cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Gravity Separation in Freewater Knockouts

The selection of a freewater knockout depends on the desired performance. The design criterion developed here is based on the perception that most FWKO's are installed to remove the bulk of the water from a high-water-cut flow stream so that the oil can be dehydrated economically to salable specifications and to discharge water requiring minimal treatment before disposal. Only the gravity separation process is considered; the contribution of coalescing devices is excluded. Verticle FWKO's are discussed briefly; but the bulk of this paper is devoted to horizontal FWKO's, which constitute a majority of vessels. Hydraulic similarity of horizontal FWKO's and API separators is demonstrated, and a design criterion for FWKO's is developed with the basis used in the design development for API separators. This analysis discloses that commonly used criteria overrate the ideal flow capacity of FWKO's by a factor of 4/ {Pi}. It shows that maximum FWKO capacity occurs when the oil/water interface is maintained at a level of 0.769 diameters in the case of ideal vessels and somewhat higher for nonideal vessels, rather than 0.50 as commonly believed. Published FWKO residence-time distributions (RTD's) indicate nonideal flow. Consequently, a design allowance for short-circuiting and turbulence effects was incorporated intomore » the FWKO design. The effect of vessel proportions on cost per unit capacity is analyzed and an equation is developed for determining optimum properties.« less
Informing the next nuclear generation - how does the Ginna plant branch do it?

Most of us are familiar with the latest advertising phrase, ``Our children are our future.`` This phrase has been used in so many instances - from concerns about waste, Social Security, and the federal deficit to drug abuse and violence. One more area can be added to the list and advertised nuclear power. Since the establishment of the Ginna plant branch (GPB) in 1992, our target audience has been the next nuclear generation (our children), but our vehicle for dissemination has been the current generation (the adults). Have you ever thought about how often your opinions affect the children you come in contact with? One of GPB`s goals is to provide as much information as possible to teachers, neighbors, and civic organizations of our community so that there is a nuclear future that can be carried on by the next generation.
The clinical impact of reported variance in potency of antipsychotic agents

There is significant disagreement on the clinical equivalence (or potency) of antipsychotic agents, with up to 500% variance reported in texts. To address the extent and consequences of these discrepancies, we took a random sample of 18 common psychiatry, psychopharmacology and pharmacology texts for antipsychotic equivalence tables. We found a marked variation in stated equivalences for the majority of antipsychotics. Most affected were the high potency (haloperidol, fluphenazine) and newer (molindone) drugs, which had a 500% variance. This variation inadvertently contributes to the misuse of these agents. For instance, high-potency antipsychotics are prescribed in far larger doses than necessary, leading to decreased efficacy and increased side effects. Steps to simplify and rationalize the use of these agents are recommended.
Modified noncausal smoothing filter and low rank matrix approximation for noise reduction

ABSTRACT Removing noise in real time has become a high priority for analyzing data corrupted by additive noise. It is a major problem in various applications such as speech, image processing and real time multimedia services. Although considerable interest has arisen in recent years regarding wavelets as a new tr ansform technique for many applications, the linear adaptive decomposition transform (LDT) has yielded re sults superior to the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) not only in terms of using a lower number of decomposition le vels but also achieving a smaller percentage normalized approximation error in the reconstructed signal. In this paper, a novel noise reduction method, based on a modified noncausal smoothing filter and low rank approximation based upon the sum of minimum magnitude error criterion (i.e., l 1 norm) is introduced that distinguishes itself from these other methods. The performance of the proposed approach was evaluated based on one dimensional data sets as well as speech samples. It is demonstrated th at the approach yields very promising results on the test signals of the Donoho and Johnstone as well as to speech signals. Keywords: data adaptive linear decomposition, matrix decomposition, wavelet denoising, singular value decomposition
Preventing Pediatric Pedestrian Injuries

Pedestrian-related crashes cause an estimated 1.2 million deaths and 50 million injuries worldwide. There were 32,590 nonfatal injuries reported among children 0 to 14 years of age in the United States in 2006. The incidence of pedestrian injuries seems to be decreasing due to improvements in trauma care and a nationwide decline in walking. This article is a special communication and overview of selected literature regarding efforts to decrease the frequency of pediatric pedestrian trauma. WalkSafe an elementary school-based pedestrian injury prevention program will be discussed as an example of a program that has been able to demonstrate a decrease in injuries in children.
Candida albicans cell wall ssa proteins bind and facilitate import of salivary histatin 5 required for toxicity.

