cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Texting and walking: Effect of environmental setting and task prioritization on dual-task interference in healthy young adults

Recent studies have shown that young adults significantly reduce their gait speed and weave more when texting while walking. Previous research has not examined the simultaneous dual-task effects on texting performance, therefore, the attention prioritization strategy used by young adults while texting and walking is not currently known. Moreover, it is not known whether laboratory-based studies accurately reflect texting and walking performance in the real world. This study compared dual-task interference during texting and walking between laboratory and real-world settings, and examined the ability of young adults to flexibly prioritize their attention between the two tasks in each environment. Texting and walking were assessed in single-task and three dual-task conditions (no-priority, gait-priority, texting-priority) in the lab and a University Student Center, in 32 healthy young adults. Dual-task effects on gait speed, texting speed, and texting accuracy were significant, but did not significantly differ between the two environments. Young adults were able to flexibly prioritize their attention between texting and walking, according to specific instruction, and this ability was not influenced by environmental setting. In the absence of instructions, young adults prioritized the texting task in the low-distraction environment, but displayed more equal focus between tasks in the real world. The finding that young adults do not significantly modify their texting and walking behavior in high-distraction environments lends weight to growing concerns about cell phone use and pedestrian safety.
On instability-induced debond initiation in thin film systems

Abstract Thin films bonded to substrates are common in semiconductor dielectric stacks and in other applications. Often, in these systems, the mismatch in the Coefficient of Thermal Expansion between the films and the substrate result in significant compressive stresses during processing. These compressive stresses may lead to instabilities and possibly debonding. In the present study, we develop analytical descriptions of buckling and wrinkling-induced debonding by incorporating a cohesive zone model. The temperature excursion leading to buckling or wrinkling, the peak deflection values of the films, the wavelength of the wrinkling pattern, as well as the temperature excursion to the onset of damage are estimated analytically by minimizing the total energy of the combined film-cohesive zone system. Analytical estimates of cohesive stiffness and strength are provided based on (possibly experimentally) observed temperature excursions to the onset of instability and debonding. A non-dimensional grouping of parameters combining characteristics of film, cohesive zone and geometry is identified to be of importance in separating regimes with different debonding characteristics. Special conditions for the non-dimensional grouping emerge for film wrinkling to occur. Full-field simulations based on an incremental Spectral Method are presented to study wrinkling. This approach extends the applicability of the Spectral Method to phenomena involving non-linear foundations, non-monotonic and non-proportional loading. Results from numerical simulations using the incremental Spectral Method are compared with analytical estimates. The analytical derivation is found to provide reasonable estimates of wrinkling wavelength and amplitude but overestimates the cohesive strength.
Nialamide in the treatment of essential hypertension

Abstract The antihypertensive effectiveness of the monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor, nialamide, was investigated. When nialamide was administered in relatively high dosage (225 mg. daily), 44 per cent of the subjects obtained a significant postural reduction of blood pressure; however, when the drug was used in combination with hydrochlorothiazide, 65 per cent of the group had a significant fall of blood pressure. In the supine position, a significant reduction of blood pressure was noted less often, in 20 and 18 per cent of the two groups, respectively. The incidence of side effects encountered was low and there were no instances of clinical hepatotoxicity. The mechanism of hypotensive action of the MAO inhibitors is still undetermined. The various speculative mechanisms are discussed. It is suggested that these drugs may ultimately be particularly indicated in the hypertensive subject with complicating coronary artery disease.
The Australian cockroach genus Johnrehnia Princis (Blattellidae: Blattellinae).

Abstract The blattellid cockroach genus Johnrehnia Princis is revised. There are at least 36 species of which 29 are described as new; 6 species are new combinations. All are found in Australia. Outside the Australian continent, one is found on Norfolk Island, and only 2 species also are recorded from Papua New Guinea. Distribution maps and a key to the males are presented.
Evading the host immune response: how foot-and-mouth disease virus has become an effective pathogen

Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) causes an economically devastating disease of cloven-hoofed animals. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms FMDV has evolved to counteract the host innate and adaptive immune responses and the role of viral proteins in this process. The viral leader proteinase, L pro, limits the host innate response by inhibiting the induction of interferon beta (IFN beta) mRNA and blocking host cell translation. A second viral proteinase, 3C pro, may affect host cell transcription because it cleaves histone H3. Viral protein 2B in conjunction with 2C or their precursor 2BC inhibits protein trafficking through the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. A decrease in surface expression of major histocompatibility class I molecules during FMDV infection suggests that 2B, 2C and/or 2BC may be involved in delaying the initiation of the host adaptive immune response and also adversely affect the secretion of induced signaling molecules. FMDV also causes a transient lymphopenia in swine, but the mechanism involved is not understood nor have any viral protein(s) been implicated. Furthermore, the interaction of FMDV with various cells in the immune system including lymphocytes and dendritic cells and the possible role of apoptosis and autophagy in these interactions are discussed.
Frontiers Beckoning the Organizational Psychologist

