cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A note on the dynamic aspects of the Heckscher—Ohlin model: Some empirical evidence

Abstract A. Krueger and A. Deardorff's extension of the Heckscher-Ohlin model into a multi-country, multi-commodity framework provides a theoretical basis for suggesting that a rapidly growing developing country's export composition will become more capital intensive over time. This proposition is verified with empirical evidence from South Korea's exports during 1965–1980; the share of labor-intensive commodities in total exports declined substantially while the share of capital-intensive commodities increased sharply over that period.
Personality Disorder Features and Insomnia Status amongst Hypnotic-Dependent Adults

Objective To determine the prevalence of personality disorders and their relation to insomnia parameters among persons with chronic insomnia with hypnotic dependence.
Value of subtracted bladder pressure measurement in routine urodynamics

A case is presented for the routine determination of detrusor pressure in the performance of urodynamic studies. Its particular value in the investigation of the patient with subtle bladder instability, urinary incontinence, and voiding dysfunction is described.
Derivation of a Mathematical Equation for the EEG and the General Solution Within the Brain and in Space

A mathematical model for the EEG is presented here based on physical and anatomical characteristics of the brain. The important finding is that the system is characterised by a diffusion equation whose general solution represents a Fourier series expansion for the EEG at any point of the zone under consideration.
Cold neutron depth profiling of lithium-ion battery materials

Abstract We report the characterization of two thin-film battery materials using neutron techniques. Neutron depth profiling (NDP) has been employed to determine the distribution of lithium and nitrogen simultaneously in lithium phosphorous oxynitride (LiPON) deposited by ion beam assisted deposition (IBAD). The depth profiles are based on the measurement of the energy of the charged particle products from the 6 Li (n,α) 3 H and 14 N (n,p) 14 C reactions for lithium and nitrogen, respectively. Lithium at the level of 1022 atoms/cm3 and N of 1021 atoms/cm3, distributed in the film thickness on the order of 1 μm, have been determined. This information provides insights into nitrogen incorporation and lithium concentration in the films under various fabrication conditions. NDP of lithium has also been performed on IBAD LiCoO2 films, in conjunction with instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) to determine the cobalt concentration. The Li/Co ratio thus obtained serves as an ex situ control for the thin-film evaporation process. The non-destructive nature of the neutron techniques is especially suitable for repeated analysis of these materials and for actual working devices.
Recurrent neural networks for linear programming: analysis and design principles

Abstract This paper explores the potential role of recurrent neural networks for solving linear programs. The emphases of the paper are on analyzing the asymptotic properties of recurrent neural networks that are relevant to linear programming and on developing general principles for designing such neural networks. A class of recurrent neural networks with monotonically increasing penalty variables is presented for solving linear programming problems. The proposed recurrent neural networks are asymptotically stable and able to generate optimal solutions to linear programming problems. The asymptotic properties of the proposed recurrent neural networks for linear programming are analyzed theoretically, and the design principles for synthesizing the recurrent networks are discussed based on the results of analysis. Some illustrative examples are also presented to demonstrate the performance behavior and operational characteristics of the recurrent neural networks.
PULMONARY LESIONS IN DISSEMINATED VISCERAL COCCIDIOSIS OF SANDHILL AND WHOOPING CRANES

Fifty cranes, consisting of 46 sandhill (Grus canadensis) and four whooping cranes (Cms americana), were studied. Eighteen sandhill cranes and the four whooping cranes were naturally infected with disseminated visceral coccidiosis (DVC). The remaining sandhill cranes were chicks experimentally infected with oocysts of Eimeria reichenowi and/or E. gruis; five chicks served as controls. There were no clinical signs attributed to respiratory infection. Necropsy of naturally infected adult birds revealed nodules in many organs, including the lung, air sacs, trachea and nares. Artificially infected sandhill cranes and the whooping crane chicks that died from DVC had congestion and consolidated areas in the lung with frothy fluid in the airways. Grossly visible nodules were observed from 10 days postinoculation. Granulomatous pneumonia and tracheitis were observed with light microscopy. Lesions were associated with merogonic and gametogonic stages of eimerian coccidia. Granulomas and granulomatous foci containe...
Differences in Visual Signal Design and Detectability between Allopatric Populations of Anolis Lizards

Abstract: We tested the prediction of the sensory drive hypothesis using four allopatric populations of the lizard Anolis cristatellus from two distinct environments (i.e., mesic and xeric conditions). For each population, we measured habitat light characteristics and quantified signal design by measuring the spectral and total reflectance and transmittance of the dewlap. We used these data to calculate dewlap detectability using an empirically based model of signal detection probability. We found that populations from mesic and xeric conditions occupy two distinct habitats with respect to light intensity and spectral quality and that dewlap design has diverged between populations in a way that increases signal detectability in each habitat. The major difference in dewlap design was in total reflectance and transmittance, making dewlaps from xeric habitats darker and dewlaps from mesic habitats brighter. Furthermore, dewlap detection decreased significantly when a dewlap from a xeric habitat is detected u...
Disaster Impact Across Cultural Groups: Comparison of Whites, African Americans, and Latinos

