cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Total Reflection of X-Rays from Nickel Films Part II

Variation of critical angle with thickness of film for films deposited on platinum. \char22{}The total reflection of x-rays ($\ensuremath{\lambda}=0.707\mathrm{A}$) is obtained from a series of thin nickel films of thickness varying from zero to 2.05\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$ cm. The films were sputtered upon thick platinum which was, in turn, sputtered upon a glass support. The critical angle for each film was measured. The values of the critical angle varied from 0.0040 radians (that of the bare platinum) to 0.0034 radians. With the exception of an increase in the critical angle (maximum value of 0.0043 radians) for the thinnest films, the critical angle decreased logarithmically with increasing thickness of the nickel film. The value obtained from the thickest film agrees with that calculated by the Lorentz dispersion formula. These results, together with those reported earlier seem to prove conclusively that the phenomenon of total reflection is not a purely surface phenomenon but is one which requires a layer of metal of probably definite thickness for the particular reflecting matter and wave-length of radiation used. An explanation for the variation of the critical angle with the thickness of the nickel films is given. This is based upon the assumption that the contribution to the intensity of the reflected ray made by the deepest electrons will be effective only when the total length of the path of the radiation in the metal is not too great. The maximum effective depth is that which reduces the intensity of the emerging radiation by absorption to a value less than that which may be detected in the reflected beam.
The effect of sleep altering environments upon the acquisition and retention of a conditioned avoidance response in the rat

Abstract The presence of severely restricted environmental conditions reported to produce marked alterations in sleep patterns, most notably REM sleep, had no effect upon the acquisition and the consolidation of a conditioned avoidance response in rats. However, those subjects who learned the response in the severely restricted environment showed a marked decrement in avoidance responding when retested from normal conditions. The reestablishment of the severely restricted environment was a sufficient condition for the return of performance during retest situations. Other environments produced no such effects. The correlation between changes in sleep behavior and performance was greater than the correlation between environment and performance. There is some factor (or factors) present in such environmental situations that manifests itself in two ways: external changes in sleep patterns and the development of a factor performance coupling. It is not known whether both phenomena share a common origin or whether they are independent events. The development of an environmental state dependency provides one possible explanation for some of the behavioral alterations seen following sleep-cycle disruption. The utilization of other techniques capable of influencing sleep is necessary to determine the factors relevant, in this environment, to the production of the changes noted.
Spin-Flip Probability in the Inelastic Scattering of 7.48-MeV Neutrons from the 4.43-MeV State of 12C

This article discusses spin-flip probability in the inelastic scattering of 7.48-MeV neutrons from the 4.43-MeV state of 12C.
Detection of rhinovirus RNA in nasal epithelial cells by in situ hybridization.

This paper describes the development and evaluation of in situ hybridization (ISH) for the detection of rhinovirus in cells obtained from nasal washings of volunteers infected with human rhinovirus 14 (HRV-14). Twenty-five (66%) and 27 (71%) of 38 volunteers inoculated with HRV-14 had evidence of infection by virus isolation and ISH, respectively, on at least one of 4 days investigated after virus challenge. In contrast, only 14 of 38 (37%) volunteers had significant antibody rises as detected by the neutralization test. Of the 38 volunteers inoculated with HRV-14, only 13 (34%) had symptoms of colds. Of these, 12 (92%) and 10 (77%) were positive by virus isolation or ISH, respectively, on at least one day. Six (46%) had significant antibody rises by neutralization. Similarly, of the 38 volunteers challenged, 22 (58%) were asymptomatic and of these 10 (45.5%) and 12 (54.5%) were positive by virus isolation and ISH, respectively, on at least one day. Only 8 (36.4%) of these asymptomatic volunteers showed significant antibody rises by neutralization. There were significant associations between the detection of rhinoviruses by ISH and virus isolation on the third day (P<0.025) after virus challenge in the group as a whole and in the symptomatic group. These results show that generally rhinovirus detection by ISH compares well with virus isolation and both tests are clearly more sensitive than the neutralization test in detecting evidence of infection. It is concluded that ISH is an interesting new technique that may play an important role in the study of rhinovirus infection and pathogenesis.
1058 THE BACTERIOLOGY OF PERITONITIS IN CHILDREN WITH APPENDICITIS

Bacterial peritonitis is a complication of acute appendicitis in healthy children. To provide adequate antimicrobial therapy, the causative pathogens should be identified. Anaerobic and aerobic bacterial cultures of peritoneal fluid and blood were obtained prospectively in 12 consecutive children undergoing laparotomy for suspected appendicitis. The diagnosis of appendicitis was confirmed at surgery in all cases. The study group's mean age was 8.3 years (2-17); 7 were male. All blood cultures were sterile. Nine patients had an average of 3.6 organisms recovered from the peritoneal fluid; E. coli was recovered from 8/9 children. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, B. fragilis, and Bacteroides spp. were recovered from 5 patients each; Peptococcus spp. was isolated from 4. The recovery of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from the peritoneal fluid of 5 otherwise healthy children was surprising. The routine use of clindamycin and gentamicin in combination or third generation cephalosporins as single agents for the initial treatment of childhood peritonitis does not provide adequate activity against this organism. Although the frequency of recovery of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from peritoneal fluid may vary, we strongly suggest that children with appendicitis have bacterial cultures obtained and have antimicrobial therapy individualized.
Persistence of hepatitis B virus DNA in the liver after loss of HBsAg in chronic hepatitis B

