cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Supplier diversification by executive order: Examining the effect reporting compliance, education and training, outreach, and proximity to leadership have on government procurement behavior with minority business enterprises

Abstract Much of our understanding concerning the interaction between minority business enterprises (MBEs) and government procurement has focused on the legal aspects of set-asides. Therefore, it is difficult to ascertain what key determinants specifically affect government procurement behavior. In this paper, we investigate the implementation of an executive order that originated in 2009 to increase government expenditures on MBEs. We utilize implementation theory to hypothesize that after the intervention of the executive order, government expenditures on MBEs will increase. We also posit that government agencies closest to the governor (cabinet agencies) will spend more on MBEs than other agency types. Furthermore, we hypothesize that outreach, training and education, and reporting compliance will have a positive relationship with government expenditures on MBEs. Our findings suggest cabinet agencies have more expenditures on MBEs than colleges and universities; however, there was no significant difference between cabinet agencies and non-cabinet agencies. Moreover, there was no significant difference between non-cabinet agencies and colleges and universities with respect to their expenditures with MBEs. Our results also find that training and education as well as reporting compliance are positively associated with increased levels of government expenditures on MBEs. Unexpectedly, outreach was negatively associated with government expenditures on MBEs. We believe our findings may help government agencies and policy makers create and/or improve upon how they implement new policies directed at changing government procurement behavior.
Future potential of endovascular techniques for vascular surgeons.

Abstract In his presidential address to the American Association for Vascular Surgery in 2000, the late Dr. John Porter announced that there was insufficient time in the vascular training program to entertain endovascular technology because of the volume of vascular surgery techniques that must be learned. 1 His philosophy accurately depicted the prevailing attitude of vascular surgical academia until very recently, and this restrictive stance has caused gradual but profound diminution in the caseload of vascular surgeons who are not trained in endovascular surgery techniques. Ultimately, the reluctance of vascular surgeons to expand their skill sets to include expertise in percutaneous interventions has enhanced the two competing disciplines of cardiology and radiology. As an early proponent of exploring endovascular therapy and its attendant tools and devices, my personal experience—both favorable and unfavorable—has provided me with a degree of perspective about the current status of endovascular surgery and enough background to speculate about the future role of the vascular surgeon in the treatment of arterial and venous disease. Parenthetically, it is encouraging that over the last few years, many educators in the field of vascular surgery have adopted a much more enlightened viewpoint regarding endovascular procedures. Hopefully, the pendulum has not already swung too far out of balance, and vascular surgeons will still have the opportunity to participate fully in the future of this exciting endovascular field. The following observations, ideas, and suggestions may pertain more to young trainees about to enter practice than to seasoned vascular surgeons.
Post‐fire runoff and erosion from simulated rainfall on small plots, Colorado Front Range

Wildfires in the Colorado Front Range can trigger dramatic increases in runoff and erosion. A better understanding of the causes of these increases is needed to predict the effects of future wildfires, estimate runoff and erosion risks from prescribed fires, and design effective post-fire rehabilitation treatments. The objective of this project was to determine whether runoff and sediment yields were significantly related to the site variables of burn severity, percent cover, soil water repellency, soil moisture, time since burning, and slope. To eliminate the variability due to natural rainfall events, we applied an artificial storm of approximately 80 mm h -1 on 26 1 m 2 plots in the summer and fall of 2000. The plots were distributed among a June 2000 wildfire, a November 1999 prescribed fire, and a July 1994 wildfire. For 23 of the 26 plots the ratio of runoff to rainfall exceeded 50%. Nearly all sites exhibited strong natural or fire-induced water repellency, so the runoff ratios were only 15-30% larger for the high-severity plots in the two more recent fires than for the unburned or low-severity plots. The two high-severity plots in the 1994 wildfire had very low runoff ratios, and this probably was due to the high soil moisture conditions at the time of the simulated rainfall and the resulting reduction in the natural water repellency. Sediment yields from the high-severity sites in the two more recent fires were 10-26 times greater than the unburned and low-severity plots. The plots burned at high severity in 1994 yielded only slightly more sediment than the unburned plots. Percent ground cover explained 81% of the variability in sediment yields, and the sediment yields from the plots in the 1994 wildfire are consistent with the observed recovery in percent ground cover.
INEQUALITY IN PALEORECORDS

Paleorecords provide information on past environmental variability, and help define ecological reference conditions by means of changes in their characteristics (accumulation rate, geochemical composition, density, etc.). A measure of temporal dissimilarity, which has traditionally been used in dendrochronology and is called "mean sensitivity," only focuses on first-order time-series lags. In this paper mean sensitivity was extended to all possible lags to derive a mean sensitivity function (MSF). The MSF is equivalent to a one-dimensional form of the paired relative madogram, a tool used in geostatistics to quantify spatial dependence. We then showed that the sum of madograms for all possible time-series lags is encapsulated by a single parameter, the Gini coefficient. This parameter has long been used by econometricians, social scientists, and ecologists as a synthetic, quantitative measure of inequality and diversity. Considering the connection between the MSF and the madogram, and the convenience of summarizing data heterogeneity with a single number, the Gini coefficient is therefore particularly appropriate for succinctly evaluating the diversity of paleorecords. An example of this application is provided by focusing on public domain dendrochronological data for the western conterminous United States.
Differential effects of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) pulse frequency on gonadotropin subunit and GnRH receptor messenger ribonucleic acid levels in vitro.

