cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intestinal FGF15/19 physiologically repress hepatic lipogenesis in the late fed-state by activating SHP and DNMT3A.

Hepatic lipogenesis is normally tightly regulated but is aberrantly elevated in obesity. Fibroblast Growth Factor-15/19 (mouse FGF15, human FGF19) are bile acid-induced late fed-state gut hormones that decrease hepatic lipid levels by unclear mechanisms. We show that FGF15/19 and FGF15/19-activated Small Heterodimer Partner (SHP/NR0B2) have a role in transcriptional repression of lipogenesis. Comparative genomic analyses reveal that most of the SHP cistrome, including lipogenic genes repressed by FGF19, have overlapping CpG islands. FGF19 treatment or SHP overexpression in mice inhibits lipogenesis in a DNA methyltransferase-3a (DNMT3A)-dependent manner. FGF19-mediated activation of SHP via phosphorylation recruits DNMT3A to lipogenic genes, leading to epigenetic repression via DNA methylation. In non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients and obese mice, occupancy of SHP and DNMT3A and DNA methylation at lipogenic genes are low, with elevated gene expression. In conclusion, FGF15/19 represses hepatic lipogenesis by activating SHP and DNMT3A physiologically, which is likely dysregulated in NAFLD. Hepatic lipogenesis is a tightly regulated process, which is elevated in obesity. Here the authors report that FGF15/19, bile acid-induced gut hormones, repress lipogenic genes in the late fed-state by activating small heterodimer partner (SHP) and promoting SHP-dependent recruitment of DNA methyltransferase DNMT3A to lipogenic genes.
Studying information recurrence, gatekeeping, and the role of communities during internet outages in Venezuela.

Many authoritarian regimes have taken to censoring internet access in order to stop the spread of misinformation, restrict citizens from discussing certain topics, and prevent mobilization, among other reasons. There are several theories about the effectiveness of censorship. Some suggest that censorship will effectively limit the flow of information, whereas others predict that a backlash will form, resulting in ultimately more discussion about the topic. In this work, we analyze the role of communities and gatekeepers during multiple internet outages in Venezuela in January 2019. First, we measure how critical information (e.g., entities and hashtags) spreads during outages focusing on information recurrence and burstiness within and across language and location communities. We discover that information bursts tend to cross both language and location community boundaries rather than being limited to a single community during several outages. Then we identify users who play central roles and propose a novel method to detect gatekeepers—users who prevent critical information from spreading across communities during outages. We show that bilingual and English-speaking users play more central roles compared to Spanish-speaking users, but users inside and outside Venezuela have similar distribution of centrality. Finally, we measure the differences in social network structure before and after each outage event and discuss its effect on how information spreads. We find that with each outage event social connections tend to get less connected with higher mean shortest path, indicating that the effect of censorship makes it harder for information to spread.
Coaching Athletes to Be Their Best, Applications of Motivational Interviewing

Coaching Athletes to Be Their Best by Rollnick et al. (2020) is practical presentation of Motivational Interviewing (MI) within various sport contexts. The book provides sensible and practical reco...
Infectious SARS-CoV-2 Is Emitted in Aerosol Particles.

Respiratory viruses such as SARS-CoV-2 are transmitted in respiratory droplets and aerosol particles, which are released during talking, breathing, coughing, and sneezing. Noncontact transmission of SARS-CoV-2 has been demonstrated, suggesting transmission via virus carried through the air. Here, we demonstrate that golden Syrian hamsters produce infectious SARS-CoV-2 in aerosol particles prior to and concurrent with the onset of mild clinical signs of disease. The average emission rate in this study was 25 infectious virions/hour on days 1 and 2 postinoculation, with average viral RNA levels 200-fold higher than infectious virus in aerosol particles. The majority of virus was contained within particles <5 µm in size. Thus, we provide direct evidence that, in hamsters, SARS-CoV-2 is an airborne virus. IMPORTANCE SARS-CoV-2 is a respiratory virus and has been isolated from the air near COVID-19 patients. Here, using a hamster model of infection, we demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2 is emitted in aerosol particles prior to and concurrent with the onset of mild disease. Virus is contained primarily within aerosol particles <5 µm in size, which can remain airborne and be inhaled. These findings indicate that SARS-CoV-2 is an airborne virus and support the use of ventilation to reduce SARS-CoV-2 transmission.
Rapid method for the detection of rodenticides in contaminated foods.

