cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of NAD, nicotinamide and nicotinic acid on cyclic AMP accumulation by fat cells.

The addition of exogenous nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) to isolated rat fat cells at concentrations between 1 and 10 μmol markedly inhibited the rise in cyclic AMP accumulation due to norepinephrine. Catabolism of NAD to adenosine did not account for the inhibitory effect since NAD was effective in the presence of adenosine deaminase. The bovine fraction V albumin in which fat cells were incubated contained a substantial amount of glycohydrolase which cleaved NAD to nicotinamide. Incubation of fat cells in albumin-free medium did not abolish the inhibitory effect of NAD, and under these conditions there was little degradation of NAD to nicotinamide during the first 10 min of incubation. Fat cells cleave NAD, in the medium to nicotinamide mononucleotide which does not inhibit cyclic AMP accumulation. NADH, NADP and nicotinic acid mononucleotide were less effective as inhibitors of cyclic AMP accumulation than NAD or deamido NAD. Ineffective as inhibitors were NADPH, nicotinamide mononucleotide, and 1-methyl nicotinamide. N′-methyl nicotinamide was as potent as nicotinamide while nicotinic acid was 100- to 500fold more effective than either compound as an inhibitor of cyclic AMP accumulation. Incubation of fat cells with 100 μM but not 10 μM NAD for 5 min resulted in a decrease in the subsequent accumulation of cyclic AMP by rat fat cell ghosts.
Absence of Biological Effects of Oxidized Parathyroid Hormone-(1-3 4) in Dogs and Rats*

Recent studies have shown that oxidation of bovine PTH-(1-34) [bPTH-(1-34)] with H2O2 abolished the vascular effects of PTH in rats and dogs, but the hypercalcemic effect of the oxidized PTH was preserved in the Japanese quail in vivo. These observations seem at variance with previous studies from our laboratory in the isolated perfused canine tibia preparation in which no uptake of immunoreactive PTH or stimulation of cAMP release was demonstrated during infusion of oxidized bPTH-(1-34). The present studies examine the skeletal and renal effects of oxidized PTH-(1-34) in rats and dogs in vivo. Oxidation of PTH with H2O2 reduced its activation of adenylate cyclase by 95% in dog renal cortical membrane. Awake normal dogs were studied before and during the infusion of bPTH-(1-34) or oxidized PTH-(1-34) (4 U/kg X h). With active PTH, ionized Ca+2 rose in each dog (range, 0.7-1.5 mg/dl), while with oxidized PTH, Ca+2 remained within 0.1 mg/dl of the baseline values. Fractional excretion of PO4 rose from 1.58 +/- 0.6% to 29.5 +/- 2.5% with active PTH and from 1.4 +/- 0.4% to 5.7 +/- 1% with oxidized PTH. The latter did not differ from the value in vehicle-infused dogs. Further studies were performed in 30 acutely parathyroidectomized rats. Plasma Ca+2 rose from 8.2 +/- 0.1 to 9.0 +/- 0.3 mg/dl with active PTH (20 micrograms/kg), fell to 7.7 +/- 0.2 with oxidized PTH, and fell to 7.3 +/- 0.3 mg/dl with vehicle. In parathyroid-intact rats plasma Ca+2 increased by 0.9 mg/dl whether given active PTH, oxidized PTH, or vehicle. We conclude that oxidation of bPTH-(1-34) results in loss of both the renal and skeletal effects of PTH in vivo in rats and dogs.
Identification of a novel ligand-receptor pair constitutively activated by ras oncogenes.

The Ras signaling pathway is thought to control the expression of a subset of yet to be defined genes that are crucial for cell growth and differentiation. Here we have identified by differential display a novel oncogenic Ras target, mob-5, encoding a 23-kDa cytokine-like secreted protein. Mob-5 expression could be induced by oncogenic Ha-ras and Ki-ras, but not by normal ras activation. Inhibitors of both Ha-Ras and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase completely abolished the mob-5 expression in ras transformed cells, with concomitant loss of the transformation phenotype. Using an alkaline phosphatase-tagged Mob-5 as ligand, a putative Mob-5 receptor was identified on the cell surface of oncogenic ras transformed cells. Thus, the Mob-5/Mob-5 receptor may represent a novel putative autocrine loop coordinately activated by rasoncogenes.
ANALYSIS OF BIT-SPLIT LANGUAGES FOR PACKET SCANNING AND EXPERIMENTS WITH WILDCARD MATCHING

Monitoring traffic payloads to detect the occurrence of suspicious patterns has proven to be a useful and necessary tool for network security. Bit-splitting breaks the problem of monitoring payloads to detect such patterns into several parallel components, each of which searches for a particular bit pattern. We analyze bit-splitting as applied to Aho-Corasick style string matching and present a formal treatment of bit-slicing to prove correctness and to provide bounds on the NFA to DFA conversion of the Aho-Corasick type machine used for bit-splitting. The problem can be viewed as the recovery of a special class of regular languages over product alphabets from a collection of homomorphic images. Furthermore, in an attempt to extend the flexibility and applicability of the original bit-splitting algorithm, we explore the expressiveness and limitations of bit-slicing with respect to wildcard matching applications.
Neuronal populations of the human periaqueductal gray, nucleus lateralis.

