cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Handedness and language learning disability differentially distribute in progressive aphasia variants

Primary progressive aphasia is a neurodegenerative clinical syndrome that presents in adulthood with an isolated, progressive language disorder. Three main clinical/anatomical variants have been described, each associated with distinctive pathology. A high frequency of neurodevelopmental learning disability in primary progressive aphasia has been reported. Because the disorder is heterogeneous with different patterns of cognitive, anatomical and biological involvement, we sought to identify whether learning disability had a predilection for one or more of the primary progressive aphasia subtypes. We screened the University of California San Francisco Memory and Aging Center's primary progressive aphasia cohort (n = 198) for history of language-related learning disability as well as hand preference, which has associations with learning disability. The study included logopenic (n = 48), non-fluent (n = 54) and semantic (n = 96) variant primary progressive aphasias. We investigated whether the presence of learning disability or non-right-handedness was associated with differential effects on demographic, neuropsychological and neuroimaging features of primary progressive aphasia. We showed that a high frequency of learning disability was present only in the logopenic group (χ(2) = 15.17, P < 0.001) and (χ(2) = 11.51, P < 0.001) compared with semantic and non-fluent populations. In this group, learning disability was associated with earlier onset of disease, more isolated language symptoms, and more focal pattern of left posterior temporoparietal atrophy. Non-right-handedness was instead over-represented in the semantic group, at nearly twice the prevalence of the general population (χ(2) = 6.34, P = 0.01). Within semantic variant primary progressive aphasia the right-handed and non-right-handed cohorts appeared homogeneous on imaging, cognitive profile, and structural analysis of brain symmetry. Lastly, the non-fluent group showed no increase in learning disability or non-right-handedness. Logopenic variant primary progressive aphasia and developmental dyslexia both manifest with phonological disturbances and posterior temporal involvement. Learning disability might confer vulnerability of this network to early-onset, focal Alzheimer's pathology. Left-handedness has been described as a proxy for atypical brain hemispheric lateralization. As non-right-handedness was increased only in the semantic group, anomalous lateralization mechanisms might instead be related to frontotemporal lobar degeneration with abnormal TARDBP. Taken together, this study suggests that neurodevelopmental signatures impart differential trajectories towards neurodegenerative disease.
DEVELOPMENTAL OUTCOMES OF VERY LOW BIRTHWEIGHT (VLBW) CHILDREN BORN TO TEENAGE MOTHERS. • 1538

DEVELOPMENTAL OUTCOMES OF VERY LOW BIRTHWEIGHT (VLBW) CHILDREN BORN TO TEENAGE MOTHERS. • 1538
Risk Perceptions Among Participants Undergoing Lung Cancer Screening: Baseline Results from the National Lung Screening Trial

Background Lung cancer screening could present a “teachable moment” for promoting smoking cessation and relapse prevention. Understanding the risk perceptions of older individuals who undergo screening will guide these efforts.
Contribution of the peptide backbone to the binding of peptides and hormones to neurophysin.

Summary The carboxamide terminus of dipeptide analogs of oxytocin and vasopressin was shown to participate in binding to the principal hormone-binding site of neurophysin. Replacement of the carboxamide group of L-phenylalanyl-L-tyrosine amide by the corresponding ethyl ester, a hydroxymethyl group or a hydrogen led to large decreases in binding affinity associated with less negative enthalpies and entropies of binding. Binding affinities were: amide > ester > hydroxymethyl > hydrogen. It is proposed that the carboxamide group hydrogen-bonds to the protein and that, by analogy, segments of the backbones of oxytocin and vasopressin are hydrogen-bonded to neurophysin in hormone-neurophysin complexes.
"Trauma ek pronoias" in Athenian law

This article presents a comprehensive study of the offence of trauma ek pronoias (intentional wounding) in Athenian law. Part I catalogues every occurrence of the words traEma and titr?skv in the Attic orators and concludes that the requisite physical element of trauma ek pronoias was the use of a weapon. Part II analyses all attested trauma lawsuits and concludes that the requisite mental element of the offence was a bare intent to wound. Part III addresses the procedural evidence for trauma ek pronoias and concludes that the action for trauma was a graphe, not a dike. Two appendices discuss the use of the terms trauma and pronoia in Plato?s Laws and Aristotle?s Rhetoric and a reference to trauma ek pronoias in Lucian?s Timon.
Effect of High Pressure on a Lipid Non-Bilayer Phase

Abstract We have developed a new optical method to monitor the lamellar to hexagonalII phase transition of lipids under high pressure. This method depends on the changes in the transmittance property of a pelleted sample inside a windowed pressure cell. The pelleted sample is opaque to a focused He-Ne laser beam below the phase transition whereas the compacted lipid becomes translucent above the phase transition temperature. The change in transmitted light intensity is about an order of magnitude and allows us to identify the onset of the phase transition to within 0.1°C. We have found a large hysteresis in the heating and cooling scans of egg phosphatidylethanolamine that is independent of the rate of scan. In addition, pressure increases the phase transition temperature of the lamellar to hexagonalII phase indicating that the hexagonalu phase is destabilized with respect to the lamellar phase under pressure.
Water Vapor and the “Greenhouse Effect”