The hypothalamic hormone, GnRH, is released and transported to the anterior pituitary in a pulsatile manner, where it binds to specific high-affinity receptors and regulates gonadotropin biosynthesis and secretion. The frequency of GnRH pulses changes under various physiological conditions, and varying GnRH pulse frequencies have been shown to regulate differentially the secretion of LH and FSH and the expression of the gonadotropin α, LHβ, and FSHβ subunit genes in vivo. We demonstrate differential effects of varying GnRH pulse frequency in vitro in superfused primary monolayer cultures of rat pituitary cells. Cells were treated with 10 nm GnRH pulses for 24 h at a frequency of every 0.5, 1, 2, or 4 h. α, LHβ, and FSHβ messenger RNA (mRNA) levels were increased by GnRH at all pulse frequencies. α and LHβ mRNA levels and LH secretion were stimulated to the greatest extent at a GnRH pulse frequency of every 30 min, whereas FSHβ mRNA levels and FSH secretion were stimulated maximally at a lower GnRH pulse f...
Biologic and immunologic measurements of serum erythropoietin (EPO) in children

Within recent years different test systems have been developed for EPO determination basing on either its biologic(b)activity or its immunologic (i)criteria. To eludicate the relationship of these two test principles an in-vitro bioassay, measuring 59-Fe incorporation in hematologically active liver cells of 15 days old fetal mice, was compared with a hemagglutination inhibition test.Only b-EPO,significantly(r=-0.96) correlated with hemoglobin(Hb)concentration in normal and anemic children without renal failure(n=30). In spite of a greater variation of i-EPO, median values in normal children did not significantly differ from each other in both test systems. In renal failure EPO activity was decreased with mean i-EPO higher than b-EPO,only the latter,however,significantly correlating with Hb and its half saturation pressure in contrast to i-EPO. Accordingly no relationship between b-EPO and i-EPO could be detected(r=0.08). Data suggest that b-EPO,as measured by the fetal mouse liver cell test, determines biologically valid EPO concentration, whereas i-EPO,as measured by the hemagglutination inhibition test, additionally detects inactive EPO fragments especially accumulating in renal failure.
Giant magnetoresistance in mechanically alloyed Ag-Cu-Fe alloys

Abstract (Ag0.6Cu0.4)l−xFex alloys with x = 0.10,0.15,0.20, and 0.25 were prepared by mechanically alloying mixtures of elemental Ag, Cu, and Fe powders. A metastable fcc solid solution containing a nanosized distribution of magnetic Fe-rich particles was formed for all compositions. The alloys were characterized in the as-mechanically alloyed (as-MA) condition and after various annealing treatments by X-ray diffraction, magnetic balance measurements, and magnetoresistance measurements. The as-MA alloys show a giant magnetoresistance (GMR-) effect which increases with decreasing temperature. For x = 0.15, the GMR effect reaches a value Δϱ ϱ ≈ 0.2 at a temperature of 4 K and a field of 10 T. The magnetic particles coarsen on annealing above 473K to produce ferromagnetic particles. Annealing for 30 minutes at 573K increases the GMR effect at low magnetic fields. These effects are explained in terms of the proportion of superparamagnetic to ferromagnetic particles and the total particle interfacial area per unit volume.
A Randomized Trial of Behavioral Physical Therapy Interventions for Acute and Sub-Acute Low Back Pain (NCT00373867)

Psychological factors consistent with fear-avoidance models are associated with the development of chronic low back pain (LBP). As a result, graded activity (GA) and graded exposure (GX) have been suggested as behavioral treatment options. This clinical trial compared the effectiveness of treatment-based classification (TBC) physical therapy alone to TBC augmented with GA or GX for patients with acute and sub-acute LBP. Our primary hypothesis was that GX would be most effective for those with elevated pain-related fear. In total, 108 patients enrolled in this clinical trial and were randomly assigned to receive TBC, GA, or GX. Outcomes were assessed by a blinded evaluator at 4 weeks and by mail at 6 months. The primary outcomes for this trial were disability and pain intensity, and the secondary outcomes were fear-avoidance beliefs, pain catastrophizing, and physical impairment. There were no differences in 4-week and 6-month outcomes for reduction of disability, pain intensity, pain catastrophizing, and physical impairment. GX and TBC were associated with larger reductions in fear-avoidance beliefs at 6 months only. Six-month reduction in disability was associated with reduction in pain intensity, while 6-month reduction in pain intensity was associated with reductions in fear-avoidance beliefs and pain catastrophizing. This trial suggests that supplementing TBC with GA or GX was not effective for improving important outcomes related to the development of chronic LBP.
Peyote alkaloids IX: Identification and synthesis of 3-demethylmescaline, a plausible intermediate in the biosynthesis of the cactus alkaloids

