cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CPS transformation of flow information

We consider the question of how a Continuation-Passing-Style (CPS) transformation changes the flow analysis of a program. We present an algorithm that takes the least solution to the flow constraints of a program and constructs in linear time the least solution to the flow constraints for the CPS-transformed program. Previous studies of this question used CPS transformations that had the effect of duplicating code, or of introducing flow sensitivity into the analysis. Our algorithm has the property that for a program point in the original program and the corresponding program point in the CPS-transformed program, the flow information is the same. By carefully avoiding both duplicated code and flow-sensitive analysis, we find that the most accurate analysis of the CPS-transformed program is neither better nor worse than the most accurate analysis of the original. Thus a compiler that needed flow information after CPS transformation could use the flow information from the original program to annotate some program points, and it could use our algorithm to find the rest of the flow information quickly, rather than having to analyze the CPS-transformed program.
Effect of RAM amount on the thermal behavior of CPU operating under a heavy computational load

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of different RAM amount and fan failure on bulk CPU temperature rises while operating under a heavy computational load. Two sets of experiments, each with varying amounts of RAM were carried out under CPU cooling fan-on and fan-off conditions. A personal computer with an Intel Pentium III CPU was used to conduct the experiments. The computational load was the multiplication of two dimensional matrices (3100 by 3100) containing double precision numbers. To monitor temperature rises, sensitive thermocouples were installed on the CPU heat-sink, the RAM module, and the hard disk. This paper demonstrates that CPU temperature increases as more RAM becomes available to perform the computation. The authors hypothesize that the increase in CPU temperature is correlated to full CPU utilization to carry out a heavy computational load.
The TFIIIA recognition fragment d(GGATGGGAG)·d(CTCCCATCC) is B-form in solution

The deoxyoligonucleotide d(GGATGGGAG).d(CTCCCATCC) is a portion of the gene recognition sequence of transcription factor IIIA (TFIIIA). The crystal structure of this oligonucleotide was shown to be A-form (Mc Call, M., Brown, T., Hunter, W.N., and Kennard, O. 1986 Nature 322, 661-664). The present study employs NMR, optical, chemical and enzymatic techniques to investigate the solution structure of this DNA 9-mer. NMR COSY experiments indicate 16 of the 18 residues are predominantly south (C2'-endo) sugar conformation. NMR NOESY indicates glycosidic angles in the range predicted for B-form DNA as opposed to A-form. Related DNA and RNA self-complementary 18-mer sequences, d(GGATGGGAGC-TCCCATCC), with U substituted for T in RNA, were studied by circular dichroism. CD spectra support B-form structures for the DNA 9-mer and the DNA 18-mer, and A-form for the RNA 18-mer. High trifluoroethanol concentrations induce a B- to A-form transition in the DNA oligonucleotides. Enzymatic and chemical probes also illustrate significant differences between the DNA and the RNA oligonucleotides. We find no evidence to support an A-form conformation for the TFIIIA recognition sequence d(GGATGGGAG).d(CTCCCATCC) in solution.
Frequency Control of an Oscillatory Reaction by Reversible Binding of an Autocatalyst

We demonstrate a novel mechanism for controlling the frequency, amplitude, and existence of chemical oscillations. Using a ferrocyanide-iodate-sulfite reaction, we show that a chemical buffer can increase or decrease the frequency of oscillations. Furthermore, the same buffer can completely suppress or, conversely, induce oscillations when added to the appropriate composition. This simple buffering scheme can provide a practical method for controlling the oscillations of a variety of chemical and biological systems.
Choosing problem solving rewards and Halloween prizes: Delay of gratification and preference for symbolic reward as a function of development, motivation, and personal investment

Three experiments were conducted to generate and cross-validate a developmental account of reward preferences in the lifelike condition in which available rewards differ on both the immediate-delayed and material-symbolic dimensions. Children within a broad range of developmental levels selected from arrays in which immediate-material, immediate-symbolic, delayed-material, and delayed-symbolic items were available. In each experiment more mature subjects delayed gratification to maximize reward magnitude and chose rewards symbolic of success more often than did less mature subjects. Analyses indicated that the two reward dimensions were both highly salient in children's thinking and that developmental effects on the two dimensions could be neatly integrated within a 3-stage developmental scale. Developmental effects on this scale and on the separate dimensions persisted across changes in the particular reward items available and changes in location from school testing room to more naturalistic Halloween settings. The findings indicated that preference for symbolic rewards tends to be more pronounced among the mentally retarded than the nonretarded, but cast doubt upon previous interpretations of that group difference. Finally, children's Halloween prize choices suggested that preference for symbolic reward is a function of one's developmental level, the achievement being rewarded, and the extent of one's personal investment in that achievement.
Temperature Coupling in the Vocal Communication System of the Gray Tree Frog, Hyla versicolor.

