cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Metabolic alterations in medication-free patients with bipolar disorder: A 3T CSF-corrected magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging study

The objective of this study was to determine whether cerebrospinal fluid(CSF)-corrected concentrations of N-acetylaspartate are lower in several brain regions of drug- and medication-free subjects with bipolar disorder as compared with matched healthy controls. Bipolar subjects (n=21) and age- and sex-matched healthy control (n=21) were studied using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging on a 3T magnetic resonance (MR) scanner. Spectra were quantified using the LCModel, and metabolite values were CSF-corrected to yield metabolite concentrations. Fourteen regions of interest and five metabolite concentrations in each subject were selected for statistical analysis. We found that bipolar subjects had significantly decreased N-acetylaspartate concentrations in both caudate heads and the left lentiform nucleus. Choline and creatine in the head of the right caudate were also significantly decreased in bipolar subjects. Significantly increased myo-inositol was found in the left caudate head in bipolar subjects. Bipolar subjects showed significantly decreased glutamate/glutamine concentrations in the frontal white matter bilaterally and in the right lentiform nucleus. No differences were found for other metabolites examined. These preliminary findings suggest decreased neuronal density or viability in the basal ganglia and neurometabolic abnormalities in the frontal lobes of subjects with bipolar disorder.
Dicer1 Is Essential for Female Fertility and Normal Development of the Female Reproductive System

The ribonuclease III endonuclease, Dicer1 (also known as Dicer), is essential for the synthesis of the 19–25 nucleotide noncoding RNAs known as micro-RNAs (miRNAs). These miRNAs associate with the RNA-induced silencing complex to regulate gene expression posttranscriptionally by base pairing with 3′untranslated regions of complementary mRNA targets. Although it is established that miRNAs are expressed in the reproductive tract, their functional role and effect on reproductive disease remain unknown. The studies herein establish for the first time the reproductive phenotype of mice with loxP insertions in the Dicer1 gene (Dicer1fl/fl) when crossed with mice expressing Cre-recombinase driven by the anti-mullerian hormone receptor 2 promoter (Amhr2Cre/+). Adult female Dicer1fl/fl;Amhr2Cre/+ mice displayed normal mating behavior but failed to produce offspring when exposed to fertile males during a 5-month breeding trial. Morphological and histological assessments of the reproductive tracts of immature and adult mice indicated that the uterus and oviduct were hypotrophic, and the oviduct was highly disorganized. Natural mating of Dicer1fl/fl;Amhr2Cre/+ females resulted in successful fertilization as evidenced by the recovery of fertilized oocytes on d 1 pregnancy, which developed normally to blastocysts in culture. Developmentally delayed embryos were collected from Dicer1fl/fl; Amhr2Cre/+ mice on d 3 pregnancy when compared with controls. Oviductal transport was disrupted in the Dicer1fl/fl;Amhr2Cre/+ mouse as evidenced by the failure of embryos to enter the uterus on d 4 pregnancy. These studies implicate Dicer1/miRNA mediated posttranscriptional gene regulation in reproductive somatic tissues as critical for the normal development and function of these tissues and for female fertility.
Molecular Biology of Dysplasia and Cancer in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Colorectal cancer (CRC) develops from a dysplastic precursor lesion, regardless of whether it arises sporadically, in the setting of high-risk hereditary conditions, or in the context of chronic inflammation like inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This review focuses on the molecular alterations associated with CRC pathogenesis in IBD. Although none of the molecular alterations to be discussed have yet been integrated into clinical practice, there is potential for molecular diagnostics to enhance the management of patients with long-standing IBD.
Braneworld flattening by a cosmological constant

We present a model with an infinite volume bulk in which a braneworld with a cosmological constant evolves to a static, four-dimensional Minkowski spacetime. This evolution occurs for a generic class of initial conditions with positive energy densities. The metric everywhere outside the brane is that of a five-dimensional Minkowski spacetime, where the effect of the brane is the creation of a frame with a varying speed of light. This fact is encoded in the structure of the four-dimensional graviton propagator on the braneworld, which may lead to some interesting Lorentz symmetry violating effects. In our framework the cosmological constant problem takes a different meaning, since the flatness of the Universe is guaranteed for an arbitrary negative cosmological constant. Instead, constraints on the model come from different concerns which we discuss in detail.
Nucleon scattering from 34S and the relative sign of neutron and proton transition matrix elements for the (0-->22+) transition.

