cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Beyond 512 Tokens: Siamese Multi-depth Transformer-based Hierarchical Encoder for Long-Form Document Matching

Many natural language processing and information retrieval problems can be formalized as the task of semantic matching. Existing work in this area has been largely focused on matching between short texts (e.g., question answering), or between a short and a long text (e.g., ad-hoc retrieval). Semantic matching between long-form documents, which has many important applications like news recommendation, related article recommendation and document clustering, is relatively less explored and needs more research effort. In recent years, self-attention based models like Transformers and BERT have achieved state-of-the-art performance in the task of text matching. These models, however, are still limited to short text like a few sentences or one paragraph due to the quadratic computational complexity of self-attention with respect to input text length. In this paper, we address the issue by proposing the Siamese Multi-depth Transformer-based Hierarchical (SMITH) Encoder for long-form document matching. Our model contains several innovations to adapt self-attention models for longer text input. We propose a transformer based hierarchical encoder to capture the document structure information. In order to better capture sentence level semantic relations within a document, we pre-train the model with a novel masked sentence block language modeling task in addition to the masked word language modeling task used by BERT. Our experimental results on several benchmark data sets for long-form document matching show that our proposed SMITH model outperforms the previous state-of-the-art models including hierarchical attention, multi-depth attention-based hierarchical recurrent neural network, and BERT. Comparing to BERT based baselines, our model is able to increase maximum input text length from 512 to 2048. We will open source a Wikipedia based benchmark data set, code and a pre-trained model to accelerate future research on long-form document matching.
Investor Information, Long-Run Risk, and the Term Structure of Equity

We study the role of information in asset-pricing models with long-run cash flow risk. When investors can distinguish short- from long-run consumption risks (full information), the model generates a sizable equity risk premium only if the equity term structure slopes up, contrary to the data. In general, the short- and long-run components are unidentified. We propose a sparsity-based bounded rationality model of long-run risk that is both parsimonious and fully identified from historical data. In contrast to full information, the model generates a sizable market risk premium simultaneously with a downward-sloping equity term structure, as in the data.
Improved extension protocols for byzantine broadcast and agreement

Byzantine broadcast (BB) and Byzantine agreement (BA) are two most fundamental problems and essential building blocks in distributed computing, and improving their efficiency is of interest to both theoreticians and practitioners. In this paper, we study extension protocols of BB and BA, i.e., protocols that solve BB/BA with long inputs of l bits using lower costs than l single-bit instances. We present new protocols with improved communication complexity in almost all settings: authenticated BA/BB with t < n/2, authenticated BB with t < (1-e)n, unauthenticated BA/BB with t < n/3, and asynchronous reliable broadcast and BA with t < n/3. The new protocols are advantageous and significant in several aspects. First, they achieve the best-possible communication complexity of Θ(nl) for wider ranges of input sizes compared to prior results. Second, the authenticated extension protocols achieve optimal communication complexity given the current best available BB/BA protocols for short messages. Third, to the best of our knowledge, our asynchronous and authenticated protocols in the setting are the first extension protocols in that setting.
Length- and Noise-aware Training Techniques for Short-utterance Speaker Recognition

Speaker recognition performance has been greatly improved with the emergence of deep learning. Deep neural networks show the capacity to effectively deal with impacts of noise and reverberation, making them attractive to far-field speaker recognition systems. The x-vector framework is a popular choice for generating speaker embeddings in recent literature due to its robust training mechanism and excellent performance in various test sets. In this paper, we start with early work on including invariant representation learning (IRL) to the loss function and modify the approach with centroid alignment (CA) and length variability cost (LVC) techniques to further improve robustness in noisy, far-field applications. This work mainly focuses on improvements for short-duration test utterances (1-8s). We also present improved results on long-duration tasks. In addition, this work discusses a novel self-attention mechanism. On the VOiCES far-field corpus, the combination of the proposed techniques achieves relative improvements of 7.0% for extremely short and 8.2% for full-duration test utterances on equal error rate (EER) over our baseline system.
Cultural evolution of categorization

Abstract Categorization is a fundamental function of minds, with wide ranging implications for the rest of the cognitive system. In humans, categories are shared and communicated between minds, thus requiring explanations at the population level. In this paper, we discuss the current state of research on the cultural evolution of categorization. We begin by delineating key properties of categories in need of evolutionary explanation. We then review computational modeling and laboratory studies of category evolution, including their major insights and limitations. Finally, we discuss remaining challenges for understanding the cultural evolution of categorization.
Interaction of forced Orr-Sommerfeld and Squire modes in a low-order representation of turbulent channel flow

