cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of diet on conversion of14C1-linolenic acid to docosahexaenoic acid in the rat

14C1-Linolenic acid was incorporated into lipids of hearts, livers, and carcasses of male rats. We studied the influence of diet composition on extent and distribution of radioactivity. A CHOW diet, a purified, essential fatty acid (EFA)-deficient diet, a purified control diet, and EFA-deficient diets with four fatty acid supplements were used. Supplements of 18∶2n−6, 20∶4n−6, 18∶3n−3, and 22∶6n−3 were given as single doses. Radioactivities in liver phosphatidyl ethanolamines (PE), phosphatidyl cholines, and neutral lipids were measured. The distribution of radioactivity among the fatty acids in liver phospholipids was determined. Rats on CHOW diet incorporated far less radioactivity than any other group into lipids of hearts and livers. Most of the activity in livers was recovered as 20∶5n−3 and 22∶6n−3 in all rats. In EFA-deficient rats, the radioactivity in 22∶6n−3 of liver PE was still increasing 36 hr after14C1-linolenic acid had been administered. The n−6 supplements (18∶2n−6 and 20∶4n−6) seemed to reduce the conversion of 20∶4n−3 to 20∶5n−3 (desaturation), whereas the n−3 supplements (18∶3n−3 and 22∶6n−3) reduced the conversion of 20∶5n−3 to 22∶5n−3 (elongation). Formation of 22∶6n−3 may be controlled by 22∶6n−3 itself at the elongation of 20∶5n−3 to 22∶5n−3.
Ancient DNA and human history

We review studies of genomic data obtained by sequencing hominin fossils with particular emphasis on the unique information that ancient DNA (aDNA) can provide about the demographic history of humans and our closest relatives. We concentrate on nuclear genomic sequences that have been published in the past few years. In many cases, particularly in the Arctic, the Americas, and Europe, aDNA has revealed historical demographic patterns in a way that could not be resolved by analyzing present-day genomes alone. Ancient DNA from archaic hominins has revealed a rich history of admixture between early modern humans, Neanderthals, and Denisovans, and has allowed us to disentangle complex selective processes. Information from aDNA studies is nowhere near saturation, and we believe that future aDNA sequences will continue to change our understanding of hominin history.
Idiopathic CD4+ T Cell Lymphocytopenia Presenting as Cryptococcus Neoformans Meningoencephalitis (P1.332)

Objective: The primary purpose of this study was to discern the frequency of cryptococcal meningoencephalitis as the presenting manifestation of idiopathic CD4+ T cell lymphocytopenia (ICL). Background: ICL is a rare syndrome of unknown etiology and is defined by a deficiency of circulating CD4+ T cell lymphocytes in the absence of a known cause of immunodeficiency. Cryptococcus neoformans is the most common expression of cryptococcosis. Methods: Review of medical literature was conducted via PubMed utilizing search phrases "idiopathic cd4 + cryptococcal meningoencephalitis" and “idiopathic cd4 + cryptococcus neoformans”. Articles were analyzed to determine if meningoencephalitis was caused by Cryptococcus neoformans in the setting of ICL. Results: In one case series, cryptococcal meningitis was the most common presenting infection of ICL. Cryptococcosis also was seen affecting skin, musculoskeletal, and the bone in the setting of ICL. Our case involved a 49-year-old male who had no reported past medical history that presented to the emergency department with reports of one week of dysarthria, bilateral hearing loss, gait instability, and general malaise. Lumbar puncture revealed an opening pressure >54 cm H2O, hazy fluid, and 35 WBC that showed lymphocytic predominance. Cultures grew Cryptococcus neoformans with titers >1:1024, which was treated with appropriate antifungals. Testing for HIV was unremarkable save for a CD4+ T cell count of 95. Six months later, he continued to have hearing loss, but was otherwise at his baseline. Conclusions: ICL is a rare entity, with Cryptococcal meningitis being one of the more common opportunistic infections associated with this uncommonly seen syndrome. While there is no standard treatment for ICL, early management of infections may improve the degree of CD4+ lymphopenia. Prognosis is variable and depends on the extent of immunosuppression. Our case shows in a patient with ICL, early diagnosis and management of Cryptococcus neoformans may promote neurological recovery. Disclosure: Dr. Mannel has nothing to disclose.
Folic Acid to Prevent Neural Tube Defects: A Potential Pharmacy Initiative with Public Health Implications

