cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Young children's emotional practices while engaged in long-term science investigation

In this article, the role of young children's emotional practices in science learning is described and analyzed. From the standpoint of performativity theory and social-constructionist theory of emotion, it is argued that emotion is performative and the expression of emotion in the classroom has its basis in social relationships. Arising from these relationships is the emotional culture of the classroom that plays a key role in the development of classroom emotional rules as well as the legitimation of science knowledge. These relationships are reflected in two levels of classroom dialogue: talking about and doing science, and expressing emotions about science and its learning. The dynamics of the negotiations of classroom emotional rules and science knowledge legitimation may dispose students to act positively or negatively toward science learning. This analysis is illustrated in the experiences of a teacher and her students during a 3-year ethnographic study of emotions in science teaching and learning. This research suggests the importance of the interrelationship between emotions and science learning and the notion that emotional practices can be powerful in nurturing effective and exciting science learning environments. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 41: 693–719, 2004
CyberCut: A World Wide Web based design-to-fabrication tool

Abstract For some time there has been an expectation that a “mechanical MOSIS” system will soon become available to mechanical designers for the rapid manufacture of functional prototypes. Recent advances in client-server interaction, automated process planning, and rapid manufacturing services now make it possible to provide a World Wide Web based, seamless CAD/CAPP/CAM system. Currently, the following services are provided via the Internet: (1) a design-for-manufacture CAD interface, written in Java™, (2) a choice between two CAPP systems, and (3) access to an open architecture machine tool for fabrication of mechanical parts. Together, these modules comprise CyberCut, a mechanical design and manufacturing service. CyberCut is the extension of an already proven Integrated Manufacturing and Design Environment (IMADE) into a distributed agent environment. It will provide users access to a rapid prototyping service in a variety of materials, with the ±0.002 in. tolerances made possible by typical CNC machining.
Combinatorial Testing for Software: an Adaptation of Design of Experiments

Abstract Software has become increasingly ubiquitous in tools and methods used for science, engineering, medicine, commerce, and human interactions. Extensive testing is required to assure that software works correctly. Combinatorial testing is a versatile methodology which is useful in a broad range of situations to detect faults in software. It is based on the insight that while the behavior of a software system may be affected by a large number of factors, only a few factors are involved in a failure-inducing fault. We discuss the development of combinatorial testing for software as adaptation of design of experiment methods. Combinatorial testing began as pairwise testing in which first orthogonal arrays and then covering arrays were used to make sure that all pairs of the test settings were tested. Subsequent investigations of actual software failures showed that pairwise (2-way) testing may not always be sufficient and combinatorial t -way testing for t greater than 2 may be needed. Until recently efficient tools for generating test suites for combinatorial t -way testing were not widely available. Combinatorial testing has become practical because efficient and free downloadable tools with support of constraints have become available.
Deep Hubble Space Telescope imaging of a compact radio galaxy at z = 2.390

The radio galaxy with the highest redshift in the Leiden-Berkeley Deep Survey, 53W002, is described and examined in terms of UV profile in relation to an early-type galaxy. The HST WFC images have a resolution of 0.2 arcsec FWHM, and the I- and V-band structures are assessed. The source is elongated in a manner similar to the Ly alpha cloud in V, and the structure is highly compact in I. The present object with a young starburst has very high central UV surface brightnesses relative to nearby luminous early-type galaxies, while the light profiles are similar. The data are concluded to suggest that 53W002 is a young galaxy that has a regular light profile at z = 2.390 even though it has been forming stars since not more than about 0.5 Gyr before z = 2.390. Such a scenario is consistent with concurrent dynamical collapse and star formation in the compact radio galaxy.
Regio- and stereoselectivity in the Diels–Alder reaction of vinylallenes with acrolein: an ab initio study

Abstract To explore the regio- and stereoselectivity in Diels–Alder reactions of vinylallenes with acrolein, a parent vinylallene/acrolein system and a methyl-substituted vinylallene/acrolein system were studied. Ab initio calculations were used to identify eight transition state structures for each of the two Diels–Alder reactions at various computational levels (RHF/6-31G(d), RHF/6-311G(2d), B3LYP/6-311G(2d), and MP2/6-311G(2d)). The relative energies of the endo and exo transition states along with the regioselectivity have been determined from these calculations. In the parent vinylallene/acrolein system, the endo s-cis transition structure is the preferred stereoselectivity at all levels of theory, however, there is no regioselectivity. In the methyl substituted vinylallene/acrolein system, the endo s-trans transition state tends to compete with the endo s-cis transition state at the RHF levels of theory and is 1 kcal/mol more stable at the B3LYP/6-311G(2d) level of theory. Also, in the methyl-substituted system, there is now a definite preference for one regioisomer over the other. Both Diels–Alder reaction systems are asynchronous with the methyl-substituted system being more pronounced.
Sex chromosome-wide association analysis suggested male-specific risk genes for alcohol dependence.

