cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Empirical comparison of multi-label classification algorithms

Multi-label classifications exist in many real world applications. This paper empirically studies the performance of a variety of multi-label classification algorithms. Some of them are developed based on problem transformation. Some of them are developed based on adaption. Our experimental results show that the adaptive Multi-Label K-Nearest Neighbor performs the best, followed by Random k-Label Set, followed by Classifier Chain and Binary Relevance. Adaboost. MH performs the worst, followed by Pruned Problem Transformation. Our experimental results also provide us the confidence of the correlations among multilabels. These insights shed light for future research directions on multi-label classifications.
Applying Automated Underway Ship Observations to Numerical Model Evaluation

AbstractNumerical models are used widely in the oceanic and atmospheric sciences to estimate and forecast conditions in the marine environment. Herein the application of in situ observations collected by automated instrumentation on ships at sampling rates ≤5 min is demonstrated as a means to evaluate numerical model analyses. Specific case studies use near-surface ocean observations collected by a merchant vessel, an ocean racing yacht, and select research vessels to evaluate various ocean analyses from the Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM). Although some specific differences are identified between the observations and numerical model analyses, the purpose of these comparisons is to demonstrate the value of high-sampling-rate in situ observations collected on ships for numerical model evaluation.
Vertical Sounders — the Ionosonde

One of the first measurements of ionospheric layer height was reported by Appleton and Barnett in 1926, who used a continuous wave transmitter and a receiver located from 65 to 130 km distant from the transmitter. The ground wave and the skywave arrived at the receiver with a relative phase difference. When the frequency of the transmitter and the receiver were simultaneously and rapidly changed by a small amount, the investigators obtained maxima and minima as the ground and skywave signals reinforced and canceled each other, respectively. Ionospheric layer heights were deduced from these data (see Kelso 1964, for a complete description of the technique and of the results in terms of both phase path and group path changes). It is interesting that G.W. Pierce in his 1910 textbook suggested that waves reflected from the ionosphere might interfere with the direct groundwave. As a matter of history, perhaps the first observations of this kind, followed by a correct deduction as to the causative mechanism, were made in 1912 by de Forest and Fuller, using continuous wave arc transmitters and receivers of the Federal Telegraph Company in California (Villard 1976). The first vertical sounding technique employed to probe the terrestrial ionosphere was the “pulse-echo” equipment used by Breit and Tuve to measure ionospheric layer height in 1925 (reported in 1926). This was the progenitor of the ionosonde — the most ubiquitous of all ionospheric measuring devices.
Decentralised seismic tomography computing in cyber-physical sensor systems

This paper presents an innovative decentralised seismic tomography computing paradigm in cyber-physical sensor systems, where each sensor node computes the tomography based on its partial information and through gossip with local neighbours only. The key challenge is the potential high communication overhead due to limited knowledge of each node about the entire network topology and information. The aim of this paper is to develop efficient algorithms for maximising the quality of tomography resolution while minimising the communication cost. We reformulate the conventional seismic tomography problem and exploit the alternating direction method of multipliers method to design two distributed algorithms. One is a synchronous algorithm and the other is asynchronous and more fault-tolerant and scalable. We theoretically prove that both proposed algorithms can reach their convergent solutions in a linear rate in terms of the number of communication rounds. Extensive evaluations on both synthetic and real data...
Application of Minimal Tension Method to Geological Subsurface Smooth Modeling

Based on Kriging estimation, the application of minimal tension method to smooth geologic subsurface modeling is put forward. The method is as follows: using the data of 229 wells in a subsurface, constructing 10×10 or more accurate grid data with Kriging estimation, and then constructing smooth subsurface model at 100×100 grids based on 10×10 Kriging data by minimal tension method. Because of minimal tension, the subsurface model has the second continuous derivates at 100×100 grids. Because the method combines minimal tension method with Kriging method, the final output has the advantages of both Kriging method and minimal tension method, and the subsurface modeling is smooth and accurate.
Testicular Scanning: Clinical Experience With 72 Patients

