cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How Does Housing Influence Bovine Respiratory Disease in Dairy and Veal Calves

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in young cattle. Housing factors that lead to poor ventilation and stagnant air are often considered the primary reasons for high levels of endemic disease. This article reviews the literature from the past 40 years in order to determine which housing factors have been associated with respiratory disease. Penning strategy and its affect on calf respiratory health were most commonly studied. The wide variation in disease definitions and quality of reporting make drawing conclusions from the available literature extraordinarily difficult.
Blood Transfusion Safety in Low-Resourced Countries: Aspiring to a Higher Standard

This commentary discusses blood transfusion safety and suboptimal transfusion practices in low- and lower-middle income countries, which remain a pervasive public health challenge.
Synthesis of Cationic, Dimeric α‑DiimineNickel Hydride Complexes and Relevance to the Polymerization of Olefins

Well-defined nickel hydride complexes bearing aryl-substituted α-diimine (iPrDI = N,N′-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-2,3-butanediimine or MesDI = N,N′-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-2,3-butanediimine) lig...
Nanoporous Gold Nanoleaf as Tunable Metamaterial

We have studied optical properties of single and multi-fold nanoporous gold leaf metamaterials and demonstrated that they can be controlled with applied voltage and dielectric environment.
A Review of Recent Advancements Including Machine Learning on Synthetic Aperture Radar using Millimeter-Wave Radar

In this paper, we review recent and emerging Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) applications using mm-Wave radar, ranging from concealed item detection to autonomous systems. Furthermore, relevant machine learning (ML) concepts are introduced and the review of ML applications in high-resolution mmWave SAR image enhancement and generation are presented. The paper is concluded with challenges and expectations of mmWave SAR imaging with emphasis on autonomous vehicles.
66. What Worked (And Didn’t Work): A Survey of COVID-19 Response in Michigan Nursing Homes in the Midst of the Pandemic

Background: Nursing home (NH) populations are at higher risk for morbidity and mortality due to COVID-19 A March 2020 NH survey indicated improvements in pandemic planning when compared to a similar survey in 2007 We surveyed NHs to evaluate how well pandemic preparedness plans and infection prevention strategies met the reality of COVID-19 Methods: The first COVID-19 case in Michigan was reported March 10, 2020 In the setting of 46,088 cases and 4,327 deaths statewide as of May 1, we disseminated an online survey to state department-registered NHs to describe their experience of the initial pandemic wave Responses were collected May 1-12, during which the state averaged 585 cases/day We were particularly interested in NH preparedness, challenges, testing capacity, and adaptations made Results: Of 452 NHs contacted, 145 opened the survey and 143 (32%) responded A majority (68%) indicated that their facility's pandemic response plan addressed > 90% of issues they experienced;29% reported their plan addressed most but not all anticipated concerns (Table 1) As the pandemic evolved, all facilities (100%) provided additional staff education on proper personal protective equipment (PPE) use 66% reported experiencing shortages of PPE and other supplies Half of all facilities (50%) lacked sufficient resources to test asymptomatic residents or staff;only 36% were able to test all residents and staff with suspected COVID-19 infection Half (52%) considered their communication regarding COVID-19 with nearby hospitals “very good ” The majority of facilities (55%) experienced staffing shortages, often relying on remaining staff to work additional hours and/or contracted staff to fill deficits (Table 2) NH staff resignations increased, with 63% of NHs experiencing resignations;staff with greater bedside contact were more likely to leave, including nurses and nurse assistants Conclusion: While most NHs had a plan to respond to COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020, many facilities experienced a lack of available resources, less than ideal communication lines with local hospitals, lack of testing capacity and insufficient staff These shortcomings indicate potential high-yield areas of improvement in pandemic preparedness in the NH setting (Table Presented)
Enhancing Faculty-Student Interaction in an Undergraduate Algorithms Course Through Group Oral Presentations

The learning goals of an undergraduate algorithms course are often well suited to written homework assignments involving proof writing. However, asynchronously assigning and grading written homework lacks several desirable outcomes, such as direct faculty-student engagement, incentives for appropriate student collaboration, or efficient means of providing detailed feedback. This paper is an experience report on the application of homework teams and oral presentations in an undergraduate algorithms course, which have been proposed in other contexts as means of accomplishing these goals. Students are expected to complete written homework solutions in teams and present randomly selected problems orally in team meetings with the faculty member. The oral presentations provide individual accountability for understanding the homework solutions, balancing a typical deficiency of group work and increasing faculty-student interaction in the process. Students reported that the combination of group collaboration and individual accountability was beneficial to their learning, and that the oral presentations were useful practice for situations beyond the class, such as senior oral exams and technical interviews.
Ghanaian Classroom Teacher Trainees’ Perceived Competence and Intrinsic Motivation in Physical Education