Fungicidal activity of Hst 5 is initiated by binding to cell surface proteins on Candida albicans, followed by intracellular transport to cytoplasmic effectors leading to cell death. As we identified heat shock 70 proteins (Ssa1p and/or Ssa2p) from C. albicans lysates that bind Hst 5, direct interactions between purified recombinant Ssa proteins and Hst 5 were tested by pull-down and yeast two-hybrid assays. Pulldown of both native complexes and those stabilized by cross-linking demonstrated higher affinity of Hst 5 for Ssa2p than for Ssa1p, in agreement with higher levels of interactions between Ssa2p and Hst 5 measured by yeast two-hybrid analyses. C. albicans ssa1Δ and ssa2Δ mutants were constructed to examine Hst 5 binding, translocation, and candidacidal activities. Both ssa1Δ and ssa2Δ mutants were indistinguishable from wild-type cells in growth and hyphal formation. However, C. albicans ssa2Δ mutants were highly resistant to the candidacidal activity of Hst 5, although the ssa1Δ mutant did not have any significant reduction in killing by Hst 5. Total cellular binding of 125I-Hst 5 in the ssa2Δ mutant was reduced to one-third that of wild-type cells, in contrast to the ssa1Δ mutant whose total cellular binding of Hst 5 was similar to the wild-type strain. Intracellular transport of Hst 5 was significantly impaired in the ssa2Δ mutant strain, but only mildly so in the ssa1Δ mutant. Thus, C. albicans Ssa2p facilitates fungicidal activity of Hst 5 in binding and intracellular translocation, whereas Ssa1p appears to have a lesser functional role in Hst 5 toxicity.
Application of PCR for the characterization of Enterococci

Abstract Accurate and rapid species identification of enterococci is becoming increasingly important to clinical micro-biology laboratories since low level vancomycin-resistant species with a diverse epidemiology have been involved in human infections. Van B phenotype, low-level vancomycin-resistant E. faecalis and E. faecium should be differentiated from E. casseliflavus and E. gallinarum group as the latter organisms are not of the same epidemiologic importance as van B-type VRE. The PCR assays described in this review address these issues in relation to enterococci. They are relatively rapid, not labor intensive, may be performed by anyone with expertise in PCR methodology, and do not require the purchase of expensive equipment. Newly detected VRE isolates should be reported to the hospital infection control officers quickly for prompt implementation of proper isolation and barrier precaution.
Charge transfer effects in surface‐enhanced Raman scatteringa)

Abstract Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) due to charge transfer interactions between the adsorbed molecule and the metal surface is analyzed using the semiempirical Wolfsberg–Helmholz method1 to relate the moleculesurface interactions and the resulting charge transfer states to the overlap integrals between the metal conduction–band orbitals and an acceptor or donor molecular orbital of the molecule. Calculations for the model system of ethylene adsorbed on silver (approximated as a simple cubic metal with tight binding wave functions constructed from Ag 5s valence orbitals), with charge-transfer excitation of an electron from the metal to the antibonding ethylene π orbital, show that charge-transfer Raman enhancements of the order of 10 to 1000 are possible if the charge-transfer band is partially resonant with the exciting radiation. The net enhancement is the product of the charge–transfer gain and the electrodynamic enhancement due to plasmon resonances at surface roughness elements. Symmetric vibrations usually will be enhanced substantially more than nonsymmetric ones by charge–transfer because, in contrast to non–resonant Raman scattering, the vibrational coupling is primarily Franck–Condon (due to differences in the equilibrium nuclear configurations of the ground and excited charge transfer states and the resulting nonorthogonality of different vibrational sublevels of these states) rather than Herzberg–Teller (due to vibrationally induced changes in the electronic wave functions). The charge–transfer mechanism is selective with the most enhanced vibrations involving those atoms which experience the greatest change in electron density between the ground and excited charge–transfer state. A recent report of SERS for benzene on platinum, strongly suggests charge–transfer enhancement because the electromagnetic–fieldenhancing plasmon resonances are strongly damped in this metal. The complete paper will be published in the December 1, 1982 issue of the Journal of Chemical Physics.
A model for computing and energy dissipation of molecular QCA devices and circuits

Quantum-dot Cellular Automata is an emerging technology that offers significant improvements over CMOS. Recently QCA has been advocated as a technology for implementing reversible computing. However, existing tools for QCA design and evaluation have limited capabilities. This paper presents a new mechanical-based model for computing in QCA. By avoiding a full quantum-thermodynamical calculation, it offers a classical view of the principles of QCA operation and can be used in evaluating energy dissipation for reversible computing. The proposed model is mechanically based and is applicable to six-dot (neutrally charged) QCA cells for molecular implementation. The mechanical model consists of a sleeve of changing shape; four electrically charged balls are connected by a stick that rotates around an axle in the sleeve. The sleeve acts as a clocking unit, while the angular position of the stick within the changing shape of the sleeve, identifies the phase for quasi-adiabatic switching. A thermodynamic analysis of the proposed model is presented. The behaviors of various QCA basic devices and circuits are analyzed using the proposed model. It is shown that the proposed model is capable of evaluating the energy consumption for reversible computing at device and circuit levels for molecular QCA implementation. As applicable to QCA, two clocking schemes are also analyzed for energy dissipation and performance (in terms of number of clocking zones).
2D 1H SPECTROSCOPIC IMAGING OF THE HUMAN BRAIN AT 4.1 T

