cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Graphene/enzyme-encrusted three-dimensional carbon micropillar arrays for mediatorless micro-biofuel cells

Two-dimensional graphene is a promising candidate material for use in high-performance enzymatic biofuel cells (EBFCs). In this work, graphene/enzyme has been integrated onto three-dimensional (3D) micropillar arrays in order to obtain efficient enzyme immobilisation and enhanced enzyme loading and facilitate direct electron transfer. The fabrication process of this system combines top-down carbon microelectromechanical systems (C-MEMS) to fabricate the 3D micropillar array platform and bottom-up electrophoretic deposition (EPD) to deposit the graphene/enzyme onto the electrode surface. The amperometric response of the graphene-based bioelectrode exhibited excellent electrochemical activity, which indicated the successful co-deposition of graphene with the enzymes. The developed 3D graphene/enzyme network-based EBFC generated a maximum power density of 136.3 μW cm−2 at 0.59 V, which is almost seven times the maximum power density of the bare 3D carbon micropillar array-based EBFC.
The elusive tale: leveraging the study of information seeking and knowledge organization to improve access to and discovery of folktales

The “Folktales and Facets” project proposes ways to enhance access to folktales—in written and audiovisual formats—through the systematic and rigorous development of user-focused and task-focused models of information representation. Methods used include cognitive task analysis and facet analysis to better understand the information-seeking and information-use practices of people working with folktales and the intellectual dimensions of the domain. Interviews were conducted with 9 informants, representing scholars, storytellers, and teachers who rely on folktales in their professional lives to determine common tasks across user groups. Four tasks were identified: collect, create, instruct, and study. Facet analysis was conducted on the transcripts of these interviews, and a representative set of literature that included subject indexing material and a random stratified set of document surrogates drawn from a collection of folktales, including bibliographic records, introductions, reviews, tables of contents, and bibliographies. Eight facets were identified as most salient for this group of users: agent, association, context, documentation, location, subject, time, and viewpoint. Implications include the need for systems designers to devise methods for harvesting and integrating extant contextual material into search and discovery systems, and to take into account user-desired features in the development of enhanced services for digital repositories. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Theory of multihazards for bridge structures

Multihazard consideration for infrastructure applications is gaining popularity due to the anticipated overall cost reduction it offers while maintaining the needed safety levels. This approach considers increasing the complexity of the structural systems to meet the demands of the current environment and takes advantage of the recent developments and innovations in computing, analytical, and sensing technologies. However, at present, no quantitative methods have been developed to fulfill such a promise. This paper discusses the need for multihazards considerations in infrastructure applications and provides a quantitative approach to multihazards considerations. A general theory of multihazards in infrastructure is introduced and applied to structural analysis, design, life cycle costing, risk assessment, and structural health monitoring. In all, groundwork is laid for quantification of multihazards considerations. Utilization/furthering of such quantitative treatment of multihazards theory in these fiel...
Total internal reflectance fluorescence (TIRF) measurements of tracer diffusion through swollen supported polymer films

This work introduces a new method for tracer diffusion studies which emphasizes interfacial effects. Total internal reflectance fluorescence (TIRF) was employed to monitor rhodamine dye tracer diffusion normal to the interface in PDMS films whose swelling in THF was constrained by adhesion to a rigid support. In these constrained films, the tracer diffusivities were equal to or lower than those in freely swollen samples, with the difference most pronounced in samples of relatively low crosslink density. This indicated that swelling was reduced by adhesion to the substrate. In the supported films, tracer diffusion deviated from Fickian kinetics, suggesting that the region of the film near the substrate contained relatively less solvent at equilibrium than did the bulk film.
Vapor pressure measurements on saturated biodiesel fuel esters by the concatenated gas saturation method

Abstract The purpose of this work was to determine vapor pressures for saturated biodiesel esters at the low-temperature end of their liquid range. A “concatenated” gas saturation apparatus capable of simultaneous measurements on 18 samples was used for measurements on methyl palmitate, ethyl palmitate, methyl stearate, ethyl stearate, and eicosane (C20H42) over the temperature range 323.15 K–343.15 K. Eicosane, a linear alkane with a well known vapor pressure curve (in the same range as the biodiesel esters), was included as a control compound. Importantly, the measured vapor pressures for eicosane are in excellent agreement with reference values, which is good evidence of the low uncertainty of the measurements on the biodiesel esters. Over this temperature range, the measured vapor pressure ranges were 0.145 Pa–1.11 Pa for methyl palmitate, 0.0687 Pa–0.616 Pa for ethyl palmitate, 0.0159 Pa–0.183 Pa for methyl stearate, and 0.00704 Pa–0.0912 Pa for ethyl stearate. The combined standard uncertainty in the vapor pressure measurements ranged from 8% to 15%.
Mental state verb production and sentential complements in four-year-old children

The relationship between mental state verbs (MSVs) and sentential complements (S-comps) was investigated in language samples of 40 4-year-old children. MSVs were coded by function (cognitive, senso...
Sex differences in sexuality among medical students: Effects of increasing socioeconomic status