Primary school teachers in Ghana are non-specialists but are required to teach physical education (PE) in addition to the regular subjects taught in primary classrooms (CS). Using a Self-Determination Theory, this study examined classroom teacher trainees’ (TT) perceived competence and intrinsic motivation in learning to teach PE. In addition, the study compared TTs’ competence and motivation in PE and CS. Participants included a purposive sample of 190 from two colleges of education in Ghana. They completed modified forms of the Perceived Competence Scale (PCS) and the Intrinsic Motivation (IM) subscale of the Perceived Locus of Causality once. Descriptive statistics showed most TTs had moderate to high levels of competence and intrinsic motivation both in PE and CS. Independent Samples t-Test and One-Way ANOVA analyses indicated significant gender and grade level differences for PCS in PE. A Paired-Samples t-Test analysis indicated TTs’ PCS mean score was significantly higher in CS than that in PE. However, TTs’ motivation in PE and CS were similar. The classroom teacher trainees in this study perceived themselves to be less competent in PE than in non-PE contents (CS), even though their levels of motivation to learn to teach in both contexts were similar. This is consistent with extant literature that teachers in Ghanaian primary schools are not adequately prepared to teach PE. The development of children’s PE programs in the country’s teacher education institutions is warranted.
Factors Predicting Family Violence Revictimization Among Army Families With Child Maltreatment.

The Army Family Advocacy Program (Army FAP) strives to prevent family violence and intervene to reduce the deleterious effects of exposure to family violence. This paper examines the individual, fa...
Estimating viscoelastic compliance of desiccating cementitious materials using drying prism tests

Abstract An integrated modeling approach to determining internal relative humidity and degree of reaction of desiccating cementitious materials has been developed. By simultaneously accounting for both self-desiccation and external drying, the model is capable of predicting the evolution of material properties of desiccating cementitious materials. Using the mass loss data of the prism specimens, the moisture diffusion coefficient of a nonlinear model for cement mortar was determined. Additionally, a previous poroviscoelastic shrinkage model was modified and extended. Through comparison of predicted and measured axial strain of the prism specimens, the viscoelastic compliance of cement mortar was extracted. The present work revealed that it is possible to use a simple drying prism test to fit the moisture diffusion coefficient and creep compliance of cementitious materials, though the comparison of the extracted viscoelastic compliance with measured compliance was only reasonable if the outer layer of the drying mortar was presumed to have microcracking.
Deep Learning Approach to Predict Peak Floods and Evaluate Socioeconomic Vulnerability to Flood Events: A Case Study in Baltimore, MD, U.S.A

As the intensity and frequency of storm events are projected to increase due to climate change, local agencies urgently need a timely and reliable framework for flood forecasting, downscale from watershed to street level in urban areas. Integrated with property data with various hydrometeorological data, the flood prediction model can also provide further insight into environmental justice, which will aid households and government agencies’ decision-making. This study uses deep learning (DL) methods and radar-based rainfall data to predict the inundated areas and analyze the property quickly and demographic data concerning stream proximity to provide a way to quantify socioeconomic impacts. We expect that our DL-based models will improve the accuracy of forecasting floods and provide a better picture of which communities bear the worst burdens of flooding, and encourage city officials to address the underlying causes of flood risk.
The Data/Information/Knowledge/Wisdom Hierarchy Goes to Seminary

In Information Science studies, the Data/Information/Knowledge/Wisdom (DIKW) hierarchy is a conventional construct for making sense of the terms. However, when examined with any rigor, the distinctions become challenged and the hierarchy appears to fail. I suggest that the reason for this is the tacit classification of this hierarchy as a disciplinary ontological narrative. With context-appropriate definitions and delimitations, the DIKW hierarchy can still be useful as a model for specific applications in information literacy pedagogy. This is illustrated in the context of theological education by using the construct to differentiate the identification of primary sources in the Seminary disciplines.
On discrete N-layer heteroassociative memory models

In this paper we investigate computational properties of a new N-layer heteroassociative memory model with respect to information encoding. We describe a technique for encoding a set of m/spl times/n matrix patterns where entering one column (row) of a pattern allows the remaining columns (rows) to be recurrently reconstructed. Following are some of the main contributions of this paper: - We show how to transform any given set of patterns to a standard form using a simple procedure. Then we demonstrate that after a competitive initialization among all layers our multilayer network converges in one step to fixed points which are one of the given patterns in its standard form. Due to an increase in the domain of attraction, our architecture becomes more powerful than the previous models. - We analyze the optimal number of layers, as well as their dimensions, based on the cardinality of maximal linearly independent subspaces of the input patterns. - We prove that our proposed model is stable under mild technical assumptions using the discrete Lyapunov energy function.
Teachers, Museums and Worksheets: A Closer Look at a Learning Experience

(2003). Teachers, Museums and Worksheets: A Closer Look at a Learning Experience. Journal of Science Teacher Education: Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 3-21.
A New Method of Measuring Aeration and Deaeration of Fluids

