cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interactions between wheat characteristics and feed enzyme supplementation in broiler diets

Wheat is a very variable grain in terms of its physical and chemical characteristics. Of its physical characteristics, hardness appears to be the most important quality, having the greatest influence on broiler performance and nutrient digestibility. The effect of wheat hardness on broiler performance is also likely to be influenced by feed form (e.g. mash versus pelleted feed). For the chemical characteristics, the level and structure of the non starch polysaccharides (NSP) are important criteria in determining the feeding quality of the wheat. With regard to enzyme response, most research has focused on the chemical structure, in particular NSP level of the wheat with little attention on the importance of the physical quality. Further studies are required to better understand the effect of physical qualities of wheat and how they influence the response to feed enzymes. This review sheds light on some of the chemical and physical wheat quality that may affect enzyme response in broilers.
The effect of addition of poly(propylene-g-acrylic acid) on the morphology of poly(vinyl methylether) and isotactic polypropylene blend

The interfacial adhesion of blend of isotactic polypropylene/poly(vinyl methylether) (i-PP/PVME) has been improved by the addition of poly(propylene-g-acrylic acid) (PP-g-AA) as a compatibilizing agent. The phase mor- phologies of the blends are investigated by optical micros- copy (OM) and lateral force microscopy (LFM). The i-PP/ PVME (80/20) blend with no addition of PP-g-AA from extrusion process shows a coarse morphology with the dis- persed domain size as large as several micrometers; After the addition of 2.5% PP-g-AA in the blends, the dispersed PVME domain size decreases greatly. The addition of 5% PP-g-AA results in a homogeneous morphology. The blend- ing of PP-g-AA with PVME reduces the crystallization tem- perature of PP-g-AA, which is different from that of blend- ing i-PP with PVME. The increase of the interfacial adhesion is attributed to the specific intermolecular interaction be- tween the acrylic acid group of PP-g-AA and the ether group of PVME. The specific interaction is studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 4098 - 4103, 2006
Electric currents in F-like planetary ionospheres

In this paper an MHD approach is used to consider the conduction of electric current in a lightly ionized gas, taking into account the gradients of pressure in the ion and electron gases, in addition to the electric field. The coefficients of electrical conductivity are found for each driver of current. New expressions for the components of heat dissipation associated with each driver of current are developed, which are fully consistent with kinetic theory. The relationship of the results to those obtained by kinetic theory is discussed. New components of currents associated with planetary equatorial electrojets are found. A new diffusion equation for magnetic induction is found, applicable in E-like regions of planetary ionospheres, and stellar photospheres.
Evolution and impact of drive-line infection in a large cohort of continuous-flow ventricular assist device recipients.

Background Drive-line infections (DLIs) frequently complicate ventricular assist device (VAD) support. We sought to describe the detailed effects of DLIs over time in patients with continuous-flow VADs, including the onset, risk factors, organisms involved, association with invasive infections, and outcomes. Methods We reviewed data for patients with HeartMate II VADs (HMII) who were implanted at the Cleveland Clinic from October 2004 to September 2011 and followed through December 2011. DLIs were defined according to published criteria. Results DLIs developed in 45 of 194 HMII VADs over a median period of 232 days (range 22 to 883 days). Hazard for DLI was 2.0%/month, but transiently peaked at 11%/month at 7.5 months after implant. Pseudomonas aeruginosa accounted for 31%, 42% and 55% of initial, final and deep DLIs, respectively. Of the 40 superficial DLIs, 13 (32.5%) became deep. DLI-associated bacteremia and hospitalization occurred in 14 of 45 (31%) and 30 of 45 (67%), respectively. All patients received antibiotics (median 171 days), but only 3 of 44 (6.8%) developed an antibiotic complication. DLIs increased the risk for death while on VAD support (HR 2.20, 95% CI 1.20 to 4.05; p = 0.01). Six and 12 months after DLI, mortality was 9.8% and 31%, but the competing event of transplantation occurred successfully in 20% and 28%, respectively. Conclusions Most DLIs begin superficially with peak hazard at 7.5 months after implant. Depth of infection and infecting organism may evolve over months on support, with Pseudomonas becoming more prominent. Although effectively managed for prolonged periods, DLIs are associated with reduced survival on VAD support. Earlier transplantation is the most successful approach to treatment.
A PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE ANATOMY AND AFFINITIES OF MEDULLOSA NOEI SP. NOV. FROM THE PENNSYLVANIA OF ILLINOIS

IN A RECENTT study of fossil plant material contained in coal balls from Illinois, there were found the petrified remains of a stem, roots, leaves, leaf bases, and petioles of the Pteridosperm, Medullosa. The roots and leaf bases were found in connection with the stem. The leaves and petioles were found only in association, but structural characteristics indicate a rather definite relationship.
Comparison of the DNA Incorporation in Human MOLT-4 Cells of Two 2′-β-Fluoronucleosides, 2′-β-Fluoro-2′,3′-dideoxyadenosine and Fialuridine