Research has consistently shown that, compared to men, women are more cautious and selective and maintain greater marital aspirations in entering and maintaining sexual relationships. One explanation of this sex difference is that women have traditionally had inferior access to earning power and social status and consequently were forced to acquire socioeconomic status (SES) through their choice of marriage partners. A contrasting view is that this difference is a component of the basic sex difference identified in the Kinsey studies: Men are more likely than women to dissociate coitus from emotional attachment and to desire and seek coitus with a variety of partners. These two explanations were explored in open-ended interviews with matched samples of 20 male and 20 female medical students. The results were more consistent with the perspective of basic sex differences than with the differential resources explanation. Increasing female SES does not appear to eliminate or even substantially reduce this sex difference. Increasing SES tends to enlarge the pool of acceptable, available sexual and marital partners for men while it tends to reduce the pool for women. Increasing SES thus tends to have different effects on men and women and may cause sex differences in the tendency to associate coitus with emotional attachments and marital aspirations to be more, rather than less, apparent. Extensive case data with verbatim quotations are presented to reveal the emotions and desires underlying subjects' overt behavior.
Patterns of relapse and progression in multiple myeloma patients after auto-SCT: implications for patients’ monitoring after transplantation

Auto-SCT (ASCT) is widely used in first-line treatment of multiple myeloma (MM). However, most patients eventually relapse or have progression of disease (R/POD). Although precise knowledge of R/POD patterns would be important to generate evidence-based surveillance recommendations after ASCT, such data is limited in the literature, especially after introduction of the free light chain assay (FLCA). This retrospective study examined the patterns of R/POD after first-line ASCT in 273 patients, using established criteria. At the time of R/POD, only 2% of patients had no associated serological evidence of R/POD. A total of 85% had asymptomatic R/POD, first detected by serological testing, whereas 15% had symptomatic R/POD with aggressive disease, early R/POD and short survival, with poor cytogenetics and younger age identified as risk factors. Although occult skeletal lesions were found in 40% of asymptomatic patients tested following serological R/POD, yearly skeletal surveys and urine testing were poor at heralding R/POD. We found a consistent association between paraprotein types at diagnosis and R/POD, allowing informed recommendations for appropriate serological monitoring and propose a new needed criterion using FLCA for patients relapsing by FLC only. Our findings provide important evidence-based recommendations that strengthen current monitoring guidelines after first-line ASCT in MM.
Dissociation of actin polymerization and enzyme inactivation in the hormonal regulation of type II iodothyronine 5'-deiodinase activity in astrocytes.

T4 dynamically regulates the levels of type II iodothyronine 5'-deiodinase in the brain. Using an astrocyte cell culture model, we have shown that thyroxine increases inactivation of this enzyme through a mechanism using the actin cytoskeleton. In the absence of T4, the filamentous actin (F-actin) stress fibers are absent, and deiodinase inactivation is relatively slow. T4 increases inactivation of type II 5'-deiodinase by 1) restoring the F-actin stress fibers, 2) promoting the binding of the enzyme to F-actin, and 3) stimulating enzyme internalization. To determine whether inactivation of the deiodinase is due solely to the restoration of stress fibers by T4 or also involves direct thyroxine-mediated enzyme-F-actin interactions, we examined the effects of retinoids on both actin polymerization and type II 5'-deiodinase activity in cultured astrocytes, as these hormones have been shown to alter cytoskeletal organization in other tissues. In thyroid hormone-deficient astrocytes, retinoic acid increased F-...
Intercalary heterochromatin of Drosophila as a potential model for human fragile sites.

We summarize our proposal that “intercalary hetero-chromatin” of Drosophila is a useful model for human fragile sites. Comparison with Drosophila site 11A suggests that the normal allele of fragile site Xq27 is a meiotic pairing site.
Negative-Muon Spin Rotation at the Oxygen Site in Paramagnetic MnO

Negative-muon spin rotation at the oxygen site in paramagnetic MnO has been observed at room temperature. A paramagnetic shift of (1.16 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.21)% was observed, approximately one-third the shift observed for the $^{17}\mathrm{O}$ NMR in MnO. The muon-spin relaxation time extrapolated to zero external field was determined to be ${1.5}_{\ensuremath{-}0.4}^{+0.8}$ \ensuremath{\mu}sec. Possible mechanisms for explaining these observations are presented.
Bolometric albedos and diurnal temperatures of the brightest regions on Io

Cylindrical maps of the locations and estimated Bond albedos of the brightest regions on the Io surface have been constructed on the basis of Voyager data; the albedos are then rescaled to correct for radiometric calibration uncertainties. The highest surface albedos are found to be only moderately higher than the Bond albedo of Io as a whole. The brightest regions include two bright patches southeast of the Maui and Amirani active vents, as well as a large equatorial field of high-albedo material and a lone bright patch at high northern latitudes. These maps indicate that Io's albedos are strongly latitude-dependent.
ITER predictions using the GYRO verified and experimentally validated trapped gyro-Landau fluid transport model

