cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Temporal trends in heart transplantation from high-risk donors: Are there lessons to be learned? A multi-institutional analysis

Background In 2003 the Department of Health and Human Services sponsored the Organ Donation Breakthrough Collaborative (ODBC) with the aim to increase organ donation. After the ODBC, increases in the number of all solid organs transplanted, except for heart, were seen. The aim of this study was to determine if ODBC resulted in temporal changes in the use of hearts from high-risk donors. Methods We analyzed data from the Cardiac Transplant Research Database in three eras: 1990–1995, 1996–2002, and 2003–2007. We explored temporal changes in high-risk donor characteristics: age, gender, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, abnormal echocardiogram, and ischemic time. Results Between 1990 and 2007, 7,220 patients underwent transplantation in 26 centers. Donors in the first era were least likely to have high-risk characteristics of higher age (mean, 30 years), female gender (30%), hypertension (8%), diabetes mellitus (1%), structural abnormalities on echocardiogram (7%), and prolonged graft ischemic time (mean, 163 minutes). In the second era, there was a significant increase in the use of donors with the above mentioned high-risk characteristics—32 years, 33%, 10%, 3%, 8% and 181 minutes, respectively. In the third post-ODBC era, no further increase was seen in high-risk donors, but rather a trend for avoidance of risk—32 years, 28%, 10%, 2%, 5% and 186 minutes, respectively. Conclusion Significant temporal changes in the characteristics of heart donors have occurred in the past 17 years. Recent temporal changes, however, cannot be directly attributed to the ODBC efforts.
State-specific dissociation modeling with multiquantum vibration-translation transitions.

An efficient state-specific model of dissociation using a quadrature approach is proposed by considering multiquantum vibration-translation (VT) transitions (between bound and quasibound vibrational levels) according to the forced harmonic oscillator theory. Application of this model to a pure ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ gas flow behind a plane shock wave shows that dissociation has a large influence on intermediate and higher vibrational levels and is characterized by state-specific incubation distances, before which VT energy exchanges remain the dominant mechanism just behind the shock.
The Tenure of the Oppressed: Ambivalent Reflections from a Critical Optimist.

Abstract This article presents an individual reflection on the optimism and ambivalence associated with self-assessment and tenure and promotion assessment, particularly in the realm of work with technology. Because work with technology has traditionally been undervalued in English departments, most work done with technology does not easily fit within institutional guidelines for promotion and tenure. Junior faculty may be setting themselves up for failure by identifying more with the values of the computers and writing community than those of their home institutions. Not all work with technology should be valued; much of what we do is for personal and professional growth. Not unless the work we do impacts pedagogy, service, or publication should we consider seeking value for it within the institution. Various guidelines for valuing nontraditional work are cited, and standards for assessing work are supplied.
Project Galileo at Jupiter

Abstract Galileo made a highly successful arrival at Jupiter on December 7, 1995. The Galileo Atmospheric Entry Probe transmitted the first-ever direct measurements of an outer planet to the Orbiter mothership for nearly one hour while descending to a pressure depth of 23 bar-far beyond the 10 bar mission requirement. After storing the Probe data onboard, the Orbiter performed an essentially perfect insertion burn to become the first spacecraft to orbit an outer planet. In mid-March 1996, the third and final burn of Galileo's 400N main engine will raise the perijove distance so that the Orbiter can survive the radiation dose accumulation for the subsequent eleven orbits. The new flight software providing the onboard editing, compression, and telemetry capabilities required to perform the Orbiter mision via the low-gain antenna will be uplinked in May preparatory to the first satellite encounter-Ganymede 1-on June 27. The second satellite encounter-Ganymede 2-occurs on September 6. This paper will summarize: 1) the Probe mission results both engineering and scientific, 2) the problems with the Orbiter tape recorder and its recovery,3)theOrbiterengineering operations including the loading and performance of the new flight software, and 4) early science results from the arrival and first two orbits and Ganymede encounters. Overall mission status and the forecast for the remainder of the Orbiter's two-year primary mission will also be provided.
E-Government and Civic Engagement: How is Citizens' Use of City Web Sites Related with Civic Involvement and Political Behaviors?

The current study examined content-specific relationships of citizens' use of city Web sites with civic engagement. A Web-based, volunteer survey of 1,966 citizen users of city Web sites found that surveillance, practical services, and direct democracy features functioned as important conditions for citizens' real-world civic engagement. Results indicated that citizens' use of practical services and direct democracy features of city Web sites were associated with citizens' civic involvement and political behaviors. The findings suggest that the relationships between citizens' use of city Web sites and civic engagement differ according to the purpose for which citizens use the sites. The results of the current study exhibit an indication that city Web sites can promote civic engagement among citizens.
Asymmetry Effects in Numerical Simulation of Supersonic Flows with Upstream Separated Regions

The present paper studies the numerical simulation of flows with shock/boundary-layer upstream interaction, under conditions of symmetry in geometry, boundary conditions, and grid. For this purpose, a series of two- and three-dimensional numerical test-cases were carried out. The tests showed that standard numerical schemes, which appear to be symmetry-preserving under most flow configurations, produce nonsymmetric perturbations when large separated regions are present. These perturbations are amplified when the core flow is under compression. If the flow-blockage due to separation is sufficiently large, the symmetry of the flow may collapse altogether. Experimental evidence of this numerical behavior is also considered.
Sulfono-γ-AApeptides as a new class of nonnatural helical foldamer.