One frontier for research and action focuses on the linkages between an organization and external groups, such as consumers and ecological neighbors. The various communities affected by a firm or a government agency's decisions increasingly expect to be able to influence these decisions.A second frontier is the organization's internal community, which will be reformed and transformed into a community with a more livable organizational ecology, an extended bill of individual rights, and a new morality.The third frontier is the development of mechanisms to achieve collaboration among organizations-mechanisms that cross the traditional boundaries of agencies, firms, industries, and levels of government and bridge the private and public sectors.
A phenomenology of human-electricity relations

This paper investigates the philosophical question of how we can experience energy with the aim of informing the design of future ways of experiencing energy by means of technology. Four human-technology relations formulated by philosopher of technology Don Ihde are presented. Each is then developed in the context of electrical interactive technologies. In conclusion these human-electricity and human-technology relations are employed in order to interpret current work related to energy and sustainability within HCI and point to future work in these areas.
MONITORING SLEEP AND BREATHING: METHODOLOGY: Part I: Monitoring Breathing

There is considerable variation in monitoring techniques and definitions of sleep-disordered breathing. Work underway in the Sleep Heart Health Study may help to clarify these issues. Home and portable monitoring have the potential to improve cost and convenience of diagnosis and treatment of sleep disorders but are currently indicated only in specific instances. Detection and monitoring of pediatric sleep-disoriented breathing varies considerably from that of adults.
Characterizing environmental and phenotypic associations using information theory and electronic health records

Background The availability of up-to-date, executable, evidence-based medical knowledge is essential for many clinical applications, such as pharmacovigilance, but executable knowledge is costly to obtain and update. Automated acquisition of environmental and phenotypic associations in biomedical and clinical documents using text mining has showed some success. The usefulness of the association knowledge is limited, however, due to the fact that the specific relationships between clinical entities remain unknown. In particular, some associations are indirect relations due to interdependencies among the data.
Linguistic precocity and the development of reading: The role of extralinguistic factors

The language and literacy skills of 21 children (aged 6;6), who were selected for linguistic precocity at age 1;8, are reported here. Verbal abilities remained high, and in contrast to the findings at 4;6 (reported in Crain-Thoreson & Dale, 1992), reading achievement is now at a superior level. Overall, the results are consistent with a two-phase model of reading development, in which the second phase is more closely related to language ability than the first. Phonological awareness, as indexed by a phoneme deletion task, appears to emerge as a consequence, rather than a cause, of early reading. There also appears to be a complex relationship among early interest in reading, instruction, and reading development. Differences in child interest in books and book reading may evoke variation in literacy-relevant experiences.
Comparison of Ability Metrics Obtained under Two Latent Trait Theory Procedures

Both the BICAL and LOGIST computer programs implement a maximum likelihood procedure for jointly estimating the item and ability parameters. The two programs differ, however, with respect to (1) the an choring procedures used to overcome the metric inde terminancy of the paradigm; (2) the item characteristic curve models employed; and (3) how the examinees are grouped within the estimation process. Three sim ulated sets of item response data based upon a known underlying ability metric were used to investigate the metric recovery capabilities of the two computer pro grams. The results showed that both programs re covered a transformation of the underlying metric via a common equation, but the elements used in this equation were program specific. The transformation of the metric yielded by BICAL to the underlying metric depended only upon the item characteristic curve pa rameters, whereas the LOGIST transformation also de pended upon the frequency distribution of the esti mated ability scores over the unde...
Linguistic descriptions for an object in motion

In ongoing work on spatial relations and scene interpretation, we present a system that linguistically describes the motion of an object in a temporal sequence. This description, called dynamic linguistic description, is inferred from a sequence of static linguistic descriptions explaining the relative position, at different instances, between a moving object and a stationary object. In this preliminary work, the moving object is assumed to be moving in a straight path at a constant velocity. The scene is monitored from a fixed pose with a constant frame rate. The proposed system is potentially useful as a low-bandwidth remote observation system capable of linguistically reporting relative position and motion in a scene.
Cognitive‐behavioral therapy for hoarding in the context of contamination fears

Difficulty discarding and excessive acquiring can be treated using specialized cognitive-behavioral treatment that includes motivational interviewing, skills training, practice sorting and discarding, and cognitive restructuring. Early psychotherapy efforts to treat hoarding have proved less effective than this combination of methods targeted at the characteristic features of hoarding. Treatment strategies are illustrated through a case example of a woman struggling with both hoarding and contamination concerns.
Analysis of fragmentation in the single filament composite: Roles of fiber strength distributions and exclusion zone models