BackgroundAlcohol dependence is more common among men than among women. Potential explanations for this include the role of genes in sex chromosomes (X and Y). In the present study, we scanned the entire Y chromosome and its homologs on the X chromosome in men to identify male-specific risk genes fo
Reconciling prediction algorithms for Dst

[1] The Burton et al. equation and the Ring Current Atmosphere Interaction Model (RAM) code give about equally good fits to Dst profiles of strong magnetic storms, yet they are driven by different functions of the interplanetary electric field, one rising linearly and the other eventually saturating. We show that by reformulating the Burton et al. equation such that a quadratic form of the driving term replaces the original linear form, the new prediction algorithm driven by the saturation form of the driving electric field produces about equally good fits to Dst as the original Burton et al. equation and the RAM code. The form of the quadratic driving term is constructed by specializing a general form given by dimensional analysis.
The Impact of Clinical and Cognitive Variables on Social Functioning in Parkinson's Disease: Patient versus Examiner Estimates

Purpose. To assess the impact of clinical variables on social skills and behaviors in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients and patient versus examiner estimates of social functioning. Methods. Twenty-eight patients with PD and 32 controls with chronic disease were assessed with a battery of neuropsychologic, personality, mood, and social function tests. Results. Patients' estimates of their own social functioning were not significantly different from examiners' estimates. The impact of clinical variables on social functioning in PD revealed depression to be the strongest association of social functioning in PD on both the patient and the examiner version of the Social Adaptation Self-Evaluation Scale. Conclusions. PD patients appear to be well aware of their social strengths and weaknesses. Depression and motor symptom severity are significant predictors of both self- and examiner reported social functioning in patients with PD. Assessment and treatment of depression in patients with PD may improve social functioning and overall quality of life.
Putting culture back into acculturation: Identifying and overcoming gaps in the definition and measurement of acculturation

Abstract The concept of acculturation is widely used in the health and social sciences to explain various health and behavioral outcomes. A review of the literature highlights weaknesses in current acculturation research including the failure to ground the concept in a theory of culture, failure to specify the pathways through which acculturation impacts on outcomes and reliance on methodological tools that do not measure the core construct of interest. Building on cognitive and evolutionary anthropological theories and methods of measuring the distribution of cultural beliefs, we suggest that a research program focused on acculturation needs to initially aim at measuring beliefs, attitudes, and norms, and not on behavior. Researchers should empirically examine the distribution of beliefs across presumed cultural groups, and specify how these might impact on outcomes of interest. By parceling beliefs as distinct from behavior, our approach advances culture as but one possible hypothesis to account for outcomes.
Multiplicity distribution and source deformation in full-overlap U+U collisions

We present a full Monte Carlo simulation of the multiplicity and eccentricity distributions in $U+U$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=200\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}A\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GeV}$. Although unavoidable trigger inefficiencies in selecting full-overlap $U+U$ collisions cause significant modifications of the multiplicity distribution shown in Heinz and Kuhlman [Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 132301 (2005)], a selection of source eccentricities by cutting the multiplicity distribution is still possible.
Calculation of Relaxation Time in Polyurethanes Using Additive Group Contributions

SYNOPSIS The method of additive properties was used to calculate the dynamic mechanical relaxation time for a series of polyurethanes. Calculations were also made of density and glass transition temperature. Group contributions for nine component groups were determined. With these group values, the densities of the 12 polymers used to determine the groups were calculated and found to agree with measured values within an average of 0.2%. Calculated glass transition temperatures also agreed with measured values within 0.2%. The relaxation time, defined as a parameter in the Havriliak-Negami equation, was shown to be correlated with the glass transition temperature, allowing relaxation time to also be expressed as an additive property. Calculated logarithms of relaxation times agree with measured values to within 7% over a range,of relaxation times covering many decades. 0 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Planning for Megacontainerships: Statewide Transportation Planning Approach

The emergence of the megacontainership, exceeding 5,000 twenty-foot equivalents (TEUs) in capacity, is of interest to shippers, logistics companies, port authorities, and those engaged in maritime planning. Where such ships unload, rather than transship, state transportation agencies responsible for multimodal planning and highway connectivity are affected by greater flows of containers passing through the load center. A planning process is described that can be applied at the state level to select a megacontainership site. It was developed as part of a Texas Department of Transportation research study into the effects of containerships on the state transportation system but is generic in structure and can be applied at port sites located in other parts of the United States.
Early Mars: Without phosphate limits

Phosphorus is an important element for biogeochemical development. According to a set of experiments, martian phosphate minerals dissolve more quickly than terrestrial ones, possibly providing nutrients in aqueous environments for early martian life.
Form and intrinsic birefringence

