cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fabrication of carbon nanofiber electrodes using poly(acrylonitrile-co-vinylimidazole) and their energy storage performance

For electrodes in electrochemical double-layer capacitors, carbon nanofibers (CNFs) were prepared by thermal treatment of precursor polymer nanofibers, fabricated by electrospinning. Poly(acrylonitrile-co-vinylimidazole) (PAV) was employed as a precursor polymer of carbon nanofibers due to the effective cyclization of PAV polymer chains during thermal treatment compared to a typical precursor, polyacrylonitrile (PAN). PAV solutions with different comonomer compositions were prepared and electrospun to produce precursor nanofibers. Surface images obtained from scanning electron microscopy showed that their nanofibrous structure was well preserved after carbonization. It was also confirmed that electrospun PAV nanofibers were successfully converted to carbon nanofibers after the carbonization step by Raman spectroscopy. Carbon nanofiber electrodes derived from PAV showed higher specific capacitances and energy/power densities than those from PAN, which was tested by coin-type cells. It was also shown that PAV with an acrylonitrile/vinylimidazole composition of 83:17 is most promising for the carbon nanofiber precursor exhibiting a specific capacitance of 114 F/g. Their energy and power density are 70.1 Wh/kg at 1 A/g and 9.5 W/kg at 6 A/g, respectively. In addition, pouch cells were assembled to load the higher amount of electrode materials in the cells, and a box-like cyclic voltammetry was obtained with high capacitances.
Predoctoral Dental Education in Tooth Prognosis and Treatment Complexity: A Survey of U.S. Dental Schools

The aim of this study was to determine the educational methods and tools used to teach tooth prognosis and treatment complexity determination in U.S. predoctoral dental programs. In 2018, an online survey was emailed to the academic deans of all 66 accredited U.S. dental schools. Of these, 42 schools responded (63.6%), and 36 schools completed the entire survey (54.5%). The methods reported for teaching tooth prognosis and case complexity determination varied widely among the participating schools. Among the respondents, 25% reported using the American Association of Endodontists' Endodontic Case Difficulty Assessment, while 10% reported having no specific method for teaching prognosis. The most common method for teaching overall treatment complexity was the Prosthodontic Diagnostic Index, which was used by 24% of the respondents. However, another 24% reported that their school did not have a specific method for teaching treatment complexity. Large percentages of the respondents reported that students sometimes or often made wrong tooth prognosis and case complexity determination (90% and 92%, respectively). The most prominent feedback provided by the respondents based on their experience was the importance of faculty standardization, the understanding of students' inexperience, and the need for an interdisciplinary approach. The majority of these respondents reported that their schools had specific methods of teaching prognosis and case complexity determination. However, there was a wide range of teaching practices related to the contents and levels of evidence.
A lateral lead variant of the de Winter pattern due to left main stenosis and left anterior descending artery occlusion

Early recognition of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction equivalent electrocardiogram patterns is of paramount importance. Successful identification of these ischemic patterns helps ensure proper triage of patients needing urgent restoration of coronary perfusion. The so-called de Winter sign has become increasingly recognized as a ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction equivalent pattern due to proximal left anterior descending artery occlusion. Yet, despite the de Winter pattern's well-defined electrocardiographic-angiographic relationship, the electrophysiologic explanation for its characteristic electrocardiographic manifestations remains unclear. Herein, we report a case in which an ischemic lateral lead variant of the de Winter pattern emerged from a patient inflicted by an abrupt thrombotic occlusion of the ostial left anterior descending artery, which developed in series with a high-grade stenosis of the distal left main coronary artery. We examine the patient's presenting electrocardiographic findings and clinical course to (i) establish causal inferences that align with the distribution of myocardial ischemia supported by coronary angiography and (ii) provide an accompanying analysis of the relevant scientific literature.
Exploring the use of educational materials for increasing participation in a stretching program: a quality improvement project in people with motor neuron disease.

Background Decreased range of motion is a common secondary complication of motor neuron disease (MND) that can contribute to functional decline and decreased participation in daily activities. Aim The purpose of this study was to develop and assess the effectiveness of educational brochures and videos aimed at improving knowledge regarding the importance of a regular stretching program. Design This was a quality improvement (QI) project. Setting Participants were seen in outpatient multidisciplinary neuromuscular clinic. Population Individuals with motor neuron disease were invited to participate in this QI study. Methods Individuals were asked to complete surveys asking questions regarding current stretching program, pain levels, and knowledge of benefits of stretching before and after receiving the stretching brochures or videos. Results A total of 53 participants completed the pre-intervention survey, 28 in the brochure group and 25 in the video group. Of those, 86% and 88% completed the post-intervention survey in the brochure and video groups, respectively. The video group increased stretching frequency significantly more than the brochure group (2.04 and 0.62 days/week respectively, p = 0.004). Significantly more participants in the video group reported usage of stretches from the educational materials on a regular basis (54% for brochure group and 86% for video group, p=0.024). Conclusions Educational brochures and videos are two different strategies to improve knowledge of benefits of stretching for individuals with MND. Both groups increased frequency of stretching. Videos may be better able to improve frequency of stretching when compared to brochures. Clinical rehabilitation impact The brochures and videos developed for this study can be used by clinicians treating individuals with MND. By improving knowledge regarding the benefits of stretching, individuals with MND may choose to prioritize stretching as a part of their routine. This in turn may help to prevent or address potential joint or muscle length issues or assist patients to incorporate preventative measures into their treatment plans.
Prediction error parameters for visuospatial interference: Minimal prediction errors leave positive declarative memory intact following visuospatial word search interference

