cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The many highways for intracellular trafficking of metals

Metal ions such as copper and manganese represent a unique problem to living cells in that these ions are not only essential co-factors for metalloproteins, but are also potentially toxic. To aid in the homeostatic balance of essential but toxic metals, cells have evolved with a complex network of metal trafficking pathways. The object of such pathways is two-fold: to prevent accumulation of the metal in the freely reactive form (metal detoxification pathways) and to ensure proper delivery of the ion to target metalloproteins (metal utilization pathways). Much of what we currently know regarding these complex pathways of metal trafficking has emerged from molecular genetic studies in baker's yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In this review, we shall briefly highlight the current understanding of factors that function in the trafficking and handling of copper, including copper detoxification factors, copper transporters and copper chaperones. In addition, very recent findings on the players involved in manganese trafficking will be presented. The goal is to provide a paradigm for the intracellular handling of metals that may be applied in a more general sense to metals that serve essential functions in biology.
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone is not the sole physiologic mediator of prolactin release during suckling.

Abstract Suckling elevated serum prolactin but had no effect on circulating thyrotropin, tri-iodothyronine and thyroxine in seven post-partum women. Injections of 6 and 300 μg of thyrotropin-releasing hormone raised serum concentrations of both prolactin and thyrotropin, but not of tri-iodothyronine and thyroxine. One or 2 μg of thyrotropin-releasing hormone had no effect on either prolactin or thyrotropin, although in three subjects, 6 μg caused similar relative increases in both serum prolactin and thyrotropin. Lactotrophs and thyrotrophs in the post-partum pituitary gland appear to be similarly responsive to exogenous thyrotropin-releasing hormone, and the failure to observe thyrotropin release with suckling is not due to blockade of the response of thyrotrophs by high levels of circulating thyroid hormones. The selective increase in serum prolactin induced by suckling, therefore, is not caused solely by release of endogenous thyrotropin-releasing hormone. (N Engl J Med 290:1162–1165, 1974)
An engineering assessment to the relaxation time in thermal wave propagation

Abstract The physical significance of the relaxation time in the wave theory of heat conduction is further studied in this work. Thermodynamically, it is confirmed that the relaxation time results from the rate equation within the mainframe of the second law in the nonequilibrium, irreversible thermodynamics. Mechanically, on the other hand, the relaxation time results from the phase-lag between the heat flux vector and the temperature gradient in a high-rate response. In transition from a diffusion behavior to the wave propagation, lastly, the relaxation time is found to be the physical instant at which the intrinsic length scales merge with each other.
Laboratory measurements of NO2 line parameters near 1600 cm−1 for the interpretation of stratospheric spectra

Tunable diode laser laboratory measurements of infrared spectral parameters of selected NO2 lines near 1600/cm have been made to assess the contribution of uncertainties in these parameters to stratospheric measurements of NO2 made using the Balloon-Borne Laser In-Situ Sensor (BLISS) tunable diode laser spectrometer. Relative line intensities are measured to accuracies of better than 2 percent, with a root-sum-squared uncertainty in the absolute linestrengths of 4.5 percent. Air-broadening coefficients have been determined from measurements at total pressures in the range 20-100 Torr, at temperatures of 293 K and 214 K. These results are also discussed in the light of the discrepancies between infrared instruments flown in the 1982 and 1983 Balloon Intercomparison Campaigns.
Incentives for mitigation investment and more effective risk management: the need for public–private partnerships

A key question facing both well-developed industrial countries and emerging economies is how to reduce future disaster losses while still providing financial protection to victims from these events. This paper proposes a strategy for the use of cost-effective risk mitigation measures coupled with insurance and/or new capital market instruments to achieve these objectives. The mix of these measures will depend on the governance structure and the institutional arrangements in the particular country. There will always be a need for a combination of policy tools and the interaction among key interested parties from both the private and public sectors in developing a disaster management strategy. Two examples, one from US and the other from Honduras, illustrate differences between strategies that countries can adopt.
Convergence of Genome-Wide Association and Candidate Gene Studies for Alcoholism

Background: Genome-wide association (GWA) studies have led to a paradigm shift in how researchers study the genetics underlying disease. Many GWA studies are now publicly available and can be used to examine whether or not previously proposed candidate genes are supported by GWA data. This approach is particularly important for the field of alcoholism because the contribution of many candidate genes remains controversial. Methods: Using the Human Genome Epidemiology (HuGE) Navigator, we selected candidate genes for alcoholism that have been frequently examined in scientific articles in the past decade. Specific candidate loci as well as all the reported single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in candidate genes were examined in the Study of Addiction: Genetics and Environment (SAGE), a GWA study comparing alcohol-dependent and nondependent subjects. Results: Several commonly reported candidate loci, including rs1800497 in DRD2 ,r s698 in ADH1C, rs1799971 in OPRM1, and rs4680 in COMT, are not replicated in SAGE (p > 0.05). Among candidate loci available for analysis, only rs279858 in GABRA2 (p = 0.0052, OR = 1.16) demonstrated a modest association. Examination of all SNPs reported in SAGE in over 50 candidate genes revealed no SNPs with large frequency differences between cases and controls, and the lowest p-value of any SNP was 0.0006. Conclusions: We provide evidence that several extensively studied candidate loci do not have a strong contribution to risk of developing alcohol dependence in European and African ancestry populations. Owing to the lack of coverage, we were unable to rule out the contribution of other variants, and these genes and particular loci warrant further investigation. Our analysis demonstrates that publicly available GWA results can be used to better understand which if any of previously proposed candidate genes contribute to disease. Furthermore, we illustrate how examining the convergence of candidate gene and GWA studies can help elucidate the genetic architecture of alcoholism and more generally
The AGS Magnet Enclosure Beam Spill and Personnel Safety Monitor

