cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Efficient propagation of citrus rootstocks by stem cuttings

Abstract A simple multicomponent system is described that is effective for rapid propagation of a diversity of citrus rootstock genotypes by single node cuttings, including new hybrids and cultivars that are most commonly used as rootstocks. Efficiency of this system for rooting shoot explants of six important rootstock cultivars, Swingle, Cleopatra, US-802, US-812, US-897, and US-942 is compared in a repeated study. Many of the cuttings began to grow within 2 weeks after planting into potting mix. Growth for the resultant plants of different genotypes was compared through 20 weeks, and significant differences were observed. US-802 had the highest success in establishing growing plants at 8 weeks, with 82–91% of single node cuttings successfully rooted and growing, while Cleopatra was the least efficient with a 42–45% recovery of growing plants. Comparison of plant weight for cuttings and seedlings indicated that 12 week old nucellar and true-to-type seedlings are similar in size to 12–16 week old cuttings of the same cultivars. Plants of all rootstocks, whether cuttings or seedling-propagated, were observed to approach a dry weight ratio of 80% shoot and 20% root. Pronounced differences in the number and length of roots were identified among the rootstocks, indicating large differences in root structure that might be important in relation to eventual field plant health and growth. The commercial utility of the described methods is discussed.
Challenges to safe and effective pain management in patients with super obesity: case report and literature review

The prevalence of obesity continues to rise in the United States and impacts on morbidity, mortality and overall costs in health care considerably. In 2013–2014, more than one-third (37.9%) of U.S. adults were classified as obese, and the prevalence of those with a body mass index (BMI) ≥40kg/m2, was 7.7%. (1) The heaviest groups (BMI ≥50kg/m2) increases in prevalence at the fastest rates. (2) Pertinent to healthcare providers—the larger the patient, the more health care resources utilized and the worse the survival. (3) Having a BMI >40kg/m2 predicts use of more than double the healthcare dollars of a normal weight individual. (4) Providing care to individuals with severe obesity is complex, as the physiologic changes associated with morbid and super obesity alter the pharmacokinetic properties of most drugs. (5) Derangements in cardiovascular and respiratory physiology make the patients with morbid obesity more vulnerable to drug-induced respiratory depression and upper airway obstruction, thus increasing the risk of treating them with opioids. In reviewing the literature, it appears that much of what is understood regarding the care of patients with super obesity must be extrapolated from what is known regarding the morbidly obese, a group that has been studied more frequently. The term “super obesity” has been used variably, but defined often as weighing 150 pounds or more than ideal body weight or having a BMI ≥50kg/m. (6) Herein we present a case of a patient with a BMI of 100kg/m2 admitted with uncontrolled pain due to large necrotic skin ulcers from nonuremic calciphylaxis. Through this case, we review the limitations of data regarding pharmacologic properties for those with super obesity, and provide palliative medicine providers with a framework for such management.
Firm performance, reporting goals, and language choices in narrative disclosures

We use an experiment with experienced managers to provide more-direct evidence on how reporting goals and firm performance influence language choices. We find that bad news disclosures are less readable than good news, but only when managers have a stronger self-enhancement motive. Our results suggest that this difference is driven mainly by attempts to write more readable good news reports as opposed to intentional obfuscation of poor performance. In order to frame poor performance in a positive light, managers also focus more on the future, provide causal explanations for poor performance, and use more passive voice and fewer personal pronouns.
Chunking in Soar

Chunking was previously defined (Rosenbloom & Newell, 1983) as a process that acquires chunks that generate the results of a goal, given the goal and its parameters. The parameters of a goal were defined to be those aspects of the system existing prior to the goal’s creation that were examined during the processing of the goal. Each chunk was represented as a set of three productions, one that encoded the parameters of a goal, one that connected this encoding in the presence of the goal to (chunked) results, and a third production that decoded the results. These chunks were learned bottom-up in the goal hierarchy; only terminal goals — goals for which there were no subgoals that had not already been chunked — were chunked. These chunks improved task performance by substituting efficient productions for complex goal processing. This mechanism was shown to work for a set of simple perceptual-motor skills based on fixed goal hierarchies (Rosenbloom, 1983).
Animal cruelty among children in violent households: children's explanations of their behavior