Abstract Incorporation of 2′- β -fluoro-2′,3′-dideoxyadenosine (F-ddA), a recently developed anti-HIV agent, into the cellular DNA of human MOLT-4 cells has been compared with the DNA incorporation seen with fialuridine (FIAU; 1-[2′-deoxy-2′-fluoro- β - D -arabinofuranosyl]-5-iodouracil), a potent anti-hepatitis B (anti-HBV) nucleoside analogue recently found to cause severe hepatic toxicity in human subjects. At equimolar concentrations (10 µM), incorporation of F-ddA was less than 1% of that for FIAU, a difference attributable to the lack of a 3′-hydroxyl group in the former compound and a consequent inability of F-ddA, unlike FIAU, to form DNA internucleotide linkages.
Incidence of Salmonellae on Commercially Processed Poultry

Abstract IMPROVEMENTS in raising, processing, and marketing of both chickens and turkeys have resulted in greater acceptance of the ready-to-cook product by the consuming public. However, more information is needed on the microflora of processed birds in order to better control spoilage and to reduce danger of food-borne diseases. The role that poultry may have in the transmission of causative agents of human salmonellosis has been discussed by Hinshaw and McNeil (1948). These workers stated that “56 of the 60 Salmonella types and variants isolated from birds have also been the cause of illness in man. In view of the public health and agricultural economic aspects of the avian salmonellosis problem, all branches of the poultry industry should cooperate in eliminating this group of diseases from poultry farms.” In 1939, Edwards regarded fowl as the greatest reservoir of Salmonella infection in the U. S. and after conducting a 15 year study, …
Cultural Variation in Children's Social Organization

This article examines how 31 triads of 6- to 10-year-old children from 3 cultural backgrounds organized their interactions while folding Origami figures. Triads of children whose families had immigrated to the United States from indigenous heritage regions of Mexico (and whose mothers averaged only 7 grades of schooling) coordinated more often as an ensemble, whereas triads of European heritage U.S. children whose mothers had extensive schooling more often engaged dyadically or individually. When the European heritage children did engage as an ensemble, this often involved chatting rather than nonverbal conversation regarding folding, which was more common among the Mexican heritage children. Mexican heritage U.S. triads whose mothers had extensive schooling showed an intermediate pattern or resembled the European heritage children.
Headache and ptosis for four months: potential mimickers of intraparenchymal hemorrhage

Computed tomography demonstrated a hyperdense collection in the left thalamus (Fig. 1), originally thought to represent hemorrhage. Computed tomographic angiography, however, showed that the collection represented an unruptured basilar tip aneurysm (Fig. 2). The patient underwent uncomplicated surgical clipping. Cerebral aneurysms commonly arise at bifurcations within the Circle of Willis. Upwards of 90 % arise within the anterior circulation, while approximately 10 %, as demonstrated in this case, arise within the posterior circulation, with an overall incidence of 2.3 % [1]. Individuals with unruptured aneurysms are usually asymptomatic. Cranial neuropathies and thromboembolic events are rare. Unruptured aneurysms containing thrombus will appear hyperdense on unenhanced computed tomography of the head, potentially mimicking acute hemorrhage [1]. Differentiating aneurysm and hemorrhage is critical as management of the two conditions varies drastically. Computed tomographic angiography is the imaging modality of choice, with 95 % sensitivity for detecting aneurysms greater than 2 mm [2].
Situs inversus totalis associated with subaortic and subpulmonic stenosis.

The unusual occurrence of total situs inversus and idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis with the demonstration of right and left heart dynamic obstruction in one patient is presented. The fact that the patient was known to have a rare abnormality (total situs inversus) and the presenting symptom being angina pectoris, may have obscured the diagnosis of IHSS and emphasizes the value of comprehensive evaluation of patients. The documentation of right ventricular dynamic obstruction, in addition to obstruction of the left side of the heart, was facilitated by the use of simultaneous pressure recordings in the pulmonary artery and in the body of the right ventricle. The angina-like pain was secondary to left ventricular outflow obstruction, rather than to coronary disease.
Nuclear medicine studies of aging—IV.Femoral proximal to distal radionuclide uptake gradient

Analyses of radionuclide bone scans were carried out to determine if, with the aging process, there were measurable changes in the femoral gradient of activity from proximal to distal portions of bone. Images of the femoral region were obtained using a gamma camera 2–3 h after i.v. administration of 99m Tc labeled MDP. Sixty patients (1–85 years old) were selected based on the criteria that their femoral images appeared normal and there was no history of limb disease. Radionuclide concentrations at the upper, middle, and lower regions of the femur were determined from the femoral scans by using an optical densitometer, and background corrected. Results were expressed as ratios of upper to middle, lower to middle, and upper to lower regions of the femur. The analysis showed that the lower to middle ratio declined with age.
'Unstandard' ways of answering standard questions: protocol analysis in alcohol survey research*

