cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reexamination of the Magnetic Properties of Cu2(dca)4(2,5-me2pyz) {dca = Dicyanamide; me2pyz = Dimethylpyrazine}: Isolated Spin-1/2 Dimers versus Long-Range Magnetic Ordering

The magnetic properties of Cu{sub 2}(dca){sub 4}(2,5-me{sub 2}pyz) have been reexamined. The extended structure of Cu{sub 2}(dca){sub 4}(2,5-me{sub 2}pyz) can be viewed in terms of Cu{sub 2}(2,5-me{sub 2}pyz){sup 4+} dimer units interconnected via {mu}{sub 1,5}-dca ligands. The bulk magnetic susceptibility {chi}(T) and the isothermal M(H) of Cu{sub 2}(dca){sub 4}(2,5-me{sub 2}pyz) are shown to be well described by an isolated dimer model. This finding was confirmed by carrying out a spin dimer analysis based on tight-binding calculations, which shows that the 2,5-me{sub 2}pyz ligand provides a substantial spin exchange interaction between the Cu{sup 2+} ions while the dca ligands do not.
Wettability alteration and restoration for cores contaminated with oil-based muds

Abstract The effect of five typical oil-based whole-muds and their filtrates on the wettability and permeability of sandstone cores was evaluated. A comparison is made between the wettability alterations observed for whole muds with those observed in an earlier study with individual mud components. The combined USBM/Amott index test was used to measure wettability changes. All the muds tested made the water-wet core samples significantly less water-wet and greatly reduced the permeability. The whole drilling muds have less of an effect on the wettability than their corresponding filtrates because of the presence of filter cakes which effectively prevent infiltration of large quantities of drilling fluid. Under static filtration conditions, the wettability alteration was observed to occur up to distances of three inches from the rock-mud contact surface. The extent of alteration was greatest for the upstream sample and rapidly reduced with the depth of invasion. Various core-cleaning procedures suggested in the past were tested for their effectiveness in restoring the core to its original wettability condition. A three step solvent cleaning methods showed the best results. A 50/50 mixture of toluene and methanol also proved reasonably successful. Toluene used alone was, however, not effective. In all cases the permeability could not be restored. The use of alcohols as solvents is also of some concern from the point of view of clay destabilization and mobilization.
Specific power bound of real heat engines

Abstract Industrial heat engine optimization usually takes the form of determining minimum heat exchanger area per unit net power or minimum cost per unit net power rather than the form of maximum efficiency. A specific power, power per unit total heat exchanger surface area, is adopted to be the objective function for engine optimization in this paper. Specific power output of an irreversible heat engine coupled with its heat source and sink is analyzed. When time is explicitly considered in the energy exchanges between the engine and its surroundings, it is found that there is an upper bound on the specific power output of the engine. This bound can guide the evaluation of existing real heat engines or influence the design of future heat engines.
Inhibition of glycine receptor function of native neurons by aliphatic n-alcohols

The inhibitory effects of n-alcohols (methanol to dodecanol) on glycine-activated currents were studied in neurons freshly dissociated from the ventral tegmental area of neonatal rats using whole-cell patch-clamp recording technique. Ethanol enhanced and depressed glycine-activated currents in 35% and 45%, respectively, of neurons of ventral tegmental area of neonatal rats. In this report, we extended our focus of ethanol-induced inhibition of glycine currents to other straight-chain alcohols. Aliphatic n-alcohols, which have carbon numbers less than nine, suppressed glycine currents in 45% (71/158) of the neurons. All results from this study are obtained from the 45% of cells displaying inhibition; the other 55% of the neurons were not studied. Alcohol potency increased as the number of carbon atoms increased from one to five, and was at a maximal plateau from five to nine; alcohols with 10 or more carbons did not inhibit glycine-activated currents. Thus, a ‘cutoff’ point in their potency for inhibition of glycine receptor function occurred at about decanol. A coapplication of dodecanol with ethanol eliminated the inhibition resulting from ethanol. Thus, dodecanol may bind to the receptor silently and compete with ethanol. These observations indicate that straight-chain n-alcohols exhibit a ‘cutoff’ point in their potency for inhibition of the glycine receptor function between nine and 10 carbon atoms. The inability of longer alcohols to change the activation properties of the receptors may contribute to the cutoff effect. British Journal of Pharmacology (2002) 136, 629–635; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0704775
Aerodynamic and Propulsion Assisted Maneuvering for Orbital Transfer Vehicles

The ability to perform rapid and unpredicted orbital transfers will provide the ability for unpredictable reconnaissance or timely rescue missions. This paper examines the means and ways of enabling responsive space through propulsive or aero-assisted maneuvers. A conical hypersonic waverider was designed to execute these maneuvers. The aerodynamic database was generated using hypersonic incidence angle analysis tools with a viscous skin-drag correction. The comparative performance analysis is performed using a set of pre-defined metrics. Some of these metrics are stagnation point heating, handling qualities and controllability, etc. The orbital transfer trajectories were analyzed using an interactive simulation tool. Results have confirmed previous research that aero-assisted maneuvers are more efficient than purely propulsive maneuvers alone for executing synergetic plane changes.
Systems metabolic engineering: genome-scale models and beyond.

