cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mitochondria Are Required for Antigen-Specific T Cell Activation through Reactive Oxygen Species Signaling

Summary It is widely appreciated that T cells increase glycolytic flux during activation, but the role of mitochondrial flux is unclear. Here, we have shown that mitochondrial metabolism in the absence of glucose metabolism is sufficient to support interleukin-2 (IL-2) induction. Furthermore, we used mice with reduced mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS) production in T cells (T- Uqcrfs −/− mice) to show that mitochondria are required for T cell activation to produce mROS for activation of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) and subsequent IL-2 induction. These mice could not induce antigen-specific expansion of T cells in vivo, but Uqcrfs1 −/− T cells retained the ability to proliferate in vivo under lymphopenic conditions. This suggests that Uqcrfs1 −/− T cells were not lacking bioenergetically but rather lacked specific ROS-dependent signaling events needed for antigen-specific expansion. Thus, mitochondrial metabolism is a critical component of T cell activation through the production of complex III ROS.
2064 Fragmented QRS complexes on 12-lead ECG as a marker of greater myocardial infiltration by cardiac magnetic resonance gadolinium-delayed enhancement images in patients with sarcoidosis

Background In our study we demonstrate that presence of either Qwave and or fQRS complexes on a 12-lead ECG in patients with suspected cardiac involvement of sarcoidosis may indicate the presence of greater infiltrative myocardial disease by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Fragmented QRS complexes (fQRS) on 12-lead ECG are a marker of greater myocardial scarring and were observed in some sarcoid patients (pts).
Vitreous silica bulk and surface self-diffusion analysis by molecular dynamics

Abstract Molecular dynamics simulation was used to investigate the kinetics of self-diffusion in the bulk and on the surface of pristine vitreous silica. Multibody potential functions were used to describe interatomic forces. Activation energies were found to be similar for Si and O self-diffusion and did not vary appreciably between self-diffusion in the bulk and on the surface. For both species in the bulk and on the surface, average activation energies ranged from 113–115 kcal/mol. Oxygen self-diffusivity was found to be only slightly higher than silicon self-diffusivity in the bulk and on the surface. Self-diffusion coefficients in the top 3–7 A of the surface were found to be higher than those of bulk simulations by less than a factor of two. Self-diffusion on the surface was observed to occur by motion of SiO 3 and SiO 4 polyhedra over several angstroms while bulk self-diffusion involved significant neighbor exchange over similar length scales. Surface diffusion through a vapor phase (via desorption and re-adsorption at a distant location on the surface) was not included in the surface data.
Tumour immunotherapy: new tools, new treatment modalities and new T-cell antigens.

Tumour immunology has seen many exciting developments in the last few years. In addition to tumour antigens that are defined by antitumour T- and B-cell responses in patients, the human telomerase reverse transcriptase has been identified by ‘reverse immunology’ as the first truly universal tumour antigen. Molecular remission has been associated with a cancer vaccine that targets the clonal idiotype of B-cell malignancies, and sophisticated cellular vaccines (including fusions of tumour cells and antigen-presenting cells) have demonstrated promising results. Moreover, our capabilities of measuring immunity have been significantly enhanced by novel technology, such as major histocompatibility complex (MHC)–peptide tetramers and ELISPOT analysis. We are now capable of tracking antigen-specific T cells at a single cell level. This review will analyse recent developments and highlight some important issues that need to be addressed in the future.
Phase I trial of uracil-ftorafur, leucovorin, and etoposide: an active all-oral regimen for metastatic breast cancer.

Purpose. To determine the maximum tolerated doses, toxicities, and therapeutic effect of an oral chemotherapy regimen consisting of uracil–ftorafur, etoposide, and leucovorin for metastatic breast cancer.
Near-Infrared Spectroscopy of Amine Salts

The purpose of this investigation was to study the applicability of near-infrared spectroscopy to pharmaceutical analysis. Of particular interest was a model series of aliphatic amine hydrochlorides, and as typical pharmaceutical examples, the sympathomimetic amine salts were studied. Both solid state and chloroform solution spectra were obtained and their qualitative and quantitative applications were evaluated.
Mannosylated bioreducible nanoparticle-mediated macrophage-specific TNF-α RNA interference for IBD therapy