Abstract Rodenticides are toxic chemicals used to control rodent populations and are among the most common household toxicants. Ingestion of foods contaminated with rodenticides may cause severe illness or death in humans and animals. A rapid analytical method was developed for the identification of nine common rodenticides in foods using solid–liquid extraction followed by dispersive-solid phase extraction prior to the analysis by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and UV detection. The method validation on a variety of food matrices including cornmeal, peanut, whole wheat flour and pork liver produced average recoveries between 91.2 and 107% with relative standard deviations between 2.6 and 14% for all studied rodenticides. The method detection limits ranged from 2.7 to 8.2 μg/kg (ppb) for eight rodenticides analyzed by LC-MS/MS and between 0.10 and 0.21 mg/kg (ppm) for bromethalin which was analyzed by LC with UV detection. This method could be useful in preparedness for emergency response situations involving widespread food contamination, terrorist acts or for forensic studies.
Stress induced potential barriers in composite piezoelectric semiconductor fibers in extension

We study the extension of composite fibers with piezoelectric dielectric layers and nonpiezoelectric semiconductor layers. A theoretical analysis is performed using the one-dimensional macroscopic ...
Survival in Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma: A Population-Based Analysis 1973-2015

Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is the least common and most aggressive of the thyroid cancers. ATC typically represents less than 5% of all thyroid cancer diagnoses but represents up to 50% of thyroid cancer deaths. The rarity of ATC lends itself to study by population-based studies. Methods. The most recent 1973-2015 Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database was queried for patients with a diagnosis of ATC. Data on demographics, overall survival, surgical treatment, and staging were extracted. Kaplan-Meier and log-rank analysis was used to evaluate for univariate survival differences, and logistic regression analysis was used to conduct a multivariate analysis. Results. A total of 1642 patients were identified (1021 female, 621 male). The largest age group was 75-79 years old, with the majority of patients older than 60. Univariate analysis showed that age at diagnosis, AJCC overall stage, T, N, and M stage, and surgical treatment vs. nonsurgical treatment significantly affected overall survival. Conclusions. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma is a rare and aggressive malignancy. It has a relatively dismal prognosis, but younger age, surgical treatment, and lower stage improve overall survival outcomes.
A Research Agenda for Uncooperative Federalists

Heather Gerken was not always a federalism scholar. In fact, for years she delighted in mocking those of us who cared about limits on national power, insisting that the states were good only for picking flags and birds.I Now, of course, Professor Gerken is one of the brightest stars in the federalism field,2 and it is a pleasure to have this opportunity to honor and take stock of her important work in this area with only a hint of "I told you so." Professor Gerken's interest in federalism is ironic not only because of her earlier views on the subject, but also because proponents of federalism on the Left remain few and far between. Although we saw a slight uptick in liberal interest in state autonomy during the dark days (for them) of the George W. Bush administration, 3 much of this scholarship was politically opportunistic and largely faded with the return of good liberals to national preeminence after 2008.4 By and large, the conventional wisdom in the
The Physical State of the Negative Strand of Hepatitis C Virus RNA in Serum

Both plus and minus RNA strands (+RNA and -RNA) of hepatitis C virus (HCV) have been described in sera from infected hosts. We assessed the physical state of the -RNA of HCV using CsCl-isopyknic ultracentrifugation and strand-specific reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. The +RNA was detected at a density of 1.10–1.28 g/cm3, with the -RNA at 1.10–1.16 g/cm3. When treated with a detergent, the +RNA density shifted to 1.35 g/cm3, and the +RNA became undetectable. The +RNA was resistant to RNase even after treatment with detergent, but the -RNA became RNase-sensitive after treatment. The +RNA was coated with proteins recognized by anti-core- and anti-E1-specific antibodies, whereas the -RNA was associated only with anti-E1-reactive proteins. These results suggest that -RNA of HCV is present in the infected sera as a membrane particle associated with E1 protein.
Prodigiosin-Producing Bacteria from Marine Sources

Two aerobic, gramnegative, red-pigmented, rod-shaped bacteria were compared morphologically and physiologically with Serratia species, which they resembled superficially. The pigment produced by the marine isolates was shown to be similar to prodigiosin, the red pigment of S. marcescens. The isolates had a single polar flagellum, were oxidative, and did not produce acetoin from glucose or reduce nitrates, which made them distinct from both S. marcescens and S. marinorubra. The latter conformed well to the descriptions of S. marcescens in Bergey's Manual. The marine isolates displayed an absolute growth requirement for sea water or its equivalent. The growth requirement for sea water was replaced by sea-water levels of sodium, potassium, and magnesium chloride. Pigment was produced only when this salt mixture was further supplemented with calcium chloride. Neither sea water nor a high salt level was required for growth or prodigiosin synthesis by the Serratia species examined.
Control strategy optimization for energy efficiency and comfort management in HVAC systems

One of the major tasks for achieving building automation is to implement an effective control strategy on the heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. The HVAC system should be properly controlled to provide a relatively constant and comfortable temperature as well as fresh and filtered air with a comfortable humidity range to the buildings. In this work, a hierarchical control structure is proposed to control the HVAC system with high efficiency. Both the building model and HVAC equipment models are developed to study the impact of HVAC system operations on the indoor environment. In the proposed control system, an optimizer is embedded which using swarm intelligence to coordinate each unit in the HVAC system to reduce energy consumption. Comparison studies are carried out to study the real-time performance of the proposed control strategy in a building environment.
Asset prices and public information

Abstract This paper examines the impact of public quality information on the structure of equilibrium prices in a consumer durables market. We model the link between prices and an observable quality index on the basis of the user cost approach. Using cross section data of the West German automobile market we show that the hypothesis of information efficiency cannot be rejected.
Advances in Web-assisted Planning Tools: A Land Use Impact Calculator for Guadalajara, Mexico

