cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microarray analysis distinguishes differential gene expression patterns from large and small colony Thymidine kinase mutants of L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells

The Thymidine kinase (Tk) mutants generated from the widely used L5178Y mouse lymphoma assay fall into two categories, small colony and large colony. Cells from the large colonies grow at a normal rate while cells from the small colonies grow slower than normal. The relative proportion of large and small colonies after mutagen treatment is associated with a mutagen's ability to induce point mutations and/or chromosomal mutations. The molecular distinction between large and small colony mutants, however, is not clear. To gain insights into the underlying mechanisms responsible for the mutant colony phenotype, microarray gene expression analysis was carried out on 4 small and 4 large colony Tk mutant samples. NCTR-fabricated long-oligonucleotide microarrays of 20,000 mouse genes were used in a two-color reference design experiment. The data were analyzed within ArrayTrack software that was developed at the NCTR. Principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering of the gene expression profiles showed that the samples were clearly separated into two groups based on their colony size phenotypes. The Welch T-test was used for determining significant changes in gene expression between the large and small colony groups and 90 genes whose expression was significantly altered were identified (p 1.5). Using Ingenuity Pathways Analysis (IPA), 50 out of the 90 significant genes were found in the IPA database and mapped to four networks associated with cell growth. Eleven percent of the 90 significant genes were located on chromosome 11 where the Tk gene resides while only 5.6% of the genes on the microarrays mapped to chromosome 11. All of the chromosome 11 significant genes were expressed at a higher level in the small colony mutants compared to the large colony mutants. Also, most of the significant genes located on chromosome 11 were disproportionally concentrated on the distal end of chromosome 11 where the Tk mutations occurred. The results indicate that microarray analysis can define cellular phenotypes and identify genes that are related to the colony size phenotypes. The findings suggest that genes in the DNA segment altered by the Tk mutations were significantly up-regulated in the small colony mutants, but not in the large colony mutants, leading to differential expression of a set of growth regulation genes that are related to cell apoptosis and other cellular functions related to the restriction of cell growth.
Converting Tissue Type Plasminogen Activator into a Zymogen IMPORTANT ROLE OF Lys156

In stark contrast to most other members of the chymotrypsin family of serine proteases, tissue type plasminogen activator (t-PA) is not synthesized and secreted as a true zymogen. Instead, single-chain t-PA exhibits very significant catalytic activity. Consequently, the zymogenicity, or ratio of the catalytic efficiencies of the mature, two-chain enzyme and the single-chain precursor, is only 3-9 for t-PA. Both we and others have previously proposed that Lys156 may contribute directly to this exceptional property of t-PA by forming interactions that selectively stabilize the active conformation of the single-chain enzyme. To test this hypothesis we created variants of t-PA in which Lys156 was replaced by a tyrosine residue. As predicted, the K156Y mutation selectively suppressed the activity of the single-chain enzyme and thereby substantially enhanced the enzyme's zymogenicity. In addition, however, this mutation produced a very dramatic increase in the ability of single-chain t-PA to discriminate among distinct fibrin co-factors. Compared with wild type t-PA, one of the variants characterized in this study, t-PA/R15E,K156Y, possessed substantially enhanced response to and selectivity among fibrin co-factors, resistance to inhibition by plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1, and significantly increased zymogenicity. The combination of these properties, and the maintenance of full activity in the presence of fibrin, suggest that the R15E,K156Y mutations may extend the therapeutic range of t-PA.
Segregation of ruthenium to edge dislocations in uranium dioxide

Abstract Atomic-level simulation methods are used to determine the interaction of a metallic fission product, Ru 4+ , with the core of a o /2〈1 1 0〉{1 1 0} and a o /2〈1 1 0〉{0 0 1} edge dislocations in UO 2 , experimentally the most active slip systems. Specifically, the segregation behavior of Ru 4+ is examined at the cationic substitution site; comparisons are made with both continuum-elastic results and with the results of atomistic simulations on strained single crystals. The results on strained single crystals suggest that segregation behavior is a strong function of the elastic strain field around the detailed atomic structure at the dislocation core. Furthermore, the segregation is affected by the orientation of the dislocation and electrostatic interactions at the atomic defect site.
Set Partition Coding: Part I of Set Partition Coding and Image Wavelet Coding Systems