Despite increased recognition that childhood animal cruelty (CAC) is a risk factor for subsequent interpersonal violence, there is a dearth of research examining motivations for children’s animal cruelty behaviors in the context of violent households. The purpose of this study is to build on prior research in this area using a qualitative child-centered design to explore themes in children’s narratives about harming animals. We were specifically interested in learning: (1) what contextual or situational factors are related to CAC behaviors in the context of adverse family settings? (2) what do children’s accounts of their behaviors reveal about their beliefs about animal minds?, and (3) what are motivations for children’s perpetration of harm against animals? Forty-six children and their maternal caregivers were recruited from community-based domestic violence services. Children were asked to describe times when they had harmed animals; caregivers were interviewed separately about children’s harm to pets, and these data were used to triangulate patterns in the child data. Data were analyzed in Atlas.ti using the qualitative coding process of template analysis. Our thematic findings included: history of witnessing animal cruelty; history of witnessing pet neglect/abandonment; CAC with family members; minimization of animal harm; anthropomorphic beliefs about animal sentience; punishing pets out of anger; and curiosity. Our findings demonstrate that asking about children’s experiences with animals is an important part of the evaluation process for professionals who encounter children exposed to, or at risk for, experiencing family violence. Implications for research and intervention efforts are discussed.
Cofactor Biosynthesis: A Mechanistic Perspective

The chemistry of the cofactors has provided a fertile area of overlap between organic chemistry and biochemistry, and the organic chemistry of the cofactors is now a thoroughly studied area. In contrast, the chemistry of cofactor biosynthesis is still relatively underdeveloped. In this review the biosynthesis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, riboflavin, folate, molyb-dopterin, thiamin, biotin, lipoic acid, pantothenic acid, coenzyme A, S-adenosylmethionine, pyridoxal phosphate, ubiquinone and menaquinone in E. coli will be described with a focus on unsolved mechanistic problems.
Analysis of amino acids by gas chromatography as the N-trifluoroacetyl n-butyl esters.

Des tests interlaboratoires montrent que cette technique de dosage permet d'obtenir des resultats equivalents a ceux de la technique de chromatographie par echange d'ions
On Christian Teaching: Practicing Faith in the Classroom

David I. Smith is on a mission to change the way Christian educators approach their vocation of teaching. Building upon his previously published volume in 2011 entitled Teaching and Christian Pract...
The Cancer Immunotherapy Biomarker Testing Landscape.

Context.— Cancer immunotherapy provides unprecedented rates of durable clinical benefit to late-stage cancer patients across many tumor types, but there remains a critical need for biomarkers to ac...
Diagnostic testing in gestational bullous pemphigoid: Has enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay replaced direct immunofluorescence as the new gold standard?

Author(s): Abel, Mary Kathryn; Suresh, Raagini; Raffi, Jodie; McCalmont, Timothy H; Murase, Jenny E
From Overdiagnosis to Overtreatment of Low-Risk Thyroid Cancer: A Thematic Analysis of Attitudes and Beliefs of Endocrinologists, Surgeons, and Patients.

Introduction: The optimal management for patients with small, low-risk thyroid cancer is often debated. We aimed to characterize the attitudes and beliefs of providers and patients about management...
Understanding Legal Documents: Classification of Rhetorical Role of Sentences Using Deep Learning and Natural Language Processing

Automatically extracting the patterns of reasoning from complex legal documents can make legal systems more effective by increasing on-time case processing and the case clearance rate. The crucial task to achieve this is to automatically classify sentences in legal documents into categories based on their content. In this paper, a deep learning model is proposed that breaks down legal documents and classifies the rhetorical types of sentences. A hypothesis is tested, that using a small set of labelled data, deeper and more accurate models for the processing of legal documents can be constructed. This will automate the processing of legal documents hence decreasing, and ultimately eliminating the backlog that currently exists throughout various legal systems. This work can be generalized for legal appeals cases in diverse fields. The various configurations used to train the Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (Bi-LSTM) model will be compared along with a variety of embeddings. The experiments obtained their highest accuracy using the Bi-LSTM model with 300-dimensional GloVe embeddings compared to the previous techniques used for the semantic understanding of law related documents.
The Local and Peripheral Immune Responses to Stroke: Implications for Therapeutic Development

The immune response to stroke is an exciting target for future stroke therapies. Stroke is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and clot removal (mechanical or pharmacological) to achieve tissue reperfusion is the only therapy currently approved for patient use. Due to a short therapeutic window and incomplete effectiveness, however, many patients are left with infarcted tissue that stimulates inflammation. Although this is critical to promote repair, it can also damage surrounding healthy brain tissue. In addition, acute immunodepression and subsequent infections are common and are associated with worse patient outcomes. Thus, the acute immune response is a major focus of researchers attempting to identify ways to amplify its benefits and suppress its negative effects to improve short-term recovery of patients. Here we review what is known about this powerful process. This includes the role of brain resident cells such as microglia, peripherally activated cells such as macrophages and neutrophils, and activated endothelium. The role of systemic immune activation and subsequent immunodepression in the days after stroke is also discussed, as is the chronic immune responses and its effects on cognitive function. The biphasic role of inflammation, as well as complex timelines of cell production, differentiation, and trafficking, suggests that the relationship between the acute and chronic phases of stroke recovery is complex. Gaining a more complete understanding of this intricate process by which inflammation is initiated, propagated, and terminated may potentially lead to therapeutics that can treat a larger population of stroke patients than what is currently available. The immune response plays a critical role in patient recovery in both the acute and chronic phases after stroke. In patients, the immune response can be beneficial by promoting repair and recovery, and also detrimental by propagating a pro-inflammatory microenvironment. Thus, it is critical to understand the mechanisms of immune activation following stroke in order to successfully design therapeutics.
Application effect of emergency management and preventive measures in children with clinical transfusion reaction

