cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interaction of polyols with ruthenium metal surfaces in aqueous solution

The irreversible adsorption and decomposition of glycerol and other polyhydric alcohols over ruthenium metal at 298–353 K has been examined in a recirculating microreactor system. The quantity of glycerol (GO), propylene glycol (1,2-propanediol, herein PG), ethylene glycol (EG), or 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PDO) adsorbed on a reduced and evacuated bulk Ru metal powder at saturation is 0.8 ± 0.2 μmol/g, a value approximately one-tenth that of CO adsorbed (9.0 μmol/g) on the same material. The quantity of polyol adsorbed is independent of temperature, but is strongly affected by the condition of the Ru surface—saturating the metal surface with hydrogen prior to exposure to the polyol significantly reduces the quantity of polyol adsorbed. When they are present together in solution, GO adsorbs more readily than PG, to the point of excluding PG from adsorbing when excess GO is present. Removal of adsorbed species in their original form by heating or flushing with water is not possible, but all carbon is accounted for as desorbed methane when the Ru catalyst is heated under hydrogen.
CREATING POPULARIS HISTORY: SP. CASSIUS, SP. MAELIUS, AND M. MANLIUS IN THE POLITICAL DISCOURSE OF THE LATE REPUBLIC*

The sources are clear in associating Sp. Cassius, Sp. Maelius and M. Manlius Capitolinus with Late Republican popularis programmes, both in the men's actions (agrarian laws, grain distributions, redemption of debts) and in the language used to describe them. Not only were the adfectatores regni (anachronistically) identified as popularis, but they were also conceived of as part of a continuous political tradition, which went down to Clodius and the Gracchi. The content of these stories can illuminate Late Republican ideas about popularis politicians and ideology, especially the tension between the actions of the men and their stated intentions on the one hand, and the perception of tyrannical behaviour on the other. The association of these figures with later populares allows us to use their examples to more fully describe the Late Republican view of what popularitas meant and how it related to attempts at, or accusations of attempts at, tyranny.
Intercollegiate Athletics at the Community College.

Each year, many community college leaders find themselves, either methodically or haphazardly, making decisions about intercollegiate athletics. There have, however, been few empirical studies on how and why community colleges initiate, expand, or terminate athletic programs. Two studies investigating leaders' perceptions of intercollegiate athletics provide data which may be helpful to community college officials considering the pros and cons of athletic programs. Recommendations are provided regarding the need for statewide guidelines on community college athletics and the importance of a campus-based Council on Athletics.
Exhaustive Optimization Phase Order Space Exploration

The phase-ordering problem is a long standing issue for compiler writers. Most optimizing compilers typically have numerous different code-improving phases, many of which can be applied in any order. These phases interact by enabling or disabling opportunities for other optimization phases to be applied. As a result, varying the order of applying optimization phases to a program can produce different code, with potentially significant performance variation amongst them. Complicating this problem further is the fact that there is no universal optimization phase order that will produce the best code, since the best phase order depends on the function being compiled, the compiler, and the target architecture characteristics. Moreover, finding the optimal optimization sequence for even a single function is hard as the space of attempted optimization phase sequences is huge and the interactions between different optimizations are poorly understood. Most previous studies performed to search for the most effective optimization phase sequence assume the optimization phase order search space to be extremely large, and hence consider exhaustive exploration of this space infeasible. In this paper we show that even though the attempted search space is extremely large, with careful and aggressive pruning it is possible to limit the actual search space with no loss of information so that it can be completely evaluated in a matter of minutes or a few hours for most functions. We were able to exhaustively enumerate all the possible function instances that can be produced by different phase orderings performed by our compiler for more than 98% of the functions in our benchmark suite. In this paper we describe the algorithm we used to make exhaustive search of the optimization phase order space possible. We then analyze this space to automatically calculate relationships between different phases. Finally, we show that the results of this analysis can be used to reduce the compilation time for a conventional batch compiler.
Structure and trafficking potentials of Botulinum Neurotoxin in drug delivery

Therapeutic options and drug targets for many neurological disorders are very limited. Clinical failure of potentially effective therapeutics, particularly to the CNS, is often not due to lack of potency but rather due to the shortcomings in the drug delivery methods. Clostridial toxins, viz., Tetanus and Botulinum neurotoxins, provide unique opportunities to fulfil some of these unmet requirements in drug delivery. However, clinical application of tetanus-toxin-derived fragments that have been tested in drug delivery, would be potentially limited due to general immunisation. Herein, we describe potential alternative of using non-toxic botulinum neurotoxin serotype A (BoNT/A) derivatives for neuronal drug delivery.
The role of Sas2, an acetyltransferase homologue of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in silencing and ORC function.

