cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Democracy despite despotism: A Latin American paradox

This is the first part of an enormous project that aims to understand the social bases of democratic life in late eighteenthand nineteenth-century Latin America. The societies included in the book are Mexico and Peru, and we are told that it is to be followed by a similar volume focusing on Cuba and Argentina. This selection is to provide a contrast between those Latin American societies that were more deeply affected by the colonial legacy and those that were not. However, the main object of the research is to assess the extent to which contemporary theories of democratic rule, many of which are derived from the Tocquevillian tradition, can withstand the evidence derived from detailed historical research in the four countries. Starting from the familiar argument that links the flourishing civic life Alexis de Tocqueville observed in the New England townships, during his visit to America in 1831, the author seeks to explore a related set of issues. Forment breaks down the notion of "civic society" into a rather more complex set of social spheres the civil, economic, political, and public that may exhibit different degrees of democratic participation. Insofar as high levels of participation and a large number of (albeit transient) associations have the capacity to generate "social power," this, the author claims, indicates far greater "democratic" experiences and values than the frequency of authoritarian forms of government in Latin America would suggest, an argument that is for the most part convincing. Tocqueville has for many years cast a long shadow over the study of Latin American politics and society. This influence has been at times quite explicit and at other times muted or perhaps even beyond the awareness of the authors who are taking essentially Tocquevillian perspectives. Tocqueville himself periodically mentioned the Latin American cases as comparative asides, always suggesting that they contrasted sharply with their Northern neighbors. Even the land in North and South America was full of contrasts. South America and the Caribbean were idyllic and when the first European explorers landed there
Progress towards high-power Li/CFx batteries: electrode architectures using carbon nanotubes with CFx

Carbon monofluoride (CFx) has a high energy density, exceeding 2000 W h kg−1, yet its application in primary lithium batteries is limited by its power capability. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are appealing additives for high-power batteries, due to their outstanding electronic transport properties, high aspect ratio necessitating low volume fraction for percolation, and high tensile strength. This perspective describes the current state of the art in lithium–carbon monofluoride (Li/CFx) batteries and highlights the opportunities for the development of high-power Li/CFx batteries via utilization of carbon nanotubes. In this report, we generated several electrode architectures using CFx/CNT combinations, and demonstrated the effectiveness of CNTs in enhancing the rate capability and energy density of Li/CFx batteries. First, we investigated the resistivity of CFx combined with CNTs and compared the CFx/CNT composites with conventional carbon additives. Second, we built CFx–CNT electrodes without metallic current collectors using CNTs as substrates, and compared their electrochemical performance with conventional CFx electrodes using aluminum foil as a current collector. Furthermore, we fabricated multi-layered CNT–CFx–CNT composite electrodes (sandwich electrodes) and studied the impact of the structure on the performance of the electrode. Our work demonstrates some of the opportunities for utilization of CNTs in CFx electrodes and the resultant implementation of CFx as a battery cathode in next-generation high-power batteries.
An Integrative Social-Cognitive Developmental Model of Supervision for Substance Abuse Counselors-in-Training.

ABSTRACT Substance abuse counselors (SACs) at higher levels of social-cognitive maturity manage complex situations and perform counselor-related tasks more effectively than individuals at lower levels of development. This article presents an integrative clinical supervision model designed to promote the social-cognitive maturity (ego development; Loevinger, 1976) of SACs-in-training; reviews practical aspects of the model; and discusses implications for SAC educators, supervisors, and researchers.
Sperm motility in the horseshoe crab. III. Isolation and characterization of a sperm motility initiating peptide

Sperm motility in Limulus is initiated by a sperm motility initiating factor (SMI) that emanates from Limulus eggs. This report describes the partial purification of SMI (greater than 230-fold purification with respect to protein content) with 40% recovery. SMI appears to be a hydrophobic peptide of 500–2,000 MW. Although probably not purified to homogeneity, SMI is estimated to be active at a concentration of less than 0.2 μM.
ISOLATION, CRYSTALLIZATION, AND PROPERTIES OF PEPSIN INHIBITOR

A method has been described for the isolation and crystallization of swine pepsin inhibitor from swine pepsinogen. Solubility experiments and fractional recrystallization show no drift in specific activity. The reversible combination of pepsin with the inhibitor was found to obey the mass law. The inhibitor is quite specific, failing to act on other proteolytic and milk clotting enzymes. The inhibitor is destroyed by pepsin at pH 3.5. Chemical and physical studies indicate that the inhibitor is a polypeptide of approximately 5,000 molecular weight with an isoelectric point at pH 3.7. It contains arginine, tyrosine, but no tryptophane and has basic groups in its structure.
The effect of iodine deficiency on thyroid function in the infant rat

