cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recent Results and Progress on Leptonic and Storage Ring EDM Searches

The Standard Model is incomplete and unable to explain the matter-antimatter asymmetry in the universe. Many extensions of the Standard Model predict new particles and interactions with additional CP-violating phases that can explain this imbalance. Electric dipole moments (EDMs) of fundamental particles, which are generated by CP-violating interactions, can be enhanced by many orders of magnitude by contributions from this new physics to a magnitude within reach of current and planned experiments. New approaches to EDM searches using storage rings, and their sensitivity to new physics are presented.
Gemetastaseerde maligniteit bij onbekende primaire tumor

Gemetastaseerde maligniteiten van onbekende origine vormen een uitdagend probleem in de kliniek. Bij 3–5 % van de patienten met kanker worden metastasen vastgesteld zonder dat de primaire tumor gevonden wordt. Deze heterogene groep die voor het merendeel bestaat uit carcinomen heeft veelal een slechte prognose. Een klein deel van deze tumoren kan echter op basis van klinische criteria ingedeeld worden in een behandelbare subgroep, waarbij behandeling als zodanig resulteert in een significant betere prognose. Het diagnostische proces is dan ook gericht op het identificeren van deze subgroep. Essentiele onderdelen in de diagnostiek zijn anamnese en lichamelijk onderzoek, pathologisch onderzoek (immunohistochemisch en moleculair), serumonderzoek en radiologisch onderzoek. RNA expressie profielen en targeted therapy zullen mogelijk in de nabije toekomst bijdragen aan verbetering van de prognose van deze groep patienten.
Interrelations Between Growth Rate and Nuclear Ratios in Heterokaryons of Neurospora Crassa

The interrelations of growth rate and proportions of lysineless nuclei in heterokaryotic hyphal tip isolates of Neurospora crassa were studied. Those isolates growing at maximal and submaximal rate...
Larvae of Some Genera of Calendrinae (= Rhynchophorinae) and Stromboscerinae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

The Calendrinae is that group of weevils to which belong the various billbugs, the granary and rice weevils, the banana root borer, and other less well known species. Larvae of the group have been the subjects of published, comprehensive studies by two authors. In 1924 Cotton treated the larvae of nine of the ten genera known to be established in America north of Mexico, presenting a key together with brief but adequate characterizations of the genera and carefully prepared illustrations. In 1934 and again in 1938 Gardner published keys and descriptions for the identified larvae of the species occurring in India. His fully illustrated papers also include keys to the larger groups of weevils, in so far as they were represented. There are several other papers which include descriptions or carefully prepared figures of larvae of the group, but they treat only one or a few species. These papers are listed in the bibliography. Since the appearance of Cotton's paper larvae of additional genera have become available for study, some from Central and South America, others from the islands of the Pacific Ocean. It is with the intention of making those larvae recognizable and indicating their position in a classification of the group based upon larval characters that this paper is prepared.
A Legal Analysis of Crime Involved Issues in Financial Institutions' Rule-breaking Monetary Management with Guaranteed Minimum Return

In accordance with China's existing laws,rules and regulations,it is not proper in the sense of legitimate reason to regard all the rule-breaking monetary management with guaranteed minimum return offered by financial institutions as the crime of illegal absorbing public savings.At the present time,there is still a long way in the equitable inquisition of such civil and crime crossing cases as the victim being a litigant getting involved in criminal lawsuit,illicit money seeking,and making with good intention and reclamation.
Prenatal intrusion into the amnion. A review of the diagnostic, therapeutic, and research results.

Abstract Current intrusion into the amniotic sac for fetal diagnosis, research, and treatment has produced a wealth of valuable experience and knowledge. However, this information is widely disseminated in the literature. The paper provides a compendium of the diagnostic, therapeutic, and research results of amniocentesis to reduce the labor presently needed to review the subject.
Infections That Cause Secondary Immunodeficiency

There are many microbes that temporarily “stun” innate and/or adaptive immunity during primary infection and thereby impair effective immune responses to other microbes that cause secondary infections. In addition, microbes that cause persistent infection, such as the human immunodeficiency virus that depletes effective immune responses over time, also can lead to the development of secondary infection with other microbes. The common result of temporary inhibition or permanent depletion of host immunity during a primary infection is superinfections by other microbes that cause significant morbidity and, on occasion, mortality. In some cases, such as influenza virus infection, the mortality induced by this virus can be dramatic, and is due in large part to acquired secondary bacterial infections. Many microbes manipulate host immunity to enable their success in sustaining primary infection. The consequence of this process is the opportunity for other microbes to cause serious secondary infections. The importance of these secondary infections cannot be overstated. The overall survival of patients, who are primarily infected with viruses, bacteria, and parasites, is closely linked to the success of these organisms in inducing secondary immuodeficiency and thereby effectively subverting effective immune responses that should control and/or eliminate primary and secondary infections. Furthermore, the susceptibility of a given host to become infected, or develop severe disease, is likely defined by the genetic immunophenotype of an individual that becomes manifest during acute infection. Future studies are needed to explore not only the immunopathology of microbes but also the immune genetic repertoire of the infected host to best understand the delicate balance between a given microbe’s ability to cause infection, and the ability of a given host to become infected, manifest severe disease caused by that microbe, or resist or recover from a given microbial infection.
Impact of cordon-bleu expression on actin cytoskeleton architecture and dynamics