To determine whether patients with chronic hepatitis B who lose hepatitis B virus DNA and HBsAg from the serum completely resolve the hepatitis and virus infection, we evaluated serum and liver tissue from 11 patients who had lost HBsAg. These patients were evaluated for clinical, histological and serological features and for hepatitis B virus DNA by use of hybridization and polymerase chain reaction techniques. Liver biochemical test results were normal in all except two patients who had mild aminotransferase elevations. All sera were negative for hepatitis B virus DNA by direct hybridization, and only one was positive transiently by polymerase chain reaction. Liver histology was abnormal in all patients, but the changes were mild and markedly improved compared with biopsy specimens taken before loss of HBsAg. Liver tissue from 10 patients was positive for hepatitis B virus DNA by polymerase chain reaction but not by direct hybridization. These findings indicate that loss of HBsAg is associated with marked improvements in clinical and serum biochemical features of chronic hepatitis B, yet mild degrees of hepatitis and low levels of viral DNA may persist in the liver.
Nurturing Intuition through Group Learning.

The collaborative inquiry group on intuition met in a college setting to discuss what participants had acknowledged internally but not discussed openly. They validated intuition as a way of knowing and learned how to nurture it in themselves and others.
Purification and properties of ornithine carbamoyl transferase from liver of Squalus acanthias.

Abstract Citrulline synthesis from ammonia by hepatic mitochondria in elasmobranchs involves intermediate formation of glutamine as the result of the presence of high levels of glutamine synthetase and a unique glutamine- and N -acetyl-glutamate-dependent carbamoyl phosphate synthetase, both of which have properties unique to the function of glutamine-dependent synthesis of urea, which is retained in the tissues of elasmobranchs at high concentrations for the purpose of osmoregulation [ P. M. Anderson and C. A. Casey (1984) , J. Biol. Chem. , 259 , 456–462; R. A. Shankar and P. M. Anderson (1985) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. , 239 , 248–259]. The objective of this study was to determine if ornithine carbamoyl transferase, which catalyzes the last step of mitochondrial citrulline synthesis and which has not been previously isolated from any species of fish, also has properties uniquely related to this function. Ornithine carbamoyl transferase was highly purified from isolated liver mitochondria of Squalua acanthias , a representative elasmobranch. The purified enzyme is a trimer with a subunit molecular weight of 38,000 and a native molecular weight of about 114,000. The effect of pH is significantly influenced by ornithine concentration; optimal activity is at pH 7.8 when ornithine is saturating. The apparent K m values for ornithine and carbamoyl phosphate at pH 7.8 are 0.71 and 0.05 m m , respectively. Ornithine displays considerable substrate inhibition above pH 7.8. The activity is not significantly affected by physiological concentrations of the osmolyte urea or trimethylamine- N -oxide or by a number of other metabolites. The results of kinetic studies are consistent with a steady-state ordered addition of substrates (carbamoyl phosphate binding first) and rapid equilibrium random release of products. Except for an unusually low specific activity, the properties of the purified elasmobranch enzyme are similar to the properties of ornithine carbamoyl transferase from mammalian ureotelic and other species and do not appear to be unique to its role in glutamine-dependent synthesis of urea for the purpose of osmoregulation.
Molecular morphological effects to optoelectronics

A comparison study between a block copolymer and blend samples (D/A; donor/acceptor) revealed that their optoelectronic properties change significantly in different morphologies due to different processing conditions. The study shows that the photovoltaic performance of a block copolymer is better than that of corresponding donor/acceptor simple blend devices due to smaller scale (5-10 nanometers) donor/acceptor phase separation in the block copolymer, and that thermal annealing generally improves OE property due to potential better molecular packing.
Effects of vitamin E dietary supplements on the exposed dental pulp in rats

Forty adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two equal groups, control (Group 1) and experimental (Group 2). Group 2 received 100 mg of dl-alpha-tocopherol acetate (vitamin E) twice weekly by the oral route. After 2 weeks the animals in both groups were subjected to pulp exposures that were capped with zinc oxide and eugenol and to pulp exposures that were left open. The oral administration of 100 mg dl-alpha-tocopherol acetate in the Group 2 animals was continued for periods of 1 day to 4 weeks after the operative procedures. The animals were killed 1 day, 3 days, and 1, 2, and 4 weeks after the procedures. The most severe, prolonged, and extensive pulpal disease was seen in both groups when the pulp exposure was left open to the oral flora. The most favorable repair and healing results took place after 1, 2, and 4 weeks in the Group 2 animals in pulp exposures covered with zinc oxide and eugenol.
Family background, sex-role attitudes, and life goals of technical college and university students

Questionnaires that assessed family background, educational goals, career goals, preferred and expected career commitment, and sex-role attitudes were completed by 763 male and female undergraduates. The women expressed significantly more nontraditional goals and attitudes than women in previous studies, but the female respondents' goals and attitudes differ significantly from their male classmates. The correlations between several sex-role-related goals and attitudes are significant for both men and women. Parents' educational attainment, mothers' careers, and religious upbringing are the background variables that most strongly predict traditional/nontraditional goals and sex-role attitudes. The predictive powers of the background traits differ for men and women, and these results are often inconsistent with results of previous studies. Implications for related research are discussed.
D(d,p)T fusion induced by heavy-ion irradiation of TiD1.7.

