these skills in their future practice. Students overall assessment of the course and supervision process was highly positive. Conclusion. This patient-centered counseling skills course was feas...
A radiation-hardened DLL with fine resolution and DCC for DDR2 memory interface in 0.13 μm CMOS

This paper presents a radiation-hardened-by-design digital delay locked loop (DLL) for DDR2 memory interface. The DLL utilizes thermometer coding with bubble correction and phase combination to cope with single event effects (SEEs). In addition, phase interpolation and duty cycle corrector are employed to achieve both high resolution and low duty cycle distortion. The proposed DLL is designed and simulated in a 0.13 μm CMOS technology. Simulation results show that the DLL is hardened against SEEs for charge injection as large as 250 fC and can recover quickly from radiation strikes on its sensitive nodes. The DLL operates at 267 MHz with 10% input duty cycle distortion and 30 ps delay resolution. It consumes 6.3 mW of power under 1.5 V power supply.
Intropic and vasodilator therapy and fluid refractory pediatric septic shock 185

Introduction: Fluid refractory septic shock in adults occurs for the most part as a result of vascular failure. The use of inotropes and vasodilators is infrequent in this setting. Developmental differences in cardiac function could contribute to a different cardiovascular response in pediatric septic shock. We hypothesized that children with fluid refractory septic shock frequently have a high incidence of low cardiac output and high vascular resistance which responds to inotrope and vasodilator therapy.
Failure properties of suture anchors in the glenoid and the effects of cortical thickness

Abstract The ultimate pullout strength and fatigue properties of a screw-design suture anchor implanted in the anterior glenoid rim were investigated and compared with results from a nonscrew-design suture anchor. Twenty- two cadaveric glenoids were harvested and one to two anchors were implanted in the superior and inferior quadrants. Fifty-seven Statak 3.5 anchors (Zimmer, Warsaw, IN) were tested and compared with results obtained in a previous study on 50 Mitek GII anchors (Mitek Products, Inc, Westwood, MA). The specimens were mounted on an Instron fatigue testing machine (Instron Corp, Canton, MA) and cycled between preselected minimum and maximum loads until pullout. The Mitek GII maintained a higher pullout strength than the Statak 3.5 after cyclic loading. Cortical thickness at the implantation sites was measured, and found to decrease monotonically from superior to inferior positions. The ultimate pullout strength, and subsequently the fatigue life, of both types of suture anchors depended directly on cortical thickness. The significantly lower performance of both anchors when placed inferiorly emphasizes the importance of correct anchor selection, number, and placement in this region. All anchors settled during the first 10 to 100 cycles, resulting in partial exposure of the implant. Intraoperative cycling of the anchors before suture tying may be necessary to achieve complete settling and prevent subsequent loss of coaptation between capsule and glenoid. The study shows that for the anchors to last 1,000 cycles or more, less than 50% of the theoretical ultimate pullout strength should be applied cyclically. With aggressive early rehabilitation exercises, this significant decrease in fixation strength could shift reconstruction failure from suture breakage or soft tissue tearing to anchor pullout. Arthroscopy 1998 Mar;14(2):186-91
HOISTING "Y" COLUMNS AT THE PHOENIX AIRPORT PARKING GARAGE EXPANSION

The parking garage at Phoenix's Sky Harbor terminal number four is being expanded by extending the structure over the roadways on each side of the main terminal building. To support the structure over the roadways there are 28, 220-ton concrete “Y” columns. The hoisting of the “Y” columns at the Sky Harbor terminal garage expansion is an inspiring construction undertaking that demonstrates what can be achieved when ingenuity and good planning are implemented to solve a difficult problem. This paper describes the placement of these structural “Y” columns used to support the expanded garage structure.
Photochemistry of 3,6-dihydro-1,2-oxazines: A versatile route to substituted pyrroles

A high yield pyrrole synthesis which employs a sequence of cyclo-addition, photoextrusion of H2O and Birch reduction has been developed.
Reassessment of plasma angiotensins measurement: effects of protease inhibitors and sample handling procedures.

Characterization of C- and N-terminal forms of angiotensin (Ang) peptides mandated assessment of methods to determine plasma levels. 125I-Ang I, 125I-Ang II, and 125I-Ang(1–7) were added to blood samples in the presence of protease inhibitors. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) inhibited the conversion of 125I-Ang I to 125I-Ang II. o-Phenanthroline and EDTA (EDTA + o-Ph) did not eliminate [des-Asp1] fragments or 125I-Ang(1–7). The combination of EDTA + o-Ph and pepstatin A or 4-(chloromercuri) benzoic acid (PCMB) significantly reduced 125I-Ang(1–7) generation. Only PCMB plus EDTA + o-Ph eliminated [des-Asp1] fragments. Authentic plasma values of Ang peptides require the correct choice of protease inhibitors.
Communication: Creative Ideas for Gathering and Sharing Information

