cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Industrial Food Animal Exposome: Evaluating Aggregate Pathogen Exposures on the Community Level

Communities surrounding industrial food animal facilities face elevated risks of environmental exposure to zoonotic pathogens through air, water and soil contamination. The design of food animal fa...
Unified gravitational and Yang-Mills fields

We unify the gravitational and Yang-Mills fields by extending the diffeomorphisms in (N=4+n)-dimensional space-time to a larger group, called the conservation group. This is the largest group of coordinate transformations under which conservation laws are covariant statements. We present two theories that are invariant under the conservation group. Both theories have field equations that imply the validity of Einstein's equations for general relativity with the stress-energy tensor of a non-Abelian Yang-Mills field (with massive quanta) and associated currents. Both provide a geometrical foundation for string theory and admit solutions that describe the direct product of a compactn-dimensional space and flat four-dimensional space-time. One of the theories requires that the cosmological constant shall vanish. The conservation group symmetry is so large that there is reason to believe the theories are finite or renormalizable.
Membrane distillation coupled with a novel two-stage pretreatment process for petrochemical wastewater treatment and reuse

Abstract A novel hybrid system was designed for petrochemical wastewater treatment and reuse by coupling membrane distillation (MD) with a two-stage pretreatment process comprising oil/water separation and photocatalytic organics degradation. The oil/water separation process removed oil emulsions from water, while the follow-up photocatalysis process degraded dissolved oil and volatile organic pollutants. The pretreated water was then introduced to the MD process to produce distilled water. A modified stainless steel mesh/glass microfiber filter was used for removal of oil emulsions and exhibited excellent performance and durability (92% oil rejection in the first cycle and 87% after 10 consecutive cycles). In the photocatalysis stage, TiO2 P25 was used as the photocatalyst to effectively decompose the remaining organic compounds and to inactivate microorganisms under UV light irradiation. The two-stage pretreatment reached 99.5% total organic degradation and 6.02 log bacteria removal. The advantages of the hybrid system are to prevent MD membrane fouling and produce high quality distillate with low TDS and minimal volatile organics that are difficult to remove by a conventional MD process.
Chemoreception in Aquatic Invertebrates

Synopsis Aquatic invertebrates are represented by an impressive number and variety of species that have evolved over the last 550 million years and that live in diverse habitats. Consequently, their chemical senses take many forms, even though built on similar basic principles and serving the same basic needs. This chapter summarizes what is known about chemical sensing in aquatic invertebrates, including information on the structure and function of the chemosensory systems of some of the major clades and key transitional forms, and a discussion of principles of organization that unify them.
Beyond the brain and body

The four E's So far we have been looking at the mind from the perspective of traditional cognitive science. In this chapter we discuss a set of new and purportedly revolutionary approaches to cognition that have been gathering force in the past decade or so. These approaches go under the headings of Embedded , Embodied , Enactive , and Extended Cognition . These “four E's” propose a radical re-examination of how cognition should be modeled by the sciences, and they encourage a metaphysical shift in our view of what cognition itself is. These views raise a fundamental challenge concerning the very nature of how cognitive processes are distinguished from noncognitive ones. An upshot of these discussions will be to highlight the need for the cognitive sciences to settle a major foundational question, namely what makes something a cognitive system in the first place – that is, what the “mark of the cognitive” might be. Very briefly, the four E's are as follows: Embedded cognition is the view that minds arise for the online solving of cognitive tasks in time-dependent situations, and minds should be studied in light of this situatedness. Enactivism is the idea that minds are for action. Cognition should not be conceived of or studied independently of action, or as a process that takes place in the brain and exists independently of action. Rather, minds should be conceived of as existing “in” the acting or arising from the acting. Minds don't cause action so much as minds are enacted in the unfolding of our behavioral engagements with the world. Thinking isn't a cause of doing, it is a kind of doing on this view. Because enactivist views have largely been defended in the context of theories of perception, we will defer our discussion of them until Chapter 6 (Section 6.6). Embodied cognition is the idea that thinking doesn't take place sandwiched between perceptual inputs and motor outputs. Rather, cognition takes place all across the sensory-motor divide in the brain. In fact, on the embodied view, cognition can take place within parts of the body outside the brain. Embodied approaches reject a functionalist vision of the mind that permits the possibility of minds like ours existing independently of bodies like ours. Minds like ours are metaphysically dependent on our kind of bodies.
Guarding Disjoint Orthogonal Polygons in the Plane

Given a set F of disjoint monotone orthogonal polygons, we present bounds on the number of vertex guards required to monitor the free space and the boundaries of the polygons in F. We assume that the range of vision of a guard is bounded by 180\(^{\circ }\) (the region in front of the guard). For k disjoint axis-aligned monotone orthogonal polygons \(H_1, H_2, \dots , H_k\) with \(m_1, m_2, \dots , m_k\) vertices respectively, such that \(\sum _{i = 1}^{k} m_i = m\), we prove that \(\frac{m}{2} + \lfloor \frac{k}{4} \rfloor + 4\) vertex guards are sufficient to monitor the boundaries of the polygons and the free space. When the orthogonal polygons are arbitrary oriented, we show that \(\frac{m}{2} + k + 1\) vertex guards are sometimes necessary to monitor the boundaries and the free space and conjecture the bound is tight.
The impact of listing Latin American ADRs on the risks and returns of the underlying shares

