cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rational design and validation of a vanilloid-sensitive TRPV2 ion channel

Vanilloids activation of TRPV1 represents an excellent model system of ligand-gated ion channels. Recent studies using cryo-electron microcopy (cryo-EM), computational analysis, and functional quantification revealed the location of capsaicin-binding site and critical residues mediating ligand-binding and channel activation. Based on these new findings, here we have successfully introduced high-affinity binding of capsaicin and resiniferatoxin to the vanilloid-insensitive TRPV2 channel, using a rationally designed minimal set of four point mutations (F467S-S498F-L505T-Q525E, termed TRPV2_Quad). We found that binding of resiniferatoxin activates TRPV2_Quad but the ligand-induced open state is relatively unstable, whereas binding of capsaicin to TRPV2_Quad antagonizes resiniferatoxin-induced activation likely through competition for the same binding sites. Using Rosetta-based molecular docking, we observed a common structural mechanism underlying vanilloids activation of TRPV1 and TRPV2_Quad, where the ligand serves as molecular "glue" that bridges the S4-S5 linker to the S1-S4 domain to open these channels. Our analysis revealed that capsaicin failed to activate TRPV2_Quad likely due to structural constraints preventing such bridge formation. These results not only validate our current working model for capsaicin activation of TRPV1 but also should help guide the design of drug candidate compounds for this important pain sensor.
Learner differences in theory and practice

ABSTRACTThis paper explores the complex and shifting dimensions of the social, cultural and bodily differences that impact on learners and their learning. Our theoretical argument proceeds in five stages. First, we build a typology of terms used to classify demographic differences for the purposes of designing, implementing and evaluating the effectiveness of educational institutions and programs: material conditions (social class, locale and family); corporeal attributes (age, race, sex and sexuality, physical and mental abilities); and symbolic representations (language, ethnos, communities of commitment and gendre). Second, we address the paradigms of civic association that modern nation-states have used to negotiate these differences: exclusion, assimilation and an aspirational regime that we call ‘civic pluralism’. Third, we explore complications that render the demographic categorizations problematic. Fourth, we propose an alternative and supplementary frame for social and learner differences based ...
WE-AB-207A-04: Random Undersampled Cone Beam CT: Theoretical Analysis and a Novel Reconstruction Method

Purpose: Reducing x-ray exposure and speeding up data acquisition motived studies on projection data undersampling. It is an important question that for a given undersampling ratio, what the optimal undersampling approach is. In this study, we propose a new undersampling scheme: random-ray undersampling. We will mathematically analyze its projection matrix properties and demonstrate its advantages. We will also propose a new reconstruction method that simultaneously performs CT image reconstruction and projection domain data restoration. Methods: By representing projection operator under the basis of singular vectors of full projection operator, matrix representations for an undersampling case can be generated and numerical singular value decomposition can be performed. We compared properties of matrices among three undersampling approaches: regular-view undersampling, regular-ray undersampling, and the proposed random-ray undersampling. To accomplish CT reconstruction for random undersampling, we developed a novel method that iteratively performs CT reconstruction and missing projection data restoration via regularization approaches. Results: For a given undersampling ratio, random-ray undersampling preserved mathematical properties of full projection operator better than the other two approaches. This translates to advantages of reconstructing CT images at lower errors. Different types of image artifacts were observed depending on undersampling strategies, which were ascribed to the unique singular vectors of the sampling operators in the image domain. We tested the proposed reconstruction algorithm on a Forbid phantom with only 30% of the projection data randomly acquired. Reconstructed image error was reduced from 9.4% in a TV method to 7.6% in the proposed method. Conclusion: The proposed random-ray undersampling is mathematically advantageous over other typical undersampling approaches. It may permit better image reconstruction at the same undersampling ratio. The novel algorithm suitable for this random-ray undersampling was able to reconstruct high-quality images.
Achalasia and Ineffective Esophageal Motility

Achalasia and ineffective esophageal motility (IEM) represent the extreme ends of the spectrum of esophageal motility disorders. Achalasia is characterized by aperistalsis in the body of the esophagus and failure of LES relaxation. Patients present with dysphagia for solids and liquids, bland regurgitation, chest pain, and weight loss. The diagnosis is suggested by the barium esophagram and confirmed by manometry. The goal of therapy is to (1) relieve symptoms, (2) improve esophageal emptying by disrupting the poorly relaxing LES, and (3) prevent the development of megaesophagus. Surgical myotomy and pneumatic dilation are the most effective treatments for disrupting the LES gradient. Botulinum toxin and calcium channel blockers may be useful therapies in older patients or those with severe co-morbid illnesses. Ineffective esophageal peristalsis is characterized by the presence of distal esophageal contractions of very low amplitude (<30 mmHg) and/or non-transmitted contractions. It is the most common motility disorder in GERD patients, probably due to impaired cholinergic stimulation along the esophageal body. The diagnosis is best made with esophageal manometry combined with impedance testing to confirm poor bolus transit. Once established, IEM is not improved by acid-suppressive medications, most prokinetic drugs, or anti-reflux surgery.
Influence of Fermenting Bait and Vertical Position of Traps on Attraction of Cerambycid Beetles to Pheromone Lures

