cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Initial evaluation of nighttime restlessness in a naturally occurring canine model of osteoarthritis pain

Chronic pain due to osteoarthritis (OA) can lead to significant disruption of sleep and increased restlessness. Our objective was to assess whether naturally occurring canine OA is associated with nighttime restlessness and so has potential as a model of OA-associated sleep disturbance. The study was designed as a two-part prospective masked, placebo-controlled study using client-owned dogs (Part A n = 60; Part B n = 19). Inclusion criteria consisted of OA-associated joint pain and mobility impairment. The primary outcome measure for both parts was nighttime accelerometry. In Part B, quality of sleep was assessed using a clinical metrology instrument (Sleep and Night Time Restlessness Evaluation Score, SNoRE). Part A included dogs receiving two weeks of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) preceded with two weeks of no treatment. Part B was a crossover study, with NSAID/placebo administered for two weeks followed by a washout period of one week and another two weeks of NSAID/placebo. Repeated measures analysis of variance was used to assess differences between baseline and treatment. There were no significant changes in accelerometry-measured nighttime activity as a result of NSAID administration. SNoRE measures indicated significant improvements in aspects of the quality of nighttime sleep that did not involve obvious movement. These results reflect the few similar studies in human OA patients. Although accelerometry does not appear to be useful, this model has potential to model the human pain-related nighttime sleep disturbance, and other outcome measures should be explored in this model.
Effects of Stimulus Size and Spatial Organization on Pigeons’ Conditional Same-Different Discrimination

In two experiments, we explored the effects of varying the size and the spatial organization of the stimuli in multi-item arrays on pigeons’ same-different discrimination behavior. The birds had previously learned to discriminate a simultaneously presented array of 16 identical (Same) visual items from an array of 16 nonidentical (Different) visual items, when the correct choice was conditional on the presence of another cue: the color of the background (Castro, Kennedy, & Wasserman, in press). In Experiment 1, we trained pigeons with 7-item arrays and then tested them with arrays containing the same item, but in a variety of sizes. In Experiment 2, we tested the birds with the items grouped in novel locations: the top, the bottom, the left, or the right portions of the display area, which generated different vertical and horizontal alignments. Accuracy scores revealed virtually perfect stimulus generalization across various item sizes and spatial organizations. Reaction times revealed that the birds perceived different sizes of a single icon as the same stimulus (Experiment 1) and that the birds processed vertical arrangements faster than horizontal arrangements (Experiment 2). These results suggest that the pigeons noticed both physical and spatial changes in the stimuli (as shown by their reaction times), but that these changes did not disrupt the birds’ discriminating the sameness or differentness of the multi-item arrays (as shown by their accuracy scores).
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE RELATION OF THE EYE TO IMMUNITY IN EXPERIMENTAL SYPHILIS : III. THE INFLUENCE OF A NON-SPECIFIC INFLAMMATORY REACTION IN THE CORNEA ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF IMMUNITY IN THAT TISSUE AFTER INTRATESTICULAR INOCULATION.

Two experiments are reported in which rabbits originally inoculated with syphilis and treated late in the course of the disease (174th to 210th day) were reinoculated subsequently in both corneas with the homologous strain of syphilitic virus. In each animal one cornea was inoculated with dead tubercle bacilli prior to reinoculation with the syphilitic virus. This procedure was carried out in order to bring about a non-specific inflammatory reaction with resultant vascularization, the intention being to find out if such vascularization would render the cornea more resistant to inoculation with the homologous strain of syphilitic virus. The results of both experiments were similar and while they were not conclusive, they indicated that there was a tendency for corneas which had been injected with dead tubercle bacilli to be more refractory to a subsequent inoculation with homologous syphilitic virus than the corneas of the same animals that had not been injected with dead tubercle bacilli. This tendency may be interpreted as suggestive evidence for the view that in the syphilitic rabbit there develop circulating antibodies toward the homologous strain of T. pallidum.
Interaction studies of tilomisole, aspirin, and naproxen in acute and chronic inflammation with assessment of gastrointestinal irritancy in the rat.

The effect of combination NSAID therapy of tilomisole with aspirin or naproxen was studied in rats with carrageenan-induced paw edema and established adjuvant arthritis. Inflamed paws were measured using mercury plethysmography and the arthritic paws were X-rayed to determine any bony/soft tissue changes. The gastrointestinal tract was also examined for bleeding and ulceration. Tilomisole had a less potent acute anti-inflammatory effect than aspirin or naproxen, but produced no significant gastrointestinal damage. A significant reduction in anti-inflammatory activity was observed with the tilomisole/aspirin combination in acute inflammation. Only additive interactions were observed with the naproxen inhibition. In the established arthritis assay, a significant synergistic anti-inflammatory response, i.e. both inhibition of paw edema and bone erosion, was also observed with the 80 and 93% tilomisole/naproxen combinations. The gastric ulcerogenic effect of the combination paralleled its increased activity. The synergism between tilomisole and naproxen in thischronic arthritic model may be due to enhanced cyclooxygenase inhibitory activity. These drug interaction studies suggest possible interactions in human clinical trials of rheumatoid arthritis.
Chlorine, fluorine, and sulfur emissions from Mount Erebus, Antarctica and estimated contributions to the Antarctic atmosphere

