cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pity the Northrop Frye Scholar? Frye's "Anatomy of Criticism": Fifty Years After

Northrop Frye never traveled to Spain, but, being a comparativist and a polymath, he was naturally familiar with the Spanish cultural tradition, especially its art and literature. As a twenty six year old, Frye saw Picasso’s Weeping Woman at a 1938 exhibition in London, which prompted him to remark that Picasso was “one of the greatest revolutionary geniuses in Western culture” (Modern Culture 94), and one finds references throughout his work to Spanish painters other than Picasso, especially to Goya and El Greco. I think Frye’s first choice for a place to visit in Spain would have been the Altamira caves, only a couple of hours northwest of here. The Paleolithic drawings at Altamira fascinated him: they represented for him the imaginative identification with things outside the self –an absorption of human consciousness with the natural world into an undifferentiated state of archaic identity. In such a process of metaphorical identification, which he called “ecstatic metaphor,” the subject and object merge into an existential unity. Frye was also attracted to the Spanish mystical tradition, as it is found especially in St. John of the Cross. He wrote an early essay on the rationalistic mystic Ramon Lull, who hailed from Mallorca and whose first major work was written in Catalan. We know from the annotated books in Frye’s own library that he read Loyola’s Spiritual Exercises, Unamuno’s The Tragic Sense of Life, and Ortega’s What Is Philosophy? In his taxonomy of the specific forms of drama, he takes the name for the myth play from Calderon’s autos sacramentales, the international study of which is of course centered right here at the Universidad de Navarra (see http://griso.cti.unav.es). And Frye’s analysis of the eiron as an archetypal character draws on the gracioso—the scheming valet of Spanish drama as represented by, say, Figaro. Cervantes, as one might expect, appears repeatedly in Frye’s criticism: Don Quixote, which Frye first read as a twenty year old (Correspondence 1: 52), is his primary example of the comprehensive fictional form that includes the novel, the romance, and the anatomy. Frye’s most extensive commentary on Spanish literature is his 1949 essay on Don Quixote, occasioned by a new English
13.11 Response of Periglacial Geomorphic Processes to Global Change

Impacts of global warming on periglacial environments are most apparent in permafrost and related landforms. Impacts include permafrost retreat, permafrost warming, and thickening of the active layer. Impacts on landforms include thermokarst subsidence, increased hillslope instability, enhanced fluvial and lacustrine erosion, ice wedge degradation, frost mound thawing, thaw lake expansion, and degradation of palsas. These landscape changes represent significant natural hazards for inhabitants of landscapes underlain by permafrost.
Community Participation and Teacher Bargaining: A Clash of Interests?:

The basic premise of our discussion is that collective bargaining in education constitutes an exclusionary process when it comes to direct citizen participation. This exclusionary structure came in...
Improved synthesis and purification of C-11 PBR-28

2720a Objectives C-11 PBR-28 has been reported in the literature to be difficult to be purified and formulated into a readily injectable formulation for human use. Previous reports included formulation via rotary evaporation or solid phase extraction (SPE) requiring HPLC fraction dilution in a large volume of water to facilitate trapping of C-11 PBR-28. These methods would be problematic for automation on commonly used automated synthesis units for C-11 radiopharmaceuticals, since most lack rotary evaporation capability and the proposed SPE methods would add unacceptable amounts of time to the C-11 PBR-28 synthesis. We set out to develop a new direct cut semi-preparative HPLC purification method using a readily injectable mobile phase to address these issues. In addition, we desired to develop a reaction mixture which contained only ICH/USP Class III solvents to eliminate the residual solvent testing requirement on each batch prior to release. Methods Methylation of C-11 PBR-28 was performed using C-11 methyl iodide or methyl triflate on the GE TRACERlab FX-C Pro synthesis unit using acetone-d6 (ICH/USP Class III) as the reaction solvent with the N-(2-hydroxybenzyl)-N-(4-phenoxypyridin-3-yl)acetamide precursor in the presence of TBAOH, pH 8-9. A new semi-preparative HPLC method was developed using 40% Ethanol/60% Phosphate Buffered Saline, pH 7 on an Agilent Eclipse XDB C18 5µ 9.6x250mm column, flow rate 5mL/min. Based on a C-11 PBR28 peak width of 45 seconds, the collected peak fraction was immediately diluted with 12mL of 0.9% Sodium Chloride for Injection, USP to obtain a ethanol content of Results C-11 PBR-28 was successfully synthesized using C-11 methyl iodide and methyl triflate using the loop method and acetone-d6 as the reaction solvent. C-11 PBR-28 precursor eluted at 9.5 minutes and C-11 PBR-28 eluted at 13.5 minutes (Figure 1). Average specific activity was 3000mCi/µmol at EOS and chemical purity met specification of ≤1µg/mL of impurities. Ethanol content was determined to be 99.9%. Conclusions C-11 PBR-28 can be successfully synthesized in a acetone reaction mixture using either C-11 methyl iodide or C-11 methyl triflate. Yields are higher with methyl triflate but an unknown radioactivity peak elutes close to C-11 PBR-28, which is minimized with methyl iodide. The proposed synthesis and purification method can obtain a pure C-11 PBR-28 product in a readily injectable formulation containing ≤10% ethanol w/v and meets all FDA and USP specifications for human use.
Effect of Roasting Temperature on the Proportion of Soybean Meal Nitrogen Escaping Degradation in the Rumen