Data obtained by scattering 29.8 MeV protons and 21.7 MeV neutrons from $^{34}\mathrm{S}$ are used in a consistent analysis to obtain values and relative signs for proton (${M}_{\mathrm{p}}$) and neutron (${M}_{\mathrm{n}}$) multiple matrix elements for E2 transitions to the first three ${2}^{+}$ states in $^{34}\mathrm{S}$. The data for the ${0}^{+}$(g.s.)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${2}_{2}^{+}$(3.30 MeV) transition are consistent only with the assumption of the same relative sign of ${M}_{\mathrm{p}}$ and ${M}_{\mathrm{n}}$. .AE
How Have New Bearing Surfaces Altered the Local Biological Reactions to Byproducts of Wear and Modularity

Background The biologic reactions to byproducts of wear or corrosion can involve innate and adaptive processes and are dependent on many factors, including the composition, size, surface properties, shape, and concentration of debris.
The Existence and Formation of the Solid B 6 O

The suboxide of boron, , has been prepared as a pure crystalline powder and in dense solid masses. The existence of was substantiated from crystallographic, chemical, and density data. Information on x‐ray diffraction, chemical formation, oxidation resistance, and stability is also described. was found to have a greater diamond pyramid hardness than boron carbide.
Palmitoleate formation by soybean stearoyl-acyl carrier protein desaturase

Abstract Palmitoyl (hexadecanoyl)-acyl carrier protein (ACP) was found to be an alternate substrate for recombinant soybean stearoyl (octadecanoyl)-ACP Δ9-clesaturase. The fatty acid product was identified as palmitoleic acid ((Z)-hexadec-9-enoic acid), whic suggests that the locus of desaturation was fixed with respect to the carboxyl, not methyl, end of each substrate acyl group. The apparent specificity factor (Vmax/Km) of the desaturase for stearoyl-ACP was > 100-fold larger than for palmitoyl-ACP, mostly because of the difference in Vmax for the two substrates.
Polymer–metal complexes as a catalyst for the growth of carbon nanostructures

Abstract A universal technique is developed to coat uniform layer of catalyst on any targeted substrate. The technique is based on a novel concept of catalyst deposition by using polymer–metal complexes in the form of invertible polymeric nanostructures through molecular self-assembly. Growth of carbon nanofibres on carbon microfibres was demonstrated to show this technique.
Beauty in the eye of the beholder: How and why teachers involve parents

Abstract This study is based on the premise that attitudes and actions of teachers have a major influence on the quality of home-school interactions. Through in-depth repeated interviews, I set out to explore why, amidst common organizational, professional, and societal constraints and supports, elementary teachers interact in differing ways with parents. Much of what these teachers said about their relationships with parents revolved around the teachers' self-definition as a professional. ‘High involvement’ teachers equate professionalism with the ability to maintain a dialogue between the in- and out-of-school lives of both their students and themselves. For contrasting ‘low involvement’ teachers, being a professional means separating and protecting their work with students from thoughts, experiences, and people beyond the classroom walls.
DICOM: a standard for medical imaging

Since 1983, the American College of Radiology (ACR) and the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) have been engaged in developing standards related to medical imaging. This alliance of users and manufacturers was formed to meet the needs of the medical imaging community as its use of digital imaging technology increased. The development of electronic picture archiving and communications systems (PACS), which could connect a number of medical imaging devices together in a network, led to the need for a standard interface and data structure for use on imaging equipment. Since medical image files tend to be very large and include much text information along with the image, the need for a fast, flexible, and extensible standard was quickly established. The ACR-NEMA Digital Imaging and Communications Standards Committee developed a standard which met these needs. The standard (ACR-NEMA 300-1988) was first published in 1985 and revised in 1988. It is increasingly available from equipment manufacturers. The current work of the ACR- NEMA Committee has been to extend the standard to incorporate direct network connection features, and build on standards work done by the International Standards Organization in its Open Systems Interconnection series. This new standard, called Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine (DICOM), follows an object-oriented design methodology and makes use of as many existing internationally accepted standards as possible. This paper gives a brief overview of the requirements for communications standards in medical imaging, a history of the ACR-NEMA effort and what it has produced, and a description of the DICOM standard.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Clinical experience with the Medtronic-Hall valve prosthesis

Medtronic-Hall valves were implanted during 204 procedures performed between 1982 and 1988. Mean population age was 54.4 years; 96% of patients were in New York Heart Association functional class III or greater. Emergency operations constituted 16% of the procedures. Rheumatic heart disease was the single most common indication for valve replacement. In 18% of patients, operation was performed to replace a previous prosthetic valve. The mean follow-up was 3.2 years. Overall operative mortality was 10.3%, the highest mortality being for double-valve replacements (24%). Valve-related mortality, by position, was 5.3% for aortic valves, 6.0% for mitral valves, and 4.0% for multiple-valve replacements. Actuarial 5-year freedom from events were: survival, 68%; thromboembolism, 90%; prosthetic valve endocarditis, 98%; paravalvular leak, 95%; and reoperation, 92%. Complications with the highest mortality were thromboembolism (36%) and endocarditis (33%). The complication rates in this series are high but the patients were more severely ill than in other reports, and operative survivors experienced a considerable improvement in New York Heart Association functional class.
Current Psychological Perspectives on Adolescent Lesbian Identity Development

