cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Species of the genera Doassansia, Doassansiopsis, and Burrillia in India.

smuts on account of their rarity and the interesting types of lifecycles in many of the species. The rarity of these smuts is often due to the very obscure symptoms they produce on the host, which might range from an almost inconspicuous paling of the infected portions to definite discolored spots. In very few cases there is the formation of tumor-like excrescences on the host. In India, three species of Doassansia have been known by the determinations of Sydow and Butler. Another species, Doassansia Hygrophilae Thirumalachar, was added by the writer (1946). It is based on a collection of a leaf smut made near Nandi, Mysore, on Hygrophila sp. No species of Burrillia was hitherto known to occur in India, and a first report of an undescribed species of Burrillia, viz. B. Narasimhanii, was made recently by Thirumalachar and Mundkur (1946) on Alisma reniformis G. Don. This has been followed up by the finding of another species of Burrillia on Monochoria vaginalis Presl. by the writer and it appears to be undescribed. The life-cycle of the smut has been worked out in some detai.l, and in this paper an account of it is presented. Some of the observations made on the other species of Doassansia and Burrillia are also included.
Trouble in Mind: The Bicentennial and the Afro-American Experience

When Americans commemorated the one hundredth birthday of the Constitution, in 1887, they staged appropriate celebrations, the most spectacular of them in Philadelphia. Amid a sea of flags and patriotic banners, a Civic and Industrial Procession highlighted American progress over the past century. The planners did not overlook black America. Three floats formed "The Colored People's Display." The first float, labeled 1787, showed a plantation during slavery, featuring a small Negro cabin surrounded by growing cotton. The second float, labeled 1887, displayed a school scene, with sixty-five black pupils at their studies under the direction of four teachers. Symbolic of the progress of the race, banners proclaimed Emancipation, Enfranchisement, Full Political Rights and Privileges, and God Bless 1887. The third float, labeled Industry, depicted blacks at a variety of trades. This was less than the parade's planners had envisioned. The display had been hastily organized, largely because of the black community's indifference. "Early in my work I appealed to its most distinguished representatives," reported the chief marshal. This was an opportunity, he told them, to assemble "one of the most striking contrastive exhibits of the demonstration," illustrating "the marvelous advance of the race from bondage to freedom, from ignorance to intelligence, from poverty to comfort, with all the blessings coming from political freedom, education, and equality under the law." The response was less than overwhelming. For the float depicting the slave cabin, in fact, the organizers could find no blacks, "even with the offer of a liberal pecuniary reward," willing to appear in the role of slaves.1
Multi-Fidelity Aerodynamic Optimization Using Treed Meta-Models

The multi-fidelity Treed Meta-Model (TMM) framework developed and applied here creates a tree-based partitioning of an aerodynamic design space and employs independent Kriging surfaces in each partition to globally model computationally inexpensive lowfidelity analysis data. Using the low-fidelity meta-model to select points for evaluation with a high-fidelity analysis tool, a multi-fidelity global model is created from collocated high and low fidelity data points. A steady-state genetic algorithm is used to construct an optimal partitioning scheme based on the number of points in each partition and the combined predictive capabilities of the Kriging surfaces, as measured through cross-validation. The TMM framework mitigates the eects of the “curse of dimensionality” associated with surrogate modeling of large datasets, allows for parallelization of design space searches, and increases model flexibility by using a number of smaller Kriging surfaces. Uniform incremental sampling is incorporated to build the low-fidelity database progressively while the GA optimizes the partitioning scheme using available data. High-fidelity data points are chosen using a Least Angle Regression Scheme (LARS) to approximate the sensitivity of the meta-model to error in the low-fidelity points. The process is demonstrated from lowfidelity meta-model construction to multi-fidelity model optimization. The optimization includes direct searches on the design space using both the low and high-fidelity analysis tools, as well as searches of the low-fidelity and mulit-fidelity meta-models. The results will show not only the ability of the TMM framework to create a suciently accurate partitioned low-fidelity surface but also whether the selection of high-fidelity points will create a multi-fidelity model capable of locating a dierent optimal than the low-fidelity meta-model.
Risk behaviours of an interrelated syphilis-infected sexual network of men who have sex with men.