A resolvent-based reduced-order representation is used to capture time-averaged second-order statistics in turbulent channel flow. The recently-proposed decomposition of the resolvent operator into two distinct families related to the Orr-Sommerfeld and Squire operators [K. Rosenberg and B. J. McKeon, Efficient representation of exact coherent states of the Navier-Stokes equations using resolvent analysis, Fluid Dynamics Research 51, 011401 (2019)] results in dramatic improvement in the ability to match all components of the energy spectra and the uv cospectrum. The success of the new representation relies on the ability of the Squire modes to compete with the vorticity generated by Orr-Sommerfeld modes, which is demonstrated by decomposing the statistics into contributions from each family. It is then shown that this competition can be used to infer a phase relationship between the two sets of modes. Additionally, the relative Reynolds number scalings for the two families of resolvent weights are derived for the universal classes of resolvent modes presented by Moarref et al. [R. Moarref, A. S. Sharma, J. A. Tropp, and B. J. McKeon, Model-based scaling of the streamwise energy density in high-Reynolds-number turbulent channels, Journal of Fluid Mechanics 734, 275 (2013)]. These developments can be viewed as a starting point for further modeling efforts to quantify nonlinear interactions in wall-bounded turbulence.
A symplectic proof of a theorem of Franks

A celebrated theorem in two-dimensional dynamics due to John Franks asserts that every area-preserving homeomorphism of the sphere has either two or infinitely many periodic points. In this work we re-prove Franks’ theorem under the additional assumption that the map is smooth. Our proof uses only tools from symplectic topology and thus differs significantly from previous proofs. A crucial role is played by the results of Ginzburg and Kerman concerning resonance relations for Hamiltonian diffeomorphisms.
Large Scale Anisotropy of Cosmic Rays and Directional Neutrino Signals from Galactic Sources

We investigate the neutrino cosmic ray connection for sources in the Galaxy in terms of two observables: the shape of the energy spectrum and the distribution of arrival directions. We also study the associated gamma ray emission from these sources.
On the Likelihood of Planet Formation in Close Binaries

To date, several exoplanets have been discovered orbiting stars with close binary companions (a 30 AU). The fact that planets can form in these dynamically challenging environments implies that planet formation must be a robust process. The initial protoplanetary disks in these systems from which planets must form should be tidally truncated to radii of a few AU, which indicates that the efficiency of planet formation must be high. Here, we examine the truncation of circumstellar protoplanetary disks in close binary systems, studying how the likelihood of planet formation is affected over a range of disk parameters. If the semimajor axis of the binary is too small or its eccentricity is too high, the disk will have too little mass for planet formation to occur. However, we find that the stars in the binary systems known to have planets should have once hosted circumstellar disks that were capable of supporting planet formation despite their truncation. We present a way to characterize the feasibility of planet formation based on binary orbital parameters such as stellar mass, companion mass, eccentricity, and semimajor axis. Using this measure, we can quantify the robustness of planet formation in close binaries and better understand the overall efficiency of planet formation in general.
The potential and perils of preprocessing: Building new foundations

Preprocessing forms an oft-neglected foundation for a wide range of statistical and scientific analyses. However, it is rife with subtleties and pitfalls. Decisions made in preprocessing constrain all later analyses and are typically irreversible. Hence, data analysis becomes a collaborative endeavor by all parties involved in data collection, preprocessing and curation, and downstream inference. Even if each party has done its best given the information and resources available to them, the final result may still fall short of the best possible in the traditional single-phase inference framework. This is particularly relevant as we enter the era of “big data”. The technologies driving this data explosion are subject to complex new forms of measurement error. Simultaneously, we are accumulating increasingly massive databases of scientific analyses. As a result, preprocessing has become more vital (and potentially more dangerous) than ever before. We propose a theoretical framework for the analysis of preprocessing under the banner of multiphase inference. We provide some initial theoretical foundations for this area, including distributed preprocessing, building upon previous work in multiple imputation. We motivate this foundation with two problems from biology and astrophysics, illustrating multiphase pitfalls and potential solutions. These examples also emphasize the motivations behind multiphase analyses—both practical and theoretical. We demonstrate that multiphase inferences can, in some cases, even surpass standard single-phase estimators in efficiency and robustness. Our work suggests several rich paths for further research into the statistical principles underlying preprocessing. To tackle our increasingly complex and massive data, we must ensure that our inferences are built upon solid inputs and sound principles. Principled investigation of preprocessing is thus a vital direction for statistical research.
THE B – L/ELECTROWEAK HIERARCHY IN SMOOTH HETEROTIC COMPACTIFICATIONS

E8 × E8 heterotic string and M-theory, when appropriately compactified, can give rise to realistic, N = 1 supersymmetric particle physics. In particular, the exact matter spectrum of the MSSM, including three right-handed neutrino supermultiplets, one per family, and one pair of Higgs–Higgs conjugate superfields is obtained by compactifying on Calabi–Yau manifolds admitting specific SU(4) vector bundles. These "heterotic standard models" have the SU(3)C × SU(2)L × U(1)Y gauge group of the standard model augmented by an additional gauged U(1)B – L. Their minimal content requires that the B – L gauge symmetry be spontaneously broken by a vacuum expectation value of at least one right-handed sneutrino. In a previous paper, we presented the results of a renormalization group analysis showing that B – L gauge symmetry is indeed radiatively broken with a B – L/electroweak hierarchy of to . In this paper, we present the details of that analysis, extending the results to include higher order terms in tan β-1 and the explicit spectrum of all squarks and sleptons.
Number Rigidity in Superhomogeneous Random Point Fields