The discharge rates of halogens in aerosols and gases emitted from Mount Erebus between December 1986 and January 1991 were estimated by combining element-to-sulfur ratios on filter samples with SO2 output measured by COSPEC. The halogen and sulfur content of the gas vary in a quasi-cyclical pattern possibly because of a heterogeneous distribution of volatiles in the Erebus magmatic system. The emission rates of HF and HCl have increased twofold since 1986 reaching 6 and 13.3 Gg yr−1, respectively, in 1991, making Erebus an important contributor of halogens to the Antarctic atmosphere.
Oxidation of 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide using V-APMS

Abstract Vanadium-doped acid prepared mesoporous spheres (V-APMS) were prepared with vanadium loadings of 1–40 wt% using a wet-impregnation method. The effects of vanadium loading on the support were studied using N2 physisorption and powder XRD. The pore volumes, surface areas, and pore diameters of the catalysts decreased as a function of vanadium loading and diffraction peaks corresponding to crystalline V2O5 were detected by XRD at an intermediate V loading, becoming more intense as the V content increased. These results indicate that at low V loadings, the vanadium oxide species were well-dispersed on the silica; however, at higher V loadings crystalline V2O5 was formed within the pores of the APMS. V-APMS was then studied as a heterogeneous catalyst for the oxidation of the chemical warfare agent stimulant 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES) using tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) as the oxidant. Kinetic studies at temperatures ranging from 0 to 50 °C showed that materials with low V loadings were the most effective catalysts for the reaction. The mechanism of the oxidation reaction appeared to be different for catalysts that were composed of well-dispersed vanadium oxide species than for catalysts containing microcrystalline or crystalline V2O5. Finally, a possible reaction scheme for the oxidation of CEES by V-APMS is discussed.
Operations Other Than War: Implications for the U.S. Army

Abstract : Post-Cold War political pressures are likely to increase the demand for the U.S. military in general and the U.S. Army in particular to conduct operations other than war (OOTW). This report analyzes how changing demographics worldwide will affect the operational requirements of future OOTW missions. Two key factors that have influenced U.S. success or failure in the past are 1) political-military communication, and 2) mission creep and mission swing. Without effective political-military communication, military planning may be derived from political rhetoric or, alternatively, political decisions may be based on faulty understandings of military capabilities or considerations. Equally critical is sufficient recognition of, and planning for, mission creep (in which political goals shift, requiring military operations different from those planned at the intervention's outset) and mission swing (in which the operational environment undergoes quick deterioration or improvement unrelated to the presence or efforts of intervening forces). The report concludes with specific recommendations regarding Army doctrine, training, equipment, and force structure.
Gleanings from the 7th International Symposium on Electronic Thesis and Dissertations

A report on the 7th International Symposium on Electronic Theses and Dissertations (ETD) and some of the sessions presented at the 2004 conference, which had the theme of “Distributing Knowledge Worldwide Through Better Scholarly Communication.”
Retro-articular drilling and bone grafting of juvenile knee osteochondritis dissecans: a technical description.

The goal of the surgery in stable juvenile osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) is to promote revascularization and reossification of the osteochondral fragment by creating channels, linking the subchondral bone to the OCD lesion. Retro-articular and trans-articular drilling of OCD lesions has up to a 33 % failure rate based on complete radiographic healing. Healing may be improved with the delivery of pluripotent mesenchymal stem cells into the lesion. We describe a technically simple procedure for retro-articular drilling with the addition of percutaneous iliac crest bone graft placement for stable juvenile OCD lesions of the knee. By using a bone marrow biopsy needle, the bone grafting can be performed in a reproducible manner and in shorter time than in previously described techniques. The proposed technique represents a promising adjunct for the management of stable juvenile OCD lesions that fail to heal after 3–6 months of non-operative treatment and for non-displaced, unstable OCD lesions that undergo internal fixation. Level of evidence Therapeutic study, Level V.
Plane deformation of a body containing a ribbon fuel element

We propose a new formulation and a method for the solution of the plane problems of stationary heat conduction and thermoelasticity for bodies containing thin ribbon inclusions under the conditions of plane deformation. Ribbon elements are modeled by a sheet of heat sources and the temperature field created by these sources is determined from the solutions of integral equations of the first kind. It is shown that the set of solutions of these equations always contains the classical solution specifying the root-singular distribution of the heat flows on the boundary of the region of heat release.
TCP self-clocking and bandwidth sharing

We propose a simple queueing model for TCP transfers sharing a bottleneck link and examine its behavior when the buffer at the bottleneck is large compared to the bandwidth-delay product. This model explains some behaviors of TCP that have already been observed, and predicts other behaviors that are new. We present measurements that demonstrate these behaviors in the current Internet.
Trait Affection and Asymmetry in the Anterior Brain

