cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
TGCat *: THE CHANDRA TRANSMISSION GRATING DATA CATALOG AND ARCHIVE

The Chandra Transmission Grating Data Archive and Catalog (TGCat) provides easy access to analysis-ready products, specifically, high-resolution X-ray count spectra and their corresponding calibrations. The web interface makes it easy to find observations of a particular object, type of object, or type of observation; to quickly assess the quality and potential usefulness of the spectra from pre-computed summary plots; or to customize a view with an interactive plotter, optionally combining spectra over multiple orders or observations. Data and responses can be downloaded as a package or as individual files, and the query results themselves can be retrieved as ASCII or Virtual Observatory tables. Portable reprocessing scripts used to create the archive and which use the Chandra X-ray Center's (CXC's) software and other publicly available software are also available, facilitating standard or customized reprocessing from Level 1 CXC archival data to spectra and responses with minimal user interaction.
Application of resorcinarene derivatives in chemical separations

The applications of resorcinarene derivatives in modern separation techniques including high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography (GC), capillary electrophoresis (CE), ion chromatrography (IC), and liquid membranes are reviewed in this paper. Resorcinarenes are macrocyclic compounds which can be modified with various substituents on upper and lower rims to provide specific functionality and selectivity. The derivatives can be adsorbed or covalently bound to the stationary phase of HPLC, GC, and IC, or used as pseudo-stationary phase in CE to separate organic or inorganic species. They have been tested as carriers to selectively transfer species from source phase to receiving phase in bulk liquid membranes, supported liquid membranes, and polymer inclusion membranes. These broad applications of resorcinarene-based macrocyclic ligands indicate that they are a promising class of compounds that are worthwhile to be explored in both synthesis and separation applications.
Construction of the Tricyclic A-B-C Core of the Veratrum Alkaloids

Organocatalyzed enantioselective allylation of 2-iodocyclohexenone followed by methylation and oxy-Cope rearrangement delivered enantiomerically enriched 2-methyl 3-allyl cyclohexanone, which engaged in acid-catalyzed Robinson annulation to give the bicyclic enone. Subsequent elaboration of the pendant allyl group into an α-diazo β-keto ester set the stage for Rh-mediated cyclization to deliver the tricyclic A-B-C core of the Veratrum alkaloids.
Connecting Policy to Practice: Analyzing the Variables of the Section 8 Housing Program Policy Process

Abstract Eight variables affect the policy process of the Section 8 housing program. An analysis of the eight variables allows for conceptualization of the factors influencing the shape and direction that Section 8 policy has taken through the course of history. Examining the variables of the Section 8 housing program can lead to an understanding of the program as a whole, the impact of the policy process on the recipients of the program, and the impact on social work practice. In addition, an understanding of these eight variables provides a useful heuristic for social workers engaged in policy changing activities.
THE ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FORM FACTORS OF THE NEUTRON

We derive the electric and magnetic form factors of the neutron in the framework of a relativistic constituent quark model. Our parameter free prediction agrees well with a recent, accurate measurement. The relativistic features of the model and the specific form of the wave function are essential for the result. Comparisons are made to other models based on vector meson dominance, perturbative QCD and QCD sum rules.
The high temperature oxidation of the methyl side chain of toluene

From the results of order of magnitude analyses, it is concluded that during the oxidation of toluene, radical-atom and radical-radical reactions (1) and (3) play an unusually important and approximately equal role in the formation of benzaldehyde, an intermediate that leads eventually to the complete removal of the side chain. An additional radical-radical system, reaction (2), is shown to be the most likely source of benzyl alcohol observed during toluene oxidation.
Keck HIRES Spectroscopy of Four Candidate Solar Twins

We use high signal-to-noise ratio, high-resolution Keck HIRES spectroscopy of four solar twin candidates (HIP 71813, 76114, 77718, and 78399) pulled from our Hipparcos-based Ca II H and K survey to carry out parameter and abundance analyses of these objects. Our spectroscopic Teff estimates are ~100 K hotter than the photometric scale of the recent Geneva-Copenhagen survey; several lines of evidence suggest the photometric temperatures are too cool at solar Teff. At the same time, our abundances for the three solar twin candidates included in the Geneva-Copenhagen survey are in outstanding agreement with the photometric metallicities; there is no sign of the anomalously low photometric metallicities derived for some late-G UMa group and Hyades dwarfs. A first radial velocity determination is made for HIP 78399 and UVW kinematics derived for all stars. HIP 71813 appears to be a kinematic member of the Wolf 630 moving group (a structure apparently reidentified in a recent analysis of late-type Hipparcos stars), but its metallicity is 0.1 dex higher than the most recent estimate of this group's metallicity. While certainly solar-type stars, HIP 76114 and 77718 are a few percent less massive, significantly older, and metal-poor compared to the Sun; they are neither good solar twin candidates nor solar analogs providing a look at the Sun at some other point in its evolution. HIP 71813 appears to be an excellent solar analog of ~8 Gyr age. Our results for HIP 78399 suggest the promise of this star as a solar twin may be equivalent to the "closest ever solar twin," HR 6060; follow-up study of this star is encouraged.
An inflaton mass problem in string inflation from threshold corrections to volume stabilization

