cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Control used and control felt: Two sides of the agency coin

Agency has been defined as the sense of ownership and control of our actions, and the metacognition of agency has now been examined in a number of studies. Here we examined the relations between task demands, the feeling of being in control, and the feeling of using control. As task demands increase, we might feel as if we use a lot of control while feeling little control over the task. It therefore seems possible that the amount of control one feels they have used and how much in control one feels are separable components of the metacognition of control. In two experiments, we manipulated task demands and assessed these two aspects of metacognition. The source of task demand differed for the two experiments. In Experiment 1, we manipulated task demands by varying the sizes of targets in an aiming task. As predicted, we found that reports of control used increased, while reports of control felt decreased, for more difficult aiming conditions. In Experiment 2, we found a similar relation using a different source of demand: response conflict. We connect these reports of control to previous investigations of task demand and agency, as well as prominent conceptions of cognitive control.
Designing MOOCs to Facilitate Participant Self-monitoring for Self-directed Learning

This study investigates the design and delivery of MOOCs to facilitate student self-monitoring for self-directed learning (SDL) using mixed methods. The data sources of this study include an online survey with 198 complete respondents, semi-structured interviews with 22 MOOC instructors, and document analysis of 22 MOOCs. Study results indicated that MOOC instructors considered self-monitoring skills critical for SDL. To foster students’ self-monitoring, MOOC instructors reported that they facilitated students’ self-monitoring by helping students with internal feedback and providing external feedback. Students’ internal feedback includes cognitive and metacognitive processes. To facilitate cognitive processes, MOOC instructors provided quizzes, tutorials, learning strategies, learning aids, and progress bars. For metacognition, these instructors provided reflection questions and attempted to create learning communities. In addition, MOOC instructors, teaching assistants, and peers provided external feedback for students’ self-monitoring. Across these findings, technology played a central role in supporting student’s self-monitoring.
The extreme gone mainstream: Commercialization and far right youth culture in Germany: by Cynthia Miller-Idriss, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2018, 312 pp., $29.95 (hardcover), ISBN 978-0-691-17020-6

The Extreme Gone Mainstream: Commercialization and Far Right Youth Culture in Germany investigates the transformation of fashion among German youth who are in and around the far-right scene. Specif...
Flow cytometric analysis of fine needle aspirates is affected by tumor subtype, but not by anatomic location nor technique.

BACKGROUND Current clinical practices are shifting towards utilizing less invasive biopsy techniques, including fine needle aspiration (FNA) and needle core biopsies. If a patient has a suspected hematologic malignancy, a portion of the FNA sample is typically submitted for flow cytometry (FC) analysis, providing valuable immunophenotypic data. METHODS FNA specimens were identified via a pathology database search. All cases were morphologic evaluated and a subset of cases were analyzed by FC. RESULTS 245 hematologic FNA specimens were identified; 84% of these cases had an adequate number of cells for FC analysis, and an unequivocal morphologic diagnosis (benign or malignant) was rendered in 85%. The percentage of cases with an unequivocal diagnosis was statistically significantly higher in those with associated FC than with those without FC (90% vs 58%). Neither FNA technique nor anatomic site affected the likelihood of obtaining an adequate sample for FC analysis and/or rendering a definitive morphologic or unequivocal FC diagnosis. Likewise, tumor subtype did not affect the likelihood of acquiring enough cells for FC analysis, but occasionally resulted in equivocal FC diagnoses or discordant FNA and FC diagnoses. Aggressive B-cell lymphomas and Hodgkin lymphomas were significantly less likely to be detected by FC as compared to low-grade B-cell lymphomas. Discrepancies between FNA and FC diagnoses occurred in 13% of cases. The majority of discrepancies (78%) included FC false negatives, while only 22% of cases had atypical or positive FC with negative FNA. CONCLUSIONS FNA with associated FC is a powerful diagnostic technique; however, lymphoma subtype may affect diagnostic sensitivity by FC, and therefore, discordant FNA and FC results should be interpreted with caution.
Olfaction and Changes in Body Composition in a Large Cohort of Older U.S. Adults.

Background Poor sense of smell in older adults may lead to weight loss, which may further contribute to various adverse health outcomes. However, empirical prospective evidence is lacking. We aimed to longitudinally assess whether poor olfaction is associated with changes in body composition among older adults. Methods A total of 2,390 participants from the Health ABC Study had their olfaction assessed using the Brief Smell Identification Test in 1999-2000. Based on the test score, olfaction was defined as poor (0-8), moderate (9-10), or good (11-12). Total body mass, lean mass, and fat mass were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry annually or biennially from 1999 to 2007. Results At baseline, compared to participants with good olfaction, those with poor olfaction weighed on average 1.67 kg less (95% CI: -2.92, -0.42) in total mass, 0.53 kg less (95% CI: -1.08, 0.02) in lean mass, and 1.14 kg less (95% CI: -1.96, -0.31) in fat mass. In longitudinal analyses, compared to participants with good olfaction, those with poor olfaction had a greater annual decline in both total mass (-234 g, 95% CI: -442, -26) and lean mass (-139 g, 95% CI: -236, -43). They also tended to have a greater annual loss of fat mass (-113 g, 95% CI: -285, 59), but the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusions Our results indicate poor olfaction is associated with lower body weight and greater weight loss in older adults. It is imperative for future studies to investigate potential underlying mechanisms and associated adverse health consequences.
Metasynthesis: Issues To Consider For Online Doctoral Dissertations