The trait tendency to express affectionate messages is positively related to a range of physical health and well-being indicators. Thus far, the literature on affectionate communication has not examined this trait from a neurological perspective linked to such indicators. Using an approach-avoid framework of temperament, this study tests the notion that high-affection communicators have greater relative electrical activity in the left anterior cortex versus the right anterior cortex, as reflected in baseline electroencephalograph recordings. Results are consistent with the hypothesis that high-affection communicators have greater relative left activity than less affectionate communicators. Discussion centers on what conclusions can be drawn, and how research might be informed by linking trait affection to fundamental temperament reflected in anterior brain asymmetry.
Reduced lysis at high concentrations of lysozyme

Abstract 1. 1. An increase in lysozyme concentration at low levels was accompanied by an increased rate of lysis, but at levels above 0.02 mg./ml. there was a pronounced and rapid decrease in activity for every doubling of the enzyme concentration. 2. 2. The inhibition obtained was essentially the same at the three levels of substrate studied. 3. 3. The inhibition at high lysozyme concentrations was greatly reduced by increasing the sodium-ion concentration. 4. 4. Data are presented that suggest the decreased lysozyme activity is due to the formation of a stable enzyme-substrate complex. This complex mixture was found to contain a substantial amount of active lysozyme but no free substrate or sodium ion.
Development of the diencephalon in the rat. III. Ontogeny of the specialized ventricular linings of the hypothalamic third ventricle.

The development of the specialized linings of the hypothalamic third ventricle was examined autoradiographically in mature rats that were la- belled with 3H-thymidine during the developmental period, and in a closely spaced series of embryonic and infant rats. We distinguished in mature rats, apart from the typical ependymal wall, three specialized linings: the con- voluted ependyma, the laminated epithelium, and the tanycytic epithelium. The ventricular wall of most of the anterior hypothalamus, and of the dorsal portion of the posterior hypothalamus, is composed of ciliated ependymal cells and most of them are generated several days before birth, soon after the cessa- tion of neurogenesis in the adjacent hypothalamic nuclei. The cells of the ros- tral convoluted ependyma adjacent to the paraventricular nucleus are produced at about the same time as the neighboring cells of the smooth ependyma. Its cells come from the same germinal region that we have assumed to generate the neurons of the magnocellular neurohypophysial secretory system. The structural differentiation of the convoluted ependyma starts after birth and is completed by the beginning of the second week. Many of the ependymal cells of the laminated epithelium are produced postnatally, and the production of the specialized cells that form a parallel subependymal row extends into the third week. These cells appear to arise from the same matrix that generates earlier the neurons of the dorsomedial and ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei; their structural differentiation begins during the second week. Also the cells of the tanycytic epithelium are produced mostly postnatally, predominantly during the first week. They appear to arise from the same matrix that generated ear- lier the neurons of the hypophysiotropic tuberomammillary and arcuate nuclei. It is postulated that these three specialized ventricular linings are specifically related to the three components of the endocrine hypothalamus with which they have shared neuroepithelial sites of origin.
Level of function predicts first stroke in the elderly.

Our aim in this study was to assess physical function as a predictor of stroke incidence in a probability sample of noninstitutionalized elderly subjects with no previous history of stroke.The data were obtained from a prospective longitudinal study of 2,812 individuals aged 65 years of age and older living in New Haven, Connecticut. Incidence of stroke was monitored from the baseline interview in 1982 until December 1988 (n = 167). Physical function was measured by the Katz scale of activities of daily living and a three-item scale measuring gross mobility function (Rosow scale). Both measures of impairment of function were independently associated with stroke incidence controlling for age, sex, diabetes, hypertension, and angina (p less than 0.001).Our findings suggest that in elderly persons, physical disability is a newly identified risk factor for stroke.
Nonword repetition in children with cochlear implants: A potential clinical marker of poor language acquisition

Purpose Cochlear implants (CIs) can facilitate the acquisition of spoken language for deaf children, but challenges remain. Language skills dependent on phonological sensitivity are most at risk fo...
Maintaining enterprise software applications

The problem of maintaining integrated applications is by no means a simple one and requires an interdisciplinary approach.
Fracto-emission from deuterated titanium: Supporting evidence for a fracto-fusion mechanism

Measurements of the emission of charged particles, photons, and radio frequency signals accompanying the deformation and fracture of polycrystalline Ti metal and deuterated Ti are described. Preliminary evidence for charge separation created by crack propagation is presented which supports a proposed fracture mechanism to explain neutron bursts observed during treatment of deuterated metals.
Determination of the thickness and refractive index of films on silicon using split-beam ellipsometry☆

Abstract Measurements have been made of the thickness and refractive index of various kinds of oxide films on silicon, using a split-beam ellipsometer. The principles of the method are described with special emphasis on the ease with which measurements can be taken and interpreted. Measurements of film thickness were taken at different wavelengths and showed excellent consistency. The variation of the refractive index of silicon oxide films with composition was investigated, and was found to have a discontinuity in slope.
CONWIP: a pull alternative to kanban

SUMMARY This paper describes a new pull-based production system called CONWIP. Practical advantages of CONWIP over push and other pull systems are given. Theoretical arguments in favour of the system are outlined and simulation studies are included to give insight into the system's performance.
Metatagging and Trademark Law: Brookfield Communications, Inc. v. West Coast Entertainment Corp.