Abstract Exact equations are derived governing the evolution of fragments in a long fiber loaded according to the “single filament composite test.” These equations are derived with no a priori assumptions regarding the distribution for fiber strength except that the distribution of fiber flaws along the length follows a compound Poisson process in terms of flaw strength. Furthermore, the interface model and the fiber stress profile in the exclusion zone around a fiber break can be arbitrary as long as the exclusion zone is well defined. Explicit and exact closed-form solutions of the governing equations are obtained under these general conditions including random initial breaks before load is applied, which have exponentially distributed spacings of a given normalized rate a along the fiber. We demonstrate this method by finding the exact closed-form solution for a bilinear stress interface model proposed earlier.
Precision Wafer-Stepper Alignment And Metrology Using Diffraction Gratings And Laser Interferometry

This article briefly reviews the unique features of the ASM Lithography wafer stepper that make it extremely well suited for precision metrology applications, and presents techniques and procedures developed for use in wafer-stepper manufacture (i.e., final assembly, final test, quality assurance, and field service). The procedures lead to unprecedented tight tolerances on some machine specifications, and to settings of maximum latitude for some other machine specifications. It is believed that these developments and other similar procedures will become requirements in machine manufacturing as the current trends in IC chip production continue to unfold (i.e., machine matching, tighter overlay design rules, larger exposure fields, larger wafers, etc.)
Fabrication and Wetting Properties of Metallic Half-Shells with Submicron Diameters

The deposition of a thin, metal film onto an array of spherical silica colloids, followed by dissolution of the colloidal template, produces metallic half-shells with nanometer-scale dimensions. Half-shells of gold, platinum, and palladium were fabricated, with diameters of the particles ranging from 100 to 500 nm, and shell thicknesses of 8−15 nm. The half-shells have three useful properties because of their geometries: (i) a high ratio of surface area to volume, (ii) a large length of edge relative to size, and (iii) an entropic resistance to assembling into close-packed structures. The surface properties of these half-shells can be modified with self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), formed by adsorption of alkanethiols. The surfaces composed of aggregated gold half-shells are superhydrophobic; the measured contact angle of water on a surface of unmodified gold half-shells was ∼151° and on a surface of gold half-shells functionalized with a hexadecanethiolate SAM was ∼163°. Aggregates of half-shells were p...
The Effects of Methylphenidate on Novel Object Exploration in Weanling and Periadolescent Rats

Methylphenidate (Ritalin) is used in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Surprisingly, little research has been conducted on the effects of methylphenidate during early development. Therefore, the present study was conducted to examine the effects of methylphenidate on object exploration in developing rats. Male and female weanling (21-day-old) and periadolescent (34-day-old) Sprague-Dawley rats were tested after acute or chronic treatment with methylphenidate. In weanling rats, chronic methylphenidate (5.0 mg/kg) increased locomotor activity and disrupted novel object exploration. In periadolescent rats, methylphenidate disrupted exploration of the novel object, but had no effect on locomotor activity at any dose tested. Periadolescent rats appear to be less sensitive to methylphenidate-induced changes in activity compared to weanling animals, whereas methylphenidate disrupted novel object exploration in both ages. Our results suggest that methylphenidate may alter recognition memory and/or reactivity to or preference for novelty.
Solution structure of the (+)-cis-anti-Benzo[a]pyrene-da ([BP]dA) adduct opposite dT in a DNA duplex