This paper describes the design and functionality of an in-situ air entrainment measuring device for analysis of the air entrainment and air release properties of lubricating fluids. The apparatus allows for a variety of measurement techniques for the aeration and deaeration of the lubricating fluid at various temperatures, pressures, and agitation speeds. This test apparatus is patent pending because of its unique ability to allow for continuous, in-situ measurement of the fluid properties and the rates of change of these properties. Most other measurement techniques and apparatuses do not allow for uninterrupted measurement, This apparatus is also unique in that it is capable of detecting minor fluid density changes at a lower level and with more accuracy than all other current techniques or apparatuses.
Male Territoriality in a Social Sciurid, Cynomys gunnisoni: What do Patterns of Paternity Tell Us?

In many social sciurids, male territoriality confers significant mating advantages. We evaluated resident male paternity in Gunnison's prairie dogs (Cynomys gunnisoni), a colonial ground-dwelling sciurid, where males and females cooperatively defend territories. Contrary to findings reported for other social sciurids, our results show that territorial resident males do not gain significant reproductive advantages. Resident males sired the majority of offspring from their respective territories only 10.5% of the time. A single non-resident male sired equal or greater number of offspring than any single resident male 71.2% of the time. While adult males were more likely to sire a greater number of offspring, standard heterozygosity, body mass, and territory size were not significant predictors of how many offspring a male sired. In addition, the number of other males present did not influence the number of offspring sired by any given resident male. However, territory size was significantly correlated with overall offspring number and mean litter size per female, suggesting a potential reproductive advantage for females that occupy larger, better quality territories. Previous work has demonstrated that the cooperative defence of territories by both males and females permits enhanced access to food resources critical to overwinter survival. Our results have important implications for studies that do not distinguish between social and mating systems, because they suggest that individual mating strategies may be different from the social strategies that emerge in response to resource availability.
Embodied Writing: A Tool for Teaching and Learning in Dance

ABSTRACT Writing can inform and help clarify our perception and comprehension of dance practices just as focusing on the first-person narrative of the kinesthetic experience can enliven and bring authenticity to dance writing. The introduction of an embodied writing practice, which I define as vividly descriptive writing inclusive of an array of sensory mechanisms such that a kinesthetic and visceral experience unfolds during the act of writing and a sympathetic response ensues for the reader, can enhance student learning and artistic growth. In this article, I share examples from a writing curriculum used in an introductory lecture course in cross-cultural dance practices. The curriculum provides opportunities for students to practice the components contained within embodied writing while bringing awareness to the brainstorming, assessment, and revision processes involved in both dance and writing composition. The curriculum and methodology employed are readily transferable to other educational settings,...
Activation of TRPV4 channels does not mediate inversion of neurovascular coupling after SAH.

Neurovascular coupling (NVC) allows increased blood flow to metabolically active neurons and involves the Ca2+-dependent release of vasodilator influences by astrocyte endfeet that encase parenchymal arterioles. We previously reported inversion of NVC from dilation to constriction in brain slices from subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) model rats. Corresponding to NVC inversion, there was a marked increase in the amplitude of spontaneous Ca2+ oscillations in astrocyte endfeet. Calcium-permeable transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV)-4 channels have been reported in astrocyte endfeet, and activators of these channels enhance Ca2+ oscillations in healthy animals. Here, we examined the role of TRPV4 channels in the development of high-amplitude spontaneous Ca2+ oscillations in astrocyte endfeet and the inversion of neurovascular coupling after SAH. Treatment of brain slices with the TRPV4 channel antagonist, HC-067047 (10 μM), did not alter the amplitude of spontaneous Ca2+ oscillations after SAH. In addition, HC-067047 did not inhibit or change SAH-induced inversion of neurovascular coupling. In summary, TRPV4 channels do not appear to be involved in the inversion of neurovascular coupling after SAH. Further studies examining the impact of SAH on additional Ca2+ signaling pathways in astrocytes are likely to reveal valuable insights into new therapeutic strategies to advance SAH treatments.
Penicillium marneffei Infection: Knowledge, Gaps, and Future Directions

Penicilliosis is a disease caused by Penicillium marneffei, a fungus endemic to Southeast Asia. Prior to the HIV/AIDS epidemic, infection was exceedingly rare, but penicilliosis is currently one of the most common opportunistic infections in persons with HIV/AIDS in some Asian countries. This paper describes the clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and epidemiology of this emerging opportunistic infection and will focus on some gaps in our knowledge and directions for future research.
Software Engineering Principles for Courseware Development

AbstractCourseware development should follow the lessons learned by the misnamed software engineers during the last twelve years. Many of these lessons are presented as twenty-eight principles of software development in this paper. The most important include a stress on human readability, the importance of early planning and analysis, the use of hierarchical structure, the need for independent evaluation, and the need to be flexible.
Conceptual and design essentials for evaluating mechanisms of change.