The trapped gyro-Landau fluid (TGLF) transport model computes the quasilinear particle and energy driftwave fluxes in tokamaks with shaped geometry, finite aspect ratio and collisions. The TGLF particle and energy fluxes have been successfully verified against a large database of collisionless nonlinear gyrokinetic simulations using the GYRO code. Using a new collision model in TGLF, we find remarkable agreement between the TGLF quasilinear fluxes and 64 new GYRO nonlinear simulations with electron–ion collisions. In validating TGLF against DIII-D and JET H-mode and hybrid discharges we find the temperature and density profiles are in excellent agreement with the measured profiles. ITER projections using TGLF show that the fusion gains are somewhat more pessimistic than the previous GLF23 results primarily due to finite aspect ratio effects included only in TGLF. The synergistic effects of density peaking, finite β and E × B shear due to finite toroidal rotation lead to significant increases in fusion power above a reduced physics ITER base case. The TGLF results for ITER are confirmed using nonlinear GYRO simulations in place of TGLF to predict the temperature profiles within the TGYRO transport code. These results represent a snapshot of the ongoing effort to improve the TGLF model, validate it against experimental data, and make predictions for ITER.
Electron capture by slow Fe q + ions from hydrogen atoms and molecules

Total electron-capture cross sections have been measured for collisions of ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{q+}$ ions ($3\ensuremath{\le}q\ensuremath{\le}14$) with H and ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ at energies in the 10-95 eV/amu range. The cross sections increase approximately linearly with increasing ionic charge $q$, and, for atomic hydrogen, can be represented by the empirical formula: $\ensuremath{\sigma}=q\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}15}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ with an rms deviation of \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}26%. For ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{5+}$ and ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{6+}$, for which higher-energy data exist, the cross sections are found to be essentially energy independent over the range $17lEl2000$ eV/amu. The cross sections for an atomic H target average 26% larger than for ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$. Agreement with generalized theoretical models is within a factor of 2 or better.
Electromagnetic Green functions using differential forms

In this paper we redevelop the scalar and dyadic Green functions of electromagnetic theory using differential forms. The Green dyadic becomes a double form, which is a differential form in one space with coefficients that are forms in another space, or a differential form-valued form. The results presented here correspond closely with the usual dyadic treatment, but are clearer and more intuitive. Many of the usual expressions using green functions in vector notation require a surface normal; with the Green forms the surface normal is unnecessary. We illustrate the formalism by computing scattering from a randomly rough conducting surface and deriving the Green form for a dielectric half-space. We also define the interior derivative, which is equivalent to the coderivative but for a constant metric has a computational rule dual to that of the exterior derivative and simplifies calculation in coordinates. This work makes available some of the tools that have not yet been presented in the language of differ...
Critical Behavior of the Bethe Lattice Spin Glass.

We present results of a rigorous analysis of the ±J Ising spin glass on the Bethe lattice with uncorrelated boundary conditions. We derive phase diagrams as functions of temperature vs. percentage of ferromagnetic bonds, and, when half of the bonds are ferromagnetic, temperature vs. external field. Critical exponents are also determined. Using bifurcation theory, we establish the existence of nontrivial distributions of single-site magnetizations within the low-temperature/small-field phase boundaries; these solutions reflect spin glass, ferromagnetic and magnetized spin glass behavior.
THE EFFECT OF ANTI-GONADOTROPIC SERA UPON GONADOTROPIC SECRETION IN PARABIOTIC RATS1¹

THE ABILITY of anti'gonadotropic serum, non-specific in nature, to in hibitthe effect of the endogenous secretion of an animal's pituitary has bee nreported previously. Parkes and Rowlands (i) have shown that nonspecific anti'gonadotropic sera' prepared by prolonged injections of beef pituitary, can inhibit ovulation in the rabbit. Rowlands (2) also indicated that such anti'gonadotropic serum suppresses ovulation in the pubertal rat but is un' able to prevent corpus luteum formation in the adult animal. Collip (3) was able to make normal cyclic rats acyclic by injections of anti'gonadotropic sera prepared by prolonged administration of sheep pituitary in the lamb. Thompson (4) produced effects similar to those of hypophysectomy in the guineapig thyroid by injections of anti-thyrotropic hormone. Meyer and Hert8(5) have shown that the ovarian hypertrophy which results when an immature female rat is placed in parabiosis with a castrated male or female littermate,
The design of adult acute care units in U.S. hospitals.

