cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ATM activation and its recruitment to damaged DNA require binding to the C terminus of Nbs1.

ATM has a central role in controlling the cellular responses to DNA damage. It and other phosphoinositide 3-kinase-related kinases (PIKKs) have giant helical HEAT repeat domains in their amino-terminal regions. The functions of these domains in PIKKs are not well understood. ATM activation in response to DNA damage appears to be regulated by the Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 (MRN) complex, although the exact functional relationship between the MRN complex and ATM is uncertain. Here we show that two pairs of HEAT repeats in fission yeast ATM (Tel1) interact with an FXF/Y motif at the C terminus of Nbs1. This interaction resembles nucleoporin FXFG motif binding to HEAT repeats in importin-β. Budding yeast Nbs1 (Xrs2) appears to have two FXF/Y motifs that interact with Tel1 (ATM). In Xenopus egg extracts, the C terminus of Nbs1 recruits ATM to damaged DNA, where it is subsequently autophosphorylated. This interaction is essential for ATM activation. A C-terminal 147-amino-acid fragment of Nbs1 that has the Mre11- and ATM-binding domains can restore ATM activation in an Nbs1-depleted extract. We conclude that an interaction between specific HEAT repeats in ATM and the C-terminal FXF/Y domain of Nbs1 is essential for ATM activation. We propose that conformational changes in the MRN complex that occur upon binding to damaged DNA are transmitted through the FXF/Y-HEAT interface to activate ATM. This interaction also retains active ATM at sites of DNA damage.
Rethinking Juvenile Justice

* Introduction: The Challenge of Lionel Tate * The Science of Adolescent Development and Teens' Involvement in Crime * Regulating Children in American Law: The State as Parent and Protector * Why Crime Is Different * Immaturity and Mitigation * Developmental Competence and the Adjudication of Juveniles * Social Welfare and Juvenile Crime Regulation * The Developmental Model and Juvenile Justice Policy for the Twenty-First Century * Is Society Ready for Juvenile Justice Reform? * Notes * Acknowledgments * Index
Annual cycle of autotrophic and heterotrophic production in a small, monomictic Piedmont lake (Lake Oglethorpe) : Analog for the effects of climatic warming on dimictic lakes

Lake Oglethorpe, Georgia, is a small, monomictic impoundment in the southeastern U.S. Piedmont region. Seasonal differences in ecological processes correspond to the two major stratification patterns and result in seasonal differences in pelagic community structure. The winter mixed period (November-March) provides light and temperatures suitable for active nutrient regeneration and uptake, population growth of edible phytoplankton and crustacean zooplankton, and low bacterial abundance and production. Monthly estimates of daily primary productivity are in the mesoeutrophic range (40-1,420 mg C m -2 d -1 ) ; however, mean annual primary productivity is in the eutrophic range (500 mg C m -2 yr -1 ) because of greater activity in winter and an extended growing season. The stratified period (April-October) is characterized by rapid development of hypolimnetic anoxia, high bacterial production, cyanobacteria and large algae, heterotrophic flagellates, ciliates, rotifers, small cyclopoid copepods, and Chaoborus. Heterotrophic activity, HPLC chlorophyll a, and grazer activity were highest at the epilimnetic-metalimnetic boundary. Bacterial abundances (1.5-32 x 10 6 cells ml -1 ) increased in the hypolimnion during the stratified period. Long-term (1978-1994) warming within the water column (0.061-0.10°C yr -1 ) follows midwinter (January) air temperature trends. Using Lake Oglethorpe as an analog, we predict as consequences of climatic warming in northern dimictic lakes : increases in nutrient cycling rates, winter primary and secondary productivity, summer heterotrophic production, and microbial components of the food web.
Narrative text analysis to identify technologies to prevent motor vehicle crashes: examples from military vehicles.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this research is to describe the leading circumstances of military vehicle crashes to guide prioritization and implementation of crash avoidance and/or warning technologies. METHODS: A descriptive study using narrative text analysis on 3,944 military vehicle crash narratives. Crash data on drivers, from 2001 to 2006, were assembled from the U.S. Army Combat Readiness/Safety Center. Reviewers collected information on the circumstances of crashes and determined if vehicle technology could have prevented the crash. RESULTS: Nearly 98% of the crashes were nonfatal; 63% occurred in the U.S. and 24% in Iraq. Among crash events where the direction of the impact was recorded, 32% were to the front of the vehicle and 16% involved a vehicle being rear-ended. Rollovers were mentioned in 20% of the narratives. Technology was determined to have the potential to prevent 26% of the crashes, with the forward collision warning system, rear end collision avoidance, emergency brake assistance, and rollover stability control system likely to have the greatest impacts. CONCLUSIONS: Some technologies available for civilian vehicles may prevent certain military crash circumstances. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: The results of this research are significant in light of ongoing global military operations that rely on military vehicles. Improving the preventive technology featured on military vehicles may be an effective strategy to reduce the occurrence of military crashes. Language: en
College Counseling: Union and Intersection