Background: Considerable progress has been made toward the development of evidence-based treatments for a wide range of psychological disorders; however, little is known about the mechanisms through which these treatments actually lead to clinical change. Although the use of traditional randomized controlled treatment designs and tests of statistical mediation have significantly advanced understanding of psychological treatments, they are insufficient to test mechanisms of change. Method: This article outlines the conceptual and methodological requirements for evaluating mechanisms of change, highlights the importance of such a focus, and offers specific recommendations for research aimed at elucidating change mechanisms. Results and Conclusions: Conceptualizing and conducting studies that test mechanisms of change requires substantial modifications to traditional research designs, but doing so will significantly enhance scientific understanding as well as the efficiency and effectiveness of clinical interventions.
Structural analysis of fullerene and fulleride solids from synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction

Synchrotron-based X-ray powder diffraction has proved indispensable in the study of fullerene solids, their alkali metal intercalation compounds and chemical derivatives. Here we review some recent developments to which David E. Cox has made important material and intellectual contributions, not only in advancing the field of fullerenes but in helping to train a new generation of young scientists. Topics covered include finite vacancy concentrations in superconducting phases, estimates of the vacancy formation energies from temperature-dependent phase analysis, and the effects of alkali metal intercalation on orientational states, order-disorder transitions and superconductivity.
Estimates of the Pythagoras number of Rm[x1,...,xn] through lattice points and polytopes

Hilbert's 17th Problem launched a number of inquiries into sum-of-squares representations of polynomials over the real numbers. Choi, Lam, and Reznick gave some bounds on the number of squares required for such a representation and indicated some directions for improving these bounds. In the first part of this paper, we follow their suggestion and obtain some stronger bounds. In the second part, we show that in the case of homogeneous polynomials in three variables, this technique cannot be extended further.
The effect of essential fatty acid deficiency on the fatty acid composition of different salivary glands and saliva in rats

The main purpose was to compare the changes in fatty acid composition of lipids induced by essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiency in the rat submandibular, parotid and sublingual glands. Three groups of rats were fed for 28 weeks (1 week gestation, 3 weeks lactation and 24 weeks thereafter) diets containing 7% hydrogenated coconut oil (HCO) (EFA-deficient in both n-6 and n-3), 7% soybean oil (SBO) (control) and 7% safflower oil (SFO) (deficient in n-3). Rats were killed and salivary glands were dissected out. Lipids were extracted and the fatty acid composition of total lipids and phospholipids was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The fatty-acid compositional changes indicative of an EFA deficiency, such as decreases in the levels of 18:2 n-6, along with an accumulation of 20:3 n-9, were generally observed in all the salivary glands of rats fed 7% HCO diet. In the submandibular glands, the proportions of 16:1, 18:1 n-9 and 18:1 n-7 were also higher in the HCO-fed group than in the other two groups. There were some differences in the fatty acid composition of the three glands. Total lipids of parotid gland had higher levels of 12:0 and 18:1 n-9 as compared to the other two glands. The levels of 18:0, 20:3 n-9, 20:3 n-6 and 20:4 n-6 were, however, lower in the parotid gland as compared with the other glands. In total phospholipids of rats fed SBO- and SFO-containing diets, the sublingual gland had lower levels of 18:2 n-6 and higher levels of 20:4 n-6 than the parotid or the submandibular. These differences in fatty acid composition may be related to possible differences in chain elongation/desaturation. The changes in fatty acid composition were also reflected in total lipids of plasma, liver and whole saliva of rats fed the various diets. A number of fatty acids were identified in saliva by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
Dynamic elastic and plastic buckling of complete spherical shells

Abstract A theoretical investigation is undertaken into the dynamic instability of complete spherical shells which are loaded impulsively and made from either linear elastic or elastic-plastic materials. It is shown that certain harmonics grow quickly and cause a shell to exhibit a wrinkled shape which is characterized by a critical mode number. The critical mode numbers are similar for spherical and cylindrical elastic shells having the same R/h ratios and material parameters, but may be larger or smaller in an elastic-plastic spherical shell depending on the values of the various parameters. Threshold velocities are also determined in order to obtain the smallest velocity that a shell can tolerate without excessive deformation. The threshold velocities for the elastic and elastic-plastic spherical shells are larger than those which have been published previously for cylindrical shells having the same R/h ratios and material parameters.
Follow-up usage of the Scott-Craig Orthosis in paraplegia

A survey of the usage of the Scott-Craig Orthosis among individuals with Li or above complete motor and sensory paraplegia is reported. Patients were grouped according to those without volitionally controlled abdominal musculature (C8-T5), those with volitionally controlled upper abdominal musculature (T6-T9), and those with all abdominal musculature under volitional control (T10-L1). The study was done in two phases. Phase I, done in 1976, consisted of a survey of 184 patients in this neurological grouping who received the Scott-Craig Orthosis at Craig Hospital from 1 January 1964 through to 31 December 1975. Phase II was completed in December 1980. Sixty-three additional patients were surveyed who were braced from 1 January 1976 through to 31 December 1979. Long-term usage and some form of ambulation was found in 77 per cent of those surveyed.
The effect of sheet thickness on fatigue crack retardation in 2024-T3 aluminum alloy

