cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A berry-esseen theorem for hypergeometric probabilities under minimal conditions

In this paper, we consider simple random sampling without replacement from a dichotomous finite population and derive a necessary and sufficient condition on the finite population parameters for a valid large sample Normal approximation to Hypergeometric probabilities. We then obtain lower and upper bounds on the difference between the Normal and the Hypergeometric distributions solely under this necessary and sufficient condition.
Medium-energy electrons and heavy ions in Jupiter's magnetosphere: Effects of lower hybrid wave-particle interactions

A theory of medium-energy (about keV) electrons and heavy ions in Jupiter's magnetosphere is presented. Lower hybrid waves are generated by the combined effects of a ring instability of neutral wind pickup ions and the modified two-stream instability associated with transport of cool Iogenic plasma. The quasi-linear energy diffusion coefficient for lower hybrid wave-particle interactions is evaluated, and several solutions to the diffusion equation are given. Calculations based on measured wave properties show that the noise substantially modifies the particle distribution functions. The effects are to accelerate superthermal ions and electrons to keV energies and to thermalize the pickup ions on time scales comparable to the particle residence time. The S(2+)/S(+) ratio at medium energies is a measure of the relative contribution from Iogenic thermal plasma and neutral wind ions, and this important quantity should be determined from future measurements. The theory also predicts a preferential acceleration of heavy ions with an accleration time that scales inversely with the root of the ion mass. Electrons accelerated by the process contribute to further reionization of the neutral wind by electron impact, thus providing a possible confirmation of Alfven's critical velocity effect in the Jovian magnetosphere.
Miriamrothschildia, a new cockroach genus from the Seychelle Islands (Dictyoptera, Blattaria: Blattellidae)

Miriamrothschildia gen. n. from the Seychelle Islands is described. It includes the following 5 species which Bolivar described in the genus Onychostylus Bolivar: badia, biplagiata, gardineri, labrynthica, and zonata. These are redescribed and a key is provided to distinguish between them.
Adolescent Drug Misuse Treatment and Use of Medical Care Services

Research on adults has documented that use of medical services decreases after initiation of treatment for alcohol problems, but little is known about this relationship among adolescents. We studied utilization and costs of care following participation in the Adolescent Chemical Health Program (ACHP) of Kaiser Permanente, Northwest Region, in 1986-88. Three groups of adolescents (and their parents) were identified: adolescents who were assessed and initiated treatment in ACHP (n = 561), adolescents who were assessed and recommended for treatment but did not return for treatment (n = 278), and adolescents with no known substance use problems (n = 381). Medical records were reviewed for 1 year pre-and 1.5 years postassessment. After adjusting for preassessment medical visits, severity of alcohol and drug use, gender, and age, analyses suggested that substance user treatment was not associated with reduced use of medical services or costs by either adolescents or parents.
Prettyprinting styles for various languages

There are three basic styles of prettyprinting in current usage. I present a simple hypothesis that governs which style is commonly found for any given language, based on the observation of several programming languages.
Desmoid tumors of the head and neck--a clinical study of a rare entity.

Background Desmoid tumors are are, nonmalignant neoplasms that show locally aggressive growth but lack the potential to metastasize. Common anatomic sites include the extremity, abdominal wall, and mesentery. Little is reported about clinical features and outcome of desmoid tumors of the head and neck. Methods Twenty-one patients with desmoid tumors of the head and neck treated at MSKCC between July 1982 and June 1999 were identified from our inpatient tumor database. All patients underwent surgical resection and were prospectively followed. Clinicopathologic features and treatment modalities were evaluated. Results Patient age at diagnosis was 22 to 76 years, with a female–male ratio of 16:5. Most tumors were located in the supraclavicular fossa or the muscles of the neck (n = 19). Patients most commonly had a painless mass (n = 13) or neurologic symptoms including pain or neurologic deficit (n = 8). Extent of resection was limited to the tumor in nine patients. In the other 12, structures including the accessory or phrenic nerve, parts of the brachial plexus, or bony structures were resected. Persistent neurologic or functional deficits after surgery were noted in 12 patients. Five of 21 patients had recurrences (24%). Eleven patients received radiation therapy. In this small population, no obvious benefit for patients receiving radiation vs patients who were not irradiated, regardless of their surgical margin status, was seen. Treatment for recurrence was re-resection or re-resection plus radiation. Eighteen patients remained free of disease after treatment, two patient have stable disease and one died of other causes. No patients died of their disease. Conclusions Desmoid tumors of the head and neck are rare, fibrous neoplasms with a good prognosis but significant morbidity. Function-preserving surgery should be a primary goal to minimize morbidity. In this small group of patients, the benefits of radiation therapy in patients with positive margins could not be clearly demonstrated and should be balanced against radiation-related morbidity. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 22: 814–821, 2000.
Spin density in first-row atoms from the Hiller-Sucher-Feinberg identity

The performance of delta function and Hiller-Sucher-Feinberg (HSF) operators is compared for calculations of the electronic spin density at the nucleus, which determines the observed Fermi contact hyperfine splitting. Calculations are performed on the ground states of the first-row open-shell atoms boron through fluorine. The wavefunctions include low order spin polarization effects calculated through the multiconfigurational self-consistent-field procedure. It is shown that while delta function and HSF operators give nearly the same results when essentially exact numerical grid methods are used, the HSF operator gives a significant advantage when contracted Gaussian type basis sets are utilized.
Amphetamine-induced loss of human dopamine transporter activity: an internalization-dependent and cocaine-sensitive mechanism.

