cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Challenges and benefits in developing and applying FACTS technology in the USA

Summary form only as given. As the US electric utility industry undergoes its most fundamental transition in a century, many forces of change are converging on power delivery systems. In the United States, deregulation at both the state and federal levels is increasing competition among utilities and bringing new participants into the electricity market. The most pressing needs for the electric utility industry are how to increase the capability, controllability and flexibility of power transfer of existing transmission facilities while maintaining the reliability of the power delivery. The flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) is a technology-based solution envisioned by EPRI to help the utility industry deal with changes in the power delivery business. A major thrust of FACTS technology is the development of power electronic-based systems that provide dynamic control of the power transfer parameters of transmission voltage, line impedance and phase angle. In other words, the transmission system becomes an active power delivery element, playing an active role in determining real and reactive power flow and in containing power transfer dynamics. The results are, therefore, better utilization of transmission assets and increased flexibility, reliability, and security of power delivery. This paper presents the challenges and the proven technical and economical benefits of FACTS Controllers developed and under development by EPRI and power utilities in the USA.
Datification, Organizational Strategy, and IS Research: What’s the Score?

Abstract This commentary on the JSIS Special Issue on datification focuses on two key themes selected from among the many topics discussed by Special Issue authors: 1) the debate over algorithmic intelligence versus human intelligence, and 2) the consequences of strategic performance systems. The current algorithmic versus human intelligence debate echoes earlier discussions in our field about whether expert systems should replace or support human experts. As appealing as it is to assume that algorithms support expert workers, research suggests that people are not very effective at monitoring and overriding automation. In addition, post-automation work tends to evolve toward lower human knowledge and skill. These observations should caution datification researchers against simplistic theories and should guide researchers to study the multilevel sociotechnical conditions and stakeholders involved in the design, use, and consequences of algorithms in organizations. Strategic performance measurement and ranking systems are also not new, but what is new is the belief that they will not just inform, but also transform, human behavior. In this respect, performance systems resemble the career tournaments that promote intense competition and create great inequality in executive pay and promotion. In addition, performance systems increasing serve as infrastructures, operating at multiple levels of analysis simultaneously. These observations imply that designing and studying such systems involve ethical choices, intensifying the demands on datification researchers.
Electronic monitoring in public organizations: evidence from US local governments

Technology use in the workplace expands the ability to monitor employees through activities such as website tracking, email scanning, and social media monitoring. Monitoring is a fundamental aspect...
Non-dispersive phloem-protein bodies (NPBs) of Populus trichocarpa consist of a SEOR protein and do not respond to cell wounding and Ca2+

Differentiating sieve elements in the phloem of angiosperms produce abundant phloem-specific proteins before their protein synthesis machinery is degraded. These P-proteins initially form dense bodies, which disperse into individual filaments when the sieve element matures. In some cases, however, the dense protein agglomerations remain intact and are visible in functional sieve tubes as non-dispersive P-protein bodies, or NPBs. Species exhibiting NPBs are distributed across the entire angiosperm clade. We found that NPBs in the model tree, Populus trichocarpa, resemble the protein bodies described from other species of the order Malpighiales as they all consist of coaligned tubular fibrils bundled in hexagonal symmetry. NPBs of all Malpighiales tested proved unresponsive to sieve tube wounding and Ca2+. The P. trichocarpa NPBs consisted of a protein encoded by a gene that in the genome database of this species had been annotated as a homolog of SEOR1 (sieve element occlusion-related 1) in Arabidopsis. Sequencing of the gene in our plants corroborated this interpretation, and we named the gene PtSEOR1. Previously characterized SEOR proteins form irregular masses of P-protein slime in functional sieve tubes. We conclude that a subgroup of these proteins is involved in the formation of NPBs at least in the Malpighiales, and that these protein bodies have no role in rapid wound responses of the sieve tube network.
Coordination Structures and System Restrictiveness in Distributed Group Support Systems

Most GSS research has studied the impact of restricting group interaction to GSS-prescribed coordination structures with face-to-face groups, while Distributed GSS (DGSS) has been largely ignored. Due to the nature of mediated communication in asynchronous interaction, it is relatively difficult to coordinate distributed groups, and a special coordination structure must be arranged to overcome these difficulties. This study examines the effect of system restrictiveness of coordination structures in an asynchronous environment. A 2 × 2 factorial experiment was designed with two independent variables – sequential vs. parallel coordination mode, and with vs. without a leader – to construct coordination structures with varying degrees of restrictiveness. The study finds that less restrictive coordination structures are more appropriate to support asynchronously interacting distributed groups. Objective decision quality is equal for both parallel and sequential coordination mode, but is significantly better with a group leader. Groups with parallel coordination mode have a stronger belief that the decisions they made are of higher quality than those of groups with sequential coordination mode. In groups with a leader, communication effectiveness is better. Satisfaction with a decision process is higher in parallel coordination groups and in groups with a leader. There is also a significant interaction effect. Satisfaction with the decision process is higher in sequential coordination groups with a leader than sequential coordination groups without a leader.
Introduction to Bayesian Estimation

