cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A cell marker system and mosaic patterns during early embryonic development in Drosophila melanogaster

An embryonic cell marker system has been developed in Drosophila melanogaster that has enabled us to identify the genotype of cells as early as the cellular blastoderm stage of development. This system allows unambiguous detection of embryos homozygous for most X-linked lethal mutations at stages prior to when their first defects become obvious. By examining gynandromorphs at this stage, we have observed that the number of nuclei per unit area in male regions is about half that in female regions. An examination of early cleavage stage embryos whose DNA has been stained with Hoechst 33258 and whose actin has been stained with phalloidin suggests that this difference is due to a cell cycle delay in cells losing the ring-X. These experiments also demonstrate the existence of a mechanism which controls the timing of nuclear divisions in cycle 10–14 embryos.
Input impedance of a probe excited semi-infinite rectangular waveguide with a tuning post

The input impedance and surface current of a probe-excited, shortcircuited, semi-infinite rectangular waveguide are determined, in the absence and in the presence of a tuning post, by the method of moments. Expressions are given for the Green's function in the semi-infinite rectangular waveguide and for the free space impressed electric field. The method of moments analysis is based on the assumption that the probe (and the post) consists of multifilament sources that have some surface current density components with unknown coefficients. The solution for these coefficients is found by applying the boundary conditions at some suitable points. Computer simulation for this problem is performed, and the input impedance and surface current are determined for different probe lengths, lateral positions, and distances from the short-circuited end of the waveguide and also for different values of post length, position, and radius. The case in which the post is not short-circuited by the upper wall of the waveguide is also studied. >
„„Man photographiert Dinge, um sie aus dem Sinn zu verscheuchen‘‘

Die Kafka-Exegese hat durch die nuancierte Darstellung der problematischen Vaterfiguren das odipale Drama der Sohne im Werk gleichsam zu einem Topos werden lassen. In Erweiterung dieser Forschungsergebnisse lenkt der vorliegende Aufsatz den Blick auf Geschlechterverhaltnisse per se. Im Fragment Der Verschollene fungiert das Motiv der Photographie als strukturelles Moment der Figurenkonstellation, das die tragische Abwartsbewegung der Hauptfigur Karl Rossmann in Amerika illustriert. Die im Photo nachgestellte geometrische Figur des familialen Dreiecks zementiert derart die Marginalisierung der Sohne zugunsten der weiblichen Charaktere im sozialen Mikrokosmos der burgerlichen Familie, welche sich auch in der zeitgleich entstandenen „Verwandlung‘‘ findet. Parallel dazu treiben die Stellvertreterinnen der Mutter den Protagonisten konsequent in die Enge, so dass sich die Kafka'sche Familienholle ultimativ nicht als eine von patriarchalischer Gewalt dominierte, sondern als kodierte Manifestation femininer Macht erweist, die zur Versklavung der mannlichen Hauptfigur fuhrt.
MIS and computer applications in accounting courses—Report of a survey

Abstract This paper reports the results of a questionnaire survey of AACSB member universities to determine how the computer is currently used in accounting courses. Faculty attitudes regarding computer utilization in upper-level accounting courses is also reported. Results indicate that educators are actively experimenting in several directions, but integration of the computer into accounting curricula is not yet very extensive.
Coccidia of Malaysian mammals: new host records and descriptions of three new species of Eimeria.

SYNOPSIS. In a survey of parasites of wild mammals of Malaysia 3 new species of Eimeria were found. Eimeria tupaiae sp. n. is described from the common tree shrew, Tupaia glis. Its ellipsoidal to spherical, 3-layered oocysts average 20 × 19 μm. A micropyle is absent; an oocyst residuum and polar granule are present. Ellipsoidal sporocysts average 11 × 7 μm. A sporocyst residuum and Stieda body are present. Eimeria ptilocerci sp. n. is described from the pen-tail tree shrew, Ptilocercus lowii. The ellipsoidal to spherical, 2-layered oocysts average 23 × 20 μm. A micropyle and oocyst residuum are absent; polar granules are present. The ellipsoidal sporocysts average 13 × 7 μm. A sporocyst residuum and Stieda body are present. Eimeria muuli sp. n. is described from the pencil-tailed tree mouse, Chiropodomys gliroides. The ellipsoidal single-layered oocysts average 25 × 19 μm. A micropyle and oocyst residuum are absent; a polar granule is present. The ellipsoidal sporocysts average 13 × 8 μm. A sporocyst residuum and Stieda body are present. In addition, new host records are reported as follows: E. miyairii Ohira from Whitehead's rat Rattus whiteheadi and the Malaysian wood rat, R. tiomanicus; E. separata Becker & Hall from Mueller's rat, R. muelleri, the chestnut rat, R. fulvescens, and the Malaysian wood rat, R. tiomanicus; E. nieschulzi Dieben from the red spiny rat, R. surifer and the chestnut rat, R. fulvescens; and E. callosciuri Colley from the grey-bellied squirrel, Callosciurus caniceps and the black-banded squirrel, C. nigrovittatus.
Phase Conjugation By Resonantly Enhanced Degenerate Four-Wave Mixing