(1986). Water Vapor and the “Greenhouse Effect”. Science Activities: Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 30-32.
Evidence of Adaptive Evolution of Accessory Gland Proteins in Closely Related Species of the Drosophila repleta Group

Accessory gland proteins (Acps) are part of the seminal fluid of Drosophila species. These proteins have important reproductive functions, being responsible for the proper functioning of several steps of the fertilization process. Acps also contribute indirectly for the reproductive success of males by modulating female behavior. Evidence that Acps participate in sperm competition and sexual conflict includes findings that, on average, Acps have fast evolutionary rates, suggestive of adaptive evolution. This is especially true in species of the Drosophila repleta group. Nevertheless, only in a few occasions have robust statistical tests been used to determine whether observed evolutionary rates are in fact due to positive selection on amino acid substitutions between related species. Here we apply maximum likelihood tests for positive selection on 14 Acps of the D. repleta group. To increase statistical robustness, we use at least 8 sequences, all belonging to species of the Drosophila mulleri complex, for each gene analyzed. We found significant evidence of adaptive evolution for 10 of the tested genes. Among these, the ones with a conserved protein domain had positively selected sites within the functional region of the sequence. We also detected one instance of lineage-specific adaptive evolution in a clade formed by 2 sister species.
Characterization of glucose transport by bovine retinal capillary pericytes in culture

Abstract The transport of d -glucose and its non-metabolizable analog, 3-o-methyl- d -glucose (3-o-MG), by cultured bovine retinal capillary pericytes was characterized. A preference for d -glucose over l -glucose uptake by pericytes indicated a stereospecific process. The 3-o-MG transport appeated to follow complex kinetics. At low substrate concentrations, 3-o-MG transport had an apparent Km of 1·53 m m and a Vmax of 0·50 nmol (μg DNA)−1 min−1 at 37°C. A reduced extracellular sodium concentration, energy poisons, and exogenous insulin did not significantly influence 3-o-MG uptake. Inhibition of the uptake or efflux of 3-o-MG by cytochalasin B or phloretin, respectively, and the demonstration of a ‘counter transport’ phenomenon showed that 3-o-MG transport by retinal capillary pericytes in culture was a carrier-mediated process.
Authentication and key management for Advanced Metering Infrastructures utilizing physically unclonable functions

Conventional utility meters are increasingly being replaced with smart meters as smart meter based AMIs (Advanced Metering Infrastructures) provide many benefits over conventional power infrastrucutures. However, security issues pertaining to the data transmission between smart meters and utility servers have been a major concern. With large scale AMI deployments, addressing these issues is challenging. In particular, as data travels through several networks, secure end-to-end communication based on strong authentication mechanisms and a robust and scalable key management schemes are crucial for assuring the confidentiality and the integrity of this data. In this paper, we propose an approach based on PUF (physically unclonable function) technology for providing strong hardware based authentication of smart meters and efficient key management to assure the confidentiality and integrity of messages exchanged between smart meters and the utility. Our approach does not require modifications to the existing smart meter communication. We have developed a proof-of-concept implementation of the proposed approach which is also briefly discussed in the paper.
MDA: a psychoactive agent with dual stimulus effects.

Abstract Rats were trained to discriminate injections of either (+)-amphetamine (1.0 mg/kg) or racemic MDA (1.5 mg/kg) from saline in a two-lever drug discrimination task. After stable discrimination performances (>85%) were attained in each group, stimulus generalization studies were conducted. The amphetamine-stimulus generalized to MDA, but not to the hallucinogenic agent DOM; the MDA-stimulus generalized to both amphetamine and DOM. Taken together with our previous finding that DOM-stimulus generalization occurs to MDA but not to amphetamine, the present study suggests that MDA is capable of producing dual stimulus effects in animals. In addition to these salient features, the results of this study also have an impact on stimulus specificity, and further emphasize the importance of thorough dose-response relationships as related to tests of stimulus generalization.
Hebrew as heritage: The work of language in religious and communal continuity

Abstract While Hebrew education maintains a dominant position in Jewish educational contexts, little research has looked at what the practice of Hebrew language education looks like on a daily basis. Drawing from an 18-month ethnography of junior high school students attending a private non-Orthodox all day school, this article critically examines the ways in which Hebrew was thought about and used in the classroom and during a two-week school-sponsored trip to Israel. Specifically, the article examines the multiple meanings that students and faculty infused into their use of Hebrew through their ideologies, words, and actions. It shows that the students and teachers drew upon Hebrew language ideologies in their daily practices, invariably appropriating them in complex and unexpected ways. This article concludes with a discussion on the relationship between heritage language learning and communal efforts to ensure continuity.
Steganalysis of GIM-based data hiding using kernel density estimation

