cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Planning for Climate Change Adaptation in Natural Resources Management: Challenges to Policy-Making in the US Great Plains

AbstractIn contrast to the national-level policies found in most developed nations, in the USA, sub-national governments have emerged as leaders in formulating climate change policy. Yet participation is uneven, and little is understood about why some act and others do not. This paper examines two sets of factors for their influence on climate change adaptation planning in communities of the Great Plains. Using survey data collected from a range of natural resources managers in 900+ jurisdictions in 12 states, the study examines the impact of perceived barriers to climate change planning and the natural environment on the probability that jurisdictions will engage in adaptation planning. The findings show that most jurisdictions remain sceptical of climate change and see no need to engage in adaptation planning. Among those that have begun to plan or have a plan in place already, the strongest influence comes from changes in the physical environment itself.
Teacher Candidates Reconcile "The Child and the Curriculum" with "No Child Left Behind".

Abstract What relevance does John Dewey have for students and teachers of the 21st century? Can his educational philosophy be reconciled with No Child Left Behind (NCLB) and its emphasis on accountability and high-stakes testing? In this article, the authors discuss Dewey's ideas about the child and the curriculum; delineate how teacher candidates can incorporate these ideas in their teaching; and, finally, suggest ways to reconcile Dewey's philosophy of education with the demands of NCLB.
On the System Optimum Dynamic Traffic Assignment and Earliest Arrival Flow Problems

This paper investigates the cell-transmission model CTM-based single destination system optimum dynamic traffic assignment SO-DTA problem, focusing attention on a case where the cell properties are time-invariant. We show the backward propagation of congestion in CTM does not affect the optimal arrival flow pattern of SO-DTA, if the fundamental diagram is of triangular/trapezoidal shape as in the CTM. We mathematically prove that the set of earliest arrival flows EAFs not constrained by the traffic wave propagation equations obtained on the node-arc network without cell division is a subset of the SO-DTA. This finding leads to a new approach to the SO-DTA that solves the EAF. Such an EAF can be obtained by merely applying static flow techniques and turning the static flows into dynamic flows over time. Therefore, SO-DTA can theoretically be solved with a run time at the link level depending polynomially on log T. We use numerical examples to verify the results and report the computational benefits of the proposed method by solving SO-DTA on a real-world network.
Understanding English word accentuation

Abstract We contrast two ways of representing English word stress or accent—that exemplified by Chomsky and Halle [Chomsky, N., Halle, M., 1968. The Sound Pattern of English. Harper & Row, New York] and by Garde [Garde, Paul, 1968. L’accent. Presses Universitaires de France, Paris], and that found in many English-language dictionaries. For Chomsky–Halle and for Garde, full vowels are always stressed; for the dictionary makers, full vowels can be either accented or unaccented. We argue for an analysis of English accentual patterns along the lines of the dictionary treatment of accents. The dictionary representations, with alternating accented and unaccented syllables, suggest a natural way of assigning foot structure to syllables. Feet can be ternary, binary, or unary, but the latter are permitted only word finally. All syllables are assigned to some foot, with the exception that there are some word-initial syllables that remain unfooted (and by implication, unaccented). For most English words neither foot structure nor the location of accents is part of the lexical entry. Hence, there must be a set of metrification rules for creating feet. The location of the accents then is easily derived from the generated foot structures. We show how the rules apply to various kinds of morphologically simple (underived) words. No additional mechanisms are required for morphologically complex forms. The metrification rules apply simultaneously to each morphological constituent. This manner of forming feet is not cyclic in accordance with the usual interpretation of that concept.
Property and Attachments: Defining Autonomy and the Claims of Family in Nineteenth-Century Western India

Historically, the abolition of slavery marked the signal moment that established a legal distinction between people and property: people could not be property. If slavery had been based on the potential equivalence or interchangeability of people and property, its abolition asserted an absolute legal and moral difference between them. Yet, these dichotomous ways of thinking about persons and things emerged alongside and in tension with a third way of thinking that they now obscured, in which property and personhood were closely linked-in which property tied people to communities, to particular histories, and to personal status; property was what was 'proper' to the person.1 While the trade in and ownership of persons has been broadly condemned, this connectedness of property and personhood has remained crucial to modern notions of the individual, privacy, and subjectivity. Indeed, the story of the emergence of the modem legal subject is often told as the progressive, if inevitably incomplete, process of publicly superceding this linkage of property and personal status, and limiting it to a demarcated private sphere. Such formulations construe the family as a domain where persons and things will necessarily continue to be linked, where relationships will inevitably blur affective, moral, and material claims, and where relationships of status will continue to prevail.2
Automated bare earth extraction technique for complex topography in light detection and ranging surveys

