cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Cytochrome P450 Inducers on Cocaine-Mediated Hepatotoxicity

The effect of several cytochrome P450 (P450) inducers on cocaine metabolism were examined in order to characterize the metabolic events contributing to cocaine-induced hepatotoxicity. Phenobarbital (PB)-pretreatment of mice induced P450s 3A and 2B and markedly increased serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity after cocaine or norcocaine administration. Although dexamethasone (Dex) induced P450s 3A and 2B at least to the same extent as PB, no increase in serum ALT activity was observed after cocaine or norcocaine administration. Phencyclidine (PCP) pretreatment did not increase either P450s 3A or 2B, yet it markedly enhanced cocaine- or norcocaine-induced serum ALT activity. In contrast to the marked induction of P450s 3A and 2B, P450 2C was increased only 2.5-fold by PB and to an even lesser extent by Dex or PCP. Cannabidiol (CBD), which inactivates P450s 3A and 2C in mice, completely protected mice against cocaine- or norcocaine-induced hepatotoxicity irrespective of whether they were induced or not with PB or PCP. Both PB and Dex pretreatment increased the in vitro hepatic microsomal formation of the first two sequential oxidative metabolites of cocaine (norcocaine and N-hydroxynorcocaine), whereas PCP pretreatment did not. Hepatic esterase activity was also determined after pretreatment with P450 inducers, since this is the major detoxification pathway in cocaine metabolism. Dex pretreatment markedly increased (> 11-fold) total hepatic esterase activity, whereas PB pretreatment increased it more modestly (less than fourfold) and PCP pretreatment had little effect. This marked effect of Dex pretreatment may decrease liver cocaine concentrations and thus protect mice against cocaine-induced hepatotoxicity, despite their increased P450 2B and 3A contents.
The Knotted leaf blade is a mosaic of blade, sheath, and auricle identities

The dominant Knotted-1 mutations in maize alter development of the leaf blade. Sporadic patches of localized growth, or knots, and fringes of ectopic ligule occur along lateral veins of mutant leaf blades. In addition, bundle sheaths do not completely encircle lateral veins on mutant leaf blades. We have compared mutant leaf blades with wild-type leaves to determine the precise nature of the perturbed regions. Our analysis includes characterization of epidermal cell shapes, localization of photosynthetic proteins and histology of the leaf. We show that mutant leaf blades are a mosaic of leaf organ components. Affected regions of mutant leaf blades resemble either sheath or auricle tissue in both external and internal features. This conversion of blade cells represents an acropetal shift of more basal parts of the leaf blade region and correlates with previously identified ectopic expression of the Knotted-1 protein in the leaf blade. We propose that inappropriate expression of Kn1 interferes with the process of establishment of cell identities, resulting in early termination of the normal blade development program or precocious expression of the sheath and auricle development programs. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Self Determination and Self-Advocacy: Shifting the Power

In order to understand the meaning of words such as self-determination and self-advocacy, we must first understand their history. For many years, people with disabilities lived in the shadow of others. They were abused, mistreated, and virtually ignored. In the past century and a half, services for people with developmental disabilities have gone through many phases of good-faith effort, each with notable intentions. Beginning around 1848, we developed special schools and training programs based on the belief that we could teach people with disabilities better if they were separated from the "normal" population. Those schools were set up outside of our local communities and became known as institutions (Wolfensberger, 1969).
Delta-1 provides pleasant stem cell environs

In this issue of Blood, Csaszar et al show that in ex vivo cultures of CD341 cells, simultaneous reduction of interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R) expression on myeloid progenitor cells by Delta-1 treatment combined with removal of soluble IL-6R using a dynamically fed culture system, reduces mature myeloid cell production, leading to enhanced expansion of primitive hematopoietic stem cells.
Using terahertz pulses to study light scattering

We describe a new experimental technique for studying the propagation of light in scattering media. We use terahertz time-domain spectroscopy to generate and detect sub-picosecond pulses of far infrared radiation, and employ these pulses in spectroscopic studies of synthetic random media. This technique offers a number of unique advantages in comparison with other experimental methods, including the coherent detection of the electromagnetic field, the broad bandwidth, and the ease of sample preparation. As a first demonstration, we study the ballistic transport through a dense collection of spheres. These results are compared with the predictions of the quasi-crystalline approximation.
Treatment of cancer pain in a former opioid abuser: Fears of the patient and staff and their influence on care

A 48-yr-old man with an extensive history of polysubstance abuse (opioids, cocaine, amphetamines, and marijuana) presented with neck and shoulder pain associated with lung cancer. The history included intravenous heroin abuse from 18 to 36 years of age, at which time he entered a methadone maintenance program as part of a legal agreement to avoid imprisonment for selling heroin. During the next year, he stopped all drug abuse and subsequently withdrew from the methadone maintenance program. In the years that followed, he became professionally involved in social work programs with drug abusers, completed college, and married. At the time of presentation, he had been “drug-free,” except for cigarette smoking and social alcohol use for 12 years. The cancer was metastatic to bone at the time of diagnosis. There was destruction of the C6 and C7 vertebral bodies, paravertebral soft tissue
In the Shadow of Race: Jews, Latinos and Immigrant Politics in the United States

