cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stereocontrolled Synthesis of Vinyl Boronates and Vinyl Silanes via Atom‐Economical Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Alkene–Alkyne Coupling

The synthesis of vinyl boronates and vinyl silanes was achieved by employing a Ru-catalyzed alkene-alkyne coupling reaction of allyl boronates or allyl silanes with various alkynes. The double bond geometry in the generated vinyl boronates can be remotely controlled by the juxtaposing boron- and silicon groups on the alkyne substrate. The synthetic utility of the coupling products has been demonstrated in a variety of synthetic transformations, including iterative cross-coupling reactions, and a Chan-Lam-type allyloxylation followed by a Claisen rearrangement. A sequential one-pot alkene-alkyne-coupling/allylation-sequence with an aldehyde to deliver a highly complex α-silyl-β-hydroxy olefin with a handle for further functionalization was also realized.
Immutability specification and its applications

A location is said to be immutable if its value and the values of selected locations reachable from it are guaranteed to remain unchanged during a specified time interval. We introduce a framework for immutability specification, and discuss its application to code optimization. Compared with a final declaration, an immutability assertion in our framework can express a richer set of immutability properties along three dimensions—lifetime, reachability and context. We present a framework for processing and verifying immutability annotations in Java, as well as extending optimizations so as to exploit immutability information. Preliminary experimental results show that a significant number (61%) of read accesses could potentially be classified as immutable in our framework. Further, use of immutability information yields substantial reductions (33–99%) in the number of dynamic read accesses, and also measurable speedups in the range of 5–10% for certain benchmark programs. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Social Support and Resource Needs as Mediators of Recovery After Facial Injury

Although many trauma centers provide excellent surgical care, little attention is paid to psychosocial needs and problems of posttrauma adaptation. Social support and resource needs have been identified as significant mediators of recovery after injuries. This article presents an overview of various social and material resources instrumental to psychological adjustment and recovery. It also discusses the ways in which complex social networks can be both beneficial and damaging toward the recovery process and the implications for clinical care of patients with orofacial injury. Finally, appropriate social support resource measuring tools that may be used in clinical settings are presented.
A Platform for Massive Agent-Based Simulation and Its Evaluation

Agent based simulation (ABS) is efficient for the simulation of objects whose mathematical modeling is not easy. There are many studies on ABS and several frameworks for ABS have already been published. However, there are few frameworks that can enable agent-based simulation using large numbers of agents. We have been developing a Java-based platform for Massive Agent-Based Simulation (MABS) called "Zillions of Agents-based Simulation Environment" or ZASE. The purpose of ZASE is to develop MABS applications on multiple general computers such as PCs or workstations where they are connected with a high performance but generally available network such as gigabit Ethernet. ZASE is designed to host over millions of agents. In this paper, we introduce ZASE and explain the fundamental capabilities for MABS provided by ZASE. We evaluated ZASE for the agent-based auction simulation where the number of agents varied from ten to a million. The results indicate that the number of agents affects the final bid prices and their distributions. Performance measurement results on both an SMP computer environment and a multiple-computer environment are shown. The results in the both cases were about 3.5 millions of times of that agents handle messages in a second. The scalability ratio on the SMP computer and the multiple-computers environment were 78% and 85% respectively. Those scalability ratios are such good values for the simulations.
Insecticidal anthranilic diamides: A new class of potent ryanodine receptor activators

A novel class of anthranilic diamides has been discovered with exceptional insecticidal activity on a range of Lepidoptera. These compounds have been found to exhibit their action by release of intracellular Ca2+ stores mediated by the ryanodine receptor. The discovery, synthesis, structure-activity, and biological results are presented.
The costs and benefits of balanced budget rules: Lessons from a political economy model of fiscal policy

This paper analyzes the impact of a balanced budget rule that requires that legislators do not run deficits in the political economy model of Battaglini and Coate (2008). The main finding is that the rule leads to a gradual reduction in the level of public debt. Legislators reduce debt in periods when the demand for public goods is relatively low. They do so because the rule, by restricting future fiscal policies, raises the expected costs of carrying debt. Whether the rule increases citizen welfare depends on a comparison of the benefits of a lower debt burden with the costs of greater volatility in taxes and less responsive public good provision. A quantitative version of the model is developed in which costs and benefits can be evaluated. A welfare loss results if the debt level when the rule is imposed lies in the support of the long-run distribution associated with the unconstrained equilibrium.
Strategic Use of FAFSA List Information by Colleges

Students filling out the FAFSA list colleges and universities where they wish their data, sent. Until recently, colleges were provided this list, and the practice was suspended, given concerns that colleges were using the list to strategically allocate aid. Using the, 2011–2012 NPSAS, we analyze student financial aid packages to determine if list position, affects aid. We find little evidence that it does.
Promoting south-south trade : recent developments and options

