cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A direct comparison of the visible and ultraviolet reflectance of aluminum films evaporated in conventional and ultra-high vacuum systems

Abstract Aluminum was evaporated in a conventional evaporator using an oil diffusion pump ( p =3 × 10 -6 torr ) and in an ultra-high vacuum system evacuated by ion and titanium sublimation pumps ( p =5 × 10 -9 torr ) and deposited at rates ranging from 2.5 A/sec to 500 A/sec. For aluminum deposited at rates of 300 A /sec and greater there is no measurable difference in the visible and ultraviolet reflectance of the two types of films. However, if lower deposition rates are used the reflectance of aluminum films deposited at 5 x 10 -9 torr is much less dependent on deposition rate than that of films condensed at 3 x 10 -6 torr. Aluminum films deposited at high rates, both in conventional and ultra-high vacuum systems, show less degradation of reflectance during exposure to air than the films deposited at low rates.
Protein Translocase of Mitochondrial Inner Membrane in Trypanosoma brucei

Translocases of mitochondrial inner membrane (TIMs) are multiprotein complexes. The only Tim component so far characterized in kinetoplastid parasites such as Trypanosoma brucei is Tim17 (TbTim17), which is essential for cell survival and mitochondrial protein import. Here, we report that TbTim17 is present in a protein complex of about 1,100 kDa, which is much larger than the TIM complexes found in fungi and mammals. Depletion of TbTim17 in T. brucei impairs the mitochondrial import of cytochrome oxidase subunit IV, an N-terminal signal-containing protein. Pretreatment of isolated mitoplasts with the anti-TbTim17 antibody inhibited import of cytochrome oxidase subunit IV, indicating a direct involvement of the TbTim17 in the import process. Purification of the TbTim17-containing protein complex from the mitochondrial membrane of T. brucei by tandem affinity chromatography revealed that TbTim17 associates with seven unique as well as a few known T. brucei mitochondrial proteins. Depletion of three of these novel proteins, i.e. TbTim47, TbTim54, and TbTim62, significantly decreased mitochondrial protein import in vitro. In vivo targeting of a newly synthesized mitochondrial matrix protein, MRP2, was also inhibited due to depletion of TbTim17, TbTim54, and TbTim62. Co-precipitation analysis confirmed the interaction of TbTim54 and TbTim62 with TbTim17 in vivo. Overall, our data reveal that TbTim17, the single homolog of Tim17/22/23 family proteins, is present in a unique TIM complex consisting of novel proteins in T. brucei and is critical for mitochondrial protein import.
Immunodeficiency-related vaccine-derived poliovirus (iVDPV) cases: a systematic review and implications for polio eradication.

Abstract Background Vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs), strains of poliovirus mutated from the oral polio vaccine, pose a challenge to global polio eradication. Immunodeficiency-related vaccine-derived polioviruses (iVDPVs) are a type of VDPV which may serve as sources of poliovirus reintroduction after the eradication of wild-type poliovirus. This review is a comprehensive update of confirmed iVDPV cases published in the scientific literature from 1962 to 2012, and describes clinically relevant trends in reported iVDPV cases worldwide. Methods We conducted a systematic review of published iVDPV case reports from January 1960 to November 2012 from four databases. We included cases in which the patient had a primary immunodeficiency, and the vaccine virus isolated from the patient either met the sequencing definition of VDPV (>1% divergence for serotypes 1 and 3 and >0.6% for serotype 2) and/or was previously reported as an iVDPV by the World Health Organization. Results We identified 68 iVDPV cases in 49 manuscripts reported from 25 countries and the Palestinian territories. 62% of case patients were male, 78% presented clinically with acute flaccid paralysis, and 65% were iVDPV2. 57% of cases occurred in patients with predominantly antibody immunodeficiencies, and the overall all-cause mortality rate was greater than 60%. The median age at case detection was 1.4 years [IQR: 0.8, 4.5] and the median duration of shedding was 1.3 years [IQR: 0.7, 2.2]. We identified a poliovirus genome VP1 region mutation rate of 0.72% per year and a higher median percent divergence for iVDPV1 cases. More cases were reported from high income countries, which also had a larger age variation and different distribution of immunodeficiencies compared to upper and lower middle-income countries. Conclusion Our study describes the incidence and characteristics of global iVDPV cases reported in the literature in the past five decades. It also highlights the regional and economic disparities of reported iVDPV cases.
Conversion of hydrogen sulfide to elemental sulfur by Chlorobium thiosulfatophilum in a CSTR with a sulfur-settling separator

Chlorobium thiosulfatophilum may be used for the bioconversion of hydrogen sulfide to elemental sulfur or sulfate. Sulfur is the preferred product because of problems in the disposal of sulfate. A CSTR with a sulfur-settling separator has been used to preferentially produce and recover elemental sulfur. The simple nutritional requirements of the bacterium and differences in densities and average cell and sulfur particle sizes make a CSTR with a sulfur-settling separator attractive. A bench-scale study has been carried out to determine the optimum process conditions to maximize H2S conversion, cell growth, elemental sulfur production, and to minimize sulfate production. The liquid effluent typically contained about 425–550 mg/L elemental sulfur. The sulfate concentration was maintained at levels below 100 mg/L. It was possible to remove up to 57 Μmol min−1 L−1 of H2S from the gas stream. An experiment over a period of 392 h showed stable performance.
Primary omental infarct: conservative vs operative management in the era of ultrasound, computerized tomography, and laparoscopy.