The application of RNA interference (RNAi) for inﬂammatory bowel disease (IBD) therapy has been limited by the lack of non-cytotoxic, efficient and targetable small interfering RNA (siRNA) carriers. TNF-α is the major pro-inflammatory cytokine mainly secreted by macrophages during IBD. Here, a mannosylated bioreducible cationic polymer (PPM) was synthesized and further spontaneously assembled nanoparticles (NPs) assisted by sodium triphosphate (TPP). The TPP-PPM/siRNA NPs exhibited high uniformity (polydispersity index = 0.004), a small particle size (211-275 nm), excellent bioreducibility, and enhanced cellular uptake. Additionally, the generated NPs had negative cytotoxicity compared to control NPs fabricated by branched polyethylenimine (bPEI, 25 kDa) or Oligofectamine (OF) and siRNA. In vitro gene silencing experiments revealed that TPP-PPM/TNF-α siRNA NPs with a weight ratio of 40:1 showed the most efficient inhibition of the expression and secretion of TNF-α (approximately 69.9%, which was comparable to the 71.4% obtained using OF/siRNA NPs), and its RNAi efficiency was highly inhibited in the presence of mannose (20 mm). Finally, TPP-PPM/siRNA NPs showed potential therapeutic effects on colitis tissues, remarkably reducing TNF-α level. Collectively, these results suggest that non-toxic TPP-PPM/siRNA NPs can be exploited as efficient, macrophage-targeted carriers for IBD therapy.
Response of a disk antenna to scalar and tensor gravitational waves

Response of a disk antenna to a completely general Riemann tensor with six possible modes of polarization is analyzed. Only the monopole and quadrupole modes of the antenna are found to couple to an arbitrary gravitational wave. The absorption cross sections of these modes for scalar and tensor waves are calculated numerically. It is pointed out that, with two local disk detectors oriented 90degree with respect to each other, one can not only determine the incident angles and polarization of the wave but also eliminate spurious non-gravitational-wave signals. (AIP)
Theoretical study of the surface structure and vibrations of solid argon

Abstract The influence of zero-point oscillations on the equilibrium structures and the vibrational modes for the (001), (110) and (111) surfaces of solid Ar is investigated at zero temperature. The surface structures are determined by minimizing the total energy, the static lattice energy plus zero-point energy, where the zero-point energy is evaluated from Einstein frequencies. It is found that the interlayer distances near the surface are larger than the values for bulk argon and are also larger than the distances predicted by minimizing only the static lattice energy. Based upon the surface structures determined by each of these two different minimization schemes, the phonon dispersion curves have been calculated for 21 layer slabs. The qualitative features of the dispersion curves in each case are very similar but there is a significant overall reduction in the frequencies calculated using the structures determined by minimizing the total energy, including the zero-point contribution. The rms vibrational amplitudes of atoms near the surface are calculated from the Einstein frequencies and their values relative to the bulk amplitude are the same as those evaluated by Allen and De Wette [Phys. Rev. 179 (1969) 873] from the lattice dynamics of slabs.
Differences in Perspectives regarding Labor Productivity between Spanish- and English-Speaking Craft Workers

The influx of Hispanic workers helped the U.S. construction industry alleviate its shortage of craft workers in the last decade. In 2009, Hispanics accounted for nearly a quarter (22.5%) of the con...
New developments in beam transport through tandem accelerators

Abstract Beam transport through tandem electrostatic accelerators is described with emphasis on frequently encountered transmission problems. New developments in inclined-field acceleration tubes and high-transmission beam optics are presented. A novel use of quadrapole lenses as dispersive elements is proposed as a possible charge selection mechanism for use in the high-voltage terminal. Matrix formulations are given for beam transport through inclined-field tubes and gas and foil beam strippers.
Light-evoked changes in extracellular potassium concentration in mudpuppy retina

Light-evoked changes in extracellular potassium concentration ([K+]0) and field potentials were recorded simultaneously in response to a wide variety of stimuli and at various depths within the retina of Necturus. At both light onset and offset, small diameter flashed stimuli elicit a large increase in [K+]0 in the proximal retina. The depth profile of this K+ increase is nearly identical to that of the proximal negative response (PNR), and both responses exhibit similar behavior to a number of other stimulus parameters. This suggests that the same neurons which generate the PNR may be the source of the observed K+ flux. Large diameter flashed stimuli elicit a slow decrease in [K+]0 in the distal retina and a small increase proximally. The K+ increase occurs at a depth where the b-wave of the electroretinogram is positive going, and where its current source lies. Increasing background light intensity decreases [K+]0 in the distal retina, and generally increases [K+]0 proximally.
Experimental Study on Flow-Front Fingering Instabilities in Injection Molding of Polymer Solutions and Melts

An experimental investigation of the flow behavior of dilute, semi-dilute and concentrated polymer solutions has been carried out to gain a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms leading to the occurrence of instabilities at the advancing flow front during the filling of a mold cavity. Experiments were performed using various mass concentrations of low and high molecular weight polyacrylamide polymers in corn syrup and water. This paper reports a new type of elastic fingering instabilities at the advancing flow front that has been observed only in semi-dilute polymer solutions of high molecular weight polymers. These flow front elastic instabilities seem to arise as a result of a mixture of widely separated high molecular weight polymer molecules and low molecular weight solvent molecules, which gives rise to a largely non-uniform polydisperse solution, with respect to all the kinds of molecules in the resulting mixture (solvent molecules and polymer molecules). The occurrence of these instabilities appears to be independent of the injection flow rate and the cavity thickness. Moreover, these instabilities do not manifest themselves in dilute or concentrated regimes, where respectively, polymer molecules and solvent molecules are minor perturbation of the resulting solution. In those regimes, smooth flow fronts are confirmed from our experiments. Based on these findings, the experimental investigations have been extended to polymer melts. Different mixtures of polycarbonate melts of widely separated molecular weights (low and high molecular weights) were first prepared. The effect of the large polydispersity of the resulting mixtures on the flow front behavior was subsequently studied. The same instabilities at the flow front were observed only in the experiments where a very small amount of high molecular weight polycarbonate polymer has been mixed to a low molecular weight polycarbonate melt (oligomers).Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Laboratory experiments in a baroclinic annulus with heating and cooling on the horizontal boundaries

