cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How to do Moral Philosophy

If Wittgensteinian attempts at moral philosophy fall short of our requirements, why not consider the neo-Aristotelianism of virtue theory? This has, after all, been the most obvious development in response to Anscombe’s work. It is surely worth considering as a possibility. However, we should not be too quick to reject everything that might be called Wittgensteinian ethics, as we saw in chapter 2. Nor should we rush to adopt any alternative ethical theory. Can we perhaps use the language of virtue and vice in ethics, as Anscombe seems to urge when she commends the use of terms such as ‘unjust’ and ‘dishonest’ rather than the potentially incoherent ‘wrong’, for instance, without adopting some form of virtue theory? The answer is that we can. The question arises because even the defenders of virtue theory acknowledge that it suffers from some serious weaknesses. Nor do we want merely to translate the concerns of deontology or consequentialism into an Aristotelian vocabulary, because the point of using virtue language is to get at something supposedly missed by consequentialist and deontological theory. In this chapter I will look at the origins, nature, and weaknesses of contemporary virtue theory, and go on to consider how other approaches to ethics might give us the benefits of the use of virtue language without the disadvantages of virtue theory. The approaches in question are those of Iris Murdoch, Cora Diamond, and Charles Taylor, and can loosely be described as anti-theory.
Treatment, Right to: Mental Health

The right to treatment and its antithesis, the right to refuse treatment, are cornerstones of therapeutic jurisprudence. This article explores legal and clinical foundations for both adolescents and adults from the perspective of therapeutic jurisprudence (TJ). Such treatment rights decisions should be considered from a TJ perspective because they maximize constitutional protections and provide the most individualized treatment for people with mental disabilities. Keywords: right to treatment; right to refuse; therapeutic jurisprudence
Dietary Supplements of Vitamin E, β-Carotene, Coenzyme Q10 and Selenium Protect Tissues Against Lipid Peroxidation in Rat Tissue Slices

A tissue slice model was employed to assess the effects of dietary antioxidant supplements on lipid peroxidation. In one experiment, rats were fed diets containing, either alone or in combination, vitamin E, selenium, beta-carotene or coenzyme Q10 for 42 d, and the extent of spontaneous and induced lipid peroxidation was determined by release of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) into the medium. Vitamin E exhibited the greatest protection against lipid peroxidation in liver, heart and spleen; in kidney, selenium was most protective. Coenzyme Q10 was active against lipid peroxidation induced by tertbutyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP). In a second experiment, rats were fed diets containing varying amounts of vitamin E, selenium, beta-carotene and coenzyme Q10 for 30 d. Spontaneous lipid peroxidation in liver, kidney and heart decreased with increasing levels of dietary antioxidants. With increasing amounts of antioxidants, there was a diminution in TBARS released by liver and kidney slices incubated with t-BHP; in heart, only the highest levels of antioxidants significantly decreased production of TBARS. Inverse correlations between dietary vitamin E and TBARS, tissue vitamin E and TBARS, and tissue selenium-glutathione peroxidase and TBARS were highly significant. The procedure used here can evaluate dietary supplements that may find practical applications in decreasing the oxidant radical portion of disease processes.
High-Q silicon nitride microresonator for low power frequency comb initiation at normal dispersion regime

SiN micro-resonators with a cross section of 3×0.6 μm2 and an FSR of 25 GHz were demonstrated with intrinsic Qs up to 17 million, showing frequency comb onset power as low as 5.6 mW.
Alkaline phosphatase and maltase activity in the embryonic chick intestine in culture: Influence of thyroxine and hydrocortisone

In strips of duodenum from 14-day chick embryos explanted into defined medium, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity accumulated in the tissue at a faster rate than in vivo for about 48 hr, but failed to increase thereafter. The addition of thyroxine (T4) to the medium at 10−8 M or less both enhanced the early accumulation and elicited a very large increase in ALP activity comparable to that normally occurring during the last 2 days in ovo. Activity with phenylphosphate (PhP) was more strongly affected than that with β-glycerophosphate (βGP), so that the high PhPβGP ratio attained in vivo at 18 days was reached after 24 hr in T4-supplemented medium. Hydrocortisone (HC) evoked APL activity only slightly above that in unsupplemented medium and only during the first 48 hr in culture, but it precociously elevated PhPβGP ratio to the normal maximum. In the presence of T4 or HC, maltase activity rose in explanted strips at the same rate as in the intact duodenum, but it lagged in unsupplemented medium. Assay of the medium revealed, however, that under all conditions of culture a large amount of both maltase and ALP activity had been released from the tissue. This effect was especially pronounced in the presence of T4, so that explants and medium together accumulated ALP and maltase equivalent to the high peaks of activity found in the intact duodenum at hatching. With 10−8 M T4, ALP activity began to rise above that of control explants after 8 hr, with accumulation in the medium beginning about 4 hr later. Combining 2 × 10−6 M HC with a range of T4 concentrations produced greater than additive effects, particularly with ALP, but did not lead to enhanced retention of either enzyme in the tissue strips. Prolactin, pentagastrin, and insulin were without effect alone, but the latter inhibited the effects of both T4 and HC.
Native American Place-Names of Indiana