As a result of an increased emphasis on literacy learning, teachers are forced into making difficult choices about how to allocate and balance time for other content areas. As a result, science is often neglected as part of the daily curriculum. If this trend continues, the result will be a generation of learners lacking the ability to perform basic science processes. This article recommends that teachers integrate science learning into other areas of the curriculum, specifically literacy. Six creative ideas are provided as a springboard for teachers to implement and then devise their own innovative ways of communicating scientific findings.
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Susceptibility Testing by an Automated System, Autobac I

The Autobac I system was used to evaluate the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates. The results of the Autobac I were compared with the results of the disk diffusion method. The disk diffusion susceptibility pattern showed resistance to methicillin/oxacillin, penicillin, erythromycin, clindamycin, and kanamycin. All isolates were susceptible to cephalothin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and gentamicin. There was at least 96% agreement using the Autobac I system with all antibiotics except methicillin and clindamycin. Seventy percent of 57 isolates were recorded as susceptible to methicillin, whereas 9% had an intermediate susceptibility. With clindamycin, 14% were recorded as susceptible and 7% were recorded as intermediate. Upon prolonged incubation of the Autobac I cuvette, the agreement between the two methods was 44% for methicillin and 93% for clindamycin. Changes in the environmental conditions, such as use of 5% sodium chloride broth and a 32 degrees C incubation temperature, did not increase the detection of methicillin-resistant isolates by the Autobac I system.
Regulation of PI4,5P2 synthesis by nuclear–cytoplasmic shuttling of the Mss4 lipid kinase

The essential phospholipid PI4,5P2 is generated by a well conserved PI4P 5-kinase, Mss4, in yeast. Balanced production and turnover of PI4,5P2 is important for normal organization of the actin cytoskeleton and cell viability. Previous studies have shown that multiple PI phosphatases can regulate PI4,5P2 levels. We report a new, unexpected regulatory mechanism for PI4,5P2 homeostasis, directed by nuclear–cytoplasmic shuttling of the lipid kinase. We show that Mss4 is a phosphoprotein, which contains a functional nuclear localization signal (NLS) and can shuttle between the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Temperature-conditional mss4 cells that accumulate Mss4 protein in the nucleus exhibit reduced levels of PI4,5P2, depolarization of the actin cytoskeleton and a block in Mss4 phosphorylation, suggesting an essential role for phosphorylated Mss4 at the plasma membrane. Through the isolation of gene dosage-dependent suppressors of mss4 mutants, we identified Bcp1, a protein enriched in the nucleus, which is required for Mss4 nuclear export and is related to the mammalian BRCA2-interacting protein BCCIP. Together, these studies suggest a new mechanism for lipid kinase regulation through regulated nuclear–cytoplasmic shuttling.
Characteristics of Strong Families: Perceptions of Ethnic Parents

Over five hundred parents from four American ethnic groups (American Indian, Hmong refugees, black, and Chicano, with a white comparison group) were surveyed by questionnaire and by interview concerning characteristics that pro mote a strong and healthy family. Although group differences were found in the relative importance of specific traits, there was general consensus that the inti mate environment of a strong family was one of trust, support, and effective communication. Moral principles of behavior are taught, and family members work together for the welfare of the group. While being together was important, encouragement of individuality was also characteristic of healthy families. This preliminary study supports the contention that traits of strong families extend beyond ethnic boundaries.
Characterizing populations and searching for diagnostics via elastic registration of MRI images

Given image data from two distinct populations and a family of functions, we find the scalar discriminant function which best discriminates between the populations. The goals are two-fold: first, to construct a discriminant function which can accurately and reliably classify subjects via the image data. Second, the best discriminant allows us to see which features in the images distinguish between the populations; these features can guide us to finding characteristic differences between the two groups even if these differences are not sufficient to perform classification. We apply our method to mid-sagittal MRI sections of the corpus callosum from 34 males and 52 females. While we are not certain of the ability of the derived discriminant function to perform sex classification, we find that regions in the anterior of the corpus callosum do appear to be more important for the discriminant function than other regions. This indicates there may be significant differences in the relative size of the splenium in males and females, as has been reported elsewhere. More notably, we applied previous methods which support this view on our larger data set, but found that these methods no longer show statistically significant differences between the male and female splenium.
In Vitro Developmental Biology and Spore Production in Nosema furnacalis (Microspora: Nosematidae)