A two-dimensional spectroscopic imaging sequence consisting of an inversion recovery pulse, a plane selective prefocused pulse, and a semiselective water suppression pulse has been used to create 1H spectroscopic images of the human brain with nominal voxels of 0.5 cc. Due to the excellent lipid suppression provided by the inversion recovery pulse and subsequent delay, only planar volume selection is required enabling the entire brain within the slice to be imaged without contamination from extracerebral lipids in the brain voxels. The use of a semiselective refocusing pulse for water suppression permits any echo evolution time to be used, minimizing J-modulation and T2 losses, while retaining full sensitivity in the lactate resonance. Using this sequence we have visualized the lactate elevation in the peri-infarct region about a 6-week-old stroke.
Mechanical and salivary aspects of potato leafhopper probing in alfalfa stems

Studies were conducted to separate the salivary and mechanical aspects of probing damage by the potato leafhopper, Empoasca fabae (Harris) (Homoptera: Cicadellidae), to stem vascular tissue of alfalfa, Medicago sativa L. Implantation of salivary gland tissue or fed-upon artificial diet under the stem epidermis yielded no evidence, three days later, of hopperburn-associated, anatomical changes. Mechanical puncturing of stems with implements approximating the size and shape of leafhopper stylets caused some anatomical changes, three days later, similar to those underlying hopperburn, i.e. tracks of necrosis, chlorosis, cell enlargement, and cell division. These changes, however, were much less severe than those observed in tissues three days after potato leafhopper probing. In contrast, puncturing through salivary gland or Malpighian tubule tissues produced extreme hyperplasia and other symptoms of wounding in cells near the puncture. This was similar to but more severe than effects from leafhopper probing, and was probably caused by leafhopper structural tissues or larger amounts of saliva being conveyed into the plant than normally occurs during leafhopper probing. We conclude that both salivation and mechanical wounding by leafhopper stylets are probably necessary to cause hopperburn-associated anatomical changes to vascular tissue in stems of alfalfa. This conclusion supports our hypothesis that hopperburn is a saliva-enhanced wound response.
Classification of pulmonary emphysema from chest CT scans using integral geometry descriptors

To gain insight into the underlying pathways of emphysema and monitor the effect of treatment, methods to quantify and phenotype the different types of emphysema from chest CT scans are of crucial importance. Current standard measures rely on density thresholds for individual voxels, which is influenced by inspiration level and does not take into account the spatial relationship between voxels. Measures based on texture analysis do take the interrelation between voxels into account and therefore might be useful for distinguishing different types of emphysema. In this study, we propose to use Minkowski functionals combined with rotation invariant Gaussian features to distinguish between healthy and emphysematous tissue and classify three different types of emphysema. Minkowski functionals characterize binary images in terms of geometry and topology. In 3D, four Minkowski functionals are defined. By varying the threshold and size of neighborhood around a voxel, a set of Minkowski functionals can be defined for each voxel. Ten chest CT scans with 1810 annotated regions were used to train the method. A set of 108 features was calculated for each training sample from which 10 features were selected to be most informative. A linear discriminant classifier was trained to classify each voxel in the lungs into a subtype of emphysema or normal lung. The method was applied to an independent test set of 30 chest CT scans with varying amounts and types of emphysema with 4347 annotated regions of interest. The method is shown to perform well, with an overall accuracy of 95%.
Evaluation of the displacement-displacement correlation function of a one-dimensional crystal: A comparison of the results of perturbation theory with the Mori-Dupuis method.

We calculate the spectral shape of the displacement-displacement correlation function of a one-dimensional chain of atoms interacting through a nearest-neighbor potential. We make use of the perturbation treatment developed by Maradudin and Fein. Our calculations are parallel to the corresponding work done using the frequency moments method. As expected the two methods agree best at low temperatures.
A Shoestring Operation for Sexually Abused Children

The title of this paper refers to how resources were gathered to provide a therapy group for latency aged children who had been sexually abused. In one way it is a sad commentary on how society treats children who have been victimized; on the other hand, this account shows how volunteers with a will can harness the energies of social agencies to help provide a needed service that was not yet established. The history of social work is replete with accounts of generous individuals who stepped forward to do the necessary. Social work, like nursing, had its origins in volunteerism. 1 Even today lacunae in public welfare are filled by volunteers, and while not all efforts become institutionalized the trend toward innovation and compassion is still strong in contemporary society (Newsweek, “A 51 Gun Salute to Everyday heroes” pp 62‐79 July 6 1987). Within the profession, there are always fields of service that are on the cutting edge of human needs—witness industrial social work, divorce mediation, services to ...
Genome-wide linkage analysis of blood pressure in mexican americans