The use of resonantly enhanced four-wave mixing to generate high reflectivity phase-conjugate waves is discussed. A physical understanding of the mechanisms underlying the nonlinear response for a simple two-level system is presented followed by a discussion of the complicating effects of pump absorption, pump depletion, unbalanced pumps, and thermal motion. Modifications of the theory to describe four-level behavior are presented and compared with experiments. The application of nearly degenerate four-wave mixing to narrow-band filtering complicated by the A. C. Stark effect is dis-cussed along with examples of experimental observations.
Magnesium reversal of digoxin-facilitated ventricular rate during atrial fibrillation in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome

In patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome and atrial fibrillation, digoxin may increase the ventricular rate by facilitating conduction over the accessory pathway either directly by enhancing accessory pathway conduction and/or indirectly as a consequence of its effect on atrioventricular nodal conduction. Two cases are presented in which the intravenous administration of magnesium sulfate reversed digoxin facilitation of the ventricular rate to atrial fibrillation in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.
Position Measuring Accuracy of Loading Surface Mount Components

Manufacturing Research CenterHewlett Packard Labs3500 Deer Creek RoadPalo alto, California 94304AbstractA computer vision program was developed to measure the precise position of surface mount components. It directs a robot to load surface mount components on PC boards. The measure­ ment precision of the vision program is discussed in this paper.
Super-rotation and diffusion of axial angular momentum: II. A review of quasi-axisymmetric models of planetary atmospheres

The role of angular momentum quasi-conservation in generating and maintaining axisymmetric flows characterized by a net global and/or local super-rotation is reviewed. The conditions under which angular momentum per unit mass, m, can be diffused by Newtonian viscosity against its mean gradient in the meridional plane in a compressible, spherical fluid shell are explored in detail, and integral constraints on the form of the diffusive flux of m are derived for a steady flow. The implications of the results for simple models of planetary and stellar atmospheres are explored, with particular reference to the analogy between molecular and ‘eddy’ viscosity (as represented in mixing-length theory), and various mixing hypotheses for eddy transfer properties. The results are relevant to zonally-averaged models of the circulation of planetary and stellar atmospheres since, in the absence of molecular viscosity, the Eliassen—Palm flux of m must obey similar integral constraints to those applicable to the viscous flux in a purely axisymmetric system. Despite the non-Newtonian character of realistic eddies in a baroclinic atmosphere, therefore, studies of simple axisymmetric systems with viscous diffusion can shed some useful insight into ways in which atmospheres, such as those of the earth, Venus, Titan, the Jovian planets and the sun, may acquire significant components of super-rotation and prograde differential rotation, especially (though not exclusively) near the equator.
Common Fallacies in Law‐Related Consumer Research

Researchers frequently publish studies inspired by laws or regulations, and often, the authors hope to be affecting public policy. In doing so, they draw upon and address aspects of law. Most of these scholars, however, have no special training in law, and all too often, the consequence is a manuscript that is replete with misstatements of law or faulty suppositions.
Morphological changes in trout hepatocytes exposed to acetaminophen

Abstract Isolated trout hepatocytes prepared by collagenase digestion were maintained in primary culture in chemically defined, serum-free medium for 3–5 days to evaluate the influence of various agents on cell-cell interactions. Isolated cells were plated onto plastic culture plates coated with trout skin extracts. Greater than 80% of the lactate dehydrogenase activity (LDH) and DNA content of the cells was retained for 3 days, indicating good cell viability. After 24 h, the cells aggregate into clumps which increase in size over several days to include several hundred cells, four to ten cells deep on the surface of the plate. Microscopic evaluation suggests these aggregates reflect normal cell-cell interactions. Adjacent hepatocytes appear to share junctional complexes and form canaliculi. Cells ultrastructurally identical to biliary epithelial cells form apparent ductule complexes. Acetaminophen (2–10m m ) interferes with cell-cell aggregation. Treated hepatocytes remain rounded and mitochondria distribution is altered, occupying only the central region of the cells. Acetaminophen has little influence on LDH or DNA content, suggesting a sensitive and specific action of the drug on cell-cell interactions.
High temperature deformation and fracture of a fiber reinforced titanium matrix composite

Abstract The longitudinal tensile properties of a SiC fiber-reinforced Ti alloy have been investigated over the temperature range of 20–600°C. Experiments have been conducted at both constant strain rate and constant stress. The experimental results have been compared with predictions of models based on fiber fragmentation, matrix flow and creep, and load transfer via interfacial friction. The models predict trends that are similar to the experimental ones, though they generally overestimate the tensile strength and ductility and the creep rupture time. The possible origins of such discrepancies are briefly discussed.
THE PUBLIC UTILITY REGULATORY POLICIES ACT: ISSUES IN FEDERAL AND STATE IMPLEMENTATION