Abstract Prediction error (PE) is an important boundary condition for memory reconsolidation; however, while it is clear that a prediction error is necessary for reactivation, the parameters for what constitutes a prediction error are unclear. In the present study, participants watched a video with a positive emotional valence, followed by a baseline free recall test. One day later, participants completed one of three prediction error conditions (NoPE, 1PE, 2PE), followed by a visuospatial interference task (i.e., complex word search) or a nonvisuospatial multiplication control task. The NoPE condition viewed a photo and short summary of the video presented in a congruent modality (i.e., digitally on a computer monitor). The 1PE condition viewed the same photo and summary but received this information in an incongruent modality (i.e., on a piece of paper). The 2PE condition viewed the same photo and summary in an incongruent modality (i.e., on a piece of paper), plus one new fact added to the summary. Memory testing one week later showed a significant drop in free recall, but not recognition, for all groups from the first to the second free recall test; however, no differences were observed between groups. These results indicate that, in the positive film paradigm, minimal prediction errors (i.e., one or two changes) are not sufficient to destabilize memory. Given the importance of prediction error for applications of reconsolidation to the treatment of memory-based psychological disorders and drug addiction, further examination of the parameters for prediction error is warranted.
The Effects of a Novel Quadrupedal Movement Training Program on Functional Movement, Range of Motion, Muscular Strength, and Endurance.

Buxton, JD, Prins, PJ, Miller, MG, Moreno, A, Welton, GL, Atwell, AD, Talampas, TR, and Elsey, GE. The effects of a novel quadrupedal movement training program on functional movement, range of motion, muscular strength, and endurance. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-Quadrupedal movement training (QMT) is a form of bodyweight training incorporating animal poses, transitions, and crawling patterns to reportedly improve fitness. This type of training may improve multiple facets of fitness, unfortunately, little evidence exists to support commercial claims and guide practitioners in the best use of QMT. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the impact of a commercially available QMT program on functional movement, dynamic balance, range of motion, and upper body strength and endurance. Forty-two active college-age (19.76 ± 2.10 years) subjects (males = 19, females = 23) were randomly assigned to a QMT (n = 21) or control (CON) (n = 21) group for 8 weeks. Quadrupedal movement training consisted of 60-minute classes performed 2×·wk in addition to regular physical activity. Active range of motion, Functional Movement Screen (FMS), Y-Balance Test (YBT), handgrip strength, and push-up endurance were assessed before and after the intervention. The QMT group showed significantly greater improvements than the CON group in FMS composite score (1.62 ± 1.53 vs. 0.33 ± 1.15, p = 0.004) and FMS advanced movements (0.81 ± 0.87 vs. 0.01 ± 0.71, p = 0.002) and fundamental stability (0.57 ± 0.75 vs. 0.05 ± 0.50, p = 0.011), along with hip flexion, hip lateral rotation, and shoulder extension (p < 0.05). No significant differences between groups were observed for dynamic balance or upper body strength and endurance. Our results indicate that QMT can improve FMS scores and various active joint ranges of motion. Quadrupedal movement training is a viable alternative form of training to improve whole-body stabilization and flexibility.
Thermal flipping and thermal trapping: New elements in grain dynamics

Since the classical work by Purcell (1979), it has been generally accepted that most interstellar grains rotate suprathermally. Suprathermally rotating grains would be nearly perfectly aligned with the magnetic field by paramagnetic dissipation if not for "crossovers," intervals of low angular velocity resulting from reversals of the torques responsible for suprathermal rotation. Lazarian & Draine (1997) identified thermal fluctuations within grain material as an important component of crossover dynamics. For a10−5 cm grains, these fluctuations ensure good correlation of angular momentum before and after crossover resulting in good alignment, in accord with observations of starlight polarization. We discuss two new processes that are important for the dynamics of a10−5 cm grains. "Thermal flipping" allows small grains to bypass the period of slow rotation that would otherwise occur during a crossover, thereby enhancing the alignment of small grains. "Thermal trapping" arises when thermal flipping becomes rapid enough to prevent the systematic torques from driving the grain to suprathermal rotation, thereby reducing the alignment of small grains. The observed variation of grain alignment with grain size results from a competition between thermal trapping—which suppresses suprathermal rotation of small grains—and torques due to H2 formation and starlight—which drive large grains to suprathermal rotation rates.
Fungi for future foods