Personnel safety monitoring in a potentially lethal high energy accelerator facility must protect against inadvertent machine start-up, and provide means to measure residual radiation levels. The AGS in-ring monitor detects abnormal radiation fields at times when personnel are permitted in the enclosure and interupts machine functions in addition to those normally interlocked by machine security. During periods of non-acceleration, the monitoring system provides surveillance of residual radiation fields. The magnitude and decay rate of these fields can be used to optimize machine maintenance programs. The beam spill monitoring capability of the system locates and evaluates the magnitude of beam spill in the magnet enclosure. This detection permits more rapid correction of undesirable beam loss and therefore provides for a higher utilization factor for the machine.
Small-scale convection beneath oceans and continents

Small-scale convection supplies heat flow of ∼17 mW m−2 to the base of stable continents where xenolith studies resolve the geotherm. However, effects of small-scale convection are difficult to resolve in ocean basins. On first pass, most seafloor appears to subside to an asymptote compatible with ∼40 mW m−2 convective heat flow. These common regions are tracked by hotspots so uplift associated with ponded mantle material is an attractive alternative. Unaffected seafloor in the North and South Atlantic continues to subside with the square root of age as expected from pure conduction. The theory of stagnant-lid convection provides good scaling relationships for heat flow. For linear viscosity, heat flow is proportional to the underlying “half-space” viscosity to the −1/3 power and the temperature to change viscosity by a factor of e to the 4/3 power. The formalism is easily modified to represent convection beneath a lid of highly viscous and buoyant cratonal lithosphere and to represent transient convection beneath thickening oceanic lithosphere. Asthenospheric mantle with linear, strongly temperature-dependent, and weakly depth-dependent viscosity is compatible with both oceanic and continental data. More complicated rheology may allow vigorous small-scale convection under most but not all old ocean basins. Still viable hypotheses require poorly understood global features, including lateral variations of asthenospheric temperature. Seismological studies have the potential to resolve the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary, including local variations of its depth associated with small-scale convection.
Coordinate patterns of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and Wilms tumor 1 expression in the histopathologic distinction of ovarian from endometrial serous adenocarcinomas

The purpose of this study is to assess whether composite or coordinate immunoexpression patterns of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and Wilms tumor 1 (WT1) gene can significantly distinguish between endometrial serous carcinoma (ESC) and ovarian serous carcinoma (OSC). Immunohistochemical analyses were performed on whole tissue sections from 22 uterus-confined ESCs and on a tissue microarray of 140 high-grade, pan-stage OSCs, using antibodies to ER, PR, and WT-1. Estrogen receptor, PR, and WT1 expressions were present in 37%, 49%, and 81% of OSC, respectively, but these markers were also present in 18%, 27%, and 36% of ESC. The ER+/PR+/WT1+ coordinate profile was identified in 33.6% of OSC but in none of ESC (P = .0006), resulting in a calculated sensitivity and specificity of this profile for OSC of 33.6% and 100%, respectively. By contrast, the ER-/PR-/WT1- coordinate profile was identified in 41% of ESC but in only 6.4% of OSC (P = .0001), resulting in a calculated sensitivity and specificity of this profile for ESC of 50% and 94%. In summary, in the differential diagnosis between OSC and ESC, positivity for all 3 markers favors an extrauterine origin, whereas negativity for all 3 markers is supportive of an endometrial origin. The use of single markers for this purpose is not recommended, as each lacks optimal discriminatory power. Coordinate profiles, in general, have a high specificity but low sensitivity in this differential diagnosis.
Age-Related Differences in Phosphodiesterase Activity and Effects of Chronic Phosphodiesterase Inhibition in Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy

Background— Despite the application of proven adult heart failure therapies to children with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (IDC), prognosis remains poor. Clinical experience with phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitors (PDE3i) in pediatric patients with IDC, however, demonstrates improved heart failure symptoms without the increased incidence of sudden death seen in adults treated with PDE3i. We sought to determine age-related differences in PDE activity and associated intracellular signaling responsible for the efficacy and relative safety of chronic PDE3i in pediatric heart failure. Methods and Results— cAMP levels, PDE activity, and phospholamban phosphorylation (pPLB) were determined in explanted human left ventricular myocardium (pediatric n=41; adult n=88). Adults and children with IDC (not treated with PDE3i) had lower cAMP and pPLB compared with nonfailing controls. In contrast to their adult counterparts, pediatric IDC patients chronically treated with PDE3i had elevated cAMP ( P =0.0403) and pPLB ( P =0.0119). In addition, total PDE- and PDE3-specific activities were not altered in pediatric IDC patients on PDE3i, whereas adult IDC patients on PDE3i demonstrated higher total PDE-specific (74.6±13.8 pmol/mg per minute) and PDE3-specific (48.2±15.9 pmol/mg per minute) activities in comparison with those of nonfailing controls (59.5±14.4 and 35.5±12.8 pmol/mg per minute, respectively). Conclusions— Elevated cAMP and higher pPLB may contribute to sustained hemodynamic benefits in pediatric IDC patients treated with PDE3i. In contrast, higher total PDE and PDE3 activities in adult IDC patients treated with PDE3i may perpetuate lower myocardial cAMP and pPLB levels, limiting the potential benefits of PDE3i therapy.
Two-dimensional simulation of silicon avalanche cathodes

The characteristics of silicon avalanche cathode as a novel electron emitting device with ultra-shallow p-n junctions have been studied using the two-dimensional device simulator PISCES-IIB. The steady-state simulation indicates that the nonplanar surface topology resulting from fabrication process causes current crowding near the edge of the emitting area where the surface step exists. Current crowding degrades the emission uniformity and also reduces the emission current under increased reverse bias. The nonplanar surface structure also causes punchthrough in the epitaxial layer as the reverse bias on the cathode increases. As a result, the percentage of the cathode current contributing to emission decreases, reducing the emission efficiency consequently. The simulation shows that the portion of the cathode current that flows through the emitting area drops to as much as 30% at cathode bias higher than 12 V, compared to the same current just after breakdown. This also affects the rate of increase in the total emission current which is the product of the emission efficiency and the overall cathode current. >
African Meridian B-Field Education and Research (AMBER) Array

The AMBER array contains four magnetometers and spans across the geomagnetic equator from L of 1 to an L of 1.4. In addition to filling the largest land-based gap in global magnetometer coverage, the AMBER array will address two fundamental areas of space physics: (1) the processes governing electrodynamics of the equatorial ionosphere as a function of latitude (or L-shell), local time, longitude, magnetic activity, and season, and (2) ULF pulsation strength and its connection with equatorial electrojet strength at low/mid-latitude regions. Satellite observations show unique equatorial ionospheric structures in the African sector, though these have not been confirmed by observation from the ground due to lack of ground-based instruments in the region. In order to have a complete global understanding of equatorial ionosphere motions, deployment of ground-based magnetometers in Africa is essential. One focus of IHY is the deployment of networks of small instruments, including the development of research infrastructure in developing nations through the United Nations Basic Space Science (UNBSS) Small Instrument Array. Therefore, AMBER magnetometer array in partnership with parallel US funded GPS receivers in Africa will allow us to understand the electrodynamics that governs equatorial ionosphere motions. While AMBER routinely observes the F region plasma drift mechanism (E × B drift), the GPS stations will monitor the structure of plasma at low/mid-latitudes in the African sectors. In addition to new scientific discoveries and advancing the space science research into Africa by establishing scientific collaborations between scientists in the developing and developed nations, the AMBER project also contributes to developing the basic science of heliophysics through cross-disciplinary studies of universal process. This includes the creation of sustainable research/training infrastructure within the developing nations (Africa).
The ICC — Quo Vadis?

The International Criminal Court (ICC) has had to face many objective difficulties in its initial stage. The self-referrals by Uganda and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) pose problems. As for Uganda, the unsealing of the indictments is an achievement for the Court; however, the rhetorical conflict between the referring government and the ICC, the continued insecurity in northern Uganda and the fact that the accused commanders are not in the custody of the Ugandan authorities highlight the dependence of the ICC on the cooperation of national governments. As for the DRC, the transfer to The Hague of one of the indictees, Lubanga, is significant. Supporters of the ICC hope that this trial will help to ease many doubts about the direction of the Court, as the Tadi[cacute] case was able to do for the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY). The Security Council referral of Darfur is a mixed blessing, on a number of grounds. However, the posture of Sudanese authorities and the worsening of the situation in Darfur and eastern Chad clearly indicate that the ICC does not yet have a deterrence capability.
Fiber-optic true time steering of an ultrawide-band receive array

We report the development and demonstration of the first true time-delay (TTD) fiber-optic beamformer for ultrawideband antenna receive operation. The beamformer is based on a dispersive-fiber prism configuration that properly time delays the signals originating at each receiving element for coherent combining in the microwave domain. The time-steered receive antenna consists of eight spiral elements arranged into a one-dimensional (l-D) sparsely populated array. The receive array shows an instantaneous bandwidth of 6-18 GHz, limited by the available matched microwave amplifiers. The array performance is measured in an anechoic chamber and exhibits unprecedented squint-free steering over an azimuth scan of 120/spl deg/ over the full frequency range.
Expression of Fc Effector Function in Homogeneous Murine Anti-Ars IgM

