cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Novel Domain Implicated in the Interactions between pre-mRNA Splicing Factors

Splicing Factor 1 (SF1) and U2 snRNP auxiliary factor (U2AF65) form an essential protein complex that recognizes the 3′ splice site during the initial stages of pre-mRNA splicing. A ∼100 amino acid domain of SF1 located between an N-terminal region that is necessary and sufficient U2AF65-interactions, and a C-terminal RNA-binding domain. Despite high sequence conservation from yeast to mammals, the structure and function of this SF1 ‘mystery’ domain is currently unknown. Here, we demonstrate that the SF1 ‘mystery’ domain participates in the SF1 / U2AF65 interface by comparing heat capacity changes and chemical shift differences for U2AF65 association with deletion variants of SF1. Heat capacity changes for association of SF1 with the U2AF65 interacting domain (UHM) are significantly greater than those observed for association with a SF1 peptide composed of the minimal U2AF65-interacting region. In contrast, the heat capacity changes for SF1 peptide/U2AF65UHM association closely matched those predicted from the buried surface area of the complex. Given that heat capacity changes often correlate with the amount of surface area buried by complex formation, one possible explanation for this difference was that additional regions of SF1 participate in the U2AF65UHM interface. To investigate this possibility, the HSQC spectra of 15N-labeled U2AF65-UHM in complex with SF1 C-terminal deletion variants were compared. Chemical shift differences imply that residues from conserved ‘mystery’ domain of SF1 participate in the U2AF65UHM interface. The influence of this SF1 domain on affinity and cooperativity of pre-mRNA recognition by the SF1 / U2AF65 is further investigated by calorimetry and fluorescence anisotropy. These studies aid in elucidating the structural and thermodynamic means for 3′ splice site recognition by the essential SF1 and U2AF65 complex.
Predicting the Extent of Nodal Disease in Early-Stage Breast Cancer

The role of regional nodal ultrasound (US) has been questioned since publication of the American College of Surgeons Oncology Group (ACOSOG) Z0011 data. The goal of this study was to determine if imaging and clinicopathologic features could predict the extent of axillary nodal involvement in breast cancer. Patients with T1–T2 tumors who underwent regional nodal US and axillary lymph node dissection from 2002 to 2012 were identified from a prospective database excluding those who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Patients whose metastases were identified by US confirmed by needle biopsy were compared with those identified by sentinel lymph node dissection (SLND) after a negative US. Metastases were identified by US in 190 patients, and by SLND in 518 patients. SLND patients had fewer positive nodes (2.2 vs. 4.1; p < 0.0001), smaller metastases (5.3 vs. 13.8 mm; p < 0.0001), and a lower incidence of extranodal extension (24 vs. 53 %; p < 0.0001) than the US group. Even when US identified ≤2 abnormal nodes, patients were still more likely to have ≥3 positive nodes (45 %) than SLND patients (19 %; p < 0.001). After adjusting for tumor size, receptor status, and histology, multivariate analysis revealed that metastases identified by US [odds ratio (OR) 4.01; 95 % confidence interval (CI) 2.75–5.84] and lobular histology (OR 1.77; 95 % CI 1.06–2.95) predicted having ≥3 positive nodes. Imaging and clinicopathologic features can be used to predict the extent of nodal involvement. Patients with US-detected metastases, even if small volume, have a higher burden of nodal involvement than patients with SLND-detected metastases and may not be comparable with patients in the ACOSOG Z0011 trial.
Effect of Doping on the Elastic Constants of Silicon

Keyes' theory of the dependence of the shear elastic constants of degenerate $p$-type Ge on hole concentration has been extended to degenerate $p$-type Si by including in the theory the light-hole band and the split-off band. It is shown that the total effect in the elastic constants is the sum of effects arising from the light-hole, heavy-hole, and split-off bands and originates in a change of the Fermi level with strain. Using the ultrasonic pulse-echo technique, measurements were made at 78\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K of the elastic constant ${C}^{\ensuremath{'}}=\frac{1}{2}({C}_{11}\ensuremath{-}{C}_{12})$ of Si samples containing: (a) 7.0\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{15}$, (b) 3.2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{18}$, (c) 1.4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{19}$, and (d) 1.1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{20}$ B atoms ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$. Relative to the purest sample (a), the change in ${C}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ is -12, -42, and -193 (in units of ${10}^{8}$ dyne ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$), respectively. Equating these values with the calculated changes in ${C}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ and using effective masses from the top of the various valence bands, the values of 5.8, 8.5, and 11.8 eV were obtained for the deformation potential constant ${{\ensuremath{\Xi}}_{s}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$. These values were corrected to 4.9, 7.1, and 9.94 eV by estimating the dependence on the wave vector of the effective masses as inferred from Kane's work on the band structure of Si. Possible sources of the dependence of ${{\ensuremath{\Xi}}_{s}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ on doping are discussed.
Physician views about treating low back pain. The results of a national survey.