We give sufficient conditions for the number rigidity of a large class of point processes in dimension \(d=1\) and 2, based on the decay of correlations. Number rigidity implies that the probability distribution of the number of particles in a bounded domain \(\Lambda \subset \mathbb {R}^d\), conditional on the configuration on \(\Lambda ^\complement \), is concentrated on a single integer \(N_\Lambda \). Our conditions are: (a) \(\rho _1(x)= - \int _{\mathbb {R}^d} \rho _\mathrm {tr}^{(2)}(x,y) \mathrm {d}y\) for all x, where \(\rho _1\) and \(\rho _\mathrm {tr}^{(2)}\) are the intensity and the truncated pair correlation function resp., and (b)\(|\rho _\mathrm {tr}^{(2)}(x,y)|\) is bounded by \(C_1[|x-y|+1]^{-2}\) in \(d=1\) and by \(C_2[|x-y|+1]^{-(4+\varepsilon )}\) in \(d=2\). Condition (a) covers a wide class of processes, including translation invariant or periodic point process on \(\mathbb {R}^d\), \(d=1,2\), that are superhomogeneous or hyperuniform (that is the variance of the number of particles in a bounded domain \(\Omega \subset \mathbb {R}^d\) grows slower than the volume of \(\Omega \)). It also covers determinantal point processes having a projection kernel. Our conditions for number rigidity are satisfied by all known processes with number rigidity in \(d=1,2\). We also observe, in the light of the results of [26], that no such criteria exist in \(d>2\).
Solution to the sign problem in a frustrated quantum impurity model

In this work we solve the sign problem of a frustrated quantum impurity model consisting of three quantum spin-half chains interacting through an anti-ferromagnetic Heisenberg interaction at one end. We first map the model into a repulsive Hubbard model of spin-half fermions hopping on three independent one dimensional chains that interact through a triangular hopping at one end. We then convert the fermion model into an inhomogeneous one dimensional model and express the partition function as a weighted sum over fermion worldline configurations. By imposing a pairing of fermion worldlines in half the space we show that all negative weight configurations can be eliminated. This pairing naturally leads to the original frustrated quantum spin model at half filling and thus solves its sign problem. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
The complex planetary synchronization structure of the solar system

The complex planetary synchronization structure of the solar system, which since Pythagoras of Samos (ca. 570-495 BC) is known as the music of the spheres, is briefly reviewed from the Renaissance up to contemporary research. Copernicus' heliocentric model from 1543 suggested that the planets of our solar system form a kind of mutually ordered and quasi-synchronized system. From 1596 to 1619 Kepler formulated preliminary mathematical relations of approximate commensurabilities among the planets, which were later re- formulated in the Titius-Bode rule (1766-1772), which successfully predicted the orbital position of Ceres and Uranus. Following the discovery of the 11 yr sunspot cycle, in 1859 Wolf suggested that the observed solar variability could be approximately synchronized with the orbital movements of Venus, Earth, Jupiter and Sat- urn. Modern research has further confirmed that (1) the planetary orbital periods can be approximately deduced from a simple system of resonant frequencies; (2) the solar system oscillates with a specific set of gravitational frequencies, and many of them (e.g., within the range between 3 yr and 100 yr) can be approximately con- structed as harmonics of a base period of 178.38 yr; and (3) solar and climate records are also characterized by planetary harmonics from the monthly to the millennial timescales. This short review concludes with an emphasis on the contribution of the author's research on the empirical evidences and physical modeling of both solar and climate variability based on astronomical harmonics. The general conclusion is that the solar system works as a resonator characterized by a specific harmonic planetary structure that also synchronizes the Sun's activity and the Earth's climate. The special issue Pattern in solar variability, their planetary origin and terrestrial impacts (Morner et al., 2013) further develops the ideas about the planetary-solar-terrestrial interaction with the personal contribution of 10 authors.
Complete wetting of gluons and gluinos

Abstract Complete wetting is a universal phenomenon associated with interfaces separating coexisting phases. For example, in the pure gluon theory, at T c an interface separating two distinct high-temperature deconfined phases splits into two confined-deconfined interfaces with a complete wetting layer of confined phase between them. In supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory, distinct confined phases may coexist with a Coulomb phase at zero temperature. In that case, the Coulomb phase may completely wet a confined-confined interface. Finally, at the high-temperature phase transition of gluons and gluinos, confined-confined interfaces are completely wet by the deconfined phase, and similarly, deconfined-deconfined interfaces are completely wet by the confined phase. For these various cases, we determine the interface profiles and the corresponding complete wetting critical exponents. The exponents depend on the range of the interface interactions and agree with those of corresponding condensed matter systems.
Spectral Energy Distributions of Accreting Protoplanets