Inflationary models whose vacuum energy arises from a D-term are believed not to suffer from the supergravity eta problem of F-term inflation. That is, D-term models have the desirable property that the inflaton mass can naturally remain much smaller than the Hubble scale. We observe that this advantage is lost in models based on string compactifications whose volume is stabilized by a non-perturbative superpotential: the F-term energy associated with volume stabilization causes the eta problem to reappear. Moreover, any shift symmetries introduced to protect the inflaton mass will typically be lifted by threshold corrections to the volume-stabilizing superpotential. Using threshold corrections computed by Berg, Haack, and Kors, we illustrate this point in the example of the D3–D7 inflationary model, and conclude that inflation is possible, but only for fine-tuned values of the stabilized moduli. More generally, we conclude that inflationary models in stable string compactifications, even D-term models with shift symmetries, will require a certain amount of fine-tuning to avoid this new contribution to the eta problem.
Supersymmetry breaking and weakly vs. strongly coupled string theory

Abstract In the context of the field theory limit of superstrings, we consider an almost realistic model of supersymmetry breaking by gaugino condensation which includes, through nonperturbative corrections to the Kahler potential, dilaton stabilization at a value compatible with a weak coupling regime. Invariance under modular transformations is ensured through a Green-Schwartz term and string threshold corrections, which lead to moduli stabilization at the self-dual point. We are thus in a position to discuss several issues of physical relevance: gravitino, dilaton and moduli masses, axion, soft supersymmetry breaking parameters and gauge coupling unification.
Quasifree kaon - photoproduction from nuclei in a relativistic approach

We compute the recoil polarization of the lambda hyperon and the photon asymmetry for the quasifree photoproduction of kaons in a relativistic mean-field approximation to the Walecka model. Our motivation for studying polarization observables is threefold. First, polarization observables are more effective discriminators of subtle dynamics than the unpolarized cross section. Second, earlier nonrelativistic calculations suggest that polarization observables are relatively insensitive to distortions effects. Finally, this insensitivity entails an enormous simplification in the theoretical treatment. Indeed, by introducing the notion of a ''bound-nucleon propagator'' we exploit Feynman's trace techniques to develop closed-form, analytic expressions for all photoproduction observables. Moreover, our results indicate that polarization observables are also insensitive to relativistic effects and to the nuclear target. Yet, they are sensitive to the model parameters, making them ideal tools for the study of modifications to the elementary amplitude--such as in the production, propagation, and decay of nucleon resonances--in the nuclear medium. (c) 1999 The American Physical Society.
Synthetic strategies towards the total synthesis of phyllanthocin and breynolide. Application of stereochemically linear and convergent strategies

Phyllanthoside and breynin A are structurally related spiroketal glycoside natural products with potent, interesting and diverse biological activities. Due to their therapeutic potential and novel architecture, the respective aglycones, phyllanthocin and breynolide have attracted significant effort from the synthetic community. This review highlights the synthetic approaches to these targets with an emphasis on the strategy for incorporating the requisite stereogenic centers.
Efficient Cs2CO3-promoted solution and solid phase synthesis of carbonates and carbamates in the presence of TBAI

Abstract Novel solution and solid-phase methods for the synthesis of carbonates and carbamates were developed using cesium bases and TBAI via a three-component coupling. Cesium carbonate not only promoted successful carbonylations of alcohols and carbamations of amines, but also suppressed common side reactions traditionally seen using existing protocols. Various alcohols and amines were examined, using a wide array of alkyl halides, and the results demonstrated this methodology was highly chemoselective. In particular, use of either sterically demanding substrates or amino acid derivatives afforded the corresponding products exclusively, offering a wide variety of applications such as novel protecting groups and peptidomimetic syntheses.
Can securities analysts forecast intangible firms’ earnings?

Abstract Much evidence in the 1990s cast serious doubt on securities analysts’ abilities to produce accurate research for intangible firms. Such evidence is in contrast to analysts’ image in the public mind as gatekeepers of the capital markets. This paper addresses the contentious question regarding analysts’ performances in forecasting the future earnings of intangible firms. The assessment is relative to extrapolative time series models. The paper’s results show that the forecast errors produced by both analysts and extrapolative models are positively associated with intangibles that are above the industry norm, which is consistent with the difficulty of processing complex intangible information. However, the impact of intangibles on forecast errors is stronger for the forecasts of extrapolative models than for those of analysts. Analysts’ superiority is positively associated with firms’ specific intangibles, and this association increases as the complexity of the intangible information increases. This finding is consistent with analysts’ better ability to forecast the earnings of intangible firms, relative to extrapolative models.
Trade expansion and employment generation: how mercantilist does China have to be?

