cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
TESTING THE GENETIC CONSTRAINT HYPOTHESIS IN A PHYLOGENETIC CONTEXT: A SIMULATION STUDY

Abstract Quantitative genetic theory predicts that when populations diverge by drift the interspecific divergence (D matrix), calculated from species means, will be proportional to the average value of the additive genetic variance–covariance matrix, or G matrix. Most empirical studies in which this hypothesis has been investigated have ignored phylogenetic nonindependence among included taxa. Baker and Wilkinson (2003; also Revell et al. 2007) used a test for constraint in which the D matrix is calculated from phylogenetically independent contrasts (Felsenstein 1985) instead of directly from the species means. I use computer simulations to show that, on average, when the process of evolution is genetic drift, the divergence matrix calculated from independent contrasts (DIC) is more highly correlated with G than is the divergence matrix calculated ignoring phylogenetic nonindependence (D). This effect is more pronounced when speciation is initially slow but increases over time than when speciation decreas...
03.2.1. Fixed Effects Estimation of the Population-Averaged Slopes in a Panel Data Random Coefficient Model

Fixed effects estimation of the population-averaged slopes in a panel data random coefficient model.
Minimal free resolutions of general points lying on cubic surfaces in P3

Casanellas has shown that a generalized version of Lorenzini’s Minimal Resolution Conjecture (as modified by Mustaţaˇ) holds for a set of t general points on a smooth cubic surface in P3, for certain specific values of t. We extend her work by verifying the conjecture for all t, and by allowing the cubic surface to have isolated double points.
Synthesis and Characterization of K0.19Ba3.81Mo22O34: A Quaternary Reduced Molybdenum Oxide Containing Metal-Metal Bonded Oligomers with Five Trans Edge-Shared Molybdenum Octahedra

Abstract Crystals of K0.19Ba3.81Mo22O34, a metal-metal bonded oligomer in the series Mn-xMO4n+2O6n+4 with n = 5, have been synthesized. The Mo22 clusters consist of five trans edge-shared Mo octahedra. The dominant features of K0.19Ba3.81Mo22O34 include four short and four long apical-apical Mo bond distances within the cluster, relatively long intercluster metal-metal bond distances (>2.99 A), and cluster interconnections which have a stair-step arrangement from one Mo22 unit to the next. K0.19Ba3.81Mo22O34 crystallizes in the centrosymmetric space group P21/a, with lattice parameters of a = 9.908(2) A, b = 9.353(2) A, c = 15.951(3) A, β = 98.78(2)°, Vol = 1460.8(4) A3, Z = 2, and R = 0.0493 (Rw = 0.0603) for 2768 reflections with I > 3.5σ(I). Five cations per formula unit can be accommodated in the pockets created by the interconnected Mo22O50 clusters. However, this phase has four fully occupied cation sites and one vacancy. The number of electrons available for metal-metal bonding (MCE) was derived from Mo-O bond valence sums around the molybdenum atoms (72(2)) and is in good agreement with the value calculated from format oxidation states (71.8e). Mo-Mo bond order sums, excluding intercluster metal-metal interactions, although slightly high (MCE = 72.8(5)), indicate maximum utilization of electrons for Mo-Mo bonding. The magnetic susceptibility of this compound indicates that it is spin-paired with a small paramagnetic tail at low temperatures and a large residual χTIP above 50 K. Electron spin resonance results indicate that the paramagnetic tail may be arising from molybdenum containing impurities, or defects, on which electrons are trapped. Structural and electronic comparisons to two known pentameric oligomers are discussed.
Body image in boys: A review of the literature

Objective Both scientific research and popular attention have begun to focus on the neglected issue of body image in boys. We reviewed the findings of this emerging literature. Method Using computer and manual search techniques, we located 17 studies that assessed body image attitudes in boys under age 18. Results We located 17 studies, most performed within the last 10 years. Eight studies used exclusively questionnaires or interviews; the rest also used figure drawings from which the subjects could choose specific images in answer to questions. Although boys generally displayed less overall body concern than girls, many boys of all ages reported dissatisfaction with their bodies, often associated with reduced self-esteem. Whereas girls typically wanted to be thinner, boys frequently wanted to be bigger. However, most studies failed to distinguish between “bigness” due to increased muscle and that due to fat. Conclusions Body image dissatisfaction in boys is common and often associated with distress. To better assess this phenomenon, future studies should take care to separate the indices of muscle and fat. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 29: 373–379, 2001.
Atmospheric carbon monoxide: Latitudinal distribution of sources

Global measurements of CO, taken over 2-8 years at 16 sites, are used to estimate the latitudinal and seasonal distributions of the sources. It is found that the most concentrated sources of CO, amounting to some 30 percent of the global production, are in the industrialized regions bounded by 30 and 50 deg N. About 47 percent of CO comes from the whole of the midnorthern latitudes and another 40 percent comes from the tropics. The calculations show that the production of CO is significantly higher during spring and summer, particularly in the industrialized latitudes. From these results it is apparent that the observed seasonal cycle of CO concentrations cannot be explained by the seasonal variation of OH alone.
Recent and Ancient Turbidites and Contourites: ABSTRACT

