cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Association of photopic and mesopic contrast sensitivity in older drivers with risk of motor vehicle collision using naturalistic driving data

Older drivers have a crash rate nearly equal to that of young drivers whose crash rate is the highest among all age groups. Contrast sensitivity impairment is common in older adults. The purpose of this study is to examine whether parameters from the photopic and mesopic contrast sensitivity functions (CSF) are associated with incident motor vehicle crash involvement by older drivers. This study utilized data from older drivers (ages ≥60 years) who participated in the Strategic Highway Research Program Naturalistic Driving Study, a prospective, population-based study. At baseline participants underwent photopic and mesopic contrast sensitivity testing for targets from 1.5–18 cycles per degree. Model fitting generated area under the log CSF (AULCSF) and peak log sensitivity. Participant vehicles were instrumented with sensors that captured continuous driving data when the vehicle was operating (accelerometers, global positioning system, forward radar, 4-channel video). They participated for 1–2 years. Crashes were coded from the video and other data streams by trained analysts. The photopic analysis was based on 844 drivers, and the mesopic on 854 drivers. Photopic AULCSF and peak log contrast sensitivity were not associated with crash rate, whether defined as all crashes or at-fault crashes only (all p > 0.05). Mesopic AULCSF and peak log sensitivity were associated with an increased crash rate when considered for all crashes (rate ratio (RR): 1.36, 95% CI: 1.06–1.72; RR: 1.28, 95% CI: 1.01–1.63, respectively) and at-fault crashes only (RR: 1.50, 95% CI: 1.16–1.93; RR: 1.38, 95% CI: 1.07–1.78, respectively). Results suggest that photopic contrast sensitivity testing may not help us understand future crash risk at the older-driver population level. Results highlight a previously unappreciated association between older adults’ mesopic contrast sensitivity deficits and crash involvement regardless of the time of day. Given the wide variability of light levels encountered in both day and night driving, mesopic vision tests, with their reliance on both cone and rod vision, may be a more comprehensive assessment of the visual system’s ability to process the roadway environment.
Angle-resolved nonresonant two-photon single ionization of argon using 9.3-eV photons produced via high-order harmonic generation

Author(s): Larsen, KA; Slaughter, DS; Weber, T | Abstract: We present an experimental study on the photoionization dynamics of nonresonant one-color two-photon single valence ionization of neutral argon atoms. Using 9.3-eV photons produced via high harmonic generation and a three-dimensional momentum imaging spectrometer, we detect the photoelectrons and ions produced from nonresonant two-photon ionization in coincidence. Photoionization from the 3p orbital produces a photoelectron scattering wave function with p- and f-partial-wave components, which interfere and result in a photoelectron angular distribution with peak amplitude perpendicular to the vacuum ultraviolet polarization. The comparison between the present results and the two previous sets of theoretical calculations [Phys. Rev. A 44, 324 (1991)PLRAAN1050-294710.1103/PhysRevA.44.324, and J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Phys. 16, 2737 (1983)JPAMA40022-370010.1088/0022-3700/16/15/016] indicates that electron-electron correlation contributes appreciably to the two-photon ionization dynamics.
The opioid epidemic in pediatrics: a 2020 update.

Purpose of review Over the last 3 years and for the first time in 60 years, life expectancy in the United States has declined across all racial groups primarily because of drug overdoses, alcohol abuse, and suicide. A public health response to the opioid crisis must expand its focus to more broadly include children, adolescents, and young adults while increasing efforts toward preventing new cases of opioid addiction, early identification of individuals with opioid-abuse disorder, and ensuring access to effective opioid addiction treatment, while simultaneously continuing to safely meet the needs of patients experiencing pain. Recent findings Although a multimodal approach to pain management is fundamental in current practice, opioids remain an essential building block in the management of acute and chronic pain and have been for over 5000 years as they work. Left over, unconsumed opioids that were appropriately prescribed for pain have become the gateway for the development of opioid use disorder, particularly in the vulnerable adolescents and young adult patient populations. How to reduce the amount of opioids dispensed, improve methods of disposal in an environmentally safe way, and proactively make naloxone, particularly nasal spray, readily available to patients (and their families) receiving prescription opioids or who are at risk of opioid use disorder are highlighted in this review. Summary We describe the historical use of opioids and the scope of the current opioid crisis, review the differences between dependence and addiction, and the private and public sectors response to pain management and highlight the issue of adolescent vulnerability. We conclude with a proposal for future directions that address both public and patient health needs.
A Cost-Effectiveness Evaluation of Surgical Approaches to Proctectomy

