cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Studies on the uridine diphosphate-galactose: lipopolysaccharide galactosyltransferase reaction using a fatty acid mutant of Escherichia coli.

Abstract The UDP-galactose:lipopolysaccharide galactosyltransferase reaction has been studied using an unsaturated fatty acid auxotroph of Escherichia coli. The unsaturated fatty acid residues of the E. coli membrane phospholipid have been varied with respect to chain length, position, number, and configuration (cis versus trans) of the ethylenic bond. Although the galactose content of the lipopolysaccharide from cells with membrane phospholipid altered in this way is not appreciably reduced, the reaction itself is found to be sensitive to changes in the fatty acid structure of the phospholipid. The reaction was measured in EDTA-treated intact cells, or using supernatant enzyme and cell envelopes, or membranes, as a source of galactose-deficient acceptor. In general, the activity was greater under conditions known to restrict the packing of the fatty acid residues of phospholipid; for example, shorter chain length, an ethylenic bond near the carboxyl terminus, and cis- rather than trans-unsaturated fatty acids. The activity was also reduced to a much greater extent at lower assay temperatures (l37°) using preparations containing trans-unsaturated fatty acid than with preparations containing the corresponding cis-unsaturated fatty acid. Arrhenius plots of the activity using cell envelopes show a discontinuity when the unsaturated fatty acid is cis-Δ9-16:1, cis-Δ9-18:1, or cis-Δ11-18:1, but not when the corresponding trans-unsaturated fatty acid is used. The temperature at which the discontinuity occurs is 18–23° for all three cis-unsaturated fatty acids.
Hustle and Flow: A Social Network Analysis of the American Federal Judiciary

Scholars have long asserted that social structure is an important feature of a variety of societal institutions. As part of a larger effort to develop a fully integrated model of judicial decision making, we argue that social structure-operationalized as the professional and social connections between judicial actors-partially directs outcomes in the hierarchical federal judiciary. Since different social structures impose dissimilar consequences upon outputs, the precursor to evaluating the doctrinal consequences that a given social structure imposes is a descriptive effort to characterize its properties. Given the difficulty associated with obtaining appropriate data for federal judges, it is necessary to rely upon a proxy measure to paint a picture of the social landscape. In the aggregate, we believe the flow of law clerks reflects a reasonable proxy for social and professional linkages between jurists. Having collected available information for all federal judicial law clerks employed by an Article III judge during the "natural" Rehnquist Court (1995-2004), we use these roughly 19,000 clerk events to craft a series of network based visualizations. Using network analysis, our visualizations and subsequent analytics provide insight into the path of peer effects in the federal judiciary. For example, we find the distribution of "degrees" is highly skewed implying the social structure is dictated by a small number of socially prominent actors. Using a variety of centrality measures, we identify these socially prominent jurists. Next, we draw from the extant complexity literature and offer a possible generative process responsible for producing such inequality in social authority. While the complete adjudication of a generative process is beyond the scope of this article, our results contribute to a growing literature documenting the highly-skewed distribution of authority across the common law and its constitutive institutions.
Cost evaluation of instructional strategies

Cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit analyses are rapidly be coming more common in the field of education. With the economic problems of education continuing, it is safe to assume that calls for such analysis will continue. If cost eval uation is to be used effectively to solve instructional prob lems (rather than as a threat to intimidate educators), those working at the design level need to become aware of the analysis process and start developing solutions to some of the problems that have been discussed or touched on above. First among these problems is the need for output measures that are educationally as well as economically justifiable. Until a learning measure is developed that can be related to both instructional strategies (therefore instructional costs) and to the “higher” goals of education, there will be legitimate criti cism of cost evaluation. Also, there is a need to establish standard terminology and procedures for determining and re porting instructional costs. The development of such stand ards should lead to the establishment of a consistent and ac cessible data base on the costs of instructional technology and make possible the application of cost-effectiveness evalu ation in the formative stages of instructional development where it has the highest potential payoff.
Dual frame video encoding with feedback

A special case of multiple frame prediction is the dual frame buffer, where an encoder uses both an immediate past frame and a long term past frame for motion compensation. Using a dual frame buffer together with intra/inter mode switching improves the compression performance of the coder. In this work, we investigate the effect of feedback in making better mode-switching decisions in the context of rate-distortion optimization. Feedback information is used to limit drift errors due to packet losses by synchronizing the long-term frame buffers of the encoder and decoder, and refining the input to the mode-switching decision mechanism. Experimental results show an improvement in PSNR of up to 1.6 dB.
Critical behavior in Ricci flow

We use numerical techniques to study the formation of singularities in Ricci flow. Comparing the Ricci flows corresponding to a one parameter family of initial geometries on S 3 with varying amounts of S 2 neck pinching, we find critical behavior at the threshold of singularity formation
Batch Fractionation of Bovine Caseins with Diethylaminoethyl Cellulose

