cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of iterative and direct solution methods for viscous flow problems

Coles, D., "The Law of the Wake in the Turbulent Boundary Layer/' Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 1, Feb. 1956, pp. 191-226. Dechow, R., "Mittlere Geschwindigkeit und Reynoldscher Spannungstensor in der dreidimensionalen turbulenten Wandgrenzschicht vor einem stehenden Zylinder," Dissertation, Technische Hochschule Karlsruhe, Federal Republic of Germany, 1976. Johnston, J. P., "On the Three-Dimensional Turbulent Boundary Layer Generated by Secondary Flow," Transactions ofASME, Journal of Basic Engineering, Vol. 82, March 1960, pp. 233-248. Miiller, U. R., "Messung von Reynoldsschen Spannungen und zeitlich gemittelten Geschwindigkeiten in einer dreidimensionalen Grenzschicht mit nichtverschwindenden Druckgradienten," Dissertation, Rheinisch Westfalische Technische Hochschule, Aachen, Federal Republic of Germany, March 1979. Pfeil, H. and Sticksel, W., "Influence of the Pressure Gradient on the Law of the Wall," AIAA Journal, Vol. 20, 1982, pp. 434-436. Pfeil, H. and Miiller, T. "A Velocity Profile Model for Two-Dimensional Zero Pressure Gradient Transitional Boundary Layers," AIAA Journal (to be published).
Excess production of free alpha subunits by mouse pituitary thyrotropic tumor cells in vitro.

Primary cultures from three serially transplanted mouse pituitary thyrotropic tumors, Furth 97A, 97B, and 97C, and one newly generated tumor, NIH 101A, were shown to secrete free a subunits and a β subunit (TSH-β) in addition to intact TSH. The three glycopeptides were measured in specific, heterologous radioimmunoassays. Basal secretion of a subunit was found to be in excess in all four thyrotropic tumor cultures, ranging from 5.7- to 8.9-fold higher than that of intact TSH and 30- to 35-fold higher than that of free TSH-β. In cultures from 97A, TRH (10-7 M) stimulated the secretion of TSH, a subunit, and TSH-β by 175–185% and (T4 10-5 M) inhibited TSH to 19%, a subunit to 68%, and TSH-β to 58% of control. Secretion of TSH and its subunits in cultures from 97B was not consistently affected by TRH or T4. In cultures from 97C, TSH and α secretion was inhibited in a dosedependent fashion by T3 from 2.5 × 10-9 to 1.6 × 10-7 M. Gel chromatography of incubation media from tumor 97A revealed elution volumes of ...
Mechanisms of decomposition of metal during femtosecond laser ablation

The mechanisms of decomposition of a metal (nickel) during femtosecond laser ablation are studied using molecular dynamics simulations. It is found that phase explosion is responsible for gas bubble generation and the subsequent material removal at lower laser fluences. The phase explosion process occurs as combined results of heating, thermal expansion, and the propagation of tensile stress wave induced by the laser pulse. When the laser fluence is higher, it is revealed that critical point phase separation plays an important role in material removal.
Inhibition of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica on spinach and identification of antimicrobial substances produced by a commercial Lactic Acid Bacteria food safety intervention.

The microbiological safety of fresh produce is of concern for the U.S. food supply. Members of the Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) have been reported to antagonize pathogens by competing for nutrients and by secretion of substances with antimicrobial activity, including organic acids, peroxides, and antimicrobial polypeptides. The objectives of this research were to: (i) determine the capacity of a commercial LAB food antimicrobial to inhibit Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica on spinach leaf surfaces, and (ii) identify antimicrobial substances produced in vitro by the LAB comprising the food antimicrobial. Pathogens were inoculated on freshly harvested spinach, followed by application of the LAB antimicrobial. Treated spinach was aerobically incubated up to 12 days at 7 °C and surviving pathogens enumerated via selective/differential plating. l-Lactic acid and a bacteriocin-like inhibitory substance (BLIS) were detected and quantified from cell-free fermentates obtained from LAB-inoculated liquid microbiological medium. Application of 8.0 log10 CFU/g LAB produced significant (p < 0.05) reductions in E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella populations on spinach of 1.6 and 1.9 log10 CFU/g, respectively. It was concluded the LAB antimicrobial inhibited foodborne pathogens on spinach during refrigerated storage, likely the result of the production of metabolites with antimicrobial activity.
Magnetohydrodynamic Flow and Heat Transfer About a Rotating Disk

The effects of an axial magnetic field on the flow and heat transfer about a rotating disk were analyzed. It was found that the presence of the magnetic field significantly decreases the flow velocities; but increases the torque required to maintain steady rotation of the disk. The heat transfer was also decreased by the magnetic field, with greater reductions occurring for low Prandtl number fluids. (auth)
Quartz crystal microbalance study of bovine serum albumin adsorption onto self-assembled monolayer-functionalized gold with subsequent ligand binding

