cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of differences in percent total body surface area estimation on fluid resuscitation of transferred burn patients.

We sought to analyze the effect that differences in estimation of burn size and burn resuscitation had on complications and death among our transferred burn patients, in comparison with outcomes for burn patients directly admitted to our rural Level 1 trauma center. A retrospective chart review was performed for all patients suffering thermal injuries who were treated at a rural Level I trauma center and regional burn center. Percent TBSA burn estimates at referring hospitals were compared to burn center estimates. The Parkland formula was used to calculate the difference between the theoretical and actual resuscitation volumes given prior to admission. Of 127 burn patients, 82 (65%) were transferred from outside hospitals. For small burns ( or =20% TBSA), the mean estimate difference was -4.9 +/- 9.1% (P < .0002). The mean difference in intravenous fluid administered prior to admission to the burn center and the Parkland formula guideline was an excess of 554 +/- 1099 ml for small burns and a deficit of -414 +/- 2081 ml for larger burns (P = .03, Wilcoxon's rank-sum test). Differences in burn estimation and deviation from the Parkland formula were not statistically significant for complication and death. In the rural, transferred burn patient, smaller burns tended to be overestimated and overresuscitated and larger burns tended to be underestimated and underresuscitated.
Model-predictive control of chemical processes

Abstract This paper discusses model-predictive control, a scheme in which an open-loop performance objective is optimized over a finite moving time horizon. Model-predictive control is shown to provide performance superior to conventional feedback control for nonminimum phase systems or systems with input constraints when future set points are known. Stabilizing unstable linear plants and controlling nonlinear plants with multiple steady states are also discussed.
Extraction of text lines and text blocks on document images based on statistical modeling

In this article, we developed a Bayesian model to characterize text line and text block structures on document images using the text word bounding boxes. We posed the extraction problem as finding the text lines and text blocks that maximize the Bayesian probability of the text lines and text blocks given the text word bounding boxes. In particular, we derived the so-called probabilistic linear displacement model (PLDM) to model the text line structures from text word bounding boxes. We also developed an augmented PLDM model to characterize the text block structures from text line bounding boxes. By systematically gathering statistics from a large population of document images, we are able to validate our models through experiments and determine the proper model parameters. We designed and implemented an iterative algorithm that used these probabilistic models to extract the text lines and text blocks. The quantitative performances of the algorithm in terms of the rates of miss, false, correct, splitting, merging, and spurious detections of the text lines and text blocks are reported. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The structure of branching in Anosov flows of 3-manifolds

In this article we study the topology of Anosov flows in 3-manifolds. Specifically we consider the lifts to the universal cover of the stable and unstable foliations and analyze the leaf spaces of these foliations. We completely determine the structure of the non Hausdorff points in these leaf spaces. There are many consequences: (1) when the leaf spaces are non Hausdorff, there are closed orbits in the manifold which are freely homotopic, (2) suspension Anosov flows are, up to topological conjugacy, the only Anosov flows without free homotopies between closed orbits, (3) when there are infinitely many stable leaves (in the universal cover) which are non separated from each other, then we produce a torus in the manifold which is transverse to the Anosov flow and therefore is incompressible, (4) we produce non Hausdorff examples in hyperbolic manifolds and derive important properties of the limit sets of the stable/unstable leaves in the universal cover.
Selenium-induced enhancement of hematoporphyrin derivative phototoxicity in murine bladder tumor cells☆

The phototoxicity of hematoporphyrin derivative (Hpd) to murine bladder tumor (MBT-2) cells was studied in vitro. It was observed that selenium in the form of sodium selenite enhanced Hpd-sensitized photodamage in MBT-2 cells under conditions where selenite alone was non-toxic. Sodium selenite enhanced the fluorescence emission of Hpd and augmented the Hpd-sensitized photooxidation of tryptophan. The data suggest that sodium selenite is able to disaggregate Hpd, thereby enhancing Hpd-sensitized phototoxicity.
Discouraging opportunistic behavior in collaborative R&D: a new role for government

Abstract The traditional role attributed to government in collaborative R & D has been one of funding. This paper explores a new role for government in facilitating collaborative R & D, one of discouraging opportunistic behavior. Given the nature of R & D, concerns about opportunistic behavior can serve as a major barrier to the formation and effective operation of collaborative R & D. Using a transaction cost framework, we identify mechanisms by which the government can help to discourage such behavior. Specifically, we examine the Italian Societa di Ricerca program where the government appears to be performing this role. Our findings demonstrate that not only can government help to control opportunistic behavior in collaborative R & D, but firms recognize and value that role. Overall, Italian firms participating in a Societa di Ricerca valued government assistance in establishing long-term relationships and facilitating networking as much as they valued funding. In addition, whether or not a firm had prior experience in collaborative R & D affected its valuation of government involvement. Firms with prior experience in collaborations placed less value on government frameworks for cooperation, implying that they had learned to manage some ex-ante considerations on their own. Ex-post opportunism, however, was still a concern, and thus experienced firms continued to value government's contributions in this area.
Na5(In4S)(InS4)3.6H2O, a zeolite-like structure with unusual SIn4 tetrahedra.

