cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Association of CYP3A5*3, *6, and *7 polymorphisms with hypertension

Purpose The CYP3A5 *3, *6, and *7 alleles have a greatly reduced capacity to produce functional CYP3A5 enzyme relative to the *1 allele. Polymorphic renal CYP3A5 expression may regulate blood pressure (BP) and risk of hypertension (HTN). A previous study of 25 young healthy African-Americans (AA) showed an association between CYP3A5 genotype and BP. Methods A total of 564 AAs (n=266) and Caucasians (n=298) normotensives (NT) with no known family history of HTN and hypertensives (HT) with a family history of HTN were genotyped for CYP3A5 *3 (and *6 and *7 in AAs only) using pyrosequencing technology. CYP3A5 haplotypes for AAs were determined by computational methods. Functional allele status was determined based on *3 genotype for Caucasians (ie: *1,*3=1 functional allele) and *3, *6 and *7 diplotype for AAs (ie: *1, *1, *1/,*1, *6, *1=1 functional allele). Results There were no differences in functional allele/haplotype frequencies between HT (0.16) and NT Caucasians (0.11); p=0.21, or HT (0.60) and NT AAs (0.56); p=0.52. There were also no differences in BP (Mean ± SD) by number of functional alleles among NT AAs or Caucasians (Table). Conclusion There was no association between hypertension or BP and CYP3A5 expressor (*1) versus nonexpressor (*3, *6, *7) alleles in AAs or Caucasians. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2004) 75, P13–P13; doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2003.11.050 Table 1. Number of functional Alleles 0 1 2 NT Caucasians SBP 118.6 ± 11.52 117.1 ± 12.13 125.0 ± 18.38 DBP 75.6 ± 8.85 73.6 ± 6.19 77.0 ± 4.24 NT AAs 120.5 ± 8.62 116.5 ± 8.69 118.4 ± 19.80 SBP 77.3 ± 4.78 75.9 ± 7.24 76.9 ± 5.48 DBP
PLUMAGE WETTABILITY OF THE AFRICAN DARTER ANHINGA MELANOGASTER COMPARED WITH THE DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANT PHALACROCORAX AURITUS

Summary Rijke, A. M., Jesser, W. A. & Mahoney, S. A. 1989. Plumage wettability of the African Darter Anhinga melanogaster compared with the Double-crested Cormorant Phalacrocarax auritus. Ostrich 60:128-132. Darters emerge from water “dripping wet” but are able to become airborne without delay. Their plumage is, on the whole, three times more wettable than that of cormorants. We investigated the microscopic structure and resistance to water penetration of the body, wing and tail feathers of the African Darter, Anhinga melanogaster. The results show values of the structural parameter (r + d)/r for body feathers in the range of 9 to 12, whereas for rectrices, primaries, secondaries and tertiaries, a range of 2 to 3 was observed, with barbules measuring 2 to 3. Penetration pressures measure zero to 1 cm water head for the body feathers and 6 to 15 cm for the wing and tail feathers. These findings suggest that on submersion, the body feathers wet out entirely but wing and tail feathers resist becoming waterlo...
Constraints on Deep-seated Zonal Winds Inside Jupiter and Saturn

The atmospheres of Jupiter and Saturn exhibit strong and stable zonal winds. How deep the winds penetrate unabated into each planet is unknown. Our investigation favors shallow winds. It consists of two parts. The first part makes use of an Ohmic constraint; Ohmic dissipation associated with the planet's magnetic field cannot exceed the planet's net luminosity. Application to Jupiter (J) and Saturn (S) shows that the observed zonal winds cannot penetrate below a depth at which the electrical conductivity is about six orders of magnitude smaller than its value at the molecular–metallic transition. Measured values of the electrical conductivity of molecular hydrogen yield radii of maximum penetration of 0.96R_J and 0.86R_S, with uncertainties of a few percent of R. At these radii, the magnetic Reynolds number based on the zonal wind velocity and the scale height of the magnetic diffusivity is of order unity. These limits are insensitive to difficulties in modeling turbulent convection. They permit complete penetration along cylinders of the equatorial jets observed in the atmospheres of Jupiter and Saturn. The second part investigates how deep the observed zonal winds actually do penetrate. As it applies heuristic models of turbulent convection, its conclusions must be regarded as tentative. Truncation of the winds in the planet's convective envelope would involve breaking the Taylor–Proudman constraint on cylindrical flow. This would require a suitable nonpotential acceleration which none of the obvious candidates appears able to provide. Accelerations arising from entropy gradients, magnetic stresses, and Reynolds stresses appear to be much too weak. These considerations suggest that strong zonal winds are confined to shallow, stably stratified layers, with equatorial jets being the possible exception.
Atomic layer graphoepitaxy for single crystal heterostructures