A key factor in stimulating competition in the electricity industry has been Section 210 of the Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act (PURPA), which removes the institutional obstacles to power generation by parties other than the electric utilities using cogeneration and renewable resources. The authors explore the reasons for the successful implementation of PURPA Section 210, and identify several policy issues which could influence its continued success. Following an overview of Section 210's specific purposes and provisions, they assess the implementation process, emphasizing critical stress points and successes. The final section discusses the policy implications of PURPA implementation. 15 references, 3 tables.
Health Risks Associated with Consumption of Untreated Water from Household Roof Catchment Systems

ABSTRACT: Rainwater harvesting is receiving increased attention worldwide as an alternative source of drinking water. Although collected rainwater is typically consumed without any type of disinfection, the microbial quality of this type of water source can be poor. Around the world, consumers of collected and stored rainwater may be at considerable risk to a variety of infectious diseases. This review presents studies attributing specific risks of diseases to the consumption of contaminated rainwater. Diseases attributed to the consumption of untreated rainwater include bacterial diarrheas due to Salmonella and Campylobacter, bacterial pneumonia due to Legionella, botulism due to Clostridium, tissue helminths, and protozoal diarrheas from Giardia and Cryptosporidium. Simple indicator systems such as fecal coliform measurements may prove to be inadequate for determining microbial risks associated with consumption of water from rainwater catchment systems.
Halogens in the troposphere.

Although inorganic halogen gases are believed to play key roles in the chemistry of the lower atmosphere, many of them have not yet been detected or measured in ambient air. This article describes some of the current techniques and future needs for inorganic halogens in air. (To listen to a podcast about this feature, please go to the Analytical Chemistry multimedia page at pubs.acs.org/page/ancham/audio/index.html.)
Modulation of memory processes induced by stimulation of the entorhinal cortex

This study investigated the effects of posttrial electrical stimulation of the entorhinal cortex in rats (3 mA or 300 microA; 60 sec, 3 hr or 6 hr after training) on retention of inhibitory or active avoidance responses. In the inhibitory avoidance task 3 mA, but not 300 microA, 60 sec after training produced retrograde amnesia. The 300 microA stimulation produced amnesia when given 3 hr after training, but 3 mA was without effect. Neither level of stimulation affected retention if given 6 hr after training. In the active avoidance task 300 microA given 60 sec and 3 hr after training significantly facilitated acquisition in comparison with unoperated, but not operated control rats. The 3 mA stimulation had no effect in the active avoidance task. Cortical afterdischarge activity occurred 64%, 23%, and 77% of the time when the 300 microA stimulation was given 60 sec, 3 hr, or 6 hr after inhibitory avoidance training, and 54%, 69%, and 92% for 3 mA. In the two conditions where amnesia was observed (3 mA at 60 sec and 300 microA at 3 hr) the lowest proportion of animals exhibited afterdischarge activity. Afterdischarge activity was not related to active avoidance performance.
Ultrafast dynamics of neutral superexcited oxygen: a direct measurement of the competition between autoionization and predissociation.

Using ultrafast extreme ultraviolet pulses, we performed a direct measurement of the relaxation dynamics of neutral superexcited states corresponding to the $nl{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{g}(c^{4}\ensuremath{\Sigma}_{u}^{\ensuremath{-}})$ Rydberg series of ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$. An extreme ultraviolet attosecond pulse train was used to create a temporally localized Rydberg wave packet and the ensuing electronic and nuclear dynamics were probed using a time delayed femtosecond near-infrared pulse. We investigated the competing predissociation and autoionization mechanisms in superexcited oxygen molecules and found that autoionization is dominant for the low $n$ Rydberg states. We measured an autoionization lifetime of $92\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}6\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{fs}$ and $180\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}10\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{fs}$ for the $(5s,4d){\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{g}$ and $(6s,5d){\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{g}$ Rydberg state groups, respectively. We also determine that the disputed neutral dissociation lifetime for the $\ensuremath{\nu}=0$ vibrational level of the Rydberg series is $1100\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}100\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{fs}$.
Knowledge representation from Newton to Minsky and beyond

Abstract An attempt is made to see recent developments in knowledge representation, clustered around Minsky 's theory of frames, and the more classical modeling of natural processes, originating in Newton's mechanics, in a unified perspective. Defining knowledge as homomorphic representation, we view classical models as capable of providing behavioral knowledge but lacking in capability to represent important structural knowledge and meta-knowledge. He discuss a framework, inspired by system theoretic concepts, for combining structural and behavioral representation in a form suitable for goal-directed model construction. We conclude by drawing several implications of this approach for system design, artificial intelligence, modeling, and simulation.
Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Surface Waters of the Upper Colorado River Basin

: As part of a basinwide water-quality study, nitrogen and phosphorus data for the Upper Colorado River Basin from the Colorado-Utah State line to the Continental Divide were analyzed for spatial distributions, concentrations associated with various land uses, and temporal trends. Nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations generally increased in a downstream direction. Some nutrient concentrations were elevated at some sites in the upper parts of the basin in areas influenced by increasing urbanization. Sites were grouped according to land use and site type, and median nutrient concentrations were compared among groups. Sites within the agricultural areas of the basin generally had the highest concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus; concentrations for main-stem, tributary, and urbanization sites were slightly lower than for the agricultural sites. Background sites, or sites with minimal land-use impacts, had very low median nutrient concentrations. Several sites with long-term data were analyzed for temporal trends in concentrations. Several statistically significant downward trends of low and moderate magnitude were observed for nitrogen and phosphorus species. No upward trends were observed in the data at any site.
Photothermal Interferometric Aerosol Absorption Spectrometry