The purpose of this two-part monograph is to present a tutorial on set partition coding, with emphasis and examples on image wavelet transform coding systems, and describe their use in modern image coding systems. Set partition coding is a procedure that recursively splits groups of integer data or transform elements guided by a sequence of threshold tests, producing groups of elements whose magnitudes are between two known thresholds, therefore, setting the maximum number of bits required for their binary representation. It produces groups of elements whose magnitudes are less than a certain known threshold. Therefore, the number of bits for representing an element in a particular group is no more than the base-2 logarithm of its threshold rounded up to the nearest integer. SPIHT (Set Partitioning in Hierarchical Trees) and SPECK (Set Partitioning Embedded blocK) are popular state-of-the-art image coders that use set partition coding as the primary entropy coding method. JPEG2000 and EZW (Embedded Zerotree Wavelet) use it in an auxiliary manner. Part I elucidates the fundamentals of set partition coding and explains the setting of thresholds and the block and tree modes of partitioning. Algorithms are presented for the techniques of AGP (Amplitude and Group Partitioning), SPIHT, SPECK, and EZW. Numerical examples are worked out in detail for the latter three techniques. Part II describes various wavelet image coding systems that use set partitioning primarily, such as SBHP (Subband Block Hierarchical Partitioning), SPIHT, and EZBC (Embedded Zero-Block Coder). The basic JPEG2000 coder is also described. The coding procedures and the specific methods are presented both logically and in algorithmic form, where possible. Besides the obvious objective of obtaining small file sizes, much emphasis is placed on achieving low computational complexity and desirable output bitstream attributes, such as embeddedness, scalability in resolution, and random access decodability. This monograph is extracted and adapted from the forthcoming textbook entitled Digital Signal Compression: Principles and Practice by William A. Pearlman and Amir Said, Cambridge University Press, 2009.
On infinite-dimensional convex programs

One way to approach infinite-dimensional nonlinear programs is to append increasingly large cost or penalty terms to the objective function in such a way that the minima of the augmented but unconstrained functions converge to the constrained minimum in the limit. In this paper we establish the convergence of the penalty argument on reflexive B-spaces, and then apply it to obtain the Kuhn-Tucker necessary conditions for convex programs in Hillbert space. The proof is constructive and suggests a computationally feasible algorithm for solving such programs.
Mr. Truman's War: The Final Victories of World War II and the Birth of the Postwar World

This volume chronicles the first five months of Harry Truman's presidency, encompassing not only the destruction and defeat of the Axis Powers in Germany and Japan, but also the dropping of the first atomic bombs, the birth of the United Nations, the death of colonialism and the beginning of the Cold War. From the summons to FDR's deathbed early on April 2, 1945, through to the Japanese surrender on the deck of the USS Missouri, Moskin tracks this unexpected president through some of the most uncertain times in the United States' history.
Roles of oxygen defects in copper oxide superconductors

Oxygen vacancy and interstitial defects can have a profound effect on the superconducting properties of copper oxide compounds. Recent work on compounds such as La[sub 2]CuO[sub 4+x] and HgBa[sub 2]CuO[sub 4+x] has provided new insight into the role of interstitial oxygen defects as a doping mechanism. The number of carriers created by each interstitial defect depends on the local defect structure. Studies of (La, Sr, Ca)[sub 3]Cu[sub 2]O[sub 6+x] with various metal compositions and metal-site ordering show that interstitial oxygen defects that form between the CuO[sub 2] layers in this structure systematically lower Tc and eventually destroy superconductivity. Conversely, oxygen vacancies in the CuO[sub 2] planes have surprisingly little effect at concentrations below 3%. The infinite-layer compounds, ACuO[sub 2], where A = La, Sr, Ca, Nd, etc., in solid-solution combinations, could offer a-similar environment for the formation of interstitial oxygen defects between the CuO[sub 2] planes, allowing interstitial oxygen defects to contribute to the doping of these compounds. However, neutron diffraction experiments on Sr[sub 0.9]La[sub 0.1]CuO[sub 2] (Tc = 42 K) have not found any interstitial oxygen. 15 refs., 6 figs.
Shortness of breath after a choking incident.

A 67-year-old woman presented to the emergency department with increasing dyspnea and chest wall tenderness. Two hours prior to presentation, she choked on her foodwhile at dinner and received repeated attempts at the Heimlich maneuver with successful dislodgementofapieceofham.Thechokingepisode lasted for approximately 10 seconds, during which the patient was unable to speak. She has a history of hypertensionandgastroesophageal refluxdiseasebutnohistoryof smoking.Onarrival, shewasdyspneic and in respiratorydistress.Oxygen saturation was 80%with ambient air and improved to 99%with supplemental oxygen delivered via nasal cannula. A 12-lead electrocardiogram showed normal sinus rhythmwithout acute ST or T-wave changes. Brain natriuretic peptide level was 84 pg/mL. The patient received a chest radiographandacomputedtomographic scanof thechest (Figure). Transthoracicechocardiography demonstrated preserved systolic function, with no evidence of valve disease. Quiz at jama.com Figure. Top left, Chest radiograph, posteroanterior view. Top right, Chest radiograph, left lateral view. Bottom, Computed tomography scan of the chest, axial view.
Synthesis of a cytotoxic insulin cross-linked to diphtheria toxin fragment a capable of recognizing insulin receptors

Abstract Insulin has been cross-linked via a disulfide bond to the diphtheria toxin fragment A which is catalytically active in ADP-ribosylating elongation factor-2 but does not retain binding sites for toxin receptors. The purified conjugate proved to be cytotoxic to mouse Swiss/3T3 cells which are toxin resistant but express insulin receptors. This cytotoxicity coincided with a decrease in protein synthesis and with drastic morphology changes. In contrast, IN-2 cells, which are insulin-nonresponsive variants derived from mouse BALBc 3T3 cells, were resistant to the conjugate. Thus, the conjugate (a chimeric insulin) appears to mediate entry of the toxic fragment A into 3T3 cells through insulin receptors.
Perception of the Art Therapy Field by Psychology Professors