The advent of high throughput genome-scale bioinformatics has led to an exponential increase in available cellular system data. Systems metabolic engineering attempts to use data-driven approaches – based on the data collected with high throughput technologies – to identify gene targets and optimize phenotypical properties on a systems level. Current systems metabolic engineering tools are limited for predicting and defining complex phenotypes such as chemical tolerances and other global, multigenic traits. The most pragmatic systems-based tool for metabolic engineering to arise is the in silico genome-scale metabolic reconstruction. This tool has seen wide adoption for modeling cell growth and predicting beneficial gene knockouts, and we examine here how this approach can be expanded for novel organisms. This review will highlight advances of the systems metabolic engineering approach with a focus on de novo development and use of genome-scale metabolic reconstructions for metabolic engineering applications. We will then discuss the challenges and prospects for this emerging field to enable model-based metabolic engineering. Specifically, we argue that current state-of-the-art systems metabolic engineering techniques represent a viable first step for improving product yield that still must be followed by combinatorial techniques or random strain mutagenesis to achieve optimal cellular systems.
New approaches to quantitative neuropathology: multivariate analysis of morphologic and neurochemical measures

Abstract The excellent review by Coleman and Flood on neuropathological changes in normal aging and Alzheimer's Disease highlights the need for development and application of computer-assisted image analysis to the study of neurons in these conditions. The morphological and neurochemical changes in normal and pathological aging require quantitation and statistical analysis that can be best performed with the assistance of the image and data processing capabilities of the computer. Advanced image processing systems are being developed to identify and classify neurons according to several intelligently chosen visual features, apply discriminant analysis and population statistics to this data, and correlate this information to other neurochemical measurements as well as the clinical history of the patient. Techniques such as immunocytochemistry, receptor autoradiography and in situ hybridization produce information-rich images of the distribution of proteins and nucelic acids in tissue slices that can be analyzed by this approach.
The role of NADPH oxidase in a mouse model of fetal alcohol syndrome.

Objective Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is the most common cause of nongenetic mental retardation. Oxidative stress is one of the purported mechanisms. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX) is an enzyme involved in the production of reactive oxygen species. Our objective was to evaluate NOX in the fetal brain of a well-validated mouse model of FAS. Study Design Timed, pregnant C57BL/6J mice were injected intraperitoneally with 0.03 mL/g of either 25% ethyl alcohol or saline. Fetal brain, liver, and placenta were harvested on gestational day 18. The unit of analysis was the litter; tissue from 6-8 litters in the alcohol and control group was isolated. Evaluation of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression of NOX subunits (DUOX1, DUOX2, NOX1, NOX2, NOX3, NOX4, NOXA1, NOXO1, RAC1, p22phox, and p67phox) was performed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction; alcohol vs placebo groups were compared using a Student t test or a Mann-Whitney test ( P Results Alcohol exposed fetal brains showed significant up-regulation in subunits DUOX2 (1.61 ± 0.28 vs 0.84 ± 0.09; P = .03), NOXA1 (1.75 ± 0.27 vs 1.09 ± 0.06; P = .04), and NOXO1 (1.59 ± 0.10 vs 1.28 ± 0.05; P = .02). Differences in mRNA expression in the placenta were not significant; p67phox was significantly up-regulated in alcohol-exposed livers. Conclusion Various NOX subunits are up-regulated in fetal brains exposed to alcohol. This effect was not observed in the fetal liver or placenta. Given the available evidence, the NOX system may be involved in the causation of FAS through the generation of reactive oxygen species and may be a potential target for preventative treatment in FAS.
Phase slip, dissipation, Bernoulli effect, parametric capacitance, and other curious features of the Josephson effect

The details of the Josephson effect in thin metal bridges are difficult to derive quantitatively, and many papers have been written on the subject attempting to describe quantitatively such qualitative features as irreversible phase slip, instantaneous 2π phase slip, variation of order parameter in time and space, Bernoulli effect, and others. It does not seem to be generally recognized that all of these qualitative features are universal attributes of the Josephson effect and occur also in tunnel junctions. In addition, when a steady voltage is impressed across a junction, a term in the electric field is set up (in addition to the Bernoulli field) which has a rather complex temporal and spatial variation.
A comparison of three dietary pattern indexes for predicting biomarkers of diet and disease.