Aims and objectives We examined the risk behaviours in an interrelated sexual network of 33 syphilis-infected men who have sex with men on the use of condoms, substances and websites to meet sexual partners. Our study used a descriptive exploratory design to investigate co-occurring high-risk behaviours in this interrelated sexual network to inform future health interventions and research directions. Background Although the risk behaviours for human immunodeficiency virus transmission in men who have sex with men have been studied, few have studied the high-risk population of men who already have syphilis, and even fewer have studied the risk behaviours in sexual networks of syphilis-infected men who have sex with men who were identified using contact tracing. Design/Methods The data were collected from semi-structured, individual interviews at a not-for-profit lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender health centre in a large city in the Midwestern USA. Results Inconsistent condom use was substantial during both insertive (92%) and receptive (88%) anal intercourse. Most participants (97%) reported using one or more substances prior to or during anal intercourse, and Internet websites were the most common place to meet sexual partners (88%). Conclusions High-risk behaviours were significant within this syphilis-infected sexual network of men who have sex with men. The majority of our 33 participants were non-Hispanic Whites (n = 27, 82%), possessed a baccalaureate degree or higher (n = 23, 70%), and actively sought out unprotected anal intercourse [21 participants (64%) used BareBackRT.com, a website to seek out unprotected anal intercourse]. Relevance to clinical practice Nurses should be more informed about the risk factors of a high-risk sexual network of syphilis-infected men who have sex with men. Interrelated sexual networks have high levels of similarity among participants’ high-risk behaviours; contact tracing may be used to identify individual participants for relevant risk-reduction interventions.
Application of Probabilistic Load Flow Method in Power System Static State N-1 Verification

Static security N-1 verification of district power network during a period of time was researched.When traditional power flow method is used in static state security analysis,a number of calculations and complex statistical analysis are required.So,the probabilistic load flow analysis was introduced into the N-1 verification of static state security analysis to consider the uncertainty generator power and load demand.Statistical properties of branch powers was obtained by it and calculated only once.The DC load flow method and the indicators reflecting the economy and risk were adopted to obtain the results of contingency ranking.The linearized probabilistic load flow method was used in accurate N-1 verification.The equations of expectation and variance of line power were derived.The economic indicator and risk indicator were calculated accurately.Calculation program was compiled in Visual Fortran 6.5 platform.The proposed method was verified by an eight-machine system and one provincial power system.Results show the validity and practicability of the proposed approach,and provide some reference to operation personnel to ensure safety stable operation of power system.
Behavioral Finance before Kahneman

Although the psychologist Daniel Kahneman has had a profound effect on economics, including the field of applied economics usually called “law and economics” (the application of economics to law), I don’t think he’s responsible for the fundamental insights into the psychology of financial markets. We owe those insights to economists, such as Frank Knight, John Maynard Keynes, Robert Shiller, and Andrei Shleifer. This is worth emphasizing lest it be thought that economists have just awakened to the complexities of human psychology and consequent limitations of the model of man as a rational maximizer of his satisfactions. The model was long criticized as presenting an unduly pessimistic picture of man as selfish, selfinterested, Darwinian. The criticism was moral. The criticism that the model is unrealistic in neglecting psychology is different and is the criticism that I focus on in this brief paper on “behavioral finance,” a term for analyzing financial behavior with due awareness of the psychological dimension of such behavior.1 The other contributors to this Conference focus on the application of behavioral finance to specific legal doctrine. I do not. It is important to distinguish between what I’ll call the micro and macro levels of finance as analyzed from a psychological perspective. By the micro level I mean the day-to-day behavior of the unsophisticated investor, who corresponds to the average consumer in nonfinancial product and service markets and whose lack of sophistication makes him prone to blunders and a prey to sharpies.2 At that level, “investors follow the advice of financial gurus, fail to diversify, actively trade stocks and churn their portfolios, sell winning
Pluralist Democracy Saves the United States and Invigorates Free Expression

Why did the republican democratic regime collapse in the early-twentieth century? Why did a new form of democracy emerge in the 1930s? Laissez faire remained dominant in America and Europe during the early-twentieth century. Although laissez faire created social and economic instability, America and many European countries prospered in the 1920s. The economic foundations for this interwar prosperity, however, were fundamentally weak. Increasing wealth was not shared equally. When the American stock market crashed, European economies collapsed and unemployment spiraled out of control. Still, governments insisted on following laissez-faire policies. Economic collapse led to the downfall of numerous democracies. As authoritarian governments ascended in Europe, dreams of laissez-faire utopias dissolved into nightmares of suppression and violence.
Investigating the impacts of Saharan dust on tropical deep convection using spectral bin microphysics

Abstract. To better understand the impacts of dust aerosols on deep convective cloud (DCC) systems reported by previous observational studies, a case study in the tropical eastern Atlantic was investigated using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model coupled with a spectral bin microphysics (SBM) model. A detailed set of ice nucleation parameterizations linking ice formation with aerosol particles has been implemented in the SBM. Increasing ice nuclei (IN) concentration in the dust cases results in the formation of more numerous small ice particles in the heterogeneous nucleation regime (between −5 and −38 ∘ C) compared to the background (“Clean”) case. Convective updrafts are invigorated by increased latent heat release due to depositional growth and riming of these more numerous particles, which results in increased overshooting and higher convective core top heights. Competition between the more numerous particles for available water vapor during diffusional growth and available smaller crystals and/or drops during collection reduces particle growth rates and shifts precipitation formation to higher altitudes in the heterogeneous nucleation regime. A greater number of large snow particles form in the dust cases, which are transported from the core into the stratiform regime and sediment out quickly. Together with reduced homogeneous ice formation, the stratiform and/or anvil cloud occurrence shifts frequency to warmer temperatures and reduces anvil cloud extents. Total surface precipitation accumulation is reduced proportionally as IN concentration is increased; though the stratiform precipitation accumulation is increased due to greater snow formation and growth, it does not counteract the reduced convective accumulation due to less efficient graupel formation. Radar reflectivity values are increased in the dust cases at temperatures below 0 ∘ C in both the convective and stratiform regimes due to more large snow particles, and reduced in the convective core near the surface due to melt of small ice or graupel particles, consistent with case study observations.
Hemiarthroplasty for Cuff Arthropathy