Developing a healthy identity is one of the main tasks of adolescence. This process is certainly full of challenges for all adolescents; however, the experiences are different for lesbian adolescents than they are for gay male adolescents, or even lesbian adults. This article aims to discuss what makes the lesbian adolescent identity development process unique (e.g., the role of femininity, the school context, friendships) and how this process can, or cannot, be conceptualized using current psychological models of sexual identity development. Future directions are suggested for researchers and educators in order to implement changes needed to support positive sexual identity development in young lesbian adolescents.
Solid Phase Graft Copolymerization: 2. Effect of Toluene

Abstract Toluene was used as the interfacial agent to enhance the graft level in the solid phase graft copolymerization of polypropylene and maleic anhydride. The effect of catalyst and interfacial agent on the graft efficiency was investigated. It was found that the interfacial agent enhanced the graft level significantly at high initiator concentrations. At low initiator concentrations, however, only a slight increase in graft level was observed. In the absence of catalyst and interfacial agent, at high initiator concentrations (12.5%), the graft obtained was only 3.9%. In the presence of 5% catalyst and 10% interfacial agent the graft level doubled to 7.9%. This significant increase in graft level was attributed primarily to the catalyst which increased the graft level at an average from 3.9% to 6.8%. The final colour of the reaction product was influenced only by the type and amount of catalyst and not by the interfacial agent. The addition of interfacial agent resulted in agglomerates and lumps in the final product. This product had a tendency to adhere to the mixing blades in the reactor. This may be attributed to the uneven addition of the interfacial agent into the reactor. Quantitative determination of the graft level was performed by wet chemical methods and FTi.r. was used to determine the presence of maleic anhydride in the copolymer.
QCD correction to the pp→WH and ZH total cross sections

Abstract We calculated the QCD correction to the total cross section for the production of a Higgs boson in association with a W or Z boson at the LHC/SSC. The QCD-corrected cross section is insensitive to the choice of factorization and renormalization scales. Setting these scales to the invariant mass of the VH final state, the Q CD correction increases the lowest-order cross section by about 17% / 15% in the DIS factorization scheme, and 12% / 10% in the MS scheme, at the LHC/SSC.
Worst-case analysis of distributed parameter systems with application to the 2D reaction-diffusion equation ‡

SUMMARY It is well known that optimal control trajectories can be highly sensitive to perturbations in the model parameters. Computationally efficient numerical algorithms are presented for the worst-case analysis of the effects of parametric uncertainties on boundary control problems for finite-time distributed parameter systems. The approach is based on replacing the full-order model of the system with a power series expansion that is analyzed by linear matrix inequalities or power iteration, which are polynomial-time algorithms. Theory and algorithms are provided for computing the most positive and most negative worst-case deviation in a state or output, in contrast to the ‘two-sided’ deviations normally computed in worst-case analyses. Application to the Dirichlet boundary control of the reaction–diffusion equation to track a desired two-dimensional concentration field illustrates the promise of the approach. Copyright q 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TP53 and liver carcinogenesis.

Primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignancies and has the fourth highest mortality rate worldwide. The major risk factors, including chronic infections with the hepatitis B or C virus, are exposure to dietary aflatoxin B1(AFB1), vinyl chloride, or alcohol consumption. Southern China and sub-Saharan Africa have the highest dietary AFB1 exposure, making it and hepatitis B virus (HBV) the major causes of cancer mortality in these geographic areas. Recent studies have discovered genetic and epigenetic changes involved in the molecular pathogenesis of HCC, including somatic mutations in the p53 tumor suppressor gene (TP53). AFB1 induces typical G:C to T:A transversions at the third base in codon 249 of p53. Chronic active hepatitis B and C (HCV) infection, and further inflammatory and oxyradical disorders including Wilson disease (WD) or hemochromatosis, generate reactive oxygen/nitrogen species that can damage DNA and mutate the p53 gene. The X gene of HBV (HBx) is the most common open reading frame integrated into the host genome in HCC. The integrated HBx is frequently mutated and has a diminished ability to function as a transcriptional cotransactivator and to activate the NF-kappa B pathway. However, the mutant HBx proteins still retain their ability to bind to and abrogate p53-mediated apoptosis. In summary, both viruses and chemicals are implicated in the etiology and molecular pathogenesis of HCC. The resultant molecular changes in the ras and Wnt signal-transduction pathways, and the p53 and Rb tumor suppressor pathways significantly contribute to liver carcinogenesis
Intrastriatal Dopamine Infusion Reverses Compensatory Increases in D2-Dopamine Receptors in the 6-OHDA Lesioned Rat

