cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Communications-inspired SOC Design Paradigm for Extending Moore's Law into the Nanometer Era

This seminar will focus on a key barrier to the continuation of Moore's Law in the nanometer regime: the power-reliability wall. Power and reliability though intimately intertwined have historically been addressed by disparate communities. The result being the above mentioned power-reliability wall which threatens the well-being of the semiconductor industry. I will describe a communications-inspired design paradigm for nanometer ICs that has the potential to breach the power-reliability wall. This paradigm is based on the view that nanometer SOCs are miniature communication networks; a view first proposed in our 1997 publication and later in the 1999 and 2003 International Technology Roadmap Semiconductors. The talk will demonstrate communications-inspired designs of on-chip computation and communication sub-systems.
Labile type-specific antigen of Moraxella catarrhalis.

By using hot acid extract and double-diffusion studies, an antigen isolated from clinical strains of Moraxella catarrhalis, designated the C antigen, was studied. The antigen is labile, relatively trypsin insensitive, and either polysaccharide or glycoconjugate in nature. At least two serologically distinct C antigens have been identified. Images
Dynamic Assignment in Distributed Motion Planning with Limited Information

Distributed motion planning of multiple agents raises fundamental and novel problems in control theory and robotics. In this paper, we consider the problem of designing distributed motion algorithms that dynamically assign targets or destinations to multiple homogeneous agents. We achieve this goal using a novel control decomposition. In particular, navigation of every agent to any available destination is due to distributed multi-destination potential fields, while the mutual exclusion property of the final assignment is guaranteed by local coordination protocols among the agents. Integration of the proposed controllers results in a hybrid model for every agent, while the overall system is shown to always converge to a valid assignment and have at most polynomial complexity, dramatically reducing the combinatorial nature of purely discrete assignment problems. We conclude by illustrating our approach through nontrivial computer simulations.
Commentary: Myths, Narratives, and Patterns of Rumors: The Construction of ‘Jewish Subversion’ and Retributive Violence in 1940—41 Romania

Sen and Wagner (2009) advance the thesis of the centrality of fundamentalist belief systems in violence. I provide further explication of their thesis by looking at the Romanian case. The explosion of violence around 1940—41, the years when Romania joined the Axis and entered the Second World War cannot be understood without taking into account the historical, political, social, and cultural factors that created the radical atmosphere of xenophobia, mass psychosis, and mobilization against Others . Rumors emerge as the most powerful psychological means of spreading the official master narrative of ‘domestic Jewish treason’. Reinterpretation of various cultural symbols also played an important role in excluding the Jewish Other from the national community.
RECENT INVESTIGATIONS OF THE AERODYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF GENERAL AND SPECIFIC LIFTING AND NONLIFTING CONFIGURATIONS AT MACH 24 IN HELIUM, INCLUDING AIRHELIUM SIMULATION STUDIES

Aerodynamic characteristics of lifting and nonlifting configurations in helium and air-helium simulation studies
Low Carbon Development for Cities: Methods and Measures

Cities consume more than 60% of global energy and that share is rising with the rapid rate of urbanization. With cities playing a crucial role in sustainable energy and climate systems, this article examines emerging efforts by cities around the world to shift to a development pattern with less energy and less carbon. We review metrics that define a low carbon city and present key steps in low carbon development. We examine city-level inventory methods and target setting. Much of the article is devoted to examples of policy measures that cities are pursuing to save energy and carbon, from net-zero buildings and 20-min neighborhoods to distributed and renewable urban energy supply. Keywords: low carbon development; low carbon city; climate action plan; emissions inventory methods; indicators and benchmarking; energy efficiency; climate change mitigation
A Class-E PA With Pulse-Width and Pulse-Position Modulation in 65 nm CMOS

A class-E power amplifier (PA) utilizes differential switches and a tuned passive output network improves power-added efficiency (PAE) and insensitivity to amplitude variations at its input. A modulator is introduced that takes outphased waveforms as its inputs and generates a pulse-width and pulse-position modulated (PWPM) signal as its output. The PWPM modulator is used in conjunction with a class-E PA to efficiently amplify constant envelope (e.g., GMSK) and non-constant envelope (e.g., QPSK, QAM, OFDM) signals with moderate peak-to-average ratios (PAR). The measured maximum output power of the PA is 28.6 dBm with a PAE of 28.5%, and the measured error vector magnitude (EVM) is 1.2% and 4.6% for GMSK and pi/4-DQPSK (PAR ap 4 dB) modulated signals, respectively.
G.H. Mead's Understanding of the Nature of Speech in the Light of Contemporary Research