We consider a base medium with index of refraction n containing aligned anisotropic ellipsoidal inclusions having coincident optical and geometrical axes, specified by three indices of refraction ni and depolarization factors Qi (with i = a,b,c). From Maxwell–Clausius forms for the bulk dielectric constants, we construct the difference of two indices of refraction ηa − ηb = τ (to third order in ni − n) for comparison with birefringence measurements. We obtain simple explicit expressions for τ(n) (showing both intrinsic and form birefringence) and for the special value n = nˆ corresponding to an extremum of τ. The dependence of nˆ on na and nb, and on Qa and Qb is emphasized.
PARENTING AND ATTACHMENT AMONG TODDLERS WITH CONGENITAL ANOMALIES: EXAMINING THE STRANGE SITUATION AND ATTACHMENT Q-SORT

Cette etude a evalue les facteurs de prediction d'attachement du parent et de l'enfant chez un echantillon de 72 jeunes enfants ayant des malformations congenitales neurologiques (par exemple la paralysie motrice centrale) et non-neurologique (par exemple le palais fendu ou la levre fendue) et leurs meres. On s'attendait a ce que la qualite de parentage (c'est-a-dire la sensibilite) soit plus importante dans la prediction de la relation d'attachement que le type et la severite de la condition medicale de l'enfant. Le parentage et les indices de severite de la condition de l'enfant ont ete mesures grâce a l'observation de recherche. L'attachement fut mesure par la Strange Situation et un Q-sort d'attachement d'un parent. La qualite de parentage etait meilleure pour les enfants ayant les deformations cosmetiques les plus severes. La Strange Situation et les Q-sort d'attachement n'etaient pas lies de maniere significative. Les enfants avec les troubles neurologiques etaient beaucoup plus a risque de developper des attachements insecures que ne l'etaient les enfants ayant des troubles n'etant pas neurologiques. La qualite de parentage predisait aussi directement la securite d'attachement evaluee par Strange Situation et la recherche/l'exploration du confort Q-sort, mais pas les scores criteres de Q-sort standard. La qualite de parentage influencait partiellement la relation entre la condition medicale de l'enfant et la securite de l'attachement. Les resultats suggerent que les facteurs medicaux de l'enfant influencent le parentage, et donc l'attachement de l'enfant.
Labor Concerns of Women Two Months After Delivery

ABSTRACT:Background:Women strive to incorporate their labor and delivery experiences into their self-system as they form an identity as a mother. As part of a larger study examining the development of maternal identity, women were asked to respond to a single open-ended question-"Is there anything a
Basal cell carcinoma and collagenase.

. The interaction of connective tissue stroma and epithelial cutaneous cancer is an active area of investigation in dermatology. Studies summarized here explore the role of collagenase in basal cell carcinoma (BCC) invasiveness. Evidence is presented to support the role of a cytokine or cytokines secreted by BCCs that stimulate collagenase production by surrounding stromal fibroblasts. Prospects for further research in this area are proposed.
Plasma fibronectin deficiency in Reye syndrome.

systems and phYtohemagglutinin skin reactivity in malnutrition. Nutr Res 2:137, 1983. 7. Gelfand.J, Torun B, Keusch GT, Cruz JR: Profound depression of the alternative pathway in protein-energy malnutrition: A reversible defect of host defenses (abstract). Proceedings of the 22nd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC, 1982, p 157. 8. Parent MA, Loen~ng WEK, Coovadia HM, Smythe PM: Pattern of biochemical and immune recovery in proteincalorie malnutrition. S Afr Med J 48:1375, 1974. 9. Johnston RB Jr, Attenberger KM, Atkinson AW Jr, Curry RH: Complement in the newborn infant. Pediatrics 64:696, 1979, t0. Polhill RB Jr, Pruitt KM, Johnston RB Jr: Kinetic assessment of alternative complement pathway activitY in a hemolyt!c system. I. Experimental and mathematical analysis. J Immunol 121:363, 1978. 11. Keusch GT, Ambinder EP, Kovacs I, Goldberg JD, Phillips D, Holland JT: Role of opsonins in clinical response to granulocyte transfusion in granulocytopenic patients. Am J Med 73:552, 1982. 12. Keusch GT, Urrutia J J, Guerrero O, Castaneda G, Smith H Jr: Serum opsonic activity activity in acute protein-energy malnutrition. Bull WHO 59:923, 1981. 13. Weinstein R J, Young LS: Neutrophil function in gramnegative rod bacteremia: The interaction between phagocytic cells, infecting organisms, and humoral factors. J Clin Invest 58:190, 1976. 14. Corry JM, Marshall WC, Guthrie LA, Peerless AG, Johnston RB Jr: Deficient activity of the alternative pathway of complement in ~-thalassemia major. Am J Dis Child 135:529, 1981.
Iterative deformable FEM model for nonrigid PET/MRI breast image coregistration

