cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Workshop on Data-Efficient Machine Learning (DeMaL)

The recent increase in the size of neural networks has led to a proportional increase in the demands for high-quality human-annotated data. Labeling data is a costly and time-consuming endeavor, and the need for large data is often satiated through creative techniques such as data augmentation, transfer learning, self-supervised learning, active learning, to name a few. Many of these techniques are designed for specific data types such as images, text, and speech. The data in many data-mining applications however is multi-modal in nature, has implicit signals from user-interactions, and involves multiple agents. Given the uniqueness, importance, and growing interest in these problems, we feel that the ACM Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (SIGKDD) 2021 is an appropriate venue for running a workshop on Data-efficient Machine Learning. In this proposal, we discuss our vision for this workshop.
“I changed, I had to realize that I was wrong”: Identity gap management amidst evolving illness uncertainty:

Doubt that a family member’s health issues are real, severe, or even possible entwines some of the most challenging aspects of medical, personal, and social uncertainty. Although several studies ha...
The use of the k nearest neighbor method to classify the representative elements

The use of Statistics in Chemistry has grown signiﬁcantly with advances in computation. Nowadays it is easier to deal with a large data set and extract relevant chemical information. This paper describes the use of k nearest neighbor method to classify the representative elements as metal or nonmetal according to their periodic properties: atomic radius, ionization energy, electron afﬁnity and electronegativity. The method requires a very simple mathematical background and can be easily performed and understood. The algorithm classiﬁes an object into a distinct class when there are two or more groups of objects of known class and takes into account the distances among the objects. The pedagogical objective is to present an interdisciplinary activity in which Statistics can be used to make comparisons in Chemistry.
Interplanetary Type II Radio Emissions Associated with Cmes

Some interplanetary shocks associated with coronal mass ejections (CMEs) generate type II radio emissions at the local plasma frequency and/or its harmonic. These type II radio emissions, at decameter-kilometer wavelengths, provide a means of remotely studying and tracking CMEs from the solar corona out to 1 AU and beyond. We review what was learned about the nature and evolution of interplanetary type II radio bursts during the ISEE-3 era and more recently from observations made by the Wind and Ulysses spacecraft.
A Design Analysis of Indiana Public Library Homepages

This article describes the results of an analysis of 430 Indiana public library homepages. The authors examined each homepage for 129 total elements, such as navigation, search, content, and Web 2.0 features. Our findings reveal common trends in public library homepage design, including twenty-one elements that appear on at least half of the surveyed homepages. The results of this study provide a profile of public library homepage design in Indiana. Additionally, this study blends two preexisting library content checklists in order to provide a replicable methodology for additional libraries to apply to their homepages or websites.
Inflation, Portfolio Choice, and the Prices of Land and Corporate Stock

This paper presents an explicit model of portfolio demand and uses it to show how the rate of inflation and its variances affect the real prices of land and of common stock. The analysis is thus an extension of two of the author's earlier papers which studied how the interaction of inflation and tax rules alter the real prices of land and stock. The analysis shows the importance of going beyond the traditional assumption that net-of-tax yields are equated for all assets.
High frequency teleseismic energy from Aleutian sources

abstract The Long Shot event, detonated at Amchitka in the Aleutian Islands, was recorded at three sites in Michigan at distances of 57 to 63 degrees. Analysis of the data recorded on magnetic tape shows significant high frequency (4-5 Hz) energy in the first compressional wave arrivals at all three stations, although the most prominent spectral peaks are in the range 1.0 to 1.6 Hz. Initial P phases of aftershocks of the Good Friday earthquake of 1964 recorded at the Ann Arbor station do not contain appreciable energy above about 2 Hz. However, the P -wave spectrum of an earthquake of comparable magnitude whose epicenter is near Long Shot is very similar to that of Long Shot, and indicates a favorable signal-to-noise ratio to 5 Hz. The Long Shot spectra and apparent angle of incidence at the Michigan stations appear to be influenced by the presence of p P and by crustal layering. The effective response of an intermediate-depth well system is shown to be strongly affected by surface reflections.
A comparison of elastic impression materials.

T ests for accuracy and other characteristics of elastic impression materials generally fall into one or more categories. These are: (1) Linear tests which measure the material itself (usually unidimensional) .le5 (2) Tests which depend upon the formation and measurement of gypsum dies made from the impression materials. In these tests, the dies are measured, not the impression material itself. The configurations of the test dies vary.6-g (3) Methods which employ the use of master dies and castings. Accuracy of the impression material in question is judged by trial of the master castings on the stone die replicas.*“-13 This is a report of an investigation of 14 elastic materials representative of those frequently used in dentistry for impression making. The purposes of the study were: ( 1) to develop and use a laboratory test method suitable for measuring the accuracy of impression materials; (2) to test the conformity of the impression materials to ADA Specification No. 19 (consistency and mixing and working times) ; (3) to compare, by indirect means, the accuracy of the impression materials 30 minutes after setting; (4) to demonstrate the dimensional changes that occurred in the impressions during the serial pouring of four sets of dies over a 24 hour period; and (5) to compare the accuracy of stone dies prepared promptly with the accuracy of those obtained after a 24 hour delay.
Cortical excitability in cocaine-dependent patients: a replication and extension of TMS findings

