cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Persistent Infection and Transmission of Senecavirus A from Carrier Sows to Contact Piglets.

Senecavirus A (SVA) is a picornavirus that causes acute vesicular disease (VD), that is clinically indistinguishable from foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), in pigs. Notably, SVA RNA has been detected in lymphoid tissues of infected animals several weeks following resolution of the clinical disease, suggesting that the virus may persist in select host tissues. Here, we investigated the occurrence of persistent SVA infection and the contribution of stressors (transportation, immunosuppression, or parturition) to acute disease and recrudescence from persistent SVA infection. Our results show that transportation stress leads to a slight increase in disease severity following infection. During persistence, transportation, immunosuppression, and parturition stressors did not lead to overt/recrudescent clinical disease, but intermittent viremia and virus shedding were detected up to day 60 postinfection (p.i.) in all treatment groups following stress stimulation. Notably, real-time PCR and in situ hybridization (ISH) assays confirmed that the tonsil harbors SVA RNA during the persistent phase of infection. Immunofluorescence assays (IFA) specific for double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) demonstrated the presence of double-stranded viral RNA in tonsillar cells. Most importantly, infectious SVA was isolated from the tonsil of two animals on day 60 p.i., confirming the occurrence of carrier animals following SVA infection. These findings were supported by the fact that contact piglets (11/44) born to persistently infected sows were infected by SVA, demonstrating successful transmission of the virus from carrier sows to contact piglets. Results here confirm the establishment of persistent infection by SVA and demonstrate successful transmission of the virus from persistently infected animals.IMPORTANCE Persistent viral infections have significant implications for disease control strategies. Previous studies demonstrated the persistence of SVA RNA in the tonsil of experimentally or naturally infected animals long after resolution of the clinical disease. Here, we showed that SVA establishes persistent infection in SVA-infected animals, with the tonsil serving as one of the sites of virus persistence. Importantly, persistently infected carrier animals shedding SVA in oral and nasal secretions or feces can serve as sources of infection to other susceptible animals, as evidenced by successful transmission of SVA from persistently infected sows to contact piglets. These findings unveil an important aspect of SVA infection biology, suggesting that persistently infected pigs may function as reservoirs for SVA.
The changing face of environmental governance in the Brazilian Amazon: indigenous and traditional peoples promoting norm diffusion

Abstract Transnational networks of non-state actors are using ILO Convention No. 169 as a powerful instrument of environmental governance. The treaty promotes the norm of Free, Prior and Informed Consultation (FPIC), empowering local communities to influence infrastructure projects that impact their livelihoods and natural resources. However, there is a disconnect between the Brazilian government’s discourse and the effective implementation of this norm. Using document analysis and process tracing, this article investigates this rhetoric-practice gap. It argues that these transnational networks are diffusing the FPIC norm through Consultation Protocols, slowly bridging the gap.
Comparison of Two Questionnaires for Dry Eye Symptom Assessment: The Ocular Surface Disease Index and the Symptom Assessment iN Dry Eye

Purpose The aim of this study was to compare patient-reported symptoms of dry eye disease (DED) as assessed by the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI), a 12-item symptom frequency–based questionnaire, and the Symptom Assessment iN Dry Eye (SANDE), a 2-item frequency- and severity-based visual analog scale. Design Clinic-based evaluation of a diagnostic test. Participants A total of 114 patients with DED. Methods Patients were administered the OSDI and SANDE questionnaires at baseline and follow-up visits to evaluate DED-related symptoms. The correlations between both questionnaires' scores were evaluated using the Spearman coefficient, and their clinical differences were assessed using Bland–Altman analysis. Main Outcome Measures Baseline and follow-up visit OSDI and SANDE dry eye symptom scores. Results At the baseline visit, the OSDI and SANDE questionnaire scores were significantly correlated ( R = 0.64; P R = 0.47; P Conclusions Data collected from the SANDE questionnaire showed a significant correlation and negligible score differences with those from the OSDI, suggesting that the SANDE visual analog scale–based questionnaire has the potential to provide clinicians with a short, quick, and reliable measure for DED symptoms.
The history of surgery for esophageal atresia.

Abstract Until the successful repair of esophageal atresia (EA) and distal tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) in 1941 by Cameron Haight of Ann Arbor, MI, every infant operated upon for this anomaly died within days and often hours of surgery. A key step was the posterior extrapleural approach to the mediastinum pioneered by Charles Mixter of Boston in 1929 that gave direct exposure of the anomaly without entering the pleural cavity and collapsing the lung. From 1936 to 1939 Thomas Lanman, also of Boston, made five unsuccessful attempts at primary repair of EA. His experience established the basic principles of early radiological diagnosis and prompt surgical intervention to minimize the risks of aspiration pneumonia, dehydration, and inanition. In 1939 N. Logan Leven of Minneapolis and William Ladd of Boston independently had the first long-term survivors of EA with a series of operations to construct skin-lined tubes on the anterior chest wall that connected an esophagostomy to a gastrostomy. Haight first tried primary repair in 1939, finally succeeding in his fourth case in March 1941. In their publications Lanman (1940), Haight (1943 and 1944), and Ladd (1944 and 1947) presented case-by-case chronologies. The evolution of surgical management thus can be traced from a fatal condition to one where survival became the expected outcome. History recognizes Haight for his work with EA, not only for its first successful primary repair, but also his lifelong dedication to its surgical management.
Do Intra-articular Corticosteroid Injections Prior to Total Knee Arthroplasty Increase Postoperative Complication Rates: A Retrospective Review.