Cordon-bleu (COBL) is a multifunctional WASP-Homology 2 (WH2) domain-containing protein implicated in a wide variety of cellular functions ranging from dendritic arborization in neurons to the assembly of microvilli on the surface of transporting epithelial cells. In vitro biochemical studies suggest that COBL is capable of nucleating and severing actin filaments, among other activities. How the multiple activities of COBL observed in vitro contribute to its function in cells remains unclear. Here, we used live imaging to evaluate the impact of COBL expression on the actin cytoskeleton in cultured cells. We found that COBL induces the formation of dynamic linear actin structures throughout the cytosol. We also found that stabilizing these dynamic structures with the parallel actin-bundling protein espin slows down their turnover and enables the robust formation of self-supported protrusions on the dorsal cell surface. Super-resolution imaging revealed a global remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton in cells expressing these two factors. Taken together, these results provide insight as to how COBL contributes to the assembly of actin-based structures such as epithelial microvilli. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Diminishing-returns epistasis decreases adaptability along an evolutionary trajectory

Populations evolving in constant environments exhibit declining adaptability. Understanding the basis of this pattern could reveal underlying processes determining the repeatability of evolutionary outcomes. In principle, declining adaptability can be due to a decrease in the effect size of beneficial mutations, a decrease in the rate at which they occur, or some combination of both. By evolving Escherichia coli populations started from different steps along a single evolutionary trajectory, we show that declining adaptability is best explained by a decrease in the size of available beneficial mutations. This pattern reflected the dominant influence of negative genetic interactions that caused new beneficial mutations to confer smaller benefits in fitter genotypes. Genome sequencing revealed that starting genotypes that were more similar to one another did not exhibit greater similarity in terms of new beneficial mutations, supporting the view that epistasis acts globally, having a greater influence on the effect than on the identity of available mutations along an adaptive trajectory. Our findings provide support for a general mechanism that leads to predictable phenotypic evolutionary trajectories.
Interest Groups, Federalism, and Water Quality in the Great Lakes: Chasing a Moving Target

ABSTRACTFederalism often creates additional decisions for interest groups in determining how best to advocate for their policy recommendations in the legislative process. Should they focus their advocacy at the local, state, or national level of government? This article examines interest group behaviors in water quality policy in the Great Lakes region from 1960 to 2000. I evaluate the reasons for interest group decisions about which level of government to target, using historical analysis of Great Lakes water quality policy in the United States and Canada. The results of this analysis show that in many cases groups are influenced in their decision-making based on the level of government that has the greatest jurisdiction over the policy, supporting a neoinstitutional argument.
Estrogenic chemicals at body burden levels attenuate energy metabolism in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.

The study aimed to examine effects of environmental estrogens at body burden levels on energy metabolism in fat cells. Acclimation of T47D-KBluc cells in estrogen-deprived medium was established for high performance of estrogen-responsive luciferase reporter assay. With the assay, relative estrogenic potency of four selected estrogen receptor (ER) agonists, i.e. diethylstilbestrol, β-estradiol, 4-nonylphenol and bisphenol A, were determined. Immunoblot analysis revealed that the ER agonists at both EC80 and EC100 caused rapid and transient phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) in an ER-dependent manner. 3T3-L1 adipocytes treated with the ER agonists at EC80 for 24 hours exhibited significant downregulation in mitochondrial respiration and glycolytic function. Importantly, EC80 values of 4-nonylphenol (6.0 × 10−10 m) and bisphenol A (1.0 × 10−8 m) are in the range of human body burdens. The finding that estrogenic chemicals at body burden levels cause significant impact on fat cell energy metabolism raises an important public health issue that deserves more attention.
Urinary Diversion in Renal Transplantation

Renal transplantation involving anatomically or functionally altered recipient urinary reservoirs is a challenging procedure. Initial reports discouraged kidney transplantation in patients with urinary diversion due to inferior outcomes. However, more recent studies have shown that although there are more infectious complications, patients with urinary diversions have comparable long-term graft survival with those with native anatomy. Careful preoperative assessment of these candidates is mandatory. Unique technical and surgical concepts must be considered before embarking on transplanting this specific cohort of kidney transplantation candidates.
Child marriage and associated outcomes in northern Ghana: a cross-sectional study.