Cortical excitability can be assessed by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Previously we observed that TMS motor threshold (MT) was elevated in abstinent cocaine-dependent subjects. In the current study we aimed at replicating our initial finding, exploring other TMS-based measures of excitability, and examining association with personality characteristics. Nineteen cocaine-dependent and 12 healthy control subjects were examined. Resting and activated motor thresholds (RMT and AMT) and duration of the cortical silent period (CSP) were examined. The Cocaine Experience Questionnaire (CEQ) was administered to assess cocaine-induced psychotic symptoms. The relationship between Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) scales and cortical excitability measures was also examined. AMT was significantly elevated in cocaine-dependent subjects on both hemispheres. RMT was also significantly elevated on the right hemisphere. No CSP changes were noted. Patients with cocaine-induced paranoia had longer CSPs on the right hemisphere compared to subjects reporting no paranoid experiences. The patients displayed significantly elevated scores on several MMPI scales, though the scale scores did not correlate with cortical excitability measures. These data support our initial finding of decreased cortical excitability in abstinent cocaine-dependent subjects. We interpret this finding as a compensatory mechanism against the stimulating and epileptogenic effects of cocaine.
The relationship between alcohol use and risk-taking sexual behaviors in a large behavioral study.

Abstract Background Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) present a continuing challenge to the efforts to prevent disease in the military. Since the degree of high-risk sexual behavior is a primary determinant for acquiring STIs, the identification of personality traits or situations associated with such behavior is of special interest. Methods Data for this study were obtained from the 1998 Department of Defense Survey of Health Related Behaviors Among Military Personnel. The survey instrument was a self-administered questionnaire that was conducted using a stratified, two-stage, two-phase probability design to obtain representative samples of U.S. active duty personnel worldwide. Results More frequent episodes of alcohol intoxication were associated in a dose-dependent manner with an increased risk of having more sexual partners in the previous 12 months. Men and women who experienced intoxication more than 3 days per week were, respectively, 4.55 and 6.18 times more likely to have more than one sexual partner in the previous year. Conclusions This study is based on retrospective self-report and may be subject to recall bias as well as information bias due to the sensitive nature of the subject matter. However, the results are compatible with a personality-based hypothesis, in which individuals with certain sensation-seeking tendencies may incur an increased risk for sexually transmitted infections.
Vibrational spectra of hydrogen atoms adsorbed on MBE-grown GaAs(100)

Abstract Internal reflection infrared spectroscopy was used for the first time to observe the vibrational spectrum of H atoms adsorbed on GaAs(100) surfaces grown by molecular beam epitaxy. Initial H atom exposure produces one peak at 2100 cm −1 due to an arsenic hydride species. With prolonged exposure, the 2100 cm −1 vibration disappears and a second one appears at 2140 cm −1 due to arsenic monohydride. Thus, for MBE-grown GaAs(100) only arsenic is accessible to the H atoms, and adsorption of H causes a change in the surface structure.
DNA replication in the absence of cell division in BUdR-FUdR treated HeLa cells

Abstract HeLa cells were grown in the presence of 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR) and 5-fluorodeoxyuridine (FUdR). Cell growth studies indicated that under these conditions the cells divided only once, but the results of density centrifugation show that their DNA underwent at least two, and possibly as many as four, cycles of replication. Autoradiographic studies confirmed that no cell division occurred beyond the initial doubling, and showed that the number of nuclei per multinucleated cells increased with time.
Intraspecific variation in allelochemistry determines an invasive species' impact on soil microbial communities.

Invasive species can benefit from altered species interactions in their new range, and by interfering with species interactions among native competitors. Since exotic invasions are generally studied at the species level, relatively little is known about intraspecific variation in the traits that determine an invader’s effect on native species. Alliaria petiolata is a widespread and aggressive invader of forest understories that succeeds in part by interfering with mutualistic interactions between native plants and soil fungi. Here, I show that the impact of A. petiolata on soil microbial communities varied among individuals due to variation in their allelochemical concentrations. The differential impacts translated into varied effects on native tree growth, partly because A. petiolata’s allelochemicals preferentially affected the most mutualistic fungal taxa. These results highlight the importance of considering the spatial and temporal variation in an invasive species’ impacts for understanding and managing the invasion process.
Injectable Peptide Decorated Functional Nanofibrous Hollow Microspheres to Direct Stem Cell Differentiation and Tissue Regeneration

