cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Story of Whren v. United States: The Song Remains the Same

This book chapter, which will be part of a book of famous U.S. Supreme Court decisions that touch on issues of race and civil rights, considers the decision of Whren v. United States, 517 U.S. 806 (1996). In that case, the Court, in a unanimous decision written by Justice Antonin Scalia, held that, so long as police officers had probable cause for a stop, it did not violate the Fourth Amendment - even if the reason for the stop was pretextual. The Court instead held that a claim for racial discrimination was properly made under the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. This chapter places the case in its proper historical context of the war on drugs and the trajectory of the Court's Fourth Amendment decisions, and analyzes how the decision made it difficult through the U.S. Constitution to put an end to racial profiling. The chapter further tells the story of the various interested parties, including the two defendants, Michael Whren and James Brown, before and after the Court's decision, with some surprising information; Michael Whren ended up in college while the vice officers primarily involved in the arrest had less illustrious turns in their careers. From a social change prospective, the Court's decision in Whren shifted efforts to end racial profiling from the legal to the political realm, which at least before the events of September 11, 2001 yielded some positive developments.
Role and mechanism of rutin from buckwheat flowers and leaves on metabolism of glucose and lipids

OBJECTIVE To explore the role and mechanism of rutin from buckwheat flowers and leaves(RBFL) on metabolism of glucose and lipids in diabetic rats.METHODS The diabetic rat model was induced by fat emulsion combined with small doses of alloxan.The diabetic rats were orally treated with RBFL(L,M and H dose group for 8 weeks,and Rosiglitazone was given as a positive control drug.The effects of RBFL on the fasting blood glucose(FBG),serum TG,TC,FFA,ALT,INS,INS-Ab,TNF-α in serum and liver were detected.The liver index(LI),INS-Ab binding rate(IABR) and ISI were calculated,and the morphological changes of liver tissue were observed.RESULTS Compared with normal control group,FBG,serum TG,TC,FFA,ALT,INS,TNF-α,LI,IABR,ISI of diabetic rats(model group) were increased.Different dosages of RBFL could decrease the above indexes in certain degree,and could improve the insulin resistance(IR) and the morphological changes of liver tissue.The effect of RBFL was increased with dose used in the rats.CONCLUSION RBFL could regulate the metabolic disorder of glucose and lipids in diabetic rats,and could improve the IR,which might be due to the reduction of TNF-α.
Abstract PL07-03: The multifaceted role of Notch signaling in tumor/microenvironment interaction

Notch receptors participate in a highly conserved signaling pathway with critical developmental roles in multicellular animals. Based on studies involving developing and adult organisms, it is evident that the outcome of Notch signaling is not fixed but varies widely with dose and context, allowing Notch to either drive or modulate a large number of different biologic processes. This complexity extends to cancer. The first mammalian Notch receptor to be identified, Notch1, was found due to its rearrangement in a rare subset of T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL), immediately indicating a role for the pathway in oncogenesis. Since this time, mechanistic work in animal models and cancer genome sequencing studies have greatly expanded the scope of the proposed roles for Notch signaling in cancer to the point where it is now reasonable to think that Notch impacts all of the Weinberg/Hanahan “Hallmarks of Cancer”. Some of these roles stem from cell autonomous mutations that constitutively activate oncogenic Notch signaling in tumors such as T-ALL and triple negative breast cancer, or that inactivate Notch in tumors such as squamous cell carcinomas of the skin and head and neck, confirming that Notch can act as a context dependent oncogene or tumor suppressor. In addition, recent data suggest that certain classes of Notch mutations are selected for their ability to upregulate signaling in a microenvironment-dependent fashion, a type of gene-environment interaction that is highly specific for particular cancers, such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia and marginal zone B cell lymphoma. Additional roles for Notch involving the stromal compartment in cancers, particularly angiogenesis and host immunity, also are coming into focus. This talk will touch on a number of these emerging relationships, which have implications for ongoing attempts to effectively target the Notch pathway in patients with a broad spectrum of different cancers. Citation Format: Jon C. Aster. The multifaceted role of Notch signaling in tumor/microenvironment interaction. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2015 Nov 5-9; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2015;14(12 Suppl 2):Abstract nr PL07-03.
Posttraumatic Acute and Chronic Osteomyelitis