As spatial data handling tools become incorporated into the Internet, new urban planning and design services will increasingly become available to users worldwide. These technologies can be utilized to facilitate and streamline the planning and design process and increase transparency as to how decisions are made. This paper demonstrates a tool that evaluates the suitability of any newly proposed land use in Guadalajara, Mexico, and gives the user an impact score for the proposed change. The application is a simple decision support tool developed as a proof of concept to illustrate use of the Internet in urban planning practices. The goal is to foster urban sustainability and assist planning agencies to make decisions and reach consensus among stakeholders (see http://guadalajara.tierraplan.com).
Ethnography and Folklore of the Georgia-Chechnya Border

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: Shorena Kurtsikidze and Vakhtang Chikovani Year: 2008 Pages: 711 Publisher: Lincom Europa ISBN: 978-3-89586-328-8 (hard cover).
Fluorescent Method for the Detection of Excreted Ribonuclease Around Bacterial Colonies

Abstract Lanyi, Janos K. (Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, Calif.), and Joshua Lederberg. Fluorescent method for the detection of excreted ribonuclease around bacterial colonies. J. Bacteriol. 92:1469–1472. 1966.—A test for the release of extracellular ribonuclease by Bacillus subtilis colonles was developed. The method consists of incorporating acridine orange and ribonucleic acid into nutrient agar plates and viewing the grown bacterial colonies under ultraviolet light. Regions of ribonuclease secretion appear as dark halos around the colonies on a green fluorescent background. The theoretical basis and the utility of this test are discussed.
Relative influences of current and historical factors on mammal and bird diversity patterns in deglaciated North America

Aim To investigate the relative contributions of current vs. historical factors in explaining broad-scale diversity gradients using a combination of contemporary factors and a quantitative estimate of the temporal accessibility of areas for recolonization created by glacial retreat following the most recent Ice Age. Location The part of the Nearctic region of North America that was covered by ice sheets during the glacial maximum 20 000 BP. Methods We used range maps to estimate the species richness of mammals and terrestrial birds in 48 400 km(2) cells. Current conditions in each cell were quantified using seven climatic and topographical variables. Historical conditions were estimated using the number of years before present when an area became exposed as the ice sheets retreated during the post-Pleistocene climate warming. We attempted to tease apart contemporary and historical effects using multiple regression, partial regression and spatial autocorrelation analysis. Results A measure of current energy inputs, potential evapotranspiration, explained 76-82% of the variance in species richness, but time since deglaciation explained an additional 8-13% of the variance, primarily due to effects operating at large spatial scales. Because of spatial covariation between the historical climates influencing the melting of the ice sheet and current climates, it was not possible to partition their effects fully, but of the independent effects that could be identified, current climate explained two to seven times more variance in richness patterns than age. Main Conclusions Factors acting in the present appear to have the strongest influence on the diversity gradient, but an historical signal persisting at least 13 000 years is still detectable. This has implications for modelling changes in diversity patterns in response to future global warming.
Storm Peak Laboratory: A Research, Teaching, and Service Facility for the Atmospheric Sciences

The Storm Peak Laboratory (SPL), operated by the Atmospheric Sciences Center of the Desert Research Institute, is now located in a newly constructed permanent building at elevation 3210 m (10 530 ft) above mean sea level in the northwestern Colorado Rocky Mountains. The laboratory provides a site for the conduct of basic and applied research in the atmospheric sciences, hands-on instruction in meteorology for students ranging from middle school through graduate school, and high-elevation atmospheric measurement programs for various scientific groups, agencies, and private companies. This article provides a background of the history of SPL, its past and current activities, and a description of the facilities and opportunities available at the laboratory.
The Role of Digitization in Building Electronic Collections: Economic and Programmatic Choices

The conversion of materials from printed format to digital representations is no longer experimental. Digitization has been demonstrated and its value has been proved by a series of projects, including work at Cornell University, the National Agriculture Library, Elsevier Science Publishers, Bell Labs, the University of Michigan, and the Library of Congress. The cost per page for scanning materials into digital form continues to drop as the process becomes more automated, at least for those classes of material that have relatively uniform characteristics and have not severely deteriorated. Production digitization of other print-like formats, such as microfilm and photographs, remains more experimental (given the great variations in the characteristics of these materials), but some aspects have already been explored through several large-scale pilot projects. The use of digitization technologies to convert analog sound and motion picture recordings to the digital domain is still quite costly and complex. While now used routinely in the entertainment industries (for example, in the production of audio CDs from old master tapes), the process is not yet viewed as a practical method of transforming most library collections. But the vast majority of research library holdings are printed materials, microforms, and photographs. The transformation of these collections into digital form is now within reach, although it represents a massive investment. At the same time, a growing proportion of the new material being acquired by libraries is now available in digital formats, though perhaps at a substantial price premium. The costs of developing systems to provide patron access to digital materials of all kinds is clearly a large and ongoing investment, as is the continued management of these digital materials. Libraries face both opportunities and potentially unmanageable budgetary demands from all quarters. The questions now facing libraries arise less from the availability of technology than out of the development of strategies for collection development and management and supporting resource allocation choices. This paper will outline some possible strategies for approaching the transition to collections that incorporate increasing quantities of digital information, and will offer some perspectives that may help in comparing and evaluating these strategies.
Turbulent drag reduction by polymers: A quantitative theory.

