cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Topological Stars and Black Holes

We study smooth bubble spacetimes in five-dimensional Einstein-Maxwell theory that resemble four-dimensional magnetic black holes upon Kaluza-Klein reduction. We denote them as topological stars since they have topological cycles supported by magnetic flux. They can be macroscopically large compared to the size of the Kaluza-Klein circle and could describe qualitative properties of microstate geometries for astrophysical black holes. We also describe five-dimensional black strings without curvature singularity, the interior caps as a two-dimensional Milne space with a bubble.
Factors Associated With Cannabis Use During the Reproductive Cycle: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study of Women in States With Recreational and Medical Cannabis Legalization

Passage of cannabis laws may impact cannabis use and the use of other substances. The suggested association is of particular concern in pregnant women where exposure to substances can cause harm to both the pregnant woman and fetus. The present study contributes to the minimal literature on factors associated with cannabis use during the preconception, prenatal, and postpartum periods including state legalization status, concurrent use of tobacco and e-cigarettes and adequacy of prenatal care. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis using combined survey data from the 2016–2018 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) collected from 36,391 women. Logistic regression was used to estimate the impact of state-legalization, adequacy of prenatal care, and other substance use on cannabis use during the preconception, prenatal, and post-partum periods. In the preconception model, residence in a recreationally legal state (OR: 2.37; 95% CI, 2.04–2.75) or medically legal state (OR:3.32; 95% CI, 2.90–3.80) compared to a non-legal state was associated with higher odds of cannabis use. In the prenatal model, residence in a recreationally legal state was associated with higher odds of cannabis use (OR: 1.51; 95% CI, 1.29–1.79) whereas there was no association with residence in a medically legal state. Tobacco use including e-cigarettes and moderate prenatal alcohol use were also significantly associated with cannabis use. Recreational cannabis legalization is associated with the use of cannabis prior to, during, and after pregnancy. Renewed clinical and policy efforts may be warranted to update prenatal substance use prevention programs, educational campaigns, and provider education as cannabis legalization evolves.
How to Use This Book

The aim of this chapter is to help the reader understand major topics and various cases of DWI in this book visually.
A 27 Gb/s 5.39 pJ/bit 8-ary Modulated Wireline Transceiver Using Pulse Width and Amplitude Modulation Achieving 9.5 dB SNR Improvement over PAM-8

This paper presents a novel 8-ary modulation technique with higher SNR compared to the PAM-8. The proposed modulation (SNR-Enhanced), modulates the pulse width and amplitude to achieve an average SNR improvement of 9.5 dB over PAM-8 in the near-end eye at the cost of 8.2% reduction in the horizontal eye margin. Using 3-tap FFE and CTLE, the proposed transceiver achieves 1×10-7 BER at 9 dB channel loss with an efficiency of 5.39 pJ/bit in the 65 nm CMOS process.
Diplopic versus nondiplopic strabismus: effects on functional vision and eye-related quality of life in adolescents.

Twenty adolescents (12-17 years old) with diplopic strabismus and 20 with nondiplopic strabismus (matched to diplopic subjects for direction and magnitude of ocular deviation) completed the Pediatric Eye Questionnaire (PedEyeQ). Children completed the Child PedEyeQ, and one parent for each child completed the Proxy PedEyeQ and Parent PedEyeQ. PedEyeQ Rasch domain scores were calculated and converted to a scale of 0 (worst) to 100 (best). Distributions of domain scores were compared between diplopic and nondiplopic cohorts using Wilcoxon tests. Diplopic adolescents had significantly lower Child PedEyeQ scores on Functional Vision (72 vs 90; P = 0.008), Bothered by Eyes/Vision (65 vs 90; P = 0.009), and Frustration/Worry (53 vs 75; P 0.06 for each comparison). These findings highlight the importance of addressing diplopia when managing childhood strabismus.
Characterization of “cool” and “warm” white light-emitting diodes for low-cost spectrophotometry

The emission properties of “cool” and “warm” white light-emitting diodes were studied in the context of low-cost spectrophotometry. The suitability of pulse-width modulation as a method to control ...
Zooplankton as an alternative method for controlling phytoplankton in catfish pond aquaculture

