cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Determinantal formulae for matrices with sparse inverses, II: asymmetric zero patterns

Abstract In an earlier paper, formulae for det A as a ratio of products of principal minors of A were exhibited, for any given symmetric zero-pattern of A −1 . These formulae may be presented in terms of a spanning tree of the intersection graph of certain index sets associated with the zero pattern of A −1 . However, just as the determinant of a diagonal and of a triangular matrix are both the product of the diagonal entries, the symmetry of the zero pattern is not essential for these formulae. We describe here how analogous formulae for det A may be obtained in the asymmetric-zero-pattern case by introducing a directed spanning tree. We also examine the converse question of determining all possible zero patterns of A −1 which guarantee that a certain determinantal formula holds.
A brief depression scale for use in the medically ill.

Objective:Using items from two existing depression scales, we have sought to develop a brief self-rated instrument for detecting major depressive disorder (M.D.D.) in medically ill, hospitalized patients.Method:Forty-two items from the Geriatric Depression Scale (G.D.S.) and Carroll Depression Scale were administered to 559 men under age 40 or over age 70 consecutively admitted to the hospital. Eighty-two M.D.D.'s were diagnosed in this group by structured psychiatric interview. After eliminating 12 items confounded by medical illness, 11 items were selected using regression analysis, correlation with the total score, and factor analysis. The 11-item scale includes an assessment of the five DSM-III-R criteria for M.D.D. which are least confounded by medical illness (mood, suicidal intent, guilt or worthlessness, concentration, and psychomotor agitation). The scale was then tested in 78 medical inpatients who were later assessed for M.D.D. using a structured psychiatric interview.Results:Ten out of twelve ...
Localization of the insulin receptor and phosphoinositide 3-kinase in detergent-resistant membrane rafts of rod photoreceptor outer segments.

Lipid rafts are specialized membrane domains enriched in certain lipids, cholesterol and proteins. The existence of lipid rafts was first hypothesized in 1988 (Simons and van Meer, 1988; Simons and Ikonen, 1997), but what we know as “caveolae”, flask-shaped types of lipid rafts, were observed earlier (Yamada, 1955). Three general types of rafts- caveolae, glycospingolipid enriched membranes (GEM), and polyphosphoinositide-rich rafts- have been described (Jacobson and Dietrich, 1999) and may be oriented on the “inner leaflet” (PIP2 rich rafts and caveolae) or the “outer leaflet” (GEM). The fatty acid chains of lipids within the raft tend to be more saturated and these are more tightly packed, creating domains with higher order. It is therefore thought that rafts exist in a separate ordered phase that floats in a sea of poorly ordered lipids.
The fatigue experience: Persons with HIV infection

Fatigue is a frequently reported symptom by persons with HIV infection and one that has an adverse impact on activities of daily living and overall quality of life. Although the concept of fatigue has been studied extensively and discussed in the literature, little is known about the experience of fatigue by persons with HIV infection. A hermeneutic phenomenological study was conducted to investigate the subjective experience of HIV-associated fatigue and to describe the management of fatigue in the context of daily life. In-depth interviews were done with 10 adult patients of an outpatient HIV/AIDS clinic. Thematic analysis identified three concerns that represented the meaning of fatigue for the participants. The first concern was 'Fatigue as a signal of AIDS'. A second concern was 'The mind, the body, the social experience of fatigue'. The third concern was 'Choosing ways to live with fatigue and addiction'. The findings provide insights for nursing practice regarding the subjective meaning of fatigue for patients with HIV and the need for nurses to explore this topic with patients.
Recognition of the unique structure of DNA:RNA hybrids

Targeting nucleic acids using small molecules routinely uses the end products in the conversion pathway of "DNA to RNA, RNA to protein". However, the intermediate processes in this path have not always been targeted. The DNA-RNA interaction, specifically DNA:RNA hybrid formation, provides a unique target for controlling the transfer of genetic information through binding by small molecules. Not only do DNA:RNA hybrids differ in conformation from widely targeted DNA and RNA, the low occurrence within biological systems further validates their therapeutic potential. Surprisingly, a survey of the literature reveals only a handful of ligands that bind DNA:RNA hybrids; in comparison, the number of ligands designed to target DNA is in the thousands. DNA:RNA hybrids, from their scientific inception to current applications in ligand targeting, are discussed.
Opportunistic routing under unknown stochastic models

We consider opportunistic routing in wireless ad-hoc networks under an unknown probabilistic local broadcast model. The objective is to design online learning algorithms that govern the sequential selection of relaying nodes based on the realizations of the probabilistic wireless links. The performance measure of interest is regret, defined as the expected additional cost accumulated over time when compared with the optimal centralized opportunistic routing policy under a known model of the wireless links. We propose both centralized and distributed online learning algorithms that achieve the optimal logarithmic regret order.
Electron Exchange Along the Tercyclopentadienyltrimetallic Scaffold: Kinetics, Equilibria, and Bond Strengths