Purpose: This study (1) reviewed available data and recommendations regarding the prevention of neural tube defects (NTDs) through folic acid supplementation for the general population, women with previous NTD pregnancies, and women with epilepsy and (2) examined the potential role of pharmacy in the prevention of NTDs. Methods: Published clinical literature was identified through a review of articles abstracted from MEDLINE and International Pharmaceutical s. Search terms were folic acid, neural tube defect, spina bifida, myelomeningocele, anencephaly, epilepsy, clinical guidelines, and pregnancy. Clinically relevant information consistent with current guidelines was extracted. Results: Administration of 0.4 mg/day of folic acid to women of child-bearing age decreases rates of NTDs. In the general population, two types of NTD-reduction strategies have been employed: educational campaigns and food supply supplementation. Continued surveillance of NTD rates is needed to fully assess the effect of food supply supplementation in the US. Women with previous NTD pregnancies should consume 4 mg/day of folic acid during the month before and the month after conception. Public health interventions, including targeted educational materials and a national database to track subsequent pregnancies in women with previous NTD pregnancies, are needed. No evidence-based information about the effectiveness or dosing of folic acid supplements in women with epilepsy is available. Conclusions: Pharmacists have an important role to play in the education of other health care professionals and patients about periconceptual folic acid supplementation. However, pharmacists must first be prepared to fulfill this role. Significant research in special populations - to determine the best folic acid dose and the most effective educational strategies - should be undertaken in the future.
Contextual learning and sharing autonomy to assist mobile robot by trajectory prediction

We propose in this report a novel shared autonomy approach to assist mobile robot teleoperation. Our method learns the motion patterns of human operator performing various contextual tasks from demonstrations in an unsupervised manner, then uses the obtained knowledge with the contextual information to infer the trajectory the human operator intends to take to complete the corresponding tasks with the estimation confidence. The predicted trajectory can be executed as the reference model by the state-of-art motion controller to assist the human operator to carry out the intentional tasks actively and appropriately. The real experimental results indicate that our approach is promising.
Mitochondrial energetics in the kidney

The kidney requires a large number of mitochondria to remove waste from the blood and regulate fluid and electrolyte balance. Mitochondria provide the energy to drive these important functions and can adapt to different metabolic conditions through a number of signalling pathways (for example, mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathways) that activate the transcriptional co-activator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ co-activator 1α (PGC1α), and by balancing mitochondrial dynamics and energetics to maintain mitochondrial homeostasis. Mitochondrial dysfunction leads to a decrease in ATP production, alterations in cellular functions and structure, and the loss of renal function. Persistent mitochondrial dysfunction has a role in the early stages and progression of renal diseases, such as acute kidney injury (AKI) and diabetic nephropathy, as it disrupts mitochondrial homeostasis and thus normal kidney function. Improving mitochondrial homeostasis and function has the potential to restore renal function, and administering compounds that stimulate mitochondrial biogenesis can restore mitochondrial and renal function in mouse models of AKI and diabetes mellitus. Furthermore, inhibiting the fission protein dynamin 1-like protein (DRP1) might ameliorate ischaemic renal injury by blocking mitochondrial fission.
Chemical Modification and Mass Spectrometric Approaches for Detection of Brain Protein Deimination

The posttranslational modification of deimination refers to conversion of protein-bound arginine into citrulline. It is frequently detected by monoxime treatment (acid phase 2,3-butanedione and antipyrine reaction) resulting in an adduct formation. We present evidence that deiminated proteins are prone to aggregate formation upon prolonged monoxime exposure. Moreover, the efficiency of adduct formation is nonlinear and dramatically reduced with increasing polypeptide complexity [complete with smaller but progressively decreasing with higher (poly)peptides]. This nonlinearity results in vastly noncomparable detection among different methods such as immunohistochemistry, Western blot, and mass spectrometry. Mass spectrometric detection, based on mass addition of +238 on citrulline moiety with monoxime and +1 change due to deimination without monoxime treatment, corroborates serious limitations in monoxime adduct formation on proteins. Methodological limitations may also interfere with the identification of deiminated proteins as well as their modification sites and, as a consequence, the understanding of the biological role of deimination. We present here methods that alter the sequence of digestion and the combination of chromatographic techniques that collectively reduce complexity and help capture the deiminated peptides. Thin-layer chromatographic methods, together with different enzymatic digestions, can also be potentially routinely used for detection of changes in deimination sites within a given protein in different states of a cell or tissue.
Marital Status and Outcomes in Patients With Cardiovascular Disease.

BackgroundBeing unmarried is associated with decreased survival in the general population. Whether married, divorced, separated, widowed, or never‐married status affects outcomes in patients with c...
Repeated Exposure to the "Spice" Cannabinoid JWH-018 Induces Tolerance and Enhances Responsiveness to 5-HT1A Receptor Stimulation in Male Rats.

Naphthalen-1-yl-(1-pentylindol-3-yl)methanone (JWH-018) is a synthetic compound found in psychoactive “spice” products that activates cannabinoid receptors. Preclinical evidence suggests that exposure to synthetic cannabinoids increases 5-HT2A/2C receptor function in the brain, an effect which might contribute to psychotic symptoms. Here, we hypothesized that repeated exposures to JWH-018 would enhance behavioral responsiveness to the 5-HT2A/2C receptor agonist DOI. Male Sprague-Dawley rats fitted with sc temperature transponders received daily injections of JWH-018 (1.0 mg/kg, sc) or its vehicle for 7 consecutive days. Body temperature and catalepsy scores were determined at 1, 2 and 4 h post-injection each day. At 1 and 7 days after the final repeated treatment, rats received a challenge injection of either DOI (0.1 mg/kg, sc) or the 5-HT1A receptor agonist 8-OH-DPAT (0.3 mg/kg, sc), then temperature and behavioral responses were assessed. Behaviors induced by DOI included wet dog shakes and back muscle contractions (i.e., skin jerks), while behaviors induced by 8-OH-DPAT included ambulation, forepaw treading and flat body posture. On the first day of repeated treatment, JWH-018 produced robust hypothermia and catalepsy which lasted up to 4 h, and these effects were significantly blunted by day 7 of treatment. Repeated exposure to JWH-018 did not affect behaviors induced by DOI, but behavioral and hypothermic responses induced by 8-OH-DPAT were significantly augmented 1 day after cessation of JWH-018 treatment. Collectively, our findings show that repeated treatment with JWH-018 produces tolerance to its hypothermic and cataleptic effects, which is accompanied by transient enhancement of 5-HT1A receptor sensitivity in vivo.
Improved two step reconstruction method in Ultrasound guided Diffuse Optical Tomography