Purpose: Primary omental infarct is a rare condition in children. The preoperative diagnosis can be accurately accomplished using ultrasound (US) and computerized tomography (CT). This study aimed to elucidate the efficacy of conservative vs operative management. Methods: Cases of omental infarction in children diagnosed preoperatively in our institution since laparoscopy became the standard of care were reviewed. Results: Ten cases of omental infarction in children were treated. There were 6 males and 4 females (age, 5-14 years). The diagnosis was made preoperatively by CT in all cases; in 2 cases, US was also diagnostic. Conservative nonoperative management was successful in 4 cases, and laparoscopic omentectomy and appendectomy done in the other 6. There was no mortality. All children recovered uneventfully. Average hospital stay was 4 days for patients treated nonoperatively. Average postoperative stay was 2 days for children treated with laparoscopy. Three patients initially treated conservatively had surgery because of intractable pain. The preoperative stay was 3 days in these patients. Conclusions: Children with omental infarct can be treated conservatively, and a short trial period is warranted. The indications for surgery are uncertain diagnosis, intractable relentless pain, and persistent peritoneal findings. Children treated with laparoscopy have a shorter length of stay and decreased use of narcotics.
Histone-encoding genes from Pyrococcus: evidence for members of the HMf family of archaeal histones in a non-methanogenic Archaeon

Abstract Two genes, designated hpyAl and hpyA2 , have been cloned and sequenced from Pyrococcus strain GB-3a. They are predicted to encode proteins (HPyAl and HPyA2, respectively) that are approx. 60% identical to the histones HMf and HMt, characterized from methanogenic Archaea . These archaeal histones also contain the amino-acid sequences, conserved in eukaryotic H4 histones, that are thought to interact directly with DNA.
A logical framework for the correction of spelling errors in electronic documents

Abstract We propose a method for the correction of spelling errors found in electronic documents which is derived from a logical analysis of the problem. Specifically, set-theoretical definitions are given for similarity relations which describe certain properties which character strings may have in common. These definitions are then directly encoded into a PROLOG program. The advantages and disadvantages of this method are discussed, and some suggestions for further research are made. A detailed literature review is offered in order to place this method in perspective.
Molecular structures and intramolecular interactions in dimethyl cyclohexane isomers

The geometries of ten isomers of dimethyl cyclohexane were determined by ab initio gradient geometry refinement with the 4-21G basis set. It is found that many intramolecular interactions are clearly manifested by correlated structural trends, and that they are consistent with strain energies calculated by employing previously defined ab initio group equivalents. Specifically, non-bonded interactions are found between two adjacent methyl groups in some of the forms, and between axial methyl groups and adjacent axial CH bonds in others. Unperturbed axial CH and CC bonds are consistently longer than equatorial bonds. In general, CH bonds which are involved in non-bonded repulsive interactions are shortened, i.e., strengthened, and the corresponding HCC angles are large, compared to non-interacting parameters.
Ephedra and caffeine produce insulin resistance and hypokalemia in healthy subjects

Background Cardiovascular stimulant effects have been described with use of dietary supplements (DS) containing ephedra and caffeine (E/C) that are used for weight loss and athletic performance enhancement. Metabolic effects of these DS have not been described, but may contribute to cardiovascular toxicity. Methods 16 healthy adults (8 women) took 2 doses each of E/C alone, a multi-component DS containing 25 mg ephedra alkaloids and 200 mg caffeine, or placebo 6 hours apart in a 3-arm placebo-controlled, crossover study. Blood chemistry values were measured on samples collected for 10 hours after dosing. Results Post-prandial glucose and insulin were maximally increased 2 hours after eating, producing a 1.7-fold rise in insulin resistance (p=0.003). Peak values were glucose: 118.2 ± 17.8 mg/dl for DS vs. 91.2 ± 15.3 mg/dl for placebo, (p=0.001); and insulin: 82.2 ± 43.6 μU/ml for E/C vs. 42.9 ± 24.7 μU/ml for placebo, p=0.01). Serum potassium was decreased for 3 hours after dosing (3.60 ± 0.17 mmol/L for DS vs. 3.94 ± 0.29 mmol/L for placebo, p<0.0001). 15/16 subjects became hypokalemic (K+ <3.5 mmol/L) after E/C treatment. Conclusions Insulin resistance and hypokalemia were observed in healthy adults taking usual doses of E/C found in DS. If persistent, such effects could increase risk of dyslipidemia, Type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, and, in the setting of E/C-induced cardiac stimulation, hypokalemia could predispose to development of cardiac arrhythmias. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2004) 75, P44–P44; doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2003.11.165
Isothermal H2 desorption kinetics from Si(100) 2 × 1: dependence on disilane and atomic hydrogen precursors