This paper presents a novel steganalysis technique to attack quantization index modulation (QIM) steganography. Our method is based on the observation that QIM embedding disturbs neighborhood correlation in the transform domain. We estimate the probability density function (pdf) of this statistical change in a systematic manner using a kernel density estimate (KDE) method. The estimated parametric density model is then used for stego message detection. The impact of the choice of kernels on the estimated density is investigated experimentally. Simulation results evaluated on a large dataset of 6000 quantized images indicate that the proposed method is reliable. The impact of the choice of message embedding parameters on the accuracy of the steganalysis detection is also evaluated. Simulation results show that the proposed method can distinguish between the quantized-cover and the QIM-stego with low false alarm rates (i.e. Pfn≤0.03 and Pfp≤0.19). We demonstrate that the proposed steganalysis scheme can successfully attack steganographic tools like Jsteg and JP Hide and Seek as well.
How Much Variation Can One Ant Species Hold? Species Delimitation in the Crematogaster kelleri-Group in Madagascar

We investigated the species-level taxonomy of the Malagasy Crematogaster (Crematogaster) kelleri-group and an additional more distantly related species of the same subgenus. Morphological data from worker, queen and male ants, as well as genetic data from three nuclear genes (long wavelength rhodopsin, arginine kinase and carbomoylphosphate synthase) and one mitochondrial marker (cytochrome oxidase I) led to the recognition of six species. Within the C. kelleri-group, three new species are described: C. hazolava Blaimer sp. n., C. hafahafa Blaimer sp. n. and C. tavaratra Blaimer sp. n. The previously described taxa C. kelleri Forel and C. madagascariensis Andre are validated by our analysis. Conversely, our data suggests synonymy of C. adrepens Forel (with C. kelleri) and C. gibba Emery (with C. madagascariensis). A more distantly related and phylogenetically isolated species, C. tsisitsilo Blaimer sp. n., is further described. We report high levels of morphological and molecular variation in C. kelleri and illustrate that this variation can be explained partly by geography. Species descriptions, images, distribution maps and identification keys based on worker ants, as well as on queen and male ants where available, are presented for all six species. Our work highlights the elevated species richness of Crematogaster ants throughout Madagascar’s humid forests, especially in the far northern tip of the island, and the need to use multiple data sources to ensure clear demarcation of this diversity.
Convection induced by hydrostatic pressure in sedimentation velocity experiments

A consideration of the meaning of the second moment method for the determination of sedimentation coefficients reveals potential convective instability in the sedimentation of all reversibly aggregating systems for which dissociation is favored by pressure.
Antibacterial Agents in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Contaminated Ophthalmic Solutions

Abstract The criteria of sterility of ophthalmic solutions has been based on in vitro bacterio-logical studies. In vivo rabbit corneal tests along with improved techniques of invitro testing indicate that bactericidal concentrations of preservatives are requiredfor maximum safety. Polymyxin B sulfate is the agent of choice.
The chemistry of the taxane diterpene: Stereoselective synthesis of 10-deacetoxy-11,12-epoxypaclitaxel

Abstract Epoxidation of the olefin in 10-deacetoxybaccatin III ( 6 ) and 10-deacetoxypaclitaxel ( 9 ) was accomplished with meta -chloroperbenzoic acid leading to a novel pentacyclic ring system. Hydroxyl directed delivery of the epoxidizing agent did not appear to play a role in the stereoselectivity of the reaction as epoxidation occurred at the β-face of the molecule. 10-Deacetoxy-11,12-epoxypaclitaxel ( 10 ) proved to be more active than paclitaxel ( 1 ) in the microtubule assembly assay and three-fold less cytotoxic than paclitaxel against B16 melanoma cells.
Mucinous adenocarcinoma of the eyelid. A case report.

• A 52-year-old man had a rapidly growing cystic-appearing lesion on his lower eyelid. Excisional biopsy disclosed a mucinous sweat gland adenocarcinoma and the mucinous material (presumably sialomucin) accounted for the transillumination property of the tumor. These carcinomas should be considered in the differential diagnosis of cystic eyelid lesions.
Establishment and characterization of long-term embryogenic maize callus and cell suspension cultures

Abstract Friable callus (type 2) was selected from three genotypes (A188, hybrid A188 × B73, and hybrid B73 × A188) of Zea mays L. The three genotypes of type 2 callus doubled in fresh weight after 1 week, and growth was better on N6 than on Murashige-Skoog (MS) medium. Type 2 callus of hybrid B73 × A188 was maintained in culture longer than A188 type 2 callus, and it regenerated higher numbers of plants than the other two genotypes. Type 2 callus of the hybrid B73 × A188 was used to establish cell suspensions. Suspension cells initially grew better on N6 than on MS medium, but after several months of subculture, cells in either N6 or MS medium grew at similar rates. Suspension cells were in mid-log phase by 5–7 days and in stationary phase by about 10 days depending on inoculum density. Growth rate was optimal when cells were transferred at mid-low phase and dry weight of the suspension cells increased at least 10-fold during a 10-day period. Suspension cells from 9-month-old cultures plated on solid medium regenerated plants at an efficiency similar to that of the friable type 2 callus but with more phenotypic abnormalities. Thus, cell suspensions derived from type 2 B73 × A188 callus, in culture for over 1 year, were capable of regenerating plants when 9-months old.
Identification of junction structures during lung development