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: Michael McCafferty Year: 2008 Pages: 336 Publisher: University of Illinois Press ISBN: 978-0-252-03268-4 (hard cover). Prices: $50.00 USD(hard cover).
A New Multipoint Thin-Film Diagnostic Technique for Fluid Dynamic Studies

A multielement hot-film sensor has been developed with closely-spaced elements (2.5 mm) in the streamwise direction. In addition to boundary-layer transition detection, the output of these sensors can reveal the locations of boundary-layer separation and reattachment by a 180 deg phase difference in the 0-200-Hz frequency bandwidth between sensor elements on each side of either the separation or reattachment point. This paper describes the features of multielement hot-film sensor arrays and discusses results from their application to a number of low-speed and transonic airfoil tests.
Electronics manufacturing engineering curriculum

Over the past few years, American universities have been assessing the relevancy of their engineering programs. Rapid changes occurring in manufacturing's historical giants-downsizing, mergers, discontinuation of products, shifting to offshore manufacturing-have created an unsettled environment for graduating engineers. Many universities are feeling the pressure to prepare their graduates for this competitive and changing work environment. This paper describes a proposed curriculum in electronics manufacturing engineering, developed at Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, which addresses the demands of one of these changing industries. The paper first reviews what industrial leaders are saying about recent graduates and looks at the effect of rapid growth in technology on engineering programs. It then describes the manufacturing engineering program and, finally, describes the program's unique features. >
Design recovery for incomplete combinational logic

Motivated by the problem of reengineering legacy digital circuits for which design information is missing or incomplete, this paper presents a new technique for representing the relationships among the internal components of a combinational circuit. This technique proves to be a powerful tool for redesign, capable of representing internal Boolean relationships in a fully or partially specified multiple-output combinational circuit with a single data structure.
Role of GABAB receptor-mediated inhibition in reciprocal interareal pathways of rat visual cortex.

Role of GABAB receptor-mediated inhibition in reciprocal interareal pathways of rat visual cortex. In neocortex, synaptic inhibition is mediated by γ-aminobutyric acid-A (GABAA) and GABAB receptors...
Calibration of soil heat flux transducers

Soil heat flux transducer calibration, according to theory, is influenced by the thermal conductivity difference between the transducer and the calibration medium and the geometry of the transducer. This study was conducted to compare the influence of these parameters on the calibration factors of two types of commercial soil heat flux transducers with different material thermal conductivities and different geometries. A theoretical calibration equation was developed and evaluated. Calibrations of 14 transducers representing two commercial types were conducted in the laboratory using steady-state conductive methods over a range of heat fluxes from 40 W/m2 to 200 W/m2. The calibration medium was dry and saturated sand with a thermal conductivity varying from 0.3 to 3 W m−1°C−1. The mean calibration factor for one type of transducer was 12% lower than the mean manufacturer's calibration factor instead of the 26 to 36% lower value predicted by theory. The other type of transducer had a mean calibration factor 7% greater than the mean manufacturer's calibration factor in contrast to the 1 to 11% larger value predicted from theory. The computed geometric factors were 1.07 and 0.89 for the circular and square transducers, respectively. These factors were less than the theoretical value of 1.70 for each shape of transducer but similar to experimental values of 1.02 to 1.31 from previous studies reported in the literature. The thermal conductivity of the calibration medium and the geometry of the transducer affects the calibration factors of soil heat flux transducers, basically according to theory.
A method to calibrate a neutrino detector using the positron emitter 68Ge

Abstract A 68 Ge source can be used to calibrate the positron detection efficiency of a liquid scintillation neutrino detector. A method to dissolve radioactive 68 Ge in pseudocumene-based liquid scintillator is described. The homogeneity of the source distribution has been studied and results for two Ge compounds are discussed. Light yield and light attenuation length of the liquid scintillator are not affected by the Ge doping.
Nondestructive method for reconnecting aluminum metallization on integrated circuits

A failure analysis technique for reconnecting aluminum metallization on planar IC devices is described. The technique, utilizing a conductive paint deposited on the device surface, is nondestructive and easily removable.
Facilitative Transfer in Prose Learning over an Extended Time Period

University of MassachusettsAbstract. Recent studies by Royer and Cable demonstrated that an initialprose passage which established a relevant knowledge structure into whichdifficult to learn second passage material could be assimilated wouldenhance the learning of the second passage material. The purpose of thepresent study was to determine if this facultative transfer would occur over atime interval. Subjects read a treatment or control passage and then studiedand were tested on a second passage immediately, after two days, orone week later. The results indicated that the previously found facultativetransfer effect did not diminish with time.An important problem confronting educational researchers is to determine how toconstruct and sequence written instructional materials so as to produce maximal studentlearning. One aspect of this question concerns the issue of facultative transfer. That is,what are the conditions under which exposure to some initially presented instructionalresults in enhanced learning of subsequently presented materials?Recently, Royer and Cable [1975) have described one set of circumstances underwhich facilitative transfer in prose learning occurs. They hypothesized that facultativetransfer would only occur in the situation where the second passage the subjects wereexposed to (and on which the learning measure was taken) was difficult to comprehend. Inaddition, they hypothesized that an initial passage which led to facilitative transfer wouldbe one which established a "knowledge bridge" between information the subject alreadyknows and the difficult to understand information he will be asked to learn. Accordingly,Royer and Cable (1975) prepared two passages; one of which was concerned with the flowof heat through metals and the second of which was concerned with electrical conductionin metals. Each of these passages was prepared in two versions: a difficult to understand
Graphics applied to medical image registration