Abstract In pond aquaculture, production of toxins and off-flavor compounds by cyanobacteria can negatively affect fish health and production. Studies have explored chemical or physical methods for controlling algal blooms in aquaculture ponds, which although effective, may be short-lived and can negatively impact non-target organisms, including aquaculture species. Food web manipulations have a long history in lake and fisheries management to improve water quality, but have been rarely considered in aquaculture. This study examined zooplankton and phytoplankton communities, cyanobacterial toxins, and nutrients in nine catfish aquaculture farm-ponds in west Alabama, USA. The goal of this project was to track phytoplankton and zooplankton abundances with respect to each other, with and without efforts to reduce zooplanktivorous fish in some of the ponds. During this project, farm managers reduced zooplanktivorous fish abundance in select ponds to create a large-scale field experiment that addressed the role of zooplankton control of phytoplankton in hypereutrophic catfish aquaculture ponds when zooplanktivorous fish were or were not excluded. There was a strong negative effect of zooplankton on phytoplankton, including cyanobacteria, despite high nutrient concentrations. Although high zooplankton ponds sustained elevated zooplankton biomass during much of this study, including when pond temperatures exceeded 30 °C, the effect of zooplankton on phytoplankton was most pronounced during the non-growing season (November–April). In addition, total ammonia nitrogen was significantly higher in high zooplankton ponds, which could lead to ammonia toxicity in fish at elevated temperature and pH. Our findings suggest that zooplankton biomanipulation may be an efficient method to control algal blooms in farm-pond catfish aquaculture.
The role of neural load effects in predicting individual differences in working memory function.

Abstract Studies of working memory (WM) function have tended to adopt either a within-subject approach, focusing on effects of load manipulations, or a between-subjects approach, focusing on individual differences. This dichotomy extends to WM neuroimaging studies, with different neural correlates being identified for within- and between-subjects variation in WM. Here, we examined this issue in a systematic fashion, leveraging the large-sample Human Connectome Project dataset, to conduct a well-powered, whole-brain analysis of the N-back WM task. We first demonstrate the advantages of parcellation schemes for dimension reduction, in terms of load-related effect sizes. This parcel-based approach is then utilized to directly compare the relationship between load-related (within-subject) and behavioral individual differences (between-subject) effects through both correlational and predictive analyses. The results suggest a strong linkage of within-subject and between-subject variation, with larger load-effects linked to stronger brain-behavior correlations. In frontoparietal cortex no hemispheric biases were found towards one type of variation, but the Dorsal Attention Network did exhibit greater sensitivity to between over within-subjects variation, whereas in the Somatomotor network, the reverse pattern was observed. Cross-validated predictive modeling capitalizing on this tight relationship between the two effects indicated greater predictive power for load-activated than load-deactivated parcels, while also demonstrating that load-related effect size can serve as an effective guide to feature (i.e., parcel) selection, in maximizing predictive power while maintaining interpretability. Together, the findings demonstrate an important consistency across within- and between-subjects approaches to identifying the neural substrates of WM, which can be effectively harnessed to develop more powerful predictive models.
Identity and Reproductive Aspects in Females with Fragile X Syndrome.

Purpose: Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) is caused by a full mutation in the FMR1 gene, defined by >200 CGG repeats. It is the leading cause of inherited intellectual disability, but presents with a wide range of clinical variability in males and particularly amongst females. This article aims to review the perspectives of women with the full mutation in relation to Fragile X Syndrome identification, romantic desires, and reproductive decision making. Methods: We generated an online survey of 33 questions to be administered to 31 women that had visited our Fragile X Syndrome Clinic and members of the National Fragile X Foundation. We extrapolated common themes from the obtained data. Results: The results showed that most women often struggled with identifying as a female with FXS. Furthermore, many women are interested in childbearing, however most are in need of genetic counseling. Conclusions: Further research to advance the understanding of the specific needs of women with FXS is necessary.
Serial Exercise Testing in Patients with Congenital Heart Disease

Cardiovascular function is an important determinant of exercise function. Formal exercise testing can therefore provide clinically useful, quantitative and objective insights into a patient’s cardiovascular status. Serial exercise studies evaluate the progress of an individual patient’s exercise function over a period of time and provide clinicians with a unique perspective upon the natural history of congenital heart disease. They can also provide quantitative, objective data regarding the functional impact of various clinical interventions and often shed light on important physiologic processes that otherwise might not be appreciated.
The LIMITS of MATHEMATICS: A Course on Information Theory and the Limits of Formal Reasoning

From the Publisher: This book presents the final version of Chaitin's course on the limits of mathematical reasoning. This course uses algorithmic information theory to show that mathematics has serious limitations, and features a new more didactic approach to algorithmic information theory using LISP and Mathematica software. The thesis of the book is that the incompleteness phenomenon discovered by Godel is much more widespread and serious than hitherto suspected.
From the Academy: Colloquium Perspective: In the light of evolution I: Adaptation and complex design.