Study Design.Physicians were surveyed regarding their beliefs about treatment efficacy for patients with low back pain.Objective.To document physician beliefs about the efficacy of specific treatmets and the extent to which these beliefs correspond to current knowledge.Summary of Background Data.Lit
Cold climate during the closest Stage 11 analog to recent Millennia

Abstract The early part of marine isotopic Stage 11 near 400,000 years ago provides the closest analog to Holocene insolation levels of any interglaciation during the era of strong 100,000-year climatic cycles. The CH 4 concentration measured in Vostok ice fell to ∼450 ppb, and CO 2 values to ∼250 ppm. These natural decreases contrast with the increases in recent millennia and support the early anthropogenic hypothesis of major gas emissions from late-Holocene farming. During the same interval, δD values fell from typical interglacial to nearly glacial values, indicating a major cooling in Antarctica early in Stage 11. Other evidence suggests that new ice was accumulating during the closest insolation analog to the present day: a major increase in δ 18 O atm at Vostok, a similar increase in marine δ 18 O values, and re-initiation of ice rafting in the Nordic Sea. The evidence permits extended (>20,000 year) intervals of Stage 11 interglacial warmth in the Antarctic and North Atlantic, yet it also requires that this warmth ended and a new glacial era began when insolation was most similar to recent millennia. The Holocene CO 2 anomaly was produced only in part by direct anthropogenic emissions; over half of the anomaly resulted from the failure of CO 2 values to fall as they had during previous interglaciations because of natural responses, including a sea-ice advance in the Antarctic and ice-sheet growth in the northern hemisphere.
Genetic pathway to recurrent chromosome translocations in murine lymphoma involves V(D)J recombinase

Chromosome translocations involving antigen receptor loci are a genetic hallmark of non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas in humans. Most commonly, these translocations result in juxtaposition of the immunoglobulin heavy-chain (IgH) locus with one of several cellular proto-oncogenes, leading to deregulated oncogene expression. The V(D)J recombinase, which mediates physiologic rearrangements of antigen receptor genes, may play a mechanistic role in some lymphoma translocations, although evidence is indirect. A high incidence of B-lineage lymphomas has been observed in mice with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) and p53-null mutations. We show that these tumors are characteristic of the pro–B-cell stage of development and that they harbor recurrent translocations involving chromosomes 12 and 15. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) shows retention of IgH sequences on the derivative chromosome 12, implying that breakpoints involve the IgH locus. Pro–B-cell lymphomas were suppressed in SCID p53–/– mice by a Rag-2–null mutation, demonstrating that DNA breaks generated during V(D)J recombination are required for oncogenic transformation, and suggesting that t(12;15) arise during attempted IgH rearrangement in pro-B cells. These studies indicate that the oncogenic potential inherent in antigen receptor diversification is controlled in vivo by efficient rejoining of DNA ends generated during V(D)J recombination and an intact cellular response to DNA damage. J. Clin. Invest. 103:1669–1675 (1999).
Eyelid reconstruction with a three-layer graft

Eyelid reconstruction is demanding, for one must restore both form and function. Perhaps nowhere else in the body is it more important to have like replace like: thin, delicate skin and fine muscle for function and expression. Eyelid skin is very prone to skin cancer, and because it is so thin, most cancers invade the underlying orbicularis muscle. So a defect of the lid after cancer ablation requires skin and muscle replacement. Likewise, to correct severe ectropion, one must replace the missing muscle support at the margin of the lower eyelid. The principle: To reconstruct the lower eyelid, first return muscle to the eyelid margin. To assure structural integrity and re-innervation, a skin/muscle unit from the upper lid must be transferred along with the underlying fascia. In this article, the anatomy of the upper lid fascia is described, along with details of the operative technique to reliably transfer a three-layer graft of skin/muscle/fascia from the redundant upper lid to the lower.
All-oral, interferon-free treatment for chronic hepatitis C: cost-effectiveness analyses.

Summary Interferon-based standard of care treatments (SOC) for chronic hepatitis C are unable to provide high cure rates in certain subgroups of the infected population and can cause debilitating side effects. Clinical trials evaluating all-oral, interferon-free treatments have demonstrated high rates of sustained virologic response with no resistance or major adverse events in most populations. As these drug regimens move towards FDA approval, it will be important to assess their cost-effectiveness in addition to their clinical efficacy. A decision-analytic Markov model with a lifetime, societal perspective was used to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of a generalized all-oral drug regimen compared to SOC by modelling the progression of a 50-year-old, HCV-positive cohort through disease natural history and treatment. In base case analysis, all-oral treatment dominated SOC across a range of willingness-to-pay (WTP) thresholds with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of US$44 514/quality-adjusted life year (QALY). In sensitivity analyses, the model was sensitive to all-oral drug costs as well as rates of SVR and treatment uptake among noncirrhotic subjects, but robust to variations in all other parameters. All-oral treatment was most cost-effective among genotype 1 subjects but remained cost-effective for genotypes 2 and 3 at WTP thresholds ≥$80 000/QALY. Quality-adjusted life years gained per dollar spent were maximized in younger treatment cohorts. Using this model, the degree of cost-effectiveness depended on the WTP threshold and the final cost set for approved drug combinations.
Gasification technologies: the path to clean, affordable energy in the 21st century