Because larvae of cerambycid beetles feed within woody plants, they are difficult to detect, and are readily transported in lumber and other wooden products. As a result, increasing numbers of exotic cerambycid species are being introduced into new regions of the world through international commerce, and many of these species pose a threat to woody plants in natural and managed forests. There is a great need for effective methods for detecting exotic and potentially invasive cerambycid species, and for monitoring native species for conservation purposes. Here, we describe a field experiment in east-central Illinois which tested whether attraction of beetles to a blend of synthesized cerambycid pheromones would be enhanced by volatiles from fermenting bait composed of crushed fruit, sugars, yeast, and wood chips. A second experiment tested the same treatments, but also assessed how trap catch was influenced by the vertical position of traps within forests (understory versus within the canopy). During the two experiments, 885 cerambycid beetles of 37 species were caught, with Xylotrechus colonus (F.) (subfamily Cerambycinae) being the most numerous (∼52% of total). Adults of several cerambycid species were significantly attracted by the pheromone blend, but the fermenting bait significantly enhanced attraction only for X. colonus and Graphisurus fasciatus (Degeer) (subfamily Lamiinae). Traps in the forest understory caught the greatest number of X. colonus and G. fasciatus, whereas more adults of the cerambycine Neoclytus mucronatus mucronatus (F.) were caught in the forest canopy rather than the understory.
Rallying Community Health Care Providers to Close the Gap Between H pylori Guidelines and the Challenges of Eradication.

Helicobacter pylori is among the most common infections worldwide, affecting approximately half of the global population.1,2 A satellite symposium presented at the 2014 American College of Gas-troenterology meeting examined the diagnosis and management of patients with H pylori. Dr Stollman began the symposium with a discussion of H pylori prevalence, which varies considerably with geographic location, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. The prevalence is generally higher in developing countries; infections are reported in 88% of adults in India and 80% in parts of South America, including Brazil and Chile.2 In the United States, approximately 30% of adults are infected with Hpylori.3,4 In developed countries, prevalence is often increased in first- and second-generation immigrants from countries with higher rates of infection. Adults raised in lower socioeconomic conditions are also at higher risk. H pylori infection is predominantly acquired in childhood. Routes of transmission include gastro-oral, fecal-oral, and oral-oral.5,6 Most children contract H pylori from their mother, siblings, and fathers (to a lesser extent). Adults in developed countries rarely contract H pylori infection (<1%).5 Rates of H pylori infection increase with age; however, this trend has been linked to a birth cohort effect reflecting decreasing rates of infection in children throughout the past several decades.
Under (and Over) Employment: Measurement and Correlates of Employment Discrepancy

Despite the many studies examining the impact of unemployment, underemployment has often been neglected in psychology. Moreover, problems exist with the measurement of underemployment, including categorization of continuous variables and neglect of overemployment. In the current study, we used a new method of measuring underemployment, polynomial regression with response surface mapping, to examine discrepancies between ideal and real hours worked—allowing for the continuous assessment of both under- and overemployment. We also used discrepancy scores to examine variables theorized to be related to under- and overemployment: social class, work volition, job satisfaction, and meaningful work. Partially supporting our hypotheses, work volition and social class were lower for people who were under- and overemployed.
Reimagining Postcolonial Solidarity

In ‘Solidarity’, the closing chapter of An Essay on Liberation, Herbert Marcuse declares, ‘Socialist solidarity is autonomy: self-determination begins at home— and that is with every I, and the We ...
Abstract 1483: Lipid oxidation via CPT1 as a target for prostate cancer imaging and therapy

Introduction: Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common cancer in males and is currently treated medically with androgen deprivation therapy. However, resistance to androgen receptor (AR) targeted therapy develops in almost all patients over time. Simultaneously targeting multiples pathways may prevent the development of this resistance. Recent studies suggest PCa relies on lipid fuel over glycolysis. Blocking the ability of PCa to use lipids inhibits its growth and leads to apoptosis but enhances glucose uptake initially, potentially enhancing glucose-based FDG-PET (18F-dexyglucose-Positron Emission Tomography) imaging of PCa tumors. Experimental approach: To address the role of lipid metabolism in PCa we have used etomoxir, a clinically utilized drug that blocks lipid oxidation by inhibiting carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT1) in the mitochondria. Enzalutamide is a clinically available anti-androgen, which was used by itself or in combination with etomoxir. The gene/drug interaction was studied in LNCaP cells with decreased expression of CPT1A (via shRNA). PET-FDG of mouse xenografts were used to evaluated the glycolytic switch induced by systemic etomoxir treatment in 24 hours and the therapeutic effect over time. Results: Treatment with etomoxir alone significantly decreased cell viability and AR content, including ARv7 variant. Combinatorial treatment with enzalutamide synergistically enhanced this effect on viability. CPT1A Knockdown clones were also more sensitive to enzalutamide (2 fold, p Conclusions: Safely blocking lipid oxidation in PCa results in decreased viability with temporarily increased glucose uptake, due to a flare of glucose uptake to compensate for the fat oxidation blockade. Validation in human PCa patients with localized disease is needed to confirm these preclinical studies. Additionally, the decreased viability over time suggests that lipid metabolism is needed to maintain AR expression and combination of fat burning inhibitors and enzalutamide may offer novel approach to anti-AR resistance in PCa. Citation Format: Isabel R. Schlaepfer, Maren Salzmann-Sullivan, Lih-Jen Su, L.Michael Glode, Thomas Flaig. Lipid oxidation via CPT1 as a target for prostate cancer imaging and therapy. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 1483. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-1483
Laboratory Diagnosis and Susceptibility Testing for Mycobacterium tuberculosis