1have emerged as an important player in the world economy as manifested in terms of global GDP, investment, savings, trade, foreign exchange or manufacturing capability. With the increase in the overall growth of the South and its decreasing dependence on trade with developed countries, also referred to as “the North,” 2 trade among countries of the South, also known as “South-South trade,” can provide resources for meeting the developmental goals of the South. Indeed, the volume of total exports from the South in 2005 showed a threefold increase from 1995. Total exports from the South amounted to US$4.5 trillion in 2006 – 37 percent of world exports – and rose to US$5.2 trillion in 2007. 3 While South-South exports rose from 40 to 45 4 percent of the South’s total exports from 1995 to 2005, the share of South-North exports declined from 56 percent to 48 percent of the South’s total exports during the same period. UNCTAD 5 has pointed out that the South-South trade flows reveal a pattern of a “hub-andspoke” network, where Asia plays the role of the hub, being both the largest exporter and importer. The intraAsian trade accounted for about 90 percent of total South-South trade and trade among East-Asian and South-East Asian countries accounted for more than half of South-South trade. As shown in Figure 1, the share of imports from developing countries to developed and developing countries in the Asia-Pacific region increased during the period of 1990 to 2006. Developing countries in Asia are the major beneficiaries of the changing patterns due to increased exports from China, Republic of Korea and India.
Local house prices and mental health.

This paper examines the impact of local (county-level) house prices on individual self-reported mental health using individual level data from the United States Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System between 2005 and 2011. Exploiting a fixed-effects model that relies on within-county variations, relative to the corresponding changes in other counties, I find that while individuals are likely to experience worse self-reported mental health when local house prices decline, this association is most pronounced for individuals who are least likely to be homeowners. This finding is not consistent with a prediction from a pure wealth mechanism but rather with the hypothesis that house prices act as an economic barometer. I also demonstrate that the association between self-reported mental health and local house prices is not driven by unemployment or foreclosure. The primary result—that lower local house prices have adverse impact on self-reported mental health of homeowners and renters—is consistent with studies using data from the United Kingdom.
Differential effects of Epigallocatechin-3-gallate containing supplements on correcting skeletal defects in a Down syndrome mouse model.

Scope Down syndrome (DS), caused by trisomy of human chromosome 21 (Hsa21), is characterized by a spectrum of phenotypes including skeletal abnormalities. The Ts65Dn DS mouse model exhibits similar skeletal phenotypes as humans with DS. DYRK1A, a kinase encoded on Hsa21, has been linked to deficiencies in bone homeostasis in DS mice and individuals with DS. Treatment with Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a known inhibitor of Dyrk1a, improves some skeletal abnormalities associated with DS in mice. EGCG supplements are widely available but the effectiveness of different EGCG-containing supplements has not been well studied. Methods and results Six commercially available supplements containing EGCG were analyzed, and two of these supplements were compared with pure EGCG for their impact on skeletal deficits in a DS mouse model. The results demonstrate differential effects of commercial supplements on correcting skeletal abnormalities in Ts65Dn mice. Different EGCG-containing supplements display differences in degradation, polyphenol content, and effects on trisomic bone. Conclusion This work suggests that the dose of EGCG and composition of EGCG-containing supplements may be important in correcting skeletal deficits associated with DS. Careful analyses of these parameters may lead to a better understanding of how to improve skeletal and other deficits that impair individuals with DS.
Monte Carlo Motion Planning for Robot Trajectory Optimization Under Uncertainty

This article presents a novel approach, named Monte Carlo Motion Planning (MCMP), to the problem of motion planning under uncertainty, i.e., to the problem of computing a low-cost path that fulfills probabilistic collision avoidance constraints. MCMP estimates the collision probability (CP) of a given path by sampling via Monte Carlo the execution of a reference tracking controller (in this paper we consider a linear-quadratic-Gaussian controller). The key algorithmic contribution of this paper is the design of statistical variance-reduction techniques, namely control variates and importance sampling, to make such a sampling procedure amenable to real-time implementation. MCMP applies this CP estimation procedure to motion planning by iteratively (i) computing an (approximately) optimal path for the deterministic version of the problem (here, using the FMT\(^*\,\)algorithm), (ii) computing the CP of this path, and (iii) inflating or deflating the obstacles by a common factor depending on whether the CP is higher or lower than a target value. The advantages of MCMP are threefold: (i) asymptotic correctness of CP estimation, as opposed to most current approximations, which, as shown in this paper, can be off by large multiples and hinder the computation of feasible plans; (ii) speed and parallelizability, and (iii) generality, i.e., the approach is applicable to virtually any planning problem provided that a path tracking controller and a notion of distance to obstacles in the configuration space are available. Numerical results illustrate the correctness (in terms of feasibility), efficiency (in terms of path cost), and computational speed of MCMP.
c-Fos as a proapoptotic agent in TRAIL-induced apoptosis in prostate cancer cells