By use of the recently proposed model of the dynamics of a macromolecule in transient extensional flows, the effective viscosity increase in turbulence due to unraveling macromolecules is calculated, and a relation between this viscosity increase and a drag reduction parameter (the slope increment) is derived. The predictions of the theory are in good agreement with experiment.
Selective conservation of GAP-43 structure in vertebrate evolution

GAP-43 (a.k.a. B-50, F1, pp46, or neuromodulin) is a major growth cone membrane protein whose expression is widely correlated with successful axon elongation, but whose function remains unknown. To distinguish the structural features of GAP-43 most relevant to its cellular functions, we have determined features of the protein that are most highly conserved in vertebrate evolution. Comparison of fish and mammalian GAP-43 distinguishes two domains of the protein. A strictly conserved amino-terminal domain contains the putative site for fatty acylation and membrane attachment, a calmodulin binding domain, and a proposed phosphorylation site. In the much larger carboxy-terminal domain, amino acid composition is strongly conserved without extensive sequence conservation. This amino acid composition predicts an extended, negatively charged rod conformation with some similarity to the side arms of neurofilaments. The results suggest that the biological roles of GAP-43 may depend on an ability to form a dynamic membrane-cytoskeleton-calmodulin complex.
Association between childhood atopic dermatitis, malnutrition, and low bone mineral density: A US population‐based study

Background Children with atopic dermatitis (AD) have multiple risk factors for low bone mineral density (BMD). Methods We analyzed data from 3049 children and adolescents aged 8–19 yrs from the 2005–2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, including a cross-sectional questionnaire, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, and blood samples. Results In multivariate models that controlled for age, sex, race/ethnicity, level of education and household income, body mass index (BMI), and smoking in the household, AD was associated with lower BMD z-score for the total femur (survey linear regression; adjusted β [95% CI]: −0.42 [0.68, −0.16]), including trochanter (−0.29 [−0.54, −0.05]) and femoral neck (−0.29 [−0.53, −0.05]) and total lumbar spine (−0.31 [−0.52, −0.11]). Children with AD had higher median levels of serum IgE (110.0 vs. 53.0 kU/l), peripheral lymphocyte (2.9 vs. 2.5 × 103 cells/μl), and eosinophil counts (0.3 vs. 0.2 × 103 cells/μl) (Mann–Whitney U-test, p ≤ 0.003 for all), but not CRP levels (0.03 vs. 0.04 mg/dl) and higher odds of 25-OH vitamin D deficiency (survey logistic regression; odds ratio [OR] [95% CI]: 4.81 [1.21, 20.81]), low calcium (2.56 [1.24, 5.28]), low alkaline phosphatase (2.56 [1.20, 5.44]), and higher tertiles of LDH (tertile 2: 6.36 [1.75, 23.18]; tertile-3: 4.57 [1.32, 15.85]), but not parathyroid hormone (PTH) or albumin. Finally, children with AD had higher rates of low BMD, that is, BMD z-score <−2, of the femur (23.4% vs. 18.4%) and spine (35.3% vs. 24.5%). In multivariate logistic regression models of low BMD of femur and/or spine using stepwise selection of the 30 sociodemographic and clinical factors, laboratory values, and medications used, AD remained a significant covariate (1.33 [1.32–1.34]). The covariates with the largest effects on low BMD were low PTH and albumin, higher basophil count, Hispanic ethnicity, and BMI <5th percentile. Among children with AD, 56.2% of those with Hispanic origin, 52.8% with BMI <5th percentile, 75.0% with low albumin, and 54.0% with low PTH had low BMD. Conclusions Children with AD have lower BMD, particularly those with malnutrition and Hispanic ethnicity.
Enhancing Water Removal from Whole Stillage by Enzyme Addition During Fermentation

ABSTRACT The removal of water from coproducts in the fuel ethanol process requires a significant energy input. In this study, the addition of commercially available cell-wall-degrading enzymes was investigated to determine whether or not the enzymes could reduce the amount of water bound within the wet grains. This would have the effect of allowing more water to be removed during centrifugation, reducing the time and energy needed during the drying process. The experiment screened 15 cell-wall-degrading enzyme preparations. A significant reduction in water-binding capacity was found for a number of enzymes tested in the initial screening. The experiment was repeated and two enzymes were identified to have the highest whole stillage dewatering effect, 15 and 14% more water removed for enzyme preparations A and G, respectively. Adding different enzyme preparation amounts to the mash showed varying effects, with the potential to allow for an optimization of enzymes cost and energy savings. In some cases, an ...
Commercial Redevelopment and Regional Inequality in Urban China: Xining's Wangfujing?