Adsorption characteristics of the model protein bovine serum albumin (BSA) onto gold surfaces were examined using a 5 MHz quartz crystal microbalance. Protein immobilization was executed in the presence and absence of a homogenous self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of NHS-terminated alkanethiols. BSA concentrations in the range of 3.2 × 10(-6) to 1.0 × 10(-3)mol/L were found to saturate both SAM-functionalized and non-functionalized surfaces with similar densities of 450 ± 26 ng/cm(2). The lack of functionalization dependence is attributed to the large protein size relative to the density of available binding sites in either surface condition. The BSA ligand 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid (ANS) was subsequently introduced to the immobilized BSA to determine any effects of the protein immobilization conditions on ligand binding. The rate of ANS binding to BSA was found to increase with increasing BSA concentration used in the immobilization step. This suggests that protein concentration affects morphology and ligand binding affinity without significantly altering adsorption quantity.
Toxic releases from power plants

Beginning in 1998, electric power plants burning coal or oil must estimate and report their annual releases of toxic chemicals listed in the Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) published by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). This paper identifies the toxic chemicals of greatest significance for the electric utility sector and develops quantitative estimates of the toxic releases reportable to the TRI for a representative coal-fired power plant. Key factors affecting the magnitude and types of toxic releases for individual power plants also are discussed. A national projection suggests that the magnitude of electric utility industry releases will surpass those of the manufacturing industries which currently report to the TRI. Risk communication activities at the community level will be essential to interpret and provide context for the new TRI results.
Matrix independent label-free nanoelectronic biosensor

Previously we presented a novel, label free and real time electrical impedance biosensor, referred to as the nanoneedle biosensor. The nanoneedle is an ultrasensitive and localized device, which has the ability to directly measure biomolecular binding as a function of time. Label-free electronic sensors generally operate in low salt-concentration buffers [1] making them impractical for analyzing complex biological mixtures, which have salt concentrations as high as several hundred millimolar. In this study we have demonstrated detection of a clinically relevant cancer biomarker suspended in high salt buffer (> 100mM) with a detection limit of 2 ng/ml.
On max‐min problems

Necessary and sufficient conditions for max-min problems are given here. In addition to characterization of directional derivatives of the relevant functions, subdifferentiability set for such functions is characterized.
Dihydrotestosterone is the active androgen in the maintenance of nitric oxide-mediated penile erection in the rat

Androgens are essential for the expression of normal libido in the male, but their role in the maintenance of the erectile response in humans is controversial. It has been shown previously in the rat that castration induces 1) loss of penile reflexes; and 2) considerable reduction in the erectile response to electric field stimulation (EFS) of the cavernosal nerve. Both of these effects can be reversed by testosterone replacement. The current study was performed to determine whether these testosterone effects are mediated via its conversion to dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and to what extent the synthesis of the mediator of penile erection, nitric oxide, is affected by castration and androgen replacement. Five-month-old rats were either castrated or left intact. The orchiectomized rats were implanted with SILASTIC brand silicon tubing (Dow Corning) containing testosterone or DHT with or without daily injections of the 5 alpha-reductase inhibitor finasteride. After 7 days, rats were submitted to EFS and the intracavernosal pressure was recorded. Castration reduced the EFS-induced erectile response by 50% in comparison with intact rats and testosterone restored this decrease to normal. When finasteride was given to these testosterone-treated castrate rats, erectile response was not restored. DHT was as effective as testosterone in restoring response to EFS in castrates and this effect was not decreased by finasteride. Nitric oxide synthase activity in the penile cytosol was measured by the arginine-citrulline conversion and was found to correlate with the EFS determinations. These results show that DHT is the active androgen in the prevention of erectile failure seen in castrated rats, and suggest that this effect may be mediated, at least partially, by changes in nitric oxide synthase levels in the penis.
“We are family”: Gender, microenterprise, family work, and well-being in Ecuador and the Dominican Republic — with comparative data from Guatemala, Swaziland, and Guinea-Bissau

The article analyzes the realm of family business to see what a difference the gender of the owner makes. Through the lens of the author's rapid appraisal and/or survey data from field studies in Ecuador, the Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Swaziland, and Guinea-Bissau, three main issues are examined: (1) the use of family in the family business by women and men microentrepreneurs (MEs) — i.e., differential involvement of family members in different work patterns and differential reliance on home-based businesses; (2) similarities and differences in men's vs. women's ventures (type of economic activities, gender composition of employees, loan repayment, reinvestment of profits, etc.); and (3) the impact of the business' income on the ME and his/her family well-being (using hypotheses from my general theory of gender stratification). Finally, implications are extracted concerning the consequences of women's economic empowerment, as well as for Third World microenterprise credit and savings programs.
Using renal transplantation to evaluate a simple approach for predicting the impact of end-stage renal disease therapies on patient survival: Observed/expected life span

