cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fracture behaviour of collimated thermoplastic poly(ethylene terephthalate) reinforced with short E-glass fibre

The fracture behaviour of thermoplastic poly(ethylene terephthalate) reinforced with short E-glass fibre was investigated using fractography and a fracture mechanics approach. The observed microstructures, crack propagation and the stress-rupture lifetime data indicate a sudden breakdown induced by far-field effectS. The critical damage appears to be correlated with a ductile-to-brittle transition of matrix fracture. The calculation of fracture toughness for various fibre orientations indicates that the fibre pull-out energy is the dominant term in the case in which the fibre orientation is perpendicular to the notch tip.
The role of dynamic and diabatic processes in the generation of cut-off lows over Northwest Africa

The present observational study addresses the role of dynamic and diabatic processes leading to the generation of four deep upper-level troughs/cut-offs, involved in two extreme precipitation episodes over West Africa during the cool season. The elongated potential vorticity (PV) streamers associated with the observed troughs form as a result of an equatorward transport of high-PV air downstream of a large ridge over the central North Atlantic. Strong deformation along the eastern side of the ridge leads to a thinning of the PV streamers. In some situations the tips of the streamers break up and form distinct and long-lived stationary cut-offs near West Africa, in particular if the presence of another PV ridge downstream allows a complete isolation from the midlatitude westerlies. In other situations a prior anticyclonic wave-breaking event over Europe leads to an advection of high-PV towards the Iberian Peninsula that merges with the streamer and impedes a complete cut-off. The observations presented here suggest that the rapid amplification of the PV ridges over the North Atlantic and thus the subsequent streamer formation are related to upstream latent heating through non-conservative diabatic reduction of upper-level PV and through the strong divergent outflow near the tropopause that support large negative isentropic PV advection. The intense latent heat release is promoted by cyclo- and frontogenesis, and the transport of warm, moist air by a low-level jet ahead of the surface cold front (often called a warm conveyor belt; WCB). Diabatic PV tendencies are highest where the WCB rises over the surface warm front to the northeast or east of the cyclone centre. In most cases the distinct heating occurs in connection with a strong upper-level jet and a rapid deepening of the involved surface cyclone. More quantitative dynamical and statistical studies of the suggested relation are needed to better understand the relative contributions of single factors to the large and synoptic scale evolution that leads to PV streamers/cut-offs near West Africa.
Using a hybrid method to construct a computational efficient cooling coil model for an automated single-duct variable air volume system fault detection and diagnosis

Abstract This paper introduces a hybrid method that integrates physical laws, system knowledge and real-time measured data in order to develop a computational efficient cooling coil model that can detect air-handling unit (AHU) system operation faults and inefficiencies. A thermal balance model to describe the cooling energy use of an AHU is built based on the first law in order to understand equipment mechanisms and to determine the variables that impact cooling coil energy performance. In order to avoid humidity measurements of supply air and return air that are not readily available in AHU operations, the energy balance model is then simplified into a lumped temperature-based model for dry coil operations and a lumped enthalpy-based model for wet coil operations. Parameters in the lumped models are determined using the least squares method along with short periods of measured data. Through experiments, the proposed cooling load baseline produced ±5.5% errors at 95% confidence on an AHU with a cooling capacity of 28 kW (8 t). The effectiveness of fault detection using the studied cooling model is also tested by introducing a stuck outdoor air damper fault on the test AHU.
A historical sketch of intercollegiate debating: II

(1936). A historical sketch of intercollegiate debating: I. Quarterly Journal of Speech: Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 213-220.
Dancing in the Dark I. Romanticized Motherhood and the Breastfeeding Venture

: Women who breastfeed today are burdened cruelly by romanticized fantasies and idealized images of selfless motherhood which are purveyed not only by books and periodicals, but by other mothers. Yet there is a dark side to breastfeeding, one part of which is simply the wish to have one's body back to oneself. The denial of the doubts, insecurities, and fears that often accompany early motherhood can lead to difficulties for the new mother and the nursing experience.
The frequency of schistosomal ovideposition in the heart.

Abstract 1. 1) Portions of the hearts of 30 subjects found to have vesical schistosomiasis at autopsy were examined for the presence of ova in the auricles and ventricles. 2. 2) In none were ova discovered. 3. 3) Although schistosomal myocarditis may occur, it is a rare clinical myopathy, and the diagnosis in an endemic area cannot be established during life.
Neutrino cross sections with the MINERνA Experiment

MINER ν A is a high resolution, fully active detector designed to study neutrino interactions on nuclei in the NuMI beam at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory. The active volume of the detector consists of 3 tons of plastic scintillator and includes embedded targets of 4 He, C, H 2 O, Fe and Pb. The MINER ν A collaboration expects to perform precision, A-dependent neutrino cross section measurements in the 1–10 GeV region, measure the axial form factor, and study nuclear shadowing of F 2 , quark-hadron duality and coherent pion production, among other topics. MINER ν A began data taking in the fall of 2009. This paper describes the MINER ν A experiment and provides an overview of the physics objectives along with estimated uncertainties of the measurements and the tentative projected schedule of data taking.
Experimental strategies for research on multiple chemical sensitivity.