Bare earth extraction is an important component to light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data analysis in terms of terrain classification. The challenge in providing accurate digital surface models is augmented when there is diverse topography within the data set or complex combinations of vegetation and built structures. Few existing algorithms can handle substantial terrain diversity without significant editing or user interaction. This effort presents a newly developed methodology that provides a flexible, adaptable tool capable of integrating multiple LiDAR data attributes for an accurate terrain assessment. The terrain extraction and segmentation (TEXAS) approach uses a third-order spatial derivative for each point in the digital surface model to determine the curvature of the terrain rather than rely solely on the slope. The utilization of the curvature has shown to successfully preserve ground points in areas of steep terrain as they typically exhibit low curvature. Within the framework of TEXAS, the contiguous sets of points with low curvatures are grouped into regions using an edge-based segmentation method. The process does not require any user inputs and is completely data driven. This technique was tested on a variety of existing LiDAR surveys, each with varying levels of topographic complexity.
Memory Performance and Socio-Economic Status

Memory ability is affected by the physical, educational and health environments. The nature of these environments, in turn, differs across people with different socio-economic status (SES). Thus, it would be expected that memory performance would vary systematically with SES. However, memory researchers have yet to examine the relationship between economic variables and memory performance. This paper reviews several literatures (medical, public health, IQ, sociological and memory) to assess the relationship--if any--of socio-economic status to memory performance. The results of the review revealed that memory performance is strongly and directly correlated with SES. However, the results were not strong enough to determine whether the extent of this relationship differs across different kinds of memory. These results suggest that memory researchers should investigate further the nature of the relationship between SES and memory performance and take account of the possible influence of SES in the design and interpretation of memory data. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Language: en
Effects of Protease and Urea on a Granular Starch Hydrolyzing Process for Corn Ethanol Production

ABSTRACT The dry grind process using granular starch hydrolyzing enzymes (GSHE) saves energy. The amount of GSHE used is an important factor affecting dry grind process economics. Proteases can weaken protein matrix to aid starch release and may reduce GSHE doses. Two specific proteases, an exoprotease and an endoprotease, were evaluated in the dry grind process using GSHE (GSH process). The effect of protease and urea addition on GSH process was also evaluated. Addition of these proteases resulted in higher ethanol concentrations (mean increase of 0.3–1.8 v/v) and lower distillers' dried grains with solubles (DDGS) yields (mean decrease of 1.3–8.0% db) compared with the control (no protease addition). As protease levels and GSHE increased, ethanol concentrations increased and DDGS yields decreased. Protease addition reduced the required GSHE dose. Final mean ethanol concentrations without urea (15.2% v/v) were higher than with urea (15.0% v/v) in GSH process across all protease treatments.
The transmembrane domain of caveolin-1 exhibits a helix-break-helix structure.

Caveolin is an integral membrane protein that is found in high abundance in caveolae. Both the N- and C- termini lie on the same side of the membrane, and the transmembrane domain has been postulated to form an unusual intra-membrane horseshoe configuration. To probe the structure of the transmembrane domain, we have prepared a construct of caveolin-1 that encompasses residues 96–136 (the entire intact transmembrane domain). Caveolin-1(96–136) was over-expressed and isotopically labeled in E. coli, purified to homogeneity, and incorporated into lyso-myristoylphosphatidylglycerol micelles. Circular dichroism and NMR spectroscopy reveal that the transmembrane domain of caveolin-1 is primarily α-helical (57–65%). Furthermore, chemical shift indexing reveals that the transmembrane domain has a helix–break–helix structure which could be critical for the formation of the intra-membrane horseshoe conformation predicted for caveolin-1. The break in the helix spans residues 108 to 110, and alanine scanning mutagenesis was carried out to probe the structural significance of these residues. Our results indicate that mutation of glycine 108 to alanine does not disrupt the structure, but mutation of isoleucine 109 and proline 110 to alanine dramatically alters the helix–break–helix structure. To explore the structural determinants further, additional mutagenesis was performed. Glycine 108 can be substituted with other small side chain amino acids (i.e. alanine), leucine 109 can be substituted with other β-branched amino acids (i.e. valine), and proline 110 cannot be substituted without disrupting the helix–break–helix structure.
Chemometric Techniques in Electrochemistry: A Critical Review

Abstract With the ever-increasing power and low prices of modern laboratory microcomputers it is becoming common for the average researcher to routinely employ sophisticated data analysis methods. Most of these methods have been the subject of study by researchers associated with the discipline of analytical chemistry known as chemometrics. Although the application of chemometrics has become routine in all fields of analytical chemistry, this article is focused on those applications appearing in electroanalytical chemistry. Examples of chemometric solutions to a variety of electrochemical problems are reviewed in conjunction with brief presentations of the relevant chemometric background.
Cooking on Their Own: Cuisines of Manly Men