Dissertations present significant challenges to all doctoral students but these challenges are often greater for online students. Research shows that as many as 50% of all doctoral students do not complete their degrees, and this number is likely even higher for online students. One reason for this may be that online doctoral students do not have access to the same type of mentorship and support that students in traditional educational settings have for completing dissertation research. This lack of tangible resources often relates to the practical limitations of online students being physically farther away from faculty and not having as much access to faculty and university resources as students in traditional settings. What is needed for online doctoral candidates is an approach to dissertations that do not require some of the resources (e.g., subjects, laboratory space) that are often needed for research. Straightforwardness is also important because it lessens the need for students to have frequent contact with faculty mentors. Meta-analysis is a promising research approach that offers these benefits and allows for students to address important research questions while accommodating the challenges and limitations of completing degrees online. This article will review the major steps needed for meta-analysis as well as limitations and risks that need to be considered.
Concurrent modeling of martensitic transformation and crack growth in polycrystalline shape memory ceramics

Abstract Mechanical degradation of shape memory materials (SMM) has been a long-lasting challenge that has prevented the wider range of high-cycle applications of SMM. The core of the challenge is the limited current knowledge of how crack growth and martensitic transformation (MT) interact concurrently. In this paper, we study the dynamic interaction of MT and crack propagation in polycrystalline shape memory ceramics. We construct a multiphysics phase-field model that couples the Ginzburg-Landau theory of MT to the variational formulation of brittle fracture. The model is parameterized for tetragonal polycrystalline zirconia, and the experimental data from literature were used to validate the model. The model predicts the three dominant crack propagation patterns which was observed experimentally including the secondary crack initiation, crack branching, and grain bridging. The model shows the critical role of texture engineering in toughening enhancement. Polycrystalline zirconia samples with grains that make low angles between a-axis in tetragonal phase and the crack plane, show higher transformation toughening, due to maximum hydrostatic strain release perpendicular to the crack tip. The model also shows the grain boundary engineering as a way to enhance the transformation toughening. The maximum fracture toughness occurs at a specific grain size, and further coarsening or refinement reduces the fracture toughness. This optimum grain size is the consequence of the competition between the toughening enhancement and MT suppression with grain refinement.
Remote introductory pharmacy practice experiences focused on veterans prescribed chronic opioid therapy

PURPOSE The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Northern California Health Care System (NCHCS) uses a dashboard to identify monitoring needs for veterans prescribed chronic opioid therapy (COT). Schools of pharmacy require introductory pharmacy practice experiences (IPPEs); however, resources for providing IPPEs at medical facilities are limited. This article describes collaboration by a primary care service and a school of pharmacy to provide services for patients prescribed COT through remote access to the VA electronic health record (EHR) system. SUMMARY Pharmacy students in a required population health IPPE provided clinical services for veterans remotely. Students were supervised by VA clinical pharmacists and granted remote EHR access privileges. Using personally owned laptops and VA cell phones, students performed prescription drug monitoring program (PDMP) activities, reviewed urine drug screening (UDS) results, called patients to assess pain, and documented progress notes. Students completed an assessment on the first and final days of the experience; a retrospective analysis was conducted to examine differences in student knowledge of and confidence in providing COT-focused services. The dashboard scorecard and student workload were tracked over a 1-year period. In that year, 143 students wrote 7,001 PDMP notes, reviewed 6,130 UDS results, and documented 202 pain assessments. Statistically significant improvements were reported in students' level of confidence in performing population health activities for patients prescribed COT, including interpreting PDMP and UDS results and talking with patients. CONCLUSION The ongoing collaboration provides real-world population management experiences for future pharmacists and supports monitoring requirements for veterans prescribed COT. The program has helped NCHCS accomplish its teaching mission without dedicating clinic workspace or computers and gain an additional team to address quality measures and support population health activities.
The King’s Psalms — or the Pope’s? Katherine Parr’s Psalms or Prayers, Scriptural Collage, and English Catholic Devotion

Scholars have long known that early modern Protestants adapted Catholic devotional texts for their own religious purposes, yet early modern Catholic uses of Protestant devotional material are rare....
Machine Learning in Spark for Attack Traffic Classification in IoT Devices Using Protocol Usage Statistics

In this paper, we use three different machine learning classifiers in spark, decision tree, random forest, and logistic regression, to classify attack traffic of different types of IoT devices from the Kitsune dataset. Kitsune allows us to use real-time network traffic information from data streams to dynamically generate features in real time. In this work, only protocol usage statistics generated from pcap files of the original data streams is used to detect malicious traffic in real time using the Big Data framework. Performance is measured in terms of accuracy, attack detection rate (ADR), false alarm rate (FAR), and runtime.
“Stuck at Home”: Empowering Homebound Older Adults