Author(s): Cammack, J. Kevin; Amouri, Hani; Leonard, Philip W.; Myrabo, Randy L.; Vollhardt, Peter C.
Part Based Human Tracking In A Multiple Cues Fusion Framework

This paper presents a real time video surveillance system which is capable of tracking multiple humans simultaneously. To better deal with various challenging issues such as occlusions, sharp motion changes and multi-person confusions, we propose an intelligent fusion framework where multiple cues are combined to seek the optimal objects state and more reliable cues have larger influences on the final decision. Further, part based human tracking provides a second-level information fusion in that parts with weak observability can be compensated by tracking other more visible ones, which demonstrates its effectiveness for highly articulated objects like humans.
Spatial Variability of Antarctic Temperature Anomalies and Their Association With the Southern Hemisphere Atmospheric Circulation

The spatial variability of seasonal mean temperature departures at 26 stations around Antarctica, southern South America, and nearby islands is shown using factor analysis. An opposition in temperature anomalies between mainland stations and those on or near the Ant- arctic Peninsula is a recurring pattern of spatial variability in all seasons but spring. Other factors indicate that temperature anomalies alternate in sign around the continent and especially near the peninsula. The association between the spatial patterns of temperature variability and fea- tures of the atmospheric circulation at middle and higher latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere is also examined. In each season the time series of one factor is significantly associated with temporal variations in the strength of the 500 mb westerlies, measured using height differences across six pairs of middle-latitude and Antarctic stations. In winter and summer the westerlies are linked to the mainlandiPeninsula temperature opposition pattern such that when zonal flow is anomalously strong, mainland stations are anomalously cold. In autumn and spring, temper- ature variability is highly related to meridional flow strength over New Zealand and in the lee of the Andes, and is associated with interannual longitudinal shifts in the positions of the climatological lows near the Antarctic coast. A deep Andes trough is associated with longer- than-usual ice duration at the South Orkneys. Historically, strong troughing and heavy sea-ice conditions in the South Atlantic occurred between 1920 and 1935.
European Union patient safety

In this issue, Lee McGill describes recommendations on patient safety from the European Commission, including the prevention and control of healthcare-associated infections, which it is hoped will be adopted in 2009 (pp 136–9). What might these recommendations contribute to improving patient
Living with the Dead: Mortuary Ritual in Mesoamerica

Reviewed Medium: book Year: 2011 Publisher: University of Arizona Press ISBN: 978-0-8165-2976-6 (hard cover).
A Stage Model of Behavioral Therapies Research: Getting Started and Moving on From Stage I

The progressively rigorous methodological requirements of conducting clinical trials of behavioral treatments has placed a large burden on individual investigators, as treatment manuals, methods of evaluating treatment quality and fidelity, and persuasive evidence of the treatment's promise are now virtual requirements of receiving support for conducting a clinical trial of a new or adapted treatment. A Stage Model of Behavioral Therapies research, by articulating the progressive stages of development and evaluation for behavioral treatments, recognizes the scientific merit and need for support for treatment development and initial evaluation designated as stage I. This article describes the conduct of stage I research, including issues addressed in stage I research, major design decisions confronted by investigators, the close relationship of stage I to stage II research and proposes a time line for stage I research.
Predictive transform for optimum digital signal processing

A unified approach to optimum digital signal modeling, coding, estimation, and control is outlined. The origins of the proposed technique reside in a minimum-mean-square-error predictive transform (PT) coding formulation which yields a decoder that is a whitening PT model of the source whose output is to be encoded. This PT decoder is integrated with Kalman estimation (prediction, filtering and smoothing) as well as linear quadratic Gaussian control to produce a comprehensive approach to estimation and control that directly addresses the signal modeling problem. An additional bonus of the proposed unified approach to optimum digital signal processing is that a transformation mechanism arises which leads to significant design and implementation simplifications when the dimension of the signal is large. These ideas are illustrated with a 2D monochrome image application, where it is found that the design and implementation requirements of a PT smoother are often much less than those of a Kalman smoother with strictly similar performance. Specifically, the design computational burden is often improved by a factor greater than four and the implementation complexity burden by a factor close to four. >
Correlation Between Crash Severity and Embankment Geometry

The severity of a roadside feature is often based on survey responses and has tended to emphasize extreme crash events, thereby overestimating the average severity of a particular feature. In this study, severity was related to embankment geometry by examining real-world accident data over a 7-year period. This was done by correlating the number of severe and fatal accidents to the exposure of particular slope geometries. Slope geometry was described by slope steepness and fill height, and its exposure was described by traffic volume and total unshielded mileage. Severity was adjusted for posted speed limits as well. The Roadside Safety Analysis Program (RSAP) was calibrated such that the distribution of severe injury and fatal accidents accurately reflected real-world data. Using this calibrated version of RSAP, the new severity indexes were studied and equations were created to correlate severity index to functional class, fill height, slope steepness, and posted speed limit. The local highway classific...
Role for cathepsin K in emphysema in smoke-exposed guinea pigs.