Abstract We have studied rats born to severely iodine-deficient mothers and subsequently maintained on a low-iodine diet (LID) from birth to 41 days. They were compared with controls born to mothers fed a high-iodine diet (HID). LID babies from birth on had large goiters, high thyroid labeled MIT DIT ratios and radioiodine uptakes, high plasma TSH and low plasma T4 in comparison to HID controls. Thyroid labeled T 3 T 4 ratios were low in all babies at birth but were higher in the LID than HID babies from day 5 on and were > 1 after day 10, approximating the T 3 T 4 of the mothers. Coupling efficiency, as indicated by thyroid labeled (T 3 + T 4 ) (MIT + DIT) , was relatively low for the first 4 postnatal days for both the HID and LID babies and was associated with a lower plasma T4 than at later intervals. Injection of 0.05 μg 127I− simultaneously with 131I− caused an acute increase in labeled T4 and decrease in MIT formation in LID babies of all ages, but did not affect T3 synthesis. Doses of 127I− 20 times as large had no effect on labeled iodoamino acid synthesis in HID babies. Thyroid organic radioiodine content in newborn LID rats was 65% lower at 24 hr than at 4 hr after 131I injection, indicating that thyroid secretion was occurring. A few of the LID pups were “runts” approximately 60% the size of HID babies the same age. However, the overwhelming majority of LID babies maintained the same weight as HID controls from birth until weaning. After weaning, the LID babies grew at a slower rate than the HID controls. Relative thyroid weight, radioiodine metabolism and plasma TSH were no different in runts of various ages or in their mothers than in the “normal” LID controls. Adaptation was apparently adequate in the LID babies to maintain a nearly euthyroid state. We suggest that the low labeled T 3 T 4 ratio in the first few days of life in the LID babies may be due to a coupling deficiency in newborn rats resulting in a proportionately greater formation of iodotyrosines than of iodothyronines compared to older animals. This results in a greater intrathyroidal retention of iodine during intracellular thyroglobulin proteolysis and a more highly iodinated thyroglobulin in the LID babies than after normal coupling is achieved.
Does interictal spiking change prior to seizures

Abstract We studied 10 patients with intractable epilepsy being evaluated for epilepsy surgery for preictal changes in spiking. All patients were implanted with intracranial electrodes and underwent continuous EEG/audiovisual monitoring. Interictal spikes were detected and recorded continuously by a dedicated computerized system. Edited spikes were counted during 0–5, 5–10, and 0–60 min epochs before each seizure, during epochs of unvarying state of arousal (awake or sleep stage II). When comparing by repeated measures, 1-way ANOVA, total spiking (in all recording channels) did not differ among the different preictal epochs (0–5, 5–10, 0–60 min) in 45 seizures (F=0.88, P=0.40, using the Geisser-Greenhouse adjustment — GGA). Likewise, no significant differences were obtained during those same epochs when comparing spiking originating from the channel of seizure onset in 5 patients with 28 seizures of localized onset (F=1.19, P=0.38 using the GGA). Our findings indicate that in patients with intractable epilepsy, no changes in spiking occur in the 5 min prior to seizures, when compared to more distant preictal epochs.
Aerodynamic performance of scarf inlets

A scarf inlet is characterized by having a longer lower lip than upper lip leading to both aerodynamic and acoustic advantages. Aerodynamically, a scarf inlet has higher angle of attack capability and is less likely to ingest foreign objects while the aircraft is on the ground. Acoustically, a scarf inlet provides for reduced inlet radiated noise levels below the engine as a result of upward reflection and refraction of inlet radiated noise. Results of a wind tunnel test program are presented which illustrate the aerodynamic performance of two different scarf inlet designs. Based on these results, scarf inlet performance is summarized in a way to illustrate the advantages and limitations of a scarf inlet compared to an axisymmetric inlet.
Restoring riparian forests in the Missouri Ozarks

Restoring the function of riparian forest ecosystems has become a primary objective of many land management agencies throughout the central hardwood region, and consequently, much emphasis has been placed on planting native hardwood tree species in former bottomland agricultural fields. However, there is little information providing successful restoration techniques in old-field riparian ecosystems, especially in the Ozark highlands ecoregion of Missouri. Objectives of this study were to examine the efficacy of two herbicide and three cover-crop vegetation management treatments on the (1) composition and density of competing vegetation, (2) survival and height growth of planted seedlings of 13 native bottomland tree species, and (3) the density and composition of natural reproduction colonizing three old-field riparian sites in the Missouri Ozarks. Overall, we found selection of tree species was a more important determinant of afforestation success (i.e., high survival and height growth) than the type of vegetation management used during establishment. Planting bareroot stock is an important strategy for establishing hardmast species because there is little evidence that they will colonize naturally very quickly following abandonment of tall fescue pastures in Ozark bottomlands.
Computer-Mediated Communication that Brings Learning into the Present: Gender Differences in Status Differentials and Self-Disclosure in Online Peer Teaching

A two-part assignment was designed which paired students together using e-mail technology that required them to engage in peer teaching. This allowed us to study computer-mediated communication that was not part of a discussion group or chat room. An analysis of the e-mails revealed that males and females did not differ in frequency, length or use of social incentives. Males sent slightly more status enhancement messages while females sent more status recognition messages. Significant gender differences occurred, however, in the use of apologies and in how personal weaknesses or bad experiences were characterized. Unexpectedly, university affiliation was more significant than gender in the amount of self-disclosure.
STUDIES ON THE EFFECTS OF PYROGALLOL AND THE STRUCTURALLY RELATED DOPA DECARBOXYLASE INHIBITOR RO4–4602 ON ACETALDEHYDE METABOLISM*