The rest of this book deals with Bayesian estimation. This chapter uses examples to illustrate the fundamental concepts of Bayesian point and interval estimation. It also provides an introduction to Chapters 9 and 10, where more advanced examples require computationally intensive methods.
Modeling Long-Range Transport Using Trajectory Techniques

Trajectory analysis has been used to help identify the source of materials transported through the atmosphere. A review of event-specific meteorological techniques, including isentropic trajectory analysis, is presented. A summary of mineral aerosol observations (both of air concentrations and of depositional flux) in the Pacific Ocean area follows, emphasizing the seasonal and latitudinal variations. Maximum concentrations are found in the North Pacific midlatitudes in the spring months. Examples of aeolian transport of Asian desert dust to the midlatitudes and subtropics of the North Pacific are contrasted with the clean-air flow to tropical South Pacific islands. A technique for synthesizing trajectory and chemical data is discussed, and the results of such an analysis for the SEAREX (Sea/Air Exchange program) mineral aerosol measurements are outlined. The dust from Asia is lifted to high elevations by prefrontal ascent. The dust-laden air moves out over the ocean rapidly in the high-speed, upper tropospheric winds. In the midlatitudes the westerlies provide a direct path, while in the subtropics the air subsides as it moves around anticyclones, descending to the surface trade winds. Similar trajectory analysis techniques have been used to investigate the transport paths to hypothetical sites in the western and central North Pacific (i.e., sites chosen arbitrarily and for which no direct observations are available). These show a similar pattern and indicate a tendency for higher latitude sites to be influenced by higher latitude deserts.
Intergroup Conflict is Our Business: CEOs’ Ethical Intergroup Leadership Fuels Stakeholder Support for Corporate Intergroup Responsibility

Is reducing large-scale intergroup conflict the business of corporations? Although large corporations can use their power and prominence to reduce intergroup conflict in society, it is unclear to what extent stakeholders support corporate Intergroup Responsibility (CIR). Study 1 showed that support for CIR correlates in theoretically meaningful ways with relevant economic, social, and moral attitudes, including fair market ideology, consumer support for corporate social responsibility (CSR), social dominance orientation, symbolic racism, and moral foundations. Studies 2 and 3 employed experimental designs to test the hypothesis that business leaders who advocate for intergroup tolerance boost perceptions of corporations and their leaders as moral, just, and fair, which in turn, increases stakeholders’ support for CIR. We found support for this hypothesis across two highly publicized and contentious events related to racial conflict in the U.S.: The White supremacy rally in Charlottesville and the federal government’s announcement about the planned rescinding of the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) immigration policy. Specifically, exposing participants to real-world tweets by CEOs who advocated intergroup tolerance following these events increased participants’ support for CIR. This effect was mediated by heightened perceptions of corporations and their leaders as moral, just, and fair. Taken together, these findings enhance our understanding of the factors that shape stakeholders’ reactions to CIR; highlight intergroup conflict as an emerging arena for CSR; and illustrate the power of ethical intergroup leadership.
B Chromosomes in the Drosophila Genus

Our current knowledge of B chromosome biology has been augmented by an increase in the number and diversity of species observed to carry B chromosomes as well as the use of next-generation sequencing for B chromosome genomic analysis. Within the genus Drosophila, B chromosomes have been observed in a handful of species, but recently they were discovered in a single laboratory stock of Drosophila melanogaster. In this paper, we review the B chromosomes that have been identified within the Drosophila genus and pay special attention to those recently found in D. melanogaster. These newly-discovered B chromosomes have centromeres, telomeres, and a number of simple satellite repeats. They also appear to be entirely heterochromatic since next-generation sequencing of isolated B chromosomes did not detect sequences associated with known genic regions. We also summarize what effects the B chromosomes have been found to have on the A chromosomes. Lastly, we highlight some of the outstanding questions regarding B chromosome biology and discuss how studying B chromosomes in Drosophila melanogaster, which is a versatile model system with a wealth of genetic and genomic tools, may advance our understanding of the B chromosome’s unique biology.
Constraints on magnetospheric radio emission from Y dwarfs

As a pilot study of magnetism in Y dwarfs, we have observed the three known infrared variable Y dwarfs WISE J085510.83−071442.5, WISE J140518.40+553421.4, and WISEP J173835.53+273258.9 with the NSF’s Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array in the 4–8 GHz frequency range. The aim was to investigate the presence of non-bursting quiescent radio emission as a proxy for highly circularly polarized radio emission associated with large-scale auroral currents. Measurements of magnetic fields on Y dwarfs may be possible by observing auroral radio emission, and such measurements are essential for constraining fully convective magnetic dynamo models. We do not detect any pulsed or quiescent radio emission, down to rms noise levels of 7.2 µJy for WISE J085510.83−071442.5, 2.2 µJy for WISE J140518.40+553421.4, and 3.2 µJy for WISEP J173835.53+273258.9. The fractional detection rate of radio emission from T dwarfs is ∼10 per cent suggesting that a much larger sample of deep observations of Y dwarfs is needed to rule out radio emission in the Y dwarf population. We discuss a framework that uses an empirical relationship between the auroral tracer Hα emission and quiescent radio emission to identify brown-dwarf auroral candidates. Finally, we discuss the implications that Y dwarf radio detections and non-detections can have for developing a picture of brown dwarf magnetism and auroral activity.
Connected Knowing in Belenky and Honneth: Implications for Transformative Learning Theory