Victoria C. Hattam Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 2007, 273 pp., ISBN-13: 978-0-226-31922-3 During the Democratic presidential nomination, Barack Obama invited us to change the way we think ...
An eddy correlation technique with extended applicability to non-simple terrain

A system is described which is intended to calculate vertical fluxes of heat, moisture, momentum, and certain atmospheric pollutants at sites that are less than ideal. Fluxes, along with other turbulence statistics, are computed in real-time and printed at the end of each averaging period. The main elements of the program are (1) ‘detrending’ (by use of running mean removal), (2) calculation of the entire stress tensor (which allows a three-dimensional coordinate rotation to be performed on the covariances), (3) software-adjustable timing delays for each instrument channel, and (4) real-time graphic presentation of the raw data as stripchart images. The first two of these program elements tend to relax the normal site and sensor-leveling requirements. Sample results are presented, and the sensitivities of the calculated quantities to coordinate rotation and to mean removal time are examined for both ideal and non-ideal sites.
Professional Development in the Context of a Head Start Theatre-in-Education Program

This study describes a Head Start teacher professional development program conducted by a well-respected theatre-in-education organization. The professional development program provided teachers with opportunities to observe and participate in classroom drama sessions, introduced them to drama strategies and techniques, and guided them through a step-by-step process so they could immediately apply what they learned. This research details the benefits and difficulties of implementing this type of program, elucidates ways education directors and teachers can contribute to or impede the success of this type of programming, and enumerates factors that should be considered before investing in teacher professional development initiatives.
Crystallography of In on GaAs(110): Possible relationship of laterally inhomogeneous structure of Fermi-level pinning.

The crystallography of In adsorbed at room temperature on cleaved GaAs (110) has been studied with reflection high-energy-electron diffraction. In adsorbs as three-dimensional prism-shaped islands that align in two orientations relative to the substrate. The average island size remains constant for coverages from 0.2 to \ensuremath{\sim}5 monolayers. At 5 monolayers, the approximate coverage at which the Fermi level has been found to pin, the islands are still physically separated. These results are evidence for a Debye-length relationship for Fermi-level pinning in this system.
Impact of ocean acidification on metabolism and energetics during early life stages of the intertidal porcelain crab Petrolisthes cinctipes

SUMMARY Absorption of elevated atmospheric CO 2 is causing surface ocean pH to decline, a process known as ocean acidification (OA). To date, few studies have assessed the physiological impacts of OA on early life-history stages of intertidal organisms, which transition from habitats with fluctuating pH (intertidal zone) to relatively stable (pelagic zone) pH environments. We used the intertidal crab Petrolisthes cinctipes to determine whether metabolic responses to year 2300 predictions for OA vary among early developmental stages and to examine whether the effects were more pronounced in larval stages developing in the open ocean. Oxygen consumption rate, total protein, dry mass, total lipids and C/N were determined in late-stage embryos, zoea I larvae and newly settled juveniles reared in ambient pH (7.93±0.06) or low pH (7.58±0.06). After short-term exposure to low pH, embryos displayed 11% and 6% lower metabolism and dry mass, respectively, which may have an associated bioenergetic cost of delayed development to hatching. However, metabolic responses appeared to vary among broods, suggesting significant parental effects among the offspring of six females, possibly a consequence of maternal state during egg deposition and genetic differences among broods. Larval and juvenile metabolism were not affected by acute exposure to elevated CO 2 . Larvae contained 7% less nitrogen and C/N was 6% higher in individuals reared at pH 7.58 for 6 days, representing a possible switch from lipid to protein metabolism under low pH; the metabolic switch appears to fully cover the energetic cost of responding to elevated CO 2 . Juvenile dry mass was unaffected after 33 days exposure to low pH seawater. Increased tolerance to low pH in zoea I larvae and juvenile stages may be a consequence of enhanced acid–base regulatory mechanisms, allowing greater compensation of extracellular pH changes and thus preventing decreases in metabolism after exposure to elevated P CO 2 . The observed variation in responses of P. cinctipes to decreased pH in the present study suggests the potential for this species to adapt to future declines in near-shore pH.
A Dilemma for Calibrationism

The aim of this paper is to describe a problem for calibrationism: a view about higher order evidence according to which one's credences should be calibrated to one's expected degree of reliability. Calibrationism is attractive, in part, because it explains our intuitive judgments, and provides a strong motivation for certain theories about higher order evidence and peer disagreement. However, I will argue that calibrationism faces a dilemma: There are two versions of the view one might adopt. The first version, I argue, has the implausible consequence that, in a wide range of cases, calibrationism is the only constraint on rational belief. The second version, in addition to having some puzzling consequences, is unmotivated. At the end of the paper I sketch a possible solution.
The hinge-bending mode in lysozyme

