cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Total Phenolic Contents and Phenolic Acid Constituents in 4 Varieties of Bitter Melons (Momordica charantia) and Antioxidant Activities of their Extracts

(CG), and China white (CW G), and China white (CW G), and China white (CW G), and China white (CW CAE/g, r CAE/g, r CAE/g, respectively. The total phenolic contents of IG, IW The total phenolic contents of IG, IW The total phenolic contents of IG, IW The total phenolic contents of IG, IW The total phenolic contents of IG, IW, CG, and CW w G, and CW w G, and CW w G, and CW w G, and CW wer y w y w y w y weight basis eight basis eight basis eight basis eight basis, respectively, while in inner tissues w , while in inner tissues w , while in inner tissues w , while in inner tissues w , while in inner tissues wer er er difference in the antioxidant activities of the extracts among varieties ( difference in the antioxidant activities of the extracts among varieties ( difference in the antioxidant activities of the extracts among varieties ( difference in the antioxidant activities of the extracts among varieties (P = 0.2556) and between drying methods ( = 0.2556) and between drying methods ( = 0.2556) and between drying methods ( = 0.2556) and between drying methods ( = 0.2556) and between drying methods (P = 0.1444). The antioxidant activities of flesh, inner tissue, and seed ranged from 81.7% to 86.5%, 78.8% to 88.4%, = 0.1444). The antioxidant activities of flesh, inner tissue, and seed ranged from 81.7% to 86.5%, 78.8% to 88.4%, = 0.1444). The antioxidant activities of flesh, inner tissue, and seed ranged from 81.7% to 86.5%, 78.8% to 88.4%, = 0.1444). The antioxidant activities of flesh, inner tissue, and seed ranged from 81.7% to 86.5%, 78.8% to 88.4%, = 0.1444). The antioxidant activities of flesh, inner tissue, and seed ranged from 81.7% to 86.5%, 78.8% to 88.4%, and 78.5% to 85.4% inhibition, r and 78.5% to 85.4% inhibition, r and 78.5% to 85.4% inhibition, r and 78.5% to 85.4% inhibition, r and 78.5% to 85.4% inhibition, respectiv espectiv espectiv espectively ely ely ely. Bitter melon is a r itter melon is a r itter melon is a r itter melon is a r
Frequency information and distance effects: A reply to humphreys

When subjects are tested on ordered information (e.g., A > B > C > D), performance is better on inferences (e.g., A > C, B > D, A > D) than on information that was actually presented during training (e.g., A > B, B > C, C > D). This has been interpreted as evidence that subjects use the presented information to construct a unified ordering. However, Humphreys (Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 1975, 14, 496–505) has recently noted that terms near the beginning of an ordering tend to be correct and that terms near the end of an ordering tend to be wrong. He suggested that the observed superiority on inferences could be accounted for solely on the basis of differential frequency. The present experiment refutes this position by demonstrating that the superiority on inferences is observed even when frequency is equated.
Tumor cells induce cytolytic T cells to a single immunodominant mutant peptide.

Two different approaches have shown that cancers express mutant proteins that may be recognized as tumor-specific antigens. On the one hand, DNA sequences known to be mutant in tumor cells have been used to select for mutant peptides that induce tumor-specific T cells (the so-called reverse immunologic' approach). On the other, T cells induced by vaccination with whole tumor cells have been used to identify tumor-specific mutations in proteins (direct immunologic approach). While both approaches generate tumor-specific T cells that can lyse cancer cells expressing the relevant mutant protein, the present study suggests that there may be crucial differences. Mutant epitopes originally defined from DNA sequences have so far been immunorecessive, and tumor cells themselves generally appear unable to induce specific CD8 + T cells that recognize the encoded mutant gene product. In contrast, we find that mutant epitopes identified by CD8 + T cells stimulated by immunization with whole tumor cells induce cytolytic T cells to such mutant peptides. In fact, much or all of the response appears to be to a single mutant octapeptide that seems to be immunodominant. One possible reason for the failure of immunorecessive antigens to induce a response may be the presence of lower amounts of the antigen in the cancer cell, but other mechanisms are possible as well. For example, in the host bearing a growing tumor. neither purified proteins nor peptides might be known; thus, only immunodominant unique antigens may be able to restimulate and activate tumor-specific memory T cells that localize in the tumor following active immunization.
Comparison of the immunocytochemical localization of DARPP‐32 and I‐1 in the amygdala and hippocampus of the rhesus monkey