Abstract This paper examines the risks and returns of Latin American stocks following American depository receipt (ADR) listings in U.S. equity markets and finds no systematic change in their volatility. This finding differs from previous results for ADR introduction on European and Asian stocks, although it is consistent with several prior findings on international stock listings. Importantly, it supports the predictions of Domowitz, Glen, and Madhavan's 1998 model of international cross-listings. This model predicts that the effects of such listings will differ across stocks because the net effect is indicative of the specific trade-off for each individual stock between benefits of enhanced intermarket competition and costs stemming from the diversion of information-linked orders out of the domestic market.
Robust Spacecraft Guidance Around Small Bodies Under Uncertainty: Stochastic Optimal Control Approach

Dynamical environments around small celestial bodies are complex and uncertain, leading to highly perturbed, uncertain orbital motions in their proximity. Under such complexity and uncertainty, mis...
Religion in Sixteenth-Century Mexico: A Guide to Aztec and Catholic Beliefs and Practices

Religion in Sixteenth-Century Mexico explores the development of religion as transferred from Spain to Tenochtitlan. The religious world of both Aztecs and Spanish Catholics at time of encounter was organized through large and small scale community, family, and personal devotions. Devotion expressed through cults was the single most salient aspect in the transfer of Catholicism to New World people. This book highlights the role that ideas such as afterlife, apocalypticism, iconoclasm, Marianism, resistance, and saints played in the emergence of Mexican Catholicism in the sixteenth century. The larger Atlantic world context, as seen in the regions of Iberia, Anahuac, and 'New Spain', or central Mexico from Zacatecas to Oaxaca, is explored in detail. Beginning with an extensive historical essay to contextualize the pre-contact period, the bulk of this volume contains 118 separate keywords each with three comparative essays examining Aztec and Catholic religious practices before and after contact.
Calculating Least Cost Balanced Rations

The first step in formulating a least cost balanced ration is to determine the requirements for the class of animals that you are trying to balance the ration. There are many references where this information can be found. An excellent reference is Applied Animal Nutrition by Crampton and Harris. This text includes tables which list the different feeds and the nutrient requirements for each class of livestock. If your client has, for example, 400 lb. steer feeder calves that he would like to grow at a pound and a half per head per day, then turn to the table on feedlot cattle and find the class and weight of livestock with this daily rate of gain.
Altered cleavage of Caspase-1 in hepatocytes limits control of malaria in the liver

Abstract Malaria, caused by Plasmodium parasites, is a devastating disease that kills over half a million people each year1. Plasmodium sporozoites inoculated by mosquitoes into mammalian hosts undergo a clinically silent phase of obligatory development and replication in hepatocytes before initiating the life-threatening blood-stage of malaria2. Thus, understanding the immune responses elicited by Plasmodium infection in the liver is key to controlling clinical malaria and transmission3,4. Here, we show that Plasmodium DNA can be detected by AIM2 (absent in melanoma 2) sensors in the infected hepatocytes, resulting in Caspase-1 activation and pyroptotic cell-death. However, Caspase-1 was observed to undergo only partial cleavage in hepatocytes, limiting pyroptosis, and the maturation of pro-inflammatory cytokines classically associated with Caspase-1 activation. We discovered that the extent of Caspase-1 cleavage in cells is determined by the expression of ASC (apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD). ASC expression is inherently low in hepatocytes, and transgenically enhancing it in the hepatocytes induced complete processing of Caspase-1, efficient secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, enhanced pyroptotic cell-death, and markedly improved control of malaria infection in the liver. In addition to describing a novel pathway of natural immunity to malaria, our findings uncover a key aspect of liver biology that may have been exploited during evolution by successful hepatotropic pathogens.
Faces of Intersubjectivity

Here we consider interpersonal experience in schizophrenia, melancholia, and mania. Our goal is to improve understanding of similarities and differences in how other people can be experienced in these disorders, through a review of first-person accounts and case examples and of contemporary and classic literature on the phenomenology of these disorders. We adopt a tripartite/dialectical structure: first we explore main differences as traditionally described; next we consider how the disorders may resemble each other; finally we discuss more subtle but perhaps foundational ways in which the phenomenology of these disorders may nonetheless be differentiated. These involve disruptions of common sense and conventionality, abnormalities of empathy, distinct forms of paranoia and the sense of personal centrality, and altered perceptions of intentionality, deadness, and artificiality. We end by considering some neurocognitive research relevant to these abnormal forms of subjectivity, including work on theory of mind, experience of human movement, and perception of faces.
Current diagnosis and treatment of leptomeningeal metastasis