Minor adducts, derived from the covalent binding of anti-benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-dihydroxy-9,- 10-epoxide to cellular DNA, may play an important role in generating mutations and initiating cancer. We have applied a combined NMR-computational approach including intensity based refinement to determine the solution structure of the minor (+)-cis-anti-(BP)dA adduct positioned opposite dT in the d(C1-T2-C3-T4-C5-(BP)A6-C7-T8-T9-C10-C11)‚(d(G12-G13-A14-A15-G16-T17-G18- A19-G20-A21-G22) 11-mer duplex. The BP ring system is intercalated toward the 5'-side of the (BP)- dA6 lesion site without disrupting the flanking Watson-Crick dC5‚dG18 and (BP)dA6‚dT17 base pairs. This structure of the (+)-cis-anti-(BP)dA‚dT 11-mer duplex, containing a bay region benzo(a)pyrenyl (BP)dA adduct, is compared with the corresponding structure of the (+)-trans-anti-(BPh)dA‚dT 11-mer duplex (Cosman et al., Biochemistry 32, 12488-12497, 1993), which contains a fjord region benzo(c)- phenanthrenyl (BPh)dA adduct with the same R stereochemistry at the linkage site. The carcinogen intercalates toward the 5'-direction of the modified strand in both duplexes (the adduct is embedded within the same sequence context) with the buckling of the Watson-Crick (BP)dA6‚dT17 base pair more pronounced in the (+)-cis-anti-(BP)dA‚dT 11-mer duplex compared to its Watson-Crick (BPh)dA‚dT17 base pair in the (+)-trans-anti-(BPh)dA‚dT 11-mer duplex. The available structural studies of covalent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) carcinogen-DNA adducts point toward the emergence of a general theme where distinct alignments are adopted by PAH adducts covalently linked to the N 6 of adenine when compared to the N 2 of guanine in DNA duplexes. The (BPh)dA and (BP)dA N 6 -adenine adducts intercalate their polycyclic aromatic rings into the helix without disruption of their modified base pairs. This may reflect the potential flexibility associated with the positioning of the covalent tether and the benzylic ring of the carcinogen in the sterically spacious major groove. By contrast, such an intercalation without modified base pair disruption option appears not to be available to (BP)dG N 2 -guanine adducts where the covalent tether and the benzylic ring are positioned in the more sterically crowded minor groove. In the case of (BP)dG adducts, the benzopyrenyl ring is either positioned in the minor groove without base pair disruption, or if intercalated into the helix, requires disruption of the modified base pair and displacement of the bases out of the helix. Benzo(a)pyrene is an ubiquitous environmental precar- cinogen produced by incomplete combustion of fossil fuels
"From Morality to Character": Conservative Progressivism and the Search for Civic Virtue, 1910-1930∗

In the years following World War I, conservative progressive educators in the United States made a concerted attempt to re-envision moral education for an emerging corporate industrial society. Fueled by their expertise in scientific curriculum design and their desire for predictable social efficiency, influential educators such as David Snedden, Franklin Bobbitt, and W.W. Charters championed a new vision of moral training that was rapidly adopted by the many states initiating programs in the postwar period. This shift was self-consciously described as a move from moral to character education, a shift that emphasized civic-oriented social practice over the more circumscribed "manners and morals" approaches of the prewar period. While prewar moral education had focused upon social deportment and proper manners with respect to interpersonal relationships, the new brand of character education focused upon one's contributions to the larger social order in terms of efficient service. Following larger trends in...
An Extension of the Flow Boiling Correlation to Transition, Laminar, and Deep Laminar Flows in Minichannels and Microchannels

Flow boiling in mini- and microchannels offer very high heat transfer capabilities and find applications in many emerging technologies, such as electronics cooling and fuel cells. The low flow rate employed in such geometries, coupled with the small flow channels, often results in a laminar flow with all flow as liquid. Since the single-phase flow with all liquid is in the laminar range, the flow boiling correlations developed for conventional tubes with an inner diameter larger than 3 mm and turbulent flow need to be carefully reviewed. In the present work, flow boiling correlation for large diameter tubes developed by Kandlikar [1, 2] is modified for flow boiling in minichannels by using the laminar single-phase heat transfer coefficient for all liquid flow. The correlation is also extended for flow boiling in microchannels using the nucleate boiling as the dominant part of the original correlation. The trends in heat transfer coefficient versus quality are compared in the laminar and deep laminar regio...
The Market for Tractors in the EU: Price Differences and Convergence

This study evaluates the degree of segmentation of the market for agricultural machinery and equipment in the EU. We focus on agricultural tractors, the most common and biggest investment in machinery and equipment in the agricultural sector. By using country price data for individual tractor models, we test the law of one price, i.e. the existence of a common price for tractors across EU member states. We find that significant price differences exist, yet unlike most other studies we find that large price deviations are penalised within a short time. The study also shows that transport costs are an important source of price differences, as domestic production leads to lower prices on the domestic market and as price convergence is negatively correlated with distance. Finally, price differences should not solely be understood from a geographical perspective, as evidence supports the idea that farmers’ buying power is significant in explaining price differences within countries.
The Oxford Calculators in Context

Our understanding of the predisposing factors, the nature, and the fate of the Oxford Calculatory tradition can be significantly increased by seeing it in its social and institutional context. For instance, the use of intricate imaginary cases in Calculatory works becomes more understandable if we see the connection of these works to undergraduate logical disputations. Likewise, the demise of the Calculatory tradition is better understood in the light of subsequent efforts at educational reform. Unfortunately, too little evidence remains about the Calculators and their context to enable anything like a full reconstruction of the relation of the Oxford Calculators' work to its context. Nevertheless, seeking out and fitting together the bits of information that do remain can add to our insight. Among the topics worth further research are the relation of training in calculationes to later careers in church or government, and the special features of the Calculatory tradition as a tradition consisting of multiple parallel manifestations closely interconnected with other disciplines, ranging from logic and natural philosophy to theology and medicine.
UV Laser Micromachining of Polymers for Microfluidic Applications