The protease-antiprotease imbalance in the lung plays an important role in the pathogenesis of smoke-induced emphysema. The aim of this study was to characterize the proteolytic responses leading to emphysema formation in the guinea pig smoke exposure model. Guinea pigs were exposed to cigarette smoke for 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks. Age-matched guinea pigs exposed to room air served as controls. Cigarette smoke induced inflammation after 4 weeks and generated emphysematous changes in the guinea pigs after 12 weeks of smoke exposure. Increased phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases was demonstrated post cigarette smoke exposure. A decrease in elastin and collagen and the loss of type III collagen were observed in the alveolar wall of smoke-exposed guinea pigs. Interestingly, no change was seen in the expression of collagenolytic matrix metalloproteinases. Furthermore, the authors observed a 3-fold increase in ca...
Motor skills matter to physical activity – at least for children

Physical activity (PA) is an effective means of curbing the prevalence of child obesity, andfundamental skills are hypothesized to be an important factor that determines physically active orinactive behavior in children.1 Research evidence suggests that adolescents and young adultswith proficient motor skills in sport-related activities are more likely to have a physically activelifestyle.1 Because physically active lifestyles start at a young age and track into adulthood,2 thequestion arises: how young should we start to teach motor skills to children to foster physicallyactive behavior? Built on previous research work, the study by Robinson et al.3 investigated thepredictive power of motor skill competence and perceived physical competence for school dayPA in pre-school children.
The Teenage Brain: Cognitive Control and Motivation

Adolescence is associated with heightened mortality rates due in large measure to negative consequences from risky behaviors. Theories of adolescent risk taking posit that it is driven by immature cognitive control coupled with heightened reward reactivity, yet surprisingly few empirical studies have examined these neurobiological systems together. In this article, we describe a series of studies from our laboratory aimed at further delineating the maturation of cognitive control through adolescence, as well as how rewards influence a key aspect of cognitive control: response inhibition. Our findings indicate that adolescents can exert adult-like control over their behavior but that they have limitations regarding the consistency with which they can generate optimal responses compared with adults. Moreover, we demonstrate that the brain circuitry supporting mature cognitive (inhibitory) control is still undergoing development. Our work using the rewarded antisaccade task, a paradigm that enables concurren...
Strengthening of Infill Masonry Walls with FRP Materials

This paper evaluates the effectiveness of different externally bonded glass fiber–reinforced polymer (GFRP) systems for increasing the out-of-plane resistance of infill masonry walls to loading. The research included a comprehensive experimental program comprising 14 full-scale specimens, including four unstrengthened (control) specimens and 10 strengthened specimens. To simulate the boundary conditions of infill walls, all specimens consisted of a reinforced concrete (RC) frame, simulating the supporting RC elements of a building superstructure, which was infilled with solid concrete brick masonry. The specimens were loaded out-of-plane using uniformly distributed pressure to simulate the differential (suction) pressure induced by a tornado. Parameters investigated in the experimental program included aspect ratio, FRP coverage ratio, number of masonry wythes, and type of FRP anchorage. Test results indicated that the type of FRP anchorage had a significant effect on the failure mode. Research findings c...
Pseudomonas syringae Type III Secretion System Targeting Signals and Novel Effectors Studied with a Cya Translocation Reporter

Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain DC3000 is a pathogen of tomato and Arabidopsis. The hrp-hrc-encoded type III secretion system (TTSS), which injects bacterial effector proteins (primarily called Hop or Avr proteins) into plant cells, is required for pathogenicity. In addition to being regulated by the HrpL alternative sigma factor, most avr or hop genes encode proteins with N termini that have several characteristic features, including (i) a high percentage of Ser residues, (ii) an aliphatic amino acid (Ile, Leu, or Val) or Pro at the third or fourth position, and (iii) a lack of negatively charged amino acids within the first 12 residues. Here, the well-studied effector AvrPto was used to optimize a calmodulin-dependent adenylate cyclase (Cya) reporter system for Hrp-mediated translocation of P. syringae TTSS effectors into plant cells. This system includes a cloned P. syringae hrp gene cluster and the model plant Nicotiana benthamiana. Analyses of truncated AvrPto proteins fused to Cya revealed that the N-terminal 16 amino acids and/or codons of AvrPto are sufficient to direct weak translocation into plant cells and that longer N-terminal fragments direct progressively stronger translocation. AvrB, tested because it is poorly secreted in cultures by the P. syringae Hrp system, was translocated into plant cells as effectively as AvrPto. The translocation of several DC3000 candidate Hop proteins was also examined by using Cya as a reporter, which led to identification of three new intact Hop proteins, designated HopPtoQ, HopPtoT1, and HopPtoV, as well as two truncated Hop proteins encoded by the naturally disrupted genes hopPtoS4::tnpA and hopPtoAG::tnpA. We also confirmed that HopPtoK, HopPtoC, and AvrPphEPto are translocated into plant cells. These results increased the number of Hrp system-secreted proteins in DC3000 to 40. Although most of the newly identified Hop proteins possess N termini that have the same features as the N termini of previously described Hop proteins, HopPtoV has none of these characteristics. Our results indicate that Cya should be a useful reporter for exploring multiple aspects of the Hrp system in P. syringae.
Community Involvement and Reduced Risk Behavior Engagement Among African American Adolescents: The Mediating Role of Empowerment Beliefs

