cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Associations between Antioxidant and Zinc Intake and the 5-Year Incidence of Early Age-related Maculopathy in the Beaver Dam Eye Study

Associations between antioxidants and zinc and the 5-year incidence of early, age-related maculopathy (ARM) were investigated in a population-based cohort of middle-aged and older adults participating in the Beaver Dam Eye Study in Beaver Dam, Wisconsin. A food-frequency questionnaire was administered at baseline (1988-1990) to collect dietary information for that time period and a period of time 10 years earlier (1978-1980) from a 50 percent random sample of persons participating in this study. The incidence of the specific lesions of larger drusen (>125 microns) and pigmentary abnormalities and the incidence of any ARM were assessed by masked grading of stereoscopic color fundus photographs in 1,709 persons who participated in 5-year follow-up eye examinations. Significant, but modest, inverse associations (p < 0.05) were observed between intakes of pro-vitamin A carotenoids and dietary vitamin E and the incidence of large drusen and between zinc and the incidence of pigmentary abnormalities. No significant inverse associations were found between antioxidant or zinc intake and the incidence of overall early ARM. If ARM, which is characterized by a broad spectrum of lesions, involves a number of different underlying pathophysiologic processes, then associations between specific antioxidants and the incidence of distinct macular lesions may be biologically important. However, because there were too few incident late ARM cases in this cohort, the authors were unable to assess whether antioxidant intake is associated with the progression of early ARM to late-stage macular degeneration. Clinical trials and longer-term prospective studies are needed to elucidate further the impact of antioxidants and zinc on the development and progression of ARM.
Social and behavioral researchers' experiences with their irbs

A national survey on researchers' experiences with their institutional review boards (IRBs) is presented, focused exclusively on social and behavioral researchers. A wide range of experiences is apparent in the data, especially in terms of turnaround time for submitted protocols, incidence of data collection without prior IRB approval, and stated reasons for “going solo.” Sixty-two percent felt that the turnaround time they typically experience is “reasonable,” and 44% said they had not experienced long delays in obtaining approval. However, 48% of respondents reported either conducting a project without IRB approval or modifying an existing project without IRB approval, with anticipated time for approval being the dominant reason offered for doing so. This adds a new dimension to the widely discussed “national IRB crisis” (e.g., Illinois White Paper, 2005). The article concludes with 2 preliminary recommendations for IRB reform.
Advising Consumers About Dietary Supplements: Lessons From Cranberry Products

Consumers are continuing to incorporate dietary supplements as part of their routine health care. Yet, even as the market continues to grow, questions regarding safety, efficacy, and quality remain. Clinicians are increasingly being asked to advise their patients about the safe and efficacious use of such products. Cranberry is a commonly encountered supplement that has been studied comprehensively. We review some of the findings from the evaluation of cranberry as a dietary supplement and suggest how such findings can be shared effectively with patients and consumers.
Identified particle spectra and anisotropic flow in an event-by-event hybrid approach in Pb + Pb collisions at √[sNN]=2.76TeV

The first results from heavy ion collisions at the Large Hadron Collider for charged-particle spectra and elliptic flow are compared to an event-by-event hybrid approach with an ideal hydrodynamic expansion. This approach has been shown to successfully describe bulk observables at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. Without changing any parameters of the calculation, the same approach is applied to Pb + Pb collisions at $\sqrt{{s}_{NN}}=2.76\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\mathrm{TeV}$. This is an important test if the established understanding of the dynamics of relativistic heavy ion collisions is also applicable at even higher energies. Specifically, we employ the hybrid approach with two different equations of state and the pure hadronic transport approach to indicate sensitivities to finite viscosity. The centrality dependence of the charged hadron multiplicity, ${p}_{T}$ spectra, and differential elliptic flow are shown to be in reasonable agreement with the ALICE Collaboration data. Furthermore, we make predictions for the transverse mass spectra of identified particles and triangular flow. The eccentricities and their fluctuations are found to be surprisingly similar to the ones at lower energies, and therefore, the triangular flow results are very similar. Any deviations from these predictions will indicate the need for different physics mechanisms responsible for the dynamics of heavy ion collisions.
Tourism's role in the economy and landscape of Luxembourg

Abstract Tourism is a major activity in Luxembourg. The industry has long been significant as a result of Luxembourg's diverse historic, cultural and environmental resource base, and its central location with respect to numerous urban agglomerations in neighbouring countries. Professor Richard V. Smith of the Department of Geography at Miami University here describes the nature of tourism to Luxembourg and the direction in which it is developing, highlighting efforts being made to acculturate the large number of foreign-guest workers employed in the country's tourism industry.
Lying aversion, lobbying, and context in a strategic communication experiment