We have recently begun to explore the use of UV laser ablation micromachining to construct microfluidic devices in polymers. This technique can create microchannels rapidly and modify the resulting polymer surface in a single step. By ablating under different atmospheres, it is possible to alter both the surface chemistries and physical surface morphologies of the microchannels. We have employed electroosmotic flow measurements, chemical mapping, and optical microscopy to characterize the microfluidic devices. In addition, we have studied the parameters affecting the ablation, such as the laser wavelength, laser fluence, laser firing repetition rate, and the material being ablated.
Green Technology and Ecologically Unequal Exchange: The Environmental and Social Consequences of Ecological Modernization in the World-System

This paper contributes to understandings of ecologically unequal exchange within the worldsystems perspective by offering a series of case studies of ecological modernization in the automobile industry. The case studies demonstrate that “green” technologies developed and instituted in core nations often require specific raw materials that are extracted from the periphery and semi-periphery. Extraction of such natural resources causes significant environmental degradation and often displaces entire communities from their land. Moreover, because states often use violence and repression to facilitate raw material extraction, the widespread commercialization of “green” technologies can result in serious human rights violations. These findings challenge ecological modernization theory, which rests on the assumption that the development and commercialization of more ecologically-efficient technologies is universally beneficial.
On Lenses and Filters: The Role of Metaphor in Policy Theory

A postpostivist turn in policy theorizing has opened up avenues of analysis that reveal the complex role that language, especially meta phor, plays in policy work. Simultaneously, linguists have been im proving our understanding of metaphor and the powerful cognitive import of its deployment in a variety of discourses. Through a brief overview of some recent uses of the "lens" metaphor and a more in depth look at one policy theory article, the importance of attention to language and metaphor for policy theory can be demonstrated.
Corneal Hysteresis and Progressive Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Loss in Glaucoma

Purpose To investigate the relationship between corneal hysteresis (CH) and progressive retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) loss in a cohort of patients with glaucoma followed prospectively over time. Design Prospective observational cohort study. Methods One hundred and eighty-six eyes of 133 patients with glaucoma were followed for an average of 3.8 ± 0.8 years, with a median of 9 visits during follow-up. The CH measurements were acquired using the Ocular Response Analyzer (Reichert Instruments, Depew, New York, USA) and RNFL measurements were obtained at each follow up visit using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SDOCT). Random-coefficient models were used to investigate the relationship between baseline CH, central corneal thickness (CCT), average intraocular pressure (IOP), and rates of RNFL loss during follow-up, while adjusting for potentially confounding factors. Results Average baseline RNFL thickness was 76.4 ± 18.1 μm and average baseline CH was 9.2 ± 1.8 mm Hg. CH had a significant effect on rates of RNFL progression. In the univariable model, including only CH as a predictive factor along with time and their interaction, each 1 mm Hg lower CH was associated with a 0.13 μm/year faster rate of RNFL decline ( P = .011). A similar relationship between low CH and faster rates of RNFL loss was found using a multivariable model accounting for age, race, average IOP, and CCT ( P = .015). Conclusions Lower CH was significantly associated with faster rates of RNFL loss over time. The prospective longitudinal design of this study provides further evidence that CH is an important factor to be considered in the assessment of the risk of progression in patients with glaucoma.
Stokes trap for multiplexed particle manipulation and assembly using fluidics

The ability to confine and manipulate single particles and molecules has revolutionized several fields of science. Hydrodynamic trapping offers an attractive method for particle manipulation in free solution without the need for optical, electric, acoustic, or magnetic fields. Here, we develop and demonstrate the Stokes trap, which is a new method for trapping multiple particles using only fluid flow. We demonstrate simultaneous manipulation of two particles in a simple microfluidic device using model predictive control. We further show that this approach can be used for fluidic-directed assembly of multiple particles in solution. Overall, this technique opens new vistas for fundamental studies of particle–particle interactions and provides a new method for the directed assembly of colloidal particles.
Rational Composition Optimization of the Lithium-Rich Li3OCl1–xBrx Anti-Perovskite Superionic Conductors

The newly discovered lithium-rich antiperovskite (LRAP) superionic conductors are an extremely interesting class of materials with potential applications as solid electrolytes in Li-ion batteries. In this work, we present a rational composition optimization strategy for maximizing the Li+ conductivity in the LRAP guided by a combination of first-principles calculations and percolation theory. Using nudged elastic band (NEB) calculations, we show that a Cl-rich channel with Br-rich end points configuration leads to low vacancy migration barriers in the LRAP structure. By incorporating the halide-environment-dependent NEB barriers in a bond percolation model, we predict that there are potentially higher conductivity Li3OCl1–xBrx structures near 0.235 ≤ x ≤ 0.395. This prediction is confirmed by AIMD simulation that finds Li3OCl0.75Br0.25 to have a higher Li+ conductivity than Li3OCl0.5Br0.5, the highest conductivity LRAP identified experimentally thus far. These results highlight that there is scope for fur...
Characterization of Pool Boiling of Seawater and Regulation of Crystallization Fouling by Physical Aberration