Planets are often invoked as the cause of inferred gaps or inner clearings in transition disks. These putative planets would interact with the remnant circumstellar disk, accreting gas and generating substantial luminosity. Here I explore the expected appearance of accreting protoplanets at a range of evolutionary states. I compare synthetic spectral energy distributions with the handful of claimed detections of substellar-mass companions in transition disks. While observed fluxes of candidate companions are generally compatible with accreting protoplanets, challenges remain in reconciling the extended structure inferred in observed objects with the compact emission expected from protoplanets or circumplanetary disks. I argue that a large fraction of transition disks should harbor bright protoplanets, and that more may be detected as larger telescopes open up additional parameter space.
Loop Induced Single Top Partner Production and Decay at the LHC

Most searches for top partners, T , are concerned with top partner pair production. However, as these bounds become increasingly stringent, the LHC energy will saturate and single top partner production will become more important. In this paper we study the novel signature of the top partner produced in association with the SM top, $$ pp\to T\overline{t}+t\overline{T} $$ , in a model where the Standard Model (SM) is extended by a vector-like SU(2)L singlet fermion top partner and a real, SM gauge singlet scalar, S. In this model, $$ pp\to T\overline{t}+t\overline{T} $$ production is possible through loops mediated by the scalar singlet. We find that, with reasonable coupling strengths, the production rate of this channel can dominate top partner pair production at top partner masses of mT ≳ 1.5 TeV. In addition, this model allows for the exotic decay modes T → tg, T → tγ, and T → tS. In much of the parameter space the loop induced decay T → tg dominates and the top partner is quite long lived. New search strategies are necessary to cover these decay modes. We project the the sensitivity of the high luminosity LHC to $$ pp\to T\overline{t}+t\overline{T} $$ via a realistic collider study. We find with 3 ab−1, the LHC is sensitive to this process for masses mT ≲ 2 TeV. In addition, we provide appendices detailing the renormalization of this model.
Minimal surfaces and the Allen–Cahn equation on 3-manifolds: index, multiplicity, and curvature estimates

The Allen-Cahn equation is a semilinear PDE which is deeply linked to the theory of minimal hypersurfaces via a singular limit. We prove curvature estimates and strong sheet separation estimates for stable solutions (building on recent work of Wang-Wei) of the Allen-Cahn equation on a 3-manifold. Using these, we are able to show for generic metrics on a 3-manifold, minimal surfaces arising from Allen-Cahn solutions with bounded energy and bounded Morse index are two-sided and occur with multiplicity one and the expected Morse index. This confirms, in the Allen-Cahn setting, a strong form of the multiplicity one conjecture and the index lower bound conjecture of Marques-Neves in 3-dimensions regarding min-max constructions of minimal surfaces. Allen-Cahn min-max constructions were recently carried out by Guaraco and Gaspar-Guaraco. Our resolution of the multiplicity one and the index lower bound conjectures shows that these constructions can be applied to give a new proof of Yau's conjecture on infinitely many minimal surfaces in a 3-manifold with a generic metric (recently proven by Irie-Marques-Neves) with new geometric conclusions. Namely, we prove that a 3-manifold with a generic metric contains, for every $p$ = 1, 2, 3, ..., a two-sided embedded minimal surface with Morse index $p$ and area $p^{1/3}$, as conjectured by Marques-Neves.
Twelve years of Galaxy Zoo

The Galaxy Zoo project has provided quantitative visual morphologies for over a million galaxies, and has been part of a reinvigoration of interest in the morphologies of galaxies and what they reveal about galaxy evolution. Morphological information collected by GZ has shown itself to be a powerful tool for studying galaxy evolution, and GZ continues to collect classifications - currently serving imaging from DECaLS in its main site, and running a variety of related projects hosted by the Zooniverse; the citizen science platform which came out of the early success of GZ. I highlight some of the results from the last twelve years, with a particular emphasis on linking morphology and dynamics, look forward to future projects in the GZ family, and provide a quick start guide for how you can easily make use of citizen science techniques to analysis your own large and complex data sets.
A dynamical mechanism for establishing apsidal resonance

We show that in a system of two planets initially in nearly circular orbits, an impulse perturbation that imparts a finite eccentricity to one planet's orbit causes the other planet's orbit to become eccentric as well and also naturally results in a libration of their relative apsidal longitudes for a wide range of initial conditions. We suggest that such a mechanism may explain orbital eccentricities and apsidal resonance in some exoplanetary systems. The eccentricity impulse could be caused by the ejection of a planet from these systems or by torques from a primordial gas disk. The amplitude of secular variations provides an observational constraint on the dynamical history of such systems.
Effects of Rapid Stellar Rotation on Equation-of-State Constraints Derived from Quasi-periodic Brightness Oscillations