The gray tree frog mates over a temperature range of at least 9°C. Gravid females, tested at two different temperatures, preferred synthetic mating calls with temperature-dependent temporal properties similar to those produced by a male at about the same temperature as their own. Thus, the vocalization system and the temporal pattern recognition system are affected by temperature in a qualitatively similar fashion.
Negotiating Implementation of High-Stakes Performance Assessment Policies in Teacher Education: From Compliance to Inquiry.

Teacher education programs in the United States face a variety of new accountability policies at both the federal and the state level. Many of these policies carry high-stakes implications for students and programs and involve some of the same challenges for implementation as they have in the P-12 arena. Serious dilemmas for teacher educators arise in these contexts, as compliance with prescriptive state mandates is often interpreted by faculty to signify a demoralizing loss of program autonomy and integrity, whereas noncompliance may result in loss of program accreditation. The authors describe how one teacher education program negotiated these dilemmas in a fashion responsive to local values and concerns while also meeting state requirements. Results are discussed in terms of tensions between (a) policy goals seeking alignment and coherence across institutions of higher education and (b) motivational conditions likely to engage faculty in the difficult work of programmatic renewal and change in teacher ...
Gastric involvement in autoimmune pancreatitis: MDCT and histopathologic features.

Context Autoimmune pancreatitis is a relatively rare, yet well described cause of chronic pancreatitis. Extrapancreatic findings are now recognized as important manifestations of this entity and viewed as part of a larger disease process tentatively named “IgG4-associated sclerotic disease”. Case report We herein report a case of autoimmune pancreatitis with histopathologically proven gastric involvement. We also describe and illustrate the multidetector-row computed tomography appearance of gastric involvement in IgG4-associated sclerotic disease. Conclusion Autoimmune pancreatitis is increasingly recognized as a multi-systemic disease whose early recognition dramatically affects patient management. Knowledge of the computed tomography appearance of gastric involvement in autoimmune pancreatitis can aid in diagnosis. Image: Endoscopic image demonstrates non-erosive gastric inflammation.
Suramin promotes recovery from renal ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice

Suramin is a polysulfonated naphthylurea originally designed as a treatment for trypanosomiasis; but that has also been used to treat rodent models of fulminant hepatic failure and focal brain ischemia. In this study, we determined the effects of suramin on renal ischemia/reperfusion-induced acute kidney injury in mice, in particular its effect when administered after renal injury has been established. Increasing concentrations of suramin were given 24 hours following reperfusion, a time when serum creatinine levels were at their highest level. This treatment improved renal function, as evidenced by decreased blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine to control values and diminished histopathologic tubular damage. Suramin-treated animals had a significant reduction in apoptotic tubular cells and infiltrating leukocytes. There was also an increase of proliferating tubular cells following reperfusion compared to the number found in untreated animals. Our study shows that suramin promotes the recovery of renal function and has effective therapeutic applications when given after the occurrence of renal injury.
A Meta-Analysis of Multiple Longitudinal Studies from the Collaborative Alcohol-Related Longitudinal Project

The authors used individual and group-level variables within age and sex to predict drinking patterns over time among individuals. Eight longitudinal samples of persons age 21–30 years were analyzed separately. Drinking patterns at final measurement were regressed simultaneously on both individual and group-level variables. The first model tested for marital and drinking status along with group-level mean change in drinking. The second model tested for marital and drinking status along with group-percent married. The third model tested for marital and drinking status along with percent newly married. Using meta-analysis, the authors demonstrated significant and homogeneous effects for the three models tested and for group-level mean differences in the first model.
Political Polling and the New Media Culture: A Case of More Being Less

Changes in journalism—including newsroom cutbacks, an emphasis on repackaging secondhand material, and the demands of 24-hour news—have expanded the reliance on polls as news, including polls of a sort once considered not reliable for publication, and led to a more superficial understanding of the 2004 presidential race. The prolif- eration of outlets offering news, which has resulted in greater competi- tion for audience, has also intensified the motivation of using polls in part for their marketing value rather than purely their probative journal- istic value. The more "synthetic" style of contemporary journalism has increased the tendency to allow polls to create a context for journalists to explain and organize other news—becoming the lens through which reporters see and order a more interpretative news environment. A greater dependence on horse race tracking polls by the media has rein- forced these tendencies and further thinned the public's understanding toward who won and away from why. Growing audience skepticism and political polarization have created an environment of distrust about the methodology and integrity of polling. All of these factors, in turn, are frustrating the efforts of academic and commercial pollsters to maintain standards and deepen understanding among journalists about public opinion research and how to use it as journalism. The editors and reporters around the table had always appreciated the candor of the man who was running the meeting, one of the paper's assistant manag- ing editors. He did not disappoint them this day. The gathering was a two-day retreat of the political team of the Los Angeles Times, including myself, to plan its coverage for the upcoming presidential election. The year was 1991, which in political time was an epoch ago or maybe two. Like strategic planning meetings held months before a campaign TOM ROSENSTIEL is founder and director of the Project for Excellence in Journalism, a research insti- tute on the news media affiliated with the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism. The author would like to acknowledge Scott Keeter of the Pew Research Center and Cliff Zukin of Rutgers University for their help in the preparation of this article, as well as the staff of the Project for Excellence in Journalism for their invaluable help in conducting much of the research that has informed this analysis. Address correspondence to the author; e-mail: tomrosen@journalism.org.
Designing a Technology Coach