The following analysis demonstrates that G.H. Mead's understanding of human speech (what Mead often referred to as “the vocal gesture”) is remarkably consistent with today's interdisciplinary field that studies speech as a natural behavior with an evolutionary history. Mead seems to have captured major empirical and theoretical insights more than half a century before the contemporary field began to take shape. In that field the framework known as “Tinbergen's Four Questions,” developed in ecology to study naturally occurring behavior in nonhuman animals, has been an effective organizing framework for research on human speech. It is used in this paper to organize the comparison of Mead with contemporary scholars. The analysis concludes that Mead was, in a sense, “beyond” the Four Questions by recognizing the limitations of reductionist methods in understanding the nature of conscious phenomena, especially language. Mead's socially situated model of the nature of human speech makes him relevant to today's field where some see an undervaluation of the treatment of language as a social process.
Design and implementation of a structured flight controller for a 6DoF quadrotor using quaternions

This paper describes a practical implementation of simple control algorithms on a 6DoF quadrotor flying in an uncontrolled environment and being equipped with inexpensive sensors. A significant number of control algorithms that apply dynamic inversion or backstepping techniques on simplified state variable models of the vehicle dynamics are present in the literature, but they are only tested in simulations where real-life issues like sensor noise and precision, vibrations, measurement reference frames, and modeling errors are not included completely or even partially. Here it is shown that if the practical implementation is done correctly, even simple PD controllers can ensure the stability of the quadrotor platform in hover.
The Sugar Study: A Monograph for In-Class Research with Medical Students

Introduction Evidence based medicine (EBM) calls for physicians to read and understand research, and EBM training has been integrated in medical education.1,2 After many years of EBM education in medical schools, studies are starting to demonstrate the ineffectiveness of certain methods of EBM training.3-5 Although lectures in EBM can address research knowledge, they may not change clinician skills and behavior.6 If students do not understand the research process, they many not fully grasp the quality of the research they are reading.
Designing for Peace: Regional Integration Arrangements, Institutional Variation, and Militarized Interstate Disputes

Does institutional variation have implications for questions of conflict and peace? Theory indicates that it does, but extant studies that address this question treat such institutions as homogenous. Building on recent theoretical advances, I argue that cooperation on a wide array of economic issues and regular meetings of high-level officials provide member-states with valuable information regarding the interests and resolve of their counterparts. This, in turn, reduces uncertainty and improves the prospects of a peaceful resolution of interstate disputes. To test the effect of these two institutional features on the level of militarized interstate disputes (MIDs), I present an original data set that measures variation in institutional design and implementation across a large number of regional integration arrangements (RIAs) in the 1980s and 1990s. Employing multivariate regression techniques and the regional unit of analysis, I find that a wider scope of economic activity and regular meetings among high-level officials mitigate violent conflict. These results remain intact after controlling for alternative explanations and addressing concerns of endogeneity.Earlier drafts of this paper were presented at the 45th Anual Convention of the International Studies Association, Montreal, March 16–20, 2004 and at the 100th Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago, September 2–5, 2004. For helpful comments and suggestions I thank the editor and two anonymous referees of this journal, as well as Paul Fritz, Yoav Gortzak, Edward Mansfield, Timothy McKeown, Brian Pollins, Peter Rosendorff, Donald Sylvan, Alex Thompson, and Peter Trumbore.
Reply to Lechin and van der Dijs

we appreciate the interest in and thought-provoking discussion about the possible mechanism of l-arginine-induced pancreatitis as it relates to our recently published paper ([1][1]). In this study, we hypothesize that excessive peroxynitrite formation as result of high doses of l-arginine could
The Employment of College Students: Its Role in the Educative Process

How valuable is part-time student employment as an educational experience or as a preparation for a future vocation? How are the colleges trying to solve the problem? To what extent is a student's employment related to his course of study? These are some of the questions discussed in this lively article.
Maintaining Orthodoxy: The Depression-Era Struggle over Morphine Maintenance in California

With the closure of the Shreveport Clinic in 1923, the United States entered a 40-year period during which legal opiate maintenance was limited to a small number of registered medical addicts, most...
Long‐term habituation of the speech‐elicited mismatch negativity

A significant issue in the use of the mismatch negativity evoked potential (MMN) concerns its low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). One can improve the noise level by increasing the number of samples included in the averaged response. However, improvement achieved in this way assumes that the signal, the MMN, remains stable for extended test times, an assumption which has not been tested. If the MMN is not stable, or exhibits habituation over the test session, then SNR would be adversely affected. MMN response magnitude was measured in 5-min intervals over the course of a test session in response to various speech syllable contrasts. Significant long-term habituation of MMN was observed for all three subject populations tested: young adults, school-age children, and guinea pigs. The time course of the habituation and the stimulus conditions under which it occurs have important implications for research and clinical applications of the MMN. Recording procedures that minimize habituation effects may be used to advantage to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the MMN.
Preliminary study of three tumor markers for hepatocellular carcinoma: AFP, AFP-L3, and Glypican-3