Objective To analyze the application effect of emergency management and preventive measures in children with clinical transfusion reaction. Methods 1 500 children with clinical transfusion in our hospital from January 2015 to December 2017 were selected, and were divided into control group and observation group by admission time, 750 children with clinical transfusion from January 2015 to May 2016 as control group, and 750 children with clinical transfusion from June 2016 to December 2017 as observation group. Two groups were given routine transfusion intervention, and on this basis, the observation group was given emergency management and preventive measures. The transfusion reaction and symptom remission time were compared between the two groups. Results The total incidence of transfusion reaction in the observation group was 0.67%, which was lower than 2.53% in the control group (P<0.05). The symptom remission time in the observation group was (40.27±5.98)min, which was shorter than (45.35±6.10)min in the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion Scientific emergency management and preventive measures can effectively decrease the incidence of transfusion reaction in children, and accelerate the remission of clinical symptoms. Key words: Transfusion reaction; Emergency management; Preventive measures; Application effect
Behavior and Underlying Ideology

Chapter two will explore the unusual belief systems of sovereign citizens. Their belief system can be diverse and although there are differences between the behaviors and tactics of sovereign citizens, their core beliefs remain the same. A description of those common themes and core beliefs is presented below.
Effect of copper salts on amide hydrothermal formation and reactivity

Unlike ambient conditions, water at elevated temperature and pressure can increasingly favor dissolution of hydrophobic organic molecules, act as an acid/base catalyst, and trigger unique hydrother...
Constructivism and Determinism: An examination of two conflicting philosophies to voice feminisation for transgender women

A review of various approaches to voice feminisation for transgender women reveals two conflicting philosophies concerning voice and gender identity: determinism and constructivism. While the determinist philosophy equates sex with gender and posits that physiology determines vocal output, the constructivist philosophy views gender and vocal differences as more dependent on socio-cultural factors. Much of past research has relied on the deterministic perspective to define the voice as a set of masculine or feminine acoustic measures. This binary categorisation poses a challenge for adult transgender women who must overcome significant laryngeal changes attributed to puberty to modify their voices. Certain studies indicate voice feminisation interventions are more effective when they incorporate the self-perceived identities of transgender women into treatment strategies instead of relying solely on acoustic voice measures to label a voice as either masculine or feminine. Further research suggests that social factors – including class, ethnicity and upbringing – impact vocalisation. In light of this evidence, this paper acknowledges the need for more holistic treatments of the voice through a better integration of the constructivist perspective into voice feminisation practices. In certain reports of patient outcomes, transgender women who rate their voice as more feminine are also perceived as such by listeners. This finding demonstrates the efficacy of a patient-centred approach, which is best accomplished through a synergistic application of both determinist and constructivist philosophies to voice modification. By doing so, therapeutic interventions will likely be more effective at alleviating incongruences between the voice and self-identity for transgender women.
713 Sleep of infants and toddlers during 12 months of the COVID-19 pandemic

Introduction: SARS-CoV-2 changed the lives of children and their parents in 2020. To our knowledge, no studies have examined infant and toddler sleep during this pandemic. We sought to compare parentreported sleep characteristics of infants and toddlers over successive quarters of the past year. Methods: Parents of children aged 0-36 months were surveyed primarily in the Midwestern USA between 01/17/2020 and 12/07/2020. Each parent responded only once. Age was categorized as: $150,000. The year was divided into quarters. Multivariable linear regression included Total Sleep Time (TST), Sleep Onset Latency (SOL) and parental frustration with sleep (any frustration, scale of 1-5) as dependent variables and year quarter, child's age, prematurity, child's comorbidities, maternal age (during their child's birth), parenting experience, household income, and room sharing as independent variables. Logistic regression included nap consistency (napping at the same time daily) as the dependent variable, and year quarter, child's age, prematurity, comorbidity, maternal age, parenting experience, household income, and room sharing as independent variables. Results: Of 594 children, mean age was 18.5±9.7 months and 52% were female. Prematurity and comorbidities were reported for 8% and 15%, respectively. Mean maternal age was 31.8±4.5 years. Neither TST (β=-0.488;p= 0.16) nor SOL (β= 0.029;p=0.23) were associated with year quarter. SOL was 3 minutes less for each increase in income category (β =-0.051;p= 0.003). TST (β = -0.994;p<0.001) and SOL (β =0.092;p<0.0001) were most associated with child's age. Parental frustration was associated with child's age (β=0.12;p= 0.04), comorbidity (β=0.30;p=0.05) and room sharing (β= -0.38;p=0.006), but not year quarter. Nap consistency was associated with increased child age category (OR 1.47;95% CI 1.13, 1.94) and lack of room sharing (OR=2.09;1.10, 3.97), but not year quarter. Conclusion: Parent-estimated TST, nap consistency and sleep-related frustration did not differ significantly over the first 12 months of the pandemic. Yet, our results underscore that special attention should be given to the sleep of infants and toddlers with comorbidities, who share a room, and who have a lower household income.
Centering microbes in the emerging role of integrative biology in understanding environmental change.

