cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enduring Injustice: Apology and acknowledgement

Accompanying the argument for remedying historical injustice are arguments for apologizing for these injustices. We are in, one book proclaims, “The Age of Apology.” Indeed, official apologies are proliferating. I mentioned a few apologies in Chapter 1, but there are more. The universities of Virginia and Alabama apologized for using slave labor earlier in their history; the Paris Bar apologized to Jewish and foreign lawyers who were disbarred in Vichy France; a French doctor's organization made a similar apology, as did one French police union (though another objected); by one count Pope John Paul II apologized over one hundred times for past injustices committed by the church. The US Senate apologized in 2005 for failing to enact anti-lynching legislation earlier in the century. In 2009 the California Parliament apologized for laws that discriminated against Chinese Americans in the nineteenth and up to the middle of the twentieth centuries. The list goes on, as government apologies have become increasingly common. Most arguments advocating apology maintain that if the dominant community apologizes to victims of past (and sometimes current) injustices, all will be well – or at least we will be on the road toward transformation and healing. These arguments are another version of the exceptions to progress view I examined in Chapter 2; apologies are given for the exceptions, with the expectation that the apology will then usher in an era where the exception is no longer. Most of the arguments for apologies are for what I call enduring injustices, though this is rarely if ever stated. Politicians sometimes slip in apologies for past injustices – like the apology to Chinese Americans for discrimination that they or their ancestors faced – but these apologies are rarely noticed. In the cases of enduring injustice, apologies are often thought to restore justice, though what that means exactly is vague. Apology advocates impute considerable power to apologies, but I cast doubt on their power in this chapter. One important problem with the arguments for apologies is that they do not present a theory of apology. As Michael Freeman notes: “Apologies seem theory free.” A theory of apology would help us to determine when apologies are appropriate, and here apology advocates share a problem with those who want to repair historical injustice: for which past misdeeds should democratic governments apologize today?
Extremal properties of outer polynomial factors

If p(s) is a positive polynomial of degree 2d, then its outer factor q(s) has the property that the magnitude of each of its coefficients is larger than the magnitude of the corresponding coefficient of any other factor. In facts this extremal property holds over vector-valued factorizations r(s)*r(s) = p(s). Corollaries include a result for symmetric functions and complex conjugate pairs.
Interdomain ingress traffic engineering through optimized AS-Path prepending

In INterdomain Ingress Traffic Engineering (INITE), a “target” Autonomous System (AS) aims to control the ingress link at which the traffic of one or more upstream source networks enters that AS. In practice, ISPs often manipulate, mostly in a trial-and-error manner, the length of the AS-Path attribute of upstream routes through a simple technique known as prepending (or padding). In this paper, we focus on prepending and propose a polynomial-time algorithm (referred to as OPV) that determines the optimal padding for an advertised route at each ingress link of the target network. Specifically, given a set of “elephant” source networks and some maximum load constraints on the ingress links of the target AS, OPV determines the minimum padding at each ingress link so that the load constraints are met, when it is feasible to do so. OPV requires as input an AS-Path length estimate from each source network to each ingress link. We describe how to estimate this matrix, leveraging the BGP Looking Glass Servers. To deal with unavoidable inaccuracies in the AS-Path length estimates, and also to compensate for the generally unknown BGP tie-breaking process in upstream networks, we also develop a robust variation (RPV) of the OPV algorithm.
Microbial community composition and dynamics in a semi‐industrial‐scale facility operating under the MixAlco™ bioconversion platform

Aims: To monitor microbial community dynamics in a semi-industrial-scale lignocellulosic biofuel reactor system and to improve our understanding of the microbial communities involved in the MixAlco™ biomass conversion process. Methods and Results: Reactor microbial communities were characterized at six time points over the course of an 80-day, mesophilic, semi-industrial-scale fermentation using community qPCR and 16S rRNA tag-pyrosequencing. We found the communities to be dynamic, bacterially dominated consortia capable of changing quickly in response to reactor conditions. Clostridia- and Bacteroidetes-like organisms dominated the reactor communities, but ultimately the communities established consortia containing complementary functional capacities for the degradation of lignocellulosic materials. Eighteen operational taxonomic units were found to share strong correlations with reactor acid concentration and may represent taxa integral to fermentor performance. Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that the emergence of complementary functional classes within the fermentor consortia may be a trait that is consistent across scales, and they suggest that there may be flexibility with respect to the specific identities of the organisms involved in the fermentor’s degradation and fermentation processes. Significance and Impact of the Study: This study provides new information regarding the composition, dynamics and potential flexibility of the microbial communities associated with the MixAlco™ process and is likely to inform the improvement of this and other applications that employ mixed microbial communities.
TDHFB calculation for 20 Ne(132 MeV) + 20 Ne IN three dimensions

A TDHFB code using the time-dependent constant pairing strength equations of Belyaev and a zero range Skyrme interaction plus a finite range Yukawa interaction has been developed. A fast Fourier algorithm is used to obtain. the kinetic energy, and a sixth order predictor-corrector method is used to step the Schrodinger equation in time.The time dependence of pairing effects is studied. The deflection as a function of impact parameter and the energy loss function for the reaction 20Ne(132 MeV) + 20Ne are obtained. We predict a total fusion cross section of 1280 ± 100 mb compared to the observed value of 1230 ± 120 mb. Time dependent density contours are also presented to illustrate the fusion process.
The Organisms: General Overview

In keeping with the definition of an extreme environment presented in Chapter 1, the organisms of most interest are those that live near the upper limits.
Phosphorylation of cytadherence-accessory proteins in Mycoplasma pneumoniae.