Foldamers offer an attractive opportunity for the design of novel molecules that mimic the structures and functions of proteins and enzymes including biocatalysis and biomolecular recognition. Herein we report a new class of nonnatural helical sulfono-g-AApeptide foldamers of varying lengths. The crystal structure of the sulfono-g-AApeptide monomer S6 illustrates the intrinsic folding propensity of sulfono-g-AApeptides, which likely originates from the bulkiness of tertiary sulfonamide moiety. The two-dimensional solution NMR spectroscopy data for the longest sequence S1 demonstrates a 10/16 right-handed helical structure. Optical analysis using circular dichroism further supports welldefined helical conformation of sulfono-g-AApeptides in solution containing as few as five building blocks. Future development of sulfono-g-AApeptides may lead to new foldamers with discrete functions, enabling expanded application in chemical biology and biomedical sciences.
The HDR-RF test waveform - an innovative risk reduction product for FPGA-based SATCOM modems

Transponded Ka-band military satellite communications (SATCOM) enables airborne Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR) platforms, such as the Global Hawk unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), to deliver up to 274 Mbps of high data rate sensor information to beyond line-of-sight (BLOS) ground terminals. The high data rate radio frequency (HDR-RF) ground modem program has leveraged the MITRE programmable radio technology (PRT) laboratory to provide an innovative approach that has enabled development of the HDR-RF ground modem long before availability of the Ka-band operational waveform. This capability is critical to providing the government confidence the HDR-RF ground modems are designed with adequate resources to host the operational waveform in the future. This paper describes the developed risk reduction product consisting of a powerful reuse strategy for waveforms implemented using field programmable gate array (FPGA) devices, a complex high data rate (HDR) test waveform, and a test asset used as the gold standard for interoperability testing with the HDR-RF ground modems.
Isolation and characterization of cDNA and genomic clones of MsENOD40; transcripts are detected in meristematic cells of alfalfa

An alfalfa genomic clone and three cDNA clones for ENOD40 (MsENOD40) have been isolated and characterized. At the nucleotide level, the MsENOD40 clones exhibit ca. 79% identity to a soybean (GmENOD40) cDNA clone. The alfalfa cDNA clones lack an AUG translational start codon and potentially encode a polypeptide no longer than 46 amino acids. There is only 39% homology between the putative polypeptides of GmENOD40 and MsENOD40, suggesting that these two proteins may have different functions. However, MsENOD40 transcripts showed a pattern of localization similar to that of GmENOD40 transcripts in that mRNAs were detected by in situ hybridization in the pericycle of inoculated roots, in the nodule primordium, and in stem cells adjacent to the secondary phloem, i.e., the cells of the procambium. In addition, we detected MsENOD40 transcripts in other meristematic cells of the plant, including the nodule meristem, pre-emergent lateral root tips, and the margins of young leaf primordia. The location of MsENOD40 transcripts in dividing cells suggests that the ENOD40 gene product may play a role in mitosis or in associated processes, such as protein synthesis. However, because transcripts were associated with monosomes rather than polysomes, it is likely that MsENOD40 RNA is not translated into protein. Therefore, the RNA itself may have a function in developmental processes.
SIV Cardiomyopathy in Non-Human Primates

While cardiac myocytes are not generally considered conventional cellular targets of retroviral infection with HIV-1, the increasing recognition of AIDS related cardiomyopathy has raised important questions as to the viral pathogenesis. Our laboratory has explored the role of simian immunodeficiency viral (SIV) infection in non-human primates as a suitable large-animal model to examine cardiac involvement. Our data suggest that in the presence of inflammatory myocarditis, SIV is localized to CD4 bearing inflammatory cells and not cardiac myocytes, suggesting that the heart may be an innocent bystander in AIDS cardiomyopathy.
Viral Anti-Inflammatory Proteins: The Potential for Immunotherapeutic Applications in Cancer