Fossil turbidites have been recognized and described from many areas all over the world. A turbidite model, comprised of a fixed succession of sedimentary structures, was established a decade ago and seems to be usable, although some changes have been suggested. Turbidites are generally assumed to be deposited by turbidity currents, but the presence of these currents in the marine realm has not been definitely established. Submarine canyons presumably are the major, if not only, important transport route for moving "shallow" water material to "deeper" basins. Questions arise about the origin of turbidity currents when studying canyons in which gradual filling followed by sudden emptying has occurred. The material in the canyon head moves downward slowly, comparable to glaciers. Besides this slow sliding, traction currents and debris flow have been suggested. Where turbidity currents start, and if they absorb the slow moving canyon fill, are questions that cannot be answered yet. Other problems are the relation between fluxoturbidites, or grav ties, and turbidites, and the use of the terms "proximal" and "distal" turbidites. In comparing recent turbidites with ancient ones, many discrepancies appear, most of which can be eliminated by considering the influence of primary consolidation on sedimentary structures. Studies indicate that the use of electrical logging and seismic records do not allow detailed interpretation of deposits such as turbidites. The resolution of the records is not fine enough, although their application for basin analyses and overall trends is necessary. Recently a new genetic term, "contourites," was introduced for sediments redeposited by contour currents. Recent and ancient contourites are compared with turbidites and only minor differences exist. A combination of parameters may allow a distinction between the two types and it is possible that both can be found in the same area. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1896------------
Optical microscopy of ultrathin tissue sections.

A method of staining ultrathin tissue sections in the range of 500–1500 A for observation with the optical microscope is presented. The procedure is based upon, (1) the choice of dyes with high molar absorptivities and, (2) the charge of the dye and substrate.
Myocardial β-Adrenergic Receptor Function and High-Energy Phosphates in Brain Death– Related Cardiac Dysfunction

Background Cardiac failure remains an important problem after heart transplantation and may be associated with events that occur during brain death (BD) before transplantation. In this study, cardiac function is studied after BD, and biochemical evaluation of myocardial high-energy phosphates and the β-adrenergic receptor system is presented. Methods and Results The hearts of 17 mongrel dogs (23 to 31 kg) were instrumented with flow probes, micromanometers, and ultrasonic dimension transducers to measure ventricular pressure and volume relationships. In a validated canine BD model, systolic right and left ventricular (RV/LV) function was analyzed by load-insensitive measurements during caval occlusion (preload-recruitable stroke work, PRSW). The β-adrenergic receptor (BAR) density, adenylate cyclase (AC) activity, and myocardial ATP and creatine phosphate (CP) were measured before and 6 to 7 hours after BD. Results are expressed as mean±SEM (*P<.05 versus baseline, paired two-tailed Student’s t test). Myo...
Implications of technological change for higher education reform

Technological change and social change are viewed as interdependent in this paper. At the same time technology's “push” is seen as outpacing the capability of social institutions to respond. Consequently, America risks losing its competitive edge economically and, further, is rapidly evolving toward a two-tiered occupational and social structure. This paper examines the relationship between technological and social change, the nature and significance of technological innovation and dissemination, and impacts on organizational life. Finally, the paper explores the role of higher education as well as strategies the university must adopt if it is to participate effectively in addressing the changes that are emerging as society moves from being production-and-material based to an information-based system.
Anterior and nasal transposition of the inferior oblique muscles in patients with missing superior oblique tendons.

Introduction Patients with missing superior oblique (SO) tendons present with overelevation/underdepression in adduction. Unilateral cases often exhibit abnormal head postures, whereas in bilateral cases, there may be a marked V-pattern with upgaze exotropia. These patients may have craniosynostosis. Methods Nine children with unilateral (n = 2) or bilateral (n = 7) absent SO tendons underwent anterior and nasal transposition of the inferior oblique (IO) muscles, some in combination with horizontal rectus recession for horizontal strabismus. They were evaluated 6 to 46 months postoperatively for alignment and oculomotor examination. Cyclodeviations were not evaluated in most children. Results Postoperatively, all patients improved. Both unilateral cases were orthotropic with no abnormal head posture. In the bilateral cases, vertical deviation in adduction and exotropia in upgaze had largely cleared, although some symptoms remained, most notably vertical deviation in side gaze (3 patients) and V-pattern esotropia in downgaze (2 patients). A patient missing both SO tendons as well as the left superior rectus muscle, who had the anterior and nasal transposition on the right side only, remained with 25 Δ left hypotropia. Conclusions Anterior and nasal transposition of the IO muscle reduces overelevation in adduction and helps eliminate or reduce divergence of the eyes in upgaze, but esodeviation may persist in downgaze. This procedure was most effective in unilateral absence of the SO tendon. It is likely to benefit patients with severe congenital fourth nerve palsy in which standard IO muscle weakening procedures have been ineffective.
The structural basis of Felice Fontana's spiral bands and their relationship to nerve injury.