Posttraumatic infection is a problem that all surgeons see and the unfortunate complication that affects the trauma patient all too often. It has arbitrarily been divided into acute and chronic. The geographical pattern of the bone that develops osteomyelitis determines the type and stage of the infection. The host comorbidities have a negative effect on the outcome, irrespective of the localized involvement. The initial bacterial load, localized soft tissue damage, bone stability, retained necrotic bone, biofilm on metal, and local blood supply are also factors that influence the development of infection. Posttraumatic infection and osteomyelitis require a team approach with plastic surgery and infectious disease closely involved. The team strategy necessitates surgery in the vast majority of cases and requires excision of infected bone, removal of metal if contaminated, soft tissue coverage, bone stability, and postoperative culture-directed antibiotics. If, after the infection has cleared, the bone segment is mechanically unstable or a segmental defect was created, treatment using wire ring fixation, internal fixation, Masquelet technique, and vascularized fibula grafts has a role in the reconstruction.
Infinite Polyiodide Chains in the Pyrroloperylene–Iodine Complex: Insights into the Starch–Iodine and Perylene–Iodine Complexes

We report the preparation and X-ray crystallographic characterization of the first crystalline homoatomic polymer chain, which is part of a semiconducting pyrroloperylene-iodine complex. The crystal structure contains infinite polyiodide I∞ (δ-) . Interestingly, the structure of iodine within the insoluble, blue starch-iodine complex has long remained elusive, but has been speculated as having infinite chains of iodine. Close similarities in the low-wavenumber Raman spectra of the title compound and starch-iodine point to such infinite polyiodide chains in the latter as well.
Targeting Notch in cancer with gamma-secretase inhibitors

C236 Gamma-secretase inhibitors are being evaluated for the treatment of cancers in which the Notch pathway has been activated. Inhibition of gamma-secretase activity prevents cleavage of the Notch receptor and release of the Notch Intracellular Domain, which regulates Notch-dependent gene expression. In vitro and in vivo models of T-ALL and other solid tumors have been developed to explore the mechanism of action of gamma-secretase inhibitors and to study the correlation pathway inhibition and anti-tumor efficacy.
Cardiovascular Endurance, Body Mass Index, Physical Activity, Screen Time, and Carotenoid Intake of Children: NHANES National Youth Fitness Survey.

Background. Approximately 17% of children aged 6–11 years were classified as obese in the United States. Obesity adversely affects physical functioning and leads to reduced quality of life. Heart function for overweight and obese children has not been reported. Methods. Data for this study were from NHANES National Youth Fitness Survey (NNYFS) conducted in conjunction with the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) in 2012. This study used data from children aged 6–12 ( ) that had the cardiorespiratory endurance measure, body mass index for age and sex, and dietary data ( ). Cardiovascular endurance was estimated by heart rate reserve. Results. Compared to the highest percentile of heart rate reserve, those in the first percentile had 3.52 (2.36, 5.24) odds and those in the second percentile had 3.61 (1.84, 7.06) odds of being in the overweight/obese as compared to the under/normal weight category. Considering the highest percentile, boys had a heart rate reserve of 35%, whereas girls had a heart rate reserve of 13% (less than half that of boys). Conclusion. Having an overweight or obese classification for children in this study demonstrated a compromise in cardiovascular endurance. Parental awareness should be raised as to the detrimental consequence of overweight and heart health.
Geomorphology of the Burnt River, eastern Oregon, USA: Topographic adjustments to tectonic and dynamic deformation

Abstract Eastern Oregon contains the deepest gorge in North America, where the Snake River cuts vertically down 2300 m. This deep gorge is known as Hells Canyon. A landscape containing such a topographic feature is likely undergoing relatively recent deformation. Study of the Burnt River, a tributary to the Snake River at the upstream end of Hells Canyon, yields data on active river incision in eastern Oregon, indicating that Quaternary faults are a first order control on regional landscape development. Through 1:24,000-scale geologic mapping, a 500,000-year record of fluvial incision along the Burnt River was constructed and is chronologically anchored by optically stimulated luminescence dating and tephrochronology analyses. A conceptual model of fluvial terrace formation was developed using these ages and likely applies to other non-glaciated catchments in eastern Oregon. Mapped terraces, inferred to have formed during glacial-interglacial cycles, provide constraints on rates of incision of the Burnt River. Incision through these terraces indicates that the Burnt River is down-cutting at 0.15 to 0.57 m kyr− 1. This incision appears to reflect a combination of local base-level adjustments tied to movement along the newly mapped Durkee fault and regional base-level control imposed by the downcutting of the Snake River. Deformation of terraces as young as 38.7 ± 5.1 ka indicates Quaternary activity along the Durkee fault, and when combined with topographic metrics (slope, relief, hypsometry, and stream-steepness), reveals a landscape in disequilibrium. Longer wavelength lithospheric dynamics (delamination and crustal foundering) that initiated in the Miocene may also be responsible for continued regional deformation of the Earth's surface.
Physical Examination of the Heart

There are no clinically applicable graphic methods which will conveniently substitute for careful physical examination of the heart. This examination includes pertinent portions of the general physical examination, inspection of the precordium, palpation of the anterior and lateral surfaces of the chest wall, percussion of the heart border, and auscultation over the heart and great vessels and elsewhere when indicated. Physicians who are aware of the important observations which have resulted from laboratory study of heart sounds and murmurs and precordial movements associated with the heart beat are well equipped to gain skill in the useful technics of physical examination of the heart. The major pitfalls are inexact methods of observation and prematurity of conclusion.
Surveillance of ventricular septal defects in Delaware.