The present communication is part of a study designed to explore the neuronal populations and the organization of the periaqueductal gray matter (PAG). The data presented here deals exclusively with the nucleus lateralis (PAGL) and is based upon Golgi studies of 14 human brainstems. In this investigation 400 cells were measured and classified. Axonal origin, axonal and dendritic ramifications, and spine population were studied. The data demonstrate that morphologically the PAGL is comprised of a heterogeneous population of small and medium sized neurons consisting of three major cell types: vertical cells, stellate cells, and horizontal cells. Observations of axonal pathways and dendritic ramifications describes an anatomical substrate for direct communication between the PAGL and the superior colliculus, which includes a system of axonal projections from the PAGL into the superior colliculus. The cells of origin of this pathway have been identified as being primarily vertical and stellate cells. It is anticipated that these data will provide the groundwork for further detailed study of PAGL neurons and for identifying specific neuronal populations with their functional roles.
Doppler Echocardiographic Methods for Optimization of the Atrioventricular Delay during Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy

Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is beneficial for a majority of patients with medically refractory heart failure due to severe left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction and prolonged interventricular conduction to improve symptoms and LV performance. An optimally programmed atrioventricular delay (AVD) during CRT can be also important to maximize the response in left ventricular function. Several Doppler echocardiographic methods have been reported to be useful for determination of the optimal AVD. This review will discuss the various Doppler-based approaches to program the AVD in patients that receive CRT.
Airborne lidar observations of Arctic polar stratospheric clouds: Indications of two distinct growth stages

Airborne lidar observations of Arctic polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) during January 1984 and January 1986 show contrast suggestive of two distinct PSC growth stages delineated by the frost-point temperature. Results obtained at temperatures 2-6 K above the frost point indicate a stage of significant, but limited, particle growth such as proposed in recent models of PSC formation by co-deposition of HNO3 and H2O vapors. Results obtained at a temperature near the frost point indicate the formation of somewhat larger crystalline particles.
Interpreting the widespread nonlinear force spectra of intermolecular bonds

Single molecule force spectroscopy probes the strength, lifetime, and energetic details of intermolecular interactions in a simple experiment. A growing number of these studies have reported distinctly nonlinear trends in rupture force with loading rate that are typically explained in conventional models by invoking complex escape pathways. Recent analyses suggested that these trends should be expected even for simple barriers based on the basic assumptions of bond rupture dynamics and thus may represent the norm rather than the exception. Here we explore how these nonlinear trends reflect the two fundamental regimes of bond rupture: (i) a near-equilibrium regime, produced either by bond reforming in the case of a single bond or by asynchronized rupture of multiple individual bonds, and (ii) a kinetic regime produced by fast, non-equilibrium bond rupture. We analyze both single- and multi-bonded cases, describe the full evolution of the system as it transitions between near- and far-from-equilibrium loading regimes, and show that both interpretations produce essentially identical force spectra. Data from 10 different molecular systems show that this model provides a comprehensive description of force spectra for a diverse suite of bonds over experimentally relevant loading rates, removes the inconsistencies of previous interpretations of transition state distances, and gives ready access to both kinetic and thermodynamic information about the interaction. These results imply that single-molecule binding free energies for a vast number of bonds have already been measured.
Detection of HIV-1 Minority Variants Containing the K103N Drug-Resistance Mutation Using a Simple Method to Amplify RNA Targets (SMART)

The simple method for amplifying RNA targets (SMART) was used to detect K103N, a common HIV-1 reverse transcriptase drug-resistance mutation. Novel amplifiable SMART probes served as reporter molecules for RNA sequences that are captured and separated on a microfluidic platform under zero-flow conditions. Assays were performed both off chip and in a microchip reservoir using a modified version of real-time nucleic acid sequence-based amplification, without the noncyclic phase, and 65°C preheat. A total of 6000 copies/mL of the synthetic sequences were detected within 180 minutes of amplification. Although the sensitivity of research platforms is higher, SMART has the potential to offer comparable sensitivity and speed to commercially available viral load and HIV detection kits. Furthermore, SMART uses an inexpensive, practical, and more accurate isothermal exponential amplification technique. The use of molecular beacons resulted in relatively fast real-time detection (
Test Particle Diffusion and the Failure of Integration along Unperturbed Orbits

This paper discusses a new effect in the kinetic theory of single species plasmas in the guidingcenter regime rc ? lD . If two guiding centers collide once, their velocities parallel to the magnetic field are eventually reversed through interactions with surrounding particles, and the same two guiding centers then collide several times. These multiple collisions are ignored in the method of integration along unperturbed orbits (IUO) that is usually applied in plasma kinetic theory problems. This effect leads to a factor of 3 enhancement in the predicted rate of collisional test particle diffusion as compared to theory based on IUO. The new prediction is in agreement with recent experiments. [S0031-9007(97)04177-X] The collisional diffusion of test particles across a magnetic field has recently been measured in a single species ion plasma confined in a Penning-Malmberg trap in the regime rc ? lD (where rc is the cyclotron radius and lD is the Debye length) [1]. In this paper we present a calculation of the collisional test particle diffusion coefficient D , and compare it to the measurement. The calculation involves a novel effect in plasma kinetic theory: an enhanced diffusion coefficient arising from multiple binary collisions between the same pair of particles. The multiple collisions are caused by velocity diffusion of the particle trajectories. Before we can explain this new effect, we must first explain why previous theoretical calculations of the test particle diffusion coefficient fail to reproduce the experimental data. The well-known classical diffusion coefficient [2],
Mechanism of action of the wheat germ ribosome dissociation factor: Interaction with the 60 S subunit