A hydrated sodium indium sulfide, Na5(In4S)(InS4)3·6H2O, has been prepared by hydrothermal synthesis. This material contains a tetrahedral sulfur site coordinated to four trivalent indium ions, an unusual bonding pattern not previously observed in open framework chalcogenides. The structure is related to the perovskite (CaTiO3) type with simultaneous substitutions of Ti by SIn4, O by InS4, and Ca2+ by [Na5(H2O)6]5+. It is a wide-gap semiconductor and shows photocatalytic activity under UV light for hydrogen generation from aqueous solution without use of any cocatalyst.
Topological framework for part families

One of the fundamental unsolved problems in geometric design of mechanical solids has been the lack of a proper notion of family or class. Numerous heuristic and often incompatible definitions are used throughout the CAD industry, and it is usually not clear how to generate members of a family or, to decide if a given object belongs to an assumed family. Until these difficulties are resolved, no guarantees or standards for parametric modeling are possible, and all efforts to allow exchange of parametric representations between different CAD systems are likely to remain futile. Standardizing on a particular definition may be difficult, because parametric families depend intrinsically not only on shape but also on its representation. We classify families into parameter-space and representation-space, and show that both types are representation-induced families. We propose a formal framework for families based on the notion of topological categories. Every parametric family is defined by the representation-induced topological space of solids that are closed under the continuous maps in the assumed topology. We illustrate several well defined families and formally define a special but important case of CSG-induced family that generalizes to the more general case of feature-induced families.
Anaerobic lagoon biogas recovery systems

Abstract Floating covers were placed on two anaerobic lagoons to study biogas production. One cover was approximately 370 m2 in size and was located on a lagoon receiving effluent from a poultry anaerobic digester. The second cover was 155 m2 and was located on a swine anaerobic lagoon. The liquid entering the swine lagoon had opportunity for considerable volatile solids (VS) loss prior to entering the lagoon. The poultry and swine lagoons had mean volumetric biogas production rates of 0·07 and 0·05 m3/m3-day, respectively. The areal biogas production rates were 0·16 and 0·13 m3/m2-day for the poultry and swine lagoons, respectively. The mean methane (CH4) concentrations were 64·8% and 62·0% for the biogas from the poultry and swine lagoons, respectively. Biogas production was determined to be a function of VS loading and lagoon temperature. Biogas production rates were reduced at lagoon temperatures below 13–15°C.
Electrochemically assessed corrosion reactivity of YBa2Cu3O7 electrodes

This paper describes a series of electrochemical measurements designed to explore the surface reactivity of the oxide superconductor YBa2Cu3O7. The electrochemical response of electrodes prepared from this material was found to be highly dependent on both the method of surface treatment and on the amount of water in the electrolytic fluid. In the absence of water, YBa2Cu3O7 behaved as a normal metal electrode and reproducible voltammetry was obtained in the potential window of 1.3 V to −1.4 V vs. SCE. At these potentials, faradaic electron transfer reactions for solution dissolved redox couples were readily observed at YBa2Cu3O7 and were similar in behavior to those obtained at noble metals such as Pt. At potentials outside this window, degradation of the electrode surface occurred. In addition, a very sensitive method has been developed for evaluating the quality of the surface of high temperature superconductors based on monitoring ΔEp values in cyclic voltammetry.
Lexical disambiguation using simulated annealing

The resolution of lexical ambiguity is important for most natural language processing tasks, and a range of computational techniques have been proposed for its solution. None of these has yet proven effective on a large scale. In this paper, we describe a method for lexical disambiguation of text using the definitions in a machine-readable dictionary together with the technique of simulated annealing. The method operates on complete sentences and attempts to select the optimal combinations of word senses for all the words in the sentence simultaneously. The words in the sentences may be any of the 28,000 headwords in Longman's Dictionary of Contemporary English (LDOCE) and are disambiguated relative to the senses given in LDOCE. Our initial results on a sample set of 50 sentences are comparable to those of other researchers, and the fully automatic method requires no hand coding of lexical entries, or hand tagging of text.
The cut-off covering spectrum

We introduce the R cut-off covering spectrum and the cut-off covering spectrum of a metric space or a Riemannian manifold. The spectra measure the sizes of localized holes in the space and are defined using covering spaces called δ covers and R cut-off δ covers. They are investigated using 6 homotopies which are homotopies via grids whose squares are mapped into balls of radius δ. On locally compact spaces, we prove that these new spectra are subsets of the closure of the length spectrum. We prove the R cut-off covering spectrum is almost continuous with respect to the pointed Gromov-Hausdorff convergence of spaces and that the cut-off covering spectrum is also relatively well behaved. This is not true of the covering spectrum defined in our earlier work, which was shown to be well behaved on compact spaces. We close by analyzing these spectra on Riemannian manifolds with lower bounds on their sectional and Ricci curvature and their limit spaces.
Conversion of Various Hydrocarbons Over Supported Pd During Simulated Cold-Start Conditions

