cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Episodic uplift of the Transantarctic Mountains

An apatite fission-track age profile from the Scott Glacier region provides evidence of uplift and denudation of the Transantarctic Mountains in the Early and Late Cretaceous. Samples for fission-track analysis were collected over a vertical range of ∼2 km from the Mt. Griffith massif. Apatite ages from the upper 700 m of Mt. Griffith vary little with elevation, indicative of rapid cooling accompanying Early Cretaceous uplift and denudation. Ages from the northeast buttress of Mt. Griffith (the Fission Wall) define a steep gradient and are indicative of rapid cooling accompanying Late Cretaceous uplift and denudation. The two parts of the profile are separated by a fault. Subsequent uplift and denudation of the Mt. Griffith massif in the Cenozoic were required to elevate the massif (and the apatite age profile) to its present position. This younger uplift was most likely initiated in the early Cenozoic, penecontemporaneously with welldocumented early Cenozoic uplift in the Victoria Land region of the Transantarctic Mountains. These three periods of uplift coincide with periods of major plate reorganization in the southwest Pacific region: (1) initial rifting of Australia from Antarctica and impingement of the Pacific-Phoenix ridge with the subduction zone marginal to New Zealand in the Early Cretaceous, (2) separation of Australia, New Zealand, and Antarctica in the Late Cretaceous, and (3) cessation of spreading in the Tasman Sea ∼10 m.y. prior to accelerated spreading between Australia and Antarctica in the early Cenozoic.
SIMPLE STATISTICAL METHODS FOR SCALOGRAM ANALYSIS

Simple statistical methods are developed to test whether coefficients of reproducibility, of homogeneity, or of consistency differ significantly from what can be expected if responses to different items are statistically independent. Simple methods are also developed for estimating the variance of coefficients of reproducibility when it is not assumed that responses to different items are independent. These estimates are used to test whether a coefficient differs significantly from any prescribed value, and also to obtain confidence intervals for these coefficients. The rationale for the measurement of reproducibility is also discussed.
An Industrial Film Surface Analyzer

A study involving both preclinical and clinical phases was conducted to test the practicality of a recently developed industrial film surface analyzer, which appears to be a valuable tool for both the dental researcher and the clinician in studying the microsurface of burs, hand instruments, and restorative materials. Highly accurate replicas of the surfaces under study can be obtained practically and in a simple step.
Long-term synaptic plasticity is impaired in rats with lesions of the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus

Impairment of memory functions has been frequently reported in models of sleep deprivation. Similarly, hippocampal long-term synaptic plasticity has been shown to be sensitive to sleep loss caused by acute sleep restriction. However, such approaches are limited by the stressful nature of sleep deprivation, and because it is difficult to study long-term sleep restriction in animals. Here, we report the effects of chronic sleep loss on hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) in a rodent model of chronic partial sleep deprivation. We studied LTP of the Schaffer collateral-CA1 synapses in hippocampal slices prepared from rats with lesions of the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO), which suffered reductions in total sleep time for several weeks after lesions. In slices prepared from VLPO-lesioned rats, LTP was impaired proportionally to the amount of sleep loss, and the decline in LTP followed a single exponential function over the amount of accumulated sleep debt. As compared with sham-lesioned controls, hippocampal slices from VLPO-lesioned rats showed a greater response to adenosine antagonists and greater paired-pulse facilitation (PPF). However, exogenous adenosine depressed evoked synaptic transmission and increased PPF in VLPO-lesioned and sham-lesioned rats by equal amounts, suggesting that the greater endogenous adenosine inhibitory tone in the VLPO-lesioned rats is associated with greater ligand accumulation rather than a change in adenosine receptor sensitivity or adenosine-mediated neurotransmitter release probability. LTP in VLPO-lesioned animals was partially restored by adenosine antagonists, suggesting that adenosine accumulation in VLPO-lesioned animals could account for some of the observed synaptic plasticity deficits.
Understanding speech in interactive narratives with crowdsourced data

Speech recognition failures and limited vocabulary coverage pose challenges for speech interaction with characters in games. We describe an end-to-end system for automating characters from a large corpus of recorded human game logs, and demonstrate that inferring utterance meaning through a combination of plan recognition and surface text similarity compensates for recognition and understanding failures significantly better than relying on surface similarity alone.
Fungal Signature in the Gut Microbiota of Pediatric Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

Background Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) involves dysregulation of mucosal immunity in response to environmental factors such as the gut microbiota. The bacterial microbiota is often altered in IBD, but the connection to disease is not fully clarified and gut fungi have recently been suggested to play a role as well. In this study, we compared microbes from all 3 domains of life-bacteria, archaea, and eukaryota-in pediatric patients with IBD and healthy controls. Methods A stool sample was collected from patients with IBD (n = 32) or healthy control subjects (n = 90), and bacterial, archaeal, and fungal communities were characterized by deep sequencing of rRNA gene segments specific to each domain. Results Patients with IBD (Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis) had lower bacterial diversity and distinctive fungal communities. Two lineages annotating as Candida were significantly more abundant in patients with IBD (P = 0.0034 and P = 0.00038, respectively), whereas a lineage annotating as Cladosporium was more abundant in healthy subjects (P = 0.0025). There were no statistically significant differences in archaea, which were rare in pediatric samples compared with those from adults. Conclusions Pediatric IBD is associated with reduced diversity in both fungal and bacterial gut microbiota. Specific Candida taxa were found to be increased in abundance in the IBD samples. These data emphasize the potential importance of fungal microbiota signatures as biomarkers of pediatric IBD, supporting their possible role in disease pathogenesis.
Parameter estimation and confidence intervals for Xe-CT ventilation studies: a Monte Carlo approach.