Attachment to host cells of the respiratory epithelium by Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a complex, multicomponent process, requiring a number of accessory proteins in addition to adhesins directly involved in receptor binding. In this study, protein phosphorylation of the cytadherence-accessory proteins HMW1, HMW2, and HMW4 of M. pneumoniae was examined using biochemical and immunological techniques. The initial indication of protein modification came from Western immunoblot analysis of the two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) profile of M. pneumoniae proteins, revealing multiple spots for both HMW1 and HMW4 that varied in pI but not in size. M. pneumoniae cultured in the presence of H3(32)PO4 exhibited numerous phosphorylated proteins as detected by sodium dodecyl sulfate-PAGE and autoradiography. These included proteins corresponding to HMW1, HMW2, and HMW4 in electrophoretic mobility. The Triton X-100 partitioning characteristics of these phosphorylated proteins was identical to that described previously for HMW1, -2, and -4. Furthermore, these protein bands were absent when a noncytadhering variant deficient in HMW1-5 was examined in the same manner. Finally, the availability of antiserum to HMW1 and -4 enabled us to confirm by radioimmunoprecipitation that HMW1 and HMW4 are phosphoproteins. Phosphoamino acid analysis of acid-hydrolyzed HMW1 and HMW2 identified primarily phosphothreonine and, to a lesser extent, phosphoserine in HMW1 and predominantly phosphoserine, with a trace of phosphothreonine, in HMW2. Neither protein contained phosphotyrosine. HMW1-HMW5 are components of a cytoskeleton-like structure in M. pneumoniae that is thought to function in cell division, changes in cell morphology, gliding motility, and the localization of adhesins in the mycoplasma membrane. Phosphorylation may regulate cytoskeleton dynamics involving these cytadherence-accessory proteins. Images
TERTrific hormones promote hematopoiesis.

In this issue of Blood , Calado and colleagues discover that androgens via conversion into estradiol enhance TERT expression in hematopoietic cells, potentially identifying the mechanism by which androgens exert therapeutic effects in patients with aplastic anemia and other marrow failure states.
Control of hemoglobin synthesis in erythroid differentiating K562 cells. I. Role of iron in erythroid cell heme synthesis.

Abstract K562 cells were used to investigate the factors that control hemoglobin (Hb) synthesis. Treatment with sodium butyrate enhanced Hb synthesis and glycophorin A expression. δ-Aminolevulinate synthase (ALAS) activity and Hb levels simultaneously increased to a similar extent and with a similar time course, and the increases were dependent on the concentration of diferric transferrin (FeTf) in the culture medium. Addition of exogenous δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) resulted in a dose-dependent increase in Hb content. Hb synthesis was inhibited 50% after addition of succinylacetone (SA), a potent inhibitor of δ-aminolevulinate dehydratase. These findings suggest that ALAS is a key enzyme in the eight steps ofde novoheme synthesis and that iron, including FeTf, plays a central role in Hb synthesis through control of ALAS activity in erythroid differentiating cells. On the other hand, erythropoietin (EPO) treatment had no effect on Hb synthesis and slightly suppressed glycophorin A expression. Hemin enhanced Hb synthesis in the K562 cells but not glycophorin A expression. The addition of ALA, SA, or FeTf to hemin-treated cells caused no significant changes in Hb synthesis. Butyrate, EPO, and hemin acted on the K562 cells in different ways and caused different biochemical changes in the Hb synthesis process.
A Vector-Field Model of Valence and Radiation

Abstract One of the most baffling questions of chemistry is: Why does water have a dipole moment?
Informed Consent: An Ethical Dilemma

Health care today involves complex decisions. How these decisions are made and by whom are the concerns of consumers, healthcare providers, ethicists, third-party payers, and the legal community. The authors explore the question of whether hospitalized clients participate in informed decision making and they use a case study to demonstrate application of Curtin's model for ethical decision making.
Concrete as a thermal energy storage medium for thermocline solar energy storage systems