Microanalytic procedures for the determination of AcH in whole blood from EtOH-intoxicated animals given PG or related drugs should utilize a hemolysis step in 0.5 N PCA in order to inhibit PG-dependent AcH production in vitro. Thiourea may also be included as an added protective measure. RO4-4602, a clinically important drug that contains a PG ring structure, is a moderate in vitro inhibitor of AldDH activity, comparable in potency to PG, chloral hydrate, or diethyldithiocarbamate.
Effects of scopolamine in comparison with apomorphine and phencyclidine on prepulse inhibition in rats.

Abstract The potential involvement of the muscarinic cholinergic system in the underlying mechanisms of prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle reflex was evaluated in male Sprague–Dawley rats under conditions of varying dose, prepulse intensity, and interstimulus interval. The effects of scopolamine on prepulse inhibition were also directly compared with the effects observed using apomorphine and phencyclidine under the same test parameters. Scopolamine (0.03–1.0 mg/kg) produced a significant dose-dependent decrease in prepulse inhibition, but had no effect on startle amplitude over the dose range tested. Apomorphine (0.03–1.0 mg/kg) and phencyclidine (0.1–5.6 mg/kg) produced significant dose-dependent decreases in prepulse inhibition and changes in startle amplitude. The scopolamine-induced decrease in prepulse inhibition varied with prepulse intensity in that the changes produced by scopolamine became smaller in magnitude as the prepulse intensity was increased from 9 to 30 dB above background. On the other hand, apomorphine and phencyclidine decreased prepulse inhibition to approximately the same magnitude across all prepulse intensities tested. The observed decreases in prepulse inhibition produced by scopolamine, apomorphine, and phencyclidine were also dependent on interstimulus interval duration. Scopolamine produced marked decreases in prepulse inhibition at the 100- and 300-ms interstimulus interval durations, but had little or no effect on prepulse inhibition at the 30- and 1000-ms interstimulus interval durations. In contrast, apomorphine decreased prepulse inhibition across all interstimulus interval durations while phencyclidine decreased prepulse inhibition across the 30- to 300-ms interstimulus interval durations. The present findings support the hypothesis that the muscarinic cholinergic system, like the dopaminergic and glutamatergic systems, is directly involved in the mechanisms of prepulse inhibition. However, these three neurotransmitter systems appear to modulate different aspects of prepulse inhibition.
Microscopic Parameters of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Micelles from Optical Probe Studies and Quasi-Elastic Light Scattering

Quasi-elastic light-scattering measurements of the diffusion of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) micelles in aqueous solutions, and the diffusion of mesoscopic optical probes through the same solutions, were carried out at 35 °C and multiple solvent ionic strengths. From nonlinear least-squares fits to both probe and mutual diffusion data, assuming a spherical micelle, we deduced the micelle radius, aggregation number, charge, and hydration. For SDS micelles the charge that we find is lower than that in the literature (Hayter, J. B.; Penfold, J. Colloid Polym. Sci. 1983, 261, 1002. Triolo, R.; Caponetti, E.; Graziano, V. J. Phys. Chem. 1985, 89, 5743); the difference arises because we use an improved form for the intermicellar electrostatic potential. As further results of using the same potential, we find a smaller aggregation number and a larger micellar hydration than those reported in the literature.
Comparative effects of ketorolac 0.5% or diclofenac 0.1% ophthalmic solutions on inflammation after cataract surgery.

Abstract Objective Ketorolac tromethamine 0.5% and diclofenac sodium 0.1% ophthalmic solutions are approved for use by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to avoid excessive postoperative inflammation after cataract surgery and implantation of an intraocular lens. This study compares the efficacy and toxicity of these nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for the first time. Design Randomized, double-masked, prospective clinical trial. Participants A total of 120 patients assigned in equal numbers to 1 of the 2 treatment regimens. Intervention Treatment with either ketorolac 0.5% or diclofenac 0.1% ophthalmic solutions instilled four times daily for 30 days beginning the first postoperative day after surgery. Main outcome measures Objective (Kowa FC 1000 laser cell and flare meter) and subjective (slit-lamp biomicroscope) measurements of inflammation and toxicity were made and compared at three separate postoperative visits. Results The anti-inflammatory effects of the two treatment regimens were not statistically different at any of the postoperative visits. Patients tolerated both treatments equally well. Conclusions This study shows diclofenac sodium 0.1% and ketorolac tromethamine 0.5% ophthalmic solutions are equally effective and safe for the control of postoperative inflammation after uncomplicated cataract surgery performed by phacoemulsification followed by the implantation of a foldable intraocular lens.
Transformation of Spatial Data to a New Zone System: A Survey of US Metropolitan Planning Organizations