Abstract Isothermal H2 desorption kinetics from the Si(100)2 × 1 surface were studied using laser-induced thermal desorption (LITD) techniques. Disilane (Si2H6) and atomic hydrogen were used as the hydrogen precursors. Atomic hydrogen deposits only hydrogen adatoms and H2 subsequently desorbs from a nearly atomically flat Si(100)2 × 1 surface. Disilane deposits both hydrogen and silicon adatoms that may produce an atomically rough Si(100) surface. This surface roughening with silicon adatoms simulates silicon chemical vapor deposition and may affect the H2 desorption kinetics. The isothermal LITD studies revealed first-order H2 desorption kinetics for both precursors. An activation barrier of Ed = 57.2 ± 2.6 kcal/mol and a pre-exponential factor of vd = 2.21 × 1015±1 s-1 were measured for the atomic hydrogen precursor. An activation barrier of Ed = 54.3 ± 2.3 kcal/mol and a pre-exponential factor of vd = 2.32 × 1014±1 s-1 were determined for the disilane precursor. Within the experimental error, the isothermal H2 desorption kinetics were not significantly affected by the hydrogen source. The similar desorption kinetics are attributed to the surface mobility of the silicon adatoms deposited with disilane. The silicon adatoms can either diffuse to nearby step edges or form Si(100)2 × 1 islands on the underlying Si(100)2 × 1 surface. The first-order H2 desorption kinetics are explained by the concerted desorption of H2 from two hydrogen atoms prepaired on the same silicon dimer on the Si(100)2 × 1 surface.
The dimensionality of niche space

Abstract The environmental specification of ecological niches is analyzed in terms of the experimental distribution of species. The number of extant species determines the useful dimensionality of niche description. An upper limit to this parameter exists and various examples suggest that it is in the range of 4–6.
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis, Glucocorticoids, and Neurologic Disease

Neurologic diseases often are accompanied by significant life stress and consequent increases in stress hormone levels. Glucocorticoid stress hormones are known to have deleterious interactions with neurodegenerative processes and are hypersecreted in neurologic disorders and comorbid psychiatric conditions. This review highlights the current state of knowledge of mechanisms controlling activation and inhibition of glucocorticoid secretion, outlines signalling mechanisms used by these hormones in neural tissue, and describes how endogenous glucocorticoids can mitigate neuronal damage in models of neurologic disease. This review highlights the importance of controlling stress and consequent stress hormone secretion in the context of neurologic disease states.
Nanostructured materials for improved photoconversion

The drive to make solar energy competitive with conventional energy sources has prompted the investigation of new photoconversion technologies, often referred to as third-generation photovoltaics, which have both lower cost and improved efficiency compared to existing technologies. In that framework, nanostructured materials, such as nanocrystals, nanowires, and nanotubes, occupy a prominent place because of their potential advantages over crystalline or thin-film photovoltaics technologies—high tunability of the bandgap via size control, strong band-edge absorption coefficient, efficient multiple-exciton generation by a single photon, and possibly high up-conversion efficiency. The ability to control the size, shape, composition, and surface termination of nanostructures provides new degrees of freedom that are inaccessible in conventional solar cell architectures. At the same time, the ability to explore this vast configuration space by synthesis and characterization alone is limited, which makes computational interrogation of the electronic and optical properties of nanostructures particularly valuable. In recent years, the convergence of new algorithms and new computational capabilities has made it possible for the first time to perform accurate electronic-structure calculations for large nanostructures. This article reviews recent developments in both semi-empirical and first-principles atomistic electronic structure methods that have led to accurate predictions and to a better understanding of carrier generation, relaxation, and recombination processes in nanostructured materials.
Long-term Effects of Dredging on Phosphorus Availability from Liberty Lake Sediments

ABSTRACT The results of dredging at Liberty Lake offer some valuable lessons for the conduct of sediment removal operations for lake restoration objectives. It was planned that approximately 50 ha were to be dredged at Liberty Lake. Differing dredge patterns were produced by two different contractors who performed the actual work, which included the removal of over 4 × 105 m3 of sediment material. In Area 1, deeply dug trenches were separated by undredged rows, while the bottom contour was more uniform in Area 2. The trenching pattern resulted in an actual dredged area of only about 21 ha. Because of slumping of undredged material into the trenches, and because of the remaining pool of high-phosphorus sediments, the dredging at Liberty Lake, especially in Area 1 was not as successful in reducing internal phosphorus loading as anticipated. In addition, macrophyte control from the dredging was not realized in Area 1, as macrophyte regrowth has been rapid. Some considerations for sediment removal in lake res...
Photosynthetic phosphorylation in Chlamydomonas Reinhardi. Effects of a mutation altering an ATP-synthesizing enzyme