The laboratory, which utilizes some of the most sophisticated and rapidly changing technologies, plays a critical role in the diagnosis of tuberculosis. Some of these tools are being employed in resource-challenged countries for the rapid detection and characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Foremost, the laboratory defines appropriate specimen criteria for optimal test performance. The direct detection of mycobacteria in the clinical specimen, predominantly done by acid-fast staining, may eventually be replaced by rapid-cycle PCR. The widespread use of the Xpert MTB/RIF (Cepheid) assay, which detects both M. tuberculosis and key genetic determinants of rifampin resistance, is important for the early detection of multidrug-resistant strains. Culture, using both broth and solid media, remains the standard for establishing the laboratory-based diagnosis of tuberculosis. Cultured isolates are identified far less commonly by traditional biochemical profiling and more commonly by molecular methods, such as DNA probes and broad-range PCR with DNA sequencing. Non-nucleic acid-based methods of identification, such as high-performance liquid chromatography and, more recently, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry, may also be used for identification. Cultured isolates of M. tuberculosis should be submitted for susceptibility testing according to standard guidelines. The use of broth-based susceptibility testing is recommended to significantly decrease the time to result. Cultured isolates may also be submitted for strain typing for epidemiologic purposes. The use of massive parallel sequencing, also known as next-generation sequencing, promises to continue to this molecular revolution in mycobacteriology, as whole-genome sequencing provides identification, susceptibility, and typing information simultaneously.
Cataract Extraction Requiring Vitrectomy Due to Violation of the Posterior Capsule with Lens Implantation (Optic Capture, in the Bag, Sulcus, and ACIOL)

In performing routine or complex phacoemulsification (i.e., pupil-dilating devices, capsular staining, zonulopathy requiring capsular tension rings/segments with suturing, iris/scleral sutured IOL), the reader is advised to refer to the appropriate chapters in this textbook. One of the challenges during cataract surgery is dealing with the vitreous gel when it presents itself intraoperatively. Given that the scope of vitreous and lens management cannot be covered in any great detail within one single operative template, this chapter focuses on essential surgical steps one needs to take in managing intraoperative complications when the posterior capsule (PC) is violated (Table 23.1). The farther vitreous travels from the vitreal cavity (categories 1–3, Table 23.1), the greater the traction on the vitreous base with increased risk for a retinal tear or detachment (Arbisser et al., Ophthalmol Clin N Am 19:495-506, 2006; Arbisser, Suppl Cataract Refract Surg Today, 2012). The concepts have been simplified to familiarize the reader in dealing with vitreous. A number of references are provided for further in-depth reading to surgically build upon the basic outline provided in this chapter (Arbisser et al., Ophthalmol Clin N Am 19:495-506, 2006; Arbisser, Suppl Cataract Refract Surg Today 2012; Oetting, http://www.eyerounds.org/tutorials/anterior-vitrectomy/index.htm; Kent, Rev Ophthalmol, 2009). Table 23.1 Classification Intra-operative complication Intervention IOL options 1. Intact anterior hyaloid + broken PC Dispersive OVD over PC tear; cohesive OVD into Berger space; posterior Capsulorrhexis One piece in bag or optic capture in Berger’s space with three piece 2. Vitreous prolapse − vitreous confined to the anterior chamber Keep phaco probe in AC; inject dispersive OVD via side-port to create barrier between vitreous and lens: remove phaco probe; biaxial vitrectomy If anterior capsulorrhexis intact: Sulcus IOL with optic capture. If not, Sulcus IOL 3. Vitreous loss − vitreous has traveled beyond the AC out of the incision Same as (2); avoid sweeping or Wek Cel vitrectomy; use vitrector to sever vitreous from wound; inject Triesence to stain vitreous; perform biaxial vitrectomy If poor visibility; inadequate capsule support or significant zonular dialysis, then AC IOL with PI PC posterior capsule; PI peripheral iridectomy Adapted from Arbisser LB et al. Management of Vitreous Loss and Dropped Nucleus During Cataract Surgery [1, 2]
Modeling of cohesive fracture interacting with a stationary capillary fluid

Abstract Understanding cohesive fracture interacting with a stationary capillary fluid is essential for fracture mechanics based analysis and design of many quasibrittle structures in contact with fluids. In this study, an equivalent linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) model is used to determine the equilibrium state for a cohesive crack partially filled with a capillary fluid. The model is shown to deliver predictions similar to the cohesive zone model (CZM) at a much lower computational cost. The equivalent LEFM model is applied to determine the instantaneous failure pressure of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipes as well as the wetting zone size for modeling the stress corrosion cracking of HDPE pipes.
The effect of loading rate on the degree of acute injury and chronic conditions in the knee after blunt impact.