Homebound older adults are a highly vulnerable and isolated population that social workers serve. The objective of this study is to understand the daily needs and challenges of this group to understand how social workers can empower this population to enhance well-being and help meet basic human needs. Existing data was accessed from assessment forms at a local senior center to understand more about 502 home-delivered meal recipients. Quantitative and qualitative data were analyzed to see common characteristics and prevalent needs in the sample. Logistic regression analysis reveals that those who are living alone are 2.1 times more live-in poverty than those who live with someone. Likewise, those who are living alone are 8.4 times more at high nutritional risk than those who live with someone. Qualitative data revealed the importance of agency services and strong social supports to help older adults meet basic human needs on a daily basis. This article discusses what further can be done to support homebound older adults by identifying problem areas relating to living and eating alone.
A Widely Tunable N-Path Frequency-Selective Limiter for Self-Adaptive Interference Suppression

This paper reports the first widely tunable N-path frequency-selective limiter (FSL). Eight stagger-tuned 4-path filters are alternately summed to establish a 4-channel BPF with a steep roll-off between the passband and the stopband. The limiting action of an FSL is realized by autonomously modulating the frequency separation between each of the two 4-path filters within a channel to control the channel's passband gain. For input signals below −2 dBm, the FSL behaves as a conventional BPF with a 250 MHz bandwidth. At each input spectral component exceeding this limiting threshold, the FSL provides a variable notch in its passband with increasing attenuation of −10 dB for each +10-dB increase in the input component power to maintain the troubling tone output power below −1.3 dBm. The implemented 4-channel FSL using $0.18-\mu \mathrm{m}$ CMOS is tunable from 0.3 GHz to 1 GHz and achieves a NF of 14.5 dB.
Activation of the PDGF β Receptor by a Persistent Artificial Signal Peptide.

Abstract Most eukaryotic transmembrane and secreted proteins contain N-terminal signal peptides that mediate insertion of the nascent translation products into the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum. After membrane insertion, signal peptides typically are cleaved from the mature protein and degraded. Here, we tested whether a small hydrophobic protein selected for growth promoting activity in mammalian cells retained transforming activity while also acting as a signal peptide. We replaced the signal peptide of the PDGF β receptor (PDGFβR) with a previously described 29-residue artificial transmembrane protein named 9C3 that can activate the PDGFβR in trans. We showed that a modified version of 9C3 at the N-terminus of the PDGFβR can function as a signal peptide, as assessed by its ability to support high level expression, glycosylation, and cell surface localization of the PDGFβR. The 9C3 signal peptide retains its ability to interact with the transmembrane domain of the PDGFβR and cause receptor activation and cell proliferation. Cleavage of the 9C3 signal peptide from the mature receptor is not required for these activities. However, signal peptide cleavage does occur in some molecules, and the cleaved signal peptide can persist in cells and activate a co-expressed PDGFβR in trans. Our finding that a hydrophobic sequence can display signal peptide and transforming activity suggest that some naturally occurring signal peptides may also display additional biological activities by interacting with the transmembrane domains of target proteins.
Gunshot Injuries of the Temporal Bone

Concurrent with the increase in handgun crime in the United States is a rising incidence of gunshot wounds to the temporal bone. These injuries present challenging diagnostic and management problems to the otolaryngologist. A timely multicenter review of this entity revealed 22 cases evaluated and treated by the authors between 1975 and 1984. A wide variety of injuries were encountered, involving anatomic structures within or contiguous with the temporal bone. These included: eight intracranial injuries; 11 traumatized facial nerves; seven vascular wounds; 19 mastoid, middle, or inner ear injuries; and 11 cases of damage to the external auditory canals. A rational scheme for immediate and long-term management of each type of injury is outlined. Illustrative cases representing vascular, neural, temporal bone, and central nervous system injury are presented.
Tritium labeling of amino acids and peptides with liquid and solid tritium

Amino acids and peptides were labeled with liquid and solid tritium at 21 K and 9 K. At these low temperatures radiation degradation is minimal, and tritium incorporation increases with tritium concentration and exposure time. Ring saturation in L-phenyl-alanine does not occur. Peptide linkage in oligopeptides is stable toward tritium. Deiodination in 3-iodotyrosine and 3,5-diiodotyrosine occurs readily and proceeds in steps by losing one iodine atom at a time. Nickel and noble metal supported catalysts when used as supports for dispersion of the substrate promote tritium labeling at 21 K. Our study shows that both liquid and solid tritium are potentially useful agents for labeling peptides and proteins. 11 refs., 1 fig., 3 tabs.
Ultraviolet Devitalization of Eight Selected Enteric Viruses in Estuarine Water