Dopamine and adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate (cAMP) regulated phosphoprotein of M(r) 32 kDa (DARPP-32) and phosphatase inhibitor 1 (I-1) have been associated with intracellular signal transduction processes and share several biochemical features. Localization of each phosphoprotein in distinct neural structures will aid investigation of their physiologic properties and help identify their unique roles in the nervous system. We have compared the distribution of the two phosphoproteins in the amygdala and hippocampus of the rhesus monkey with the aid of immunocytochemical procedures. Neurons immunoreactive to antibodies raised against the phosphoproteins DARPP-32 and I-1 were noted in the cortical, central, and components of the basal group, including the basomedial, the lateral, and to a lesser extent, the basolateral amygdaloid nuclei. Within the large basal nuclei positive neurons were found preferentially in their medial and ventral subdivisions. By making a direct comparison in the same animals, we observed differences in the distribution of the two phosphoproteins in the amygdala. DARPP-32 and I-1 positive neurons overlapped partially in the basal nuclei, to a lesser extent in the cortical, but were segregated in the central amygdaloid nucleus with neurons positive for DARPP-32 noted laterally, and for I-1 medially. In contrast to the amygdala, where numerous DARPP-32 and I-1 positive neurons were observed, only I-1 had a notable presence in the hippocampus. Moreover, I-1 associated label was found only in neurons in the granule cell layer of the dentate gyrus, their dendritic plexus, and axons which innervate hilar and CA3 neurons. DARPP-32 and I-1 are intracellular messengers associated with signal transduction. Their regional distribution in the amygdala and the hippocampus suggests an involvement in the level of excitability of specific components of these limbic structures. Moreover, our results suggest that I-1 has a unique role in the intrinsic circuitry of the hippocampal formation and indicate a system where the physiologic properties of I-1 may be studied in isolation.
Starting Self-Help Groups: Empowering Roles for Social Workers

ABSTRACT Each year thousands of self-help groups are started. Many people starting these groups turn toward social workers for assistance. Better understanding of the satisfactions, frustrations, and tasks involved in starting groups would help social workers serve people starting groups. The current study explores 37 founders of self-help groups to better understand the satisfactions, frustrations, and tasks involved. Results show that founders are interested in helping others and find the relationships they develop rewarding. They struggle with the organizational aspects of starting a group. Insights regarding the development of self-help groups are provided, as well as how social workers can assist people starting self-help groups.
Neonatal Death in Mice Lacking Cardiotrophin-like Cytokine is Associated with Multifocal Neuronal Hypoplasia

Mice with null mutations of ciliary neurotrophic factor (Cntf) receptor alpha (Cntf-Rα), or cytokine-like factor 1 (Clf), one component of Cntf-II (a heterodimeric Cntf-Rα ligand), die as neonates from motor neuron loss affecting the facial nucleus and ventral horn of the lumbar spinal cord. Exposure to cardiotrophin-like cytokine (Clc), the other putative Cntf-II element, supports motor neuron survival in vitro and in ovo. Confirmation that Clc ablation induces an equivalent phenotype to Clf deletion would support a role for Clc in the functional Cntf-II complex. In this study, Clc knockout mice had decreased facial motility, did not suckle, died within 24 hours, and had 32% and 29% fewer motor neurons in the facial nucleus and lumbar ventral horn, respectively; thus, Clc is essential for motor neuron survival during development. The concordance of the Clc knockout phenotype with those of mice lacking Cntf-Rα or Clf bolsters the hypothesis that Clc participates in Cntf-II.
Multilayer film casting of modified Giesekus fluids Part 1. Steady-state analysis

Abstract A steady-state analysis of the isothermal multilayer film casting process has been conducted. The effects of the rheological properties of each layer and the processing conditions on the fluid velocity and stress profiles and the film tension were studied. The fluids were modeled using a modified Giesekus model, which is capable of predicting a wide range of rheological behavior. The mechanics of multilayer film casting were found to depend on the shape and magnitude of the elongational viscosities of the fluid components at the deformation rates of the process. The layer with a much larger elongational viscosity dominates the overall flow behavior, even if its thickness fraction is small.
Residents speak out : Sharing concerns about environmental problems, public health, and justice in Clarksville, Tennessee

Over the last decade, I have worked with Environmental Justice (EJ) groups on issues facing minority communities. I collaborated with the Red River District Environmental Justice Group (RRDEJG) on issues facing the Red River community (RRC) in Clarksville, Tennesse. By applying social science research to challenge power structures, EJ groups often represent one of the few voices disenfranchised communities have for mobilization and social action. In this case it documents the voices of a community facing long standing problems and injustice
How to teach a pigeon to maximize overall reinforcement rate

In two experiments deviations from matching earned higher overall reinforcement rates than did matching. In Experiment 1 response proportions were calculated over a 360-response moving average, updated with each response. Response proportions that differed from the nominal reinforcement proportions, by a criterion that was gradually increased, were eligible for reinforcement. Response proportions that did not differ from matching were not eligible for reinforcement. When the deviation requirement was relatively small, the contingency proved to be effective. However, there was a limit as to how far response proportions could be pushed from matching. Consequently, when the deviation requirement was large, overall reinforcement rate decreased and pecking was eventually extinguished. In Experiment 2 a discriminative stimulus was added to the procedure. The houselight was correlated with the relationship between response proportions and the nominal (programmed) reinforcement proportions. When the difference between response and reinforcement proportions met the deviation requirement, the light was white and responses were eligible for reinforcement. When the difference between response and reinforcement proportions failed to exceed the deviation requirement, the light was blue and responses were not eligible for reinforcement. With the addition of the light, it proved to be possible to shape deviations from matching without any apparent limit. Thus, in Experiment 2 overall reinforcement rate predicted choice proportions and relative reinforcement rate did not. In contrast, in previous experiments on the relationship between matching and overall reinforcement maximization, relative reinforcement rate was usually the better predictor of responding. The results show that whether overall or relative reinforcement rate better predicts choice proportions may in part be determined by stimulus conditions.
Anti-metastatic properties of RGD-peptidomimetic agents S137 and S247