This study explores the credibility of the discipline of art therapy as perceived by psychology educators across the country. The research also provides information on how current faculty members in higher education perceive the usefulness and utilization of art therapy. For this study, 1,000 professors were sent a 20-item questionnaire examining how they viewed several fields in psychology on the basis of credibility and usefulness. All participants were taken from a mailing list of active members of the American Psychological Association and were university/college professors. The negative results of this study may pose a challenge to members of our profession to educate others about the efficacy of art therapy.
Effects of contamination on the interaction of hydrogen gas with palladium: A review

Abstract The role of contamination in the interaction of hydrogen gas with palladium is reviewed. Emphasis has been placed on correlation of the fragmentary information available in the palladium literature. Several different types of contamination problems are described; general precautions, palladium treatments, and hydrogen-gas purification procedures for the minimization of the problems are detailed. Finally, specific recommendations for future work are outlined.
Development of the Counseling Center Assessment of Psychological Symptoms-62 (CCAPS-62)

Few instruments have been designed specifically to address the needs of college counseling centers. This article reviews existing instruments and presents 4 studies that describe the development and psychometric properties of a new instrument, the Counseling Center Assessment of Psychological Symptoms-62 (CCAPS-62). Study 1 describes the initial item development, factor analysis, and preliminary scale development steps. Study 2 describes the results of exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses using data from more than 22,000 clients pooled via a national practice-research network of counseling centers. Studies 3 and 4 provide preliminary evidence of subscales' convergent validity and retest reliability. Results from these 4 studies provide support for the instrument's factor structure, construct validity, and subscale reliabilities for both the total sample and subgroups. Clinical and methodological issues pertaining to the future development of the CCAPS are discussed in the context of a national practice-research network of college counseling centers.
Weed effects on early K and P nutrition and growth of slash pine on a Spodosol

Abstract Slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii) seedlings were grown on s Spodosol and without total weed control. During the 187 days after planting, shoots and roots of both trees and weeds were sampled four times to determine (1) the effects of weeds on early K and P nutrition and growth of slash pine, (2) the correlation between either above-ground weed biomass or live coverage and the root-length density of weeds, and (3) provide a data set to test a nutrient uptake model. During the initial 187 days, trees in the weed treatment lost half their initial K content, yet biomass and P content remained unchanged. Concentrations of K in needles from this treatment concurrently decreased from 7.7 to 2.5 mg K g−1. Even trees in the weed-free treatment lost K for the first 116 days before taking up significant amounts of K and P and increasing four-fold in biomass by Day 187. Tree root growth rates were also reduced in the presence of weeds. Grass root-length density was poorly correlated with above-ground biomass or live coverage (r2 values 0.37 and 0.47, respectively). Hence, above-ground attributes of weeds were considered poor surrogates for root-length density.
The glottaltopogram: a method of analyzing high-speed images of the vocal folds.

Laryngeal high-speed videoendoscopy is a state-of-the-art technique to examine physiological vibrational patterns of the vocal folds. With sampling rates of thousands of frames per second, high-speed videoendoscopy produces a large amount of data that is difficult to analyze subjectively. In order to visualize high-speed video in a straightforward and intuitive way, many methods have been proposed to condense the three-dimensional data into a few static images that preserve characteristics of the underlying vocal fold vibratory patterns. In this paper, we propose the “glottaltopogram,” which is based on principal component analysis of changes over time in the brightness of each pixel in consecutive video images. This method reveals the overall synchronization of the vibrational patterns of the vocal folds over the entire laryngeal area. Experimental results showed that this method is effective in visualizing pathological and normal vocal fold vibratory patterns.
Adapting to failure: The case of horse race gamblers

Exemplifying Goffman's concern with adaptation to failure (cooling the mark), the researcher delineates the strategies used by horse race gamblers to deal with the consequences of monetary losses. Although racing attracts a large number of regular participants, little is known of their adaptations to the stark reality that ninety-five percent of horse players lose money from gambling. Analysis of participant observation data, drawn from several horse betting groups, revealed that the implementation of appropriate strategies largely determines whether gamblers can maintain participation. While these strategies are specialized, they are similar in principle to those used by non-horse players. The research can facilitate understanding of behavior patterns that persist despite frequent failure.
Percutaneous malathion absorption in the harvested perfused anuran pelvic limb.

