cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Businesswomen in Germany and their performance by ethnicity: It pays to be self‐employed

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to study the determinants of wages and the labor market success of two kinds of entrepreneurial women in Germany: self‐employed and salaried businesswomen, and investigate whether ethnicity is important in these challenging jobs.Design/methodology/approach – Using Lee's technique, the paper first estimates the probabilities of being in self‐employment, a salaried businesswoman, working in other non‐entrepreneurial jobs, and not working at all with a multinomial logit, and accordingly adjust the wage regressions for selection and heteroscedasticity. By employing data from the German Socio‐economic Panel one can differentiate among different types of self‐employment and business entrepreneurship, control for human capital and labor market structures, and estimate wages for native and immigrant women aged 20 to 65. The subject scope includes literature on entrepreneurship, self‐employment, gender‐edge, and immigrant earnings assimilation.Findings – Self‐employment offer...
Structured Component Composition Frameworks for Embedded System Design

The increasing integration of system-chips is leading to a widening gap in the size and complexity of the chip-level design and the design capabilities. A number of advances in high-level modeling and validation have been proposed over the past decade in an attempt to bridge the gap in design productivity. Prominent among these are advances in Abstraction and Reuse and structured design methods such as Component-Based Design and Platform-Based Design. In this paper, we present an overview of the recent advances in reuse, abstraction, and component frameworks. We describe a compositional approach to highlevel modeling as implemented in the BALBOA project.
Optimal Loan Interest Rate Contract Design

This paper analyzes optimal loan interest rate contracts under conditions of risky, symmetric information for one-period (static) and multi-period (dynamic) models. The optimal loan interest rate depends upon the volatility of, and co-variation among the market interest rate, borrower collateral, and borrower income, as well as the time horizon and the risk preferences of lenders and borrowers. For a risk-averse borrower with stochastic collateral, variable interest rate contracts are, in general, Pareto optimal. For plausible assumptions, the optimal loan interest rate for the multi-period model often exhibits “muted” responses to changes in market interest rates, making fixed rate loans a reasonable approximation for the optimal loan. Hence, in the absence of optimal contracts, long-term (short-term) borrowers tend to prefer fixed rate (variable) contracts.
Strichartz Estimates for the Water-Wave Problem with Surface Tension

Strichartz-type estimates for one-dimensional surface water-waves under surface tension are studied, based on the formulation of the problem as a nonlinear dispersive equation. We establish a family of dispersion estimates on time scales depending on the size of the frequencies. We infer that a solution u of the dispersive equation we introduce satisfies local-in-time Strichartz estimates with loss in derivative: where C depends on T and on the norms of the H s -norm of the initial data. The proof uses the frequency analysis and semiclassical Strichartz estimates for the linealized water-wave operator.
Verifiable secret sharing as secure computation

Verifiable Secret Sharing is a fundamental primitive for secure cryptographic design. We present a stronger nation of verifiable secret sharing and exhibit a protocol implementing it. We show that our new notion is preferable to the old ones whenever verifiable secret sharing is used as a tool within larger protocols, rather than being a goal in itself. Indeed our definition, and so our protocol satisfying it, provably guarantees reducibilty. Applications of this new notion in the field of secure multiparty computation are also provided.
Composing Letters with Computer-Based Text Editors:

This experiment studies how people compose letters using computer-based text editors and compares the results with longhand writing of similar letters. Ten research professionals who regularly use ...
Eligibility and Exclusion Criteria

Design characteristics of a clinical trial, such as eligibility and exclusion criteria, are broadly influential in the conduct, interpretation, and impact of trials. The research objectives, the intended inference or generalization of results, the balance of factors affecting the trial recruitment and conduct, all impact the determination of eligibility and exclusion criteria. Clinical contraindications, regulatory and ethical considerations also relate to this determination. Keywords: clinical trial; screening; enrollment; recruitment; explanatory trial; pragmatic trial; minority; gender
Comparison of R-dependent ionization and bond-softening as mechanisms for creating vibrational coherence in hot molecules

We compare wavepackets induced by “R-dependent ionization” and bond-softening in strong fields through both simulations and experiments. We conclude that the former produces stronger vibrations in hot molecules than the latter and results in vibrational cooling.
Explicit mass renormalization and consistent derivation of radiative response of classical electron