15014 Background: a-Fetoprotein (AFP) is the most widely used biochemical marker for detection of hepatocellular cancer (HCC). AFP is also elevated in acute and chronic liver disease, limiting its ...
Primigravidas under age 14

This study determines if there was an increase in fetopelvic disproportion in young primigravidas (< 14 years of age) secondary to pelvic immaturity and compares the pregnancy in this group of patients with those in previous studies of young primigravidas. Records of 50 cases of pregnancy in girls (< 14 years of age) including 46 patients who were 13 years old and 4 who were aged 12 for an incidence of 1:1.735 were reviewed. 89% were blacks and the same percentage were unmarried; 65% had prenatal care which included 2 or more visits. There was a high incidence of prolonged labor (18%) and of toxemia coupled with an equally high incidence of anemia. There was no increase in fetopelvic disproportion because of pelvic immaturity. Social; economic and psychological factors (eg hostile and unsympathetic family or environment) have a potential for damaging permanently any unstable and even some stable emotional personalities. The role of the physician in alleviating some of the problems of teenage pregnancy is briefly discussed.
Stochastic Optimal Coordination of Small UAVs for Target Tracking using Regression-based Dynamic Programming

We study the problem of optimally coordinating multiple fixed-wing UAVs to perform vision-based target tracking, which entails that the UAVs are tasked with gathering the best joint vision-based measurements of an unpredictable ground target. We utilize an analytic expression for the error covariance associated with the fused measurements of the target's position, and we employ stochastic fourth-order models for all vehicles, thereby incorporating a high degree of realism into the problem formulation. While dynamic programming can generate an optimal control policy that minimizes the expected value of the fused geolocation error covariance over time, it is accompanied by significant computational challenges due to the curse of dimensionality. In order to circumvent this challenge, we present a novel policy generation technique that combines simulation-based policy iteration with a robust regression scheme. The resulting control policy offers a significant advantage over alternative approaches and shows that the optimal control strategy involves coordinating the UAVs' distances to the target rather than their viewing angles, which had been a common practice in target tracking.
Evaluation of synthetic serum substitute versus serum as protein supplementation for mouse and human embryo culture.

Purpose: Our purpose was to determine the effect of Synthetic Serum Substitute (SSS) versus serum supplementation on fertilization rates and subsequent development of embryos from patients undergoing IVF.
Regio- and Stereocontrol in the Reactions of α-Halo-β,γ-enoates and α-O-Phosphono-β,γ-enenitriles with Organocuprates

The reactions of (Z)- and (E)-ethyl 2-chloro-3-octenoate (4a and 17) and (E)- and (Z)-diethyl (1-cyano-2-heptenyl)phosphate (21a and 21b) with organocuprates were investigated as potential substrates for preparing γ-substituted α,β-enoates and enenitriles. In these copper-mediated allylic substitution reactions, the Z-isomer 4a displayed complete regio- and stereoselectivity (i.e., E:Z), while the regio- and stereoselectivity for E-isomer 17 varied as a function of solvent, cuprate reagent, transferable ligand, and cuprate counterion (e.g., Li+ vs MgX+). Excellent selectivities could be achieved with 17 and nBuCuCNLi in Et2O. Conditions for improved selectivities in the reactions of allylic cyanophosphates over those previously reported were found. A series of relative rate and competition experiments was performed, and the degree of regio- and stereoselectivity for each system was rationalized in the light of the current mechanistic understanding of cuprate-mediated allylic substitution reactions.
Re: search for a primary lung neoplasm in patients with brain metastasis: is the chest radiograph sufficient?

T he paper by Latief et al. [ 11 in this issue of the AiR describes 32 patients who presented with brain metastases without a known primary site and who had chest radiography and chest CT performed. Amazingly. 31 of the 32 had primary lung carcinoma. Two previous series [2. 3] found lung cancer in two thirds of patients who presented with brain metastases without a known primary site. The higher proportion in the current series is likely caused in part by selection bias (the study was retrospective and included only patients who had undergone both chest radiography and chest CT). Nonetheless, the lungs merit a careful search in all patients presenting with brain metastasis. Identification of lung cancer as a site of ongin of brain metastasis is important. First, biopsy of a lung lesion is usually easier and safer than biopsy of an intracranial lesion. Second, if the brain metastasis is solitary, resection of the lung cancer and its metastasis can result in improved quality of life and, in selected cases, a 5-year survival of about 10% [4-7]. Because nodal status is one of the important determinants of survival in lung cancer patients whose brain metastases are resected [4], CT of the chest may provide useful staging and prognostic information. Twelve of the patients with lung cancer in the study by Latief et al. had chest radiographs that were read as showing normal or nonspecifically abnormal findings. These readings may be partly because it is often difficult to achieve
The Role of Liposomal Bupivacaine in Reduction of Postoperative Pain After Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion: A Clinical Study.