A46 TRAIL/Apo-2L promotes apoptosis in cancer cells, while sparing normal cells. Although many cancers are sensitive to TRAIL-induced apoptosis, some evade the pro-apoptotic effects of TRAIL. Therefore, differentiating molecular mechanisms that distinguish between TRAIL-sensitive and TRAIL-resistant tumors are essential for effective cancer therapies. Here we show that c-Fos functions as a pro-apoptotic agent by repressing the anti-apoptotic molecule c-FLIP(L). c-Fos binds the c-FLIP(L) promoter, represses its transcriptional activity, and reduces c-FLIP(L) mRNA and protein levels. Therefore, c-Fos is a key regulator of c-FLIP(L), and activation of c-Fos determines whether a cancer cell will undergo cell death after TRAIL treatment. Strategies to activate c-Fos or inhibit c-FLIP(L) may potentiate TRAIL-based pro-apoptotic therapies.
Convergence of Finite Difference Schemes to the Aleksandrov Solution of the Monge-Ampère Equation

We present a technique for proving convergence to the Aleksandrov solution of the Monge-Ampere equation of a stable and consistent finite difference scheme. We also require a notion of discrete convexity with a stability property and a local equicontinuity property for bounded sequences.
Shell temperatures for a single-heater diffuser

A new diffuser/permeator design has been proposed for a new Savannah River Site tritium project. The use of a single heaterwell in the center of the shell had raised concerns that the Pd/Ag coils may be shielding radiative heat transfer to the walls thus reducing Pd/Ag tube temperatures near the shell below the recommended minimum operating temperature. The diffuser was fitted with thermocouples to measure shell temperatures during testing. Tests were run with the shell evacuated, helium Feed flows of 0, 1000, and 2000 seem; Bleed pressures ranging from 0 to 203 kPa, and heater temperatures of 650, 675, and 700°C. Hydrogen permeation tests were run with two hydrogen/helium mixtures and Feed rates to simulate 1st and 2nd stage diffuser operations. Approximately 20 hours were required to bring the diffuser from ambient temperature to steady-state conditions. For tests with a heater temperature of 675°C and no hydrogen flow, helium flow rate and pressure had little impact on the measured shell temperatures, the thermowell temperature, roughly 415°C, and altered heater output by only 11 watts. Conversely, controlling the thermowell temperature to 415°C during hydrogen permeation tests increased heater power output, lowered heater temperature, and increased shell temperatures. The tests showed the diffuser can perform its intended function with reasonable assurance that the Pd/Ag tubes were within the recommended temperature range.
Social Networks Under Stress

Social network research has begun to take advantage of fine-grained communications regarding coordination, decision-making, and knowledge sharing. These studies, however, have not generally analyzed how external events are associated with a social network's structure and communicative properties. Here, we study how external events are associated with a network's change in structure and communications. Analyzing a complete dataset of millions of instant messages among the decision-makers in a large hedge fund and their network of outside contacts, we investigate the link between price shocks, network structure, and change in the affect and cognition of decision-makers embedded in the network. When price shocks occur the communication network tends not to display structural changes associated with adaptiveness. Rather, the network 'turtles up'. It displays a propensity for higher clustering, strong tie inter- action, and an intensification of insider vs. outsider communication. Further, we find changes in network structure pre- dict shifts in cognitive and affective processes, execution of new transactions, and local optimality of transactions better than prices, revealing the important predictive relationship between network structure and collective behavior within a social network.
Transition metal-catalyzed couplings of alkynes to 1,3-enynes: modern methods and synthetic applications

The metal-catalyzed coupling of alkynes is a powerful method for the preparation of 1,3-enynes, compounds that are of broad interest in organic synthesis. Numerous strategies have been developed for the homo- and cross coupling of alkynes to enynes via transition metal catalysis. In such reactions, a major issue is the control of regio-, stereo-, and, where applicable, chemoselectivity. Herein, we highlight prominent methods for the selective synthesis of these valuable compounds. Further, we illustrate the utility of these processes through specific examples of their application in carbocycle, heterocycle, and natural product syntheses.
Trading accuracy for numerical stability: Orthogonalization, biorthogonalization and regularization