Abstract The radiative response of the classical electron is commonly described by the Lorentz–Abraham–Dirac (LAD) equation. Dirac’s derivation of this equation is based on energy and momentum conservation laws and on regularization of the field singularities and infinite energies of the point charge by subtraction of certain quantities: “We... shall try to get over difficulties associated with the infinite energy of the process by a process of direct omission or subtraction of unwanted terms”. To substantiate Dirac’s approach and clarify the mass renormalization, we introduce the point charge as a limit of extended charges contracting to a point; the fulfillment of conservation laws follows from the relativistic covariant Lagrangian formulation of the problem. We derive the relativistic point charge dynamics described by the LAD equation from the extended charge dynamics in a localization limit by a method which can be viewed as a refinement of Dirac’s approach in the spirit of Ehrenfest theorem. The model exhibits the mass renormalization as the cancellation of Coulomb energy with the Poincare cohesive energy. The value of the renormalized mass is not postulated as an arbitrary constant, but is explicitly calculated. The analysis demonstrates that the local energy–momentum conservation laws yield dynamics of a point charge which involves three constants: mass, charge and radiative response coefficient θ . The value of θ depends on the composition of the adjacent potential which generates Poincare forces. The classical value of the radiative response coefficient is singled out by the global requirement that the adjacent potential does not affect the radiated energy balance and affects only the local energy balance involved in the renormalization.
Space-efficient straggler identification in round-trip data streams via newton's identities and invertible bloom filters

We study the straggler identification problem, in which an algorithm must determine the identities of the remaining members of a set after it has had a large number of insertion and deletion operations performed on it, and now has relatively few remaining members.
Language Is Physical

Some aspects of the physical nature of language are discussed. In particular, physical models of language must exist that are efficiently implementable. The existence requirement is essential because without physical models no communication or thinking would be possible. Efficient implementability for creating and reading language expressions is discussed and illustrated with a quantum mechanical model. The reason for interest in language is that language expressions can have meaning, either as an informal language or as a formal language associated with mathematical or physical theories. It is noted that any universally applicable physical theory, or coherent theory of physics and mathematics together, includes in its domain physical models of expressions for both the informal language used to discuss the theory and the expressions of the theory itself. It follows that there must be some formulas in the formal theory that express some of their own physical properties. The inclusion of intelligent systems in the domain of the theory means that the theory, e.g., quantum mechanics, must describe, in some sense, its own validation. Maps of language expressions into physical states are discussed. A spin projection example is discussed as are conditions under which such a map is a Godel map. The possibility that language is also mathematical is very briefly discussed. PACS: 03.67−a; 03.65.Ta; 03.67.Lx
Financial Contracts and Occupational Choice

Financial constraints and entrepreneurship are among the key factors affecting economic performance in developing countries. Emphasizing the link between the theory microfoundations and the data, the paper considers a heterogeneous agents model of occupational choice with moral hazard under three financial contract regimes differing in their degree of market incompleteness: savings only, borrowing and lending, and insurance. Using maximum likelihood estimation and statistical model comparison methods, I find evidence that the more advanced financial contract regimes allowing for borrowing or insurance provide a better fit with cross-sectional and time-series data from Thailand compared to the savings only regime. However, a direct comparison between the borrowing and lending and insurance regimes shows that neither of them can be rejected in favor of the other relative to the data. Augmenting the contracts with wealth-pooling lottery redistribution arrangements improves further the explanatory power of the model. A new numerical solution technique for incentive-constrained occupational choice models based on non-linear optimization is also proposed.
Regional convergence in outputs and incomes in Italy and the U.S

One of the key topics of international and inter-regional research in the past decade has been that of convergence or divergence in real outputs and incomes across countries and regions within individual countries. Most empirical studies, however, tend to focus on only one measure of economic performance (per capita GDP or value added per capita or per capita incomes) rather than multiple measures of performance and fail to conduct comparative studies of multiple measures across countries. Do nations differ in the comparative degree of inequality across alternative measures of economic performance? This research paper attempts to address these past shortcomings by focusing on identifying, analyzing and comparing the degree of inequality and the degree of convergence or divergence overtime in three important economic performance measures - per capita real outputs, family and household incomes, and per capita incomes with families - in regions of Italy and the U.S. over the past two decades. In this study, we analyze three measures of regional economic performance in each country and three statistical measures of regional inequality: the coefficient of variation (Sigma convergence), the relative size of the differences between the highest and the lowest regions in per capita outputs and family incomes, and simple regression tests for the unconditional convergence of per capita outputs or family/median household incomes across regions of Italy and the U.S. from the early 1980s to the late 1990s. Findings in this paper will illustrate the comparative degree of inequality in regional economic performance measures within Italy and the U.S., estimate differences in the degree of inequality across these three measures within both countries, and analyze convergence trends over time in regional economic performance for each of these measures within both countries. Factors contributing to the remaining differences in regional inequality within these two countries will be identified, and future research issues will be reviewed.
Belief propagation for min-cost network flow: convergence & correctness

