cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mindfulness, depression, and emotional eating: The moderating role of nonjudging of inner experience.

Abstract Emotional eating is defined as the tendency to increase food consumption in order to modify negative emotional states. Theories on emotional eating attribute its cause to inadequate emotion regulation, specifically an inability to draw awareness to and accept distress. Mindfulness, or the ability to pay attention to and accept internal and external experiences, is thought to attenuate the association between internalizing distress and emotional eating. Nevertheless, there has been little research examining the moderating role of mindfulness in the relationship between psychological distress and emotional eating. The present study used a cross-sectional design to probe the effects of specific facets of mindfulness, as measured by the Five Factor Mindfulness Questionnaire, on the relationship between internalizing distress (i.e., depression and anxiety) and emotional eating in a diverse community sample (N = 248). Results showed that depression significantly interacted with nonjudging of inner experience to predict emotional eating. Those who were high in nonjudging endorsed less emotional eating than those who were average or low in nonjudging. This was significant only at low levels of depression. These findings delineate the moderating role of specific aspects of trait mindfulness in the association between depression and emotional eating and may inform more targeted intervention and prevention efforts.
Surgical management of ovarian cancer.

Although several surgical approaches to the diagnosis and management of epithelial ovarian cancer are now standard, surprisingly few prospective data exist to support many of these procedures. However, retrospective data have accumulated over the past decade, much of it very recent, which allow clinicians to make informed decisions regarding most of the commonly performed procedures. This review is an attempt to critically evaluate the best available data regarding the following procedures: primary surgical staging, primary cytoreductive surgery, second look laparotomy and secondary cytoreductive surgery, and palliative surgery for relief of bowel obstruction. We conclude that there is evidence to support the continued use of primary surgical staging and primary cytoreductive surgery. However, data in support of second look laparotomy and secondary cytoreductive surgery are lacking, and we recommend that these procedures not be performed on a routine basis. Finally, we conclude that palliative surgery is hazardous at best and results in questionable benefits for most patients. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
THE GREEK RELIGIOUS APOPHATISM

The Greek genius showed a preference for tragedies over comedies in presenting the reality of human. life, because the vision of the hero standing up for his convictions and ideals against all odds helped to reveal the ideals and principles in their sublime and naked reality more effectively than all the ridicule that could be heaped on the mistakes of men through their comic caricature. Similarly, in spiritual life, the negative method held a fascination for the Greek religious thinkers over the affirmative approach. All that could be affirmed comes more or less within the grasp of human imagination, while what lies beyor,d human capacities can be indicated only through negation. Hence the Christian theologians and spiritual writers attached great importance to apophatic theology in describing the object of supernatural religious experience. But theirs was P.o empty negativism, but an apophatism that was strongly affirmative in meaning
Genocide and the Gender Gap in Political Representation

What are the legacies of violence on gendered patterns of political representation? We examine the long-term effects of a watershed conflict of the twentieth century: the Khmer Rouge genocide, during which 50–70% of Cambodia’s working-age men were killed. Using original data on mass killings and economic and political conditions in Cambodian communes, we find that genocide exposure is positively associated with women’s economic advancement and present-day indicators of women’s representation in local-level elected office. We conduct in-depth, ethnographic interviews with genocide survivors to explore the mechanisms by which violence spurred women into elected office. A crucial finding emerges: In areas that suffered the genocide’s worst killings, widows obtained economic autonomy, providing a template for the economic advancement of women in households maintaining conventional gender roles. The shift in norms regarding the sexual division of labor created intra-communal and intergenerational pathways by which women adopted larger public roles over time.
Epidemiology of Food Insecurity in a Nationally Representative Sample of Lymphoma Patients.

Abstract Background In 2020, the United States had approximately 85,000 new diagnoses of Hodgkin and Non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Food insecurity is both a direct and indirect detriment to health outcomes. The rate and risk factors for food insecurity among lymphoma patients are unknown, as the unemployment rate soars far above pre-COVID19 pandemic levels further heightening the economic stresses of a lymphoma diagnosis. Methods Data regarding the food security status were obtained from the cross-sectional National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. A raw score compiled from a series of 10 food security questions was used to determine the Food Secure and Food Insecure groups. Respondents who reported a history of lymphoma from 2011 to 2019 were included in the analysis. Results Of the 921 patients reporting a history of lymphoma 9.06% were considered Food Insecure. The sociodemographic subgroups with the highest risk of being Food Insecure included respondents living below 100% of the Federal Poverty Level, non-US citizens, the uninsured, and those on Medicare. Conclusion Food insecurity is common among lymphoma patients. Therefore, oncologists across the country should be aware of the sociodemographic risk factors for food insecurity in order to assist in mediation, maximizing the efficacy of treatments. Research regarding the impact of food insecurity on therapy compliance and patient outcomes is warranted in future studies.
Preservation: Planning for the survival of things

Abstract Preservation—the immortalisation of living and designed things—is a channel for transmitting messages from the past to the future. Image is all important for conveying the meaning. To be preserved, a thing must have a constituency of supporters and a long-lived institution to serve as trustee: when appreciators of the message are no longer recruited, extinction is at hand. Community ecology, if extended to images, suggests some appropriate preservation policies for societies approaching steady state, eg adding to the total stock of biomass, to diversity, and to useful knowledge, while promoting new organised relationships between man and environment.
A variant in ANKK1 modulates acute subjective effects of cocaine: a preliminary study.