Objective: Examination of dietary indexes in association with objective biomarkers of dietary intake and chronic disease risk is an important step in their validation. We compared three dietary pattern indexes—Healthy Eating Index (HEI), Recommended Foods Score (RFS-24 hour recall), and Dietary Diversity Score for recommended foods (DDS-R)—for their ability to predict biomarkers of dietary intake, obesity, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes.Methods: We used dietary and laboratory data from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey to study these associations in 8719 disease-free adults aged ≥20 y. The HEI, developed by the USDA, was a sum of scores on consideration of ten individual components; the RFS was a sum of all recommended foods (lean meat, poultry and fish, whole grains, fruits and juices, low-fat dairy, and vegetables) mentioned in the recall; the DDS-R examined whether or not a recommended food was mentioned from each of the five major food groups. The independent association...
Magnesium ion dependence of free and polysomal ribosomes from Escherichia coli

Abstract This paper presents a simple means of distinguishing two kinds of 70 s ribosomes from Escherichia coli: intact complexes with mRNA and peptidyl-tRNA, obtained by ribonuclease treatment of polysomes; and free ribosomes, relieved of the polypeptide (and presumably of tRNA and mRNA) by treatment with puromycin in vitro. Free ribosomes are completely dissociated into subunits at 1 to 2 m m -Mg2+, while preparations containing polysomal ribosomes are only partly dissociated. Evidence obtained by the application of this criterion supports the conclusion, presented in the preceding paper, that the cell normally contains undissociated free ribosomes, and that their concentration increases when the products of polysomes runoff are caused to accumulate.
Self-reconfiguration of service-based systems: a case study for service level agreements and resource optimization

The configuration of a service-based system has a significant impact on the nonfunctional requirements of the system as a whole. However, finding the best configuration is very challenging and sometimes impossible for administrators because so many factors have to be considered. More importantly, a service based system has to be frequently reconfigured to adapt to rapid and continuous changes in user requirements and runtime environments. In this paper we propose an autonomic computing approach to the problem of reconfiguration, that is, enabling the service based system to configure itself by means of a loop of monitoring, analyzing, planning and executing actions. We begin by formalizing the definition of configuration and reconfiguration. Then, we describe how we implemented the autonomic computing mechanisms for reconfiguring service-based systems to satisfy service level agreements with minimal resource consumption. The approach is demonstrated on a resilient service provisioning environment. Finally, the preliminary experiments are evaluated to determine the effectiveness of proposed approach.
Asymmetrical Stop Zones in Jupiter's Exosphere

Radio noise bursts from Jupiter at decameter wavelengths noting Cerenkov emission, Doppler- shifter cyclotron emission and escaped-whistler models
Acute cystitis in young women Diagnosis and treatment

Abstract A total of 171 women with the symptoms of acute uncomplicated cystitis were studied, and 162 were treated with sulfa drugs. Neither the history nor the urinalysis were infallible in finding those patients who were truly infected or those who would be cured with sulfonamides. A method of diagnosing and treating these patients is proposed that would virtually eliminate the patient's symptoms and infections as swiftly and economically as possible.
Patterns and causes of gender differences in smoking

In the early twentieth century in the United States and other Western countries, women were much less likely than men to smoke cigarettes, due in part to widespread social disapproval of women's smoking. During the mid-twentieth century, growing social acceptance of women's smoking contributed to increased smoking adoption by women. Increased social acceptance of women's smoking was part of a general liberalization of norms concerning women's behavior, reflecting increasing equality between the sexes. These historical trends were due in part to increases in women's employment. However, in the contemporary period employment appears to have little or no effect on women's smoking. Sex role norms and general expectations concerning gender-appropriate behavior have had a variety of effects on gender differences in smoking. First, general characteristics of traditional sex roles, including men's greater social power and generally greater restrictions on women's behavior, contributed to widespread social pressures against women's smoking. Second, traditional sex role norms and expectations have fostered gender differences in personal characteristics and experiences which influence smoking adoption. For example, rebelliousness has been more expected and accepted for males, and greater rebelliousness among adolescent males has contributed to greater smoking adoption by males. Finally, certain aspects of sex roles have contributed to gender differences in appraisal of the costs and benefits of smoking. For example, physical attractiveness is emphasized more for females and the contemporary beauty ideal is very slender, so females are more likely to view weight control as a benefit of smoking. Several other hypotheses concerning the causes of gender differences in smoking are not supported by the available evidence. For example, it appears that women's generally greater concern with health has not contributed significantly to gender differences in the prevalence of smoking. Similarly, it appears that sex differences in physiological responses to smoking have made only minor contributions to gender differences in smoking adoption or cessation.
Predictors for resolution of antisocial behavior among foster care youth receiving community-based services