The object of this study was to isolate the effect of loading rate alone on fracture tolerance of the human knee joint. Paired experiments were conducted on eight pairs of isolated cadaver knees impacted with a rigid interface to approximately 5 kN at a high (5 ms to peak) or low (50 ms to peak) rate of loading. The study also examined some chronic effects of loading rate on "subfracture" injuries in an animal. Thirty-four rabbits were subjected to a "subfracture" knee load at the same rates as used in the human studies. The study documented an opposite effect than that expected based on 70's experiments with seated cadavers. There was an increase in the number of gross fractures and occult microfractures in high versus low rate of loading experiments. A similar effect was also seen in the "subfracture" chronic animal experiments, which showed relatively more degradative change in the mechanical properties of cartilage following high versus low rate of loading experiments. There was also a significant increase in subchondral bone thickening underlying cartilage and increased fissuring of cartilage in high versus low rate of loading experiments. The study suggests a relative decrease in tolerance of the knee at high versus low rates of loading in acute experiments with human cadavers and in the chronic setting with animals. For the covering abstract of the conference see ITRD E203843.
Space-time code orthogonal frequency division multiplexing in power line communications

The power line communication (PLC) channel is known as a frequency selective, multipath fading environment. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) transmission technique is a very attractive technique for high data-rate transmission in a frequency selective fading channel. In this paper, Space-Time Block Coding (STBC) with OFDM is applied to PLC. Both 2×1 and 2×2 ST-OFDM systems for PLC are developed. Both linear time invariant (LTI) and linear time variant (LTV) 15-path PLC channel models are investigated. The LTI channel model is employed for computing the magnitude and impulse response, and served as mean values of the LTV model, which is employed for bit error rate (BER) performance simulations. The BER performance of the regular OFDM, 2×1 and 2×2 ST-OFDM systems in both Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) and Additive Impulsive Gaussian Noise (AIGN) is assessed and compared via computer simulations. The BER performance of the 2×2 ST-OFDM system outperforms the other systems in both AWGN (for Eb/No greater than 8 dB) and AIGN (for Eb/No greater than 25 dB) environments.
Indikation von CRS und HIPEC bei peritonealen Metastasen von Ovarialkarzinomen

Das Ovarialkarzinom wird in drei Viertel der Falle in einem fortgeschrittenen Stadium erkannt, sodass bei der Mehrzahl der Patientinnen bereits eine grosflachige peritoneale Karzinose vorherrscht. Diese muss operativ abgetragen werden, denn die Entfernung aller sichtbaren Tumorlasionen ist mit einem deutlich besseren Gesamtuberleben assoziiert. Trotz einer kompletten Zytoreduktion verbleiben oft kleine sichtbare Lasionen sowie mikroskopische und somit nicht sichtbare Tumorlasionen im Peritoneum. Um diese mikroskopischen Tumorreste zu behandeln, wurde das Konzept einer postoperativen intraperitonealen Chemotherapie entwickelt, das in mehrfachen Studien zu einer weiteren Verbesserung des Gesamtuberlebens fuhrte. Somit erscheint der Einsatz der HIPEC beim Ovarialkarzinom sinnvoll. Trotz zahlreicher Phase-I- und -II-Studien, die eine gute Durchfuhrbarkeit demonstrierten, gibt es bisher keine verlasslichen Uberlebensdaten, die einen Vorteil der HIPEC gegenuber einer klassischen kompletten Zytoreduktion zeigen.
Social stress response in adolescents with bipolar disorder

Abstract Objective Theoretical models posit that stressors contribute to the onset and maintenance of bipolar disorder in adolescence through disruptions in stress physiology, but physiological response to stressors has not been evaluated in adolescents with bipolar illness. The present study tests the hypothesis that adolescents with bipolar disorder will have greater reactivity to a laboratory social stress task than healthy adolescents. Method Adolescents with bipolar illness (n = 27) and healthy adolescents (n = 28) completed a modified version of the Trier Social Stress Task. Stress response was assessed using high frequency heart rate variability (HF-HRV), heart rate (HR), mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), salivary cortisol, and subjective stress. Multilevel models were used to test for group differences in resting-state physiology, and stress reactivity and recovery. Results Adolescents with bipolar disorder had greater reactivity in HF-HRV (z = 3.32), but blunted reactivity in MAP (z = −3.08) and cortisol (z = −2.60), during the stressor compared to healthy adolescents. They also had lower resting HF-HRV (z = −3.49) and cortisol (z = −2.86), and higher resting HR (z = 3.56), than healthy adolescents. Conclusions These results indicate that bipolar disorder is associated with disruptions in autonomic and endocrine response to stress during adolescence, including greater HF-HRV reactivity. Further research should evaluate whether these individual differences in stress physiology precede and predict the onset of mood episodes.
Reduced Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction in Patients With Aortic Stenosis