The current study extends knowledge regarding the differential impact of natural disasters among White, African American, and Latino survivors of Hurricane Ike through its use of a large, regional sample recruited via representative sampling procedures to examine the associations between cultural identification and disaster impact, including loss, damage, and negative mental health outcomes. Consistent with previous research, results indicated disparities between cultural groups with regard to disaster exposure. Additionally, type of disaster impact was differentially associated with PTSD and depression status dependent on cultural group. Specifically, the extent of personal disaster exposure, property damage, and loss of services made significant contributions to PTSD status among White survivors. African-Americans were more likely than White and Latino Ike survivors to endorse post-disaster PTSD and depression and endorsement of depression was predicted by severity of property damage. With respect to Latino respondents, only the extent of personal disaster exposure significantly contributed to both PTSD and depression status. Implications of the current findings are discussed with regard to future disaster preparedness and response efforts and the implementation and evaluation of community-based disaster resources.
Evolution of the Colonial Sterling Exchange Standard

HE EVOLUTION of the monetary and exchange system that has come to be known as the sterling area dates back to a time when almost all the territories outside Great Britain and Ireland in which this system operates were British colonial dependencies.1 For later stages of its history, as the concept of Dominion status crystallized and the number of territories to which it was applied increased, the distinction can be made, for convenience, between the Dominions, which now have complete control of their national currency and exchange policies, and other parts of the British Commonwealth which have not yet attained that status-leaving aside altogether members of the sterling area which are outside the British Commonwealth. The process of growth has been continuous throughout; it is, moreover, not yet complete. A sketch of the earlier stages of its history will contribute to a proper understanding of the sterling area as it operates today and, in particular, of the position in the sterling area of the territories which operate under the Colonial Sterling Exchange Standard. The sterling currency area originated in a Treasury Minute of 1825 concerned with the payment of British troops in the Colonies. Their pay was fixed in sterling, and the Treasury sought to tidy up its administration and its conversion into local currencies. At the same time, the Minute was in part a sequel to the reform of the English monetary system itself after the Napoleonic Wars, particularly the full adoption of gold as the standard and of silver as token money. Until 1825 Britain had never supplied any of its own currency to its colonies. They had been left to fend for themselves and to pick up and use what other money they could find. The coins used make up a
Model for End-Stage Liver Disease Score Predicts Left Ventricular Assist Device Operative Transfusion Requirements, Morbidity, and Mortality

Background— The Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) predicts events in cirrhotic subjects undergoing major surgery and may offer similar prognostication in left ventricular assist device candidates with comparable degrees of multisystem dysfunction. Methods and Results— Preoperative MELD scores were calculated for subjects enrolled in the University of Michigan Health System (UMHS) mechanical circulatory support database. Univariate and multiple regression analyses were performed to investigate the ability of patient characteristics, laboratory data (including MELD scores), and hemodynamic measurements to predict total perioperative blood product exposure and operative mortality. The ability of preoperative MELD scores to predict operative mortality was evaluated in subjects enrolled in the Interagency Registry of Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support (INTERMACS), and results were compared with those from the UMHS cohort. The mean±SD MELD scores for the UMHS (n=211) and INTERMACS (n=324) cohorts ...
A new procedure for rapid sampling from cell suspensions by means of discontinuous filtration

Abstract This paper describes an apparatus designed for rapid sampling of extra-cellular fluid from cell suspensions by means of discontinuous sample-taking followed by pressure filtration. The device can take eight samples at intervals as short as 6 sec, providing a technique that partially fills the gap between the previously existing methods: rapid flow dialysis and conventional centrifugation. The method is particularly useful when studying systems where it is desirable to follow transport kinetics within the first minute of the observed process. As an example of its applications, experimental data for efflux of radioactive hypoxanthine from human erythrocytes are presented. The apparatus could readily be modified to allow collection of the cells from the filters. Technical details, practical and theoretical limitations, are pointed out.
A theorem on Pfaffians

Abstract We prove the Pfaffian analog of the well-known diagonal expansion theorem for determinants. If P k is the sum of the Pfaffians of all the k -square principal triangular subarrays of a given N -square triangular array A then P (λ)=Σ 1 N P k λ k =Pfaffian [ A (λ)] with a ij (λ)= a ij −(−1) j−i λ 2 . Our proof is an application of Wick's theorem.
A Bayesian analysis of multi-level spatial correlation in single vehicle motorcycle crashes in Ohio