Abstract This research note compares the food consumption of two different groups of working men, the Buccaneers of the Caribbean in the 17th century, and the miners of the 1849 gold rush in California. Both groups depended on similar monotonous diets of preserved rations for their daily fare, and they had similar practices of binge drinking and luxury dining when opportunities arose. We speculate on ways that masculinity was constructed around particular kinds of food consumption.
Ploidy levels of plants regenerated from mixed ploidy maize callus cultures

Haploid and diploid anther-derivedZea mays callus lines were treated with the antimicrotubule herbicide pronamide to produce mixed ploidy callus as determined by flow cytometry. The ploidy levels of the plants regenerated from the callus were determined by counting the leaf epidermal guard cell chloroplast numbers. The proportion of diploid regenerated plants was somewhat lower than the proportion of diploid cells of the callus. The diploid plants regenerated somewhat faster than the haploids. The proportion of tetraploids regenerated from the pronamide treated diploid callus, which originated by spontaneous chromosome doubling, was much lower than the proportion of cells indicating that tetraploid cells survive or regenerate plants at a lower frequency than diploid cells.
Moral Judgment and Moral Neuroscience: Intersections, Definitions, and Issues

The moral neurosciences are an emerging area of research that has the potential to improve our understanding of the biological basis of morality. Thus far, however, research on moral neuroscience and moral judgment development has proceeded independently and with little interconnection. The current article discusses how morality has been defined and assessed in several new and prominent lines of research in the moral neurosciences and in research over the past 30 years on moral judgment development. It discusses how the 2 lines of research could be better integrated and points to strengths and limitations in the current field. Finally, suggestions are provided for further research.
Effect of transition-metal elements on the superconductivity of Y-Ba-Cu-O

We have fabricated samples of the form ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$(${\mathrm{Cu}}_{0.9}$${\mathrm{A}}_{0.1}$${)}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{6+\mathrm{y}}$ where A=Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn. The superconducting state was investigated by both resistance and magnetization measurements. In addition, the magnetic susceptibility above ${T}_{c}$ has been measured. ${T}_{c}$ was found to be strongly correlated with the size of the paramagnetic moments, largely due to scattering from the magnetic sites. In the sample containing Zn, however, ${T}_{c}$ was dramatically reduced due to filling of the antibonding d band.
Detecting freezing-of-gait during unscripted and unconstrained activity

We present a dynamic neural network (DNN) solution for detecting instances of freezing-of-gait (FoG) in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients while they perform unconstrained and unscripted activities. The input features to the DNN are derived from the outputs of three triaxial accelerometer (ACC) sensors and one surface electromyographic (EMG) sensor worn by the PD patient. The ACC sensors are placed on the shin and thigh of one leg and on one of the forearms while the EMG sensor is placed on the shin. Our FoG solution is architecturally distinct from the DNN solutions we have previously designed for detecting dyskinesia or tremor. However, all our DNN solutions utilize the same set of input features from each EMG or ACC sensor worn by the patient. When tested on experimental data from PD patients performing unconstrained and unscripted activities, our FoG detector exhibited 83% sensitivity and 97% specificity on a per-second basis.
Dense‐gas solvent‐solute clusters at near‐infinite dilution: EPR spectroscopic evidence

The nitrogen hyperfine splitting constant of ditertbutyl nitroxide radicals was measured with electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy at near-infinite dilution in near-critical and supercritical ethane, as well as in liquid propane, liquid isobutane, and several nonhydrogen bonding liquid solvents. While the measurements in the liquids are described well by the theory of McRae, large deviations from the liquid behavior are observed in supercritical ethane. The deviations are used as a measure of the effective local density of the solvent around the solute. At the two temperatures investigated, Tr = 1.009 and Tr = 1.084, the local density enhancement, defined as the ratio of local to bulk densities, exhibits a maximum of about 3 occurring around 1/2 the critical density. The maximum is removed well from the critical density, where the maximum of the isothermal compressibility is observed. Local density enhancements are short-range effects and do not correlate well with the development of long-range critical phenomena. Local density enhancement data in ethane are compared with the prewetting transition that has been observed in nearcritical ultrapure argon.
Theoretical equation of state for aluminum

Abstract Theoretical methods for calculating equations of state are discussed and applied to aluminum. The model includes a treatment of melting, vaporization, and thermal electronic excitation. The thermal electronic terms are shown to cause a plasma phase transition in the hot expanded fluid, affecting the unloading behavior from shocked states. The calculations give good agreement with experimental Hugoniot data, the melting curve, and isobaric expansion measurements.
The Kyoto Protocol could make a difference for the optimal forest-based CO2 mitigation strategy: some results from GORCAM

