cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Metabolic and CNS correlates of cognitive dysfunction with renal failure.

Experimental uremia in primates has been demonstrated to produce severe decrements in psychological functions which are related to the accumulation of toxic metabolites in blood. More recent neurophysiological research has referred uremic encephalopathy to disrupted sodium-potassium exchange in uremic brain. The present clinical investigations have found decrements in cognitive functioning with repeated testing in patients maintained on intermittent hemodialysis, which were correlated with plasma concentrations of potassium and creatinine. Power Spectral Density analyses of EEG indicated a shift to lower frequencies in these patients as compared to control subjects. No significant departure from normal functioning has been determined in patients receiving renal transplant tested within 60 days post-surgically.
If Special Issues of Journals Are Not So Special, Why Has Their Use Proliferated?:

In the context of the increasing publication of special issues in scholarly journals, this commentary critically examines the arguments in favor and against special issues. Both arguments are found...
Threshold strength and residual stress analysis of zirconia–alumina laminates

Abstract We dedicate this work to Wolfgang Pompe, a very good friend and a good friend of the Materials Faculty at UCSB where he and his wife, Gisela, shared their lives and fellowship. Three different zirconia – alumina laminates, AZ50, AZ80, and AZ95, were fabricated via tape-casting thick Zr(3Y)O2 layers, dip-coating the zirconia tapes in a slurry containing a mixture of zirconia and alumina, stacking and bonding the coated zirconia tapes, followed by densification. Each composite had a different compressive stress by using different mixtures of alumina and zirconia (the number associated with each composite system refers to the volume fraction of alumina in the thin, compressive layers). After densification, the Zr(3Y)O2 layers were ∼ 425 μm thick, and the thin alumina/zirconia layers were 60 ∼ 65 μm thick. The threshold strengths, below which the probability of failure is zero, were determined to be 255 ± 8 MPa, 311 ± 7 MPa, and 421 ± 12 MPa for AZ50, AZ80, and AZ95 laminates, respectively. These val...
Personality correlates of public and private self consciousness

Abstract Guilt is evoked by failures to fulfill expectations concerning role reciprocity and shame by behavior that results in loss of status. Both guilt and shame are negatively associated with psychoticism, whereas shame, but not guilt, is positively associated with neuroticism. Self consciousness consists of three dimensions, private self consciousness, public self consciousness, and social anxiety. Whereas private self consciousness seems only remotely related to guilt proneness, public self consciousness and social anxiety appear to be closely associated with the likelihood of feeling shame or embarrassment. The associations of dimensions of self consciousness with guilt and shame and with dimensions assessed by the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire were ascertained. Private self consciousness was unrelated to measures of guilt and shame or to neuroticism, but (somewhat surprisingly) positively related to psychoticism. Public self consciousness and social anxiety were positively related to shame and to neuroticism. These data, like earlier results, suggest that neuroticism is not associated with individuals' concerns regarding failures to fulfill moral obligations (the ‘social contract’) but, instead, with high degrees of concern regarding loss of status.
Orientation Reversing Involutions and the First Betti Number for Finite Coverings of 3-Manifolds.

LetM∈S 3,P 3 be a closed, orientable irreducible 3-manifold which admits an orientation reversing involution τ:M→M. If dim(Fix τ)=0, suppose π1 (M) has a subgroup of even index. We show thatM has finite coverM→MM} with β1(M<0). As an application we show that the hyperbolic dodecahedral space has a finite cover with positive 1st betti number.
Structural protein-ligand interaction fingerprints (SPLIF) for structure-based virtual screening: method and benchmark study.

Accurate and affordable assessment of ligand–protein affinity for structure-based virtual screening (SB-VS) is a standing challenge. Hence, empirical postdocking filters making use of various types of structure–activity information may prove useful. Here, we introduce one such filter based upon three-dimensional structural protein–ligand interaction fingerprints (SPLIF). SPLIF permits quantitative assessment of whether a docking pose interacts with the protein target similarly to a known ligand and rescues active compounds penalized by poor initial docking scores. An extensive benchmark study on 10 diverse data sets selected from the DUD-E database has been performed in order to evaluate the absolute and relative efficiency of this method. SPLIF demonstrated an overall better performance than relevant standard methods.
Secondary paroxysmal dyskinesias.

Paroxysmal dyskinesias (PxDs) are involuntary, episodic movements that include paroxysmal kinesigenic (PKD), paroxysmal nonkinesigenic (PNKD), and paroxysmal hypnogenic (PHD) varieties. Although most PxDs are primary (idiopathic or genetic), we found 17 of our 76 patients with PxD (22%) to have an identifiable cause for their PxD (10 men; mean age, 41.4 years). Causes included peripheral trauma (in three patients), vascular lesions (in four), central trauma (in four), kernicterus (in two), multiple sclerosis (in one), cytomegalovirus encephalitis (in one), meningovascular syphilis (in one), and migraine (in one). The latency from insult to symptom onset ranged from days (trauma) to 18 years (kernicterus), with a mean of 3 years. Nine patients had PNKD, two had PKD, five had mixed PKD/PNKD, and one had PHD. Hemidystonia was the most common expression of the paroxysmal movement disorder, present in 11 patients. Both of the patients with PKD had symptom durations of <5 minutes. Symptom duration ranged from 10 seconds to 15 days for PNKD and from 5 minutes to 45 minutes for mixed PKD/PNKD. There were no uniformly effective therapies, but anticonvulsant drugs, clonazepam, and botulinum toxin injections were the most beneficial. Awareness of the variable phenomenology and the spectrum of causes associated with secondary PxD will allow for more timely diagnosis and early intervention.
Natural killer T cell-a cat o' nine lives!

