cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Detection of Atrial Fibrillation After Surgical Ablation: Conventional Versus Continuous Monitoring

Background Current guidelines recommend at least 24-hour Holter monitoring at 6-month intervals to evaluate the recurrence of atrial fibrillation (AF) after surgical ablation. In this prospective multicenter study, conventional intermittent methods of AF monitoring were compared with continuous monitoring using an implantable loop recorder (ILR). Methods From August 2011 to January 2014, 47 patients receiving surgical treatment for AF at 2 institutions had an ILR placed at the time of operation. Each atrial tachyarrhythmia (ATA) of 2 minutes or more was saved. Patients transmitted ILR recordings bimonthly or after any symptomatic event. Up to 27 minutes of data was stored before files were overwritten. Patients also underwent electrocardiography (ECG) and 24-hour Holter monitoring at 3, 6, and 12 months. ILR compliance was defined as any transmission between 0 and 3 months, 3 and 6 months, or 6 and 12 months. Freedom from ATAs was calculated and compared. Results ILR compliance at 12 months was 93% compared with ECG and Holter monitoring compliance of 85% and 76%, respectively. ILR devices reported a total of 20,878 ATAs. Of these, 11% of episodes were available for review and 46% were confirmed as AF. Freedom from ATAs was no different between continuous and intermittent monitoring at 1 year. Symptomatic events accounted for 187 episodes; however, only 10% were confirmed as AF. Conclusions ILR was equivalent at detecting ATAs when compared with Holter monitoring or ECG. However, the high rate of false-positive readings and the limited number of events available for review present barriers to broad implementation of this form of monitoring. Very few symptomatic events were AF on review.
DyRecT: Software Support for Adaptive Parallelism on NOWs

In this paper, we describe DyRecT (Dynamic Reconfiguration Toolkit) a software library that allows programmers to develop adaptively parallel message-passing MPI programs for clusters of workstations. DyRecT provides a high-level API that can be used for writing adaptive parallel HPF-like programs while hiding most of the details of the dynamic reconfiguration from the programmer. In addition, DyRecT provides support for making a wider variety of applications adaptive by exposing to the programmer a low-level library that implements many of the typical tasks performed during reconfiguration. We present experimental results for the overhead of dynamic reconfiguration of several benchmark applications using DyRecT.
Eliminating Genetic Reductionism from Developmental Science

Genetic reductionist ideas, whether found in behavior genetics or in its methods (e.g., heritability analysis), human sociobiology, the Five Factor Theory of personality traits, or evolutionary psychology, share several egregious flaws, including problems of logic and of relying on using a counterfactual conception of genetic processes. These ideas constitute bad science and problematic bases for applications to programs and policies. I discuss the use of theories and methods derived from the relational development systems (RDS) metatheory as a scientifically rigorous means to understand the mutually influential relations between genes and the multiple levels of their context and to derive applications of developmental science that may enhance individual development and social justice. I advocate for developmental science organizations to collaborate in creating a consensus statement about the failures of genetic reductionism and its applications, and about the research and applied usefulness of models fr...
Notochordal stimulation of in vitro somite chondrogenesis before and after enzymatic removal of perinotochordal materials.

Abstract In the present investigation, evidence is presented directly implicating proteoglycans produced by the embryonic notochord in the control of somite chondrogenesis. It has been demonstrated by several histochemical techniques that during the period of its interaction with somites, the notochord synthesizes perinotochordal proteoglycans, and these proteoglycans have been shown to contain chondroitin 4-sulfate (40%), chondroitin 6-sulfate (40%), and heparan sulfate (20%). Dissection of notochords from embryos with the aid of a brief treatment with trypsin results in the removal of perinotochordal extracellular matrix materials including proteoglycans, while dissection of notochords without the aid of enzyme treatment or with a low concentration of collagenase results in their retention. There is a considerable increase in the rate and amount of cartilage formation and a corresponding 2 to 3-fold increase in the amount of sulfated glycosaminoglycan accumulated by somites cultured in association with notochords dissected under conditions in which perinotochordal materials are retained. Treatment of collagenase-dissected or freely dissected notochords with highly purified enzymes (chondroitinase ABC, AC, and testicular hyaluronidase) which specifically degrade proteoglycans causes a loss of histochemically detectable perinotochordal proteoglycans. These notochords are considerably impaired in their ability to support in vitro somite chondrogenesis. In addition, when trypsin-treated notochords are cultured (“precultured”) for 24 hr on nutrient agar (in the absence of somites), perinotochordal material reaccumulates. Somites cultured in association with such “precultured” notochords exhibit considerable increase in the amount of cartilage formed and a 2- to 3-fold increase in the amount of sulfated glycosaminoglycan accumulated as compared to somites cultured in association with trypsin-treated notochords which have not been “precultured.” This observation indicates that trypsin-treated notochords reacquire their ability to maximally stimulate in vitro somite chondrogenesis by resynthesizing and accumulating perinotochordal material. Finally, “precultured” notochords treated with chondroitinase to remove perinotochordal proteoglycans are considerably impaired in their ability to support in vitro somite chondrogenesis. These observations are consonant with the concept that proteoglycans produced by the embryonic notochord play an important role in somite chondrogenesis.
Treatment of cerebral radiation necrosis with bevacizumab: the Cleveland clinic experience.