We argue that the current environmental changes stressing the Earth's biological systems urgently require study from an integrated perspective to reveal unexpected, cross-scale interactions, particularly between microbes and macroscale phenomena. Such interactions are the basis of a mechanistic understanding of the important connections between deforestation and emerging infectious disease, feedback between ecosystem disturbance and the gut microbiome, and the cross-scale effects of environmental pollutants. These kinds of questions can be answered with existing techniques and data, but a concerted effort is necessary to better coordinate studies and data sets from different disciplines to fully leverage their potential.
Does Proxy Advice Allow Funds to Cast Informed Votes

This paper estimates to what extent proxy advice allows funds to vote as if they were informed. A fund’s vote is classified as “informed“ if the fund accessed the company’s proxy statement from the SEC’s Edgar website prior to voting. A fund’s proxy advisor, if any, is identified from the format of its Form N-PX filing. Our main finding, for the period 2004-2017, is that proxy advice did not result in funds voting as if they were informed – more often than not it pushed them in the opposite direction – and this distorting effect was particularly noticeable for ISS. The finding is robust to several strategies designed to control for endogeneity of acquiring information and seeking proxy advice, including fixed effects and instrumental variables. We also show that advice distorted votes toward policies favored by socially responsible investment (SRI) funds, and provide suggestive evidence that proxy advisors slanted their recommendations toward the preferences of SRI funds because of pressure from activists.
Coffee-can-sized spacecraft

The current status and potential scientific applications of intelligent 1-5-kg projectiles being developed by SDIO and DARPA for military missions are discussed. The importance of advanced microelectronics for such small spacecraft is stressed, and it is pointed out that both chemical rockets and EM launchers are currently under consideration for these lightweight exoatmospheric projectiles (LEAPs). Long-duration power supply is identified as the primary technological change required if LEAPs are to be used for interplanetary scientific missions, and the design concept of a solar-powered space-based railgun to accelerate LEAPs on such missions is considered.
Immunological and chemotherapeutic prevention and control of oncogenic viruses.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the immunological and chemotherapeutic prevention and control of oncogenic viruses. The development of in vitro (tissue culture) assay systems has facilitated the rapid testing of drugs and other potentially active antiviral agents. In addition, these assays have been found useful in studies designed to elucidate the mechanism of inhibitory action of antiviral agents. Murine leukemia viruses are assayed by the XC-test, in which a quantitative number of syncytia are formed. Infective titers of murine sarcoma virus can be quantitated by the number of foci formed on mouse embryo fibroblast cultures. These assays have shown to be useful for isolating naturally occurring viruses of the murine leukemic group in tissue culture and for determining the helper role that murine leukemia viruses possess for defective murine sarcoma virus. Several murine leukemia and sarcoma virus-transformed cell lines have been established and have been employed for testing drugs. An alkaloid extract of the Narcissus bulb and rifampycin derivatives have been shown to exert an in vitro inhibitory effect on murine leukemia and sarcoma virus replication.
National Institute of Statistical Science (NISS), US

The National Institute of Statistical Sciences (NISS) is a research institute, established in 1990 and located in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, whose mission is to identify, catalyze and foster high-impact cross disciplinary research involving the statistical sciences.
Bundles and Connections

In 1931 Hopf studied the set [S 3, S 2] of homotopy classes of maps of spheres in his computation of π3(S 2).He showed that π3(S 2) is generated by the class of a certain map that is now well known as the Hopf fibration (see Example 4.5). This fibration decomposes S 3 into subspaces homeomorphic to S 1 and the space of these subsets is precisely the sphere S 2. In 1933 Seifert introduced the term fiber space to describe this general situation. The product of two topological spaces is trivially a fiber space, but the example of the Hopf fibration shows that a fiber space need not be a global topological product. It continues to be a local product and is now referred to as a fiber bundle.
Synchronization of different chaotic systems using generalized active control

Synchronization of completely different chaotic systems via active controllers is investigated. Chaos synchronization using active controllers is generalized for different chaotic systems. Two completely different Lorenz and Rossler systems are considered for synchronization and numerical simulations are presented graphically to confirm the validity of the proposed method.
Micromanagers of gene expression: the potentially widespread influence of metazoan microRNAs

We propose that the microRNA milieu, unique to each cell type, productively dampens the expression of thousands of mRNAs and provides important context for the evolution of all metazoan mRNA sequences. For genes that should not be expressed in a particular cell type, protein output is lowered to inconsequential levels. For other genes, dosage is adjusted in a manner that allows for customized expression in different cell types while achieving a more uniform level within each cell type. In these ways, the microRNAs add an extensive layer of gene control that integrates with transcriptional and other regulatory processes to expand the complexity of metazoan gene expression.
Visual Acuity, Contrast Sensitivity and Color Vision Three Years After Iodine-125 Brachytherapy for Choroidal and Ciliary Body Melanoma.