We formulate a Belief Propagation (BP) algorithm in the context of the capacitated minimum-cost network flow problem (MCF). Unlike most of the instances of BP studied in the past, the messages of BP in the context of this problem are piecewise-linear functions. We prove that BP converges to the optimal solution in pseudo-polynomial time, provided that the optimal solution is unique and the problem input is integral. Moreover, we present a simple modification of the BP algorithm which gives a fully polynomial-time randomized approximation scheme (FPRAS) for MCF. This is the first instance where BP is proved to have fully-polynomial running time.
Analyzing properties of model asphalts using molecular simulation

Molecular simulations have been used to estimate the properties of three-component mixtures whose constituents were chosen to represent the chemical families found in paving asphalts. Naphthene aromatics and saturates were represented by 1,7-dimethylnaphthalene and n-C22, respectively. Two different asphaltene model structures were considered. The first has a large aromatic core with a few short side chains; the second contains a moderate size aromatic core with larger branches. Both types have been proposed in the recent literature based on experimental characterizations of asphaltene fractions. Properties calculated from atomistic molecular simulations of the mixtures include density and isothermal compressibility (inverse of bulk modulus). The thermodynamic properties suggest a high-frequency glass transition above 25 °C for both model mixtures. The mixture based on the more aromatic asphaltene shows a more pronounced transition and has a higher bulk modulus. For a polymer-modified model asphalt, the c...
Modeling Nonlinearities in Farmland Values: A Dynamic Panel Threshold Error-Correction Model

Earlier studies usually indicate that farmland prices and cash rents are not cointegrated, a finding that seems at odds with the implications of the present value model. The main objective of this study is to explore whether this absence of empirical support for the present value model can be attributed to the restrictiveness of conventional time series methods. I suggest a panel unit root model with two regimes in which the adjustment process may be characterized by the presence of thresholds and discontinuities reflecting the presence of transactions costs and other barriers to adjustment. Using farmland value and cash rents data for 10 agricultural states of the U.S. between 1960 and 2008, empirical findings give modest improvement over the linear unit root process. It is suggested that there might be a bias caused by cross sectional dependence and an inadequate time span of the data.
Large Subposets with Small Dimension

Dorais asked for the maximum guaranteed size of a subposet with dimension at most d of an n-element poset. A lower bound of order \(\sqrt {n}\) was found by Goodwillie. We provide a sublinear upper bound for each d. For d = 2, our bound is n0.8295.
On chaos in the oscillations of galaxies

This paper describes a search for chaotic behaviour in a low-dimensional model of the oscillations of a galaxy. The governing equations of the model are the complete set of moment equations of the second order associated with the collisionless Boltzmann equation. The moment equations reduce to the tensor virial equations and equations governing the evolution of the kinetic energy tensor of the system. The classical integrals of motion of a gravitational many-body system supplement the governing equations. Closure of the system of moment equations requires a specification of the density distribution in the system and the velocity field describing the mean motions of the stars. In this paper, we close the system for a galaxy possessing triplanar symmetry in the case that the planes of symmetry remain fixed in an inertial frame of reference. We model the galaxy as a heterogeneous ellipsoid with an arbitrary stratification of the density distribution, and we represent the mean motions of the stars in terms of a velocity field that sustains that density distribution consistently with the equation of continuity. The evolution of the model is quasi-homologous in the sense that the semi-axes of an ellipsoid characterizing the size and shape of the galaxy are functions of the time, whereas the stratification of the density does not change. With the aid of additional, non-classical integrals of the motion, which were discovered by Som Sunder & Kochhar, we eliminate the kinetic energy tensor from the virial equations and reduce the virial equations to a closed system of equations of motion that govern the semi-axes of the characteristic ellipsoid. Those equations of motion represent the dynamics of a galaxy as the dynamics of an oscillator with just three degrees of freedom, and they admit of a Hamiltonian formulation. We investigate chaotic behaviour in the model for axisymmetric galaxies. The oscillator that represents the dynamics of an axisymmetric galaxy has only two degrees of freedom, and the constancy of the energy integral enables an investigation of the motion with the aid of Poincare return maps. Our criteria for chaotic behaviour are dissolution of invariant curves in the return maps and, more generally, sensitivity of the motion to small changes in the initial conditions. We survey axisymmetric oscillations of a spherically symmetric model and of oblate and prolate, axisymmetric models with the geometries of an elliptical galaxy of Hubble type E5. Oscillations with excitation energies up to the order of 40 per cent of the binding energy of an equilibrium configuration are found to be regular. Substantial families of chaotic oscillations appear at excitation energies of the order of 40-50 per cent of the binding energy. Lyapunov times of these chaotic oscillations are generally in the range of 50-150 dynamical units of time. For galaxies with typical sizes and masses, the Lyapunov times would be of the order of 1.5-4.5 Gyr.
Direct Democracy and Political Equality in the American States

