cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of disease perceptions and results sharing in psychological adaptation after genetic susceptibility testing: the REVEAL Study

This study evaluates the extent to which psychological adaptation (validated measures of depressive symptoms, anxiety, and test-specific distress) after genetic susceptibility testing is influenced by changes in beliefs about Alzheimer's disease (AD) and sharing of test results with others. Adult children of AD patients (N=269) from a randomized clinical trial involving genetic testing for apolipoprotein E (APOE) provided information before, as well as 6 weeks and 12 months after results disclosure. The levels of adaptation varied highly among participants at 12-month assessment. Participants who learned that they were ɛ4 negative (lower risk) had a reduction in perceived risk and concern about developing AD compared with those who learned that they were ɛ4 positive. Those who received results through an extended educational protocol (three in-person visits) had a larger decline in AD concern than those in a condensed protocol (educational brochure and two in-person visits). Increase in AD concern 6 weeks after disclosure was associated with increase in depression scores (b=0.20, P<0.01) and anxiety levels (b=0.20, P<0.01), and higher distress associated with AD genetic testing (b=0.18, P=0.02) 1 year after testing. Increase in perceived risk (b=0.16, P=0.04) was also associated with higher AD genetic testing distress. Sharing the test results with health professionals and friends (but not family) was associated with decrease in depression (b = −0.11, P = 0.05) and anxiety levels (b=−0.16, P<0.01), respectively after a year. Enhancing discussion with regard to risks and concerns about AD during pretesting counseling and obtaining support through sharing the results after testing may help facilitate test recipients' long-term psychological adaptation.
Does number of lifetime traumas explain the relationship between PTSD and chronic medical conditions? Answers from the National Comorbidity Survey-Replication (NCS-R)

The present study sought to extend prior research by using data from the National Comorbidity Survey-Replication (NCS-R) to examine the relationship between number of lifetime traumas, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and 15 self-reported chronic medical conditions. The goal was to determine whether the commonly found relationship between PTSD symptomatology and physical health were better explained by the number of lifetime traumas experienced. The NCS-R is a representative US household survey that assessed lifetime experience of a variety of traumas, lifetime diagnosis of PTSD and 15 chronic medical conditions (e.g. pain conditions, cardiovascular disorders, etc.). Two major findings emerged: (1) there was a graded relationship between trauma exposure, PTSD, and the majority of chronic medical conditions where individuals with PTSD had the highest likelihood of chronic medical condition and non-traumatized individuals had the lowest risk and; (2) with the exception of headaches, the relationship between PTSD and chronic medical conditions was explained by the number of lifetime traumas experienced when analyses were subset to traumatized individuals. The present study supports prior research suggesting that multiple traumas have a cumulative effect on physical health. The impact of trauma on health may be independent of PTSD symptomatology.
Characterization of replication defects induced by mutations in the basic domain and C-terminus of HIV-1 matrix.

Abstract Extensive mutagenesis has defined distinct functional domains in the HIV-1 matrix domain (MA). In an attempt to more clearly define functions of regions of MA which affect viral entry, we analyzed mutations in the N-terminal basic and the C-terminal helical domains. Deletions of 8–10 amino acid residues of the C-terminal fifth helix of MA resulted in viruses that were only mildly defective in infectivity and fusion. The defect exhibited by these mutations could largely be attributed to a reduction in levels of viral envelope incorporated into mature virions. Truncation of the gp41 cytoplasmic tail (gp41CT) could rescue the phenotype of one of these mutants. In contrast, mutations of multiple basic residues in the N-terminus of MA were severely defective in both infectivity and fusion. While these mutations induce severe envelope incorporation defects, they also result in virus crippled at a post-entry step, since truncation of the gp41CT could not rescue the infectivity defect.
Fish Protein Hydrolysates: Production, Biochemical, and Functional Properties

Considerable amounts of fish processing byproducts are discarded each year. By developing enzyme technologies for protein recovery and modification, production of a broad spectrum of food ingredients and industrial products may be possible. Hydrolyzed vegetable and milk proteins are widely used food ingredients. There are few hydrolyzed fish protein foods with the exception of East Asian condiments and sauces. This review describes various manufacturing techniques for fish protein hydrolysates using acid, base, endogenous enzymes, and added bacterial or digestive proteases. The chemical and biochemical characteristics of hydrolyzed fish proteins are discussed. In addition, functional properties of fish protein hydrolysates are described, including solubility, water-holding capacity, emulsification, and foam-forming ability. Possible applications of fish protein hydrolysates in food systems are provided, and comparison with other food protein hydrolysates where pertinent.
Assessing citations with the Eigenfactor metrics.

For more than 80 years, researchers and administrators alike have evaluated the prestige and productivity of researchers, institutions, journals, and even nations by counting citations.1 For the past half-century, the impact factor 2 has been the most prominent of these citation metrics. Impact factor is essentially a measure of the average number of citations that a journal’s articles receive over the two calendar years following publication. As a citation metric, impact factor has a number of virtues, not the least of which are that it is simple to describe and easy to calculate. But there are also drawbacks to the impact factor. In particular, impact factor does not account for differences in prestige among the citing journals3 and does not account for differences in citation patterns within and across disciplines.4 Thus in the impact factor calculation, a citation from Nature is worth no more than a …
Rheumatic Fever and postgroup-a streptococcal arthritis.