For ill-posed and ill-conditioned DOT inverse problem, a two-step reconstruction method is proposed. This method obtains an initial solution from the Truncated Pseudoinverse method and uses it for conjugate-gradient based inverse mapping of optical properties.
Atypical Cutaneous Presentations of Sarcoidosis: Two Case Reports and Review of the Literature

The goal of this review is to provide the reader with an updated summary of the cutaneous manifestations of systemic sarcoidosis, with a particular emphasis on the predilection of sarcoidosis for scars, tattoos, and other areas of traumatized skin. While the mechanism underlying the propensity for traumatized skin to develop sarcoidosis lesions remains unclear, several theories have been proposed including the idea that cutaneous sarcoidosis represents an exuberant, antigen-driven foreign-body response, as well as the theory that traumatized skin represents an immunocompromised district with altered local immune trafficking and neural signaling. In this review, we present two cases in which the development of cutaneous lesions in scars and tattoos was integral to the diagnosis of systemic sarcoidosis. We then review the various cutaneous manifestations of systemic sarcoidosis, the clinical characteristics and differential diagnosis of scar and tattoo sarcoidosis, the proposed mechanism by which traumatized skin is prone to developing sarcoidosis lesions, and current treatments for cutaneous sarcoidosis.
Conceptual Change: Analogies Great and Small and the Quest for Coherence

Historians and philosophers of science have, in recent decades, offered evidence in support of several influential models of conceptual change in science. These models have often drawn on and in turn driven research on conceptual change in childhood and in science education. This nexus of reciprocal influences is held together by several largely unexamined analogies and by several assumptions concerning analogy itself. In this chapter, we aim to shed some light on these hidden premises and subject them to critical scrutiny. Our critical survey suggests the following hypothesis: conceptual change in both childhood and science is driven by the epistemic subject’s quest for coherence.
Making Sense of Dale

Things are often more complex than they seem, even when they seem complex. In Boy Scouts of America v. Dale, the Supreme Court held that the Boy Scouts have a right under the speech clause to exclude an openly gay man from being a Scoutmaster. The man in question was also, in the Court's view, a gay rights activist. The Court held that this right trumped New Jersey's law against discrimination in employment and public accommodations. In greatly simplified terms, there are two ways of looking at this ruling.
Aging Beyond Frailty: The Future of Old Age

Growing old is a personal challenge for every human being and a positive appreciation of men’s final years has never been self evident, on the contrary. There is a long, deeply rooted belief, that old age is an inevitably dark perspective awaiting everyone, given he has time enough to life. Consider, for example, Plato ’s words, quoted here above and taken from his book Epinomis.
Native and Exotic Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Nesting in Red Mangroves (Malpighiales: Rhizophora mangle) of Eastern Florida

Red mangroves (Rhizophora mangle) grow in and adjacent to shallow brackish water in subtropical and tropical estuaries around the world, and provide a unique arboreal habitat, often completely isolated by water from any terrestrial habitat. I collected ants nesting inside the hollow dead twigs, small branches, air roots, and prop roots of red mangroves at 98 sites in 9 counties along the east coast of Florida, from Volusia County in the north to the Upper Keys of Monroe County in the south. I found a total of 22 ant species nesting in red mangroves, including ten native species, eight exotic species (four Old World, four New World), and four New World species whose status in Florida is uncertain. The most common species by far were two native species (Tapinoma litorale and Xenomyrmex floridanus). The next three most common species, however, were exotics (Monomorium floricola, Pseudomyrmex gracilis, and Technomyrmex difficilis). I also collected the first Florida specimens of Crematogaster steinheili, a species that is very common in red mangroves of the West Indies, but may be exotic to Florida. Several native and exotic species show strikingly similar ecologies. For example, native X. floridanus and exotic M. floricola are both tiny, thin, short-legged, slowmoving myrmicine ants that cling tenaciously to surfaces. Earlier studies indicate that native ant species compete for resources in red mangroves. It seems likely that exotic ant species in the red mangroves also compete with and may threaten the native ant species.
Prevalence and Perceptions of Team Training Programs for Pediatric Surgeons and Anesthesiologists.