An algorithm is developed to determine the significant junction points of branching tubules during embryonic lung development. This algorithm involves a multidisciplinary approach to preprocessing the input data so that it is ready for such analysis. In addition to specific biochemical techniques employed (such as fluorescent staining), a number of image processing methods are utilized to remove noise and insignificant structures in the image. The final junction analysis is performed on the skeleton of the major branches using a variation of the medial axis transform. The significance of this research is both to enable searches in digital libraries of such biological data for branching during lung development as well as indicating to the biologist the important sites to consider for further investigation.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Biomechanical response of the maxillofacial skeleton to transpalatal orthopedic force in a unilateral palatal cleft.

Abstract Objectives: To assess the skeletal and dental effects of rapid maxillary expansion in a patient with unilateral cleft deformity of secondary palate and alveolus using the finite element method. Materials and Methods: A patient-specific composite skull model was developed from a patient computed tomographic scan and a surface scan of the patient's maxillary cast using MIMICS imaging analysis software. For volumetric meshing and the finite element analysis, Abaqus (6.7) was used. Results: The typical wedge-shaped opening that occurs after RME, seen in non-cleft patients, is not seen in cleft patients. A clockwise rotation of the maxilla as a result of maxillary expansion was evident. The areas of maximum stress were the intact primary palate region, inferior orbital foramen of the non-cleft and the cleft sides, and the zygomatic buttress of the cleft side. During expansion, the intact primary palate showed high stress and acted as a region of major resistance, followed by the zygomatic buttress on ...
Supporting intercultural computer-mediated discourse: methods, models, and architectures

We use the term "intercultural" instead of "cultural" to emphasis the dialogical relationship of at least two participants from different cultures in computer-mediated communication and cooperation contexts. Supporting intercultural computer-mediated communication (I-CMC) requires, on the one hand, the understanding of both enabling and constraining aspects (barriers) of such a dialogical situations, and calls for, on the other hand, new ideas for tools, architectures, etc., which may support, promote or enable computer-mediated intercultural communication and cooperation.This workshop explores the challenges in the intercultural computer-mediated communication and cooperation environments and will provide a platform for discussing empirical insights into the intercultural communication barriers and practical and theoretical works for new designs, tools and architectures that aims at overcoming them and enabling computer-mediated intercultural communication and cooperation.
A Survey of Current College Alcohol Abuse Programmes, Attitudes, and Training Needs

College students and their alcohol use have been the subject of numerous studies over the last three decades and have received an increasing amount of attention (Engs, 1977; Hanson and Engs, 1984; Gadaleto and Anderson, 1986; Downs, 1987; Thompson and Wilsnack, 1987; Janosik and Anderson, 1989; Tryon, 1992). Studies on student alcohol use began appearing in the literature in the mid‐1970's (Penn, 1974; Rouse and Ewing, 1978; Newton, 1978). Subsequent studies (Scheller‐Gilkey, Gomberg, and Clay, 1979; Heritage, 1979; O'Connell and Patterson, 1989) have documented consistently high levels of alcohol consumption and a serious abuse problem on college campuses. Although some studies (Condon and Carman, 1986; Hanson and Engs, 1986) indicate that overall consumption has reached a plateau, Gonzalez (1986) reported that 89% of male students and 86% of female students surveyed drank alcohol, and many suffered from alcohol related problems. Further, both recent survey data (Eigen, 1991) and participant‐observer studies (Moffatt, 1989) suggest that collegiate drinking is a very serious health concern. Moffatt found that to a great extent college students' lives revolved around the acquisition and consumption of alcohol and constituted students' favourite collective activity. Surveys revealed that no other population group in the United States has a more serious drinking problem than does the college student population (Gonzalez, 1986). Both men and women drink more as they progress through the college, and those who drink more also experience more alcohol‐related problems (Gonzalez, 1989).
Introducing function extraction into software testing

Software testing can benefit from technologies that enable evolution toward increased engineering discipline. In current practice, software developers lack practical means to determine the full functional behavior of programs under development, and even the most thorough testing can provide only partial knowledge of behaviors. Thus, effective scientific principles and engineering technology for revealing software behavior should have a positive impact on software testing. This paper describes the emerging technology of function extraction (FX) for computing the behavior of programs to the maximum extent possible with mathematical precision. We explore how the use of FX technologies can transform methods for functional verification of software. An example illustrates the value of full behavior knowledge for complete and confident assessment of software function and fitness for use. We conclude by describing a transition strategy for introducing FX technology into the development and operation of software systems.
Membrane interaction of islet amyloid polypeptide