Robotic surgery is increasingly used for proctectomy, but the cost-effectiveness of this approach is uncertain. Robotic surgery is considered more expensive than open or laparoscopic approaches, but in certain situations has been demonstrated to be cost-effective. We examined the cost-effectiveness of open, laparoscopic, and robotic approaches to proctectomy from societal and healthcare system perspectives. We developed a decision-analytic model to evaluate one-year costs and outcomes of robotic, laparoscopic, and open proctectomy based on data from the available literature. The robustness of our results was tested with one-way and multi-way sensitivity analyses. Open proctectomy had increased cost and lower quality of life (QOL) compared with laparoscopy and robotic approaches. In the societal perspective, robotic proctectomy costs $497/case more than laparoscopy, with minimal QOL improvements, resulting in an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of $751,056 per quality-adjusted life year (QALY). In the healthcare sector perspective, robotic proctectomy resulted in $983/case more and an ICER of $1,485,139/QALY. One-way sensitivity analyses demonstrated factors influencing cost-effectiveness primarily pertained to the operative cost and the postoperative length of stay (LOS). In a probabilistic sensitivity analysis, the cost-effective approach to proctectomy was laparoscopic in 42% of cases, robotic in 39%, and open in 19% at a willingness-to-pay (WTP) of $100,000/QALY. Laparoscopic and robotic proctectomy cost less and have higher QALY than the open approach. Based on current data, laparoscopy is the most cost-effective approach. Robotic proctectomy can be cost-effective if modest differences in costs or postoperative LOS can be achieved.
Incidence of subdural catheter placement during epidural procedure based on fluoroscopic imaging.

The current incidence of subdural catheter placement during attempted epidural anesthesia in the acute pain setting is unknown. Classification systems and clinical criteria of subdural injections have been suggested.[1 2][1] Nevertheless, subdural injection or catheter placement remains especially
A tailored strategy for repair of acute type A aortic dissection.

Abstract Objective Innumerable surgical techniques are currently deployed for repairing acute type A aortic dissection (ATAAD). We analyzed our results using a conservative approach of root-sparing and hemiarch techniques in higher-risk patients and root and total arch replacement for lower-risk patients. Methods We queried our aortic database for consecutive patients who underwent ATAAD repair. Patients who underwent conservative repair (group 1) were compared with those who underwent extensive repair (group 2) using univariable and multivariable analysis. Results From 1997 to 2019, 343 patients underwent ATAAD repair. Two hundred forty had conservative repair (root-sparing, hemiarch) whereas 103 had extensive repair (root replacement and/or total arch). Group 1 was older with more comorbidities such as hypertension, previous myocardial infarction, and renal dysfunction. Group 2 had more connective tissue disease (2.1% vs 12.6%; P Conclusions A tailored conservative approach to ATAAD leads to favorable operative outcomes without compromising durability.
Contesting Marshall Sahlins on Kinship

In a recent two-part article on the nature of kinship, Marshall Sahlins maintains that performative criteria for kin-reckoning are at least as salient as procreative ones, and that, at conception, an individual is endowed with a wide circle of kin, including the ancestral dead. For both reasons, he argues, there is no warrant for granting privileged status to what anthropologists have called ‘primary’ kinship. The contentions here are that performative criteria are modeled upon procreative ones; that ties to ancestral figures are seen as antithetical to procreative ties; and that, therefore, all kinship constructs are derived from nuclear family relationships. Evidence in support of these contentions is provided from the Mae Enga, Fiji, the Trobriands, and Aboriginal Australia.
Abstract ES9-3: Adjuvant and neoadjuvant therapy: Current practice and future approaches

Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is accounts for approximately 10-15% of all breast cancer and is associated with a higher risk of disease recurrence, particularly early recurrence, than the other breast cancer subtypes. From a genomic standpoint, TNBC is heterogeneous, though we do not know how to incorporate this heterogeneity in treatment decisions. At the present time, there are no targeted systemic therapies for TNBC, and standard/neoadjuvant treatment consists of chemotherapy. Most treatment regimens include both an anthracyline and a taxane and involve 6-8 cycles of therapy, though simpler regimens such as AC x 4, TC x 4, or CMF x 6 remain an option for patients with a stage I disease. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy is often administered to decrease the extent of breast or axillary surgery. Outside of a clinical trial, anthracycline/taxane-based regimens remain the standard of care in the neoadjuvant setting. The addition of the platinum salts to standard therapy increases the proportion of patients who achieve a pathologic complete response, but it is unclear if these agents extend disease-free or overall survival. It is also unknown which patients benefit from the platinum salts and whether these agents should be added to or substituted for some portion of the standard regimen. Other investigational regimens, such as those including the PARP inhibitors, are also being studied in the neoadjuvant setting. On an individual patient level, response to neoadjuvant therapy is closely tied to outcome. Patients with a pathologic complete response have a far better outcome than those with residual disease, particularly those with extensive residual disease. However, it is unknown if the achievement of a higher pathologic complete response within a comparative trial leads to an improvement in disease-free or overall survival. Similarly, it is unknown if the addition of agents such as the platinum salts or other investigational treatmens can reduce the risk of recurrence in patients with residual disease after standard therapy. Ultimately, improved outcomes will be achieved through carefully controlled adjuvant and neoadjuvant trials conducted in close collaboration with laboratory investigators. It is likely that our understanding of the underlying biology of triple negative disease as well as our treatment approaches will evolve significantly in the next decade. Citation Format: Eric P. Winer. Adjuvant and neoadjuvant therapy: Current practice and future approaches [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Seventh Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2014 Dec 9-13; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(9 Suppl):Abstract nr ES9-3.
Periodic structures in the equatorial ionosphere