FEATURE AT A GLANCE: Technology in the home environment has the potential to support older adults in a variety of ways. We took an interdisciplinary approach (human factors/ergonomics and computer science) to develop a technology “coach” that could support older adults in learning to use a medical device. Our system provided a computer vision system to track the use of a blood glucose meter and provide users with feedback if they made an error. This research could support the development of an in-home personal assistant to coach individuals in a variety of tasks necessary for independent living.
A case study of high temperature pass analysis using thermal laser stimulation technique

The intrinsic carrier concentration n i is highly temperature dependent in non-degenerate semiconductors. At high temperatures, thermally generated electron-hole pairs contribute to the carrier concentrations. As a result, the generation of free carriers can be achieved through light-to-heat conversion using near-infrared (NIR) laser. This paper describes the use of the thermal laser stimulation (TLS) technique to modify the electrical properties of a heated passive device so that the direct failure location can be revealed in order to clarify the cause of the iddq leakage that will disappear during high temperature tests.
Understanding Marek's Disease Immunity: A Continuing Challenge

Immune responses to infection with Marek's disease virus (MDV) have been studied intensively since the isolation of MDV in cell cultures and the development of the vaccines around 1970. More than 30 years later, the understanding of the importance of different components of the acquired and innate immune responses is still limited. Antibody responses are less important than cell-mediated immune (CMI) responses due to the cell-associated nature of MDV, although maternal antibodies can interfere with the efficacy of vaccines. The proteins that are detected by the maternal antibodies remain unknown. CMI responses can be directed against a number of glycoproteins as well as immediate early and early proteins, but the relative importance of the responses against individual proteins is unknown. Information concerning the CMI epitopes is still lacking. The importance of antiviral versus antitumor immunity has not been settled. Different types of innate immune responses to MDV (e.g., NK cells, NO, macrophages, interferon-γ) have been described. Information on the nature of the target cells recognized by NK cells is lacking. Do NK cells recognize specific MDV proteins or is the down regulation of MHC class I antigens sufficient to activate the NK cells? NO can inhibit MDV replication in vitro and in vivo, but infection with very virulent + strains results in increased levels of NO. It is certainly feasible that excessive NO production can lead to pathology. Finally, the relationship between different mechanisms of genetic resistance and immune responses is stil l incompletely understood.
Collateral Shortages and Intermediation Networks

This paper argues that in the presence of trading frictions and agency problems, the interbank market may be overly fragile, in the sense that small changes in the liquidity of assets used as collateral may lead to large swings in haircuts and a potential credit freeze. Our results highlight that the financial system’s intermediation capacity crucially depends on the distribution of collateralizable assets among financial institution as opposed to their aggregate amount. We also show that the interplay of agency problems and trade frictions may result in the endogenous emergence of intermediation bottlenecks that impair credit relationships.
Surface-Emitting Diode-Laser Arrays

Surface-emitting diode-laser arrays have been investigated as an approach for making scalable two-dimensional laser arrays with performance characteristics suitable for optical systems applications (Sect. 1.3.4). The compelling benefit offered by two-dimensional laser arrays is that when all elements are locked in frequency and emitting in-phase, the brightness will scale as the square of the total number of elements in the array. As already mentioned in Sect. 1.3.3, the brightness of a one-dimensional array scales linearly with the number of elements in the array. The waveguide properties of a surface-emitting diode-laser array can either be gain or index guided, depending upon the structure of the gain elements comprising the array. Moreover, the edge-emitting gain-guided structures presented in Chap. 5 and the index-guided structures of Chap. 6 can be used as the basic gain element for a surface emitting array, as the surface-emitted light output is generated over the plane of the array by the process of distributed-output coupling.
30 EFFECT OF THE REPEATED USE OF OPEN SYSTEM VITRIFICATION DEVICES ON MII STAGE AND CLEAVAGE RATES OF BOVINE CUMULUS-OOCYTE COMPLEXES

Vitrification of mammalian gametes and embryos has become the cryopreservation tool of choice in research and commercial clinical programs because of its high efficiency. Vitrification relies upon high cooling rates. In this regard the use of open system vitrification devices (OSVD) provides the highest cooling-warming rates. A limiting factor of vitrification research in domestic animals is the high cost of OSVD. Reuse of these devices could be a viable alternative for cost reduction in vitrification research projects. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the repeated use of OSVD on the developmental competence of bovine cumulus-oocyte complexes (COC). A 6-treatment factorial arrangement was evaluated, where factor A was number of uses of OSVD (new, one use, and two uses) and factor B was COC type (immature, mature). Cumulus-oocyte complexes were obtained by ovum pickup from crossbred nonlactating beef cows. The vitrification procedure consisted of exposure of COC to 7.5% ethylene glycol and 7.5% dimethyl sulfoxide for 9 min. Afterward, COC were exposed to 15% ethylene glycol, 15% dimethyl sulfoxide, and 0.5 M sucrose and loaded into the tip of the OSVD (Cryolock®) with minimal volume ( 0.05). Results of the experiment shown that no differences were detected, and similar results in terms of maturation and cleavage rate were obtained when reusing OSVD.
GUIDELINES FOR THE DESIGN OF AIR BUBBLE SYSTEMS