Abstract Background Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) is reduced in a subset of patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS). Objectives The authors sought to determine the temporal course of reduced LVEF, its predictors, and its impact on prognosis in severe AS. Methods Serial echocardiograms of 928 consecutive patients with first-time diagnosis of severe AS (aortic valve area [AVA] ≤1 cm2) who had at least 1 echocardiogram before the diagnosis were evaluated. A total of 3,684 echocardiograms (median 3 studies per patient) within the preceding 10 years were analyzed. Results At the initial diagnosis, 196 (21%) patients had an LVEF 60% in patients with LVEF ≥50% at initial diagnosis. The strongest predictor for LVEF deterioration was LVEF Conclusions In patients with severe AS and reduced LVEF, a decline in LVEF began before AS became severe and accelerated after AVA reached 1.2 cm2. LVEF
Voting-based segmentation of overlapping nuclei in clarity images

New tissue-clearing techniques and improvements in optical microscopy have rapidly advanced capabilities to acquire volumetric imagery of neural tissue at resolutions of one micron or better. As sizes for data collections increase, accurate automatic segmentation of cell nuclei becomes increasingly important for quantitative analysis of imaged tissue. We present a cell nucleus segmentation method that is formulated as a parameter estimation problem with the goal of determining the count, shapes, and locations of nuclei that most accurately describe an image. We applied our new voting-based approach to fluorescence confocal microscopy images of neural tissue stained with DAPI, which highlights nuclei. Compared to manual counting of cells in three DAPI images, our method outperformed three existing approaches. On a manually labeled high-resolution DAPI image, our method also outperformed those methods and achieved a cell count accuracy of 98.99% and mean Dice coefficient of 0.6498.
Aspekte zur Pathogenese und Behandlung des Parkinsonismus

Vor hundert Jahren auserte der Vater der Neurochemie, J. L. W. Thudichum, eine Prophezeiung: „Es werde sich zeigen, das die bedeutenden Gehirnerkrankungen von spezifischen Veranderungen des Neuro- plasmas begleitet werden und diese derzeit verborgenen Storungen definierbar und einer prazisen Behandlung zuganglich werden“ [1].
Recognition Memory for Voices

Nowadays the study of coding processes in human memory is a large central topic of psychology. How is information perceived, selected, transformed, abstracted or elaborated and finally put in memory? A recent review of the work on encoding processes has been given by Melton and Martin (1972). In this book Liberman, Mattingly and Turvey contrast speech codes and memory codes. For them speech is a special process having a code which is complex, lawful, natural, efficient and resistant to distortion. Memory codes are not special but are relative ly arbitrary and generally inefficient. Liberman et al suggest that improving memory codes is likely to require a recoding into a form like a language code which is the class of codes to which speech belongs. An interesting question which arises is, how hard or easy is it to tell one speech-encoding system, or voice, from another? If a voice which will later be heard again is stripped of its semantical, grammatical and contextual constraints so as to lose its specialness of speech except as a carrier, are its abstracted properties laid down in a speech code or a memory code? The answer is important in the biology of survival, and also in our own human society which is held together by voice communication. The day is near when men and machines will talk fluently to each other.
Comparative efficacy of adjuvant trastuzumab-containing chemotherapies for patients with early HER2-positive primary breast cancer: a network meta-analysis

Trastuzumab (H) with chemotherapy benefits patients with HER2+ breast cancer (BC); however, we lack head-to-head pairwise assessment of survival or cardiotoxicity for specific combinations. We sought to identify optimal combinations. We searched PubMed, updated October 2017, using keywords “Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy,” “Trastuzumab,” and “Clinical Trial” and searched Cochrane Library. Our search included randomized trials of adjuvant H plus chemotherapy for early-stage HER2+ BC, and excluding trials of neoadjuvant therapy or without data to obtain hazard ratios (HRs) for outcomes. Following PRISMA guidelines, one investigator did initial search; two others independently confirmed and extracted information; and consensus with another investigator resolved disagreements. Before gathering data, we set outcomes of overall survival (OS), event-free survival (EFS), and severe cardiac adverse events (SCAEs). Analyzing 6 trials and 13,621 patients, we made direct and indirect comparisons using network meta-analysis on HR for OS or EFS and on odds ratio (OR) for SCAE; ranked therapy was done based on outcomes using p scores. Compared with anthracycline-cyclophosphamide with taxane (ACT), ACT with concurrent H (ACT+H) showed best OS (HR 0.63, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.55, 0.72), followed by taxane and carboplatin (TC) with concurrent H (TC+H) (HR 0.77, 95% CI 0.59, 1) and ACT with sequential H (ACT-H) (HR 0.85, 95% CI 0.68, 1.05). Pairwise comparisons showed statistically significant OS benefit for ACT+H over others; similar results for EFS. TC+H showed statistically significant lower SCAE risk compared to ACT+H (OR 0.13, 95% CI 0.03, 0.61). Concurrent H with ACT or TC showed most clinical benefit for early-stage HER2+ BC; TC+H had lowest cardiotoxicity.
A Comparison between the Oil Removal Capacity of Polymer-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles in Natural and Synthetic Environmental Samples