There is conflicting literature suggesting that intra-articular corticosteroid injections before total knee arthroplasty (TKA) may lead to an increase in the rate of postoperative complications, specifically periprosthetic joint infection (PJI). Thus, this retrospective review of all TKAs performed at a large, urban hospital will add valuable evidence to help guide future patient care. After exclusion criteria, we retrospectively reviewed 417 patients who received a TKA from a group of fellowship-trained orthopaedic surgeons between 2009 and 2016 at a single academic medical center. Minimum follow-up time was 1 year. Patients were separated into two groups: those who received a preoperative intra-articular corticosteroid injection and those who did not receive an injection. Subgroups were created based on the timing of their most recent preoperative injection: 0 to 3 months, 3 to 6 months, 6 to 12 months, 12+ months, and an unknown time period. Postoperative outcomes for PJI, revision TKA, and manipulation under anesthesia (MUA) were analyzed via a Chi-square test. No statistically significant postoperative differences were observed between groups: PJI (p = 0.904), revision TKA (p = 0.206), and MUA (p = 0.163). The temporal subgroups also failed to demonstrate a statistically significant result: PJI (p = 0.348), revision TKA (p = 0.701), and MUA (p = 0.512). This study revealed no absolute or temporal association between preoperative, intra-articular corticosteroid injections, and complications after TKA. Because these injections are a commonly used treatment modality prior to TKA, further studies should be conducted on a nationwide basis to draw more concrete conclusions.
Moving Into the Media World: The Moral Psychology of Emerging Adults in Journalism and Communication:

A growing body of psychology-based scholarship identifies emerging adulthood as a distinct, transitional stage of life and work characterized by several features, wherein relatively little is known...
Characterizing three-dimensional micromechanical heterogeneities of the extracellular matrix with photonic-force optical coherence elastography

We demonstrate applications of photonic-force optical coherence elastography (PF-OCE) on imaging three-dimensional (3D) micro-scale mechanical heterogeneity in collagen phantoms and cell-modified extracellular matrix. In collagen, we observed strong correlations between the measured mechanical heterogeneity and local OCT intensity in the vicinity of beads, which could be related to the presence of fibrous structures. Moreover, we quantitatively imaged micro-scale localized stiffening and increased heterogeneities in fibers surrounding an isolated NIH-3T3 fibroblast enclosed in a 2.5 mg/mL fibrin gel with a volumetric field-of-view (FOV) of ~80μm×350μm×50μm. Our results show that PF-OCE is able to characterize 3D micromechanical properties of biomaterials, and has the potential to observe dynamics of cell-ECM interactions.
Disaster-Induced Psychological Trauma: Supporting Survivors and Responders

The present chapter seeks to address the painful psychological imprint that extreme disaster events commonly come to bear on survivors and disaster response employees. More specifically, it traces the psychological manifestations directly associated with disaster-induced peritraumatic events and outlines the circumstances under which exposure to life-threatening incidents may—or may not—lead to trauma-related psychopathology. Additionally, it attempts to classify peritraumatic psychopathology based on well-established, scientifically informed taxonomies. Finally, it offers a set of practical, stepwise protection guidelines on prevention and intervention, which combine immediacy and efficiency in their application, therefore minimizing the potential permanence of negative mental health outcomes and increasing the likelihood of reinstating the status of those affected into full functionality as soon as possible following the event.
Ground-based far-infrared emissivity measurements with the University of Wisconsin absolute radiance interferometer (ARI)

The infrared Absolute Radiance Interferometer (ARI) instrument - developed at University of Wisconsin-Madison, Space Science and Engineering Center (SSEC) - measures absolute spectrally resolved infrared radiance (200-2000 cm-1 or 5-50 μm at 0.5 cm-1 resolution) with ultra-high accuracy (< 0.1 K 3-sigma brightness temperature at scene temperature). The ARI prototype instrument was deployed for field measurements of clear-sky far infrared (FIR) surface emissivity and radiances on the SSEC rooftop. Currently there are very few measurements available in the FIR spectral region. Our targeted samples include snow and ice surfaces which are important for radiative cooling in the polar regions. We will demonstrate the ARI instrument configuration, capability for ground-based measurements in the FIR region, and the retrieval of infrared emissivity spectra. The ARI ground-based FIR measurements would support scientific applications that involve FIR studies, such as the PREFIRE (Polar Radiant Energy in the Far InfraRed Experiment) and the European FORUM (Far-infrared-outgoing Radiation Understating and Monitoring) missions.
Interdisciplinary Learning about People, Planet, and Profit in Germany