Objectives This study investigates the relationship between direct democracy and the equality of opinion-policy representation in the American states. Methods Using public opinion measures from the National Annenberg Election Surveys and data on state policy outputs, I generate an index of the equality of political representation (based on citizens’ incomes) that is comparable across the states. I then evaluate the relationship between different measures of direct democracy and political equality. Results States with the ballot initiative process are no more politically equal than states without the process. However, among those that have the ballot initiative process, states where it is easier to place a measure on the ballot for popular vote and states where the ballot initiative is more frequently used tend to weigh citizens’ opinions more equally in the policy-making process. Conclusion These findings suggest that having and frequently using direct democracy leads to more egalitarian policy outcomes. More generally, this study underscores the importance of laws and institutional design in promoting political equality in the United States.
Backlash and Legitimation: Macro Political Responses to Supreme Court Decisions

This article is a first attempt to develop and assess the competing predictions of the thermostatic model of public opinion and legitimation theory for the responses of public mood to Supreme Court decisions. While the thermostatic model predicts a negative relationship between the ideological direction of Supreme Court decisions and changes in public mood, legitimation theory predicts that changes in mood should be positively associated with the ideological content of the Court's actions. I assess these rival expectations by modeling the dynamic relationship between mood and cumulative judicial liberalism. The model estimates indicate a complex interaction between the Court and the mass public characterized by short-term backlash against Supreme Court decisions in mood followed by long-run movement toward the ideological positions taken by the Court. The results emphasize the legitimacy of the Court in American politics and point to a unique role for the Court in shaping public opinion.
Interplay of superconductivity and spin-density-wave order in doped graphene

We study the interplay between superconductivity and spin-density-wave order in graphene doped to $3/8$ or $5/8$ filling (a van Hove doping). At this doping level, the system is known to exhibit weak-coupling instabilities to both chiral $d+id$ superconductivity and to a uniaxial spin density wave. Right at van Hove doping, the superconducting instability is strongest and emerges at the highest ${T}_{c}$, but slightly away from van Hove doping, a spin density wave likely emerges first. We investigate whether at some lower temperature superconductivity and spin density waves coexist. We derive the Landau-Ginzburg functional describing interplay of the two order parameters. Our calculations show that superconductivity and spin-density-wave order do not coexist and are separated by first-order transitions, either as a function of doping or as a function of $T$.
THE STRUCTURE OF GRAIN BOUNDARIES IN SILICON NITRIDE BASED ALLOYS

Grain boundaries in silicon-based ceramics have been characterized by high resolution electron microscopy including the technique of lattice fringe imaging, and this work is illustrated with examples from both hot-pressed silicon nitrides (MgO and Y2O3 fluxed) and a magnesium-sialon (Mg1.86 Si1.67 Al2.47 O3.l9 N3.8l) temperature observations of the glassy phase are consistent with it being only a partially wetting phase, indicating that it cannot form a continuous film. The atomic configuration of the grain boundaries in both materials is presented together with lattice fringe observations of segregation at grain boundaries in the magnesium-sialon.
Yet Another Scenario for Galaxy Formation

I consider the prospects for developing a model for the formation of galaxies and clusters of galaxies using only what we are fairly sure is present-baryons and radiation. This leads to a primeval entropy perturbation scenario in vrtiich galaxies form at z ~ 100 as the last generation to be substantially held up by Compton drag. The consequences for galaxy formation seem attractive; the situation for cluster formation is unclear because of ambiguities in the scenario developed so far.
Structural Reforms and Labor Market Outcomes : International Panel Data Evidence

This paper explores the impact of structural reforms on a comprehensive set of macro-level labor-market outcomes, including the unemployment rate, the average wage index, and overall and female employment levels and labor force participation rates. Together these outcome variables capture the overall health of the labor market and the aggregate welfare of workers. Yet, there seems to be no other comprehensive empirical investigation in the existing literature of the impact of structural reforms at the cross-country macro level on labor-market outcomes other than the unemployment rate. Data were collected from a variety of sources, including the World Bank World Development Indicators, the International Monetary Fund International Financial Statistics, and the International Labor Organization Key Indicators of the Labor Market. The resulting dataset covers up to 88 countries, the majority being developing, for 10 years on either side of structural reforms that took place between 1960 and 2001. After documenting the average trends across countries in the labor-market outcomes up to 10 years on either side of each countrys structural reform year, the authors run fixed-effects ordinary least squares as well as instrumental variables regressions to account for the likely endogeneity of structural reforms to labor-market outcomes. Overall the results suggest that structural reforms lead to positive outcomes for labor. Unlike related literature, the paper does not find conclusive evidence on unemployment. Redistributive effects in favor of workers, along the lines of the Stolper-Samuelson effect, may be at work.
Performance characteristics of an electric-vehicle lead-acid battery pack at elevated temperatures