The dopamine transporter (DAT) is a target of amphetamine (AMPH) and cocaine. These psychostimulants attenuate DAT clearance efficiency, thereby increasing synaptic dopamine (DA) levels. Re-uptake rate is determined by the number of functional transporters at the cell surface as well as by their turnover rate. Here, we present evidence that DAT substrates, including AMPH and DA, cause internalization of human DAT, thereby reducing transport capacity. Acute treatment with AMPH reduced the maximal rate of [3H]DA uptake, decreased AMPH-induced currents, and significantly redistributed the immunofluorescence of an epitope-tagged DAT from the plasma membrane to the cytosol in human embryonic kidney 293 cells. Conversely, DAT inhibitors, such as cocaine, mazindol, and nomifensine, when administered with AMPH, blocked the reduction in [3H]DA uptake and the redistribution of DAT immunofluorescence to the cytosol. The reductions of [3H]DA uptake and AMPH-induced DAT internalization also were inhibited by coexpression of a dominant negative mutant of dynamin I (K44A), indicating that endocytosis modulates transport capacity, likely through a clathrin-mediated pathway. With this mechanism of regulation, acute application of AMPH would reduce DA uptake not only by direct competition for uptake, but also by reducing the available cell-surface DAT. Moreover, AMPH-induced internalization might diminish the amount of DAT available for DA efflux, thereby modulating the cytotoxic effects of elevated extracellular DA.
Parametric study on maximum transportable distance and cost for thermal energy transportation using various coolants

Abstract The operation temperature of advanced nuclear reactors is generally higher than commercial light water reactors, and thermal energy from advanced nuclear reactor can be used for various purposes, such as district heating, desalination, hydrogen production and other process heat applications. The process heat industry/facilities will be located outside the nuclear island due to safety measures. This thermal energy from the reactor must be transported a fair distance. In this study, the analytical analysis was conducted to identify the maximum distance that thermal energy could be transported using various coolants such as molten-salts, helium, and water by varying the pipe diameter and mass flow rate. The cost required to transport each coolant was also analyzed. The coolants analyzed are molten salts (such as: KClMgCl2, LiF-NaF-KF (FLiNaK) and KF-ZrF4), helium, and water. Fluoride salts are superior because of better heat transport characteristics, but chloride salts are most economical for higher temperature transportation purposes. For lower temperature, the water is a possible alternative when compared with helium because low-pressure helium requires extremely high pumping power, which makes the process very inefficient and economically not viable for both low and high-temperature application.
Survey of cyclosporin‐sparing agent use in Australasian transplant centres

Background: The coprescription of drugs which elevate cyclosporin blood concentration has been advocated to reduce the costs associated with use of this expensive immunosuppressive drug. This is the first time that drugs have been widely prescribed for an economic purpose and while it is thought to be widespread, there are little published data on the extent of this practice in Australia and New Zealand. Aims: To determine the extent to which cyclosporin sparing agents are used by Australian and New Zealand organ transplant centres, to determine which agents are used and why these agents are used by some but not all centres. Methods: Organ transplant centres were surveyed via a questionnaire. Results: Considerable variation in use of cyclosporin sparing agents exists both within and across organ transplant types by Australian and New Zealand transplant centres. Diltiazem use is more widespread than ketoconazole. Conclusions: Little of the variability in use of cyclosporin sparing agents can be explained by scientific considerations. While the central government benefits from the significant cost savings achieved by the use of cyclosporin sparing agents, individual transplant units may not. Transplant units may however be the major target in the event of litigation arising as a result of adverse effects. The availability of generic brands and improved formulations of cyclosporin may affect the viability of using cyclosporin sparing agents
Spermatogonial transplantation — an update for the millennium

Spermatogonial transplantation as developed in the laboratory of Ralph Brinster has been a technological breakthrough in the study of Sertoli-germ cell interactions. For the first time, germ cells can be transferred from one animal to another and from one species to another. The transfer technology combined with developments in freezing germ cells, long-term culture of germ cells, and enrichment of stem cell populations portend even more significant breakthroughs in the new millennium. The ultimate application of germ cell transfer would allow the in vitro genetic manipulation of cultured stem cells that could then be transplanted into recipient syngeneic or xenogeneic recipients and give rise to functional male gametes. Clearly, this achievement would have applications in basic science, human medicine, and domestic and wild animal reproduction. While progress in this direction has been significant and swift, significant barriers such as immunological response and mechanisms for introducing genetic material into the stem cells remain to be examined. This report is a chronological review of the technological advances made and conceptual insights gained since the first report of successful transplantation in 1994.
Research notes: On the design of a class of networks involving adjustable elements

