cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Desiderosmia (Craving of Olfaction): A Novel Symptom Associated with Iron Deficiency Anemia

Abstract BACKGROUND In recent years,we saw four patients with iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in our clinical practices who developed a compulsive craving for certain odors including rubber tires, gasoline, Pine-Sol® (a popular household alcohol ethoxylate-based cleaning agent), and "musty odor of the basement." Such behavior resolved after treatment of IDA, and recurred in a patient whose IDA relapsed. This resembled pica, a craving to eat non-nutritive items, which is commonly associated with IDA. Because we had never heard of or read about this phenomenon, we reviewed the English medical literature and World Wide Web to determine if such experience had been previously reported. METHODS We searched the PubMed, Google, and Google Scholar to find publications, reports, presentations, or testimonies of individual in online blogs using a combination of search terms including "nasal, olfactory, smell, craving, iron deficiency, and anemia." RESULTS We found no scientific publication, report, or presentation similar to our experience in PubMed and Google Scholar. However, using Google search engine, we found several testimonies of individuals in online blog posts (mostly at babycenter.com and medhelp.org), several of which were pregnancy blogs that reported these peculiar symptoms. Individuals were reporting powerful cravings of olfaction, frequently being overtaken by a desire to smell certain odors. The types of substances for which they craved and their associated medical conditions (when reported) are summarized in the Table. CONCLUSIONS These preliminary findings and testimonies give suggestive evidence that a condition, entirely separate from pica, exists in certain patients suffering from IDA or during pregnancy. For this, we propose the name, desiderosmia, derived from the Latin word "desiderare" for desire and the Greek word "osme" for smell. In naming this condition, we hope to inspire further investigation, and hopefully shed some light for patients who suffer from this newly described olfactory symptom. Download : Download high-res image (119KB) Download : Download full-size image Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Advancements in mechanical circulatory support for patients in acute and chronic heart failure

Cardiogenic shock (CS) continues to have high mortality and morbidity despite advances in pharmacological, mechanical, and reperfusion approaches to treatment. When CS is refractory to medical therapy, percutaneous mechanical circulatory support (MCS) should be considered. Acute MCS devices, ranging from intra-aortic balloon pumps (IABPs) to percutaneous temporary ventricular assist devices (VAD) to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), can aid, restore, or maintain appropriate tissue perfusion before the development of irreversible end-organ damage. Technology has improved patient survival to recovery from CS, but in patients whom cardiac recovery does not occur, acute MCS can be effectively utilized as a bridge to long-term MCS devices and/or heart transplantation. Heart transplantation has been limited by donor heart availability, leading to a greater role of left ventricular assist device (LVAD) support. In patients with biventricular failure that are ineligible for LVAD implantation, further advancements in the total artificial heart (TAH) may allow for improved survival compared to medical therapy alone. In this review, we discuss the current state of acute and durable MCS, ongoing advances in LVADs and TAH devices, improved methods of durable MCS implantation and patient selection, and future MCS developments in this dynamic field that may allow for optimization of HF treatment.
Anesthetics, catecholamines, and ouabain on automaticity of primary and secondary pacemakers.

Publisher Summary The elucidation of mechanisms for arrhythmias during anesthesia has been the focus of investigation for a long period of time. Cardiac arrhythmias are usually seen as disturbances of impulse generation, propagation, or both. The potent inhalation anesthetic agents, by direct or indirect effects, can alter automaticity of the sinoatrial (SA) node and latent pacemakers in a manner conducive to the formation of ectopic atrial or atrioventricular (AV) junctional rhythm disturbances. However, volatile anesthetics would oppose a possible effect of digitalis to enhance automaticity of subsidiary or ectopic atrial pacemakers to explain paroxysmal atrial tachycardia (PAT) with toxic digitalis. These hypotheses have been tested in both in vitro and in vivo canine models. Variable depression of the inhalation anesthetics must be considered for anesthetic effects on automaticity of primary and secondary pacemakers. Although halothane (HAL), enflurane (ENF), and isoflurane (ISO) produce equivalent depression of SA node automat city, ENF (not HAL or ISO) enhances automaticity of Purkinje fibers exposed to epinephrine (EPI) compared to HAL or ISO. The relative contribution of baroreflex-mediated suppression varies among inhalation anesthetics, depending on their ability to depress the baroreflex arc. Finally, rate responses to ouabain or catecholamines make it unlikely that enhanced automaticity of subsidiary atrial pacemakers (SAP) can explain paroxysmal atrial tachycardia. The findings to date can have relevance to the management of patients with SA node dysfunction, susceptibility to atrial tachyarrhythmias, or advanced AV heart block, or those receiving digitalis.
A mammal fauna from the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum of Croydon, London, UK