The gasification of carbon-based solid and liquid materials has been around for nearly two hundred years and was used extensively for the production of town gas in the latter part of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Although this application has all but vanished, other applications have evolved, thus continuing gasification's important role as a commercial technology. Numerous advancements have been made since its introduction, leading to a more cost-competitive, thermally efficient, and environmentally friendly technology. However, as deregulation of the power industry continues and as increased environmental pressures are placed on industry, opportunities for further technological advances and expanded applications to meet these challenges will be created. In addition, these changes will likely restructure the technology and ownership objectives, placing premiums on efficiency, environmental acceptability, and the ability to utilize multiple feedstocks and produce multiple products. In the twentieth century, gasification will be the heart of a new generation of energy plants, possessing both feedstock and product flexibility, near-zero emission of pollutants, high thermal efficiency and capture of carbon dioxide, and low feedstock and operating and maintenance (O&M) costs.
Reduced constants for simple cycle graph separation

If G is an n vertex maximal planar graph and δ≤1 3, then the vertex set of G can be partitioned into three sets A, B, C such that neither A nor B contains more than (1−δ)n vertices, no edge from G connects a vertex in A to a vertex in B, and C is a cycle in G containing no more than (√2δ+√2−2δ)√n+O(1) vertices. Specifically, when δ=1 3, the separator C is of size (√2/3+√4/3)√n+O(1), which is roughly 1.97√n. The constant 1.97 is an improvement over the best known so far result of Miller 2√2≈2.82. If non-negative weights adding to at most 1 are associated with the vertices of G, then the vertex set of G can be partitioned into three sets A, B, C such that neither A nor B has weight exceeding 1−δ, no edge from G connects a vertex in A to a vertex in B, and C is a simple cycle with no more than 2√n+O(1) vertices.
Monovalent/divalent selectivity and the charge separation concept

Abstract This article establishes the importance of the active site spacing in the resin matrix on the relative selectivity for monovalent and divalent ions. The selectivity trends of dicarboxylate/chloride exchange on trialkylamine resins provide experimental verification of the hypothesis that resins with closely spaced functionalities have an inherent preference for divalent ions over monovalent ions. For a typical trimethylamine resin, the isotherm data show a monotonic decrease in selectivity with chain length whereas for the triethyl and tributylamine resins, an increase followed by a decrease in selectivity is observed. A theoretical analysis of ion exchange equilibria is developed to quantify the hydrophobic and electrostatic components of the overall dianion selectivity. A phenomenological model is used to estimate the site spacing distance for each resin and the results suggest a nonhomogeneous distribution of ionogenic groups in the gel phase. The charge separation concept, which is applicable to both anion and cation exchangers, is validated with supportive evidence from other research studies.
Decreased Fc-Receptor expression on innate immune cells is associated with impaired antibody mediated cellular phagocytic activity in chronically HIV-1 infected individuals

In addition to neutralization, antibodies mediate other antiviral activities including antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP), antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), as well as complement deposition. While it is established that progressive HIV infection is associated with reduced ADCC and ADCP, the underlying mechanism for this loss of function is unknown. Here we report considerable changes in FcR expression over the course of HIV infection on both mDCs and monocytes, including elevated FcγRI expression in acute HIV infection and reduced expression of FcγRII and FcγRIIIa in chronic HIV infection. Furthermore, selective blockade of FcγRII alone was associated with a loss in ADCP activity, suggesting that FcγRII plays a central role in modulating ADCP. Overall, HIV infection is associated with a number of changes in FcR expression on phagocytic cells that are associated with changes in their ability to respond to antibody-opsonized targets, potentially contributing to a failure in viral clearance in progressive HIV-1 infection.
FAD2 Gene Mutations Significantly Alter Fatty Acid Profiles in Cultivated Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea)

A panel of 55 peanut lines was analyzed for fatty acid composition with gas chromatography and also genotyped with SNP markers from the FAD2 genes by real-time PCR. Significant variation in fatty acid composition was identified, and the ratio of oleic acid to linoleic acid (O/L) ranged from 1.23 to 56.45. In terms of the FAD2 gene mutation, the assayed lines were classified into four genotypes: wild type (Ol1Ol1Ol2Ol2), single functional homozygous mutation on the A genome (ol1ol1Ol2Ol2), single functional homozygous mutation on the B genome (Ol1Ol1ol2ol2), and a double mutation on both A and B genomes (ol1ol1ol2ol2). Each genotype has a significantly different fatty acid profile. Both FAD2A and FAD2B are involved in the conversion of oleic acid to linoleic acid in peanuts. Overall, these results demonstrate the combined power of genetic analysis with biochemical analysis on peanut fatty acid research.
Inequalities for permanents involving Perron complements

