cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Expression of the dominant negative retinoid receptor, RAR403, alters telencephalic progenitor proliferation, survival, and cell fate specification

Retinoic acid (RA) signaling plays critical roles in diverse cellular processes during nervous system development. In mouse models, the roles for RA signals in telencephalic development remain unclear, partly because of the ambiguity of RA telencephalic sources after E8.75. Here, we have developed a genetic approach that utilizes Cre-lox technology to conditionally express a potent dominant negative retinoid receptor, RAR403, in vivo. This approach blocks RA signaling pathways at the receptor level, enabling the disruption of RA signals in contexts in which the RA source is unknown. RAR403 expression throughout the developing telencephalon causes pronounced hypoplasia resulting from defective proliferation in dorsal telencephalic progenitors and extensive cell death. Furthermore, Nkx2.1 + progenitors in the medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) are misspecified such that they acquire a subset of lateral ganglionic eminence (LGE)-specific properties at the expense of MGE fates. This genetic approach reveals new roles for RA signaling in telencephalic proliferation, survival and fate specification, and underscores its utility in investigating the function of retinoid signaling pathways throughout peri- and postnatal development.
Thioredoxin: a photosynthetic regulatory protein finds application in food improvement†

Experiments initiated in the early 1960s on fermentative bacteria led to the discovery of ferredoxin-dependent α-ketocarboxylation reactions that were later found to be key to a new cycle for the assimilation of carbon dioxide in photosynthetic bacteria (the reductive carboxylic acid cycle). The latter finding set the stage for the discovery of a regulatory system, the ferredoxin/thioredoxin system, functional in photosynthesis in chloroplasts (and oxygen-evolving photosynthetic prokaryotes). The chloroplast research, in turn, led to the finding of a system regulating seed germination. Each of these regulatory systems depends on thioredoxin, a ubiquitous 12kDa protein with a catalytically active disulphide group that reduces specific disulphide sites of target enzymes or proteins. The seed work has begun to open doors to new technologies, also based on thioredoxin, that have broad application, including use in the improvement of major foods. This paper traces the history of this research and shows the current status of its application to food products. Cette etude de synthese resume le role regulateur de la thioredoxine dans la photosynthese et montre comment ce role est etendu a la germination des graines de cereales. L'extension de ces decouvertes a l'amelioration de produits alimentaires tout d'abord en reduisant l'allergenicite et en augmentant la digestibilite et ensuite en renforcant les pâtes, est discutee. Enfin, elle resume le travail recent sur la thioredoxine de cereales transgeniques dans le grain et la situation actuelle de l'application de la thioredoxine en developpement de produit.
Optimal morphological representation of binary images

In this paper, the invertibility of the morphological representation of binary images is investigated. We provide necessary and sufficient conditions for the exact reconstruction of a binary image from its morphological representation. The necessary and sufficient conditions obtained are given by a restriction defined in terms of the morphological thining transformation. Subsequently, sufficient conditions, for the exact reconstruction of a binary image from its morphological representation, given by a direct restriction on the morphological thining transformation, are determined. Additionally, we derive necessary conditions, for the exact reconstruction of a binary image from its morphological representation, given by a direct restriction on the morphological thining transformation.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The Nature of Hydrogen Bonding

Students use toy connecting blocks and Velcro to investigate weak intermolecular interactions, specifically hydrogen bonds.
Geometric permutations of balls with bounded size disparity

We study combinatorial bounds for geometric permutations of balls with bounded size disparity in d-space. Our main contribution is the following theorem: given a set S of n disjoint balls in Rd, if n is sufficiently large and the radius ratio between the largest and smallest balls of S is γ, then the maximum number of geometric permutations of S is O(γlogγ). When d = 2, we are able to prove the tight bound of 2 on the number of geometric permutations for S, which is the best possible bound because it holds even when γ = 1. Our theorem shows how the number of permutations varies as a function of the size disparity among balls, thus gracefully bridging the gap between two extreme bounds that were known before: the O(1) bound for congruent balls, and the Θ(nd-1) bound for arbitrary balls.
Liver Metastasis as the Initial Presentation of Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma

Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is a rare cancer of the salivary gland arising from myoepithelial cells, accounting for 10 % of salivary carcinoma and <1 % of head and neck tumors [1]. The natural history of ACC can be varied. A subset of patients with ACC can have an aggressive clinical course often characterized by a high incidence of local recurrence. Up to 40 % of submandibular gland ACC tumors can metastasize distally, with the lung, bone, brain, and liver being the most common sites [2, 3]. Very few cases have been reported with liver metastasis as the initial presentation of ACC [4, 5].
The Glass Transition in the Freezing Process