Abstract To obtain gram amounts of the various casein fractions, whole casein dispersed in 3.3 M urea (pH 7.4) containing 77 mg/L dithiothreitol was fractionated at 5°C by ion-exchange adsorption on diethylaminoethyl cellulose, Whatman DE 52, with stepwise salt extraction. Fractions were obtained by successive extraction with .00, .035, .085, .12, and .175 M sodium chloride, which upon further purification by appropriate recycling, yielded the minor β -casein (previously named γ-caseins), κ-caseins, major β -casein, α s2 -caseins, and α s1 -caseins, respectively.
Transport Properties of Concentrated Ag-Pd and Cu-Ni Alloys from 300–1000 K

For temperatures above 300 K, thermal conductivity data for concentrated binary silver-palladium and copper-nickel alloys are scarce. A recent review and analysis of thermal conductivity data for selected binary alloy systems by Ho et al.1 included extrapolations of existing data for Ag-Pd and Cu-Ni into composition and temperature regions where data were absent. Over a broad composition range, the electronic Lorenz functions that were calculated showed high temperature values significantly below the Sommerfeld value, Lo = 2.443 × 10−8 V2K−2. These results strongly suggested the collection of additional experimental data to confirm the published extrapolation. Values for thermal conductivity, λ, electrical resistivity, ρ, and absolute Seebeck coefficient, S, were measured for the alloys silver (50 wt %)-palladium (50 wt %) and copper (50 wt %)-nickel (50 wt %) in the temperature interval 300–1000 K. Results for the three transport properties presented in this paper show that the electronic Lorenz functions exceed the Sommerfeld value over most of the temperature range studied.
Health Care Utilization Among the Elderly

The present study represents and attempt to develop a conceptual framework which provides a theoretical linkage between predisposing, enabling, and need for care factors and the utilization of physicians' services within an elderly population. Multiple regression and path analytic techniques are used to access the relative importance of these factors in determining health care utilization. The findings indicate, among other things, that the measures of morbidity, or the need-for-care, are the most important variables determining use. The substantive findings and their implications for the development of health care policies and programs for future research are highlighted.
THE PERSONAL CAN BE INTELLECTUAL

The path to English Literature came upon me suddenly. One day I was inert in my cubicle exercising my licensed social work skills with some reluctance, heart not so soft, mind not so sharp in this 12th career year. I think it was vicarious tragedy that catapulted me into a different direction. I’ve always loved literature. Reading and writing about it took the edge off of service to bleeding lives, a welcome distraction after a day staunching hemorrhaged dreams. I found myself in undergraduate English classes, giving formal shape to a new direction, careening into the classroom from a side door of my social work career. I sat down hard in the classroom chair, out of breath, eyes wide like a freshman’s eyes can be. But I come to Advanced Expository Writing these twenty years later with a proverbial gentleman looking over my shoulder; we have an ambivalent relationship, the Father and I. This Father, a paternalistic presence (Professor or Doctor or Sir to someone else), looms with a felt sense from my previous professors; vestiges from the movies, an all-knowing, ivy league presence; and the visual composite of that immovable bank of knowledge waiting to fill a naive and unformed undergraduate brain. To my mind, he is invariably a white man in a white shirt, sloppy tie loose, sleeves rolled up in warm weather. His white hair may be a little “fly away.” He has an English accent, wears bi-focals, and is probably in his 60’s, the smell of old pages adding a layer of mustiness, crustiness to his authority. He lectures didactically and paternalistically. He is a little gruff in appearance and doesn’t encourage class discussion or dialogue after class. The lectures are boring and uninspired. His syllabus is at least a decade old because he’s really concentrating on publishing another paper to keep up his academic reputation. His examination questions (and they are called examinations) can generally be answered in one of two ways, right or wrong. If you’re on the wrong side, it’s an agonizing semester. The papers one writes (we students are part of a lower case one) are self-conscious, an attempt at imitating his voice, a reiteration of his lessons. He is bored by his job and has lost the ability to be inspired by youth because he views them as fledglings to be molded by his design. They have nothing to teach him, Father Academia. In this undergraduate classroom some twenty years later, be still my beating heart, there is a professor talking about creative nonfiction. Our text is The Fourth Genre, an anthology of creative nonfiction essays that include personal essays (with much mention of the father of the personal essay, Michel Montaigne), segmented and often non-linear essays of an academic and/or political nature (Rebecca Blevins Faery, Jane Tompkins, Marianna Torgovnick), and powerful prosaic essays that weave together philosophical musings and rich personal experience (Annie
Review of Decoherence‐Free Subspaces, Noiseless Subsystems, and Dynamical Decoupling

Quantum information requires protection from the adverse affects of decoherence and noise. This review provides an introduction to the theory of decoherence-free subspaces, noiseless subsystems, and dynamical decoupling. It addresses quantum information preservation as well protected computation.
Characteristics of Dry-Cured Hams as Affected by Needle Tenderization and Vacuum Packaging