Software that has been developed to automate and standardize comparison of 3D images is discussed. The major approaches to image registration are examined. The authors' registration and reconstruction software is described. Studies carried out to determine the relative accuracy of the present registration methods are reported. The main goal of the authors is to improve on commercial SPECT reconstruction algorithms and provide quantification accuracy sufficient for numerical assessment of tracer distribution. >
DRUG MARKET RECONSTITUTION AFTER HURRICANE KATRINA: LESSONS FOR LOCAL DRUG ABUSE CONTROL INITIATIVES.

Hurricane Katrina accomplished what no law enforcement initiative could ever achieve: It completely eradicated the New Orleans drug market. However, Katrina did little to eliminate the demand for drugs. This article documents the process of the drug market reconstitution that occurred 2005–2008 based on in-depth interviews and focus groups with predominately low-income drug users and sellers. Before Katrina, the drug market was largely characterized by socially-bonded participants involved with corporate style distribution. After Katrina, a violent freelance market emerged. The conclusion draws recommendations for law enforcement for dealing with drug markets after a major disaster.
Recombination of Electrons and Donors in n-Type Germanium

A calculation is given of the recombination cross section of an electron having a spherical effective mass and a donor impurity whose bound states can be described by a hydrogenic model. The recombination takes place with an initial capture of the electron in an excited state of the donor center followed by successive transitions to lower lying states. Each of these processes takes place with emission of a phonon. The calculated cross section agrees with the experimental one within a factor of the order of unity. The agreement between the temperature dependence of the calculated and the experimental recombination cross sections is good. Also we obtain a small but significant dependence of the recombination cross section on the binding energy of the ground state of the donor.
The Nitric Oxide Donor DETA-NONOate Decreases Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Expression and Activity in Rat Aortic Smooth Muscle and Abdominal Aortic Explants

Our objective was to examine the role of an exogenous nitric oxide (NO) donor, DETA-NONOate (DETA), on matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, MMP-2, and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMP)-1 expression and activity in interleukin (IL)-1β-induced rat aortic smooth muscle cells (RA-SMCs) and rat aortic explants (RAEs). RA-SMCs were incubated with IL-1β (2 ng/ml), an inflammatory cytokine known to induce MMP-9 expression, and increasing concentrations of DETA (0, 1.0, 10, 100 μM; n = 3/group) for 48 hr. RAEs were incubated with IL-1β (2 ng/mL) and increasing concentrations of DETA (0, 5.0, 50, 100, and 500 μM; n = 3/group) for 48 hr. Media were collected and assayed for NOx by the Griess reaction and MMP-9 activity by zymography. Messenger RNA (mRNA) was extracted from cells and analyzed for MMP-9, MMP-2, and TIMP-1 expression levels by quantitative real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. All statistical analyses were performed by analysis of variance. In RA-SMCs and RAEs, DETA administration resulted in a dose-dependent increase in media NOx concentration (RA-SCM p < 0.01, RAE p < 0.01) and a concurrent decrease in both MMP-9 expression (RASMC p = 0.01, RAE p = 0.01) and activity (RASMC p = 0.04, RAE p = 0.006). There were no significant differences seen in MMP-2 and TIMP-1 expression or activity in response to DETA exposure. DETA decreased IL-1β-induced MMP-9 expression and activity in both RA-SMCs and RAEs in a dose-dependent fashion. In addition, DETA administration had no effect on MMP-2 or TIMP-1 expression or activity in vitro. These data suggest that NO donors may be beneficial in decreasing MMP-9 levels and might serve to inhibit MMP-9-dependent vessel wall remodeling seen during abdominal aortic aneurysm formation.
Phase transition vs. thickness in stress-induced curvature on Cr/Au MEMS mirror layers

For mirror MEMS structures, curvature due to film stress degrades optical quality. Cr/Au is the usual metal mirror coating, and is usually thought to have increased stress for increased thickness. Here, we show that is not the case, due to the physics of thin film formation that entail a phase transition from island to laminar stages as thickness increases. Maximum stress occurs just before the transition, and minimum stress just after. We show this transition for the first time for Cr/Au films on silicon. Cr thickness is kept at 50 a, and gold thickness varied. We find that the transition between island and laminar phases occurs at a gold thickness of ~ 300 a. Thus, minimum stress, and maximum radius of curvature occurs at a gold thickness of 400 a. We also show that at this gold thickness, reflectivity is 95 % of what it is for very thick gold. Thus, this is an optimum value of gold thickness for MEMS micromirrors.
Experimental and theoretical study of wave–current turbulent boundary layers