The effect of ultraviolet (UV) radiation on the devitalization of eight selected enteric viruses suspended in estuarine water was determined. The surviving fractions of each virus were calculated and then plotted against the UV exposure time for purposes of comparison. Analytical assessment of the survival data for each virus consisted of least squares regression analysis for determination of intercepts and slope functions. All data were examined for statistical significance. When the slope function of each virus was compared against the slope function of poliovirus type 1, the analytical findings indicated that poliovirus types 2 and 3, echovirus types 1 and 11, and coxsackievirus A-9 exhibited similar devitalization characteristics in that no statistically significant difference was found (P > 0.05). Conversely, the devitalization characteristics of coxsackievirus B-1 and reovirus type 1 were dissimilar from those of poliovirus type 1 in that a statistically significant difference was found between the slope functions (P < 0.05). This observed difference in devitalization of coxsackievirus B-1 and reovirus type 1 was attributed primarily to the frequency distribution of single and aggregate virions, the geometric configuration, the size of the aggregates, and the severity of aggregation. The devitalization curve of coxsackievirus B-1 was characteristic of a retardant die-away curve. The devitalization curve of reovirus type 1 was characteristic of a multihittype curve. The calculated devitalization half-life values for poliovirus types 1, 2, and 3; echovirus types 1 and 11; coxsackievirus types A-9 and B-1; and reovirus type 1 were 2.8, 3.1, 2.7, 2.8, 3.2, 3.1, 4.0, 4.0 sec, respectively. These basic data should facilitate an operative extrapolation of the findings to the applied situation. It was concluded that UV can be highly effective and provide a reliable safety factor in treating estuarine water.
Conflict and controversy: Land ownership in Alaska

Abstract A series of US Congressional acts have delineated land ownership patterns in Alaska, with the resultant emergence of three principal landowners, the state of Alaska, the US government, and native peoples of the region. Rather than resolving long-term land conflicts, these ownership patterns have generated new controversies. The author presents an historical overview of land policy in Alaska, discusses current land ownership, and describes some of the resulting problems to date. The article concludes with some observations on possible future land use policy scenarios.
A common coil design for high field 2-in-1 accelerator magnets

A common coil design concept for 2-in-1 superconducting accelerator magnets is presented. It practically eliminates the major problems in the ends of high field magnets built with either high temperature superconductors (HTS) or conventional superconductors. Racetrack coils, consisting of rectangular blocks built with either superconducting tapes or cables, are common to both apertures with each aperture containing one-half of each coil. The ends are easy to wind with the conductors experiencing little strain. The overall magnet design, construction and tooling are also expected to be simpler than in the conventional cosine theta magnets. The concept is also suitable for superferric and combined function magnet designs. A modular design for an HTS based R&D magnet is also presented.
Membrane cofactor protein (MCP; CD46) expression in transgenic mice

Human membrane cofactor protein (MCP; CD46) is a widely distributed complement regulator. In the mouse, expression of MCP is largely restricted to the testis while a related, widely expressed protein (Crry) appears to perform MCP's (CD46) regulatory activity. We have developed two mouse strains transgenic for human MCP (CD46) utilizing an ∼ 400 kb YAC clone carrying the complete gene. A third mouse strain was generated using an overlapping YAC clone isolated from a second library. The expression of human MCP (CD46) in these mouse strains was characterized by immunohistochemistry, FACS, Western blotting and RT-PCR. No differences were detected in the isoform pattern or distribution among the three strains, although the expression level varied according to how many copies of the gene were integrated. The expression profile closely mimicked that observed in humans, including the same pattern of isoform expression as the donor. In addition, tissue-specific isoform expression in the kidney, salivary gland and brain paralleled that observed in man. The transgenic mice expressed low levels of MCP (CD46) on their E, in contrast to humans but in line with most other primates. These mice should be a useful tool to analyse tissue-specific expression, to establish animal models of infections and to characterize the role of MCP (CD46) in reproduction.
An operational, global scale spectral ocean wave forecasting model

In late September 1985, the first global scale spectral ocean wave forecasting model designed to provide forecast guidance was placed in an experimental, operational mode at the National Meteorological Center (NMC) in Washington, D.C. The numerical model generates 72 hour forecasts of wave elevation directional frequency spectra in 360 components, and summary statistics at approximately 5000 sea grid points between 70\deg S and 70\deg N. Included within the coding of this particular model are physical simulations for three forms of spectral wave growth, overshoot, and directional band relaxation. Equivalent wind fields specified at a height of 19.5m above the sea surface are derived from 1000 mb and surface output fields of the NMC Medium Range Forecast atmospheric spectral model. Synoptic scale comparisons of northern and southern hemisphere wind fields with forecast significant wave height fields show good pattern agreements with the highest wave heights occurring under centers of action and over long fetches. Comparisons of forecast accuracy is expected to be obtained during the higher sea states of the upcoming northern hemisphere winter.
An Integrated Model of Performance Domains: Bounding the Theory and Practice