The cylindromatous gene Cyld encodes a deubiquitylase (DUB), which regulates NF‐κB activation. CYLD deficiency results in faulty innate and adaptive immune systems in mice, the basis for which remains incompletely understood. In this issue of The EMBO Journal , Sun and colleagues report that CYLD‐deficient mice develop the innate‐like lymphocyte called natural killer T (NKT) cells but lose them to death, which resulted from overactivation of NF‐κB and low interleukin‐7 receptor (IL‐7R) expression. Consequently, CYLD‐deficient NKT cells poorly respond to IL‐7 and do not upregulate inducible costimulatory (ICOS) receptor, molecules that serve as survival signals in other cellular contexts. These findings integrate disparate prior knowledge revealing the molecular basis for NKT cell homeostasis and have implications for understanding why human NKT cell frequency varies between individuals.
Is place the (only) functional correlate

To assess whether “place” is necessary and sufficient to account for the functional correlates of hippocampal neuronal activity, we examined several spatial and behavioral parameters associated with unit activity in rats performing both a place-guided navigation task and an odor-guided sensory-discrimination task. In the place task, most cells had place fields, but were also activated selectively in relation to speed, direction, or turning angle of movements the rat made in the field. In the odor task, most cells fired selectively either during the period of odor sampling and response generation or as the rat initiated the trial or approached the reward. Some of these cells fired preferentially in association with the presentation of particular stimulus configurations. Often the same cells had clear, but unrelated, spatial correlates in the place task and behavioral correlates in the odor task. These results suggest that we must view spatial coding as only one form of cognitive processing performed by the hippocampus, and that both spatial and behavioral variables must be considered in a complete account of hippocampal neuronal activity.
NiKα1 X-ray laser

Abstract By X-ray resonance-pumping of a Ni crystal, standing modes of NiKα 1 are produced at the Ni(111) surface. Bremsstrahlung of the same frequency is superposed to NiKα 1 . A directed sharp NiKα 1 beam, with a nonlinear increase, beyond a threshold pumping rate, the suppression of the NiKα 2 line, and an unusually high count rate, demonstrate the NiKα 1 laser at 1.658 A.
Who speaks for the dispossessed

This commentary articulates three perspectives on race in America: economic determinism, institutionalism and a field-theoretic approach. It argues that William Julius Wilson's masterwork, The Declining Significance of Race, was informed by the first and anticipated the latter two. Wilson's most profound and enduring legacy is his unwavering concern for the dispossessed.
Neonatal nicotine exposure impairs development of auditory temporal processing

Abstract Accurate temporal processing of sound is essential for detecting word structures in speech. Maternal smoking affects speech processing in newborns and may influence child language development; however, it is unclear how neonatal exposure to nicotine, present in cigarettes, affects the normal development of temporal processing. The present study used the gap-induced prepulse inhibition (gap-PPI) of the acoustic startle response to investigate the effects of neonatal nicotine exposure on the normal development of gap detection, a behavioral testing procedure of auditory temporal resolution. Neonatal rats were injected twice per day with saline (control), 1 mg/kg nicotine (N-1 mg) or 5 mg/kg nicotine (N-5 mg) from postnatal day 8–12 (P8–P12). During the first month after birth, rats showed poor gap-PPI in all three groups. At P45 and P60, gap-PPI in control rats improved significantly, whereas rats exposed to nicotine exhibited less improvement. At P60, the gap-detection threshold in the N-5 mg group was significantly higher than in the control group, suggesting that neonatal nicotine exposure affects the normal development of gap-detection acuity. Additionally, 1 h after receiving an acute nicotine injection (1 mg/kg), gap-PPI recorded in adult rats from the N-5 mg group showed a temporary significant improvement. These results suggest that neonatal nicotine exposure reduces gap-PPI implying an impairment of the normal development of auditory temporal processing by inducing changes in cholinergic systems.
Revenue-increasing and welfare-enhancing reform of taxes on exports

Abstract The loss of revenue from a reduction in export taxes has been a concern for trade policy reform in many developing countries. We discuss a strategy for selective reform of taxes on exports that enhances welfare and increases revenue. The strategy involves a reduction in the export tax on a given commodity with an offsetting increase in production tax to keep the producer price unchanged. This strategy is especially promising for exportables with a net subsidy on domestic consumption due to high export taxes and low consumption taxes.
NASA's ATM technology demonstration 1 (ATD-1): Integrated concept of arrival operations