Oil spills can have dramatic impacts on the environment. The limitations of current oil remediation techniques have inspired researchers to study the application of nanotechnology for oil cleanup. Previously, we reported essentially 100% removal of a reference MC252 oil using polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-coated iron oxide nanoparticles (NPs) from oil-water mixtures under a wide range of environmentally relevant conditions. Our previous results showed that in the synthetic water samples, the concentration of cations and natural organic macromolecules (NOM) can significantly affect the oil removal efficiency of NPs. Here, we studied the application of these NPs for oil removal from natural freshwater samples and compared the results with the synthetic water samples with the same concentrations of major ions and NOM. For both natural and synthetic samples, concentrations of NOM, calcium, and magnesium were positively correlated with oil removal ( p-value <0.05). NPs show an average of 30% higher oil removal efficiency from natural samples compared to the synthetic samples. Using up to 50 ppm of NP, essentially 100% oil removal was observed under most conditions specially hardwater samples (initial 0.15 g L-1 oil concentration). Results show that these NPs are a facile and reliable technique for removing oil under realistic conditions.
Cell Kinetics in Clinical Oncology

While the etiology of most human cancers is still unknown and may be multifactorial, a number of epiphenomena discriminating normal from malignant cells have been discovered, including genetic (1, 2), biochemical (3, 4, 5), and cytokinetic parameters (6, 7). Focusing on the kinetics of tumor growth in this chapter, we will: (1) delineate how measurements of cell kinetics parameters can serve as quantitative descriptors of malignant disease potentially determining response to cytotoxic therapy; (2) review strategies to either differentially enhance tumor cell kill or to establish a viable symbiosis between tumor and host via tumor cell differentiation; and (3) address the feasibility of cytokinetic methods to predict drug responsiveness in vitro and in vivo.
Combined annual crop yields and daily weather data for Midwest counties 1970-2015

This data contains daily temperature and precipitation data as well as annual corn, soybean, and wheat yields for Midwest counties from 1970 to 2015.
The Ideal of Uptake in Democratic Deliberation

This article explores the concept of deliberative uptake, which I define as the fair consideration of the arguments, stories, and perspectives that citizens share in deliberation. Reinterpreting th...
Demystifying three-dimensional echocardiography: Keeping it simple for the sonographer

Three-dimensional echocardiography (3DE) is a new echocardiographic tool that enables echocardiographers visualization of cardiac structures from any anatomical view. Furthermore, the recent development of new transducer technology and software allows the easy acquisition and analysis of datasets for sonographers. A few common applications of 3DE consist of the left and right ventricle for chamber quantification, mitral valve stenosis and regurgitation assessment, and the guidance of catheter placement during interventional procedures. Despite current literature illustrating the importance of 3DE, it fails to demonstrate how to acquire 3D datasets from the sonographer's perspective. Understanding 3DE data acquisition technique and applications are paramount to implement it as standard of care. Acquisition of 3DE should be accomplished in three steps (1) optimization, (2) acquisition, and (3) cropping of 3D images.
Neurosecretion: A Historical Overview

The conceptual and experimental origins of neurosecretion are discussed. The discovery of the neurosecretory cell by the Scharrers and Bargmann and their insights that this cell type possessed the characteristics of both endocrine cells and neurons are presented. A fundamental feature of the neurosecretory cell, also referred to as a neuroendocrine cell, is the presence of many large dense core vesicles (neurosecretory vesicles) in its cytoplasm. The role of neurosecretory vesicles in the biosynthesis and secretion of the prototypic neurohormones, oxytocin and vasopressin, in the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system is described.
Human dimensions in undergraduate fisheries and wildlife degree programs in United States Universities

Training undergraduate fisheries and wildlife students in human dimensions (HD) can prepare them to be part of interdisciplinary teams and apply human dimensions in their careers. We assessed the s...
Amplifier Performance Limits on Dual Function Radar and Communication

Congestion in the electromagnetic spectrum has spurred a significant body of work on the topic of spectrum sharing. One avenue of research is Dual-Function Radar Communications (DFRC), in which a single system performs both radar and communications tasks. Numerous approaches to DFRC have been proposed, but there has been no direct comparison of the efficiency with which different approaches utilize the shared array's capabilities. This paper considers the impact of amplifier nonlinearity on the performance of simultaneous dual-beam (SDB) DFRC, and how nonlinearity affects the competitiveness of SDB against alternative concepts, including timesharing and aperture partitioning. We show that SDB operation is the most efficient DFRC technique if the additional beams and out-of-band signals produced by the amplifier nonlinearity can be tolerated, and when measured by communications spectral efficiency. However, if input backoff is used to avoid these nonlinear effects, then the performance of SDB is reduced and becomes equal to that of aperture partitioning.
Direct evidence for decreased presynaptic inhibition evoked by PBSt group I muscle afferents after chronic SCI and recovery with step-training in rats

