cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High-temperature Solid-solution Strengthening Studied Through Internal Friction

A new model has been developed for amplitude-dependent internal friction due to dislocation motion through a random distribution of weak obstacles of finite interaction range and in the presence of viscous forces. The logarithmic decrement, δ, has been expressed as a function of normalized values of the stress amplitude, interaction range, viscous damping and frequency. Numerical calculations have been performed for selected values of these parameters using a previously developed computer code. A simple expression for δ has been found for overdamped dislocations which also provides a direct correspondence between amplitude-dependent internal friction and flow-stress measurements. The calculations have been used to interpret internal friction measurements in Al-Mg alloys for 80 < T < 600 K; this yields information about the alloy properties that cannot be deduced from macroscopic flow-stress measurements alone.
An Introduction to the Enzymology of Phenylpropanoid Biosynthesis

It is the first purpose of this review to provide an outline of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis that can serve as an introduction to the work described in the next few chapters. The enzymology of three early steps in the metabolic pathway will be considred in some detail. These short reviews both point to recent findings and exemplify the progress, difficulties, and goals of the field. One purpose for studying the enzymology of such steps in detail is to make it possible for the plant physiologist to investigate the living plant in a rational and productive way. An enormous amount of painstaking and excellent work has already been carried out on the effects of light, hormones, temperature, infection, and development on various aspects of phenylpropanoid metabolism.11 8 99 100No attempt will be made to review this material, which falls within the scope of a later chapter, but questions of relevance to physiological studies will be discussed where they are suggested by the enzymology.
Div—Curl System

The div—curl system is an important class of first-order partial differential equations. This system governs, for example, static electromagnetic fields, and incompressible irrotational fluid flows. The div—curl system is also fundamental from a theoretical point of view, since the Stokes equations and the incompressible Navier—Stokes equations written in the first-order velocity—pressure—vorticity formulation, as well as the Maxwell equations consist of two div—curl systems. The three-dimensional div—curl system is traditionally considered as “overdetermined” or “overspecified”, because it has four equations involving only three unknowns. For this reason, it is not easy to solve by using conventional numerical methods. In this chapter, we will prove that the div—curl system is really well determined and strongly elliptic by introducing a dummy variable, and explain that for the well-posedness the div—curl system should have two algebraic boundary conditions. We will also show that the LSFEM is the best choice for numerical solution of the div—curl system.
Contending Internationalisms: Times, Spaces, Frames

This chapter engages with recent work on the histories and geographies of “internationalism,” tracing the story back to the early nineteenth century. While the internationalism of nations—of governing the world through a state-created framework—forms an important development of the older Westphalian order mentioned in Chapter 1, this chapter also draws attention to other outlooks and practices, including what Mark Mazower (Governing the world: The history of an idea, 1815 to the present. The Penguin Press, New York, 2012) calls diverse “brotherhoods” around free market ideals, evangelical moralism, anti-slavery campaigns, legal codification, and scientific knowledge as well as to what geographers have similarly charted as the heterogeneity of subaltern movements that challenge hegemonic forms of power and oppression (Featherstone, in Solidarity: Hidden histories and geographies of internationalism. Zed Books, London, New York, 2012; Political Geography, 49: 7–16, 2015; Ferretti, in Political Geography, 63: 10–19, 2018). Resisting the periodization of time, the chapter suggests that both Westphalian and post-Westphalian (or perhaps counter-Westphalian) forms of internationalism have long co-shaped global politics—and are therefore likely to do so in the future as cities gain even more clout. This ultimately requires us to reframe global political narratives that erase non-state spatialities and forms of agency, whether past, present, or future (Herod in Social Science History 27: 501–523, 2004).
Competency-Based Education: A Framework for Aviation Management Programs

In recent years, the agencies that accredit collegiate aviation programs have moved to outcomes-based models. These models benefit from defined core competencies that can be used to drive the development of related program goals and student learning outcomes to ensure program consistency and quality. This article provides a brief description of the process that the faculty at a large midwestern university utilized to develop core competencies for its aviation management programs, and the set of competencies that resulted from the process.
Storm surge return levels induced by mid-to-late-twenty-first-century extratropical cyclones in the Northeastern United States