The Kyoto Protocol was agreed on by more than 150 nations in December, 1997 and (if and when ratified) will establish international commitments to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. Under the Kyoto Protocol, some of the carbon emissions and removals within the land-use change and forestry sector can be counted toward a country's commitments for greenhouse gas emissions reductions. In addition to the impacts that land-use practices have on CO2 emissions from fossil-fuel combustion, changes in the carbon stocks of forests (possibly including forest soils) caused by the direct human activities afforestation, reforestation and deforestation and taking place in the `first commitment period' (2008–2012), are to be accounted for under the Kyoto Protocol. Credits for carbon sinks in the biosphere are limited to projects initiated since 1990. A modified version of the model GORCAM has been used to assess eligible emission-reduction credits under the Kyoto regime and to illustrate how the optimal forest-based strategy for carbon dioxide mitigation might change under the provisions of the Kyoto Protocol. The Kyoto Protocol offers rewards for only some of the changes in carbon stocks that might occur and hence the forestry project that produces the most emission reduction credits under the Kyoto Protocol is not necessarily the same project that produces the greatest benefit for net emissions of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. Supplementing the Protocol with appropriate definitions, interpretations and agreements could help to make sure that it does not provide incentive for activities that run counter to the objectives of the Framework Convention on Climate Change.
A Modified Cramer-von Mises and Anderson-Darling Test for the Weibull Distribution with Unknown Location and Scale Parameters.

The standard Cramer-von Mises and Anderson-Darling goodness-of-fit tests require continuous underlying distributions with known parameters. In this paper, tables of critical values are generated for both tests for Weibull distributions with unknown location and scale parameters and known shape parameters. The powers of the Cramer-von Mises, Anderson-Darling, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, and Chi-Square tests for this situation are investigated. The Cramer-von Mises test has most power when the shape is 1.0 and the Anderson-Darling test has most power when the shape is 3.5. Finally, a relation between critical value and inverse shape parameter is presented.
Decreased tolerance to ethanol-induced hypothermia in long-term castrate male rats

A potential role for central stores of vasopressin in the development of tolerance was studied in the long-term castrate rat. Vasopressin stores in the septal region are known to be dramatically depressed following long-term castration. Sprague-Dawley male rat littermates were castrated at 26 days of age or given a sham surgery. Experiments began when animals reached 130 days of age. Tolerance to the hypothermic effects of ethanol occurred in intact but not castrate animals over the course of six daily IP injections of 3.0 g/kg ethanol. Both groups exhibited tolerance to the length of time needed to return to baseline temperature over the 6 days of ethanol injections. Tolerance to this effect of ethanol was still evident in intact animals but not castrates following another injection of ethanol 1 week later. No tolerance developed to the rebound hyperthermia that occurred in both groups. Blood ethanol levels did not differ significantly between castrate and intact littermates administered a single dose of ethanol. Overall, these results support the hypothesis that endogenous vasopressin is involved in the development of some aspects of tolerance to ethanol.
Heavy Traffic Limits Via Brownian Embeddings

For the GI/GI/1 queue we show that the scaled queue size converges to reflected Brownian motion in a critical queue and converges to reflected Brownian motion with drift for a sequence of subcritical queuing models that approach a critical model. Instead of invoking the topological argument of the usual continuous-mapping approach, we give a probabilistic argument using Skorokhod embeddings in Brownian motion.
Behavioral forms of stress management for individuals with Asperger syndrome

Although many children and youth with AS exhibit anxiety that may lead to challenging behaviors, stress and subsequent behaviors should be viewed as an integral part of the disorder [36]. As such, it is important to understand the cycle of behaviors to prevent seemingly minor events from escalating. Although understanding the cycle of tantrums, rage, and meltdowns is important, behavior changes will not occur unless the function of the behavior is understood and the student is provided instruction and support in using (1) strategies that increase social understanding and problem solving, (2) techniques that facilitate self-understanding, and (3) methods of self-calming. Because little research exists on the cycle of behaviors exhibited by students with AS and interventions appropriate at each stage, a systematic program of research is required to identify which techniques are most appropriate for children and youth, the context in which they can be used, and methods to ensure that individuals with AS generalize these skills to home, school, and community.
Development and evaluation of a fluorogenic 5'-nuclease assay to identify Marburg virus.

The ability to rapidly recognize Marburg virus infections is critical to quickly institute proper barrier nursing precautions and limit further spread of the disease. A rapid, sensitive, and specific laboratory diagnostic test is necessary to confirm outbreaks of Marburg virus and to distinguish it from other diseases that can present with similar clinical symptoms. A one-tube reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay for the identification of Marburg virus was developed and evaluated using the ABI PRISM 7700 Sequence Detection System and TaqMan chemistry. The sensitivity and specificity of the newly designed primer/probe set (MBGGP3) was evaluated. MBGGP3 was equivalent to or 10-100-fold more sensitive than previously designed primer sets as determined by limit of detection experiments. In addition, the MBGGP3 assay was able to detect all strains of Marburg virus tested, but gave negative results with other haemorrhagic fever and genetically related viruses. The results of this study indicate that the MBGGP3 primer/probe set is both sensitive and specific. In addition, this assay is compatible with emerging rapid nucleic acid analysis platforms and therefore may prove to be a useful diagnostic tool for the control and management of future outbreaks.
A revision of Oncomegas Dollfus, 1929 (Cestoda: Trypanorhyncha: Eutetrarhynchidae), the description of two new species and comments on its classification