Abstract In 1779, Felice Fontana, using a six-power hand-held magnifying lens, described what appeared to be spiral bands surrounding the peripheral nerve. He hypothesized that these bands were due to an optical illusion related to the underlying undulations of the individual nerve fibers, which he was the first to observe with an early microscope. The present study examines the historical basis of Fontana's work, confirms with intrafascicular dissection that the bands are an illusion created by unstretched nerve fibers, and relates their clinical disappearance to current concepts of the pathophysiology of chronic nerve compression and nerve injury.
Cardiac rehabilitation in heart failure: a brief review and recommendations.

The number of heart failure patients continues to increase for men and women. Our current medical therapy includes a variety of agents that can reduce morbidity and mortality. However, many patients remain limited, in part, due to deconditioning. Adding to the functional loss are the multiple hospitalizations and even recommendations from providers to maintain bed rest and avoid physical activity. The multiple studies involving conditioning and exercise for patients with heart failure have mostly shown improvements, not only in function but also in quality of life and other physiologic parameters that should be of benefit to these patients. The HF ACTION (Heart Failure: A Controlled Trial Investigating Outcomes of Exercise Training) trial, which randomized 2,231 patients to a formal prescribed exercise or control, demonstrated the safety of aerobic training in this population. The benefits on the hard end points of mortality and hospitalizations were modest but significant when adjusted for prognostic factors. The guidelines currently recommend that activity be recommended in conjunction with medical therapy. A program can be adjusted to the patient’s need but should include intensity, frequency, and duration, as well as a guide to progression.
A heuristic to minimax absolute regret for linear programs with interval objective function coefficients

Decision makers faced with uncertain information often experience regret upon learning that an alternative action would have been preferable to the one actually selected. Models that minimize the maximum regret can be useful in such situations, especially when decisions are subject to ex post review. Of particular interest are those decision problems that can be modeled as linear programs with interval objective function coefficients. The minimax regret solution for these formulations can be found using an algorithm that, at each iteration, solves first a linear program to obtain a candidate solution and then a mixed integer program (MIP) to maximize the corresponding regret. The exact solution of the MIP is computationally expensive and becomes impractical as the problem size increases. In this paper, we develop a heuristic for the MIP and investigate its performance both alone and in combination with exact procedures. The heuristic is shown to be effective for problems that are significantly larger than those previously reported in the literature.
Mu opioid receptor regulation and opiate responsiveness

Opiate drugs such as morphine are well known for their ability to produce potent analgesia as well as such unwanted side effects as tolerance, physical dependence, respiratory suppression and constipation. Opiates act at opioid receptors, which belong to the family of G protein-coupled receptors. The mechanisms governing mu opioid receptor (μOR) regulation are of particular interest since morphine and other clinically important analgesics produce their pharmacological effects through this receptor. Here we review recent advances in understanding how opioid receptor regulation can impart differential agonist efficacy produced in vivo.
The Intraovarian Sites of Androgen and Estrogen Formation in Women with Normal and Hyperandrogenic Ovaries as Judged by in Vitro Experiments

The status of oocytes, the follicular fluid concentrations of steroids, and the in vitro steroidogenic capacities of stromal tissue, thecal tissue, and granulosa cells from a 15-yr-old girl with primary amenorrhea, ovarian hyperandrogenism, insulin-resistant diabetes mellitus, and acanthosis nigricans were compared to those from normal adult human ovaries. Most oocytes (95%) in the antral follicles recovered from the hyperandrogenic ovaries were degenerative, and the antral fluid levels of testosterone were 30- to 200-fold higher than those in normal ovaries. Granulosa cells from the hyperandrogenic ovaries produced mainly estradiol as did those from normal healthy follicles. The thecal tissues produced 2- to 6-fold more androgen than similar tissues from normal ovaries. However, the stroma from the hyperandrogenic ovaries produced 49- to 250-fold more testosterone than that generated by normal tissues. These data suggest that the removal of stromal tissue as well as follicular tissue from patients with certain types of hyperandrogenism may sometimes contribute to a reduction in androgen secretion.
Development of GIS-Based Chemical Distribution Maps from Sprayer Performance Data