BACKGROUND The prevalence of ventricular septal defects (VSDs), a birth defect in which there is an opening in the wall that separates the left and right ventricles of the heart, seemed to be substantially higher in Delaware compared with the National Birth Defects Prevention Network (NBDPN). The Delaware Birth Defects Registry (BDR) noted their high prevalence of VSDs in comparison with other states. METHODS A subset of children with a VSD born in 2007 through 2010 was identified from the complete reportable statewide defect list that the BDR creates each year. VSDs were categorized by type of VSD (muscular, perimembranous, conotruncal, or atrioventricular septal defect), by either isolated or complex, and then by spontaneously closed, surgically closed, open but clinically insignificant, lost to follow-up, fetal or neonatal death. RESULTS The BDR team found a prevalence of VSD of 83.4 per 10,000 including fetal/neonatal deaths. Excluding fetal and neonatal deaths the prevalence was 78.7 per 10,000 live births. Excluding small muscular VSDs, the prevalence in Delaware falls to 25.7 per 10,000. CONCLUSION The BDR team chose to include all babies with all types of VSDs. Using these criteria Delaware's prevalence of 78.7 was higher than that reported by other states (whose prevalence ranges from 1.6 to 70.0 per 10,000 live births) (National Birth Defects Prevention Network, ). Delaware's prevalence is similar to other states when small muscular VSDs are excluded. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 106:888-893, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Workload Consolidation for Cloud Data Centers with Guaranteed QoS Using Request Reneging

Cloud data centers are widely employed to offer reliable cloud services. However, low resource utilization and high power consumption have been great challenges for cloud providers. Moreover, the rapid increase in demand for affordable cloud services magnifies the obstacles for proficient resource management policies. In this paper, we investigate how to improve resource utilization and power consumption in cloud data centers when delivering services with statistically guaranteed Quality of Service (QoS). We assume that the service provider hosts different types of services, each of which has request classes with different QoS requirements. Different from the traditional approaches that distribute workloads with different QoS levels on different Virtual Machines (VMs), we introduce an approach to pack requests of the same service type, even with different QoS requirements, into the same VM, and to remove potential failure requests in time to improve resource usage and energy cost. We formally prove that our algorithm can statistically guarantee QoS conditions in terms of deadline miss ratios. We develop a cloud prototype to empirically validate our proposed methods and algorithm. Our experimental results demonstrate that our approach can significantly outperform other traditional approaches in terms of QoS guarantees, power consumption, resource demand and electricity cost.
Abstract 011: Transcriptional Basis Of Epicardial Progenitor Cell Activation During Heart Development, Regeneration And Repair

The epicardium encapsulates the heart and functions as a source of multipotent progenitor cells and paracrine factors essential for cardiac development and repair. Injury of the adult heart results in reactivation of epicardial progenitor cells, which reengages a developmental gene program, but the underlying transcriptional basis has not been delineated. We established a mouse embryonic heart organ culture and gene expression system that facilitated the identification of epicardial enhancers activated during heart development and injury. Epicardial activation of these enhancers depends on a combinatorial transcriptional code centered on C/EBP, HOX, MEIS, and GRAINYHEAD families of transcription factors. Furthermore, disruption of C/EBP signaling in the adult epicardium reduced injury-induced neutrophil infiltration and improved cardiac function. These findings reveal a transcriptional basis for epicardial progenitor cell activation during heart development and injury, providing a platform for enhancing cardioprotection and regeneration.
Short Communication: Resolution of Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Induced Fanconi Syndrome with Switch to Tenofovir Alafenamide Fumarate in a HIV-1 and Hepatitis B Coinfected Patient

Abstract Fanconi syndrome is a rare adverse effect of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF). Tenofovir alafenamide fumarate (TAF) is a novel prodrug with less nephrotoxicity. We report resolution of Fanconi syndrome in a HIV and hepatitis B coinfected patient switched from TDF to TAF.
Institutional Ownership and Flexibility in Payout Policy: Evidence from the Financial Crisis

I study the role of institutional stock ownership in facilitating flexibility in firms’ payout policy by examining payout reductions during the financial crisis of 2008-2009. Treating the financial crisis as a systemic, negative shock to firms’ access to capital markets, I find that firms with higher institutional holdings were more likely to reduce payout to their shareholders. The payout reduction is overwhelmingly driven by cuts in share repurchases attesting to the flexible nature of share repurchases as documented in the literature. The findings are robust to different measures of institutional ownership. I attempt to further examine the mechanism behind this effect by incorporating several proxies for information asymmetry in my analysis and conclude that the primary driver is the mitigation of information asymmetry brought about by increase in institutional shareholding. However, my findings are not inconsistent with institutional investors reducing agency conflicts between management and shareholders.
THE ILLUSION OF MATURATION IN AN AGE OF DECLINE