This study reports on a survey of Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs) in the USA to collect information about spatial data transformation, a geographic procedure used to convert data from one set of zones (system A) to a different set of zones (system B), where systems A and B have incompatible zone boundaries. The survey reveals that 60% of MPOs perform spatial data transformation more than once per year, usually using the simplest, most error-prone methods. Given a lag in application of new GIS techniques among planners, it is perhaps not surprising that practising planners tend to favor simpler methods of spatial data transformation, despite the widely documented shortcomings of such techniques in the literature. These findings suggest that the gap between research and application in the utilization of GIS in planning practice will require both more advanced training of planners using GIS, and, perhaps more importantly, greater sophistication among the consumers of GIS planning analyses—non-GIS planners, public officials, and the general public.(A)
A multi-objective method to balance energy consumption and performance for energy-based target localization in wireless sensor networks

In this paper, we utilized a multi-objective approach to balance energy consumption and performance in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) that use a maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) approach for energy-based target localization. First, we developed measures that allow energy consumption and performance to be balanced in one-dimensional sensor arrays. Next, we extended these methods for two-dimensional arrays, employing approximations that facilitate computation of the energy consumption. Simulations were run to generate the Pareto-optimal fronts for both one-dimensional and two-dimensional sensor arrays. The Pareto-optimal fronts are useful in determining optimum points in practice.
Non-stoichiometric 1:2 ordered perovskites in the Ba(Li1/4Nb3/4)O3–Ba(Li2/5W3/5)O3 system

Abstract Although both end members in the (1−x)Ba(Li1/4Nb3/4)O3–xBa(Li2/5W3/5)O3 (BLNW) system adopt a hexagonal perovskite structure, B-site ordered cubic perovskites are formed for the majority of their solid solutions (0.238⩽x⩽0.833). Within this range, single-phase 1:2 order ( P 3 m1 , a≈ 2 a c , c≈ 3 a c ) is stabilized for 0.238⩽x⩽0.385. In contrast to all known A(B1/3IB2/3II)O3 perovskites, the 1:2 ordered BLNW solid solutions do not include any composition with a 1:2 cation distribution and the structure exhibits extensive non-stoichiometry. Structure refinements support a model where Li and W occupy different positions and Nb is distributed on both sites, i.e. Ba[(Li3/4+y/2Nb1/4−y/2)1/3(Nb1−yWy)2/3]O3 (y=0.21–0.35, where y=0.9x). The stabilization of the non-stoichiometric order arises from the large charge/size site differences; the loss of 1:2 order for W-rich compositions is related to local charge imbalances on the A-site sub-lattice. The range of single-phase 1:1 order is confined to x=0.833, (Ba(Li3/4Nb1/4)1/2(W)1/2)O3), where the site charge/size difference is maximized and the on-site mismatches are minimized. The microwave dielectric loss properties of the ordered BLNW solid solutions are significantly inferior as compared to their stoichiometric counterparts.
Cone Crack Nucleation at Sharp Contacts

The distribution of initiation loads for cone cracking during Vickers indentation is studied by direct experimental observation of the indentation process and by simulation. Observations on three different glasses show that cone cracks initiate at the edge of the contact impression and yield distributions of initiation loads with nonzero minima. The simulations, based on a model of an expanding indentation impression in a random array of active crack nuclei, yield distributions of initiation loads with minima of zero. Cone cracks at sharp contacts are concluded to be initiated from nuclei generated by the contact process itself, rather than by nuclei preexisting on the contact surface.
Compact Operators on Bergman Spaces

We prove that a bounded operator S on L for p > 1 is compact if and only if the Berezin transform of S vanishes on the boundary of the unit disk if S satisfies some integrable conditions. Some estimates about the norm and essential norm of Toeplitz operators with symbols in BT are obtained.
Attenuation of virus production at high multiplicities of infection in Aureococcus anophagefferens

Abstract Infection dynamics (saturation kinetics, infection efficiency, adsorption and burst size) for the Aureococcus anophagefferens-Brown Tide virus (AaV) system were investigated using susceptible and resistant strains. Adsorption assays revealed that virus affinity to the cell surface is a key determinant of infectivity. Saturation of infection occurred at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 8 viruses per host and resulted in ~90–95% of infected cells, with burst sizes ranging from 164 to 191. Insight from the AaV genome implicates recycling of host nucleotides rather than de novo synthesis as a constraint on viral replication. Viral yields and mean burst sizes were significantly diminished with increasing MOI. This phenomenon, which was reminiscent of phage-induced ‘lysis from without’, appeared to be caused by viral contact and was unrelated to bacteria, signaling/toxic compounds, or defective interfering viruses. We posit that high-MOI effects attenuate viral proliferation in natural systems providing a negative feedback on virus-induced bloom collapse.
Geometrical constraints on the development of a diatom.