Background:Cerebral radiation necrosis (RN) is a devastating complication of radiation therapy for brain tumors. Recent studies have explored the role of bevacizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody directed against vascular endothelial growth factor in the treatment of RN of the brain. We report 24
Analytical and Experimental Investigations of Prestressed Laminated Composite Beams with Constrained Viscoelastic Damping Layer

The damping characteristics of prestressed composite beams with con strained viscoelastic damping layers on one surface of the beam are investigated both ana lytically and experimentally. The analytical method involves derivation of finite element equations for the analysis of beam and plate structural elements with continuous or discon tinuous constrained viscoelastic damping layer with prestress. The experimental method is an impulse-frequency response technique which is used on preloaded laminated beams. Results for loss factors and natural frequencies of [90/90/0/90/90] and [903/03/90 3]s T300/934 graphite-epoxy laminated beams with a 3M SJ-2052X constrained viscoelastic tape attached on one surface are presented. Numerical results based on the finite element prediction agree reasonably well with the experimental results under different tensile and compressive preloads.
International survey of knowledge of food-induced anaphylaxis.

Background Studies show that anaphylaxis is under-recognized and epinephrine (adrenaline) is under-used by medical personnel as well as patients and their families. This study assesses the knowledge of food-induced anaphylaxis diagnosis and management across different populations of providers and caregivers and other interested respondents. Methods An online survey embedded in a case discussion of food-induced anaphylaxis was distributed by Medscape to registered members. Results A total of 7822 responders who started the activity chose to answer at least some of the questions presented (response rate 39.5%). Over 80% of responders in all groups correctly identified the case of anaphylaxis with prominent skin and respiratory symptoms; however, only 55% correctly recognized the case without skin symptoms as anaphylaxis. Only 23% of responders correctly selected risk factors for anaphylaxis, with physicians significantly more likely to choose the correct answers as compared to allied health, other health professionals, and medical students (p < 0.001). Ninety-five percent selected epinephrine (adrenaline) as the most appropriate treatment for anaphylaxis, and 81% correctly indicated that there are no absolute contraindications for epinephrine (adrenaline) in the setting of anaphylaxis. When presented a case of a child with no documented history of allergies who has symptoms of anaphylaxis, more physicians than any other group chose to administer stock epinephrine (adrenaline) (73% vs. 60%, p < 0.001). Conclusion Specific knowledge deficits for food-induced anaphylaxis persist across all groups. Further educational efforts should be aimed not only at the medical community but also for the entire caregiver community and general public, to optimize care for food allergic individuals.
A Phenomenological Interpretation of Holistic Nursing

Phenomenology contributes to holistic nursing by interpreting the first-person encounter with the lived world. Holistic nursing care integrates biopsychosociological knowledge with the practical care that is the legacy of generations of practicing nurses. A practice, when interpreted phenomenologically, is a historically developed way of fostering human well-being. Nursing is the practice of caring. Because nursing care concerns helping persons to live better in their world, it includes the moral, esthetic, and interpersonal aspects of care. These spiritual aspects are integrally enmeshed in holistic nursing. The spiritual in holistic nursing also designates the value dimension of meaning that gives life its worth and patients and nurses the courage to be. Interpreted phenomenologically, holistic nursing integrally relates scientific meaning with the meanings of nursing practice, the lived world of patients, and the meaning that gives patients and nurses the courage to seek well-being in a world altered b...
Humor in children's educational television

The use of entertainment features in children's educational television was examined through a systematic content analysis of sample programs from popular series. In addition to assessments of the quantity of use of humorous and attention‐getting material, several subsequent analyses examined distinguishing characteristics of the entertainmentoriented messages. It was determined that a substantial proportion of the programs examined contained humorous incidents and attention‐getting devices. In addition, several patterns of use for these entertainment features were discovered.
The Romanian Agri-food Sector – Supplier and Client of National Economy

Abstract Starting from Romania‟s generous land endowment (per capita), from the still very high demographic rurality, the present paper presents a dynamic, multicriterial analysis of the aggregate efficiency in utilizing the three essential available resources (land, labour and capital) in order to generate sectoral productivity gains that would finally result in the relative diminution of social costs of food. At the end of the period 1989 – 2011, the annual net investment in agriculture was about 6 times lower and fixed capitalization about 4 times higher compared to 1989. In the same period, GVA in agriculture experienced a strong relative decline as share in national economy (from 23.7% (1990) to 6.4% (2010)); however, agriculture maintained its “social buffer” role throughout the investigated period, as this sector still uses a large labour input, yet poorly remunerated and with a deficient endowment in production factors that could contribute to increased yields. Using data from the national accounts, the input- output tables and the Chennery - Watanabe and Rasmussen method, it resulted that the Romanian agri-food sector simultaneously presents a double hypostasis: client, through backward linkages and supplier, through forward linkages for the remaining branches, their cumulative economic driving effects (upstream + downstream) being about 4.8 monetary units and 4.7 monetary units respectively.
Destabilizing Bodies, Destabilizing Disciplines: Practicing Liminality in Music Therapy