We conduct an input–output analysis of China’s employment changes due to changes in trade structure on a sectoral level. We find that between 2002 and 2007 China generated about 71 million jobs due to trade expansion. We also estimate the additional amount of trade that would be needed if China were using its trade surplus as the main tool to absorb its excess labour. Given the magnitude of this estimated amount, we conclude that this ‘mercantilist’ approach to excess labour absorption is not feasible. Finally, using Spearman rank correlation analysis, we find that the ranking of China’s sectors’ employment generation capacities is inversely related to the ranking of these sectors’ trade performances. This suggests that the ‘mercantilist’ approach to excess labour absorption is not only infeasible but also inefficient. We end the paper by suggesting a more balanced growth path for China.
High-authority Piezoelectric Actuation System Synthesis through Mechanical Resonance and Electrical Tailoring

In this research, a new approach is proposed to enhance the effectiveness of piezoelectric actuators. Through mechanical tailoring, the resonant frequencies of the actuation system (this includes the piezoelectric actuator and the related mechanical and electrical elements for actuation) can be tuned to the required actuation frequencies. This obviously will increase the authority (both stroke and force) of the actuation system. However, the resonant actuation system can be hard to control and nonrobust, due to its narrow operating bandwidth. This issue can be resolved through electric circuit tailoring. With the aid of a network of inductance, resistance, and negative capacitance, the actuation resonant peak can be significantly broadened and flattened. In this case, one can achieve a high authority actuation system without the negative effects of resonant problems. The electrical networks can also achieve a fail-safe system due to its passive shunting character. The proposed concept is evaluated using a...
On Ozawa's Property for Free Group Factors

We give a new proof of a result of Ozawa showing that if a von Neumann subalgebra $Q$ of a free group factor $L\Bbb F_n, 2\leq n\leq \infty$ has relative commutant diffuse (i.e. without atoms), then $Q$ is amenable.
Chaotic hypothesis: Onsager reciprocity and fluctuation-dissipation theorem

It is shown that the chaoticity hypothesis recently introduced in statistical mechanics, which is analogous to Ruelle's principle for turbulence, implies the Onsager reciprocity and the fluctuation-dissipation theorem in various reversible models for coexisting transport phenomena.
Onset of reptations and critical hysteretic behavior in disordered systems

Closure of minor hysteresis loops is studied using random coercivity Ising model with antiferromagnetic interactions. Mean-field modeling reveals a critical phenomenon in the hysteretic behavior associated with the loss of closure and the onset of minor loop reptations. Similar results are demonstrated numerically for the random coercivity Ising model with antiferromagnetic nearest-neighbor interactions.
DSS design: a systemic view of decision support

A systemic view of DSS can provide a concrete framework for effective design of DSS and can also serve as a basis for accumulating DSS research results.
Model predictive control of plant transitions using a new identification technique for interpolating nonlinear models

Abstract This paper presents a model based controller design approach for plants that operate in several distinct operating regimes and make transitions between them. Often it is difficult to identify a single global model that describes plant behavior in all the regimes. In the present work we propose an identification method that builds linear models for the individual regimes, and then interpolates nonlinear models in between these local models to match plant dynamics during transitions. The identification technique is shown to work well with transition data which lack excitation. A model predictive controller based on the local and the transition models is then presented and applied to a reactor.
Invasive adenoma and pituitary carcinoma: a SEER database analysis

Invasive pituitary adenomas and pituitary carcinomas are clinically indistinguishable until identification of metastases. Optimal management and survival outcomes for both are not clearly defined. The purpose of this study is to use the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database to report patterns of care and compare survival outcomes in a large series of patients with invasive adenomas or pituitary carcinomas. One hundred seventeen patients diagnosed between 1973 and 2008 with pituitary adenomas/adenocarcinomas were included. Eighty-three invasive adenomas and seven pituitary carcinomas were analyzed for survival outcomes. Analyzed prognostic factors included age, sex, race, histology, tumor extent, and treatment. A significant decrease in survival was observed among carcinomas compared to invasive adenomas at 1, 2, and 5 years (p = 0.047, 0.001, and 0.009). Only non-white race, male gender, and age ≥65 were significant negative prognostic factors for invasive adenomas (p = 0.013, 0.033, and <0.001, respectively). There was no survival advantage to radiation therapy in treating adenomas at 5, 10, 20, or 30 years (p = 0.778, 0.960, 0.236, and 0.971). In conclusion, pituitary carcinoma patients exhibit worse overall survival than invasive adenoma patients. This highlights the need for improved diagnostic methods for the sellar phase to allow for potentially more aggressive treatment approaches.
Dividing the Costs and Returns to General Training

Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth indicate that the employer often pays the explicit costs of not only on‐site training but also off‐site general training. Although few of these costs appear to be passed on to workers in the form of a lower wage while in training, completed spells of general training paid for by previous employers have a larger wage effect than completed spells of general training paid for by the current employer. A model where contract enforcement considerations cause employers to share the costs and returns to purely general training can explain these findings.
An improved two-step synthetic route to primary allylic alcohols from aldehydes

An improved two-step synthetic route to allylic alcohols from aldehydes has been developed. A modification of the HWE reaction in H2O–2-PrOH (1 ∶ 1) and a convenient protocol to prepare AlH3 in THF from LiAlH4 and n-BuBr are the key factors in the improvement.
Magnetopause erosion: A global view from MHD simulation