Abstract Background Team training programs adapt crew resource management principles from aviation to foster communication and prevent medical errors. Although multiple studies have demonstrated that team training programs such as TeamSTEPPS improve patient outcomes and safety across medical disciplines, limited data exist about their application to pediatric surgical teams. The purpose of this study was to investigate usage and perceptions of team training programs by pediatric surgeons and anesthesiologists. We hypothesized that team training programs are not widely available to pediatric surgical teams. Materials and methods We performed an online survey of Pediatric Surgery (General, Plastic, Urologic, Orthopedic, Otolaryngologic, and Ophthalmologic) and Anesthesiology members of the American Academy of Pediatrics. The survey inquired about completion and perceptions regarding efficacy of team training programs. Simple descriptive statistics and a Student t-test were used to evaluate the data. Results One hundred fifty-two pediatric surgeons and 12 anesthesiologists completed the survey with a 10% response rate. Over half of the respondents were general pediatric surgeons. Home institutions offered TeamSTEPPS or another crew resource management style team training program for 39% of respondents. Of those with a program, 77% of respondents had completed training. Although most (76%) who participated in team training programs did so by requirement, 90% found it helpful. Of the 61% of surgeons who said their institution did not offer team training programs, 60% said they would participate if one were offered and an additional 32% said they might participate. The biggest barriers to participation were not enough free time or that the team training program was not offered to their department. Conclusions Team training programs are considered beneficial among pediatric surgeons and anesthesiologists who have completed them. Unfortunately, despite substantial evidence showing training for team work improves team functioning and patient outcomes, many pediatric surgical teams do not have team training programs at their institutions. Further expansion of team training programs may be valuable to improving a culture of safety in children's hospitals.
A candidate gene study of risk for dementia in older, postmenopausal women: Results from the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study.

Objective While a number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) or cognitive impairment have been identified, independent replications remain the only way to validate proposed signals. We investigated SNPs in candidate genes associated with either cognitive impairment or AD pathogenesis and their relationships with probable dementia (PD) in the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study (WHIMS). Methods We analyzed 96 SNPs across five genes (APOE/TOMM40, BDNF, COMT, SORL1, and KIBRA) in 2857 women (ages ≥65) from the WHIMS randomized trials of hormone therapy using a custom Illumina GoldenGate assay; 19% of the sample were MCI (N = 165) or PD (N = 387), and the remaining 81% were free of cognitive impairment. SNP associations were evaluated for PD in non-Hispanic whites adjusting for age and HT using logistic regression under an additive genetic model. Results One SNP (rs157582), located in the TOMM40 gene nearby APOE, was associated with the PD phenotype based on a P value accounting for multiple comparisons. An additional 12 SNPs were associated with the PD phenotype at P ≤ 0.05 (APOE: rs405509, rs439401; TOMM40: rs8106922, and KIBRA: rs4320284, rs11740112, rs10040267, rs13171394, rs6555802, rs2241368, rs244904, rs6555805, and rs10475878). Results of the sensitivity analyes excluding MCI were similar, with addition of COMT rs737865 and BDNF rs1491850 (P ≤ 0.05). Conclusions Our results in older women provide supporting evidence that the APOE/TOMM40 genes confer dementia risk and extend these findings to COMT, BDNF, and KIBRA. Our findings may lead to a better understanding of the role these genes play in cognition and cognitive impairment.
A concise synthesis of 3-substituted-7-amino-6-carboxyl-8-azachromones

We report on an approach to truncate the tricyclic 5H-chromeno[2,3-b]pyridin-5-one core of amlexanox, an approved drug under investigation for the treatment of obesity, to the bicyclic 4H-pyrano[2,3-b]pyridin-4-one (8-azachromone) core. A short, concise synthesis generates a key intermediate with requisite functionality on the pyridyl A-ring and iodo functionality on the 4-pyrone B-ring upon which palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling and subsequent reactions generate representative analogues. One of these shows a 14.2-fold increase in aqueous solubility over amlexanox.
How do granular columns affect the seismic performance of non-uniform liquefiable sites and their overlying structures?

Abstract This paper presents results of a series of three dynamic centrifuge experiments to evaluate how granular columns affect the seismic performance of level and gently sloped sites that include a non-uniform liquefiable deposit and an overlying, 3-story structure. A slight variation in the thickness of the liquefiable layer is shown to produce unacceptable permanent lateral ground deformations, even in the absence of a surface slope or a structure. The presence of a gentle slope further amplified lateral displacements but did not influence settlements notably. Granular columns (with an area replacement ratio of 20%) were successful in reducing the extent and duration of large excess pore pressures, void redistribution, and shear strain localization in such layered deposits. Hence, they generally reduced settlements, rotations, and lateral displacements both near and away from structures, but not necessarily to acceptable design limits. Granular columns could increase the acceleration demand transferred to the foundation and superstructure by increasing soil stiffness and reducing damping. The impact of this mitigation on roof accelerations and beam/column bending strains was shown to depend on the intensity and frequency content of the input motion in relation to the modal frequencies of the structure. The presented experimental results highlight the importance of considering even slight variations in liquefiable layer thickness as well as soil-foundation-structure interaction when designing liquefaction mitigation strategies in the context of system performance.
Global Modeling of Precipitation Partitioning by Vegetation and Their Applications Open image in new window