Complex viruses such as herpes, poxvirus, HIV and influenza subvert the immune system, blocking host antiviral defenses. The innate immune inflammatory response represents the first line of defense against invading pathogens. This first line of defense also initiates cellular healing after infection or injury. With tumors, however, the innate immune response is a classic double-edged sword, with the capacity to promote or terminate tumor progression. The proliferation and invasion of many cancers as well as metastasis have now been linked with an increase in many of the molecular signals that drive inflammation. Inflammatory responses are mediated by endothelial cells in the arterial walls and by neutrophils, monocytes /macrophages and T lymphocytes in the circulating blood. Activated cells release chemokines, cytokines, serine proteases in the thrombotic and thrombolytic pathways, apoptotic serine and cysteine proteases, and growth factors that accelerate cellular proliferation, migration and invasion. We are investigating potential therapeutic applications of virus-derived immune-modulating proteins, as immunotherapeutics for use in disease states driven by excessive inflammatory responses. In this review we will describe the roles of excess inflammatory responses in cancer and discuss potential applications of viral anti-inflammatory proteins for the treatment of cancer with special emphasis on immunemodulating proteins that target chemokine and serine protease pathways. These immune-modulating proteins represent a new class of naturally occurring, virus-derived immunomodulating drugs. While the rest of this special issue will be discussing virus induced disease, here we will discuss the potential for harvesting viral immune-modulating proteins as a new class of immunotherapeutic.
Global Modeling of Land Water and Energy Balances. Part II: Land-Characteristic Contributions to Spatial Variability

Land water and energy balances vary around the globe because of variations in amount and temporal distribution of water and energy supplies and because of variations in land characteristics. The former control (water and energy supplies) explains much more variance in water and energy balances than the latter (land characteristics). A largely untested hypothesis underlying most global models of land water and energy balance is the assumption that parameter values based on estimated geographic distributions of soil and vegetation characteristics improve the performance of the models relative to the use of globally constant land parameters. This hypothesis is tested here through an evaluation of the improvement in performance of one land model associated with the introduction of geographic information on land characteristics. The capability of the model to reproduce annual runoff ratios of large river basins, with and without information on the global distribution of albedo, rooting depth, and stomatal resistance, is assessed. To allow a fair comparison, the model is calibrated in both cases by adjusting globally constant scale factors for snow-free albedo, non-water-stressed bulk stomatal resistance, and critical root density (which is used to determine effective root-zone depth). The test is made in standalone mode, that is, using prescribed radiative and atmospheric forcing. Model performance is evaluated by comparing modeled runoff ratios with observed runoff ratios for a set of basins where precipitation biases have been shown to be minimal. The withholding of information on global variations in these parameters leads to a significant degradation of the capability of the model to simulate the annual runoff ratio. An additional set of optimization experiments, in which the parameters are examined individually, reveals that the stomatal resistance is, by far, the parameter among these three whose spatial variations add the most predictive power to the model in stand-alone mode. Further single-parameter experiments with surface roughness length, available water capacity, thermal conductivity, and thermal diffusivity show very little sensitivity to estimated global variations in these parameters. Finally, it is found that even the constant-parameter model performance exceeds that of the Budyko and generalized Turc‐Pike water-balance equations, suggesting that the model benefits also from information on the geographic variability of the temporal structure of forcing.
Cyclic AMP Promotes Neuronal Survival by Phosphorylation of Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3β

Agents that elevate intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels promote neuronal survival in a manner independent of neurotrophic factors. Inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase and dominant-inactive mutants of the protein kinase Akt do not block the survival effects of cAMP, suggesting that another signaling pathway is involved. In this report, we demonstrate that elevation of intracellular cAMP levels in rat cerebellar granule neurons leads to phosphorylation and inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β). The increased phosphorylation of GSK-3β by protein kinase A (PKA) occurs at serine 9, the same site phosphorylated by Akt. Purified PKA is able to phosphorylate recombinant GSK-3β in vitro. Inhibitors of GSK-3 block apoptosis in these neurons, and transfection of neurons with a GSK-3β mutant that cannot be phosphorylated interferes with the prosurvival effects of cAMP. These data suggest that activated PKA directly phosphorylates GSK-3β and inhibits its apoptotic activity in neurons.
THE RESTRUCTURING OF SOUTHERN AGRICULTURE: DATA NEEDS FOR ECONOMIC AND POLICY RESEARCH

In considering farm structure issues and the need for policy and research, we concluded that the right questions were being asked by the profession (Bergland). Rather than generate another list of research and policy priorities, we decided that what is really needed is a discussion of the data used to address these policy and research questions. Therefore, this paper will focus on data needs for economic and policy research.
Cooling solutions for processor Infrared Thermography

Temperature is a key parameter due to its impact on timing, energy, and reliability. A setup to measure temperature in runtime with high spatial and temporal resolution would help to study the thermal behavior of processors. Currently, Infrared Thermography infrastructures has been developed to measure the temperature in real-time. Since the infrared opaque metal heat sinks need to be replaced with an infrared transparent heat sink in these setups, oil based cooling solutions have been proposed. However, oil is not a representative of a metal heat sink because measurement with oil based cooling can change the thermal behavior of the processor. In this paper, we discuss a representative oil based cooling solution, and show that it has the same thermal response as a metal heat sink.
A GUI approach to programming of TMO frames and design of real-time distributed computing software