Hemiarthroplasty is a good option for the patient with cuff arthropathy (a massive rotator cuff tear and osteoarthritis) and good function. This case highlights the steps of hemiarthroplasty for best chances to diminish pain and maintain function. Choosing the patient with the best chances for success and aids for completing the surgery without incising the remaining rotator cuff are included.
Cracking performance characterisation of asphalt mixtures containing reclaimed asphalt pavement with hybrid binder

This study investigated the effect of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) on the rheological properties of a hybrid binder and the fracture properties and cracking performance of resultant mixtures. F...
Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization in the developing chicken brain

One of the first steps in studies of gene function is the spatiotemporal analysis of patterns of gene expression. Indirect immunohistochemistry is a method that allows the detection of a protein of interest by incubating a histological section with an antibody or antiserum raised against the protein, and then localizing this primary antibody with a tagged secondary antibody. To determine the cellular source of a protein of interest, or if a specific antibody is not available, specific transcripts can be localized using in situ hybridization. A histological section is incubated with a labeled RNA probe that is complementary to the target transcript; after hybridization with the target transcript the labeled RNA probe can be identified with an antibody. Here we describe materials and methods used to perform basic indirect immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization on frozen sections through the developing chicken brain, emphasizing controls and potential problems that may be encountered.
Product Question Answering Using Customer Generated Content - Research Challenges

Alexa is an intelligent personal assistant developed by Amazon, that can provide many services through voice interaction such as music playback, news, question-answering, and on-line shopping. The Alexa shopping research team in Amazon is a new emerging group of scientists who investigate revolutionary shopping experience through Alexa, while devising new search paradigms beyond traditional catalog search.
A Critical Review of the Intrinsic Nature of VIV

This is a concise and comprehensive review of the progress made during the past two decades on vortex-induced vibration (VIV) of mostly circular cylindrical structures in uniform flow. The critical elements of the evolution of the ideas, theoretical insights, experimental methods, and numerical models are traced systematically; the strengths and weaknesses of the current state of the understanding of the complex fluid/structure interaction are discussed in some detail. Finally, suggestions for the future objectives of VIV research are presented. Von Karman once wrote: “Problems never have final and universal solutions, and only a constant inquisitive attitude toward science and a ceaseless and swift adaptation to new developments can maintain the security of this nation.” During the past century, a great deal of work has been done on flow-induced vibrations and fluidelastic instability. The number of contributions and incremental publishing has increased exponentially. Clearly, to move forward and to shape the art and science of flow- induced vibrations in the new century, the existing theoretical, experimental, numerical and empirical evidence must be periodically re-energized and marshaled for new discoveries and applications. This requires a comprehensive review, at least every 25 years.
Inducible nitric oxide synthase in P11 cells: Expression in the presence of interferon-γ, lipopolysaccharide, and modified serum

P11 cells, derived from the transplantahle rat pituitary tumor 7315a, have been used previously ias a model system to study the regulation of serotonin2A (5-HT2A) receptor expression. As our laboratory has been interested in characterizing the interactions between the 5-HT2A receptor and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), we have analyzed the Pl I cell line for iNOS expression. Treatment of P ll cells with interferon-gamma and lipopolysaccharide resulted in a 23-fold increase in nitrite production and induced expression of iNOS protein. The increase in nitrite levels was attenuated by the non-selective nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor N i-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, hut not the neuronal NOS inhibitor 7-nitroindazole. Typically, Pl 11 cells have been grown in either charcoal-stripped or dialyzed serum-containing medium. We have observed that Pl 1 cells grown under these culture conditions express basal iNOS activity, as evidenced by a 5-fold increase in nitrite accumulation over a 48-hr period, compared with that in cells grown in non-modified serum, which was inhibited by the selective iNOS inhibitor L.N6-(1-iminoethyl)-lysine. Conditioned medium from Pll cells was ahle to stimulate nitrite accumulation in C6 glioma cells, suggesting that the Pl I cells may produce a pro-inflammatory-like factor. As pro-inflammatory cytokines have been shown to modify hormone secretion from the anterior pituitary, the P11 cell line may be a useful in vitro model by which to characterize the function of cells from this organ. In addition, our data suggest that alteration of the microenvironment of the anterior pituitary may result in iNOS expression, possibly altering the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.
Evaluation of the prescribing patterns, adverse effects, and drug interactions of oral chemotherapy agents in an outpatient cancer center:

PurposeAlthough oral chemotherapy offers advantages over intravenous chemotherapy, it creates a unique set of challenges. Potential barriers include treatment complexity, patient responsibility for...
Effects of Traffic Congestion on Vehicle Miles Traveled

The effects of traffic congestion on travel behavior are complex and multidimensional because they are related to various factors such as density, land use patterns, network connectivity, and indiv...
Fostering Reflective Engineers : Outcomes of an Arts- and Humanities-Infused Graduate Course

Engineering education traditionally focuses on technical content and problem-solving, leaving little room in the curriculum to examine broader environmental and socio-technical impacts of engineering work. However, if engineers wish to have intentional, positive influences on these broader impacts, skills for reflective thinking and ethical decision-making are essential. The arts and humanities can provide important and often neglected perspectives for engineers in developing such skills. In a recent seminar course for civil/environmental engineers, we explored ways of developing these skills through activities including Visual Thinking Strategies (VTS), in-class readings & discussions, essay writing, and portfolio assignments. In this paper, we present selected findings from this experimental course. While the class was small, comprised of a dozen graduate students, results were encouraging. For example, findings from qualitative thematic analysis of pre- and post-course essays showed an increase in recognition of the importance of breadth of knowledge and/or perspective. Similarly, pre-post Likert-type survey results showed a statistically significant increase (p<0.005, d=1, n=10) in Contextual Competence, a self-reported measure of ability to anticipate and understand the impacts and constraints of broader contexts on engineering solutions. These findings are preliminary but suggest the course helped students develop capacity for reflection through arts- and humanities-based activities.
NeuralDivergence: Exploring and Understanding Neural Networks by Comparing Activation Distributions.

As deep neural networks are increasingly used in solving high-stake problems, there is a pressing need to understand their internal decision mechanisms. Visualization has helped address this problem by assisting with interpreting complex deep neural networks. However, current tools often support only single data instances, or visualize layers in isolation. We present NeuralDivergence, an interactive visualization system that uses activation distributions as a high-level summary of what a model has learned. NeuralDivergence enables users to interactively summarize and compare activation distributions across layers, classes, and instances (e.g., pairs of adversarial attacked and benign images), helping them gain better understanding of neural network models.
Rational points near curves and small nonzero |x^3-y^2| via lattice reduction

We give a new algorithm using linear approximation and lattice reduction to efficiently calculate all rational points of small height near a given plane curve C. For instance, when C is the Fermat cubic, we find all integer solutions of |x^3+y^3-z^3| >N, using only O(log N) space. Since the number of solutions should be asymptotically proportional to M log N (as long as M<N^3), the computational costs are essentially as low as possible. Moreover the algorithm readily parallelizes. It not only yields new numerical examples but leads to theoretical results, difficult open questions, and natural generalizations. We also adapt our algorithm to investigate Hall's conjecture: we find all integer solutions of 0<|x^3-y^2|<<x^(1/2) with x<X in time O(X^(1/2) L(X)). By implementing this algorithm with X=10^18 we shattered the previous record for x^(1/2)/|x^3-y^2|. The O(X^{1/2} L(X)) bound is rigorous; its proof also yields new estimates on the distribution mod 1 of sqrt(cx^3) for any positive rational c.
Position: Reusing in the Small: Promoting Procedural Abstraction in Scratch Communal Learning

One of the most important concepts for budding programmers to master is procedural abstraction. Defined as placing coherent, possibly reusable, functionalities within their own encapsulated program units (e.g., procedures, functions, methods, custom blocks), this concept requires a tangible increase in programming proficiency to master. First and foremost, procedural abstraction is a means of conquering complexity— the ability to convincingly divide the program functionality into distinct coherent parts that are easy to understand and use. In addition, as invocable units of functionality, procedures provide ready-made components that encapsulate the hidden details of their implementation. One of the biggest advantages of Scratch is its seamless support for communal learning, realized as the ability to share and remix projects with ease. However, programmers remix Scratch projects in their entirety, carrying out the corresponding reuse and extension activities at the project level of granularity. In this position paper, we argue in favor of extending Scratch with the ability to reuse individual procedures, implemented as custom blocks. This ability has the great potential benefit of instilling the value of procedural abstraction in the minds of beginner programmers. We discuss how a reuse facility for custom blocks can be added to Scratch by identifying the corresponding design objectives, challenges, and opportunities.
Small vessel vasculitis secondary to Mycobacterium chelonae