Psychology is the dominant ideological paradigm of our age. It is the prism through which the reality of society is transformed into the mythology of individualism. Two striking instances of this tendency appeared at the beginning of the century. James Ward’s classic Psychological Principles (1920) set down the following methodological pronouncement: “Taking individual experience as defining the scope of psychology, we began our study with our own experience, since other experience can be intelligible only in these terms” (p. 361). And William James introduced his influential The Varieties of Religious Experience (1902) with the following prescription: “If the inquiry be psychological, not religious institutions, but rather religious feelings and religious impulses must be its subject, and I must confine myself to those more developed subjective phenomena recorded in literature produced by articulate and fully self-conscious men, in works of piety and autobiography” (p. 4). It is not the focus on mind that distinguishes twentieth-century bourgeois thought from earlier historical reflections; it is, rather, the separation of mind from the social institutions in which it is embodied.
Optimization of transcostal phased-array refocusing using sparse semidefinite relaxation method

Treating tumors in organs shadowed by the ribs is a challenge for high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU). The ribs absorb energy from the ultrasound beams causing their temperature to rise, while also distorting the beams, and limiting the target heat deposition. Accordingly, it is necessary to devise focusing methods that address the difficulties presented by the ribs. In this paper, a new approach that reduces total power deposition on the region of interest (ROI) by removing transducer elements is introduced. The method builds on the limited power deposition (LPD) method, which took advantage of the semidefinite relaxation (SDR) method to relax nonconvex constraints into convex form. The method introduced in this paper induces sparsity using the one-norm squared. The results of using this method to focus a 1-MHz spherical phased array on a target in an inhomogeneous medium are presented and compared to the ray tracing (shadowing) approach [1]. A finite-difference time domain propagation model was used to model the wave propagation to the target. Temperature simulations that utilized the inhomogeneous bioheat transfer equation (BHTE) illustrate the advantages of the induced sparsity LPD method. Together, these simulation results illustrate the advantages of using optimization based on sparsity inducing techniques over the shadowing approach.
Use of a raw meat-based diet or a dry kibble diet for sand cats (Felis margarita).

Limited information is available on the utilization of different types of diets by captive exotic felid species. Utilization of diets by small exotic felids may differ depending on the diet fed. Eight sand cats (Felis margarita), which are small, 2- to 4-kg cats, were used to examine the digestibility of two types of diets: a raw meat-based diet and a dry kibble diet. Dry matter, crude protein and energy intakes and digestibilities were evaluated. Digestibilities for dry matter, energy, and crude protein were 83.5 +/- 4.8, 89.6 +/- 5.2, 92.4 +/- 5.3% for the raw meat-based diet and 72.7 +/- 12.3, 76.8 +/- 14.5, and 77.9 +/- 13.5% for the kibble diet. Physiological variables also were examined and included plasma taurine, vitamin A, retinyl palmitate, beta-carotene, calcium, and phosphorus. Plasma taurine means were 91.4 +/- 8.4 mumol/L in cats consuming the raw meat-based diet and 248.0 +/- 23.2 mumol/L in cats consuming the kibble diet. Plasma phosphorus was 5.2 +/- .1 and 4.5 +/- .1 mg/dL, respectively, in cats consuming raw meat-based and kibble diets. beta-Carotene was 25.2 +/- 2.9 and 2.9 +/- .3 micrograms/dL, respectively, for cats consuming the raw meat-based and kibble diets. These results indicate that diets formulated for small captive exotic felid species should be evaluated with respect to diet type and nutrient utilization.
Mps1 promotes chromosome meiotic chromosome biorientation through Dam1.

During meiosis, chromosomes attach to microtubules at their kinetochores and are moved by microtubule depolymerization. The Mps1 kinase is essential for this process. Phosphorylation of Dam1 by Mps...
SDN-Based In-Band Adaptive Synchronization with Self-Generated Preamble Detection Scheme

We propose an SDN-based in-band synchronized channel adaptation scheme based on the self-generated preamble detection in the optical networks. The proposed scheme is also implemented and evaluated via a 50 Gbps QPSK optical testbed.
Evolution of Body Composition Following Autologous and Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation: Incidence of Sarcopenia and Association with Clinical Outcomes.