Needle tenderization of skinned hams accelerated salt absorption and weight loss and shortened curing time for dry-cured hams. Vacuum packaging of hams after they achieved an 18% weight loss prevented most additional weight loss thus yielding a higher percentage of moisture and a lower percentage of salt than in nonpackaged hams. Total bacterial and lactobacilli counts were higher in packaged hams but did not affect internal appearance scores or sensory evaluation scores. In general, the use of needle tenderization and vacuum packaging was helpful in reducing curing and aging time and in controlling yields in dry-cured hams.
The Protective Role of Friendships in Overtly and Relationally Victimized Boys and Girls

This study was conducted to assess whether friendship quality and gender moderate the association between peer victimization and internalizing distress. Third-,fourth-, and fifth-grade children (N = 670; 315 girls, 355 boys) completed self-report measures of friendship quality, relational and overt physical victimization, anxiety, and depression. Results indicated that several aspects of positive friendship quality, including help and security, serve as effective buffers against both relational and overt victimization. These results were found for girls only and for both anxiety and depression. Results highlight the importance of positive friendship features as protective factors in the link between victimization and internalizing distress.
Nano in Sight: Epistemology, Aesthetics, Comparisons and Public Perceptions of Images of Nanoscale Objects

ABSTRACT Images of atoms, molecules and other nanoscale objects constitute one of the principal ways of communicating scientific knowledge about nanotechnology, both within and beyond the scientific community. This paper reports on four kinds of insights from studies of nano images: (1) a critical epistemology of these images; (2) aesthetic interpretations intended to counterbalance problems identified in the epistemology; (3) comparisons with issues of visualization from other scientific areas; and (4) a consideration of how persons in the public interpret artistic pictures of nanobots. These insights demonstrate how the humanities and social sciences contribute to the understanding of nanotechnology.
Turbulence-induced spatial variation of surface temperature in high-resolution thermal IR satellite imagery

Atmospheric eddies cause transient spatial and temporal variations of surface temperature and can limit the precision of satellite surface temperature retrievals. If a thermal IR sensor has sufficiently high spatial resolution, the effects of these transient changes of temperature will be seen as variations of the thermal spatial pattern. Nine thermal IR images of a uniform emissivity area on Mauna Loa caldera are carefully compared to document spatial differences between them. These images were obtained from the Dept. of Energy Multispectral Thermal Imager satellite at about 20m GSD. Spatial patterns with a 1C - 6C magnitude are present but not repeated in any of the images. In order to better understand the characteristics and impact of turbulence induced temperature fluctuations for quantitative remote thermal IR sensing, an effort to model the spatial variation of surface temperature as driven by turbulent energy fluxes has been initiated. Stochastic models initially examined showed a close coupling between surface temperature and turbulent fluxes but were not successful. Traditional energy balance models used in this type of simulation are insufficient to model skin temperature because of the importance of the skin layer and its small depth compared to soil depths used in the models. A new treatment based on surface renewal theory is introduced.
Experimental demonstration of time-delay interferometry for the laser interferometer space antenna.

We report on the first demonstration of time-delay interferometry (TDI) for LISA, the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna. TDI was implemented in a laboratory experiment designed to mimic the noise couplings that will occur in LISA. TDI suppressed laser frequency noise by approximately ${10}^{9}$ and clock phase noise by $6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{4}$, recovering the intrinsic displacement noise floor of our laboratory test bed. This removal of laser frequency noise and clock phase noise in postprocessing marks the first experimental validation of the LISA measurement scheme.
Lactophenol preparations for soil nematodes.

ONE of the essentials of a fluid preparation for nematodes is that coverslip supports must be included in the drop of mounting medium to avoid distortion of the specimens. For this purpose Goodey1 recommends glass fibres arranged radially in the drop; but as the fibres may be of varied and unknown diameter, it is difficult to judge the correct size of drop. If the drop is too large, the lactophenol flows on to the upper surface of the coverslip, and the ringing medium (‘Zut’ or lactophenol gum) will not seal the mount. If the drop is too small, air spaces are left near the edge of the coverslip and the ringing medium is drawn into them by capillarity.
Sensorless Estimation of Airgap in a Magnetically Levitated (MagLev) System

This paper investigates the electromagnetic and dynamic analysis of a magnetically levitated (MagLev) system. A simple experiment illustrating the principles of electromagnetic suspension (EMS) is described and simulation results are given. Finite element analysis has been done to determine levitation forces and magnetic flux used for system modeling. This type of levitation is unstable without the feedback control therefore a robust controller has been proposed to maintain the air gap between the body in motion and guideway. Various controller design methods are evaluated for this non-linear model and results haven been compared. A sensorless methodology has also been proposed to estimate the air gap.
Tillage systems and soil ecology