Abstract A mutant strain of Chlamydomonas reinhardi with impaired photosynthesis is described. The inability of this mutant to fix CO 2 is attributed to a genetic lesion affecting primarily the mechanism of photosynthetic phosphorylation. Evidence is presented to suggest that only the terminal stages of ATP synthesis have been affected in this mutant, and that this metabolic change may be correlated to specific structural alterations. Studies with uncouplers of photosynthetic phosphorylation demonstrate that the alteration in the terminal stages of ATP synthesis has also resulted in a differential sensitivity to uncoupling agents. Implications of such observations to the reaction sequence leading to ATP synthesis are discussed.
Caught in the Act: How Extraverted and Introverted Friends Communally Cope with Being Recorded

This study explored how close friends who were similar or opposite on extraversion communally coped with being put on the spot to produce a recorded conversation. Participants were 50 pairs of same-sex college-age friends (54% female) who explicitly discussed the fact that their conversation was being recorded. The initial 'on-stage' episode emerged consistently earliest for extraverted dyads, and the majority of their episodes quickly diverted the on-stage moment. Dyads that included at least one introvert engaged in more extensive assortments of on-stage maneuvers, including research talk, soothing, and joking. In introvert-extravert dyads the extravert usually initiated and ended these episodes. Implications are discussed for understanding how personality is reciprocally implicated in managing shared everyday problems.
The Wechsler adult intelligence scale and personality assessment: Towards a biologically based theory of intelligence and cognition

Abstract Drawing on findings reported in an earlier paper (Robinson, 1985a), ‘introversion- extraversion’ scores were derived from WAIS-R profile differences. Scores on a ‘psychopathy’ dimension were derived from WAIS-R profiles in similar fashion. Results are described which show that these WAIS-R scores do relate to personality in the predicted fashion. The essential findings are that groups with high and low WAIS-R introversion-extraversion scores obtain significantly different scores on the Extraversion scale of the EPO. Groups with high and low WAIS-R psychopathy scores obtain significantly different scores on the Psychoticism scale of the same questionnaire. Some theoretical and practical implications are discussed. Special reference is made to biologically based explanations for ‘intelligence’ differences and differences in ‘cognition’.
Countering the Soviet Threat in the Olympic medals race: The Amateur Sports Act of 1978 and American athletics policy reform

The Olympics were a site of Cold War rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union. The successes of the Soviet Union eventually captured the attention of American policy-makers, who responded with the Amateur Sports Act of 1978. This article argues that the poor performance of the American team at the 1972 Olympic Games provided a ‘focusing event’ out of which the act emerged. It will further argue that the act's focus on elite athletics was a product of a perception in the late 1960s and 1970s that losses at international sport competitions detracted from American prestige abroad. The conservative political ideologies and athletic experiences of presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford did much to shape the way in which the problems in American athletics were approached.
Nitrate Concentration in Potato Petioles from Periodic Applications of 15N-Labeled Ammonium Nitrate Fertilizer

(...) Results indicate that supplements of 15 NH 4 15 NO 3 were taken up by the plants and concentrated in petioles within 1 wk after application at various times throughout the growing season. The 15 N from pre-emergence starter fertilizer applied in May was evident in petiole NO 3 at each petiole sampling through the entire season. Uptake of the 15 NO 3 source reached a higher peak in petioles 1 wk to 10 d ahead of 15 NO 3 that was nitrified and taken up from applying the same rate of labeled 15 NH 4 source (...)
Effect of partial defoliation during the vegetative phase on subsequent growth and grain yield of maize

SUMMARY Maize was grown in two densities, 2–47 or 4–94 plants m-2, and the following treatments imposed: untreated, plants partly defoliated 51 days after sowing, and alternate plants in a row partly defoliated 44 days after sowing. Plants flowered about 82 days after sowing. Leaf area was decreased by 60–64% by defoliation on day 51. Defoliation resulted in decreases in grain yield and grain number of 6–17%, though when alternate plants were defoliated in the higher density there was a substantial decrease in yield and number of grains in defoliated plants, which was largely offset by an increase in adjacent intact plants. When plants were defoliated on day 51 subsequent growth in leaf area was similar to, and that in leaf weight nearly as large as that in untreated plants, while increase in stem weight was substantially less than in untreated plants. By the time of flowering untreated and defoliated plots differed by c. 30% in leaf area. Increments of dry matter after flowering differed by c. 15% between untreated and defoliated plots. The fraction of these increments which entered the grain was c. 90% in both untreated and defoliated plots. When alternate plants in the row were partly defoliated on day 44 their subsequent increase in leaf area was probably 5–16% less than that of the adjacent intact plants. Increments of dry matter after flowering of plots with alternate plants defoliated were 93–95 % of those of untreated plots; leaf efficiency after flowering was slightly greater than in untreated plots. The fraction of the dry matter increment after flowering which entered the grain was c. 88 % in both intact and defoliated plants of the small density, but was 94% in intact plants and 86% in defoliated plants of the large density.
Engineering lateral composition modulation in GaAsSb multilayers

Abstract We discuss the development and optimization of lateral composition modulation in GaAsSb multilayer structures. Multilayers of this material system must be grown in strain balance with respect to the substrate in order to maintain regular composition modulation. By adjusting the thickness of each layer within the multilayer structure, the formation of lateral composition modulation can be optimized. Reducing the thickness of individual layers to 1.5 ML results in robust lateral composition modulation. However, upon further reduction to 1 ML, film quality degrades as anion exchange acts to cause intermixing.
Using professional consultants to mentor CIS students on a simulated consulting project

