cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ras Regulates the Association of Serum Response Factor and CCAAT/Enhancer-binding Protein β

The serum response element (SRE) is a promoter element essential for transcriptional activation of immediate early genes, such as c-fos and early growth response-1, by mitogenic signals. Several transcription factors bind the SRE, including the serum response factor (SRF), the ternary complex factor, and the CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β (C/EBPβ). The C/EBPβ mRNA encodes three translation products of 38, 35, and 20 kDa. p35-C/EBPβ activates transcription of the SRE in an SRF-dependent fashion, whereas p20-C/EBPβ, which initiates at an internal in-frame methionine, lacks a transactivation domain and inhibits transcription. We show that SRF and C/EBPβ interact in vivo through the DNA binding domain of SRF and the C terminus of C/EBPβ common to p35/38 and p20. Therefore, like the ternary complex factor, C/EBPβ may be recruited to the SRE not only by binding to the DNA, which is not a high affinity site, but also by protein-protein interactions with SRF. Strikingly, in both the mammalian two-hybrid assay and in vivocoimmunoprecipitations, the association of SRF and p35-C/EBPβ but not p20-C/EBPβ is dramatically stimulated by activated Ras. Furthermore, mutation of the threonine within a mitogen-activated protein kinase consensus motif in the C terminus of C/EBPβ eliminates the response to Ras. These results suggest a new mechanism by which mitogenic signals may influence transcription activity of the SRE by selectively promoting protein-protein interactions between SRF and the transactivator p35-C/EBPβ.
Induction of an invasive phenotype by human parvovirus B19 in normal human synovial fibroblasts.

Objective To investigate the possible role of human parvovirus B19 as an etiologic agent in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), with particular emphasis on its ability to induce invasiveness in human synovial fibroblasts. Methods We established an experimental in vitro system in which normal primary human synovial fibroblasts were treated with or without parvovirus B19–containing human sera for 7 days. The fibroblasts were then tested for their ability to degrade reconstituted cartilage matrix using a well-characterized cartilage invasion assay system. Results Incubation with parvovirus B19–containing serum induced an invasive phenotype in normal human synovial fibroblasts. B19 serum–treated synovial fibroblasts exhibited an increase in invasion of up to 248% compared with the activity of fibroblasts in media alone, in contrast to B19-negative sera–treated synovial fibroblasts, which exhibited no significant change compared with that in media alone. In addition, preincubation of viremic serum with a neutralizing antibody to B19 abrogated the observed effect. Conclusion These results provide direct evidence regarding the ability of parvovirus B19 to induce invasive properties in normal human synovial fibroblasts. Parvovirus B19 has been proposed as an etiologic agent of RA, and our data provide the first biologic link between exposure to B19 and phenotypic changes in normal human synovial fibroblasts.
Thermal Implications of On-Chip Voltage Regulation: Upcoming Challenges and Possible Solutions

The primary objective of this paper is to investigate and evaluate the thermal implications of high power density on-chip voltage regulators. This paper is a first attempt to highlight the importance of the number, size, and location of on-chip voltage regulators on the thermal hotspots and thermal gradient. The physical location of on-chip voltage regulators is explored to distribute the hotspot locations and achieve spatial low pass filtering of the hotspots. A new thermal-aware physical design and power management technique are proposed to spatially and temporally distribute the hotspot locations over the cooler areas within an integrated circuit. The proposed technique eliminates the thermal gradient due to on-chip voltage regulators without any performance loss.
An integrated audio and active noise control system

The authors present an integrated three-dimensional active noise control (ANC) method with an existing audio system to reduce annoying low frequency noise. The hybrid ANC-audio system utilizes adaptive signal processing to reduce unwanted acoustic noise in the passenger compartment of a car, thus enhancing an audio source. The musical interference suppression process, which reduces the interference of musical signals in the updates of the ANC filter, also provides an optimal method for online error-path modeling. Computer simulations were conducted to verify the capabilities of interference suppression and online modeling. >
Reported Experiences From Occupational Therapists Interacting With Teachers in Inclusive Early Childhood Classrooms

This grounded theory study described the perspectives of school-based occupational therapists working in inclusive early childhood classrooms emphasizing interactions with teaching staff. Six therapists were interviewed multiple times over several months. The participants viewed their interactions with teaching staff as challenging but potentially rewarding experiences. Viewing collaboration as valuable, their descriptions nonetheless generally omitted many collaborative features, with therapists often assigned the role of "expert." Data analysis revealed four major themes: (1) "It's Not Like I Don't Value Collaboration" (the benefits of collaboration); (2) "Collaboration--I Can't Do It Alone" (the challenges of interactions); (3) "My Opinion, Please Ask for It" (attachment to the expert status), and (4) "Is This Collaboration?" (interactions in practice). The results of this study suggest that current recommendations for collaboration for inclusion in school-based occupational therapy are not optimally implemented in all practice settings.
Requirement of an E1A-sensitive Coactivator for Long-range Transactivation by the β-Globin Locus Control Region