Increasing evidence suggests that the misfolding and deposition of IAPP plays an important role in the pathogenesis of type II, or non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Membranes have been implicated in IAPP-dependent toxicity in several ways: Lipid membranes have been shown to promote the misfolding and aggregation of IAPP. Thus, potentially toxic forms of IAPP can be generated when IAPP interacts with cellular membranes. In addition, membranes have been implicated as the target of IAPP toxicity. IAPP has been shown to disrupt membrane integrity and to permeabilize membranes. Since disruption of cellular membranes is highly toxic, such a mechanism has been suggested to explain the observed IAPP toxicity. Here, we review IAPP-membrane interaction in the context of (1) catalyzing IAPP misfolding and (2) being a potential origin of IAPP toxicity.
Augmentation of Evidence-Based Psychotherapy for PTSD With Cognitive Enhancers

Exposure-based therapy has proven to be useful to treat various anxiety disorders as well as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Despite its efficacy, a fair proportion of patients remain symptomatic after treatment. Different lines of research have put considerable efforts to investigate ways to enhance the efficacy of exposure-based therapy, which could ultimately lead to better clinical outcomes for patients. Given that this type of therapy relies on extinction learning principles, neuroscience research has tested different adjuncts that could be used as cognitive enhancers through their impact on extinction learning and its consolidation. The current review will summarize some of the latest compounds that have received attention and show some promise to be used in clinical settings to improve the efficacy of exposure-based therapy.
The inheritance of flowering time inAmaranthus species

The inheritance of flowering time was studied in a cross between an early flowering weedy species,Amaranthus retroftexus L., and a late flowering related crop species,A. cruentus L. Segregation ratios were scored in four successive backcrosses of the hybrid to the crop species (BC1 to BC4) and in backcross-derived generations (BC2F2, BC2F3) grown under 8-hr and 16-hr photoperiods and 30/20°C day/night temperatures in growth chambers, and under field and greenhouse environments during summer months at Davis. One major gene for earliness (Ea), dominant over late flowering, was identified conclusively under the 8-hr regime and in some genetic backgrounds under field conditions. Based on segregation patterns within individual progenies and the observed transgressive segregation, a model of three genes seemed to explain all of the ratios consistently. Evidence of segregation distortion at theEa locus, resulting in the deficiency of early individuals, and some role of epistatic interactions among the three postulated major genes requires further testing based on more isogenic and specific progeny materials. Flowering time was closely associated with plant form, inflorescence development, and numerous other traits which differentiate the crop and weed species. This association provides interesting insights into evolutionary changes under domestication and dispersal from lower to higher latitudes.
Detecting internal breakdown in apples using interactance measurements

Abstract A technique using body transmittance in the 450- to 1050-nm region was evaluated as a non-destructive technique for identifying apples with internal breakdown. Apples with internal breakdown absorbed shorter wavelengths of light ( 750 nm) was absorbed more by good apples than detective ones. A classifier based on the ratio between the light intensity at 720 and 810 nm was used to segregate apples with internal breakdown from good apples. Only 6.3% of the good apples were incorrectly classified; however. bruises on the apples contributed to the incorrect classification of good apples. None of the apples with severe internal breakdown were incorrectly classified. Apples with very slight internal breakdown contributed to most of the 12.0% error of misclassifying defective fruit as good. The number of misclassified apples was reduced by adjusting the cut-off; however, the number of good fruit that would be discarded increased.
Sulfate exports from multiple catchments in a glaciated forested watershed in western New York, USA.

Sulfate (\( SO^{{2 - }}_{4} \)) concentrations and fluxes were studied for multiple storm events in the Point Peter Brook watershed, a glaciated, forested watershed located in Western New York, USA. Investigations were performed across one large (696 ha) and three small (1.6–3.4 ha) catchments with varying extent of riparian and wetland areas. Concentrations of \( SO^{{2 - }}_{4} \) in groundwater sources (mean values: 238–910 μmolc L−1) were considerably greater than concentrations recorded for rainfall (60 μmolc L−1) and throughfall (72–129 μmolc L−1). Seasonality in \( SO^{{2 - }}_{4} \) concentrations was most pronounced for valley-bottom riparian waters with maximum concentrations in late winter–spring (February–March) and a minimum in late summer (August). Concentrations of \( SO^{{2 - }}_{4} \) in wetland water were considerably less than riparian water indicating the likelihood of \( SO^{{2 - }}_{4} \) reduction in anoxic wetland conditions. Storm events displayed a dilution pattern in \( SO^{{2 - }}_{4} \) concentrations with a minimum coinciding with the maximum in throughfall contributions. End member mixing analysis (EMMA) was able to predict the storm event concentrations of \( SO^{{2 - }}_{4} \) for four of the six comparisons. Concentrations of \( SO^{{2 - }}_{4} \) at the outlet of the large (696 ha) catchment were much greater than values recorded for the smaller catchments. Exports of \( SO^{{2 - }}_{4} \) in streamflow exceeded the inputs from atmospheric deposition suggesting that watersheds like Point Peter Brook may not show any immediate response to decreases in atmospheric \( SO^{{2 - }}_{4} \) deposition.
Comparison of building load performance between first principle based and implementable shading control algorithms