Meningeal metastasis occurs in 3-8% of all cancer patients, producing neurologic morbidity and a high mortality. Diagnosis is best established by the demonstration of malignant cells in the cerebrospinal fluid. However, in patients with known cancer, MR scan with gadolinium may be diagnostic when subarachnoid nodules can be demonstrated in the head or spine. Therapy usually involves radiotherapy to symptomatic sites, often followed by intrathecal chemotherapy. Intrathecal chemotherapy is best delivered by an intraventricular reservoir system but can also be delivered by repeated lumbar puncture. Methotrexate, cytarabine and thiotepa are the most common agents instilled into the subarachnoid space. Their limited efficacy can be explained by their restricted spectrum of antitumor activity. Patients with leptomeningeal metastasis from leukemia, lymphoma or breast cancer tend to respond best and this may, in part, be attributed to the relative sensitivity of these primary tumor types to the agents administered intrathecally. Systemic chemotherapy may prove a more attractive alternative to intrathecal drugs since it can penetrate into bulky disease, reach all areas of the subarachnoid space, and not be restricted by CSF bulk flow. The prognosis for patients with leptomeningeal metastasis is poor, most individuals surviving a median of only about four months. Occasional patients do have prolonged survival and improvement of their neurologic function.
Genetic Diversity in Crop Improvement: The Soybean Experience

SUMMARY The use of genetic diversity to form modern crops is one of the most remarkable accomplishments of agriculture. Even in the age of genomics, genetic diversity remains the cornerstone of crop improvement. There is extensive diversity in soybean and its ancestors. Much of this diversity has been collected though opportunities to extend collections remain. Genetic diversity has been used extensively in Asian breeding but utilization of exotic germplasm has been limited in North America. Capturing the value of diversity is easy for some traits but quite difficult for other traits, such as yield. New procedures and technology may greatly facilitate understanding and effective use of these exotic yield alleles. For the foreseeable future though, progress in capturing yield value from exotic germplasm through traditional breeding will continue to outstrip our scientific understanding of the alleles themselves. Public institutions will need to facilitate access to germplasm to increase utilization of dive...
Prognosis and response to therapy of first inpatient and outpatient heart failure event in a heart failure clinical trial: MADIT-CRT

Aims Hospitalization for worsening heart failure (HF) is known to increase mortality and morbidity risk and has been frequently used as an endpoint in randomized clinical trials. Whether outpatient management of HF exacerbation carries similar prognostic and therapeutic information is less well known, but could be important for the design of trials that use HF hospitalization as an endpoint. Methods and results MADIT-CRT randomized patients with mild HF symptoms to resynchronization therapy vs. control with an average follow-up of 3.3 years and a total of 191 deaths. HF events were centrally adjudicated for receiving i.v. decongestive therapy in an outpatient setting, or an augmented HF regimen during a hospital stay. Patients were compared according to whether their first HF was an out- or inpatient event. The first primary event was non-fatal outpatient HF, non-fatal inpatient HF, and death in 52, 331, and 78 patients, respectively. Patients with inpatient HF tended to be older and more likely to have HF of ischaemic aetiology than subjects who developed outpatient HF events. The risk of death following either type of non-fatal HF events was extremely high [hazard ratio (HR) 12.4, 95% confidence interval (CI) 9.1–16.9 for inpatient HF; HR 10.7, 95% CI 6.1–18.7 for outpatient HF] compared with subjects without non-fatal HF events. Allocation to CRT-D was associated with significant reduction in both types of HF. Conclusion Outpatient management of worsening HF portends a high risk of death, similar to inpatient HF events, and may be equally sensitive to the effects of therapy. These findings suggest that outpatient HF events should be considered in publicly reported outcomes measures and future HF clinical trials. Trial Registration NCT01294449.
Efferente Leitungen zu visceralen Erfolgsorganen

Das autonome (vegetative) Nervensystem ist ebenso wie das somatische auf der Grundlage des Reflexbogens organisiert; Impulse, die in visceralen Receptoren entstehen, werden uber afferente Neurone zum ZNS geleitet, in diesem auf verschiedenen Ebenen integriert und uber efferente Neurone zu den visceralen Erfolgsorganen (Eingeweiden) befordert. Auf diese Tatsache mus besonders hingewiesen werden, da den funktionell bedeutungsvollen afferenten Komponenten des vegetativen Nervensystems oft ungenugende Beachtung geschenkt wurde. Die visceralen Receptoren und die afferenten Leitungen wurden in Kap. 5 und 7 besprochen, das wichtigste autonom innervierte Erfolgsorgan, der glatte Muskel, in Kap. 3. Das vorliegende Kapitel ist den efferenten Leitungen zu den Eingeweiden gewidmet, wahrend die Integration des autonomen Nervensystems in das ZNS in Kap. 14 behandelt wird.
A simple model for learning stereotactic skills in ultrasound-guided amniocentesis.