Background Postoperative pain after transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) is a barrier to early mobility. Intraoperative local infiltration of anesthetic agents is standard practice to alleviate postoperative pain. Liposomal formulations may prolong the action of these anesthetic agents. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of liposomal bupivacaine in postoperative pain control in patients undergoing unilateral, single-level TLIF. Methods From a cohort of 74 patients, half received nonliposomal local anesthetic and half received liposomal bupivacaine (LB) (LB group) via local infiltration. Both groups received a standard postoperative analgesia regimen. Demographic information, postoperative pain scores (visual analog scale), analgesic consumption, length of stay, and complications were retrospectively collected. Results The area under the curve of cumulative pain scores was significantly lower in the LB group between 0 and 12 hours (15.0 ± 15.6 vs. 45.6 ± 21.1, P = 0.003) and between 12 and 24 hours (37.6 ± 20.6 vs. 48.4 ± 24.9, P = 0.05) after surgery. Significantly fewer narcotic equivalents were consumed in the LB group between 12 and 24 hours (16.0 ± 13.4 mg vs. 24.1 ± 19.7 mg intravenous morphine equivalents, P = 0.04). Length of stay was significantly shorter in the LB group than in the control group (3.1 ± 0.9 days vs. 4.3 ± 1.3 days, P Conclusions LB may be a useful adjunct during unilateral TLIF for decreasing pain and narcotic consumption in the first 24 hours after surgery and may also decrease overall length of stay.
COLOMBIAN EQUITY RETURN AND NARROW MONEY SUPPLY: AN ASYMMETRIC COINTEGRATION ANALYSIS

? The asymmetric, cointegrating relationship between the return on equity market and the narrowly defined money supply is documented. In fact, equity return and the monthly percentage change in the Colombian money supply M 1 spread adjusts to the threshold value slower when a contractionary countercyclical policy action or an economic shock causes the money supply M 1 to fall relative to the share price index, widening their spread, than when an expansionary countercyclical monetary policy action or a shock causes money supply M 1 to move in the opposite direction, narrowing their spread. The empirical findings further indicate the impact lag on the Colombian monetary policy in the equity market is two years. These empirical findings should be of interest to both domestic and international investors who are interested in the Colombian equity market. The results also reveal the presence of both the neoclassical and the post-Keynesian positions on the relationship between equity return and money supply M 1 Key words: Asymmetry; return on equity market; money supply M 1 ; TAR model; Colombia. in the Colombian financial market. In the age of globalization, these findings may provide a better understanding of the impact of the countercyclical monetary policy on the equity market in Latin American economies.
Application of patent ductus arteriosus occluder in transcatheter occlusion of coronary artery fistula

Objective To assess the clinical short-term to mid-term efficacy of transcatheter closure of coronary artery fistula by using patent ductus arteriosus occluder in pediatric patients. Methods During the period from Jan. 2008 to May 2013 at authors' hospital, transcatheter closure of coronary artery fistula using patent ductus arteriosus occluder was performed in 8 pediatric patients. The clinical data, including follow-up information, were retrospectively analyzed. Results A total of 8 pediatric patients with a mean age of(4.1 ± 3.8) years were enrolled in this study. The fistula originated from the right coronary artery in five cases and from the left coronary artery in three cases. The blood flow shunted to the right atrium(n = 4) or to the right ventricle(n = 4). Obstruction of the fistula was successfully accomplished in all patients. All patients were followed up for(2.2 ± 1.2) years. No procedure-related complications or cardiac ischemia occurred. Conclusion For the treatment of coronary artery fistula in pediatric patients, the use of domestic patent ductus arteriosus occluder is safe and effective with satisfactory short-term to mid-term clinical efficacy.
The Discuss of Desk Hemming Die Design

The article expatiates the design elements of desk hemming die,analysis the key point and difficulty in design,look after and probe into first-rank design method and scheme.
Correspondence Errors in Children’s Counting: A Summary

The results of chapters 3, 4, and 5 with respect to the nature of the correspondence errors children make in counting are briefly summarized in this chapter. These studies are obviously only a first step toward understanding the complexities of young children’s counting. However, they do contribute a definition of counting that yields a comprehensive category system of correspondence errors. They provide an initial descriptive mapping of the kinds of correspondence errors children make most frequently and of variables that affect these errors. They suggest how frequently young children of different ages make different kinds of errors, although of course the figures reported are subject to the effects of the variables in the particular studies. For example these results make it clear that someone wanting to see many correspondence errors in counting must study 3-year-olds rather than 4-year-olds and that the number of objects in an array must be controlled because this variable affects different kinds of errors in different ways. The hope is that these results will provide a basis for future research that will be able to be related easily because all studies are using the same error categories and reporting the same measures.
Classification of octet AB-type binary compounds using dynamical charges: A materials informatics perspective