The effectiveness of therapy for a chronic disease can be assessed by evaluating the length of time that a patient survives after receiving treatment. We used a novel means for measuring the effectiveness of renal replacement therapy for patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD): the ratio of observed life span divided by expected life span. This ratio incorporated observed life span for patients from the time of ESRD and expected life span based on state-specific life-table analyses. A total of 3,782 individuals with ESRD were analyzed (average follow-up, 14.2 +/- 4.9 years); 3, 192 patients in that group received a kidney transplant at some point during their course of ESRD. For each patient, we determined a curve of observed/expected life span. Separate patient groups were analyzed to determine the median population observed/expected life span or the percentage of patients who reached 0.5 observed/expected life span. Younger transplant recipients (<21 years) had a median observed/expected life span of 67%, significantly greater than the median observed/expected life span for those aged 21 to 40 years (49%; P = 0.01) and 41 to 60 years (47%; P = 0.01). Surprisingly, 57% of the patients aged older than 60 years reached their median observed/expected life span (P = 0.02 versus <21 years; P = not significant against all others). A Cox proportional hazards model identified era of immunosuppression (hazards ratio, 0.32) and atherosclerotic vascular disease-related ESRD (hazards ratio, 2.07) as significant variables influencing patient survival and observed/expected life span. This simple ratio is easy to use and may be a helpful tool for assessing the survival benefits of risk-factor modifications and therapeutic advances in transplantation and ESRD care.
Response to Both Letters

We thank Mutsch and colleagues for pointing out and summarizing a travelers' diarrhea (TD) study that we failed to include in our recent review.1 The omission was inadvertent and the authors are familiar with the study. While the rates of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and post‐infectious irritable bowel syndrome (PI‐IBS) were lower in this prospective study, the differential rate was suggestive of an association between TD and incident PI‐IBS at 6 months follow‐up with an adjusted odds ratio of 3.61 (95% CI, 1.74–7.51).2 This is consistent with the effect estimate described in a systematic review of all‐setting PI‐IBS by Thabane and colleagues [odds ratio (OR) 5.18; 95% CI: 3.24–8.26].3 The heterogeneity in absolute risk of PI‐IBS among travelers experiencing TD and relative risk compared to non‐exposed controls is important to be highlighted. Mutsch and colleagues reiterate many of the factors related to study setting, populations, case definition, and surveillance methods, which differ across studies and thus likely contribute to the observed heterogeneity. However, the consistency of effect found with TD and PI‐IBS, including this …
Meditation-induced bliss viewed as release from conditioned neural (thought) patterns that block reward signals in the brain pleasure center

The nucleus accumbens orchestrates processes related to reward and pleasure, including the addictive consequences of repeated reward (e.g., drug addiction and compulsive gambling) and the accompanying feelings of craving and anhedonia. The neurotransmitters dopamine and endogenous opiates play interactive roles in these processes. They are released by natural rewards (i.e., food, water, sex, money, play, etc.) and are released or mimicked by drugs of abuse. Repeated drug use induces conditioned down-regulation of these neurotransmitters, thus causing painful suppression of everyday pleasure. As with many spiritual traditions, Buddhism provides strong advice against the pursuit of worldly pleasures to attain the “good life.” In contrast, many forms of meditation give rise to an immense and abiding joy. Most of these practices involve “stilling the mind,” whereby all content-laden thought (e.g., fantasies, daydreams, plans) ceases, and the mind enters a state of openness, formlessness, clarity, and bliss. T...
The acylation of L-glycerol-3-phosphate by microsomes from rat brain: effects arising from the properties of the reaction medium.

Abstract— The velocity of the reaction catalysed by acyl-CoA: l-giycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.15) of microsomes from rat brain was affected by the nature of the buffering agent, the ionic strength and the sucrose concentration of the reaction medium. The enzyme was inhibited by buffers based on trimethyl-pyridine, diethyl barbituric acid, and boric acid. Buffers based on N-ethyl morpholine, potassium phosphate, sodium arsenate, imidazole, tris and triethanolamine were not inhibitory. Dithiothreitol protected the enzyme and produced maximal activity at levels in the reaction medium between 0.2 and 2.8 mM. Optimum ionic strength was determined by varying the concentration of a potassium phosphate buffer and in this medium the optimum ionic strength was about 0.2 M. In other studies with sodium formate, potassium acetate and other salts there was a broad plateau of activity in a range about 0.2 M. A study of pH vs. activity with two different buffering agents at constant ionic strength showed a broad maximum of activity from pH 7.2 to pH 7.8. The velocity of the reaction could be further increased by the inclusion of 0.25 M-sucrose in the reaction medium in the presence of 0.2 M salts. The sucrose effect produced maximum velocities at sucrose concentrations ranging from 0.2 to 0.6 M. The studies reported here indicate that the activity of the enzyme is dependent upon the state of hydration of the microsomal membranes and in part on the ability of the enzyme or membrane to cope with large micelles of S-palmityl-CoA.
Measurement of electrical properties of a carbon black