When ice separates out from a food system during freezing, the state of the unfrozen matrix between the ice crystals is changed, due to both the lowering of temperature and the increasing solute concentration. The state of the unfrozen matrix markedly affects the stability of the frozen product. Under appropriate conditions, the matrix may enter the glassy state. This paper will discuss the role of the glassy state in the stability of frozen products. It will describe methods for identifying the temperature at which the glassy state is entered, and the composition of the glassy phase, and discuss the differences in the results obtained from the application of different methods. The use of temperatures associated with the transformations of the unfrozen phase as references for discussion of product stability will be discussed. Data will be presented which illustrate the utility of employing the Tg, temperature reference. The mechanisms of freezing will also be considered, since these may affect the final composition of the unfrozen matrix.
Spatial and Temporal Occurrence of the Salmonid Parasite Ceratomyxa shasta in the Oregon–California Klamath River Basin

Abstract The parasite Ceratomyxa shasta has been implicated as a significant source of salmonid mortality in the lower Klamath River, California (i.e., below Iron Gate dam). A study of the prevalence of C. shasta and its geographic and temporal distribution throughout the Klamath River basin was conducted to determine when and where juvenile salmonids encounter lethal parasite doses. Susceptible rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss were exposed to C. shasta 3–4 d at seven locations in the Klamath River between Beaver Creek and Keno Reservoir in April, June, July, September, and November 2003. Individuals from a Klamath River strain of fall Chinook salmon O. tshawytscha were held in three locations in the upper Klamath River in April, June, and July. In June 2004, rainbow trout were exposed to the parasite for 4 d at 18 locations from Klamath Lake to the mouth of the Klamath River, including several major spawning tributaries; one exposure occurred in the lower Klamath River. Rainbow trout mortality due to in...
Invertase secretion and sucrose fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae protoplasts

Abstract Protoplasts obtained from Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain LK2G12 by the action of snail enzymes were free of external invertase and did not ferment sucrose, although they still utilized glucose. If small amounts of glucose or fructose were added together with sucrose, sucrose fermentation began after a lag. Within limits, this lag period became shorter as the glucose concentration was increased. Washing of the protoplasts removed the sucrose-fermenting activity, and the washed protoplasts again fermented sucrose only after a lag. Large amounts of invertase were secreted under the conditions of the apparent adaptation. CO2 production from sucrose was preceded by synthesis and secretion of invertase and accumulation of hexoses. Fermentation of sucrose by the protoplasts does not appear to be a result of increased permeability to sucrose but rather consists in secretion of invertase and fermentation of the hexoses accumulation extracellularly. In the presence of sucrose and glucose, the log-phase cells synthesized large amounts of invertase, most of which remained attached to the cells. With the removal of increasing amounts of cell wall by snail enzyme, an increasing fraction of the newly synthesized invertase was secreted into the medium.
High temperature solar electrothermal processing—III. Zinc from zinc oxide at 1200–1675K using a non-consumable anode

Abstract The electrolytic decomposition potential of ZnO has been studied in a solar furnace in the temperature range 1200–1675 K. The electrolyte consisted of various mixtures of CaF 2 and Na 3 AlF 6 . The measured potentials were close to the thermodynamically predicted values for the reaction ZnO ( s ) → Zn ( g ) + 0.50 2 ( g ). The zero current overvoltages, surprisingly, increased with increasing temperature and the concurrent change in composition. The specific conductances of the electrolytes were estimated in the temperature range 1200–1500 K. They increased with increasing temperature and the concurrent change in composition. Various materials were tested for use as electrodes and crucibles. Some of our experiences and our experimental techniques are described.
Hydrocephalus and Congenital Clasped Thumbs: a Case Report with Electromyographic Evaluation

UMMARY A one-month-old male infant with hydrocephalus, aqueductal stenosis and congenital clasped thumbs is reported. Electromyographic evaluation supported the hypothesis that the clasped thumbs were a consequence of flexion-extension imbalance, with subsequent muscle contracture secondary to hypoplasia or aplasia of the thumb extensors. RESUME Hydrocephalic et pouces en crochet congenitaux: Rapport d'un cas avec etude electromyographique Le cas d'un nourrisson mâle d'un mois avec hydrocephalie, stenose de l'aqueduc et pouces en crochet congenitaux est rapporte. L'etude electromyographique favorisait l'hypothese que les pouces en crochet etaient la consequence d'un desequilibre de flexion-extension avec ulterieurement contractures musculaires secondaires a l'hypoplasie ou a l'aplasie des extenseurs du pouce. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Hydrocephalus und angeborener eingeschlagener Daumen: eine Fallbeschreibung mit elektromyographischen Befunden Ein einen Monat alter mannlicher Saugling mit Hydrocephalus, Aquaeductstenose und angeborenem eingeschlagenem Daumen wird vorgestellt. Die elektromyographischen Befunde erharteten die Hypothese, das die eingeschlagenen Daumen durch ein gestortes Gleichgewicht in der Flexor-Extensor Gruppe entstehen mit nachfolgender Muskelkontraktur aufgrund einer Hypoplasie oder Aplasie der Daumenextensoren. RESUMEN Hidrocefalia y pulgares flexionados congenitos: aportacion de un caso con evaluation Electromiografica Se aporta un nino varon de un mes de edad con hidrocefalia, estenosis de acueducto y pulgares flexionados congenitos. La evaluacion electromiografica apoyo la hipotesis de que los pulgares flexionados eran una consecuencia de un desequilibrio entre flexion y extension, con una consiguiente contractura muscular secundaria a la hipoplasia o aplasia de los extensores del pulgar.
Ulcer disease etiopathogenesis: An eclectic theory