We investigate the impact of climate change on the storm surges induced by extratropical cyclones (ETCs) between November and March. We quantify changes to the storm surge between a historical period (1979–2004) and a future period during the mid to late twenty-first century (2054–2079) for a number of major coastal cities in the Northeastern United States. Observed water levels are analyzed to estimate storm surges induced by ETCs during the historical period. A hydrodynamic model is utilized to simulate storm surges induced by ETCs projected for the future climate by seven global climate models. The biases in the hydrodynamic and climate models are calculated and removed from the simulated surge heights. Statistical methods, including the peaks-over-threshold method, are applied to estimate the storm surge return levels. We find that future projections based on most of the climate models indicate relatively small effects of climate change on ETC storm surges. The weighted-average projections over all climate models show a small increase in storm surge return levels (less than 7% increase in 10- and 50-year surge heights). However, uncertainties exist among the climate models and projections from one climate model show a substantial increase in the storm surge return levels (up to 27% and 36% increase in 10- and 50-year surge heights, respectively). These uncertainties, and likely the larger impact of sea level rise, should be accounted for in projecting the risk posted by ETC flooding.
“Trying to Have your Own First; It’s What you Do”: The Relationship Between Adoption and Medicalized Infertility

Since its medicalization, resolutions around infertility have shifted. Adoption, once considered the natural solution to infertility, is now deemed secondary to medical treatments. Beyond noting this preferential order, little is known about the relationship between medicalized infertility and adoption. To explore this relationship, this study examines why adoption is seen as second best and how the medical institution contributes to that image. Through interviews with 88 infertile individuals in the U.S., the findings not only reveal the ideological foundations of adoption and medicine, but also the power of such foundations. Individuals draw on notions of biological privilege and pronatalism to inform their understandings of adoption and medicalized infertility—adoption remains a stigmatized process for failing to adhere to such prescriptions, yet medicine is revered for maintaining them. In exploring how individuals and the medical institution use these ideas to inform their decision-making and practice, the findings ultimately demonstrate the falsehood of those images.
Factors promoting the recolonization of Oahu, Hawaii, by Bristle-thighed Curlews

Suitable habitat for Arctic-breeding migratory shorebirds is decreasing at their traditional wintering islands and atolls in the Central Pacific Flyway (i.e., Oceania) due to habitat degradation, reclamation, and sea-level rise. To maintain the size and resiliency of their populations, migratory shorebirds will need to expand their winter ranges by either colonizing new sites or recolonizing old sites from which they were extirpated. Bristle-thighed Curlews (Numenius tahitiensis) are long-distance migratory shorebirds that breed only in Alaska and winter across a vast region of the Central Pacific, typically on remote, unpopulated islands and atolls. Historically, Bristle-thighed Curlews were considered uncommon transients on the main Hawaiian Islands, but in the mid-1990s, curlews became regular visitors to Oahu and subsequently began wintering at the James Campbell National Wildlife Refuge on Oahu Island in Hawaii. Curlew numbers at this site grew steadily from <5 birds in the mid-1990s to an estimated 126 winter residents (95%CI 108–147) in 2013–2014. Timing of the recolonization event coincided with the establishment of a fenced pond complex that was managed for endangered waterbirds by maintaining areas of shallow water and low vegetation. High rates of apparent annual survival exhibited by adults and subadults (0.86–0.95) confirmed the suitability of the Refuge to curlews. Our results suggest that curlews in Oceania can naturally recolonize wintering islands, a trait that may be key to the survival of this species of conservation concern in an era of rising sea levels.
Tunable, Single-Longitudinal Mode 2 μm VECSEL

A tunable, 2 μm, narrow linewidth vertical-external-cavity surface-emitting laser (VECSEL) is demonstrated. Single-longitudinal mode operation with sub-MHz linewidth is achieved over a tuning range of 80 nm.
Differentiation of Heterogeneous Radiation Exposure Using Hematology and Blood Chemistry.