Injectable microspheres are attractive stem cell carriers for minimally invasive procedures. For tissue regeneration, the microspheres need to present the critical cues to properly direct stem cell differentiation. In natural extracellular matrix (ECM), growth factors (GFs) and collagen nanofibers provide critical chemical and physical cues. However, there have been no reported technologies that integrate synthetic nanofibers and GFs into injectable microspheres. In this study, we synthesized functional nanofibrous hollow microspheres (FNF-HMS), which can covalently bind GF-mimicking peptides. Two different GF-mimicking peptides, Transforming Growth Factor-β1 mimicking peptide Cytomodulin (CM) and Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 mimicking peptide P24, were separately conjugated onto the FNF-HMS to induce distinct differentiation pathways of rabbit bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). While no existing biomaterials were reported to successfully deliver CM to induce chondrogenesis, the developed FNF-HMS were shown to effectively present CM to BMSCs and successfully induced their chondrogenesis for cartilage formation in both in vitro and in vivo studies. In addition, P24 was conjugated onto the newly developed FNF-HMS and was capable of retaining its bioactivity and inducing ectopic bone formation in nude mice. These results demonstrate that the novel FNF-HMS can effectively deliver GF-mimicking peptides to modulate stem cell fate and tissue regeneration.
Hierarchical hybrid power supply networks

With the advent of newer power supply technologies, power sources with differing energy storage densities and recycling capabilities are becoming available. Combining the power supplies in a hierarchical way would create a unique opportunity for better matching the underlying resources to fluctuating application demands. Such a heterogeneous hybrid network of power supply components could address a variety of power needs and serve a much broader range of system loads with a high efficiency.
Using Exemplary Business Practices to Identify Buddhist and Confucian Ethical Value Systems1

Initially, a brief history of Buddhism and Confucianism describes for the reader a framework developed to determine right versus wrong action and to guide followers of these religions to do the right thing in social or business practice. In addition, this article uncovers exemplary business practices grounded in Buddhist and Confucian ethical values system and practiced in the global business arena and uses these discoveries to describe an application of Buddhist and Confucian ethical values systems. The result is the recognition that these ethical values systems have an honorable and moral place in global business practice.
Urey Prize Lecture: On the Diversity of Plausible Planetary Systems

Models of planet formation and of the orbital stability of planetary systems are used to predict the variety of planetary and satellite systems that may be present within our galaxy. A new approximate global criterion for orbital stability of planetary systems based on an extension of the local resonance overlap criterion is proposed. This criterion implies that at least some of Uranus' small inner moons are significantly less massive than predicted by estimates based on Voyager volumes and densities assumed to equal that of Miranda. Simple calculations (neglecting planetary gravity) suggest that giant planets which acrete substantial amounts of gas while their envelopes are extremely distended ultimately rotate rapidly in the prgrade direction.
Predictive, adaptive mobile user interfaces: state of the art and open problems

In this paper we review the current state of the art and key open problems in the development of predictive, adaptive user interfaces for mobile devices. Mobile interfaces that are dynamic and adapt to each user pose a challenge to developers, as a user's context is constantly changing, and the interface must continually adapt to accommodate changes in the user's activity and environment. We first introduce this problem of creating a truly context-aware interface. We then analyze the state-of-the-art in both research and practice. We conclude by discussing key open problems in the area of adaptive mobile interfaces, as well as future research directions.
Clinical applications and availability of CD4+ T cell count testing in sub‐Saharan Africa

The absolute CD4+ T cell count in adults and CD4+ T cell percentage of lymphocytes (CD4%) in pediatrics compliment clinical history and physical examination to inform decisions about initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART). In addition, these immunologic markers predict host susceptibility to specific opportunistic infections, selected drug toxicities, and mortality. These benefits argue strongly for the availability of CD4+ T cell testing capacity in all settings where HIV infection is treated. Several currently available flow cytometry-based devices, and novel CD4+ T cell enumeration techniques such as the panleucogating CD4 are especially suitable for resource-constrained settings. At this time, unfortunately, the landscape of HIV care in sub-Saharan Africa is a mosaic characterized by large areas where CD4+ T cell testing capacity is limited or unavailable, and small, but growing, pockets where the capacity exists. Routine HIV quantification is currently unaffordable and unsustainable in the great majority of the region; therefore, a reliance on CD4+ T cell testing is inevitable for now. To this end, correcting the disparities in CD4+ T cell testing capacity and defining the minimum laboratory requirements for the safe use of antiretroviral drugs through well-designed clinical studies are some of the most urgent priorities of the ongoing global scale-up of ART. © 2007 Clinical Cytometry Society
Current level of total element concentrations in the surface layer of Sudbury's soils

Abstract Published data on soil contamination by Cu, Ni and other elements in the Sudbury mining and smelting region consists largely of scatter sets. In this study, the total elemental concentrations and their spatial distribution in the surface soils of the Sudbury region are presented. Concentrations of Cd, Co, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni, S, and Zn in the studied soils were elevated above background levels. Copper and Ni were the primary metallic contaminants in Sudbury soils, with concentrations from 11 to 1890 and 5 to 2150 mg kg−1 for Cu and Ni, respectively. Seventy-five and 62% of the soil samples had concentrations of Cu and Ni, respectively, higher than a ‘critical’ value of 60 mg kg−1. Also, high concentrations of Cd and S occurred in a large proportion of the studied soils. A strong decline in the soil concentrations of Cu and Ni was found as compared to earlier results. The elemental concentrations show great spatial variability, which is related to the effect of the main point sources of contaminants, namely smelters. The spatial distribution of Cu and Ni concentration in the studied soils was strongly correlated. Spatial distribution of Cd concentration in the soils did not follow those of other elements. Cadmium concentrations in the soils were negatively correlated with the levels of other elements and the soil properties. The reduction of atmospheric emissions during the past 20 years, leaching, washing, and erosion processes have contributed to elemental concentration decline in the studied soils.
Birth-related behaviors in wild proboscis monkeys (Nasalis larvatus)