Abstract Real estate professionals often state that the three most important factors in selling a property are “location, location, and location.” A similar concepts applies to Internet searching. Millions of Web surfers use search engines to conduct research. The results are hit lists of Web locations that contain the desired words or phrases. If a commercial Web site appears frequently at the top of hit lists, users are more likely to visit the site and conduct business with the firm. Location and frequency, then, are crucial to the profitability and success of a commercial Web site.
Association between reduced pulmonary diffusing capacity and cardiac autonomic dysfunction in Type 1 diabetes.

Background In Type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM), it has been suggested that autonomic nervous system dysfunction (NAD) impairs lung diffusion capacity. Heart rate variability (HRV), a measure of cardiac autonomic function, is a sensitive method of detecting NAD. To our knowledge, no previous study has assessed whether cardiac sympatho-vagal balance is associated with lung diffusion capacity in diabetes. Methods Twenty Type 1 DM patients without pulmonary abnormalities and systemic NAD underwent measurement of lung diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) by single-breath method and assessment of cardiac autonomic function by HRV analysis on 24-h electrocardiographic Holter recordings. Results Standard respiratory function tests and peripheral autonomic tests were normal in all patients. DLCO was lower than normal reference values in six patients (30%). DLCO correlated significantly with most HRV variables, independent of the clinical and laboratory variables. The strongest correlation was found with standard deviation of all RR intervals (SDNN; r = 0.62, P = 0.003) in the time domain and low frequency (LF) power (r = 0.73, P < 0.001) in the frequency domain. Conclusions In Type 1 diabetes, a significant association exists between cardiac NAD and reduced DLCO in the absence of clinical respiratory and autonomic abnormalities. Thus, NAD may be involved in the early reduction of DLCO in these patients, possibly through abnormalities in the regulation of pulmonary blood flow at the microvascular level.
Answer to November 2013 Photo Quiz

Answer: Malassezia pachydermatis. Malassezia pachydermatis is a lipophilic yeast that is a common colonizer and pathogen on the skin surfaces of canines and their human caretakers ([1][1]). Because of the lipophilicity of Malassezia species, fungemia with these organisms, particularly Malassezia
Bisexuality is associated with elevated sexual sensation seeking, sexual curiosity, and sexual excitability

Abstract Sexual orientation is typically assumed to be independent of factors such as personality. Although this is probably accurate for heterosexual and homosexual orientations, personality may play a role in bisexuality. It was hypothesized that bisexuality is potentiated by personality traits that allow sexual behavior to occur independently of sexual response systems that are specifically “oriented” to male or female sexual stimuli. If so, such traits should be elevated in bisexual women and men. Because female sexual response is relatively independent of the sex of the partner it was also hypothesized that such relationships would be stronger for bisexual women than bisexual men. This was tested in two online studies. Study 1 ( N = 828) tested for elevated levels of two relevant personality traits; sexual sensation seeking and sexual excitability. Study 2 ( N = 655) assessed sexual curiosity, and tested whether the relationship between sexual curiosity and bisexuality was independent of the Big Five. Elevated levels of sexual sensation seeking and sexual curiosity were found for bisexual women and men; only bisexual women reported elevated levels of sexual excitability. The predicted sex difference was found for each trait, and sexual curiosity was elevated independently of the Big Five.
Fast neutron teletherapy for advanced carcinomas of the oral cavity and soft palate.

A retrospective study was performed to determine the efficacy of using fast neutron radiation for treating advanced squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity and soft palate. The majority of patients were judged to have less than a 10% 5-year survival with conventional medical treatment. Fifteen patients with oral cavity tumors were treated for cure with neutrons alone and six were treated with a combination of neutrons and photons as part of a mixed beam fractionation scheme. The acute treatment morbidity was perhaps somewhat greater in the subgroup of patients treated with neutrons alone, and this subgroup later developed a more pronounced subcutaneous fibrosis. Morbidity associated with the mixed beam treatment regimen was comparable to that associated with conventional radiotherapy.
ON THE MOBILE RADIO FREQUENCY ASSIGNMENT PROBLEM AND THE TRAFFIC LIGHT PHASING PROBLEM

Summary The problem of assigning frequencies to mobile radio telephones and the problem of assigning green light times to traffic streams at an intersection both deal with the assignment of a set S(x) to each vertex x of a graph G. The frequency assignment problem is concerned with set colorings: S(x) and S(y) are disjoint if x and y are joined by an edge. The traffic light phasing problem is concerned with set phasings: S(x) and S(y) are disjoint if x and y are not joined by an edge. This paper obtains some results on the existence and minimum size of set colorings and phasings under special restrictions on the sets S(x), for example, that each S(x) is a real interval or a set of n integers, or a set with at least a certain number of elements. Some of these results extend recent work on the n-tuple chromatic number. Finally, the set phasing and coloring problems are related to the problem of assigning sets S(x) to vertices of a graph so that S(x) and S(y) overlap if and only if x and y are joined by an edge. Results about existence and minimum size of such set assignments are given.
Cost-effectiveness of the evaluation of a suspicious biliary stricture