Abstract In vitro cell culture systems are important tools for the experimental and genetic manipulation of obligate intracellular entomopathogens, such as the microsporidia. We introduced Nosema furnacalis, a microsporidium of Ostrinia furnacalis, into continuous culture using a Helicoverpa zea cell line, BCIRLHZAM1 clone G5. Infection of the cell line was initiated by germinating alkali (pH 12)-activated spores in the presence of cells at pH 8. Initial infection levels were low but the percentage of infected cells increased as parasites spread from infected to uninfected cells. Infected cultures were first transferred after 1 to 2 weeks. Subsequent transfers were made every 5 to 6 days by mixing infected (1 part) with uninfected (5 parts) cells. In this manner, a line of N. furnacalis was maintained for more than 70 transfers with continued formation of spores. The majority of parasites was undergoing merogony during the first 2 days after subculturing; sporulating stages predominated after 4 days. Six to 7 days were needed for maximum spore yield. Efficient cross infection occurred in the subcultures when transfer were made with cells containing mostly spores, but was retarded when cells harbored mainly meronts. The spread of infection was apparently due to the formation of spores that germinated spontaneously in vitro. N. furnacalis maintained in continuous culture for over 70 transfers produced spores that were infective for O. nubilalis. However, after 40 transfers infectivity and virulence of cultured spores for O. nubilalis declined.
Receiver architectures for real-time image-compression algorithms based on a feature-visibility model

Receiver architectures for a computationally simple image-compression scheme based on an explicit feature-visibility criterion are discussed. The compression algorithms use the feature-visibility criterion to remove image detail not visible under normal viewing conditions. The algorithms are of low complexity, use integer arithmetic operations, and are well suited to simple real-time implementation in hardware. The algorithms break the image into square regions of uniform intensity. A lossless code has been developed that efficiently encodes the region size and organization information. The receiver stages used to decode the lossless code, to reconstruct the compressed image, and to postfilter the image for smoothing are described.
Development of constitutive equations for nuclear reactor core materials

Abstract A set of strain rate dependent constitutive equations has been described which is capable of predicting deformation behavior of anisotropic metals under complex loading conditions with or without the presence of a neutron flux. The important feature of the constitutive equations is that they describe history dependent plastic deformation behavior of anisotropic metals under three-dimensional stress states. Since the analytical model accounts for the effect of prior deformation history at all times, it is capable of handling consecutive or simultaneous loading histories, such as post-irradiation loading, in-pile loading, etc. It is demonstrated that the general form of the constitutive relations is consistent with experimental observations made for Zircaloys under both unirradiated and irradiated conditions.
The repair paradigm: New algorithms and applications to compressible flow

The repair paradigm leads to several algorithms for redistributing mass, momentum and energy, while adhering to local maximum principles, as an adjunct to the remapping step in certain compressible flow codes that use remapping, such as Arbitrary-Lagrangian-Eulerian codes, or for just redistributing mass in advection codes. In the case of advection of a concentration, repair keeps the newly computed concentration in a cell between the maximum and minimum concentrations in neighboring old cells, thus guaranteeing at least that the new concentration is between zero and one. For compressible flow, density, velocity and internal energy are similarly constrained while maintaining conservation of mass, momentum and total energy. In this way, positive density and internal energy are achieved as a side effect. We propose a new algorithm, combining both local and global repair, that maintains causality and is efficient in a parallel computational setting. The local/global algorithm is independent of the order in which the distribution is performed, and it maintains 1D symmetry. This is applied to advection in two dimensions, and to, among others, the LeBlanc problem, the Sedov problem, and an interacting 2D blast wave problem. The latter is done with a Lagrangian code for which rezoning, remapping and repair are essential.
Relativistic Vlasov-Uehling-Uhlenbeck model for heavy-ion collisions

The previously derived relativistic Vlasov equation from the Walecka model is generalized to include both a collision term and the self-interaction of the scalar meson. From studying the transverse momentum distribution in heavy-ion collisions, we conclude that the nuclear equation of state at high density is softer than that determined previously using the normal Vlasov-Uehling-Uhlenbeck model and is consistent with that from the analysis with a momentum-dependent potential. We have also found that in relativistic model the magnitude of the transverse momentum from heavy-ion collision is more sensitive to the value of the nucleon effective mass at saturation density than the value of the compressibility at this density.
Descent Versus Design in Shuar Children's Reasoning about Animals

The ability to make inductive inferences is important because without it, generalization of knowledge to new circumstances would be impossible. One context in which such inductive skills are likely to have been important over evolutionary time is encounters with animals. Previous research suggests that children take into account at least two kinds of relationships between animals when making inductive inferences about them: descent relationships (i.e., taxonomic relationships), and design relationships (i.e., ecological relationships). Because descent and design relationships are sometimes orthogonal, making correct inferences about particular traits sometimes requires overlooking one kind of relationship in favor of the other. In this study, I used a base-to-target induction task to examine the use of two inference rules in 5 to 12 year old Shuar children from the Amazon region of Ecuador. The descent rule uses taxonomic relationships when the function of the trait being judged is ambiguous or unknown, and the design rule privileges ecological relationships (in this case, predator) over taxonomic relationships when the function of the trait is relevant to the ecological category in question. The results show that Shuar children do employ both of these rules, and are able to switch between them for different kinds of traits, as the descent/design mode hypothesis predicts. Children in both the younger age group (5 to 8) and the older age group (9 to 12) were able to use these rules, but the older children showed a slightly different pattern due to the use of specific acquired knowledge about some of the taxa.
Controlled generation of internal cracks in polymethyl methacrylate