Oncomegas Dollfus, 1929 is completely defined for the first time based upon a redescription of the type-species, O. wageneri (Linton, 1890) from Dasyatis centroura (Mitchill), and the description of two new species, O. paulinae from Urolophus halleri Cooper and O. australiensis from Aetobatus narinari (Euphrasen). The three species of Oncomegas are differentiated from one another by scolex ratio, basal and metabasal armatures, testis number and arrangement, number of vaginal sphincters, form of gravid uterus, position of genital pores, and form of the osmoregulatory canals. Diagnostic characters of Oncomegas are: acraspedote scolex, two bothridia, asymmetrical tentacular basal swelling, basal armature with macrohook, typical heteroacanthous metabasal armature, prebulbar organs, elongate bulbs, retractor muscle origin at base of bulb, external seminal vesicle present, testes in two longitudinal rows or bands, seminal receptacle, lack of a postovarian testicular space, linear gravid uterus with lateral diverticula, and osmoregulatory ducts dorsal to cirrus-sac. The combination of heteroacanthous typical tentacle armature, two bothridia lacking ciliated pits, presence of prebulbar organs, retractor muscles originating at base of bulbs and posterior ovary warrant the placement of Oncomegas in the Eutetrarhynchidae. Oncomegas is most similar to Eutetrarhynchus Pintner, 1913 in arrangement of hooks of principal rows in opposing half-spirals which abut in ‘V’-formations on both internal and external faces, presence of a basal armature and swelling, presence of an external seminal vesicle, testes confined to the intervascular medullary zone, posterior ovary and circumcortical vitelline field. Oncomegas differs from all eutetrarhynchid genera in the possession of a single macrohook in the basal armature and all except Eutetrarhynchus in the lack of a wide space between hook files 1 and (1′) of the principal rows.
p47phox PX domain of NADPH oxidase targets cell membrane via moesin‐mediated association with the actin cytoskeleton

Activation of phagocytic NADPH oxidase requires association of its cytosolic subunits with the membrane-bound flavocytochrome. Extensive phosphorylation of the p47(phox) subunit of NADPH oxidase marks the initiation of this activation process. The p47(phox) subunit then translocates to the plasma membrane, bringing the p67(phox) subunit to cytochrome b558 to form the active NADPH oxidase complex. However, the detailed mechanism for targeting the p47(phox) subunit to the cell membrane during activation still remains unclear. Here, we show that the p47(phox) PX domain is responsible for translocating the p47(phox) subunit to the plasma membrane for subsequent activation of NADPH oxidase. We also demonstrate that translocation of the p47(phox) PX domain to the plasma membrane is not due to interactions with phospholipids but rather to association with the actin cytoskeleton. This association is mediated by direct interaction between the p47(phox) PX domain and moesin.
Wideband beamforming with heavily imbalanced channels

This paper studies fixed wideband beamforming with consideration of realistic channels. There has been a perception that nice beam patterns can always be formed with advanced optimization techniques. This is mostly true if the channels are ideal. But in reality it is not always true. Indeed, achieving a desirable beam pattern with an actual beamforming system can be very difficult, and this might be responsible by the fact that the channel transfer functions are neither spectrally flat nor identical across channels. Therefore, unique issues and countermeasures have to be considered in design phase. In this paper we identify the problems and find solutions via comparison study. Performance and computational load are two major issues. New architectures with parallel processing and off-board computing engines are proposed to reduce the computational pressure as well as run time and improve the performance. Both least-square minimization and convex optimization are used to synthesize the beamformer coefficients. Performance requirements like side-lobe suppression, notch/nulling and frequency invariance have to be jointly considered. Different optimization formulations are proposed to achieve a balance among these requirements. It is found that, with the measured channel data (500-MHz bandwidth, centered at 5.25 GHz), the convex-optimization beamformer can achieve 19 dB side-lobe suppression and a 59-dB notch, but this beamformer does not always turn out a feasible and/or acceptable solution. In contrast, the least-square beamformer is more robust to different parameters. It also observed that frequency invariance beamforming is not a feasible requirement for a realistic wideband beamformer. Overall speaking, the convex-optimization beamformer combined with frequency-interleave (parallel processing) offers the best beamforming performance at a reduced computational cost.
Has Power Shifted in the Grocery Channel