Simon, Brett A., Catherine Marcucci, Mansheung Fung, and Subhash R. Lele. Parameter estimation and confidence intervals for Xe-CT ventilation studies: a Monte Carlo approach.J. Appl. Physiol. 84(2)...
Valleys, Estuaries, and Lagoons: Paleoenvironments and Regressive–Transgressive Architecture of the Upper Cretaceous Straight Cliffs Formation, Utah, U.S.A.

Abstract The John Henry Member of the Upper Cretaceous Straight Cliffs Formation preserves deposition of four regressive–transgressive (R-T) cycles in 350 m of strata of the Sevier foredeep in south-central Utah, USA. Each cycle is discussed in detail, with emphasis on the transgressive phases of deposition. Regressive intervals comprise wave-dominated shorefaces and coastal-plain strata, whereas transgressive intervals record tide-influenced coastal-margin and low-energy-bay and lagoonal deposits. One R-T cycle in the lower John Henry Member preserves a compound incised-valley system filled with a complex assemblage of tidal and estuarine facies. In contrast, overlying R-T cycles are not associated with valley formation, but instead preserve sandstone-rich back-barrier platform deposits that transition landward into tidal-creek, tidal-flat, and marsh depositional settings. Excellent outcrop expression permits detailed examination of the complex internal architecture of the compound incised-valley, and demonstrates that: 1) tidal ravinement significantly modified the initial valley shape during transgression, a process not fully recognized in most conceptual models of valley formation and fill; 2) the valley system incised in a basin-axial position (NNE–SSW), subparallel to the thrust front and oblique to the orientation of pre-valley-formation shorefaces, which prograded from west to east. Axial systems are well-known transporters of large volumes of sediment in foreland basins, and yet most incised-valley models imply a direct and oversimplified relationship between up-dip (source area and tectonics) and down-dip (base level) controls; 3) the major subaerial unconformity and bypass surface occurred at a higher (younger) stratigraphic position than previously interpreted, and is herein renamed the lower John Henry Member sequence boundary. The changes in regional correlations necessitated by this discovery have several broader implications for sequence stratigraphic models; 4) finally, correlations down dip along the axial valley system indicate a steep topographic gradient of 0.011, with 47% vertical, compacted expansion of the whole John Henry Member over 14 km from south to the north. This suggests structural control on sediment transport and deposition, with significant lateral variability in accommodation parallel to the fold-thrust belt. This study adds to the growing body of literature documenting the complex nature of transgressive deposits, which will aid in the interpretation, prediction, and management of analogous subsurface reservoirs.
The Two Language Problem: Sélim Abou, Lebanon and the Ethnolinguistic Nation

AbstractIn 1961, Selim Abou, then a young doctoral student and now chair of cultural anthropology at the Universite Saint-Joseph in Beirut, published his thesis. It argued that Lebanon's most formative national characteristic is its French-Arabic bilingualism. Moreover, he proposes that Lebanese communities should be defined not by confession but by language. Abou’s work raised red flags for partisans of Arabic in Lebanon who argued that bilingualism was nothing more than a conceptual 'fig leaf' for maintaining French and an established cultural and political status quo that worked in favour of Lebanon’s Maronites. Critics suggested that his design was nothing more than a thinly veiled promotion of sectarian politics. Through an examination of his work, and of the critical response it provoked, this article examines the possibilities of language as an alternative category of analysis in Lebanon. While Abou’s bilingualism most certainly served as an apology for French colonialism and for Maronite interests...
Association between secondhand smoke exposure at home and cigarette gifting and sharing in Zhejiang, China: a repeat cross-sectional study

Objectives The aims of the current study were to assess the prevalence of household cigarette gifting and sharing, and to evaluate the relationship between secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure, and cigarette gifting and sharing, in Zhejiang, China. Design A repeat cross-sectional design. Setting 10 sites in 5 cities in Zhejiang, China. Participants Two surveys were conducted with adults in Zhejiang, China, in 2010 (N=2112) and 2012 (N=2279), respectively. At both waves, the same questionnaire was used; respondents were asked questions on residence, number of family smokers, indoor smoking rules, household income and cigarette gifting and sharing. Results The findings revealed that more than half of respondents’ families (54.50% in 2010, 52.79% in 2012) reported exposure to SHS. Many families (54.73% in 2010, 47.04% in 2012) shared cigarettes with others, and a minority (14.91% in 2010, 14.17% in 2012) reported their family giving cigarettes as a gift. There was a significant decrease in cigarette sharing from 2010 to 2012, irrespective of household with SHS exposure status; and the cigarette gifting was significantly decreased in household without SHS exposure. Conclusions Compared to households without SHS exposure, the prevalence of cigarette gifting and sharing in households with SHS exposure was more obvious. Encouraging and promoting a smoke-free household environment is necessary to change public smoking customs in Zhejiang, China.
Reflection-Mode Digital Gradient Sensing Technique for Experimental Fracture Mechanics