Abstract A simple technique is presented for generating internal cracks in polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) using laser irradiation. With precise control of the laser beam, a well-defined single crack can be produced in the matrix. The shape of the crack is flat and regular, close to an ellipse with nearly equal major and minor axes. The size and orientation of the crack can be controlled through the laser energy and the adjustment of the optical system. The laser-induced crack in PMMA consists of three regions: the central damage region caused by direct energy absorption, the intermediate cracking region, and the outer circumferential region associated with crazing. These controlled internal cracks can be used to study crack propagation, interaction, and related problems.
Push me–pull you: The challenge of endocytic sorting

The vectorial nature of hepatocyte receptor-mediated endocytosis (RME) and its susceptibility to cytoskeletal disruptors has suggested that a polarized network of microtubules plays a vital role in directed movement during sorting. Using as markers a wellknown ligand, asialoorosomucoid, and its receptor, we have isolated endocytic vesicles that bind directly to and interact with stabilized endogenous hepatocyte microtubules at specific times during a synchronous, experimentally initiated, single wave of RME. Both ligand- and receptor-containing vesicles copelleted with microtubules in the absence of ATP but did not pellet under similar conditions when microtubules were not polymerized. When 5 mM ATP was added to preparations of microtubule-bound vesicles, ligand-containing vesicles were released into the supernatant, while receptor-containing vesicles remained immobilized on the microtubules. Release of ligand-containing vesicles from microtubules was prevented by monensin treatment during the endocytic wave. Several proteins, including the microtubule motor protein cytoplasmic dynein, were present in these preparations and were released from microtubule pellets by ATP addition concomitantly with ligand. These results suggest that receptor domains within the endosome can be immobilized by attachment to microtubules so that, following monensin-sensitive dissociation of ligand from receptor, ligand-containing vesicles can be pulled along microtubules away from the receptor domains by a motor molecule, such as cytoplasmic dynein, thereby delineating sorting.
The introduction and spread of smooth cordgrass ( Spartina alterniflora ) in South San Francisco Bay

Spartina alterniflora was first introduced into south San Francisco Bay in the 1970’s. Since that time it has spread to new areas within the south bay and is especially well established at four sites. The spread of this introduced species was evaluated by comparing its vegetative and reproductive characteristics to the native cordgrass, Spartina foliosa. The characters studied were intertidal distribution, phenology, aboveground and belowground biomass, growth rates, seed production, and germination rates. Spartina alterniflora has a wider intertidal distribution than S. foliosa and outproduced the native cordgrass in all aspects that were studied. These results indicate that the introduced species has a much better chance of becoming established in new areas than the native species, and once established, it spreads more rapidly vegetatively than the native species. Spartina alterniflora is likely to continue to spread to new areas in the bay and displace the native plant. In addition, this introduced species may effect sedimentation dynamics, available detritus, benthic algal production, wrack deposition and disturbance, habitat structure for native wetland animals, benthic invertebrate populations, and shorebird and wading bird foraging areas. *** DIRECT SUPPORT *** A01BY058 00013
Freeform Lens Design for Uniform Rectangular Illumination

A new method to design a freeform lens for uniform rectangular illumination is proposed in this paper. This new method is based on freeform and TIR-Freeform structure. It can increase the light efficiency to as high as 90%.
GIS-based prioritization of private land parcels for biodiversity conservation: A case study from the Current and Eleven Point Conservation Opportunity Areas, Missouri

Conservation Opportunity Areas (COAs) have been identified across Missouri as important regions in which to maintain and restore the rich and diverse natural heritage of the state. The participation of private landowners within the COAs is critical to the success of biodiversity conservation, and State officials needed a way to prioritize efforts to engage landowners within the COAs. A flexible and interactive tool was developed to identify high priority land parcels using a GIS model (based on ArcGIS modelbuilder) that incorporated multiple factors including size of parcel, forest coverage, riparian corridor area, proximity to public lands and roads, and presence of endangered species. This model provides a visual and automated means to integrate various data and perform a series of spatial analyses and was used to help identify high priority land parcels in the Current and Eleven Point Hills COAs. The distribution and priority of private land parcels were visualized to help direct marketing and conservation actions toward high ranking land parcels. This approach can be used in other Missouri COAs and other cases where biodiversity conservation prioritization schemes would help decision makers and conservation program managers.
Pressure Politics in the Fifth Republic