Based on a literature review of theoretical and experimental work on air-bubble systems, guidelines for the ideal design of submerged distributors discharging air into water are presented. A comprehensive study of gas-liquid dispersions was carried out to find out the effect of physical properties, distributor arrangement, and the air flow rate, on the flow pattern within the jet. This review revealed that the distributor arrangement largely influences the characteristics of the dispersion within the zone of flow establishment. Also, upon analyzing the experimental results of air-water systems, it was found that the zone of flow establishment extends to greater distances of the water depth than that in the case of one-phase turbulent plumes. Furthermore, the experimental results showed that the efficiency of air bubble plumes can be increased by the proper design of the distributor. Recommendations for the distributor design are given, which include, diameter of orifices and their spacings, pressure drop across orifices, number of manifolds, and the maximum air flow rate.
Adaptive Learning, Heterogeneous Expectations and Forward Guidance

In a model of the New Keynesian Phillips Curve with two E-stable solutions we demonstrate through simulations that forward guidance can ensure the economy settles on the low persistence equilibrium. While market participants use sample autocorrelation learning, the Central Bank uses least squares learning of the MSV solution. Central bank policy is a simple inflation target that is enforced based on policy makers expectations. Monetary policy on its own is not enough to ensure that the low persistence equilibrium obtains.
A Predictive Risk Index for 30-day Readmissions Following Surgical Treatment of Pediatric Scoliosis.

Background:Pediatric scoliosis often requires operative treatment, yet few studies have examined readmission rates in this patient population. The purpose of this study is to examine the incidence, reasons, and independent risk factors for 30-day unplanned readmissions following scoliosis surgery.Me
A Note on an Equation Related to the Pell Equation

It is shown that the diophantine equation x2 - dy2 = - 1 has solutions, provided that d = p1p2… pr where r is 2 or odd and p1 p2,…, pr are distinct primes congruent to 1 modulo 4 such that (pi/pj) ...
Iron-Catalyzed Intermolecular [2π + 2π] Cycloaddition

The bis(imino)pyridine iron dinitrogen compounds, (iPrPDI)Fe(N2)2 and [(MePDI)Fe(N2)]2(μ2-N2) (RPDI = 2,6-(2,6-R2-C6H3N═CMe)2C5H3N; R = iPr, Me), promote the catalytic intermolecular [2π + 2π] cycloaddition of ethylene and butadiene to form vinylcyclobutane. Stoichiometric experiments resulted in isolation of a catalytically competent iron metallocycle intermediate, which was shown to undergo diene-induced C–C reductive elimination. Deuterium labeling experiments establish competitive cyclometalation of the bis(imino)pyridine aryl substituents during catalytic turnover.
Protamine inhibits coronary collateral development in a canine model of repetitive coronary occlusion

Protamine has been demonstrated to inhibit angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo; however, its effect on coronary collateral development has not been examined. The present investigation tested the hypo...
Connections to Intermolecular Forces

This chapter reviews several issues relevant to intermolecular forces and attractions. One of the issues deals with the administration of general anesthetics. General anesthetics are the drugs that are administered to depress the brain's sensory response. The effectiveness of anesthetic gases depends on their ability to directly dissolve in the bloodstream and circulate to the brain. Thus, the ability of a gas to dissolve in liquids, particularly the aqueous solution that comprises blood, is critical to the function of the anesthetic. At first, equilibrium of the inhaled gas with the lung tissues occurs to transfer the drug through the walls of the alveoli within the lungs to the arterial blood. Then, the drug circulates to all tissues of the body, including the brain. A subsequent equilibrium of the anesthetic between the blood and the brain tissues determines the level of unconsciousness of the patient. The distribution of anesthetic throughout the entire body may be viewed as an equilibration process, with tissues characterized by high blood flows reaching equilibration faster than muscle and fat.
What English/Language Arts Teacher Candidates Learn During Coursework and Practica: A Study of Three Teacher Education Programs

This study investigates the learning reported by a set of volunteer participants from three university teacher education programs: from one Southwestern U.S. University, the program in secondary English/Language Arts Education and the program in Elementary Education; and from one Southeastern U.S. University, the program in secondary English/Language Arts Education. Based on interviews conducted between the end of coursework and the beginning of student teaching, this study uses a sociocultural perspective to consider not only the manner in which the teacher candidates’ learning was mediated by a host of factors, including formal teacher education courses and mentor teacher guidance, but also a wide range of factors that introduced competing conceptions of effective teaching. The interviews were analyzed collaboratively by the two authors, who relied on a sociocultural analysis attending to the pedagogical tools, attribution of learning to specific sources and the settings in which they were located, the ...
Slow generation of hydrogen sulfide from sulfane sulfurs and NADH models

