cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-5 induces pulmonary fibrosis and triggers mononuclear cellular infiltration

We have recently shown that insulin-like growth factor-binding protein (IGFBP)-5 is overexpressed in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis lung tissues and increases collagen and fibronectin deposition. Here, we further examined the effect of IGFBP-5 in vivo by intratracheal administration of replication-deficient adenovirus expressing human IGFBP-5 (Ad5), IGFBP-3 (Ad3), or no cDNA (cAd) to wild-type mice. Increased cellular infiltration and extracellular matrix deposition were observed in mice after Ad5 administration compared with Ad3 and cAd. Mononuclear cell infiltration consisted predominantly of T lymphocytes at day 8. By day 14, the number of infiltrating T cells decreased, whereas that of B cells and monocytes/macrophages increased. IGFBP-5 also induced migration of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro, suggesting that in vivo mononuclear cell infiltration may be the direct result of IGFBP-5 expression. α-Smooth muscle actin and Mucin-1 co-localized in cells of mice treated with Ad5, suggesting that IGFBP-5 induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition. In addition, exogenous IGFBP-5 induced α-smooth muscle actin expression in primary fibroblasts and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of pulmonary epithelial cells in vitro. In conclusion, our results suggest that overexpression of IGFBP-5 in mouse lung results in fibroblast activation, increased extracellular matrix deposition, and myofibroblastic changes. Thus, the IGFBP-5-induced fibrotic phenotype in vivo may represent a novel model to better understand the pathogenesis of fibrosis.
Cell cycle compartment analysis of Chinese hamster cells in stationary phase cultures.

The distribution of Chinese hamster cells with respect to the compartments of the cell generation cycle was studied in cultures in the stationary phase of growth in two different media. A measure of the state of depletion of the nutrient medium was formulated by defining a quantity termed the nutritive capacity of the medium. This quantity was used to verify that the cessation of cell proliferation is due to nutrient deficiencies and not to density dependent growth inhibition. Cell cultures in stationary phase were diluted into fresh medium and as growth resumed, mitotic index, cumulative mitotic index, label index and viability were measured as a function of time. The distribution of cells with respect to compartments of the cell generation cycle in stationary phase populations was reconstructed from these data. Stationary phase populations of Chinese hamster cells that retained the capacity for renewed growth when diluted into fresh medium were found to be arrested in the G1 and G2 portions of the cycle; the relative proportion of these cells in G1 increased with time in the stationary phase, but the sequence differs in the two media. In early stationary phase, in the less rich medium, more cells are in G2 than in G1. Also in this medium a fraction of the population was observed to be synthesizing DNA during stationary phase, but this fraction was not stimulated to renewed growth by dilution into fresh medium.
A FINITE-HORIZON OPTIMAL INVESTMENT AND CONSUMPTION PROBLEM USING REGIME-SWITCHING MODELS

This paper is concerned with a finite-horizon optimal investment and consumption problem in continuous-time regime-switching models. The market consists of one bond and n ≥ 1 correlated stocks. An investor distributes his/her wealth among these assets and consumes at a non-negative rate. The market parameters (the interest rate, the appreciation rates and the volatilities of the stocks) and the utility functions are assumed to depend on a continuous-time Markov chain with a finite number of states. The objective is to maximize the expected discounted total utility of consumption and the expected discounted utility from terminal wealth. We solve the optimization problem by applying the stochastic control methods to regime-switching models. Under suitable conditions, we prove a verification theorem. We then apply the verification theorem to a power utility function and obtain, up to the solution of a system of coupled ordinary differential equations, an explicit solution of the value function and the optimal investment and consumption policies. We illustrate the impact of regime-switching on the optimal investment and consumption policies with numerical results and compare the results with the classical Merton problem that has only a single regime.
Relativistic blast waves in two dimensions. I. The adiabatic case.

Approximate solutions are presented for the dynamical evolution of strong adiabatic relativistic blast waves which result from a point explosion in an ambient gas in which the density varies both with distance from the explosion center and with polar angle in axisymmetry. Solutions are analytical or quasi-analytical for the extreme relativistic case and numerical for the arbitrarily relativistic case. Some general properties of nonplanar relativistic shocks are also discussed, including the incoherence of spherical ultrarelativistic blast-wave fronts on angular scales greater than the reciprocal of the shock Lorentz factor, as well as the conditions for producing blast-wave acceleration.
Fusion of LLC-MK2 tissue culture cells induced by measles virus

Fusion of measles infected LLC-MK2 cells may occur before cytopathic lesions have developed as well as in later stages of infection when cytopathic lesions are prominent. The fusion process follows a sequence and requires an active metabolism of the fusing cells. The cell with the larger nuclear mass acts as the host cell. Giant cells induced by different agents are not similar with respect to developmental and structural characteristics. Fusiform-stellate shaped cells do not fuse.
Effect of the indenter size on the indentation of aluminum

