cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ADIPOSE TISSUE : Morphological Changes Associated with Lipid Mobilization

Morphological changes associated with mobilization of lipid were studied in epididymal adipose tissue from fasted and from alloxan diabetic rats. In both groups of animals a decrease in lipid content was accompanied by the formation of complex frond-like cytoplasmic processes and of loops and folds of basement membrane which extended from cell surfaces. These changes, evident after 1 day of fasting, increased in magnitude with increasing weight loss. As the lipid content of the cell decreased further, lipid-cytoplasmic interfaces became irregular and convoluted. Cytoplasmic microvesicles were prominent and appeared to be greatly increased in number. Rosette-like structures composed of microvesicles were observed in both lipid-depleted fat cells and endothelium. The interpretation of these changes and their physiological significance are discussed in terms of the physical and chemical properties of lipids and lipid metabolism. It is postulated that microvesicles may represent the mechanism of transport of free fatty acids in fat cells and in endothelium. Hypotheses are proposed and illustrated schematically for the mode of formation of microvesicular rosettes, for the mobilization and uptake of lipids by fat cells, and for the transport of lipids through endothelium.
Attracting mates: Effects of paternal investment on mate attraction strategies

Abstract It is proposed here that mate-attraction strategies among females and among males vary facultatively with expectations about paternal investment. The following four hypotheses are argued and tested: 1. Females who expect to find investing mates will be more likely than other females to emphasize their need for investment by suppressing their resources and appearance of competence. 2. Females who expect to find investing mates will try to attract them by acting chaste and emphasizing their fidelity, while females who expect non-investing mates will flaunt their sexuality in order to get pre-reproductive investment from as many males as possible. 3. Males who think it is appropriate to invest heavily in offspring will be more likely than other males to attract mates by emphasizing their ability and willingness to invest. 4. Investing males will be more likely than non-investing males to emphasize chastity and fidelity, whereas non-investing males will flaunt their sexuality and sexual attractiveness to females. These hypotheses were evaluated among undergraduates by administering questionnaires measuring (a) attitudes toward paternal investment and (b) reported tactics used to attract mates. Hypotheses 2–4 were supported by the data, while hypothesis 1 received only partial support. The mixed results for hypothesis 1 indicate that self-deprecating acts and deferential acts may be signaling different things.
The Land and the Heroes of Lokris in the Iliad

The presentation of Lokris and the Lokrians in the Iliad is problematic. The entry for Lokris in the Catalogue lists an unusually large number of towns for such a small area, but many of those towns are obscure. Despite the small size of the region of Lokris, it has given the epic not one but two major heroes of very different characters: the Lokrian commander Oilean Aias and Patroklos, Achilles' friend and warrior companion. Although Aias is praised in the Catalogue entry as the greatest of Homeric warriors, elsewhere in the Iliad he is only a second-rank hero and his men, the Lokrians, are relatively insignificant archers. Seeking a resolution of these difficulties, this paper integrates information derived from the text of the Iliad with what is known of the topography and archaeology of Lokris between the Late Mycenaean and Archaic periods. It is concluded that Aias, the more traditional hero, is firmly embedded in Lokris, whereas Patroklos, who appears to be ‘reinvented’ by the poet of the Iliad, has no traditional connection to the land. The contrast between these heroes may reflect the division between the mountainous Epiknemidian and the urban Opountian parts of Lokris. Oilean Aias encapsulates the ancient virtues of the mountain warrior and is linked with Epiknemidian Lokris; Patroklos, with his gentle disposition, is representative of the citizen of the polis and as such is linked to Opous, the capital of Lokris.
Effectiveness and limitations of the Earned Income Tax Credit for reducing child poverty in the United States

Abstract Based on international comparisons, the United States has a high child poverty rate. The Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC), which provides a tax benefit to low-income working households and was expanded after the 1990s welfare reform, is currently this country's largest cash transfer program for low-income families with children. This article examines the historical components of the EITC. We then analyze the program's child poverty reduction effectiveness by comparing the percent and percentage point declines in the child poverty rate accounted for by the EITC benefit for six years between 1996 and 2005. Figures for the first four years were drawn from previous studies, while figures for the final two years were estimated with a U.S. Census Bureau calculator. All of the analyses used Current Population Survey data. We determined that the percent decline in the child poverty rate attributed to the EITC generally increased during this period (highest percent was 19.5 in 2005), while the percentage point decline remained relatively stable. We then critically examine four poverty reduction assumptions of the EITC that limit its ability to further reduce child poverty and draw social policy implications.
AGGRESSIVE DRIVING AND ROAD RAGE BEHAVIORS ON FREEWAYS IN SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA: SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL ANALYSES OF OBSERVED AND REPORTED VARIATIONS