An advanced high-level approach for programming of real-time distributed computing applications, the TMO (time-triggered message-triggered object) programming and specification scheme, has been enabled without creating any new language or compiler. Instead, a middleware system named the TMO Support Middleware (TMOSM) and an API that wraps around the execution support services of TMOSM have been established. An approach enabling further reduction of the labor in TMO programming is to let the programmer use a GUI to build structural frames of application TMO networks. The supporting tool called the Visual Studio for TMO (ViSTMO) consists of a GUI part for interactive design of TMO-network structures and a part for automated generation of C++ TMO code-frameworks. The TMO scheme contains mechanisms enabling efficient design of autonomy-rich structures of application systems and ViSTMO provides GUIs for programming the use of those mechanisms among others. The recent expansion and refinement of the functionality of and the implementation techniques used in ViSTMO are discussed in this paper.
On the regularity of equilibria in dynamic economies

Abstract For discrete-time, infinite-horizon economies that are represented by a sequence of interrelated smooth equations, we provide sufficient conditions to guarantee regularity of equilibria on a full measure set of economies. Our approach exploits the sequential nature of a dynamic economy. An equilibrium is represented by a sequence of endogenous variables that solves a sequence of systems of smooth equations. At every point in time, standard smooth analysis techniques are used. The task then is to link periods, in order to obtain properties of equilibria. This link is represented by a correspondence, whose parallel in the macro/capital theoretic literature is the law of motion for state variables. Regularity conditions for the systems of equations and continuity properties of the law of motion drive most of the results. The set of tools proposed in this paper can also be used to analyze other properties of dynamic macroeconomic models, in particular, robustness of equilibria to smooth perturbations of utility and production functions.
Surface Oriented Self Assembled Growth of Carbon Nanotubes

We report the self assembled surface oriented growth of single walled carbon nanotubes along the surface of
Penetrating injuries to the subclavian and axillary vessels

Abstract Background: Subclavian and axillary vascular injuries are notorious for their mortality and their difficult surgical exposure. In the present study we analyze our experience with 79 patients and describe the techniques used for surgical access to these vessels. Study Design: Retrospective review of the medical records of all patients with penetrating injuries to the subclavian or axillary vessels who had been admitted to 2 Los Angeles trauma centers during a 4-year, 3-month period. Results: Seventy-nine patients were admitted during the study period January 1993 to March 1997 (58 gunshot injuries, 21 other penetrating injuries). The artery was injured in 59 patients and the vein in 40 (20 patients had both arterial and venous injuries). Eighteen patients (23%) were admitted with no signs of life or were in extremis and underwent an emergency room thoracotomy without any survivors. Fifty-eight patients underwent exploration in the operating room, 1 patient with an arteriovenous subclavian fistula was successfully managed with a radiologically placed endovascular stent, and 2 patients with minimal subclavian artery injuries were managed nonoperatively. Overall mortality was 34.2%. Excluding the ER thoracotomies the overall mortality was 14.8%. The mortality for isolated arterial injuries was 20.5%, for isolated venous injuries 50%, and for both vessels 45.0%. The mortality in venous injuries was significantly higher than in arterial injuries (p Conclusions: Subclavian and axillary vascular injuries remain lethal. A clavicular incision provides satisfactory surgical exposure in about half the patients. In patients with proximal injuries addition of a median sternotomy provides adequate surgical access in both right and left subclavian vessels.
Bioaccumulation of Stentorin, the Probable Causative Agent for Discolored ("Purple") Eggs and Ovaries in Blue Catfish (Ictalurus furcatus) from Eufaula Lake, Oklahoma, USA.

Observations of reddish to “purple” discolored eggs in the ovaries of adult female blue catfish (Ictalurus furcatus) from the northern arm of Eufaula Lake, a eutrophic multiuse impoundment in east-central Oklahoma, were first reported in 2006. Blue catfish eggs are normally cream to light yellow. Reports peaked in 2007–2008 and declined through 2009–2010; purple eggs have not been reported between 2010 and 2014. In the laboratory, all tissues and fluids of affected fish were strongly orange-red fluorescent under UV illumination, with the fluorescence most apparent in the lipid-rich ovaries and eggs. The causative agent was isolated chromatographically and confirmed by mass spectrometry as stentorin (1,3,4,6,8,10,11,13-octahydroxy-2,5-diisopropyl-phenanthro[1,10,9,8,o,p,q,r,a]perylene-7,14-dione), the fluorescent, lipophilic pigment associated with the photoreceptor protein of the ciliated protozoan Stentor coeruleus (Heterotrichea; Stentoridae). Larval medaka (Orizias latipes) readily consumed S. coeruleu...
Epstein–Barr Virus: Pathogenesis and Host Immune Response

Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is a human gamma-herpesvirus with a large double-stranded DNA genome (168–184 kbp) that encodes for nearly 100 genes. There are two closely related EBV subtypes, EBV-1 and EBV-2, which differ in genetic sequence, biological properties, and geographical distribution. The viral genome is composed of two terminal repeat units, five unique regions, and four internal repeat units. The genes can be broadly divided into latent genes and lytic genes. Latent genes ensure virus persistence in infected cells by maintaining virus copy number, inhibiting immune recognition, blocking apoptosis, and providing tonic growth signals to infected cells. Lytic genes are responsible for virus production, by switching on the replication program, blocking apoptosis, inhibiting immune recognition, activating infected cells, and producing virion structural components. The mature enveloped virion is composed of a dense DNA core, icosahedral capsid, amorphous tegument protein, and a phospholipid envelope. EBV infection is transmitted from human to human through saliva. After a brief phase of lytic infection within oral epithelium, EBV infects naive tonsillar B cells by binding of the EBV envelope glycoprotein gp350/220 to the B-cell CR2/CD21 receptor. After intracellular release from the capsid the linear DNA molecule forms a closed loop by fusion within the terminal regions. In latency, several copies of the circular episomal form remain in the nucleus, with host cell DNA polymerase-dependent replication limited to the cellular S phase, a feature that ensures partitioning of virus to all daughter cells. Under the influence of EBV latent transforming genes, infected B cells rapidly proliferate within lymphoid tissues until checked by a vigorous anti-viral immune response comprised of EBV-specific antibodies, EBV-specific cytotoxic T cells, and NK cells. Some EBV-infected B cells mature into plasma cells and switch from latency to lytic phase with end-stage virus replication. Following this initial phase, latent-infected B cells persist by severely limiting expression of EBV proteins, thus avoiding immune recognition. After recovery from primary infection, these quiescent long-lived EBV-infected memory B cells freely recirculate in blood and, in the healthy host, largely remain in a tightly latent state, with low-level lytic replication associated with plasmacytic differentiation. In the asymptomatic virus carrier state, continuous low-level lytic replication in the oral region leads to shedding of virus in saliva and persistence of an anti-viral immune response.
Identification and Characterization of a Baculovirus Ecdysteroid UDP-Glucosyl Transferase Gene

Control of ecdysteroid levels is of paramount importance to the regulation of insect development. In addition to control at the levels of biosynthesis and secretion, regulation of ecdysteroid metabolism is also critical for the maintenance of appropriate concentrations of these hormones. The metabolism of ecdysteroids is highly complex, and many different classes of metabolic transformation are known to occur (Koolman and Karlson, 1984). The relative importance of such reactions to the inactivation of ecdysteroids is being elucidated only now. The identification of the genes encoding enzymes involved in ecdysteroid metabolism will greatly facilitate this task. In this manuscript, the characterization of a gene (egt) encoding a glucosyl transferase specific for ecdysteroids is described.
Enhancing the efficiency of CdTe solar cells using a nanocrystalline iron pyrite film as an interface layer

We use thin film nanocrystalline (NC) iron pyrite as an interface layer at the back contact of CdS/CdTe solar cells. In both spattered and CSS deposited CdTe devices, improvements in Voc and FF were obtained after the inclusion of the NC FeS2 layer. Repeated tests show that Voc increases by >30 mV and FF increases by ∼3.5% for a standard CdTe device having efficiency of ∼13%. The devices tested at STC show a relative increase in the power conversion efficiency in the range of 5% to 9%.
Three-Dimensional Panel Method Hydrodynamic Models of Oscillating Fins

This paper examines how the principles of inviscid, incompressible, unsteady, low Reynolds number potential flow can be utilized to estimate the lift and thrust produced by different flapping modes of oscillating fins. The motivation for this work is the ability to accurately predict the dynamics of a bio-inspired Unmanned Underwater Vehicle (UUV) designed to mimic both the appearance and swimming kinetics of a Manta Ray. Although Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) can provide the most "complete" investigation of the hydrodynamics of flapping fins, CFD simulations are quite expensive in terms of both runtime and software package costs. However, since Manta Rays swim at very low Reynolds numbers, unsteady panel methods can provide a relatively fast and cheap alternative. Attempts have been made (both by this author and others) to model Manta Ray swimming modes with an unsteady vortex ring panel method. However, since this method assumes zero thickness of the fin, the phenomenon of leading edge suction cannot be properly accounted for, which leads to incorrect predictions of thrust. This paper investigates how threedimensional unsteady panel methods based on source and doublet panels can be used to account for body thickness, hence improving the estimation of the thrust produced by a given flapping mode. In the future, it is hoped that the lift and thrust estimations generated may be utilized to investigate and improve the stability and control of a Manta Ray UUV.
EFFECT OF SHEAR FORCE ON FRETTING FATIGUE BEHAVIOR OF TI-6Al-4V

In this study, the effect of shear force, Q, on the fretting fatigue behavior of Ti-6Al-4V has been investigated. A fretting fixture with two actuators was designed and developed to independently control the axial load on the fatigue specimen and shear force on the pads. Fretting fatigue tests were conducted for three values of stress ratios, viz., R = -1, 0, and 0.5 at a frequency of 2 Hz. The maximum shear force on the pad was varied at two levels for each value of R and the ratio of the minimum to maximum value was approximately –1. Finite element analysis was conducted to determine the stress distribution in the fatigue specimen. The results show that the fretting life decreases as the shear force, effective shear stress, and effective bulk stress increase.
The fight over representation and rights: Defending gendered rights through the UN Economic and Social Council, 1948–1950