Here we report the model studies of the reactions between NADH models (using HEH and BNAH) and sulfane sulfurs (using polysulfides). Such reactions could lead to the oxidation of NADH models and the production of hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Kinetics of the reaction between BNAH and elemental sulfur S8 were determined in ethanol and the second-order rate constant was found to be 0.074M-1min-1 (at 37°C) suggesting this is a slow process.
Degree of FDG and MDP uptake in femoral arteries: Changes with age

366 Objectives: The femoral arteries are frequently visualized on the delayed 99m Tc MDP bone scans and on FDG PET images. FDG is predominantly taken up by macrophages in the atherosclerotic plaques. Bone scan radiotracers likely accumulate in the calcified atherosclerotic lesions within the arterial wall. This study was undertaken to evaluate the atherosclerotic changes that occur with age in the femoral arteries in patients who underwent both an FDG PET scan and a whole body bone scan. Methods: We included 40 patients (25 women, 13 men, age range: 25-84 years) in this retrospective analysis. Each patient underwent a PET scan and a bone scan. The mean interval time between the bone scans and FDG PET scans was 1.2±1.6 months. The patients were divided into 4 groups according to their ages with at least 6 patients in each group. We drew regions of interest (ROIs) over the femoral arteries and the adjacent background on FDG PET studies and MDP bone scans. We calculated the arterial /background ratio for both FDG PET scans using SUV and for the bone scans using MDP uptake values. We compared the uptake ratios of FDG and MDP in four age groups for the same patients. Results: Femoral artery SUVs / background ratio in femoral arteries increased with age (p Conclusions: Our results indicate that in the femoral arteries, the increase in SUVs with age reflects a progression of the inflammatory component of the atherosclerotic activity. MDP uptake in femoral arteries can be considered as the indicator of severity of the calcification component of atherosclerosis. Calcification in femoral arteries also increses with age and has a slower progression.
Mindfulness training for parents of children with special needs: Guidance for nurses in mental health practice

Problem Parents of children with special needs encounter specific challenges in carrying out their caregiving roles. They experience difficulty accepting their children due to unrealistically high expectations. Mindfulness training (MT) may increase parental psychological well-being and acceptance. Objective The purpose of this article is to examine the evidence-base for the effectiveness of MT in enhancing psychological well-being for parents of children with special needs as a foundation for guidance for nurses in mental health practice. Methods A literature review of relevant research studies was undertaken using specific inclusion criteria. The literature was derived from three databases that identified 56 articles narrowed to 5, which met inclusion criteria. Findings The studies indicated that cultivating a more mindful way of parenting is associated with reduced stress, anxiety, and depression. Parents experienced increased mindful awareness and improved psychological well-being, and they were more accepting of their children. Their children also had fewer behavior problems and enhanced positive interaction with their parents. Because mindfulness interventions fall within the scope of independent nursing practice, nurses can play a significant role in applying mindfulness to promote psychological well-being in parents who have children with special needs.
Considering climate in studies of fertility and reproductive health in poor countries

Factors related to fertility such as population size, composition and growth rate may influence a community’s ability to adapt to climate change, particularly in poor countries. This Perspective describes theories and analytic strategies that can link climate to reproductive health outcomes.
Adverse childhood experience effects on opioid use initiation, injection drug use, and overdose among persons with opioid use disorder.

Introduction Adverse childhood experiences are associated with the development of substance use disorders. With opioid use disorder, a growing concern in the United States, we were interested in examining the relationship between adverse experiences and three landmarks of opioid use: age of opioid initiation, injection drug use, and lifetime overdose.
Theoretical Biomimetics: A biological design-driven concept for creative problem-solving as applied to the optimal sequencing of active learning techniques in educational theory

The article introduces the author’s concept of applying principles of biological design to drive creative problem-solving. It provides a brief background of the field of Biomimetics, which serves as a context for the reader to appreciate how it began with an established field upon which he constructed and adapted his concept to apply to human-made intangibles. A discussion of Theoretical Biomimetics specifies the differences between it and its predecessor. The final section provides the opportunity to see Theoretical Biomimetics in detail applied to education theory to address a problem related to student learning in higher education and how best to establish optimized sequences to implement evidence-based active-learning techniques to fill a void in the literature demonstrating from nature what has worked. The originality lies in the author taking a multidisciplinary approach to synergize a sequence of existing active-learning techniques and apply them to a new area in a new way.
Weak bedrock allows north-south elongation of channels in semi-arid landscapes