In the aftermath of a nuclear incident, survivors will suffer the deleterious effects from acute radiation exposure. The majority of those affected would have received heterogeneous radiation exposure, reflected in hematological metrics and blood chemistry. Here, we investigated the acute and long-term changes in kinetics and magnitude of pancytopenia and blood chemistry in rats irradiated using varying degrees of body shielding. We hypothesized that, although a single blood count may not be able to differentiate the degree of radiation exposure, a combination of measurements from complete blood cell counts (CBCs) and blood chemistry tests is able to do so. Male Sprague Dawley rats, 8–10 weeks of age, received single-dose 7.5 Gy (160 kVp, 25 mA, 1.16 Gy/min) whole-body irradiation (WBI, LD100/30) or partial-body irradiation (PBI), as follows: one leg shielded (1LS, LD0/30), two legs shielded (2LS, LD0/30) or the upper half of the body shielded (UHS, LD0/30). Animal morbidity and weights were measured. Blood was drawn at 1, 5, 10, 20 and 30 days postirradiation (n = 4–11). For kidney and liver function measurements, CBC and blood chemistry analyses were performed. WBI animals on average survived 9 ± 0.4 days postirradiation. In contrast, all PBI animals survived the 30-day study period. CBC analysis revealed that both white blood cell (WBC) and platelet counts were most affected after irradiation. While WBC counts were significantly lower in all irradiated groups on days 1, 5 and 10, platelets were only significantly lower on days 5 and 10 postirradiation. In addition, on day 5 postirradiation both WBC and platelet counts were able to differentiate WBI (non-survivors) from PBI 2LS and UHS animals (survivors). Using four blood parameters (platelets, percentage lymphocytes, percentage neutrophils and percentage monocytes) on day 5 after 7.5 Gy irradiation and a linear discrimination analysis (LDA), we were able to predict the degree of body exposure in animals with a 95.8% accuracy. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was significantly lower in all groups on days 5 and 10 postirradiation compared to baseline. Furthermore, ALP was significantly higher in the UHS than WBI animals. The AST:ALT ratio was significantly higher than baseline in all irradiated groups on day 1 postirradiation. In conclusion, four CBC parameters, on day 5 after receiving a 7.5 Gy dose of radiation, can be employed in a LDA to differentiate various degrees of exposure (shielding). The characterization presented in this work paves the way for further studies in differences caused by heterogeneous body exposure to radiation and a new metric for biodosimetry.
Specification-driven Moving Target Defense Synthesis

Cyber agility enables cyber systems to defend proactively against sophisticated attacks by dynamically changing the system configuration parameters (called mutable parameters) in order to deceive adversaries from reaching their goals, disrupt the attack plans by forcing them to change their adversarial behaviors, and/or deterring them through prohibitively increasing the cost for attacks. However, developing cyber agility such as moving target defense techniques that are provable safe is a highly complex task that requires significant time and expertise. Our goal is to address this challenge by providing a framework for automating the creation of configuration-based moving target techniques rapidly and safely. In this paper, we present a cyber agility synthesis framework, called MTDSynth, that contains a formal ontology, MTD policy language, and MTD controller synthesis engine for implementing configuration-based moving target defense techniques. The policy language contains the agility specifications required to model the MTD technique, such as sensors, mutation trigger, mutation parameters, mutation actions, and mutation constraints. Based on the mutation constraints, the MTD controller synthesis engine provides an MTD policy refinement implementation for SDN configuration with provable properties using constraint satisfaction solvers. We show several examples of MTD controller synthesis, including temporal and spatial IP mutation, path mutation, detector mutation. We developed our ActivSDN over OpenDaylight SDN controller as an open programming environment to enable rapid and safe development of MTD sense-making and decision-making actions. Our implementation and evaluation experiments show not only the feasibility of MTD policy refinement but also the insignificant computational overhead of this refinement process.
An Adolescent Sensitive Period for Threat Responding: Impacts of Stress and Sex.

Anxiety and fear-related disorders peak in prevalence during adolescence, a window of rapid behavioral development and neural remodeling. However, understanding of the development of threat responding and the underlying neural circuits remains limited. Preclinical models of threat conditioning and extinction have provided an unparalleled glimpse into the developing brain. In this review we discuss mouse and rat studies on the development of threat response regulation, with a focus on the adolescent period. Evidence of nonlinear patterns of threat responding during adolescence and the continued development of the underlying circuitry is highly indicative of an adolescent sensitive period for threat response regulation. While we highlight literature in support of this unique developmental window, we also emphasize the need for causal studies to clarify the parameters defining such a sensitive period. In doing so, we explore how stress and biological sex affect the development and expression of threat response regulation during adolescence and beyond. Ultimately, a deeper understanding of how these factors interact with and affect developmental trajectories of learning and memory will inform treatment and prevention strategies for pediatric anxiety disorders.
Evaluation of the binding affinity of E3 ubiquitin ligase ligands by cellular target engagement and in-cell ELISA assay

Summary The discovery of potent cell-permeable E3 ubiquitin ligase ligands can significantly facilitate the development of proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs). Here, we present a protocol to determine the binding affinity of ligands toward CRBN E3 ubiquitin ligase, using a cellular target engagement mechanism and in-cell ELISA assay. This protocol is easy to establish, with relatively low cost and rapid time frame. It can also be modified to measure the level of other proteins or determine the ligand affinity toward other E3s. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Yang et al. (2020) .
18F-fluciclovine positron emission tomography (PET) in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) treated with abiraterone acetate.