Pesticide application is an essential practice on farms in Kentucky where glyphosate resistant crops and no-till farming strategies are becoming more popular. Off-rate pesticide application errors are the result of incorrect concentrations applied to an area of the field and may result from velocity changes along the spray boom while the sprayer is turning, pressure changes across the width of the spray boom, and changes in effective boom height due to undulating terrain. In an attempt to estimate potential errors resulting from sprayer turning movements, a method was developed to compare the differences in application areas between control sections across the spray boom. The area covered by the two center boom control section positions was considered the “target rate” and the difference in these areas and the remaining control sections were compared to determine errors in coverage areas. The results of the analysis conducted on three irregular shaped fields (containing impassable grassed waterways) indicated that a substantial portion of the fields (14-24%) could have been applied well above or below the target application rate +/- 10%. The implication of this is that producers may be under and over applying chemicals to fields where excessive amounts of turning are required during application.
Surfactant Properties and Interface Induced Aggregation of Tau Proteins

Abnormal aggregation of microtubule associating protein, tau, into neurofibrillar aggregates, due to protein mutations, is a defining hallmark of several neurological diseases. Recent research indicates that the polymerization of soluble tau proteins into paired helical filaments may be influenced by the hydrophobic properties of its monomers, the presence of inducers and the local environment. In this work, we will discuss our results from using five HTau 40 protein variations: wild type (WT), pseudophosphorylated (7-phos), mutations on the binding domain (P301L), assembly incompetent protein (I277/308P), and mutations on the N terminal (R5L), to study template induced adsorption and aggregation of Tau proteins at a model hydrophobic interface.Traditional biophysical techniques such as surface pressure vs. time (adsorption isotherms) are used to record adsorption kinetics. We find that even though tau is a soluble protein, it is highly surface active at nanomolar concentrations and demonstrate a two-step adsorption to the hydrophobic interface. Further, the adsorption kinetics is dependent both on the concentration and protein mutation. However, almost all the proteins studied here demonstrate a saturation concentration of a few hundred nanomoles, which is much lower than the bulk concentration where protein aggregation is recorded. Using an active microrheology technique unique to our lab, we also find that surface viscosity of the adsorbed protein films increase by orders of magnitude with time, indicating protein-protein interactions. However, the kinetics of this increase depends on the mutations on the protein. Further, TEM images of the protein solution obtained from the surface indicate the formation of protein oligomers. In summary, our results indicate that the soluble Tau proteins have interesting surfactant properties even at nanomolar concentrations that may play a role in their aggregation during Alzheimer's disease.
Requirements for a Real-Time Image Processing Language

Abstract In this paper we discuss issues in real-time image processing, including applications, approaches, and hardware. In particular, we discuss the failure of existing programming languages to support these considerations, and present requirements for any language that can support real-time image processing.
The spectrum of aldolase B (ALDOB) mutations and the prevalence of hereditary fructose intolerance in Central Europe.

We investigated the molecular basis of hereditary fructose intolerance (HFI) in 80 patients from 72 families by means of a PCR-based mutation screening strategy, consisting of heteroduplex analysis, restriction enzyme digest, DNA single strand electrophoresis, and direct sequencing. For a subset of patients mutation screening with DHPLC was established which turned out to be as fast and as sensitive as the more conventional methods. Fifteen different mutations of the aldolase B (ALDOB) gene were identified in HFI patients. As in smaller previous studies, p.A150P (65%), p.A175D (11%) and p.N335K (8%) were the most common mutated alleles, followed by c.360_363delCAAA, p.R60X, p.Y204X, and c.865delC. Eight novel mutations were identified in eight families with HFI: a small indel mutation (c.1044_1049delTTCTGGinsACACT), two small deletions (c.345_372del28; c.841_842delAC), two splice site mutations (c.113-1G>A, c.799+2T>A), one nonsense mutation (c.612T>G (p.Y204X)), and two missense mutations (c.532T>C (p.C178R), c.851T>C (p.L284P)). By mutation screening for the three most common ALDOB mutations by DHPLC in 2,000 randomly selected newborns we detected 21 heterozygotes. Based on these data and after correction for less common and private ALDOB mutations, HFI prevalence in central Europe is estimated to be 1:26,100 (95% confidence interval 1: 12,600-79,000). © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Strain and strain rate analysis of the right ventricle in patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome

Assessment of right ventricular (RV) function in patients with hypoplastic heart syndrome (HLHS) is essential, but echocardiographic assessment remains largely subjective and RV volume quantification by CMR is time consuming.
Demonstration of a high-precision optical probe for effective sampling of solids by Raman spectroscopy

This presentation will focus on the development, optimization and use of a Raman spectroscopy immersion probe for the analysis of solid (powders, slurries, etc.) samples with emphasis on online process analysis applications. A novel high precision Raman probe for online process analysis will be described. The unique design of the Raman probe provides enhancements in measurement precision by increasing the reproducibility and accuracy of optical sampling of high solids content samples. The probe has been proven an effective sampling interface for the analysis of powders, suspensions, slurries, particles and solids. The ease of use of the Raman probe and the increased sampling precision has lead to its use in various proof of concept and online process analytical applications. These applications include dry powder-powder mixing efficiency, coating thickness measurements, solvent drying analysis, reaction monitoring and many other analytical processes. The physical and optical design of the Raman probe will be described and the applicability of the Raman probe as an online sampling tool will be demonstrated.
Detecting the molecular signature of social conflict: theory and a test with bacterial quorum sensing genes.

