cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Low-temperature combustion chemistry of novel biofuels: resonance-stabilized QOOH in the oxidation of diethyl ketone

The Cl˙ initiated oxidation reactions of diethyl ketone (DEK; 3-pentanone; (CH3CH2)2CO), 2,2,4,4-d4-diethyl ketone (d4-DEK; (CH3CD2)2CO) and 1,1,1,5,5,5-d6-diethyl ketone (d6-DEK; (CD3CH2)2CO) are studied at 8 Torr and 550–650 K using Cl2 as a source for the pulsed-photolytic generation of Cl˙. Products are monitored as a function of reaction time, mass, and photoionization energy using multiplexed photoionization mass spectrometry with tunable synchrotron radiation. Adding a large excess of O2 to the reacting flow allows determination of products resulting from oxidation of the initial primary (Rp) and secondary (Rs) radicals formed via the Cl˙ + DEK reaction. Because of resonance stabilization, the secondary DEK radical (3-oxopentan-2-yl) reaction with O2 has a shallow alkyl peroxy radical (RsO2) well and no energetically low-lying product channels. This leads to preferential back dissociation of RsO2 and a greater likelihood of consumption of Rs by competing radical–radical reactions. On the other hand, reaction of the primary DEK radical (3-oxopentan-1-yl) with O2 has several accessible bimolecular product channels. Vinyl ethyl ketone is observed from HO2-elimination from the DEK alkylperoxy radicals, and small-molecule products are identified from β-scission reactions and decomposition reactions of oxy radical secondary products. Although channels yielding OH + 3-, 4-, 5- and 6-membered ring cyclic ether products are possible in the oxidation of DEK, at the conditions of this study (8 Torr, 550–650 K) only the 5-membered ring, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran-3-one, is observed in significant quantities. Computation of relevant stationary points on the potential energy surfaces for the reactions of Rp and Rs with O2 indicates this cyclic ether is formed via a resonance-stabilized hydroperoxyalkyl radical (QOOH) intermediate, formed from isomerization of the RpO2 radical.
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Is Critical For Angiotensin II–Mediated Hypertrophy in Cerebral Arterioles

Angiotensin II (Ang II) is a major determinant of vascular remodeling in the cerebral circulation during chronic hypertension, which is an important risk factor for stroke. We examined the molecular mechanism of Ang II-mediated cerebrovascular remodeling that involves the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway. Mutant EGFR mice (waved-2), their heterozygous control (wild-type [WT]), and C57BL/6J mice were infused with Ang II (1000 ng kg(-1) min(-1)) or saline via osmotic minipumps for 28 days (n=8 per group). Eight of the Ang II-infused C57BL/6J mice were cotreated with AG1478 (12 mg/kg per day, IP), a specific EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Systolic arterial pressure was measured by a tail-cuff method. Pressure and diameter of cerebral arterioles were measured through an open cranial window in anesthetized mice. Cross-sectional area of the wall was determined in pressurized fixed cerebral arterioles. Expression of phosphorylated EGFR (p-EGFR), caveolin-1 (Cav-1), and c-Src was determined by western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Mutation of EGFR or AG1478 treatment did not affect Ang II-induced hypertension. Ang II increased the expression of p-EGFR in WT mice, confirming the activation of EGFR. Ang II induced hypertrophy and inward remodeling of cerebral arterioles in WT mice. Hypertrophy, but not remodeling, was prevented in waved-2 and AG1478-treated C57BL/6J mice. Ang II increased p-EGFR, Cav-1, and c-Src expression in WT but not in waved-2 or AG1478-treated C57BL/6J mice. These results suggest that Ang II-induced hypertrophy in cerebral arterioles involves EGFR-dependent signaling and may include Cav-1 and nonreceptor tyrosine kinase c-Src. This signaling pathway seems to be limited to Ang II-induced hypertrophy, but not inward remodeling, and is independent of blood pressure.
Information management in research collaboration

Abstract Much of the work in business and academia is performed by groups of people. While significant advancement has been achieved in enhancing individual productivity by making use of information technology, little has been done to improve group productivity. Prior research suggests that we should know more about individual differences among group members as they respond to technology if we are to develop useful systems that can support group activities. We report results of a cognitive study in which researchers were observed performing three complex information entry and indexing tasks using an Integrated Collaborative Research System. The observations have revealed a taxonomy of knowledge and cognitive processes involved in the indexing and management of information in a research collaboration environment. A detailed comparison of knowledge elements and cognitive processes exhibited by senior researchers and junior researchers has been made in this article. Based on our empirical findings, we have developed a framework to explain the information management process during research collaboration. Directions for improving design of Integrated Collaborative Research Systems are also suggested.
Linear inversion of body wave data—Part II: Attenuation versus depth using spectral ratios