Discharge testing data electric car battery pack over initial electrolyte temperature variations between 27 and 55 C are presented. The tests were conducted under laboratory conditions and then compared to detailed electric vehicle simulation models. Battery discharge capacity increased with temperature for constant current discharges, and battery energy capacity increased with temperature for constant power discharges. Dynamometer tests of the electric test vehicle showed an increase in range of 25% for the higher electrolyte temperature.
Superthermal electron energy interchange in the ionosphere‐plasmasphere system

A self-consistent approach to superthermal electron (SE) transport along closed field lines in the inner magnetosphere is used to examine the concept of plasmaspheric transparency, magnetospheric trapping, and SE energy deposition to the thermal electrons. The dayside SE population is generated both by photoionization of the thermosphere and by secondary electron production from impact ionization when the photoelectrons collide with upper atmospheric neutral particles. It is shown that a self-consistent approach to this problem produces significant changes, in comparison with other approaches, in the SE energy exchange between the plasmasphere and the two magnetically conjugate ionospheres. In particular, plasmaspheric transparency can vary by a factor of two depending on the thermal plasma content along the field line and the illumination conditions of the two conjugate ionospheres. This variation in plasmaspheric transparency as a function of thermal plasma and ionospheric conditions increases with L-shell, as the field line gets longer and the equatorial pitch angle extent of the fly-through zone gets smaller. The inference drawn from these results is that such a self-consistent approach to SE transport and energy deposition should be included to ensure robustness in ionosphere-magnetosphere modeling networks.
Convergence acceleration of a Navier-Stokes solver for efficient static aeroelastic computations

New capabilities have been developed for a Navier-Stokes solver to perform steady-state simulations more efficiently. The flow solver for solving the Navier-Stokes equations is based on a combination of the lower-upper factored symmetric Gauss-Seidel implicit method and the modified Harten-Lax-van Leer-Einfeldt upwind scheme. A numerically stable and efficient pseudo-time-marching method is also developed for computing steady flows over flexible wings. Results are demonstrated for transonic flows over rigid and flexible wings.
The Abundance of Mg in the Interstellar Medium

An empirical determination of the f-values of the far-UV Mg II ??1239, 1240 lines is reported. The strong near-UV Mg II ??2796, 2803 lines are generally highly saturated along most interstellar sight lines outside the local interstellar medium (ISM) and usually yield extremely uncertain estimates of Mg+ column densities in interstellar gas. Since Mg+ is the dominant form of Mg in the neutral ISM, and since Mg is expected to be a significant constituent of interstellar dust grains, the far-UV lines are critical for assessing the role of this important element in the ISM. This study consists of complete component analyses of the absorption along the lines of sight toward HD 93521 in the Galactic halo and ? Persei and ? Ophiuchi in the Galactic disk, including all four UV Mg+ lines and numerous other transitions. The three analyses yield consistent determinations of the ??1239, 1240 f-values, with weighted means of (6.4 ? 0.4) ? 10-4 and (3.2 ? 0.2) ? 10-4, respectively. These results are a factor of ~2.4 larger than a commonly used theoretical estimate, and a factor of ~2 smaller than a recently suggested empirical revision. The effects of this result on gas- and dust-phase abundance measurements of Mg are discussed.
Markovian embeddings of general random strings

Let A be a finite set and X a sequence of A-valued random variables. We do not assume any particular correlation structure between these random variables; in particular, X may be a non-Markovian sequence. An adapted embedding of X is a sequence of the form R(X1), R(X1,X2), R(X1,X2,X3), etc where R is a transformation defined over finite length sequences. In this extended abstract we characterize a wide class of adapted embeddings of X that result in a first-order homogeneous Markov chain. We show that any transformation R has a unique coarsest refinement R' in this class such that R'(X1), R'(X1,X2), R'(X1,X2,X3), etc is Markovian. (By refinement we mean that R'(u) = R'(v) implies R(u) = R(v), and by coarsest refinement we mean that R' is a deterministic function of any other refinement of R in our class of transformations.) We propose a specific embedding that we denote as RX which is particularly amenable for analyzing the occurrence of patterns described by regular expressions in X. A toy example of a non-Markovian sequence of 0's and 1's is analyzed thoroughly: discrete asymptotic distributions are established for the number of occurrences of a certain regular pattern in X1, ..., Xn as n → ∞ whereas a Gaussian asymptotic distribution is shown to apply for another regular pattern.
Molecular Electronics: from Physics to Computing

Even if Moore's Law continues to hold, it will take about 250 years to fill the performance gap between present-day computer and the ultimate computer determined from the laws of physics alone. Information processing technology in the post-CMOS era will likely consist of a heterogeneous set of novel device technologies that span a broad range of materials, operational principles, data representations, logic systems and architectures. Molecular nanostructures promise to occupy a prominent role in any attempt to extend charge-based device technology beyond the projected limits of CMOS scaling. We discuss the potentials and challenges of molecular electronics and identify the fundamental knowledge gap that needs to be addressed for a successful introduction of molecule-enabled computing technology
Linear and nonlinear supersymmetries