Purpose: To report visual acuity, contrast sensitivity and color vision prior to, 1 year after, 2 years after and 3 years after iodine-125 brachytherapy for choroidal and ciliary body melanoma (CCM). Design: Prospective interventional case series. Participants: Thirty-seven patients (37 eyes) with CCM. Methods: Patients had best-corrected Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) visual acuity, Pelli-Robson contrast sensitivity and Hardy-Rand-Rittler color vision measurement; comprehensive ophthalmology examination; optical coherence tomography; and ultrasonography at baseline prior to, 1 year after, 2 years after and 3 years after I-125 brachytherapy. Main Outcome Measures: Visual acuity, contrast sensitivity and color vision prior to, 1 year after, 2 years after and 3 years after brachytherapy. Results: Nineteen (19) men and 18 women with mean age of 58 years (SD 13, range 30-78) prior to, 1 year after, 2 years after and 3 years after brachytherapy had mean best-corrected visual acuity of 77 letters (20/32), 65 letters (20/50), 56 letters (20/80) and 47 letters (20/125); contrast sensitivity of 30, 26, 22 and 19 letters; color vision of 26, 20, 17 and 14 test figures, respectively. Decrease in visual acuity, contrast sensitivity and color vision was statistically significant from baseline at 1 year, 2 years, and 3 years after brachytherapy. Decreased acuity at 3 years was associated with mid-choroid and macula melanoma location, ≥ 4.1 mm melanoma height, radiation maculopathy and radiation optic neuropathy. Conclusion: 1, 2 and 3 years after brachytherapy, eyes with CCM had significantly decreased visual acuity, contrast sensitivity and color vision.
LOCAL RURAL DEVELOPMENT, INSTITUTIONAL INACTION AND THE TRAGEDY OF LOCAL PUBLIC GOODS

Empirical observation can confirm that not all rural communities enjoy an optimal level of local public goods: some public goods are provided more often and in a better quality than others. Given the vital importance of public goods for the welfare of local communities (among which the management of the local natural resource base for sustainable development plays a relevant role), the relation between existing local political institutions and their competences represents a critical issue for the concrete possibilities to properly produce, manage and provide local public goods. A better understanding of the nature of local public goods may increase the awareness of interdependence between local economic, environmental and social development not only in order to stop their continuing eroding but also to increase the possibility to produce local public goods and to design the institutional setting to overcome generic problems of public goods provision.
A Four‐Year Pathology Review of the Near Total Face Transplant

In December of 2008, our institution performed a near total face transplant. The patient was monitored for signs of rejection assessed by paired skin and mucosa biopsies. The results of histological review of 120 biopsies collected during the first 4 years posttransplant are discussed. All biopsies were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, periodic acid-Schiff, immunohistochemical and TUNEL assays and graded using the Banff 2007 classification. Grade III rejection was diagnosed clinically at weeks 45 and 66, posttransplant; week 45 was determined as folliculitis while the erythema episode at week 66 confirmed an acute rejection (AR) that required hospitalization. The mucosa frequently showed interface inflammation without clinical signs of rejection and was not present in skin biopsies. In all, 34 of the 45 mucosal biopsies (75%) showed these interface changes. Clinical symptoms concurred with skin pathology in two grade III rejections. The mucosa showed histologic signs of rejection more frequently, which may indicate: increased mucosal sensitivity to rejection, a different type or subtype of AR that is specific to the mucosa, or a nonspecific process such as a drug effect. With more data and world experience, the diagnosis of face transplant rejection will be better defined and the Banff classification enhanced.
Spatial variation in cartilage T2 of the knee.

Technical limitations imposed by resolution and B1 homogeneity have thus far limited quantitative in vivo T2 mapping of cartilage to the patella. The purpose of this study is to develop T2 mapping of the femoral/tibial joint and assess regional variability of cartilage T2 in the knee. Quantitative in vivo T2 mapping of the knee was performed on 15 asymptomatic adults (age, 22‐44) using a 3T MR scanner. There is a consistent pattern of spatial variation in cartilage T2 with longer values near the articular surface. The greatest variation occurs in the patella, where T2 increases from 45.3 6 2.5 msec at a normalized distance of 0.33‐67 6 5.5 msec at a distance of 1.0. These results demonstrate feasibility of performing in vivo T2 mapping of femoral tibial cartilage. Except for the superficial 15% where T2 values are lower, the spatial variation in T2 of femoral and tibial cartilage is similar to patellar cartilage. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2001;14: 50‐55. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Lifetime of an electron-hole plasma of silicon in the picosecond range.

