cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Individual difference in addiction-like behaviors and choice between cocaine versus food in Heterogeneous Stock rats

Rationale and objectives: Recent studies reported that when given a mutually exclusive choice between cocaine and palatable food, most rats prefer the non-drug reward over cocaine. However, these studies used rat strains with limited genetic and behavioral diversity. Here, we used a unique outbred strain of rats (Heterogeneous Stock, HS) that mimic the genetic variability of humans. Methods: We first identified individual differences in addiction-like behaviors (low and high). Next, we tested choice between cocaine and palatable food using a discrete choice procedure. We characterized the individual differences using an Addiction score that incorporates key features of addiction: escalated intake, highly motivated responding (progressive ratio), and responding despite adverse consequences (footshock punishment). We assessed food vs. cocaine choice at different drug-free days (without pre-trial cocaine self administration) during acquisition of cocaine self-administration or after escalation of cocaine self-administration. We also assessed drug vs. food choice immediately after 1-, 2-, or 6-h cocaine self-administration. Results: Independent of the addiction score, without pre-trial coccaine (1 or more abstinence days) HS rats strongly preferred the palatable food over cocaine, even if the food reward was delayed or its size was reduced. However, rats with high but not low addiction score modestly increased cocaine choice immediately after 1-, 2- or 6-h cocaine self-administration. Conclusions: Like other strains, HS rats strongly prefer palatable food over cocaine. Individual differences in addiction score were associated with increased drug choice in the presence but not absence (abstinence) of cocaine. The HS strain may be useful in studies on mechanisms of addiction vulnerability.
Interactive Learning Environments for Motorsports Racing

This chapter explores how computer-based motorsports racing simulation games, game play, and sim racing user interfaces serve as immersive interactive learning environments (ILEs). Such ILEs provide a constructivist learning experience through 3D dynamic graphic animations that are jointly controlled by the underlying game, game user, automated bots that may control simulated race cars during game play, or alternatively other people engaged in a multiplayer racing game competition. The user interface devices that situate and enable player-driver control of their in-game–simulated race car also act as affordances that enable/sustain an immersive, high-performance driving and learning experience. This article reviews these capabilities, along with assessing the efficacy of how they may affect the development of expertise, knowledge transfer, and cost functions through different system configurations.
Discursive Justice: Interpreting World War II Litigation in Japan

Since the 1980s, human rights litigation has spread around the world. I propose an analytical framework by which to interpret the multiple motivations and results of human rights litigation. By examining a recent spate of lawsuits brought by victims of World War II against Japan and Japanese corporations, this Article illuminates the contributions — and limits — of human rights litigation. Even when plaintiffs “lose,” as they usually do, the judicial opinion itself often serves several non-pecuniary purposes. First, the lawsuits serve a truth function, helping to establish facts about the war that are still contested at the present moment. Second, the lawsuits hold out the possibility of advancing the rule of law. Given the serious violations of human rights that took place during the war, judicial opinions reassert the primacy of law by clearly stating why certain conduct is illegal. Third, human rights litigation can also establish violations of international law, and thus contribute to the development of international legal norms. This framework, which I call a discursive justice model, has implications for understanding human rights litigation in the United States and other parts of the world.
Efficient scattering-free wavefront transformation with power flow conformal bianisotropic acoustic metasurfaces

Bianisotropic metasurfaces have enabled highly efficient wavefront transformation. However, a passive and lossless bianisotropic metasurface must conserve local power at every point over the metasurface, hindering its application in handling complicated wavefields other than plane waves. In this paper, the power flow-conformal design methodology and bianisotropic unit cells are combined to comply with such a restriction. Our proposed approach provides a general recipe for arbitrary wavefront transformation with maximum power efficiency. As a demonstration, a transmission-type acoustic metasurface was designed to focus 3000 Hz plane wave airborne sound in the near field with theoretically unitary power efficiency. The metasurface was validated by both numerical simulation and experiment.
The Role of Ionized Cytosolic Calcium ([Ca2+]i) in Acute and Chronic Cell Injury

In 1971, we introduced an hypothesis concerning the role of ion deregulation in cell injury (Trump et al., 1971). At that time, using technologies such as atomic absorption and flame photomtery, we observed that deregulation of sodium, chloride, potassium, and calcium proceed in sequence with regard to the acute effects of cell injury leading to necrosis. This hypothesis has been modified during the last several years as new technologies have developed. Although calcium precipitates have long been known in pathology as representing areas of cell injury and usually cell death, more recently we have had the opportunity to examine the effects of calcium as a messenger of cell death. For some time, free ionized cytosolic calcium ([Ca2+]i) has been noted as a first or second messenger following a variety of stimuli including growth factors in both fibroblasts and epithelia. It is very striking, however, that the effects of injurious agents, such as HgCl2, often mimic the effects of growth factors and, indeed, may well be growth factors involved in regeneration of cells at the edge of necrotic areas. In studies of chronic toxicity, it has become apparent that many non-mutagenic, injurious chemicals, such as saccharine, nitrilotriacetic acid and hypolipidemic agents can result in neoplasia. Moreover, virtually all mutagenic carcinogens, prior to the development of cancer, lead to both acute and chronic cell injury including necrosis and acute and chronic inflammation. The link between cell injury and neoplasia, therefore, needs much further clarification and, extending our previous hypothesis (Trump and Berezesky, 1985, 1987a-d; Trump et al., 1981, 1984), we propose that deregulation of [Ca2+]i and possibly intracellular pH (pHi) represents this link between cell injury, cell death, and neoplasia.
Integer fast wavelet transform and its VLSI implementation for low power applications