ABSTRACTAs fresh water becomes increasingly scarce desalination has become an important technique to meet the portable water requirements around the world. Thermal distillation continues to be one of the most important and widely used methods of desalination currently used. Scale formation, corrosion of the heater surface, and the subsequent degradation of the heat exchanger is one of the biggest challenges in thermal desalination. In this paper, pool boiling of seawater is characterized using standard artificial sea water. Various boiling characteristics such as critical heat flux and heat transfer coefficient are analyzed. The nature of the scales formed on the heater surface and their effect on the heat transfer efficiency are studied. A passive method to reduce the thermal resistance due to scale buildup from crystallization fouling using stainless steel beads is examined.
A factor analysis of Statics Concept Inventory data from practicing civil engineers

This study reports the factor analysis of Statics Concept Inventory (SCI) data collected from 95 practicing civil engineers in the Pacific Northwest. In comparison to students' responses reported from previous studies, the analysis of the engineers' data yielded a different number of underlying latent traits and different loading patterns of the SCI items on each trait. The study revealed that engineers' responses to the SCI might reflect the conceptual coherence associated with knowledge of engineering practice. The engineers' combination of discreet concepts into broader and meaningful concepts in this study might provide the evidence about experts' characteristics in processing, organizing, and storing knowledge in chunks. Understanding the experts' knowledge structure would help inform the development of curricular materials and assessment instruments for undergraduate engineering education.
Developing and improving residency research training

Purpose Peer-reviewed literature on pharmacy residency research training is reviewed with an emphasis on innovative strategies for research training enhancement. Summary There is a persistent gap between institutional expectations regarding the entry-level research skills of advanced-practice pharmacists and the research training experiences provided to pharmacy residents. This gap is especially problematic because pharmacy residency programs have become a primary source for recruitment of advanced-practice pharmacists. A literature review was conducted to characterize the current state of pharmacy residency research training and identify strategies to better prepare pharmacists for involvement in practice-based research. The 30 articles selected for review addressed four broad topic areas: residency stakeholder perceptions of research training, approaches to effective pharmacy residency research training, scholarly output resulting from resident research, and proposals and professional organization directives for advancement of pharmacy residency research training. Overall, the reviewed literature suggested four broad themes: (1) The extent and quality of research training provided to residents vary according to the limits imposed by the available expertise and resources of individual residency programs, (2) a formalized training approach is essential for research skills development, (3) proper training can improve scholarly output from resident research projects, and (4) guidelines alone are insufficient to ensure adequate development of research skills. Conclusion A review of the literature identified three strategies that can enhance residency research training: formalizing the process, engaging expertise and collaboration, and formatting the training for use across all pharmacy residency programs.
Vasconcelos R, Pizarro J, eds. Em alma e ouro: A correspondência com Fernando Pessoa.

Nenhuma outra amizade contribuiu para definir o legado de uma geracao literaria em Portugal como a de Mario de Sa-Carneiro e Fernando Pessoa. A recentemente publicada edicao critica das cartas de Sa-Carneiro a Pessoa, da responsabilidade de Ricardo Vasconcelos e Jeronimo Pizarro, vem aproximar de forma notavel o leitor contemporaneo da amizade e do dialogo artistico intenso que, atraves da correspondencia entre a capital portuguesa e Paris, onde Sa-Carneiro passou longas temporadas entre 1913 e 1916, marcou as vidas e obras de ambos.
Implementing Attestable kiosks

In this paper we explore the notion of a secure kiosk, a trusted computing platform built using off-the-shelf components. We demonstrate how kiosks serve as convenient primitives when designing secure computing protocols, as they allow for a very prescribed set of assumptions to be made about a system. We begin by defining the necessary properties of a kiosk, and then explain how each of these properties can (or cannot) be attained using current off-the-shelf hardware and software components. We construct a proof-of-concept implementation using TPM hardware and Windows 10. We also provide ASKVote, the Attestable and Secure Voting protocol to demonstrate the flexibility gained from the use of kiosks in a larger secure system.
CAS-Based Lock-Free Algorithm for Shared Deques

This paper presents the first lock-free algorithm for shared double-ended queues (deques) based on the single-address atomic primitives CAS (Compare-and-Swap) or LL/SC (Load-Linked and Store-Conditional). The algorithm can use single-word primitives, if the maximum deque size is static. To allow the deque’s size to be dynamic, the algorithm employs single-address double-width primitives. Prior lock-free algorithms for shared deques depend on the strong DCAS (Double-Compare-and-Swap) atomic primitive, not supported on most processor architectures. The new algorithm offers significant advantages over prior lock-free shared deque algorithms with respect to performance and the strength of required primitives. In turn, lock-free algorithms provide significant reliability and performance advantages over lock-based implementations.
An Assessment of the Necessary Strength of Behavioral Treatments for Severe Behavior Problems

