cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The evolution and future of logistics and supply chain management

Purpose – This paper traces the evolution of logistics and supply chain management (SCM) and projects the state of the field in the near term with the attendant challenges for those who must plan and control logistics/supply chain operations.Design/methodology/approach – Key events that created business logistics are noted, the views of the field leaders are identified and assessed, and research outcomes are compared as a basis for how logistics/SCM is viewed today.Findings – The scope of the field has broadened bringing new challenges for researchers and managers, but the broader scope was envisioned from its formation. Improvements in information technology and the just‐in‐time philosophy are the principal drivers for realizing the potential of boundary‐spanning channel management.Research limitations/implications – The conclusions and projections are based on the author's interpretation of the events surrounding logistics and the supply chain as they have occurred over the last 45 years.Practical impli...
Cloud Radio-Multistatic Radar: Joint Optimization of Code Vector and Backhaul Quantization

A multistatic radar set-up is considered in which distributed receive antennas are connected to a Fusion Center (FC) via limited-capacity backhaul links. Similar to cloud radio access networks in communications, the receive antennas quantize the received baseband signal before transmitting it to the FC. The problem of maximizing the detection performance at the FC jointly over the code vector used by the transmitting antenna and over the statistics of the noise introduced by backhaul quantization is investigated. Specifically, adopting the information-theoretic criterion of the Bhattacharyya distance to evaluate the detection performance at the FC and information-theoretic measures of the quantization rate, the problem at hand is addressed via a Block Coordinate Descent (BCD) method coupled with Majorization-Minimization (MM). Numerical results demonstrate the advantages of the proposed joint optimization approach over more conventional solutions that perform separate optimization.
Total Synthesis of (±)-Stenine Using the IMDAF Cycloaddition of a 2-Methylthio-5-amido-substituted Furan

The intramolecular [4 + 2]-cycloaddition of a 2-methylthio-5-amidofuran was used to create the azepinoindole skeleton present in the Stemona alkaloid stenine. The rearranged cycloadduct was converted to stenine (1) in 11 additional steps via a sequence that features a Crabtree catalyst directed hydrogenation (9→10), iodolactonization (2→11), and a Keck allylation (11→12).
First arrival stochastic tomography: Automatic background velocity estimation using beam semblances and VFSA

[1] We present a new tomography method based on the local beam semblance and the very fast simulated annealing (VFSA) global optimization method. The data space is the local beam semblance calculated using local slant stacks for overlapping offset windows, i.e. beam windows, of the original common-shot or common-receiver gathers. On each beam semblance panel, the first coherency peak can be identified with a particular ray parameter, first-arrival traveltime and beam center position. The forward problem can be solved with any ray tracer to find arrivals matching the identified peaks. Our inversion scheme uses VFSA to find the maximum-a-posteriori (MAP) solution and estimates the uncertainty by applying Bayesian analysis of all the sampled models for a specified model parameterization. This integration of automatic local semblance evaluation instead of first-arrival picking and a fast forward modeling method combined with VFSA to determine the optimal model makes our method robust, efficient and accurate.
A general route to pyridine-modified salicylaldehydes via Suzuki coupling

Abstract An efficient method for the preparation of 5-(3-pyridyl)- and 5-(4-pyridyl)salicylaldehydes by the palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of either 4-pyridylboronic acid or diethyl-(3-pyridyl)borane and bromosalicylaldehydes is described.
Symbol error probabilities for general Cooperative links

Cooperative diversity (CD) networks have been receiving a lot of attention recently as a distributed means of improving error performance and capacity. For sufficiently large signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), this paper derives the average symbol error probability (SEP) for analog forwarding CD links. The resulting expressions are general as they hold for an arbitrary number of cooperating branches, arbitrary number of cooperating hops per branch, and various channel fading models. Their simplicity provides valuable insights to the performance of CD networks and suggests means of optimizing them. Besides revealing the diversity, they clearly show from where this advantage comes from and prove that presence of diversity does not depend on the specific (e.g., Rayleigh) fading distribution. Finally, they explain how diversity is improved in multihop CD networks.
A STRONG OPERATOR TOPOLOGY ADIABATIC THEOREM

We prove an adiabatic theorem for the evolution of spectral data under a weak additive perturbation in the context of a system without an intrinsic time scale. For continuous functions of the unperturbed Hamiltonian the convergence is in norm while for a larger class functions, including the spectral projections associated to embedded eigenvalues, the convergence is in the strong operator topology.
RAPPOR: Randomized Aggregatable Privacy-Preserving Ordinal Response

Randomized Aggregatable Privacy-Preserving Ordinal Response, or RAPPOR, is a technology for crowdsourcing statistics from end-user client software, anonymously, with strong privacy guarantees. In short, RAPPORs allow the forest of client data to be studied, without permitting the possibility of looking at individual trees. By applying randomized response in a novel manner, RAPPOR provides the mechanisms for such collection as well as for efficient, high-utility analysis of the collected data. In particular, RAPPOR permits statistics to be collected on the population of client-side strings with strong privacy guarantees for each client, and without linkability of their reports. This paper describes and motivates RAPPOR, details its differential-privacy and utility guarantees, discusses its practical deployment and properties in the face of different attack models, and, finally, gives results of its application to both synthetic and real-world data.
Three Alternating Sign Matrix Identities in Search of Bijective Proofs

This paper highlights three known identities, each of which involves sums over alternating sign matrices. While proofs of all three are known, the only known derivations are as corollaries of difficult results. The simplicity and natural combinatorial interpretation of these identities, however, suggest that there should be direct, bijective proofs.
Additive-pulse mode-locked NaCl:OH(-) laser.