Almost all institutions within modern democracies depend on a mix of communication and competition. However, most formal theory and experimental evidence ignores one of these two features. We present a formal theory of communicative competition in which senders vary in their aversion to lying, and test hypotheses from this theory using a strategic communication experiment. To influence lying aversion, we compare a Context Condition, in which pre-play instructions are cast in political language, with a Baseline Condition, in which all language is abstract. We find that in early rounds of play, subjects in the Context Condition exaggerated more as a function of their biases than those in the Baseline Condition when we control for the past history of play. However, by the last round of play, subjects in both conditions converged on persistent exaggeration. This finding indicates that competition crowds outlying aversion in settings of strategic communication.
Giant tumefactive perivascular spaces: A further case

Virchow-Robin spaces (VRS) or the perivascular spaces are small pial lined, cystic structures in the brain and are filled with interstitial fluid. They are normal spaces, identified in all age groups and are common in places where the penetrating vessels enter into the substance of brain. Occasionally, these spaces can be enlarged and are termed as giant tumefactive perivascular spaces (GTPVS). When enlarged, these cysts are commonly confused with other lesions such as cystic neoplasms. The pathognomonic imaging appearance helps in the diagnosis of this condition in most instances and invasive management is unwarranted. We report a 4-year-old male with GTPVS. In our patient, GTPVS were diagnosed incidentally on brain imaging ordered for a head trauma and he was managed conservatively. During 1-year follow-up, he remained asymptomatic and the size of the cysts was virtually unchanged.
Appropriation and water rights issues in the high plains Ogallala region

Abstract This research assesses the effectiveness of groundwater doctrine in eastern Colorado and western Kansas within the context of 330 irrigators' preferences for perceived changes in groundwater appropriations and variances in existing rules to best achieve the public interest. A survey of irrigators in six groundwater management districts reveals that attitudes conflict with several aspects of current appropriation doctrine. There is significant support for broad-based, uniform reductions in appropriations when groundwater becomes scarce rather than the “first in time, first in right” requirement in the prior appropriation doctrine. Many irrigators believe that past water-use efficiency should be a criteria factored into appropriation reduction polices. Most oppose the “use it or lose it” concept that requires specified levels of beneficial use to protect a water right, and irrigators oppose special exemptions to permit new wells to benefit the public interest in fully appropriated areas. Importantly, if irrigators' preferences were codified in the groundwater appropriations doctrines, more groundwater could be conserved.
Sensory interactive robot trajectory control using a real-time world model

A major consideration in the design of sensory interactive trajectory generation software for a Flight Telerobotic Servicer (FTS) is the availability and maintenance of a current model of the manipulator's world. The NASA/NBS Standard Reference Model for Telerobot Control System Architecture (NASREM), which has been adopted by NASA for control of the FTS, provides a logical computing architecture for telerobotics. It defines a hierarchical control system in which complex tasks are decomposed into progressively simpler subtasks, or objectives. It contains a hierarchy of world modeling modules which maintain the system's internal model of the manipulator and its world by continuously updating the model based upon sensory data. Each world modeling module contains support processes or functions which simultaneously and asynchronously support sensory processing and task decomposition. This paper discusses the role of world modeling in support of trajectory generation and execution. For sensory interactive robot motion control, the world modeling modules must operate rapidly so that the model of the world remains in registration with the real world.
Peripheral feedback effects of facial expressions, bodily postures, and vocal expressions on emotional feelings.

The purpose of this study was to examine the feedback effects of three modalities of emotional expression on emotional experience. Facial expressions, bodily postures, and vocal expressions of anger, sadness, fear, and happiness were manipulated under disguised conditions in a sample of 52 undergraduate students. After each manipulation, participants rated their feelings of anger, sadness, fear, happiness, disgust, and surprise on 11-point scales. Results indicated that: (1) facial expressions and bodily postures tended to produce specific, categorical effects on emotional feelings (the effects of vocal expressions were inconsistent); (2) the magnitudes of effects produced by facial expressions tended to be stronger than those of bodily postures, which tended to exceed those of vocal expressions; and (3) responsiveness to self-produced cues of emotion was consistent across the three modalities of expression.
A critique on the mathematical theory of spinodal decomposition

Abstract The mathematical theory of spinodal decomposition is reviewed. While the theory is self-consistent within its assumptions, some of the assumptions are indicated to be questionable. An alternative formulation is proposed in terms of a set of phenomenological coefficients to be determined by correlation with experiment. The new formulation brings in first order non-homogeneous terms in the free energy as a function of derivatives of concentration, and lower order terms in the generalized form of Fick's second law than does the original theory. Gibbs' original description is recommended for the case of liquid solutions and that of Cahn for solids, where Gibbs' term plus the elastic energy must be considered. The determination of this elastic energy is pinpointed as an area where further theoretical work is required.
The transmission of intense transient and multiple frequency sound waves through orifice plates with mean fluid flow