Child marriage is a human rights violation disproportionately affecting girls in lower- and middle-income countries and has serious public health implications. In Ghana, one in five girls marry before their 18th birthday and one in 20 girls is married before her 15th birthday. This paper uses a unique dataset from Northern Ghana to examine the association between child marriage and adverse outcomes for women among a uniquely vulnerable population. Baseline data from on ongoing impact evaluation of a government-run cash transfer programme was used. The sample consisted of 1349 ever-married women aged 20–29 years from 2497 households in the Northern and Upper East regions of Ghana. We estimated a series of ordinary least squares (OLS) and logistic regression models to examine associations of child marriage with health, fertility, contraception, child mortality, social support, stress and agency outcomes among women, controlling for individual characteristics and household-level factors. Child marriage in this sample was associated with increased odds of poorer health, as measured by difficulties in daily activities (OR = 2.08; CI 1.28–3.38 among women 20–24 years and OR = 1.58; CI 1.19–2.12 among women 20–29 years), increased odds of child mortality among first-born children (OR = 2.03; CI 1.09–3.77 among women 20–24 years) and lower odds of believing that one’s life is determined by their own actions (OR = 0.42; CI 0.25–0.72 among women 20–24 years and OR = 0.54; CI 0.39–0.75 among women 20–29 years). Conversely, child marriage was associated with lower levels of reported stress (regression coefficient = − 1.18; CI -1.84–-0.51 among women 20–29 years). Child marriage is common in Northern Ghana and is associated with poor health, increased child mortality, and low agency among women in this sample of extremely poor households. While not much is known about effective measures to combat child marriage in the context of Ghana, programmes that address key drivers of early marriage such as economic insecurity and school enrolment at the secondary level, should be examined with respect to their effectiveness at reducing early marriage. Trial registration: Registered in the Registry for International Development Impact Evaluations (RIDIE) on 01 July 2015, with number RIDIE-STUDY-ID- 55942496d53af .
A WIND TUNNEL INVESTIGATION OF A RETRACTABLE FABRIC ROOF FOR THE MONTREAL OLYMPIC STADIUM

The Stadium playing field is to be covered by a retractable fabric roof that is attached to the fixed part of the roof covering the stands. The fabric is tensioned by cables rising up to a tower above the Stadium. The purpose of the investigation has been to determine the effect of wind on the forces imparted to the fixed roof structure by the deployed fabric roof. A 1:100 scale model has been studied in the National Research Council 9m × 9m (30ft × 30ft) Low Speed Wind Tunnel. The fabric roof and supporting cables have been modelled elastically.
Carbon dynamics in the hyporheic zone of a headwater mountain stream in the Cascade Mountains, Oregon

We investigated carbon dynamics in the hyporheic zone of a steep, forested, headwater catchment western Oregon, USA. Water samples were collected monthly from the stream and a well network during base flow periods. We examined the potential for mixing of different source waters to explain concentrations of DOC and DIC. We did not find convincing evidence that either inputs of deep groundwater or lateral inputs of shallow soil water influenced carbon dynamics. Rather, carbon dynamics appeared to be controlled by local processes in the hyporheic zone and overlying riparian soils. DOC concentrations were low in stream water (0.04–0.09 mM), and decreased with nominal travel time through the hyporheic zone (0.02–0.04 mM lost over 100 h). Conversely, stream water DIC concentrations were much greater than DOC (0.35–0.7 mM) and increased with nominal travel time through the hyporheic zone (0.2–0.4 mM gained over 100 h). DOC in stream water could only account for 10% of the observed increase in DIC. In situ metabolic processing of buried particulate organic matter as well as advection of CO2 from the vadose zone likely accounted for the remaining 90% of the increase in DIC. Overall, the hyporheic zone was a source of DIC to the stream. We suggest that, in mountain stream networks, hyporheic exchange facilitates the transformation of particulate organic carbon buried in floodplains and transports the DIC that is produced back to the stream where it can be evaded to the atmosphere.
Doubling time of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in early normal pregnancy: relationship to hCG concentration and gestational age

There is controversy regarding whether the doubling time of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in early normal pregnancy is constant or rises with increasing gestational age (GA) and hCG concentration. To clarify the influence of these variables on hCG doubling time, we obtained serial blood specimens every 2 to 4 days between postovulatory day 12 and 70 from 16 women who conceived while monitoring basal body temperature. The serum concentration of beta-hCG was determined by radioimmunoassay. Serial doubling time of hCG was calculated in all subjects and correlated with GA and hCG concentration. Least-squares estimates of 95% confidence bands were established from regression analysis given the second hCG concentration for each pair of samples or GA. For elimination of the need for calculation and thus improvement of the clinical utility of doubling time determinations, a nomogram relating the concentrations of hCG in paired serum samples to doubling time was constructed. We observed a significant correlation of doubling time with hCG concentration and GA, both in the group overall and within each individual pregnancy. These data support the recommendation that doubling time determinations should be evaluated with reference to normal values for a given GA or hCG concentration and suggest that previously proposed normal values of doubling time in early normal pregnancy may be low.
Short mobile game development projects for CS1/2: tutorial presentation