Abstract The objective of this study was to establish an accurate in vitro model for cutaneous absorption in anurans. The harvested perfused anuran pelvic limb (HPAPL) model maintains the anatomic and physiologic integrity of the skin from the pelvic limb, including the intact capillary network. Radiolabeled malathion was applied to the skin of the dorsal thigh, and perfusate was collected over a 6 h period. Residues from the skin surface, stratum externum, and dosed area beneath the stratum externum were analyzed. Kinetic parameters were calculated from these data. Absorption was significantly less for the HPAPL than previously reported for Teflon flow-through diffusion cells. However, partitioning effects were comparable. The HPAPL is an appropriate in vitro model for examining cutaneous absorption kinetics in the bullfrog.
Myocarditis with transient left ventricular apical dyskinesis.

pulmonary artery. The patient died I2 hours after embolectomy in cardiogenic shock despite intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation. This patient’s risk factors for developing right atria1 thrombi included previously documented pulmonary emboli, right heart manipulation by catheter, and a prolonged course in the intensive care unit requiring mechanical ventilation. Surveillance of high-risk patients by 2DE may provide a means for early detection of right heart thrombi. In summary, we believe this is the first report of antemortem echocardiographic demonstration of right atria1 thrombi with embolization, leading to emergency surgical intervention.
Synthesis and radiolabeling of (S)-4-amino-5-iodo-2-methoxy-N-(1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-yl)benzamide, the active enantiomer of [125I]iodozacopride, and re-evaluation of its 5-HT3 receptor affinity.

We report an improved synthesis of unlabeled (S)-iodozacopride, the radiolabeling of (S)-[125I]iodozacopride via deschloro-(S)-zacopride, and a re-evaluation of its affinity for the 5-HT3 receptor. Unlabeled (S)-iodozacopride was prepared in seven steps from 4-aminosalicylic acid via alkaline hydrolysis of its 4-acetamide derivative. Catalytic hydrogenation of (S)-iodozacopride gave deschloro-(S)-zacopride, identical to the obtained from (S)-3-amino-quinuclidine and 4-amino-2-methoxybenzoic acid via its corresponding 1-imidazole derivative. Radioiodination to produce (S)-[125I]idozacopride was accomplished by treatment of deschloro-(S)-zacopride with 5 mCi sodium 125iodide and chloramine-T in hydrochloric acid. Purification of the reaction products using an HPLC system capable of detecting chlorinated side-products revealed a mixture of 2.1 mCi (1.3 nmol) (S)-[125I]idozacopride and (S)-zacopride (1.5 nmol). Saturation analysis of the binding of the purified (S)-[125I]iodozacopride to whole rat brain homogenates gave an estimated KD of 1.10±0.07 nM. As anticipated, this is approximately half the KD reported for binding of racemic [125I]iodozacopride, and differs from the previosuly reported values by an order of magnitude. Analysis of the apparent binding affinity of a 1 : 1 mixture of (S)-[125I]iodozacopride and (S)-zacopride suggests that the previous result may have been confounded by contamination of the product with unlabeled (S)-zacopride. Competition analysis of the displacement of the displacement of (S)-[125I]iodozacopride binding by unlabeled (S)-iodozacopride and (S)-zacopride gave Ki values of 0.95 and 0.21 nM, respectively.
The potential use of adjunctive intraerythrocyte (RBC) lithium levels in detecting serious impending neurotoxicity in the elderly: Two case reports

The lithium literature indicates that geriatric psychiatric patients are particularly at risk for developing serious neurotoxic side-effects. There is currently no reliable method for predicting which patients are at heightened risk for this adverse development. There is evidence that the adjunctive monitoring of intra-erythrocyte (RBC) lithium levels may offer early indications that such toxicity is impending. Applications of such measurements are shown in two case reports which offer preliminary support for the value of RBC levels.
Pulse-shaping based two-photon FRET stoichiometry

Forster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) based measurements that calculate the stoichiometry of intermolecular interactions in living cells have recently been demonstrated, where the technique utilizes selective one-photon excitation of donor and acceptor fluorophores to isolate the pure FRET signal. Here, we present work towards extending this FRET stoichiometry method to employ two-photon excitation using a pulse-shaping methodology. In pulse-shaping, frequency-dependent phases are applied to a broadband femtosecond laser pulse to tailor the two-photon excitation conditions to preferentially excite donor and acceptor fluorophores. We have also generalized the existing stoichiometry theory to account for additional cross-talk terms that are non-vanishing under two-photon excitation conditions. Using the generalized theory we demonstrate two-photon FRET stoichiometry in live COS-7 cells expressing fluorescent proteins mAmetrine as the donor and tdTomato as the acceptor.
Effects of Tryptic Peptide Esterification in MALDI Mass Spectrometry

The effect of esterification on MALDI ion yield is investigated by using alcohols having different aliphatic chain lengths. For peptides whose ionization yields increase with derivatization, more hydrophobic alcohols tend to yield greater peak enhancements. The completeness of the reaction increases from propanol to methanol. Undesired solvolysis of the amide group in the side chain of Asn or Gln leads to unexpected ester products. Ethanol is suggested as the optimal alcohol for esterification in proteomics experiments since it yields almost complete esterification without substantial solvolysis. Ethanol esterification was employed to facilitate the identification of gel-separated proteins.
Last, but not least.