The operation of an additive-pulse mode-locked NaCl:OH− color-center laser is described. Stable output pulses as short as 75 fsec have been obtained. The laser is tunable from 1.51 to 1.65 μm, with 300 mW of average output power at 1.6 μm.
Longitudinal variability of low-latitude total electron content: Tidal influences

[1] Recently, nighttime ultraviolet (UV) observations obtained by IMAGE FUV and TIMED GUVI instruments have revealed a longitudinal wave number four pattern in the nighttime airglow intensity and in the position of the equatorial anomalies during equinox and high solar flux conditions. In the present study, we have extended this work and determined the longitudinal variability of the low-latitude total electron content (TEC) climatology during different geophysical conditions with a special emphasis on the longitudinal wave number four structure in the low-latitude ionosphere. We have used more than 5 million low-latitude TOPEX TEC observations covering the entire 13 years of TOPEX TEC data from August 1992 until October 2005. This data set was used to determine the local time, seasonal, solar cycle, and geomagnetic activity dependence of the longitudinal variability of TEC at equatorial and low latitudes, and in particular, to address the existence and evolution of the wave number four longitudinal pattern under these conditions. Our study shows that the wave number four pattern is created during the daytime hours at equinox and June solstice but is absent, or washed out by other processes, during December solstice. During equinox the wave number four pattern is created around noon with well-defined longitudinal enhancements in the low-latitude TEC. These enhancements, which are symmetric about the geomagnetic equator during this season, last for many hours and can be clearly seen past midnight. The longitudinal patterns are found to be nearly identical between the vernal (March/April) and autumnal (September/October) equinoxes and largely independent of the solar cycle conditions. The wave number four pattern is also observed during geomagnetically active conditions, indicating that the processes that create this pattern are also present during active times. The variations between the well-defined longitudinal maxima and minima are of the order of 20%. During June solstice, the wave number four pattern is also observed in the afternoon hours but, in contrast to the equinox cases, it exhibits a strong hemispheric asymmetry and is not observed during the night. The low-latitude TEC exhibits clear longitudinal variations during December solstice, with large daytime enhancements over the east Asian and Pacific regions and a third enhancement emerging in the afternoon over the Atlantic Ocean, but a clear wave number four pattern is not observed during this season. Although the equatorial and low-latitude TEC values exhibit clear longitudinal patterns during all seasons, a significant amount of scatter remains in the TEC data that is not accounted for by changes in the solar cycle, the season, or the local time or by the longitudinal variability. This remaining scatter is largest near the poleward edges of the anomalies and is of the order of 40%.
Convenient synthesis of 5-aryl(alkyl)sulfanyl-1,10-phenanthrolines from 5,6-epoxy-5,6-dihydro-1,10-phenanthroline, and their activity towards fungal β-d-glycosidases

A broad series of novel 5-aryl(alkyl)sulfanyl-1,10-phenanthrolines has been prepared by a new simple procedure: a treatment of the commercially available 5,6-epoxy-5,6-dihydro-1,10-phenanthroline with various thiols in the presence of a base. Other functional groups attached to the thiol allow a use of the products as building blocks in synthesis of versatile ligands and in functionalization of surfaces. The synthesized phenanthrolines showed a moderate ability as activators or inhibitors of fungal β-d-glucosidases and β-d-galactosidases.
The noncommutative A-ideal of a (2,2p+1)-torus knot determines its Jones polynomial

The noncommutative A-ideal of a knot is a generalization of the A-polynomial, defined using Kauffman bracket skein modules. In this paper we show that any knot that has the same noncommutative A-ideal as the (2,2p + 1)-torus knot has the same colored Jones polynomials. This is a consequence of the orthogonality relation, which yields a recursive relation for computing all colored Jones polynomials of the knot.
Continuum Emission by Cooling Clouds

The collapse of baryons into the center of a host dark matter halo is accompanied by radiation that may be detectable as compact (10 kpc) UV-continuum and Lyα emission with Lyα luminosities as high as ~1042-1043 erg s–1 in halos of mass M = 1011-1012 M ☉. We show that the observed equivalent width (EW) of the Lyα line emitted by these cooling clouds is EW 400 A (rest frame). These luminosities and EWs are comparable to those detected in narrowband surveys for redshifted Lyα emission. The rest-frame ultraviolet of Lyα-emitting cooling clouds radiation may be dominated by two-photon transitions from 2s → 1s. The resulting spectrum can distinguish cooling clouds from a broad class of young star-forming galaxies.
Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome: a facial nerve center perspective.