Darwin's elucidation of natural selection as a creative evolutionary force was one of the monumental intellectual achievements in the history of science, not only revolutionizing thought across the biological sciences but also fundamentally impacting much discourse in the social sciences, philosophy, and religion. No longer were explanations for the origin and marvelous adaptations of organisms necessarily to be sought solely in the context of supernatural causation. Instead, biological outcomes could now be interpreted within the critical scientific framework of natural processes governed by natural processes and laws. As a young man, Charles Darwin (like most biologists of his era and before) was a natural theologian steeped in the notion that an attentive study of organisms in nature would ineluctably serve to document and further glorify the infinite creative powers of the Almighty. Darwin read and greatly admired William Paley's 1802 Natural Theology , which eloquently developed the “argument from design” that biological complexity was prima facie evidence for an intelligent engineer. This age-old idea had an illustrious intellectual pedigree. For example, it had been one of the “Five Ways” that St. Thomas Aquinas (an influential Dominican scholar of the 13th century) purported to prove God's existence. In 1779, the Scottish philosopher David Hume again encapsulated conventional wisdom when he wrote the curious adapting of means to ends, throughout all of nature, resembles exactly, although it much exceeds, the productions of human contrivance, of human design, thought, wisdom, and intelligence…. By this argument a posteriori , and by this argument alone, do we perceive at once the existence of a Deity, and his similarity to human mind and intelligence. Dialogues Concerning Natural ReligionThe link between adaptation, biological complexity, and omnipotent design was apparent not only to philosophers and theologians. As phrased in the 1600s by the Christian scholar and scientist … [↵][1]*To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: javise{at}uci.edu or fjayala{at}uci.edu [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Depression and risk of epithelial ovarian cancer: Results from two large prospective cohort studies☆

Abstract Objectives While emerging evidence supports a possible link between depression and ovarian cancer progression, no prospective studies have explored the association with ovarian cancer risk. Methods We prospectively followed 77,451 women from the Nurses' Health Study (1992–2010) and 106,452 women from the Nurses' Health Study II (1993–2011). Depression was defined as having one or more of the following: a 5-item Mental Health Index (MHI-5) score ≤ 52, antidepressant use, or physician-diagnosed depression. Multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between depression and incident ovarian cancer. Results We documented 698 incident cases of epithelial ovarian cancer during follow-up. In multivariable analyses, depression assessed 2–4 years before cancer diagnosis was associated with a modestly higher incidence of ovarian cancer (HR = 1.30, 95% CI 1.05–1.60). Compared to women with persistent negative depression status, the adjusted HRs were 1.34 (95% CI 1.01–1.76) for women with persistent positive depression status and 1.28 (95% CI 0.88–1.85) for women with worsening depression status over follow-up. The association did not appear to vary by ovarian cancer risk factors or tumor characteristics. Conclusions Our findings suggest that depression may be associated with a modestly increased risk of ovarian cancer. Given the relatively high prevalence of depression in women, future work in larger prospective human studies is needed to confirm our results.
Life-cycle environmental impacts of CRT and LCD desktop monitors

The US Environmental Protection Agency's Design for the Environment Program is conducting an industry-wide environmental life-cycle assessment of cathode ray tube (CRT) and liquid crystal display (LCD) computer monitors. Preliminary results are presented for 16 environmental impact categories that show the relative difference in life-cycle impacts for the CRT and LCD. Considering the entire life cycle of each monitor, global warming and water eutrophication impacts were greater for the LCD while all other impact categories (e.g., resource use, energy, ozone depletion, landfill space use, etc.) were greater for the CRT. Energy inputs for CRT glass manufacturing data, for which there was relatively low confidence in the data, drive many of the CRT impacts. When comparing the manufacturing stages of each monitor type, the LCD has more relative burdens on the environment than does the CRT. Using these study results can allow industry to begin focusing on where environmental improvements can be made.
Direct parallel operation of cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverters

This paper proposes a method to parallel m digital controlled cascaded H-bridge (CHB) multilevel inverters directly with high bandwidth current sharing capabilities. The proposed method utilizes switch signal synchronization with dead time control to eliminate circulating current and adopts “piecewise” master-slave strategy to achieve equal current distribution in less than one cycle. A prototype is designed, built, and tested to verify the proposed method.
The role of low concentrations of ionic emulsifier—fatty alcohol mixtures in the emulsification of styrene

Abstract The emulsification of styrene monomer using mixed-emulsifier systems comprising a fatty alcohol with either sodium lauryl sulfate or hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide was studied by conductometric titration. The most stable miniemulsions were formed at emulsifier molar ratios between 1:1 and 1:3 when the alcohol had the same chain length as that of the emulsifier. Other factors such as temperature, mixing time, addition rate of the styrene, stirring speed, and composition of the oil phase were also found to affect emulsion stability.
Triiodothyronine: a substrate for the thermostable and thermolabile forms of human phenol sulfotransferase.

The enzyme(s) responsible for the sulfate conjugation of L-T3 in man has not been characterized. T3 sulfotransferase (T3-ST) activity was characterized in normal human liver tissue obtained during clinically indicated surgical resection. Subcellular distribution studies showed that the T3-ST activity was localized to the cytoplasmic fraction. This finding raised the possibility that T3-ST activity might be similar to the 2 previously identified forms of cytoplasmic phenol sulfotransferase (PST) found in human tissue. A thermostable (TS) form of PST catalyzes the sulfate conjugation of micromolar concentrations of p-nitrophenol, and a thermolabile (TL) form catalyzes the sulfate conjugation of dopamine and other monoamines. Thermal stability and enzyme inhibitor experiments showed that T3-ST activity in pooled liver homogenates was very similar to the TS form of PST. The apparent similarity of T3-ST to TS PST was studied further by measuring T3-ST, TS PST, and TL PST activities in 20 individual liver sampl...
Effects of behavior change on the spread of AIDS epidemic