In this talk we use nonlinear realizations to study the spontaneous partial breaking of rigid and local supersymmetry.
Maximal f-Vectors of Minkowski Sums of Large Numbers of Polytopes

It is known that in the Minkowski sum of r polytopes in dimension d, with r<d, the number of vertices of the sum can be as high as the product of the number of vertices in each summand. However, the number of vertices for sums of more polytopes was unknown so far. In this paper, we study sums of polytopes and prove a linear relation between the number of faces of a sum of r polytopes in dimension d, with r≥d, and the number of faces in the sums of less than d of the summand polytopes. We deduce from this result a bound on the maximum possible number of vertices of the Minkowski sum of any number of polytopes in any dimension. In particular, the linear relation implies that a sum of r polytopes in dimension d, where summands have n vertices in total, has less than ${n \choose{d-1}}$ vertices, even when r≥d. Finally, we present a construction for any given number of vertices in summands and show that no other sum can achieve more vertices, establishing a precise tight bound.
The design of an adaptive predictive coder using a single-chip digital signal processor

Abstract : A speech coding processor architecture design study has been performed in which Texas Instruments TMS32010 has been selected from among three commercially available digital signal processing integrated circuits and evaluated in an implementation study of real-time Adaptive Predictive Coding (APC). The TMS32010 has been compared with AR&T Bell Laboratories DSP I and Nippon Electric Co. PD7720 and was found to be most suitable for a single chip implementation of APC. A preliminary design system based on TMS32010 has been performed, and several of the hardware and software design issues are discussed. Particular attention was paid to the design of an external memory controller which permits rapid sequential access of external RAM. As a result, it has been determined that a compact hardware implementation of the APC algorithm is feasible based of the TSM32010. Originator-supplied keywords include: vocoders, speech compression, adaptive predictive coding, digital signal processing microcomputers, speech processor architectures, and special purpose processor.
Discrete Signal Processing on Graphs: Frequency Analysis

Signals and datasets that arise in physical and engineering applications, as well as social, genetics, biomolecular, and many other domains, are becoming increasingly larger and more complex. In contrast to traditional time and image signals, data in these domains are supported by arbitrary graphs. Signal processing on graphs extends concepts and techniques from traditional signal processing to data indexed by generic graphs. This paper studies the concepts of low and high frequencies on graphs, and low-, high- and band-pass graph signals and graph filters. In traditional signal processing, these concepts are easily defined because of a natural frequency ordering that has a physical interpretation. For signals residing on graphs, in general, there is no obvious frequency ordering. We propose a definition of total variation for graph signals that naturally leads to a frequency ordering on graphs and defines low-, high-, and band-pass graph signals and filters. We study the design of graph filters with specified frequency response, and illustrate our approach with applications to sensor malfunction detection and data classification.
Multiple-isotope comparison for determining 0νββ mechanisms

We present a technique for estimating the number of future 0νββ results using several distinct nuclei to optimize the physics reach of upcoming experiments. We use presently available matrix-element calculations and simulated sets of predicted 0νββ measured rates in multiple isotopes to estimate the required precision and number of experiments to discern the underlying physics governing the mechanism of the process. Our results indicate that three (four) experimental results with total uncertainty (statistical, systematic, theoretical) of less than ~20% (~40%) can elucidate the underlying physics. If the theoretical (i.e. matrix-element) uncertainty contribution is below ~18%, then three or four experimental results of ~20% precision (statistical and systematic) are required. These uncertainty goals can be taken as guidance for the upcoming theoretical and experimental programs.
Catalytic oxidation of alcohols to carbonyl compounds over hydrotalcite and hydrotalcite- supported catalysts

The oxidation of alcohols to carbonyl compounds is an important reaction in synthetic organic chemistry. While stoichiometric oxidants are effective for this transformation, they often produce large amounts of toxic waste, which renders them unacceptable from an environmental and economic perspective. Consequently, there is a strong impetus to develop catalytic processes that utilize environmentally friendly, inexpensive primary oxidants, the use of molecular oxygen being particularly attractive. Recently, hydrotalcites have attracted attention as both catalysts and catalyst supports for the selective oxidation of alcohols to ketones and aldehydes, using either oxygen or TBHP as the oxidant. This review is intended to provide a comprehensive summary of work performed in this area to date. The effects of composition and structure on catalyst properties are highlighted, and mechanistic aspects are discussed.
N‐Functionalized Organocuprates