t HE THESIS OF AN INVERSE RATIO between strength of the government and power of pressure groups is venerable. It has gained widespread acceptance among American political scientists, since it seems to explain the susceptibility of individual congressmen to pressure group demands, and the relative independence of the president. Some observers discern in this difference between Congress and the president an argument in favor of cabinet government along British lines. Other critics are content merely to ask for greater centralization of the political parties in the United States, which would have the same happy result as the introduction of a cabinet system: pressure groups would be drawn to a central point, and would therefore find it difficult to have their way.' The advent of the Fifth Republic offers a unique opportunity to test the validity of these observations. One of the chief advantages claimed for the new regime by its founders is that the strengthened executive is better able to withstand the egoistic pressures and demands of organized interest groups. Conforming to the ideas of General de Gaulle and Michel Debre, a president chosen by a re-
Pharmacokinetic changes in aging.

Abstract A multitude of factors influence the prescribing, dosing, and clinical monitoring of long-term drug therapy in elderly patients. These include life-style and environment, possible multiple disease states and concomitant medications, compliance, and continuous changes in physiology, all of which can—with advancing age—gradually alter the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of drugs. The physiologic changes associated with aging that can affect the absorption, distribution, excretion, and metabolism of drugs are reviewed and related to the clinical use of several drugs that are widely used in elderly patients. Important clinical factors may also magnify or counteract the physiologic changes that occur with respect to altered drug response. Finally, the pharmacokinetic properties of the available oral hypoglycemic agents are described as they relate to selection of an optimal drug in elderly diabetic patients.
The Dark Side of Financial Innovation

The ability to create securities providing state-contingent payoffs tailored to specific investors seems conducive to improving allocative efficiency. But if some investors assign incorrect probability weights to events, financial institutions can exploit these errors by creating financial instruments that investors overvalue. We analyze the pricing of SPARQS, the most popular listed structured equity product, and document that they are sufficiently overpriced that their expected returns are less than the riskless rate. In a standard model of portfolio selection, such securities would not rationally be purchased by an investor whose marginal utility covaries negatively with the SPARQS returns, and it is difficult to rationalize the SPARQS purchases in the context of a plausible normative model of rational investors. SPARQS are however consistent with the hypothesis that investment banks design structured products to exploit investors' valuation errors.
COMMENT ON NUCLEAR SPIN WEIGHTS OF 12C60 AND 13C60 BUCKMINSTERFULLERENE

Abstract The nuclear spin statistical weights obtained in a Letter by Harter and Reimer differ from the values obtained by the author a year earlier. However, the corrected numbers reported in the Erratum by Harter and Reimer agree with our values.
Multicomponent determinations by a membrane‐discriminated gas phase analyzer and successive regression in the fiduciary region

A membrane-discriminated gas phase analyzer is proposed for multicomponent determinations. Nitrogen gas flows countercurrent through outer and inner channels in a tube-in-tube arrangement. The only communication between the two channels occurs through a 500μm aperture covered by a porous PTFE membrane. A mixture of organic compounds (up to four components) is injected into the inner channel by a heated backflushed injector and the sample components diffusing into the outer channel are monitored by a flame ionization detector (FID). A calibration set, consisting of pure components, binary, ternary and quaternary mixtures (a total of 64 samples), provides the known data base: temporal profiles of the FID output as a function of sample composition, Although the overall response behavior is not a linearly additive function of individual analyte concentrations, the use of successive inverse multiple linear regression (while continually altering the choice of the calibration samples considered for the forward regression, on the basis of the most recent values of the predicted unknown sample composition) is shown to yield analytical results for unknown samples that are in good agreement with their true values.
High-performance TF coil design for the Tokamak Fusion Core Experiment (TFCX)

The Tokamak Fusion Core Experiment (TFCX) is a proposed concept for an ignited, long-pulse, current-driven tokamak device. Toroidal field (TF) coil winding cross section in the inboard region is impacted by peak field (10 T), winding current density (∼3500 A/cm2), and peak nuclear heating rates (50 mW/cm3). The winding utilizes a Nb 3 Sn internally cooled cable superconductor (ICCS), which is a modified version of the conductor used in the Westinghouse Large Coil Program (LCP) coil. These modifications include the increase of void fraction from 32% to 41% of the cable space for withstanding higher nuclear heating rates and a thicker conduit wall to carry larger magnetic loads. The critical current of a Nb 3 Sn conductor is strongly dependent on strain in the superconducting strands. The strain in strands is lower when the windings are wound and then reacted (W/R), as compared to reacted and then wound (R/W). The impact of these approaches on winding performance is discussed. The windings are pancake wound and cooled with supercritical helium. The liquid helium (LHe) inlet (∼4 K) and outlet (∼5.5 K) connections are located on the sides of the TF coils. The conductor design, the winding design, and performance analysis are described.
Synchronous Branch Guide Directional Couplers for Low and High Power Applications