Ruminal- and duodenal-cannulated steers were used in a 5  5 Latin-square design to determine the effect of roasting temperature on the proportion of soybean meal (SBM) N escaping degradation in the rumen. Dehulled SBM was roasted to three temperatures (115, 130 or 145 C) and compared to nonroasted SBM. A urea basal diet was used to measure the flow of endogenous, protozoal and basal plant N. Lanthanum, chromium-ethylenediaminetetracetic (Cr-EDTA) and diaminopimelic acid (DAPA) were used as particulate, liquid and bacterial markers, respectively. Roasting temperature had a linear (P .05) by source of supplemental N. Bacterial N flow and efficiency of bacterial protein synthesis were similar (P>.05) for all diets. Rate of in situ N disappearance was reduced (P<.05) by roasting. Nonroasted, 115,130 and 145 C SBM had rates of in situ degradation of 11.3, 4.], 4.1 and 1.9%/h, respectively. Acid detergent insoluble N (ADIN) and acid pepsin insoluble N (APIN) were increased threefold by roasting to 145 C, which was reflected in increased (P<.05) duodenal flow of ADIN in steers fed 145 C SBM. Roasting to 115 or 130 C did not influence (P<.05) duodenal flow of ADIN or ADIN content of SBM. Nitrogen soluble in McDougall's artificial saliva increased (P<.01) linearly as pH increased from 5.5 to 7. Roasting temperature had a quadratic effect (P<.O1) on soluble N. Roasting can be used to increase the ruminal escape of SBM-N without significantly increasing APIN.
How much capacity deferral value can targeted solar deployment create in Pennsylvania

Abstract We assess the ability of distributed solar to defer distribution capacity projects in a typical low load growth utility in the Northeast USA, PECO. We find that targeted placement can increase the deferral value of solar up to fourfold, but that deferrable projects are rare. In our baseline scenario, we find a 5% solar energy penetration with Net Energy Metering rolled out from 2020 to 2030 would increase rates by 0.8% over a 20-year horizon and generate just $1 MM in net present deferral value. This estimate assumes untargeted placement of solar, a low effective capacity (i.e. the reduction in peak load relative to solar's nominal capacity), a 1% growth rate, and 1% of PECO's distribution yearly capex budget that is deferrable. A higher effective capacity (e.g. from coupling energy storage with solar) and targeted placement could generate a net $8 MM of value over the same horizon, but the rate increase is mostly unaffected. We recommend the use of targeted solar placement in utility planning processes. Compared to untargeted placement, targeted placement can increase the total deferral value fourfold, but the effect on rates is small for PECO because few capacity deferral opportunities exist.
Possible Prophylactic Effect of Poria Mushroom Extract on Chemically-Induced Chronic Kidney Disease In Vitro and In Vivo

Background: Hypothesizing that oxidative stress (OXS) could be a key pathogenic factor for the incidence of chronic kidney disease (CKD), we investigated if the Poria mushroom extract, PE, with possible antioxidant activity, would prevent the incidence of CKD in rats. Materials and Methods: Antioxidant activity of PE was examined against OXS induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in renal LLC-PK1 cells. Whether PE could prevent the development of CKD in the rat kidneys, mediated through adenine (ADN)-induced OXS, was also examined. After 2 weeks, blood and kidney specimens were collected from rats for blood, histopathologic, and biochemical analyses. Results: Although H2O2-induced OXS led to a significant cell viability reduction in LLC-PK1 cells, PE significantly diminished OXS and sustained high (~70%) cell viability. In rats, ADN-given rats showed typical renal dysfunction with palpable kidney damage; however, PE supplement improved renal function with better histology. A ~2.2-fold increased OXS level was also seen in ADN-given rats but it was reduced by ~27% with PE supplement. Moreover, analysis of kidney injury biomarkers further confirmed extended kidney damage by ADN. Nevertheless, PE effectively maintained the natural status of those markers, protecting the rat kidneys. Conclusions: OXS is indeed harmful to renal cells in vitro and could even lead to ADN-induced CKD in vivo. However, PE appears to have antioxidant activity capable of protecting renal cells and the rat kidneys from such detrimental OXS. Therefore, it is rather possible that PE could be a natural antioxidant with prophylactic effect against OXS-induced CKD.
Some Historical Whats, Hows, and Whys in Teaching Arithmetic.