Abstract Let A∈ R n,n and let α and β be nonempty complementary subsets of {1,…,n} of increasing integers. For λ>ρ(A[β]), we define the generalized Perron complement of A[β] in A at λ as the matrix P λ (A/A[β])=A[α]+A[α,β](λI−A[β]) −1 A[β,α] . For the classes of the nonnegative matrices and of the positive semidefinite matrices, we study the relationship between the permanents of the whole matrices and the permanents of their Perron complement. Our conditions, which hold in many cases of interest, are such that the value of the permanent increases as we pass from the whole matrix to its generalized Perron complement.For nonnegative and irreducible matrices, we also study the relationship between the maximum circuit geometric mean of the entire matrix and the maximum circuit geometric mean of its Perron complements.
Long-Distance Trade under the Aztec Empire: The Archaeological Evidence

This article presents archaeological data on Late Postclassic long-distance trade in central and northern Mesoamerica. Aztec trade goods from the Basin of Mexico (ceramics and obsidian) are widespread, while imports from other areas are much less common, both in the Basin of Mexico and elsewhere. The artifactual data signal a high volume of exchange in the Late Postclassic, and while trade was spatially nucleated around the Basin of Mexico, most exchange activity was apparently not under strong political control. The archaeological findings are compared with ethnohistoric sources to further our knowledge of the mechanisms of exchange, the effect of elite consumption on trade, and the relationship between trade and imperialism.
Uncooperative target-in-the-loop performance with backscattered speckle-field effects

Systems utilizing target-in-the-loop (TIL) techniques for adaptive optics phase compensation rely on a metric sensor to perform a hill climbing algorithm that maximizes the far-field Strehl ratio. In uncooperative TIL, the metric signal is derived from the light backscattered from a target. In cases where the target is illuminated with a laser with suffciently long coherence length, the potential exists for the validity of the metric sensor to be compromised by speckle-field effects. We report experimental results from a scaled laboratory designed to evaluate TIL performance in atmospheric turbulence and thermal blooming conditions where the metric sensors are influenced by varying degrees of backscatter speckle. We compare performance of several TIL configurations and metrics for cases with static speckle, and for cases with speckle fluctuations within the frequency range that the TIL system operates. The roles of metric sensor filtering and system bandwidth are discussed.
Nonstoichiometry and Defect Chemistry in Praseodymium-Cerium Oxide

Praseodymium cerium oxide (Pr x Ce1 − xO2 − δ) is a mixed ionic-electronic conductor with high levels of nonstoichiometry under oxidizing conditions resulting from reduction of Pr4 + to Pr3 +. Coulometric titration measurements performed on (Pr x Ce1 − xO2 − δ) with x = 0.2 are generally consistent with those derived from electrical conductivity measurements. Nevertheless, a somewhat larger degree of nonstoichiometry measured via coulometric titration implies that non-charged defect species may be significant in the system.
A general framework for social science

It is possible to construct a basic framework that potentially accommodates the interactions of all biological, biosocial, cultural and situational determinants of behavior. While specific problems will require changes of detail, a single structure of interactions for all problems increases the additive possibilities of the field, and makes feasible definition of the limits and applicability of alternative general theories. The framework should help the applied social scientist relate his suggestions to the full range of interactions.
Composing expressive runtime security policies

Program monitors enforce security policies by interposing themselves into the control flow of untrusted software whenever that software attempts to execute security-relevant actions. At the point of interposition, a monitor has authority to permit or deny (perhaps conditionally) the untrusted software's attempted action. Program monitors are common security enforcement mechanisms and integral parts of operating systems, virtual machines, firewalls, network auditors, and antivirus and antispyware tools.Unfortunately, the runtime policies we require program monitors to enforce grow more complex, both as the monitored software is given new capabilities and as policies are refined in response to attacks and user feedback. We propose dealing with policy complexity by organizing policies in such a way as to make them composable, so that complex policies can be specified more simply as compositions of smaller subpolicy modules. We present a fully implemented language and system called Polymer that allows security engineers to specify and enforce composable policies on Java applications. We formalize the central workings of Polymer by defining an unambiguous semantics for our language. Using this formalization, we state and prove an uncircumventability theorem which guarantees that monitors will intercept all security-relevant actions of untrusted software.
Deep sequencing approach for genetic stability evaluation of influenza A viruses