General Considerations The global prevalence of ARF has been estimated to be approximately 15.6 million cases, with 282,000 new cases per year. Presently, the annual incidence of ARF among children aged 5 to 14 years is highest in sub-Saharan Africa. Historically, ARF is most frequent among 5 to 15 year-olds, and is extremely rare in children less than 3 years of age. The latent period between GAS infection and symptoms of ARF (excluding chorea) is approximately 3 weeks.
Interactions of Methylmercury, Cadmium, and Salinity on Regeneration in the Fiddler Crabs Uca pugilator, U. pugnax and U. minax

After multiple autotomy in the fiddler crabs Uca pugilator, U. pugnax and U. minax, both methylmercury and cadmium retard limb regeneration and ecdysis. When crabs in sea water are exposed to a mixture of both metals, the effect is increased, indicating that the two are interacting in an additive way. In 50% sea water (=15% S), the effects of cadmium are greatly intensified so that growth of limb buds is extremely slow, if it occurs at all. When methylmercury is present in the water at the same time, the severe effects of cadmium are somewhat ameliorated, indicating an antogonistic interaction of the two metals under these conditions. Adding additional calcium to the 50% sea water also decreased the severity of the cadmium effect, thus supporting the idea of a calcium-cadmium competition.
ISOLATION OF LEGIONELLA PNEUMOPHILA FROM BLOOD

Legionella pneumophila has been isolated, with an in-vitro method, from the blood of a patient with fatal legionnaires' disease.
Zinc metalloproteins involved in replication and transcription

RNA polymerase (RPase) from E. coli contains two tightly incorporated Zn(II) ions, while the monomeric RPase from bacteriophage T7 does not contain zinc and does not require Zn(II) in the assay. One of the two Zn(II) ions can be differentially removed from E. coli RPase with p-hydroxymercuriphenylsulfonate (PMPS) combined with EDTA and thiol. The resultant Znl or ZnA RPase shows no alteration in transcription initiation and elongation rate from sigma-specific promoters. Biosynthesis of a Co2 RPase and formation of CoA RPase by similar treatment shows the tetrahedral-type Co(II) d-d absorption bands to be associated only with the Co(II) at the A site with maxima at 760 (epsilon = 800), 710 (epsilon = 900), 602 (epsilon = 1500), and 484 (epsilon = 4000) nm. Sulfur to Co(II) charge transfer bands are present at 350 (epsilon = 9600) and 370 (epsilon = 9500) nm. The absorption characteristics strongly suggest that the A site is a tetrathiolate site. While DNA polymerases do not in general appear to contain zinc, gene 32 protein (g32P) from bacteriophage T4, an accessory protein essential for DNA replication and recombination and translational control in the T4 life cycle, is a Zn(II) metalloprotein and contains 1 gram atom of tightly incorporated Zn(II). PMPS displaces the zinc by reacting with three SH groups. Apo-g32P shows markedly altered DNA binding properties. Co(II) substitution gives a protein with intense d-d transitions typical of a tetrahedral Co(II) complex with absorption maxima at 680 (epsilon = 480), 645 (epsilon = 660), 605 (epsilon = 430), 355 (epsilon = 2250), and 320 (epsilon = 3175) nm. The data support a 3 Cys, 1 His coordination site located in the middle of the DNA binding domain of g32P. Data thus far suggest that the Zn(II) binding sites in multisubunit RNA polymerases and in accessory proteins involved in polynucleotide biosynthesis are more likely to play structural or allosteric (regulatory) roles rather than directly participating in catalysis.
Correlation of tumor volume and surface area with lymph node status in patients with multifocal/multicentric breast carcinoma.

BACKGROUND Multicentric breast carcinomas have a higher frequency of axillary lymph node metastasis than unifocal tumors of similar stage. It remains unclear whether this merely reflects larger tumor volumes or a different biologic behavior. The authors have shown previously that when aggregate tumor diameter are used for staging, unifocal and multifocal tumors have a similar frequency of axillary lymph node metastasis. However, summing diameter overestimates actual tumor volume because volume is proportional to the third power of the diameter. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to reanalyze the relation between size and axillary lymph node status by correcting for tumor volumes and surface areas. METHODS Volumes and surface areas of 122 breast tumor specimens with multiple macroscopic nodules (two foci: n = 95; three foci: n = 22; three foci: n = 5) were calculated by approximating the shape of each tumor nodule to an ellipsoid (for volume) or to a prolate spheroid (for area). For comparison, the authors used an internal control series, comprised of 469 macroscopic unifocal tumors. For all patients, multiple assessments of largest tumor size and combined size of all foci were correlated with the status of axillary lymph nodes. The associations between lymph node status, tumor volume or area, and multifocality were modeled using univariate and multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS When either the largest or the aggregate tumor volume was used as a size estimate, tumor specimens with multiple nodules had a higher frequency of lymph node involvement compared with unifocal tumors of a similar volume or area. The odds ratio (OR) for having positive lymph nodes was 2.34 for aggregate volume measurement (P < 0.001). Surface area estimates yielded similar results (OR = 2.2, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Breast tumors with multiple macroscopic nodules had a different biology, with a propensity to dissemination at smaller tumor volumes (i.e., there was another factor besides volume alone that accounted for the differences in behavior). Cancer 2004;100:20–7. © 2003 American Cancer Society.
Effects of induced psychological stress on click and rhythm in mitral valve prolapse.