Abstract The indentation behavior of annealed Al was examined using spherical indenters of different radii (0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.5 mm). The indentation stress–strain curves displayed similar strain-hardening behavior regardless of the size of indenter, while the altitude increased with the decrease of the size of indenter. A master curve was constructed, which showed different work-hardening behavior from the indentation stress–strain curves. Depending on the size of indenter, the indentation stress–strain curves deviated from the master curve at different levels of stresses. Using the dislocation dynamics, it was found that the initial dislocation density at macroscopic yielding in the indentations was a linear function of the reciprocal of the square root of the size of indenter.
Chalmers on the Apriority of Modal Knowledge

David Chalmers's book on consciousness (1996) has a number of admirable qualities it is bold, imaginative, articulate, well informed, and in a number of places, enormously illuminating. It is also true, however, that several passages in the book have significant flaws. I discuss two of these passages in the present note. A main point of the book is to argue for property dualism that is, for the claim that the intrinsic properties of conscious experiences are distinct from all physical and functional properties. Chalmers's argument for this claim can be summarized as follows: 'In order for the facts of consciousness to be reductively explainable in terms of physical and/or functional facts, it must be the case that it is logically impossible for there to be a world w such that (a) w is just like the actual world with respect to all physical and functional facts, but (b) w fails to contain all of the facts of consciousness that obtain in the actual world. Now it is epistemologically appropriate to test for logical possibility and logical impossibility by a priori methods, and in particular, it is appropriate to test for whether it is logically possible for there to be a world that meets conditions (a) and (b) by seeing whether one can conceive of such a world. When we apply this test, we find that it has a positive outcome. Thus, for example, we find that we can conceive of a world in which the physical and functional facts are the same as they are in the actual world but in which consciousness is altogether absent a world in which there are physical/functional twins of all beings who possess consciousness in the actual world but in which those twins are zombies. It turns out, then, that it is logically possible for there to be a world that meets conditions (a) and (b), and by the same token, it turns out that the facts of consciousness are not reducible to physical and/ or functional facts. We can conclude from this that the properties in virtue of which states count as conscious experiences are distinct from physical and functional properties.' It is clear that this argument for property dualism depends heavily on the claim that we have a priori access to logical possibility. In the present paper I examine two passages in which Chalmers appears to offer justifications for this view. The passages I focus on are not the only ones in the book that offer such justifications, and in fact Chalmers informs me that the passages in question are not the ones that he regards as making the strongest case for his view. Despite this disavowal by Chalmers, however, it seems to me to be important to subject the passages in question to critical scrutiny.
A note on the subcellular distribution of brain protein in differentially-housed mice

Utilisant une technique subcellulaire pour etudier la distribution de la proteine dans des cerveaux de souris, on a constate certaines differences.
Generator speed regulation in the presence of structural modes through adaptive control using residual mode filters

Wind turbines operate in highly turbulent environments resulting in aerodynamic loads that can easily excite turbine structural modes, potentially causing component fatigue and failure. Two key technology drivers for turbine manufacturers are increasing turbine up time and reducing maintenance costs. Since the trend in wind turbine design is towards larger, more flexible turbines with lower frequency structural modes, manufacturers will want to develop control paradigms that properly account for the presence of these modes. Accurate models of the dynamic characteristics of new wind turbines are often not available due to the complexity and expense of the modeling task, making wind turbines ideally suited to adaptive control approaches. In this paper, we develop theory for adaptive control with rejection of disturbances in the presence of modes that inhibit the controller. A residual mode filter is introduced to accommodate these modes and restore important properties to the adaptively controlled plant. This theory is then applied to design an adaptive collective pitch controller for a high-fidelity simulation of a utility-scale, variable-speed wind turbine. The adaptive pitch controller is compared in simulations with a baseline classical proportional integrator (PI) collective pitch controller.
Space supervision and guidance of eruption in management of lower transitional crowding: A non-extraction approach

Mandibular incisor crowding in the mixed dentition is one of the most common problems presenting to the orthodontist. Asymmetry of alignment, premature loss of primary canine(s), and disruption in arch integrity are all early benchmarks of a tooth size/arch length discrepancy in the transitional dentition that can occur independent of any skeletal discrepancy. Space supervision and guidance of eruption refer to treatment interventions during the early to mid-mixed dentition periods that influence the eruption patterns and positioning of the permanent teeth during their transition. Generally considered applicable to individuals with adequate overall arch dimensions to accommodate a normal complement of permanent teeth with an acceptable esthetic and functioning occlusion, guidance of eruption involves the implementation of directed interventions to optimize the eruption and alignment patterns of the permanent teeth as part of a non-extraction protocol.
Proposed tests for measuring the running velocity at the oxygen consumption and heart rate thresholds for treadmill exercise.