For several years, our university partnered with a manufacturing company in Germany that is well known for its sustainable business practices and generates revenues in excess of 2 billion Euro annu...
Anal Fissure and Anal Stenosis

Anal fissure is a common perianal condition. When fissures persist for more than 6 weeks, they are considered chronic. First-line treatments include conservative management and pharmacologic therapy with topical calcium blocker ointments. Botulinum toxin is gaining favor as a second-line treatment with lateral internal sphincterotomy representing the surgical standard with the highest healing rates. Anal stenosis is an uncommon however potentially serious condition that is characterized by abnormal narrowing of the anorectal junction, anal canal, or the anal margin. It can be classified as congenital, primary, or secondary. Nonoperative management is reserved for mild cases, while surgical procedures for moderate and severe cases including sphincterotomy, stricturotomy, stricturectomy, and appropriate flap anoplasty may be considered.
Incidence and Burden of the Myelodysplastic Syndromes

Since 2001, cases of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs) have been tracked by cancer registries. Examining registry data in the USA, the reported age-adjusted incidence of MDS per 100,000 was 3.3 per year for 2001–2003 and 4.9 per year for 2007–2011, with increases likely a result of growing awareness of reporting requirements. However, active case-finding methods repeatedly demonstrate that population-based registries have underestimated the incidence of MDS due to underreporting and underdiagnosis. Using keyword search strategies of electronic pathology reports or other novel case capture methods, the true incidence of MDS has been estimated between 5.3 and 13.1 per 100,000. Using Medicare billing claims data, the incidence of MDS per 100,000 in patients aged ≥65 years has been estimated between 75 and 162. MDS prevalence is estimated to be 60,000 and –170,000 in the USA and projected to grow. Epidemiologic data can help estimate the burden of MDS and expose unmet clinical needs. For example, patients with MDS receiving transfusions had significantly higher reported health care costs versus those that did not (3-year mean of $88,824 vs $29,519). Epidemiologic data also revealed that most MDS patients receiving transfusions do not receive active therapies, despite strong evidence that hypomethylating agents and lenalidomide significantly reduce transfusion burden. Other unmet needs identified by epidemiologic studies include high need for treatment options after failing first-line therapy and shared decision making by older MDS patients.
Structure of Materials: X-ray diffraction: geometry

In trying to think of some way in which diffraction effects with X-rays might be found, and the question of their true nature answered, he [von Laue] came to the realization that Nature had provided, in a crystal, a diffraction grating exactly suited for that purpose. William Lawrence Bragg, Nobel Lecture, 1922 The first ten chapters of this book provide an in-depth description of the crystallographic concepts used to describe crystals and to perform crystallographic computations. Armed with these skills, we are now ready to begin a discussion of commonly used experimental X-ray diffraction methods. First, we will discuss what X-rays are and how we can generate them. Then, we will talk about the interaction of X-rays with crystal lattices and introduce the concept of diffraction . This will lead to Bragg's law , a central theorem for diffraction. We will convert Bragg's law from its usual direct space formulation to a reciprocal space form, and introduce a graphical tool, known as the Ewald sphere , to describe diffraction events. We conclude the chapter with a brief overview of a few commonly used experimental methods. Properties and generation of X-rays In this section, we will discuss some of the fundamental properties of X-rays, and show how we can generate X-rays experimentally. We will introduce the concept of a wave vector , and describe how one can experimentally select a particular wavelength.
‘Big Data’ Decision Making Use Cases

New data streams from social media, passive data capture and other sources are creating opportunities to support decision making. Also, data volume, data velocity and data variety continue to increase. Data-driven decision making using these new data streams, often call “big” data, is an important topic for continuing discussion and research. Given the costs of this data it is important to understand “big” data and any decision making use cases. Current use cases demonstrate how new data streams can support some operating decisions. Claims that new data streams can support strategic decision making by senior managers have not been demonstrated. Managers want better data and desire the “right” data at the “right time” and in the “right format” to support targeted decisions. This article explores the challenges of identifying novel use cases relevant to decision making, especially important, strategic long-term decisions. Analyzing “big data” to find a great business plan or to identify the next revolutionary product idea seems however like wishful thinking. Data is useful and we have more of it than ever before and the volume is increasing because data capture and storage is inexpensive. “Big data” and advanced analytics may provide facts for experienced and talented strategic decision makers, but those uses are not clearly defined. At present, the major strategic decision related to “big” data for senior managers is how much time, talent and money to allocate to capturing, storing and analyzing new data streams. Better defined decision making use cases can help senior managers assess the value of new data sources.
HUMAN FACTORS IN MOTORCYCLE ACCIDENTS

Special research is being conducted at the University of Southern California under the sponsorship of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration of the United States Department of Transportation. The research consists of the on-scene, in-depth multidisciplinary investigation of 900 motorcycle accidents to determine cause factors and identify countermeasures. With the acquisition of data from the first 300 accidents, certain critical human elements have been identified as common to a great part of the accidents investigated. The problems of motorcycle conspicuity, rider skill, training and licensing, and protective equipment appear to predominate in accident causation and injury association. /HSRI/
Complete Categorical Equational Deduction