A inviscid flow model is presented here, describing the transmission of intense sound waves through perforated plates with mean fluid flow through the orifices, normal to the plate. The time dependence in the acoustic wave is arbitrary, and the differential equations governing the orifice flow are solved numerically in the time domain. It is noted that both the mean flow velocity and the orifice velocity perturbation are contained in a hydrodynamic resistance term in the governing equations, and that acoustic energy losses are dependent on these quantities. Comparison is made between theoretical predictions of sound transmission through orifice plates and measured data, and the agreement is found to be generally good Modele d'ecoulement non visqueux decrivant le phenomene. Comparaison des previsions theoriques avec les donnees mesurees
The effects of crude oil on the growth of Spartinaalterniflora Loisel. and Spartina cynosuroides (L.) Roth

Abstract Greenhouse studies were conducted to examine the effects of crude oil on the growth of Spartinaalterniflora Loisel. and S. cynosuroides (L.) Roth from North Carolina. The way in which crude oil came into contact with the plant tissue and/or substratum was an important factor in determining the responses of both species to oil pollution. Plants recovered from a single application of oil to aerial tissue with relatively little impact on productivity. The presence of an oil layer on the surface of an overlying layer of water had little impact on existing aerial portions of S. alterniflora plants; however, regrowth following harvest was completely inhibited. Incorporation of oil into the substratum significantly reduced aerial productivity and regrowth of S. alternflora and S. cynosuroides. Observations suggest that decreased productivity and regrowth may have been caused by decreased root and rhizome growth. Regrowth potential of S. alterniflora grown in oiled substratum was greater in fine-textured marsh substratum than in sand substratum.
Sports and Christianity: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives

Nick Watson and Andrew Parker, leading researchers in the rapidly developing field of religion and sport, have assembled a work that will become a standard text for future teaching and research. Pa...
Tracking and identification of regime-switching systems using binary sensors

This work is concerned with tracking and system identification for time-varying parameters. The parameters are Markov chains and the observations are binary valued with noise corruption. To overcome the difficulties due to the limited measurement information, Wonham-type filters are developed first. Then, based on the filters, two popular estimators, namely, mean squares estimator (MSQ) and maximum posterior (MAP) estimator are constructed. For the mean squares estimator, we derive asymptotic normality in the sense of weak convergence and in the sense of strong approximation. The asymptotic normality is then used to derive error bounds. When the Markov chain is infrequently switching, we derive error bounds for MAP estimators. When the Markovian parameters are fast varying, we show that the averaged behavior of the parameter process can be derived from the stationary measure of the Markov chain and that can be estimated using empirical measures. Upper and lower error bounds on estimation errors are also established.
On the spectra of certain birth and death processes

We investigate certain spectral properties for orthogonal polynomials associated with birth and death processes whose backward and forward transition rates have orders of growth which are powers of n. It has been conjectured that if these rates are $\lambda _n \sim \mu _n \sim an^\alpha $, then the spectrum is always continuous if $0 2$, we obtain conditions which are sufficient for a discrete spectrum and which in certain cases duplicate and in others complement results obtained earlier by Lederman and Reuter [Philos. Traps. Roy. Soc. London Ser. A, 246 (1954), pp. 321–369] and by Bordes and Roehner [Adv. in Appl. Probab.,15 (1983), pp. 507–530].
Non-stationary creep behavior of floating ice beams under lateral loads

Abstract The present study deals with the non-linear creep behavior of floating ice beams under lateral loads. The influence of the variability of Young's modulus across the beam thickness and time hardening in the power-type creep constitutive relation on the deflections and stresses of ice beams are considered. The resulting governing differential equation is solved using the central finite difference method while time integration is performed using Euler's integration scheme with a variable time step. Time hardening is found to increase the deflections and in general, further relax the stresses. Unlike the homogeneous beam, the stresses in a non-homogeneous beam may initially increase and then relax with time. The analysis takes into account the shift of the neutral axis of the beam as a function of time using small deflection beam theory.
Sleep-Disordered Breathing Affects Auditory Processing in 5–7-Year-Old Children: Evidence From Brain Recordings

Poor sleep in children is associated with lower neurocognitive functioning and increased maladaptive behaviors. The current study examined the impact of snoring (the most common manifestation of sleep-disordered breathing) on cognitive and brain functioning in a sample of 35 asymptomatic children ages 5-7 years identified in the community as having habitual snoring (SDB). All participants completed polysomnographic, neurocognitive (NEPSY), and psychophysiological (event-related potentials [ERPs] to speech sounds) assessments. The results indicated that sub-clinical levels of SDB may not necessarily lead to reduced performance on standardized behavioral measures of attention and memory. However, brain indices of speech perception and discrimination (N1/P2) are sensitive to individual differences in the quality of sleep. We postulate that addition of ERPs to the standard clinical measures of sleep problems could lead to early identification of children who may be more cognitively vulnerable because of chronic sleep disturbances.
“Which One Is Yours?”: Children and Ethnography