Assessment of genetic stability of viruses could be used to monitor manufacturing process of both live and inactivated viral vaccines. Until recently such studies were limited by the difficulty of detecting and quantifying mutations in heterogeneous viral populations. High-throughput sequencing technologies (deep sequencing) can generate massive amounts of genetic information and could be used to reveal and quantify mutations. Comparison of different approaches for deep sequencing of the complete influenza A genome was performed to determine the best way to detect and quantify mutants in attenuated influenza reassortant strain A/Brisbane/59/2007 (H1N1) and its passages in different cell substrates. Full-length amplicons of influenza A virus segments as well as multiple overlapping amplicons covering the entire viral genome were subjected to several ways of DNA library preparation followed by deep sequencing using Solexa (Illumina) and pyrosequencing (454 Life Science) technologies. Sequencing coverage (the number of times each nucleotide was determined) of mutational profiles generated after 454-pyrosequencing of individually synthesized overlapping amplicons were relatively low and insufficiently uniform. Amplification of the entire genome of influenza virus followed by its enzymatic fragmentation, library construction, and Illumina sequencing resulted in high and uniform sequencing coverage enabling sensitive quantitation of mutations. A new bioinformatic procedure was developed to improve the post-alignment quality control for deep-sequencing data analysis.
The moment of truth

Thus begins my trial as a defendant charged with medical malpractice. I was named as the sole defendant in a lawsuit accusing me of causing a patient’s death through professional negligence—an alleged lack of necessary testing and treatment prior to his sudden cardiac death. This is my first such experience after 35 years of practice and teaching. My few encounters as an expert witness with the legal system had always caused great anxiety. I am now learning how much more stressful it is to be the defendant.
Data-based modeling of a lithium iron phosphate battery as an energy storage and delivery system

Lithium-ion batteries are important for storage and delivery of electrical energy. Monitoring and prediction of the dynamic and time-dependent effects of lithium-ion batteries is crucial in a battery management system (BMS). In this paper, a dynamic model for the battery as an energy storage and delivery system is proposed. The structure and the parameters of the battery models are estimated by monitoring a charge/discharge demand signal and a power storage/delivery signal in real time. The model is combined by individual linear dynamic models, where the parameters can be estimated by a least-squares algorithm and implemented in a recursive fashion. Based on data obtained from the experimental setup, the dynamic model is applied to predict the dynamics of the energy storage and delivery, and validated against real-time measurements. The results show that the model can capture and predict the dynamics of the energy storage and delivery of the battery, which can benefit the control of lithium-ion batteries.
In-line dynamic control monitoring of fluids for space systems

Abstract An electro-optical instrument is described which will measure particle size and concentration in hydraulic systems. The system utilizes a HeNe laser source and a linear array of 50 photodiode detectors. Shadows are formed by the particles contained in the fluid as they pass through the laser beam and these shadows are magnified and projected onto the photodiode array. Particle size is determined by the number of photodiodes shadowed. The instrument operates “on-line” and is capable of counting approximately 10,000 particles/sec with the size range of 5 to 100 μm. The instrument will be interfaced with a computer for data collection, manipulation, and displaying the results.
The efficient termination of Ada tasks in a multi-processor environment

An efficient implementation of Ada task termination for shared memory MIMD architectures is presented. The solution is highly parallel and distributed; termination is not synchronized by a centralized supervisor, and there are no critical sections. The handling of block and subprogram termination that depend on nested tasks is also included. This implementation can be easily adapted to message based systems.
Effect of transvenous electrical cardioversion on plasma cardiac troponin I concentrations in horses with atrial fibrillation

Background: Whether electrical cardioversion of cardiac arrhythmias results in cardiomyocyte damage is unknown. Objective: To describe effect of transvenous electrical cardioversion (TVEC) on plasma cardiac troponin I (cTnI) concentration in horses. Animals: All horses presented to the Cornell University Hospital for Animals for cardioversion of atrial fibrillation between May 2006 and October 2008 were eligible for inclusion in the study. Owners of 14 horses elected for TVEC and each horse was then enrolled (16 procedures). Methods: Prospective observational study measuring concentrations of plasma cTnI before and after TVEC. Results: Median cTnI concentration increased from 0.045 ng/mL at baseline (range 0.0–0.20 ng/mL) to 0.11 ng/mL after TVEC (range 0.0–3.73 ng/mL) (P= .036). This increase was not associated with the number of shocks delivered, maximal energy delivered, cumulative energy delivered, chronicity of atrial fibrillation before cardioversion, or positioning of the pulmonary artery catheter. Conclusions: The increase in cTnI is unlikely to be clinically important. The increase might be correlated with persistent atrial dysfunction after TVEC, suggesting that a longer convalescent period after the procedure could be warranted.
RF discharge under the influence of a transverse magnetic field