Abstract Direct infusion of dopamine into the corpus striatum has been proposed as a potential approach for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. The present study examined the effect of intrastriatal dopamine infusion on D2-dopamine receptors in the 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesioned rat brain. The completeness of the 6-OHDA-induced nigrostriatal injury was confirmed using [3H]-mazindol autoradiography and apomorphine-induced behaviour. Intrastriatal infusion of three different dopamine doses significantly reduced the apomorphine-induced behaviour. [3H]-spiperone autoradiography performed one day after the termination of dopamine infusion into the striatum revealed a dramatic reduction of D2-dopamine receptor binding. The mean ± SEM percent reduction of D2receptor binding in the affected areas of the striatum was 28.8±1.0% for 4.74 μg dopamine/h infusion rate, 35.0 ± 1.6% for 9.48 μg dopamine/h infusion rate and 33.3 ± 5.0% for 14.22 μg dopamine/h infusion rate when compared to the unlesioned side. Infusion of vehicle alone did not have any effect. The present results support the concept that intrastriatal dopamine infusion may be a useful therapeutic approach for the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
14·8 MeV neutron activation cross-sections of argon

Abstract The 14·8 MeV neutron activation cross-sections for the reactions 38Ar(n, p)38Cl, 40Ar(n, p)40Cl, 40Ar(n, np)39Cl and 40Ar(n, α)37S have been measured to be 110±22 mb; 15±2 mb; 1·7±0·2 mb and 10±1·5 mb, respectively. The data are in reasonably good agreement with the theoretically calculated values of Gardner.
The radionuclide evaluation of septal wall motion following coronary bypass surgery.

We investigated the diagnostic accuracy of radionuclide global and regional left ventricular (LV) function after coronary revascularization. A consecutive series of 43 patients was studied. First-pass radionuclide angiograms were performed preoperatively (4 days +/- s.d. 3 days, range 1-18 days) and postoperatively (7 days +/- s.d. 3 days, range 3-19 days). Regional radionuclide LV function was assessed using the two-dimensional display of systole and the three-dimensional ejection fraction image. Electrocardiograms were obtained the day prior to surgery and every 8 h for the first three postoperative days. Creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isoenzymes were obtained the day prior to surgery and every 8 h for the first three postoperative days. In 39 patients who did not develop perioperative myocardial infarction by isoenzyme or ECG criteria, we found that 38 patients showed unchanged or improved global and regional LV function, while one patient without isoenzyme or ECG evidence of perioperative myocardial infarction developed a new septal wall motion abnormality. Thus, the specificity of the radionuclide radioventriculogram for new septal wall motion abnormalities was very high. In four patients who developed isoenzyme and ECG evidence of myocardial infarction, septal wall motion worsened in all four patients while global left ventricular ejection function fell significantly in three patients. Thus, the radionuclide radioventriculogram also had high diagnostic sensitivity. In summary, contrary to past and recent reports, this investigation demonstrated that the radionuclide radioventriculogram can be used to assess global and regional LV function after coronary artery bypass surgery and furthermore, that it reliably indicates the presence of a new postoperative myocardial infarction.
Allocation and Design of Aircraft for On-Demand Air Transportation with Uncertain Operations

gross weight, acquisition cost, and operating cost) based on design requirements derived from market research and the perceived needs of aircraft operators. This is a loosecoupling between the aircraft design problem of the aircraft manufacturer and the assignment or allocation problem of the aircraft operator. Providing a tighter coupling between aircraft operations and aircraft design can concurrently identify the best new aircraft design and the best operational concept using this new aircraft. This paper presents an approach to couple the uncertain aircraft assignmentproblemoffractionaloperationsandtheaircraftdesignproblemofaircraftmanufacturers.Asolutionto thistypeofproblemdescribesanaircraftdesignthatdirectlyimprovesoperationsandidentifiesoperatingstrategies that influence, and take advantage of, the characteristics of the new aircraft. With this formulation, an aircraft manufacturer could work more closely with a customer to determine the best new aircraft for the operations.
Nursing Facility Staffing in the States: The 1991 to 1995 Period

Trends in the average nurse staffing levels are reported for certified nursing facilities in the United States from 1991 through 1995. Data from the federal On-Line Survey Certification and Reporting system show a small overall increase in the staffing levels for registered nurses (RNs), licensed vocational and licensed practical nurses (LVNs/LPNs), and nursing assistants over the 5 years, but there are substantial variations across states and regions. A two-stage least squares panel analysis examined predictors of nurse staff levels in states. States with higher resident case mix levels had higher RN and LVN/LPN hours. States with higher percentages of large facilities had lower RN and LVN/LPN levels and states with higher percentages of for-profit facilities had lower RN staff levels. States with a higher percentage of Medicaid residents had higher LVN/LPN staff levels. These findings indicate the need for more studies of staff variations and public policies that affect staffing.
Differences in the early care and education needs of young children involved in child protection