Summary Objectives Melkersson–Rosenthal syndrome (MRS) is a rare neuro-mucocutaneous granulomatous disorder of unknown etiology, characterized by the triad of facial palsy, lingua plicata (fissured tongue), and orofacial edema. Few articles in the literature report series with more than 20 patients or focus on the facial nerve dominant presentation of MRS. Methods We performed a retrospective review of the patients diagnosed with MRS at a university-based Facial Nerve Center. Results Twenty-one patients were identified from 1971 to 2010. The age of presentation ranged from 22 to 67 years (mean 44.1). Seven (33.3%) were male and 14 (66.7%) were female. All (100%) patients had facial paralysis. Fourteen (66.7%) patients who initially presented with unilateral paralysis subsequently developed metachronous contralateral paralysis (alternating unilateral facial paralysis). One (4.7%) patient had simultaneous bilateral facial paralysis. The number of episodes per patient ranged from 1 to 8 (mean 3.1). Laterality was relatively equal: 35 episodes occurred on the right side and 31 on the left. The patient with most episodes of facial paralysis had four on the left and four on the right (metachronous). This was followed by three patients with six episodes each. The age of first incidence of facial paralysis ranged from 2 to 60 years (mean 34.4, median of 39). The mean interval between episodes was 4.7 years (range 0–30, median 3). Six (28.5%) of the patients reported a family history of MRS. Conclusions MRS is a rare disease of unknown pathogenesis in which oligosymptomatic forms predominate. Patients with this disease may present to different specialties complaining of different symptoms, and frequently, not all the classic features of the triad will be present. In our series of facial paralysis patients diagnosed with MRS, a higher proportion had the full triad of symptoms than has been previously reported in the literature.
Audit Committee Composition and Auditor Reporting

This study examines the relation between the composition of financially distressed firms' audit committees and the likelihood of receiving going‐concern reports. For firms experiencing financial distress during 1994, we find that the greater the percentage of affiliated directors on the audit committee, the lower the probability the auditor will issue a going‐concern report. These results support regulators' concern about financial‐reporting quality and the recent calls for more independent audit committees.
Review of magnetoelectric perovskite–spinel self-assembled nano-composite thin films

Two-phase multiferroic nano-composite thin films have been a topic of research interests in the last few years. This is because of their expected magnetoelectric coupling, as well as potential applications. This review focuses on recent findings in self-assembled nano-structure composite thin films, and various efforts to realize and improve their magnetoelectricity. Topics include: (i) nano-pillar and maze structures, and their formation mechanisms, and a nano-belt structure oriented in-plane found by our research group; (ii) the ferroelectric properties of composite thin films, and how they can be enhanced by epitaxial engineering; (iii) a magnetic anisotropy that is induced by constraint stress, and by the nano-structures of the ferromagnetic phase; and (iv) a magnetoelectric coupling that was first observed via a change in magnetization near the Curie temperature of the ferroelectric phase, a magnetization switching assisted by electric field, and recently direct measurements using a magnetic cantilever method yielding values of 18 mV/cm Oe in BiFeO3–CoFe2O4.
The structure of protoplasm

The earliest work on protoplasm, done by such pioneers as R6sel, von Rosenhof, Dujardin, von Mohl, and Purkinje was on living material. Then followed the work of the cytologists on fixed material. Much of interest and value resulted from these latter studies, notably the discovery of chromosomes and the phenomenon of mitosis. The new century ushered in a "new cytology" and with it not only a return to living material, but a new view-point based on modern physical and chemical interpretations. This change came about for a number of reasons. The now old cytology found itself, at least temporarily, in a cul de sac; the chemists were just beginning to offer their first substantial contributions to the study of colloidal systems, in particular, jellies; and the cytologist had come to realize that if he went no further than what he could see in his miscroscope, he would not get far, any more than would have the physicist had he stopped at what he could see and make a model of. Such methods, which dominated the mechanical interpretations of natural phenomena during the nineteenth century, had inevitably to give way to interpretations based on behavior, whether the behavior of electrons, colloidal systems, or protoplasm. One can not rest content with visible structure. The new cytology, from a strictly physiological point of view, may be said to have started with the work of Claude Bernard; from the chemical point of view, it began with the work of H. R. Proctor on "The Structure of Organic Jellies" (34). Protoplasm was viewed by the older workers either as a fine granular suspension or as a framework of fibers, the latter forming a continuous net or an entanglement of discontinuous fibrils. In 1924 Biitschli advanced his alveolar hypothesis of protoplasmic structure. He introduced the word alveolus (a small alveole or cavity) to indicate symmetrically arranged globules resembling small vacuoles and which, because of pressure, have assumed an angular form. Neither alveolus nor vacuole is, however, a well chosen term as there are no cavities or empty sacs in protoplasm. The alveolar structure is, in reality, that of an
Radical carbooxygenations of alkenes using hydroxamic acids