In this work, the reflection-mode Digital Gradient Sensing (r-DGS) method is extended for visualizing and quantifying crack-tip deformations in solids under quasi-static and dynamic loading conditions. The r-DGS technique employs digital image correlation principles to quantify two orthogonal surface slopes simultaneously in specularly reflective solids by quantifying small deflections of light rays. For the first time, r-DGS has been implemented here to study both mode-I and mixed-mode (I/II) problems and quantify fracture parameters. Under dynamic loading conditions, r-DGS is implemented in conjunction with high-speed digital photography to map surface slopes in edge cracked plates subjected to one-point impact. The measured surface slopes have been used to successfully evaluate stress intensity factor histories by pairing measurements with the corresponding asymptotic crack tip field descriptions using overdeterministic least-squares analyses.
PPL: Exposing the Flaws of the Foreign Tax Credit

In this article, Viard explains that PPL Corp. v. Commissioner highlights the lack of a sound policy reason for the foreign tax credit’s favorable treatment of foreign income taxes relative to other foreign taxes and nontax costs of earning foreign income. He argues that relief from excessive taxation of cross border investment is better achieved by eliminating corporate-level taxes on overseas income and the remaining source-based taxes on portfolio income.
Development of an Escherichia coli K12-specific quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay and DNA isolation suited to biofilms associated with iron drinking water pipe corrosion products

A quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay (115 bp amplicon) specific to Escherichia coli K12 with an ABI(TM) internal control was developed based on sequence data encoding the rfb gene cluster. Assay specificity was evaluated using three E. coli K12 strains (ATCC W3110, MG1655 & DH1), 24 non-K12 E. coli and 23 bacterial genera. The biofilm detection limit was 10(3) colony-forming units (CFU) E. coli K12 mL(-1), but required a modified protocol, which included a bio-blocker Pseudomonas aeruginosa with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid buffered to pH 5 prior to cell lysis/DNA extraction. The novel protocol yielded the same sensitivity for drinking water biofilms associated with Fe3O4 (magnetite)-coated SiO2 (quartz) grains and biofilm-surface iron corrosion products from a drinking water distribution system. The novel DNA extraction protocol and specific E. coli K12 assay are sensitive and robust enough for detection and quantification within iron drinking water pipe biofilms, and are particularly well suited for studying enteric bacterial interactions within biofilms.
Spatial and temporal complexity of scientific knowledge network and technological knowledge network on China's urban scale

With the rise of the knowledge-based economy in the 1980 s, knowledge(including code and tacit knowledge) as the backbone of innovation has become a key factor affecting production process. Cities have gathered not only a large number of professionals, universities and research institutions, but also a great many producers and consumers, which provides the premise for the innovation actions. City's knowledge storage and its position in the regional knowledge network play an important role in comprehensive competitiveness. Published papers and patents are main outcomes of innovation, which are used to evaluate the urban innovation capability. Moreover, co- publications and co- patents are not only the form of knowledge spillover, but also the key indicators to measure regional innovation. Taking the co-publication and co-patent in the field of biotechnology in China during 2000-2009 as the original data, we built scientific knowledge network(SKN) and technological knowledge network(TKN)between cities. From the perspective of complex networks and geospatial analysis, we explored the temporal and spatial complexity of knowledge spillovers combining the indicators of whole network structure, ego network, power- law, hubs and so on. The results show that: firstly, the nodes degree distribution of SKN and TKN is consistent with the power- law distribution,which means that the both networks not only have a scale- free network structure, but also present a preferential attachment rule when the cities choose the cooperation partner. Secondly,central cities have an obvious hierarchical structure, and are featured by a "big scattered and small gathering" spatial pattern in SKN, while the TKN is not showing this feature. From the view of central city ego network, the cooperation develops between the coastal capital cities at first, and then turns to inter- regional cooperation, such as Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, and inter- regional knowledge spillovers is obvious in SKN. The central cities and its partners are still in the coastal city instead of western provincial capitals, and inter- regional knowledge spillovers are not significant in TKN. Thirdly, the temporal evolution of central cities and its ego- network presents hierarchical diffusion and contagious diffusion, and conforms to law of grades process in SKN. The TKN is dominated by hierarchical diffusion.Finally, this study draws conclusions on the temporal and spatial complexity of innovation network, which has a positive impact on quantifying spatial knowledge spillovers and measuring its space- time evolution. Besides, the results clarify the status of each city in innovation networks, which provides a new perspective for the cities to formulate innovative policies.
Systemic Treatment for Metastatic or Recurrent Disease