Key points Presynaptic inhibition is modulated by supraspinal centres and primary afferents in order to filter sensory information, adjust spinal reflex excitability, and ensure smooth movement. After spinal cord injury (SCI), the supraspinal control of primary afferent depolarization (PAD) interneurons is disengaged, suggesting an increased role for sensory afferents. While increased H-reflex excitability in spastic individuals indicates a possible decrease in presynaptic inhibition, it remains unclear whether a decrease in sensory-evoked PAD contributes to this effect. We investigated whether the PAD evoked by hindlimb afferents contributes to the change in presynaptic inhibition of the H-reflex in a decerebrated rat preparation. We found that chronic SCI decreases presynaptic inhibition of the plantar H-reflex through a reduction in PAD evoked by posterior biceps-semitendinosus (PBSt) muscle group I afferents. We further found that step-training restored presynaptic inhibition of the plantar H-reflex evoked by PBSt, suggesting the presence of activity-dependent plasticity of PAD pathways activated by flexor muscle group I afferents. Abstract Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in the disruption of supraspinal control of spinal networks and an increase in the relative influence of afferent feedback to sublesional neural networks, both of which contribute to enhancing spinal reflex excitability. Hyperreflexia occurs in ∼75% of individuals with a chronic SCI and critically hinders functional recovery and quality of life. It is suggested that it results from an increase in motoneuronal excitability and a decrease in presynaptic and postsynaptic inhibitory mechanisms. In contrast, locomotor training decreases hyperreflexia by restoring presynaptic inhibition. Primary afferent depolarization (PAD) is a powerful presynaptic inhibitory mechanism that selectively gates primary afferent transmission to spinal neurons to adjust reflex excitability and ensure smooth movement. However, the effect of chronic SCI and step-training on the reorganization of presynaptic inhibition evoked by hindlimb afferents, and the contribution of PAD has never been demonstrated. The objective of this study is to directly measure changes in presynaptic inhibition through dorsal root potentials (DRPs) and its association with plantar H-reflex inhibition. We provide direct evidence that H-reflex hyperexcitability is associated with a decrease in transmission of PAD pathways activated by posterior biceps-semitendinosus (PBSt) afferents after chronic SCI. More precisely, we illustrate that the pattern of inhibition evoked by PBSt group I muscle afferents onto both L4-DRPs and plantar H-reflexes evoked by the distal tibial nerve is impaired after chronic SCI. These changes are not observed in step-trained animals, suggesting a role for activity-dependent plasticity to regulate PAD pathways activated by flexor muscle group I afferents.
Temperature-Jump 2D IR Spectroscopy with Intensity-Modulated CW Optical Heating.

Pulsed temperature-jump (T-jump) spectroscopy with infrared (IR) detection has been widely used to study biophysical processes occurring from nanoseconds to ∼1 ms with structural sensitivity. Howev...
The medial gap is a reliable indicator for intraoperative soft tissue balancing in posterior-stabilized total knee arthroplasty.

Abstract Background Appropriate soft tissue balance and accurate alignment are important for successful total knee arthroplasty (TKA). However, the optimal technique for establishing and measuring soft tissue balancing remains unclear. The aim of this study was to analyze the intraoperative medial and lateral gap pattern using digital knee balancer in posterior-stabilized (PS) TKA. Methods This study involved 55 patients with medial osteoarthritis who underwent a primary TKA using an image-free navigation system. The extension gap and the flexion gap at 90° knee flexion were assessed using an offset seesaw-type digital balancer. Continuous joint distraction force from 10 lb to 60 lb was applied. Medial gap, lateral gap, and varus angle were measured. Results The medial bone gap difference between extension and flexion was constant regardless of the distraction force from 20 lb to 60 lb. The lateral bone gap was significantly greater than the medial bone gap in extension and flexion from 30 lb to 60 lb (P Conclusions The medial bone gap is a reliable indicator unaffected by the distraction force during surgery and is useful for adjusting the medial gap in extension and flexion appropriately to ensure medial stability in PS-TKA. The digital knee balancer and navigation system support both precise gap assessment and surgery.
“Overlapping and intersecting challenges”: Parent and provider perspectives on youth adversity during community reentry after incarceration

Abstract Parents and health and service providers play key roles in supporting youth during reentry, defined as the six-month period following release from incarceration. During reentry, parents and providers help youth overcome various challenges, as well as address high medical and behavioral healthcare needs. We used thematic analysis to understand parent and provider perspectives on youth responses to adversity during reentry as it relates to youths’ health and wellbeing. In total, we examined 52 interviews conducted with 34 parents of youth undergoing reentry. Parents participated in longitudinal interviews, with the first interview occurring one month after youth release and follow-up interviews at three and six months post-release. We also examined 20 interviews done with providers who serve youth undergoing reentry. The sample of health and service providers included medical and behavioral health providers in community and correctional health settings, as well as leaders in education, juvenile justice, and correctional healthcare. Interviews were conducted in Los Angeles County between 2016 and 2018. In our analyses, we identified themes on the types of adversity youth experience during reentry, as well as youths’ health-related behavioral responses to the adversity. Parents and providers shared that: 1) youth face challenges tied to the reentry process; 2) youth return to ongoing challenges in their environments upon reentry; 3) youth engage in health-promoting behavioral responses to adversity; and 4) youth engage in health-detracting behavioral responses to adversity. Parent and provider perspectives suggest a need to expand systems of support to facilitate health-promoting responses to adversity during reentry in order to improve youths’ long-term health and reentry success.
Destination-Basis, No; Trump Imputation, Yes