1 Introduction 2 Organocuprates with a NCu Bond 3 Organocuprates with an α-N-Substituent 4 Organocuprates with a β-N-Substituent 5 Summary Keywords: N-functionalized organocuprates; organocuprates with a N–Cu bond; non-transferable ligands and cuprate structure; organocuprates with an α-N-substituent; N-heterocyclic carbene–copper (NHC–Cu) Co; organocuprates with a β-N-substituent; β-Cuprioamide reagents; β-Cuprio-α-aminocarboxylates
Profit and Entrepreneurial Functions

In so far as the term “profit” has any fairly concrete and generally understood meaning, it designates the income accruing to the owner of a business or productive “enterprise,” through the operations of that business or enterprise. The owner may be an individual or a group, organized in some way as a legal entity; most typically, it is a “corporation,” particularly under American conditions. In either case, this owner, who normally hires productive services from others for a fixed compensation, uses them to make a product and sells the product for what he can get, is what is meant by an entrepreneur. He (or it) is the responsible controller or manager of the business in relation to market conditions, regardless of whomever he may consult or whatever functions he may delegate to others or on whatever terms. In business usage, profit is the entrepreneur's net income, what remains out of the gross proceeds of the business after paying the hired labor and capital at the agreed rates, determined by market competition (and after deducting costs of materials and “products” bought from others). It is thus a “residual” income, what is left after other distributive shares are removed, and may be positive or negative. But profit, so defined—when there is a positive profit, and not a loss—evidently consists to a greater or less extent of the remuneration for services furnished to the business by the entrepreneur himself—labor or capital services, or both. For analytical purposes, the economic theorist must define profit more narrowly, as what is or would be left (“residual”) after deducting wages and/or interest at the “going rates” for the entrepreneur's own services.
Double or nothing: multiplicative incentive mechanisms for crowdsourcing

Crowdsourcing has gained immense popularity in machine learning applications for obtaining large amounts of labeled data. Crowdsourcing is cheap and fast, but suffers from the problem of low-quality data. To address this fundamental challenge in crowdsourcing, we propose a simple payment mechanism to incentivize workers to answer only the questions that they are sure of and skip the rest. We show that surprisingly, under a mild and natural "no-free-lunch" requirement, this mechanism is the one and only incentive-compatible payment mechanism possible. We also show that among all possible incentive-compatible mechanisms (that may or may not satisfy no-free-lunch), our mechanism makes the smallest possible payment to spammers. We further extend our results to a more general setting in which workers are required to provide a quantized confidence for each question. Interestingly, this unique mechanism takes a "multiplicative" form. The simplicity of the mechanism is an added benefit. In preliminary experiments involving over 900 worker-task pairs, we observe a significant drop in the error rates under this unique mechanism for the same or lower monetary expenditure.
Strategic Human Resource Planning In Academia

A strategic plan guides a college in successfully meeting its mission. Based on the strategic plan, a college can develop a human resource plan that will allow it to make management decisions in the present to support the future direction of the college. The overall purpose of human resource management is to:  ensure the organization has adequate human resources to meet it goals and operational plans  allow the organization to stay apprised of the current social, economic, legislative and technological trends that affect human resources, and  allow the organization to remain flexible to the dynamic changes in the environment. Human resource management identifies the future needs of the college after analyzing the college's current human resources, the external labor market, and the future human resource environment in which the college will be operating. The analysis of issues external to the college, and developing scenarios about the future, are what distinguishes human resource management from operational planning. The basic questions to be answered for strategic human resource management are:  Where are we going?  Given the circumstances, how will we get there?
Dedekind Complete Posets from Sheaves on von Neumann Algebras

We show that for any two von Neumann algebras M and N, the space of non-unital normal homomorphisms N→M with finite support, modulo conjugation by unitaries in M, is Dedekind complete with respect to the partial order coming from the addition of homomorphisms with orthogonal ranges; this ties in with work by Brown and Capraro, where the corresponding objects are given Banach space structures under various niceness conditions on M and N. More generally, we associate to M a Grothendieck site-type category, and show that presheaves satisfying a sheaf-like condition on this category give rise to Dedekind complete lattices upon modding out unitary conjugation. Examples include the above-mentioned spaces of morphisms, as well as analogous spaces of completely positive or contractive maps. We also study conditions under which these posets can be endowed with cone structures extending their partial additions.
A track of the giant theropod dinosaur Tyrannosaurus from close to the Cretaceous/Tertiary Boundary, northern New Mexico

The first unequivocal example of a large tyrannosaur track attributable to the species Tyrannosaurus rex is an 86 cm long tetradactyl pedal impression assigned to Tyrannosauripus pillmorei ichnogen. et ichnosp. nov. The ichnospecies Tyrannosauropus petersoni Haubold is a nomen dubium. The only other example of a possible track of Tyrannosaurus is from the Laramie Formation of Colorado.
Gain enhancement methods for printed circuit antennas