Skepticism about the validity of the multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) syndrome stems in part from the lack of supporting experimental data. Performing the relevant experiments requires investiga...
Commercially important traits of blue and channel catfish as related to second summer, winter, and third summer growth

Abstract Several commercially important characteristics of blue and channel catfish were compared for three successive growth periods. One-year-old blue (Ictalurus furcatus) and channel catfish (I. punctatus) averaging 111 g and 117 g, respectively, were stocked into triplicate 0.05-ha ponds at 9694 fish/ha in June 1987. The same fish were restocked at 8078 and 5132 fish/ha the following winter and summer, respectively. Growth, survival, and feed conversion of the two species during summer 1987 and 1988 were not significantly different (P > 0.05), but growth and feed conversion were superior for channel catfish in the winter period; thus, channel catfish were significantly larger at the end of the winter and summer 1988 periods. Gonadosomatic indices were significantly lower in blue catfish than in channel catfish in summer 1987 and winter periods, but not different in 1988. Visceral fat percentage and whole body fat composition in blue catfish in summer 1988 were greater than in channel catfish. Protein level of whole body and fillets of the two species was not significantly different for any period. Winter whole body dress-out percentage was higher in blue catfish, but not different in summer 1988.
High-energy color-singlet--color-singlet scattering in non-Abelian gauge theories

In the quark model, hadrons are thought to be singlet states with respect to ''color'' SU(3). Therefore, in this paper, we study singlet-singlet scattering in a non-Abelian gauge theory in which color SU(3) is the gauge symmetry. We avoid the difficult bound-state problem by representing the hadron as a scalar field phi, a color singlet, which interacts with the quarks through an effective coupling: Gphi summation/sup 3//sub i//sub 1/ psi-bar/sub i/psi/sub i/. We calculate the high-energy (s ..-->.. infinity,t < or = 0 fixed) phiphi scattering amplitude to sixth order in the quark-gluon coupling constant g. The calculation is done by using the ''infinite-momentum technique'' as developed by Chang and Ma. To justify this technique we also calculate high-energy fermion-fermion scattering in a non-Abelian gauge theory using a more rigorous method. We compare our result with an ''infinite-momentum technique'' calculation done by McCoy and Wu and a similar calculation done by Tyburski. The phiphi scattering amplitude is infrared finite. The total cross section for high-energy phiphi scattering is found to be sigma/sub phi phi/ = 64g/sup 4/G/sup 4/(2..pi..)/sup -12/..pi../sup 7/(N/sub 1/(b) - (3g/sup 2//8..pi../sup 2/) lnsN/sub 2/(b)), where N/sub 1/(b) and N/sub 2/(b) are positive functions depending only on bmore » = (..mu../sup 2/ - 4m/sup 2/)/sup 1///sup 2//..mu.., where ..mu.. is the hadron mass and m is the quark mass.« less
Hyperuricaemia and choreoathetosis in a child without mental retardation or self-mutilation - a new HPRT variant.

A thirteen-year-old boy is described who had uric acid nephrolithiasis, spasticity and choreoathetosis, but no self-mutilation or mental retardation. Initial studies suggested the presence of the classic Lesch-Nyhan enzymatic defect; study of the metabolism of [8-14C]hypoxanthine and [8-14C]guanine in intact fibroblasts and careful analysis of the data indicated that this was not the case. This child represents a newly identified variant of the HPRT locus.
Evolution of β-Cell Replacement Therapy in Diabetes Mellitus: Pancreas Transplantation

Abstract Diabetes mellitus remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, approximately 23.6 million people in the United States are affected. Of these individuals, 5–10% have been diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus (TIDM), an autoimmune disease. Although it often appears in childhood, T1DM may manifest at any age. The effects of T1DM can be devastating, as the disease often leads to significant secondary complications, morbidity, and decreased quality of life. Since the late 1960s, surgical treatment for diabetes mellitus has continued to evolve and has become a viable alternative to chronic insulin administration. In this review, the historical evolution, current status, graft efficacy, benefits, and complications of pancreas transplantation are explored.
Learning and Inference for Graphical and Hierarchical Models: A Personal Journey