As a test of the linear cascade model for ion-solid interaction, Xe and Ar ion irradiation at energies of 140–600 keV is used to induce D+D fusion in TiD1.7. The fusion yield is measured by monitoring the 3.02-MeV protons from the D(d,p)T reaction. A linear binary-collision cascade model predicts fusion yields that are in excellent agreement with the measured yields for all cases studied.
Association between transient pulmonary congestion during acute myocardial infarction and high incidence of death in six months

In a prospective multicenter study of 866 patients after acute myocardial infarction (AMI), an increased or excessive mortality rate (13%) was confined to the first 6 months after AMI. In the subsequent 18 months of follow-up, the mortality rate (4%) was similar to that in coronary patients in chronic stable condition. Analysis of patients who died in the first 6 months revealed that 55% had had pulmonary congestion at the time of the index AMI. Neither these patients nor the others who died in the early period were found to have more severe ventricular dysfunction, more malignant arrhythmias or more severe ischemia than patients who died after 6 months. The reason for the high and early mortality in patients with pulmonary congestion is not clear, particularly because 30% had reasonable ventricular function, with an ejection fraction of more than 40%. However, given the poor prognosis of these patients, early and aggressive diagnostic efforts should be undertaken to exclude jeopardized regions remote from the initial AMI.
OPTIMIZATION OF EPOXYEICOSATRIENOIC ACID SYNTHESES TO TEST THEIR EFFECTS ON CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW IN VIVO

Abstract Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), normally present in brain and blood, appear to be released from atherosclerotic vessels in large amounts. Once intravascular, EETs can constrict renal arteries in vivo and dilate cerebral and coronary arteries in vitro. Whether EETs in blood will alter cerebral blood flow (CBF) in vivo is unknown. In the present study, the chemical synthesis of four EET regioisomers was optimized, and their identity and structural integrity established by chromatographic and mass spectral methods. The chemically labile EETs were converted to a sodium salt, complexed with albumin, and infused into anesthetized rats via the common carotid. The objective was to test whether sustained, high levels of intravascular EETs alter CBF. The CBF (cortical H2 clearance) was measured before and 30 min after the continuous infusion of 14,15-(n = 5), 11,12-(n = 5), 8,9-(n = 7) and 5,6-EET (unesterified or as the methyl ester, n = 5 for each). Neither the CBF nor the systemic blood pressure was affected by EETs. Because the infusions elevated the plasma concentrations of EETs about 700-fold above normal levels (1.0 nM), it is unlikely that EETs released from atherosclerotic vessels will alter CBF.
Flaw-to-grain echo enhancement by split-spectrum processing

Abstract A split-spectrum processing technique for an ultrasonic flaw detection system has been developed which improves the flaw-to-grain echo ratio in large-grained materials. The enhancement is achieved by partitioning a wide-band received spectrum to obtain frequency shifted bands, which are then processed to suppress the grain echoes with respect to the flaw echo, using a novel signal minimization algorithm. Experimental data for titanium and stainless steel samples are presented which show superior flaw detection capabilities for the minimization algorithm with respect to frequency averaging techniques.
Stochastic Orbit Loss of Neutral Beam Ions From NSTX Due to Toroidal Alfven Eigenmode Avalanches

Short toroidal Alfven eigenmode (TAE) avalanche bursts in the National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX) cause a drop in the neutron rate and sometimes a loss of neutral beam ions at or near the full injection energy over an extended range of pitch angles. The simultaneous loss of wide ranges of pitch angle suggests stochastic transport of the beam ions occurs. When beam ion orbits are followed with a guiding centre code that incorporates the plasma's magnetic equilibrium plus the measured modes, the predicted ranges of lost pitch angle are similar to those seen in the experiment, with distinct populations of trapped and passing orbits lost. These correspond to domains where the stochasticity extends in the orbit phase space from the region of beam ion deposition to the loss boundary and the trajectories along which modes may transport particles extend from the deposition volume to the loss boundary.
Immunocytochemical co-localization of substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide in afferent renal nerve soma of the rat

Substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide and somatostatin immunoreactivities have been demonstrated in putative afferent renal nerve fibers in the rat. Utilizing retrograde-tracing and immunohistochemistry, we labeled afferent renal nerve soma throughout dorsal root ganglia T9 to L1. Most (85%) of afferent renal nerve perikarya were immunoreactive for calcitonin gene-related peptide, 21% had substance P immunoreactivity and none had somatostatin immunoreactivity. All renal afferents immunoreactive for substance P also contained calcitonin gene-related peptide. These results provide evidence that calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P are present and co-localized in afferent renal nerves, and therefore, mediate transmission of afferent renal input to the spinal cord in the rat.
Induction of Epithelial Adhesion and Morphologic Switching by a Single Gene from Candida albicans. • 701

