cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Job Shops (Deterministic)

This chapter deals with multi operation models that are different from the flow shop models discussed in the previous chapter. In a flow shop model all jobs follow the same route. When the routes are fixed, but not necessarily the same for each job, the model is called a job shop. If a job in a job shop has to visit certain machines more than once, the job is said to recirculate. Recirculation is a common phenomenon in the real world. For example, in semiconductor manufacturing jobs have to recirculate several times before they complete all their processing.
El punto de vista del boxeador: Cómo piensan y sienten los boxeadores sobre su profesión

Publicado en Theory and Society , vol. 24, no. 4 (agosto, 1995), 489 -535. Traducido por Guillermina Ines Remiro y Paola Soledad Rosica.
Information Theory and Statistical Mechanics II (1957)

This sequel had the primary purpose of extending the Maxent formalism to the density matrix, but it also went much more deeply into conceptual matters. Its weakness was in trying to do too much. A single article communicates best if it confines itself to a single topic, but this one touched lightly on a dozen matters, each of which needs a full article to do it justice. In particular, all the ramifications of the ‘Information Game’ and its relation to stochastic theory, could easily fill a book. The article remains, to this day, a source of unfinished fragments of ideas in need of development.
The use of ''kapton'' polyimide film in aerospace applications

Over the past 15 years, ''Kapton'' polyimide film has been adopted as the principal wire and cable insulation in over 70 military and commercial aircraft, missile and space vehicle applications. This wide acceptance is due to its: low weight, low smoke toxicity, high dielectric strength, toughness, chemical resistance, and the ability to withstand extremes of temperature. This paper describes the key steps in the manufacture of wire and cable insulated with ''Kapton''. It reviews the latest in shop handling techniques including automated stripping and high speed marking.
Physics Studies of Weapons Plutonium Disposition in the Integral Fast Reactor Closed Fuel Cycle

The core performance impact of weapons plutonium introduction into the Integral Fast Reactor (IFR) closed fuel cycle is investigated by comparing three disposition scenarios: a power production mode, a moderate destruction mode, and a maximum destruction mode, all at a constant heat rating of 840 MW(thermal). For each scenario, two fuel cycle models are evaluated: cores using weapons material as the sole source of transuranics in a once-through mode and recycle cores using weapons material only as required for a makeup feed. In addition, the impact of alternative feeds (recycled light water reactor or liquid-metal reactor transuranics) on burner core performance is assessed. Calculated results include mass flows, detailed isotopic distributions, neutronic performance characteristics, and reactivity feedback coefficients. In general, it is shown that weapons plutonium does not have an adverse effect on IFR core performance characteristics; also, favorable performance can be maintained for a wide variety of feed materials and fuel cycle strategies.
Purification and characterization of a deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase from rat liver.

A highly purified DNA-polymerase has been isolated from normal and regenerating rat liver by differential ultracentrifugation, acid precipitation, ammonium sulfate precipitation, and chromatography on phosphocellulose and on DNA-cellulose. The molecular weight of the enzyme is estimated to be 49,000. Enzyme purified in this manner has no detectable terminal transferase, exonuclease, and endonuclease activities. Polymerase activity is absolutely dependent upon the addition of DNA and is maximal in the presence of all four deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates. The pH optimum of the enzyme is 7.7 in Tris-HCl buffer, and the optimum Mg2+ concentration is 10 m m . Enzyme activity is inhibited 50% by 0.03 m ammonium sulfate and 94% by 3 x 10-4 m p-chloromercuribenzoate, and is not inhibited by 10 µ m ethidium bromide. Synthesis proceeds for a longer period of time in the presence of 0.2 m KCl. Neither native DNA nor denatured DNA serves effectively as a template for the enzyme. Native DNA which has been partially digested with pancreatic DNase, poly[d(A-T)] and crab d(A-T) are effective templates. With crab d(A-T) or poly[d(A-T)] under template-limiting conditions synthesis is autocatalytic and continues until complete exhaustion of the input deoxyribonucleotides occurs. The size of the product after an 8-fold net synthesis is approximately the same as that of the original template.
Toward a New/Old Theory of Corporate Social Responsibility

This article discusses how the law should treat the purpose of corporations. It argues that they should exist not just to maximize profit but to also benefit the larger philanthropic and educational needs of society. Toward that end, corporations should be more generous with those expenditures and undertake certain activity in their line of business that promotes them, even if they are profitable as other work.
You Can Use the Same Word Twice in the Identical Discussion

When legal writers vary their words and terminology only for the sake of variation, they can confuse readers. It is fine to use the same word twice in the same discussion.
Quantum interface between light and matter: New approaches and applications

We will describe experimental realization of two novel approaches to quantum interface between single photons and spins in atomic and solid-state systems. Progress towards implementation of potential applications of these techniques will be discussed.
Online emotional support delivered by trained volunteers: users' satisfaction and their perception of the service compared to psychotherapy.