Abstract An eclectic theory of ulcer etiopathogenesis is presented. Its objective is to give a rational explanation to most of the disturbances and changes occurring in ulcer patients. The theory highlights the intricate cellular mechanisms which keep the balance between acid aggression and mucosal defense. The new theory presented here will serve as the skeletal framework upon which new biomedical and biopsychosocial developments can be added to improve and expand the scientific explanation of why and how ulcers are formed.
Equilibrium/nonequilibrium initial configurations in forward/reverse electron transfer within mixed-metal hemoglobin hybrids.

In a protein−protein electron transfer (ET) photocycle, the “forward” ET reaction is initiated with the excited complex, [3DA], in an equilibrium ensemble of configurations, the majority of which exhibit less than the maximal ET matrix element. In contrast, the charge-separated intermediate complex is formed in a nonequilibrium set of configurations with maximal ET matrix elements and would be expected to return to the ground state with the largest rate constant possible unless conformational interconversion first “breaks the connection” and the complex converts to less-reactive substates. According to this analysis, the forward and back ET reactions should show a differential response to viscosity, and the latter could even show an increased rate constant under conditions which suppress departure from the reactive configuration(s). We now report that the viscosity dependences of forward and back ET rate constants for the photocycle within the [α2(Zn),β2(Fe3+N3-)] mixed-metal hemoglobin hybrid at pH 7 sho...
Locomotion of sponges and its physical mechanism

Active locomotion by individual marine and freshwater sponges across glass, plastic and rubber substrata has been studied in relation to the behavior of the sponges' component cells. Sequential tracing of sponge outlines on aquarium walls shows that sponges can crawl up to 160 microns/hr (4 mm/day). Time-lapse cinemicrography and scanning electron microscopy reveal that moving sponges possess distinctive leading edges composed of motile cells. Sponge locomotion was found to be mechanically similar to the spreading of cell sheets in tissue culture both with respect to exertion of traction (which causes the wrinkling of rubber substrata) and with respect to the patterns of adhesive contacts formed with the substratum (as observed by interference reflection microscopy). Other similarities include the orientation of sponge locomotion along grooves and the preferential extension onto more adhesive substrata. Neither the patterns of wrinkling produced in rubber substrata nor the distributions of adhesive contacts seen by interference reflection microscopy show evidence of periodic, propagating waves of surface contractions, such as would be expected if the sponges' mechanism of locomotion were by peristalsis or locomotory waves. Our observations suggest that the displacement of sponges is achieved by the cumulative crawling locomotion of the cells that compose the sponge's lower surface. This mode of organismal locomotion suggests new explanations for the plasticity of sponge morphology, seems not to have been reported from other metazoans, and has significant ecological implications.
The Sex of Joy: A Gourmet Guide to Lovemaking Rhetoric

In turbulent times in U.S. sexual history, Alex Comfort's popular sex manual The Joy of Sex: A Gourmet Guide to Lovemaking served up an exciting yet reassuring menu of sexual practice. More than simply reflecting attitudes, The Joy of Sex participated in shaping the discourses of sex and sexuality of its day. This rhetorical and cultural critique of The Joy of Sex argues that the variety and arrangement of its recipe-book-like entries, compelling illustrations, and other rhetorical elements dramatized and sold an idealized heterosexuality to readers but reduced the meaning of “lovemaking” in the process.
37.1: Novel Development of Large‐Sized Electrowetting Display

A large size panel manufacturing process for electrowetting display (EWD) by using surface treatment and ink-jet printing (IJP) techniques had been developed. for hydrophilic rib fabrication, surface treatment technique was adopted to reinforce the adhesion of hydrophilic material on hydrophobic layer to achieve large-Sized panel manufacturing. Also, for dosing of non-polar liquid, IJP technique was used to dose the liquid into the unit pixel individually. By using IJP technique to dose the red, green, and blue oils, full color of EWD can be achieved without adopting color filter in the future. Here, a 6-inch monochrome EWD prototype was successfully fabricated by using our proposed techniques.
A Task Analysis of the Shift from Teacher Instructions to Self-Instructions in Performing an In-Common Task