Four erythroid-specific DNase I-hypersensitive sites at the 5'-end of the beta-globin locus confer high-level transcription to the beta-globin genes. To identify coactivators that mediate long-range transactivation by this locus control region (LCR), we assessed the influence of E1A, an inhibitor of the CBP/p300 histone acetylase, on LCR function. E1A strongly inhibited transactivation of Agamma- and beta-globin promoters by the HS2, HS2-HS3, and HS1-HS4 subregions of the LCR in human K562 and mouse erythroleukemia cells. Short- and long-range transactivation mediated by the LCR were equally sensitive to E1A. The E1A sensitivity was apparent in transient and stable transfection assays, and E1A inhibited expression of the endogenous gamma-globin genes. Only sites for NF-E2 within HS2 were required for E1A sensitivity in K562 cells, and E1A abolished transactivation mediated by the activation domain of NF-E2. E1A mutants defective in CBP/p300 binding only weakly inhibited HS2-mediated transactivation, whereas a mutant defective in retinoblastoma protein binding strongly inhibited transactivation. Expression of CBP/p300 potentiated HS2-mediated transactivation. Moreover, expression of GAL4-CBP strongly increased transactivation of a reporter containing HS2 with a GAL4 site substituted for the NF-E2 sites. Thus, we propose that a CBP/p300-containing coactivator complex is the E1A-sensitive factor important for LCR function.
Groundwater-transported dissolved organic nitrogen exports from coastal watersheds

We analyzed groundwater-transported nitrogen (N) exports from 41 watershed segments that comprised 10 Cape Cod, Massachusetts watersheds to test the hypotheses that chemical form of N exports is related to land use and to length of flow paths through watersheds. In the absence of human habitation, these glacial outwash–plain watersheds exported largely dissolved organic N (DON) but at relatively low annual rate. Addition of people to watersheds increased rates of both total dissolved N (TDN) and DON export through groundwater. Percent of TDN as DON in groundwater was negatively related to path length of groundwater through aquifers, but %DON was not significantly related to population density on the watersheds. DON was often the dominant form of N exported from the watersheds, even at high population densities. Our results suggest that natural sources are not entirely responsible for organic N exports from watersheds, but, instead, a substantial portion of anthropogenic N introduced to watersheds is exported as DON. This finding is in disagreement with previous results, which suggest that anthropogenic N is exported from watersheds largely as NO 2 and that DON exported from watersheds is from natural sources.
Millisecond Zero Line Current and Large Line Current Phase Shifts from SCR Switching of Three-Phase Voltage Sources

Three-step switching by SCR at the line current zero points between different three-phase voltage sources causes significant line current phase shifts during the switching process, even for balanced resistive loads. It also causes a period of no current flow on one of the three-phase lines during the switching process. The phase shifts caused and the duration of the no current flow period is developed for various voltage ratios for balanced resistive loads. Extension of the results to reactive loads is addressed.
BSG-Route: A Length-Constrained Routing Scheme for General Planar Topology

Length-constrained routing is a very important issue for printed circuit board (PCB) routing. Previous length-constrained routers all have assumptions on the routing topology, whereas practical designs may be free of any topological constraint. In this paper, we propose a routing scheme that deals with general topology. Unlike previous works, our approach does not impose any restriction on the routing topology. Moreover, our routing scheme is gridless. Its performance does not depend on the routing grid size of the input while the routers in the papers of Ozdal and Wong and Kubo do. This is a big advantage because modern PCB routing configurations usually imply huge routing grids. The novelty of this work is that we view the length-constrained routing problem as an area assignment problem and use a placement structure, which is the bounded-sliceline grid, to help transform the area assignment problem into a mathematical programming problem. We then use an iterative approach to solve this mathematical programming problem. Experimental results show that our routing scheme can handle practical designs that previous routers cannot handle. For designs that they could handle, our router runs much faster. For example, in one of our data, we obtain the result in 88 s while the Lagrangian relaxation based router by Ozdal and Wong takes more than one day.
Body Image and Eating Behavior in Adolescent Boys

• A questionnaire about attitudes toward body weight and shape, and eating and weight control practices, was administered to 895 adolescent boys. Overall, 42% were dissatisfied with their weight and 33% with their body shape. Sixty-eight percent of the dissatisfied normal weight boys thought they were underweight and 32% thought they were overweight. Subjects dissatisfied with their body shape were most likely to desire an increased chest and arm size and decreased abdomen size. Binge eating (24%) and fasting (12%) were the most prevalent eating practices and were more common in boys dissatisfied with weight or shape. There was no difference in prevalence of eating practices between boys wishing to gain and boys wishing to lose weight. Although many boys were concerned about body weight and shape, they wished to increase weight and muscularity, rather than lose weight. Binge eating was common, but was not related to the binge-purge cycle described in girls, because losing weight is not a major concern, and other weight control practices were not more common among boys who wanted to lose weight vs gain. ( AJDC . 1990;144:475-479)
Antioxidant status and its association with elevated depressive symptoms among US adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2005-6