Quasi-periodic X-ray brightness oscillations (QPOs) with frequencies 1 kHz have now been discovered in more than a dozen neutron stars in low-mass X-ray binary systems using the Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer. There is strong evidence that the frequencies of some kilohertz oscillations are the orbital frequencies of accreting gas in nearly circular orbits around these stars. Some stars that produce kilohertz QPOs may have spin frequencies 400 Hz. For spin rates this high, first-order analytic treatments of the effects of the star's rotation on its structure and the spacetime are inaccurate. Here we use the results of a large number of fully relativistic, self-consistent numerical calculations of the stellar structure of rapidly rotating neutron stars and their interior and exterior spacetimes to investigate the constraints on the properties of such stars that can be derived if stable circular orbits of various frequencies are observed. We have computed the equatorial radius of the star, the radius of the innermost stable circular orbit, and the frequency of the highest frequency stable circular orbit as functions of the stellar spin rate for spin rates up to the maximum possible and for several illustrative equations of state. Our calculations show that the upper bounds on the stiffness of neutron star matter implied by a given orbital frequency are typically significantly stricter for stars with spin frequencies 400 Hz than for slowly rotating stars.
Spiral Structure as a Recurrent Instability

A long-standing controversy in studies of spiral structure has concerned the lifetimes of individual spiral patterns. Much theoretical work has sought quasi-stationary spiral modes while N-body simulations have consistently displayed recurrent, short-lived patterns. The simulations manifest a recurrent cycle of true instabilities related to small-scale features in the angular momentum distribution of particles, with the decay of each instability seeding the growth of the next. Data from the recent Hipparcos mission seem to offer support for the recurrent transient picture.
Neutrinos in cosmology and astrophysics

Abstract We briefly review the recent developments in neutrino physics and astrophysics which have import for frontline research in nuclear physics. These developments, we argue, tie nuclear physics to exciting developments in observational cosmology and astrophysics in new ways. Moreover, the behavior of neutrinos in dense matter is itself a fundamental problem in many-body quantum mechanics, in some ways akin to well-known issues in nuclear matter and nuclei, and in some ways radically different, especially because of nonlinearity and quantum de-coherence. The self-interacting neutrino gas is the only many body system driven by the weak interactions.
Dynamic Task Execution Using Active Parameter Identification With the Baxter Research Robot

This paper presents experimental results from the real-time parameter estimation of a system model and subsequent trajectory optimization for a dynamic task using the Baxter Research Robot from Rethink Robotics. An active estimator maximizing Fisher information is used in real time with a closed-loop, nonlinear control technique known as sequential action control. Baxter is tasked with estimating the length of a string connected to a load suspended from the gripper with a load cell providing the single source of feedback to the estimator. Following the active estimation, a trajectory is generated using the trep software package that controls Baxter to dynamically swing a suspended load into a box. Several trials are presented with varying initial estimates showing that the estimation is required to obtain adequate open-loop trajectories to complete the prescribed task. The result of one trial with and without the active estimation is also shown in the accompanying video.
The Rotation of M Dwarfs Observed by the Apache Point Galactic Evolution Experiment

Ella N. Pawling Endowment; Alfred P. Sloan Foundation; National Science Foundation; U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science
On the Strong Freese-Nation Property

We show that there is a boolean algebra that has the Freese-Nation property (FN) but not the strong Freese-Nation property (SFN), thus answering a question of Heindorf and Shapiro. Along the way, we produce some new characterizations of the FN and SFN in terms of sequences of elementary submodels.
Multiple Private Key Generation for Continuous Memoryless Sources With a Helper

We propose a method to study the secrecy constraints in key generation problems where side information might be present at untrusted users. Our method is inspired by a recent work of Hayashi and Tan who used the Renyi divergence as the secrecy measure to study the output statistics of applying hash functions to a random sequence. By generalizing the achievability result of Hayashi and Tan to the multi-terminal case, we obtain the output statistics of applying hash functions to multiple random sequences, which turn out to be an important tool in the achievability proof of strong secrecy capacity regions of key generation problems with side information at untrusted users. To illustrate the power of our method, we derive the capacity region of the multiple private key generation problem with an untrusted helper for continuous memoryless sources under Markov conditions. The converse proof of our result follows by generalizing a result of Nitinawarat and Narayan to the case with side information at untrusted users.
Bases for cluster algebras from surfaces

We construct two bases for each cluster algebra coming from a triangulated surface without punctures. We work in the context of a coefficient system coming from a full-rank exchange matrix, such as principal coefficients.
OPEs and 4-point Functions in AdS/CFT Correspondence