The direct measurement of electrical properties of a high-surface-area turbostratic carbon black by microwave techniques is reported. This approach obviates many difficulties associated with powder samples and allows absolute values of conductivity and mobility to be obtained, from which charge carrier concentrations can be calculated and compared to those obtained by ESR methods. After a treatment in Ar at 1223 K to remove sulfur, this carbon had conductivity σ = 2.4 (Ω · cm)−1, mobility μ = 5.4 cm2/V · s, and a carrier concentration of 1.5 × 1018 g−1 at 300 K. The adsorption of O2 at 300 K increased σ, decreased μ, and increased carrier concentration to a small extent. After oxidizing this carbon in HNO3, all three parameters were decreased slightly and adsorbed O2 had little effect. However, the concentration of charge carriers in both carbon blacks was 10–40 times lower than the conduction carrier concentrations determined from a typical analysis of ESR signal intensity obtained at different temperatures. These preliminary results indicate that holes are the primary charge carriers in these carbon materials, which have small crystallite size and a small extent of graphitization. Oxygen chemisorbed on the pre-cleaned carbon black surface increases the concentration of both localized spin centers and holes and creates a higher electrical conductivity. Intensive oxidation by HNO3 increases the number of localized spin centers but decreases the concentration of holes, thus also decreasing conductivity. A comparison of these microwave and ESR results implies that the traditional way of identifying and quantifying conduction charge carriers from the temperature-dependent susceptibility of ESR signals may not be satisfactory.
Data fitting and detection theory: reply to Massaro and Oden (1995).

D. W. Massaro and G. C. Oden (1995) claimed that M. A. Pitt's (1995) data provide strong evidence in favor of independence, not interactivity, as argued by Pitt. Massaro and Oden's arguments rested on an evaluation of the fit of the fuzzy logical model of perception (FLMP) to the identification data and on criticisms of the detection theory analyses. In this reply, Pitt shows that the latter criticisms were unfounded and that the data-fitting demonstrations raised questions about FLMP's ability to capture the phenomenon of interest (i.e., lexical context effects).
Clinical profile, treatment assignment and clinical outcome of patients with severe aortic stenosis not eligible to participate in a clinical trial of percutaneous aortic valve replacement.

Patients with severe aortic stenosis and considered at high surgical risk or inoperable, and not eligible for a randomized clinical trial evaluating percutaneous aortic valve replacement (PAVR), were studied. Many of the patients referred to the study did not meet the inclusion criteria and/or had conditions listed in the exclusion criteria. These patients were then deferred to other treatment modalities. The study cohort consisted of 285 patients with severe aortic stenosis referred to participate in a clinical trial of PAVR. Patients were screened for eligibility on the basis of the protocol inclusion and exclusion criteria and deferred to other treatment modalities if they did not meet the enrollment criteria. Those patients were followed clinically by telephone contact or office visits. Of the 285 patients referred for PAVR, 216 (75.8%) were not included. The leading reasons for lack of eligibility were significant peripheral vascular disease in 50 (23.1%), Society of Thoracic Surgeons score 0.8 cm 2 in 30 (13.9%), significant coronary artery disease in 25 (11.6%), and renal failure in 22 (10.2%). Sixty-nine of these patients (31.9%) were treated medically, 102 (47.2%) with balloon aortic valvuloplasty, and 45 (20.9%) with surgical aortic valve replacement. Major baseline characteristics were similar. Society of Thoracic Surgeons scores were lower in the surgical group compared with the medical and balloon aortic valvuloplasty groups (10.2 ± 2.5 vs 12.8 ± 3.3 vs 13.7 ± 3.3, respectively, p
Use of peripheral blood leukocytes in the study of cell-mediated immunity in bovine anaplasmosis—A review

Abstract Peripheral blood leukocytes separated by erythrocyte aggregation and density-gradient centrifugation were used in tests to measure the cell-mediated response in bovine anaplasmosis. The leukocyte migration inhibition test was apparently related to the host protective immune response. Leukocyte stimulation by a specific anaplasma antigen elicits positive but low level stimulation indices in cultures of cells collected from cattle exposed to live anaplasma. There appears to be a nonspecific enhancement of blastogenesis in cultures of leukocytes from cattle injected with inactivated-oil fortified Anaplasma marginale vaccine. Cytotoxicity tests indicated that both leukocytes and antibodies are active in clearance of anaplasma infected erythrocytes from the circulatory system.
Photoionization Spectroscopy of KAu and NaAu Diatomics

The new metal diatomics KAu and NaAu are studied using resonant two-photon ionization (R2PI) electronic spectroscopy. These species are produced by laser vaporization of a salted gold rod in a pulsed nozzle cluster source. Analysis of the spectra provides the vibrational constants for the excited states and correlations to specific atomic asymptotes. Energetic cycles provide determinations of the ground-state dissociation energies. The values are D{double_prime}{sub 0} = 2.75 {+-} 0.2 eV for KAu and D{double_prime}{sub 0} = 2.64 {+-} 0.2 eV for NaAu. These dissociation energies for the heteronuclear diatomics are significantly greater than those for the corresponding homonuclear diatomics Na{sub 2}, K{sub 2}, or Au{sub 2}. Partial ionic character in the ground state bonding is implicated, analogous to that observed previously for silver and copper-alkali diatomics.
Selection and characterization of a feedback-insensitive tissue culture of maize.