Malek, M.H., T.J. Housh, R.J. Schmidt, J.W. Coburn, and T.W. Beck. Proposed tests for measuring the running velocity at the oxygen consumption and heart rate thresholds for treadmill exercise. J. Strength Cond. Res. 19(4):847-852. 2005.- The purposes of this study were to (a) determine if the mathematical model used to estimate the physical working capacity at the oxygen consumption threshold (PWCVO2) and physical working capacity at the heart rate threshold (PWCHRT) for cycle ergometry could be applied to treadmill running; (b) propose new fatigue thresholds called the running velocity at the oxygen uptake threshold (RVVO2) and running velocity at the heart rate threshold (RVHRT) for treadmill exercise; and (c) statistically compare the velocities at the RVVO2, RVHRT, and ventilatory threshold (VT). Seven aerobically trained adult volunteers (mean ± SD: age 24.0 ± 3.9 years, VO2 max 56.7 ± 7.1 ml·kg?1·min?1) performed a maximal treadmill test to determine VO2 peak and VT as well as four 8-minute submaximal workbouts for the determination of RVVO2 and RVHRT. One-way repeated-measures analysis of variance indicated that there were no significant (p > 0.05) mean differences among the running velocities for the RVVO2, RVHRT, and VT. The results of this study indicated that the mathematical model used to estimate PWCVO2 and PWCHRT for cycle ergometry could be applied to treadmill running. Furthermore, the RVVO2 and RVHRT test may provide submaximal techniques for estimating the VT
Comparison of variance components and sibpair-based approaches to quantitative trait linkage analysis in unselected samples

We compared the statistical performance of sibpair-based and variance components approaches to multipoint linkage analysis of a quantitative trait in unselected samples. As a benchmark dataset, we used the simulated family data from Genetic Analysis Workshop 10 [Goldin et al., 1997], and each method was used to screen all 200 replications of the GAW10 genome for evidence of linkage to quantitative trait Q1. The sibpair and variance components methods were each applied to datasets comprising single-sibpairs and complete sibships, and for further comparison we also applied the variance components method to the nuclear family and extended pedigree datasets. For each analysis, the unbiasedness and efficiency of parameter estimation, the power to detect linkage, and the Type I error rate were estimated empirically. Sibpair and variance components methods exhibited comparable performance in terms of the unbiasedness of the estimate of QTL location and the Type I error rate. Within the single-sibpair and sibship sampling units, the variance components approach gave consistently superior power and efficiency of parameter estimation. Within each method, the statistical performance was improved by the use of the larger and more informative sampling units.
Dissociation and unfolding of sulfhydryl oxidase in solutions of guanidinium chloride.

Abstract Sulfhydryl oxidase was dissociated completely in 5 M guanidinium chloride as indicated by light scattering molecular weight studies giving masses of 80,000 to 90,000 daltons. Concentrations of guanidinium chloride above 2 M resulted in loss of enzymatic activity and caused extensive unfolding of the enzyme as shown by fluorescence measurements. Replacement of the denaturant with physiological buffers restored native fluorescence characteristics, but the enzyme remained partially dissociated, with a molecular weight of 300,000 to 360,000, and enzymatic activity was not restored.
Changing U.S. Demographics and American Higher Education.

Higher education in the United States is more diverse today because of dramatic shifts in the general population and increased attendance among adults. These trends will continue as more adults begin or return to college and as the Baby Boom Echo generation enters college. Whereas persons of color will become the new majority in several states, many states will remain mostly white.
A simple model of the theory of money prices

The goal of this paper is not to present a comprehensive restatement of the theory of money prices as it developed in the Austrian tradition from Menger to Mises and Rothbard. Rather it is to formulate a heuristic device that facilitates a concise delineation of the theory’s main points and helps in illustrating a few of its major implications. This endeavor is crucial to disseminating the theory to a broader audience and stimulating further interest in refining and advancing it.
Cytomegalovirus Disease after Prophylaxis with Oral Ganciclovir in Renal Transplantation: The Importance of HLA-DR Matching

This study assessed the incidence of cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease and associated outcomes after oral ganciclovir prophylaxis in renal transplantation. A retrospective analysis was performed of all adult renal transplant recipients at a single transplant center transplanted between August 16, 1996, and December 31, 2000. CMV disease prophylaxis included ganciclovir 1000 mg orally thrice daily prescribed for 90 d in D-/R+ cases and 180 d in D+/R- and D+/R+ cases. Forty (9.1%) of 470 patients studied were diagnosed with CMV disease, which varied significantly by CMV serostatus and number of HLA-DR matches. The highest incidence of disease, 26.2%, was in D+/R- patients with zero HLA-DR matches. Five-year graft survival was 56.8% with CMV disease compared with 79.1% without (P < 0.001). Five-year graft survival with CMV disease was 75.9% with one or two HLA-DR matches versus 16.2% with zero HLA-DR matches (P < 0.001). CMV remains an important factor in long-term graft survival after oral ganciclovir prophylaxis. However, we have observed that the adverse impact of CMV disease on graft survival is apparent only in patients with zero HLA-DR matches. These results call for the development of new CMV disease prophylaxis and treatment strategies in patients with zero HLA-DR matches. In addition, organ allocation policies discouraging combining CMV-seropositive donors and zero HLA-DR matches may be worth consideration.
Examining the Impact of Redesigned Developmental Math Courses in Community Colleges.

At community colleges, student preparedness for college-level work is a significant initial barrier. Over 70% of community college students are reported to be inadequately prepared for college mathematics. Because students need to pass college-level math in order to enroll in subsequent courses required for their majors or to complete general requirements for their degrees, community colleges have searched for instructional redesign approaches that can produce more positive results. This study reports on a developmental math redesigned curriculum that dramatically improved student course completion rates and resulted in some advantage in enrolling in college-level math compared with their peers in the traditional developmental sequence. Results are discussed in terms of their practical significance and implications for further research.
Ubiquitin in chains.