This study aimed to evaluate whether functional variants in the ankyrin repeat and kinase domain-containing 1 gene (ANKK1) and/or the dopamine receptor D2 gene (DRD2) modulate the subjective effects (reward or non-reward response to a stimulus) produced by cocaine administration. Cocaine-dependent participants (N = 47) were administered 40 mg of cocaine or placebo at time 0, and a subjective effects questionnaire (visual analog scale) was administered 15 minutes prior to cocaine administration, and at 5, 10,15, and 20 minutes following administration. The influence of polymorphisms in the ANKK1 and DRD2 genes on subjective experience of cocaine in the laboratory was tested. Participants with a T allele of ANKK1 rs1800497 experienced greater subjective ‘high’ (p = 0.00006), ‘any drug effect’ (p = 0.0003), and ‘like’ (p = 0.0004) relative to the CC genotype group. Although the variant in the DRD2 gene was shown to be associated with subjective effects, LD analysis revealed this association was driven by the ANKK1 rs1800497 variant. A participant’s ANKK1 genotype may identify individuals who are likely to experience greater positive subjective effects following cocaine exposure, including greater ‘high’ and ‘like’, and these individuals may have increased vulnerability to continue using cocaine or they may be at greater risk to relapse during periods of abstinence. However, these results are preliminary and replication is necessary to confirm these findings.
Determination of Q Values for Electron-Capture Decay of 172Hf and 188Pt from X-Ray Intensities

Q values for electron-capture decays are not directly measurable. One must instead rely on indirect methods. One such technique utilizes x-ray intensities and/or transition intensities obtained from coincidence measurements. In these instances, the accuracy of the deduced energies depends on the correctness of the decay schemes and of theoretical capture ratios. We have applied this technique in the determination of QE.C for 172Hf and 188Pt.
Diagnosis of spinal cord compression in nontrauma patients in the emergency department.

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2011; 18:719–725 © 2011 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine Abstract Objectives: The objectives were to evaluate the presenting signs and symptoms of spinal cord and cauda equina compression (SCC) and to determine the incidence of emergency department (ED) misdiagnosis. Methods: This was a retrospective chart review at an urban, tertiary care hospital of patients discharged from an inpatient stay (April 2008 through July 2009) with an International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) code indicating spinal disease, who had visited the ED for a related complaint within the previous 30 days, and who had a final diagnosis of new SCC. Trauma and transferred patients were excluded. The authors defined a misdiagnosis as no ED-documented diagnosis of SCC and failure to perform an appropriate diagnostic study either prior to arrival, in the ED, or immediately upon admission. Results: Of 1,231 charts reviewed, 63 met inclusion criteria. The most common presenting symptoms in patients with SCC were pain (44, 70%), difficulty ambulating (38, 60%), and weakness (35, 56%). On physical examination, motor deficits (45, 71%) were more common than sensory deficits (27, 43%); however, 15 (24%) patients had no motor or sensory deficit, and 13 (23%) patients only had unilateral findings. Impaired gait was present in 14 patients of only 20 tested, three of whom had no associated motor or sensory deficit. SCC was misdiagnosed in 18 (29%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 19% to 41%) cases, which resulted in a significant delay to diagnosis (median = 54 hours, interquartile range [IQR] = 38 to 77 vs. 5.3 hours, IQR = 3.0 to 15) in these patients. Conclusions: SCC can have a subtle presentation with absent or unilateral motor and sensory deficits, but gait ataxia may be an additional finding. ED misdiagnosis of SCC in nontrauma patients is common. ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2011; 18:1–7 © 2011 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
The Rubella Problem. Clinical Aspects, Risk of Fetal Abnormality, and Methods of Prevention.