and similar-dissimilar number distinctions were nearly universally made in later nineteenth-century arithmetics. These distinctions were used in such principles as: only similar numbers can be added, the multiplier is always an abstract number, and the divisor and the dividend are always similar numbers. The nineteenth-century passion for system was reflected not only in its mathematical foundations, but also in its psychology. In widely accepted theory, mental functioning was seen to be divided into an elaborate system of "faculties," which were improved through exercise or "culture." In a psychology text intended for teacher education, Brooks3 devoted a chapter to the nature of each of five primary faculties of the "Intellect" Perception, Memory, Imagination, Understanding, and Intuition and to several subfaculties. The value of various school subjects to the exercise of the individual faculties was discussed in separate chapters. Mental arithmetic was seen as especially suited to the improvement of the Reasoning, a subfaculty of the Understanding. Besides explaining the importance of mental arithmetic, faculty psychology detailed the child's process of acquiring numb information. Primarily involved were A bstr action and Generalization, which Brooks classified as subfaculties of the Understanding. It is not uncommon today to assert that number is an abstraction; faculty psychologists maintained a similar view except that they were more precise about the nature of Abstraction. The Abtraction faculty was clearly necessary for a child to produce "abstract" number. How Abstraction was to be cultivated and how it related to teaching beginning number ideas is illustrated in the 1870 model lesson shown in plate 4. Beginning with the fourth line from the bottom of the center column (p. 8 of the text shown), notice the sequence of questions in which the words pig, cat, and dog are erased from one pig, one cat, and one dog, leaving only the abstract one. Such lessons were extended to help children learn abstraction, in particular "abstract" number. The idea that number is abstracted from a set of things makes number primarily cardinal, expressing the "how many" of the set, rather than ordinal and based on a counting process. Although some counting of objects was suggested, pre-1890 texts and pedagogical works often stressed avoiding even rational counting (i.e., counting things), partially for fear it would impair proper learning of addition and subtraction. A teacher-training text of 1886
Ant attendance and arthropod diversity on elderberry extrafloral nectaries are influenced by plant genotype and pruning method

Plants bearing extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) serve diverse ecological functions by providing nectar to a broad spectrum of arthropods (e.g., ants, parasitoids). This study examined the extent to which plant architecture of American elderberry (Sambucus canadensis L.; Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis [L.] Bolli), resulting from two pruning methods that produced herbaceous (base-pruning) and woody (high-pruning) stems, and elderberry genotype (nine genotypes were evaluated) influenced ant attendance and arthropod abundance and diversity on elderberry EFNs. Results showed that the proportion of elderberry plants that produced EFNs was significantly greater for the base-pruning compared to the high-pruning method. The positive relationship found between the number of EFN-bearing plants that secreted nectar and ant attendance on EFNs was greater for the base-pruned plants compared to high-pruned plants. Plant genotype also significantly influenced the outcome. When base-pruned, the proportion of plants attended by ants was greatest for the genotypes Ocoee and Marge. The proportion of plants visited by other arthropods (e.g., parasitoids and predators) was greatest for the genotypes Ocoee, Bob Gordon, and Wyldewood. Overall, our findings indicate that the combination of plant genotype selection and selective pruning can modulate insect–plant interactions including mutualistic ant–elderberry associations and visitations by an array of arthropods.
Influence of Canyon on Soil-Structure Interaction

The exact solution of the dynamic response of a shear wall on an elastic half space with a canyon having semicircular cross section is presented for excitation by plane SH-waves. It is shown that the driving forces and compliances in the soil-structure interaction problem depend directly on the existence of a canyon. For different angles of incident SH-waves the existence of a canyon may shield or amplify the building motions for the waves whose wavelengths are short compared to the canyon dimensions. In most cases building motions are smaller when the building is located behind the canyon with respect to incident waves. However, these motions may be amplified when the building is placed in front of the canyon. The results of this analysis suggest that the shielding of building foundations by canyons or trenches may not be very useful from the practical engineering point of view.
Medical Regulation and Health Outcomes: The Impact of the Physician Examination Requirement

This paper investigates the impact on health outcomes of the regulation prohibiting physicians from prescribing drugs without a prior physical examination. This requirement could improve health by reducing illegal access to prescription drugs. But it reduces access to health care by making it more difficult for patient and physician to use many forms of telemedicine. Thus, this regulation generates a trade-off between access and safety. Our empirical results suggest that the physician examination requirement leads to an increase of approximately 14 percent in the number of days lost each month to illness and an increase in mortality rates of 0.4 percent, the equivalent of 33 more deaths per 1 million people. The magnitude of the impact is larger in rural areas, and in areas with low physician density.
House price prediction using polynomial regression with Particle Swarm Optimization

This paper combines the characteristics of the real Washington DC house price estate market and the theoretical model of housing prices to conduct an empirical analysis and comparison of the current mainstream housing price index prediction models. It is found that the current mainstream model only studies the trend of the housing price index itself, and is not sensitive to the characteristics of the house itself. Therefore, this paper uses a multiple regression model to integrate the advantages of external factors and use the improved housing price composition establishing a multiple regression prediction model with the particle swarm optimization. It not only makes up for the disadvantages of poorly determined housing price regression indicators and lack of statistical data in multiple regression prediction, but also enables the model to reflect the inflection point of housing prices in advance. PSO is used for selection of affect variables and regression analysis is used to determine the optimal coefficient in prediction.
Optimized Differential TCDA (D-TCDA) With Novel Differential Feed Structure

Modern phased arrays require large instantaneous bandwidths, wide fields of view, and low profiles to conduct multiple functions. Many of these phased arrays rely on emerging high speed ADCs and advanced balanced transceivers. The benefits of balanced front-ends include improved linearity, dynamic range, isolation, and noise resilience. The application of a differential phased array in such a system removes extraneous losses caused by baluns, though the issue of feed-borne E-plane scan resonances must be considered. We address the E-plane scan resonance issue through an improved Balanced Wideband Impedance Transformer (BWIT) feed for the ultra-wideband (UWB) Tightly Coupled Dipole Array (TCDA). This BWIT feed has already demonstrated mitigated common-modes over a 3:1 bandwidth ratio while scanning to low angles. Here, our differential TCDA (D-TCDA) is developed for the L-C band ( viz. 1.0 GHz to 6.1 GHz) with emphasis on resonance-free wide-angle scanning. Rigorous EM model and circuit analysis is included to verify the BWIT performance. Under a VSWR $8\times 8$ single-polarized prototype.
The Geography of Hate: Spatial Patterns of Bias-Motivated Crimes in Minnesota, 2015–18