We examined the relationship of elevated depressive symptoms with antioxidant status. Cross-sectional data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2005–6 on US adults aged 20–85 years were analysed. Depressive symptoms were measured using the Patient Health Questionnaire with a score cut-off point of 10 to define ‘elevated depressive symptoms’. Serum antioxidant status was measured by serum levels of carotenoids, retinol (free and retinyl esters), vitamin C and vitamin E. The main analyses consisted of multiple logistic and zero-inflated Poisson regression models, taking into account sampling design complexity. The final sample consisted of 1798 US adults with complete data. A higher total serum carotenoid level was associated with a lower likelihood of elevated depressive symptoms with a reduction in the odds by 37 % overall with each sd increase in exposure, and by 34 % among women (P< 0·05). A dose–response relationship was observed when total serum carotenoids were expressed as quartiles (Q4 (1·62–10·1 μmol/l) v. Q1 (0·06–0·86 μmol/l): OR 0·41; 95 % CI 0·23, 0·76, P< 0·001; P for trend = 0·035), though no significant associations were found with the other antioxidant levels. Among carotenoids, β-carotene (men and women combined) and lutein+zeaxanthins (women only, after control for dietary lutein+zeaxanthin intake and supplement use) had an independent inverse association with elevated depressive symptoms among US adults. None of the other serum antioxidants had a significant association with depressive symptoms, independently of total carotenoids and other covariates. In conclusion, total carotenoids (mainly β-carotene and lutein+zeaxanthins) in serum were associated with reduced levels of depressive symptoms among community-dwelling US adults.
Synthesis of fluorescent microgonotropens (FMGTs) and their interactions with dsDNA.

Abstract A new class of microgonotropen compounds (FMGTs), which fluoresce upon binding to dsDNA, is introduced. The FMGTs consist of a minor groove binding moiety based upon Hoescht 33258 covalently attached to a polyamine chain capable of interacting with the phosphodiester backbone of dsDNA. The interactions of FMGTs with dsDNA were investigated by fluorescence and UV spectroscopy. Several different dsDNA oligomers were studied to determine the effect of binding site sequence on stoichiometry and binding affinity. The FMGTs were found to bind a dsDNA oligomer that contained the sequence 5′-AATTT-3′ with FMGT:dsDNA stoichiometries equal to 2:1 or 3:1. Hoechst 33258 bound the same dsDNA oligomer with a 1:1 stoichiometry. The second and third order equilibrium constants for complexation were determined to be Log( K 1 K 2 )=17.9 M −2 and Log( K 1 K 2 K 3 )=26.1 M −3 , respectively, for two of strongest binding FMGTs. From thermal melting experiments Δ T m for Hoechst 33258 was determined to be 10 °C while the Δ T m values for FMGTs ranged from 20–26 °C indicating the greater stability of the latter.
Effects of feeding ultrahigh-temperature (UHT)-treated infant formula with different protein concentrations or powdered formula, as compared with breast-feeding, on plasma amino acids, hematology, and trace element status

The appropriate amount of protein to use in infant formula is still under discussion. We found earlier that protein digestibility is higher from ultrahigh-temperature (UHT)-treated formula than from conventionally heat-treated formula. In this study, we evaluated the nutritional, hematologic, and biochemical effects of feeding infants whey-predominant UHT-treated formula with 13 (UHT-13) or 15 (UHT-15) g protein/L as compared with a conventional, powdered, whey-predominant formula (PF) with 13 g protein/L from 6 wk to 6 mo of age. Breast-fed infants served as control subjects. Growth was assessed at monthly intervals and venous blood samples were drawn at entry into the study and at 6 mo of age. At 6 mo, there were no significant differences in weight gain or linear growth, or hemoglobin, serum ferritin, zinc, or copper concentrations among the groups. Blood urea nitrogen concentrations were lowest for breast-fed infants; among the formula-fed groups the UHT-13 group had the lowest values. All formula-fed groups had higher plasma threonine concentrations than breast-fed infants. Infants fed the UHT-13 formula had threonine values closest to those of breast-fed infants. Concentrations of branched-chain amino acids were similar in breast-fed infants and those fed UHT-13 formula, whereas the other groups had higher values. Plasma tryptophan concentrations were significantly higher in the UHT-treated formula groups than in the other groups. Thus, infants fed UHT-13 formula had metabolic measures similar to those of breast-fed infants, possibly because of high protein digestibility, or a difference in the protein source used. Iron, zinc, and copper status was satisfactory in all groups. Selenium status, as indicated by serum glutathione peroxidase activity, varied with dietary selenium intake.
Environmental Monitoring as Part of Life Support for the Crew Habitat for Lunar and Mars Missions

Like other crewed space missions, future missions to the moon and Mars will have requirements for monitoring the chemical and microbial status of the crew habitat. Monitoring the crew habitat becomes more critical in such long term missions. This paper will describe the state of technology development for environmental monitoring of lunar lander and lunar outpost missions, and the state of plans for future missions.
A Biologically-Inspired Autonomic Architecture for Self-Healing Data Centers