Abstract Rising energy costs and the adverse effect on the environment caused by the burning of fossil fuels have triggered extensive research into alternative sources of energy. Harnessing the abundance of solar energy has been one of the most attractive energy alternatives. However, the development of an efficient and economical solar energy storage system is of major concern. According to the Department of Energy (DOE), the cost per kilowatt hour electric from current technologies which utilize solar energy is high, estimated at approximately $0.15–$0.20/kW h electric , while the unit cost to store the thermal energy is approximately $30.00/kW h thermal . Based on traditional means of producing electricity (through burning fossil fuels), the unit cost of electricity is $0.05–$0.06/kW h. Clearly, current solar energy technologies cannot compete with traditional forms of electricity generation. In response, the DOE has established a goal of reducing the cost of solar generated electricity to $0.05–$0.07/kW h electric and achieving thermal storage costs below $15.00/kW h thermal . Reduction in the cost of the storage medium is one step in achieving the stated goal. In this research program economical concrete mixtures were developed that resisted temperatures up to 600 °C. This temperature level represents a 50% increase over the operating temperature of current systems, which is approximately 400 °C. However, long-term testing of concrete is required to validate its use. At this temperature, the unit cost of energy stored in concrete (the thermal energy storage medium) is estimated at $0.88–$1.00/kW h thermal . These concrete mixtures, used as a thermal energy storage medium, can potentially change solar electric power output allowing production through periods of low to no insolation at lower unit costs.
Histone H2A is required for normal centromere function in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Histones are structural and functional components of the eukaryotic chromosome, and their function is essential for normal cell cycle progression. In this work, we describe the characterization of two Saccharomyces cerevisiae cold-sensitive histone H2A mutants. Both mutants contain single amino acid replacements of residues predicted to be on the surface of the nucleosome and in close contact with DNA. We show that these H2A mutations cause an increase-in-ploidy phenotype, an increased rate of chromosome loss, and a defect in traversing the G 2–M phase of the cell cycle. Moreover, these H2A mutations show genetic interactions with mutations in genes encoding kinetochore components. Finally, chromatin analysis of these H2A mutants has revealed an altered centromeric chromatin structure. Taken together, these results strongly suggest that histone H2A is required for proper centromere–kinetochore function during chromosome segregation.
Comparison of Cobalt and Nickel Complexes with Sterically Demanding Cyclic Diphosphine Ligands: Electrocatalytic H2 Production by [Co(PtBu2NPh2)(CH3CN)3](BF4)2†

The cyclic diphosphine ligands PtBu2NPh2 and PtBu2NBz2 have been synthesized and used to prepare new complexes of Co(II) and Ni(II) with the formula [M(PtBu2NR2)(CH3CN)n](BF4)2 (n = 2, 3). The products have been characterized by variable-temperature NMR data, X-ray diffraction studies, and cyclic voltammetry, and properties of the new complexes have been compared with those of previously studied complexes containing PPh2NR2 ligands. The variation of either phosphorus or nitrogen substituents in these ligands can result in significant differences in the structure, electrochemistry, and reactivity of the metal complexes. [Co(PtBu2NPh2)(CH3CN)3](BF4)2 is found to be an effective electrocatalyst for the formation of hydrogen using bromoanilinium tetrafluoroborate as the acid, with a turnover frequency of 160 s−1 and an overpotential of 160 mV. These cobalt derivatives are a promising class of catalysts for further study and optimization.
A priori error estimates for explicit finite element for linear elasto-dynamics by Galerkin method and central difference method

The explicit finite element method for transient dynamics of linear elasticity is formulated by using Galerkin method for space and the central difference method for time. An a priori error estimate is derived and the optimal rate of convergence for displacement similar to the linear elliptic problem is found. The error estimation is extended to velocity, internal (strain) energy and kinetic energy for engineering applications. The approximation error of initial data is analyzed. The error estimate is refined for a class of engineering applications with zero initial deformation and initial force. Examples of a 1-D rod axial vibration and a 2-D plate in-plane vibration are solved using linear elements as verification.
Modeling marine protected area value in a catch-and-release dominated estuarine fishery

Abstract Applying spatially varied management actions can be a valuable component of an ecosystem-based approach to fisheries management. However, detecting the benefits of spatial management actions can be difficult, especially considering the large spatial range of most fished stocks. The common snook ( Centropomus undecimalis ) is a premier target species in Florida's estuaries and the fishery is entirely recreational with 96% of the fish caught returned to the water by anglers. However, the management conservation objective of maintaining a spawning potential ratio (SPR) greater than 40% is not always achieved under current regulatory practices. We developed a spatially explicit, age-based, dynamic simulation model to evaluate management actions that could achieve target SPR objectives by incorporating spatial closures. The snook stocks of the east and west coasts of Florida were both assumed to be comprised of three substocks that each occupied a separate estuarine system with limited larval and adult interconnectivity. The model was used to evaluate scenarios incorporating different combinations of closures. A scenario that had partial snook-fishing closures (two systems allowing catch-and-release fishing only and one system also allowing snook harvest) was compared with a scenario in which all three systems had snook harvest. The partially closed scenario attained balanced results with 60% SPR, 54% of the unfished abundance of trophy-size snook, 48% of maximum harvest in numbers, and 51% of maximum yield in weight. In contrast, the fully fished scenario resulted in overfishing with 25% SPR, 15% of the unfished abundance of trophy-size snook, 98% of maximum harvest, and 99% of maximum yield. Certain recreational fisheries may benefit from designation of catch-and-release-only areas in a network of spatially distinct but biologically connected coastal systems.
Relative reactivity and selectivity of vinyl sulfones and acrylates towards the thiol–Michael addition reaction and polymerization

