COMMENTARY Breaking down fear memory (Commentary on Meins et al.)

Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USAIt is essential to rapidly learn and unfailingly remember threats in the environment. It is equally important to learn when those threats have passed,as well as the unique contexts in which one is safe from threat. In recent years, considerable progress has been made in understanding the neuralcircuits and molecular mechanisms that underlie the acquisition of fear memory in the mammalian brain (LeDoux, 2000; Maren, 2001). However,much less is known concerning the mechanisms for fear extinction, the learning process that suppresses fear when past threats no longer yieldaversive outcomes.Early work on the neural mechanisms of fear extinction revealed an essential role for N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the basolateralamygdala in fear extinction (Falls et al., 1992). More recently, the extinction circuit has expanded to include a network of inhibitory neurons in theamygdala, the intercalated cell masses (ITC), which play an important role in limiting the activity of neurons in the central nucleus (CE) that drivefear responses (Likhtik et al., 2008; Amano et al., 2010). In the current issue, Meins et al. (2010) shed new light on the molecular mechanismswithin these inhibitory amygdala circuits that are involved in the extinction of fear. Using a molecular genetic approach in mice, they ﬁrst showthat inhibitory interneurons in the CE and ITC express a serine protease inhibitor, protease-nexin 1 (PN-1), which has previously been shown toregulate NMDA receptor function (Kvajo et al., 2004). Much weaker PN-1 expression was found in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BA).Given the localization of PN-1 to inhibitory neurons in ITC and CE, Meins and colleagues next examined fear conditioning and extinction in PN-1knockout mice. Interestingly, PN-1 knockouts exhibited normal fear conditioning, but had marked impairments in the extinction of conditionalfear. Coupled with these behavioral deﬁcits in extinction, PN-1 knockout mice exhibited reduced Fos expression in BA, as well as a reduction inphosphorylated alpha-calcium-calmodulin protein kinase II (aCamKII) in ITC neurons after extinction training. Hence, these data reveal animportant and novel role for PN-1 activity in extinction learning, and reinforce the important role for inhibitory interneurons in the amygdala inthis process.It has been proposed that NMDA receptor-dependent plasticity in the ITC is a mechanism for extinction learning (Amano et al., 2010). Insofaras PN-1 knockout mice exhibit impaired NMDA receptor function, the reduction of ITC c-Fos expression and aCamKII phosphorylation isconsistent with this possibility. Nonetheless, recent data indicate that NMDA receptor antagonism in the CE (and presumably ITC) does not affectthe acquisition of extinction in rats (Zimmerman & Maren, 2010). Further work is clearly required to understand the precise role for amygdaloidNMDA receptors and PN-1 regulation of NMDA receptor function in fear extinction. Nonetheless, the work by Meins and colleagues reveals anew player in the molecular organization of extinction learning within inhibitory interneurons of the amygdala, a ﬁnding that yields exciting newavenues for research in this rapidly moving ﬁeld.