An experimental study of turbulent wave–current boundary layer flows is performed using a state-of-the-art oscillating water tunnel (OWT) for flow generation and a particle image velocimetry system for velocity measurements. The current velocity profiles in the presence of sinusoidal waves indicate a two-log-profile structure suggested by the widely-used Grant–Madsen model. However, for weak currents in the presence of nonlinear waves, the two-log-profile structure is contaminated or even totally obliterated by the boundary layer streaming which is produced by the asymmetry of turbulence in successive half-periods of nonlinear waves. To interpret experimental results, a semi-analytical model which adopts a rigorous way to account for a time-varying turbulent eddy viscosity is developed. The model can accurately predict turbulence asymmetry streaming, which leads to successful predictions of the mean velocity embedded in nonlinear-wave tests and the current velocity profiles in the presence of either sinusoidal or nonlinear waves. Since the Longuet-Higgins-type streaming due to wave propagation is absent in OWT flows and not included in the semi-analytical model, future work is necessary to extend this study for applications in the coastal environment.
The emancipation of reason

A partir d'une critique de l'epistemologie humeenne, entreprise a l'aide de la distinction entre langage iconique et langage non-iconique etablie par J. Bennett, l'A. etudie le concept de moralite chez Hume et montre qu'il ne reconait ni la liberte abstraite ni l'importance du soi autoreflechi. Distinguant les decisions des desirs, l'A. introduit la notion de liberte reflexive comme un maitre possible des passions
Resource requirements for the large-scale production of algal biofuels

Microalgae continue to be of great interest as a promising class of biofuel feedstock, with the potential for contributing to liquid transportation fuel supplipes while reducing GHG emissions and dependence on imported petroleum through the displacement of petroleum-based fuel and chemical product usage. However, to significantly contribute to fuel supplies will require that algal biofuels be capable of scaling up to large aggregated quantities of biomass and fuel feedstock production that necessarily impose huge demands for land, water, energy, supplemental CO2 and other key nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus. The resulting resource requirements will also impose constraints on the level of production scale-up that can be sustainably supported. This paper provides a high-level review of the current status and future prospects for these key resource demand and constraint challenges for the scale-up of autotrophic microalgal biofuel production. Emphasis is placed on the USA, although the issues are g...
Stability of Recombinant Plasmids in Industrial Microorganisms

(1986). Stability of Recombinant Plasmids in Industrial Microorganisms. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology: Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 263-277.
Regulation of granulosa cell proliferation: facilitative roles of platelet-derived growth factor and low density lipoprotein.

Recent studies suggest that epidermal growth factor (EGF) and/or transforming growth factor-α (TGF-α) and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) act synergistically to promote granulosa cell proliferation in vitro suggesting a similar role in vivo. Using a serum-restricted, monolayer culture system containing very low levels of platelet-poor plasma-derived serum (PPPDS), the faciliatative roles of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) with respect to growth factor-stimulated granulosa cell proliferation were investigated. In nutrient medium containing only 0.1% PPPDS, PDGF (1- 25 ng/ml) had no effect upon granulosa cell proliferation. When combined with EGF, which alone does not stimulate granulosa cell proliferation, PDGF dose-dependently increased cell proliferation to levels obtained with 10% fetal calf serum (2.4-fold increase relative to controls, P < 0.05). when combined with EGF and IGF-I, a combination which does stimulate mitosis in granulosa cells, PDGF again dose...
Recreation Involvement and Play in Pediatric Spinal Cord Injury

Recreation and play activities are crucial not only in the rehabilitation of the pediatric spinal-cord-injured (SCI) population, but also for their overall life satisfaction. The following article will discuss recreation involvement with the adult SCI population and consider possible theoretical similarities and differences between the adult and pediatric SCI population. Developmental levels of pediatrics are reviewed with implications for recreation and play activities. Future research areas are suggested for the sparsely studied area of recreation and children with SCIs.
Neurologic aspects of the 9p- syndrome.

Abstract The 9p− syndrome is a chromosomal disorder which is easily recognized by its characteristic craniofacial features. Neurologic abnormalities are evident in all reported cases, the most common of which is severe mental retardation. We add another case with unusual features including glaucoma, seizures, and polydactyly, and review the somatic and neurologic features from 41 previously reported cases.
Canine and feline respiratory medicine