[1] In this paper we use a global magnetohydrodynamic simulation of the magnetosphere to examine the behavior of the magnetopause position when the interplanetary magnetic field suddenly changes from northward to southward. The inward motion of the magnetopause under the influence of a southward IMF is generally referred to as magnetopause “erosion.” Physical models to explain erosion have been proposed, notably the “onion” peeling model, a model based on the effects of fringe fields from the Region 1 Birkeland currents and the nightside cross-tail current. The simulation shows behavior consistent with aspects of these models, but it also shows behavior that is most consistent with the major driver of erosion being the growth of the nightside cross-tail current. In particular, the simulation exhibits a marked delay between the arrival of the southward IMF at the magnetopause and the inward motion of the magnetopause. We attribute this delay to the delay in the growth of the nightside current system in response to the southward turning of the IMF.
An O(N) algorithm for constructing the solution operator to 2D elliptic boundary value problems in the absence of body loads

The large sparse linear systems arising from the finite element or finite difference discretization of elliptic PDEs can be solved directly via, e.g., nested dissection or multifrontal methods. Such techniques reorder the nodes in the grid to reduce the asymptotic complexity of Gaussian elimination from O(N 2) to O(N 1.5) for typical problems in two dimensions. It has recently been demonstrated that the complexity can be further reduced to O(N) by exploiting structure in the dense matrices that arise in such computations (using, e.g., ? $\mathcal {H}$ -matrix arithmetic). This paper demonstrates that such accelerated nested dissection techniques become particularly effective for boundary value problems without body loads when the solution is sought for several different sets of boundary data, and the solution is required only near the boundary (as happens, e.g., in the computational modeling of scattering problems, or in engineering design of linearly elastic solids). In this case, a modified version of the accelerated nested dissection scheme can execute any solve beyond the first in O(N boundary) operations, where N boundary denotes the number of points on the boundary. Typically, N boundary ~ N 0.5. Numerical examples demonstrate the effectiveness of the procedure for a broad range of elliptic PDEs that includes both the Laplace and Helmholtz equations.
Rotation to simple loadings using component loss functions: The orthogonal case

Component loss functions (CLFs) are used to generalize the quartimax criterion for orthogonal rotation in factor analysis. These replace the fourth powers of the factor loadings by an arbitrary function of the second powers. Criteria of this form were introduced by a number of authors, primarily Katz and Rohlf (1974) and Rozeboom (1991), but there has been essentially no follow-up to this work. A method so simple, natural, and general deserves to be investigated more completely. A number of theoretical results are derived including the fact that any method using a concave CLF will recover perfect simple structure whenever it exists, and there are methods that will recover Thurstone simple structure whenever it exists. Specific CLFs are identified and it is shown how to compare these using standardized plots. Numerical examples are used to illustrate and compare CLF and other methods. Sorted absolute loading plots are introduced to aid in comparing results and setting parameters for methods that require them.
Henry Gilman: American Pioneer in the Rise of Organometallic Chemistry in Modern Science and Technology†

The growth and development of organometallic chemistry from an esoteric, well-nigh alchemical art into a completely integrated and essential part of both current organic chemistry and inorganic chemistry have occurred with escalating rapidity over the last 150 years. The sesquicentennial history of organometallic chemistry falls rather naturally into three 50-year periods, each of which began with far-reaching discoveries: (1) the discovery of zinc alkyls by Frankland in 1849 and the use of such alkyls to prepare alkyls of other metals; (2) the discovery of organomagnesium halides by Grignard in 1900 and their many reactions with organic compounds; and (3) the dual discoveries of the existence and structure of ferrocene by Pauson and Miller in 1951 and of the polymerization of olefins by Ziegler and Natta in 1952−1953. The marked burgeoning of organometallic chemistry after World War I is traced to an international group of young pioneers launching their careers with high hope and vigor: Gilman, Kharasc...
Development of Two-Dimensional Wakes Within Curved Channels: Theoretical Framework and Experimental Investigation

The development of a wake flow downstream of a cylindrical rod within a curved channel under zero streamwise pressure gradient is theoretically and experimentally investigated. The measured asymmetric wake quantities such as the mean velocity and turbulent fluctuations in longitudinal and lateral directions as well as the turbulent shear stress are transformed from the probe coordinate system into the curvilinear wake eigen-coordinate system. For the transformed non-dimensionalized velocity defect and the turbulent quantities, affine profiles are observed throughout the flow regime. Based on these observations and using the transformed equations of motion and continuity, a theoretical frame work is established that generally describes the two-dimensional curvilinear wake flow. The theory also describes the straight wake as a special case, for which the curvature radius approaches infinity. The comparison of the theory with the experimental data pertaining to the curvilinear and straight wakes demonstrate the general validity of the theory.
DYONS AND S-DUALITY IN N = 4 SUPERSYMMETRIC GAUGE THEORY