Abstract Differences in the lengths of pole- and equator-facing slopes are observed in a variety of landscapes. These differences are generally attributed to relative variations in the intensity of mass-transport processes on slopes receiving different magnitudes of solar radiation. By measuring anomalies in the planform characteristics of drainage networks, we demonstrate that in the most asymmetric landscapes this asymmetry primarily arises from the equator-ward alignment of low-order valley networks. Valley network asymmetry is more severe in rocks expected to offer little resistance to erosion than in more resistant rocks when controlling for climate. This suggests that aspect-driven differences in surface processes that drive differences in landscape evolution are also sensitive to underlying rock type.
The Case for Prepaying your Mortgage

Households that already contribute sufficiently to tax-deferred retirement accounts often believe that the tax break from interest expense deduction is more beneficial than prepaying a mortgage. This idea stems from a faulty assumption regarding the appropriate opportunity cost of funds. This study covers a 26-year period and shows that prepayment is optimal for this type of household when correctly comparing the after-tax cost of the mortgage and the after-tax return of the risk-appropriate competing investment. The study illustrates that interest expense savings are greater than tax deduction benefits from 1990-2016 when prepaying 15-year and 30-year mortgages.
Long-Term Medical Therapy in Aortic Dissection

The long-term approach to patients with successful initial treatment of acute aortic dissection is based on the understanding that such patients have a systemic illness that predisposes their entire aorta and potentially its larger branches to dissection, aneurysm, and rupture and that assiduous long-term follow-up for these patients is crucial. Systemic hypertension, advanced age, baseline aortic size, and presence of a patent false lumen are all factors that identify higher risk, as does the entire spectrum of the Marfan’s syndrome1,2. All patients merit extremely aggressive medical therapy, follow-up visits, and serial imaging. Data suggest that nearly a third of patients surviving initial treatment for acute dissection will experience dissection extension or aortic rupture or will require surgery for aortic aneurysm formation within five years of presentation2. Furthermore, this risk is highest in the first few months after initial therapy. The cornerstones of optimal long-term therapy include adequate beta-blockade and additional therapies to achieve optimal blood pressure control and lipid-lowering therapy.
Need a Thought Leader

This article explores the characteristics of the type of thought leadership needed to drive high quality design and delivery of online/hybrid programs. The thought leaders of today must constantly scan the higher-education environment, as well as the world at large, to look for new and innovative ways to practice effective quality assurance. Further, today's higher education leaders must not only be up to speed on the current quality assurance debate, but they also need to be thought leaders in the disciple of quality assurance. The article includes examples of thought leaders currently paving the way for more innovative and effective practices. The leaders in such organizations as Entangled Solutions, The Quality Commons, and C-BEN are skilled situational leaders who are transforming in the area of quality assurance
Specific toxicity of 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine toward resting and proliferating human lymphocytes

2-Chlorodeoxyadenosine (CdA), an adenosine-deaminase-resistant purine deoxynucleoside, is markedly toxic toward human T-lymphoblastoid cell lines in vitro and is an effective agent against L1210 leukemia in vivo. The present studies have examined the toxicity, and in some cases, metabolism, of CdA in (1) multiple established human cell lines of varying phenotype, (2) leukemia and lymphoma cells taken directly from patients, (3) normal bone marrow cells, and (4) normal peripheral blood lymphocytes. Nanomolar concentrations of CdA blocked the proliferation of lymphoblastoid cell lines with a high ratio of deoxycytidine kinase to deoxynucleotidase. The drug had virtually no effect on the growth of cell lines derived from solid tissues. The CdA inhibited the spontaneous uptake of tritiated thymidine by many T and non-T, non-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell specimens at concentrations less than or equal to 5 nM. The same concentrations did not impair either thymidine uptake or granulocyte-monocyte colony formation by normal bone marrow cells. In common with deoxyadenosine, but unlike several other agents affecting purine and purine metabolism, CdA was lethal to resting normal T lymphocytes and to slowly dividing malignant T cells. In both resting and proliferating lymphocytes, the CdA was phosphorylated by deoxycytidine kinase and entered a rapidly turning over nucleotide pool. Dividing lymphocytes also incorporated abundant CdA into DNA. The selective toxicity of CdA toward both dividing and resting lymphocytes may render the drug useful as an immunosuppressive or antileukemic agent.
Uptake of optically pure 18F-4-fluoro-L-glutamines in tumor cells by glutaminolysis