Well publicized incidents of bias-motivated violence in the United States during the 2010s have demonstrated that hate crimes are on the rise. Bias-motivated crimes fragment communities and disintegrate the “social fabric of society” more than equivalent offenses that are not motivated by hate, exacerbating the intensity of fear, animosity, and intergroup tension in marginalized communities that experience these incidents. We examine the distribution of Minnesota’s communities reporting bias-motivated crimes. Data on the locations of these communities affected by bias-motivated crimes were obtained from the Minnesota Uniform Crime Reports for the years of 2015, 2016, 2017, and 2018.
A Review of Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man , Third Edition

This third edition of Baselt's indispensable compilation of data summaries and references has several welcome changes. First and foremost is the addition of another author, R. Cravey, with whom Baselt has collaborated frequently in the past. The book itself has now expanded from a 15 by 22.5-cm page size to 17.5 by 25.5 cm, with a clearer, more legible type font. The total pages have increased from 795 to 875 to accommodate a 17% increase in monographs, and 56 additional substances are discussed. The familiar red cover now bears the structure of morphine rather than that of digoxin.
Measurements of intracellular free Ca

This manuscript reviews the work of this laboratory over the last six years in measuring, non-destructively and kinetically, ionized Ca++ in the cytosol of single resting cells and the changes in Ca++ following metabolic, electrical, and contractile events. The strategy of this study is to use Ca++ indicators with suitable selectivity and sensitivity, to inject them into the cytosol of large cells, and to measure with sensitive micro-spectrophotometry the absorbance of these indicators in situ as a function of Ca++ concentration. This approach, which essentially uses a large cell as a biological cuvet, has been successful both in large neurons and single large muscle cells. We will briefly review five areas: the characteristics of Ca++ metallochromic indicators; the experimental set-up to measure free cytosolic Ca++ in single cells; the measurement of free Ca++ in a resting cell; the kinetics of mitochondrial Ca++ uptake and release in single cells in situ; and the intracellular free Ca++ transients during contractile events in a single muscle cell.
Subcritical Crack Growth in Ceramic Composites at High Temperature Measured Using Digital Image Correlation

An in situ experimental technique is described that allows high resolution, high sensitivity determination of displacements and full-field strains during high temperature mechanical testing. The technique is used to investigate elevated temperature crack growth in SiC/Nicalon sub f composites. At 1150 degrees C, the reinforcing fibers have a higher creep susceptibility than the matrix. Fiber creep leads to relaxation of crack bridging tractions, resulting in subcritical crack growth. Differential image analysis is used to measure the crack opening displacement profile u(x) of an advancing, bridged crack. With appropriate modeling, such data can be used to determine the traction law, from which the mechanics of cracking and failure may be determined.
Equivalent Constant-Amplitude Concept for Crack Growth Under Spectrum Loading

To simplify crack-growth calculations, an equivalent constant-amplitude concept is developed based on the crack-closure phenomenon and on results of pilot tests that showed that the crack-opening load remained essentially constant while cracks grew under repeating random-load sequences containing several thousand load peaks. An equation of crack growth equivalence resulting from derivations based on the crack closure crack growth law is obtained and used to determine a relationship between an equivalent number of cycles of constant-amplitude loading and the distribution of the random loads, the exponent in the crack growth law, and the ratio of the crack-opening load to the maximum load. The validity of the concept is tested experimentally on six different random-load sequences. Good agreement is found between experimental results and theoretical predictions.
Purification and Properties of an Endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase from Streptomyces griseus

Abstract An enzyme that hydrolyzes di-N-acetylchitobiose linkages in oligosaccharides and glycoproteins was purified to homogeneity from cultural filtrates of Streptomyces griseus. The molecular weight of the enzyme, determined by sedimentation equilibrium analysis, is 27,200 ± 200, and it appears to consist of a single polypeptide chain. This apparent endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase was completely stable at 37° for at least 48 hours and resistant to inactivation by several proteolytic enzymes. Treatment of Asn-(GlcNAc)2(Man)6, Asn-(GlcNAc)2(Man)6(GlcNAc)2, and (GlcNAc)2(Man)6(Glc-NAc)2 with the enzyme yielded Asn-GlcNAc + (GlcNAc)1-(Man)6, Asn-GlcNAc + (GlcNAc)1(Man)6(GlcNAc)2, and GlcNAc + (GlcNAc)1(Man)6(GlcNAc)2, respectively. The [3H]dansyl-Asn derivatives, which were rapidly hydrolyzed also, were used as substrates to assay the enzyme. Similar findings obtained with specific glycoproteins are described in the accompanying paper (Tarentino, A. L., Plummer, T. H., Jr., and Maley, F. (1974) J. Biol. Chem. 249, 818–824). Asn-(GlcNAc)2(Man)1 was not hydrolyzed by this enzyme but was hydrolyzed by another apparent endo-β-N-acetyl-glucosaminidase. The latter could be separated from the Asn-(GlcNAc)2(Man)6 hydrolyzing endoglycosidase by Sephadex G-100 chromatography.
Michael Wilding's 'Lost Illusions': the Balzacian Underpinnings of Wildest Dreams