A COMPLETE description of an enzyme requires a knowledge of its structure and the dynamics of its function. From the crystal structures of enzymes and enzyme–inhibitor complexes and the known chemistry of model systems, it has been possible in some cases to draw reasonable inferences concerning the mechanisms of enzyme-catalysed reactions. Little has been done so far, however, to supplement such essentially static results by an investigation of the reaction dynamics. This requires an understanding of the internal motions of the enzyme, as well as those of the substrate, since both are likely to be essential to the function. Here we present a theoretical study of a low frequency vibration involving the two globular lobes of lysozyme between which the cleft containing the active site is located1. Any motion involving this cleft could play a part in the catalytic activity; in fact, atom displacements of up to 0.75 A found in a comparison of the free enzyme and the enzyme-inhibitor complex indicate that the cleft has closed down in the latter2. The force constant for the low frequency bending vibration corresponding to the opening and closing of the cleft is obtained from empirical energy functions3. Because the protein surface moves appreciably during the vibration, damping effects resulting from the viscous dissipation in the solvent are included in the calculation4,5.
Structural consistency and strategic independence in extensive games

Summary In this note I provide a formulation of the joint principle of structural consistency and strategic independence, which is used to model players' expectations in finite extensive games. I compare updating systems of conjectures and conditional probability systems, showing that they represent equivalent formalizations of structural consistency. The notion of strategic independence cannot be adequately formalized by properties of updating systems of conjectures. However, it can be naturally translated in an intuitive stochastic independence property for conditional probability systems.
Early results after staged hybrid repair of thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms.

Background The morbidity and mortality rates associated with open thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm (TAAA) repair are substantial. This study was designed to review our early experience with the hybrid endovascular and, or open approach for TAAA repair. Study Design Patients undergoing elective hybrid repair of their TAAAs were retrospectively reviewed. Results Seventeen patients (mean age 69±15 years, male, 76%) underwent visceral and renal revascularization as the first stage of their hybrid repair. The Crawford extent included: II, 2; III, 8; and IV, 7. Perioperative mortality and complication rates after the first stage were 24% and 25%, respectively; the mean intensive care unit stay and total length of stay were 7±12 days (range 1 to 45 days) and 22±33 days (range 3 to 100 days), respectively. The endovascular aneurysm repair or second stage procedure was performed in 12 of 13 (92%) of the surviving patients, with a mean of 27±27 days (range 6 to 99 days) between the procedures. Two patients experienced intraoperative complications during the second stage, but there were no deaths or additional postoperative complications. Patients did not require the intensive care unit, and the overall mean length of stay after the second stage was 2±2 days (range 1 to 5 days). The mean postoperative followup among the 11 patients completing both stages was 8±12 months (range 1 to 15 months). The primary patency rate for the visceral and renal bypasses was 96% (54 of 56). Conclusions The hybrid approach for patients with TAAAs may reduce complications in the average, low-risk patient and may extend the indications for repair to patients considered higher risk based on age, comorbidities, or anatomic considerations.
On-farm management decisions to improve beef quality of market dairy cows.

A 3-phase study was conducted to assess on-farm management decisions to reduce antibiotic residue violations and improve carcass characteristics in market (cull) dairy cows. In Phase 1, questionnaires were mailed to dairy producers (n = 142) to determine current on-farm management strategies for reducing antibiotic residues in market dairy cattle. In Phase 2, Holstein market cows (n = 77) were assigned randomly to each of the 3 feeding treatments (0, 30, or 60 d). Average daily gain (ADG), body condition score (BCS), and carcass characteristics were assessed. Phase 3 determined the meat withdrawal time of Holstein cows (n = 62) administered procaine penicillin G. Eighty-six percent of dairy farms responding to the questionnaire had at least one cow condemned annually, and no producer had a designated feeding protocol for market cows prior to selling. In Phase 2, ADG was greater in cows fed for 30 d (1.4 ± 0.6 kg/d) than in cows fed for 60 d (0.9 ± 0.4 kg/d). Additional feeding did not influence the carcass characteristics studied with the exception of kidney, pelvic and heart fat, which was higher in cows fed for 60 d compared with those fed for 0 and 30 d. In Phase 3, 31% of cows treated with procaine penicillin G exceeded the 10-d label withdrawal recommendation by an average of 3.1 ± 1.9 d. Feeding market cows may not influence carcass characteristics, but can increase ADG and may ensure that recommended meat withdrawal times for antibiotics are exceeded.
Serotonin 5-HT1A receptor-mediated hypothermia in mice: absence of spare receptors and rapid induction of tolerance.