Abstract The first substantial mammal fauna from the UK Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum is described. It consists of 14 species and owes its collection to bulk-sampling and screen-washing techniques. The fauna belongs to European mammal zone PE II, which is recorded from only three other sites, all in northern France. The composition of the fauna is subtly different from that of slightly younger Abbey Wood (PE III), perhaps related to climatic, microhabitat or taphonomic differences. The new species Wyonycteris kingi is described, whilst Coryphodon oweni is recorded for the first time in the UK in a stratified context. A first phalanx is tentatively attributed to the plesiadapiform Platychoerops daubrei for the first time.
Acupuncture complication--a case report

A migrating, broken acupuncture needle inserted 28 years prior, impinged the L5 nerve root causing severe chronic pain which was relieved by surgical removal. Worldwide literature revealed an unexpected and surprising number of serious complications from acupuncture treatment.
From Extracting to Abstracting: Generating Quasi-abstractive Summaries

In this paper, we investigate quasi-abstractive summaries, a new type of machine-generated summaries that do not use whole sentences, but only fragments from the source. Quasi-abstractive summaries aim at bridging the gap between human-written abstracts and extractive summaries. We present an approach that learns how to identify sets of sentences, where each set contains fragments that can be used to produce one sentence in the abstract; and then uses these sets to produce the abstract itself. Our experiments show very promising results. Importantly, we obtain our best results when the summary generation is anchored by the most salient Noun Phrases predicted from the text to be summarized.
Solute Absorption from the Airways of the Isolated Rat Lung. II. Effect of Surfactants on Absorption of Fluorescein

To determine the effects on the pulmonary barrier of several surface active agents, a series of metered dose inhalers (MDIs) was prepared and used to dose aerosolized surfactant to the airways of isolated perfused rat lungs. The MDIs contained a range of concentrations, from 0.1 to 5.0% (w/w), of either oleic acid, oleyl alcohol, or Span 85, which released ≈45 µg (0.1%, w/w) to ≈1660 µg (5.0%, w/w) of surfactant per actuation. The permeability of the pulmonary barrier was assessed by the rate of transfer of disodium fluorescein dosed as 100 µl of aqueous solution (1 mg/ml) after administering the surfactants. Some 12.1 ± 4.7% of the recovered surfactant, per dose, was assessed to reach the pulmonary regions of the lung. All surfactants tested caused an increase in fluorescein transfer rates. A single actuation from the MDI containing 5% (w/w) oleic acid produced gross edema in all lungs tested within 40 min and the first-order half-lives of absorption were reduced almost threefold, from 12.9 ± 2.5 min for controls to 4.5 ± 0.8 min. Differences in absorption were noted between the acid and the alcohol, which is consistent with the hypothesis that both the hydrocarbon chain and the polar head group have roles in the altered permeability to fluorescein. The absorption of fluorescein when dosed from the MDI containing 5% (w/w) Span 85 was increased but all surfactants dosed from the lowest concentration MDI of 0.1% (w/w) did not alter absorption rates of the dye relative to those of controls. Results are discussed in light of current interest in absorption enhancement and the presence of surfactants in currently marketed MDIs.
eMoms: Electronically-mediated weight interventions for pregnant and postpartum women. Study design and baseline characteristics

Abstract Background The influence of childbearing in the development of obesity is situated within two different but related contexts: pregnancy-related weight gain and weight gain prevention and control in young adult women. Pregnancy related weight gain contributes to long-term weight retention in childbearing women. Objective To present the study design, data collection procedures, recruitment challenges, and the baseline characteristics for the eMoms of Rochester study, a randomized clinical trial testing the effect of electronically-mediated behavioral interventions to prevent excessive gestational weight gain (GWG) and postpartum weight retention among women aged 18–35 years of diverse income and racial/ethnic backgrounds in an urban setting. Design Randomized double blind clinical trial. A total of 1722 women at or below 20 weeks of gestation were recruited primarily from obstetric practices and randomized to 3 treatment groups: control arm; intervention arm with access to intervention during pregnancy and control at postpartum (e-intervention 1); and intervention arm with access to intervention during pregnancy and postpartum (e-intervention 2). Enrollment and consent were completed via study staff or online. Data were collected via online surveys, medical charts, and measurement of postpartum weights. The primary endpoints are gaining more weight than recommended by the Institution of Medicine guidelines and weight retained at 12 months postpartum. Conclusion This study will provide evidence on the efficacy of behavioral interventions in the prevention of excessive GWG and postpartum weight retention with potential dissemination to obstetric practices and/or health insurances. ClinicalTrials.gov # NCT01331564 .
A new approach for learning coarse-grained potentials with application to immiscible fluids