Abstract This talk will provide an overview of a personal perspective on inference and learning for graphical models, one that began with work on multi-resolution models for signals and images but that has evolved into a more general look at inference and learning especially for graphical models for which these tasks are tractable and scalable to large problems. The talk will begin with a brief introduction to Markov models on undirected graphs and message-passing algorithms, often known as Belief Propagation, that exactly solve inference problems for s on a very special set of graphs, namely those without loops or cycles, i.e., trees. We'll then turn to building or learning models on such graphs, including ones that explicitly have hierarchical structure and will comment on some of the differences between the questions that have typically been addressed in very different communities (namely machine learning and system theory). We'll then provide a new method for learning models on trees with hidden nodes. The rest of the talk will deal with a look at what happens if one considers graphs with loops. We first look at what is known as Loopy Belief Propagation and provide, for the Gaussian case, an explicit picture of what it does and when and why it works and when it doesn't based on what we call walk-sum analysis. We then use these ideas to describe another new set of algorithms based on the graph-theoretic concept of a feedback vertex set (i.e., a set of nodes in the graph that, if removed, leave a cycle-free graph). As time allows we'll discuss the learning of several other classes of graphical models, where in each case, the objective is to learn models for which both the learning of these models as well as exact or nearly exact inference using these models is computational feasible.
Temporal luminance summation effects in backward and forward masking

Two experiments tested six predictions derived from the assumptions underlying the luminance summation-contrast reduction explanation for certain instances of forward and backward masking effects. The predictions concerned the circumstances under which masking would occur and also that forward masking would be more extensive than backward masking under specified luminance arrangements. All six predictions were confirmed.
An alginate hydrogel dura mater replacement for use with intracortical electrodes

The collagenous dura mater requires a secure closure following implantation of neural prosthetic devices to avoid complications due to cerebrospinal fluid leakage and infections. Alginate was previously suggested for use as a dural sealant. The liquid application and controllable gelling conditions enable alginate to conform to the unique geometries of a neural prosthetic device and the surrounding dura mater to create a barrier with the external environment. In this study, we evaluated the use of alginate as a method to securely reclose a dural defect and seal around an untethered microscale neural probe in the rabbit model. After 3 days and 3 weeks, the sealing strength of alginate remained eight times greater than normal rabbit intracranial pressure and similar in both the presence and absence of a penetrating neural probe. For time points up to 3 months, there was no significant difference in dura mater fibrosis or thickness between alginate and controls. Application of alginate to a dural defect results in a watertight seal that remains intact while the dura mater reforms. These findings indicate that alginate is an effective tool for sealing around microscale neural probes and suggests broader application as a sealant for larger neural prosthetic devices.
Establishing a Role for the GTPase Ypt1p at the Late Golgi

GTPases of the Rab family cycle between an inactive (GDP-bound) and active (GTP-bound) conformation. The active form of the Rab regulates a variety of cellular functions via multiple effectors. Guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) activate Rabs by accelerating the exchange of GDP for GTP, while GTPase activating proteins (GAPs) inactivate Rabs by stimulating the hydrolysis of GTP. The GTPase Ypt1p is required for endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi and intra-Golgi traffic in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Recent findings, however, have shown that Ypt1p GEF, GAP and an effector are all required for traffic from the early endosome to the Golgi. Here we describe a screen for ypt1 mutants that block traffic from the early endosome to the late Golgi, but not general secretion. This screen has led to the identification of a collection of recessive and dominant mutants that block traffic from the early endosome. While it has long been known that Ypt1p regulates the flow of biosynthetic traffic into the cis side of the Golgi, these findings have established a role for Ypt1p in the regulation of early endosome-Golgi traffic. We propose that Ypt1p regulates the flow of traffic into the cis and trans side of the Golgi via multiple effectors.
Arthritis in a patient with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia

Familial hypercholesterolemia is a disorder of lipoprotein metabolism characterized by elevated cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, xanthomas and early onset atherosclerosis. Tendinitis and arthritis have been reported in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia. A report is presented of a 9-year-old girl with an acute arthritic attack who was diagnosed as homozygote familial hypercholesterolemia with hypercholesterolemic arthritis.
Migration and the distribution of earnings in the South.

This study attempts...[to examine] the impact of in-migration and out-migration on the percentage change in the distribution of earnings in the South over two periods 1965-70 and 1970-75. The Continuous Work History Sample (CWHS) of the [U.S.] Social Security Administration serves as the data base. (EXCERPT)
Development of an Inverse Algorithm for Resonance Inspection

Resonance inspection (RI), which employs the natural frequency spectra shift between the good and the anomalous part populations to detect defects, is a non-destructive evaluation (NDE) technique with many advantages such as low inspection cost, high testing speed, and broad applicability to structures with complex geometry compared to other contemporary NDE methods. It has already been widely used in the automobile industry for quality inspections of safety critical parts. Unlike some conventionally used NDE methods, the current RI technology is unable to provide details, i.e. location, dimension, or types, of the flaws for the discrepant parts. Such limitation severely hinders its wide spread applications and further development. In this study, an inverse RI algorithm based on maximum correlation function is proposed to quantify the location and size of flaws for a discrepant part. A dog-bone shaped stainless steel sample with and without controlled flaws are used for algorithm development and validation. The results show that multiple flaws can be accurately pinpointed back using the algorithms developed, and the prediction accuracy decreases with increasing flaw numbers and decreasing distance between flaws.
Localization of β-glucuronidase in protein bodies of transgenic tobacco seed by fusion to an amino terminal sequence of the soybean lectin gene