Abstract There is increasing attention being given to better coordinated early care and education (ECE) and child protection systems across the nation, as children with child protection involvement are at risk for a range of negative outcomes that have been improved through high quality ECE in other populations. However, there is little empirical evidence to demonstrate what types of ECE experiences are needed for children involved in the child protection system in order to improve their developmental outcomes. This study compared the developmental status in the year prior to kindergarten of low-income children with and without child protection involvement who were enrolled in a range of ECE settings, all of which were rated highly by a state quality rating and improvement system. Using secondary data from a large Midwestern state child protection system and a local ECE evaluation, findings demonstrated that children with child protection involvement were performing more poorly than their low-income peers without child protection involvement on measures of receptive vocabulary, math reasoning, and teacher ratings of anger/aggression and anxiety/withdrawal, but not on ratings of social competence. Growth was made in receptive vocabulary and social competence for all children and there was no significant interaction between group and time for any child outcome measure. These data suggest that children with child protection involvement continue to manifest academic and social difficulties despite attending high quality ECE programs. Implications for improving the early educational opportunities for children with child protection involvement and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Acropora reticulata: Structure, Mechanics and Ecology of a Reef Coral

Skeletal structure of the reef coral Acropora reticulata is of clear mechanical and, thereby, ecological significance. The skeletal material is linearly elastic and brittle. The strength, by contrast with stiffness, of excised material varies with anatomic direction in a manner dictated by organization of the skeletal elements. In the stem, the organization imposed by axial growth and the existence of coenosteum between secondarily fused branches creates functional cleavage planes that determine the directional strength and fracture characteristics of the material. In the stem, a porous region constructed of concentric skeletal annuli surrounds the denser, centrally located set of branches, or primordia of the stem. While pores among the annuli reduce the bending strength of the stem, they also harbour skeletogenic tissue that may prevent fatigue failure from incessant flexing in surge. Shape and size, which vary among colonies, determine the hydrodynamic forces and moments that stress and break colony skeletons. Shape and skeletal strength determine, in turn, the resistance by a coral to catastrophic fracture of the stem. Shape and branching pattern in the fan beyond the stem determine the extent and pattern of breakage produced by debris swept about in storms. Below the upper limit to bathymetric distribution colonies should vary systematically in shape and size according to depth, in a way that suits each to the mechanical environment. In addition, topographic specialization for growth, feeding or reproduction among polyps in a colony may have resulted from the predictable, but limited damage inflicted by debris. In consequence, the mechanically functional organization of the skeleton can be said to affect the distribution, abundance and, perhaps, the life-historical characteristics of Acropora reticulata.
Evaluation of Broccoli Residue Incorporation into Field Soil for Verticillium Wilt Control in Cauliflower

Wilt incited by Verticillium dahliae has recently become an important disease on cauliflower in the Salinas Valley. Although broccoli is closely related to cauliflower, wilt has not occurred on this host and V. dahliae isolates from cauliflower were weakly pathogenic on broccoli in greenhouse inoculations. In this study, the effectiveness of broccoli residues on propagule attrition in soil and wilt incidence on cauliflower was determined in a commercial field infested with V. dahliae microsclerotia. The treatments were broccoli residue with tarp, broccoli residue without tarp, chloropicrin, metham sodium, control with tarp, control without tarp, cauliflower followed by cauliflower, and cauliflower followed by fallow. Approximately 200 kg of chopped broccoli was uniformly disk incorporated into the corresponding plots (36 m2). Densities of V. dahliae microsclerotia were determined at 0, 30, 90, and 145 days after treatment in 1993 and 0, 30, 74, 109, and 140 days after treatment in 1994 using the modified Anderson sampler technique. Cauliflower cultivar White Rock was planted in all plots. Plant height, number of marketable heads, head weight, and wilt severity were determined at maturity. Even though the pre-treatment number of V. dahliae propagules in broccoli-treated and control plots were similar, by the end of the cauliflower cropping season numbers either were the same or increased in control plots compared with a reduction in numbers in broccoli residue-treated plots during both seasons. There were no differences between tarped and non-tarped plots either in broccoli residue-treated or control plots. In fumigated plots, propagules declined initially but later returned to pre-treatment levels by the end of the cropping season. Continuous cauliflower or fallowing after one cauliflower crop resulted in stable or increased levels of microsclerotia. Verticillium wilt severity was lowest in metham sodium-treated plots, followed by broccoli residue-treated plots and chloropicrin in both years. Plant height, marketable heads, and head weight were higher in broccoli-treated than in control plots. These results suggest that broccoli residues reduce V. dahliae microsclerotia in soil and wilt of cauliflower as much as or more than chloropicrin and metham sodium, and that rotation with broccoli may be a feasible approach to manage Verticillium wilt in cauliflower and other susceptible crops.
The history and use of purchase of development rights in the United States