This paper describes operations and procedures envisioned for NASA's Air Traffic Management (ATM) Technology Demonstration #1 (ATD-1). The ATD-1 Concept of Operations (ConOps) demonstration will integrate three NASA technologies to achieve high throughput, fuel-efficient arrival operations into busy terminal airspace. They are Traffic Management Advisor with Terminal Metering (TMA-TM) for precise time-based schedules to the runway and points within the terminal area, Controller-Managed Spacing (CMS) decision support tools for terminal controllers to better manage aircraft delay using speed control, and Flight deck Interval Management (FIM) avionics and flight crew procedures to conduct airborne spacing operations. The ATD-1 concept provides de-conflicted and efficient operations of multiple arrival streams of aircraft, passing through multiple merge points, from top-of-descent (TOD) to touchdown. It also enables aircraft to conduct Optimized Profile Descents (OPDs) from en route altitude to the runway, using primarily speed control to maintain separation and schedule. The ATD-1 project is currently addressing the challenges of integrating the three technologies, and implantation into an operational environment. Goals of the ATD-1 demonstration include increasing the throughput of high-density airports, reducing controller workload, increasing efficiency of arrival operations and the frequency of trajectory-based operations, and promoting aircraft ADS-B equipage.
The influence of the limiter on EUV emissions from light impurities in the Alcator A tokamak

EUV emissions from light impurities were observed simultaneously with two spectrometers — one at the limiter, the other 90° away toroidally – on the Alcator A tokamak. A difference in the time history of the emission from the limiter was noted during the low-density phase of the discharge. In addition, differences in the spatial profiles at the limiter are discussed. A simple model is used to explain the difference in the observed time histories. The model indicates that, if either re-cycling or a local source is present at the limiter, the emission will exhibit a toroidal asymmetry in agreement with the experimental data.
Evaluation of Distillation and Diffusion Techniques for Estimating Hydrolyzable Amino Sugar-Nitrogen as a Means of Predicting Nitrogen Mineralization

A rapid method to estimate soil N mineralization to improve N fertilizer recommendations has long been sought. Over the years, numerous methods to predict N mineralization have been proposed, but no one method has been widely accepted. Recently, researchers observed the concentration of hydrolyzable amino sugar-N in the soil correlated with crop N response. The objective of this study was to determine if developmental methods that quantify hydrolyzable amino sugar-N accurately predict N mineralization when compared to net-N mineralization by anaerobic incubation. Methods evaluated to predict hydrolyzable amino sugar-N were the Illinois soil nitrogen test (ISNT) by diffusion, and 2, 5, and 10 M NaOH direct steam distillation procedures. It was observed that the hydrolyzable amino sugar-N was a somewhat accurate predictor of N mineralization (R 2 = 0.38). However, when the hydrolyzable amino sugar-N concentrations were combined with the hydrolyzable NH 4 -N concentrations, the ability to predict N mineralization improved (R 2 = 0.61). Suggesting more labile soil organic N forms along with amino sugar-N are potentially mineralizable. Rapid analytical procedures like the ISNT diffusion method and the 2, 5, and 10 M NaOH direct steam distillation techniques accurately predicted hydrolyzable amino sugar-N as well as hydrolyzable (NH 4 + amino sugar)-N. These methods also accurately predicted NH 4 -N mineralized after anaerobic incubation. It could be assumed that this predictability may increase when soils are analyzed based on soil management, geographic area, and crop rotation. Glucosamine recovery was significant ( >85%, P = 0.05) for both methods showing their ability to quantify amino sugar-N in the soil as well as estimate the amount of potentially mineralizable-N. Lastly, in soil-testing facilities where the ISNT is already implemented as a procedure, the much quicker and equally reliable 10 M NaOH distillation technique may be used to achieve near identical test values.
Resonance Raman scattering from hyperporphyrin absorption bands of molybdenum tetraphenylporphyrin

Abstract Excitation within the “hyper”-type absorption of oxothiocyanato molybdenum(V) tetraphenylporphyrin results in behavior of the resonance Raman scattering that is different from that usually observed for porphyrins. Excitation within the charge-transfer absorption in the near UV gives scattering of A 1g and A 2g modes, while excitation within the strongly red-shifted Soret band gives enhancement of B 1g and B 2g modes.
Change blindness and its implications for complex monitoring and control systems design and operator training

Recent research on change detection suggests that people often fail to notice changes in visual displays when they occur at the same time as various forms of visual transients, including eye blinks, screen flashes, and scene relocation. Distractions that draw the observer's attention away from the location of the change especially lead to detection failure. As process monitoring and control systems rely on humans interacting with complex visual displays, there is a possibility that important changes in visually presented information will be missed if the changes occur coincident with a visual transient or distraction. The purpose of this article is to review research on so called "change blindness" and discuss its implications for the design of visual interfaces for complex monitoring and control systems. The major implication is that systems should provide users with dedicated change-detection tools, instead of leaving change detection to the vagaries of human memorial and attentional processes. Possible training solutions for reducing vulnerability to change-detection failure are also discussed.
Structure-activity relationships for N,N'-bis(dichloroacetyl) diamines and substituted naphthoquinones in the inhibition of mitochondrial electron transport.