A new recombination channel for the e-h plasma in silicon, at carrier densities of n/sub e/> or approx. =10/sup 21/ cm/sup -3/, is calculated. It is shown to be important in explaining the optical response of the e-h plasma at different probing wavelengths generated by picosecond pulses at very large fluences sufficient to melt the sample.
The behavior of silver particles supported on graphite in various gaseous environments

Abstract Controlled atmosphere electron microscopy has been used to continuously follow the behavior of silver particles supported on graphite when heated in the presence of various gases including helium, hydrogen and water vapor. In dry systems particles were observed to exhibit mobility over the range 320°–515°C. When water vapor was introduced either continuously or as a pulse injection particle motion was suppressed. At higher temperatures all systems showed similar behavior irrespective of the nature of the gas. Silver particles tended to collect into large globular islands at 615°C, and in this form showed characteristics of the bulk metal rather than those associated with small discrete particles. When the temperature was raised to 960°C discrete particles re-formed and once again exhibited mobility. This sequence of events and possible reasons for the inhibition of particle movement by water vapor is discussed.
BORDEAUX INJURY TO FOLIAGE AT LOW TEMPERATURES.

That bordeaux spray increases transpiration has been observed by many investigators (4). That bordeaux spray decreases leaf temperature has been demonstrated by Tllford and May (5). These two facts singly or in combination might lead one to expect that bordeaux spray would increase the susceptibility of foliage to cold injury. The common observation that bordeaux injury to foliage, presumably copper injury, is sometimes greater during cool, wet weather, is probably unrelated to the subject under discussion.
Visual and auditory evoked potentials: Specificity of reticular formation modulating influences

Adrenalinzufuhr wie auch hochfrequente elektrische Reizung am pontinischen Gehirnstamm fuhren zu Potentialverstarkung, wenn diese nicht visuell, sondern auditiv geweckt wurde. Entsprechende Versuche mit Acetylcholin fuhrten zu keinem Erfolg, was fur die Spezifitat der retikularen Einflusse spricht.
Sampling of semiclassically quantized polyatomic molecule vibrations by an adiabatic switching method: Application to quasiclassical trajectory calculations

We apply the adiabatic switching (AS) method to determine the polyatomic classical motions that correspond to selected vibrational quantum states on multidimensional, anharmonic potential energy surfaces, and use these semiclassically quantized motions as initial conditions for quasiclassical trajectory (QCT) calculations of state‐to‐state reaction dynamics. Specifically, we calculate the classical motion corresponding to the quantum mechanical zero‐point vibration of deuterated methane, CD4, and run QCT calculations on the H+CD4→HD(v’,j’)+CD3 reaction. The distribution of CD4 vibrational zero‐point energy (ZPE) associated with the AS‐sampled motions is compared with that from normal‐mode‐sampled motions. The spread of total zero‐point energy in the AS calculations is much narrower than with normal‐mode sampling, and the ZPE’s are appropriately shifted to lower energy due to anharmonic effects. Reverse adiabatic switching is used as an indirect check of the quantum numbers of the adiabatically sampled motion, but numerical limitations made this test inconclusive. The AS method thus appears to be superior to normal‐mode sampling, but this superiority cannot be demonstrated conclusively for the fully anharmonic CD4 potential. However, the AS method is shown to perform very well for transformation from one CD4 harmonic potential to another and for transformation from an harmonic to an anharmonic, but decoupled potential in which CD4 is described by Morse oscillators. Evidence is presented that suggests the AS calculations are limited by numerical inaccuracies or intrinsic features of the potential energy surface, both of which are unavoidable. H+CD4→HD(v’,j’)+CD3 QCT calculations of state‐to‐state dynamics using CD4 with no ZPE, the ZPE from AS sampling, and the ZPE from normal‐mode sampling are reported and compared.
Comparison of Tone compensation and Spring assistance for hand rehabilitation in HEXORR