The presence of 3-demethylmescaline in the alkaloidal mixture of peyote was proven by GLC-mass spectrometry through direct comparison. A new synthesis of this compound was realized by elaborating the ethylamine side chain onto the appropriately substituted benzene residue (with benzyl-etherification of the phenol group). The sequence involved transformation of the acid chloride successively into the diazoketone, the acid amide, and the ethylamine. A discussion is given of the possible role of 3-demethyl-mescaline and its congeners in the biosynthesis of peyote alkaloids.
Maleimide Functionalized Siloxane Resins

Polyorganosiloxanes are a commercially important class of compounds. They exhibit many important properties, including very low glass transition temperatures, making them useful over a wide temperature range. In practice, the polysiloxane polymer is often mixed with a filler material to help improve its mechanical properties. An alternative method for increasing polymer mechanical strength is through the incorporation of certain substituents on the polymer backbone. Hard substituents such as carbonates and imides generally result in improved mechanical properties of polysiloxanes. In this paper, we present the preparation of novel polysiloxane resins modified with hard maleimide substituents. Protected ethoxysilyl-substituted propyl-maleimides were prepared. The maleimide substituent was protected with a furanyl group and the monomer polymerized under aqueous acidic conditions. At elevated temperatures (>120 C), the polymer undergoes retro Diels-Alder reaction with release of foran (Equation 1). The deprotected polymer can then be selectively crosslinked by a forward Diels-Alder reaction (in the presence of a co-reactant having two or more dime functionalities).
The LBB condition in fractional Sobolev spaces and applications

The present work focuses on the approximation of the stationary Stokes equations by means of finite-element-like Galerkin methods. It is shown that, provided the velocity space and the pressure space are compatible in some sense, a Ladyzhenskaya―Babuska―Brezzi condition holds in the fractional Sobolev spaces H s (Ω), s ∈ [0, 1]. This result is illustrated in two applications.
Estimating daily vehicle usage distributions and the implications for limited-range vehicles

Abstract Understanding the potential market for limited-range vehicles is important to planning research and development programs for electric and hybrid vehicles and for gaseous-fueled vehicles as well. Studies of consumer preferences and perceptions have shown vehicle range to be a very important vehicle attribute. Studies of household vehicle use, on the other hand, have suggested that the range requirements most households place on vehicles are quite modest. The latter, however, have been severely limited by the absence of longitudinal data on the usage of individual vehicles. Instead, they have relied on single-day surveys on many vehicles, an inappropriate data source. This study develops a method for estimating daily travel distributions for individual vehicles and applies it to a recent longitudinal survey of miles and days between refuelings for over 2000 vehicles. Every vehicle in the sample has at least 30 consecutive refueling intervals. A variety of measures of “range requirement” are defined and calculated. The results confirm the existence of a substantial potential market (20–50% of all household vehicles) for vehicles with ranges on the order of 100 miles. Future research using these data and this method could describe the nature of vehicles with limited-range needs and the households which own them.
Interdependence of the slopes and intercepts from log-log correlations of measured gas-particle paritioning and vapor pressure—I. theory and analysis of available data

Gas-particle partitioning is examined using a partitioning constant Kp = (F/TSP)/A, where F (ng m−3) and A (ng m−3) are the particulate-assiociated and and concentrations, respectively, and TSP is the total suspended particulate matter level (μg m−3). At a given temperature and for a given sample of particulate matter, compound-dependent values of Kp tend to be correlated with the sub-cooled liquid vapor pressure (pL0, toor according to log Kp = mr log pL0+bm. Theory predicts that br values should be somewhat similar, and that mr values should be near −1. This is supported by field and laboratory work. However, there is still noticeable variability in reported mr and br values, even when obtained by the same researchers sampling in the same location. Three possible thermodynamic sources of variability include variability in the compound-to-compound differences in the thermodynamics of adsorption, event-to-event variability in the specific surface area of the aerosol and event-to-event variability in the ambient temperature. Non-thermodynamic sources of variability include sorption of gaseous analytes to the filters used in differentiating between F and A, the presence of non-exchangeable component in the measured F values, within-event adsorption/desorption kinetics, within-event changes in contaminant levels, and within-event changes in temperature. Each of these sources of variability operate in their own way to cause variability in mr and br. In general, one can expect there to be a correlation in the obseved mr and br of the form br = msmr+bs. For the study of Yamasaki et al. (1982, Envir. Sci. Technol. 16, 189–194), one obtains ms = 5.77 and bs = −2.18, with r2 = 0.91. In the presence of such a correlation, one can expect that all log (F/TSP)/A vs log pL0 plot will tend to intersect at the same (x,y) poitn given by (−ms, bs. Exisiting field and laboratory data show this tendency.
There is No Evidence That Kanizsa-Type Subjective Contours Can Be Detected in Parallel