249 Objectives Changes in tumor gene expression, metabolism, and energy requirements within tumor cells have been the hallmark for cancer growth and self-sufficiency. Recent studies suggest that many tumors may utilize different biochemical pathways and nutrients for survival. 18F-4-fluoro-L-glutamine (racemic) and its resolved optical isomers (2S, 4R) and (2S, 4S) were developed as PET tracers for FDG-negative tumors. Methods Cell uptake of 18F-4-fluoro-L-glutamines were incubated in 9L and 9L.C6 (gliomas) tumor cells. After incubation of tracers, cells were lysed and counted for 18F activity. Similar uptake studies were also performed in RG2 (glioma) and two transformed human cell lines: K-562 (Leukemia) and SF188-bcl-xl (glioblastoma). Xenographs were produced in F344 rats by subcutaneous injection of 9L and 9L.C6 tumor cells in each shoulder flank. Biodistribution and PET imaging studies were conducted when tumor size reached a diameter of ~1cm. Results In vitro studies showed that both transformed tumor cells displayed a high 18F-4-fluoro-L-glutamine uptake (10 % dose/100 ug protein at 120 m), comparable to that of 3H-glutamine. RG2, 9L and 9L.C6 cells showed a lower, but indisputable, 18F-4-fluoro-L-glutamine uptake (2-4 % at 120 m). Biodistribution and PET imaging studies showed the tracers localizing in tumors with a higher uptake than those of surrounding muscle and liver tissues. Conclusions Data suggests that the tumor cells may be concurrently using glucose and glutamine for energy production. The results provide further support indicating that glutamine may be used as an alternative energy source for tumor cells. 18F-4-fluoro-glutamine may serve as a novel metabolic tracer for tumor imaging
Accelerated testing for concrete reinforcing bar corrosion protection systems

Publisher Summary Corrosion of reinforcing steel represents the major durability problem in reinforced concrete bridge structures in the U.S. The need for improving the corrosion resistance of reinforced concrete, especially in conditions of chloride exposure, has been apparent for many years. In response, a number of protection methods have been developed and are currently in use. The protection systems were developed in the laboratory without a direct correlation to actual field performance. Thus, full-scale structures become the real test specimens. Upon completion, the current research will provide direct correlation between the performance of a variety of corrosion protection systems in the laboratory and in the field (and as a “side” benefit, provide a large-scale comparison between the systems). The direct correlation will allow more effective and rational evaluation techniques to be instituted. The final result will be more efficient selection procedures, more rapid movement of corrosion technology into practice, the extension of structure service life, and the overall reduction in the repair and rehabilitation costs associated with chloride induced corrosion in reinforced concrete structures.
Changes in regional cerebrovascular resistance during partial cerebral ischemia in rats.

Secondary changes in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) have been observed to occur within hours to days in acute focal cerebral ischemia. Following experimental occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) the secondary decline in rCBF during the first 4 hours of ischemia appeared to correlate with progressive brain swelling (Hossmann and Schuier, 1980). In subsequent studies the delayed rise in intracortical vascular resistance as the cause of the decrease in rCBF was noted (Shima et al, 1983). It is assumed that the continuing failure of cerebral hemodynamics associated with the delayed rise in regional cerebral vascular resistance (rCVR) can aggravate the ischemia and in this way can contribute to the extension of cerebral infarction.
Optimization of a GaAsP Top Cell for Implementation in a III-V/Si Tandem Structure

Significant performance improvement in a top cell isotype for a GaAso.7sPo.2s/Si tandem solar cell was achieved using a model-driven optimization process. Physics-based TCAD software was used to extract key materials parameters via quantum efficiency curve fitting against a reference prototype device. These parameters were then used to guide the optimization of three key aspects of the top cell device structure: emitter doping, emitter thickness, and base thickness. An isotype cell following this new design was then grown via MOCVD, processed, and characterized. While the new design did not perform up to the predicted level, it was nonetheless found to provide an absolute increase in AM1.5G conversion efficiency of 2.3% (from 12.7% to 15.0%, without antireflection coating) due to significant improvements in all relevant metrics, most notably Jsc (+12.7% relative) and fill factor (+3.3% relative). This initial modeling-guided effort has thus demonstrated a high degree of efficacy, requiring only a single iteration to yield significant results.
Siscowet lake charr ( Salvelinus namaycush siscowet ) visual foraging habitat in relation to daily and seasonal light cycles

Using siscowet lake charr (Salvelinus namaycush siscowet) as an example organism, we modeled visual foraging habitat in relation to: (i) daily solar and lunar intensity, (ii) seasonal changes in maximum solar and lunar altitude, (iii) foraging for pelagic or benthic prey, and (iv) increased turbidity that may occur with climate change. Siscowet foraging success increased with light intensity and was higher for pelagic prey than benthic prey. Daily and seasonal siscowet foraging patterns were similar for benthic and pelagic prey types. Predicted day-time foraging depths were deepest in summer and shallowest in winter (range 172–233 m for pelagic prey and 210–283 m for benthic prey), and night-time foraging depths were deepest in winter and shallowest in summer (range 25–32 m for pelagic prey and 63–81 m for benthic prey). Within the Lake Superior basin, extreme precipitation events and associated sediment plumes can cause localized declines in light attenuation. Increases in turbidity associated with these sediment plumes can reduce predicted foraging depths by 65% and 80%, when compared to normal lake attenuation values. The model can be applied to predict how solar and lunar patterns influence foraging patterns in any aquatic organism that displays light-mediated behavior.
The CADE-24 automated theorem proving system competition – CASC-24