The genetic mechanisms that control variation in blood pressure level are largely unknown. One of the first steps in understanding those mechanisms is the localization of the genes that have a significant effect on blood pressure. We performed genome scans of systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) on a population-based sample of families in the San Antonio Family Heart Study. A likelihood-based Mendelian model incorporating genotype-specific effects of sex, age, age(2), BMI, and blood pressure (SBP or DBP, as appropriate) as covariates was used to perform two-point lodscore (Z) linkage on 399 polymorphic markers. Results showed that the genotype-specific covariate effects were highly significant for both SBP and DBP. Linkage results showed that a quantitative trait locus (QTL) influencing DBP was significantly linked to D2S1790 (Z = 3.92, theta = 0.00) and showed suggestive linkage to D8S373 (Z = 1.92, theta = 0.00). A QTL influencing SBP showed suggestive linkage to D21S1440 (Z = 2.82, theta = 0.00) and D18S844 (Z = 2.09, theta = 0.11). Without the genotype-specific effects in the model, the linkage to D2S1790 was not even suggestive (Z = 1.33, theta = 0.09); thus genotype-specific modeling was crucial in detecting this linkage. A comparison with linkage studies based in other populations showed that the significant linkage to D2S1790 has been replicated at the same marker in the Quebec Family Study. The replicated significant linkage at D2S1790 may begin to establish the locations of the genes that significantly affect blood pressure across several human ethnic groups.
A data base documenting fluids and materials processing experiments performed in space

A data base identifying over 600 low gravity fluids and materials processing experiments performed in the low gravity environment prior to 1988 has been created at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center. The compilation has been separated into two parts, designated as Version 1 and Version 2. Version 1 identifies over 500 experiments performed during sounding rocket, Apollo, Apollo-Soyuz, Skylab, and U.S. Space Shuttle missions, while Version 2 identifies over 100 experiments performed specifically within a Soviet spacecraft including sounding rocket, Soyuz, Salyut, and Mir missions.
Digital computer analysis of axially symmetric electron guns

A digital computer program written in the IBM 7090 FORTRAN programming system is described and then employed in the analysis of several axially symmetric electron guns. The digital program employs relaxation techniques while alternately computing electric fields and trajectories. One cycle through the program consists of three parts. 1) Calculation of the voltages within the electron gun by solving Poisson's equation, in difference form, on a matrix containing a maximum of 10 000 points on which electrode potentials are laid out. 2) Calculations of new current densities along the cathode and the setting up of new trajectory starting points along the cathode to simulate these current densities. 3) Calculations of trajectories, including magnetic fields and relativistic effects if desired, and comparison of the new beam with the previous one. Thermal effects and direct particle-particle interaction effects are ignored although space-charge effects, introduced through the field calculations, tend to prevent excessive or usual trajectory crossings. Execution time for the entire program is between 4 and 12 minutes, although for most guns 5 to 7 minutes is usually sufficient. Results produced by the program are presented and compared with experimental and analytical results.
Investigation of genome structure of a cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase locus in a basal angiosperm hardwood species, Liriodendron tulipifera L., reveals low synteny

Abstract Basal angiosperms contain a wide diversity of floral and growth forms and gave rise to the largest recent angiosperm lineages. As none of the basal angiosperm genomes has been sequenced, examining large bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) inserts remains the main approach to providing a first glimpse of the structure and organization of their genomes. In this study, we sequenced a 126.9âkbp BAC contig harboring a cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase gene (LtuCAD1) in a basal angiosperm species, Liriodendron tulipifera L., an important timber tree species with significant ecological and economic values. A key enzyme in lignin biosynthesis, CAD catalyzes the final step in the synthesis of monolignols. We carried out phylogenetic analyses of seven fullâlength CAD family genes (LtuCAD1â7) obtained from a comprehensive Liriodendron expressed sequence tag dataset. The phylogenetic tree suggests that LtuCAD1 is the primary CAD gene involved in lignifications as it is the only Liriodendron CAD grouped with the bona fide CADs class. As well as the LtuCAD1, the BAC contig contained fragmented sequences for one integrase, eight hypothetical proteins, two gagâpol polyproteins, one RNase H family protein, and one chromatin binding protein. Comparative analysis with other angiosperm species suggests that the genomic segment in this BAC has undergone frequent arrangement. This study is our initial step in identifying and understanding lignin biosynthesis genes from basal angiosperm species. Such knowledge can help bridge the information gap between hardwood (angiosperm) and softwood (gymnosperm) species and benefit potential breeding and biotechnology application for enhanced production of biomass and digestibility in L. tulipifera.
An Unusual Cause of Altered Mental Status in Elderly—Acute Cerebellitis: A Case Report and Review

Acute cerebellitis is a rare diagnosis found mostly in the pediatric population. The etiology, in most instances, is unknown. We describe the case of a 61-year-old woman who presented with acute mental status changes, signs of cerebellar dysfunction, and MRI findings of acute cerebellitis. A brief review of the existing literature and comparison of our case with previous reports are also presented.
The Role of IQ in a Component Model of Reading

The purpose of this study was to test the role of visual processing speed and IQ in a model of reading. This study investigated whether the processes involved in reading differ between a group of children with and a group without reading disability. These two groups of children completed tests of reading comprehension, listening comprehension, decoding, processing speed, and intelligence. The results indicated that processing speed explains a significant amount of variance in reading comprehension over that accounted for by the simple view of reading. Also, IQ accounts for a significant amount of variance in reading over that accounted for by the simple view of reading and processing speed. Path analyses indicated that the effect of IQ on reading is partially mediated by decoding in the children with reading disability. The results point to the importance of the role of IQ in predicting reading comprehension.
Fusion of censored decisions in wireless sensor networks