Abstract Extending social evolution theory to the molecular level opens the door to an unparalleled abundance of data and statistical tools for testing alternative hypotheses about the long-term evolutionary dynamics of cooperation and conflict. To this end, we take a collection of known sociality genes (bacterial quorum sensing [QS] genes), model their evolution in terms of patterns that are detectable using gene sequence data, and then test model predictions using available genetic data sets. Specifically, we test two alternative hypotheses of social conflict: (1) the “adaptive” hypothesis that cheaters are maintained in natural populations by frequency-dependent balancing selection as an evolutionarily stable strategy and (2) the “evolutionary null” hypothesis that cheaters are opposed by purifying kin selection yet exist transiently because of their recurrent introduction into populations by mutation (i.e., kin selection-mutation balance). We find that QS genes have elevated within- and among-species ...
Implementing Zurich's transit priority program

Transit priority is an excellent way of improving transit system productivity and attractiveness although it is often neglected in favor of larger investments. Transit priority techniques and implementation are outlined, Zurich's transit priority program is described, eight transit priority implementation lessons from Zurich are presented, and Zurich's innovative traffic-signal transit priority system is summarized. A longer report that fully describes research results is the basis. Transit priority improvements are relatively low-cost ways to make transit systems work better by speeding up transit vehicles. Specific improvements include four categories: roadway improvements and traffic regulations, traffic signal priority, transit system operations, and separate right-of-way. These improvements may be implemented individually or in a comprehensive program. Comprehensive implementation is optimal but politically and institutionally difficult. Zurich has been successful in implementing a comprehensive transit priority program with impressive results. Implementation lessons from Zurich were identified through interviews and a survey of public officials. Key findings were the importance of support from public and elected officials (and the common underestimation by elected officials of their constituents' transit support), smart implementation techniques (not alienating the public), government organization to deliver projects, careful traffic engineering, simultaneous implementation of complementary programs (such as traffic calming), careful systems-level thinking, and leveraging needed organizational change through capital improvement funding. Zurich's traffic-signal transit priority system is an interesting example of reducing opposition to transit priority through technical innovation. The system provides transit priority without significantly affecting private vehicle traffic by adjusting signal timing and phasing to provide the right amount of green time for transit when needed.
Comparison of ipecac-induced emesis with gastric lavage in the treatment of acute salicylate ingestion.

In an attempt to assess the relative efficacy of ipecac-induced vomiting versus gastriclavage in removing salicylate from the stomach of children, both procedures were performed, alternating their order on a random basis. A proportionately smaller residue of salicylate could be removed by lavage following ipecac-induced emesis than by significant. These results support the view that ipecac-induced emesis constitutes the preferred method of initial therapy for salicylate ingestion.
A Review of Marine Microbiology: Ecology and Applications

Review of : Marine Microbiology: Ecology and Applications, 2nd ed.; Colin Munn; (2011). Garland Science, Taylor and Francis Group, New York, NY. Paperback, 364 pages. ISBN 9780815365174.
Elastic-plastic dynamic buckling of thin-shell finite elements with asymmetric imperfections

In an earlier study of the phenomena of dynamic buckling of shells in the elastic range using a 48 degree-offreedom doubly curved quadrilateral imperfect thin-shell finite element, the interesting destabilizing effects of initial imperfections on a spherical shell, a spherical cap, and a hemispherical shell were found. The formulation was based on the Kirchhoff-Love shell theory with geometric imperfections. In this study, the earlier formulation is extended to include the effect of plasticity in tensor form so that a wide range of practical problems can be considered in order to study more completely the effects of dynamics, amplitude of imperfection, and plasticity. The effect of viscous damping is also considered by using the Rayleigh damping concept. Examples include static and dynamic buckling analyses of 1) axisymmetrically imperfect spherical shells, 2) axisymmetrically imperfect spherical caps, and 3) asymmetrically imperfect spherical caps, all in both elastic and elastic-plastic ranges. For case 3, there seems to be no previous results available for comparison. From the wide variety of examples studied, the previous conclusions for shells with axisymmetric imperfections were reconfirmed for shells with asymmetric imperfections, i.e., dynamic effect, imperfection, and plastic deformation, which all have the effect of reducing the buckling load to various degrees. On the contrary, the viscous damping has the effect of increasing the dynamic buckling load. Such an effect is quantified in two examples.
Ground-state spin dynamics of Er Co 2