TPS171Background: Conventional imaging of prostate cancer has limitations in staging, restaging after biochemical relapse, and response assessment. Functional imaging with positron emission tomogra...
Understanding Family Planning in San Ignacio, Belize

This study focuses on women’s decisions and experiences related to family planning in San Ignacio, Belize. The authors sought to identify family planning resources available in San Ignacio, as well as barriers to accessing these resources. Furthermore, this study explored how local barriers affected the use of contraception in San Ignacio. The first author traveled to San Ignacio and carried out four semi-structured interviews and one focus group with local women. She also conducted nine semi-structured interviews with community leaders. Women discussed their own knowledge and use of contraceptive methods, barriers to contraceptive use, the value of planned pregnancies and their pregnancy experiences. Community leaders reported that contraceptive methods were available but also admitted to the existence of perceived barriers to contraceptive use. Women stated that planned pregnancies were desirable, but often unachievable because of religious beliefs, cultural norms, the opposition of family members, lack of knowledge of contraceptive methods and male partners seeking control over women. Community leaders reported that men are often unsupportive of contraceptive use and that religious groups often seek to discourage contraceptive use. Both women and community leaders stated that in San Ignacio, women are expected to have families and that local religious groups discourage the use of contraception. Use of contraceptives among women in San Ignacio is thus not solely determined by the availability of contraceptives. Organizations that aim to promote family planning must implement multilevel initiatives that address the needs, desires and perspectives of community members, promote healthy relationships and challenge gender inequitable social norms.
The Sky-Glows

THE description of the sky-glows as seen by Prof. A. S. Herschel may justify an account of some seen near the University of Virginia, Virginia, during the past spring, from notes made at that time.
Custody, Visitation, and Parental Rights under Scrutiny

The Supreme Court has recognized that the United States Constitution protects the fundamental interest in parenting. However, throughout the relevant case law, the Court recognizes the importance of parental rights on the one hand but undercuts the breadth or robustness of those very rights on the other. This mixed messaging has created confusion and inconsistency in the states — the interests of parent and child are treated quite differently across the states not merely because of differences in legislative priorities but because of varying and contradictory analyses of the degree to which the United States Constitution protects parental rights. This lack of clarity has likely resulted in parents’ judgments about the best interests of their children being too readily ignored in some states and in legislatures being unduly limited in how they can promote the interests of children in other states. The Court’s confusing messaging undermines the interests of parents, children, and society as a whole, and must be clarified at the earliest opportunity.
Toward a balanced assessment of collinearity diagnostics

The present investigation is concerned with a review of the foundations upon which regression methodology is based, taking into account a study of regression diagnostics conducted by Belsey et al. (1980). It is found that one of the most difficult and controversial problems facing data analysts is related to redundant predictor variables in a regression analysis. Collinearity diagnostics are only meaningful when interpreted in terms of 'basic variables' which are 'structurally interpretable'. Conflicting perspectives are discussed, giving attention to the role of centering when diagnosing collinearity. The definition of collinearity and collinearity measures are considered along with questions regarding 'structural interpretability' as a universally accepted principle in model formulation, and the importance of the detection of collinearity with the constant term.
Robin Hood: a system timing verifier for multi-phase level-sensitive clock designs

An efficient system timing verification approach that employs latch graph representation is reported. It is a general approach that can handle most blocking schemes. Both early and late mode timing constraints are considered. The tool generates a detailed stack report to help designers identify where and how much the correction should be in case of violations. The algorithm has been implemented and tested on several real designs. An example with 1926 latches and dense interconnections is verified in 0.62 s. >
Segmental gradients specifying polarity and pattern in the wax moth, Galleria mellonella: The posterior margin as the source of a diffusible morphogen

Abstract The basis for our experiments was a report by Piepho and Hintze-Podufal 1971 about the ability of the segmental posterior margin (PM) to induce alteration of polarity and pattern in abdominal segments of the wax moth Galleria mellonella. We planned to determine (1) whether the occurrence of ectopic PM on the host segment is due to integration of donor PM cells into the host epidermis and, if not, (2) what is the communication process leading to these developmental changes. Various intersegmental implantation and grafting experiments were carried out in late last instar larvae and the response of the host cells was determined by noting changes in orientation and morphology of the scales and sockets in the adult segment. A piece of the 5th PM implanted into the middle of the 7th segment near the surface, with the implant and host epidermis facing each other, induced overlying host cells to form 7th PM-type scales. This pattern transformation is not due to integration of donor PM cells into the host epidermis since grafted PM cells always retain their segmental identity. The implanted PM may cause reorientation of overlying host scales in a centripetal manner with or without accompanying pattern change. Both polarity and pattern changes can occur even when a nucleopore filter (0.03 μm) or a thin slice of agar is interposed between implant and host epidermis. From these and two cases of cell-free induction, we conclude that the PM is probably the source of a diffusible morphogen which influences polarity and pattern. The morphogen appears to be produced only during early stages of the larval-pupal molt and the host cells are sensitive to the factor only during critical periods in morphogenesis. The segmental anterior margin (AM) has an influence on polarity but appears to exert this effect only through cell contact. Our results are discussed in relation to current models of polarity and pattern regulation in the insect integument.
Lost highway(s): barriers to postnatal cortical neurogenesis and implications for brain repair.