We examine the effects of an externally applied magnetic field (0–150 G) on an argon discharge generated capacitively at 13.56 MHz, in a Gaseous Electronics Conference reference cell. Dependence of the electrical characteristics of the discharge are measured as functions of applied magnetic field, rf power and argon pressure. At fixed power the rf voltage decreases with increasing magnetic field. Likewise, the impedance of the discharge is capacitive but becomes more resistive as the electron mobility becomes limited by the magnetic field. The impact of the magnetic field is found to diminish as the cyclotron frequency of the electron becomes smaller than that of the collision frequency of the electron. We also measure the impact the magnetic field has on the distribution of the plasma in vertical planes parallel and perpendicular to the magnetic field using Langmuir probes, optical emission and laser-induced fluorescence. It is found that the distribution of the plasma remains symmetric in the plane parallel to the magnetic field and becomes skewed in the plane perpendicular to the magnetic field. The degree of skew depends on the optical state probed. Finally, we examine the spatial distribution and the temporal evolution of the electric fields in the plasma. It is shown that with the presence of the magnetic field, the thickness of the sheath is reduced and that most of the voltage drop is contained within the sheath. Consistent with dc voltage trends, there was no significant sheath reversal observed at higher magnetic fields. Comparisons of the results presented here are made with trends predicted by models and simulations found in the literature.
Interactions with the compromised host.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on how defects in individual components of the immune system increase the susceptibility to bacterial and mycobacterial pathogens. The consequences of an encounter between a bacterium and human host are largely determined by the virulence determinants of the microorganism and the defenses mounted by the host. Some bacteria can cause disease in normal individuals, usually by virtue of the elaboration of an extracellular toxin or through mechanisms that can subvert normal host defense. This chapter focuses on how defects in individual components of the immune system increase the susceptibility to bacterial and mycobacterial pathogens. Now, with a more detailed understanding of the role of phagocytes and lymphocyte subsets in the pathogenesis of inflections and the mechanisms by which their interactions are orchestrated by cytokines and other inflammatory mediators, it is possible to correlate these infections with qualitative or quantitative detects in specific immune function.
The effects of changing leader power: A test of “situational engineering”☆

Abstract Using 3-man laboratory groups performing an unstructured task, leader position power was experimentally manipulated as a test of Fiedler's (1965) suggestion that characteristics of a leadership situation could be “engineered” to provide a productive match with leadership style. Increased leader power resulted in increased leader structuring behavior, but decreased leader power was ineffective in decreasing structuring behavior. Group productivity predictions derived from Fiedler's (1967) contingency model were supported in low ability groups but contradicted in high ability groups. It was concluded that while situational engineering still may be a viable idea, the ability of the model to provide specific “engineering” guidance is questionable.
Controls on magnetic grain-size variations and concentration in the Argentine Basin, South Atlantic Ocean

Abstract Measurement of two magnetic parameters, magnetic susceptibility (ξ) and anhysteretic remanent moment (ARM), was performed on 192 core-top samples from the Argentine Basin of the South Atlantic Ocean. Susceptibility indicates the concentration of magnetic grains in the sediment sample, while ARM estimates changes in magnetic mineral grain size: large ARM values indicate finer grain sizes. ARM normalized for magnetic concentration variation (ARM/ξ) increases precision in magnetic grain-size estimation. In the Argentine Basin, the magnetic characteristics reflect broad changes in magnetic mineral concentration rather than a substantial change in magnetic grain size across the basin. Data variations are consistent with deep-water circulation and sediment sources in the basin. The center of the basin acts as a sediment sink and is characterized by uniform magnetic grain concentrations and small grain sizes. Localized sediment input to abyssal depths from the South American continental margin dramatically modifies the magnetic pattern along the western margin of the basin. The data also show a marked downstream decrease in bulk magnetic grain content of the sediment as Antarctic Bottom Water enters the basin to the southeast and moves first westward and then northward along the margin of the basin.
p-Helson sets, 1<p<2

Ap-Helson set is defined to be a closed subsetE of the circle groupT with the property that every continuous function onE can be extended to the full circle in such a way that this extension has its sequence of Fourier coefficients inlp. For 1 1) differ from the Helson sets and also that the notion really depends on the indexp. An analogue of H. Helson’s result is given: ap-Helson set supports no nonzero measure with Fourier-Stieltjes transform inlq, 1/p+1/q=1.
γ-Glutamyl-S-methylcystein und andere Peptide in der Mondbohne (Phaseolus lunatus L.)

γ -Glutamyl-S-methylcysteine has been isolated from extracts of lima beans (Phaseolus lunatus L.). Two further peptides, γ -glutamyl-S-methylcysteine sulfoxide and γ -glutamyl-leucine have been tentatively identified. In addition, free S-methylcysteine was found in such extracts. The presence of these constituents in varying amounts was observed in all of 6 other varieties of beans that were investigated. During germination S-methylcysteine and all peptides occurring in lima beans are metabolized to unknown products. An oxidation-reduction function during the early phases of growth is suggested for the system: γ -glutamyl-S-methylcysteine/ γ -glutamyl-S-methylcysteine sulfoxide.
Current status of isomer enumeration of practical benzenoids

Abstract Enumeration and development of conceptual tools for understanding the chemical properties of practical benzenoid hydrocarbons is stressed. A formal definition of a periodic table set is presented. Its key features include hierarchical ordering, two-dimensionality and edge effects. This concept is illustrated with a formula periodic table for benzenoids in which the constant-isomer benzenoid series is linked as an edge effect. Constant-isomer series are reviewed and two classes based on the topological correspondence of their member benzenoids are identified.
Topic-vehicle interaction in metaphor comprehension.