Abstract The rapid growth of human civilizations has led to imminent pressures to develop new food products with increased nutritional characteristics and decreased environmental footprints. Filamentous fungi, a class of microorganisms that have been utilized in a wide variety of foods for thousands of years, have recently garnered widespread attention in research communities and commercial ventures seeking to explore new and innovative applications in a diverse array of food products including, but not limited to, their more established applications as alternative proteins. Technological advances in the cultivation and processing of filamentous fungi have created new frontiers in the control of textures, flavors, and nutritional properties of fungi-based foods. This review highlights technological advances in the production of fungi-based foods from cultivation to product manufacturing, presents the current state of the art in fungi-based food products, and offers thoughts on their future trajectories. Emphasis is given to circular bioprocessing concepts for the sustainable utilization of agricultural and food processing byproducts.
International Corporate Governance:A case study approach

This collection of thoroughly researched and well-written case studies of the governance of companies in nine countries demonstrates how far away we are from convergence in corporate governance systems. Differences in ownership structures, board composition, financial markets, accounting standards, takeover defences, legal systems, societal and corporate cultures, and even political involvement, are highlighted in this splendid collection. The book demonstrates the importance of the few core concepts that are emerging in the field, such as greater transparency, independence in non-executive directors, and the need for more effective governance. The consideration of case studies is presently the best way to understand the reality of corporate governance around the world. This book offers valuable insights to students, teachers and practitioners of the subject.
The Principles of Dependability

This chapter presents definitions and important multi-domain concepts involved in the design and operation of dependable systems. It presents the dependability tree and describes the means to attain dependability. It presents the ideas of fault detection, fault tolerance, fault handling, and fault removal which form the basis of all dependable systems. It surveys common safety paradigms across multiple industries from a standards and regulatory perspective. It introduces the concept of defense in depth as the means of attaining safety and dependability.
Static and Dynamic Aeroelasticity

Aeroelasticity is concerned with the consequences created by interactions among aerodynamic forces, structural deformation, and motion of aerodynamic and hydrodynamic surfaces. Aeroelasticity has four primary effects: (i) lift redistribution that changes external loads; (ii) changes in aircraft trim and dynamic response; (iii) control effectiveness, including aileron reversal, which limits maneuverability; and (iv) aircraft structural dynamic response, in particular buffeting and flutter. A simple model is used to explain some of these effects. Aeroelastic effects have plagued aircraft from the beginning of flight, sometimes delaying technology transition. Early designs suffered from tail flutter and aileron-wing flutter that led to in-flight aircraft destruction. Flutter is a self-excited structural dynamic instability that occurs when, at high speeds, wing or tail surface vibration extracts energy from the airstream. Today, aircraft development includes extensive, expensive analysis and testing to provide safe operation and prevent flutter. Solutions to aeroelastic problems nearly always include adding structural weight. Aeroelastic structural stiffness tailoring and active aeroservoelastic control are alternative remediation and exploitation methods. These efforts have led to modern designs such as the X-29 research aircraft and the FA-18 Active Aeroelastic Wing. A list of standard textbooks and major references is included. Keywords: flutter; aeroelastic tailoring; aeroservoelasticity; control effectiveness; lift redistribution
Special Education and Virtual Reality

AbstractVirtual reality is an emerging technology with a wide range of potential applications. As problems of cost, size, and performance are overcome, virtual reality is being used in medicine, chemistry, architecture, interior design, the military, space exploration, and robotics. There are powerful potential applications for this technology in programs and services for persons with disabilities. These applications include modeling, flexible instructional design, realistic training environments, robotics, vicarious sensory experiences, concretion, stimulus control, and training in orientation and mobility. The extent to which these potential uses of virtual reality are realized, however, depends on the willingness of special educators to become knowledgeable about the technology and serve as advocates for its research and development in special education.
Remediation of Petroleum Impacted Soils in Fungal Compost Bioreactors

The ability of the white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium to enhance the biotransformation of benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) in contaminated soils was evaluated in compost bioreactors. Radiolabelled114C and chemical mass balances were used to evaluate: 1) rate of disappearance of test compound; 2) mineralization; 3) formation of bound contaminant residue; and 4) treatment costs. Mineralization of B(a)P was found to be insignificant over the duration of test period. Moreover, no radioactivity was recovered in volatile organic traps indicating that transformation of B(a)P resulted in chemicals intermediates that remained associated with the compost matrix. Bound contaminant residue formation was found to be the major mechanism of B(a)P removal accounting for nearly 100% of the contaminant loss from the solvent extract (methylene chloride/acetone). A maximum rate of bound contaminant removal of 1.36 mg B(a)P/Kg soil-day was estimated in fungal inoculated system over the first thirty days of treatment. This was significantly different from the maximum rate of bound residue formation estimated in the noninoculated systems (0.83 mg B(a)P/Kg soil-day) over the same time period. After thirty days, the rate of bound residue formation decreased to near zero in the inoculated system while remaining constant in the noninoculated reactors. The decrease in bound residue formation coincided with decline in benzo(a)pyrene removal. Data suggest that fungal activity may have been reduced over time by nutrient limitation.
Contrasting effects of plant species traits and moisture on the decomposition of multiple litter fractions