Even though atomistic and coarse-grained (CG) models have been used to simulate liquid nanodroplets in vapor, very few rigorous studies of the liquid-liquid interface structure are available, and most of them are limited to planar interfaces. In this work, we evaluate several existing force fields (FF)s, including two atomistic and three CG FFs, with respect to modeling the interface structure and thermodynamic properties of the water-hexane interface. Both atomistic FFs are able to quantitatively reproduce the interfacial tension and the coexisting densities of the experimentally-observed planar interface. We use the atomistic FFs to model water droplets in hexane and use these simulations to test the CG FFs. We find that the tested CG FFs cannot reproduce the interfacial tensions of planar and/or curved interfaces. Finally, we propose a new approach for learning CG potentials within the CG SDK (Shinoda-DeVane-Klein) FF framework from atomistic simulation data. We demonstrate that the new potential significantly improves the prediction of both the interfacial tension and structure of water-hexane planar and curved interfaces.
DeepSpot: Understanding Online Opinion Spam by Text Augmentation using Sentiment Encoder-Decoder Networks

Recently opinion spam has been widespread on online review websites and has received significant research attention. Existing approaches to detecting online opinion spam can be categorized into three groups: (1) review behavior-based approaches, which use metadata associated with user review behavior and product profile, (2) language-based approaches, which focus on the characteristics of the language that the opinion spammers use, and (3) graph-based approaches, where various user-review-product networks are constructed for node connectivity and similarity analysis. Unfortunately, all the aforementioned approaches have their limitations. In this paper, we introduce a holistic system, DeepSpot, for fake review detection. DeepSpot recognizes the true and fake reviews based on both the real human-posted reviews and the synthetic machine-generated reviews leveraging sentiment classification. Specifically, DeepSpot augments the original reviews with synthetic reviews using the encoder-decoder neural networks trained by the positive and negative reviews, respectively. Extensive experiments on real-world data showed that DeepSpot outperformed the state-of-the-art approaches in terms of various effectiveness metrics for recognizing true and fake reviews.
Learning-Based Design Space Exploration of Emerging 3D NoC Architectures

In the absence of Moore’s Law, three-dimensiona a promising direction to satisfy the demand from big-data applications. However, due to the growing heterogeneity, system size, and issues stemming from emerging interconnecl (3D) manycore systems that incorporate both CPUs and GPUs presentsts such as monolithic 3D (M3D), it is difficult to satisfactorily explore the design space in reasonable amounts of time. In this paper, we reinforce the need for multi-objective formulations (optimizing for power, performance, thermals, etc. simultaneously) and present a solution that combines machine learning and local searches to quickly and intelligently explore the design space. In addition, we look at two specific problems (TSV-based 3D heterogeneous manycore systems and M3D-based NoC) and what considerations need to be made at design-time.
Do Functional Analyses Probe Learning Histories, Or Create Them? An Exploratory Investigation.

Abstract During functional analysis (FA), therapists arrange contingencies between potential reinforcers and problem behavior. It is unclear whether this fact, in and of itself, facilitates problem...
Optimizing Generative Adversarial Networks for Low-Resolution Image Enhancement

Current high-resolution camera and video systems require expensively complex equipment and an excessive amount of digital storage to function, effectively limiting their practicality and availability. The research seeks to address this issue by optimizing Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) for image super-resolution using an evolutionary-based scheme for successive network modification. The capability of GANs to selectively enhance the resolution of a desired image without increasing costs is extremely significant for a substantial range of industries and practices. The network’s capabilities are expressed in terms of produced image quality and network metrics, with preference given to increases in image quality. Using the DIV2K dataset as common input, the highest performing network achieved a comparative increase of 2.22 dB PSNR (29.1%) over the base model, the Super-Resolution Generative Adversarial Network (SRGAN). The most notable contribution to network enhancement with regards to image quality was caused by removing the batch normalization layers from the Generator network. Network performance with regards to subjective image quality was most affected by the inclusion of a second convolutional layer in each residual block of the modified SRGAN Generator. Possible applications of the improved system include enhancing images of license plates for traffic monitoring systems and improving still images from body camera footage to reveal crucial details. Beyond the scope of surveillance, resolution-enhancing GANs may be applied to develop media content or national defense capabilities.
Causality and aspect in ability, actuality, and implicativity

Past-tense ability ascriptions (e.g., "was able") alternate between pure, potentially unrealized ability and an interpretation which actualizes the ability. The alternation extends to abilitative uses of possibility modals, with actualized readings strengthening to actuality entailments under perfective aspect in aspect-marking languages (Bhatt 1999). These interpretations resist explanation on accounts which seek to derive them in the composition of modality and aspect. I build on causal analyses of implicative inferences (from lexical implicatives like "manage" as well as 'variably-implicative' "enough" comparatives; Baglini & Francez 2016, Nadathur 2016, 2017) to propose a new approach to actuality inferences, grounded in a causal semantics for ability predicates. This account derives both pure ability and actuality readings, and explains parallels between implicative "manage" and actualized ability on the basis of shared (presuppositional) causal structure. " Manage" and ability differ in asserted content, but the difference is neutralized – producing actuality entailments – under a perfective operator which selects for eventive predicates, and combines with stative ability attributions only via aspectual coercion.
Crime and the Mythology of Police