Mycobacterial infection can be seriously debilitating and challenging to diagnose. The infection can mimic vasculitis associated with positive anti-neutrophilic cytoplasmic autoantibodies (ANCA). This clinical scenario is exemplified with a well-studied case of a 63-year-old Caucasian man with uncontrolled diabetes and ulcerative colitis on immunosuppressive agents. The patient was hospitalized for 3 months with worsening painful hand ulcerations. Primary vasculitis was first suspected, but the patient was later diagnosed with vasculitis secondary to Mycobacterium chelonae infection. Report includes discussion on sequence of testing which led to the diagnosis. After proper diagnosis and change to proper antibiotics, the patient’s vasculitis improved over time. It is our hope that this report further raises awareness of mycobacterial infection as a mimicker of vasculitis. We also provide a review of relevant literature on non-tuberculosis mycobacterial (NTM) infection including a review of 22 articles and 12 cases found in the literature. The salient features of the literature review include that 10 of the 12 cases were patients who had risk factors of immunosuppression due to medications, and all patients were infected by mycobacterium causing skin vasculitis. After given the proper directed antibiotic treatment, 11 of the 12 patients had a reported improved outcome.
Identifying microstructural features that control fracture in additive materials

A unique fractographic technique, FRASTA, was applied to additively manufactured IN718 J-R fracture test specimens to determine the microstructural failure mechanism. The results clearly showed that the material failed by nucleation, growth, and coalescence of microfailures in the highly stressed process zone in advance of the macrocrack front. Microfailure initiation sites were pinpointed on the fracture surfaces, enabling those weak spots to be examined metallographically and with EDX to identify and characterize the responsible defect or microstructural feature. The microfailure activity in a specimen processed differently was distinctly different, showing the effects and importance of processing conditions and providing an explanation of mechanical property variability in additively manufactured materials. The improved understanding of the microstructural failure process in additive materials achievable with FRASTA can guide development of more effective processing protocols and, ultimately, provide a route for achieving additive materials with improved and consistent fracture properties. Moreover, the microfailure evolution data provide a basis for computational model development and suggest a procedure for determining fracture toughness from fracture surfaces.
A mathematical model of the rat kidney. III. Ammonia transport

Ammonia generated within the kidney is partitioned into a urinary fraction (the key buffer for net acid excretion) and an aliquot delivered to the systemic circulation. The physiology of this partitioning has yet to be examined in a kidney model, and that was undertaken in this work. This involves explicit representation of the cortical labyrinth, so that cortical interstitial solute concentrations are computed rather than assigned. A detailed representation of cortical vasculature has been avoided by making the assumption that solute concentrations within the interstitium and peritubular capillaries are likely to be identical and that there is little to no modification of venous composition as blood flows to the renal vein. The model medullary ray has also been revised to include a segment of proximal straight tubule, which supplies ammonia to this region. The principal finding of this work is that cortical labyrinth interstitial ammonia concentration is likely to be several fold higher than systemic arterial ammonia. This elevation of interstitial ammonia enhances ammonia secretion in both the proximal convoluted tubule and distal convoluted tubule, with uptake by Na+-K+-ATPases of both segments. Model prediction of urinary ammonia excretion was concordant with measured values, but at the expense of greater ammoniagenesis, with high rates of renal venous ammonia flux. This derives from a limited capability of the model medulla to replicate the high interstitial ammonia concentrations that are required to drive collecting duct ammonia secretion. Thus, renal medullary ammonia trapping appears key to diverting ammonia from the renal vein to urine, but capturing the underlying physiology remains a challenge.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first mathematical model to estimate solute concentrations within the kidney cortex. The model predicts cortical ammonia to be several fold greater than in the systemic circulation. This higher concentration drives ammonia secretion in proximal and distal tubules. The model reveals a gap in our understanding of how ammonia generated within the cortex is channeled efficiently into the final urine.
Evaluation of an interactive virtual surgical rotation during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Abstract Objective To evaluate medical student and attending surgeon experiences with a novel interactive virtual Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery (OHNS) medical student elective during the COVID-19 pandemic. Study design A virtual OHNS elective was created, with three components: (1) interactive virtual operating room (OR) experience using live-stream video-conferencing, (2) telehealth clinic, (3) virtual didactics. Setting OHNS Department at the University of Pennsylvania (May 2020 to June 2020). Methods Six medical students from the University of Pennsylvania; five attending otolaryngologists. Two surveys were designed and distributed to participating medical students and attending surgeons. Surveys included 5-point Likert scale items, with 1 indicating “not at all” and 5 indicating “very much so”. Results Response rate was 100% for both surveys. Students on average rated the educational value of the telehealth experience as 4.2 ± 1.2, and the virtual OR experience as 4.0 ± 0.6. Most students (n = 5, 83%) indicated that they had enough exposure to faculty they met on this rotation to ask for a letter of recommendation (LOR) for residency if needed, while attending surgeons had an average response of 3.0 ± 1.0 when asked how comfortable they would feel writing a LOR for a student they met through the rotation. A majority of students (n = 4, 67%) felt they connected enough with faculty during the rotation to ask for mentorship. Half the students (n = 5, 50%) indicated that the rotation allowed them to evaluate the department's culture either “extremely well” or “somewhat well”. Conclusions Overall, participating students described this innovative virtual surgical rotation as an educationally and professionally valuable experience. With the continued suspension of visiting student rotations due to the COVID-19 pandemic, this virtual model may have continued relevance to medical education.
Microbubbles and Nanodrops for photoacoustic tomography