Abstract Purchasing development rights to protect farmland has drawn much attention in the United States. The use of less-than-free acquisition of land has been conducted for a number of years. This paper traces the beginnings of separating interests in land as a preservation technique, with purchase of development rights (PDR) to preserve farmland as its focus. The paper begins with a review of literature relating specifically to the use of PDR. Within this review three general areas are covered: definitions and explanations of the PDR approach; advantages and disadvantages of PDR; and purposes and goals of the approach. Once this initial section has defined the technique, a broad historical presentation of easements as a protection tool is made. Here the use of the easement device is presented to suggest how the PDR effort has evolved. A number of influences are noted and examples of its use are given. Finally, a review of state and local programs using PDR to protect important farmland is provided. The conclusion of this article suggests that PDR will continue to receive consideration as a farmland protection strategy as more areas develop an interest and familiarity with the method.
Computational analysis of temperature rises in microstructures of HMX-Estane PBXs

The thermomechanical response of HMX/Estane, a polymer-bonded explosive (PBX) is analyzed for initial temperatures between 210 and 300 K. The main objective of this analysis is to gain a better understanding of the concepts that lead to deformation and heating of energetic composites as they undergo mechanical and thermal processes subsequent to impact. A recently developed cohesive finite element method (CFEM) framework is used to study the microstructure-level response of PBX. The CFEM framework allows the contributions of individual constituents, fracture and frictional contact along failed crack surfaces to heating to be tracked and analyzed. Digitized micrographs of actual PBX materials are used. The issues studied include large deformation, thermomechanical coupling, failure in the forms of microcracks in both bulk constituents and along grain/matrix interfaces, and frictional heating. The focus is on the correlation between grain-level failure mechanisms and overall temperature rise in the PBX. The results are used to establish microstructure-response relations that can be used in the design of energetic composites.
Spectator politics and the revival of public argument

(1992). Spectator politics and the revival of public argument. Communication Monographs: Vol. 59, No. 4, pp. 411-414.
The poetics of bipolar disorder

This article explores the role of affect in the disorganized language and thought that can manifest itself in bipolar disorder. Bipolar disorder, or as it was previously known, manic-depressive illness, can produce psychotic language and thought in its more extreme forms. During the production of discourse in bipolar disorder, there is a strong correlation between the underlying affective state, i.e., depression, euthymia, hypomania, and mania, and linguistic and cognitive performance. A psycholinguistic model of the dynamics between language, thought, and affect in bipolar disorder based on McNeill?s (1992, 2000) concept of a ?Growth Point? is proposed. In particular, the poetic structural phases of discourse production in bipolar disorder, which vary according to the underlying affective state, provide a phenomenological bridge between the psychotic discourse of mania and normal language production.
Student-Assisted Functional Assessment Interview.

Functional assessment procedures have emerged as an important tool for understanding challenging behaviors in classrooms and other settings. A variety of methodologies are currently available for c...
Moderating Effect of Achievement Motivation and Locus of Control on the Relationship Between Academic Ability and Academic Performance

The relationship between ability and grade point average was examined for the moderating effects of achievement motivation and locus of control for 223 college students. When median splits in distributions of scores on measures of achievement motivation and internal-external locus of control were used, a significant difference was found between resulting high and low achievement motivation groups; no difference was present between high (internal) and low (external) locus of control groups. When the median splits were employed jointly, locus of control did not enhance the moderating effect of achievement motivation.
CF1-dependent restoration of energy-linked reactions reconstituted with a hydrophobic protein from spinach chloroplasts.

Summary The hydrophobic membrane component of chloroplast ATPase (F o ) was purified by extraction of CF 1 -depleted chloroplasts with cholate and fractionation of the extract with ammonium sulfate. Vesicles, reconstituted with F o and phospholipids, catalyzed 32p i -ATP exchange when supplemented with CF 1 . When bacteriorhodopsin was incorporated into these vesicles light-dependent ATP formation was catalyzed.
Ethnic and Gender Satisfaction in the Military: The Effect of a Meritocratic Institution

This article reevaluates traditional racial and gender disparities in the work satisfaction literature by examining the U.S. military: an institution that has ameliorated many racial inequalities w...
Cooling of a moving plate with an impinging circular water jet

Abstract A hybrid scheme combining experimental and numerical methods has been developed to study heat transfer in the case of a circular jet impinging on a moving metal plate. The experiment is intended to resemble the cooling system in steel rolling. Heat transfer characteristics with temperatures above and below boiling are investigated. Heat transfer due to jet impingement on a stationary plate is first studied to verify the present method. The effect of the plate motion is to elongate the water layer in the moving direction, resulting in heat transfer enhancement downstream of the stagnation point. Peak heat transfer coefficients are almost the same for all cases studied, because the plate temperatures at the impingement zone drop rapidly below the boiling temperature, resulting in single-phase forced convection. Overall cooling efficiency is better for the moving case than for the stationary case.
Designing a wearable computer for lifestyle evaluation