Major critiques of transformative learning theory refer to the theory as overly individual and that critical reflection is overly rational to the neglect of more emotional and interpersonal understandings of how adults make meaning. Building on the work of Mary Belenky and her colleagues, this chapter explores how connected and procedural knowledge help resolve the former critique. These ideas were acknowledged already in the work of Mezirow. And building on the work of Axel Honneth, we go beyond the ways in which Mezirow utilized Habermas to find ways of addressing the overly rational version of critical reflection by integrating interpersonal relations as presupposed by critical reflection. That the theory is too individual and too abstractly rational are redefined by taking into account connected knowing and interpersonal relationships of recognition.
Tumor pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the CDK4/6 inhibitor ribociclib in patients with recurrent glioblastoma.

We conducted a phase Ib study (NCT02345824) to determine whether ribociclib, an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 (CDK4/6), penetrates tumor tissue and modulates downstream signaling pathways including retinoblastoma protein (Rb) in patients with recurrent glioblastoma (GBM). Study participants received ribociclib (600 mg QD) for 8–21 days before surgical resection of their recurrent GBM. Total and unbound concentrations of ribociclib were measured in samples of tumor tissue, plasma, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). We analyzed tumor specimens obtained from the first (initial/pre-study) and second (recurrent/on-study) surgery by immunohistochemistry for Rb status and downstream signaling of CDK4/6 inhibition. Participants with Rb-positive recurrent tumors continued ribociclib treatment on a 21-day-on, 7-day-off schedule after surgery, and were monitored for toxicity and disease progression. Three participants with recurrent Rb-positive GBM participated in this study. Mean unbound (pharmacologically active) ribociclib concentrations in plasma, CSF, MRI-enhancing, MRI-non-enhancing, and tumor core regions were 0.337 μM, 0.632 μM, 1.242 nmol/g, 0.484 nmol/g, and 1.526 nmol/g, respectively, which exceeded the in vitro IC50 (0.04 μM) for inhibition of CDK4/6 in cell-free assay. Modulation of pharmacodynamic markers of ribociclib CDK 4/6 inhibition in tumor tissues were inconsistent between study participants. No participants experienced serious adverse events, but all experienced early disease progression. This study suggests that ribociclib penetrated recurrent GBM tissue at concentrations predicted to be therapeutically beneficial. Our study was unable to demonstrate tumor pharmacodynamic correlates of drug activity. Although well tolerated, ribociclib monotherapy seemed ineffective for the treatment of recurrent GBM.
Experimental and modeling study of onset of liquid accumulation

Abstract One of the big challenges in gas wells is related to liquid loading. The current study presents an experimental investigation of onset of liquid accumulation in a 6-in. upward inclined pipe at low liquid loading conditions. A new model is developed based on the physics of the onset of liquid film reversal. Parametric study and model evaluation show that it captures the effects of inclination angle, liquid flow rate, gas and liquid density, viscosity, and pipe diameter on the critical gas velocity, outperforming all other exiting models. The experiments in this study provide new insides into the onset liquid accumulation in large diameter pipes/wells. The new mechanics model fills the critical gap to enhance the accuracy when predicting the onset of liquid accumulation especially for large-diameter deviated wells and inclined pipes. It can be easily implemented, which will benefit the industry practically.
Focus group testing of a mobile app for pharmacogenetic-guided dosing.

Background A common barrier to implementation of precision medicine is the lack of use of published clinical practice guidelines. Consequently, a user-friendly mechanism to easily adopt these guidelines is imperative. Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate the perceptions of a prototype of a clinical decision support tool through a mobile application for pharmacogenetics. Methodological orientation A case study on a patient requiring pharmacogenetic testing was provided to the participants. The participants were given up to 30 minutes to identify the correct dosing in the clinical decision support tool based on clinical evidence-based guidelines. Immediately after the utilization of the mobile app, focus group interviews were conducted to identify the perceptions of the tool, obstacles associated with the tool, and suggestions for improvement of the tool. Sample Focus group interviews with 23 nurse practitioners and nurse practitioner students were conducted. Field notes and audio recordings were taken. Conclusions Specific feedback for improvement in the font and size of text, color contrast, use of drug calculator, automatic input, and desire for further development of education portal were found within the data. The findings revealed useful feedback to adjust the prototype to improve the ease of use among nurse practitioners. Implications for practice The revision of this mobile app will improve user friendliness to increase applicability within health care. The mobile app can be used for future research to identify improvements in patient outcomes after implementing this tool.
Biomarkers of Genome Instability in Normal Mammalian Genomes Following Drug‐induced Replication Stress