Performance is a multi-dimensional but poorly defined construct. An extensive review of performance models in other fields revealed the need for a performance model that is parsimonious, sitxiationally adaptable, embraces multiple organizational types, embraces multiple organizational measures, and fits any performance system. An integrated taxonomy of performance domains is developed which incorporates performance outcomes and performance drivers to define more clearly appropriate performance domains for human resource development and performance improvement practice. An extensive research agenda is proposed based on the new model.
The I1-Imidazoline Receptor and Its Cellular Signaling Pathwaysa

ABSTRACT: Two primary questions are addressed. First, do I1-imidazoline binding sites fulfill all the essential criteria for identification as a true receptor? Second, what are the cellular signaling pathways coupled to this novel receptor? I1-imidazoline binding sites show specificity in binding assays, linkage to physiologic functions, appropriate anatomic, and cellular and subcellular localization. Most important, binding affinities correlate with functional drug responses. I1-imidazoline binding sites meet several additional criteria identified with functional receptors: they show physiologic regulation and endogenous ligands and, most crucially, are coupled to cellular signaling events. A series of studies have identified cellular events triggered by I1-imidazoline receptor occupancy. This receptor is not coupled to conventional pathways downstream of heterotrimeric G-proteins, such as activation or inhibition of adenylyl or guanylyl cyclases, stimulation of inositol phospholipid hydrolysis, or induction of rapid calcium fluxes. The I1-imidazoline receptor is coupled to choline phospholipid hydrolysis, leading to the generation of diacylglyceride, arachidonic acid, and eicosanoids. Additional cellular responses include inhibition of Na+/H+ exchange and induction of genes for catecholamine synthetic enzymes. The signaling pathways linked to the I1-imidazoline receptor are similar to those of the interleukin family, implying that I1-receptors may belong to the family of neurocytokine receptors.
A Method for Inferring Total Ozone Content from the Spectral Variation of Total Optical Depth Obtained with a Solar Radiometer

Abstract A solar radiometer has been used to monitor solar irradiance at eight discrete wavelengths. From these monochromatic measurements at varying zenith angles the total optical depth has been deduced by a computerized curve-fitting method. A unique technique will be described whereby the ozone absorption optical depths, and hence total ozone content of the atmosphere, can be inferred directly from the spectral variation of total optical depth. This procedure permits a systematic determination of total ozone content on a daily basis when other measurements are not available. Using the ozone absorption optical depths determined in this manner, the values of aerosol optical depth may be obtained more accurately by subtracting the molecular scattering and estimated ozone absorption contributions from the total optical depth. A technique is also described for estimating the absorption optical depths at wavelengths where additional molecular absorption other than ozone occurs. Results are presented as 1) d...
Effect of O2 on the interaction of SO2 with CaO(100), iron deposited on CaO(100), and sodium deposited on CaO(100)

Abstract The interactions of SO2 with surfaces of O2/CaO(100), O2/Fe/CaO, and O2/Na/CaO at 373, 473, and 673 K have been investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The adsorbed sulfur was identified as sulfite on both CaO and O2/CaO. There was a significant increase in the sulfite formation on the O2/CaO surface compared to that on CaO. The oxygen was dissociatively adsorbed on iron and the iron was found to be oxidized when Fe/CaO was exposed to oxygen. The adsorbed sulfur on Fe/CaO was identified as sulfite at low iron coverages while both sulfite and sulfide were observed on Fe/CaO at higher iron coverages. There was an increase in the amount of sulfite formation on the O2/Fe/CaO surface compared to that on Fe/CaO, but sulfide formation decreased significantly on O2/Fe/CaO. This indicated that the oxygen adsorbed on iron also participated in sulfite formation. However, these oxygens adsorbed on iron were less reactive than the oxygens adsorbed on CaO. The only form of sulfur adsorbed on both Na/CaO and O2/Na/CaO was sulfite. There was no change in the amount of sulfite on O2/Na/CaO compared to that on Na/CaO. It was postulated that O2 was adsorbed on Na/CaO in a form which did not react to form sulfite on the surface.
A multi-level analysis of school racial composition and ecological correlates of academic success

Abstract Current policy and practice interventions have failed to address disparities in academic success by race/ethnicity or socio-economic status. In addition, as policy interventions to prevent racially segregated schools have stalled, progress toward reducing these achievement gaps has also slowed. This exploratory study employs multi-level modeling to examine how risk and protective factors in students' schools, homes, peer groups, and neighborhoods relate to behavior and academic performance. We examine whether these relationships depend on the racial composition of the school and, in particular, the concentration of African American students in schools. The findings indicate that protective school, home, peer group, and neighborhood environments characterized by social support and safety are associated with positive academic outcomes and behavior. Students attending more segregated schools in which the majority of students are African American report worse behavioral and academic outcomes than students in other schools, even when controlling for other important dimensions of the school environment, school climate, school safety, and poverty. In addition, school racial composition shapes how key protective factors relate to grades.
Expression of Schistosoma mansoni genes involved in anaerobic and oxidative glucose metabolism during the cercaria to adult transformation.