Abstract Background: Amniocentesis is an important procedure for antenatal diagnosis but requires stereotactic skill acquisition that may be facilitated by the use of a model. Technique: A model using a gelatin mold with “targets” within is created. The model is used to facilitate development of stereotactic skills and to demonstrate technique principles for ultrasound-guided amniocentesis. Experience: The model has been incorporated into an educational program for antenatal diagnosis within a residency and provides a reasonable simulation of clinical features important in learning genetic amniocentesis. Conclusion: The use of this model augments the learning of important skills needed for ultrasound-guided amniocentesis.
Substructure discovery of macro-operators

A description is given of a system, PLAND, for discovering substructures in observed action sequences. The goal is to show how a system can learn useful macro-operators by observing a task being performed. An intelligent robot using this system could learn how to perform tasks by watching someone else, even if it does not possess a complete understanding of the actions being observed. Macro-operators are discovered within a specific context that provide the types of generalizations allowed in the discovery process and use the previously proposed macro-operators to build new ones. Background knowledge is used to determine which generalizations are appropriate and to control search. The system can discover syntactic structures (grammars) without background knowledge, but more meaningful and useful structures are discovered when background knowledge is incorporated into the process. The foundations of PLAND are in similarity-difference-based (SDBL) learning systems that perform conceptual clustering; however, unlike most SDBL systems, a large amount of background knowledge can be incorporated to improve learning effectiveness. >
Cytokine induction as a measure of cutaneous toxicity in primary and immortalized porcine keratinocytes exposed to jet fuels, and their relationship to normal human epidermal keratinocytes.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to identify biomarkers of toxicity in primary porcine keratinocytes (PKC) and an immortalized porcine keratinocyte cell line (MSK3877) exposed to jet fuels Jet A, JP-8, and JP-8+100. Cells were exposed to 0.1% jet fuels and assayed for interleukin-8 (IL-8) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) mRNA using the TaqMan real time quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR assay. IL-8 and TNF-α protein release was measured using an ELISA. PKC exposed to jet fuels caused a slight upregulation of TNF-α mRNA at early time points, but no significant differences in TNF-α protein production were detected. IL-8 mRNA was increased at 4 h following exposure, and IL-8 protein was increased at 8 h. In MSK 3877 cells, jet fuels were shown to increase the production and expression of TNF-α mRNA and protein at 30 min and 1 h following exposure, respectively. IL-8 mRNA was only slightly induced compared to control. IL-8 protein release was suppressed by jet fuel exposure. These results were compared with those of a previous study in our laboratory to evaluate the utility of using porcine cells in lieu of normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK). Similarities exist between PKC and NHEK with respect to both TNF-α and IL-8 production. The expression profile of TNF-α in MSK3877 cells mimics that of NHEK. In contrast, the profile of IL-8 expression opposes that of PKC and NHEK. These results suggest that porcine keratinocytes are susceptible to jet fuel toxicity. However, the responses of immortalized cells may vary from those of PKC and NHEK necessitating cautious interpretation of such data.
Aesthetic Strategist: Albert Wohlstetter, the Cold War, and a Theory of Mid-Century Modernism*

OCTOBER 138, Fall 2011, pp. 15–36. © 2011 October Magazine, Ltd. and Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Each morning, as I walk to my office on the campus of Stanford University, I find my path crossed by the shadow of the Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace. This is not a metaphor. Founded in 1919, the university’s residential think tank sits yards away from the Department of Art and Art History, its famous tower looming vertiginously over the humanist proceedings down below. The Hoover is so close to the art building, in fact, that one can glimpse the movements of its various fellows—among them, Condoleezza Rice and George Shultz—while holding forth on matters of aesthetics and politics in the seminar room. The workaday proximity to this think tank never fails to startle: its collective influence has shaped public policy for decades, providing Cold War analyses of the Gulag and the nuclear arms race, position papers on the liberalizing of markets, and media dispatches on the “War on Terror.” But other adjacencies are equally as startling. For what has always struck artists and art historians mining the archives of the Hoover is its astonishingly modernist source material, including, to take just a few examples, letters between Leon Trotsky and Frida Kahlo, rich supplies of Soviet broadsides, and photographs by Tina Modotti. These documents draw a decidedly mixed audience in the reading room, a place where artist-veterans of 1968 sit cheek-by-jowl with Reagan-era functionaries. While this description is meant to dramatize a disquieting tension between the institutional culture of the think tank and its artistic holdings, it is also meant to introduce the topic of the think tank’s modernist
Velocity scales for Mars Mössbauer data

Raw Mossbauer data acquired from surface rocks and soils by two Mars Exploration Rovers (MERs) are being made available on-line to the general science community for independent analysis and interpretation. The data are released as counts per channel, so a velocity scale must be defined. The Windows-based computer program MERView does this in two steps. In the first, a scale proportional to the true velocity is derived by adjusting the magnitudes of the drive error signal and a phase shift. This report focuses on the second step, in which mm/s units are assigned to the proportional scale by comparing laboratory-measured α-iron peak positions with those of spectra of the internal MER calibration targets. We contrast MERView-derived velocity scales for different MER measurement conditions with the velocity scales provided on-line by the MER team, and conclude that independent velocity calibration is generally desirable.
Self-injury and incontinence in psychogenic seizures