AbstractTesticular scanning with 99mtechnetium pertechnetate is a well established, useful and readily available technique for the rapid assessment of patients with scrotal pain. Its use allows accurate differentiation of testicular torsion from other entities, such as epididymo-orchitis, and, thus, obviates scrotal exploration in a large number of cases. We herein report our experience with 72 cases. Only 1 falsely positive scan was obtained in 15 patients thought to have torsion, this being secondary to an incarcerated hernia extending into the scrotum. Of the remaining 14 patients undergoing scrotal explorations for testicular torsion the scan was accurate in 100 per cent of the cases.
Nucleon properties at finite volume: the ε′-regime

Abstract We study the properties of the nucleon in highly asymmetric volumes where the spatial dimensions are small but the time dimension is large in comparison to the inverse pion mass. To facilitate power-counting at the level of Feynman diagrams, we introduce e ′ -power-counting which is a special case of Leutwyler's δ-power-counting. Pion zero-modes enter the e ′ -counting perturbatively, in contrast to both the e- and δ-power-countings, since m q 〈 q q ¯ 〉 V remains large. However, these modes are enhanced over those with non-zero momenta and enter at lower orders in the e ′ -expansion than they would in large volume chiral perturbation theory. We discuss an application of e ′ -counting by determining the nucleon mass, magnetic moment and axial matrix element at the first non-trivial order in the e ′ -expansion.
Comparison of factor structure models for the Beck Anxiety Inventory among cardiac rehabilitation patients.

Abstract Objective Individuals with cardiovascular disease (CVD) experience greater rates of distress symptoms, such as anxiety and depressive symptoms, than the general population. These psychological outcomes have been linked to greater risk for negative outcomes following a cardiac event; however, research examining the relationship between specific components of anxiety and outcomes in CVD is limited. Further, prior research has not investigated the structure of anxiety symptoms in CVD. This study sought to compare previously established one, two, and four-factor models of the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) in individuals enrolled in cardiac rehabilitation (CR). Methods Our sample included 208 individuals with CVD recruited during enrollment in a phase II CR program. Participants completed the BAI at enrollment in CR (Time 1) and again 12 weeks later at CR completion (Time 2, n = 151). Results Consistent with prior literature, 41% of our sample reported at least mild symptoms of anxiety (BAI > 8), and the BAI proved to be a reliable measure within this sample (α = 0.89). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) results indicated that a second-order model with four first order factors, consisting of cognitive, autonomic, neuromotor, and panic components, fit our data well. A multi-group CFA approach supported measurement invariance across time. Conclusion These results suggest that anxiety following CVD can be evaluated based on cognitive, autonomic, neuromotor, and panic components as well as the encompassing anxiety construct.
Renal insufficiency is an independent prognostic factor in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

Among all adults, creatinine clearance decreases with age, with the majority of individuals older than 75 years having a glomerular filtration rate less than 60 mL/min.[1][1] In the general population, creatinine clearance levels are found to be positively associated with life expectancy. Thus
Engineered Nanomedicine with Alendronic Acid Corona Improves Targeting to Osteosarcoma.

We engineered nanomedicine with the stealth corona made up of densely packed bone seeking ligand, alendronic acid. In a typical nanoconstruct, alendronic acid is conjugated with hydrophilic head moiety of phospholipid that has an ability to self-assemble with hydrophobic polymeric core through its hydrophobic long carbon-chain. Proposed nanomedicine has three distinct compartments namely; poly(l-lactic-co-glycolic acid) polymeric core acting as a drug reservoir and skeleton of the nanoconstruct, phospholipid monolayer covers the core acting as a diffusion barrier, and a densely packed alendronic acid corona acting as a stabilizer and targeting moiety. Thus engineered nanomedicine attain spherical entity with ~90 ± 6 nm having negative zeta potential, −37.7 ± 2 mV, and has an ability to load 7 ± 0.3 wt% of doxorubicin. In-vitro bone targeting efficiency of nanomedicine was studied using hydroxyapatite crystals as a bone model, and found significant accumulation of nanoparticle in the crystals. Moreover, cellular internalization studies with mouse osteosarcoma confirm the selectivity of nanomedicine when compared to its internalization in non-targeted mouse melanoma. This nanomedicine shows prolong stability in serum and deliver the drug into the cell exhibiting an IC50 of 3.7 μM. Given the strong interacting property of alendronic acid with bone, the proposed nanomedicine hold promises in delivering drug to bone microenvironment.
Rac1 and Rac2 GTPases Play Distinct Roles and Are Essential for Full Osteoclast Differentiation.