Sensor censoring has been introduced for reduced communication rate in a decentralized detection system where decisions made at peripheral nodes need to be communicated to a fusion center. In this letter, the fusion of decisions from censoring sensors transmitted over wireless fading channels is investigated. The knowledge of fading channels, either in the form of instantaneous channel envelopes or the fading statistics, is integrated in the optimum and suboptimum fusion rule design. The sensor censoring and the ensuing fusion rule design have two major advantages compared with the previous work. 1) Communication overhead is dramatically reduced. 2) It allows incoherent detection, hence, the phase information of transmission channels is no longer required. As such, it is particularly suitable for wireless sensor network applications with severe resource constraints.
A potential-driven approach to constructing rectilinear Steiner trees

A potential-driven approach to finding a rectilinear Steiner tree for a set of points on a planar grid is proposed. This approach has been implemented on a MasPar parallel processing system, and experimental results show its performance to be comparable with the best experimental results reported in the literature. Moreover, the method can be used for routing in grids with obstacles. >
Variation in Timing of Planting Influences Bluebunch Wheatgrass Demography in an Arid System

Establishing perennial grasses from seed in postdisturbance Wyoming big sagebrush (Artemesia tridentata subsp. wyomingensis Welsh) communities is often unsuccessful, due in part to a lack of knowledge of the seedling ecology of perennial grasses. We examined the influence of planting timing on germination and seedling demography of bluebunch wheatgrass (Pseudoroegneria spicata [Pursh] A. Love) in the northern Great Basin. In 2008 (year 1) and 2009 (year 2) we planted seeds monthly, September–December, in 1-m2 plots (500 seeds per plot) using a randomized block design with five replications. Germination timing was indexed using seed bags placed adjacent to 1-m2 plots and retrieved at 2-wk intervals in fall and 1-mo intervals in spring. Seedlings were marked in March–June of the year following planting; seedlings alive in July were considered initially established. Planting in September and October had up to 80% germination prior to winter, whereas December plantings germinated mainly in spring and at reduced rates (15–35%). Seeds planted in September and October emerged approximately a month earlier than November–December plantings. The percentage of germinated seeds that emerged was highest for September–October plantings but the percentage of emergent seeds surviving to the end of the first growing season was highest for later plantings. Final seedling density was lowest for November planting in year 1 and highest for September and October planting in year 2. Our data indicate that timing of and performance at critical stages of seedling development were affected by planting month. We suggest that it may be possible to use emerging technologies (e.g., seed coatings or germplasm manipulations) to produce variable chronologies of seedling development with single plantings and allow managers to exploit multiple temporal windows of opportunity for seedling establishment.
Sleep, Blood Pressure Regulation, and Hypertension

The link between sleep and the cardiovascular system is well recognized, both in health and disease. Because of the relative ease of noninvasive ambulatory measurement, no aspect of this relationship has been more studied than blood pressure (BP). The study of obstructive sleep apnea has furthered the understanding of blood pressure and its regulatory mechanisms. More recently, as the scientific and public eyes have focused on inadequate sleep as a plague of modern society, research efforts have been directed at the consequences of sleep debt on systemic disease, including blood pressure dysregulation.
No consistent evidence to date that prenatal or postnatal probiotic supplementation prevents childhood asthma and wheeze

Commentary on: Azad MB, Coneys JG, Kozryrskyj AL, et al. Probiotic supplementation during pregnancy or infancy for the prevention of asthma and wheeze: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2013;347:f6471. Probiotics are ‘live microorganisms, that when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host’.1 Based on the hygiene hypothesis and the potential effects of probiotics on the developing microbiota of the infant, it is thought that early probiotic supplementation might help decrease the likelihood of wheeze or asthma in children.2 ,3 Results from several clinical trials have been mixed. This systematic review and meta-analysis examines the effectiveness of prenatal and postnatal probiotic supplements for the primary prevention of asthma or childhood wheeze. This study reviewed randomised controlled …
Perceptions of Children, Parents, and Teachers Regarding Whole-Grain Foods, and Implications for a School-Based Intervention

Abstract Objective To identify perceptions of whole-grain foods and factors influencing intake by children, parents, and teachers as the basis for increasing intake by children within a school-based intervention. Design Focus group interviews with questions based on Social Cognitive Theory. Setting After-school care programs in 4 elementary schools in a large metropolitan district in St. Paul, Minn. Participants Seven, three and two focus group interviews with children (n = 40; grades K-6), parents (n = 18), and teachers (n = 11), respectively. Phenomenon of Interest Child and adult factors influencing intake of whole-grain foods, with a tasting activity to stimulate discussion. Analysis Qualitative data analysis procedures to generate common themes from encoded transcripts. Results Adults and children were positive about sensory characteristics of whole-grain products. Knowledge of ways to identify these foods was limited. Taste preferences strongly influenced selection of bread and cereals. Children suggested that new school foods should look and taste good, be familiar, and be promoted through sampling, peer influence, and incentives. Adults suggested a gradual increase in whole-grain content of school meals. Implications for Research and Practice Focus groups were useful in understanding perceptions regarding whole-grain foods and yielded valuable insight toward design of a school-based intervention.
NUTRITIONAL FOLLOW-UP OF THE BREASTFEEDING PREMATURE INFANT AFTER HOSPITAL DISCHARGE