Silencing at the cryptic mating-type loci HML and HMR of Saccharomyces cerevisiae requires regulatory sites called silencers. Mutations in the Rap1 and Abf1 binding sites of the HMR-E silencer (HMRa-e**) cause the silencer to be nonfunctional, and hence, cause derepression of HMR. Here, we have isolated and characterized mutations in SAS2 as second-site suppressors of the silencing defect of HMRa-e**. Silencing conferred by the removal of SAS2 (sas2Δ) depended upon the integrity of the ARS consensus sequence of the HMR-E silencer, thus arguing for an involvement of the origin recognition complex (ORC). Restoration of silencing by sas2Δ required ORC2 and ORC5, but not SIR1 or RAP1. Furthermore, sas2Δ suppressed the temperature sensitivity, but not the silencing defect of orc2-1 and orc5-1. Moreover, sas2Δ had opposing effects on silencing of HML and HMR. The putative Sas2 protein bears similarities to known protein acetyltransferases. Several models for the role of Sas2 in silencing are discussed.
The Deep Web and the Darknet: A Look Inside the Internet's Massive Black Box

Many believe a Google search can identify most of the information available on the Internet on a given subject. But there is an entire online world – a massive one – beyond the reach of Google or any other search engine. Policymakers should take a cue from prosecutors – who just convicted one of its criminal masterminds – and start giving it some attention.The scale of the Internet’s underworld is immense. The number of non-indexed web sites, known as the Deep Web, is estimated to be 400 to 500 times larger than the surface web of indexed, searchable web sites. And the Deep Web is where the dark side of the Internet flourishes. While there are plenty of law-abiding citizens and well-intentioned individuals (such as journalists, political dissidents, and whistleblowers) who conduct their online activities below the surface, the part of the Deep Web known as the Darknet has become a haven for regulatory evasion, crime, and threats to national security.This policy brief outlines what the Deep Web and Darknet are, how they are accessed, and why we should care about them. For policymakers, the continuing growth of the Deep Web in general and the accelerated expansion of the Darknet in particular pose new policy challenges. The response to these challenges may have profound implications for civil liberties, national security, and the global economy at large.
Das Softwaresystem ARC/INFO™

Das Softwaresystem ARC/INFO wurde von ESRI (Environmental Systems Research Institute) vor 10 Jahren als erstes datenbasisorientiertes GIS am Markt eingefuhrt und hat sich mittlerweile als fuhrendes GIS-Softwaresystem etabliert.
Monodisperse Mesoporous Microparticles Prepared by Evaporation-Induced Self Assembly Within Aerosols

Evaporation induced self assembly (EISA) within microdroplets produced by a vibrating orifice aerosol generator (VOAG) has been used to produce monodisperse mesoporous silica particles. This process exploits the concentration of evaporating droplets to induce the organization of various amphiphilic molecules, effectively partitioning the silica precursor (TEOS) to the hydrophilic regions of the structure. Promotion of silica condensation, followed by removal of the surfactant, provides ordered spherical mesoporous particles. Using the VOAG we have produced highly monodisperse particles in the 5 to 10 μm diameter range. The cationic surfactant CTAB typically leads to hexagonal mesostructure with mean pore size of about 2 nm and specific surface area around 900 m2/g. We have also shown that the pore size in CTABtemplated particles can be increased to 3.8 nm by incorporating trimethylbenzene as a swelling agent. The TMB prefentially locates inside and swells the hydrophobic regions of the surfactant mesostructure. Pore size can also be varied by the choice of amphiphile. Hexagonally ordered particles have been produced using the nonionic surfactant Brij-58 and block copolymer F127. These powders possessed mean pore size 2.8 nm and 6.9 nm, respectively. The uptake of alkyl pyridinium chloride molecules have recently been measured, revealing an uptake capacity that is explained by surface adsorption (as opposed to simple pore infiltration). Kinetics of the uptake process are still be analyzed.
Advancing Sustainability through Urban Green Space: Cultural Ecosystem Services, Equity, and Social Determinants of Health

Urban green spaces provide an array of benefits, or ecosystem services, that support our physical, psychological, and social health. In many cases, however, these benefits are not equitably distributed across diverse urban populations. In this paper, we explore relationships between cultural ecosystem services provided by urban green space and the social determinants of health outlined in the United States Healthy People 2020 initiative. Specifically, we: (1) explore connections between cultural ecosystem services and social determinants of health; (2) examine cultural ecosystem services as nature-based health amenities to promote social equity; and (3) recommend areas for future research examining links between urban green space and public health within the context of environmental justice.
Morphologic evidence of subsurface sediment mobilization and mud volcanism in Candor and Coprates Chasmata, Valles Marineris, Mars

