cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molecular taxonomy of Phytophthora megasperma based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA polymorphisms

One hundred and ninety-four isolates of P. megasperma from a wide range of host plants and of worldwide origin were subjected to molecular characterization based on numerical analyses of their mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). Of the nine distinct molecular groups identified, four represented groups of isolates from single host plants. In addition to the previously recognized host-specific taxa isolated from alfalfa, clover and soybean, a previously unidentified, fourth group contained only isolates from asparagus. An additional mtDNA group included isolates recovered primarily from Douglas fir. Most of the remaining isolates, from a wide range of woody and herbaceous hosts, were placed into another four groups. Of these, groups A, B and C were closely related; group D was not. A number of additional isolates had unique mtDNA patterns. An intergroup comparison confirmed the genetic distinctness of the nine groups and intergroup genetic distances were sometimes large. In addition, isolates representing specific molecular groups of the P. cryptogea/P. drechsleri ‘species complex’ ( Mills, Forster & Coffey, 1991 ) were interspersed between those of the P. megasperma groups. The mtDNA RFLP findings were largely supported by an analysis based on chromosomal DNA RFLPs. However, amongst the three mtDNA groups A, B and C containing isolates from a broad host range (BHR protein group; Hansen et al., 1986 ), only group A was resolved.
The Use of Sulfasalazine in Atrophie Blanche

Atrophie blanche can be a chronic condition for which there is no satisfactory treatment. Two patients with atrophie blanche who had not responded to various therapeu- tic modalities were given a trial of sulfasalazine 1 g three times daily. The ulcers healed within 3 months in both cases. In view of these positive results, patients should be treated with sulfa- salazine to determine the efficacy of this drug in atrophie blanche. Atrophie blanche was first described by Milian in 1926.' Others'-'' have preferred the term livedo vascu- litis or segmental hyalinizing vasculitis for this condi- tion. It is a chronic disorder that is more common in young and middle-aged women and usually affects the lower legs and ankles. Uncommonly, lesions may occur on the hands, face, and trunk. There is usually no underlying systemic disease. The salient pathologic findings include the occurrence of fibrinoid material in superficial blood vessels, decreased vascularity," and intimal proliferation as well as hyalinization of the blood vessel walls.^'^ However, there are no uniformly accepted clinical or histopatholog ic criteria for this condition.''-^ We report the successful use of sulfasala- zine in two patients with atrophie blanche (livedo vas- culitis), a condition in which none of the numerous reported treatments has been consistently effective.''""** Case 1
Renaming the "Henneman size principle".

The principle that the orderly recruitment of motoneurons is based on variation in size, with the smaller neurons activated first, is credited to Harvard University physiologist Elwood Henneman, who first published a description of this theory in Science (Reports, 27 Dec. 1957, p. [1345][1]). Having
Differential Mobility Separation of Ions Using a Rectangular Asymmetric Waveform

The performance of a planar differential mobility spectrometer (DMS) is investigated when operated in air at ambient pressure and driven by a rectangular asymmetric waveform, limited to frequencies of <1.2 MHz and voltage pulse amplitudes of <1 kV with steep rise times of the order of ∼15 ns. Independent control of frequency, voltage pulse amplitude, and duty cycle allow for characterizing the DMS in terms of transmission, resolution and separation. The tradeoff between sensitivity and resolution and the effect of duty cycle on instrument performance are demonstrated experimentally. The dependence of ion mobility on the magnitude of the electric field determines the displacement of ions measured by the DC compensation voltage as a function of the duty cycle. Optimum values for the duty cycle exist for the separation of A- and C-type ions, while, B-type ions exhibit a more complex behavior. An analytical expression for describing the effect of duty cycle on the separation of the ions, determined by variati...
Measuring Transport of Lawn-Applied Herbicide Acids from Turf to Home: Correlation of Dislodgeable 2,4-D Turf Residues with Carpet Dust and Carpet Surface Residues

Transport of lawn-applied herbicides into the home via walking over treated turf, defined here as track-in, was measured at five different times out to 1 week after application. Residues of turf-applied 2,4-D and dicamba were measured in carpet dust and on the carpet surface after track-in. Both carpet dust levels and carpet surface dislodgeable residue levels were highly correlated with turf dislodgeable residue levels. Turf dislodgeable residues were 0.1−0.2% of turf application levels. Transfer of herbicides from turf to carpet dust was 3% of the turf dislodgeable residues. Transfer from turf to carpet surface was 0.3% of the turf dislodgeable residues. Herbicide 2,4-D was measured in the carpet dust of suburban homes at the 0.1−5 μg/g levels that are predicted by this efficiency of mass transfer. New tools used to collect these samples included the polyurethane foam roller dislodgeable residue sampler and the high-volume solid surface sampler.
Elegiac poetry: A pastoral resource with complicated grief