The essential role of protein conformational changes in translating ligand binding into an effective signal or response has been established in many enzyme-substrate1,2, receptor-ligand3,4, and other protein-ligand systems5. Yet its role in carrying out antibody effector functions remains controversial. The possible roles of allosteric, distortive, and associative mechanisms in antibody function have been reviewed elsewhere6,7, but it is probable that the relative role of each of these mechanisms may vary significantly with antibody class, and between soluble and membrane-bound antibody molecules.
Biofunctionalized block copolymer nanoparticles based on ring‐opening metathesis polymerization

We present an approach to the synthesis of biofunctionalized block copolymer nanoparticles based on ring-opening metathesis polymerization; these nanoparticles may serve as novel scaffolds for the multivalent display of ligands. The nanoparticles are formed by the self-assembly of diblock copolymers composed of a hydrophobic block and a hydrophilic activated block that can be functionalized with thiolated ligands in aqueous media. The activated block enables control over the orientation of the displayed ligands, which may be sugars, peptides, or proteins engineered to contain cysteine residues at suitable locations. The nanoparticle diameter can be varied over a wide range through changes in the composition of the block copolymer, and biofunctionalization of the nanoparticles has been demonstrated by the attachment of a peptide previously shown to inhibit the assembly of anthrax toxin.
Typing in tongues: interesting observations on facilitated communication do not establish authorship.

Niemi and Karna ¨-Lin (2002) reported an in- teresting example of the use of facilitated commu- nication in a 21-year-old Finnish man, Tuomas, who had severe motor and communication disabil- ities. The authors reported an analysis of Tuomas' written productions during facilitated communica- tion over a 3-year period. Most of the material dis- cussed was limited to that produced with his moth- er, although some were produced with his speech therapist or aide. It is notable that a book has been published based on these productions and attributed to Tuomas as an account of his life. The authors presented several kinds of evi-
ELEMENTS OF LARGE ORDER IN PRIME FINITE FIELDS

Given $f(x,y)\in\mathbb Z[x,y]$ %such that the zero set of $f$ has with no common components with %those of $x^a-y^b$ and $x^ay^b-1$, we prove that for $p$ sufficiently large, except $C(f)$ exceptions, the solutions $(x,y)\in\overline{\mathbb F}_p\times \overline{\mathbb F}_p$ of $f(x,y)=0$ satisfy $ {\rm ord}(x)+{\rm ord}(y)\gtrsim \big(\frac{\log p}{\log\log p}\big)^{1/2},$ where ${\rm ord}(r)$ is the order of $r$ in the multiplicative group $\overline{\mathbb F}_p^*$. Moreover, for most $p p^{1/4+\epsilon(p)},$ where $\epsilon(p)$ is an arbitrary function tending to $0$ when $p$ goes to $\infty$. 10.1017/S0004972712000810
Seasonal circulation in the south Indian Ocean

Two World Ocean Circulation Experiment hydrographic cruises in March and June 1995, along with Topex- Poseidon altimeter data and National Meteorological Center wind data are used to estimate seasonal changes in the South Indian Ocean subtropical gyre. Mean annual curves derived from the altimeter and wind data reveal strengthening of the anticyclonic gyre in March and September, and weakening in June and December. The seasonal changes correspond to variations in the wind field south of 30 oS at the equinoxes and solstices. In addition, the wind-driven gyre is further north in July, and further south in March. These variations in strength and location of the South Indian Ocean gyre may influence inter-ocean transports south of Africa. Despite the inferred mean annual seasonal variations in the South Indian Ocean gyre, volume transports estimated in 1995 from the hydrographic data are close to mean values. Apparently, a mesoscale eddy in March disrupts the stronger fall gyre, whereas in June the weaker winter gyre is
Kunnskap om Kultur: Folkloristisk Dialoger

Kunnskap om Kultur: Folkloristisk Dialoger. Knut Aukrust and Anne Eriksen. eds. Oslo: Novus Forlag, 1999. 204 pp., photographs, illustrations, bibliography, index.
Live-cell imaging demonstrates rapid cargo exchange between lipid droplets in adipocytes

Lipid droplets form the storage reservoirs for lipids in adipocytes, and their stable appearance suggests a static nature of lipid storage. A stable lipid store, however, may be maintained through the dynamic recycling of lipid cargo between the cytoplasmic compartment and the lipid droplet. In this study, we applied live-cell microscopy to follow intracellular transport steps of fluorescently labeled fatty acids in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. We demonstrate that intracellular lipids continuously exit and re-enter lipid droplets, and that individual lipid droplets exchange their content on a timescale of minutes. These data demonstrate a surprisingly high rate of intracellular lipid turnover in adipocytes and support the novel concept that lipid storage is achieved by dynamic recycling rather than static retention.
Is prostate cancer prevention with selenium all in the genes