Two births of wild proboscis monkeys took place during a 1991/1992 field study at Tanjung Puting National Park, Indonesia. After conception, both females continued copulating with their group’s male. One of the births took place during the night, the other during mid-morning. In the latter case, the infant was born unassisted while the members of the group watched the birthing process. After parturition, the mother consumed the placenta.
Disordered recognition and perception of human faces in acute schizophrenia and experimental psychosis.

Abstract Three disorders of facial recognition and perception in acute schizophrenia and mescaline-induced psychosis are described and illustrated using original clinical and experimental material: “affective prosopagnosia” or stress-related dysfunctional face recognition; “physiognomization” of the environment or persistent illusions and hallucinations of nonspecific faces; and the “mirror phenomenon” or the experience of inner alienation from one's reflected face, which is perceived as independently alive, sinister, and generally physically distorted. It is proposed that neuropsychology suggests relationships between these phenomena that might otherwise be less apparent. No final neurobiological solution to the problem of dysfunctional facial perception and recognition in psychosis is presented, but various insights and suggestive models from the neurosciences are discussed. Attention is also paid to the conditions under which one might need to combine neuropsychological approaches with hermeneutically oriented analyses.
An experimental technique for the ignition of solids by flame irradiation

In spite of advice to the contrary, the authors spent two years developing a flame ignition cabinet, which throws a new light on ignition criteria. That the cabinet gives good results has been established by comparison with data obtained by others on nonflame ignitions.
Chemical composition studies of seeds of the genus gossypium

Abstract The amino acid patterns of the seed proteins and the fatty acid patterns of the seed oils were determined for eleven species of the genus Gossypium. A genus specific pattern was not found for either the amino acids or the fatty acids. The greatest difference among the amino acids was noted for lysine which ranged from 4·12 g/16 g of meal nitrogen for G. hirsutum L. to 4·82 for G. klotzschianum var. davidsoni (Kellogg). A preliminary survey was made of the qualitative differences in the free amino acids in the ethyl alcohol extract of the defatted meals; there was a considerable variability in the chromatographic patterns from the different species. Palmitic acid in the seed oils was observed to vary from about 22 per cent for G. arboreum L. to about 35 per cent for G. aridum (Rose and Standley) Skovsted; oleic acid from about 16 for G. aridum to about 36 for G. armourianum Kearney; linoleic acid from about 35 for G. armourianum Kearney to about 55 for G. hirsutum L. Gossypol was noted to vary from 0 per cent for the glandless variety of G. hirsutum L. to more than 9 per cent for G. klotzschianum var. davidsoni (Kellogg). Statistical analyses of the data indicate that genes from the wild species should be of value in the production of commercial genotypes with improved proteins and oils.
Parties, Partisanship, and Democratic Politics

On the Side of the Angels makes two core arguments, first for the "creativity of party politics," and second for the "moral distinctiveness of partisanship" (p. 7). By "creativity," Rosenblum means that political parties are entrepreneurial and agonistic institutions that are essential to representative democracy because they "create, not just reflect, political interests and opinions" (p. 7). She derives from this notion a sharp rebuke to theorists of deliberative democracy who simply take it for granted that political parties have no role to play in reasoned exchange precisely because they are partisan. Rosenblum asserts, to the contrary, that parties do for democratic deliberation the "work that philosophy cannot": They hone conflict so that it is politically pertinent and cast it in an oppositional frame to focus citizen choice (p. 307). She praises partisans, in turn, for lending urgency to public debate. They "generate conflicting positions and advance opposing arguments within a framework designed for adversarial show" (p. 307). Although their explicit partiality is likely "aversive to some," it nonetheless lends interest and urgency that deliberation can have "only when it is about choosing sides" (p. 310). Rosenblum arrives at her first core argument, the "party creativity" thesis, in surprising ways. She finds initial inspiration for it in one of two "glorious traditions" of antipartyism, and then proceeds to elaborate it by an unusual but compelling synthesis of the ideas of J. S. Mill and E. E. Schattschneider (p. 25).
Effects of scopolamine on retention of taste-aversion learning in rats

Rats were poisoned 90 min after drinking a novel sucrose solution. Two or four days later, they were tested for learned aversions to sucrose while under the influence of various doses of scopolamine. In three replications, the evidence failed to indicate any substantial effect of scopolamine on retention of learned taste aversions. It is suggested that taste-aversion learning may be less dependent on changes in cholinergic synapses than are certain other types of learning.
Do Your Students Care Whether you Care About Them