Two patients who incurred significant injuries during psychogenic seizures prompted us to do a telephone survey of self-injury and incontinence in 102 consecutive patients diagnosed with psychogenic seizures by EEG-closed-circuit TV (EEG-CCTV) monitoring. Seventy-three patients (or a close family member or friend) were reached by telephone and responded to our survey. During typical attacks of psychogenic seizures, 40% reported injuries, 44% reporting tongue biting, and 44% reported urinary incontinence. Suicide attempts were reported by 32% and were more common in those with self-injury and urinary incontinence. We compared the results of patients with psychogenic seizures with those of 30 patients with refractory epilepsy documented by ictal recordings, using a similar telephone survey. Injuries of all types were more commonly reported by epilepsy patients. Burn injuries were reported only by patients with epilepsy. Suicide attempts were more commonly reported by the psychogenic seizure group. Self-injury and incontinence are commonly reported by psychogenic seizure patients. In view of their significant association with suicide attempts, they may indicate an underlying depression.
Teacher policy: A framework for comparative analysis

This article outlines a framework for analysis of teacher focused policy studies within an international and comparative perspective. Using the notion of the professional life cycle of teachers, the article examines examples of key empirical studies that illustrate the impact of policy on addressing such issues as teacher recruitment, education, selection, retention and development. The article concludes that the framework is useful in identifying the strengths and weaknesses in the conceptualization and design of teacher focused policy and studies, and gives recommendations for the design of rigorous studies to inform future policy in this area.
Fluid and Electrolyte Management Putting a Plan in Motion

Fluid and electrolyte management is challenging for clinicians, as electrolytes shift in a variety of settings and disease states and are dependent on osmotic changes and fluid balance. The development of a plan for managing fluid and electrolyte abnormalities should start with correcting the underlying condition. In most cases, this is followed by an assessment of fluid balance with the goal of achieving euvolemia. After fluid status is understood and/or corrected, electrolyte imbalances are simplified. Many equations are available to aid clinicians in providing safe recommendations or at least to give a starting point for correcting the abnormalities. However, these equations do not take into consideration the vast differences between clinical scenarios, thus making electrolyte management more challenging. The supplementation plan, whether delivered intravenously or orally, must include an assessment of renal and gastrointestinal function, as most guidelines are established under the assumption of normal digestion, absorption and excretion. After the plan is developed, frequent monitoring is vital to regain homeostasis. A fluid and electrolyte management plan developed by a multidisciplinary team is advantageous in promoting continuity of care and producing safe outcomes.
Criminal justice and the cretan liar: Unmasking strategies of dissimulation and deception

Abstract “All Cretans are liars,” a statement attributed to a Cretan, is often cited as one of the classic paradoxes. A linguistic analysis and literary allusions amply demonstrate that there is no paradox at all, and this is because liars do sometimes, if not quite often, tell the truth. This is amply recognized by the American and other criminal justice systems. When a witness has lied or tells a falsehood on the stand, his credibility is impeached, but the jury has a choice of disbelieving his testimony in toto or only in those respects in which he is believed to be committing perjury.
A methodology to extract failure rates for low-k dielectric breakdown with multiple geometries and in the presence of die-to-die linewidth variation.

Backend geometries on chips contain a wide variety of features. This paper analyzes data from test structures implemented on a 45 nm technology test chip to relate geometry to failure rate statistics. An area scaling model is constructed which accounts for the presence of die-to-die linewidth variation, and a methodology is proposed to account for die-to-die linewidth variation when determining if low-k materials satisfy lifetime requirements.
Concurrent Feelings of Power and Dependency in a Sheltered Workshop for Chronic Neuropsychiatrics

The present study investigated the reported feelings of power and dependency of chronic neuropsychiatric patients in a sheltered workshop. Self-evaluations of dependency were assessed in relation to one real-life role (i.e. disabled welfare recipient), and evaluations of power feelings were assessed in relation to another real life role (i.e. worker in a sheltered workshop), with a complementary work-related performance measure. While dependency and power feelings were independent of each other, it was also found that: 1) dependency feelings positively predicted the number of mental hospital admissions; and 2) feelings of power in the workshop negatively predicted work performance. These results provide direct evidence that feelings of dependency and power can be role specific and not indicative of generalized behaviours. They also provide indirect evidence of a role theory interpretation of learned helplessnesslike phenomena.
Planar And Channel Optical Waveguides Utilizing Silicon Technology

AbstractPlanar and channel optical waveguide structures formed on silicon substrates using the fabricationtechniques of sputtering, thermal oxidation, and chemical vapor deposition are discussed. Losses in thevarious waveguide structures are reported. The use of polycrystalline silicon deposited by chemical vapordeposition onto any waveguide substrate to form integrated photodetector arrays is discussed. Laser recrystallization of the deposited silicon is used to allow fabrication of high quality devices. Measured values of photodiode reverse current of less than 10-12 amp and breakdown voltages of 40 volts are respectable values for small photodiodes incorporated into a dense array.Introduction In this paper we review a variety of optical guided wave structures formed utilizing silicon, concentrating on our recent achievements. Both structures formed on silicon substrates and those usingdeposited silicon will be discussed. Silicon as a substrate is of interest because it provides an excellentsurface for formation of a variety of waveguide structures, pattern processing technology for silicon iswell established and continues to be developed, and it is available in wafer substrates having diameters upto 200 mm. The excellent surface for waveguide formation is illustrated by the fact that the lowest valuesof loss reported for any planar optical wayeguide were for ZnO and Corning 7059 glass deposited on Si02 /Sisubstrates and subsequently laser annealed l"
A note on estimation and information topologies