Abstract The mixed 5-hydroxytryptamine1A (5-HT1A) receptor agonist/antagonist 8-[2-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl]ethyl]-8-azaspirol-[4.5]-decane-7,9-dione (BMY 7378) (5 mg/kg) did not significantly depress body temperature, but pretreatment with BMY 7378 blocked hypothermia induced by the selective 5-HT1A agonist 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT). In contrast, another partial 5-HT1A agonist, pindolol (10 mg/kg), slightly but significantly depressed body temperature by itself but did not attenuate hypothermia elicited by 8-OH-DPAT. Attempts to identify the synaptic locus of the receptor were unsuccessful because depletion of central serotonin (5-HT) by treatment with para-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA; 3 × 150 mg/kg) did not alter the hypothermic response to 8-OH-DPAT. Partial, irreversible 5-HT1A receptor inactivation by N-ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline (EEDQ) (1 mg/kg) reduced the maximal hypothermic effect of 8-OH-DPAT (to 53% of control) without altering its ED50 (0.96 mg/kg). Analysis of the data indicated a linear relationship between 5-HT1A receptor occupancy and hypothermic response, that is, absence ofreceptor reserve. When groups of mice were treated with each of five different doses of 8-OH-DPAT (0.04, 0.16, 0.63, 2.5, and 10 mg/kg) 48 h apart, there was a significant reduction in hypothermic response after the second injection, but only at the three highest doses. The results demonstrate that 8-OH-DPAT-induced hypothermia in mice is mediated by a 5-HT1A receptor whose synaptic localization is uncertain but that has no receptor reserve. In addition, tolerance is observed after only a single agonist treatment.
c-Abl mediates high NaCl-induced phosphorylation and activation of the transcription factor TonEBP/OREBP

The transcription factor TonEBP/OREBP promotes cell survival during osmotic stress. High NaCl-induced phosphorylation of TonEBP/OREBP at tyrosine-143 was known to be an important factor in increasing its activity in cell culture. We now find that TonEBP/OREBP also is phosphorylated at tyrosine-143 in rat renal inner medulla, dependent on the interstitial osmolality. c-Abl seemed likely to be the kinase that phosphorylates TonEBP/OREBP because Y143 is in a consensus c-Abl phosphorylation site. We now confirm that, as follows. High NaCl increases c-Abl activity. Specific inhibition of c-Abl by imatinib, siRNA, or c-Abl kinase dead drastically reduces high NaCl-induced TonEBP/OREBP activity by reducing its nuclear location and transactivating activity. c-Abl associates with TonEBP/OREBP (coimmunoprecipitation) and phosphorylates TonEBP/OREBP-Y143 both in cell and in vitro. High NaCl-induced activation of ataxia telangiectasia mutated, previously known to contribute to activation of TonEBP/OREBP, depends on c-Abl activity. Thus, c-Abl is the kinase responsible for high NaCl-induced phosphorylation of TonEBP/OREBP-Y143, which contributes to its increased activity.
Young People’s Perceptions of a Group Home’s Efficacy: A Retrospective Study

There are many young people from troubled backgrounds today in residential treatment care facilities. However, the majority of the residential care facilities do not offer the type of services required to have the desired impact on young people. In an attempt to contribute to this gap this study used a qualitative methodology to explore the retrospective experiences of youths who attended a faith-based residential treatment facility in the southern region of the United States. Findings suggest that program atmosphere, staff, punishment practices, counseling, spiritual development, and re-entry issues are important elements of the efficacy of residential care facilities.
Ukraine's quest for independence: The fuel factor

(1995). Ukraine's quest for independence: The fuel factor. Europe-Asia Studies: Vol. 47, No. 1, pp. 67-90.
Immediate effects of a single exercise bout on protein O-GlcNAcylation and chromatin regulation of cardiac hypertrophy.

Cardiac hypertrophy induced by pathological stimuli is regulated by a complex formed by the repressor element 1-silencing transcription factor (REST) and its corepressor mSin3A. We previously repor...
Natural monopoly in INTELSAT: cost estimation and policy implications for the separate systems issue

Abstract Following a presentation of conceptual and historical preliminaries, an econometric procedure is described and carried out to estimate the extent of natural monopoly in INTELSAT. It is determined that INTELSAT exhibits the property of natural monopoly in a multi-product sense for each of sixty-five cases examined in two-year intervals from 1976 to 1984. Implications for policy toward competition with INTELSAT by private satellite systems are drawn. Finally, major considerations both for and against competition in a setting of natural monopoly are outlined, both for satellites and for space-based technologies more generally.
Experimental investigation of thin film spreading resistance in micro-contacts