Abstract The author integrates research and theory to suggest that caring is an important dimension of effective college teaching. Despite the fact that students are acutely aware of whether their professors care about them, professors do not necessarily prioritize this aspect of teaching to the same extent. This article provides concrete suggestions about how professors can develop such rapport with their students, addresses common criticisms and concerns about professors expressing care, and offer avenues for future inquiry.
Neither States Nor Markets The Role of Economic Organization in Asian Development

This article shows that economic organization has independent and direct effects on the course of economic development. Most existing theories of economic development ignore the dynamic role of inter-firm interactions and, instead, stress state policies and macro-economic forces as the decisive factors creating a country's industrial structure. Our research shows that developing economies have emergent organizational dimensions that, once they become going concerns, create momentum and trajectory. Using South Korea and Taiwan as ease studies, this article demonstrates that the divergent economic outcomes of these two countries can best be explained by emerging differences in the organization of economies.
1432 31-PHOSPHORUS NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE (NMR) SPECTROSCOPY IN SMALL FOR GESTATIONAL (SGA) INFANTS

31-Phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used to sequentially study cortical metabolism in nonasphyxiated, premature SGA infants, with a mean birth weight of 1325 gm (range 1260-1360 gm) and mean gestational age of 33.8 wks (range 32-35 wks). Studies were obtained beginning after 2 wks of age. Phosphocreatine (PCr)/inorganic phosphate (Pi), a measure of bioenergetic reserve, phosphodiesters (PD)/beta adenosine trisphosphate (ATP), and phosphomonesters (PME)/ ATP, a precursor of membrane lipids, were obtained in premature SGA infants and compared with those in appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA) infants of similar gestational age and with term infants: The lower bioenergetic reserve noted in premature SGA infants may be due to decreased substrate availability or increased utilization, secondary to chronic intrauterine deprivation. As PD/ ATP and PME/ ATP do not appear to be affected by growth retardation, they may be promising markers of gestational maturity.
Comparative Analysis and Retroductive Reasoning or Conclusions in Search of a Premise1

The entangled problems of selection of data, data patterning, and conceptual organization are discussed. The focus is on how various explicit (and implicit) postulates in the area of anthropological comparative analysis have guided various appreciations of data patterning. The spatial-temporal framework is (1) the cross- cultural data and (2) the diverse theoretical patterning of these data. The article attempts to go beyond the legacy of logical positivism to unscoring what Norwood Russell Hanson has referred to as the “theory-laden undertaking” of observation. Knowledge and understanding at the “frontiers” are viewed as conceptual analysis, criticism of criteria, and revision of methods and ideas.
Rejoinder to Kritikos and Bolle: making indenture viable — the extortionary power of pre-commitment in iterated prisoner’s dilemma

Abstract Kritikos and Bolle’s approach is still flawed, but a viable indenture game can still readily be structured within the context of iterated prisoner’s dilemma.
Promotion of embryonic chick limb cartilage differentiation by transforming growth factor-β

This study represents a first step in investigating the possible involvement of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) in the regulation of embryonic chick limb cartilage differentiation. TGF-β 1 and 2 (1–10 ng/ml) elicit a striking increase in the accumulation of Alcian blue, pH 1-positive cartilage matrix, and a corresponding twofold to threefold increase in the accumulation of 35S-sulfate- or 3H-glucosamine-labeled sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAG) by high density micromass cultures prepared from the cells of whole stage 2324 limb buds or the homogeneous population of chondrogenic precursor cells comprising the distal subridge mesenchyme of stage 25 wing buds. Moreover, TGF-β causes a striking (threefold to sixfold) increase in the steady-state cytoplasmic levels of mRNAs for cartilage-characteristic type II collagen and the core protein of cartilage-specific proteoglycan. Only a brief (2 hr) exposure to TGF-β at the initiation of culture is sufficient to stimulate chondrogenesis, indicating that the growth factor is acting at an early step in the process. Furthermore, TGF-β promotes the formation of cartilage matrix and cartilage-specific gene expression in low density subconfluent spot cultures of limb mesenchymal cells, which are situations in which little, or no chondrogenic differentiation normally occurs. These results provide strong incentive for considering and further investigating the role of TGF-β in the control of limb cartilage differentiation.
Behavior of cesium in fish tissues from Savannah River

Abstract A survey of cesium residues in fish from the Savannah River near the Savannah River Nuclear Plant was undertaken in 1983. Fish tissues, bone, fin, and muscle were incubated by the wet disgestion method for analysis. Seventeen fish samples were analyzed by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry procedure to determine cesium content. It was found that cesium concentration levels were consistently higher in the bones and fins than in muscles of all fish species. It seems that cesium concentration levels were relatively higher in fins than in bones. Cesium concentration levels in muscle tissues were negligible in all fish species.
Histone variants and high mobility group non‐histone chromosomal proteins of higher plants: Their potential for forming a chromatin structure that is either poised for transcription or transcriptionally inert