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the history and development of protocol analysis as a useful approach for survey research in the alcohol field, and to describe the results of a pilot study which used protocol analysis to assess the recall strategies used for four standard alcohol questions commonly used in surveys. Twenty-nine subjects were interviewed and asked to think aloud their responses to four alcohol items: frequency of drinking, average quantity, frequency of drinking over 5 drinks, and frequency of drunkenness. Results indicate that respondents most often used anchoring and adjustment and context strategies to arrive at their answers. Suggestions for facilitating the use of specific strategies during an interview are given.
Subtleties in the Flat-Fielding of Charge-Coupled Device / CCD / Images

Astronomical photometry with CCDs will often involve relatively low signal levels (less than 1000 charge carriers per pixel), at which nonlinear effects sometimes become significant. These effects will probably play a role in the processing of Space Telescope data. The problem apparently arises because signal charges are not read out equally completely from all columns and all pixels. It is shown that, although a first-order correction can be made by subtracting a low-level flat field from all frames before conventional processing, higher accuracy can be achieved by modeling the response with a nonlinear function.
Complications of hysteroscopic surgery: predicting patients at risk.

Abstract Objective: To determine the frequency of operative complications and whether they can be predicted by specific patient characteristics or type of hysteroscopic procedure. Methods: We collected demographic and medical history information on 925 women who had hysteroscopies from 1995 through 1996. We compared differences in rates of operative complications of specific hysteroscopic procedures. Operative complications were defined as uterine perforation, excessive glycine absorption (1 L or more), hyponatremia, hemorrhage (500 mL or more), bowel or bladder injury, inability to dilate the cervix, and procedure-related hospital admissions. Results: Operative complications occurred in 25 (2.7%) of 925 hysteroscopies. Excessive fluid absorption was the most frequent complication. Hysteroscopic myomectomy and resection of uterine septum were associated with greater odds of complications (odds ratio [OR] 7.4, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.3, 16.6 and OR 4.0, 95% CI 0.9, 19.6, respectively). Hysteroscopic polypectomy and endometrial ablation were associated with lower odds of complications (OR 0.1, 95% CI 0.0, 0.7 and OR 0.4, 95% CI 0.1, 3.3, respectively). Hysteroscopies done by reproductive endocrinologists and preoperative GnRH agonist therapy were associated with 4–7 times higher odds for operative complications. Conclusion: Complications during hysteroscopic surgery are rare. Among hysteroscopic procedures, myomectomies and resections of uterine septa have significantly higher rates of complications, especially excessive fluid absorption. Meticulous fluid management might limit the number of serious complications of these higher-risk procedures.
EASY's GETTIN’ HARDER ALL THE TIME: THE COMPUTATIONAL THEORY AND AFFECTIVE STATES

We argue that A. Damasio’s (1994) Somatic Marker hypothesis can explain why humans don’t generally suffer from the frame problem, arguably the greatest obstacle facing the Computational Theory of Mind. This involves showing how humans with damaged emotional centers are best understood as actually suffering from the frame problem. We are then able to show that, paradoxically, these results provide evidence for the Computational Theory of Mind, and in addition call into question the very distinction between easy and hard problems in the contemporary philosophy of mind.
Resource allocation for OFDMA relay networks

The paper studies the resource allocation for the OFDMA relay network with multiple source nodes, multiple relay nodes and a single designation node. The optimal source/relay/subcarrier allocation with QoS constraint is formulated as a binary integer programming problem. The problem is then tackled using a graph theoretical approach by transforming it into a linear optimal distribution problem in a directed graph. Upper bound of the solution is discussed. Simulation results are studied to evaluate the algorithm performance. The algorithm approaches the upper bound with low complexity.
Investigating Graphesthesia Task Performance in the Biological Relatives of Schizophrenia Patients

This study compared the performance of 39 biological relatives of persons with schizophrenia to that of 30 normal adult controls on graphesthesia processing, a complex somatosensory processing task. The relatives performed significantly worse on the graphesthesia task compared to the healthy controls. The relatives and control subjects, however, did not differ on two neurocognitive control tasks. These data are interpreted within the context of a somatosensory deficit linked to schizophrenia liability.
Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Overexpression Attenuates Cerebellar Apoptosis by Altering the Expression of Bcl Family Proteins in a Developmentally Specific Manner

In studies of transgenic (Tg) mice that overexpress insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) exclusively in the CNS, we demonstrated a dramatic increase in cerebellar granule cell number that appeared to be attributable predominantly to enhanced survival. IGF-I anti-apoptotic actions are well established in cultured neurons, but comparable studies in vivo are few. Using the same Tg mice, therefore, we set out to document IGF-I anti-apoptotic effects during cerebellar development and to probe IGF-I signaling mechanisms. Compared with cerebella (CBs) of non-Tg littermates, those of Tg mice had fewer apoptotic cells at postnatal day 7 (P7) and showed a similar tendency at P14 and P21. At each age studied, procaspase-3 and caspase-3 were decreased in CBs of Tg mice. The caspase-3 decline was accompanied by decreases in the 85 kDa fragment of Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, a known product of caspase cleavage, suggesting decreased caspase activity. At P7 decreased apoptosis in Tg mice was associated with increased expression of the anti-apoptotic Bcl genes, Bcl-x(L) and Bcl-2. The mRNA expression of the proapoptotic Bcl genes, Bax and Bad, also was increased, but no changes were observed in the abundance of their proteins. At P14 Bcl-xL and Bcl-2 expression were similar in normal and Tg mice; Bax mRNA was unchanged in Tg mice, but its protein abundance was decreased, and both Bad mRNA and protein abundance were decreased. At P21 Bcl-xL and Bcl-2 expression were unchanged, but Bax and Bad expression were decreased. Our data show that IGF-I exerts anti-apoptotic actions during cerebellar development, and thereby alters the magnitude of naturally occurring apoptosis. IGF-I appears to affect multiple steps in the apoptotic pathway in a developmentally specific manner. IGF-I decreases caspase-3 availability and activity, increases the expression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-x(L) and Bcl-2 during early postnatal development, and decreases proapoptotic Bax and Bad expression at later developmental stages.
Cu-Pb-Sn Ternary System: Low Cu Additions to Pb-Sn- Binary System