Studies have indicated disproportionate health risks among African American adolescents. Given these estimates, research has focused on the prevention of health risk behaviors among this population. Using a strengths-based approach, the current study explored associations between community involvement and African American youths’ health risk behaviors. Additionally, this investigation examined youths’ empowerment beliefs as a mediator of this association. Participants in this study were 1,452 African American youth (M = 14.41; SD = 1.14; 59% female) residing in a large Midwestern city. Results indicated that community involvement was not directly associated with adolescent health risk behaviors. However, empowerment beliefs mediated the association between community youth involvement and adolescent sexual risk behaviors. Findings suggest the importance of identifying mechanisms that better illuminate the link between community involvement and African American adolescents’ health risk behaviors.
Towards an unbiased estimate of fluctuations in reef abundance and volume during the Phanerozoic

Abstract. The globally preserved number and volume of ancient biogenic reefs is strongly biased by two factors: geological history and research intensity. These biases are sufficiently strong to cast doubts on the biological meaning of the recorded raw pattern. Without adjustment, it is hard to reliably identify factors potentially controlling the waxing and waning of this important ecosystem through time. Although it is currently impossible to completely compensate for the biases, I demonstrate here, based on a comprehensive database of ancient reefs, that spatiotemporal heterogeneities of the biases can largely be evened out by: (1) omitting oceanic reef sites and reef sites only known from subsurface exploration; (2) standardizing for economic factors known to affect research intensity; and (3) adjusting for sedimentary cycling processes. The resulting curves of fossil reef abundance and volume appear quite different from the original ones but the patterns of waxing and waning of the time series are not significantly altered and the overall volatility is not reduced. This suggests that both the raw curves and the adjusted curves correctly depict the basic timing of major reef blooms and declines. Nevertheless, the general pattern of the new curves (maximum proliferation in the middle Paleozoic, decline thereafter) is more in line with patterns of global cratonic carbonate sedimentation than the original curves. The adjusted curves should thus be preferred over the original ones for future tests of potential extrinsic controls of Phanerozoic reef development.
Quantum correlation of fiber-based telecom-band photon pairs through standard loss and random media

We study quantum correlation and interference of fiber-based telecom-band photon pairs with one photon of the pair experiencing multiple scattering in a random medium. We measure joint probability of two-photon detection for signal photon in a normal channel and idler photon in a channel, which is subjected to two independent conditions: standard loss (neutral density filter) and random media. We observe that both conditions degrade the correlation of signal and idler photons, and depolarization of the idler photon in random medium can enhance two-photon interference at certain relative polarization angles. Our theoretical calculation on two-photon polarization correlation and interference as a function of mean free path is in agreement with our experiment data. We conclude that quantum correlation of a polarization-entangled photon pair is better preserved than a polarization-correlated photon pair as one photon of the pair scatters through a random medium.
Conquered or Granted? A History of Suffrage Extensions

Why was franchise extended to the lower classses and to women? Was it conquered by the excluded groups, threatening that unless they were admitted as citizens they would reach for power by other, revolutionary, means? Or was it voluntarily granted by the incumbent elites? This question is examined statistically, using a new dataset covering the entire world from the inception of representative institutions until now. The general picture that emerges is that the poorer classes fought their way into the representative institutions and, once admitted, they were organized by different political parties. In pursuit of their economic and social goals, these parties sought to enhance their electoral positions, treating the issue of female suffrage as an instrument of electoral competition.
Lipid laden macrophage indices and reflux finding score in canine gastroesophageal reflux model