Abstract Background Biliary stricture without mass presents diagnostic and therapeutic challenges because the poor sensitivity of the available tests and significant mortality and cost with operation. Methods A decision model was developed to analyze costs and survival for 1) investigation first with endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) and fine needle aspiration, 2) investigation first with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and brushing, or 3) surgery on every patient. The average age of someone with a biliary stricture was found to be 62-y-old and the rate of cancer was 55%. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICER) were calculated based on the change in quality adjusted life years (QALYs) and costs (US$) between the different options, with a threshold of $150,000 to determine the most cost-effective strategy. One-way, two-way, and probabilistic-sensitivity analysis were performed to validate the model. Results ERCP results in 9.05 QALYs and a cost of $34,685.11 for a cost-effectiveness ratio of $3832.33. EUS results in an incremental increase in 0.13 QALYs and $2773.69 for an ICER of $20,840.28 per QALY gained. Surgery resulted in a decrease of 1.37 QALYs and increased cost of $14,323.94 (ICER-$10,490.53). These trends remained within most sensitivity analyses; however, ERCP and EUS were dependent on the test sensitivity. Conclusions In patients with a biliary stricture with no mass, the most cost-effective strategy is to investigate the patient before operation. The choice between EUS and ERCP should be institutionally dependent, with EUS being more cost-effective in our base case analysis.
State-equations corresponding to a time-varying linear differential system

This letter presents an algorithm for constructing state-equations corresponding to a well-formed, linear, time-varying system L(t,p)y = R(t,p)u.
Magnitude and economic impact of inappropriate use of stress ulcer prophylaxis in non-ICU hospitalized patients.

Magnitude and Economic Impact of Inappropriate Use of Stress Ulcer Prophylaxis in Non-ICU Hospitalized Patients
An interview with Michael Hawley

Michael Hawley is perhaps best known in contemporary library circles as the creator of the Guinness Book of World Record's World's Largest Published Book. The book in question, Bhutan: A Visual Ody...
Translating the basic and clinical cognitive neuroscience of schizophrenia to drug development and clinical trials of antipsychotic medications.

Abstract Neurocognitive deficits have become increasingly important defining features of schizophrenia and its treatment. Multiple domains of neurocognitive functions are impaired in schizophrenia patients, and these impairments are considered to be core features of the disorder. Many recent reports support the importance of the relationship of these neurocognitive deficits to measures of “functional outcome” such as social skills acquisition, social problem solving, and community outcome. Neurocognitive deficits appear to be improved with newer (atypical) antipsychotic medications across a broad range of domains in schizophrenia patients. Together with clinical neuroscience advances, basic research in cognitive neuroscience ranging from animal models of gating functions to early gene expression induced by antipsychotic medications has illuminated the specific neural basis of neurocognitive deficits in schizophrenia and the neurobiology of antipsychotic actions. These translational basic and clinical studies provide powerful screening tools and strategies for drug development and the subsequent assessment of the clinical efficacy of new antipsychotic medications. These interlocking clinical and basic research findings have substantial implications for improving both drug development and improving clinical trials methodology for antipsychotic medications. Thus, there is an informed translation and cross-fertilization between basic and clinical research focused on the development and assessment of putative new antipsychotic compounds.
Pathways to relaxation of corporal smooth muscle

Despite the development of effective oral phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors for treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED), millions of men remain refractory to this class of drug. Clearly, novel molecular targets in the corpus cavernosum smooth muscle (CCSM) need to be identified and evaluated for the potential in development of additional oral agents or gene therapy for ED. This review examines intracellular molecular mechanisms known to promote CCSM relaxation. In addition, this paper reviews CCSM contractile pathways, which when inhibited promote CCSM relaxation, along with the effects of various pathologies on the molecular components of these pathways. The data reviewed in this manuscript suggest that in addition to PDE5, there are numerous other “targetable” molecules in both the CCSM relaxation and contraction pathways that have the potential to lead to effective new therapeutic agents to treat ED in the near future.
Advanced photovoltaic development at Air Force Research Laboratory (Keynote Presentation)

Photovoltaics continue to be the primary source of electrical power for most near-Sun space missions. The desire to enhance or enable new space missions through higher efficiency, increased specific power (W/kg), increased volumetric power density (W/m 3 ) and improved radiation resistance, along with decreased costs, continues to push development of novel solar cell and array technologies. To meet present and future space power requirements, gallium arsenide based multijunction solar cells, thin-film solar cells, and more novel technologies such as intermediate bandgap devices are being pursued. These efforts have resulted in a continual advancement in performance, but new paradigms will be required to continue that performance trend. As cell efficiency increases, other cell and power system characteristics may become more important, namely cost and environmental durability as well as power system survivability. Opportunities for high performance photovoltaics continue to expand for both space and terrestrial applications.
Proactive repair redundancy algorithms for distributed storage in P2P networks