Experiments have been performed in a cylindrical annulus with horizontal temperature gradients imposed upon the horizontal boundaries and in which the vertical depth was smaller than the width of the annulus. Qualitative observations were made by the use of small, suspended, reflective flakes in the liquid (water). Four basic regimes of flow were observed: (1) axisymmetric flow, (2) deep cellular convection, (3) boundary layer convective rolls, and (4) baroclinic waves. In some cases there was a mix of baroclinic and convective instabilities present. As a 'mean' interior Richardson number was decreased from a value greater than unity to one less than zero, axisymmetric baroclinic instability of the Solberg type was never observed. Rather, the transition was from non-axisymmetric baroclinic waves, to a mix of baroclinic and convective instability, to irregular cellular convection.
Whole-Exome Sequencing Reveals Frequent Genetic Alterations in BAP1, NF2, CDKN2A, and CUL1 in Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma

This is the first unbiased view of the molecular basis of mesothelioma, revealing frequent genetic alterations that will offer a valuable foundation for biologic studies.
Hagai Ron (1944–2012)

Hagai Ron was born on a small kibbutz in Palestine, north of the Dead Sea. He passed away in the presence of his family on 10 September 2012. He is survived by three daughters and four grandchildren. After completing his Ph.D. at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in 1984, he was a postdoctoral scholar at Stanford University, specializing in paleomagnetism and structural geology. He returned to Israel in 1987, building the first paleomagnetic laboratory in Israel at the Geophysical Institute of Israel. In 2001, he moved with his lab to the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, where he stayed until his retirement earlier this year.
Automated System for the Replacement of Raised Pavement Marker

Raised pavement markers are used to delineate roadways because they provide excellent visual, tactile, and auditory feedback to drivers. However, over time, markers can become dull or detach from the road, which necessitates their replacement. New markers must be placed relative to the existing installation, and this has traditionally been done manually while riding in a specially equipped truck. In order to improve cost-efficiency and worker safety, this paper presents a system designed to automate the replacement process. The primary component of the machine is a linear slide, which allows no relative motion of the installation equipment while placing a new marker as the support vehicle continuously moves along the roadway. The carriage on the linear slide is actuated with a pneumatic band cylinder. A laboratory prototype has been developed and fabricated using a conveyor belt to simulate the relative motion of the road. The dynamic model of the band cylinder and carriage is developed and it is verified...
Embedded mesh multigrid treatment of two-dimensional transonic flows

We report the development of a highly flexible computer code which uses a hierarchy of embedded meshes, communicating via multigrid, to solve the axisymmetric or planar viscous transonic flow problem. The purpose of the code is to demonstrate the practicality of techniques sufficiently general to be applicable to complex three-dimensional geometries, and to serve as a test vehicle for mesh communication and relaxation procedures. The code is also of interest in its own right for the fast solution of planar and axisymmetric problems in a very large domain. It consists of a multigrid solver for the full-potential equation (which incorporates the embedded meshes), with a provision for later coupling mass injection to a separate boundary layer program. The principal feature of the code is its treatment of the geometry by means of several levels of locally defined body-fitted meshes embedded in a system of coarser global grids which do not conform to the body. The user may define meshes as large and coarse as desired, in order to solve the problem in a large domain, and also as fine as desired, in order to resolve body geometry and flow field details. The grids need not be coextensive, so that mesh lines placed close to detail features need not extend throughout the field. The intent throughout has been to do nothing whose extension to three dimensions is not straightforward; in particular, global mappings are avoided. We have also emphasized flexible data structures and modular code, with a view toward the development of a highly vectorized three-dimensional version.
Metaphorical transcendence: Images of the holy war in Franklin Roosevelt's first inaugural

Franklin Delano Roosevelt's First Inaugural Address is a prime example of a speech that used metaphor to transcend a recurring rhetorical problem. Roosevelt's twofold task was first to calm, then activate the American people. In service of these conflicted goals, Roosevelt merged two metaphoric clusters, religious and military, into a powerful and familiar image of “holy war,” which drew its strength from the nation's civil‐religious traditions. In so doing, Roosevelt enacted military and religious leadership and called for action in a genre of speech normally focusing on contemplation.
Train-to-Train Impact Test of Crash Energy Management Passenger Rail Equipment: Structural Results