Property comparison models of metaphor comprehension assume that the topic and vehicle terms in metaphors are both understood to be referring to their conventional literal referents. In contrast, the interactive property attribution model (Glucksberg, McGlone, & Manfredi, 1997) assumes that the vehicle is understood to be referring to a metaphoric category that includes the topic’s literal referent as a member. A priming paradigm was used to test the implications of these different models. Prior to interpreting a metaphor, participants read (1) the topic or vehicle concept alone, (2) a sentence ascribing a metaphor-relevant property to one concept, or (3) a sentence ascribing a metaphor-irrelevant property to one concept. All of the prime types facilitated metaphor comprehension with the exception of sentences ascribing metaphor-irrelevant properties to vehicles. The failure of these sentences (but not their topic counterparts) to facilitate metaphor comprehension is attributable to their priming an inappropriate literal interpretation of the vehicle term. These results are consistent with the claim that irrelevant information is suppressed during language comprehension (Gernsbacher, 1990) and support the interactive property attribution model.
Is research painting a biased picture of implicit learning? The dangers of methodological purity in scientific debate

The properties of implicit learning in natural settings are contrasted with those found in research. It is suggested that the search for pure cases and the necessity of finding features that clearly discriminate the two types of learning lead to bias in our estimation of the power of implicit processes. In more natural settings, such as face recognition, object perception, and natural language processing, implicit processes operate with flexibility and adapt to changes in environmental conditions. It is suggested that the search for pure cases of implicit processes has led to focusing on relevant but atypical examples of these processes. Additional research that emphasizes high levels of skill in control of complex systems may reveal greater adaptive power of implicit processes. However, such research may require less methodological purity and more emphasis on synthesis of theoretical ideas rather than analysis into pure cases.
Airflow Characteristics of Stop-Plosive Consonant Productions of Normal-Speaking Children

This study of children's speech was designed to investigate peak oral-nasal airflow during the production of stop-plosive consonants in isolated syllable contexts. The subjects were 30 normal-speak...
The Eckert reference formulation applied to high-speed laminar boundary layers of nitrogen and carbon dioxide

Eckert reference temperature yields approximations for heat transfer, skin friction and recovery temperature in high speed laminar diatomic nitrogen and carbon dioxide boundary layers
Cue strength in second language processing: An eye-tracking study

This study used eye-tracking and grammaticality judgement measures to examine how second-language (L2) learners process syntactic violations in English. Participants were native Arabic and native Mandarin Chinese speakers studying English as an L2, and monolingual English-speaking controls. The violations involved incorrect word order and differed in two ways predicted to be important by the unified competition model [UCM; MacWhinney, B. (2005). A unified model of language acquisition. In J. F. Kroll & A. M. B. de Groot (Eds.), Handbook of bilingualism: Psycholinguistic approaches (pp. 49–67). Oxford: Oxford University Press.]. First, one violation had more and stronger cues to ungrammaticality than the other. Second, the grammaticality of these word orders varied in Arabic and Mandarin Chinese. Sensitivity to violations was relatively quick overall, across all groups. Sensitivity also was related to the number and strength of cues to ungrammaticality regardless of native language, which is consistent wit...
Family presence in routine medical visits: A meta-analytical review

Older adults are commonly accompanied to routine physician visits, primarily by adult children and spouses. This is the first review of studies investigating the dynamics and consequences of patient accompaniment. Two types of evidence were examined: (1) observational studies of audio and/or videotaped medical visits, and (2) surveys of patients, families, or health care providers that ascertained experiences, expectations, and preferences for family companion presence and behaviors in routine medical visits. Meta-analytic techniques were used to summarize the evidence describing attributes of unaccompanied and accompanied patients and their companions, medical visit processes, and patient outcomes. The weighted mean rate of patient accompaniment to routine adult medical visits was 37.6% in 13 contributing studies. Accompanied patients were significantly older and more likely to be female, less educated, and in worse physical and mental health than unaccompanied patients. Companions were on average 63 years of age, predominantly female (79.4%), and spouses (54.7%) or adult children (32.2%) of patients. Accompanied patient visits were significantly longer, but verbal contribution to medical dialog was comparable when accompanied patients and their family companion were compared with unaccompanied patients. When a companion was present, health care providers engaged in more biomedical information giving. Given the diversity of outcomes, pooled estimates could not be calculated: of 5 contributing studies 0 were unfavorable, 3 inconclusive, and 2 favorable for accompanied relative to unaccompanied patients. Study findings suggest potential practical benefits from more systematic recognition and integration of companions in health care delivery processes. We propose a conceptual framework to relate family companion presence and behaviors during physician visits to the quality of interpersonal health care processes, patient self management and health care.
STATISTICAL EVALUATION OF THE PRESENTLY ACCUMULATED LEAD ISOTOPE DATA FROM ANATOLIA AND SURROUNDING REGIONS