Distributed storage systems frequently use erasure coding based redundancy or replication to improve availability. Traditional erasure coding based approaches to redundancy are optimal in terms of their storage overhead-reliability tradeoff, but are expensive to repair. In this paper, we propose Proactive Repair (PR), a novel hybrid redundancy scheme. We discuss the implementation of the proposed scheme and discuss an emulated-based experimental study to evaluate PR's performance. The results show that PR outperforms exact-repair Minimum Bandwidth Regenerating (exact-MBR) network coding in terms of complexity and repair traffic overhead. Content availability when the system uses PR exhibits higher ability to dynamically adapt to changing failures rates, caused by nodes leaving the network.
FOXO transcription factors and VEGF neutralizing antibody enhance antiangiogenic effects of resveratrol

Resveratrol (trans-3,5,4′-trihydroxystilbene), a compound found largely in the skins of red grapes and wines, possesses anti-cancer and anti-angiogenic properties and protects the cardiovascular system. However, the molecular mechanisms by which resveratrol inhibits angiogenesis are currently subjects of intense investigation. The purpose of this study was to examine whether FOXO transcription factors mediate anti-angiogenic effects of resveratrol, and whether vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) neutralizing antibody can enhance these effects of resveratrol. Inhibition of PI3 kinase (PI3K)/AKT and MEK/ERK pathways synergistically inhibited migration and capillary tube formation of Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs) and further enhanced the anti-angiogenic effects of resveratrol. Inhibitors of AKT and MEK kinase synergistically inhibited cytoplasmic FOXO3a phosphorylation, which was accompanied by its nuclear translocation in HUVECs. Interestingly, inhibition of PI3K/AKT and MEK/ERK pathways synergistically induced FOXO transcriptional activity and inhibited cell migration and capillary tube formation. Antiangiogenic effects of resveratrol were enhanced by inhibitors of AKT and MEK. Phosphorylation-deficient mutants of FOXOs induced FOXO transcriptional activity, inhibited HUVEC cell migration, and capillary tube formation, and also enhanced antiangiogenic effects of resveratrol. Finally, VEGF neutralizing antibody enhanced the anti-proliferative and anti-angiogenic effects of resveratrol. In conclusion, regulation of FOXO transcription factors by resveratrol may play an important role in angiogenesis which is critical for cancer, diabetic retinopathy, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and cardiovascular disorders.
Extended volume coverage in helical cone-beam CT by using PI-line based BPF algorithm

We compared data requirements of filtered-backprojection (FBP) and backprojection-filtration (BPF) algorithms based on PI-lines in helical cone-beam CT. Since the filtration process in FBP algorithm needs all the projection data of PI-lines for each view, the required detector size should be bigger than the size that can cover Tam-Danielsson (T-D) window to avoid data truncation. BPF algorithm, however, requires the projection data only within the T-D window, which means smaller detector size can be used to reconstruct the same image than that in FBP. In other words, a longer helical pitch can be obtained by using BPF algorithm without any truncation artifacts when a fixed detector size is given. The purpose of the work is to demonstrate numerically that extended volume coverage in helical cone-beam CT by using PI-line-based BPF algorithm can be achieved.
On the evolution of morality and religion: a response to Lee Cronk

Issue is taken with Dawkins and Krebs's (1978) concep- tion of communication as being by nature manipulative and with Cronk's proposals concerning the evolution of morality, both of which are grounded in evolutionary biology. An alternative view, which recognizes that which humanity has in common with other species but which emphasizes humanity's distinctiveness, is offered to account for religion and morality. Ktywordr: truth. evolution; falsehood; manipulation; morality; ritual; Any understanding of morality's evolution must recognize what humans have in common with other living things. The binomial Homo sakiens, after all, or rather first of all, denotes a species of organisms no less animal than the creatures designated by Didelphis marsupialis or Mantis religiosa. Humans are as possessed of physio- logical needs and reproductive imperatives as opossums or praying mantises, but it is one thing to recognize humanity's animal nature and another to agree that reference to it is sufficient to account for, or to understand, human phenomena, including morality, in full or in general. I do not wish to misrepresent the positions of Lee Cronk or others working within evolutionary biological paradigms, but that does seem to me to be what they are attempting to do. At the same time that we recognize what humanity has in common with all other species, we must recognize what distinguishes it from all of them and what, in distinguishing it, has changed the nature of evolution itself. The attempts of evolutionary biology to account for morality, both Lee Cronk's proposals and those that he reviews and criticizes, fail, in my view, to give humanity's distinctiveness its due
The use and misuse of conditional symmetric instability