In summary, fortification of human milk may be beneficial in preterm infants, particularly those born at less than 34 weeks' gestation or less than 1800 g birth weight, during and after initial hospitalization. This fortification after hospital discharge is more crucial for infants who cannot consume ad libitum quantities of breast milk, have poor growth, or have abnormalities in the biochemical screen of nutritional status. Although data indicate that in-hospital, short-term gains in growth and mineral status are achieved, information is fragmentary regarding the influence on long-term growth and neurodevelopmental outcomes of feeding supplemented human milk. Also, no data are available on outcomes when providing these mixtures to premature infants after hospital discharge. It is recommended that a nutritional survey be accomplished before and approximately 1 month after discharge and that fortification or supplementation be initiated if an infant is failing to achieve normal growth and biochemical measures of nutrition.
Comparison of efficacy of ciprofloxacin and doxycycline against experimental melioidosis and glanders.

Melioidosis and glanders are caused by the closely related species Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei, respectively. Whereas melioidosis is a significant cause of morbidity in south-east Asia, glanders is extremely rare. The efficacies of ciprofloxacin and doxycycline were assessed against a strain of B. pseudomallei and a strain of B. mallei which were suscep- tible to both antimicrobials in vitro. Porton outbred mice and Syrian hamsters were given 40 mg/kg of either doxycycline or ciprofloxacin twice daily by sc injection according to one of three regimens: dosing starting 48 h before challenge and continuing for 5 days post- challenge; 5 days' therapy starting immediately after challenge; 5 days' therapy starting 24 h after challenge. Mice were challenged ip with B. pseudomallei 4845 and hamsters were chal- lenged ip with B. mallei 23344. Antimicrobial efficacy was determined by the shift in the median lethal dose (MLD). Ciprofloxacin prophylaxis and immediate therapy both raised the MLD of B. pseudomallei to 4 � 10 6 cfu from 19 cfu in untreated animals, but therapeutic ciprofloxacin only raised the MLD to 180 cfu. The results for doxycycline were similar. Ciprofloxacin prophylaxis raised the MLD of B. mallei 23344 to 4.6 � 10 5 cfu compared with 4 cfu in untreated controls. Immediate therapy raised the MLD to 7.0 � 10 4 cfu and therapy raised the MLD to 1.6 � 10 3 cfu. All regimens of doxycycline protected hamsters against challenges of up to 2 � 10 7 cfu. Despite using a susceptible strain of B. pseudomallei, neither antimicrobial was effective when used therapeutically. The timely administration of either antimicrobial, however, was effective in pre- venting symptomatic infection. Doxycycline was the superior of the two antimicrobials against experimental glanders although relapse did occur in treated animals approximately 4-5 weeks after challenge.
The Ferrous Iron-Responsive BqsRS Two-Component System Activates Genes That Promote Cationic Stress Tolerance

The physiological resistance of pathogens to antimicrobial treatment is a severe problem in the context of chronic infections. For example, the mucus-filled lungs of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients are readily colonized by diverse antibiotic-resistant microorganisms, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Previously, we showed that bioavailable ferrous iron [Fe(II)] is present in CF sputum at all stages of infection and constitutes a significant portion of the iron pool at advanced stages of lung function decline [R. C. Hunter et al., mBio 4(4):e00557-13, 2013]. P. aeruginosa, a dominant CF pathogen, senses Fe(II) using a two-component signal transduction system, BqsRS, which is transcriptionally active in CF sputum [R. C. Hunter et al., mBio 4(4):e00557-13, 2013; N. N. Kreamer, J. C. Wilks, J. J. Marlow, M. L. Coleman, and D. K. Newman, J Bacteriol 194:1195–1204, 2012]. Here, we show that an RExxE motif in BqsS is required for BqsRS activation. Once Fe(II) is sensed, BqsR binds a tandem repeat DNA sequence, activating transcription. The BqsR regulon—defined through iterative bioinformatic predictions and experimental validation—includes several genes whose products are known to drive antibiotic resistance to aminoglycosides and polymyxins. Among them are genes encoding predicted determinants of polyamine transport and biosynthesis. Compared to the wild type, bqsS and bqsR deletion mutants are sensitive to high levels of Fe(II), produce less spermidine in high Fe(II), and are more sensitive to tobramycin and polymyxin B but not arsenate, chromate, or cefsulodin. BqsRS thus mediates a physiological response to Fe(II) that guards the cell against positively charged molecules but not negatively charged stressors. These results suggest Fe(II) is an important environmental signal that, via BqsRS, bolsters tolerance of a variety of cationic stressors, including clinically important antimicrobial agents.
CourseCloud: summarizing and refining keyword searches over structured data

