cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The X(3872) at CDF II

Last year's X(3872) discovery was confirmed with the CDF II detector in collisions. We measure its mass to be 3871.3±0.7±0.4 MeV/c2. The source of X-mesons in the large CDF sample is resolved by studying their vertex displacement. We find 16.1±4.9±2.0% of our X-sample comes from decays of b-hadrons, and the remainder from prompt sources: either direct production or by decay of (unknown) short-lived particles. The mix of production sources is similar to that observed for the ψ(2S) charmonium state.
Investigating ChaMPlane X-Ray Sources in the Galactic Bulge with Magellan LDSS2 Spectra

We have carried out optical and X-ray spectral analyses on a sample of 136 candidate optical counterparts of X-ray sources found in five Galactic bulge fields included in our Chandra Multiwavelength Plane Survey. We use a combination of optical spectral fitting and quantile X-ray analysis to obtain the hydrogen column density toward each object, and a three-dimensional dust model of the Galaxy to estimate the most probable distance in each case. We present the discovery of a population of stellar coronal emission sources, likely consisting of pre-main-sequence, young main-sequence, and main-sequence stars, as well as a component of active binaries of RS CVn or BY Dra type. We identify one candidate quiescent low-mass X-ray binary with a subgiant companion; we note that this object may also be an RS CVn system. We report the discovery of three new X-ray-detected cataclysmic variables (CVs) in the direction of the Galactic center (at distances 2 kpc). This number is in excess of predictions made with a simple CV model based on a local CV space density of 10 -->−5 pc -->−3, and a scale height ~200 pc. We discuss several possible reasons for this observed excess.
Algebraic characteristic sets of matroids

Abstract For a matroid M , define the algebraic characteristic set χA ( M ) to be the set of field characteristics over which M can be algebraically represented. We construct many examples of rank three matroids with finite, non-singleton algebraic characteristic sets. We also determine χA ( PG (2, p )) and χA ( AG (2, p )). An infinite family of rank three matroids with empty algebraic characteristic set is constructed. In addition, we answer some antichain and excluded minor questions for algebraic representability over a given field F .
Climate cost uncertainty, retrofit cost uncertainty, and infrastructure closedown : a framework for analysis

Large and energy-intensive infrastructure investments with long life times have substantial implications for climate policy. This study focuses on options to scale down energy consumption and carbon emissions now and in the future, and on the costs of doing so. Two ways carbon emissions can be reduced post-investment include retrofitting the infrastructure, or closing it down. Generally, the presence of bulky infrastructure investments makes it more costly to reduce emissions later. Moreover, when expected energy and environmental costs are continually rising, inherent biases in the selection processes for infrastructure investments lead to excessive energy intensity in such investments. Thus great care must be taken when choosing the energy intensity of the infrastructure at the time of investment. Simulations indicate that optimally exercising the retrofit option, when it is available, reduces ex ante expected energy consumption relative to the no-option case. Total energy plus retrofit costs can also be substantially reduced, the more so the larger is ex ante cost uncertainty. However, the availability of the retrofit option also leads to a more energy intensive initial infrastructure choice; this offsets some, but usually not all, of the gains from options for subsequent retrofitting.
Design of air-gapped magnetic-core inductors for superimposed direct and alternating currents

Using data readily available from manufacturers on standard magnetic-material properties and standard core sizes for air gap type cores, an algorithm designed for a computer solution is developed which optimally determines the air gap length and locates the quiescent point on the normal magnetization curve so as to yield an inductor design with the minimum number of turns for a given ac voltage and frequency and with a given dc bias current superimposed in the same winding. Magnetic-material data used in the design are the normal magnetization curve and a family of incremental permeability curves. A second procedure, which requires a simpler set of calculations, starts from an assigned quiescent point on the normal magnetization curve and first screens candidate core sizes for suitability, then determines the required turns and air gap length.
Constructing optimal fuzzy models using statistical information criteria

Theoretical studies have shown that fuzzy models are capable of approximating any continuous function on a compact domain to any degree of accuracy. However, good performance in approximation does not necessarily assure good performance in prediction or control. A fuzzy model with a large number of fuzzy rules may have a low accuracy of estimation for the unknown parameters. This is especially true when only limited sample data are available in building the model. Further, such a model often encounters the risk of overfitting the data and thus has a poor ability of generalization. A trade-off is thus required in building a fuzzy model: on the one hand, the number of fuzzy rules must be sufficient to provide the discriminating capability required for the given application; on the other hand, the number of fuzzy rules must be parsimonious to guarantee a reasonable accuracy of parameter estimation and a good ability of generalizing to unknown patterns. In this paper we apply statistical information criteria for achieving such a trade-off. In particular, we combine these criteria with an SVD (singular value decomposition) based fuzzy rule selection method to choose the optimal number of fuzzy rules and construct the best fuzzy model. The role of these criteria in fuzzy modeling is discussed and their practical applicability is illustrated using a nonlinear system modeling example.
ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES: LESSONS FROM CURRENT RESEARCH AND NEEDS FROM FUTURE RESEARCH