Abstract Populations of distinctive knobs, rings and lobate structures are observed in the Candor and Coprates Chasmata regions of Mars. To interpret the formation mechanisms of these landforms, I investigate their morphologies, facies, superposition and crosscutting relationships using data from the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) and the High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC). The knobs and rings have quasi-circular to elliptical shapes in map view, with basal diameters between several hundred meters and three kilometers. The knobs rise ∼10 to 350 m above the surrounding terrain, while the rings are ∼10 to 70 m tall. In three dimensions the knobs have a rounded cone shape, and some knobs exhibit a summit depression, which in some examples contains a subordinate mound. The rings have rounded to sharp crests and in some instances contain subordinate rings and mounds. The lobate structures are commonly ∼1 to 2 km wide, ∼3 to 5 km long and rise up to 50 m above the surrounding terrain. The lobate structures partially or completely encircle some knobs, rings and irregularly shaped rock masses. The knobs, rings and lobate structures exhibit massive and stratified facies, with some structures exhibiting both, such as a massive central rock mass surrounded by outwardly dipping layers. I interpret these landforms as mud volcanoes, injectites and mud flows based on superposition and cross-cutting relationships as well as similarities between the morphologies and facies of these landforms with terrestrial products of mud volcanism. I infer the source of sediment for this mud volcanism to be the Hesperian eolian deposits that occur within these chasmata. Further, I suggest that groundwater upwelling during the Hesperian to possibly the Early Amazonian facilitated the mobilization of these sediments within the subsurface and thereby contributed to the ensuing mud volcanism. Based on these results, I propose that the Candor Chaos formed through subsurface sediment mobilization and mud volcanism.
Does Education Affect Economic Planners Marketing Management Style

Findings of this study suggest that educational training plays a significant role in the marketing management style of community economic developers. Planners with business majors understood the prioritization of corporations site location variables better than did planners with urban planning or other non-business degrees. Business education was also more likely to be associated with usage of marketing-specific information and aggressiveness in pursuing targeting firms. However, neither source of funding (public versus private) nor location (urban versus rural) explains the tendency of economic development organizations to employ business majors.
Two artificial larval diets for rearing Dacus latifrons (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Malaysian fruit fly, Dacus latifrons (Hendel), has been reared on artificial diet for the first time. A carrot and a wheat larval diet were used. Larval recovery for both diets was >50%. Fastest development, highest fecundity, and highest fertility were obtained with the wheat diet. Although reproductive parameters for the wheat diet were less than those for a preferred natural larval host, pepper, Capsicum annuum L. variety jalapeno, scarcity of quality peppers in markets favors use of a wheat artificial diet for mass production of D. latifrons . Results are discussed in relation to mass production of insects for attractants/screening and sterile insect release method (SIRM) programs.
Black Vine Weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Phagostimulants from ‘Alpine’ Strawberry

Adult black vine weevils, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.), fed on membrane filter disks treated with leaf extracts of ‘Alpine’ strawberry, Fragaria vesca L. A mixture of several sugars present in an aqueous extract stimulated feeding. Sitosterol was identified as one of several lipid phagostimulants. Sucrose and sitosterol were synergistic in promoting weevil feeding. Phagostimulants were active at the same levels as present in leaves (area basis).
Modeling Simulation and Test Beds

Ground-based validation of spaceborne momentum control systems and the attitude control systems that depend upon them offers a unique set of challenges. Computer simulations must include a variety of nonlinear phenomena found in momentum devices, which fundamentally limits the way these simulations can be architected. And because momentum systems rely on the conservation of angular momentum for proper operation, hardware-in-the-loop test facilities must reproduce the dynamics of a free body with great precision.
Isolation of highly purified, viable leukocytes from blood.

In the isolation of leukocytes, it is desirable to minimize contamination with erythrocytes and platelets, while retaining a satisfactory yield of viable cells. Viability, however, is difficult to evaluate and is not definable by any one specific functional test. Tunis states that leukocytes lose different functions at varying times, first losing their oxidative metabolism, followed in order by the loss of their phagocytic ability, ameboid activity, brownian movement, resistance to impermeable dyes, and lastly, morphologic appearance. Numerous methods for the isolation of human leukocytes have been developed. These include the use of substances of high molecular weight as a means of inducing formation of rouleaux (e.g., dextran,' fibrinogen, phytohemagglutinin,' and gamma globulin), flotation methods, selective destruction of erythrocytes by means of using dilute acids, and hypotonic solutions. For a review of methods in common use, the reader is referred to Walford. Sedimentation methods with high-molecular
Machine-learning detection of basal cell carcinoma in human skin using polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography

We report results on the first automated detection of basal cell carcinoma in human skin using polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography. Our classifier achieves a sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of 92.6%, 87% and 90%, respectively.
Analysis of occupational health status of workers in a foreign-owned enterprise of Jiangyin City

[Objective]To explore the potential threat of disease through investigation of health status of occupational group in a foreign-owned enterprise,and provide evidence for early treatment and prevention of disease.[Methods]field occupational health investigation,occupational hazard detection,occupational health inspection and other methods were adopted to statistically analyze the detection results of diseases and related factors among workers in a foreign-owned enterprise.[Results]The production process might generate occupational hazards such as dust,toxicant and noise in this enterprise.Hydrochloric acid and other toxicants were not qualified with the sanitary standards in workplace,the noise hazard is serious.A total of 7 565 person-times had toxic and hazardous exposure.Five workers(0.07%) were detected suspected occupational diseases which were caused by noise and acid mist.Occupational contraindication detected 31 cases(0.41%).Except for target diseases,the detection rate of other diseases and some indicators abnormal were 56.82%,male higher than female,showing upward tendency with age.[Conclusion]Effective protection measures are still needed in some places of this enterprise.It is necessary to improve the awareness of the prevention and treatment of occupational diseases and to carry out occupational health surveillance extensively in employing units.
Ode to Adams v. Bullock: Cardozo Was a Behavioral Economist