In order for the genes of higher plants to be transcribed, they must be in a transcriptionally poised chromatin structure – a structure that allows access of RNA polymerases and transcription factors to the DNA. The structural features of transcriptionally poised chromatin and what distinguishes it from transcriptionally incrt chromatin are as yet unknown. There are, however, two groups of proteins that have been implicated as determinants of such divergent chromatin structures – the high mobility group (HMG) non-histone chromatin proteins and histone variants. In this paper I discuss what is known of these two groups of proteins in higher plants against the background of their suspected roles in chromatin structure in animal systems. Plants have a number of histone variants (particularly of the H2A and H2B histones) which have the potential to be the basis of nucleosome heterogeneity in divergent chromatin structures. There is a large body of evidence from animal systems suggesting that HMG proteins are structural proteins of transcriptionally poised chromatin. Plants have non-histone chromosomal proteins that can be defined as HMG proteins based on operational criteria. That is, they are extracted from purified chromatin with 0.35 M NaCl, are soluble in 2% trichloroacetie acid and are very highly charged proteins with their charges being about evenly split between basic and acidic amino acid residues. Characterization of the plant HMG proteins by overall amino acid composition, peptide mapping, partial sequencing and immunological cross reactivity indicates that the plant HMG proteins are very different from their putative animal counterparts. Nevertheless, plant HMG proteins bind to monoucleosomes in the same manner as animal HMG proteins; they are released from chromatin by mild DNase I (EC 3.1.4.5) digestion under conditions that lead to preferential digestion of transcriptionally active sequences; and when chromatin is separated into fractions enriched or depleted in transcribed DNA sequences, the plant HMG proteins are found in the fraction enriched in transcribed sequences.
A multi-user collaborative space for architectural design reviews

I present a multi-touch multi-user collaborative design review space for architectural practice. With the advent of 3D visual programming systems, abstract graphical representations of the algorithmic processes that generate the geometry of a building have become a subject of discussion. These discussions require collaboration among many professions. The system presented in this paper provides an interactive interface for navigation and editing of a Grasshopper visual programming ""canvas"" for the Rhinoceros 3D modeling program. It uses a tabletop display of the Grasshopper canvas and touch-based input for navigation and manipulation of algorithmic components. A wall-projected display provides synchronized real-time visualization of the 3D model. The aim of the interface is to facilitate dynamic decision-making, increase team understanding and provide an integrated environment for collaborative interaction with parametrically driven designs.
CLONING OF cDNA ENCODING BOVINE 21-HYDROXYLASE

Over 90% of cases of congenital adrenal hyperplasia are due to disordered 21-hydroxylation, which converts progesterone and 17-hydroxyprogestone (17-OHP) to DOC and 11-deoxycortisol. 21-hydroxylase is a single 49000 dalton microsomal cytochrome P450, termed P450C21, which represents 60,000 clones. Based on a partial porcine amino acid sequence, we used the manual phosphoramidite method to synthesize a family of 32 15-base oligonucleotides and used these to prime the synthesis of a specific cDNA probe. Clones hybridizing to the 15mer-primed cDNA were then probed with a different family of 64 17-base oligonucleotides we synthesized based on a different portion of the amino acid sequence. Of 10,000 clones containing cDNA inserts longer than 800 bases, 5 hybridize efficiently with both probes, indicating they carry bovine P450C21. cDNA sequences. These DNA clones will permit the determination of the structure of bovine P450C21 as well as human P450C21 and its pathogenic variants.
A comparative study of mouse embryo freeze-preservation including the examination of a thermoelectric freezing device.

Abstract In Study 1 over 2000 4- to 8-cell mouse embryos were randomly pooled and assigned to 1 of 12 treatment groups. A 2 × 2 × 3 factorial design was used to analyze two types of cryoprotectant/post-thaw (PT) dilutions (dimethyl sulfoxide [Me2SO]/stepwise dilution versus glycerol/sucrose dilution), two storage containers (glass ampoules versus plastic straws), and three cooling treatments. Two commercial, controlled-rate freezing machines were examined, employing either nitrogen gas (Planer) or thermoelectric (Glacier) cooling. Embryos were cooled slowly (0.5 °C/min) to −35 or −80 °C and then cooled rapidly by transfer into liquid nitrogen (LN2). Thawed embryos were cultured for 24 hr after which developmental stage, post-thaw survival (PTS), embryo degeneration rate (EDR), quality grade (QG), and fluorescein diacetate viability grade (VG) were assessed. Overall, PTS and EDR were similar (P > 0.05) among the three freezing unit/plunge temperature treatments. Cumulative results of container and cryoprotectant/PT dilution treatments consistently demonstrated greater PTS, QG, and VG ratings and lower EDR values when embryos were frozen in ampoules using glycerol/sucrose dilution. Embryos treated with Me2SO/stepwise dilution were particularly sensitive to freezing damage when stored in plastic straws and plunged into LN2 at −35 °C. Study 2 was directed at determining whether Study 1 methods for diluting Me2SO-protected embryos markedly affected PTS rates. Post-thaw culture percentages were no different (P > 0.05) for four- to eight-cell Me2SO-treated embryos frozen in ampoules (using the forced-LN2 device), thawed, and diluted either (i) conventionally in reduced concentrations of Me2SO or (ii) in the sucrose treatment normally accorded glycerolated embryos. Overall, the results demonstrate the efficacy of a thermoelectric freezing device for controlled cooling of mouse embryos at −35 °C. The highest PTS rates are achieved when embryos are equilibrated in 1.5 M glycerol, stored in 6 × 50-mm glass ampoules, and slowly cooled (using either the Glacier or Planer freezer) to −35 °C before transfer into liquid N2.
Permutation-parity exchange at a beam splitter: Application to Heisenberg-limited interferometry