This paper explores roles that children play in ethnographic research. Based on the limited literature on children in the field, and drawing on examples from ethnographies across disciplines, I identify four roles for children: 1) as “wedges,” or as instrumentally important in helping adult ethnographers gain access in various ways; 2) as collaborators; 3) as objects of study; and 4) as subjects of study. I also discuss the ways in which these roles illuminate key methodological issues in ethnography, like reflexivity, ethics, and agency. The paper synthesizes and integrates previously disconnected research on the presence of children in the field with ethnographies in which children and childhood are the topics of research. I draw on my own fieldwork experiences for further illustration.
Experimental wave termination in a 2D wave tunnel using a cycloidal wave energy converter

Abstract A lift based cycloidal wave energy converter (CycWEC) is investigated in a 1:300 scale two-dimensional wave flume experiment. This type of wave energy converter consists of a shaft with one or more hydrofoils attached eccentrically at a radius. The main shaft is aligned parallel to the wave crests and submerged at a fixed depth. The operation of the CycWEC both as a wave generator as well as a wave-to-shaft energy converter interacting with straight crested waves is demonstrated. The geometry of the converter is shown to be suitable for wave termination of straight crested harmonic and irregular waves. The impact of design parameters such as device size, submergence depth, and number of hydrofoils on the performance of the converter is shown. For optimal parameter choices, experimental results demonstrate energy extraction efficiencies of more than 95% of the incoming wave energy. This is achieved using feedback control to synchronize the rotation of the CycWEC to the incoming wave, and adjusting the blade pitch angle in proportion to the wave height. Due to the ability of the CycWEC to generate a single sided wave with few harmonic waves, little energy is lost to waves radiating in the up-wave and down-wave directions.
Sensitivity analysis of ground-level ozone concentration to emission changes in two urban regions of southeast Texas.

Air pollutant emission is one of the predominant factors affecting urban air quality such as ground-level ozone formation. This paper assesses the impact of changing emission inventory scenarios, based on combinations of point, mobile, area/non-road and biogenic sources, on the tropospheric ozone concentration in two southeast Texas urban areas, i.e. Houston-Galveston and Beaumont-Port Arthur, during the rapid ozone formation event (ROFE) on August 25, 2000. The EPA's Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system with 1999 national emission inventory (NEI99) estimates and updated SAPRC99 chemical mechanism are used in the sensitivity analysis for twelve different emission scenarios. Based on model results, it is found that the point source emission of NOx and VOC contributes the greatest ozone peak in the ROFE. Removing Texas point sources of VOC and NOx emission from the inventory results in a reduction in peak O3 concentration by 128 and 70 ppbv in Houston urban area, respectively. Similar but less drastic impact from point source is also observed in the Beaumont-Port Arthur area. The effect on peak ozone concentration due to mobile, area and non-road sources emissions are less significant compared to that of point source emission. Reducing VOC emission appears to be more effective than reducing NOx emission in lowering peak O3 concentration in the studied region. Although biogenic emission can contribute up to 37 ppbv of peak ozone level over a large area, the affected area is away from the urban region of concern, and should not be the main cause for O3 non-attainment in the two urban areas. Removing CO emission from mobile sources does not lead to significant reduction (<1 ppbv) in ozone concentrations. The modeled data also show that the transport of O3 precursors from adjacent states can cause a significant ozone plume near Beaumont due to its proximity to the state border based on the conditions during the August 25, 2000 O3 episode.
Acute cardiomyopathy induced by the vasodilating antihypertensive agent minoxidil

Abstract Minoxidil, a vasodilating antihypertensive drug, was given orally in doses of 0.5, 1.0, or 3.0 mg/kg to adult Beagle dogs on 2 consecutive days. Within 2 hr of administration, each of these doses produced hypotension and a marked tachycardia which persisted for as long as 24 hr after the second dose of minoxidil. Necropsies performed 24 hr after the second dose revealed focal, superficial areas of epicardial or endocardial hemorrhage in dogs given each of the three dose levels. Hemorrhage was associated with a mild inflammatory reaction and was not limited to the right atrium. Focal arteritis, characterized by extravasation of blood and by focal accumulation of erythrocytes and fibrin-like material in the walls of small coronary arteries, occurred in three hearts from the 3-mg/kg dose group. Myocardial necrosis was noted in one of eight dogs given the minimal pharmacologic dose of 0.5 mg/kg, and in five of eight dogs in each of the groups given 1 or 3 mg/kg. Necrosis was most frequent in the left ventricular papillary muscles, particularly the posterior one. An ischemic origin of the necrosis is suggested by the localization of the lesions and by the pharmacologic effects of minoxidil.
Kolmogorov constants for CO2, wind velocity, air temperature, and humidity fluctuations over a crop surface