In this demo, we show data clouds that summarize the results of keyword searches over structured data. Data clouds provide insight into the database contents, hints for query modification and refinement and can lead to serendipitous discoveries of diverse results. In this demo paper:• we summarize the main issues for generating data clouds• we give an overview of our framework for keyword searching with summaries (clouds)• we describe our system CourseCloud that allows searching for courses and their evaluation.
PORCELAIN MAKING IN CHINA1

A brief description is given of the history of Chinese porcelain and of the methods and materials used by the Chinese at the present time in their manufacture of art and service porcelains. Reference is made to a factory in Shanghai, China, manufacturing dry-process electrical porcelain under American methods.
STATISTICAL STUDY ON THE DECAY PHASE OF SOLAR NEAR-RELATIVISTIC ELECTRON EVENTS

We study the decay phase of solar near-relativistic (53-315 keV) electron events as observed by the Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) and the Ulysses spacecraft during solar cycle 23. By fitting an exponential function (exp - t/{tau}) to the time-intensity profile in the late phase of selected solar near-relativistic electron events, we examine the dependence of {tau} on electron energy, electron intensity spectra, event peak intensity, event fluence, and solar wind velocity, as well as heliocentric radial distance, heliolatitude, and heliolongitude of the spacecraft with respect to the parent solar event. The decay rates are found to be either independent or slightly decrease with the electron energy. No clear dependence is found between {tau} and the heliolongitude of the parent solar event, with the exception of well-connected events for which low values of {tau} are more commonly observed than for poorly-connected events. For those events concurrently observed by ACE and Ulysses, decay rates increase at distances >3 AU. Events with similar decay rates at ACE and Ulysses were observed mainly when Ulysses was at high heliographic latitudes. We discuss the basic physical mechanisms that control the decay phase of the electron events and conclude that both solar wind convection and adiabaticmore » deceleration effects influence the final shape of the decay phase of solar energetic particle events, but not as expressed by the models based on diffusive transport acting on an isotropic particle population.« less
Inhibition of CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 by Omeprazole Metabolites and Their Contribution to Drug-Drug Interactions

The aim of this study was to evaluate the contribution of metabolites to drug-drug interactions (DDI) using the inhibition of CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 by omeprazole and its metabolites as a model. Of the metabolites identified in vivo, 5-hydroxyomeprazole, 5′-O-desmethylomeprazole, omeprazole sulfone, and carboxyomeprazole had a metabolite to parent area under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUCm/AUCp) ratio ≥ 0.25 when either total or unbound concentrations were measured after a single 20-mg dose of omeprazole in a cocktail. All of the metabolites inhibited CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 reversibly. In addition omeprazole, omeprazole sulfone, and 5′-O-desmethylomeprazole were time dependent inhibitors (TDI) of CYP2C19, whereas omeprazole and 5′-O-desmethylomeprazole were found to be TDIs of CYP3A4. The in vitro inhibition constants and in vivo plasma concentrations were used to evaluate whether characterization of the metabolites affected DDI risk assessment. Identifying omeprazole as a TDI of both CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 was the most important factor in DDI risk assessment. Consideration of reversible inhibition by omeprazole and its metabolites would not identify DDI risk with CYP3A4, and with CYP2C19, reversible inhibition values would only identify DDI risk if the metabolites were included in the assessment. On the basis of inactivation data, CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 inhibition by omeprazole would be sufficient to identify risk, but metabolites were predicted to contribute 30–63% to the in vivo hepatic interactions. Therefore, consideration of metabolites may be important in quantitative predictions of in vivo DDIs. The results of this study show that, although metabolites contribute to in vivo DDIs, their relative abundance in circulation or logP values do not predict their contribution to in vivo DDI risk.
Secure Interaction Design

Software correctness alone is not sufficient to achieve security, as some viruses and e-mail worms have demonstrated. For example, the Love Letter worm caused widespread damage even though it did not exploit any software flaws. It spread because users were unaware that attempting to view an attachment would damage their files and propagate the worm. User expectations are an essential part of the definition of computer security.
Photoconductivity studies of photorefractive polymers

The photorefractive effect is observed in certain optically nonlinear polymers doped with charge-transport molecules. Since photoconduction largely controls the kinetics and the magnitude of the photorefractive effect, we have examined the photoconductivity of a representative material combination, namely, poly(bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether 4-nitro-l,2-phenylenediamine) (bisA-NPDA) doped with the hole transport agent diethyl-aminobenzaldehyde diphenylhydrazone (DEH). Charge generation, with a field-dependent quantum efficiency of the order of 10−3 to 10−2, commences with excitation of the NPDA chromophore. Hole transport occurs by hopping among the DEH sites with a mobility, which is also field dependent, of the order of 10−8 cm2 /Vs. The range of the holes before they encounter deep traps is of the order of 10 μm. These parameters are discussed in terms of the ultimate limits that might be achieved in holographic grating speed and diffraction efficiency.
Influenza and Aging