Abstract Photoacoustic imaging holds a unique position in medical imaging technology by interlinking optical and acoustic techniques. Photoacoustic methods have shown potential for real-time, noninvasive imaging of structural and functional properties of biological tissues and organs based on optical transmission and acoustic reception, but with limited penetration depth and specificity due to strong light scattering and absorption in tissues and overlapping absorption spectra of various endogenous absorbers. Incorporation of tailor-made microbubbles and nanodrops comprising light-absorbing molecules or nanoparticles shows the potential to overcome such detection limitations. Microbubbles may be driven into powerful radial oscillations, thereby amplifying the acoustic emission and focusing it to the bubble's resonant frequency. Nanodrops may be vaporized into microbubbles, further amplifying the thermoelastic response. This review surveys advancements of this emerging imaging technology over the past decade.
Youth, Color, and Conduct Violations in Prison

Juveniles sentenced to correctional facilities present many challenges for administrators and staff members. One of these challenges relates to the commission of conduct violations by youthful inmates. The current study examined prison misconduct among a sample of 951 juveniles in northwestern state prison system in comparison to their adult counterparts. Results show that juveniles commit rule infraction at a higher rate than adults over the age of 21, but not as high as a comparison group of nearest age adult inmates, 18 to 20 years old. The influence of race/ethnicity on offending varied depending on the type of rule violations studied.
.LAND COVER CHANGE IN THE SEATTLE REGION: LINKING PATTERNS OF GROWTH TO PLANNING EFFORTS THROUGH LAND COVER CHANGE ASSESSMENTS

Sprawl issues and growth management have become a larger part of American cultural consciousness in recent years. A variety of responses, including political and grass-roots movements, have attempted to address uncontrolled growth and its economic, ecological and social consequences. These efforts have generally met with limited success. In many cases, political solutions as well as proposed land use plans can often be poorly designed, despite careful study. My case study of land-cover change in the Seattle metropolitan area during 1999 illustrated that the 1991 Washington State Growth Management Act did not successfully curb growth outside the established urban growth boundary. The language of the legislation, implementation and enforcement of the law failed to curb further development within the designated rural use areas. Land-cover change in the rural area actually was more rapid than within the designated urban area. Case studies such as this one, observing the effectiveness of land use legislation, are too rare.
The Role of Salicylic Acid as a Plant Signal Molecule

The salicylates are a widely distributed class of aromatic compounds. Modifications of the free acid result in a diverse array of compounds such as salicin, the salicyl alcohol glucoside, and methylsalicylate (oil of wintergreen). First isolated from willow (Salix), salicylates have been used as folk remedies since the 4th century B.C. (Weissman, 1991). Salicylates are currently used as antimicrobials, food preservatives and analgesics.
Is there an association between hyperthyroidism and PAH and, if yes, is pulmonary pressure decreasing after hyperthyroidism treatment?

Rationale: About 30-40% of patients of idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) have thyroid dysfunction, in particular hypothyroidism. Pulmonary vascular remodeling in PAH is characterized by proliferation of vascular cells and thyroid hormones are known to promote angiogenesis (Mousa et al J Cardiovasc Pharmacol, 2005). We therefore hypothesized that hypothyroidism would improve pulmonary vascular remodeling in a model of angioproliferative pulmonary hypertension (SuHx model). Objectives: To clarify the effect of thyroid hormone on pulmonary vascular remodeling in SuHx treated rats. Methods: PAH was induced by the combined exposure of rats to the VEGF receptor blocker SU5416 and hypoxia (SuHx). Hypothyroidism was induced by PTU (10mg/kg, 5times a week), two weeks after the initial SU5416 dose (SuHx) rats. RV function was determined by echocardiography. Right ventricular pressure was measured by direct insertion of a conductance catheter into the heart. Results: In SuHx rats, pulmonary vascular remodeling and pulmonary hypertension were decreased after PTU treatment and completely suppressed after thyroidectomy. Conclusions: Thyroid dysfunction may affect the progression of pulmonary vascular cell proliferation in patients with PAH.
The postmortem survival of tissues: The effect of time and temperature on the survival of liver as measured by glucose oxidation rate