This paper presents a new approach to the design of integer wavelet filters and an efficient VLSI architecture for low power implementation. Instead of using the lifting scheme, power-of-two wavelet coefficients are derived directly from the roots of the half-band filter. Based on the integer wavelets, we introduce a fast integer Discrete Wavelet Transformation (IntDWT). The proposed integer transform for (9,7) filters requires only 17 integer additions and 15 shift operations. It, however, achieves the same coding efficiency as the floating-point approach. In the proposed VLSI architecture, several optimization techniques are used to remove the redundancy of computational units along the data path. The hardware and software simulation results show that both high performance and low power consumption for DWT chipset can be accomplished at the algorithm architecture level.
Scheduling and Learning

Publisher Summary This chapter summarizes of some of the ways in which scheduling affects learning. Practice and experience are impacted not only by the amount or frequency of presentation but also by how these presentations are arranged—the learning schedule. Closely related to the total time hypothesis is the commonly held belief that repetition is the key to success in learning. However, most people have also been frustrated by the fact that simple repetition, in and of itself, does not always lead to success in remembering. It is important to recognize the distinction between factors that impact immediate performance and those that impact learning as demonstrated by a lasting change in performance capability. It has long been recognized that changes in the capability of a learner to display that learning may not be reflected in immediate performance, but may show up in a different context or at a different time. Clearly, good knowledge about the impact of various kinds of scheduling on the learning processes is crucial to the appropriate design and implementation of learning interventions of all kinds. The chapter describes “transfer appropriate” processing, a useful principle of the effects. The core idea behind this principle is that performance will benefit to the degree that the cognitive processes induced by the conditions of study match those under which that learning will be later tested. Another variation of scheduling that has been shown to differentially impact on learning concerns contextual variety during study or practice.
Nuclear-resonance study of Rb 87 in RbMn F 3

The ${\mathrm{Rb}}^{87}$ nuclear spin-lattice relaxation time in the antiferromagnet RbMn${\mathrm{F}}_{3}$ has been measured from 1.5 to 300 K. The results, extrapolated to infinite temperature, agree within experimental error with theory using newly evaluated spin-pair correlation functions. The temperature dependence is compared with Moriya's theory in the paramagnetic region.
Macro-Particle Charcoal C Content following Prescribed Burning in a Mixed-Conifer Forest, Sierra Nevada, California

Fire suppression and changing climate have resulted in increased large wildfire frequency and severity in the western United States, causing carbon cycle impacts. Forest thinning and prescribed burning reduce high-severity fire risk, but require removal of biomass and emissions of carbon from burning. During each fire a fraction of the burning vegetation and soil organic matter is converted into charcoal, a relatively stable carbon form. We sought to quantify the effects of pre-fire fuel load and type on charcoal carbon produced by biomass combusted in a prescribed burn under different thinning treatments and to identify more easily measured predictors of charcoal carbon mass in a historically frequent-fire mixed-conifer forest. We hypothesized that charcoal carbon produced from coarse woody debris (CWD) during prescribed burning would be greater than that produced from fine woody debris (FWD). We visually quantified post-treatment charcoal carbon content in the O-horizon and the A-horizon beneath CWD (> 30 cm diameter) and up to 60 cm from CWD that was present prior to treatment. We found no difference in the size of charcoal carbon pools from CWD (treatment means ranged from 0.3–2.0 g m-2 of A-horizon and 0.0–1.7 g m-2 of O-horizon charcoal) and FWD (treatment means ranged from 0.2–1.7 g m-2 of A-horizon and 0.0–1.5 g m-2 of O-horizon charcoal). We also compared treatments and found that the burn-only, understory-thin and burn, and overstory-thin and burn treatments had significantly more charcoal carbon than the control. Charcoal carbon represented 0.29% of total ecosystem carbon. We found that char mass on CWD was an important predictor of charcoal carbon mass, but only explained 18–35% of the variation. Our results help improve our understanding of the effects forest restoration treatments have on ecosystem carbon by providing additional information about charcoal carbon content.
Glutamate Receptor Subunit 2 Serine 880 Phosphorylation Modulates Synaptic Transmission and Mediates Plasticity in CA1 Pyramidal Cells