[1] The plasma densities detected by the Planar Langmuir Probe (PLP) on board the Communication/Navigation Outage Forecasting System (C/NOFS) satellite have been analyzed for the June 2008 period. This interval, which corresponds to one of the quietest periods in the space era, exhibited broad plasma decreases (BPDs) which we have reported previously. In order to treat the data quantitatively, we have detrended the PLP data by using the International Reference Ionosphere model to remove variations in density due to changes in spacecraft altitude and latitude along the orbit. In this paper we present results of a statistical analysis of C/NOFS detrended plasma densities during June 2008 as well as neutral densities from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment measured during the same period. The results show periodic structures in both charged and neutral species, most evident in limited local times. These structures resemble wave-4 nonmigrating tides. BPDs persist in the detrended data and appear as one of the minima in the periodic signatures, most strikingly on the nightside.
Program Support and Value of Training in Mentors’ Satisfaction and Anticipated Continuation of School-Based Mentoring Relationships

In this study, we tested a theoretical model of training practices in school-based mentoring by comparing the differences between two mentoring programs on mentor-reported program support, value of training, relationship satisfaction, and plans to continue mentoring. The two mentoring programs that we compared were conducted at the same school and involved similar contexts, structure, and goals but differed in the training approach (i.e. quality, frequency, and duration of training and support). Using a structural equation model, we tested a theory of mentor-reported differences between the studies and found that mentors in the program with enhanced training and support reported more program support, value of training, and plans to continue mentoring, when compared to the program without enhanced training and support. Indirect effects were subsequently analyzed and we found that these differences indirectly contributed to greater relationship satisfaction.
The Changing Role and Responsibilities of a Chairman—Letters

To the Editor.— I have read the excellent article by Robert L. Brent with interest and admiration. I9d like to add two additional characteristics that I believe are important for a department chairman. (1) The ability of the chairman to seek and accept advice. None of us know all of the answers, many others have faced similar problems, and advice can easily be sought from ex-chairmen, chairmen, or individuals in other business fields who have had experience with similar problems.
Color Glass Condensate at RHIC

Heavy-ion collisions at the BNL-RHIC collider can probe whether gluon saturation effects in nuclei at small x have set in, or whether leading-twist perturbative estimates of particle production are still applicable. I discuss that soon to come data from pA collisions at RHIC may provide more systematic insight into this problem than present data on the energy and centrality dependence of hadron production from Au+Au collisions. Results from pA collisions at RHIC could also help to understand some controversial and puzzling results from ion-ion collisions, for example the large azimuthal asymmetry at high p_t, as measured by the STAR collaboration.
Visions and Praxes: The Trajectories of Chinese SNS Trailblazers

Based on a series of semi-structured in-depth interviews with industry pioneers, this study outlined the evolution and development trajectories of Chinese SNS with an emphasis on the individual motivations and self-interested actions of industry pioneers and the innovation ecosystem they operate in. We argue that apart from the transnational networks of technological entrepreneurs such as those based in Silicon Valley (Saxenian 2006), indigenous innovators are critical catalysis to the development of China’s creative industry. It is the link between their visions and factors within the ecosystem that shapes the innovation pattern. The malleable characteristic of SNS also allows for more innovation efforts generated by distinct local culture and social environment. We mapped out the genealogy of Chinese SNS characterized in three waves according to their launch time, social networking themes, operational features, and innovation milieu. Three case studies provided insights about industry pioneers’ motivations, visions, resources and constraints. Four factors were identified as most critical in shaping the current innovation model in Chinese SNS industry: (1) the developmental phase of SNS industry, (2) user demands and dynamics, (3) financial environment, and (4) governmental policy.
Enhanced Suppressor Function of TIM-3+ FoxP3+ Regulatory T cells

T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (TIM-3) is an Ig-superfamily member expressed on IFN-γ-secreting Th1 and Tc1 cells and was identified as a negative regulator of immune tolerance. TIM-3 is expressed by a subset of activated CD4+ T cells, and anti-CD3/anti-CD28 stimulation increases both the level of expression and the number of TIM-3+ T cells. In mice, TIM-3 is constitutively expressed on natural regulatory T (Treg) cells and has been identified as a regulatory molecule of alloimmunity through its ability to modulate CD4+ T-cell differentiation. Here, we examined TIM-3 expression on human Treg cells to determine its role in T-cell suppression. In contrast to mice, TIM-3 is not expressed on Treg cells ex vivo but is upregulated after activation. While TIM-3+ Treg cells with increased gene expression of LAG3, CTLA4, and FOXP3 are highly efficient suppressors of effector T (Teff) cells, TIM-3− Treg cells poorly suppressed Th17 cells as compared with their suppression of Th1 cells; this decreased suppression ability was associated with decreased STAT-3 expression and phosphorylation and reduced gene expression of IL10, EBI3, GZMB, PRF1, IL1Rα, and CCR6. Thus, our results suggest that TIM-3 expression on Treg cells identifies a population highly effective in inhibiting pathogenic Th1- and Th17-cell responses.
Rapid Evaluation of Alkali-silica Reactivity of Aggregates Using a Nonlinear Resonance Spectroscopy Technique