A radical-mediated approach to alkene carbooxygenation using hydroxamic acids is described. These transformations represent rare examples of direct carbooxygenations, and deliver versatile functionality to the unsaturated substrate. Included in this study are alkene oxyallylation, oxycyanation, and formal oxyacylation processes. These unique reactions capitalize on the reactivity of amidoxyl radicals in alkene additions.
The production and escape of nitrogen atoms on Mars

Updated rate coefficients and a revised ionosphere-thermosphere model are used to compute the production rates and densities of odd nitrogen species in the Martian atmosphere. Computed density profiles for N(4S), N(2D), N(2P), and NO are presented. The model NO densities are found to be about a factor of 2-3 less than those measured by the Viking 1 mass spectrometer. Revised values for the escape rates of N atoms from dissociative recombination and ionospheric reactions are also computed. Dissociative recombination is found to be comparable in importance to photodissociation at low solar activity, but it is still the most important escape mechanism for N-14 at high solar activity.
Joint inversion of geophysical and hydrological data for improved subsurface characterization

Understanding fluid distribution and movement in the subsurface is critical for a variety of subsurface applications, such as remediation of environmental contaminants, sequestration of nuclear waste and CO2, intrusion of saline water into fresh water aquifers, and the production of oil and gas. It is well recognized that characterizing the properties that control fluids in the subsurface with the accuracy and spatial coverage needed to parameterize flow and transport models is challenging using conventional borehole data alone. Integration of conventional borehole data with more spatially extensive geophysical data (obtained from the surface, between boreholes, and from surface to boreholes) shows promise for providing quantitative information about subsurface properties and processes. Typically, estimation of subsurface properties involves a two-step procedure in which geophysical data are first inverted and then integrated with direct measurements and petrophysical relationship information to estimate hydrological parameters. However, errors inherent to geophysical data acquisition and inversion approaches and errors associated with petrophysical relationships can decrease the value of geophysical data in the estimation procedure. In this paper, we illustrate using two examples how joint inversion approaches, or simultaneous inversion of geophysical and hydrological data, offer great potential for overcoming some of these limitations.
2D-3D transformation of layered perovskites through metathesis: synthesis of new quadruple perovskites A2La2CuTi3O12 (A = Sr, Ca).

We describe the synthesis of two new quadruple perovskites, $Sr_2La_2CuTi_3O_{12} (I)$ and $Ca_2La_2CuTi_3O_{12} (II),$ by solidstate metathesis reaction between $K_2La_2Ti_3O_{10}$ and $A_2CuO_2Cl_2 (A = Sr, Ca). I$ is formed at 920 °C/12 h, and II,at 750 °C/24 h. Both the oxides crystallize in a tetragonal (P4/mmm) quadruple perovskite structure (a ) 3.9098- (2) and c ) 15.794(1) A for I; a ) 3.8729(5) and c ) 15.689(2) A for II). We have determined the structures of I and II by Rietveld refinement of powder XRD data. The structure consists of perovskite-like octahedral $CuO_{4/2}O_{2/2}$ sheets alternating with triple octahedral $Ti_3O_{18/2}$ sheets along the c-direction. The refinement shows La/A disorder but no Cu/Ti disorder in the structure. The new cuprates show low magnetization $(0.0065_{\mu{B}}$ for I and $0.0033_{\mu{B}}$ for II) suggesting that the Cu(II) spins are in an antiferromagnetically ordered state. Both I and II transform at high temperatures to 3D perovskites where La/Sr and Cu/Ti are disordered, suggesting that I and II are metastable phases having been formed in the low-temperature metathesis reaction.Interestingly, the reaction between $K_2- La2_Ti_3O_{10}$ and $Ca_2CuO_2Cl_2$ follows a different route at 650 °C, $K_2La_2Ti_3O_{10} + Ca_2CuO_2Cl_2 \rightarrow CaLa_2Ti_3O_{10} + CaCuO_2 + 2KCl,$ revealing multiple reaction pathways for metathesis reactions.
On Mirror Symmetry in Three Dimensional Abelian Gauge Theories

We present an identity relating the partition function of N = 4 supersymmetric QED to that of its dual under mirror symmetry. The identity is a generalized Fourier transform. Many known properties of abelian theories can be derived from this formula, including the mirror transforms for more general gauge and matter content. We show that N = 3 Chern-Simons QED and N = 4 QED with BF-type couplings are conformal field theories with exactly marginal couplings. Mirror symmetry acts on these theories as strong-weak coupling duality. After identifying the mirror of the gauge coupling (sometimes called the "magnetic coupling") we construct a theory which is exactly mirror - at all scales - to N = 4 SQED. We also study vortex-creation operators in the large N-f limit.
Regional Technological Differences: The Case of Southern European Union

This paper examines the spatial spillover effects and the productivity rate of patents in southern European Union. It provides a systematic analysis of the relationship between productivity of patents and the factors that generate economically useful new technological knowledge. An applied spatial econometric framework is employed since this approach is particularly useful in the study of the spatial patterns of patents’ productivity, at the lowest possible levels of spatial aggregation.
US–Tyres : Upholding a WTO Accession Contract – Imposing Pain for Little Gain