Tillage systems affect the soil physical and chemical environment in which soil organisms live, thereby affecting soil organisms. Tillage practices change soil water content, temperature, aeration, and the degree of mixing of crop residues within the soil matrix. These changes in the physical environment and the food supply of the organisms affect different groups of organisms in different ways. One of the challenges of research in soil ecology is to understand the impacts of management on the complex interactions of all organisms at the soil community level. In addition to the response of organisms to soil manipulations, agriculturalists are interested in the actions of soil organisms on the physical and chemical environment in the soil. Soil organisms perform important functions in soil, including structure improvement, nutrient cycling, and organic matter decomposition. This paper discusses the effects of tillage practices on soil organism populations, functions, and interactions. Although there is a wide range of responses among different species, most organism groups have greater abundance or biomass in no-till than in conventional tillage systems. Larger organisms in general appear to be more sensitive to tillage operations than smaller organisms, due to the physical disruption of the soil, burial of crop residue, and the change in soil water and temperature resulting from residue incorporation. Variations in responses found in different studies reflect different magnitudes of tillage disruption and residue burial, timing of the tillage operations, timing of the measurements, and different soil, crop, and climate combinations. The paper concludes with a discussion of challenges for tillage researchers.
Reductive dechlorination pathways of tetrachloroethylene and trichloroethylene and subsequent transformation of their dechlorination products by mackinawite (FeS) in the presence of metals

Because of frequent co-occurrence of metals with chlorinated organic pollutants, Fe(II), Co(II), Ni(II), and Hg(II) were evaluated for their impact on the dechlorination pathways of PCE and TCE and the subsequent transformation of the initial dechlorination products by FeS. PCE transforms to acetylene via beta-elimination, TCE via hydrogenolysis, and 1,1-DCE via alpha-elimination, while TCE transforms to acetylene via beta-elimination and cis-DCE and 1,1-DCE via hydrogenolysis. Acetylene subsequently transforms in FeS batches, but little transformation of cis-DCE and 1,1-DCE was observed. Branching ratio calculations indicate that the added metals decrease the reductive transformation of PCE and TCE via beta-elimination relative to hydrogenolysis, resulting in a higher production of the toxic DCE byproducts. Nonetheless, acetylene is generally the dominant product. Production of highly water-soluble compound(s) is suspected as a significant source for incomplete mass recoveries. In the transformation of PCE and TCE, the formation of unidentified product(s) is most significant in Co(II)-added FeS batches. Although nearly complete mass recoveries were observed in the other FeS batches, the subsequent transformation of acetylene would lead to the formation of unidentified product(s) over long time periods.
Exploring Personhood in Islamic Thought

How is human personhood conceived in Muslim thought? It is, of course, impossible to frame such a vast question across the breadth of Muslim thought. But I will begin to explore this question drawing on the work of Abu Hamid al-Ghazali (d. 1111). What are the crucial attributes about being a person? Is it to be a rational person? Or does it also involve the element of being a moral person, who requires some amount of choice in make moral choices. What is the moral authority of nature? What is the relationship between personhood and corporeality? My presentation will attempt an outline of a Muslim anthropology of personhood drawing on the work of Ghazali. Then I will also attempt to provide a framework for understanding the relationship between human beings, and technology, especially enhancements.
A Bayesian analysis of payday loans and their regulation

Abstract Payday loans are small short-term loans that a borrower must repay or renew on his/her next payday. In states where payday lending is legal, many terms of these loans are regulated, ostensibly to protect the consumer from excessively burdensome lending practices. The existing literature on payday loans has primarily focused on estimating causal effects of access to those loans, including work by Morse (2011) , Skiba and Tobacman (2009) and Melzer (2011) . Using individual-level administrative records on borrowers in 38 states from an online payday lender, this paper departs from past work by estimating how payday loan regulation affects borrower behavior, specifically how much they choose to borrow, how many times they choose to renew the loan, and whether or not they choose to default. State-level variation in maximum loan sizes and renewal caps are used as exclusion restrictions for identification purposes. We pay particular attention to the calculation of posterior predictive distributions that summarize the sensitivities of borrower behavior to various changes in state-level policies.
Enthalpies of dilution and heat capacities of aqueous solutions of sodiumn-dodecylsulfonate and sodium 4-(1-methylundecyl)benzenesulfonate from 347 to 451°K

Abstract Enthalpies of dilution of aqueous solutions of sodium n -dodecylsulfonate and sodium 4-(1-methylundecyl)benzenesulfonate were measured from 0.3 to about 0.001 mole kg −1 at 347, 399.4, and 451°K. Heat capacities of aqueous 0.3 mole kg −1 solutions of these two surfactants were also measured at these temperatures. In addition, heat capacities of aqueous 0.3 mole kg −1 sodium n -decylsulfonate were measured at 347.4 and 399.3°K. Densities of aqueous solutions of all three surfactants were measured at 1 atm and 328°K. These measurements allow the estimation of the CMC as a function of temperature and allow estimation of how hydrophobic interactions change as a function of temperature. Bulk hydrophobic interactions become weaker as the temperature increases to 451°K, whereas pairwise hydrophobic interactions become stronger.
Generating Peptide Titration-Type Curves Using Polymeric Reverse Micelles As Selective Extraction Agents along with Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Mass Spectrometry Detection