Abstract A relation between uniformly consistent density estimates and information topologies is described. Specifically, the Hellinger metric topology is the strongest metric topology in which uniformly consistent estimation is possible
Decay and Regeneration of the Galactic Magnetic Field in the Presence of Magnetic Monopoles

The resonant character of magnetic field damping by moving magnetic monopoles allows the field to survive indefinitely when the monopole plasma frequency is sufficiently large, even if the field is immersed in a conducting plasma. Dynamo growth of galactic field can still occur on time scales \ensuremath{\sim}${10}^{7}$-${10}^{8}$ yr in the presence of a halo composed of monopoles. A linear stability analysis suggests that a monopole's mass is $m\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{18}$ GeV/${\mathit{c}}^{2}$ and that the monopoles should have an anisotropic flux \ensuremath{\sim}1 ${\mathrm{m}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ ${\mathrm{yr}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ ${\mathrm{sr}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$.
Retinal vascular involvement in acute toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis.

The present study deals with the retinal vascular involvement in 64 patients with toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis during the acute phase of the disease and its evolution. Vascular involvement was noted in all 64 eyes during the acute phase of the disease. In 59 (92%) out of 64 cases the vascular involvement was located in the same retinal quadrant as the active toxoplasmic lesion. In the remaining 5 eyes (8%) the vascular participation was found in all four retinal quadrants. In 3 (5%) out of 64 cases, the vascular infiltration was extremely severe and resulted in retinal vascular obstruction. In all three cases the vessel traversed the active toxoplasmic lesion. In 35 (55%) out of 64 patients the initial vascular picture changed in the course of the acute phase of the disease. In these patients, the lesions had extended to the adjacent vessels or to other parts of the involved vessel. In the further course of the evolution of the active toxoplasmic lesion, the vascular involvement did not persist indiscriminately. It was noted that in 14 (22%) out of 64 cases the vascular lesions gradually regressed and eventually disappeared together with the active toxoplasmic lesion and the formation of the retinochoroidal scar. In the remaining 50 (78%) out of 64 cases the vascular involvement either disappeared after the establishment of the retinochoroidal scar in 3–12 months (29 cases) or remained permanently (21 cases).
The effect of sample preparation on spreading resistance measurements of doped semiconductors

The spreading resistance profiling (SRP) technique was used to investigate the carrier concentration and segregation behavior of doped semiconductors. This technique is dependent on many parameters, in particular the surface finish of the wafers. The free-carrier concentration of the gallium (Ga)-doped germanium (Ge) 〈111〉 Czochralski grown crystal wafers were first measured using Hall effect measurements. The wafers were then prepared for SRP measurement with four different surface preparation procedures. These procedures were differentiated by the final polishing step used, namely; 0.1 μm diamond polished-surface, 1 μm alumina-polished surface, mechanochemical-polished surface using colloidal silica, and a mechanochemical-polished surface which was then etched using a (1 : 1 : 1) HF : H2O2 : CH3COOH etch. The measured SRP data for each surface were related to the Hall effect measurements by a probe calibration factor (PCF). A model was developed which related the total damage layer in each sample to the PCF. The total damage layer consists of the surface damaged region and the subsurface damaged region. Using estimates from the literature, a linear relationship between the total damaged layer and the PCF was found.
Detection of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase by flow cytometry: A three color method

This short communication describes a three-color flow cytometric analysis procedure for terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT). The method combines CD45-gating principles and a new permeabilization method based on a commercially prepared lysing reagent. While traditional permeabilizing fixatives are often cumbersome to use, distort cell light scatter, and fail to retain the fluorochrome peridin chlorophyll alpha protein (perCP), this simple method retains light scatter and does not affect perCP, making it ideal for three-color analysis. The procedure simply involves staining whole blood or bone marrow with CD45 perCP and an appropriate phycoerythrin (PE) conjugated monoclonal antibody (MoAb) and lysing with FACS lysing solution (Becton Dickinson, San Jose, CA). After washing the cells, fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) conjugated anti-TdT is added. The cells are washed, fixed with formaldehyde, and acquired on a flow cytometer compensated for three-color analysis. Display of CD45 perCP vs. right angle light scatter (RALS) allows identification of blasts. Dual color expression of anti-TdT FITC and a PE conjugated MoAb identifies TdT expression on blast populations defined by specific lineage associated antigens. This method is not only useful for TdT analysis but may also prove to be a valuable tool for looking at expression of other cytoplasmic antigens in combination with surface antigens on CD45-defined blast populations.
Restoration of Ailing Wetlands