Physical design of hospital nursing care units' can influence safety and care-delivery costs. Experts from the US have noted that a renewed emphasis on design is needed (Anjali, 2006a, 2006b, 2006c; Hamilton, 2003; Hendrich, Fay, & Sorrells, 2004). Changing patient demographics, staffing patterns, and technology must be considered during the current hospital building surge to meet safety, efficiency, and equity goals (Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, 2004; Ulrich, Xiaobo, Zimring, Anjali, & Choudhary, 2004). Authors of the AHRQ's "Transforming Hospitals: Designing for Safety and Quality" initiative have projected that over the next 10 years, the US will spend $250 billion to construct or modify hospitals (AHRQ, 2007). Research gaps related to potentially interactive elements of unit design have made determining an optimal design difficult, but progress has been made in identifying design characteristics that influence outcomes. Among the nursing-unit characteristics deemed by AHRQ to influence patient and staff outcomes are: providing single rooms, work areas for staff that are not long distances from the bedside, frequent staff hand-hygiene stations, "visibility" of patients from nurse work areas, and noise reduction via ceiling tiles and carpeting (AHRQ, 2007). Our purpose in this paper is to describe the current state of these design characteristics in U.S. adult medical-surgical (M-S) and intensive care units (ICUs). Our goals are to inform future researchers about unit designs, provide a benchmark to judge if buildings in this decade resulted in improvements, and provide a basis to assess nursing environments.
The decay of the Bethe-Salpeter kernel inP(ϕ)2 quantum field models

We extend methods of high temperature expansions to show that for even weakly coupledP(ϕ)2 quantum field models the Bethe-Salpeter kernel has 4 particle decay. More precisely ifK denotes the Euclidean Bethe-Salpeter kernel $$|K(x_1 ,x_2 ,x_3 ,x_4 )| \leqq Oe^{ - m_0 (1 - \varepsilon )d_2 } ,$$ wherex=(x0,x1),d2=2|x10+x20−x30−x40|+|x10−x20|+|x30−x40| and e(λ)→0 as λ→0. Our methods apply to otherr particle irreducible kernels.
Studies of the surface type gamma-ray backscatter soil density gauges using collimation and spectrometry techniques

Abstract A prototype gauge was constructed which allowed evaluation of the effects of energy discrimination and source and detector collimation and collimation angles on gauge performance. A NaI (T1) scintillation detector and a multichannel analyzer were used to provide the energy discrimination capability and rotatable lead collimators were constructed for collimation purposes. In addition, source-detector separation was varied over a small range. Because of possible competing effects, the different design parameters were varied simultaneously and both single- and dual-gauge results evaluated. The purpose was to monitor and interpret the effects of energy discrimination and of collimation more than to obtain the best possible design for field applications. The effects on individual errors and on quality factor are displayed and discussed for single gauges, and the best dual gauges obtained are reported. A triple-gauge concept is introduced which would eliminate errors due both to composition variations and to surface roughness.
Mesoscopic fluctuations in quantum dots in the Kondo regime

Properties of the Kondo effect in quantum dots depend sensitively on the coupling parameters and so on the realization of the quantum dot---the Kondo temperature itself becomes a mesoscopic quantity. Assuming chaotic dynamics in the dot, we use random matrix theory to calculate the distribution of both the Kondo temperature and the conductance in the Coulomb blockade regime. We study two experimentally relevant cases: leads with single channels and leads with many channels. In the single-channel case, the distribution of the conductance is very wide as ${T}_{K}$ fluctuates on a logarithmic scale. As the number of channels increases, there is a slow crossover to a self-averaging regime.
IN SEARCH OF QUORUM EFFECTS IN METACOMMUNITY STRUCTURE: SPECIES CO-OCCURRENCE ANALYSES

Alternative models of community assembly emphasize regional, stochastic, dispersal-based processes or local, deterministic, niche-based processes. Community ecology's historical focus on local processes implicitly assumes that local processes surpass regional processes over time or across space to derive nonrandom metacommunity structure (i.e., a quorum effect). Quorum effects are expected late in succession among nearby sites, whereas quorum effects are not expected early in succession among distant sites. I conducted a meta-analysis of zooplankton data sets encompassing time scales of one to thousands of years and spatial scales of <1 m to thousands of kilometers. Species co-occurrence analyses statistically evaluated presence/absence patterns relative to random patterns obtained with Monte Carlo null models. A series of weighted analyses was conducted and alternative randomization algorithms and null models were evaluated. Most zooplankton metacommunities were randomly structured in unweighted analyses, and the distribution of significant structure did not follow quorum effect predictions. Weighted analyses (e.g., by habitat area) revealed significant, nonrandom structure in most zooplankton metacommunities, but the distribution of significant structure still did not adhere well to quorum effect predictions. Finally, additional weighting for study scale (number of sites) nullified most significant area-weighted structure, and again, the distribution of significant structure did not follow quorum effect predictions. Overall, a quorum effect was not supported, perhaps related to zooplankton life histories and energetics and/or the quorum effect itself. Results at the presence/absence level of resolution indicated that local processes did not generally override regional processes over time or across space to drive community structure. A full integration of dispersal- and niche-based concepts in metacommunity dynamics will be most fruitful for unraveling community assembly. Species co-occurrence analyses were scale dependent (habitat area and study size). Future analyses should use weights for important factors (e.g., habitat area), and meta-analyses should include study scale as an additional factor contributing to apparent patterns.
Study of the binding states of the hydrogen-100 nickel system