This perspective discusses how well-conducted research by Penney et al. (beginning on page 604 in this issue of the journal) contributes to the incremental uncovering of the complex association between selenium and prostate cancer. These investigators' earlier findings and current questions, approaches, and findings regarding selenium for prostate cancer prevention are discussed. This group's work raises the following important inferences: Selenium may prevent poorer-prognosis prostate cancer and its progression to bony metastases and death, but only in men with genetic backgrounds that influence the requirement for selenium. These inferences point toward how to reconcile inconsistent prostate cancer risk results from the two randomized trials of selenium conducted to date.
Blocking in Areas of Complex Topography, and Its Influence on Rainfall Distribution

Abstract Using a 6-km-resolution regional climate simulation of Southern California, the effect of orographic blocking on the precipitation climatology is examined. To diagnose whether blocking occurs, precipitating hours are categorized by a bulk Froude number. The precipitation distribution becomes much more spatially homogeneous as the Froude number decreases, and an inspection of winds confirms that this results from the increasing prevalence of orographic blocking. Low Froude (Froude approximately less than 1), blocked cases account for a large fraction of climatological precipitation, particularly at the coastline where more than half is attributable to blocked cases. Thus, the climatological precipitation–slope relationship seen in observations and in the simulation is a hybrid of blocked and unblocked cases. Simulated precipitation distributions are compared to those predicted by a simple linear model that includes only rainfall arising from direct forced topographic ascent. The agreement is nearl...
Intervertebral-disc lesions in children and adolescents.

Lesions of the lumbar intervertebral discs may occur in older children and in adolescents; the clinical picture differs from that usually seen in adults. If one admits that the patients with relatively mild symptoms are suffering from intervertebral-disc lesions, then the condition is common in early life, but it is rarely diagnosed. The typical disc syndrome may also occur in early life, but is rare. The prognosis is good, and nearly all of the patients recover as a result of conservative treatment.
Continuous Beam-Columns on Elastic Foundation

Analysis by means of slope-deflection equations; application of moment-distribution method to problems involving large numbers of spans is demonstrated by numerical example, and computation of critical axial force is illustrated by treatment of particular problem.
Abstract 3216: CREG1, an epigenetically regulated gene, cooperates with p16INK4ain cellular senescence

By passing cellular senescence, an irreversible growth arrest of cells that is activated in normal cells upon shortening of telomere and other cellular stress, to become immortal is one of the prerequisites for carcinogenesis. Using spontaneously immortal Li-Fraumeni Syndrome (LFS) fibroblasts, we found that CREG1 (Cellular Repressor of E1A-stimulated Genes1) is one of the genes whose expression fit the criteria of senescence-associated genes, decrease expression during immortalization and increase in senescence. Moreover, we found that epigenetic mechanism regulates CREG1 expression. CREG1 is a secreted glycoprotein that was shown to bind RB-family pocket proteins and inhibits E2F transactivation activity. Therefore, we hypothesize that CREG1 plays a role in cellular senescence involving p16 INK4a /Rb pathway. Ectopic expression of CREG1 in the immortal LFS cell lines decreases cell proliferation but does not directly induce senescence. We confirmed this in osteosarcoma and fibrosarcoma cancer cell lines commonly seen in Li-Fraumeni Syndrome. Because CREG1 was shown to interact with RB pocket proteins in vitro, we tested that growth suppression by CREG1 may depend on the phosphorylation status of Rb. We found that p16 INK4a is also downregulated in immortal cells and that coexpression of CREG1 and p16 INK4a , and inhibitor of CDK and Rb phosphorylation, has a greater effect than CREG1 and p16 INK4a alone to reduce cell growth, induce cell cycle arrest and cellular senescence in immortal LFS, osteosarcoma and fibrosarcoma cell lines. Moreover, cooperation of CREG1 and p16 INK4a inhibits the expression of cyclin A and cyclin B by inhibiting promoter activity thereby decreasing mRNA and protein levels; these proteins are required for S-phase entry and G2/M transition. Whether CREG1 directly involved in transcriptional repression of cyclin A and B mediated by p16 INK4a will be confirmed by ChIP assay. In conclusion, we are the first to find that CREG1 enhances p16 INK4a -induced senescence by transcriptional repression of cell cycle mediated genes. Analysis of how CREG1 and its cooperation with p16 INK4a regulate cell cycle and cellular senescence may provide better understanding of cellular immortalization, an early step in human tumorigenesis. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3216.
Bifurcations in Hydrodynamic Stability Problems

The work of Lorenz 1963 and of Ruelle and Takens 1971 initiated the introduction into hydrodynamic stability theory of concepts and principles from the currently active mathematical field of topological dynamical systems. It was immediately clear that some of the concepts, for example the concept of generic properties of systems, have many applications elsewhere in physics. Also the new concepts and principles put new light on old things, such as bifurcation phenomena. The idea of strange attractors and their connection with continuous power spectra gave a new understanding of chaotic behavior generally.
Effect of Media Environment Diversity and Advertising Tone on Information Search, Selective Exposure, and Affective Polarization