This paper presents two novel regularization methods motivated in part by the geometric significance of biorthogonal bases in signal processing applications. These methods, in particular, draw upon the structural relevance of orthogonality and biorthogonality principles and are presented from the perspectives of signal processing, convex programming, continuation methods and nonlinear projection operators. Each method is specifically endowed with either a homotopy or tuning parameter to facilitate tradeoff analysis between accuracy and numerical stability. An example involving a basis comprised of real exponential signals illustrates the utility of the proposed methods on an ill-conditioned inverse problem and the results are compared to standard regularization techniques from the signal processing literature.
Identification of significantly mutated regions across cancer types highlights a rich landscape of functional molecular alterations

Cancer sequencing studies have primarily identified cancer driver genes by the accumulation of protein-altering mutations. An improved method would be annotation independent, sensitive to unknown distributions of functions within proteins and inclusive of noncoding drivers. We employed density-based clustering methods in 21 tumor types to detect variably sized significantly mutated regions (SMRs). SMRs reveal recurrent alterations across a spectrum of coding and noncoding elements, including transcription factor binding sites and untranslated regions mutated in up to ∼ 15% of specific tumor types. SMRs demonstrate spatial clustering of alterations in molecular domains and at interfaces, often with associated changes in signaling. Mutation frequencies in SMRs demonstrate that distinct protein regions are differentially mutated across tumor types, as exemplified by a linker region of PIK3CA in which biophysical simulations suggest that mutations affect regulatory interactions. The functional diversity of SMRs underscores both the varied mechanisms of oncogenic misregulation and the advantage of functionally agnostic driver identification.
Refining measurements of lateral channel movement from image time series by quantifying spatial variations in registration error

Abstract Remotely sensed data provides information on river morphology useful for examining channel change at yearly-to-decadal time scales. Although previous studies have emphasized the need to distinguish true geomorphic change from errors associated with image registration, standard metrics for assessing and summarizing these errors, such as the root-mean-square error (RMSE) and 90th percentile of the distribution of ground control point (GCP) error, fail to incorporate the spatial structure of this uncertainty. In this study, we introduce a framework for evaluating whether observations of lateral channel migration along a meandering channel are statistically significant, given the spatial distribution of registration error. An iterative leave-one-out cross-validation approach was used to produce local error metrics for an image time series from Savery Creek, Wyoming, USA, and to evaluate various transformation equations, interpolation methods, and GCP placement strategies. Interpolated error surfaces then were used to create error ellipses representing spatially variable buffers of detectable change. Our results show that, for all five sequential image pairs we examined, spatially distributed estimates of registration error enabled detection of a greater number of statistically significant lateral migration vectors than the spatially uniform RMSE or 90th percentile of GCP error. Conversely, spatially distributed error metrics prevented changes from being mistaken as real in areas of greater registration error. Our results also support the findings of previous studies: second-order polynomial functions on average yield the lowest RMSE, and errors are reduced by placing GCPs on the floodplain rather than on hillslopes. This study highlights the importance of characterizing the spatial distribution of image registration errors in the analysis of channel change.
Squish: Near-Optimal Compression for Archival of Relational Datasets

Relational datasets are being generated at an alarmingly rapid rate across organizations and industries. Compressing these datasets could significantly reduce storage and archival costs. Traditional compression algorithms, e.g., gzip, are suboptimal for compressing relational datasets since they ignore the table structure and relationships between attributes. We study compression algorithms that leverage the relational structure to compress datasets to a much greater extent. We develop Squish, a system that uses a combination of Bayesian Networks and Arithmetic Coding to capture multiple kinds of dependencies among attributes and achieve near-entropy compression rate. Squish also supports user-defined attributes: users can instantiate new data types by simply implementing five functions for a new class interface. We prove the asymptotic optimality of our compression algorithm and conduct experiments to show the effectiveness of our system: Squish achieves a reduction of over 50% in storage size relative to systems developed in prior work on a variety of real datasets.
Energy and Environmental Efficiency of Greenhouse Growers in Michigan

Agricultural production in greenhouses is an important user of energy and can lead to greenhouse gas emissions. This study uses Data Envelopment Analysis to compute input-based technical efficiency measures and energy efficiency of Michigan greenhouse growers. A two-limit Tobit model is used to investigate the determinants of farmers’ performance. The empirical results indicate that Michigan greenhouse farmers do not use energy and other inputs efficiently. Farmers’ input-specific efficiency can be improved by adopting greenhouse film types other than double layer poly.
Cells, gels and mechanics

The cell is a gel. Yet, gel-like features of the cytoplasm have hardly been exploited for engineering design. If the cell is a gel, then a logical approach to the understanding of cell function may be through an understanding of gel function. Great strides have been made recently in understanding the principles of gel dynamics. It has become clear that a central mechanism in biology is the polymer-gel phase-transition — a major structural change prompted by a subtle change of environment. Phase-transitions are capable of doing work, and such mechanisms could be responsible for much of the work of the cell. Here, we consider this approach. We set up a polymer-gel-based foundation for cell function, and explore the extent to which this foundation explains how the cell goes about its business, with an eye toward exploiting these principles for engineering design.
Profit sharing and its effect on income distribution and output: a Kaleckian approach