The cytoplasmic C termini of AMPA receptor subunits contain PDZ (postsynaptic density 95/Discs large/zona occludens 1) ligand domains that can control their synaptic trafficking during plasticity. The glutamate receptor subunit 2 (GluR2) PDZ ligand domain can be phosphorylated at serine 880 (S880), and this disrupts interactions with GRIP/ABP (glutamate receptor-interacting protein/AMPA-binding protein) but not with PICK1 (PKC-interacting protein 1). Here, the impact of GluR2 S880 phosphorylation on synaptic transmission and plasticity was explored by expressing, in hippocampal slice cultures, GluR2 subunits containing point mutations that mimic or prevent phosphorylation at this residue. Our results indicate that mimicking GluR2 S880 phosphorylation excludes these receptors from synapses, depresses transmission, and partially occludes long-term depression (LTD). Conversely, mutations that prevent phosphorylation reduce LTD. Disruption of the interaction between GluR2 and GRIP/ABP by S880 phosphorylation may thus facilitate removal of synaptic AMPA receptors and mediate some forms of activity-dependent synaptic depression.
Comment on Trinch's risky subjects: Risky narratives in courtroom testimony

Trinch’s article provides a thought-provoking consideration of the risks involved for abuse victims in telling their story. In bringing together two seemingly different types of narrative, Trinch compels us to consider what they share. First, there are similarities in the interactional production of the written versions of Rigoberta Menchu’s published testimonio and the stories which survivors of domestic abuse tell to paralegals. In both situations, the stories were/are told to an interested interlocutor who works to produce a written account in the first-person narrative of the storyteller. Second, Trinch’s analysis of the controversy surrounding Menchu’s testimonio and of the process by which the domestic abuse survivors’ written affidavits are produced highlights the risks involved for people reporting abuse. At the immediate level is the risk of antagonising their abusers, and on another level are the risks in the ways in which their story is transformed in the recontextualisation process, and the subsequent risks for the narrators involved in being seen as not ‘telling the truth’, or as embellishing the ‘facts’. It is this second level of risks which Trinch addresses, exposing powerful language ideologies about narrative truth relevant to the reception of these two different types of narrative. Building on her important (2003) book, Trinch’s work here on the interactional and entextualised nature of narrative production advances both the sociolinguistic analysis of narrative and linguistic anthropological work on language ideologies. Here, I take up Trinch’s point about the role of what she has referred to as the ‘ideology of narrator authorship’ (Trinch 2003, pp. 49–50) in the risks faced by victims of abuse in telling their story. As she explains in the article under review, ‘most listeners believe that the teller is the sole author of the narrative drafted’. This belief ignores the contributions to narratives made by interaction with interlocutors, for example by interviewers’ questions or listeners’ reactions, whether verbal or nonverbal. This ideology of narrator authorship is central to the ways in which the
Translation of an Action Learning Collaborative Model Into a Community-Based Intervention to Promote Physical Activity and Healthy Eating

Action Learning Collaboratives (ALCs), whereby teams apply quality improvement (QI) tools and methods, have successfully improved patient care delivery and outcomes. We adapted and tested the ALC m...
Cytochalasin B binding to rabbit proximal tubular basolateral membranes

Cytochalasin B binds to the Na+-independent D-glucose transporter in non-renal tissues. We have shown previously that the Na+-independent D-glucose transporter of the rabbit renal proximal tubular cell is localized exclusively in the basolateral membrane. To determine whether cytochalasin B binds to this renal transporter we measured binding of [3H]cytochalasin B to proximal tubular basolateral membranes isolated from rabbit kidneys. A steady state of binding is reached by 15 minutes at 20 degrees C over a concentration range of 0.01 to 50 microM. Non-linear regression analysis of cytochalasin B binding from 0.01 to 20 microM plotted according to Scatchard reveals two classes of binding sites with Kd 5.88 x 10(-8) M, Bmax 16.1 pmol/mg protein; and Kd 5.62 x 10(-5) M, Bmax 2816 pmol/mg protein. [3H]cytochalasin B (0.1 microM) binding to basolateral membranes is a reversible process; it is displacable by excess unlabeled cytochalasin B with a time course similar to binding of [3H]cytochalasin B. Binding of [3H]cytochalasin B is inhibited by 500 mM D-glucose (21%), 2-deoxy-D-glucose (57%) and 3-O-methyl-D-glucose (64%), but not by L-glucose. [3H]cytochalasin B binding is reduced 71% by 0.1 mM phloretin, but only 26% by 0.1 mM phlorizin. Such substrate specificity and inhibitor sensitivity are similar to those previously demonstrated in non-renal tissues by others as well as in rabbit renal proximal tubular basolateral membranes by us. Our data suggest that cytochalasin B binds to the Na+-independent D-glucose transporter or a component of the transporter in the renal proximal tubular basolateral membrane.
Dynamic analysis of one-point bend impact test