Virulence of the yeast Candida albicans has been correlated with its ability to adhere to host epithelium and to undergo a morphologic switch from the yeast phase to various filamentous forms: germ tubes, pseudohyphae and hyphae. The C. albicans gene INT1 encodes a putative adhesin (Int1p) with structural similarity to vertebrate integrins that induces the formation of germ tubes when expressed in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (PNAS 1996). Because multiple adhesins mediate adherence of C. albicans to biologic sites such as epithelial cells, endothelial cells, or platelets, we tested the ability of Int1p to confer adhesive capacity on the non-adherent yeast, S. cerevisiae. We show that expression of Int1p in S. cerevisiae enables these normally non-adherent yeast cells to adhere to mammalian epithelial cells (HeLa cells). This adhesion is Int1p specific: polyclonal antibodies recognizing the EF-hand and RGD motifs of Int1p block yeast cell adhesion to HeLa cells, while pre-immune IgG does not. Epithelial adhesion of S. cerevisiae expressing Int1p approached that of the C. albicans strain from which INT1 was cloned. We also demonstrate that INT1 is involved in the hyphal growth of C. albicans. When both copies of INT1 are disrupted in C. albicans, hyphal growth on solid medium is suppressed; reintegration of INT1 into its native chromosomal locus restores the hyphal phenotype. Thus,INT1 expression is sufficient to induce both epithelial adhesion and a morphologic switch to filamentous growth in S. cerevisiaeand INT1 is required for morphogenesis in C. albicans. INT1 is the first candidal gene implicated in two steps of candidal pathogenesis: adhesion and morphogenesis. By analogy with mammalian integrins, adhesion of C. albicans cells via Int1p to an epithelial ligand may provide a signal that initiates the morphologic switch to hyphal growth. If this is the case, strategies to interrupt the interaction of Int1p with its epithelial ligands may avert the pathologic correlates of morphogenesis in the host.
OPTIMISTA: state minimization of asynchronous FSMs for optimum output logic

The optimal state minimization problem is to select a reduced state machine having the best logic implementation over all possible state reductions and encodings. The OPTIMIST (OPTImal MInimization of STates) algorithm (R.M. Fuhrer et al., 1997) was the first general solution to this problem for synchronous finite state machines (FSMs). In this paper, we present the first solution for asynchronous FSMs. This paper makes two contributions. First, we introduce OPTIMISTA (OPTIMIST-Asynchronous), a new algorithm which guarantees optimum 2-level output logic for asynchronous FSMs. In asynchronous machines, output logic is often critical: it usually determines the machine latency. The algorithm is formulated as a binate constraint satisfaction problem, which is solved using a binate solver. The second contribution is a novel alternative result: the unreduced machine itself can be used directly to obtain minimum-cardinality output logic. Thus, this paper presents two approaches: using OPTIMISTA, which simultaneously performs state and logic minimization; or using no state reduction (if output logic cardinality is of sole interest). Extensions for literal optimization, targetted to multi-level logic, are also proposed.
On the consequences of neutron induced damage for volumetric fuel retention in plasma facing materials

Abstract In burning deuterium–tritium (D–T) fusion experiments, such as ITER, plasma-facing components (PFCs) will for the first time be subject to intense 14 MeV neutron bombardment, which cause displacement damage uniformly distributed throughout PFCs. A literature review indicates these displacements typically lead to hydrogenic trap sites ∼1% solid concentration in refractory metals tungsten (W) and molybdenum, a level reached within ∼1000 ITER shots. Simple analytic and numerical models indicate this is a concern for reaching the T fuel retention limit in ITER of 350 g, mostly due to the efficient permeation of D/T into the W allowing access to the volumetric trap sites. The sensitivity of the retention results to the incident plasma parameters, PFC temperature, surface flux balance model and plasma duty-cycle is explored. Within the range of experimental and model uncertainties a limit for an all-W ITER divertor is found ∼100–1000s of shots. It is shown that ambient temperatures in excess of ∼1000 K could control T inventory in a W-clad reactor despite the presence of large trap concentrations, an option which is not possible for ITER with water-cooled walls.
Where does biodiversity go from here? A grim business-as-usual forecast and a hopeful portfolio of partial solutions