This paper examines the effects of our modern media environment on affective polarization. We conducted an experiment during the last month of the 2012 presidential election varying both the choice of media sources available about the major presidential candidates, and the tone of political advertisements presented to subjects. We posit that voters in a high-choice, ideologically-diverse media environment will exhibit greater affective polarization than those in a “mainstream” ideologically neutral environment. We also hypothesize that subjects who are exposed to negative rather than positive political advertisements will show increased affective polarization. We provide causal evidence that the combination of a high-choice ideologically diverse media environment and exposure to negative political ads, significantly increases affective polarization. We also find that both overall information search and selective exposure to information are influenced by our experimental manipulations, with the greatest amount of search, and the most biased search, conducted by Romney supporters in the Negative Ads, Diverse Media condition.
Land Disposal of Septage (Septic Tank Pumpings)

Household sewage systems involving the disposal of septic tank pumpings, namely septage, are used on a world-wide basis. The system commonly encountered in the United States is a septic tank combined with a subsurface disposal field. In some areas of the country, a cesspool or dry well may be used in place of the septic tank, but this is not the general practice. Over a period of time, a septic tank or cesspool develops an accumulation of floating and settleable solids, along with scum. These solids will build up to a point where they must be removed. If this is not done, sewage flow into the septic tank will be blocked or the subsurface disposal field will become plugged from the excess solids discharge. In the first instance, the homeowner experiences an inconvenience requiring immediate attention. For the second situation, corrective action is required that may involve a renewal of the subsurface disposal field. The corrective measure, when required, can be a major one that is expensive to the homeowner.
Defining Research Reproducibility: What Do You Mean?

Vague definitions and an unclear understanding of “research reproducibility” have contributed to confusion in the scientific community. In a recent article published in Science Translational Medicine , Goodman et al. showed that the number of studies concerning research reproducibility has been steadily increasing since the 1970s, and that reproducibility and replicability are frequently used interchangeably (1). According to a US National Science Foundation subcommittee on replicability in science, reproducibility is the ability to duplicate results using the same raw data; replicability is the ability of a study to duplicate results with newly collected data (2). To illustrate confusion concerning these terms, a former director of the US National Institutes of Health (Francis Collins) …
Remarkable Presentation: Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma Arising from Chronic Hyperthyroidism

Background. Undifferentiated anaplastic carcinoma rarely develops from chronic hyperthyroidism. Although acute hyperthyroidism can develop prior to anaplastic transformation, chronic hyperthyroidism was thought to be a protective measure against thyroid malignancy. Methods. A 79-year-old female presented acutely to the hospital with dyspnea. She had been taking methimazole for chronic hyperthyroidism due to toxic thyroid nodules, previously biopsied as benign. Upon admission, imaging showed tracheal compression, requiring a total thyroidectomy with tracheostomy for airway management. Results. Pathology demonstrated undifferentiated anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. The patient passed away shortly after hospital discharge. Despite treatment with methimazole for many years, abrupt enlargement of her toxic multinodular goiter was consistent with malignant transformation. Chronic hyperthyroidism and toxic nodules are rarely associated with thyroid malignancy, with only one previous report documenting association with anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. Conclusion. Progressive thyroid enlargement and acute worsening of previously controlled hyperthyroidism should promote concern for disease regardless of baseline thyroid function.
Polyamines and Cancer

The polyamines putrescine, spermidine, and spermine are aliphatic cations that play important roles in normal cell proliferation and differentiation and have been shown to be constitutively increased during malignant transformation (1,2). Polyamines are ubiquitous in nature and their cellular levels are intricately regulated by both biosynthetic (ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase, spermidine synthase, and spermine synthase) and catabolic enzymes (spermidine/spermine acetyl transferase, flavin containing polyamine oxidase, copper containing diamine oxidase, and other amine oxidases) (Fig. 1). Increased levels of polyamines, as observed in human cancers, are the result of deregulation of polyamine metabolism and transport (3,4). Consequently, the polyamine biosynthetic, degradative, and transport pathways have been explored as potential targets for both cancer prevention and therapeutic interventions (5-8). Evidence is presented in this chapter indicating that signaling networks that regulate polyamine levels are possible targets for the design of drugs for human cancer prevention and treatment.
Induction of Fibrinogen Biosynthesis and Secretion From Cultured Pulmonary Epithelial Cells