A portion of the Cu-Pb-Sn ternary diagram was determined experimentally. The investigation was concentrated on the high Pb corner and, to a lesser extent of alloys from Sn to the binary Pb-Sn eutectic. The experimental techniques used were thermal analysis, metallography, and electron microprobe analysis. A new technique for determining liquidus temperatures was used. For the high Pb region the proposed ternary eutectic at 0.06 Cu 0.02% SnPb (all compositions are in weight %) was not observed. For most alloys the primary crystallization phase was Cu3Sn. It was shown that Cu6Sn5 exists in the solid state; for high Sn alloys, it was observed that the addition of Pb reduced the decomposition temperature of Cu6Sn5. A ternary eutectic reaction near the binary Pb-Sn eutectic was confirmed, and the temperature of the ternary eutectic was 1°K below that of the binary eutectic. Liquidus temperatures as well as other reactions detected by thermal analysis will be presented.
Robust needle recognition using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Random Sample Consensus (RANSAC)

In this paper, we suggest an algorithm for a half-circle-like surgical needle recognition in stereo image. The recognition starts from segmentation of needle in both stereo images using Artificial Neural Network (ANN). Next, the points in the segments are being matched to each other stereo image through intensity based matching, and then re-projected to 3D space which will be fitted to 3D circle. Finally, estimate the circle of the needle using RANdom SAmple Consensus (RANSAC) and known specification of the needle.
Global Analysis of Gravity Gradient Satellite's Pitch Motion in an Elliptic Orbit

Pitch motion of a gravity gradient satellite in an elliptical orbit is studied. The cell mapping method is employed to find periodic solutions and analyze the global behavior of the system. Stability characteristics of the solutions are established using a point mapping approximation algorithm. The proposed approach does not depend on existence of a small parameter and, therefore, no limitations are imposed on the magnitudes of eccentricity or amplitude of motion. This is in contrast to the perturbation based approaches that require assumptions of small orbital eccentricity and small motion. As a result, stable periodic solutions of twice and three times the orbital period are found for some different eccentricities and inertia parameters. Global behavior and evolution of periodic solutions are also demonstrated using invariant surfaces and bifurcation diagrams.
Practical Assessment of Adult Literacy in Health Care

Low literacy is a pervasive and underrecognized problem in health care. Approximately 21% of American adults are functionally illiterate, and another 27% have marginal literacy skills. Such patients may have difficulty reading and understanding discharge instructions, medication labels, patient education materials, consent forms, or health surveys. Properly assessing the literacy level of individual patients or groups may avoid problems in clinical care and research. This article reviews the use of literacy assessments, discusses their application in a variety of health care settings, and cites issues providers need to consider before testing. The authors describe informal and formal methods of screening for reading and comprehension in English and Spanish including the Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine, the Wide Range Achievement Test-3, the Cloze procedure, the Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults, and others. Practical implications and recommendations for specific use are made.
Fast Crabs and Cigarette Boats: A Speculative Essay

Imagine, if you will, that you live in the richest, most influential nation on earth. This is a country whose political system has been consciously adopted by neighboring heads of state seeking to duplicate the same stability and prosperity in their own societies. It is a country that has certainly experienced unprecedented growth and cultural achievement in its past two hundred years and thus contains some of the most magnificent and intellectually exciting urban centers in the world. You would be justifiably proud to live in such a place.
A Bioinformatics Approach to the Identification, Classification, and Analysis of Hydroxyproline-Rich Glycoproteins

Hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (HRGPs) are a superfamily of plant cell wall proteins that function in diverse aspects of plant growth and development. This superfamily consists of three members: hyperglycosylated arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs), moderately glycosylated extensins (EXTs), and lightly glycosylated proline-rich proteins (PRPs). Hybrid and chimeric versions of HRGP molecules also exist. In order to “mine” genomic databases for HRGPs and to facilitate and guide research in the field, the BIO OHIO software program was developed that identifies and classifies AGPs, EXTs, PRPs, hybrid HRGPs, and chimeric HRGPs from proteins predicted from DNA sequence data. This bioinformatics program is based on searching for biased amino acid compositions and for particular protein motifs associated with known HRGPs. HRGPs identified by the program are subsequently analyzed to elucidate the following: (1) repeating amino acid sequences, (2) signal peptide and glycosylphosphatidylinositol lipid anchor addition sequences, (3) similar HRGPs via Basic Local Alignment Search Tool, (4) expression patterns of their genes, (5) other HRGPs, glycosyl transferase, prolyl 4-hydroxylase, and peroxidase genes coexpressed with their genes, and (6) gene structure and whether genetic mutants exist in their genes. The program was used to identify and classify 166 HRGPs from Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) as follows: 85 AGPs (including classical AGPs, lysine-rich AGPs, arabinogalactan peptides, fasciclin-like AGPs, plastocyanin AGPs, and other chimeric AGPs), 59 EXTs (including SP5 EXTs, SP5/SP4 EXTs, SP4 EXTs, SP4/SP3 EXTs, a SP3 EXT, “short” EXTs, leucine-rich repeat-EXTs, proline-rich extensin-like receptor kinases, and other chimeric EXTs), 18 PRPs (including PRPs and chimeric PRPs), and AGP/EXT hybrid HRGPs.
Policy Forum: Studying Eyewitness Investigations in the Field

This article considers methodological issues arising from recent efforts to provide field tests of eyewitness identification procedures. We focus in particular on a field study (Mecklenburg 2006) that examined the “double blind, sequential” technique, and consider the implications of an acknowledged methodological confound in the study. We explain why the confound has severe consequences for assessing the real-world implications of this study.
THE RETICULATING PHYLOGENY OF ISLAND BIOGEOGRAPHY THEORY

Biogeographers study all patterns in the geographic variation of life, from the spatial variation in genetic and physiological characteristics of cells and individuals, to the diversity and dynamics of biological communities among continental biotas or across oceanic archipelagoes. The field of island biogeography, in particular, has provided some genuinely transformative insights for the biological sciences, especially ecology and evolutionary biology. Our purpose here is to review the historical development of island biogeography theory during the 20th century by identifying the common threads that run through four sets of contributions made during this period, including those by Eugene Gordon Munroe (1948, 1953), Edward O. Wilson (1959, 1961), Frank W. Preston (1962a,b), and the seminal collaborations between Wilson and Robert H. MacArthur (1963, 1967), which revolutionized the field and served as its paradigm for nearly four decades. This epistemological account not only reviews the intriguing history of island theory, but it also includes fundamental lessons for advancing science through transformative integrations. Indeed, as is likely the case with many disciplines, island theory advanced not as a simple accumulation of facts and an orderly succession of theories and paradigms, but rather in fits and starts through a reticulating phylogeny of ideas and alternating periods of specialization and reintegration. We conclude this review with a summary of the salient features of this scientific revolution in the context of Kuhn’s structure, which strongly influenced theoretical advances during this period, and we then describe some of the fundamental assumptions and tenets of an emerging reintegration of island biogeography theory.
LIPID OXIDATION IN RETAIL BEEF, PORK AND CHICKEN MUSCLES AS AFFECTED BY CONCENTRATIONS OF HEME PIGMENTS AND NONHEME IRON AND MICROSOMAL ENZYMIC LIPID PEROXIDATION ACTIVITY

Muscles of beef, pork and chicken purchased in two seasons were analyzed for lipid oxidation potential, concentrations of total pigments, myoglobin and nonheme iron, and microsomal enzymic lipid peroxidation activity. To determine lipid oxidation potential, thiobarbituric acid (TBA) assays with antioxidant protection were conducted on raw and cooked comminuted muscles stored at 4°C. TBA values of raw chicken muscles (white and dark) and pork muscles were low and changed little during 2–6 days of storage, whereas the values of raw beef muscles were higher and increased progressively. However, TBA values of cooked muscles of all three species increased during 2–4 days of storage with no marked differences among the species. Total pigment and mycglobin concentrations best explained the differences in TBA values of stored, raw muscles among the three species.
Inhibition of NF-KB Does Not Induce C-Jun N-Terminal Kinase-Mediated Apoptosis in Reperfusion Injury

Background The role of C-Jun N-terminal Kinase (c-Jun Kinase) in apoptosis is unclear. It is likely that c-Jun Kinase activation is cell type and stimulus dependent. c-Jun Kinase promotes tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha mediated apoptosis in nuclear factor (NF)-KB deficient cells. Minimal NF-KB expression may be enough to abrogate c-Jun Kinase-mediated apoptosis during reperfusion injury. Study Design Forty Sprague-Dawley rats underwent hemorrhagic ischemia and reperfusion. Twenty experimental animals were treated with the NF-KB inhibitor herbimycin A, and 20 control animals underwent only hemorrhage and reperfusion. Serum TNF-alpha and c-Jun Kinase levels were measured. Adrenal, kidney, liver, ileum, colon, and skeletal muscle tissues were evaluated for apoptosis by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Results TNF-alpha levels were 400 pg/mL (control) and 385 pg/mL (experimental) during ischemia (p=0.46), increased in controls to 450 pg/mL, and decreased in the experimental arm to 175 pg/mL (p=0.028). c-Jun Kinase levels were 1,525 pg/mL (control) and 1,475 pg/mL (experimental) during ischemia (p=0.35) and increased to 5,250 pg/mL (control) and 5,000 pg/mL (experimental) after reperfusion (p=0.26). In control animals, necrosis was seen in kidney, adrenal, and liver specimens. Compared with controls, experimental animals had average tissue hemorrhage scores of less than 1 (p Conclusions During inhibition of NF-KB, c-Jun Kinase levels remained unchanged. But no increase in cell death or necrosis was seen in tissue samples. Antiapoptotic effects were unchanged with the down-regulation of NF-KB. Minimal expression of NF-KB may be enough to protect against apoptosis in reperfusion injury.
Basic Mechanisms of Arsenic Trioxide (ATO)-Induced Apoptosis in Human Leukemia (HL-60) Cells

Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is a blood cancer that affects people of all ages and strikes about 1,500 patients in the United States each year. The standard treatment of APL has been based on the combined administration of all-trans retinoic acid and chemotherapy including anthracyclins and cytarabine. However, 10-20% of patients relapse, with their disease becoming resistant to conventional treatment. Recently the Food and Drug Administration has approved the use of arsenic trioxide (ATO) or Trisenox for the treatment of APL, based on clinical studies showing a complete remission, especially in relapsed patients. In a recently published study we demonstrated that ATO pharmacology as an anti-cancer drug is associated with its cytotoxic and genotoxic effects in human leukemia cells. In the present study, we further investigated the apoptotic mechanisms of ATO toxicity using the HL-60 cell line as a test model. Apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry analysis of phosphatidylserine externalization (Annexin V assay) and caspase 3 activity, and by DNA laddering assay. Flow cytometry data showed a strong dose-response relationship between ATO exposure and Annexin-V positive HL-60 cells. Similarly, a statistically significant and dose-dependent increase (p < 0.05) was recorded with regard to caspase 3 activity in HL60 cells undergoing late apoptosis. These results were confirmed by data of DNA laddering assay showing a clear evidence of nucleosomal DNA fragmentation in ATO-treated cells. Taken together, our research demonstrated that ATO represents an apoptosis-inducing agent and its apoptotic mechanisms involve phosphatidylserine externalization, caspase 3 activation and nucleosomal DNA fragmentation.
Do oligodendrocytes mediate iron regulation in the human brain

We used immunohistochemical studies to demonstrate that transferrin (the iron mobilization protein) and ferritin (the iron storage protein) are specifically localized in oligodendrocytes in gray and white matter of the human central nervous system. In addition, iron is also localized predominantly in oligodendrocytes. Oligodendrocytes have been well established as the cells responsible for myelin production in the central nervous system. The results of this study suggest that oligodendrocytes (or a subpopulation of oligodendrocytes) might have the additional function of mediating iron mobilization and storage in the central nervous system.
Colocation Demand Response: Why Do I Turn Off My Servers?

Data centers are promising participants in demand response programs (i.e., reducing a large electricity demand upon utility’s request), making power grid more stable and sustainable. In this paper, we focus on enabling colocation data center demand response. Colocation is an integral yet unique segment of data center industry, where multiple tenants house their servers in one shared facility. Nonetheless, differing from owner-operated data centers (e.g., Google), colocation data center suffers from “split incentive”: colocation operator desires demand response for financial incentives but has no control over tenants’ servers, while tenants who own the servers may not desire demand response due to lack of incentives. To break “split incentive”, we propose a first-of-its-kind incentive mechanism, called iCODE (incentivizing COlocation tenants for DEmand response), based on reverse auction: tenants, who voluntarily submit energy reduction bids to colocation operator, will be financially rewarded if their bids are accepted. We formally model how each tenant decides its bids and how colocation operator decides winning bids. We perform a trace-based simulation to evaluate iCODE. We show that iCODE can reduce colocation energy consumption by over 50% during demand response periods, unleashing the potential of colocation demand response.
New non-parametric inferences for low-income proportions

Low-income proportion is an important index in describing the inequality of an income distribution. It has been widely used by governments in measuring social stability around the world. Established inferential methods for this index are based on the empirical estimator of the index. It may have poor finite sample performances when the real income data are skewed or has outliers. In this paper, based on a smooth estimator for the low-income proportion, we propose a smoothed jackknife empirical likelihood approach for inferences of the low-income proportion. Wilks theorem is obtained for the proposed jackknife empirical likelihood ratio statistic. Various confidence intervals based on the smooth estimator are constructed. Extensive simulation studies are conducted to compare the finite sample performances of the proposed intervals with some existing intervals. Finally, the proposed methods are illustrated by a public income dataset of the professors in University System of Georgia.
Dermacentor albipictus: Hybridization of the Two Forms of the Winter Tick

The taxonomic status of Dermacentor albipictus (Packard) and D. nigrolineatus (Packard) is unclear. In reciprocal crosses, isolated pairs of the 2 forms mated readily, and the cross-mated females engorged, detached, and produced viable egg masses. Females from all of a series of 10 different types of hybrid crosses produced viable eggs. No reproductive isolating mechanism, including hybrid sterility, was detected, and the 2 geographic forms of winter tick we studied appear to be conspecific.
In Vivo Spectroscopic Imaging by Retrieving Stimulated Raman Signal from Highly Scattered Photons