We put in perspective the papers in this special issue by characterizing different forms of adaptation to climate change and discussing the role of adaptation in a developing country context. We highlight adaptation decision-making under uncertainty, empirics of autonomous adaptation, and data and methodological challenges. We identify unresolved questions, emphasizing interactions between autonomous and planned adaptation, adaptation externalities, and the relationship between adaptation and conflict.
Your Call Could not be Completed as Dialled: Why Truth Does not Speak to Power In Global Health; Comment on “Knowledge, Moral Claims and the Exercise of Power in Global Health”

This article contends that legitimacy in the exercise of power comes from the consent of those subject to it. In global health, this implies that the participation of poor country citizens is required for the legitimacy of major actors and institutions. But a review of institutions and processes suggests that this participation is limited or absent. Particularly because of the complex political economy of non-communicable diseases, this participation is essential to the future advancement of global health and the legitimacy of its institutions. More analysis of power and legitimacy provides one entry point for fostering progress.
Inequality of opportunities in the labor market: evidence from life in transition surveys in Europe and Central Asia

In this paper we quantify inequality of opportunity in labor market outcomes in Europe and Central Asia using the Human Opportunity Index (HOI) methodology. Using data from the 2006 Life in Transition Survey we also compare HOI-based measures of inequality with expenditure-based measures and examine the extent to which these measures resonate with perceptions of life satisfaction and fairness. Findings show substantial inequality of opportunity in employment status and large variations across countries. Correlations between measures and perceptions of inequality suggest that inequality between groups as opposed to overall inequality has stronger association with perceptions of fairness in society. O11, O12
Intergalactic Helium Absorption in Cold Dark Matter Models

Observations from the Hopkins Ultraviolet Telescope and the Hubble Space Telescope have recently detected He II absorption along the lines of sight to two high-redshift quasars. We use cosmological simulations with gas dynamics to investigate He II absorption in the cold dark matter (CDM) theory of structure formation. We consider two Ω = 1 CDM models with different normalizations and one open universe (Ω0 = 0.4) CDM model. The simulations incorporate the photoionizing UV background spectrum computed by Haardt & Madau, which is based on the output of observed quasars and reprocessing by the Lyα forest. The simulated gas distribution, combined with the Haardt & Madau spectral shape, accounts for the relative observed values of H I and He II, the effective mean optical depths for H I and He II absorption. If the background intensity is as high as Haardt & Madau predict, then matching the absolute observed values of H I and He II requires a baryon abundance larger (by factors between 1.5 and 3 for the various CDM models) than our assumed value of Ωbh2 = 0.0125. The simulations reproduce the evolution of He II over the observed redshift range, 2.2 z 3.3, if the He II photoionization rate remains roughly constant. He II absorption in the CDM simulations is produced by a diffuse, fluctuating, intergalactic medium, which also gives rise to the H I Lyα forest. Much of the He II opacity arises in underdense regions where the H I optical depth is very low. We compute statistical properties of the He II and H I absorption that can be used to test the CDM models and distinguish them from an alternative scenario in which the He II absorption is caused by discrete, compact clouds. The CDM scenario predicts that a substantial amount of baryonic material resides in underdense regions at high redshift. He II absorption is the only sensitive observational probe of such extremely diffuse, intergalactic gas, so it can provide a vital test of this fundamental prediction.
Rethinking Ecosystem Services from an Intermediate Product Perspective

The Earth's ecosystems provide myriad goods and services that are essential to human wellbeing. This paper offers a typology of ecosystem services that emphasizes the means by which humans experience the service rendered. The typology distinguishes between services that are directly experienced, and those that are indirect. The paper offers an illustration of how indirect services can be valued when they contributed to production of a marketed product. The intermediate product method described is amenable to indirect services that are one stage removed (Tier 2), two stages removed (Tier 3), or even farther removed from the direct services that humans experience. The intermediate product approach to ecosystem service valuation is illustrated by an example of biological pest management to support soybean food production.
On simulated annealing and the construction of linear spline approximations for scattered data

We describe a method to create optimal linear spline approximations to arbitrary functions of one or two variables, given as scattered data without known connectivity. We start with an initial approximation consisting of a fixed number of vertices and improve this approximation by choosing different vertices, governed by a simulated annealing algorithm. In the case of one variable, the approximation is defined by line segments; in the case of two variables, the vertices are connected to define a Delaunay triangulation of the selected subset of sites in the plane. In a second version of this algorithm, specifically designed for the bivariate case, we choose vertex sets and also change the triangulation to achieve both optimal vertex placement and optimal triangulation. We then create a hierarchy of linear spline approximations, each one being a superset of all lower-resolution ones.
The structural components of a knowledge-based economy