We implemented an iterative nonrigid registration algorithm to accurately combine functional (PET) and anatomical (MRI) images in 3D. Our method relies on a Finite Element Method (FEM) and a set of fiducial skin markers (FSM) placed on breast surface. The method is applicable if the stress conditions in the imaged breast are virtually the same in PET and MRI. In the first phase, the displacement vectors of the corresponding FSM observed in MRI and PET are determined, then FEM is used to distribute FSM displacements linearly over the entire breast volume. Our FEM model relies on the analogy between each of the orthogonal components of displacement field, and the temperature distribution field in a steady state heat transfer (SSHT) in solids. The problem can thus be solved via standard heat-conduction FEM software, with arbitrary conductivity of surface elements set much higher than that of volume elements. After determining the displacements at all mesh nodes, moving (MRI) breast volume is registered to target (PET) breast volume using an image-warping algorithm. In the second iteration, to correct for any residual surface and volume misregistration, a refinement process is applied to the moving image, which was already grossly aligned with the target image in 3D using FSM. To perform this process we determine a number of corresponding points on each moving and target image surfaces using a nearest-point approach. Then, after estimating the displacement vectors between the corresponding points on the surfaces we apply our SSHT model again. We tested our model on twelve patients with suspicious breast lesions. By using lesions visible in both PET and MRI, we established that the target registration error is below two PET voxels. The surface registration error is comparable to the spatial resolution of PET.
A Sophisticated Privacy-Enhanced Yet Accountable Security Framework for Metropolitan Wireless Mesh Networks

Recently, multi-hop wireless mesh networks (WMNs) have attracted increasing attention and deployment as a low-cost approach to provide broadband Internet access at metropolitan scale. Security and privacy issues are of most concern in pushing the success of WMNs for their wide deployment and for supporting service-oriented applications. Despite the necessity, limited security research has been conducted towards privacy preservation in WMNs. This motivates us to develop PEACE, a soPhisticated privacy-Enhanced yet Accountable seCurity framEwork, tailored for WMNs. At the one hand, PEACE enforces strictuser access control to cope with both free riders and malicious users. On the other hand, PEACE offers sophisticated user privacy protection against both adversaries and various other network entities. PEACE is presented as a suite of authentication and key agreement protocols built upon our proposed short group signature variation. Our analysis shows that PEACE is resilient to a number of security and privacy related attacks.
Measuring the Longitudinal Effects of Food Carbon Footprint Training on Consumers: Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behavioral Intentions

Although the supply chains through which foods are produced, processed, and transported can have a significant impact on carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions, consumers are largely unaware of how their food choices may impact the environment. Based on a previous related study, 1 we hypothesized that a web-based training process could increase consumer knowledge and perhaps influence consumer behavior longitudinally. To test this, food distribution networks were modeled and analyzed to determine CO 2 footprints for a variety of foods, and a training process was designed to teach consumers about the CO 2 emissions for different types of foods that are provided either locally or transported over long distances. The training allowed users to compare alternative choices for their daily food menu. Participants from two major urban universities were given an initial knowledge survey after which they participated in the online training program including the carbon footprint of foods associated with production, preparation, transportation, and storage. Later they took a post-treatment survey regarding their knowledge and their intentions to change their purchasing behavior in selecting foods. Follow-up surveys were administered after one month and after three months. Results indicate that participants’ post-training knowledge increased and partici pants indicated that they intended to use the knowledge they gained to make more sustainable food choices. Additionally, participants partially retained the knowledge gained over time, maintained their intentions to change behavior, and followed through by implementing behavior change related to more sustainable food choices.
X band highly efficient GaN power amplifier utilizing built-in electroformed heat sinks for advanced thermal management

We report an X-band class-E GaN power amplifier with built-in electroformed heat sink. Our novel approach for packaging, cooling and interconnecting allows “known good die” GaN MMICs to be combined with other components (Si, SiGe, passives etc) and enable GaN based RF front-ends. The presented amplifier offers continuous wave (CW) output power (Pout) of 34 dBm (power density of 3.2W/mm) with associated power added efficiency (PAE) of 72% and drain efficiency (DE) of 82% when biased at 15V. At 21V the PA offers CW Pout of 36.4 dBm (power density of 5.5W/mm) and associated PAE of 57%. Compared to identical PAs mounted on Cu-W heat sinks with silver epoxy and AuSn eutectic solder this corresponds to a 2x and 1.5x improvement in Pout respectively.
Functional Range of Creatinine Clearance for Renal Drug Dosing: A Practical Solution to the Controversy of Which Weight to Use in the Cockcroft-Gault Equation

OBJECTIVETo describe a practical solution for addressing body weight when using the Cockcroft-Gault equation to determine drug dosing.DATA SOURCESA literature search was conducted using PubMed MEDLINE (1980-April 2013) using creatinine clearance, Cockcroft and Gault, Cockcroft-Gault, body weight, and obesity as search terms. Reference citations from publications reviewed were included.STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTIONAll English-language articles identified by the search were reviewed. Studies comparing the accuracy and bias of the Cockcroft-Gault equation using a variety of body weight designations in adult populations were included in the analysis.DATA SYNTHESISStudy results indicated that, for obese patients, ideal body weight (IBW) underestimates creatinine clearance (CrCl) and total body weight (TBW) overestimates CrCl. Some studies suggest that adjusted body weight with a factor of 0.4 is most accurate, while others suggest the use of lean body weight. These studies have failed to produce a defini...
The myotonic dystrophy type 2 protein ZNF9 is part of an ITAF complex that promotes cap-independent translation.