Our project began with a consideration of how disability studies might enrich the practice of music therapy. Originally, we were interested in how a greater awareness of disability issues might help music therapists, especially because of the often medicalized (and arguably pathologized) implications of the terms (“health” and “help”) which define their field and which frame the therapist/client relationship. On these grounds, we argued that greater awareness of the cultural context for such implications might aid the therapist. At the outset, it seemed straightforward enough. But our own unstable embodiments kept disrupting our conversations. The corporeal intransigencies of our bodies as we dealt with the symptoms of Crohn’s disease, autism and multiple sclerosis moved us beyond a critique of disciplinary purity which constructs each field as distinct to an analysis of privilege, power and passing that extends to multiple disciplines and pedagogical practices. In our paper, we raise questions about how the illusion of (st)able bodies can reinforce hierarchies (between therapist/client, teacher/student, helper/helped, ablebodied/disabled), especially when the person “in charge” does not have to disclose or discuss the instability of her own body. Upon that privilege rests an array of power dynamics, and we believe that a purposeful contemplation of our own embodiment has to be more central to praxis, whether as therapists, scholars, teachers or professionals. To do this, we must be aware not only of others’ but also of our own relationship to disability -- socially, culturally, and as a marker of identity and potential (in)access to power.
Scratching the surface of buckminsterfullerene: the barriers for Stone-Wales transformation through symmetric and asymmetric transition states.

General-gradient approximation (PBE) and hybrid Hartree−Fock density functional theories (B3LYP) in conjunction with basis sets of up to polarized triple-ζ quality have been applied to study the Stone−Wales transformation of buckminsterfullerene (BF) to yield a C60 isomer of C2v symmetry with two adjacent pentagons (#1809). In agreement with earlier investigations, two different transition states and reaction pathways could be identified for the rearrangement from BF to C60-C2v on the C60 potential energy surface (PES). One has C2 molecular point group symmetry with the two migrating carbon atoms remaining close to the fullerene surface. The other one has a high-energy carbene-like (sp3) structure where a single carbon atom is significantly moved away from the C60 surface. The carbene intermediate and the second transition state along the stepwise reaction path characterized previously at lower levels of theory do not exist as stationary points with the density functionals utilized here. The classical bar...
Chromium(VI) Inhibits the Transcriptional Activity of Nuclear Factor-κB by Decreasing the Interaction of p65 with cAMP-responsive Element-binding Protein-binding Protein *

Chromium(VI) regulation of gene expression has been attributed to the generation of reactive chromium and oxygen species, DNA damage, and alterations in mRNA stability. However, the effects of Cr(VI) on signal transduction leading to gene expression are not resolved. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of Cr(VI) on basal and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-induced transcriptional competence of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) in A549 human lung carcinoma cells. Pretreatment of A549 cells with nontoxic levels of Cr(VI) inhibited TNF-alpha-stimulated expression of the endogenous gene for interleukin-8 and of an NF-kappaB-driven luciferase gene construct, but not expression of urokinase, a gene with a more complex promoter. Chromium did not inhibit TNF-alpha-stimulated IkappaBalpha degradation or translocation of NF-kappaB-binding proteins to the nucleus. However, Cr(VI) pretreatments prevented TNF-alpha-stimulated interactions between the p65 subunit of NF-kappaB and the transcriptional cofactor cAMP-responsive element-binding protein-binding protein (CBP). This inhibition was not the result of an effect of chromium on the protein kinase A catalytic activity required for p65/CBP interactions. In contrast, Cr(VI) caused concentration-dependent increases in c-Jun/CBP interactions. These data indicate that nontoxic levels of hexavalent chromium selectively inhibit NF-kappaB transcriptional competence by inhibiting interactions with coactivators of transcription rather than DNA binding.
Poincaré covariance with an unfixed gauge

Abstract A previous approach to manifest gauge and Poincare covariance is extendedtto the Yang-Mills case.
Multivariate longitudinal modeling of insurance company expenses

Abstract Insurers, investors and regulators are interested in understanding the behavior of insurance company expenses, due to the high operating cost of the industry. Expense models can be used for prediction, to identify unusual behavior, and to measure firm efficiency. Current literature focuses on the study of total expenses that consist of three components: underwriting, investment and loss adjustment. A joint study of expenses by type is to deliver more information and is critical in understanding their relationship. This paper introduces a copula regression model to examine the three types of expenses in a longitudinal context. In our method, elliptical copulas are employed to accommodate the between-subject contemporaneous and lag dependencies, as well as the within-subject serial correlations of the three types. Flexible distributions are allowed for the marginals of each type with covariates incorporated in distribution parameters. A model validation procedure based on a t -plot method is proposed for in-sample and out-of-sample validation purposes. The multivariate longitudinal model effectively addresses the typical features of expenses data: the heavy tails, the strong individual effects and the lack of balance. The analysis is performed using property–casualty insurance company expenses data from the National Association of Insurance Commissioners of years 2001–2006. A unique set of covariates is determined for each type of expenses. We found that underwriting expenses and loss adjustment expenses are complements rather than substitutes. The model is shown to be successful in efficiency classification. Also, a multivariate predictive density is derived to quantify the future values of an insurer’s expenses.
Are U.S. Cities Losing Power and Authority? Perceptions of Local Government Actors:

Have the power and discretionary authority enjoyed by U.S. local governments changed over the past decade? The answer to the question is sought not through creating a metric that gauges the legal o...
Survivor in the cancer context: a concept analysis

Aim The aim of this analysis was to define survivor in the cancer context. Background Cancer survivor has been used in the cancer lexicon, but may not represent the individuals it defines. Design This concept analysis was completed according to Walker and Avant's method. Data sources PubMed, PsychInfo, CINAHL, JSTOR, Google and medical and public health websites. Review methods Thirty sources from multiple disciplines, published between 1987–2013, were analysed for recurrent themes and conceptual meaning. Critical attributes, antecedents and consequences were extrapolated. Model, related and contrary cases were developed based on an amalgamation of clinical observations. Illegitimate, borderline and invented cases were excluded for this reason. Results Survivor in the cancer context is an individual with a history of malignancy, who has lived through a personalized challenge and has ongoing positive and negative consequences. Not all cancer survivors would identify themselves using the term survivor. Conclusions This contributes to the paradigm shift of cancer as a chronic disease as it establishes the unique nature of the cancer experience while highlighting the long-term concerns related to this set of diseases. The Theory of Uncertainty in Illness provides a framework to understand the individualized nature of being a cancer survivor. Nursing research and practice should address the personal experiences of cancer survivors while still focusing on general survivorship needs.
Heterologous antiserum to thymus-derived cells in the guinea-pig.

USEFUL antisera specific for thymocytes and peripheral T lymphocytes have only been widely available in the form of antisera to thymic isoantigens of the mouse1. We describe here the preparation and properties of a heterologous antiserum to guinea-pig thymocytes which is rendered specific for T lymphocytes after absorption with a pure population of B lymphocytes. We have already described2,3 the properties of the transplantable acute lymphatic leukaemia L2C of inbred strain two guinea-pigs. The L2C leukaemia cell is characterized as a B cell by the presence of surface immunoglobulin of the λ2 class, the secretion of a small amount of λ2 immunoglobulin and the presence of a receptor for antigen-antibody-complement (C3) complexes characteristic of the B cell population4. Because, as will be shown, the antiserum is specific both for thymocytes and thymus derived lymphocytes, it will be referred to as anti-thymus derived cell (anti-TDC) serum. The availability of such an antiserum for a species in which the in vivo and in vitro manifestations of delayed hyper-sensitivity are so easily demonstrated may prove to be highly advantageous. illustration Open image in new window
An efficient reconstruction of a graph from its line graph in parallel

Abstract Let G = ( V , E ) denote a line graph. An O (log∥ V ∥) parallel reconstruction of root graphs from line graphs is presented that uses O (∥ E ∥) processors in the CRCW model. It is based on a divide-and-conquer scheme that partitions the line graph into two sets, such that each set induces a connected subgraph. Previously known algorithms of the same complexity used a large (though polynomial) number of processors. The algorithm is optimal up to a logarithmic factor.
One- and two-dimensional analysis of intermittency in ultrarelativistic nucleus-nucleus interactions.

Corrected scaled factorial moments are calculated for the multiplicity distributions in one- (pseudorapidity and azimuthal angle) and two-dimensional (the product of pseudorapidity and azimuthal angle) phase spaces. An intermittency power-law growth is observed in the central collisions of $^{32}\mathrm{S}$ and $^{16}\mathrm{O}$ at 200A GeV, $^{16}\mathrm{O}$ at 60A GeV, and He at \ensuremath{\approxeq}140A GeV, while for $^{28}\mathrm{Si}$ at 14.5A GeV it is observed for inclusive interactions in nuclear emulsion. The effect is much pronounced for higher dimensions. The data for the $^{16}\mathrm{O}$ beam at 200A GeV satisfy the condition for two phases occurring together.
Statistical analysis on a large time-sharing system

A set of statistical routines for strictly conversational use is discussed. The routines are being developed at Carnegie-Mellon University, where the main time-sharing system is TSS installed on an IBM 360/67, and they exist at several levels.
Metabolic regulation of steroidogenesis in adrenocortical carcinoma cells of rat. Effect of adrenocorticotropin and adenosine cyclic 3′,5′-monophosphate on the incorporation of (20S)-20-hydroxy[7α-3H]cholesterol into deoxycorticosterone and corticosterone