The article reads Michael Wilding's Wildest Dreams in terms of Balzac's novel Lost Illusions .
ELASTIC WAVE DISPERSION IN HIGH-STRENGTH CERAMICS

Impact experiments are reported that provide load-release paths and spall data in high strength ceramics shocked to states below the Hugoniot Elastic Limit. The data are in the form of particle velocity histories. Wave code calculations are used to check the consistency of measured ultrasonic elastic velocities with the sound speed in a linear shock velocity-particle velocity relationship required to obtain accurate pulse width and release wave structure. The calculations are also used to estimate the spall strength of the ceramics. The dispersion observed during release from elastic states in some high-strength ceramics is significantly more extensive than what is normally associated with elastic solids. The materials considered here are boron carbide, silicon carbide, and zirconium dioxide.
Simulation Studies of Gigabit Ethernet Versus Myrinet Using Real Application Cores

Parallel cluster computing projects use a large number of commodity PCs to provide cost-effective computational power to run parallel applications. Because properly load-balanced distributed parallel applications tend to send messages synchronously, minimizing blocking is as crucial a requirement for the network fabric as are those of high bandwidth and low latency. We consider the selection of an optimal, commodity-based, interconnect network technology and topology to provide high bandwidth, low latency, and reliable delivery. Since our network design goal is to facilitate the performance of real applications, we evaluated the performance of myrinet and gigabit ethernet technologies in the context of working algorithms using modeling and simulation tools developed for this work.
Do we know how stressed we are

I take issue with Kalisch et al.'s formulation of PASTOR, arguing that care must be taken in understanding what is meant by "appraisal." I examine the implications of PASTOR given two competing possibilities for what counts as an appraisal - first, if appraisal is restricted to conscious reflection on one's circumstances, and second, if appraisal is expanded to include subconscious mechanisms of evaluation.
The incidence of complications in elective cranial neurosurgery associated with dural closure material.

Object Dural closure with synthetic grafts has been suggested to contribute to the incidence of infection and CSF leak. The objective of this study was to assess the contribution of choice of dural closure material, as well as other factors, to the incidence of infection and CSF leak. Methods A retrospective, consecutive cohort study of adult patients undergoing elective craniotomy was established between April 2010 and March 2011 at a single center. Exclusion criteria consisted of trauma, bur hole placement alone, and temporary CSF fluid diversion. Results Three hundred ninety-nine patients were included (mean follow-up 396.6 days). Nonautologous (synthetic) dural substitute was more likely to be used (n = 106) in cases of reoperation (p = 0.001). Seventeen patients developed a surgical site infection and 12 patients developed a CSF leak. Multivariate logistic regression modeling identified estimated blood loss (OR 1.002, 95% CI 1.001–1.003; p < 0.001) and cigarette smoking (OR 2.198, 95% CI 1.109–4.238;...
Interest in cosmetic vulvar surgery and perception of vulvar appearance.

Objective The objective of the study was to determine whether reproductive-age women are more likely to perceive their vulva as abnormal compared with older-aged women. Study Design Women aged 18-44 years (group 1) and 45-72 years (group 2) completed a survey on demographics, grooming patterns, vulvar perceptions, and source of information about the vulva. Results There was no difference between group 1 and group 2 in how often women looked at their vulva or their perception of having a normal vulva (91% vs 93%, P = .76). Both groups were satisfied with the appearance of their vulva (81% vs 82%, P = .71). A higher percentage in group 2 would consider cosmetic surgery if cost were not an issue versus group 1 (15% vs 8%, P = .05). Conclusion A woman's age does not have an impact on her perception of a normal vulva. The majority of women perceived their vulva to be normal and were satisfied with its appearance. However, older women are more interested in cosmetic vulvar surgery.
Testing the differences between the determinants of moody's and standard & poor's ratings an application of smooth simulated maximum likelihood estimation

This paper extends previous studies on bond ratings by modeling as a system of equations the determinants of a municipality's decision to obtain a bond rating and the determinants of the municipality's rating for the two major rating agencies. Our model provides a framework to examine formally the differences between the two agencies in the determinants of the ratings. We estimate the four-equation system by smooth simulated maximum likelihood estimation and then construct minimum χ2 tests on cross-equation restrictions based on optimal minimum distance estimation. Self-selection is found to be important in Moody's ratings while not in those of S&P. Split ratings appear to reflect differences in both the weight attached to specific determinants of the ratings and differences in the way the bonds are classified.
Temperature Effects on the Infiltration Rate through an Infiltration Basin BMP