Abstract A simple 3-degrees of freedom (dof) model of the one-point test is developed using assumed mode method. The mode shape functions and the frequency equations of the cracked beam are derived from Timoshenko beam equations by treating the crack as a discontinuity in the moment of inertia. The 3-dof model is used to predict impact force and stress intensity factor based on the initial impact velocity of the falling mass. The model is validated by simulating the experiment reported elsewhere in the literature. The analytical results match well with the experimental data demonstrating the accuracy of eigenvalue analysis, and the adequacy of the 3-dof model for the analysis of the one-point bend test.
New-onset autoimmune hepatitis in young patients with preexisting liver disease

Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is thought to be a primary liver disease, occurring in the absence of any known etiology. We present three unusual cases of new-onset AIH in young female patients with longstanding preexisting liver disease (Alagille's syndrome, cystic fibrosis liver disease and sickle cell hepatopathy). All patients developed an insidious onset of abdominal pain, fatigue, jaundice and hepatitis after many years of their primary diagnosis and had negative serology for hepatitis A, B, C, cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus. The occurrence of AIH in these patients may be due to a complex interaction between the underlying liver disease, chronic medication use and genetic predisposition resulting in altered immunoregulatory mechanisms.
Human detection and tracking via Ultra-Wideband (UWB) radar

This paper presents an algorithm for human presence detection and tracking using an Ultra-Wideband (UWB) impulse-based mono-static radar. UWB radar can complement other human tracking technologies, as it works well in poor visibility conditions. UWB electromagnetic wave scattering from moving humans forms a complex returned signal structure which can be approximated to a specular multi-path scattering model (SMPM). The key technical challenge is to simultaneously track multiple humans (and non-humans) using the complex scattered waveform observations. We develop a multiple-hypothesis tracking (MHT) framework that solves the complicated data association and tracking problem for an SMPM of moving objects/targets. Human presence detection utilizes SMPM signal features, which are tested in a classical likelihood ratio (LR) detector framework. The process of human detection and tracking is a combination of the MHT method and the LR human detector. We present experimental results in which a mono-static UWB radar tracks human and non-human targets, and detects human presence by discerning human from moving non-human objects.
Ion-Beam Mixing and Tribology of Fe/B Multilayers

Interdiffusion of Fe and B trilayer specimens during 1-MeV Kr{sup +} bombardment was studied using Rutherford backscattering and electron microscopy. The square of the interdiffusion distance during mixing at 300{degree}C was found to depend linearly on the irradiation dose. Arrhenius behavior with an apparent activation enthalpy of 0.7 eV was observed for the mixing between 200 and 500{degree}C. Electron microscopy of ion-beam mixed multilayer specimens revealed that two crystalline compounds, Fe{sub 2}B and Fe{sub 3}B, formed during bombardment at 450{degree}C, while two different amorphous Fe/B phases formed at 300{degree}C. Substantially improved adhesion and reduced friction were observed for Fe/B multilayers ion-beam mixed onto M50 steel substrates at 300 and 450{degree}C. 14 refs., 5 figs.
Barotropic tides in the Bab el Mandab Strait—numerical simulations

Abstract A two-dimensional barotropic finite element model with the grid resolution varying between 0.2 and 2 km and forced by eight principle constituents (Q1, O1, P1, K1, N2, M2, S2, and K2) was used to compute tidal elevations and currents in the Bab el Mandab Strait. Good agreement is achieved with the available observations for both diurnal and semidiurnal tidal currents and diurnal elevations; however, the model performs less satisfactorily for the semidiurnal elevations mainly due to the errors between the observed and computed phases in the region where there are amphidromic points for the M2, S2, and N2 constituents in the Strait. The results indicate that the largest amplitudes of the tidal elevations and the strongest currents are present in the southern part of the Strait. Residual circulation induced by the barotropic tides is rather weak in the major part of the Strait, and its contribution to the Red Sea water transport is small. The model results also show that barotropic energy fluxes are not very large and their direction depends on the constituent. All diurnal and one semidiurnal (N2) constituent have one major source of energy, which is the flux from the Gulf of Aden, while there are two sources of energy for the M2, S2, and K2 components: one from the Gulf and another from the Red Sea. Very small energy fluxes from the Strait to the adjacent basins indicate that almost all tidal energy is dissipated within the Strait. The distribution of the rate of energy dissipation due to bottom friction implies that the major area of dissipation is located between Perim Narrows and the Assab-Mocha line.
Consumer Acceptability of Conjugated Linoleic Acid-Enriched Milk and Cheddar Cheese from Cows Grazing on Pasture