CheZ is a protein involved in signal transduction in bacterial chemotaxis and accelerates the dephosphorylation of the activated response regulator, CheY-phosphate. The crystal structure of CheZ in complex with activated CheY provides insights into the function of CheZ.
Two 3' sequences direct adult erythroid-specific expression of human beta-globin genes in transgenic mice.

Abstract Previous experiments have demonstrated that the human beta-globin gene is correctly regulated in transgenic mice. The beta-globin gene is not expressed in yolk sac-derived erythroid cells in early embryonic development but is expressed concomitantly with the adult mouse beta-globin genes in 14- to 16-day fetal liver and adult reticulocytes. In an attempt to localize sequences that direct erythroid-specific expression, fragments of the human beta-globin gene were inserted in the opposite orientation 200 base pairs (bp) upstream of an intact human A gamma marker gene, which is not expressed on its own in mouse fetal liver. In the experiments reported here, two beta-globin 3' sequences activated the marker gene specifically in fetal liver. One sequence is located in a 250-bp Pst I fragment 550-800 bp downstream from the poly(A) site; the other is located near an EcoRI site in the third exon. These two sequences are active individually, and their combined effect is greater than their effects alone. beta-Globin 5' sequences from -815 to -50 were also analyzed for activity in this assay. The 5' sequences did not activate the marker gene when tested alone but did stimulate expression that was already directed to adult erythroid tissue by the two 3' sequences. These results suggest that three separate sequences are involved in human beta-globin gene regulation. The two 3' sequences act as adult erythroid enhancers and the 5' sequence stimulates expression that is already determined to be erythroid specific.
Purification and Properties of Urease Derived from Hydrated Seeds of Jack Bean, Canavalia ensiformis (L) DC.

Urease from jack bean meal and hydrated seeds has been obtained in 25 to 33% yield with specific activity in the range of 1000 to 1070 units/mg protein. A purification of 100 to 130-fold was achieved from meal and fully soaked seeds. Use of β-mercaptoethanol and EDTA was found essential to obtain this high yield and purity. Amino acid analysis showed all 18 amino acids commonly found in proteins. Electrophoresis of urease from soaked seeds (specific activity: 1025 units/mg protein) on a starch-gel block showed 2 peaks. Upon ultracentrifugation of urease samples having a low specific activity (less than 25% pure), the major portion of the urease was probably present in a peak having a sedimentation value of 11 to 12. With relatively pure samples (55-100% pure). S values in the range of 18 to 20 and 24 to 26 were obtained. Usually the purest samples of urease tested without any prior storage lacked the 24 to 26 S peak or the higher polymeric forms. The percentage areas under none of the ultracentrifuge peaks corresponded to the percentage purity of the sample analyzed. It is argued that the physical state of urease in the cell when associated with other seed proteins is as yet uncertain. In crude extracts, a portion of urease exists in a 12 S form but so far data on its origin and specific activity in relation to other species of urease are not available.
Science Meets Farming in Africa

The role of science, technology, and engineering in solving Africa's most challenging economic problems—from telecommunications to agriculture to infectious diseases—is no longer in question. However, some leading international organizations undermine the role of innovation in development. The time has come for the scientific community to advance a new generation of international organizations that expressly promote scientific cooperation—agencies that can help foster technological cooperation for Africa's economic transformation.
Graded and all-or-none electrogenesis in arthropod muscle. I. The effects of alkali-earth cations on the neuromuscular system of Romalea microptera.

Graded electrically excited responsiveness of Romalea muscle fibers is converted to all-or-none activity by Ba++, Sr++, or Ca++, the two former being much the more effective in this action. The change occurs with as little as 7 to 10 per cent of Na+ substituted by Ba++. The spikes now produced have overshoots and may be extremely prolonged, lasting many seconds. During the spike the membrane resistance is lower than in the resting fiber, but the resting resistance and time constant are considerably increased by the alkali-earth ions. The excitability is also increased, spikes arising neurogenically from spontaneous repetitive discharges in the axon as well as myogenically from spontaneous activity in the muscle fibers. Repetitive responses frequently occur on intracellular stimulation with a brief pulse. The data indicate that the alkali-earth ions exert a complex of effects on the different action components of electrically excitable membrane. They may be described in terms of the ionic theory as follows: The resting K+ conductance is diminished. The sodium inactivation process is also diminished, and sodium activation may be increased. Together these changes can act to convert graded responsiveness to the all-or-none variety. The alkali-earth ions can also to some degree carry inward positive charge during activity, since spikes are produced when Na+ is fully replaced with the divalent ions.
785-4 Relative Importance of Convective and Inertial Forces During Left Ventricular Filling