Tissue culture selection techniques were used to isolate a maize (Zea mays L.) variant D33, in which the aspartate family pathway was less sensitive to feedback inhibition by lysine. D33 was recovered by successively subculturing cultures originally derived from immature embryos on MS medium containing growth-inhibitory levels of lysine+threonine. The ability of D33 to grow vigorously on lysine+ threonine medium was retained after growth for 12 months on nonselection medium. New cultures initiated from shoot tissues of plants regenerated from D33 also were resistant to lysine+threonine inhibition. The Ki of aspartokinase for its feedback inhibitor, lysine, was about 9-fold higher in D33 than for the enzyme from unselected cultures. The free pools of lysine, threonine, isoleucine and methionine were increased 2–9-fold in D33 cultures. This was consistent with the observed change in feedback regulation of aspartokinase, the first enzyme common to the biosynthesis of these amino acids in the aspartate pathway. The accumulated evidence including the stability of resistance in the cultures, the resistance of cultures initiated from regenerated plants, the altered feedback regulation, and the increased free amino acids, indicates a mutational origin for these traits in line D33.
Successful career planning: You are in charge: You can't design your future, but the decisions that shape your career are made by you. You are the pathfinder

A career is the summation of our experiences — in life, in school, and in various jobs. If we plan our careers, i.e., maintain some control over decisions to be made in these areas, our chances for a “successful” career are enhanced. Furthermore, the sooner we start on career planning, the better the chances are that we will be happy with the results.
A methodological behaviourist model for imitation

Byrne & Russon's text displays all the difficulties involved in approaching imitation in a non- methodological behaviourist perspective. Their conceptual apparatus is grounded in a mix of introspection and folk psychology. Their distinction between action level and program level imitation falters on goal imputation for sequential acts. An alternative gradient descent model is propounded: behaviour can be modelled as a frustration/satisfaction gradient descent within the animal's potentiality-space as defined by knowledge, inventiveness and surrounding universe.
Noninvasive label-free imaging of microhemodynamics by optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy.

In vivo microcirculatory imaging facilitates the fundamental understanding of many major diseases. However, existing techniques generally require invasive procedures or exogenous contrast agents, which perturb the intrinsic physiology of the microcirculation. Here, we report on optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR-PAM) for noninvasive label-free microcirculatory imaging at cellular levels. For the first time, OR-PAM demonstrates quantification of hemoglobin concentration and oxygenation in single microvessels down to capillaries. Using this technique, we imaged several important yet elusive microhemodynamic activities—including vasomotion and vasodilation—in small animals in vivo. OR-PAM enables functional volumetric imaging of the intact microcirculation, thereby providing greatly improved accuracy and versatility for broad biological and clinical applications.
Alone in the World: The Existential Socrates in the Apology and Crito

The story of Socrates' life, and in particular the circumstances of his death, has been a nearly obligatory referent for the development of Western political thought. Contemporary political theoris...
Corporate planning in small companies— a survey

Abstract The current state of research on corporate planning is directed at investigations of actual practices within specific industries. It is believed that by so doing, a more generally applicable theory of corporate planning will ultimately be developed. Within this broad framework, the study reported upon in this article was undertaken so that a determination could be made of the current level of actual planning by small businesses. More specifically, it focuses upon the corporate planning process within small and medium sized companies located in New England, U.S.A.
Beitrag zum Studium von Frakturheilungen mit Hilfe von Radioisotopen

In vier Serien von Kaninchenexperimenten wurden die Heilungsgeschwindigkeit und die Radiophosphoraufnahme bei Quer- und Schragbruchen verfolgt und mit der Heilungsgeschwindigkeit derselben Bruche bei intramedullarer Fixation verglichen. Sowohl die Rontgenaufnahmen als auch die Ergebnisse der anderen Untersuchungen weisen auf einen gunstigen Einflus der intramedullaren Fixation hin. Offensichtlich verkurzt die intramedullare Fixation die Heilungszeit durch eine Abkurzung der katabolischen Stoffwechselphase. Des weiteren werden die Herstellungsmethodik von Serienschnitten ganzer Knochen und die Messung der Aktivitat von P32 erortert.
Novel nursing terminologies for the rapid response system.

PURPOSE. Nursing terminology with implications for the rapid response system (RRS) is introduced and proposed: critical incident nursing diagnosis (CIND), defined as the recognition of an acute life-threatening event that occurs as a result of disease, surgery, treatment, or medication; critical incident nursing intervention, defined as any indirect or direct care registered nurse-initiated treatment, based upon clinical judgment and knowledge that a registered nurse performs in response to a CIND; and critical incident control, defined as a response that attempts to reverse a life-threatening condition. DATA SOURCES. The current literature, research studies, meta-analyses from a variety of disciplines, and personal clinical experience serve as the data sources for this article. DATA SYNTHESIS. The current nursing diagnoses, nursing interventions, and nursing outcomes listed in the North American Nursing Diagnosis Association International Classification, Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC), and Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC), respectively, are inaccurate or inadequate for describing nursing care during life-threatening situations. The lack of such standardized nursing terminology creates a barrier that may impede critical communication and patient care during life-threatening situations when activating the RRS. CONCLUSIONS. The North American Nursing Diagnosis Association International Classification, NIC, and NOC are urged to refine their classifications and include CIND, critical incident nursing intervention, and critical incident control. The RRS should incorporate standardized nursing terminology to describe patient care during life-threatening situations. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE. Refining the diagnoses, interventions, and outcomes classifications will permit nursing researchers, among others, to conduct studies on the efficacy of the proposed novel nursing terminology when providing care to patients during life-threatening situations. In addition, including the proposed novel nursing terminology in the RRS offers a means of improving care in such situations.
Mars' atmospheric argon: Tracer for understanding Martian atmospheric circulation and dynamics