Abstract We examined the effect of the first 32 amino acids of the soybean seed lectin gene on subcellular localization of β -glucuronidase (GUS) in transgenic tobacco seeds. The coding region of a non-glycoslyated GUS protein served as a reporter gene inserted between two expression cassettes containing the 5′ promoter and 3′ non-coding regions of the lectin gene. These expression cassettes were identical except for the presence or absence of the 32 amino acid N-terminal sequence that precedes the mature lectin protein. Tobacco leaf disks were transformed by Agrobacterium tumefaciens and 13 independently transformed lines were tested for genetic segregation ratios to define the number of independently segregating insertion events. Both promoters resulted in developmental and tissue specific expression of the GUS reporter gene. We determined that when the GUS protein is preceded by the 32 amino acid N-terminal lectin peptide, there is significant association of GUS activity and protein with the protein bodies as determined by subcellular fractionation and by localization using immunogold electron microscopy. Although unexpected, these results indicate that the 32 amino acid N-terminal sequence of the lectin protein which serves as a signal sequence is sufficient to send the attached protein to the protein bodies. These expression cassettes with and without the 32 amino acid N-terminal sequence should be useful for expression of foreign proteins either in the protein bodies or in the cytosol during seed development of soybean or other plants.
The evasion of propaganda; how prejudiced people respond to anti-prejudice propaganda.

(1947). The Evasion of Propaganda: How Prejudiced People Respond to Anti-Prejudice Propaganda. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 15-25.
Business process re‐engineering/information system development to improve customer service quality

Business process re‐engineering requires revolutionary, innovative changes to business processes in an organization in order to achieve major and dramatic improvements in the critical success factors. To accomplish these goals new technologies need to be investigated and adopted. Organizations are experiencing paradigm shifting that at times is bordering on paradigm pioneering. For a dramatic, innovative re‐engineering effort to be successfully implemented, change management is essential. While information technology has great potential for providing added value to products and services, business executives are frustrated because business processes and information technology are not synchronized. The inflexibility of older information systems and information technology (IS/IT) constrained growth and competitiveness and resulted in the development of substitute processes to circumvent these constraints. While continuous improvement is the slow, steady and continuous effort to improve products and/or services, it may not be the best course for some organizations. Ideally, both are needed to maintain a competitive advantage. Provides some suggestions on how an organization may approach these processes and presents a case that demonstrates how one organization dealt with these issues.
Dynamic rules for due-date assignment

This paper presents two new dynamic due-date assignment rules which utilize shop congestion information. The new rules estimate job flowtime based on a sampling of recently completed jobs. These rules are compared with other established flowtime estimate models on the criterion of due-date performance via computer simulation. To evaluate the robustness of the rules, an experimental design with three different queue sequencing heuristics and two different shop balance levels was used. The results of this investigation clearly indicate that flowtimes from recently completed jobs provide very useful information for establishing effective due-dates in a job shop environment. In addition it is shown how the use of particular sequencing rules greatly increases the precision of flowtime estimates.
Microanalysis of tryptophan metabolites in mice

Abstract Techniques were devised to quantitatively monitor a wide variety of tryptophan metabolites in a single mouse urine sample. Behavior of reference tryptophan standards on two-dimensional thin layer and DEAE-cellulose chromatography as well as fluorescence and color reactions were used to identify urinary tryptophan metabolites. The use of d,l -tryptophan (benzene ring- 14 C) and 5-hydroxytryptamine-3′- 14 C creatinine sulfate to mice allowed us to monitor the metabolites on thin-layer plates by autoradiography and to quantitate the relative amounts of kynurenine and serotonin pathway metabolites excreted in a single mouse urine sample.
Dish Concentrators for Solar Thermal Energy

A wide variety of point-focusing concentrators are under consideration for solar thermal energy use. They are briefly reviewed in this paper. These concentrators differ in such characteristics as optical configuration and materials, structure for support of the optical elements and receiver, mount, foundation, drive, and controls. Point-focusing concentrators require good optical efficiency and, especially for high-temperature applications, high geometric concentration ratios. Most important are low cost, as installed, and low lifetime cost. Critical cost contributors for quantity production are the cost of materials and the cost of installation labor. Field testing and performance measurements of concentrators, with receivers and controls, are badly needed.
The effects of ruminally degraded protein on rumen fermentation and ammonia losses from manure in dairy cows