Several hundred new stable lead isotope ratio determinations of ore and slag specimens from ancient mining sites throughout Anatolia and of samples of artefacts of the Chalcolithic, Bronze Age and Early Iron Age from museum collections in Turkey and the United States have been combined with the accumulated published isotope determinations of such specimens from throughout the eastern Mediterranean and Aegean regions to form a data base of nearly 1000 analyses. It is the purpose of this paper to evaluate the practical effectiveness of using this now extensive data base to discriminate between the many sources of metals throughout this region and to propose methods to enhance this discrimination. By using the full three-dimensional isotopic data in multivariate statistical treatments and by separating isotopically resolvable source groups within some of the source areas and isolating statistically outlying specimens from them, it has been possible to characterize some ore sources more precisely and compactly and thereby achieve better resolution between ore sources. It has also been possible to isolate isotopically compatible artefact groups which possibly relate to ore sources that, as yet, have not been well defined by isotopic analysis.
Heat-related illness among Oregon farmworkers.

Farmworkers are particularly vulnerable to climate-sensitive health outcomes such as heat-related illness (HRI) given their tasks involve heavy exertion in an outdoor setting. The objectives of the study were to: (1) describe symptoms of HRI experienced by farmworkers and (2) explore factors associated with heat knowledge, level of concern regarding HRI, and comfort level taking breaks at work. Bilingual research staff conducted personal interviews of 100 farmworkers during July and August 2013. Data collected included demographics, work history and current work practices, trainings received, HRI symptoms experienced, health status, and health behaviors. Nearly 30% of participants reported experiencing ≥2 HRI symptoms during the previous work. Few participants had high level of heat knowledge (21.0%) and 15.6% of participants reported being ―very concerned‖ about the health effects of working in hot conditions. Participants who were paid by the piece were more likely to have a high heat knowledge score and be ―very concerned‖ about HRI but less likely to be ―very comfortable‖ taking a break compared to workers paid by the hour than those who had not received HRI training. Results suggest several areas in which employers and agencies conducting outreach and education to the workers about HRI can change their practices including providing cooling measures and HRI training about risk factors for HRI.
Modeling of the Cardiovascular System During Stand Tests and Centrifuge Training

Postflight orthostatic intolerance (POI) is a condition describing the dizziness and fainting that astronauts experience when they are subjected to gravity after becoming acclimatized to microgravity. POI afflicts a significant fraction of male and nearly all female astronauts upon return to Earth from orbital Space Shuttle missions. No instances of POI on the moon were reported from the limited number of male astronauts who participated in lunar landings (1/6 G), but possible symptoms of POI on the moon and Mars (3/8 G) are potentially catastrophic due to the more hazardous conditions and lack of medical facilities. In addition, the long duration flights necessary to reach Mars may elicit adaptations that increase the risk of POI. A number of countermeasures have been proposed and some have been tested during return to Earth, but testing on the moon and Mars is obviously problematic. Of these countermeasures, artificial gravity (centrifuge training) has been identified as a treatment with high likelihood of success. Therefore, computer modeling was undertaken to compare the orthostatic response of male and female astronauts during stand tests in constant gravity, for which the gravitational body force is constant, and in centrifuge conditions, for which the centrifugal body force increases with distance from the centrifuge axis.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Picosecond laser study of the collisionless photodissociation of dimethylnitramine at 266 nm

Abstract We report a picosecond pump-probe study of the UV photolysis of gaseous dimethylnitramine. After photolysis by picosecond laser pulses at 266 nm, efficient monophotonic collision-free photodissociation occurs within 6 ps. NO 2 fragments are formed in the ground electronic state and in a fluorescent excited state; the quantum yields for both of these channels are estimated.
Level ordering of states in a Cu (001) monolayer

In presenting their layer multiple-scattering approach to the energy-band problem for thin films, Kar and Soven reported that the ordering of levels in their calculations for a copper monolayer differed from previous results obtained by Kasowski. Some question also arose in relating the d-level splittings at the surface to the order of the bulk E/sub g/ and T/sub 2g/ levels. In this Comment, it is suggested that these discrepancies arise from an inconsistency in coordinate systems used by Kar and Soven. It is shown that within a consistent system, the level splittings and orderings in Kar and Soven's results follow expectations based on simple bonding considerations. The resulting good agreement with other works supports the essential accuracy of the multiple-scattering approach of Kar and Soven.
Mitigating the harmful effects of violent television

In an effort to minimize the harmful effects of violent TV, a yearlong intervention was undertaken with children in Grades 1 through 3 (N = 177). The classroom-based intervention consisted of 31 brief lessons that emphasized the many ways in which television distorts violence. As hypothesized, the intervention resulted in a reduction in children's viewing of violent TV as well as in less identification with violent TV characters. While the intervention was more successful with girls, boys receiving the intervention were judged by their classmates to have reduced their behavioral aggression following the intervention. The importance of this research project is that it provides encouraging evidence that TV literacy programs can reduce some harmful effects of violent TV on young viewers.