This paper describes a biologically-inspired architecture, called SymbioticSphere, which allows data centers to autonomously adapt to dynamic environmental changes and survive partial system failures. Symbiotic- Sphere follows certain biological principles such as decentralization, natural selection, emergence and symbiosis to design data centers (application services and middleware platforms). Each service and platform is modeled as a biological entity, analogous to an individual bee in a bee colony, and implements biological concepts such as energy level, health level, energy exchange, environment sensing, migration, replication and death. Simulation results show that, like in biological systems, desirable system properties in data centers (e.g., adaptability and survivability) emerge from collective actions and interactions of services and platforms.
Environmental Decision Support Systems

As the complexity of our environmental management problems has increased, so has the need to apply the information management potential of computing technology to help environmental decision-makers with the difficult choices facing them. Environmental information systems have already taken many forms, with most based upon a relational database foundation. Such systems have helped greatly with the day-to-day operations of environmental management, such as chemical and hazardous waste tracking and reporting, but they have two critical shortcomings, which have prevented them from significantly improving the lot of environmental scientists and planners tackling more strategic decisions.
In vitro differentiation of a CD4/CD8 double-positive equivalent thymocyte subset in adult Xenopus

The thymus is the major site of selection and differentiation of T cells in mammals and birds. To begin to study the evolution of thymocyte differentiation, we have developed, in the frog Xenopus, an in vitro system that takes advantage of cortical thymocyte antigen (CTX), a recently discovered T cell antigen whose expression is restricted to Xenopus cortical thymocytes. Upon transient stimulation with suboptimal mitogenic concentrations of the phorbol ester phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) plus ionomycin, Xenopus thymocytes are induced to differentiate into cycling T lymphoblasts that actively synthesize and express high levels of surface MHC class I and class II molecules. This appearance of T lymphoblasts correlates with a rapid down-regulation of both surface CTX protein and CTX mRNA. A thymocyte subset with an immature phenotype (CTX F , CD8 F , class II ‐ or class II low and class I ‐ ) was characterized by depleting class II F cells or by panning with anti-CTX mAb. This immature CTX F thymocyte subset displays a limited proliferative capacity compared to total, class II F or to CTX ‐ thymocytes, and can be induced, by PMA/ ionomycin, to differentiate into more mature T lymphoblasts expressing surface class II and class I molecules. These results provide the first in vitro evidence in an ectothermic vertebrate of a conserved intrathymic pathway of thymocyte differentiation. In addition, our data reveal that CTX can serve as a differentiation surface marker of a population of immature thymocytes that appears to be the equivalent of the mammalian CD4/CD8 double-positive subset.
Assumptions About Behavior and Choice in Response to Public Assistance: A Behavioral Decision Analysis

Assumptions about decision making and consumer preferences guide programs and products intended to help low-income households achieve healthy outcomes and financial stability. Despite their importa...
Geomagnetic secular change during past epochs

The present paper concerns the description of geomagnetic secular change during the past four decades, and its preliminary interpretation in relation to the origin of the Earth's main field and its secular change. The work is based mainly on extensive magnetic surveys over land and sea over the past 40 years, carried out by or in cooperation with the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institution of Washington, with final reductions financed by the United States Navy.
Permeability and disruption of the peritrophic matrix and caecal membrane from Aedes aegypti and Anopheles gambiae mosquito larvae

In mosquito larvae, the peritrophic matrix (PM) separates the gut contents from the intestinal epithelium. This report describes a new in vivo assay for estimating PM permeability. The assay also allows for assessment of the permeability of the caecal membrane, a structure that separates each caecum from the gut lumen. Permeability was estimated by the appearance of fluorescently-labeled dextrans (size range 4,400 to 2 million Da) within the gastric caecae of mosquito larvae. While the intact peritrophic matrix was impermeable to 2 million Da dextran particles, it was permeable to dextran particles of 148 kDa and smaller. The caecal membrane appears to have considerably smaller pores, being permeable only to dextrans of 19.5 kDa and smaller. The assay was also used to devise a treatment that disrupts the PM sufficiently to allow the passage of virus-sized particles. Dithiothreitol and to a lesser extent, chitinase were effective in disrupting the PM. Cycloheximide had a small effect; Polyoxin D, Pronase and calcofluor did not alter the permeability to 2 million Da dextran particles. Disruption of the PM is discussed in the context of infecting mosquitoes with retroviral transformation vectors.
Data Mining For Customer Relationship Management

Data mining has various applications for customer relationship management. In this article, we introduce a framework for identifying appropriate data mining techniques for various CRM activities. This article attempts to integrate the data mining and CRM models and to propose a new model of Data mining for CRM. The new model specifies which types of data mining processes are suitable for which stages/processes of CRM. In order to develop an integrated model it is important to understand the existing Data mining and CRM models. Hence the article discusses some of the existing data mining and CRM models and finally proposes an integrated model of data mining for CRM.
Effect of ergonovine maleate on puerperal prolactin.