Abstract Recently a ribosome dissociation factor that stimulates natural mRNA translation has been isolated from extracts of wheat germ. In this investigation, we have studied the subunit site of action of the purified ribosome dissociation factor (eucaryotic initiation), eIF-6. The following evidence strongly indicates that eIF-6 acts as a dissociation factor by binding to the 60 S ribosomal subunit and preventing its interaction with the 40 S subunit. Incubation of 60 S subunits with eIF-6 reduces the formation of 80 S monosomes when 40 S subunits are subsequently added at 5 m m Mg2+. The 40 S subunits preincubated with eIF-6 reassociate normally with 60 S subunits. 14C-labeled eIF-6 binds to 60 S subunits but not to 40 S subunits. Slight binding to 80 S ribosomes is also observed. The interaction of eIF-6 with the 60 S subunit requires an elevated temperature, and occurs rapidly at 37 °C.
Iron artifacts from the land of Kush

Abstract Iron artifacts excavated at Arminna and Toshka West in Lower Nubia by the Pennsylvania–Yale Expedition to Egypt fall into two classes representing separate metallurgical styles. Artifacts from the Early through Late Meroitic periods (300 BC–AD 370), many of which are arrow, lance, or harpoon points, have high contents of phosphorus and arsenic; sophisticated, high-quality forge work; placement of steel at working edges; and the frequent use of piling. Artifacts from the X-Group and Christian periods (AD 370–1100) are of less distinguished metal quality, and lack features that define a distinct metallurgical style. Available evidence indicates that the Meroitic-period artifacts are products of the large-scale smelting of iron revealed by the furnace remains and massive slag piles found at Meroe, and represent a metallurgical tradition distinct from those of either sub-Saharan Africa or the Mediterranean basin. Martensite is absent in all of the artifacts. Steel was placed at the cutting edge of an Early Meroitic chisel.
Semi-active vibration control with piezoelectric materials as variable-stiffness actuators

In this paper, a semi-active control law is used to switch the electrical shunt circuit of a piezoelectric actuator for energy dissipation in a simple mechanical system. Switching is done between open-circuit (high stiffness) and short- or resistive-circuit (low stiffness) states. The actuator is held in its high stiffness state when the system is moving such that energy can be stored in the actuator. When the system's motion would cause it to receive energy back from the actuator, the actuator is switched to a low stiffness state, dissipating the energy. In this numerical study, the state- switched piezoelectric system is used to suppress motions in flexural bending problem.
Long-range interactions and the quantum Hall effect.

We have studied the consequences of long-range interactions for the properties of the quasiparticles in the quantum Hall effect. We find that the quasiparticle states have long-range tails in their current and density distributions. These tails are an effect of Landau-level mixing and are absent if the state space is restricted to the lowest Landau level. We also discuss a violation of the spin-statistics relation for the quasiparticles.
Association between aspirin use and the prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a cross‐sectional study from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Summary Background Many basic mechanistic studies found that aspirin inhibited multiple pathways involved in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) development. Aim To investigate an association between aspirin use and NAFLD prevalence in the general US population. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). We included 11 416 adults aged 20–74 years who underwent ultrasonography; of those, 2889 were identified as having NAFLD and 8527 as controls. Aspirin use during the month prior to interview was categorised as never use (0 times), occasional use (1–14 times) and regular use (≥15 times). Results In the multivariate unconditional logistic regression analysis, regular relative to no aspirin use was inversely associated with prevalent NAFLD [odds ratio (OR) = 0.62, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.51–0.74; P for trend = 0.04], a finding that was primarily limited to men (OR = 0.32, 95% CI 0.23–0.45; P for interaction 60 years) (OR = 0.21, 95% CI 0.14–0.30; P for interaction < 0.01). Conclusion These findings, from the first human study to investigate an association of aspirin use with NAFLD, suggest that regular aspirin use (≥ 15 times per month) may be associated with a lower prevalence of NAFLD, primarily among men and older patients.
A Generalization of the Hermitian and Skew-Hermitian Splitting Iteration

This paper is concerned with a generalization of the Hermitian and skew-Hermitian (HSS) splitting iteration for solving positive definite, non-Hermitian linear systems. It is shown that the new scheme can outperform the standard HSS method in some situations and can be used as an effective preconditioner for certain linear systems in saddle point form. Numerical experiments using discretizations of incompressible flow problems demonstrate the effectiveness of the generalized HSS preconditioner.
IGF‐I Production by Mouse Osteoblasts