Abstract The inhibition of mitochondrial electron transport was measured with four homologous series of N , N ′-bis(dichloroacetyl) diamines and one homologous series of substituted naphthoquinones. Partition coefficients between acetone-water and silicone for these compounds were estimated by their R m values in reversed-phase thin-layer chromatography. Parabolic correlations between a log function of biological activity and R m were obtained with all series. A statistical analysis suggested that a homologous series of secondary amide derivatives of the N , N ′-bis(dichloroacetyl) diamines differed from 3 homologous series of tertiary amide derivatives of the N , N '-bis(dichloroacetyl) diamines. Although N , N '-bis(dichloroacetyl) diamines and substituted napthoquinones affected the respiratory chain at different points and the substituted naphthoquinones were more effective inhibitors of electron transport, R m values for maximum inhibition differed by only two methylene elements between the most widely separated series. Similarities between R m values for maximum inhibition suggest that penetration of the mitochondrial membrane is a highly significant determinant for structure-activity relationships.
Career Development For the Language Professional

Too often, foreign language professionals just let their careers happen, each academic year following the last. However, there is no reason that this should be so. Careers should be viewed as living, changeable entities. Career management is a type of self-empowerment by which you take control of your professional life. This article includes descriptions of successful careers in language teaching as told by the professionals themselves. Suggestions for a career adjustment are offered: First: Find yourself some role models. Second: Get some advice. Third: Do a self-survey. Fourth: Fantasize about your career. Fifth: Discuss your situation with professional colleagues. Career development issues make natural themes for meetings of foreign language organizations. Sixth: Network with others at a midpoint in their careers to turn up new possibilities, provide a source of skills training, and foster mutual support. Seventh: Read everything you can get your hands on about possible new directions. Finally, a decision about a career adjustment can often be quickly implemented.
'Lumping it': the hidden denominator of the medical malpractice crisis.

In a recent article, Miller has reminded us that medical malpractice litigation is not simply an economic problem which inhibits medical practice and increases health care costs. She argues that it has three broader "societal objectives": reparation, emotional vindication, and deterrence. Viewed in the broader perspective of social values, the Maine data suggest that our current approach to medical malpractice does not perform well. Significant numbers of respondents believe that they have been neither vindicated nor compensated for their own or their relatives' illness, injury, or death; and that they have not had the opportunity to protect others from harm. As Miller suggests in her review of British alternatives to medical malpractice litigation, there may be more efficient and effective means of reparation. There may also be more direct and less costly means to deter incompetent practitioners and vindicate those who are harmed. We shall never discover these alternatives if we view the medical malpract...
Incorporating canopy gap-induced growth responses into spatially implicit growth model projections

Abstract Public land management across North America now incorporates multiple ecological and social values and has led to use of increasingly complex silvicultural systems, such as those designed to emulate natural disturbance regimes, in an effort to manage for this wider variety of objectives. In the eastern United States and Canada, canopy gap-based silvicultural systems are often used to promote and sustain intra-stand variability in temporal and spatial patterns. These are difficult to model in many of the region's growth and yield models, with the inherent intra-stand variability tenuously assumed to have negligible effects on stand responses despite increasing evidence to the contrary. Using the University of Maine's Acadian Forest Ecosystem Research Program (AFERP) as a test case, we investigated this assumption for canopy gap-based systems by first modeling the proportion of area potentially influenced by gaps in these systems with a discrete space model, and then estimating the influence of canopy gap-induced growth increases on growth projections of a calibrated version of the Northeast variant of the Forest Vegetation Simulator (FVS-NE), a spatially implicit model commonly used by managers in this region. Results from the discrete space model showed that, across both AFERP gap-based treatments, up to 52.4% of the stand area can be within one mature tree height of a gap edge, and that the edge area could persist for multiple cutting cycles (>10 years), potentially having a dramatic impact on stand growth and yield. However, results from FVS-NE suggested the contrary, with a 20–50% increase in growth within the edge area only increasing merchantable sawtimber yields by 1–5% over the course of an entire 100-year rotation. We conclude that edge effects are likely being severely underestimated due to limitations in the FVS model, most notably the relatively inflexible control of stand density index-based growth maximums. Short-term projections with plots not approaching these maximums suggest that a 20–50% edge effect could increase merchantable yields by 15–37% in these gap-based systems, suggesting the need for significant reworking of the underlying FVS model.
Slurry Atomization dc Plasma Emission Spectrometry and Laser Diffraction Studies of Aerosol Production and Transport