Abstract A new nonlinear acoustic technique — Nonlinear Impact Resonance Acoustic Spectroscopy (NIRAS) — is developed and used to characterize the alkali-reactivity of different aggregates. Cementitious materials such as mortar and concrete exhibit a hysteretic and nonlinear elastic behavior in their constitutive relations. This hysteretic nonlinearity is associated with interfacial debonding between the different constituents, and it changes with the progress of damage such as that induced by the alkali–silica reaction (ASR). One of the consequences of the hysteretic nonlinear property of these materials is the decrease in resonance frequencies, with increased excitation amplitude. This shift in the resonance frequency as a function of the material nonlinearity parameter can be used to directly characterize the damage state of the material. This research tracks the variation of the nonlinearity parameter during a standard accelerated mortar bar test (AMBT) to assess the potential for alkali-reactivity of aggregates. The results show that the NIRAS technique is more sensitive than conventional linear acoustic methods and is capable of accurately characterizing the reactivity of the aggregates examined. Furthermore, the results show advantages over standard expansion measurements for differentiating various aggregates having similar levels of reactivity, particularly at early test ages. These changes in the nonlinearity parameter are benchmarked against results from a petrographic analysis. Thus, the proposed NIRAS is a promising technique for the rapid identification of alkali-reactive aggregates.
Optimal frequency coverages and parsings for imaging interferometric lithography

Imaging interferometric lithography (IIL) is an optical resolution enhancement technique, based on wavelength-division multiplexing, that combines off-axis illumination with multiple exposures and pupil filtering. In prior experiments, IIL was shown to be capable of improving the resolution of optics to subwavelength regimes but only in isolated parameter settings. The frequency parsing scheme plays a critical role in the resolution of aerial images from IIL and a platform for optimizing these frequency coverage parameters is currently lacking. We present three approaches to the optimization of IIL frequency coverage parameters. First, the exhaustive search approach and, then, the dynamic programming and greedy versions are presented. For unobstructed lenses and large numerical apertures, these approaches converge to frequency coverages with illumination points along the vertical and horizontal axes, while a lens with an obscured center results in a tilted frequency coverage. Two particular frequency parsing strategies are analyzed from the perspective of the quadratic term in the aerial intensity. Simulation results comparing the off-axis exposures with and without the on-axis exposure are presented. The effect of the quadratic terms on the exposure latitude is shown to have a positive effect in the dense edge areas and a negative effect on isolated edges.
Is there an alcoholic personality

Given the high rate of alcoholism in the United States, the question is pursued regarding the existence of a personality type in which the individual is predisposed toward alcoholism. Following a brief description of the alcoholic personality, three theoretical models are examined. Based on these models, it is concluded that the alcoholic personality may be one characterized by certain predisposing traits that may be “triggered” by specific environmental stresses.
Smoking Scenes in Movies and Antismoking Advertisements Before Movies: Effects on Youth

In two experiments, the authors test rival theses regarding the effects of smoking in feature films on youths and the ability of antismoking advertising to nullify those effects. Eight hundred nint...
Stability of mumps antibody and antigen at various temperatures.

Summary1. The CF antibodies of pooled mumps antisera were stable for 2 months at −15 °C, and for 30 minutes at 60°C. 2. Sub-freezing temperatures had a markedly deleterious effect on the CF titer of mumps vaccine; temperatures above freezing had little effect; samples stored at 5°C for 3 years showed no drop in titer. After as many as 10 cycles of freezing and thawing, the CF titer of the vaccine remained unchanged. 3. Vaccine which had lost its CF antigen was able to stimulate the production of CF antibodies in guinea pigs provided Freund's adjuvant was used; however, the order of response was approximately 1/5 that produced by the same vaccine with the CF antigens intact. 4. The significance of these observations is discussed in relation to mumps vaccination studies.
Parameterization of Prosodic Feature Distributions for SVM Modeling in Speaker Recognition

Multiple recent studies have shown that speaker recognition performance using frame-based cepstral features is improved by adding higher-level information, including prosodic and lexical features. This paper explores the important question of finding a good kernel for a system that models syllable-based prosodic features using support vector machines (SVMs). The system has been the best performing of our high-level systems in the last two NIST evaluations, and gives significant improvements when combined with cepstral-based systems. We introduce two new methods for transforming the syllable-level features into a single high-dimensional vector that can be well modeled by SVMs, resulting in significant gains in speaker recognition performance.
Enhanced global symmetries and the chiral phase transition