Mouse osteoblasts contain and secrete insulinlike growth factor I (IGF-I), which can be measured by radioimmunoassay after separation from endogenous IGF-I binding activity. Our studies indicate that IGF-I is produced by all bone cell populations prepared by sequential digestion of mouse calvaria with collagenase and protease. Furthermore, relatively small amounts of IGF-I are cell associated, and IGF-I is recovered primarily in the cell medium after 24 h of culture. Basal IGF-I secretion is also density dependent, and secretion per cell is approximately 20-fold higher when cultures are inoculated at 0.125 versus 1.0 × 105 cells per cm2. Growth hormone increased the secretion of IGF-I only in cells released in the earlier stages of digestion. These growth hormone-responsive populations were previously shown to differ from late released cells in that they show a lower expression of the osteoblastic phenotype, harbor more EGF receptors per cell, and have a higher proliferative response to low doses of exogenous IGF-I and EGF. These data reaffirm the presence of different subclasses of bone cells in populations obtained by sequential digestion of bone and suggest that growth hormone stimulates IGF-I secretion by immature osteoblasts
Hydrothermal Syntheses and Structures of Three-Dimensional Oxo-fluorovanadium Phosphates: [H2N(C2H4)2NH2]0.5[(VO)4V(HPO4)2(PO4)2F2(H2O)4] · 2H2O and K2[(VO)3(PO4)2F2(H2O)] · H2O

Abstract The hydrothermal reactions of FPO 3 H 2 with vanadium oxides result in the incorporation of fluoride into V–P–O frameworks as a consequence of metal-mediated hydrolysis of the fluorophosphoric acid to produce F − and PO 3− 4 . By exploiting this convenient source of F − , two 3-dimensional oxo-fluorovanadium phosphate phases were isolated, [H 2 N(C 2 H 4 ) 2 NH 2 ] 0.5 [(VO) 4 V(HOP 4 ) 2 (PO 4 ) 2 F 2 (H 2 O) 4 ) · 2H 2 O (1 · 2H 2 O) and K 2 [(VO) 3 (PO 4 ) 2 F 2 (H 2 O)] · H 2 O (2 · H 2 O). Both anionic frameworks contain (V IV O)–F − -phosphate layers, with confacial bioctahedral {(V IV O) 2 FO 6 } units as the fundamental motif. In the case of 1, the layers are linked through {V III O 6 } octahedra, while for 2 the interlayer connectivity is provided by edge-sharing {(V IV O) 2 F 2 O 6 } units. Crystal data are 1 · 2H 2 O, CH 10 FN 0.5 O 13 P 2 V 2.5 , monoclinic C 2/ m , a = 18.425(4) A, c = 8.954(2) A, β = 93.69(2) 0 , V = 1221.1(4) A 3 , Z = 4, D calc = 2.423 g cm −3 ; 2 · H 2 O, H 4 F 2 K 2 O 13 P 2 V 3 , triclinic P 1 , a = 7.298(1) A, b = 8.929(2) A, c = 10.090(2) A, α = 104.50(2) 0 , β = 100.39(2) 0 , δ = 92.13(2) 0 , V = 623.8(3) A 3 , Z = 2, D calc = 2.891 g cm −3 .
Evolutionary form-finding of tensegrity structures

Tensegrity structures are stable 3-dimensional mechanical structures which maintain their form due to an intricate balance of forces between disjoint rigid elements and continuous tensile elements. Tensegrity structures can give rise to lightweight structures with high strength-to-weight ratios and their utility has been appreciated in architecture, engineering and recently robotics. However, the determination of connectivity patterns of the rigid and tensile elements which lead to stable tensegrity is challenging. Available methods are limited to the use of heuristic guidelines, hierarchical design based on known components, or mathematical methods which can explore only a subset of the space. This paper investigates the use of evolutionary algorithms in the form-finding of tensegrity structures. It is shown that an evolutionary algorithm can be used to explore the space of arbitrary tensegrity structures which are difficult to design using other methods, and determine new, non-regular forms. It suggests that evolutionary algorithms can be used as the basis for a general design methodology for tensegrity structures.
Geometric isomerization of spiropentane

A degenerate reaction of spiropentane has been elucidated by the synthesis and thermal interconversion of cis- and trans-1,2-dideuteriospiropentane. The activation parameters for the isomerization have been obtained.
Vocal congruence in mother-infant play.

Turn-taking is the fundamental temporal structure of adult dialogue. This structure defines two types of joint silence: intrapersonal pause (silence bounded by the vocalizations of a single speaker) and switching pause (silence bounded by the vocalizations of different speakers). Switching pauses mark the boundaries of the turn exchange. In adult conversation the mean durations of both types of pause are characteristically matched between partners. This matching, termed “vocal congruence,” occurs developmentally earlier in the case of switching pauses. We hypothesized and confirmed that mothers and infants match switching pauses but not intrapersonal pauses at 4 months, even though the infants' vocalizations are prelinguistic. Second, since there are known affective correlates of vocal congruence in adult conversation, we hypothesized a similar affective correlate for mother-infant vocal congruence. We found, for the intrapersonal pause only, that the degree of matching within a dyad correlated with infant affective engagement. We conclude, from switching pause congruence, that a turntaking dialogic structure is being regulated in the mother-infant pair at 4 months in the same way as seen in adult conversation. Thus, both the temporal structure of adult dialogue and its affective correlate are prelinguistic.
The influence of the heat regulatory mechanism on Raynaud's disease☆☆☆