Doppler measurements of trans mitral velocity profiles are commonly used to assess left ventricular diastolic function. However these velocity measurements provide only information on the convective forces involved in left ventricular filling. The Inertial forces are completely neglected. In this study we evaluated the relative contributions of convective and inertial forces during early left ventricular filling. Method Left atrial and ventricular pressures were measured using Millar catheters while simultaneous transmitral color Doppler M-mode velocities were obtained during a series of four open chested canine experiments. The convective contribution ΔPc = pv2/2 was calculated from the maximum transvalvular velocities. Assuming that viscous forces can be neglected, the inertial contribution (ΔPi) to the early diastolic filling gradient, was calculated as the difference between the invasively measured gradient (ΔP) and ΔPc. The instantaneous ratio of inertial (I) to convective (C) contributions I/C = ΔPi/ΔPc, was computed. The maximum ratio during early filling, I/Cmax, and the ratio at the time of the peak filling gradient, I/CΔPmax, were calculated. Results The figure illustrates a typical catheter gradient (ΔP) and the convective contribution (ΔPc) with the instantaneous I/C ratio during diastolic filling. During early filling, inertial forces initially dominate the convective contributions to the transvalvular gradient. The I/Cmax = 5.51 ± 2.26; and I/CΔPmax = 3.87 ± 1.56. Conclusion Inertial forces dominate convective forces during early diastolic filling and can not be negleted in the calculation of transvalvular gradients across normal mitral valves. Assessment of inertial forces is important in the interpretation of noninvasive Doppler parameters to assess diastolic left ventricular function function. Download : Download high-res image (99KB) Download : Download full-size image
Hall Coefficient of Hubbard's Model

With the aid of the Kadanoff-Baym transport equations, the high-field Hall coefficient is calculated for holes in narrow bands according to Hubbard's model. It is found that the inverse Hall coefficient is proportional to the fraction of momentum space occupied by the holes, which in Hubbard's model does not equal the number of holes per atom. Therefore, the holes would not be compensated by the conduction electrons, and it is concluded that Hubbard's model in its present form is inapplicable to even-valence transition metals such as palladium and platinum.
Effect of fillers on kinetics of epoxy cure

The effect of fillers on the reaction of liquid epoxy systems cured with m-phenylenediamine has been studied within the temperature range 70–170°C using a Perkin–Elmer differential scanning calorimeter. Quantitative studies have been made with regard to the effect of filler on the kinetics of cure. Mathematical expressions have been devised to describe the curing reaction as a function of time, temperature, and filler content. These kinetic expressions were found to yield results which were in good agreement with the experimental data for the two fillers studied.
Structures and structural defects in colloidal particles altered in situ in HREM

Abstract In the past, equilibrium tensimetric studies made on the mixed Pr y Tb 1—y O x —O 2 system revealed a marked decrease in the stability, or total absence, of the ordered intermediate phases belonging to the homologous series R n O 2n—2 known in the binary Pr and Tb oxides. The early X-ray studies did, however, indicate that ordered intermediate phases are observed in rapidly cooled samples. The work reported here was designed to obtain a better resolution of the structures of any intermediate phases formed in quite homogeneously mixed specimens. Pr 0.9 Tb 0.1 O x cooled from 1100 °C in He then observed in situ in HREM showed a well-ordered new structure unknown in the binary constituent oxides. Pr 0.5 Tb 0.5 O x obtained in situ in HREM from the electron beam-induced decomposition of Pr 0.5 Tb 0.5 OHCO 3 exhibited a superstructure that suggests one or more of the monoclinic structures with a composition with n equal to or greater than 10. This apparent oxidation in the electron beam has also been reported in the binary oxides. Unfortunately, these results still do not provide information on the structures existing at equilibrium at higher temperatures.
Measuring Quality in Pediatric Emergency Care

Improving the quality of health care requires measurement. Yet for pediatric emergency care (PEC), there is no widely accepted, organized, and comprehensive method of measuring PEC quality. This article discusses measuring quality in PEC, focusing on a measurement framework that includes the Institute of Medicine quality domains and Donabedian structure-process-outcome formulation for quality and disease frequency and severity. Adoption of this framework will allow PEC practitioners and administrators to assess quality of care in a balanced way. The article also addresses sources of data and responsibility for measurement as well as the integration of prehospital and hospital-based measures. The authors conclude that a lead agency, recognized as a single point of contact for stakeholders and the public, could result in consolidated and effective reporting of measures to greatly benefit the quality of emergency care for children.
Convergence and Divergence among Multiple Methods for Assessing Adolescent Romantic Relationships.

Abstract The problem solving conversations of 92 adolescent romantic couples were analyzed using two innovative techniques for capturing the meaning-making processes in couples’ interactions. Couples were coded using the narrative coding system developed by the Family Narrative Consortium [Fiese, B. H. & Sameroff, A. J. (Eds.), (1999). The stories that families tell: Narrative coherence, narrative interaction, and relationship beliefs. With commentary from Philip A. Cowan. Monographs of the Society for Research on Child Development, 64(2, serial no. 257)], yielding measures of narrative coherence for each couple member and an assessment of couples’ capacity to engage in the interaction in a coordinated and mutually respectful manner. In addition, a video-recall procedure captured couple members’ own subjective understanding of their own and their partners’ behaviors during the interaction. Moderate associations were observed between trained coders’, boyfriends’, and girlfriends’ perspectives, with more consistent links in some domains between girlfriends’ ratings and observers’ codes. In addition, indices of the quality of the interaction were linked to couple member global self reports of both positive and negative relationship quality, with many associations between observed interaction and global self reports of relationship quality achieving moderate effect sizes.
Disease of Red Mangrove (Rhizophora mangle) in Southwest Puerto Rico Caused by Cytospora rhizophorae1