This paper experimentally explores thin film micro-contact pairs of Au-Au, Au-Ru and Au-RuO 2 through the utilization of thin-film contact resistance and spreading resistance theory. Contacts of various combinations of material pairs, including evaporated Au lower planar contact and sputtered Au, Ru or Au-RuO 2 upper hemispherical contact were fabricated and their performance monitored through many cycles of actuation. The micro-contacts were actuated using an external, calibrated point load and cycled between 1 and 107 cycles in a controlled atmosphere. To examine the micro-contact performance, the contact resistance and force required to close the contacts were monitored simultaneously throughout testing. Overall performance of these devices followed current models reasonably well, but did show some degree of variation from predicted behavior using standard elastic and plastic material deformation model based predictions of contact resistance. Thin film spreading resistance theories provide a possible explanation for these observed variations and using this theory may also allow for explanations of other observations such as material transfer and micro-contact failure. Better understanding of the physics driving this and the manner in which these devices behave is a necessary step for optimizing micro-switch designs to survive greater cycling and provide more predictable and reliable operations. When compared to data that is free from error induced by other factors (such as contamination film) addition of spreading resistance theory improves the ability to predict contact resistance. In the case of Au-Ru contact pairs values have been measured as low as ~ 0.2Ω. Without spreading resistance, current theory predicts values for this experiment to be around 1.5–3.5Ωs. Addition of spreading resistance reduces the expected range to 0.8–1.5Ω. Similar results were shown with Au-RuO 2 pairs while Au-Au were inconclusive.
Factors affecting the postharvest soluble solids and sugar content of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) fruit

Abstract Although a large component of tomato fruit taste is sugars, the choice of tomato cultivar and the postharvest practices implemented by industry are designed to reduce crop loss and lengthen shelf-life and do not prioritize sweetness. However, because there is a growing recognition that taste and flavor are key components of tomato marketability, greater emphasis is now being placed on improving traits like sugar content. In this review the factors, both pre-, post and at harvest that influence sugar content in fruits sold at market are broadly outlined. Lines of investigation that may maximise the outcome of current practices and lead, long-term, to enhanced postharvest fruit sugar contents are suggested.
Corticotropin-Releasing Factor (CRF)-Induced Disruption of Attention in Rats Is Blocked by the κ -Opioid Receptor Antagonist JDTic

Stress often disrupts behavior and can lead to psychiatric illness. Considerable evidence suggests that corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) plays an important role in regulating the effects of stress. CRF administration produces stress-like effects in humans and laboratory animals, and CRF levels are elevated in individuals with stress-related illness. Recent work indicates that κ-opioid receptor (KOR) antagonists can block CRF effects, raising the possibility that at least some of the effects of stress are mediated via KORs. Here we examined the effects of CRF on performance in the 5-choice serial reaction time task (5CSRTT), a test used to quantify attention in rodents, as well as functional interactions between CRF and KORs. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained in the 5CSRTT and then each was implanted with an intracerebroventricular (ICV) cannula. After recovery and restabilization of performance, they received a single intraperitoneal (IP) injection of vehicle or JDTic (10 mg/kg), a KOR antagonist with long-lasting (>14 days) effects. In subsequent sessions, rats received ICV infusions of CRF (0.25–1.0 μg) or vehicle and were tested 60 min later. CRF dose-dependently disrupted performance as reflected by decreases in correct responding, increases in omission errors, increases in latencies to respond correctly, and increases in time to complete the session. JDTic attenuated each of these CRF-induced deficits while having no effects on its own. The persistent ability of JDTic to disrupt KOR function was confirmed using the tail immersion assay. These findings indicate that KOR antagonists can prevent acute stress-related effects that degrade performance in tasks requiring attention.
Exteroceptive reflexes in jaw-closing muscle EMG during rhythmic jaw closing and clenching in man

Exteroceptive jaw reflexes might play a role in normal functions of the mouth such as mastication. Until now these reflexes have only been studied under isometric conditions. The aim of this study was to compare exteroceptive reflexes in jaw muscle EMG during the closing phase of rhythmic open-close movements and clenching, at the same jaw gape and with similar muscle EMG. Reflexes consisting of successive waves of decreased and increased muscle activity (the Q, R, S and T waves of the post-stimulus electromyographic complex (PSEC)), evoked by light noxious electrical stimulation of the vermillion border of the lower lip, were recorded from the jaw closing muscles of 17 subjects. Differences between the two tasks occurred in two phases of the PSEC: (1) in an early phase, around the R wave, there was significantly less EMG during jaw closing (mean EMG ratio between jaw-closing and clenching 0.71), and (2) in a late phase, around the transition between the S to the T wave, there was significantly more EMG during jaw closing (mean EMG ratio: 1.40). The decrease in EMG activity around the R wave during jaw closing may be due to a change in reflex sensitivity at an interneuron level. The increase in EMG activity around the transition between the S and T waves during jaw closing might, at least in part, be due to a proprioceptive stretch reflex. This reflex is mediated by muscles spindles that are activated by the deceleration of the jaw evoked by the lip stimulus. The finding of inhibitory reflex mechanisms that predominate more during rhythmic jaw movements than during clenching in an early phase of the PSEC might be related to protecting oral tissues from trauma when the jaw is closing with potentially a large muscle force. In contrast, when food is held between the teeth, a possible inhibitory influence of light noxious stimuli is diminished.
Optimizing N-p-n and P-n-p heterojunction bipolar transistors for speed