[1] One and one half Mars years, from 8 June 2002 to 2 April 2005, of atmospheric argon (Ar) measurements are described and studied in the context of understanding how Ar, a minor constituent of the Martian atmosphere that does not condense at temperatures found on Mars, can be used to study Martian circulation and dynamics. The Ar data are from the gamma subsystem of the gamma ray spectrometer currently operating on the Mars Odyssey spacecraft in orbit around Mars. A comprehensive data analysis including γ ray production and attenuation by the atmosphere is presented. Four discoveries are discussed. (1) There is a factor of 6 enhancement of Ar measured over south polar latitudes (75°S to 90°S) for 2 consecutive Mars years occurring near the onset of southern winter. (2) There is no similar strong enhancement of Ar over north polar regions during northern winter. Part of this difference is explained by the global topographic dichotomy and the fact that the duration of northern autumn and winter is only ∼80% as long as that of southern autumn and winter. (3) Rapid seasonal fluctuations in Ar abundance from 60°S to 90°S may be evidence for wave activity at the perimeter of the southern seasonal polar cap. (4) The magnitude of the Ar enhancement over the south polar region lacks spatial coincidence with either the relatively dark “cryptic terrain” or the relatively bright albedo regions; however, a divergence in Ar abundance near Ls = 267.5° may be an expression of later CO2 sublimation in the bright terrain rather than in the cryptic region.
Infection of macaques with simian immunodeficiency virus induces a species-specific antibody response to major histocompatibility complex class I and class II molecules

Envelopes of retroviruses, including human immunodeficiency virus and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), contain host cell proteins that potentially represent novel targets for vaccine development. We show here that sera from rhesus macaques recognized simian major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules in response to infection with SIV. Antibodies from these animals did not cross-react with human MHC antigens on mitogen-activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The development of antibodies to MHC class I α-chain did not correlate with anti-SIV envelope antibody responses, suggesting that these antibodies did not arise through molecular mimicry. In contrast to the species-specific response in infected animals, sera from animals vaccinated with inactivated human cell-grown SIV reacted to both human and rhesus MHC class I and class II molecules.
A unique academic approach to critical care-emergency medicine training

The four-year program for training physicians in critical care-emergency medicine at Sacramento Medical Center, University of California, Davis School of Medicine is described. Its purpose is to train the physician in resuscitation, emergency care for life-threatening conditions, and intensive care, so that the graduate can staff community hospital emergency departments and intensive care units, be director of an emergency department or intensive care unit, or pursue an academic career in emergency medicine.
The measurement of problem drinking in young adulthood.

Objective: Researchers and clinicians have been struggling for more than 20 years to define problem drinking. This study focuses on young adults and aims to examine the construct validity of three dimensions of problem drinking and to empirically determine appropriate cutpoints for problem drinking along these dimensions. Method: A stratified sample of 1,269 young adults who reported drinking alcohol in the year prior to 1995 was used in these analyses. Respondents were originally interviewed in 1985 in middle schools in a southeastern U.S. county. Results: Symptoms of dependency and drunkenness were relatively common in this sample, but adverse consequences were rare. Results of analyses using the Chi-squared Automatic Interaction Detector (CHAID) and the SUrvey DAta ANalysis (SUDAAN) software suggest that drunkenness and adverse consequences are the most significant predictors of problems in other areas of life. Symptoms of dependency were significant only in interaction with drunkenness, although the a...
An investigation of cell density effects on hybridoma metabolism in a homogeneous perfusion reactor

In this work, metabolite and antibody production kinetics of hybridoma cultures were investigated as a function of cell density and growth rate in a homogeneous perfusion reactor. Hydrophilized hollow fiber polypropylene membranes with a pore size of 0.2 μm were used for medium perfusion. Oxygen was supplied to the cells through thin walled silicone tubing. The mouse-mouse hybridoma cells were grown in three identical bioreactors at perfusion rates of 1.1, 2.0, and 3.2/day for a period of eight days during which the viable cell concentrations reached stable values of 2.6×106, 3.5×106, and 5.2×106 cells/ml, respectively. Total cell densities reached values ranging from 8×106 to 1×106 cells/ml. Specific substrate consumption and product formation rates responded differently to changes in cell density and apparent specific growth rate, which were not varied independently. Using multiple regression analysis, the specific glucose consumption rate was found to vary with viable cell density while the specific glutamine uptake and lactate production rates varied with both viable cell density and apparent specific growth rate. These results suggest that cell density dictates the rate of glucose consumption while the cell growth rate influences how glucose is metabolized, i.e., through glycolysis or the TCA cycle. The specific antibody production rate was found to be a strong function of cell density, increasing as cell density increased, but was essentially independent of the specific growth rate for the cell line under study.
Adiabatic Resonant Microring (ARM) Modulators with Integrated Thermal Tuner