Amphiphilic homopolymers that self-assemble into reverse micelles in nonpolar solvents have been used by us in the context of a two-phase liquid−liquid extraction protocol to selectively extract peptides from aqueous solution for MALDI-MS detection. In this manuscript, we investigate the scope of these materials in terms of its extraction capabilities, using compounds with varying isoelectric points (pI) and pKa values over a range of aqueous solution pHs. We find that the aqueous solution pH and analyte pKa values are the major factors controlling extraction selectivity. We also find that the experimental extraction efficiencies correspond very well with the fractional compositions of species calculated using analyte pKa values, indicating that these extraction materials can be used to simultaneously generate titration-type curves for each individual peptide in a mixture. We predict that such titration curves, along with accurate mass measurements, could represent a new way of improving protein identific...
LINEAR PROGRAMMING SOLUTION OF MASONRY ARCH STABILITY

Abstract A pier, jack arch, and segmental arch will be analyzed using a minimization of potential energy procedure. The method involves creating an energy equation that describes the structure in terms of local displacements. The energy equation will be set up in a linear form so that it can utilize linear programming methods of minimization. The minimization routine will be subject to a number of constraints used to enforce the end conditions of the arch at the abutments and constraints against interpenetration and sliding of adjacent blocks, and then solved for both the primal and dual solutions. The normal forces which are necessary to determine the frictional energy dissipated due to a sliding failure will be derived from the slack of the dual solution. The primal solution will result in either an unbounded solution, indicating an unstable structure, or a solution of zero, indicating a stable structure. This information will be used to solve for a critical value of stability for a particular unknown.
The Hopelessness Theory of Depression: A Prospective Multi-Wave Test of the Vulnerability-Stress Hypothesis

The hopelessness theory of depression’s (Abramson et al. (1989). Psychological Review, 96, 358–372) cognitive vulnerability-stress hypothesis was tested using data from a 6-week longitudinal study of university undergraduates. Participants completed measures of negative inferential style, negative events, and depressive symptoms at the initial assessment and measures of negative events and depressive symptoms each week for the next 6 weeks. Supporting the vulnerability-stress hypothesis, results of hierarchical linear modeling indicated that inferential styles moderated the relation between weekly negative events and weekly variations in depressive symptom levels. Specifically, participants with negative inferential styles who also experienced high levels of negative events in a given week reported the greatest increases in depressive symptoms during that week. Although we also found that depressive symptoms prospectively predicted changes in negative events from week to week, inferential styles did not moderate this relation.
Broadband degenerate OPO for mid-infrared frequency comb generation

We present a new technique suitable for generating broadband phase- and frequency-locked frequency combs in the mid-infrared. Our source is based on a degenerate optical parametric oscillator (OPO) which rigorously both down-converts and augments the spectrum of a pump frequency comb provided by a commercial mode-locked near-IR laser. Low intracavity dispersion, combined with extensive cross-mixing of comb components, results in extremely broad instantaneous mid-IR bandwidths. We achieve an output power of 60 mW and 20dB bandwidth extending from 2500 to 3800 nm. Among other applications, such a source is well-suited for coherent Fourier-transform spectroscopy in the absorption-rich mid-IR ‘molecular fingerprint’ region.
Compact structures for variants of the generalized KdV and the generalized KP equations

In this paper we discuss mathematical variants in higher dimensions of the generalized KdV and the generalized KP equations. It is shown that the focusing branches of these variants exhibit compactons: solitons with finite wavelength, whereas the defocusing branches support solitary patterns solutions with infinite slopes or cusps. The compact and the noncompact dispersive structures are examined in a general way.
The finite sample properties of simultaneous equations' estimates and estimators Bayesian and non-Bayesian approaches

Abstract After discussing the need for good finite sample estimation procedures for simultaneous equations models and showing the inadequacies of asymptotically justified estimators, it is shown how the Bayesian method of moments (BMOM) provides an exact, finite sample analysis of unrestricted reduced form systems. Then optimal, finite sample estimates of structural coefficients are derived using three standard loss functions and they are compared to traditional Bayesian optimal estimates. Monte Carlo experimental evidence from four studies on the relative performance of Bayesian and non-Bayesian estimators is reviewed with the finding that the performance of Bayesian estimators is better.
Past human behavior from bone chemical analysis—Respects and prospects