Our clinical observations suggested that anxiety accentuated the click in patients with mitral valve prolapse. In order to evaluate this systematically, a psychological stress was administered to 30 subjects--15 patients with click murmur syndrome and 15 normal controls. The phonocardiogram was recorded and the electrocardiogram were continuously monitored to assess the effects on arrhythmias. State Anxiety Inventory scores demonstrated an increase in anxiety during the psychological stress. A change in rhythm during psychological stress was noted in five of the 15 patients. No arrhythmias occurred in the control subjects during psychological stress (p less than .025). Amplitude of the click increased during psychological stress in five of the 15 patients, in four associated with arrhythmia. The only patient with auscultatory-electrocardiographic variant developed frequent, multifocal ventricular ectopics with couplets during the psychological stress. Acute psychological stress exerts important effects on the rhythm and click only in some patients with mitral valve prolapse, and may provide a mechanism for intermittence of clicks and episodes of profound unexplained arrhythmias.
Short chain ceramides as substrates for glucocerebroside synthetase. Differences between liver and brain enzymes

Abstract In order to increase the sensitivity of the assay for ceramide: UDPGlc glucosyltransferase, the enzyme that makes glucocerebroside, we synthesized a variety of ceramide homologues that might be better substrates than the naturally occurring ceramides. N -Octanoyl sphingosine proved to be the best lipid tested in liver and brain. It could be added to the tissue homogenate in the dry form, as a thin layer coated on Celite, or in liposomes, prepared from lecithin and cerebroside sulfate. The liposomal form produced better replication of assay values. It is suggested that the addition of cerebroside sulfate to liposomal preparations might be a good, and more physiological, replacement for the commonly used dicetyl phosphate. A new homologue of DL-sphinganine, decasphinganine, was synthesized by an efficient series of steps and acylated with different fatty acids to form ceramide homologues. The best substrate in this series was the lauroyl amide and it is suggested that this lipid be used in cerebroside synthetase assays because of the convenience of preparing it, even though it is not as good as octanoyl sphingosine. Both compounds are distinctly better than natural ceramide or DL-sphinganine amides. From comparisons of enzyme activity under various conditions, the tentative conclusion is drawn that the enzymes in liver and brain have different properties, and that liver has two different synthetases.
100th anniversary of stream gaging

The first U.S. Geological Survey stream-gaging station was set up on the Rio Grande at Embudo, N. Mex., in 1889. The site was chosen for its easy accessibility by railroad, a necessity for bringing in scientific and camp equipment, and because funds appropriated by Congress for the Irrigation Survey were to be used only west of the 100th meridian. Chief hydrologist of the USGS, Philip Cohen, spoke September 20 at the Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C., commemorating the 100th anniversary of the station.
Nasal changes after presurgical nasoalveolar molding (PNAM) in the unilateral cleft lip nose

Purpose: Nasal reconstruction for patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) is a challenge for the reconstructive surgeon. Presurgical nasoalveolar molding (PNAM) was introduced to reshape the cleft nasal structures prior to lip repair. This study analyzed two-dimensional nasal changes before and after PNAM in patients with complete UCLP. Methods: Thirty UCLP patients (19 males; 11 females) who received PNAM before lip repair were included in this study. PNAM was applied for 100 days. Nasal casts were obtained before and after PNAM. Frontal and 45° standardized digital photographs were taken from all casts, and a photogrammetric analysis (16 linear, six angular, and two area measurements) was performed. Paired Student's t tests were used to search for differences by time, and time versus side (cleft versus noncleft). Results: Significant reduction of cleft columella deviation with an increase in columella length, nostril height, and axial inclination on the cleft side were recorded. This result...
Preventing School Bullying: Should Schools Prioritize an Authoritative School Discipline Approach Over Security Measures?

A common response to school violence features the use of security measures to deter serious and violent incidents. However, a second approach, based on school climate theory, suggests that schools exhibiting authoritative school discipline (i.e., high structure and support) might more effectively reduce school disorder. We tested these approaches on less serious, but more frequent, incidents of student victimization—physical, verbal, and relational bullying—using a nationally representative sample of 12- to 18-year-olds. We found that students in schools with positive school climates, as based on authoritative discipline theory, were significantly less likely to report bullying victimization. The security measures approach had no association with physical and verbal bullying and only a marginal association on relational bullying.
Determinants of cell entry and intracellular survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Abstract The ability of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to sustain a chronic infection and cause disease in a subset of those infected depends on its products — virulence factors — that enable the organism to enter and survive indefinitely inside mononuclear phagocytic cells by subverting cellular antimicrobial mechanisms. Characterizing these factors is essential to understanding the pathogenesis of M. tuberculosis .
PREVENTION OF α-NAPHTHYLTHIOUREA-INDUCED PULMONARY EDEMA WITH FRUCTOSE-1,6-DIPHOSPHATE