Abstract Variable-amplitude fatigue studies of 2024-T3 aluminum alloy were performed to examine the effect of sheet thickness on fatigue crack growth rate retardation. Results indicated that the amount of retardation increased with decreasing specimen thickness. This phenomenon was attributed to enhanced plastic strains under plane stress conditions (i.e. in a thin sheet) which formed ahead of the advancing crack tip as a result of a high load excursion. These strains are believed to produce both crack closure and a favorable compressive residual stress field around the crack tip. Evidence of increased crack surface interference under plane stress situations was verified with electron fractographic observations.
Enhancing the heat stability and kinetic parameters of the maize endosperm ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase using iterative saturation mutagenesis

Iterative saturation mutagenesis (ISM) has been used to improve the thermostability of maize endosperm ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase), a highly-regulated, rate-limiting and temperature-sensitive enzyme essential for starch biosynthesis. The thermo-sensitivity of heterotetrameric AGPase has been linked to grain loss in cereals and improving this property might therefore have direct impacts on grain yield. Nine amino acids were selected for site-saturation mutagenesis on the basis of elevated B-factors in the crystal structure of the closest available homolog (a small subunit homotetramer of potato AGPase). After each round of mutagenesis, iodine staining and antibody capture activity assays at varying temperatures were used to select the optimum positions and amino acid changes for the next rounds of mutagenesis. After three iterations, the signals from whole-colony iodine staining were saturated and a heat stable AGPase variant was obtained. Kinetic studies of the heat stable mutant showed that it also had an unexpected increased affinity for the activator, 3-PGA. This is particularly valuable as both the temperature stability and allosteric properties of AGPase significantly influence grain yield.
Should women with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome be screened for hypothyroidism

This study was conducted to determine if there is a significant increase in prevalence of hypothyroidism in women with OSAS such that screening might be warranted. Women undergoing polysomnography (PSG) at Duke University between January 1, 2000 and August 21, 2001 were considered for enrollment. Those with a respiratory disturbance index (RDI) ≥ 10 were included for further analysis. Demographic data and documentation of thyroid testing was obtained. Thyroid testing obtained within 1 year of the PSG was used for this study. Demographic data of the euthyroid and hypothyroid groups were compared. Prevalence of hypothyroidism was calculated and compared with the prevalence of hypothyroidism in the Framingham study. A total of 118 women had OSAS per PSG. Seventy-five patients had thyroid function testing within 1 year of PSG evaluation. The mean age, body mass index, and RDI in the euthyroid and hypothyroid groups were not significantly different. The prevalence of hypothyroidism was 9.3%; the established prevalence of hypothyroidism in women in the general population is 5.9%. There was no statistically significant difference in the prevalence between these groups. The prevalence of hypothyroidism in women with OSAS is no higher than that seen in the general population. Screening women with symptoms of OSAS for hypothyroidism is unlikely to be useful.
Simultaneous sulfidation-oxidation of nickel at 603°c in argon-so 2 atmospheres

The simultaneous oxidation-sulfidation rate of nickel has been measured as a function of SO2 pressure (0.04 to 1 atm) in Ar-SO2 gas mixtures at 603°C. The observed corrosion rates are about 107 times faster than the oxidation rate of nickel in oxygen at 1 atm. The product scale consists of an inner Ni3S2 layer and an outer two-phase layer of NiO and Ni3S2. A linear rate law is observed during an initial time period, and the most probable rate-controlling step is dissociation of SO2. An increase in the scale-gas interfacial area increases the corrosion rate during intermediate time periods. With increasing time, parabolic corrosion rates are measured for SO2 pressures of 0.25 and 1 atm. Values of the nickel diffusivity in Ni3S2 calculated from our measured parabolic-rate constants are in good agreement with recently reported values. This agreement indicates that an interconnected Ni3S2 phase in the outer two-phase layer provides rapid transport paths for nickel diffusion through the scale.
Light and electron microscopic studies of crayfish hemocytes.