The partitioning of precipitation by vegetation canopies into throughfall and evaporation can have a large effect on water availability for both ecosystems and human consumption. Canopies are often the first point of contact between precipitation and the land surface, yet the complexity and inaccessibility of this interface make measurements extremely difficult, and as a result our attempts to understand and model the relevant processes are only weakly constrained. Here, we describe common approaches to modeling canopy interception processes, particularly in global models. These models use a wide variety of parameterization and parameters internally, suggesting that we do not have a good understanding of how to model canopy interception on a global scale. To begin to quantify how big a problem this may be, we present a few ideal model experiments exploring a range of modeling approaches and assumptions to document what effect these choices have on the projection of changes in inputs to the eco-hydrologic system. Perhaps unsurprisingly, these effects vary with vegetation type and density, as well as precipitation type, intensity, and changes in precipitation. In many cases, these effects are likely dwarfed by the uncertainties in predicted changes in regional climate, but not accounting for our lack of certainty in canopy processes can lead to an overconfident, and in some cases likely incorrect, projection of future changes in water availability. This should serve as a call to action for those studying canopy interception processes to better document and consider how theories can be put into a numerical framework.
“Better issues to focus on”: Transgender Microaggressions as Ethical Violations in Therapy:

Negative experiences in healthcare settings have been linked to decreased treatment satisfaction and reduction of future help-seeking behaviors among transgender individuals. The present study used...
Identification of Anti-COVID-19 Agents, Cepharanthine and Nelfinavir, and Their Potential Usage for Combination Treatment

Antiviral treatments targeting the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are urgently required. We screened a panel of already-approved drugs in a cell culture model of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and identified two new agents having higher antiviral potentials than the drug candidates such as remdesivir and chroloquine: the anti-inflammatory drug Cepharanthine and HIV protease inhibitor Nelfinavir. Cepharanthine inhibited SARS-CoV-2 entry into cells, whilst Nelfinavir inhibited the catalytic activity of viral main protease to suppress viral replication. Consistent with their different modes of action, in vitro assays highlight a synergistic effect of this combined treatment to limit SARS-CoV-2 proliferation. Mathematical modeling in vitro antiviral activity coupled with the known pharmacokinetics for these drugs predicts that Nelfinavir will shorten the period until viral clearance by 5.5-days and the combining Cepharanthine/Nelfinavir enhanced their predicted efficacy to control viral proliferation. In summary, this study identifies a new multidrug combination treatment for COVID-19. Funding: This work was supported by The Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED) emerging/re-emerging infectious diseases project (JP19fk0108111, JP19fk0108110, JP20fk0108104); the AMED Basis for Supporting Innovative Drug Discovery and Life Science Research (BINDS, JP19am0101114, JP19am0101069, JP19am0101111) program; The Japan Society for the Promotion of Science 260 KAKENHI (JP17H04085, JP20H03499, JP15H05707, 19H04839); The JST MIRAI program; and Wellcome Trust funded Investigator award (200838/Z/16/Z). Conflict of Interest: None.
Elucidating the origin of selective dehydrogenation of propane on γ-alumina under H2S treatment and co-feed

Abstract A bulk γ-Al2O3 catalyst shows high selectivity for propane dehydrogenation upon pretreatment and co-feeding with H2S. The reaction kinetics, deactivation rates, and active sites for propane dehydrogenation on this catalyst were characterized using fixed bed conversion studies, NH3-TPD, O2-TPO, XPS, and density functional theory (DFT). Specifically, we observe that the selectivity to propylene was 94% at ca. 16% propane conversion at 560 °C for a C3H8:H2:H2S ratio of 1.1:1:0.1 on γ-Al2O3. Our results indicate that H2S can irreversibly modify the active sites of γ-Al2O3, postulated to be defect sites on the 110 facet comprised of a tri-coordinated Al atom, such that the modified site was more active and selective towards propylene and less inhibited by co-fed H2S. Along with XPS and O2-TPO, the dehydrogenation-regeneration experiments suggest the formation of sulfurous coke and strong adsorption of reaction products result in a less active catalyst. This study shows the potential of alumina/metal-sulfide as an earth-abundant and relatively benign class of catalysts for alkane activation, especially in the context of sour natural gas upgrading.
Nurse-Delivered Telephone Intervention to Reduce Oral Mucositis and Prevent Dehydration

Problem statement This study evaluates the feasibility of a nurse-delivered telephone intervention to reduce oral mucositis severity and prevent dehydration in patients with lung or head and neck cancer undergoing chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Design This study used a two-phase, qualitatively driven, mixed-methods descriptive design. Data sources 11 participants were recruited from an academic cancer center in southern Florida. Participants received symptom management education followed by twice-weekly tailored nurse coaching telephone calls. Analysis Questionnaires measuring symptom severity, health-related quality of life, perceived self-efficacy, and symptom self-management were administered at four data points. Data on unscheduled medical visits were collected. Guided interviews were conducted four weeks post-treatment and analyzed qualitatively using content analysis. Findings Participants found the intervention to be acceptable. Oral mucositis symptom severity was minimized, and dehydration was avoided. The intervention enabled symptom self-management and improved perceived self-efficacy. Implications for practice Emotional support provided by the nurse was crucial, exemplifying improvement over an automated system.
Genetic and commensal induction of IL-18 drive intestinal epithelial MHCII via IFNγ