Davis and Driver presented evidence suggesting that Kanizsa-type subjective contours could be detected in a visual search task in a time that is independent of the number of nonsubjective contour distractors. A linking connection was made between these psychophysical data and the physiological data of Peterhans and von der Heydt which showed that cells in primate area V2 respond to subjective contours in the same way that they respond to luminance-defined contours. Here in three experiments it is shown that there was sufficient information in the displays used by Davis and Driver to support parallel search independently of whether subjective contours were present or not. When confounding properties of the stimuli were eliminated search became slow whether or not subjective contours were present in the display. One of the slowest search conditions involved stimuli that were virtually identical to those used in the physiological studies of Peterhans and von der Heydt to which Davis and Driver wish to link t...
Longitudinal comparisons of IHC ac and dc receptor potentials recorded from the guinea pig cochlea

Recordings were made from inner hair cells (IHC) at three locations distributed in the apical half of the guinea pig cochlea. Longitudinal variations in ac and dc components of receptor potentials produced in response to single-tone inputs were studied to further understand the ways in which IHCs communicate with their innervating afferent dendrites. While neural synchrony probably depends on the ac receptor potential, discharge rate may be controlled by the dc receptor potential generated by the IHC transducer plus an ac component derived from the phasic receptor potential. The latter reflects low-pass filtering inherent in the hair cell's basolateral membrane and calcium-dependent synaptic processes. By comparing the frequency dependence of ac and dc components in cells with different characteristic frequencies, it may be possible to learn how neural response areas are formed and why their shapes change along the cochlear spiral.
Semantic feature projection for continuous emotion analysis

Affective computing researchers have recently been focusing on continuous emotion dimensions like arousal and valence. This dual coordinate affect space can explain many of the discrete emotions like sadness, anger, joy, etc. In the area of continuous emotion recognition, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) models are generally used to enhance the performance of various image and audio features by projecting them to a new space where the new features are less correlated. We instead, propose that quantizing and projecting the features to a latent topic space performs better than PCA. Specifically we extract these topic features using Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) models. We show that topic models project the original features to a latent feature space that is more coherent and useful for continuous emotion recognition than PCA. Unlike PCA where no semantics can be attributed to the new features, topic features can have a visual and semantic interpretation which can be used in personalized HCI applications and Assistive technologies. Our hypothesis in this work has been validated using the AVEC 2012 continuous emotion challenge dataset.
Fabrication of Anatase TiO 2 Thin Film Using Pulsed DC Magnetron Sputtering

TiO2 thin films (500 – 1000 nm in thickness) were deposited using pulsed DC magnetron reactive sputtering, on glass substrates. The depositions used a Ti source in an Ar+O2 gas mixture with different parameters of power (350 - 500W), substrate temperature (no additional heat - 400°C), growth pressure (3.0 - 5.0 mTorr) and oxygen gas flow rate (6.0 - 8.0 sccm). The x-ray diffractions (XRD) show amorphous and/or anatase phases depending on the deposition conditions. The films were found to be amorphous at lower substrate temperature and at lower powers. The sample with 4 mTorr, 400W of power, a substrate temperature of 250 C with 7.0 sccm of oxygen flow has the best crystalline quality. The temperature dependent electrical conductivity measurement in air for the above films shows an exponential increase in conductivity with temperature.
Two-dimensional agarose gel analysis of simian virus 40 DNA replication intermediates

Normal and aberrant simian virus 40 DNA (SV40) replication intermediates can be studied by high-resolution two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Because the SV40 chromosome is often considered a model for the mammalian replicon, this experimental system can be used to understand how cytotoxic drugs and physical stressors affect DNA replication in mammalian cells. In this article we describe the use of two-dimensional neutral-alkaline and neutral-chloroquine gels in detail. In both systems, first-dimension neutral agarose gels are used to separate viral replication intermediates on the basis of their compactness. The second-dimension gel is then run at a 90° angle to the first. Alkaline second-dimension electrophoresis is carried out in a strongly denaturing, high-pH buffer. Denaturation of nicked or gapped DNA replication intermediates separates the pulse-labeled daughter DNA strands from the unlabeled parental strands. Alkaline second-dimension gels can reveal covalent or topological linkages between parental and daughter DNA strands. In second-dimension chloroquine gel electrophoresis, the electrode buffer contains the intercalating drug chloroquine. Chloroquine titrates out negative supercoils in superhelical DNA replication intermediates and introduces positive supercoils into covalently closed, relaxed intermediates. Because the basis of the separation in each dimension is known, the nature of natural or aberrant DNA replication intermediates can often be deduced from their two-dimensional gel behavior.
Lead use in California industry: its prevalence and health implications.

An estimated 230 000 workers were reported to work in lead- using activities as a result of a 1986 statistical survey of employers in California. However, 68% of these workers worked in activities of relatively low hazard. This included 114000 workers engaged in electronic soldering. Over 1800 workers were reported to work in battery manufacture, a relatively high-hazard activity, but with consistent monitoring and protection. In contrast, over 4300 workers were involved in radiator repair activities, a high-hazard activity with inconsistent monitoring and protection. Over 8% of construction workers were reported to work in lead-using processes. This sector is exempt from federal Occupational Safety and Health Administration (Fed/OSHA) and California Occupational Safety and Health (Cal/OSHA) lead standards, yet some of the most hazardous activities (welding, grinding, and cutting, etc.) occurred here. Comparison of projections from the National Occupational Hazard Survey of potential lead exposure in Cali...
Hsl1p, a Swe1p inhibitor, is degraded via the anaphase-promoting complex.

Ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of critical cell cycle regulators is a key mechanism exploited by the cell to ensure an irreversible progression of cell cycle events. The anaphase-promoting complex (APC) is a ubiquitin ligase that targets proteins for degradation by the 26S proteasome. Here we identify the Hsl1p protein kinase as an APC substrate that interacts with Cdc20p and Cdh1p, proteins that mediate APC ubiquitination of protein substrates. Hsl1p is absent in G1, accumulates as cells begin to bud, and disappears in late mitosis. Hsl1p is stabilized by mutations in CDH1 and CDC23, both of which result in compromised APC activity. Unlike Hsl1p, Gin4p and Kcc4p, protein kinases that have sequence homology to Hsl1p, were stable in G1-arrested cells containing active APC. Mutation of a destruction box motif within Hsl1p (Hsl1pdb-mut) stabilized Hsl1p. Interestingly, this mutation also disrupted the Hsl1p-Cdc20p interaction and reduced the association between Hsl1p and Cdh1p in coimmunoprecipitation studies. These findings suggest that the destruction box motif is required for Cdc20p and, to a lesser extent, for Cdh1p to target Hsl1p to the APC for ubiquitination. Hsl1p has been previously shown to inhibit Swe1p, a protein kinase that negatively regulates the cyclin-dependent kinase Cdc28p, by promoting Swe1p degradation via SCFMet30 in a bud morphogenesis checkpoint. Results of the present work indicate that Hsl1p is degraded in an APC-dependent manner and suggest a link between the SCF (Skp1-cullin-F box) and APC-proteolytic systems that may help to coordinate the proper progression of cell cycle events.
Evaluation of steady-state-biofilm kinetics

Laboratory-scale biofilm reactors were used to evaluate a model of the kinetics of steady-state biofilm and the concept that there is a minimum concentration, Smin, below which no steady-state activity can occur. With acetate as the ratelimiting substrate, the steady-state concept of Smin was verified for naturally grown biofilms. Substrate removal and biofilm thickness declined rapidly as the substrate concentration approached Smin, which was 0.66 mg/liter for acetate. Using independently derived kinetic parameters, the model of steady-state-biofilm kinetics successfully predicted substrate utilization and biofilm thickness without the need for fitting factors. The results imply that organic materials may persist in water and wastewater, in part, because they are too low in concentration to supply sufficient energy to sustain the microorganisms.
Family Friendliness of Community-Based Services for Children and Adolescents with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders and Their Families: An Observational Study

In systems of care, the term family friendly is used to describe services that are aligned with the needs of the families and delivered in a manner that shows professionals value and respect family involvement, empowerment, and cultural differences. The authors devised a 42-item structured observation instrument to rate the family friendliness of one component of the systems of care in Virginia for children with emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD) and their families. The instrument covers typical aspects of the meeting process, such as meeting management, case presentation, and formulation of service plans. It also allows for the collection of data on relevant characteristics of the meeting participants as well as demographic information on the children and their families. This instrument was used to rate the family friendliness of Family Assessment and Planning Team (FAPT) meetings, the purpose of which is to develop community-based service plans for children with EBD who are referred to the team. T...
Structure and scaling of the lumbar vertebrae in African bovids (Mammalia: Artiodactyla)

The structure and dimensions of the lumbar vertebrae from 18 genera of African bovids (with a body weight range of 4–900 kg) were studied with reference to allometric and biomechanical factors. Centrum height scales with body weight according to McMahon's elastic similarity theory, but centrum width scales geometrically with body weight. Thus, the dimensions of bones need not scale according to a single principle. Transverse process orientation, as measured in two planes, varies allometrically with body weight; this trend may reflect size-related differences in abdominal girth and spinal musculature. Bovids exhibit decreasing lumbar mobility in the sagittal plane with increasing body size, a phenomenon related to an increase in centrum height and the appearance of interlocking mechanisms (postzygapophysial ridges and prezygapophysial labra). Geometric scaling of centrum width and zygapophysial curvature is evidence that lateral flexion of the spine occurs throughout the family. In all taxa examined, the last lumbar vertebra exhibits an absolutely wider centrum and straight postzygapophyses, thus reducing lateral mobility at the lumbosacral joint. In heavier bovids, the observed restriction of lumbar flexion and extension to the lumbosacral joint is a consequence of the distribution of the shapes of the centra and the interlocking mechanisms of the zygapophyses.
Effect of narrow wavelength bands of light on the production of volatile and aroma-active compounds in ultra high temperature treated milk