Summary 1. The measure of glucose oxidation rate by radio-carbon dioxide production from glucose C-14 in a standard incubation system has been employed as a method of studying the viability of liver tissues after death of the host, under varying conditions of time and temperature preservation, and by hepatic function following transplantation. 2. The rate of oxidation of glucose to CO2 is a measure of liver functional capacity that, when normal, demonstrates an entirely intact liver associated with normal histology, normal liver architecture and normal glycogen content. Levels of glucose oxidation rate that are significantly below normal are compatible with intact whole liver function after transplantation. 3. The ideal of maintenance of normal glucose oxidation rate upon incubation provides an objective toward which tissue preservation methods may be directed. 4. The use of hypothermia is effective in maintaining intact this measure of liver function. 5. Spontaneous cadaver cooling or cadaver cooling in still air in a deep freeze is unsatisfactorily slow. 6. Cooling by peritoneal lavage with or without short periods of hepatic cold perfusion is satisfactory in maintaining an intact organ histologically and an intact glucose oxidation rate. Short periods of postmortem normothermia even as transient as 30 minutes act significantly to the detriment of the tissue preservation. 7. Rapid and immediate postmortem perfusion cooling would be the clinical ideal; using this technique, in experiments of this type, we do not yet know the time limit of acceptable preservation. 8. Livers that exhibit glucose oxidation rates significantly below normal will, after whole-organ transplantation, demonstrate survival, maintain the life of the animal, and resume clinically intact liver function.
Electrical properties of the cellular transepithelial pathway inNecturus gallbladder

Microelectrode techniques were employed to study the ionic permeability of the apical cell membrane ofNecturus gallbladder epithelium. Results obtained from continuous records in single cells, and from several cellular impalements shortly after a change in solution, were similar and indicate that both the apical membrane equivalent electromotive force (Va) and electrical resistance (Ra) strongly depend on external [K]. Cl substitutions produced smaller effects, while the effects of Na substitutions with N-methyl-d-glucamine on bothVa andRa were minimal. These results indicate that the permeability sequence of the apical membrane isPK>PCl>PNa. From the calculated absolute value ofPNa it is possible to estimate the diffusional Na flux from the mucosal solution into the cells (from the cell potential and an assumed intracellular Na concentration). The calculated flux is roughly three orders of magnitude smaller than the measured net transepithelial flux in this tissue and in gallbladders of other species. Thus, only a minimal portion of Na entry can be attributed to independent diffusion. From estimations of the electrochemical potential gradient across the apical membrane, Cl transport at that site must be active. At the serosal cell membrane, Na transport takes place against both chemical and electrical potentials, while a significant portion of the Cl flux can be passive, if this membrane has a significant Cl conductance. The changes in shunt electromotive force and in transepithelial potential after mucosal substitutions were very similar, indicating that transepithelial bi-ionic potentials yield appropriate results on the properties of the shunt pathway.
Preschoolers' use of morphosyntactic cues to identify generic sentences: indefinite singular noun phrases, tense, and aspect.

Generic sentences (e.g., “Birds lay eggs”) convey generalizations about entire categories and may thus be an important source of knowledge for children. However, these sentences cannot be identified by a simple rule, requiring instead the integration of multiple cues. The present studies focused on 3- to 5-year-olds’ (N = 91) use of morphosyntactic cues—in particular, on whether children can (a) interpret indefinite singular noun phrases (e.g., “a strawberry”) as generic and (b) use a verb’s tense and aspect (e.g., “A bat sleeps/slept/is sleeping upside down”) to determine whether its subject noun phrase is generic. Children demonstrated sensitivity to both cues. Thus, solving the in-principle problem of identifying generics may not be beyond the reach of young children’s comprehension skills.
Response of the Mimeae to some Physical and Chemical Agents

Isolates of Mima polymorpha and Herellea vaginicola obtained from retail food products were investigated for their ability to hydrolyze proteins, starch, and lipids as well as for their ability to initiate growth under varying conditions of pH, sodium chloride concentration, and temperature. None of the isolates hydrolyzed starch and a few hydrolyzed proteins, whereas most were actively lipolytic. Members of each genus grew over the range 6 to 42 C; in general, H. vaginicola was more tolerant to high concentrations of sodium chloride and to acid conditions than was M. polymorpha.
Trends in SLI design and their effect on test

Trends in System Level Integration (SLI) are analyzed. Based on projections from the SIA roadmap and other sources, the impact of achievable reuse on design and manufacturing cost is projected. Similar analysis suggests that while test execution cost is currently equivalent to design expense in its effect on total production cost, it will dominate in the future. Core testability and its relationship with core 'firmness' is also examined. The implications of these trends on core providers and integrators, standards, tester manufacturers and CAD vendors are investigated.
Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Inhibition of Apoptosis Requires Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Phosphatase-1 in Mouse Fibroblast C3H10T½ Cells

The roles of extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) activation and mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 (MKP-1) were examined in sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P)-mediated inhibition of apoptosis in C3H10T 1/2 fibroblast cells. Apoptosis induced by the ceramide analog, C8-ceramine, was inhibited by S1P (ceramine/S1P). Stress activated protein kinase or c-Jun N-terminal kinase (SAPK/JNK) activation was significantly higher after ceramine and ceramine/S1P treatments. Ceramine/S1P treatment also significantly increased ERK activation and MKP-1 protein levels. ERK activation was required for the inhibition of apoptosis by S1P as shown using the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase inhibitor, PD98059. Transfection with a dominant negative mutant construct of the MKP-1 gene prevented S1P inhibition of apoptosis and resulted in sustained SAPK/JNK activity. The MKP-1 mutant did not affect ERK activity, indicating that MKP-1 preferentially down-regulates SAPK/JNK in C3H10T 1/2 cells. Finally, the S1P activation of ERK and inhibition of apoptosis were reduced by pertussis toxin treatment, suggesting that G-protein-coupled receptors, such as the endothelial differentiation gene (EDG) receptor, play a role. Thus, both ERK activation and MKP-1, which down-regulates SAPK/JNK, are required for S1P-mediated inhibition of apoptosis.
Managing the organizational aspects of electronic commerce