Here we report a strategy for the growth of single crystal heterostructures that dramatically reduces the nucleation of defects at the film–substrate interface. The substrate surface is patterned through miscut and passivated to enable a single domain template layer to be grown. This template is incommensurate with, and weakly bonded to, the substrate. A single domain film can then be nucleated preferentially at step edges and grown on the template. This mechanism is demonstrated for CdTe on Si(100) and should be applicable to many other systems.
Two B-type Kadomtsev–Petviashvili equations of (2 + 1) and (3 + 1) dimensions: Multiple soliton solutions, rational solutions and periodic solutions

Abstract In this work, we study a (2 + 1)-dimensional and a (3 + 1)-dimensional B-type Kadomtsev–Petviashvili (BKP) equations. The simplified form of the Hirota method is used to establish multiple soliton solutions for each equation. The coefficients of the spatial variables remain free and not subject to any constraint condition. We also determine soliton solutions, rational solutions and periodic solutions.
An adaptive contention-based scheduling scheme for proportional service differentiation in multichannel wireless networks

In this paper, we propose an adaptive contention-based MAC scheduling scheme called Multi-channel Contention-based TDMA (MC/TDMA) for Multichannel wireless networks which provides proportional service differentiation while achieving high resource utilization. The MC/TDMA scheme adaptively schedules the traffic over multiple non-overlapping channels by controlling the number of competing nodes on a common channel based on the system load. The scheduling problem of MC/TDMA scheme is solved in two phases. The first phase called the Timeslot Allocation phase is reduced to a modified open-shop scheduling problem which allows us to use known efficient open-shop scheduling algorithms. For the second phase called Channel Allocation Phase, which is a non-convex Non-linear Programming (NL-P) problem (an NP-Hard problem) we develop a greedy heuristic. In order to maximize the utilization of the network resources while achieving proportional service differentiation, we propose a tuning knob called the collision factor 'a' which can be adaptively adjusted based on the network load. Through extensive simulations using OPNET we show that the proposed MC/TDMA scheme can provide proportional service differentiation in a multichannel wireless network while optimizing the utilization of the network resources.
Chemical sensors based on micromachined transducers with integrated piezoresistive readout

We demonstrate an approach for the development of chemical sensors utilizing silicon micromachined physical transducers with integrated piezoresistive readout. Originally, these transducers were developed and optimized as sensitive accelerometers for automotive applications. However, by applying a chemically responsive layer onto the transducer, we convert these transducers into chemical sensors. These transducers are attractive for chemical sensing applications for several key reasons. First, the required sensitivity of the chemical sensor can be achieved by choosing the right spring constant of the transducer. Second, the integrated piezoresistive readout of the transducer is already optimized and is very straightforward, providing a desired reproducibility in measurements, while not requiring bulky equipment. Third, chemically responsive film deposition is simple due to the ease of access to the transducer's surface. Fourth, such transducers are already available for another (automotive) application, m...
On-Line Coal Slurry Analyzer

Today most coals cleaned by advanced or conventional techniques are processed in an aqueous slurry. To optimize cleaning efficiency and better control cleaning operations, more rapid feedback on the coals' ash ad sulfur content (while still in the slurry) in needed. battelle has recently completed a project to evaluate and develop on-line slurry ash, percent solids, and sulfur analysis instrumentation and identify process control technologies. This paper summarizes (1) the analytical principles employed, (2) equipment used in this full-scale prototype development/evaluation study and (3) results from tests with low-sulfur Elkhorn, medium-sulfur-Ohio, and high high-sulfur Illinois No. 6 coals. The nuclear-based instruments allow rapid, accurate analysis of these coals
A Three Base-line Tracking Radio Interferometer†

ABSTRACT The experimental arrangement for a three baseline radio interferometer includes, as its main features, the orientation of the base lines in the plane and shape of an equilateral triangle, and the synchronous recording of the three interferograms of a transiting radio source, together with time and the amplitude-discriminated signal from a directional receiver. The sequence and the display of maxima and minima of each base-line pattern in relation to time will resolve the ambiguities of angular and scalar velocity of an orbiting object. The relative displacements of the central nulls and the secondary nulls of the recorded interferogram as compared against station time will resolve the ambiguities of the range vector. The directional ambiguity of the velocity vector of the object is resolved by an auxiliary radio receiving unit.
Effects of racial and ethnic group and health literacy on responses to genomic risk information in a medically underserved population