This poem offers a novel explanation for why there is no tort recovery for very unlikely injuries.
An Improved Factorization Approach to Reversible Circuit Synthesis Based on EXORs of Products of EXORs

This paper introduces new algorithms to synthesize reversible functions using EXOR-sum of Products-of-EXOR-sums (EPOE) structures. The motivation for using these structures is to reduce the number of as well as the sizes of multiple controlled Toffoli gates, and thus the quantum cost. To achieve these reductions the paper generalizes from existing 2-level AND-EXOR structures (ESOP) commonly used in reversible logic to a mixture of 3-level EXOR-AND-EXOR structures and ESOPs. Our approach can be applied to reversible and permutative quantum circuits to synthesize single output functions on to an output line, with no additional ancilla bits. A comparison of the ESOP minimizer EXORCISM-4 and two variants of the EPOE minimizer, called EPOEM-1s and EPOEM-2, is presented. The results show that EPOE circuits do in fact achieve the above-stated cost reductions, in particular when expressed in terms of Maslov's quantum cost, the metric commonly used in quantum circuit synthesis.
Partible Persons or Persons Apart: Postmortem Interventions at the Spring Street Presbyterian Church, Manhattan

This chapter focuses on three individuals whose anatomized remains were recovered from burial vaults associated with an abolitionist church in Manhattan. Active between 1820 and 1850, the vaults contained the remains of some 200 individuals. Only three—an adult, an infant, and an adolescent—displayed evidence of postmortem intervention. The adult and infant were likely subjected to autopsies, relatively private procedures that only briefly interrupted the funerary process. The adolescent, by contrast, was probably dissected, and thus objectified in a public spectacle that dismembered the body and transformed the cranium into a teaching specimen. Yet remains of all three individuals were interred together, alongside other members of the congregation. These cases shed light on societal changes taking place during a period of rapid urbanization, when the makings of race and class, gender and life course, self and other were intertwined with the variable processing and positioning of human bodies.
Modeling multiple gas jet interactions during fluidization in a pseudo-2D bed

Abstract The hydrodynamics of fluidized beds involving gas and particle interactions are very complex, and must be carefully considered when modeling such a system using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). One of the issues is the interaction of multiple jets developing above the distributor plate, which affects the uniformity of fluidization. To model the distributor plate, one approach is to use a uniform velocity at the inlet and the other is to model the distributor holes and specify the jet velocity. To predict and examine the hydrodynamics of interacting jets, a multi-fluid Eulerian-Eulerian CFD model was employed. In the present work, simulations of a pseudo-two-dimensional (2D) fluidized bed were compared to a corresponding experiment designed to examine multiple jet interactions for two distributor plate configurations with 9 and 5 holes. Two-dimensional and three-dimensional simulations of the pseudo-2D bed were used to investigate fluidization characteristics, volume fractions and solids velocity distributions. The deadzones formed due to multiple jet configurations of the distributor were quantified and their distributions over the plate were analyzed. It was found that three-dimensional simulations captured the effect of multiple jets and provided more accurate predictions of pressure, particle velocity and particle distribution. It was shown that increasing the number of holes along the gas inlet plane changed the fluidization characteristics, whereby fewer holes restricted the amount of particles that fluidized, irrespective of inlet velocity. When the number of holes increased, more material fluidized with increasing velocity. It was also found that although the reactor geometry is effectively two-dimensional, using two-dimensional simulations did not always capture all aspects of the flow, especially, the particle velocity.
Abstract 353: Using cancer-associated variants to dissect functions of SETD8