Bone-resorbing osteoclasts play a central role in bone remodeling, which occurs throughout life. Many skeletal diseases such as osteoporosis, Paget’s disease and the lytic lesions of multiple myeloma, display excess osteoclast activity. Thus, in addition to basic biological questions, there is considerable clinical interest in the control of osteoclast differentiation and function. Previously we have demonstrated that the small GTPases Rac1 and Rac2 have specific roles in the control of hematopoietic stem cell and neutrophil functions (Gu and Filippi et al., Science 2003; Filippi et al., Nat Immunol 2004; Cancelas et al., Nat Med 2005). During these studies, we noted differences in the bone structure of Rac-deficient mice, suggesting alterations in osteoclast activity. Furthermore we found that in hematopoietic stem cells Rac proteins regulate signaling pathways that are also known to control osteoclastogenesis. In this study, we have employed a genetic approach to analyze the roles of Rac proteins in osteoclast differentiation. We utilized constitutively Rac2-null mice in combination with cre-induced deletion of floxed Rac1 sequences to effect the loss of both Rac GTPases in hematopoietic cells. Macrophages from Rac2−/− mice generated normal numbers of osteoclasts in vitro . However, the full differentiation of these cells, as assayed by emergence of differentiation markers, was perturbed. Expression the TRAP (tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase) enzyme was delayed (12 +/−3% vs. 88 +/−8%, Rac2−/− vs. wt, n= 5, p 3 integrin subunit was decreased (16% vs. 76%, Rac2−/− vs. wt, n=5). The number of cells having podosomes was reduced (8 +/−3 vs. 206 +/−48 cells with podosomes/well Rac2−/− vs. wt, p in vitro (13 +/−8/well vs. 272 +/−52 Rac1−/− vs. wt, n=2, p in vitro . The p44/42, JNK (jun N-terminal kinase), Akt and p38 intracellular kinase signaling pathways have all been shown to be important for osteoclastogenesis. Activation of the p44/42 and JNK (jun N-terminal kinase) pathways in response to stimulation with M-CSF (macrophage colony stimulating factor) and RANKL (receptor activator of NF-κB ligand), cytokines critically involved in osteoclast differentiation, was reduced in the Rac2−/− macrophages. When Rac1−/− cells were stimulated with M-CSF, decreased activation of the Akt and JNK pathways was observed. To study the effect of Rac deficiency on bone mass in vivo , we generated Rac1−/−Rac2−/− double knock-out mice. These mice had significantly increased bone mass (bone volume/tissue volume 0.33 +/−0.03 vs. 0.13 +/−0.02 Rac1−/−Rac2−/− vs. wild-type; p in vivo leads to an increase in bone mass.
Best Effort Broadcast under Cascading Failures in Interdependent Networks

We present a novel study of reliable broadcast in interdependent networks, in which the failures in one network may cascade to another network. In particular, we focus on the interdependency between the communication network and the power grid network, where the power grid depends on the communication network for control and the communication network depends on the grid for power. In this paper, we propose a best effort broadcast algorithm to handle crash failures in the communication network that may cause cascading failures, where all the correct nodes deliver the message if the sender is correct. At the core of our work is a fully distributed algorithm for the nodes to analyze cascading failures prior to their presence so that failures can be handled accordingly. Our evaluation results show that the algorithm handles cascading failures with little overhead.
Evidence for C1q-mediated crosslinking of CD33/LAIR-1 inhibitory immunoreceptors and biological control of CD33/LAIR-1 expression.