Integrins expressed on endothelial cells modulate cell migration and survival during angiogenesis. Integrins expressed on carcinoma cells potentiate metastasis by facilitating invasion and movement across blood vessels. We describe the activities of two synthetic low-molecular-weight peptidomimetics of the ligand amino acid sequence arg-gly-asp (RGD) in integrin-based functional assays in vitro. We also evaluate efficacy and potential mechanisms of action in models of both spontaneous and experimental metastasis. Broad-spectrum potency against the family of alpha v subunit-containing integrins was observed, with significantly less potency against α5β1 and αIIbβ3. Both endothelial and tumor cell migration mediated by αvβ3 was inhibited, whereas proliferation of endothelial cells but not tumor cells was diminished. Continuous infusion of compound by minipumps or oral administration twice daily significantly reduced metastatic tumor burden in the lungs of mice despite no reduction in growth of 435/HAL primary tumors, and only a slight reduction in tumor cells detected in circulating blood. Delaying treatment in this model until after extensive dissemination of tumor cells to the lungs had occurred, and after primary tumor resection, still produced significant efficacy. Conversely, administration of the agent for only the first 18 h after tumor-cell inoculation into the tail vein also resulted in decreased metastases observed after several weeks. These data suggest these compounds or their relatives have potential to interfere with both early and late steps of metastasis involving tumor and endothelial cell functions. Furthermore, the metastatic process can be effectively inhibited independently of primary tumor growth using integrin antagonists.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe contain a homologue to the 54-kD subunit of the signal recognition particle that in S. cerevisiae is essential for growth.

We have isolated and sequenced genes from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SRP54SC) and Schizosaccharomyces pombe (SRP54sp) encoding proteins homologous to both the 54-kD protein subunit (SRP54mam) of the mammalian signal recognition particle (SRP) and the product of a gene of unknown function in Escherichia coli, ffh (Romisch, K., J. Webb, J. Herz, S. Prehn, R. Frank, M. Vingron, and B. Dobberstein. 1989. Nature (Lond.). 340:478-482; Bernstein H. D., M. A. Poritz, K. Strub, P. J. Hoben, S. Brenner, P. Walter. 1989. Nature (Lond.). 340:482-486). To accomplish this we took advantage of short stretches of conserved sequence between ffh and SRP54mam and used the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify fragments of the homologous yeast genes. The DNA sequences predict proteins for SRP54sc and SRP54sp that are 47% and 52% identical to SRP54mam, respectively. Like SRP54mam and ffh, both predicted yeast proteins contain a GTP binding consensus sequence in their NH2-terminal half (G-domain), and methionine-rich sequences in their COOH-terminal half (M-domain). In contrast to SRP54mam and ffh the yeast proteins contain additional Met-rich sequences inserted at the COOH-terminal portion of the M-domain. SRP54sp contains a 480-nucleotide intron located 78 nucleotides from the 5' end of the open reading frame. Although the function of the yeast homologues is unknown, gene disruption experiments in S. cerevisiae show that the gene is essential for growth. The identification of SRP54sc and SRP54sp provides the first evidence for SRP related proteins in yeast.
Steroid release from Silastic capsules and rods

Abstract The release of steroids from Silastic R capsules and rods has been measured in human beings and rats by recovering the implants after periods of subdermal implantation and measuring steroid loss. Reasonably good agreement has been observed between average in vivo release rates in these two species and release rates in vitro. In vivo release rates from capsules frequently showed an appreciable decrease in the first 100 days of use and a more gentle decrease thereafter. In vitro release rates frequently showed a sharp decrease lasting only a few days, but thereafter a moderately declining rate. Rods showed a much steeper and continuing decline in rate. Average measured release rates in human subjects over a one-year period, in μg/day/cm length of capsule, were 3.5 for levonorgestrel, 13.2 for norgestrienone, 17.5 for R2323, 16.4 for megestrol acetate and 8.7 for norethindrone. Calculated expected rates at the end of one year were lower: 2.7 for levonorgestrel, 11.0 for norgestrienone and 12.9 for R2323. Capsules were of 1.57 mm ID and 2.41 mm OD. Significant differences in release rates among subjects using the same drug were observed for levonorgestrel, norgestrienone and megestrol acetate, with the differences being greatest for levonorgestrel. Factors significantly affecting steroid release include the use of gamma irradiation for sterilization and the amount of steroid remaining in the capsules. Gamma irradiation markedly decreased release rate of several steroids through an effect on the steroid. The amount of steroid in the capsule had marked effects on rate in the instance of megestrol acetate, much less effect in the instance of norgestrienone and intermediate effects in the instance of levonorgestrel.
Characterization of normal tidal breathing flow-volume loops for thoroughbred horses