The Kolmogorov constants for CO2, wind velocity, air temperature, and humidity fluctuations were evaluated from measurements made over soybean and grain sorghum fields and found to be 0.78 ± 0.11, 0.49 ± 0.08, 0.70 ± 0.15, and 0.99 ± 0.16, respectively. These results are consistent with recent observations reported in the literature.
Systemic Immunomodulation of Autoimmune Disease Using MHC-Derived Recombinant TCR Ligands

Human autoimmune disease involves local activation of antigen-specific CD4(+) T cells that produce inflammatory Th1 cytokines leading to the further recruitment and activation of lymphocytes and monocytes, resulting ultimately in the destruction of target tissue. Antigen presenting cells (APCs) initiate activation of CD4(+) T cells in a multistep process that minimally involves co-ligation of the TCR and CD4 by the MHC class II/peptide complex and costimulation through additional T cell surface molecules such as CD28. Disruption of this highly orchestrated series of events can result in the direct modulation of CD4(+) T cell behavior. The interaction between MHC and TCR holds unique promise as a focal point for therapeutic intervention in the pathology of CD4(+) T cell-mediated diseases, and MHC class II-derived Recombinant TCR Ligands ("RTLs") have emerged as a new class of therapeutics with potent clinical efficacy in a diverse set of animal models for multiple sclerosis. Here I review the systemic effect that RTL therapy has on the intact immune system and present an overview of a molecular mechanism by which RTL therapy could induce these systemic changes.
Self-Interaction Nanoparticle Spectroscopy: A Nanoparticle-Based Protein Interaction Assay

Solution conditions conducive to protein crystallization are identified mainly in an empirical manner using screening methods. Measurements of a dilute solution thermodynamic parameter, the osmotic second virial coefficient, have been shown to be useful in guiding this search, yet the measurement of this parameter remains difficult. In this work, a nanoparticle-based assay, self-interaction nanoparticle spectroscopy, is presented as an efficient alternative. The method involves adsorbing proteins on the surface of gold nanoparticles and adding the protein/gold conjugates to solutions of interest for crystallization. The optical properties of gold colloid, including macroscopic ones such as color, are sensitive to the interparticle separation distance, and they are demonstrated to correlate with the value of the second virial coefficient for BSA and ovalbumin. Serendipitously, the conditions that correspond to second virial coefficient values within the thermodynamic region ideal for protein crystallization lead to the maximum change in color of the gold suspensions. Given the remarkable efficiency of this method, it holds significant potential to aid in the crystallization of proteins that have not been crystallized previously. Moreover, this method may find utility in the analysis of weak homo- and heterotypic interactions involved in other biological applications, including preventing protein aggregation and formulating therapeutic proteins.
Planning product design refreshes with service contract and competition considerations

Abstract Product design refresh programs are critical to maintaining or increasing market share in competitive markets. Programs are generally defined by the frequency of product introductions and level of product improvement with each new release. In this paper, a design refresh program is defined by technological change, measured by the improvement in product reliability. A consumer's optimal replacement strategy is analyzed for each design refresh program with dynamic programming. We are also interested in the effect of a warranty (or service contract) on the consumer's decision. Given the product price, associated warranty period and consumer's preferences, the optimal design refresh program to be offered by the manufacturer is determined under different market conditions in a game theoretic framework. The results show that a long warranty period induces a high rate of technological improvement. Also, when competition increases, the design refresh program frequency is accelerated. However, the program investment costs and consumer service contracts are crucial factors that should also be considered.
Oxidation of H2S by coadsorbed oxygen on the α-Cr2O3(0001) surface

Abstract The interactions of H 2 S and oxygen have been explored on the α-Cr 2 O 3 (0001) surface using temperature programmed desorption (TPD), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and sticking coefficient measurements. H 2 S adsorbs with near unity sticking on the clean α-Cr 2 O 3 (0001) surface at 125 K up to a coverage of ~ 1.6 ML (where 1 ML is defined as the surface areal density of Cr 3+ sites). Reversible adsorption/desorption of H 2 S was evidenced in TPD by three desorption states evolving between 150 and 315 K. Although no S-containing decomposition products were observed in TPD, AES detected S on the surface after TPD indicating that some degree of irreversible decomposition occurred. The level of H 2 S decomposition on the clean surface was estimated to be between 0.2 and 0.5 ML using water TPD as an indicator of S site blocking. In contrast, preadsorbed O 2 at three temperatures (125, 400 and 800 K) exerted drastic changes in the surface chemistry of H 2 S. At 400 and 800 K, O 2 adsorption on clean α-Cr 2 O 3 (0001) was dissociative, populating the surface with chromyl groups (Cr = O) in the former case (corresponding to roughly 1 O per Cr 3+ surface site) and resulting in a nearly complete O-termination sheet (~ 3 O per Cr 3+ ) in the latter case. Little or no H 2 S chemistry was observed on the O-terminated surface based on TPD and AES. However, the availability of some Cr-coordination sites on the chromyl-terminated surface facilitated H 2 S adsorption and oxidation during TPD to SO 2 (445–470 K) and H 2 O (320 K). Isotopic-labeling studies suggest that the oxygen atom in the water product originated from the dosed oxygen whereas that in the SO 2 product came from the lattice. Similar results were obtained from H 2 S dosed on the surface pretreated with O 2 at 125 K, where O 2 adsorption was predominately molecular, except that S 2 was also detected in TPD at 525 K and the amount of SO 2 produced at 445 K decreased. These results suggest that atomically adsorbed oxygen effectively oxidized H 2 S to SO x surface species, but that molecularly adsorbed O 2 was the key to the partial oxidation of H 2 S to elemental sulfur.
Alcohol and drug treatment outcome studies: new methodological review (2005–2010) and comparison with past reviews ☆