AbstractBackground: Technology could answer the substantial need in human resources available for supporting those who suffer from mental illness, by providing scalable methods to train and engage non-professionals to those who need their support. 7 Cups of Tea (7COT) platform was chosen for this study, because it provides a good case study for examining this kind of solution.Aim: The aim of this paper was to provide empirical findings regarding users’ satisfaction with online emotional support provided by trained volunteers and how it is perceived in comparison to psychotherapy.Methods: An online survey was conducted among a convenience sample of 7COT users.Results: The findings showed high user satisfaction with the support provided by 7COT listeners and, on average, users who indicated to receive psychotherapy in their past marked the listeners’ support to be as helpful as psychotherapy. Relating to psychotherapy and online emotional support advantages, different advantages were found. The findings sug...
The Green's function BEM for bimaterial solids applied to edge stress concentration problems

A boundary element method (BEM) for bimaterial domains consisting of two isotropic solids bonded perfectly along the straight interface will be developed. We follow the physical interpretation of SomiglianaA¢â‚¬â„¢s identity to represent the displacement in the bimaterial domain by the continuous distributions of the line forces and dislocation dipoles over its boundary. The fundamental solutions used are the GreenA¢â‚¬â„¢s functions for the line force and the dislocation dipole that satisfy the traction and displacement continuity across the interface of two domains. There is no need to model the interface because the required continuity conditions there are automatically satisfied by the GreenA¢â‚¬â„¢s functions. The BEM will be applied to study the edge stress concentration of the bimaterial solids. We calculate the singular stress distribution at the free edge of the interface for various bimaterial configurations and loadings, in particular, for the domain consisting of thin coating over the substratum. Since the Green's function BEM does not require the boundary elements on the interface, it can handle the edge singularity on the interface accurately even for extremely thin coatings. The BEM developed here is not limited to the edge stress concentration problems and can be applied to a broad range of the bimaterial domain problems effectively.
Effect of pigmentation on polyurethane/polysiloxane hybrid coatings

Rutile TiO2 was formulated into polyurethane/polysiloxane hybrid coatings in order to investigate the influence of pigmentation on the inorganic phase of the hybrid coatings. Two urethanes were prepared from the isocyanurate of hexane diisocyanate (HDI), alkoxysilane modified HDI, and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) oligomers, with oligoesters derived from either cyclohexane diacids (CHDA) and 2-butyl-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol (BEPD) or adipic acid (AA), isophthalic acid (IPA), 1,6-hexanediol (HD), and trimethylol propane (TMP). The oligoesters were spectroscopically characterized using GPC, FT-IR, and NMR. Chemical interaction between the TiO2 and the sol–gel precursor was investigated using solid-state 29Si NMR and XPS. The morphology, mechanical, viscoelastic, thermal properties of the pigmented coatings are evaluated as a function of pigmentation volume concentration (PVC). Using AFM and SEM, the pigment was observed to be well dispersed in the polymer binder. The thermal stability, the tensile modulus, and strength of the coatings were enhanced with increasing PVC, whereas the pull-off adhesion and flexibility (elongation-at-break) were reduced with increasing PVC. Finally, the pigmented coatings were evaluated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and the results showed that 10 wt % of the pigment improved the corrosion resistance of the entire coating system. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 42947.
Obese melanocortin-4 receptor-deficient rats exhibit attenuated adrenergic vasoconstriction (1084.2)

Preeclampsia is a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy associated with placental ischemia-induced endothelial dysfunction and exaggerated vasoconstriction. Obesity is a major risk factor for the development of preeclampsia but the mechanisms are unclear. Intriguingly, we previously showed that obese MC4R heterozygous (+/-) rats not subjected to placental ischemia are normotensive with augmented endothelial-dependent relaxation and smooth muscle relaxation response to a nitric oxide donor. To further examine vascular function in obese pregnancy, we tested the hypothesis that obese MC4R +/- pregnant rats have attenuated vasoconstriction. At gestational day 19, third-order mesenteric arteries were isolated from obese MC4R +/- (N=6) and lean MC4R +/+ (N=10) rats and mounted in a wire myograph. Sensitivity (logEC50) to vasoconstriction induced by phenylephrine (PE) was significantly (P<0.05) reduced in obese (-4.9±0.3M) vs. lean (-5.6±0.1M) pregnant rats whereas the maximum contractile response (% increase in fo...
Effects of breast cancer treatment on the hormonal and cognitive consequences of acute stress.