A categorical four-rule deduction system for equational logics is presented. We show that under reasonable finiteness requirements this system is complete with respect to equational satisfaction abstracted as injectivity. The generality of the presented framework allows one to derive conditional equations as well at no extra cost. In fact, our deduction system is also complete for conditional equations, a new result at the author's knowledge.
DNA replication by isolated rat trophoblast nuclei: Characterization of the system and the product

Abstract DNA biosynthesis by a system containing giant nuclei isolated from rat trophoblast cells at Day 13 of pregnancy has been studied. A method for the isolation of giant nuclei in good yield has been described. These nuclei were capable of incorporating [3H]dTTP into DNA for 2 hr and the incorporation was proportional to the amount of DNA template (nuclei). The system was highly dependent on the four deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates, ATP, and Mg2+ and was stimulated by monovalent ions such as K+. The optimum pH was 8.6. The product of the reaction was insensitive to RNase, sensitive to DNase, and banded at 1.710 g/ml in neutral CsCl together with bulk rat trophoblast DNA. Pulse-chase and density labeling experiments utilizing bromodeoxyuridine have indicated that replicative, discontinuous synthesis was taking place at sites previously active in vivo. DNA polymerases α, β, and γ were shown to be present in the nuclei. Experiments utilizing selective inhibitors of polymerases have demonstrated that DNA replication by trophoblast nuclei in vitro was insensitive to the specific α-polymerase inhibitor, aphidicolin, but almost completely inhibited by 2′, 3′-dideoxythymidine 5′-triphosphate as well as by N-ethylmaleimide suggesting that DNA replication observed in these trophoblast nuclei in vitro may be carried out by DNA polymerase γ.
Cellular control of conjugation in Escherichia coli K12: Effect of chromosomal cpx mutations on F-plasmid gene expression

Abstract DNA donor activity and surface exclusion of Escherichia coli F + and Hfr strains require expression of both F-plasmid and chromosomal genes. The plasmid genes are contained in the 35,000 base tra region, where most of them are organized as a co-regulated gene block designated the traY → Z operon. The chromosomal genes have been identified among chromosomal mutants that fail to express donor activity and surface exclusion, even when they carry normal F-plasmid DNA. We show here that mutations in two chromosomal genes, cpxA and cpxB , together reduce the abundance of tra operon mRNA to 15% or less of the value in otherwise isogenic cpxA + cpxB + cells. The cpxB1 mutation alone had no effect on the tra operon messenger RNA level, in agreement with previous evidence that this allele by itself is cryptic. We attribute the effect of both cpx mutations on tra operon mRNA to a transcriptional defect resulting from the inability of mutant cells to accumulate the traJ gene product, a 24,000 M r outer membrane protein that is also required for efficient tra operon expression in vivo . Ultraviolet light-irradiated cpxA2 cpxB1 mutant cells infected with a λp( traJ ) transducing bacteriophage that contains an intact traJ gene and its normal control sequences failed to accumulate the TraJ protein as a 24,000 M r polypeptide, whereas cpxA + cpxB1 cells, otherwise isogenic, did. In the same experimental system, both cpxA2 cpxB1 and cpxA + cpxB1 cells infected with the λp( traJ ) bacteriophage accumulated comparable levels of RNA complementary to traJ . Moreover, cpxA2 cpxB1 and cpxA + cpxB1 cells synthesized comparable levels of β-galactosidase from a traJ-lacZ protein fusion. These results show that the cpx mutations do not reduce transcription or translation initiation at traJ sequences. They define a new cellular contribution to conjugation, which we propose is related to the translocation of the TraJ protein to the outer membrane.
Production of human leukocyte migration inhibitory factor (LIF) by lymphocytes stimulated with phytohemagglutinin: II. Effects of cyclic nucleotides

Abstract Pharmacological agents known to modify intracellular levels of adenosine and guanosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP and cGMP) were tested for their ability to influence the formation of leukocyte migration inhibitory factor (LIF) by human lymphocytes stimulated by phytohemagglutinin (PHA). The cAMP-elevating agents, papaverine (3 × 10−5M) and dibutyryl cAMP (10−4–10−6M), reversibly inhibited LIF production. The effect of dibutyryl cAMP was dose related and could be reversed by simultaneous addition of dibutyryl cGMP. Experiments in which lymphocytes were treated with dibutyryl cAMP at different stages of activation showed that: (i) increased levels of cAMP interfered with LIF synthesis and/or secretion rather than the initial PHA-induced membrane events; and (ii) the period in which the lymphocytes were sensitive to cAMP-induced blocking of LIF formation was limited to the early G1 phase of the cell cycle; i.e., within 22 hr after mitogen activation. The ability of dibutyryl cAMP and papaverine to abrogate LIF production was not due to a general inhibitory effect of these agents on cellular protein synthesis or secretion. In contrast, both drugs had a weak positive effect on the release of [3H]leucine-labeled protein from PHA-activated cells. In spite of the fact that cGMP-elevating agents (10−4M dibutyryl cGMP, 10−5M carbamylcholine, and 10−5M imidazole) increased cellular protein synthesis and secretion in unstimulated mononuclear cells, they did not by themselves trigger LIF production, and they did not inhibit or enhance LIF production by PHA-activated cells.
The Kantian Sublime: From Morality to Art