The reactivity, selectivity and kinetics of vinyl sulfones and acrylates in base and nucleophile-catalyzed thiol–Michael addition reactions were examined in detail in this study. The vinyl sulfones react selectively and more rapidly with thiols in the presence of acrylates, which was clearly indicated from reactions of hexanethiol (HT), ethyl vinyl sulfone (EVS) and hexyl acrylate (HA) at a molar ratio of 2 : 1 : 1. EVS reaches 100% conversion with minimal consumption (<10%) of HA, which demonstrates the high selectivity of vinyl sulfones over acrylates. The reaction rate of EVS with HT was approximately 7 times higher than that of HA. A detailed study of the kinetics of the nucleophile-catalyzed thiol–Michael addition reaction was carried out, and it was shown that the delay observed in the initial stages of the nucleophile-catalyzed thiol–Michael addition reaction is due to the relatively slow attack of the nucleophiles on the vinyl. The presence of protic species other than thiols in the reaction mixture has also been shown to significantly impede the reaction rate, and in extreme cases, has been shown to inhibit the Michael addition reaction. These results provided a better understanding of the conditions under which the thiol–Michael addition reaction can or cannot be considered as a click reaction. Finally, the high reaction selectivity of vinyl sulfones over acrylates via thiol–Michael addition reaction in ternary systems is used to control gelation behavior in crosslinked polymer networks formed by thiol–Michael addition reactions.
Recovery of vocal fold paralysis after cardiovascular surgery

Objectives/Hypothesis: To review the incidence and time course of recovery of vocal fold paralysis (VFP) in adult patients after cardiovascular surgery. Study Design: Retrospective cohort study of adults after cardiovascular surgery at a tertiary care academic medical center. Methods: Patients with VFP after cardiovascular surgery were identified from a database of hospitalized patients undergoing voice and swallow evaluation. VFP was confirmed using transnasal fiberoptic laryngoscopy within 1 week of surgery. Follow-up laryngoscopy was performed in those with VFP in the outpatient clinic. Those with persistent paralysis were followed and the time course of recovery was noted. Results: Eighty-six adult postoperative cardiovascular surgery patients (ages 34 to 83 years, mean 68) were identified from the inpatient voice and swallowing evaluation database. There were 20 patients (23%) with unilateral VFP. Thirteen patients followed-up for outpatient laryngoscopy. Ten of the thirteen patients (77%) ultimately had complete resolution of VFP. Three patients had persistent paralysis at a mean follow-up of 18 months. There was no obvious correlation between type of cardiovascular surgery and VFP. Signs of recovery were generally evident prior to 6 months and no recovery was seen beyond 12 months. Conclusions: Most patients with VFP after cardiovascular surgery recover fully. In accordance with previous laryngeal electromyography findings, neuropraxia during cardiovascular surgery will usually recover within 6 months.
Optical Rotatory Dispersion and Circular Dichroism of Cytochrome Oxidase

Optical rotatory dispersion of the oxidized and the reduced cytochrome oxidase has been measured from 196 to 550 nm. The experimental data have been analyzed in order to separate the extrinsic cotton effects from the rotations of the protein backbone. From the resolution, two cotton effects of similar sign are obtained in the Soret region. For the reduced enzyme, the cotton effect centered at 446.5 nm shows a molar amplitude of 192 k-degrees with a band width of 5.3 nm and rotational strength of 0.25 Debye magneton; the second cotton effect centered at 444 nm shows a molar amplitude of 45 k-degrees with a band width of 12.9 nm and rotational strength of 0.14 Debye magneton. Upon oxidation, the centers of these cotton effects shift to 432 and 423.7 nm. The amplitudes become 114 and 122 k-degrees with band widths of 6.1 and 11.2 nm and rotational strengths of 0.18 and 0.35 Debye magneton, respectively. In addition, a less defined third cotton effect centered at 376 nm appears with an amplitude of 28 k-degrees, band width of 18 nm, and rotational strength of – 0.15 Debye magneton. The circular dichroic curves constructed from the optical rotatory dispersion data by the Kronig-Kramers transform are in general agreement with the experimentally determined spectra. The backbone rotations are analyzed and expressed in the terms of Shechter-Blout's parameters. The effective helicity thus computed is 50% for the reduced and 44.5% for the oxidized form. The sources of the Soret cotton effects are discussed along with the possibilities of the components present (cytochromes a and a3 and copper), the intrinsic property of the Soret transition, possible splitting of the Soret band, interactions with the protein helix, and heme-heme and heme-copper couplings. The fact that the optical rotatory dispersion and circular dichroism behavior is dependent upon the oxidation state of cytochrome oxidase could arise either from an altered conformation of the protein backbone and/or from an altered interaction with the heme group. Regardless of the possibilities, the geometrical conformation of cytochrome oxidase and the electronic relation between the prosthetic group and the apoenzyme is dependent upon the oxidation state of the enzyme.
DDT and PCB levels in lake Coeur d'Alene, idaho, osprey eggs

These populations are reproducing successfully; the number of nesting pairs has steadily increased during the past two decades. The threats to nesting success remain of interest however, and, we have attempted to evaluate them. The levels of DDT residues and PCB found in freah eggs of the Coeur d'Alene population are reported here. Some of the factors which influence exposure of this population to pesticide contamination are also described.
Mapping asynchrony between gypsy moth egg-hatch and forest leaf-out: Putting the phenological window hypothesis in a spatial context