This paper presents the findings on the impact of two window shading control strategies on office building thermal and lighting loads over a year’s period through energy simulation in four different climatic contexts in the United States. While it is well known that window shades affect heat gain and loss through windows and thus building energy loads, there is limited information on the actual magnitude and specific behavior of their effects on the building thermal and lighting loads. The objective of the described study is to generalize the magnitude of the impact from window shading control strategies on building thermal and lighting loads over a year by modeling a representative office building construction in indicative geographical locations as well as internal window shades representative of those that are commonly used. Two control algorithms are developed and evaluated which are the ideal algorithm and implementable. The basic principle of both algorithms is to maximize heat gain and minimize heat loss when the building is in heating condition, and performs the opposite when the building is in cooling condition, subject to glare control. Some of the information that is used in the ideal algorithm is not available for a “real world” controller. Therefore, an implementable shading control algorithm is also described, which will take sensor measurable conditions as input. EnergyPlus is used to conduct the thermal and lighting loads computation. The control algorithm is implemented through the BCVTB (Building Control Virtual Test Bed). BCVTB is a software environment that allows expert users to couple different simulation programs for distributed simulation.
Event Representations: Communicating Change Information in Supervisory Control

There has traditionally been relatively little emphasis on temporal and event-oriented information in the cognitive engineering literature on representation design for supervisory control environments. Not surprisingly perhaps, current methods in these settings for capturing and representing events (patterns of behavior in the monitored system), are relatively crude. The need for more sophisticated representations of this type of information will become increasingly urgent as a result of evolving operations practices in many industries. This paper presents an argument for the importance of event information and briefly reviews how current representational techniques can make events hard for operators to observe and interpret. The paper concludes with a discussion of some of the challenges to be met in developing a principled basis for the design of more effective event representations.
Odor detection, learning, and memory in Huntington's disease.

We compared 7 mildly affected Huntington's disease (HD) patients to 7 age- and education-matched healthy controls (NC) on an odor detection test, the California Odor Learning Test, and the California Verbal Learning Test. Results demonstrated that odor detection sensitivity, but not group membership, accounted for significant variance in total olfactory learning. Both groups learned fewer items in the olfactory modality compared to the verbal modality, but retained a similar amount following a delay. No group differences were demonstrated for verbal recognition discriminability, but the HD group demonstrated significantly impaired odor recognition discriminability. Finally, odor detection provided excellent classification sensitivity and specificity between the patients and controls, suggesting that olfactory testing may provide a sensitive measure of the early disease process in HD. (JINS, 1999, 5, 609–615.)
Advocacy for Education in Museums

AbstractAs museums adapt to new economic realities and the demands of educating twenty-first-century learners, the need to develop advocacy skills for education in museum settings has never been more important. This article describes the current challenges that museum educators face and suggests how advocacy can be used to address them.
Collector optic cleaning by in-situ hydrogen plasma

Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography sources produce EUV photons by means of a hot, dense, highly-ionized Sn plasma. This plasma expels high-energy Sn ions and neutrals, which deposit on the collector optic used to focus the EUV light. This Sn deposition lowers the reflectivity of the collector optic, necessitating downtime for collector cleaning and replacement. A method is being developed to clean the collector with an in-situ hydrogen plasma, which provides hydrogen radicals that etch the Sn by forming gaseous SnH4. This method has the potential to significantly reduce collector-related source downtime. EUV reflectivity restoration and Sn cleaning have been demonstrated on multilayer mirror samples attached to a Sn-coated 300mm-diameter steel dummy collector driven at 300W RF power with 500sccm H2 and a pressure of 260mTorr. Use of the in-situ cleaning method is also being studied at industriallyapplicable high pressure (1.3 Torr). Plasma creation across the dummy collector surface has been demonstrated at 1.3 Torr with 1000sccm H2 flow, and etch rates have been measured. Additionally, etching has been demonstrated at higher flow rates up to 3200sccm. A catalytic probe has been used to measure radical density at various pressures and flows. The results lend further credence to the hypothesis that Sn removal is limited not by radical creation but by the removal of SnH4 from the plasma. Additionally, further progress has been made in an attempt to model the physical processes behind Sn removal.
Long-term analysis of differentiation in human myoblasts repopulated with mitochondria harboring mtDNA mutations.

Short-term analysis of myogenesis in respiration-deficient myoblasts demonstrated that respiratory chain dysfunction impairs muscle differentiation. To investigate long-term consequences of a deficiency in oxidative phosphorylation on myogenesis, we quantitated myoblast fusion and expression of sarcomeric myosin in respiration-deficient myogenic cybrids. We produced viable myoblasts harboring exclusively mtDNA with large-scale deletions by treating wild-type myoblasts with rhodamine 6G and fusing them with cytoplasts homoplasmic for two different mutated mtDNAs. Recovery of growth in transmitochondrial myoblasts demonstrated that respiratory chain function is not required for recovery of rhodamine 6G-treated cells. Both transmitochondrial respiration-deficient cultures exhibited impaired myoblast fusion. Expression of sarcomeric myosin was also delayed in deficient myoblasts. However, 4 weeks after induction of differentiation, one cell line was able to quantitatively recover its capacity to form postmitotic muscle cells. This indicates that while oxidative phosphorylation is an important source of ATP for muscle development, myoblast differentiation can be supported entirely by glycolysis.
DIRECT OBSERVATION OF FIELD-INDUCED INCOMMENSURATE FLUCTUATIONS IN A ONE-DIMENSIONAL S = 1/2 ANTIFERROMAGNET