Laryngeal exposure to acid and aspiration of gastric contents may lead to severe respiratory disorders. This study utilizes the canine model of Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) to identify whether lower esophageal dysfunction is associated with upper and lower airway pathology. Materials and Methods Five mongrel dogs underwent GER-creating surgery (partial cardiomyectomy). Laryngeal reflux finding score (RFS), lipid-laden macrophage index (LLMI) and BAL fluid cell differential were obtained before and after surgery. Results Partial cardiomyectomy in dogs significantly increased the Reflux index (RI) from 0.38 ± 0.21% to 7.56 ± 2.89% (P = 0.048), the duration of the longest reflux episode (DLRE) from 1.22 ± 1.19 min to 66.2 ± 42.03 min postoperatively (P = 0.049) and the total number of episodes in 24 hr from 2.06 ± 1.03 to a postoperative value of 19.24 ± 4.79. There was no statistically significant change in values for RFS, LLMI, and BAL fluid cell differential after the induction of GER. Conclusions Acid reflux to the proximal esophagus of this animal model did not cause laryngeal exposure to acid or aspiration of gastric content. The results of this study suggest that presence of GER, secondary to lower esophageal dysfunction is not necessarily associated with upper and lower airway pathology. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2007; 42:1181–1186. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Immunological and Inflammatory Functions of the Interleukin-1 Family

More than any other cytokine family, the interleukin (IL)-1 family is closely linked to the innate immune response. This linkage became evident upon the discovery that the cytoplasmic domain of the IL-1 receptor type I is highly homologous to the cytoplasmic domains of all Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Thus, fundamental inflammatory responses such as the induction of cyclooxygenase type 2, increased expression of adhesion molecules, or synthesis of nitric oxide are indistinguishable responses of both IL-1 and TLR ligands. Both families nonspecifically affect antigen recognition and lymphocyte function. IL-1β is the most studied member of the IL-1 family because of its role in mediating autoinflammatory diseases. Although the TLR and IL-1 families evolved to assist in host defense against infection, unlike the TLR family, the IL-1 family also includes members that suppress inflammation, both specifically within the IL-1 family but also nonspecifically for TLR ligands and the innate immune response.
Adaptive trial designs: a review of barriers and opportunities

Adaptive designs allow planned modifications based on data accumulating within a study. The promise of greater flexibility and efficiency stimulates increasing interest in adaptive designs from clinical, academic, and regulatory parties. When adaptive designs are used properly, efficiencies can include a smaller sample size, a more efficient treatment development process, and an increased chance of correctly answering the clinical question of interest. However, improper adaptations can lead to biased studies. A broad definition of adaptive designs allows for countless variations, which creates confusion as to the statistical validity and practical feasibility of many designs. Determining properties of a particular adaptive design requires careful consideration of the scientific context and statistical assumptions. We first review several adaptive designs that garner the most current interest. We focus on the design principles and research issues that lead to particular designs being appealing or unappealing in particular applications. We separately discuss exploratory and confirmatory stage designs in order to account for the differences in regulatory concerns. We include adaptive seamless designs, which combine stages in a unified approach. We also highlight a number of applied areas, such as comparative effectiveness research, that would benefit from the use of adaptive designs. Finally, we describe a number of current barriers and provide initial suggestions for overcoming them in order to promote wider use of appropriate adaptive designs. Given the breadth of the coverage all mathematical and most implementation details are omitted for the sake of brevity. However, the interested reader will find that we provide current references to focused reviews and original theoretical sources which lead to details of the current state of the art in theory and practice.
Evidence That Methadone Stimulates Prolactin Release by Dopamine Receptor Blockade

This study has shown that methadone shares with phenothiazine and butyrophenone neuroleptics the ability to stimulate prolactin release. Administration of D,L-methadone to male rats resulted in elevated serum prolactin levels of a magnitude similar to those noted in rats treated with chlorpromazine or haloperidol. Simultaneous administration of apomorphine and methadone prevented the rise of serum prolactin. We suggest that methadone can stimulate prolactin release by blockading dopamine receptors.
Digital inequality and racialized place in the 21st century: A case study of San Francisco's Chinatown

Despite robust scholarship on the digital divide, little attention has been paid to its spatiality: how does the organization of physical space, especially the status of the built environment, affect digital access? These questions are especially neglected with regard to Asian Americans, who are thought to have consistently high levels of technological attainment. Nonetheless, certain Asian American communities, particularly those that are poor, working-class, or from refugee backgrounds, remain disproportionately disconnected from the Internet. In this paper, I examine the relationships between digital, racial, and environmental inequalities in San Francisco’s Chinatown. I show that historic disinvestment in Chinatown’s building stock, combined with campaigns led by ethnic Chinese people themselves to preserve historic structures and prevent displacement, have created a physical landscape that cannot support broadband Internet. As a result, many residents depend on inferior connections that diminish their life outcomes. I conclude that digital inaccess is the most recent manifestation of historical place-based racism through which Asian Americans have been constructed as outsiders and perpetual foreigners.
Association of Immune Response to Endothelial Cell Growth Factor With Early Disseminated and Late Manifestations of Lyme Disease but Not Posttreatment Lyme Disease Syndrome

Endothelial cell growth factor has been recently proposed as a potential autoantigen in manifestations of Lyme disease that are thought to involve immune-mediated mechanisms. Our findings indicate that a humoral immune response to this protein is not associated with posttreatment Lyme disease syndrome.
Comparison of methods of measuring pulmonary artery pressure.