We present a method for determining the specific quality factor Q-1 by the use of spectral ratios of seismic refraction data. The only modifications to standard refraction profiles are that the source and receivers be sufficiently far away from reflective boundaries to eliminate the angular dependence of the source spectrum itself and of the observation of the source signal by the receiver. The last requirement may not be too significant. Application of this method for determining attenuation as a function of depth was applied to data obtained in a thick sedimentary section in the Bay of Bengal. Once an adequate velocity‐depth function is determined, attenuation as a function of depth is readily calculated by the use of linear inverse theory. Several preferred solutions are discussed, including a model of constant Q-1 of 0.0115. A comparison of our data with a compilation of data from the published literature of attenuation with depth reveals a reasonable concordance, but with some slight differences. A p...
Grating-Slit: an unusual optical surface test

This method uses a DMD chip to generate a sinusoidal grating as the light source and uses a slit modulating light at the image location. The transverse ray aberration function is obtained through phase shifting.
Outwash Plains and Thermokarst on Mars

Abstract The spatial distribution of different types of rampart craters on Mars suggests a hemispheric asymmetry in the distribution of ground ice. The northern plains, especially major topographic depressions near the terminations of outflow channels, have high percentages of rampart craters. Two of these basins, Acidalia and Utopia Planitiae, received extraordinarily large amounts of water and sediment from the Chryse and Elysium outflow channels. In both regions, the analysis of high-resolution Viking pictures (12 m/pixel) indicates a concentration of kilometer-scale depressions that are similar in size and form to thermokarstic features in Yakutia (Siberia) and parts of the arctic coastal plain of North America. Accordingly, we infer that (1) Utopia Planitia and Acidalia Planitia may contain thick, laterally continuous, ice-rich sedimentary deposits related to outflow channel-forming floods, and (2) these areas of Mars may have experienced thermokarstic processes similar to modern thermokarstic processes in some periglacial regions of Earth.
Relationship of the Van Allen radiation belts to solar wind drivers

Abstract Discovery of the Van Allen radiation belts by instrumentation flown on Explorer 1 in 1958 was the first major discovery of the Space Age. A view of the belts as distinct inner and outer zones of energetic particles with different sources was modified by observations made during the Cycle 22 maximum in solar activity in 1989–1991, the first approaching the activity level of the International Geophysical Year of 1957–1958. The dynamic variability of outer zone electrons was measured by the NASA–Air Force Combined Radiation Release and Effects Satellite launched in July 1990. This variability is caused by distinct types of heliospheric structure which vary with the solar cycle. The largest fluxes averaged over a solar rotation occur during the declining phase from solar maximum, when high-speed streams and co-rotating interaction regions (CIRs) dominate the inner heliosphere, leading to recurrent storms. Intense episodic events driven by high-speed interplanetary shocks launched by coronal mass ejections (CMEs) prevail around solar maximum when CMEs occur most frequently. Only about half of moderate storms, defined by intensity of the ring current, lead to an overall flux increase, emphasizing the need to quantify loss as well as source processes; both increase when the magnetosphere is strongly driven. Three distinct types of acceleration are described in this review: prompt and diffusive radial transport, which increases energy while conserving the first invariant, and local acceleration by waves, which change the first invariant. The latter also produce pitch angle diffusion and loss, as does outward radial transport, especially when the magnetosphere is compressed. The effect of a dynamic magnetosphere boundary on radiation belt electrons is described in the context of MHD-test particle simulations driven by measured solar wind input.
Epidemiology of acute respiratory infections in children of developing countries.

Acute respiratory infections cause four and a half million deaths among children every year, the overwhelming majority occurring in developing countries. Pneumonia unassociated with measles causes 70% of these deaths; post-measles pneumania, 15%; pertussis, 10%; and bronchiolilitis and croup syndromes, 5%. Both bacterial and viral pathogens are responsible for these deaths. The most important bacterial agents are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Staphylococcus aureus
CLEARANCE OF LARGE AMOUNTS OF NATURAL SURFACTANT AND DIPALMITOYLPHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE FROM THE LUNGS OF 3-DAY-OLD RABBITS FOLLOWING TRACHEAL INJECTION

CLEARANCE OF LARGE AMOUNTS OF NATURAL SURFACTANT AND DIPALMITOYLPHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE FROM THE LUNGS OF 3-DAY-OLD RABBITS FOLLOWING TRACHEAL INJECTION
Variance method in quantum field theory and exact strong-coupling limit of the Gaussian effective potential

In order to derive a measure for the quality of approximate field-theoretical ground states, especially the variational Gaussian approximation, we examine the energy variance ofλφ 4 and several quantities related to it. Inn -2, however, the canonical (noncovariant) variance turns out divergent and nonrenormalizable. As a substitute, we propose a closely related covariant and renormalizable quantity and demonstrate its usefulness with the help of various concrete examples. In particular, the strong-coupling limit of the Gaussian effective potential is analyzed.
Consideration of Worst-Case Manufacturing Tolerances in Design Optimization

The paper discusses the effect of manufacturing tolerances for the design variables on the solution to an optimization problem. Two formulations of the tolerance problem in an optimization context are presented. Linearization is employed to reduce the problems to quadratic and linear programming problems. The formulations and solutions of the two tolerance problems are illustrated with an example application.
Effect of synthesis pH on the structure of carbon xerogels