Neutron scattering from copper benzoate, $\mathrm{Cu}({\mathrm{C}}_{6}{\mathrm{D}}_{5}\mathrm{COO}{)}_{2}\ifmmode \dot{}\else \.{}\fi{}3{\mathrm{D}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$, provides the first direct experimental evidence for field-dependent incommensurate low energy modes in a one-dimensional spin $S\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}1/2$ antiferromagnet. Soft modes occur for wave vectors $\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{q}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\pi}\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}\ensuremath{\delta}\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{q}(H)$, where $\ensuremath{\delta}\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{q}(H)\ensuremath{\approx}2\ensuremath{\pi}M(H)/g{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}$ as predicted by Bethe ansatz and spinon descriptions of the $S\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}1/2$ chain. Unexpected was a field-induced energy gap $\ensuremath{\Delta}(H)\ensuremath{\propto}{H}^{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$, where $\ensuremath{\alpha}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}0.65(3)$ as determined from specific heat measurements. At $H\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}7\mathrm{T}$ ( $g{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}H/J\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}0.52$), the magnitude of the gap varies from $0.06J\mathrm{to}0.3J$ depending on the orientation of the applied field.
Thoracic surgery in pediatrics

Summary 1. A review of the more common thoracic surgical diseases in children has been presented. Illustrations of typical cases encountered are given. 2. Thoracic surgical procedures today are safe, and children suffering diseases amenable to surgery should be offered the chance of cure. Especially should surgery be offered to the young, as they tolerate surgery quite well, removal of suppurative disease decreases their morbidity and mortality rate, and the earlier the operation is performed the more the likelihood of a cure.
Development of a Regional Neonatal Resuscitation Training Center (NRTC): A Cost Effective Model to Improve Neonatal Outcome in Countries with High Infant Mortality

Development of a Regional Neonatal Resuscitation Training Center (NRTC): A Cost Effective Model to Improve Neonatal Outcome in Countries with High Infant Mortality
The effect of constant outcome value on judgments and decision making given linguistic probabilities

Two experiments were performed to determine whether judgments of the relative chances of two independent events occurring are biased by constant outcome values contingent on the events when the uncertainties are specified by linguistic expressions (e.g. doubtful). In Experiment 1, subjects directly judged the relative chances of the two events, of which one was represented by a spinner and the other by a linguistic probability expression. In Experiment 2, only linguistic probability expressions were used to describe the two events and a betting procedure was used. A bias was evident in both studies, such that the relative judgments tended to favour the event with the positive rather than the negative contingent outcome. The bias was smaller for the low- than for the high-probability phrases. Individual differences were great, with the bias appearing strongly in only about one-third of the population. Theoretical implications of the present and related results are discussed.
Acceleration of CHO cells into mitosis and reduction of X-ray-induced G2 delay by cordycepin

Abstract The mitotic cell selection technique was used to monitor the effect of cordycepin and/or 100 rad of X-rays on the entry of asynchronous or synchronous Chinese hamster ovary cells into mitosis. Continuous exposure of asynchronous cells to 5–50 μg/ml of cordycepin caused a rapid increase in the relative numbers of cells entering mitosis. In irradiated cells, cordycepin also reduced a 120-min mitotic delay by about 80 min and shifted the X-ray transition point about 10 min farther away from mitosis. Further studies showed that synchronous cells, treated continuously with 15 μg/ml of cordycepin starting at mid-to-late S phase, proceeded into mitosis approx. 40 min ahead of controls. This acceleration was associated with a 30-min lengthening of S phase and a reduction in the length of G2 from 80 to about 10 min. Furthermore, cordycepin reduced the 70-min mitotic delay observed for cells irradiated in S phase by 20 min. In contrast to the results for treatment at mid-S phase, continuous treatment during G2 of unirradiated synchronous cells with 15 μg/ml of cordycepin had little effect on accelerating cells into mitosis, yet did reduce by about 60 min the 170-min mitotic delay observed for cells irradiated in G2. Unirradiated synchronous cells treated with cordycepin starting before mid-S did not reach mitosis. Thus, there are the following transition points or intervals for cordycepin: for treatment prior to mid-S phase, cell cycle progression through S is blocked; for treatment between mid-S and late S, progression through S continues but progression through G2 is accelerated; and for treatment during G2, the rate of progression in accelerated only if the cells have been irradiated. These results are discussed in relation to the synthesis during late S and G2 of critical protein molecules essential for mitosis.
Policy Responsiveness and Incumbent Reelection in State Legislatures