Background: Cognitive difficulties following treatment for breast cancer are frequently reported. Breast cancer treatments also disrupt the function of ovarian and glucocorticoid hormone systems, both of which can affect cognition. Methods: To assess the influence of glucocorticoid and ovarian disruption on cognitive dysfunction, survivors of breast cancer treated with the GnRH agonist Lupron were compared with healthy controls on their glucocorticoid response to a physiological stressor, and their performance on various measures of cognition including working memory, verbal paired associate memory, and narrative recall. Results: The results indicated no significant glucocorticoid response to the stressor in Lupron-treated survivors, while the controls showed significantly elevated cortisol levels. Cognitive testing showed a general impairment of narrative recall in breast cancer survivors relative to controls, irrespective of stress treatment. When tested on an emotional narrative, controls exposed to post-training stress showed a significant enhancement of emotional recall and a significant relationship between cortisol release and subsequent memory. In contrast, post-training stress produced no cognitive enhancement in survivors, and memory performance in this group showed no relationship to cortisol levels. Conclusions: These results suggest that a disruption of the enhancement of memory by stress may contribute to cognitive difficulties following breast cancer treatment. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The utilization of ultrasonic NDE data with the SAFER finite element based code for the estimation of remaining life of a steam turbine rotor

Uncertainty exists concerning the defect size in ultrasonic NDE (nondestructive evaluation) data recorded by amplitude-based systems conducting a radial beam boresonic test on a steam turbine rotor. Five different approaches to modifying the EFBH (equivalent flat bottom hole diameter) values found in the raw data are investigated. Three conservative approaches are found to lead to reasonable results from the fracture mechanics analysis. A nonconservative treatment of the NDE data is found to lead to the prediction of immediate failures. Both deterministic and probabilistic fracture calculations are performed by EPRI-developed SAFER (stress and fracture evaluation of rotors) and PERL computer programs, respectively. >
Ecological inference for 2 × 2 tables (with discussion)

Summary. A fundamental problem in many disciplines, including political science, sociology and epidemiology, is the examination of the association between two binary variables across a series of 2 × 2 tables, when only the margins are observed, and one of the margins is fixed. Two unobserved fractions are of interest, with only a single response per table, and it is this non-identifiability that is the inherent difficulty lying at the heart of ecological inference. Many methods have been suggested for ecological inference, often without a probabilistic model; we clarify the form of the sampling distribution and critique previous approaches within a formal statistical framework, thus allowing clarification and examination of the assumptions that are required under all approaches. A particularly difficult problem is choosing between models with and without contextual effects. Various Bayesian hierarchical modelling approaches are proposed to allow the formal inclusion of supplementary data, and/or prior information, without which ecological inference is unreliable. Careful choice of the prior within such models is required, however, since there may be considerable sensitivity to this choice, even when the model assumed is correct and there are no contextual effects. This sensitivity is shown to be a function of the number of areas and the distribution of the proportions in the fixed margin across areas. By explicitly providing a likelihood for each table, the combination of individual level survey data and aggregate level data is straightforward and we illustrate that survey data can be highly informative, particularly if these data are from a survey of the minority population within each area. This strategy is related to designs that are used in survey sampling and in epidemiology. An approximation to the suggested likelihood is discussed, and various computational approaches are described. Some extensions are outlined including the consideration of multiway tables, spatial dependence and area-specific (contextual) variables. Voter registration–race data from 64 counties in the US state of Louisiana are used to illustrate the methods.
Reflexiones sobre el rol de las ciencias sociales en la educación liberal del siglo XXI

Conferencia dictada por el Profesor Jonathan Eastwood en la Universidad Andres Bello, en Santiago de Chile, el 14 de octubre de 2010. Discute, desde las posiciones formadas por experiencias propias como cientificos sociales y educadores de las ciencias sociales, lo que puede ser el rol de la educacion en ciencias sociales en nuestro mundo contemporaneo, el cual esta cambiando rapidamente, con implicaciones importantes para nuestras vidas como cientificos y como profesores.
Organizational responses to the labor market

Shifts in the labor market require adaptive responses on the part of formal organizations. Such organizational responses are shown in changes in recruitment strategies. This study examines how departments in comprehensive colleges and universities formulate their faculty recruitment strategies and set standards for new faculty personnel. Comprehensive institutions are neither research universities nor liberal arts colleges. Even though most offer graduate degrees at the master's level in such areas as teacher training and business programs, they are predominantly devoted to undergraduate education. Lacking strong ties to distinctive beliefs and identities, these institutions have become increasingly vulnerable to environmental changes.
A new approach to scientific dissemination

Ever wanted to reach beyond the printed page and talk to a worldwide audience about your research? SciVee is making it possible.
Tacit Collusion in Price-Setting Duopoly Markets: Experimental Evidence with Complements and Substitutes

We study the effect of demand structure on the ability of subjects to tacitly collude on prices by considering Bertrand substitutes and Bertrand complements. We find evidence of collusion in the complements treatment, but no such evidence is found in the substitutes treatment. This finding is somewhat in contrast with a previous study that observes tacit collusion in two treatments with similar underlying demand structures but with no market framing.
Cloning and analysis of the gene for cystathionine gamma-synthase from Arabidopsis thaliana.