The threats to the future of biodiversity are many and well known. They include habitat conversion, environmental toxification, climate change, and direct exploitation of wildlife, among others. Moreover, the projected addition of 2.6 billion people by midcentury will almost certainly have a greater environmental impact than that of the last 2.6 billion. Collectively, these trends portend a grim future for biodiversity under a business-as-usual scenario. These threats and their interactions are formidable, but we review seven strategies that, if implemented soundly and scaled up dramatically, would preserve a substantial portion of global biodiversity. These are actions to stabilize the human population and reduce its material consumption, the deployment of endowment funds and other strategies to ensure the efficacy and permanence ofconservationareas,stepstomakehuman-dominatedlandscapes hospitable to biodiversity, measures to account for the economic costs of habitat degradation, the ecological reclamation of degraded lands and repatriation of extirpated species, the education and empowerment of people in the rural tropics, and the fundamental transformation of human attitudes about nature. Like the carbon ‘‘stabilization wedges’’ outlined by Pacala and Socolow [Pacala S, Socolow R (2004) Stabilization wedges: Solving the climate problem for the next 50 years with current technologies. Science 305:968‐972] (1), the science and technologies needed to effect this vision already exist. The remaining challenges are largely social, political, and economic. Although academic conservation biology still has an important role to play in developing technical tools and knowledge, success at this juncture hinges more on a massive mobilization of effort to do things that have traditionally been outside the scope of the discipline. biodiversity loss conservation trust funds global warming national parks population extinction
Charge Order, Superconductivity, and a Global Phase Diagram of Doped Antiferromagnets

We investigate the interplay between lattice symmetry breaking and superconducting order in a two-dimensional model of doped antiferromagnets, with long-range Coulomb interactions and $\mathrm{Sp}(2N)$ spin symmetry, in the large- $N$ limit. Our results motivate the outline of a global phase diagram for the cuprate superconductors. We describe the quantum transitions between the phases, the evolution of their fermion excitation spectrum, and the experimental implications.
Cross-Scale Patterns in Shrub Thicket Dynamics in the Virginia Barrier Complex

To interpret broad-scale erosion and accretion patterns and the expansion and contraction of shrub thickets in response to sea level rise for a coastal barrier system, we examined the fine-scale processes of shrub recruitment and mortality within the context of the influence of ocean current and sediment transport processes on variations in island size and location. We focused on Myrica cerifera shrub thickets, the dominant woody community on most barrier islands along the coastline of the southeastern USA. Observations suggest that M. cerifera, a salt-intolerant species, is increasing in cover throughout the Virginia barrier islands, yet rising sea level in response to climate change is increasing erosion and reducing island area. Our objective was to explain this apparent paradox using pattern–process relationships across a range of scales with a focus on ocean currents and sediment transport interacting with island characteristics at intermediate scales. Multi-decadal comparisons across scales showed a complex pattern. At the scale of the entire Virginia barrier complex, modest decreases in upland area were accompanied by large increases in shrub area. Responses were more variable for individual islands, reflecting inter-island variations in erosion and accretion due to differences in sediment transport via ocean currents. Several islands underwent dramatic shrub expansion. Only for within-island responses were there similarities in the pattern of change, with a lag-phase after initial shrub colonization followed by development of linear, closed canopy thickets. Understanding the fine-scale processes of shrub seedling establishment and thicket development, in conjunction with the influence of ocean currents and sediment transport, provides a framework for interpreting island accretion and erosion patterns and subsequent effects on shrub thicket expansion or contraction across scales of time and space.
Ziconotide-induced psychosis: a case report

Abstract Ziconotide is used intrathecally in the management of severe chronic pain that contains a warning against neuropsychiatric adverse events. The definition of psychiatric events is broad and management strategies are vague. This case report describesa 49-year-old female who was admitted to the acute psychiatric unit to address auditory hallucinations and paranoid ideation persisting for 3 weeks. Approximately 3 months ago, an intrathecal pump with ziconotide was implanted to treat pain. Upon hospital admission, the pump was infusing at a rate of 4.9 mcg/24 hours. Because the drug could not be immediately discontinued, risperidone 0.5 mg nightly was initiated and subsequently, the pump was drained of ziconotide, rinsed, and refilled with normal saline. The patient reported no hallucinations or apparent delusions several hours later and was eventually discharged with resolution of psychotic symptoms and continuation of risperidone for 10 days. Despite the identification of neuropsychiatric effects, limited information is available to characterize the presentation and guide specific management aside from recommendations to discontinue the infusion and possible use of psychotropic medications or necessity for hospitalization. This case report characterizes one presentation of hallucinations and paranoia associated with ziconotide intrathecal infusion. Clinicians should be aware of the management strategies to mediate these adverse effects, including expected time to adverse effect resolution, removal of ziconotide from the pump, and role for short-term use of antipsychotics.
Interleukin-2-like activity in injured rat brain.

The lymphokine interleukin-2 (IL-2) promotes division and maturation of oligodendrocytes in culture (1). We now report that a IL-2-like activity was present in injured rat brain. The ion-exchange properties of this activity were similar to those of splenocyte IL-2 but its apparent molecular weight was higher. Brain IL-2-like activity was highest in the tissue immediately adjacent to the injury, reaching a maximal activity of about 8000 U/g tissue after 10 days postlesion. The mitogenic activity of injured-brain extracts on astrocytes and CTLL thymocytes was partially inhibited by monoclonal antibodies to murine IL-2 receptor. However, pure human IL-2 did not have mitogenic activity for cultured rat astrocytes. Purified astrocytes, alone or stimulated in a variety or ways, did not produce IL-2-like activity.
The material composition of product and new materials