Aerosol light absorption still remains a difficult quantity to measure at the precision, accuracy and temporal resolution necessary to quantitatively bound the contribution of this direct effect on aerosol radiative forcing. These continuing difficulties are due, in part, because aerosol extinction is dominated by light scattering. In response to these and other issues, the aerosol community has been developing a new generation of instrumentation that can measure aerosol absorption without the need to deposit aerosols on a filter. Here we introduce work on the application of photothermal interferometry (PTI) towards this measurement problem. The advantages of this approach are: its complete insensitivity to aerosol scattering (true for any photothermal technique) and high sensitivity resulting from use of an interferometric technique. Using NO2 as a calibration standard, the accuracy of the PTI technique was measured to be 5% (95% confidence interval). Measurement at a 10-second time constant yields a pre...
The venous valve in the aged.

Abstract With increasing age changes occur in the vein valve. The loose connective tissue gradually changes into collagen. There is a new formation of minute elastic fibers within the parietalis. The elastica of the luminalis becomes thicker and new elastic lamellae are laid down parallel to the elastica. Endophlebohypertrophy present just distal to the valve extends from the intima of the vein into the luminalis of the valve. Increased endophlebohypertrophy is commonly encountered in this region and may be explained on the basis of abnormal eddies occurring in this area because of the thickening of the cusps of the valve.
Accounting curriculum responses to the 150-hour requirement

Abstract Since the 1959 American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) Council resolution on the standards of accounting education, a 5-year post-secondary educational requirement for CPA licensing has been deemed important. Twenty-three states have enacted legislation requiring 150 hours of education before a person may take the national CPA exam. Within these states, many colleges and universities have both graduate business administration or accounting programs to prepare their accounting students for the certification exam. The American Assembly of Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB) member schools in these 23 states were surveyed to determine the curriculum in their graduate business administration and accounting programs. A significant number (31%) of the schools have installed a 30semester-hour or more accounting post-baccalaureate program. The trends in state licensing and the academic responses have been: 1. An undergraduate concentration in accounting, 2. A graduate degree granted at the completion of the post-baccalaureate hours, 3. Most state legislatures select the state boards of accountancy to determine specific courses of advanced study, 4. Most state boards of accountancy specify broad areas of subject categories, 5. Most surveyed AACSB member schools with advanced accounting programs specify over 60% of their hours in accounting subjects, 6. A majority of surveyed MBA programs with an accounting concentration (72%) required less than 40% of their total graduate credit hours in accounting courses, and 7. A higher percentage of surveyed nonaccredited advanced accounting programs (72%) required 60% of their graduate requirements in accounting courses compared to advanced accounting degree programs with both business and accounting AACSB accreditation (58%).
Electron-impact excitation cross sections of the higher argon 3 p 5 np ( n = 5 , 6 , 7 ) levels

We have measured the electron-impact excitation cross sections for argon into the ten levels of ${3p}^{5}5p$ configuration, as well as numerous levels of the ${3p}^{5}6p$ and ${3p}^{5}7p$ configurations. Fluorescence from the decay of the excited atoms to the levels of ${3p}^{5}4s$ configuration was used to determine the optical-emission cross sections. These results were combined with transition probabilities to find apparent cross sections into the ${3p}^{5}5p$ and ${3p}^{5}6p$ levels. These new cross sections of the $\mathrm{Ar}{(3p}^{5}np)$ levels along with the available $\mathrm{Ne}{(2p}^{5}3p),$ $\mathrm{Kr}{(4p}^{5}5p),$ and $\mathrm{Xe}{(5p}^{5}6p)$ data help provide a global view of the excitation behaviors of the ${\mathrm{np}}^{5}{n}^{\ensuremath{'}}p$ levels of the rare-gas series.
A Critical Look at the Digital Technologies in Architectural Education: When, where, and how?

Abstract In the past decade, architectural education has seen an increasing amount of digital technologies being involved in the design studio curricula. Following the trends in the profession, these various technologies of computer aided drafting, enumerating, modeling, and analysis became not only key pedagogical nodes in the design studio, but also started to shape the overall curricular structure of architectural education as they also needed to be implemented as support courses in order to compensate the learning curves and the number of software available to architects. These digital technologies range from one end of simple drafting, conventional three dimensional modeling, and more sophisticated animation of buildings with a computer, to the other end of inventing new tectonic and spatial geometries using parametric computations. In this context, it will be unrealistic to argue against teaching and using digital technologies in architectural education. When one thinks how the profession has evolved in the past decade, it is necessary to embrace these tools in the architectural curriculum. However, a discussion that has not been clearly resolved is when, where, and how these digital tools are thought and used in the architectural education. My paper argues that the conventional tools of hand drawing, physical modeling, and hand making should be embraced in the foundational levels, and the digital tools should be introduced after developing a certain set of skills of one-to-one physical making where a sense of tectonic resolution, scale, and spatial experience is cultivated as a basis of architectural thinking with digital tools. In what follows, I will discuss this viewpoint through examples from architectural design studio education in the United States and in Turkey.
Aromatic residue mutations reveal direct correlation between HIV-1 nucleocapsid protein's nucleic acid chaperone activity and retroviral replication