Abstract This paper reports measured oxidation rates of synthetic automotive exhausts over an aged palladium (Pd) catalyst during simulated cold-start conditions. Surface reaction rates and species concentration profiles at points along a catalyst of Pd on Al2O3 with ceria are reported for A/F ratios from 10 to 16. The synthetic exhaust streams contain levels of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons like those in auto exhausts during a cold-start, and include representative amounts of CO, CO2, O2, H2, NO, SO2 and H2O in N2. The hydrocarbon compounds are represented by 1-butene as a surrogate for the most reactive hydrocarbons, and propane and methane as surrogates for species with intermediate and very low reactivities, respectively. The data reveal important features of multicomponent oxidation under fuel-rich conditions. First, as expected, hydrogen is the most reactive species, reaching diffusion-limited oxidation at the inlet of the reactor for a temperature of 320°C, even for exhaust streams with 500 ppm NO. Second, the oxidation of carbon monoxide and 1-butene over an aged palladium catalyst follows similar conversion histories for excessively fuel rich and near-stoichiometric conditions. Third, the hydrocarbons oxidize simultaneously, but at rates that follow the ranking of reactivities seen in tests with individual fuel species. Whereas the magnitude of the 1-butene conversion rate is much lower than carbon monoxide's because of its much lower inlet level, this hydrocarbon is eliminated on nearly the same time scale as carbon monoxide. But propane and methane are converted on much longer time scales. Fourth, the oxidation of all the fuel species is inhibited by the presence of nitric oxide in the feedstream, especially propane.
Developing an Undergraduate Assessment Test: A Mechanism for Faculty Feedback About Retention

A regional business school chose to self develop an assessment test of the fundamental concepts of the undergraduate business core. Above and beyond the demands of AACSB accreditation, faculty identified feedback from such a test as an essential precursor to changing both overall curriculum and individual class content. The authors describe the methodology used to construct this instrument. Internal consistencies and validities of the resulting test compared favorably with those of commercially constructed tests. The authors discuss the methodology and results of the test validation process as well.
State of precollege education in mathematics and science

This talk is about the fastest‐growing minority group in the United States — the scientifically and technologically illiterate. It’s not a small group, and chances are that if you know a young person finishing high school this spring he or she is part of that group. The facts are alarming and carry the message that America seems to be losing ground in qualifying its young people for middle‐level careers in science and engineering, or even for participating fully as citizens in the modern world of science and engineering.
Identifying purpose behind electoral tweets

Tweets pertaining to a single event, such as a national election, can number in the hundreds of millions. Automatically analyzing them is beneficial in many downstream natural language applications such as question answering and summarization. In this paper, we propose a new task: identifying purpose behind electoral tweets---why do people post election-oriented tweets? We show that identifying purpose is related to sentiment and emotion detection, but yet significantly different. Detecting purpose has a number of applications including detecting the mood of the electorate, estimating the popularity of policies, identifying key issues of contention, and predicting the course of events. We create a large dataset of electoral tweets and annotate a few thousand tweets for purpose. We develop a system that automatically classifies electoral tweets as per their purpose, obtaining an accuracy of 44.58% on an 11-class task and an accuracy of 73.91% on a 3-class task (both accuracies well above the most-frequent-class baseline). We also show that resources developed for emotion detection are helpful for detecting purpose.
IQ-Paths: Predictably High Performance Data Streams Across Dynamic Network Overlays

Overlay networks are a key vehicle for delivering network and processing resources to high performance applications. For shared networks, however, to consistently deliver such resources at desired levels of performance, overlays must be managed at runtime, based on the continuous assessment and prediction of available distributed resources. Data-intensive applications, for example, must assess, predict, and judiciously use available network paths, and dynamically choose alternate or exploit concurrent paths. Otherwise, they cannot sustain the consistent levels of performance required by tasks like remote data visualization, online program steering, and remote access to high end devices. The multiplicity of data streams occurring in complex scientific workflows or in large-scale distributed collaborations exacerbate this problem, particularly when different streams have different performance requirements. This paper presents IQ-Paths, a set of techniques and their middleware realization that implement self-regulating overlay streams for data-intensive distributed applications. Self-regulation is based on (1) the dynamic and continuous assessment of the quality of each overlay path, (2) the use of online network monitoring and statistical analyses that provide probabilistic guarantees about available path bandwidth, loss rate, and RTT, and (3) self-management, via an efficient packet routing and scheduling algorithm that dynamically schedules data packets to different overlay paths in accordance with their available bandwidths. IQ-Paths offers probabilistic guarantees for application-level specifications of stream utility, based on statistical predictions of available network bandwidth. This affords applications with the ability, for instance, to send control or steering data across overlay paths that offer strong guarantees for future bandwidth vs. across less guaranteed paths. Experimental results presented in this paper use IQ-Paths to better handle the different kinds of data produced by two high performance applications and one multimedia application: (1) a data-driven interactive high performance code with user-defined utility requirements, (2) an adaptive overlay version of the popular Grid-FTP application, and (3) a MPEG-4 Fine-Grained Scalable layered video streaming.
Linearity tests and stationarity