Abstract The effect of ergonovine maleate on prolactin levels in women on the third day post partum was studied because of ergonovine's known ability to lower circulating prolactin levels in animals and its apparent success in the treatment of nonpuerperal galactorrhea. A modest, but significant, lowering of the prolactin level following the administration of a single tablet (0.2 mg.) of ergonovine maleate was found. Repetitive doses, often used as a postpartum uterotonic, might have the effect of inhibiting lactation in women wishing to nurse.
The Effect of Self-Reported Efficacy on Clinical Skill Performance

Context: Self-efficacy can enhance an individual's perception of their ability to perform a challenging task. Objective: To determine whether repeated performance of a skill would improve students'...
Technology in Accounting Classrooms: An Assessment Of The Current State

As technology evolution continue to reduce the costs associated with hardware and software for classroom instructions, the instructional environment and teaching pedagogy of business faculty in many disciplines also have evolved over time. While technology integration in accounting education has been a constant focal point of discussion in recent years, the extant and the usage pattern of various classroom technologies in accounting instructions is unclear. This paper provides an assessment of technology usage in today’s accounting classroom.
Opioid Overdose Deaths and Florida’s Crackdown on Pill Mills

Objectives. We examined the effect on opioid overdose mortality of Florida state laws and law enforcement operations targeting “pill mills.”Methods. We collected 2003 to 2012 mortality data from the Florida Department of Health and the North Carolina State Center for Health Statistics (the comparison state) to estimate changes in the rates of death from prescription opioid, heroin, or any opioid overdose.Results. Florida’s actions were associated with an estimated 1029 lives saved from prescription opioid overdose over a 34-month period. Estimated reductions in deaths grew over the intervention period, with rates per 100 000 population that were 0.6 lower in 2010, 1.8 lower in 2011, and 3.0 lower in 2012 than what would have been expected had the changes in mortality rate trends in Florida been the same as changes in trends in North Carolina. Florida’s mortality rates from heroin and total opioid overdose were also lower than anticipated relative to changes in trends in North Carolina.Conclusions. Finding...
How Armenian Cybertorts Can Advance Civil Society

The future of e-commerce for Armenia depends in large part upon increasing the number of personal computers as well as businesses opening opportunities on the Internet. Armenia's Minister of Economics hopes to achieve the goal of connecting seventy percent of all Armenian households to the Internet by 2018. This is an ambitious goal as less than 10% of Armenians currently have an Internet connection. If Armenia can achieve this milestone, the Internet will evolve at a rapid pace. Major technological advances create new forms of injury that require rights and remedies. This Article argues that Armenia might turn to cybertorts versus intrusive government regulation to resolve the foreseeable civil wrongs from a greater Internet presence. The tort system allows for private enforcement in contrast to the thick regulation found in the Eurozone. Part I examines personal property cybertorts to address computer spam and viruses. Part II is an examination of how Armenian businesses might turn to business torts to protect their intellectual property and other assets. Part III explores information-based torts such as defamation, negligence, and the invasion of privacy arising out of the use of email, website postings, and social networking sites. Part IV is a new audit of the most common intentional torts against the person that arise out of Internet-related activities. Part V explains the perils of Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act, a U.S. statute that shields websites from third party torts. Internet governance requires global standards to protect consumer rights in cyberspace. The lesson from the U.S. experience is that immunity breeds irresponsibility. The role of cybertorts in Armenia should be to supplement, but not supplant, public regulation.
Técnicas de neutralização: uma teoría da delinqüencia

Este artigo apresenta evidencias que sugerem que os delinquentes geralmente nao aprovam a delinquencia. Eles se envolvem na delinquencia por meio do emprego de certas “tecnicas de neutralizacao”. Embora eles acreditem que a delinquencia seja ma, eles pretendem que seus atos sao justificaveis por diferentes tipos de razoes. Estas justificativas sao utilizadas antes do ato delinquente, fazendo com que este seja possivel pela neutralizacao da crenca dos individuos que eles sao ruins.
Fatal Starvation/Malnutrition: Medicolegal Investigation from the Juvenile Skeleton

Child deaths due to starvation are exceedingly rare and difficult to investigate, and it is difficult to obtain justice for the decedent. These deaths are considered to be the most severe form of maltreatment due to a prolonged period of abuse by the caregiver. Methods used in developing countries to assess malnutrition, starvation, and stunting are presented as they can be useful in medicolegal cases. A case study illustrating the utility of several biological indicators including lines of arrested growth, excessive metaphyseal porosity, growth deficits in long bones, and bone mineral density in medicolegal investigations of fatal starvation is presented. The complexity of these cases calls for multiple lines of evidence such as complete social, medical, and investigative history and investigation in order to rule on a cause and manner of death.
Preferential activation of CO near hydrocarbon chains during Fischer–Tropsch synthesis on Ru