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) nucleocapsid (NC) protein plays an essential role in several stages of HIV-1 replication. One important function of HIV-1 NC is to act as a nucleic acid chaperone, in which the protein facilitates nucleic acid rearrangements important for reverse transcription and recombination. NC contains only 55 amino acids, with 15 basic residues and two zinc fingers, each having a single aromatic residue (Phe16 and Trp37). Despite its simple structure, HIV-1 NC appears to have optimal chaperone activity, including the ability to strongly aggregate nucleic acids, destabilize nucleic acid secondary structure, and facilitate rapid nucleic acid annealing. Here we combine single molecule DNA stretching experiments with ensemble solution studies of protein-nucleic acid binding affinity, oligonucleotide annealing, and nucleic acid aggregation to measure the characteristics of wild-type (WT) and aromatic residue mutants of HIV-1 NC that are important for nucleic acid chaperone activity. These in vitro results are compared to in vivo HIV-1 replication for viruses containing the same mutations. This work allows us to directly relate HIV-1 NC structure with its function as a nucleic acid chaperone in vitro and in vivo. We show that replacement of either aromatic residue with another aromatic residue results in a protein that strongly resembles WT NC. In contrast, single amino acid substitutions of either Phe16Ala or Trp37Ala significantly slow down NC's DNA interaction kinetics, while retaining some helix-destabilization capability. A double Phe16Ala/Trp37Ala substitution further reduces the latter activity. Surprisingly, the ensemble nucleic acid binding, annealing, and aggregation properties are not significantly altered for any mutant except the double aromatic substitution with Ala. Thus, elimination of a single aromatic residue from either zinc finger strongly reduces NC's chaperone activity as determined by single molecule DNA stretching experiments without significantly altering its ensemble-averaged biochemical properties. Importantly, the substitution of aromatic residues with Ala progressively decreases NC's nucleic acid chaperone activity while also progressively inhibiting viral replication. Taken together, these data support the critical role of HIV-1 NC's aromatic residues, and establish a direct and statistically significant correlation between nucleic acid chaperone activity and viral replication.
Spatiotemporal patterns and vortices' motions in phase-conjugate resonators

Abstract The spatiotemporal patterns in a phase conjugate resonator with a modest Fresnel number are studied experimentally as a function of the Bragg detuning. A qualitative representation of these patterns based on a truncated modal decomposition is then compared with the experimental results. The limitations and degree of arbitrariness of this model are discussed and its usefulness is illustrated by using it to identify in one example, the spatial motions related to the characteristic frequencies of the local intensity fluctuations and to correlate the vortices' trajectories with the beam spatial coherence distribution.
Bee Venom Enhances Guanylate Cyclase Activity

Bee venom and phospholipase A2 extracted from bee venom enhanced guanylate cyclase (E.C. 4.6.1.2) activity two- to threefold in rat liver, lung, heart, kidney, ileum, and cerebellum. Dose-response relationships revealed that bee venom at concentrations as low as 1 microgram per milliliter and phospholipase A2 at 1 microunit per milliliter caused a maximal enhancement of guanylate cyclase.
Minimally invasive surgical approaches in the management of tuberculosis of the thoracic and lumbar spine.

Background Spinal tuberculosis is the most common form of skeletal tuberculosis. Various approaches have been described for surgical management of spinal tuberculosis, but many entail wide exposures with attendant morbidity; whether minimally invasive surgical (MIS) approaches are suitable is unknown.
Job and Home Attitudes of Undergraduate Women and Their Mothers.

Seventy-seven undergraduate women and their mothers participated in a study of job/home attitudes. All subjects rated 10 conflict elements and 8 conflict types: mothers also rated the conflict elements and types retrospectively, as young adults, and responded to related open-ended questions. Cohort effects were stronger than historical period or stage-of-life effects. Mothers' current and retrospective responses both indicated significantly more interest, confidence, and perceived external support for home-related than job-related activities, whereas daughters' responses reflected approximately equal interest, confidence, and support for home- and job-related activities.
The solubility control of rare earth elements in natural terrestrial waters and the significance of PO 4 3− and CO 3 2− in limiting dissolved rare earth concentrations: A review of recent information