Abstract The influence of body heat regulation was observed in cases of Raynaud's disease. It was found that: (1) with the hands kept warm, cooling the body will cause an attack of vasospasm; (2) warming the body will relieve an attack; (3) warming the body will not prevent an attack if the hands are exposed to cold; and (4) the warming effect of food was inadequate to influence the vasospasm. It is concluded that body heat regulation may have influence on the vasospasm of Raynaud's disease. This constitutes further evidence that normal forms of stimulation may give rise to an exaggerated vascular response. It suggests that a local abnormality causes this excessive spastic reaction from several diverse motivating factors.
Single-lane single-fluor sequencing using dideoxy-labeled, heavy-atom-modified near-IR fluorescent dyes

Using a near-IR (NIR) fluorescence detection system and labels synthesized in our laboratories, electropherograms of oligonucleotides separated by capillary gel electrophoresis and detected using NIR fluorescence will be presented. The sequence of nucleotide bases was determined using a single-lane, single-dye technique. The molar concentrations of the ddNTP's used during extension reactions were varied in order to achieve a ratio of 4:2:1:0 (A:C:G:T) which allowed the identification of each terminal base via fluorescence intensity measurements. Sequencing ladders were prepared from the template, M13mp18, using standard Sanger dideoxy chain termination techniques, the modified T7 DNA polymerase, and a NIR-labeled M13 primer. The data indicated reliable sequence determination up to 300 bases with a base-calling accuracy of 90%. In order to eliminate the need for dye-labeled primers and the T7 DNA polymerase enzyme, we have developed a sequencing strategy which utilizes dye-labeled dideoxy nucleotides in a single-lane, single-fluor approach. Base-calling is accomplished by measuring the fluorescence lifetime of intramolecular heavy-atom modified dyes.
Transnational Migration, Social Capital and Lifelong Learning in the USA.

At the beginning of the twenty‐first century, immigration continues to be a powerful force that shapes the US demographic landscape and hence influences all aspects of US lifeways. Unlike past wave...
Modeling and analysis of value added services using message sequence charts

A value added service is an extension to the basic call/session establishment functionality of a network. Different teams develop services independently or in order to handle complexity, a service is often specified individually without any consideration to existing ones. These different services may behave correctly when they run separately, but may interact in a negative manner when they are integrated. This is known as service interaction. In this paper, we tackle the problem of service interaction detection in a formal setup. We use message sequence charts (MSC) to specify the behaviors of services as well as their properties. In our specification style, high-level MSC (HMSC) is used to describe the behavior of services from the user point of view, while basic MSCs (bMSCs) are used to describe these behaviors at an abstract network level. We describe service properties from a local point of view. The behavior of a service is first validated against its properties. For the detection of potential interactions between two services, instead of merging their behaviors and then check for the interactions, we first determine interaction-prone scenarios using known filtering techniques, then we verify whether the properties of one service are satisfied by the behavior of the other service without combining their behaviors. In the case of non-satisfaction, we conclude that an interaction has been detected.
Study of Conformally Flat Initial Data for Highly Spinning Black Holes and their Early Evolutions

We study conformally flat initial data for an arbitrary number of spinning black holes with exact analytic solutions to the momentum constraints constructed from a linear combination of the classical Bowen-York and conformal Kerr extrinsic curvatures. The solution leading to the largest intrinsic spin, relative to the Arnowitt-Deser-Misner (ADM) mass of the spacetime, ${ϵ}_{S}=S/{M}_{\mathrm{ADM}}^{2}$, is a superposition with relative weights of $\ensuremath{\Lambda}=0.783$ for conformal Kerr and $(1\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\Lambda})=0.217$ for Bowen-York. In addition, we measure the spin relative to the initial horizon mass ${M}_{{H}_{0}}$, and find that the quantity $\ensuremath{\chi}=S/{M}_{{H}_{0}}^{2}$ reaches a maximum of ${\ensuremath{\chi}}^{\mathrm{max}﻿}=0.9856$ for $\ensuremath{\Lambda}=0.753$. After equilibration, the final black-hole spin should lie in the interval $0.9324l{\ensuremath{\chi}}_{\mathrm{final}}l0.9856$. We perform full numerical evolutions to compute the energy radiated and the final horizon mass and spin. We find that the black hole settles to a final spin of ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{\mathrm{final}}^{\mathrm{max}﻿}=0.935$ when $\ensuremath{\Lambda}=0.783$. We also study the evolution of the apparent horizon structure of this maximal black hole in detail.
HYDROGENATION OF CYCLOHEXANE AND DEHYDROCYCLIZATION OF n-HEPTANE OVER SINGLE CRYSTAL SURFACES OF IRIDIUM

Abstract The dehydrogenation of cyclohexane and the dehydrocyclization of n -heptane were investigated at low hydrocarbon pressure (~10 −5 Torr) on two single crystal surfaces of iridium. The surfaces studied were Ir (111) and Ir (755) or stepped [6(111) × (100)]. The reaction rates were monitored by a quadrupole mass spectrometer, the surface structure and surface composition were determined by means of low-energy electron diffraction and Auger electron spectroscopy. The results are discussed and compared with similar studies on single crystal surfaces of platinum. The stepped iridium surface appeared to be a factor of 3 to 5 more active in dehydrogenation than the iridium (111) surface. The activity of iridium in dehydrocyclization was lower than that for platinum surfaces of the same structure.
The rabbit immune system: characterization of cell surface markers and functional properties of rabbit lymphocytes.