C1q collagen-like region (CLR) engaging and activating the LAIR-1 inhibitory immunoreceptor represents a non-complement mechanism for maintaining immune quiescence. Given the binding promiscuity of C1q’s globular region (gC1q), we hypothesized that C1q concurrently associates with distinct inhibitory immunoreceptors to produce C1q-mediated modulatory networking. Like LAIR-1, CD33 inhibitory immunoreceptors are highly expressed on monocytes. Binding CD33 restricts cell activation/differentiation; however, natural ligands for CD33 remain elusive. CD33 has IgC2-like domains potentially recognized by gC1q. Thus, we asked whether C1q binds to CD33 and if C1q mediates CD33/LAIR-1 crosslinking. Our findings demonstrate that C1q and gC1q interact with CD33 to activate its inhibitory motifs, while CLR does not. Whole C1q is required to crosslink CD33 and LAIR-1 and concurrently activate CD33/LAIR-1 inhibitory motifs. While C1q binds CD33C2 domains, decreased C1q-CD33 interactions resulting from sialic acid masking of CD33C2 domains suggests a process for regulating C1q-CD33 activity. Consistent with defective self-tolerance, CD33/LAIR-1 expression is reduced in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) myelomonocytes. The anti-inflammatory cytokine M-CSF, but not DC growth factors, sustains CD33/LAIR-1 expression on both healthy and SLE cells suggesting further biological control of C1q-CD33/LAIR-1 processes.
Comment on 'Putting Integrity Into Finance: A Purely Positive Approach' (by Werner Erhard and Michael C. Jensen)

This paper is a comment on 'Putting Integrity Into Finance: A Purely Positive Approach' (by Werner Erhard and Michael C. Jensen) which can be found at http://ssrn.com/abstract=2963231.
Chondroid syringoma. Cytokeratin 20 immunolocalization of Merkel cells and reappraisal of apocrine folliculo-sebaceous differentiation.

Context Chondroid syringoma (CS) is a benign cutaneous adnexal tumor with epithelial and stromal components. Epithelial components derived from folliculo-sebaceous-apocrine germ are evident in apocrine but not in eccrine CS. Objectives To further characterize pilosebaceous differentiation and to identify the presence of Merkel cells in the areas of follicular differentiation. Design Histologic type, folliculo-sebaceous differentiation, character of stroma, and presence or absence of Merkel cells by cytokeratin (CK) 20 immunoreactivity were evaluated in 25 CSs (22 apocrine and 3 eccrine) from the surgical pathology files of Henry Ford Hospital (Detroit, Mich). Results Most CSs occurred in the head and neck region of patients aged 40 years or older. We found no significant difference in sex, age, or location between apocrine and eccrine types. The stroma varied from myxoid (100%) to chondroid (59%), with various amounts of fat (59%) and ossification identified in 2 cases (9%) of apocrine type, but was homogeneously myxoid in the eccrine type. Follicular and sebaceous differentiation was found in 64% and 32% of apocrine CSs, respectively. Only 2 (14%) apocrine CSs with follicular differentiation were positive for CK20 (a few scattered cells in one case and numerous grouped cells in the other in association with follicular epithelium). No correlation was found between type of stroma and the presence of Merkel cells. Scattered Merkel cells were identified in 83% of normal hair follicles and in 33.3% of normal epidermis. Conclusion A high proportion of apocrine CSs show folliculo-sebaceous differentiation. The presence of Merkel cells in foci of follicular differentiation of CS supports the hypothesis that Merkel cells may be an integral constituent of follicles. To our knowledge, the presence of Merkel cells in CS, particularly in proliferative form, has not been described previously in the literature.
Efficacy and Safety of the Early Addition of Vasopressin to Norepinephrine in Septic Shock