Abstract We report here theoretical evidence for an enhancement in CO activation to form C1 monomers at locations near growing hydrocarbon chains as a result of their ability to disrupt the dense monolayers of chemisorbed CO∗ present during Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS). These previously unrecognized routes become favored at the high CO∗ coverages that prevail on curved cluster surfaces at conditions of FTS practice and account for the rapid growth of chains, which requires a source of vicinal monomers. CO activation initially requires a vacant site (and consequently CO∗ desorption) and proceeds via CO∗ reactions with H∗ to form hydroxymethylene (CH∗OH∗), which then dissociates to form OH∗ and CH∗; CHx∗ species can subsequently act as monomers and insert into chains, a process denoted as the ‘carbene’ mechanism. These CH∗, and their larger alkylidyne (CnH2n−1∗) homologs, disrupt the dense CO∗ adlayers and in doing so allow the facile formation of vicinal CH∗OH∗ intermediates that mediate CO activation, without requiring, in this case, CO∗ desorption. This causes CO∗ activation effective enthalpy and free energy barriers to be ∼100 and ∼15 kJ mol−1 lower, respectively, near growing chains than within unperturbed monolayers. These effects are observed near alkylidyne (CnH2n−1∗) but not alkylidene (CnH2n∗) or alkyl (CnH2n+1∗) chains. These phenomena cause monomers to form preferentially near growing alkylidyne chains, instead of forming at undisrupted regions of CO∗ monolayers, causing chain growth (via CHx∗-insertion) to occur much more rapidly than chain initiation, a requirement to form long chains. Such routes resolve the seemingly contradictory proposals that CHx∗ species act as monomers (instead of CO∗) and chain initiators, but their formation and diffusion on dense CO∗ adlayers must occur much faster than chain initiation for such chains to grow fast and reach large average lengths. Chains disrupt surrounding molecules in the adlayer, causing faster monomer formation precisely at locations where they can readily react with growing chains. This work illustrates how interactions between transition states and co-adsorbates can dramatically affect predicted rates and selectivities at the high coverages relevant to practical catalysis.
Vp/Vs Estimation From Post-stack P- And PS-wave Data

Vp/Vs is an attribute widely used in reservoir characterization. The use of multicomponent seismic data, in this case Pand PS-wave data, can be used to robustly estimate longand short-wavelength Vp/Vs volumes. A simple approximation combining Pand registered PSwave post-stack data was used to estimate the Vp/Vs reflectivities of the subsurface, offering a correlation coefficient of 72% between the estimated Vp/Vs reflectivity traces and the Vp/Vs reflectivity calculated from a well log. This approach combined with seismic inversion resulted in an accurate estimation of a broadband Vp/Vs section.
CFD Analyses of the Mixing Characteristics in Bubble Columns and Airlift Reactors

The mixing characteristics in bubble columns and airlift reactors are analyzed using computational fluid dynamics. In the simulations, an Eulerian-Eulerian approach was used to model air as the dispersed phase within a continuous phase of water using the commercial software FLUENT. The Schiller-Naumann drag model was employed along with virtual mass and the standard k–e turbulence model. An effective bubble diameter was specified for each case studied and depended on the inlet gas velocity specified. The predicted flow field in the airlift geometry showed a regular oscillation of the gas flow due to flow recirculating from the downcomer and connectors, whereas the bubble column oscillations were random and resulted in flow moving through the center of the column. The profiles of gas holdup, gas velocity, and liquid velocity versus column width showed that the airlift reactor flow is asymmetric and the profile shape varied along the height of the column. The bubble column flow became independent of height after 20 cm above the inlet because there was less mixing than the airlift reactor. It was shown that the airlift reactor increased the mixing of the gas-liquid flow due to the addition of the downcomer. The airlift reactor showed less gas holdup in the riser than the bubble column but its velocity and gas holdup never became independent of column diameter like in the bubble column. The gas and liquid flow field showed increased mixing with increasing inlet velocity.© 2011 ASME
On the Theory of Mao Ze dong's thoughts on Science &Technoloy

Mao Ze dong'science technology is the most important part of Mao Ze dong's thoughts.This paper is devoted to analyze it systematically and probing into the theory and social activities from the three aspects,which are the main contents of Mao Ze dong's thoughts on science technology so can reflect the inner logical relatinonship of the thought clearly,namely,on the feature function of science technolgy which is the basic outlook on science technology ;on the thought of productivity function of science technology which is the core of Mao Ze dong's thoughts on science and technology;on the guiding principle and policy of science technology which is the specific reflection of Mao Ze dong's thoughts on science technology.
The left internal mammary artery as a sequential graft to the left anterior descending system

The left internal mammary artery (IMA) has been used as a sequential graft to the left anterior descending (LAD) system in 39 patients. Seven patients having operation in 1977 were followed up for 2 years, and cardiac catheterization in four revealed no problems related to the anastomoses. After a 2 year hiatus we resumed use of the procedure in 1980. A total of 10 patients have had catheterization from 1 month to 5 years postoperatively with no anastomotic narrowing or restriction of distal IMA flow by the side-to-side anastomosis. The IMA should be equal to or greater in size than the larger of the two vessels to be grafted. We continue to use this procedure in carefully selected patients.
Hyperparathyroidism with asymptomatic hypercalcemia