Neutrophil-derived oxygen free radicals have been implicated in the pathogenesis of noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. Fructose-1,6-diphosphate (FDP) has been shown to inhibit oxygen free radicals production by activated neutrophils. Thus, we investigated whether FDP would attenuate formation of pulmonary edema in anesthetized dogs injected with α -naphthylthiourea (ANTU). Hemodynamic studies involved measurements of left ventricular systolic and end-diasystolic pressures (LVSP and LVEDP), pulmonary artery pressure (PaP), heart rate (HR), and cardiac output (CO). Mean wet weight to dry weight ratios of lung tissue samples were calculated. Following baseline measurements, dogs were injected intravenously (IV) with ANTU 5 mg / kg (n = 16) and 10 mg / kg (n = 8) and half of the dogs were randomly selected to receive 75 mg / kg FDP (10%) and subsequent infusion of 7 mg / kg / min. The rest were given 0.9% NaCl in the same manner. Four hours after ANTU administration, the animals were euthanatized. Except for dec...
Monte Carlo simulation of radiative heat transfer and turbulence interactions in methane/air jet flames

Abstract A Photon Monte Carlo method combined with a composition PDF method is employed to model radiative heat transfer in combustion applications. Turbulence–radiation interactions (TRIs) can be fully taken into account using the proposed method. Sandia's Flame D and artificial flames derived from it are simulated and good agreement with experimental data is found. The effects of different TRI components are investigated. It is shown that, to predict the radiation field accurately, emission TRI must be taken into account, while, as expected, absorption TRI is negligible in the considered nonsooting methane/air jet flames if the total radiation quantities are concerned, but non-negligible for evaluation of local quantities. The influence of radiation on the turbulent flow field is also discussed.
Water Molecule-Induced Stiffening in ZnO Nanobelts

We report the observation of remarkable water molecule-induced stiffening in ZnO nanobelts using atomic force microscopy three-point bending test. It was found that the elastic modulus of ZnO nanobelts could increase significantly from 40 GPa under ambient condition up to 88 GPa at the relative humidity level of 80%. The physical mechanism for this phenomenon was explained in terms of increasing surface stress induced by water molecule adsorption on ZnO nanobelt surface. Our first-principles density functional theory calculations revealed that the water molecules adsorbed on the ZnO surface would attract surface Zn atoms to move outward and hence increase the value of surface stress of ZnO surface.
Hard substrata community patterns, 1-120 M, North Jamaica

Tropical marine communities from shallow-water (<30 m) carbonate environments are often dominated by hermatypic scleractinian corals with lesser amounts of crustose coralline algae and endolithic demosponges. Living cover is typically high (80-100%7p). Along the north-central coast of Jamaica and at many western Atlantic sites, communities existing below 55 m inhabit a vertical to overhanging wall of reef limestone, the deep fore reef, which extends to approximately 130 m. At 60 m the community resembles that of shallower water, although scleractinians are less abundant and encrusting and erect demosponges are much more abundant. Coralline algae and macroalgae are also important space occupants at 60 m and living cover approaches 65%. Encrusting sponges and coralline, filamentous, and macroalgae predominate in the middle region of the deep fore reef. A low-diversity assemblage occupying 40% of the substratum and dominated by diminutive encrusting and endolithic? demosponges and largely endolithic filamentous algae occurs from 100-130 m, the lower limit of the deep fore reef. Community structure and zonation on the shallower reefs is controlled by a number of biotic and abiotic factors, most notably predationlgrazing, light intensity, and turbulence. On the deep fore reef, grazing and turbulence are greatly reduced. While reduced in intensity, light continues to exert a strong influence on community bathymetric zonation. Sedimentation also exerts an important control on the spatial distribution of the deep fore-reef biota with the most diverse assemblages flourishing in areas protectedfrom sediment. Despite a regime of reduced disturbance in deep water, community diversity remains relatively constant to a depth of 90-100 m.
The potential usefulness of computerized chromosome analysis in human genetics.

Abstract The potential usefulness of computerized chromosome analysis in human genetics is mainly in studies aimed at population cytogenetics, epidemiology and preventive medicine. Three major studies are emphasized, i.e. (1) measurement studies, (2) incidence studies of chromosomal aberrations which include studies of (a) numerical and structural aberrations and (b) chromosome mosaicism, and (3) studies of chromosome damage by various environmental agents.
Outcomes of direct coronary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction in candidates and non-candidates for thrombolytic therapy☆

Abstract Coronary angioplasty without prior thrombolytic therapy was performed in 383 patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Patients were divided into 2 groups depending on whether they were candidates or non-candidates for thrombolytic therapy. Patients were not considered thrombolytic candidates if they: (1) presented in cardiogenic shock, (2) were ≥ 75 years of age, (3) had had coronary artery bypass surgery or, (4) had a reperfusion time of > 6 hours. Thrombolytic and nonthrombolytic candidates had similar rates of reperfusion (92 vs 88%), nonfatal reinfarction (6.0 vs 5.9%) and recurrent myocardial ischemia (1.8 vs 0%). Thrombolytic candidates had a lower mortality rate (3.9 vs 24%, p 6 hours (14.2%). These outcomes suggest that direct coronary angioplasty is a viable alternative method of reperfusion in patients with AMI who are candidates for thrombolytic therapy. Nonthrombolytic candidates are a high-risk group of patients. Direct coronary angioplasty may be beneficial in certain subgroups, especially for patients in cardiogenic shock and for patients presenting > 6 hours after the onset of chest pain with evidence of ongoing ischemia.
The kinematics and morphology of NGC 520