Recently 4-point correlation functions of axion and dilaton fields in type-IIB SUGRA on AdS5 × S5 were computed. We reproduce from a CFT point of view all power law singular terms in these AdS 4-point amplitudes. We also calculate a corresponding 4-point function in the weak coupling limit, gYM2N→0. Comparison reveals the existence of a primary operator that contributes to these same singular terms in the weak coupling limit but which does not contribute to the power law singular terms of the type-IIB SUGRA 4-point functions. We conclude that this new operator is not a chiral primary and hence acquires a large anomalous dimension in the strong coupling regime.
Fermion mass without symmetry breaking

We examine a model of reduced staggered fermions in three dimensions interacting through an SO (4) invariant four fermion interaction. The model is similar to that considered in a recent paper by Ayyer and Chandrasekharan [1]. We present theoretical arguments and numerical evidence which support the idea that the system develops a mass gap for sufficiently strong four fermi coupling without producing a symmetry breaking fermion bilinear condensate. Massless and massive phases appear to be separated by a continuous phase transition.
On the extension of positive definite kernels to topological algebras

We define an extension of operator-valued positive definite functions from the real or complex setting to topological algebras and describe their associated reproducing kernel spaces. The case of entire functions is of special interest, and we give a precise meaning to some power series expansions of analytic functions that appears in many algebras.
Semiclassical meson-baryon dynamics from large-Nc QCD☆

Abstract The large- N c limit of the meson-baryon effective Lagrangian is shown to reduce to a semiclassical field theory. A chiral bag structure emerges naturally in the N c → ∞ limit. A possible connection between the chiral bag picture and the Skyrme model is discussed. The classical meson-baryon theory is used to reproduce the M π 3 non-analytic correction to the baryon mass obtained previously as a loop correction in chiral perturbation theory.
Performance evaluation for MIMO in vivo WBAN systems

In this paper we present the performance evaluation for a MIMO in vivo WBAN system, using ANSYS HFSS and the associated complete Human Body Model. We analyzed MIMO system capacity statistically and FER performance based upon an IEEE 802.11n system model, with receiver antennas placed at various angular positions around the human body. We also analyzed MIMO system capacity with receiver antennas at the front of the body at various distances from transmitter antennas. The results were compared to SISO arrangements and we demonstrate that by using 2×2 MIMO in vivo, better performance can be achieved, and significantly higher system capacity can be achieved when receiver antennas are located at the back of the body and in front of the body.
WDEC: A code for modeling white dwarf structure and pulsations

The White Dwarf Evolution Code (WDEC), written in Fortran, makes models of white dwarf stars. It is fast, versatile, and includes the latest physics. The code evolves hot (~ 100,000 K) input models down to a chosen effective temperature by relaxing the models to be solutions of the equations of stellar structure. The code can also be used to obtain g-mode oscillation modes for the models. WDEC has a long history going back to the late 1960's. Over the years, it has been updated and re-packaged for modern computer architectures, and has specifically been used in computationally intensive asteroseismic fitting. Generations of white dwarf astronomers and dozens of publications have made use of the WDEC, although the last true instrument paper is the original one, published in 1975. This paper discusses the history of the code, necessary to understand why it works the way it does, details the physics and features in the code today, and points the reader to where to find the code and a user guide.
Learning with correntropy-induced losses for regression with mixture of symmetric stable noise

Abstract In recent years, correntropy and its applications in machine learning have been drawing continuous attention owing to its merits in dealing with non-Gaussian noise and outliers. However, theoretical understanding of correntropy, especially in the learning theory context, is still limited. In this study, we investigate correntropy based regression in the presence of non-Gaussian noise or outliers within the statistical learning framework. Motivated by the practical way of generating non-Gaussian noise or outliers, we introduce mixture of symmetric stable noise, which include Gaussian noise, Cauchy noise, and their mixture as special cases, to model non-Gaussian noise or outliers. We demonstrate that under the mixture of symmetric stable noise assumption, correntropy based regression can learn the conditional mean function or the conditional median function well without resorting to the finite-variance or even the finite first-order moment condition on the noise. In particular, for the above two cases, we establish asymptotic optimal learning rates for correntropy based regression estimators that are asymptotically of type O ( n − 1 ) . These results justify the effectiveness of the correntropy based regression estimators in dealing with outliers as well as non-Gaussian noise. We believe that the present study makes a step forward towards understanding correntropy based regression from a statistical learning viewpoint, and may also shed some light on robust statistical learning for regression.
Neuroevolution of self-interpretable agents

Inattentional blindness is the psychological phenomenon that causes one to miss things in plain sight. It is a consequence of the selective attention in perception that lets us remain focused on important parts of our world without distraction from irrelevant details. Motivated by selective attention, we study the properties of artificial agents that perceive the world through the lens of a self-attention bottleneck. By constraining access to only a small fraction of the visual input, we show that their policies are directly interpretable in pixel space. We find neuroevolution ideal for training self-attention architectures for vision-based reinforcement learning (RL) tasks, allowing us to incorporate modules that can include discrete, non-differentiable operations which are useful for our agent. We argue that self-attention has similar properties as indirect encoding, in the sense that large implicit weight matrices are generated from a small number of key-query parameters, thus enabling our agent to solve challenging vision based tasks with at least 1000x fewer parameters than existing methods. Since our agent attends to only task critical visual hints, they are able to generalize to environments where task irrelevant elements are modified while conventional methods fail.1
Parallax diagnostics of radiation source geometric dilution for iron opacity experiments.