Robotic rehabilitation techniques have the capacity to provide high dosage therapy without the labor burden of conventional methods. The most effective means of using robots to retrain function is not yet known, though many studies now support providing assistance to movement while the user actively participates in that movement. In this study, we compare, in three chronic stroke subjects, a novel Tone assistance mode to a Spring assistance method commonly used in other robots. The Tone mode provides assistance comparable to the subject's own resistance to extension while Spring mode provides a spring-like force to pull the subject to the target. All three subjects produced larger finger movements with robotic assistance, but they also produced much more positive work with the Tone assistance compared to the Spring assistance. This demonstrates that subjects were actively driving the movements in Tone mode to a greater extent than in Spring mode. Two out of three subjects showed similar results in the thumb. In the third subject, work was comparable across all modes. With Tone assistance, subjects produced movement and torque profiles more similar to that of Unassisted movement than Spring-assisted movement for both fingers and thumb. These results suggest that providing assistance tailored to the user's own tone profile may be an effective means of enhancing range of motion to ultimately enable gains in hand function.
Widespread polychromatism in female sunangel hummingbirds (Heliangelus: Trochilidae)

In hummingbirds, a showy gorget of iridescent throat feathers is a characteristic male ornament in many sexually dichromatic species. Given that polygynous breeding systems are the only ones observed in hummingbirds, and that polygyny is often associated with dramatic male ornamentation and sexual dimorphism, it is not surprising that gorgets are usually interpreted as sexual display characters. This proposition is challenged by exceptional ‘polychromatic’ species in which adult females diner in their development of a male-like gorget. This analysis focuses on determining the prevalence of polychromatic variation in the Andean genus Heliangelus. In eight of nine species, females' gorgets range from a dull plumage characteristic of most female hummingbirds (female-like), to a bright iridescent plumage that matches that of the males (male-like). Analysis of museum study-skins reveals that individual variation in gorget colour is limited to females, and that it is independent of month and year of collection. Only H. exortis and H. amethysticollis exhibit significant geographic variation in the frequencies of different colour forms, though most male-like female H. amethysticollis occur in southern Ecuador-northern Peru. Some species-specific features of the male-like females' gorget appear to be linked to qualities of the male gorget (presence/absence, colour and maximum size). However, non-adaptive hypotheses, including genetic correlation between the sexes, hybridization and neutral variation, cannot account for the plumage variation among females. The absence of any association between female gorget colour and breeding condition suggests that gorget colour has a non-sexual function. I propose that gorgets can evolve solely as a non-sexual signal associated with different foraging behaviours.
Settling and Ovipositional Behavior of Bactericera cockerelli (Hemiptera: Triozidae) on Solanaceous Hosts Under Field and Laboratory Conditions

Potato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli (Sulc), is a seasonal insect pest in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas, where it transmits the bacterial pathogen "Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum" that causes zebra chip disease of potato. Studies were conducted to evaluate host preference of B. cockerelli adults for different plant species, and plant size and density. Settling and oviposition behavior of B. cockerelli was studied on its wild and cultivated solanaceous hosts, including potato, tomato, pepper, eggplant, and silverleaf nightshade, under both field and laboratory conditions. Naturally occurring B. cockerelli were used to evaluate host preference under open field conditions throughout the growing season. Settling and oviposition preference studies in the laboratory were conducted as cage-release experiments using pairs of plants, and observations were recorded over a 72-h period. Results of field trials indicated that naturally occurring B. cockerelli preferred potato and tomato equally for settling and oviposition, but settled on pepper, eggplant, and silverleaf nightshade only in the absence of potato and tomato. Under laboratory conditions, B. cockerelli adults preferred larger host plants, regardless of the species tested. Results also showed that movement of B. cockerelli was minimal after initial landing and settling behavior was influenced by host plant density. Lone plants attracted the most psyllids and can be used as sentinel plants to monitor B. cockerelli activity. Information from both field and laboratory studies demonstrated that not only host plant species determined host selection behavior of B. cockerelli adults, but also plant size and density.
Muon-catalyzed fusion theory

Some topics in muon-catalyzed fusion theory are discussed: Resonant formation of ddμ molecules appears to be well understood, with good agreement so far between theory and experiment. The situation for resonant dtμ formation is much less clear, because of the more complicated kinetics, the apparent three-body effect, and the evident need to treat thermalization and molecular formation together to compare theory and experiment. Recent theoretical progress in pdμ fusion by Friar et al. has resolved a serious discrepancy in the Wolfenstein-Gershtein effect, i.e., the increase in pdμ, fusion yield with increased deuterium fraction.
Mixed Precision Iterative Refinement Techniques for the Solution of Dense Linear Systems

By using a combination of 32-bit and 64-bit floating point arithmetic, the performance of many dense and sparse linear algebra algorithms can be significantly enhanced while maintaining the 64-bit accuracy of the resulting solution. The approach presented here can apply not only to conventional processors but also to exotic technologies such as Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA), Graphical Processing Units (GPU), and the Cell BE processor. Results on modern processor architectures and the Cell BE are presented.
USING DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS TO CHARACTERIZE THE EFFECTS OF MOISTURE SORPTION ON THE TEXTURE OF LOW MOISTURE FOODS