OBJECTIVE Few studies have examined how individuals respond to genomic risk information for common, chronic diseases. This randomized study examined differences in responses by type of genomic information (genetic test/family history) and disease condition (diabetes/heart disease), and by race/ethnicity in a medically underserved population. METHODS 1,057 English-speaking adults completed a survey containing 1 of 4 vignettes (2-by-2 randomized design). Differences in dependent variables (i.e., interest in receiving genomic assessment, discussing with doctor or family, changing health habits) by experimental condition and race/ethnicity were examined using chi-squared tests and multivariable regression analysis. RESULTS No significant differences were found in dependent variables by type of genomic information or disease condition. In multivariable models, Hispanics were more interested in receiving a genomic assessment than Whites (OR = 1.93; p < .0001); respondents with marginal (OR = 1.54; p = .005) or limited (OR = 1.85; p = .009) health literacy had greater interest than those with adequate health literacy. Blacks (OR = 1.78; p = .001) and Hispanics (OR = 1.85; p = .001) had greater interest in discussing information with family than Whites. Non-Hispanic Blacks (OR = 1.45; p = .04) had greater interest in discussing genomic information with a doctor than Whites. Blacks (β = -0.41; p < .001) and Hispanics (β = -0.25; p = .033) intended to change fewer health habits than Whites; health literacy was negatively associated with number of health habits participants intended to change. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that race/ethnicity may affect responses to genomic risk information. Additional research could examine how cognitive representations of this information differ across racial/ethnic groups. Health literacy is also critical to consider in developing approaches to communicating genomic information.
The fungal flora of soft fruits in relation to storage and spoilage

SUMMARY The fungal population of freshly harvested strawberries, raspberries and blackberries was studied throughout the fruiting seasons and the relative importance of fungi responsible for spoilage of stored fruit from different harvest dates was assessed. Botrytis cinerea, Cladosporium spp., Penicillium spp., Aureobasidium pullulans and Mucor spp. were consistently present on all three fruits while Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Didymella applanata were prevalent on raspberries only and Epicoccum purpurascens and Alternaria spp. on blackberries only. Botrytis cinerea and Mucor mucedo were the predominant spoilage organisms of all three fruits, although the relative importance of the two fungi changed as the season progressed, especially for strawberries. Rhizopus stolonifer, Cladosporium spp., Penicillium spp. and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides were only of minor importance as spoilage organisms.
WE‐E‐304A‐06: The Influence of Initial Outlines On Observers

Purpose: When manually segmenting structures in medical images, an observer identifies the structure and then traces the structure's boundary. When an observer instead is presented with an initial segmentation boundary from a computerized method, the expectation is that the observer will alter that outline as necessary to fit their own perception of the boundary, which should not be substantially influenced by the initial, computer‐defined segmentation. This expectation is implicit when observers modify computerized outlines to establish “truth,” measure the area/volume of a structure, or use a computerized system as an initial reader. The goal of this study was to quantifying the extent to which initial outlines influence human observers. Method and Materials: A database of 30 thoracic CT scans from different mesothelioma patients was collected. For each scan, 5 sections were randomly selected for analysis, and three experienced observers independently outlined all mesothelioma tumor in each of these 150 sections to produce “truth outlines.” After a three‐month period, each observer was presented with all 450 truth outlines, which served as “initial outlines” in this second component of the study, and observers could alter these initial outlines to produce “modified outlines” that best captured their perception of tumor boundary. The area‐of‐overlap measure (AOM) between pairwise combinations of outlines was calculated. Results: The average AOM between the truth outlines of a given observer and the modified outlines derived from the initial outline of that same observer was 0.842 ± 0.009 across all observers. In comparison, the average AOM between the truth outlines of a given observer and the modified outlines derived from the initial outlines of the other two observers was 0.443 ± 0.006 across all observers. Conclusion: The substantial difference between the two mean AOM values implies that observers are strongly impacted by the presence of an initial outline.
Graphical visualization of the topology of token ring network

The purpose of this program is to visualize the operation of a token ring. The software has two parts; the first part explains the topology of the token ring network (frame format, multiple bridges and gate), and the second part depicts data transmission in single and multiple structures. The software is written in Pascal for IBM-AT's attached to a token ring network.
A longitudinal investigation of marital adjustment as a risk factor for metabolic syndrome.

OBJECTIVE Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a constellation of features--central obesity, dyslipidemia, elevated blood pressure, and dysglycemia--that are associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease, diabetes, stroke, and mortality. This longitudinal study was conducted to evaluate whether marital adjustment, which has been shown to predict a variety of health outcomes, increases risk for incidence of MetS. METHODS A population-based English sample of couples (N = 216 couples) completed a self-report measure of marital adjustment at baseline and nurse visits that included collection of blood pressure, blood samples, and anthropometric measures at baseline and 4-year follow-up. Multilevel modeling was used to evaluate the association between both partners' report of baseline marital adjustment and incidence of MetS, controlling for other baseline risk factors (demographics, current and previous smoking status, alcohol use, activity level, depressive symptoms, number of MetS criteria). RESULTS Gender moderated the association between marital adjustment and incidence of MetS. Follow-up analyses indicated that husbands' report of marital adjustment at baseline was significantly associated with incident MetS for wives at follow-up, controlling for baseline risk factors. Marital adjustment was not significantly associated with incident MetS for men. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that MetS may be one mechanism by which poor marital adjustment increases risk for poor health outcomes in women. Improving marital adjustment may help prevent the incidence of MetS and improve health, particularly for women.
How Do Individual Personality Traits (D) Influence Perceived Satisfaction with Service for College Students (C) in a Casual Restaurant Setting (I)?: The CID Framework