Two experiments were conducted to study the consumer acceptability attributes of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)-enriched milk and cheese from cows grazing on pasture. In experiment 1, 15 cows were fed either a diet containing 51% alfalfa hay plus corn silage and 49% concentrate [total mixed ration (TMR)], were grazed on pasture, or were grazed on pasture and received 3.2 kg/d of a grain mix. The grain mix contained 75% full-fat extruded soybeans (FFES), 10% corn, 10% beet pulp, and 5% molasses. During the final 3 wk of the 6-wk experiment, milk was evaluated for sensory attributes. In experiment 2, 18 cows were fed similar diets as in experiment 1, except replacing the group of cows grazed on pasture and receiving the grain mix was a group of cows grazed on pasture and receiving 2.5 kg/d per cow of the FFES; Cheddar cheese was manufactured from milk. Average CLA contents (g/100 g of fatty acid methyl esters) were 0.52, 1.63, and 1.69 in milk and 0.47, 1.47, and 1.46 in cheese from cows fed a TMR, grazed on pasture, and grazed on pasture and fed the grain mix, respectively. An open and trained panel evaluated CLA-enriched milk for mouth-feel, color, flavor, and quality and evaluated cheese for color, flavor, texture, and quality. Open and trained panel evaluations of milk and cheese showed no differences among treatments for any of the attributes, except that the trained panel detected a more barny flavor in milk from cows grazing pasture compared with milk from cows fed the TMR only. Results suggest that consumer acceptability attributes of CLA-enriched milk and cheese from cows grazing pasture is similar to those of milk and cheese with low levels of CLA.
The well-being of children, the limits of paternalism, and the state: can disparate interests be reconciled?

For many, it is far from clear where the prerogatives of parents to educate as they deem appropriate end and the interests of their children, immediate or future, begin. In this article I consider the educational interests of children and argue that children have an interest in their own well-being. Following this, I will examine the interests of parents and consider where the limits of paternalism lie. Finally, I will consider the state's interest in the education of children and discuss a familiar view that argues that we have a central obligation to cultivate good citizens. The article will focus on the tensions which inevitably arise from the sometimes conflicting interests between them.
A Discrete Model for the Lightning Discharge

For a lightning discharge model presented by the author, J. S. Nisbet, and J. R. Kasha (J. Comput. Phys,82, 193, 1989), we simulate lightning by letting the conductivity tend to infinity wherever the electric field reaches the breakdown threshold. Here we show that for this discharge model and for a one parameter family of integration schemes, the backward Euler scheme is the only one that leads to the equilibration of the electric potential along the discharge channel. Moreover, the potential obtained by letting the conductivity tend to infinity in the continuous equation is identical to the potential obtained in the backward Euler approximation when conductivity tends to infinity. Connections to diffusion limited aggregation (DLA), to more recent schemes for simulating the lightning discharge, and to experiments of Williamset al.are discussed.
The new generation of antipsychotic drugs

New neuroleptic drugs are being developed for the treatment of schizophrenia and other psychoses. Clozapine and risperidone are available for general use. Sertindole and olanzapine are nearing release. Seroquel and ziprazidone are in the final stages of study. This generation of drugs will provide advantages in the area of lower motor side effects and probably in improved negative symptom treatment.
Psychological Stages of Careers in Engineering: An Expectancy Theory Taxonomy.

Abstract Expectancy and value scores from 376 engineers were used to develop a taxonomy of nine psychological categories, these being differentially related to motivation and satisfaction. Static and longitudinal analyses (over 4 years) revealed significant relationships between age, prior category, and organizational reward practices, on the one hand, and the distribution and movement of respondents across categories, on the other. Results suggested a dynamic, three-stage psychological model of careers in engineering.
Alignment of high resolution mass spectra: development of a heuristic approach for metabolomics

One of the challenges of using mass spectrometry for metabolomic analyses of samples consisting of thousands of compounds is that of peak identification and alignment. This paper addresses the issue of aligning mass spectral data from different samples in order to determine average component m/z peak values. The alignment scheme developed takes the instrument m/z measurement error into consideration in order to heuristically align two or more samples using a technique comparable to automated visual inspection and alignment. The results obtained using mass spectral profiles of replicate human urine samples suggest that this heuristic alignment approach is more efficient than other approaches using hierarchical clustering algorithms. The output consists of an average m/z and intensity value for the spectral components together with the number of matches from the different samples. One of the major advantages of using this alignment strategy is that it eliminates the boundary problem that occurs when using predetermined fixed bins to identify and combine peaks for averaging and the efficient runtime allows large datasets to be processed quickly.
"Metabolically benign" obesity: a wolf in sheep's clothing.

The obesity pandemic is in full flight. In 2006, the number of bese and overweight people in the world overtook the numbers ho are malnourished and underweight [1]. More than 1.1 bilion adults and 10% of children are now classified as overweight r obese [2]. Average life expectancy has already diminished; the ain adverse consequences being cardiovascular disease, type 2 iabetes, and several cancers [3]. Like the Inuit people’s varied nomenclature for Arctic snow, the omenclature for obesity is changing as we familiarize ourselves ith thisnew, rotund,biological landscape. Forexample, it hasbeen uggested that all obesemen, andwomen, are not created equal (at east metabolically speaking). Potential sub-groups of overweight nd obesity exist with different implications for subsequent diaetes and cardiovascular risk. Such sub-grouping allows for amore n depth analysis of the mechanisms and consequences of obesity, nd facilitates future discourse. The most time-tested sub-group to date is based on severity, n the form of body mass index (BMI). For example, we know hat there is a continuous association between increasing BMI and isk of death [4]. Another taxonomy, which has recently gained ttention, is the assessment of “cardiometabolic abnormalities” to etermine whether overweight and obese patients have “metabolcally benign” or “metabolically at risk” phenotypes [5]. The definition of what exactly compromises a metabolically benign’ vs. ‘at risk’ obese patient has yet to be formally defined. ome studies have used a collection of associated downstream
Reply to the discussion of the paper “Understanding expansion in calcium sulfoaluminate-belite cements” by G.L. Valenti, M. Marroccoli, M.L. Pace, A. Telesca