Abstract Youth in the foster care system are more likely to be diagnosed with mental illness than those in the general population. Within this system, youth with antisocial behavior (e.g., aggressive, oppositional) are overrepresented. The challenges youth with antisocial behavior present to foster care systems make understanding the factors that predict remission in this population important for improving placement stability. Using Optimal Data Analysis (ODA), this study examines potential moderating effects of various individual, social, and strength variables on clinically significant decreases antisocial behavior in a sample of foster care youth over time. Results revealed positive improvements in youths' wellbeing to be the optimal predictor of resolution, followed by positive changes in family functioning and positive changes in adjustment to trauma (i.e., symptoms of PTSD). These results indicate that clinically significant decreases over time in antisocial behavior were associated with concurrent improvement in individual and environmental variables. Implications for service providers working with this population are discussed.
Behavioral externalities in natural resource production possibility frontiers: integrating biology and economics to model human–wildlife interactions

Production possibility modeling has been applied to a variety of wildlife management issues. Although it has seen only limited employment in modeling human-wildlife output decisions, it can be expected that the theory's use in this area will increase as human interactions with and impacts on wildlife become more frequent. At present, most models applying production possibility theory to wildlife production can be characterized in that wildlife output quantities are determined by physically quantifiable functions representing rivalrous resources. When the theory is applied to human-wildlife interactions, it may not be sufficient to model the production tradeoffs using only physical constraints. As wildlife are known to respond to human presence, it could be expected that human activity may appear in wildlife production functions as an externality. Behavioral externalities are revealed by an output's response to the presence of another output and can result in a loss of concavity of the production possibilities frontier. Ignoring the potential of a behavioral externality can result in an unexpected and inefficient output allocation that may compromise a wildlife population's well-being. Behavioral externalities can be included in PPF models in a number of ways, including the use of data or cumulative effects modeling. While identifying that behavioral externalities exist and incorporating them into a model is important, correctly interpreting their implications will be critical to improve the efficiency of natural resource management. Behavioral externalities may cause a loss of concavity anywhere along a PPF that may compel managerial decisions that are inconsistent with multiple use doctrines. Convex PPFs may result when wildlife species are extremely sensitive to any level of human activity. It may be possible to improve the PPF's concavity by reducing the strength of the behavioral effect. Any change in the PPF that increases the convexity of the production set could offer natural resource managers additional opportunities to optimally provide multiple natural resource outputs. Techniques that minimize the effect could focus on either the human or wildlife outputs, or both. Methods could focus on reducing the externality itself through changing the production of the offending output or to reduce the impact of the externality through a change in the production of the affected output. Managers unfamiliar with PPF modeling can employ PPF thinking by recognizing that every decision involves tradeoffs and that sometimes these tradeoffs are unnecessary negative impacts that could be mitigated without compromising the resource.
Molecular-beam-epitaxial growth of GaAs on high-temperature hydrogen-annealed (100) silicon

Superior-quality GaAs epitaxial layers have been grown by molecular beam epitaxy on high-temperature hydrogen-ambient annealed silicon (100) substrates. Rutherford back-scattering and channelling of 2.1 MeV He+ ions and transmission electron microscopy techniques have been used to characterise these layers. Comparative studies indicate that the epitaxial layers grown on hydrogen-ambient annealed substrates have a superior surface morphology and a lower interface disorder than those on chemically cleaned (100) substrates. Cross-sectional transmission electron micrographs show the presence of a high density of threading dislocations, stacking faults and twins in the GaAs layers grown on the chemically cleaned silicon (100) substrates. In contrast, a significant reduction in the density of these defects is observed in the layers grown on the preannealed substrates.
Hypersonic,Turbulent, Cold-Wall, Skin-Friction and Heat-Transfer Measurements on an Axisymmetric Sharp Cone

Abstract : Turbulent skin-friction coefficients directly measured on an axisymmetric five-degree-half-angle sharp cone by two floating-element skin- friction balances at a free-stream Mach number of 7.9 are presented. Heat- transfer distributions are obtained simultaneously. These results yield directly the Reynolds analogy factor. Experimental data are used to evaluate four predictive methods. Except for the relatively low-Reynolds-number case, the directly measured sharp-cone Reynolds analogy factor is between 1.01 and 1.07, which is in good agreement with recent flat-plate measurements. Results indicate that the Stanton Number is essentially constant for one range and decreases by about 10 percent in another.
Study of ϱ0 production in high multiplicity pp interactions at 300 GeV/c☆

Abstract We have searched for ϱ 0 production in 85 high multiplicity events with 18 or more charged particles. We observe an enhancement at the ϱ 0 mass but with a considerably narrower width. If we ignore this narrow width, we measure the cross section for pp → ϱ 0 + n charged particles with n ⩾ 16 to be 1.81 ± 0.46 mb. The ratio between the number of ϱ 0, s and π −, s is observed to increase from 0.08 ± 0.04 for p T c to 0.88 ± 0.23 for p T > 0.6 GeV/ c .
Second generation beatwave experiments at UCLA