The spread of AIDS epidemic is biologically and sociologically complex. It is related to the biology of the disease as well as to the social behavior of the sexually active people. In order to understand effects of social behavior on the spread of the disease and to provide qualitative insights, we formulate an age-structured risk group model which includes migration between risk groups. Based upon stability of the ''disease-free'' equilibrium threshold conditions are investigated. Expressions for the reproductive number are obtained and the effects of behavior change on the reproductive number are discussed.
Incremental Network Optimization: Theory and Algorithms

In an incremental optimization problem, we are given a feasible solution x0 of an optimization problem P, and we want to make an incremental change in x0 that will result in the greatest improvement in the objective function. In this paper, we study the incremental optimization versions of six well-known network problems. We present a strongly polynomial algorithm for the incremental minimum spanning tree problem. We show that the incremental minimum cost flow problem and the incremental maximum flow problem can be solved in polynomial time using Lagrangian relaxation. We consider two versions of the incremental minimum shortest path problem, where increments are measured via arc inclusions and arc exclusions. We present a strongly polynomial time solution for the arc inclusion version and show that the arc exclusion version is NP-complete. We show that the incremental minimum cut problem is NP-complete and that the incremental minimum assignment problem reduces to the minimum exact matching problem, for which a randomized polynomial time algorithm is known.
Mechanical stresses in silicon oxide films

Abstract The residual stress in thin films formed by vacuum sublimation of bulk silicon monoxide has been studied as a function of source temperature, residual gases present during deposition, and exposure to atmospheric air after preparation. Highly stable films of silicon monoxide having a tensile stress from 2 to 5×10 8 dynes/cm 2 can be prepared at system pressures less than 5×10 −6 torr and at source temperatures between 1300 and 1400°C. If higher source temperatures are used, the resultant films anneal with time and are susceptible to cracking. Those produced at lower source temperatures are under a high tensile stress unless a high partial pressure of water vapor or oxygen is present. In this case oxidation occurs resulting in a decrease in the film stress. For completely oxidized films, a compressive stress of 3×10 8 dynes/cm 2 was observed. Partial oxidation results in a film which is highly unstable in air. High partial pressures of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen and hydrogen were found to have very little effect on the residual stress.
Observations of alloying in the growth of Cr on Fe(001)

Abstract Using scanning tunneling microscopy, we observe the alloying of Cr with an Fe(001) substrate for various coverages at two temperatures. At low Cr coverage, the alloy consists of individual Cr impurities surrounded by Fe. Elemental identification is possible using surface states observed via tunneling spectroscopy. The alloy may be the cause of several magnetic anomalies observed in Cr/Fe structures.
Microstructure of hot-pressed Ti(C, N)-based cermets

Abstract Starting from commercial nanosize TiN and carbon black powders, this study set up a synthesis of fine and pure Ti(C,N) powders. The best experimental conditions were found using a mixture TiN+10 wt.% of C processed at 1430 °C for 3 h under flowing Argon. The as-produced Ti(C,N) powder showed regularly shaped particles (100–300 nm), little agglomeration and a C/(C+N) atomic ratio ranging from 0.4 to 0.6. A mixture of Ti(C,N) +15.3 wt% of WC and 9.1 wt% of Ni+Co was prepared and hot pressed at 1620 °C for 30 min (5 MPa of applied pressure). Microstructure and some properties of the sintered ceramic–metal composite (cermet) was investigated by SEM-EDX and XRD. The material exhibited a refined microstructure, but also the presence of textured flaws of several tenths of microns, attributed to not-optimized sintering conditions. The results were compared with those obtained from a cermet manufactured with the same nominal formulation but with commercial TiC 0.5 N 0.5 raw powder.
Immediate converting-enzyme inhibition with intravenous enalapril in chronic congestive heart failure.

To test the hypothesis that intravenous enalapril is a useful pharmacologic probe of the renin angiotensin system, intravenous enalapril was administered to 9 patients with severe congestive heart failure (CHF). This produced abrupt and complete blockade of converting enzyme, with peak effect occurring at 30 minutes, as reflected by increases of plasma renin activity (from 16.8 ± 6 to 86.6 ± 23 ng/ml/hour) and decreases of plasma aldosterone levels (from 46 ± 14 to 25 ± 6 ng%) (both p < 0.05). With reduction of angiotensin II-mediated vasoconstriction, systemic vascular resistance decreased markedly (from 1,974 ± 233 to 1,400 ± 136 dyne s cm−5) and cardiac index was improved (from 1.88 ± 0.9 to 2.20 ± 0.21 liters/min/m2) (both p < 0.05). The time course of angiotensin II levels suggested that the lack of a cumulative effect from additive doses of intravenous enalapril was a reflection of complete inhibition of converting enzyme. One patient did not respond to enalapril; despite comparable hemodynamic severity of CHF, the renin-angiotensin system was not activated in this patient. Thus, intravenous enalapril is capable of rapid and complete inhibition of converting enzyme for the accurate assessment of angiotensin II-mediated vasoconstriction in patients with severe CHF.
Quantifying wave attenuation to inform coastal habitat conservation