BACKGROUND Pulmonary artery waveforms fluctuate because of changes in intrathoracic pressure caused by respirations. Monitoring system algorithms determine digital displays of pressure measurements on the basis of recognition, analysis, and comparison of consecutive waveforms. OBJECTIVE To compare three methods of measuring pulmonary artery pressure during mechanical ventilation and spontaneous breathing in cardiac surgery patients with stable hemodynamics. METHODS Pulmonary artery pressure was measured during mechanical ventilation after cardiac surgery in 53 patients; 37 of the patients were studied again after extubation. Three monitoring methods were compared: graphic strip recording, the "stop cursor" (monitor screen freezing) method, and digital-display recording. Difference scores were calculated between the methods and analyzed for frequency and direction. RESULTS All comparisons showed differences of at least +/-3 mm Hg in measurements obtained with the three methods. During mechanical ventilation, the digital and graphic measurements of systolic pressure varied most often; 57% (30/53) of the comparisons had difference scores of at least +/-3 mm Hg. The cursor and graphic measurements of diastolic pressures varied least often; 6% (3/53) of the comparisons had difference scores of at least +/-3 mm Hg. As expected, the digital method most often gave higher results than the graphic method. During spontaneous breathing, measurements of systolic pressure varied more often (38% to 53%) than did measurements of diastolic pressure (12% to 37%). Unexpectedly, for systolic pressures, the difference between digital and graphic measurements was 3 mm Hg or more 30% (11/37) of the time, and the difference between cursor and graphic measurements was 3 mm Hg or more 53% (17/32) of the time. CONCLUSIONS Because of physiological and technical influences, measurements of systolic and diastolic pressures in the pulmonary artery made with the digital and cursor methods were not as reliable as measurements made with the graphic method. The findings support continued use of the graphic method for accurate measurements of pulmonary artery pressure.
Role of F357 as an Oxygen Gate in the Oxidative Half-Reaction of Choline Oxidase

Choline oxidase from Arthrobacter globiformis catalyzes the oxidation of choline to glycine betaine by using oxygen as an electron acceptor. A partially rate limiting isomerization of the reduced wild-type enzyme during the reaction with oxygen was previously detected using solvent viscosity effects. In this study, we hypothesized that the side chains of M62 and F357, located at the entrance to the active site of choline oxidase, may be related to the slow isomerization detected. We engineered a double-variant enzyme M62A/F357A. The kinetic characterization of the double-variant enzyme showed a lack of the isomerization detected in wild-type choline oxidase, and a lack of saturation with an oxygen concentration as high as 1 mM, while most other kinetic parameters were similar to those of wild-type choline oxidase. The kinetic characterization of the single-variant enzymes established that only the side chain of F357 plays a role in the isomerization of choline oxidase in the oxidative half-reaction. Molec...
Predictors of long-term sexual assault trauma among a national sample of victimized college women.

Several multivariate studies have attempted to delineate the major predictors of long-term, sexual assault-induced aftereffects. The present study was an attempt to extend previous work by supplementing known preassault, assault, and postassault predictors of trauma with cognitive measures. The data were cross-sectional and included responses from 1,213 victims of sexual assault who were recruited from a national sample of higher education students. Utilizing hierarchical multiple regression analyses and a cross-validation procedure, the results suggested that the prior mental status of the victims, the forcefulness of the assaults, as well as two cognitive variables related to a victim's beliefs about sex and relationships predicted victims' scores on standardized measures of anxiety and depression. The relationships were such that the most traumatized victims were those women who had evidenced a history of mental health problems, who had experienced the more aggressive assaults, who tended to believe that people in relationships are not trustworthy, and tended to place conservative restrictions on the sexual acts and circumstances under which sex should occur. Taken together these variables accounted for between 9%-14% of the variance in sexual assault aftereffects. The discussion emphasizes the contribution of cognitive processes to the understanding of sexual assault trauma. Language: en
Use review of nutritionally complete liquid diets

A study was conducted to determine the manner in which semisynthetic fiber-free liquid diets and complete oral liquid diets were being used in a large teaching hospital, and to determine the influence of the establishment of a dietary formulary and guidelines on prescribing. A use review of the dietary formulations was conducted both prior and subsequent to the publication of the formulary and guidelines. Ninety-five patients were monitored on 22 adult medical, surgical, psychiatric and gynecological divisions. The inappropriate or questionable orders for all types of dietary formulations decreased from 65% to 52% after the publication of the formulary and guidelines. There was a significant decrease (p less than 0.005) in orders for semisynthetic fiber-free diets, from 34 to 4, after publication of the formulary and guidelines. The guidelines and formulary appeared to have caused the decreased use of the diet formulations and to have aided in eliminating less than optimal prescribing of the products.
PHYLOGENETICS OF THE LISIANTHIUS SKINNERI (GENTIANACEAE) SPECIES COMPLEX IN PANAMA UTILIZING DNA RESTRICTION FRAGMENT ANALYSIS.