Summary This paper shows that the asymptotic distributions of LM-type linearity tests against Smooth Transition Autoregressive (STAR) models, in the presence of a unit root, are non-standard and using standard χ2 critical values may lead to incorrect inference as the tails of the distribution of tests will be thicker than the χ2. This finding also indicates that one needs to test for stationarity prior to applying linearity tests.
Addendum to supersymmetric dyonic black holes in Kaluza-Klein theory

We complete the study of 4-dimensional (4-d), static, spherically symmetric, supersymmetric black holes (BH's) in Abelian (4+n)-d Kaluza-Klein theory, by showing that for such solutions n electric charges Q ≡ (Qi,…,Qn) and n magnetic charges P ≡ (P1,…,Pn) are subject to the constraint P · Q = 0. All such solutions can be obtained by performing the SO(n) rotations, which do not affect the 4-d space-time metric and the volume of the internal space, on the supersymmetric U(1)M × U(1)E BH's, i.e., supersymmetric BH's with a diagonal internal metric.
Modeling of heat transfer in granular flow in rotating vessels

Heat transfer in particulate materials affects a wide variety of applications ranging from multi-phase reactors to kilns and calciners. In catalyst manufacturing, heat transfer through granular media (catalyst) occurs in the impregnation and calcinations stages. We use the discrete element model to simulate flow, mixing, and heat transport in granular flow systems in rotary calciners and impregnators. Granular flow and heat transport properties are taken into account in order to develop a fundamental understanding of their effect on dryer and calcination performance. Simulations have shown that as rotation speed decreases, both heat transfer and temperature uniformity of the granular bed for both calciner and impregnator increase. Depending on baffle size, baffles can either increase or decrease heat transfer in double cone impregnators. Granular cohesion does not affect heat transfer in the range of values examined.
Anisotropic Normal State Transport Properties of Oxide Superconductors Predicted from Lapw Band Structures

The resistivity, Hall, and thermopower tensors are calculated for the normal state of oxide superconductors on the assumption of band quasiparticle behavior. The shape of the resistivity ραβin the metallic a-b plane is consistent with ordinary impurity and electron-phonon scattering, but the magnitude is larger than predicted. The Hall tensor is predicted to be hole-like for orbits in the a-b plane but electron-like for a-c or b-c orbits, while the thermopower is predicted to be electron-like in the a-b plane and hole-like along the c-axis. Single crystal experiments have confirmed some of these predictions for the Hall tensor.
The Castle on the Hill

Abstract A simple example of a stochastic game with irreversibility is studied and it is shown that the folk theorem fails in a robust way. In this game of Castle on the Hill, for a broad range of discount factors, including those close to one, equilibrium is unique. Moreover, the equilibrium for large discount factors is Pareto dominated by the equilibrium for low discount factors. A unique cyclic equilibrium is also possible for intermediate ranges of discount factors. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: C7, C6.
A Fortran-Compiled List-Processing Language

A compiled computer language for the manipulation of symbolic expressions organized in storage as Newell-Shaw-Simon lists has been developed as a tool to make more convenient the task of programming the simulation of a geometry theorem-proving machine on the IBM 704 high-speed electronic digital computer. Statements in the language are written in usual Fortran notation, but with a large set of special list-processing functions appended to the standard Fortran library. The algebraic structure of certain statements in this language corresponds closely to the structure of an NSS list, making possible the generation and manipulation of complex list expressions with a single statement. The many programming advantages accruing from the use of Fortran, and in particular, the ease with which massive and complex programs may be revised, combined with the flexibility offered by an NSS list organization of storage make the language particularly useful where, as in the case of our theorem-proving program, intermediate data of unpredictable form, complexity, and length may be generated.
Geometric realizations of Wakimoto modules at the critical level

We study the Wakimoto modules over the affine Kac-Moody algebras at the critical level from the point of view of the equivalences of categories proposed in our previous works, relating categories of representations and certain categories of sheaves. In particular, we explicitly describe geometric realizations of Wakimoto modules as Hecke eigen-D-modules on the affine Grassmannian and as quasi-coherent sheaves on the flag variety of the Langlands dual group
Catalytic asymmetric [4 + 2] cycloadditions of ketenes and N-thioacyl imines: alternatives for direct mannich reactions of enolizable imines.

Asymmetric cinchona alkaloid-catalyzed ketene-N-thioacyl imine cycloadditions afford enantioenriched cis-4,5-disubstituted 1,3-thiazin-6-one heterocycles with high absolute and relative stereocontrol. These cycloadditions enable a strategy for executing catalytic asymmetric direct Mannich additions to enolizable, unactivated imines. The ketene and imine reaction components are both generated in situ from readily available acid chlorides and α-amido sulfones, respectively.
An effective lagrangian with broken scale and chiral symmetry III. Mesons at finite temperature

Abstract We investigate the finite temperature behavior of the meson sector of an effective Lagrangian which describes nuclear matter. A method is developed for evaluating the logarithmic terms in the effective potential which involves expansion and resummation; the result is written in terms of the exponential integral. In the absence of explicit chiral symmetry breaking, a phase transition restores the symmetry at a temperature of 190 MeV; when the pion has a mass the transition is smooth. At a much higher temperature a first order phase transition restores scale symmetry.
Density-functional study of bcc U–Mo, Np–Mo, Pu–Mo, and Am–Mo alloys

Abstract Density-functional theory, previously used to describe phase equilibria in the γ-U–Mo alloys [A. Landa, P. Soderlind, P.E.A. Turchi, J. Nucl. Mater. 414 (2011) 132], is extended to study ground-state properties of the bcc-based (γ) X–Mo (X = Np, Pu, and Am) solid solutions. We discuss how the heat of formation correlates with the charge transfer between the alloy components, and how magnetism influences the deviation from Vegard’s law for the equilibrium atomic volume.
What shadows reveal about object structure.