We conducted a clinical assessment of the effects of different levels of treatment implementation for behavioral treatments of aggression and pica for three participants with developmental disabilities. Treatments were based on differential reinforcement of an alternative behavior and brief time-out. Two treatment components, the schedule of reinforcement and time-out, were systematically varied in a range from 100%, to 50%, to 25% of initial treatment recommendations as one measure of treatment “strength.” For all participants, treatment effects were maintained when time-out was implemented at 50%, and for two participants, treatment effects were maintained at even lower levels. The implications of a prior assessment of necessary treatment strength are discussed.
Vegans of color: managing visible and invisible stigmas

Associating veganism with whiteness and privilege is not only wrong, it marks and marginalizes vegans of color in the vegan movement and makes veganism unappealing to people of color. This qualitative study employs Goffman’s (1953) theories to explain how vegans of color experience both visible and invisible stigma from mainstream vegan movements and from their ethnic communities. I emphasize three reasons why my participants believe people of color are resistant to veganism: it is linked with whiteness, affiliated with privilege, and deemed incompatible with ethnicity. My participants engage in a process of differentiation and normalization from white veganism to destigmatize veganism to communities of color.
Electroreception, electrogenesis and electric signal evolution

Electroreception, the capacity to detect external underwater electric fields with specialised receptors, is a phylogenetically widespread sensory modality in fishes and amphibians. In passive electroreception, a capacity possessed by c. 16% of fish species, an animal uses low-frequency-tuned ampullary electroreceptors to detect microvolt-range bioelectric fields from prey, without the need to generate its own electric field. In active electroreception (electrolocation), which occurs only in the teleost lineages Mormyroidea and Gymnotiformes, an animal senses its surroundings by generating a weak ( 50 V) EODs that facilitate communication or predation, but not electrolocation. Approximately 1.5% of fish species possess electric organs. This review has two aims. First, to synthesise our knowledge of the functional biology and phylogenetic distribution of electroreception and electrogenesis in fishes, with a focus on freshwater taxa and with emphasis on the proximate (morphological, physiological and genetic) bases of EOD and electroreceptor diversity. Second, to describe the diversity, biogeography, ecology and electric signal diversity of the mormyroids and gymnotiforms and to explore the ultimate (evolutionary) bases of signal and receptor diversity in their convergent electrogenic-electrosensory systems. Four sets of potential drivers or moderators of signal diversity are discussed. First, selective forces of an abiotic (environmental) nature for optimal electrolocation and communication performance of the EOD. Second, selective forces of a biotic nature targeting the communication function of the EOD, including sexual selection, reproductive interference from syntopic heterospecifics and selection from eavesdropping predators. Third, non-adaptive drift and, finally, phylogenetic inertia, which may arise from stabilising selection for optimal signal-receptor matching.
Investigating old-growth ponderosa pine physiology using tree-rings, δ13C, δ18O, and a process-based model

In dealing with predicted changes in environmental conditions outside those experienced today, forest managers and researchers rely on process-based models to inform physiological processes and predict future forest growth responses. The carbon and oxygen isotope ratios of tree-ring cellulose (δ13 Ccell , δ18 Ocell ) reveal long-term, integrated physiological responses to environmental conditions. We incorporated a submodel of δ18 Ocell into the widely used Physiological Principles in Predicting Growth (3-PG) model for the first time, to complement a recently added δ13 Ccell submodel. We parameterized the model using previously reported stand characteristics and long-term trajectories of tree-ring growth, δ13 Ccell , and δ18 Ocell collected from the Metolius AmeriFlux site in central Oregon (upland trees). We then applied the parameterized model to a nearby set of riparian trees to investigate the physiological drivers of differences in observed basal area increment (BAI) and δ13 Ccell trajectories between upland and riparian trees. The model showed that greater available soil water and maximum canopy conductance likely explain the greater observed BAI and lower δ13 Ccell of riparian trees. Unexpectedly, both observed and simulated δ18 Ocell trajectories did not differ between the upland and riparian trees, likely due to similar δ18 O of source water isotope composition. The δ18 Ocell submodel with a Peclet effect improved model estimates of δ18 Ocell because its calculation utilizes 3-PG growth and allocation processes. Because simulated stand-level transpiration (E) is used in the δ18 O submodel, aspects of leaf-level anatomy such as the effective path length for transport of water from the xylem to the sites of evaporation could be estimated.
An Investigation of Learning Outcomes Between Two Teaching Modalities to Improve Student Learning in Online Courses