The NEPTUNE Laboratory, under construction at UCLA, will be a user facility for exploring concepts useful for advanced accelerators. The primary programmatic goal for the laboratory is to inject extremely high-quality electron bunches into a laser-driven plasma beat wave accelerator and explore ideas for extracting a high-quality ΔE/E<0.1, e<10 π mm mrad), high-energy (100 MeV) beam from a plasma structure operating at about 1 THz and about 3 GeV/m. The lab will combine an upgraded MARS CO2 laser and the state-of-the-art SATURNUS RF gun and linac, also undergoing an upgrade. The new MARS laser will be about 1 TW (100 J, 100 ps), up from 0.2 TW (70 J, 350 ps). This allows for doubling the spot size of the laser beam and thereby quadrupling the interaction length while still driving gradients of 3 GeV/m. The large diameter of the accelerating structure relative to the injected electron bunches (10 :1 ratio) will minimize the deleterious effects of the radial dependence of the accelerating field and soften the radial focusing thus permitting, in principle, the extraction of a high-quality accelerated beam.
Summarizing highly structured documents for effective search interaction

As highly structured documents with rich metadata (such as products, movies, etc.) become increasingly prevalent, searching those documents has become an important IR problem. Unfortunately existing work on document summarization, especially in the context of search, has been mainly focused on unstructured documents, and little attention has been paid to highly structured documents. Due to the different characteristics of structured and unstructured documents, the ideal approaches for document summarization might be different. In this paper, we study the problem of summarizing highly structured documents in a search context. We propose a new summarization approach based on query-specific facet selection. Our approach aims to discover the important facets hidden behind a query using a machine learning approach, and summarizes retrieved documents based on those important facets. In addition, we propose to evaluate summarization approaches based on a utility function that measures how well the summaries assist users in interacting with the search results. Furthermore, we develop a game on Mechanical Turk to evaluate different summarization approaches. The experimental results show that the new summarization approach significantly outperforms two existing ones.
Family and Consumer Sciences University Faculty Perceptions of Interdisciplinary Work

The overall purpose of this article is to describe research focusing on two questions: What is family and consumer sciences (FCS) higher education faculty members' understanding of interdisciplinary work? What have faculty learned from their interdisciplinary experiences about facilitators and inhibitors? The researcher used Seidman's three-question, in-depth interview protocol with 9 participants in a large, midwestern, land-grant university. Qualitative analysis of audiotaped interviews revealed that faculty had different understandings, but there was consistency with the levels of interdisciplinarity in Klein's taxonomy of interdisciplinarity, plus an integrative level. The following facilitators and inhibitors of interdisciplinary faculty work emerged from the analysis: developmental experiences, faculty qualities, time commitment, team composition, group qualities and dynamics, institutional structures and policies, and status and rewards.
Interactive Video Games in Physical Education

(2007). Interactive Video Games in Physical Education. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 78, No. 5, pp. 29-45.
Development of sustained release fast-disintegrating tablets using various polymer-coated ion-exchange resin complexes.

Complex formation between drugs and ion-exchange resins was investigated and the effects of coating by various aqueous polymeric dispersions on the complexes were evaluated for developing new sustained-release fast-disintegrating tablets (FDTs). Complexes of ion-exchange resin and dextromethorphan, a model drug, were prepared using different particle sizes of the resins. Aqueous colloidal dispersions of ethylcellulose (EC) and poly(vinyl acetate) (Kollicoat® SR30D) were used for fluid-bed coating. Based on drug loading, release profiles, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images, the coated particles were granulated with suitable tablet excipients and then compressed into the tablets. Drug release profiles and SEM pictures were compared before and after the manufacturing processes. As the particle size of resins increased, the drug loading and release rate decreased due to the reduced effective diffusion coefficient and surface area. Higher coating level decreased the release rate further. In contrast to EC, Kollicoat® SR30D coated particles could be compressed into tablets without any rupture or cracks on the coating since the mechanical properties of the polymer was more resistant to the manufacturing processes. This resulted in no significant changes in release rates. SEM showed the mechanical strength of the polymers affected the morphological change after compression. When the drug release profiles were applied into Boyd model and Higuchi equation, the linear relationship was observed, indicating that the diffusion within the resin matrix is the rate-controlling step.
Postremission therapy in adults with acute myeloid leukemia.

Abstract A patient with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) who has achieved remission after induction chemotherapy still harbors 10 9 to 10 10 , albeit undetectable, leukemic cells. Optimally, postremission therapy safely reduces the leukemic burden to a level compatible with long-term disease-free survival. Although older adults fare poorly with intensive postremission therapy, young and middle-aged adults can receive either chemotherapy based on high-dose cytarabine or myeloablative therapy in preparation for autologous or, if a histocompatible donor is available, allogeneic stem cell rescue. The rationale for each approach, the prospective trials comparing the various options, and a suggested strategy for choosing among them is presented. Although cytogenetic category at diagnosis is the most important prognostic factor, this feature remains an imperfect guide to postremission therapy. An informal consensus has arisen in favor of chemotherapy for patients with good prognosis and allogeneic transplant for those whose AML displays an adverse karyotype. For the intermediate group, an individualized decision is required and any of the three options is reasonable. Because the relapse rate is so high, new therapies for AML, such as signaling and immunotherapeutic approaches, are the focus of active investigation.
Identification of the Hydrated Iron Oxide Mineral Akaganéite in Apollo 16 Lunar Rocks