The majority of patients with esophageal cancer develop metastasis during the course of their disease. Chemotherapy, therefore, remains the mainstay of treatment of patients with advanced esophageal cancer and is predominantly used to prolong survival and preserve quality of life. According to data from the National Cancer Institute Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program, the 5-year survival for patients with esophageal cancer improved only modestly over the last 50 years, from 4 % in the years 1950–1954 to 12–17 % during the period 1994–2002 and 20 % in 2006. Despite a large number of clinical trials, there is no consensus as to the best regimen for initial treatment of patients with advanced gastroesophageal cancer. In the majority of cases, chemotherapy for advanced esophageal and esophagogastric junction (GEJ) adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus, and gastric adenocarcinoma is often used interchangeably.
Continuing Education: An Attitudinal Survey of Physical Therapists

A descriptive study of 903 physical therapists located primarily in southeastern United States was undertaken to determine their attitudes toward continuing education and the types of course offerings they desired. A majority of physical therapists kept themselves up-to-date in professional practice, mainly through discussion with colleagues, study groups, and inservice training sessions. The continuing education courses they preferred were comparatively recent topics in physical therapy education--such as musculoskeletal assessment and mobilization--specific neurophysiological approaches to treatment of adults and children, and administration. The study also revealed the preferred schedule, length, type, and cost of continuing education courses, as well as the amount of advance notice preferred and willingness to complete preassigned readings. The main problem that respondents had in participating in continuing education was that courses did not fit into their schedules. A majority of respondents favored mandatory continuing education for relicensure.
Partitioning pathways of CO 2 production in peatlands with stable carbon isotopes

Although methanogenic pathways generally produce equimolar amounts of carbon dioxide and methane, CO2 concentrations are often reported to be higher than CH4 concentrations in both field and laboratory incubation studies of peat decomposition. In field settings, higher pore water concentrations of CO2 may result from the loss of methane by: (1) ebullition due to the low solubility of methane in pore water and (2) vascular-plant transport. Higher CO2 concentrations may also be caused by: (1) production of additional CO2 by high-molecular weight (HMW) organic matter (OM) fermentation and/or (2) respiration from non-methanogenic pathways. In this study of a peatland where advection and transverse dispersion were the dominant pore water solute transport mechanisms, an isotope-mass balance approach was used to determine the proportions of CO2 formed from non-fractionating OM respiration and HMW fermentation relative to CO2 production from methanogenesis. This approach also allowed us to estimate the loss of CH4 from the belowground system. The pathways of CO2 production varied with depth and surface vegetation type. In a Carex-dominated fen, methane production initially produced 40 % of the total CO2 and then increased to 90–100 % with increasing depth. In a Sphagnum-dominated bog, methanogenesis resulted in 60 % of total CO2 production which increased to 100 % at depth. Both bogs and fens showed 85–100 % of methane loss from pore waters. Our results indicate that the isotopic composition of dissolved CO2 is a powerful indicator to allow partitioning of the processes affecting peat remineralization and methane production.
Enforcement of the Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act, 2005 to 2014.

Study objective We determine the incidence of and trends in enforcement of the Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act (EMTALA) during the past decade. Methods We obtained a comprehensive list of all EMTALA investigations conducted between 2005 and 2014 directly from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) through a Freedom of Information Act request. Characteristics of EMTALA investigations and resulting citation for violations during the study period are described. Results Between 2005 and 2014, there were 4,772 investigations, of which 2,118 (44%) resulted in citations for EMTALA deficiencies at 1,498 (62%) of 2,417 hospitals investigated. Investigations were conducted at 43% of hospitals with CMS provider agreements, and citations issued at 27%. On average, 9% of hospitals were investigated and 4.3% were cited for EMTALA violation annually. The proportion of hospitals subject to EMTALA investigation decreased from 10.8% to 7.2%, and citations from 5.3% to 3.2%, between 2005 and 2014. There were 3.9 EMTALA investigations and 1.7 citations per million emergency department (ED) visits during the study period. Conclusion We report the first national estimates of EMTALA enforcement activities in more than a decade. Although EMTALA investigations and citations were common at the hospital level, they were rare at the ED-visit level. CMS actively pursued EMTALA investigations and issued citations throughout the study period, with half of hospitals subject to EMTALA investigations and a quarter receiving a citation for EMTALA violation, although there was a declining trend in enforcement. Further investigation is needed to determine the effect of EMTALA on access to or quality of emergency care.
Beating Heart Validation of Safety and Efficacy of a Percutaneous Pericardiotomy Tool.