Abstract The ubiquitin–proteasome system fulfills an essential function in eukaryotes by controlling the levels of crucial intracellular regulatory proteins. In this system, a specific type of polyubiquitin chain acts as the proximal signal for targeting substrates to 26S proteasomes for degradation. Recent results have revealed important determinants of polyubiquitin-chain recognition by proteasomes, helping to explain the biological rationale behind this novel signaling mechanism.
Post-depositional alteration of titanomagnetite in a Miocene sandstone, south Texas (U.S.A.)

Petrographic and geochemical studies have yielded information on the time-space relationships of the post-depositional alteration of detrital titanomagnetite (Ti-mt) in fine- to medium-grained sandstone from unoriented core samples (taken below the water table at depths of 30–45 m) of the Miocene Catahoula Sandstone, south Texas. Aqueous sulfide introduced from sour gas reservoirs along a growth fault into part of the Catahoula shortly after deposition resulted in the replacement at the periphery of Ti-mt grains by iron disulfide (FeS 2 ) minerals. Remnants of Ti-mt in cores of the partly sulfidized grains show no evidence of earlier hematitic oxidation. After sulfidization, part of the sandstone body was invaded by oxygenated groundwaters flowing down a shallowly inclined (1°) hydrologic gradient. The boundary between oxidized and reduced facies is clearly defined by the distribution of ferric and ferrous iron minerals, and the concentrations of Mo, U, and Se. In oxidized (light-red) strata that had not been previously subjected to sulfidic-reducing conditions but that are correlative with strata containing FeS 2 minerals, Ti-mt has been partly to entirely replaced pseudomorphously by hematite to form martite. The absence of hematitic alteration of Ti-mt in the reduced facies is strong evidence that martite in the oxidized facies formed after deposition.
NONDESTRUCTIVE INSPECTION OF CORROSION AND DELAMINATION AT THE CONCRETE-STEEL REINFORCEMENT INTERFACE

This paper explores the feasibility of detecting and quantifying corrosion and delamination at the interface between reinforcing steel bar and concrete using ultrasonic guided waves. The problem of corrosion and delamination of the reinforcing steel in the aging infrastructure has increased significantly in the last three decades and is likely to keep on increasing. Ultrasonic cylindrical guided waves that can propagate a long distance along the reinforcing steel bar are found to be sensitive to the interface conditions between steel bar and concrete. Ultrasonic transducers are used to launch and detect cylindrical guided waves along the steel bar. The traditional ultrasonic testing methods, for instance the pulse-echo method, where reflection, transmission, and scattering of longitudinal waves are used for detecting large voids in concrete, are not very efficient for detecting corrosion and delamination at the interface between concrete and steel bar. For this study four sets of specimens were prepared. They are rebars and plain steel bars with corrosion and physical separation. Transducers used during the experiment are the Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducer (EMAT) and the Piezoelectric Transducer (PZT). The experiment suggests that the guided wave inspection technique is feasible for the health monitoring of reinforced concrete structures. It also reveals that the ultrasonic guided waves are sensitive to the type of steel used and to the rib patterns on the reformed steel bars.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
THIN-FILM PIEZOELECTRIC ACTUATORS FOR BIO-INSPIRED MICRO-ROBOTIC APPLICATIONS

ABSTRACT Biologically-inspired autonomous micro-robots have a variety of anticipated applications resulting from their unique scale and cooperative potential. To achieve locomotion comparable to biological systems, these micro-robots will require actuators substantially stronger than most existing MEMS actuation technologies. Piezoelectric thin-films can meet these specifications while drawing limited power and contributing little mass to micro-robotic systems. Theoretical actuation requirements for micro-robotic applications show that lead-zirconium-titanate (PZT) thin-film actuators can meet these requirements, including a new thin-film PZT lateral actuator developed by the United States Army Research Laboratory. Experimental results and a comparison to other common lateral actuation technologies are presented.
Reading Interventions With Behavioral and Social Skill Outcomes A Synthesis of Research

Research findings have suggested that reading deficits and problem behaviors are positively related. This synthesis investigated how reading interventions impact behavioral/social skill outcomes by reviewing studies that included (a) a reading intervention without behavioral/social skill components, (b) behavioral/social skill dependent variables, and (c) students in Grades K-12. Fifteen articles were evaluated by the type of reading intervention, associations between positive reading effects and behavioral/social skill outcomes, and The What Works Clearinghouse (WWC) determinants of study ratings. Findings suggested that reading interventions tended to have positive reading outcomes, while behavioral/social skill outcomes were small or negative. Research did not suggest an association between improved reading and behavioral performance, regardless of the WWC study determinants rating. Implications include reading instruction may not be sufficient to improve behavioral and social skill outcomes. Additional research is warranted to investigate the long-term impact of reading on behavioral and social skill outcomes.
Cluster Models of Cu Binding and CO and NO Adsorption in Cu-Exchanged Zeolites