V. Introduction Contributions of different lymphocyte populations to immune responses A. Induction of antibody formation B. Antigen induced lymphocyte proliferation C. Cytotoxic lymphocytes D. Mitogenic responses E. Suppressor cells F. Effect of thymectomy G. Role of macrophages Surface IgG class and allotype expression A. Immunoglobulin class expression B. The passive uptake problem C. Immunoglobulin allotype expression T Cells and surface immunoglobulin expression A. Mitogen response overlap B. Marker overlap Summary and conclusion
Integrating automatic processes into theories of relationships

Dual-process models can inform the three influential theories of relationships highlighted by this volume. We focus specifically on how the automatic/implicit processes described by the MODE model can illuminate how satisfying relationships so frequently become unsatisfying despite people's strong motivations to protect desirable beliefs. Our review suggests that: automatic partner evaluations are less susceptible to motivated biases and thus may better track relational rewards and costs and predict explicit evaluations as suggested by interdependence perspectives; implicit measures should better capture evolved partner preferences and thus should provide stronger support for evolutionary perspectives; and implicit measures more accurately capture the automaticity of the attachment system and thus may provide stronger tests of predictions derived from attachment theory.
The School to Home Link: Summer Preschool and Parents

This study investigates the amount of language available to children in the home environment and a summer preschool program. The purpose of this study was twofold. First, the study sought to gain information about patterns of language use among families of preschoolers with hearing loss. Additionally, the project was designed to provide an initial investigation into the impact of reduced educational programming over summer months for children with hearing loss. Children with varying degrees of hearing loss were enrolled in an auditory-oral 6-week part-time program. The language environment during preschool and at home was analyzed through use of Language ENvironment Analysis (LENA). LENA is a digital language processor that can record and analyze through specific measurements the natural language environment of a child. Overall, the children studied received significantly more complex language in preschool than in the home environment. The data suggest that children with hearing loss benefit from the opportunity to attend summer preschool programming. Additionally, it is critical that parents of preschoolers continue to receive parental education surrounding use of language strategies in the home environment. Implications for practice are discussed.
Sensitivity and specificity of point-of-care rapid combination syphilis-HIV-HCV tests.

Background New rapid point-of-care (POC) tests are being developed that would offer the opportunity to increase screening and treatment of several infections, including syphilis. This study evaluated three of these new rapid POC tests at a site in Southern California.
Automatic identification of class stereotypes

An approach is presented to automatically determine a class's stereotype. The stereotype is based on the frequency and distribution of method stereotypes in the class. Method stereotypes are automatically determined using a defined taxonomy given in previous work. The stereotypes, boundary, control and entity are used as a basis but refined based on an empirical investigation of 21 systems. A number of heuristics, derived from empirical evidence, are used to determine a class's stereotype. For example, the prominence of certain types of methods can indicate a class's main role. The approach is applied to five open source systems and evaluated. The results show that 95% of the classes are stereotyped by the approach. Additionally, developers (via manual inspection) agreed with the approach's results.
Wavelength Dependence in the Red and Far-Red for Induction of Phytochrome Increase in Mung Bean Hooks

The wavelength dependence for a radiation induced increase of phytochrome in mung bean hooks (Vigna radiata L.), preirradiated with red light, was determined between 640 to 800 nm. Radiation between 640 to 700 nm and 780 to 800 nm had little effect on phytochrome concentration in hooks pretreated with red. Two bands of far-red light, one at 710 nm and the other at 750 to 760 nm, were found to increase phytochrome content about four times. Besides the requirement for a photochemical process, one or more dark processes appear to be necessary for the induction of phytochrome increase.
Cyclic strain modulates FGF-b expression and secretion in vitro, implications in cerebral aneurysm formation

Abstract Introduction: Saccular aneurysms develop in cerebral vessels during aging at sites of increased mechanical stress. We investigated the effects of cyclic strain on rat aortic smooth muscle cells and A7r5 smooth muscle cell line. Since FGF-b regulates proliferation and survival of smooth muscle and endothelial cells, our primary end points were transcriptional levels of FGF-b, release of FGF-b into the medium, and the effects of the stretch-conditioned medium on FGF-b expression in static cells. Methods: Cells were grown on silicon membranes coated with 0.5% collagen and exposed to 7%, 1Hz cyclic stretch. Relative gene expression was measured by real time PCR after stretching for 2, 6, and 24 hrs. FGF-b in the medium was measured by ELIZA. Experiments and transcripts were run in triplicates. Results are expressed as mean ± SEM. Results: Mild strain decreased the expression of FGF-b in a time dependant manner (6.8 ± 1.2 fold @ 2hrs and 700 ± 140 @ 6hrs). Stretch-conditioned medium decreased FGF-b expression in static A7r5 cells (60 ± 14 fold by 2hr medium, and 490 ± 64 fold by 6hr medium). Surprisingly, stretching increased FGF-b release in the medium ( Conclusions: Cyclic strain released FGF-b from smooth muscle cells. It also released another factor that decreased the expression of FGF-b gene in spite of the autoinductive properties of FGF-b. This may partly explain the observation that early aneurysms exhibit thickening of the endothelium and progressive regression of the media.
An adolescent with vomiting and weight loss