Abstract We analyze the spectrum of dyons in N = 4 supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory with gauge group SU(3) spintaneously broken down to U(1) × U(1). The Higgs fields select a natural basis of simple roots. Acting with S-duality on theW-boson states corresponding to simplr roots leads to an orbit of BPS dyon states that are magnetically charged with respect to one of the U(1)'s. The corresponding monopole solutions can be obtained by embedding SU(2) monopoles into SU(3) and the S-duality predictions reduce to the SU(2) case. Acting with S-duality on the W-boson corresponding to a nonsimple root leads to an infinite set of new S-duality predictions. The simplest of these corresponds to the existence of a harmonic form on the moduli space of SU(3) monopoles that have magnetic charge (1,1) with respect to the two U(1)'s. We argue that the moduli space is given by R 3 × (R 1 x M)/ |Z , where M is Euclidean Taub-NUT space, and that the latter admits the appropriate normalizable harmonic two-form. We briefly discuss the generalizations to other gauge groups.
The New Natural Law Theory: A Reply to Jean Porter

The theory of practical reasoning and morality proposed by Germain Grisez, and developed by him in frequent collaboration with John Finnis and Joseph Boyle, is the most formidable presentation of natural law theory in this century. Although work by Finnis and others has brought this "new natural law theory" (NNLT) to the attention of secular philosophers, the theory is of particular interest to Catholic moralists. This is because NNLT provides resources for a fresh defense of traditional moral norms, including those forbidding abortion, euthanasia, and other forms of "direct" killing, as well as sexual immoralities such as fornication, sodomy, and masturbation. In part, no doubt, because it provides such resources, Catholics who dissent from the Church's teaching of these norms have criticized NNLT. Catholic moralists of unassailable orthodoxy (such as the Thomist philosopher Ralph McInerny) have also challenged the NNLT. Their disagreements are essentially interpretative. Grisez and his collaborators locate themselves within the broad framework of the Thomistic tradition, and have advanced interpretations of Thomistic texts in support of key claims. Redoubtable Thomists have challenged those interpretations and, more globally, NNLT's Thomistic credentials. Other philosophers, including some non-Catholic natural law theorists, question NNLT's status as a theory of natural law. Because NNLT's proponents hold that moral norms cannot be deduced or inferred purely from antecedent facts about human nature, these critics say it cannot be a theory of natural law. Because its proponents eschew a voluntaristic account of moral obligation (and so speak not of a "lawgiver" but of the claims of reason), and because they (particularly Finnis) are critical of much natural law theorizing about the positive law, NNLT is not, critics say, a theory of natural law. Professor Jean Porter's recent appraisal of NNLT avoids all these familiar grounds of criticism. She challenges "proportionalism" by the same arguments she advances against Grisez and Finnis. She sketches an alternate position, which she considers broadly Thomistic, but engages no interpretative issue. Porter apparently rejects the claim that practical principles (such as moral norms) cannot be deduced or inferred from purely factual premises, but her disagreement with Grisez and his collaborators on this point is a minor feature of her critique. Although there is evidence that she rejects at least some of the tradition's moral norms, we must assume that this follows from her criticisms of NNLT, and is not a basis for them.
Universal lattices and property tau

We prove that the universal lattices – the groups G=SL d (R) where R=ℤ[x 1,...,x k ], have property τ for d≥3. This provides the first example of linear groups with τ which do not come from arithmetic groups. We also give a lower bound for the τ-constant with respect to the natural generating set of G. Our methods are based on bounded elementary generation of the finite congruence images of G, a generalization of a result by Dennis and Stein on K 2 of some finite commutative rings and a relative property T of $(\mathrm{SL}_2(R)\ltimes R^2, R^2)$ .
The very‐high‐temperature pyrolysis of ethane: Evidence against high rates for dissociative recombination reactions of methyl radicals

The pyrolysis of 1 and 2% ethane in krypton has been studied in shock waves by the laser-schlieren technique over 1700–4800 K. For 2400–2800 K an effective zero density gradient is seen following the rapid dissociation of the ethane. Through simulation with various mechanisms it is evident that the high rates for the dissociative recombination reactions of methyl radicals obtained in recent shock-tube studies, are incompatible with this observation; these rates must be reduced at least an order of magnitude. On the basis of theory and previous low-temperature (T) measurements, k = 7.8 × 1011 (-6562/T) (cm3/mol s) is recommended for the second of these reactions.
A stereoselective total synthesis of (±)-erythrodiene

Abstract Erythrodiene, a unique spirobicyclic sesquiterpene hydrocarbon from the Caribbean gorgonian coral Erythropodium caribaeorum, has been synthesized from 4-isopropylcyclohexanol in 8-steps and approximately 16% overall yield. The synthesis features a stereoselective intramolecular carbomercuration reaction as the key step.
Drug-induced lupus