Game development and mobile computing have been successfully used to increase student motivation. However, instructors with no background in mobile computing, computer graphics, and/or game development may find it difficult to develop or adopt course materials on these topics. This workshop is designed to address these concerns. Using Java Micro Edition, we have developed several project-based course modules focused on mobile game development and designed to study fundamental programming principles (e.g. loops) while also exposing students to more advanced concepts (e.g. databases). Using a mobile phone emulator, participants will test-drive one of our modules and develop a simple game, which can then be transferred to and played on a mobile device. A Windows or Mac laptop is recommended.
A Theory of Dynamic Resource Misallocation and Amplification

We develop a tractable dynamic general equilibrium model of oligopolistic competition with a continuum of heterogeneous industries. Industries are exposed to aggregate and industry-specific productivity shocks. Firms in each industry set value-maximizing state-contingent markups, taking as given the behavior of all other industries. When consumers are risk-averse, industry markups are countercyclical with regards to the industry-specific component, but may be procyclical with regards to the aggregate shock. The general equilibrium dispersion of markups implied by the optimization of heterogeneous industries creates misallocation of labor across industries. The misallocation, in turn, generates aggregate welfare losses state-by-state that feed back into the industry problem via a representative agent’s marginal utility of aggregate consumption. Misallocation dynamics may transmit industry-specific shocks, or amplify small aggregate shocks, and so lead to aggregate fluctuations through these feedback effects. JEL classification: L16, E32, L13
Calibration of RapidScat Brightness Temperature

NASA RapidScat is the first satellite scatterometer that flown in non-Sun-synchronous orbit. Its unique orbit enabled collocated measurements with multiple satellite remote-sensing instruments that mostly fly in Sun-synchronous orbits. RapidScat's primary mission was retrieval of global ocean wind vectors from normalized radar backscatter measurements. The instrument operated onboard the International Space Station between September 2014 and August 2016 covering sub-satellite latitude range between ±51.6°. To serve as a cross-calibration reference with other instruments, RapidScat must be carefully calibrated. This paper describes the process that combines RapidScat's active/passive mode, simultaneously measuring both the radar surface backscatter (active mode) and microwave emission from the system noise temperature (passive mode). The radiometric calibration of RapidScat that enables the surface brightness temperature measurement is presented. Seasonal measurement biases have been evaluated using the Radiative Transfer Model (RTM). Systematic brightness temperature biases for both polarizations have been calculated as a function of geometry, atmospheric model, and ocean brightness temperature models. These deviations were averaged over 1084 RapidScat revolutions. Trends from observations during a 20-month period between January 2015 and August 2016 have been described. Results obtained indicate that most of the measured data in 2015 show an overall average agreement.
Dirhodium tetracarboxylates as catalysts for selective intermolecular C–H functionalization

C-H Functionalization has become widely recognized as an exciting new strategy for the synthesis of complex molecular targets. Instead of relying on functional groups as the controlling elements of how molecules are assembled, it offers a totally different logic for organic synthesis. For this type of strategy to be successful, reagents and catalysts need to be developed that generate intermediates that are sufficiently reactive to functionalize C-H bonds but still capable of distinguishing between the different C-H bonds and other functional groups present in a molecule. The most well-established approaches have tended to use substrates that have inherently a favored site for C-H functionalization or rely on intramolecular reactions to control where the reaction will occur. A challenging but potentially more versatile approach would be to use catalysts to control the site-selectivity without requiring the influence of any directing group. One example that is capable of achieving such transformations is the C-H insertion chemistry of transient metal carbenes. Dirhodium tetracarboxylates have been shown to be especially effective catalysts for these reactions. This review will highlight the development of these dirhodium catalysts and illustrate their effectiveness to control both site-selective and stereoselective C-H functionalization of a wide variety of substrates.
Self-Diffusion of Water and Ions in Clay Barriers

Abstract A well-known characteristic of clay-rocks and engineered bentonite barriers is their low hydraulic permeability. In porous media with such low k values, at hydraulic pressure gradients representative of subsurface conditions, molecular diffusion is an important mass transport mechanism on length scales up to hundreds of meters and millions of years. Because of the important role of molecular diffusion in clay materials, extensive experimental efforts have aimed to characterize the associated diffusion coefficients. Characterization of these diffusion coefficients is nontrivial, because of the need to surmount experimental challenges associated with the large swelling pressure and fine-grained nature of clay minerals and to account for theoretical complexities, such as the couplings between adsorption, diffusion, and mechanics at multiple scales. The present chapter summarizes the available experimental database on diffusion and briefly discusses its implications regarding the fundamental phenomena associated with diffusion in clay-rocks and engineered clay barriers. It is shown that the relationships between microstructure and the macroscopic parameters for diffusion processes remain poorly constrained. This is one of the reasons for the existence of many different conceptual models in the literature. In addition, little agreement exists regarding fundamental phenomena that occur within individual pores, such as the structure of the electrostatic double layer and the mobility of water and ions near clay mineral surfaces. Future studies should focus particularly on determining the relative importance of short-range (surface complexes) and long-range (diffuse ion swarm) interactions in screening the negative surface charge density of clay minerals, and the mobility of water and ions as a function of distance from clay mineral surfaces. Additional efforts should also be focused on developing models that can describe diffusion results in both bentonite and clay-rocks, and that are based on the same underlying concepts.
Phalloplasty: techniques and outcomes