Environmental variation in moisture directly influences plant litter decomposition through effects on microbial activity, and indirectly via plant species traits. Whether the effects of moisture and plant species traits are mutually reinforcing or counteracting during decomposition are unknown. To disentangle the effects of moisture from the effects of species traits that vary with moisture, we decomposed leaf litter from 12 plant species in the willow family (Salicaceae) with different native habitat moisture preferences in paired mesic and wetland plots. We fit litter mass loss data to an exponential decomposition model and estimated the decay rate of the rapidly cycling litter fraction and size of the remaining fraction that decays at a rate approaching zero. Litter traits that covaried with moisture in the species’ native habitat significantly influenced the decomposition rate of the rapidly cycling litter fraction, but moisture in the decomposition environment did not. In contrast, for the slowly cycling litter fraction, litter traits that did not covary with moisture in the species’ native habitat and moisture in the decomposition environment were significant. Overall, the effects of moisture and plant species traits on litter decomposition were somewhat reinforcing along a hydrologic gradient that spanned mesic upland to wetland (but not permanently surface-saturated) plots. In this system, plant trait and moisture effects may lead to greater in situ decomposition rates of wetland species compared to upland species; however, plant traits that do not covary with moisture will also influence decomposition of the slowest cycling litter fraction.
Differentiating for Multiple Intelligences: A Study of Students' Understandings through the Use of Aesthetic Representations.

This study intersects Multiple Intelligences, differentiated instruction, and aesthetic representations. During three semesters, 122 preservice teachers created aesthetic representations as the culminating project for a teacher preparation courses. Guiding research questions were: (1) How do students perceive the alignment between their aesthetic representations and their self-identified strongest area(s) of Multiple Intelligences? (2) In what ways does the use of aesthetic representations support the components of a differentiated classroom? Results indicate that students in this study overwhelmingly gravitate to areas of Multiple Intelligence strength(s). Additionally, findings suggest meaningful choice, critical thinking, and personal validations support student learning. Participants deepened their understandings of course content and experienced how differentiation can increase student success, honor modes of self-expression, and authenticate individual learning styles.
Herbicidal activity on acetolactate synthase-resistant barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) in Arkansas, USA.

The intensive use of the acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides, imazethapyr, penoxsulam and bispyribac-sodium, in imidazolinone-resistant (Clearfield) rice increases the risk of the evolution of ALS-resistant barnyardgrass. In 2009, imazethapyr failed to control barnyardgrass that was collected from a field in Arkansas, USA, following the failure of the herbicide in 2008. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to confirm and document the level of resistance of the biotype against three ALS-inhibiting herbicides that currently are labeled in rice. The level of control of the resistant biotype at the labeled rate of bispyribac-sodium of 35 g ai ha−1 was 10%, penoxsulam at 22 g ai ha−1 was 0% and imazethapyr at 70 g ai ha−1 was 25%. The level of mortality of the susceptible biotype was 100% with all the herbicides at the labeled rate. The dose needed to kill 50% of the resistant plants was 49 g ha−1 of bispyribac-sodium, 254 g ha−1 of penoxsulam and 170 g ha−1 of imazethapyr. For the susceptible biotype, bispyribac-sodium at 6 g ha−1, penoxsulam at 10 g ha−1 and imazethapyr at 12 g ha−1 killed 50% of the treated plants. Based on these findings, it was confirmed that a barnyardgrass population has evolved cross-resistance to three ALS-inhibiting herbicides in rice culture in Arkansas. Furthermore, an experiment was conducted to determine if the ALS-resistant biotype could be controlled using other mechanisms of action. The results indicated that propanil, a photosystem II inhibitor, and quinclorac, a synthetic auxin, failed to control the resistant biotype at the labeled rates, whereas all the other evaluated herbicides provided effective control of both biotypes.
Audit research in the wake of SOX

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to summarize the effect that the passage of the Sarbanes–Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX) by the US Congress had on audit research. More specifically, the paper compares the nature of research about auditing conducted before the Act’s passage to the nature of research about audit regulation that dominates the literature since its passage. Design/methodology/approach – The paper builds on an extensive review of the research literature before and after the passage of SOX to suggest and examine potential future research paths that might develop in auditing. The streams of research are linked and organized around four themes: auditing as a competitive process, auditing as a service process, auditing as a production process and auditing as a quality control process. Findings – In general, auditing research prior to SOX tended to focus on issues encountered in the practice of auditing with tangential implications for audit regulation. The passage of SOX had the effect of focusing a...
Slowing of rat diaphragm action potential depolarization by endurance treadmill training.