College counseling can best be understood as the intersection of a professional activity and an environment. The specialty has developed from the merging of several movements: vocational guidance, mental health, and student personnel work. These elements are reflected in the diversity of backgrounds and perspectives represented by college counselors and in differing models of counseling services. College counseling will be affected by trends including health care reform, scarcity of resources in higher education, changing student demographics, and complex societal issues.
Dynamical Modeling and Experimental Study of a Small-Scale Magnetorheological Damper

This paper introduces a multiphysics finite-element dynamic model for a small-scale magnetorheological (MR) damper. The model includes the analysis of the magnetic flux lines, field intensity, non-Newtonian fluid flow, and evaluation of the resistance force under prescribed motion and standard electrical test signals. A new regularized viscosity definition, which improves model solvability, is employed to describe the quasi-Bingham plastic behavior of the MR fluid. Extensive model validation was performed through comparison with the analytic model presented in the previous work and with the data from experimental testing. This model is intended to be used in the optimization of the MR dampers employed in the development of an upper limb orthosis, for tremor attenuation in patients suffering from pathological tremor.
Cost–benefit and water resources policy: a survey

This paper reviews recent developments in cost–benefit analysis for water policy researchers who wish to understand the applications of economic principles to inform emerging water policy debates. The cost–benefit framework can provide a comparison of total economic gains and losses resulting from a proposed water policy. Cost–benefit analysis can provide decision-makers with a comparison of the impacts of two or more water policy options using methods that are grounded in time-tested economic principles. Economic efficiency, measured as the difference between added benefits and added costs, can inform water managers and the public of the economic impacts of water programs to address peace, development, health, the environment, climate and poverty. Faced by limited resources, cost–benefit analysis can inform policy choices by summarizing trade-offs involved in designing, applying, or reviewing a wide range of water programs. The data required to conduct a cost–benefit analysis are often poor but the steps needed to carry out that analysis require posing the right questions.
Claiming Competence: Biographical Work among Victim-Advocates and Counselors

Advocates and counselors at agencies that assist victims of domestic violence and sexual assault argue that they are especially suited to help their clients develop safe and practical strategies to protect themselves from further abuse. Yet the backstage of these agencies can depict a reality of confusion, doubt, and sometimes fear—especially when clients’ cases do not go according to plan. Data collected from in-depth interviews and participant observation over fourteen months show how advocates and counselors engaged in “biographical work” (Gubrium and Holstein 2000) to construct coherent and consistent narratives as competent service providers in the aftermath of their clients’ unanticipated outcomes. Calling on different discursive strategies accessible to them according to their position within the agency, both groups were able to interpret negative results as beyond their responsibility. However, the counselor's rhetoric of “professionalism” proved more effective in this regard compared with the advocates’ “empowerment.”
Designing for imaginary friends: information architecture, personas and the politics of user-centered design:

This article considers the problematic relationship between new media designers and users in current texts written about user-centered design (UCD) techniques. To better understand and solidify the importance of the user within the technological artifact, these designers often create ‘personas’ — prototypical users with names, faces, interests and preferences. Personas serve as boundary objects used as conceptual stand-ins for users when team members make design decisions. This article traces the discursive construction of the ‘user’ within web design texts and how these texts describe the persona technique. The analysis suggests that the use of personas is motivated as much by political realities within new media organizations, as it is by the desire to address user needs. In addition, it is argued that personas serve to reinscribe the conceptual separation between the user and designer despite technological developments (like Web 2.0) that blur this boundary.
Rationale for early incremental dialysis with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

There are good reasons to suspect that if a weekly Kt/V urea of <2.0 is inadequate for CAPD then it is also inadequate for CRF without dialysis. Spontaneous protein intakes tend to fall below 0.7-0.8 g/kg at these levels in both CAPD and CRF. Low protein intakes can be associated with deterioration in nutritional status and a falling serum albumin. Low serum albumin concentrations at the start of dialysis are associated with increased risk of death during dialysis. Some nutritional problems which develop during conservative management prior to dialysis initiation may not be completely reversible. Since both renal function and CAPD offer nearly continuous urea clearances, it makes sense that targets for adequacy in CAPD should also be targets for initiation of chronic dialysis. At this time, it seems that a weekly Kt/V urea of 2.0 is a reasonable value. There may be reasons why chronic peritoneal dialysis is more suitable than intermittent HD for the initiation of early incremental dialysis. These advantages have to do with the ease of providing small incremental dialysis doses as needed to maintain the Kt/V urea at a level of 2.0 for the kidney and dialysis combined. Early CAPD may be less threatening to residual renal function than HD. Daily CAPD allows early control of sodium and water balance. It also delays the use of blood access sites until larger dialysis doses achieved with HD are absolutely necessary. There may be cost advantages as well. We should abandon the philosophy of initiating dialysis after patients have already suffered the ravages of uraemia and related malnutrition.
The Effect of Board of Directors’ IT Awareness on CIO Compensation and Firm Performance