The CADE ATP System Competition (CASC) is an annual evaluation of fully automatic, classical logic Automated Theorem Proving (ATP) systems. CASC-24 was the eighteenth competition in the CASC series. Thirty-two ATP systems and sys- tem variants competed in the various competition divisions. An outline of the competition design, and a commentated summary of the results, are presented.
Customer involvement in big data analytics and its impact on B2B innovation

Abstract Extant literature assumes that customers mainly serve as passive data providers and that firms take responsibility for big data analytics. In line with a current trend in real-world practice, this research, based on the open innovation literature, challenges this assumption and argues that customers can have more engagement in big data analytics. The authors distinguish two constructs: Customer as Data Provider (CDP) and Customer as Data Analyst (CDA). The former is consistent with the mainstream view that customers serve as the data source. The latter, on the other hand, sheds light on an active role customers play in big data analytics – that is, customers participate in a co-creation process where they acquire, analyze and act on big data. Using survey data of 148 Business-to-Business (B2B) innovation projects, the authors find that both types of customer involvement facilitate B2B product innovation. Furthermore, the authors examine moderation effects of customer need tacitness and customer need diversity. Results show that customer need tacitness negatively moderates the relationship between CDP and new product performance while customer need diversity yields a positive moderation effect. Customer need tacitness is also found to positively moderate the relationship between CDA and new product performance.
Pediatric Residents' Beliefs and Behaviors About Health Care for Sexual and Gender Minority Youth.

Little is known about provider beliefs related to sexual and gender minority (SGM) youth, and how these have changed over time. Our objective was to compare pediatric residents’ beliefs and behavio...
The Dilemma of Resuming Antithrombotic Therapy After Intracranial Hemorrhage in Patients With Left Ventricular Assist Devices.

Antithrombotic therapy is administered after left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation to prevent thromboembolic events. Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) is a life-threatening adverse event requiring immediate discontinuation of antithrombotics. We investigated the timing of antithrombotic resumption after ICH in patients with LVADs and the association between timing and risk of recurrent hemorrhage and thrombotic events. We performed a multicenter, retrospective analysis of patients with ICH occurrence during LVAD antithrombotic regimen with subsequent resumption of antithrombotics from January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2017. Covariates included age, international normalized ratio, antithrombotic dosing, timing of resumption, modified Rankin score, and subsequent hemorrhagic and thrombotic events within 1 year post-ICH. Patients who did not resume anticoagulation were excluded. Of 673 patients with LVADs, 85 (12.6%) developed ICH while being treated with antithrombotics. Forty-three were excluded due to death prior to resumption and one due to lack of resumption. The remaining 41 patients were on antithrombotics with a median (interquartile range [IQR]) international normalized ratio at ICH onset of 2.6 (1.8–3.6). Aspirin and warfarin were resumed at a median (IQR) of 5.5 (1.3–8.8) and 6.5 (4.0–15.5) days post-ICH, respectively. A continuous unfractionated heparin infusion was initiated in 16 (39.0%) patients at a median (IQR) of 2.5 (1.0–7.8) days post-ICH. During the 1-year follow-up after anticoagulation resumption, 11 (26.8%) patients suffered secondary hemorrhages and two (4.9%) suffered secondary thrombotic events. Using Kaplan–Meier method and log-rank test, we compared all patients who resumed anticoagulation by 6 days post-ICH to those who resumed after 6 days. There was no difference in freedom from secondary hemorrhagic event between the two groups (P = 0.75). Despite timing of resumption of antithrombotic therapy after ICH, recurrent hemorrhagic events can be expected in one-quarter of these patients over the subsequent year.
Some Paradoxical Status Implications of Helping and Being Helped

A prosocial act, on the surface, may appear as a redistribution of resources in the direction of equalizing the worth of donor and recipient. Yet we are told that the act may well promote inequality in a direction favoring the donor. We seem, then, to be confronted by a paradox. Since paradoxes have little currency in our empirical world, how do we resolve it?
The Physics of Miniature Worlds

This chapter describes discussions by scientists in Wittgenstein’s milieu relevant to problems Wittgenstein was pondering after he had decided to devote himself to solving the problems of logic. The chapter opens just after his father has died, and Wittgenstein’s investigations into logic were bringing him to examine notions of mirroring and corresponding. It discusses Ludwig Boltzmann’s views on differential equations, mental models, experimental models, and debates with Ostwald on the use of models in the kinetic theory of gases. Work on similarity by various scientists (James Thomson, D’Arcy Thompson, Helmholtz, van der Waals, Onnes, Reynolds, Rayleigh, Tolman, Stanton and Pannell) developed from insights by Newton and Galileo is surveyed. Questions about equations analogous to those Wittgenstein was pondering about propositions in early 1914 would receive an answer by the end of 1914—by a physicist who had studied thermodynamics with Ostwald (Edgar Buckingham), and formalized the concept of “physically similar systems.”
What are the Human Trafficking Policies of Professional Medical Organizations

Introduction: Human trafficking is an international public health concern in which healthcare professionals are in a unique position to intervene. It is unclear how professional medical organizatio...