In recent years Kant's aesthetic theory has been the subject of a widespread revival of interest amongst English-speaking philosophers. This revival, however, has not so far encompassed Kant's aesthetic of the sublime. This neglect is unfortunate because, amongst Continental philosophers, the Kantian sublime is currently receiving widespread discussion in debates about the nature of postmodernism. Paul Crowther thus breaks new ground by providing what is probably the first monograph in any language to be devoted exclusively to Kant's theory of the sublime.
When Relativistic Mass Meets Hyperbolic Geometry

It is admitted in the literature on special relativity that, being velocity dependent, relativistic mass is a wild notion in the sense that it does not conformwith theMinkowskian four-vector formalism. The resulting lack of clear consensus on the basic role of relativistic mass in special relativity has some influence in diminishing its use in modern books. Fortunately, relativistic mechanics is regulated by the hyperbolic geometry of Bolyai and Lobachevsky just as classical mechanics is regulated by Euclidean geometry. Guided by analogies that Euclidean geometry and classical mechanics share with hyperbolic geometry and relativistic mechanics, the objective of this article is to tame the relativistic mass by placing it under the umbrella of the Minkowskian formalism, and to present interesting consequences. AMS Subject Classification: 83A05, 51M10.
The Origin and Neuronal Function of In Vivo Nonsynaptic Glutamate

Basal extracellular glutamate sampled in vivo is present in micromolar concentrations in the extracellular space outside the synaptic cleft, and neither the origin nor the function of this glutamate is known. This report reveals that blockade of glutamate release from the cystine–glutamate antiporter produced a significant decrease (60%) in extrasynaptic glutamate levels in the rat striatum, whereas blockade of voltage-dependent Na+ and Ca2+ channels produced relatively minimal changes (0–30%). This indicates that the primary origin of in vivo extrasynaptic glutamate in the striatum arises from nonvesicular glutamate release by the cystine–glutamate antiporter. By measuring [35S]cystine uptake, it was shown that similar to vesicular release, the activity of the cystine–glutamate antiporter is negatively regulated by group II metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR2/3) via a cAMP-dependent protein kinase mechanism. Extracellular glutamate derived from the antiporter was shown to regulate extracellular levels of glutamate and dopamine. Infusion of the mGluR2/3 antagonist (RS)-1-amino-5-phosphonoindan-1-carboxylic acid (APICA) increased extracellular glutamate levels, and previous blockade of the antiporter prevented the APICA-induced rise in extracellular glutamate. This suggests that glutamate released from the antiporter is a source of endogenous tone on mGluR2/3. Blockade of the antiporter also produced an increase in extracellular dopamine that was reversed by infusing the mGluR2/3 agonist (2R,4R)-4-aminopyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxlylate, indicating that antiporter-derived glutamate can modulate dopamine transmission via mGluR2/3 heteroreceptors. These results suggest that nonvesicular release from the cystine–glutamate antiporter is the primary source of in vivo extracellular glutamate and that this glutamate can modulate both glutamate and dopamine transmission.
Towards Habitable Systems: Use of World Knowledge to Dynamically Constrain Speech Recognition

Publisher Summary Current state-of-the-art speaker-independent continuous speech recognizers are able to achieve word recognition rates well above 90 percent with lexicons of 1000 words or less using grammars with perplexity 60 or less. Performance of these systems decreases rapidly as the perplexity of the grammar increases. As users are allowed more flexibility in interacting with recognition systems, the size of the lexicons and perplexity of the grammars increase greatly. Allowing spontaneous speech instead of read speech, compounds the problems even more. Other sources of knowledge may be available to help constrain the ever more complex search spaces in such systems. When recognition systems are used in performing problem solving tasks, predictable features of the user's behavior can be used to aid recognition. A system (MINDS), which uses additional constraints based on dialog interactions is also described in the chapter. The constraints are applied in a manner that allows optimum performance when users behave predictably, and degrades gracefully when they do not. An evaluation is also presented of the system's performance to show the utility of the additional knowledge sources.
The effect of prostaglandin synthesis inhibition by indomethacin on ovulation and ovum maturation in the in vitro perfused rabbit ovary

Prostaglandins (PGs) have been implicated in the mechanism of ovulation in several species through the use of PG synthesis inhibitors such as indomethacin. Studies of ovulation in the in vitro perfused rabbit ovary have aided in the delineation of the process of ovulation. This study was designed to determine the effects of indomethacin on follicle rupture and ovum development in the in vitro perfused rabbit ovary preparation. Indomethacin treatment (0.5 microgram/ml) significantly reduced the occurrence of ovulation in gonadotropin-treated ovaries. The percentage of in vitro ovulated ova and ova recovered from unruptured follicles during ovarian perfusion which achieved Metaphase II did not significantly differ between indomethacin-treated and control ovaries (hCG alone). However, increased degeneration of Metaphase II ova was associated with indomethacin treatment. In in vitro culture experiments this degeneration could be prevented by supplemental PGF2 alpha. These results indicate that inhibition of PG synthesis by indomethacin prevents follicle rupture but does not affect ovum maturation, thus providing further evidence that these two processes are distinct phenomena in vitro.
A model to predict stream water temperature across the conterminous USA