We examine the possibility that the physical spectrum of a vectorlike gauge field theory exhibits an enhanced global symmetry near a chiral phase transition. A transition from the Goldstone phase to the symmetric phase is expected as the number of fermions ${N}_{f}$ is increased to some critical value. Various investigations have suggested that a parity-doubled spectrum develops as the critical value is approached. Using an effective Lagrangian as a guide, we note that parity doubling is associated with the appearance of an enhanced global symmetry in the spectrum of the theory. The enhanced symmetry would develop as the spectrum splits into two sectors, with the first exhibiting the usual pattern of a spontaneously broken chiral symmetry, and the second exhibiting an additional, unbroken symmetry and parity doubling. The first sector includes the Goldstone bosons and other states such as massive scalar partners. The second includes a parity-degenerate vector and axial vector along with other possible parity partners. We note that if such a near-critical theory describes symmetry breaking in the electroweak theory, the additional symmetry suppresses the contribution of the parity-doubled sector to the S parameter.
Capillary Hemangioma of the Lung

This case of benign capillary hemangioma of the lung radiologically described as a solitary spherical intrapulmonary non-hilar density ("coin" lesion) was treated by excision because of inability to exclude neoplasm.
The excretion of 65Zn and 54Mn as indices of energy metabolism of Peromyscus polionotus.

The retention of 65Zn and 54 Mn were measured in Peromyscus polionotus that were subjected to different ambient temperatures or to forced exercise. Food intake and assimilation were measured simultaneously with the excretion of the intraperitoneally injected isotopes. The mean elimination constant ( k ) for 65Zn of the exercised mice was significantly larger than that of the unexercised mice, although the metabolic rates of the two groups were not different. For the group retention curves, k for 65Zn, days 20 to 38, and the area under the curve, days 0 to 38, varied inversely with temperature. The average metabolic rate of a group of mice was significantly correlated with the area under the group curve ( r = 0.96). The excretion of 54Mn did not vary significantly with temperature. Food intake, food assimilation, and metabolic rate of individual mice were highly predictable from multiple correlations with ambient temperature and body weight, which together accounted for 96 to 98 per cent of the variability. In only one case did a parameter of the zinc retention curve contribute more than an additional 2 per cent to the predictability of the multiple correlations. In terms of simple correlations, food intake, food assimilation, and metabolic rate of individual mice were significantly related to k for 65Zn, days 20 to 38, and to the area under the retention curve, but the predictabilities of the simple regressions were 58 per cent or less.
A specific radioimmunoassay for the measurement of ICI 200,880, an elastase inhibitor, in human serum

Abstract ICI 200,880, 4-(4-chlorophenylsulphonylcarbamoyl)benzoyl- l -valyl- l -proline-1( RS )-(1-trifluoroacetyl-2-methylpropyl)amide ( I ), is a human neutrophil elastase inhibitor in development by ICI Pharmaceuticals Group. A specific and sensitive radioimmunoassay has been developed for this compound in human serum. An hydroxysuccinimide ester analogue of ICI 200,880 was coupled to the lysine residues of bovine serum albumin, characterized by gel electrophoresis and injected into rabbits to stimulate antibody formation; a highly specific, high titre antibody was obtained. An 125 I-diiodinated 4-hydroxy-phenyl derivative of ICI 200,880 was utilized as the radiolabelled antigen. Satisfactory zero and non-specific binding were achieved with a 2-h pre-incubation of ICI 200,880 and antiserum at 37°C, followed by the addition of radiolabelled antigen and a second 2-h incubation. Separation of bound and free radiolabel was achieved by employing PEG-goat anti-rabbit IgG separant. Sensitivity of 25 pg ml −1 ICI 200,880 in human serum was achieved ( n = 12), with quantitative recovery of 106%, inter-assay precision of 6.3% and an average relative binding statistically different than that of pooled human serum. Serum quality control samples spiked at 600 and 100 pg ml −1 ICI 200,880 averaged 104% recovery over 6 validation days, with intra-assay precision of 12.8% RSD and inter-assay precision of 9.2% RSD ( n = 24). Cross-reactivity of the ICI 200,880 antibody to three known metabolites and several analogues was negligible. Over 1200 clinical samples following aerosol administration of ICI 200,880 have been analysed by this procedure. After maximum exposure ranging from 0.3 to 32 mg ICI 200,880, mean peak levels from 0.08 to 20.5 ng ml −1 were measured, respectively, with compound detected generally up to 16 h post-dose.
Non-destructive clinical assessment of occlusal caries lesions using near-IR imaging methods.