This essay argues that elegiac poetry, the poetry of mourning, may be a resource for pastoral care with complicated grief. It builds on Freud’s distinction between mourning (normal grief) and melancholia (complicated grief), particularly as appropriated by French literary critic and psychoanalyst Julia Kristeva. It makes the case for elegy as a locus for externalizing a lost object which, in complicated grief, has been internalized as part of the bereaved person’s self and which is not only grieved but also treated ambivalently if it is not hated. Drawing on the “suffering God” motif in Christian theologies of the cross, theological reflections supplement psychological arguments.
UNDIAGNOSED MENTAL ILLNESS IN THE EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT

Abstract Background Mental illness affects 8% of the population. The early identification and treatment of mental illness can reduce the progression and complications of the illness. Objective The objective of this study was to identify unsuspected psychiatric illness in patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) with non-psychiatric-related complaints. A comparison of the test results and the emergency physician assessments were then compared. Methods All consenting and stable patients who presented to the ED with non-psychiatric complaints were given the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). It was administered to the patient by a trained research fellow before the patient was seen by the physician. Before the patient's departure from the ED, the research fellow notified the emergency physician of the results of the MINI interview. After the emergency physician was notified of the diagnosis of the MINI, any change in the treatment was reviewed. Results A total of 211 patients were enrolled in the study. The majority of patients (55%) tested negative for all undiagnosed mental illnesses. The top diagnoses were as follows: major depression (24%), general anxiety (9%), and drug abuse (8%). Of all those patients who tested positive for an undiagnosed mental illness, only 2% were diagnosed by the ED attending. Conclusions The idea that the ED is a good place to identify undiagnosed mental health illnesses was confirmed. The use of an independent test such as the MINI was also shown to be useful to aid the emergency physician in identifying undetected mental illnesses.
The effect of dose rate on radiation-induced neoplastic transformation in vitro by low doses of low-LET radiation.

Abstract Elmore, E., Lao, X-Y., Kapadia, R. and Redpath, J. L. The Effect of Dose Rate on Radiation-Induced Neoplastic Transformation In Vitro by Low Doses of Low-LET Radiation. Radiat. Res. 166, 832–838 (2006). The dependence of the incidence of radiation-induced cancer on the dose rate of the radiation exposure is a question of considerable importance to the estimation of risk of cancer induction by low-dose-rate radiation. Currently a dose and dose-rate effectiveness factor (DDREF) is used to convert high-dose-rate risk estimates to low dose rates. In this study, the end point of neoplastic transformation in vitro has been used to explore this question. It has been shown previously that for low doses of low-LET radiation delivered at high dose rates, there is a suppression of neoplastic transformation frequency at doses less than around 100 mGy. In the present study, dose–response curves up to a total dose of 1000 mGy have been generated for photons from 125I decay (approximately 30 keV) delivered at d...
Transdermal Delivery of Physostigmine. A Pretreatment Against Organophosphate Poisoning

Physostigmine absorption through isolated human skin and inhibition of plasma and red blood cell cholinesterases in guinea-pigs have been measured to assess the feasibility of its transdermal delivery as a pretreatment for organophosphate poisoning. Penetration of radiolabeled physostigmine across human epidermis was measured in-vitro using glass diffusion cells and optimization of physostigmine delivery was achieved by changes in vehicle formulation and use of penetration enhancers. Two-component vehicles consisting of propionic acid/isopropyl myristate (50:50) and propionic acid/oleic acid (50:50) produced the highest transdermal delivery of physostigmine. A comparison of formulations containing propionic acid alone with propionic acid plus oleic acid when applied to guinea-pigs, showed that inclusion of oleic acid allowed the amount of physostigmine and the size of the transdermal patch to be substantially reduced, whilst maintaining effective delivery rates. The formulation containing oleic acid was not irritant to guinea-pigs when applied to the skin for 48 h. It is concluded that a mixture of propionic acid and oleic acid containing physostigmine is a good candidate for transdermal delivery of physostigmine as a pretreatment for organophosphate poisoning.
On Connections between Group Homomorphisms and the Ingleton Inequality

In this paper, we show that random variables mapped under group homomorphisms from a uniformly distributed background random variable satisfy the Ingleton inequality. As corollaries, we recover two previous known results. The first is that the network throughput of linear network codes is, in general, constrained by the Ingleton inequality. The second and related result is that the network throughput of Abelian-group network codes - group network codes that are restricted to Abelian groups - is also constrained by the Ingleton inequality.
The economic leverage of technology

Abstract As ‘insiders' in science and technology, most of have shared a sure belief that technology creates more jobs and results in many benefits for a nation's economy as a whole. We know that the adoption of advanced technology raises productivity, which in turn increases the competitive strength of an industry or an economy, reduces inflationary pressures and raises per capita living standards.
The effect of nitrogen fertilization on the COS and CS2 emissions from temperature forest soils