Background:Delays in achievement of target mean arterial pressure (MAP) have been associated with increased mortality in patients with septic shock. Vasopressin may be added to norepinephrine to raise MAP or decrease norepinephrine dosage. The purpose of this study was to determine whether early initiation of vasopressin to norepinephrine resulted in a reduced time to target MAP compared to norepinephrine monotherapy.Methods:This retrospective cohort study compared early addition of vasopressin within 4 hours of septic shock onset to norepinephrine versus initial norepinephrine monotherapy in medically, critically ill patients with septic shock admitted from May 2014 to October 2015. Time to goal MAP was compared using Student t test and examined with Kaplan-Meier curves. Changes in Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) scores were evaluated with Wilcoxon rank sum test.Results:Each group contained 48 patients. Mean arterial pressure (61.5 vs 58.6 mm Hg) and intravenous fluid volume received at vasopr...
Modeling Low-Frequency Earthquake Recurrence Patterns

Summary Tectonic tremor and low-frequency earthquakes (LFE) have been identified globally, but the physical mechanisms responsible for different types of LFE recurrence patterns are still elusive. Here we use a brittle ductile friction model to study the frictional conditions leading to different LFE recurrence patterns observed in central California. We do a comprehensive search of the friction parameters, including the brittle contact failure length and ductile damping strength to generate synthetic LFE bursts that match three different occurrence patterns of LFE bursts. We find that the output synthetic LFE burst recurrence type varies under different frictional conditions. The chaotic recurrence LFE sources require a higher brittle-to-ductile friction ratio, consistent with the observation that they are mainly at shallower part of the brittle-ductile transition zone. The tri-modal recurrence LFE sources require a wide distribution of asperity sizes, indicating that the segment of deep SAF between Monarch Peak and Parkfield is likely to be more fragmented and weaker than the surrounding segments.
Study of radial and axial magnets for linear alternator — Free piston engine system

The use of linear alternators are increasing daily with the usage in hybrid vehicles, Stirling power engines, free piston engines and other renewable energy technologies. Detailed study on the usage of radial or axial magnets in the linear alternator has not been performed so far. This paper attempts to study the effects of the radial magnets and axial magnets under the same conditions using ANSYS Maxwell for a tubular linear alternator used in free piston engines. For the study, a linear alternator is designed, modeled and tested with radial and axial magnets. For the sake of comparison, the EMF, flux density, power, efficiency have been evaluated for the axial and radial field machines. Later the results obtained from the simulations were analyzed and studied. It shows that the axial magnets provide more efficiency and output power compared to the radial magnets.
Identifying patients at risk of inhospital death or hospice transfer for early goals of care discussions in a US referral center: the HELPS model derived from retrospective data

Objective Create a score to identify patients at risk of death or hospice placement who may benefit from goals of care discussion earlier in the hospitalisation. Design Retrospective cohort study to develop a risk index using multivariable logistic regression. Setting Two tertiary care hospitals in Southeastern Minnesota. Participants 92 879 adult general care admissions (50% male, average age 60 years). Primary and secondary outcome measures Our outcome measure was an aggregate of inhospital death or discharge to hospice. Predictor variables for the model encompassed comorbidities, nutrition status, functional status, demographics, fall risk, mental status, Charlson Comorbidity Index and acuity of illness on admission. Resuscitation status, race, geographic area of residence and marital status were added as covariates to account for confounding. Results Inhospital mortality and discharge to hospice were rare, with incidences of 1.2% and 0.8%, respectively. The Hospital End-of-Life Prognostic Score (HELPS) demonstrated good discrimination (C-statistic=0.866 in derivation set and 0.834 in validation set). The patients with the highest 5% of scores had an 8% risk of the outcome measure, relative risk 12.9 (10.9–15.4) when compared to the bottom 95%. Conclusions HELPS is able to identify patients with a high risk of inhospital death or need for hospice at discharge. These patients may benefit from early goals of care discussions.
Evaluation of traffic mitigation strategies for pre-hurricane emergency evacuations