Abstract Reply to the discussion of the paper “Understanding expansion in calcium sulfoaluminatebelite cements” by G.L. Valenti, M. Marroccoli, M.L. Pace, A. Telesca.
Religious and Moral Attitude Trends Among College Students, 1948–84

Identical surveys were done with Williams College men undergraduates at five times spanning 1948 through 1984. From 1948 to 1967 there was a trend toward liberalism and individualism in religious attitudes, but this was reversed after 1974, when attitudes turned conservative. Attitudes on several moral topics changed greatly between 1974 and 1984, especially on marijuana use and the moral obligation of couples to reduce family size; the changes are in the conservative direction. There is a definite "return of the fifties" among college students, both in the increased conservatism in attitudes and also in the heightened privatism. College students are the most researched group in the population. This is partly because they are the future leaders of the nation, and hence their attitudes are important to know. It is also because they are the population group most sensitive to shifts in the cultural climate. All research shows that college students change more in values from half-decade to halfdecade than do older adults (Hoge 1974). This greater sensitivity and volatility of students seems to result from both their greater independence from institutional commitments and their greater proximity to intellectual life. Yankelovich (1981) argues, furthermore, that college students are a kind of forerunner group for cultural innovation generally. Students and young alumni from high-prestige colleges living on the east and west coasts are commonly the "pacesetters" of cultural change. Trend studies have been done on college student religion, spanning about 60 years (Hoge 1974). They have found a fall-rise-fall-rise pattern in traditional religious commitment, with a high level in the middle 1920s (the earliest reliable measures), then a decline to the middle 1930s, then a rise beginning at the end of the 1930s and peaking in about 1952-55, then Financial support for this research came from the Spencer Foundation and the Center for the Study of Youth Development, Catholic University. Address correspondence to Philip K. Hastings, Department of Psychology, Williams College, Williamstown, MA 01267. ? 1986 The Universitv of North Carolina Press
The UIC ICBG (University of Illinois at Chicago International Cooperative Biodiversity Group) Memorandum of Agreement: a model of benefit-sharing arrangement in natural products drug discovery and development.

The Convention on Biodiversity mandates a new approach to the discovery of natural product drugs, one that incorporates concepts of national ownership of genetic resources, intellectual property rights in traditional knowledge, and sharing of economic benefits with countries that are the source of new natural products. The International Cooperative Biodiversity Group (ICBG) program was established to support experimentation in implementation of the Convention through development and execution of international agreements for bioprospecting. The agreement of one such ICBG program, between the University of Illinois at Chicago and institutions in Vietnam and Laos, is presented here. The core elements contained in the single, five-way Memorandum of Agreement are the arrangements for intellectual property rights, treatment of informed consent, and plans for benefit-sharing (including the sharing of short- and long-term royalty benefits, capacity building, and community reciprocity). Program participants were a...
One- and Two-Dimensional Silver-Coordination Networks Containing π-Sandwiched Silver−Silver Interactions

The self-assembly of coordination networks from reaction of 2,4,6-trimesityl-1,3,5-triazine and silver(I) trifluoroacetate is described. A one-dimensional linear polymer is formed from solutions deficient in silver while a two-dimensional, graphite-like sheet is formed from solutions containing 3 equiv of silver per triazine. The structurally similar networks both contain triazine rings separated by two trifluoroacetate-bridged silver atoms. The two silver atoms are effectively sandwiched between two mesityl rings with intermediate arene-silver interactions. The silver-silver bond lengths are 2.9731(4) and 2.9246(5) A in the one-dimensional network and 2.8842(4) A in the two-dimensional network.
4.2: Self‐Calibrating Tiled Displays

This paper presents seamless tiled displays via completely distributed network of projector-camera systems that calibrates itself without any user intervention. This makes projection-based tiled displays very easy to deploy and maintain. The decentralized calibration methodology presented to achieve this also enables advanced capabilities like scalability, reconfigurability and fault-tolerance.
Can Prenatal Care Impact Future Well-Child Visits? The Experience of a Low Income Population in New York State Medicaid Managed Care