The California Highway Patrol in San Diego County receives cellular telephone calls reporting unsafe driving. The content of the calls varies, with drivers complaining about speeding cars driving over 161 km/h (100 mph) and other drivers weaving and cutting off or tailgating. In some cases, the driving conditions were even more volatile with drivers describing harassment, assaults with a weapon, or running other vehicles off the road. There were about 1,987 reported incidents from the freeways of San Diego for the months of April, June, and September 1998. The information received by the dispatchers was tabulated and put into five different categories. Analyses indicated that 24.6 percent of the calls were for "Aggressive Driving 1" (speeding plus some other behavior, such as unsafe lane changes or passing); "Aggressive Driving 2" (weaving and cutting) was reported most frequently (27.1 percent of all calls); about 12.5 percent of the calls were for "Aggressive Driving 3" (tailgating); "Speeding Alone" ca...
Case Article---All of Britain Must Be Stoned! An Effective Introductory Probability Case

This case is based on a newspaper article written by Vikram Dodd for The Guardianin 1999. The article, “You're Carrying Cocaine in Your Wallet,” was published on October 4, 1999, and was soon distributed worldwide by several news services. Because Dodd [Dodd, V. 1999. You're carrying cocaine in your wallet---Drugs in Britain: Special report. Guardian October 4. http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/1999/oct/04/vikramdodd1 ] gives an overview of the data collection process and summarizes the results, the article provides the basis for a highly effective case. A hyperlink to the original article is provided. As Dodd's [Dodd, V. 1999. You're carrying cocaine in your wallet---Drugs in Britain: Special report. Guardian October 4. http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/1999/oct/04/vikramdodd1 ] article circulated throughout the world, its readers were aghast to learn of the penetration of cocaine into British society implied by the findings reported in the article. Students generally react similarly, and their reactions present an opportunity for the instructor to emphasize the importance of critically evaluating what one reads even in reputable newspapers. Case Teaching Note: Interested Instructors please see the Instructor Materials page for access to the restricted materials. To maintain the integrity and usefulness of cases published in ITE, unapproved distribution of the case teaching notes and other restricted materials to any other party is prohibited.
A sensitivity analysis of the Korean composite environmental index

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to carry out a sensitivity analysis of the Korean composite environmental index (CEI) by examining the CEIs computed by functional forms and those derived from opinion surveys, with a special emphasis on the assessment of weights of environmental indicators and themes: the CEIs are based on environmental themes and pressure indicators. The trends of CEIs had minor gaps according to survey types, survey years, and functional forms, but their effects on the CEI were not strong enough to alter the general trend, which is a clear deterioration of the environment. The Korean CEI has been deteriorating in proportion to economic growth. The annualized growth rate of real GDP and the annualized deterioration rate of environment for 1986–1997 were 7.8 and 5.6%, respectively, and a linear regression of CEI on real GDP over the same period showed a close, positive relation, specifically that a 1% growth of real GDP caused a 0.7% deterioration of the environment. The principal cause of the deteriorating environment is the priority given to economic growth over environmental preservation in the Korean drive for economic development.
Quasiparticle dynamics and a new, high-resolution readout of STJ photon detectors

Abstract Quasiparticle dynamics and energy resolution of STJ single-photon detectors are described. A new readout, the RF-STJ, is presented and its implementation as an mm-wave detector is tested using an on-chip hot–cold source.
Electroplated targets for production of unique PET radionuclides

Abstract The past decade has witnessed the applications of positron emission tomography (PET) evolving from a purely research endeavor to a procedure which has specific clinical applications in the areas of cardiology, neurology and oncology. The growth of PET has been facilitated by developments in both medical instrumentation and radiopharmaceutical chemistry efforts. Included in this latter effort has been the low energy accelerator production and processing of unique PET radionuclides appropriate for the radiolabeling of biomolecules, i.e. monoclonal antibodies and peptides. The development and application of electroplated targets of antimony and copper for the production of iodine-124 and gallium-66 respectively, utilizing the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) cyclotron are examples of target design and development applicable to many medical accelerators.
Auction market theory of heterogeneous bidders

Abstract This paper is concerned with derivation of a non-cooperative equilibrium bid function for heterogeneous bidders in discriminative auctions.
Testing the conditional independence and monotonicity assumptions of item response theory

When item characteristic curves are nondecreasing functions of a latent variable, the conditional or local independence of item responses given the latent variable implies nonnegative conditional covariances between all monotone increasing functions of a set of item responses given any function of the remaining item responses. This general result provides a basis for testing the conditional independence assumption without first specifying a parametric form for the nondecreasing item characteristic curves. The proposed tests are simple, have known asymptotic null distributions, and possess certain optimal properties. In an example, the conditional independence hypothesis is rejected for all possible forms of monotone item characteristic curves.
On matrix inversion for LTE MIMO applications using Texas Instruments floating point DSP

Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) is one of the key technologies for the current and future broadband wireless services. Matrix inversion is the most costly computational module within the Minimum Mean-Square Error (MMSE) based MIMO receiver. For LTE Release 8, the order of the matrix to be inverted for an MMSE receiver is 2×2 for 2-stream MIMO. Going forward to LTE release 10, 4-stream MIMO can potentially double the throughput, but the matrix to be inverted will grow to 4×4, which is computationally intensive. In this paper, we will exam several software implementations of 4×4 matrix inversion. We will demonstrate how we can significantly reduce the cost (both in terms of cycle counts and development time) while maintaining enough output precision to meet performance requirements by using the floating-point feature of Texas Instruments' (TI) new multicore System-on-a-Chip (SoC) architecture.
Narcissism and the non-equivalence of self-esteem measures: A matter of dominance?