The purpose of this study was to characterize the normal equine tidal breathing flow-volume loop (TBFVL). The study was performed using 18 healthy Thoroughbred horses. TBFVLs constructed from data collected from resting horses had a typical biphasic inspiratory and expiratory phase. The interindividual variability of the indices used to describe TBFVLs was in the range 16–32%, which is comparable to the variability of other measures of equine pulmonary mechanics. The large variability of these data probably limits the value of resting TBFVL indices for detecting subclinical respiratory conditions in individual horses. Factor analysis of these data revealed that in excess of 90% of the variance of the initial response variables could be explained in terms of three common factors. Varimax rotation of these three common factors provided three subsequent factors that were readily identifiable as (1) a factor describing the time-volume relationships of TBFVLs, responsible for 81% of the total variance, (2) a factor explaining the expiratory portion of the TBFVL, explaining 12% of the variance, and (3) a factor describing the inspiratory portion of the loops, responsible for the remaining 7% of the variance. The analysis also provided standardized factor scoring coefficients for use in subsequent studies using similar experimental techniques.
Building Empowerment: Female Grameen Entrepreneurs in Rural Bangladesh

This paper examines how the poor female borrowers of Grameen Bank microcredit in rural Bangladesh sought to fight social marginalisation through the production of domestic space. Impoverished women used meagre housing loans from Bangladesh's micro-lending bank to replace their climatically vulnerable and poverty-stricken mud huts with ‘modern’ houses made of such durable materials as tin and reinforced concrete columns. But did these enterprising women's pursuit of a strong shelter lead to a higher quality of life and social empowerment? This paper contends that an analysis of a poor entrepreneur's use of microcredit to build a durable house as a pre-condition for social well-being calls into question development economics' conventional emphasis on economic growth as the key indicator of social advancement.
Neutron transmutation doping of high purity GaAs

High purity n-type GaAs samples grown by a variety of epitaxial techniques were transmutation doped with a low fluence of thermal neutrons to produce Ge and Se impurities from the host Ga and As atoms, respectively. Samples were chosen having low concentrations of Se and Ge donors and Ge acceptors prior to doping. Photothermal ionization and photoluminescence spectra as well as Hall effect data were recorded before and after doping and subsequent low temperature anneals. The high purity of these samples and low neutron dose, together with the low noise and high resolu-tion of the photothermal ionization measurements, has allowed the precise identification of the Se and Ge donor peaks through an accurate determination of their ls-2p(m=−l) transition energies. Comparison of the relative concentra-tions of shallow donors and acceptors, obtained from the photothermal ionization and photoluminescence spectra, with ND and NA determined from the Hall effect data, allowed the activation of Se and Ge to be measured. The observation of GeAss acceptors after doping and of the incomplete activation of Se as donors are interpreted in terms of transmutation induced recoil of the Se and Ge due to γ-pray and e -ve pair emission.
Coagulation factor XII deficiency in the porpoise, Tursiops truncatus.

Abstract 1. 1. Blood from four cetaceans, Tursiops truncatus , showed long clotting times and absence of coagulation factor XII. 2. 2. Other hematological and coagulation values approximated those of human blood.
Automated 3D mapping of baseline and 12-month associations between three verbal memory measures and hippocampal atrophy in 490 ADNI subjects.

We used a previously validated automated machine learning algorithm based on adaptive boosting to segment the hippocampi in baseline and 12-month follow-up 3D T1-weighted brain MRIs of 150 cognitively normal elderly (NC), 245 mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and 97 DAT ADNI subjects. Using the radial distance mapping technique, we examined the hippocampal correlates of delayed recall performance on three well-established verbal memory tests – ADAScog delayed recall (ADAScog-DR), the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test -DR (AVLT-DR) and Wechsler Logical Memory II-DR (LM II-DR). We observed no significant correlations between delayed recall performance and hippocampal radial distance on any of the three verbal memory measures in NC. All three measures were associated with hippocampal volumes and radial distance in the full sample and in the MCI group at baseline and at follow-up. In DAT we observed stronger left-sided associations between hippocampal radial distance, LM II-DR and ADAScog-DR both at baseline and at follow-up. The strongest linkage between memory performance and hippocampal atrophy in the MCI sample was observed with the most challenging verbal memory test – the AVLT-DR, as opposed to the DAT sample where the least challenging test the ADAScog-DR showed strongest associations with the hippocampal structure. After controlling for baseline hippocampal atrophy, memory performance showed regionally specific associations with hippocampal radial distance in predominantly CA1 but also in subicular distribution.
Gender Differences in College of Business Educational Experiences