Protein lysine methyltransferases (PKMTs) play important roles in carcinogenesis through methylation of histone and non-histone substrates. SETD8 is the sole human methyltransferase for the monomethylation of histone H4 Lys20 (H4K20me1). Besides histone substrates, SETD8 modifies multiple non-histone substrates including proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), Numb, and p53. The biological functions related to the methyltransferase activity of SETD8 have been implicated in many essential biological processes including DNA replication, DNA damage response, cell cycle regulation, and transcription modulation. The SET domain of SETD8 is required to catalyze the methylation in substrates using the cofactor S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM). The C-terminal region post the SET domain (cSET) contains both the cofactor and protein substrate-binding sites. Recent genomics data from samples of cancer patients have revealed distinct variants in the SET domain of SETD8. Missense mutations, such as, E289Q, R292L, V315I, and H347Q were found in multiple types of cancers. To help dissect the roles of SETD8, we proposed the identification and characterization of SETD8 variants with partial loss-of-function phenotypes. Our data showed that overexpression of the SETD8 mutants increased the migration and tumor sphere formation of breast cancer cells without affecting H4K20me1. In vitro biochemical assay also confirmed that the SETD8 mutants lose the methyltransferase activity on H4K20 substrate. The RNA-seq data in the context of SETD8 mutant indicated that the c-Myc pathway was upregulated without affecting c-Myc expression. With the technology of Bioorthogonal Profiling of Protein Methylation (BPPM), we have found that SETD8 can methylate cancer-associated transcription factors in a cellular context. Collectively, these findings suggest that native SETD8 can act on cancer driving-associated transcription factors and its mutant maintains this methyltransferase activity but spare H4K20 methylation for cancer malignancy. Acknowledgements: This project was supported by 1R01GM120570. Citation Format: Yongxia Zhu, Lihui Wang, Chamara Senevirathne, Shi Chen, Fabio Pittella Silva, Minkui Luo. Using cancer-associated variants to dissect functions of SETD8 [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 353.
Indicators of Ecosystem Response and Recovery

To facilitate effective protection of environmental systems subjected to anthropogenic activities, there must be basic understanding of three areas: how the variety of biological components of ecosystems are exposed to stress; how the ecosystems respond to that disturbance; and how they recover or adapt. Given a solid understanding of ecosystem exposure-response-recovery relationships and their uncertainties, we might reasonably balance risks to ecological systems with risks and benefits to other systems of human concern, such as economic or societal systems. While the approach to the problem seems straightforward, the simple fact is that we presently lack sufficient ecological understanding in all three areas for most environmental stresses. With limited ability to make reliable stress-response predictions, we are greatly constrained in making appropriate environmental decisions. Consequently, instances of unexpected, adverse effects on the environment from a particular human activity continue to intermingle with instances of expensive over-protection from other activities. In principle, ecological risk assessment would minimize these problems.
The Neo-Institutional Origins of Governing Cycles in American Politics

There can be little doubt that critics gained the upper hand in debates about the realignment synthesis over the past quarter-century (McCormick 1982, Shafer 1991, Gerring 1998). Indeed, many argue that David Mayhew issued the theory its final coup de grâce in 2002 with his fifteen-pronged attack against what he calls the once “vibrant source of ideas” that had become “an impediment to understanding” (5).
Volume/Shear Interaction in Glassy Polymers

It has been demonstrated in the past that the nonlinear time- or rate-dependent shear behavior of glassy polymers is susceptible to volumetric changes. Following from models based on free volume effects in the glass transition range it has been shown analytically that many effects of nonlinear behavior could possibly be traced to volumetric changes and associated dilatational internal clock mechanisms.
Target‐site mutation accumulation among ALS inhibitor‐resistant Palmer amaranth

BACKGROUND: Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats) is one of the most common and troublesome weeds in the USA. Palmer amaranth resistance to acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors is widespread in the USA, as in Arkansas. The cross‐resistance patterns and mechanism of resistance are not known. Experiments were conducted to determine cross‐resistance to ALS inhibitors and identify target‐site mutations in 20 Palmer amaranth localities from 13 counties in Arkansas. RESULTS: All Palmer amaranth localities tested had plants cross‐resistant to imazethapyr, flumetsulam, primisulfuron, pyrithiobac and trifloxysulfuron. The dose of trifloxysulfuron that caused 50% control was 21–56‐fold greater for resistant accessions than for susceptible ones. All but three resistant plants analyzed had one or two relative copies of ALS; one plant had seven relative copies. All resistant plants tested (18 localities) carried the Trp574Leu mutation, which is known to confer broad resistance to ALS inhibitors, supporting the cross‐resistance pattern observed. Besides the Trp574Leu mutation, 30% of localities had individuals with one additional resistance‐conferring mutation including Ala122Thr, Pro197Ala or Ser653Asn. CONCLUSION: The Trp574Leu mutation in ALS is the primary mechanism of resistance to ALS inhibitors in Palmer amaranth from Arkansas, USA. In some localities, multiple mutations have accumulated in one plant. All localities tested contained plants with resistance to five families of ALS inhibitors. Localities with extremely high resistance to ALS inhibitors, and those outside the subset we studied, may harbor non‐target site resistance mechanisms. ALS inhibitors are generally no longer effective on Palmer amaranth in these localities from the US mid‐south. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Blinding Me with Science; or, It's All Digital: The Story of The DATA BASE Taking its Review System Online

Tom Stafford has had the unique opportunity to have two different terms as Editor-in-Chief of The DATA BASE for Advances in Information Systems. From 2007-2011, Tom Stafford and Patrick Chau were responsible for this publication. During this time, they moved the publication into the digital era through the adoption of an online review system and an index factor. In this editorial, Tom Stafford shares his insights as he ushered The DATA BASE into the digital age.
Risk of subsequent health care-associated infection among patients with a bloodstream infection present on hospital admission.