Hurricanes cause tremendous and expensive threats to both public and private property. More urgently, affected residents face life threatening conditions. Therefore, it is imperative for government officials and citizens to have an efficient plan when an evacuation is ordered. Leading up to Hurricane Irma in September of 2017, significant traffic congestion occurred during the ordered evacuation. Mitigation strategies that were implemented could not handle the high volume and demand of vehicles. In addition, resources needed to support mass vehicle evacuations, fuel and water, become scarce due to the high demand and can prevent high risk evacuees from getting to safety. It is critical to perform a scenario analysis to analyze and compare strategies that mitigate vehicular traffic congestion during an emergency evacuation. This study investigates how a variety of strategies could affect traffic flow during an evacuation when the highway infrastructure exceeds capacity with vehicles all traveling in the same direction. A baseline simulation model was constructed in VISSIM, a traffic microsimulation software, and separate simulations were run with adjustments to the baseline structure to reflect implementations of different mitigation strategies. Results from each strategy's simulation are compared to the baseline to evaluate the impacts of the strategy on the number of people and vehicles that make it to safety. Measured in discharge rates, the contraflow strategy showed the most improvement over baseline conditions, and an exponential relation between discharge rate increases and demand scaling was also found to be accurate.
Genetics and Epidemiology of Cholangiocarcinoma

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is the most common biliary tract cancer and the second most common primary hepatic malignancy. Its incidence has significantly increased in Western countries and in areas of Asia it is the most common hepatic malignancy. Its prognosis is dismal with a median survival of 4.6 months following diagnosis. The only potentially curative surgery is resection or liver transplantation; however, only the majority of patients qualify for surgical management at the time of diagnosis. Hence, there is an urgent need to identify new therapeutic approaches. In the recent past, our understanding of this disease, its etiology and especially its molecular pathogenesis and genetic alterations have increased, thereby potentially helping us to identify patients at risk, prognostic factors and new therapeutic targets. This chapter aims in providing a concise overview of the current knowledge of the etiology and genetics of this disease.
Direct simulation Monte Carlo modeling of H2–O2 deflagration waves

Abstract Combustion at extreme conditions such as high-speed and microscale involve nonequilibrium transport and chemical reactions that require atomistic treatment of molecular processes. We present a framework for applying the direct simulation Monte Carlo method (DSMC) to model combustion at the molecular scale. We show that the standard DSMC approach employing Total Collision Energy (TCE) chemistry and Larsen–Borgnakke (LB) energy exchange models is not applicable for combustion simulations which are dominated by exchange and recombination reactions. A methodology for modifying the TCE-LB approach is developed to ensure detailed balance and relaxation towards thermal equilibrium regardless of the internal energy relaxation rates. A simplified 6-species and 7-reversible reaction mechanism with rates modified to account for discrete vibrational levels in DSMC is used for the benchmark flame study. The laminar flame structure of H2–O2 premixed systems and the corresponding deflagration wave speeds by DSMC are compared with PREMIX results. The DSMC simulations based on the extended TCE-LB framework correctly reproduces the 1-D flame structure and its propagation speed is consistent with continuum modeling predictions for the same reaction mechanism and similar flow conditions. The DSMC approach presents opportunities to study combustion phenomena at the molecular scale including state-to-state processes in conditions far from thermal equilibrium for improved combustion diagnostics and control.
Cloud Computing Technology:A viable Option for Smalland Medium-Sized Businesses

Cloud Computing Technology (CCT) is a new way of leveraging the power of the Internet to provide software and infrastructure solutions to Small and Medium-Sized Businesses (SMBs) around the world. SMBs are rushing to the cloud to save time and money, increase efficiency, and gain a competitive advantage. This article examines potential benefits of CCT as applied to SMBs and explores implementation challenges that can be expected. Furthermore, this study reviews the specific application of CCT to SMBs, highlights developing technologies and trends, and lists some of the cloud-based services for SMBs. Finally this paper proposes a conceptual model for successful implementation of CCT in SMBs.
Electroless Deposition of Metals and Alloys