In a plane hexagonal array of pores such as occurs in Thalassiosira oestrupii and other related species of marine diatom, the presence of a single, exceptional pore near the center of the array can cause the distortion in the pattern in such a way that the pores tend to diminish in diameter D with increasing distance R from the center. By a simple mathematical argument it is shown that for large values of R/D the pore diameter D varies as R−1/6. This decrease in pore diameter with distance may have some developmental consequences. The law is generalized to other types of pattern. The second type of constraint, related to the presence of outer boundaries, is also discussed.
Clumped distribution patterns in goldenrod aphids: genetic and ecological mechanisms.

Abstract. 1The aphids Uroleucon tissoti and U.nigrotuberculatum both exhibit significantly aggregated distribution patterns across clumps of their common host plant Solidago altissima, the tall goldenrod. However, U.nigrotuberculatum is significantly more aggregated than is U.tissoti. We tested the hypothesis that goldenrod genotype-by-U.tissoti genotype interactions for aphid performance characters could partially account for this difference. 2Only one of the characters we measured showed a significant genotype-bygenotype interaction; therefore it is unlikely that such interactions affect the distribution of U.tissoti across goldenrod stems. 3In addition, we found that three environmental variables (genetic variation for resistance to herbivory, host plant morphology, and local host density) affect the degree of aggregation found in both U.tissoti and U.nigrotuberculatum populations.
High performance computing systems: present and future

Abstract This paper explores the factors that will influence the process of establishing High Performance Computing machines as widespread, general tools. The paper deals with systems rather than architectures because it is impossible, at least at this stage of knowledge, to ignore the computational model and the software used by an architecture. The paper focuses on general ideas rather than specific systems.
Radiation and anti-PD-L1 antibody combinatorial therapy induces T cell-mediated depletion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and tumor regression

Tumor relapse after radiotherapy may be due to the upregulation of programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1). We demonstrated that anti-PD-L1 antibody synergizes with radiation to control local and distal tumors. CD8+T cells mediated antitumor effects of the combination therapy by the reduction of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) via tumor-necrosis factor (TNF)-mediated signaling. Our study provides insight into immune- and radiation-based combinational therapies.
NASA programs for development of high- temperature alloys for advanced engines.

NASA programs for development of high temperature alloys for advanced air breathing engines emphasizing cast Ni-base alloy
A method for the rapid estimation of serum haptoglobin levels

Abstract Serum haptoglobin levels may be estimated in 13 min by a method using high-voltage electrophoresis in agar gel and benzidine staining. The method allows for the detection od methemalbuminemia and hemoglobinemia.
Now you see it; now you don't: the elusive nature of electronic information

As more and more information is made available in electronic formats, ensuring reliable access to that information over time is becoming a concern for acquisitions and collection management personnel in all types of libraries. This paper looks at the current situation regarding the availability of monographs, serials, government publications, and web-based information. Possible resolutions must be viewed from a library-wide basis since the situation impacts all of us.
Narrow Air Showers of Cosmic Rays II. Absorption Measurements

The absorption of narrow air showers in Pb, Fe, and Al has been measured at sea level. Results indicate that there are two components in these narrow air showers, a soft component which consists of electrons and a hard component which consists of $\ensuremath{\mu}$-mesons. The soft component is practically completely absorbed in four inches of lead, whereas the hard component is not appreciably absorbed in 8\textonehalf{} inches of lead. A wooden roof of only 1 g ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ produces many local showers, which are nevertheless totally absorbed in a very thin layer of material.
Complete "in situ" avulsion of the radial artery complicating transradial coronary rotational atherectomy.

Background Transradial percutaneous access (TR) is promoted because of increased patient comfort and convenience as well as a lower risk of access site and cardiac complications in the literature. Increased use of the TR purports a new set of possible complications for which the vascular surgeon must be capable to recognize and manage. Methods A 48-year-old, devout Jehovah's Witness, woman with a history of coronary artery bypass surgery presented with a non–ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction. Pretransfer catheterization demonstrated a heavily calcified, 90% distal left main stenosis with an occluded left internal mammary artery graft to the left anterior descending coronary artery. To minimize the risk of bleeding requiring a blood transfusion, a coronary rotational atherectomy via a TR was performed. A nonhydrophilic, 7F sheath was used to accommodate the larger rotational atherectomy burr sizes. The coronary procedure was successful, but the sheath removal was complicated by significant resistance to pullback while the patient complained of severe pain. Post procedure she developed a hematoma with motor and neurological deficits of her hand. Results Emergent surgical exploration with fasciotomy was planned. The radial artery was explored and found to be redundant and pulseless, prompting proximal evaluation and revealing complete avulsion of the radial artery at its origin. An intraoperative arteriogram revealed that the brachial and ulnar arteries and interosseous branches were patent and filled the palmar arch and surgical ligation of the radial artery was conducted. Conclusion Vascular surgeons need to be aware of potential complications related to TR which are likely to increase as this method is more widely disseminated.
Heat capacity of random copolymers of styrene and methacrylates