Rare earth element (REE) concentrations in alkaline lakes, circumneutral pH groundwaters, and an acidic freshwater lake were determined along with the free carbonate, free phosphate, and free sulfate ion concentrations. These parameters were used to evaluate the saturation state of these waters with respect to REE phosphate and carbonate precipitates. Our activity product estimates indicate that the alkaline lake waters and groundwaters are approximately saturated with respect to the REE phosphate precipitates but are significantly undersaturated with respect to REE carbonate and sulfate precipitates. On the other hand, the acidic lake waters are undersaturated with respect to REE sulfate, carbonate, and phosphate precipitates. Although carbonate complexes tend to dominate the speciation of the REEs in neutral and alkaline waters, our results indicate that REE phosphate precipitates are also important in controlling REE behavior. More specifically, elevated carbonate ion concentrations in neutral to alkaline natural waters tend to enhance dissolved REE concentrations through the formation of stable REE-carbonate complexes whereas phosphate ions tend to lead to the removal of the REEs from solution in these waters by the formation of REE-phosphate salts. Removal of REEs by precipitation as phosphate phases in the acid lake (pH=3.6) is inconsequential, however, due to extremely low [PO 4 3− ] F concentrations (i.e., ∼ 10−23 mol/kg).
Polarity of Laser Excited Optogalvanic Transitions in Neon

Abstract Irradiation of a gaseous discharge with a tunable laser produces observable voltage changes at wavelengths that correspond to electronic transitions for species within the discharge. Optogalvanic (OG) transitions of neon have been investigated in the visible and near UV regions by axially irradiating a hollow cathode discharge with an excimer-pumped dye laser. A variety of OG transitions that originate from metastable states have been recorded. A digital oscilloscope was used to record the waveforms of the OG transitions. The polarities of 29 OG transitions recorded in the near UV and visible are explained in terms of processes that affect the population of neon atoms in metastable states.
ForeSight: Mapping Vehicles in Visual Domain and Electronic Domain

Using broadcast in vehicular applications such as autonomous cruise control and collaborative driving can disturb unrelated drivers and fail to convey the message due to unspecified receiver, resulting in increased risk of accidents. For supporting the unicast communication primitive, it is important to know the electronic identities (EIDs), e.g., the IP addresses and the relative positions of the nearby vehicles. We show that the estimated GPS coordinates alone are not accurate enough to uniquely identify the intended vehicle. On the other hand, there is an increasing array of devices, such as on-board camera, RADAR, and DSRC radio that are becoming available in newer vehicles. These heterogeneously deployed devices provide information sources that have varying levels of accuracy and potentially different coverage regions, making it challenging to accurately identify the vehicle. As a first step, we design ForeSight, a system that dynamically integrates the information observed in the visual domain (e.g., from camera) and the electronic domain (e.g., WiFi radio) to match the vehicles observed in these two domains with high accuracy. The experiment and simulation results show that ForeSight is able to significantly improve the vehicle identification accuracy compared to using GPS or other algorithms. In our case study, ForeSight reduces disturbing messages by 14 × as compared to the number of a GPS-based communication method.
Chondro/osteoblastic and cardiovascular gene modulation in human artery smooth muscle cells that calcify in the presence of phosphate and calcitriol or paricalcitol.

Vitamin D sterol administration, a traditional treatment for secondary hyperparathyroidism, may increase serum calcium and phosphorus, and has been associated with increased vascular calcification (VC). In vitro studies suggest that in the presence of uremic concentrations of phosphorus, vitamin D sterols regulate gene expression associated with trans-differentiation of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) to a chondro/osteoblastic cell type. This study examined effects of vitamin D sterols on gene expression profiles associated with phosphate-enhanced human coronary artery SMC (CASMC) calcification. Cultured CASMCs were exposed to phosphate-containing differentiation medium (DM) with and without calcitriol, paricalcitol, or the calcimimetic R-568 (10−11–10−7 M) for 7 days. Calcification of CASMCs, determined using colorimetry following acid extraction, was dose dependently increased (1.6- to 1.9-fold) by vitamin D sterols + DM. In contrast, R-568 did not increase calcification. Microarray analysis demonstrated that, compared with DM, calcitriol (10−8 M) + DM or paricalcitol (10−8 M) + DM similarly and significantly (P < 0.05) regulated genes of various pathways including: metabolism, CYP24A1; mineralization, ENPP1; apoptosis, GIP3; osteo/chondrogenesis, OPG, TGFB2, Dkk1, BMP4, BMP6; cardiovascular, HGF, DSP1, TNC; cell cycle, MAPK13; and ion channels, SLC22A3 KCNK3. R-568 had no effect on CASMC gene expression. Thus, SMC calcification observed in response to vitamin D sterol + DM may be partially mediated through targeting mineralization, apoptotic, osteo/chondrocytic, and cardiovascular pathway genes, although some gene changes may protect against calcification. Further studies to determine precise roles of these genes in development of, or protection against VC and cardiovascular disease are required. J. Cell. Biochem. 111: 911–921, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Observations and simulations of asymmetric magnetic field reconnection