Background The risks and outcomes of acquiring a health care–associated infection (HAI) among patients with a bloodstream infection present on hospital admission (BSI-POA) have not been well described. The objective of this study was to examine the incidence of and risk factors for developing a subsequent HAI and to compare length of stay and mortality between patients with a BSI-POA who develop an HAI and those who do not. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study of patients aged ≥18 years discharged with a BSI-POA from 3 hospitals in New York City between 2006 and 2014. Results There were 761 HAIs among the 11,436 patients with a BSI-POA. Incidence rates were: catheter-associated urinary tract infections, 5.03 infections per 1,000 catheter days; pneumonia, 2.7% among BSI-POA patients; surgical site infections, 9.2% among BSI-POA patients. Length of stay was longer among patients who developed an HAI (mean ± SD, 35.0 ± 29.8 vs 12.4 ± 11.9, P Conclusions Risk factors for those who developed an HAI differed by infection type. Overall, HAI was associated with longer hospitalization, and pneumonia was associated with increased mortality.
Perceptions of a Home Hospice Crisis: An Exploratory Study of Family Caregivers.

Abstract Background: Crises that occur in home hospice care affect family caregivers’ satisfaction with care and increase risk of disenrollment. Because hospice care focuses on achieving a peaceful...
Performance Modeling and Bottleneck Analysis of EDGE Processors Using Dependence Graphs

Exploring new directions in ISA and microarchitecture design can be challenging due to the large search space. Efficient tools and methods are needed to quickly identify rewarding design choices. In this work, we develop a graph-based framework that effectively models complex architectures and enables efficient analysis of their performance and bottlenecks. We use this framework to investigate proposals for EDGE (Explicit Data Graph Execution) ISA, a new class of ISA in which programs are composed from atomic blocks, each of which explicitly exposes dataflow to hardware. We study the impact of two important EDGE-specific design choices: block formats and operand-movement instructions. We demonstrate how this analysis leads to insights in EDGE architectures.
Thoracic growth deficiency in childhood cancer survivors may cause overestimation of lung disease.

INTRODUCTION Survivors of childhood cancers undergo routine pulmonary function testing as they are at an increased lifetime risk for significant lung disease. However, this population also demonstrates growth abnormalities that could influence the interpretation of these tests, as reference equations are based on standing height. We aim to determine the impact of the relative thoracic growth deficiency in childhood cancer survivors on the interpretation of pulmonary function testing. METHODS Standing height and upper segment length (USL) in childhood cancer survivors undergoing pulmonary function testing at a single academic center were compared to age-matched historical standards. Additionally, pulmonary function tests were compared to reference values generated from standing height and doubled USL. RESULTS Data were obtained from 107 cancer survivors. While the subjects demonstrated an overall 6.8% lower standing height vs historical standards, they also demonstrated relative thoracic growth abnormality with a further 9.9% decrement in the ratio USL to standing height. The use of doubled upper segment length as a surrogate measure for standing height in pulmonary function reference equations decreased the number of patients with restrictive lung disease as indicated by spirometry. CONCLUSIONS Childhood cancer survivors have disproportionately worse thoracic growth deficiency vs appendicular growth deficiency. As a result, their USL is disproportionately short for their standing height, which is most commonly used in pulmonary function testing reference equations. This leads to an increased likelihood in these patients meeting pulmonary function test criteria for restrictive lung disease.
Baccalaureates or Burdens? Complicating "Reasonable Accommodations" for American College Students with Disabilities

This paper examines the controversy surrounding American college students' use of disability accommodations, a process many find unfair or undue, in two ways: (1) by critically unpacking the processes for obtaining accommodations to highlight intersectional issues of who has—or is barred from—access to such services; and (2) by using a rhetorical lens to analyze how the term "accommodation" influences perceptions of disabled students. By combining these processual and rhetorical approaches, this work uncovers significant issues regarding how university students with disabilities are treated on college campuses. Such research is important because disabled individuals are less than half as likely as their nondisabled peers to earn college degrees. Thus, despite ADA laws and pushes for inclusivity and diversity on college campuses, the American higher education system continues to fail a significant part of the nation's population.
Characterizing Time-Dependent Stability and Viscosity of Acid–Crude Emulsions for Matrix-Acidizing Applications

The process of matrix acidizing, while aiming at enhancing near-wellbore flow conditions, can result in damaging effects when acid–oil emulsions form. Understanding the behavior of these emulsions, especially when it comes to its stability and viscosity, is an essential step in the design of acid jobs that can lead to successful well productivity enhancement. In this study, we investigate the time-dependent nature of these emulsions using bottle tests and coreflooding experiments. The results of the work provide new insights into the formation of in situ emulsion. This has direct impact on the design of acid jobs in well stimulation treatments.
Effects of the iPad and mobile application-integrated physical education on children’s physical activity and psychosocial beliefs

Background: Quality physical education (PE) lessons tap on the four focal areas: curriculum, instruction, policies and environment (National Association for Sport and Physical Education 2013. Quali...
Outcome of patients with breast cancer and a germline BRCA mutation in a prospective cohort.