A clog-free Babington slurry nebulizer system is presented for direct current plasma (DCP) emission spectrometry. The DCP is unique in that the torch tip opening at the entry point into this plasma is presently ∼5 times wider than that of the inductively coupled plasma and ∼10 times wider than that of premixed flame burner slots. The combination of this enlarged DCP torch tip opening and a Babington slurry nebulizer results in an overall system for spectrochemical analysis that is virtually unrestricted as to the direct nebulization and aerosol transport of homogenized solid samples such as animal tissue. Beef liver is briefly homogenized for 2 min and then directly nebulized into the plasma. A sample may be nebulized continuously without torch tip clogging. This eliminates the need for transient nebulization and allows for extended electronic integration times as well as wavelength scanned, spectral background correction procedures. Elements such as Cu, Zn, Ca, and P are detected in liver tissue within less than 10 min from the time the unprepared solid sample is received in the laboratory. The effects of Babington gas orifice diameter, argon flow rate, and sample consumption rate are studied. The DCP is found to have a remarkably wide range of gas flow rates acceptable for nebulizer operation. The use of near forward laser Fraunhofer diffraction is reported for the direct measurement of droplet size distributions on a nonintrusive basis as the aerosols emerge from spray chambers of spectrochemical interest.
Hypersensitivity and adverse reactions associated with the use of newer intranasal corticosteroids for allergic rhinitis

Reports of adverse events associated with two intranasal cortocosteroids, budesonide and fluticasone propionate, may make these products less desirable to physicians and patients. Ten cases of contact allergic reactions to intranasal budesonide have been reported. Many of these cases are characterized by perinasal eczema, often with vesicles, and edema as the initial symptoms. Lesions sometimes spread to the upper lip, cheeks, and eyelids. These results may be related to the more widely known findings that topically applied budesonide can cause contact dermatitis. For fluticasone propionate, analysis of data concerning adverse events from the Spontaneous Reporting System of the US Food and Drug Administration Division of Epidemiology and Surveillance revealed that in the first 5 months since it was introduced into the United States on January 1, 1995, 46 patients reported 89 adverse events suspected to be caused by fluticasone propionate intranasal spray. Central nervous system symptoms occurred in 45.7%, cardiac symptoms in 28.0%, dermatologic symptoms in 39.0%, and epistaxis in 6.5% of the reported cases. These numbers may underestimate the problem, since no cases reported by the drug manufacturer had as yet been included. These results suggest safety issues may differentiate budesonide and fluticasone propionate from other intranasal corticosteroids such as beclomethasone dipropionate.
Disinfection of Bacillus spores with acidified nitrite

Abstract Disinfecting water generated from a bioterrorism contamination event will require large amounts of disinfectant since the volume of water flushed from a drinking water distribution system or wash water collected from a contaminated outdoor area can accumulate quickly. Commonly used disinfectants may be unavailable in the necessary amounts, so evaluation of alternative disinfectants is needed. This study focuses on disinfection of Bacillus spores in water using acidified nitrite. The effect of varying pH (2 or 3), temperature (5 °C or 24 °C), nitrite concentration (0.01 or 0.1 M), buffer (Butterfields or Phosphate Buffered Saline, PBS) and Bacillus species (B. globigii and B. anthracis Sterne) was evaluated. B. globigii was more resistant to disinfection under all water quality conditions. Disinfection was more effective for B. globigii and B. anthracis Sterne at 0.1 M nitrite, pH 2, and 24 °C. Disinfection of B. anthracis Sterne was enhanced in low ionic strength Butterfields buffer compared to PBS.
Launching STEM Interst: Using Rockets to Propel to Excel in STEM Results of the Lift-Off for Teachers and Youths (LOFTY) Program

The Lift-Off For Teachers and Youths (LOFTY) program brought together the UW Oshkosh Science Outreach Program within the College of Letters and Science and College of Education and Human Services faculty to provide a space-related science learning opportunity for in- service teachers that in turn excites and engages the students they teach in aerospace-related science, design and technology. This project dovetailed nicely with many of the other hands-on science programs already conducted by Science Outreach, while at the same time filling a void of increasing the content knowledge of elementary teachers, and increasing the interest and hands-on space-related science experiences for elementary students in Wisconsin. The LOFTY project also emphasized current NASA education goals including helping educators and students develop the critical skills and knowledge base in space-related science. By bringing in elements of an in-service hands-on teacher training, cross disciplinary discussions to incorporate a rocket unit into each subject, planetarium shows at the Buckstaff Planetarium, and using the framework of the Science Olympiad rules and values, the LOFTY project increased interest in and excitement for science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM).Â
The Study of Youth Labor: The Shift Toward a Subject-Centered Approach

In recent years, part-time work has emerged as an important area of study in understanding young people's lives. The existing literature on young people's work focuses predominantly on the effects of youth labor, particularly on academic progress, future employment, emotional development, and deviant behavior. While youth employment has been studied extensively from the perspectives of parents, educators, and policy-makers, the central actors – young people themselves – have been relatively neglected and young people's motives behind work remain virtually unexplored. A bourgeoning literature advocates a subject-centric approach and proposes an understanding of youth labor from the perspective of young people. In this paper, I aim to (i) survey the existing literature on youth employment in the USA and Europe, (ii) examine the differences that come from adopting a subject-centered approach, and (iii) discuss the implications of this shift for the future of youth labor literature.
Calcium transport and fluorescence polarization of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene in sarcoplasmic reticulum from normal and ethanol-tolerant rats☆