Previous research reveals a substantial degree of variability in the extent to which narcissism (as measured by the Narcissistic Personality Inventory or NPI; Emmons, 1987) and self-esteem (measured using a variety of self-report scales) are associated. Data from 329 college students provided support for the hypothesis that the variability in associations between narcissism and different measures of self-esteem may be explained in part by the degree to which a given self-esteem measure is related to dominance. These results have important implications for research on narcissism and self-esteem, as well as the broader issue of how self-esteem is conceptualized and measured in psychological research.
Rapid microanalytical chlorine determination in polymers by ion selective electrode

A rapid microanalytical method has been developed for the determination of very small amounts of chlorine in polymers. The gist of the method comprises quantitative dechlorination by sodium biphenyl or dehydrochlorination bytert-BuOK, aqueous extraction of the Cl⊖ formed, followed by [Cl⊖] quantitation by chloride ion selective electrode (CSE). The method has been tested and is now used routinely for chlorine end group quantitation of telechelic polyisobutylene (PIB), poly(2,4,6-trimethylstyrene) (PTMSt), and poly(p-chlorostyrene) (PpClSt).
Variation in severity and type of sleep-disordered breathing throughout 4 nights in patients with heart failure

Summary Background Over 50% of patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) have sleep-disordered breathing (SDB). Any variation in the type of SDB in CHF will have implications for patient management. Currently there is good evidence for treatment of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in CHF with continuous positive airway pressure; however, for central sleep apnea (CSA) the treatment is less clear. Aims The aim of this study was to investigate the variation in the severity and type of SDB (OSA vs. CSA) throughout 4 consecutive nights in CHF patients with SDB. Methods Nineteen male CHF patients (mean±sd: age 61±9 years; left ventricular ejection fraction: 34±10% and percent predicted peak VO 2 : 67±19%) underwent cardiorespiratory monitoring in their own home throughout 4 consecutive nights. Results There was minimal variation in apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) throughout 4 nights in CHF patients with SDB [intraclass correlation coefficient (95% confidence interval (CI)): 0.97 (95% CI 0.76 and 0.97)]. Eight patients [42% (95% CI 20% and 64%)] demonstrated a shift in the type of their SDB, from CSA to OSA or vice versa; these patients had significantly smaller neck circumference (group mean±sd) 42±2 vs. 44±2cm; p =0.04), and had significant variation in the central AHI [intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.51 (95% CI 0.16 and 0.85)]. Conclusions A single night of cardiorespiratory monitoring is representative of moderate-to-severe SDB in patients with CHF. However, a high proportion of patients shift their type of SDB over 4 nights. These findings may have implications for the management of SDB in CHF.
Quantitation of Perchlorate Ion: Practices and Advances Applied to the Analysis of Common Matrices

ABSTRACT In 1997, low-level perchlorate contamination (<50 ng mL−1 or parts per billion) was discovered in the western U.S. Since that time, it has been found in sites scattered around the nation. Although the Environmental Protection Agency has not established a regulation for perchlorate in drinking water, it has placed perchlorate on the contaminant candidate list (CCL) and the unregulated contaminants monitoring rule (UCMR). A provisional and unenforceable concentration of 18 ng mL−1 will stand until at least late 2000 when EPA hopes to issue a revised toxicological assessment. However, the need for techniques and methods for determining perchlorate is not constrained to environmental chemistry. Perchlorate salts are used pharmaceutically in Europe to treat Graves' disease and amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis. Ammonium perchlorate is used as a solid oxidant in space shuttles and intercontinental ballistic missiles. Thus, methods and techniques are necessary for quality control and quality assurance. ...
Role of voluntary motor activity on menthol-induced hyperthermia in mice

Abstract 1. This study tested the hypothesis that activating cutaneous TRPM8 receptors by menthol causes an increase in voluntary activity, because of a heat-seeking behavior, that contributes to menthol-induced hyperthermia in mice. 2. Menthol treatments resulted in increased core temperature and motor activity, and indices calculated from these variables were correlated, whether the experiments were performed during day or night. 3. Menthol-treated mice exposed to uniformly or partially heated cages had lower voluntary activity than when exposed to unheated cages. 4. These results suggest that menthol-induced hyperthermia in mice is partly caused by an increase in voluntary activity resulting from a heat-seeking behavior.
A Child With Coexistent Hemihypotrophy and Parapontine Epidermoid