The 5′-untranslated region of the ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) mRNA contains an internal ribosomal entry site (IRES). Mutational analysis of the ODC IRES has led to the identification of sequences necessary for cap-independent translation of the ODC mRNA. To discover novel IRES trans-acting factors (ITAFs), we performed a proteomics screen for proteins that regulate ODC translation using the wild-type ODC mRNA and a mutant version with an inactive IRES. We identified two RNA-binding proteins that associate with the wild-type ODC IRES but not the mutant IRES. One of these RNA-binding proteins, PCBP2, is an established activator of viral and cellular IRESs. The second protein, ZNF9 (myotonic dystrophy type 2 protein), has not been shown previously to bind IRES-like elements. Using a series of biochemical assays, we validated the interaction of these proteins with ODC mRNA. Interestingly ZNF9 and PCBP2 biochemically associated with each other and appeared to function as part of a larger holo-ITAF ribonucleoprotein complex. Our functional studies showed that PCBP2 and ZNF9 stimulate translation of the ODC IRES. Importantly these results may provide insight into the normal role of ZNF9 and why ZNF9 mutations cause myotonic dystrophy.
An ab initio study of the structure and torsional modes of the H2SO4 molecule

Ab initio calculations at the STG-3G and 4-31G levels have been carried out for the H,SO, molecule as a function of the pair of twist angles of the H-O bonds about the respective G-S bonds. Values for the remaining bond angles and lengths were taken from the recent microwave structural dete~i~tion by Kuczkowski et al. The results indicate a minimum energy for a structure with a (SC, sc) conformation and C, symmetry, where SC denotes synclinal, or gauche. This structure corresponds to that observed. At a higher energy of 11.5 kJ mol“ (4-31G) there is a structure with a (e sc, --SC) conformation and C, symmetry. The torsional modes corresponding to the a and b irreducible representations of the C, point group are estimated to have frequencies of 280 and 265 cm-‘, respectively.
Digital VLSI logic technology using Carbon Nanotube FETs: frequently asked questions

Carbon Nanotube Field-Effect Transistors (CNFETs) show promise as extensions to silicon-CMOS. Ideal CNFET circuits can potentially provide 20X Energy-Delay-Product benefits over silicon-CMOS at the 16 nm technology node. However, several challenges must be overcome before such performance benefits can be experimentally realized. In this paper, we present a brief overview of CNFET technology, and address commonly raised concerns through a series of Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs). We also provide a CNFET technology outlook which includes a survey of challenges as well as existing and potential solutions to these challenges.
210 Pb chronology of sequences affected by burrow excavation and infilling; examples from shallow marine carbonate sediment sequences, Holocene South Florida and Caicos Platform, British West Indies

ABSTRACT A variety of sedimentological criteria and direct field observations indicate that deposits of shallow carbonate platforms and mud banks are extensively transformed during megafaunal bioturbation by deep-burrowing crustaceans. 210Pb dating of surficial sediment and burrow fills dissected from the upper 1-3 m of sediments at four sites on the Caicos Platform and in South Florida corroborates sedimentologic descriptions of rapid biogenic alteration of entire facies. Deep burrow networks are either progressively filled when vacated or catastrophically filled during storms. 210Pb distributions from the study sites show that at least some infill is predominantly surficial sediment (0-30 cm). Assuming that all identifi ble deep burrow fills containing excess 210Pb derive from the uppermost 0-5 cm interval, an estimate of facies replacement by "nonlocal" transport can be made based on measured excess 210Pb values of fill and the corresponding total discernible fill volume in cores. Although there is a large uncertainty in some cases, calculations indicate that at the sites studied, burrow excavation and infilling can completely transform the upper 1-2 m, and possibly 3.5 m, of deposits in 100-600 yr, depending on the exact sediment interval. More rapid transformation of deposits is required if fill is derived from below 5 cm. Bioge ic transformation rates are sufficiently fast compared to net sedimentation that burrow infills, not primary physical deposition, determine the composition, porosity, fabric, and texture of the preserved facies. The 210Pb profiles in the deepest regions of deposits in the present cases are further complicated by basal enrichments of 226Ra, which apparently diffuses upwards from Pleistocene calcrete surfaces into overlying Holocene sediment. This diffusion requires careful documentation of supported 210Pb near this contact, but also offers the potential for an additional transport tracer internal to the deposits.
Intramolecular exciton relaxation and migration dynamics in poly(3-hexylthiophene)