Infiltration Best Management Practices (BMPs) are becoming more readily acceptable as a means of reducing postdevelopment runoff volumes and peak flow rates to pre-construction levels, while simultaneously increasing recharge. However, the design, construction, and operation of infiltration basins to this point have not been standardized due to a lack of understanding of the infiltration processes that occur in these structures. Sizing infiltration BMPs to hold and store a predetermined volume of runoff, typically called the Water Quality Volume, has become a widely accepted practice. This method of sizing BMPs does not account for the infiltration that is occurring in the BMP during the storm event; which could result in significantly oversized BMPs. The objective of this study was to develop a methodology to simulate varying infiltration rates observed from a large scale rock infiltration basin BMP. The results should aid in improved design of such structures. This methodology is required to predict the performance of these sites using single event and continuous flow models. The study site is a Pervious Concrete Infiltration Basin BMP built in 2002 in a common area at Villanova University. The system consists of three infiltration beds filled with coarse aggregate, lined with geotextile filter fabric, overlain with pervious concrete and underlain by undisturbed silty sand. The BMP is extensively instrumented to facilitate water quantity and quality research. The infiltration performance of the site is the focus of the study. Recorded data indicates a wide variation of linear infiltration rates for smaller storm events. A model was developed using the Green — Ampt formula to characterize the infiltration occurring in the basin for small storm events characterized by an accumulated depth of water in the infiltration bed of less than 10 cm. The effectiveness and accuracy of the model were measured by comparing the model outputs with observed bed water elevation data recorded from instrumentation on site. Results show that for bed depths of <10 cm, hydraulic conductivity is the most sensitive parameter, and that the storm event measured infiltration rate is substantially less then the measured saturated hydraulic conductivity of the soil. The governing factor affecting hydraulic conductivity, and subsequently, infiltration rate is temperature; with higher rates occurring during warmer periods, affecting the infiltration rate by as much as 56%.
Should etomidate be used for rapid-sequence intubation induction in critically ill septic patients?

Etomidate is an agent often used by emergency medicine physicians for rapid-sequence intubation induction of critically ill patients because of its reliable pharmacokinetics and cardiovascular stability. Etomidate is known to inhibit endogenous cortisol production through inhibition of 11β-hydroxylase. Previous studies in undifferentiated emergency department patients and healthy, elective surgical patients have shown this effect to be only transient and not clinically significant. Recent retrospective studies in the pediatric and adult intensive care literature have shown an association between a single induction dose of etomidate in critically ill septic patients and sustained suppression of the adrenal axis with an increase in mortality. It is unknown at this time if any increase in mortality associated with etomidate-induced adrenal suppression would be offset by concomitant corticosteroid administration. Aggressive resuscitation of septic patients with fluids, antibiotics, and vasopressors has been shown to significantly reduce mortality and may allow for the use of alternative agents that had previously been discouraged because of concern for hemodynamic collapse during intubation. A prospective randomized trial in septic patients of etomidate induction with early corticotropin stimulation testing or corticosteroid supplementation vs the use of alternative induction agents with enough power to detect differences in mortality is needed to further address this clinical dilemma.
Genesis of post-hotspot, A-type rhyolite of the Eastern Snake River Plain volcanic field by extreme fractional crystallization of olivine tholeiite

Rhyolites occur as a subordinate component of the basalt-dominated Eastern Snake River Plain volcanic field. The basalt-dominated volcanic field spatially overlaps and post-dates voluminous late Miocene to Pliocene rhyolites of the Yellowstone–Snake River Plain hotspot track. In some areas the basalt lavas are intruded, interlayered or overlain by ~15 km3 of cryptodomes, domes and flows of high-silica rhyolite. These post-hotspot rhyolites have distinctive A-type geochemical signatures including high whole-rock FeOtot/(FeOtot+MgO), high Rb/Sr, low Sr (0.5–10 ppm) and are either aphyric, or contain an anhydrous phenocryst assemblage of sodic sanidine ± plagioclase + quartz > fayalite + ferroaugite > magnetite > ilmenite + accessory zircon + apatite + chevkinite. Nd- and Sr-isotopic compositions overlap with coeval olivine tholeiites (ɛNd = −4 to −6; 87Sr/86Sri = 0.7080–0.7102) and contrast markedly with isotopically evolved Archean country rocks. In at least two cases, the rhyolite lavas occur as cogenetic parts of compositionally zoned (~55–75% SiO2) shield volcanoes. Both consist dominantly of intermediate composition lavas and have cumulative volumes of several 10’s of km3 each. They exhibit two distinct, systematic and continuous types of compositional trends: (1) At Cedar Butte (0.4 Ma) the volcanic rocks are characterized by prominent curvilinear patterns of whole-rock chemical covariation. Whole-rock compositions correlate systematically with changes in phenocryst compositions and assemblages. (2) At Unnamed Butte (1.4 Ma) the lavas are dominated by linear patterns of whole-rock chemical covariation, disequilibrium phenocryst assemblages, and magmatic enclaves. Intermediate compositions in this group resulted from variable amounts of mixing and hybridization of olivine tholeiite and rhyolite parent magmas. Interestingly, models of rhyolite genesis that involve large degrees of melting of Archean crust or previously consolidated mafic or silicic Tertiary intrusions do not produce observed ranges of Nd- and Sr-isotopes, extreme depletions in Sr-concentration, and cogenetic spectra of intermediate rock compositions for both groups. Instead, least-squares mass-balance, energy-constrained assimilation and fractional crystallization modeling, and mineral thermobarometry can explain rhyolite production by 77% low-pressure fractional crystallization of a basaltic trachyandesite parent magma (~55% SiO2), accompanied by minor (0.03–7%) assimilation of Archean upper crust. We present a physical model that links the rhyolites and parental intermediate magmas to primitive olivine tholeiite by fractional crystallization. Assimilation, recharge, mixing and fractional melting occur to limited degrees, but are not essential parts of the rhyolite formation process.
Contaminant film deposition on VUV-modified surfaces