Empirical research in hospitality marketing must be carefully conducted and calibrated so as to ensure reproducibility of results when the same set of experiments are repeated at a later point in time. Even when careful controls are put in place, the effects being demonstrated in psychological and pharmaceutical research have been known to diminish considerably over multiple replications, a phenomenon known as the decline effect. In order to improve the specification of parameters in hospitality marketing research, we propose a framework called CID, which essentially states that a study can be anchored in the context of a specific customer segment (C), industry vertical (I), and determinants of consumer behavior (D) in the context being studied. To illustrate the CID concept, our study addresses the influence of college students' (C) personality traits (D) on their perception of satisfaction, as well as their evaluation of various relational benefits offered in casual dining restaurants (I). A quantitativ...
Dual-task influences on retrieval from semantic memory and coordination dynamics

Bimanual 1:1 rhythmic coordination was performed while retrieving words from a specified category. The effects of divided attention (DA) on coordination were indexed by changes in mean relative phase and recurrence measures of shared activity between the two limbs. Effects of DA on memory were indexed by deficits in exemplars retrieved relative to the baseline. Shifts in relative phase were found, accompanied by a recall deficit for DA during the retrieval task. DA also reduced the degree of shared activity between left and right rhythmic motions. Our discussion focuses on DA-induced parameter changes in retrieval and coordination dynamics, as well as on the hypothesis that stability is the general factor mediating dual-task performance.
A nonlinear programming approach to the design of cascade compensators for linear control systems

The problem of designing cascade compensators for linear control systems is formulated as a nonlinear programming problem. This formulation allows the design to be done by computer and replaces trial-and-error graphical-design methods. An example is given.
We begin a new institute year

President Quarles, in an address before the recent Pacific General Meeting in Phoenix, evaluates the evolution in AIEE organization and policy as the Institute enters a new administrative year.
Trees with structure

Abstract We investigate M -trees, that is, trees with structure possible at each node or level. M is a mathematical structure such as a set or a Cartesian product. An extension of Polya's theorem is proved which allows the number of M -trees for a given number of nodes to be counted. The special case of componential trees is investigated. Here M is a Cartesian product of 0's and 1's. A componential analysis is a componential tree of depth 1, that is, there is no hierarchy. We prove that for any componential tree there exists a componential analysis which makes the same predictions on a triad test of judged similarity. A brief empirical example is given, in which a componential tree is applied as a model of a sernantic domain.
Brain Injury Prediction: Assessing the Combined Probability of Concussion Using Linear and Rotational Head Acceleration

Recent research has suggested possible long term effects due to repetitive concussions, highlighting the importance of developing methods to accurately quantify concussion risk. This study introduces a new injury metric, the combined probability of concussion, which computes the overall risk of concussion based on the peak linear and rotational accelerations experienced by the head during impact. The combined probability of concussion is unique in that it determines the likelihood of sustaining a concussion for a given impact, regardless of whether the injury would be reported or not. The risk curve was derived from data collected from instrumented football players (63,011 impacts including 37 concussions), which was adjusted to account for the underreporting of concussion. The predictive capability of this new metric is compared to that of single biomechanical parameters. The capabilities of these parameters to accurately predict concussion incidence were evaluated using two separate datasets: the Head Impact Telemetry System (HITS) data and National Football League (NFL) data collected from impact reconstructions using dummies (58 impacts including 25 concussions). Receiver operating characteristic curves were generated, and all parameters were significantly better at predicting injury than random guessing. The combined probability of concussion had the greatest area under the curve for all datasets. In the HITS dataset, the combined probability of concussion and linear acceleration were significantly better predictors of concussion than rotational acceleration alone, but not different from each other. In the NFL dataset, there were no significant differences between parameters. The combined probability of concussion is a valuable method to assess concussion risk in a laboratory setting for evaluating product safety.
Management of hyponatraemia.

The morbidity associated with hyponatraemia is most closely related to the age or sex of the affected patient (highest in children and menstruant women) and is not related to either the magnitude or duration of the hyponatraemia When hyponatraemia is accompanied by central nervous system manifestations (hyponatraemic encephalopathy) there is substantial morbidity, whereas asymptomatic hyponatraemia is often benign A major cause of hyponatraemic encephalopathy and subsequent morbidity is hypotonic fluids given to postoperative patients
Comparison of the 9-anilinoacridines o-AMSA (4'-(acridin-9-ylamino)-2'-methoxymethanesulfonanilide) and m-AMSA (4'-(acridin-9-ylamino)-3'- methoxymethanesulfonanilide). A molecular mechanics, dynamics and semiempirical molecular orbital study