Extruded puffed corn starch was equilibrated to various water activities over saturated salt solutions. After equilibration the samples were stored in sealed containers for a period of eight weeks. A trained descriptive sensory panel determined the textural characteristics of the samples, after equilibration and after eight weeks of storage. The critical water activity, the water activity at which the textural characteristics of the samples significantly changed was determined to be between water activities 0.36-0.58. Principal component analysis showed that samples equilibrated to water activities above the critical water activity (0.36) were perceived to be low in fracturability and high in cohesiveness.
Design of a CMOS track-and-hold amplifier for a 6-bit 1-GS/s interpolating flash ADC

The design of a CMOS track-and-hold amplifier (THA) for a 6-bit 1-GS/s interpolating flash ADC is presented. Since the goal of the overall project was to determine the performance of a new ADC calibration architecture, the THA was prohibited from being the limiting factor in the performance of the ADC; consequently the THA was required to have at least 56dB of signal-to-noise and distortion ratio (SNDR) at the Nyquist frequency. The THA architecture, design methodology, and supporting simulation results will be presented.
Four-wave-mixing measurements on metal organics

The macroscopic third order optical susceptibility, (chi) (3), of a series of metal free, nickel and copper containing salicyaldehyde based metal organic complexes was measured by degenerate four wave mixing at 532 nm. Insertion of the metal ion into the ligand greatly enhanced the magnitude of (gamma) , the microscopic second order molecular hyperpolarizability. Maximum (gamma) values of 2.6 X 10(superscript -29 esu were measured for the materials studied.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A Decade of Feminist Influence on Psychotherapy

The last decade has seen some major impacts of feminism on the institution of psychotherapy regarding theories, treatment techniques, and assessment instruments. The changes in attitudes toward women as therapists and as clients have reflected the general advances of the women's movement in that women clients are more likely to seek women therapists and to receive treatments specifically developed for crises affecting women such as rape, pregnancy and domestic violence. The difficulties in designing empirical studies to demonstrate bias in psychotherapy have resulted in a confusing state of the art because only the higher-order interactions have consistently been significant. Attempts of some women to resist changes brought about by the women's movement and the apathy and levity of others have also presented problems in the path of progress. However, movement toward the long-range goal is encouraging when one compares the writing on women and psychotherapy in recent professional journals with examples from the 1960s.
Interactions and Trapping of Cold Rydberg Atoms

Collision-induced interactions of cold Rydberg atoms and the magnetic trapping of diamagnetic Rydberg atoms will be described. The effect of an excitation blockade on the statistics of the Rydberg-atom excitation number will also be discussed.
Structural Reform in the British Miners' Union

I. Structure of the Mineworkers' Federation of Great Britain, 577. — II. Growing disenchantment with district autonomy, 580. — III. Culmination of the unification movement in the Nottingham Conference of 1944, 589. — IV. Summary, 596.
THREE-DIMENSIONAL FEATURES OF THE OUTER HELIOSPHERE DUE TO COUPLING BETWEEN THE INTERSTELLAR AND INTERPLANETARY MAGNETIC FIELDS. IV. SOLAR CYCLE MODEL BASED ON ULYSSES OBSERVATIONS

The solar cycle has a profound influence on the solar wind (SW) interaction with the local interstellar medium (LISM) on more than one timescales. Also, there are substantial differences in individual solar cycle lengths and SW behavior within them. The presence of a slow SW belt, with a variable latitudinal extent changing within each solar cycle from rather small angles to 90 Degree-Sign , separated from the fast wind that originates at coronal holes substantially affects plasma in the inner heliosheath (IHS)-the SW region between the termination shock (TS) and the heliopause (HP). The solar cycle may be the reason why the complicated flow structure is observed in the IHS by Voyager 1. In this paper, we show that a substantial decrease in the SW ram pressure observed by Ulysses between the TS crossings by Voyager 1 and 2 contributes significantly to the difference in the heliocentric distances at which these crossings occurred. The Ulysses spacecraft is the source of valuable information about the three-dimensional and time-dependent properties of the SW. Its unique fast latitudinal scans of the SW regions make it possible to create a solar cycle model based on the spacecraft in situ measurements. On the basis of more » our analysis of the Ulysses data over the entire life of the mission, we generated time-dependent boundary conditions at 10 AU from the Sun and applied our MHD-neutral model to perform a numerical simulation of the SW-LISM interaction. We analyzed the global variations in the interaction pattern, the excursions of the TS and the HP, and the details of the plasma and magnetic field distributions in the IHS. Numerical results are compared with Voyager data as functions of time in the spacecraft frame. We discuss solar cycle effects which may be reasons for the recent decrease in the TS particles (ions accelerated to anomalous cosmic-ray energies) flux observed by Voyager 1. « less
Planar multimode couplers for fiber optics

Abstract Ion exchange in a melt of lithium and potassium sulfates is utilized to form couplers for multimode fiber optics. The results of coupling measurements on asymetric Y-branch couplers are given.