The process of electrodeposition of metal M $${\rm{M}}_{{\rm{solution}}}^{z + } + z{e^ - }\mathop \to \limits^{{\rm{electrode}}} {{\rm{M}}_{{\rm{lattice}}}}$$ (1) is a process in which z electrons, supplied by an external power supply, are injected into the electrode and captured by metal ions M z+ in the solution, resulting in M in the lattice.
Hierarchical Rough-to-Fine Model for Infant Age Prediction Based on Cortical Features

Prediction of the chronological age based on neuroimaging data is important for brain development analysis and brain disease diagnosis. Although many researches have been conducted for age prediction of older children and adults, little work has been dedicated to infants. To this end, this paper focuses on predicting infant age from birth to 2-year old using brain MR images, as well as identifying some related biomarkers. However, brain development during infancy is too rapid and heterogeneous to be accurately modeled by the conventional regression models. To address this issue, a two-stage prediction method is proposed. Specifically, our method first roughly predicts the age range of an infant and then finely predicts the accurate chronological age based on a learned, age-group-specific regression model. Combining this two-stage prediction method with another complementary one-stage prediction method, a hierarchical rough-to-fine (HRtoF) model is built. HRtoF effectively splits the rapid and heterogeneous changes during a long time period into several short time ranges and further mines the discrimination capability of cortical features, thus reaching high accuracy in infant age prediction. Taking 8 types of cortical morphometric features from structural MRI as predictors, the effectiveness of our proposed HRtoF model is validated using an infant dataset including 50 healthy subjects with 251 longitudinal MRI scans from 14 to 797 days. Comparing with five state-of-the-art regression methods, HRtoF model reduces the mean absolute error of the prediction from >48 days to 32.1 days. The correlation coefficient of the predicted age and the chronological age reaches 0.963. Moreover, based on HRtoF, the relative contributions of the eight types of cortical features for age prediction are also studied.
Speed Estimation using Smartphone Accelerometer Data

This paper is focused on developing an algorithm to estimate vehicle speed from accelerometer data generated by an onboard smartphone. The kinetic theory tells that the integration of acceleration ...
Experiential Discoveries in Geoscience Education: The EDGE Program in Alaska

Alaska's students directly observe their high-latitude landscape changing in response to both active tectonics and warming temperatures. Alaska's secondary school teachers must increasingly provide Earth systems science education that integrates these personal observations with geospatial datasets and satellite images using Geographic Information System (GIS) technology. Alaskan job opportunities requiring Earth science and GIS training are increasing, yet less than 1% of Alaska's university students choose geoscience-related majors. The EDGE (Experiential Discoveries in Geoscience Education) program provides a year of Earth science college courses, geologic field experiences, GIS instruction, and technical support for groups of Alaskan high and middle school teachers and their students. Since 2005 EDGE has increased the Earth science content knowledge and GIS and computer skills of 34 Alaskan teachers and facilitated the transfer of their knowledge and skills into Alaska's science classrooms. More than 5...
Ultra-Thin Package Board Level Drop Impact Modeling and Validation

Board level reliability during drop impact is a major concern for electronic packages. The impact force generated as the casing strikes the ground can cause electronic device failures in handheld products. The full drop testing procedure is costly and time-consuming due to complex sample preparation and test set-up procedures. Failure analysis also requires significant manpower to conduct. Therefore, an impact modeling method to predict the results of board level drops is highly desirable. We propose a dynamic modeling approach to describe the transient response of the package during impact based on an Input-G loading method with an implicit solver algorithm. The dynamic response of an ultra-thin package is obtained experimentally using a drop tester with accelerometer, strain gauge, and resistance monitor. For the Input-G method, the acceleration response of the impact pulse is then converted into a velocity form, and is taken as the loading input to a finite element (FE) model in this paper. The time dependent PCB strain, spectrum analysis, and modal analyses are used to correlate with the FE model and used to understand drop impact behaviors. Spectra of impact pulse and PCB dynamic strains are obtained by using the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) technique. The extracted bending shape and frequency are consistent with the modal analysis results. The bending shape is mainly determined by the first mode. Knowledge about the spectra of PCB dynamic responses are required to understand the bending characteristics, which affect the package drop reliability. This FE model provides an accurate and reliable way to understand failure physics, and to help to achieve service life improvements in early development stage.
Medication Use in Youth With Autism and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.