1544Background: There are limited large prospective single institution studies on outcome of breast cancer in patients with germline BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation. The primary aim of this study was to d...
Risks of Second Primary Gynecologic Cancers following Ovarian Cancer Treatment in Asian Ethnic Subgroups in the United States, 2000–2016

Background: The differential occurrence of second primary cancers by race following ovarian cancer is poorly understood. Our objective was to determine the incidence of second primary gynecologic cancers (SPGC) following definitive therapy for ovarian cancer. Specifically, we aimed to determine differences in SPGC incidence by Asian ethnic subgroups. Methods: We identified 27,602 women ages 20 years and older and diagnosed with first primary epithelial ovarian cancer between 2000 and 2016 who received surgery and chemotherapy in 18 population-based Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results Program registries. We compared the incidence of SPGC with expected incidence rates in the general population of women using estimated standardized incidence ratios (SIR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: The incidence of SPGC was lower among White women (SIR = 0.73; 95% CI, 0.59–0.89), and higher among Black (SIR = 1.80; 95% CI, 0.96–3.08) and Asian/Pacific Islander (API) women (SIR = 1.83; 95% CI, 1.07–2.93). Increased risk of vaginal cancers was observed among all women, although risk estimates were highest among API women (SIR = 26.76; 95% CI, 5.52–78.2) and were also significant for risk of uterine cancers (SIR = 2.53; 95% CI, 1.35–4.33). Among API women, only Filipinas had significantly increased incidence of SPGC overall including both uterine and vaginal cancers. Conclusions: Risk of SPGC following treatment of ovarian cancer differs by race and ethnicity, with Filipina women having the highest rates of second gynecologic cancers among Asian women. Impact: Ensuring access and adherence to surveillance may mitigate ethnic differences in the early detection and incidence of second gynecologic cancers.
Thrombocytosis as a Biomarker in Type II, Non-Endometrioid Endometrial Cancer.

Thrombocytosis (platelets ≥ 400K) is a common hematologic finding in gynecologic malignancies and associated with worse outcomes. Limited data exist on the prognostic capability of thrombocytosis in women with high-grade endometrial cancer (EC). Our objective was to describe the associations between elevated platelets at diagnosis, clinicopathologic features, and survival outcomes among women with high-grade, non-endometrioid EC. A review of the institutional cancer registry was performed to identify these women treated between 2005 and 2017. Sociodemographic, clinical, and outcomes data were collected. Analyses were performed using chi-square tests, Cox proportional hazards models, and the Kaplan–Meier method. A total of 271 women were included in the analysis. A total of 19.3% of women had thrombocytosis at diagnosis. Thrombocytosis was associated with reduced median overall survival (OS) compared with those not displaying thrombocytosis (29.4 months vs. 60 months, p < 0.01). This finding was most pronounced in uterine serous carcinoma (16.4 months with thrombocytosis vs. 34.4 months without, p < 0.01). While non-White women had shorter median OS for the whole cohort in the setting of thrombocytosis (29.4 months vs. 39.6 months, p < 0.01), among those with uterine serous carcinoma (USC), this finding was reversed, with decreased median OS in White women (22.1 vs. 16.4 months, p = 0.01). Thrombocytosis is concluded to have negative associations with OS and patient race.
Evaluating empirical evidence for housing development effects on the management of remaining private-owned forest in the U.S.

Abstract Forest ecosystems are notably influenced by: 1) the rate and spatial distribution of forest land development, and 2) how remaining undeveloped forest lands are managed. Regarding this second factor, economics and ecology research conducted in different locations in the U.S. suggests that increasing housing development can reduce the profitability of commercial timber production and thus the intensity with which landowners manage their forest lands. Some studies, however, suggest that in some locations these effects are not evident. We sought to consider what contextual factors might influence where and when development effects on forest management might become evident. We began with a critical review and synthesis of existing research addressing the degree to which housing development influences private forest management. We followed that with an empirical (logit) analysis of the likelihood of “active” (e.g., thinning) and extractive (e.g., harvesting) management on nonindustrial private forest lands in Oregon and Washington (U.S.), as a function of stand, site, and other factors, including nearby housing development. From our review and synthesis of previous research literature, we conclude that the varying results of previous studies likely owe to a combination of biophysical and socioeconomic contextual factors that influence both how prevalent development impacts might be in different locations and how easily they can be observed in empirical analyses. The results of our analysis of active and extractive management in Oregon and Washington are largely consistent with this finding, with some regions showing statistically significant negative effects owing to housing development, and other regions remaining largely unaffected. We conclude that policymakers and managers need to consider the biophysical and socioeconomic context of different study areas when evaluating the implications of individual study results.
City and County Governments in the Time of COVID-19 and the Recession: The Long and Winding Road