This study tested the hypothesis that the action potential properties of the diaphragm muscle are altered by endurance exercise treadmill training. Rats underwent treadmill running or sham training for 8 weeks, and intracellular electrophysiological recordings were subsequently performed in vitro. Diaphragm resting membrane potential was not altered by training. The maximal rate of action potential depolarization was reduced significantly by exercise training, from 551±16 to 445±15 mV/ms (P<0.00002). In contrast the rate of action potential repolarization was not significantly different between the two groups (P=0.25). Action potential height was significantly higher in control compared with trained muscle (84.5±1.0 vs. 78.4±1.2 mV, P<0.0005). The combination of slowed action depolarization and decreased peak action potential height resulted in no net change in action potential area. Thus treadmill running endurance exercise training slows rat diaphragm action potential depolarization but not repolarization, suggestive of altered Na+ but not K+ channel function.
Octahedral microporous phases Na2Nb2−xTixO6−x(OH)x·H2O and their related perovskites: Crystal chemistry, energetics, and stability relations

A family of microporous phases with compositions Na2Nb2−xTixO6−x(OH)x·H2O (0 ⩽ x ⩽ 0.4) transform to Na2Nb2−xTixO6−0.5x perovskites upon heating. In this study, we have measured the enthalpies of formation of the microporous phases and their corresponding perovskites from the constituent oxides and from the elements by drop solution calorimetry in 3Na2O·4MoO3 solvent at 974 K. As Ti/Nb increases, the enthalpies of formation for the microporous phases become less exothermic up to x · ∼0.2 but then more exothermic thereafter. In contrast, the formation enthalpies for the corresponding perovskites become less exothermic across the series. The energetic disparity between the two series can be attributed to their different mechanisms of ionic substitutions: Nb5+ + O2− → Ti4+ + OH− for the microporous phases and Nb5+ → Ti4+ + 0.5VO‥ for the perovskites. From the calorimetric data for the two series, the enthalpies of the dehydration reaction, Na2Nb2−xTixO6−x(OH)x·H2O → Na2Nb2−xTixO6−0.5x + H2O, have been derived, and their implications for phase stability at the synthesis conditions are discussed.
Kinetic Treatment of Coupled Electron and Proton Transfer in Flash-Photolysis Experiments on Carbon Monoxide-Inhibited Mixed-Valence Cytochrome c Oxidase

Coupled electron and proton transfer observed in flow-flash experiments on CO-inhibited mixed-valence cytochrome c oxidase is discussed in terms of a model proposed by Brzezinski and co-workers [J. Bioenerg. Biomembr. 1998, 30, 99−107]. The model includes two redox states of the heme a/heme a3 pair and two states, protonated and deprotonated, of a redox-linked group L, which is in contact with bulk solution via a proton conducting channel. The proton channel is represented by another protolytic group L‘, which is in equilibrium with bulk solution, but not with group L. The theory reproduces the experimentally observed pH dependence of the slow kinetics of heme a reduction following dissociation of the enzyme−CO complex, and additionally predicts a pH dependence of the fast kinetics due to varying proton equilibrium between group L and bulk solution prior to dissociation. The rates of internal proton transfer between L and L‘ in the reduced and oxidized states, and the bimolecular rate of protonation of L‘...
Compound formation in the system SrMoO

Abstract Compound formation and compatibility relations have been studied for a portion of the system SrMoO at 1200°C. The ternary compounds were prepared: SrMoO 4 with the tetragonal scheelite structure, SrMoO 3 with the cubic perovskite structure and Sr 3 MoO 6 . This last compound, which had not been previously reported, gave X-ray powder data which could be indexed on a cubic unit cell with a 0 = 16·39(1) A . It appeared to have a structure related to that of (NH 4 ) 3 FeF 6 . X-ray powder data have been determined for SrMoO 3 and Sr 3 MoO 6 . A previously reported fourth compound, Sr 2 MoO 4 , could not be prepared at 1000°C, 1200°C or 1400°C. The stable phase assemblage at its bulk composition was (Sr 3 MoO 6 + Mo).
How many emergency dispatches occurred per cardiac arrest