Introduction Epicardial procedures frequently require pericardial manipulation. We aimed to develop a nonsurgical percutaneous pericardial modification tool that may (1) facilitate epicardial-based procedures by enabling adhesiolysis or (2) attenuate the myocardial constraining effect of the pericardium. Methods Three novel devices were developed to enable pericardiotomy, all of which can be deployed in over-the-wire fashion following percutaneous epicardial access. The grasper permits us to seize the pericardial membrane providing leverage for incision. The scissors enables anterograde cutting maneuvers. The reverse-slitter allows retrograde incisions; in addition, this device has a deflectable tip that increases the potential cutting area. We optimized these tools for safety by including electrodes to test for phrenic nerve stimulation as well as myocardial stimulation to determine directionality of the cutting devices. The base of the scissors and reverse-slitter are also blunt ensuring that the cutting element is always away from the myocardium. Results Following 5 non-beating heart bench test experiments for prototype development, 11 animal (9 canine, 2 swine) studies were performed. Of these 2 were proof-of-concept open chest studies; the remaining 9 were entirely closed-chest, percutaneous procedures allowing for re-modification of the prototypes. The tools successfully permitted incision of the pericardium in all studies. Hemodynamic measurements were assessed post-incision and showed no compromise of systolic function. No coronary artery or phrenic nerve damage was seen in any study. Conclusion Percutaneous pericardiotomy is feasible and appears to be safe. It may provide leverage in epicardial-based procedures and offer treatment options in disease processes characterized by pericardial restraint. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
Abstract 117: Does Lipoprotein (a) Impact the Classification of Intermediate to High Risk Patients using Reynold’s Risk Score

Introduction Elevated lipoprotein (a) (Lpa) has been linked repeatedly with cardiovascular disease (CVD) events. Two models of the Reynold’s Risk Score (RRS) A & B were validated to be effective predictors of CVD events. Lpa was included in RRS A but was excluded in RRS B. We sought to determine the proportion of patients (pts) that are reclassified into a different risk category utilizing RRS A instead of the simplified RRS B. Methods Female pts with Lpa and data for RRS seen from 2006-12 at the Heart Centers for Women at RUMC and Emory Healthcare were included. Charts were reviewed for pt characteristics and biomarkers using Berkeley Heart Lab including: Total, LDL, and HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, ApoB, Lpa, HS-CRP, HgB A 1 c and history of hypertension, diabetes, current smoking, family history and blood pressure. HDL was substituted for ApoA 1 in all cases in RRS A. RRS A and B were calculated. The proportions of pts within different risk strata were compared between the two models. Results Of 604 women, 502 of them age 45 to 80 years old were included in this analysis, because RRS has been validated only in this age group. The table summarizes that a high proportion of women were reclassified into different risk strata using RRS B score. Discussion The addition of Lpa reclassifies up to 81% of pts’ risk categories. Given that model A was the better fitting model, we propose the incorporation of Lpa in women whose risk is > 5% as determined by the simplified RRS B. Treatment implications may impact cardiovascular outcomes.
Pluralism within the Church

Let me begin with a citation from Civilta cattolica: Catholic principles do not change either because of the passage of time, or because of different geographical contexts, or because of new discoveries, or for reasons of utility. They always remain the same, those that Christ proclaimed, that popes and councils defined, that the saints held and that the doctors defended. One has to take these as they are or leave them. Whoever accepts them in their fullness and strictness is Catholic; whoever wavers, drifts, adapts to the times or compromises can call himself whatever he likes, but before God and the Church he is a rebel and a traitor ([5], pp. 145–159).
Crafting Early Modern Readers: Galileo and His Interlocutors

The question of how to read a book preoccupied Galileo Galilei (1564–1642) at all levels of his encounters with print volumes, and likely manuscripts. This can be seen in his patient assembly of commentaries on Petrarch’s poetry, his marginal annotations in various books, his prose criticisms written in flyleaves, or the line-by-line critique of Horatio Grassi’s Astronomical and Philosophical Balance (1618) in his own Assayer (1623). In the Sidereal Messenger (1610) Galileo was particularly concerned with reading at the moment of observing and contextualizing the stars and new satellites seen around Jupiter with the telescope. One of the notes in the flyleaf of Galileo’s copy of On the Phenomena on the Lunar Orb (1612) by Giulio Cesare LaGalla (1576–1624) provides a frame through which to understand the later characterization of reading in Galileo’s final published works: Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems (1632) and Discourses and Mathematical Demonstrations Concerning Two New Sciences (1638). According to Galileo’s outline of intellectual methodology as found in this lengthy annotation, the important first step in philosophy is to select good models from which to learn how to read and reason. Galileo’s note on LaGalla’s faults begins with a general presentation of philosophical apprenticeship and foreshadows his famous later presentation of nature as a geometrical book:
Knife-edge interferometry for cutting tool wear monitoring