Introduction Drug-induced lupus (DIL) refers to an idiosyncratic side effect of numerous, apparently unrelated, medications, in which symptoms overlap with those of systemic lupus erythematosus. DIL is reversible by discontinuation of the medication. The etiological mechanism underlying DIL is linked to the inherent susceptibility of the adaptive immune system to lapse into auto-reactivity. Areas covered Clinical and laboratory features of DIL will be compared with those of idiopathic systemic lupus and with other types of drug reactions with overlapping features. Formerly commonly-used drugs conferred very high risk of developing DIL, although the probability of developing DIL has not been established with most lupus-inducing drugs. Pharmacological or physiochemical properties of the parent compounds are uninformative, but the importance of reactive drug metabolites in initiating autoimmunity will be discussed. As with most systemic autoimmune diseases, the pathogenesis of DIL is complex and obscure. The role of complement and human leukocyte allotypes as well as drug acetylator phenotype inform the underlying mechanism, and several of these non-mutually exclusive concepts will be described. Expert opinion The pros and cons of proposed mechanisms for DIL will be discussed in the context of current understanding of autoimmunity and immune tolerance to self.
Personal Attributes and Latino Voting Behavior in Congress

Objective. Researchers have long examined the nature of representation, paying particular attention to the dynamics of descriptive and substantive representation in racial and ethnic communities. The objective of this article is to determine the extent to which personal attributes influence the voting behavior of Latino members of Congress. Methods. We test the relationship between legislator’s personal attributes and Poole and Rosenthal’s DW-NOMINATE scores for Latino members of the 101st‐108th Congresses. Results. After controlling for institutional and electoral factors, results show that education, gender, nativity, and generation have significant effects on Latino legislators’ voting behavior. Religion and national origin appear not to have an effect. Conclusions. This analysis shows that personal attributes predict Latino congressional voting even when controlling for district and institutional factors. As such, this study demonstrates that Latino legislators have in-group differences and therefore should not be considered a monolithic group. Political scientists have long examined the nature of representation, paying particular attention to the dynamics of descriptive and substantive
Refined Restricted Permutations

Define \( S_{k}^n (\alpha) \) to be the set of permutations of {1, 2,...,n} with exactly k fixed points which avoid the pattern \( \alpha\in S_m \). Let \( S_{k}^n (\alpha) \) be the size of \( S_{k}^n (\alpha) \). We investigate \( S_{n}^0 (\alpha) \) for all \( \alpha\in S_3 \) as well as show that \( s_{n}^{k} (132) = s_{n}^{k}(213) = s_{n}^{k}(321)\quad\mathrm{and}\quad s_{n}^{k}(231) = s_{n}^{k}(312)\quad\mathrm{for\quad all}\quad 0\leq k\leq n \).
The Bomb-Produced Radiation Belt

The distributions of electrons trapped in the earth's magnetic field, produced by a 1.4-Mt nuclear explosion at altitude of 400 km in the Central Pacific Ocean, are measured by several satellites. The decay of this bomb- produced radiation belt is described, in terms of the time since the explosion (July 9, 1962) and the distance from the earth. The effects of the electrons on the satellite electrical systems are also discussed. (T.F.H.)
On the dissolution of sunspot groups

The behavior of magnetic fluxes from active regions is investigated for times near sunspot disappearance. It is found that the magnetic fluxes decrease on or near the date the spot vanishes. This effect is investigated and it is concluded that it is actually due to changes in the field, rather than through dissipation of the active region fields. This is important in considerations of the large-scale behavior of solar magnetic fields.
Effects of changing milk replacer feedings from twice to once daily on Holstein calf innate immune responses before and after weaning

The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of switching Holstein calves to once-daily feeding during the fourth week of life (24 ± 2.3 d of age; once-fed n=22; twice-fed n=22) on innate immune responses, and to evaluate whether carry-over effects occurred when the calves were weaned during the seventh week of life. Peripheral blood samples were taken immediately before the change in feeding strategy (24 d of age) and at 27, 31, 45, 48, 52, and 66 d of age and were analyzed for circulating cortisol, haptoglobin, total leukocyte counts, neutrophil:mononuclear cells, and hematocrit percentage. Heparinized whole blood was also stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 24h and the concentration of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the supernatant was analyzed. Neutrophil L-selectin and β(2)-integrin expression were analyzed by flow cytometry. Simultaneous neutrophil phagocytic and oxidative burst responses to a heat-killed Escherichia coli were quantified by dual-color flow-cytometry. Treatment (once-daily or twice daily feeding) had no effect on pre- or postweaning performance. Once-fed calves tended to have more circulating neutrophils at 27 d of age, greater expression of L-selectin on neutrophils at 31 and 45 d of age, and greater intensity of phagocytosis at 45 d of age. Once-fed calves secreted less TNF-α in LPS-stimulated whole blood cultures at 45 d of age compared with twice-fed calves and this tended to persist through the immediate postweaning period. None of the other immune parameters differed after weaning between the preweaning feeding strategies. Consolidating calf milk replacer into one feeding during the fourth week of life was likely a mild and acute stressor, as evidenced by transient neutrophilia in the absence of suppressed functional capacities of neutrophils. Future research should address the mechanism and immunological significance of the persistent decreased TNF-α response in once-fed calves.
Limitations of data compiled from police reports on pediatric pedestrian and bicycle motor vehicle events