Schistosomes switch rapidly from the use of stored glycogen to a reliance on host glucose during the transformation from free-living cercariae to parasitic schistosomula. We have cloned a set of cDNAs encoding proteins involved in glucose metabolism to allow us to examine the expression of these genes during this transformation. We first obtained and characterized Schistosoma mansoni cDNA clones encoding the tricarboxylic acid cycle enzyme, mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase (SMDH) and the mitochondrial encoded electron transport protein, cytochrome oxidase subunit I (SCOX1). Northern blots were then prepared using mRNA isolated from whole cercariae, cercarial tails, schistosomula, adult males and adult females. The Northern blots were successively hybridized with a variety of probes including those for SMDH, SCOX, the glycolytic enzymes, hexokinase, triosephosphate isomerase and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and several control probes. Probes were additionally hybridized to mRNA dot blots and the signals were quantified using storage phosphor technology. These studies reveal that transcripts encoding these metabolic enzymes are localized at much higher levels in cercarial tails than in whole cercariae or transformed schistosomula, and support the notion of a dominant aerobic metabolism in tails. Male and female adult worms express each of the mRNAs at roughly equal levels. Adults express the metabolic mRNAs, including those involved in oxidative glucose metabolism, at relatively high levels suggesting that adult schistosomes retain a significant capacity to produce energy through aerobic metabolism
Effects of chronic antidepressant drug administration and electroconvulsive shock on locus coeruleus electrophysiologic activity.

Abstract Background: The locus coeruleus (LC) is the major noradrenergic cell body group in the brain. Although previous studies have examined changes in electrophysiologic activity of LC neurons produced by antidepressant drugs, only a small number have examined changes that occur with chronic drug administration, which is the therapeutically effective regimen, and only one group of investigators has assessed effects on activated (or “burst”) firing of LC neurons under such treatment conditions. The present study assessed changes produced in rats by effective antidepressant treatments—several drugs given chronically (two tricyclic antidepressants, two selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and a monoamine oxidase inhibitor) as well as a series of electroconvulsive shocks (ECSs)—in single-unit electrophysiologic activity of LC neurons, measuring effects on spontaneous depolarization rate and also on sensory-evoked burst firing. Methods: Drugs were administered via osmotic minipumps for either 14 or 30 days; ECSs were administered five times, with a 72-hour interval between each administration. Electrophysiologic recording of LC activity took place under halothane anesthesia on the last day of drug treatment or following a delay of 1 or 5 days after the final ECS. Results: A common effect of all drugs tested and ECS treatment was to decrease LC spontaneous and sensory-evoked burst firing. Conclusions: The clinical efficacy of antidepressant medication and ECS may be mediated, in part, through reduction of LC neural activity. The findings reported here are consistent with recent indications that LC neurons are hyperactive in depressed individuals and with suggestions that some behavioral changes seen in depression can arise from consequences of rapidly depolarizing LC terminals, such as release of peptides.
Cadaveric fibula, locking plate, and allogeneic bone matrix for anterior cervical fusions after cervical discectomy for radiculopathy or myelopathy

Object. The authors have previously reported that the results of using cadaveric fibula and locking plate (CF/LP) fusion following anterior cervical discectomy (ACD) for cervical spondylotic radiculopathy and myelopathy are superior to those obtained using autologous iliac crest (AIC) grafts in the short term. The long-term results of using this construct are important in substantiating this improvement. The authors report on 246 consecutive patients (54% smokers) who underwent ACD with CF/LP fusion (175 with allogeneic bone matrix [ABM]) and compare them with 111 consecutive patients in whom AIC fusions (49% smokers) were performed by the same surgeons. Methods. The study is a retrospective nonrandomized analysis, and chi-square statistics were used. Bone densitometric studies of AIC grafts and CF grafts were performed. A paired t-test was used for statistical analysis of the results. Disease in the group of patients undergoing CF/LP fusion included soft-disc herniation with radiculopathy in 14, soft-dis...
New Rare Decay Results from KTeV

Data from the KTeV experiment have provided many opportunities for studies of fundamental symmetries in nature, not just CP. We present new limits on lepton flavor violation and a new result concerning the parity of the π 0 . We also present studies relevant to the underlying contributions to the decays K L → π 0 l l .
Silurian (Llandovery) downdropping of the western margin of North America

The western continental margin of North America lay west of Lower Cambrian cross-bedded quartz sandstone, west of thick sections of Cambrian-Ordovician shelly-facies shelf carbonate rocks, and west of Upper Ordovician–Lower Silurian shallow-water carbonate rocks deposited in central Nevada and southeastern California. During Early Silurian (Llandovery) time, a north-south belt, 64 km or more wide at the edge of the continental shelf, was downdropped to depths as great as 1,000 to 1,500 m, below the deepest shelly-fauna biotopes, and remained there for the rest of Silurian time. Downdropping of the Silurian continental margin may be attributed to prolonged extension in the interarc basin, some of whose island-arc remnants are now found in the Klamath Mountains of California.
p75NTR: an enhancer of fenretinide toxicity in neuroblastoma