In a scene observed from a fixed viewpoint, the set of shadow boundaries in an image changes as a point light source (nearby or at infinity) assumes different locations. We show that for any finite set of point light sources illuminating an object viewed under either orthographic or perspective projection, there is an equivalence class of object shapes having the same set of shadows. Members of this equivalence class differ by a four-parameter family of projective transformations, and the shadows of a transformed object are identical when the same transformation is applied to the light source locations. Under orthographic projection, this family is the generalized bas-relief (GBR) transformation, and we show that the GBR transformation is the only family of transformations of an object’s shape for which the complete set of imaged shadows is identical. Finally, we show that given multiple images under differing and unknown light source directions, it is possible to reconstruct both an object’s surface and the light source locations up to this family of transformations from the shadows alone.
Relaxation rates in the Maxwellian collision model and its variable hard sphere surrogate

The variable hard sphere and related models have proven to be accurate and computationally convenient replacements for the inverse power law model of classical kinetic theory in direct simulation Monte Carlo calculations. We attempt to provide theoretical support for this remarkable success by comparing the relaxation rates in the linearized Boltzmann equation for the Maxwellian collision model with those of its variable hard sphere surrogate. The comparison demonstrates that the linearized collision operator with variable hard sphere interactions can accurately approximate the linearized collision operator with Maxwellian inverse power law interactions under well-defined and broadly applicable conditions. Extensions of the analysis to the general inverse power law model and to more realistic intermolecular potentials are briefly discussed.
Identifying, removing, and imaging P-S conversions at salt-sediment interfaces

The large velocity contrast between salt and the surrounding sediments generates strong conversions between P‐ and S‐wave energy. The resulting converted events can be noise on P‐wave migrated images and should be identified and removed to facilitate interpretation. On the other hand, they can also be used to image a salt body and its adjacent sediments when the P‐wave image is inadequate. The converted waves with smaller reflection and transmission angles and much larger critical angles generate substantially different illumination than does the P‐wave.In areas where time migration is valid, the ratio between salt thickness in time and the time interval between the P‐wave and the converted‐wave salt base on a time‐migrated image is about 2.6 or 1.3, depending upon whether the seismic wave propagates along one or both of the downgoing and upcoming raypaths in salt as the S‐wave, respectively. These ratios can be used together with forward seismic modeling and 2D prestack depth migration to identify the co...
Scaling factors in aging of gas-filled cellular plastics

One of the techniques used to determine aging of gas-filled cellular plastics (GFCP) is to correlate the thermal resistance of thin material layers with that of full thickness boards Either models of aging or scaling factors may be used for this purpose. This paper discusses the concept of scaling factors relating aging of thin and thick layers of GFCP, and points out their limitations.
Reconstructing k-essence

We present a model independent method of reconstructing the Lagrangian for the k-essence field driving the present acceleration of the universe. We consider the simplest k-essence model for which the potential is constant. Later we use three parametrizations for the Hubble parameter H(z), consistent with recent the SN1a data, to yield the Lagrangian F. Our reconstruction program does not generate any physically realistic Lagrangian for models that allow phantom crossing, whereas models without phantom crossing yield well behaved Lagrangians.
An Illustration of Current Ideas on the Derivation of Correctness Proofs and Correct Programs

The ideas behind correctness proofs for programs are outlined, and conventional definitions of assignment, etc., are given. The main part of this paper is the idealized development of a nontrivial program in a disciplined fashion. The use of Dijkstra's "calculus" for the formal development of programs as a guide to structuring program development is discussed in relation to the example presented.
On the temperature dependence of hysteresis effect in floating-body partially depleted SOI CMOS circuits

This paper presents a detailed study on the temperature dependence of the hysteresis effect in static CMOS circuits and pass-transistor-based circuits with floating-body partially depleted (PD) silicon-on-insulator (SOI) CMOS devices. Basic physical mechanisms underlying the temperature dependence of hysteretic delay variations are examined. It is shown that, depending on the initial state of the circuit, the initial circuit delays have distinct temperature dependence. For steady-state circuit delays, the temperature dependence is dictated solely by the various charge injection/removing mechanisms into/from the body. The use of the cross-coupled dual-rail configuration in pass-transistor-based circuits is shown to be effective in compensating and reducing the disparity in the temperature dependence of the delays.
Thermal and ablative lag induced by a periodic heat input.