Abstract Background The Medical Priority Dispatch System (MPDS) is an emergency medical dispatch (EMD) system that is widely used to prioritize 9-1-1 calls and optimize resource allocation. Calls are assigned an MPDS determinant, which includes a number (1–32) representing chief complaint and priority (Alpha through Echo) representing acuity. Objective This study evaluates the number of emergency dispatches per cardiac arrest (NOD-CA) in cardiac arrest and non-cardiac arrest MPDS determinants. Methods All patients assigned a determinant by MPDS from January 1, 2008 to June 30, 2009 in a large metropolitan area were included. Prehospital electronic patient care records were linked with dispatch data. For each MPDS determinant, the number of calls for which the paramedic impression was listed as "Cardiac Arrest – Non-Traumatic" was tabulated. The NOD-CA was calculated for each cardiac arrest and non-cardiac arrest MPDS determinant. Non-MPDS calls with cardiac arrests were analyzed separately. Results A total of 101,642 patients were included. Among them, 555 had "Cardiac Arrest – Non-Traumatic" listed as the paramedic impression. The Cardiac/Respiratory Arrest/Death protocol had the highest number of cardiac arrests (285), followed by Breathing Problems (99) and Unconscious/Fainting (76). Overall, 183 dispatched occurred for each cardiac arrest, 131 of which resulted in a lights and sirens response. The NOD-CA was 7 in the Cardiac Arrest/Death protocol, 122 in Breathing Problems, and 104 in Unconscious/Fainting. 31 Cardiac arrests occurred in non-MPDS dispatch categories ( N =62,989), most of which were calls for medical assistance from police or fire units. Conclusions MPDS was designed to detect cardiac arrest with high sensitivity, leading to a significant degree of mistriage. The number of dispatches for each cardiac arrest may be a useful way to quantify the degree of mistriage and optimize EMS dispatch. This large descriptive study revealed a low NOD-CA in most cardiac arrest MPDS determinants. We demonstrated significant variability in the NOD-CA among non-cardiac arrest MPDS determinants, and few cardiac arrests in non-MPDS dispatch categories.
Response to LH-RH and Clomiphene Citrate in Two Women with the Prader-Labhart-Willi Syndrome

Two women with the Prader-Labhart-Willi syndrome are presented. The gonadotropin response to LH-RH administration was studied prior to, immediately following, and 6 months after a 6-week trial of clomiphene citrate, 200 mg per day for 21 days in divided doses, followed by 100 mg per day for 14 days in divided doses, and followed by 50 mg per day in a single dose for an additional 14 days. During therapy, the basal gonadotropin and estradiol concentrations rose from prepubertal levels to those of mature women in midmenstrual cycle. However, 6 months after cessation of treatment, the basal gonadotropin and estradiol levels had returned to the prepubertal range. The initial response to LH-RH in the 2 patients differed in that one was clearly prepubertal and the other indistinguishable from the broad range of the adult normal response. The LH and FSH responses to LH-RH administration were greater after 6 weeks of clomiphene citrate therapy than they were either before (both patients) or 6 months after treatme...
Amiodarone-induced linear IgA disease

Drug-inducedlinear IgA diseaseis histologically identical to sporadic linear 19A disease. The eruption typically ceases after the offending agent is stopped, and it recurs when rechallenged. We describe the first reported patient with drug-induced linear IgA disease caused by amiodarone. Amiodarone, a benzofuran derivative, is an antiarrhythmic medication. It has beenassociated with several cutaneous side effects. Photosensitivity to UVA is common. 1Dermallipofuscinosis manifesting as peculiar blue-graypigmentationhas beenreported.? A fatal case of toxic epidermal necrolysis caused by arniodarone has been described.' Arniodarone-induced pseudoporphyria that resolved on cessation of the drug has also been reported."
Feedback between ridge and swale bathymetry and barrier island storm response and transgression

Abstract The shoreface of Santa Rosa Island in northwest Florida is characterized by a ridge and swale bathymetry that forces an alongshore variation in beach and dune morphology. The alongshore variation in dune morphology in turn controls the modern island response to and recovery from tropical storms and hurricanes, and is therefore, an important control on island transgression with relative sea-level rise. Field sampling and remote sensing are used in the present study to describe the geologic framework of Santa Rosa Island, and to elucidate on the origins of the shore-attached ridge and swale bathymetry. Vibracores and seismic and GPR surveys were completed along 42 cross-shore transects and 3 shore-parallel transects to examine the structure of the 21 ridge and swale structures found along Santa Rosa Island. The shore-parallel seismic surveys reveal strong near-horizontal reflectors through the ridges at depths consistent with thick back-barrier muds extracted from vibracores taken across and along the ridges. Near-horizontal reflectors are identified in ground-penetrating radar (GPR) surveys between the ridges and cuspate spits along the back-barrier shoreline, but are not present in the narrow sections of the island landward of the swales. Continuation of the seismic surveys in the back-barrier also reveals near-horizontal reflectors at the cuspate spits that are characterized by seagrass beds, salt marsh and maritime forest. Consistent with the GPR survey, there is an absence of horizontal reflectors between cuspate spits where the washover deposits extend to the back-barrier shoreline. It is argued that the ridge and swale bathymetry is a transgressive surface and the remnants of cuspate spits that are present along the back-barrier shoreline. In this respect, the cuspate spits had to first develop along the back-barrier shoreline and eventually evolve into the mud-cored ridges as the island transgressed with relative sea-level rise. Once the ridge and swale bathymetry emerged on the Gulf of Mexico shoreface it was able to reinforce the alongshore variation in dune height and storm response. It is further argued that the cuspate spits are reinforced by the shoreface ridges through alongshore transport of sediment from adjacent washover fans although the ridge orientation suggests that the spits have migrated westward by ~ 750 m. In this respect, the alongshore variation in beach and dune morphology on this island is the expression of this large-scale feedback and suggests a top-down model in which meso-scale processes and landforms depend on the geologic context.
Alzheimer's therapy: an approach to novel muscarinic ligands based upon the naturally occurring alkaloid himbacine.