A simple design procedure is given for selecting the values of the adjustable elements of a network so as to achieve a desired network A matrix.
1044 DISTRIBUTION OF ANTIBODY AGAINST CYTOMEGALOVIRUS (CMV) IN THE FAMILIES OF TWINS

IgG against CMV was measured by enzyme immunoassay in 306 members of 71 monozygotic twin families including 135 children. 19% of children were seropositive (SP) compared to 46% of adults. 56% af mothers were SP compared to 35% of fathers (X2 = 5.5, 1df, p<0.05). In 7 families with only a SP father, only one of 17 children was SP, while 12 of 43 children were SP in 22 families where of the parents only the mother was SP. 28% (20/72) of children in 40 families with a SP mother were SP compared to only 9% SP children (6/63) in 31 families without a SP mother. (X2 =6, 1df, p<0.02). Among nontwin sibs and adult co-twins there was. no correlation in antibody status. Antibody status was however highly correlated among 28 sets of adolescent twins (X2 = 19, 1df p<0.001). Among couples the frequency of a SP spouse was independent of whether his or her mate was SP. In contrast there was a high correlation for the presence of antibody Against herpes simplex in a subset of 19 couples (X2=11.3, 1 df p<0.001). These data are consistent with the maternal-child transmission of CMV but provide no evidence for transmission between marital partners or nontwin sibs.
Is there a limit on solar flare proton fluxes

The possibility that solar flare proton fluxes are limited in magnitude by saturation effects inherent to the acceleration mechanism is explored. If cyclotron damping of Alfven waves acts to accelerate protons, the criterion that the damping time is comparable to the acceleration time provides a fast particle number density at which protons load the wave spectrum. The limiting flux at 1 AU is obtained by a volume integration over the acceleration region and redistribution into an interplanetary emission cone. A simplified explosion model permits a delineation between volume and surface acceleration mechanisms in terms of a temporal parameter, the effective duration of acceleration. It is concluded that the limiting flux may be a realistic concept, but that further investigation is warranted to sharpen the criterion.
Statistical mechanics of coal treated as a densely cross-linked network

An analysis of the statistical mechanics of a densely cross-linked system is presented. It is argued that for such systems fluctuations of the cross-link points will be severely inhibited and the assumption of affine deformation should be reasonable. It is first demonstrated that the usual result obtained by classical theories can be obtained by an alternative method without assuming Gaussian statistics or the Langevin approximation for the partition function. For values of N, the number of “statistical segments” (freely hinged and rotating) between cross-link points, ≤2, the Gaussian results cannot apply. For small deformations of networks with N ≥ 3, the Gaussian approximation is shown to be valid. This latter result will be employed in studies of the deformation of swollen coal gels in future work.
Technique and surgical outcomes of robot-assisted anterior lumbar interbody fusion

The goal of the study was to determine the effectiveness and safety of a novel technique in which the da Vinci S Surgical Robot (Intuitive Surgical Inc., Sunnyvale, CA, USA) was used in the dissection of the ventral lumbar spine to assist with anterior lumbar interbody fusion (R-ALIF). We performed a retrospective chart review of 11 patients who underwent R-ALIF between 2009 and 2010 at our institution. Due to variations in the surgical technique, the data were separated into three patient groups according to which disc level was operated on: L5-S1 (five patients), L4-L5 (two patients), and combined L4-L5 and L5-S1 (four patients). All patients showed radiographic evidence of fusion, and none of the procedures were converted to open. There were no intraoperative vascular complications, and no postoperative transfusions or ileus. This study shows the feasibility and safety of R-ALIF at L5-S1, L4-L5, and L4-L5 and L5-S1.
Pediatric Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy: A Promising Intervention for Childhood Hemiparesis

AbstractExperimental and clinical evidence is accumulating that supports the assertion that the damaged human brain is capable of responding to sensory stimulation in a sufficient manner to result in sustainable and useful benefits. The intensity and duration of therapeutic maneuvers that elicit improvement are under active investigation. Recent studies in animals, adults, and children with hemiparesis have shown that constraint of the less involved upper limb coupled with a behavioral program that repetitively encourages graded unilateral movements can result in long-term “new” functional activities. Constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) is a promising approach for treatment of children with stroke-related hemiparesis from either prenatal or postnatal causes due to the enhanced neuroplasticity of the brain during early life.
Phylogenetics of Puya (Bromeliaceae): Placement, major lineages, and evolution of Chilean species