Summary 1.During the past thirteen years rubella has been repeatedly indicted as a cause of congenital malformations in the newborn infant. Spontaneous abortions and stillbirths have also been attributed to this disease. This situation has created a "rubella problem" which has raised many important questions about the management of the pregnant woman who either has been exposed to or has developed rubella. 2.In an attempt to deal with this situation we have reviewed (a) the clinical aspects of rubella, (b) several studies concerning the effect of gamma globulin in the prevention of rubella, and (c) some of the data concerning the risk of congenital malformations or stillbirth following maternal rubella infection. 3.The clinical features of the experimental and natural disease have been described in detail. The importance of making an accurate diagnosis has been stressed. 4.Neither ordinary nor convalescent gamma globulin has proved to be consistently effective in the prevention of rubella. 5.An attempt has been made to assess the risk of fetal abnormality following maternal rubella infection. 6.The factors affecting the decision to recommend gamma globulin and therapeutic (or prophylactic) abortion have been discussed with emphasis on the necessity to individualize each case.
Implementing culturally sensitive and sustainable mental health training programs internationally: lessons from Haiti

The increasing focus on mental health across the globe calls for guidance on how mental disorders manifest across different cultures and best practice models for addressing these issues from a cultural perspective. Additionally, in countries with limited resources and greater susceptibility to natural disasters, such as the case in Haiti, the call is even more urgent. This paper shares some guiding principles used to respond to the mental health needs in Haiti to ensure that the work is meaningful, sustainable, culturally sensitive, and culturally relevant. First, an overview of mental health issues and challenges in Haiti is provided, followed by a summary of each principle, which is illustrated with specific examples from the field.
DEBATING ENVIRONMENTAL MIGRATION: SOCIETY, NATURE AND POPULATION DISPLACEMENT IN CLIMATE CHANGE

This article approaches the problem of environment and migration through a consideration of convergent themes regarding nature and society in ecological theory and in social scientific disaster research. The paper argues that the articulation between ecological and social theory provides grounding concepts for both framing the issue and research on the problem of actual and potential mass displacement of human populations by environmental change, specifically global climate change. This article asserts that effective policy responses to environmental displacement and migration cannot be developed without an in-depth understanding of the phenomena of climate change, human-environment relations, and migration and the linkages among them. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Work-Related Post-Traumatic Stress Reactions: The Hidden Dimension

A variety of occupational health hazards can cause employees to experience feelings of victimization and to develop work-related post-traumatic stress responses. The author presents assessment guidelines developed in work with people suffering from toxic exposures to help identify factors that can place employees at high risk for such stress responses. These guidelines can be adapted to evaluate employee reactions to any type of occupational injury. Clinicians also need to move beyond individual treatment approaches to address workplace and policy interventions.
Precongress Symposium: Vascular Prostheses

: The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) believes that a performance standard for vascular graft prostheses ≥6 mm in diameter is necessary to control the risks associated with such devices. These include infection, occlusion, noncompliance, porosity issues, structural integrity, and nonbiocompatibility. In 1979 the FDA published its proposed rule to classify these grafts into Class II devices. The data supporting the need for a performance standard have come from FDA Advisory Committee Proceedings, contract safety and performance studies (1979), and the recent Vascular Graft Safety and Update Symposium (1984). Voluntary standards have been submitted by the AAMI (Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation) VP-D/84 and the ISO/DP 7198. The amendment to the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, known as the Medical Device Amendment of 1976, under Section 514 presents the procedure for the development of performance standards. This article describes the participation by those regulatory, manufacturing, tester, and user groups most affected by the standards and most directly involved in standards development procedures.
Speech sample measures in Japanese children and adults who stutter

AbstractWhile more information about Japanese stuttering has become available, there is a lack of standardization of speech sample measures. To advance cross-linguistic knowledge about stuttering, we need data on the types of stuttering-like disfluencies (SLDs) in Japanese and more investigation into their developmental patterns. Spontaneous speech from 10 Japanese speakers, aged 3–48 years, was transcribed and coded for morae, syllables, ‘bunsetsu’ or Japanese word units, and disfluencies. A corpus of 122 SLDs was obtained. Most (82.9%) of the SLDs were repetitions. Both C-initial (/ts ts tsɯk:amaeɪɾɯ/) and V-initial (e.g. /u u uɾɑ/) sound repetitions were relatively rare (3.1%). About two-thirds (68.7%) of SLDs were syllable repetitions. Light syllable repetitions (e.g. /hɑ hɑ hɑtʃi/) comprised a significantly larger proportion of SLDs than heavy syllable repetitions (HSRs), in which a C-onset transitioned into a diphthong (e.g. /nɑɪ nɑɪ nɑɪjo/) or into a moraic nasal (e.g. /sɑn sɑn sɑnkai/). HSRs n...
Quantitative Study of Mucosal Wave Via Videokymography in Canine Larynges

Objectives Vocal fold mucosal wave movements are thought to be important in determining voice characteristics and quality. To see these movements, high-speed cinematography and videostroboscopy have been used clinically; however, these techniques have disadvantages that make them impractical for quantitative measurement of mucosal wave movements. This study explored the feasibility of using line-scan cameras for mucosal wave analysis. Methods An excised larynx bench model was used to examine the effects of elongation and changes in subglottal pressure on the amplitude, frequency, and phase difference of vocal fold mucosal movements as calculated from line-scan images. Results The data showed a positive and linear relationship between an increase in subglottal pressure and amplitude of the mucosal wave; elongation of the vocal folds appeared to decrease the amplitude of mucosal wave upheaval at each level of subglottal pressure. Similarly, increase in subglottal pressure had a positive and linear relationship with increase in frequency of vibration; elongation of the vocal folds further increased the frequency at any given subglottal pressure. Phase difference between the movements of the upper and lower margins of the mucosal lips was estimated and did not appear to be significantly affected by changes in subglottal pressure and elongation. Conclusion The data presented in this study are consistent with relationships that we would expect to be true from currently accepted models of vocal fold vibration.
A critical assessment of the system of rice intensification (SRI)