A wearable computer, called eButton, has been developed for evaluation of the human lifestyle. This ARM-based device acquires multimodal data from a camera module, a motion sensor, an orientation sensor, a light sensor and a GPS receiver. Its performance has been tested both in our laboratory and by human subjects in free-living conditions. Our results indicate that eButton can record real-world data reliably, providing a powerful tool for the evaluation of lifestyle for a broad range of applications.
Cost Evaluation of Surgical and Pharmaceutical Options in Treatment for Vitreomacular Adhesions and Macular Holes

Objective To evaluate cost-effectiveness and cost utilities for treatment options for vitreomacular adhesions (VMAs) and full-thickness macular holes (MHs). Design A Markov model of cost-effectiveness and utility. Participants There were no participants. Methods Outcomes of published clinical trials (index studies) of surgical treatment of VMAs and MHs and a prospective, multicenter clinical trial of pharmaceutical vitreolysis with intravitreal ocriplasmin with saline control were used to generate a model for costs of treatment and visual benefits. All techniques were assumed to result in a 2.5-line visual benefit if anatomy was resolved. Markov analysis, with cost data from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, was used to calculate imputed costs for each primary treatment modality in a facility setting, with surgery performed in a hospital serving as the highest end of the range and nonfacility setting with surgery performed in an ambulatory surgery center serving as the lowest end of the range. Main Outcome Measures Imputed costs of therapy, cost per line saved, cost per line-year saved, cost per quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). Results When pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) was selected as the primary procedure, the overall imputed cost ranged from $5802 to $7931. The cost per line was $2368 to $3237, the cost per line-year saved was $163 to $233 and the cost per QALY was $5444 to $7442. If intravitreal injection of ocriplasmin was the primary procedure, the overall imputed cost was $8767 to $10 977. The cost per line ranged from $3549 to $4456, the cost per line-year saved was $245 to $307, and the cost per QALY was between $8159 and $10 244. If intravitreal saline injection was used as a primary procedure, the overall imputed cost was $5828 to $8098. The cost per line was $2374 to $3299, the cost per line-year saved was $164 to $227, and the cost per QALY was $5458 to $7583. Conclusions As a primary procedure, PPV was the most cost-effective therapy in this model. The other treatments had similar costs per QALY saved and compare favorably with costs of therapy for other retinal diseases.
Lewis Mumford and Norman Bel Geddes: the highway, the city and the future

Lewis Mumford’s life spanned the era in which American cities were rebuilt for the automobile and his writings addressed that theme from the 1920s to the 1970s. Norman Bel Geddes achieved fame during the 1930s for his imaginative evocations of future urban and regional landscapes designed for high‐speed auto travel, culminating in the Futurama exhibit at the 1939 World’s Fair. Both of these men were influential figures during the period (1935–45) when the basic contours of American urban highway policy were codified. Mumford advocated a careful integration of street, highway and landscape in order to tame the destructive impacts of the automobile. By the 1950s he had become a fervent opponent of both central city freeway building and auto‐dependent suburban sprawl. Norman Bel Geddes embraced the emerging world of automobiles and freeways, and poured his energies into the creation of exhibits, models, plans and books showing how high‐speed motorways could shape a new metropolis. This paper compares these t...
A practical preparation of enantiomerically pure (R)- and (S)-2-bromohexadecanoic acids

Abstract The efficient preparation of enantiomerically pure ( R )- and ( S )-2-bromohexadecanoic acids with e.e.>95% through resolution with the use of a recoverable chiral auxiliary is described. The procedure involves three reactions: Steglich esterification, DIBAL reduction, and Sharpless oxidation. The assessment of the enantiomeric purity is based on NMR analysis by using (1 R ,2 R )-(+)-diphenylethane-1,2-diamine as a chiral solvating agent.
In situ chemical mapping of a lithium-ion battery using full-field hard X-ray spectroscopic imaging.