Abstract Spring phenology in temperate forest ecosystems is responding in diverse ways to global climate change, with unknown consequences for insect disturbances that affect forest productivity. Adaptive forest management that anticipates changes in insect disturbance regimes requires an understanding of the mechanistic links between climate and disturbance behavior. Phenological mismatches between insects and their hosts have the potential to modify patterns of defoliation that are a significant disturbance in temperate forests. Yet the frequency and extent of phenological mismatches have not been quantified over forest landscapes. Forest dwelling, spring-feeding defoliators must synchronize larval emergence annually with leaf-out phenology of host trees. Lack of synchrony can limit population expansion, unless dispersing larvae successfully locate phenologically compatible hosts. We quantified the potential for successful dispersal of an introduced defoliator in a forest landscape by mapping phenological asynchrony from 2000 to 2010. Maps compared MODIS derived leaf-out with gypsy moth egg-hatch from the BioSIM insect phenology model. Mean temporal differences between gypsy moth egg-hatch and leaf-out were sufficient ( +10 days) to severely limit 1st instar survival in 5 of 11 years. Biologically meaningful phenological asynchrony extended over distances of 3.1–4.9 km, well beyond typical gypsy moth dispersal thresholds (
Renal intracortical blood flow distribution, function and sodium excretion in response to saline loading of anesthetized and unanesthetized dogs

In order to study the effect of anesthesia on the canine response to saline loading, experiments were performed on 10 dogs, first while awake and then during pentobarbital anesthesia. Individual kidney function and intrarenal blood flow response to saline loading (7.5% body weight) were measured in each condition and all data are reported as the average of a single kidney. CIN is considerably reduced under anesthesia (24.7 +/- 3.2 vs. 43.2 +/- 3.9 ml/min, P less than 0.01). A directionally similar reduction of PAH clearance was noted (89 +/- 17 vs. 122 +/- 13 ml/min). The natriuretic response to saline loading of the dogs reached 290 +/- 61 muEq/min while awake, but only 70 +/- 27 muEq/min while anesthetized. No measurable increase of CIN or CPAH occurred in response to saline loading either in the anesthetized or unanesthetized state. The natriuresis was entirely due to a rise of CNA/GFR in both circumstances. The change of CNA/GFR in response to saline load was also appreciably larger while awake (1.2 leads to 4.7% vs. 0.7 leads to 1.8%). Although the fraction of blood flow to the outermost quarter of the kidney was initially the same (31 +/- 3 vs. 29 +/- 3%) awake or anesthetized, the changes with saline loading were in the opposite direction and the values reached were significantly different (37 +/- 3, awake, vs. 27 +/- 3%, P less than 0.05). We conclude that while increased outer cortical blood flow is not necessary for natriuresis, it may occur during sodium loading and may facilitate sodium excretion.
Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy: Criteria for Analysis in Complex Systems

We have evaluated the effect of varying three key parameters for Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy analysis, first in the context of a one species/one environment system, and then in a complex system composed of two species, or conversely, two environments. We establish experimentally appropriate settings for the (1) minimum lag time, (2) maximum lag time, and (3) averaging times over which an autocorrelation is carried out, as a function of expected diffusion decay time for a particular solute, and show that use of appropriate settings plays a critical role in recovering accurate and reliable decay times and resulting diffusion constants. Both experimental and simulated data were used to show that for a complex binary system, to extract accurate diffusion constants for both species, decay times must be bounded by adequate minimum and maximum lag times as dictated by the fast and slow diffusing species, respectively. We also demonstrate that even when constraints on experimental conditions do not perm...
Sufficiency conditions for theories with recursive models

Abstract Hurlburt, K.R., Sufficiency conditions for theories with recursive models, Annals of Pure and Applied Logic 55 (1992) 305–320. We give conditions under which it is possible to construct recursive models for certain highly non-recursive theories. The main idea is to find an ‘α-friendly family’ of structures corresponding to the given theory and then to construct the desired recursive model by copying appropriate parts of these structures, choosing the part to copy in each structure so as to include important witnesses. All of this is done using the recursive labelling systems designed by C. Ash. An example is given which involves orderings whose elementary first-order theories have degree O (\Gw) .
Listening as information processing

This paper argues that much of the conceptual confusion in understanding the process of listening can be alleviated by adopting an information processing approach to listening. A model is presented and listening strategies are discussed.
The phosphorylation status of PAS-B distinguishes HIF-1α from HIF-2α in NBS1 repression

Hypoxia promotes genetic instability for tumor progression. Recent evidence indicates that the transcription factor HIF-1α impairs DNA mismatch repair, yet the role of HIF-1α isoform, HIF-2α, in tumor progression remains obscure. In pursuit of the involvement of HIF-α in chromosomal instability, we report here that HIF-1α, specifically its PAS-B, induces DNA double-strand breaks at least in part by repressing the expression of NBS1, a crucial DNA repair gene constituting the MRE11A–RAD50–NBS1 complex. Despite strong similarities between the two isoforms, HIF-2α fails to do so. We demonstrate that this functional distinction stems from phosphorylation of HIF-2α Thr-324 by protein kinase D1, which discriminates between subtle differences of the two PAS-B in amino-acid sequence, thereby precluding NBS1 repression. Hence, our findings delineate a molecular pathway that functionally distinguishes HIF-1α from HIF-2α, and arguing a unique role for HIF-1α in tumor progression by promoting genomic instability.
Link-layer vulnerabilities of quantum cryptography