In 2009, the United States imposed additional tariffs for a three-year period on imports of automotive tires from China under a special-safeguard provision included in China's Protocol of Accession to the WTO. China challenged the measure in the WTO. The case marked the first WTO dispute in which a challenged safeguard was upheld by the Appellate Body; the first in which an accession protocol was used successfully as a defense; and the first that China lost as a complaining party. It also was noteworthy in that the safeguard was sought by a labor union, not the domestic industry. This paper reviews the WTO Appellate Body's findings and discusses a number of the legal and policy implications regarding China's Accession Protocol, the Safeguards Agreement, and WTO accession law, as well as economic aspects of the case.
Travel Time Reliability with Risk-Sensitive Travelers

In recent empirical studies on values of time and reliability, many have suggested that travelers are interested not only in travel time saving but also in reduction in travel time variability. Variability introduces uncertainty for travelers such that they do not know exactly when they will arrive at their destination. Thus, it is considered as a risk (or an added cost) to a traveler making a trip. Continuing research is reported on route choice models and the effect on travel time reliability in an uncertain environment caused by demand and supply variations. The goal is to examine what the aggregate impact of changes in variability might be on network assignment and how travelers with different risk-taking behaviors respond to these changes.
Multiclus: A new method for simultaneously performing multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis

This paper develops a maximum likelihood based method for simultaneously performing multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis on two-way dominance or profile data. This MULTICLUS procedure utilizes mixtures of multivariate conditional normal distributions to estimate a joint space of stimulus coordinates andK vectors, one for each cluster or group, in aT-dimensional space. The conditional mixture, maximum likelihood method is introduced together with an E-M algorithm for parameter estimation. A Monte Carlo analysis is presented to investigate the performance of the algorithm as a number of data, parameter, and error factors are experimentally manipulated. Finally, a consumer psychology application is discussed involving consumer expertise/experience with microcomputers.
Remote Stereoinduction in the Acylation of Fully Substituted Enolates: Tandem Reformatsky/Quaternary Claisen Condensations of Silyl Glyoxylates and β-Lactones

Reformatsky reagents react sequentially with silyl glyoxylates and β-lactones to give highly functionalized Claisen condensation products. A heretofore undocumented instance of stereochemical 1,4-induction results in efficient transmission of β-lactone stereochemistry to the emerging fully substituted stereocenter. Second-stage transformations reveal that the five heteroatom-containing functionalities embedded within the products are entirely chemo-differentiated, a circumstance that permits rapid assembly of the leustroducsin B core substructure.
Broadcast of surgical procedures as a teaching instrument in cardiothoracic surgery.

2008;86:357-361 Ann Thorac Surg The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Standards and Ethics Committee Robert M. Sade and American Association for Thoracic Surgery Ethics Committee and Surgery Broadcast of Surgical Procedures as a Teaching Instrument in Cardiothoracic http://ats.ctsnetjournals.org/cgi/content/full/86/2/357 located on the World Wide Web at: The online version of this article, along with updated information and services, is
Origin of microorganisms in traumatized, pulpless, sound teeth

Summary Traumatized sound teeth occasion ally develop devitalized, infected pulps. An effort was made to determine where the organisms that cause infection originate. An organism not indigenous to the mouths of dogs or monkeys, Serratia marcescens , was implanted in the gingival crevices of these animals. The organism was recovered from the pulp tissue or root canal in approximately a third of the teeth after trauma.
Spatial-frequency requirements for reading revisited.

Blur is one of many visual factors that can limit reading in both normal and low vision. Legge et al. [Legge, G. E., Pelli, D. G., Rubin, G. S., & Schleske, M. M. (1985). Psychophysics of reading. I. Normal vision. Vision Research, 25, 239–252.] measured reading speed for text that was low-pass filtered with a range of cutoff spatial frequencies. Above 2 cycles per letter (CPL) reading speed was constant at its maximum level, but decreased rapidly for lower cutoff frequencies. It remains unknown why the critical cutoff for reading speed is near 2 CPL. The goal of the current study was to ask whether the spatial-frequency requirement for rapid reading is related to the effects of cutoff frequency on letter recognition and the size of the visual span. Visual span profiles were measured by asking subjects to recognize letters in trigrams (random strings of three letters) flashed for 150 ms at varying letter positions left and right of the fixation point. Reading speed was measured with Rapid Serial Visual Presentation (RSVP). The size of the visual span and reading speed were measured for low-pass filtered stimuli with cutoff frequencies from 0.8 to 8 CPL. Low-pass letter recognition data, obtained under similar testing conditions, were available from our previous study (Kwon & Legge, 2011). We found that the spatial-frequency requirement for reading is very similar to the spatial-frequency requirements for the size of the visual span and single letter recognition. The critical cutoff frequencies for reading speed, the size of the visual span and a contrast-invariant measure of letter recognition were all near 1.4 CPL, which is lower than the previous estimate of 2 CPL for reading speed. Although correlational in nature, these results are consistent with the hypothesis that the size of the visual span is closely linked to reading speed.
SAN-RL: combining spreading activation networks and reinforcement learning to learn configurable behaviors