Does policy responsiveness on the part of incumbent legislators affect their prospects for reelection? Recent studies of congressional campaigns demonstrate that incumbents who support policies that are more congruent with their constituents' preferences face fewer reelection obstacles. The present analysis considers this question in state legislative elections where voter knowledge of legislator activities is generally quite low. The findings demonstrate that incumbents positioned farther from the average citizen and toward their party's base are only slightly more likely to be challenged than other incumbents. However, more partisan voting incumbents do attract challengers capable of raising and spending larger amounts of money. Interestingly, incumbents positioned closer to their party's base actually receive a greater share of the vote in most contested elections. Only when challengers spend significant amounts of money do we see the positive effects of partisan voting by incumbents diminished. Overall, these findings demonstrate the mechanisms by which policy positions of incumbents in a low-information environment affect the challengers that emerge and the level of voter support received.
Do Normal Subgroups Have Straight Tails

(2005). Do Normal Subgroups Have Straight Tails? The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 112, No. 5, pp. 440-449.
On the application of background oriented schlieren for wavefront sensing

The concept of utilizing a background oriented schlieren (BOS) imaging system to measure the distortion of a wavefront is presented and analyzed. It is shown that the fundamental equations characterizing the image distortion measured using BOS and the distortion of a wavefront are based on the same physical phenomena and can be easily related to one another. An analysis is performed to consider the influence of practical considerations, such as the field-of-view (FOV) and depth-of-field (DOF) on the sensitivity of the BOS measurement. It is found that when the FOV of the schlieren object is held constant and placement of both the medium and background is constrained to the DOF of the imaging system, the sensitivity of the BOS measurement is independent of the focal length of the imaging lens and overall length of the system, both of which are dependent on the FOV and DOF. An equation is derived that expresses the BOS sensitivity as a function of imaging lens f-number and the circle of confusion as these parameters are used in practice to determine the FOV and DOF. It is shown that allowing the background to be slightly out of focus can significantly increase the sensitivity of the measurement. The analysis is tested and confirmed using both computer generated model images and experiments performed to measure the wavefront distortion induced by a plano-convex lens. An uncertainty analysis is performed showing better than 0.1 pixel resolution in the image distortion, which results in an absolute error of the reconstructed wavefront that is better than 5% for the case considered here.
Safety and Feasibility of Same-Day Discharge of Patients With Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma Treated With Doxorubicin Drug-Eluting Bead Transcatheter Chemoembolization

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the safety and feasibility of same-day discharge of patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after doxorubicin drug-eluting bead (DEB) transarterial chemoembolization and to elucidate the factors predisposing to overnight admission. Materials and Methods: Consecutive patients with unresectable HCC who underwent superselective 100 –300 m DEB transarterial chemoembolization were included. The parameters of same-day therapy (group A) were compared with those of patients admitted overnight (group B). A 2 test and a t test were used to compare categorical and continuous variables accordingly. Results: Seventy-six patients (mean, 61 y) received 110 DEB transarterial chemoembolization treatments over an 8-month study period. In 84.5% (93/110) of DEB transarterial chemoembolization procedures, the patients were discharged on the same day (group A). The causes of hospitalization included the worsening of comorbidities in 41.1% (7/17), pain control in 29.4% (5/17), and groin and closure device–related complications in 29.4% (5/17) of patients. The mean Charlson comorbidity scores in groups A and B were 6.96 (standard deviation [SD] 1.98) and 8.47 (SD 2.18) (P .0005), respectively. All of the patients in group B had Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) stages C and D HCC (P .024). There were no Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) grade III or worse adverse events (AEs). There was no mortality or emergency visits within 30 days of discharge. Conclusions: Same-day discharge after superselective DEB transarterial chemoembolization for unresectable HCC is safe and feasible. BCLC C or D stage of disease, a higher Charlson comorbidity score, and groin or closure device complications are correlated with a greater likelihood for overnight admission.
Fault Detection Using Canonical Variate Analysis

The system identification method canonical variate analysis (CVA) has attracted much attention from researchers for its ability to identify multivariable state-space models using experimental data. A model identified using CVA can use several methods for fault detection. Two standard methods are investigated in this paper: the first is based on Kalman filter residuals for the CVA model, the second on canonical variable residuals. In addition, a third method is proposed that uses the local approach for detecting changes in the canonical variable coefficients. The detection methods are evaluated using three simulation examples; the examples consider the effects of feedback control; process nonlinearities; and multivariable, serially correlated data. The simulations consider several types of common process faults, including sensor faults, load disturbances, and process changes. The simulation results indicate that the local approach provides a very sensitive method for detecting process changes that are dif...
Eimeria ovata n. sp. and Other Coccidia of the Eastern Chipmunk Tamias striatus in Massachusetts

SYNOPSIS. Eimeria vilasi, E. wisconsinensis, and E. ovata n. sp. were found in the intestinal contents of eastern chipmunks Tamias striatus in Massachusetts. The oocysts of E. ovata are ovoid with mean dimensions of 26.1 × 16.7 μ. The outer oocyst wall is rough, with small pits. Micropyle and oocyst residuum are absent. Sporulation time at room temperature is 7–8 days.