Major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) is dynamically expressed on intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) throughout the intestine, but its regulation remains poorly understood. We observed that spontaneous upregulation of IEC MHCII in locally bred Rag1-/- mice correlated with serum Interleukin (IL)-18, was transferrable via co-housing to commercially bred immunodeficient mice and could be inhibited by both IL-12 and IL-18 blockade. Overproduction of intestinal IL-18 due to an activating Nlrc4 mutation upregulated IEC MHCII via classical inflammasome machinery independently of immunodeficiency or dysbiosis. Immunodeficient dysbiosis increased Il-18 transcription, which synergized with NLRC4 inflammasome activity to drive elevations in serum IL-18. This IL-18-MHCII axis was confirmed in several other models of intestinal and systemic inflammation. Elevated IL-18 reliably preceded MHCII upregulation, suggesting an indirect effect on IECs, and mice with IL-18 overproduction showed activation or expansion of type 1 lymphocytes. Interferon gamma (IFNg) was uniquely able to upregulate IEC MHCII in enteroid cultures and was required for MHCII upregulation in several in vivo systems. Thus, we have linked intestinal dysbiosis, systemic inflammation, and inflammasome activity to IEC MHCII upregulation via an intestinal IL-18-IFNg axis. Understanding this process may be crucial for determining the contribution of IEC MHCII to intestinal homeostasis, host defense, and tolerance.
Enrolling reactive oxygen species in photon-to-chemical energy conversion: fundamentals, technological advances, and applications

In theory, oxygen (O2) is an ideal chemical reagent because of its high relative abundance and negligible environmental toxicity. In practice however, by the nature of its ground state electronic c...
Liquid diffraction analysis of sarcoplasmic reticulum. II. Solvent electron contrast variation.

ABSTRACT Intensities of x-ray scattering from rabbit muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane have been measured over the range of s = 0.05–0.25, at solvent densities varying between ρ0 = 0.335 and 0.389 electrons/A3. Analysis of the results shows agreement with the elements of structure deduced earlier by a different technique, based on the variation of the lipid-protein concentration ratio. In addition, the present work extends the analysis to allow isolation of the lipid contribution to the total scattering, from which a profile of the lipid electron density normal to the membrane face is evaluated. The scattering arising from electron correlations within the plane of the bilayer has also been identified.
The management of kidney cancer

HUGHES A.E., GORNELL S., FISCHER P. & HUGHES S. (2010) European Journal of Cancer Care19, 706 The management of kidney cancer This module will help health professionals understand recent new developments in the treatment and management of kidney cancer. Surgical approaches, systemic therapy, management of side effects, issues with self-administered oral chemotherapy, and developing therapies will be presented.
Advertising Rates, Audience Composition, and Competition in the Network Television Industry

Most people think of the broadcast networks as being in the entertainment business. While thenetworks do play a role in the entertainment industry, their primary business is advertisements| creating audiences to be sold to companies and organizations seeking exposure to consumers.In 1997 spending on advertisements in the U.S. reached 73.2 billion dollars, including 38.1 billiondollars on television ads. The broadcast networks received 15.2 billion of these dollars, and havereaped increases in ad revenue despite the steady decline in their audience sizes as viewers migrateto cable programming and non-viewing activities such as web-sur ng.
A Test for Reactivity in Paired Comparison Taste Tests

An experiment designed to explore the extent of subject reactivity in paired comparison taste tests is outlined. The experiment yielded a high degree of subject reactivity.
Yellow Fever Vaccine. V. Antibody Response in Monkeys Inoculated with Graded Doses of the 17D Vaccine

A dosage equal to or greater than approximately 3.4 Dex (decimal exponent, log(10)) weanling mouse intracerebral 50% lethal dose (LD(50)) was sufficient to elicit a yellow fever antibody response, as determined by the plaque neutralization (PN) test, in better than 90% of vaccinated rhesus monkeys. Lower dosages were progressively less effective in terms of PN titers and the PN and hemagglutination-inhibition serological conversion rates observed. A dose of between 3.4 and 4.2 Dex weanling mouse intracerebral LD(50), or one-tenth to one times the dosage recommended for man, provided an optimal antibody response in monkeys. In rhesus monkeys, in contrast to the findings for man, pre-existing yellow fever antibody did not interfere with the antibody response to yellow fever vaccine. The PN test was felt to be a more sensitive and specific indicator of yellow fever antibody in rhesus monkeys after vaccination than the hemagglutination inhibition or complement fixation tests.
Functional outcome after pediatric head injury