A 17-year-old female complained of difficulty swallowing and recurrent vomiting of one year duration. She stated that she was trying to gain weight. She felt that a weight at the 5th percentile for age was appropriate for her 70th percentile height. She denied binge eating, self-induced vomiting, concern over abnormal eating, or depressed mood. She had low normal intelligence, long-standing problems with school and peer relationships, and was experiencing significant conflict with her stepfather. The mother noted that her daughter's symptoms had begun at the time her prized horse went lame. Physical examination was unremarkable except for thinness. At a two-week follow-up visit, all vomiting had ceased and the patient had gained 1.6 kg. Plans for a barium esophagogram were cancelled and psychiatric consultation was arranged. A six-week followup revealed no vomiting, although weight gain had not progressed. Six months later, the patient was seen with a two-month history of recurrent vomiting. A barium esophagogram revealed achalasia. Pneumatic dilation of the lower esophageal sphincter was successful. Seventeen months after the initial visit the patient was asymptomatic, happy, and seemingly well adjusted.
Licensed nurse staffing and adverse events in hospitals

Objective. To examine the changes in licensed nursing staff in Pennsylvania hospitals from 1991 to 1997, and to assess the relationship of licensed nursing staff with patient adverse events in hospitals.Data Source. A convenience sample of all Pennsylvania, acute-care, hospitals, 1991 to 1997.Study
Human impact issues for crisis management in organizations

Purpose – The purpose of this article is to describe the adaptation of an assessment model, the Triage Assessment System (TAS), which is widely used in crisis intervention to understand the human impact of a crisis within an organization.Design/methodology/approach – After a literature review, the Triage Assessment System is adapted to be applicable to organizations in crisis. Nine characteristics associated with the impact of crises on employees of an organization are discussed.Findings – Suggestions are made for ways in which organizations can use the TAS to improve their preparation for recovery efforts after a crisis. These suggestions outline ways to use the TAS as well as approaches that consultants may employ when working with organizations. Suggestions are also made for future research using the TAS with organizations. Although developed for individuals, the concepts used in the TAS can also be applied to organizations in crisis.Originality/value – The article offers practical suggestions to help ...
Effects of σ1 receptor ligand MS-377 on D2 antagonists-induced behaviors

Abstract ( R )-(+)-1-(4-Chlorophenyl)-3-[4-(2-methoxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]methyl-2-pyrrolidinone l -tartrate (MS-377) is a novel antipsychotic agent with selective and high affinity for σ 1 receptor. The present study was carried out to clarify the interaction of MS-377 with dopamine D 2 receptor antagonists (D 2 antagonists) in concurrent administration, and then the involvement of σ receptors in the interaction. The effects of MS-377 on haloperidol- or sultopride-induced inhibition of apomorphine-induced climbing behavior and catalepsy were investigated in mice and rats, respectively. In addition, the effects of (+)-SKF-10,047 and SA4503, both of which are σ receptor agonists, and WAY-100,635, which is a 5-HT 1A receptor antagonist, on the interaction due to the concurrent use were also investigated. MS-377 potentiated the inhibitory effects of haloperidol or sultopride on apomorphine-induced climbing behavior in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast, MS-377 did not affect the catalepsy induction by these drugs. The potentiation of the inhibitory effects of haloperidol or sultopride on apomorphine-induced climbing behavior by MS-377 was not inhibited by WAY-100,635, but was inhibited by (+)-SKF-10,047 and SA4503. These findings showed that MS-377 potentiates the efficacy of D 2 antagonists, but it does not deteriorate the adverse effect. Moreover, σ 1 receptors are involved in this potentiation of the efficacy of D 2 antagonists by MS-377.
Intergradation of Tatochila autodice and T. blanchardii (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) in north-western Patagonia

Tatochila autodice and T. blanchardii, common native ‘cabbage butterflies’ whose combined range covers most of the southern half of South America, intergrade in the only region where they are known to be in contact—north-western Argentine Patagonia. The zone of intergradation is centred east of the Hua Hum and nearby low passes, with decreasing influence of the Chilean blanchardii both northwards and southwards. Larvae and pupae from the zone display some phenotypic traits never observed elsewhere. The zone is largely concordant with one in which three members of the Tatochila sterodice species-group are also hybridizing.
Synthesis, structure, and optical properties of the platinum(II) complexes of indaphyrin and thiaindaphyrin.

The novel free base meso-di(5′-methylthien-2′-yl)thiaindaphyrin, 10, was prepared from the corresponding meso-tetra(thien-2-yl)porphyrin using a methodology analogous to that for the preparation of known meso-diphenylindaphyrin, 5: β,β′-Dihydroxylation of the porphyrin is followed by oxidative diol cleavage. The resulting aldehyde moieties undergo an acid-catalyzed intramolecular Friedel−Crafts alkylation of the adjacent meso-thienyl groups with concomitant oxidation. Insertion of Pt(II) into either of the chromophores is facile, producing 5Pt and 10Pt. The crystal structure of 5Pt, the first for any indaphyrin, shows that the conformation of the indaphyrinato ligand is strongly ruffled, while the N4 donor set that coordinates the central Pt(II) maintains a near-perfect square-planar coordination geometry around the central metal ion (crystal data for C44H24N4O2Pt: triclinic space group P1 with a = 8.8735(4) A, b = 12.9285(6) A, c = 14.3297(6) A, α = 88.785(1)°, β = 82.248(1)°, γ = 72.422(1)°; Z = 2). Th...
Recent changes in the african american population within the united states and the question of the color line at the beginning of the 21st century