The well-delimited and evolutionary interesting tropical shrub group, the Lisianthius skinneri (Gentianaceae) species complex, was analyzed for variation in nuclear ribosomal DNA and chloroplast DNA by restriction endonuclease fragment analysis. A most parsimonious tree using variations in both DNAs was constructed for seven populations in the group by including an appropriate outgroup. This phylogeny is significantly more compatible with the DNA data than most, but not all, less parsimonious phylogenies. At least two distinct lineages have independently evolved geographically restricted, cloud forest species from the putative ancestral, widespread, and lower elevation L. skinneri. Lisianthius skinneri itself is shown to be paraphyletic with populations derived separately from the two distinct lineages. Except for a switch in the placement of two populations, this DNA-based phylogeny is congruent with an isozyme-based Wagner network depicting relationships in the species complex. Relative rates of divergence, in terms of nuclear ribosomal DNA, chloroplast DNA, isozymes, and morphology, differ markedly within and between lineages. The non-transcribed spacer region of ribosomal DNA is shown to evolve in a manner that is not in accord with a molecular clock hypothesis. Small population sizes, restricted and isolated nature of populations, and probable founder events are suggested as instrumental in causing this lack of concerted divergence within and between lineages of the L. skinneri species complex.
Chemoradiation for organ preservation in the treatment of muscle-invasive bladder cancer

Abstract Introduction Standard therapy for muscle invasive bladder cancer includes neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by radical cystectomy with urinary diversion. Three decades of interest in primary radiation and chemotherapy for bladder preservation have yielded mature that deserve closer examination. Methods We reviewed the literature with an emphasis on outcomes from major clinical trials and prospective studies, while highlighting important aspects of effective treatment delivery and unanswered questions surrounding this approach. Results There are no randomized trials comparing radical cystectomy to primary chemotherapy and radiation for bladder preservation, and future phase III comparisons are unlikely to be planned. Mature results from single institution protocols and phase II cooperative group trials demonstrate favorable disease-specific survival and bladder preservation rates. Here we review the results of relevant clinical trials, including cancer-related and patient functional outcomes. We outline multi-modal treatment specifics with respect to radiation delivery, incorporation of transurethral resection and chemotherapy selection, and future directions for optimizing results of non-operative strategies. Conclusions Combination chemotherapy and radiation can be used as an alternative to conserve the native bladder in appropriately selected patients, mirroring successful non-operative treatment paradigms used for organ-preservation for other cancer sites.
Rice Allelopathy to Weed and Weed Biological Control

Allelopathy was defined in 1996 by IAS(international allelopathy society) as any process involving secondary metabolites produced by plant, algae, bacteria and fungi that influences the growth and development of agricultural and biological systems. Since varietal differences in allelopathy of crops against weeds were reported in the 1970 s, much research has documented the potential that allelopathic rice, the mode plant and one of the most important staple food crops, offers an integrated weed management with substantially reduced herbicide usage. Past research focused on germplasm screening for elite allelopathic rice cultivars and the identification of the allelochemicals involved. Molecular approaches have elucidated the mechanism and genetics of allelopathy,and traditional breeding efforts were initiated to breed agronomically acceptable, weed-suppressive cultivars with improved allelopathic interference. Allelopathy of rice against to weeds was the effect of rice on growth of weeds through the release of compounds into environment. Application of allelopathic rice cultivars is thought a resources conservation and environmental friendly way of weed bio-control, and could promote the sustainable development of agriculture. In this paper, the situation of research on rice allelopathy was reviewed in evaluation method, mechanism and the possibility of application.
The rhetorical force of “global archival memory”: : (Re)Situating archives along the global memoryscape

ABSTRACTThis essay engages the possibilities and pitfalls of UNESCO’s Memory of the World program for fostering “global archival memory.” Archives function as rhetorical weapons for both political control and social justice within national and regional contexts. The constitution of global archival memory shifts archives’ borders beyond nation-bound contexts, creating space for contention, deliberation, and debate within a presentist transnational arena. Approaching archives as symbols capable of marshaling cross-cultural identifications furthers memory scholars’ conceptions of transnational memories and communities. It responds to rhetorical scholars’ calls to further engage archives, while drawing on archival studies, memory studies, and rhetorical theories of memory.
Steel surface in-line inspection using machine vision