Abstract Ultra high temperature treated milk (2%), exposed for 7 h at 10 °C to light of 200–400, 395, 463, 516, 567, 610 nm, or full light, was tested for volatile and odor-active compounds using gas chromatography and gas chromatography olfactometry. Exposure to ultraviolet wavelengths (200–400 and 395 nm) and full light produced the highest concentrations of volatile compounds. Exposure to 610 nm produced pentanal and an unidentified compound in high concentrations. Aroma-active compounds produced upon exposure to 516, 567, or 610 nm had relatively short retention times and low aroma intensities. Aroma-active compounds produced upon exposure to 200–400, 395, or 463 nm had relatively long retention times and slight to medium aroma intensities.
Barbiturate receptor sites are coupled to benzodiazepine receptors

Barbiturates enhance the binding of [3H]diazepam to benzodiazepine receptor sites in rat brain. This effect occurs at pharmacologically relevant concentrations of barbiturates, and the relative activity of a series of compounds correlates highly with anesthetic activity of the barbiturates and with their ability to enhance postsynaptic inhibitory responses to the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid. Barbiturate enhancement of benzodiazepine binding is stereospecific, with the more active anesthetic isomers of N1-methylbarbiturates being also more active than their stereoisomers in enhancing benzodiazepine binding. The active barbiturates produce a reversible enhancement in the affinity of specific benzodiazepine binding with no effect on the number of binding sites. The barbiturate enhancement, but not the baseline benzodiazepine binding, is competitively inhibited by the convulsant picrotoxinin (at 1-10 microM), a drug that has been shown to label barbiturate-sensitive brain membrane sites related to the gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor-ionophore complex. The barbiturate effect is also dependent upon the presence of certain anions, and only those anions, that penetrate the chloride channels regulated by gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors. These results suggest that picrotoxin-sensitive barbiturate binding sites are coupled to benzodiazepine receptors in the gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor-ionophore complex, and that these binding sites have the properties of pharmacologically relevant receptors that mediate at least part of the action of various nervous system depressant and excitatory drugs.
The early development of the human temporomandibular joint

Abstract 1. 1. The early development of the human temporomandibular joint was examined and studied by microscopic techniques. Eighty fetal specimens plus one 2 1 2 -month postterm infant were used in this study. 2. 2. The critical time area in the formation of the human temporomandibular joint is from the eighth to the tenth weeks of fetal life. During this 2 week period proliferation and histodifferentiation of the embryonic mesenchyme take place and the condyle of the mandible assumes its mature morphologic pattern. 3. 3. The critical time area for the formation of the articular disc is from the twelfth to the fourteenth weeks of fetal life. Small clefts appear and coalesce to form the inferior and superior compartments. The articular disc has assumed its mature morphologic shape by the fetal age of 14 weeks, when it consists of a thin central area which increases in thickness as the peripheral regions of the disc are reached. The articular disc is composed of fibrous connective tissue and exhibits a high degree of vascularity except in the thin central area. No evidence of cartilage was found. 4. 4. First evidence of the temporal bone is seen in the 8-week specimen. Formation of the entire glenoid fossa and the articular eminence can be followed easily in this series. Both the articular eminence and the glenoid fossa are well formed by the twenty-second week of fetal life. 5. 5. Meckel's cartilage plays no part in the actual development of the temporomandibular joint. It is thought that its early function is to act as a framework or scaffolding for the developing mandible. 6. 6. The ramus of the mandible is formed of membrane bone. This grows only by surface apposition. The continued endochondral bone formation at the head of the mandibular condyle is the major contributing factor in the increase in height of the ramus of the mandible. 7. 7. The early attachment of the muscles of mastication is first noted in the 8-week fetus when the external pterygoid muscle is plainly demonstrated. Attachment of the internal pterygoid muscle is demonstrated at 13 weeks, and the masseter muscle is clearly evidenced at the fourteenth week. It is quite probable that the last two muscles were attached earlier, but no specific study was made to determine their attachment date.
Social aspects of personal onomastics among the ancient Hebrews

The Science of onomastics (the study of the origin, history, and meanings of proper names) can contribute to our understanding of certain social phenomena. There is a basic validity in the viewpoin...
Computer-aided design using the method of cut-joint kinematic constraints

A method for automatically altering the geometry of mechanical parts due to a change in design parameters is presented. The formulation for computing the effects of changes in design parameters of mechanical parts and mechanisms is based upon kinematic criteria adopted from mathematical formulations used in multibody dynamics analyses. The modelling method presented is based upon the representation of the geometry of a mechanical part using a combination of links and joints. Constraints describing the relation between two links are specified. A cut-joint method is used to transform mechanisms with closed loops into a tree structure graph. Variational displacements and orientation matrices are then derived with respect to design parameters. The formulation is used to compute new geometric design parameters after an alteration in the initial design. The formulation is demonstrated using a numerical example.
Effects of foliar-applied ethylene inhibitor and synthetic cytokinin on creeping bentgrass to enhance heat tolerance