Little to no research exists to explain the structural components associated with the successful establishment of a knowledge-based economy. Nearly all developed countries are transitioning from service-based to knowledge-based and yet how to do so effectively and efficiently remains a mystery. The purpose of this research is to address this oversight. Based upon a review of the literature, five structural components of knowledge-based economies are identified and described. The five components consist of a foundation of information and communications technology, open innovation, education, knowledge management and creativity. At the macro-level, those seeking to establish a knowledge-based economy, whether local, regional or national, will be best served by following the structural template described. Policies and procedures to foster advances in each of the structural components should be developed strategically.
ADL tests for threshold cointegration

In this article, we propose new tests for threshold cointegration using an autoregressive distributed lag (ADL) model. The indicators in the threshold model can adopt either a nonstationary or stationary threshold variable. The cointegrating vector is not prespecified in this article. We adopt a supremum Wald type test to account for the so-called Davies (1987, Biometrika 74,33) problem. The asymptotic null distributions of the proposed tests are free of nuisance parameters. As such, a bootstrap procedure is not required and the critical values of the proposed tests are tabulated. Monte Carlo experiments show good finite-sample performance.
Consumer responses to brand elimination: An attributional perspective

Abstract While research on innovation and new product development abounds in the literature, studies on firms deleting brands from their portfolio are virtually non-existent. This paper provides a pioneering examination of how brand elimination might influence consumer evaluations of the firm. As compared to a widely-held belief that brand elimination would adversely affect firm image, we propose that in situations where brand elimination can be viewed as the firm's effort to improve performance, consumers will rate this action favorably, with concomitant outcomes relating to firm evaluation. These ideas are supported in three studies. Study 1 finds that elimination targeting a weak (vs. strong) brand is more likely to be associated with eliminate-to-improve attributions, and consequently, more favorable evaluations. Study 2 shows that explanations provided by the firm (as against explanations generated internally by the consumers) help consumers make positive attributions for elimination targeting a strong brand, but lower evaluations when a weak brand is being eliminated. Study 3 establishes that loyal consumers are more likely to assess the applicability of an ‘eliminate-to-improve’ attribution and give favorable evaluations only when the eliminated brand is weak. Non-loyal consumers in general respond favorably to the elimination, regardless of brand strength. Future directions for brand elimination research are discussed.
Factors Affecting Distributed System Security

Recent work examining distributed system security requirements. is critiqued. A notion of trust based on distributed system topology and distributed system node evaluation levels proposed in that work is shown to be deficient. The notion fails to make allowances for the distributed system physical security environment, security factors related to the management of distributed systems by more than one jurisdictive authority, and the interactions that can occur between nodes supporting different mandatory and discretionary security mechanisms.
Transport coefficients, spectral functions and the lattice

Transport coefficients are determined by the slope of spectral functions of composite operators at zero frequency. We study the spectral function relevant for the shear viscosity for arbitrary frequencies in weakly-coupled scalar and nonabelian gauge theories at high temperature and compute the corresponding correlator in euclidean time. We discuss whether nonperturbative values of transport coefficients can be extracted from euclidean lattice simulations.
Three-Dimensional Diffuse Optical Tomography with a priori Anatomical Information

Diffuse Optical Tomography (DOT) image reconstruction is a challenging 3D problem with a relatively large number of unknowns. DOT poses a typical ill-posed problem usually plagued by under-determination,which complicates the inverse problem. Conventional image reconstruction algorithms can not provide high spatial resolution and may become computationally expensive and unreliable especially in the presence of noise. In this work,we extend our previous formulation for the 3D inverse DOT problem, where we focus to improve the spatial resolution and quantitative accuracy of 3D DOT images by using anatomical a priori information,which is specific to the medium of interest. Maximum A Posteriori (MAP) estimate of the image is formed based on the formulation of the image's probability density function,which is extracted from the available a priori anatomical information. An
Design of New Ligands for the Palladium‐Catalyzed Arylation of α‐Branched Secondary Amines

In Pd-catalyzed CN cross-coupling reactions, α-branched secondary amines are difficult coupling partners and the desired products are often produced in low yields. In order to provide a robust method for accessing N-aryl α-branched tertiary amines, new catalysts have been designed to suppress undesired side reactions often encountered when these amine nucleophiles are used. These advances enabled the arylation of a wide array of sterically encumbered amines, highlighting the importance of rational ligand design in facilitating challenging Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions.
Initial Results from the Spitzer Young Stellar Cluster Survey