New long-slit optical spectroscopy and optical and NIR images of NGC 520 are presented. Velocity-dispersion and radial-velocity profiles are obtained from the spectra with the Fourier quotient and cross-correlation techniques. At the NW optical emission peak, a sharp rise in the velocity dispersions implies a concentration of mass. The NW optical peak is also apparent as a peak in the K-band image, whose NIR colors are consistent with the presence of a typical bulge steller population. These data suggest that the NW peak may be the bulge of one of two galaxies in the system. A larger bulge is clearly evident in the K-band image in the middle of an optical dust lane. The optical colors and H-alpha emission imply that both bulges and the disk of the NW galaxy have experienced recent star formation. The radial-velocity profile in the central 10 arcsec at the larger bulge is consistent with a counterrotating core, in agreement with the CO radial-velocity profile (Sanders et al., 1988). This core could be explained as an accreted gas-rich irregular galaxy which is forming a counterrotating stellar disk.
Effect of thermal and mechanical pretreatments on the guinier-preston zone state of a commercial 7075 aluminum alloy

This investigation was conducted to determine the Guinier-Preston zone state of a commercial grade 7075 aluminum alloy, and the effects of both thermal and mechanical pretreatment on the zonal state. The main investigative techniques used were X-ray small angle scattering and wide angle X-ray diffraction. The aging sequence was determined to be: Solid Solution → GP Zones → η’ → η and η ’ → η for the particular heat treatments used during this research. This aging sequence was not altered by mechanical pretreatment, but the initial aging kinetics did increase.
Bertrand-Edgeworth duopoly with unit cost asymmetry

This paper characterizes the set of Nash equilibria in a price setting duopoly in which firms have limited capacity, and in which unit costs of production up to capacity may differ. Assuming concave revenue and efficient rationing, we show that the case of different unit costs involves a tractable generalization of the methods used to analyze the case of identical costs. However, the supports of the two firms' equilibrium price distributions need no longer be connected and need not coincide. In addition, the supports of the equilibrium price distributions need no longer be continuous in the underlying parameters of the model. As an application of our characterization, we examine the Kreps-Scheinkman model of capacity choice followed by Bertrand-Edgeworth price competition and show that, unlike in the case of identical costs, Cournot equilibrium capacity levels need not arise as subgame-perfect equilibria. The low-cost firm has greater incentive to price its rival out of the market than exists under Cournot behavior.
Comparison of computed tomography imaging with intraprocedural contrast esophagram: implications for catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation.

Background Computed tomography (CT) has been used to localize the esophagus before radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of atrial fibrillation (AF). Objective The purpose of this study was to compare esophageal imaging by CT versus esophagram. Methods CT imaging of the left atrium was performed in 57 patients 1 week before RFA and was imported into the CARTO mapping system. The electrophysiologist created a virtual shell of the left atrium and pulmonary veins (PVs) that was merged with the CT image; however, the CT-defined location of the esophagus was not displayed. The patient was then given 10 mL of oral contrast. Using fluoroscopy, an electroanatomic catheter tagged the esophageal borders outlined by esophagram. The CT-defined esophagus was then imported, and the borders were tagged on the merged map. In this manner, the esophagus borders by esophagram versus those by CT were compared. Results The maximum diameter of the esophagus by esophagram versus CT was not different (16.3 ± 3.4 vs. 16.5 ± 3.1 mm; P = .7). The esophagus was near the left PVs in 34 (62%), center in 13 (24%), and near the right PVs in eight (15%) patients. There was concordance between CT and esophagram in 48 of 55 patients (87%; P = .2). Ye, in 21 (44%) of 48 patients with concordant location, the CT-defined esophageal borders were separated from the esophagram-defined borders by ≥50% of the esophagus diameter. Conclusions Reliance on remotely acquired CT images does not ensure adequate intraprocedural localization of the esophagus or enhance recognition of esophageal motility.
Influence of Surface Heating Condition on Local Heat Transfer in Enclosed Corotating Disks With Axial Throughflow