[1] Comparisons of asymmetric magnetic field reconnection at the subsolar magnetopause are made between satellite data and computer simulations for the ratio of the antiparallel components of the magnetic fields at the boundaries being about three and the density ratio being 10 to 30. The bipolar electric field and quadrupolar magnetic field of symmetric reconnection are not found in either the simulations or the experimental data because the Hall term in the generalized Ohm's Law (the leading term on its right side on the ion scale) is a factor up to 100 smaller on the magnetosheath side of the current layer than on the magnetospheric side. Average plasma densities and fields at six THEMIS magnetopause crossings agree with open simulations provided that the experimental data is in the joint variance, not minimum variance, frame. This is because the magnetic field component normal to the assumed planar current sheet is not constant for asymmetric reconnection while it is forced to be approximately constant by the mathematics of minimum variance analyses. A north-south asymmetry of the fields and flows in asymmetric reconnection is found in both the simulations and the space measurements. The simulations and the satellite data both have regions the order of the electron skin depth in size that contain significant electric fields. In such structures, parallel electric fields exist in the simulation throughout the current layer. Such parallel fields are similar to those reported earlier from Polar satellite data.
International Trade and the Relative Dispersion of Industrial Wages and Production Techniques in 14 OECD Countries, 1970-1985

The Factor Price Equalization theorem implies that freer trade would narrow the gap in returns to similar productive factors across countries over time. To determine the empirical relevance of this implication, data for 11 industries in 14 countries over the period 1970–1985 are investigated. Moreover, the paper examines the data for seven industries in the nontrade sector. Regression analyses suggest that the industry-level wages across countries are significantly influenced by the relative dispersion of production techniques at the industry level and, to a lesser extent, by international trade. The estimation of a wage model indicates that the diffusion of technology may have also played a role in the apparent convergence of wages. The findings of this paper suggest that FPE is capable of explaining the cross-country variation in returns to productive factors.
Gravity wave activity at various latitudes and heights in the middle atmosphere

Abstract A brief review is given of the climatology of gravity waves in the middle atmosphere; i.e., observed variations of wave activity with latitude. Predictions of height variations made by saturation theories are compared with observations and a suggestion is made of what causes a similarity of (averaged) wave amplitudes around the “globe” -- partly based on the existence of a global source.
Treatment of compartment syndrome: transverse fasciotomy as an adjunct to longitudinal dermatofasciotomy: an in vitro study.

OBJECTIVE This study describes a previously unpublished technique for compartment release that combines adjunctive transverse fasciotomies with a limited longitudinal dermatofasciotomy and compares its efficacy with a standard extensile longitudinal dermatofasciotomy. DESIGN Limited 10-cm longitudinal dermatofasciotomies were performed bilaterally on 14 cadaveric specimens (28 legs). Next, we performed transverse fasciotomies on 1 limb and performed extensions of the longitudinal incision on the contralateral limb. Subsequent changes in compartment pressures were recorded after each release. Two-tailed paired and unpaired Student t tests were performed for statistical analysis with significance set at P < 0.05. SETTING Anatomy laboratory. RESULTS After a 10-cm longitudinal dermatofasciotomy, the average compartment pressure was 17 +/- 7.1 mm Hg proximally and 15.5 +/- 7.4 mm Hg distally. With an extensile 16-cm longitudinal incision, a significant decrease in compartment pressure was seen both proximally (6.5 +/- 3.1 mm Hg) and distally (4.7 +/- 4.7 mm Hg). With adjunctive transverse fasciotomies, a significant reduction in compartment pressure also was observed proximally (6.9 +/- 6.1 mm Hg) and distally (6.1 +/- 5.4 mm Hg). There was no statistically significant difference in compartment pressures between an extensile 16-cm incision and 10-cm incision combined with transverse fasciotomies both proximally and distally (P = 0.84 and P = 0.5, respectively). CONCLUSIONS A combined approach of transverse fasciotomies with a limited longitudinal dermatofasciotomy in this in vitro compartment syndrome study is as effective as a standard 16-cm longitudinal release in the anterior compartment of this cadaveric leg model.
Electrostatic Contribution to the Energy and Entropy of Protein Adsorption

Protein adsorption is complicated by the many contributions to the overall thermodynamics, and as a result there is a need for mechanistic models in interpreting experimental data. We focus on the electrostatic contribution to the adsorption thermodynamics and, specifically, on calculating the relative contributions of enthalpic and entropic driving forces to the electrostatic component of the free energy of adsorption. The model used is a colloidal one in which the protein, modeled as a sphere carrying a point charge at its center, interacts with a planar adsorbent surface of opposite charge as well as with neighboring adsorbent molecules. It is found that the entropic contribution dominates the protein-surface interaction, which is generally but not uniformly attractive; this contribution reflects the liberation of counterions from the double layers adjacent to the protein and adsorbent surfaces. Protein-protein interactions are found to be generally repulsive but weak, with energetic and entropic contributions similar in magnitude. The dominance of entropic effects is consistent with several reported calorimetric measurements, but additional effects, such as the release of water molecules from the interacting surfaces, confound attempts to compare theory and experiment directly.
Novel prediction methods applied to voltage controls