7 Wiese, W. L., Smith, M. W., and Glennon, B. M., "Atomic Transition Probabilities, Vol. I. Hydrogen Though Neon," Rept. NSRDS-NBS4, May 1966, National Bureau of Standards. 8 Wilson, K. H. and Greif, R., "Radiation Transport in Atomic Plasmas," Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer, Vol. 8, 1968, pp 1061-1086. 9 Armstrong, B. H., "Apparent Positions of Photoelectric Edges and the Merging of Spectrum Lines," Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, Vol. 4,1964, pp. 207-214. 10 Biberman, L. M. et al., "Radiation Heating in Hypersonic Flow," Cosmic Research, Vol. 2, No. 3, 1964, pp. 376-387. 11 Alien, R. A., "Air Radiation Graphs: Spectrally Integrated Fluxes Including Line Contributions and Self Absorption," AVCO Research Rept. 230, Sept. 1965, AVCO Everett Research Lab., Everett, Mass. 12 Hunt, B. L. and Sibulkin, M., "Radiative Transfer in a Gas of Uniform Properties in Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium, Part I, II, and III," Rept. Nonr 562(35)/18, Dec. 1966, Brown University, Providence, R. I. 13 Page, W. A., private communication, Jan. 1968. 14 Hoshizaki, H. et al., "Radiant Energy Transfer Measurements In Air," CR-585, Sept. 1966, NASA, Washington, D. C. 15 Wood, A. D. and Andrews, J. C., "Fast-response Total Thermal Radiation Detectors," IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electrical Systems, Vol. AES-3, No. 2, March 1967, pp. 356-367. 16 Samson, J. A. R., Techniques of Vacuum Ultraviolet Spectroscopy, Wiley, New York, 1967, Chap. 8. 17 Gruszczynski, J. S. and Warren, W. R., Jr., "Study of Equilibrium Air Total Radiation," AIAA Journal, Vol. 5, No. 3, March 1967, pp. 517-525. 18 Nerem, R. M., "Stagnation Point Heat Transfer in High Enthalpy Gas Flows, Part II: Shock Layer Radiative Emission During Hypervelocity Reentry," FDL-TDR-64-41, Pt. II, March 1964, Air Force Systems Command, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio. 19 Thomas, G. M. and Menard, W. A., "Measurements of the Continuum and Atomic Line Radiation from High-Temperature Air," AIAA Journal, Vol. 5, No. 12, Dec. 1967, pp. 2214-2223. 20 Thomas, G. M., private communication, April 1968. 21 Page, W. A. et al., "Radiative Transport in Inviscid Nonadiabatic Stagnation-Region Shock Layers," Paper 68-784, June 1968, AIAA. 22 Russell, L. D. and Beam, B. H., "Thermodielectric Radiometer," Paper 68-403, April 1968, AIAA.
Capacity Allocation over a Long Horizon: The Return on Turn-and-Earn

We consider a supply chain in which a supplier sells products to multiple retailers. When orders from the retailers exceed the supplier's capacity, she must employ an allocation mechanism to balance supply and demand. In particular, we consider a commonly used allocation scheme in the automobile industry: turn-and-earn, which uses past sales to allocate capacity. In essence, retailers “earn” an allotment of a vehicle after they sell one. In contrast to turn-and-earn, fixed allocation ignores past sales and gives each retailer an equal share of the capacity. Earlier work has demonstrated that turn-and-earn induces more sales in a two-period setting compared to fixed allocation. The question remains unanswered whether turn-and-earn induces similar behaviors over a long horizon when retailers possess private demand information. We construct a dynamic stochastic game of order competition over an infinite horizon to track the order dynamics of the supply chain. We obtain a richer set of equilibrium behaviors than existing models predict. Instead of a symmetric allocation outcome, we observe that sales leadership may arise in equilibrium and that retailers with different past sales adopt distinct ordering strategies to respond to demand uncertainty. Transient sales dynamics suggest that sales leadership may not be persistent and can be eliminated by the occurrence of extremely low demand. This provides a theoretical explanation for several behavioral observations of some U.S. automobile dealers. In addition to the sales-inducing effect, interestingly, turn-and-earn also causes the retailers to absorb local demand variability.
The Mid-Infrared Spectra of Normal Galaxies

The mid-infrared spectra (2.5-5 and 5.7-11.6 mu m) obtained by ISOPHOT reveal the interstellar medium emission from galaxies powered by star formation to be strongly dominated by the aromatic features at 6.2, 7.7, 8.6, and 11.3 mu m. Additional emission appears in between the features, and an underlying continuum is clearly evident at 3-5 mu m. This continuum would contribute about a third of the luminosity in the 3-13 mu m range. The features together carry 5%-30% of the 40-120 mu m. range.FIR) luminosity.
Matter power spectrum from the Lyman-alpha forest: myth or reality?