The net fluxes of carbonyl sulfide (COS) and carbon disulfide (CS2) to the atmosphere from nitrogen amended and unamended deciduous and coniferous forest soils were measured during the spring of 1986. We found that emissions of these gases from acidic forest soils were substantially increased after nitrogen fertilization. The total (COS+CS2) emissions were increased by nearly a factor of three in the hardwood stand and were more than doubled in the pine stand. Furthermore, vegetation type appeared to have an influence on which was the dominant sulfur gas released from the forest soils. The added nitrogen caused a dramatic increase in COS emissions from the hardwood stand (a factor of three increase), while CS2 emissions from this site were not affected. We observed the opposite response in the pine stand; that is, the nitrogen fertilization had no affect on COS emissions, but did stimulate CS2 emissions (a factor of more than nine increase).
Country Effects on Information Seeking in Global Electronic Networks

We examine the existence of country effects on information seeking in response to market volatility, and explore the institutional factors underlying these effects. The empirical setting is the use of an electronic inter-bank network over twelve months by 3,266 banks located in twenty-five countries. We find significant differences across countries in banks' information-seeking behavior in response to market volatility, influenced both by differences in national industry arrangements and by national culture. However, national industry arrangements and national culture influence banks' information seeking in distinct ways.
Silicon grain crystallographic orientation measurement from NIR transmission and reflection

Measurement of in-plane residual stresses in photovoltaic Si wafers with NIR polariscopy requires the knowledge of the stress-optic coefficient of the silicon, which varies with local crystallographic orientation. We have found that, all other variables being equal, the transmission of light through crystals will vary with crystallographic orientation. After measuring transmitted light intensities through monocrystalline CZ wafers of known thickness and orientation, we have created a calibration scale by which the orientation of grains in a random multicrystalline wafer may be obtained. A stereoscopic light setup was also used to compare the same grains in reflection.
Accidental genetic engineers: horizontal sequence transfer from parasitoid wasps to their Lepidopteran hosts.

We show here that 105 regions in two Lepidoptera genomes appear to derive from horizontally transferred wasp DNA. We experimentally verified the presence of two of these sequences in a diverse set of silkworm (Bombyx mori) genomes. We hypothesize that these horizontal transfers are made possible by the unusual strategy many parasitoid wasps employ of injecting hosts with endosymbiotic polydnaviruses to minimize the host's defense response. Because these virus-like particles deliver wasp DNA to the cells of the host, there has been much interest in whether genetic information can be permanently transferred from the wasp to the host. Two transferred sequences code for a BEN domain, known to be associated with polydnaviruses and transcriptional regulation. These findings represent the first documented cases of horizontal transfer of genes between two organisms by a polydnavirus. This presents an interesting evolutionary paradigm in which host species can acquire new sequences from parasitoid wasps that attack them. Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera diverged ∼300 MYA, making this type of event a source of novel sequences for recipient species. Unlike many other cases of horizontal transfer between two eukaryote species, these sequence transfers can be explained without the need to invoke the sequences ‘hitchhiking’ on a third organism (e.g. retrovirus) capable of independent reproduction. The cellular machinery necessary for the transfer is contained entirely in the wasp genome. The work presented here is the first such discovery of what is likely to be a broader phenomenon among species affected by these wasps.
Intramuscular morphology and tendon geometry of the epaxial swimming muscles of dolphins

The dolphin upstroke is powered primarily by the m. multifidus and m. longissimus—robust muscles that insert serially along the vertebral column. Intramuscular and tendon morphology coupled with kinematic data are used to hypothesize regionally specific functions of these muscles. Both muscles develop equivalent forces (approximately 2kN) in the region of the thoraco-lumbar spine, but transmit those forces to different regions of the vertebral column. The m. multifidus transmits the majority of its force locally to the thoraco-lumar spine, a region of the body that undergoes no measurable bending. The action of the m. multifidus appears to be to stiffen its deep tendon of insertion, forming a temporary skeletal element for the m. longissimus. The m. longissimus transmits the majority of its force to the caudal spine, by way of a novel interaction between its insertional tendons and the subdermal connective tissue sheath. This insertional pattern confers torsional stiffness on the caudal peduncle, and allows the m. longissimus to do relatively more work (118 J) than if it had a typical mammalian insertional pattern. The caudal extension of the m. multifidus does 12 J of work on the caudal spine during an upstroke. The caudal extension of the m. longissimus transmits its force to the vertebrae in the caudal flukes and is the only epaxial muscle that acts to control the angle of attack of the fluke blade.
Theory change in immunology. Part I: Extended theories and scientific progress

This two-part article examines the competition between the clonal selection theory and the instructive theory of the immune response from 1957-1967. In Part I the concept of a temporally 'extended theory' is introduced, which requires attention to the hitherto largely ignored issue of theory individuation. Factors which influence the acceptability of such an extended theory at different temporal points are also embedded in a Bayesian framework, which is shown to provide a rational account of belief change in science. In Part II these factors, as elaborated in the Bayesian framework, are applied to the case of the success of the clonal selection theory and the failure of the instructive theory.
Toxic foraminifera: Innocent until proven guilty