Summary ACTH in the isolated adrenocortical carcinoma cell inhibits the incorporation of (20S)-20-hydroxycholesterol into deoxycorticosterone and corticosterone. These results are in direct contrast to those obtained with the normal isolated adrenal cell where it has been shown that ACTH stimulates the synthesis of deoxycorticosterone and corticosterone from the above precursor. N6-O2′-dibutyryl adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate, the nucleotide, which does not stimulate steroidogenesis from (20S)-20-hydroxycholesterol in a normal adrenal cell, inhibits its incorporation into deoxycorticosterone and corticosterone. The results presented further demonstrate the uniqueness of the ACTH-sensitive control system in the tumor.
Productivity Scheduling Method: Linear Schedule Analysis with Singularity Functions

This paper describes a new integrated method of linear schedule analysis using singularity functions. These functions have previously been used for structural analysis and are newly applied to scheduling. Linear schedules combine information on time and amount of work for each activity. A general model is presented with which activities and their buffers can be mathematically described in detail. The algorithm of the new method forms the body of the paper, including the steps of setting up initial equations, calculating pairwise differences between them, differentiating these to obtain the location of any minima, and deriving the final equations. The algorithm consolidates the linear schedule under consideration of all constraints and, thus, automatically generates the minimum overall project duration. The model distinguishes time and amount buffers, which bears implications for the definition and derivation of the critical path. Future research work will address float and resource analysis using the new model.
Ultrastructural localization of phosphorylated eIF2α [eIF2α(P)] in rat dorsal hippocampus during reperfusion

During post-ischemic brain reperfusion there is a substantial reduction of protein synthesis in selectively vulnerable neurons. Normal protein synthesis requires a functional translation initiation complex, a key element of which is eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2), which in a complex with GTP introduces the met-tRNAi. Phosphorylation of Ser51 on the α subunit of eIF2 [eIF2α(P)] generates a competitive inhibitor of eIF2B, thereby preventing the replenishment of GTP onto eIF2, thus blocking translation initiation. It has been shown that the conditional expression of an eIF2α mutant (Asp substituted for Ser51) imitating the negative charge of Ser51 (P) induces apoptosis. During the first 10 min of post-ischemic reperfusion, there is an approximately 20-fold increase in eIF2α(P) seen in the cytoplasm of CA1 hippocampal neurons, and, by 1 h, there is also accumulation of eIF2α(P) in the nucleus. We utilized post-embedding electron microscopical immunogold methods to examine the localization of eIF2α(P) during reperfusion. Immunogold particles (10 nm) were concentrated chiefly along the rough endoplasmic reticulum and in association with the membranes of the nuclear envelope in CA1 neurons. Aggregations of gold particles in the nucleus were concentrated: (1) within and around the nucleolus, (2) associated to strands of heterochromatin, and (3) along putative nuclear filaments. The presence of eIF2α(P) in the nucleolus probably reflects its association with nascent ribosomal subunits. The β-subunit of eIF2 has a zinc finger and polylysine blocks analogous to those on other proteins that affect transcription. The association of eIF2α(P) with chromatin may have important implications for transcription.
ABNORMAL REDUCTIONAL AND NONREDUCTIONAL MEIOSIS IN CERATOPTERIS: ALTERNATIVES TO HOMOZYGOSITY AND HYBRID STERILITY IN HOMOSPOROUS FERNS

Natural and synthesized hybrids of Ceratopteris were investigated to determine the effect of hybridization on the genetic system. Studies indicated that the hybrids exhibited massive spore abortion and pairing abnormalities at meiotic prophase, characteristic of "sterile diploids and triploids" reported in hybridization studies of other fern genera. However, a small percentage of viable spores also was produced by the hybrids. Cytological investigations indicated the presence of previously unreported meiotic adaptations that allowed the production of unreduced spores and reduced spores exhibiting chromatid heterozygosity. The reduced spores allow haploid gametophytes to form heterozygous zygotes in spite of intragametophytic selfing. The unreduced spores were shown to be responsible for the fertility of the "sterile" hybrid and allowed the subsequent production of up to three generations of sporophytes. The literature suggests that these meiotic adaptations are present in other fern genera and may play a significant role in evolution through hybridization.
Modeling and Analysis of the Waklass Three-Phase Induction Motor Configuration

The so-called Wanlass configuration for three-phase induction motors is discussed and analyzed. This configuration is modeled using conventional induction motor analysis techniques. Test results are presented which veryify the modeling techniques. The authors conclude that the Wanlass configuration does not result in improved performance over that which is achievable using conventional winding techniques.
Respiratory shift in epigastric abdominal wall—A physical sign seen with complete unilateral paralysis of the diaphragm in infants and children

Summary 1. A physical sign seen in infants and young children with complete unilateral paralysis of the diaphragm is described. This sign consists of a shift in the epigastric abdominal wall, during deep inspiration, in a diagonal direction toward the side of the lesion and upward. 2. The sign is thought to depend on the pull exerted by the heightened inspiratory ascent of the homolateral costal margin which occurs when the diaphragm is paralyzed. 3. The conditions under which the sign occurs or fails to occur are described. Prominent among the former is the necessity that the diaphragmatic paralysis be complete enough to display paradoxical movement on fluoroscopy.
Intra-mammary Ductal Transplantation: A Tool to Study Premalignant Progression

Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is a non-obligate precursor to invasive breast cancer. Although there is extensive information on the cellular and molecular changes in DCIS, there is limited ability to functionally test. The critical changes in premalignant progression. This review summarizes our experience with a recently developed method which provides. The opportunity to functionally test the molecular events occuring to functionally test the molecular events occurring in the initial changes in premaligant progression; i.e., the step from non-invasive to invasive behavior.
Polar order in nanostructured organic materials

Achiral multi-block liquid crystals are not expected to form polar domains. Recently, however, films of nanoaggregates formed by multi-block rodcoil molecules were identified as the first example of achiral single-component materials with macroscopic polar properties. By solving an Ising-like model with dipolar and asymmetric short-range interactions, we show here that polar domains are stable in films composed of aggregates as opposed to isolated molecules. Unlike classical molecular systems, these nanoaggregates have large intralayer spacings (a ≈ 8 nm), leading to a reduction in the repulsive dipolar interactions which oppose polar order within layers. In finite-thickness films of nanostructures, this effect enables the formation of polar domains. We compute exactly the energies of the possible structures consistent with the experiments as a function of film thickness at zero temperature (T). We also provide Monte Carlo simulations at non-zero T for a disordered hexagonal lattice that resembles the smectic-like packing in these nanofilms.
OCO-2 (Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2) mission operations planning and initial operations experiences

OCO-2 (Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2) is the first NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) mission dedicated to studying atmospheric carbon dioxide, specifically to identify sources (emitters) and sinks (absorbers) on a regional (1000 km x 1000 km) scale. The mission is designed to meet a science imperative by providing critical and urgent measurements needed to improve understanding of the carbon cycle and global climate change processes. The single instrument consisting of three grating spectrometers was built at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, but is based on the design co-developed with Hamilton Sundstrand Corporation for the original OCO mission. The instrument underwent an extensive ground test program. This was generally made possible through the use of a thermal vacuum chamber with a window/port that allowed optical ground support equipment to stimulate the instrument. The instrument was later delivered to Orbital Sciences Corporation for integration and test with the LEOStar-2 spacecraft. During the overall ground test campaign, proper function and performance in simulated launch, ascent, and space environments were verified. The observatory was launched into space on 02 July 2014. Initial indications are that the instrument is meeting functional and performance specifications, and there is every expectation that the spatially-order, geo-located, calibrated spectra of reflected sunlight and the science retrievals will meet the Level 1 science requirements.
Continuous monitoring in disk drive manufacturing

This paper is addressed to the managers of clean rooms that are presently sampling with portable particle counters that are considering upgrading to Continuous Monitoring Systems. The intent is to provide a guide for the creation of in-house continuous monitoring procedures. The topics addressed will include: 1. The role of the system owner and system users; 2. The applicability of the two major types of systems: Manifold and Discrete; 3. The importance of sensor location; 4. Setting limits; 5. Interpreting the data, reports, etc.; 6. Corrective action checklist; 7. Some thoughts on justification, including system expansion and other sensor types.
REDUCTION REDUX: THE DALLAS BUDGET STORY, PART 2

Return with me now to those halcyon days of FY1985–86 in Dallas, Texas, Sunbelt, U.S.A. The public library's budget had been increased by $1.5 million to $16.5 million and was targeted for $17.2 million for FY1986–87. Three new branches were on the drawing board and bond issues had passed for two more. As related a year ago in “Reduction Budgeting Hits Home: the Dallas Story” in The Bottom Line (Volume 1, Number 2, 1987), our library never came close to the target and ended up with a $15.2 million budget for FY1986–87 including a staff reduction of 30 positions. At the time of that last writing mid‐year cuts loomed. Did they happen? Indeed, they did—and more!
A new paleomagnetic pole for the Neoproterozoic Uinta Mountain supergroup, Central Rocky Mountain States, USA