Chemical analysis (stable isotopic ratios and elemental concentrations) of archeological populations allows us to trace the human diet system in prehistory. We can successfully follow the evolution of human diet and the consequences of dietary change on human health. To do this, the study of chemical composition must be integrated with analysis of the entire individual (bone physiology) and the analysis of society and environmental geochemistry. The advent of quantifiable data of known precision in prehistoric studies (chemistry, epidemiology) allows greater specificity but requires greater precision and rigor in our interpretations of past behavior. Before we can take full advantage of the new methodology, we must understand the nature of chemical variation in archeological populations. Variation between individuals and populations in chemical indices comes from differences in measurements, samples, age, sex, health, diet, burial, and laboratory preparation. However, dietary reconstructions as well as significant information on human biocultural adaptation can be derived from the multivariate studies.
Influence of prior complex formation on the photoaddition of chlorpromazine to calf thymus deoxyribonucleic acid

Abstract Chlorpromazine (CPZ), 2-chloro- N -(3-dimethylaminopropyl) phenothiazine, causes cutaneous photosensitivity in man. The photoaddition of CPZ to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) may be an important mechanism for the phototoxicity. We have investigated the complexes formed between CPZ and calf thymus DNA prior to irradiation, related their formation to the photoaddition of CPZ to DNA and initiated studies to identify the photoadducts. In the presence of high concentrations of double-stranded DNA, the CPZ absorption maximum shifted from 305 to 340 nm with an isosbestic point at 323 nm. The CPZ fluorescence at 460 nm was quenched a maximum of 90%. The excitation and emission spectra for the unquenchable fluorescence are the same as those for free CPZ. These results together with those from flow dichroism measurements indicated that CPZ formed two complexes with double-stranded DNA. One complex involves intercalations, is non-fluorescent and absorbs at 345 nm. The second complex absorbs at 310 nm, fluoresces at 460 nm and has the phenothiazine ring parallel to the DNA axis. Non-covalent binding of CPZ to heat-denatured DNA did not shift the CPZ absorption spectrum but quenched 65% of the CPZ fluorescence. One complex between CPZ and denatured DNA will account for these results. CPZ photolysis was inhibited compared with that of free CPZ by binding to double-stranded DNA (more than 98%) or denatured DNA (65%). CPZ photoadded ten times more efficiently to denatured DNA than to double-stranded DNA. These results indicate that CPZ photolysis and photoaddition are quenched in the intercalation complex. The photoaddition to double-stranded DNA does not result from intercalated CPZ because the action spectrum maximized at 310 nm rather than at 340 nm.
“Reading” the photoelectron β -parameter spectrum in a resonance region

The behavior of the dipole photoelectron angular distribution parameter ${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{nl}(\ensuremath{\omega})$ in the vicinity of autoionizing resonances is discussed. It is shown that from this behavior, surprisingly, many photoionization parameters that cannot be measured experimentally can be extracted. These are the energy positions and ordering of autoionizing resonance minima in the partial photoionization cross sections ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{l+1}$ and ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{l\ensuremath{-}1}$, the energies at which these two cross sections intersect, and signs and magnitudes of the $\mathrm{cos}({\ensuremath{\delta}}_{l+1}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\delta}}_{l\ensuremath{-}1})$ (${\ensuremath{\delta}}_{l\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1}$ being the phase shifts of the dipole photoionization amplitudes ${D}_{l\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1}$, respectively) through the autoionizing resonance energy region. Based on this, a deeper interpretation of such effects as the width-narrowing, width-fluctuating, and $q$-reversal in the ${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{nl}$ parameter spectrum in the autoionizing resonance energy region is given. As an example, calculated data for partial photoionization cross sections ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{3d\ensuremath{\rightarrow}f}$ and ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{3d\ensuremath{\rightarrow}p}$, and ${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{3d}$ parameters for $3d$ photoelectrons from ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{+}$ are presented.
Consumer Satisfaction with Involvement in Drug Research: A Social Validity Study

ABSTRACT Objective To assess the social importance and personal benefit attached to involvement in drug research for participating families. Method Parents of children with mental retardation or borderline IQ who took part in two drug studies were surveyed by mail 4 weeks after their involvement. The questionnaire addressed the acceptability of study procedures and satisfaction with study outcomes ("social validity"). Results Forty (63.5%) of 63 families responded to the survey. In all, 83% felt that their questions were satisfactorily answered regarding the role of medication for their children, and 88% were satisfied with the individual conclusions reached regarding pharmacotherapy for their children. Virtually all parents believed that the study assessments used were important, and 88% indicated that they would join the study again if faced with the same choices. Conclusions These parents appear to have found the research experience to be of practical benefit to them, and they were generally positive about their experiences. As this seems to be the only published study of the social or perceived validity of drug research, more surveys of this type are needed to assess consumer reactions to a broader array of research experiences. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry , 1995, 34, 7:940–945.
Biosynthesis and occurrence of free amino acids in eggs of the grasshopper, Aulocara elliotti