Exciton dynamics are investigated for size selected poly(3-hexylthiophene) samples in dilute chloroform solutions using time-resolved fluorescence. The sizes range from an average of 39 monomers (Mw = 6490 Da) to an average of 168 monomers (Mw = 27860 Da). Both isotropic emission transients, which monitor downhill energy migration, and time-resolved emission depolarization, used to measure orientational migration of the excitons, are reported as a function of emission energy. Downhill energy migration accelerates significantly as the chains become longer. While amplitude of the initial (sub-100 fs) depolarization increases with chain length, the subsequent rate of exciton reorientation is relatively insensitive to chain length for times less than 30 ps and then slows as the chains become longer. The chain length dependence provides additional insight into the connection between spectral diffusion and exciton spatial migration. The results are considered in terms of the distribution of accessible exciton s...
Toward a sustaining production theory

Abstract Production is commonly described as the root of wealth creation, growth and progress. Mainline production theory ascribes this wealth generating ability to a limited number of inputs transformed into equally narrowly defined goods and services. Output which is not part of the official economy's market exchange, or inputs not employed in their production process remain external and unaccounted for. Many of these unaccounted for goods and inputs are provided in households, gardens, subsistence production, or ecological and biophysical systems through the ‘free’ services of women or nature. Thus an alternative view of production is suggested, one which views production itself as linked to the social and bio-physical contexts within which it takes place. This context first makes the generation of input streams, the receiving of output streams and the processing of inputs by means of fund factors (Georgescu-Roegen) possible. As production is contextualized it becomes evident that processes which sustain input generation, waste absorption and material transformation are critical to the production process. These are referred to as sustaining services. A sustaining production process is one which maintains sustaining services instead of destroying them. It is further argued that steps toward the implementation of a sustaining production concept require a move from abstraction to material concreteness. Three areas of concreteness are discussed as moving from solely monetary to physical valuation criteria, moving from methodological homogeneity to diversity, and moving from a mystified and distanced decision making process about quantity and quality of production to one of informed, participatory discourse.
Timing analysis of combinational circuits containing complex gates

Current timing analysis tools deal with combinational circuit composed of primitive gates. In this paper, we are investigating ways to do timing analysis of combinational circuits with complex gates. Two possible approaches are proposed. The first approach is to design path sensitization criterion for circuits which is composed of complex gates. Another approach is first to transform complex gates to primitive gates and then using existing tools to perform timing analysis. A sensitization criterion is proposed for general complex gates where the functionality and delay information are given. Two commonly used complex gates, XOR and multiplexer, are examined and simplified sensitization criteria are generated. The gate expansion is performed on different delay models to show the compatibility between the original circuit and the transformed one. A general gate expansion algorithm is provided in this paper which can be used for general complex gates. From the experiment, we learned that the first approach can be performed in less computation time than the second one. The circuit delay obtained with the first approach is also smaller and more accurate than that obtained by the second approach.
Methylolamides containing amino acid groups: Their use as wash-wear finishing agents for cotton

The acid-catalyzed etherification of cellulose with methylolamides containing a tertiary amino group is often inhibited by the presence of this basic group. In the production of wash-wear fabrics an incomplete reaction generally produces a low degree of wrinkle resistance and/or leaves the treated fabric susceptible to deterioration during use. In this work it is postulated that the insertion of a carboxylic acid group into such a crosslinking agent neutralizes the basic group by the formation of an inner salt (zwitterion). Such agents were prepared by methylolation of the products of a Michael addition of the sodium salt of selected amino acids to acrylamide. All the compounds synthesized are thought to be new. Those which were isolated and characterized include sodium N-2-carbamoylethylglycinate, sodium N,N-bis(2-carbamoylethyl)glycinate, N,N-bis(2-carbamoylethyl)glycine, sodium N,N-bis(2-carbamoylethyl)α-alaninate, and N,N-bis(2-carbamoylethyl)-α-alanine. Similar adducts from β-alanine, lysine, and aspartic acid were prepared; however, the adducts obtained were oils, and this complicated their isolation and characterization. For textile treatments isolation of the intermediates is unnecessary. The N-methylol crosslinking agents derived from these Michael adducts are highly reactive to cotton, as indicated by high add-ons at relatively mild conditions. The treated fabrics are highly wrinkle resistant and possess other desirable properties. The data obtained from the use of these agents indicate that further study is desirable, based on the concept developed in this work.
Distortion Analysis for Real-Time Data Collection of Correlated Fields in Randomly Distributed Sensor Networks