OBJECTIVES: To examine the consequences of head injury and the medical, economic, and sociodemographic factors affecting functional status 1 year after injury. METHODS: A follow-up was conducted on 95 children (aged 5 to 15) 1 year after they were hospitalized for head injury. Parents were interviewed by phone concerning their child's preinjury and current health status, and the family's economic and social resources during the 1 year postinjury. Inpatient medical records were reviewed to obtain information regarding the characteristics of the injury. RESULTS: We found that study children were more likely than children from the general population to have limitations in physical health, behavioral problems, and to be enrolled in a special education program. These findings were true for all levels of head injury severity, although children with severe head injuries (Abbreviated Injury Scale 5) were more likely to demonstrate these functional limitations than were children with less severe injuries (Abbreviated Injury Scale 2, 3, 4). After controlling for head injury severity, we found that the poorer outcomes were associated with poverty, preinjury chronic health problems, and lower extremity injuries. CONCLUSIONS: The large proportion of children who demonstrated functional limitations underscores the importance of evaluating all children hospitalized with head injuries for functional limitations and providing rehabilitation and social services when needed. Language: en
Sediments: Sulfate Reduction in Marine Sediments

Biogeochemical Cycling Metabolic Diversity Diversity of Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria Interactions with Macroorganisms Keywords: marine environment; sediments; sulfate reduction in marine sediments; sulfur cycle
Maternal obesity, weight gain in pregnancy, and infant birth weight

with streptococcus, staphylococcus, and E. roli. Ultimately, the diagnosis is made when the bacteria is cultured from either the throat, ceyvix, vagjna, urine, stool, or blood. Treatment should be started promptly because cure is dependent on it. Otherwise, transplacental spread of infection will lead to spontaneous abortion, intrauterine death, piemature labor and delivery, or neonatal sepsis and death, as in this case, secondary to complications of prematurity, i.e., respiratory distress syndrome and intraventricular hemorrhage. The drug of choice for Listeria is a penicillin, specifically ampicillin, or tetracycline; these antibiotics often empirically used. After appropriate treatment, repeat cultures should be taken to assure cure. If undiagnosed and not treated, maternal infection can lead to fetal infection via transplacental or direct-contact modes of spread. In summary, Listeria monocytogenes is a significant cause of spontaneous abortion, intrauterine death, premature labor, and neonatal sepsis. When suspected, it is easily treated with penicillin. The key to cure is prompt diagnosis and treatment. Failure to do so leads to serious sequelae and results in the additional trealment of an infected premature infant.
Political Partisan Prejudice: Selective Distortion and Weighting of Evaluative Categories in College Admissions Applications

Two methods by which people make prejudicial yet justifiable judgments were assessed in a simulated college admissions paradigm in which participants evaluated 2 applications. In the preference condition, the stronger applicant was described as a member of a different political party than the participant. In the control condition, no political party was indicated. Supporting a political partisan prejudice effect, among strong partisans, the stronger applicant was favored in the control condition, but the weaker applicant was favored in the preference condition. No effect was found for weak partisans. Additionally, participants supported their biases by altering the importance of (Study 1) and distorting the strength of (Study 2) different types of application information.
E-commerce payment protocols: requirements and analysis

This panel will discuss the properties appropriate to E-Commerce protocols, principally payment protocols, and the applicability of current formal analysis techniques to the development and verification of those protocols. Some of the requirements, and non-requirements, turn out to be surprising: for example, support for repudiation disputes is affected by commercial and consumer law, and is deliberately downplayed in some protocols. Other potential requirements such as whole-protocol integrity (as opposed to individual message integrity) are not obviously modelled by many existing formal analysis tools. Protocols being deployed in practice, such as VISA/Mastercard's SET, also include a significant number of optional elements and variants, whose combinatoric interaction makes formal analysis both more tedious and more desirable. We intend to stimulate both the analysis of proposed protocols and the development of analysis formalisms.
Detailed Field Pattern Is Intrinsic to the Embryonic Mouse Hippocampus Early in Neurogenesis

There is accumulating evidence that the mammalian cerebral cortex is regionally specified early in neurogenesis. However, the degree and scale of the regional pattern that is intrinsic to different parts of the cortical primordium remains unclear. Here, we show that detailed patterning-the accurate positioning of several areas or fields-is intrinsic to the part of the primordium that generates the hippocampus. A caudomedial portion of the cortical primordium, the site from which the hippocampus arises, was isolated from potential extrinsic patterning cues by maintaining it in explant culture. Explants were prepared at embryonic day (E) 12.5, which is early in hippocampal neurogenesis in the mouse and 3 d before individual fields are seen by differential gene expression. Allowed to develop for 3 d in vitro, E12.5 explants upregulate field-specific patterns of gene expression with striking temporal and spatial accuracy. Possible sources of patterning signals intrinsic to the explants were evaluated by removing the cortical hem or presumptive extrahippocampal cortex from the explants. To expose cells to different local positional cues, explant fragments were grafted into ectopic positions in a larger explant. None of these manipulations altered the development of patterned, field-specific gene expression. Finally, explants harvested at E10.5 also upregulate field-specific gene expression, although less robustly. Some hippocampal patterning information is therefore intrinsic to the caudomedial cortical primordium at the time that the first hippocampal neurons are born at E10.5. By E12.5, hippocampal field patterning appears to be well established and resistant to the manipulation of several potential intrinsic cues.
The renal beta-glucuronidase response to androgens.