Mesoporous carbon xerogels were prepared from the sol-gel polymerization of resorcinol with formaldehyde (RF) followed by carbonization. The effect of the initial pH of the RF solution on the surface area, pore volume, pore size distribution and nanostructure was studied. A brief mechanism of polymerization is discussed. Typically, a lower initial pH yielded carbon xerogels with a higher surface area and pore volume, and a broader pore size distribution. The highest surface area and pore volume were around 620 m2 g−1 and 0.8 cm3 g−1, with a mean pore radius ranging from 4 to 6 nm and with 80% of the pore volume as mesopores. Transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction revealed a surface morphology consisting of 10 nm diameter particles randomly oriented to produce a partially nanocrystalline structure in between graphite and activated carbon. Thermogravimetric and differential scanning calorimetric analyses disclosed a significant weight loss (50%) during a strongly exothermic carbonization process.
Effects of diffraction in multiple-grid telescopes for X-ray astronomy

Diffraction effects in modern designs for grid collimator telescopes (assumed to have roughly a 100-micron grid period) are apparent at wavelengths longer than 1 A and are dominant at wavelengths longer than 10 A. In collimators with many grids spaced far apart the effects of diffracation are to reduce strongly the peak transmission of the collimator at longer wavelengths and to broaden it by about the amount expected from Fraunhofer diffraction through a slit the size of the grid openings. Comparisons between two-collimator measurements and the present calculations show reasonable agreement; it is therefore concluded that the present single-collimator calculation gives a good representation of their diffraction-limited angular response.
Metallization of solid hydrogen at megabar pressures: A first-principles quasiparticle study.

Quasiparticle calculations have been performed for the band gap of solid molecular hydrogen in the hcp structure. The calculations predict that the orientationally ordered phase undergoes metallization due to an indirect band overlap at the volume {ital V}=2.50 cm{sup 3}/mol and the orientationally disordered phase at {ital V}=1.89 cm{sup 3}/mol, which correspond to metallization pressures of 151 and 300 GPa, respectively. A quantitative relation between the degree of orientational order and the metallization volume is obtained.
Seismic Retrofitting of Rectangular Bridge Columns with Composite Straps

Abstract Behavior of typical rectangular bridge columns with substandard design details for seismic forces was investigated. The poor performance of this type of column attested to the need for effective and economical seismic upgrading techniques. A method utilizing fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites to retrofit existing bridge columns is investigated in this paper. High‐strength FRP straps are wrapped around the column in the potential plastic hinge region to increase confinement and to improve the behavior under seismic forces. Five rectangular columns with different reinforcement details were constructed and tested under reversed cyclic loading. Two columns were not retrofitted and were used as control specimens so that their hysteresis response could be compared with those for retrofitted columns. The results of this study indicated that significant improvement in ductility and energy absorption capacity can be achieved as a result of this retrofitting technique.
Morphology development and crystal growth in nanocrystalline aggregates under hydrothermal conditions: insights from titania

Abstract High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) peak broadening (Scherer) analysis were used to study coarsening and morphology development of nanocrystals. Experimental work used synthetic, equidimensional anatase (TiO2) particles about 5 nm in diameter. Under hydrothermal conditions (100–250°C, 15–40 bars), rapid growth occurs along [001], driven in part by the relatively high surface energy of (001) and in part by a kinetic effect involving a cyclic generation of highly reactive adsorption sites. Rapid growth along [001] depresses the growth rate until (001) surfaces shrink to a critical cluster size. A second major coarsening mechanism significantly reduces the surface energy, especially under acidic conditions. This mechanism involves topotactic attachment of primary particles at high energy surfaces (most commonly {112}, less commonly (001)) and can result in elongate single crystals. Oriented attachment may be an important coarsening mechanism under a wide range of conditions encountered in the laboratory and in natural environments.
The limited proteolysis of tumor necrosis factor-α

The limited proteolysis of human recombinant TNF-α by trypsin yields two stable products resulting from cleavage after Arg6 and Arg44. In solution these two products remain associated together in a trimer with a Stokes' radius slightly greater than the radius of intact TNF-α and, therefore, could not be separated from each other under nondenaturing conditions. This limited digest retains at least 20% of the activity of the original TNF-α sample, and has a tertiary structure that is similar to that of the native protein by circular dichroism. On the other hand, incorrectly folded, inactive TNF-α undergoes extensive digestion following similar treatment with trypsin. These results indicate that the active form of TNF-α has a tight core structure which is maintained afterN-terminal cleavage and removal.
A simple method for the assay of eight steroids in small volumes of plasma

Abstract A simple method is described for the simultaneous radioligand assay of four Δ 5 -3 β -hydroxysteroids adjacent to one another on the biosynthetic pathway (pregnenolone [1], 17α-hydroxypregnenolone, dehydroepiandroste rone and 5-androsterone-3β,17β-diol), and their four Δ 4 -3keto products (progesterone, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, 4-androstene-3, 17-dione and testosterone). Two plasma aliquots are extracted and fractionated each for four steroids and individual corrections are made for losses. For fractionation, maximum use is made of the high resolution and reproducibility of celite minicolumns, using propylene glycol as stationary phase, and a discontinuous gradient of ethyl acetate in iso-octane as mobile phase. The fractions are then assayed in the appropriate radioligand end-assay system. Each assay was finally validated by demonstrating coincidence of peaks of immuno- and radioactive steroid In extracts of female plasma. Results in pre-pubertal girls and women in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle suggest that the major change in adrenal steroid production at puberty may be an increase in 17,20-desmolase activity. There appears to be little reversal of this change in adrenal function after ovariectomy.
Wavenumber study of guided waves in aluminum honeycomb sandwich structures