Abstract Objective Several methodological reviews of alcohol treatment outcome studies and one review of drug studies have been published over the past 40 years. Although past reviews demonstrated methodological improvements in alcohol studies, they also found continued deficiencies. The current review allows for an updated evaluation of the methodological rigor of alcohol and drug studies and, by utilizing inclusion criteria similar to previous reviews, it allows for a comparative review over time. In addition, this is the first review that compares the methodology of alcohol and drug treatment outcome studies published during the same time period. Method The methodology for 25 alcohol and 11 drug treatment outcome studies published from 2005 through 2010 that met the review's inclusion criteria was evaluated. The majority of variables evaluated were used in prior reviews. Results The current review found that more alcohol and drug treatment outcome studies are now using continuous substance use measures and assessing problem severity. Although there have been methodological improvements over time, the current reviews differed little from their most recent past counterpart. Despite this finding, some areas, particularly the continued low reporting of demographic data, needs strengthening. Conclusions Improvement in the methodological rigor of alcohol and drug treatment outcome studies has occurred over time. The current review found few differences between alcohol and drug study methodologies as well as few differences between the current review and the most recent past alcohol and drug reviews.
Impact of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) subtypes on HIV-associated neurological disease

Among the many variables affecting transmission and pathogenesis of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1(HIV-1), the effects of HIV subtypes, or clades, on disease progression remain unclear. Although debated, some studies have found that the variable env and pol sequences of different subtypes of HIV-1 may endow some subtypes with greater degrees of cell tropism, virulence, and drug resistance, which may lead to differences in overall disease progression. HIV-associated dementia (HAD) appears to be associated with viral diversity and markers of immune activation. Africa has the highest prevalence of HIV, largest viral diversity, and is where clade recombination occurs most frequently. All of these factors would suggest that HAD would pose the largest threat in this region of the world. Although investigations into the effects of different subtypes on overall disease progression are well documented, few have looked into the effects of subtypes on neurological disease progression. This review highlights the need for more international research involving the neurological effects and especially the clinical presentation of dementia for the entire range of the group M HIV-1 subtypes.
Sparse-memory graph search

We describe a framework for reducing the space complexity of graph search algorithms such as A* that use Open and Closed lists to keep track of the frontier and interior nodes of the search space. We propose a sparse representation of the Closed list in which only a fraction of already expanded nodes need to be stored to perform the two functions of the Closed List - preventing duplicate search effort and allowing solution extraction. Our proposal is related to earlier work on search algorithms that do not use a Closed list at all [Korf and Zhang, 2000]. However, the approach we describe has several advantages that make it effective for a wider variety of problems.
Atomic Memory for Correlated Photon States

We experimentally demonstrate emission of two quantum-mechanically correlated light pulses with a time delay that is coherently controlled via temporal storage of photonic states in an ensemble of rubidium atoms. The experiment is based on Raman scattering, which produces correlated pairs of spin-flipped atoms and photons, followed by coherent conversion of the atomic states into a different photon beam after a controllable delay. This resonant nonlinear optical process is a promising technique for potential applications in quantum communication.
Klippel-Trenaunay Syndrome

A 38-year-old woman with the diagnosis of Klippel-Trenaunay Syndrome (KTS) presents with severe pain over venous malformations on the left thigh and severe hyperhidrosis of the left leg and foot. She has a history of pulmonary embolism at age 17. Otherwise, she is healthy and compliant with the use of compression garments. The diagnosis of KTS was made soon after birth because of the port wine stains, slightly larger and longer leg and lateral varicose veins of her left leg. Physical examination shows a port wine nevus on the left buttock with varicose veins and soft tissue hypertrophy along the anterolateral aspect of the left leg and thigh. These areas are tender to palpation and leg elevation eases their appearance. Hyperhidrosis behind the knee and dorsum of the foot and in the interdigital spaces is obvious. Limb length discrepancy is 1 cm. The remainder of the exam is unremarkable.
Packaging Architecture Considerations of High Density Multi-Chip Electronic Packages Via System Optimization