Coastal vegetation can protect people and property from erosion and flooding, potentially providing a win-win solution for conservation and development. However, the conditions under which natural habitats provide protection have been controversial, partly because the geomorphic, ecological, and hydrodynamic factors that determine wave attenuation vary greatly among locations, times, and studies. We re-analyzed existing wave attenuation studies in kelp, mangrove, marsh and seagrass habitats and found that much of the variation in wave attenuation can be explained by differences in vegetation characteristics and by the change in bulk drag with flow conditions. We found that vegetation can exert substantial drag on passing waves, but that the bulk drag coefficient declines in flow conditions characterized by high Reynolds numbers. This decline is important because storm conditions are highly turbulent (typical Reynolds numbers are greater than 104), and we lack empirical measurements of bulk drag coefficients from such conditions. Failing to account for the decline can over-estimate wave attenuation in storms by 19% to 1600%. These results suggest that larger habitat areas will need to be set aside for coastal protection than previously thought. Our approach provides predictions for designing practical habitat conservation and restoration plans that also protect humans and property from flooding and erosion.
Insurance Demand Anomalies and Regulation

In recent years, it has become increasingly clear that risk aversion alone cannot explain individuals' demand for insurance. From the perspective of risk aversion, individuals tend to purchase insurance when they should not, refuse to purchase insurance when they should, prefer sub-optimal payouts and allow irrelevant considerations to influence their insurance preferences. This article considers the normative implications of these insurance demand anomalies. It argues that while they are generally the result of consumer mistakes, they may also reflect sophisticated decision making. Given these conflicting explanations, the article explores a spectrum of “libertarian paternalistic” regulatory interventions in insurance markets.
Sterol biosynthesis in Pneumocystis: unique steps that define unique targets.

Abstract Pneumocystis lacks ergosterol, and several antimycotics that bind ergosterol in fungal membranes or inhibit its synthesis are ineffective against Pneumocystis pneumonia. The organism synthesizes C 28 and C 29 Δ 7 24-alkylsterols, 24-alkyllanosterol derivatives, and Δ 5 24-alkylsterols, which may be produced by modifying scavenged Δ 5 sterols. Mammals cannot desaturate C-22 and alkylate C-24 of sterols, thus, these processes are particularly attractive targets for antifungal drug development. Recent data indicate that C-22 desaturation is not, but C-24 alkylation is an attractive target in P. carinii . The P. carinii S -adenosyl-l-methionine:sterol C-24 methyl transferase (SAM:SMT) has unique properties; it prefers lanosterol as its sterol substrate.
Categories of Attitudes toward Behavior and the Attitude-Behavior Relationship

Summary Five categories of attitudes toward behavior were identified. Two hundred white junior and senior undergraduates (white experimenter) made judgments (the criterion behavior) as to the likelihood of successful treatment of black clinical cases described to them. Stepwise multiple regression demonstrated that attitude toward psychotherapy in general, attitude toward individual therapy, and acceptance of blacks in positions of superior status formed a set of variables that maximized relationship to the criterion behavior. General attitudes toward blacks and attitudes toward human nature did not increase significantly that degree of relationship.
Evidence for two active sites in the spliceosome provided by stereochemistry of pre-mRNA splicing

EXCISION of introns from nuclear precursors to messenger RNAs (pre-mRNAs) by the spliceosome requires two distinct phosphodiester transfer (transesterification) reactions: exchange of a 3′–5′ for a 2′–5′ bond in the first step (lariat formation) and exchange of one 3′–5′ phosphodiester for another in the second step (exon ligation)1–3. We report here determination of the stereochemical course of each step using splicing substrates that contained a chiral phosphorothioate. This has provided strong evidence that both steps occur as single ‘in-line’ SN2 nucleophilic displacement reactions, analogous to the mechanism of group I self-splicing introns4,5. Additionally, because both steps are strongly inhibited by the RP phosphorothioate diastereomer, but not by SP, the spliceosome probably shifts between two active sites in catalysis of the two steps. Chemical and stereochemical similarities suggest that the catalytic site for the second step of spliceosomal processing is related to that of group I self-splicing introns.
Student and Faculty Interdisciplinary Identities in Self-Managed Teams