Branch-guide directional couplers can be built in most types of transmission line. A design procedure is here developed which gives predictable and superior performance over a specified frequency band. A new chart was constructed from which the coupler impedances or admittances can be calculated quickly and with sufficient accuracy for nearly all practical applications. A five-branch, 6-db coupler and a thirteen-branch, 0-db coupler were constructed in waveguide. The measured points and computed curves were in excellent agreement. Over the frequency band of 1300 /spl plusmn/ 130 Mc, the 0-db coupler had a VSWR of less than 1.07, its insertion loss was better than 0.05 db, and the couplings into the two remaining arms were weaker than 20 db. This coupler can pass at least 5 Mw of peak power in air at atmospheric pressure.
Intelligent Utility Locating Tool for Excavators

Currently, backhoe excavator operators have to depend on color-coded markings applied by utility locators to expect the location of utilities buried in the ground. As accidents prove time and time again, this method is unreliable. While more efforts should be spent on subsurface engineering and as-built documentation, excavators should have their own tools to "see" cables, wires, and pipes while working underground. This paper presents the result of work aimed at supplying backhoe operators with a device capable of scanning the ground for metallic objects. The "fishfinder" type tool is thought to be the last "barricade" against horrific accidents caused by the damage of buried utilities. The writers not only present the results of extensive tests in the laboratory and the field but also highlight that the outdated contractual principles used by the government, utility companies, and insurers establishes insurmountable barriers for transferring this novel technology into the industry. The relevance of the presented work is in the experimental data that has been collected and analyzed both in the laboratory and in the field. In his report to the Federal Laboratory Consortium, R. Sterling addressed the inherent problems related to the subsurface "world" of cities, towns, and even rural areas in the United States. He summarized succinctly what is known by everybody familiar with the construction industry dedicated to building and maintaining the lifelines of our 21st century society when he wrote: "Over- head utility lines are becoming a thing of the past, except in rural areas. The urban underground has become a spider's web of util- ity lines, including phones, electricity, gas, cable TV, fiber optics, traffic signals, street lighting circuits, drainage and flood control facilities, water mains, and wastewater pipes. In some locations, major oil and gas pipelines, national defense communication lines, mass transit, rail and road tunnels also compete for space underground" Sterling 2000. The U.S. Congress had become aware of the risks associated with damaging buried utilities even
Life scheduling to support multiple social roles

We present the results of our study of 15 working parents, and how they manage their life scheduling needs, that is, how they manage their personal and professional schedules across settings and calendaring tools. In particular, we discuss how their dual roles of parent and employee compel them to record personal information on their professional calendars and we detail the tensions that arise in doing so. Finally, we present suggestions for future calendaring applications that better support working parents in managing their life scheduling needs.
Endograft technology: a delivery vehicle for intravascular gene therapy.

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine whether vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) suffused into a bilayered stent graft retain and express a retrovirally transduced gene for 7 months in vivo. Methods SMCs harvested from dog jugular vein were retrovirally transduced to introduce genes for tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) and β-galactosidase. These cells were then suffused into a novel dual-layered Dacron graft and cultured for 36 to 48 hours. The grafts were mounted on a Palmaz stent and balloon- expanded in the infrarenal aorta of the SMC donor dogs (n = 6). Grafts were recovered at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 7 months. A control endograft suffused with SMCs transduced with only the β-galactosidase gene was placed in the dogs with grafts recovered at 2, 3, and 4 months. t-PA antigen concentration and expression were analyzed with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results Retained engineered SMCs (blue nuclei) were identified in the explanted grafts, neointima, and underlying aorta with X-gal staining. The t-PA antigen concentration and t-PA activity from the SMCs recovered from the grafts remained elevated for the duration of the experiment (7 months) at levels significantly higher (3.7 ± 0.2 ng/mL per 10 5 cells per 24 hours and 1.4 ± 0.1 IU/mL per 10 5 cells per 24 hours) than in control endografts (0.5 ± 0.03 ng/mL per 10 5 cells per 24 hours and 0.07 ± 0.00 IU/mL per 10 5 cells per 24 hours; P Conclusion Retrovirally engineered vascular SMCs survived the implantation trauma, repopulated each graft, migrated into the underlying aorta, and expressed the transduced genes for the 7-month duration of the experiment. This bilayered Dacron endograft model provides a platform to study direct intravascular gene therapy.
Evaluation and Treatment of Chronic Meningitis