A small cluster model is proposed and used to examine the properties of bound Cu ions and their interactions with CO and NO in Cu-exchanged zeolites, such as Cu−ZSM-5. The model uses H2O ligands to represent the framework oxygens of the zeolite lattice that form the local coordination environment of the Cu ion. Variations in the oxidation state of the metal center are simulated by adjusting the net charge on the clusters. Density functional theory is used to predict the molecular and electronic structures and binding energies of these model clusters, including Cu(H2O)xn+, Cu(H2O)xCOn+, and Cu(H2O)xNOn+ (x = 1−4, n = 0−2). While quite simplistic, this model provides considerable insight into the behavior and interactions of zeolite-bound Cu ions. Both Cu+ and Cu2+ ions are found to bind strongly to H2O (or bridge oxygen) ligands, with Cu2+ preferring higher and Cu+ preferring lower coordination numbers. CO and NO also bind strongly to both Cu ions. Cu2+ preferentially binds the three ligands in the order C...
Bisphosphonate-Induced Osteonecrosis of the Jaw

Objective:To review the risk of osteonecrosis of the jaw associated with bisphosphonates.Data Sources:A MEDLINE search (1966–January 2007) and a search of international Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970–January 2007) were conducted to identify relevant literature. Additional references were reviewed from selected articles.Study Selection and Data Extraction:Articles related to bisphosphonate-induced osteonecrosis of the jaw were reviewed and summarized. Inclusion criteria required that articles be either case studies or case series that were reporting actual cases linking osteonecrosis of the jaw with bisphosphonate use. Articles that addressed sites of osteonecrosis not involving the jaw, teaching cases (fictitious patients), and a retrospective claims analysis paper were excluded from consideration.Data Synthesis:Bisphosphonates have recently been linked to osteonecrosis of the jaw, with the greatest incidence seen with the intravenous preparations zoledronic acid and pamidronate. Osteonecrosis refers to d...
Modification of Infarct Material Properties Limits Adverse Ventricular Remodeling

Background Infarct expansion after myocardial infarction (MI) is an important phenomenon that initiates and sustains adverse left ventricular (LV) remodeling. We tested the hypothesis that infarct modification by material-induced infarct stiffening and thickening limits infarct expansion and LV remodeling. Methods Anteroapical infarction was induced in 21 sheep. Sheep were randomized to injection of saline (2.6 mL) or tissue filler material (2.6 mL) into the infarct within 3 hours of MI. Animals were monitored for 8 weeks with echocardiography to assess infarct expansion and global LV remodeling. Morphometric measurements were performed of excised hearts to quantify infarct thickness. Regional blood flow was assessed with colored microspheres. Infarct material properties were measured using biaxial tensile testing. Results Compared with controls at 8 weeks, treatment animals had less infarct expansion, reduced LV dilatation (LV systolic volumes: 60.8 ± 4.3 vs 80.3 ± 6.9 mL; p p p p Conclusions Durable infarct thickening and stiffening can be achieved by infarct biomaterial injection, resulting in the amelioration of infarct expansion and global LV remodeling. Further material optimization will allow for clinical translation of this novel treatment paradigm.
Long-range synchronization of optomechanical structures

We theoretically and numerically demonstrate that long-range radiation force mediated mechanical coupling and synchronization arise in optomechanical systems. We propose a planar micro-optomechanical device that exhibits non-linear frequency and phase synchronization of two unlike mechanical resonators.
Quantification of Cardiac Sympathetic Nerve Density with N-11C-Guanyl-meta-Octopamine and Tracer Kinetic Analysis

UNLABELLED Most cardiac sympathetic nerve radiotracers are substrates of the norepinephrine transporter (NET). Existing tracers such as (123)I-metaiodobenzylguanidine ((123)I-MIBG) and (11)C-(-)-meta-hydroxyephedrine ((11)C-HED) are flow-limited tracers because of their rapid NET transport rates. This prevents successful application of kinetic analysis techniques and causes semiquantitative measures of tracer retention to be insensitive to mild-to-moderate nerve losses. N-(11)C-guanyl-(-)-meta-octopamine ((11)C-GMO) has a much slower NET transport rate and is trapped in storage vesicles. The goal of this study was to determine whether analyses of (11)C-GMO kinetics could provide robust and sensitive measures of regional cardiac sympathetic nerve densities. METHODS PET studies were performed in a rhesus macaque monkey under control conditions or after intravenous infusion of the NET inhibitor desipramine (DMI). Five desipramine dose levels were used to establish a range of available cardiac NET levels. Compartmental modeling of (11)C-GMO kinetics yielded estimates of the rate constants K1 (mL/min/g), k2 (min(-1)), and k3 (min(-1)). These values were used to calculate a net uptake rate constant K(i) (mL/min/g) = (K1k3)/(k2 + k3). In addition, Patlak graphical analyses of (11)C-GMO kinetics yielded Patlak slopes K(p) (mL/min/g), which represent alternative measurements of the net uptake rate constant K(i). (11)C-GMO kinetics in isolated rat hearts were also measured for comparison with other tracers. RESULTS In isolated rat hearts, the neuronal uptake rate of (11)C-GMO was 8 times slower than (11)C-HED and 12 times slower than (11)C-MIBG. (11)C-GMO also had a long neuronal retention time (>200 h). Compartmental modeling of (11)C-GMO kinetics in the monkey heart proved stable under all conditions. Calculated net uptake rate constants K(i) tracked desipramine-induced reductions of available NET in a dose-dependent manner, with a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 0.087 ± 0.012 mg of desipramine per kilogram. Patlak analysis provided highly linear Patlak plots, and the Patlak slopes Kp also declined in a dose-dependent manner (IC50 = 0.068 ± 0.010 mg of desipramine per kilogram). CONCLUSION Compartmental modeling and Patlak analysis of (11)C-GMO kinetics each provided quantitative parameters that accurately tracked changes in cardiac NET levels. These results strongly suggest that PET studies with (11)C-GMO can provide robust and sensitive quantitative measures of regional cardiac sympathetic nerve densities in human hearts.
Accuracy of self-reported weight, height and BMI in US firefighters.