Chief information officers (CIOs) play increasingly strategic roles in firms in this competitive global economy, which is now largely powered by information technology (IT). However, research has shown a lack of board of directors� oversight on CIO- and IT-related issues. Drawing on agency, resource dependence, and alignment theories, we investigate the effect of board of directors� IT awareness on CIO compensation structure and firm performance. We conduct cross-sectional time series analyses of data collected from various sources. Our study underlines three important findings. First, we show that some commonly known executive compensation determinants, such as individual characteristics and governance structure, do not have significant effects on CIO compensation structure. Second, with regard to CIO compensation structure, firms respond to increasing information asymmetry differently according to the level of IT awareness of their boards. Finally, firms perform better when their boards have higher levels of IT awareness, and this positive effect of IT awareness is considerably larger in IT intensive industries. Overall, our study provides empirical support for the important role of boards� IT awareness in shaping CIO compensation and improving firm performance. Our results suggest that boards with functional area knowledge�or higher IT awareness in this case�can more effectively monitor and better incentivize executives, and consequently lead to better firm performance.
Mixing physical habitat and streamflow time series analysis

Four observations from two case studies are presented: physical habitat analysis of the Virgin River in southwestern Utah and upper Animas Basin in southwestern Colorado. The Virgin River is usually considered a sand bed river. Cross-sectional measurements, made at three streamflows, show there was considerable change in the channel between the times of the three sets of measurements. First observation: it is important to keep the three sets of data as individual data sets. Second observation: the channel index is not fixed in a river with a moveable-bed and changes affect understanding of the aquatic system. The Animas River has a wide range of streamflows and high metals toxicity. Both winter and spring discharges may limit trout populations. Third observation: (from Animas River) habitat time series analysis should be done with a model that specifically links physical habitat relations and streamflows. Fourth observation: annual time series of habitat suitability considering metals toxicity can be generated. Considering the third and fourth observation together leads to the secondary observation that the hydraulic and stream flow conditions that favor one species may not be as good for the species favored by the water quality conditions.
Computing a Diameter-Constrained Minimum Spanning Tree in Parallel

A minimum spanning tree (MST) with a small diameter is required in numerous practical situations. It is needed, for example, in distributed mutual exclusion algorithms in order to minimize the number of messages communicated among processors per critical section. The Diameter-Constrained MST (DCMST) problem can be stated as follows: given an undirected, edge-weighted graph G with n nodes and a positive integer k, find a spanning tree with the smallest weight among all spanning trees of G which contain no path with more than k edges. This problem is known to be NPcomplete, for all values of k; 4 ≤ k ≤ (n - 2). Therefore, one has to depend on heuristics and live with approximate solutions. In this paper, we explore two heuristics for the DCMST problem: First, we present a one-time-treeconstruction algorithm that constructs a DCMST in a modified greedy fashion, employing a heuristic for selecting edges to be added to the tree at each stage of the tree construction. This algorithm is fast and easily parallelizable. It is particularly suited when the specified values for k are small--independent of n. The second algorithm starts with an unconstrained MST and iteratively refines it by replacing edges, one by one, in long paths until there is no path left with more than k edges. This heuristic was found to be better suited for larger values of k. We discuss convergence, relative merits, and parallel implementation of these heuristics on the MasPar MP-1 -- a massively parallel SIMD machine with 8192 processors. Our extensive empirical study shows that the two heuristics produce good solutions for a wide variety of inputs.
Potentiometric ion- and bioselective electrodes based on asymmetric polyurethane membranes

The potentlometnc eon responses of ammomum- and proton-selective electrodes prepared by incorporating appropnate neutral tamers wlthm novel asymmetrlc polyurethane membranes are reported The membranes are formed by first castmg a plastlclzed polyurethane(PU)/ terpoly(vmy1 chlonde/vmyl acetate/vmyl alcohol) (PVA)based Ion-selectwe membrane and then applymg a thm second layer of a more hydrophlhc polyurethane (HPU) contammg polylysme The resulting asymmetnc membranes function equwalently to normal PU/PVA membranes and conventlonal poly(vmy1 chloride) type membranes m terms of potentlometnc ion selectlvlty and dynamic response propertles The large amount of amme functlonal groups from the polylysme wthm the outer hydrophlhc layer can be further activated for direct enzyme unmobdlzatlon As examples, adenosme deammase and urease are munobrllzed on ammomum- and proton-selectlve membranes, respectwely, to yield adenosme and urea electrodes with good dynanuc responses and sensltMtles Advantageous use of this new membrane system for preparation of sohd-state mlcrofabrlcated enzyme-based sensors IS also described kizywords Blosensors, Ion-selectwe electrodes, Potentlometry, Asymmetnc membranes, Polyurethane membranes, Sohd-state electrodes
Reduction of Infarct Size with D-myo-Inositol Trisphosphate: Role of PI3-Kinase and Mitochondrial KATP Channels

Prophylactic treatment with d-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate hexasodium [d-myo-Ins(1,4,5)P3], the sodium salt of the endogenous second messenger Ins(1,4,5)P3, triggers a reduction of infarct size...
Cardiovascular and thermoregulatory dysregulation over 24 h following acute heat stress in rats.