Heat stress is a major factor causing leaf senescence and other physiological damages in cool-season grass species. Cytokinins and ethylene are two major plant hormones affecting leaf senescence. The objective of this study was to determine whether foliar application of an ethylene synthesis inhibitor (aminoethoxyvinylglycine, AVG) and a synthetic cytokinin (trans-zeatin riboside, t-ZR) would enhance creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) tolerance to heat stress associated with the suppression of leaf senescence. Creeping bentgrass ‘Penncross’ was exposed to either heat stress (35°C) or optimal growth temperature (20°C) for 35 d in growth chambers. Plants at each temperature were treated with 25 μM AVG, 25 μM t-ZR or water (control). Foliar spray of AVG or zeatin riboside (ZR) solution resulted in increases in turf quality, leaf chlorophyll content, activities of antioxidant enzymes, and the reduction in lipid peroxidation, compared with water-treated plants, for plants exposed to heat stress. In addition, foliar application of AVG suppressed ethylene evolution, whereas exogenous ZR resulted in elevated endogenous cytokinin levels under heat stress. The results suggest that the application of AVG or ZR suppressed leaf senescence and improved heat tolerance of creeping bentgrass, which could be because of their effects on endogenous production of ethylene and cytokinins and on antioxidant metabolism.
Steric Aspects of Adrenergic Drugs

Monoamine oxidase- and catechol-Omethyl transferase-inhibited superfused (60 min) rat vasa deferentia were preincubated with either (−)- or (+)-14C-norepinephrine (200 ng/ml, 30 min). As compared to that in the control tissue, the radioactivity from the reserpine-pretreated tissue disappeared at a faster rate. The rates of disappearance of the total radioactivity from the tissues either preincubated with (−)-14C-norepinephrine or (+)-14C-norepinephrine were identical. In the reserpine-pretreated tissues, phenoxybenzamine enhanced the disappearance of the radioactivity. Tyramine produced equal contractions in the normal vasa deferentia preincubated with either (−)- or (+)-14C-norepinephrine, but released 25–50% more radioactivity from the tissue pre-incubated with the(+)-isomer than that released from the tissue incubated with the (−)-isomer. In vasa deferentia obtained from reserpine-pretreated rats, tyramine released equal amounts of radioactivity when tissues were either preincubated with (−)- or (+)-isomer. However, the response of vasa deferentia preincubated with the (−)-isomer was approximately 7-fold greater than of those preincubated with the (+)-isomer. The results are discussed in relation to the drug-induced release of the isomers.
The Genesis cemented modular total knee prosthesis: a 3-year follow-up study

Abstract Total joint replacement is the most successful operation currently available for the patient with advanced arthritis of the knee. Current improvements in design have attempted to maximize the potential for implant longevity while diminishing the potential of loosening and prosthetic failure. Concomitant improvements in instrumentation have enabled surgeons to position and align components more reproducibly and thereby hopefully contribute to extending the lifetime of the prostheses. This paper reports on the results of the first 100 consecutive total knee replacements using a current generation modular posterior cruciate retaining prosthesis, in the treatment of patients with advanced arthritis of the knee.
Rethinking TCP flow control for smartphones and tablets

The focus of this work is to study the efficacy of TCP's flow control algorithm on mobile devices. Specifically, we identify the design limitations of the algorithm when operating in environments, such as smartphones and tablets, where flow control assumes greater importance because of device resource limitations. We then propose an adaptive flow control (AFC) algorithm for TCP that relies not just on the available buffer space but also on the application read-rate at the receiver. We show, using $$NS2$$ N S 2 simulations, that AFC can provide considerable performance benefits over classical TCP flow control.
The antioxidant phenylaminoethyl selenide reduces doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in a xenograft model of human prostate cancer

Anthracyclines are potent anticancer agents, but cardiotoxicity mediated by free radical generation limits their clinical use. This study evaluated the anticancer activity of phenyl-2-aminoethyl selenide (PAESe) and its potential to reduce doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cardiotoxicity. Growth inhibitory effects of PAESe with DOX, and vincristine, clinically used anticancer agents, and tert-butylhydroperoxide (TBHP), a known oxidant, on the growth of human prostate carcinoma (PC-3) cells was determined. PAESe (≤1μm) did not alter the growth of PC-3 cells, however, concomitant use of PAESe decreased the oxidative-mediated cytotoxicity of TBHP, but had limited effect on vincristine or DOX activity. Further, PAESe decreased the formation of intracellular reactive oxygen species from TBHP and DOX. The effect of PAESe on the activity of DOX was determined using a tumor (PC-3) xenograft model in mice. PAESe did not alter DOX antitumor activity and showed evidence of direct antitumor activity relative to controls. DOX treatment decreased mice body weight significantly, whereas concomitant administration of PAESe and DOX was similar to controls. Most importantly, PAESe decreased DOX-mediated infiltration of neutrophil and macrophages into the myocardium. These data suggest PAESe had in vivo antitumor activity and in combination with DOX decreased early signs of cardiotoxicity while preserving its antitumor activity.
Ray Trace Analysis for Concentrating Sunlight Onto an Optical Fiber Bundle