Abstract Reticulopods of benthic and planktic foraminifera have been periodically reported to possess the ability to narcotize, paralyze or even kill larger prey organisms by means of toxins. This paper critically examines the historical development of the idea of toxicity in foraminifera and provides new observational data on prey capture in the benthic species Glabratella ornatissima. Data presently available provide only minimal evidence for the presence of toxins in foraminifera. Most available evidence suggests that foraminiferal prey capture is in large part mediated by molecular cell-surface receptors (e.g. carbohydrates, glycoproteins) present in the extracellular matrix of adhesive pseudopodia. A survey of available data indicates that the majority of experimentally studied foraminifera exhibit the capability to effectively capture motile prey organisms, including in at least some cases organisms that exceed the predator body size. This suggests that the reticulopodial networks of many foraminiferal species may function as effective traps for a variety of motile organisms and that carnivory in foraminifera may be more widespread than previously assumed.
Cultures From Genitourinary Prostheses at Reoperation: Questioning the Role of Staphylococcus Epidermidis in Periprosthetic Infection

AbstractPurpose: We determine the colony counts of organisms present on culture of clinically uninfected genitourinary prostheses at reoperation for reasons other than infection. These results served as control data for comparison with cultures from infected devices to determine the relative incidence of organisms involved.Materials and Methods: Cultures were prospectively obtained from 65 penile prostheses and 22 artificial urinary sphincters. Patients were followed for a minimum of 12 months after reoperation or until development of infection (mean 27 months) at which time cultures were again obtained.Results: Low colony counts of Staphylococcus epidermidis were isolated from 40 percent of uninfected penile prostheses and 36 percent of artificial urinary sphincters. Only 3 of these devices later became infected (9 percent) and in all cases a higher colony count of another organism was found at explantation.Conclusions: While Staph. epidermidis can cause prosthesis infection, low colony counts of the org...
The scope of imported identifiers in Modula-2

An extension to Modula-2 is proposed that allows better control of the scope of the unqualified form of imported identifiers. In the current language an imported identifier can be unqualified only for an entire module. Ada allows a more precise control of the scope. A fairly minor syntactic change to Modula-2 would allow a similar convenience.
Population receptive field estimates in human visual cortex

We introduce functional MRI methods for estimating the neuronal population receptive field (pRF). These methods build on conventional visual field mapping that measures responses to ring and wedge patterns shown at a series of visual field locations and estimates the single position in the visual field that produces the largest response. The new method computes a model of the population receptive field from responses to a wide range of stimuli and estimates the visual field map as well as other neuronal population properties, such as receptive field size and laterality. The visual field maps obtained with the pRF method are more accurate than those obtained using conventional visual field mapping, and we trace with high precision the visual field maps to the center of the foveal representation. We report quantitative estimates of pRF size in medial, lateral and ventral occipital regions of human visual cortex. Also, we quantify the amount of input from ipsi- and contralateral visual fields. The human pRF size estimates in V1–V3 agree well with electrophysiological receptive field measurements at a range of eccentricities in corresponding locations within monkey and human visual field maps. The pRF method is non-invasive and can be applied to a wide range of conditions when it is useful to link fMRI signals in the visual pathways to neuronal receptive fields.
Automaticity and Reading: Perspectives from the Instance Theory of Automatization.

The ability to process information automatically is an important aspect of many everyday skills, including reading. This article reviews the literature on automaticity and relates it to issues in reading. The main focus of the review is on the instance theory of automaticity (Logan, 1988b, 1990, 1992), because it offers a unique perspective on automatization and has special relevance to reading.
Anniversaries in 1966–67 of Interest to Statisticians

Abstract Brief recognition is given to bicentennials of the death of James Stirling (1692–1770) and birth of Ferdinand Rudolph Hassler (1770–1843); to sesquicentennials of the publication of the 3rd definitive edition of Laplace's Theorie analytique des probabilites, and of the births of William Chauvenet (1820–1870) and Isaac Todhunter (1820–1884); to centennials of the births of Louis Bachelier (1870–1946) and Jean Perrin (1870–1942); and to the semicentennial of the initial publication (1920) of Metron, an International Review of Statistics.
The stochastic nature of cardiac propagation at a microscopic level. Electrical description of myocardial architecture and its application to conduction