Puya (Bromeliaceae), a large genus of terrestrial bromeliads found throughout a range of elevations in the Andes and central Chile, is of great systematic, evolutionary, and biogeographical interest. This fi rst molecular phylogenetic study of Puya and related bromeliads employs matK , trnS-trnG , rps16 , and PHYC sequences. Chloroplast DNA, nuclear DNA, and combined DNA data all place Puya closest to subfamily Bromelioideae. Nuclear and combined data support Puya as monophyletic, and the two subgenera are nonmonophyletic. All data indicate that the Chilean species of Puya are early diverging within the genus, consistent with Chilean genera as the fi rst-diverging members of subfamily Bromelioideae. Central Chile is identifi ed as a key region for understanding the biogeographical history of Bromeliaceae, as is true with other South American plant groups. A complicated history involving early chloroplast capture and later secondary hybridization and/or introgression is seen in Chilean lineages. These events help explain the occurrence of sterile infl orescence tips, fl oral color and shape, and leaf indument. The ecological radiation of Puya appears coincident with the fi nal, recent rise of the Andes and subsequent high-elevation habitat diversifi cation. Additionally, geographical distribution, rather than moisture or elevational adaptations, correlates to species relationships. Evolution of CAM photosynthesis has occurred multiple times.
Outcomes Analysis of Delayed Antibiotic Treatment for Hospital-Acquired Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of delayed therapy on morbidity and mortality associated with nosocomial Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. The study included all episodes of S. aureus bacteremia that developed >2 days after hospital admission during 1999 to 2001. Classification and regression tree analysis (CART) was used to select the mortality breakpoint between early and delayed treatment. During the 25-month study period, 167 patients met the inclusion criteria. The breakpoint between delayed and early treatment derived using CART was 44.75 hours. On multivariate analysis, delayed treatment was found to be an independent predictor of infection-related mortality (odds ratio, 3.8; 95% confidence interval, 1.3-11.0; P=.01) and was associated with a longer hospital stay than was early treatment (20.2 days versus 14.3 days; P=.05). These findings support the notion that delay of therapy has deleterious effects on clinical outcomes, and efforts should be made to ensure that appropriate therapy is initiated promptly.
Human lung volumes and the mechanisms that set them

Definitions of human lung volumes and the mechanisms that set them are reviewed in the context of pulmonary function testing, with attention to the distinction between functional residual capacity (FRC) and the static relaxation volume of the respiratory system, and to the circumstances in which FRC and residual volume are set by dynamic rather than by static mechanisms. Related terms, conventions, and issues are addressed, including some common semantic and conceptual difficulties, with attention to "gas trapping", "hyperinflation", and "restriction".
Migrating legacy scientific applications towards CORBA-based client-server architectures

A distributed object is a reusable, self-contained piece of software that cooperates with other objects on the same machine or across a network in a plug-and-play fashion via a well-defined interface. The Numerical Propulsion System Simulation (NPSS) attempts to provide a collaborative aircraft engine design and simulation environment based on this concept. Many scientific applications in aerodynamics and solid mechanics are written in Fortran. Refitting this legacy Fortran code with distributed objects can increase code reusability. In this paper, we focus on the novel use of a remote variable scheme to help programmers migrate the Fortran code towards a client–server architecture. This scheme gives the client the capability of accessing variables at the server site and makes it easier for programmers to couple component engine code. Through the operator overloading features in C++, remote variables can be used in much the same way as traditional variables. The remote variable scheme adopts the lazy update approach and the prefetch method. Preliminary performance evaluation shows that communication overhead can be greatly reduced. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A study of situational variables in an organizational marketing scenario

(1994). A Study of Situational Variables in an Organizational Marketing Scenario. Hospitality & Tourism Educator: Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 75-75.
Natural history of celiac disease autoimmunity in a USA cohort followed since 1974

AbstractBackground. The natural history and the possible changes of celiac disease (CD) prevalence over time are still unclear.Objectives. 1) To establish whether loss of tolerance to gluten may occur at any age; 2) to investigate possible changes of CD prevalence over time; and 3) to investigate CD-related co-morbidities.Methods. We analyzed 3,511 subjects with matched samples from 1974 (CLUE I) and 1989 (CLUE II). To avoid a selection bias regarding survival, we also screened 840 CLUE I participants who deceased after the 1974 survey.Outcome measure. CD autoimmunity (positivity to auto-antibodies) over time.Results. CD autoimmunity was detected in seven subjects in 1974 (prevalence 1:501) and in an additional nine subjects in 1989 (prevalence 1:219). Two cases of CD autoimmunity were found among the 840 subjects deceased after CLUE I. Compared to controls, untreated CD subjects showed increased incidence of osteoporosis and associated autoimmune disorders, but they did not reach statistical significance...
Refinement of a limit cycle oscillator model of the effects of light on the human circadian pacemaker