On March 23, 2006, a full-scale test was conducted on a passenger rail train retrofitted with newly developed cab end and non-cab end crush zone designs. This test was conducted as part of a larger testing program to establish the degree of enhanced performance of alternative design strategies for passenger rail crashworthiness. The alternative design strategy is referred to as crash energy management (CEM), where the collision energy is absorbed in defined unoccupied locations throughout the train in a controlled progressive manner. By controlling the deformations at critical locations the CEM train is able to protect against two dangerous modes of deformation: override and large-scale lateral buckling. The CEM train impacted a standing locomotive-led train of equal mass at 31 mph on tangent track. The interactions at the colliding in Interface and between coupled interfaces performed as expected. Crush was pushed back to subsequent crush zones and the moving passenger train remained in-line and upright on the tracks with minimal vertical and lateral motions. The added complexity associated with this test over previous full-scale tests of the CEM design was the need to control the interactions at the colliding interface. between the two very different engaging geometries. The cab end crush zone performed as intended because the locomotive coupler pushed underneath the cab car buffer beam, and the deformable anti-climber engaged the uneven geometry of the locomotive anti-climber and short hood. Space was preserved for the operator as the cab end crush zone collapsed. The coupled interfaces performed as predicted by the analysis and previous testing. The conventional interlocking anti-climbers engaged after the pushback couplers triggered and absorbed the prescribed amount of energy. Load was transferred through the integrated end frame, and progressive controlled collapsed was contained to the energy absorbers at the roof and floor level. The results of this full-scale test have clearly demonstrated the significant enhancement in safety for passengers and crew members involved in a push mode collision with a standing locomotive train.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Ascites tumor fluid and bovine serum albumin as supplements in presomite mouse embryo cultures.

The growth of presomite mouse embryos in culture was studied using mouse Ehrlich ascites tumor fluid and bovine serum albumin as supplements to the tissue culture medium. The best development was observed with a mixture of 10–20% ascites fluid and 2% bovine serum albumin. During 48 h of culture under these condition, embryos grew from egg cylinders to complex structures with neural folds and other organ rudiments. Most embryos had beating hearts, numerous pigmented red blood cells, and a fused chorioallantoic placenta. The results suggest that factors in ascites fluid support differentiation and growth of mouse embryos. Addition of bovine serum albumin was also beneficial for development. Differential sister chromatid staining of cultured embryos showed that ascites fluid increased the rate of clel proliferation as compared with medium containing bovine serum albumin alone, or bovine serum albumin and fetal calf serum. These results with abundant, and readily available supplements may facilitate certain studies of mouse embryo development.
Development and Implementation of a Multidimensional Reservoir Souring Module in a Chemical Flooding Simulator

Abstract Reservoir souring is an after-production phenomenon in reservoirs that are subjected to seawater injection. Souring can damage the reservoir rocks, production facilities, and the environment. In order to predict the onset of reservoir souring, several models have been developed. Study of the published models for the reservoir souring prediction shows that there are many inconsistencies between the simulated results and field data. These differences are due to the capability of the models to consider the effective parameters in the porous media. In this study, we introduce a new model that has more features than previous models in simulation of generation and transportation of H2S in reservoir for the purpose of field applications.
Breast cancer prevention and control among the medically underserved.

In 1986, the National Cancer Institute published its cancer control objectives for the nation, which included projected reductions in breast cancer mortality. The reductions were estimated to be 25.0% from reducing fat, 16.0% from expanding use of breast cancer screening services, and 14.3% from expanding access to state-of-the-art breast cancer treatment. During the same decade, the U.S. population aged and became significantly more ethnically diverse, and accompanying this increase in ethnic diversity was endemic poverty, disproportionately experienced by black and Hispanic minorities. These populations may be seen as medically underserved. With respect to breast cancer, as well as many other cancers, the medically underserved are understudied, not well understood by many in the medical and academic research community, and attended by health care institutions that are under-funded and often do not have the resources necessary to ensure access to state-of-the-art cancer screening, clinical follow-up, diagnosis, and treatment. At the same time, medically underserved women are more likely to be diagnosed with late-stage breast cancer, and some groups (e.g. black women) bear the greatest breast cancer mortality burden in the nation. In this special issue of Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, eight papers describe what we know and what we don't about breast cancer prevention and control in medically underserved populations.
Sensitivity, responsivity, stability and irreversibility as multiple objectives in civil systems

Abstract This paper recommends the consideration of sensitivity, stability, risk, and irreversibility as objective functions in water resource management models within the framework of multiobjective analysis. Six major sources of uncertainties and errors in systems modeling are identified. They are associated with the following model characteristics: model structure (topology), model parameters, model scope or focus, data, optimization technique, and human subjectivity. In particular, the major objective of this paper is to set the stage for the development of an analytical and operational multiobjective framework which will provide decision-makers and plamers with alternatives that consider systems' sensitivity, responsivity, stability and irreversibility along with cost and other performance indices as multiple objectives. This type of a framework should have a very wide spectrum of applications in water and related land resources, environmental studies, energy, and others. The Surrogate Worth Trade-off method is proposed for the solution of the resulting multiobjective optimization problem.
Magnetic ordering in Ba2MnReO6