Phalloplasty is an exceptionally complicated reconstructive procedure that attempts to create a structure that is penis-like. As patient goals vary widely, it is helpful to think about phalloplasty as a modular set of procedures that can be combined, mixed and matched to meet the needs of each individual patient while also taking into account their anatomy. Each module—but particularly the shaft and penile urethra—can be performed using a variety of techniques. To date, there is no consensus among surgeons regarding the optimum staging of the reconstructive steps. Our primary goal is to outline the most frequently performed and reported options in phallic reconstruction and outline the various considerations that go into choosing a given sequence of procedures for the specific patient. The secondary goal of this article is to describe the complications common to each of those modules and how they interact when combined.
Media Use, Cross-National Samples, and the Theory of Planned Behavior: Implications for Climate Change Advocacy Intentions

As the threat continues to grow from climate change, it is imperative to examine the applicability of psychological theories tied to behavior change to this important issue. In this study, we apply the theory of planned behavior to the issue of climate change. Using a purposive sample of 312 Brazilians, 312 Costa Ricans, 311 Nigerians, and 315 Americans, we examine the extent to which media effects (e.g., liberal, conservative, and nonpartisan media use) correlate with three key predictors of behavioral intention with the model: attitudes toward behavior, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. We assess our model across four countries around the globe (i.e., Brazil, Costa Rica, Nigeria, and the United States).
Apoptosis and autophagy in polycystic kidney disease (PKD)

Apoptosis in the cystic epithelium is observed in most rodent models of polycystic kidney disease (PKD) and in human autosomal dominant PKD (ADPKD). Apoptosis inhibition decreases cyst growth, whereas induction of apoptosis in the kidney of Bcl-2 deficient mice increases proliferation of the tubular epithelium and subsequent cyst formation. However, alternative evidence indicates that both induction of apoptosis as well as increased overall rates of apoptosis are associated with decreased cyst growth. Autophagic flux is suppressed in cell, zebra fish and mouse models of PKD and suppressed autophagy is known to be associated with increased apoptosis. There may be a link between apoptosis and autophagy in PKD. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and caspase pathways that are known to be dysregulated in PKD, are also known to regulate both autophagy and apoptosis. Induction of autophagy in cell and zebrafish models of PKD results in suppression of apoptosis and reduced cyst growth supporting the hypothesis autophagy induction may have a therapeutic role in decreasing cyst growth, perhaps by decreasing apoptosis and proliferation in PKD. Future research is needed to evaluate the effects of direct autophagy inducers on apoptosis in rodent PKD models, as well as the cause and effect relationship between autophagy, apoptosis and cyst growth in PKD.
Invasive species and biotic homogenization in temperate aquatic plant communities

AIM: Biotic homogenization (BH), a reduction in the distinctness of species composition between geographically separated ecological communities in a region, is an important but underappreciated potential consequence of biological invasions. While BH theory has always considered invasions, it has generally been in a relatively narrow context that the cosmopolitan nature of invasive species increases BH because of their shared presence across many locations. We sought to evaluate this component of BH as well as broader effects of invasive species on BH through changes in native communities, including overall reductions in species richness or shifts in species composition. LOCATION: Minnesota, USA. TIME PERIOD: 2002–2014. MAJOR TAXA STUDIED: Aquatic macrophytes, including both vascular plants and attached macroalgae. METHODS: We used surveys of aquatic macrophyte communities from 1,102 shallow lakes in Minnesota, USA (including 248 lakes with repeated surveys) to evaluate relationships between invasion, native species and BH. RESULTS: We found that the presence of invasive species was associated with BH and that this pattern was reflected in both the total community (i.e., with invasive species included) and in the composition of the native species community alone. We found that invaded lakes were more compositionally similar to each other than uninvaded lakes, but that both groups were becoming more similar over time—despite neither group exhibiting declines in species richness. This pattern was largely driven by shifts in the native community itself, with common species becoming more widespread and rare species becoming rarer. MAIN CONCLUSIONS: Invasive species increase measures of community similarity through their own presence in multiple locations, and also by influencing the composition of native species. These patterns have important implications for conservation and management and suggest that BH should be considered more widely in evaluating the impacts of biological invasions and developing response strategies.
$W_{e}=100\mathrm{nm}$ InP/lnGaAs DHBT with Self-aligned MOCVD Regrown p-GaAs Extrinsic Base Exhibiting $1\Omega-\mu\mathrm{m}^{2}$ Base Contact Resistivity