The object of this study is to present evidence that the myocardial architecture creates inhomogeneities of electrical load at the cellular level that cause cardiac propagation to be stochastic in nature; ie, the excitatory events during propagation are constantly changing and disorderly in the sense of varying intracellular events and delays between cells. At a macroscopic level, however, these stochastic events become averaged and appear consistent with a continuous medium. We examined this concept in a two-dimensional (2D) model of myocardial architecture by exploring whether experimentally observed Vmax variability reflected different patterns of intracellular excitation events and junctional delays. The patterns of Vmax variability at randomly chosen intracellular sites were similar experimentally and in the 2D model. The 2D cellular model produced marked variability in gap junction delays; however, on the average, different gap junctions were used for cell-to-cell charge flow during conduction in different directions. During longitudinal propagation (LP), the velocity increased from the proximal to the distal end of each myocyte, and Vmax was lowest proximally, increased to a maximum at the distal fourth of the cell, and decreased distally. Transverse propagation (TP) produced rapid intracellular conduction with variable intracellular excitation sequences. TP Vmax was greater than LP Vmax in most subcellular regions, but near the ends of some myocytes, a reversed "TP > LP Vmax" relation occurred. Total charge carried by the sodium current varied inversely with Vmax, demonstrating feedback effects of cellular loading on the subcellular sodium current and the kinetics of the sodium channels. The results suggest that the stochastic nature of normal propagation at a microscopic level provides a considerable protective effect against arrhythmias by reestablishing the general trend of wave-front movement after small variations in excitation events occur.
The Making of the Chinese Industrial Workplace: State, Revolution, and Labor Management

List of tables List of acronyms Preface 1. Introduction 2. Labor management and its opponents, 1927-37 3. Welfare and wages in wartime 4. Takeover policies and labor politics, 1949-52 5. Adjusting to the command economy 6. Enterprise perspectives on the command economy 7. The rise of 'party committee factories' 8. Conclusion Archives consulted Bibliography Index.
Visual sonar: fast obstacle avoidance using monocular vision

We contribute a fast system for avoiding unknown obstacles on a mobile robot using a simple camera as the only sensor. The vision module detects objects, both known and unknown, around the robot. Unknown objects are detected by paying attention to occlusions of a floor of known colors. Range and angle to the objects is calculated and used to create a radial model of the vicinity of the robot. This modeling component keeps tracks of objects that are currently outside the field of view of the camera allowing the robot to avoid obstacles it is not currently looking at. We show the effectiveness of the vision and modeling algorithms by creating a simple behavior which wanders around while avoiding obstacles.
Fast and Accurate k-means For Large Datasets

Clustering is a popular problem with many applications. We consider the k-means problem in the situation where the data is too large to be stored in main memory and must be accessed sequentially, such as from a disk, and where we must use as little memory as possible. Our algorithm is based on recent theoretical results, with significant improvements to make it practical. Our approach greatly simplifies a recently developed algorithm, both in design and in analysis, and eliminates large constant factors in the approximation guarantee, the memory requirements, and the running time. We then incorporate approximate nearest neighbor search to compute k-means in o(nk) (where n is the number of data points; note that computing the cost, given a solution, takes Θ(nk) time). We show that our algorithm compares favorably to existing algorithms - both theoretically and experimentally, thus providing state-of-the-art performance in both theory and practice.
OSCILLATOR AND DIPOLE STRENGTHS FOR CHLOROPHYLL AND RELATED MOLECULES

. –Previous calculations of the oscillator and dipole strengths for chlorophyll and related molecules are critically reviewed and, in some cases, important information that was not included in the original published reports is given. Oscillator and dipole strengths are reported for the Qy (0,0) vibronic transition of chlorophyll a, bacteriochlorophyll a, pyrochlorophyll a, pheophytin a, and pyrobacteriochlorophyll a. A medium correction has been explicitly included in the calculation of chlorophyll oscillator and dipole strengths. The proper formulas are summarized for the calculation of oscillator and dipole strengths from visible absorption spectra. Three criteria for the full specification of an oscillator strength or dipole strength calculation are recommended; (i) the formula used must be given explicitly, (ii) it must be made clear whether or not a medium correction was applied (and if a medium correction was applied, then it should be given explicitly), and (iii) the limits of integration over v must be specified.
Computing visual correspondence with occlusions using graph cuts

Several new algorithms for visual correspondence based on graph cuts have recently been developed. While these methods give very strong results in practice, they do not handle occlusions properly. Specifically, they treat the two input images asymmetrically, and they do not ensure that a pixel corresponds to at most one pixel in the other image. In this paper, we present a new method which properly addresses occlusions, while preserving the advantages of graph cut algorithms. We give experimental results for stereo as well as motion, which demonstrate that our method performs well both at detecting occlusions and computing disparities.
Hydrodynamics of prey capture in sharks : effects of substrate