Estimation of frequency for single-vehicle motorcycle crashes may be difficult due to challenges associated with underreporting of single-vehicle crashes and the unavailability of motorcycle-specific data. To help address these difficulties, this study focuses on modeling single-vehicle motorcycle crashes in Ohio using a full Bayesian negative binomial model with mixed effects, creating a model structure that accounts for some of the uncertainty inherent in the data. The fixed effects considered in this study incorporate geometric, administrative, and traffic information into the model while considering the limitations of motorcycle data, such as a lack of consistent, descriptive measures of motorcycle-specific traffic. The same data set is analyzed with varying levels of information describing the areas closest to each township. The Deviance Information Criterion and spatial correlation coefficient show that township level spatial random effects significantly improve the estimate of the parameters. The results show that a researcher can apply this methodology to single vehicle motorcycle crashes to find the influence of similar parameters in a given region.
Characterization of the mouse neutrophil elastase gene and localization to Chromosome 10

Neutrophil elastase (NE), a serine proteinase, is considered to play a role in normal tissue turnover and host defense. NE may also cause tissue damage in acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. We have isolated and characterized the gene for mouse NE and determined its chromosomal location. The mouse NE gene has been localized by interspecific backcross analysis to Chromosome (Chr) 10. The gene for mouse NE is composed of 5 exons and 4 introns, similar to the human NE. Mouse NE shares the highly conserved exon size and intron-exon borders with human NE. The coding exons of the mouse NE gene predict a translation product in a pre-pro form, similar to human NE. Knowledge of the genomic organization and chromosomal location of mouse NE may allow us to further define mechanisms responsible for cell and tissue-specific expression of mouse NE.
Cytotoxic cells induced in vitro by Epstein-Barr Virus antigens

Abstract Lymphocyte blastogenesis and cytotoxicity for lymphoid cells lines (LCL) were induced in cells from immune donors by stimulation in vitro with irradiated Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV). Velocity sedimentation of blastogenic populations indicated that much of the killing was associated with large E-rosetting cells; it was reduced by [ 3 H]thymidine suicide immediately prior to sedimentation. Target cells were killed irrespective of EBV content or sensitivity to natural killer (NK cells), though the pattern of lysis varied with repeated use of individual donors. Up to 9% of the normal resting lymphocytes became blastogenic though fewer than 30% of the dividing cells at termination of culture had undergone more than one division. It is suggested that EBV antigens induce a polyclonal activation of cytotoxic T cells. The possible significance of this response is discussed with particular reference to the origin of non-EBV-specific cytotoxic blast cells in infectious mononucleosis.
Optimum strategy for energy degraders and ionization cooling

Methodology for calculating the profile and emittance of a particle beam as it is slowed down in matter, including the effects of multiple scattering, axial magnetic field and lithium lens. Strategies are determined for minimum final emittance. For ionization cooling, boron carbide has advantages over liquid hydrogen if the beam can be focused onto a small enough area, which may be possible using strong axial fields.
ASSORBIC ACID: NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENT AND ROLE IN WOUND REPAIR IN PENAEID SHRIMP

Ascorbic acid (AsA) has been identified as a dietary requirement for cultured juvenile penaeid shrimp (Penaeus californiensis and Penaeus stylirostris). A dietary intake of 0.1% was sufficient to prevent nutrition-related deaths among these shrimp. Without sufficient dietary AsA, a deficiency death, Black Death, occurred. This disease is characterized by melanized hemocytic lesions distributed throughout the collagenous tissues of the shrimp' body. The specific requirement for AsA was demonstrated by feeding a special AsA supplement which resulted in the cessation of Black Death among an AsA-deficient population. Normal collagen metabolism and wound repair in two penaeid shrimp (Penaeus californiensis and Penaeus stylirostris) was shown to be dependent upon ascorbic acid (AsA) nutrition. A significantly greater number of mortalities occurred among wounded AsA-deficient shrimp of both species due to poor wound repair than among wounded controls.
Anthracyclines Cause Endothelial Injury in Pediatric Cancer Patients: A Pilot Study

Purpose The vascular endothelium plays a central role in the regulation of arterial vasomotor tone, releasing nitric oxide for vasodilation. Endothelial-dependent vasodilation can be assessed in vivo, using high resolution ultrasound to measure changes in diameter of the brachial artery. Animal studies have demonstrated that anthracyclines can damage the endothelium and impair the vasodilatory response of arteries; however, there are no comparable data in humans. This is a pilot study assessing endothelial toxicity from anthracyclines in pediatric cancer patients. Patients and Methods Fourteen control patients and 14 cancer patients (4 to 21 years) were studied. Cancer patients had completed chemotherapy containing no less than 300 mg/m2 of anthracyclines 2 to 60 months before study. Brachial artery diameters were measured at rest and 1 minute after blood pressure cuff occlusion. Brachial artery reactivity (BAR) was calculated as percent change between baseline and after cuff deflation measurements. Resul...
Photochemical and Nonphotochemical Reactions of Phytochrome in vivo.