Two methods which assist voltage control decisions by predicting the impact of voltage controllers on power system voltages are discussed. Both methods offer possibilities for voltage control studies and are particularly adapted to expert system implementations. First, control regions are readily determined using rule-based searches among the electric system topology and based on initial reactive power flows. Second, sensitivities of voltages with respect to controls are computed using adjoint-network-based voltage predictions which do not require Jacobian computations and which are well adapted to admittance switching actions. These methods are used in the framework of an expert system currently being developed by the authors. The theories and implementations of both methods are discussed, and results using the IEEE-118 power system are presented. >
Preparation of Oriented Zeolite UTD-1 Membranes via Pulsed Laser Ablation

Thin films of the high silica zeolite UTD-1 have been prepared by using pulsed laser ablation onto polished silicon and for the first time on porous stainless steel disks. A post hydrothermal treatment of the laser deposited films in a UTD-1 synthesis gel results in oriented crystal growth. Densely packed planklike crystals of UTD-1 grow from the laser deposited film resulting in the ultra-large pores of UTD-1 oriented perpendicular to the support. The oriented UTD-1 membrane grown on porous stainless steel was evaluated for the room temperature separation of a n-heptane/toluene mixture, and selective permeation of the paraffin was observed.
Inhibition of T‐lymphocyte activation by amiloride

The T-lymphocyte activation process involves a series of coordinately coupled biochemical events occurring in response to antigen or mitogen. These events have not been completely characterized. The present studies investigate the mechanism of protein synthesis during the initial phase of T-cell activation. Among the early biochemical changes, induction of protein synthesis was observed as early as 10 minutes after mitogen stimulation of T-lymphocytes. This early protein synthesis was inhibited by cycloheximide but was insensitive to actinomycin-D, indicating the presence of preformed mRNA in resting lymphocytes. Since early protein synthesis parallels the increase in protein kinase C activity in activated T-lymphocytes, these two biochemical events may be related. In the present report, amiloride, an inhibitor of Na+/H+ antiport and protein kinase C, significantly inhibited [3H]leucine and [3H]thymidine incorporation in a dose-dependent manner into phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated T-lymphocytes. Furthermore, when T-lymphocytes were stimulated by phorbol myristate acetate, a known activator of protein kinase C, a similar inhibition of protein and DNA synthesis by amiloride was observed. The partially purified cytosol fraction isolated from PHA-activated T-lymphocytes showed a 75% decrease in protein kinase C-mediated [32P] incorporation from ATP in the presence of 100 microM amiloride. These results suggest that the T-cell activation process following exposure to mitogens involves early protein synthesis, which may be mediated by protein kinase C.
Intercollegiate female coaches' use of verbally aggressive communication toward African American female athletes

Despite the high proportionality of African American female athletes in intercollegiate sports, the combination of a primarily White sports media and White coaching personnel creates a fertile environment for the reproduction of racialized and gendered stereotypes. This study sought to examine this phenomenon through the lens of verbally aggressive communication between female intercollegiate coaches and African American female athletes. This study found that verbally aggressive communication is generally perceived negatively by African American female athletes and suggests that female intercollegiate coaches, like their male counterparts, often believe they can arbitrarily use the power granted to them within the sport organization to perpetuate racial and gender stereotypes.
Assessing the Creativity of Designs at Scale

How best to assess the creativity of a large number of designed artifacts remains an open problem. The typical approach is to have a panel of experts answer likert questions about individual artifacts. This process typically requires a substantial amount of training to ensure the judges achieve an acceptable level of agreement. Consequently, the approach does not scale well as it is infeasible to have a panel of experts regularly evaluate the creativity of a large number of designs. The current work explores an alternative approach that uses both individual and pairwise judgements from novice crowd workers to support reliable and scalable assessment of creative designs. This approach, which we call TrueCreativity, can operate over a set of evaluations from a large number of judges and appropriately weights their evaluations based on their past reliability and agreement with other judges. We show that this approach produces results that strongly correlate with another measure of creativity.
Repeated Stress Causes Cognitive Impairment by Suppressing Glutamate Receptor Expression and Function in Prefrontal Cortex

Chronic stress could trigger maladaptive changes associated with stress-related mental disorders; however, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. In this study, we found that exposing juvenile male rats to repeated stress significantly impaired the temporal order recognition memory, a cognitive process controlled by the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Concomitantly, significantly reduced AMPAR- and NMDAR-mediated synaptic transmission and glutamate receptor expression were found in PFC pyramidal neurons from repeatedly stressed animals. All these effects relied on activation of glucocorticoid receptors and the subsequent enhancement of ubiquitin/proteasome-mediated degradation of GluR1 and NR1 subunits, which was controlled by the E3 ubiquitin ligase Nedd4-1 and Fbx2, respectively. Inhibition of proteasomes or knockdown of Nedd4-1 and Fbx2 in PFC prevented the loss of glutamatergic responses and recognition memory in stressed animals. Our results suggest that repeated stress dampens PFC glutamatergic transmission by facilitating glutamate receptor turnover, which causes the detrimental effect on PFC-dependent cognitive processes.