determined. Results There w ere 1001 participants. Self-reported weight, height and BMI were significantly correlated with their respective measured counterparts, i.e. measured weight (r = 0.990; P < 0.001), height (r = 0.961; P < 0.001) and BMI (r = 0.976; P < 0.001). The overall mean difference and standard deviation between self-reported weight, height and BMI were 1.3 ± 2.0 kg , 0.94 ± 1.9 cm and 0.09 ± 0.9 kg/m 2 , respectively, for male firefighters. BMI-based weight status (P < 0.001) was the most consistent factor associated with bias in self-reported BMI, weight and height, with heavier firefighters more likely to underestimate their weight and overestimate their height, resulting in underestimated BMIs. Therefore, using self-reported BMI would have resulted in overestimating the prevalence of obesity (BMI ≥ 30.0) by 1.8%, but underestimating the prevalence of more serious levels of obesity (Class II and III) by 1.2%. Conclusions Self-repor ted weight and height (and the resulting BMI) were highly correlated with measured values. A primary and consistent source of error in self-reported weight, height and BMI based on those indices was BMI-based weight status.
Statistics of the scattering cross-section of a small number of random scatterers

Complex radar targets are often modeled as a number of individual scattering elements randomly distributed throughout the spatial region containing the target. While it is known that as the number of scatterers grows large the distribution of the scattered signal power or intensity is asymptotically exponential, this is not true for a small number of scatterers. The authors study the statistics of measured power or intensity, and hence scattering cross section, resulting from a small number of constant amplitude scatterers each having a random phase. They derive closed-form expressions for the probability density function (pdf) of the scattered signal intensity for one, two, and three scatterers having arbitrary amplitudes. For n>3 scatterers, they derive expressions for the pdf when the individual scatterers have identical constant amplitudes and independent random phases; these expressions are Gram-Charlier type expansions with weighting functions determined by the asymptotic form of the intensity pdf for a large number of scatterers n. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov goodness-of-fit test is used to show that the series expansions are a good fit to empirical pdfs computed using Monte-Carlo simulation of targets made up of a small number of constant amplitude scatterers with random phase. >
Vertical cavity lasers: device advances and new applications

Central to the photonic revolution is the development of miniature light sources such as the vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL). VCSEL manufacturing has been established to provide inexpensive optical sources for data communication applications. Recent progress in materials and fabrication technologies has enabled a new generation of high performance VCSELs. We report recent device advances, including short (650 nm) and long (1300 nm) wavelength VCSELs, structures producing high single mode output, and hybrid integrated 2-dimensional transmitter arrays for spatial multiplexed optical interconnects.
Nerve growth factor stimulation of GAP-43 phosphorylation in intact isolated growth cones

Phosphorylation of the nervous system-specific growth cone protein GAP- 43 by kinase C in vivo occurs exclusively in growth cones and distal axons, and the onset of this phosphorylation is delayed relative to the onset of axonogenesis, with the delay predicted on the time needed for axons to reach the vicinity of their targets (Meiri et al., 1991). We have used a subcellular fraction of intact growth cones (IGCs) to investigate whether this induction of GAP-43 phosphorylation can be influenced by target-derived substances, and show here that increased phosphorylation of GAP-43 can be both stimulated and maintained by NGF at concentrations of 2 x 10(-10) M. This low concentration of NGF and the subsequent phosphorylation of GAP-43 are both consistent with the interpretation that phosphorylation is due to the binding of NGF to a biologically active high-affinity receptor. Second, we used the monoclonal antibody 2G12 to show that the NGF-stimulated phosphorylation of GAP-43 occurs on serine, the kinase C phosphorylation site, consistent with the results seen in vivo. Levels of phosphorylated GAP-43 in the intact IGCs are also modulated by calcium-stimulated dephosphorylation that could be inhibited by EGTA but not okadaic acid and that therefore resembled the calcineurin- stimulated dephosphorylation reported in vitro. The results suggest that the spatial and temporal regulation of GAP-43 phosphorylation that occurs during axonogenesis in vivo can be regulated by target-derived neurotropic molecules, specifically NGF.
Erythromycin Inhibits Transcriptional Activation of NF-κB, but not NFAT, through Calcineurin-Independent Signaling in T Cells