Abstract The material composition of product is defined as the quantity of a material used in the production of one unit of a product during a year. This ratio is computed by dividing the quantity of goods produced duting that year, and has shown steady declines over time for many metals. These declining trends could be the result of several interrelated effects: the substitution of other materials, continued improvements in product design, and improvements in manufacturing technology. This paper demonstrates that these effects can be classified into two categories. First, existing products and manufacturing processes can be improved and made more material efficient. This is a short-run adjustment bucause no major changes are made to capital equipment. This adjustment process can be modelled by the use of learning curves. The second category of changes that allow adjustments in materials manufacturing plant redesign. This requires major capital investment to re-tool the manufacturing process and is therefore a long-run adjustment that can be characterizedby models of the diffusion of new tehnology. These two aspects (short-run learning curves and lon-run trends in the diffusion of technology) are demonstrated for the case of the materials used in manufacturing beer containers in the USA.
Reduction of canine infarct size by bolus intravenous administration of liposomal prostaglandin E1 : Comparison with control, placebo liposomes, and continuous intravenous infusion of prostaglandin E1

Abstract Prostaglandin E 1 (PGE 1 ) reduces experimental infarct size when administered by prolonged low-dose left atrial infusion during coronary occlusion. Liposomal delivery of PGE 1 may enhance biologic activity and limit adverse hemodynamic effects. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that intravenous bolus administration of liposomal PGE 1 (TLC C-53, The Liposome Company, Princeton, N.J.) during coronary occlusion would result in myocardial salvage. We compared TLC C-53 (0.5 μg/kg intravenous bolus at 10 and 100 min of occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD]), free PGE 1 (0.1 μg/kg/min infused 10 min after LAD occlusion until reperfusion), placebo liposomes, and control ( n = 7 for each group) in an open-chest canine model of 2 hours of LAD occlusion and reperfusion. Infarct size as a percentage of risk area (mean ± SD) in the control group (58.4% ± 20.0%) was similar to that in animals given placebo liposomes (53.1% ± 12.6%) but was significantly reduced in the groups given TLC C-53 (33.5% ± 9.2%; p 1 (37.2% ± 4.8%; p p 1 -treated dogs compared with the control dogs, independent of collateral blood flow by analysis of covariance. Moreover, the ischemic-zone blood flow during reperfusion was significantly higher in the TLC C-53 group compared with the control group or the group receiving free PGE 1 . Neutrophil infiltration of ischemic myocardium was significantly inhibited by TLC C-53 as determined by myeloperoxidase assay. Unlike free PGE 1 , TLC C-53 did not cause significant tachycardia or hypotension during therapy. In conclusion, TLC C-53 administered intravenously during coronary occlusion significantly reduced infarct size, limited neutrophil infiltration, and improved myocardial blood flow during reperfusion without adverse hemodynamic consequences.
Competitive reactions of coordinated carbon monoxide and methyl isocyanide with amines

Abstract The relative reactivities of CO and CNR ligands with CH 3 NH 2 were investigated in complexes which contained both ligands. Like (C 5 H 5 Fe(CO) 3 + ; the (C 5 H 5 )Fe(CO) 2 (CNCH 3 ) + complex reacts with CH 3 NH 2 to give the carbamoyl complex (C 5 )Fe(CO)(CNCH 3 )(CONHCH 3 ); this is a readily reversible reaction. In contrast, (C 5 H 5 )Fe(CO)(CNCH 3 ) 2 + reacts with CH 3 NH 2 to give the amidinium or carbene complex, (C 5 H 5 )Fe(CO)(CNCH 3 )[C(NHCH 3 ) 2 ] + ]. In a slow reaction, (C 5 H 5 )Fe(PPh 3 )(CO)(CNCH 3 ) + forms the amidinium complex, (C 5 H 5 )Fe(PPh 3 )(CO)[C(NHCH 3 ) 2 ] + . Factors that affect the site of CH 3 NH 2 reaction are discussed. The complexes have been characterized by IR and NMR spectroscopy; a variable temperature NMR study of (C 5 H 5 )Fe(CO)(CNCH 3 )[C(NHCH 3 ) 2 ] + indicates restricted rotation around the CN bonds of the amidinium ligand.
Food chain chaos due to transcritical point.

Chaotic dynamics of a classical prey-predator-superpredator ecological model are considered. Although much is known about the behavior of the model numerically, very few results have been proven analytically. A new analytical result is obtained. It is demonstrated that there exists a subset on which a singular Poincare map generated by the model is conjugate to the shift map on two symbols. The existence of such a Poincare map is due to two conditions: the assumption that each species has its own time scale ranging from fast for the prey to slow for the superpredator, and the existence of transcritical points, leading to the classical mathematical phenomenon of Pontryagin’s delay of loss of stability. This chaos generating mechanism is new, neither suspected in abstract form nor recognized in numerical experiments in the literature.
Analyzing images' privacy for the modern web

Images are now one of the most common form of content shared in online user-contributed sites and social Web 2.0 applications. In this paper, we present an extensive study exploring privacy and sharing needs of users' uploaded images. We develop learning models to estimate adequate privacy settings for newly uploaded images, based on carefully selected image-specific features. We focus on a set of visual-content features and on tags. We identify the smallest set of features, that by themselves or combined together with others, can perform well in properly predicting the degree of sensitivity of users' images. We consider both the case of binary privacy settings (i.e. public, private), as well as the case of more complex privacy options, characterized by multiple sharing options. Our results show that with few carefully selected features, one may achieve extremely high accuracy, especially when high-quality tags are available.
Bacillary Dysentery in the Rhesus Monkey.