In 1990, Kronauer proposed a mathematical model of the effects of light on the human circadian pacemaker. Although this model predicted many general features of the response of the human circadian pacemaker to light exposure, additional data now available enable us to refine the original model. We first refined the original model by incorporating the results of a dose response curve to light into the model's predicted relationship between light intensity and the strength of the drive onto the pacemaker. Data from three bright light phase resetting experiments were then used to refine the amplitude recovery characteristics of the model. Finally, the model was tested and further refined using data from an extensive phase resetting experiment in which a 3-cycle bright light stimulus was presented against a background of dim light. In order to describe the results of the four resetting experiments, the following major refinements to the original model were necessary: (i) the relationship between light intensity (I) and drive onto the pacemaker was reduced from I1/3 to I0.23 for light levels between 150 and 10,000 lux; (ii) the van der Pol oscillator from the original model was replaced with a higher-order limit cycle oscillator so that amplitude recovery is slower near the singularity and faster near the limit cycle; (iii) a direct effect of light on circadian period (tau x) was incorporated into the model such that as I increases, tau x decreases, which is in accordance with "Aschoff's rule". This refined model generates the following testable predictions: it should be difficult to enhance normal circadian amplitude via bright light; near the critical point of a type 0 phase response curve (PRC) the slope should be steeper than it is in a type 1 PRC; and circadian period measured during forced desynchrony should be directly affected by ambient light intensity.
The tune meter systems at the AGS complex

A measurement system of the betatron tune is operational at the AGS (Alternating Gradient Synchrotron), and one for the AGS Booster is under development. Both systems use ferrite kicker magnets to excite coherent betatron oscillations. Difference signals are sampled at the revolution frequency and the tune is extracted from a fast Fourier transform. Details of the hardware of both systems are described, as well as all the features of the application program through which the operator interacts with the hardware. The AGS system and the booster system are described. >
Fine needle aspiration of the thyroid: a contemporary experience of 3981 cases.

Background Fine needle aspiration (FNA) is an essential tool for the management of thyroid nodules. Recently, several national organizations have recommended FNA of all thyroid nodules >1 cm. With the increase use of imaging in the practice of medicine over the last decade, the number of incidentally discovered thyroid nodules is rising. Therefore, we analyzed our experience to determine if these changes in practice led to alterations in the population of patients undergoing FNA at our institution. Materials and Methods Data were collected from 981 consecutive patients who underwent thyroid FNA at our institution between 2002 and 2009. Patients were divided in two groups: the early time period 2002–2005 (group 1) and later time period 2006–2009 (group 2). Data from the two groups were analyzed with t-test and χ2 tests (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL). Results Comparing the groups, the number of FNAs performed in the later time period increased significantly by 250%. Patients in the later time period (group 2) were more likely to be female and were significantly older. With regard to FNA diagnoses, the number of benign FNAs increased, while the percentage of FNAs diagnosed as malignant and as follicular neoplasm decreased. There also appears to be an increase in the incidence of thyroiditis. Conclusions The use of thyroid FNA has markedly increased during this contemporary series. This rise in thyroid FNA appears to be due to biopsy of benign thyroid nodules. With time, more females and older patients have undergone FNA, possibly reflecting the increased use of imaging studies in this patient population.
V3A Processes Contour Curvature as a Trackable Feature for the Perception of Rotational Motion

Contour curvature (CC) is a vital cue for the analysis of both form and motion. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we localized the neural correlates of CC for the processing and perception of rotational motion. We found that the blood oxygen level--dependent signal in retinotopic area V3A and possibly also lateral occipital cortex (LOC) varied parametrically with the degree of CC. Control experiments ruled out the possibility that these modulations resulted fromeitherchangesintheareaofthestimuli,thevelocitywithwhich contour elements were actually translating, or perceived angular velocity.Weconclude that neuronswithin V3A and perhapsalso LOC process continuously moving CC as a trackable feature. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that V3A contains neural populations that process trackable form features such as CC, not to solve the ‘‘ventral problem’’ of determining object shape but in order to solve the ‘‘dorsal problem’’ of what is going where.
Differences in Helping Whites and Blacks: A Meta-Analysis

The amount of help given to Blacks versus Whites is often assumed to reflect underlying levels of racism (or lack thereof). This meta-analysis assessed discrimination against Blacks in helping studies. The overall effect size for the 48 hypothesis tests did not show universal discrimination against Blacks (d = .03, p = .103). However, consistent with the predictions of aversive racism, discrimination against Blacks was more likely when participants could rationalize decisions not to help with reasons having nothing to do with race. Specifically, when helping was lengthier, riskier, more difficult, more effortful, and when potential helpers were further away from targets, less help was given to Blacks than to Whites. Interestingly, discrimination against Blacks was shown when there were higher levels of emergency. This suggests that discrimination may occur when the ability to control prejudicial responding is inhibited, or when the arousal of the emergency is misattributed to intergroup anxiety.
Reflection Ultrasound Velocities and Histomorphometric and Connectivity Analyses: Correlations and Effect of Slow‐Release Sodium Fluoride