The role of dynamical (or Born effective) charges in classification of octet AB-type binary compounds between four-fold (zincblende/wurtzite crystal structures) and six-fold (rocksalt crystal structure) coordinated systems is discussed. We show that the difference in the dynamical charges of the fourfold and sixfold coordinated structures, in combination with Harrison’s polarity, serves as an excellent feature to classify the coordination of 82 sp–bonded binary octet compounds. We use a support vector machine classifier to estimate the average classification accuracy and the associated variance in our model where a decision boundary is learned in a supervised manner. Finally, we compare the out-of-sample classification accuracy achieved by our feature pair with those reported previously.
Centennial History of the Carnegie Institution of Washington

In 1902, Andrew Carnegie founded the Carnegie Institution of Washington, to support innovative science research. Since its creation two years later, the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism has undertaken a broad range of research from terrestrial magnetism, ionospheric physics and geochemistry to biophysics, radio astronomy and planetary science. This second volume in a series of five histories of the Carnegie Institution describes the people and events, the challenges and successes that the Department has witnessed over the last century. Contemporary photographs illustrate some of the remarkable expeditions and instruments developed in pursuit of scientific understanding, from sailing ships to nuclear particle accelerators and radio telescopes to mass spectrometers. These photographs show an evolution of scientific progress through the century, often done under trying, even exciting circumstances.
The digital transformation of Hollywood: format and resolution independent digital post-production

With the constant increase in general purpose computational power, many digital post-production systems are now being based on general purpose, commercially available computer systems rather than proprietary ones. The rate at which film and video post-production is digitally processed is proportional to the use of general purpose computers in this industry. As general purpose computers displace the special purpose 'black boxes,' digital post-production facilities can customize applications and user interfaces. At the same time, all constraints of resolution and format dependence are being removed. The distinction between video, film and print is blurring. Resolution and format independence is changing the traditional marketplace by allowing post houses to compete for business in markets previously closed to them. >
Abstract B62: Modulating innate-adaptive immune cell interactions to achieve tumor rejection

A variety of immune cells, the most abundant being macrophages and T cells, typically infiltrate tumors. These immune cells can recognize and kill cancer cells. For example, macrophages activated with interferon-gamma and lipopolysaccharide can kill cancer cells both directly and indirectly, by enhancing the cytotoxic T cells9 killing activities. Cancer cells, however, evade the attacking immune cells and even re-instruct macrophages and cytotoxic T cells to facilitate tumor growth, rather than halt it. It is now clear that in a clinical setting T cell deactivation can be overcome using anti-CTLA4 or anti-PDL1 antibodies, leading to tumor regression. Although exciting recoveries are experienced by many patients, the majority of patients do not have long-term benefits of such treatments. Therefore, ways are urgently needed to modify these immune activating approaches so they become beneficial to an expanded patient population. One underexplored strategy, which we are undertaking, is to re-activate the macrophages so they can kill cancer cells and further enhance the anti-tumor T cell responses. To test different strategies for re-activating macrophages, we are developing co-culture models with cancer cells, T cells and macrophages. In addition, we study interactions between these three cell types in vivo, using intravital imaging of mouse models of breast and pancreatic cancer. Our findings will offer new insights into the mechanisms by immune suppressive signals can be overcome and generate new methods for studying immune responses to cancer in real-time. Citation Format: Ana S. Almeida, Tim Kees, Mikala Egeblad. Modulating innate-adaptive immune cell interactions to achieve tumor rejection. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy: A New Chapter; December 1-4, 2014; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2015;3(10 Suppl):Abstract nr B62.
Recursive reachable set computation for on-line safety assessment of the Cyber-Physical System against stealthy cyber attacks

With recent progress in networked embedded control technology, cyber attacks have become one of the major threats to Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs) due to their close integration of logical and physical processes. Since the conventional computer security techniques are unable to assure the underlying physical behavior against cyber attacks, this paper considers the safety of the compromised CPS from a controls domain perspective. Specifically, we propose an on-line algorithm to assess the safety of the CPS in the presence of stealthy cyber attacks which can be designed intelligently to avoid detection. The main idea is based on a reachability analysis that computes the reachable set of CPS states possibly reached by all potential stealthy cyber attacks. The reachable set computation typically demands a large computation cost and has mostly relied on the approximation techniques. However, our algorithm analytically derives the exact reachable set solution and further establishes a recursive computation structure that can perform in the real-time CPS operation. This significantly enhances the quality of the on-line safety assessment, enabling more reliable, less conservative, and computationally efficient process. The proposed algorithm is demonstrated with an illustrative example of an unmanned aircraft system (UAS) application.
Recovery capital: A systematic review of the literature.