In this paper, the fundamentals of guided waves in honeycomb sandwich structures are investigated through wavefield and wavenumber analyses. The guided wavefields are obtained through finite element modeling (FEM) as well as laser vibrometry experiments. The FEM and laser vibrometry results agree well with each other. At low frequencies, the guided wavefields show global guided waves which propagate in the entire sandwich with elliptical wave fronts. With the increase of wave frequency, the global guided waves gradually disappear. At high frequencies, guided waves propagate in the single skin plate instead of the entire sandwich, and strong wave interactions with the honeycomb core are observed. To further investigate the wave propagation fundamentals in the honeycomb sandwich, the guided wavefields are transformed to the wavenumber spectra by using three-dimensional Fourier transform. In the wavenumber domain, the wavenumber spectra unveil the wavenumber information of the wavefields. At the low frequencies, the wavenumber spectra of honeycomb sandwich are elliptical ring-shaped. With the increase of frequency, the elliptical ring-shaped wavenumber band is gradually asymptotic to a circular ring. Moreover, with the increase of frequency, the wavenumber values of the honeycomb sandwich are gradually getting closer to the wavenumbers of A0 mode in a single skin plate.
PMD monitoring in traffic-carrying optical systems and its statistical analysis

Differential group delay (DGD) experienced by the optical signal in in-service terrestrial optical fiber systems has been monitored for the first time without the requirement of looping-back, in which the live traffic carried in the fiber was used as the probing signal. The relationship between the measured DGD using this technique and the actual fiber PMD parameter is formulated and verified by field experiments.
The pneumococcal protein conjugate vaccines.

to develop the first licensed pneumococcal vaccine, consisting of 14 purified capsular polysaccharide antigens representing the most prevalent disease-associated serotypes. Coverage was improved by the addition of 9 more purified polysaccharide antigens, resulting in the currently licensed 23valent pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide vaccine. This vaccine has proven effective in the prevention of pneumococcal meningitis and bacteremia in children older than 5 years and adults.4
Differential interactions of conjugated polymer nanoparticles with glycosaminoglycans in synthetic urine

Four different conjugated polymer nanoparticles (CPNs) were used to differentiate structurally similar glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in a urine simulant. Unique emission response patterns of CPNs were analyzed by linear discriminant analysis (LDA), confirming that structurally diverse CPNs are sensitive and effective at differentiating GAGs in a complex biological medium.
Central gray lesions produce estrous behavioral responses in hormonally anestrous cats.

Central gray lesions in ovariectomized cats produced no impairment of estrous behavioral responses to somatosensory and genital stimuli while the animals were receiving daily estradiol benzoate injections. Instead, the lesions produced persistent estrous behavioral responses in the absence of estrogen replacement. These responses included lordosis, treading, and tail deflection in response to perigenital stimuli and afterreactions following genital stimulation. The central gray lesions also abolished the typical hostile responses to genital and perigenital stimuli characteristic of the anestrous cat. The estrous cry response to genital stimulation remained after central gray damage but vocal responses to nociceptive and social stimuli were abolished or attenuated for varying lengths of time. These findings, taken together with results of related electrophysiological and neuroanatomical studies, suggest that the central gray normally suppresses estrous behaviors in the anestrous cat and that estrogens may promote estrous behaviors by suppressing central gray neuronal activity, including that of cells projecting to the caudolateral medulla.
What Medical Students Say About Psychiatry: Results of a Reflection Exercise

Objective The author describes the results of a reflection exercise for psychiatry clerkship students.
Optimal Cost Sampling for Decision Making with Multiple Regression Models

This paper develops an explicit relationship between sample size, sampling error, and related costs for the application of multiple regression models in observational studies. Graphs and formulas for determining optimal sample sizes and related factors are provided to facilitate the application of the derived models. These graphs reveal that, in most cases, the imprecision of estimates and minimum total cost are relatively insensitive to increases in sample size beyond n=20. Because of the intrinsic variation of the regression model, even if larger samples are optimal, the relative change in the total cost function is small when the cost of imprecision is a quadratic function. A model-utility approach, however, may impose a lower bound on sample size that requires the sample size be larger than indicated by the estimation or cost-minimization approaches. Graphs are provided to illustrate lower-bound conditions on sample size. Optimal sample size in view of all considerations is obtained by the maximin criterion, the maximum of the minimum sample size for all approaches.
Enhancement of endocrine pancreatic secretions by essential fatty acids.