Stream water temperature (ts) is a critical water quality parameter for aquatic ecosystems. However, ts records are sparse or nonexistent in many river systems. In this work, we present an empirical model to predict ts at the site scale across the USA. The model, derived using data from 171 reference sites selected from the Geospatial Attributes of Gages for Evaluating Streamflow database, describes the linear relationship between monthly mean air temperature (ta) and ts. Multiple linear regression models are used to predict the slope (m) and intercept (b) of the ta–ts linear relation as a function of climatic, hydrologic and land cover characteristics. Model performance to predict ts resulted in a mean Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient of 0.78 across all sites. Application of the model to predict ts at additional 89 nonreference sites with a higher human alteration yielded a mean Nash–Sutcliffe value of 0.45. We also analysed seasonal thermal sensitivity (m) and found strong hysteresis in the ta–ts relation. Drainage area exerts a strong control on m in all seasons, whereas the cooling effect of groundwater was only evident for the spring and fall seasons. However, groundwater contributions are negatively related to mean ts in all seasons. Finally, we found that elevation and mean basin slope are negatively related to mean ts in all seasons, indicating that steep basins tend to stay cooler because of shorter residence times to gain heat from their surroundings. This model can potentially be used to predict climate change impacts on ts across the USA. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An immersed boundary method wall model for high‐Reynolds‐number channel flow over complex topography

SUMMARY High-Reynolds-number channel flows regularly encounter topographies composed of multiple length scales and that protrude into the boundary layer. Physically, the presence of immersed obstacles leads to increased velocity gradients, turbulence production, and manifestation of wakes. Considerable challenges are associated with numerically describing the presence of obstacles in channel flows. Common approaches include generation of a computational mesh that is uniquely designed for the flow and obstacle, the immersed boundary method, and terrain-following coordinates. There are challenges and limitations associated with each of these techniques. Specification of boundary conditions representing the perimeter of solid obstacles is a primary challenge of the immersed boundary method. In this document, a simplistic canopy stress-like wall model is used to impose boundary conditions. The model isolates aerodynamically relevant local frontal areas through evaluation of the gradient of the topographic height field. The gradient of the height field describes both the surface-normal direction and the frontal area, making it ideal for detecting areas on which the flow impinges. The model is tested in numerical simulations of turbulent half-channel flow over topographies with different obstacles affixed–right prisms, rectangular prisms, ellipsoidal mounds, and sinusoids. In all cases, the performance is strong relative to datasets presented in the literature. Results are finally presented for numerical simulation of flow over complex synthetic fractal-like topography and a synthetic city. These results show interesting trends in how the turbulent multiscale flow field responds to multiscale topography. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Research: A factor analysis of internal service constructs in the lodging industry: The employee factors

Parasuraman, Zeithaml and Berry's Extended Model of Service Quality has received a great deal of attention in various disciplines. Nearly all the work on this model has addressed either the dimensionality of the consumer service perceptions or the way in which the model measures quality. Only one work has been identified that addressed the internal components of their model. It is critical that organizations understand the internal factors that affect the delivery of a high quality service experience. This research subjects the internal constructs identified by Parasuraman, Zeithaml and Berry to a factor analysis study in the lodging industry. This research found that the employee factors did not function as proposed. New factors are identified based on exploratory factor analysis anda comparison of the two models is presented.
Summation of behavioral and immunological stress: metabolic consequences to the growing mouse.

To address the hypothesis that multiple stressors can have cumulative effects on the individual, we determined the effects of restraint (R) stress (4 h/day for 7 days), immunological (L) stress [li...
BIOSYNTHESIS OF RIBOSE AND DEOXYRIBOSE IN PSEUDOMONAS SACCHAROPHILA

Fossitt, Dexter D. (University of Michigan, Ann Arbor), and I. A. Bernstein. Biosynthesis of ribose and deoxyribose in Pseudomonas saccharophila. J. Bacteriol. 86:1326–1331. 1963.—The biosynthesis of ribose and deoxyribose in Pseudomonas saccharophila was studied by radioisotope-tracer techniques. Patterns of C14 in ribose isolated from the nucleic acids of cells grown on labeled glucose suggested that pentose was made by the pathway involving transaldolase and transketolase. When cells were grown on radioactive gluconate, the tracer patterns indicated the possibility of a new pathway for the biosynthesis of ribose. Isotopic patterns in deoxyribose, in general, were consistent with the pathway involving reduction of ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides. Certain aspects of the data, however, were not explained by this known pathway.
Pomegranate extract induces ellagitannin metabolite formation and changes stool microbiota in healthy volunteers