Retailers have not gained profitability at the expense of manufacturers in the last two decades, according to accounting and stock market measures of profits, despite substantial industry restructuring and new forms of channel rivalry. Both manufacturers and retailers have experienced reductions in profitability. Consumers may be the net beneficiaries these and other changes. In this study we survey the recent evolution of the grocery channel, examine the connections between changes in channel structure, conduct, and performance, and assess whether profitability has shifted as a result. We relate these findings to the issue of whether power has shifted in the grocery channel.
Response of spinal cord blood flow and motor and sensory evoked potentials to aortic ligation

To produce spinal cord ischemia in the lamb, ligation of the thoracic aorta was performed for 15, 30, and 45 minutes in three animals each. Spinal cord blood flow and motor and sensory evoked potentials were measured before, during, and after aortic ligation. Ischemia with a blood flow of zero during ligation was encountered in the thoracic and lumbar cords, followed by hyperemia upon release of the ligature. Both somatosensory and motor evoked potentials were obliterated during aortic ligation and gradually recovered following resumption of flow. Motor and sensory evoked potentials behaved similarly to high aortic ligation.
Information processing, situation specificity, and the generality of risk-taking behavior

Abstract : An effort was made to construct two structurally similar risk-taking tasks in order to evaluate inter-task consistency of individual differences. Only the mode of response differed between tasks. In one task, subjects chose their preferred bet within each of a number of pairs of bets. In the other, they set selling prices for these same bets. A measure of the subject's preference for 'long shot' gambles was obtained from each response. Reliable individual differences were found for each measure. However, the inter-measure correlation was relatively low considering the high degree of similarity between tasks. It is argued that the two response modes triggered different methods of processing information about probabilities and payoffs in a way that perturbed individual differences and reduced inter-task consistency. Information-processing considerations may be one important component of the situation specificity prevalent in risk-taking behavior. These results imply that high correlations are unlikely between risk-taking measures in structurally different settings or between risk-taking and other behaviors. (Author)
Simvastatin vs Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes and Supplements: Randomized Primary Prevention Trial

OBJECTIVE To compare the lipid-lowering effects of an alternative regimen (lifestyle changes, red yeast rice, and fish oil) with astandard dose of a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reduc-tase inhibitor (statin). PATIENTS AND METHODS This randomized trial enrolled 74 patients with hypercholesterolemia who met Adult Treatment Panel III criteria for primary prevention using statin therapy. All participants were randomized to an alternative treatment group (AG) or to receive simvastatin (40 mg/d) in this open-label trial conducted between April 1, 2006, and June 30, 2006. The alternative treatment included therapeutic lifestyle changes, ingestion of red yeast rice, and fish oil supplements for 12 weeks. The simvastatin group received medication and traditional counseling. The primary outcome measure was the percentage change in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Secondary measures were changes in other lipoproteins and weight loss. RESULTS There was a statistically significant reduction in LDL-C levels in both the AG (-42.4%±15%) ( P P P =.003) and weight (-5.5% vs -0.4%; 95% confidence interval, -5.5 to -3.4; P CONCLUSION Lifestyle changes combined with ingestion of red yeast rice and fish oil reduced LDL-C in proportions similar to standard therapy with simvastatin. Pending confirmation in larger trials, this multifactorial, alternative approach to lipid lowering has promise for a subset of patients unwilling or unable to take statins. Trial Registration: clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT0042
Becoming a social movement union: Cyril Ramaphosa and the National Union of Mineworkers

In 1984, black African townships in South Africa exploded into popular revolt. The ANC called on township residents to ‘destroy the enemy organs of government’, rendering them ‘ineffective and inoperative’. Militant township youth seized on this principle of ‘ungovernability’ to impose ‘discipline’, often violent, on ordinary people trying to go about their everyday lives. Similar forms of disruption eventually spread from residential areas into factories in militant opposition to the apartheid work-place regime (Von Holdt 2003). ‘Ungovernability’ became a rallying cry for popular forces in the face of repressive violence from the South African state. Although resistance movements such as the UDF invoked the need for democratic order under a rubric of ‘people’s power’, the solidarities and liminalities of millenarian ungovernability and violence always lurked close to the surface in practices of confrontation during this period. 1 This paper uses a single case to address the social origins of millenarian ungovernability on the South African gold mines in 1985. It also seeks to understand the potentials and pitfalls for union leadership of such enthusiasm and to outline union strategies to institutionalise and control it. The National Union of Mineworkers in South Africa was avowedly not millenarian. Its leaders all – especially Cyril Ramaphosa – eschewed any claim to prophetic charisma. Nevertheless, I know of two relatively clear cases in the 1980s when NUM leaders arose who directly and militantly challenged management control, claiming charismatic power with supernatural assistance. 2 One was at Cooke shaft on Randfontein Estates. 3 The other was at Vaal Reefs gold mine – at the time the largest gold mine in the world with
High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Phytic Acid in Foods