The unprecedented double blow of the COVID-19 pandemic and ensuing steep recession challenges local governments in profound ways, from managing public health responses, ensuring the safety of worke...
Hepatitis-B Vaccine Response in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Background Data on efficacy of hepatitis-B vaccine (HBV) in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is limited. Our aim was to review the literature and perform meta-analysis of available studies to quantify efficacy of HBV in patients with IBD. Methods We conducted a comprehensive search of several databases (inception to July 2020) to identify studies evaluating efficacy of HBV in patients with IBD. Random effects model was used to calculate the pooled rates and I2 percentage values were used to assess the heterogeneity. Results A total of 14 studies (2375 patients) were included. Four data sets were available from 2 studies that compared HBV response in patients with IBD against healthy controls. The pooled odds ratio of HBV response in IBD patients was 0.13 (95% CI, 0.05-0.33, P = 0.001). The pooled proportion of adequate immune response (AIR) was 64% (95% CI, 55-72.1, P = 0.003) from 13 data sets, and effective immune response (EIR) was 39.7% (95% CI, 30.7-49.5, P = 0.04) from 10 data sets. Conclusion Patients with IBD on immunosuppression demonstrated significantly reduced HBV response as compared with general population.
Recurrent urinary tract infection: Association of clinical profiles with urobiome composition in women.

Aims Clinical profiles of women with recurrent urinary tract infection (RUTI) are correlated with their urinary microbes. Methods This IRB-approved, cross-sectional study enrolled adult women with RUTI. Urine samples (catheterized and voided) underwent culture by expanded quantitative urine culture (EQUC) and standard urine culture (SUC) methods. A validated symptom questionnaire, relevant clinical variables, and EQUC were used to identify symptom clusters and detect associations with specific urinary microbes. Results Most (36/43) participants were postmenopausal; the average age was 67 years. 51% reported vaginal estrogen use; 51% reported sexual activity. Although single symptoms were not associated with specific urinary microbes, EQUC results were correlated with five distinct clinical profile clusters: Group A: odor, cloudiness, and current vaginal estrogen use (no culture result association). Group B: frequency, low back pain, incomplete emptying, and vaginal estrogen (significantly increased proportion of Lactobacillus-positive cultures). Group C: pain/burning, odor, cloudiness, and urgency (high proportions of UTI-associated microbe-positive cultures). Group D: frequency, urgency, pain/burning, and current vaginal estrogen use (increased number of no growth cultures). Group E: frequency, urgency, pain/burning, odor, overactive bladder, and sexually active (significantly increased proportion of Klebsiella-positive cultures). Conclusions Distinct clinical profiles are associated with specific urinary microbes in women with RUTI. Refined assessments of clinical profiles may provide useful insights that could inform diagnostic and therapeutic considerations.
Avoiding drug residues in cattle

Prevention of drug residues in the beef and dairy industries is a major concern as both meat and milk from cattle are widely consumed by humans around the world. This paper will address the keys to avoiding residues; however, there are several things that can change the half-life of a drug and thus affect the withdrawal time. These factors can include route of drug administration, volume administered at each injection site, drug formulation, and disease. The focus of this presentation will be to discuss what is known about disease induced alterations in the pharmacokinetics of drugs and how clearance time in many cases may be delayed resulting in residue violations. Withdrawal times are generally based on pharmacokinetic studies done in healthy animals; however, there is strong evidence that these times may not always be appropriate in cows with clinical disease. Since pharmaceutical companies must conduct trials to demonstrate the efficacy of various drugs for treating a specific disease or condition during the approval process, it seems logical that pharmacokinetic and residue studies could be done using the same animals or under similar conditions.
Challenges of Renewable Sources of Energy

This chapter explores the potential challenges for further implementation of RE and then continues with challenges that each RE technology must overcome to compete with fossil fuels in terms of cost, reliability, and environmental effects. The possible ways of overcoming the challenges are also proposed. At the end of the chapter, the case study tells the story of a billion-dollar failure that is the Crescent Dunes project in Nevada and the success story of a contemporary project at the Mojave Desert in California.
Pathogenic Mechanisms of Trimethylamine N-Oxide-induced Atherosclerosis and Cardiomyopathy.

Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is a gut microbiota metabolite derived from trimethylamine-containing nutrient precursors such as choline, L-carnitine, and betaine, which are rich in many vegetables, fruits, nuts, dairy products, and meats. An increasing number of clinical studies have demonstrated a strong relationship between elevated plasma TMAO levels and adverse cardiovascular events. It is commonly agreed that TMAO acts as both an independent risk factor and a prognostic index for patients with cardiovascular disease. Although most animal (mainly rodent) data support the clinical findings, the mechanisms by which TMAO modulates the cardiovascular system are still not well understood. In this context, we provide an overview of the potential mechanisms underlying TMAO-induced cardiovascular disease at the cellular and molecular levels, with a focus on atherosclerosis. We also address the direct effects of TMAO on cardiomyocytes (a new and under-researched area) and finally propose TMAO as a potential biomarker and/or therapeutic target for diagnosis and treatment of patients with cardiovascular disease.