Abstract Sarcopenia, the loss of muscle mass, has been identified as a potential risk factor for adverse outcomes in hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) recipients. However, much remains unknown about change in body composition following HCT. We retrospectively evaluated computed tomography (CT) imaging from 315 lymphoma patients undergoing HCT at our institution between 2000 and 2014. Cross-sectional areas of lean muscle, subcutaneous adipose tissue, and visceral adipose tissue were measured on CT at the level of the third lumbar vertebral body before HCT, 1-year post-HCT, and 2.5 years post-HCT. The incidence of sarcopenia before HCT was 47% in the autologous HCT (auto-HCT) cohort (n = 218) and 55% in the allogeneic HCT (allo-HCT) cohort (n = 97). Older age (odds ratio [OR], 1.04; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01 to 1.04; P
Against the Generation Gap: Thinking “Otherwise” about Adolescence

Prevailing cultural views of adolescence are the product, this article argues, of a long, multidimensional process of social construc-tion. Employing a double reading of this process, this article ...
Antioxidant Inorganic Nanoparticles and Their Potential Applications in Biomedicine

Abstract Nanomaterials have been developed for a variety of uses that impact all aspects of society. A subset of nanomaterials has been studied for their use in biomedical research, and some of these applications include detection of metabolites, pathogens, or viruses. However, the potential to use nanomaterials in the human host has been more limited due to nanotoxicology concerns. Despite these concerns and based on their catalytic activity in vitro, a few metal oxide nanomaterials have shown promise for use in biomedical applications. This chapter reviews the highlights of recent studies on these nanomaterials and provides evidence that despite concerns over toxicology, these nanomaterials should continue to be studied for biomedical applications.
Head and Neck

Head too heavy, hands too large, legs too short, my father said, setting me inside a cage and giving me a friendly wave through the bars while I watched as he glued matchstick boxes at the kitchen table because he had one leg too few and his left arm dangled back and forth next to his body like a dead branch in the wind. While we waited for men healthy enough to carry the matchstick boxes in large crates from the house, he told me of circuses and fairs, and over the bars he threw little bits of bread, which I caught in the air with my lips. He had me dance on my hind legs and held shiny carrots above my nose so that I would jump for them, and I understood that he wanted to make a dancing bear out of me, one onto which you would fasten a pack to its back and then shepherd through the world. Ah, you'll see how much the people will like that, my father called out, and turned on his leg like a spinning top so that his left arm flapped like the weather vane on the roof, of which I only know from his stories. If he was in a good mood, he accompanied his dance with a song. He had a lovely, strong voice, and I listened to him, my tongue wagging from happiness, and I hung on his lips like a piece of marzipan.Soon my nose projected through the bars, and my father taught me new songs full of travels over the mountains and through valleys, along small rivers that flowed through villages where trees lined the entrance routes, villages where wells in the center greeted travelers. It is only of girls we will not sing as we amble through the world, whether the girls like it or not. I stretched toward my father to better read his lips, and with a voice scratchy with excitement, I joined in. Here you see me, and there, my father. He guides me through the world on the chain of his one-legged adventures. It smells like wind, like weather, the sun is high in the sky, and the pack on my back is light like a little pack of cotton balls, only my head on my broad round neck is heavy as a stone that, at the moment, wants to roll down the slope. We sit on this rock and honestly share what men and bear share: the fruits of the forest and the field, and what can be gathered from people's gardens to tuck in pockets while passing by. We never stopped too long, not in the forests and not in people's barns. My father spun like a top on his leg and hung carrots over my nose, which I jumped after until sweat dripped down my neck. I caught bits of bread like mosquitoes in flight, I danced on my hind legs to my father's songs and held my head tightly between my hands so it wouldn't bounce away and roll between the feet of some unsuspecting onlooker.When we were finished people stood there, at a loss, as if they didn't know that we were entitled to a reward. Some took us along to the pubs, but the meals were meager and were passed in silence because my father didn't drink, didn't join in with songs about girls who, with starry eyes and billowing skirts, lurked behind gates. …
Idiopathic midline destructive disease (IMDD): a subgroup of patients with the "midline granuloma" syndrome.

"Midline granuloma syndrome" encompasses a number of specific clinicopathologic entities, such as "Wegener's granulomatosis, midline malignant reticulosis, lymphoma, nasal carcinoma and a broad spectrum of infectious diseases. In the course of studying a number of patients presenting with destructive lesions of the upper respiratory tract, 11 cases emerged as having unique clinicopathologic features. These are: 1) presence of locally destructive lesions which are always restricted to the upper respiratory tract. 2) Absence of systemic disease during a follow-up period of six months to 18 years (mean 7.3 years). On examination of repeated biopsy specimens the histopathologic picture consisted of acute and chronic inflammation with variable amounts of necrosis. Granulomata were seen in one case. Malignant or atypical cells were invariably absent. Frank vasculitis was not seen, although in five of the patients inflammatory cells in the wall of small vessels were conspicuous 4) Inability to demonstrate an infectious origin by culture or special stains. Radiation therapy has proven effective in patients with this entity, for which the term "Idiopathic Midline Destructive Disease" (IMDD) is proposed.
A copula model for joint modeling of longitudinal and time‐invariant mixed outcomes