The last two decades have witnessed an exciting advanced research field that stems from non-classical atomic theory, quantum mechanics. This field promises an important applicability in secure data communications, known as quantum cryptography. Quantum cryptography takes advantage of the inherent random polarization state of single photons, which is not reproducible by a third party or an eavesdropper located between the source and the destination. Thus, when polarization states of photons are associated with binary logic an algorithm may intelligently developed according to which a cryptographic key is disseminated by the source terminal to the destination. This is a process known as quantum key distribution. However, as photons propagate in a non-linear medium such as fiber, their polarization state does not remain intact and thus the quantum key distribution and quantum cryptography becomes vulnerable to attacks. In this paper we consider the applicability of quantum cryptography in a pragmatic fiber-optic medium and in a popular communication network topology. We identify major weaknesses for each step of the quantum key distribution process, and also potential attacks to incapacitate quantum cryptography in fiber communications, so that better countermeasure strategies can be developed.
Combination of antitumor ether lipid with lipids of complementary molecular shape reduces its hemolytic activity.

Abstract Because the therapeutic use of the antitumor ether lipid 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-methyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine (ET-18-OCH3) is restricted by its hemolytic activity we explored the use of lipid packing parameters to reduce this toxicity by creating structurally optimized ET-18-OCH3 liposomes. We postulated that combination of ET-18-OCH3, which is similar in structure to lysophosphatidylcholine, with lipid molecules of complementary molecular shape (opposite headgroup/chain volume) would likely yield a stable lamellar phase from which ET-18-OCH3 exchange to red blood cell membranes would be curtailed. To quantitate the degree of shape complementarity, we used a Langmuir trough and measured the mean molecular area per molecule (MMAM) for monolayers comprised of ET-18-OCH3, the host lipids, and binary mixtures of varying mole percentage ET-18-OCH3. The degree of complementarity was taken as the reduction in MMAM from the value expected based on simple additivity of the individual components. The greatest degree of shape complementarity was observed with cholesterol: the order of complementarity for the ET-18-OCH3-lipid mixtures examined was cholesterol>>DOPE>POPC≈DOPC. Phosphorus NMR and TLC analysis of aqueous suspensions of ET-18-OCH3 (40 mol%) with the host lipids revealed them to all be lamellar phase. For ET-18-OCH3 at 40 mol% in liposomes, the hemolytic activity followed the trend of the reduction in MMAM and was least for the ET-18-OCH3/cholesterol system (H50=661 μM ET-18-OCH3) followed by ET-18-OCH3/DOPE (H50=91 μM) and mixtures with POPC and DOPC which were comparable at H50=26 μM and 38 μM, respectively: the H50 concentration for free ET-18-OCH3 was 16 μM. This experimental strategy for designing optimized liposomes with a reduction in exchange, and hence toxicity, may be useful for other amphipathic/lipophilic drugs that are dimensionally compatible with lipid bilayers.
Absence of Ferromagnetism or Antiferromagnetism in One- or Two-Dimensional Isotropic Heisenberg Models

It is rigorously proved that at any nonzero temperature, a one- or two-dimensional isotropic spin-$S$ Heisenberg model with finite-range exchange interaction can be neither ferromagnetic nor antiferromagnetic. The method of proof is capable of excluding a variety of types of ordering in one and two dimensions.
Aspiration and speech shunt stenosis in near-total laryngectomy patients

A near-total laryngectomy or near-total laryngopharyngectomy with the creation of a speech shunt was carried out on 66 laryngopharyngeal cancer patients. Intelligible shunt speech was obtained in 50 patients (76%), while stenosis of the shunt occurred in 13 patients (20%), and asymptomatic aspiration in 4 (6%). Poor voice production was usually due to shunt stenosis, a fibrotic band surrounding the shunt, or local recurrence of tumor. Perioperative wound infection and postoperative irradiation did not interfere with the developement of shunt speech. In 12 patients with shunt stenosis, revision surgeries were performed to augment the shunt openings. During these procedures, the stenotic shunt was opened and a silastic tube was introduced into the shunt lumen to serve as a stent. For the moderately to severely stenotic shunt, the mucosal defect present was covered with a free skin graft or a sternocleidomastoid myoperiosteal flap. Following treatment, results demonstrated that 10 of the 12 patients acquired satisfactory shunt speech. In two unsuccessful cases, the causes of failure were wound infection and graft necrosis and were presumed to be complications of previous irradiation.
The clinical significance of breastmilk maturation rates.