Abstract The naturally occurring alkaloid himbacine has been found to be a potent muscarinic antagonist that displays selectivity for M2 or M4 receptors. Using himbacine as a lead compound we have begun to explore its structure-activity profile in order to arrive at an analogue for possible use in cholinergic pharmacotherapy.
Measurement Directiveness as a Cause of Response Bias: Evidence From Two Survey Experiments

Extant research comparing survey self-reports of normative behavior to direct observations and time diary data have yielded evidence of extensive measurement bias. However, most of this research program has relied on observational data, comparing independent samples from the same target population, rather than comparing survey self-reports to a criterion measure for individual respondents. This research addresses the next step using data from two studies. In each study, respondents completed a conventional survey questionnaire, including questions about frequency of religious behavior. Respondents were then asked to participate in a text messaging (short message service) data collection procedure, reporting either (1) participation in religious behavior specifically or (2) all changes in major activity without explicitly specifying religious behavior. Findings suggest that directive measurement, priming the respondent to consider the focal behavior, is a cause of measurement bias.
Two Classes of Plant cDNA Clones Differentially Complement Yeast Calcineurin Mutants and Increase Salt Tolerance of Wild-type Yeast

The salt-sensitive phenotype of yeast cells deficient in the phosphoprotein phosphatase, calcineurin, was used to identify genes from the higher plant Arabidopsis thaliana that complement this phenotype. cDNA clones corresponding to two different sequences, designated STO (salt tolerance) and STZ (salt tolerance zinc finger), were found to increased tolerance of calcineurin mutants and of wild-type yeast to both Li+ and Na+ ions. STZ is related to Cys2/His2-type zinc-finger proteins found in higher plants, and STO is similar to the Arabidopsis CONSTANS protein in regions that may also be zinc fingers. Although neither protein has sequence similarity to any protein phosphatase, STO was able to at least partially compensate for all tested additional phenotypic effects of calcineurin deficiency, and STZ compensated for a subset of these effects. Salt tolerance produced by STZ appeared to be partially dependent on ENA1/PMR2, a P-type ATPase required for Li+ and Na+ efflux in yeast, whereas the effect of STO on salt tolerance was independent of ENA1/PMR2. STZ and STO were found to be expressed in Arabidopsis roots and leaves, whereas only STO message was detectable in flowers. An apparent increase in the level of STZ mRNA was observed in response NaCl exposure in Arabidopsis seedlings, but the level of STO mRNA was not altered by this treatment.
Computer-aided head film analysis: The University of California San Francisco method☆

Computer technology is already assuming an important role in the management of orthodontic practices. The next 10 years are likely to see expansion in computer usage into the areas of diagnosis, treatment planning, and treatment-record keeping. In the areas of diagnosis and treatment planning, one of the first problems to be attacked will be the automation of head film analysis. The problems of constructing computer-aided systems for this purpose are considered herein in the light of the authors' 10 years of experience in developing a similar system for research purposes. The need for building in methods for automatic detection and correction of gross errors is discussed and the authors' method for doing so is presented. The construction of a rudimentary machine-readable data base for research and clinical purposes is described.
Drug Treatment of Hypertension in Pregnancy

Hypertensive disorders represent major causes of pregnancy-related maternal mortality worldwide. Similar to the non-pregnant population, hypertension is the most common medical disorder encountered during pregnancy and is estimated to occur in about 6–8 % of pregnancies. A recent report highlighted hypertensive disorders as one of the major causes of pregnancy-related maternal deaths in the USA, accounting for 579 (12.3 %) of the 4,693 maternal deaths that occurred between 1998 and 2005. In low-income and middle-income countries, preeclampsia and its convulsive form, eclampsia, are associated with 10–15 % of direct maternal deaths. The optimal timing and choice of therapy for hypertensive pregnancy disorders involves carefully weighing the risk-versus-benefit ratio for each individual patient, with an overall goal of improving maternal and fetal outcomes. In this review, we have compared and contrasted the recommendations from different treatment guidelines and outlined some newer perspectives on management. We aim to provide a clinically oriented guide to the drug treatment of hypertension in pregnancy.
Developing Hypermedia Courseware Through Partnerships of Students and Instructors

Abstract This article describes the PSI (Partnership of Students and Instructors) hypermedia authoring and delivery system, which explores new approaches in creating partnerships between instructors and students for the creation, updating, and maintenance of a course's knowledge base. The system facilitates a transition from traditional text-based instructional materials to hypermedia presentations. A PSI prototype system allows instructor and student authors to contribute course materials through a superset of standard Hypertext Markup Language. The system provides hypermedia presentations of a course's topics, review questions, and explanations.
Not all ski slopes are created equal: Disturbance intensity affects ecosystem properties