A roll of steel might have various defects of scratch, stains, and chisel mark after slitting process. However, the traditional steel surface inspection method is via the human inspection that not only takes amount of time but also causes inconsistent inspection consequences. As a result, this paper proposed an in-line visual inspection hardware and software system. The hardware is composed of upper and lower optical module. The defect inspection algorithm includes automatic region of interesting (ROI) searching and defect detection by using Sobel method. Experimentations revealed that the successful detection rate is up to 80% and the inspection speed of per image with 3K in width and 1K in length is less than 80 milliseconds. The contribution is that the proposed method can provide suitable inspection results of the steel surface defect and meet the steel industry demands.
An Analysis of a Teacher’s Use of Revoicing During a Third Grade Literature Discussion

ABSTRACTThis article details findings of an analysis of a third grade classroom’s read-aloud discussions spanning a 6 week period. Data were analyzed first using the constant-comparative method, followed by an analysis of selected interactions in which the teacher revoiced students’ utterances. Findings suggest students co-constructed knowledge through their discussions, in part because of the teacher’s use of revoicing. This revoicing invited students to consider how others’ thinking may impact their own and allowed students to build understandings together over time. These findings are significant because they suggest the critical nature of the learning opportunities made available through strategically led, dialogic discussions, even within a test driven, high stakes educational environment.
National Security Agency: The historiography of concealment

Publisher Summary This chapter reveals that the National Security Agency (NSA) is often described as America's most secretive intelligence institution, operating with a “near-pathological passion for security.” An overly intimidated academic community ought to share the blame for NSA's obscurity in modern historiography. Despite its innumerable gaps, the source material currently available on the NSA provides a general outline of the Agency's development, enriched with more operational detail than ever before. The chapter aspires to fill an astonishing gap in the relevant literature by tracing NSA's history, from the end of the Korean War until the crisis days of September 11, 2001 and the invasion of Iraq. The chapter also highlights the Agency's operational successes and failures, and discusses the Agency's controversial role in some of the most significant global events in modern history.
Radiation effects and reliability: Physical mechanisms and rate prediction

The reliability challenges for semiconductor devices change significantly as technology scales and new materials are introduced. One of the most important reliability challenges is soft errors produced by ionizing particles. For terrestrial applications, secondary particles produced by neutron interactions and alpha particles emitted from packaging and back-end-of-line materials are the main concerns. Detailed understanding of the physical mechanisms responsible for radiation-induced charge generation is required to predict the rate at which errors will occur. Parametric degradation produced by electrical stress or long-term exposure to ionizing radiation also is an important issue. The physical mechanisms responsible for device-level effects are in some cases similar for radiation-induced degradation and electrically-induced degradation. In particular, interface traps and oxide charge can be generated by either energetic carriers produced by gate and drain biases or by radiation-induced ionization. These effects often involve hydrogen. Shifts in threshold voltage, transconductance, and other device parameters occur in both MOSFETs and HEMTs, but the details depend on the specific defects responsible for the degradation. Methods of predicting the soft-error rate and the stress-induced degradation rate are discussed.
Travel in Heliodorus: Homecoming or Voyage to a Promised Land?

Em quatro dos cinco romances gregos, a narrativa inicia e termina no mesmo lugar, e a resolucao assume a forma de um retorno ao lar. A Etiopica, de Heliodoro, representa uma excecao a esse padrao: embora a heroina de fato retorne a sua casa, o protagonista masculino abandona seu pais e se instala em uma terra estrangeira. Neste artigo, sustento que o romance de Heliodoro une dois arquetipos de viagem, um - um nostos - inspirado na Odisseia, enquanto o outro tem como modelo viagens de iniciacao e a descoberta da terra prometida. E tentadoramente sugerido que pode haver aqui alusao a saida dos judeus do Egito, conforme narrado na Septuaginta.
The Abuse Litmus Test: A Classroom Tool to Assess Power and Control in On‐Screen Relationships

Despite university efforts and recent evidence-based interventions to reduce campus sexual assault, few systematic approaches have addressed how media depictions of sex and romance that inundate young adults via popular culture help to develop and sustain attitudes and behaviors that tolerate sexual abuse and intimate partner violence as normative. We introduce a feminist-informed pedagogical tool—drawing from the Duluth Power and Control Wheel and the Women's Experience with Battering Framework—to facilitate college students' decoding of relationship power, control, and harm in popular film, including dynamics relevant to sexual assault. We include step-by-step instructions for implementing the tool in classroom settings, including estimated duration, script, sample films, discussion questions, and debriefing procedures (including linking to campus assault dynamics).