This study investigates how profit sharing influences the economy by using a Kaleckian model. Unlike existing research, I endogenise the profit share. The analysis shows that profit sharing decreases or increases the equilibrium capacity utilisation rate depending on whether the productivity-enhancing effect of profit sharing is weak or strong. Moreover, the presented numerical simulations show that the profit-sharing effects on income distributions differ according to the relative strength of the productivity-enhancing effect of profit sharing.
Stochastic superoptimization

We formulate the loop-free binary superoptimization task as a stochastic search problem. The competing constraints of transformation correctness and performance improvement are encoded as terms in a cost function, and a Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampler is used to rapidly explore the space of all possible programs to find one that is an optimization of a given target program. Although our method sacrifices completeness, the scope of programs we are able to consider, and the resulting quality of the programs that we produce, far exceed those of existing superoptimizers. Beginning from binaries compiled by llvm -O0 for 64-bit x86, our prototype implementation, STOKE, is able to produce programs which either match or outperform the code produced by gcc -O3, icc -O3, and in some cases, expert handwritten assembly.
Parallel algorithms for select and partition with noisy comparisons

We consider the problem of finding the kth highest element in a totally ordered set of n elements (Select), and partitioning a totally ordered set into the top k and bottom n − k elements (Partition) using pairwise comparisons. Motivated by settings like peer grading or crowdsourcing, where multiple rounds of interaction are costly and queried comparisons may be inconsistent with the ground truth, we evaluate algorithms based both on their total runtime and the number of interactive rounds in three comparison models: noiseless (where the comparisons are correct), erasure (where comparisons are erased with probability 1 − γ), and noisy (where comparisons are correct with probability 1/2 + γ/2 and incorrect otherwise). We provide numerous matching upper and lower bounds in all three models. Even our results in the noiseless model, which is quite well-studied in the TCS literature on parallel algorithms, are novel.
The Effect of Polyimide Surface Chemistry and Morphology on Critical Stress Intensity Factor

The increasingly severe demands of concurrently increasing die size while reducing package size have made the mechanical stability of IC packaging technologies a grave concern. The dominant failure is caused at the interface between dissimilar materials. To investigate the effect of polyimide surface morphology and chemistry on the epoxy molding compound adhesion, the polyimide samples were characterized with X-ray photo emission spectroscopy (XPS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), attenuated total reflection (ATR), interfacial adhesion tests. The results of the characterization and an explanation of the primary factors affecting interfacial adhesion are presented in this paper.
Illuminating Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Densities on Filopodia through Plasmon Coupling

We designed a multivalent immune-labeling strategy using Au nanoparticles and investigated the distribution of the epidermal growth factor receptor density on filopodia and dorsal cell membrane of A431 human epidermoid carcinoma cells through plasmon coupling.
Sequential C–H Functionalization Reactions for the Enantioselective Synthesis of Highly Functionalized 2,3-Dihydrobenzofurans

The enantioselective synthesis of 2,3-dihydrobenzofurans was achieved by using two sequential C–H functionalization reactions, a rhodium-catalyzed enantioselective intermolecular C–H insertion followed by a palladium-catalyzed C–H activation/C–O cyclization. Further diversification of the 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran structures was possible by a subsequent palladium-catalyzed intermolecular Heck-type sp2 C–H functionalization.
Insertion of arynes into N-halo bonds: a direct approach to o-haloaminoarenes.

A new approach to access o-haloaminoarenes has been achieved by insertion of arynes into a nitrogen–halide bond (N–X). This transition-metal-free transformation displays a broad substrate scope of arynes, good compatibility with functional groups, and high regioselectivity. Representative transformations of the o-haloaminoarenes are described to highlight their utility for rapid access to diversely functionalized aminoarene derivatives.
Physical and biological properties of keratan sulphate proteoglycan.