We demonstrate microsecond vibrational spectroscopic imaging by spatial frequency-multiplexing and single photodiode detection of stimulated Raman signals. Compared to the spectrometer setting, we improved the photon-collection efficiency by 200 times for scattering systems.
The “Electronic” City in the Laboratory

The World Wide Web (WWW) is becoming an important source of laboratory information, reference material, and educational activities. Laboratorians can easily access the WWW with desktop computers. Hypertext markup language, the standard software protocol used in the WWW, provides virtually limitless options for laboratory use. The visual nature of clinical and anatomic pathology makes it well suited for hypermedia. Laboratorians can use it to create training and procedures manuals complete with graphic images or animation. Or, continuing education courses can be created using photographic images that have been scanned electronically to create graphic images.
Interpretive reflexivity in ethnography

Many would argue that ethnographic knowledge claims are partial. Many say this predicament demands the researcher’s self-reflexivity about ethnographic claims. Commonly, ethnographers perform refle...
Perceptions of Blame in Intimate Partner Violence The Role of the Perpetrator’s Ability to Arouse Fear of Injury in the Victim

Men are more likely to be blamed more for intimate partner violence (IPV) than are women who commit the same offense. However, because men are typically stronger and perceived as more physically aggressive than women are, perpetrator sex is confounded with masculinity and the ability to arouse fear in the victim. This study disentangled the construct of gender in understanding bystanders' attributions of blame in IPV. Participants (N = 639) read a scenario in which the perpetrator's sex (male/female) and gender identity (masculine/feminine), and the victim's sex (male/female) were manipulated and rated how much they blamed the perpetrator and the perpetrator's ability to arouse fear of injury in the victim. Results showed that male perpetrators (regardless of gender identity) who assaulted a female victim were attributed the most blame and were perceived as having the greatest ability to arouse victim fear. In contrast, feminine female perpetrators were attributed the least blame and perceived as arousing the least victim fear regardless of the victim's gender. Furthermore, controlling for the perpetrator's ability to arouse fear in the victim resulted in the elimination of the interaction effects for blame. This finding suggests that perpetrators' ability to arouse fear is an underlying factor in bystanders' attributions of blame.
THERMODYNAMIC STUDY ON THE Ca-Tb_4O_7-Fe SYSTEM

The changes of the standard Gibbs free energy and Gibbs free energy for the reactions of 7Ca+ Tb4O7 = 4Tb+7CaO and Tb+ 2Fe = TbFe2, and equilibrium vapar pressure of Ca and Vapor pressure of Ca in the above reation system were calculated. The thermodynamics calculation and experiment proved that the redution-diffusion production must be TbFe2 in the Tb-Fe binary alloy.
Application of loop pads in high-frequency electrotomy

Objective:To observe the effect of loop pads in the high-frequency electrotomy. Methods:60 patients were randomly divided into two groups(n=30):negative electrode group and loop pads group.In loop pads group,it contained 10 patients carrying metal,one patients specially angular and three one who had scar.The negative electrode was used one-time singal one and the loop pads was chosen intelligent one. Results:Two patients were burned and one had pressure ulcer in the negative electrode group after the high-frequency electrotomy,but no related complications happened in the loop pads group.Conclusion:The loop pads can be safety used in the high-frequency electrotomy.
Developing Software in the Academic Environment

This paper proposes a framework used for real-world software development in the academic environment of Fairleigh Dickinson University (FDU). The framework thus far has been used to establish the functional baseline for the Predictive Wastewater Management System (PWMS), a participatory sensing system for monitoring and predicting problems occurring in a municipality’s wastewater system for the Eastech Corporation. As software development becomes globally distributed, students need immersion in a realistic software development lifecycle (SDLC) and experience with a framework targeted toward this emerging paradigm.
How Different Are Humans and “Great Apes”? A Matrix of Comparative Anthropogeny

Abstract Recent molecular evidence including complete genome sequences has firmly grouped humans with the so-called “great apes”: chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas, and orangutans. But chimpanzees and bonobos are more closely related to humans than they are to the other ape species. Thus, a more taxonomically correct term for great apes is “nonhuman hominids.” By definition each species is unique, as it represents the outcome of independent evolution. However, humans have many characteristics that have never been described in any other primate. The nascent discipline of anthropogeny brings together widely different scientific approaches aimed at explaining the origins of such distinctly human phenomena, and in the process, seeks to explain the origin of our species. Publications focusing on human “uniqueness” commonly show biases toward the most obvious aspects, such as enlarged brains, language, bipedalism, or control of fire. However, a comprehensive transdisciplinary approach is needed to generate a more complete list (or matrix) of human-specific characteristics that evolved over the last ∼6 million years, spanning from the molecular to the social, from anatomical to behavioral, and from neuronal to cultural. An open access resource called the Matrix of Comparative Anthropogeny (MOCA) has been established at the website of the Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA), to facilitate such exploration of distinctly human attributes and their evolutionary origins. It aims at providing an unbiased collection of comparative information regarding humans and our closest evolutionary cousins, with an emphasis on uniquely human features. While the deep evolutionary roots of human features are apparent, so are the many novel characteristics that led to humans becoming the dominant life form on our planet.
Quasi-static Tensile and Compressive Behavior of Nanocrystalline Tantalum Based on Miniature Specimen Testing—Part II: Mechanical Properties