The genesis of the cerebral cortex is a highly complex and tightly-orchestrated process of cell division, migration, maturation, and integration. Developmental missteps often have catastrophic consequences on cortical function. Further, the cerebral cortex, in which neurogenesis takes place almost exclusively prenatally, has a very poor capacity for replacement of neurons lost to injury or disease. A multitude of factors underlie this deficit, including the depletion of radial glia, the gliogenic switch which mitigates continued neurogenesis, diminished neuronal migratory streams, and inflammatory processes associated with disease. Despite this, there are glimmers of hope that new approaches may allow for more significant cortical repair. Herein, we review corticogenesis from the context of regeneration and detail the strategies to promote neurogenesis, including interneuron transplants and glial reprogramming. Such strategies circumvent the “lost highways” which are critical for cortical development but are absent in the adult. These new approaches may provide for the possibility of meaningful clinical regeneration of elements of cortical circuitry lost to trauma and disease.
Application of 212 Pb for Targeted α-particle Therapy (TAT): Pre-clinical and Mechanistic Understanding through to Clinical Translation

Targeted α-particle therapy (TAT), in which an α-particle emitting radionuclide is specifically directed to a biological target, is gaining more attention to treat cancers as new targets are validated. Bio-vectors such as monoclonal antibodies are able to selectively transport α-particles to destroy targeted cancer cells. TAT has the potential for an improved therapeutic ratio over β-particle targeted conjugate therapy. The short path length and the intense ionization path generated render α-emitters suitable for treatment and management of minimal disease such as micrometastases or residual tumor after surgical debulking. 212Pb is the longer-lived parent radionuclide of 212Bi and serves as an in vivo generator of 212Bi. 212Pb has demonstrated significant utility in both in vitro and in vivo models. Recent evaluation of 212Pb-TCMC-trastuzumab in a Phase I clinical trial has demonstrated the feasibility of 212Pb in TAT for the treatment of ovarian cancer patients. This review highlights progress in radionuclide production, radiolabeling chemistry, molecular mechanisms, and application of 212Pb to targeted pre-clinical and clinical radiation therapy for the management and treatment of cancer.
Implementing MRI-based target delineation for cervical cancer treatment within a rapid workflow environment for image-guided brachytherapy: A practical approach for centers without in-room MRI

Abstract Purpose Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)–based intracavitary brachytherapy offers several advantages over computed tomography (CT)–based brachytherapy, but many centers are unable to offer it at the time of brachytherapy because of logistic and/or financial considerations. We have implemented a method of integrating MRI into a CT-guided, high-dose-rate intracavitary brachytherapy workflow in clinics that do not have immediately available MRI capability. Methods At our institution, patients receiving high-dose-rate intracavitary brachytherapy as a component of the definitive treatment of cervical cancer have a Smit sleeve placed during the first brachytherapy fraction in a dedicated suite with in-room CT-on-rails. After the first fraction of brachytherapy, an MRI is obtained with the Smit sleeve, but no applicator, in place. For each subsequent fraction, CT scans are coregistered to the MRI scan by the Smit sleeve. The gross target volume is defined by MRI and overlaid on the CT images for each brachytherapy treatment for dose optimization. Results This MRI-integrated workflow adds Conclusions Our proposed combination MRI and/or CT workflow is a feasible compromise to preserve an efficient workflow while integrating MRI target delineation, and it provides many of the advantages of both MRI- and CT-based brachytherapy. The future collection and analysis of clinical data will serve to compare the proposed approach to non-MRI containing techniques.
Development of a GaAs HBT integrated circuit chip performance simulator

For an integrated circuit chip based on GaAs heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) technology, a computer simulator called GCHIPSIM has been developed for chip performance indicators including maximum clock frequency, power consumption, fabrication yield and size. GCHIPSIM is used to study the dependence of the indicators on technology feature size and chip integration level. >
Sound reception and processing in the carp: saccular potentials.