The present study provides mechanistic insight into hemodynamic and thermoregulatory impairments during 24 h of heat stroke recovery. These findings are qualitatively similar to clinical manifestat...
Animacy Detection with Voting Models

Animacy detection is a problem whose solution has been shown to be beneficial for a number of syntactic and semantic tasks. We present a state-of-the-art system for this task which uses a number of simple classifiers with heterogeneous data sources in a voting scheme. We show how this framework can give us direct insight into the behavior of the system, allowing us to more easily diagnose sources of error.
Data Collection for Crystallographic Structure Determination

Diffraction data measurement is the final experimental step of crystal structure analysis; all subsequent stages are computational. Good-quality data, optimized for a particular application, make the structure solution and refinement easier and enhance the accuracy of the final models. This chapter describes the principles of the rotation method of data collection and discusses various scenarios that are useful for different types of applications, such as anomalous phasing, molecular replacement, ligand identification, etc. Some typical problems encountered in practice are also discussed.
The Protection of National Security Whistleblowers: Imperative But Impossible A Critical Appraisal of the Scope and Adequacy of Whistleblower Protection Laws for National Security Whistleblowers

The purpose of this paper is to undertake a critical assessment of the provisions, application and enforcement of whistleblower protection laws specifically accorded to employees in the intelligence and national security sectors. The underlying argument of this paper is that national security whistleblowers play an important role in promoting accountability and contributing to a system of checks and balances, but the current legal framework for their protection has significant weaknesses, resulting in a system that has been rightly described as “Kafka-esque.” It is this author’s opinion that national security whistleblowers should be subject to narrower provisions of whistleblower protection because of the sensitive nature of the information to which they are privy and in turn, may disclose. However, this paper seeks to demonstrate that a balance can and should be struck between protecting both the whistleblower and national security interests, but that the current system as it stands falls short of achieving this.
Naldecon claims disputed.

To the Editor.— In the October 1982 issue of Pediatrics is an advertisement by Bristol Laboratories concerning the use of Naldecon to improve the therapeutic outcome of otitis media with effusion. The advertisement states: "Naldecon improves therapeutic outcome in otitis media. A landmark study found that adjunctive administration of one antihistamine/decongestant liquid did more than relieve nasal symptoms. Naldecon actually improved the therapeutic outcome!" This statement appears to be in direct conflict with the study cited in the advertisement.1
An Efficient Method for Reliability Based Design Optimization

In search of improved design, Reliability Based Design Optimization using probabilistic constraints has evolved as a powerful tool, however extensive computational efforts necessary for RBDO being one of the biggest challenges in this field. In order to evaluate probabilistic constraints, single loop and double loop strategies have been successfully used, the number of function evaluations being a decisive comparison criteria. However, when applied to complicated functions, above techniques lead to much higher number of function evaluations. Efforts to make RBDO technique computationally feasible have generated superior single loop strategy presented in this paper, dealing with the approximated form of the original functions. At the same time, improved Most Probable Point search algorithm has been used providing modified gradient information for fast convergence of the constraints. Above method is successfully tested on some problems, and results are compared with those obtained from other standard methods of RBDO dealing with original functions.
SA Gene and Blood Pressure Cosegregation Using Dahl Salt-Sensitive Rats

Based on the published cDNA base sequence for the (anonymous) SA gene, a polymerase-chain-reaction (PCR) product from the SA gene was obtained from a Dahl salt-sensitive rat kidney cDNA library. Compared to the published sequence, this product had a 102 base pair insert in the 3' end of the cDNA, probably as the result of alternate mRNA splicing. A StuI restriction fragment length polymorphism detected three alleles among various rat strains using this PCR SA gene probe. Alleles at the SA locus strongly cosegregated with blood pressure (P = .0012) in a salt-fed F2 population derived from crossing Dahl S and Lewis rats. In contrast, a cosegregation analysis of blood pressure and SA alleles in salt-fed F2 rats derived from a Dahl S x Wistar-Kyoto cross gave a negative cosegregation result. It is concluded that in certain genetic backgrounds the SA gene (or a closely linked gene) can contribute a significant component of genetic hypertension.
Cloud Microphysics and Radar: Panel Report

The Panel on Cloud Microphysics and Radar met at the 40th Anniversary Radar Meteorology Conference in Boston to consider the review paper by Jameson and Johnson (Chapter 23a) and provide feedback to the authors. The panel also discussed the present and potential uses of radar in cloud physics measurements, and agreed that improvements are clearly needed in instrument systems, not just radar, in order to bridge the current gap in scales between radar and in situ measurements. Research areas best suited for cloud physics measurements by radar with enhanced capabilities were identified. This report considers these topics while emphasizing the future direction of radar studies to help resolve some of the major unsolved problems in cloud physics.
Ocular manifestations of pigmentary disorders.