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Simulation of Solution Phase Electron Transfer in a Compact Donor–Acceptor Dyad

Charge separation (CS) and charge recombination (CR) rates in photosynthetic architectures are difficult to control, yet their ratio can make or break photon-to-current conversion efficiencies. A rational design approach to the enhancement of CS over CR requires a mechanistic understanding of the underlying electron-transfer (ET) process, including the role of the environment. Toward this goal, we introduce a QM/MM protocol for ET simulations and use it to characterize CR in the formanilide–anthraquinone dyad (FAAQ). Our simulations predict fast recombination of the charge-transfer excited state, in agreement with recent experiments. The computed electronic couplings show an electronic state dependence and are weaker in solution than in the gas phase. We explore the role of cis–trans isomerization on the CR kinetics, and we find strong correlation between the vertical energy gaps of the full simulations and a collective solvent polarization coordinate. Our approach relies on constrained density functional...
Analysis of an identification algorithm arising in the adaptive estimation of Markov chains

We investigate an algorithm applied to the adaptive estimation of partially observed finite-state Markov chains. The algorithm utilizes the recursive equation characterizing the conditional distribution of the state of the Markov chain, given the past observations. We show that the process “driving” the algorithm has a unique invariant measure for each fixed value of the parameter, and following the ordinary differential equation method for stochastic approximations, establish almost sure convergence of the parameter estimates to the solutions of an associated differential equation. The performance of the adaptive estimation scheme is analyzed by examining the induced controlled Markov process with respect to a long-run average cost criterion.
Mixing Measurements of Transverse and Oblique Sonic Jets in Supersonic Cross Flow

The mixing of a sonic jet in a supersonic crossflow is examined using Schlieren and Planar Laser Mie Scattering (PLMS) imaging techniques to quantify jet penetration and mixing. The jets injection angle, the momentum ratio, and injection pressures are used to examine their effect on mixing. Each of the jet mixing configurations are examined in both the turbulent boundary layer where δBL/d=7.5 and the thin boundary layer with δBL/d~1. Varying the characteristics of injection techniques will also allow the examination of mixing and interfacial area growth between the sonic jet and the M=3.45 crossflow. A similarity coordinate transform is used to non-dimensionlize the trajectory and penetration of sonic jet injection as a function of momentum ratio and injection angle. For each momentum ratio, angles between +20 and –20 degrees collapse to a single profile, and also for each boundary layer all cases of different angles and momentum ratios collapse to a single profile. The thinner boundary layer cases showed improved collapse with regards to the similarity coordinate transform.
Magic-Angle Carbon-13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectra of Filled Rubber

Abstract Line narrowing by a factor of 3-4 has been achieved in the CNMR spectra of a black-filled, vulcanized cis-poly(isoprenc) by 1 kHz sample rotation at the magic angle. The narrowing permits the resolution of a new methylene carbon line not present in the spectrum of an unfilled, nonvulcanized, otherwise comparable cis-poly (isoprene).
Micromachining of Silicon Mechanical Structures

Refined processing procedures for producing geometrically highly precise silicon structures are described. The structures are fabricated by the high-precision micromachining of silicon utilizing wet chemical orientation and/or concentration dependent, etching techniques. Very exact processing procedures required to reproducibly achieve good high quality structures with excellent large and small scale uniformity are detailed. Relief structures having features as small as 0.2μm have been produced. Some of the structures and devices attainable will be described including: (1) very high Q torsional oscillators useful as powerful probes of the mechanical properties of a variety of physical systems, (2) unstrained focusing x-ray mirrors, and (3) μm dimension mechanical “shadow masks” with multiple slit features having knife-edge acuity of much better than 1μm over an area ~1cm2 and useful for noncontaminative, in situ patterning of thin films deposited in MBE or other vacuum deposition techniques.
THE HIP SEXTANT: SMART INSTRUMENT ALIGNMENT

Acetabular component malalignment remains the since greatest root cause for revision THA with malposition of at least ½ of all acetabular component placed using conventional methods1. The use of local anatomical landmarks has repeatedly proven to be an unreliable. The reason for this is that the position of local anatomical landmarks varies widely from one patient to another. Another alternative is to simply place acetabular components in a supine position. Unfortunately, cups placed in the supine position under fluoroscopy had the highest incidence of cup malposition in the Callanan study. This is because acetabular anteversion is critically important and pelvic tilt during surgery in the supine position is unknown, uncontrolled, and not correlated with post-operative pelvic tilt. Image-free surgical navigation can be useful for cup alignment in the absence of pelvic deformity. Image-based surgical navigation can be effective for cup alignment in the presence or absence of pelvic deformity. Unfortunately, while these technologies have been available for a decade, few surgeons employ these technologies. This is likely due to added time, complexity, and expense. Current robotic technology embodies all of these limitations in an even more extreme form. The HipSextant is a smart mechanical instrument system was developed to quickly and easily achieve accurate cup alignment. The system is image based (CT or MR) and can handle extreme asymmetry and deformity. The instrument docks on a patient-specific basis with 3 legs: one through the incision behind the posterior rim, one percutaneously on the lateral side of the ASIS, and a third percutaneously on the surface of the ilium. A direction indicator on the top of the instrument points in the desired cup orientation. Since the planning is provided, the surgeon needs to only review and adjust the plan as desired. Further the system is robust, showing greater accuracy than image-based traditional navigation. Finally, the system takes typically only 3 minutes to use, making it practical for busy practices and hospitals.
Efficient network generation under general preferential attachment