To better understand how structural and functional bone properties contribute to the changes in bone biomechanical properties revealed by ultrasound critical angle reflectometry (UCR) analysis, we measured both UCR velocities and histomorphometric properties in bone biopsy specimens from 33 osteoporotic patients before and following intermittent slow-release sodium fluoride (SRNaF) and continuous calcium citrate administration. Mean skeletal fluoride exposure was 17 months, and mean skeletal fluoride content was 0.203 ± 0.088 SD% bone ash. Intermittent SRNaF and continuous calcium citrate promoted significant increases in trabecular thickness (122 ± 18 SDμm to 131 ± 20, p = 0.020), mineral apposition rate (0.79 ± 0.26 to 1.05 ± 0.40 μm/day, p = 0.014), and a significant decline in eroded surface (3.9 ± 1.6 to 2.8 ± 1.4%, p = 0.002). There were also significant increases in node number (0.193 ± 0.100 to 0.368 ± 0.245, p < 0.01) and node-to-node strut length (0.076 ± 0.087 to 0.191 ± 0.173, p < 0.01) relative to total cancellous area. Cortical UCR velocity did not change but cancellous velocity significantly increased by 97 m/s following therapy (p = 0.0005). When compared against the significant changes in bone histomorphometry and connectivity, the sum of both cancellous and cortical ultrasound velocities was significantly correlated with node number/area (R2 = 0.305, p < 0.0001) and node-to-node strut length/area (R2 = 0.372, p < 0.0001) and to a lesser extent with mineral apposition rate (R2 = 0.106, p = 0.032). Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that 40% of the variance in the sum of the UCR velocities can be accounted for by the variability in these histomorphometric and connectivity parameters. There were no significant correlations between the sum of cortical and cancellous ultrasound velocities and cancellous bone volume (R2 = 0.014, p = 0.533), trabecular thickness (R2 = 0.012, p = 0.47), or bone mineral density (R2 = 0.003, p = 0.80). These observations indicate that velocity measurements with the UCR methodology show an improvement in bone elasticity associated, in part, with an improvement in the rate of bone mineralization and an improvement in bone quality at the structural level as shown by microarchitecture.
Dye-Controlled Interfacial Electron Transfer for High-Current Indium Tin Oxide Photocathodes

Efficient sensitized photocathodes are highly desired for solar fuels and tandem solar cells, yet the development is hindered by the scarcity of suitable p-type semiconductors. The generation of high cathodic photocurrents by sensitizing a degenerate n-type semiconductor (tin-doped indium oxide; ITO) is reported. The sensitized mesoporous ITO electrodes deliver cathodic photocurrents of up to 5.96±0.19 mA cm−2, which are close to the highest record in conventional p-type sensitized photocathodes. This is realized by the rational selection of dyes with appropriate energy alignments with ITO. The energy level alignment between the highest occupied molecular orbital of the sensitizer and the conduction band of ITO is crucial for efficient hole injection. Transient absorption spectroscopy studies demonstrate that the cathodic photocurrent results from reduction of the photoexcited sensitizer by free electrons in ITO. Our results reveal a new perspective toward the selection of electrode materials for sensitized photocathodes.
Identifying Chemical Use Problems in a Community Clinic.

Clinical staff at a community health clinic reported that chemical use problems were highly prevalent in the population served. We designed a survey to gather objective patient data concerning chem...
Temporomandibular Joint: Relation of the Retrodiskal Zone to Meckel's Cartilage and Lateral Pterygoid Muscle

In human fetuses, the diskomalleolar ligament was found to extend from the articular disk and capsule through the petrotympanic fissure to Meckel's cartilage and the malleus. In the adult, the retrodiskal fibers were continuous with the origin of the anterior ligament of the malleus and from the walls of the petrotympanic fissure.
Quercetin induces type‐II estrogen‐binding sites in estrogen‐receptor‐negative (MDA‐MB231) and estrogen‐receptor‐positive (MCF‐7) human breast‐cancer cell lines

Abstract We show that flavonoids positively regulate type-II estrogen-binding site (type-II EBS) levels both in MCF-7 (ER-positive) and in MDA-MB231 (ER-negative) breast-cancer cells. Type-II EBS were measured by a whole-cell assay at 4 degrees C for 2.5 hr using [3H]-estradiol as tracer. In both cell lines the effect of quercetin (Q) was dose-related and already evident after 12 hr of Q treatment. The increase of type-II EBS levels after Q exposure requires both RNA and protein synthesis, since actinomycin D and cycloheximide completely abolished the stimulatory effect. The ability of flavonoids in inducing type-II EBS is well correlated with their relative binding affinity for type-II EBS. The flavonoid-induced enhancement of type-II EBS levels is accompanied by increased sensitivity of cancer cells to the inhibitory effect of low Q concentrations. Our data suggest that type-II EBS are ligand-regulated receptors.
Judgment of Slant in Response to an Isolated Gradient of Stimulation

Sunzmary.-The following hypothesis was proposed to account for the consistent slant perceptions obtained in response to a gradient of outline convergence and textural density in isolation: the gradient of textural density or outline convergence in isolation will determine a constant perception of slant if rhere is a high probability that the contours of the distal shape are regular and invariant. In order to examine this hypothesis judgments of the slant of four kinds of standards were obtained: NR, a textureless white rectangle slanted to one of four angles with 0's line of sight; PNR, projective representations of NR presented in 0's frontal-parallel plane; R, a playing card of the same dimensions and at the same angles as NR; PR. projective representations of the playing card presentecl in the frontal parallel plane. The judgments were made under conditions which eliminated the gradients of disparity and parallax. The main finding was that the apparent slant of NR and R varied systematically with variations of objective slant, while the apparent slant of PNR and PR varied systematically with the represented slant. However, the apparent slant of the projective standards differed significantly from that of their respective objective standards.
Unpacking the mediation of invented representations