Although the liver is the primary site of fibrinogen (FBG) synthesis, epithelial cells from diverse tissues have been shown to express one or more of the FBG A alpha, B beta, and gamma chain genes. In contrast, marrow megakaryocytes, which store FBG in the alpha-granules, are thought not to express the FBG genes. Our earlier studies have shown that epithelial cells in a variety of extrahepatic tissues express the gamma chain gene ubiquitously, while the mRNAs for the A alpha and B beta chain genes are essentially undetectable. During systemic inflammation, the liver secretes increased levels of FBG into the circulation, and lung epithelium responds to local inflammation during pulmonary infection by increased transcription of the gamma-FBG gene. Therefore, to determine whether extrahepatic epithelial cells express the A alpha, B beta, and gamma chain genes in response to proinflammatory mediators, cultured lung epithelial cells were treated with interleukin-6 (IL-6) and dexamethasone (DEX). Northern blot analysis demonstrated that the levels of gamma-FBG mRNA in cultured lung (A549) and liver (HepG2) epithelial cells increased 2- to 10-fold in response to treatment. Reverse-transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction amplification demonstrated increased accumulation of steady state levels of FBG A alpha, B beta, and gamma chain mRNAs in lung epithelial cells after treatment. The basal level of lung cell gamma-FBG gene transcription was not accompanied by appreciable levels of A alpha and B beta chain gene transcription; however, nuclear run-on analysis suggested that the increase in lung cell FBG mRNAs in response to DEX +/- IL-6 was due to new transcription. Furthermore, stimulation of lung epithelial cells with IL-6 + DEX resulted in maximal secretion of intact FBG (340 kD) composed of the characteristic A alpha, B beta, and gamma chain polypeptides. The data suggest that basal expression of the gamma-FBG gene in extrahepatic tissue occurs ubiquitously in the absence of detectable levels of A alpha- and B beta-FBG gene expression, which are then upregulated on induction of an inflammatory response. This would result in local synthesis and secretion of FBG in the injured tissue, supporting the hypothesis that production of FBG by extrahepatic epithelial cells in response to inflammation plays a role in wound repair.
Relationship between well-being and daily time use of elderly: evidence from the disabilities and use of time survey

According to US Census Bureau, the number of individuals in the age group above 65 years is expected to increase by more than 100% from the year 2000 to 2030. It is anticipated that increasing elderly population will put unforeseen demands on the transportation infrastructure due to the atypical mobility and travel needs of the elderly. Consequently, transportation professionals have attempted to understand the travel behavior of the elderly including the trip frequency, trip distance and mode choice decisions. Majority of the research on elderly travel behavior have focused on the mobility outcomes with limited research into understanding the tradeoffs made by this population segment in terms of their in-home and out-of-home activity engagement choices. The goal of the current research is to contribute to this line of inquiry by simultaneously exploring the daily activity engagement choices of the elderly Americans including their in-home and out-of-home activity participation (what activities to pursue) and time alloocation (duration of each activity) decisions while accounting for the temporal constraints. Further, the study attempts to explore the relationship between physical and subjective well-being and daily activity engagement decisions of the elderly; where subjective well-being is derived from reported needs satisfaction with life and different domains of it. To this end, data from the Disabilities and Use of Time survey of Panel Study of Income Dynamics was used to estimate a panel version of MDCEV model. In addition to person- and household-level demographic variables, activity participation and time use choices of elderly were found to vary across different levels of reported physical and subjective well-being measures. The model estimation results were plausible and provide interesting insights into the activity engagement choices of the elderly with implications for transportation policy development. Among other socio-demographic variables, living arrangements (living with family versus in elderly homes) were found to have significant influence on how people participate into different in-home versus out-of-home activities. For example, elderly living in the elderly home were found to participate more into out-of-home activities compared to people living with families. Elderly with disabilities were found to compensate lower participation into out-of-home activities with more participation into in-home activities. Considerable heterogeneity was observed in time engagement behavior of the elderly across reported levels of satisfaction with finance, job and cognitive needs. For example, elderly expressing high satisfaction with job was found to spend less time in in-home social activities. Elderly reporting higher satisfaction with finance were found to spend more time into OH social and shopping activities.
Classified texture resizing for mobile devices

Power consumption is one of the most important factors in mobile computing. Especially for high-quality games, it takes a lot of computing power to render visual effects. In order to reduce this, some rendering techniques (e.g., Samsung Game Tuner) adjust rendering parameters (screen resolution, frame rates, and texture sizes) to improve power efficiency or performance. Among them, the texture resizing reduces power consumption in some cases, but it sometimes results in poor rendering quality or no energy saving.To improve the texture resizing, we present the classified texture resizing technique. Our main idea is to classify textures into certain types and to apply a different approach to each type. As a result, our approach minimizes degradation of rendering quality and can be applied to wider applications. Our experimental results show up to 16% power reduction of a GPU and DRAM.
Anionic ring opening polymerization of 1-phenyl-1-vinyl-1-silacyclopent-3-ene. Synthesis and characterization of poly(1-phenyl-1-vinyl-1-sila-cis-pent-3-ene)