Background Interdisciplinary teamwork is increasingly important for engineering graduates. Yet, the reality of teaching interdisciplinarity requires faculty and students to navigate structures of engineering pro grams that do not accommodate interdisciplinary work. Purpose (Hypothesis) The purpose of this study is to understand how students and faculty negotiate interdisciplinary identities and how self-managed work teams can be used as a pedagogical strategy for promoting interdisciplinarity. Gee's concepts of affinity identity and institutional identity are used to theorize interdisciplinary teaming. Design/Method Multiple data sets from observations and interviews are used to present a case study of one interdisciplinary design course from the points of view of faculty and students. This approach, combined with research literature, is used to propose a pedagogical model for interdisciplinary teaming. Results A pedagogical approach of self-managed teaming can promote interdisciplinary identities if (a) faculty model institutional identities as interdisciplinary researchers and instructors, (b) students are encouraged to perform as decision-makers in groups constructed through affinity identities, and (c) faculty provide scaffolding for self-managed teams and encourage valuing of different disciplinary perspectives. Conclusion In the midst of an international shift toward interdisciplinarity, structural boundaries within academia present challenges to interdisciplinary collaborations. Gee's identity theory can facilitate our understanding of academic structures, especially in examining how overlapping affinity and institutional identities are at the center of newly formed interdisciplinary spaces. Issues critical to aiding interdisciplinary teaming include conflict management, scaffolding by instructors, and realistic appraisal of disciplinary grounding.
Calibrating Urban Residential Models 1: Procedures and Strategies

Calibration of urban residential models has long been an area of confusion and apprehension for prospective model users. With the evolution of entropy-maximizing model formulations there has been new progress made toward resolving the calibration problem. Most of this progress has assumed the availability of spatial-interaction data (the Tij matrix). Many situations arise where singly constrained models are to be calibrated, for example, residential- or retail-location models, in the absence of this data. This paper describes a method which has been successfully used for calibrating urban residential models of such a type.
Pricing cross-currency put warrants: Some empirical evidence

Over the past few years investors have witnessed a virtual explosion in the number of financial securities available. It would now appear possible for an investor to/hedge or speculate on almost any type of financial risk. Interestingly, many corporations have led the way in the introduction of many of these new instruments (e.g., see Alderson, Brown, and Lummer [l], Chen and Kensinger [8], Chen and Sears [9], Chen, Sears, and Shahrokhi [lo], McConnell and Schwartz [20], and Ogden [21]). While these new securities provide financing to their corporate issuers, investors are afforded new opportunities to invest with potential payoffs not currently available in the market. One of the newest innovations in security instruments is the cross-currency put warrant issued by American Telephone and Telegraph (ATT thus, these new warrants possessed a longer life than most standard foreign currency warrants. With the globalization of financial markets, it now appears that three countries, the U.S., Germany and Japan, will play a major role in economic developments during the 1990s. While the 1980s witnessed the dramatic rise (and subsequent fall) of the Japanese economy and its currency, the 1990s may see the Deutsche Mark as one of the key (if not the principal) currencies, given Germany’s role in the development of the European Common Market. Thus, the introduction of the AT&T cross-currency put warrants provided investors with an opportunity to hedge or speculate on the relative movements in the exchange
Mixed valence as an almost broken symmetry.

By using a generalized version of the infinite-$U$ Anderson model, strong-coupling properties of mixed-valence systems are modeled by means of an expansion about a broken-symmetry mean-field theory. A renormalized Fermi liquid, with heavy-fermion bands in the lattice is an intrinsic feature of this mean-field theory. Strong-coupling divergence of the Kondo coupling constant arises as a direct consequence of the zero-mode fluctuations about the broken-symmetry state. In the large-degeneracy limit these fluctuations vanish and the broken-symmetry state is an exact solution, explicitly confirmed for the single-impurity case by a new Bethe-ansatz solution. The crossover to strong coupling is a vestige of the phase transition into the broken-symmetry state. Landau parameters, charge and spin correlations of the heavy Fermi liquid are directly related to the fluctuations about the broken-symmetry state. The general approach presented is applicable to an arbitrary number of impurities or a lattice. Analytic results are presented for the Landau parameters, the dynamical charge and spin correlations in the one- and the two-impurity models, and the one-impurity $f$ spectral function.
Factors affecting individual foraging specialization and temporal diet stability across the range of a large “generalist” apex predator

Individual niche specialization (INS) is increasingly recognized as an important component of ecological and evolutionary dynamics. However, most studies that have investigated INS have focused on the effects of niche width and inter- and intraspecific competition on INS in small-bodied species for short time periods, with less attention paid to INS in large-bodied reptilian predators and the effects of available prey types on INS. We investigated the prevalence, causes, and consequences of INS in foraging behaviors across different populations of American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis), the dominant aquatic apex predator across the southeast US, using stomach contents and stable isotopes. Gut contents revealed that, over the short term, although alligator populations occupied wide ranges of the INS spectrum, general patterns were apparent. Alligator populations inhabiting lakes exhibited lower INS than coastal populations, likely driven by variation in habitat type and available prey types. Stable isotopes revealed that over longer time spans alligators exhibited remarkably consistent use of variable mixtures of carbon pools (e.g., marine and freshwater food webs). We conclude that INS in large-bodied reptilian predator populations is likely affected by variation in available prey types and habitat heterogeneity, and that INS should be incorporated into management strategies to efficiently meet intended goals. Also, ecological models, which typically do not consider behavioral variability, should include INS to increase model realism and applicability.
Minimally Entangled Typical Quantum States at Finite Temperature