The system of rice intensification (SRI) has been proposed as an integrated and agroecologically sound approach to rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivation. It was mainly developed through participatory on-farm research conducted in Madagascar, but its evaluation is ongoing in Asia as well. This paper critically discusses some of the assumptions underlying the SRI and its scope for improving rice production in Asia. A review of cropping practices at known high-yield sites showed that techniques such as SRI are not necessary for growing rice near the yield potential. A move from permanent flooding to intermittent irrigation bears short- and long-term risks that are not well understood, but non-flooded conditions will generally favor rice growth on poor soils with potential for Fe toxicity. Deep root systems are associated with low input rice cropping and the intermittent water management practiced in SRI, but they are not a necessity for maximum rice performance, particularly in favorable environments with intensive cropping, short growth duration, and good water and nitrogen management. Approaches such as SRI may serve the important needs of resource-poor farmers in areas with poor soils, but are likely to have little potential for improving rice production in intensive irrigated systems on more favorable soils, where high yields can be achieved through implementation of more cost-efficient management practices.
IPT for Women with Trauma Histories in Community Mental Health Care

Many women in community mental health care have interpersonal trauma histories and chronic, complex depression. Despite the profound treatment needs of this population, there are few treatment studies or descriptions to guide effective practice. In this paper, we describe an adaptation of Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT) that we have tested among depressed women with sexual abuse histories. IPT-Trauma in Community Settings (IPT-TCS) is IPT with modifications specifically designed for its transport to depressed patients with interpersonal trauma histories in community settings. Modifications include an expanded treatment duration, engagement analysis, sociocultural formulation, and interpersonal-patterns problem area. IPT-TCS modifications are described with case examples.
Assessment of upper extremity impairment, function, and activity after stroke: Foundations for clinical decision making

The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive approach for assessing the upper extremity (UE) after stroke. First, common UE impairments and how to assess them are briefly discussed. Although multiple UE impairments are typically present after stroke, the severity of one's impairment, paresis, is the primary determinant of UE functional loss. Second, UE function is operationally defined and a number of clinical measures are discussed. It is important to consider how impairment and loss of function affect UE activity outside of the clinical environment. Thus, this review also identifies accelerometry as an objective method for assessing UE activity in daily life. Finally, the role that each of these levels of assessment should play in clinical decision making is discussed to optimize the provision of stroke rehabilitation services.
Ethical analysis of scarce resources in pediatric home care

Developments in medical care and technology over the last two decades have raised new problems and demands for both health care providers and consumers. Families face years of financial and emotional stress from caring for chronically ill children. These interrelationships and the ethical issues involved are addressed in this paper.
Diplopia Following Cosmetic Surgery

Cosmetic blepharoplasty is the most often performed procedure in plastic surgery and ophthalmic plastic surgery. Many complications have been reported including ectropion, exposure keratitis, hemorrhage, epiphora, infection, vision loss, and, very rarely, diplopia. Although uncommon, there have been several case reports and case series published evaluating possible causes of this problem, including aggressive excision of fat, wound-related inflammation, conjunctival edema, and temporary muscle disturbances. Although the inferior oblique muscle is most susceptible to injury, the inferior rectus and superior oblique muscles are also subject to trauma. When performing cosmetic blepharoplasties, surgeons should be cautious when dissecting fat pads and should do so under direct visualization. Meticulous cautery is also important to avoiding injury to the extraocular muscles. Fresnel prisms and Bangerter filters can be used to help alleviate diplopia in patients with small-angle strabismus. Surgical exploration and extraocular muscle surgery may be indicated in patients with diplopia that cannot be resolved with nonsurgical treatment.
Shifts in the Statistics of Daily Rainfall in South America Conditional on ENSO Phase

Abstract There are several well-documented studies showing the shifts in seasonal mean rainfall and temperature conditional on El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phase. Here the shifts in the seasonal histograms of daily rainfall over South America conditional on ENSO phase are examined. The authors are motivated to analyze daily rainfall statistics over seasons by the demands for information on the shorter temporal scales voiced by users of climate data. In the first stage of the analysis the Kolmogorov–Smirnov (K-S) test is used, comparing El Nino to La Nina histograms of daily station data, to identify regions where there are significant shifts in the histograms. The K-S statistic analyses of daily station data are then compared to the same analyses performed on existing publicly available gridded station datasets. The degree to which the station and gridded data agree in showing geographical regions of significance provides evidence that the gridded fields might provide guidance on the nature of the ...
Selective analysis of the sentinel node in breast cancer