Acute bacillary dysentery in monkeys kept in captivity is frequently a serious problem. It affords, however, an opportunity to study the disease as it occurs spontaneously, with possibilities of control which cannot obtain in observing this disease in man. The history of our knowledge of the human disease is well known. The work of Shiga in isolating one of the inciting agents is a classic in bacteriological literature. The subsequent studies of Kruse, Flexner, Hiss, Martini and Lenz, Sonne and Schmitz disclosed the various species of bacteria which may cause bacillary dysentery, and laid the foundations for their classification. Andrewes and Inman brought some order out of the chaos existing in the knowledge of the nonlactose, mannitol fermenting organisms. Thjotta, Koser and his co-workers, Welch and Micke, and others have recently added to our knowledge of the lactose fermenting types. Studies of the toxic properties of the organisms have been made by Shiga, Conradi, Todd, Dopter, Olitski and Kligler, Okell and Blake. The first report of dysentery in monkeys which we have been able to find in the literature is that of Ravaut and Dopter.1 An epizootic of dysentery, in which two of the animals died, occurred in a colony of macaques in the laboratory of the Broca Hospital, Paris. From the muco-bloody stools of one animal during life and from the intestinal contents of another at necropsy, typical dysentery organisms of the Flexner variety were isolated. Agglutinins for laboratory strains of paradysentery organisms were present in one animal in a dilution of 1-200. The lesions were similar to those of human dysentery. Bowman2 reported the occurrence of dysentery in a few of his stock monkeys, two of which were killed for examination. Injection of the mucosa and patchy hemorrhages, accompanied by a hypersecretion of mucus, were found in the rectum and colon, and organisms of the paradysentery type were isolated in both cases. Jonesco-Michaiesti and Combiesco3 reported an epizootic of bacillary dysentery in a colony of Macacus rhesus in Bucharest. The monkeys succumbed after a short illness with symptoms entirely comparable to human dysentery, and with ''classic" lesions of the large intestines and of the mesenteric lymph nodes. Typical paradysentery organisms were isolated.
Electromagnetic background in the search for neutral weak currents via e+e- → μ+μ-

Abstract We estimate the radiative corrections to e+e− → μ+μ− for several experimental situations. In particular, we discuss the asymmetry about 90° of the muon differential cross section and compare this to weak neutral current asymmetry predictions. The differences between this work and precious estimates lie in the inclusion of 1) polarized beam effects, 2) an exact calculation of the two-photon channel, and 3) and improved soft-photon treatment.
Fermilab Main Accelerator Quadrupole Transistorized Regulators for Improved Tune Stability

During early operation of the Fermilab Main Accelerator, tune flucutations, caused by the SCR-controlled power supplies in the quad bus, limited the beam aperature at low energies. To correct this problem, two transistorized power supplies were built in 1975 to regulate and filter the Main Ring quad magnet current during injection and beam acceleration through the rf transistion region. There is one power supply in series with each quad bus. Each supply uses 320 parallel power transistors and is rated at 300A, 120V. Since the voltage and current capabilities of the transistorized supplies are limited, the supplies are turned-off at about 25GeV. A real-time computer system initiates turn-on of the SCR-controlled power supplies and regulation takeover by the SCR-controlled supplies, at the appropriate times.
Pharmacotherapeutic decision-making for patients with atrial fibrillation.

Purpose To discuss the therapeutic goals in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF); antithrombotic, rate-control, and rhythm-control medications used in these patients; rationale for choosing between rate-control and rhythm-control strategies; and safety, efficacy, and patient-specific considerations in choosing among established antiarrhythmic medications for these patients. Summary The three primary goals for patients with AF are prevention of thromboembolic stroke, heart rate control, and rhythm control. Warfarin is more effective than aspirin for stroke prevention in patients with AF, and it is recommended for patients at high risk for stroke. However, warfarin is underused, especially in elderly patients. Diltiazem, verapamil, β-blockers, digoxin, and amiodarone may be used for rate control; the choice among these agents is based on the patient’s blood pressure and the presence of certain underlying diseases. Rhythm-control strategies for patients with AF offer no advantage over rate-control strategies in terms of mortality or quality of life, and they are associated with a higher rate of hospitalization. Exercise tolerance is greater with rhythm control, however. The choice among antiarrhythmic agents for maintenance of sinus rhythm after cardioversion is based on safety, efficacy, and the presence of underlying structural heart disease (e.g., heart failure, coronary artery disease, hypertension with or without left ventricular hypertrophy) and renal impairment. Conclusion Careful consideration of patient-specific characteristics and the differences in safety and efficacy among antithrombotic, rate-control, and rhythm-control medications is needed to optimize treatment of and outcomes in patients with AF.
Sentinel node biopsy in breast cancer.