Abstract This experiment investigated the effect of dietary crude protein (CP) and ruminally degraded protein (RDP) levels on rumen fermentation, digestibility, ammonia emission from manure, and performance of lactating dairy cows. The experiment was a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design with 6 cows. Three diets varying in CP concentration were tested (CP, % of dry matter): 15.4 (high CP, control), 13.4 (medium CP), and 12.9% (low CP). These diets provided metabolizable protein balances of 323, −44, and 40 g/d and RDP balances of 162, −326, and −636 g/d (high, medium, and low, respectively). Both the medium and low CP diets decreased ruminal pH compared with high CP, most likely because of the higher nonfiber carbohydrate concentration in the former diets. Ruminal ammonia pool size (rumen ammonia N was labeled with 15 N) and the concentration of total free amino acids were greater for the high CP diet than for the RDP-deficient diets. Apparent total-tract nutrient digestibilities were not affected by treatment. Both the medium and low CP diets resulted in lower absolute and relative excretion of urinary N compared with the high CP diet, as a proportion of N intake. Excretion of fecal N and milk yield and composition were not affected by diet. Milk N efficiency (milk N ÷ N intake) and the cumulative secretion of ammonia- 15 N in milk protein were greater for the RDP-deficient diets, and milk urea N concentration was greater for the high CP diet. Both medium and low CP diets decreased the irreversible loss of ruminal ammonia N compared with the high CP diet. The rate and cumulative ammonia emissions from manure were lower for the medium and low CP diets compared with the high CP diet. Overall, this study demonstrated that dairy diets with reduced CP and RDP concentrations will produce manure with lower ammonia-emitting potential without affecting cow performance, if metabolizable protein requirements are met.
Project DAVES: An Exploratory Study of Social Presence, E-Mentoring, and Vocational Counseling Support in Community College Courses

Abstract A FIPSE-funded project was designed to provide support and training to community college faculty electronically, and to develop a model to offer innovative, interactive strategies to support their students' academic and career needs. The goal of the mentoring/coaching program has been to support instructors in their online efforts, provide resources and assistance to students, and create a community of learning for all. The examination of the process was framed and guided by the concept of social presence theory. Data collected included mentors' weekly logs, researcher-generated weekly prompts, and bi-monthly focus groups. All data were analyzed qualitatively using open and axial coding. Results indicate that creating social presence may depend, in part, on having an authentic, clearly defined role. Reflections throughout the process required continuous revisions to the plans.
Oxidation of the platinum-group metals

Abstract Experimental studies of the oxidation characteristics of the six platinum-group metals in relatively slowly moving air at 1000°–1400°C are reported. The results are correlated with recent vapor-pressure studies of the metals in vacuum and thermodynamic and kinetic studies in oxidizing atmospheres. A mechanism involving chemisorption and dissociation of oxygen at the surface is suggested. In the range of 1200°–1400°C, all of the platinum-group metals exhibit linear rates of weight loss in air through formation of volatile oxides. The situation becomes slightly complicated with palladium, because of an initial absorption of oxygen. The linear rates of weight loss determined under the specific conditions investigated at 1400° C in slowly moving air at 1 atm pressure for rhodium, platinum, iridium, ruthenium, and osmium are 6.8·10 −3 , 9.6·10 −3 , 3.1, 1.2·10 2 , and 1.2·10 3 mg/cm 2 /h, respectively. For reasons discussed in the paper, these rates are expected to vary with the partial pressure of oxygen, total gas pressure, and the flow rate of the gaseous environment. More research is needed to establish the mechanism of oxidation and the variation of oxidation rates with these variables.
Three-dimensional simulation of isotropic coarsening in liquid phase sintering I: A model

Abstract A three-dimensional, Potts model of liquid phase sintering in a system with full solid wetting was introduced in order to investigate the coarsening kinetics and microstructures associated with this process. Kinetic Monte Carlo simulation was used to probe the coarsening dynamics and obtain the properties of solid particles, including the volume of critical nuclei and the distribution of particle sizes as a function of time. It was found that the average particle volume increased linearly with time and that the particle size distributions were consistent with those obtained experimentally, as in the W–Ni–Fe and Sn–Pb systems. In obtaining these results careful consideration was given to the role of the initial microstructural features in the subsequent evolution of the system.
Albumin Metabolism in the Nephrotic Syndrome: The Effect of Dietary Protein Intake