Abstract A commonly employed explanation for single- and multiple-banded clouds and precipitation in the extratropics is slantwise convection due to the release of moist symmetric instability (MSI), of which one type is conditional symmetric instability (CSI). This article presents a review of CSI with the intent of synthesizing the results from previous observational, theoretical, and modeling studies. This review contends that CSI as a diagnostic tool to assess slantwise convection has been, and continues to be, misused and overused. Drawing parallels to an ingredients-based methodology for forecasting deep, moist convection that requires the simultaneous presence of instability, moisture, and lift, some of the misapplications of CSI can be clarified. Many of these pitfalls have been noted by earlier authors, but are, nevertheless, often understated, misinterpreted, or neglected by later researchers and forecasters. Topics include the evaluation of the potential for slantwise convection, the relationshi...
Magnetic correlations in non-percolated Co–SiO2 granular films

Abstract The zero-field-cooled (ZFC) state of Co x (SiO 2 ) 1− x granular films was investigated with small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), low-field AC magnetic susceptibility, and magnetoresistance measurements. Films with metallic volume fraction x =0.41, which consists of 30–40 A non-percolated particles that are superparamagnetic at room temperature, show an ordered magnetic state below 150 K consisting of 550 A correlated regions that are aligned antiferromagnetically. The results of AC magnetic susceptibility at frequencies ranging from 0.1 to 1000 Hz agree quite well with the SANS results giving the same temperature for the onset of correlated behavior despite the different time scales of the experiments. The results suggest a magnetic transition driven by dipolar interactions among the nanoparticles. Films with x =0.32 exhibit evidence of magnetic interactions but no extended magnetic correlation. The measured magnetic correlation length corresponds to the particle size.
Leukocyte intracellular cations in hypertension: Effect of antihypertensive drugs.

Leukocyte (WBC) cations were determined in 32 normotensive control subjects and in 47 agematched patients with uncomplicated hypertension. The intracellular concentration of sodium (Na+) which averaged 25.5 mEq./Kg. wet cell weight (wcw) in the hypertensive patients was significantly higher (P <.01) than in the control subjects (average 19.7 mEq./Kg. wcw). Elevated WBC Na+ was observed only in the hypertensive patients under age 50 years. WBC potassium, magnesium, and percentage water content were not significantly different in hypertensive patients as compared to the control subjects. The finding of an increased intracellular Na+ content in hypertensive patients is consistent with recent observations relating the extracellular/intracellular Na+ gradient to vascular smooth muscle tension and to the control of the peripheral vascular resistance. WBC cations also were determined after treatment with hydrochlorothiazide, hydralazine, reserpine, or alpha methyldopa. Hydrochlorothiazide was associated with a reduction in WBC sodium content (P < .01). Reserpine also was associated with a lesser fall in WBC sodium (P < .05). Cell water content decreased slightly after hydrochlorothiazide (P < .05), but increased slightly following reserpine (P < .05). Changes in WBC, sodium, or water were not significant following alpha methyldopa or hydralazine. None of the drugs were associated with changes in WBC potassium or magnesium, although serum potassium concentration decreased significantly (P < .05) with hydrochlorothiazide.
Evaluation of diquat against an acute experimental infection of Flavobacterium columnare in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque).

A trial was performed to evaluate the efficacy of diquat (6,7-dihydrodipyrido[1,2-a:2¢,1¢-c]pyrazinediium dibromide) against an acute experimental infection of Flavobacterium columnare in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. Diquat is an Environmental Protection Agency-approved herbicide and has the potential to be legally and practically used against columnaris. Channel catfish were challenged, by cutaneous abrasion, and waterborne exposure to F. columnare and treated once at 22-h post-challenge with 2.5, 5.0, 10.0 and 15 mg L )1 of diquat active ingredient for 6 h. At the conclusion of the trial, 21-day post-challenge, diquat at 5.0, 10.0 and 15 mg L )1 significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the mortality of infected fish from 95% in the challenged non-treated fish to 68%, 59% and 49%, respectively. In vitro, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 23 isolates of F. columnare was assayed. The majority of the isolates had an MIC value of 5 l gm L )1 (15 of the 23 isolates). Infected fish exhibited acute clinical signs similar to a natural infection. The skin had severe ulcerative necrotizing dermatitis and the muscles had severe necrotizing myositis. The gills had severe multifocal necrotizing branchitis. The results demonstrate that diquat would reduce mortalities caused by an acute columnaris infection.
Qualitative signals of new physics in B − B ¯ mixing

It is expected that, within the next three years, the determination of the CKM matrix elements with the least theoretical uncertainty will arise from the measurements of CP violation in B{sub d} {r{underscore}arrow} J/{psi}K{sub s} decays and from B{sub s}--anti-B{sub s} mixing. If there is significant new physics in B{anti B} mixing, then those experiments will not yield the correct values for the CKM matrix elements. As a result, a qualitative signal of new physics may appear in the CP violation of decays like B{sub d} {r{underscore}arrow} pi{sup +}pi{sup {minus}}.
Secondary Yield Enhancement from Current-Carrying Target

Monte Carlo calculations of relative yield of ?-, K- and p- secondaries from cylindrical current-carrying production targets in high energy proton beams are presented. The results show that the expected focusing effect can increase the secondary intensity within the acceptance of a secondary beam by significant factors--in some cases two or more--with currents in the 15-to- 25 kA range. These currents are readily obtainable from pulsed power supplies. For dc operation currents of this magnitude appear possible from existing power supplies and for targets of small transverse dimensions such as 2 mm radius Ag.
CarD integrates three functional modules to promote efficient transcription, antibiotic tolerance, and pathogenesis in mycobacteria.