Abstract This paper presents a novel technique for more easily measuring cutting tool wear using knife-edge interferometry (KEI). Unlike an amplitude splitting interferometry, such as Michelson interferometry, the proposed KEI utilizes interference of a transmitted wave and a diffracted wave at the cutting tool edge. In this study, a laser beam was incident on the cutting tool edge, and the photodetector was used to determine the interference fringes by scanning a cutting tool edge along the cutting direction. The relationship between the cutting tool wear and interferometric fringes generated by edge diffraction phenomena was established by using the cross-correlation of KEI fringes of two different cutting tool-edge conditions. The cutting tool wear produced the phase shift (attrition wear) and the decay of oscillation (abrasive wear) in the interferometric fringe. The wear characteristics of the cutting tool with a radius of curvature of 6 mm were investigated by measuring the interferometric fringes of the tool while cutting an aluminum work piece in a lathe. As a result, the attrition and abrasive wear of cutting tool showed a linear relationship of 5.62 lag/wear (μm) and 1.14E-3/wear (μm), respectively. This measurement technique can be used for directly inspecting the cutting tool wear in on-machine process at low-cost.
What Curriculum Differences Exist between Hospitality Programs: A Case Study of Selected Hospitality Programs in the U. S.

The purpose of this study is to address hospitality curriculum differences between a group of recognized as highly ranked schools and a group of schools that are recognized as not highly ranked. This study does not confirm that recognized, highly ranked programs perform better than less recognized programs; however, there is an indication curriculum structures are different between the two groups. This study reveals what hospitality educators may need to consider in developing or establishing a curriculum. There is no one right directional track that all hospitality programs need to follow; however, it would be beneficial for all stakeholders, if there is a standardized core of hospitality courses that hospitality programs can modify and adapt. This study finds the current curricular structure of hospitality programs still reflects a lack of standardized direction. There must be required standardized, courses that all stakeholders can agree with, and these standardized course classifications must apply to all hospitality schools. This study allows hospitality educators to compare their own curriculum with other programs and review the differences in courses to develop an appropriate program of study.
A microfluidic approach for hemoglobin detection in whole blood

Diagnosis of anemia relies on the detection of hemoglobin levels in a blood sample. Conventional blood analyzers are not readily available in most low-resource regions where anemia is prevalent, so detection methods that are low-cost and point-of-care are needed. Here, we present a microfluidic approach to measure hemoglobin concentration in a sample of whole blood. Unlike conventional approaches, our microfluidic approach does not require hemolysis. We detect the level of hemoglobin in a blood sample optically by illuminating the blood in a microfluidic channel at a peak wavelength of 540 nm and measuring its absorbance using a CMOS sensor coupled with a lens to magnify the image onto the detector. We compare measurements in microchannels with channel heights of 50 and 115 μm and found the channel with the 50 μm height provided a better range of detection. Since we use whole blood and not lysed blood, we fit our data to an absorption model that includes optical scattering in order to obtain a calibration...
Investigating the Variability of High-Elevation Seasonal Orographic Snowfall Enhancement and Its Drivers across Sierra Nevada, California

AbstractWhile orographically driven snowfall is known to be important in mountainous regions, a complete understanding of orographic enhancement from the basin to the mountain range scale is often inhibited by limited distributed data and spatial and/or temporal resolutions. A novel, 90-m spatially distributed snow water equivalent (SWE) reanalysis was used to overcome these limitations. Leveraging this SWE information, the interannual variability of orographic gradients in cumulative snowfall (CS) was investigated over 14 windward (western) basins in the Sierra Nevada in California from water years 1985 to 2015. Previous studies have not provided a detailed multidecadal climatology of orographic CS gradients or compared wet-year and dry-year orographic CS patterns, distributions, and gradients across an entire mountain range. The magnitude of seasonal CS gradients range from over 15 cm SWE per 100-m elevation to under 1 cm per 100 m with a 31-yr average of 6.1 cm per 100 m below ~2500 m in the western ba...
A systematic review of emergency department based HIV testing and linkage to care initiatives in low resource settings.

Introduction Only 45% of people currently living with HIV infection in sub-Saharan Africa are aware of their HIV status. Unmet testing needs may be addressed by utilizing the Emergency Department (ED) as an innovative testing venue in low and middle-income countries (LMICs). The purpose of this review is to examine the burden of HIV infection described in EDs in LMICs, with a focus on summarizing the implementation of various ED-based HIV testing strategies. Methodology and results We performed a systematic review of Pubmed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library on June 12, 2016. A three-concept search was employed with emergency medicine (e.g., Emergency department, emergency medical services), HIV/AIDS (e.g., human immunodeficiency virus, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome), and LMIC terms (e.g., developing country, under developed countries, specific country names). The search returned 2026 unique articles. Of these, thirteen met inclusion criteria and were included in the final review. There was a large variation in the reported prevalence of HIV infection in the ED population ranging from to 2.14% in India to 43.3% in Uganda. The proportion HIV positive patients with previously undiagnosed infection ranged from 90% to 65.22%. Conclusion In the United States ED-based HIV testing strategies have been front and center at curbing the HIV epidemic. The limited number of ED-based studies we observed in this study may represent the paucity of HIV testing in this venue in LMICs. All of the studies in this review demonstrated a high prevalence of HIV infection in the ED and an extraordinarily high percentage of previously undiagnosed HIV infection. Although the numbers of published reports are few, these diverse studies imply that in HIV endemic low resource settings EDs carry a large burden of undiagnosed HIV infections and may offer a unique testing venue.
Zooarchaeology and Ecology: Mortality Profiles, Species Abundance, Diversity