Abstract 1. 1. Saccular potentials were recorded from two locations in the endolymphatic system of the carp to sound stimulation. 2. 2. The frequency response function recorded from the sacculus is essentially identical with the behavioral function for the goldfish, confirming that the sacculus is the primary acoustic detector of the ostariophysine ear. 3. 3. Measurements of the non-linearities in the saccular potentials illustrate the complex organization of the saccular macula, and a possible mechanism for signal-to-noise improvement and frequency analyzing capability is suggested which is independent of a cochlear-like spatial analysis.
Identification of a g = 1.90 high-potential iron-sulfur protein in chloroplasts

Abstract A new bound iron-sulfur protein has been identified in spinach chloroplasts. In the reduced form, this protein has an electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum at 20°K with g -values of 2.02 and 1.90. The midpoint oxidation-reduction potential (E m ) of the protein, which is pH-independent, is +290 mV. These properties are similar to those of the “Rieske” g = 1.90 iron-sulfur protein of mitochondrial Complex III.
The effects of type of lesion and percentage body weight loss on measures of motivated behavior in rats with hypothalamic lesions.

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of direct current or radio-frequency current lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamus and percentage body-weight loss on measures of food-motivated behavior. In the first experiment, rats were pretrained to bar-press for food, then lesioned, half with direct current, half with radio-frequency current. Lesioned rats reduced to 90% of control weight levels did not differ from control rats. Lesioned rats reduced to 90% of static weight responded less than control rats; however, the direct current group responded at a lower rate than the radio-frequency group. In the second experiment, rats were pretrained to consume food pellets. No reliable differences were found in the number of food cup entries among the groups on rewarded trials. Lesioned rats reduced to 90% of control weight levels made a larger number of entries during nonrewarded trials than the other groups, but the radio-frequency group reduced to control weight levels dropped to control levels half-way through the test session. Direct current lesioned rats reduced to control weight levels maintained a higher rate of response than control rats throughout the test session. Lesioned rats reduced to control weight levels had shorter latencies than either obese or control groups. The radio-frequency group at 90% of control weight increased its latency to control levels half-way through the test session, while the direct current group maintained its shorter latencies throughout the session. It was concluded that while radio-frequency and direct current lesions could both produce obesity, their other effects were not always the same. It was also concluded that the decrease in motivated behavior associated with hypothalamic hyperphagia is probably more a function of weight level than a direct function of the lesion.
Response of SiC/Ti under Combined Loading Part II: Room Temperature Creep Effects

Results from cyclic multiaxial tests on [±45], silicon carbide/titanium (SiC/Ti) tubular specimens at room temperature are presented. One test cycle consisted of applying axial stress at a constant rate, holding the axial stress constant at a predetermined level for a fixed period of time, applying shear stress at a constant rate, holding the shear stress constant at a predetermined level for a fixed period of time, unloading the shear stress, and finally, unloading the axial stress. Test results show that relatively large axial time dependent, and to a lesser extent, time independent strains are accumulated after the axial stress is held constant. The time dependent accumulated axial strains are termed creep, while the time independent strains are due to coupling between shear and axial strain. The results of short duration creep tests conducted on a bulk titanium alloy (Ti-15-3) are also presented and are consistent with the results from the multiaxial tests on SiC/Ti
Scale model ultrawideband impulse radar

The Transient Electromagnetic Scattering Laboratory (TESL) is described which employs a unique dual-channel ultra-wideband impulsive illuminating source. This is a free-field facility where targets are suspended within an anechoic chamber. A highly coherent primal step pulse is amplified by two GaAs wideband power amplifiers having complementary passbands which feed individual wideband horn antennas. This yields an effective 1 - 12 GHz impulse bandwidth. A high speed digital processing oscilloscope samples the output of a single receiving horn. The TESL has facilitated research into radar target identification using complex natural resonances. Theory and operational characteristics of the facility are discussed and technical improvements are described which have yielded significant improvement in both the effective bandwidth and the signal-to-noise ratio of transient scattering measurements. Experimental validations are shown which illustrate the level of fidelity attainable and consideration is given to recent enhancements, including an increase of measurement bandwidth to 50 GHz.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Augmented Feedback Presented in a Virtual Environment Accelerates Learning of a Difficult Motor Task.