Abstract Hematite-cemented strata of the Neoproterozoic age (∼800–750 Ma) Uinta Mountain Group (UMG) provide a new well-defined mid-Neoproterozoic paleomagnetic pole for Laurentia. Thermal demagnetization results and rock magnetic experiments reveal the presence of two discrete magnetizations in UMG rocks. Both magnetizations are carried by hematite. The dominant characteristic remanent magnetization (ChRM) is an east-directed (or antipode) shallow, positive to negative inclination magnetization that is typically unblocked over a narrow range of high laboratory temperatures between 660 and 680 °C. The second magnetization, exclusively of normal polarity, is north to northeast-directed and has a moderate to steep, positive inclination and probably represents a recent or modern day viscous remanent magnetization. The response of UMG samples to thermal and chemical demagnetization, comparison with previously obtained data from UMG rocks in the area, results from rock magnetic experiments, and the inferred, low-latitude of Laurentia during UMG deposition in the Neoproterozoic are all consistent with the interpretation that the west or east-directed, shallow magnetization is a near primary remanence. The presence of dual polarities of the ChRM, with the west-directed remanence inferred to be of normal polarity and the east-directed of reverse polarity, suggests that magnetization acquisition in the UMG rocks took place over a sufficient amount of time to average secular variation of the geomagnetic field. The mean paleomagnetic pole derived from the inferred primary magnetizations from UMG strata (0.8°N, 161.3°E, α 95 = 4.6°, N = 9 sampling localities consisting of 79 sites) is fully consistent with recently reported results from rocks of mid-Neoproterozoic age for southwest Laurentia, which define a tight counterclockwise loop, located in the south Pacific, in the apparent polar wander path for Laurentia during the Neoproterozoic.
Unifying principles of irreversibility minimization for efficiency maximization in steady-flow chemically-reactive engines

Abstract Systems research has led to the conception and development of various steady-flow, chemically-reactive, engine cycles for stationary power generation and propulsion. However, the question that remains unanswered is: What is the maximum-efficiency steady-flow chemically-reactive engine architecture permitted by physics? On the one hand the search for higher-efficiency cycles continues, often involving newer processes and devices (fuel cells, carbon separation, etc.); on the other hand the design parameters for existing cycles are continually optimized in response to improvements in device engineering. In this paper we establish that any variation in engine architecture—parametric change or process-sequence change—contributes to an efficiency increase via one of only two possible ways to minimize total irreversibility. These two principles help us unify our understanding from a large number of parametric analyses and cycle-optimization studies for any steady-flow chemically-reactive engine, and set a framework to systematically identify maximum-efficiency engine architectures.
Anomalous Water-Vapor Absorption: Implications for Radiative–Convective Models

Abstract Atmospheric measurements of infrared water-vapor absorption indicate that there is more absorption occurring than can be explained by radiative transfer theory for single water-vapor molecules. The anomalous water-vapor absorption, as it has been called, has been attributed to dimors, trimers, or larger clusters of water-vapor molecules and inaccurate treatment of water-vapor absorption in the far infrared. Results of calculations are presented describing the importance of including the anomalous water vapor absorption in radiative–convective atmospheric temperature calculations, as first noted by Ramanathan (1976). Since anomalous water-vapor absorption depends on the square of the water vapor partial pressure, any process that leads to an increase in the water vapor enhances the surface temperature sensitivity. For instance, the surface-temperature sensitivity to a change in relative humidity is increased by up to a factor of three when anomalous water vapor absorption is included. This result ...
A computer simulation study of compressor tuning phenomena

Abstract Basic thermofluid processes of a positive displacement compressor are strongly dependent upon the acoustic behavior of the manifolds. The tuning process of such a compressor is fairly complex as increases in the mass flow rate may not correspond with higher energy efficiencies. In this paper a computer simulation program is described, which includes the manifold back pressure effect, developed to investigate and explain the tuning phenomena for a single or two-cylinder reciprocating compressor. A symmetric suction manifold system for a two-cylinder refrigeration compressor has been considered as the example case in this tuning study. Results for flow efficiency, energy efficiency, and pressure pulsations at the valve exit are presented in terms of the acoustic natural frequencies of the manifold system. Predicted results compare reasonably well with experimental data. Based on this study, it is possible to choose optimal manifold dimensions which will provide higher efficiencies with lower pressure pulsations.
Regio- and Stereoselective Synthesis of the 1,3-Cyclohexadiene Nucleus by [2 + 2 + 2] Cycloaddition Reactions Catalyzed by Titanium Aryloxide Compounds

A variety of titanium aryloxide reagents catalyze the cross coupling of two alkyne units with 1 equiv of olefin to produce the 1,3-cyclohexadiene nucleus. Catalysts include isolated titanacyclopent...
The design of alternative nonaqueous high power chemistries

In order to address power demands of mobile electronics, engineers have been relegated to the incorporation of energy storage technologies with wide disparities in energy and power performance. This paper will review and present alternative non aqueous chemistries and enabling electroactive materials that have the potential to fill a critical void in the power/energy spectrum and enable the design of new and/or improved devices. Incorporating one of the first uses of inorganic intercalation nanomaterials in energy storage, the asymmetric hybrid technology was developed in order to significantly increase the energy density of the supercapacitor, while maintaining the power and most importantly the robustness. The technology delivers 10–15 Wh/kg at 1000–2000 W/kg for over 450000 full discharge cycles. For certain applications, cycle life is not a key specification but rather high power and energy. New composites were developed to address these needs and were optimized to result in systems with 30–45 Wh/kg at upwards of 3000 to 5000 W/kg,while maintaining excellent low temperature performance and fast recharge capability. The performance of these and other alternative systems are presented relative to the active materials, composition of electrodes and electrolytes, failure modes, characterization, and cell design.
Drug discovery and delivery in the 21st century