Summary Although the basic mechanisms of prokaryotic transcription are conserved, it has become evident that some bacteria require additional factors to allow for efficient gene transcription. CarD is an RNA polymerase (RNAP)-binding protein conserved in numerous bacterial species and essential in mycobacteria. Despite the importance of CarD, its function at transcription complexes remains unclear. We have generated a panel of mutations that individually target three independent functional modules of CarD: the RNAP interaction domain, the DNA-binding domain, and a conserved tryptophan residue. We have dissected the roles of each functional module in CarD activity and built a model where each module contributes to stabilizing RNAP–promoter complexes. Our work highlights the requirement of all three modules of CarD in the obligate pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis, but not in Mycobacterium smegmatis. We also report divergent use of the CarD functional modules in resisting oxidative stress and pigmentation. These studies provide new information regarding the functional domains involved in transcriptional regulation by CarD while also improving understanding of the physiology of M. tuberculosis.
Gender, Physical Attractiveness, and Electability: An Experimental Investigation of Voter Biases

In an examination of the impacts on electoral success of candidate gender, candidate physical attractiveness, prestige and responsibility of office sought, and voter characteristics, 219 college students evaluated six challengers to an incumbent in either a mayoral or county clerk's race. Challengers represented men and women of high, moderate, and low physical attractiveness. Male, but not female, voters discriminated against female candidates. While physical attractiveness accentuated perceptions of masculinity in a man and femininity in a woman, the appeal of an attractive (i.e., more feminine) woman seeking a masculine-stereotyped position was not damaged by the so-called “beauty is beastly” effect. However, attractiveness was less consistently an asset for female candidates than it was for male candidates. Male, but not female, candidates directly benefitted from being physical attractive and were also more positively evaluated to the extent that they were perceived as highly masculine. These findings not only contribute to understanding of the joint impacts of sex-role and attractiveness stereotypes, but call into question survey findings pointing to the demise of sexism in electoral politics.
IN VIVO ASSOCIATION OF (125i}.iNSULIN WITH A CYTOSOLIC INSULIN-DEGRADING ENZYME: DETECTION BY COVALENT CROSS-LINKING AND IMMUNOPRECIPITATION WITH A MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY

A cytosolic insulin-degrading enzyme (Mr = 110,000) was found to be cross-linked to [125I]-insulin in intact human hepatoma cells, HepG2, incubated with the hormone and treated with the bifunctional cross-linker, disuccinimidyl suberate. The labeling of this protein was greatly increased by concurrent treatment of the cells with N-ethylmaleimide, to the extent that the amount of [125I]-insulin cross-linked to the enzyme in these cells was approximately 20 to 50% that cross-linked to the insulin receptor. The labeling of the insulin-degrading enzyme required the prior interaction of [125I]-insulin with its receptor as well as a temperature- and energy-dependent processing of the hormone. The present work therefore supports a role for this protease in the cellular processing of insulin.
Is there a relation between shoulder dysfunction and core instability

Background: Overhead athletes often suffer injury to the glenohumeral joint secondary to inherent instability. However, little is known about the relationship between core stability and shoulder dysfunction among athletes.
Delay-time bounds and waveform bounds for RLCG ladder networks

We propose a current-voltage relaxation method to obtain and refine the waveform bounds for RLCG ladder networks. In addition to the known upper bounds, we find the lower bounds, and combine the two to find delay-time bounds for RLCG ladder networks. >
Patellar Kinematics, Part II: The Influence of the Depth of the Trochlear Groove in Subjects With and Without Patellofemoral Pain

Background and Purpose. A shallow intercondylar groove has been implicated as being contributory to abnormal patellar alignment. The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of the depth of the intercondylar groove on patellar kinematics. Subjects. Twenty-three women (mean age=26.8 years, SD=8.5, range=14–46) with a diagnosis of patellofemoral pain and 12 women (mean age=29.1 years, SD=5.0, range=24–38) without patellofemoral pain participated. Only female subjects were studied because of potential biomechanical differences between sexes. Methods. Patellar kinematics were assessed during resisted knee extension using kinematic magnetic resonance imaging. Measurements of medial and lateral patellar displacement and tilt were correlated with the depth of the trochlear groove (sulcus angle) at 45, 36, 27, 18, 9, and 0 degrees of knee flexion using regression analysis. Results. The depth of the trochlear groove was found to be correlated with patellar kinematics, with increased shallowness being predictive of lateral patellar tilt at 27, 18, 9, and 0 degrees of flexion and of lateral patellar displacement at 9 and 0 degrees of flexion ( r =.51–.76). Conclusions and Discussion. The results of this study indicate that bony structure is an important determinant of patellar kinematics at end-range knee extension (0°–30°).