Objective Enamel is highly transparent in the near-IR (NIR) at wavelengths near 1,300 nm, and stains are not visible. The purpose of this study was to use NIR transillumination and optical coherence tomography (OCT) to estimate the severity of caries lesions on occlusal surfaces both in vivo and on extracted teeth. Methods Extracted molars with suspected occlusal lesions were examined with OCT and polarization sensitive OCT (PS-OCT), and subsequently sectioned and examined with polarized light microscopy (PLM) and transverse microradiography (TMR). Teeth in test subjects with occlusal caries lesions that were not cavitated or visible on radiographs were examined using NIR transillumination at 1,310 nm using a custom built probe attached to an indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs) camera and a linear OCT scanner. After imaging, cavities were prepared using dye staining to guide caries removal and physical impressions of the cavities were taken. Results The lesion severity determined from OCT and PS-OCT scans in vitro correlated with the depth determined using PLM and TMR. Occlusal caries lesions appeared in NIR images with high contrast in vivo. OCT scans showed that most of the lesions penetrated to dentin and spread laterally below the sound enamel. Conclusion This study demonstrates that both NIR transillumination and OCT are promising new methods for the clinical diagnosis of occlusal caries. Lasers Surg. Med. 43:951–959, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pion-induced quasifree knockout and charge-exchange reactions: A possible probe of neutron density at the nuclear surface

The pion-induced quasifree nucleon knockout and charge-exchange reactions are shown to have a strong sensitivity to the difference between neutron and proton densities at the nuclear surface. Their possible use as a probe of the neutron densities is discussed.
Factor Analysis of the Computer Technology Hassles Scale

Factor analysis of the responses from 470 subjects to Hudiburg's 1989 Computer Technology Hassles Scale allowed for the identification of eight factors, defined as Computer Runtime Problems, Comput...
Patients with delusions in a community psychiatric service. A follow-up study.

— Case records of 546 patients referred for the first time to a community psychiatric service were studied. Fifty-six patients revealed delusions of various types. The female/male ratio was 2:1, and the mean age 57 years. The majority of the paranoid patients belonged to the lowest socio-economic groups. Symptomatology, including type of delusion, treatment given and diagnostic classification is presented. The delusions occurred as part of all major psychotic syndromes with a preponderance of organic and affective psychoses. After 5–20 years of observation a full remission without relapse was seen in only 5%. However, the predictive value of delusions has not been sufficiently established, and the need for prospective studies of course and prognosis of psychoses with delusions is stressed.
The Shear Center Problem for Nonlinear Material Behavior

We consider a method proposed in Reissner to generalize the linear theory determination of shear center coordinates for prismatical beams on the basis of a mixed boundary value problem of three dimensional elasticity
Absence of ristocetin aggregation factor from the skin of a patient with von Willebrand's disease.

Samples of apparently normal skin from one patient with von Willebrand's disease (vWD) and five patients without vWD were examined with fluorescein-tagged antiserum to the component of factor VIII required for aggregation of platelets by ristocetin (VIII-R.A.F.). No evidence of VIII-R.A.F. was found in the vWD skin, while bright granules were seen on and/or in the endothelial cells of dermal capillaries in all patients without vWD. VIII-R.A.F. granules were also found in the interstitial vasculature of all of twelve renal-biopsy specimens from patients without vWD. These observations support the concept that an abnormality of the vascular endothelium is involved in the pathogenesis of vWD.
Childhood Instability and Girls’ Delinquency: Role of Changes in Schools, Homes, and Caregivers

There are indications that stressful live factors—such as instability of childhood residence, schools, and primary caregivers—may be associated with occurrence of adolescent delinquency. Using self-report interviews with 100 girls committed to a juvenile facility, we examined the duration of substance use and running away as it related to childhood instability indicators including changes in caregivers, residences, and schools in the girls’ lives. Findings showed significant associations between status offending and childhood instability. Specifically, girls’ substance abuse was positively associated with number of schools attended. Additionally, running away was positively associated with number of schools and number of different primary caregivers, but was negatively associated with number of different residences. Potential explanations and implications for future research are addressed.
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in the central nervous system leads to decreased dopamine in different regions of postmortem human brains.

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) invades the central nervous system (CNS) shortly after infection and becomes localized in varying concentrations in different brain regions, the most vulnerable is the basal ganglia (BG). It is hypothesized that HIV-1-mediated neuropathogenesis involves degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and the loss of dopaminergic terminals in the BG, leading to deficits in the central dopaminergic activity, resulting in progressive impairment of neurocognitive and motor functions. In the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), although the incidence of HIV-associated dementia (HAD) has decreased, the neurocognitive and neuropsychological deficits continue to persist after HAART. In this study, We investigated the impact of HIV-1 on dopaminergic activity with respect to concentrations of dopamine (DA) and homovanillic acid (HVA) in different regions of postmortem human brains of HIV-1negative and HIV-1+ individuals and their relationship to neurocognitive impairment. We found that in HIV-1+ as well as HIV-negative cases, dopamine and HVA concentrationsin ranged widely in different brain regions. In HIV-negative brain regions, the highest concentration of DA was found in putamen, caudate, substantia nigra, and the basal ganglia. In HIV-1+ cases, there was a significant decrease in DA levels in caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, and substantia nigra compared to that in HIV-negative cases. In HIV-1+ cases, a strong correlation was found between DA levels in substantia nigra and other brain regions. Concentration of HVA in HIV-negative cases was also highest in the regions containing high dopamine levels. However, no significant decrease in regional HVA levels was found in HIV-1+ cases. HIV-1 RNA load (nondetectable [ND] to log10 6.9 copies/g tissue) also ranged widely in the same brain regions of HIV-1+ cases. Interestingly, the brain regions having the highest HIV-1 RNA had the maximum decrease in DA levels. Age, gender, ethnicity, and postmortem interval were not correlated with decrease in DA levels. Profile of DA, HVA, and HIV-1 RNA levels in the brain regions of HIV-1+ individuals treated with HAART was similar to those not treated with HAART. A majority of HIV-1+ individuals had variable degrees of neurocognitive impairments, but no specific relationship was found between the regional DA content and severity of neurocognitive deficits. These findings suggest widespread deficits in dopamine in different brain regions of HIV-1-infected cases, and that these deficits may be the results of HIV-1-induced neurodegeneration in the subcortical regions of human brain.
Non-conservative Mutations are Well Tolerated in the Globular Region of Yeast Histone H4