Respiratory medicine remains an underdeveloped field in veterinary medicine. Clinical cases involving the upper and lower airways, lung, and pleural cavity can be challenging to investigate and often require either emergency intervention or long-term management. This issue of Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice brings together a group of talented, practicing veterinarians from academic institutions that has extensive clinical experience in managing cases involving the respiratory tract. Authors share their knowledge with the reader and provide a review of the literature on topics ranging from the newly recognized feline sinonasal aspergillosis to common diseases such as feline asthma, laryngeal paralysis, and canine chronic bronchitis. Each author offers the reader the insight gained from clinical successes and failures in well-written and nicely illustrated articles. I amever sograteful to theauthors for their devotion to the task set forth andamcertain that readers will greatly appreciate the diagnostic and treatment recommendations. Patients and clients will also benefit from the expertise offered by these brilliant clinicians. Thank you to the production team for creating such a polished final product. Special thanks to John Vassallo, our in-house editor, for his encouragement in completing this issue. Information provided in this volume of VCNA will prove useful for many years to come.
Behavior Problems in Individuals with Cornelia de Lange Syndrome: Population-Specific Validation of the Behavior Problem Inventory-01

The purpose of this study was to validate the Behavior Problem Inventory-01 (BPI-01; Rojahn J Autism Dev Disord 31:577–588, 2001) in a population of 179 individuals with Cornelia de Lange Syndrome (CdLS) and to extend the literature on the behavioral phenotype of individuals with CdLS. We also set out to determine the relationship between the frequency of self-injurious behavior (SIB), stereotyped behavior, and aggressive/destructive behavior topographies with the level of intellectual disability (ID). The BPI-01 among the individuals with CdLS showed a sufficient factor structure and internal consistency of each of the three assessed construct (SIB, stereotyped behavior, and aggressive/destructive behaviors). Similar to the findings in other populations with intellectual disabilities, those with severe/profound intellectual impairment exhibited significantly more frequent SIB and stereotypic behavior than those with moderate or mild intellectual impairment or average intellectual abilities while no statistically a differences were noted for aggressive behavior across levels of intellectual impairment. There is a need for uniformity of assessment tools across different study to improve our ability to compare results across different prevalence studies.
Scaling laws for diffusive growth

In diffusive growth models, the local growth rate of a structure is determined by the normal gradient of a diffusive field, with the structure surface an equipotential of that field. The total flux absorbed by the surface varies with the surface position according to a simple formula. This formula can be used to derive scaling laws relating bulk to surface exponents for these models.
A high-resolution map of nucleosome positioning on a fission yeast centromere

A key element for defining the centromere identity is the incorporation of a specific histone H3, CENPA, known as Cnp1p in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Previous studies have suggested that functional S. pombe centromeres lack regularly positioned nucleosomes and may involve chromatin remodeling as a key step of kinetochore assembly. We used tiling microarrays to show that nucleosomes are, in fact, positioned in regular intervals in the core of centromere 2, providing the first high-resolution map of regional centromere chromatin. Nucleosome locations are not disrupted by mutations in kinetochore protein genes cnp1, mis18, mis12, nuf2, mal2; overexpression of cnp1; or the deletion of ams2, which encodes a GATA-like factor participating in CENPA incorporation. Bioinformatics analysis of the centromere sequence indicates certain enriched motifs in linker regions between nucleosomes and reveals a sequence bias in nucleosome positioning. In addition, sequence analysis of nucleosome-free regions identifies novel binding sites of Ams2p. We conclude that centromeric nucleosome positions are stable and may be derived from the underlying DNA sequence.
Frontiers in medicine: New aspects of asthma

Abstract. It has now become apparent that asthma, even in its mildest clinical manifestation, is a chronic inflammatory condition of the airways. There have been important advances in understanding the special features of inflammation in asthmatic airways and the role of critical inflammatory cells such as mast cells (important in the acute inflammatory response) and eosinophils, macrophages and T-lymphocytes (involved in the chronic inflammatory response). Many inflammatory mediators have been implicated in asthma, and the development of mediator antagonists suggests that sulphidopeptide leukotrienes may play an important role in bronchoconstrictor responses. Cytokines released from many different cells in the airways are likely to be important in orchestrating and perpetuating the chronic inflammatory response. Chronic inflammation has effects on airway vessels, mucus secretion, smooth muscle and nerves, with evidence to suggest that there are structural changes which may lead to persistent airway abnormalities. The therapeutic implication of these new discoveries is that much earlier use of anti-inflammatory treatments (such as inhaled steroids) is preferable to reliance on bronchodilators which do not control the underlying inflammatory process.
Using artificial intelligence planning to automate science image data analysis

In recent times, improvements in imaging technology have made available an incredible array of information in image format. While powerful and sophisticated image processing software tools are available to prepare and analyze the data, these tools are complex and cumbersome, requiring significant expertise to properly operate. Thus, in order to extract e.g., mine or analyze useful information from the data, a user in our case a scientist often must possess both significant science and image processing expertise.This article describes the use of artificial intelligence AI planning techniques to represent scientific, image processing and software tool knowledge to automate knowledge discovery and data mining e.g., science data analysis of large image databases. In particular, we describe two fielded systems. The Multimission VICAR Planner MVP which has been deployed for since 1995 and is currently supporting science product generation for the Galileo mission. MVP has reduced time to fill certain classes of requests from 4 h to 15 min. The Automated SAR Image Processing system ASIP was deployed at the Department of Geology at Arizona State University in 1997 to support aeolian science analysis of synthetic aperture radar images. ASIP reduces the number of manual inputs in science product generation by ten-fold.
Diversity Against Adversity: How Adaptive Immune System Evolves Potent Antibodies