An American urban geographer specializing in China explores whether a commercial and urban redevelopment model successful in Beijing (Wangfujing) can be transferred to a more remote region of the country (Qinghai Province), and whether the potential benefits outweigh the costs of dismantling the traditional commercial core of the relatively large provincial capital of Xining, with one-half million inhabitants. The Xining project is investigated in the contexts of globalization, secondary globalization, and the diffusion of urban planning and development practices in China. The biases in Chinese planning practice toward methods employed in large eastern cities are considered in light of global trends toward neoliberalism and the new regionalism. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: I31, O18, R58. 2 figures, 83 references.
Dynamic hologram recording characteristics in DuPont photopolymers

Hologram formation and diffusion reactions in photopolymer films are examined at different stages of exposure and at different spatial frequencies. Different properties of the grating formation process are evaluated from efficiency data, including the relative rates of diffusion and photoinitiated polymerization, dye absorption, and residual efficiency enhancement after UV curing. It was also found that gratings with larger periods (approximately 1.4 microm) are susceptible to erasure effects with postexposure laser illumination. In addition, crossed gratings were found to have an extended dynamic range. This effect can have a significant impact on the number of holograms formed with rotational or peristrophic multiplexing.
The Multifunctional Properties and Characteristics of Vitamin D-binding Protein

In recent years, our understanding of the many physiological, biochemical, and molecular functions and attributes of vitamin D-binding protein (DBP) has seen exciting and significant advances. Since its identification in 1959, many important functions of this abundant serum protein have been discovered. These range from the transport of vitamin D metabolites to possible roles in the immune system and host defense. With these discoveries, many questions regarding the biology of DBP have been raised and many remain to be answered. Our current understanding of the classic and less-recognized activities of DBP is discussed here.
Integrating Multiple Approaches for Interacting with Dynamic Data Structure Visualizations

jGRASP 1.8.7 has integrated three approaches for interacting with its dynamic viewers for data structures: the debugger, the workbench, and a new text-based interactions tab that allows individual Java statements to be executed and expressions to be evaluated. While each of these approaches is distinct and can be used independently of the others, they can also be used together to provide a complementary set of interactions with the dynamic viewers. In order to integrate these approaches, the jGRASP visual debugger, workbench, and viewers had to be significantly redesigned. During this process, the structure identifier, which provides for the identification and rendering of common data structures, was also greatly improved by examining the examples from 20 data structure textbooks. The overall result of this integration effort is a highly flexible approach for user interaction with the dynamic data structure visualizations generated by a robust structure identifier.
Abstract B53: Proteasome inhibitor MG132 induces NAG-1 expression through activation of p38 MAPK pathway

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the highly invasive primary tumors with a poor prognosis despite current surgical, radiation and chemotherapy approaches. Proteasome inhibitor, an approved drug for treatment of hematological cancer is currently being tested in clinical trials against various malignancies, including GBM. The pro-apoptotic and antitumorigenic protein NAG-1(nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-activated gene-1) is a divergent member of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily. We showed that the proteasome inhibitor, MG132 induces NAG-1 protein and mRNA expression and apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner in U87 cells. Studies with NAG-1 luciferase reporter constructs show that the −133 to +41 region of the NAG-1 promoter is activated by MG132 however activation does not require the Sp-/Egr-1 binding site. Using the selective pharmacologic p38 mitogen -activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor, we showed that NAG-1 induction following MG132 is mediated by the p38 MAPK pathway. Pretreatment with MAPK inhibitor, SB203580 and SB202190, blocked the MG132-induced NAG-1 expression, whereas an inhibition of p53, JUNK, MEK, PKC, PKA activity had no effect on NAG-1 levels. In summary, our data indicate linkage between p38MAPK, NAG-1 and the proteasome inhibitor, MG132 and provides a new clue to the molecular mechanism of the antitumorigenic activity of NAG-1.
The Search for direct CP violation

The formalism necessary to understand the phenomenon of $\mathrm{CP}$ nonconservation as observed in the neutral-kaon system is presented. The distinction between indirect $\mathrm{CP}$ violation and direct $\mathrm{CP}$ violation is made, and the level of understanding of the phenomenon in the standard model is reviewed. Attention is placed on new experimental efforts that could definitely establish a first-order or direct effect. The authors analyze the potential for such an observation in both kaon and $B$-meson decays and give the range of predictions from the standard model. Other possible models are considered briefly.
Cannabinoid-1 receptors in the mouse ventral pallidum are targeted to axonal profiles expressing functionally opposed opioid peptides and contacting N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine-hydrolyzing phospholipase D terminals