The desorption kinetics of hydrogen on a 100 nickel surface have been studied using the technique of electron probe surface mass spectrometry. The kinetic model based on the existence of a dual energy binding state for hydrogen on this surface, previously used to describe the adsorption case1) was applied to the observed thermal desorption characteristics. The results obtained indicate that the model adequately predicts the general shape of the desorption curve for reasonable values of activation energies for the two states. The values found were: 0.22 eV for the transition from state 1 to 2 and 0.32 eV for the transition from state 2 to 1 with corresponding transition rate constants of 60/sec and 51/sec respectively. The desorption energy from state 1 to the gas phase was determined to be 1.5 eV with an assumed desorption rate constant of 1013/sec. Using these values, the binding energy for hydrogen on 100 nickel was calculated to be 1.6 eV. Similarly, the bond strength of the nickel hydride molecule was computed to be approximately 3 eV.
Interaction of anticonvulsants with the barbiturate-benzodiazpine-gaba receptor complex

Abstract Unlike the anesthetic barbiturate pentobarbital and the anxiolytic pyrazolopyridine etazolate, which enhance [ 3 H]diazepam binding to rat brain membranes, the anticonvulsant barbiturates phenobarbital and metharbital, and also chlormethiazole, at therapeutic concentrations (10–1000 μM), do not stimulate [ 3 H]diazepam binding, but instead block the enhancement by both pentobarbital and etazolate. The same anticonvulsants at similar concentrations inhibit [ 3 H]α-dihydropicrotoxinin (DHP) binding, suggesting that these anticonvulsants compete for the same receptor sites as pentobarbital and etazolate, designated the barbiturate-picrotoxinin receptor component of the benzodiazepine-GABA receptor complex.
Multimodal Nonlinear Microscopy by Shaping a Fiber Supercontinuum From 900 to 1160 nm

Nonlinear microscopy has become widely used in biophotonic imaging. Pulse shaping provides control over nonlinear optical processes of ultrafast pulses for selective imaging and contrast enhancement. In this study, nonlinear microscopy, including two-photon fluorescence, second harmonic generation, and third harmonic generation, was performed using pulses shaped from a fiber supercontinuum (SC) spanning from 900 to 1160 nm. The SC generated by coupling pulses from a Yb:KYW pulsed laser into a photonic crystal fiber was spectrally filtered and compressed using a spatial light modulator. The shaped pulses were used for nonlinear optical imaging of cellular and tissue samples. Amplitude and phase shaping the fiber SC offers selective and efficient nonlinear optical imaging over a broad bandwidth with a single-beam and an easily tunable setup.
Detecting Plasmon Resonance Energy Transfer with Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy

Gold nanoparticles are ideal probes for studying intracellular environments and energy transfer mechanisms due to their plasmonic properties. Plasmon resonance energy transfer (PRET) relies on a plasmonic nanoparticle to donate energy to a nearby resonant acceptor molecule, a process which can be observed due to the plasmonic quenching of the donor nanoparticle. In this study, a gold nanosphere was used as the plasmonic donor, while the metalloprotein cytochrome c was used as the acceptor molecule. Differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy allows for simultaneous monitoring of complex environments and noble metal nanoparticles in real time. Using DIC and specially designed microfluidic channels, we were able to monitor PRET at the single gold particle level and observe the reversibility of PRET upon the introduction of phosphate-buffered saline to the channel. In an additional experiment, single gold particles were internalized by HeLa cells and were subsequently observed undergoing PRET as the cell hosts underwent morphological changes brought about by ethanol-induced apoptosis.
Ecological and evolutionary implications of digestive processes: Bird preferences and the sugar constituents of floral nectar and fruit pulp

Plants pollinated and dispersed by different groups of birds offer different kinds of sugars in nectar and fruit pulp. The preferences and physiological traits of avian pollinators and seed dispersers are broadly correlated with the sugar composition of the nectar and fruit that they feed on and appear to have influenced the evolution of the sugar composition of the rewards that plants offer. Hummingbirds prefer sucrose whereas many nectar- and fruit-eating passerines prefer glucose and fructose. Preference for hexoses in passerines seems to be associated with poor sucrose assimilation resulting from two physiological mechanisms: lack of intestinal sucrase activity and fast passage rates. Sucrase activity absence appears to be restricted to a single phylogenetic group (the sturnid-muscicapid lineage). Fast passage rates seem to be characteristic of many small frugivores and to hinder the assimilation of complex nutrients that require hydrolysis before absorption. Hummingbirds have extremely specialized digestive traits that allow them to assimilate sucrose at high rates and with extremely high efficiency. These specialized digestive traits appear not to be present in many nectar-feeding passerines.
Redefining the Ojibwe Classroom: Indigenous Language Programs within Large Research Universities

Indigenous languages are powerful symbols of self-determination and sovereignty for tribal communities in the United States, and many community-based programs have been developed to support and maintain them. The successes of these programs, however, have been difficult to replicate at large research institutions. This article examines the issues of incorporating Indigenous languages into the university system by focusing on a series of language events developed as part of the Ojibwe language program at Michigan State University. These language events demonstrate a way for communities to participate in and maintain control of Indigenous language programs despite their location in nontribal educational institutions.
The Comorbidity of Conduct Problems and Depression in Childhood and Adolescence