To examine the association between maternal characteristics and care patterns and the subsequent utilization of well–child visits in a low income population in New York State (NYS). We analyzed Medicaid managed care birth data from 2004 to 2005 linked to an administrative database to obtain information on preventive well-care visits for the child. The outcome variable was whether the child had five or more well-child visits (WCVs) in their first 15 months of life. Of the 101,461 children in this study 67% had received five or more well-child visits by 15 months of age. This varied by region with a lesser proportion of children receiving well-child visits in New York City (NYC) and a higher proportion in the rest-of-state. Children born to mothers with intensive and adequate prenatal care were significantly more likely to have the necessary well-child visits. Foreign born women were more likely than US born women to bring their children in for well-child visits across all racial and ethnic groups. This study indicated that women who received adequate prenatal care were more likely to bring their children to well-child visits even after adjusting for maternal and infant characteristics. Maternal birthplace modified the association between race and well-child visits. The black-white disparity typically seen in WCVs in the United States was not found in NYC among children of US born women in Medicaid managed care.
Comments on uniqueness of statistics derived from moments of random variables

Electrical engineers and physicists are often confronted with the problem of finding a probability density of a random variable (e.g., a noisy signal) from its moments. Some sources of apparent confusion in deciding whether the distribution is uniquely determined are discussed.
CONDITIONED INHIBITION OF CRAVING IN DRUG ADDICTION: A PILOT EXPERIMENT.

Abstract It seems likely that an important reason for the limited success of aversion treatment of drug addiction has been that the aversion is applied only to extrinsic stimuli associated with the drug. No attempt is ordinarily made to combat the endogenous habit. In the present experiment a subject with a Demerol (Pethidine) addiction of 3 years' standing was instructed to give himself a severe shock from a portable apparatus whenever he felt a desire for the drug arise endogenously. On three occasions he gave himself 4, 3 and 2 shocks respectively, dispelling the craving. After this the apparatus broke down, but for a period of 12 weeks the patient remained free from any but minor cravings that he could easily control.
The Economic Implications of Proposed Changes in the Accounting for Nuclear Decommissioning Costs

This paper analyzes the accounting effects of the proposed standard Accounting for Obligations Associated with the Retirement of Long‐Lived Assets, and considers the economic effects of accounting data in electric utility rate‐making. Specifically, we model the financial statement with respect to nuclear decommissioning costs and posit several likely scenarios for the economic implications for the affected firms, their electric consumers, and the rate regulators. The model reveals that the sign of the equity adjustment at adoption and the change in ongoing expense will depend on (1) the age of the plant, and (2) the ratio of the current cost estimate used to compute depreciation under the current practice and the estimated future decommissioning cost. When the model is applied to firms with nuclear plants, we find that the financial statement effects at adoption will be substantial for many firms, and that the ongoing effects of the standard will be to increase the reported expenses of decommissioning sub...
Electrophysiological correlates of visual perceptual masking in monkeys.

Monkeys were trained to discriminate with nearly 100% accuracy between a square and a triangle presented simultaneously in a brief tachistoscopic flash. Perceptual masking was demonstrated by inability to perform this trained visual discrimination at better than chance level when the information flash was followed in less than 20 msec by a blank second flash. In order to determine the nature and locus of this retroactive visual perceptual masking effect, electrical potentials were recorded simultaneously from three points along the optic pathways: optic nerve or tract, lateral geniculate body, and visual cortex. Potentials were computer-averaged and correlated with the monkey's ability or inability to make a correct behavioral response to the information contained in the first or test flash (T). When the perception of T was masked by the second or blanking flash (B), only the evoked potential characteristic of B was observed at all recording sites, including the optic nerve or tract. This suggested that the interaction underlying masking occurred in the retina since optic nerve or tract responses are dependent upon retinal ganglion cells. When T was not masked, an early portion of the evoked response to T could be detected at all recording sites. Perception of T was possible when only the initial segment of the T-potential (15 msec or less) was present at each recording site. Thus the visual information transfer essential to the performance of an already learned visual discrimination task appears to occur very early in the course of the evoked response and is not dependent upon later or secondary components.
Effect of obesity on the plasma lipoprotein subclass profile in normoglycemic and normolipidemic men and women.

Effect of obesity on the plasma lipoprotein subclass profile in normoglycemic and normolipidemic men and women
Meta-Level interpretation of constraint languages a case study: Logical primitives

This paper provides a detailed presentation of a Prolog-written meta-level interpreter for a constraint logic programming (CLP) language for expressing equalities and disequalities of finite trees, as well as non-negative integers (arities). The logical interpretation of the Prolog primitive functor (whose arguments are trees and arity) is used to illustrate the interactions among constraints pertaining to multiple domains. The paper’s objective is to provide insights about CLP language design and to present a modularized, incrementally-expandable meta-processor for this class of languages.
Advances in percutaneous nephrostomy

Management of urologic patients is being gradually but dramatically altered with new advances in technical innovation and refinements of interventional uroradiology. The broadening of indications for percutaneous nephrostomy became possible only after it was learned that it is a safe and effective means of establishing access to the renal collecting system. Percutaneous stone extraction (Nephrolithotomy) and Endopyelotomy are now well established procedures. These techniques have clear advantages over the surgical treatment for the same conditions and will increase the quality of patient care and reduce health care cost.
Some comments concerning the use of static charge distributions for predicting chemical reactivity