Objective Neuroblastoma is a common, frequently fatal, neural crest tumor of childhood. Chemotherapy-resistant neuroblastoma cells typically have Schwann cell-like (“S-type”) morphology and express the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR). p75NTR has been previously shown to modulate the redox state of neural crest tumor cells. We, therefore, hypothesized that p75NTR expression level would influence the effects of the redox-active chemotherapeutic drug fenretinide on neuroblastoma cells.
Methadone and buprenorphine prescribing and referral practices in US prison systems: Results from a Nationwide Survey

Background More than 50% of incarcerated individuals have a history of substance use, and over 200,000 individuals with heroin addiction pass through American correctional facilities annually. Opiate replacement therapy (ORT) with methadone or buprenorphine is an effective treatment for opiate dependence and can reduce drug-related disease and recidivism for inmates. Provision of ORT is nevertheless a frequently neglected intervention in the correctional setting.
On the failure of fowl to adapt to prism induced displacement: Some theoretical analyses

Results of perceptual research involving certain species of fowl have prompted the conclusion that fundamentally unique visual-perceptual processes are operative in animals of this type. These findings have also been used as the basis for nativistic arguments concerning the genesis of visual space perception. The methodological and experimental bases for these conclusions are examined, with reference to studies which have employed angularly deviating wedge prisms to transform the visual field. It is proposed that conclusions drawn from previous studies are unwarranted, for the experimental situations did not provide sufficient conditions whereby the animals could change or modify their responses. Suggestions for further research are offered in terms of perceptual learning.
Developmental and physiological analysis of a conditional mutation affecting photoreceptor and optic lobe development in Drosophila melanogaster

Developmental studies have shown that elavJ1 mutants are temperature-sensitive for defects in retinula cell and optic lobe structure. Anatomical and physiological examination of mutants, shifted between permissive and restrictive temperatures, shows that the early pupal period is phenocritical for producing defects in retinula cells. Although this period precedes visible development of the rhabdomere, brief pulses to 29 degrees C during this time result in characteristic abnormalities in rhabdomere structure. These studies also show that the temperature-sensitive effects on mutant optic lobe development begin prior to the effects on the retina, suggesting that the elav product participates directly in optic lobe as well as in retinula cell development.
Structural studies on penicillin derivatives. X. Chlorination of azetidinone derivatives

Abstract The allylic methyl group of several azetidinone derivatives can be cleanly chlorinated by a mechanism which appears to be that of an ene-reaction.
Establishment of microbial eukaryotic enrichment cultures from a chemically stratified antarctic lake and assessment of carbon fixation potential.

Lake Bonney is one of numerous permanently ice-covered lakes located in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica. The perennial ice cover maintains a chemically stratified water column and unlike other inland bodies of water, largely prevents external input of carbon and nutrients from streams. Biota are exposed to numerous environmental stresses, including year-round severe nutrient deficiency, low temperatures, extreme shade, hypersalinity, and 24-hour darkness during the winter 1. These extreme environmental conditions limit the biota in Lake Bonney almost exclusively to microorganisms 2. Single-celled microbial eukaryotes (called "protists") are important players in global biogeochemical cycling 3 and play important ecological roles in the cycling of carbon in the dry valley lakes, occupying both primary and tertiary roles in the aquatic food web. In the dry valley aquatic food web, protists that fix inorganic carbon (autotrophy) are the major producers of organic carbon for organotrophic organisms 4, 2. Phagotrophic or heterotrophic protists capable of ingesting bacteria and smaller protists act as the top predators in the food web 5. Last, an unknown proportion of the protist population is capable of combined mixotrophic metabolism 6, 7. Mixotrophy in protists involves the ability to combine photosynthetic capability with phagotrophic ingestion of prey microorganisms. This form of mixotrophy differs from mixotrophic metabolism in bacterial species, which generally involves uptake dissolved carbon molecules. There are currently very few protist isolates from permanently ice-capped polar lakes, and studies of protist diversity and ecology in this extreme environment have been limited 8, 4, 9, 10, 5. A better understanding of protist metabolic versatility in the simple dry valley lake food web will aid in the development of models for the role of protists in the global carbon cycle. We employed an enrichment culture approach to isolate potentially phototrophic and mixotrophic protists from Lake Bonney. Sampling depths in the water column were chosen based on the location of primary production maxima and protist phylogenetic diversity 4, 11, as well as variability in major abiotic factors affecting protist trophic modes: shallow sampling depths are limited for major nutrients, while deeper sampling depths are limited by light availability. In addition, lake water samples were supplemented with multiple types of growth media to promote the growth of a variety of phototrophic organisms. RubisCO catalyzes the rate limiting step in the Calvin Benson Bassham (CBB) cycle, the major pathway by which autotrophic organisms fix inorganic carbon and provide organic carbon for higher trophic levels in aquatic and terrestrial food webs 12. In this study, we applied a radioisotope assay modified for filtered samples 13 to monitor maximum carboxylase activity as a proxy for carbon fixation potential and metabolic versatility in the Lake Bonney enrichment cultures.
Inheritance of Restoration of Helianthus petiolaris sp. fallax (PEF1) Cytoplasmic Male Sterility