The nephrotic syndrome is characterized by increased urinary excretion of albumin and other serum proteins, accompanied by hypoproteinemia and edema formation. Nephrotic patients have lower serum albumin concentrations than do patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis when albumin and protein losses are the same in both groups, suggesting that nephrotic patients may not maximally adapt to loss of protein. The fractional rate of albumin catabolism is increased in nephrotic patients, possibly as a result of increased albumin catabolism by the kidney, but the absolute albumin catabolic rate is decreased in nephrotic patients. The rate of albumin synthesis may be increased, but not sufficiently to maintain normal serum albumin concentration or albumin pools. Augmentation of dietary protein in nephrotic rats directly stimulates albumin synthesis by increasing albumin mRNA content in the liver, but also causes an increase in glomerular permeability to macromolecules so that much if not all of the excess albumin synthesized is lost in the urine. When dietary protein is restricted, the rate of albumin synthesis is not increased either in nephrotic patients or in rats, despite severe hypoalbuminemia. Although dietary protein supplementation may lead to positive nitrogen balance, dietary protein supplementation alone does not cause an increase in serum albumin concentration or body albumin pools, and may instead cause further albumin pool depletion because of changes induced in glomerular permselectivity. The use of angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibitors may blunt the increased albuminuria caused by dietary protein supplementation and allow albumin stores to be increased.
Smoke 'Em if You Got 'Em: Cigarette Black Markets in U.S. Prisons and Jails

Since the mid-1980s, cigarette-smoking policies have become increasingly restrictive in jails and prisons across the United States. Cigarette black markets of various form and scale often emerge in jails and prisons where tobacco is prohibited or banned. Case studies of 16 jails and prisons were undertaken to understand the effects of cigarette bans versus restrictions on inmate culture and prison economies. This study describes how bans can transform largely benign cigarette “gray markets,” where cigarettes are used as a currency, into more problematic black markets, where cigarettes are a highly priced commodity. Analysis points to several structural factors that affected the development of cigarette black markets in the visited facilities: the architectural design, inmate movement inside and outside, officer involvement in smuggling cigarettes to inmates, and officer vigilance in enforcing the smoking policy. Although these factors affect the influx of other types of contraband into correctional facilities, such as illegal drugs, this study argues that the demand and availability of cigarettes creates a unique kind of black market.
Primary Relationships, HIV Treatment Adherence, and Virologic Control

To identify factors associated with antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence and virologic control among HIV-positive men on ART in primary relationships, data were collected from 210 male couples (420 men). Dyadic actor–partner analyses investigated associations with three levels of adherence-related dependent variables: self-efficacy (ASE), self-reported adherence, and virologic control. Results indicated that higher patient ASE was related to his own positive beliefs about medications, higher relationship autonomy and intimacy, and fewer depressive symptoms. Fewer depressive symptoms and less relationship satisfaction in the partner were linked to higher ASE in the patient. Better self-reported adherence was related to the patient’s positive appraisal of the relationship and the partner’s positive treatment efficacy beliefs. Greater medication concerns of both patient and partner were associated with less adherence. The partner’s higher relationship commitment was associated with lower viral load in the patient. Findings suggest that depressive symptoms, treatment beliefs, and relationship quality factors of both partners may influence adherence-related outcomes.
Supplement Use in the Adolescent Athlete

Use of dietary supplements has become common practice among adolescent athletes in the United States. Concern has arisen regarding safety in adolescents in light of the fact that supplements are not required to meet usual US Food and Drug Administration requirements for standard pharmaceuticals. Furthermore, advertised ergogenic gains are based on little or no scientific evidence. Creatine, anabolic steroids, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone, caffeine, ephedrine-type alkaloids, calcium beta-hydroxy-beta-methybutyrate, and human growth hormone are reviewed. Although some studies have indicated performance benefit in particular athletic situations, there are few available data in adolescents. Furthermore, the few safety studies of these supplements do not include adolescents. Adolescents may be at particular risk when using anabolic steroids and caffeine-ephedra combinations. Research has demonstrated effective education programs can reduce adolescents' intentions to use dietary supplements.
Escherichia coli DNA helicase II (uvrD gene product) catalyzes the unwinding of DNA.RNA hybrids in vitro

DNA helicase II is a well-characterized Escherichia coli enzyme capable of unwinding duplex DNA and known to be involved in both methyl-directed mismatch repair and excision repair of pyrimidine dimers. Here it is shown that this enzyme also catalyzes the ATP-dependent unwinding of a DNA.RNA hybrid consisting of a radioactively labeled RNA molecule annealed on M13 single-stranded DNA. The DNA.RNA unwinding reaction required less protein to unwind more base pairs than the corresponding unwinding of duplex DNA. In addition, the rate of unwinding of the DNA.RNA hybrid was more than an order of magnitude faster than unwinding of a DNA partial duplex of similar length. The unwinding of the DNA.RNA hybrid is a property unique to helicase II since helicase I, Rep protein, and helicase IV failed to catalyze the reaction. In light of these results it seems likely that helicase II is involved in some previously unrecognized aspect of nucleic acid metabolism, in addition to its known roles in DNA repair reactions.
Depth perception using crossed-looking stereo vision system