Three preschool children repeatedly did four kinds of sorts with a deck of stimulus cards: a difficult, untaught target sort and three other sorts considered analytic of self-instructing the target performance. The untaught target sort was to find in a deck of cards those matching what two sample cards had in common. Most preschool children must be taught to mediate this problem. The three other kinds of sorts taught skills involved in the target performance or its mediation. As correct self-instructive talk emerged in the target sorts, it was confirmed. The untaught target sorts were interspersed infrequently among the three alternating directly taught skill sorts, to see if accurate target sorts, and accurate self-instructive talk about the target sorts, would emerge as the three skill sorts were mastered. As all the sorts progressed, increasing accuracy was seen first in the skill sorts and then in the untaught target sorts. All three subjects showed subsequent generalization to new target sorts involving other stimulus sets. Correct spontaneous self-instructions about the target sorts increased from near zero at the beginning of the experiment to consistency at its end. Thus the three skill sorts appeared sufficient for the emergence of a self-instructed solution to the previously insoluble target performance.
Biomolecular information processing: Biotechnology paves the way for new approaches to computing

The differences and similarities in structure and function of biological systems and electronic computers are examined. The relative costs of structurally dependent and independent systems are discussed in terms of tradeoff among programmability, computational efficiency, and evolutionary adaptability. The key computing attribute of protein enzymes, namely, their folded shape, allows them to recognize molecular objects on the basis of tactile (touching) interactions, reminiscent of the way a key fits into a lock. This provides both a switching and a recognition mechanism. The race to develop an artificial tactilizing processor is discussed.
Transition and Regional Inequality in Russia: Reorganization or Procrastination?

This paper analyzes the evolution of interregional income inequality during transition in Russia. The transition matrix approach reveals that between 1991 and 1997 income mobility tended toward a highly uneven long-term distribution with the majority of regions at low income levels and a minority of higher-income regions, in sharp contrast to pretransition times. The ordered logit analysis suggests that the more successful regions prospered on account of their natural resources, while continuing to resist economic reorganization by supporting traditional enterprises. The less-successful regions appeared trapped at low income levels due to uncompetitive industries and lack of resources needed for restructuring.
Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas involving the uterus: A clinicopathologic analysis of 26 cases

Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL) involving the uterus may be either low-stage neoplasms that probably arise in the uterus (primary) or systemic neoplasms with secondary involvement. In this study, 26 NHL involving the uterus are reported. Ten cases were stage I(E) or II(E) and are presumed to be primary. The mean age of patients at presentation was 55 years (range, 35 to 67 years), and abnormal uterine bleeding was the most frequent complaint (six patients). Nine of 10 tumors involved the cervix. Histologically, eight were diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL); one was follicle center lymphoma, follicular, grade 1; and one was marginal zone B-cell lymphoma. At 5 years of clinical follow-up, five of six patients were alive after treatment. In 12 cases, uterine involvement was part of a systemic disease at diagnosis, either stage III(E) or IV. The mean patient age at the time that uterine involvement was detected was 58 years (range, 22 to 75 years); 6 of 12 had abnormal uterine bleeding. Six tumors involved both cervix and corpus, four corpus, and two cervix. Six were DLBCL; two were small lymphocytic lymphoma; three were follicle center lymphoma, follicular, grade 1 (two cases) or grade 2 (one case); and one was precursor T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma. At 5 years of clinical follow-up, two of seven patients were alive after treatment. Four DLBCL arose in patients with incomplete clinical information; therefore, stage is unknown. We conclude that low-stage (presumably primary) uterine NHL are most commonly DLBCL, predominantly arise in the cervix, and cause abnormal uterine bleeding. High-stage NHL are a heterogeneous group of B-cell neoplasms that can involve the cervix or the corpus.
Management of obstetrical and

This article reviews the techniques that are used in the management of bleeding in obstetrics and gynecology. Obstetrical hemorrhage is often emergent and unanticipated. In addition, there are pregnant women at high risk for bleeding caused by a variety of abnormalities that are identified or suspected on ultrasonograms. Thus, protocols for the control of both categories of serious obstetrical hemorrhage have been implemented and are of value. More recently, menorrhagia associated with fibroids has been shown to respond to transcatheter embolization. The choice of catheters, guidewires, and embolic material is reviewed. Significant pain in the immediate postembolization period is commonly experienced by the patient with fibroids. This can be managed with appropriate sedation and analgesics.
Interactions between light and temperature on the physiological ecology of Gracilaria tikvahiae (Gigartinales: Rhodophyta)

Main effects and interactions of light and temperature on rates of nitrate (NO - 3 ) uptake and levels of pigments and chemical constituents of the red seaweedGracilaria tikvahiae were investigated in outdoor, nutrient-replete continuous-flow seawater culture chambers. Light intensity was the more important factor regulating levels of chlorophyll-a (Chl-a), R-phycoerythrin (R-PE) and %N all of which varied inversely with light. Temperature was the more important factor regulating levels of protein, carbohydrate, and %C, all of which varied inversely with temperature. High levels of C, N, protein and carbohydrate at 15°C suggest thatG. tikvahiae either acclimates to low temperatures by increasing cellular levels of these constituents or accumulates these consituents at the reduced growth rates that occurred at this low temperature. Rates of NO - 3 -uptake byG. tikvahiae increased with increasing light and temperature up to the highest levels employed (i.e. I0, 30°C). A broad correlation between growth rate, photosynthetic capacity and NO - 3 -uptake byG. tikvahiae suggests that the ecological success of this alga may be due to its ability for highly balanced growth (i.e. proportional assimilation of C and N) over a broad range of light and temperature.
A Feminist Literary Cartography of the Canadian North: Women, writing and place in Aritha van Herk's Places Far From Ellesmere