Motivated by a preclinical study in a mouse model of breast cancer, we suggest a joint modeling framework for outcomes of mixed type and measurement structures (longitudinal versus single time/time-invariant). We present an approach based on the time-varying copula models, which is used to jointly model longitudinal outcomes of mixed types via a time-varying copula, and extend the scope of these models to handle outcomes with mixed measurement structures. Our framework allows the parameters corresponding to the longitudinal outcome to be time varying and thereby enabling researchers to investigate how the response-predictor relationships change with time. We investigate the finite sample performance of this new approach via a Monte Carlo simulation study and illustrate its usefulness by an empirical analysis of the motivating preclinical study, comparing the effect of various treatments on tumor volume (longitudinal continuous response) and the number of days until tumor volume triples (time-invariant count response). Through the real-life application and the simulation study, we demonstrate that, compared with marginal modeling, the joint modeling framework offers more precision in the estimation of model parameters.
Tissue Responses to Drug Delivery Systems

Our efforts over the past several years have been to develop a better understanding of the biocompatibility of implant materials. In regard to drug-polymer sustained release systems, this interest in the fundamental aspects of the biocompatibility of implant materials has been directed toward gaining a better understanding of the influence of the local tissue environment and implant site on the release behavior of the device. Implantation of a drug-polymer sustained release system introduces two important parameters which may control pharmacokinetics and redistribution not generally observed with the more common routes of drug administration. The first parameter involves the interaction between the tissue and the implant and the resulting tissue reaction which surrounds the implant. The second parameter is the absorption of the drug into the local tissue environment and the role that this phenomenon plays in determining the serum and organ levels of the drug at any given time following administration.
The first appearance of the major divisions of the human brain at stage 9

Five embryos of stage 9 (20 days) were studied in detail and graphic reconstructions were prepared. This is the first report based on more than one specimen of this rarely seen stage. Detailed measurements of the embryos are provided. The characteristic features of this stage are 1 to 3 pairs of somites, the head fold and foregut, the otic discs, and the pericardial cavity. The primitive streak is not decreasing as rapidly as in stage 8 but the caudal eminence is proliferating. The notochordal plate is not increasing as rapidly as in stage 8 and a notochord is not yet present. It is to be stressed that the 3 major dividions of the brain (prosencephalic, mesencephalic, and rhombencephalic) can be identified in the open neural groove. The rhombencephalon is the dominant feature of the brain and comprises 4 subdivisions, the last of which, previously unrecognized, is related to the (occipital) somites and represents the hypoglossal region. Features that may not be visible include the caudal fold and hindgut, endocardial tubes or plexus, neural crest, and neurenteric canal. In 2 specimens, atria, left ventricle, right ventricle, conotruncus, and first (or first and second) aortic arches are distinguishable. Two of the embryos studied are the earliest examples in which neural crest has been identified.
Why do People Share Photos Online? Antecedents of photos' Quality and Quantity

Content contribution from individuals is critical to the viability of online communities. In this study we identify the factors that are associated with the quantity and the quality of content sharing in a photo sharing community, where the act of content creation is decoupled from the act of content sharing. We draw on theories of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, and find that the prospect of expected rewards is positively related to the quality of the content shared, but negatively related to the quantity of it. Enjoyment of content creation is related to the quantity of the photos shared, whereas enjoyment of content sharing (posting the photos) is significantly related to the quality of the photos shared. In addition, we find that commitment to the community is negatively related to the quality of the content shared. Directions for further development, as well as implications for theory and practice are discussed.
Pilot Trial of an Acceptance-Based Behavioral Intervention to Promote Physical Activity Among Adolescents:

Prior interventions have shown limited efficacy in increasing the number of adolescents engaging in adequate physical activity (PA). Preliminary evidence suggests acceptance-based behavioral treatments (ABTs) may increase PA; however, this approach has not been tested in adolescents. This was a nonrandomized experimental pilot study that examined feasibility, acceptability, and treatment outcomes of a school-based, acceptance-based behavioral intervention for PA. Adolescents (n = 20) with low activity received a PA tracking device and were allocated to device use only or device use plus 10-weeks of ABT. PA, cardiovascular fitness, and physiological outcomes were measured pre- and postintervention. The intervention was found to be feasible and acceptable. PA, cardiovascular fitness, and physiological outcomes improved over time in the intervention group, but not in the comparison condition. This study demonstrated feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary treatment efficacy based on effect sizes for an acceptance-based behavioral intervention to increase PA in adolescents.
A New Role for Engineering Educators: Managing for Team Success