A cDNA clone, CGS1, encoding cystathionine γ-synthase (CGS) from Arabidopsis thaliana was selected by complementation of CGS mutant strain of Escherichia coli (metB). Cells expressing CGS1 can grow on medium lacking Met and contain CGS enzyme activity. Genomic DNA blot analysis of A. thaliana revealed that there is a single gene homologous with CGS1. A genomic fragment carrying CGS1 was cloned and sequenced. Through combined analysis of the cDNA and genomic clone it was determined that the CGS1 coding sequence is 1692 bp, encodes a 563 amino acid, 60 kDa protein, and is interrupted by ten introns. A transcriptional initiation site was detected 260 bp 5′ of the initiator codon. The predicted amino acid sequence of CGS1 contains a consensus pyridoxal phosphate-binding site and is similar to MetB of E. coli, with which it is 35 percent identical. The CGS1 product has a sequence at the amino terminus that resembles a transit peptide for localization to plastids. At least 160 amino acids from the amino terminus of the CGS1 enzyme are not essential for enzymatic activity.
An acentric luminescent cadmium dimethylsuccinate/bipyridine coordination polymer with an uncommon three-dimensional CdSO4 topology

Abstract The acentric coordination polymer {[Cd(dms)(4,4′-bpy)(H2O)2] · H2O}n (1, dms = 2,2-dimethylsuccinate, 4,4′-bpy = 4,4′-bipyridine) has been prepared by hydrothermal synthesis and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, IR and thermogravimetric analysis. Fourfold one-dimensional (1-D) homochiral right-handed helical [Cd(dms)]n chain motifs are conjoined through tethering 4,4′-bpy ligands to construct a three-dimensional (3-D) network with uncommon CdSO4 (658) topology. Irradition of 1 with ultraviolet light results in blue–violet luminescence.
Storage and Release of Tissue Plasminogen Activator by Sympathetic Axons in Resistance Vessel Walls

We studied the immunolocalization of tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) in rat precapillary arteries, arterioles, and terminal arterioles. Lack of information about the precise location of t-PA within small vessel walls has contributed to uncertainty about its cellular source. The presumed origin has been an endothelial phenotype largely restricted to certain small vessels. However, vessel wall sympathetic axons were recently also shown to store significant amounts of a neuron-generated t-PA in secretory vesicles. Using immunolocalizations we determined the extension of t-PA-bearing axons into the resistance vasculature. Light and confocal images revealed the persistence of t-PA-bearing sympathetic nerve filaments down to the level of 15-μm-diameter terminal arterioles in vasa vasora and the choroidal microvasculature. Immunoelectron localizations confirmed the confinement of t-PA within individual nerve filaments in the deep adventitia. A complete plasminogen activator system (t-PA, plasminogen, and plasmin) was localized in the arteriolar wall matrix. Isolated iris-choroid and mesenteric artery explants from sympathectomized animals released 65 and 43% less t-PA, respectively, than controls. These data support the hypothesis that resistance vessel sympathetic axons release neural t-PA into the wall matrix and the microvascular plasma.
Effects of turbulence on mean force and moment coefficients

Abstract Mean force and moment coefficients for a series of rectangular prisms are examined for a range of geometries and flow conditions in order to isolate the effects of incident turbulence. The coefficients were determined by integrating mean pressures measured on models immersed in thick turbulent boundary layers. A clear dependence of the force and moment coefficients on the small-scale turbulence parameter is demonstrated.
The (3He, n) reaction in the lower 2s1d shell

The two-proton transfer reaction (3He, n) has been measured on four gas targets, leO, 1sO, 2°Ne, and 22Ne, with an incident SHe energy of 18.3 MeV. The data were taken with a neutron time-of-flight spectrometer in the angular range 0 ° to 40 ° c.m. The results for selected transitions are compared to DWBA predictions using shell-model spectroscopic amplitudes. In addition, the data for the lsO(3He, n)2°Ne reaction are compared to predictions of the SU(3) strong coupling model.
Tibial stress injuries: An aetiological review for the purposes of guiding management

In the last 30 years, few advances have been made in the management of tibial stress injuries such as tibial stress fracture and medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS). Tibial overuse injuries are a recognised complication of the chronic, intensive, weight-bearing training commonly practised by athletic and military populations. Generally, the most effective treatment is considered to be rest, often for prolonged periods. This is a course of action that will significantly disrupt an active lifestyle, and sometimes end activity-related careers entirely. There is now considerable knowledge of the nature of tibial stress injuries, such that presently accepted management practices can be critically evaluated and supplemented. Most recent investigations suggest that tibial stress injuries are a consequence of the repetitive tibial strain imposed by loading during chronic weight-bearing activity. Evidence is presented in this article for an association between repeated tibial bending and stress injury as a function of: (i) strain-related modelling (in the case of MTSS), and (ii) a strain-related positive feedback mechanism of remodelling (in the case of stress fracture). Factors that influence the bending response of the tibia to loading are reviewed. Finally, a guide for injury prevention and management based on research observations is presented.
Competition experiments as a means of evaluating linear free energy relationships. An experiment for the advanced undergraduate organic chemistry lab