Abstract The ventral pallidum (VP) is a major recipient of inhibitory projections from nucleus accumbens (Acb) neurons that differentially express the reward (enkephalin) and aversion (dynorphin)-associated opioid peptides. The cannabinoid-1 receptor (CB1R) is present in Acb neurons expressing each of these peptides, but its location in the VP is not known. To address this question, we used electron microscopic dual immunolabeling of the CB1R and either dynorphin 1–8 (Dyn) or Met 5 -enkephalin (ME) in the VP of C57BL/6J mice, a species in which CB1R gene deletion produces a reward deficit. We also used similar methods to determine the relationship between the CB1R and N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine (NAPE)-hydrolyzing phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD), an anandamide-synthesizing enzyme located presynaptically in other limbic brain regions. CB1R-immunogold was principally localized to cytoplasmic endomembranes and synaptic or extrasynaptic plasma membranes of axonal profiles, but was also affiliated with postsynaptic membrane specializations in dendrites. The axonal profiles included many single CB1R-labeled axon terminals as well as terminals containing CB1R-immunogold and either Dyn or ME immunoreactivity. Dually labeled terminals comprised 26% of all Dyn- and 17% of all ME-labeled axon terminals. Both single- and dual-labeled terminals formed mainly inhibitory-type synapses, but almost 16% of these terminals formed excitatory synapses. Approximately 60% of the CB1R-labeled axonal profiles opposed or converged with axon terminals containing NAPE-PLD immunoreactivity. We conclude that CB1Rs in the mouse VP have subcellular distributions consistent with on demand activation by endocannabinoids that can regulate the release of functionally opposed opioid peptides and also modulate inhibitory and excitatory transmission.
A physical sciences network characterization of circulating tumor cell aggregate transport.

Circulating tumor cells (CTC) have been implicated in the hematogenous spread of cancer. To investigate the fluid phase of cancer from a physical sciences perspective, the multi-institutional Physi...
A shifted analytic map

In this Letter we investigate the behaviour of an Otsuka-Ikeda map in Rn associated with an optical ring cavity.
CaMKII, but not protein kinase A, regulates Rpt6 phosphorylation and proteasome activity during the formation of long-term memories

CaMKII and Protein Kinase A (PKA) are thought to be critical for synaptic plasticity and memory formation through their regulation of protein synthesis. Consistent with this, numerous studies have reported that CaMKII, PKA and protein synthesis are critical for long-term memory formation. Recently, we found that protein degradation through the ubiquitin-proteasome system is also critical for long-term memory formation in the amygdala. However, the mechanism by which ubiquitin-proteasome activity is regulated during memory formation and how protein degradation interacts with known intracellular signaling pathways important for learning remain unknown. Recently, evidence has emerged suggesting that both CaMKII and PKA are capable of regulating proteasome activity in vitro through the phosphorylation of proteasome regulatory subunit Rpt6 at Serine-120, though whether they regulate Rpt6 phosphorylation and proteasome function in vivo remains unknown. In the present study we demonstrate for the first time that fear conditioning transiently modifies a proteasome regulatory subunit and proteasome catalytic activity in the mammalian brain in a CaMKII-dependent manner. We found increases in the phosphorylation of proteasome ATPase subunit Rpt6 at Serine-120 and an enhancement in proteasome activity in the amygdala following fear conditioning. Pharmacological manipulation of CaMKII, but not PKA, in vivo significantly reduced both the learning-induced increase in Rpt6 Serine-120 phosphorylation and the increase in proteasome activity without directly affecting protein polyubiquitination levels. These results indicate a novel role for CaMKII in memory formation through its regulation of protein degradation and suggest that CaMKII regulates Rpt6 phosphorylation and proteasome function both in vitro and in vivo.
12.2: Development of 50‐in. Diagonal Full HD (1920 × 1080) PDPs

50-inch diagonal Full HD PDPs (1920 × 1080 pixels) have been developed and introduced in the market place. In the development, manufacturing of the fine cell structure has been obtained by the optimization of cell design, materials and process conditions. T & Waffle structure has been employed and shows sufficiently high luminous efficacy. Most important issue of high speed addressing has been solved by CEL structure and its improvement. CEL technology has opened new aspect in higher resolution PDP technology. We expect that it will open new technology area in PDP field.
A probability model for census adjustment

The census can be adjusted using capture‐recapture techniques: capture in the census, recapture in a special Post Enumeration Survey (PES) done after the census. The population is estimated using the Dual System Estimator (DSE). Estimates are made separately for demographic groups called post strata; adjustment factors are then applied to these demographic groups within small geographic areas. We offer a probability model for this process, in which several sources of error can be distinguished. In this model, correlation bias arises from behavioral differences between persons counted in the census and persons missed by the census. The first group may on the whole be more likely to respond to the PES: if so, the DSE will be systematically too low, and that is an example of correlation bias. Correlation bias is distinguished from heterogeneity, which occurs if the census has a higher capture rate in some geographic areas than others. Finally, ratio estimator bias and variance are considered. The objective i...
Teachers' Motivations for Initiating Innovations.