We report DC results from a $W_{e}=100\mathrm{nm\ InP}/\mathrm{InGaAs}$ DHBT technology with a self-aligned MOCVD regrown GaAs extrinsic base providing low base access resistance $R_{bb}$ while maintaining acceptable DC current gain $\beta$ . A $0.09\times 5\mu \mathrm{m}^{2}$ transistor exhibits a base contact resistivity $\rho_{c}=1\Omega-\mu \mathrm{m}^{2}$ , and a peak $\beta\sim 15$ . The HBTs exhibit a common-emitter breakdown voltage $BV_{CEO}=3.6\mathrm{V}(J_{C}=10\mu \mathrm{A}/\mu \mathrm{m}^{2})$ . According to the general scaling law for InP HBTs in [1], the low $\rho_{c}$ meets the requirement for $f_{max}=2.8\mathrm{THz}$ operation.
A Segmentation Based Robust Deep Learning Framework for Multimodal Retinal Image Registration

Multimodal image registration plays an important role in diagnosing and treating ophthalmologic diseases. In this paper, a deep learning framework for multimodal retinal image registration is proposed. The framework consists of a segmentation network, feature detection and description network, and an outlier rejection network, which focuses only on the globally coarse alignment step using the perspective transformation. We apply the proposed framework to register color fundus images with infrared reflectance images and compare it with the state-of-the-art conventional and learning-based approaches. The proposed framework demonstrates a significant improvement in robustness and accuracy reflected by a higher success rate and Dice coefficient compared to other coarse alignment methods.
EXAFS investigation of the local structure in URu 2 -x Fe x Si 2 : Evidence for distortions below 100 K

X-ray absorption measurements at the U ${L}_{\mathrm{III}}$, Ru $K$, and Fe $K$ edges are reported for the hidden order (HO) material ${\mathrm{URu}}_{2\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{x}{\mathrm{Si}}_{2}$ ($x=0$, 0.05, 0.08, 0.10, 0.12, 0.15, and 0.20) as a function of $x$ and temperature $T$. When Fe is substituted for Ru, the local structure about Fe shrinks slightly and the first neighbor Fe-Si bond length decreases by $\ensuremath{\approx}0.05\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\AA{}$. More importantly excess disorder is observed below 80--100 K (the coherence temperature ${T}^{*}$) in plots of the Debye-Waller factor ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}^{2}$ ($\ensuremath{\sigma}$ is the width of the pair distribution function); at low $T$ the data deviate from the usual Einstein or correlated-Debye model plots. This excess disorder is most prominent for the Ru-Si bond, and ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}^{2}$ actually increases below 80 K. These results suggest a local orthorhombic distortion with ${B}_{1g}$-like symmetry that develops below 80--100 K. A model that describes these local distortions is presented, and discussed in terms of other measurements that indicate a breaking of fourfold symmetry at low $T$. In addition, the square root of the difference between ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}^{2}(T)$ for the Ru-Si pair and a Debye fit to these data serves as an order parameter for this orthorhombic distortion, in the temperature range below 100 K. This quantity is a length related to $a\text{\ensuremath{-}}b$, the difference between the $a$ and $b$ lattice constants in the orthorhombic phase, and provides a connection between this distortion and ${T}^{*}$. X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) measurements also show that there are no changes in the edge positions down to 0.1 eV for any edge as a function of $x$, for $T$ in the HO regime.
Polarization-Dependent Disappearance of THz Reflectance in an Aligned Carbon Nanotube Film

We have performed polarization-dependent terahertz time-domain spectroscopy measurements on a highly aligned film of single-wall carbon nanotubes and found that the terahertz pulse reflected from the substrate-film interface totally disappears at a specific polarization angle.
Dunes and People

Dunes are beautiful structures that deserve study in their own right. But lest the reader be confronted by demands to justify their study, we offer a few examples here of how dunes directly affect human livelihoods. Of course dunes have influenced human history: whether in the age of Alexander the Great, or the Gulf War or the many conflicts in between, conflict in the desert places special demands on men, animals and machines.
Real-time vision-based worker localization & hazard detection for construction

Abstract Despite training, construction workers often fail to recognize a significant proportion of hazards in construction environments. Therefore, there is a need for developing technology that assists workers and safety managers in identifying hazards in complex and dynamic construction environments. This study develops a framework for an automated system that detects hazardous conditions and objects in real-time to assist workers and managers. The framework consists of three independent pipelines for localization of workers, semantic segmentation of the visual scene around workers, and detection of static and dynamic hazards. The framework can be used to automate and augment the hazard detection ability of workers and safety managers in construction workplaces. In addition, the framework offers several computing contributions including an improved real-time worker localization method and an efficient architecture for integrating pipelines for entity localization and object detection. A system developed based on the proposed framework as a proof of concept and was tested in indoor and outdoor construction environments. It achieved over 93% accuracy.
SARS-CoV-2 colonization of maternal and fetal cells of the human placenta promotes alteration of local renin-angiotensin system.