A novel approach to exploring Hammett relationships in the undergraduate teaching lab is described. The use of competition experiments proved to be a reliable method for the construction of Hammett plots with good correlation. Reactions that were studied include the sodium borohydride reduction, methylmagnesium bromide addition, and oxime formation with para-substituted acetophenones. The composition of reaction mixtures was established by 1H NMR integrations. The use of competition experiments ensured consistency in the results, as relatively little control was required over the reaction conditions. Thus, this method provides great flexibility with regard to the compounds and reactions that may be studied.
Microcomputers and development planning: Two information systems in Indonesia

Abstract The use of computer-based information systems in planning and managing urban and environmental affairs is increasing in the developing world. This paper reviews a number of institutional and operational issues that are important in specifying and instituting a planning information system. In addition, the process of system design and implementation is discussed for two cases in Indonesia: one for the purpose of health planning in the National Development Planning Board (BAPPENAS), and another for the purpose of providing management advice to women's groups operating a small-scale credit program supported by the National Family Planning Coordinating Board (BKKBN). The cases provide the basis for some general comments about strategies for establishing successful computerized information systems in developing countries.
The facilitating effect of conflict measured with the probe stimulus technique

The present experiment used the Brown, Kalish, and Farber (1951) probe stimulus technique to determine the facilitating effect of conflicts produced with the Yelen (1969, 1979) procedure. The results from 54 college students indicated that when a probe stimulus was presented during a conflict trial, the latency of GSR was significantly faster than when the probe was presented during a nonconflict trial. The results, then, provide another source of evidence for the energizing property of conflict.
Modeling of Toxicological Effects of Fire Gases: VI. Further Studies on the Toxicity of Smoke Containing Hydrogen Chloride

Studies of rodent lethality due to exposure to HCl, as well as to mixtures of HCl and CO, have shown different apparent toxicological effects at low and at high concentrations of HCl. At low concentrations of HCl, sensory irritation causes a decrease in respiratory minute volume, with somewhat slower loading of CO and a delay in incapacitation. This effect is observable only at low con centrations of CO. At much higher HCl concentrations, pulmonary irritant ef fects are observed leading to postexposure lethality. An empirical analysis of the data for mixtures of HCl and CO suggests that exposure doses leading to lethality may be additive.The lethal toxic potency (LC50) of PVC smoke may be largely, but not entirely, accounted for by the HCl produced. However, PVC smoke exhibits a greater in cidence of early postexposure deaths. The early deaths, which may be partially attributable to a combined effect of CO and HCl, may also be linked to the pattern of respiratory penetration by the smoke. There is evidenc...
A synthesis of camphene-8-14C and toxaphene-14C

SUMMARY An efficient one-vessel synthesis of ~amphene-8-'~C was developed. ment of the resulting phosphonium salt with methyllithim produced methylene [- 14C]-triphenylphosphorane, which was condensed with camphenilone to provide ~amphene-8-~~C. pound produced toxaphene- 1 Methyl- "C iodide was reacted with triphenylphosphine; treatChlorination of the latter coman important p,olychlorinated insecticide.
Coherent pulse propagation in a collisionally-broadened Raman amplifier

Abstract We treat the simultaneous propagation of distinct pump, Raman, and fluorescence pulses in a collisionally-broadened Raman medium. Our model is based on semiclassical coupled Maxwell-Bloch equations where the atomic density matrix must be expanded from nine to thirteen elements to account for the two distinct frequencies in the Stokes light. Numerical solutions of the model allow us to identify and discuss a sequence of new coherence effects.
Dimensional change of dental amalgam and a suggested correlation between marginal integrity and creep

The dimensional stability of amalgam made with four types of alloys was measured after alloys were stored for 42 weeks in air at 60, 37, and 23 C. Discussion of a possible correlation of marginal integrity and degree of creep resulting from relative resistance of amalgams to deformation caused by expansion is included in this study of the effect of phase changes on the dimensional stability of amalgams.
Performance of tunnel portals in weathered rock

In Hawaii, Interstate H-3 will pass through twin two-lane tunnels each about 1.6 kilometers long through volcanic basalt flows common to the Hawaiian Islands. At the western portals nearest to Honolulu, the basalt is extremely weathered to great depths. Special logging and testing procedures had to be instituted to classify the characteristics and behavior of the weathered formations in a meaningful way. Drill rigs were flown in by helicopter because of restricted access. An exploratory tunnel was constructed to further explore the complex site conditions. Plate load, pressuremeter, and dowel testing in the exploratory tunnel were helpful in predicting rock reinforcement and concrete tunnel lining requirements for the larger main tunnels and portals. The portals and tunnels have been constructed and the engineering estimates during exploration were verified or changed during construction. A particularly important experience involving near-failure of the portal is the focus of this paper. This paper was presented at the 34th U.S. Symposium on rock mechanics, 27-30 June 1993, University of Wisconsin-Madison. For the covering abstract see IRRD 863389.
the Western Woods Cree: anthropological myth and historical reality