In situ tracking of chemical phase transformation, mapping, and composition information of a battery with CuO as the anode was performed with quantitative analysis at sub-30 nm resolution with a 40 × 40 μm field of view using transmission X-ray microscopy combined with spectroscopy. A size-dependent and core–shell lithiation–delithiation mechanism was suggested for the electrochemical reaction.
Connective Tissue Growth Factor Is Required for Normal Follicle Development and Ovulation

Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is a cysteine-rich protein the synthesis and secretion of which are hypothesized to be selectively regulated by activins and other members of the TGF-β superfamily. To investigate the in vivo roles of CTGF in female reproduction, we generated Ctgf ovarian and uterine conditional knockout (cKO) mice. Ctgf cKO mice exhibit severe subfertility and multiple reproductive defects including disrupted follicle development, decreased ovulation rates, increased numbers of corpus luteum, and smaller but functionally normal uterine horns. Steroidogenesis is disrupted in the Ctgf cKO mice, leading to increased levels of serum progesterone. We show that disrupted follicle development is accompanied by a significant increase in granulosa cell apoptosis. Moreover, despite normal cumulus expansion, Ctgf cKO mice exhibit a significant decrease in oocytes ovulated, likely due to impaired ovulatory process. During analyses of mRNA expression, we discovered that Ctgf cKO granulosa cells ...
Membrane Interactions in Ionic Solutions

Because of complicated molecular dynamics, calculations of membrane interactions require more complicated models than straightforward electrostatics. The net intermembrane forces measured experimentally by x-ray scattering and osmostic stress must first be decomposed into various components including pure electrostatics, van der Waals, and a less understood hydration force. In addition, in most situations, an entropically generated force is required to account for the repulsive effect of membrane fluctuations (Helfrich force). Another challenge is to corroborate the experimental findings with already calculated results for particular setups. Situations in which ions are excluded from the vicinity of the membrane introduce new complications in the model. We theoretically explore to what extent we can explain these results by calculations of electrostatic interactions in ionic solutions using a Poisson-Boltzmann approach.
Path-based approach to integrated planning and control for robotic systems

Abstract Our newly developed event-based planning and control theory is applied to robotic systems. It Introduces a suitable action or motion reference variable other than time, but directly related to the desired and measurable systems output, called event. Here the event is the length of the path tracked by a robot. It enables the construction of an integrated planning and control system where planning becomes a real-time closed-loop process. The path-based integration planning and control scheme is exemplified by a single-arm tracking problem. Time and energy optimal motion plans combined with nonlinear feedback control are derived in closed form. To the best of our knowledge, this closed-form solution was not obtained before. The equivalence of path-based and time-based representations of nonlinear feedback control is shown, and an overall system stability criterion has also been obtained. The application of event-based integrated planning and control provides the robotic systems the capability to cope with unexpected and uncertain events in real time, without the need for replanning. The theoretical results are illustrated and verified by experiments.
“It's the American Lifestyle!”: An Investigation of Text Messaging by College Students

A focus group study was conducted to investigate the uses and rationale for texting among college students in the United States. Six focus groups responded to five main questions about uses, likes, complications, and other key issues. Results indicated that students were strategic in their channel choices and viewed texting simultaneously as making communication easier and more difficult. The attributes of texting (e.g., reduced cues, asynchrony) provided advantages like convenience, increased control, and reduction of inhibition, yet also contributed to miscommunication and other difficulties.
GLUCOCORTICOID INDUCTION OF MATURATION OF GLUCOSE METABOLISM IN JEJUNAL CELLS

[1-14C] glucose is metabolized to 14CO2 by the glycolytic and the pentose phosphate pathways and [6-14C2] glucose releases 14CO2 primarily through glycolysis. We determined that glucose metabolism to CO2 by intestine of suckling rat is low. After weaning at 20 day, [1-14C] and [6-14C] glucose oxidation to 14CO2 rises by 24 day. The ratio of [1-14C] glucose oxidation to [6-14C] glucose oxidation (C1/C6 ratio) decreases indicating a relative increase in glycolysis at the time of weaning. Since an increase of endogenous glucocorticoid before weaning mediates changes in rat intestinal sucrase activity and mitotic index, we determined if these changes in glucose metabolism are mediated by glucocorticoids. After administering cortisone (1.5 mg/100 g body wt., ip.) on days 10 to 13 of age, [1-14C] and [6-14C] glucose oxidation did not rise prior to weaning, but increased 3-5 fold compared to control rate by 24 hours after weaning. The C1/C6 ratio decreased to postwean levels by 21 days. These results suggest that cortisone induces glycolytic enzymes, but metabolic rates do not change until diet changes with weaning.
Motives and Contexts of Identity Change: A Case for Network Effects

In this paper we interrelate different theories of identity and describe how various social contexts and cognitive motives influence the process of identity change. We consider two competing theories about the linkage of contexts with motives for identity change: the effect of category traits, based on social identity theory, and the effect of social networks, based on identity theory. To explore these relations, we use data collected on more than 6,000 adolescents at six high schools in two consecutive school years. Multilevel logit models reveal a strong relationship between contexts and perceived identity imbalances, and a strong effect of identity imbalance on identity change. More important than category traits are the social network characteristics of prominence, homogeneity, and bridging; these form social contexts that affect perceptions of identity imbalance, and the perceptions in turn lead to a heightened incidence of identity change.