In suction feeding, a volume of water is drawn into the mouth of a predator. Previous studies of suction feeding in fishes have shown that significant fluid velocities are confined to a region within one mouth width from the mouth. Therefore, the predator must be relatively close to the prey to ensure capture success. Here, theoretical modelling is combined with empirical data to unravel the mechanism behind feeding on a substrate. First, we approached the problem theoretically by combining the stream functions of two sinks. Computational fluid dynamics modelling is then applied to make quantitative predictions regarding the effects of substrate proximity on the feeding hydrodynamics of a benthic shark. An oblique circular cylinder and a shark head model were used. To test the models, we used digital particle image velocimetry to record fluid flow around the mouth of white-spotted bamboo sharks, Chiloscyllium plagiosum, during suction feeding on the substrate and in the water column. Empirical results confirmed the modelling predictions: the length of the flow field can be doubled due to passive substrate effects during prey capture. Feeding near a substrate extends the distance over which suction is effective and a predator strike can be effective further from the prey.
Optimization frameworks for wireless network coding under multi-hop node interference

Based on an information model that classifies intermediate nodes in multicast networks into network coding, routing and replicating nodes, multicast max-flow and minimum cost optimization frameworks are formulated to solve optimization problems in wireless networks with or without network coding. Two special properties of wireless transmissions are taken into consideration, i.e., multi-hop cooperation and mutual interference among nodes. Using maximal ratio combining (MRC) for node cooperation and successive interference cancellation (SIC) for interference mitigation, signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) expressions for wireless nodes are derived. Such expressions are then used to modify the edge capacity in the optimization frameworks. The proposed method is helpful to the study of node cooperation and competition in multi-hop wireless communication networks.
On the effectiveness of onboard processing

The effectiveness of onboard processing in communications satellites is discussed, and the interrelationships between the various elements of onboard processing are described. An overview is given of NASA's Advanced Communications Technology Satellite (ACTS), emphasizing its baseboard processor. The onboard processing features of ACTS are described, including frequency reuse, signal regeneration, TDMA/FDMA demand assigned multiple access, forward error correction, routing, and dynamic reconfiguration. The terminals of the ACTS ground segment are described, and comparisons are made between satellite onboard processing and other technologies.
Preserving Privacy in Social Networks: A Structure-Aware Approach

Graph structured data can be ubiquitously found in the real world. For example, social networks can easily be represented as graphs where the graph connotes the complex sets of relationships between members of social systems. While their analysis could be beneficial in many aspects, publishing certain types of social networks raises significant privacy concerns. This brings the problem of graph anonymization into sharp focus. Unlike relational data, the true information in graph structured data is encoded within the structure and graph properties. Motivated by this, we propose a structure aware anonymization approach that maximally preserves the structure of the original network as well as its structural properties while anonymizing it. Instead of anonymizing each node one by one independently, our approach treats each partitioned substructural component of the network as one single unit to be anonymized. This maximizes utility while enabling anonymization. We apply our method to both synthetic and real datasets and demonstrate its effectiveness and practical usefulness.
Model of nitric oxide diffusion in an arteriole: impact of hemoglobin-based blood substitutes

Administration of hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) frequently results in vasoconstriction that is primarily attributed to the scavenging of endothelium-derived nitric oxide (NO) by cell-fre...
A brief course of cognitive behavioural therapy for the treatment of misophonia: a case example

Misophonia is a condition of unknown cause characterized by atypically intense negative physiological and emotional reactions to hearing certain sounds – most often those associated with oral functions. Individuals with misophonia often report high levels of psychological distress and avoidance behaviours that seriously compromise their occupational and social functioning. As of yet, no effective treatment of misophonia has been identified, and health care providers often struggle when they encounter clients who have it. This case report describes the assessment, case formulation, and treatment of a client with misophonia using cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), and serves as an initial contribution to the evidence base for the efficacy of CBT in the treatment of misophonia.
Kanzi, evolution, and language

What an irony it is, that the supposed attempt to bring homo sapiens down a few notches in the natural order has taken the form of us humans hectoring another species into emulating our instinctive form of communication, or some artificial form we have invented, as if that were the measure of biological worth. The chimpanzee’s resistance is no shame on them; a human would surely do no better if trained to hoot and shriek like a chimp, a symmetrical project that makes about as much scientific sense. (Pinker 1994, p. 351) What is the significance of attempting to get members of other species to learn human languages or their variants? Such studies are often considered to be of more dubious value than studies of natural communication in a species in its own environment. There is a big difference between comparing such natural forms of communication to human language, and comparing extremely unnatural forms, such as bonobos who have learned an English based form of artificial symbolic representation. I will argue today that even the most unnatural experiments can be of vital use in reasoning about the origins of human language. My argument rests on two points, first, the fundamental importance and the structure of comparative studies, and second, the crucial role of development in understanding claims about language capacities. These days, more and more people buy the idea that comparative studies are useful, even including Chomsky, in a recent paper he coauthored with Hauser et al. (2002). But an understanding of capacities is also essential, as I shall argue. Claims of human uniqueness have been ubiquitous in discussions of the evolution of language. One of the most vocal recent advocates of this view is Steven Pinker. Pinker argues that human language capacity should be understood as a ‘module’ that evolved in the hominid line – that is, it is uniquely human. Included in this module are capacities to produce and consume language, which includes the ability to hear and parse syntax, as well as the syntactical and semantic abilities necessary for producing sentences. (1994, p. 373) This whole suite of behaviors is called the language instinct, which is modular in its structure.
Language Learning Disabilities: The Ultimate Foreign Language Challenge