Abstract Yeast histone H4 has been mutagenized at several positions which participate in the globular core of the nucleosome. The native protein contains residues at those positions which are invariant or highly conserved over all known H4 sequences, whether from yeast, Tetrahymena or higher eukaryotes. Nonetheless the protein is tolerant of non-conservative mutations. At the level of cell function the mutant proteins cause no significant change in length of the cell cycle of mating efficiency. At the level of chromatin structure no effect is observed on the internucleosomal spacing of chromatin or the pattern of hydroxyl radical cleavage of nucleosomal DNA.
Radiation Therapy and Hearing Loss

A review of literature on the development of sensorineural hearing loss after high-dose radiation therapy for head-and-neck tumors and stereotactic radiosurgery or fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy for the treatment of vestibular schwannoma is presented. Because of the small volume of the cochlea a dose–volume analysis is not feasible. Instead, the current literature on the effect of the mean dose received by the cochlea and other treatment- and patient-related factors on outcome are evaluated. Based on the data, a specific threshold dose to cochlea for sensorineural hearing loss cannot be determined; therefore, dose–prescription limits are suggested. A standard for evaluating radiation therapy–associated ototoxicity as well as a detailed approach for scoring toxicity is presented.
APPROXIMATING RAINFALL‐RUNOFF MODELLING RESPONSE USING A STOCHASTIC INTEGRAL EQUATION

Rainfall-runoff modelling uncertainty can be analysed by the use of a stochastic integral formulation. The stochastic integral equation can be based on the rainfall-runoff model input of model rainfall or model rainfall excess. Similarly, the stochastic integral equation can be based on the rainfall-runoff model output of the modelled runoff hydrograph. The residual between actual measured runoff data and modelled runoff (from the rainfall-runoff model) is analysed here by the use of a stochastic integral equation. This approach is used to develop a set of convolution integral transfer function realizations that represent the chosen rainfall-runoff modelling error. The resulting stochastic integral component is a distribution of possible residual outcomes that may be directly added to the rainfall-runoff model's deterministic outcome, to develop a distribution of probable runoff hydrograph realizations from the chosen rainfall-runoff model.
Medical Resources and National Homicide Rates: A Cross‐National Assessment

Violence is a continuum, and homicide is only one possible consequence. Timely and adequate medical care saves the lives of the victims of violence. Thus, good medical resources are related to low homicide rates in a nation. The current study expands a medical perspective on homicide rates to a cross‐national study. This present study employs a regression analysis by using the data on homicide rates and medical resources for 170 nations. The results of the analysis indicate that high infant mortality rates, low health expenditure per capita, and high death rates from road traffic accidents are associated with high homicide rates. The findings suggest that medical resources partially explain the variation of international homicide rates. A group of scholars attempt to test the connection between medical resources and homicide rates (Cooney, 2003; Doerner, 1983, 1988; Doerner and Speir, 1986; Giacopassi and Sparger, 1992; Harris, et al., 2002, Long‐Onnen and Cheatwood, 1992). However, the preceding investig...
Reserves Protect against Deforestation Fires in the Amazon

Background Reserves are the principal means to conserve forests and biodiversity, but the question of whether reserves work is still debated. In the Amazon, fires are closely linked to deforestation, and thus can be used as a proxy for reserve effectiveness in protecting forest cover. We ask whether reserves in the Brazilian Amazon provide effective protection against deforestation and consequently fires, whether that protection is because of their location or their legal status, and whether some reserve types are more effective than others. Methodology/Principal Findings Previous work has shown that most Amazonian fires occur close to roads and are more frequent in El Nino years. We quantified these relationships for reserves and unprotected areas by examining satellite-detected hot pixels regressed against road distance across the entire Brazilian Amazon and for a decade with 2 El Nino-related droughts. Deforestation fires, as measured by hot pixels, declined exponentially with increasing distance from roads in all areas. Fewer deforestation fires occurred within protected areas than outside and the difference between protected and unprotected areas was greatest near roads. Thus, reserves were especially effective at preventing these fires where they are known to be most likely to burn; but they did not provide absolute protection. Even within reserves, at a given distance from roads, there were more deforestation fires in regions with high human impact than in those with low impact. The effect of El Nino on deforestation fires was greatest outside of reserves and near roads. Indigenous reserves, limited-use reserves, and fully protected reserves all had fewer fires than outside areas and did not appear to differ in their effectiveness. Conclusions/Significance Taking time, regional factors, and climate into account, our results show that reserves are an effective tool for curbing destructive burning in the Amazon.
Seasonal freezing adaptations of the mid-intertidal gastropod Nucella lima from southeast Alaska