Genome instability is a hallmark of most human cancers and is exacerbated following replication stress. However, the effects that drugs/xenobiotics have in promoting genome instability including chromosomal structural rearrangements in normal cells are not currently assessed in the genetic toxicology battery. Here, we show that drug-induced replication stress leads to increased genome instability in vitro using proliferating primary human cells as well as in vivo in rat bone marrow (BM) and duodenum (DD). p53-binding protein 1 (53BP1, biomarker of DNA damage repair) nuclear bodies were increased in a dose-dependent manner in normal proliferating human mammary epithelial fibroblasts following treatment with compounds traditionally classified as either genotoxic (hydralazine) and nongenotoxic (low-dose aphidicolin, duvelisib, idelalisib, and amiodarone). Comparatively, no increases in 53BP1 nuclear bodies were observed in nonproliferating cells. Negative control compounds (mannitol, alosteron, diclofenac, and zonisamide) not associated with cancer risk did not induce 53BP1 nuclear bodies in any cell type. Finally, we studied the in vivo genomic consequences of drug-induced replication stress in rats treated with 10 mg/kg of cyclophosphamide for up to 14 days followed by polymerase chain reaction-free whole genome sequencing (30X coverage) of BM and DD cells. Cyclophosphamide induced chromosomal structural rearrangements at an average of 90 genes, including 40 interchromosomal/intrachromosomal translocations, within 2 days of treatment. Collectively, these data demonstrate that this drug-induced genome instability test (DiGIT) can reveal potential adverse effects of drugs not otherwise informed by standard genetic toxicology testing batteries. These efforts are aligned with the food and drug administration's (FDA's) predictive toxicology roadmap initiative.
Signatures of an abiotic decomposition pathway in temperate forest leaf litter

Photodegradation helps explain why leaf litter mass loss rates are comparable between mesic environments and drylands, despite water availability limiting decomposer activity in drylands. With photodegradation, light energy directly mineralizes photoreactive organic molecules such as lignin, which contrasts with biotically-driven decomposition where lignin persists in decomposing leaf litter relative to other compounds. Photodegradation of leaf litter has largely been studied in dryland systems, but whether it occurs in mesic, deciduous forest systems is uncertain. As such, we examined potential photodegradation in maple and oak litter in the Southern Appalachian Mountains (USA) during the non-growing season, when newly fallen leaves are exposed to maximum solar radiation without deciduous canopies. The proportion of oxidized lignin in the leaf litter relative to other carbon compounds decreased with maximum solar radiation during the non-growing season. With a closed canopy, however, the proportion of total lignin relative to other compounds in the leaves increased. This pattern was particularly strong for the syringyl- S6 and guaiacyl-G6 lignin monomers. The relative proportion of S6 and G6 in the litters was reduced by 10–65% in the first 5 months. The largest reductions in lignin occurred on south-facing mountain slopes where solar radiation was highest (relative to north-facing slopes) in the Northern Hemisphere. Overall, however, the changes in lignin did not alter cumulative litter mass lost. Our results suggest that photodegradation promotes the transformation and relative loss of lignin in the early stages of litter decomposition in mesic deciduous forests.
A Gradient-based Deep Neural Network Model for Simulating Multiphase Flow in Porous Media.

Simulation of multiphase flow in porous media is crucial for the effective management of subsurface energy and environment related activities. The numerical simulators used for modeling such processes rely on spatial and temporal discretization of the governing partial-differential equations (PDEs) into algebraic systems via numerical methods. These simulators usually require dedicated software development and maintenance, and suffer low efficiency from a runtime and memory standpoint. Therefore, developing cost-effective, data-driven models can become a practical choice since deep learning approaches are considered to be universal approximations. In this paper, we describe a gradient-based deep neural network (GDNN) constrained by the physics related to multiphase flow in porous media. We tackle the nonlinearity of flow in porous media induced by rock heterogeneity, fluid properties and fluid-rock interactions by decomposing the nonlinear PDEs into a dictionary of elementary differential operators. We use a combination of operators to handle rock spatial heterogeneity and fluid flow by advection. Since the augmented differential operators are inherently related to the physics of fluid flow, we treat them as first principles prior knowledge to regularize the GDNN training. We use the example of pressure management at geologic CO2 storage sites, where CO2 is injected in saline aquifers and brine is produced, and apply GDNN to construct a predictive model that is trained from physics-based simulation data and emulates the physics process. We demonstrate that GDNN can effectively predict the nonlinear patterns of subsurface responses including the temporal-spatial evolution of the pressure and saturation plumes. GDNN has great potential to tackle challenging problems that are governed by highly nonlinear physics and enables development of data-driven models with higher fidelity.
Your Hypothesis or Mine? Terminological and Conceptual Variation Across Disciplines:

Cross-disciplinary research (CDR) is a necessary response to many current pressing problems, yet CDR practitioners face diverse research challenges. Communication challenges can limit a CDR team’s ability to collaborate effectively, including differing use of scientific terms among teammates. To illustrate this, we examine the conceptual complexity and crossdisciplinary ambiguity of the term hypothesis as it is used by researchers participating in 16 team building workshops. These workshops assist CDR teams in finding common ground about fundamental research assumptions through philosophically structured dialogue. Our results show that team members often have very different perceptions about the nature of hypotheses, the role of hypotheses in science, and the use of hypotheses within different disciplines. Furthermore, we find that such assumptions can be rooted in disciplinary-based training. These data indicate that potentially problematic terminological differences exist within CDR teams, and exercises that reveal this early in the collaborative process may be beneficial.
Photothermal Degradation of Ethylene/Vinylacetate Copolymer

Ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), which has desirable elastomeric properties, low material cost and easy processability, is being considered as a candidate encapsulation material for photovoltaic modules. However, without protection from UV irradiation, EVA is expected to undergo photodegradation similar to that encountered in polyethylene and polyvinylacetate· We have carried out photothermal degradation studies of a “stabilized” formulation of EVA in the temperature range of 25°C to lO5°C under different oxygen environments. At low temperature (25°C), slow photooxidation occurred via electronic energy transfer involving the UV absorber incorporated in the polymer. But no change in physical properties of the bulk polymer can be detected up to 1500 hours of irradiation. At elevated temperature, leaching/evaporation of additives took place leading ultimately to chemical crosslinking of the co-polymer and formation of volatile photoproducts such as acetic acid.
Learning Environments to Create Lifelong Enjoyment of Physical Activity.

(1978). Learning Environments to Create Lifelong Enjoyment of Physical Activity. Journal of Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 49, No. 1, pp. 44-44.
Heine, Steven J

Steven J. Heine (b. 1966) completed work for the B.A. in psychology with a minor in Japanese at the University of Alberta in 1989. He subsequently spent two years teaching English in a school in an isolated Japanese town where he was the first foreign worker. His experience in Japan convinced Heine that much of the mainstream psychology he had learned as a student in Canada did not generalize to the Japanese people. This experience led to an interest in the cultural foundations of psychology – a subject he studied at the University of British Columbia upon his return to Canada in 1991. Keywords: cultural psychology; self and identity; self-construal
Colonizing Hawai'I: The Cultural Power of Law

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xi A NOTE ON LANGUAGE AND TERMINOLOGY xiii ONE Introduction 3 PART ONE: ENCOUNTERS IN A CONTACT ZONE: NEW ENGLAND MISSIONARIES, LAWYERS, AND THE APPROPRIATION OF ANGLO-AMERICAN LAW, 1820-1852 TWO The Process of Legal Transformation 35 THREE The First Transition: Religious Law 63 FOUR The Second Transition: Secular Law 86 PART TWO: LOCAL PRACTICES OF POLICING AND JUDGING IN HILO, HAWAI'I FIVE The Social History of a Plantation Town 117 Six Judges and Caseloads in Hilo 145 SEVEN Protest and the Law on the Hilo Sugar Plantations 207 EIGHT Sexuality, Marriage, and the Management of the Body 221 NINE Conclusions 258 APPENDIXES A CASES FROM HILO DISTRICT COURT 269 B ACCOMPANYING TABLES 325 NOTES 331 REFERENCES 349 INDEX 365
Exchangeable Intracellular Methotrexate Levels in the Presence and Absence of Vincristine at Extracellular Drug Concentrations Relevant to Those Achieved in High-Dose Methotrexate-Folinic Acid “Rescue” Protocols

Studies were undertaken to ( a ) assess intracellular methotrexate (MTX) levels at extracellular drug concentrations comparable to those achieved in high-dose MTX-folinic acid rescue protocols and ( b ) establish whether there is a rationale for the use of vincristine in these regimens. The data indicate that only low levels of exchangeable MTX (intracellular MTX in excess of the tightly bound fraction) accumulated in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells at high extracellular MTX concentration. For instance, the exchangeable steady-state intracellular MTX level was ∼6.5 μm when the extracellular drug concentration was 85 μm. Over the interval of these experiments, exchangeable intracellular MTX did not exceed ∼10 μm even when extracellular MTX was raised to 250 μm. These exchangeable intracellular MTX concentrations are comparable to those levels required experimentally to suppress ( a ) tetrahydrofolate synthesis from dihydrofolate and ( b ) tetrahydrofolate-dependent purine, pyrimidine, and amino acid synthesis in these cells in vitro . Vincristine (10 μm) augmented net MTX accumulation when the extracellular MTX level was 10, 100, or 250 μm. The limited capacity of cells to accumulate exchangeable intracellular MTX and the apparent role for this intracellular MTX component in achieving the metabolic effects of this agent may account for the necessity for high MTX blood levels in the treatment of some tumors and may be the basis, in part, for the enhanced chemotherapeutic efficacy of high-dose MTX regimens. These studies provide a rationale for the combined use of vincristine and MTX in high-dose MTX protocols. The addition of vincristine may permit the achievement of the level of exchangeable intracellular MTX that is required to critically inhibit tetrahydrofolate synthesis without an increase in the extracellular MTX concentration. This may permit a reduced MTX dose, diminishing the excretory load on the kidney and minimizing nephrotoxicity due to deposition of MTX in the renal tubule and interstitium. While the data indicate that the ratio of the concentration of exchangeable intracellular MTX to the extracellular drug concentration may be very low under steady-state conditions at high extracellular drug levels, further studies are required to establish that these steady-state gradients for MTX represent nonequilibrium conditions.
Left ventricular mechanics during synchronous left atrial-aortic bypass