Quantum-optical permutation and parity observables are unitarily exchanged by a 50:50 beam splitter. Bosonic coalescence effects are reexamined from this point of view. We show that photon-number resolving counters behind a beam splitter define a permutation detector for the input optical field. With suitable phase encoding, the detector also enables Heisenberg-limited interferometry.
Virtual Network Mapping with Traffic Matrices

Network virtualization allows multiple logical networks to coexist on the same physical infrastructure. A key problem that needs to be solved in this context is management of substrate network resources, in particular when mapping virtual network requests to the substrate. Several efficient algorithms have been proposed to provide effective solutions, but they assume that the virtual network request topology is given. In this paper, we show that the use of these topology-based requests may limit the efficiency of physical network usage. As an alternative, we propose a problem formulation and mapping algorithm that is based on traffic matrices to specify virtual network requests.
“Build, Therefore, Your Own World”: The New England Village as Settlement Ideal

Abstract The purpose of this study of the idea of the New England village is to account for the nineteenth-century invention of the village tradition and its associated settlement ideal. Interpretation of landscapes and texts builds on existing work on the morphogenesis of the material village in the early nineteenth century. I assess the role of nineteenth-century elites—writers, travelers, lithographers, landscape architects, social reformers, and social scientists—in inventing a geographical past that never existed, with special emphasis on Concord, Massachusetts and Litchfield, Connecticut, elite places then as now. I then discuss the intertwining of the invention of the village tradition with the creation of an appealing settlement ideal within the context of Romanticism and economic change. The tradition both justified the past and legitimated the present. The settlement ideal emerged from a relationship between Jeffersonian agrarianism in counterpoise with industrial ur-banism in the context of an ...
Mental Health Services Then And Now

Over the past twenty-five years, psychiatric services have shifted from hospital to community. Managed care reinforces this trend. Mental illness is better understood and less stigmatized, and services are more commonly used. But many in need do not receive care consistent with evidence-based standards, or at all. Challenges are greatest for people with serious and persistent mental illnesses who depend on generic health and welfare programs and integrated services. Evidence-based rehabilitative care is often unavailable. Failures in community care lead to arrest; jail diversion and treatment are required. Despite progress, implementing an effective, patient-centered care system remains a formidable challenge.
Prazosin in acute anthracyclene cardiomyopathy.

A 32-year-old woman with a 14-month history of acute lymphoblastic leukemia received 300 mg/sq m of doxorubicin. Shortly after the last course of therapy, congestive failure developed that was attributed to anthracyclene cardiomyopathy. Three weeks later, an acute septic episode was complicated by hypotension and low cardiac output Adequate blood pressure and cardiac output were restored with a combined intravenous infusion of dopamine hydrochloride and nitroglycerine. Within 24 hours, oral therapy with prazosin and digitalis was initiated, and two days later, the intravenous infusions could be discontinued. Acute anthracyclene cardiomyopathy can be successfully treated with a combination of oral inotropic and vasodilating agents.
Effects of the Hydrogen Bonding on the Fluorescence of Ketone-Substituted Poly(phenylene)s in Solutions and Solid State

The fluorescence intensities of poly(2-benzoyl-1,4-phenylene) (PBP) and poly(2-trifluoroacetyl-1,4-phenylene) (PTFAP) in chloroform and dioxane solutions were found to decrease on addition of phenols. The fluorescence intensity diminishes in proportion to the acidity of phenols. Similar phenomena were observed on addition of acetic acid and a fluorinated alcohol. However, when the poly(p-vinylphenol) (PVPh) was added to these polymer solutions, the fluorescence intensity increased with an increasing amount of PVPh. These results suggest that hydrogen bonding between the carbonyl group of PBP or PTFAP and the OH group of phenols has opposite effects on fluorescence in the two cases. The strong hydrogen bonding with small phenol compounds in the excited state may increase the restriction of the bond rotation between the phenyl rings of the polymer and result in decreasing of π-electron conjugation and the fluorescence intensity. On PVPh addition to the polymer solution, the PVPh chain may wrap around PBP or...
The audit committee and corporate complaints

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) imposed many requirements on audit committees and management. For example, SOX Section 301 requires the audit committee to set up special procedures for handling complaints about accounting, auditing, and internal controls. The author explains what you need to know. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Recent Developments at Small-x

We present a short overview of saturation physics followed by a summary of the recent progress in our understanding of nonlinear small-x evolution. Topics include McLerran–Venugopalan model, Glauber–Mueller approximation, nonlinear BK/JIMWLK evolution equations, along with the running-coupling and NLO corrections to these equations.
The structure of the stalk surface layer of a brine pond microorganism: correlation averaging applied to a double layered lattice structure.