This letter to the editor of Tax Notes explains that my forthcoming article in Tax Notes will (1) show the flaws in the DBCFT (the border adjustment tax), which has been proposed by the House Republicans, and (2) demonstrate why we should move to an imputation system for taxing foreign income. Following in the footsteps of President Kennedy, President Trump proposed an imputation system when he was a candidate. The Tax Notes article has now been published, see Samuel C. Thompson, Jr., Why Trump Should Reject the DBCFT and Stick to His Original Imputation Proposal, Tax Notes April 24, 2017 page 473. It will be posted on SSRN later this month. On April 26, 2017, President Trump proposed a territorial system, but for the reasons set out in this article, he and Congress should reject territoriality and adopt imputation.
Combinations of Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors with Distinct Latency Reversing Agents Variably Affect HIV Reactivation and Susceptibility to NK Cell-Mediated Killing of T Cells That Exit Viral Latency

The ‘shock-and-kill’ strategy to purge the latent HIV reservoir relies on latency-reversing agents (LRAs) to reactivate the provirus and subsequent immune-mediated killing of HIV-expressing cells. Yet, clinical trials employing histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis; Vorinostat, Romidepsin, Panobinostat) as LRAs failed to reduce the HIV reservoir size, stressing the need for more effective latency reversal strategies, such as 2-LRA combinations, and enhancement of the immune responses. Interestingly, several LRAs are employed to treat cancer because they up-modulate ligands for the NKG2D NK-cell activating receptor on tumor cells. Therefore, using in vitro T cell models of HIV latency and NK cells, we investigated the capacity of HDACis, either alone or combined with a distinct LRA, to potentiate the NKG2D/NKG2D ligands axis. While Bortezomib proteasome inhibitor was toxic for both T and NK cells, the GS-9620 TLR-7 agonist antagonized HIV reactivation and NKG2D ligand expression by HDACis. Conversely, co-administration of the Prostratin PKC agonist attenuated HDACi toxicity and, when combined with Romidepsin, stimulated HIV reactivation and further up-modulated NKG2D ligands on HIV+ T cells and NKG2D on NK cells, ultimately boosting NKG2D-mediated viral suppression by NK cells. These findings disclose limitations of LRA candidates and provide evidence that NK cell suppression of reactivated HIV may be modulated by specific 2-LRA combinations.
Building a Just and Sustainable Society

Environmental equity is a cornerstone of the modern sustainability movement and a number of efforts are underway worldwide to try to seek ways to create a more just and sustainable society. Much of this work emerged from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights which was developed by the United Nations at the close of World War II. Two important areas of concern have gained significant attention in the last several decades: environmental racism and environmental justice. It is clear that not all people share the benefits and burdens of environmental decision-making. New tools are available, such as the Environmental Protection Agency’s EJSCREEN and ISO 26000 that help assess environmental racism and justice in communities and in business settings. Simple, hard and/or expensive, and innovative and/or life-changing approaches to advancing environmental justice are presented.
Description of jet noise sources in a generalized aeroacoustic framework

The present investigation examines the use of a Generalized Aeroacoustic Framework (GAF) to provide insights into the mechanisms which convert turbulence energy into sound. A key step is the selection of Fluctuating Stagnation Enthalpy (FSE), from Momentum Potential Theory, as a generalized acoustic variable. The Navier–Stokes equations are rewritten as an exact, inhomogeneous, convected wave equation, which governs the generation and propagation of FSE from the jet shear layer to the far-field. Using benchmark LES databases as truth models, it is shown that the FSE, scaled by the ambient density, is a surrogate for pressure fluctuations away from the jet shear layer. Thus, sources terms in the FSE wave equation provide an improved understanding of the local mechanisms responsible for noise radiation from the jet shear layer. A systematic inspection of the instantaneous distributions of the FSE sources identifies the most acoustically relevant mechanisms in the jet shear layer. The linear component of the mechanism is responsible for the downstream noise signature due to the initial Kelvin–Helmholtz instability whereas the non-linear component is dominant further downstream and can be related to intermittent acoustic bursts near the core-collapse.
A Comparison Study of the Use of Paper versus Digital Textbooks by Undergraduate Students

Today’s undergraduate student faces many challenges. The challenges include paying for tuition and textbooks and finding a job upon graduation. These students are tech-savvy and seeking better ways to learn and retain material they learn in their classes. In addition, the textbook market is trying to evolve by serving this tech-generation through offering digital textbooks and other media-rich materials. New digital textbooks coupled with tablet e-readers are being used to help undergraduate students learn and retain information just as well as traditional paper textbooks. Undergraduate students have strong opinions about the use of paper and digital textbooks including the physical effects of digital e-readers, cost concerns for both formats of textbooks, and the features students want to see in e-readers. This study examined the effectiveness of using digital textbooks compared with traditional paper textbooks in undergraduate courses. Student performance comparisons were used to see if the digital versions have any significant influence on students’ achievement scores versus paper books and if there are any differences between genders. Moreover, regardless of performance outcomes, features of software and devices were explored to determine if these influence use of digital texts. Digital textbooks provide effective learning resources for undergraduate students at costeffective prices. Features of digital e-readers can help students meet their learning goals and complete their coursework using new, interactive textbooks that pull together the content experts and multimedia.