Background: SARS-CoV-2 infection appears to increase the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes such as preeclampsia in pregnant women. The mechanism(s) by which this occurs remains unclear. Methods: We investigated the pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 at maternal-fetal interface in pregnant women who tested positive for the virus using RNA in situ hybridization (viral RNA), immunohistochemistry, and hematoxylin and eosin staining. To investigate whether viral infection alters the renin angiotensin system (RAS) in placenta which controls blood pressure, we treated human trophoblasts with recombinant Spike protein or a live modified virus with a vesicular stomatitis viral backbone expressing Spike protein (VSV-S). Findings: Viral colonization was highest in maternal decidua, fetal trophoblasts, Hofbauer cells, and in placentas delivered prematurely. We localized SARS-CoV-2 to cells expressing Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), and demonstrate that infected placentas had significantly reduced ACE2. In response to both Spike protein and VSV-S, cellular ACE2 decreased while Angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1R) increased with concomitant increase in soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1(sFlt1). Viral infection decreased pro-angiogenic factors, AT2R and Placental growth factor, which competitively binds to sFlt1. Sera from infected pregnant women had elevated levels of sFlt1 and Angiotensin II type 1-Receptor Autoantibodies prior to delivery, both signatory markers of preeclampsia. Conclusions: SARS-CoV-2 colonizes ACE2-expressing maternal and fetal cells in the placenta. Infection in pregnant women correlates with alteration of placental RAS. As RAS regulates blood pressure, SARS-CoV-2 infection may thus increase adverse hemodynamic outcomes such as preeclampsia in pregnant women. Funding: NIH/NICHD grants R01 HD091218 and 3R01HD091218-04S1 (RADx-UP Supplement).
Longitudinal effects of U.S. students' reentry shock on psychological health after returning home during the COVID-19 global pandemic

Abstract Guided by the stress process model ( Pearlin, Mullan, Semple, & Skaff, 1990 ; Pearlin, 1999 ), the purpose of this longitudinal investigation was to examine the extent to which the stressor of premature forced reentry from studying abroad during the COVID-19 pandemic (e.g., reentry shock, reacculturative stress) was predictive of stress-related compromised mental health (i.e., perceived stress and loneliness) into the subsequent academic year. A total of 133 college students from different U.S. universities completed a short online questionnaire as soon as they came back from their study abroad experience (T1) and approximately six months after (T2), when they were resuming their Fall 2020 academic semester. Consistent with the stress process model, secondary stressors associated with reacculturation were predictive, concurrently and longitudinally, of mental health outcomes, especially loneliness, indicating that students who had the hardest time returning home unexpectedly were at the highest risk for worsened mental health over the following months. These findings reveal that reacculturation following unplanned termination of a study abroad experience is not an event as much as it is a process that unfolds over a period of months, as would be understood from the perspective of the stress process model.
Trauma informed interventions: A systematic review

Background Health inequities remain a public health concern. Chronic adversity such as discrimination or racism as trauma may perpetuate health inequities in marginalized populations. There is a growing body of the literature on trauma informed and culturally competent care as essential elements of promoting health equity, yet no prior review has systematically addressed trauma informed interventions. The purpose of this study was to appraise the types, setting, scope, and delivery of trauma informed interventions and associated outcomes. Methods We performed database searches— PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, SCOPUS and PsycINFO—to identify quantitative studies published in English before June 2019. Thirty-two unique studies with one companion article met the eligibility criteria. Results More than half of the 32 studies were randomized controlled trials (n = 19). Thirteen studies were conducted in the United States. Child abuse, domestic violence, or sexual assault were the most common types of trauma addressed (n = 16). While the interventions were largely focused on reducing symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (n = 23), depression (n = 16), or anxiety (n = 10), trauma informed interventions were mostly delivered in an outpatient setting (n = 20) by medical professionals (n = 21). Two most frequently used interventions were eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (n = 6) and cognitive behavioral therapy (n = 5). Intervention fidelity was addressed in 16 studies. Trauma informed interventions significantly reduced PTSD symptoms in 11 of 23 studies. Fifteen studies found improvements in three main psychological outcomes including PTSD symptoms (11 of 23), depression (9 of 16), and anxiety (5 of 10). Cognitive behavioral therapy consistently improved a wide range of outcomes including depression, anxiety, emotional dysregulation, interpersonal problems, and risky behaviors (n = 5). Conclusions There is inconsistent evidence to support trauma informed interventions as an effective approach for psychological outcomes. Future trauma informed intervention should be expanded in scope to address a wide range of trauma types such as racism and discrimination. Additionally, a wider range of trauma outcomes should be studied.
Change in the International Order - Chapter on Antibribery Law