An extensive body of research documents the high prevalence of comorbidity among child and adolescent disorders in general and between conduct problems and depression in particular. These problems co-occur at significantly higher rates than would be expected by chance and their comorbidity may have significant implications for nosology, treatment, and prognosis. Four main hypotheses have been put forth to account for these high rates of comorbidity. First, comorbidity may be a result of shortcomings associated with referral or informant biases. Second, comorbidity may be an artifact of overlapping definitional criteria. Third, one disorder may cause the other disorder by influencing the developmental trajectory and placing an individual at increased risk for further difficulties. Finally, comorbidity between two disorders may be explained by shared underlying causal or risk factors. The purpose of this review is to explore these possibilities, concentrating primarily on the common risk factors of parent psychopathology, emotion regulation, and cognitive biases that may underlie the co-occurrence of these two disorders. Based on our review, we propose a model for the development of comorbidity between these two disorders.
The effect of system workload on error latency: an experimental study

In this paper, a methodology for determining and characterizing error latency is developed. The method is based on real workload data, gathered by an experiment instrumented on a VAX 11/780 during the normal workload cycle of the installation. This is the first attempt at jointly studying error latency and workload variations in a full production system. Distributions of error latency were generated by simulating the occurrence of faults under varying workload conditions. A family of error latency distributions so generated illustrate that error latency is not so much a function of when in time a fault occurred but rather a function of the workload that followed the failure. The study finds that the mean error latency varies by a 1 to 8 (hours) ratio between high and low workloads. The method is general and can be applied to any system.
Dimeric tRNA precursors in yeast

Two DNA fragments, each containing a tRNA3Arg and a tRNAAsp gene in close conjunction, have been isolated from different genomic regions of Saccharomyces cerevisiae1. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the gene regions revealed that in both fragments the tRNA3Arg coding region is located 5′-proximal to the tRNAAsp coding region. They are separated by an identical spacer of 10 nucleotides. Although the 5′-flanking sequences are different in the two plasmids, some similarities are observed. To test the mode of expression of this gene configuration, we transcribed the DNA fragments in a Xenopus oocyte nuclear extract2,3. Specific transcription of the yeast tRNA genes took place in an RNA precursor which comprised both tRNA species. We report here that the precursor RNA was processed to the mature-sized tRNA molecules, indicating the presence of an enzyme activity in the Xenopus nucleus capable of cutting a dimeric tRNA precursor. This is the first observation of a eukaryotic dimeric tRNA precursor.
Educational games in an obstetrics and gynecology core curriculum.

Objective The purpose of this study was to compare learning satisfaction and effectiveness using traditional lecture or educational game in teaching medical students about ectopic pregnancy. Study design Third-year medical students were randomized to instruction about ectopic pregnancy through either standard lecture or educational Jeopardy style game. Students in each group completed a pretest, posttest, and satisfaction survey. Experts in ectopic pregnancy validated the pretest and posttest. The satisfaction survey was taken from published validated tests. Paired samples t test was used to compare pretest and posttest scores. Independent samples t tests were used to compare test scores and satisfaction responses between groups. Chi-square tested dichotomous satisfaction responses. Results All 104 students in both groups showed significant improvement in learning about ectopic pregnancy ( P P P Conclusion The innovative educational game format was as effective as standard lecture in educating students about ectopic pregnancy, while being more enjoyable and stimulating. Based on these conclusions, we hope to motivate other teachers in obstetrics and gynecology to use innovative teaching methods to provide a more enjoyable, stimulating, and active means of effective medical education.
Conversational Practices of a Frontotemporal Dementia Patient and His Interlocutors

Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a dementia difficult to diagnose because, in the early stages, it leaves patients with intact cognitive functioning and a range of social deficits. For example, FTD causes changes in tactfulness and manners, violations of interpersonal space, and emotional appropriateness (Jagust, Reed, Seab, Kramer, & Budinger, 1989). Until recently (for exceptions see Mates, Mikesell, & Smith, in press) these characterizations have come from (a) brief clinical interviews and observations from neuropsychological testing and (b) caregivers' secondhand reports. Given the social nature of FTD, research is needed to examine the ordinary interactions of FTD patients, ones not colored by caregivers' memories or constrained by the structure of a clinic. Using conversation analysis, this article explores two common conversational practices of one patient, SD. This research shows that while SD's practices may appear appropriate in single, isolated turns, they are often inappropriate in more extend...
Molecular basis of cannabinoid CB1 receptor coupling to the G protein heterotrimer Gαiβγ: Identification of key CB1 contacts with the C-terminal helix α5 of Gαi