The legal policing literature has espoused one theory of policing after another in an effort to address the frayed relationship between police and the communities they serve. All have aimed to diagnose chronic policing problems in working towards structural police reform. The core principles emanating from these theoretical critiques is that the mistrust of police among communities of color results from maltreatment, illegitimacy and marginalization from the law and its enforcers. Remedies have included police training to encourage treating people with dignity, investing in body cameras and other technology, providing legal avenues to encourage constitutional action by police, and creating a voice for community members to express their needs. These preeminent policing theories do not fully address a core cause of police mistrust and disaffection of communities of color and the poor. To address these symptoms of policing failure requires a consideration of the purpose and function of police. Though at the core of police function is a misunderstanding of policing that this Article terms “the police myth.” The police myth is the two-fold belief that a primary function of police is crime control and that police solve crimes with regularity. Reliance on the police myth may provide societal comfort but has made it difficult to address rudimentary policing failure. Without understanding what police actually do and their relationship with crime, it is impossible to reimagine policing. This Article seeks to understand the myth that in large part contributes to the anomie between police and communities of color, but also creates a structural dissonance regarding the nature and function of police and their role in a community. Dispelling this myth recasts the policing function and the underlying expectations of public security, while pointing towards a new instrumentalist approach to police reform.
Near-infrared spectroscopy of gamma-ray burst host galaxies at z≳: insights into host galaxy dynamics and interpretations of afterglow absorption spectra

This paper presents near-infrared echellette spectra of faint galaxies in the fields around GRB 050820A at redshift z= 2.613 and GRB 060418 at z= 1.490. The spectroscopic data show that both gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) originate in a dynamic environment of interacting galaxies separated by <15 h−1 kpc in projected distance and |Δv| ≲ 60 in line-of-sight velocity. The optical afterglows revealed in early-epoch Hubble Space Telescope images are at least 2.5 h−1 kpc (or 0.4 arcsec) away from the high surface brightness regions of the interacting members, indicating that the GRB events occurred either in the outskirts of a compact star-forming galaxy or in a low surface brightness satellite. Comparisons of the systemic redshifts of the host galaxies and the velocity distribution of absorbing clouds revealed in early-time afterglow spectra further show that the majority of the absorbing clouds are redshifted from these compact star-forming galaxies. These include the gas producing fine-structure absorption lines at physical distances d∼ afew × 100 pc from the GRB afterglow. The lack of blueshifted absorbing clouds and the spatial offset of the GRB event from the star-forming regions make it difficult to attribute the observed large velocity spread (∼200–400 ) of absorbing gas in the GRB host to galactic-scale outflows. We consider a scenario in which the GRB event occurred in a dwarf satellite of the interacting group and interpret the broad absorption signatures in the afterglow spectra as a collective effect of the turbulent halo gas and the host star-forming interstellar medium. We briefly discuss the implications for the absorption properties observed in the afterglow spectra.
Templar dispatches from the battlefield: a new source for the battle of Las Navas de Tolosa

A brief letter written by a Templar knight shortly after the battle of Las Navas de Tolosa on 16 July 1212, and preserved at the end of a manuscript of First Crusade histories, is a heretofore unrecognized source for this key Iberian battle. Though containing little new information, the letter illuminates the networks by which news of the battle was disseminated, and its inclusion alongside liturgical materials celebrating the capture of Jerusalem on 15 July 1099 at the end of the First Crusade suggests an association between the two midsummer crusade victories.
Dreaming the Other, Dreaming the Self: Construction and Reconstruction of Trans/National Identity in Caribbean Literature

This special issue of the Canadian Review of Comparative Literature/Revue Canadienne de Litterature Comparee, “Discourses on Trans/National Identity in Caribbean Literature,” proposes to consider Caribbean literature outside its tradi- tionally restrictive cadre and resituate it within a broader hemispheric context.
A review of exfoliated graphite