In today's world where great value is placed on global understanding, the acquisition of languages is essential. Academics would agree that the study of other languages provides students access to the cultural and intellectual heritage of cultures other than their own. Additionally, such study gives new and different perspectives on the structure and complexity of English. For the majority of stu- dents, the fulfillment of the college foreign language requirement is not problematic. But what happens to the individuals who have difficulty fulfilling the requirement? This article describes the special diffi- culties university students with dyslexia and other language learning difficulties have in satisfying the foreign language requirement. The article also provides a checklist of warning signs that identify stu- dents who are at risk for failure in foreign language classes, academic options to help students with lan- guage learning difficulties, and recommendations for alternative teaching methodologies for students who do not have the ability to learn a foreign language through traditional teaching methods.
The first decade of e-commerce

Executives remain hopeful, despite recent turmoil in the e-commerce business environment, that the internet will fulfil their expectations and become a source of competitive advantage. The authors of this article provide a historical review of the first decade of e-commerce and its business models. The authors provide a historical foundation so that future research will not duplicate what has already been done by documenting the evolution of e-commerce models developed by researchers during the initial decade of e-commerce. In addition, strategic challenges facing executives who seek to use the internet as part of their global business strategy are offered.
Frictional Aging and Sliding Bifurcation in Monolayer-Coated Micromachines

Using a high-performance polycrystalline-silicon micromachined actuator that also functions as a friction tester, we have found frictional forces that cannot be explained by Amontons' law with a constant coefficient of friction. In our friction test, a constant tangential force is applied while normal load is ramped down at a rate \mathdotF n after a hold time t h at a hold load F h. When coated by a monolayer of FOTAS (CF3 C5F10C2H4Si(N(CH3)2)3), we find that there is no unique coefficient of static friction mus , but instead that mus depends on all three of these parameters. The dependence on t h implies static friction aging, but the rate of static friction aging can be suppressed by greater hold force. When sliding motion begins, we have identified a critical normal force to shear force ratio such that any motion initiating above the critical ratio proceeds with time-dependent frictional creep over several hundred nanometers, whereas any motion initiating below the critical ratio proceeds with a large inertial jump. These effects demonstrate that contact aging effects extend from the micrometer to the nanometer scale and are relevant to micromachined interfaces.
Blending freeform and managed information in tables (NIER track)

Tables are an important tool used by business analysts engaged in early requirements activities (in fact it is safe to say that tables appeal to many other types of user, in a variety of activities and domains). Business analysts typically use the tables provided by office tools. These tables offer great flexibility, but no underlying model, and hence no consistency management, multiple views or other advantages familiar to the users of modeling tools. Modeling tools, however, are usually too rigid for business analysts. In this paper we present a flexible modeling approach to tables, which combines the advantages of both office and modeling tools. Freeform information can co-exist with information managed by an underlying model, and an incremental formalization approach allows each item of information to transition fluidly between freeform and managed. As the model evolves, it is used to guide the user in the process of formalizing any remaining freeform information. The model therefore helps users without restricting them. Early feedback is described, and the approach is analyzed briefly in terms of cognitive dimensions.
Elevated cerebral spinal fluid cytokine levels in boys with cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy correlates with MRI severity

Background X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) is a metabolic, peroxisomal disease that results from a mutation in the ABCD1 gene. The most severe course of ALD progression is the cerebral inflammatory and demyelinating form of the disease, cALD. To date there is very little information on the cytokine mediators in the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) of these boys. Methodology/Principal Findings Measurement of 23 different cytokines was performed on CSF and serum of boys with cerebral ALD and patients without ALD. Significant elevations in CSF IL-8 (29.3±2.2 vs 12.8±1.1 pg/ml, p = 0.0001), IL-1ra (166±30 vs 8.6±6.5 pg/ml, p = 0.005), MCP-1 (610±47 vs 328±34 pg/ml, p = 0.002), and MIP-1b (14.2±1.3 vs 2.0±1.4 pg/ml, p<0.0001) were found in boys with cALD versus the control group. The only serum cytokine showing an elevation in the ALD group was SDF-1 (2124±155 vs 1175±125 pg/ml, p = 0.0001). The CSF cytokines of IL-8 and MCP-1b correlated with the Loes MRI severity score (p = 0.04 and p = 0.008 respectively), as well as the serum SDF-1 level (p = 0.002). Finally, CSF total protein was also significantly elevated in boys with cALD and correlated with both IL-8, MCP-1b (p = 0.0001 for both), as well as Loes MRI severity score (p = 0.0007). Conclusions/Significance IL-8, IL-1ra, MCP-1, MIP-1b and CSF total protein were significantly elevated in patients with cALD; IL-8, MCP-1b, and CSF total protein levels correlated with disease severity determined by MRI. This is the largest report of CSF cytokine levels in cALD to date, and identification of these key cytokines will provide further insight into disease progression and perhaps lead to improved targeted therapies.
A Model of Following