Differential scanning calorimetry has been used to investigate the thermal behavior of random copolymers of styrene and hexyl methacrylate and of styrene and glycidyl methacrylate in the temperature range of 20° to 150°C. Heat capacities of the copolymers and homopolymers, poly-(hexyl methacrylate), poly(glycidyl methacrylate), and polystyrene have been measured. It is found that the heat capacities of the homopolymers from 60°K to the glass transition temperatures can be adequately obtained by Wunderlich's empirical method. It is also found that the copolymer heat capacities can be adequately represented by addition of homopolymer heat capacities.
Clade Age and Species Richness Are Decoupled Across the Eukaryotic Tree of Life

Explaining the dramatic variation in species richness across the tree of life remains a key challenge in evolutionary biology. At the largest phylogenetic scales, the extreme heterogeneity in species richness observed among different groups of organisms is almost certainly a function of many complex and interdependent factors. However, the most fundamental expectation in macroevolutionary studies is simply that species richness in extant clades should be correlated with clade age: all things being equal, older clades will have had more time for diversity to accumulate than younger clades. Here, we test the relationship between stem clade age and species richness across 1,397 major clades of multicellular eukaryotes that collectively account for more than 1.2 million described species. We find no evidence that clade age predicts species richness at this scale. We demonstrate that this decoupling of age and richness is unlikely to result from variation in net diversification rates among clades. At the largest phylogenetic scales, contemporary patterns of species richness are inconsistent with unbounded diversity increase through time. These results imply that a fundamentally different interpretative paradigm may be needed in the study of phylogenetic diversity patterns in many groups of organisms.
One-step affinity purification of recombinant TATA binding proteins utilizing a modular protein interaction partner.

We describe a rapid and effective procedure for purifying recombinant eukaryotic TATA binding protein (TBP) from Escherichia coli. The method employs an affinity ligand comprising glutathione-S-transferase fused to the carboxyl-terminal activation domain of the transcriptional activator VP16 and an amino-terminal domain (TAND2) of the yeast TBP-associated factor TAF1. TBP can be purified without the need for extrinsic affinity tags, subsequent proteolysis, or downstream clean-up steps. This TBP purification process is rapid (requiring about 4 h after bacterial harvest) and does not require sophisticated chromatographic equipment. The resulting material is monodisperse, structured, and functionally active. We demonstrate the efficacy of this method for purifying recombinant full-length or TBP core fragments encoded by yeast, humans and Arabidopsis.
Perspectives of decisional surrogates and patients regarding critical illness genetic research

abstractBackground: Critical illness research is challenging due to disease severity and because patients are frequently incapacitated. Surrogates called upon to provide consent might not accurately represent patient preferences. Though commonplace, genetic data collection adds complexity in this context. We undertook this investigation to understand whether surrogate decision makers would be receptive to permitting participation in a critical illness genetics study and whether their decision making was consistent with that of the patient represented. Methods: We invited individuals identified as surrogates for critically ill adults, if required, as well as patients once recovered to participate in a survey designed to understand attitudes about genetic research. Associations between dependent (receptivity to participation, concordance of responses) and independent variables were tested using bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. Results: Most members of the entire surrogate sample (n =...
Do Rates of Mental Disorders and Existential Distress among Advanced Stage Cancer Patients Increase as Death Approaches

Objective To determine if the prevalence of mental disorders and related factors increase as advanced cancer patients get closer to death.
A Comprehensive Review of the Retroperitoneal Anatomy, Neoplasms, and Pattern of Disease Spread

A clear understanding of the normal anatomy and pattern of disease spread is important in evaluating many retroperitoneal disorders. Primary retroperitoneal tumors are uncommon, accounting for 0.1%-0.2% of all malignancies in the body; 80%-90% of all primary retroperitoneal tumors are malignant. The primary retroperitoneal neoplasms can be divided into solid or cystic masses. The solid neoplasms can be classified according to their tissue of origin into 3 main categories: mesodermal tumors, neurogenic tumors, and extragonadal germ cell tumors. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging play a vital role in the localization, characterization, evaluation of the extent of local invasion, assessment of metastases, and determination of treatment response for these tumors. The diagnosis of a primary retroperitoneal malignancy is often challenging owing to overlap of imaging findings. A definitive diagnosis can be established only at histopathologic analysis. However, knowledge of the important tumor characteristics, growth pattern, and vascularity can assist in narrowing the differential diagnosis.
Transcription factor AP-1 regulation by mitogen-activated protein kinase signal transduction pathways

Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases are proline-directed serine/threonine kinases that are activated by dual phosphorylation on threonine and tyrosine residues in response to a wide array of extracellular stimuli. Three distinct groups of MAP kinases have been identified in mammalian cells [extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38]. These MAP kinases are mediators of signal transduction from the cell surface to the nucleus. One nuclear target of these MAP kinase signaling pathways is the transcription factor AP-1. MAP kinases regulate AP-1 transcriptional activity by multiple mechanisms. Here we review recent progress towards understanding AP-1 regulation by the ERK, JNK, and p38 MAP kinase signal transduction pathways.
Refractive-Index Interpolation for Fused Silica*