For a variety of reasons, collaborative learning teams, project teams or design teams are now a part of undergraduate engineering education. In response, the current education-related literature is flourishing with team-type topics that include when and why teams, team dynamics, and how to structure teams. Almost non-existent, however, are discussions about the role and impact of the faculty member in and on student teams. Extrapolating from the professional project management literature, project and team success is heavily influenced by positive management. Businesses that fail to train and reinforce positive management run unacceptable risks. The risks to us as educators, who use teams in less than ideal situations, include a lack of learning, project failure, and dysfunctional teams that foster an aversion to teams. This is in direct contrast to what we hoped and what we have been asked to do, which is to provide an understanding about the power of teams, to develop teaming skills, to enable design successes, and to enhance the learning. Proper management of student teams requires skills and strategies that are much different from those that most faculty members are experienced with. The strategies include planning for and implementing an understood work process, providing a suitable organization compatible to that process, structuring and communicating with the team, and holding the individual accountable. The skills start with two risk taking beliefs: (1) you do not have to have all the answers and (2) it is not you against them, but about you with them. With the right attitude, the skills of leading by example, guiding towards peak performance, and managing for optimal team experiences follow.
Consumer Overconsumption: A Conceptual Model of its Antecedents and Consequences: An Abstract

Overconsumption has been a topic of interest to scholars in various disciplines including economics (Alger and Salanie 2006; Arrow et al. 2004; DuPour and Liu 2003; Garriga 2006; Garrison 2004), nutrition (Blundell and Macdiarmid 1997; Fay et al. 2013; Kemp et al. 2013), health (Brown and Cameron 2000), sustainability, psychology (Berridge et al. 2010; Ouwehand and Papies 2010; Herlocker et al. 1997; Roch et al. 2000), sociology, and consumer behavior (Belk et al. 1991; Geyskens et al. 2008; Ordabayeva and Chandon 2011), among others. The impact of overconsumption is being felt at global, national, and societal levels in terms of depletion of natural resources resulting in scarcity and the degradation of the natural environment due to pollution and global warming. Its impact is also being felt at the individual level in terms of negative health outcomes and financial hardship. Despite the interest in overconsumption and the extensive body of research, there is no general agreement on understanding and defining overconsumption (Hakansson 2014). The objective of this research is to explicate the concept of overconsumption at the individual level and identify its antecedents and consequences. A model of its antecedents and consequences is also presented.
The Influence of Parental Alcoholism on Parent–Adolescent Relationships From Adolescence Into Emerging Adulthood: A Qualitative Inquiry:

Exposure to parental alcoholism can inhibit a child’s ability to become a successfully functioning young adult. Based on qualitative interviews, this study provides a deeper understanding of how th...
Sleep apnea and cardiometabolic disease risk

Abstract Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common disorder characterized by repetitive collapse of the upper airways. The resulting intermittent hypoxia, adrenergic response and sleep fragmentation have been implicated in the development of cardiometabolic disease in OSA. OSA has been associated with hypertension, arrhythmias, coronary artery disease, stroke and heart failure. In men with severe sleep disordered breathing increased coronary and cerebrovascular morbidity and mortality have also been reported. Yet the causal relationship between OSA and cardiovascular disease remains unclear and this chapter summarizes the more recent studies exploring the influence of OSA treatment on various cardiovascular end points to delineate better the relationship between OSA and cardiovascular disease.
A Fundamental Study of Charge Effects on Melt Electrowritten Polymer Fibers

Abstract Melt electrowriting (MEW) is an electrohydrodynamics (EHD)-based additive manufacturing paradigm for printing microscale fibers. Although models for charge transport during EHD printing have been described, significant challenges arise from the in-process charge dynamics in MEW process, which limits the achievable print resolution. This paper advances a methodology to analyze the effects of charge dynamics on the MEW-printed structure resolution. First, fibers printed with an oscillating toolpath exhibit two distinct alignment patterns with constituent fibers either successively overlapping along the toolpath or diverging into individual fibers without apparent overlap on conductive and non-conductive substrates, respectively, pointing to the existence of inter-fiber charge phenomena. Next, a set of straight fibers are printed on two types of substrates to investigate the relationship between the prescribed inter-fiber distance (set Sf) and measured Sf. Both repulsion (measured Sf > set Sf) and attraction (measured Sf
Lieb Concavity and Lieb–Ruskai Strong Subadditivity Theorems, III: Ando’s Proof

In Chapter 37, we showed that if f is a matrix monotone function on (0, ∞), then A, B↦A1∕2f(A−1∕2BA−1∕2)A1∕2 is jointly concave on pairs of positive operators (see Corollary 37.2).
Divergent Morphology among Populations of the New Guinea Crocodile, Crocodylus novaeguineae (Schmidt, 1928): Diagnosis of an Independent Lineage and Description of a New Species