In this article, the authors examine the effect of gender on the learning experiences of students majoring in business. The development of behaviors and attitudes, which will affect the professional practices of graduates, is crucial in the education of business majors. Given that the use of group work and other forms of innovative learning is increasing in business classes, the growing acceptance of group work raises the question of whether men and women experience these assignments differently. From focus-group and survey data, the authors found that the attitudes and experiences of male and female business students were significantly different.
On initial condition problems for reactor dispersion model

On explique la signification sous-jacente de la condition de valeur initiale du modele de dispersion. On presente d'autres descriptions mathematiques des problemes de reponse a une impulsion et a un echelon, et on les relie a des solutions de la litterature
Poliovirus Proteins Induce Membrane Association of GTPase ADP-Ribosylation Factor

Poliovirus infection results in the disintegration of intracellular membrane structures and formation of specific vesicles that serve as sites for replication of viral RNA. The mechanism of membrane rearrangement has not been clearly defined. Replication of poliovirus is sensitive to brefeldin A (BFA), a fungal metabolite known to prevent normal function of the ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF) family of small GTPases. During normal membrane trafficking in uninfected cells, ARFs are involved in vesicle formation from different intracellular sites through interaction with numerous regulatory and coat proteins as well as in regulation of phospholipase D activity and cytoskeleton modifications. We demonstrate here that ARFs 3 and 5, but not ARF6, are translocated to membranes in HeLa cell extracts that are engaged in translation of poliovirus RNA. The accumulation of ARFs on membranes correlates with active replication of poliovirus RNA in vitro, whereas ARF translocation to membranes does not occur in the presence of BFA. ARF translocation can be induced independently by synthesis of poliovirus 3A or 3CD proteins, and we describe mutations that abolished this activity. In infected HeLa cells, an ARF1-enhanced green fluorescent protein fusion redistributes from Golgi stacks to the perinuclear region, where poliovirus RNA replication occurs. Taken together, the data suggest an involvement of ARF in poliovirus RNA replication.
A test of the fit of Gulliver's phase model to hostage negotiations

This study tests the fit of Gulliver's (1979) phase model of negotiation development to authentic and simulated hostage negotiations. Interaction analysis and phase mapping techniques were used to create phase map descriptions of a set of eight authentic and eight simulated hostage negotiations. Gamma analysis (Pelz, 1985) was used to abstract the general structure of each negotiation from its detailed phase map. Gamma maps were compared to Gulliver's model and to each other. Results suggest that hostage negotiations vary in their resemblance to Gulliver's model. Simulated negotiations performed as police training exercises were most similar to Gulliver's model, while authentic cases bore the least resemblance to the model. Events and characteristics that may lead to the differences are illustrated in excerpts from the negotiations.
Home-Based Teleshoppers and Shopping Travel: Do Teleshoppers Travel Less?

Some have assumed that teleshopping will become a functional substitute for traditional retail shopping and thereby reduce physical shopping trips and vehicle miles traveled. More recent studies have painted a far more complex picture, in which a combination of lifestyle, shopping opportunities, and the costs of travel all play a role in a person's choice of shopping modes. In this study, data from an activity-diary survey collected by the Metropolitan Transportation Commission, California, were analyzed to gain insights into the degree to which teleshopping substitutes for traditional out-of-home shopping trips, person miles traveled for shopping, and shopping-trip chains. A two-step linear regression model was used to estimate the effects of home-based teleshopping. Results indicate that teleshopping households engage in more shopping trips and chain more of their shopping trips. It is hypothesized that teleshopping has a complementary effect on out-of-home shopping and leads to more shopping trip makin...
“The Discreet Charm of the Russian Bourgeoisie”: OKsana Robski and Glamour in Russian Popular Literature

I would like to thank Dr. Thomas Waldemer for editing earlier drafts of this article. All translations in this article are my own. Robski (b. 1968) studied journalism at Moscow State University and graduated from Moscow's High Course for Script Writers and Directors. Robski is also an entrepreneur in her own right. She has owned and operated a glossy journal for dog fanciers, "Sebastian," a furniture gallery and an agency that provided female bodyguards. Most recently, together with Mikhail Markotkin, the owner of Rosmen Press, Robski launched "Oksana Robski Publishing House." Their first project was a book by the Russian pop singer, Tat'iana Bulanova. See Anastasia Vasil'eva and Ol'ga Goncharova, "Knizhnyi biznes Rossii," RBK Daily (May 29, 2007), available at http:// www.rbcdaily.ru/2007/05/29/media/277735 (last accessed December 19,2007). CaSual was originally published by Rosmen Press (Moscow, 2005). In-text parenthetical page references are to this edition. The book is available in an English translation by Antonina W. Bouis (New York, 2006). While explaining the title of her volume, Robski states that "Casual?is not just a brand name, but rather a sign of a certain mood and mind set. What happens to my heroines?be it good or bad?is extraordinary, unusual, and exclusive ... but for them it's complete routine. Hence the word 'casual.'" See Natal'ia Kochetkova, "Pisatel' Oksana Robski: 'Mne blizhe pliaska golovoi i nogami,"' Izvestiia.ru (September 14, 2007), available at http://www.izvestia.ru/review/ article3108323/ (last accessed May 15, 2008).
The exploration instinct

Pale Blue Dot: A Vision of the Human Future in Space. By Carl Sagan. Random/Headline: 1994/1995. Pp. 429. $35, £25.
A Comparison of Quality of Life Variables for Students with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders and Students without Disabilities.