Exfoliated graphite (EG) refers to graphite that has a degree of separation of a substantial portion of the carbon layers in the graphite. Graphite nanoplatelet (GNP) is commonly prepared by mechanical agitation of EG. The EG exhibits clinginess, due to its cellular structure, but GNP does not. The clinginess allows the formation of EG compacts and flexible graphite sheet without a binder. The exfoliation typically involves intercalation, followed by heating. Upon heating, the intercalate vaporizes and/or decomposes into smaller molecules, thus causing expansion and cell formation. The sliding of the carbon layers relative to one another enables the cell wall to stretch. The exfoliation process is accompanied by intercalate desorption, so that only a small portion of the intercalate remains after exfoliation. The most widely used intercalate is sulfuric acid. The higher concentration of residue in unwashed EG causes the relative dielectric constant (50 Hz) of the EG to be 360 (higher than 120 for KOH-activated GNP), compared to the value of 38 for the water-washed case. An EG compact is obtained by the compression of EG at a pressure lower than that used for the fabrication of flexible graphite. Compared to flexible graphite, EG compacts are mechanically weak, but they exhibit viscous character, out-of-plane electrical/thermal conductivity and liquid permeability. The viscous character (flexural loss tangent up to 35 for the solid part of the compact) stems from the sliding of the carbon layers relative to one another, with the ease of the sliding enhanced by the exfoliation process.
Current account deficits and debt accumulation in Latin America: Debate and evidence

Abstract In this paper, I examine competing explanations for the behavior of Latin America's current account in the 1970s and 1980s. After briefly reviewing the focus of various economists on internal or external factors, I outline a ‘financial breakdown’ view which stresses the role of the changing availability of capital during this period of time. I then turn to econometric work which: (1) establishes the plausibility of viewing capital availability as a constraint on the current account, and (2) offers some support for all three views of the determinants of Latin America's current account.
“Work Makes Life Sweet”: Germans from Russia Remember Their Childhood

“We all had our chores,” recalls Marilyn Jeanette (Sauer) Bauman, “things we had to do.”By the time Marilyn was six years old she was milking cows, and by the time she was eight she was overseeing ...
Scale as Artifact: GIS, Ecological Fallacy, and Archaeological Analysis

The concept of scale is confusing, frustrating, little understood, and yet . . . intriguing. Geography, as the discipline with spatial pattern and relationships as its core focus, has traditionally embraced and confronted the meaning, interpretation, explanatory power, and some would suggest, intractability, that scale brings to studies. There are many other spatially related disciplines such as archaeology that share with geography the need to operate across a scale continuum ranging from the local to the regional, national, and international levels. Indeed, as Mcmaster and Sheppard (2004) point out, it is difficult to identify a completely ‘‘scaleless’’ discipline. Our understanding of geographical and archaeological patterns, societal processes, and spatial heterogeneity, are highly dependent on scale. Because of the extent and complexity of the Earth’s surface, researchers must invariably sample, generalize, or aggregate in order to comprehend reality. Identifying an appropriate scale of data capture and analysis to use in a study, and managing the trade-offs that must occur in matching resources with data capture, have long been acknowledged. But while scale is readily associated with the level of detail involved with geographical description, what is missing from most studies is any discussion of how representative that scale of analysis is, given that there are no standard measures of uncertainty related to particular scales of analysis (Tate and Atkinson 2001). Indeed, Meentemeyer (1989) suggests that it seems that study scales are selected unconsciously and therefore may seem to be completely arbitrary. Watson (1978) observes that we tend to work at one analytical level exclusively and implicitly, without considering other alternatives, almost as an act of faith. Scale issues associated with line generalization, scale of data capture and data display, and with the even less well-known issues of ecological fallacy and its derivative, the Modifiable Areal Unit Problem, are only rarely acknowledged.
Cultural Conflict and the Revival of Class Warfare

This article maintains that the new dynamic driving the interaction of work and family is greater specialization in the activities performed by women. This greater specialization has dramatically increased the return for investment in college educated women entering the workforce to stay and dramatically increasing their earnings. These women hire other women to manage what once were all women’s domestic responsibilities. To take advantage of these expanded employment opportunities, college educated women have embraced a new set of moral understandings that replace sexual restraint with greater attention to readiness for childbearing. The average age of marriage has jumped, and with financial independence and emotional maturity, these women search longer for compatible and companionate mates. College-educated women, who were once the least likely group in society to marry, have become the only group whose marriage and income rates have increased — and the families they form are more stable than similar unions thirty years ago. These new terms for middle class life have, in turn, undermined what was once universal support for more traditional marriages. The article concludes that only with recognition of these dynamics can we hope to recreate shared understandings. One of the dramatic, and largely untold, stories of the last half century is the wholesale shift in resources away from children. As the economic advantages of the middle class have increased vis-a-vis the rest of the population, their relative fertility rates have fallen, and their investment in the children they do have has skyrocketed. The rest of the population has struggled to deal with the lack of support for satisfying traditional roles, new more egalitarian ones, or single parent family needs. The resulting "culture wars" stand in the way of more realistic efforts to reintegrate work and family.
A specific requirement for protein kinase C in activation of the respiratory burst oxidase of fertilization.