Adaptive immunity is an amazing mechanism, whereby new protein functions—affinity of antibodies (Immunoglobulins) to new antigens—evolve through mutation and selection in a matter of a few days. Despite numerous experimental studies, the fundamental physical principles underlying immune response are still poorly understood. In considerable departure from past approaches, here, we propose a microscopic multiscale model of adaptive immune response, which consists of three essential players: The host cells, viruses, and B-cells in Germinal Centers (GC). Each moiety carries a genome, which encodes proteins whose stability and interactions are determined from their sequences using laws of Statistical Mechanics, providing an exact relationship between genomic sequences and strength of interactions between pathogens and antibodies and antibodies and host proteins (autoimmunity). We find that evolution of potent antibodies (the process known as Affinity Maturation (AM)) is a delicate balancing act, which has to reconcile the conflicting requirements of protein stability, lack of autoimmunity, and high affinity of antibodies to incoming antigens. This becomes possible only when antibody producing B cells elevate their mutation rates (process known as Somatic Hypermutation (SHM)) to fall into a certain range—not too low to find potency increasing mutations but not too high to destroy stable Immunoglobulins and/or already achieved affinity. Potent antibodies develop through clonal expansion of initial B cells expressing marginally potent antibodies followed by their subsequent affinity maturation through mutation and selection. As a result, in each GC the population of mature potent Immunoglobulins is monoclonal being ancestors of a single cell from initial (germline) pool. We developed a simple analytical theory, which provides further rationale to our findings. The model and theory reveal the molecular factors that determine the efficiency of affinity maturation, thereby providing insight into the variability of the immune response to cytopathic viruses (the direct response by germline antibodies) and poorly cytopathic viruses (a crucial role of SHM in the response).
Protective efficacy of a modified immune serum globulin in experimental group B streptococcal infection

In spite of aggressive antimicrobial therapy and extensive support measures, the mortality rate in early-onset group B streptococcal infection continues to be exceedingly high. In previous studies, we have demonstrated that passive immunotherapy with fresh whole blood containing opsonic antibody-improved survival in human neonates with group B disease. Transfusion of whole blood, plasma, or other blood products has a number of drawbacks, however. In the present study, we have evaluated immune serum globulin and a preparation of ISG modified for intravenous use for levels of type-specific antibody, opsonic activity, and protective efficacy against type Ia, II, and III group B streptococci. Type-specific antibody was detected in most of the preparations tested. In general, the level in MISG was less than that in the comparison ISG lot. Opsonic activity was also detected in these preparations against the more antibody-sensitive group B strains but was not present for opsonin resistant strains of type Ia, II, and III. Both ISG and MISG provided protection in neonatal rats infected with group B streptococci; in most cases MISG was more efficacious than the ISG from which it was made. These studies suggest that passive immunotherapy with MISG may be a valuable adjunct to current regimens used in the management of early-onset group B disease. This would be especially so if donors could be selected whose serum or plasma contained high levels of opsonic and protective activity against both antibody-sensitive and antibody-resistant group B strains.
Negligence and Sovereign Immunity

(2006). Negligence and Sovereign Immunity. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 77, No. 6, pp. 10-11.
Use of the modified scale for suicidal ideation with suicide ideators and attempters

The Modified Scale for Suicidal Ideation was administered to, and subsequently cross-validated on, a large sample of suicide ideators and attempters. Results confirmed previous reliability estimates and provided convincing evidence of the scale's concurrent, construct, discriminate, and predictive validity. The utility of the scale in screening with high-risk populations and other areas of critical need it addresses are discussed.
Before‐Effect and Zeno Causality

Analyse de la notion d'avant-effet definie par J. Benardete dans son ouvrage «L'infini : essai de metaphysique» (1964). Examinant les conditions materielles de la causalite, ainsi que les principes de contact et d'impenetrabilite des surfaces, l'A. etudie les difficultes que souleve la version radicale du paradoxe de l'avant-effet au regard des lois de la nature.
Sustainable development education, practice, and research: an indigenous model of sustainable development at the College of Menominee Nation, Keshena, WI, USA

The College of Menominee Nation Sustainable Development Institute’s theoretical model (SDI model) conceptualizes sustainable development as the process of maintaining the balance and reconciling the inherent tensions among six dimensions of sustainability: land and sovereignty; natural environment (including human beings); institutions; technology; economy; and human perception, activity, and behavior. Each dimension is understood to be dynamic, both internally and in relationship to each of the other five dimensions. Change within one dimension will impact other dimensions in a continual process of change. Change can be externally driven or inherent to the dynamic nature of any of the six dimensions. Sustainable development is a continual and iterative process. A central concept of the model is based on the experience of the Menominee Indian Tribe of Wisconsin and their profound sense of place and relationship with the land that has allowed their community to recognize and balance the tensions among model dimensions through time. This paper provides a detailed description of the SDI model and its development and concludes with short examples illustrating how the model has been used for course design and delivery in higher education, interdisciplinary community planning, and participatory research.
T-Lineage Lymphoblastic Lymphoma and Leukemia—a MASSive Problem