This article is a brief overview of disorders of pigmentation of the skin that have associated ocular abnormalities. The clinical entities are categorized as either congenital, hereditary (genodermatoses), or acquired. In some disorders many of the eye abnormalities can be explained by a common pathogenic mechanism that involves the melanocytes in the skin as well as the melanocytes in the uveal tract and retinal pigment epithelium. The eye findings in the neurocutaneous syndromes are a reflection of the neural crest origin of cutaneous melanocytes.
Carbohydrate Metabolism and the Semen Profile: Glucose, Insulin, and Sperm Studies

Twenty-seven men attending an infertility clinic received detailed studies of their ejaculate and carbohydrate metabolism. The latter was done using a 3-hour oral glucose tolerance test with a 100-gm glucose load and measuring both blood glucose and plasma insulin levels. There was no significant difference in either the blood glucose or the plasma insulin values between the men with normal sperm counts and those with abnormal sperm counts. These data suggest that mild subclinical states of carbohydrate abnormalities do not routinely alter male fertility.
Age and preexisting conditions as risk factors for severe adverse events and failure to rescue after injury

Abstract Background Failure to rescue (FTR: the conditional probability of death after complication) has been studied in trauma cohorts, but the impact of age and preexisting conditions (PECs) on risk of FTR is not well known. We assessed the relationship between age and PECs on the risk of experiencing serious adverse events (SAEs) subsequent FTR in trauma patients with the hypothesis that increased comorbidity burden and age would be associated with increased FTR. Materials and methods We performed a retrospective cohort analysis at an urban level 1 trauma center in Pennsylvania. All patients aged ≥16 y with minimum Abbreviated Injury Scale score ≥2 from 2009 to 2013 were included. Univariate logistic regression models for SAE and FTR were developed using age, PECs, demographics, and injury physiology. Variables found to be associated with the end point of interest ( P ≤ 0.2) in univariate analysis were included in separate multivariable logistic regression models for each outcome. Results SAE occurred in 1136 of 7533 (15.1 %) patients meeting inclusion criteria (median age 42 [interquartile range 26-59], 53% African-American, 72% male, 79% blunt, median ISS 10 [interquartile range 5-17]). Of those who experienced an SAE, 129 of 1136 patients subsequently died (FTR = 11.4%). Development of SAE and FTR was associated with age ≥ 70 y (odds ratio 1.58-1.78, 95% confidence interval 1.13-2.82). Renal disease was the only preexisting condition associated with both SAE and FTR. Conclusions Trauma patients with renal disease are mostly at increased risk for both SAE and FTR, but other PECs associated with SAE are not necessarily those associated with FTR. Future interventions designed to reduce FTR events should target this high-risk cohort.
Functional value iteration for decision-theoretic planning with general utility functions

We study how to find plans that maximize the expected total utility for a given MDP, a planning objective that is important for decision making in high-stakes domains. The optimal actions can now depend on the total reward that has been accumulated so far in addition to the current state. We extend our previous work on functional value iteration from one-switch utility functions to all utility functions that can be approximated with piecewise linear utility functions (with and without exponential tails) by using functional value iteration to find a plan that maximizes the expected total utility for the approximate utility function. Functional value iteration does not maintain a value for every state but a value function that maps the total reward that has been accumulated so far into a value. We describe how functional value iteration represents these value functions in finite form, how it performs dynamic programming by manipulating these representations and what kinds of approximation guarantees it is able to make. We also apply it to a probabilistic blocksworld problem, a standard test domain for decision-theoretic planners.
Photofunctionalization of TiO 2 for Optimal Bone-titanium Integration: A Novel Phenomenon of Super Osseointegration

Osteoporotic fractures, degenerative changes in joints, and edentulous jaws are quite common clinical problems. Owing to its bone bonding property, the so-called osseointegration or bone-titanium integration, titanium implants are used as a reconstructive anchor in such diseases and disorders, despite unsolved concerns of medical and societal concerns and cost issues. Here, we present ultraviolet (UV) light-treated titanium surfaces with markedly increased bone-forming and bonding capacity. The UV-treated surface offers an osteoblast-affinity environment, as demonstrated by enhanced attachment, spread, proliferation, and functional differentiation of bone-forming cells (osteoblasts). New bone formation spreads extensively onto the UV-treated titanium implants with virtually no intervention by soft tissue, maximizing the bone-implant contact up to nearly 100% compared with 55% of untreated titanium. The UV treatment accelerates the establishment of implant biomechanical fixation by fourfold. These cell-affinity properties strongly correlated with UV-catalytic removal of hydrocarbons from the TiO2 surface. The data suggest that this photofunctionalization converts bioinert titanium to bioactive titanium, enabling more rapid and complete establishment of bone-titanium integration. We propose to define the unique biological phenomenon specifically induced around this novel titanium surface as “super osseointegration” and expect it to have immediate and broad applications in dental and orthopedic fields because it is simple, highly effective, and inexpensive.
ETIOLOGY OF OROYA FEVER : XIV. THE INSECT VECTORS OF CARRION'S DISEASE.