We have studied the ground-state magnetic excitation spectrum of Er${\mathrm{Co}}_{2}$ at 4.2 K using neutron inelastic scattering. Four modes were observed, two which are nondispersive and two which are weakly dispersive. Each of the weakly dispersive modes is degenerate with one of the nondispersive modes at the zone boundary, but falls lower in energy at the zone center. From the dynamic structure factor of the excitations we conclude that the nondispersive modes correspond to out-of-phase precession of the two rare-earth spins in the primitive cell, while the weakly dispersive modes correspond to in-phase precession. The results are described very well by a Green's-function random-phase-approximation theory using standard basis operators to account for the crystalline electric fields, which we find to be comparable in strength to the exchange interactions. The observed excitation modes are associated with transitions from the ${\mathrm{Er}}^{3+}$ ground state to the second and fourth excited states. By fitting the energies and intensities of the modes we determine ${J}_{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{r}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{E}\mathrm{r}}=0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.01$ meV, ${J}_{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{r}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{o}}=\ensuremath{-}0.153$ meV, ${A}_{4}^{0}=4.3$ meV/${\mathit{a}}_{0}^{4}$, and ${A}_{6}^{0}=\ensuremath{-}0.142$ meV/${\mathit{a}}_{0}^{6}$. We did not observe a predominantly Co spin-wave mode predicted by the theory, which may indicate a breakdown of the Heisenberg model when applied to the Co spins. Calculations for the observed modes, however, are nearly independent of the dynamics assumed for the Co sublattice.
Fourier analysis of multi-frequency dynamical systems

Abstract The Fourier spectrum of a multiply periodic system appears complex due to resonances at integer combinations of the fundamental frequencies. We show how to “reorder” the peaks in the Fourier spectrum to yield a simpler structure which reveals important aspects of the time series which are not clearly seen in the ordinary Fourier transform. As examples, we study time series from circle and torus maps, and from experimental data by Gollub and Benson.
Correlation in price changes and volatility of major Latin American stock markets

Abstract This paper seeks to investigate the short-run dynamics between five major Latin American stock markets (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia and Mexico). Unlike previous research on these markets, the joint distribution of stock returns is estimated as a vector autoregression (VAR) with innovations following an exponential GARCH process. Our study is carried out using closing stock market prices covering the period 25 May 1992 to 16 May 1997. The results revealed that these countries have significant first and second moment time dependencies. In general, the markets of these countries exhibit stronger volatility than mean spillovers. Further, our results indicate that these markets exhibit stronger volatility spillovers than other regions of the world. In view of these dependencies, the conditional correlations between these markets are different from their conventional simple counterparts. Since the correlation is the catalyst in portfolio diversification and an essential parameter in the calculation of the cost of capital, we anticipate that international investors and corporate managers will find our results very interesting.
Enzymatic determination of tissue dihydrofolate

Abstract A highly specific and sensitive enzymatic assay for dihydrofolate has been developed. The method involves enzymatic conversion of dihydrofolate to methylenetetrahydrofolate with subsequent stoichiometric entrapment of this folate cofactor into a covalent, ternarv complex with thymidylate synthase and tritiated-fluorodeoxyuridylate. The detection limit in tissue extracts was 0.25 pmoles and reference dihydrofolate was quantitatively recovered in the range 0.25 to 2.00 pmoles by this procedure.
Conventional Medical Therapies for Endometriosis

Endometriosis is a common gynecologic disorder that affects approximately 14% of all women and 30% to 50% of infertile women. Since the most common symptoms of endometriosis--progressive dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, chronic pelvic pain, and infertility--are also symptoms of multiple disorders, a diagnosis of endometriosis can be elusive and confirmed only by visualization, that is, laparoscopy. Endometriosis is often treated surgically upon diagnosis; however, the rate of recurrence is high, suggesting that a combination of therapeutic approaches might provide better outcomes than any one option alone. The most widely utilized hormonal treatments for endometriosis are GnRH agonists and oral contraceptives; agents indicated by the Food and Drug Administration include GnRH agonists and the androgen, danazol. The majority of evidence in support of medical therapy for endometriosis is largely observational, with the exception of studies of GnRH agonists, danazol, and a few progestins. Conventional treatment approaches for the medical management of endometriosis focus on suspected endometriosis, following a diagnosis of endometriosis, following surgical treatment of endometriosis, long-term management, and retreatment. Although major advances have been made in the treatment of endometriosis in recent decades, lack of randomized clinical trials evaluating the use of agents such as oral contraceptives alone or as add-back therapy for GnRH agonists, or those that examine combined medical and surgical treatments, has hampered the ability of physicians to provide the broadest range of medical therapies for this disorder. Future trials addressing these issues are warranted.
Extra-Required Service: A Radical Shift in Frontline Geriatric Caregiving