Local heat transfer in a rotating cavity with axial throughflow was experimentally investigated. The rotating cavity was bounded by two plane disks and a cylindrical rim (shroud). The ratio of the rim span to the disk outer radius was 0.4 and the ratio of the disk inner radius to outer radius was 0.25. This study investigated the effects of axial coolant flow rate, rotation speed, and disk surface heating condition on the local heat transfer coefficient distributions inside the cavity. Three cavity surface heating conditions were tested: case 1 - upstream and downstream disks with radially increasing temperature but colder than rim; case 2 - upstream and downstream disks at uniform temperature but colder than rim; and case 3 - upstream and downstream disks and rim at uniform temperature. Tests were systematically performed for the axial flow Reynolds numbers between 2500 and 25,000, the rotational Reynolds numbers between 0 and 5.11 × 105, and the rotational Grashof numbers between 5 × 106 and 1.3 × 1010, respectively. The results show that the local heat transfer coefficients for the non-rotating cavity increase with increasing axial flow Reynolds number. However, the local heat transfer coefficients initially decrease and then increase with increasing rotational Reynolds number. In general, the heat transfer coefficients on the rim for case 2 surface heating condition are higher than those for case 1 and case 3 whereas the heat transfer coefficients on the upstream and downstream disks for case 3 surface heating condition are higher than those for case 1 and case 2.Copyright © 1993 by ASME
Trichromatic mechanisms in single cortical neurons

By chromatic adaptation, all three cone mechanisms of rhesus monkey vision can be identified in single neurons of striate cortex. This trichromatic inter-action occurs in cells sensitive to color and indicates that striate cortical cells tend to be more wavelength discriminating than cells at lower stages of the primate visual system.
Equatorial spread F‐related airglow depletions at Arecibo and conjugate observations

[1] We present evidence of the incursion into the Caribbean region of airglow depletions associated with the equatorial Rayleigh-Taylor instability. Data from the Boston University all-sky imager located at Arecibo, Puerto Rico (18.3°N, 66.7°W, 28°N magnetic latitude), have been used to identify several nights with 630.0 nm airglow patterns that are typical signatures of equatorial spread F and distinctly different from the more common “airglow bands” frequently observed there. Two case studies (2 November 2002 and 26 February 2003) show the occurrence of simultaneous airglow depletions observed with another all-sky imager located at El Leoncito, Argentina (31.8°S, 69.3°W, 18°S magnetic latitude), relatively close to the Arecibo conjugate point. Supporting information is obtained from Defense Meteorological Satellite Program, ROCSAT-1, and GPS data, all of them showing the presence of strong ionospheric irregularities collocated with the airglow depletions. Mapping the circular field of view from Arecibo into the Southern Hemisphere reveals a distorted pattern due to the differences in the magnetic field characteristics in both hemispheres. This adds an interesting spatial complexity to the formulation of conjugate point observing programs in the Latin American longitude sector.
Bioavailability of octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D(4)) after exposure to silicones by inhalation and implantation.

We developed a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model to predict the target organ doses of octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D(4)) after intravenous (IV), inhalation, or implantation exposures. The model used (14)C-D(4) IV disposition data in rats to estimate tissue distribution coefficients, metabolism, and excretion parameters. We validated the model by comparing the predicted blood and tissues concentrations of D(4) after inhalation to experimental results in both rats and humans. We then used the model to simulate D(4) kinetics after single and/or repeated D(4) exposures in rats and humans. The model predicted bioaccumulation of D(4) in fatty tissues (e.g., breast), especially in women. Because of its high lipid solubility (Log P(oct/water) = 5.1), D(4) persisted in fat with a half life of 11.1 days after inhalation and 18.2 days after breast implant exposure. Metabolism and excretion remained constant with repeated exposures, larger doses, and/or different routes of exposure. The accumulation of D(4) in fatty tissues should play an important role in the risk assessment of D(4) especially in women exposed daily to multiple personal care products and silicone breast implants.
Formulation of boundary integral equations for three-dimensional elasto-plastic flow☆

A general theory of elastoplastic flow is formulated for work-hardening materials that may be both anisotropic and compressible. Because the theory is quasi-linear, it may be cast in terms of integral equations and the result is an extended form of Somigliana's identity. When these relations are evaluated on the boundary of a solid, their dimensionality is reduced. Previous experience with simpler materials shows that arbitrary problems may be solved in a direct manner.
Comparison of the prognostic significance of the electrocardiographic QRS/T angles in predicting incident coronary heart disease and total mortality (from the atherosclerosis risk in communities study).

Spatial QRS/T angle and spatial T-wave axis were shown to be strong independent predictors of incident coronary heart disease (CHD) and total mortality, but they are not routinely available. We evaluated whether frontal plane QRS/T angle, easily obtained as the difference between frontal plane axes of QRS and T, provides a suitable substitute for spatial QRS/T angle as a risk predictor. Our study consisted of 13,973 participants from the ARIC Study. Outcome variables were incident CHD and total mortality during a median follow-up of 14 years. Electrocardiographic variables were categorized as abnormal (≥95th percentile), borderline (≥75th and 50% increased risk. Spatial QRS/T angle was a stronger predictor of incident CHD in women, with a 114% increased risk, but it was not significantly associated with risk of incident CHD in men. Similarly, frontal plane QRS/T angle was statistically significant for only women with a 74% increased risk of incident CHD. In conclusion, frontal plane QRS/T angle as an easily derived risk measure is a suitable clinical substitute for spatial QRS/T angle for risk prediction.
MULTIFUNCTIONAL FULLERENE- AND METALLOFULLERENE-BASED NANOBIOMATERIALS