With a view to determining the mode of infection in Carrion's disease, a study of the blood-sucking insects found in the districts of Peru where the disease prevails has been carried out, through the cooperation of The Rockefeller Institute and the Rockefeller Foundation. The material studied included ticks, mites, midges, lice, fleas, bedbugs, mosquitoes, buffalo gnats, horse-flies, "sheep ticks," 3 species of Streblidae, and 3 species of Phlebotomus, including Phlebotomus verrucarum Townsend and two new species which have been named Phlebotomus noguchii and Phlebotomus peruensis. The insects were collected without the use of chemicals, were prepared for transportation in such a manner as to prevent drying, and were shipped under conditions of refrigeration to New York, where they were inoculated into monkeys. The plan followed was to inject saline suspensions of the crushed insects intradermally into rhesus monkeys and to make cultures of the blood of the animals at intervals of 1 to 6 weeks after inoculation. The only class of insects in which the presence of Bartonella bacilliformis could be detected were phlebotomi. No cutaneous lesions were induced in monkeys injected with the crushed insects, but in the case of four different lots of phlebotomi the blood of the animals so injected yielded cultures of Bartonella bacilliformis which produced typical verrucous lesions on inoculation into other monkeys. The morphology and cultural characteristics of the Bartonella strains obtained from phlebotomi proved identical with those of strains isolated from human blood and skin lesions. Monkeys which had recovered from infection with the phlebotomus strains resisted inoculation with a human strain of Bartonella bacilliformis, and, conversely, monkeys which had passed through an infection induced by the human strain resisted inoculation with the strains obtained from phlebotomi. The experimental observations described in this paper lead us to conclude that certain phlebotomi act as insect vectors of Oroya fever and verruga peruana. The phlebotomi which have been shown quite certainly to carry the Bartonella bacilliformis are those of the species Phlebotomus noguchii. Phlebotomus verrucarum is also probably a vector, while Phlebotomus peruensis remains doubtful in this respect.
Bottom-Up and Top-Down Mechanisms of General Anesthetics Modulate Different Dimensions of Consciousness.

There has been controversy regarding the precise mechanisms of anesthetic-induced unconsciousness, with two salient approaches that have emerged within systems neuroscience. One prominent approach is the “bottom up” paradigm, which argues that anesthetics suppress consciousness by modulating sleep-wake nuclei and neural circuits in the brainstem and diencephalon that have evolved to control arousal states. Another approach is the “top-down” paradigm, which argues that anesthetics suppress consciousness by modulating the cortical and thalamocortical circuits involved in the integration of neural information. In this article, we synthesize these approaches by mapping bottom-up and top-down mechanisms of general anesthetics to two distinct but inter-related dimensions of consciousness: level and content. We show how this explains certain empirical observations regarding the diversity of anesthetic drug effects. We conclude with a more nuanced discussion of how levels and contents of consciousness interact to generate subjective experience and what this implies for the mechanisms of anesthetic-induced unconsciousness.
Development and Numerical Verification of a Dynamic Adaptive Mesh Coarsening Strategy for Simulating Laser Power Bed Fusion Processes

Abstract A key challenge in the modeling of powder bed fusion processes is the extremely dense mesh required to capture the melt pool as using traditional static conforming meshes, good meshing practice would require 1–4 elements across the width of the melt pool to correctly simulate thermal equilibrium. For powder bed processes this would require 1E6 or more elements to model small components, making it computational infeasible to model such behaviors. Implementing nonconforming meshes is a common technique to reduce mesh density, but the method is still bound to the same convergence criteria. This work presents a dynamically adaptive meshing strategy to reduce the computational time of thermal powder bed modeling. A verification study using a static conforming, static nonconforming meshes, and several moving adaptive models is completed. It is shown that using such a dynamic meshing strategy can decrease run time by 432 times from the baseline static conforming mesh while keeping the error in thermal gradients less than 7%.
EUV lithography finally ready for fabs

"A fab is like an iceberg," someone tells me. I can't tell who because we're all covered head to toe in clean-room garb. A tour of GlobalFoundries' Fab 8 in Malta, N.Y., certainly reinforces that analogy: We've just come up from the "sub-fab," the 10 meters of vertical space under the floor, where pipes and wires snake down from each semiconductor-manufacturing tool above to a set of automated chemical handlers, water analyzers, power conditioners, and-in the case of the unit I've come to see-kilowatt-class lasers.
Toward a theoretical framework for community EE