Recent studies have suggested the beneficial effects of essential fatty acids in postoperative patients receiving total parenteral nutrition. While there is abundant information on the role of glucose and amino acids on insulin release, the effect of essential fatty acids on endocrine pancreatic secretions is not clear. Since linoleic and linolenic acids are constituents of TPN solutions as well as dietary fat, our aim was to examine their effect on the endocrine pancreatic function, using isolated islets. In each experiment, six islets microdissected from three mice were preperifused at the rate of 1 ml/min with Krebs—Ringer bicarbonate (KRB) buffer pH 7.4 containing 2% bovine albumin and 5.5 mM glucose (basal) with continuous supply of 95%5%, O2CO2 for 1 hr, after which basal samples were collected on ice every minute. The perifusion was continued for 20 min after the addition of a mixture of 10 mM linoleic acid and 5 mM linolenic acid to the KRB. During each perifusion phase, effluent samples were also collected for insulin and glucagon assay. The mean integrated area under the curve/ 20 min showed an increase in both insulin and glucagon secretions with the addition of fatty acids. Hence insulin increased from a basal 3154.8 ± 953.7 to 8393.0 ± 2073.1 pg (P < 0.025, n = 6) and glucagon increased from 193.7 ± 46.9 to 1566.1 ± 411.2 pg (P < 0.0025, n = 5). The fatty-acid-induced insulin but not glucagon secretion was blocked by the addition of 2 mM palmoxirate an inhibitor of fatty acid oxidation. In conclusion our data clearly show that linoleic acid and linolenic acid simultaneously enhance insulin and glucagon secretions and suggest different mechanisms for their insulinotropic and glucagonotropic effects.
Impact of Addressing Accountability Demands in the United States

ABSTRACT Since 1970, quality assurance, or outcomes assessment, has provided guidance for improving pedagogy, curricula and student support programmes in the US. But evidence that student learning has improved remains elusive. Large‐scale long‐term studies are needed to demonstrate the effects of outcomes assessment on learning.
Determination of the Rate Constant for the Radical−Radical Reaction NCO(X2Π) + CH3(X2A2‘ ‘) at 293 K and an Estimate of Possible Product Channels

The rate constant for the reaction of the cyanato radical, NCO(X2Π), with the methyl radical, CH3(X2A2‘ ‘), has been measured to be (2.1 ± 1.3(−0.80)) × 10-10 cm3 molecule-1 s-1, where the uncertainty includes both random and systematic errors at the 68% confidence level. The measurements were conducted over a pressure range of 2.8−4.3 Torr of CH4 and at a temperature of 293 ± 2 K. The radicals were generated by the 248-nm photolysis of ClNCO in a large excess of CH4. The subsequent rapid reaction, Cl + CH4, generated the CH3 radical. The rate constant for the Cl + CH4 reaction was measured to be (9.2 ± 0.2) × 10-14 cm3 molecule-1 s-1, where the uncertainty is the scatter of one standard deviation in the data. The progress of the reaction was followed by time-resolved infrared absorption spectroscopy on single rovibrational transitions from the ground vibrational level. Multiple species were detected in these experiments, including NCO, CH3, HCl, C2H6, HCN, HNC, NH, and HNCO. Temporal concentration profil...
Value Change in Oil and Gas Production: II. Additional Information with Variable Cost and Variable Success Probability.

This paper in the series dealing with development options for producing oil fields considers the effects of uncertainty in parameters influencing the future expected value of the filed worth depending on strategies for field development based on the acquisition of information in relation to business "as is". Three simple illustrations show how the uncertainty in estimated ranges of parameters for the business "as is" situation, the potential development under acquisition of information, and the combined uncertainty of both scenarios, can be quantified and an informed decision made as to how to proceed based upon the information available and also the uncertainty of that information. In addition, a quantification of the sensitivity of worth to the uncertainty in the parameters is provided so that one can quickly determine where to concentrate effort to narrow the ranges of the most important parameters causing the uncertainty in estimates of worth. This advantage allows one to ignore less important parameters and spend time effort and money on narrowing the ranges of factors determining the major fuzziness in estimates of worth. Dans ce second article d'une serie qui etudie l'impact de l'acquisition d'une nouvelle information concernant un reservoir petrolifere, sur la poursuite ou non de l'exploitation, le cas suivant est etudie : la nouvelle information permet de resoudre l'incertitude relative a la valeur future du champ, mais ne permet pas de savoir avec certitude s'il est judicieux d'adopter d'autres methodes d'exploitation que celles utilisiees au prealable.
Constructs and Scaffolds Employed to Regenerate Dental Tissue

Dental tissue injury and regeneration affects the daily lives of almost everyone. Tissue engineering is emerging as a promising therapy to regenerate missing teeth and dental tissues. The aim of regenerative dental therapies is to restore patients to full oral health. This means restoring normal function to missing or damaged tissue. Regeneration approaches use a combination of scaffolds, stem cells, growth factors, tissue engineering, organ tissue culture, transplantation, and tissue grafting. There are 8 key elements to create and use tissue constructs for tissue regeneration. These will be described in detail in this article.
Vortices in rotating superfluid He3-A