This approach provides the agent with a causal structure, the spreading activation network, relating goals to the actions that can achieve those goals. This enables the agent to select actions relative to the goal priorities.
Förster resonance energy transfer, absorption and emission spectra in multichromophoric systems. III. Exact stochastic path integral evaluation

A numerically exact path integral treatment of the absorption and emission spectra of open quantum systems is presented that requires only the straightforward solution of a stochastic differential equation. The approach converges rapidly enabling the calculation of spectra of large excitonic systems across the complete range of system parameters and for arbitrary bath spectral densities. With the numerically exact absorption and emission operators, one can also immediately compute energy transfer rates using the multi-chromophoric Forster resonant energy transfer formalism. Benchmark calculations on the emission spectra of two level systems are presented demonstrating the efficacy of the stochastic approach. This is followed by calculations of the energy transfer rates between two weakly coupled dimer systems as a function of temperature and system-bath coupling strength. It is shown that the recently developed hybrid cumulant expansion (see Paper II) is the only perturbative method capable of generating uniformly reliable energy transfer rates and emission spectra across a broad range of system parameters.
Computer Printouts as Legal Evidence

ABSTRACT This article discusses computer--based information and its uses as evidence in legal proceedings. It explains the rules of evidence and their effect on an organization's management of its databases and describes methods of handling requests for production of computerized data.
LOWER METAL ENRICHMENT OF VIRIALIZED GAS IN MINIHALOS

We differentiate between the metal enrichment of the gas in virialized minihalos and that of the intergalactic medium at high redshift, which is pertinent to cosmological reionization, with the initial expectation that gas in the high-density regions within formed dark matter halos may be more robust and thus resistant to mixing with the lower density intergalactic medium. Using detailed hydrodynamic simulations of gas clouds in minihalos subject to destructive processes associated with the encompassing intergalactic shocks carrying metal-enriched gas, we find, as an example, that, for realistic shocks with velocities of 10-100 km s−1, more than (90%, 65%) of the high-density gas with -->ρ ≥ 500ρb inside a minihalo virialized at -->z = 10 with a mass of (107, 106) M☉, respectively, remains at a metallicity lower than 3% of that of the intergalactic medium by redshift -->z = 6. It may be expected that the high-density gas in minihalos will become fuel for subsequent star formation when they are incorporated into larger halos, where efficient atomic cooling can induce gas condensation and hence star formation. Since minihalos virialize at high redshift, when the universe is not expected to have been significantly reionized, the implication is that gas in virialized minihalos may provide an abundant reservoir of primordial gas that could possibly allow the formation of Population III metal-free stars to extend to much lower redshifts than would have been otherwise expected on the basis of the enrichment of the intergalactic medium.
Rainbow actuators and sensors: a new smart technology

Recent developments in the technology of ferroelectric, piezoelectric, electrostrictive and antiferroelectric ceramic actuators have clearly demonstrated that the materials required for future applications such as positioners, levelers, pumps, vibration-free structures and variable-focus elements will need to be more sophisticated (multifunctional and smart), more economical and possess a higher degree of performance than presently available. One recently developed method for producing considerably higher- than-normal displacement in these materials is known as the RAINBOW (Reduced and INternally Biased Oxide Wafer) technology. This acronym denotes the basic active structure of the Rainbow device which is produced by a special high temperature chemical reduction process. In its most basic sense, a Rainbow can be considered to be a pre-stressed, monolithic, axial-mode bender; however, because of its unique dome or saddle-shaped configuration, it is able to produce much higher displacements (up to several mm depending on size) and sustain moderate loads (up to 10 kg depending on thickness) than normal benders such as unimorphs and bimorphs. The technology of producing and characterizing such Rainbows as well as methods for increasing their utility by means of stacked actuators for increased linear displacement and matrix arrays for enhanced coverage in wide-area applications such as smart skins, autoleveling structures and deformable coatings are described.
A Large Mass of H2 in the Brightest Cluster Galaxy in Zwicky 3146

We present the Spitzer/IRS mid-infrared spectrum of the infrared-luminous (L_(IR) = 4 × 10^(11) L_☉) brightest cluster galaxy (BCG) in the X-ray-luminous cluster Zwicky 3146 (Z3146; z = 0.29). The spectrum shows strong aromatic emission features, indicating that the dominant source of the infrared luminosity is star formation. The most striking feature of the spectrum, however, is the exceptionally strong molecular hydrogen (H_2) emission lines, which seem to be shock-excited. The line luminosities and inferred warm H_2 gas mass (~10^(10) M_☉) are 6 times larger than those of NGC 6240, the most H_2-luminous galaxy at z ≲ 0.05. Together with the large amount of cold H_2 detected previously (~10^(11) M_☉), this indicates that the Z3146 BCG contains disproportionately large amounts of both warm and cold H_2 gas for its infrared luminosity, which may be related to the intracluster gas cooling process in the cluster core.
Effectiveness of Haptic Sensation for the Evaluation of Virtual Prototypes