Abstract One can use a number of techniques (e.g., from videotaping to computer enhancement of the environment) to augment the feedback that a subject usually receives during training on a motor task. Although some forms of augmented feedback have been shown to enhance performance on isolated isometric tasks during training, when the feedback has been removed subjects have sometimes not been able to perform as well in the “real-world” task as controls. Indeed, for realistic, nonisometric motor tasks, improved skill acquisition because of augmented feedback has not been demonstrated. In the present experiments, subjects (Experiment 1, N = 42; Experiment 2, N = 21) performed with a system that was designed for teaching a difficult multijoint movement in a table tennis environment. The system was a fairly realistic computer animation of the environment and included paddles for the teacher and subject, as well as a virtual ball. Each subject attempted to learn a difficult shot by matching the pattern of movem...
A BROAD SYMMETRY CRITERION FOR NONPARAMETRIC VALIDITY OF PARAMETRICALLY-BASED TESTS IN RANDOMIZED TRIALS

Pilot phases of a randomized clinical trial often suggest that a parametric model may be an accurate description of the trial's longitudinal trajectories. However, parametric models are often not used for fear that they may invalidate tests of null hypotheses of equality between the experimental groups. Existing work has shown that when, for some types of data, certain parametric models are used, the validity for testing the null is preserved even if the parametric models are incorrect. Here, we provide a broader and easier to check characterization of parametric models that can be used to (a) preserve nonparametric validity of testing the null hypothesis, i.e., even when the models are incorrect, and (b) increase power compared to the non- or semiparametric bounds when the models are close to correct. We demonstrate our results in a clinical trial of depression in Alzheimer's patients.
Computational Measures for Language Similarity Across Time in Online Communities

This paper examines language similarity in messages over time in an online community of adolescents from around the world using three computational measures: Spearman's Correlation Coefficient, Zipping and Latent Semantic Analysis. Results suggest that the participants' language diverges over a six-week period, and that divergence is not mediated by demographic variables such as leadership status or gender. This divergence may represent the introduction of more unique words over time, and is influenced by a continual change in subtopics over time, as well as community-wide historical events that introduce new vocabulary at later time periods. Our results highlight both the possibilities and shortcomings of using document similarity measures to assess convergence in language use.
Bacterial culture results from liver, gallbladder, or bile in 248 dogs and cats evaluated for hepatobiliary disease: 1998-2003

Background:Information is lacking on the prevalence and susceptibility patterns of bacterial isolates in dogs and cats with suspected hepatobiliary disease. Objectives: To characterize the prevalence, identity, and antimicrobial susceptibility of common hepatobiliary isolates from such patients. Animals:Dogs and cats presented to the University of Wisconsin-Madison Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital for which samples of bile, gallbladder, or liver were submitted for culture from 1998 to 2003, including 190 dogs (192 culture episodes) and 58 cats (61 culture episodes). Methods:Cases were identified from the microbiology laboratory database. Data from patient medical records were extracted, including the history of antimicrobial administration, the presence of fever, the results of CBC and serum biochemistry, the presence of biliary obstruction or hepatobiliary inflammation, and the results of aerobic and anaerobic bacterial cultures and aerobic antimicrobial susceptibilities. Results:Biliary cultures yielded a significantly higher percentage of positive results overall (30% [18 of 60]) than did hepatic cultures (7% [15 of 215]). In patients with cholecystitis, 62% (8 of 13) had positive biliary cultures. In patients with hepatic inflammation, 23% (7 of 30) had positive bile cultures, whereas only 6% (6 of 103) had positive hepatic cultures. Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp., Bacteroides spp., Streptococcus spp., and Clostridium spp. were the most common true-positive isolates. More than 80% of Enterobacteriaceae were susceptible to ciprofloxacin or aminoglycosides, with only 30–67% susceptible to first-generation aminopenicillins and cephalosporins. Liver samples obtained by surgery or laparoscopy were more likely to yield positive cultures than those obtained by percutaneous needle biopsy.
A Rapid Microscale Method for the Determination of Partition Coefficients by HPLC

Abstract A rapid, reliable and simple microscale method for the determination of octanol-water partition coefficients has been developed and evaluated. Rapid solute partitioning and facile octanol-water phase separation is accomplished in a commercially available mixer-separator device. The relative concentration of solute in each phase is then measured directly by computer-based reverse phase HPLC. The procedure requires only 10 μg of sample, which need not be pure, and uses 1 ml or less of both n-octanol and pH 7.0 phosphate buffer. Log P values of 26 compounds, mainly nucleoside analogues with anti-HIV and antitumor activity, have been determined in the range 0.7 to -2.4 with a precision better than ±0.04 log units. For compounds with literature data available, measured log P values are in good agreement (better than ±0.2 log units) with those values obtained by traditional “shake-flask” methodology. The described method is applicable to both single compound analysis and simultaneous multiple compound ...
Teachers' oral proficiency in the target language: research on its role in language teaching and learning