Chronic meningitis is defined as an inflammatory cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) profile that persists for at least 1 month. The presentation often includes headache, nausea, vomiting, cranial neuropathies, symptoms of elevated intracranial pressure, or focal neurologic deficits. The most common etiologies of chronic meningitis fall into 3 broad categories: infectious, autoimmune, and neoplastic. Evaluation of the patient with suspected chronic meningitis should include a detailed history and physical examination as well as repeated CSF diagnostics, serologic studies, and biopsy of the brain or other abnormal tissue (eg, lymph node or lung), when indicated. Early identification of the etiology and rapid treatment are crucial for improving morbidity and mortality, but potential infectious and neoplastic conditions should be excluded prior to empirically starting steroids or immunosuppressive medications.
How entrepreneurs create wealth in transition economies

Entrepreneurship has been flourishing in the transition economies of Central and Eastern Europe, the newly independent states of the former Soviet Union, and East Asia. Entrepreneurs in these countries are characterized by their sheer energy, relentless strategies, and sometimes controversial practices. How can entrepreneurs rise to create wealth in environments traditionally hostile to entrepreneurial activities? What can be learned from such an experience? Focusing on these two key questions, this article draws on research from a broad range of transition economies to identify three major entrepreneurial strategies of prospecting, networking, and boundary blurring. It also delineates important lessons for entrepreneurs active in transition economies and foreign entrants interested in these emerging markets.
Using Mendelian Inheritance to Improve High Throughput SNP Discovery

Restriction site-associated DNA sequencing or genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) approaches allow for rapid and cost-effective discovery and genotyping of thousands of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in multiple individuals. However, rigorous quality control practices are needed to avoid high levels of error and bias with these reduced representation methods. We developed a formal statistical framework for filtering spurious loci, using Mendelian inheritance patterns in nuclear families, that accommodates variable-quality genotype calls and missing data—both rampant issues with GBS data—and for identifying sex-linked SNPs. Simulations predict excellent performance of both the Mendelian filter and the sex-linkage assignment under a variety of conditions. We further evaluate our method by applying it to real GBS data and validating a subset of high-quality SNPs. These results demonstrate that our metric of Mendelian inheritance is a powerful quality filter for GBS loci that is complementary to standard coverage and Hardy–Weinberg filters. The described method, implemented in the software MendelChecker, will improve quality control during SNP discovery in nonmodel as well as model organisms.
Exploration of ADHD Subtype Definitions and Co-Occurring Psychopathology in a Missouri Population-Based Large Sibship Sample

Background: There is some debate regarding the utility of Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) subtypes as currently defined. Differences in co-occurring psychopathology among subtypes would support the validity of subtype definitions. Objective: To explore how ADHD subtype relates to co-occurring psychopathology in a large population-based sample of children and adolescents (n=5744). Method: Parents completed the Strengths and Weaknesses of ADHD-symptoms and Normal behavior (SWAN) questionnaire, the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS). Methods including discriminant analysis, principal components analysis, and fractional polynomial regression were used to examine the relationship between ADHD diagnostic subtypes and co-occurring psychopathology. Results: Children with different ADHD subtypes show differences on several CBCL subscales. A combination of CBCL subscales and SRS score had good ability to discriminate ADHD subtypes. Conversely, for the same overall number of ADHD symptoms, individuals who present with both inattentive and hyperactive/impulsive symptoms exhibit higher severity of cooccurring psychopathology on a summary measure derived from principal components analysis of the CBCL subscales and SRS. This includes some subjects who fail to meet the DSM-IV-TR ADHD symptom criterion due to having less than 6 inattentive and less than six hyperactive-impulsive symptoms, yet have ADHD symptom severity similar to those with the inattentive or hyperactive-impulsive subtype. Conclusions : Several convergent lines of analysis provide support for the continued use of ADHD subtypes (or current presentation symptom profiles), as evidenced by differences in co-existing psychopathlogy. We also found that current diagnostic criteria may fail to identify a potentially impaired group of individuals who have low-to-moderate levels of both inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity. Under the upcoming DSM-5, it will be important for clinicians to consider the option of giving an ADHD “not elsewhere classified” diagnosis to such children.
Growth in solid heterogeneous human colon adenocarcinomas: comparison of simple logistical models.