This study explores the reasons why teachers introduce innovations into their teaching. Interviews were conducted with thirty teachers in primary, secondary, and university settings in one Midwestern USA community. All participants said they innovated due to a desire to improve student learning; other frequently mentioned reasons were professional development experiences of their own choosing and a desire to avoid personal boredom. Less frequently stated reasons to innovate included the failure of textbooks and experiences with another teacher or the participants’ own children. Implications for professional development include encouraging teachers to discover innovations applicable to their own classrooms through providing them with time and autonomy to develop alternative approaches to teaching curriculum.
Truncated sequential probability ratio test

Abstract It is well known that in the testing of a simple hypothesis H versus a simple alternative K, the sequential probability ratio test (SPRT) has the smallest average sample number (ASN) under H and K. Compared to the corresponding best fixed sample size (FSS) test, the saving in the average number of samples under H or K in the SPRT is significant. However, when the parameter values of the sample distribution lie between those hypothesized under H and K, the ASN for the SPRT can become much larger than the sample size of the corresponding FSS test, especially for small probabilities of error. It is shown here that a properly truncated SPRT can eliminate this undesirable feature. For small probabilities of error, truncating the SPRT at the sample size needed for the corresponding FSS test serves as a remedy, while the test is essentially unaffected when the samples are distributed according to H or K.
Hip simulator evaluation of the effect of femoral head size on sequentially cross-linked acetabular liners☆

Abstract Larger femoral head size reduces the incidence of hip dislocation, which is a major complication after total hip arthroplasty. However, acetabular liner wear is a function of contact area and therefore head size. Larger heads also reduce liner thickness and there is a general concern about increased wear. This study evaluates the influence of polyethylene thickness and femoral head size on the wear performance of sequentially cross-linked acetabular inserts. A sequential cross-linking and annealing process for treating ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) has been developed (X3 ® , Stryker Orthopaedics). This material was compared to conventional UHMWPE in hip simulator wear testing. Liners varying from 32 mm to 52 mm in diameter and 3.8–7.9 mm in thickness were evaluated here. An MTS (Eden Prairie, MN) multi-station hip simulator was used for wear testing. All components were tested at 1 Hz under a joint reaction profile (2450 N maximum) and 50% diluted Alpha Calf Fraction Serum (Hyclone, Logan, UT). Results show no statistically significant effect of head size or liner thickness on wear rate of sequentially cross-linked liners. Analysis shows poor correlation between head size and wear rate ( R 2 = 0.2751), and between liner thickness and wear rate ( R 2 = 0.0055). An average of all tested sizes show a reduction of 96% in wear rate compared to control. The excellent wear performance of the sequentially cross-linked liners studied here increases the potential for use of large head components in total hip arthroplasty.
Strain relaxation and interfacial stability in III–V semiconductor strained-layer heteroepitaxy: atomistic and continuum modeling and comparisons with experiments

Abstract A systematic study is presented of interfacial stability and strain relaxation through misfit dislocation formation in III–V semiconductor layer-by-layer heteroepitaxy. A multiscale modeling strategy is developed that links continuum elasticity theory with atomistic structural relaxation and Monte Carlo simulations using a valence force field description of interatomic interactions. Results are presented for the energetics of the transition from a coherent to a semicoherent film/substrate interface consisting of a misfit dislocation network, the semicoherent interface structures, the associated strain fields, and the film surface morphological characteristics for InAs epitaxy on GaAs(1 1 1)A. The capability of continuum elasticity theory to provide a satisfactory description of the atomistic simulation results is discussed. In addition, using thin compliant substrates and grading the composition of the deposited film are demonstrated to have beneficial effects on film strain relaxation. Furthermore, the dynamics of strain relaxation is analyzed based on a phenomenological mean-field theoretical framework. Our theoretical results are in very good agreement with our experimental measurements on InAs/GaAs(1 1 1)A samples for films grown by molecular beam epitaxy on thick and thin GaAs buffer layers.
Thermal strain in lead thin films VI: Effects of oxygen doping

Abstract The effects of oxygen doping on microstructure and on thermal strain were studied for single- and two-layered lead films. The oxygen-doped single-layered films were prepared by depositing lead onto oxidized silicon substrates in various oxygen partial pressures up to 5×10 -5 Torr. The two-layered lead films were prepared by depositing a first layer of lead onto the substrates in an oxygen pressure of 5×10 -6 Torr and subsequently evaporating a second layer of lead at a pressure lower than 1×10 -7 Torr. The microstructures of the films were observed by transmission and scanning electron microcopy. Compared with lead films deposited at a pressure lower than 1×10 -7 Torr, finer grains with less (111) fiber structure were observed in the oxygen-doped films. Also in these films a low density of large inclusions, which could be holes or heterogeneously nucleated precipitates, were observed inside grains and on grain boundaries. The grain boundary widths became larger on increasing the oxygen partial pressure during depositions or on increasing the thickness of the oxygen-doped first layers. The strains, which were introduced into the films upon cooling from 300 to 4.2 K because of the thermal contraction mismatch between the films and the substrates, were measured for films 0.2 and 0.5 μm thick by an X-ray diffraction technique. With increasing oxygen partial pressures during the deposition, or with increasing thicknesses of the oxygen-doped lead first layers, a decrease in the elastically supported strain values was observed for the films 0.2 μm thick and an increase was observed in the films 0.5 μm thick. The strain level was found to be strongly correlated with the average grain size g in a film. For grain sizes g exceeding 1 μm an increase in the strain was observed by reducing g . The increase is believed to be caused by the prevention of dislocation motion by having reduced g . However, for grain sizes g below 1 μm the reverse was observed—the strain was decreased by reducing g . The strain level was found to be proportional to 1/ g . A model, which assumes zero stress at grain boundaries and a non-uniform strain distribution parallel to the substrate inside a grain, is proposed to explain the dependence of strain on the grain size. No direct evidence was observed that would indicate that the precipitates in the oxygen-doped films influenced the strain levels.
Troglitazone Inhibits Cyclin D1 Expression and Cell Cycling Independently of PPARγ in Normal Mouse Skin Keratinocytes