We report initial results from IRAC observations of four young stellar clusters. These regions are part of a larger Spitzer Space Telescope survey of 31 young stellar groups and clusters within 1 kpc of the Sun. In each of the four clusters, there are between 39 and 85 objects with colors inconsistent with reddened stellar photospheres. We identify these objects as young stars with significant emission from circumstellar dust. Applying an analysis developed in a companion paper, we classify these objects as either pre-main-sequence stars with disks (Class II) or protostellar objects (Class I). These show that the sites of recent star formation are distributed over multiparsec size scales. In two clusters, Cepheus C and S140, we find protostars embedded in filamentary dark clouds seen against diffuse emission in the IRAC bands.
Simulations for multi-object spectrograph planet surveys

Radial velocity surveys for extrasolar planets generally require substantial amounts of large telescope time in order to monitor a sufficient number of stars. Two of the aspects which can limit such surveys are the single-object capabilities of the spectrograph, and an inefficient observing strategy for a given observing window. In addition, the detection rate of extrasolar planets using the radial velocity method has thus far been relatively linear with time. With the development of various multi-object Doppler survey instruments, there is growing potential to dramatically increase the detection rate using the Doppler method. Several of these instruments have already begun usage in large-scale surveys for extrasolar planets, such as Fibre Large Array Multi Element Spectrograph (FLAMES) on the Very Large Telescope (VLT) and Keck Exoplanet Tracker (ET) on the Sloan 2.5-m wide-field telescope. In order to plan an effective observing strategy for such a program, one must examine the expected results based on a given observing window and target selection. We present simulations of the expected results from a generic multi-object survey based on calculated noise models and sensitivity for the instrument and the known distribution of exoplanetary system parameters. We have developed code for automatically sifting and fitting the planet candidates produced by the survey to allow for fast follow-up observations to be conducted. The techniques presented here may be applied to a wide range of multi-object planet surveys.
Extra Corporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) review of a lifesaving technology

Extra Corporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) indications and usage has strikingly progressed over the last 20 years; it has become essential tool in the care of adults and children with severe cardiac and pulmonary dysfunction refractory to conventional management. In this article we will provide a review of ECMO development, clinical indications, patients' management, options and cannulations techniques, complications, outcomes, and the appropriate strategy of organ management while on ECMO.
Upper and Lower Bounds on Resonances for Manifolds Hyperbolic Near Infinity

For a conformally compact manifold that is hyperbolic near infinity and of dimension n + 1, we complete the proof of the optimal O(r n+1) upper bound on the resonance counting function, correcting a mistake in the existing literature. In the case of a compactly supported perturbation of a hyperbolic manifold, we establish a Poisson formula expressing the regularized wave trace as a sum over scattering resonances. This leads to an r n+1 lower bound on the counting function for scattering poles.
Statistical variation of FEL performance due to wiggler field errors

Abstract Numerical simulations are used to demonstrate that large statistical variations in peak spontaneous emission and small-signal gain are obtained for FEL wigglers with the same rms field error, but different error distributions. Results demonstrate the need for a wiggler specification which reflects the effect of error ordering on FEL performance.
Palladium-catalyzed synthesis of cyclopentane-fused benzocyclobutenes via tandem directed carbopalladation/C-H bond functionalization.

A new Pd-catalyzed reaction for the stereoselective synthesis of cyclopentane-fused benzocyclobutenes is described. These transformations likely proceed via carbamate-directed carbopalladation followed by intramolecular C−H activation of an alkylpalladium intermediate. The mechanistic relationship between these transformations and Pd-catalyzed reactions of γ-(n-Boc-amino)alkenes with aryl bromides that afford pyrrolidines is discussed. Differences in reactivity between Pd-amino and Pd-amido complexes appear to play a key role in the outcome of these transformations.
HEAVY QUARKS AT RHIC FROM PARTON TRANSPORT THEORY.

There are several indications that an opaque partonic medium is created in energetic Au+Au collisions ({radical}s{sub NN} {approx} GeV/nucleon) at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). At the extreme densities of {approx} 10-100 times normal nuclear density reached even heavy-flavor hadrons are affected significantly. Heavy-quark observables are presented from the parton transport model MPC, focusing on the nuclear suppression pattern, azimuthal anisotropy (''elliptic flow''), and azimuthal correlations. Comparison with Au + Au data at top RHIC energy {radical}s{sub NN} = 200 GeV indicates significant heavy quark rescattering, corresponding roughly five times higher opacities than estimates based on leading-order perturbative QCD. We propose measurements of charm-anticharm, e.g., D-meson azimuthal correlations as a sensitive, independent probe to corroborate these findings.
Constant-rank codes