A high frequency of dieback and mortality was found in Rhizophora mangle (red mangrove) in coastal mangrove forests of southwest Puerto Rico. Eight plots were established in a variety of mangrove environments to assess the extent and severity of the dieback and mortality. The imperfect fungus Cytospora rhizophorae was isolated consistently from stem dieback and associated canker tissues. No other pathogenic microorganisms were isolated. Pathogenicity was demonstrated in greenhouse and field inoculation experiments with C. rhizophorae using young R. mangle seedlings. In field studies of seedlings inoculated, mortality was 33 percent, and greenhouse mortality was as high as 50 percent. Cytospora rhizophorae was isolated consistently from diseased mangrove tissue; the fungus was grown in pure culture and then inoculated into healthy red mangroves, causing cankers. Koch's postulates were fulfilled by infecting R. mangle with C. rhizophorae, producing disease symptoms, and successfully re-isolating C. rhizophorae from the diseased tissue. This is the first documentation of the pathogenicity of C. rhizophorae associated with mortality in red mangrove. In the coastal mangrove forests of southwest Puerto Rico, C. rhizophorae may play an important role in the frequency of dieback and mortality in R. mangle, producing slow stem diameter growth and causing frequent stem and root wounds.
Time-dependent surface behavior of dipalmitoyllecithin and lung alveolar surfactant monolayers.

Abstract The time-dependent behavior of dipalmitoyllecithin and lung alveolar surfactant monolayers have been examined with an automated, recording film balance of conventional design. Surface pressure relaxation and recycling effects were observed. The results are interpreted in terms of molecular expulsion and solution processes peculiar to each of the films examined. These observations and explanations provide a clearer understanding of the phenomenon of surface hysteresis in monolayers. The surface films of lung alveolar surfactant consistently demonstrate a greater stability than those of dipalmitoyllecithin, even though the latter is a major component of lung alveolar surfactant. The surface phenomena reported support the proposal that lung alveolar surfactant exerts a stabilizing effect in the alveoli.
DEVELOPMENT OF OTOLITH RECEPTORS IN JAPANESE QUAIL

This study examined the morphological development of the otolith vestibular receptors in quail. Here, we describe epithelial growth, hair cell density, stereocilia polarization, and afferent nerve innervation during development. The otolith maculae epithelial areas increased exponentially throughout embryonic development reaching asymptotic values near posthatch day P7. Increases in hair cell density were dependent upon macular location; striolar hair cells developed first followed by hair cells in extrastriola regions. Stereocilia polarization was initiated early, with defining reversal zones forming at E8. Less than half of all immature hair cells observed had nonpolarized internal kinocilia with the remaining exhibiting planar polarity. Immunohistochemistry and neural tracing techniques were employed to examine the shape and location of the striolar regions. Initial innervation of the maculae was by small fibers with terminal growth cones at E6, followed by collateral branches with apparent bouton terminals at E8. Calyceal terminal formation began at E10; however, no mature calyces were observed until E12, when all fibers appeared to be dimorphs. Calyx afferents innervating only Type I hair cells did not develop until E14. Finally, the topographic organization of afferent macular innervation in the adult quail utricle was quantified. Calyx and dimorph afferents were primarily confined to the striolar regions, while bouton fibers were located in the extrastriola and Type II band. Calyx fibers were the least complex, followed by dimorph units. Bouton fibers had large innervation fields, with arborous branches and many terminal boutons.
The selection of joint projects by a consortium: Cost sharing mechanisms

This paper considers the problem of project selection and cost allocation for a partly decentralised organisation such as a research consortium, whose members have conflicting preferences and limited budgets. Three normative properties that project selection and cost sharing mechanisms which should satisfy are proposed. We introduce a class of efficient mechanisms called willingness to pay that satisfies the properties and solves the interdependent selection and allocation mechanisms through mathematical programming. These mathematical programming procedures are shown first, to improve upon existing cost sharing plans used in practice, and second, to be undominated by any other selection and allocation mechanism that satisfies the properties. However, in the case of private information the procedures are not incentive compatible. For this case, we provide an incentive compatible, though inefficient, mechanism, and prove that no efficient mechanism can exist for this class of problems.
Regulation of protein kinase C by the cytoskeletal protein calponin.