In mountain regions around the world, downhill ski areas represent a significant source of anthropogenic disturbance while also providing recreation and revenue. Ski-run creation always results in some level of disturbance, but disturbance intensity varies greatly with construction method. Ski runs may be established either by clearing (cutting and removing tall vegetation) or by clearing and then machine-grading (leveling the soil surface with heavy equipment). To quantify how these different intensities of initial disturbance affect ecosystem properties, we extensively surveyed vegetation, soils, and environmental characteristics on cleared ski runs, graded ski runs, and adjacent reference forests across seven large downhill ski resorts in the northern Sierra Nevada, USA. We found that the greater disturbance intensity associated with grading resulted in greater impacts on all ecosystem properties considered, including plant community composition and diversity, soil characteristics relating to processes of nutrient cycling and retention, and measures of erosion potential. We also found that cleared ski runs retained many ecological similarities to reference forests and might even offer some added benefits by possessing greater plant species and functional diversity than either forests or graded runs. Because grading is more damaging to multiple indicators of ecosystem function, clearing rather than grading should be used to create ski slopes wherever practical.
Nano-electro-mechanical-systems (NEMS) and energy-efficient electronics and the emergence of two-dimensional layered materials beyond graphene

Carbon-based nanomaterials such as graphene, a layered two-dimensional (2D) crystal, carbon nanotubes and carbon nanofibers have been explored extensively by researchers as well as the semiconductor industry as viable alternatives to silicon-based complimentary metal-oxide semiconductor transistors. Besides nanoscale transistors, the exceptional properties of carbon-based nanomaterials has stirred intense interest in considering these materials for applications ranging from interconnects, field-emission displays, photo-voltaics and nano-electro-mechanical-systems (NEMS). Recently, the emergence of other layered 2D crystals where the bonding between layers is held together by the weak van der Waals interaction, has opened up new avenues of research and exploration. Such material systems display a diverse array of properties ranging from insulating hexagonal-BN, metallic NbS 2 to semiconducting MoS 2 . The ability to engineer the materials properties in these 2D layered materials provides promising prospects for their use in a wide variety of applications ranging from electronics, photonics, sensing, energy harvesting, flexible electronics and related applications over the coming years.
Human oral viruses are personal, persistent and gender-consistent

Viruses are the most abundant members of the human oral microbiome, yet relatively little is known about their biodiversity in humans. To improve our understanding of the DNA viruses that inhabit the human oral cavity, we examined saliva from a cohort of eight unrelated subjects over a 60-day period. Each subject was examined at 11 time points to characterize longitudinal differences in human oral viruses. Our primary goals were to determine whether oral viruses were specific to individuals and whether viral genotypes persisted over time. We found a subset of homologous viral genotypes across all subjects and time points studied, suggesting that certain genotypes may be ubiquitous among healthy human subjects. We also found significant associations between viral genotypes and individual subjects, indicating that viruses are a highly personalized feature of the healthy human oral microbiome. Many of these oral viruses were not transient members of the oral ecosystem, as demonstrated by the persistence of certain viruses throughout the entire 60-day study period. As has previously been demonstrated for bacteria and fungi, membership in the oral viral community was significantly associated with the sex of each subject. Similar characteristics of personalized, sex-specific microflora could not be identified for oral bacterial communities based on 16S rRNA. Our findings that many viruses are stable and individual-specific members of the oral ecosystem suggest that viruses have an important role in the human oral ecosystem.
The hyporheic habitat of river ecosystems

Contemporary river ecology is based primarily on biogeochemical studies of the river channel and interactions with shoreline vegetation, even though most rivers have extensive floodplain aquifers that are hydraulically connected to the channel. The hyporheic zone, the interstitial habitat penetrated by riverine animals, is characterized as being spatially limited to no more than a few metres, in most cases centimetres, away from the river channel1–9. However, riverine invertebrates were collected in hundreds per sample within a grid of shallow (10 m) wells located on the flood-plain up to 2 km from the channel of the Flathead River, Montana, USA. Preliminary mass transport calculations indicate that nutrients discharged from the hyporheic zone may be crucial to biotic productivity in the river channel. The strength and spatial magnitude of these interactions demonstrate an unexplored dimension in the ecology of gravel-bed rivers.
Vitamin E-enriched lipoproteins increase longevity of neurons in vitro.

Abstract Vitamin E-enriched human lipoprotein fractions were used to supplement the standard feeding medium of organotypic, reaggregate, fetal rat brain cultures. The neurons in control cultures, which were fed with Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium containing 15% fetal calf serum, began to degenerate after 27 days. Those in test cultures, which were supplemented with 5–15 μg vitamin E/ml, survived until the end of the experiment (49 days). We conclude that differentiated, membrane-rich neurons and glia need a lipid-enriched and/or antioxidant-supplemented medium for prolonged survival in organotypic culture.