This article examines the idea of North in Aritha van Herk's (1990) Places Far From Ellesmere, a feminist rereading of Anna Karenin that is also an exploration of place—Ellesmere Island—and of gender, identity and belonging. I situate my reading of Ellesmere firstly within feminist literary theory, focusing on the concept of intertextuality and on the implications of the concept, from the perspective of feminist theorists, for the acts of writing and reading. I further contextualise van Herk's work by outlining the growing sensitivity to the complexities of writing Canadian space in Canadian literary criticism. The focus then shifts to Ellesmere, beginning with an investigation of van Herk's representational practices and philosophies, which are organised around a critique of the relationship between writing, gender and power. I argue that van Herk's insistence upon the power of feminist textual rereadings, an insistence that results from her aversion to authority, critically shapes her geographical imagi...
Cervical varices: An unusual etiology for third-trimester bleeding

We report an unusual etiology for third-trimester bleeding. A pregnant patient underwent sonographic evaluation after presenting in the third trimester with uterine contractions and bleeding per the vagina. Massive cervical varices were identified on prenatal sonography as the cause of the bleeding and resulted in cesarean delivery and gravid hysterectomy. Cervical varices may result in significant maternal morbidity despite prenatal diagnosis.
Combined Median Sternotomy and Video-assisted Thoracoscopic Resection of Pulmonary Metastases

Median sternotomy has been a common approach for resection of bilateral pulmonary metastases. It provides good exposure and quick accessibility to most lesions in the lung. The retrocardiac left lower lobe may at times be a problematic area for resection of metastases. We have used a simultaneous median sternotomy and left video-assisted thoracoscopic approach to remove three such lesions in two patients, with satisfactory results.
An analytical approach for estimating CO2 and heat fluxes over the Amazonian region

Abstract Accurate assessments of the CO 2 fluxes between the terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere are pressingly needed for the climate change and carbon cycle studies. The Collatz et al. parameterization of leaf photosynthesis-stomatal conductance has been widely applied in land surface parameterization schemes for simulating the land surface CO 2 fluxes. The study in this paper developed an analytical solution approach for the Collatz et al.’s parameterization for stable solution and computational efficiency. This analytical approach is then applied to the simplified biosphere model (SSiB), enhancing its capability of simulating land surface CO 2 fluxes. The enhanced SSiB model is tested with field observation data sets from two Amazonian field experiments (ABRACOS missions and Manaus Eddy Covariance Study). Simulations of the land surface fluxes of latent heat, sensible heat and soil heat by the enhanced SSiB agree very well with observations with correlation coefficients being larger than 0.80. However, the correlation coefficient for the daily means of CO 2 fluxes is only 0.42 for the Manaus data set. A day-time “square wave” in the simulated CO 2 flux diurnal curves is found. The discrepancies between simulation and observation were found to be the results of incorrect parameter setup or improper leaf to canopy scaling strategy. A modification to the scaling strategy improves significantly the accuracy of the photosynthesis-stomatal conductance model.
The effects of photosensitizers and ultraviolet irradiation on the biosynthesis and metabolism of prostaglandins

Prostaglandin biosynthesis from arachidonic acid by skin microsomal fraction preparation was enhanced by UV-irradiation at wavelengths of 254 and 360 nm. In the presence of 8-methoxy psoralen (8 MOP) and coal tar, prostaglandin biosynthesis was further enhanced approximately 2-fold by UV-irradiation at 254 nm. Stimulation was less by UV-irradiation at 360 nm. 8-MOP enhanced the conversion of PGE2 into PGF2-9-ketoreductase prepared from skin high speed supernatant fractions. UV-irradiation at 254 nm and 360 nm with or without the photosensitizers had no effect on the activity of the PGE2-9-ketoreductase. These data therefore indicate that the action of UV-irradiation, 8-methoxy psoralen and coal tar on the skin may in part be due to their regulation of the biosynthesis and metabolism of prostaglandins in this tissue.
A Linear Time Algorithm for Deciding Subject Security