Abstract Nucella lima from the mid-intertidal zone of Bridget and Sunshine Cove, Alaska is exposed to multiple freezing emersion events during the winter. The average duration of low tide when the air temperature fell below 0 °C increased from 2.91 to 6.78 h between the lower limit and upper limit of the intertidal range of N. lima. Air temperatures below freezing were observed between October 20, 2007 and April 20, 2008. Snails cease feeding and move into crevices, under boulders or into the sediment at the base of rocks in the winter which potentially minimizes their exposure to freezing events. Egg capsules were also observed in the snail habitat between September 27, 2007 and March 12, 2008. Snails supercool below the freezing point of seawater which delays freezing during tidal cycle related emersion. The supercooling point of snail tissues does not vary seasonally. Air temperatures below the maximum supercooling temperature of snails (-4.94 °C) occurred multiple times in December 2007 and January and February 2008. The freeze tolerance of N. lima varies seasonally and is always below the supercooling point indicating that N. lima physiologically tolerates freezing. It is likely that the seasonal synthesis of cellular compatible osmolytes is responsible for the seasonal variation in freeze tolerance: Quantitatively important compatible osmolytes which are found in higher concentration in the winter versus the summer in foot tissue of snails are total free amino acids, taurine (119 mol. Kg wet-1), and glycine (43 mol. Kg wet-1).
Induction of ovulation and pregnancy in captive cottontall rabbits by exogenous gonadotrophin treatment and artificial insemination

Abstract Attempts were made to induce ovulation in confined cottontail rabbits, Sylvilagus floridanus , by treatment with FSH and LH. FSH given twice daily for 3 days with LH on the 4th day induced ovulation. LH at 50 mg/kg bodyweight was significantly (P
Loss-of-function of Constitutive Expresser of Pathogenesis Related Genes5 affects potassium homeostasis in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Here, we demonstrate that the reduction in leaf K+ observed in a mutant previously identified in an ionomic screen of fast neutron mutagenized Arabidopsis thaliana is caused by a loss-of-function allele of CPR5, which we name cpr5-3. This observation establishes low leaf K+ as a new phenotype for loss-of-function alleles of CPR5. We investigate the factors affecting this low leaf K+ in cpr5 using double mutants defective in salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) signalling, and by gene expression analysis of various channels and transporters. Reciprocal grafting between cpr5 and Col-0 was used to determine the relative importance of the shoot and root in causing the low leaf K+ phenotype of cpr5. Our data show that loss-of-function of CPR5 in shoots primarily determines the low leaf K+ phenotype of cpr5, though the roots also contribute to a lesser degree. The low leaf K+ phenotype of cpr5 is independent of the elevated SA and JA known to occur in cpr5. In cpr5 expression of genes encoding various Cyclic Nucleotide Gated Channels (CNGCs) are uniquely elevated in leaves. Further, expression of HAK5, encoding the high affinity K+ uptake transporter, is reduced in roots of cpr5 grown with high or low K+ supply. We suggest a model in which low leaf K+ in cpr5 is driven primarily by enhanced shoot-to-root K+ export caused by a constitutive activation of the expression of various CNGCs. This activation may enhance K+ efflux, either indirectly via enhanced cytosolic Ca2+ and/or directly by increased K+ transport activity. Enhanced shoot-to-root K+ export may also cause the reduced expression of HAK5 observed in roots of cpr5, leading to a reduction in uptake of K+. All ionomic data presented is publically available at www.ionomicshub.org.
Development and transfer of interactive videodisc instructional technology

Interactive videodisc instruction is described along with issues involved in the development of the method.
Wrist Posture during Computer Mouse Usage

In this experiment, we investigated the effects that mouse pad surface height and wrist support had on wrist posture. In a pointing task, 16 subjects moved a mouse-controlled cursor clockwise or counterclockwise around three fixed targets, which varied by size and distance depending on task condition. Wrist extension, flexion, radial deviation, and ulnar deviation data were collected via a wrist monitor attached to the right hand and forearm.The presence of a wrist support decreased wrist extension and radial deviation, and increased wrist flexion. Higher pad surface height resulted in increased flexion and ulnar deviation, and decreased extension and radial deviation. A comparison of the conditions which were at the same pad height, but differed due to the presence or absence of wrist support, revealed that wrist extension was reduced by the presence of a wrist support at all but the highest height.