Constant-dimension codes have recently received attention due to their significance to error control in noncoherent random network coding. In this paper, we show that constant- rank codes are closely related to constant-dimension codes and we study the properties of constant-rank codes. We first introduce a relation between vectors in GF(qm)n and subspaces of GF(q)m or GF(q)n, and use it to establish a relation between constant- rank codes and constant-dimension codes. We then derive bounds on the maximum cardinality of constant-rank codes with given rank weight and minimum rank distance. Finally, we investigate the asymptotic behavior of the maximal cardinality of constant- rank codes with given rank weight and minimum rank distance.
Rape and Force: The Forgotten Mens Rea

The crime of rape has traditionally been defined to require proof of both force on the part of the defendant and lack of consent on the part of the victim. In the words of Blackstone, rape is “carnal knowledge of a woman forcibly and against her will.” This traditional “conjunction of force and nonconsent” has recently been subject to a good deal of criticism. While some commentators advocate that the law of rape focus exclusively on the presence of force,
Consistent and automatic replica regeneration

Reducing management costs and improving the availability of large-scale distributed systems require automatic replica regeneration, that is, creating new replicas in response to replica failures. A major challenge to regeneration is maintaining consistency when the replica group changes. Doing so is particularly difficult across the wide area where failure detection is complicated by network congestion and node overload.In this context, this article presents Om, the first read/write peer-to-peer, wide-area storage system that achieves high availability and manageability through online automatic regeneration while still preserving consistency guarantees. We achieve these properties through the following techniques. First, by utilizing the limited view divergence property in today's Internet and by adopting the witness model, Om is able to regenerate from any single replica, rather than requiring a majority quorum, at the cost of a small (10−6 in our experiments) probability of violating consistency during each regeneration. As a result, Om can deliver high availability with a small number of replicas, while traditional designs would significantly increase the number of replicas. Next, we distinguish failure-free reconfigurations from failure-induced ones, enabling common reconfigurations to proceed with a single round of communication. Finally, we use a lease graph among the replicas and a two-phase write protocol to optimize for reads, so that reads in Om can be processed by any single replica. Experiments on PlanetLab show that consistent regeneration in Om completes in approximately 20 seconds.
Social influence effects and managerial compensation evidence from Germany

I extend existing theories of social influence effects on executive compensation while at the same time showing the context dependence of these effects. Using original data on German firms and a longitudinal design, results of this study suggest that the operating of social influence mechanisms depends on demographic and social similarity between CEOs and board chairs. The findings reconcile previous mixed findings on the role of CEO human capital factors such as education and tenure and furthermore show that board vigilance is conditional on board compensation and the presence of major shareholders with an incentive to monitor board behavior. Finally, the study contributes to compensation and corporate governance research by providing evidence on how social influence effects operate outside the United States. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Peptide hormone binding to G‐protein‐coupled receptors: Structural characterization via NMR techniques

G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) allow cells to respond to calcium, hormones, and neurotransmitters. Not surprisingly, they currently make up the largest family of validated drug targets. Rational drug design for molecular regulators targeting GPCRs has been limited to theoretical-based computational approaches. X-ray crystallography of intact GPCRs has provided the topological orientation of the seven transmembrane helices, but limited structural information of the extracellular and intracellular loops and protein termini. In this review we detail an NMR-based approach which provides the high-resolution structural features on the extracellular domains of GPCRs and the ligand/receptor complexes formed upon titration of the peptide hormone. The results provide important contact points and a high-resolution description of the ligand/receptor interactions, which may be useful for the rational design of therapeutic agents targeting GPCRs. Recent results from our investigation of the cholecystokinin peptide hormone system are used to highlight this approach.
Engineering the Electron–Hole Bilayer Tunneling Field-Effect Transistor

The electron-hole (EH) bilayer tunneling field-effect transistor promises to eliminate heavy-doping band tails enabling a smaller subthreshold swing voltage. Nevertheless, the electrostatics of a thin structure must be optimized for gate efficiency. We analyze the tradeoff between gate efficiency versus ON-state conductance to find the optimal device design. Once the EH bilayer is optimized for a given ON-state conductance, Si, Ge, and InAs all have similar gate efficiency, around 40%-50%. Unlike Si and Ge, only the InAs case allows a manageable work function difference for EH bilayer transistor operation.
Photodissociation spectroscopy of the dysprosium monochloride molecular ion.