Abstract In the discrete-time models of learning in [ 5 ] (based on the Kaczmarz projection algorithm [ 3 ]) there were obtained estimates (Theorems 4.1. and 4.2) of the sum of the errors and the length of the learning path of a learning process. These depended on the size of a time steph, a parameter of the model, and they would yield limits ash → 0 but the resulting asymptotic estimates were not realizable in any particular model (with fixedh). Here we define a continuous-time analogue of our former discrete-time model of learning and we call it a model of following. It is shown that the asymptotic forms of the main results about learning are true in the models of following.
Targeted ablation of PINCH1 and PINCH2 from murine myocardium results in dilated cardiomyopathy and early postnatal lethality.

Background— PINCH proteins are 5 LIM domain–only adaptor proteins that function as key components of the integrin signaling pathway and play crucial roles in multiple cellular processes. Two PINCH proteins, PINCH1 and PINCH2, have been described in mammals and share high homology. Both PINCH1 and PINCH2 are ubiquitously expressed in most tissues and organs, including myocardium. Cardiac-specific PINCH1 knockout or global PINCH2 knockout mice exhibit no basal cardiac phenotype, which may reflect a redundant role for these 2 PINCH proteins in myocardium. A potential role for PINCH proteins in myocardium remains unknown. Methods and Results— To define the role of PINCH in myocardium, we generated mice that were doubly homozygous null for PINCH1 and PINCH2 in myocardium. Resulting mutants were viable at birth but developed dilated cardiomyopathy and died of heart failure within 4 weeks. Mutant hearts exhibited disruptions of intercalated disks and costameres accompanied by fibrosis. Furthermore, multiple cell...
Strategies for the in vitro testing of in situ polymers.

In situ polymers are used by mixing two or more compounds that are then placed directly in tissues to form a unique product. This type of reaction can generate heat, reactive oxygen species, free radicals, and other by-products of unknown toxicities, but the polymer itself is biocompatible. Many regulatory agencies require in vitro testing, however, standard guidelines (ASTM, ISO, AAMI) test polymers in a final form prior to use as a medical device. To better estimate the cytotoxicity of these in situ polymers, various means of introducing the reacting material to cells in culture were explored. Coating the material on a sterile glass cover slip then adding the cover slip to the in vitro test system immediately provided reasonable cytotoxicity data that reflected actual use conditions. For in situ polymeric devices that are more viscous, such as dental materials and bone cements, a mold was used that was placed directly into cell culture. This approach in testing in situ polymers generated in vitro toxici...
Xenopus msx1 mediates epidermal induction and neural inhibition by BMP4

Epidermal fate in Xenopus ectoderm has been shown to be induced by a secreted growth factor, Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4 (BMP4). However, the molecular mechanism mediating this response is poorly understood. Here, we show that the expression of the homeobox gene, msx1, is an immediate early response to BMP4 in Xenopus embryos. The timing of expression and embryonic distribution of msx1 parallel those described for BMP4. Moreover, overexpression of msx1 in early Xenopus embryos leads to their ventralization as described for BMP4. Consistent with mediating a BMP type of signaling, overexpression of msx1 is sufficient to induce epidermis in dissociated ectoderm cells, which would otherwise form neural tissue. Finally, msx1 can also rescue neuralization imposed by a dominant negative BMP receptor (tBR) in ectodermal explants. We propose that Xenopus msx1 acts as a mediator of BMP signaling in epidermal induction and inhibition of neural differentiation.
The role of ultraviolet radiation in the diel vertical migration of zooplankton: an experimental test of the transparency-regulator hypothesis

Zooplankton diel vertical migration (DVM) is often explained as a balance between predator avoidance and resource acquisition. However, recent studies suggest that ultraviolet radiation (UV) may also be important in driving zooplankton DVM in some systems. Williamson et al. (Williamson et al., 2011) proposed the “transparency-regulator hypothesis,” which integrates UV into our current understanding of the drivers of DVM and predicts that the relative roles of UVand visual predation pressure will vary systematically across a gradient of lake transparency. To assess this hypothesis, we conducted in situ mesocosm experiments in five different lakes: two lakes without fish and three lakes with fish that spanned a range of UV and visible light transparency. We used an open-bottomed mesocosm design that allowed for the direct manipulation of UV that did not constrain visual predators or the amplitude or timing of natural migrations. Consistent with the transparency-regulator hypothesis, we found that UV is an important driver of Daphnia DVM in highly UV transparent lakes with and without fish but not in low transparency systems. Our results also suggest that UVand visual predation pressure may interact in systems of intermediate transparency.