In Part I of this work (this issue), we presented the microstructure of tantalum processed by high-pressure torsion (HPT). In this part, we will present results based on site-specific micro-mechanical testing. The experimental techniques were used due to the intrinsic microstructure gradient associated with HPT processing. The primary objective is to explore the grain size effect on the quasi-static mechanical properties of HPT processed tantalum with ultrafine grained (UFG, grain size d 100 nm) and nanocrystalline (NC, d < 100 nm) microstructure. Two distinct deformation modes are observed, i.e. a homogeneous (non-shearing) region and a localized (shear banding) region. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and orientation imaging microscopy (OIM) show that the shear bands form by grain rotation. Comparing d in these two regions to the mechanism proposed in the literature shows that reduced d in the shear banding region is more susceptible to localized shearing via grain rotation. This work unifies, or at least further substantiates, the notion that body-centered cubic metals with UFG/NC microstructure tend to have localized shear band even under quasi-static uniaxial compression.
Vortex arrays and ciliary tangles underlie the feeding-swimming trade-off in starfish larvae

Larval starfish use an outer layer of cilia to generate vortices in the fluid around their bodies. Spectacular imaging and mathematical modelling are combined to reveal that these dynamics are alternately optimized for swimming and feeding. Many marine invertebrates have larval stages covered in linear arrays of beating cilia, which propel the animal while simultaneously entraining planktonic prey1. These bands are strongly conserved across taxa spanning four major superphyla2,3, and they are responsible for the unusual morphologies of many invertebrate larvae4,5. However, few studies have investigated their underlying hydrodynamics6,7. Here, we study the ciliary bands of starfish larvae, and discover a beautiful pattern of slowly evolving vortices that surrounds the swimming animals. Closer inspection of the bands reveals unusual ciliary ‘tangles’ analogous to topological defects that break up and re-form as the animal adjusts its swimming stroke. Quantitative experiments and modelling demonstrate that these vortices create a physical trade-off between feeding and swimming in heterogeneous environments, which manifests as distinct flow patterns or ‘eigenstrokes’ representing each behaviour—potentially implicating neuronal control of cilia. This quantitative interplay between larval form and hydrodynamic function may generalize to other invertebrates with ciliary bands, and illustrates the potential effects of active boundary conditions in other biological and synthetic systems.
Decreased Vestibular Efficacy Contributes to Non-Tremor Motor Impairments in Parkinson Disease (P6.384)

Objective: To investigate the relationship between vestibular measures of dynamic posturography and parkinsonian motor impairments in Parkinson disease (PD). Background: Nigrostriatal denervation is a key pathobiological feature in PD but insufficient to explain the full spectrum of motor impairments in this disorder. Decreased vestibular system efficacy may contribute to parkinsonian motor impairments. Methods: 76 patients with PD (58M/18F; age 64.9±6.8, 9off9 state UPDRS motor score 30.1±12.7, Hoehn and Yahr stage 1-4) underwent dynamic posturography using the sensory integration test (SOT, Neurocom, Clackamas, OR). The ability to retain upright stance in the sway-referenced floor with eyes-closed condition (SOT #5) requires vestibular system integrity. Total center of pressure (COP) excursion velocity, COP root mean square (RMS) and frequency were calculated to estimate postural sway. The degree of nigrostriatal dopaminergic and brainstem-thalamic cholinergic denervation was assessed with [C-11]DTBZ and [C-11]PMP PET imaging, respectively. Results: Multiple regression analysis using the total UPDRS motor scores as outcome parameters showed significant regression (total model F=2.75, P=0.0125) with RMS COP of SOT #5 (t=2.97, P=0.0045), velocity of RMS COP of SOT #5 (t=-3.01, P=0.004), and frequency of COP of SOT #5 (t=2.44, P=0.018), borderline with striatal dopaminergic activity (t=-1.93, P=0.059) but not with thalamic cholinergic activity (t=-0.81, P=0.42), age (t=1.00, P=0.32), or duration of motor disease (t=0.41, P=0.68). Models for UPDRS motor sub-scores showed similar findings with the exception of tremor. Conclusions: Measures of vestibular efficiency were independent determinants of non-tremor parkinsonian motor impairments suggesting a pathophysiological role of these systems in PD. This work was supported by the Department of Veterans Affairs; the Michael J. Fox Foundation; and the NIH [grant numbers P01 NS015655 and RO1 NS070856]. Disclosure: Dr. Bohnen has nothing to disclose. Dr. Beaulieu has nothing to disclose. Dr. Muller has nothing to disclose.