We introduce a class of states, called minimally entangled typical thermal states, designed to resemble a typical state of a quantum system at finite temperature with a bias towards classical (minimally entangled) properties. These states reveal in an intuitive way properties such as short-range order which may often be hidden. A finite-$T$ density matrix renormalization group algorithm is presented which is only modestly slower than the $T=0$ density matrix renormalization group.
The Acoustical Characteristics of the Normal Temporomandibular Joint

Both clinical and empirical evidence suggests that the "normal" temporomandibular joint produces noise during function. The purpose of this study was to determine the conditions under which these noises might arise. Joint sounds and mandibular movements were recorded simultaneously from 200 adults who had no previous history or present symptoms of TMJ pain or dysfunction. The joint sounds were recorded bilaterally by means of two separate miniature vibration transducers mounted on a common headband, and incisal point mandibular movements were measured by a magnetometer tracking system. Recordings were made while each subject opened and closed the mouth, first in a natural and comfortable manner, and then to maximum displacement. Two types of measurements were made: the appearance, onset, and duration of joint-propagated sounds in relation to relative mandibular position; and the spectral properties of the detected sounds. The results of this study showed that for natural opening and closing movements of the mandible, the "normal" TMJ was silent for all age groups. However, for the maximum displacement condition, detectable sounds appeared at the points of maximum displacement in both the opening and closing phases of the cycle in over 80 percent of the subjects. However, these sounds were, as a class, substantially longer than, and spectrally distinct from, abnormal joint sounds, suggesting that they arise from a distinct physical substrate.
Ectodermal dysplasia-related disorders of the respiratory tract

Ectodermal dysplasia syndromes are frequently associated with manifestations of disease in the respiratory tract. Commonly, patients present with signs and symptoms of sinusitis, otitis media with effusion, bronchitis or pneumonia. The etiologic bases for these disorders are multi-factorial, including abnormal mucous production, anatomical variations, atopy and immune function abnormalities. This presentation reviews the current literature on the clinical manifestations and potential underlying causes for the noted increase in morbidity due to respiratory disease in the ectodermal dyplasia syndromes.
Pituitary tumor transforming gene (PTTG) transforming and transactivation activity.

Abstract Pituitary tumor transforming gene (PTTG) is a newly identified transforming gene, the functional mechanism of which is little understood. Computational analysis reveals a C terminus rich in Glu and Pro, a known characteristic of transcriptional activation domains. We report here that murine PTTG indeed possesses transactivation ability, which correlates highly with its transforming properties. Pro139, Ser159, Pro157-Pro158-Ser159-Pro160(PPXP motif), and Leu120-Asp121-Phe122-Asp123-Leu124were found to be important for transactivation. Mutation to Ala at a key Pro139 residue not only disrupted the transactivation function but also resulted in the loss of transforming ability in NIH3T3 cells. A murine PTTG cDNA that encodes a variant C-terminal tail (Gly-Lys-Gly-Val-Arg-Ser-Asn-Gly-Cys-Lys-Asp-Leu-Val-Thr) was cloned. This novel PTTG is devoid of transactivation and transforming ability; deletion of its variant C-terminal tail restores both transactivation and transforming ability. These results show a high correlation between the transforming and transactivation functions of PTTG and also indicate that the novel PTTG variant may function as an endogenous competitor to wild-type PTTG.
Families of FPGA-based accelerators for approximate string matching

Dynamic programming for approximate string matching is a large family of different algorithms, which vary significantly in purpose, complexity, and hardware utilization. Many implementations have reported impressive speed-ups, but have typically been point solutions - highly specialized and addressing only one or a few of the many possible options. The problem to be solved is creating a hardware description that implements a broad range of behavioral options without losing efficiency due to feature bloat. We report a set of three component types that address different parts of the approximate string matching problem. This allows each application to choose the feature set required, then make maximum use of the FPGA fabric according to that application's specific resource requirements. Multiple, interchangeable implementations are available for each component type. We show that these methods allow the efficient generation of a large, if not complete, family of accelerators for this application. This flexibility was obtained while retaining high performance: we have evaluated a sample against serial reference codes and found speed-ups of from 150x to 400x over a high-end PC.
Multiple Fitness Peaks on the Adaptive Landscape Drive Adaptive Radiation in the Wild