Using light and electron microscopy, three hemocyte types are described in the hemolymph of the crayfish. The coagulocyte comprises 65% of the total hemocyte number and contains medium-sized cytoplasmic granules, abundant dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum, and a highly developed Golgi complex. It rapidly undergoes cytolysis in vitro and participates in coagulation by releasing the contents of its granules to the hemolymph. The granulocyte comprises 31% of the total hemocyte number and is capable of phagocytosis. It contains large, irregularly shaped cytoplasmic granules, a moderately developed Golgi complex, and moderate amounts of non-dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum. During coagulation in vitro, the cell attaches and spreads onto the substratum; this is followed by a slow intracellular granule breakdown and cytolysis. The amebocyte comprises 4% of the total hemocyte number and it is also capable of phagocytosis. It possesses small cytoplasmic granules, many vacuoles, a moderately developed Golgi complex, and large amounts of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. It is distinguished from the other two cell types by being stable and motile in vitro.
Psychiatric aspects of chronic pain

Chronic pain complaints often reflect or are influenced by psychiatric factors.Physicians commonly encounter "illness-affirming behaviors99 in which patient complaints or symptoms go beyond what should be expected from a specific disease process. In this paper, I describe common psychiatric conditions that often feature pain as part of the illness: somatization disorder, hypochondriasis, factitious physical disorders, pain associated with psychological factors (new DSM-IV nomenclature), and malingering. These conditions can be distinguished based on the conscious awareness (or lack of awareness) of both motivation and symptom production. Other psychiatric disorders may strongly influence chronic pain without directly causing it-depression, anxiety, panic, and post-traumatic stress disorders. Except for malingering and factitious pain, chronic pain should be regarded as genuine. Effective management requires psychiatric as well as biological considerations. NEUROLOGY 1995;45(suppl 9): S26-S34
ANATOMY OF THE GYNOECIUM IN TWO SPECIES OF BAKERIDESIA (MALVACEAE)

A B S T RA CT Structure of the gynoecium is described in two species of Bakeridesia, subgenus Bakeridesia (Malvaceae, tribe Malveae). The dorsal wall of each carpel bears a winglike projection with a marginal pair of pubescent, bluntly dentate wings. The projection arises as a single, solid ridge of tissue after the ovules are initiated and after the ventral carpellary margins are fused with the receptacle. Two multiseriate layers of fiber-sclereids line each locule and continue into the winglike projection where they are separated by parenchyma. Gynoecial vascularization is described in detail. The richly vascularized carpels are supplied by five traces: a median dorsal trace, which bifurcates into two dorsal bundles; two lateral traces; and two ventral traces. Adjacent ventral traces, lateral traces, and septal bundles are fused-i.e., they are held in common by neighboring carpels. The presence of lateral carpellary traces may be a primitive character in the tribe Malveae. BAKERIDESIA HOCHR. (Malvaceae, tribe Malveae) is a small neotropical genus of arborescent shrubs which in many characters appears unspecialized relative to other genera of Malveae. The genus comprises two subgenera (Hochreutiner, 1920b; Bates, 1973): the predominantly North American subgenus Bakeridesia, which possibly deserves generic status; and the South American subgenus Dipteron, which is morphologically intermediate between subgenus Bakeridesia and the genus Abutilon. In the present paper consideration is given to the morphology and anatomy of the gynoecium and fruit in two species of subgenus Bakeridesia: B. integerrima (Hooker)
Boolean modeling and fault diagnosis in oxidative stress response

Oxidative stress is a consequence of normal and abnormal cellular metabolism and is linked to the development of human diseases. The effective functioning of the pathway responding to oxidative stress protects the cellular DNA against oxidative damage; conversely the failure of the oxidative stress response mechanism can induce aberrant cellular behavior leading to diseases such as neurodegenerative disorders and cancer. Thus, understanding the normal signaling present in oxidative stress response pathways and determining possible signaling alterations leading to disease could provide us with useful pointers for therapeutic purposes. Using knowledge of oxidative stress response pathways from the literature, we developed a Boolean network model whose simulated behavior is consistent with earlier experimental observations from the literature. Concatenating the oxidative stress response pathways with the PI 3-Kinase-Akt pathway, the oxidative stress is linked to the phenotype of apoptosis, once again through a Boolean network model. Furthermore, we present an approach for pinpointing possible fault locations by using temporal variations in the oxidative stress input and observing the resulting deviations in the apoptotic signature from the normally predicted pathway. Such an approach could potentially form the basis for designing more effective combination therapies against complex diseases such as cancer. In this paper, we have developed a Boolean network model for the oxidative stress response. This model was developed based on pathway information from the current literature pertaining to oxidative stress. Where applicable, the behaviour predicted by the model is in agreement with experimental observations from the published literature. We have also linked the oxidative stress response to the phenomenon of apoptosis via the PI 3k/Akt pathway. It is our hope that some of the additional predictions here, such as those pertaining to the oscillatory behaviour of certain genes in the presence of oxidative stress, will be experimentally validated in the near future. Of course, it should be pointed out that the theoretical procedure presented here for pinpointing fault locations in a biological network with feedback will need to be further simplified before it can be even considered for practical biological validation.
Challenging and Supporting New Leader Development

The purpose of this article is to explore the kinds of support and challenge that new school leaders need in the early years of their career. Semi-structured in-depth interviews and appreciative inquiry were used to collect the stories of new school leaders. The study outlined the kinds of support that were productive in helping school principals learn their craft and shape their leadership style. The project enriches the literature on mentoring by providing the voices of new school leaders to add depth to the characteristics of successful mentoring programs.
Prospective, randomized trial of the effectiveness and retention of 30-min layperson training for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and automated external defibrillators: The American Airlines Study.