The first part of this chapter describes the rise of transborder antibribery law in this century against the background of its twentieth century origins. It focuses on the role of a hegemon, namely the United States, and the impact of its conduct on other rich-world states. During the last century, other states passively resisted U.S. initiatives. Then, at the dawn of the new century, some undertook their own antibribery programs in response to U.S. regulation. At the international level, this response took the form of treaties accepting national regulation but not parceling out primary regulatory jurisdiction among states. Cooperation among prosecutors grew, but almost entirely through informal mechanisms. What resulted is a remarkably robust regulatory regime with almost all of the action occurring at the national level. The next two parts ask why this kind of international cooperation unfolded as it did. The first focuses on striking parallels between the development of transborder antibribery enforcement and the rise of transborder anticartel law a generation earlier. International cooperation exists, but through informal fora and other contacts among prosecutors, rather than by the creation of international legal obligations and international institutions to administer them. As with the later antibribery project, anticartel policy thrived through the scaling back of international-law-based claims about the limits of prescriptive jurisdiction, not through creation of new international institutions. Part III then explores the political economy of transborder antibribery law. It considers why states regulate behavior that, as a first-order matter, harms foreigners while enriching domestic firms (unlike anticartel policy, which focuses on injury to domestic consumers). It rebuts arguments that altruism and a cosmopolitan sense of justice motivates states. Rather, this regulation, like the earlier anticartel actions, can best be explained as an effort to save the system of global markets, international business and investment, and transnational private ordering from itself. States have come to embrace these efforts, but have not sought to enforce them through international law. This approach instead puts the onus on powerful states acting as norm entrepreneurs to promote the rule of domestic law internationally. On balance, the development of antibribery law during this century suggests a process of evolutionary adaptation, not revolutionary change and disruption. The paper considers, however, whether the forces that have undone the liberal internationalist aspirations of the 1990s pose a threat to the contemporary transborder antibribery regime. That transborder antibribery efforts have prospered during this period of unrest may indicate something about the resilience of global capitalism, but is not proof of the durability of the liberal international order that existed at the end of the twentieth century.
Use of oligonucleotides for antisense experiments in Xenopus laevis oocytes.

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a general survey of relevant published papers in which oligos were used for antisense experiments in oocytes. It also describes a set of experiments from laboratory demonstrating some of the uses of oligos to study small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) and their function in pre-messenger RNA (mRNA) splicing in oocytes. Many studies involving oligos have compared results obtained with Xenopus oocytes, eggs, and embryos. The chapter focus primarily on the experiments concerned with oocytes, although, where relevant, the relative effects obtained with eggs and embryos are described. Oocytes possess two other features that are favorable for some antisense experiments. First, late stage oocytes express few of their endogenous genes that are normally transcribed by polymerase II. This is not because of limiting or inactive forms of either RNA polymerase II or relevant transcription factors as many genes, when introduced in appropriate form into oocytes, can indeed be expressed. Thus, it is possible to destroy specifically an existing RNA product irreversibly using the appropriate oligo or oligos. Second, normal, unmodified oligos are extremely unstable in oocytes and do not persist at effective concentrations for more than an hour at most.
Hydrocortisone infusion may improve survival in patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia

Subjects: Forty-six patients admitted to the intensive care unit with clinical and radiographic evidence of pneumonia and either two minor or one major 1993 American Thoracic Society criterion for severe pneumonia. Patients with nosocomial pneumonia, immunosuppression, acute burn injury, pregnancy, life expectancy less than 3 months, and conditions requiring more than 0.5 mg/kg/day of prednisone equivalent (such as acute asthma and COPD) were excluded.
0.25 /spl mu/m emitter InP SHBTs with f/sub T/ = 550 GHz and BV/sub CEO/ > 2V

This paper report DC and RF characteristics of InP single heterojunction bipolar transistors (SHBTs) exhibiting ultrahigh cut-off frequencies of f/sub T/ = 550 GHz and f/sub MAX/ = 255 GHz, with BV/sub CEO/ = 2.1 V. The devices exhibit record f/sub T/ performance of bipolar transistors at operating current densities in excess of 19 mA//spl mu/m/sup 2/, achieved through the use of a vertically scaled epitaxial structure featuring a 20 nm base and a lightly-doped 65 nm InGaAs collector. Thermal resistance calculations for a 0.25/spl times/8 /spl mu/m/sup 2/ device yield an R/sub TH/= 5.1/spl deg/C/mW, corresponding to a /spl Delta/T/sub j/ = 173/spl deg/C at 34 mW of power dissipation at peak operating conditions.
Marginal zinc deficiency affects maternal brain microtubule assembly in rats

The possible physiological role of Zn in tubulin polymerization was studied. Tubulin assembly in vitro was characterized in brain supernatants from rats fed a marginally Zn-deficient diet (10 micrograms Zn/g) during pregnancy and lactation. The initial rate of tubulin polymerization was significantly lower (27%) in brain supernatants from the marginally Zn-deficient animals than from controls. This was associated with a lower Zn concentration in the brain supernatants from the marginally deficient rats. Total protein and tubulin concentrations were the same in the supernatants from both groups. These data show that Zn is necessary for normal tubulin assembly and indicate that one biochemical defect underlying brain alterations in Zn deficiency could be abnormal microtubule function.