Abstract Aulocara elliotti (Thomas) eggs from three wild and two greenhousereared populations were analysed for free amino acid content and for in vivo synthesis of these acids from radioactive acetate. These analyses were performed on eggs in the prediapause, diapause, and post-diapause periods of development. Column chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, colorimetry, and liquid scintillation counting were used as analytical techniques. Fourteen free amino acids were present in all population egg samples throughout embryonic development. Five additional free amino acids and three unknown substances were found in some of the samples. The free amino acid content of all population samples was found to increase considerably from the prediapause to the diapause period and then to decline during post-diapause development. Four amino acids were synthesized in vivo by all the egg samples during each period of development. Five additional ones were synthesized in vivo only in specific stages of development. The differences in free amino acid content and in the in vivo synthesis of free amino acids between the different egg samples at the same stage of development were not attributable to a direct effect of population density.
Organische Phorsphorverbindungen XXXV. Die α‐Aminoalkylierung von elementarem weissem Phosphor und von Biphosphinen. Darstellung und Reaktionen von dialkylaminomethyl‐substituierten tertiären Phosphinoxiden [1]

Further examples of the α-aminoalkylation of white phosphorus and of a biphosphine are reported. The reaction is described using C-methyl piperidines, methylamine, ethylamine or propylamine as the amine component, and formaldehyde or benzaldehyde as the carbonyl component. The reaction mechanism has been clarified. Furthermore the direct synthesis of the diethylamine salt of phosphorous acid is reported. In addition, some physical and chemical properties of tris (dialkylamino-methyl)-phosphine oxides are given and their coordination compounds with nickel halides are described.
Biometric and Ecological Relationships in Two Sympatric Caribbean Gecarcinidae (Crustacea: Decapoda)

ABSTRACT The terrestrial crabs Gecarcinus ruricola and G. lateralis are sympatrically distributed in many areas of the Caribbean. Biometric analyses were conducted using four carapace dimensions and branchial volumes for both species throughout the Caribbean. Mean size of adult G. ruricola does not differ significantly among areas of the Caribbean. G. lateralis shows an increase in mean size from eastern to western localities. The carapace of G. ruricola lateral to the orbits is proportionally larger than the corresponding area of G. lateralis, but growth in both species is allometric. Thus, one should employ caution in using carapace ratios for taxonomic discrimination between the species. The branchial chambers of both G. lateralis and G. ruricola increase in size approximately as the cube of the carapace length. An expansion in the lateral carapace dimension of G. ruricola provides a small increase in branchial volume and a relatively larger increase in surface area which presumably facilitates gaseous exchange with the atmosphere. G. lateralis occurs most frequently in the presence of easily burrowed sandy substrate with at least moderate protection by vegetation. G. ruricola occurs almost exclusively under a forest canopy where it seeks protection in crevices, holes, or other retreats with minimal need for burrowing.
Net potassium transport in Neurospora: properties of a transport mutant.

Abstract Net K+ uptake by wild-type Neurospora shows a complex dependence on the extracellular pH. From pH 4 to 6, uptake follows standard Michaelis Menten kinetics as a function of external potassium but shifts to sigmoid kinetics at pH 8. Net flux measurements have now been carried out on mutant strain R2449, isolated by virtue of an abnormally high potassium requirement for growth, and previously shown to have an elevated K 1 2 for steady-state K+ exchange at pH 5.8. The results indicate that R2449 is abnormal in net K+ uptake at pH 4, 5.8 and 8, consistent with the notion that a single cation transport system exists in Neurospora, capable of functioning over the entire pH range. Two models are presented, an allosteric model and a 2-site model, which can account quantitatively for the shift from Michaelis-Menten kinetics at low pH to sigmoid kinetics at high pH and for the defect in R2449. Further experiments will be needed to distinguish between the models.
High recall document content extraction

We report methodologies for computing high-recall masks for document image content extraction, that is, the location and segmentation of regions containing handwriting, machine-printed text, photographs, blank space, etc. The resulting segmentation is pixel-accurate, which accommodates arbitrary zone shapes (not merely rectangles). We describe experiments showing that iterated classifiers can increase recall of all content types, with little loss of precision. We also introduce two methodological enhancements: (1) a multi-stage voting rule; and (2) a scoring policy that views blank pixels as a "don't care" class with other content classes. These enhancements improve both recall and precision, achieving at least 89% recall and at least 87% precision among three content types: machine-print, handwriting, and photo.
Interaction Of Picosecond Laser Pulses With Solid Surfaces

The interaction of picosecond laser pulses with solid surfaces is characterized by ultrafast energy transfer from the electronic system to the lattice. Heating and melting occur in the picosecond time scale. In semiconductors, the transfer is mediated by the electron hole plasma. Its kinetics is dominated by nonlinear recombination mechanisms that reduce considerably the maximum carrier concentration at high irradiation levels. Experiments with time resolved optical and photoelectrical techniques have established firm evidence for ultrafast thermal surface heating and rapid carrier recombination.
Kinetic analysis of the reversible folding reactions of small proteins: application to the folding of lysozyme and cytochrome c.