This report describes a 10-year-old female who presented with poor growth and right hemihypotrophy. She had crossed sensory findings on neurologic examination consistent with a lateral medullary syndrome with no discernible cranial nerve findings, ataxia, or vertigo. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brainstem revealed a large right parapontine epidermoid. The possible relationship between the hemihypotrophy and the epidermoid is discussed.
Unimolecular decomposition of ethoxytrimethylsilane

A study of the metastable spectra from ethoxytrimethylsilane and the mass shifts of the deuterium-labeled species permitted the rationalization of the fragmentation mechanism for forming all major ions in the mass spectrum. A new mechanistic pathway for the formation of [Si(CH 3 ) 3 ] + (m/z 73) is demonstrated. A strong metastable ion for elimination of neutral acetaldehyde from the parent ion was observed despite the absence of a detectable daughter ion
Minimum resolvable temperature difference measurements on undersampled imagers

Minimum Resolvable Temperature Difference (MRTD) is the primary measurement of performance for infrared imaging systems. Where Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) is a measurement of resolution and three-dimensional noise (or noise equivalent temperature difference) is a measurement of sensitivity, MRTD combines both measurements into a test of observer visual acuity through the imager. MRTD has been incorrectly applied to undersampled thermal imagers as a means for assessing the overall performance of the imager. The incorrect application of the MRTD (or just MRT) test to undersampled imagers includes testing to the half-sample (or Nyquist rate) of the sensor and calling the MRT unresolvable beyond this frequency. This approach is known to give poor predictions in overall system performance. Also, measurements at frequencies below the half-sample rate are strongly dependent on the phase between the sampling geometry and the four-bar target. The result is that very little information in the MRT measurement of an undersampled thermal imager is useful. There are a number of alternatives including Dynamic MRT (DMRT), Minimum Temperature Difference Perceived (MTDP), Triangle Orientation Discrimination (TOD), and objective MRT tests. The NVESD approach is to measure the MTF and system noise and to use these measurements in the MRT calculation to give good sensor performance predictions. This paper describes the problems with MRT for undersampled imagers, describes the alternative measurements, and presents the NVESD approach to MRT measurements.
Replacement of the natural Wolbachia symbiont of Drosophila simulans with a mosquito counterpart

Inherited rickettsial symbionts of the genus Wolbachia occur commonly in arthropods and have been implicated in the expression of parthenogenesis, feminization and cytoplasmic incompatibility Wolbachia from the Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, to replace the natural infection of Drosophila simulans by means of embryonic microinjection techniques. The transferred Wolbachia infection behaves like a natural Drosophila infection with regard to its inheritance, cytoskeleton interactions and ability to induce incompatibility when crossed with uninfected flies. The transinfected flies are bidirectionally incompatible with all other naturally infected strains of Drosophila simulans, however, and as such represent a unique crossing type. The successful transfer of this symbiont between distantly related hosts suggests that it may be possible to introduce this agent experimentally into arthropod species of medical and agricultural importance in order to manipulate natural populations genetically.
Coulomb excitation studies of 151Eu and 153Eu

Abstract Coulomb excitation studies of 151Eu and 153Eu have been performed using 35Cl ions of energies from 30 to 90 MeV and α-particles of energies from 8 to 12 MeV In 151Eu, γ-γ coincidence experiments were performed to reduce uncertainties in the very complicated level structure. The existence of two close-lying levels at 307.0 and 307.45 keV is confirmed. Angular distribution measurements were performed with 40 and 60 MeV 35Cl ions giving spin-parity values for the following levels. 503.5 keV , 9 2 + ; 307.45 keV 5 2 + , 196.45 keV , 3 2 + The following E2/M1 mixing ratios are obtained. δ(482) = 032(8), δ(307.45) = −040(10), δ(286.1) = 030(10), δ(19645) = −09(4). Earlier B(E2) measurements were confirmed, and improved energy determinations were obtained for several of the levels. In 153Eu the E1 transition from the ground state to the 97.43 keV level has been observed and the B(E1) value measured The B(E2) of the 103.18 keV transition was measured and several earlier B(E2) measurements were confirmed. Improved energy determinations were obtained for several of the levels.
Imperfect factor mobility and the distribution of income

Abstract When labor is imperfectly mobile between industries, workers may have a special interest in commercial policies that increase the price of the output of the industry in which they are employed. This proposition is investigated in a two-good model in which the ‘degree of labor mobility’ is measured by the elasticity of a convex input transformation curve. The existence of such a transformation curve is justified by a model in which individual workers have differing relative and absolute efficiencies in different industries. The results are extended to the case of many industries.
Pulse shape discrimination in non-aromatic plastics