A century after release of the ‘Declaration of Sentiments,’ a feminist statement countering laws that defined citizenship rights for women differently than those of men, representatives of the US Women’s Bureau offered a new post-WWII testimonial, now before the United Nations General Assembly. It defended civic and political rights for women, including eligibility to hold public office and to serve as international delegates in the UN itself, asserting, ‘A modern nation cannot afford to waste half of its adult populations in a state of second-class citizenship.’ The women who stood behind this and other propositions in the years that followed the war used the UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) – the body producing the Universal Declaration of Human Rights – to press for global action with a gendered social purpose. From the basic premise of the right to representation they developed a discourse on a realm of additional rights: towards equal treatment, family welfare, justice for refugees and other m...
Peer Relationships in Undergraduates With ADHD Symptomatology: Selection and Quality of Friendships.

Objective: This study investigated the relationships between ADHD symptomatology and friendship formation, social skills, and the quality of specific friendships in college students. Method: A tota...
Fleet Problem IX and the Rise of U.S. Naval Aviation

th century work, The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, the U.S. Navy fought hard to protect its battleships in order to gain control of the sea which could only be maintained by capital ships in large fleets concentrated to destroy the enemy’s navy. According to this conventional wisdom, such an expression of national power would ensure unfettered access to world markets thereby protecting the nation’s international commerce and its economic supremacy. 1 Conventional wisdom has stated that only the shock of the disaster at Pearl Harbor, where eight American battleships were crippled or sunk by Japanese carrier-born aircraft, awoke the Navy’s leadership to the effectiveness of air power and the new technology of aviation. With 50 per cent of its battleships hors de combat, the U.S. Navy had no choice but to use the carriers it had on independent missions.
PERNICIOUS ANEMIA IN CHILDHOOD REPORT OF CASE IN SIX YEAR OLD GIRL RESPONDING TO REFINED LIVER EXTRACT, FOLIC ACID AND VITAMIN B12 IN SUCCESSIVE RELAPSES

A case of megaloblastic anemia without specific neurologic complications in a 6 year old girl is presented as an example of pernicious anemia in childhood despite the fact that a small amount of free hydrochloric acid was present in the gastric juice after injection of histamine. Prompt hematologic response was obtained following administration of refined liver extract, folic acid and vitamin B12 in successive relapses.
Pyogenic spondylodiskitis: a radiologic/pathologic and culture correlation study.

Background Intervertebral disk tissue is resistant to hematogenous infection because of its avascularity. However, spondylodiskitis is being diagnosed with increasing frequency because of advancement in magnetic resonance imaging technology. There is a dearth of information regarding the bacteriology, histomorphologic features, and radiopathologic correlation of spondylodiskitis. Design The study population consisted of 20 patients diagnosed as having spondylodiskitis by magnetic resonance imaging with and without gadolinium 67 enhancement and bone scans with technetium Tc 99m or gallium citrate Ga 67. Twenty-seven biopsy and debridement specimens were obtained from these patients. The specimens were cultured for microorganisms and also processed for histopathologic testing. Tissue sections were examined with hematoxylin-eosin and stains for infectious agents (Gomori's methenamine-silver, Gram, and Ziehl-Neelsen stains). Results Where intervertebral disk tissue was present (23 of 27 cases), the morphologic changes included vascularization (with or without granulation tissue), myxoid degeneration, and necrosis. Chronic osteomyelitis was present in all 27 specimens and was associated with acute osteomyelitis in 7 cases (25%). Twenty-one of 27 cases had positive culture results (mostly pyogenic bacteria), but special stains revealed microorganisms in sections of the disk in only 4 cases (3 cases with gram-positive cocci and 1 with yeast consistent with Blastomyces). Florid acute inflammation was present in all the 4 cases. Conclusion Histopathologic features of acute spondylodiskitis include vascular proliferation, myxoid degeneration, and necrosis of the disk tissue with adjacent chronic osteomyelitis. Acute inflammation is variable and when florid is usually associated with identifiable organisms on histologic examination. At biopsy, tissue should be submitted for culture, since culture has a high sensitivity and specificity for detecting the etiologic organism.
Who they are, what they think, and what they do: mothers’ school-related identities, academic socialization, and child academic readiness

ABSTRACTThis study adopts an intergenerational approach to explore whether mothers’ school experiences influence academic readiness through parenting beliefs and parenting quality. Forty-five mothers were categorised as either having a desired or feared school-related identity based on their narratives about past school experiences and the ways they prepare their children for school. Desired school-related identity was associated with higher literacy readiness but not math readiness. Our results also suggest that mothers with feared school-related identities reported feeling greater responsibility for socializing their children to school than did mothers with desired school-related identities. Examination of mediation pattern suggested that parenting quality is among the pathways from maternal school-related identity to child’s reading readiness, even when accounting for household income. Although preliminary, our findings point to intergenerational influences on academic readiness.
Managing an Open Access Fund: Tips from the Trenches and Questions for the Future