In this paper we compare two contexts where students were inventing representations; a 2nd and 3rd grade classroom creating a shared representation, and a kindergarten and 1st grade classroom creating unique representations. Contexts for developing shared representations are those in which a class attempts to jointly construct one representational form to solve a given problem. In contrast, contexts for inventing unique representations emphasize individual representational choices with no explicit attempt to create a shared representational form. Drawing on and comparing data from two recent studies we use the Negotiated Representational Mediators (NeRM) framework to analyze young children's activities oriented towards the production, evaluation, and modification of representational forms. Both cultural contexts lead to a convergence toward normative representations as well as continuing to diverge in the form of individual acts of creativity and agency. We argue that despite these similar trends, the different contexts support unique aspects of representational practice.
Club Drug Use and Intentionality in Perceptions of Rape Victims

The purpose of the present study was to examine whether intentionality of alcohol or club drug use would affect observer attributions of a victim and a perpetrator after a sexual assault. Participants were 198 male and female college students sampled from a small college located in the United States. In general, participants attributed less blame to the victim, more guilt to the perpetrator, and were more likely to define the assault as rape and convict the perpetrator when the substance use was involuntary as opposed to voluntary. Participants also attributed more blame to the victim and less pleasure to the perpetrator when the sexual assault involved GHB as opposed to Everclear. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Coupled simulation of circuit and piezoelectric laminates

In this paper, an algorithm for the coupled simulation of circuit and piezoelectric laminate devices is presented. A finite element solver for piezoelectric laminates is included in the SPICE framework as a capacitor. The charge of this capacitor is a function of both the terminal voltage and the mechanical strain in the piezoelectric material. The coupled simulator allows simulation of novel micro power generation circuits based on piezoelectric laminates.
Learning Emotional Intelligence: An Exploratory Study in the Domain of Health

This research examines the role of emotional intelligence (EI) on the adoption and maintenance of a healthy weight. We implemented an intervention over a 6-week period demonstrating that EI can be learned to promote the use of cognitive health knowledge in the adoption and maintenance of a healthy weight. Results suggest that improving EI reduces the negative impact of low EI on positive health outcomes, and promotes quality decision making related to health (i.e., reduced calorie intake).
The 19S Proteasome Activator Promotes Human Cytomegalovirus Immediate Early Gene Expression through Proteolytic and Nonproteolytic Mechanisms

Proteasomes are large, multisubunit complexes that support normal cellular activities by executing the bulk of protein turnover. During infection, many viruses have been shown to promote viral replication by using proteasomes to degrade cellular factors that restrict viral replication. For example, the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) pp71 protein induces the proteasomal degradation of Daxx, a cellular transcriptional repressor that can silence viral immediate early (IE) gene expression. We previously showed that this degradation requires both the proteasome catalytic 20S core particle (CP) and the 19S regulatory particle (RP). The 19S RP associates with the 20S CP to facilitate protein degradation but also plays a 20S CP-independent role promoting transcription. Here, we present a nonproteolytic role of the 19S RP in HCMV IE gene expression. We demonstrate that 19S RP subunits are recruited to the major immediate early promoter (MIEP) that directs IE transcription. Depletion of 19S RP subunits generated a defect in RNA polymerase II elongation through the MIE locus during HCMV infection. Our results reveal that HCMV commandeers proteasome components for both proteolytic and nonproteolytic roles to promote HCMV lytic infection. IMPORTANCE Proteasome inhibitors decrease or eliminate 20S CP activity and are garnering increasing interest as chemotherapeutics. However, an increasing body of evidence implicates 19S RP subunits in important proteolytic-independent roles during transcription. Thus, pharmacological inhibition of the 20S CP as a means to modulate proteasome function toward therapeutic effect is an incomplete capitalization on the potential of this approach. Here, we provide an additional example of nonproteolytic 19S RP function in promoting HCMV transcription. These data provide a novel system with which to study the roles of different proteasome components during transcription, a rationale for previously described shifts in 19S RP subunit localization during HCMV infection, and a potential therapeutic intervention point at a pre-immediate early stage for the inhibition of HCMV infection.
Trypsin cleavage of the α-subunit of beef heart F1-ATPase abolishes ATP synthesis and ATP-driven energy-transduction capabilities