A two-axis concentrating solar collector/receiver is being designed to concentrate visible solar irradiance and distribute it inside a building for daylighting via a bundle of polymer optical fibers. This paper is concerned with the optics that will provide uniform illuminance of the visible spectrum on the entrance of the fiber optic bundle. A fiber optic bundle made of 3mm diameter fibers and a non-imaging device along with the solar collector’s primary and secondary mirrors has been modeled in a ray-tracing software package, TracePro 3.3. Fiber optic bundles of two different geometries were considered, viz. a square bundle with 225 fibers and a round bundle consisting of 126 fibers. The purpose of this research is to determine the optimum length of the non-imaging device that could provide uniform illuminance on the entrance area of the fiber optic bundles. Sensitivity analyses are conducted to see the variations in the output due to different possible off-set conditions, such as distance between the primary and the secondary mirror, the secondary mirror off-set from the primary mirror optical axis, and misalignment due to tracking error. The results of the sensitivity analyses are presented, and recommendations are made for the design of the non-imaging device. It is shown that the square non-imaging device and fiber bundle is superior to the round non-imaging device and fiber bundle.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Comparing Supine Versus Prone Positioning and Contouring Methods in Patients Undergoing Preoperative Chemoradiation for Rectal Cancer

0.002; 0.42, p<.0001; 0.29, p<.0001; -0.26, p Z .0004), but not BV. The distance between the bladder and rectum, d_(B2-AR2), was correlated with BV (r Z -0.27, p Z .0003) and RV (r Z -0.39, p Z <.0001). Multiple linear regression modeling of d_(B2-AR2) (when d_(B2-AR2)< Z 5 cm) can be predicted by BV, RV, and prior pelvic surgery: O(d_(B2AR2) (cm)) Z 1.89 0.001 x bladder volume(cc) 0.005 x rectum volume(cc) 0.035 x surgery (surgery Z 1 for prior prostatectomy or hysterectomy, surgery Z 0 otherwise). Age was found to have no predictive effect on d_(B2-AR2). Conclusions: The anterior rectum position is influenced by rectal volume, but not by bladder volume. Increasing bladder volume or rectal volume and prior prostatectomy or hysterectomy can reduce the distance between the two organs. These findings suggest that an additional margin on the rectum to account for bladder filling during rectal cancer radiation is not necessary. Author Disclosure: A.R. Bhirud: None. C. Lin: None.
Design of achromatized hybrid diffractive lens systems

The design of two broadband hybrid diffrve-refrve optical systems a landscape type lens and a Schmidt telescope was investigated. The systems were achromatized using the large negative dispersion characteristic of kinoforms. In the scalar wave regime these strucwres can approach 100 efficiency for one object point and wavelength but efficiency inevitably decreases when these parameters change. We evaluated polychromatic image quality taking diffraction efficiency into account by constructing properly weighted geometric point spread functions from several diffracted orders and calculating modulation transfer functions. The MTFs of the hybrid achmmats were improved at high spatial frequencies but reduced at low frequencies because inefficiency caused diffrtion into non-design ders. 2.
Attachment to membranes of exogenous immunoglobulin conjugated to a hydrophobic anchor.

Abstract A novel method has been developed for the attachment of exogenous protein to liposomal and other membranes. A new phospholipid-containing alkylating reagent, N-(N α -idoacetyl, N ϵ -dansyl lysyl)-phosphatidylethanolamine, was synthesized for conjugation to sulfhydryl groups of proteins. Model experiments were carried out with a Bence-Jones dimer which was reduced to generate one sulfhydryl group per monomer. After alkylation with the reagent the modified protein spontaneously attached to preformed liposomes and red cell ghosts. The attachment and accessibility of the protein were demonstrated by the association of the protein with the liposomal fraction in gel filtration and the agglutination of treated vesicles and red cell ghosts with antisera to human λ chain and to the dansyl group.
Back-to-back mixtures of discrete distributions

Abstract A method for expanding the choices for fits of discrete data is given. The method is very simple: a breakpoint is chosen for the data set on either side of which two separate discrete distributions are fit. Thus, the method is a mixture of two discrete distributions. The method is appealing in light of the ease with which the likelihood equations simplify. For illustrative purposes, the method is used on the data set that motivated its conception.
A linear regression solution to the spatial autocorrelation problem

The Moran Coefficient spatial autocorrelation index can be decomposed into orthogonal map pattern components. This decomposition relates it directly to standard linear regression, in which corresponding eigenvectors can be used as predictors. This paper reports comparative results between these linear regressions and their auto-Gaussian counterparts for the following georeferenced data sets: Columbus (Ohio) crime, Ottawa-Hull median family income, Toronto population density, southwest Ohio unemployment, Syracuse pediatric lead poisoning, and Glasgow standard mortality rates, and a small remotely sensed image of the High Peak district. This methodology is extended to auto-logistic and auto-Poisson situations, with selected data analyses including percentage of urban population across Puerto Rico, and the frequency of SIDs cases across North Carolina. These data analytic results suggest that this approach to georeferenced data analysis offers considerable promise.