The purpose of this study was to analyze left ventricular mechanics during asynchronous, pulsatile left atrial-aortic bypass before and after microsphere injection with the pressure-volume relationship. In 14 anesthetized Holstein calves, left ventricular pressure was measured with a micromanometer and ultrasonic dimension transducers measured left ventricular orthogonal diameters. Ellipsoidal geometry was used to calculate simultaneous left ventricular volume. Contractility index, pressure-volume area, external work, and potential energy were calculated during steady-state contractions. These measurements were repeated during pulsatile left atrial-aortic bypass. To induce heart failure, we injected microspheres into the left main coronary artery, and the protocol for baseline and pulsatile left atrial-aortic bypass was repeated. Despite the significant differences in the baseline contractility index (7.4 ± 0.7 mm Hg/ml versus 4.7 ± 0.5 mm Hg/ml), contractility index remained the same during pulsatile left atrial-aortic bypass in control and heart failure modes, respectively. Pulsatile left atrialaortic bypass significantly decreased end-diastolic volume (22 % and 17 %), pressure-volume area (58 % and 48 %) and external work (74 % and 69 %, all p
Wireless powering of biomedical implants by Comformal Strongly Coupled Magnetic Resonators

In this paper, a pair of conformal self-resonant spirals, which do not need lumped capacitors to achieve resonance, are designed for wireless powering of biomedical implantable devices. The proposed Conformal Strongly Coupled Magnetic Resonance (CSCMR) wireless powering method uses planar transmitter and receiver configurations that minimize the volume of the system while still providing high power transfer efficiency. Also, self-resonant spirals can be reliably fabricated and are well suited for implantable devices in the human body. The proposed system requires an area of 50 mm×50 mm and achieves a wireless power transfer efficiency of 46.7% at 226 MHz inside the human body for a 30 mm distance from the transmitting element.
4,4‐Dimethyl‐2‐Cyclopenten‐1‐one

4,4-Dimethyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one intermediate: 165.1 g (1.29 mol) 2,2-dimethyl-4-oxopentanal product: 4,4-dimethyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one Keywords: annulation, carbocyclic-[5]; cyclization, condensation; metal-catalyzed reactions, palladium; oxidation, CHCH2 COCH3
Electoral systems and protectionism: an industry-level analysis

Our paper advances the previous literature on the relationship between electoral systems and trade protection in several ways. First, our paper is the first to incorporate disaggregated, product-level data in a cross-country study. We find that prior cross-country results, based on national average tariffs, mask a great deal of underlying industry-level variation. Second, we introduce an innovative proxy for geographic concentration of ownership that varies both by industry and by country. We find that geographic concentration helps to explain the industry heterogeneity. Greater geographic concentration is linked to higher average tariffs, a finding consistent with the theoretical model. Systemes electoraux et protectionnisme : une analyse au niveau de l'industrie. Le texte se propose de faire progresser de plusieurs manieres l'etat des connaissances sur la relation entre systemes electoraux et protection commerciale. D'abord, ce texte est le premier a incorporer des donnees desagregees au niveau du produit dans une etude transversale couvrant divers pays. On decouvre que les resultats des analyses comparatives entre pays, fondees sur les niveaux nationaux moyens des droits de douane, masquent beaucoup des variations sous-jacentes au niveau de l'industrie. Ensuite, on propose une mesure innovatrice de la concentration geographique de la propriete qui varie selon l'industrie et le pays. On decouvre ce faisant que la concentration geographique aide a expliquer l'heterogeneite de l'industrie. Une plus grande concentration geographique de l'industrie est reliee a des droits de douane plus eleves - un resultat coherent avec le modele theorique.
Annealing effects on heavily C-doped GaAs and InGaAs films