Worldwide production of cultivated hybrid sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) presently utilizes only the PET1 source of cytoplasmic male sterility. The use of one sterile cytoplasm creates a high degree of genetic vulnerability. The objective of this study was to investigate the stability of a new cytoplasmic male sterile source, PEF1, derived from Helianthus petiolaris sp. fallax Heiser and to determine the inheritance of restoration of this cytoplasm. Crosses were made between the PEF1 cytoplasmic male sterile source and several restorer lines known to restore the PET1 cytoplasm. None of the PET1 restorer lines had effective restoration genes for the PEF1 cytoplasm. Two genotypes, 'Zaria' (PI 371935) and HA 60 (Ames 4035), restored male fertility to the PEF1 cytoplasm. Fully fertile F 5 plants obtained from these crosses were used to pollinate the PEF1 cytoplasm. The fertile F 1 plants were self-pollinated and backcrossed to the PEF1 source to obtain F 2 and BC 1 F 1 seeds, respectively. These generations were planted in the field nursery at Fargo, ND, in 1994. Data were recorded for pollen restoration. The restoration of the PEF1 cytoplasmic male sterile was determined to be controlled by two complementary dominant genes with cumulative gene action. The stability and effective restoration of the PEF1 cytoplasm indicated that this source could be utilized to decrease the genetic vulnerability in hybrid sunflower.
Six of the Best, Colorectal 17

Aims: Although septic and functional complications may cause IPAA failure, IPAA disconnection with repeat IPAA (R-IPAA) successfully manages these conditions. Experience with R-IPAA is reported, including functional results and quality of life. Methods: One hundred patients had laparotomy with ileo-anal disconnection and R-IPAA, 80 referred from other institutions. Indications included: chronic anastomotic leak (n = 27), pouch-vaginal fistula (n = 47), anastomotic stricture (n = 22), dysfunctional S-pouch exit conduit (n = 36), and previous IPAA excision (n = 6). Four patients had Crohn's disease diagnosed before R-IPAA, while 15 Crohn's cases were diagnosed postoperatively. Results: Twenty-seven new pouches were fashioned, and 73 pouches were reused. Ninety-seven had a temporary ileostomy. Seventy-nine had ileostomy closure to date, and three had no ileostomy. Eighty-two per cent of these patients had a functioning pouch, 32.3 months postoperatively. Two patients were re-diverted and 13 had their pouch excised. The 5-year pouch survival rate was 74 per cent (Kaplan–Meier), better for ulcerative than Crohn's colitis (79 per cent versus 53 per cent, P = 0.06). There were no differences between septic or nonseptic indications, or between using a new or repaired pouch. Patients had a mean of 8.4 ± 3.9 stools day−1. Forty-two per cent were never/rarely incontinent. Faecal seepage occurred in 50 per cent during the day, and 69 per cent at night. Quality of life was 8.2 ± 1.6, quality of health was 8.0 ± 2.0, and happiness with surgery was 9.0 ± 2.0 (out of 10). A total of 97.3 per cent would undergo R-IPAA again, and 98.6 per cent would recommend it to the others. Conclusions: R-IPAA is a valid alternative for patients with IPAA failure, including controlled septic conditions. Although pouch failure occurs more frequently with R-IPAA, patient satisfaction is high.
The abrahams-kurtz-jamieson relation: Double wells and further evidence for an intimate connection between relaxor ferroelectricity and high-temperature superconductivity in the perovskite oxide ceramics

Abstract Since our first two publications1,2 pointing out the possible close interrelationship between high temperature superconductivity and an incipient or relaxor-like ferroelectricity, there have been numerous additional reports which support such an interrelationship. It is the purpose of this paper to collect and review this supporting evidence with particular emphasis on the nature of these precursor phase transitions in the temperature range 93-250°K. New dielectric measurements at 9.2 GHz are also reported on YBa2Cu3O7-x showing the real part of the intrinsic dielectric constant at microwave frequencies is in excess of 120, with a loss tangent δ≤0.2.
Phagocytic leukocytes and reactive oxygen species

Phagocytic leukocytes, when appropriately stimulated, display a respiratory burst in which they consume oxygen and produce superoxide anions. Superoxide is produced by the phagocyte NADPH-oxidase system which is a multiprotein complex that is dissociated in quiescent cells and is assembled into the functional oxidase following stimulation of these cells. Also associated with the respiratory burst is the generation of other reactive oxygen species. The identity of components of the NADPH-oxidase system and their interactions are known in considerable molecular detail. Understanding of the regulation of superoxide production is less well known. This review also points out the important role of microscopy in complementing biochemical studies to understand better the cell biology of the phagocyte respiratory burst.