Previous studies from this laboratory have shown that, upon agonist activation, calponin co-immunoprecipitates and co-localizes with protein kinase Ce (PKCe) in vascular smooth muscle cells. In the present study we demonstrate that calponin binds directly to the regulatory domain of PKC both in overlay assays and, under native conditions, by sedimentation with lipid vesicles. Calponin was found to bind to the C2 region of both PKCe and PKCα with possible involvement of C1B. The C2 region of PKCe binds to the calponin repeats with a requirement for the region between amino acids 160 and 182. We have also found that calponin can directly activate PKC autophosphorylation. By using anti-phosphoantibodies to residue Ser-660 of PKCβII, we found that calponin, in a lipid-independent manner, increased auto-phosphorylation of PKCα, -e, and -βII severalfold compared with control conditions. Similarly, calponin was found to increase the amount of 32P-labeled phosphate incorporated into PKC from [γ-32P]ATP. We also observed that calponin addition strongly increased the incorporation of radiolabeled phosphate into an exogenous PKC peptide substrate, suggesting an activation of enzyme activity. Thus, these results raise the possibility that calponin may function in smooth muscle to regulate PKC activity by facilitating the phosphorylation of PKC.
Long-lived testosterone esters in the rat

Over the past decade it has become increasingly clear that steroid hormones are enzymatically esterified with fatty acids. These steroidal esters are the natural analogs of synthetic esters that are used therapeutically. One such family of pharmacological steroids is the synthetic alkyl esters of testosterone, androgens with great hormonal potency. We have investigated whether testosterone esters exist naturally by using the rat as a model. Most tissues of male rats, including blood, have very little if any ester (quantified by immunoassay as a nonpolar saponifiable metabolite), but fat and testes have sizable quantities, approximately 3 ng of testosterone equivalents per g of tissue. Testosterone in fat averages 9 ng/g. The fat from female rats and long-term (> 2 weeks) castrated males has no detectable testosterone ester. The presence of testosterone esters was confirmed by GC/MS, which clearly showed the presence of testosterone in the hydrolyzed ester fraction of fat from intact males but not long-term castrates. Upon castration, testosterone levels in the fat completely disappear within 6 hr. To the contrary, it is not until 48 hr after castration that a measurable fall in the testosterone ester fraction was observed; even after 10 days a small amount of ester is still present in the fat. These experiments demonstrate the existence of a previously unknown androgen with a potentially important physiological impact; testosterone esters, natural analogs of potent therapeutic agents, occur in the fat where they can serve as a reservoir of preformed androgen to stimulate neighboring target tissues.
Neutrino factory and beta beam: accelerator options for future neutrino experiments

Two accelerator options for producing intense neutrino beams a Neutrino Factory based on stored muon beams and a Beta Beam facility based on stored beams of beta unstable ions are described. Technical challenges for each are described and current R&D efforts aimed at mitigating these challenges are indicated. Progress is being made in the design of both types of facility, each of which would extend the state-of-the-art in accelerator science.
Models in motion: Ethnography moves from complicatedness to complex systems

Since the 90's, one of ethnography's values has been about the reduction in the risk of developing new products and services by providing contextual information about people's lives. This model is breaking down. Ethnography can continue to provide value in the new environment by enabling the corporation to be agile. We need to: (1) identify flux in social-technological fabric; (2) engage in the characterization of the business ecosystems to understand order; and (3) be a catalyst with rapid deep dives. Together we call it a FOC approach (flux, order, catalyst).
Innovative Double Skin Façade (DSF) with High Performance Green Hybrid Fiber-Reinforced Concrete (HP-G-HyFRC) for Resilient and Sustainable Buildings

Buildings are an integral part of the broader civil infrastructure that ensures our welfare, livelihood, safety, and security. However, the sector also represents a burden to the society. Globally, building sector accounts for about 40% of total primary energy use. Natural disasters such as windstorms or earthquakes can cost billions of dollars in damages to structural and non-structural components of buildings. In this study, a resilient and sustainable building envelope is proposed through an innovative air-cavity double-skin facade (DSF) system constructed with a new concrete composite called high performance green hybrid fiber-reinforced concrete (HP-G-HyFRC). Flexural test results show that the proposed DSF system has a higher structural capacity and ductility as compared to a typical solid facade system. Energy modelling shows that the DSF system reduces heating and cooling energy by 16.5%. Also, the higher embodied energy of the system can be recovered within the first year of operation while the additional cost within the first 7 years of operation. Enhancing the thermal resistance of the DSF by using expanded polystyrene in place of air further reduces operational energy and return period.
Combined H ∞ -feedback and eterative learning control design with application to nanopositioning systems

This paper presents a coordinated design framework for precision motion control (PMC) systems. In particular, the focus is on the design of feedback and feedforward controllers operating on systems that repeatedly perform the same tasks. The repetitive nature of the tasks suggests the use of Iterative Learning Control (ILC). However, in addition to the repeatability of the desired trajectory, the class of systems under study examines the effect of non-repeating disturbances and possible reset errors. The rejection of uncertain, but bounded, disturbances suggests the use of H infin design. The non-repeating disturbances and reset errors necessitate coordination of the feedback and feedforward designs. The assumption that the disturbances have a particular frequency distribution affords a frequency domain separation between the two controller degrees of freedom. Experimental results are given on a piezo-driven nanopositioning device demonstrating the benefits to the presented approach.