The authors describe the process and results of an ongoing Open Access Fund program at the Health Sciences Library of the University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus. The fund has helped students and other early career researchers pay for the article processing charge or APC to publish their articles in an OA journal since 2013. In the three years since, the fund has paid the APC for 39 applicants with a total expenditure of $37,576. Most applicants were students as intended, however the fund supported a surprisingly large number of medical residents and junior faculty. Individuals associated with the School of Medicine overwhelmingly represented the awardees compared to other units, and the Public Library of Science (PLoS) journals were the most common journal they published in. While acknowledging the undeniable benefit of the fund to the awardees, the authors also pose challenging questions about the future role of libraries in subsidizing open access journals.
Feedback Controller Design Over the Internet of Things

Abstract Suppose you have an inexpensive plant (process) that you have many copies of, and where each requires feedback control to achieve good closed-loop performance. There is then a feedback controller design challenge for each plant. The traditional approach to such a design is to use linear or nonlinear methods for one copy of the plant and implement the designed controller on each copy of the plant. The hope is that the original design is robust so it performs well on all copies. Here, we assume that the plants can be connected on the internet of things and introduce a novel strategy to design, in a distributed fashion, controllers for each plant where the design of the controller for each plant is informed by the success of the designs of all other controllers. We show that a type of robust controller can be designed over the internet of things. Our methods hold promise in practical commercial applications.
Xunzi: An Early Reception History, Han Through Tang

This chapter charts Xunzi’s influence from the Han through the Tang dynasties by (i) focusing on the histories of followers trained in Xunzi’s teachings; (ii) considering restatements of important themes in his work; (iii) searching for convergences between Xunzi’s prescriptions and actual institutions; (iv) ascertaining which problems Xunzi’s formulations appear to have resolved; and (v) tracing how Xunzi’s reputation fared over time, especially in comparison with rival masters. The extant sources for Xunzi’s influence during the Han show it pervading at least four aspects of elite culture: in the programmatic outline of the new imperial ideology and the arts of governing; in the philosophical underpinnings of penal and administrative law; in the articulation of a highly plausible picture of the physiology and psychology of human nature; and in the stark rejection of any role for abdication in matters of dynastic succession. Furthermore, Xunzi’s teachings inform discussions about direct vs. indirect remonstrance and technical discussions about logic. The sheer regularity with which Han thinkers advanced ever more “comprehensive” (i.e., systematic) solutions for society’s ills equally suggests the power of Xunzi’s persuasions. Tuning to the post-Han period, this essay disputes the commonly held view that esteem for Xunzi’s writings was in sharp decline by Sui-Tang times, especially in comparison with Mencius. Had Xunzi’s writings really been eclipsed by Mencius during the Six Dynasties, Sui, and Tang, scholars would find it hard to account for what texts from those periods reveal. Apparently, wherever we find the impulse to synthesize discrete areas of knowledge and create theories, thoughts of Xunzi arose, judging from our sources. Thus simple justice demands that we take seriously Sima Qian’s claim that Confucian teachings would never have achieved the prominence accorded them in imperial and post-imperial China, were it not for Xunzi’s making Kongzi’s teachings more “glossy and appealing.”
Probing Biomolecular Interactions with Gold Nanoparticle-Decorated Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

Hybrid nanomaterials comprising metal–graphitic interfaces are uniquely suitable to probe molecular interactions and the associated phenomena such as charge transfer and adsorbate spillover effects. Herein, we study the modulation of the electronic and chemical properties of gold nanoparticle-decorated single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) using Raman spectroscopy and measurements of field-effect transistor (FET) characteristics. SWCNT are extremely sensitive to changes in the local electronic environment and therefore gold-analyte interactions may be probed both through changes in FET characteristics (as an electrical transducer) and in surface-enhanced Raman scattering (as a chromophore). We study these changes both experimentally and theoretically in order to elucidate the electronic structure of complex nanocomposites, and the information gathered from these experiments is applied to the study of biomolecular interactions with gold nanoparticle-decorated SWCNT. This study, in addition to providing de...
Requiem for a Scaffold.

The editorialists discuss the findings of Zhang and colleagues' systematic review in light of one company's recent announcement that it is halting sales of BVSs.
Carbon Amendments Alter Microbial Community Structure and Net Mercury Methylation Potential in Sediments