Students who graduate from the Computer Information Systems major at James Madison University tend to be hired by consulting firms. In support of this, our program has developed an IT Consulting class. This class is team taught by members of the consulting firms that hire our students and a faculty member. The consulting firms also serve as mentors to the students in the class as student teams respond to a simulated Request for Proposal. This paper describes our class and the mentoring role taken by the consultants. We describe outcomes of this mentoring relationship from both the consultants' and the students' perspective.
Event-Related Brain Potentials and Intermodal Divided Attention:

Attention allocation to visual and auditory channels under high-information load was examined by recording event-related brain potentials (ERPs). Ten subjects monitored an audiovisual display of intermittent 2-degree circles presented centrally and 1000-Hz tones presented binaurally. Subjects had to detect targets in both channels while dividing attention to ecah channel in varying proportions. Each subject had a minimum of 20 hours practice at the task. POC analysis indicated a tradeoff in processing resources between the visual and auditory channels. The N160 and P250 components of the visual ERP, and a slow negative shift potential associated with the auditory N100 component, varied in amplitude as processing resources were allocated to the visual or auditory channel. Both these sets of results were obtained only when stimuli were presented at a fast rate. The results suggest that intermodality divided attention influences both modality-specific and modality-nonspecific ERP components in practised subj...
ABCG5/G8 Deficiency in Mice Reduces Dietary Triacylglycerol and Cholesterol Transport into the Lymph

The adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette (ABC) transporter G5/G8 is critical in protecting the body from accumulating dietary plant sterols. Expressed in the liver and small intestine, it transports plant sterols into the biliary and intestinal lumens, thus promoting their excretion. The extent to which G5/G8 regulates cholesterol absorption remains unclear. G5/G8 is also implicated in reducing the absorption of dietary triacylglycerols (TAG) by unknown mechanisms. We hypothesized that G5/G8 suppresses the production of chylomicrons, and its deficiency would enhance the absorption of both dietary TAG and cholesterol. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of G5/G8 deficiency on lipid uptake and secretion into the lymph under steady-state conditions. Surprisingly, compared with wild-type mice (WT) (n = 9), G5/G8 KO (n = 13) lymph fistula mice given a continuous intraduodenal infusion of [3H]-TAG and [14C]-cholesterol showed a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in lymphatic transport of both [3H]-TAG and [14C]-cholesterol, concomitant with a significant (P < 0.05) increase of [3H]-TAG and [14C]-cholesterol accumulated in the intestinal lumen. There was no difference in the total amount of radiolabeled lipids retained in the intestinal mucosa between the two groups. G5/G8 KO mice given a bolus of TAG showed reduced intestinal TAG secretion compared with WT, suggesting an independent role for G5/G8 in facilitating intestinal TAG transport. Our data demonstrate that G5/G8 deficiency reduces the uptake and secretion of both dietary TAG and cholesterol by the intestine, suggesting a novel role for the sterol transporter in the formation and secretion of chylomicrons.
Abortive effects and comparative metabolism of chlorcyclizine in various mammalian species.

A high incidence of abortion was produced in Duroc pigs (Sus scrofa) by maternal treatment during organogenesis with 5.5 mg/kg chlorcyclizine. The same dose of chlorcyclizine or hydroxyzine administered to pregnant rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) also resulted in a high frequency of abortion. Species differences in the rate of chlorcyclizine metabolism were shown to exist. Chlorcyclizine was administered to nonpregnant rats, monkeys, and pigs on consecutive days, at teratogenic or abortive doses, and blood levels of norchlorcyclizine, the demethylated derivative of chlorcyclizine, were used as an indication of the rate of metabolism. A comparison of the three species in the rate of conversion to norchlorcyclizine showed that measurable amounts of norchlorcyclizine were present in rat blood 24 hours after the initial dose whereas this metabolite was undetectable in either pig or monkey blood at a similar time period. A comparision of chlorcyclizine metabolism showed that there was more rapid demethylation in monkeys than in pigs as indicated by the fact that chlorcyclizine became undetectable in the blood of monkeys ten days before it did in that of a pig.
Haloperidol-induced hyperactivity in neonatal rats: effect of lithium and stimulants.

Abstract The effect of chronic subcutaneous administration of haloperidol directly into neonatal rats was investigated as a possible model for the hyperkinetic syndrome in human children in terms of its onset, duration and offset of hyperactivity. In addition, the ability of chronically-administered lithium in the diet of nursing mothers to attenuate the haloperidol-induced hyperactivity was investigated. Experiments with acute administration of the clinically-effective stimulants, amphetamine and methylphenidate, to the pups were also conducted to determine the adequacy of this behavioral model vis-a-vis the human condition. The results indicate that, although chronic haloperidol (2.5 mg/kg) produces hyperactivity relative to controls on the 25th day of life, this hyperactive behavior does not return to control levels at 30 days of age. Moreover, neither the stimulants nor lithium attenuates this hyperactivity and, indeed, lithium, by itself, produces increased activity. Thus, chronic haloperidol administered directly into neonatal rat pups produces hyperactivity possibly by the production of dopaminergic supersensitivity, yet this effect does not model the temporal course seen in hyperkinetic humans. In addition, the administration of drugs that are clinically-useful in treating childhood hyperactivity were unable to decrease the hyperactivity produced by haloperidol in neonatal rats. Taken together, these observations cast doubt upon the usefulness of this animal model to mimic the human condition.
Extension of the application of the shorted quartz gauge.