We investigate the properties of rotating $^{3}\mathrm{He}$-$A$ in the absence of a magnetic field. For fast rotating $^{3}\mathrm{He}$-$A$ ($\ensuremath{\Omega}\ensuremath{\gg}{\ensuremath{\Omega}}_{c1}$) we find a transition from the type-I lattice of nonsingular vortex textures discussed by Fujita et al. to a lattice of singular $2\ensuremath{\pi}$ vortex textures with polar cores at a rotation speed of $\ensuremath{\Omega}=(\frac{\ensuremath{\hbar}}{2{m}_{3}}){(3{L}_{D})}^{\ensuremath{-}2}\ensuremath{\simeq}32$ rad/sec for $T\ensuremath{\simeq}{T}_{c}$. A second transition to a lattice of singular vortices occurs at a much higher rotational speed $\ensuremath{\Omega}\ensuremath{\simeq}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}1}{\ensuremath{\Omega}}_{c2}$. We also discuss ion mobility and sound attenuation in these vortex textures.
Recent patents and designs on hip replacement prostheses

Hip replacement surgery has gone through tremendous evolution since the first procedure in 1840. In the past five decades the advances that have been made in technology, advanced and smart materials innovations, surgical techniques, robotic surgery and methods of fixations and sterilization, facilitated hip implants that undergo multiple design revolutions seeking the least problematic implants and a longer survivorship. Hip surgery has become a solution for many in need of hip joint remedy and replacement across the globe. Nevertheless, there are still long-term problems that are essential to search and resolve to find the optimum implant. This paper reviews several recent patents on hip replacement surgery. The patents present various designs of prostheses, different materials as well as methods of fixation. Each of the patents presents a new design as a solution to different issues ranging from the longevity of the hip prostheses to discomfort and inconvenience experienced by patients in the long-term.
Lack of drug interaction conformity in commonly used drug compendia for selected at-risk dermatologic drugs.

Background: Systemic treatments that have significant efficacy for dermatologic conditions can often cause severe adverse reactions when improperly combined with interacting drugs. We have noted discrepancies in the reporting of such drug-drug interactions among major drug compendia used in hospitals and physicians’ offices.
CDM failure modes in a 130nm ASIC technology

CDM failures in I/O cells in a 130 nm CMOS ASIC technology are studied. Most failures occurred in internal circuits that were not connected to chip pads. The failures correlate to the I/O power supply network resistance at the I/O cells. Failure modes include gate oxide ruptures on internal nodes driven by active circuits.
Serial sexual homicide: biological, psychological, and sociological aspects.

Serial sexual homicide is what we usually refer to when we use the term serial killer. There are murderers in the annals of crime who have no obvious sexual motif, yet who kill repeatedly and seemingly compulsively. A few such examples emerged from my study of full-length biographies of murderers, which now number 350. One of these murdererers, Charles Hatcher in Missouri (Ganey, 1989) murdered men, women, and children because of his simply profound misanthropic attitudes. Several of the decadent first-century Roman emperors, most notably Caligula, (Ferrill, 1991) used their absolute power to seduce and to commit sordid sexual acts with whomever they pleased and then proceeded to murder their victims. This is surely a kind of serial sexual homicide, yet it is unlike the serial killers of modern times because the emperors committed their acts as a kind of pastime outside of their main activities. Although we think of Ted Bundy as a serial killer who happened to be a lawyer, we think of Caligula as an emperor who happened to be a serial killer. The first people historically whom we might meaningfully call serial killers (because it had become their main identity) were Jean d’Arc’s lieutenant, the homosexual aristocrat, Gilles de Rais, in the 15th century, (Bataille, 1991) and Hungary’s Countess Erzsebet Bathory in the 16th century (Penrose, 1970). Bathory’s case is unique because she was a woman who experienced sexual release by pressing her body against the sexual parts of the bleeding bodies of young women, suspended from hooks whom her servants fetched from the countryside. I do not know whether this example of female serial sexual homicide (with perhaps 600 victims) is totally unique, although I know of no other instances. As for serial sexual homicide (I use the term serial killers for brevity) as we know it today, the phenomenon is comparatively recent. Cases begin to appear in the latter third of the 19th century, a few years before and a few years after the signal year 1888 marked by London’s Jack the Ripper.
A model for the simulation of the EPR spectra of chromophores in partially oriented membrane multilayers

Abstract The EPR spectrum of membrane-bound chromophores in oriented membrane multilayers can be simulated by a model which assumes a rhombic g tensor, an angle-dependent linewidth, and a fixed orientation of the center relative to the membrane normal. Membrane multilayers display no order with respect to rotation about the membrane normal. The remaining order- is subject to mosaic spread. Application of appreciable mosaic spread causes the line positions to move from their expected values to the principal g values and the lineshapes change from derivative to absorption-like powder spectra.
Peritoneal fluid cytology in endometrial cancer: Its significance and the role of chromic phosphate (32P) therapy