The advantages of a four-term Sellmeier-equation fit to refractive indexes of recently produced fused silica are described. The four-term fit gives more accurate smoothing and interpolation of data than the three-term fit used previously and also indicates data of questionable accuracy. After the suspect data had been eliminated, fits with an average deviation of 4.3 · 10−6 were obtained with both three- and four-term equations over the range 0.21–2.32 μ.
Dmitrii Egorov: Mathematics and Religion in Moscow

The intensified class war in the USSR has pushed the right wing of the professorate into the camp of counter-revolution. The reactionary professoriate has been at the head of all the recently uncovered wrecking organizations and counter-revolutionary parties. Thanks go to the brilliant efforts of the OGPU [predecessor to the KGB] for uncovering the crimes of a whole series of scientific bonzes who have known how to conceal themselves artfully behind various masks--from cold loyalty to a loudly advertised warm attachment to Soviet power. Active counter-revolutionaries have appeared even among mathematicians. Professor Egorov was arrested for participation in a counter-revolutionary organization. He is the acknowledged leader of the Moscow school of mathematics, president of the Mathematical Society, former director of the Mathematical Institute and the candidate of Moscow mathematics in the Academy of Sciences. This same Egorov is the preserver of academic traditions, against which the proletarian student body had already undertaken struggle. Nearly unanimously the Moscow mathematicians came to his defense. There has been a full clarification of the role of academic traditions in our nation, traditions coming from pre-revolutionary Russia, in the promotion of counter-revolutionary and restorationist attitudes among scientists. By the preaching of "pure science," by the renunciation of the class struggle among scientific workers, by the preservation of caste prejudices among scientists, the counter-revolutionaries have preserved for themselves the leadership positions in scientific organizations. "Shakhty affair," in which a large group of engineers was convicted of sabotage or "wrecking" in a widely publicized show trial. Thousands of engineers were arrested. Attacks were made on the Academy of Sciences, the most prestigious scientific institution in the country. Over the next two years, more than one hundred workers in the Academy were arrested, including six academicians. The Academy was accused, among other things, of containing an anti-Soviet religious and philosophical circle [15, p. 267]. Appeals were issued to students and faculty at academic and research institutions across the country, calling on those who sympathized with the revolution to expose "reactionaries," "counter-revolutionaries,"
Secular change in degree of assortative mating for ability

An examination of published studies of assortative mating indicates that there may have been a secular change in degree of assortative mating, with more recent studies showing a decrease in homogamy.
Does Beta‐Carotene Supplementation Reduce (or Increase) Cancer Risk?

Epidemiologic studies have been very consistent in showing that consumption of dietary fruits and vegetables is inversely related to risk of certain cancers, especially lung cancer. It has been suggested that carotenoids, particularly β-carotene, are the chemopreventive agents. Four long-term, large, randomized intervention trials have been conducted to test the effectiveness of β-carotene supplementation on cancer risk. The Alpha-Tocopherol, β-Carotene Cancer Prevention (ATBC) Study tested daily supplementation with 20 mg β-carotene and 50 mg α-tocopherol in smokers. The β-Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial (CARET) tested daily supplementation with 30 mg β-carotene and 25,000 IU of retinyl palmitate in adults at high risk for lung cancer (smokers, asbestos-exposed). The Physicians’ Health Study (PHS) tested supplementation with 50 mg β-carotene on alternate days in adults, 11% of whom were smokers. The Linxian (Chinese) Study tested daily supplementation with 15 mg β-carotene, 50 μg selenium, and 30 mg α-tocopherol in vitamin- and mineral-deficient adults. The ATBC and CARET studies reported that β-carotene increased the incidence of lung cancer in high risk groups. The PHS showed no effect of β-carotene supplementation on cancer incidence. The Chinese study reported a lower mortality of total cancers. These results suggest that supplementation with β-carotene for the prevention of cancer may pose a risk in smokers and asbestos workers and is of little benefit in preventing cancer in well-nourished populations. Health benefits are more likely from increasing consumption of fruits and vegetables, including those rich in carotenoids. ▪ Key Words: carotenoids, beta-carotene, cancer
Racial Differences in Menopause Information and the Experience of Hot Flashes

Objective To compare the prevalence of hot flashes and health education regarding menopause in African-American and white American women in the late reproductive years.
Simultaneous laser raman-rayleigh-lif measurements and numerical modeling results of a lifted turbulent H2/N2 jet flame in a vitiated coflow