It is widely held that humankind's destructive tendencies when exploiting natural resources leads to irreparable harm to the environment. Yet, this thinking runs counter to evidence that many ecological systems damaged by severe natural environmental disturbances (e.g., hurricanes) can restore themselves via processes of natural recovery. The emerging field of restoration ecology is capitalizing on the natural restorative tendencies of ecological systems to build a science of repairing the harm inflicted by humans on natural environment. Evidence for this, for example, comes from a new meta-analysis of 124 studies that synthesizes recovery of impacted wetlands worldwide. While it may take up to two human generations to see full recovery, there is promise, given human will, to restore many damaged wetlands worldwide.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus isolates from asymptomatic homosexual men and from AIDS patients have distinct biologic and genetic properties

Abstract Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) isolates from asymptomatic homosexual men and AIDS patients were compared for their in vitro biologic and genetic properties. Most of the HIV-1 isolates from asymptomatic men, but not from AIDS patients, failed to infect CD4 + H9 cells and phytohemagglutinin-stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes. In a longitudinal study, serial HIV-1 isolates obtained from men who seroconverted to HIV-1 and later developed AIDS were able to infect H9 cells. In contrast, longitudinal isolates from men who remained asymptomatic did not infect H9 cells. HIV-1 isolates from AIDS patients in general exhibited increased production of intracellular viral DNA, RNA, and protein as compared to isolates from asymptomatic men. Cells infected with HIV-1 isolates from asymptomatic men produced very little gp120, p24, and p55 proteins as compared to those from AIDS patients. The overall restriction patterns of Hin dIII, Sac -1, Pst -1, EcoR1, and Bam H1 were very similar between HIV-1 isolates from asymptomatic men and those from AIDS patients. However, the restriction endonuclease pattern of BgI II was quite distinct for isolates from asymptomatic men as compared to AIDS patients. Preliminary studies mapped a unique BgI II site in the gag region of most of the isolates from asymptomatic men, approximately 2.0 kb from the 5′ end. Thus, HIV-1 isolates from asymptomatic subjects and from AIDS patients have distinct biologic and genetic properties which may be related to the various clinical outcomes of HIV-1 infection.
Analysis of the phase-only filter

The phase-only filter is of great interest for optical pattern recognition applications because of its sensitivity and because it can easily be programmed onto spatial light modulators. In evaluating the suitability of this filter for a correlator, it is useful to understand the impulse response function that is actually being correlated with the input function. In this research, we derive an analytic expression for the impales response function for the phase-only filter corresponding to a one-dimensional rectangle function. We show that this impulse response function represents a bipolar edge-enhanced version of the input function. This can be easily generalized to a two-dimensional box function. Experimental results verify the analysis.
Fibroblast growth factor 2 negatively regulates the induction of neuronal progenitors from neural stem cells.

Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) exhibits pleiotropic functions during embryogenesis. In neural development, both pro- and antineurogenic activities of FGF2 have been described in the differentiation of neuronal progenitors into postmitotic neurons. We used cultured neural stem cells (NSCs) derived from rat embryonic day 14.5 cortex to determine the FGF2 effect on the induction of early neuronal progenitors. Our data showed that the presence of FGF2 during serum-induced differentiation of NSCs reduced the number of Tuj1+ neurons. A bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)/Tuj1 double-labeling assay and expression analyses of the pro- and antineurogenic basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) factors showed that FGF2 blocked the generation of early neuronal progenitors, but not the cell-cycle exit of dividing neurons. This negative regulation of neuronal induction by FGF2 was associated with the persistent expression of an antineurogenic bHLH, hairy and enhancer of split (HES)-1. A gene-profiling study demonstrated that the developmental programs underlying neuronal differentiation were altered as a whole and identified several developmentally regulated, neural-enriched genes. This work shows that FGF2 exerts an antineurogenic effect during the developmental window when neuronal progenitors are first induced from NSCs. It also provides a novel experimental system that can be used to prospectively identify genes expressed at different stages of neuronal differentiation. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Statistical Mechanics of the XY Model. I

The Liouville equation for the $\mathrm{XY}$ model is solved exactly, and the magnetization is computed explicitly. Nonergodic behavior of the magnetization is found for a general class of time-dependent magnetic fields.
Application of luminescence in studies of photovoltaic properties of Cu-Cd-S solar cells

This paper shows how the cathodoluminescence (CL) spectrum of chalcocite and tetragonal (not djurleite) films like those in Cu-Cd-S solar cells can be used to develop information about post-fabrication treatments and aging processes. Through the application of CL, it is proposed that Cu-treatment in vacuum always improves the CuxS stoichiometry and post-fabrication treatments in air may lead to the generation of a copper oxy-sulfide layer on the surface and a decrease in surface recombination losses. By the application of CL, initial evidence indicated that Philips dry method and sulfurization method seem to provide stable cell structure.
Interactions of integrins with their partner proteins in leukocyte membranes