Preferential attachment (PA) models of network structure are widely used due to their explanatory power and conceptual simplicity. PA models are able to account for the scale-free degree distributions observed in many real-world large networks by sequentially introducing nodes that attach preferentially to existing nodes with high degree. The ability to efficiently generate instances from PA models is a key asset in understanding both the models themselves and the real networks that they represent. Surprisingly, little attention has been paid to the problem of efficient instance generation. In this paper, we show that the complexity of generating network instances from a PA model depends on the preference function of the model, provides efficient data structures that work under any preference function, and presents empirical results from an implementation based on these data structures. We demonstrate that, by indexing growing networks with a simple augmented heap, we can implement a network generator which scales many orders of magnitude beyond existing capabilities (106 to 108 nodes). We show the utility of an efficient and general PA network generator by investigating the consequences of varying the preference functions of an existing model. We also provide ‘quicknet,’ a freely available open-source implementation of the methods described in this work.
Forward guidance and macroeconomic outcomes since the financial crisis

This chapter studies the effects of FOMC forward guidance. We begin by using high-frequency identification and direct measures of FOMC private information to show that puzzling responses of private...
Radical Isomerization and Cycloisomerization Initiated by H• Transfer

Under H2 pressure, CoII(dmgBF2)2L2 (L = H2O, THF) generates a low concentration of an H• donor. Transfer of the H• onto an olefin gives a radical that can either (1) transfer an H• back to the metal, generating an isomerized olefin, or (2) add intramolecularly to a double bond, generating a cyclized radical. Transfer of an H• back to the metal from the cyclized radical results in a cycloisomerization. Both outcomes are favored by the low concentration of the cobalt H• donor, whereas hydrogenation and cyclohydrogenation are more likely with other catalysts (when the concentration of the H• donor is high).
RAPID: a reachable anytime planner for imprecisely-sensed domains

Despite the intractability of generic optimal partially observable Markov decision process planning, there exist important problems that have highly structured models. Previous researchers have used this insight to construct more efficient algorithms for factored domains, and for domains with topological structure in the flat state dynamics model. In our work, motivated by findings from the education community relevant to automated tutoring, we consider problems that exhibit a form of topological structure in the factored dynamics model. Our Reachable Anytime Planner for Imprecisely-sensed Domains (RAPID) leverages this structure to efficiently compute a good initial envelope of reachable states under the optimal MDP policy in time linear in the number of state variables. RAPID performs partially-observable planning over the limited envelope of states, and slowly expands the state space considered as time allows. RAPID performs well on a large tutoring-inspired problem simulation with 122 state variables, corresponding to a flat state space of over 1030 states.
Mid and thermal infrared remote sensing at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory

The mid and thermal infrared (MTIR) for the Earth surface is defined between 3 and 14µm. In the outer solar system, objects are colder and their Planck response shifts towards longer wavelengths. Hence for these objects (e.g. icy moons, polar caps, comets, Europa), the thermal IR definition usually stretches out to 50µm and beyond. Spectroscopy has been a key part of this scientific exploration because of its ability to remotely determine elemental and mineralogical composition. Many key gas species such as methane, ammonia, sulfur, etc. also have vibrational bands which show up in the thermal infrared spectrum above the background response. Over the past few decades, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory has been building up a portfolio of technology to capture the MTIR for various scientific applications. Three recent sensors are briefly reviewed: The airborne Hyperspectral thermal emission spectrometer (HyTES), the ECOsystem Spaceborne Thermal Radiometer Experiment on Space Station (ECOSTRESS) and Mars Climate Sounder (MCS)/DIVINER. Each of these sensors utilize a different technology to provide a remote sensing product based on MTIR science. For example, HyTES is a push-brooming hyperspectral imager which utilizes a large format quantum well infrared photodetector (QWIP). The goal is to transition this to a new complementary barrier infrared photodetector (CBIRD) with a similar long wave cut-off and increased sensitivity. ECOSTRESS is a push-whisk Mercury Cadmium Telluride (MCT) based high speed, multi-band, imager which will eventually observe and characterize plant/vegetation functionality and stress index from the International Space Station (ISS) across the contiguous United States (CONUS). MCS/DIVINER utilizes thermopile technology to capture the thermal emission from the polar caps and shadow regions of the moon. Each sensor utilizes specific JPL technology to capture unique science.
The Effector T Cell Response to Influenza Infection