Despite the marked reduction in mortality from infectious diseases during the twentieth century, infections remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the elderly. Pneumonia, for example, is the second leading cause of death in octogenarians (Kohn, 1982). Influenza occurs more frequently in the elderly and is often an antecedent of bacterial pneumonia and death (Ailing et al., 1981). Although other factors are certainly involved, such as the presence of underlying disease or the use of immunosuppressive medicines, it is reasonable to assert that age-related immune deficiency contributes to the predisposition to certain infections, such as influenza, in the elderly. This chapter reviews current influenza vaccination recommendations for the elderly and presents indications of the shortcomings or successes of such vaccines. Because age-related changes in immune functions may well account for the diminished antibody response to vaccine, selected research strategies designed to augment vaccine response are also discussed.
Multi-scale assembly with robot teams

In this paper we present algorithms and experiments for multi-scale assembly of complex structures by multi-robot teams. We also focus on tasks where successful completion requires multiple types of assembly operations with a range of precision requirements. We develop a hierarchical planning approach to multi-scale perception in support of multi-scale manipulation, in which the resolution of the perception operation is matched with the required resolution for the manipulation operation. We demonstrate these techniques in the context of a multi-step task where robots assemble large box-like objects, inspired by the assembly of an airplane wing. The robots begin by transporting a wing panel, a coarse manipulation operation that requires a wide field of view, and gradually shifts to a narrower field of view but with more accurate sensors for part alignment and fastener insertion. Within this framework we also provide for failure detection and recovery: upon losing track of a feature, the robots retract to using wider field of view systems to re-localize. Finally, we contribute collaborative manipulation algorithms for assembling complex large objects. First, the team of robots coordinates to transport large assembly parts which are too heavy for a single robot to carry. Second, the fasteners and parts are co-localized for robust insertion and fastening. We implement these ideas using four KUKA youBot robots and present experiments where our robots successfully complete all 80 of the attempted fastener insertion operations.
eLASTIC: Pulling and Stretching What It Means to Learn, Know, and Assess Art and Educational Progress

The problematic issues related to standardized assessment of the nonstandard and to multiple ways of knowing in the visual arts motivated the research and first phase development of eLASTIC: electr...
People Can Be Resilient, But Can Communities?

In their stimulating target article, Bonanno, Romero, and Klein (this issue) ask whether we can measure—and perhaps facilitate—the psychological resilience of communities, buffering them against th...
A Systematic, Multi-domain Review of Mobile Smartphone Apps for Evidence-Based Stress Management

Contex Chronic stress presents a growing, pervasive burden in healthcare, and mobile smartphone applications (apps) have the potential to deliver evidence-based stress management strategies. This review identified and evaluated stress management apps across domains of (1) evidence-based content; (2) transparency in app development; and (3) functionality of the app interface. Evidence acquisition The iOS App Store was systematically searched. Apps with descriptions indicating that they targeted the intended audience and included evidence-related terminology, at least one evidence-based stress management strategy, and behavior change components were downloaded and evaluated by two independent raters across the three domains of evidence-based content, transparency, and functionality. Evidence synthesis A total of 902 apps were identified based on 21 searches. Of these, 60 met study criteria and were downloaded and evaluated between April and June 2015. Twenty (33%) ultimately did not deliver an evidence-based strategy. Of the delivered strategies, the most common were mindfulness and meditation (73%) and diaphragmatic breathing (25%). On average, apps addressed half of the transparency criteria, and nearly all (85%) were acceptable across usability criteria. A total of 32 apps included both evidence-based content and exhibited no problems with usability or functionality; apps affiliated with a non-profit, research-engaged institution comprised 31% of these. Conclusions This review evaluated 60 iOS apps for stress management across domains of evidence-based content, transparency, and functionality; these apps have the potential to effectively supplement medical care. Findings further indicate that a comprehensive, multi-domain approach can distinguish apps that use evidence-based strategies from those that do not.
Hyperspectral target detection using manifold learning and multiple target spectra

Imagery collected from satellites and airborne platforms provides an important tool for remotely analyzing the content of a scene. In particular, the ability to remotely detect a specific material within a scene is of critical importance in nonproliferation and other applications. The sensor systems that process hyperspectral images collect the high-dimensional spectral information necessary to perform these detection analyses. For a d-dimensional hyperspectral image, however, where d is the number of spectral bands, it is common for the data to inherently occupy an m-dimensional space with m ≪ d. In the remote sensing community, this has led to recent interest in the use of manifold learning, which seeks to characterize the embedded lower-dimensional, nonlinear manifold that the data discretely approximate. The research presented here focuses on a graph theory and manifold learning approach to target detection, using an adaptive version of locally linear embedding that is biased to separate target pixels from background pixels. This approach incorporates multiple target signatures for a particular material, accounting for the spectral variability that is often present within a solid material of interest.