Between 1978 and 1986, 243 patients (all stages) had peritoneal fluid cytology performed while undergoing total abdominal hysterectomy for endometrial carcinoma; 39 (16%) were found to be positive. At 3 years (median follow-up of 30 months) the disease-free survival (DFS) for the 165 negative cytology clinical Stage I patients was 91% compared to only 56% for the 25 positive cytology patients (p less than .001). Of the 25 Stage I positive cytology patients, 14 with greater than one-third myometrial invasion had a DFS of 30% at 3 years as compared to 87% for negative cytology patients with comparable depth of invasion (p less than .001). There was no difference in DFS between the negative and positive cytology Stage I patients who had one-third or less myometrial invasion. Stage I patients with histologic Grade 2 and 3 had a lower 3 year DFS when cytology positive, 49% and 22%, versus 92% and 79% when cytology negative (p less than .001 and p = .03 respectively). In clinical Stage II patients the 3-year DFS was 21% for those with a positive cytology and 59% with a negative cytology. Fourteen of the 25 clinical Stage I positive cytology patients received 15 mCi of intraperitoneal 32P. At 3 years they had a 68% DFS as compared to 27% for those not receiving 32P (p = 0.01). All 11 patients with superficial myometrial invasion (9 received 32P) remained disease-free. The 4 Stage I patients with deep invasion who received 32P therapy had an improvement in abdominal/pelvic control and DFS when compared to 9 similar patients who did not receive 32P (p = .02). For histologic Grade 2 and 3 patients, there was a 64% 3-year DFS in the 32P treated group and 16% for those not receiving 32P (p = 0.02). Although 32P therapy improved DFS in Stage I positive cytology patients its use along with pelvic radiation therapy can lead to complications. Of 9 Stage I patients receiving 32P as well as pelvic irradiation, 4 experienced serious bowel complications requiring surgery. None of the 5 patients receiving 32P only had a complication.
Case studies of software-process-improvement measurement

Describes an ongoing research project conducted jointly by Siemens and the Software Engineering Institute. Siemens software-development organizations in Germany and the United States are case-study sites at which we measure the effect of methods to improve the software-development process. To observe and quantify the impact of software-process improvement, we must measure the performance of a software-development organization over time. Comparison of performance across organizations is very difficult, since organizations define measures and collect performance data in different ways. However, we can separately track performance improvement in each organization if it defines measures consistently and develops similar products. We have defined basic measures for performance of a software-development organization. We limited ourselves to a small number of simple measures to reduce the complexity of collecting, analyzing, and maintaining the performance data. Improving the software-development process improves the quality of software products and the overall performance of the software-development organization. However, process is only one of several controllable factors in improving software quality and organization performance. Others include the skills and experience of the people developing the software, the technology used (e.g. CASE tools), product complexity, and environmental characteristics such as schedule pressure and communications. >
Growth trajectory of children and adolescents with isolated cleft lip and/or palate through the first two decades of life

Abstract A wide body of evidence shows that patients with clefts exhibit decreased growth in their early years. Less evidence regarding their growth trajectory, specifically their body mass indices (BMIs), in later years is available. This study analyzes BMIs of patients with isolated clefts and/or palate over time using age-adjusted BMI z -scores based on the CDC 2000 references for height and weight for age. At least two height and weight measurements were obtained during 2–10 years and at least two height and weight measurements were obtained during 10–20 years. Mean BMI z -score for all patients was 0.117. Males had a mean z -score of 0.087 and females a mean of 0.160 ( p = 0.407). Patients under 10 years of age had a mean z -score of 0.208, while patients older than 10 years had a mean z -score of −0.028 ( p = 0.223). While significance was not achieved in the statistical analysis, the results suggest that overall, the cleft population maintains a mean BMI that is similar to that of the general population during childhood and adolescence. A larger analysis is warranted to investigate this phenomenon further and to investigate specifically the rate of obesity within this group.
Large distance effects in CP violation and the K0-K0 mass matrix

Abstract Large distance contributions to the K0- K 0 mass matrix are often neglected but have important consequences for CP violation. If “penguins” dominate |ΔS| = 1 weak decays then these large distance contributions correspond to “(penguin)2” diagrams and receive potentially large CP-violating phases. We argue that this effect reduces the size of |ϵ′/ϵ| by ≈ 1 2.5 in the KM model. In the extreme penguin limit, ⨍ = 1 and ϵm = 0, we have |ϵ′/ϵ| ≈ 1 50 .
Qum-1956: A Misadventure in Iranian Oil

Professor Rosenberg describes an unsuccessful attempt by four international businessmen to obtain oil concessions in Iran during a period of concern about oil supplies. The incident illuminates some of the hidden politics of international business activity.
Data based program evaluation in a project involving mental health consultation to schools.

Abstract Program evaluation is viewed as an important but methodologically problematic process. A school consultation project was designed with has as an intrinsic part of its program the means for program evaluation. Evaluation was peformed on four levels: (1) consultant behavior, (2) teacher (consultee) satisfaction, (3) student (client) behavioral change, and (4) assessment of community impact.
Atherosclerotic disease distribution in carotid and vertebrobasilar arteries: Clinical experience in 100 patients undergoing fluoro-triggered 3D Gd-MRA