The nonphotochemical reactions of phytochrome in the coleoptiles of dark-grown corn seedlings were studied at 3 temperatures: 14 degrees , 24 degrees , and 34 degrees . The data obtained show that the destruction of P(fr) is the only measurable reaction occurring; reversion of P(fr) to P(r) was not found. The Q(10)'s (2.7 and 3.5) and zero order kinetics found for the destruction reaction are consistent with the hypothesis that the reaction is enzyme-mediated.In vivo action spectra for phytochrome transformation in the coleoptiles of darkgrown corn seedlings were obtained which agree qualitatively with those obtained by other workers for phytochrome-mediated physiological responses and in vitro action spectra. In vivo conversion of phytochrome by blue light, as determined from spectrophotometric measurements of phytochrome itself, is reported. Action peaks for P(r) were found at 667 mmu and in the blue in the region of 400 mmu, with a broad shoulder from 590 mmu to 640 mmu. Action peaks for P(fr) were found at 725 mmu and in the blue in the region of 400 mmu with a minor peak at 670 mmu, and a broad shoulder from 590 mmu to 640 mmu. The ratio of the quantum efficiencies of P(r) at 667 mmu and P(fr) at 725 mmu (Phi(r667)/Phi(fr725)) was estimated to be 1.0.
Mood and anxiety disorders

This chapter describes two of the most frequent psychiatric conditions occurring in people with HIV and AIDS, namely, anxiety disorders and depression, and describes the commonly occurring features, clinical correlates, and treatment considerations for these disorders.
New Damped Lyα Metallicities from Echellette Spectrograph and Imager Spectroscopy of Five Palomar Sky Survey Quasars

This paper presents chemical abundance measurements for 12 new z > 3 damped Lyα systems discovered toward five quasars from the Palomar Sky Survey. We determine H I column densities from profile fits to the observed damped Lyα profiles and measure ionic column densities and limits for all observed metal line transitions. This data set, acquired with the Echellette Spectrograph and Imager on the Keck II telescope, adds to the rapidly growing database of damped Lyα abundances. It will impact studies of chemical evolution in the early universe and help identify candidates for detailed follow-up observations with echelle spectrographs. We report the discovery of the first quasar sight line with four cosmologically distinct damped Lyα systems.
Three-dimensional motion analysis of clinical stress tests for anterior knee subluxations

The three rotations and three translations that comprise total knee motion were simultaneously measured in cadaveric knees during the commonly employed clinical tests for anterior cruciate injury. A second study determined the three-dimensional motions that occurred when known forces and moments were applied. A total of eight whole lower limbs were studied. A 6 degree-of-freedom instrumented linkage (3-D electrogoniometer), rigidly mounted to the tibia and femur, was used. The ligaments sectioned included the lateral extraarticular restraints (iliotibial band, lateral capsule) and the anterior cruciate ligament, both separately and in combination. After sectioning the anterior cruciate ligament alone, anterior displacement of both the medial and lateral tibial condyles increased markedly during the flexion rotation drawer and pivot shift tests. At 30 degrees knee flexion, total anterior-posterior displacement increased 100 percent, but internal-external tibial rotation increased only 15 percent. In all the anterior displacement type of clinical tests (including Lachman's test), there was not a true rigid coupling of knee motions because the examiner controlled the amount of internal tibial rotation and anterior tibial translation. After anterior cruciate sectioning alone, both the lateral and medial tibial condyles displaced anteriorly. Sectioning the medial structures caused additional anterior translation of the medial and lateral tibial condyles. We measured many different combinations of motions that depend on the ligament and capsular structures injured, the clinical test used, and how the clinician performed the test. Differing types of anterior subluxation require that the separate subluxations of the medial and lateral tibial condyles be determined during each stress test.
Induction of primitive streak and Hensen's node by the posterior marginal zone in the early chick embryo

In the preprimitive streak chick embryo, the search for a region capable of inducing the organizer, equivalent to the Nieuwkoop Center of the amphibian embryo, has focused on Koller's sickle, the hypoblast and the posterior marginal zone. However, no clear evidence for induction of an organizer without contribution from the inducing tissue has been provided for any of these structures. We have used DiI/DiO labeling to establish the fate of midline cells in and around Koller's sickle in the normal embryo. In the epiblast, the boundary between cells that contribute to the streak and those that do not lies at the posterior edge of Koller's sickle, except at stage X when it lies slightly more posteriorly in the epiblast. Hypoblast and endoblast (a second lower layer formed under the streak) have distinct origins in the lower layer, and goosecoid expression distinguishes between them. We then used anterior halves of chick prestreak embryos as recipients for grafts of quail posterior marginal zone; quail cells can be identified subsequently with a quail-specific antibody. Anterior halves alone usually formed a streak, most often from the posterior edge. Quail posterior marginal zones without Koller's sickle were grafted to the anterior side of anterior halves. These grafts were able to increase significantly the frequency of streaks arising from the anterior pole of stage X-XI anterior halves without contributing to the streak or node. Stage XII anterior halves no longer responded. A goosecoid-expressing hypoblast did not form under the induced streak, indicating that it is not required for streak formation. We conclude that the marginal zone posterior to Koller's sickle can induce a streak and node, without contributing cells to the induced streak.
Current status of carbohydrate deficient transferrin, total serum sialic acid, sialic acid index of apolipoprotein J and serum β‐hexosaminidase as markers for alcohol consumption