Abstract Recently it has been demonstrated that plastic scintillators have the ability to distinguish neutrons from gamma rays by way of pulse shape discrimination (PSD). This discovery has lead to new materials and new capabilities. Here we report our work with the effects of aromatic, non-aromatic, and mixed aromatic/non-aromatic matrices have on the performance of PSD plastic scintillators.
Legacy leadership: The leadership wisdom of the Apostle Paul

Abstract There is recent increasing interest in the spiritual dimensions of work, organizations and leadership coupled with heightened interest in Biblical perspectives on leadership. For example, recent works by Manz [Manz, C. (1998). The leadership wisdom of Jesus: Practical lessons for today . San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.] and Manz, Manz, Marx, & Neck [Manz, C., Manz, K., Marx, R., and Neck, C. (2001). The wisdom of Solomon at work: Ancient virtues for living and leading today . San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.] examined the leadership styles of Jesus and various Old Testament characters. In this article, we identify 10 leadership qualities of the Apostle Paul based on Paul's first letter to the Thessalonians. These qualities represent the motives and methods necessary for legacy leadership. We present logic for a causal model of spiritual leadership that represents evidence of legacy leadership in terms of the changed lives of followers. The legacy of the leader's influence is perpetuated through the followers' incorporation of legacy principles into their lives as they become leaders.
Photocoagulation in the treatment of bleeding peptic ulcer

The authors present their experience in the endoscopic laser photocoagulation of bleeding peptic ulcer. From 1991 to June 1995, 203 patients admitted for UGI bleeding from peptic ulcer have been treated by this method. The source of bleeding was confirmed by endoscopy. The patients were divided into two groups: actively bleeding peptic ulcer (group IA and IB according to Forrest's classification) and ulcer with stigmata of recent bleeding (group IIA/IIB). The former group consisted of 106 patients, among whom over 40 percent (45 patients) presented signs of hypovolemic shock on admission. Nd:YAG laser (Surgical Laser Technologies) was used in a continuous mode with a contact (8 - 20 watts) or non-contact (over 50 watts) method of coagulation. In actively bleeding patients photocoagulation resulted in stopping the hemorrhage in 95 (90%). Recurrent bleeding occurred in 16 cases; in 9 of them it was stopped by repeated photocoagulation. In this group 18 patients required surgical intervention. The mortality was of 10.3% (11 patients). In 97 patients with recent bleeding stigmata photocoagulation provoked heavy hemorrhage in 3 (in 2 cases stopped by prolonged coagulation). In 9 of the remaining 94 patients recurrent bleeding occurred. Nine patients required surgical intervention. Mortality in this group was of 6%.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Modeling the fabrication of nano-optical structures

Over the last two decades, considerable research has been devoted to micro-optic and now nano-optical structures. Fabrication methods have become sufficiently mature to realize most concepts, but due to physics inherent in the process, geometry is distorted. Edges are rounded, sidewalls are sloped, surfaces are rough, and etching or deposition not uniform. Deviations from "perfect" geometry can dramatically affect optical behavior. In order to address the impact of the "non-perfect" nature of fabrication, numerical methods for modeling fabrication is discussed and quantified for various examples. As an example, comprehensive modeling of near-field nano-patterning is described. Numerical and experimental results are presented of three-dimensional photonic crystals fabricated in a contact mask aligner using a standard UV lamp as the source.
The Demise and Resurrection of Compton Community College: How Loss of Accreditation Can Lead to a New Beginning

This article is a personal faculty perspective regarding academic accreditation. It describes the psychological process and consequences of losing accreditation. Compton Community College was one of the oldest community colleges in California and has served a diverse population of students for over 50 years. As a result of severe administrative and financial problems, the college's accreditation became jeopardized and was actually terminated in August 2006 by the Fiscal Crisis and Management Assistance Team (FCMAT). The college is now considered a district and has developed a partnership with El Camino Community College. In this article we discuss how the faculty responded to the process of closure and how it experienced the psychological stages of death and dying. Finally addressed is the need for hope to regain autonomy and independence in the future.
Teaching an Undergraduate Lecture/Research Course in Health Psychology

I describe an upper level undergraduate course in health psychology. The course consists of two separate but related segments lecture and laboratory/research. Components, assignments, activities, and resource materials for the lecture segment are described. For the research segment, I describe five preparatory instructional laboratories and the main activity of the course-planning and conducting a class-designed research project. Students' evaluations of the course are summarized.
Recent study of beam stability in the PSR

A fast transverse instability with beam loss has been observed in the 800-MeV Los Alamos Proton Storage Ring (PSR) when the injected beam intensity reaches 2 to 4/spl times/10/sup 13/ protons per pulse. Previous observations indicate that the instability is most likely driven by electrons trapped within the proton beam. Theoretical study has shown that beam leakage into the inter-bunch gap leads to electron trapping. Recent experiments were carried out by using the newly installed "pinger" and by varying the machine transition gamma to explore further the "e-p" instability and the nature of the instability. This paper summarizes some of these recent experimental results and theoretical studies. >
Managing sedation withdrawal in children who undergo prolonged PICU admission after discharge to the ward