Phytic acid was quantified using a tetrabutylammonium-formate ion pair on an octadecyl column in HPLC. Unlike previous methods, phytic acid eluted significantly later than the dead volume. Good separations were possible with a linear response up to 40 micrograms and a sensitivity of 0.002 micrograms phytic acid. Results with this method are compatible with conventional methods for phytic acid.
Power Optimal Buffered Clock Tree Design

We propose a new problem formulation for low power clock network design that takes rise time constraints imposed by the design into account. We evaluate the utility of inserting buffers into the clock route for satisfying rise time constraints and for minimizing the area of the clock net. In particular, we show that the classical H-tree is sub-optimal in terms of both area and power dissipation when buffers may be inserted into the tree. We show that the power minimization problem is NP-hard and propose a greedy heuristic for power-optimal clock network design that utilizes the opportunities provided by buffer insertion. Our algorithm inserts buffers and designs the topology simultaneously. The results we obtain on benchmarks are significantly better than previous approaches in terms of power dissipation, wire length, rise times and buffer area. Power dissipation is typically reduced by a factor of two, rise times are four times better and buffer area requirements are an order of magnitude smaller.
Quantum theory of optical coherence in the space-frequency domain

The quantum treatment of optical coherence theory is generally carried out in the space-time domain. We present a quantum mechanical theory of first-order coherence for statistically non-stationary light in the space-frequency domain.
Optimizing cardioplegia strategy for donor hearts

Variability in organ preservation strategy has thus far prevented meaningful analysis of clinical donor heart cardioplegia strategies. This paper describes our donor heart procurement protocol, techniques, and recovery team responsibilities. We present 21 patients receiving cardiac transplantation at our institution with an adopted cardioplegia protocol. The procurement team perfusionist ensures consistent attention to myocardial protection with standards that are similar to those applied to native hearts for all congenital heart surgeries.
Interfaces on the go

We have continually evolved computing to not only be more efficient, but also more accessible, more of the time (and place), and to more people. We have progressed from batch computing with punch cards, to interactive command line systems, to mouse-based graphical user interfaces, and more recently to mobile computing. Each of these paradigm shifts has drastically changed the way we use technology for work and life, often in unpredictable and profound ways.
Results of drilling osteochondritis dissecans before skeletal maturity

We report the arthroscopic drilling of classical lesions of osteochondritis dissecans in 11 knees in 10 children with at least six months history and no sign of clinical or radiological improvement. There were eight boys and two girls and the average age at operation was 12 years 11 months. Relief of pain was noticed within days of operation; radiological healing occurred within 12 months in nine of the 11 knees.
A Note on Anne Dutton, Eighteenth-Century Evangelical

Anonymity, forced or voluntary, has frequently cloaked the contributions of women to the life and thought of religious movements. Such was the case with Anne Dutton (1692–1765), an English evangelical, a “gentlewoman” who appears fleetingly in the records of the eighteenth century and only momentarily in later annals of pious women. In spite of some efforts to seek her out early in this century, Dutton has remained a relatively unknown figure in the history of English evangelicalism. In fact she was a prolific though elusive writer, credited by one source with nearly fifty distinct publications—religious pieces of diverse size and character. Anne Dutton became the friend, confidant and correspondent of many evangelical leaders and on more than one occasion directly assisted them in their pastoral activities. She was also the spirited opponent of others. This obscure, talented author defied powerful social conventions in her effort to rise above the backstage role commonly assigned to and accepted by women in the religious world of the eighteenth century.
Predictors of Holding Consumer and Mortgage Debt among Older Americans

Using data from the 2000 Health and Retirement Study (HRS), this study examined the probability of older Americans holding consumer and mortgage debt. The specific objectives of this study were to identify to what extent individuals aged 65 and over hold consumer or mortgage debt and to investigate factors that influence the probability of holding consumer or mortgage debt in old age. The results of logistic regression analysis indicated that older individuals who had larger households, had higher levels of education, were aged 65–74, were married, were Black, and were employed, were more likely to hold consumer or mortgage debt. This study concluded that holding one kind of debt is associated with probability of holding another kind of debt.
Effect of a micronutrient fortificant mixture and 2 amounts of calcium on iron and zinc absorption from a processed food supplement

Background: Iron, zinc, and calcium can interact with each other in a way that inhibits their respective absorption. On the other hand, mineral fortification has been used to improve simultaneous iron and zinc absorption from food supplements. Objective: We evaluated the effect of a novel fortificant mixture consisting of NaFeEDTA, zinc methionine, ascorbic acid, and citric acid on iron and zinc absorption from a dry food supplement designed for preschool children. Design: The standard food supplement contained cereal and legume flour, dried milk, and a mixture of micronutrients including ferrous sulfate and zinc sulfate as sources of supplemental iron and zinc, respectively. Standard and novel food products were prepared as porridge with or without the addition of 200 mg Ca as calcium phosphate. Iron absorption and zinc absorption from the food products were evaluated simultaneously in 13 nonpregnant, adult women by extrinsically labeling the products with radioisotopes of iron and zinc and carrying out whole-body counting 7 d after the food products were consumed in random order. Results: The absorption of iron from the NaFeEDTA-containing (novel) food product was 1.7 times that from the ferrous sulfate– containing (standard) product (P 0.015). There was no significant effect of dietary calcium on iron absorption. Zinc absorption was not associated with the form of zinc consumed, but higher dietary calcium was marginally associated with lower zinc absorption (P 0.071). Conclusions: A mixture of fortificants containing NaFeEDTA, zinc sulfate or zinc methionine, ascorbic acid, and citric acid, but without calcium, can improve iron and zinc absorption from food products. A cost-benefit analysis of the novel fortificant mixture needs to be performed. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;79:244–50.
Structural transformations and metastability in semiconductor nanocrystals