Aims The purpose of this paper is to present a brief review of the literature and to summarize the current status of four biochemical markers for alcohol consumption, carbohydrate deficient transferrin (CDT), total serum sialic acid (TSA), sialic acid index of apolipoprotein J (SIJ) and serum β-hexosaminidase (β-HEX). Findings Of these markers, CDT has been the most widely studied, is currently thought to be the most accurate predictor of alcohol consumption, is most readily available and is the only test approved by the FDA for the identification of heavy alcohol use. TSA and SIJ have the potential to be useful markers, but have only recently been discovered, are not readily available and have not yet been studied comprehensively. Finally, the relationship between serum β-HEX and heavy alcohol consumption has been studied for about 20 years, but the test is not readily available and has not been widely accepted or used as a marker for heavy alcohol consumption. Conclusions These markers have the potential to be included in a combination of measurements to provide an accurate, more exact assessment of alcohol consumption in a variety of clinical and research settings.
CONTROLLED TREATMENT TRIALS OF TRACHOMA IN AMERICAN INDIAN CHILDREN

Abstract The effect of topical applications of tetracycline and the administration by mouth of sulphafurazole (sulfisoxazole) was compared, in a double-blind trial, with that of placebos in a group of American Indian children with chronic trachoma. In this population, bacterial conjunctivitis is uncommon and trachoma seldom leads to blindness. During the trials and for 6 months thereafter, the children lived in a boarding-school under good hygienic conditions. In both groups—the children who received treatment and those who were given placebos—the incidence of signs of active trachoma diminished greatly during the 7 months of observation. Judged by the number of positive findings of immunofluorescence of conjunctival smears, however, the persistence of the aetiological agent remained unchanged. Eye-drops of 1% tetracycline hydrochloride in oil three times daily for 6 weeks, or a suspension of sulphafurazole 4 g. daily for 3 weeks by mouth was not demonstrably superior to the administration of placebo. The good environment seemed to be the overriding beneficial influence. In any 1 year, only 10% of the general school population (many of whom had scars of old trachoma) showed signs of trachomatous activity. Some of the reported benefits of chemotherapy in areas of endemic trachoma may be attributable to control of bacterial superinfection. Additional trials are urgently needed to define the potential usefulness of chemotherapy in the control of trachoma.
Globalization and Religious Resurgence: An Historical Perspective

The A. provides a broad historical overview of religious resurgence in general, enabling to place Muslim resurgence in perspective. He offers a thesis on the complex phenomenon of Muslim resurgence in terms of seven propositions that are supported by historical or contemporary evidence, suggesting that it would be possible to gain an historical perspective on the contemporary problems. In his article, he notes that the "disintegrating effects of modernization augmented the appeal of religion...".
Management of poor-prognosis testicular germ cell tumors

Currently, the outcome of patients with intermediate-and poor-risk germ cell tumors at diagnosis is optimized by the use of risk-appropriate chemotherapy and post-chemotherapy surgical resection of residual masses. Currently, there is no role for high-dose chemotherapy in the first-line setting. Patients who progress on first-line chemotherapy or who relapse after an initial complete response also have a poor prognosis. In the setting of early relapse, the standard approach at most centers is conventional-dose, ifosfamide-based regimens and post-chemotherapy resection of residual masses. The treatment of patients with late relapse is complete surgical resection whenever feasible. Salvage chemotherapy for late relapse may be used prior to surgery in patients where a complete resection is not feasible. A complete surgical resection of all residual sites of disease after chemotherapy is critical for the prevention of relapse and the long-term survival of patients with advanced germ cell tumors.
A Portable toolbox for the visualization and processing of multimodal geophysical measurements

The optimal design of field-scale, multi-modal geophysical surveys is currently limited by the lack of software tools that can be used to simulate, visualize and process large data sets. Geophysica is among the few software tools that provides a comprehensive suite of calculation methods for small data sets. Geophysica, while useful, is limited in its portability because each computer using it must possess an expensive MATLAB license. The objective of this study is to develop a portable software toolbox for the visualization and processing of large-scale multimodal near-surface geophysical measurements. We present a Microsoft Visual C++-based tool GeoPhysical Calculation Plus Plus (GPCPP) capable of the same numerical analyses as Geophysica but with significant improvements in simulation and processing capabilities. We developed GPCPP by using the OpenGL-based GUI builder glui, the open-source visualization toolkit Gnuplot and by implementing an n-length discrete Fourier transform method. This report provides a description of GPCPP's capabilities and discusses how these capabilities may be further expanded. The resulting toolbox is quite portable and can easily accommodate the large data sets typical of field-scale near surface geophysical surveys.
Variation of Solvent Scattering-Length Density in Small-Angle Neutron Scattering as a Means of Determining Structure of Composite Materials