Neurotoxic methylmercury (MeHg) is produced by anaerobic Bacteria and Archaea possessing the genes hgcAB , but it is unknown how organic substrate and electron acceptor availability impact the distribution and abundance of these organisms. We evaluated the impact of organic substrate amendments on mercury (Hg) methylation rates, microbial community structure, and the distribution of hgcAB + microbes with sediments. Sediment slurries were amended with short-chain fatty acids, alcohols, or a polysaccharide. Minimal increases in MeHg were observed following lactate, ethanol and methanol amendments while a significant decrease (∼70%) was observed with cellobiose incubations. Post-incubation, microbial diversity was assessed via 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. The presence of hgcAB + organisms was assessed with a broad-range degenerate PCR primer set for both genes while the presence of microbes in each of the three dominant clades of methylators ( Deltaproteobacteria , Firmicutes and methanogenic Archaea ) was measured with clade-specific degenerate hgcA qPCR primer sets. The predominant microorganisms in unamended sediments consisted of Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria. Clade-specific qPCR identified hgcA + Deltaproteobacteria and Archaea in all sites, but failed to detect hgcA + Firmicutes . Cellobiose shifted the communities in all samples to ∼90% non- hgcAB containing Firmicutes (mainly Bacillus spp . and Clostridium spp .). These results suggest that either expression of hgcAB is down-regulated or, more likely given the lack of 16S rRNA gene presence after cellobiose incubation, Hg-methylating organisms are largely outcompeted with cellobiose degraders or degradation products of cellobiose. These results may be a first step towards understanding and exploring simple methodologies for controlling MeHg production in the environment. Importance Methylmercury (MeHg) is a neurotoxin produced by microorganism that bioacummulates in the food web and poses a serious health risk to humans. Currently, it is unclear the impact that organic substrate or electron acceptor availability have on the mercury (Hg)-methylating microorganisms. To study this, we setup microcosm experiments exposed to different organic substrates and electron acceptors and assayed for Hg-methylation rates, for microbial community structure, and for distribution of Hg-methylators. The sediment and groundwater was collected from East Fork Poplar Creek in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Amendment with cellobiose (a lignocellulosic degradation by-product) led to drastic decrease in the Hg-methylation rate as compared to an unamended control with an associated shift in the microbial community to mostly non-methylating Firmicutes . This, along with previous Hg-methylating microorganism identification methods, will be important for identifying strategies to control MeHg production and inform future remediation strategies.
Brief Report: Factors Associated with Emergency Department Visits for Epilepsy Among Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

We examined how demographic and clinical characteristics differ between emergency department (ED) visits for epilepsy (EP cohort) and ED visits for other reasons (non-EP cohort) in children with ASD. The data were drawn from the 2009 and 2010 Nationwide Emergency Department Sample. We performed both univariate and multivariate analyses to compare and contrast similarities and differences between EP cohort and non-EP cohort among children with ASD. The results showed ED visits in EP cohort were more likely to occur among adolescents aged 13-17 years, less likely to occur among children with co-occurring psychiatric conditions, and were more likely to co-occur with injury. We discussed some unique challenges for managing children with both ASD and epilepsy.
Relating to Required Mathematics for Women Students

(1917). Relating to Required Mathematics for Women Students. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 24, No. 8, pp. 394-398.
Pushing the Frontier of Sustainable Service Operations: Evidence from the U.S. Hospitality Industry

This research examines how the environmental sustainability decisions of service supply chain constituents – owners, operators and customers – impact the operating performance frontier (Schmenner and Swink 1998). We develop outcome-based environmental sustainability measures and propose a frontier framework for assessing sustainable service operations management (SSOM) using these measures. The framework is tested using a panel dataset featuring 984 U.S. hotel properties from 2001 to 2006. The findings map an improvement path via leveraging the entire service chain: engaging customers in sustainable development and improving operations to drive down resource consumption; expanding access to environmentally conscious customers; and investing in sustainable service differentiation.
Analyses of nervous system patterning genes in the tardigrade Hypsibius exemplaris illuminate the evolution of panarthropod brains

Both euarthropods and vertebrates have tripartite brains. Several orthologous genes are expressed in similar regionalized patterns during brain development in both vertebrates and euarthropods. These similarities have been used to support direct homology of the tripartite brains of vertebrates and euarthropods. If the tripartite brains of vertebrates and euarthropods are homologous, then one would expect other taxa to share this structure. More generally, examination of other taxa can help in tracing the evolutionary history of brain structures. Tardigrades are an interesting lineage on which to test this hypothesis because they are closely related to euarthropods, and whether they have a tripartite brain or unipartite brain has recently been a focus of debate. We tested this hypothesis by analyzing the expression patterns of six3, orthodenticle, pax6, unplugged, and pax2/5/8 during brain development in the tardigrade Hypsibius exemplaris—formerly misidentified as Hypsibius dujardini. These genes were expressed in a staggered anteroposterior order in H. exemplaris, similar to what has been reported for mice and flies. However, only six3, orthodenticle, and pax6 were expressed in the developing brain. Unplugged was expressed broadly throughout the trunk and posterior head, before the appearance of the nervous system. Pax2/5/8 was expressed in the developing central and peripheral nervous system in the trunk. Our results buttress the conclusion of our previous study of Hox genes—that the brain of tardigrades is only homologous to the protocerebrum of euarthropods. They support a model based on fossil evidence that the last common ancestor of tardigrades and euarthropods possessed a unipartite brain. Our results are inconsistent with the hypothesis that the tripartite brain of euarthropods is directly homologous to the tripartite brain of vertebrates.