Poly(1-phenyl-1-vinyl-1-sila-cis-pent-3-ene) (I) has been prepared by the anionic ring opening polymerization of 1-phenyl-1-vinyl-1-silacyclopent-3-ene (II) co-catalyzed by n-butyllithium and hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA) in THF at-78°C. I has been characterized by 1H, 13C and 29Si NMR as well as by IR and UV spectroscopy. The molecular weight distribution of I has been determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), its thermal stability by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and its glass transition temperature (Tg) by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Thermal degradation of I in an inert atmosphere gives a twenty-seven percent char yield.
Evaluation of IL-2 in sustaining the PD-L1 blockade‒mediated reinvigoration of T cell function in melanoma.

e24145Background: T cell exhaustion represents a distinct T cell differentiation state following antigen encounter. Exhausted T cells that arise during cancer progression sustainably express PD-1; ...
Is there a Diversification Puzzle

Since Markowitz (1959), we deal with the uncomfortable stylized fact called the diversification puzzle- most investors hold only few individual stocks in their portfolios, though the mean-variance portfolio selection model requires many stocks. This paper demonstrates that the ex post observation of only few stocks in a portfolio does not imply high unsystematic risks for the following reasons. First, households search for many stocks, but optimally invest in a few of them and with different amounts. Second, households search for stocks sequentially, and with the sequential search households hold lower numbers of stocks. Third, there is a substitution relationship between the number of stocks and the share of riskless assets. Hedging against labor earnings risk and holding a few stocks for a long period are additional explanations to the low number of stocks. By searching for many stocks but selecting a few, adopting the sequential search strategy, and considering the substitution relationship, households decrease the unsystematic risk in their portfolios even with small numbers of stocks. To demonstrate this, we present a model that is calibrated to match the U.S. data at the household finance level. We find a hump-shaped relationship between wealth and portfolio risk, with only a few stockholders in the peak of the hump distribution bearing high unsystematic risks. We also find that the utility loss from having a portfolio with excess risk from the market portfolio is fairly small and less than a half percent, and as wealth increases the utility loss from excess risk decreases.
Convergent Validity of an Activity-Space Survey for Use in Health Research

Abstract We explored the validity of a survey measuring activity spaces for use in health research in a racially/ethnically diverse adult sample (n = 86) living in four Chicago neighborhoods. Participants reported on the location and visit frequency of 64 activities and wore a GPS data logger. We assessed the spatial congruence of survey- and GPS-derived convex hull measures and the number of GPS points within 100 m and 1000 m of survey locations. The survey-derived convex hull measures captured a small percentage (median = 35.9%) of the GPS-derived convex hull area. However, most GPS points were located within 100 m or 1000 m of home or reported survey locations (median = 73.4% and 92.6%, respectively).
Regenerative growth is constrained by brain tumor to ensure proper patterning in Drosophila

Some animals respond to injury by inducing new growth to regenerate the lost structures. This regenerative growth must be carefully controlled and constrained to prevent overgrowth and to allow correct organization of the regenerating tissue. However, the factors that restrict regenerative growth have not been identified. Using a genetic ablation system in the Drosophila wing imaginal disc, we have identified one mechanism that constrains regenerative growth, impairment of which leads to erroneous patterning of the final appendage. Regenerating discs with reduced levels of the RNA-regulator Brain tumor (Brat) exhibit enhanced regeneration, but produce adult wings with disrupted margins that are missing extensive tracts of sensory bristles. In these mutants, aberrantly high expression of the pro-growth factor Myc and its downstream targets leads to loss of cell-fate specification. Thus, Brat ensures that the regenerating tissue forms the proper final structure by constraining expression of pro-regeneration genes.
Community-Based Museum Ecologies: Public Doors and Windows and Les Nouveaux Commanditaires (‘The New Patrons’)

A growing number of artist-led initiatives and para-institutional organizations are creating community-based projects that signal the emergence of alternative museum ecologies. This article will examine two initiatives, Public Doors and Windows (PDW) and Les Nouveaux Commanditaires (NC) (‘The New Patrons’) that reflect a diverse range of practices that contribute to, or create, museum ecologies outside the physical and conceptual spaces of museums. These museum ecologies also contribute to discourses on the participatory museum and intersect with experiments in community engagement and social practice. Although they may have distinct conceptual points of departure, the diverse institutional platforms and initiatives of PDW and NC demonstrate the ways in which emerging museum ecologies are challenging museums to rethink their relations to communities.
Building Resilience in Trans-boundary Social-Ecological Systems: Adaptive Governance in the Lake Champlain Richelieu River Basin

Addressing the management of water bodies that cross political, cultural, and ecological boundaries entails working with a level of complexity that requires creative, adaptive management strategies that build resilience throughout the system and allow for increased capacity in the face of disturbance. To characterize the extent to which such complexity can be managed, this paper explores the application of the social-ecological systems framework, proposed by Brian Walker and David Salt, for assessing and managing resilience. Elements of this framework will be utilized with respect to the Lake Champlain Richelieu River Basin, which is a freshwater basin that exists between the United States and Canada, in Vermont, New York, and Quebec. The paper will end with considerations regarding how adaptive management and adaptive governance can be employed as tools to build resilience in this region.