Children who undergo a prolonged stay within the intensive care unit require adequate sedation and analgesia. During the recovery phase there will need to be a period of sedation withdrawal to prevent occurrence of an abstinence syndrome. We present a strategy developed within our hospital for managing this process which uses the resource of the Pain Service, along with guidelines to help prevent the development of withdrawal, and a plan for managing any signs of abstinence which occur.
Misunderstood Gestures: Iconatrophy and the Reception of Greek Sculpture in the Roman Imperial Period

Abstract Anthropologists have defined iconatrophy as a process by which oral traditions originate as explanations for objects that, through the passage of time, have ceased to make sense to their viewers. One form of iconatrophy involves the misinterpretation of statues9 identities, iconography, or locations. Stories that ultimately derive from such misunderstandings of statues are Monument-Novellen, a term coined by Herodotean studies. Applying the concept of iconatrophy to Greek sculpture of the Archaic and Classical periods yields three possible examples in which statues standing in Greek sanctuaries may have inspired stories cited by authors of the Roman imperial period as explanations for the statues9 identities, attributes, poses, or locations. The statues in question are the portrait of the athletic victor Milo of Croton at Olympia, a bronze lioness on the Athenian Acropolis identified as a memorial to the Athenian prostitute Leaina (““lioness””), and the Athena Hygieia near the Propylaia of Mnesikles. Inscriptions on the bases of Archaic and Classical statues in Greek sanctuaries typically named the dedicator, the recipient deity, and the sculptor, but did not include the subject represented or the historical occasion behind the dedication. These ““gaps”” left by votive inscriptions would only have encouraged the formation of iconatrophic oral traditions such as the examples examined in this article.
Questioning TWAIL's Agenda

In this introductory essay I briefly introduce the articles of the TWAIL 2011 symposium that was held at the University of Oregon. This includes a keynote by B.S. Chimni and articles by Prabhakar Singh,John Reynolds, Amar Bhatia, Usha Natarajan, Carolina S. Ruiz Austria, and Andrew Friedman. I also take the opportunity to work through what it means to have an agenda that is both scholarly and political by reporting my own experience with TWAIL.
Home Remedies for Type 2 Diabetes Used by Mexican Americans in El Paso, Texas

The purpose of this article is to examine the use of herbal remedies to treat Type 2 diabetes among Mexican Americans in El Paso County, Texas, on the U.S.-Mexico border. Interviews were conducted in Spanish with 22 Mexican American adults diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Open-ended questions were used to elicit theparticipants' beliefs about the appropriate treatment of Type 2 diabetes, including both Western biomedical and herbal therapy. Kleinman's explanatory model of illness served as the framework, and the grounded theory method was used for data analysis. A majority of participants were taking prescribed Western medications in conjunction with traditional Mexican folk remedies. Participants relied on the advice of family, friends, and neighbors to provide them with guidance, and some herbs used by participants were not indicated for the treatment of diabetes. Health care providers should be aware that Mexican American clients may make choices about herbal remedies without expert guidance and advice.
An in Vitro Model of Post-Exercise Hepatic Gluconeogenesis in the Gulf Toadfish Opsanus Beta

During strenuous exercise, fish develop substantial proton and lactate loads. Although acidosis is usually rapidly corrected during recovery (1–2 h), lactate levels often remain elevated for up to 8–12 h. The quantitative role of the liver in clearance of the lactate load during recovery from exercise in fish has received little direct examination. The purposes of this study were (1) to attempt to quantify hepatic contribution to lactate clearance, and (2) to identify factors that regulate hepatic gluconeogenesis during recovery from exercise in fish. Both in vivo and in vitro (isolated hepatocytes) approaches were used. Important blood parameters (pHe, C co co2 , [lactate], [glucose], [epinephrine] and [norepinephrine]) were measured in the gulf toadfish ( Opsanus beta Goode and Bean) during recovery from strenuous exercise, and they conformed to the general patterns for sluggish benthic species noted in earlier studies. When toadfish hepatocytes wereexposed to simulated post-exercise conditions in vitro , gluconeogenesis from lactate was stimulated by over 2.5-fold in ‘0–1 h-’ and ‘l-2h-post-exercise periods’. Variation of the extracellular parameters in controlled combinations indicated that exercise-induced changes in [glucose], [epinephrine], [norepinephrine], P co co2 and [HCO 3 − ] had no significant effects on rates of gluconeogenesis.The observed stimulation of gluconeogenesis could be induced independently byeither decreased pH (which lowered K m for lactate) or increased [lactate] (bysimple hyperbolic kinetic effects), but the effects were not additive. Despite thispotentially adaptive stimulation of gluconeogenesis, I estimate, based on observed in vitro rates and in vivo estimates of lactate load, that hepatic gluconeogenesisaccounts for less than 2% of the lactate load clearance in toadfish.
Effect of daily water treatment on hatchling sex ratios in a turtle with temperature-dependent sex determination.