The many patients with mild, asymptomatic hypercalcemia identified by automated methods of clinical chemistry pose a challenge to the clinician. Which of them are likely to develop manifestations of primary hyperparathyroidism?
Fault Tolerant Safe Flight Controller Bank1

: This paper examines the issues of safety and certification as they apply to flight control system for commercial planes. Theoretical designs may guarantee stability but some stable trajectories should not be considered safe for human passengers. On the issue of certification, getting acceptance for a control structure may prove challenging if it is not possible to establish a priori the control algorithms that will be used in a particular situation. The approach presented here proposes control structures of reduced complexity that can be exhaustively tested and where the issue of safety can also be addressed. The reduced complexity is achieved by introducing a finite partition of the fault space and designing robust controllers that perform safely within each partition. The transition among controllers is determined by a fault isolation mechanism that uses to advantage the “over-instrumentation” in commercial planes. The concept has been tested with extensive simulations using a 6DOF nonlinear model for B747/200 as a rigid body. This paper presents results for the case of single faults on the control surface actuators. The results support the premises that the structure enables the examination of all possible errors in the fault isolation and that the testing of the controller supplies valuable data for the design of a fault isolation technique.
Catastrophic failure of an acetabular total hip arthroplasty component mimicking a posterior dislocation

In our case study, we examine a case of catastrophic failure of a total hip arthroplasty acetabular component leading to complete central wear by the ceramic femoral head, requiring revision total hip arthroplasty. Despite subtle clinical findings, initial orthopaedic evaluation and treatment yielded a diagnosis of total hip arthroplasty dislocation. While a much more common phenomenon, the diagnosis led to futile initial attempts at closed reduction. Our index of suspicion must remain high to pick up on subtle, less common diagnoses we will encounter.
Role of Cations in CO2 Adsorption, Dynamics, and Hydration in Smectite Clays under in Situ Supercritical CO2 Conditions

This paper explores the molecular-scale interactions between CO2 and the representative smectite mineral hectorite under supercritical conditions (90 bar, 50 °C) using novel in situ X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared (IR) spectroscopy, and magic angle spinning (MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques. Particular emphasis is placed on understanding the roles of the smectite charge balancing cation (CBC) and H2O in these interactions. The data show that supercritical CO2 (scCO2) can be adsorbed on external surfaces and in the confined interlayer spaces of hectorite at 50 °C and 90 bar, with the uptake of CO2 into the interlayer favored at low H2O content and when the basal spacing is similar to a monolayer hydrate of hectorite (1WL, ∼12.5 A). These results are in agreement with published spectroscopic and molecular modeling data for the related smectite Na-montmorillonite. Charge balancing cations with small radii, large hydration energies, and low polarizabilities tend to scavenge H2O from humid sc...
Complication of Community-Acquired Pneumonia (Including Cardiac Complications)

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) represents an important public health problem and carries significant morbidity, mortality, and costs. The incidence of CAP is highest among children and elderly patients, but the mortality is much higher in patients older than 65 years. Despite the advances in medicine, the administration of antimicrobials, and the overall better care, there are still patients with CAP dying due to systemic complications all over the world. A continuum of CAP disease progression may involve multiple organs beyond the pulmonary parenchyma. These pulmonary and nonpulmonary complications are associated not only with mortality but also with the development of clinical failure, prolonged hospitalization, and the need for more intensive level of care. In this review, we present the characteristics of several CAP-related pulmonary and nonpulmonary organ dysfunction, such as those affecting the heart, kidneys, hematological, neurological, endocrine systems. Multiple severity of illness scores identified a series of systemic findings that indicate the organ dysfunctions and the associated related outcomes. However, further research is required to address the mechanisms, the management, and prevention of organ dysfunction in patients with CAP.
Does influenza drive absolute humidity

Multiple lines of evidence suggest that absolute humidity and school terms affect the timing of influenza epidemics, although the contributions of these and other factors are still unresolved (1⇓⇓⇓–5). In PNAS, Deyle et al. (6) applied convergent cross-mapping (CCM) to measure the impact of environmental variables on influenza activity. The authors concluded that absolute humidity and temperature are not merely correlated with influenza activity but in fact directly or indirectly cause epidemics. The mathematical basis of CCM involves strict assumptions that may be violated in nature (7). Process noise, secular changes in parameters, and other transient dynamics can lead to situations where the underlying attractor is undersampled, causing errors in reconstruction and inference (8). There are not … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: cobey{at}uchicago.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Unstable Open Posterior Subtalar Dislocation Treated With a Ring External Fixator: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.