We integrate an efficient thermal tuner (6.2-µW/GHz) within ARM modulators for the first time, yielding 5-THz uncorrupted FSR. The 5.4-um diameter modulator achieves low-power (9-fJ/bit) and high-speed (13-Gb/s) operation with 5.9dB extinction ratio.
Novel core–shell (dendrimer) epoxy tougheners: Processing and hot–wet performance

Abstract The effects of novel core–shell (dendrimer) (CSD) particles on the mechanical properties of epoxy are further studied with the focus on addressing associated processing challenges and hot–wet performance. As reported earlier, the particles are produced in a novel grafting reaction between vinyl-containing groups of a monomer of interest (e.g., styrene) and amine-containing polymer (e.g., polyethyleneimine, PEi) in the presence of t -butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) initiator and with mild heating. Strong interactions between PEi and epoxy occur when the concentrated particle dispersion is mixed with the epoxy/curing agent system, causing a significant increase in the viscosity of the mixture with attendant difficulties in processing. Furthermore, the additional amine groups in the modified epoxy are expected to attract more water molecules, leading to a possible increase in water absorption and subsequent decrease in mechanical properties. Both problems are addressed with the addition of a small amount of styrene monomer to the mixture. First, the viscosity of the curing mixture is reduced dramatically, but not at the expense of subsequent mechanical properties, and SEM micrographs suggest that there are no notable changes in the particle–epoxy interactions. Secondly, while the modulus of the CSD reinforced system obtained under hot–wet conditions is reduced by approximately 20% from values obtained under dry conditions, this reduction shrinks to less than 10% with the addition of styrene monomer.
Weld Residual Stresses and Their Treatment in Fracture and Fatigue Assessment

Over the last decade, as more in-depth understanding of weld residual stresses is being achieved, particularly of their characteristic distributions in pressure vessel and piping components, the residual stress effects on stress intensities at welds are becoming better understood. In this paper, some of the important residual stress characteristics are first identified in the form of either “bending” dominated or “self-equilibrating” dominated types for girth welds. The applicability in other joint configurations in welded structures is then discussed, with a collection of validated residual stress distributions. The characterization of both “bending” and “self-equilibrating” types in residual stress distributions provides a consistent framework for stress intensity factor considerations in either fracture and fatigue assessment. The contribution of weld residual stresses to stress intensities at welds are shown to be in the form of K solutions under displacement controlled conditions. The “bending” type residual stresses provide a longer range of influence than “self-equilibrating” type in K solutions. The contribution of “self-equilibrating” type residual stresses to stress intensities is shown to be dominant when crack size is small, while the contribution of the “bending” type dominant for crack size up to a much large size with respect to wall thickness.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Application of the Replicator Equation to Decision-Making Processes in Border Security

The replicator equations are first-order (in time), nonlinear differential equations which can be used to model the time evolution of probabilities in evolutionary game theory. They are obtained by assuming that the percentage rate of change of a probability be simply proportional to the difference between a payoff and some average payoff. Here we apply these equations to obtain the time evolution two players' strategies in a zero-sum game which models the illegal transport of a commodity across a national border and of the efforts of agents to intercept it.
Gene flow versus selection pressure and ancestral differentiation in the composition of species: Analysis of populational variation ofJuniperus ashei buch. Using terpenoid data

Twenty-four populations ofJuniperus ashei were sampled throughout the range of this taxon and the terpenoids of the foliage were analyzed by gas/liquid chromatography. Population differentiation was investigated by analysis of variance and numerical taxonomy. Three south Texas and one Mexican population clustered together with the rest of the taxon appearing fairly uniform. No evidence was found of hybridization or introgression with other taxa. Disjunct populations in Oklahoma and the Ozarks, which have been genetically isolated from the central population for thousands of years, showed no signs of differentiation nor genetic drift. The present pattern of distribution probably dates from the Pleistocene. The south Texas and Mexican populations appear to be the primitive elements of the species. Populational differences have apparently been maintained in adjacent populations in spite of seemingly large gene flow and conversely, chemical uniformity is being maintained in many disjunct populations where there is little or no gene flow.
The Paf1 Complex Is Essential for Histone Monoubiquitination by the Rad6-Bre1 Complex, Which Signals for Histone Methylation by COMPASS and Dot1p