Some previous studies indicate that the local hydric environment may influence sex determination in turtles with temperature-dependent sex determination. In this study, the effect of a daily application of 0.77 mL of ddH20 per egg using an incubation temperature of 29.1°C was examined during the temperature-sensitive period for two consecutive nesting seasons. This regimen yielded sex ratios of 11.8 and 11.1% male in control groups not receiving water supplementation, whereas daily water treatments resulted in sex ratios of 86.7 and 45.7% male during the 2006 and 2007 nesting seasons, respectively. The results indicate that daily water treatments significantly influenced sex ratios (P<0.001). In addition to providing insight on the physiology of sex determination, these results could have implications for studies predicting sex ratios from nests on natural nesting beaches that are periodically exposed to rain. J. Exp. Zool. 311A:68–72, 2009. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Interventions for Internationally Adopted Children and Families: A Review of the Literature

Internationally adopted (IA) children are at increased risk for health-related, developmental, and behavioral difficulties. This article reviews the literature on various interventions currently used with IA populations; including health-related interventions provided by medical specialists, preparation programs provided by adoption agencies and other social service organizations, treatments for attachment and behavioral disorders, psychoeducational services, programs designed to improve children’s care prior to adoption, and parent-based initiatives. Surprisingly, very little systematic information exists regarding the effectiveness of interventions designed to prevent and remediate these difficulties in IA children. Recommendations for future research activity and for best practice approaches to intervention are discussed.
Elastic fields generated by inhomogeneities: Far-field asymptotics, its shape dependence and relation to the effective elastic properties

We discuss connections between the effective elastic properties of a solid with inhomogeneities and the far-field asymptotics of the elastic fields generated by them. We focus on the dependence of the far-field asymptotics on the inhomogeneity shape. This shape dependence in the inhomogeneity problem is in contrast with shape independence of the far field in the eigenstrain problem. For the latter, the far field applies to inclusions of any shape. We show that the external fields in the eigenstrain – and the inhomogeneity problems are interrelated by the same tensor that characterizes the compliance contribution of an inhomogeneity.
Translating ecosystem indicators into decision criteria

Defining and attaining suitable management goals probably represent the most difficult part of ecosystem-based fisheries management. To achieve those goals we ultimately need to define ecosystem overfishing in a way that is analogous to the concept used in single-species management. Ecosystem-based control rules can then be formulated when various ecosystem indicators are evaluated with respect to fishing-induced changes. However, these multi-attribute control rules will be less straightforward than those applied typically in single-species management, and may represent a gradient rather than binary decision criteria. Some ecosystem-based decision criteria are suggested, based on indicators empirically derived from the Georges Bank, Gulf of Maine ecosystem. Further development in the translation of ecosystem indicators into decision criteria is one of the major areas for progress in fisheries science and management.
Message scheduling for all-to-all personalized communication on ethernet switched clusters

We develop a message scheduling scheme that can theoretically achieve the maximum throughput for all-to-all personalized communication (AAPC) on any given Ethernet switched cluster. Based on the scheduling scheme, we implement an automatic routine generator that takes the topology information as input and produces a customized MPI/spl I.bar/Alltoall routine, a routine in the Message Passing Interface (MPI) standard that realizes AAPC. Experimental results show that the automatically generated routine consistently out-performs other MPLAlltoall algorithms, including those in LAM/MPI and MPICH, on Ethernet switched clusters with different network topologies when the message size is sufficiently large. This demonstrates the superiority of the proposed AAPC algorithm in exploiting network band-widths.
Wavelength-dependent backscattering measurements for quantitative monitoring of apoptosis, Part 2: early spectral changes during apoptosis are linked to apoptotic volume decrease

Elastic scattering spectroscopy (ESS), in the form of wavelength-dependent backscattering measurements, can be used to monitor apoptosis in cell cultures. Early changes in backscattering upon apoptosis induction are characterized by an overall decrease in spectral slope and begin as early as 10 to 15 min post-treatment, progressing over the next 6 to 8 h. The timescale of early scattering changes is consistent with reports of the onset of apoptotic volume decrease (AVD). Modeling cellular scattering with a fixed distribution of sizes and a decreasing index ratio, as well as an increased contribution of the whole cell to cellular scattering, resulting from increased cytoplasmic density, is also consistent with observed spectral changes. Changes in ESS signal from cells undergoing osmotically-induced volume decrease in the absence of apoptosis were similar, but smaller in magnitude, to those of apoptotic cells. Further, blockage of Cl− channels, which blocks AVD and delays apoptosis, blocked the early scattering changes, indicating that the early scattering changes during apoptosis result, at least partially, from AVD. Work continues to identify the additional sources of early spectral scattering changes that result from apoptosis induction.
Lasers without inversion: one-photon stimulated emission in a three-level atom