It has been well known that the human vision system is a multi-resolution and spatially shift- variant system. The size of the edge filters on each retina are small and roughly constant within the foveal area, and are increased linearly with eccentricity outside the fovea. This mechanism allows the human visual system to perceive detailed description about the target surface within the fovea vision area, and to obtain a global description about the scene in the peripheral vision area. This paper describes a stereo vision system which simulates this mechanism of human vision. The system uses a pair of crossed-looking cameras as sensors. The fixation point is used as the geometric center of the 3D space. With this perception geometry, the vision system perceives depth variation of the target surface, rather than the absolute distance from the target surface to the sensors. This property allows the stereo correspondence to be achieved through a fusion process, which is similar to the optical fusion of two diffraction patterns. The fusion process obtains disparity information of the entire image in one convolution operation. The volume of calculation, and therefore the processing time needs for depth perception, is largely reduced. The mechanism of spatially shift-variant processing is implemented by applying logarithm conformal mapping to the images. As a result, the sensitivity in depth perception decreases exponentially from the center to the peripheral area of the image. This allows the vision system to obtain depth information about the scene within a broad field of view.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Matching Facilitator Style and Agenda Structure in Group Support Systems: Effects on Participant Satisfaction and Group Output Quality

A 2x2 factorial controlled experiment was conducted to examine the effects of agenda structure and facilitator style on participant satisfaction and output quality in meetings employing group support systems GSS. Participants were assigned to one of four conditions: 1 relationship style/relationship agenda; 2 task style/task agenda; 3 task style/relationship agenda; and 4 relationship style/task agenda. As expected, satisfaction with the agenda, process, and outcomes was higher in the matched style/agenda conditions 1 and 2. Surprisingly, satisfaction with facilitation and task was higher in the relationship style conditions 1 and 4. Two expert raters were used to judge the quality of group outputs. As predicted, groups in the matched conditions produced higher quality outputs than groups in the mismatched conditions. Implications of the study for practice and future research are provided. This study is part of an ongoing program of research into the effectiveness of GSS as a tool for conducting meetings and other forms of group activity.
Properties of a polar32 P-phospholipid isolated from a particulate mitochondrial ATPase☆

Abstract The properties of a 32 P-labeled substance formed by incubation of a particulate mitochondrial ATPase with ATP-γ- 32 P and oligomycin or rutamycin correspond to those of phospholipids. The phosphorylated substance is extractable with polar organic solvents from acid solution under conditions that extract polyphosphoinositides. The substance is converted to a water soluble derivative by mild alkaline hydrolysis sufficient for deacylation of glycerides. The derivative formed elutes after glycerophosphorylinositol monoor diphosphate on anion-exchange chromatography. Strong acid hydrolysis of the water-soluble derivative results in the production of four major 32 P-containing compounds separable by anion exchange chromatography, none of which elute with inositol polyphosphate fractions. Products from acid or alkaline hydrolysis liberate inorganic orthophosphate upon enzymic digestion or heating near pH 5 as expected for phosphate monoesters. The properties suggest that the phosphorylated compound is a polar phospholipid-like material of unknown structure.
Attenuation and Dispersion of Acoustic Waves in Reacting Nematic Liquid Crystal Mixtures

Abstract The Ericksen-Leslie theory of nematic liquid crystals is extended to non-diffusive reacting binary mixtures. This mixture theory allows for the reaction rate to depend on both the rate-of-deformation tensor and the anisotropic axis. Thermodynamic arguments result in reactive terms appearing in the expression for the stress tensor. The theory is applied to the propagation of acoustic waves. The equations are linearized assuming a forced infinitesimal harmonic plane wave, and a biquadratic polynomial is obtained for the complex wave number. In a low frequency expansion the attenuation is the sum of three parts: (1) the classical reaction contribution, (2) the thermoviscous contribution, and (3) the viscoreactive contribution arising from the dependence of the reaction rate on the alignment of the anisotropic axis and rate-of-deformation tensor. Additionally, the sound speed is a function of orientation of the anisotropic axis and frequency. The observed velocity anisotropy of acoustic waves in N-p-...
Syntheses of methyl ethers of methyl α-D-mannopyranoside, and hydrogen bonding in diastereoisomers of methyl 4-O-(1-ethoxyethyl)-α-D-mannopyranoside

Abstract The synthesis of the 4-methyl, the 2,4-dimethyl, and the 2,3,6-trimethyl ethers of methyl α- D -mannopyranoside has been accomplished by the use of selective, benzoyl protecting groups, the 1-ethoxyethyl protecting group, and methylation with diazomethane. Considerable differences were noted in the i.r.- and n.m.r.-spectroscopic and t.l.c. properties of the diastereoisomers of methyl 4-O-[1-ethoxyethyl]-α- D -mannopyranoside. A structure, analogous to that of trans-decalin, maintained by intramolecular hydrogen-bonding is proposed for these compounds. The differences in physical properties of the two diastereoisomers are interpreted on the basis that the (R) isomer has an axially attached methyl group, and, therefore, the ring involved cannot be so stable as that of the (S) isomer.
A sequential fluid–solid weak coupling analysis of the SPE in stressed Si layers