THE ability of testosterone to enhance kidney β-glucuronidase activity was observed in white Swiss and C3H mice (Fishman, 1951) and was later investigated in detail by Fishman and Farmelant (1953) in several strains of inbred mice. Testosterone propionate administration (7 mg. divided over 14 days) resulted in elevated kidney β-glucuronidase levels which were from four to thirteen-fold greater than control levels, depending on the strain employed in the study. Liver β-glucuronidase activity remained unchanged. Coincident with the rise in kidney β-glucuronidase activity, a marked excretion in the urine of β-glucuronidase was noted by Riotton and Fishman (1953). It is evidently desirable to arrive at some method of quantitating the activity of androgenic steroids on the basis of a biochemical analysis rather than by morphological or weight changes in a given target tissue. With regard to the renal β-glucuronidase response the following questions required consideration.
Amorphization of MgAl2O4 spinel using 1.5 MeV Xe+ ions under cryogenic irradiation conditions

Single crystal thin foils of stoichiometric magnesium aluminate spinel (MgAl2O4) were irradiated with 1.5 MeV Xe+ ions at 30 K. Structural evolution during irradiation was monitored in situ by transmission electron microscopy and using selected area electron diffraction. A transition to a metastable crystalline phase was observed at an ion dose equivalent to 4 displacements per atom (dpa) at a depth in the thin foil specimen of 50 nm. The spinel was ultimately rendered amorphous at an ion dose equivalent to 35 dpa at 50 nm foil depth. These results are compared to previous observations of amorphization in single crystal spinel by Yu et al. [Phil. Mag. Lett. 70 (1994) 235].
Predicting the Magnitude and Spatial Distribution of Potentially Exposed Populations during IND or RDD Terrorism Incidents

ABSTRACT Rapid delineation of the population potentially at risk from terrorist incidents involving an Improvised Nuclear Device (IND) or Radiological Dispersion Device (RDD) is necessary for effective medical response and incident management as part of the recovery process. The spatial interaction modeling framework presented estimates population magnitude and distribution at a geographical scale relevant for accurately estimating risk isopleths moving away from the detonation point for a 10KT IND and a 3.7 × 1013 Bq 241Am RDD. The methodology is applied to a set of illustrative release scenarios with varying meteorological parameters for wind speed, wind direction, and atmospheric stability. The analytical framework allocates population data for a representative urban area (≈1M people; 40 × 40 km area) within potential effects zones on a spatial basis for daytime and nighttime release scenarios.
Regulation of food intake after vagotomy, coeliactomy, and a combination of both procedures

The effect of several procedures for the denervation of visceral structures on the regulation of food intake was investigated in the rabbit. The duration of the postoperative recovery of alimentary behavior varied according to the type of operation the animals received. The quick recovery of control laparotomized and coeliactomized animals contrasted with the considerable longer recovery of vagotomized and coeliactomized-vagotomized animals. Restoration of peripheral autonomic balance by performing coeliactomy simultaneously with vagotomy failed to alter the prolonged recovery previously observed after vagotomy. A marked difference in various meal parameters and characteristics of food intake between animals of all experimental groups were observed soon after the recovery of alimentary behavior. However, these differences largely disappeared during the later observation period. The adaption of recovered animals to a cyclical food deprivation schedule was also examined. The results showed a tendency of animals with vagotomy (vagotomized and coeliactomized-vagotomized animals) to ingest larger first meals after the end of the deprivation period. The same animals failed to show a correlation between the size of the first meal and the duration of subsequent intermeal interval. The results of the present experiment point to the adaptability of the mechanism for the regulation of food intake in that after the postoperative recovery and subsequent adaption period the animals were able to maintain and control their food intake despite various degrees of visceral denervation.
Influence of Habitat on Acorn Selection by Peromyscus leucopus

Acorn selection by white-footed mice ( Peromyscus leucopus ) was tested with mice from four different habitats and acorns from six species of oaks ( Quercus ). Three mice captured in white-oak (subgenus Lepidobalanus ) forests in northwestern Arkansas selected acorns from the white-oak group (post [ Q. stellata ] and white [ Q. alba ] oaks) over those from the red-oak (subgenus Erthrobalanus ) group (pin [ Q. palustris ], willow [ Q. phellos ], and black [ Q. velutina ] oaks). These mice were able to subsist for >2 months on a diet of only acorns, provided that acorns from post oaks were available. These mice developed signs of tannin poisoning when maintained on acorns only from the red-oak group. Eleven mice captured in white-oak forests in eastern Kansas also consumed more acorns from the white-oak (post, bur [ Q. macrocarpa ], and chinquapin [ Q. muehlenbergii ] oaks) than from the red-oak group (black, northern red [ Q. rubra ], and pin oaks). However, seven mice captured in red-oak group forest in eastern Kansas consumed more acorns from the red-oak group than from the white-oak group and showed no signs of tannin poisoning. Five mice captured in habitats without oaks consumed equal amounts of acorns from the two subgenera. These results suggest that exposure to acorns may determine acorn selection by P. leucopus independent of fat, protein, or tannin content of the acorns. Acorn selection may be labile, as seven mice captured in white-oak forests in eastern Kansas consumed equal amounts of bur and black oak acorns after being given only red-oak acorns for 9 days.