Abstract Background: This study was designed to determine the minimum number of sentinel nodes necessary to accurately stage patients with breast cancer. Methods: Between August 1997 and February 2001, 509 consecutive patients were enrolled in a prospective sentinel node database. Nodes were characterized as either blue or hot (>2 times background), or both, and ranked based on the order harvested. Predictive value of the sentinel node based on these characteristics was evaluated to determine the minimum number necessary to stage the basin. Results: In all, 990 sentinel nodes were harvested from 465 basins. Pathologic stage in 126 of 128 positive basins was predicted by the first or second node harvested. The remaining 2 patients were positive by immunohistochemistry only. The hottest node predicted the status in 114 of 128 basins. Conclusions: Although all nodes should be examined, these data suggest that limiting frozen section analysis to the first two sentinel nodes identified will not compromise the accuracy of staging and may provide a vehicle for resource savings.
Respiration in a primitive air breather, Amia calva.

Abstract Amia calva is a primitive air breathing fish having a well vascularized air bladder and efficient gills. The roles of aquatic and aerial gas exchange were studied in relation to temperature, activity and gas composition of the ambient water. At 10 °C, Amia is relatively inactive and is an almost exclusive water breather. With increasing temperature and activity, the rate of oxygen depletion from the air bladder increases progressively and the air breathing rate increases. At 30 °C, three times as much oxygen is taken from air as from water but the gills continue to be the principal site for CO 2 elimination. There was a gradual increase of air breathing and gill breathing rates with decreasing oxygen tensions in the water (Pw O 2 ) until the air breathing rate increased sharply and gill breathing declined at a Pw O 2 of 40 to 50 mm Hg at 20 °C. The sharply increased emphasis on air breathing occurred at higher oxygen tensions at 30 °C. The gill breathing rate varied reciprocally with air bladder O 2 tensions. The changes of gas tensions in central systemic vessels and vessels of the air bladder indicate a tendency for blood to bypass the exchange vessels in a gas exchange organ, either gill or air bladder, when it was not the primary site for oxygen uptake. The bimodal breathing pattern of Amia is discussed relative to the distribution and behavior of the fish.
Allele-Selective Inhibition of Huntingtin Expression by Switching to an miRNA-like RNAi Mechanism

Inhibiting expression of huntingtin (HTT) protein is a promising strategy for treating Huntington's disease (HD), but indiscriminant inhibition of both wild-type and mutant alleles may lead to toxicity. An ideal silencing agent would block expression of mutant HTT while leaving expression of wild-type HTT intact. We observe that fully complementary duplex RNAs targeting the expanded CAG repeat within HTT mRNA block expression of both alleles. Switching the RNAi mechanism toward that used by miRNAs by introducing one or more mismatched bases into these duplex RNAs leads to potent ( 30-fold relative to wild-type HTT) inhibition of mutant HTT expression in patient-derived cells. Potent, allele selective inhibition of HTT by mismatched RNAs provides a new option for developing HD therapeutics.
Recovery of the grain boundary character distribution through oblique double-sectioning

Abstract A method for the retrieval of the complete grain boundary character distribution by oblique double-sectioning is proposed. The method, which is similar to the recovery of the orientation distribution from sets of incomplete pole-figures, is efficient and provides many advantages as compared to calibrated serial sectioning. As compared to standard stereological approaches, the new methodology retains the advantage of direct measurement of the grain boundary inclination parameters. Solutions to the fundamental equation of oblique double-sectioning are provided in the Fourier space, and some specifics in sample preparation are introduced.
Electrochemical transformations of metals, metal compounds, and metal complexes: invariably (ligand/solvent)-centered

Abstract All reactions, and particularly redox processes, occur via the lowest-energy pathway that is available (mechanistically feasible) to the system. Metal electrodes are transformed anodically via electron removal from (a) solvent molecules [e.g. Ag(s)+6H 2 O−e − →Ag I (OH 2 ) 6 + ]; (b) electrolyte anions [e.g. Ag(s)+Cl − −e − →Ag I Cl(s)]; or (c) Lewis-base ligands [e.g. Ag(s)+4NH 3 −e − →Ag I (NH 3 ) 4 + ]. The same is true for reduced transition-metal complexes [e.g. Fe II (bpy) 3 2+ −e − →Fe III (bpy) 3 3+ ; ligand-centered oxidation]. In the absence of ligands, most oxidations are mediated (catalyzed) via the electron-transfer transformation of water to protonated-hydroxyl radicals (H 2 + O ), which couple with metal (or unsaturated carbon) centers to form covalent bonds [e.g. Ag(s)+6H 2 O−e − →Ag I (OH 2 ) 6 + →Ag I OH(s)+H 11 + O 5 ]. Most reductions are mediated (catalyzed) via the electron-transfer transformation of water (or hydronium ion) to hydrogen atoms (H ), which couple with unsaturated centers (or functional groups; e.g. OH) of the substrate molecules to form covalent bonds; e.g. HOH in the case of Ag I OH to produce silver metal. The oxidation of metal electrodes involves electron removal (within the interface) from a solvent molecule or basic constituent (ligand) rather than from the valence-electron shell of the metal [e.g. Ag(s)+Cl − −e − →AgCl(s), E °=+0.22 V versus NHE; Cl − −e − →[Cl ], E °=+2.47 V]. The difference in oxidation potential for the free ligand in the absence of the metal electrode and in its presence is a measure of the metal–ligand differential bond energy [e.g. for Ag  Cl ( s ), Δ (− Δ G BF )=− Δ E°×23.06 kcal ( eV ) −1 =51.9 kcal mol −1 ].
Separation of the enantiomers of N-protected α-amino acids as anilide and 3,5-dimethylanilide derivatives