We have performed a combined experimental and theoretical study of the photodissociation cross section of the molecular ion DyCl+. The photodissociation cross section for the photon energy range 35 500 cm−1 to 47 500 cm−1 is measured using an integrated ion trap and time-of-flight mass spectrometer; we observe a broad, asymmetric profile that is peaked near 43 000 cm−1. The theoretical cross section is determined from electronic potentials and transition dipole moments calculated using the relativistic configuration-interaction valence-bond and coupled-cluster methods. The electronic structure of DyCl+ is extremely complex due to the presence of multiple open electronic shells, including the 4f10 configuration. The molecule has nine attractive potentials with ionically bonded electrons and 99 repulsive potentials dissociating to a ground state Dy+ ion and Cl atom. We explain the lack of symmetry in the cross section as due to multiple contributions from one-electron-dominated transitions between the vibrational ground state and several resolved repulsive excited states.
Parity violation in effective field theory and the deuteron anapole moment

Abstract Effective field theory, including pions, provides a consistent and systematic description of nucleon-nucleon strong interactions up to center-of-mass momentum p ∼ 300 MeV per nucleon. We describe the inclusion of hadronic parity violation into this effective field theory and find an analytic form for the deuteron anapole moment at leading order in the expansion.
Simulations of Multiphase Particle Deposition on a Gas Turbine Endwall With Impingement and Film Cooling

Replacing natural gas fuels with coal derived syngas in industrial gas turbines can lead to molten particle deposition on the turbine components. The deposition of the particles, which originate from impurities in the syngas fuels, can increase surface roughness and obstruct film cooling holes. These deposition effects increase heat transfer to the components and degrade the performance of cooling mechanisms, which are critical for maintaining component life. The current study dynamically simulated molten particle deposition on a conducting blade endwall with the injection of molten wax. The key non-dimensional parameters for modeling of conjugate heat transfer and deposition were replicated in the experiment. The endwall cooling arrangements included film cooling only as well as internal impingement jet cooling plus film cooling. The distribution of deposition was influenced by the film cooling blowing ratio as well as the surface temperature of the endwall. Increasing blowing ratio mitigated some deposition at the film cooling hole exits and in areas of coolest endwall temperatures. After deposition, the external surface temperatures and internal endwall temperatures were measured and found to be warmer than the endwall temperatures measured before deposition. Although the deposition helps insulate the endwall from the mainstream, the roughness effects of the deposition counteract the insulating effect by decreasing the benefit of film cooling and by increasing external heat transfer coefficients.© 2014 ASME
A Simple Boom Assembly for the Shipboard Deployment of Air-Sea Interaction Instruments.

Abstract We have developed a simple boom for use in measuring meteorological variables from a ship. The main structural member of the boom, a triangular communications tower with rollers attached along its bottom side, is deployed horizontally from a long, flat deck, such as a helicopter deck, and will support a 100-kg payload at its outboard end. The boom is easy to deploy, requires minimal ship modifications, and provides ready access to the instruments mounted on it. And because it is designed for use with the ship crosswind, oceanographic work can go on at the same time as the air-sea interaction measurements. We describe our use of the boom on the Mikhail Somov during a cruise into the Antarctic sea ice and present some representative measurements made with instruments mounted on it. Theory, experiment, and our data all imply that instruments deployed windward from a rear helicopter deck can reach air undisturbed by the ship. Such an instrument site has clear advantages over the more customary mast, bow, or buoy locations.
Tris(trimethylsilyl)silane (TTMSS) : Formation of carbon-centered radicals from oxathiolane and thiazolidine derivatives

Abstract Tris(trimethylsilyl)silane (TTMSS) is an efficient reagent for the formation of carbon-centered radicals from 1,3-oxathiolane, 5-oxo-1,3-oxathiolane, N(methylcarbonyl)-1,3-thiazolidine and N(ethoxycarbonyl)-1,3- thiazolidine derivatives by the selective cleavage of the carbon-sulphur bond.
Whatever you say

This paper addresses an important problem in multi-agent coordination: the formal representation of parameters in the content of agent intentions that are only partially specified (e.g., when the intended action has not yet been executed and values for the parameters have not yet been chosen or the authority for choosing such values has been delegated to others). For example, Abe might intend to rent “whatever car Zoe tells him to”, in which case the problem is how to formally represent the quoted clause (i.e., the “whatever” content). The paper presents a two-pronged approach. First, it uses the event calculus to model declarative speech-acts which agents use to establish facts about parameters in a social context. Second, it partitions the content of agent intentions into (1) a condition that the agent should refrain from determining and (2) a goal that the agent should strive to achieve. The satisfaction conditions of such intentions treat these types of content differently; however they can share variables and, thus, are linked in a restricted sense.
Heat Transfer on a Hypersonic Sphere with Diffuse Rarefied-Gas Injection

The interaction of a diffusing outgas flow from a sphere nose opposing a hypersonic free stream is studied numerically by the direct simulation Monte- Carlo technique under the transitional rarefied-gas-flow regime conditions at Knudsen numbers from 0.016 to 1.5 and blowing factors from 0.15 to 1.5. Strong influences of the blowing factor (the ratio of outgas mass flux to upstream mass flux) and the Knudsen number on the flow structure about a sphere (temperature fields, the configuration of mixing flow zones) and on heat distributions along the spherical surface have been found. At large blowing factors, the injected gas significantly reduces heat flux in wide area near the spherical nose. This effect is more pronounced for light gas (helium) injection in the near-continuum flow.
Alternating projections for learning with expectation constraints