Much research examines the professional nursing practices of traditional and modern caregivers, but it remains unclear whether the delivery of extra-required services is diminished as the caregiver moves from traditional to modern community. Building on the classical works of sociologists Ferdinand Tonnies, Max Weber, and Emile Durkheim, this paper discusses traditional and modern caregiver practices to see whether extra-required services are currently being offered in city-based care settings. Using data from a purposive sample of 21 registered nurses and nursing assistants at six long-term care centers in the cities of Toronto, Ontario; Miami, Florida; and New York, New York, this paper examines registered nurses' (RNs') traditional and modern caregiving practices. Findings suggest that extra-required services are more richly provided in traditional communities than in urban city settings. Differences exist in both the form and extent of delivering extra caregiving services in the two types of settings....
Murine model of genetic demyelinating disease: The twitcher mouse

Twitcher mouse is an authentic murine model of human genetic demyelinating disease, globoid cell leukodystrophy (GLD), or Krabbe disease. Since its discovery at the Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, ME) this model has been used extensively for the morphological, biochemical-enzymatic studies to clarify pathogenesis and also for therapeutic manipulation of genetic demyelinating disease in humans. As a result of these studies, now we know that (1) GLD is caused by a deficiency of lysosomal enzyme galactosylceramidase, and a toxic metabolite, psychosine, accumulates in the tissue, including the nervous system, damaging myelin forming cells and resulting in secondary demyelination; (2) morphological features of demyelination and associated cellular reactions in demyelination in this mutant are similar to those seen in autoimmune or toxic demyelination; and (3) with enzyme supplementation provided by bone marrow transplantation, remyelination occurs to some extent in demyelinated fibers in both central and peripheral nervous systems of twitcher mouse.
Stepwise approach to establishing multiple outreach laboratory information system-electronic medical record interfaces

Clinical laboratory outreach business is changing as more physician practices adopt an electronic medical record (EMR). Physician connectivity with the laboratory information system (LIS) is consequently becoming more important. However, there are no reports available to assist the informatician with establishing and maintaining outreach LIS–EMR connectivity. A four-stage scheme is presented that was successfully employed to establish unidirectional and bidirectional interfaces with multiple physician EMRs. This approach involves planning (step 1), followed by interface building (step 2) with subsequent testing (step 3), and finally ongoing maintenance (step 4). The role of organized project management, software as a service (SAAS), and alternate solutions for outreach connectivity are discussed.
Steady-state multiplicity and stability of thermal equilibria in homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engines

The stability of the autothermic process governing the autoignition of HCCI engines is analyzed in this paper. We find conditions under which steady-state multiplicity exists with stable, unstable, and limit-cycle equilibria. This analysis is conducted taking into account the internal feedback structure of the thermal autoignition dynamics. Specifically, HCCI autoignition timing determines the combustion heat produced and is determined by the heat provided through high internal exhaust gas recirculation from previous combustion cycle. It is shown that the thermal equilibria are characterized by a simple returning map consisting of two curves, namely the breathing temperature curve and the combustion temperature curve. The returning map and the stability analysis of the multiple steady state equilibria is confirmed with a high order dynamic nonlinear model that includes manifold filling and composition dynamics.
Utility of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts in liver-transplant recipients.

BACKGROUND: Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (TIPS) have been used to control symptomatic portal hypertension in patients awaiting liver transplant. Although their role in pretransplantation patients is well established, their role in posttransplantation patients is unclear. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective analyses were performed for 18 liver-transplant recipients who underwent TIPS for recurrent end-stage liver disease. Patients were evaluated in regard to gender, age, diagnoses, allograft type, indication for TIPS, portal pressures, laboratory results, Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score, and outcomes. RESULTS: Median days from transplant to TIPS was 939 days (range, 122 to 3,415 days). Indications includedvaricealbleeding(n 2)andascites(n 16).Tenpatients(56%)respondedtoTIPS; TIPS prevented bleeding in both patients with varices, and it achieved symptomatic benefit in half of all patients with ascites. TIPS reduced median portal pressures from 22 mmHg (range, 17 to 50 mmHg) to 16 mmHg (range, 11 to 22 mmHg) and median portosystemic pressure gradients from 18 mmHg (range, 8 to 30 mmHg) to 8 mmHg (range, 2 to 12 mmHg). It increased median Model for End-Stage Liver Disease scores from 16 (range, 12 to 29) to 17 (range, 10 to 34) immediately and to 22 (range, 10 to 35) at 1 month. Six patients (33%) underwent retransplantation at a median of 58 days (range, 21 to 71 days) post-TIPS. Of the remaining 12 patients, 3 (25%) were alive and well at a median of 90 days (range, 78 to 1,169 days) post-TIPS; 9 (75%) died at a median of 99 days (range, 13 to 1,400 days) post-TIPS. Subgroup analysis failed to demonstrate significant differences between patients whose ascites responded to TIPS (n 8) and patients whose ascites did not (n 8). Responders were younger, had higher baseline portal pressures, greater reductions in portal-systemic pressure gradients, and better hepatic function. CONCLUSIONS: Though small, this was the largest series to date ofTIPS in liver-transplant recipients. Overall, 56% of patients responded to TIPS. No single factor predicted response or nonresponse of ascites toTIPS. Without retransplantation, 75% of patients died. Careful selection is necessary when consideringTIPS for patients with ascites. (J Am Coll Surg 2009;208:539–546. © 2009 by the American College of Surgeons) Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (TIPS), which establish artificial conduits between branches of the portal and systemic venous systems within the liver parenchyma, were first described in experimental models in 1969 and in clinical practice in 1989. 1,2 In the past 20 years,TIPS have been placed in patients with cirrhosis and
Internal dynamics of a plasma propelled across a magnetic field