Utilisation de quatre phases stationnaires chirales, derives de la N-(dinitro-3,5 benzolyl)phenylglycine et -leucine. La separation des enantiomeres s'effectue de deux manieres: en phase normale et en phase inverse
Fabrication and Characterization of Surface Texture for Bone Ingrowth by Sequential Laser Peening Biodegradable Orthopedic Magnesium-Calcium Implants

Biodegradable magnesium-calcium (Mg–Ca) implants have the ability to gradually dissolve and absorb into the human body after implantation. The similar mechanical properties to bone indicate that Mg–Ca is an ideal implant material to minimize the negative effects of stress shielding. Furthermore, using a biodegradable Mg–Ca implant prevents the need for a secondary removal surgery that commonly occurs with permanent metallic implants. The critical issue that hinders the application of Mg–Ca implants is the poor corrosion resistance to human body fluids. The corrosion process adversely affects bone ingrowth that is critical for recovery. Therefore, sequential laser shock peening (LSP) of a biodegradable Mg–Ca alloy was initiated to create a superior surface topography for improving implant performance. LSP is an innovative treatment to fabricate functional patterns on the surface of an implant. A patterned surface promotes bone ingrowth by providing a rough surface texture. Also, LSP imparts deep compressive residual stresses below the surface, which could potentially slow corrosion rates. Unique surface topographies were fabricated by changing the laser power and peening overlap ratio. The resultant effects on surface topography were investigated. Sequential peening at higher overlap ratios (75%) was found to reduce the tensile pileup region by over 40% as well as compress the overall surface by as much as 35 μm.
Solar Photovoltaic Water Pumping to Alleviate Drought in Remote Locations

Many parts of the western US is rural in nature and consequently do not have electrical distribution lines in many parts of farms and ranches. Distribution line extension costs can run from $15,000 to $25,000 per mile, thereby making availability of electricity to small water pumping projects economically unattractive. Solar photo-voltaic (PV) powered water pumping is more cost effective in these small scale applications. Many western states including Wyoming are passing through fifth year of drought with the consequent shortages of water for many applications. Wyoming State Climatologist is predicting a possible 5–10 years of drought. Drought impacts the surface water right away, while it takes much longer to impact the underground aquifers. To mitigate the effect on the livestock and wildlife, Wyoming Governor Dave Freudenthal initiated a solar water pumping initiative in cooperation with the University of Wyoming, County Conservation Districts, Rural Electric Cooperatives, and ranching organizations. Solar water pumping has several advantages over traditional systems; for example, diesel or propane engines require not only expensive fuels, they also create noise and air pollution in many remote pristine areas. Solar systems are environment friendly, low maintenance and have no fuel cost. In this paper the design, installation and performance monitoring of the solar system for small scale remote water pumping will be presented.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Sedimentation for the separation of cells

Among the many approaches to the separation of cells, sedimentation either at unit gravity or with a centrifugal force has been widely used. Since the quality of the suspensions of cells prior to sedimentation greatly influences the separation, it is important to evaluate several methods for the dispersion of solid tissues to obtain suspensions of viable, single cells. The optimal approach to a particular tissue varies as a function of organ, donor species and age, and other experimental variables. There are two kinds of sedimentation that can be used for cell separation in continuous gradients: velocity sedimentation and isopycnic sedimentation. Isopycnic sedimentation accomplishes cell separations according to the different densities of cells. There are four commonly used forms of velocity sedimentation: sedimentation at unit gravity, isokinetic sedimentation, sedimentation in a reorienting zonal rotor, and elutriation. The choice of method for the separation of particular kinds of cells will depend on the needs of the investigator, including the number of cells desired, the cost, and the need for work under sterile conditions.
The effect of digitoxin on the electrocardiogram.