Abstract Partially reduced oxygen species are toxic, yet activated sea urchin eggs produce H2O2, suggesting that the control of oxidant stress might be critical for early embryonic development. We show that the Ca2(+)-stimulated NADPH oxidase that generates H2O2 in the "respiratory burst" of fertilization is activated by a protein kinase, apparently to regulate the synthesis of this potentially lethal oxidant. The NADPH oxidase was separated into membrane and soluble fractions that were both required for H2O2 synthesis. The soluble fraction was further purified by anion exchange chromatography. The factor in the soluble fraction that activated the membrane-associated oxidase was demonstrated to be protein kinase C (PKC) by several criteria, including its Ca2+/phophatidylserine/diacyl-glycerol-stimulated histone kinase activity, its response to phorbol ester, its inhibition by a PKC pseudosubstrate peptide, and its replacement by purified mammalian PKC. Neither calmodulin-dependent kinase II, the catalytic subunit of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, casein kinase II, nor myosin light chain kinase activated the oxidase. Although the PKC family has been ubiquitously implicated in cellular regulation, enzymes that require PKC for activation have not been identified; the respiratory burst oxidase is one such enzyme.
PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS IN PEDIATRICS.

SINCE THE ADVENT of the so-called psychoactive drugs (tranquilizers, mood relievers, and stimulants) the large literature on their clinical uses has included relatively little research into the effects of these drugs upon children. In spite of this, experience with the younger age group seems to justify an attempt to establish a few rules of thumb for pediatric practitioners. In general, the tranquilizers have been divided into two categories: major and minor. The so-called major tranquilizers include the phenothiazines and Rauwolfia derivatives. Whereas in adults these drugs have an important role in alleviating the behavioral and thinking disturbances in psychoses, parallel results are not usually to be expected in psychotic children. Only occasionally does one see a psychotic child whose thinking disturbance or bizarre behavior has responded to tranquilization and then usually when the dosage is high. Often before any other effective changes would be available, the child will be so tranquilized as to be out of effective communication, usually in a sleep state. Where any useful effect has been obtained in the childhood psychoses, it has usually been from a phenothiazine rather than a Rauwolfia derivative. Children in whom phenothiazines have been found to be useful are usually those with acute, often overwhelming, anxiety. These drugs appear to be of little value in the chronic anxiety states or with chronically established symptoms such as habit disturbances, tics, enuresis, character disturbances, etc. In acute anxiety states and in the acute psychotic symptoms of early adolescence, the phenothiazines often will relieve crisis symptoms. With overwhelming postoperative anxiety or transitory psychotic states, these drugs have been helpful. They must, however, be given in adequate dosage, and this varies greatly from individual to individual. One must find for each child the dose which is clinically effective without so fully tranquilizing the individual that he cannot function. A common mistake is the administration of ineffectual small doses or even a single dose. It must be recognized that a sustained blood level is necessary for continuing effectiveness of the medication.
Palmar dermatoglyphics in mongolism.

It has been demonstrated that characteristic dermatoglyphic changes rank high in frequency among the variable stigmata which go to make up the syndrome of mongolism. Though they are not diagnostic alone, it is believed that these objective, measurable and unchanging evidences of mongolism seen in hand prints should be helpful in establishing an early diagnosis. Positive dermatoglyphics rank high in frequency among stigmata reported in typical examples of mongolism by 82 physicians. The technic for preparing prints is a simple one which requires very little practice for perfection; interpretation based on the empiric but definite criteria defined can be accomplished with relative ease. A series of five prints are reproduced. These findings are in keeping with the suggestion that factors responsible for the occurrence of mongolism are operative prior to the third month of fetal life, and are consistent with known facts concerning embryologic development of epidermal ridges of the palms.
Realizing High IPC Using Time-Tagged Resource-Flow Computing

In this paper we present a novel approach to exploiting ILP through the use of resource-flow computing. This model begins by executing instructions independent of data flow and control flow dependencies in a program. The rest of the execution time is spent applying programmatic data flow and control flow constraints to end up with a programmatically-correct execution. We present the design of a machine that uses time tags and Active Stations, realizing a registerless data path.In this contribution we focus our discussion on the Execution Window elements of our machine, present Instruction Per Cycle (IPC) speedups for SPECint95 and SPECint2000 programs, and discuss the scalability of our design to hundreds of processing elements.
B cell-deficient (mu MT) mice have alterations in the cytokine microenvironment of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) and a defect in the low dose mechanism of oral tolerance.