When a plasma is pushed across a magnetic field by some nonelectromagnetic force, ions and electrons get turned in opposite directions by the magnetic field. This creates an internal current as well as sheaths at the plasma surfaces and results in an electric field which allows the plasma to maintain some, or even most of its initial momentum in the form of E*B drift. An exact analysis of that process is presented for the internal region of the plasma. The energy provided by the initial push is used, in part, to create some gyrations inside the plasma. When the rest energy density of the plasma exceeds twice the magnetic energy density (or when the Alfven speed is less than c), there will be enough energy to spare for the plasma to continue across the magnetic field at half its initial momentum. Two cases are considered: an impulsive start and a gentle push such as provided by gravity. The amplitude of the resulting internal gyrations becomes small in the second case. The frequencies of the gyrations are those of extraordinary modes of very long spatial wavelength. >
Fusion Viewer: A New Tool for Fusion and Visualization of Multimodal Medical Data Sets

A new application, Fusion Viewer, available for free, has been designed and implemented with a modular object-oriented design. The viewer provides both traditional and novel tools to fuse 3D data sets such as CT (computed tomography), MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), PET (positron emission tomography), and SPECT (single photon emission tomography) of the same subject, to create maximum intensity projections (MIP) and to adjust dynamic range. In many situations, it is desirable and advantageous to acquire biomedical images in more than one modality. For example, PET can be used to acquire functional data, whereas MRI can be used to acquire morphological data. In some situations, a side-by-side comparison of the images provides enough information, but in most of the cases it may be necessary to have the exact spatial relationship between the modalities presented to the observer. To accomplish this task, the images need to first be registered and then combined (fused) to create a single image. In this paper, we discuss the options for performing such fusion in the context of multimodal breast imaging. Additionally, a novel spline-based dynamic range technique is presented in detail. It has the advantage of obtaining a high level of contrast in the intensity range of interest without discarding the intensity information outside of this range while maintaining a user interface similar to the standard window/level windowing procedure.
Translation of Sindbis virus mRNA: analysis of sequences downstream of the initiating AUG codon that enhance translation.

Alphaviruses, particularly Sinbis virus and Semliki Forest virus, are proving to be useful vectors for the expression of heterologous genes. In infected cells, these self-replicating vectors (replicons) transcribe a subgenomic mRNA that codes for a heterologous protein instead of the structural proteins. We reported recently that translation of the reporter gene lacZ is enhanced 10-fold when the coding sequences of this gene are fused downstream of and in frame with the 5' half of the capsid gene (I. Frolov and S. Schlesinger, J. Virol. 68:8111-8117, 1994). The enhancing sequences, located downstream of the AUG codon that initiates translation of the capsid protein, have a predicted hairpin structure. We have mutated this region by making changes in the codons which do not affect the protein sequence but should destabilize the putative hairpin structure. These changes caused a decrease in the accumulation of the capsid-beta-galactosidase fusion protein. When these alterations were inserted into the capsid gene in the context of the intact Sindbis virus genome, they led to a decrease in the rate of virus formation but did not affect the final yield. We also altered the original sequence to one that has 12 contiguous G.C base pairs and should form a stable hairpin. The new sequence was essentially as effective as the original had been in enhancement of translation and in the rate of virus formation. The position of the predicted hairpin structure is important for its function; an insertion of 9 nucleotides or a deletion of 9 nucleotides decreased the level of translation. The insertion of a hairpin structure at a particular location downstream of the initiating AUG appears to be a way that alphaviruses have evolved to enhance translation of their mRNA, and, as a consequence, they produce high levels of the structural proteins which are needed for virus assembly. This high level of translation requires an intracellular environment in which host cell protein synthesis is inhibited.
Multichannel and Impedance Analysis of the Laser-Triggered Rimfire Gas Switch

Many pulsed power applications require multichannel switching because of stringent low erosion and low impedance requirements. Rimfire, which is a multigap multichanneling switch, has been implemented extensively for this purpose at Sandia National Laboratories for several decades, but with incomplete understanding. This paper presents a thorough experimental analysis of impedance and multichanneling characteristics for a multigap switch under the influence of a laser trigger and in an SF6 environment. The implications of these results on the future design of multichanneling multigap gas switches are also presented