The molecular mechanism of the anti-inflammatory effect of erythromycin (EM) was investigated at the level of transcriptional regulation of cytokine gene expression in T cells. EM (>10(-6) M) significantly inhibited interleukin-8 (IL-8) expression but not IL-2 expression from T cells induced with 20 ng of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) per ml plus 2 microM calcium ionophore (P-I). In electrophoretic mobility shift assays EM at 10(-7) to 10(-5) M concentrations inhibited nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) DNA-binding activities induced by P-I. Reporter gene assays also showed that EM (10(-5) M) inhibited IL-8 NF-kappaB transcription by 37%. The inhibitory effects of EM on transcriptional activation of IL-2 and DNA-binding activity of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) were not seen in T cells. On the other hand, FK506, which is also a macrolide derivative, inhibited transcriptional activation of both NF-kappaB and NFAT more strongly than EM did. The mechanism of EM inhibition of transactivation of NF-kappaB was further investigated in transiently transfected T cells that express calcineurin A and B subunits. Expression of calcineurin did not render transactivation of NF-kappaB in T cells more resistant to EM, while the inhibitory effect of FK506 on transactivation of NF-kappaB was attenuated. These findings indicate that EM is capable of inhibiting expression of the IL-8 gene in T cells through transcriptional inhibition and that this inhibition is mediated through a non-calcineurin-dependent signaling event in T lymphocytes.
New guidance on executive compensation disclosures

The issue of executive compensation upsets many stockholders. They don't think there is enough information about the process of compensating top management. And they feel they have very little influence over it. Now the Securities and Exchange Commission has stepped into the fray, beefing up the disclosure requirements for executive compensation. What are the key features of the new rules? © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Understanding digital badges through feedback, reward, and narrative: a multidisciplinary approach to building better badges in social environments

Digital badges are studied and implemented for a variety of purposes. Regardless of the specific application, all badges have one thing in common: they contain explicitly designed information meant to motivate users. This information is created by the badge's developer, transferred using the badge as a vessel, and assimilated by the user. In other words, badges are devices for communication. This article examines this communication process within social environments from three different perspectives---badges as rewards, feedback mechanisms, and narrative. For each of these perspectives, this article provides examples and discusses the type of information that can be communicated as well as the design considerations required for successful communication.
Isolation of Gamma and Delta Tocotrienols from Rice Bran Oil Deodorizer Distillate Using Flash Chromatography

Gamma (γ-T3) and delta (δ-T3) tocotrienols are the most potent natural protective agents against harmful effects of radiation exposure and there is substantial interest in advancing these tocols toward Food and Drug Administration approval. However, co-administration with alpha tocopherol is reported to interfere with the radioprotective properties of the tocotrienols. The objective of this study was to test various flash chromatography conditions for the purification of fractions with a high proportion of γ-T3 or δ-T3 and a minimal amount of alpha isomers from tocol extract obtained from rice bran oil deodorizer distillate (RBODD). Load size (0.125, 0.250, 0.500 and 1.000 g), sample cartridge type (pre-packed silica cartridge, empty cartridge+Celite 545) and mobile phase gradient [varying proportions of hexane–acetic acid (99.1:0.9 v/v) and ethyl acetate–acetic acid (99.1:0.9 v/v)] were evaluated. Peak resolution was best with a load size of ~1 % column capacity and a 5-g silica sample cartridge coupled with a 12-g silica column. A linear gradient of 0.8 % ethyl acetate–acetic acid (99.1:0.9 v/v) to hexane–acetic acid (99.1:0.9 v/v) (50 min) → 100 % ethyl acetate–acetic acid (99.1:0.9 v/v) (5 min) resulted in the best separation of tocols. The method developed was used to isolate tocols from samples of crude RBODD, tocol concentrate and tocol-rich extract. The use of these conditions with a tocol-rich extract resulted in several fractions containing 100 % purities of both γ-T3 and δ-T3.
Certain Influences of Science on the Family

A LTHOUGH history fails to give any evidence on the matter, we may be sure that when its routine and environment were so greatly changed, the intimate relations of the Noah family were altered in many and unexpected ways. In our own times, science, like a flood, has modified our way of life and all the details of our surroundings. Methods of warfare, the church, the state, our systems of education, all have felt the results both of its applicationsanditsteachings. Thefamily, like other institutions of previous levels of civilization, is being molded by this great force which, more than anything else, differentiates our age from days gone by. The early effects of science upon thought were doubtlessly reflected in the behavior of communities and the larger social groups. It was doubtlessly not until the interplay of science and invention ushered in our present day industrial life that the inundations of science began to be felt by the family. One by one the various industries which centered within the home soap making, weaving, shoe making, baking and sewing-were removed, and it has long since ceased to be the self-contained economic and industrial unit which once it was. The convenience and economy, the saving of time and the increased quality of the products, may be pointed out as advantages of distributing these labors among specialized workers of the larger group. Yet in the process, something was gradually lost. Gone forever is the picture of the entire family toiling together for a common end. As the industries left the home, simple tasks could no longer be carried aut by the young and the very old. The membiers of the family became divided into those who played and those who worked and those whose work was done. No longer did each contribute his bit, small though it might be, toward the necessities of the group. The young and old ceased to be participants in the scheme of active life.
Managing the residency scramble.