A particular protection mechanism from the protection hterature-the take and grant system--is presented For this particular mechanism, it is shown that the safety problem can be solved in linear time Moreover the security policies that this mechanism can enforce are characterized The theoretical analysis of systems for protectmg the security of reformation should be of interest to the practmoner as well as the theorehctan. The practitioner must convince users that the integrity of their programs and files is maintained; Le. he must convince them that the operating system and its mechanisms will correctly protect these programs and files Vague or informal arguments are unacceptable since they are often wrong. Indeed the folklore is replete with stones of "secure" systems being compromised m a matter of hours. A primary reason for the abundance of these incidents is that even a small set of apparently simple protection pnmmves can often lead to complex systems that can be exploited, and therefore compromised, by some adversary. But it is preosely this fact, simple primitives with complex behavior, that lures the theoretician. Our purpose here is to present a concrete example of a protection system and then to completely analyze its behavior. Our motivation for doing this analysis ~s twofold. The protection system that we study ~s not one we invented, rather it appears, for example, in Cohen (1) Moreover it is closely related to systems studied m Denning and Graham (2) and Jones (4). This point is most important, for the space of possible protection systems is exceedingly nch and it is trivial to think up arbitrary systems to study. We are interested not in arbitrary systems, but in systems that have practical apphcahon The above motivation is necessary but not sufficient for us to establish that these questions should interest the theoreticmn. Our second reason for studying these prob- lems is that m a natural way they can be viewed as "generahzat~ons of transitive closure." Informally, our model is:
Dry deposition of sulfate associated with pollen

In this paper the dry deposition of trace concentrations of sulfate and nitrate associated with pollen is explored. The surface contamination of pollen was evaluated by analyses of commercially available pollen for sulfate and nitrate. Sulfate and nitrate material was present on all pollen samples. Sulfate on tree pollen ranged from 0.2 to 0.5 % of the weight of the pollen, while nitrate concentrations were an order of magnitude lower. Using airborne concentrations of pollen derived from a high volume air sampler in northern Wisconsin and average deposition velocity of 4.5 cm s−1 for pollen, the pollen sulfate flux was estimated as 0.5 kg ha−1 a−1. Pollen collected at the northern Wisconsin site was shown to have concentrations of sulfate and nitrate similar to those for commercial pollen. The measured sulfate flux for the month of May 1987 was similar to the calculated values.
Prior revascularization increases the effectiveness of enhanced external counterpulsation.

Background and hypothesis: Enhanced external counterpulsation (EECP) is an effective noninvasive treatment for chronic angina. However, its usefulness has been felt to be limited in patients with angiographically demonstrated triplevessel coronary artery disease (CAD), in accord with the hypothesis that a patent vessel is necessary for transmission of the EECP-augmented coronary artery pressure and volume to the distal coronary vasculature. Methods: The effect of revascularization [coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)] prior to EECP was examined in 60 patients with CAD and chronic angina (35 without and 25 with prior CABG). Patients were grouped by the extent of CAD (single-, double-, triple-vessel disease in the unrevascularized group) and by the extent of residual disease (number of stenotic native vessels unbypassed or supplied by a stenotic graft in the CABG group). Significant CAD or graft stenoses were defined as stenoses demonstrating ≥ 70% luminal diameter narrowing. Benefit was assessed by improvement in postEECP treatment over pretreatment radionuclide stress testing. Results: Radionuclide stress testing demonstrated a comparable favorable response (80 vs. 71 %; p = NS) in patients with prior CABG versus unrevascularized patients. Enhanced external counterpulsation was highly and comparably effective in patients with unrevascularized native single- and double-vessel CAD and in patients with CABG with residual single-and double-vessel CAD (88 vs. 80%; p = NS). Most notably, CABG significantly increased the beneficial response to EECP in those patients with triple-vessel CAD and stenotic grafts compared with unrevascularized patients with triplevessel CAD (80 vs. 22%; p < 0.05 by chi-square test). Conclusion: The results suggest a new role for EECP as an effective treatment for post CABG ischemia, despite extensive CAD and even in the presence of stenotic grafts.
On the Maximum Principle for a Class of Discrete Dynamical Systems with Lags

A maximum principle for a class of discrete systems with lags is established constructively within the framework of discrete optimal control theory. An application of the maximum principle to a problem in advertising concludes the paper.PDF Version: Sethi, S.P. and Burdet, C.-A., "On the Maximum Principle for Discrete Dynamical Systems with Lags," Management Sciences Research Report No. 262, GSIA, Carnegie-Mellon University, November 1971.
Inactivation of Ascaris suum and poliovirus in biosolids under thermophilic anaerobic digestion conditions.

There is considerable interest in the United States in production of Class A (low pathogen content) biosolids from the treatment of municipal wastewater sludge. Current requirements imposed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency make it difficult for thermophilic anaerobic digestion, in its simplest process configurations, to achieve Class A status. In particular, the time−temperature requirements necessitate long batch treatment times at temperatures associated with thermophilic anaerobic digestion. The time−temperature requirements are meant to ensure extensive inactivation of helminth eggs and enteric viruses, considered to be the most heat-resistant of the relevant pathogen classes. However, data on inactivation kinetics of these pathogens at precisely controlled and well-characterized temperatures are scarce. We measured inactivation of vaccine-strain poliovirus and eggs from the helminth Ascaris suum at temperatures from 49 to 55 °C in a lab-scale batch reactor containing biosolids from a conti...
Smoking, Weight Loss Intention and Obesity-Promoting Behaviors in College Students