In the past decade, the foreign language (FL) profession has established standards for beginning language teachers that are used by accrediting agencies and state licensing agencies to make decisions regarding teacher preparation program recognition and teacher certification. Among these expectations is the requirement that beginning teachers demonstrate a minimum level of Advanced-Low on the ACTFL Proficiency Guidelines for Speaking. Consequently, the role that teachers’ oral proficiency in the target language (TL) plays in classroom instruction has become a critical issue in the field of FL education. This review presents current research related to teachers’ TL proficiency and its impact on classroom practices, teacher effectiveness, and student learning. The article raises questions that merit investigation in future research as it strives to clarify the role that teacher TL proficiency plays in classroom instruction and learning of the TL.
Disturbances in tallgrass prairie: local and regional effects on community heterogeneity

Community heterogeneity in tallgrass prairie was analyzed at regional and local levels to assess the effects of disturbances on community structure at different spatial scales. The sites were part of NASA's First ISLSCP Field Experiment (FIFE) in Kansas, and were located on grassland treatments that were undisturbed, and burned-only on Konze Prairie Research Natural Area, and grazed-only and grazed + burned on adjacent ranch land. Sites in grazed-only or grazed + burned treatments were less similar to each other, on a regional scale (15 × 15 km), than were burned-only or undisturbed sites. Grazing reduced the cover of dominant species, making space available for the establishment of immigrants from the region. Each site was different because of establishment by different species from the large regional species pool. At the local scale (0.1 ha), the most homogeneous treatments were those that were most heterogeneous at the regional scale. Undisturbed treatments at the local scale were the most heterogeneous compared to sites under other treatments. Therefore, regional responses to disturbances were more variable than local responses, and were not predictable from within-site analyses.
Programming patterns and design patterns in the introductory computer science course

We look at the essential thinking skills students need to learn in the introductory computer science course based on object-oriented programming. We create a framework for such a course based on the elementary programming and design patterns. Some of these patterns are known in the pattern community, others enrich the collection. Our goal is to help students focus on mastering reasoning and design skills before the language idiosynchracies muddy the water.
The solubility of solids in supercritical fluids

Abstract The ability to correlate and predict the solubility of solids in supercritical fluids is important in many applications, including solid deposition in natural gases and the supercritical extraction of natural products. We show below that a simple linear expression, based on the theory of dilute solutions, can be used to correlate solid solubility data. The linear relationship may also be used to check the consistency of experimental data. The proposed equation for solid solubility requires a knowledge of the sublimation pressure of the solid of interest. Since sublimation pressures of `nonvolatile' solids are often not available, we have developed another relationship for the solid solubility that incorporates a Clausius–Clapeyron equation for the sublimation pressure. Although the resulting expression contains three parameters, we have found that these parameters are independent of temperature and pressure. The proposed expression may therefore be used to extrapolate data to temperatures where experimental information may not be available.
Racial differences in measures of obesity and risk of colon adenoma.

Obesity is an established risk factor for several malignancies. However, the specific measurement of obesity most relevant to colon neoplasia is still debated, and evidence has suggested gender and racial differences in this measurement. In this study, we sought to compare which measurement—BMI, waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) or waist-to-height ratio (WHtR)—is most strongly associated with development of colon adenomas, a precursor of colon cancer, and to investigate differences in this association between racial groups. We confirmed the strong association between WHR, as a measure of central obesity, and development of colon neoplasia. In our overall analysis, patients in the highest WHR quartile showed a substantial increase in risk of colon adenomas compared to patients in the lowest WHR quartile (odds ratio (OR) = 1.82, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.12–2.71, Ptrend = 0.0017). In stratified analyses, we noted that strongly associated obesity measures in European Americans were WC (OR = 2.38, 95% CI = 1.45–3.92, Ptrend = 0.0004) and BMI (OR = 2.18, 95% CI = 1.37–3.49, Ptrend = 0.0015), whereas in African Americans, WHR was the strongest and the only obesity measure statistically significantly associated with adenoma risk (OR = 2.12, 95% CI = 1.05–4.30, Ptrend = 0.025). Our data highlight the importance of obesity in the development of early colon neoplasia and suggest substantial racial differences in the measures of obesity most strongly associated with risk of colon adenomas.
Prediction of wear in grease-lubricated oscillatory journal bearings via energy-based approach

Abstract An energy-based approach is proposed for prediction and analysis of wear in grease-lubricated oscillatory journal bearings. The methodology relies on measurement or estimation of the temperature rise in the sliding system. Experimental tests are conducted to examine the relationship between the wear rate, power dissipation and temperature rise. An important property of the tribo-system is identified as the wear-energy dissipation (WED) coefficient. The relationship between the frictional energy and temperature also yields the power dissipation-temperature rise (PTR) coefficient for the tribo-system. The proposed methodology is shown to be capable of predicting the wear rate under a wide range of loading conditions.