This paper discusses change in the African American population at the start of the 21st century. It presents population, employment, and residential changes among African Americans. It concludes by glossing the progressive integration, continuing significance of race, and changing significance of race explanations of changes in the African American population. It concludes that the data best fit the changing significance of race model.
Excimer pumped pulsed tunable dye laser

It has been recently shown and reported for the first time at this meeting, that Excimer pumping of a single-mode, short-cavity, grazing-incidence, longitudinally-pumped pulsed dye laser is feasible. In this paper the key concepts upon which this latest development is based are presented and are in a somewhat unusual form. This manuscript describes five specific dye laser examples. The five examples represent a progression from the simplest type of dye laser to the single-mode version mentioned above. The examples thus serve as a tutorial introduction to potential users of dye lasers. The article is organized into five sections or STEPS, each of which describes a different pulsed dye laser. Since the subtle points about dye lasers are best appreciated only after one actually attempts to build a working model, a PROCEDURES category is included in which details about the construction of the particular form of laser are given. As one reads through this category, think of it as looking over the shoulder of the laser builder. The NOTES category which follows is a brief but essential discussion explaining why various components and procedures are used, as well as how laser performance specifications are obtained. This subsection can he viewed as a discussion with the laser builder concerning the reasons for specific actions and choices made in the assembly of the example laser. The last category contains COMMENTS which provide additional related information pertaining to the example laser that goes beyond the earlier annotated discussion. If you like, these are the narrator's comments. At the end of the article, after the five sequential forms of the laser have been presented, there is a brief summation.
Changes of Soybean Quality during Storage As Related to Soymilk and Tofu Making

Soybeans are stored and transported under various humidity and temperature conditions. Soymilk and tofu are two of the most important foods made from whole soybeans. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of storage conditions on soybean quality as related to soymilk and tofu-making properties. Soybeans of 3 different genotypes (Proto, IA2032, and Vinton 81) were stored in varying conditions: temperature ranging from 4 to 50 degrees C, relative humidity from 55% to 80%, initial moisture content from 6% to 14%, and storage time up to 15 mo depending upon storage conditions. The effects of different storage conditions on soybean color, solids and protein extractability, soymilk pH, tofu yield, tofu solids and protein contents, tofu color, and texture were investigated. While no significant changes occurred for the soybeans stored at 4 degrees C, the soybeans stored at high temperatures (30 to 50 degrees C) exhibited significant quality loss (P < 0.05). The degradation of soybean lightness (Hunter L), color difference (Delta E), and solid extractability exhibited a linear relationship with time. Soak weight decreased at high temperature and relative humidity, but increased at mild storage conditions. Several combinations of storage conditions at temperatures exceeding 30 degrees C produced a drastic loss in tofu yield. Storage also affected the tofu making process by reducing optimum mixing time to produce the highest tofu yield. Varietal difference in soybean storability was observed. The results provided useful information for the soybean processing industry to store soybeans using the optimal storage conditions and to estimate soybean quality after storage.
Integrated cerebral perfusion for hypothermic circulatory arrest during transverse aortic arch repairs

Objectives Antegrade cerebral perfusion (ACP) during hypothermic circulatory arrest (HCA) for ascending/transverse arch repair is used for cerebral protection. This study evaluates ACP in combination with retrograde cerebral perfusion (RCP) during extended HCA and compares it to RCP-only. Methods Between January 2005 and April 2007, we performed 64 consecutive arch repairs requiring extended HCA (>40 min). RCP-only was used with 34 patients and ACP with brief RCP ('integrated') was used with 30 patients. Mean HCA time was 51 + or - 13 min. Mean RCP-only time was 47 + or - 9.6 min; in the integrated group, mean ACP time was 42 + or - 14.4 min with an added RCP time of 10.8 + or - 7.6 min. For the entire cohort, 95% (61/64) underwent total arch repair, and 67% (43/64) had elephant trunk reconstruction. Variables predictive of mortality and neurological outcomes were analysed prospectively, but technique selection was non-randomised. Results Preoperative and operative variables did not differ between the RCP-only and the integrated groups except for aortic valve replacement, which was more frequently performed in the integrated group (33% (10/30) vs 12% (4/34), P=0.05), and preoperative renal dysfunction, which was more frequent in the RCP group (26% (9/34) vs 7% (2/30), P=0.04). No significant difference was observed in outcomes between the groups; however, the integrated group had higher mortality, stroke and temporary neurological deficit than RCP-only. Conclusions The observed trends in actual outcomes were a cause for concern. ACP combined with a short period of RCP did not provide better outcomes than RCP-only. The use of RCP remains warranted in our experience.
Decoding the Discourses: Feminism and Science

Revisioning Women, Health and Healing: Feminist, Cultural and Technoscience Perspectives. Adele E. Clarke and Virginia L. Olesen. eds, New York: Routledge, 1999. 374 pp. Technologies of Procreation: Kinship in the Age of Assisted Conception. Jeanette Edwards. Sarah Franklin. Eric Hirsch, Frances Price, and Marilyn Strathern. New York: Routledge, 1999. 236 pp. Testing the Women, Testing the Fetus: The Social Impact of Amniocentesis in America. Rayna Rapp. New York: Routledge, 1999. 361 pp.