An experiment and numerical investigation is presented of a lifted turbulent H2/N2 jet flame in a coflow of hot, vitiated gases. The vitiated coflow burner emulates the coupling of turbulent mixing and chemical kinetics exemplary of the reacting flow in the recirculation region of advanced combustors. It also simplifies numerical investigation of this coupled problem by removing the complexity of recirculating flow. Scalar measurements are reported for a lifted turbulent jet flame of H2/N2 (Re = 23,600, H/d = 10) in a coflow of hot combustion products from a lean H2/Air flame ((empty set) = 0.25, T = 1,045 K). The combination of Rayleigh scattering, Raman scattering, and laser-induced fluorescence is used to obtain simultaneous measurements of temperature and concentrations of the major species, OH, and NO. The data attest to the success of the experimental design in providing a uniform vitiated coflow throughout the entire test region. Two combustion models (PDF: joint scalar Probability Density Function and EDC: Eddy Dissipation Concept) are used in conjunction with various turbulence models to predict the lift-off height (H(sub PDF)/d = 7,H(sub EDC)/d = 8.5). Kalghatgi's classic phenomenological theory, which is based on scaling arguments, yields a reasonably accurate prediction (H(sub K)/d = 11.4) of the lift-off height for the present flame. The vitiated coflow admits the possibility of auto-ignition of mixed fluid, and the success of the present parabolic implementation of the PDF model in predicting a stable lifted flame is attributable to such ignition. The measurements indicate a thickened turbulent reaction zone at the flame base. Experimental results and numerical investigations support the plausibility of turbulent premixed flame propagation by small scale (on the order of the flame thickness) recirculation and mixing of hot products into reactants and subsequent rapid ignition of the mixture.
Cross-section analysis of surface and bulk phonons by electron scattering from Cu(100).

High-resolution electron energy-loss measurements at off-specular directions on a clean Cu(100) surface ($\overline{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}\ensuremath{-}\overline{X}$ direction) demonstrate the presence of both surface and bulk phonon excitations. We present what we believe to be the first detailed cross-section analysis of surface and bulk phonon excitations on the Cu(100) surface. The data are shown to be in very good agreement with calculations based on the multiple-scattering slab method. The achievement of experimental phonon intensities one to two orders of magnitude higher than previously obtained is also demonstrated.
A study of the current transport in AlGaAs/GaAs HBTs with graded and setback layers

The combined effects of graded and setback layers (W/sub G/ and W/sub I/) on the AlGaAs/GaAs heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) d.c. performance are investigated, and an analytical model which can describe the behavior of such HBTs is presented. The HBT base and collector currents accounting for the variation of the conduction and valence bands due to the presence of W/sub G/ and W/sub I/ are also calculated. It is shown that including W/sub G/ and W/sub I/ actually degrades the HBT current gain at low current levels. The current gain at high current levels, on the other hand, can be enhanced if W/sub I/=150 /spl Aring/ and 0/spl les/W/sub G//spl les/300 /spl Aring/ or W/sub I/=0 and 150 /spl Aring//spl les/W/sub G//spl les/300 /spl Aring/ are used. The model predictions compare favorably with results calculated from a numerical model.
Phase strain model for charge density wave sub-domain formation in an applied temperature gradient

Abstract The dynamics of a sliding charge density wave (CDW) condensate subjected to a uniform temperature gradient are examined within an elastic medium model. As the temperature gradient is increased, it becomes energetically favorable for the CDW to break up into a series of velocity sub-domains of equal size separated by phase slip centers. The number of sub-domains scales with the temperature gradient and with the length of the CDW crystal. Unusual dynamical asymmetries are also predicted depending on the relative direction of heat and current flow through the CDW crystal.
A MICROCAD system for design of steel connections—II. Applications

Abstract A microcomputer-aided design (MICROCAD) system is presented for interactive design of connections in steel buildings made of standard rolled I-sections. Design of different connections is based on the American Institute of Steel Construction specification. Connecting elements may be plates, angles, or T-sections. Connectors may be bolts or welds. The MICROCAD system can display/plot any isometric view of the connection plus the orthographic views, i.e. front, side, and top views. Program structure and graphic algorithms for the MICROCAD system are presented in an accompanying paper. In this paper applications of the MICROCAD system for design of bolted and welded connections are presented. Different menus available to the user are discussed. Microcomputer graphics for displaying the orthographic views with dimensions and designations, and isometric views are presented. This MICROCAD system can be used effectively for practical design of connections in steel buildings
Injection drug use and crack cocaine smoking: independent and dual risk behaviors for HIV infection.

Abstract Purpose Previous studies have examined the practices of injecting drugs or smoking crack cocaine as high-risk, but independent, factors for HIV transmission. To explore the independent and dual risks of injection practices and crack smoking, this study examined HIV seroprevalence rates among distinct drug user groups, based on patterns of daily administration. Methods A sample of 3555 drug users and neighborhood controls in urban Miami, FL and rural Belle Glade and Immokalee, FL were partitioned into four mutually-exclusive groups: 1) injection drug users (IDUs); 2) crack-cocaine smokers; 3) dual users who both smoked crack and injected drugs; and 4) non–drug-user controls. Results HIV seroprevalence rates were 45.1% for IDUs, 30.5% for dual users, 20.1% for crack smokers and 7.3% for controls. Multivariate logistic regression analysis found that when compared with controls odds ratios for HIV seropositivity were 9.81 for IDUs, 5.27 for dual users, and 2.24 for crack smokers. Conclusions These findings provide evidence of: 1) behavioral and structural co-factors that influence HIV exposure patterns among drug users; and 2) the substantially higher risk of HIV infection among IDUs compared with other drug users. Intervention strategies must be tailored for the specific drug use subpopulations to optimize efficacy.