Abstract Static charge distributions are frequently used for interpreting and predicting chemical reactivity. As examples, the electrophilic aromatic substitution of nitrobenzene and aniline were specifically examined with the use of a proton as a model electrophile. The electrostatic potentials of these compounds and energies and geometries of the protonated products were calculated. It was found that the minimum in the potential may indeed indicate the site most susceptible to electrophilic attack. Nevertheless, this site may not be the one found substituted under normal laboratory conditions. Some experimental evidence is pointed out that demonstrates the intermediacy of these initially formed protonated species. Consequently, static charge distributions will have limited use in predicting substitution sites of electrophilic reactions, unless prior experience in a series of compounds is available. A generalization is stated: the charge distribution of the reactant most nearly resembles the transition state nearest in energy. Thus, the static charge distribution should indicate sites of kinetic attack by incoming reagents. Similarly, the static charge distribution is most closely related to complexes that perturb the initial distribution the least. Examples are likely to be the formation of encounter complexes and hydrogen-bonded complexes.
Cloud Top Liquid Water from Lidar Observations of Marine Stratocumulus

Marine stratus clouds were simultaneously observed by nadir Nd:YAG lidar measurements and in situ cloud physics measurements. A procedure was applied to derive the two-dimensional vertical cross section of the liquid water from within the cloud top lidar observations. A comparison to direct in-cloud liquid water observations gave good results. The liquid water retrieval was limited to an effective optical depth of 1.5. The true cloud optical thickness was also obtained from the retrieval procedure to a corresponding limit of 3.8. The optical thickness of the observed marine stratus clouds was predominantly below 3.0.
Retroactive impairment of passive avoidance learning by stimulation of the caudate nucleus.

Abstract Highly trained rats received a single brief and intense footshock through a lever they were depressing for a liquid reward. Single-pulse bilateral electrical stimulation of the caudate nuclei, or of the ventral hippocampal dentate regions, produced retroactive interference with passive avoidance of the lever 24 hours later. Stimulation at a number of other brain sites did not produce retrograde impairment of passive avoidance. Control electrode placements negated current spread, antidromic effects due to excitation of fibers of passage, and downstream peripheral effects mediated by internal capsular fibers as significant influences in the mediation of the retention deficits obtained. The retention deficit obtained was essentially the same with footshock to brain-stimulation intervals as long as 30 sec.
Progesterone and dexamethasone inhibition of uterine epithelial cell proliferation: Studies with antiprogesterone compounds in the neonatal mouse

Abstract Progestins and glucocorticoids inhibit uterine epithelial cell proliferation. Earlier studies showed that in the neonatal mouse, dexamethasone (Dex) was at least 100-fold more potent than progesterone (P) as an inhibitor of epithelial DNA synthesis. Using steroid autoradiography, we now show that the uterine cells of the neonatal mouse have receptors for both progestins (PR) and glucocorticoids (GR). Since it is known that P can interact with the GR it is possible that even a weak interaction might mediate the inhibitory effects of large doses of P. Therefore, we examined the receptor pathway specificity of the P response in neonatal mice using antiP steroids with reported strong antiglucocorticoid activity, RU486, or weak antiglucocorticoid activity, ZK98.734 (ZK734). Both RU486 and ZK734 exhibited strong binding activity in a PR assay performed on cytosolic preparations from adult mouse uteri. For murine thymic GR, the relative binding activity of RU486 was 12-fold that of ZK734. The high PR binding activity was reflected by the in vivo dose-response of the antagonists administered in conjunction with P; either antagonist completely blocked the inhibitory effect of P on uterine epithelial DNA synthesis when it was administered at one-tenth the dose of P. On the other hand, blockade of the inhibitory effect of Dex only occurred when the dose of antagonist was 10-fold the dosage of Dex. There were no significant differences between the two antagonists in blocking the effects of either P or Dex. These results indicate that progestins and glucocorticoids act through their own receptor systems to inhibit DNA synthesis in the uterine epithelium of the neonatal mouse. However, becuase of the considerable antiglucocorticoid activity of ZK734, a potential role for the interaction between P and the GR cannot be ruled out by these experiments.
Conformal changes of metrics and the initial-value problem of general relativity

Conformal techniques are reviewed with respect to applications to the initial-value problem of general relativity. Invariant transverse traceless decompositions of tensors, one of its main tools, are related to representations of the group of “conformeomorphisms” acting on the space of all Riemannian metrics onM. Conformal vector fields, a kernel in the decomposition, are analyzed on compact manifolds with constant scalar curvature. The realization of arbitrary functions as scalar curvature of conformally equivalent metrics, a generalization of Yamabe's conjecture, is applied to the Hamiltonian constraint and to the issue of positive energy of gravitational fields. Various approaches to the solution of the initial-value equations produced by altering the scaling behavior of the second fundamental form are compared.