Shorted guard‐ring quartz gauges 12.7 mm in diameter and 3.2 mm thick were shock loaded by AL 6061 and copper impactors to stresses of 42 and 58 kilobars, respectively. Distortion of the current output was observed only at the 58 kilobar stress; at 42 kilobars the current profile conforms closely to the stress profile. Comparison of present data with previous studies demonstrates: (a) The present results lie on a smooth extension of an earlier calibration by Hayes and Gupta. (b) When only the current peak at the shock front is considered, the present data lie close to Graham’s curve for shunted gauges. An example of application of the shorted gauge at 40 kilobars to monitor a stress relaxing profile in LiF is also described.
Benign Partial Epilepsy of Childhood with Monomorphic Sharp Waves in Centrotemporal and Other Locations

Summary: We reviewed EEGs from children whose history and clinical course was compatible with benign partial epilepsy of childhood with centrotemporal spikes. In 21% of patients with a single EEG focus, the discharge was outside the centrotemporal area. In 37.5% of patients with more than one focus, one was in the centrotemporal area while the other was not. We suggest that the typical EEG features of this syndrome are the normal background, the stereotypic morphology of the sharp waves, and their activation by drowsiness and sleep, not their exclusive location in the centrotemporal regions. Insistence on a centrotemporal location for the EEG discharges in this syndrome may lead to a misclassification of the type of epilepsy in some children with implications for therapeutic decisions and prognostic statements.
Discontinuous behaviour near excavations in a bedded salt formation

Discontinuous behaviour is being observed and measured in the vicinity of excavations constructed in a bedded salt formation 650 m below ground surface for the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) Facility. The 2 m thick salt layer in the immediate roof acts as a beam, shearing along a thin overlying anhydrite/clay seam. Vertical separations between the immediate roof layer and the overlying strata are often observed at the anhydrite/clay seam above the centre of excavations of larger span (11 m). The floor of the excavations is comprised of a 1 m thick salt layer underlain by a 1 m thick predominately anhydrite layer (referred to as MB139). Fractures in MB139 develop beneath most excavations, with increased fracture frequency with drift span and age. In the excavations of larger span (11 m), MB139 eventually debonds along the underlying clay layer. The salt layer overlying MB139 develops both shear and tension failure. In a few locations below excavations of large span, continuous fracture systems are developing from rib to rib through MB139 and the overlying salt. In the ribs, there is limited fracturing within the first metre of most larger excavations. Vertical fractures develop in pillars at most intersections. The discontinuous behaviour is qualitatively consistent with analyses of the formation behaving as a layered medium (elastic beam analysis) and limited tensile and compressive failure of the rock salt. The significance of the discontinuous behaviour is that it can dominate the effective fluid transport properties of the formation near the excavation, and therefore requires consideration in the design of repository seals. Discontinuous behaviour must be monitored and is an important factor in the maintenance programme designed to assure a safe underground environment.
Recovery of ethyl acetate from process effluents using pervaporation technology

Abstract The recovery of ethyl acetate from dilute aqueous process waste streams commonly found in the specialty chemical and pharmaceutical industry has been shown to be effectively performed by membrane pervaporation. A silicone membrane filled with a zeolite material, “silicalite,”; proved extremely effective in yielding high ethyl acetate selectivities under a variety of processing conditions. Permeate ethyl acetate concentrations in excess of 90% were obtained for processing aqueous feed mixtures from 1 to 8% ethyl acetate. The effects of feed concentration, temperature and permeate‐side pressure were examined. Flux increased with increasing feed concentration and temperature, and decreased with increasing permeate‐side pressure.
The Impact of Role Models on Medical Students

To explore the relationship between exposure to clinical role models during medical school and the students' choice of clinical field for residency training, and to estimate the strength of this association. Cross-section study. McGill University School of Medicine, Montreal, Canada. Of the 146 graduating medical students in the class of 1995, 136 participated. Clinical field chosen by students for residency training and the students' assessment of their exposure to and interaction with physician role models were the main measurements. Ninety percent of graduating students had identified a role model or models during medical school. Personality, clinical skills and competence, and teaching ability were most important in the selection of a role model, while research achievements and academic position were least important. Odds ratios between interacting with "sufficient" role models in a given clinical field and choosing that same clinical field for residency were 12.8 for pediatrics, 5.1 for family medicine, 4.7 for internal medicine, and 3.6 for surgery. Most students (63%) received career counseling and advice from their role models. Exposure to role models in a particular clinical field is strongly associated with medical students' choice of clinical field for residency training. Knowing which characteristics students look for in their role models should help identify the physicians who may be most influential in medical students' career choice.
Biological control of plant root pathogens