Apollo 16 rocks contain rustlike alteration. A mass of rust-colored, iron-rich crystals forming a grain 30 µm in diameter in rock 66095 has been identified by x-ray diffraction as akaganeite (β FeOOH). Other altered polycrystalline masses of less diameter are found associated with native FeNi metal grains. Akaganeite is known to occur in meteorite specimens, resulting from the oxhydration of lawrencite (FeCl 2 ) and native FeNi upon exposure to water vapor. The occurrence of akaganeite in the Apollo 16 rocks is essentially the same as in meteorites, and a similar process of alteration in an oxidizing environment is posulated for its origin. All or at least most of the akaganeite formed as a direct result of contamination by terrestrial water vapor of FeCl 2 -bearing lunar rocks.
Hearing loss in children.

1. Kimberly A. Gifford, MD* 2. Michael G. Holmes† 3. Henry H. Bernstein, DO* 1. *Department of Pediatrics, Dartmouth Medical School, Children's Hospital at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 2. †Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Determine the difference between conductive and sensorineural hearing loss. 2. Discuss the congenital and acquired causes of hearing loss. 3. Delineate the most appropriate times for screening, diagnosis, and interventions for hearing loss. 4. List the risk factors for hearing loss in all children. 5. Recognize the need for identification of hearing loss and prompt intervention in all children. ### Case 1 During his routine health supervision visit, a healthy 2-year-old boy is noted to have an isolated speech delay. There is no family history of hearing problems. On questioning about the child's newborn hearing screen, the mother says, “They said something about repeating it, but we were pretty busy, so we never got around to it. Since no one mentioned it again, I didn't think it was important.” The child is referred to audiology and diagnosed with moderate bilateral sensorineural hearing loss. A hearing aid and intensive speech therapy are recommended. ### Case 2 A 4-year-old girl presents for evaluation of behavioral problems. Her parents are worried about attention-deficit disorder. They report that she frequently ignores their requests, does not seem to pay attention, and has trouble following instructions. In addition, she has not outgrown her temper tantrums like other children with whom she plays. She can understand preschool activities when the whole class is doing them, but she has the most difficulty with directions given to her individually. She has had frequent medical visits for acute otitis media. Physical examination reveals tympanic membranes that are retracted, with some scarring bilaterally. In-office tympanometry and audiometry suggest a moderate conductive hearing loss. Due to concerns that her behavioral problems are related to her hearing loss, she is referred to an otolaryngologist for consideration of tympanostomy tube placement. As demonstrated by these cases, childhood hearing loss can be a debilitating condition that …
An Automated Feature Selection Method for Visual Inspection Systems

Automated visual inspection (AVI) systems these days are considered essential in the assembly of surface-mounted devices (SMDs) in the electronics industry. This industry has faced the problem of rapid introduction and retirement of SMD-based products with the consequent obsolescence of the inspection systems already in the assembly lines. The constant introduction of new products has caused AVI systems to become rapidly obsolete. The general goal of this research centers on developing self-training AVI systems for the inspection of SMD components. The premise is that these systems would be less prone to obsolescence. In this paper, the authors describe the methodology being used for automatically selecting the features to inspect new components. In particular, this paper explores the use of multivariate stepwise discriminant analysis techniques, such as Wilks' Lambda, in order to automate the feature selection process. All of these techniques are applied to a case study of the inspection of SMD components. Note to Practitioners-In this paper, we present a methodology that would allow the automation of the tedious task of exploring and selecting features to develop algorithms for automated visual inspection systems. In particular, the proposed method selects a subset of features among all of the known features. The chosen subset seeks to minimize inspection errors while keeping the algorithmic development time to a minimum. This is particularly useful for adapting pre-existing systems to inspect new components, especially when the characteristics of the new components are similar to those of components already inspected by the inspection system. We applied this methodology to a case of study of the inspection of surface-mounted devices
Association of fine specificity and repertoire expansion of anticitrullinated peptide antibodies with rheumatoid arthritis associated interstitial lung disease

Background Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is associated with high morbidity and mortality in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Citrullinated proteins are observed in RA lung tissues; however, the association of specific anticitrullinated peptide antibodies (ACPA) with ILD in RA is unknown. Methods RA patients underwent multidetector CT (MDCT) of the chest, from which ILD features and a semiquantitative ILD Score (ILDS; range 0–32) were assessed. Anti-CCP (CCP2) and levels of a panel of antibodies against 17 citrullinated and four non-citrullinated peptides were assessed from concurrent serum samples using a custom Bio-Plex bead array. High level ACPA was defined as ≥the group 75th percentile. Results Among the 177 RA patients studied, median levels of CCP2 and all specific ACPAs were 46–273% higher among RA patients with versus those without ILD (all p values Conclusions Our findings of a broader ACPA repertoire in RA ILD suggest a possible role for ACPA in the pathogenesis of ILD.
Prospective study of cone-beam computed tomography image-guided radiotherapy for prone accelerated partial breast irradiation.