Monoubiquitination of histone H2B, catalyzed by Rad6-Bre1, is required for methylation of histone H3 on lysines 4 and 79, catalyzed by the Set1-containing complex COMPASS and Dot1p, respectively. The Paf1 protein complex, which associates with RNA polymerase II, is known to be required for these histone H3 methylation events. During the early elongation stage of transcription, the Paf1 complex is required for association of COMPASS with RNA polymerase II, but the role the Paf1 complex plays at the promoter has not been clear. We present evidence that the Paf1 complex is required for monoubiquitination of histone H2B at promoters. Strains deleted for several components of the Paf1 complex are defective in monoubiquitination of histone H2B, which results in the loss of methylation of lysines 4 and 79 of histone H3. We also show that Paf1 complex is required for the interaction of Rad6 and COMPASS with RNA polymerase II. Finally, we show that the Paf1 complex is required for Rad6-Bre1 catalytic activity but not for the recruitment of Rad6-Bre1 to promoters. Thus, in addition to its role during the elongation phase of transcription, the Paf1 complex appears to activate the function but not the placement of the Rad6-Bre1 ubiquitin-protein ligase at the promoters of active genes.
EXPERIMENTAL POSSIBILITIES WITH UA-6

We discuss some experimental possibilities at the SPS with a polarized proton beam and a polarized hydrogen gas jet target.
A whole genome approach to in vivo DNA-protein interactions in E. coli.

THE increasingly rapid pace at which genomic DNA sequences are being determined has created a need for more efficient techniques to determine which parts of these sequences are bound in vivo by the proteins controlling processes such as gene expression, DNA replication and chromosomal mechanics. Here we describe a whole-genome approach to identify and characterize such DNA sequences. The method uses endogenous or artificially introduced methylases to methylate all genomic targets except those protected in vivo by protein or non-protein factors interfering with methylase action. These protected targets remain unmethylated in purified genomic DNA and are identified using methylation-sensitive restriction endonucleases. When the method was applied to the Escherichia coli genome, 0.1% of the endogenous adenine methyltransferase (Dam methylase) targets were found to be unmethylated. Five foreign methylases were examined by transfection. Database-matched DNA sequences flanking the in vivo -protected Dam sites all fell in the non-coding regions of seven E. coli operons (mtl, cdd, flh, gut, car, psp and fep). In the first four operons these DNA sequences closely matched the consensus sequence that binds to the cyclic AMP-receptor protein. The in vivo protection at the Dam site upstream of the car operon was correlated with a downregulation of car expression, as expected of a feedback represser-binding model.
On analogous systems

A precise definition is given for the analogy of a dynamical system to another system (or subsystem thereof). It is shown that there exist systems which are universal in the sense that they contain subsystems analogous to any arbitrary dynamical system. From this it is argued that the identification of system properties in physics and biology has only a conventional and subjective character, rather than the objective character which is usually supposed. Some preliminary implications of this view are discussed.
The effect of unequal bilayer thickness on stress in WSi2/Si multilayers for multilayer Laue Lens structures

Stress in multilayer Laue lenses can be reduced by choosing unequal thicknesses for the two layers comprising a bilayer in the zone plate structure. We demonstrate this with the wafer curvature measured in-operando for sputter deposition of WSi2/Si bilayers. The curvature measurements showed that the compressive stress built in the multilayers during the deposition process bent the substrate wafers where these multilayers were coated onto it. Within equal thickness WSi2/Si bilayers, the Si layers contribute more compressive stress than the WSi 2 layers at a 4 mTorr Argon environment. Reducing the ratio of Si’s thickness in the WSi 2 /Si bilayer decreased the total stress.
Reaction of DPPH with Benzene Sulphonic Acid Monohydrate

We have previously reported1,2 that 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) reacts with adsorbed water on many hydroxy-lated semiconducting surfaces and undergoes an intermolecular oxidation and reduction process. In this communication we report that the same reaction
Application of fluvial relationships to planning and design of channel modifications

Many of the environmental problems associated with channel modifications can be anticipated if known fluvial relationships are considered early in the planning process. Plan modifications or corrective measures can be employed to prevent environmental degradation and improve project performance. The fluvial system is reviewed from a geomorphic perspective. Functional fluvial relationships are described and their use in planning and design of flood channels is demonstrated.
Microfluidic Platform for Liquid Chromatography−Tandem Mass Spectrometry Analyses of Complex Peptide Mixtures

A microfluidic chip that integrates all the fluidic components of a gradient liquid chromatography (LC) system is described. These chips were batch-fabricated on a silicon wafer using photolithographic processes and with Parylene as the main structural material. The fabricated chip includes three electrolysis-based electrochemical pumps, one for loading the sample and the other two for delivering the solvent gradient; platinum electrodes for delivering current to the pumps and establishing the electrospray potential; a low-volume static mixer; a column packed with silica-based reversed-phase support; integrated frits for bead capture; and an electrospray nozzle. The fabricated structures were able to withstand pressures in excess of 250 psi. The device was used to perform a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis of a mixture of peptides from the trypsin digestion of bovine serum albumen (BSA). Gradient elution through the 1.2-cm column was performed at a flow rate of 80 nL/min. Compared to the analysis of the same sample using a commercial nanoflow LC system, the chromatographic resolution was nearly as good, and the total cycle time was significantly reduced because of the minimal volume between the pumps and the column. Results demonstrate the potential of mass-produced, low-cost microfluidic systems capable of performing LC separations for proteomics applications.