Recent advances in nanotechnology have enabled the synthesis and characterization of nanomaterials suitable for applications in the field of biology and medicine. Due to their unique physico-chemical properties, carbon-based nanomaterials such as fullerenes, metallofullerenes, carbon nanotubes and graphene have been widely investigated as multifunctional materials for applications in tissue engineering, molecular imaging, therapeutics, drug delivery and biosensing. In this review, we focus on the multifunctional capabilities of fullerenes and metallofullerenes for diagnosis and therapy. Specifically, we review recent advances toward the development of fullerene- and metallofullerene-based magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and X-ray imaging contrast agents, drug and gene delivery vehicles, and photodynamic therapy agents. We also discuss in vitro and in vivo toxicity, and biocompatibility issues associated with the use of fullerenes and metallofullerenes for biomedical applications.
CDC17: An essential gene that prevents telomere elongation in yeast

Summary The CDC17 gene product performs an essential stage-specific function during the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell cycle. When cdc17-1 strains are grown at the maximum permissive temperature, recombination is induced preferentially in the genetic interval of the chromosome closest to the telomere. Telomeres are longer in cdc 17 strains than in CDC 17 strains at the permissive temperature because of addition of sequence near or in the poly (C 1–3 A) telomeric DNA and become even longer when cells are propagated at elevated temperatures. The mitotic recombination events require RAD 52 function, but telomere growth does not. Long telomeres are maintained for many generations when crossed into a CDC 17 + + background, suggesting that telomere length is largely conserved during replication. The altered- telomere length phenotype of cdc 17 mutations is recessive and coreverts and cosegregates with the temperature-sensitive lethal phenotype.
Electron dynamics in a free-electron laser

The behavior of the momentum distribution function is discussed theoretically in the small-signal regime of the free-electron laser (FEL). The distribution function is derived analytically following a series of approximations that reduce this problem to the Klein-Gordon equation. The distribution function changes in nontrivial ways that may play an important role in the efficiency of the FEL.
Seasonal Movements of Smallmouth Bass in the Lake Washington Ship Canal, Washington

Abstract The seasonal movement patterns of adult smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) were examined in the Lake Washington Ship Canal (LWSC), a long, narrow water body that connects Lake Washington with Puget Sound. Seventy-two smallmouth bass were captured, implanted with acoustic tags, and released back into the LWSC where they were captured. Smallmouth bass displayed a strong seasonal migration pattern between the LWSC and Lake Washington. Out of 57 smallmouth bass tracked for seasonal movement information, 82% migrated from the LWSC to Lake Washington sometime between June and October. Departure from the LWSC may be related to a combination of factors, such as cessation of spawning activity, reduced water quality conditions, and reduced prey availability. Smallmouth bass < 350 mm FL were more likely to overwinter in the LWSC than larger fish and if they did migrate to Lake Washington, they migrated later in August–October. After overwintering in Lake Washington, smallmouth bass moved back into the L...
Fine structure observations in frozen-etched bovine spermatozoa.

A freeze-etching instrument has been constructed using the Mikros VE-20, 4-inch vacuum evaporator as a basic starting point. In the present investigation, this instrument has been employed in the study of bovine spermatozoa frozen by procedures which ensure that a large fraction of the cells remain viable after thawing. Replicas of these frozen cells viewed by electron microscopy show many of the features described by conventional electron microscopic techniques and, in addition, exhibit structures which have not been revealed thus far. These more unique structures include a series of periodic striations associated with membrane in the caudal region of the sperm head, a periodic belt-like band at the base of the head, and a nuclear component consisting of stacked lamellae.
Neural correlates of derived relational responding on tests of stimulus equivalence

An essential component of cognition and language involves the formation of new conditional relations between stimuli based upon prior experiences. Results of investigations on transitive inference (TI) highlight a prominent role for the medial temporal lobe in maintaining associative relations among sequentially arranged stimuli (A > B > C > D > E). In this investigation, medial temporal lobe activity was assessed while subjects completed "Stimulus Equivalence" (SE) tests that required deriving conditional relations among stimuli within a class (A ≡ B ≡ C). Stimuli consisted of six consonant-vowel-consonant triads divided into two classes (A1, B1, C1; A2, B2, C2). A simultaneous matching-to-sample task and differential reinforcement were employed during pretraining to establish the conditional relations A1:B1 and B1:C1 in class 1 and A2:B2 and B2:C2 in class 2. During functional neuroimaging, recombined stimulus pairs were presented and subjects judged (yes/no) whether stimuli were related. SE tests involved presenting three different types of within-class pairs: Symmetrical (B1 A1; C1 B1; B2 A2; C2 B2), and Transitive (A1 C1; A2 C2) and Equivalence (C1 A1; C2 A2) relations separated by a nodal stimulus. Cross-class 'Foils' consisting of unrelated stimuli (e.g., A1 C2) were also presented. Relative to cross-class Foils, Transitive and Equivalence relations requiring inferential judgments elicited bilateral activation in the anterior hippocampus while Symmetrical relations elicited activation in the parahippocampus. Relative to each derived relation, Foils generally elicited bilateral activation in the parahippocampus, as well as in frontal and parietal lobe regions. Activation observed in the hippocampus to nodal-dependent derived conditional relations (Transitive and Equivalence relations) highlights its involvement in maintaining relational structure and flexible memory expression among stimuli within a class (A ≡ B ≡ C).
Pdgfra protects against ethanol-induced craniofacial defects in a zebrafish model of FASD