Abstract Pressure-induced structural phase transitions have been studied in CdSe, CdS, InP and Si semiconductor nanocrystals. Nanocrystals transform via single nucleation of the phase transition with a kinetic barrier that increases in increasing cluster size. The structural transition path causes a shape change in the nanocrystals, which dictates the surface energy and thus the kinetic and thermodynamic stability of the transformed nanocrystal. These finite size effects can be used to tune the metastability of the nanocrystals versus pressure. Enhanced metastability allows structural and optical measurements in a regime inaccessible to the bulk solid, as well as possible recovery of the dense high pressure phase to atmospheric pressure.
Dynamic Routing for Delay-Tolerant Networking in Space Flight Operations

Contact Graph Routing (CGR) is a dynamic routing system that computes routes through a time-varying topology composed of scheduled, bounded communication contacts in a network built on the Delay-Tolerant Networking (DTN) architecture. It is designed to support operations in a space network based on DTN, but it also could be used in terrestrial applications where operation according to a predefined schedule is preferable to opportunistic communication, as in a low-power sensor network. This paper will describe the operation of the CGR system and explain how it can enable data delivery over scheduled transmission opportunities, fully utilizing the available transmission capacity, without knowing the current state of any bundle protocol node (other than the local node itself) and without exhausting processing resources at any bundle router.
Improved determination of surface and atmospheric temperatures using only shortwave AIRS channels

AIRS was launched on EOS Aqua on May 4, 2002, together with AMSU-A and HSB, to form a next generation polar orbiting infrared and microwave atmospheric sounding system. AIRS is a grating spectrometer with a number of linear arrays of detectors with each detector sensitive to outgoing radiation in a characteristic frequency v(sub i) with a spectral band pass delta v(sub i) of roughly v(sub i) /1200. AIRS contains 2378 spectral channels covering portions of the spectral region 650 cm(exp -1) (15.38 gm) - 2665 cm(exp -1)' (3.752 micrometers). These spectral regions contain significant absorption features from two CO2 absorption bands, the 15 micrometer (longwave) CO2 band, and the 4.3 micrometer (shortwave) CO, absorption band. There are also two atmospheric window regions, the 12 micrometerm - 8 micrometer (longwave) window, and the 4.17 micrometer - 3.75 micrometer (shortwave) window. Historically, determination of surface and atmospheric temperatures from satellite observations was performed using primarily observations in the longwave window and CO2 absorption regions. One reason for this was concerns about the effects, during the day, of reflected sunlight and non-Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium (non-LTE) on the observed radiances in the shortwave portion of the spectrum. According to cloud clearing theory, more accurate soundings of both surface skin and atmospheric temperatures can be obtained under partial cloud cover conditions if one uses the longwave channels to determine cloud cleared radiances R(sub i) for all channels, and uses R(sub i) only from shortwave channels in the determination of surface and atmospheric temperatures. This procedure is now being used by the AIRS Science Team in preparation for the AIRS Version 6 Retrieval Algorithm. This paper describes how the effects on the radiances of solar radiation reflected by clouds and the Earth's surface, and also of non-LTE, are accounted for in the analysis of the data. Results are presented for both daytime and nighttime conditions showing improved surface and atmospheric soundings under partial cloud cover resulted from not using R(sub i) in the retrieval process for any longwave channels sensitive to cloud effects. This improvement is made possible because AIRS NEDT in the shortwave portion of the spectrum is extremely low.
Student Perceptions Of Computer Hybrid Courses Across Three Disciplines: What Students Think About Hybrid Courses And What Type Of Delivery Format They Prefer

The present study examines student perceptions of computer hybrid courses across three primary disciplines: business, accounting, criminal justice/paralegal and those that identified themselves as belonging to other disciplines. Students (n = 94) were asked to respond to and rate twelve specific areas related to hybrid courses in which they were enrolled during the fall semester of 2003 at a community college located in the southern region of the United States. The courses consisted of required courses within each curriculum. Findings indicate that generally, course ratings were favorable; however, preference for enrolling in hybrid courses varied from discipline to discipline.