Abstract The ordered perovskite Ba 2 MnReO 6 has been reported to be ferrimagnetic with a Curie temperature of 105°K and a saturation moment of 3.9 μ B , consistent with antiparallel coupling of spin-only moments of the combination Mn 2+ Re 6+ . Neutron diffraction studies on polycrystalline material have confirmed that the Mn and Re ions are completely ordered chemically. At 4.6°K, two sets of magnetic peaks were observed, the stronger consistent with the ferrimagnetic model, and the weaker characteristic of antiferromagnetic ordering of the first kind, indicative of some canting of the moments in adjacent (001) planes. The moment on the Mn ion was found to be 4.8μ B , but that on the Re ion was found to be less than 0.2 μ B if a localized free-ion form factor is assumed. These results can be interpreted in terms of an extended spin density distribution due to covalent bonding in the ReO 6 clusters.
Current Guidelines for the Treatment of Acute Pain in Children

Premature and full-term neonates, infants and children are capable of experiencing pain just like adults, and deserve aggressive treatment. Assessment of pain is difficult in the preverbal group. However, physiological and behavioural responses to noxious stimuli are well developed even in the fetus, and modifying these responses through treatment can affect outcome. Treatment options include systemic opioid and nonopioid analgesics as well as local anaesthetics, all of which are effective when chosen on the basis of the type and intensity of the pain. Dosage modification is necessary based on age and organ function. Nonopioid analgesics are useful supplements to reduce opioid analgesic dose and should be used when indicated. Drug dependence and withdrawal can be avoided by using the opioids appropriately and following logical weaning schedules after long term use of these agents. Use of needles for administering analgesia is still an intimidating part of the process for young children. The development of drugs having fewer adverse effects and noninvasive administration techniques will be important research priorities in the future.
Structural and magnetic properties of ferromagnetic In1-xMnxAs1-yPy layers

Abstract The structural and magnetic properties of epitaxial In1−xMnxAs1−yPy quaternary layers with Mn content ranging from 0.01 to 0.04 and phosphorous content ranging from 0.11 to 0.21 were studied. X-ray diffraction indicated that the films were two phase consisting of an InMnAsP solid solution and hexagonal MnAs nanoprecipitates. Addition of phosphorus promoted precipitate formation. Films were ferromagnetic showing hysteretic behavior in the field dependence of magnetization at 5 and 298 K. From field-cooled magnetization measurements ferromagnetic transitions were observed at 280 and 325 K. The zero field-cooled magnetization versus temperature measurements showed irreversibility for T
Social Desirability Response Bias in Children's Locus of Control Reports:

As part of a comprehensive evaluation of an in-school parenting education curriculum, 281 junior high school students in a major urban school district completed both the Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale for Children and the Crandall, Crandall, and Katkovsky Children's Social Desirability Questionnaire. Potential differences in influence of social-desirability response bias on the locus scores of students of differing race and sex were explored via zero-order correlations and bivariate regression. Although mean scores of black respondents were significantly higher than those of their white counterparts on measures of social-desirability response bias and external locus of control, Children's Social Desirability scores never accounted for more than 1% of the variance in the locus of control scores of any subgroup.
Physiological history may mask the inherent inducible desiccation tolerance strategy of the desert moss Crossidium crassinerve

Shoots of bryophytes collected in the desiccated state from the field are likely to be hardened to desiccation tolerance (DT) to varying degrees. To account for this, most studies on DT include a relatively short deacclimation period. However, no study has experimentally determined the appropriate deacclimation time for any bryophyte species. Our purposes are to (i) determine if ‘field effects’ are biologically relevant to DT studies and how long a deacclimation period is required to remove them; and (ii) utilise field versus cultured shoot responses within the context of a deacclimation period to elucidate the ecological strategy of DT. Our hypothesis (based on an extensive literature on DT) is that a deacclimation period from 24 to 72 h should be sufficient to eliminate historical stress effects on the physiology of the shoots and allow an accurate determination of the inherent ecological DT strategy (constitutive or inducible). We determined, however, using chlorophyll fluorescence and visual estimates of shoot damage, that field-collected shoots of the desert moss Crossidium crassinerve required an experimental deacclimation period of >7 days before field effects were removed, and revealed an ecological DT strategy of inducible DT. If the deacclimation period was <6 days, the shoot response conformed to an ecological strategy of constitutive protection. Thus the presence of field effects can obscure the ecological strategy of desiccation tolerance exhibited by the species, and this translates into a need to re-evaluate previous mechanistic and ecological studies of desiccation tolerance in plants.
Intrathecal MK-801 and local nerve anesthesia synergistically reduce nociceptive behaviors in rats with experimental peripheral mononeuropathy.