Abstract Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) of high purity and functional integrity was isolated from skeletal muscle of normal and ethanol-tolerant rats. Ethanol at low concentrations (0.1 to 0.2 m ), added in vitro to isolated SR, resulted in slight inhibition of both calcium loading and calcium-stimulated ATPase rates. Higher concentrations of ethanol resulted in further inhibition of calcium loading, but not of calcium-stimulated ATPase. Fluorescence polarization of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) in isolated SR membranes showed a small decrease in anisotropy with the addition of ethanol in vitro . Sarcoplasmic reticulum from normal and ethanol-tolerant rats did not differ in calcium pump function or in fluorescence polarization of DPH, in the presence or absence of ethanol.
Theory of Proposed Reactions Involving Polarized Protons

The use of fast polarized projectiles in nuclear reactions provides a possible tool for studying the spin-dependence of nuclear interactions. In the first section general properties of such reactions are discussed. For incident neutrons or protons and a value $n,p$ for the maximum partial wave that need be considered in the incident beam, the results are summarized in theorems 3 and 4.
Sliding Clamps: An Open and Shut Case?

Molecular events in the clamp-loading reaction pathway of DNA replication are revealed by new crystal structures of bacteriophage T4 clamp loader-clamp-DNA complexes that capture two distinct conformations with the clamp open and closed.
Fluorescence Microscopy Methods for Determining the Viability of Bacteria in Association with Mammalian Cells

Central to the field of bacterial pathogenesis is the ability to define if and how microbes survive after exposure to eukaryotic cells. Current protocols to address these questions include colony count assays, gentamicin protection assays, and electron microscopy. Colony count and gentamicin protection assays only assess the viability of the entire bacterial population and are unable to determine individual bacterial viability. Electron microscopy can be used to determine the viability of individual bacteria and provide information regarding their localization in host cells. However, bacteria often display a range of electron densities, making assessment of viability difficult. This article outlines protocols for the use of fluorescent dyes that reveal the viability of individual bacteria inside and associated with host cells. These assays were developed originally to assess survival of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in primary human neutrophils, but should be applicable to any bacterium-host cell interaction. These protocols combine membrane-permeable fluorescent dyes (SYTO9 and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole [DAPI]), which stain all bacteria, with membrane-impermeable fluorescent dyes (propidium iodide and SYTOX Green), which are only accessible to nonviable bacteria. Prior to eukaryotic cell permeabilization, an antibody or fluorescent reagent is added to identify extracellular bacteria. Thus these assays discriminate the viability of bacteria adherent to and inside eukaryotic cells. A protocol is also provided for using the viability dyes in combination with fluorescent antibodies to eukaryotic cell markers, in order to determine the subcellular localization of individual bacteria. The bacterial viability dyes discussed in this article are a sensitive complement and/or alternative to traditional microbiology techniques to evaluate the viability of individual bacteria and provide information regarding where bacteria survive in host cells.
Neurochemical correlates of alcohol preference in inbred strains of mice.

C5 7B16J, a specific inbred strain of mice with high alcohol preference and DBA/2J, a specific inbred strain with poor preference for alcohol were studied. Brain content of acetylcholine, uptake of 14C-Choline by whole brain homogenate were significantly higher in the C5 7B16J mice whereas brain acetylcholinesterase was higher in the DBA/2J mice. No significant difference was found for the level of brain serotonin, uptake of 3H-norepinephrine or 3H-dopamine. Treatment with a specific inhibitor of choline transferase, 4-(1-napthylvinyl) pyridine salt (10 mg/kg, twice daily) shifted the selection of alcohol to water in the C5 7B16J mice. These findings suggest a direct involvement of central cholinergic mechanism in alcohol preference.
Terrestrial reference frame NA12 for crustal deformation studies in North America

Abstract We have developed a terrestrial reference frame for geodetic studies of crustal deformation in North America. This plate-fixed frame, designated NA12, is based on GPS data from 1996.0 to 2012.1. Time series of daily coordinates in NA12 for over 5000 GPS stations are updated every week and made publicly available. NA12 is a secular frame defined by 6 Cartesian coordinates of epoch position and velocity of each of 299 stations selected by specific quality criteria, with step-free time spans of 4.7 to 16.1 years (mean 8.8 years). NA12 is aligned in origin and scale with IGS08, a GPS-based realization of global secular frame ITRF2008, so that vertical motion is with respect to the Earth-system center of mass to ±0.5 mm/yr. NA12 is designed to have no-net rotation with respect to the stable interior of the North America tectonic plate, realized by a 30-station core subset. For data after 2012.1, the 299 frame stations have a daily RMS scatter about their frame-predicted positions of 1.0 mm in the north, 0.9 mm east, and 3.4 mm vertical. The 30 core stations have an RMS velocity about zero of 0.2 mm/yr in the north, and 0.3 mm/yr east, some fraction of which results from far-field post-glacial rebound. Given that core station selection was independent of the stations’ horizontal velocity, we find unbiased evidence that the North America plate interior is rigid to 0.3 mm/yr. The accuracy of relative horizontal velocities spanning 2000 km are also at a similar level. The rotation of NA12 agrees well with the ITRF2008 plate motion model, but differs from frame SNARF1.0 by 4.2° in the longitude of the North America Euler pole due to far-field post-glacial rebound modeled in SNARF. Just as with ITRF, the NA series of reference frames will need to be updated every few years to mitigate degradation of the frame with time.
Phases of photosensitivity in the circadian rhythms of coturnix quail