Drug discovery in the late 20th century has increasingly focused on the definition and characterization of the macromolecular substrates that serve as targets for drug design. The advent of genomics and the molecular biology revolution has permitted both the definition of new targets and the characterization of the genetic basis of disease states. The introduction of powerful new technologies should greatly accelerate the pace of new drug discovery. Although genomics, both human and nonhuman, should in principle increase the number of potential drug targets and provide a greater understanding of cellular events contributing to the pathology of disease this has yet to occur in practice, primarily because of the underlying complexity of cellular signaling processes. The emerging discipline of systems biology is attempting to bring both order and understanding to these signaling processes. Genomics has, however, impacted on drug discovery in ways that are important beyond a mere increase in potential drug target numbers. Genomics has provided the tools of contemporary drug discovery, the pharmacogenomic pathways to personalized medicine, and has greatly influenced the nature of synthetic organic chemistry, a discipline that is still the cornerstone of contemporary drug discovery. In the future, genomics and the tools of molecular biology will have a corresponding impact on drug delivery processes and mechanisms through introduction of drug delivery machines capable of both synthesis and activation by disease-specific signals. Such machines will be based on a synthetic genome, using an expanded genetic code, and designed for specific drug synthesis and delivery and activation by a pathological signal. This essay is based upon a lecture of the same title presented at the Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University during a visit in the spring of 2005. It is intended, as was the lecture, to be a broad, descriptive and speculative overview rather than a comprehensive and detailed review.
Transforming Growth Factor β1 Is Up-regulated by Activated Raf in Skeletal Myoblasts but Does Not Contribute to the Differentiation-defective Phenotype

The Raf/MEK/MAPK signaling module elicits a strong negative impact on skeletal myogenesis that is reflected by a complete loss of muscle gene transcription and differentiation in multinucleated myocytes. Recent evidence indicates that Raf signaling also may contribute to myoblast cell cycle exit and cytoprotection. To further define the mechanisms by which Raf participates in cellular responses, a stable line of myoblasts expressing an estrogen receptor-Raf chimeric protein was created. The cells (23A2RafERDD) demonstrate a strict concentration-dependent increase in chimeric Raf protein synthesis and downstream phosphoMAPK activation. Initiation of low-level Raf activity in these cells augments contractile protein expression and myocyte fusion. By contrast, induction of high level Raf activity in 23A2RafERDD myoblasts inhibits the formation of myocytes and muscle reporter gene expression. Interestingly, treatment of myoblasts with conditioned medium isolated from Raf-repressive cells inhibits all of the aspects of myogenesis. Closer examination indicates that the transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) gene is up-regulated in Raf-repressive myoblasts. The cells also direct elevated levels of Smad transcriptional activity, suggesting the existence of a TGF-β1 autocrine loop. However, extinguishing the biological activity of TGF-β1 does not restore the myogenic program. Our results provide evidence for the involvement of Raf signal transmission during myocyte formation as well as during inhibition of myogenesis.
Physiological response of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) to acute fenvalerate intoxication

Abstract The physiological responses of rainbow trout ( Salmo gairdneri ) to fenvalerate intoxication during aqueous exposure were examined to provide information about the pyrethroid mode of action in fish. Trout ( n = 4) were exposed to 412 ± 50 μg/liter fenvalerate and died in 10.9 ± 1.5 hr. Brain, liver, and carcass fenvalerate concentrations associated with mortality were 0.16 ± 0.05, 3.62 ± 0.57, and 0.25 ± 0.05 mg/kg, respectively. Visible signs of intoxication included elevated cough rate, tremors, and seizures. Histopathological examination of gill tissue showed damage consistent with irritation. An evaluation of respiratory-cardiovascular and blood chemistry responses indicated an elevated rate of metabolism associated with increasingly severe seizures. A cessation of ventilatory and cardiac activity, occurring with the seizures, was also observed. Finally, urine osmolality, Na + and K + concentrations, and Na + and K + excretion rates were elevated with intoxicated trout. The physiological responses of rainbow trout to fenvalerate intoxication suggest that besides effects on the nervous system, effects on respiratory surfaces and renal ion regulation may be associated with the mechanism of pyrethroid action in fish.
The Clinical Significance of Duodenal Lymphocytosis With Normal Villus Architecture

Context.—The finding of increased intraepithelial lymphocytes with normal villous architecture (Marsh I lesion) is seen in up to 3% of duodenal biopsies. The differential diagnosis includes a wide range of possibilities, including celiac disease, bacterial overgrowth, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug damage, reaction to Helicobacter pylori infection, tropical sprue, and chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Objectives.—To highlight the histologic features of the Marsh I lesion, review the diseases and conditions associated with that finding, and to provide pathologists with a rationale and a template for how to identify and report such cases. Data Sources.—A review of the literature regarding the histologic features and clinical associations of Marsh I lesions. Conclusions.—Marsh I lesions are a nonspecific finding associated with a number of disease conditions. Historically, between 9% and 40% of cases have been shown to represent celiac disease. Current data do not suggest histologic features to differe...