The Cree are believed to have been located east of Lake Winnipeg at the time of initial European contact. According to this belief, French and English guns gave them technological superiority over their neighbors to the west, permitting them to rapidly conquer the lands west to the Peace River. Accumulating archaeological, ethnological, historical, and linguistic evidence establishes Cree as the aboriginal inhabitants of the western region. The development of the ethnological myth and the historical reality are analyzed, and some theoretical implications suggested. [Cree, ethnohistory, culture change, cultural persistence, cultural ecology]
Influence of oxygen content on the forging response of equiaxed (α+β) preform of Ti–6Al–4V: commercial vs. ELI grade

Abstract The hot deformation characteristics of equiaxed (α+β) preform of Ti–6Al–4V have been evaluated in two oxygen grades viz., commercial grade and extra-low interstitial (ELI) grade. Constant strain rate hot compression tests were conducted on cylindrical specimens in the temperature range 750–1100°C and strain rate range 10 −3 –100 s −1 up to a true strain of about 0.5. The shapes of stress–strain curves in the α–β region and β-region, the kinetic parameters, and the processing maps obtained on the two grades have been compared with a view to evaluate the effect of oxygen on the processing of Ti–6Al–4V with equiaxed (α+β) preform. The shapes of the stress–strain curves are similar in the two oxygen grades although the flow stress of the commercial grade is slightly higher than that of the ELI grade. While the values of the stress exponent are similar in both grades, the apparent activation energy for hot deformation of commercial grade is higher than that of the ELI grade in both α–β and β ranges. The processing maps revealed that superplasticity occurs in the α–β range while dynamic recrystallization (DRX) occurs in the β range. In the commercial grade, the superplasticity domain is spread over a wider temperature range and occurs at lower strain rates than that in the ELI grade. On the other hand, the ductility peak in the ELI grade is narrow and may require closer temperature control during processing. The DRX of β occurs at 1100°C in both grades but at a higher strain rate in the commercial grade than in the ELI grade. Unlike the commercial grade, deformation of the ELI grade close to the β transus has to be avoided since a possibility of void nucleation or wedge crack formation exists at slow strain rates. Both grades exhibit flow instabilities manifested as adiabatic shear bands and flow localization when deformed at strain rates higher than about 1 s −1 .
Failure analysis of rigid vinyl

In an attempt to better understand factors that govern the fracture resistance of rigid vinyl components, a multifaceted study was undertaken. Fracture toughness was determined by a high rate servohydraulic tester. Failure morphologies were analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). In many cases, very abrupt ductile to brittle transitions were observed at moderate strain rates. In addition, since the glass transition temperature for these materials are relatively low, being of the order of 70°C to 80°C, considerable free volume relaxation or physical aging are observed at conditions near or slightly above ambient. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) was used to quantify the degree of aging. Results correlated with observed failure properties.
Alzheimer's disease and other neurological disorders.

Menopausal status and estrogen-containing hormone therapy may influence several neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, migraine headache, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, sleep disorders, and stroke. For most of these illnesses, evidence on hormone therapy is insufficient to guide practice decisions. For stroke, clinical trial evidence indicates that hormone therapy increases risk of cerebral infarction. For women with Alzheimer's disease, estrogen treatment trials have tended to be small and of short duration. Most suggest that estrogen started after the onset of dementia symptoms does not meaningfully improve cognition or slow disease progression. Hormone therapy initiated after age 64 increased all-cause dementia in the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study. Many observational studies, however, report protective associations between hormone use and Alzheimer risk. Apparent risk reduction may represent a bias toward hormone therapy, since hormones are more often prescr...
Lipase catalyzed synthesis of silicone polyesters.

Immobilized Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB) was successfully employed as a catalyst to synthesize silicone aromatic polyesters by the transesterification of dimethyl terephthalate with α,ω-bis(hydroxyalkyl)-terminated poly(dimethylsiloxane) in toluene under mild reaction conditions.
Ultra-low threshold and high speed electrically driven photonic crystal nanocavity lasers and LEDs

We have demonstrated an electrically driven photonic crystal nanocavity laser with record low threshold (180nA) and a single mode photonic crystal nanocavity LED directly modulated at 10GHz speed with 0.25 fJ/bit energy consumption.
High power gyrotrons and their appplications