The importance of quality of life has been increasingly recognized in the field of special education. To date, however, there are no studies focusing exclusively on students with emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD). This study examined quality of life differences between students with EBD and their nondisabled peers in four domains: (a) General quality of life; (b) Self; (c) Relationships; and (d) Environment. Additional analyses compared parent and adolescent ratings. Results indicated adolescents with EBD were significantly more dissatisfied with their quality of life in all domains than their non-EBD peers. No significant within group differences were found for gender or age; however, EBD students in self-contained schools rated self and environment significantly higher than their peers with EBD in public schools. Parents of adolescent with EBD rated their adolescent’s quality of life significantly lower than their adolescent did, while parents of non-EBD adolescents rated their adolescent’s quality of life as significantly higher than did their adolescents. This study has several implications for programming to improve the outcomes among this group of students.
A global adaptive link position-tracking controller for robot manipulators driven by induction motors

We present an adaptive, partial-state feedback, link position tracking controller for robot manipulators driven by induction motors. The proposed controller compensates for parametric uncertainty in the mechanical subsystem while yielding global asymptotic link position tracking. The proposed controller does not require measurement of rotor flux; furthermore, the controller does not exhibit any singularities. Preliminary experimental and simulation results are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed controller.
Dissociation of Spatial and Temporal Coupling in the Bimanual Movements of Callosotomy Patients

The neural mechanisms of limb coordination were investigated by testing callosotomy patients and normal control subjects on bimanual movements Normal subjects produced deviations in the trajectories when spatial demands for the two hands were different, despite temporal synchrony in the onset of bimanual movements Callosotomy patients did not produce spatial deviations, although their hands moved with normal temporal synchrony Normal subjects but not callosotomy patients exhibited large increases in planning and execution time for movements with different spatial demands for the two hands relative to movements with identical spatial demands for the two hands This neural dissociation indicates that spatial interference in movements results from callosal connections, whereas temporal synchrony in movement onset does not rely on the corpus callosum
A Culinary Approach to Healthy Menu Items

With the recent obesity epidemic, school foodservice managers and culinary experts are looking for ways to improve adolescents' diets. School lunches provide an ideal opportunity for offering nutritious menu items and encouraging healthy diets. The purpose of this study was to explore (1) whether increase fruit and vegetable menu choices in school lunch increased middle school students' (grades 6-8) overall opinion of school lunch, (2) which factors were used by students in deciding what to eat at school, and (3) which factors affected students' overall opinion of school lunch. Students from five middle schools in one central Kentucky county completed a voluntary questionnaire. A total of 947 middle school students participated for a total response rate of 23%. The variables measured in the study included opinion of school lunch, awareness of healthy menu items, number of healthy menu items tried, number of sampling cart items tried, and decisions factors regarding what to eat at school. Descriptive statistics, ANOVA, and test of proportions were performed. This study found that students who tried the greatest number of healthy menu items found school lunch to he significantly much better. The five most important deciding factors regarding what to eat at school were: food tastes good, food looks good, how hungry the student is, food is healthy, and amount of food. Sixth graders found healthiness of food to be a significantly stronger factor than seventh and eighth graders and were more influenced by what parents wanted them to eat. Our findings encourage school foodservice managers and culinary experts to target adolescents early. School foodservice teams should keep foremost in mind that nutritious fruit and vegetable menu items, which taste good, are visually appealing, and satisfy hunger, are important to adolescents.
Attachment, Mental Health, and Verbal Aggressiveness in Personal Relationships

This study examined the association between verbal aggressiveness and individual differences in attachment orientations and mental health, defined as a state of emotional well-being. One hundred and thirty-two college-aged students completed measures assessing their attachment orientations, mental health, and verbal aggressiveness. Results indicated that security in attachment was negatively associated with verbal aggressiveness, and preoccupation with relationships was positively associated with verbal aggressiveness. In addition, mental health was negatively associated with verbal aggressiveness. Results indicated support for a statistical model in which mental health mediated the association between attachment orientations and verbal aggressiveness.
Temporal lobe epilepsy and the selective reminding test: the conventional 30-minute delay suffices.