The cannabinoid (CB1) receptor is a member of the rhodopsin-like G protein-coupled receptor superfamily. The human CB1 receptor, which is among the most expressed receptors in the brain, has been implicated in several disease states, including drug addiction, anxiety, depression, obesity, and chronic pain. Different classes of CB1 agonists evoke signaling pathways through the activation of specific subtypes of G proteins. The molecular basis of CB1 receptor coupling to its cognate G protein is unknown. As a first step toward understanding CB1 receptor-mediated G protein signaling, we have constructed a ternary complex structural model of the CB1 receptor and Gi heterotrimer (CB1-Gi), guided by the x-ray structure of β2-adrenergic receptor (β2AR) in complex with Gs (β2AR-Gs), through 824-ns duration molecular dynamics simulations in a fully hydrated 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine bilayer environment. We identified a group of residues at the juxtamembrane regions of the intracellular loops 2 and 3 (IC2 and IC3) of the CB1 receptor, including Ile-2183.54, Tyr-224IC2, Asp-3386.30, Arg-3406.32, Leu-3416.33, and Thr-3446.36, as potential key contacts with the extreme C-terminal helix α5 of Gαi. Ala mutations of these residues at the receptor-Gi interface resulted in little G protein coupling activity, consistent with the present model of the CB1-Gi complex, which suggests tight interactions between CB1 and the extreme C-terminal helix α5 of Gαi. The model also suggests that unique conformational changes in the extreme C-terminal helix α5 of Gα play a crucial role in the receptor-mediated G protein activation. Background: The molecular basis of CB1 coupling to its cognate G protein is unknown. Results: Using an approach combining mutagenesis and molecular dynamics simulations, we identified CB1 residues critical for G protein signaling. Conclusion: Tight interactions between CB1 and the C-terminal helix α5 of Gαi are crucial for G protein signaling. Significance: This is the first reported molecular description of CB1 receptor coupling at the receptor-Gi interface.
Dynamic routing in reentrant flexible manufacturing systems

Abstract Consider a flexible manufacturing system (FMS), with several parallel production lines. Each line is statistically balanced. Due to process time and yield variations, some workstations may be temporarily starved of parts during the FMS operation, while others may have too many. The purpose of the dynamic routing algorithm described here is to achieve real-time load balancing in a stochastic processing environment and thus to increase the performance of the system in throughput, workload balance and reduced work-in-process queues. We formulate the problem and develop an optimal stationary policy (for two lines that have a material handling transport between them) based on the input buffer state of each station.
Whole‐lake burdens and spatial distribution of cadmium in sediments of Wisconsin seepage lakes, USA

Cadmium was quantified in the surface sediments of six seepage lakes ranging from 8 to 70 ha in surface area, 6 to 20 m in maximum depth, 5.2 to 7.0 in mean epilimnetic pH, and 1.7 to 6.8 mg·L−1 in dissolved organic carbon. Within each lake, dry-weight concentrations of cadmium (range, 0.02–7.17 μg·g−1) were positively correlated with volatile matter content of the sediments, which increased with water depth. Volumetric concentrations (i.e., mass per volume of wet sediment) were correlated with water depth in only one lake, and they more accurately represented the spatial distribution of sedimentary cadmium within the lakes. Analysis of sediment cores from two of the lakes indicated that surface sediments were enriched with cadmium. The source of cadmium and the within-lake processes controlling deposition to the sediments were presumably similar among the lakes, as demonstrated by the strong correlation between lake area and whole-lake burdens of cadmium in the surface sediments (range, 625–5785 g/lake). Hence, cadmium in these lakes appears to be derived largely from atmospheric deposition. When normalized for lake area, cadmium burdens in the surface sediments ranged from 62 to 92 g·ha−1 and were strongly correlated with dissolved organic carbon, but not with lake pH, which suggests a link between the transport of cadmium and organic matter to the sediments.
Informed arbitrage with speculative noise trading

Abstract We consider speculative noise trading when some naive speculators trade on noise as if it were information [Black, F., 1986. Noise. Journal of Finance 41, 529–543]. We examine the optimal trading strategy of an informed investor who faces such naive speculators in the market. We find that the informed investor trades aggressively on her information and takes large, opposite positions against the naive speculators. The trading volume is thereby drastically magnified. While such speculative noise trading enhances liquidity, it makes prices less efficient. The overall dynamic patterns that emerge from our model are most consistent with the evidence for interday variations in volume, volatility, and transaction costs.
Mineralogic Control on Abundance and Diversity of Surface-Adherent Microbial Communities

In this study, we investigated the role of mineral-bound P and Fe in defining microbial abundance and diversity in a carbon-rich groundwater. Field colonization experiments of initially sterile mineral surfaces were combined with community structure characterization of the attached microbial population. Silicate minerals containing varying concentrations of P (∼1000 ppm P) and Fe (∼4 wt % Fe 2 O3), goethite (FeOOH), and apatite [Ca5(PO4)3(OH)] were incubated for 14 months in three biogeochemically distinct zones within a petroleum-contaminated aquifer. Phospholipid fatty acid analysis of incubated mineral surfaces and groundwater was used as a measure of microbial community structure and biomass. Microbial biomass on minerals exhibited distinct trends as a function of mineralogy depending on the environment of incubation. In the carbon-rich, aerobic groundwater attached biomass did not correlate to the P- or Fe- content of the mineral. In the methanogenic groundwater, however, biomass was most abundant on...
Metabolomics data and the biomarker qualification process