Purpose To report setup variations during prone accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI). Methods New York University (NYU) 07-582 is an institutional review board—approved protocol of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) to deliver image-guided ABPI in the prone position. Eligible are postmenopausal women with pT1 breast cancer excised with negative margins and no nodal involvement. A total dose of 30 Gy in five daily fractions of 6 Gy are delivered to the planning target volume (the tumor cavity with 1.5-cm margin) by image-guided radiotherapy. Patients are set up prone, on a dedicated mattress, used for both simulation and treatment. After positioning with skin marks and lasers, CBCTs are performed and the images are registered to the planning CT. The resulting shifts (setup corrections) are recorded in the three principal directions and applied. Portal images are taken for verification. If they differ from the planning digital reconstructed radiographs, the patient is reset, and a new CBCT is taken. Results 70 consecutive patients have undergone a total of 343 CBCTs: 7 patients had four of five planned CBCTs performed. Seven CBCTs (2%) required to be repeated because of misalignment in the comparison between portal and digital reconstructed radiograph image after the first CBCT. The mean shifts and standard deviations in the anterior–posterior (AP), superior–inferior (SI), and medial–lateral (ML) directions were −0.19 (0.54), −0.02 (0.33), and −0.02 (0.43) cm, respectively. The average root mean squares of the daily shifts were 0.50 (0.28), 0.29 (0.17), and 0.38 (0.20). A conservative margin formula resulted in a recommended margin of 1.26, 0.73, 0.96 cm in the AP, SI, and ML directions. Conclusion CBCTs confirmed that the NYU prone APBI setup and treatment technique are reproducible, with interfraction variation comparable to those reported for supine setup. The currently applied margin (1.5 cm) adequately compensates for the setup variation detected.
Home and Community-Based Services for Well Educated Older Caregivers: Gender Differences in Attitudes, Barriers, and Use

Using a sample of 169 well educated, relatively affluent older caregivers, we examined gender differences in attitudes about home and community-based services, service use, interest in services, and barriers to service use. We found significant gender differences in two attitudinal dimensions: preference for informal care and acceptance of government services. A higher proportion of men than women would rather use community services than ask family for help. A larger percentage of women than men believed the government should provide more services. Service use was modest. On average, caregivers were about 5 times more likely to express interest in a service than to have used one. Findings suggest that greater outreach by providers may usefully address service barriers.
Low Processing Temperature of Lead-Free Solder Interconnects [Nanopackaging]

Solder paste is a homogeneous and kinetically stable mixture of solder alloy powder, flux, and vehicle, which is capable of forming metallurgical bonds at a given soldering condition. The thermal properties of tin/silver/copper (SnAgCu) alloy nanoparticles of different sizes were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The particle size-dependent melting point and latent heat of fusion were also observed. The nanoparticle pastes completely melted and wetted on the copper surface, and tin/copper intermetallic compounds (IMCs) were formed after the reflow process. These low-melting-point SnAgCu alloy nanoparticles pastes could be used for low processing temperature of lead-free solder interconnect applications.
Brightness temperature sensitivity to variations in solid precipitation cloud profiles

In the past few years, solid precipitation detection and retrievals have been developed and shown to be applicable for snowing clouds and blizzards. All of the algorithms require the use of millimeter-wave radiometer observations. This investigation probes the sensitivity of computed brightness temperatures resulting from variations in solid precipitation cloud profiles. Variations include: (1) changing the snowfall rates from heavy to medium to low, (2) solid precipitation melting just before landfall, and (3) evaporation (virga) prior to landfall. The results show that the 89 and 150 GHz channel are primarily sensitive to low altitude changes, such as melting or evaporation near the land surface. Some of the the 183 GHz channels are sensitive to the amount of the snow and to the water vapor in the cloud profile, with the 183/spl plusmn/1 GHz sensing only the upper portions of the cloud, while the 183/spl plusmn/7 GHz channel probes deeper into the snow cloud.
An indecent proposal: withholding cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

I n the February 20, 2008, issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association, Peberdy and associates reported an analysis of probabilities of survival from in-hospital cardiac arrest. Although their purpose was to examine whether outcomes differed according to the time and day of the week when the arrest occurred, their data raise other important questions about use of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). The current norm in acute care facilities is to assume that CPR should be performed in every case of cardiac arrest, unless a specific physician order to the contrary is in place. In this column, I propose a reversal of this; that is, I propose that in every case of cardiac arrest, unless a specific physician order to the contrary is in place, CPR should be withheld.
Cowden’s Syndrome: Gastrointestinal Features