Abstract The kinetically driven growth instability in stressed solids has been a subject of recent investigation as there is an increasing interest in the effects of non-hydrostatic stresses on crystal growth processes. Recent experimental and modeling work have shown that the effect of stress on the solid phase epitaxy (SPE) growth of crystalline silicon from the amorphous phase is responsible for the roughening of its amorphous–crystalline interface. Although our previous model (Phan, A.-V., Kaplan, T., Gray, L.J., Adalsteinsson, D., Sethian, J.A., Barvosa-Carter, W., Aziz, M.J., 2001. Modelling a growth instability in a stressed solid. Modelling and Simulation in Materials Science and Engineering 9, 309–325.) has been able to explain the observed interfacial instability during the crystal growth of intrinsic silicon, it has not been very successful when extended to the SPE growth process of doped silicon. In an effort to identify the sources that may improve the accuracy and robustness of the previously proposed model, we present in this paper a new approach for modeling the crystal growth in stressed Si layers. The technique is based upon the coupling of finite element analysis, the sequentially weak coupling analysis for fluid–solid interaction, and the marker particle method.
Recovering the front-line struggle against Jim Crow

Between 1936 and 1947, the National Negro Congress (NNC) and its independent youth affiliate, the Southern Negro Youth Congress (SNYC), created interracial, labour-based networks of activists dedic...
Nuclear Reactions of V with 300-GeV Protons and Co with 11.5-, 200-, and 300-GeV Protons

Cross sections of a large variety of spallation products from V and Co do not change appreciably as the beam energy increaes from 11.5 to 300 GeV. The mean ratio sigma /sub 300// sigma /sub 29/ for V is 0.96 plus or minus 0.04; for Co sigma /sub 200// sigma /sub 1.15/ = 0.95 plus or minus .06 and sigma /sub 300// sigma /sub 1.15/=1.02 plus or minus 0.009. It was assumed that the monitor cross section is constant above 10 GeV. (auth)
Family-focused management: Treatment of choice for deviant and dependent families

Abstract Helping professionals working with troubled families takes two approaches. One approach, noting that the identified patient's family's behavioral interactions have positive and negative effects on the patient and his symptoms, advocates involving family members in the treatment process. The other approach, noting that the identified patient alone has the power to resolve his problem, advocates treating the patient independently of the family. This latter approach, in effect, relieves family members of the painful feelings of responsibility. At first glance, these two approaches appear to be in conflict, and it is no wonder that professionals choose to remain with one or the other. Both points of view are valid, so that approaches need to be developed which incorporate both.
e-Mass customisation apparel shopping: effects of desire for unique consumer products and perceived risk on purchase intentions

To facilitate apparel firms’ development of effective strategies for e-mass customisation of apparel, this study examined the indirect effects of desire for unique consumer products and the perceived risk on purchase intentions of e-customised apparel based on the theory of planned behaviour. An online survey with a mock website for customised business wear was used to collect data from 296 college students. Structural and measurement models were estimated. Findings showed that interactive function and a quick and convenient co-design process were the important attributes of favourable attitudes towards e-customised apparel. Desire for unique consumer products had an indirect effect on purchase intention through attitude and subjective norm. Perceived risk had an indirect effect on purchase intention through subjective norm. However, perceived behavioural control was not a significant predictor of purchase intention of e-customised apparel. Based on these findings, managerial implications were provided.
Candy: Component-based Availability Modeling Framework for Cloud Service Management Using SysML

High-availability assurance of cloud service is a critical and challenging issue for cloud service providers. To quantify the availability of cloud services from both architectural and operational points of views, availability modeling and evaluation are essential. This paper presents a component-based availability modeling framework, named Candy, which constructs a comprehensive availability model semi-automatically from system specifications described by Systems Modeling Language (SysML). SysML diagrams are translated into components of availability model and the components are assembled together to form the entire availability model in Stochastic Reward Nets (SRNs). In order to incorporate the maintenance operations of cloud services in availability models, Candy defines the translation rules from Activity diagram to SRN and synchronizes the related SRNs according to SysML allocation notations. The feasibility of the proposed modeling and availability evaluation process is studied by an illustrative example of a web application service hosted on a cloud infrastructure having multiple failure isolation zones and automatic scale-up function.
Redefinition of the neotropical genus Anthopterus (Ericaceae: Vaccinieae), including one new species

The taxonomic history of Anthopterus as it relates to Themistoclesia is briefly reviewed. Anthopterus is redefined to include several species formerly placed in Themistoclesia. Two subgenera are established within Anthopterus. Anthopterus costaricensis Luteyn is described as new, and the new combination Anthopterus pterotus (A. C. Sm.) Luteyn is made. A key to the genus, a list of the species currently accepted, and brief notes on distribution and frequency are provided. Most species of Anthopterus are rare and their habitats are endangered.