Abstract. Three models of simple logistical growth were used to describe volumetric growth in heterogeneous tumours. Two clonal subpopulations (designated as clone A and clone D) originally obtained from a human colon adenocarcinoma were used to produce solid xenograft tumours in nude mice. Volumetric growth of tumours produced from pure cells alone was compared to that produced from 50% A:50% D, 88% A:12% D, and 9% A:91% D admixtures. Gompertzian analysis of the in vivo growth data indicated significant differences in both the initial growth rates and final asymptotic limiting volumes of the pure versus the admixed tumours. Verhulstian and modified Verhulstian models were also used to derive regression curves from the same data. The fit of the curves was compared with each other using standard (Akaike, 1974; Schwartz, 1978) information criteria. In four of the five tumour populations the Gompertz equation fitted best. Only in the 88% A:12% D tumours did the modified Verhulst model fit best. The deviations from the regression curves, the residuals, for all three models were systematically distributed. These systematic errors are likely to be the result of using simplified logistical models to describe the growth kinetics of interacting populations in heterogeneous tumours.
Problems in the recognition and treatment of patients with dual diagnoses

Abstract Background: This study was to find if the dually diagnosed in a teaching psychiatric hospital were being adequately identified and treated. Method: The records of 200 adult inpatients were reviewed for psychiatric diagnoses, the presence of a history of substance abuse, and the kinds of treatment rendered those patients. Results: Forty-three percent of the patients admitted were found to have a history of substance abuse, but 31.4% of these had a history of substance abuse in the record without a formal diagnosis. Major depression (26.6%) and schizophrenia (18.7%) were the most frequent diagnoses. Half of the patients received no documented treatment for substance abuse. The most common intervention was education by the nursing staff. Conclusions: There is a clear need for better recognition and treatment of the dually diagnosed patient.
Analytic methods for individually randomized group treatment trials and group‐randomized trials when subjects belong to multiple groups

Participants in trials may be randomized either individually or in groups, and may receive their treatment either entirely individually, entirely in groups, or partially individually and partially in groups. This paper concerns cases in which participants receive their treatment either entirely or partially in groups, regardless of how they were randomized. Participants in Group-Randomized Trials (GRTs) are randomized in groups and participants in Individually Randomized Group Treatment (IRGT) trials are individually randomized, but participants in both types of trials receive part or all of their treatment in groups or through common change agents. Participants who receive part or all of their treatment in a group are expected to have positively correlated outcome measurements. This paper addresses a situation that occurs in GRTs and IRGT trials – participants receive treatment through more than one group. As motivation, we consider trials in The Childhood Obesity Prevention and Treatment Research Consortium (COPTR), in which each child participant receives treatment in at least two groups. In simulation studies we considered several possible analytic approaches over a variety of possible group structures. A mixed model with random effects for both groups provided the only consistent protection against inflated type I error rates and did so at the cost of only moderate loss of power when intraclass correlations were not large. We recommend constraining variance estimates to be positive and using the Kenward-Roger adjustment for degrees of freedom; this combination provided additional power but maintained type I error rates at the nominal level.
Probation Philosophies and Workload Considerations

Researchers have devoted a great deal of attention to understanding the punishment attitudes of different groups. Much of this research has focused on punishment attitudes of members of the public, while a few studies have considered how criminal justice officials perceive different sanctions. This study explores the justifications of probation rated by a sample of probation and parole officers. Attention is given to whether justifications are tied to the way officers rated the importance of different tasks as well as how much time officers reported their agencies devoting to different types of probation and parole activities. The results show some inconsistencies between justifications and work preferences/work activities. Implications are provided.
Exercise Strain Echocardiography in Patients With a Hemodynamically Significant Myocardial Bridge Assessed by Physiological Study

Background Although a myocardial bridge (MB) is often regarded as a benign coronary variant, recent studies have associated MB with focal myocardial ischemia. The physiological consequences of MB on ventricular function during stress have not been well established. Methods and Results We enrolled 58 patients with MB of the left anterior descending artery, diagnosed by intravascular ultrasound. Patients underwent invasive physiological evaluation of the MB by diastolic fractional flow reserve during dobutamine challenge and exercise echocardiography. Septal and lateral longitudinal strain (LS) were assessed at rest and immediately after exercise and compared with strain of matched controls. Absolute and relative changes in strain were also calculated. The mean age was 42.5±16.0 years. Fifty‐five patients had a diastolic fractional flow reserve ≤0.76. At rest, there was no significant difference between the 2 groups in septal LS (19.0±1.8% for patients with MB versus 19.2±1.5% for control, P =0.53) and lateral LS (20.1±2.0% versus 20.0±1.6%, P =0.83). With stress, compared with controls, patients with MB had a lower peak septal LS (18.9±2.6% versus 21.7±1.6%, P <0.001) and lower absolute (−0.1±2.1% versus 2.5±1.3%, P <0.001) and relative change (−0.6±11.2% versus 13.1±7.8%, P <0.001) in septal LS, whereas there was no significant difference in lateral LS. In multivariate analysis, diastolic fractional flow reserve and length were independent determinants of lower changes in septal LS. Conclusions Patients with a hemodynamically significant MB, determined by invasive diastolic fractional flow reserve, have significantly lower change in septal LS on exercise echocardiography, suggesting that septal LS may be useful for noninvasively assessing the hemodynamic significance of an MB.