ABSTRACT: Milk maturation from colostrum to mature milk occurs at rates that vary from mother to mother. The clinical significance of milk maturation rate is discussed here. Milk samples of 98 mothers were monitored in an observational study using the Maturation Index of Colostrum and Milk (MICAM). Samples were collected with each feeding during hospitalization, twice daily at home through day 7, and on days 14 and 28. Frequency and duration of early feeding were positively associated with milk maturation rates. An increased milk maturation rate was associated with an increased rate in infant weight gain at 28 days, lower transcutaneous bilimeter readings at 14 days and increased weeks of breastfeeding for those who weaned by 20 weeks. It is concluded from these associations that rapid milk maturation is desirable.
The effects of veratramine on atrio-ventricular nodal rhythm and on auricular flutter in the dog heart-lung preparation

A-V nodal rhythm was established in the dog HLP by crushing the S-A node. The resulting mean decrease in heart rate was 100 beats/min. Ephedrine, in doses up to 3 mg increased the A-V nodal rate to the mean maximal rate of 187 beats/min. This represents a mean maximal acceleration of 140 beats/min. The log dose-response curves for ephedrine acceleration during S-A rhythm and A-V rhythm are similar. The ED50 in both cases is about 0.2 mg.
Operationalizing Maslow's Theory: Development and Testing of the Basic Need Satisfaction Inventory

Although Maslow's theory is frequently cited in the nursing literature and is commonly used as an underlying framework for clinical practice, it has been subjected to limited empirical scrutiny. This may be due, in part, to a scarcity of survey measures to operationalize the construct of need satisfaction. The Basic Need Satisfaction Inventory (BNSI) was developed for this purpose. The instrument, created from Andrews and Withey's indicators of life concerns and their “delighted-terrible” scale, was first examined through secondary data analysis, pilot tested (N = 21), and then administered to samples of men and women with chronic pulmonary disease (N = 109) and healthy older adults (N = 100). Emerging evidence of internal consistency reliability and construct validity suggests that the BNSI may be a useful instrument to measure need satisfaction and to test the adequacy of Maslow's theory for nursing science and practice.
Coalition behavior: Effects of earned versus unearned resources☆

Abstract Previous studies of coalition games involving differences in both individual resources and coalition payoffs have found negligible effects for resources. Instead, coalition behavior in such games is primarily a function of bargaining strength (the payoffs available to players in alternative coalitions). The present study tested the possibility that the lack of resource effects in previous studies was due to resources being randomly assigned to the players, rather than being earned by them. The study also tested three theories of coalition formation: minimum resource theory, bargaining theory, and the equal excess model. It was found that the tendency for coalition members with larger resources to be offered, and actually to receive, more of the payoff than coalition members with smaller resources was stronger when resources were earned than when they were unearned. Players were also more likley to think that payoff divisions favoring the coalition member with larger resources were fairest when resources were earned rather than unearned. Bargaining strength also affected coalition behavior, however. The asymptotic predictions of bargaining theory, which are based partly on resources and partly on bargaining strength, provided the most accurate estimates of payoff divisions, although none of the theories was very accurate.
Multimodality Approach for Functional and Molecular Imaging of Cancer

In both absorption and fluorescence mode, in vivo optical tomography is challenging due to highly scattering nature of the tissue. We have developed dual and tri-modality systems that can provide quantitatively accurate cross-sectional optical images using complementary information from other imaging modalities.
Ruler and regular polygon constructions

Inspired by constructions with a ruler and a given circle and by the Poncelet–Steiner theorem, in this note we investigate constructions with a ruler and a given regular n-gon. In particular, we determine the set of points and numbers that can be constructed this way and provide a precise description of the regular polygons that can be constructed with a ruler and a given regular n-gon.
Three native tuber foods of the high Andes

Potatoes, anues, ocas and ullucus fed the pre- Columbian Incas and still feed their modern descendants, but only the potato has traveled to other parts of the world. Who knows what rivalry the potato might have had if the other three had received the same attention in efforts toward improvement?
The Effect of Risk Beliefs on Property Values: A Case Study of a Hazardous Waste Site1

Health risk beliefs of homeowners near a landfill site were assessed in a survey and compared to expert judgments of the health risks of living near the site. A bimodal distribution of health risk beliefs suggested sharp disagreement between the experts and at least some of the residents. Correlates of high risk beliefs included perception of odor from the site, exposure to media coverage of the problem, having children living at home, age (younger respondents more concerned), and gender (females more concerned). An aggregated neighborhood health risk belief predicted reductions in home prices even after controlling for home physical characteristics, such as size and other disamenities such as proximity to a freeway. In the 4100 homes near the site, the estimated depression in property values was estimated to total about $40.2 million before the site was closed and to be about $19.7 million after closure. Implications of these results for community conflict and for benefit-cost analysis of hazard site remediation are discussed.
Identification of the C4′-Oxidized Abasic Site as the Most Abundant 2-Deoxyribose Lesion in Radiation-Damaged DNA Using a Novel HPLC-Based Approach