Conventional memory assessment may fail to identify memory dysfunction characterized by intact recall for a relatively brief period but rapid forgetting thereafter. This study assessed learning and retention after 30-min and 24-hr delays on auditory and visual selective reminding tests (SRTs) in right (n = 20) and left (n = 22) temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) patients and controls (n = 49). The left TLE group performed significantly worse than controls on all 3 trials of both tests. The right TLE group differed from the controls on all 3 visual SRT trials and on learning for the auditory SRT. There were no between-groups differences in rate of information lost at the 30-min versus the 24-hr delay. At the individual level, there was no difference in the percentage of patients versus controls who demonstrated isolated memory impairment at the 24-hr delay. Accelerated forgetting over 24 hr is uncommon in TLE patients.
Spontaneous and harmaline-stimulated Purkinje cell activity in rats with a genetic movement disorder

The genetically dystonic rat (dt) displays a complex movement disorder in the absence of morphological defects in the nervous system. This mutant is also insensitive to the tremorogenic effects of harmaline. Because harmaline is known to act on the cells of the inferior olive to induce activity at the tremor frequency in the olivocerebellobulbar pathway, this pathway has been investigated as a possible site of a defect in the dt rat. Biochemical studies suggested the presence of abnormalities at the level of the Purkinje cell or its afferent input. Thus, the present study investigated the harmaline response of Purkinje cells in dt rats and unaffected littermate controls with extracellular single-unit recording techniques. The spontaneous, simple spike and complex spike firing rates of dt rats were significantly lower than those of normal littermate controls. In normal rats, 2 responses to systemic harmaline injection were seen. Simple spikes were either completely suppressed for periods of 30-180 min, or were intermittently suppressed, pausing repeatedly for periods of 1-18 sec. Cells that showed complete suppression of simple spike activity also showed increased frequency and rhythmicity of complex spikes. In dt rats, intermittent simple spike responses were seen in a proportion (41%) similar to that in normal rats (53%). However, the proportion of cells showing high-frequency, rhythmic, complex spikes and complete suppression of simple spikes was low in the dt rats in comparison with littermate controls (18 versus 47%). In addition, 41% of the cells from dt rats displayed no change, or an anomalous change, in firing patterns in response to harmaline. Since the rhythmic activation of olivary neurons that results in the rhythmic, complex spike discharge of Purkinje cells is assumed to be responsible for the appearance of harmaline tremor, the failure of the dt rat to display tremor is most likely due to a failure at the olivocerebellar level, rather than at a site efferent to the cerebellum.
The roles of working memory and intervening task difficulty in determining the benefits of repetition.

Memory is better when learning events are spaced, as compared with massed (i.e., the spacing effect). Recent theories posit that retrieval of an item’s earlier presentation contributes to the spacing effect, which suggests that individual differences in the ability to retrieve an earlier event may influence the benefit of spaced repetition. The present study examined (1) the difficulty of task demands between repetitions, which should modulate the ability to retrieve the earlier information, and (2) individual differences in working memory in a spaced repetition paradigm. Across two experiments, participants studied a word set twice, each separated by an interval where duration was held constant, and the difficulty of the intervening task was manipulated. After a short retention interval following the second presentation, participants recalled the word set. Those who scored high on working memory measures benefited more from repeated study than did those who scored lower on working memory measures, regardless of task difficulty. Critically, a crossover interaction was observed between working memory and intervening task difficulty: Individuals with low working memory scores benefited more when task difficulty was easy than when it was difficult, but individuals with high working memory scores produced the opposite effect. These results suggest that individual differences in working memory should be considered in optimizing the benefits of repetition learning.
An Efficient Simulation Technique for Lossy Substrate Interconnects Characterization

In this paper, an efficient numerical simulation technique is introduced to extract the propagation characteristics of interconnects over lossy substrate structures. This approach is based on a compact-form FDFD method in conjunction with the two-step Lanczos (TSL) technique. The efficiency and accuracy of the algorithm are demonstrated through the simulation of several lossy transmission-line structures. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 40: 305–308, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.11362
Dopant-Segregated Schottky Junction Tuning With Fluorine Pre-Silicidation Ion Implant

Dopant-segregated Schottky (DSS) junctions are formed by implant-to-silicide (ITS) processing with NiSi. It is shown that a fluorine pre-silicidation ion implant (F-PSII) can be used to reduce the depth of the doped Si region. This provides a new means for engineering the source/drain extension regions in DSS source/drain MOSFETs for performance optimization. It is also shown that there are two distinct regions of diffusion that can result in a kink in the dopant profile for long post-ITS anneals. F-PSII also reduces DSS diode leakage by reducing the extent of Ni diffusion into Si, which reduces the concentration of generation-recombination centers. Finally, F-PSII reduces the electron Schottky barrier height (SBH) in DSS junctions despite a reduction in interfacial dopant concentration apparently due to the reduction in Ni spatial distribution. The majority-carrier SBH is found to be zero or near-zero for DSS junctions formed by ITS processing, with or without F-PSII.
Belief and Opinion in Machiavelli's Prince

This article examines the roles of belief and opinion in Machiavelli's Prince. Political success and failure are effected not only by force and arms but by religious belief in particular, and more generally by the beliefs and opinions of peoples. Princes can also be the beneficiaries or the victims of their own beliefs and opinions. Machiavelli occasionally explicitly states a view as his own belief or opinion such as his belief in cruelty well used or his opinions that a prince should found himself on the people and avoid their hatred. His beliefs and opinions both contrast with common beliefs and opinions and are modified in response to them.
The rise of the Bushman penis: Germans, genitalia and genocide

(1998). The rise of the Bushman penis: germans, genitalia and genocide. African Studies: Vol. 57, No. 1, pp. 27-54.
Fighting the flu in multiple myeloma.