The hyperalgesia and spontaneous pain that occur following peripheral nerve injury may be related to abnormal peripheral input or altered central activity, or both. The present experiments investigated these possibilities by examining the effects of MK-801 (a non-competitive N-methyl-d-aspartate, NMDA, receptor antagonist) and bupivacaine (a local anesthetic agent) on thermal hyperalgesia and spontaneous nociceptive behaviors in rats with painful peripheral mononeuropathy. Peripheral mononeuropathy was produced by loosely ligating the rat's common sciatic nerve, a procedure which causes chronic constrictive injury (CCI) of the ligated nerve. The resulting hyperalgesia to radiant heat and spontaneous nociceptive behaviors was assessed by using a foot-withdrawal test and a spontaneous pain behavior rating method, respectively. CCI rats receiving 4 daily intraperitoneal (i.p.) MK-801 injections (0.03, 0.1, 0.3 mg/kg) beginning 15 min prior to nerve ligation exhibited less hyperalgesia (i.e., longer foot-withdrawal latencies) on days 3, 5, 7, 10, and 15 after nerve ligation as compared to those receiving saline injections. Thermal hyperalgesia also was reduced when a single MK-801 injection was given intrathecally (i.t.) onto the spinal cord lumbar segments on Day 3 after nerve ligation. This effect of postinjury MK-801 treatment was dose-dependent (2.5 – 20 nmol) and lasted for at least 48 h after injection. Moreover, i.t. injection of MK-801 (10 nmol) reliably lowered spontaneous pain behavior rating scores in CCI rats compared to those in the saline group. The spinal site of MK-801 action is situated within the caudal (probably lumbar) spinal cord, since i.t. injection of MK-801 (10 nmol) onto the spinal cord thoracic segments did not affect thermal hyperalgesia. Local anesthesia of the ligated sciatic nerve induced by a single perinerve bupivacaine injection on Day 3 after nerve ligation reliably reduced thermal hyperalgesia when tested 24 h after injection, indicating that abnormal peripheral input contributes to maintenance of neuropathic pain. While i.t. MK-801 (2.5 nmol) or local nerve anesthesia on Day 3 after nerve ligation attenuated thermal hyperalgesia for less than 48 h after injection, the combined application of MK-801 and bupivacaine extended the duration of the attenuation of thermal hyperalgesia for at least 4 days after injection. The data indicate that the central blockade of NMDA receptors and peripheral nerve anesthesia synergistically attenuate nociceptive behaviors associated with peripheral mononeuropathy. The results suggest that hyperalgesia and spontaneous pain behaviors following constrictive nerve injury may be related to both abnormal peripheral input and altered central activity involving NMDA receptor activation. These results also suggest novel approaches to the clinical management of postinjury neuropathic pain syndromes.
Single-Cell Mass Cytometry Analysis of Human Tonsil T Cell Remodeling by Varicella Zoster Virus

Summary Although pathogens must infect differentiated host cells that exhibit substantial diversity, documenting the consequences of infection against this heterogeneity is challenging. Single-cell mass cytometry permits deep profiling based on combinatorial expression of surface and intracellular proteins. We used this method to investigate varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infection of tonsil T cells, which mediate viral transport to skin. Our results indicate that VZV induces a continuum of changes regardless of basal phenotypic and functional T cell characteristics. Contrary to the premise that VZV selectively infects T cells with skin trafficking profiles, VZV infection altered T cell surface proteins to enhance or induce these properties. Zap70 and Akt signaling pathways that trigger such surface changes were activated in VZV-infected naive and memory cells by a T cell receptor (TCR)-independent process. Single-cell mass cytometry is likely to be broadly relevant for demonstrating how intracellular pathogens modulate differentiated cells to support pathogenesis in the natural host.
Hemicholinium-3 binding sites in rat brain: a quantitative autoradiographic study.

Quantitative in vitro autoradiography was used to study the distribution of [3H]hemicholinium-3 ([3H]HC-3) binding sites in the rat brain. Regional concentrations of HC-3 binding sites were corrected for regional tissue quenching of tritium in a number of brain structures. Specific binding of 10 nM [3H]HC-3 was highest in the interpeduncular nucleus, followed by the caudate-putamen, olfactory tubercle, amygdala, and the medial and lateral habenulae. There was a high positive correlation between regional HC-3 binding and choline acetyltransferase activity in rat brain; however, a novel pattern of the distribution of cholinergic terminals in the subnuclei of the interpeduncular nucleus was discovered. The apparent Kd in the 1–5 nM range and the pharmacological specificity of the HC-3 binding site agreed with data for choline uptake and for the HC-3 binding site as determined in membrane preparations. HC-3 autoradiography appears to be a useful anatomical marker for cholinergic terminals.
Qualitative and quantitative differences in the operant runway behavior of rats working for cocaine and heroin reinforcement