The comparative optimization of N-p-n and P-n-p Al-GaAs/GaAs heterojunction bipolar transistors for high speed in both microwave and switching applications is studied. The analysis uses a compact transistor model and considers devices with self-aligned geometries, passivated extrinsic junctions, and graded base regions, as well as more conventional structures. We find that in all cases, P-n-p structures are capable of operation at speeds approaching those of N-p-n structures, provided the device designer uses the unique advantages of each to optimize them differently. Both devices require sacrificing some of the speed potential of the low-resistance electron path in order to improve the performance of the high-resistance hole path.
Novel autoantigens for diabetogenic CD4 T cells in autoimmune diabetes

Autoreactive CD4 T cells play a central role in the development of type 1 diabetes. The BDC panel of diabetogenic T cell clones was originally isolated from non-obese diabetic mice and has been used to study the role of autoreactive CD4 T cells and T cell autoantigens in the development of diabetes. Recent studies by our group have led to the identification of two new target antigens for clones of this panel. This review describes the proteomic strategy used for antigen identification, the antigens identified, and the potential contribution of post-translational modification to autoantigen generation. In addition, we compare peptide epitopes for the T cell clones and discuss their potential applications in investigating the role of T cell autoantigens in the pathogenesis and regulation of disease.
Organic planning: the intersection of nature and economic planning in the early Tennessee Valley Authority

During the 1930s, the New Deal revolutionized the role of the federal government in American life. This change was particularly acute in the use and management of natural resources. Between 1933 and 1941, the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) helped to define a new relationship between American government and modern concepts such as regional planning. New scientific understandings based in ecology found expression in the hydro-electric development along the Tennessee River. With a strong commitment to aesthetics and ecology, early TVA designs helped to introduce the category ‘organic planning’ that has come to define contemporary environmental planning worldwide. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improvements in Environmental Health Literacy along the Texas-Mexico Border Following Community-wide Health Education

Abstract The positive outcomes derived from the implementation of culturally sensitive educational programs in addressing disparities in environmental literacy and health among disadvantaged communities have not been rigorously examined. This report summarizes the results of a community-wide survey completed to test this hypothesis in the Cameron Park Colonia, one of the poorest communities along the Texas-Mexico border. The assessment followed a two-year training program in environmental health provided by community lay health workers using a train-the-trainer approach. Statistical analysis of data obtained from 498 households showed that educational intervention significantly improved residents' knowledge of environmental health and disease, particularly in general health knowledge and behavioral modifications to achieve healthier lifestyles. These findings show that culturally appropriate educational intervention enhanced environmental health literacy among Cameron Park Colonia residents. We advocate f...
Thermal and radiation-enhanced diffusion in Cu 3 Au

Thermal and radiation-enhanced diffusion in thin films of the order-disorder alloy Cu{sub 3}Au have been analyzed above and below the transition temperature. It is demonstrated that thin films grown by molecular beam epitaxy are uniquely suited for such experiments as the surface provides a dominant and well-characterized sink for migrating defects. The analysis is applied to recent experiments. Quantitative predictions of radiation-enhanced diffusion agree closely with experimental values. Analysis of the tracer-impurity thermal diffusion experiments provide host diffusion coefficients in a temperature regime through the transition temperature which were heretofore unavailable. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}
Emotional contagion, empathic concern and communicative responsiveness as variables affecting nurses’ stress and occupational commitment

Based on data gathered from registered nurses at two hospitals, this research examined the extent to which empathy variables contributed to nursing stress and occupational commitment. The empathy variables examined were emotional contagion (i.e. sharing the emotions of patients), empathic concern (i.e. being concerned for patients) and communicative effectiveness (i.e. effectively communicating with patients and their families). Nursing stress was explored through the variables of depersonalization, reduced personal accomplishment and emotional exhaustion. Multiple regression analyses revealed that the combination of the three emotional communication variables explained significant proportions of the variance in all three of the stress variables, as well as occupational commitment. The analyses further revealed that a lack of empathic concern and poor communicative responsiveness accounted for significant proportions of the variance in depersonalization. Lack of empathic concern, poor communicative responsiveness and high emotional contagion significantly contributed to reduced personal accomplishment. Emotional contagion explained a significant proportion of the variance in emotional exhaustion. Emotional contagion also significantly reduced occupational commitment. The findings are discussed in terms of nursing education and administration.
Effects of fatigue on the GP zones in Al-Zn alloys

Small-angle X-ray scattering has been employed to study the stability of GP zones in two Al-Zn alloys during fatigue, in order to provide statistically sound information on this process. In a 5.3 at. pct Zn alloy containing l025 zones per m3 with an average diameter of 18 A, the normally sluggish coarsening was accelerated by fatigue at room temperature by factors of l06 to l07. No coarsening occurred for larger zones, except near a fatigue crack. Reverted samples aged rapidly during fatigue at room temperature, but in a reverted sample of Al-3.5 at. pct Zn cycled at 77 K no appreciable zone growth occurred. Upon warming this sample to room temperature (without any load) rapid clustering took place. These results imply that a vacancy fraction of 10-5 to l0-6 was produced by the fatigue, and this excess vacancy concentration appears to cause the growth during cycling at room temperature.
Progesterone: Examination of its postulated inhibitory actions on lordosis during the rat estrous cycle