AbstractBackground: Recovery from a substance use disorder involves various supports addressing multiple interrelated factors. Recovery capital (RC) is a lens that could help identify distinct areas of assets that could be enhanced and barriers to be addressed in individuals’ recovery processes. The aim of this study is to conduct a systematic review of the literature to map the existing RC research and theoretical evidence base and to provide readers and potential users of the construct areas for further attention.Methods: Using systematic search methods, a literature search on RC was conducted. Articles were reviewed and relevant data was extracted and synthesized.Results: Searches resulted in 38 reports representing 35 unique studies. Samples ranged from 4–703 participants (4885 total) and were described as male (M = 60.9%) and white (M = 72.1%). Sample age ranged 17.3–70 years (37.2 ± 64.61 years). RC has been studied in a range of diverse adult populations and many factors have been studied within it...
Future Directions with DNA Repair Inhibitors: A Roadmap for Disruptive Approaches to Cancer Therapy

Publisher Summary This chapter helps learn the intricacies of efficient, accurate DNA damage response and repair enables researchers to create new anticancer agents that capitalize on cancer-specific alterations to those repair mechanisms, which are often early events in tumorigenic transformation. Many intrinsic and extrinsic factors threaten genome stability; and, when it is disrupted, a path of uncontrolled growth and cancer begins. Disruptions in DNA repair pathways predispose cells to accumulating damage, and subsequently, mutations. However, both mutations and heterozygous polymorphisms can alter DNA damage response and repair processes. Abundant evidence exists that, as cancers progress, they become increasingly more malignant by accumulating more mutations in their DNA repair proteins, which may limit or extinguish the functionality of a repair pathway or other key element of DNA maintenance.
Towards formalizing non-monotonic reasoning in physics: logical approach based on physical induction and its relation to kolmogorov complexity

To formalize some types of non-monotonic reasoning in physics, researchers have proposed an approach based on Kolmogorov complexity. Inspired by Vladimir Lifschitz's belief that many features of reasoning can be described on a purely logical level, we show that an equivalent formalization can be described in purely logical terms: namely, in terms of physical induction. One of the consequences of this formalization is that the set of not-abnormal states is (pre-)compact. We can therefore use Lifschitz's result that when there is only one state that satisfies a given equation (or system of equations), then we can algorithmically find this state. In this paper, we show that this result can be extended to the case of approximate uniqueness.
Monadic composition for deterministic, parallel batch processing

Achieving determinism on real software systems remains difficult. Even a batch-processing job, whose task is to map input bits to output bits, risks nondeterminism from thread scheduling, system calls, CPU instructions, and leakage of environmental information such as date or CPU model. In this work, we present a system for achieving low-overhead deterministic execution of batch-processing programs that read and write the file system—turning them into pure functions on files. We allow multi-process executions where a permissions system prevents races on the file system. Process separation enables different processes to enforce permissions and enforce determinism using distinct mechanisms. Our prototype, DetFlow, allows a statically-typed coordinator process to use shared-memory parallelism, as well as invoking process-trees of sandboxed legacy binaries. DetFlow currently implements the coordinator as a Haskell program with a restricted I/O type for its main function: a new monad we call DetIO. Legacy binaries launched by the coordinator run concurrently, but internally each process schedules threads sequentially, allowing dynamic determinism-enforcement with predictably low overhead. We evaluate DetFlow by applying it to bioinformatics data pipelines and software build systems. DetFlow enables determinizing these data-processing workflows by porting a small amount of code to become a statically-typed coordinator. This hybrid approach of static and dynamic determinism enforcement permits freedom where possible but restrictions where necessary.
Abstract P322: Interaction of Shroom3 With Fyn Impacts Phosphorylation of Nephrin Causing Proteinuria With Foot Process Effacement

In the translational GoCAR study, we identified that a CKD-associated SHROOM3-SNP, and tubular Shroom3 expression correlated with the development of fibrosis in renal allografts. We showed that SHROOM3 facilitated TGF-B signaling suggesting its potential role as a therapeutic target. However, recent data suggest a protective role for SHROOM3 in proteinuria and glomerular development. To study the role of SHROOM3 in adult glomeruli, we used doxycycline-inducible (DOX), shRNA-mediated SHROOM3 knockdown, Podocin- and tubular-specific (PAX8)-RTTA mice, comparing these to non-transgenic DOX-fed littermates. After 2wks of DOX, adult Podo-RTTA mice developed significant albuminuria compared to littermates. Albuminuria was reversible on DOX-withdrawal, and reappeared on re-initiation. No podocyte loss [WT1 stain] was seen in these mice(8-wks DOX). EM revealed >50% foot process effacement. PAX8-RTTA mice did not show proteinuria. Glomerular RNA- seq identifed intracellular signaling/Small GTPAse signaling/integrin signaling/ actin-cytoskeleton among downregulated Gene-ontology terms in knockdown mice vs Controls. To identify protein interacting partners of SHROOM3, we performed mass spectrometry on protein lysates of 293-T cells overexpressing SHROOM3 immunoprecipitated (IP) with either anti-V5, -SHROOM3 or IgG. Among 491 unique interactions, we confirmed SHROOM3 as the top ranking protein. Interestingly, FYN - a src-kinase - was a top ranking candidate. Podocyte FYN is crucial for NPHS1-phosphorylation, and FYN-deficient mice show identical proteinuria phenotype. In human podocytes, we confirmed the interaction of endogenous SHROOM3 and FYN by IP. Glomerular protein extracts of Shroom3-knockdown mice showed decreased phosphorylation of FYN, and NPHS1. In human allografts from GoCAR, we identifed a corresponding reduced albuminuria (>1year post-transplant) associated with homozygosity of the risk allele in the donor. In summary, Podocyte-specific SHROOM3 knockdown causes a reversible proteinuria phenotype in adult mice, by interacting with FYN, a mechanism distinct from its effect on renal fibrosis in allografts.
An integrated electrochemical and biochemical system for sequential reduction of CO2 to methane