As part of our work on the structure of composite materials we have been exploring the use of small-angle neutron scattering using the method of contrast variation to dissect the component form, structure and distribution. This approach has resulted in a new look at very old problemreinforcement of elastomers by carbon black. Using this approach we studied an experimental high surface area (HSA) carbon black and a gel of "HSA-bound" rubber in cyclohexane/deuterocyclohexane mixtures. HSA in cyclohexane is found to be short rodlike particle aggregates. The aggregates have a shell-core structure with a high density graphitic outer shell and an inner core of lower density amorphous carbon. The core is continuous throughout the carbon black aggregate, making the aggregate a stiff, integral unit. Contrast variation of swollen composite gels shows that there are two length scales in the gel structure. Above 10 A, scattering from carbon black predominates, and below 10 A the scattering is from both carbon black and the elastomer. The HSA in the composite is completely embedded in polyisoprene. An estimate of the carbon black structure factor shows strong exclusion of neighboring aggregates, probably from excluded volume effects. The surface structure of the carbon black is unaltered by the interactions with elastomer and appears smooth over length scales above about 10 A. These results show that contrast variation can provide information on composite structure that is not available by other means. This information relates to the reinforcement mechanism of elastomers by carbon blacks.
Transposon Insertions of magellan-4 That Impair Social Gliding Motility in Myxococcus xanthus

Myxococcus xanthus has two different mechanisms of motility, adventurous (A) motility, which permits individual cells to glide over solid surfaces, and social (S) motility, which permits groups of cells to glide. To identify the genes involved in S-gliding motility, we mutagenized a delta aglU (A-) strain with the defective transposon, magellan-4, and screened for S- mutants that form nonmotile colonies. Sequence analysis of the sites of the magellan-4 insertions in these mutants and the alignment of these sites with the M. xanthus genome sequence show that two-thirds of these insertions lie within 27 of the 37 nonessential genes known to be required for social motility, including those necessary for the biogenesis of type IV pili, exopolysaccharide, and lipopolysaccharide. The remaining insertions also identify 31 new, nonessential genes predicted to encode both structural and regulatory determinants of S motility. These include three tetratricopeptide repeat proteins, several regulators of transcription that may control the expression of genes involved in pilus extension and retraction, and additional enzymes involved in polysaccharide metabolism. Three insertions that abolish S motility lie within genes predicted to encode glycolytic enzymes, suggesting that the signal for pilus retraction may be a simple product of exopolysaccharide catabolism.
Treatment of Meniere's disease with the low-pressure pulse generator (Meniett device).

Until recently, surgery was the only treatment option for people with disabling Meniere’s disease that did not respond to adequate medical therapy. A new intermediate level treatment modality, the Meniett device, which applies low-pressure micropulses to the inner ear, has now been shown to be safe and effective. The device is portable and self-administered, requiring a 5-min three-times daily application for an indefinite period. Placement of a tympanostomy tube in the ear drum of the affected ear is necessary. Patient acceptance has been high. Long-term success in control of vertigo is over 80%. Although hearing loss is not improved, Meniett device usage does not adversely affect balance, as do most forms of surgical therapy. Use of the device does not preclude later surgical therapy.
The discrete wavelet transform for a symmetric-anti symmetric multiwavelet family on the interval

The Chui-Lian multiwavelet family of approximation order three is extended to serve as a basis for an orthogonal discrete multiwavelet transform on the interval. This requires, in addition to the original symmetric and antisymmetric pairs of scaling functions and wavelets, four new functions of each type at each edge of the interval, i.e., one more than required just to preserve the approximation order. The criteria are given that such edge functions must satisfy in order to allow multiresolution analysis of data sequences without special constraints on endpoint behavior or use of periodic boundary conditions, and a specific choice is examined in applications to both noiseless and noisy data. These are accomplished through the development of interval-basis extensions for both an earlier multiwavelet projection-based prefilter/postfilter combination and a multiwavelet vector thresholding algorithm.
A Monte Carlo approach for e placement in fractal-dimension calculations in waveform graphs

Many diverse and complicated objects of nature and math possess the quality of self-similarity, and algorithms which produce self-similar shapes provide a way for computer graphics to represent natural structures. For a variety of studies in signal processing and shape-characterization, it is useful to compare the structures of many different “objects”. Unfortunately, large amounts of computer time are needed as prerequisite for rigorous self-similarity characterization and comparison. The present paper describes a fast computer technique for the characterization of self-similar shapes and signals based upon Monte Carlo methods. The algorithm is specifically designed for digitized input (e.g. pictures, acoustic waveforms, analytic functions) where the self-similarity is not obvious from visual inspection of just a few sample magnifications. A speech waveform graph is used as an example, and additional graphics are included as a visual aid for conceptualizing the Monte Carlo process when applied to speech waveforms.
A note on using a laser-based technique for recording of behaviour and location of free-ranging animals.