Abstract An in-depth computational study of the antitumor acridine m -AMSA (4'- (acridin-9-ylamino) - 3'-methoxymethanesulfonanilide) and its inactive analog o -AMSA (4'-(acridin-9-ylamino)-2'- methoxymethanesulfonanilide) was performed. Molecular mechanics calculations show that both compounds have similar minimum-energy structures in which the anilino ring bisects the plane of the acridine. The major difference found between the two compounds is in the orientation of the anilino ring methoxy group relative to the plane of the acridine ring. m -AMSA prefers a conformation in which the anilino ring methoxy is oriented away from the acridine while o -AMSA prefers the opposite configuration. Dynamics simulations of the conformational flexibility of the two compounds shows that both behave similarly. Gas-phase molecular dynamics studies of over 800 ps done in 100 ps runs show that there are no differences in the conformational states available to the two compounds. An examination of the electronic structures of the two drugs shows that the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of m -AMSA is lower in energy than the LUMO of o -AMSA. This finding is interesting in light of the well-known dependency of the activity of these drugs on the electronic properties of the anilino ring. Further examination of the electronic structures of a variety of active and inactive compounds may prove useful in elucidating differences in electronic structure which might be correlated with drug activity.
Ordering in two-dimensional β-alumina structures

Abstract Elementary theoretical approaches to the ordering of the mobile ions in the conduction plane of β-alumina and β″ alumina predict a first order phase transition. Such transitions are not seen in experiments. Inhomogeneity and/or two-dimensionality may explain the difference between theory and experiment.
Effective surface mobility theory

Abstract The present state of MOS inversion layer mobility is briefly reviewed, and it is shown that the results can be placed in a consistent scheme if all effects are properly summed. In addition the theory for a surface charge scattering mechanism is developed and experimental evidence of its existence is presented.
A new procedure for preparation of anhydrous perchloric acid employing anhydrous magnesium perchlorate

Abstract The dehydration of hydrated perchloric acid to yield anhydrous acid is described. Anhydrous (5·5% water content) magnesium perchlorate is employed as desiccant followed by distillation under reduced pressure. The new procedure is less complicated than previously described processes, and is convenient for the preparation of small amounts to be employed in studies of the preparation of anhydrous metallic perchlorates from reactions with suitable selected reagents, and for convenient lecture demonstrations.
Two laser-driven mix experiments to study reshock and shear

Abstract In an effort to better understand mix in Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) implosion cores, a series of laser-driven mix experiments has been designed for the University of Rochester's OMEGA laser. Our objective is to perform experiments to investigate the turbulent mixing at material interfaces when subject to multiple shocks and reshocks or high-speed shear. Ultimately, these experiments are providing detailed quantitative measurements to assist in validation efforts for the BHR-2 mix model, which is implemented in the RAGE hydrodynamics code. The Reshock experiment studies the physical process of shocking and reshocking mix layers. Radiographs are recorded to compile a temporal evolution of the mixing layer and its subsequent reshock, compression, and re-growth phases. The Shear experiment investigates shear-driven growth of a mix layer, and radiography captures the time evolution of the development of turbulent mixing due to shear. Simulations of both the Reshock and Shear experiments using RAGE and the BHR-2 mix model demonstrate good agreement with the mix evolution seen in the experimental data, giving confidence that BHR-2 is capable of simulating the behavior of both compressive and shear-driven turbulent flows.
Partial equilibrium in risk-based production decisions

Characteristically, a small subset of operational problems admit risk neutrality when contingent claims methodology were used in their analysis. That is, for the majority of manufacturing and production problems, operating cash flows are not directly linked to prices of traded assets. However, to the extent that correlations can be estimated, the methodology's applicability to a broader set of operational problems is supported. Our article addresses this issue with the objective of extending the use of contingent claims techniques to a larger set of operational problems. In broad terms, this objective entails a partial equilibrium approach to the problem of valuing uncertain cash flows. To this end, we assume risk aversion and cast our approach within Merton's intertemporal capital asset pricing model. In this context, we formulate a “generic” production valuation model that is framed as an exercise in stochastic optimal control. The model is versatile in its characterization and can easily be adapted to accommodate a wide-ranging set of risk-based operational problems where the underlying sources of uncertainty are not traded. To obtain results, the model is recast as a stochastic dynamic program to be solved numerically. The article addresses a number of fundamental issues in the analysis risk based decision problems in operations. First, in the approach provided, decisions are analyzed under a properly defined risk structure. Second, the process of analysis leads to suitably adjusted probability distributions through which, appropriately discounted expectations are derived. Third, through consolidating existing concepts into a standard and adaptable framework, we extend the applicability of contingent claims methodology to a broader set of operational problems. The approach is advantageous as it obviates the need for exogenously specifying utility functions or discount rates.© 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2011
Crystal Structure of Gamma Nitrogen

We have determined by x-ray diffreaction that high-pressure gamma nitrogen is tetragonal with two molecules per unit cell in special position $f$ of space group $\frac{P{4}_{2}}{\mathrm{mnm}}$. At an average pressure and temperature of 4015\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}145 atm and 20.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.7 K, respectively, the unit cell dimensions are $a=3.957$ \AA{} and $c=5.109$ \AA{}, giving a molar volume of 24.09 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$ which is in good agreement with the value 24.05 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$ taken from piston-displacement measurements.
Computation of energy imparted in diagnostic radiology.