Peripheral immune tolerance following i.v. administration of Ag has been shown to occur in the absence of B cells. Because different mechanisms have been identified for i.v. vs low dose oral tolerance and B cells are a predominant component of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) they may play a role in tolerance induction following oral Ag. To examine the role of B cells in oral tolerance we fed low doses of OVA or myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein to B cell-deficient ( microMT) and wild-type C57BL/6 mice. Results showed that the GALT of naive wild-type and microMT mice was characterized by major differences in the cytokine microenvironment. Feeding low doses of 0.5 mg OVA or 250 microg myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein resulted in up-regulation of IL-4, IL-10, and TGF-beta in the GALT of wild-type but not microMT mice. Upon stimulation of popliteal node cells, in vitro induction of regulatory cytokines TGF-beta and IL-10 was observed in wild-type but not microMT mice. Greater protection against experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis was found in wild-type mice. Oral tolerance in microMT and wild-type mice was found to proceed by different mechanisms. Anergy was observed from 0.5 mg to 250 ng in microMT mice but not in wild-type mice. Increased Ag was detected in the lymph of microMT mice. No cytokine-mediated suppression was found following lower doses from 100 ng to 500 pg in either group. These results demonstrate the importance of the B cell for the induction of cytokine-mediated suppression associated with low doses of Ag.
Exclusion statistics: Low-temperature properties, fluctuations, duality, and applications.

We derive some physical properties of ideal assemblies of identical particles obeying generalized exclusion statistics. We discuss fluctuations, and in this connection point out a fundamental contrast to conventional quantum statistics. We demonstrate a duality relating the distribution of particles at statistics [ital g] to the distribution of holes at statistics 1/[ital g]. We suggest an application to Mott insulators.
Embedded strong discontinuity finite elements for fractured geomaterials with variable friction

The strong discontinuity approach to modelling strain localization, combined with an enhanced strain element, has been used for more than a decade to model strain localization in materials including geomaterials. Most implementations of enhanced strain elements in the post-localization regime use very simple constitutive formulations along the discontinuity, such as linear softening or a constant friction coefficient. However, the softening relations can be much more complex for geomaterials. For rocks this softening is induced by micro-fractures coalescing into macroscopic cracks during a narrow time interval called ‘slip weakening.’ During this interval the cohesive resistance on the nucleating crack decays to zero while the frictional resistance increases. Furthermore, research has shown that the coefficient of friction for these materials is not constant, but in fact is a function both of the slip speed and the state of the material, including wear, temperature, and other factors. In this paper we augment the modelling capabilities of an enhanced strain element by incorporating a cohesive softening law and a popular rate- and state-dependent friction model commonly used for describing the constitutive properties of rocks and rock-like materials sliding along the fractured surface. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antibiotic Effects on Bacterial Viability, Toxin Production, and Host Response

The efficacy of an antibiotic in human or experimental infection is presumed to be proportional to its in vitro antimicrobial activity, yet antibiotics having comparable in vitro activity may have markedly different efficacies in vivo. For example, we have reported that clindamycin is more efficacious than penicillin in experimental gas gangrene caused by Clostridium perfringens in animals. To explain these differences, we compared the dynamics of bacterial killing and suppression of toxin synthesis. In addition, we investigated the ability of clindamycin and penicillin to modulate lipopolysaccharide-induced cytokine production in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Our results suggest that clindamycin affects protein synthesis in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. These data may, in part, explain why the efficacy of clindamycin is greater than that of penicillin and demonstrate that clindamycin may be important immune modulator.
Clean absorption mode NMR data acquisition based on time-proportional phase incrementation

Clean absorption mode NMR data acquisition is presented based on mirrored time domain sampling and widely used time-proportional phase incrementation (TPPI) for quadrature detection. The resulting NMR spectra are devoid of dispersive frequency domain peak components. Those peak components exacerbate peak identification and shift peak maxima, and thus impede automated spectral analysis. The new approach is also of unique value for obtaining clean absorption mode reduced-dimensionality projection NMR spectra, which can rapidly provide high-dimensional spectral information for high-throughput NMR structure determination.
Public preferences about government spending: Partisan, social, and attitudinal sources of policy differences

Although the causes and consequences of the growth of government have become the focus of increasing scholarly attention, relatively little empirical research has been done about the nature and determinants of individual fiscal preferences. The present study analyzes patterns of partisan, socioeconomic, and attitudinal differentiation in public spending preferences for a variety of government functions. Two important findings emerge from our analysis. First, attitudes about the adequacy of government spending for each of the functions considered are shown to have two dimensions—a support for spending dimension and a support for change dimension. Second, the patterns of partisan and socioeconomic cleavages about government spending are shown to vary significantly across policy domains. This fracturing of demand structures, it is argued, may be one of the root causes of the performance crisis of political institutions.
Magnetic susceptibility of carbon structures.

Measurements of the magnetic moment and susceptibility of diamond, graphite along and perpendicular to the c axis, ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$, and carbon nanotubes are reported as a function of magnetic field (0H55 kOe) and temperature (4.5 KT310 K). The data on ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ are diamagnetic, confirm previous results, and show the influence of the phase transition near 260 K. The data on the nanotubes were taken on a sample containing a distribution of tubes with diameters in the 2--10 nm range, and reveal a mostly diamagnetic behavior with a magnetic field and temperature dependence different from graphite.
Having words with ethicists.