SUMMARY The surface layer of the stalk of a prosthecate halophilic microorganism is a periodic array (space group p3ml) comprised of electron dense trimers with a centre to centre spacing of 9.0nm. The structure is reminiscent of E. coli porin. We have demonstrated that the method of correlation averaging can be effectively used to separate overlapping lattices, and that this results in a higher fidelity reconstruction, when compared to the established method of Fourier filtration. Two statistical methods are used to determine the resolution of the correlation average as a function of the number of ‘windows’ averaged, (i) The phase residual of spatial frequencies in Fourier space is computed between independently obtained subaverages, and (ii) a new method of Q factor analysis examines the cumulative vector sum in Fourier space as a function of the number of windows averaged. Both methods give a resolution of 1/2.1−nm.
A New Addition Agent for the Electrolytic Refining of Tin and Lead

Hexanol‐3 tails, phenol coefficient 16, was found to be an excellent addition agent for the electrolytic refining of tin from a stannous sulfate‐sulfuric acid electrolyte, 1.93 lb. (0.88 kg.) being required per ton of tin refined. In the electrolytic refining of lead from the fluosilicate bath, 0.8 lb. (0.36 kg.) is required per ton of metal refined. Hexanol‐3 tails is a complex mixture containing phenolic compounds that remains after the higher tar acids have been removed from certain coal tar distillation fractions. These impure mixtures of aromatic hydroxy compounds of the higher homologs of phenol are better addition agents than the corresponding pure compounds or mixtures of pure compounds. A method was developed for maintaining a desirable concentration of a slightly soluble addition agent in the bath by keeping a solution of the addition agent in a heavy insoluble liquid in the bottom of the bath.
Acute neonatal morbidity and long-term central nervous system sequelae of perinatal asphyxia in term infants

Twenty-eight term neonates with severe perinatal asphyxia were referred to a tertiary neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). The morbidity of asphyxia included involvement of the pulmonary (n = 24 infants), central nervous system (n = 22), renal (n = 15), cardiac (n = 14), metabolic (n = 13) and hematologic (n = 10) systems. The majority of neonates had more than three organ systems involved. Twenty-four neonates survived the neonatal course and at NICU discharge all system effects other than the central nervous system had resolved. At 5 years (60 months), 14 children had a normal neurologic examination, 9 had spastic quadriplegia and one had hemiplegia. Nine children had a McCarthy General Cognitive Index (GCI) greater than or equal to 84, 3 had a GCI between 68 and 83 and 12 scored less than 67. Neonatal seizures, renal problems, microcephaly at 3 months, and post-neonatal seizures were associated with an abnormal neurologic outcome or a GCI less than 67. A neurologic examination during the first year of life may reveal whether children with birth asphyxia will be relatively normal at age 5 years or whether they will show considerable delay.
Tracheal Replacement With a Bioabsorbable Scaffold in Sheep

Background A significant native tracheal approximation phenomenon was observed in our previous study [Tsukada H, Ernst A, Gangadharan S, et al. Tracheal replacement with a silicone-stented fresh aortic allograft in sheep. Ann Thorac Surg 2010;89:253–8], in which sheep trachea was replaced with an allogenic aortic graft in order to attempt transplantation. Because an appropriate tracheal replacement graft has yet to be determined, other means to repair or replace tracheal tissue have to be evaluated. The aim of this study was to test a bioabsorbable scaffold for temporary tracheal grafting. Methods Eight male sheep underwent cervical tracheal replacement (5 cm) using a copolymer of L-lactide and e-caprolactone sponge tube reinforced by polyglycolic acid. A silicone stent (7 cm) was placed perioperatively to prevent graft collapse. Routine bronchoscopy and computed tomographic scans were scheduled for up to 9 months and necropsies with histologic examinations were scheduled at 9 months (n = 3), 6 months (n = 2), 4 months (n = 1), 3 months (n = 1), and 2 months (n = 1) after surgery. Results No procedural deaths and postoperative complications occurred. Planned follow-up points were reached in all animals. Computed tomographic imaging of the grafted area showed tracheal approximation up to 75% at 9 months after surgery. Silicone stents were removed at 9 months in three animals. Symptomatic airway collapse was observed at 6 hours, 1 week, and 2 weeks after stent removal. Epithelialization of the entire grafted area was confirmed in all sheep that were followed beyond 4 months. Conclusions Tracheal axial approximation occurs consistently after tracheal resection and replacement. Our data suggest that bioabsorbable materials can be used as a reliable, temporary, tracheal replacement conduit.