We investigate possible systematic errors in the recent measurement of the matter power spectrum from the Lyman-alpha forest by Croft et al. We find that for a large set of prior cosmological models the Croft et al. result holds quite well, with systematic errors being comparable with random ones, when a dependence of the recovered-matter power spectrum on the cosmological parameters at z∼3 is taken into account. We find that peculiar velocities cause the flux power spectrum to be smoothed over about 100–300 km s-1, depending on scale. Consequently, the recovered-matter power spectrum is a smoothed version of the underlying true power spectrum. Uncertainties in the recovered power spectrum are thus correlated over about 100–300 km s-1. As a side effect, we find that residual fluctuations in the ionizing background, while having almost no effect on the recovered-matter power spectrum, significantly bias estimates of the baryon density from the Lyman-alpha forest data. We therefore conclude that the Croft et al. result provides a powerful new constraint on cosmological parameters and models of structure formation.
Non-linear effects in electron plasmas

The effect of non-linear terms in the dynamical equations governing wave propagation in plasmas may be analysed by a perturbation procedure which is acceptable for amplitudes which are not too large. The Hamiltonian describing the complete system is separated into two parts: the quadratic part which yields the linearized equations and the non-linear part. The quadratic part may be eliminated by a normal-mode analysis, the `normal modes' comprising travelling waves. The non-linear part then results in interaction between these waves. Two theorems concerning wave interaction are proved. The first relates energy-transfer between a group of interacting waves to the frequency of these waves. These `action-transfer relations' lead to the Manley-Rowe relations for steady-state or quasi-steady-state configurations. The second theorem relates the frequency-displacements of a group of interacting waves to the energies of these waves. The properties of electron plasmas undergoing longitudinal oscillations are re-examined in the light of the preceding theorems. Interaction terms may be classed as `coherent' and `incoherent': the former do not result in energy transfer but only frequency displacement which may be characterized by a dispersion relation. The second group leads to transfer of energy between waves and hence to spectral decay. The interaction between longitudinal (electrostatic) and transverse (electromagnetic) waves in plasmas is considered and it is shown that in a uniform plasma in the absence of magnetic fields, the dominant interaction couples two longitudinal waves with one transverse wave. Hence one would anticipate that the dominant non-linear mechanism for radiation from excited plasmas leads to emission at twice the plasma frequency.
Autocontours: Dynamic Specification Testing

We propose a new battery of dynamic specification tests for the joint hypothesis of iid-ness and density function based on the fundamental properties of independent random variables with identical distributions. We introduce a device—the autocontour—whose shape is very sensitive to departures from the null in either direction, thus providing superior power. The tests are parametric with asymptotic t and chi-squared limiting distributions and standard convergence rates. They do not require a transformation of the original data or a Kolmogorov style assessment of goodness-of-fit, explicitly account for parameter uncertainty, and have superior finite sample properties. An application to autoregressive conditional duration (ACD) models for trade durations shows that the difficulty with the assumed densities lies on the probability assigned to very small durations. Supplemental materials for this article are available online.
Chaotic inflation and a radiatively generated intermediate scale in the supersymmetric standard model

Abstract We consider a phenomenological extension of the minimal supersymmetric standard model which incorporates chaotic inflation and a radiatively generated intermediate mass scale. Initially a period of chaotic inflation is driven by a quartic potential associated with the right-handed electron sneutrino. Supersymmetry relates the quartic coupling of the inflationary potential to the electron Majorana neutrino Yukawa coupling, h1. The microwave background temperature anisotropy determines this coupling to be h 1 ⋍ 10 −7 , which is similar in magnitude to the electron Dirac Yukawa coupling. A U(1) Peccei-Quinn (PQ) symmetry is broken by radiative corrections at an intermediate scale ⋍ 1012 GeV when the universe cools to a temperature T ≲ 103 GeV. This leads to an invisible axion, a weak scale μ-term and an electron Majorana neutrino mass M N 1 ⋍ 10 5 GeV. A second inflationary period can also occur via a flat-direction field. In this case the universe can be reheated to a temperature T RH ⋍ 10 6 GeV, without restoring PQ symmetry. Baryogenesis will then occur via out-of-equilibrium neutrino decay.
Thermodynamic properties and phase diagrams of the binary systems B2O3–Ga2O3, B2O3–Al2O3 and B2O3–In2O3

Abstract We calculated the binary phase diagrams B 2 O 3 –Ga 2 O 3 , B 2 O 3 –In 2 O 3 and B 2 O 3 –Al 2 O 3 , and the Gibbs energy of formation of the binary compounds, using experimental liquidus data. The B 2 O 3 –Ga 2 O 3 system is of industrial importance, because liquid B 2 O 3 , in which Ga 2 O 3 is not very soluble, is used to protect GaAs during growth of single crystals of GaAs. During recovery of noble metals B 2 O 3 is added to slags containing Al 2 O 3 to lower the melting point and the viscosity. The B 2 O 3 –In 2 O 3 system is of much less importance to industry. In all three systems we have a liquid miscibility gap, and also solid binary compounds, none of which melt congruently. The miscibility gaps are not surprising, because even in the B 2 O 3 –Bi 2 O 3 system where four congruently melting compounds are present, a liquid miscibility gap exists close to B 2 O 3 .
Catalytic diastereoselective reductive claisen rearrangement.