The hole carrier concentration of heavily carbon doped GaAs epilayers (4.7 X 1019 and 9.8 X 1019 cm-3) was increased and the mobility and lattice parameter were decreased by rapid thermal annealing silicon nitride capped samples at temperatures from 500 to 900 degree(s)C. For the more heavily doped sample, the hole concentration, mobility, and lattice mismatch decreased with increasing annealing temperature for annealing temperatures higher than 700 degree(s)C, but the hole concentration and mismatch were still larger than those of the as grown samples. Two heavily carbon doped InGaAs samples (2.35 X 1019 cm-3 and 2.05 X 1019) with low In mole fractions (1% and 8%) were furnace annealed with or without silicon nitride caps in H2 containing 0.3% AsH3 over the temperature range 500 - 800 degree(s)C. The changes observed for the capped samples were similar to those observed for the RTA annealed GaAs films, but for the uncapped samples the changes in the carrier concentration, mobility, and lattice parameter were for the most part much smaller. The only exception is the large increase in the lattice parameter at the highest annealing temperatures in the films containing 1% In. SIMS results showed that annealing produced no change in the C concentration or distribution, but the hydrogen concentration decreased in all samples except the uncapped films annealed in AsH3. We attribute the low temperature (<EQ 700 degree(s)C) results in all but the uncapped samples annealed in AsH3 to the removal of hydrogen which had passivated the carbon acceptor.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Mediator Subunit Gal11p/MED15 Is Required for Fatty Acid-dependent Gene Activation by Yeast Transcription Factor Oaf1p

The yeast zinc cluster transcription factor Oaf1p activates transcription of target genes in response to direct binding of fatty acids in a manner analogous to the vertebrate nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorα (PPARα). PPARs and other metazoan nuclear receptors productively engage several distinct LXXLL motif-containing co-activators, including p160 family members and the TRAP220/MED1 subunit of the Mediator co-activator, to promote ligand-dependent gene activation. Yeast, however, does not appear to harbor LXXLL motif co-activators, and the mechanism of fatty acid-dependent gene activation by the yeast PPARα analog Oaf1p is unknown. Here we show that the yeast Mediator subunit Gal11p/MED15 and its activator-targeted KIX domain plays a critical role in fatty acid-dependent transcriptional regulation of fatty acid β-oxidation and peroxisomal genes by Oaf1p and for the ability of yeast to utilize fatty acids as a sole carbon source. Moreover, structural studies by NMR spectroscopy reveal that the Oaf1p activation domain interacts with the Gal11p/MED15 KIX domain in a manner similar to the yeast zinc cluster family member and xenobiotic receptor Pdr1p, revealing that the Gal11p/MED15 KIX domain is a key target of several ligand-dependent transcription factors in yeast. Together with previous work showing that the Caenorhabditis elegans Gal11p/MED15 homolog MDT-15 plays a critical role in regulation of fatty acid metabolism by the nematode PPAR-like nuclear receptor NHR-49, the findings presented here provide evidence for an ancient and essential role of a Mediator co-activator subunit in regulation of fatty acid metabolism by nuclear receptor-like transcription factors in eukaryotes.
Incorporation of zinc in MOCVD growth of Ga0.5In0.5P

Data are presented for the Zn doping of Ga0.5In0.5P, showing that the hole and zinc concentrations increase almost linearly with zinc flow, and also increase with the V/III ratio and with growth rate at a fixed V/III ratio. These observations are consistent with other reports that show the incorporation of zinc to increase with V/III ratio for both GaAs and Ga0.5In0.5P deposition by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). The growth-rate dependence of the zinc incorporation in Ga0.5In0.5P has not previously been reported. A model based on varying group V coverage of the step where zinc is most strongly bound is presented and compared with the data. The model predicts that the zinc incorporation increases with increasing phosphorus overpressure, but should be independent of group III overpressure in the parameter space investigated here.
On inviscid flow in a waterfall

A nonlinear steady state solution is obtained for an incompressible, inviscid fluid in a waterfall under the action of gravity, using a special case of the system of differential equations of a recent theory of fluid sheets derived by a direct approach. This analytical solution has a simple form and offers some advantages over previous solutions of the problem either by asymptotic techniques or by numerical procedures. A comparison with experimental results is also indicated.
Dielectric study of the ferroelectric phase transition of KH2PO4

Abstract We report high precision measurements of the dielectric constant of Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate as a function of temperature and electric field. Landau model parameters are evaluated and the biasing field E c which drives the transition second order is determined.
Temporally Nonadjacent Nonlinguistic Sounds Affect Speech Categorization

Speech perception is an ecologically important example of the highly context-dependent nature of perception; adjacent speech, and even nonspeech, sounds influence how listeners categorize speech. Some theories emphasize linguistic or articulation-based processes in speech-elicited context effects and peripheral (cochlear) auditory perceptual interactions in non-speech-elicited context effects. The present studies challenge this division. Results of three experiments indicate that acoustic histories composed of sine-wave tones drawn from spectral distributions with different mean frequencies robustly affect speech categorization. These context effects were observed even when the acoustic context temporally adjacent to the speech stimulus was held constant and when more than a second of silence or multiple intervening sounds separated the nonlinguistic acoustic context and speech targets. These experiments indicate that speech categorization is sensitive to statistical distributions of spectral information,...
Identification by monoclonal antibody of a major (28 kDa) surface membrane antigen of Schistosoma mansoni.