Cowden’s syndrome is a rare hereditary condition affecting about one per 200,000 people in the United States In terms of gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, most individuals are asymptomatic and pathology is found incidentally.
Longitudinal Behavioral Effects of a School-Based Fruit and Vegetable Promotion Program

Objective This study examined the longitudinal effects of a school-based program on kindergarten and first grade children’s fruit and vegetable (FV V ¼6g; 0.43 portions/lunch; 0.28 servings/lunch) at the end of Year 1 compared with children in the control group. At the end of Year 2, children in the experimental group consumed more fruit (21g; 0.23 portions/lunch; 0.15 servings/lunch), but not more vegetables compared with children in the control group. Conclusions The intervention resulted in increased F&V consumption, with more pronounced and enduring effects for fruits than vegetables.
Retroviral integrase inhibitors year 2000 : update and perspectives

HIV-1 integrase is an essential enzyme for retroviral replication and a rational target for the design of anti-AIDS drugs. A number of inhibitors have been reported in the past 8 years. This review focuses on the recent developments in the past 2 years. There are now several inhibitors with known sites of actions and antiviral activity. The challenge is to convert these leads into drugs that will selectively target integrase in vivo, and can be added to our antiviral armamentarium.
Competition Among Mass Media and the Public Interest

COMPETITION in newspaper publishing has declined noticably since 1910,1 and a few giant producers and theater owners still dominate the motion picture industry.2 It has been hoped that the growth of radio and television would provide alternative outlets for expression, especially in those communities with only one newspaper or one movie theater.3 The entry of newspapers into the field of radio and the more recent entry of movie producers and theater owners into television have, however, dimmed these hopes. On January 1 of this year, about 19 per cent of all standard stations, 33 per cent of FM stations, and 37 per cent of television outlets were affiliated With newspapers.4 Though only about 20 radio-TV stations are actually run by the movie industry today, a far more extensive marriage seems pending.5
Philosophy Rediscovered: Exploring the Connections between Teaching Philosophies, Educational Philosophies, and Philosophy.

Teaching philosophy statements reflect our personal values, connect us to those with shared values in the larger teaching community, and inform our classroom practices. In this article, we explore the often-overlooked foundations of teaching philosophies, specifically philosophy and historical educational philosophies. We review three elements of pure philosophy and five seminal educational philosophies to help readers ground their personal philosophies in both a theoretical and historical context. We illustrate how core elements of one's teaching philosophy can influence course design and the classroom environment. We suggest that teachers can develop greater authenticity in the classroom by deepening their understanding of their own philosophical ideas and beliefs.
The Problem of Commercialism in Medicine

Commercialism first became a major problem for medicine in the decade of the 1970s, when huge quantities of new money began to flow into the healthcare system, as a result of Medicaid and Medicare, and the rapid expansion of private, employer-based insurance. Of course, physicians benefited, but most of this new money went to insurance plans and medical care delivery institutions, like hospitals, nursing homes, diagnostic services, and ambulatory care facilities of many kinds. Many of these were newly established for-profit businesses. A vast number of satellite enterprises sprang up to serve the growing needs of the new businesses by providing services like marketing and advertising, brokering, consulting, information technology, financial services, case and disease management, billing and collecting, and so forth.
Microrheology with modulated optical nanoprobes (MOONs)

Metal-capping of one hemisphere of a nano or microparticle breaks the particle's optical symmetry, allowing its orientation to be tracked using fluorescence and reflection. Tracking orientation and rotation allows the torques acting on the particles be inferred. In addition to serving as rotational nanoviscometers these probes report on local Brownian, magnetic and biomechanical torques.
Angiogenesis Where Do We Stand Now

The concept of modulating blood vessel growth—stimulation or inhibition—to serve a desired clinical goal has an enormous intellectual appeal. It can be used to relieve ischemia in tissues with compromised arterial blood supply, improve edema in areas of impaired lymphatic drainage, and inhibit the growth of tumors. Other applications involve facilitating reendothelialization and inhibiting neointima formation after vascular injury, preventing the progression of atherosclerotic plaque, and promoting “vascular health” in general. The least-explored application of this concept involves modulating body and organ size by regulating the endothelial cell mass. All of these areas received a significant, albeit varied, amount of attention in past decades but only recently have we begun approaching clinical applications. Indeed, the first antiangiogenic agent has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of certain types of cancer, and it is hoped that the emergence of therapeutically useful angiogenesis-promoting agents is not far behind. This article examines some of our current understanding of the regulation of blood vessel growth in mature adult tissues and the various therapeutic applications of this knowledge. Obviously, a review of this size cannot cover such a vast field in any amount of detail, and the author regrets not citing primary references for many of the facts and concepts that are mentioned.