Multi-chip packaging of high density CMOS based systems is analyzed using package system simulation, a new systematic methodology for design and trade-off studies of electronic packages in order to examine future trends. Technology parameters for a representative CMOS chip, multi-chip package (MCP), and printed wiring board technology are defined. Six key MCP parameters are optimized using simulated annealing. A large number of different optimum MCP’s for minimum system cycle time have been found. Based on this set key packaging parameter relationships are derived and associated future trends discussed. Finally, the significance of these trends to mechanical engineers is outlined.
SMaRT - scenario management and requirements tool

We demonstrate the scenario management and requirements tool (SMaRT). It provides an intuitive Web-based interface that supports analysts as they input, manage, view, analyze, and work with scenarios and their associated episodes, requirements, goals, obstacles, and pre- and post-conditions. The tool also supports project management functions. It encompasses greater functionality through the implementation of: similarity measures to aid in the automatic identification of probable duplication, syntactic indicators of scenario dependencies, notifiers of probable coverage gaps, procedural guidance for analysts, as well as revision and evolution tracking mechanisms. We exhibit the various features of SMaRT to the requirements engineering community through live access to actual SMaRT-generated data as well as by providing hands-on access to the tool.
Transference, Countertransference, and Therapeutic Efficacy in Relation to Self-Disclosure by the Analyst

Very little has been written in the psychoanalytic literature about self-disclosure—that is, self-disclosure by the analyst. In fact there is no such category in the Grinstein Index of Psychoanalytic Writings. This is not surprising since the very essence of the philosophy of classical psychoanalytic technique rests on the premise that the “cure” for the patient depends on the creation of a “transference neurosis” within the context of the psychoanalytic situation; and this in turn depends on the neutrality of the analyst. Neutrality in this case means a minimum of self-revelation: no disclosure of opinions, values, or advice; no sharing of personal experiences of biographical facts. The analyst is to remain a nonperson in the name of fostering the development of the transference—that projection onto the person of the analyst of each individual’s specific way of loving — or hating — which is the legacy of constitution and early childhood experience (Freud, 1953). In the face of a person’s search for psychological help the therapist, according to classical psychoanalytic theory, is to remain neutral, that is, not interact with the patient in any way other than to foster the uncovering of unconscious impulses and to communicate such insights to the patient. This procedure is founded on the premise that help or cure for the patient is based on the lifting of the repression of unwelcome impulses — that is, that the making conscious of previously unconscious wishes would effect change in an individual’s personality.
Natural History and Conservation of Island Boas (Boa constrictor) in Belize

Boa constrictors inhabiting islands off the coast of Belize have been historically collected for the pet trade, and enthusiasts have described these as a dwarfed race. Additionally, it has been suggested that these boas feed on birds, yet no dietary data are available. I initiated a mark-recapture study of five Belizean island populations and have accumulated data on mainland individuals to describe the natural history and population biology of boas in this region. Results indicate that adult island boas from West Snake Cay eat small passerine birds (gray-breasted martins, Progne chalybea) that average 7% of the snake’s mass. Fecal samples from boas on other islands contained bird feathers and, although these feathers were unidentifiable, this indicates that other island boa populations also consume birds. Compared to mainland boas, island boas have significantly smaller litters of smaller neonates (lighter and shorter) and have extraordinarily small population sizes (range 8–88 total individuals). According to IUCN criteria, island boas can be classified as Endangered based solely on total population and subpopulation sizes. Collection data, gathered from the literature and unpublished sources, revealed a decline in one island population (Crawl Cay) that is currently estimated to consist of eight free-ranging individuals. Island populations of Belizean boas warrant immediate conservation priority due to their low reproductive output, small population sizes, and continued demand in the pet trade.
Fast Algorithm for Computing the Upper Endpoint of Sample Variance for Interval Data: Case of Sufficiently Accurate Measurements

When we have n results x1,...,xn of repeated measurement of the same quantity, the traditional statistical approach usually starts with computing their sample average E and their sample variance V. Often, due to the inevitable measurement uncertainty, we do not know the exact values of the quantities, we only know the intervals xi of possible values of x1 In such situations, for different possible values xi∈ xi, we get different values of the variance. We must therefore find the range V of possible values of V. It is known that in general, this problem is NP-hard. For the case when the measurements are sufficiently accurate (in some precise sense), it is known that we can compute the interval V in quadratic time O(n2). In this paper, we describe a new algorithm for computing V that requires time O(n log(n)) (which is much faster than O(n2)).
Modeling of condensation heat transfer of refrigerant mixture in micro-fin tubes