Police reports were compared to the information provided by a hospital monitoring system for children under 15 years old injured as pedestrians and bicyclists by moving motor vehicles in Orange County, California. The analysis was limited to identifying caveats in the police report database. Underreporting by police was conservatively estimated at 20% for pedestrians and 10% for bicyclists. Comparison of the pedestrian databases suggested underreporting by police of incidents involving 0-4-year-olds, nontraffic incidents, incidents in which the vehicle was backing up, and cases not involving a child crossing a street. Comparison of the bicyclist databases indicated an underreporting by police of nontraffic cases. These caveats, in part, are related to police agency reporting requirements. The police injury severity scale was found to correlate poorly with a scale based on medical diagnoses, and substantial underreporting by police of serious injuries was demonstrated. We suggest that utilization of police injury severity scales be limited to categories of fatal, injured, and not injured (when available).
Radiation effects on optical data transmission systems

The state of the art of optical transmitters, low loss fiber waveguides and receivers in both steady state and pulsed radiation environments is reviewed and summarized. Emphasis is placed on the effects of irradiation on the performance of light emitting and laser diodes, optical fiber waveguides and photodiodes. The influence of radiation-induced attenuation of optical fibers due to total dose, dose rate, time after irradiation, temperature, radiation history, photobleaching, OH and impurity content, dopant type and concentration is described. The performance of candidate components of the transmission system intended for deployment in the Superconducting Super Collider Detector and primary beam tunnel nuclear environment is discussed. >
Directed Evolution and Biocatalysis

This review describes the current state of biocatalysis in the chemical industry. Although we recognize the advantages of chemical approaches, we suggest that the use of biological catalysis is about to expand dramatically because of the recent developments in the artificial evolution of genes that code for enzymes. For the first time it is possible to consider the rapid development of an enzyme that is designed for a specific chemical reaction. This technology offers the opportunity to adapt the enzyme to the needs of the process. We describe herein the development of enzyme evolution technology and particularly DNA shuffling. We also consider several classes of enzymes, their current applications, and the limitations that should be addressed. In a review of this length it is impossible to describe all the enzymes with potential for industrial exploitation; there are other classes, which given appropriate activity, selectivity, and robustness, could become useful tools for the industrial chemist. This is an exciting era for biocatalysis and we expect great progress in the future.
Multi-wavelength Characterization of Stellar Flares on Low-mass Stars using SDSS and 2MASS Time Domain Surveys

We present the first rates of flares from M dwarf stars in both red optical and near-infrared (NIR) filters. We have studied ~50,000 M dwarfs from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) Stripe 82 area and 1321 M dwarfs from the Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS) Calibration Scan Point Source Working Database that overlap SDSS imaging fields. We assign photometric spectral types from M0 to M6 using (r – i) and (i – z) colors for every star in our sample. Stripe 82 stars each have 50-100 epochs of data, while 2MASS Calibration stars have ~1900 epochs. From these data we estimate the observed rates and theoretical detection thresholds for flares in eight photometric bands as a function of spectral type. Optical flare rates are found to be in agreement with previous studies, while the frequency per hour of NIR flare detections is found to be more than two orders of magnitude lower. An excess of small-amplitude flux increases in all bands exhibits a power-law distribution, which we interpret as the result of flares below our detection thresholds. In order to investigate the recovery efficiency for flares in each filter, we extend a two-component flare model into the NIR. Quiescent M0-M6 spectral templates were used with the model to predict the photometric response of flares from u to K_s. We determine that red optical filters are sensitive to flares with u-band amplitudes ≳2 mag, and NIR filters to flares with Δu ≳4.5 mag. Our model predicts that M0 stars have the best color contrast for J-band detections, but M4-M6 stars should yield the highest rate of NIR flares with amplitudes of ΔJ ≥ 0.01 mag. Characterizing flare rates and photometric variations at longer wavelengths is important for predicting the signatures of M dwarf variability in next-generation surveys, and we discuss their impact on surveys such as the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope.
Fluorescence resonance energy transfer study of subunit exchange in human lens crystallins and congenital cataract crystallin mutants.

Lens α-crystallin is an oligomeric protein with a molecular mass of 500–1000 kDa and a polydispersed assembly. It consists of two types of subunits, αA and αB, each with a molecular mass of 20 kDa. The subunits also form homo-oligomers in some other tissues and in vitro. Their quaternary structures, which are dynamic and characterized by subunit exchange, have been studied by many techniques, including fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) and mass spectrometry analysis. The proposed mechanism of subunit exchange has been either by dissociation/association of monomeric subunits or by rapid equilibrium between oligomers and suboligomers. To explore the nature of subunit exchange further, we performed additional FRET measurements and analyses using a fluorescent dye-labeled W9F αA-crystallin as the acceptor probe and Trp in other crystallins (wild-type and R116C αA, wild-type and R120G αB, wild-type and Q155* βB2) as the donor probe and calculated the transfer efficiency, Forster distance, and average distance between two probes. The results indicate only slight decreased efficiency and increased distance between two probes for the R116C αA and R120G αB mutations despite conformational changes.
Unprecedented chlorination of 2,2′-anhydro-5,6-dihydropyrimidine nucleosides during DDQ oxidation