Human birth defects are highly variable and this phenotypic variability can be influenced by both the environment and genetics. However, the synergistic interactions between these two variables are not well understood. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) is the umbrella term used to describe the wide range of deleterious outcomes following prenatal alcohol exposure. Although FASD are caused by prenatal ethanol exposure, FASD are thought to be genetically modulated, although the genes regulating sensitivity to ethanol teratogenesis are largely unknown. To identify potential ethanol-sensitive genes, we tested five known craniofacial mutants for ethanol sensitivity: cyp26b1, gata3, pdgfra, smad5 and smoothened. We found that only platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (pdgfra) interacted with ethanol during zebrafish craniofacial development. Analysis of the PDGF family in a human FASD genome-wide dataset links PDGFRA to craniofacial phenotypes in FASD, prompting a mechanistic understanding of this interaction. In zebrafish, untreated pdgfra mutants have cleft palate due to defective neural crest cell migration, whereas pdgfra heterozygotes develop normally. Ethanol-exposed pdgfra mutants have profound craniofacial defects that include the loss of the palatal skeleton and hypoplasia of the pharyngeal skeleton. Furthermore, ethanol treatment revealed latent haploinsufficiency, causing palatal defects in ∼62% of pdgfra heterozygotes. Neural crest apoptosis partially underlies these ethanol-induced defects in pdgfra mutants, demonstrating a protective role for Pdgfra. This protective role is mediated by the PI3K/mTOR pathway. Collectively, our results suggest a model where combined genetic and environmental inhibition of PI3K/mTOR signaling leads to variability within FASD.
Computing characteristic views of quadric-surfaced solids

An algorithm is presented for computing the characteristic views (CVs) of quadric-surfaced solids. The CVs are determined by analyzing the characteristic-view domains of the object by relating changes in the topology of the object's line structure to changes in the occlusion of 3D edges. The main task of the algorithm is to compute the envelope boundaries for viewpoint regions for which the object's visible-line projections have topologically equivalent line-junction graphs. By using the concepts of generalized edge, generalized face, and generalized vertex and using the techniques of order-of-visibility propagation and edge classification, the algorithm can efficiently compute both local and global visibility of edge segments, and therefrom compute the required envelope boundaries. This algorithm is shown to hold for quadric-surfaced solids in general and to treat a polyhedral object as a special case. >
Critical behavior of Epitaxial Antiferromagnetic Insulator Films: Interdigital Capacitance Measurement of Magnetic Specific Heat

An interdigital capacitance technique (ICT) for the measurement of magnetic specific heat (Cm) critical behavior of micron-thick epitaxial films of antiferromagnetic insulators (AF) has been developed. It was first applied to a study of high quality 3μm epitaxial films of FeF2 on lattice matching (001) oriented ZnF2 substrates. Under ideal preparatory conditions, the (Cm) results exhibit the divergent critical behavior of a 3-D Ising system. The ICT appears to be a useful method for characterizing the quality of AF films in regard to rms variations in the exchange interactions.
Rapid Recovery After Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: Is the Elderly Patient Eligible?

Abstract Background . Rapid recovery protocols after coronary artery bypass grafting have been applied successfully to young patients with normal ventricular function. However, the success of such protocols when applied to the elderly population has not been thoroughly validated, and at some centers there is still reluctance in allowing elderly patients to be discharged early from the hospital. Methods . One hundred fifty-two consecutive younger patients ( Results . The 30-day mortality rate for the younger group of patients was 3.3% (Parsonnet risk 7.2 ± 6.2), compared with 4.2% (Parsonnet risk, 17.7 ± 6.8) for the elderly group of patients. There were no statistically significant differences in the 30-day mortality rates or postoperative complications between the elderly and younger patient groups. Rapid recovery with discharge before the fifth postoperative day was achieved in 19% of the elderly, in comparison with 48% of the younger patients ( p p Conclusions . Application of the rapid recovery protocol helped expedite recovery for all patients regardless of age, acuity of illness, or associated conditions. Although younger patients had a significantly shorter postoperative length of hospital stay, older patients performed well and are suitable candidates for rapid recovery protocols.
Modifications of discrete Hopfield neural optimization in maximum clique problem

The Hopfield neural optimization has been studied in maximum clique problem. Its drawback with this approach has the tendency to produce locally optimal solutions due to the descent convergence of the energy function. In order to solve maximum clique problems, the discrete Hopfield neural optimization is studied by combining heuristics such as annealing method and scheduled learning rate which can permit the ascent modification. Each neuron is updated in accordance with a hill-climbing modification. The modifications provide a mechanism for escaping local feasible solutions by varying the direction of motion equation of the neurons. The effectiveness of both modifications is shown through various tests on random graphs and DIMACS benchmark graphs in terms of clique size and computation time.
Silicon Plasmonic Waveguides for the Infrared and Terahertz Regions

Silicon-based plasmonic waveguides are proposed and studied theoretically. A silicon core, silicide underlay, and metal overlay yield propagation losses estimated to be less than 15 cm-1over the 50 ?m to 1000 ?m wavelength range.