Abstract Monoclonal antibody M.1 was generated from mice immunized with membrane enriched extracts of mechanically transformed schistosomula. M.1 bound to the surface membranes of cercariae and young (0–24 h post-transformation) schistosomula but did not bind to older schistosomula or cultured worms. M.1 immunoprecipitated an antigen of approximate molecular weight 27–28 kDa from schistosomula. Experiments using metabolic labeling showed that the antigen was actively synthesized by developing schistosomula. Further M.1 immunoprecipitated a similar 27–28 kDa antigen from membrane-enriched extracts of miracidia, lung and adult worms as well as from schistosomula.
Reactions of five species of stingless bees to some volatile chemicals and to other species of bees

Abstract Trigona pectoralis and T. mexicana attacked when volatile chemicals that have been identified from their heads were presented at the nest entrance; mixtures approximating the composition of the head extracts elicited stronger reactions than did any of the single chemicals. Alarm pheromones of T. pectoralis occur in approximately equal concentrations in the mandibular glands and the remainder of the heads; other alarm pheromones occur in small concentrations in the abdomen. Three other species of stingless bees gave defensive reactions when presented with the mixture of chemicals, with some of the single chemicals, with living or freshly killed T. pectoralis , or with the heads of that species. Living or freshly killed Lestrimelitta limao , which are known to live by robbing other bees, elicited strong defence reactions from all species; citral, the major volatile component of the head extract of L. limao , gave similar results. Variations in the strength of reactions of bees to other species and to a wide variety of volatile chemicals led to the conclusion that bees probably learn to recognize the odour of other species that rob from their nests, and that the pheromones of the robbing species are allomones that recruit the victims to the defence of the nest. It is postulated that the reactions to some of the chemicals developed because the bees had been exposed to enemies that contained the chemicals. It is often impossible to decide whether the reactions of bees to a chemical result from an inability to distinguish the chemical from some other, or from the properties and usual origin of the chemical itself. Some of the problems that arise from the reactions of the bees, and particularly from their reactions to 2-heptanone, geraniol, and benzoic acid, are discussed.
18O labeling method for identification and quantification of succinimide in proteins.

We have developed a new method for identification and quantification of succinimide in proteins. The method utilizes 18O water to monitor succinimide hydrolysis. 18O-labeled isoaspartic acid and aspartic acid peptides were produced by hydrolysis of a succinimide-containing protein in 18O water (H218O) followed by tryptic digestion in regular water (H216O). The peptides that had 18O incorporated were 2 Da heavier than their 16O native counterparts. The mass difference was detected and quantified by electrospray time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The amount of 18O incorporation into the isoaspartic acid- and aspartic acid-containing peptides was used to quantify the amount of succinimide present in the native sample. The method was applied to analyze a degraded recombinant monoclonal antibody, which exhibited the accumulation of succinimide after storage in mildly acidic buffers at elevated temperatures for a few weeks. We unambiguously identified amino acid residue 30 located in the antibody light chain as ...
Extremum principles for optimal control in normed linear spaces

Extremum principles intended for use in optimal control are derived in the form of necessary conditions and sufficient conditions, formulated in general normed linear spaces. The method of application is illustrated by several examples involving optimal control problems, mathematical programming problems, lumped-parameter systems, and distributed-parameter systems. The basic theorems provide a unified approach which is applicable to a wide variety of problems in open-loop optimal control.
Structures of native and affinity-enhanced WT1 epitopes bound to HLA-A*0201: Implications for WT1-based cancer therapeutics.

Presentation of peptides by class I or class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules is required for the initiation and propagation of a T cell-mediated immune response. Peptides from the Wilms Tumor 1 transcription factor (WT1), upregulated in many hematopoetic and solid tumors, can be recognized by T cells and numerous efforts are underway to engineer WT1-based cancer vaccines. Here we determined the structures of the class I MHC molecule HLA-A*0201 bound to the native 126–134 epitope of the WT1 peptide and a recently described variant (R1Y) with improved MHC binding. The R1Y variant, a potential vaccine candidate, alters the positions of MHC charged side chains near the peptide N-terminus and significantly reduces the peptide/MHC electrostatic surface potential. These alterations indicate that the R1Y variant is an imperfect mimic of the native WT1 peptide, and suggest caution in its use as a therapeutic vaccine. Stability measurements revealed how the R1Y substitution enhances MHC binding affinity, and together with the structures suggest a strategy for engineering WT1 variants with improved MHC binding that retain the structural features of the native peptide/MHC complex.
Novel Modulator of NaV1.1 and NaV1.2 Na+ Channels in Rat Neuronal Cells

A novel modulator of sodium ion currents was synthesized in 6 steps from a protected dihydroxypyrrolidine nitrone, via 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction with acrylamide. Sodium ion currents in B50 cells were evaluated in comparison to saxitoxin and tetrodotoxin and revealed an IC50 of 15.7 μM. The new compound shows no evidence of binding to the C-lobe of the saxitoxin-binding protein saxiphilin.
Vibration of composite-material cylindrical shells with ring and/or stringer stiffeners

Abstract Free vibration is analyzed for thin-walled circular cylindrical shells constructed of composite materials and provided with ring and/or stringer stiffeners. Numerical results are presented for graphite-epoxy shells: unstiffened and stiffened with rings only, stringers only, and both rings and stringers.