Chapter 22 reviews analytic methods drawn from general ecology that zooarchaeology has used since its inception over four decades ago. Mortality and taxonomic abundance measures are proxies for past processes that zooarchaeologists hope to monitor, such as hunting strategies, domestic animal management, and impacts of climate change on subsistence. The most useful proxies are those that stipulate a traceable link – physiological, structural, causal – between the proxy and some aspect of the targeted ecological processes or relationships. Given this starting point, chapter critically reviews the history and zooarchaeological applications of mortality profile analysis as a proxy for herd management and hunting. It reviews classic ecological measures of taxonomic richness, abundance, evenness, and diversity, showing how zooarchaeologists have applied such methods to archaeofaunal samples to address a range of human behavioral questions. Zooarchaeology shares a challenge with ecology in using these measures to compare samples: such quantitative measures have been shown to be sensitive to sample size (see Chap. 18 on MNI). Ecologists have devised some means of assessing whether such effects are likely in samples they wish to compare, and archaeologists have applied all of them, including regression analysis and rarefaction. These tests, their limits, and the relevance of sampling to redundancy as a background for comparing zooarchaeological samples are reviewed.
NASA's Magnetic Gearing Research for Electrified Aircraft Propulsion

This paper presents an overview of the magnetic gearing research being conducted at NASA. First, the research is motivated through an in-depth discussion of the Agency-level aeronautics vision, the benefit of geared drivetrains, the barriers to applying mechanical gears in future aircraft concepts with electrified aircraft propulsion, and the characteristics of magnetic gears that allow them to overcome said barriers. Next, the principles of operation and current limitations of magnetic gears are discussed in the context of future electrified aircraft. Then, the authors' vision for the magnetic gearing research that will be needed to enable the next generation of electrified aircraft is presented. Lastly, the recent and ongoing magnetic gearing research at NASA is described, with a focus on the development and capabilities of a new rotating test rig and preliminary static measurements of a new in-house prototype. Results thus far are summarized.
Oxidative Deamination of Amino Acids by Molecular Oxygen with Pyridoxal Phosphate and Cu(II) Ion as Catalysts

ABSTRACT This paper reports the quantitative oxidation by molecular oxygen of the Cu(II) chelate of the Schiff base formed from vitamin B6 (pyridoxal phosphate, PLP) and p-sulfophenylglycine to the keto acid, p-sulfophenyl-glyoxylic acid, and the Cu(II) chelate of PLP oxime. In the presence of excess amino acid the Cu(II) chelate of the oxime becomes an intermediate in the oxidative deamination of the amino acid to the corresponding keto acid and ammonia, with Cu(II) and PLP as catalysts.
A Standardization Strategy that Matches Enterprise Operation

This paper presents an analysis of what it means for an enterprise to be integrated, what enterprises are really trying to achieve by integrating their processes, what is really going on among their processes, and how integration may, or may not, change that. Some approaches to analyzing enterprise operation are discussed.
Comparison of Papanicolaou's Stain with the Gomori Methenamine Silver (GMS) Stain for the Cytodiagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii in Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL) Fluid

The cytodiagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii (PC) in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids has traditionally required a special stain such as Gomori's methenamine silver (GMS) stain. Recent reports indicate that identification of foamy alveolar casts (FACs) with Papanicolaou's (Pap) stain may provide a sensitive and less complicated way of making the diagnosis. To confirm these observations, results on a series of 318 BALs were reviewed. PC was identified on 65 (20%) specimens from 54 patients. Pap stains and GMS stains were positive on 56 (86%) of these BALs. Pap stains were positive on seven (11%) specimens that had negative GMS stains. PC was later confirmed on these specimens by other methods. Only two (3%) BALs had positive GMS stains and negative Pap stains. The results of this study confirm other reports that show that PC can be sensitively diagnosed with the Pap stain. The authors suggest that routine special stains for PC are unnecessary on BALs.
SPIDERS & SNAILS & STATISTICAL TALES: APPLICATION OF MULTIVARIATE ANALYSES TO DIVERSE ETHOLOGICAL DATA