In this paper we consider the task of real-time reconstruction of data fields sensed by a network of smart sensors assuming that data is temporally and spatially correlated. We present an analysis framework to compute average distortion using realistic transmission schemes and network parameters. The existing work related to the real time data reconstruction problem has assumed regular grid deployments. In this paper we assume that sensor nodes are randomly deployed in the field thus making the problem significantly more realistic and challenging. We handle the randomness by dividing the field into n segments and randomly select k active nodes within each segment. This approach also facilitates the design of an efficient collision-free data transmission scheme to transmit data to the sink. We verify our analytical result by simulating data collection in fields that have different correlation coefficients. The analysis framework presented can be extended to different transmission schemes, node distributions and reconstruction methods.
Five New Species of Lagenophrys (Ciliophora, Peritricha, Lagenophryidae) from the United States with Observations on Their Developmental Stages

Five species of the loricate genus Lagenophrys were found on freshwater hosts and are described for the first time. Lagenophrys dennisi n. sp., L. incompta n. sp., and L. oregonensis n. sp. are ectosymbionts of astacid crayfish. Lagenophrys foxi n. sp and L. missouriensis n. sp. are ectosymbionts of gammarid amphipods. All five species appear to occur only m North America. Protargol preparations of the five species reveal that the peristomial myoneme is much broader and more extensive in telotrochs and metamorphosing individuals than in adults. Darkly staining bands appearing to be somatic myonemes were also seen underneath the surface of the body and in the center of the body of telotrochs and metamorphosing individuals. The telotroch of Lagenophrys is so different from the adult that it constitutes a true larval form rather than a simple dispersal stage. Structural parallels between the telotroch of Lagenophrys and mobiline peritrichs suggest the hypothesis that mobilines evolved from the telotroch of a sessiline pentrich which had first evolved into a true larval form.
Northern Desegregation: A Tale of Two Cities

Throughout American history, African American communities have fought for desegregated education, equal school funding, and the right to a quality education. Many activists and scholars have long believed that a racially desegregated education would be the best way to educate citizens in a democratic society. Segregated education has historically been a reality for many African Americans throughout the nation. Before the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) successfully won the Brown v. Board of Education (1954) Supreme Court case, much of the attention to racial segregation was paid to the South, although there had been numerous cases fought in the North before the Brown decision. After Brown, the NAACP decided to take their school desegregation litigation to the North in an effort to fight de facto segregation. The federal government also became involved in school desegregation with the passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act (Title IV and VI) and through the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW) and the Justice Department who enforced the act. Court cases, along with the federal government efforts, pushed school districts in the North and South to desegregate.
Trial-to-trial dynamics and learning in a generalized, redundant reaching task

If humans exploit task redundancies as a general strategy, they should do so even if the redundancy is decoupled from the physical implementation of the task itself. Here, we derived a family of go...
A Neutralizing Anti-Nogo66 Receptor Monoclonal Antibody Reverses Inhibition of Neurite Outgrowth by Central Nervous System Myelin

Abstract The Nogo66 receptor (NgR1) is a neuronal, leucinerich repeat (LRR) protein that binds three central nervous system (CNS) myelin proteins, Nogo, myelin-associated glycoprotein, and oligodendrocyte myelin glycoprotein, and mediates their inhibitory effects on neurite growth. Although the LRR domains on NgR1 are necessary for binding to the myelin proteins, the exact epitope(s) involved in ligand binding is unclear. Here we report the generation and detailed characterization of an anti-NgR1 monoclonal antibody, 7E11. The 7E11 monoclonal antibody blocks Nogo, myelin-associated glycoprotein, and oligodendrocyte myelin glycoprotein binding to NgR1 with IC50 values of 120, 14, and 4.5 nm, respectively, and effectively promotes neurite outgrowth of P3 rat dorsal root ganglia neurons cultured on a CNS myelin substrate. Further, we have defined the molecular epitope of 7E11 to be DNAQLR located in the third LRR domain of rat NgR1. Our data demonstrate that anti-NgR1 antibodies recognizing this epitope, such as 7E11, can neutralize CNS myelin-dependent inhibition of neurite outgrowth. Thus, specific anti-NgR1 antibodies may represent a useful therapeutic approach for promoting CNS repair after injury.
Outpatient Thyroid Surgery in a Low-Surgical Volume Hospital.

Background To determine the safety and outcome of outpatient thyroid surgery in a small low-surgical volume hospital. To evaluate clinical and social factors that may prohibit outpatient thyroid surgery.
CFD simulation of bubbly turbulent Tayor–Couette flow

Abstract Bubbly gas–liquid Taylor–Couette vortex flow has been the subject of several recent investigations both because of interest in bubble-induced drag reduction and because such devices have potential applications to a variety of chemical and biochemical processing problems. In order to quantitatively describe the hydrodynamics of highly turbulent two phase Taylor–Couette flow, a rigorous two-fluid computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was developed and compared with previously published experimental data. This model includes a comprehensive description of the constitutive closure for inter-phase forces and turbulence was simulated using both the k – e and k – ω models. In addition, the mechanism by which the dispersed fluid attains a non-uniform radial and axial distribution is analyzed and the relative importance of various interphase forces is discussed. Lastly the model was validated by comparison of simulation predictions with experimental data, and it is shown that the CFD model correctly predicts phase velocity, velocity fluctuation, and gas distribution, and may provide guidance for reactor design and scale-up.
Identification of a novel dimer stabilization region in a plant bZIP transcription activator.