Traumatic dislocation of the subtalar joint is an infrequently occurring injury, with open true posterior dislocation an even rarer injury. We describe our treatment of a young motorcyclist who was brought into hospital after a road traffic accident, having sustained an open posterior subtalar dislocation. After initial reduction and resuscitation in the emergency department, he was taken to the operating theater for emergent wound debridement and external fixation of his ankle using a unilateral external fixator device. After 2 subsequent repeat debridements, this was changed to a ring external fixator device, followed by split-thickness skin grafting of his wound. He was allowed full weightbearing and was discharged from hospital 10 days after his last operation. He continued to improve clinically at his outpatient appointments to the 1-year follow-up point, with his external fixator removed at 6 weeks postoperatively. At the last follow-up appointment, he had successfully returned to his previous employment. To the best of our knowledge, only 1 other description of an open posterior dislocation has been reported, which was managed nonoperatively after wound debridement. Ours is the first reported case of an open posterior dislocation managed surgically using a ring external fixator. We believe the ability to allow immediate weightbearing resulting from the additional stability provided by this type of fixation is advantageous, with a theoretical reduction in the risk of periarticular osteoporosis and calf muscle atrophy. The early mobilization afforded by this treatment is hoped to improve the typically poor long-term outcomes for these patients.
“It Just Must Be True”: Tomasello on Cognition and Morality

Michael Tomasello’s “natural histories” of thinking and human morality argue for strong connections between advanced human attributes and the capabilities of nonhuman primates, even as they establish profound differences between them. The core of his argument, the “shared intentionality hypothesis,” asserts that what is unique to the human species is the capacity for collaborative behaviors involving mutualism and reciprocity. This hypothesis has serious implications not only for the understanding of the human species but also for such apparently unrelated fields as literary studies. Keywords: morality, cognition, evolution, Tomasello, literary studies Books under review: Tomasello, Michael. 2014. A Natural History of Human Thinking. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. xi, 178 pages. Illustrations. Hardcover $37.00. Tomasello, Michael. 2016. A Natural History of Human Morality. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. x, 194 pages. Illustrations. Hardcover $35.00.
Investigating Global Labor and Profit Shares

This paper investigates labor and profit share trends across Advanced Economies. It shows that Real Estate is the primary driver of declining labor shares outside the US. Excluding Real Estate, non-US labor and profit shares have remained relatively stable since the 1970s. By contrast, the US labor share declined and the profit share increased across virtually all industries. The divergent US patterns appear to be explained by declining competition (in the form of rising mark-ups and rising concentration).
Evaluation of surrogate measures of pulmonary function derived from electrical impedance tomography data in children with cystic fibrosis.

OBJECTIVE Lung function monitoring by spirometry plays a critical role in the clinical care of pediatric cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, but many young children are unable to perform spirometry, and the outputs are often normal even in the presence of lung disease. Measures derived from electrical impedance tomography (EIT) images were studied for their utility as potential surrogates for spirometry in CF patients and to assess response to intravenous antibiotic treatment for acute pulmonary exacerbations (PEx) in a subset of patients. APPROACH EIT data were collected on 35 subjects (21 with CF, 14 healthy controls, 8 CF patients pre- and post-treatment for an acute PEx) ages 2 to 20 years during tidal breathing and also concurrently with spirometry on subjects over age 8. EIT-derived measures of FEV1, FVC, and FEV1/FVC were computed globally and regionally from dynamic EIT images. MAIN RESULTS Global EIT-derived FEV1/FVC showed good correlation with spirometry FEV1/FVC values (r = 0.54, p = 0.01), and were able to distinguish between the groups (p = 0.01). Lung heterogeneity was assessed through the spatial coefficient of variation (CV) of EIT difference images between key time points, and the CVs for EIT-derived FEV1 and FVC showed significant correlation with the CV for tidal breathing (r = 0.47, p = 0.01 and r = 0.50, p = 0.01, respectively). Global EIT-derived FEV1/FVC was better able to distinguish between groups than spirometry FEV1 (F-values 776.5 and 146.3, respectively, p < 0.01.) The same held true for the CVs for EIT-derived FEV1, FVC, and tidal breathing (F-values 215.93, 193.89, 204.57, respectively, p < 0.01). SIGNIFICANCE The strong correlation between the CVs for tidal breathing, FEV1, and FVC, and the statistically significant ability of CV for tidal breathing to distinguish between healthy subjects and CF patients, and between the studied CF disease states suggests that the CV may be useful for measuring the extent and severity of structural lung disease.
Questions of Imbalance: Agronomic Science and Sustainability Assessment in Dryland West Africa

Nutrient budgeting has become a common tool to assess the sustainability of African agriculture, calculated by subtracting estimates of flows of nutrients out from the flows coming in. More negative budgets for a field, village territory, county, country, or region are seen as evidence for unsustainable “nutrient mining” leading to land degradation. This chapter places this approach within the traditions of agronomic science of dryland Africa. A basic limitation of this tradition is its recurrent attempts to avoid engaging seriously with the dynamics and heterogeneities of farmers’ practices. This chapter concludes by presenting a critical physical geographical alternative that seeks to understand how social and biophysical landscapes are co-produced involving high rates of soil sampling and analysis; interviews of farmers about the management history of sampled fields; and assessment of field managers’ access to productive resources (land, labor, livestock).
The occurrence of human papilloma virus (HPV)-related cancers in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected women compliant with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).

185Background: HAART has been demonstrated effective at maintaining immunocompetence (as measured in part by CD4 levels) and reducing the occurrence and severity of cervical cancer in HIV-infected ...