Experimental tests are in progress to evaluate the accuracy of the modeled iron opacity at solar interior conditions [J. E. Bailey et al., Phys. Plasmas 16, 058101 (2009)]. The iron sample is placed on top of the Sandia National Laboratories z-pinch dynamic hohlraum (ZPDH) radiation source. The samples are heated to 150–200 eV electron temperatures and 7× 1021–4× 1022 cm−3 electron densities by the ZPDH radiation and backlit at its stagnation [T. Nagayama et al., Phys. Plasmas 21, 056502 (2014)]. The backlighter attenuated by the heated sample plasma is measured by four spectrometers along ±9° with respect to the z-pinch axis to infer the sample iron opacity. Here, we describe measurements of the source-to-sample distance that exploit the parallax of spectrometers that view the half-moon-shaped sample from ±9°. The measured sample temperature decreases with increased source-to-sample distance. This distance must be taken into account for understanding the sample heating.
Size-dependent spinodal and miscibility gaps for intercalation in nanoparticles.

Using a recently proposed mathematical model for intercalation dynamics in phase-separating materials (Singh, G. K., Ceder, G. and Bazant, M. Z. Electrochimica Acta 2008, 53, 7599.), we show that the spinodal and miscibility gaps generally shrink as the host particle size decreases to the nanoscale. Our work is motivated by recent experiments on the high-rate Li-ion battery material LiFePO4; this serves as the basis for our examples, but our analysis and conclusions apply to any intercalation material. We describe two general mechanisms for the suppression of phase separation in nanoparticles, (i) a classical bulk effect, predicted by the Cahn−Hilliard equation in which the diffuse phase boundary becomes confined by the particle geometry; and (ii) a novel surface effect, predicted by chemical-potential-dependent reaction kinetics, in which insertion/extraction reactions stabilize composition gradients near surfaces in equilibrium with the local environment. Composition-dependent surface energy and (especi...
On Characterizing the Local Pooling Factor of Greedy Maximal Scheduling in Random Graphs

The study of the optimality of low-complexity greedy scheduling techniques in wireless communications networks is a very complex problem. The Local Pooling (LoP) factor provides a single-parameter means of expressing the achievable capacity region (and optimality) of one such scheme, greedy maximal scheduling (GMS). The exact LoP factor for an arbitrary network graph is generally difficult to obtain, but may be evaluated or bounded based on the network graph’s particular structure. In this paper, we provide rigorous characterizations of the LoP factor in large networks modeled as Erdős–Renyi (ER) and random geometric (RG) graphs under the primary interference model. We employ threshold functions to establish critical values for either the edge probability or communication radius to yield useful bounds on the range and expectation of the LoP factor as the network grows large. For sufficiently dense random graphs, we find that the LoP factor is between 1/2 and 2/3, while sufficiently sparse random graphs permit GMS optimality (the LoP factor is 1) with high probability. We then place LoP within a larger context of commonly studied random graph properties centered around connectedness. We observe that edge densities permitting connectivity generally admit cycle subgraphs that form the basis for the LoP factor upper bound of 2/3. We conclude with simulations to explore the regime of small networks, which suggest the probability that an ER or RG graph satisfies LoP and is connected decays quickly in network size.
ADM reduction of Einstein action and black hole entropy

We reduce the 4D Einstein-Hilbert action to a constant-radius hypersurface of foliation. The resulting theory is a scalar theory defined on a 3D hypersurface of the original black hole background, and has an exponential potential. Once the the hypersurface is located at the Schwarzschild radius, the 3D theory is effectively reduced to a 2D Liouville type theory. We compute the entropy associated with the hypersurface intrinsic degrees of freedom, and show that its leading order reproduces the Bekenstein-Hawking area law. The subleading terms come in logarithm/inverse powers of the area.
Habitable Evaporated Cores and the Occurrence of Panspermia Near the Galactic Center