Abstract We developed a precise, remote (up to 300 m) observation system to record animal location and behaviour that requires no animal handling or disruption of the normal environment. Our system, combining a survey laser and a laptop, also allows recording of observed animal behaviour from seconds to hours, with accuracy of 1 m or better. Up to one individual per second can be located, which supports data collection of large numbers of animals not possible with other methods. The laser system was used to track a halter-broken heifer led in an arc beginning and ending about 50 m from the laser with a maximum distance of about 150 m. We recorded the location of the heifer at 35 points along the arc using the laser, a global positioning system (GPS), and a nylon tape. There was an average linear difference of 1.16 m (S.D. 0.63) between the laser data and the GPS data. The laser was potentially more accurate than GPS for this application because the laser averaged only 0.21 m (S.D. 0.24) linear difference from the tape. Tests of the laser to relocate points in the field to within 0.20 m and 0.1°, averaged 0.42 m (S.D. 0.29) from the original points. Our technique allows precise location of behaviour and navigation to grazed sites, potentially revealing how animals interact with the resources they exploit and showing the effect of landscape spatial heterogeneity on foraging and habitat use patterns.
Clinical applications of Genome Polymorphism Scans

Applications of Genome Polymorphism Scans range from the relatively simple such as gender determination and confirmation of biological relationships, to the relatively complex such as determination of autozygosity and propagation of genetic information throughout pedigrees. Unlike nearly all other clinical DNA tests, the Scan is a universal test – it covers all people and all genes. In balance, I argue that the Genome Polymorphism Scan is the most powerful, affordable clinical DNA test available today. Reviewers: This article was reviewed by Scott Weiss (nominated by Neil Smalheiser), Roberta Pagon (nominated by Jerzy Jurka) and Val Sheffield (nominated by Neil Smalheiser).
Stability of simultaneous recurrent neural network dynamics for static optimization

A new trainable and recurrent neural optimization algorithm, which has potentially superior capabilities compared to existing neural search algorithms to compute high quality solutions of static optimization problems in a computationally efficient manner, is studied. Specifically, a local stability analysis of the dynamics of a relaxation-based recurrent neural network, the simultaneous recurrent neural network, for static optimization problems is presented. The results of theoretical as well as its correlated simulation study lead to the conjecture that the simultaneous recurrent neural network dynamics appears to demonstrate desirable stability characteristics. Dynamics often converge to fixed points upon conclusion of a relaxation cycle, which facilitates adaptation of weights through one of many fixed-point training algorithms. The trainability of this neural algorithm results relatively high quality solutions to be computed for large-scale problem instances with computational efficiency, particularly when compared to solutions computed by the Hopfield network and its derivative algorithms including those with stochastic search control mechanisms.
An Ode to Edward Chambers: Linkages of Transport, Calcium and pH to Sea Urchin Egg Arousal at Fertilization

The events which surround fertilization and ultimately result in the beginning of the developmental program are referred to as “egg activation”, as attested by the title of this chapter. However, the definition of activation is “to make active” and the first item I discuss is whether this term is appropriate for what occurs at fertilization. I do not ask this to be pedantic or pugnacious, but because a search for a more appropriate term might lead to a better definition/description and understanding of fertilization.
The Global HIV/AIDS Pandemic

Progress has been achieved in reducing the spread of HIV infection in some developing countries. Certain populations in industrialized countries are also showing a decline in HIV incidence. However the HIV epidemic continues to spread in most developing countries as well as in European countries undergoing political stress and upheaval. Aggravating the issue is the increase of the social economic demographic and health impacts of the epidemic. In developing countries a spread of HIV in young adults adolescents and children is noted; while HIV is found to be increasing in the minority populations of industrialized countries. Heterosexual transmission extensive commercial sex industries the high prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases and injecting drug use provide the potential for explosive epidemics in several countries. Globally the HIV/AIDS pandemic is composed of multiple epidemics in different stages of development that have become increasingly diverse and fragmented each with their own features.
170 THE EFFECTS OF MEDICATIONS AND VENTILATOR MANAGEMENT ON WEIGHT GAIN OF EXTREMELY LOW BIRTHWEIGHT INFANTS IN THE PERI-EXTUBATION PERIOD

Both respirator support and medications used to facilitate extubation of premature babies potentially affect weight gain. We reviewed the charts of 100 pts whose birth weights were ≤1 kg and who had received full enteral feedings for at least 7 days before and after extubation. We determined the effects of ventilator support (SIMV, NCPAP) and medications (caffeine, theophylline, dexamethasone) on weight gain normalized for weight and caloric intake (gm/kg/Kcal/d) for the 7 days prior to and after extubation, excluding the day of extubation, a total of 1400 observations. (Table) Dexamethasone therapy dramatically reduced growth, a result previously reported. Methylxanthines had absolutely no effect on calorie utilization for growth. NCPAP caused a 20% reduction in growth, a result that was statistically insignificant. The known imprecision of daily weights in small babies may mask a clinically significant difference in growth of small babies on NCPAP. Despite the use of dexamethasone and NCPAP in the post-extubation period, extubation resulted in a small increase in weight gain. Prolonging mechanical ventilation in these tiny babies carries known risks and does not promote growth.
Grafting Experiment of Persimmon Seedlings in Dry Plateau of Weibei