A novel analytical high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-based method of quantification of the yields of C4′-oxidized abasic sites, 1, in oxidatively damaged DNA has been elaborated. This new approach is based on efficient conversion of 1 into N-substituted 5-methylene-Δ3-pyrrolin-2-ones, 2, upon treatment of damaged DNA with primary amines in neutral or slightly acidic solutions with subsequent quantification of 2 by HPLC. The absolute and relative radiation-chemical yields of 1 in irradiated DNA solutions were re-evaluated using this method. The yields were compared with those of other 2-deoxyribose degradation products including 5-methylene-2(5H)-furanone, malondialdehyde, and furfural resulting from the C1′, C4′ and C5′-oxidations, respectively. The yield of free base release (FBR) determined in the same systems was employed as an internal measure of the total oxidative damage to the 2-deoxyribose moiety. Application of this technique identifies 1 as the most abundant sugar lesion in double-st...
Be prepared for the ban

Healthcare assistants will be on the frontline when the ban on smoking in inpatient psychiatric units commences in July 2008. This article aims to give a realistic account of the issues, the implications of, and ethics associated with the ban.
Characterization of three areas of interactions stabilizing complexes between SecA and SecB, two proteins involved in protein export

The general secretory, Sec, system translocates precursor polypeptides from the cytosol across the cytoplasmic membrane in Escherichia coli. SecB, a small cytosolic chaperone, captures the precursor polypeptides before they fold and delivers them to the membrane translocon through interactions with SecA. Both SecB and SecA display twofold symmetry and yet the complex between the two is stabilized by contacts that are distributed asymmetrically. Two distinct regions of interaction have been defined previously and here we identify a third. Calorimetric studies of complexes stabilized by different subsets of these interactions were carried out to determine the binding affinities and the thermodynamic parameters that underlie them. We show here that there is no change in affinity when either one of two contact areas out of the three is lacking. This fact and the asymmetry of the binding contacts may be important to the function of the complex in protein export.
Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 152

Abstract Abstract: Nuclear structure data on A = 152 have been compiled and evaluated. Results from reaction and decay studies are presented together with adopted level and transition properties. This evaluation replaces “Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 152” published in vol. 58, p. 93 (1989). Cutoff Data: All data available prior to July 1996 have been included in the evaluation. General Policies and Organization of Material: See the January issue of Nuclear Data Sheets. Acknowledgments: The evaluator wishes to express her gratitude to the US Department of Energy for providing support for this effort. The advice and assistance of the members of the Nuclear Data Project (Oak Ridge National Laboratory) and National Nuclear Data Center (Brookhaven National Laboratory) are gratefully acknowledged. The evaluator is also indebted to the editors and reviewers of the Nuclear Data Sheets for their critical review of this manuscript. General Comments: The policies and conventions set out in the introductory pages of this journal have been followed. Any exceptions to this have been noted in the text.
Tumor Necrosis Factor-α, Interleukin-1β, and Interleukin-6 Levels in Febrile, Young Children With and Without Occult Bacteremia

Objective To determine the utility of plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1), and interleukin 6 (IL-6) in the prediction of occult bacteremia in febrile, young children. Study design Prospective, case-control study conducted in a large, urban, children's hospital emergency department. Eligibility criteria were: 0 to 36 months of age, febrile, nontoxic appearing, immunocompetent, no apparent bacterial source for fever on physical examination, and blood culture obtained. Additional blood, procured at the time of the blood culture, was analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for TNF, IL-1, and IL-6. Children with positive blood cultures for pathogenic bacteria served as cases. Two age-matched controls for each case were selected from the children with negative cultures. Results Out of 1329 enrollees, 33 cases and 66 controls were evaluated. IL-6 levels were significantly higher for the cases than controls but with moderate overlap in their ranges. TNF and IL-1 levels were not significantly different between cases and controls. Height of fever, duration of fever, acute illness observation score, absolute band count, and white blood cell count were all much less predictive of bacteremia than either IL-6 or absolute neutrophil count (ANC). The optimum IL-6 threshold value had a sensitivity of 88%, a specificity of 70%, a positive predictive value (PPV) of 7.0%, a negative predictive value (NPV) of 99.6%, and an odds ratio (OR) of 16.7 (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.8-71.6). The optimum ANC threshold value had a sensitivity of 82%, a specificity of 74%, a PPV of 7.5%, a NPV of 99.4%, and an OR of 12.8 (95% CI, 3.2-59.7). The best predictor was a combination of IL-6 and ANC. It had a sensitivity of 100%, a specificity of 78%, a PPV of 10.4%, a NPV of 100%, and an OR which is undefined because of the 100% sensitivity (95% CI, 33.0-infinity). For comparison, a WBC >15 x 10(9) cells/L had a sensitivity of 48%, a specificity of 79%, a PPV of 5.5%, a NPV of 98.3%, and an OR of 3. 5 (95% CI, 1.1-10.7). Conclusions In febrile children 0 to 36 months of age, IL-6 levels may be helpful in the prediction of occult bacteremia, but TNF and IL-1 levels are not. IL-6 levels alone or notably when combined with an ANC were more predictive of occult bacteremia than traditional tests and clinical criteria. The wide range in the IL-6 values for cases and controls detracts from the precision of the findings. The lack of rapid processing and clinical availability of IL-6 assays hampers its present application. However, despite these drawbacks and given the poor ability of traditional clinical and laboratory criteria to predict occult bacteremia, these results suggest a possible future role for IL-6 in predicting occult bacteremia when rapid assays become available.