Objective: To examine whether college smoking was associated with trying to lose weight and other weight-related behaviors.Methods: We surveyed 300 students at the University of Kansas about smoking (ever, current, and amount), weight loss intention (y/n), weight-related attitudes, and eating and exercise behavior. Weight, height, and body fat were measured.Results: About half the students (49%) self-identified as having ever smoked while 53 (17.6%) self-identified as current smokers. After controlling for sex, age, and ethnicity, ever smoking was not related to weight loss intention but was associated with greater pressure to maintain a healthy weight (p = 0.05), and having engaged in mild exercise on more days in the previous year (p = 0.05). Compared to nonsmokers, current smokers ate more at restaurants serving high calorie foods (p < 0.05) and ate more frequently in front of the TV (p < 0.01). Amount smoked was related to diminished use of exercise facilities (p = 0.03) and more frequent eating at re...
Health Literacy and Autonomy

Volandes and Paasche-Orlow (2007) cite convincing evidence that the lack of healthcare literacy leads to inequalities in healthcare access and healthcare outcomes. They rightly note that such inequ...
Sense and sensibility in the study of state socialisation: a reply to Kai Alderson

In a recent article in the Review of International Studies , Kai Alderson subjected the concept of state socialisation to considerable scrutiny. This kind of conceptual clarification is fundamental to both theory building and empirical work in the study of international relations. Alderson should be commended for his work on the concept, since there are only a handful of previous studies that explicitly explore state socialisation in any detail. However, his attempt to produce a ‘consensus definition’ of the concept to bring clarity to an emerging research programme has left me with more questions than answers. This essay is designed to raise questions about Alderson's conceptualisation of state socialisation based on a comparison with the literature on socialisation from other disciplines. The overarching goal is to stimulate healthy debate about a concept that should be central to our understanding of the social aspects of international politics.
Core journal literatures and persistent research themes in an emerging interdisciplinary field: Exploring the literature of evolutionary developmental biology

Abstract This paper reports two interrelated citation-based studies of the intellectual structure of Evolutionary Developmental Biology (Evo-Devo). The core journals of Evo-Devo (Evolution & Development, Development, Genes & Evolution, and Journal of Experimental Zoology, pt. B) and its supporting/parental disciplines are identified and their strong citation links mapped based on data from Journal Citation Reports, 2005–2007. Evo-Devo cites into Developmental Biology in all three years and exchanges citations with Paleontology in 2007. There are no strong connections with either general or molecular Evolution journals. Persistent, visible research themes are visualized as citing-cited networks and subnetworks of articles extracted from the Web of Science for the core Evo-Devo journals and a larger set of articles citing one or more Evo-Devo journals. Most research themes in the core set are specific to a single journal. Few highly cited core journal articles are also visible in the broader set of networks and subnetworks, although some themes (e.g., arthropod body plans, chordate genes/gene expression) are visible in both data sets.
Absorption of Contrast Medium During ERCP

In order to assess systemic absorption, serum diatrizoate levels were measured in 25 patients requiring endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Urinary diatrizoate was measured in the urine of seven of these. In five additional patients, diatrizoate was instilled into the duodenum during endoscopy. Blood was drawn before and after completion of the procedure in all patients and at intervals from 2 to 24 hr in nine. Eighteen-hour urine collections were obtained from seven patients. Increases in serum diatrizoate concentration were 7.10 micrograms/ml +/- 3.01 (mean +/- SE) in the duodenal-instillation patients, 230.68 +/- 53.24 micrograms/ml in 9 patients in whom only the pancreatic duct was visualized, 7.83 +/- 1.05 micrograms/ml in three patients in whom only the bile duct was visualized, and 77.67 +/- 28.22 micrograms/ml in 13 patients in whom both ducts were visualized. The mean total urinary excretion of diatrizoate was 3.05 +/- 0.98 g of diatrizoate. Endoscopists performing ERCP should be aware of the likelihood of systemic absorption and the possibility of reactions to iodinated contrast materials in sensitive patients.
A Balasian-Based Algorithm for Zero-One Polynomial Programming

A new algorithm is developed for solving zero-one polynomial problems. The algorithm is a direct extension of the well-known Balasian algorithm for zero-one linear programs. The basic idea underlying the development is that every zero-one polynomial programming problem can be converted into an equivalent zero-one linear system with nonlinear secondary constraints representing the polynomial terms. Moreover, the optimal solution to the original polynomial problem must be a feasible solution to the converted linear problem. Thus, the optimal solution is determined by searching for the best solution among the feasible solutions to the linear problem such that the secondary constraints are satisfied. The important point is that the secondary constraints are considered implicitly so that the size of the problem is determined by its equivalent linear form. Computational experience indicates that the new algorithm compares favorably with the existing ones due to Lawler and Bell [Lawler, E., M. Bell. 1967. A method for solving discrete optimization problems. Oper. Res.15 1098--1112.] and to Watters [Watters, L. J. 1967. Reduction of integer polynomial problems to zero-one linear programming problems. Oper. Res.15 1171--1174.]. The application of the algorithm to a special class of nonlinear binary problems is also investigated.
Specific messenger RNA changes in joseph disease cerebella