Abstract Converting CO2 into commodity chemicals including fuels has emerged as a worldwide focus for science and engineering communities. However, the current state of art in CO2 fixation has low energy efficiency with slow kinetics in the process of CO2 reduction. Here, we propose a new “two-step” approach for CO2 reduction to methane. An integrated reduction system (IRS) was demonstrated to combine the advantages of both electrochemical and biological CO2 reduction reactions. A three-chambered electrochemical cell was designed, in which CO2 was first reduced to formate electrochemically with a decent selectivity. The produced formate was separated by electrodialysis, and subsequently consumed by a strain of methanogen, Methanococcus maripaludis. Through this IRS, CO2 was eventually converted into CH4, allowing easy product separation. In a 100-h test, the total electron recovery efficiency of CH4 was around 37%, with an average CH4 production rate of 0.01 mmole d−1 mL−1. Five volts of voltage was applied to the system, while the cathodic potential slightly decreased from −1.5 V to −1.4 V (vs. Ag/AgCl), showing an excellent stability of the electrode. The energy efficiency of CO2 conversion in terms of electricity consumption was calculated to be 16.9 g per kW h. The results show the promise of IRS presented here in CO2 reduction. Since the electrochemical step and the biochemical step proceeds in separated chambers, independent operation and maintenance of either step become possible. Furthermore, the proposed CO2 IRS offers possibilities of producing a variety of chemicals by introducing appropriate microbial communities using formate as a substrate.
Why Do Information Technology Firms Hold Large Cash Balances

This paper examines management control over cash by focusing on the information technology (IT) industry. IT firms carry much larger cash balances than Low-Tech firms, about 16.1% compared to 31.2% in 2013. Finance literature provide several explanations why firms hold cash despite the low return on this form of investing resources based on agency conflicts, precautionary motive, investment needs and financial risk. However, these reasons explain only a small portion of the larger cash balances held by IT firms. We posit that the features of IT firms require them to hold additional cash. The need for liquid funds and flexibility in implementing real options is much greater for IT firms because the speed of innovation required to remain competitive is much greater. The frequent creation and acquisition of growth options results in much higher information asymmetry regarding the uncertain future prospects of these options. Consequently, raising capital externally at short notice is very costly or even impossible for IT firms. Moreover, the costs of delays or inability in funding growth options are particularly high for knowledge-based firms. Therefore, the value of maintaining cash holdings is much greater for IT firms. Using Compustat data from 1979 to 2011, we document that IT firms carry larger cash balances than Low-Tech firms do. As predicted, the coefficients on variables related to growth option and financial constraints that increase demand for liquidity are significantly greater for IT firms. Consistent with this higher demand, we find that investors perceive excess cash holding is associated with greater growth options for IT firms. However, the effects are attenuated after the technology bubble burst in 2001. These findings are important for senior executives leading information technology firms because they highlight the value of maintaining large cash holdings.
Systematic mechanism for identifying the relative impact of supply chain performance areas on the overall supply chain performance using SCOR model and SEM

Abstract This research aims to introduce a systematic mechanism for developing an organization specific supply chain performance measurement (SCPM) model and for generating a single regression relationship between the overall supply chain performance (SCP) and each of the SCPM areas using an organization's numerical data. The research uses a case study conducted in a small-scale asphalt manufacturing plant located in West Texas, USA with a sample of 218 data records collected over a period of one year. In this article, the systematic mechanism is demonstrated using the data from the case study organization. It provides guidance for developing a hierarchical SCPM model for the organization using the Supply Chain Operations Reference (SCOR) model, and then to obtain the final regression equation for the overall SCP using the Structural Equations Modeling (SEM) technique. The results obtained from the SCPM mechanism are then compared with the managerial input on the SCP that was analyzed using the Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP). The results of the comparison are used to validate the SCPM results. A major finding of this research is that the regression coefficients provide a clue for the level of sensitivity those measures have on the overall SCP under given organizational SC capacity and operating levels. The SCPM areas with higher regression coefficients reflect higher sensitivity, thus even a slight variation in the measures contributing to those areas will be contributing to a considerable impact on the overall SCP measures. The findings lead to the implication that managers should pay close attention to controlling the stability of the SC operational processes which are responsible for generating those SCP measures. The goal should be to maintain the desired output levels with the least amount of fluctuations. The regression results therefore provide insight to the managers for identifying the individual SCP measures to be managed more intensely than others based on their relative impacts on the overall SCP. The results are applicable as long as the organization does not change its organizational SC capacity and operating levels, thus can be used for better managing the SC in future. This research fulfills multiple research gaps highlighted in literature, mainly: the absence of a systematic approach to generate an organization specific SCPM model; and the absence of a SCPM system capable of generating a single cause–and-effect relationship between the overall SCP and the numerous hierarchical performance measures reflecting their relative impact. Therefore, this study can be viewed as an attempt to increase the level of awareness in the SC field. The article also proposes several future research directions to test the repeatability and validity of the proposed SCPM mechanism.
Hydrophilic fluorinated molecules for spectral 19F MRI.