Abstract This study would indicate that digotixin changes the order of repolarization in a predictable manner though in an unpredictable amount in both normal and abnormal hearts. The changes in S-T and T as well as Q-T c are best explained by acceleration of repolarization in subendocardial muscle, thus abolishing the normal ventricular gradient. Digitoxin effect on conductivity, rate, and rhythmicity is less predictable in normal hearts, individual response varying greatly.
Nonlinear Raman spectroscopy of intermolecular vibrations in benzene-(water)n clusters

Abstract We report species-selective spectra of intermolecular vibrational transitions in benzene-(water) n clusters ( n = 1–5), as measured by mass-selective, ionization-loss stimulated Raman spectroscopy. The spectra exhibit prominent Raman activity in the range 35–65 cm −1 . In addition, Raman bands at less than 10 cm −1 are found for the n = 1 and n = 3 species, and rotational Raman features are observed for all of the clusters. It is argued that much of the Raman activity is due to intermolecular vibrations in which water moieties move collectively across the plane of the benzene.
Offshore composites: Transition barriers to an enabling technology

The success of ultra deepwater exploration and production depends on developing innovative, economical drilling and production concepts at an overall system level. At present, composites are considered as an enabling technology at a component level to be incorporated into existing concepts. In the last 25 years, significant advances in designing and manufacturing composite tubulars have brought great attention to their potential positive impact but did not transition to in-field operations. Herein, we will review significant accomplishments and challenges in designing, fabricating and testing composite risers to illustrate the seamless interdependence between constitutive behavior, structural response, optimization, similitude and inspection. The novel concept of composite theters will be presented to illuminate the range of composite primary structures that can make ultra deepwater an economical reality.
Crosslinked glass fiber affinity membrane chromatography and its application to fibronectin separation.

Abstract Macroporous glass membranes were prepared from glass fiber filters via chemical crosslinking and modification, and used for the membrane affinity chromatography of fibronectin from human blood plasma. The filters were first treated with a piranha solution (a concentrated solution of H 2 SO 4 +H 2 O 2 in water), and then crosslinked with bifunctional organosilanes and modified to introduce amino or aniline moieties. Ligand immobilizations via diazotization and glutaraldehyde pathways were carried out and compared. Characterization of the membranes was performed using bovine serum albumin and trypsin as test ligands. By using a cartridge containing gelatin immobilized affinity membranes followed by another cartridge containing heparin immobilized membranes, fibronectin from human blood plasma could be separated.
Abundance, diversity and temporal variability in a California intertidal nudibranch assemblage

A 40-month study of a nudibranch assemblage within a 250 m2 intertidal area at Asilomar State Beach, California, USA, indicated that dominance was shared among 9 species which comprised 87% of the total number of individuals enumerated. These 9 species also showed high frequency of occurrence in the area. The number of nudibranch species counted per month was shown to be independent of weather and tide conditions, but the numbers of individuals and diversity values were correlated with wave action, lower values and numbers being tabulated during times of storms. Cumulative plots of diversity and species number based upon 15 min enumeration times indicated adequate assessment of diversity and species number after 60 min of sampling. The number of species and individuals and the diversity varied from month to month over the 40 months, but these variations were shown to be statistically insignificant or to be correlated with weather. Hence, it was concluded that the assemblage was a stable one, structured primarily by the 9 dominant species. No statistically significant seasonal or annual changes were observed in the assemblage. Diversity was found to correlate most highly with species number and less with number of individuals. The average number of species found per month was 13, the average number of individuals 104, and the average monthly diversity (HH}) was 1.82. Significant positive and negative correlations between abundances of certain species were found. These were attributed to occurrence of prey items or to synchrony of reproduction. There was no evidence of migration, and resident status for one dominant species was established. Comparison of the present study with earlier work suggested that a stable nudibranch assemblage was not merely a local phenomenon.
On the continuous differentiability of inter-spike intervals of synaptically connected cortical spiking neurons in a neuronal network

We derive conditions for continuous differentiability of inter-spike intervals ISIs of spiking neurons with respect to parameters decision variables of an external stimulating input current that drives a recurrent network of synaptically connected neurons. The dynamical behavior of individual neurons is represented by a class of discontinuous single-neuron models. We report here that ISIs of neurons in the network are continuously differentiable with respect to decision variables if 1 a continuously differentiable trajectory of the membrane potential exists between consecutive action potentials with respect to time and decision variables and 2 the partial derivative of the membrane potential of spiking neurons with respect to time is not equal to the partial derivative of their firing threshold with respect to time at the time of action potentials. Our theoretical results are supported by showing fulfillment of these conditions for a class of known bidimensional spiking neuron models.
An Assessment of the Development and Outcomes of Determinate Sentencing in Florida

The prior literature on determinate sentencing has been largely descriptive, critical, and without a comprehensive empirical focus regarding the development and consequences of this major justice reform. A common claim made in these prior studies is that determinate sentencing has resulted in our current prison overcrowding crises (i.e., Austin & Irwin, 2007). This paper responds to this empirical void through an assessment of Florida's efforts to implement determinate sentencing over the past 30 years. Included in the assessment is a study of the comparative effectiveness between indeterminate and determinate sentencing in terms of post-prison recidivism. The major findings are that Florida's incremental shift from indeterminate to determinate sentencing that culminated in the 85% time-served law passed in 1995 has not been as punitive as expected and has not been the primary reason for Florida's exponential increase in the prison population. Rather, the major increase in Florida's prison population is f...
Using “EDGAR” in accounting education: an example from an advanced auditing course