Rhizobacteria introduced to control soil-borne root diseases must establish metabolically active populations that mediate protection either by direct antagonism of pathogens or by stimulation of host plant defenses. Recent interest has focused on the genetic and biochemical basis of disease control and the influence of environmental factors on the expression and activity of biocontrol mechanisms. The cloning and sequencing of genes involved in the production of microbial metabolites playing key roles in plant defense opens new possibilities for improving the performance of biocontrol agents.
The Dangers of Dalālī, the Dangers of Dān

Abstract The moral perils believed to be associated with the giving and receiving of dān (giving) have been widely noted by anthropologists of South Asia. However, among these studies of Indian giving and exchange, less attention has been devoted to exploring how and why commercial transactions become a site of moral condemnation. Drawing upon twenty months of fieldwork with the boys who operated as commission agents or dalāls in the foreign tourist economy in the city of Banaras, I demonstrate how the youths regarded these earnings as morally problematic. I argue that the various condemnations of dalālī (commission) were symptomatic of a set of deeper concerns regarding the impact of foreign tourism, the future of the boys and their families, and ultimately the (re)production of the socio-cultural order itself. Furthermore, I argue that narratives about the dangers of dalālī took on significance because they intersected with more pervasive, highly ambivalent reactions to modernity in India. As such, the ...
Reactor Network Analysis to Assess Fuel Composition Effects on NOx Emissions From a Recuperated Gas Turbine

This paper addresses the numerical prediction of NOx emissions from a micro turbine generator (MTG) using a chemical reactor network (CRN). In particular, the effect of fuel composition on NOx formation is analyzed. The numerical predictions are compared with available experimental results. The results obtained with the reactor network analysis (RNA) for the mixtures with heavier alkanes are in good agreement with the experimental results; however the methodology indicates that the prediction is sensitive to the selection of the reaction mechanism. Also, it was possible to predict measured trends for the effect of the dilution with CO2, but the slope of the trend differs from the experiments. The analysis of the results indicates that most of the NOx measured at the turbine exit for the conditions of this study is formed through the N2O route. This is the dominant pathway for this system, regardless of the fuel composition or the reaction mechanism used.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Identification of localized structure in a nonlinear damped harmonic oscillator using Hamilton's principle

In the mid-seventeenth century Isaac Newton formalized the language necessary to describe the evolution of physical systems. Newton argued that the evolution of the state of a process can be described entirely in terms of the forces involved with the process. About a century and a half later, William Hamilton was able to establish the whole of Newtonian mechanics without ever using the concept of force. Rather, Hamilton argued that a physical system will evolve in such a way as to extremize the integral of the difference between the kinetic and potential energies. This paradigmatic reformulation allows for a type of reverse engineering of physical systems. This paper will use the Hamiltonian formulation of a nonlinear damped harmonic oscillator with third and fifth order nonlinearities to establish the existence of localized solutions of the governing model. These localized solutions are commonly known in mathematical physics as solitons. The data obtained from the variational method will be used to numerically integrate the equation of motion, and find the exact solution numerically.
Secularism Soviet Style: Crossing Borders in the Second World

After more than two years of residence in the Mari Republic in the Volga region of Russia, first as an instructor of German at Mari State University in 2000–2001, then as a foreign researcher for a...
Internal stresses in zinc-chromate coatings

Zinc coatings immersed in a chromating solution acquire a mixed potential characteristic of zinc dissolution and the deposition of a chromium hydroxide layer. Zinc deposits are initially in a compressive stress but a zinc-chromate coating has a tensile stress which increases with chromate thickness. The stress in the chromate films after drying increases only slightly compared to a wet chromate film. Scanning electron and scanning probe microscopy reveals microcracks in the chromate coatings due to the tensile stress. As the internal stresses in the chromate film increase, scanning probe studies show an increase in microcrack width and depth.
Transcription from the Thyroid Hormone-dependent Promoter of the Xenopus laevis Thyroid Hormone Receptor βA Gene Requires a Novel Upstream Element and the Initiator, but Not a TATA Box

The thyroid hormone receptor (TR) β genes in Xenopus laevis are regulated by thyroid hormone in all organs of an animal during metamorphosis. This autoregulation appears to be critical for systematic transformations of different organs as a tadpole is transformed into a frog. To understand this autoregulation, we have previously identified a thyroid hormone response element in the hormone-dependent promoter of the X. laevisTRβA gene. We report here the detailed characterization of the promoter. We have now mapped the transcription start site and demonstrated the existence of an initiator element at the start site critical for promoter function. More important, our deletion and mutational experiments revealed a novel upstream DNA element that is located 125 base pairs upstream of the start site and that is essential for active transcription from the promoter. Promoter reconstitution experiments showed that this novel element does not function as an enhancer, but acts as a core promoter element, which, together with the initiator, directs accurate transcription from the promoter. Finally, we provide evidence for the existence of a protein(s) that specifically recognizes this element. Our studies thus demonstrate that the TRβA promoter has a unique organization consisting of an initiator and a novel upstream promoter element. Such an organization may be important for the ubiquitous but tissue-dependent temporal regulation of the gene by thyroid hormone during amphibian metamorphosis.
Seasonal Patterns in Syndromic Surveillance Emergency Department Data due to Respiratory Illnesses