Troglitazone is one of the thiazolidinedione (TZD) class of anti-diabetic drugs and a ligand for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ). Troglitazone and other PPARγ ligands have been shown to inhibit cell proliferation and induce cell cycle arrest in a variety of cancer cells, and have been considered as potential tumor preventive and tumor therapeutic agents. Little is known, however, about how normal or initiated cells respond to these agents during mouse skin carcinogenesis. We report here that troglitazone and another TZD, ciglitazone, dramatically inhibited mitogen-induced cellular proliferation in normal mouse skin primary keratinocytes and in the C50 keratinocyte cell line. This was accompanied by induction of cell cycle G1 phase arrest and suppression of cyclin D1, cdk4, and cdk2 expression. Troglitazone suppressed cyclin D1 expression at multiple levels. In addition, we demonstrated that PPARγ was not expressed at functional levels in cultured mouse skin keratinocytes, and that the inhibitory effects of troglitazone on cellular proliferation and cyclin D1 expression in these cells were PPARγ-independent. Given the important role of keratinocyte proliferation in skin carcinogenesis, our data suggest that TZD may be useful tumor preventive agents in skin.
The preparation and some properties of purified antibody specific for the 2,4-dinitrophenyl group.

Injection of rabbits with Freund's complete adjuvant containing bovine γ-globulin substituted to near saturation with dinitrophenyl groups leads to the production of large amounts of antibodies specific for the 2,4-dinitrophenyl substituent. These antibodies can be isolated from sera in satisfactory yield (40 per cent) and in a high state of purity (90 per cent specifically precipitable). Hapten dissolution, which was used to screen haptens for their potential usefulness as specific reagents in the purification procedure, provides a means for evaluating, in relative terms, antibody-hapten affinities (in competition with antigen).
Influence of Aphid Species and Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus on Soft Red Winter Wheat Yield

Yield loss in soft red winter wheat, Triticum aestivum L., caused by aphid-transmitted barley yellow dwarf virus (family Luteoviridae, genus Luteovirus, BYDV) was measured over a 2-yr period in central Missouri. Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) was the most common and economically important species, accounting for > 90% of the total aphids. Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch), and Sitobion avenae (F.) made up the remainder of the aphids. Aphid numbers peaked at wheat stem elongation in 2003 with 771 R. padi per meter-row. In the 2003-2004 growing season, aphid numbers averaged seven aphids per meter-row in the fall and peaked at 18 aphids per meter-row at jointing. Wheat grain yield was reduced 17 and 13% in 2003 and 2004, respectively. Thousand kernel weights were reduced 10 and 5% in the untreated plots compared with the treated control in 2003 and 2004, respectively. Padi avenae virus was the predominate strain, accounting for 81 and 84% of the symptomatic plots that tested positive for BYDV in 2003 and 2004. Our results indicate that economic thresholds for R. padi are 16 aphids per meter-row in the fall and 164 aphids per meter-row at jointing.
Human brain responses to different image contrasts

Human brain activity was evoked by a dynamic random-dot display in which a square-wave grating appeared and disappeared at regular intervals. Grating visibility was determined by one of four different contrasts: texture, stereo disparity, luminance, or color. Scalp fields measured with 31 electrodes were used to estimate epicortical potential fields. The estimation procedure required detailed anatomical data for each subject. These were obtained from magnetic resonance images. A three-dimensional digitizer and a stereotactic headgear were used to accurately merge the frame of reference of the magnetic resonance image with that of the evoked potential. Epicortical potential fields provided a better indicator of where brain activity is evoked than did scalp fields. These procedures also corrected for anatomical variations between scalp and brain from subject to subject. In two right-handed female subjects, evoked activity was observed in the left posterior parietal and the right occipital, parieto-occipital and posterior temporal cortices. Evoked activity was observed in the left parietal cortex for luminance processing, in the right parietal cortex for texture processing and in the right temporal cortex for color processing, which was selective for the particular contrast.
Fast multipole method solution using parametric geometry

The fast multipole method is used to solve the electromagnetic scattering from three-dimensional conducting bodies of arbitrary shape. The electric field integral equation is discretized by the method of moments. Instead of directly computing the matrix-vector multiplication, which needs N2 multiplications, this approach reduces the complexity to O(N1.5). © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.