We describe a study of learning outcomes in an undergraduate C Programming course taught in two modalities: in-person and online. Because this course has been taught by the same instructor, using the same scaffolding activities, materials and approaches, we were uniquely positioned to conduct a quasi-experimental study of learning outcomes between courses and within students. Our goal was to glean knowledge and implications about assessment practices for undergraduate courses that are taught in two modalities. The objectives of our research are to discern what differential impacts are found between in-person and online delivery modalities. We aimed to discover learning outcome patterns among the students who participate in these modalities. Findings from this study provide valuable information for undergraduate Computer Science programs by identifying any differential learning outcomes that students experience between in-person and online course instruction. The research questions addressed were: 1) What impact does modality have on student learning outcomes? 2) What patterns are discernable across student groups 3) What relationship is there between final course grades and assignment module learning outcomes? We were surprised that no significant differences were obtained between course modality. While this is an encouraging finding, we believe that further data collection and analysis are needed, before making general conclusions. We are planning future studies to account for additional variables, such as instructor, multiple modalities, and online course design approaches.
Cop killers and the death penalty: an exploratory mixed methods analysis, North Carolina (1977–2009)

ABSTRACTAlthough all jurisdictions with capital punishment currently have at least one statutory aggravating factor for causing the death of a law-enforcement officer, little is currently known abo...
Commentary on Tosun et al. (2019): Dynamic changes in sex hormones and smoking cessation.

There is growing evidence suggesting that exogenous progesterone may improve smoking cessation outcomes among women. We hypothesize that exogenous progesterone administration can result in stable progesterone levels, and that it is the absence of dynamic hormone change that may lead to improved smoking cessation outcomes.
A mixed-methods examination of the geospatial and sociodemographic context of a direct-to-consumer food system innovation.

Spatial context may be important to direct to con­sumer (DTC) programs aimed at improving fresh fruit and vegetable access for low-income individu­als. The purpose of this study was to examine the sociodemographic and geospatial context (distance to pickup sites, number and density of proximal food retail outlets, etc.) surrounding community supported agriculture (CSA) pickup locations in relation to low-income customer residential loca­tions, and to synthesize this information with inter­view-derived perspectives on the challenges and opportunities of the pickup location from DTC producers and customers. This in-depth study examined cost-offset community supported agri­culture (CO-CSA) operations across four U.S. states (New York, North Carolina, Vermont, and Washington) and varying pickup sites (n=23), with pickup operational decisions determined by farm­ers (n=12). Physical addresses of farms, CO-CSA customers, and pickup sites were collected and geocoded. Geographic information systems (GIS) was used to examine road network distances for pickup locations across the study sites. Demo­graphic information at the census block level (e.g., percent racial minority, percent poverty level) was obtained for all study sites. Descriptive statistics were generated for geospatial variables. In-depth interviews with farmers and focus groups with CO-CSA customers were conducted to understand experiences with the CO-CSA in terms of physical access of pickup sites. We found that pickup sites were an average of 6.2 miles (10 kilometers) from customers’ homes, and on average, further than the supermarket (2.9 miles or 4.7 km). Farmers reported their efforts to select convenient pickup locations for low-income customers, though CO-CSA customers expressed mixed levels of accessi­bility. Spatial inaccessibility and differences in soci­odemographic data for customer versus pickup may explain perceived inaccessibility for some cus­tomers. These findings may help inform future approaches to plan and evaluate DTC operations targeting low-income individuals by consider­ing geospatial context and stakeholder experiences. See the press release for this article.
Dynamic capping of rename registers for SMT processors

Abstract Simultaneous Multithreading improves performance of superscalar CPUs by allowing execution of multiple threads with a shared path. An improved instruction throughput is attained by better utilizing shared resources from exploiting the newly available thread-level parallelism in addition to the intrinsic instruction-level parallelism. Physical Register file is one of the most critical shared resources in SMT systems due to the limited number of rename registers available for renaming. Registers held by long-latency instructions of some threads will block the progress of other faster threads resulting in inefficient resource utilization and performance degradation. In this paper, we present an algorithm with which each thread is allotted a portion of rename registers (i.e. a cap) in real time according to their run-time behaviors, namely the utilization ratio of its allotted quota and the pace of its deallocation. The proposed method differs from the state-of-the-art capping techniques in allowing each thread to adjust its own individual cap value in real time. To preclude over-adjustment, a global lower limit on the cap values is further established also in real time to accommodate potentially drastic variations from different mixes of on-going threads. The proposed method shows a very significant improvement in IPC up to 53.8% in a 4-threaded system, 43.8% and 41.6% in a 6-threaded and an 8-threaded system respectively.