The freshwater crocodile inhabiting Papua New Guinea, currently recognized as Crocodylus novaeguineae, exhibits morphological, molecular, and ecological divergence between the northern and southern versants of the Central Highlands and occupies separate evolutionary trajectories. A robust body of work has long encouraged the formal description of New Guinea crocodiles from the southern versant of the highlands as a distinct lineage with a taxonomy that reflects diagnosed relationships. Here, we use geometric morphometric techniques to assess cranial shape variation between specimens from both versants and add to the diagnostic evidence supporting a more accurate taxonomy. Further, herein, we formally describe the southern variant as a distinct lineage (Hall's New Guinea Crocodile; Crocodylus halli, new species).
A Distinction with a Difference: Rights, Privileges, and the Fourteenth Amendment

In Timbs v. Indiana, the Supreme Court held the Eighth Amendment’s prohibition on excessive fines was incorporated and applied to states through the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. While the decision was unanimous, the concurring opinions offered a revealing reflection of past constitutional battles and an intriguing vision of future conflicts. Both Justices Gorsuch and Thomas suggested resurrecting the Privileges or Immunities Clause as a more appropriate vehicle than the Due Process Clause for applying the prohibition on excessive fines to states. Justice Thomas took this proposal one step further. He suggested the Privileges or Immunities Clause should be used instead of the Due Process Clause to address all fundamental rights. This would not be a simple exchange of constitutional sources to guide incorporation; the actual scope of fundamental rights would also be affected. Unlike the Due Process Clause, Justice Thomas found the Privileges or Immunities Clause to be more grounded in history and tradition, thereby offering the Court a guiding principle for distinguishing “fundamental rights that warrant protection from nonfundamental rights that do not.” The Privileges or Immunities Clause would allow for the application of the Eighth Amendment’s prohibition on excessive fines to states. But under this approach, other rights, such as abortion or same-sex marriage, would not be considered privileges of “American citizenship” entitled to constitutional protection. The consequences of resurrecting the Privileges or Immunities Clause at the expense of the Due Process Clause are troubling and far-reaching. Renouncing over a century of precedent would result in the radical transformation of constitutional law and the weakening of fundamental rights. In the realm of the Fourteenth Amendment, rights and privileges are a distinction with a difference.
Merenungkan Kembali Pertanyaan "Siapakah Sesamaku Manusia?" : Sebuah Pengantar Editorial

This is an editor introduction to the special issue Rethinking the Idea of "Who is My Neighbor?"
Comparison of Interactive Knowledge Base Spelling Correction Models for Low-Resource Languages.

Spelling normalization for low resource languages is a challenging task because the patterns are hard to predict and large corpora are usually required to collect enough examples. This work shows a comparison of a neural model and character language models with varying amounts on target language data. Our usage scenario is interactive correction with nearly zero amounts of training examples, improving models as more data is collected, for example within a chat app. Such models are designed to be incrementally improved as feedback is given from users. In this work, we design a knowledge-base and prediction model embedded system for spelling correction in low-resource languages. Experimental results on multiple languages show that the model could become effective with a small amount of data. We perform experiments on both natural and synthetic data, as well as on data from two endangered languages (Ainu and Griko). Last, we built a prototype system that was used for a small case study on Hinglish, which further demonstrated the suitability of our approach in real world scenarios.
Scaling sediment mobilization beneath rotorcraft for Titan and Mars

Abstract Using rotorcraft to explore extraterrestrial bodies will allow future missions to explore terrain that is inaccessible to traditional lander/rover missions, and will enable spacecraft to explore much larger distances than previous missions. The upcoming Mars 2020 Rover mission will include the Mars Helicopter (named Ingenuity), a small ( 2 kg) counter-rotating co-axial vehicle, which, if successful, will be the first rotorcraft to fly on a non-terrestrial body. The Dragonfly mission, recently selected through the NASA New Frontier’s program, is expected to fly a much larger vehicle on Titan ( ∼ 750 kg) arriving in the early 2030s. On Earth it is commonly observed that both sub-scale and full-scale rotorcraft can mobilize sediment, to varying degrees of magnitude, when a vehicle is operating over regolith. In order to determine the feasibility of performing sediment mobilization experiments (e.g. saltation investigations) beneath a rotorcraft through intentional sediment mobilization (due to the wake produced by the rotating rotors) for future missions, the scaling of aerodynamic and aeolian parameters should be accounted for. Furthermore, in an extreme case, this analysis can also be used as a low-fidelity method to begin to understand any potential risk associated with brownout (large-scale sediment mobilization due to the helicopter rotor wake) to the rotorcraft itself. In this work, a scaling analysis is presented that allows a vehicle designer to quickly investigate the magnitude of sediment mobilization beneath a rotorcraft, without requiring detailed CFD simulations. The analysis confirms that the upcoming Mars Helicopter and Dragonfly missions could be used for sediment mobilization experiments.