Given the growing attention to community environmental education (CEE), this study develops a theoretical heuristic for this approach through a retroductive process by (1) examining theories approp...
Turn your gaze upward! emotions, concerns, and regulatory strategies in Kierkegaard’s Christian Discourses

This essay argues that there are concrete emotion regulation practices described, but not developed, in Kierkegaard’s Christian Discourses. These practices—such as attentiveness to emotion, attentional deployment, and cognitive reappraisal—help the reader to regulate her emotions, to get rid of negative, unwanted emotions such as worry, and to cultivate and nourish positive emotions such as faith, gratitude, and trust. An examination of the Discourses also expose Kierkegaard’s understanding of the emotions; his view is akin to a perceptual theory of the emotions that closely connects emotions and concerns. In particular, this analysis unearths two main regulatory strategies located in the Discourses, strategies that closely resemble present-day psychological accounts of emotion regulation. I conclude that contemporary research reinforces Kierkegaard’s philosophical analysis of emotions and emotion-regulation strategies. Drawing on this research provides the most persuasive interpretation of Kierkegaard’s understanding of the emotions and emotion-regulation strategies. Additionally, present-day research clarifies the otherwise elusive, opaque strategies he describes. Finally, my analysis demonstrates that Kierkegaard’s work can uniquely contribute to the present-day psychological research by emphasizing the need for diachronic regulation strategies, while the contemporary literature overwhelmingly focuses on synchronic strategies.
On the tolerable limits of granulated recycled material additives to maintain structural integrity

Abstract Production and maker spaces are increasingly generating mixed plastic material waste of varying quality from 3-D printers. Industrial interest is growing in embedding granulated recycled particulate material additives into a virgin binding matrix. Examples include the introduction of granulated mixed recycled materials into 3-D printer material, concrete, and pavement. The stress load-sharing between the particulate additive and the binding matrix is an important factor in design and development of these composite materials. With mixed material additives, a designer is interested in the variation of such predicted load-sharing. However, experimental development is costly and time-consuming, thus analytical and semi-analytical estimates are desired for accelerated development. In this work, we expand on previous analytically correlated phase-averaged micro- and macrostructural loading to include variational effects present in mixed recycled material. In addition, model trade-offs are provided to aid designers in quickly selecting application specific mixtures. This framework identifies the stress contributions, and their variation, to reduce product development time and costs, which could greatly accelerate material recycling and reuse for improved infrastructure materials, low-cost 3-D printer filament, and reduced waste towards a more circular economy.
From Strom to Barack: Race, Ideology, and the Transformation of the Southern Party System

The southern party system has undergone a dramatic transformation since the 1960s, a transformation that has affected both the electoral bases of the parties and their leadership. This transformation has involved two related trends-a shift in the racial composition of the Democratic Party at the mass and elite levels and an ideological realignment that has produced a much wider gap between the ideological orientations and policy preferences of Democratic and Republican leaders and voters. In the South, to an even greater extent than in the rest of the nation, the Democratic Party has become increasingly dependent on the support of nonwhite voters. Meanwhile, despite the growing size of the nonwhite electorate in the South, the Republican base has remained overwhelmingly white. The growing dependence of the Democratic Party in the South on African-American and more recently Hispanic votes has contributed to the party's increasing liberalism because African-American and Hispanic voters tend to strongly support activist government. And this trend has also contributed to the growing conservatism of the Republican base as conservative whites have continued to flee the Democratic Party for the GOP. As a result, the two-party system in the South now consists of a Democratic Party dominated by nonwhites and white liberals and a Republican Party dominated by white conservatives.
Nonisothermal Models for Soil–Water Retention Curve

AbstractSeveral emerging problems in geotechnical and geoenvironmental engineering pose multiphysics problems involving nonisothermal processes in unsaturated soils. Properly studying these problem...
The Use of Perfluoroalkanesulfonic Acids in the Palladium-Catalyzed Carbomethoxylation of Olefins

The incorporation of CO via metal carbonyls into various unsaturated substrates was first developed by Reppe during the thirties and forties [1]. Rohm and Haas, BASF, and Dow Badische have success fully utilized modified Reppe technology in the manufacture of acrylic acid (Equation 1) from acetylene [2]. Using Ni propionate as a $$ HC \equiv CH + CO + ROH\xrightarrow[{Ni\left( {CO} \right)_4 }]{}H_2 C = CHCO_2 R $$ (1) catalyst precursor, BASF also produces propionic acid (Equation 2) $$ H_2 C = CH_2 + CO + ROH \to CH_3 CH_2 CO_2 R $$ (2) by phosphine-modified palladium(II)-group 4B metal halide complexes [3]. The regioselectivity to the branched isomer, R = CH3, is controlled by both aryl arsine and phosphine-modified palladium(II)-group 4B metal halide complexes [3]. The regioselectivity to the branched isomer, R = CH3, is controlled by both aryl arsine- and phosphine-modified palladium(II) complexes [4,5]. For example, propene yields predominantly (>90 mol %) methyl isobutyrate, a compound of interest as a possible precursor to methyl methacrylate.
The Effects of Utilitarian, Hedonic and Relational Factors on Intention: The Moderating Role of Website Anxiety