Persimmon breeding was one of the most difficult issues in Persimmon production in dry plateau of Weibei.Grafting is the major method for breeding.The paper discussed the experiment with persimmon grafting regarding stock culture,stock age,thickness,the time of grafting and grafting techniques.A system of techniques was developed.
Major Developments in Mechanics

The University of Gottingen in Gottingen, Germany had a tradition of outstanding mathematicians for much of the nineteenth century, beginning with Carl Friedrich Gauss, Professor at Gottingen from 1807 to 1855. Johann Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet succeeded Gauss in 1855; he was succeeded by George Friedrich Bernhard Riemann in 1859. Riemann taught at Gottingen until shortly before his death in 1866. Felix Klein arrived at Gottingen in 1886 and re-established Gottingen as the leading mathematics center in the world at the turn of the century. There can be no question that Klein’s emphasis on applied mathematics at Gottingen played a fundamental role in the establishment of mechanics as a separate discipline of engineering science.
Cigarette Smoke Induces Immune Responses to Vimentin in both, Arthritis-Susceptible and -Resistant Humanized Mice

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease marked by chronic synovial inflammation and both, genetic and environmental factors are involved in its pathogenesis. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) DRB1*0401 is associated with susceptibility to develop RA, while cigarette smoke (CS) exposure promotes seropositive disease with increased severity in DRB1*0401+ individuals. Smokers have higher levels of antibodies against citrullinated peptides. In this study, we determined whether the response to a known autoantigen, Vimentin (Vim) is shared epitope specific and how CS influences this response using transgenic-mice carrying RA-susceptible,*0401, and -resistant, *0402, genes. Following relatively brief exposure to CS, peptidyl arginine deiminase (PAD) enzyme expression was increased in murine lungs. Cigarette smoking led to production of Interferon (IFN)-γ with reduced levels of Interleukin (IL)-10 by splenocytes of *0401 mice. In contrast, CS augmented Th2 cytokines along with T-regulatory cells in *0402 mice. An increase in levels of antibodies to native and citrullinated Vim was observed in naive mice of both strains following CS exposure. Our data showed that both arthritis-susceptible and -resistant mice can generate cellular and humoral immunity to Vim; however CS-induced modulation of host immunity is dependent on the interaction with the host HLA genes.
Frequency tunability of a reflex-triode vircator using particle-in-cell modeling

The results from the development of a three-dimensional particle-in-cell (PIC) model investigating frequency tunability of a reflex-triode virtual cathode oscillator (vircator) are presented. These efforts have focused upon achieving stable frequency output at many different frequencies in the S, L, and C-bands, from a single tube, using the ICEPIC (Improved Concurrent Electromagnetic Particle-In-Cell) code from the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL). Experimental data from the hard-tube vircator at Texas Tech University (TTU), which operates at background pressures less than 10−9 Torr and utilizes a bimodal carbon fiber cathode and pyrolytic graphite anode, is used to validate simulation results. Additionally, the vircator at TTU is capable of changing the accelerating voltage, the anode-cathode (A-K) gap distance, and the distance of the cavity backwall relative to the position of the A-K gap on the fly without breaking tube vacuum, all in an effort to achieve greater frequency tunability and output power. However, this creates a very large, time-intensive experimental parameter space and makes a simulation model attractive for exploring additional output capabilities. ICEPIC results from a large combination of A-K gap distances, backwall distances, driving voltages, and cavity diameters are presented and compared to experimental results, highlighting frequency tunability of the system from a single tube.
MHC Bias by T Cell Receptors: Genetic Evidence for MHC and TCR Coevolution

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) restriction is a fundamental tenet of T cell biology, but the underlying mechanisms have remained controversial. The extent to which T cell receptors (TCRs) are biased towards MHC proteins in particular has been widely discussed. In a recent paper, Sharon et al. report direct evidence for coevolution between TCR and MHC genes, helping to explain how MHC compatibility and bias can be encoded within TCRs.
Naturalismo y quietismo

Brian Leiter divides the English-speaking philosophical world into quietists and naturalists. The former consider philosophy as a kind of therapy, dissolving philosophical problems rather than solving them. The latter can be divided, according to Huw Price, into object naturalists, who think that all there is is the world studied by science, and subject naturalists, who think that we humans are natural creatures and that philosophy has to adjust itself to this viewpoint. This paper argues for a quietist position about some problems in the so-called “core areas of philosophy”, as well as for a subject naturalism. From this dual perspective two current philosophical debates are examined: that between McDowell and Williamson regarding what it is possible to think of; and that between Fodor and Brandom, i.e., between a representationalist and an inferentialist semantics.