Patients with multiple myeloma are severely immune-compromised and fail to make antibody responses to common vaccines.[1][1] The immune deficiency is only made worse by ASCT, and posttransplantation infection is a major cause of treatment failure.[2][2] In this issue of Blood , Stadtmauer and
Formation and magnetic properties of Fe-B-Si amorphous alloys

The magnetic properties and crystallization temperatures of alloys in the ternary Fe-B-Si system are reported. The Curie temperature increases slightly on replacement of boron by silicon. This results in a sharp ridge of relatively constant room-temperature saturation magnetization extending from Fe 80 B 20 to Fe 82 B 12 Si 6 . The coercivity exhibits a broad minimum, both before and after stress relief annealing, in the region around Fe 81 B 15 Si 4 and extending at least to Fe 77 B 13 Si 10 . The crystallization temperature increases with increasing silicon and with decreasing iron and boron. The alloys with silicon are generally easier to prepare in the amorphous state than the binary Fe-B alloys. Thus for the highest saturation magnetization alloy combined with ease of preparation, stability, and lowest losses, the alloys between Fe 81 B 17 Si 2 and Fe 82 B 12 Si 6 are preferred.
Interconnect analysis in spin-torque devices: Performance modeling, sptimal repeater insertion, and circuit-size limits

A spin-torque device may be considered as the basic building block of an information processing system utilizing electron spin as the state variable. In this paper, interconnection aspects of spin-torque circuits are analyzed and their performance and energy dissipation are compared against those of their conventional electrical counterparts at the 7.5nm technology node. Spin circuits with two flavors of nanomagnet dynamics are considered: (a) nanomagnets with complete spin-torque assisted switching and (b) nanomagnets with mixed-mode switching utilizing Bennett clocking. The interconnect in the spin-torque logic is assumed to be implemented with graphene nanoribbons. It is found that a spin system with a full spin-torque assisted switching may have energy dissipation equal to that of the CMOS system only if electrical currents as low as 250nA are utilized with half-metal ferromagnet electrodes. To account for the spin signal loss within the interconnect, spin repeaters must be inserted along the interconnect. It is found that the optimal repeater insertion frequency to minimize the delay of the spin system is 2–3× higher than the critical repeater insertion frequency (to compensate only for signal losses.) Using Rent's rule-based interconnect density function in a random logic block, a comparison of the average performance and energy dissipation of spin and CMOS circuits as a function of circuit size and complexity is provided. The upper bound on the size of the spin circuit in the presence of spin repeaters is also quantified.
Intraoperative Single-Site Sarcomere Length Measurement Accurately Reflects Whole-Muscle Sarcomere Length in the Rabbit

Purpose To compare single-site intraoperative sarcomere length values with sarcomere lengths measured from systematic sampling of the entire transferred muscle. Methods The tendon of the rabbit second toe extensor muscle was transposed to the ankle extensor retinaculum under levels of stretch over the sarcomere length range of about 2.5 μm to about 4.0 μm. Intraoperative sarcomere length was measured at a single site with a laser diffraction device. Whole-muscle sarcomere length measurement was then determined by sampling across the muscle in the proximal, middle, and distal regions. Linear regression analysis and intraclass correlation coefficients were used to validate single intraoperative sarcomere lengths relative to whole-muscle sarcomere lengths. Results Single intraoperative sarcomere lengths correlated strongly with average whole-muscle sarcomere length, although there was a systematic tendency to overestimate intraoperative sarcomere length. Intraoperative sarcomere length also matched well with all regions sampled, indicating that there was no tendency for intraoperative sarcomere length to better represent one region of the muscle compared with another. Conclusions These results show that intraoperative sarcomere lengths accurately represent the entire muscle. The relatively small sarcomere length variations validate the use of intraoperative sarcomere length measurement during tendon transfer in which the entire muscle is not available for measurement because of limited surgical exposure.
Dissemination of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serovar Typhimurium var. Copenhagen Clonal Types through a Contract Heifer-Raising Operation

Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium var. Copenhagen isolates from a heifer-raising operation and from 11 dairy herds that had their calves contracted to the heifer-raising operation were examined for their phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. Results of the study showed that the heifer-raising operation could serve as a clearinghouse for Salmonella serovar Typhimurium var. Copenhagen and perhaps other Salmonella serotypes.
Local problem-based a posteriori error estimators for discontinuous Galerkin approximations of reactive transport

We consider adaptive discontinuous Galerkin (DG) methods for solving reactive transport problems in porous media. To guide anisotropic and dynamic mesh adaptation, a posteriori error estimators based on solving local problems are established. These error estimators are efficient to compute and effective to capture local phenomena, and they apply to all the four primal DG schemes, namely, symmetric interior penalty Galerkin, nonsymmetric interior penalty Galerkin, incomplete interior penalty Galerkin, and the Oden–Babuska-Baumann version of DG. Numerical results are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed error estimators.