Energy imparted is a measure of the total ionizing energy deposited in the patient during a radiologic examination and may be used to quantify the patient dose in diagnostic radiology. Values of the energy imparted per unit exposure-area product, v(z), absorbed by a semi-infinite water phantom with a thickness z, were computed for x-ray spectra with peak x-ray tube voltages ranging from 50‐140 kV and with added filtration, ranging from 1‐6 mm aluminum. For a given phantom thickness and peak x-ray tube voltage, the energy imparted was found to be directly proportional to the x-ray beam half-value layer ~HVL! expressed in millimeters of aluminum. Values of v(z) were generated for constant waveform x-ray tube voltages and an anode angle of 12°, and were fitted to the expression v(z) 5 a 3 HVL 1 b. Fitted a and b parameters are provided that permit the energy imparted to be determined for any combination of tube voltage, half-value layer, and phantom thickness from the product of the entrance skin exposure ~free-in-air! and the corresponding x-ray beam area. The results obtained using our method for calculating energy imparted were compared with values of energy imparted determined using Monte Carlo techniques and anthropomorphic phantoms for a range of diagnostic examinations. At 60, 80, and 120 kV, absolute values of energy imparted obtained using our method differed by 8%, 10%, and 12%, respectively, from the corresponding results of Monte Carlo computations obtained for an anthropomorphic phantom. The method described in this paper permits a simple determination of energy imparted for any type of diagnostic x-ray examination which may be used to compare the radiologic risks from differing types of x-ray examinations, optimize imaging techniques with respect to the patient dose, or estimate the patient effective dose equivalent. © 1997 American Association of Physicists in Medicine. @S0094-2405~97!01304-7#
Clinical pathology consultation improves coagulation factor utilization in hospitalized adults

Coagulation factor replacement can effectively treat or prevent most hemophilia complications, but it is expensive. Although published data describe how to achieve therapeutic goals through cost-effective selection and dosing of replacement products, criteria are not universally known or followed. A review of our institution’s experience revealed overdosing of coagulation factors in the majority of patients treated during a 12-month period, at a cost that approached $700,000. Consequently, we established mandatory clinical pathology consultation before releasing such factors. In the subsequent 30 months, 32 adults received 64 courses of treatment. For patients with hemophilia A, the mean cost per admission was reduced by approximately 27% (total savings, $61,536). For patients with factor VIII inhibitor, there was an approximate 6% cost reduction (total savings, $47,292). The combined savings was $108,828. The mean plasma factor level achieved during the intervention period was 84% ± 55% compared with 117% ± 58% for the preintervention period ( P = .008). Neither the number of treatment (factor transfusion) days nor the number of RBC transfusions changed significantly. Our data support that pathology consultation yields consistent and appropriate therapy and improves resource utilization.
Prophylaxis by vitamin C in starvation induced rat stomach ulceration.

Abstract Rats given L-ascorbic acid in their drinking water prior to and during starvation did not develop severe ulceration in the mucosal lining of their stomachs. Control rats which were either nontreated or given deactivated L-ascorbic acid developed severe stomach pathology on the starvation regimen.
Lateral variation in upper mantle viscosity: role of water

Differences in the viscosity of the earth’s upper mantle beneath the western US (f10 18 –10 19 Pa s) and global average values based on glacial isostatic adjustment and other data (f10 20 –10 21 Pa s) are generally ascribed to differences in temperature. We compile geochemical data on the water contents of western US lavas and mantle xenoliths, compare these data to water solubility in olivine, and calculate the corresponding effective viscosity of olivine, the major constituent of the upper mantle, using a power law creep rheological model. These data and calculations suggest that the low viscosities of the western US upper mantle reflect the combined effect of high water concentration and elevated temperature. The high water content of the western US upper mantle may reflect the long history of Farallon plate subduction, including flat slab subduction, which effectively advected water as far inland as the Colorado Plateau, hydrating and weakening the upper mantle. D 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Diamond Disc Pad Conditioning in Chemical Mechanical Planarization (CMP): A Mathematical Model to Predict Pad Surface Shape

Chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) is widely used to planarize semiconductor wafers and smooth the wafer surface. In CMP, a diamond disc conditioner is used to condition (or dress) a polishing pad to restore the pad performance. In this paper, a surface element method is proposed to develop a mathematic model to predict the pad surface shape resulted from diamond disc conditioning. The developed model is then validated by published experimental data. Results show that the model is effective to simulate the diamond disc conditioning process and predict the pad surface shape.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Evaluation of a Multistate Faith-based Program for Children Affected by Natural Disaster