POWERS, J. B. AND J. MOREINES. Progesterone: examination of its postulated inhibitory actions on lordosis during the rat estrous cycle. PHYSIOL. BEHAV. 17(3) 493-498, 1976. - Three experiments tested whether the inhibitory effects of progesterone could be of physiological significance in regulating the duration of behavioral estrus in female rats. In animals displaying 5 day estrous cycles, a second period of sexual receptivity, one day following the occurrence of spontaneous estrus, could be induced by exogenous hormone administration, regardless of whether the ovaries were intact or were removed during the period over which the exogenous hormones were acting. In a second experiment, acute ovariectomy at various times during the progesterone surge acted only to degrade the quality of receptive behavior subsequently observed, never to enhance it by removing a postulated inhibitory influence. In the final experiment there was some suggestion that progesterone's facilitating effect on lordosis during the later portions of spontaneous estrus were attenuated by prior exposure to ovarian secretions during the early period of behavioral estrus. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that the duration of receptive behavior under physiological conditions is not primarily regulated by inhibitory actions of progesterone, but rather by the quantity and duration of estrogen secretions during the conditioning period.
Neutron reflection studies of phase separation and transesterification in thin film polymer blends

Abstract Neutron reflection is used to investigate the evolution of structure and surface segregation in thin films of a binary polymer blend, deuterated polymethamethacrylate (dPMMA) and polycarbonate (PC). This blend film simultaneously undergoes phase separation and reaction by trans-esterification. A large increase of the critical scattering length density in the first few minutes of annealing at 200°C reflected the rapid layering of the dPMMA at the silicon surface. Further annealing progressively smeared out the specular peak in favor of the off-specular signal in the form of a butterfly pattern reflecting the in-plane anisotropy of the thin film phase separation.
Mobility barriers and strategic groups

A procedure for identifying strategic groups based on mobility barriers is recommended and illustrated. The strategic groups identified were observed to exhibit group membership stability and differences in profitability.
α-Tocopherol protects against diet induced atherosclerosis in New Zealand white rabbits

In this study, we asked the question "does � -tocopherol supplementation prevent an increase in total plasma cholesterol (TPC) concentration and reduce the deposition of cholesterol in arterial plaques of rabbits fed atherogenic diets?" Isocaloric diets containing 0.1% choles- terol to induce atherosclerosis were enriched in one of three fats: saturated fats (SAT), monounsaturated fats (MONO), or n-6 polyunsaturated fats (POLY). Half of each of the three diets were supplemented with 2,500 IU � -tocoph- erol/kg-diet. Unsupplemented diets contained 25 IU � -tocoph- erol/kg-diet. Rabbits supplemented with � -tocopherol had plasma � -tocopherol concentrations 10-fold higher and an average TPC concentration 31% lower, P � 0.017, than rab- bits fed unsupplemented diets. Among the three fat-fed groups, the difference was greatest for the POLY fat fed group (54%, P � 0.041). POLY fat-fed rabbits without � -tocopherol supplementation had plasma HDL choles- terol concentrations that were less than half that of rabbits fed other fats, P � 0.0001. In general, differences in mean esterified artery cholesterol concentrations among the three fat-fed groups, with and without � -tocopherol supple- mentation, paralleled differences in TPC concentration among the groups. This study suggests that for rabbits fed high pharmacological doses of � -tocopherol, athero- sclerosis can be diminished in situations where the plasma cholesterol concentrations are also significantly lower. — Schwenke, D. C., L. L. Rudel, M. G. Sorci-Thomas, and M. J. Thomas. � -Tocopherol protects against diet induced ath- erosclerosis in New Zealand white rabbits. J. Lipid Res. 2002. 43: 1927-1938.
Adaptive processing using real weights based on a direct data domain least squares approach

In traditional, adaptive signal processing algorithms one change both the amplitude and phase of the weight vectors associated with an array at each of the antenna elements. The use of complex weights offers greater control over the array response at the expense of system complexity. However, it is easier if one requires only amplitude variation with a fixed phase for all the weight vectors associated with all the antenna elements. Because one uses only real arithmetic operations to find the amplitude of the weights connected to the antenna, the computational complexity is reduced considerably. Hence, this paper addresses the use of real weights in an adaptive system. In this paper we describe a new direct data domain least squares (D/sup 3/LS) method using real weights, which utilizes only a single snapshot of the data for adaptive processing. This technique may be useful for real time implementation of the D/sup 3/LS method on a chip.
The Stirling County Study: Then and now