Abstract Previous work has shown that mild trypsin treatment eliminates energy-transduction capability and tight (non-exchangeable) nucleotide binding in beef heart mitochondrial F 1 -ATPase (Leimgruber, R.M. and Senior, A.E. (1976) J. Biol. Chem. 251, 7103–7109). The structural change brought about by trypsin was, however, too subtle to be identified by one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and was not defined. In this work we have applied two-dimensional electrophoresis (isoelectric focussing then sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gradient electrophoresis) to the problem, and have determined that the α-subunit of F 1 is altered by the mild trypsin treatment, whereas no change was detected in β-, γ-, δ- or ϵ-subunits. Binding of ADP to the trypsin-treated F 1 was compared to binding to control enzyme over a range of 0–40 μM ADP in a 30 min incubation period. There was no difference between the two enzymes, K ADP d in Mg 2+ -containing buffer was about 2 μM in each. Since the tight (nonexchangeable) sites are abolished in trypsin-treated F 1 , this shows that tight exchangeable ADP-binding sites are different from the tight nonexchangeable ADP-binding sites. There was no effect of trypsin cleavage of the α-subunit on β-subunit conformation as judged by aurovertin fluorescence studies. The cleavage of the α-subunit which occurred was judged to occur very close to the C- or N-terminus of the subunit and constitutes therefore a small and specific chemical modification which abolishes overall function in F 1 but leaves partial functions intact.
Reversible Chemical Reactions

In the discussion of thermal energy storage in Chap. 3, it was pointed out that energy can be stored in both the sensible heat that is related to changes in the temperature of materials and their heat capacities, and the latent heat involved in isothermal phase transitions. A common example of such an isothermal phase transition with a significant amount of stored heat is the melting and freezing of water. In such cases, there are no changes in chemical composition. The chemical species below and above the phase transition are the same. Only their physical state is different. Such reactions are said to be congruent.
Waterborne Parasitic Diseases in Ocean

Several parasites or those in the marine environment as posing no public health risk. Over the last few decades, more and more parasites in different groups have been determined to be zoonotic agents that either are known to infect humans or can serve as a potential public health risk based on experimental infections in nonhuman mammalian hosts or are closely related to known human-infecting agents. These parasites include metazoans and “protozoans” that occur in water or in seafood products. Protozoa occurs in quotation marks because its historic higher taxonomic groups are not necessarily closely related [3] and some include stages with more than one cell. For example, a single myxosporidian spore may develop from a stage consisting of 13 cells, and molecular data demonstrate no relationship between Myxosporea from commercial and subsistence vessels results in increased infections in fishes and marine mammals that feed on the wastes. Alternatively, regulations in some countries are lacking in regard to fishery products or for imported fishery products but not necessarily all meats, leaving consumers with the false impression that the products are safe. (6) Climatic and environmental health conditions are always changing, and, with those changes, infection dynamics of parasites quickly change. For example, during the El Nino of 1997–1998, the junction of the warmwater Kuroshio Current from the south with the cool Oyashio Current from the north moved 3,000 km northward from Kyushu to Hokkaido, Japan. This migration of the current’s junction and its temperature elevation of 3.4°C caused an increase in abundance of krill, the intermediate host of Pseudoterranova azarasi and members of the Anisakis simplex complex. The sea lion final host of P. azarasi occurred in Hokkaido but not Kyushu, and, in addition, protected cetaceans that are the final hosts of A. simplex sensu lato migrated north so as to feed heavily on krill or on fish that ate the krill, acquiring the juvenile nematodes from them. Consequently, the Japanese used to eating nearly parasite-free seafood
Brief of Scholars of Federal Courts and Sentencing in Welch v. United States (No. 15-6418)

This brief argues that the rule announced in Johnson v. United States -- that ACCA's residual clause is invalid -- applies retroactively to cases on collateral review.
Testing the functional assessment of mentation: A mobile application based assessment of mental status

BACKGROUND Altered mental status is a significant predictor of mortality in hospitalized patients and a prerequisite component to the diagnosis of delirium. However, the detection of altered mental status is often incomplete, inaccurate, and resource intensive. OBJECTIVE To identify the clinical utility and feasibility of the Functional Assessment of Mentation (FAMTM), a mobile application for evaluating attention and recall. DESIGN Prospective observational pilot study. SETTING Tertiary care medical center. PARTICIPANTS Nine hundred thirty-one adult subjects (612 nonhospitalized and 319 hospitalized). MEASUREMENTS Score distribution and time to FAMTM completion were compared between nonhospitalized and hospitalized subjects (as well as between hospitalized subjects discharged home and those not discharged home). Additionally, in the hospitalized subgroup, FAMTM was compared to the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), using the Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire (SPMSQ) as our criterion standard for altered mental status assessment. RESULTS Median time to completion of FAMTM was 55 seconds (interquartile range [IQR], 45–67 seconds). Our data identified a graded reduction in score comparing nonhospitalized subjects to hospitalized subjects discharged home and not discharged home (median 5 [IQR 4–7] vs 5 [IQR 3–6] vs 3 [IQR 1–5]; P < 0.001). In the hospitalized subset, FAMTM scores were more highly correlated to SPMSQ (Spearman ρ = 0.27, P < 0.001) compared to GCS (Spearman ρ = 0.05, P = 0.40). CONCLUSIONS FAMTM is a rapid and clinically feasible tool that can identify minor alterations in mental status often missed by GCS. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2016. 2016 Society of Hospital Medicine