Objectives: To systematically evaluate Camp Noah, a faith-based intervention for children affected by natural disaster: to assess the extent to which the camps were carried out according to the program design, to describe how the Camp Noah program was implemented, and to explore Camp Noah program effects on children. Design: Qualitative survey. Sample: Twenty-eight local, state, and national stakeholders. Measurement: Open-ended interviews. Results: Although camps adhered to the curriculum, many implementation weaknesses resulted from a lack of clear program structure and written procedures. Stakeholders observed that children generally were able to process their disaster experiences in the camp, and some children exhibited increased understanding of God's role in their disaster experience. Stakeholders also described parent reports of increased coping skills related to weather among some children. Lastly, stakeholders both observed positive effects of Camp Noah on children's behaviors and symptoms and described changes reported to them by parents. Conclusions: Every year, thousands of children suffer emotionally as a result of natural disaster in the United States. With public health nursing support and improvements in infrastructure, Camp Noah may be a promising intervention to address this important public health problem. Language: en
Mass sensitivity of a piezoelectric microbalance to cenospheres of lithium carbonate

Abstract A piezoelectric crystal mass monitor using electrostatic collection was evaluated with lithium carbonate cenospheres at 90% relative humidity. A nonlinear mass sensitivity response was obtained due to changes in position of deposition of the lithium carbonate cenospheres on the crystal. The use of the permeation tube, which released a vapor to aid in the adhesion of particles at low humidities, produced significant errors at 90% relative humidity. These problems with lithium carbonate cenospheres encountered with the mass monitor are possibly unique to the measurement of hollow spheres since it has been shown to work well for numerous types of aerosols.
Aider: Angle-of-incidence-derivative ellipsometry and reflectometry

Abstract A technique is proposed for the direct measurement of the derivatives ϖψ/ϖϕ, ϖΔ/ϖϕ and ϖ R /ϖϕ (or ϖ In R /ϖ ϕ) of the ellipsometric (ψ, Δ) and reflectance ( R ) parameters of an optically isotropic surface with respect to the angle of incidence (ϕ). A sinusoidal rotational oscillation of small amplitude is applied to the sample around an axis in its surface perpendicular to the plane of incidence and the resulting ac/dc photoelectric signal-ratio η is measured in an ellipsometer with stationary polarizing and analyzing optics. From three such measurements η 1 , η 2 , η 3 at three different settings of the ellipsometer optics, the amplitudes of the sinusoidal perturbations , and of the ellipsometric and reflectance parameters, caused by the angle-of-incidence oscillation , can be determined. If , and are divided by , we get the desired derivatives ϖψ/ϖϕ, ϖΔ/ϖϕ and ϖ In R /ϖϕ. This technique of Angle-of-Incidence-Derivative Ellipsometry and Reflectometry (given the acronym AIDER) promises to open up new possibilities in surface optics particularly for the measurement of the optical properties of film-substrate systems.
Conflict resolution strategies in relation to children's peer relations☆

Abstract The aim of the present research was to examine children's conflict resolution strategies in relation to their social status. Three strategies for responding to conflict situations were examined: (a) anger retaliation, (b) withdrawal/avoidance, and (c) calm discussion. There were 165 children in the first study (Grades 4–6) and 67 children in the second study (Grades 4 and 6). Results from the first study indicate that children who were socially preferred were identified by peers as more likely to use a calm approach to resolve conflicts and less likely to use either an anger retaliation approach or an avoidance approach. More specifically, first, rejected and controversial children were viewed as using the anger retaliation strategy more than did popular, neglected, and average children. Second, popular children were viewed as using a calm approach to conflict resolution more than rejected, neglected, and average children. Third, rejected children were viewed as using the withdrawal/avoidance strategy more than popular, neglected, and average children. Study 1 reveals specific relationships between conflict resolution strategies and social preference among peers in conceptually predicted ways and illustrates the relevance of examining conflict resolution skills further as part of social skill training programs for both boys and girls. Study 2 provided initial support for the validity of children's ratings of their peers' salient use of particular forms of conflict resolution strategies.
Biochemical aspects of the endometrium.

Abstract The distinctive biochemical properties of the endometrium are superimposed on a large number of properties and enzymatic capabilities that the endometrium shares with other tissues in the body. Endometrial cells have all of the enzymes to catalyze the glycolytic pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, the β oxidation of fatty acids, oxidative phosphorylation, and the synthesis of glycogen, neutral fats, phospholipids, nucleic acids and proteins. Many of these enzymes undergo characteristic changes in activity correlated with the menstrual cycle and with pregnancy. The endometrium, like several other tissues, has specific, high affinity, low-capacity protein receptors which take up and bind estrogens noncovalently, together with other receptors that take up and bind progesterone. Prostaglandins, which have marked effects on uterine motility, also stimulate the synthesis of RNA when instilled into the lumen of the uterus. The synthesis of prostaglandins by human endometrium was demonstrated using endometrial explants grown in organ culture. Estradiol increased and progesterone decreased the synthesis of prostaglandin F 2 α. The effects of estrogen appear to be mediated in large part by increased synthesis of RNA and protein, and of specific enzymes such as glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and ornithine decarboxylase. The increase in protein and enzyme synthesis is evoked not only by the injection of estradiol, but by the instillation of RNA extracted from the uterus of an estrogen-treated animal. The RNA is purified by chromatography on a Sepharose polyuridylic acid column which binds only the RNA with a polyadenylic acid tail. Endometrium responds to estradiol in at least three independent fashions —by protein receptors which bind estradiol and transport it to the nucleus where it affects the genome producing RNA with specific information for the synthesis of specific enzymes, by an estrogen-dependent pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenase that mediates certain prompt metabolic effects, and by an effect on the synthesis or release of histamine which plays a role in the rapid appearance of hyperemia and water imbibition by endometrium.
A lead/acid battery for the new millennium