The gyrotron is the most powerful source of coherent radiation in the millimeter wave and terahertz region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Early research on the gyrotron was aimed at producing high average power gyrotron oscillators for use in plasma heating. Today, gyrotron oscillators produce over 1 MW of average power in continuous (CW) operation at frequencies up to 170 GHz. Such gyrotrons are a crucial part of the program to heat plasmas to temperatures suitable for nuclear fusion reactors. In recent years, operation of the gyrotron oscillator has been extended to the THz range, at moderate average power levels (tens to hundreds of watts) or, in pulsed mode, at tens to hundreds of kilowatts. Gyrotron amplifiers have also made significant advances, with extension of operating frequencies to 250 GHz and peak power levels to above 50 kW in W-Band (95 GHz). These recent advances in gyrotron oscillator and amplifier research and development have opened up a wide range of exciting new applications. Examples of important applications of gyrotrons include: high power radars for weather and defense; enhanced NMR spectroscopy of biomolecules; materials heating and processing; nuclear material detection; cancer detection and cancer therapy; terahertz imaging; gas and air breakdown by intense millimeter wave beams; rocket propulsion; wireless power beaming; and food processing and purification. The state-of-the-art of gyrotron research will be reviewed together with examples of present-day and proposed future novel applications.
Determination of picomolar levels of flavins in natural waters by solid-phase ion-pair extraction and liquid chromatography

Abstract A method is described for the rapid determination of flavins in sea water, based on solid-phase extraction followed by ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection. Riboflavin, flavin mononucleotide (FMN), and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and their photochemical breakdown products, lumiflavin, formylmethylflavin, and lumichrome can be determined with subpicomolar detection limits. The method was used at sea in the analysis of coastal and open ocean waters. In both environments, riboflavin, lumiflavin and lumichrome were routinely observed at concentrations in the picomolar range; lumiflavin and lumichrome were generally confined to the photic zone while riboflavin was present throughout the water column. Formylmethylflavin, FMN, and FAD were only occasionally observed; when present, these flavins were observed at consistently higher concentrations than riboflavin, lumiflavin and lumichrome.
The Determination of Extracellular Fluid Volume in Whole Dental Plaque Using Potassium- or Chloride-selective Micro-electrodes

This paper describes a procedure for the determination of the volume of water available for diffusion in whole plaque samples collected from single sites. In this procedure, known micro volumes of H2O were added to single-site plaque samples with calibrated nanoliter pipettes and the potassium or chloride concentration at each dilution measured with ion-selective micro-electrodes. By plotting the inverse of the concentration versus the volume of H2O added, one can determine the original volume of plaque fluid available for diffusion. Volumes determined in simultaneous measurements performed with chloride and potassium micro-electrodes were statistically indistinguishable. From the observed constancy in the initial potassium concentration in rat and human plaque fluid, a simplified macro method is suggested which allows for estimation of the extracellular fluid volume within 20% error in plaque samples.
The effects of focusing on the efficiency of coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering

The efficiency of coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) is calculated as a function of the input beam sizes of the Stokes and pump laser beams. A Green's function formalism is used to show that maximum efficiency occurs when the confocal parameters of the two input beams are unequal and when the phase mismatch between the anti-Stokes field and the nonlinear polarization is nonzero.
Mexico's Changing Political Reality: an Analysis of the Eighties

Toward the end of 1979 an important collection of essays by some of Mexico's most prominent and progressive scholars was published by Siglo XXI. Entitled Mexico, hoy (Mexico, today), this collection attempted to provide a critical analysis of contemporary Mexican society, delineate the major economic, social, and political problems facing the country as it entered the eighties, propose a political strategy which could lead to the increasing democratization of Mexican society, and provide the basis for a transition to democratic socialism. This work remains the most important analysis of Mexican society to date. In the preface the coordinators of this collective effort, Pablo Gonzailez Casanova and Enrique Florescano, give the political context of Mexico, hoy: "For the authors of these essays the solution to national problems does not lose its validity if a socialist and internationalist position is taken . . . We share one certainty: Humanity's problems have to be resolved by the road of socialism and in the framework of a new international order." While these statements might lead one to believe that the contributors have in common a socialist and internationalist perspective, the positions actually taken by the essayists range from those of revolutionary nationalism and social democracy to that of a revolutionary socialist solution to Mexico's problems. To Gonzailez Casanova and Florescano, such differences of political perspective are not a fundamental problem at this stage of political development because all the contributors share the conviction that progressive forces in Mexico, both outside and within the state, must now join together to pressure the regime into pursuing more democratic and nationalistic policies. A decade ago a comparable collection of essays, El perfil de Mexico en 1980 (Profile of Mexico in 1980), was published by Siglo XXI. This three-volume collection represented an effort by Victor Urquidi, director of El Colegio
Vector quantization and learning vector quantization for radar target classification

Radar target classification performance is greatly dependent on how the classifier represents the strongly angle dependent radar target signatures. This paper compares the performance of classifiers that represent radar target signatures using vector quantization (VQ) and learning vector quantization (LVQ). The classifier performance is evaluated with a set of high resolution millimeter-wave radar data from four ground vehicles (Camaro, van, pickup, and bulldozer). LVQ explicitly includes classification performance in its data representation criterion, whereas VQ only makes use of a distortion measure such as mean square distance. The classifier that uses LVQ to represent the radar data has a much higher probability of correct classification than VQ.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A three-dimensional approach to the electrolytic degradation of solid electrolytes