A general kinetic analysis for unimolecular three-species models is presented. Criteria are established for each model in order to allow selection among alternative models on the basis of their amplitude behavior. These criteria are applied to the previously reported kinetic data for the folding transitions of lysozyme and cytochrome c in guanidine hydrochloride. The degree of success in applying these criteria is found to depend on the extent to which the apparent rate constants, λ1 and λ2, approach each other in certain conditions. Ikai and Tanford have presented a similar kinetic analysis, although these authors considered only the case where no intermediate kinetic species was populated initially. For one protein system, namely, ribonuclease A (RNase A), at least one stable intermediate exists after unfolding outside of the equilibrium transition zone. The criteria developed by Ikai and Tanford cannot be applied to RNase A kinetics and, therefore, a more general analysis is presented. Previously published studies of the reversible folding kinetics of lysozyme and cytochrome c are reexamined using the current amplitude analysis, and it is found that both of these folding transitions can be described by the three-species model, used previously to describe the folding kinetics of RNase A (U1 and U2 are two forms of unfolded enzyme and N is the native species). These results suggest that this three-species model may provide a fairly general description of the reversible folding kinetics of small proteins. As an outgrowth of the current analysis, several suggestions for experimental design in studying protein folding will be presented and discussed.
On the limits of proper learnability of subclasses of DNF formulas

Bshouty, Goldman, Hancock and Matar have shown that up to log n-term DNF formulas can be properly learned in the exact model with equivalence and membership queries. Given standard complexity-theoretical assumptions, we show that this positive result for proper learning cannot be significantly improved in the exact model or the PAC model extended to allow membership queries. Our negative results are derived from two general techniques for proving such results in the exact model and the extended PAC model. As a further application of these techniques, we consider read-thrice DNF formulas. Here we improve on Aizenstein, Hellerstein, and Pitt's negative result for proper learning in the exact model in two ways. First, we show that their assumption of NP ≠ co-NP can be replaced with the weaker assumption of P ≠ NP. Second, we show that read-thrice DNF formulas are not properly learnable in the extended PAC model, assuming RP ≠ NP.
Brand communities: influencing organisations' identities and their perception of the business environment

Companies strive to be in step with the marketplace. An organisation’s identity shapes how it perceives the business environment and affects its market orientation. As media and entertainment choices multiply and evolve, it becomes more complex for companies to easily reach a broad audience. One solution to this problem is for companies to interact more directly with brand communities; specialised, non-geographically bound communities based on a structured set of social relations among admirers of a brand. Integrating and interacting with brand communities and allowing them to influence an organisation’s identity will help companies to become more market-oriented and influence their perception of the business environment to more accurately reflect actual market conditions.
The effect of particle size on hydrolysis reaction rates and rheological properties in cellulosic slurries.

The effect of varying initial particle sizes on enzymatic hydrolysis rates and rheological properties of sawdust slurries is investigated. Slurries with four particle size ranges (33 μm < x ≤ 75 μm, 150 μm < x ≤ 180 μm 295 μm < x ≤ 425 μm, and 590 μm < x ≤ 850 μm) were subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis using an enzyme dosage of filter paper units per gram of cellulose at 50°C and 250 rpm in shaker flasks. At lower initial particle sizes, higher enzymatic reaction rates and conversions of cellulose to glucose were observed. After 72 h 50 and 55% more glucose was produced from the smallest size particles than the largest size ones, for initial solids concentration of 10 and 13% (w/w), respectively. The effect of initial particle size on viscosity over a range of shear was also investigated. For equivalent initial solids concentration, smaller particle sizes result in lower viscosities such that at a concentration of 10% (w/w), the viscosity decreased from 3000 cP for 150 μm < x ≤ 180 μm particle size slurries to 61.4 cP for 33 μm < x ≤ 75 μm particle size slurries. Results indicate particle size reduction may provide a means for reducing the long residence time required for the enzymatic hydrolysis step in the conversion of biomass to ethanol. Furthermore, the corresponding reduction in viscosity may allow for higher solids loading and reduced reactor sizes during large-scale processing.
On the velocity of a rigid sphere in a sound wave

Abstract A study is presented of the oscillatory motion of a rigid sphere that is induced by a plane, monochromatic sound wave traveling in a viscous, non-heat-conducting fluid of infinite extent. Results for the sphere's velocity amplitude and phase, relative to those of the fluid, are obtained for sound waves of arbitrary frequency. These reduce to those predicted by irrotational flow theory, and to those obtained from viscous, incompressible, unsteady flow theory. It is found that, in general, the range of applicability of either extreme case is quite limited. However, when the ratio of the viscous diffusion velocity, √ων, to the speed of sound, c0, is small, it is found that the two limiting forms agree well with the general results presented here within wide ranges which overlap in the vicinity of kR = 1, where k is the wave number and R is the sphere radius. Thus, the viscous results are applicable for kR ⩽ 1, whereas the inviscid ones apply for kR ⩾ 1.