Abstract We have carried out deletion analyses of a tobacco transcription activator, TGA1a, in order to define its functional domains. TGA1a belongs to the basic-region-leucine zipper (bZIP) class of DNA-binding proteins. Like other proteins of this class, it binds to its target DNA as a dimer, and its bZIP domain is necessary and sufficient for specific DNA binding. A mutant polypeptide containing the bZIP domain alone, however, shows a lower DNA-binding affinity than the full-length TGA1a. The C-terminal portion of TGA1a, which is essential for the higher DNA-binding affinity, contains a polypeptide region that can stabilize dimeric forms of the protein. This polypeptide region is designated the dimer stabilization (DS) region. Under our in vitro conditions, TGA1a derivatives with the DS region and those without the region do not form a detectable mixed dimer. This result indicates that in addition to the leucine zipper, the DS region can serve as another determinant of the dimerization specificity of TGA1a. In fact, the DS region, when fused to another bZIP protein, C/EBP, can inhibit dimer formation between the fusion protein and native C/EBP, whereas each of these can form homodimers. Such a portable determinant of dimerization specificity has potential application in studies of DNA-binding proteins as well as in biotechnology.
The Battle of Bretton Woods: John Maynard Keynes, Harry Dexter White, and the Making of a New World Order. By Benn Steil. (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2013. Pp. xii, 449. $29.95.)

The Bretton Woods Conference of 1944 was a milestone in modern history. Meeting during the Second World War, representatives from forty‐four nations gathered at a New Hampshire resort to plan a new...
Structure Diversification of Vancomycin through Peptide-Catalyzed, Site-Selective Lipidation: A Catalysis-Based Approach To Combat Glycopeptide-Resistant Pathogens

The emergence of antibiotic-resistant infections highlights the need for novel antibiotic leads, perhaps with a broader spectrum of activity. Herein, we disclose a semisynthetic, catalytic approach for structure diversification of vancomycin. We have identified three unique peptide catalysts that exhibit site-selectivity for the lipidation of the aliphatic hydroxyls on vancomycin, generating three new derivatives 9a, 9b, and 9c. Incorporation of lipid chains into the vancomycin scaffold provides promising improvement of its bioactivity against vancomycin-resistant enterococci (Van A and Van B phenotypes of VRE). The MICs for 9a, 9b, and 9c against MRSA and VRE (Van B phenotype) range from 0.12 to 0.25 μg/mL. We have also performed a structure–activity relationship (SAR) study to investigate the effect of lipid chain length at the newly accessible G4-OH derivatization site.
Obesity increases macrophage, T-cell, and CD8+CD11blo cell infiltration in pancreata of mice

Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA Background: Laparoscopy has been applied to many intra-abdominal operations and resulted in improved patient-centered outcomes. However, its role in pancreas surgery has been limited. We describe a series of laparoscopic Whipple procedures to evaluate its feasibility and outcomes. Methods: We attempted a totally laparoscopic Whipple procedure in patients with no evidence of major vessel involvement presenting to two surgeons (MAM, BHE) over a two-year period (May 2010 May 2012). We collected data on operative time, estimated blood loss, pancreatic leak, bile leak, delayed gastric emptying, and length of stay. Results: We performed 34 laparoscopic Whipple procedures. Of these, 14 patients had a benign cyst, 17 patients had a malignant tumor, and 3 patients had a neuroendocrine tumor. The mean operative time was 6 hours, 51 min (411 minutes, range1⁄4270-600 minutes). The median estimated blood loss was 300cc (30-4000cc). A subsequent procedure was required in 2 patients (1 for a bleeding pseudoaneurysm and 1 for a bleeding gastric ulcer). Asymptomatic pancreatic leak rate occurred in 4 patients (11.8%) and asymptomatic bile leak occurred in 3 patients (8.8%). All were managed with external drainage alone. Delayed gastric emptying occurred in 3 patients (8.8%) and was self-limited. The median hospital length of stay was 8 days (range1⁄45-25 days). Conversion to open took place in 7 patients. Of these, 2 were due to extent of malignancy, 2 were due to visualization difficulty, 2 were due to bleeding, and 1 was due to a metabolic acidosis due to CO2 insufflation and COPD. The 30-day mortality was zero. Conclusions: In an early personal series performing a totally laparoscopic Whipple, we observed a high feasibility with a reasonable operative time and good patient-centered outcomes. With the optimal pancreas and laparoscopic surgery skills, laparoscopic Whipple can be performed safely.