We present an objective function for learning with unlabeled data that utilizes auxiliary expectation constraints. We optimize this objective function using a procedure that alternates between information and moment projections. Our method provides an alternate interpretation of the posterior regularization framework (Graca et al., 2008), maintains uncertainty during optimization unlike constraint-driven learning (Chang et al., 2007), and is more efficient than generalized expectation criteria (Mann & McCallum, 2008). Applications of this framework include minimally supervised learning, semi-supervised learning, and learning with constraints that are more expressive than the underlying model. In experiments, we demonstrate comparable accuracy to generalized expectation criteria for minimally supervised learning, and use expressive structural constraints to guide semi-supervised learning, providing a 3%-6% improvement over state-of-the-art constraint-driven learning.
The Information Content of Elections and Varieties of the Partisan Political Business Cycle

This event study uses economic forecasts and opinion polls to measure the response of expectations to election surprise. Use of forecast data complements older work on partisan cycles by allowing a tighter link between election and response thereby mitigating concerns of endogeneity and omitted variables. I find that forecasters respond swiftly and significantly to election surprise. I further argue that the response ought to vary across countries with different institutional foundations. In support, I find that there exist three distinct patterns in forecasters’ responses to partisan surprise corresponding to Hall and Soskice’s three varieties of capitalism.
Evaluation of a web-based asthma self-management system: a randomised controlled pilot trial

Asthma is the most common chronic condition of childhood and disproportionately affects inner-city minority children. Low rates of asthma preventer medication adherence is a major contributor to poor asthma control in these patients. Web-based methods have potential to improve patient knowledge and medication adherence by providing interactive patient education, monitoring of symptoms and medication use, and by facilitation of communication and teamwork among patients and health care providers. Few studies have evaluated web-based asthma support environments using all of these potentially beneficial interventions. The multidimensional website created for this study, BostonBreathes, was designed to intervene on multiple levels, and was evaluated in a pilot trial. An interactive, engaging website for children with asthma was developed to promote adherence to asthma medications, provide a platform for teamwork between caregivers and patients, and to provide primary care providers with up-to-date symptom information and data on medication use. Fifty-eight (58) children primarily from inner city Boston with persistent-level asthma were randomised to either usual care or use of BostonBreathes. Subjects completed asthma education activities, and reported their symptoms and medication use. Primary care providers used a separate interface to monitor their patients’ website use, their reported symptoms and medication use, and were able to communicate online via a discussion board with their patients and with an asthma specialist. After 6-months, reported wheezing improved significantly in both intervention and control groups, and there were significant improvements in the intervention group only in night-time awakening and parental loss of sleep, but there were no significant differences between intervention and control groups in these measures. Emergency room or acute visits to a physician for asthma did not significantly change in either group. Among the subgroup of subjects with low controller medication adherence at baseline, adherence improved significantly only in the intervention group. Knowledge of the purpose of controller medicine increased significantly in the intervention group, a statistically significant improvement over the control group. This pilot study suggests that a multidimensional web-based educational, monitoring, and communication platform may have positive influences on pediatric patients’ asthma-related knowledge and use of asthma preventer medications.
The role of imports for exporter performance in Peru

Using highly disaggregated firm-level customs transaction data for imports and exports in Peru over the 2000–2012 period, this paper explores the relationship between imports of intermediate inputs and firm export performance. The paper shows that greater use, variety, and quality of imported intermediate inputs is significantly correlated with higher exports, faster export growth, greater diversification of export markets, and higher quality exports (as measured by relative unit prices) at the firm level. This relationship is robust and persistent to controls for unobserved firm heterogeneity and year fixed effects. The use of imported inputs is also associated with higher productivity at the firm level. Considering the relationship between specific trade policy measures and the import performance of those exporters that are direct importers, the analysis shows that those exposed to higher tariffs and nontariff measures import less in total and exhibit lower import variety. The use of the advanced clearance procedure as the modality to clear customs for imports is favorable to the import performance of exporter-importers, in that the users of the modality import more and import a more diversified bundle of inputs than those that do not use it, even after controlling for firm size.
THE PHYSICAL CONDITIONS IN A PRE-SUPER STAR CLUSTER MOLECULAR CLOUD IN THE ANTENNAE GALAXIES