Mechanisms for molecular contaminant droplet formation are investigated. The tendency for droplet formation is evaluated in terms of the surface tension of the liquid-like outgassed species and the surface energy of the collector. Results are presented indicating that VUV irradiation of the surface prior to contaminant deposition eliminates some droplet formation completely. This finding is discussed in terms of the removal of hydrocarbon and carbonyl-structured compounds from oxidized silicon surfaces.
The physical meaning of topological indices

Abstract A handicap in using topological indices for QSAR is the lack of adequate provisions for specifying the nature of graph vertices (i.e. accounting for heteroatoms) or of graph edges (i.e. accounting for multiple bonds). Analysis of seven topological indices (i.e. χ, J, w, I DW, IDW, I DW) indicates that χ-type indices mimic the molecular van der Waals volume, while (within series of isochoric molecules) the other indices mimic the molecular van der Waals area. These results indicate a physically relevant approach to account for heteroatoms and multiple bonds within the topological index framework, namely, fitting the equation defining the index at hand to calculated molecular van der Waals volumes or areas. A computer program (in Pascal) for calculating these indices is also provided.
The INA: a simple query language with only attribute names

Current query languages, such as SQL, assume that the user is familiar with the database schema including the attribute names, types, and relation associations. When a user has imperfect knowledge of this information (or when he balks at the data-processing orientation of the required statements), he normally asks an experienced analyst to perform his and hoc query. The Intelligent Navigational Assistant (INA) was developed for the U S Army as a prototype query tool that permits the users to specify requests using only domain terms familiar to them. Once a request is made, it is converted into SQL for processing1,2To facilitate query formulation, the INA supports an interface that allows the user to identify attributes without relation associations (i.e., treats the data model as a universal relation). Because an attribute may appear in many relations, one of the principal tasks of the INA is the determination of the appropriate relation bindings. To aid in the selection of terms, the INA maintains a user vocabulary and provides facilities for browsing the vocabulary and examining term definitions. Thus, the INA has two primary functions it provides an easy-to-use interface for query definition, and it converts a request into SQL.The INA prototype has been implemented as a PC-resident knowledge-based system linked to a host-based DBMS. Its knowledge base is the logical schema of the target database, and the query transformation relies on the dependencies implicit in that schema. Supporting the knowledge-processing functions are the query definition interface, various tools to manage the target data model description, and facilities for communicating with other computers. The system was developed using TEDIUM
Mechanism for salt scaling of a cementitious surface

Freezing and thawing of concrete in the presence of deicer salts results in superficial damage known as salt scaling. Scaling damage consists of the removal of small flakes from the surface, leaving the body susceptible to water and ion ingress, thus posing a significant threat to the durability of the body. None of the proposed mechanisms for salt scaling account for all of the phenomenology observed during previous studies. We report a novel experimental method designed to measure the stress that arises when a solution is frozen on a cementitious plate. These experiments reveal a thermal expansion mismatch (or, bimaterial) mechanism that accounts for all of the observed salt scaling phenomenology. According to the bimaterial mechanism, scaling occurs when the stress in the freezing layer rises above the tensile strength of the brine-containing ice, resulting in cracking. A viscoelastic analysis of the stresses in the brine/ice layer shows that pure ice would not crack, but a layer containing >1% NaCl would. The damage from cracking of the ice is exacerbated by weakening of the cement paste by exposure to concentrated brine.
Sequential volume changes on a small sample by density.

Abstract A procedure is described for generating a sequence of volume changes by density on the same sample of a solution. The entire volume-change profile over the reactant concentration range of interest can be accomplished with 0.1–0.2 μmol of a protein in 100 μl of sample. The calcium-binding proteins, calmodulin and skeletal troponin-C, were employed to determine the volume increases attending the sequential addition of calcium ions. Both volume-change profiles exhibited nonlinear increases over the first four equivalents of calcium ion added.
Intelligence and suicide in Ireland and the United Kingdom.

Mean estimated intelligence test scores for the residents of Ireland and 12 regions of the United Kingdom were associated with suicide rates but probably as a result of association with other social characteristics such as income and urbanization.
Size correlations for condensation clusters produced in free-jet expansions

For clusters produced by condensation from a gas phase, a basis for identifying the dimensionless thermodynamic and kinetic parameters which characterize cluster formation is provided by arranging an expression for the mass rate of production of critical-size clusters into dimensionless form. The experimentally observed dependence of the cluster size on source pressure dictates the choice between two alternative classical expressions for the nucleation rate. An earlier analysis of dimer formation in free jets guides the combining of the thermodynamic and kinetic parameters into a single scaling parameter which facilitates correlating the size of clusters in free jets for all rare gases, including 4He, using a single curve. Important facets of the correlation are (a) the explicit dependence of the scaling parameter on the surface tension and, for the rare gases other than 4He, the evaluation of the surface tension at the triple point, and (b) the use of real-fluid properties for the density and sound speed...
Evaluation of heptane/1-butanol/Water systems for separation of drug metabolites by countercurrent chromatography