Abstract Chloride ion, derived from 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyanohydroquinone (DDHQ), was found to participate in opening of the 2,2′-anhydro bond of 5,6-dihydropyrimidine nucleosides, but not their 5,6-unsaturated counterparts. The increased basicity of the nucleosidic nitrogen is believed to be a factor in this unprecedented reaction.
Semi-synthesis of thioamide containing proteins

Our laboratory has shown that the thioamide, a single atom O-to-S substitution, can be a versatile fluorescence quenching probe that is minimally-perturbing when placed at many locations in a protein sequence. In order to make these and other thioamide experiments applicable to full-sized proteins, we have developed methods for incorporating thioamides by generating thiopeptide fragments through solid phase synthesis and ligating them to protein fragments expressed in E. coli. To install donor fluorophores, we have adapted unnatural amino acid mutagenesis methods, including the generation of new tRNA synthetases for the incorporation of small, intrinsically fluorescent amino acids. We have used a combination of these two methods, as well as chemoenzymatic protein modification, to efficiently install sidechain and backbone modifications to generate proteins labeled with fluorophore/thioamide pairs.
Contingency Fees, Settlement Delay, and Low-Quality Litigation: Empirical Evidence from Two Datasets

Although flat fees are common for divorces, wills and trusts, and probate, lawyers in personal injury cases generally are paid by contingency fee or at an hourly rate. Arguments have been made that contingency fees increase low-quality, "frivolous" litigation but counterarguments suggest that contingency fees actually limit such litigation and instead it is hourly fees that increase low-quality litigation. Using a difference in differences test and data on a cross section of states in 1992, we test whether legal quality is lower under contingency or hourly fees. We also examine medical malpractice claims in Florida using a time series centered around a law change that limited contingency fees. We also examine the impact of fee arrangements on the expected time to settlement. We find that hourly fees encourage the filing of low-quality suits and increase the time to settlement (i.e., contingency fees increase legal quality and decrease the time to settlement). Copyright 2003, Oxford University Press.
Transverse mode locking

The possibility of phase locking the transverse modes of a laser is considered. It is shown that if a transverse mode set having a Poisson intensity distribution can be phase locked, a scanning laser beam can be produced.
Total synthesis of (±)-davanone

Abstract The total synthesis of the sesquiterpene (±)-davanone is described. A Lewis acid catalyzed [3+4] annulation reaction of 1,4-pentanedione with bis(trimethylsilyl) enol ether 2 is the key synthetic step. The resulting oxabicyclo[3.2.1]heptanone system can be selectively ring-opened and then elaborated further to (±)-davanone.
The deterioration of cod liver oil and the diet of children

Summary 1. It was found that a large number of institutions dispensing cod liver oil failed to observe the precautions necessary to prevent the development of rancidity. 2. Many households likewise failed to observe the necessary simple precautions for preventing the development of rancidity in cod liver oil. 3. Only those families who obtained a good oil and kept it under proper conditions showed an oil in good condition at the end of the period of using a given supply. 4. Rancid cod liver oil has a disagreeable taste. 5. Rancid cod liver oil may be a factor in the digestive disturbances frequently reported by mothers after its use by their children. 6. Rancid cod liver oil is a poor source of vitamin A. 7. Rancidity in cod liver oil can be guarded against by observing the following simple precautions: a. Obtaining a product in good condition. b. Keeping it under refrigeration after the bottle has been opened. c. Keeping the mouth of the bottle free from dried residue. d. Obtaining a supply sufficiently small to be consumed in a period of six weeks or less. 8. Rancidity develops in other oils containing unsaturated bonds as readily as in cod liver oil.
Hydrogen cyanide polymers from the impact of comet P/Shoemaker-Levy 9 on Jupiter.

Abstract Hydrogen cyanide polymers—heterogeneous solids ranging in color from yellow to orange to brown to black—may be among the organic macromolecules most readily formed within the Solar System. The nonvolatile black crust of comet Halley, for example, as well as the extensive orange-brown streaks in the atmosphere of Jupiter, might consist largely of such polymers synthesized from HCN formed by photolysis of methane and ammonia. Laboratory studies of these ubiquitous compounds point to the presence of polyamidine structures synthesized directly from hydrogen cyanide. These would be converted by water to polypeptides which can be further hydrolyzed to α-amino acids. Other polymers and multimers with ladder structures derived from HCN would also be present and might well be the source of the many nitrogen heterocycles, adenine included, detected by thermochemolytic analysis. The dark brown color arising from the impacts of comet P/Shoemaker-Levy 9 on Jupiter could therefore be mainly caused by the presence of HCN polymers, whether originally present, deposited by the impactor or synthesized from freshly formed HCN. Spectroscopic detection of these predicted macromolecules and their hydrolytic and pyrolytic by-products would strengthen significantly the hypothesis that cyanide polymerization is a preferred pathway for prebiotic and extraterrestrial chemistry.