Joseph disease is an autosomal-dominant, spinocerebellar degeneration characterized at the biochemical level by elevations in the steady-state levels of several abundant proteins (H, J, and L) in affected brain areas such as the cerebellar cortex. The increased levels of these proteins could either be a consequence of a relative increase in their de novo synthesis or result from altered rates of proteolysis in degenerating brain cells. These alternatives can be distinguished by comparing the in vitro protein-synthetic capacities of the messenger ribonucleic acid populations isolated from cerebellar cortex of control subjects and patients with Joseph disease. Protein H (glial fibrillary acidic protein) is synthesized at detectable levels by all messenger ribonucleic acid isolates, and the levels of its translatable messenger ribonucleic acid are reproducibly increased in ribonucleic acids isolated from cerebellar cortex of patients with Joseph disease as compared with those isolated from cerebellar cortex of control subjects. Thus, the increased level of protein H in Joseph disease is a consequence of an increase in its de novo synthesis and is correlated with the increased number of cerebellar glial cells. In contrast to these results, there is no detectable synthesis of proteins J and L by messenger ribonucleic acid populations isolated from cerebellar cortex of either Joseph disease patients or control subjects, suggesting that the increased levels of these proteins in affected cerebellar cortex are a consequence of posttranslational protein modifications.
Surface studies of corrosion in second surface silver heliostat mirrors

Abstract Mirrors with up to eight months exposure in heliostat modules in the field and with extensive corrosion have been studied to determine the nature of the corrosion. Auger electron spectroscopy of exposed surfaces displaying corrosion indicates that a copper/oxygen species is the first decomposition product. This product tends to form or precipitate in spots or rings similar to those which are eventually visible from the front surface. The corrosion may or may not be accompanied by small amounts of chlorine or sulfur. These two elements are superficial, however, and easily removed by sputtering. Further corrosion produces a corrosion product which includes silver, copper, oxygen and carbon. The corroded mirrors have been compared with an uncorroded mirror which was studied after near the glass-silver interface. Tin and chlorine remain in this region from processing; the tin with the glass and the chlorine with the metal layer.
The degree of segmental aneuploidy measured by total copy number abnormalities predicts survival and recurrence in superficial gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma.

Background: Prognostic biomarkers are needed for superficial gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) to predict clinical outcomes and select therapy. Although recurrent mutations have been characterized in EAC, little is known about their clinical and prognostic significance. Aneuploidy is predictive of clinical outcome in many malignancies but has not been evaluated in superficial EAC. Methods: We quantified copy number changes in 41 superficial EAC using Affymetrix SNP 6.0 arrays. We identified recurrent chromosomal gains and losses and calculated the total copy number abnormality (CNA) count for each tumor as a measure of aneuploidy. We correlated CNA count with overall survival and time to first recurrence in univariate and multivariate analyses. Results: Recurrent segmental gains and losses involved multiple genes, including: HER2, EGFR, MET, CDK6, KRAS (recurrent gains); and FHIT, WWOX, CDKN2A/B, SMAD4, RUNX1 (recurrent losses). There was a 40-fold variation in CNA count across all cases. Tumors with the lowest and highest quartile CNA count had significantly better overall survival (p = 0.032) and time to first recurrence (p = 0.010) compared to those with intermediate CNA counts. These associations persisted when controlling for other prognostic variables. Significance: SNP arrays facilitate the assessment of recurrent chromosomal gain and loss and allow high resolution, quantitative assessment of segmental aneuploidy (total CNA count). The non-monotonic association of segmental aneuploidy with survival has been described in other tumors. The degree of aneuploidy is a promising prognostic biomarker in a potentially curable form of EAC. © 2014 Davison et al.
Robust Superhydrophobic Surfaces Prepared With Epoxy Resin and Silica Nanoparticles

When nanoparticles are incorporated into surfaces to generate roughness, adhesion of the particles is critical to achieve a durable superhydrophobic surface. In this investigation, we explored the use of bis-phenol A based epoxy and silica nanoparticles to form a composite layer on substrates. After an plasma treatment of the surface layer, the epoxy was etched away and silica nanoparticles exposed on the surface, thereby generating roughness. The plasma etching time was examined to correlate the resulting surface morphology and water droplet contact angles after a fluoroalkyl silane treatment. Surface mechanical stability was studied by an abrasion test. Water vapor condensation on the surface was also assessed by investigation of the contact angle, which offers insight into the applicability of the surfaces to use under hot and humid conditions where degradation of the superhydrophobic surfaces may occur.
Codimensions of products and of intersections of verbally primeT-ideals

By Kemer’s theory [9],T idealsJ 1 ∪…∪J r andJ 1 …J r, where eachJ i is verbally prime, are of fundamental importance in the theory of P.I. algebras. We calculate, approximately and asymptotically, the codimensions of suchT-ideals, thereby extending the corresponding results about matrix algebras. In all such cases, the exponential growth of the codimensions is calculated; in particular, it is always an integer.