Purpose To determine how often three-dimensional gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (3D Gd-MRA) shows disease outside of the standard two-dimensional time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography (2D TOF-MRA) imaging volume. Materials and Methods One hundred consecutive patients with known or suspected cerebrovascular disease were examined using fluoro-triggered 3D Gd-MRA with a 1.5 Tesla scanner. All vessel segments from the aortic arch to the circle of Willis were independently evaluated for the presence of occlusive disease, ulceration, aneurysm, and anatomic variations by two radiologists blinded to clinical information. Branch vessel and circle of Willis visibility were also assessed. Kappa statistics were calculated to determine interobserver agreement. Results Interobserver agreement for the degree of stenosis was good to excellent (κ = 0.83–1.0). Disagreement was more frequent in the cases of mild stenoses and was less frequent for stenoses ≥ 50%. In 38% of the patients, 3D Gd-MRA demonstrated either ulcerated plaques in carotid arteries (N = 14) or stenosis ≥ 50% in great vessel (N = 20) and/or vertebral artery (N = 38) origins, none of which can be readily evaluated on standard TOF-MRA. Conclusion Fluoro-triggered 3D Gd-MRA provides a comprehensive evaluation of the carotid arteries including all vessel segments from the aortic arch to the circle of Willis. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2003;17:545–558. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Marburg virus VP40 antagonizes interferon signaling in a species-specific manner

Marburgviruses are zoonotic pathogens that cause lethal hemorrhagic fever in humans and nonhuman primates. However, they do not cause lethal disease in immunocompetent mice unless they are adapted to this species. The adaptation process can therefore provide insight into the specific virus-host interactions that determine virulence. In primate cells, the Lake Victoria marburgvirus Musoke strain (MARV) VP40 matrix protein antagonizes alpha/beta interferon (IFN-α/β) and IFN-γ signaling by inhibiting the activation of the cellular tyrosine kinase Jak1. Here, VP40 from the Ravn strain (RAVV VP40)-from a distinct Marburg virus clade-is demonstrated to also inhibit IFN signaling in human cells. However, neither MARV nor RAVV VP40 effectively inhibited IFN-signaling in mouse cells, as assessed by assays of the antiviral effects of IFN-α/β and the IFN-α/β-induced phosphorylation of Jak1, STAT1, and STAT2. In contrast, the VP40 from a mouse-adapted RAVV (maRAVV) did inhibit IFN signaling. Effective Jak1 inhibition correlated with the species from which the cells were derived and did not depend upon whether Jak1 was of human or mouse origin. Of the seven amino acid changes that accumulated in VP40 during mouse adaptation, two (V57A and T165A) are sufficient to allow efficient IFN signaling antagonism by RAVV VP40 in mouse cells. The same two changes also confer efficient IFN antagonist function upon MARV VP40 in mouse cells. The mouse-adaptive changes did not affect the budding of RAVV VP40 in mouse cells, suggesting that this second major function of VP40 did not undergo adaptation. These data identify an apparent determinant of RAVV host range and virulence and define specific genetic determinants of this function.
PIONEER 6 PLASMA MEASUREMENTS IN THE MAGNETOSHEATH.

Magnetosheath plasma measurements by Pioneer 6 during outbound passage in dusk meridian, comparing results with various predictions
Essential language support for generic programming

Concepts are an essential language feature for generic programming in the large. Concepts allow for succinct expression of constraints on type parameters of generic algorithms, enable systematic organization of problem domain abstractions, and make generic algorithms easier to use. In this paper we present the design of a type system and semantics for concepts that is suitable for non-type-inferencing languages. Our design shares much in common with the type classes of Haskell, though our primary influence is from best practices in the C++ community, where concepts are used to document type requirements for templates in generic libraries. Concepts include a novel combination of associated types and same-type constraints that do not appear in type classes, but that are similar to nested types and type sharing in ML.
A Model of Lending Resumption after Default: Lessons from Capital Markets during the Nineteenth Century

This paper mines the experience of the nineteenth-century capital markets to propose an alternative interpretation of international defaults. The standard view - that sovereign default entails exclusion from markets - was often contradicted by reality: in some cases lending ceased, but in others it continued. This paper claims that lenders' responses to default stem from the additional knowledge about borrowers that is acquired during default episodes. Lending is modelled in a costly-state-verification environment where sovereigns have private information about their investment projects (good or bad). After default, lenders audit projects and interrupt lending only if the project is believed to be a 'bad' one.
Ultrastructural studies of the rat submandibular gland in streptozotocin induced diabetes mellitus.

Increased fluid intake (polydipsia) is one of the classic symptoms of diabetes mellitus. Xerostomia (dry mouth) and resultant thirst are other symptoms of the disease and bear a close relationship to polydipsia. The xerostomia in individuals with diabetes is primarily due to decreased saliva flow which appears to be associated with degenerative changes in the salivary glands. This study examines the response of the rat submandibular gland to streptozotocin induced diabetes mellitus. Adult male rats were given a single I.V. dose of streptozotocin (65 mg/kg body weight) in citrate buffer (pH 4.5). Salivary glands were examined by light and electron microscopy at 4, 8 and 24 h and 3, 7, 14 and 21 days posttreatment. The changes in the acinar cells were characterized by an accumulation of secretory material within the cytoplasm. This secretory protein accumulation was followed by degenerative changes in the acinar cells which frequently resulted in cell death and replacement of secretory cells by connective tissue elements. The loss of secretory volume and potential changes in secretory kinetics are discussed with regard to the xerostomia, thirst and polydipsia exhibited by individuals with diabetes mellitus.