Abstract The photoperiodic induction of gonadal growth in coturnix (Japanese quail) was studied in relation to the existence of a daily photosensitive phase. A cycle of 14 hrs of dim green light and 10 hrs of darkness was used to synchronize activity rhythms of three groups of birds. In addition to this treatment, the second group of quail received a 3‐hr pulse of white light at the beginning of the green phase, and another group was given a 3‐hr light pulse at the end of the green phase. A fourth group was maintained in total darkness for 16 weeks. The control group for each experiment was given 14 hrs of white light and 10 hrs of darkness daily. Control birds reached sexual maturity before 8 weeks of age. Some quail kept in total darkness were sexually mature by 10 weeks of age. Significant differences in sexual maturation were not apparent among the three groups of birds receiving 14 hrs of dim green light daily, two of which were given white light pulses either at the beginning or at the end of the gr...
Results from the Pan-STARRS Orthogonal Transfer Array (OTA)

The Pan-STARRS project has completed its first 1.4 gigapixel mosaic focalplane CCD camera using 60 Orthogonal Transfer Arrays (OTAs). The devices are the second of a series of planned development lots. Several novel properties were implemented into their design including 4 phase pixels for on-detector tip-tilt image compensation, selectable region logic for standby or active operation, relatively high output amplifier count, close four side buttable packaging and deep depletion construction. The testing and operational challenges of deploying these OTAs required enhancements and new approaches to hardware and software. We compare performance achieved with that which was predicted, and discuss on-sky results, tools developed, shortcomings, and plans for future OTA features and improvements.
Information preservation in statistical privacy and bayesian estimation of unattributed histograms

In statistical privacy, utility refers to two concepts: information preservation -- how much statistical information is retained by a sanitizing algorithm, and usability -- how (and with how much difficulty) does one extract this information to build statistical models, answer queries, etc. Some scenarios incentivize a separation between information preservation and usability, so that the data owner first chooses a sanitizing algorithm to maximize a measure of information preservation and, afterward, the data consumers process the sanitized output according to their needs [22, 46].We analyze a variety of utility measures and show that the average (over possible outputs of the sanitizer) error of Bayesian decision makers forms the unique class of utility measures that satisfy three axioms related to information preservation. The axioms are agnostic to Bayesian concepts such as subjective probabilities and hence strengthen support for Bayesian views in privacy research. In particular, this result connects information preservation to aspects of usability -- if the information preservation of a sanitizing algorithm should be measured as the average error of a Bayesian decision maker, shouldn't Bayesian decision theory be a good choice when it comes to using the sanitized outputs for various purposes? We put this idea to the test in the unattributed histogram problem where our decision- theoretic post-processing algorithm empirically outperforms previously proposed approaches.
EPR Accessibility Measurements of the SERCA-PLB Complex using Site-Directed Spin Labeling

We investigate the structure formed byof phospholamban (PLB) bound to the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) using site-directed spin labeling. SERCA is a 994 residue transmembrane protein that helps control Ca2+ concentration in the SR relative to the cytoplasm in order to facilitate muscle relaxation. PLB is a 52 residue regulatory muscle protein found in cardiac muscle which, upon binding, has been shown to inhibit SERCA activity. However, phosphorylation of PLB at Ser-16 partially relieves this inhibition while still maintaining a combined structureconserving the complex. The structural mechanism behind this relief of inhibition is largely unknown. Using EPR accessibility measurements, we have shown that phosphorylation of PLB at Ser-16 alters the binding interface between its transmembrane helix and the PLB binding groove on SERCA, likely breaking the interactions that lead to inhibition.
Ligation of CD40 Stimulates the Induction of Nitric-oxide Synthase in Microglial Cells