Influenza virus infection induces a potent initial innate immune response, which serves to limit the extent of viral replication and virus spread. However, efficient (and eventual) viral clearance within the respiratory tract requires the subsequent activation, rapid proliferation, recruitment, and expression of effector activities by the adaptive immune system, consisting of antibody producing B cells and influenza-specific T lymphocytes with diverse functions. The ensuing effector activities of these T lymphocytes ultimately determine (along with antibodies) the capacity of the host to eliminate the viruses and the extent of tissue damage. In this review, we describe this effector T cell response to influenza virus infection. Based on information largely obtained in experimental settings (i.e., murine models), we will illustrate the factors regulating the induction of adaptive immune T cell responses to influenza, the effector activities displayed by these activated T cells, the mechanisms underlying the expression of these effector mechanisms, and the control of the activation/differentiation of these T cells, in situ, in the infected lungs.
Matroid Online Bipartite Matching and Vertex Cover

The Adwords and Online Bipartite Matching problems have enjoyed a renewed attention over the past decade due to their connection to Internet advertising. Our community has contributed, among other things, new models (notably stochastic) and extensions to the classical formulations to address the issues that arise from practical needs. In this paper, we propose a new generalization based on matroids and show that many of the previous results extend to this more general setting. Because of the rich structures and expressive power of matroids, our new setting is potentially of interest both in theory and in practice. In the classical version of the problem, the offline side of a bipartite graph is known initially while vertices from the online side arrive one at a time along with their incident edges. The objective is to maintain a decent approximate matching from which no edge can be removed. Our generalization, called Matroid Online Bipartite Matching, additionally requires that the set of matched offline vertices be independent in a given matroid. In particular, the case of partition matroids corresponds to the natural scenario where each advertiser manages multiple ads with a fixed total budget. Our algorithms attain the same performance as the classical version of the problems considered, which are often provably the best possible. We present $1-1/e$-competitive algorithms for Matroid Online Bipartite Matching under the small bid assumption, as well as a $1-1/e$-competitive algorithm for Matroid Online Bipartite Matching in the random arrival model. A key technical ingredient of our results is a carefully designed primal-dual waterfilling procedure that accommodates for matroid constraints. This is inspired by the extension of our recent charging scheme for Online Bipartite Vertex Cover. Finally, given that only few online problems were studied in the submodular fashion, the techniques introduced in this paper for tackling submodularity in the online setting may be of independent interest.
Storage class memory: Technology, systems and applications

This article consists of a collection of slides from the author's conference presentation on storage clas memory - major technologies, systems, and applications. Some of the specific topics discussed include: types of technologies, i.e., disks, flash, and phase change memory; types of systems, including memory and storage systems; and key applications supported.
Partial purification and characterization of two barley fractions that inhibit malt endoproteinases

The endoproteinase enzymes of malt are rate limiting for protein breakdown, so their activities determine the final amino acid-peptide-protein ratios of worts and of beers prepared from them. These...
Hoes to Herbicides: Economics of Evolving Weed Management in the United States

Over the past century, U.S. field crop farmers have controlled weeds with progressively less costly technologies, moving from hoeing and draft cultivation to motorized cultivation to selective herbicides to broad-spectrum herbicides associated with herbicide-tolerant (HT) crops. The advent of herbicides had the effect of reducing both capital and labor costs by reducing the number of field passes required for effective motorized weed control. The advent of HT crops again reduced both labor and capital costs. These innovations have attracted widespread adoption by farmers. Today, HT crops and broad-spectrum weed control are used by virtually all field crop farmers except those producing for markets that will not accept genetically modified crops. The accelerating spread of herbicide-resistant weeds (an adaptive evolutionary response to extensive reliance on a few herbicides) is triggering U.S. farmers to increase and diversify their herbicide use, increasing both financial costs and selected health and environmental risks.
Deep Visual-Semantic Alignments for Generating Image Descriptions

We present a model that generates natural language descriptions of images and their regions. Our approach leverages datasets of images and their sentence descriptions to learn about the inter-modal correspondences between language and visual data. Our alignment model is based on a novel combination of Convolutional Neural Networks over image regions, bidirectional Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) over sentences, and a structured objective that aligns the two modalities through a multimodal embedding. We then describe a Multimodal Recurrent Neural Network architecture that uses the inferred alignments to learn to generate novel descriptions of image regions. We demonstrate that our alignment model produces state of the art results in retrieval experiments on Flickr8K, Flickr30K and MSCOCO datasets. We then show that the generated descriptions outperform retrieval baselines on both full images and on a new dataset of region-level annotations. Finally, we conduct large-scale analysis of our RNN language model on the Visual Genome dataset of 4.1 million captions and highlight the differences between image and region-level caption statistics.