A semiquantitative three-dimensional analysis of the electrolytic degradation of solid electrolytes is presented. This analysis leads to critical current densities that are in accord with experimental observations in contrast with the two-dimensional models which lead to a discrepancy of three orders of magnitude. The effect of microstructure has also been incorporated into the analysis.
GPS APPLICATION TO SEISMIC OIL EXPLORATION

This paper is to communicate the global positioning requirements of the geophysical oil exploration industry, shows that the NAVSTAR Global Positioning System (GPS) meets these requirements, and encourages the development of GPS as an international geodetic positioning resource whose peacetime use extends it far beyond its intended military use. The geophysical oil exploration industry has always needed high-precision global positioning. Most of today’s oil exploration is by the seismic method. The end product of a seismic survey is a three-dimensional map of the subsurface geometry below the prospect area. The end objective is to precisely locate a subterranean formation that could support oil and to drill for oil in this location with a high expectancy of discovery. Oil is becoming increasingly difficult, hence more expensive, to find; it is either too deep for the resolution of prior surveys to discover and/or located in remote, sometimes hostile environments. Geodetic control is also becoming more of a problem for the seismic industry for similar reasons. GPS can solve the geodetic control problem, so perhaps the geophysical industry will become the first commercial user of GPS.
Succinoxidase activity in two species of Bracon (Hymenoptera: Braconidae).

Bracon hebetor Say and B. serinopae Cherian, which are similar in gross morphology but differ in duration of life span, were studied to determine whether differences occur in their succinoxidase systems and whether adult life span can be related to “rate of living.” Two types of tetrazolium salts were used as metabolic indicators. When triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) was used, B. hebetor showed higher activity than B. scrinopae , and males of each species showed higher activity than females. No differences were observed when 2- p -iodophenyl-3-nitro-phenyl-5-phenyltetrazolium chloride (INT) was used. The addition of cytochrome-c or nicotine adenine dinucleotide phosphate reduced, or eliminated, respectively, the differences noted in assay with TTC. The varied responses suggested innate differences between the succin-oxidase systems of the 2 species.
Therapeutic misconception and stem cell research

Therapeutic misconception is a problem for all research aimed at developing treatments for human diseases. The term "therapeutic misconception" was originally coined in 1982 to describe a fundamental confusion among research subjects and researchers alike between the goals of research (generalisable knowledge) and the goals of clinical care (improving the health of an individual patient)1. However, the phenomenon was recognised and documented as a set of misunderstandings among research subjects about scientific methods such as randomisation and placebo controls, and of underestimation of risk and overestimation of benefit of participating in medical research. The latter is now sometimes distinguished as "therapeutic misestimation".
The curcumin analog ca27 down-regulates androgen receptor through an oxidative stress mediated mechanism in human prostate cancer cells

BACKGROUND The androgen receptor (AR) plays a critical role in prostate cancer development and progression. Therefore, the inhibition of AR function is an established therapeutic intervention. Since the expression of the AR is retained and often increased in progressive disease, AR protein down-regulation is a promising therapeutic approach against prostate cancer. We show here that the curcumin analog 27 (ca27) down-regulates AR expression in several prostate cancer cell lines. METHODS ca27 at low micromolar concentrations was tested for its effect on AR expression, AR activation, and induction of oxidative stress in human LNCaP, C4-2, and LAPC-4 prostate cancer cells. RESULTS ca27 induced the down-regulation of AR protein expression in LNCaP, C4-2, and LAPC-4 cells within 12 hr. Further, ca27 led to the rapid induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). To further support this finding, ca27 treatment led to the activation of the cellular redox sensor NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and the induction of the Nrf2-regulated genes NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 and aldoketoreductase 1C1. We show that ROS production preceded AR protein loss and that ca27-mediated down-regulation of the AR was attenuated by the antioxidant, N-acetyl cysteine. CONCLUSIONS ca27 induces ROS and mediates AR protein down-regulation through an oxidative stress mechanism of action. Our results suggest that ca27 represents a novel agent for the elucidation of mechanisms of AR down-regulation, which could lead to effective new anti-androgenic strategies for the treatment of advanced prostate cancer. Prostate 72:612–625, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Research on External Flow and Heat Transfer Characteristics of H-Type Fin Tube Based on Longitudinal Vortex

An H-type fin tube based on longitudinal vortex for boiler economizer is put forward in this paper, in order to solve the problem of too high temperature for denitration catalyst reaction for flue gas leaving the econonmizer. CFD method is adopted to study the external flow and heat transfer characteristics of the H-type fin tube based on longitudinal vortex, obtaining the flow field and temperature field distribution in the near wall region outside the fin tube. The results show that vortex flow in different degrees occurs in the rear flow field of the H-type fin tube based on longitudinal vortex, which introduces velocity component normal to main stream direction to the fluid of main flow zone, improves the synergy of temperature gradient field with velocity field and significantly enhances heat transfer performance of the fin tube. Within the parameter range studied in this paper, the 30° attack angle makes the best PEC value and correspondingly best comprehensive heat transfer performance.