The health benefits of pomegranate (POM) consumption are attributed to ellagitannins and their metabolites, formed and absorbed in the intestine by the microbiota. In this study twenty healthy participants consumed 1000 mg of POM extract daily for four weeks. Based on urinary and fecal content of the POM metabolite urolithin A (UA), we observed three distinct groups: (1) individuals with no baseline UA presence but induction of UA formation by POM extract consumption (n = 9); (2) baseline UA formation which was enhanced by POM extract consumption (N = 5) and (3) no baseline UA production, which was not inducible (N = 6). Compared to baseline the phylum Actinobacteria was increased and Firmicutes decreased significantly in individuals forming UA (producers). Verrucomicrobia (Akkermansia muciniphila) was 33 and 47-fold higher in stool samples of UA producers compared to non-producers at baseline and after 4 weeks, respectively. In UA producers, the genera Butyrivibrio, Enterobacter, Escherichia, Lactobacillus, Prevotella, Serratia and Veillonella were increased and Collinsella decreased significantly at week 4 compared to baseline. The consumption of pomegranate resulted in the formation of its metabolites in some but not all participants. POM extract consumption may induce health benefits secondary to changes in the microbiota.
Nonvascularized methods of mandible reconstruction

The advent of microsurgical technique has relegated nonvascularized methods of mandibular reconstruction to a less significant role than they occupied only 10 years ago. In properly selected patients, however, free autogenous bone grafts and alloplastic implants still offer reconstruction options that can be both reliable and effective. The single most important factor in deciding between vascularized and nonvascularized mandible reconstruction is the tissue characteristics of the recipient site. Previous irradiation, lack of adequate intraoral lining or cutaneous cover, bone sites with osteomyelitis or osteoradionecrosis, or tissue beds with extensive scarring caused by previous surgery or trauma bode poorly for nonvascularized techniques. The adjunctive use of pre- and postoperative hyperbaric oxygen may permit nonvascularized bone grafting to be effective in these compromised wound beds. In mandibular resection sites with unimpaired wound healing, a variety of nonvascularizedtechniques are described, which are useful particularly in lateral body and ramus defects. In patients with limited life expectancy, alloplastic metal implants alone can restore acceptable form and function, even in less optimal tissue beds.
The molecular structure of polyethylene. XVI. Analytical column fractionation

An analytical procedure for the solvent-gradient elution fractionation of polyethylene has been devised and applied to both linear and branched polyethylenes. The procedure utilizes selective polymer deposition, programmed solvent composition to keep the polymer:solvent ratio below 1:10,000 at all stages, and reparation of the sampler into several hundred fractions. A smaller number of these fractions is characterized by dilute solution viscosity. New, self-consistent viscosity-molecular weight relations are derived which give improved agreement in weight-average molecular weights observed directly by light scattering, derived from whole polymer viscosities, and derived from fractionation date. Number-average molecular weights derived from fractionation data are in good agreement with those measured directly. Digital computer techniques are described for deriving integral and differential distribution curves, as well as average molecular weights. Typical results are presented. The broad molecular weight distribution curves in linear polyethylenes are confirmed. For many samples, the differential distribution curve has no peak above the lowest, molecular weight measured, in the neighborhood of 1,000.
Broadband circulators based on directional coupling of one-way waveguides

Resonator-based optical circulators are fundamentally bandwidth-limited by their quality factors. We propose a new type of circulator based on directional coupling between one-way photonic chiral edge states and conventional two-way waveguides. The operational bandwidth of such circulators is tied to the bandwidth of the directional waveguide coupler and has the potential for simultaneous broadband operation and small device footprint.
Prophylactic lidocaine in acute myocardial infarction: Resurface or reburial?

a p ach year in the United States, 5 million patients present to hospitals with chest pain.1 More than 1 illion of these patients are subsequently diagnosed ith acute myocardial infarctions (AMIs). These inlude the subgroups of patients with ST-segment eleation myocardial infarction and non–ST-segment elvation myocardial infarction. Since the 1960s, the volution of the treatment of patients with AMI has hanged dramatically, with the advent of coronary are units, direct percutaneous coronary intervention, nd a full assortment of drugs, including aspirin, cloidogrel, heparin, blockers, angiotensin-converting nzyme inhibitors, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, nd thrombolytics. Each of these drug therapies has ndergone extensive testing to determine its benefits, nd together, they have paved the way for a 50% eduction in mortality from coronary artery disease ver the past 4 decades.2 Notably, this list of drugs that have shown benefit n AMI does not include antiarrhythmic drugs, such as idocaine, which has been regarded as inappropriate rophylactic therapy in AMI.3 This omission may be hought of as puzzling, considering that primary venricular fibrillation (VF), defined as VF in the absence f pulmonary edema or cardiogenic shock, remains an mportant contributor to increased mortality during the rst 24 hours of an AMI. The heated debate about the otential benefit of lidocaine for AMI dates back to he 1960s. During that era, the advent of coronary care nits brought studies that demonstrated that lidocaine uppressed premature ventricular complexes and other o-called warning arrhythmias considered to be haringers of VF in evolving AMI.4 Soon, additional tudies supporting the use of lidocaine to suppress entricular arrhythmias in AMI were conducted.5–8 he major limitations of these early studies included mall sample sizes, a lack of randomization, and inonsistent drug delivery and dosing. Ensuing studies ueled the controversy further by demonstrating that egardless of the incidence of primary VF, no signifcant difference on subsequent mortality could be emonstrated.8,9 Despite the lack of convincing morality data, prophylactic lidocaine in the setting of
Theoretical and phenomenological studies concerning a possible new phase of QED.