The Stirling County Study was started more than 40 years ago. In the context of the field of community-based psychiatric epidemiology as a whole, the Stirling Study is reviewed using three time periods. The early years are illustrated by comparison of the Lundby, Midtown, and Stirling Studies. This period ended in critical reviews which emphasized the absence of agreement about psychiatric diagnosis and which suggested that prevalence was over-estimated especially by Stirling and Midtown, both of which gave a current overall rate of about 20%. During the middle years effort in the Stirling Study and in psychiatric epidemiology generally was concentrated on issues of reliability and validity of diagnosis. The recent years are illustrated by comparison with the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program, the Edmonton Epidemiologic Survey, and the National Comorbidity Survey. A current overall rate of approximately 20% can no longer be thought of as an over-estimation since it has appeared in numerous studies. Sim...
Synaptic electronics: materials, devices and applications

In this paper, the recent progress of synaptic electronics is reviewed. The basics of biological synaptic plasticity and learning are described. The material properties and electrical switching characteristics of a variety of synaptic devices are discussed, with a focus on the use of synaptic devices for neuromorphic or brain-inspired computing. Performance metrics desirable for large-scale implementations of synaptic devices are illustrated. A review of recent work on targeted computing applications with synaptic devices is presented.
Regulation of glucose-dependent gene expression by the RNA helicase Dbp2 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Cellular homeostasis requires a fine balance between energy uptake, utilization, and growth. Dbp2 is a member of the DEAD-box protein family in Saccharomyces cerevisiae with characterized ATPase and helicase activity in vitro. DEAD-box RNA helicases are a class of enzymes that utilize ATP hydrolysis to remodel RNA and/or RNA–protein (RNP) composition. Dbp2 has been proposed to utilize its helicase activity in vivo to promote RNA–protein complex assembly of both messenger (m)RNAs and long noncoding (lnc)RNAs. Previous work from our laboratory demonstrated that loss of DBP2 enhances the lncRNA-dependent transcriptional induction of the GAL genes by abolishing glucose-dependent repression. Herein, we report that either a carbon source switch or glucose deprivation results in rapid export of Dbp2 to the cytoplasm. Genome-wide RNA sequencing identified a new class of antisense hexose transporter transcripts that are specifically upregulated upon loss of DBP2. Further investigation revealed that both sense and antisense hexose transporter (HXT) transcripts are aberrantly expressed in DBP2-deficient cells and that this expression pathway can be partially mimicked in wild-type cells by glucose depletion. We also find that Dbp2 promotes ribosome biogenesis and represses alternative ATP-producing pathways, as loss of DBP2 alters the transcript levels of ribosome biosynthesis (snoRNAs and associated proteins) and respiration gene products. This suggests that Dbp2 is a key integrator of nutritional status and gene expression programs required for energy homeostasis.
Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in the medically ill patient.

General medical patients with clinical risk factors for venous thromboembolism (VTE) have received either low-dose unfractionated heparin (LDUH) twice or three times daily or once-daily low molecular weight heparin (LMWH); however, current evidence suggests that the twice-daily LDUH may not be efficacious in the acutely ill medical inpatient. LDUH three times daily may be efficacious in most medical patients; however, it is associated with an increased risk for bleeding. The preferred strategy for prevention in the medically ill populatio at high to very hish risk for VTE is LMWH. For patients who have a high to very high risk for bleeding, nonpharmacologic strategies, such as elastic stockings or intermittent pneumatic compression devices, are recommended.
Reducing youth internalizing symptoms: Effects of a family-based preventive intervention on parental guilt induction and youth cognitive style

This study utilized structural equation modeling to examine the associations among parental guilt induction (a form of psychological control), youth cognitive style, and youth internalizing symptoms, with parents and youth participating in a randomized controlled trial of a family-based group cognitive–behavioral preventive intervention targeting families with a history of caregiver depression. The authors present separate models utilizing parent report and youth report of internalizing symptoms. Findings suggest that families in the active condition (family-based group cognitive–behavioral group) relative to the comparison condition showed a significant decline in parent use of guilt induction at the conclusion of the intervention (6 months postbaseline). Furthermore, reductions in parental guilt induction at 6 months were associated with significantly lower levels of youth negative cognitive style at 12 months. Finally, reductions in parental use of guilt induction were associated with lower youth internalizing symptoms 1 year following the conclusion of the intervention (18 months postbaseline).
Estimating Age at Death in Jomon Japanese Wild Boar (Sus Scrofa Leucomystax) Based on the Timing of Molar Eruption in Recent Comparative Samples

Abstract. This paper examines the relationship between alveolus eruption, eruption stage the of Japanese archaeological pig teeth, and the actual age at death based on the analysis of modern captive wild boars which are the progeny of trapped and confined wild boars kept for less than several generations. The timing of molar eruption for both maxillae and mandibles for both captive and wild boar populations was also investigated. The results indicate that the attrition pattern in molars varied between individuals with exactly the same age at death and even between those that were kept under the same conditions and diet. The variation in the eruption pattern of maxillae and mandibles was also observed, with molars erupting relatively earlier in maxillae compared to the mandibles in both captive and wild populations. It became clear that separating “M2 erupted” individuals and “M3 erupting” individuals into different age group as done by many researchers should be avoided because of overlap. A method based ...