Resonance conditions for a substrate-superstrate printed antenna geometry which allow for large antenna gain are presented. Asymptotic formulas for gain, beamwidth, and bandwidth are given, and the bandwidth limitation of the method is discussed. The method is extended to produce narrow patterns about the horizon, and directive patterns at two different angles.
Some new results on Yang-Lee zeros of the Ising model partition function

Abstract We prove that for the Ising model on a lattice of dimensionality d ≥ 2, the zeros of the partition function Z in the complex μ plane (where μ = e−2βH) lie on the unit circle lhaiμlhai = 1 for a wider range of Knn′ = βJnn′ than the range Knn′ ≥ 0 assumed in the premise of the Yang-Lee circle theorem. This range includes complex temperatures, and we show that it is lattice-dependent. Our results thus complement the Yang-Lee theorem, which applies for any d and any lattice if Jnn′ ≥ 0. For the case of uniform couplings Knn′ = K, we show that these zeros lie on the unit circle lhaiμlhai = 1 not just for the Yang-Lee range 0 ≤ u ≤ 1, but also for (i) −uc,sq ≤ u ≤ 0 on the square lattice, and (ii) −uc,l ≤ u ≤ 0 on the triangular lattice, where u = z2 = e−4K, u c,sq = 3 − 2 3 2 , and u c,t = 1 3 . For the honeycomb, 3 × 122, and 4 × 82 lattices we prove an exact symmetry of the reduced partition functions, Zr(z, −μ) = Zr(−z, μ). This proves that the zeros of Z for these lattices lie on lhaiμlhai = 1 for −1 ≤ z ≤ 0 as well as the Yang-Lee range 0 ≤ z ≤ 1. Finally, we report some new results on the patterns of zeros for values of u or z outside these ranges.
CLEARING THE DUST FROM GLOBULAR CLUSTERS

Recent Spitzer observations of the globular cluster M15 detected dust associated with its intracluster medium. Surprisingly, these observations imply that the dust must be very short-lived compared to the time since the last Galactic plane crossing of the cluster. Here we propose a simple mechanism to explain this short lifetime. We argue that the kinetic energy of the material ejected during a stellar collision may be sufficient to remove the gas and dust entirely from a cluster, or to remove the gas as a wind, in addition to partially destroying the dust. By calculating the rate of stellar collisions using an N-body model for the cluster, we find remarkable agreement between the average time between collisions and the inferred dust lifetime in this cluster, suggesting a possible close relation between the two phenomena. Furthermore, we also obtain the birthrate of blue stragglers formed through collisions in M15. By comparing with the observed number of blue stragglers, we derive an upper limit for their average lifetime that turns out to be consistent with recent model calculations, thereby lending further support to our model.
Bleomycin: Synthetic and Mechanistic Studies.

The subtleties of the structure and function of bleomycin A2 (1), a clinically employed antitumor agent that derives its biological properties through the sequence-selective cleavage of DNA in a process that is dependent on the metal ion and O2, have been unraveled in a stepwise manner. Systematic modifications in the structure of 1 enabled many of the subtle functional roles of the individual subunits and their substituents in the efficiency, selectivity, and preference (double strand versus single strand) of DNA cleavage to be elucidated.
Thermal alteration of oleic acid in the presence of clay catalysts with co-catalysts

The effects of added co-catalysts on the clay catalyzed polymerization of oleic acid have been investigated. Heating oleic acid at 230 C for 3 hr with a clay catalyst gave a polymer fraction (dimer and trimer acids, 35% yield) and a monomer fraction (branched chain isomers of oleic acid, 27% yield) as the major products. The variation in yield between the polymer and monomer products was found to be dependent upon the co-catalyst used with the clay catalyst. For example, with both acidic and basic clays, polymer formation is favored (55% yield) in the presence of water and/or metal ions. In contrast, when Bronsted acids such as methanesulfonic or phosphoric acid are used as co-catalysts, the yield of branched monomer increased significantly (50%). Studies on the adsorption of oleic and Bronsted acids onto the clay surface showed that isomer formation is favored when both the oleic acid and the Bronsted acids are adsorbed onto the clay surface at selected molar ratios.
Minimum cuts in near-linear time

We significantly improve known time bounds for solving the minimum cut problem on undirected graphs. We use a "semiduality" between minimum cuts and maximum spanning tree packings combined with our previously developed random sampling techniques. We give a randomized (Monte Carlo) algorithm that finds a minimum cut in an m-edge, n-vertex graph with high probability in O(m log3n) time. We also give a simpler randomized algorithm that finds all minimum cuts with high probability in O(m log3n) time. This variant has an optimal RNC parallelization. Both variants improve on the previous best time bound of O(n2 log3n). Other applications of the tree-packing approach are new, nearly tight bounds on the number of near-minimum cuts a graph may have and a new data structure for representing them in a space-efficient manner.