The relationship between phenotype and fitness can be visualized as a rugged landscape. Multiple fitness peaks on this landscape are predicted to drive early bursts of niche diversification during adaptive radiation. We measured the adaptive landscape in a nascent adaptive radiation of Cyprinodon pupfishes endemic to San Salvador Island, Bahamas, and found multiple coexisting high-fitness regions driven by increased competition at high densities, supporting the early burst model. Hybrids resembling the generalist phenotype were isolated on a local fitness peak separated by a valley from a higher-fitness region corresponding to trophic specialization. This complex landscape could explain both the rarity of specialists across many similar environments due to stabilizing selection on generalists and the rapid morphological diversification rate of specialists due to their higher fitness.
Pollen precedence and stigma closure a mechanism of competition for pollination between delphinium nelsonii and ipomopsis aggregata

Previous experiments showed that the sympatric herbs Delphinium nelsonii and Ipomopsis aggregata compete for hummingbird pollination and that deleterious effects of the former species on seed set of the latter involve interspecific pollen transfer. However, seed set was not reduced when pollen of both species was applied simultaneously to I. aggregata stigmas. Hence a competitive effect may require arrival of foreign pollen before conspecific pollen. To explore this possibility we subjected I. aggregata flowers to a “competition” treatment in which they received D. nelsonii pollen 6 h before I. aggregata pollen, or to a “control” in which they received only the conspecific pollen. Foreign pollen precedence decreased mean seed set by almost 50%, which is consistent with effects observed in previous experiments. Reduced seed set can be explained by the fact that foreign pollen often caused stigma lobes to close together within 1.5–6 h, reducing subsequent receptivity. Stigma closure was also elicited by conspecific pollen, but not by mechanical stimulation, and was influenced by size of the pollen load and identity of the plant being pollinated.
Spinodal twinning of a deformed crystal

We propose the possibility of a spinodal mechanism for deformation twinning in addition to the nucleation and growth mechanism assumed in all existing studies of twinning, using the thermodynamic stability analysis of a homogeneously deformed crystal by examining its energy landscape as a function of strain along the twinning direction obtained from first-principles calculations. Twinning occurs continuously owing to thermodynamic instability with respect to twinning at large shear strains, whereas it can only take place through the nucleation and growth mechanism at small shear strains.
Impact of Marketing Model Application and Competitive Intelligence Utilization on Strategic Response Capability

Nimble competitors competing in a dynamic global marketspace increasingly characterize the business climate faced by many organizations. To provide the organization's marketing managers with the models and tools to mine information required to discover insights is becoming a major issue facing organizations. This study focused on investigating the potential combined impact of the marketing manager's marketing model application and competitive intelligence utilization on their strategic response capability. A two by three factorial design was utilized to test these combined effects. The MANOVA and ANOVA results show significant main and interaction effects of marketing model application and competitive intelligence utilization on the four identified factors of strategic response capability. These factors are labeled marketing strategy appraisal, insight generation, strategic response formulation, and pattern utilization. Managerial implications and future research directions are discussed.
Alteration of carbon monoxide and hypoxic hypoxia-induced lethality following phenobarbital, chlorpromazine, or alcohol pretreatment.

Abstract Mice were pretreated with phenobarbital, chlorpromazine, or alcohol prior to exposure to 1900 ppm carbon monoxide (CO) or 7.5% oxygen (O 2 ) environments. Pretreatment for 1 hr with chlorpromazine or ethanol increased the lethality of mice exposed to both CO and 7.5% O 2 , while 1-hr phenobarbital pretreatment had no effect on CO lethality but increased 7.5% O 2 lethality. Changes in carboxyhemoglobin concentrations that were observed were inconsistent with the alteration in CO lethality. Studies of red blood cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate concentrations and rate of carboxyhemoglobin formation in vitro showed that the apparent affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen and CO remained unchanged following drug or alcohol pretreatments. The different effects of the pretreatments on CO and 7.5% O 2 lethality and the lack of correlation of CO lethality with carboxyhemoglobin concentrations suggests that there are other factors besides extracellular events directly associated with oxygenation of tissues which are critical determinants of the lethal potential of CO or 7.5% O 2 .
High-latitude surface temperature estimates from thermal satellite data

Abstract The surface temperature of the polar regions controls sea ice growth, snow melt, and surface-atmosphere energy exchange. However, our limited knowledge of polar surfaces and atmospheres has hampered the development of methods to estimate surface temperature with satellite data. In this article, clear-sky surface-temperature retrieval algorithms for rise with the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) and the Along Track Scanning Radiometer (ATSR) for the Arctic and the Antarctic, over ocean and land, are presented. The methods are similar to those used in estimating sea and land surface temperatures but are developed with. data specific to the polar regions. An extensive validation analysis using an annual cycle of .surface meamarements gives accuracies in the range of 0.3–2.1 K, the larger errors being attributable to the spatially variable .surface of the validation area. For homogeneous surfaces the expected accuracy is sufficient for many climate process studies.
Postshock crouching: Familiarity with the shock situation

Two groups of rats were given seven brief foot shocks at 1 h intervals. The Ss who had been placed in the shock situations 24 h before shock crouched less after the second and all succeeding shocks than the group which had only 1/2 h habituation to the shock situation, thus indicating that the cues of the shock situation influence postshock crouching.