Summary Objective A head-to-head trial was conducted to compare laypersons’ long-term retention of life-saving psychomotor and cognitive skills learned in the traditional multi-hour training format for basic cardiopulmonary resuscitation and automated external defibrillator use to those learned in an abbreviated (30 min) course. Methods Laypersons were randomized to either: (1) the traditional multi-hour Heartsaver-Automated External Defibrillator ® ( Heartsaver-AED ® ) group; or (2) the 30-min course group (cardiopulmonary resuscitation, choking, and automated external defibrillator use). Immediately after training, and at 6 months, participants were provided identical individual testing scenarios. In addition to audio–video recordings, computerized recordings of compression rate/depth, ventilation rates, and related pauses were obtained and subsequently rated by blinded reviewers. Results Performance following 30-min training was either equivalent or superior ( p Heartsaver-Automated External Defibrillator training in all measurements, both immediately and 6 months after training. Although retention of certain skills deteriorated over the 6 months among a significant number of participants from both groups, 84% of the 30-min training group still was judged, overall, to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation adequately. Moreover, 93% still were performing chest compressions adequately and 93% continued to apply the automated external defibrillator and deliver shocks correctly. Conclusions Using innovative learning techniques, 30-min cardiopulmonary resuscitation and automated external defibrillator training is as effective as traditional multi-hour courses, even after 6 months. Thirty-minute courses should decrease labor intensity, demands on resources, and time commitments for cardiopulmonary resuscitation courses, thus facilitating more widespread and frequent retraining.
Blocking the beta-adrenergic system does not affect sweat gland function during heat acclimation

The purpose of the current study was to test the hypothesis that the beta-adrenergic innervation of the human eccrine sweat gland facilitates greater sweat production following heat acclimation. Eight healthy subjects (mean ± SD age: 25.1 ± 4.1 years, weight: 79.0 ± 16.1 kg, and VO(2)max: 48.5 ± 8.0 ml/kg/min) underwent active heat acclimation by walking at 40% of their VO(2)max for 8 days (90 min a day) in an environmental chamber (35.3 ± 0.8°C and 40.2 ± 2.1% rH). To test the hypothesis, the adrenergic component of sweat gland innervation was inhibited by continuously administering a 0.5% solution of the beta-adrenergic antagonist propranolol via iontophoresis to a 5 cm(2) area of one forearm during each 90-min exercise bout. The opposing control forearm underwent iontophoresis with a saline solution. Following heat acclimation, mean sweat rate in the inhibited and control forearm was 0.47 ± 0.30 mg/cm(2)/min and 0.44 ± 0.25mg/cm(2)/min, respectively. Findings of the current study fail to support the hypothesis that adrenergic innervation facilitates human eccrine sweat gland function during heat acclimation, as no significant differences in sweating were observed. In light of the above, the physiological significance of the dual cholinergic and adrenergic innervation of the eccrine sweat gland has yet to be determined.
Interaction in linear dynamical systems, I

The proposed approach of analysis and synthesis of interacting dynamical systems is based on the concepts of selective controllability and selective invariance. These concepts are defined within the framework of more general types of controllability and invariance and the necessary and sufficient conditions for selective controllability and invariance are derived. As a natural extension to interaction problems in part II of the paper, a set of variables (input, output, or state) of a dynamical system is then defined as “noninteracting” if and only if each of the variables in the set is selectively invariant with respect to all other variables in the set. Based on this approach, a methodology for the analysis of interacting linear time-invariant dynamical systems is developed and described. Its application to interaction analysis of time-variant linear systems and nonlinear systems as well as to synthesis problems is presented in part III of this paper.
CANONICAL COMMUTATION RELATIONS FOR RENORMALIZED FIELDS.

Abstract It is proved that canonical commutation relations, φ R (x), φ R (y)] = −iδ( x−y ) at equal times, can be demanded for renormalized fields φ R while retaining the accepted field equations defined by a Lagrangrin L . One uses the fact that the correct Hamiltonian is not the one derived by the canonical prescription from L , but such a one modified by the insertion of a Z -dependent parameter, as actually found necessary long ago in counter term renormalization theory (Gupta, Dyson), in order to make S Lorentz invariant (i.e. frame-independent). It is proved that demanding frame-independence of S or canonical commutation relations for the renormalized field determines exactly the same modified Hamiltonian.
Bundist Counterculture in Interwar Poland

by Jack Jacobs, Syracuse, NY, Syracuse University Press, 2009, xii + 185 pp., US$39.95, ISBN 978‐0‐8156‐3226‐9 In the past few years the Polish Bund has begun to receive much more scholarly attenti...
Herpes zoster ophthalmicus