Abstract A small-volume CCC coil (1.07 mm i. d. × 13.5 m, Vc 14.7 ml) has been used to evaluate heptane/ 1-butanol/aqueous buffer systems for potential use in separating drug metabolites. Repeated sample injections can be made and a partition coefficient as high as 40 can be determined in about 4 hrs. Conjugates of p-nitrophenol with glucuronic acid, sulfuric acid and glucose were separated, and the partition coefficients of several N-alkyl anilines, benzylamines and phenylethylamines were measured to emulate chromatographic behavior expected for compounds generated in xenobiotic metabolism. Amines chromatographed well in reverse phase systems above the amine pKa value. But peaks were distorted when the mobile phase pH was slightly below the amine pKa for benzyl and phenylethyl amines and about two units below for anilines. The effect of alcoholic hydroxy! substitution and dealkylation is discussed for anilines and derivatives of the drug chioroquine.
Data Base Model for Distribution Facilities

In this paper we describe an electric facilities data base model which: - Provides data for engineering analysis, accounting and map production. - provides efficient access to data by electric network or by area. - has been implemented at several utilities. The model presented in this paper in incorporated in two IBM programs: Interactive Geo-Facilities Graphic Support (IGGS) and Geo-Facility Data Base Support (GDBS). The programs - provide for the storage of geographic and alphanumeric information, including electric facilities and land features. - support selective updating and display of both the geographic and alphanumeric data using an interactive workstation.
A large C6D6 solvent effect on the NMR shifts of pyrazines coordinated to the M(CO)5 series (M=W, Mo, Cr)

Abstract The pyrazine series of complexes M(CO)5(pzRn) with M = W, Mo or Cr; R = CH3, pzRn = pyrazine (n = 0), 2-methylpyrazine (n = 1), 2,3-dimethylpyrazine and 2,6-dimethylpyrazine (n = 2) and 2,3,6-trimethylpyrazine (n = 3) have been prepared by UV photolyses in acetone. 1 H NMR spectra of the M(CO)5(pzRn) series, the free ligands, pzRn, and their conjugate acids, pzRnH+, were obtained in CDCl3 and C6D6. The pzRn ring protons experience an upfield shift in C6D6 relative to other solvents which do not selectively associate with the ring C–H bonds. The shift difference, δ = δ(CDCl3−C6D6), is attenuated with increasing methylation (∑n) as a function of both molecular volume and an electronic factor proportional to the Hammett constant σp for CH3. Thus, δ = Co + (0.56 σp + bV) ∑n where Co = 0.58, σp = −0.129, bV = −0.069 for pyrazines. Coordination of the Lewis acids M(CO)5 (M = W, Mo, Cr) enhances the shift difference δ relative to the free pyrazine ligands, and increases the molecular volume such that (bVcomplex/bVfree L) = 3.6 (W), 2.9 (Mo), and 2.9 (Cr). Compared to H+ with a formal +1/2 charge at each ring N, the M(CO)5 moieties exert a fractional charge influence in the order of 0.46 (W), 0.36 (Mo), and 0.34 (Cr) in the polarization of C–H bonds adjacent to the site of protonation or metallation. This action as a withdrawing group with W(CO)5 > Mo(CO)5 > Cr(CO)5 is in harmony with 13 C NMR evidence on the degree of back-donation to the CO ligands (W > Mo > Cr). 1,4-Metallotropic shifts were not observed for any of the pzRn N-bound complexes (up to ca. 340 K) before ligand dissociation prevents further study. The M(CO)5 series M = W, Mo, Cr promote downfield shifts of α-ring protons and upfield shifts of β-ring protons, thus behaving more like anionic ML5 units (M(CN)53−, M(hedta)−; FeII and RuII), toward N-heterocyclic ligands. An isomer with M(CO)5 attached to the π-cloud, in addition to the N-bound complexes, was obtained only for Mo(CO)5(2,6-Me2pz). Reasons for the η2 attachment near the C–3–N–C–4 arc of Mo(CO)5(2,6-Me2pz), and the absence of η2 species for the remainder of the M(CO)5(pzRn) series, are suggested. A binuclear complex [W(CO)5]2(2,3-Me2pz) forms more readily than for the unsubstituted pyrazine ligand in spite of larger steric factors. An elevation of the basicity of the terminal N of 2,3-Me2pz provided by the methyl groups offsets the withdrawing influence of the W(CO)5 center, raising the nucleophilicity of the W(CO)5(2,3-Me2pz) monomer compared to W(CO)5(pz).
Organized nature of a turbulent trailing vortex

The turbulence structure of a trailing vortex produced at the juncture of a flow aligned cylinder and a pair of oppositely loaded airfoils is analyzed. The freestream turbulence intensity in this study varies from 0.32 to 1.48 percent, the vortex Reynold number varies from 15000 to 25000, and the Rossby number varies from 0.65 to 0.81. Within this parameter range, it is shown that the screens, but not the freestream turbulence level, are able to produce significant variations in the turbulence structure of the vortex, and that the turbulent structure is determined by the Rossby number and not the vortex Reynolds number. It is noted that the core is dynamic and an organized exchange of momentum takes place between the outer flow and the core region of the vortex. The vortex structure in the trailing vortex having the lowest Rossby number is considered.