Animals were trained to traverse a straight alley for drug reinforcement consisting of five IV injections of either 0.75 mg/kg/injection cocaine (n = 6) or 0.06 mg/kg/injection heroin (n = 6). Testing involved single daily trials during which the latency to leave the start box and the time required to traverse the alley were recorded for each animal. In addition, input from 12 pairs of infrared photocell detector/emittors placed along the length of the alley provided information on the precise location of the animal at 0.1-s intervals throughout the course of each trial. This information was recorded by computer and provided the basis for construction of graphic representations of each trial in the form of spatiotemporal records that revealed the precise route the subject took in getting to the goal box. The experiment revealed substantial differences in the runway behavior of heroin and cocaine animals. While the heroin group exhibited typical patterns of operant performance in that both start latency and goal times decreased gradually over the course of the experiment, cocaine animals were reliably slower than heroin subjects to leave the start box and exhibited a progressive increase in goal times over trials. The latter effect appeared to be a consequence of a "stop and retreat" behavior that was observed in all six cocaine subjects and increased in frequency as the experiment progressed. Because the runway behaviors exhibited here were emitted prior to delivery of the drug reinforcer, they suggest that the motivational state underlying drug-seeking behavior is qualitatively different for heroin- and cocaine-reinforced animals.
High-mass diffraction and Regge behavior of total cross sections☆

Abstract We consider a modified two-component model of particle production in which diffractive excitation into high mass states gives a contribution to K±p, π±p and pp total cross sections of sufficient magnitude and with the proper associated threshold to be a possible explanation of deviations of σtot from Regge pole model fits at Serpukhov energies. We present tests of the model. for K+p scattering by extrapolating σtot to National Accelerator Laboratory energies and by calculating the high mass diffraction contribution to the forward peak in inclusive reactions. The consistency of this scheme is discussed in relation to the pomeron intercept and the form of the triple-pomeron coupling.
Surface Fatigue Life of High Temperature Gear Materials

Three high temperature gear materials were evaluated using spur gear surface fatigue tests. These materials were, VASCO max 350, VASCO matrix 2, and nitralloy N and were evaluated for possible use in high temperature gear applications. The fatigue life of the three high temperature gear materials were compared with the life of the standard AISI 9310 aircraft gear material. Surface fatigue tests were conducted at a lubricant inlet temperature of 321 K (120 F), a lubricant outlet temperature of 350 K (170 F), a maximum Hertz stress of 1.71 GPa (248 ksi), a speed of 10,000 rpm, and with a synthetic paraffinic lubricant. The life of the nitralloy N was approximately the same as the AISI 9310, the life of the VASCO max 350 was much less than the AISI 9310 while the life of the VASCO matrix 2 was several times the life of the AISI 9310. The VASCO max 350 also showed very low fracture toughness with approximately half of the gears failed by tooth fracture through the fatigue spall. The VASCO matrix 2 had approximately 10-percent fracture failure through the fatigue spalls indicating moderate to good fracture toughness.
Novel approaches to imaging epilepsy by MRI.

As the concept of a network of injury has emerged in the treatment of epilepsy, the importance of evaluating that network noninvasively has also grown. Recently, studies utilizing magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging, manganeseenhanced MRI and functional (f)MRI measures of resting state connectivity have demonstrated their ability to detect injury and dysfunction in cerebral networks involved in the propagation of seizures. The ability to noninvasively detect neuronal injury and dysfunction throughout cerebral networks should improve surgical planning, provide guidance for placement of devices that target network propagation and provide insights into the mechanisms of recurrence following resective surgery.
Subconjunctival injections and povidone-iodine washings for the treatment of giant fornix syndrome.

Purpose:Giant fornix syndrome is a chronic copiously purulent conjunctivitis seen in elderly patients with dehiscence of the levator palpebrae superioris aponeurosis. We report a case of giant fornix syndrome secondary to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus conjunctivitis that was recalcitra
Positive feedback drives carbon release from soils to atmosphere during Paleocene/Eocene warming

The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) is the most rapid climatic warming event in the Cenozoic and informs us how the Earth system responds to large-scale changes to the carbon cycle. Warming was triggered by a massive release of 13C depleted carbon to the atmosphere, evidenced by negative carbon isotope excursions (CIE) in nearly every carbon pool on Earth. Differences in these CIEs can give insight into the response of different ecosystems to perturbations in the carbon cycle. Here we present records of δ13Ccc of pedogenic carbonates and δ13Corg from preserved soil organic matter in corresponding paleosols to understand changes to soil carbon during the PETM. CIEs during the event are larger in pedogenic carbonates than preserved organic matter for corresponding paleosols at three sites across two continents. The difference in the CIEs within soil carbon pools can be explained by increased respiration and carbon turnover rates of near-surface labile soil carbon. Increased rates of labile carbon cycling combined with decreases in the amount of preserved organic carbon in soils during the PETM suggests a decrease in the size of the soil carbon pool, resulting in a potential increase in atmospheric pCO2 and a positive feedback with warming. The PETM is a model for how the earth system responds to warming, and this mechanism would suggest that soils might serve as a large source for atmospheric CO2 during warming events.
The cycle of violence: The life histories of 43 death row inmates.