Abstract: Multivariate analyses organize and reduce data composed of numerous variables into fewer biologically interpretable dimensions. This paper describes the usefulness of R-and Q-type orthogonal factor analysis, linear typal analysis, and other classification typologies (e.g., multidimensional scaling, principal-components analysis, cluster analysis) in uncovering homogeneous subgroups from naturally-selected, heterogeneous samples of animals or behaviors. Once animal groups are identified according to some criteria, multiple step-wise discriminant analysis can be used to determine which behavioral variables best differentiate between all group combinations. R-type factor analysis applied to 20 agonistic behaviors exhibited during adult male-male agonistic interactions in the wolf spider Schizocosa crassipes yielded four behavior-related factors: (I) Approach/Signal, (II) Vigorous Pursuit, (III) Run/Retreat, and (IV) Non-Linking Behaviors. If the same matrix is rotated and a Q-type factor analysis is applied (this time to the 40 subjects as variables), two subject-related factors were extracted and interpreted as (I) Dominance and (II) Subordinance. Discriminant analysis of spider groups pre-identified on the basis of density parameters of dominance rankings characterized the groups in terms of the original 20 behaviors and indicated which behaviors most optimally discriminate between all pairwise group combinations. Q-type orthogonal powered-vector factor analysis and linear typal analysis of 10 burrowing parameters from the marine gastropod mollusc Aplysia brasiliana yielded three factors interpreted as Efficient, Inefficient, and Intermediate burrowers. Used as a diagnostic tool in proper perspective, multivariate analyses structure complex data, provide insight into underlying dimensions and sources of individual variation, and facilitate the formulation of testable hypotheses for studying mechanisms controlling behavior.
Thyrotropin- and Gonadotropin-Secreting Pituitary Adenomas

Pituitary tumors that secrete growth hormone (GH), ACTH, and prolactin have been well characterized and result in distinct clinical syndromes. In contast, pituitary adenomas that secrete thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or gonadotropins [follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)] are infrequent in clinical practice and consequently less well appreciated by clinicians managing patients with pituitary disorders. Caughey1 drew attention to the fact that prolonged deprivation of the negative-feedback hormone secreted by the target organ can lead to hyperplasia and subsequently adenomatous transformation of the appropriate tropic-hormone-secreting adenohypophyseal cell. More recently, it has been recognized that primary tumors of the pituitary occur that secrete TSH or gonadotropins without prior thyroidal or gonadal failure. Further, it appears that pituitary adenomas may, on occasion, secrete peptides similar to, but not identical with, the authentic hormone, for although immunoreactivity is recognized by radioimmunoassay, the molecular species is not biologically active. Such circumstances may apply to all pituitary tumors including those that produce TSH and gonadotropins.
Ex Vivo Eye Tissue Culture Methods for Xenopus

Lens regeneration can be studied in whole animals following removal of the original lens (lentectomy). However, culturing a whole animal can be impractical for assays involving small molecule inhibitors or proteins. Ex vivo eye tissue culture is an alternative approach for examining lens regeneration. The ex vivo culture system offers certain advantages when compared to the in vivo regeneration assay, as the percentage of cases showing lens differentiation can exceed that seen in whole animals. This culture system also allows for the treatment of eye tissues in small volumes, which helps ensure reproducibility and reduces the amount (and cost) of small-molecule inhibitors or exogenous proteins, etc., necessary to conduct an experiment. Additionally, different eye tissues can be combined, such as nontransgenic and transgenic tissues (e.g., eyecup and cornea) that carry reporters or inducible transgenes. This approach represents a very useful tool in the analysis of lens regeneration or for simply culturing specific eye tissues, and can be used to culture either Xenopus laevis or Xenopus tropicalis eye tissues.
Short-term Effects of Manual Therapy in Patients After Surgical Fixation of Ankle and/or Hindfoot Fracture: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Background Patients with surgical fixation of ankle and/or hindfoot fractures often experience decreased range of motion and loss of function following surgery and postsurgical immobilization, yet ...
Social Determinants of Health: Family Physicians' Leadership Role

Family physicians can be early adopters of SDOH tools and models for practice, and they can advocate for use of these tools across systems of care.
Comparison of Solute Partitioning between Nanocrystalline Sputtered Thin Films and Ball Milled Cu-Zr

Ascertaining the mechanism(s) of nanocrystalline stability is a critical need in revealing how specific alloys retard grain growth. Often significant debate exists concerning such mechanisms, even in the same alloy. Here, we compared two processing methods - high-energy ball milling and thin film deposition - in the fabrication and subsequent two-step annealing (500 °C/24 hours followed by temperature ramp to 900 °C/1 min and quench) for nanocrystalline Cu-Zr. Using precession electron diffraction (PED) and atom probe tomography (APT), the grain stability and secondary phase content was quantified. The milled powder samples, Cu-1Zr (at%), revealed that the Zr solute was largely in an oxide/carbide state after milling with no significant change upon annealing. In contrast, the thin film samples, Cu-3Zr, showed nearly all elemental Zr upon deposition but significant oxidation after the vacuum anneal. The significant up-take of oxygen is contributed to the high surface area-to-volume ratio of the film coupled with columnar grains that were enriched in elemental Zr. Furthermore, upon sputter deposition, many of these boundaries were vitrified which was lost upon annealing. These glassy boundaries were not observed by PED for the powders. The consequence of when the solute reacts with contaminate species is discussed in relationship to nanocrystalline and microstructural stability. The use Zener pinning predicted grain sizes based on the quantification of the secondary phase particulates, as measured by APT, is given to better ascertain their contribution to nanocrystalline stability.