Electronic commerce should be viewed less as a phenomenon of business on-line and more as a challenge of organization redesign. Five general leading approaches to organization design are examined from the perspective of electronic commerce. A quasi-general organization design approach is proposed specifically for electronic commerce projects. The proposed approach emphasizes the organizational support for the electronic commerce strategy identification, network organization design, task design, and reward system design in the electronic commerce age.
Structure, stoichiometry, and properties of the chimney-ladder phases Ru2Ge3+x (0<x<1)

Abstract The preparation and physical characterization of non-stoichiometric Ru 2 Ge 3+ x (0≤ x ≤1) are reported for the first time. The defect TiSi 2 -type chimney-ladder structure is maintained for the full stoichiometry range. The resistivity of Ru 2 Ge 3+ x increases systematically with x from 300 mΩ cm, x =0 –3 Ω cm, x =1 at 300 K. The temperature dependence is consistent with a variable range-hopping mechanism for x ≥0.6. The Seebeck coefficients of samples do not evolve simply with x . A low thermal conductivity ( κ 300 K =0.03 W/K cm) suggests that Ru 2 Ge 3 has some of the properties of a phonon-glass–electron-crystal. The low value of the thermoelectric figure of merit ZT =3.2×10 −3 ( T =300 K) calculated for Ru 2 Ge 3 is due primarily to a low conductivity.
Characterization of the distribution of Gαo in rat striatal synaptosomes and its colocalization with tyrosine hydroxylase

Dopaminergic striatal synaptosomes can be detected and isolated with a fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS). In the present study, two antigens were detected simultaneously with primary antisera raised in different species and species-specific fluorescent secondary antibodies with different emission spectra. Double-label FACS analysis was used to determine whether tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and the alpha subunit of Go (G alpha o) are colocalized in striatal synaptosomes. Rabbit antibodies generated against a synthetic fragment of G alpha o (corresponding to amino acids 22-35) combined with fluorescein-conjugated secondary antibodies were used to detect G alpha o-containing striatal synaptosomes. Preadsorption of G alpha o antiserum with the synthetic peptide antigen reduced labeling to the level obtained with preimmune serum. Approximately 65-75% of striatal synaptosomes were specifically labeled by G alpha o antiserum. Tyrosine hydroxylase-containing synaptosomes were detected with a mouse monoclonal antibody to TH and R-phycoerythrin-conjugated secondary antibody. They comprised 15-17% of total striatal synaptosomes. Double-label studies indicated that at least 50% of TH-containing synaptosomes also contained G alpha o. These findings suggest that G alpha o may not be a protein component of all striatal nerve terminals, and provide a basis for a role for G alpha o in signal transduction within subpopulations of intrinsic and afferent nerve terminals, including those of nigrostriatal dopamine neurons.
Development and characterization of an il-2-dependent bovine CD4+ lymphoblastoid T-cell line

A bovine IL-2-dependent lymphoblastoid T-cell line (BLTC) was developed and established from peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated with Con A, and sub-passaged in conditioned media prepared from Con A-activated bovine lymph node cells. The BLTC cell line is IL-2 dependent, requiring exogenous IL-2 either in the form of recombinant bovine or human IL-2 or conditioned media prepared from Con A-stimulated bovine lymph node cells. Conditioned media prepared from mononuclear cells from other species, such as dogs and rats, were without any stimulatory effects. The growth of these cells was lectin-independent, and monokines such as IL-1β and TNF-α, or conditioned media from LPS-stimulated macrophases failed to support their growth. Immunophenotyping showed that over 90% of the cells were CD2+, CD3+, and CD4+, 25% were CD5+, less than 2% were CD8+, and less than 2% were CD20+. The cells were negative for the γδ 215/300 kDaT-cell markers and the 75110 kDa monocyte markers. The growth of these cells was inhibited by dibutyryl cAMP in the presence or absence of IL-2, and stimulated by the phorbol ester, PMA, in the absence but not in the presence of IL-2. The effects of IL-2 and PMA were blocked by the protein kinase C inhibitor, H-7, suggesting that IL-2 signaling is closely associated with the PKC activation pathway.
A review of electron scattering cross section measurements by use of pulsed electron beam time of flight techniques

Abstract A review of the relative sizes of cross sections for photon and electron scattering by atoms and molecules is presented. Advantages and drawbacks associated with the use of each probe is discussed. Experiments carried out by the author and his collaborators using pulsed electron beams with time of flight analysis are reviewed.