This paper presents a new refrigerant-mixture model for condensation in micro-fin tubes. The new refrigerant-mixture model is developed based on a theoretical analysis of turbulent film condensation inside smooth tubes. Several modifications have been implemented in the original smooth-tube model to account for mass transfer thermal resistance between the liquid and vapor phases. The new condensation model is compared with a set of around 200 experimental data points for refrigerant mixtures. The comparison shows that the new model is capable of producing consistent prediction results with a mean absolute deviation (MAD) less than 22% for most of the available data sets. The MAD values obtained with the new model are lower compared to the results obtained using another models.
Tracking and visualization of space-time activities for a micro-scale flu transmission study

Infectious diseases pose increasing threats to public health with increasing population density and more and more sophisticated social networks. While efforts continue in studying the large scale dissemination of contagious diseases, individual-based activity and behaviour study benefits not only disease transmission modelling but also the control, containment, and prevention decision making at the local scale. The potential for using tracking technologies to capture detailed space-time trajectories and model individual behaviour is increasing rapidly, as technological advances enable the manufacture of small, lightweight, highly sensitive, and affordable receivers and the routine use of location-aware devices has become widespread (e.g., smart cellular phones). The use of low-cost tracking devices in medical research has also been proved effective by more and more studies. This study describes the use of tracking devices to collect data of space-time trajectories and the spatiotemporal processing of such data to facilitate micro-scale flu transmission study. We also reports preliminary findings on activity patterns related to chances of influenza infection in a pilot study. Specifically, this study employed A-GPS tracking devices to collect data on a university campus. Spatiotemporal processing was conducted for data cleaning and segmentation. Processed data was validated with traditional activity diaries. The A-GPS data set was then used for visual explorations including density surface visualization and connection analysis to examine space-time activity patterns in relation to chances of influenza infection. When compared to diary data, the segmented tracking data demonstrated to be an effective alternative and showed greater accuracies in time as well as the details of routes taken by participants. A comparison of space-time activity patterns between participants who caught seasonal influenza and those who did not revealed interesting patterns. This study proved that tracking technology an effective technique for obtaining data for micro-scale influenza transmission research. The findings revealed micro-scale transmission hotspots on a university campus and provided insights for local control and prevention strategies.
Analysis of the seasonal variations of equatorial plasma bubble occurrence observed from Haleakala, Hawaii

Abstract. Over 300 nights of airglow and GPS scintillation data collected between January 2002 and August 2003 (a period near solar maximum) from the Haleakala Volcano, Hawaii are analyzed to obtain the seasonal trends for the occurrence of equatorial plasma bubbles in the Pacific sector (203° E). A maximum probability for bubble development is seen in the data in April (45%) and September (83%). A broad maximum of occurrence is seen in the data from June to October (62%). Many of the bubbles observed from June through August occur later in the evening, and, as seen in the optical data, tend to be "fossilized". This suggests that the active growth region during these months is to the west of the observing location. These seasonal trends are consistent with previous data sets obtained both from other ground-based and satellite studies of the occurrence of equatorial bubbles in the Pacific sector. However, our data suggests a much greater probability of bubble occurrence than is seen in other data sets, with bubbles observed on over 40% of the nights studied.
Dual Roles of IL-4 in Lung Injury and Fibrosis

Increased lung IL-4 expression in pulmonary fibrosis suggests a potential pathogenetic role for this cytokine. To dissect this role, bleomycin-induced pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis were analyzed and compared in wild type (IL-4(+/+)) vs IL-4-deficient (IL-4(-/-)) mice. Lethal pulmonary injury after bleomycin treatment was higher in IL-4(-/-) vs IL-4(+/+) mice. By administration of anti-CD3 Abs, we demonstrated that this early response was linked to the marked T lymphocyte lung infiltration and to the overproduction of the proinflammatory mediators such as TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, and NO in IL-4(-/-) mice. In contrast to this early anti-inflammatory/immunosuppressive role, during later stages of fibrosis, IL-4 played a profibrotic role since IL-4(-/-) mice developed significantly less pulmonary fibrosis relative to IL-4(+/+) mice. However, IL-4 failed to directly stimulate proliferation, alpha-smooth muscle actin, and type I collagen expression in lung fibroblasts isolated from the wild-type mice. Upon appropriate stimulation with other known fibrogenic cytokines, fibroblasts from IL-4(-/-) mice were relatively deficient in the studied parameters in comparison to fibroblasts isolated from IL-4(+/+) mice. Taken together, these data suggest dual effects of IL-4 in this model of lung fibrosis: 1) limiting early recruitment of T lymphocytes, and 2) stimulation of fibrosis chronically.
The Stability of Self Perceptions of Instrumental and Expressive Traits and Social Self Esteem among Gifted and Talented Female Adolescents

Since Bem's (1974) formulation of androgyny, numerous research efforts have focused on the relationship between gender identity and self esteem. These efforts have tested the descriptive adequacy o...