The present study was undertaken to investigate the role of CD40 ligation in the expression of inducible nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS) in mouse BV-2 microglial cells and primary microglia. Ligation of CD40 alone by either cross-linking antibodies against CD40 or a recombinant CD40 ligand (CD154) was unable to induce the production of NO in BV-2 microglial cells. The absence of induction of NO production by CD40 ligation alone even in CD40-overexpressed BV-2 microglial cells suggests that a signal transduced by the ligation of CD40 alone is not sufficient to induce NO production. However, CD40 ligation markedly stimulated interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-mediated NO production. Ligation of CD40 in CD40-overexpressed cells further stimulated IFN-γ-induced production of NO. This stimulation of NO production was accompanied by stimulation of the iNOS protein and mRNA. In addition to BV-2 glial cells, CD40 ligation also stimulated IFN-γ-mediated NO production in mouse primary microglia and peritoneal macrophages. To understand the mechanism of induction/stimulation of iNOS, we investigated the roles of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β (C/EBPβ), transcription factors responsible for the induction of iNOS. IFN-γ alone was able to induce the activation of NF-κB as well as C/EBPβ. However, CD40 ligation alone induced the activation of only NF-κB but not of C/EBPβ, suggesting that the activation of NF-κB alone by CD40 ligation is not sufficient to induce the expression of iNOS and that the activation of C/EBPβ is also necessary for the expression of iNOS. Consistently, dominant-negative mutants of p65 (Δp65) and C/EBPβ (ΔC/EBPβ) inhibited the expression of iNOS in BV-2 microglial cells that were stimulated with the combination of IFN-γ and CD40 ligand. Stimulation of IFN-γ-mediated activation of NF-κB but not of C/EBPβ by CD40 ligation suggests that CD40 ligation stimulates the expression of iNOS in IFN-γ-treated BV-2 microglial cells through the stimulation of NF-κB activation. This study illustrates a novel role for CD40 ligation in stimulating the expression of iNOS in microglial cells, which may participate in the pathogenesis of neuroinflammatory diseases.
Effects of response-independent electric shock on schedule-induced alcohol and water intake.

In 3 experiments, food-deprived rats either lever-pressing for intermittent food pellets or obtaining them on free-fixed interval schedules displayed schedule-induced water and alcohol polydipsia. ...
Growth factors in the nucleolus

In eukaryotic cells containing tandem repeated ribosomal RNA genes, there appears a specialized region of chromatin, carrying out gene transcription, rRNA processing, and nascent ribosomal subunit assembly—the nucleolus. One of the first intracellular structures to be described ([Montgomery, 1898
Stretch-induced actin remodeling requires targeting of zyxin to stress fibers and recruitment of actin regulators.

Reinforcement of actin stress fibers in response to mechanical stimulation depends on a posttranslational mechanism that requires the LIM protein zyxin. The C-terminal LIM region of zyxin directs the force-sensitive accumulation of zyxin on actin stress fibers. The N-terminal region of zyxin promotes actin reinforcement even when Rho kinase is inhibited. The mechanosensitive integrin effector p130Cas binds zyxin but is not required for mitogen-activated protein kinase–dependent zyxin phosphorylation or stress fiber remodeling in cells exposed to uniaxial cyclic stretch. α-Actinin and Ena/VASP proteins bind to the stress fiber reinforcement domain of zyxin. Mutation of their docking sites reveals that zyxin is required for recruitment of both groups of proteins to regions of stress fiber remodeling. Zyxin-null cells reconstituted with zyxin variants that lack either α-actinin or Ena/VASP-binding capacity display compromised response to mechanical stimulation. Our findings define a bipartite mechanism for stretch-induced actin remodeling that involves mechanosensitive targeting of zyxin to actin stress fibers and localized recruitment of actin regulatory machinery.
The Forkhead Transcription Factor, Foxd1, Is Necessary for Pituitary Luteinizing Hormone Expression in Mice

The pituitary gland regulates numerous physiological functions including growth, reproduction, temperature and metabolic homeostasis, lactation, and response to stress. Pituitary organogenesis is dependent on signaling factors that are produced in and around the developing pituitary. The studies described in this report reveal that the forkhead transcription factor, Foxd1, is not expressed in the developing mouse pituitary gland, but rather in the mesenchyme surrounding the pituitary gland, which is an essential source of signaling factors that regulate pituitary organogenesis. Loss of Foxd1 causes a morphological defect in which the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland protrudes through the cartilage plate that is developing ventral to the pituitary at embryonic days (e)14.5, e16.5, and e18.5. The number of proliferating pituitary cells is increased at e14.5 and e16.5. Loss of Foxd1 also results in significantly decreased levels of Lhb expression at e18.5. This decrease in Lhb expression does not appear to be due to a change in the number of gonadotrope cells in the pituitary gland. Previous studies have shown that loss of the LIM homeodomain factor, Lhx3, which is activated by the FGF signaling pathway, results in loss of LH production. Although there is a difference in Lhb expression in Foxd1 null mice, the expression pattern of LHX3 is not altered in Foxd1 null mice. These studies suggest that Foxd1 is indirectly required for normal Lhb expression and cartilage formation.
Power-performance management on an IBM POWER7 server

The processor and cooling subsystems of high-performance servers consume a significant portion of total system power. In this paper, we use the server energy-efficiency benchmark SPECpower ssj2008 to assess dynamic power management strategies for these sub-systems on an IBM POWER 750 platform. First, we evaluate the impact of feedback-driven fan control to reduce power while continuously maintaining a suitable thermal environment. Next, we demonstrate the importance of refining traditional utilization-based DVFS algorithms when managing systems with large core and thread counts. We present a new approach and demonstrate its effectiveness with real-world scenarios for dynamic power management. With reliable runtime power management, we can safely boost (turbo) core frequencies beyond their nominal values to achieve higher throughput. The combined effect of dynamic fan and enhanced processor DVFS control yields an overall improvement of 43% for the energy-efficiency score of the SPECpower ssj2008 benchmark on our test system.