T cell precursor malignancies may present as T-lymphoblastic lymphoma (T-LBL) with marked enlargement of lymph nodes or acute T-lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) with little lymph node enlargement. In this issue of Cancer Cell, Feng et al. show that dysregulation of BCL2, AKT signaling, and cell adhesion pathways are hallmarks of T-LBL.
An exceptional case of xanthomatous infiltration of the musculoskeletal and integumentary systems

Tendinous and subcutaneous xanthomas are most commonly associated with primary hyperlipidemia. Xanthomatosis caused by cholesterol deposition can be a high risk marker for cardiovascular disease related to premature atherosclerosis; thus, early recognition of this diagnosis may reduce mortality and morbidity. Achilles tendon involvement is most common, followed by the extensor tendons of the hand and elbow. We present an exceptional case of tendinous and tuberous xanthomas, with intraoperative and histologic correlation, in a 34-year-old female manifesting with xanthomatous deposits of nearly all ankle tendons, plantar aponeurosis, extensor tendons of the hands, and various locations within the integumentum. To the authors' knowledge, only four studies to date have focused specifically on imaging findings of multifocal xanthomas. Thus, the radiographic and MR imaging descriptions of xanthomas in this report further add to the existing literature by helping to identify imaging characteristics of this multifocal systemic disease. The diagnosis of this condition should alert the physician to the presence of a dyslipidemia that can be treated with dietary modifications and/or drug therapy.
Bounded Engel groups with all subgroups subnormal

ABSTRACT It is proved that if is a group with all subgroups subnormal and is a -Engel group for some integer then is nilpotent.
A Note on the Application of Multiple Matrix Sampling to Standard Setting

In many of the methods currently proposed for standard setting, all experts are asked to judge all items, and the standard is taken as the mean of their judgments. When resources are limited, gathering the judgments of all experts in a single group can become impractical. Multiple matrix sampling (MMS) provides an alternative. This paper applies MMS to a variation on Angoff's method (1971) of standard setting. A pool of 36 experts and 190 items were divided randomly into 5 groups, and estimates of borderline examinee performance were acquired. Results indicated some variability in the cutting scores produced by the individual groups, but the variance components were reasonably well estimated. The standard error of the cutting score was very small, and the width of the 90% confidence interval around it was only 1.3 items. The reliability of the final cutting score was.98
The Prevalence of ADHD in a Population-Based Sample:

Objective: Few studies of ADHD prevalence have used population-based samples, multiple informants, and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; DSM-IV) criteria. Moreover, ch...
Role of protein kinase C in ischemic "conditioning": from first evidence to current perspectives.

Since the discovery of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) 26 years ago, numerous studies attempted to determine the mechanism of this powerful form of cardioprotection. One of the first proposed pathways of IPC suggested that the preconditioning stimulus activated phospholipase C via G-protein, and diacylglycerol released from phospholipid moieties activated protein kinase C (PKC) by translocating it from the cytosol to the sarcolemmal membranes. The major protective isoform of PKC was found to be the PKC-∊. Despite some contradictions and controversies, today even the most skeptical opponents acknowledge that PKC plays a significant role in the mechanism of IPC. During recent years, both the role and the place of PKC-∊ in the mechanism of IPC have been revised. The current review presents the evolution of the “PKC theory” and summarizes the most recent data regarding the role of PKC in IPC. In addition to classical IPC, PKC appears to play a role in the mechanisms of newer conditioning protocols, that is, re...
Comparative study of 99mTc labeled hepatobiliary agents based on naphthalene and similar ring systems

Abstract A series of 99mTc complexes of naphthalene and naphthalene-like ring systems were evaluated pharmacokinetically as hepatobiliary imaging agents and compared to 131I-rose bengal and 99mTc-N-(2,6-diethylacetanilide)-iminodiacetate in rats and dogs. Although all complexes studied exhibited high specificity for biliary excretion, they varied widely in disappearance rate from blood and in biliary excretion. Complexes with 8-hydroxyquinoline-7-carboxylic acid and hydralazine were relatively lipophilic and were eliminated more slowly than 131I-rose bengal; complexes of iminodiacetic derivatives of naphthalene, N-(2-acetylnaphthyl)iminodiacetic acid and N-(2-naphthylmethyl)iminodiacetic acid were more polar and were eliminated much faster. Renal excretion of the complexes was 5.6% or less except for that of the latter compound (18%). Plasma binding ranged from 51 to 98%.
The Alabama Senatorial Election of 1962: Return of Inter-Party Competition