Abstract This paper discusses the use of the Securities and Exchange Commission's (SEC) electronic filing system called EDGAR (Electronic Data Gathering, Analysis, and Retrieval) in an advanced auditing course. EDGAR is used to supplement the study of the operations and functions of the SEC. Students are required to access EDGAR through the Internet and to obtain reports of various companies for discussion in class. Focus is on the role of the auditor in reporting on client information contained in the reports. The purpose of the exercise is to help make students aware of the power and magnitude of the Internet as an information resource.
Exchange of heat and momentum between the atmosphere and the ocean: a minimal model of decadal oscillations

A model of the large-scale interaction between the troposphere and the upper ocean, wind-driven circulation is formulated. Simplified parametrizations, built upon the conservation of global heat and momentum, relate the atmospheric eddy heat and momentum fluxes to the zonally averaged oceanic and atmospheric temperatures. The formulation shows that the wind-driven circulation influences the winds by controlling the strength of the oceanic northward heat transport, and thus the atmospheric northward heat transport and temperature distribution. Because the ocean takes decades to adjust to changes in the winds, the coupled system equilibrates into a state which is periodic in time, rather than steady. The period is linearly proportional to the transit time of long Rossby waves across the basin, and thus is of the order of decades for large-scale basins.
Discovery of a transparent sightline at ρ ≲ 20 kpc from an interacting pair of galaxies

We report the discovery of a transparent sightline at projected distances of {\rho} < 20 kpc to an interacting pair of mature galaxies at z = 0.12. The sightline of the UV-bright quasar PG1522+101 at z = 1.328 passes at {\rho} = 11.5 kpc from the higher-mass galaxy (M_* = 10^10.6 M_Sun) and {\rho} = 20.4 kpc from the lower-mass one (M_* = 10^10.0 M_Sun). The two galaxies are separated by 9 kpc in projected distance and 30 km/s in line-of-sight velocity. Deep optical images reveal tidal features indicative of close interactions. Despite the small projected distances, the quasar sightline shows little absorption associated with the galaxy pair with a total HI column density it no greater than log N(HI) = 13.65. This limiting HI column density is already two orders-of-magnitude less than what is expected from previous halo gas studies. In addition, we detect no heavy-element absorption features associated with the galaxy pair with 3-{\sigma} limits of log N(MgII) < 12.2 and log N(OVI) < 13.7. The probability of seeing such little absorption in a sightline passing at a small projected distance from two non-interacting galaxies is 0.2%. The absence of strong absorbers near the close galaxy pair suggests that the cool gas reservoirs of the galaxies have been significantly depleted by the galaxy interaction. These observations therefore underscore the potential impact of galaxy interactions on the gaseous halos around galaxies.
The connection of blastomeres of sea urchin embryos by filopodia

Abstract Early observations of the blastomeres of echinoderm embryos revealed the interconnection of the cells by thin cytoplasmic strands that exhibited pseudopodial behavior. The validity of these observations has been seriously questioned in recent years since photographs of cytoplasmic bridges connecting echinoid blastomeres do not exist in the literature. This communication documents the existence of filopodia extending from blastomeres and interconnecting all the blastomeres of one embryo. These filopodia are bounded by unit membranes and have a minimum diameter of 175 A. They exhibit extension, retraction and branching. Bulbous swellings of the wall of a filopodium are seen to move along the structure in time-lapse cinematographic films. The cytoplasm of these filopodia does not contain organelles or inclusions found in the cytoplasm of the blastomeres. As the embryo increases in cell number, the number, size and activity of the filopodia decrease. The function of the filopodia may be merely another mechanism used to hold the cells together or may be a method for establishing cytoplasmic continuity among the early blastomeres.
An Humidity Apparatus

A relatively simple and inexpensive apparatus is described which may be used in the production of desired high humidity in rearing rooms and incubator cellars.
Decentralized tracking for a class of interconnected nonlinear systems using variable structure control

Abstract This paper presents a solution to the decentralized tracking or servomechanism problem for a class of nonlinear, multivariable systems. Decentralized variable structure control is used to decompose the solution into two parts: (1) the design of a set of decentralized, nonlinear controls that force each subsystem's state trajectory onto an interconnected manifold in the composite system state space; and (2) the construction of the manifold such that asymptotic tracking occurs when the subsystem state trajectories are restricted to the manifold. While numerical methods are not explicitly considered, manifold design is relatively straightforward, requiring only the use of known decentralized eigenvalue assignment techniques and the solution of linear algebraic equations. The structure of a simple, decentralized, nonlinear control law is proposed which requires little design effort beyond the construction of the manifold.