I consider light amplification arising from the competition between absorption and stimulated emission of an excitation, which is induced by a laser field at low intensities interacting with a three-level atom. The lifetime of the induced excitation is 105–106 times longer than those of spontaneously emitted excitations. Conditions are established under which the stimulated emission prevails over the induced absorption, and the net negative intensity is 102–103 times greater than those of spontaneously emitted excitations, indicating that significant amplification occurs near the frequency of the laser field. PACS numbers: 32.80-t, 42.50.-p, 42.50H2
Recent Developments in Health Law

In the last several years, Brazil has gained international attention as an emerging BRIC economy, was awarded the 2014 World Cup and 2016 Olympics, and elected its first female president. This has led many to declare that Brazil is emerging as a potential world power for the 21st century. In addition to improving its international stature, in the last several decades Brazil has also significantly improved the availability and quality of health care within the country. Despite these gains, however, Brazil still suffers from poor maternal health. In fact, Brazil's Maternal Mortality Ratio is five to ten times higher than the rates in high-income countries. Last year, these conditions lead the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women to issue a decision declaring that Brazil was violating its international obligations to provide pregnant women with adequate health care, and to call for a reduction in preventable maternal deaths. It is against this backdrop that Brazil enacted a new law last December, Provisional Measure 557 (MP 557), to require pregnant women to register with the state.
A Bayesian Method for Identifying Genetic Interactions

An important challenge in the analysis of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data is the identification of SNPs that interact in a nonlinear fashion in their association with disease. Such epistatic interactions among genetic variants at multiple loci likely underlie the inheritance of common diseases. We have developed a novel method called the Bayesian combinatorial method (BCM) for detecting combination of genetic variants that are predictive of disease. When compared with the multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR), a widely used combinatorial method, BCM has significantly greater power to detect interactions and is computationally more efficient.
A Note on the Contribution of Configuration Assymetries to the Free-Flight Motion of Missiles

~T}RIEF REPORTS of investigations in the aeronautical sciences and discussions of papers published in the JOURNAL are presented in this special department. The publication will be completed as soon as possible after receipt of the material. The Editorial Committee does not hold itself responsible for the opinions expressed by the correspondents. Contributions should not exceed 800 words in length.
Statistical modeling of high power microwave surface flashover delay times

Summary form only given. The development of high power microwave (HPM) systems and technologies has been inhibited by breakdown phenomena which limit their transmitting capabilities. For a system in which there is no obvious source of breakdown initiating electrons, HPM breakdown can be even less predictable. A system in which microwaves are generated in a vacuum environment for the purpose of radiating into atmosphere typically uses a dielectric window to separate the vacuum and atmospheric sides of the system. At sufficient field levels, surface flashover can occur across this dielectric window resulting in a severe drop in transmitted power. The time between the application of the HPM and the sharp drop in transmitted power is described as the delay time, which consists of a statistical waiting time for initiatory electrons combined with an electron amplification time, or formative time. The experimental setup for this project consists of a 4 MW HPM source operating a 2.85 GHz attached to a traveling wave structure and a dielectric window mounted on the output side of the system. Dielectric surface flashover has been observed in air and nitrogen with pressures ranging from 60 to 155 torr. To provide a constant source of seed electrons, a UV lamp is used to illuminate the window resulting in photo-emitted electrons appearing at the surface. Another way to provide seed electrons is the inclusion of metallic points on the window which provide a source of field emitted electrons, and also results in a field enhancement at the dielectric surface. In the absence of a constant source of seed electrons, it is expected that field detachment from ion clusters is the primary mechanism for providing the high field region with flashover initiating electrons. A statistical model has been developed for predicting surface flashover that takes into account relevant parameters such as field level, ionization rate, gas type, and pressure. This model has shown good agreement with experimental data in nitrogen with UV illumination providing a constant electron seed rate. Presented here is an adaptation of this statistical model to an environment consisting of field enhancing metallic points as well as a comparison of results for UV illumination and stochastic seeding through field detachment from ion clusters.
Lobbying and the collective action problem: comparative evidence from enterprise surveys

Industry lobbying is traditionally thought of as a non-excludable good subject to collective action problems that are most easily solved by concentrated industries. However, there is very little empirical support for this hypothesis. In this paper, we address a major shortcoming of existing work on the topic: Its near-exclusive reliance on data from the US. Using comparative firm-level survey data from up to 74 countries, we construct an industry-level indicator of concentration and test its effect on firms’ lobbying activity. Using multilevel Extreme Bounds Analysis and Bayesian Variable Selection techniques to account for model uncertainty, we find no evidence that industry concentration is a predictor of lobbying activity. We discuss the implications of these non-findings for the literature and outline possible avenues for further research.