F OR SOME YEARS NOW political scientists have been examining the South for indications that its solid commitment to the Democratic Party on the state level may be following its former presidential solidarity to oblivion. No doubt this concern owes much of its motive force to awareness within the profession that the final breakup of the Solid South would be an integral part of a national political realignment which has been long awaited in some quarters.' Students of the region, however, have not been particularly optimistic about the possibilities of a genuine grassroots Southern Republicanism in the foreseeable future. In 1949 V. 0. Key suggested in Southern Politics that in the long run the forces of urbanism and industrialization will tend to dissolve sectionalism and its one-party political component by integrating the South's economy and social structure more closely into that of the rest of the country.2 But Alexander Heard expressed serious doubts in 1952 about the prospects for any significant change in local voting habits within the region.3 This doubt was reiterated by Donald Strong in his 1960 study of urban Republicanism in the South.4 Indeed, as late as 1961 0. Douglas Weeks concluded that while Texas and other Southern states are drifting toward a class and interest politics like that of the rest of the country, this movement is essentially confined to presidential politics; local developments in this direction, he argues, remain quite feeble.5
The Hepatocyte nuclear factor-1 alpha ( HNF1A) gene is associated with fatness and loin muscle area in the pig.

The significance of hepatocyte nuclear factors (HNFs) in β-cell development and function has been generally recognized in humans, as evidenced by their associations with cases of maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY). Common Hepatocyte nuclear factor-1 alpha (HNF1A), Hepatocyte nuclear factor-1 beta (HNF1B) and Hepatocyte nuclear factor-4 alpha (HNF4A) mutations could lead to monogenic forms 3, 5 and 1 of diabetes mellitus, respectively, and were characterized by MODY in humans. In this study, multiple variants were discovered in the porcine HNF1A and HNF4A genes, and one single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) was detected in the HNF1B gene. Using the Iowa State University Berkshire × Yorkshire pig resource population, the HNF1A, HNF1B and HNF4A genes were mapped on chromosomes 14, 12 and 17, respectively. The linkage disequilibrium (LD) analyses indicated that most of the HNF1A variants were not in strong LD with each other; however, nearly all of them were highly significantly (P T and c.1768+40_23del were significantly (P T, c.1768+40_23del of the HNF1A gene and c.646C>T of the transcription factor-7-like 2 (TCF7L2) gene. These findings suggest that the HNF1A gene has significant effects on both fatness- and meat production-related traits. No significant associations with production traits with the SNPs from the HNF1B and HNF4A genes were observed in the study.
Weighted inverse Hölder inequalities

Abstract In this paper, we study weighted inverse Holder inequalities obtained by replacing Lebesgue measure dt first by t x dt and then by e − xt dt . The first case generalizes an old result of Frank and Pick and, later, Bellman. The second provides a new inverse Holder inequality for Laplace transforms.
Day-night differences in estimated rates of 5-hydroxytryptamine turnover in the rat pineal gland

Rates of 5-hydroxytryptamine synthesis in various brain tissues can be estimated from the linear increase in 5-hydroxytryptophan levels following inhibition of 5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylation with RO4-4602 or NSD-1015. In addition, NSD-1015 can prevent 5-hydroxytryptamine oxidative-deamination via monoamine oxidase inhibition, leading to linear decreases in a major metabolite of this amine, 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid. In the rat pineal gland we demonstrated similar increases in 5-hydroxytryptophan levels after nocturnal or diurnal injection of RO4-4602 (100 mg · kg−1) or NSD-1015 (200 mg · kg−1). Similar decreases in 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid were also observed after nocturnal or diurnal injection of NSD-1015 or pargyline (an inhibitor of monoamine oxidase) (75 mg · kg−1). 5-Hydroxytryptamine levels increased after nocturnal pargyline injection but remained constant after diurnal pargyline administration. 5-Hydroxytryptamine levels exhibited little change following nocturnal injection of NSD-1015 but decreased linearly after diurnal injection of NSD-1015. We suggest that (1) rat pineal 5-hydroxytryptamine synthesis is increased nocturnally, (2) metabolic utilization, primarily by oxidative-deamination, of 5-hydroxytryptamine is increased diurnally and (3) basal levels of pineal 5-hydroxytryptamine may be stored within adrenergic nerve endings which innervate the pinealocytes responsible for synthesizing this amine, thus “protecting” or otherwise making unavailable this pool of 5-hydroxytryptamine for metabolic utilization.
Subresolution measurements of unmixed fluid using electronic quenching of NO A(2) Sigma(

Planar laser-induced fluorescence of NO has been used to acquire instantaneous two-dimensional images of the extent of fluid unmixedness in a turbulent flow. Measurements accurate to the molecular diffusion scale are made by taking advantage of the large range of cross sections for electronic collisional quenching of NO A2Σ+. The recorded signal is known to be related to that fraction of the sample volume which contains pure (unmixed) fluid. Image measurements of an axisymmetric shear layer are presented and are reduced to mixed fluid probability distributions.
Modified One-Dimensional Fickean Solution for Moisture Absorption in Composites:

In this paper an empirical modification in the one-dimensional Fickean solution of moisture absorption by composites has been suggested. Certain physical factors due to which actual process of moisture diffusion in composites differs from the classical diffusion descnbed by Fick's law have been discussed. It is shown that most of the factors which attnbute to the differences between the theoretical prediction and the observed be havior can be accounted for, just by incorporating some parameters in the Fickean solution itself.