It is well recognized that utilitarian and hedonic factors are both important in explaining customers’ consumption activities. Recent research has advocated the role of relational factors in affecting the adoption processes. However, no study has examined these three factors simultaneously in one study. We integrate the utilitarian and hedonic benefits of online shopping with the relational benefit by evaluating how they together contribute to user intention to return to a website. We also examine how these influence factors were moderated by website anxiety. The empirical results suggest that 1) perceived performance, enjoyment, and social presence increase customers’ intention, 2) website anxiety negatively moderates the relationship between perceived performance and intention, such that low website anxiety strengthens that relationship, and 3) website anxiety positively moderates the relationship between social presence and intention, such that high website anxiety strengthens that relationship. Implications for Web site designers and researchers are discussed.
Video Compression for Digital Advanced Television Systems

Television began in 1941 with the adoption of a monochrome television standard by the National Television Systems Committee (NTSC) in the U.S. A fully compatible color television signal that fits within the same monochrome channel was adopted in 1953. Originally, television was perceived simply as a form of entertainment. Today, television in its many forms is also used for business, medicine, science, education, the military, and multi-media applications. These are a multitude of applications, with many more to come. With the various applications arise different sets of requirements. For example, accurately perceiving the beating of a human heart or the movements of a gymnast in the Olympics requires high temporal resolution, while examining museum pieces in an art class requires high spatial resolution. The advanced video systems that fulfill these requirements are called Advanced Television (ATV) Systems.
The geography of love : same-sex marriage & relationship recognition in America : (the story in maps)

In 2011, there is no question that the most prominent gay rights issue in the United States is the right to marry. Yet accurate, objective information about same-sex marriage and relationship recognition in the United States is difficult to come by. In this new publication, Seattle-based authors Peter Nicolas & Mike Strong combine their respective training in law and cartography to depict the history and current state of marriage and relationship recognition rights for same-sex couples in the United States in words...and in maps.This publication begins with a detailed history of efforts to achieve marriage rights and other forms of relationship recognition (such as domestic partnerships and civil unions) for gay and lesbian Americans, from the first lawsuit filed in 1970 in Minnesota to the Illinois civil union law that goes into effect in June 2011 - and just about everything (judicial and legislative) in between.Next, it provides detailed information on relationship recognition in the United States, including: which states permit same-sex couples to marry or to enter into other types of legal unions; the rules for entering into or terminating such relationships; a comparison of the rights that each state provides to same-sex couples; the extent to which same-sex relationships entered into in one state are recognized by other states; and which cities and counties have domestic partnership registries and equal benefits ordinances.That is followed by a look at efforts to ban same-sex marriage at the ballot box, including: selected vote details by state and county; a closer look at where support for such efforts was weakest and strongest; and a comparison of the processes for amending state constitutions across the United States.
The Evolution of Analytical Treatments of Vibro-Impact Oscillators

Prior to 1980 vibro-impact systems had been studied, primarily in the context of impact dampers, by several researchers. The focus of those efforts was on the existence and stability of simple periodic responses, and their utility in vibration attenuation, generally using models with two degrees of freedom (DOF). The treatments of single DOF systems by Senator and two DOF systems by Masri and Caughey were the most sophisticated and thorough of these works. In the early 1980’s, simulation studies by Thompson and Ghaffari showed that even the simplest single DOF vibro-impact model displayed a rich variety of previously unexpected responses, including chaos, and exhibited several interesting bifurcations relating these responses as system and/or excitation parameters were varied. Around the same time Holmes showed that a simple model for a ball bouncing on a vibrating table (a vibro-impact system with gravity as the restoring force) possessed Smale horseshoes, that is, the topology required for chaotic dynamics. Those works motivated my Ph.D. research on piecewise linear single DOF systems, including the limiting case of vibro-impact dynamics. We attempted to attack these problems by casting the traditional approaches used for analyzing periodic responses in these systems in the form of a more general Poincare map. This approach allowed for systematic local and bifurcation analyses, and provided the means to show that chaos, in the form of horseshoes were present in the system models. It was after completion of my Ph.D. in 1983 that I learned of the extensive, earlier work of Peterka on these systems, which included detailed observations about bifurcations and chaos using analog computer simulations. Also, around this time a number of people started to work on vibro-impact systems, focusing on the peculiarities that arise due to the non-smooth nature of the system dynamics. Most notable of these was the work by Nordmark, who developed systematic methods for investigating grazing dynamics and their attendant bifurcations, providing results which laid the foundation for many subsequent studies. In this paper I will briefly outline some of this history and show how these early studies of vibro-impact systems paved the way for several ongoing efforts in the area of piece-wise smooth systems. I will also show some very recent results by others on vibro-impact systems in some new application areas, including micro-systems and turbomachinery.