Virtual Reality techniques provide a unique new way to interact with three-dimensional digital objects. Virtual prototyping refers to the use of virtual reality to obtain evaluations of designs while they are still in digital form before physical prototypes are built. While the current state-of-the-art in virtual reality relies mainly on the use of stereo viewing and auditory feedback, commercial haptic devices have recently become available that can be integrated into the virtual environment to provide force feedback to the user. This paper outlines a study that was performed to determine whether the addition of force feedback to the virtual prototyping task improved the ability of the participants to make design decisions. The specific task involved comparing the location and movement of two virtual parking brakes located in the virtual cockpit of an automobile. The paper describes the purpose, methods and results of the study.
Nilpotent orbits over ground fields of good characteristic

Let X be an F-rational nilpotent element in the Lie algebra of a connected and reductive group G defined over the ground field F. Suppose that the Lie algebra has a non-degenerate invariant bilinear form. We show that the unipotent radical of the centralizer of X is F-split. This property has several consequences. When F is complete with respect to a discrete valuation with either finite or algebraically closed residue field, we deduce a uniform proof that G(F) has finitely many nilpotent orbits in (F). When the residue field is finite, we obtain a proof that nilpotent orbital integrals converge. Under some further (fairly mild) assumptions on G, we prove convergence for arbitrary orbital integrals on the Lie algebra and on the group. The convergence of orbital integrals in the case where F has characteristic 0 was obtained by Deligne and Ranga Rao (1972).
Carbocyclic 5'-noruridine.

Abstract A convenient preparation of (1′R,2′S,3′R,4′S)-1-(2′,3′4′-trihydroxycyclopent-1′-yl)-1H-uracil (carbocyclic 5′-noruridine, 1) is described in 2 steps from the palladium complex of (+)-(1R,4S)-4-hydroxy-2-cyclopenten-1-yl acetate (3) and the sodium salt of uracil (2). Compound 1 was sought as a previously unknown member of the series of carbocyclic 5′-nor nucleosides needed as moieties for new oligomers. With 1 available, its antiviral properties and those of its enantiomer (5) are reported with 5 showing promising activity towards Epstein-Barr virus.
A Portable Airborne Scanning Lidar System for Ocean and Coastal Applications

Abstract A portable compact airborne scanning lidar system based on the Riegl LMS-Q240i has been developed and its functionality demonstrated for oceanographic and coastal measurements. Differential GPS (DGPS) and an inertial navigation system are synchronized with the lidar, resulting in vertical rms errors of less than 9 cm. Surveys with this airborne system are compared with ground-based DGPS surveys of fixed targets. Measurements of the southern California coastline and nearshore surface wave fields from 17 research flights between August 2007 and December 2008 are analyzed and discussed. The October 2007 landslide on Mt. Soledad in La Jolla, California, was documented by two of the flights. The topography, lagoon, reef, and surrounding wave field of Lady Elliot Island in Australia’s Great Barrier Reef were measured with the airborne scanning lidar system on eight research flights in April 2008. Applications of the system, including coastal topographic surveys, wave measurements, ship wake studies, an...
The Role of Output Stabilization in the Conduct of Monetary Policy

This paper examines the role of output stabilization in the conduct of monetary policy. It argues that activist monetary policy ‐ in which the monetary authorities focus on output fluctuations in the setting of their policy instrument and in policy statements ‐ is likely to produce worse outcomes for output and inflation fluctuations, because it will lead to suboptimal monetary policy, but also because it complicates monetary authorities’ communication strategy and can weaken the credibility of the central bank. In contrast, conducting monetary policy with a flexible inflation target rule is likely to produce better outcomes. A flexible inflation target rule also allows the monetary authorities to communicate effectively to the public that they do care about output fluctuations, but makes it less likely that they will be encouraged to try to exploit the short-run trade-off between output and inflation.
Emission from dust in visual reflection nebulae at infrared and submillimeter wavelengths

Far-IR and submillimeter images of five bright visual reflection nebulae, IC 446, NGC2247, NGC 2245, NGC 7023, and CED 201 are presented and used with composite IR spectra to derive parameters such as the fraction of nebulae emission attributed to molecule-sized grains, the range of nebulae grain albedos, gas densities, and gas cloud geometries. The results show that 30-45 percent of the nebulae emission lies at wavelengths of less than 30 microns. The variation in IR luminosity may be related to variations in nebulae gas density and less than optimal gas cloud geometries rather than to anomalous grain albedos. Relative extinction efficincies of roughly 1000-5000 are inferred for stellar photospheres with effective wavelengths of roughly 0.25-0.5 micron. The resultant mass-extinction coefficient is roughly 10-50 sq cm/g. 79 refs.
Topological properties of Hamiltonian circle actions