This abstract assesses the seasonal trends in respiratory illnesses using South Carolina syndromic surveillance emergency department data. The use of syndromic surveillance emergency department data to track respiratory illnesses is useful for the early detection of illness clusters in a particular area and for the development of prevention strategies in preparation of increases in respiratory illnesses.
Effect of molecular weight on the radial growth rates of polymer spherulites

Data existing in the literature for the spherulitic growth rate of molecular weight fractions of linear polyethylene, poly-(tetramethyl-p-silphenylene)siloxane, and trans-1,4-polyisoprene have been analyzed according to nucleation theory on taking into account the influence of chain length on the free energy of fusion. All three polymers display very similar behavior in that the interfacial free energy reaches an asymptotic value at high molecular weights, decreases as the molecular weight is lowered, and appears to also reach an asymptotic value at low molecular weights. Although the changes in the interfacial energy with molecular weight are quite distinct, the relative change is much less than has been previously reported when a molecular crystal analysis is used. The same general behavior observed points out the dominating influence of the chain-like character of the molecules in governing the growth rate.
Low-complexity occlusion handling for motion-compensated frame rate up-conversion

This paper presents a novel low-complexity pixel-based occlusion handling algorithm. A smooth dense motion field associated with the interpolated frame is derived from the result of block-based motion estimation. The occlusion type of each pixel is determined by the corresponding divergence value of the motion field. Experimental results show that the proposed method reliably yields high quality interpolated frames, especially at occlusion regions, with an extremely low computational complexity.
TARDIS: a numerical simulation package for drive systems

A simulation package, TARDIS, intended for simulating electrical drive systems on a digital computer is described. The core of TARDIS is a general-purpose differential-algebraic equation solver that can handle discontinuities efficiently and differential-algebraic equations of index 0 and 1. Designed to emphasize accuracy and efficiency, TARDIS incorporates several new features: local truncation error control, modeling of discrete components by state machines, zero location, and sparse matrix techniques. As an illustration of its ability to handle complex drive systems with many switching elements, some of the results are presented from a simulation of a complete current source induction motor drive, both a rectifier with finite source impedance and an inverter. >
Fitness for duty in the nuclear power industry: the effects of local characteristics

The effects of local characteristics on the outcomes of drug and alcohol testing at nuclear power plants are examined. Data on testing results from two years of program performance reports from the nuclear industry's fitness-for-duty programs and data on local characteristics from the US census are used in the analysis. Geographical region, outage status, population density, and crime rate are found to influence the proportion of test results that are positive at nuclear power plants. Population density and crime rate are found to increase the relative proportion of all positive test results that are the result of cocaine. Implications for evaluating the results of drug testing in the nuclear industry and in other industries are discussed. >
Distribution and Generation of the Overpressure System, Eastern Delaware Basin, Western Texas and Southern New Mexico

Three subsurface pressure systems have been identified in the Delaware basin: an upper normal pressure system, a middle overpressure system, and a lower normal pressure system. The overpressure system occurs in the eastern Delaware basin, covering six Texas and New Mexico counties. The depth of the overpressure system ranges from 3100 to 5400 m. The normal fluid pressure gradient is 0.0103 MPa/m in the eastern Delaware basin. The highest overpressure gradient, however, approaches 0.02 MPa/m, which is close to the lithostatic gradient of 0.0231 MPa/m. The overpressure system has a relatively flat top and a downwarped bottom. The maximum thickness of the overpressure system reaches about 2300 m at the depocenter and pinches out toward the edges. An area of excess pressure o curs within the system where the highest excess pressure reaches 60 MPa. Local underpressured areas due to production are found in the lower normal pressure system in the War-Wink field area. Overpressure in the eastern Delaware basin is mainly associated with Mississippian, Pennsylvanian, and Permian (Wolfcampian) shale sequences, which also are major source rocks in the basin. Initial sedimentation rates within the overpressure system range from 17 to 90 m/m.y. Corrected bottom-hole temperature measurements indicate that the geothermal gradient within the overpressure zone is 25.1°C/km, which is higher than the basin's average geothermal gradient of 21°C/km. Temperatures at the top and bottom of the overpressure system are about 80 and 115°C, respectively. This temperature range approximates the temperature of the average clay dehydration zone. The oil window in the War-Wink field is coincident with the overpressure system, which implies that hydrocarbon g neration and migration are active in the overpressure system. A two-stage overpressure model is proposed. Hydrocarbon maturation combined with mechanical compaction disequilibrium and clay dehydration are the initial causes for overpressure generation due to an abnormal increase of fluid volume and pore space. Subsequently, the increase in temperature due to a decrease of thermal conductivity and fluid migration within the preexisting overpressure system would reinforce further overpressuring due to the fluid thermal expansion.