Black holes growing via the accretion of gas emit radiation that can photoevaporate the atmospheres of nearby planets. Here we couple planetary structural evolution models of sub-Neptune mass planets to the growth of the Milky way's central supermassive black-hole, Sgr A$^*$ and investigate how planetary evolution is influenced by quasar activity. We find that, out to ${\sim} 20$ pc from Sgr A$^*$, the XUV flux emitted during its quasar phase can remove several percent of a planet's H/He envelope by mass; in many cases, this removal results in bare rocky cores, many of which situated in the habitable zones (HZs) of G-type stars. The erosion of sub-Neptune sized planets may be one of the most prevalent channels by which terrestrial super-Earths are created near the Galactic Center. As such, the planet population demographics may be quite different close to Sgr A$^*$ than in the Galaxy's outskirts. The high stellar densities in this region (about seven orders of magnitude greater than the solar neighborhood) imply that the distance between neighboring rocky worlds is short ($500-5000$~AU). The proximity between potentially habitable terrestrial planets may enable the onset of widespread interstellar panspermia near the nuclei of galaxies. More generally, we predict these phenomena to be ubiquitous for planets in nuclear star clusters and ultra-compact dwarfs. Globular clusters, on the other hand, are less affected by the black holes.
Information and statistics: a new paradigm in theoretical nuclear physics

Theoretical predictions of physical observables often involve extrapolations to regions that are poorly constrained by laboratory experiments and astrophysical observations. Without properly quantified theoretical errors, such model predictions are of very limited utility. In this contribution we use maximum-likelihood estimation to compute theoretical errors and assess correlations between physical observables. We illustrate the power and elegance of these methods using examples of both pedagogical and realistic interest. In particular, we implement a Gaussian approximation to the likelihood function to develop a new relativistic effective interaction constrained by ground-state properties of finite nuclei, their monopole response, and masses of neutron stars.
DISCOVERY OF A METER-WAVELENGTH RADIO TRANSIENT IN THE SWIRE DEEP FIELD: 1046+59

We report the results of a low frequency radio variability and slow transient search using archival observations from the Very Long Array. We selected six 325 MHz radio observations from the spring of 2006, each centered on the Spitzer-Space-Telescope Wide-area Infrared Extragalactic Survey (SWIRE) Deep Field: 1046+59. Observations were spaced between one day to three months, with a typical single-epoch peak flux sensitivity below 0.2 mJy beam{sup -1} near the field pointing center. We describe the observation parameters, data post-processing, and search methodology used to identify variable and transient emission. Our search revealed multiple variable sources and the presence of one, day-scale transient event with no apparent astronomical counterpart. This detection implies a transient rate of 1 {+-} 1 event per 6.5 deg{sup 2} per 72 observing hours in the direction of 1046+59 and an isotropic transient surface density {Sigma} = 0.12 deg{sup -2}at 95% confidence for sources with average peak flux density higher than 2.1 mJy over 12 hr.
Bounds for coefficients of cusp forms and extremal lattices

A cusp form f(z) of weight k for SL2(Z) is determined uniquely by its first ` := dimSk Fourier coefficients. We derive an explicit bound on thenth coefficient off in terms of its firstcoefficients. We use this result to study the non- negativity of the coefficients of the unique modular form of weightk with Fourier expansion Fk;0(z) = 1 + O(q `+1 ): In particular, we show that k = 81632 is the largest weight for which all the coef- ficients of Fk;0(z) are non-negative. This result has applications to the theory of extremal lattices.
Kinetics of lithium electrodeposition and stripping

Electrodeposition and stripping are fundamental electrochemical processes for metals and have gained importance in rechargeable Li-ion batteries due to lithium metal electrodes. The electrode kinetics associated with lithium metal electrodeposition and stripping is crucial in determining the performance at fast discharge and charge, which is important for electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft and electric vehicles (EV). In this work, we show the use of Marcus-Hush-Chidsey (MHC) kinetics to accurately predict the Tafel curve data from the work of Boyle et al. [ACS Energy Lett. 5(3), 701 (2020)]. We discuss the differences in predictions of reorganization energies from the Marcus-Hush and the MHC models for lithium metal electrodes in four solvents. The MHC kinetic model is implemented and open-sourced within Cantera. Using the reaction kinetic model in a pseudo-2D battery model with a lithium anode paired with a LiFePO4 cathode, we show the importance of accounting for the MHC kinetics and compare it to the use of Butler-Volmer and Marcus-Hush kinetic models. We find significant deviation in the limiting currents associated with reaction kinetics for the three different rate laws for conditions of fast charge and discharge relevant for eVTOL and EV, respectively.
Holographic entropy relations repackaged

We explore the structure of holographic entropy relations (associated with ‘information quantities’ given by a linear combination of entanglement entropies of spatial sub-partitions of a CFT state with geometric bulk dual). Such entropy relations can be recast in multiple ways, some of which have significant advantages. Motivated by the already-noted simplification of entropy relations when recast in terms of multipartite information, we explore additional simplifications when recast in a new basis, which we dub the K-basis, constructed from perfect tensor structures. For the fundamental information quantities such a recasting is surprisingly compact, in part due to the interesting fact that entropy vectors associated to perfect tensors are in fact extreme rays in the holographic entropy cone (as well as the full quantum entropy cone). More importantly, we prove that all holographic entropy inequalities have positive coefficients when expressed in the K-basis, underlying the key advantage over the entropy basis or the multipartite information basis.