The limits of my language mean the limits of my world. —L. J. Wittgenstein One could characterize the entire history of bioethics in North American as consisting of a series of skirmishes over the ...
Polytypic species and hybridization in quaternary freshwater ostracods of North America

Abstract Quaternary fresh-water ostracods of nominal species Candona patzcuaro and C. rawsoni (each including several synonyms) are considered to belong to a single, polytypic species on the basis of geographic distribution and hybridization evident in faunas from Missouri. Data are insufficient to permit designation of subspecies. “C. patzcuaro” and “C. rawsoni” thus are treated informally, as phena. Occurrences of these phena in North America indicate shifting of ranges and secondary intergradation at middle latitudes which can be correlated broadly with glacial advances and retreates and associated climatic change.
Creating a Low‐Anxiety Classroom Environment: What Does Language Anxiety Research Suggest?

given to language learners and their perspectives, motivations, beliefs about language learning, learning styles, learning strategies, and language anxieties.1 Regardless of method, we know that learners need to adopt attitudes and strategies that pay off in terms of low anxiety, high motivation, and ultimately in the ability to convey information and communicate ideas and feelings. One of the current challenges in second and foreign language teaching is to provide students with a learner-centered, low-anxiety classroom environment. In our push to create such an environment we need to consult
Cirrin: a word-level unistroke keyboard for pen input

We present a new system, called Cirrin, for pen input of ASCII characters using word-level unistrokes. Our system addresses the tradeoff between speed and accuracy of penbased text entry by substituting precision on the part of the user for ease of recognitionon the part of the computer. Cirrin supports ease of recognition by the computer combined with natural, script-like input. This paper discusses the design space of word-level, unistroke input, focusing on the choices made in the circular model of Cirrin that is currently in daily use by the first author.
Political Mimesis: A Consideration of the Historical and Cultural Roots of Legislative Behavior in the British Colonies in the Eighteenth Century

U tNTIL comparatively recently, most investigations of government and politics in the eighteenth-century American colonies concentrated upon the recurrent contests between governors and elected lower houses of assembly and "the growth of colonial self-government" as reflected in the repeated triumphs of the assemblies in those struggles. There was an almost total consensus, as Charles M. Andrews wrote in I943 after a lifetime of study, that "the most conspicuous feature" of "the political and institutional aspects . . . of the eighteenth century ... was the rise of the colonial assembly with its growth to self-conscious activity and de facto independence of royal control."' Perhaps because the focus in these studies was primarily upon institutional development and the process by which
Approach, Avoidance, and Apprehension: Talking with High-CA Students about Getting Help.

Research indicates that students with high levels of communication apprehension (CA) avoid interaction with instructors who might suggest they seek assistance in overcoming their speech anxiety. In this study, high‐CA students were interviewed in focus groups about their CA experiences. These students describe their reasons for speech apprehension, their reactions to instructors who suggest they seek assistance, their ideal ways to be approached by an instructor, their anticipated responses to an ideal approach, and their reactions to group interviews. Implications for communication educators are discussed.
Crystal structure of [Leu1]zervamicin, a membrane ion-channel peptide: implications for gating mechanisms.

Structures in four different crystal forms of [Leu1]zervamicin (zervamicin Z-L, Ac-Leu-Ile-Gln-Iva-Ile5-Thr-Aib-Leu-Aib-Hyp10-Gln-Aib -Hyp-Aib- Pro15-Phol, where Iva is isovaline, Aib is \alpha-amino isobutyric acid, Hyp is 4-hydroxyproline, and Phol is phenylalaninol), a membrane channel-forming polypeptide from Emericellopsis salmosynnemata, have been determined by x-ray diffraction. The helical structure is amphiphilic with all the polar moieties on the convex side of the bent helix. Helices are bent at Hyp10 from \approx 30 deg to \approx 45 deg in the different crystal forms. In all crystal forms, the peptide helices aggregate in a similar fashion to form water channels that are interrupted by hydrogen bonds between N H(Gln11) and O \delta (Hyp10) of adjacent helices. The Gln11 side chain is folded in an unusual fashion in order to close the channel. Space is available for an extended conformation for Gln11, in which case the channel would be open, suggesting a gating mechanism for cation transport. Structural details are presented for one crystal form derived from methanol/water solution: C85H140N18O22. 10H2O, space group P21, a = 23.068(6) A, b = 9.162(3) A, c = 26.727(9) A, \beta = 108.69(2) (standard deviation of last digit is given in parentheses); overall agreement factor R = 10.1% for 5322 observed reflections [|Fo| > 3\sigma (F)]; resolution, 0.93 A.