In this paper we present a variety of investigations inspired by the explanation of narrow e/sup +/e/sup -/ peaks in heavy-ion collisions as due to a possible new phase of QED. We extend, to the fourth order, previous calculations of the spectrum of QED in the strong-coupling phase. We formulate a program to study the properties of the electron propagator as a function of nonconstant background fields, using Monte Carlo techniques. We also construct a phenomenological model, based on the idea of a new phase, of some peculiar features of the heavy-ion scattering data. Motivated by the recent Bhabha-scattering experiments, we compute the effect on the Bhabha and annihilation cross sections of a narrow pseudoscalar state, including the contribution of the interference term.
A case against the consolidation of foreign subsidiaries’ and a United States parent’s financial statements

Abstract Generally accepted accounting principles in the United States usually require that companies which own more than 50% of the voting stock of foreign corporations prepare consolidated financial statements. The foreign financial statements must be recast into US GAAP and the foreign currency financial statements must be translated into US dollars. Alternative methods of translating foreign currency have major impacts on consolidated financial statements and on the behavior of management. Further, foreign subsidiary financial statements which are recast into US GAAP are less useful than the originals, and US users cannot analyze them without reference to the foreign environment. The interests of financial statement users are better served by alternative presentations of foreign currency denominated accounts rather than by consolidation.
Rat urate oxidase: cloning and structural analysis of the gene and 5'-flanking region.

Abstract The structural gene ( UOX ) encoding rat urate oxidase (UOX) spans at least 23 kb and is composed of eight exons and seven introns. All of the exon-intron splice junction sequences conformed to the GT/AG consensus established for eukaryotic genes. The transcription start point ( tsp ) was determined using S1-type nuclease protection riboprobe, and assigned to an adenine 54 nucleotides (nt) upstream of the ATG start codon. A 456-bp 5' -terminal fragment, starting at the ATG codon, carries a putative TATA (ATAAAA) sequence at −32, and two putative ‘CAAT box’ sequences at −62 and −71 bp upstream from the tsp . No sequence resembling ‘GC’ box hexanucleotides (GGGCGG or CCGCCC) was found. The structural features of the 5' -flanking region of the UOX gene are distinct from the 5' -flanking sequences of peroxisomal β-oxidation system genes which contain one or more ‘GC’ box elements but lack TATA- and CAAT-like features [Osumi et al., J. Biol. Chem. 262 (1987) 8138–8143; Ishii et al., J. Biol. Chem. 262 (1987) 8144–8150]. The 5' -flanking region of the UOX gene reveals a sequence, TTAGTAATT at nt −276 from the tsp , which appears to be complementary to the underlined part of the liver-specific LF-B1/HNF-1 consensus sequence, GTT AATNATTAA C (where N = A, C, T, G or no nt).
Vehicle movement patterns and vegetative impacts during military training exercises

Abstract The operation of off-road vehicles during military training exercises can affect the environmental conditions of training lands by removing or disturbing vegetation. The use of global positioning systems (GPS)-based vehicle tracking systems can help to characterize the movement of vehicles during training exercises for the purpose of quantifying vegetative impacts. The combination of GPS positions of vehicles in the field during a training exercise, and geographic information system (GIS) maps of the training installation can provide information about vehicle-specific vegetation impacts of a training exercise, as related to vehicle locations, turning radius and velocity. Such relationships can be used to estimate off-road vegetation impacts. Twenty GPS-based vehicle tracking systems were installed on vehicles of the US Army 3rd Brigade 1/14 Cavalry to evaluate vegetation impacts during a 10 day reconnaissance training exercise at Yakima Training Center in Yakima, WA. The vehicle tracking systems were programmed to record the position of the vehicles every second. The resulting vehicle tracking data were analyzed for quantity of travel per day of the training activity, quantity of travel on and off roads, off-road vehicle dynamic properties turning radius and velocity, and off-road vegetation removed. The vehicles were in motion an average of 8.4% (approximately 2 h per day) of the training exercise time. The average distance traveled per day on roads was 33.5 km, and the average distance traveled per day off-roads was 7.7 km. On average, the vehicles spent 16% of their off-road traveling time at turning radii less than 20 m. Vegetation impacts were compared for different missions. The zone reconnaissance mission produced the highest vegetation impact per distance traveled.
Mass media and public education: The effects of access to community radio in Benin

Abstract Prior research on mass media and government accountability has not examined the effects of citizen media access on broad public services, such as education. At the same time, research has abstracted from the potentially influential role of mass media on parental investments in children's education. We address both issues using a “natural experiment” in radio access in Benin and find that school children's literacy rates are higher in villages exposed to a larger number of community radio stations. There is no evidence that this effect operates through greater government responsiveness. Instead, households with greater media access make larger private investments in their children's education.