Abstract Valve-regulated lead/acid battery technology is approaching maturity, but over the next several years many changes will continue to occur and the types of batteries at the beginning of the coming millennium will be considerably different than those of today. The requirements and potential applications for batteries in the year 2001 are reviewed. It is suggested that future development will focus on the power capabilities of lead/acid due in part to the limited improvements possible in specific energy. A technology overview addresses changes and requirements for grids, paste chemistry and processing, separator/electrolyte development, containers and vents, manufacturing innovation and auxiliary systems such as charging, thermal management and monitoring/control technologies. Conclusions are drawn relating to the battery characteristics, critical development areas and market opportunities. It is re-emphasized that the power advantages of lead/acid should be stressed relative to specific energy. Attention is drawn to similarities between nickel/cadmium and lead/acid, and it is noted that inherent weaknesses in lead/acid technology must be addressed and resolved.
Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum: A Streamlined, Ethnicity-based Mutation Detection Strategy

Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE), an autosomal recessive multisystem disorder, is caused by mutations in the ABCC6 gene, and approximately 300 distinct mutations representing >1,000 mutant alleles have been disclosed thus far. Few population-based studies have reported mutational hotspots in some geographic areas. In this study, we attempted to correlate recurring mutations with the individuals’ ethnic origin. Specifically, we plotted our international database of 70 families from distinct or mixed ethnic backgrounds against their mutations. The frequent p.R1141X mutation was distributed widely across Europe, while deletion of exons 23–29 (del23–29) was encountered in Northern Europe and in Northern Mediterranean countries. p.R1138W may be a marker for French descent, evidenced by its presence also in French Canadians. The splice site transition mutation 3736–1GA was seen in the neighboring countries Greece and Turkey, whereas 2542 delG occurs only in the Japanese. Two mutations seem to be present worldwide without evidence of a founder effect, p.Q378X and p.R1339C, suggesting the presence of mutational hotspots. Knowledge of this distribution will allow us to streamline mutation screening through a targeted, stepwise approach when the ethnicity of a patient is known. This will facilitate the identification of individuals at risk, improving their care to prevent ophthalmological and vascular disease. Clin Trans Sci 2010; Volume 3: 295–298
The antigenicity of insulin: a review.

Abstract Observations of the antigenic properties of insulin have been reviewed. The antibody responsible for skin sensitivity to insulin is heat-labile and can be obtained from the beta-globulin fraction of serum from affected individuals. A second antibody has been described which is heat-stable and can be demonstrated in the gamma or intra-beta-gamma globulin in most individuals previously treated with insulin. Numerous methods have been described for the detection of insulin antibodies in vitro. It is not possible to decide on the basis of present information whether the in vitro tests indicate the presence of a single or of multiple antibodies to insulin. Some of the problems concerning the relation between insulin antibodies and the use of insulin in the treatment of diabetic patients have been discussed.
Glaucoma in Juvenile Xanthogranuloma

Juvenile xanthogranuloma (JXG) is a benign histiocytic skin disorder mainly encountered during infancy. Approximately 10% of cases exhibit ocular manifestations leading to serious complications. Specifically, secondary glaucoma can result in severe and blinding eye disease. We present a case of a two-month-old female with JXG related glaucoma in order to demonstrate the classic presentation and the problems commonly encountered in treating this disease. The natural history, pathogenesis, and treatment of the condition are then discussed and the pertinent literature reviewed. JXG should be considered in any case of unilateral glaucoma that presents in infancy.
Backup and recovery in accounting information systems

Abstract This paper examines the necessity of backup and recovery techniques in accounting information systems. The first point is that both large and small-scale systems need to implement these techniques to some degree. The different types of failures are software, hardware, and environmental. Ancestral files can be used for backup and recovery. Offsite storage facilities are necessary. There are various ways of carrying out database recovery, which must include security controls.
Tournament games and positive tournaments

Given a tournament T, the tournament game on T is as follows: Two players independently pick a node of T. If both pick the same node, the game is tied. Otherwise, the player whose node is at the tail of the arc connecting the two nodes wins. We show that the optimal mixed strategy for this game is unique and uses an odd number of nodes. A tournament is positive if the optimal strategy for its tournament game uses all of its nodes. The uniqueness of the optimal strategy then gives a new tournament decomposition: any tournament can be uniquely partitioned into positive subtournaments P1, P2, ,Pk, so Pi “beats” Pj for all 1 ≤ i > j ≤ k. We count the number of n node positive tournaments and list them for n ≤ 7. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.