Since its initial applications in healthcare research over a decade ago, metabolomics has matured into a technology that can now reliably detect and quantify hundreds of metabolites in biofluids and tissue samples. With substantial improvements in analytical capabilities in recent years, metabolomics now has the potential to provide sensitive and specific biomarkers of health and disease status, drug toxicity and therapeutic efficacy. Although many of the clinical biomarkers currently in use are metabolites such as glucose, cholesterol, and creatinine, few, if any, new metabolites (or panel of metabolites) derived from metabolomic analyses have been submitted to the FDA as biomarker candidates. Under a recent FDA draft Guidance for Industry from the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), biomarkers discovered using metabolomics, like those derived from genetic, transcriptomic, and proteomic studies, may be submitted to CDER for consideration as new drug development tools and entered into a formal biomarker qualification process. The qualification process begins with a letter of intent from the submitter, followed by discussions with FDA and then the submission of data supporting the performance of the biomarker within a specific context of use. CDER forms a Biomarker Qualification Review Team at the start of the interactive process to advise the biomarker developer on the type of information important to support the proposed context of use, and review the data that evaluates the biomarker for the proposed context of use when the biomarker development appears complete and the full supporting data are submitted. Once qualified, a biomarker can be used in drug development within the qualified context of use without requesting additional regulatory review concerning its suitability.
Effects of previous experience and associated knowledge on retrieval processes of faces: An ERP investigation of newly learned faces

Conspicuously absent from face recognition research is a direct comparison of well-known faces with newly learned faces for which the associated biographical knowledge and the perceptual expertise were experimentally manipulated. Such a comparison can test competing assumptions made by serial and interactive activation and competition (IAC) models about the role of previous experience and biographical knowledge in face recognition. We measured behavioral performance and event-related potentials (ERPs) for four classes of faces: unfamiliar faces, faces of celebrities, and two classes of experimentally familiarized faces learned one week prior to the recognition test either with or without associated biographical knowledge. Newly learned faces associated with biographical knowledge showed distinct priming and old/new effects starting around 420 ms in the ERP when compared to faces without such information, and when compared to famous faces. In addition, faces for which all biographical facts were successfully remembered showed not only faster recognition performance than faces without biographical knowledge, but also a priming effect in the N170 latency. Previous experience including biographical knowledge associated with a face thus influenced retrieval processes of faces both in late, semantic and early, pre-semantic processing stages. These findings provide novel evidence in favor of IAC models. In addition, famous faces had the same ERP effects as faces learned without associated facts. Our results show that newly learned faces are experimentally indistinguishable from famous faces yet provide superior experimental control.
Photoelectrolysis of water at high current density: Use of ultraviolet laser excitation

The behavior of TiO2 and SrTiO3 photoanodes in cells for the photoelectrolysis of H2O has been investigated for high‐intensity 351 364‐nm excitation from an Ar ion laser. Intensities up to 380 W/cm2 have been used. For TiO2 a small amount of surface decomposition is found after irradiation at high intensity, whereas SrTiO3 undergoes no detectable changes. Current‐voltage properties for both electrodes are essentially independent of light intensity up to the level of 380 W/cm2, and there is little if any change in quantum efficiency for electron flow. Photocurrent densities have been shown to exceed 5 A/cm2 for O2 evolution. Data show that the energy storage rate associated with the SrTiO3 photoelectrolysis can exceed 30 W/cm2; this represents the highest demonstrated rate of sustained optical to chemical energy conversion.
A longitudinal study of LD children's self-evaluations.

Developmental patterns of school-identified learning disabled (LD) and normally achieving (NA) students' responses to the Perceived Competence Scale for Children (PCSC) were investigated in this longitudinal study. Relative to the NA group, LD children were more negative about themselves; however, their self-evaluations did not become more negative over a two-year interval. Analysis of response patterns across PCSC subscales suggested that most of the LD sample was not appropriately characterized by persistent, globally negative self-evaluations. A subgroup of LD children who were very negative about themselves at both test administrations was identified. The characteristics of this subgroup were subsequently examined.
Maternal Influence on Child Behavior in the Dental Setting

A significant relationship was observed between the behavior of 127 children (3 to 7 years old), 60 whose treatment involved a dental extraction and 67 a dental examination, and the anxiety level of their mothers as measured by scores on the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale. A significant relationship was also found between the mothers' answers to the first three questions on a short preoperative questionnaire and their children's behavior. These results indicated that, in this sample, maternal anxiety appears to be a major factor affecting the behavior of young children during early dental experiences. There is also some indication that a preoperative questionnaire could be substituted for a psychological anxiety test in a variety of clinical settings, thus aiding the clinician in predicting and managing the child's behavior.