Integrins participate in many aspects of immunologic and inflammatory responses, especially those involving cell migration, adherence, and activation. Although leukocyte integrins such as complement receptor type 3 (CR3) are known to carry out certain functions without the intervention of other plasma membrane receptors, many plasma membrane proteins are now known to physically interact and functionally cooperate with integrins. Several of these interactions are highly dynamic within cell membranes; thus integrin-partner protein interactions change during certain physiological processes. This allows an extraordinary adaptability of the system to prime and promote proinflammatory signaling. Since our discovery of the CR 3-FcyRIIIB interaction, the plasma membrane protein repertoire of β1, β2, and β3 integrins has grown to include: FcγRIIA (CD32), uPAR (urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor; CD87), CD14, voltage-gated K+ channels (Kvl.3), integrin-associated protein (IAP), CD98, tetraspans (TM4SF), insulin receptors, and PDGFβ receptors. In this article we will highlight certain features of this growing field of research, especially with regard to their relevance in immunology and inflammation.
Manganese minerals and associated fine particulates in the streambed of Pinal Creek, Arizona, U.S.A.: a mining-related acid drainage problem

The Pinal creek drainage basin in Arizona is a good example of the principal non-coal source of mining-related acid drainage in the U.S.A., namely copper mining. Infiltration of drainage waters from mining and ore refining has created an acid groundwater plume that has reacted with calcite during passage through the alluvium, thereby becoming less acid. Where O2 is present and the water is partially neutralized, iron oxides have precipitated and, farther downstream where the pH of the stream water is near neutral, high-Mn crusts have developed. Trace metal composition of several phases in the Pinal Creek drainage basin illustrates the changes caused by mining activities and the significant control Mn-crusts and iron oxide deposits exert on the distribution and concentration of trace metals. The phases and locales considered are the dissolved phase of Webster Lake, a former acid waste disposal pond; selected sections of cores drilled in the alluvium within the intermittent reach of Pinal Creek; and the dissolved phase, suspended sediments, and streambed deposits at specified locales along the perennial reach of Pinal creek. In the perennial reach of Pinal Creek, manganese oxides precipitate from the streamflow as non-cemented particulates and coatings of streambed material and as cemented black crusts. Chemical and X-ray diffraction analyses indicate that the non-cemented manganese oxides precipitate in the reaction sequence observed in previous laboratory experiments using simpler solution composition, Mn3O4 to MnOOH to an oxide of higher oxidation number usually <4.0, i.e. Na-birnessite, and that the black cemented crusts contain (Ca,Mn,Mg)CO3 and a 7-Aphyllomanganate mixture of rancieite ((Ca,Mn)Mn4O9 · (3H2O)) and takanelite ((Mn,Ca)Mn4O9 · (3H2O)). In the laboratory, aerating and increasing the pH of Pinal Creek water to 9.00 precipitated (Ca,Mn,Mg)CO3 from an anoxic groundwater that contained CO2 HCO3, and precipitated Mn3O4 and subsequently MnOOH from an oxic surface water from which most of the dissolved CO2 had been removed. It is suggested that the black cemented crusts form by precipitation of Fe on the Mn-enriched carbonates, creating a site for the MnFe oxidation cycle and thus encouraging the conversion of the carbonates to 7-Aphysllomanganates. The non-magnetic <63-μm size-fractions of the black cemented crusts consisted mostly of the manganese-calcium oxides but also contained about 20% (Ca,Mn,Mg)CO3, 5% Fe (calculated as FeOOH), 2–4% exchangeable cations, and trace amounts of several silicates.
Two-photon absorption and ultrafast optical computing

Abstract The two-photon absorption spectrum of oriented trans -polyacetylene was measured from 0.55 eV to 0.96 eV using photothermal deflection. The lowest lying A g state is at 1.1 eV, below the 1.4 eV B u state. The two-photon absorption susceptibility rules out waveguiding devices in trans -polyacetylene; by extension the two-photon absorption coefficient in other materials containing conjugated backbones should be measured before attempting fabrication of waveguide devices. An alternative approach to ultrafast optical computing is presented that uses spatially modulated four wave mixing to get around the problem of large two-photon absorption.
Hadronic-energy correlations at the Z 0

The energy-energy correlations produced in ${e}^{\ensuremath{-}}{e}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{Z}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{hadrons}$ are investigated. We show that this process measures exactly the same hadronic structure functions determined by ${e}^{\ensuremath{-}}{e}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{hadrons}$, but that the two processes differ in their dependence on "external" angles when the initial leptons are polarized. Measurements of the energy-energy correlation at the ${Z}^{0}$ are important since the nonperturbative hadronization corrections to the perturbative QCD reaction are not significant at this high energy.
Catharanthus Alkaloids X. Isolation of Lanceine and Vinosidine from Catharanthus Lanceus Roots

In a continuing search for new biologically active entities in Catharanthus lanceus, additional work on the root (A) fraction has led to the isolation of two alkaloids. One of these, lanceine, was previously isolated from this plant by other workers. Vinosidine, however, although previously reported in a related species, is reported from this species for the first time.