We present an analysis of the physical conditions in an extreme molecular cloud in the Antennae merging galaxies. This cloud has properties consistant with those required to form a globular cluster. We have obtained ALMA CO and 870 μm observations of the Antennae galaxy system with ∼0.″5 resolution. This cloud stands out in the data with a radius of ≲24 pc and mass of >5 × 106 M⊙. The cloud appears capable of forming a globular cluster, but the lack of associated thermal radio emission indicates that star formation has not yet altered the environment. The lack of thermal radio emission places the cloud in an early stage of evolution, which we expect to be short-lived (≲1 Myr) and thus rare. Given its mass and kinetic energy, for the cloud to be confined (as its appearance strongly suggests) it must be subject to an external pressure of P/kB ≳ 108 K cm−3–10,000 times higher than typical interstellar pressure. This would support theories that high pressures are required to form globular clusters and may explain why extreme environments like the Antennae are preferred environments for generating such objects. Given the cloud temperature of ∼25 K, the internal pressure must be dominated by non-thermal processes, most likely turbulence. We expect the molecular cloud to collapse and begin star formation in ≲1 Myr.
The inversion algorithm for digital simulation

The inversion algorithm is an event-driven algorithm, whose performance rivals or exceeds that of levelized compiled code simulation, even at activity rates of 50% or more. The inversion algorithm has several unique features, the most remarkable of which is the size of the run-time code. The basic algorithm can be implemented using no more than a page of run-time code, although in practice, it is more efficient to provide several different variations of the basic algorithm. The run-time code is independent of the circuit under test, so the algorithm can be implemented either as a compiled code or an interpreted simulator with little variation in performance. Because of the small size of the run-time code, the run-time portions of the inversion algorithm can be implemented in assembly language for peak efficiency, and still can be retargeted for new platforms with little effort.
Trimethylsilyl)ethynylcopper(I)

[53210-13-2] C5H9CuSi (MW 160.78) InChI = 1S/C5H9Si.Cu/c1-5-6(2,3)4;/h2-4H3; InChIKey = DNXSGHQBAIKZLI-UHFFFAOYSA-N (coupling agent for introduction of the (trimethylsilyl)ethynyl group;2 preparation of mixed cuprates3) Alternate Names: copper(I) trimethylsilylacetylide. Physical Data: orange-red unstable solid. Solubility: sol THF, THF–HMPA mixtures; insol ether. Preparative Method: by treatment of Trimethylsilylacetylene with Copper(I) t-Butoxide,2 by addition of CuBrċSMe2 (see Copper(I) Bromide) to a THF solution of Lithium (Trimethylsilyl)acetylide,4 or by treatment of trimethylsilylacetylene with Triethyl Phosphite and Copper(I) Chloride.5 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: best generated in situ and used immediately.2 THF solutions are unstable above −20 °C.2 The solid is unstable, and all such copper(I) acetylides are potentially explosive. Use in a fume hood.
Multimodal medical image retrieval OHSU at ImageCLEF 2008

We present results from the Oregon Health & Science University's participation in the medical retrieval task of ImageCLEF 2008. Our web-based retrieval system was built using a Ruby on Rails framework. Ferret, a Ruby port of Lucene was used to create the full-text based index and search engine. In addition to the textual index of annotations, supervised machine learning techniques using visual features were used to classify the images based on image acquisition modality. Our system provides the user with a number of search options including the ability to limit their search by modality, UMLS-based query expansion, and Natural Language Processing-based techniques. Purely textual runs as well as mixed runs using the purported modality were submitted. We also submitted interactive runs using user specified search options. Although the use of the UMLS metathesaurus increased our recall, our system is geared towards early precision. Consequently, many of our multimodal automatic runs using the custom parser as well as interactive runs had high early precision including the highest P10 and P30 among the official runs. Our runs also performed well using the bpref metric, a measure that is more robust in the case of incomplete judgments.
Particle self-assembly on soft elastic shells

We use numerical simulations to show how noninteracting hard particles binding to a deformable elastic shell may self-assemble into a variety of linear patterns. This is a result of the nontrivial elastic response to deformations of shells. The morphology of the patterns can be controlled by the mechanical properties of the surface, and can be fine-tuned by varying the binding energy of the particles. We also repeat our calculations for a fully flexible chain and find that the chain conformations follow patterns similar to those formed by the nanoparticles under analogous conditions. We propose a simple way of understanding and sorting the different structures and relate it to the underlying shape transition of the shell. Finally, we discuss the implications of our results.
Tax Benefits as a Source of Merger Premiums In Acquisitions of Private Corporations

Scholes et al. (2005) predict that S corporations, and other conduit entities such as partnerships and LLCs, can sell for a tax‐driven purchase price premium relative to C corporations. We test this conjecture by comparing purchase price multiples in a sample of taxable stock acquisitions of S corporations to purchase price multiples for a matched set of taxable stock acquisitions of privately held C corporations. Consistent with Scholes et al.'s (2005) predictions, we find evidence that the organizational form of the target influences acquisition tax structure and acquisition price. Specifically, the evidence supports the conclusion that conduit entities (S corporations) fetch a taxbased purchase price premium relative to similar C corporations. Furthermore, our estimates indicate that average tax benefits in S corporation acquisitions are equal to approximately 12–17 percent of deal value.