The life histories of 43 men on death row were examined in a qualitative analysis of the multiple intermediary factors in the cycle of violence. Severe and multiple forms of abuse were endemic in this sample of men. Abuse was typically multigenerational and almost universally linked to intergenerational substance abuse. After experiencing abuse, the majority of these men manifested extensive developmental problems, from severe difficulties in school to chronic relationship and occupational problems. For most, the transition to adulthood was seriously compromised. Results are discussed in terms of the interaction between developmental trauma and masculine socialization.
Production Adjustments for Consumer Durables and the Great Moderation

Explanations for the Great Moderation in GDP volatility have included improved management of inventory schedules, the good luck of smaller economic shocks, and better anti-inflation policy. This article provides direct evidence on the changes in production behavior underlying these explanations within a market model for consumer durable goods. Long-run price and sales elasticities are estimated using VECMs for 1959 through 1983 (period I) and 1984 through 2008 (period II). Significant and more effective adjustments to output growth in response to both market disequilibria and changes in demand occur in period II and contribute to the reduced volatility observed. During that time, 95 percent of market disequilibrium gaps were closed after four quarters, and current output adjusted to accommodate 90 percent of demand changes occurring during the preceding three quarters.
Path-based and node-based inference in semantic networks

Two styles of performing inference in semantic networks are presented and compared. Path-based inference allows an arc or a path of arcs between two given nodes to be inferred from the existence of another specified path between the same two nodes. Path-based inference rules may be written using a binary relational calculus notation. Node-based inference allows a structure of nodes to be inferred from the existence of an instance of a pattern of node structures. Node-based inference rules can be constructed in a semantic network using a variant of a predicate calculus notation. Path-based inference is more efficient, while node-based inference is more general. A method is described of combining the two styles in a single system in order to take advantage of the strengths of each. Applications of path-based inference rules to the representation of the extensional equivalence of intensional concepts, and to the explication of inheritance in hierarchies are sketched.
Rate of Transfer of DDT from the Blood Compartment

The rate of decline of DDT from the blood has been shown to be quite rapid and recovery of pesticide from the blood has been related to the recovery of lipid from the blood.
SU‐FF‐I‐13: Organ Doses From Cone‐Beam CT in Radiation Therapy

Purpose: Daily use of cone‐beam computed tomography(CBCT) for patient position verification can lead to a substantial dose to a large volume of normal tissue outside of the planned target volume. The purpose of this work is to quantify this dose for the two kilovoltage CBCT systems currently available on medicallinear accelerators, namely the X‐ray Volumetric Imager (XVI®, Elekta Oncology Systems) and the On‐Board Imager (OBI®, Varian Medical Systems). Method and Materials: An adult male anthropomorphic phantom was constructed from three tissue equivalent materials representing lung, bone, and soft tissue. To perform dose measurements within the phantom, a new fiber optic coupled (FOC) dosimeter was also developed and characterized. A total of three clinically relevant scan sites were investigated for each machine: head and neck, chest, and pelvis. For each scan site, the dose to a total of 25 organs was measured based on recommendations by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) Publication 103 for the evaluation of effective dose.Results: The dose to organs inside the CBCT scan volume was found to be as high as 30 mGy. Due to the large field‐of‐view (FOV) of CBCT and associated radiation scatter, a substantial dose to organs outside of the scan volume was also observed and in some cases this dose was nearly 50% of the dose to organs inside of the scan volume. Conclusions: Results indicate that daily CBCTimaging in a high fraction therapy regimen can result in a substantial dose to organs well outside the planned target volume and should be taken into consideration during the treatment planning and delivery process.
PEDESTAL, SOL AND DIVERTOR PLASMA PROPERTIES IN DIII-D RMP ELM-SUPPRESSED DISCHARGES AT ITER-RELEVANT EDGE COLLISIONALITY

Large Type-I edge localized modes (ELMs) were completely suppressed by applying edge resonant magnetic perturbations (RMPs) in DIII-D H-mode plasmas with the same low pedestal collisionality (v* e ∼ 0.1) as in ITER. The RMP suppressed ELMs by reducing the edge pressure gradient through a reduction in the pedestal density gradient. Divertor emission profiles showed increases in toroidally localized D ∝ and carbon ion emission and carbon emission throughout both divertor legs. The lowest density ELM-suppressed discharges showed elevated levels of carbon in the core plasma. The data and boundary simulations indicate that the divertor strikepoints make a transition from a high recycling regime during the ELMing phase to a sheath-limited regime during ELM suppression in the lowest density plasmas. ELM suppression during scans of RMP amplitude, injected power and density suggests a possible optimum combination of these actuators for ELM control, without elevated impurity levels, that is extrapolatable to ITER.