This paper studies Hamiltonian circle actions, i.e. circle subgroups of the group Ham(M,ω) of Hamiltonian symplectomorphisms of a closed symplectic manifold (M,ω). Our main tool is the Seidel representation of π1(Ham(M,ω)) in the units of the quantum homology ring. We show that if the weights of the action at the points at which the moment map is a maximum are sufficiently small then the circle represents a nonzero element of π1(Ham(M,ω)). Further, if the isotropy has order at most two and the circle contracts in Ham(M,ω) then various symmetry properties hold. For example, the image of the normalized moment map is a symmetric interval [−a, a]. If the action is semifree (i.e. the isotropy weights are 0 or ±1) then we calculate the leading order term in the Seidel representation, an important technical tool in understanding the quantum cohomology of manifolds that admit semifree Hamiltonian circle actions. If the manifold is toric, we use our results about this representation to describe the basic multiplicative structure of the quantum cohomology ring of an arbitrary toric manifold. There are two important technical ingredients; one relates the equivariant cohomology of M to the Morse flow of the moment map, and the other is a version of the localization principle for calculating Gromov–Witten invariants on symplectic manifolds with S1-actions.
Highly Regioselective Arylation of sp3 C−H Bonds Catalyzed by Palladium Acetate

A new palladium-catalyzed arylation process based on C−H activation has been developed. The utilization of pyridine-containing directing groups allows the β-arylation of carboxylic acid derivatives and γ-arylation of amine derivatives. Both primary and secondary sp3 C−H bonds, as well as sp2 C−H bonds, are reactive.
Copper-Catalyzed Halogen Exchange in Aryl Halides: An Aromatic Finkelstein Reaction

A mild and general method for the conversion of aryl, heteroaryl, and vinyl bromides into the corresponding iodides was developed utilizing a catalyst system comprising 5 mol % of CuI and 10 mol % of a 1,2- or 1,3-diamine ligand. A variety of polar functional groups are tolerated, and even N−H containing substrates such as sulfonamides, amides, and indoles are compatible with the reaction conditions. Both the reaction rate and the equilibrium conversion of the aryl bromide depend on the choice of the halide salt and the solvent. The best results were obtained using NaI as the halide salt and dioxane, n-butanol, or n-pentanol as the solvents.
Palladium-Catalyzed C−CN Activation for Intramolecular Cyanoesterification of Alkynes

Conditions for the C−CN activation and intramolecular cyanoesterification of alkynes to provide butenolides in good to excellent yields are presented. Pd catalysts, high temperatures/short reaction times (microwave irradiation), and Lewis basic solvents minimized competitive decarbonylation. Less sterically encumbered, electron-rich alkynes underwent cyanoesterification with greater ease compared to sterically encumbered, electron-deficient alkynes. The results led to the hypothesis that migratory insertion of the alkyne, rather than C−CN activation, might be the product-determining step.
Three-dimensional open framework built from Cu-S icosahedral clusters and its photocatalytic property.

Reported here is an extraordinary and unprecedented sulfide containing icosahedral [Cu8S12]16− clusters that behave like a pseudo-octahedral unit in the bonding pattern and are linked through two monomeric GeS44− and four dimeric Ge2S64− units into a covalent 3-D open framework. Its large Cu to Ge ratio is highly unusual in 3-D open-framework sulfides and contributes to its low electronic band gap and the visible light photocatalytic activity.
PHARMAGENY: THE NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT PROCESS*

Before a new drug product can be marketed in the United States, it must first be approved by an agency of the federal government, the Food and Drug Administration. The first step on the way through...
Mass gap in Kaluza-Klein spectrum in a network of brane worlds

We consider the Newton's force law for brane world consisting of periodic configuration of branes. We show that it supports a massless graviton. Furthermore, this massless mode is well separated from the Kaluza-Klein spectrum by a mass gap. Thus most of the problems in phenomenology coming from continuum of Kaluza-Klein modes without mass gap are potentially cured in such a model.
Delocalization and phase transitions in Pr: Theory

Density-functional electronic structure calculations have been used to investigate the high pressure behavior of Pr at low temperature. Several phase transitions are suggested by these calculations and they agree well with available experimental data. At low pressure, a dhcp (Pr-I)→fcc (Pr-II) transition is calculated to occur at 60 kbar. Not considering the Pr-III phase, which is computationally too demanding, Pr-II transforms to the α-U (Pr-IV) phase at 165 kbar. This latter transition is accompanied by a volume collapse of about 10% and is driven by delocalization of the 4f electrons in Pr. The axial ratios (b/a and c/a) and the internal parameter y of Pr-IV were calculated as a function of compression, y and c/a are rather insensitive to the compression whereas b/a decreases significantly with increasing pressure. At about I Mbar a new phase is predicted, namely a body-centered-tetragonal (bct) structure with a c/a axial ratio of 1.78. This new phase is stable up to very high pressures but at a sixfold compression an ultimate hexagonal close-packed (hep) structure is predicted. The calculated high pressure behavior of Pr is similar to that of the early actinide Pa. Pressure induced increase in 4f-orbital overlap, occupation and band width together with an increased electrostatic Coulomb interaction with pressure are the key components in stabilizing the high pressure phases of Pr.
Cyclodextrin-based class I aldolase enzyme mimics to catalyze crossed aldol condensations

Abstract A variety of mono- and unsymmetrical bifunctional β-cyclodextrins have been developed as efficient mimics of class I aldolases, some of which show a large rate acceleration and substrate selectivity.