Fluorine-19 (19F) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is an emerging modality for molecular imaging and cell tracking. The hydrophobicity of current exogenous probes, perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and perfluoropolyethers (PFPEs), limits the formulation options available for in vivo applications. Hydrophilic probes permit more formulation flexibility. Further, the broad Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) chemical shift range of organofluorine species enables multiple probes with unique 19F MR signatures for simultaneous interrogation of distinct molecular targets in vivo. We report herein a flexible approach to stable liposomal formulations of hydrophilic fluorinated molecules (each bearing numerous magnetically equivalent 19F atoms), with 19F encapsulation of up to 22.7 mg/mL and a per particle load of 3.6 × 106 19F atoms. Using a combination of such probes, we demonstrate, with no chemical shift artifacts, the simultaneous imaging of multiple targets within a given target volume by spectral 19F MRI.
Opioid Medication Use in the Surgical Patient: An Assessment of Prescribing Patterns and Use.

Background With the epidemic of prescription opioid abuse in the US, rates of opioid-related unintentional deaths have risen dramatically. However, few data exist comparing postoperative opioid prescriptions with patient use. We sought to better elucidate this relationship in surgical patients. Study Design A prospective cohort study was conducted of narcotic-naive patients undergoing open and laparoscopic abdominal procedures on a minimally invasive surgery service. During the first 14 post-discharge days and at their first postoperative clinic visit, patients recorded pain scores and number of opioid pills taken. Clinical data were extracted from the medical record. Descriptive statistics were used in data analysis. Results From 2014 through 2017, one hundred and seventy-six patients completed postoperative pain surveys. Mean age was 60.4 ± 14.9 years and sex was distributed equally. Most patients (69.9%) underwent laparoscopic procedures. Hydrocodone-acetaminophen was the most commonly prescribed postoperative pain medication (118 patients [67.0%]), followed by oxycodone-acetaminophen (26 patients [14.8%]). Patients were prescribed a median of 150 morphine milligram equivalents (MME) (interquartile range [IQR] 150 to 225 MME), equivalent to twenty 5-mg oral oxycodone pills (IQR 20 to 30 pills). However, by their first postoperative visit, they had only taken a median 30 MME (IQR 10 to 90 MME), or 4 pills (IQR 1.3 to 12 pills). Eight (4.5%) patients received a refill or an additional prescription for pain medications. At the first postoperative visit, 76.7% of respondents were satisfied or very satisfied with their overall postoperative pain management. Conclusions Postoperative patients might consume less than half of the opioid pills they are prescribed. More research is needed to standardize opioid prescriptions for postoperative pain management while reducing opioid diversion.
Pre-operative PET scanning for lung carcinoid tumors predicts tumor behavior and patient survival

276 Objectives: To determine whether FDG-PET standardized uptake values (SUVs) could be correlated to biological aggressiveness and patient survival in pulmonary carcinoid tumors. Methods: From the database of lung tumors resected at our institution between 1/02 and 8/06, 50 cases of carcinoid tumors were identified. Of these, 20 had undergone pre-operative FDG-PET scanning at our institution; a retrospective chart review of these cases was undertaken to compare pre-operative FDG-PET SUVs to tumor stage and histology on pathologic examination and to patient survival. Pathology reports were reviewed with a focus on markers of tumor aggressiveness: pathologic stage; typical versus atypical histology; number of mitoses per high-power-field (hpf); nuclear staining with Ki-67 (a marker of cell proliferation); and presence of vascular, lymphatic or pleural invasion or tumor necrosis. Results: Fifteen cases of typical and 5 cases of atypical carcinoid were identified. On pathologic examination these two groups differed in the likelihood of nodal metastasis (1/15 for typical, 3/5 for atypical), number of mitoses per hpf (0-2/hpf for typical, 1-9/hpf for atypical), frequency of Ki-67 staining (