The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists Resident Matching Program offered 1951 postgraduate year 1 (PGY1) pharmacy residency positions for the 2010–2011 residency year to 2915 participating PGY1 applicants.[1][1] After results for the match were released, 1801 applicants matched with an
The construction of Pichia pastoris expression system with E gene of Japanese encephalitis virus

Objective:To construct the Pichia pastoris expression system including E gene segment of Japanese encephalitis virus(JEV).Methods:Amplifying the E gene of the SA-14 strain by RT-PCR,which encodes for E protein.Then the RT-PCR products were cloned into the pPICZαA vector after being cutted by two enzymes.After linerized by Pme Ⅰ enzyme,the recombinant plasmid was transformed into the competent cell of Pichia pastoris GS115 strain,and the transforments were screened with zeocin.Results:The RT-PCR product was about 1 350 bp.We compared the sequence of the E gene which inserted into the pPICZαA vector with the ones reported in Genbank,their similarity was 100%.After the recombinant plasmid pPICZαA-E was transformed into Pichia pastoris,the recombinant strain GS115-E was obtained,and their genome could be proved to be correct by PCR.Conclusion:We construct the Pichia pastoris expression system including JEV E gene successfully and lay a foundation for further reaserches.
Gender and genetic contributions to weight identity among adolescents and young adults in the U.S.

In this paper, we investigate the possibility that genetic variation contributes to self-perceived weight status among adolescents and young adults in the U.S. Using samples of identical and fraternal twins across four waves of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) study, we calculate heritability estimates for objective body mass index (BMI) that are in line with previous estimates. We also show that perceived weight status is heritable (h(2) ∼ 0.47) and most importantly that this trait continues to be heritable above and beyond objective BMI (h(2) ∼ 0.25). We then demonstrate significant sex differences in the heritability of weight identity across the four waves of the study, where h(2)women = 0.39, 0.35, 0.40, and 0.50 for each wave, respectively, and h(2)men = 0.10, 0.10, 0.23, and 0.03. These results call for a deeper consideration of both identity and gender in genetics research.
O26-3 Metalworking fluid exposure and risk of end-stage renal disease: analyses using standard cox proportional hazards regression and competing risk analyses

End-stage renal disease (ESRD) carries a high public health burden yet the influence of occupational risk factors is understudied. In a prospective study of autoworkers, we investigate the influence of exposure to metalworking fluids (MWF) on ESRD. We also examined the impact of mortality as a competing risk. Methods Follow-up of 36,703 autoworkers was conducted for 1973 through 2009. Cumulative exposure to each type of fluid (straight, soluble, and synthetic) was estimated with a 15-year lag, with Cox proportional hazards regression to estimate Hazard Ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for ESRD, both all cause and cause specific (hypertension and glomerulonephritis). Exposure was modelled using penalised splines and linear terms. We estimated the HR with mortality as a competing risk (CR) using both data augmentation and subdistribution hazard approaches. Models adjusted for age, time since hire, plant, year, gender, race, and other MWF types. Results were also examined separately for white males. Results There were 551 ESRD cases (190 hypertension and 63 glomerulonephritis). Using a linear term for each MWF exposure, there was no association with any fluid type and ESRD overall, and these results did not change substantially when either type of CR model was used. However, penalised splines using standard regression provided more information about exposure-response curves for specific types of ESRD. For white males, soluble fluids were associated with hypertensive nephropathy and glomerulonephritis (at median 6.1 mg/m 3 -year: HR 1.03 95% CI: 1.03, 1.04, and HR 1.02 (1.02, 1.03), respectively) per mg/m3-year increase in exposure and straight fluids increased risk of glomerulonephritis (at median 0.9 mg/m 3 -year: HR 1.08 95% CI (0.78, 1.50), HR 1.02 95% CI (1.02, 1.03), respectively). Conclusions Soluble and straight MWF were associated with ESRD. Accounting for mortality as a competing event did not substantially alter the relationship between MWF and ESRD.
Collective Efficacy and its Relationship with Leadership in Computer-mediated Project-based Group Work

Based on Bandura’s work, the four sources of efficacy shaping were examined in regard to frequency and students’ perception of importance in a computer-mediated, project-based high school classroom. In a context of group work where there was no designated leader, groups’ collective efficacy was examined if it has any relationship with individual’s leadership traits. In addition, the relationship between the existence of group-identified leader and the groups’ collective efficacy as well as the relationship between the collective efficacy and the groups’ performance outcome were examined. The results from survey and interview showed that mastery experience was the most frequent and powerful source of efficacy shaping among the four sources. Moreover, the groups with identified leader showed higher collective efficacy than the groups without leaders, and the groups’ collective efficacy level showed positive correlation with the groups’ performance outcome.