Abstract Herpes zoster is a common disease of both healthy adults and those who are immunocompromised. The purpose of this review is to present the current understanding of its epidemiology, virology, pathogenesis and treatment. A case report is included to emphasize the sometimes atypical presentation and possible secondary bacterial complications. Involvement of the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve can cause a host of ocular complications. Proper understanding of the nature of the disease process is essential for the management of both systemic and ocular manifestations of herpes zoster.
Morphology and mechanical properties of oblique angle columnar thin films

The anisotrophy of the morphology in oblique incidence, evaporated, columnar films has been studied previously only qualitatively, primarily by scanning electron microscopy. However, using atomic force microscopy and power spectral density analysis, new approaches are developed to quantify these anisotrophies in morphology in terms of their distribution functions of size, shape, spacing, and height. In addition, the biaxial stress of oblique angle columnar thin films prepared with varying angle of vapor incidence was measured by using a laser scanning method to determine changes in curvature. From this data, approaches to a quantitative model are proposed to describe the changes in morphology with varying angles of vapor incidence as related to ballistic aggregation and self-shadowing processes.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Early inflammatory response in rat brain after peripheral thermal injury

Abstract Previous studies have shown that the cerebral complications associated with skin burn victims are correlated with brain damage. The aim of this study was to determine whether systemic thermal injury induces inflammatory responses in the brain. Sprague Dawley rats ( n = 28) were studied in thermal injury and control groups. Animals from the thermal injury ( n = 14) and control ( n = 14) group were anesthetized and submerged to the neck vertically in 85 °C water for 6 s producing a third degree burn affecting 60–70% of the animal body surface area. The controls were submerged in 37 °C water for 6 s. Early expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin 1-β (IL-1β), and intracellular cell adhesion molecules (ICAM-1) protein levels in serum were determined at 3 ( n = 7) and 7 h ( n = 7) by enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA). mRNA of TNF-α, IL-1β, and ICAM-1 in the brain was measured at the same time points with a real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). An equal animal number was used for controls. Systemic inflammatory responses were demonstrated by dramatic up-regulations (5–50 fold) of TNF-α, IL-1β, and ICAM-1 protein level in serum at 7 h after the thermal injury. However, as early as 3 h after peripheral thermal injury, a significant increase (3–15 fold) in mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-1β and ICAM-1 was observed in brain homogenates, with increased levels remaining at 7 h after injury. This study demonstrated an early inflammatory response in the brain after severe peripheral thermal injury. The cerebral inflammatory reaction was associated with expression of systemic cytokines and an adhesion molecule.
Effect of lymphocyte conditioned medium on cytoplasmic membrane permeability and lysis of human tumor cells.

Cytolytic activity derived from conditioned medium (CM) of activated normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes was analyzed, using human solid tumor cells of kidney, bladder, breast and normal fibroblasts. Supplementation of CM to cell cultures resulted in an overall cytolysis, seen in cell number, cell growth, and colony formation. The lysis of cells was ascertained by the release of both lactic dehydrogenase and incorporated [3H] thymidine from the cells, to a degree which is directly proportional to the amount of cytolytic activity used and the length of exposure. The initial effect was revealed after one day and showed a greater than 85% cytoreduction by Day 3. The mechanism of cytolysis was further analyzed using human SK-RC-29 cells, which are suitable as target cells for the study of human cytolytic activity. CM was found to increase membrane permeability 6- to 8-fold by the flow cytometric determination of the permeability of a fluorescing DNA stain into the cells. The membrane permeability increase was seen prior to cell lysis, indicating its relationship to the destruction process. The cytolytic activity is non-dialyzable, heat stable at 60°C, and is distinct from human gamma interferon. Both T and B lymphocytes were shown capable of providing the cytolytic activity accompanied by increased membrane permeability.
Etiologic classification of infantile spasms in 140 cases: role of positron emission tomography.

The classification of infantile spasms into symptomatic, cryptogenic, and idiopathic subgroups depends on clinical examination and available diagnostic technology. Positron emission tomography (PET) of glucose utilization is a powerful tool in detecting brain malformations (particularly cortical dysplasia) in infants with spasms. We analyzed etiologic data from 140 such infants, 78 girls and 62 boys, ages 2 months to 4 years 10 months (mean, 17 months). All had been evaluated extensively in one of two major medical centers. It should be emphasized that our referral population is biased toward infants with intractable spasms who fail to show a structural lesion. Seven patients had neurocutaneous syndromes, two had chromosomal abnormalities, two had inborn errors of metabolism, and one each had craniosynostosis or Menkes syndrome. Computed tomography and/or magnetic resonance imaging detected lesions in another 29 infants (20.7%) who did not have a specific disease or syndrome. Without the benefit of PET, t...