A catalytic amount of [(cod)RhCl]2 and MeDuPhos initiates an ester enolate Claisen rearrangement with good yields and diastereocontrol. Reaction conditions are mild and tolerant of base-sensitive functionality.
THE HALO OCCUPATION DISTRIBUTION OF SDSS QUASARS

We present an estimate of the projected two-point correlation function (2PCF) of quasars in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) over the full range of one- and two-halo scales, 0.02 h{sup -1} Mpc < r{sub p} < 120 h{sup -1} Mpc. This was achieved by combining data from SDSS DR7 on large scales and Hennawi et al. (with appropriate statistical corrections) on small scales. Our combined clustering sample is the largest spectroscopic quasar clustering sample to date, containing {approx}48, 000 quasars in the redshift range 0.4 {approx}< z {approx}< 2.5 with median redshift 1.4. We interpret these precise 2PCF measurements within the halo occupation distribution (HOD) framework and constrain the occupation functions of central and satellite quasars in dark matter halos. In order to explain the small-scale clustering, the HOD modeling requires that a small fraction of z {approx} 1.4 quasars, f{sub sat} = (7.4 {+-} 1.4) Multiplication-Sign 10{sup -4}, be satellites in dark matter halos. At z {approx} 1.4, the median masses of the host halos of central and satellite quasars are constrained to be M{sub cen} = 4.1{sup +0.3}{sub -0.4} Multiplication-Sign 10{sup 12} h{sup -1} M{sub Sun} and M{sub sat} = 3.6{sup +0.8}{sub -1.0} Multiplication-Sign 10{sup 14} h{supmore » -1} M{sub Sun }, respectively. To investigate the redshift evolution of the quasar-halo relationship, we also perform HOD modeling of the projected 2PCF measured by Shen et al. for SDSS quasars with median redshift 3.2. We find tentative evidence for an increase in the mass scale of quasar host halos-the inferred median mass of halos hosting central quasars at z {approx} 3.2 is M{sub cen} = 14.1{sup +5.8}{sub -6.9} Multiplication-Sign 10{sup 12} h{sup -1} M{sub Sun }. The cutoff profiles of the mean occupation functions of central quasars reveal that quasar luminosity is more tightly correlated with halo mass at higher redshifts. The average quasar duty cycle around the median host halo mass is inferred to be f{sub q} = 7.3{sup +0.6}{sub -1.5} Multiplication-Sign 10{sup -4} at z {approx} 1.4 and f{sub q} = 8.6{sup +20.4}{sub -7.2} Multiplication-Sign 10{sup -2} at z {approx} 3.2. We discuss the implications of our results for quasar evolution and quasar-galaxy co-evolution.« less
Scintillation has minimal impact on far-field Bennett-Brassard 1984 protocol quantum key distribution

The effect of scintillation, arising from propagation through atmospheric turbulence, on the sift and error probabilities of a quantum key distribution (QKD) system that uses the weak-laser-pulse version of the Bennett-Brassard 1984 (BB84) protocol is evaluated. Two earth-space scenarios are examined: satellite-to-ground and ground-to-satellite transmission. Both lie in the far-field power-transfer regime. This work complements previous analysis of turbulence effects in near-field terrestrial BB84 QKD [J. H. Shapiro, Phys. Rev. A 67, 022309 (2003)]. More importantly, it shows that scintillation has virtually no impact on the sift and error probabilities in earth-space BB84 QKD, something that has been implicitly assumed in prior analyses for that application. This result contrasts rather sharply with what is known for high-speed laser communications over such paths, in which deep, long-lived scintillation fades present a major challenge to high-reliability operation.
Variable speed operation of generators with rotor-speed feedback in wind power applications

The use of induction generators in wind power applications has been common since the early development of the wind industry. Most of these generators operate at fixed frequency and are connected directly to the utility grid. Unfortunately, this mode of operation limits the rotor speed to a specific rpm. Variable-speed operation is preferred in order to facilitate maximum energy capture over a wide range of wind speeds. This paper explores variable-speed operating strategies for wind turbine applications. The objectives are to maximize energy production, provide controlled start-up and reduce torque loading. This paper focuses on optimizing the energy captured by operating at maximum aerodynamic efficiency at any wind speed. The control strategy we analyze uses rotor speed and generator power as the feedback signals. In the normal operating region, rotor speed is used to compute a target power that corresponds to optimum operation. With power as the control objective, the power converter and generator are controlled to track the target power at any rpm. Thus, the torque-speed characteristic of the generator is shaped to optimize the energy capture. The target power is continuously updated at any rpm. in extreme areas of the operating envelope, during start-up, shutdown, generator overload, ormore » overspeed, different strategies driven by other system considerations must be used.« less
Midnight dumping: Public policies and illegal disposal of used oil

Many public policies for hazardous waste raise the costs of legal disposal. Concerned about substitution of illegal disposal, economists have instead recommended policies that reward desirable waste management alternatives. This article studies the empirical determinants of dumping as reported to the U.S. Emergency Response Notification Systems (ERNS). It analyzes the frequency of used oil dumping using count-data models. The results suggest that dumping is sensitive to the cost of legal waste management options, including disposal and reuse, and to the threat of enforcement. In particular, state policies that restrict legal disposal cause substantial substitution of illegal dumping.