Background: Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SNB) in breast cancer may be used in place of axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) if SNB accurately stages the axilla. This study assessed the success and accuracy of axillary SNB with isosulfan blue (ISB) and technetium-99 sulfur colloid (TSC) compared to ALND.
D-brane recoil and infrared divergences in string theory.

It is shown that there are logarithmic operators in D-brane backgrounds that lead to infrared divergences in open-string loop amplitudes. These divergences can be canceled by changing the closed-string background by operators that correspond to the D-brane moving with constant velocity after some instant in time, since it is precisely such operators that give rise to the appropriate ultraviolet divergences in the closed-string channel. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
The decline and fall of high-tech corporate culture

Spurred by a universal dislike or even hatred of their jobs, many people in software development and testing positions change jobs or companies almost annually. Companies suffer as a consequence, because the already huge costs of recruiting, hiring and re-training are growing every month. People suffer because this misery is an enormous drain on their individual resources. What causes this rapid turnover? Are there cures? What has changed in high-tech corporate culture that leads to mass discontent, and what can we do about it? To answer these questions, the author offers her perspective, having worked in a variety of software development, project management and executive positions for the last 20 years.
The intracellular distribution of the ES cell totipotent markers OCT4 and Sox2 in adult stem cells differs dramatically according to commercial antibody used

To characterize ES cells, researchers have at their disposal a list of pluripotent markers, such as OCT4. In their quest to determine if adult stem cell populations, such as MSCs and ASCs, are pluripotent, several groups have begun to report the expression of these markers in these cells. Consistent with this, human ASCs (hASCs) are shown in this study to express a plethora of ES pluripotent markers at the gene and protein level, including OCT4, Sox2, and Nanog. When intracellular distribution is examined in hASCs, both OCT4 and Sox2 are expressed within the nuclei of hASCs, consistent with their expression patterns in ES cells. However, a significant amount of expression can be noted within the hASC cytoplasm and a complete absence of nuclear expression is observed for Nanog. Recent descriptions of OCT4 transcript variants may explain the cytoplasmic expression of OCT4 in hASCs and consistent with this, hASCs do express both the OCT4A and 4B transcript variants at the gene level. However, discrepancies arise when these three pluripotent markers are studied at the protein level. Specifically, distinct differences in intracellular expression patterns were noted for OCT4, Sox2, and Nanog from commercial antibody to commercial antibody. These antibody discrepancies persisted when hMSCs and rat ASCs and MSCs were examined. Therefore, confirming the expression of OCT4, Sox2, and Nanog in adult stem cells with today's commercial antibodies must be carefully considered before the designation of pluripotent can be granted.
Mechanisms of disease: HDL metabolism as a target for novel therapies.

Despite aggressive lipid-lowering therapy, coronary heart disease event rates remain unacceptably high, indicating the need for additional therapeutic approaches. Notably, low HDL-cholesterol levels remain an independent risk factor for adverse coronary events even in patients with naturally low or therapeutically lowered LDL-cholesterol levels. Here, Daniel Rader examines the current status of the development of novel therapies aimed at raising HDL-cholesterol levels or improving the function of HDL. Plasma concentrations of HDL cholesterol are inversely correlated with risk of coronary heart disease, and low HDL-cholesterol levels are a risk factor even in patients aggressively treated for LDL reduction. Thus, there is great interest in targeting HDL cholesterol therapeutically. The existing approaches are limited in their ability to raise HDL-cholesterol levels, and there has, therefore, been a major focus on the development of novel therapies. The goal of new approaches is to either raise HDL-cholesterol levels or improve the function of HDL. Here, the current status of the development of novel therapies targeted toward HDL metabolism is reviewed.
Requirement for Atm in Ionizing Radiation-Induced Cell Death in the Developing Central Nervous System

Ataxia telangiectasia (AT) is characterized by progressive neurodegeneration that results from mutation of the ATM gene. However, neither the normal function of ATM in the nervous system nor the biological basis of the degeneration in AT is known. Resistance to apoptosis in the developing central nervous system (CNS) of Atm-/- mice was observed after ionizing radiation. This lack of death occurred in diverse regions of the CNS, including the cerebellum, which is markedly affected in AT. In wild-type, but not Atm-/- mice, up-regulation of p53 coincided with cell death, suggesting that Atm-dependent apoptosis in the CNS is mediated by p53. Further, p53 null mice showed a similar lack of radiation-induced cell death in the developing nervous system. Atm may function at a developmental survival checkpoint that serves to eliminate neurons with excessive DNA damage.
Resilience Among Rural Lesbian Youth

Rural lesbian youth are encumbered with a number of obstacles in their development of a positive self-identify and self-worth. Youth may experience implied physical threats, abuse, and mental health concerns as they attempt to define themselves within a context that emphasizes the role of women as heterosexual caretakers of the community. A number of factors can serve to diminish or enhance the young rural lesbian's ability to cope with barriers and obstacles that she may face, including having a supportive family network, a larger network of friends, supportive mentors and teachers, and access to gay-straight alliances. The intent of this article is to examine the challenges that rural lesbian youth face in developing a positive self-identity including tools to enhance resilience.