Abstract Objective Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may benefit from medication to treat a diverse array of behaviors and health conditions common in this population including co-occurring conditions associated with ASD, such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and anxiety. However, prescribing guidelines are lacking and research providing national estimates of medication use in youth with ASD is scant. We examined a nationally representative sample of children and youth ages 6 to 17 with a current diagnosis of ASD to estimate the prevalence and correlates of psychotropic medication. Methods This study used data from the 2016 and 2017 National Survey of Children's Health. We estimated unadjusted prevalence rates and used multivariable logistic regression to estimate the odds of medication use in children and youth across 3 groups: those with ASD-only, those with ASD and ADHD, and those with ADHD-only. Results Two thirds of children ages 6 to 11 and three quarters of youth ages 12 to 17 with ASD and ADHD were taking medication, similar to children (73%) and youth with ADHD-only (70%) and more than children (13%) and youth with ASD-only (22%). There were no correlates of medication use that were consistent across group and medication type. Youth with ASD and ADHD were more likely to be taking medication for emotion, concentration, or behavior than youth with ADHD-only, and nearly half took ASD-specific medication. Conclusions This study adds to the literature on medication use in children and youth with ASD, presenting recent, nationally representative estimates of high prevalence of psychotropic drug use among children with ASD and ADHD.
FMX – the Frontier Microfocusing Macromolecular Crystallography Beamline at the National Synchrotron Light Source II

Two new macromolecular crystallography (MX) beamlines at the National Synchrotron Light Source II, FMX and AMX, opened for general user operation in February 2017 [Schneider et al. (2013). J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 425, 012003; Fuchs et al. (2014). J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 493, 012021; Fuchs et al. (2016). AIP Conf. Proc. SRI2015, 1741, 030006]. FMX, the micro-focusing Frontier MX beamline in sector 17-ID-2 at NSLS-II, covers a 5–30 keV photon energy range and delivers a flux of 4.0 × 1012 photons s−1 at 1 A into a 1 µm × 1.5 µm to 10 µm × 10 µm (V × H) variable focus, expected to reach 5 × 1012 photons s−1 at final storage-ring current. This flux density surpasses most MX beamlines by nearly two orders of magnitude. The high brightness and microbeam capability of FMX are focused on solving difficult crystallographic challenges. The beamline's flexible design supports a wide range of structure determination methods – serial crystallography on micrometre-sized crystals, raster optimization of diffraction from inhomogeneous crystals, high-resolution data collection from large-unit-cell crystals, room-temperature data collection for crystals that are difficult to freeze and for studying conformational dynamics, and fully automated data collection for sample-screening and ligand-binding studies. FMX's high dose rate reduces data collection times for applications like serial crystallography to minutes rather than hours. With associated sample lifetimes as short as a few milliseconds, new rapid sample-delivery methods have been implemented, such as an ultra-high-speed high-precision piezo scanner goniometer [Gao et al. (2018). J. Synchrotron Rad. 25, 1362–1370], new microcrystal-optimized micromesh well sample holders [Guo et al. (2018). IUCrJ, 5, 238–246] and highly viscous media injectors [Weierstall et al. (2014). Nat. Commun. 5, 3309]. The new beamline pushes the frontier of synchrotron crystallography and enables users to determine structures from difficult-to-crystallize targets like membrane proteins, using previously intractable crystals of a few micrometres in size, and to obtain quality structures from irregular larger crystals.
Countering violent extremism: assessment in theory and practice

Programs for preventing and countering violent extremism (CVE) are a point of frequent collaboration across the divide between academics and practitioners in national security. However, both academ...
Implementation of a Trauma-Informed Suicide Prevention Intervention for Youth Presenting to the Emergency Department in Crisis

Given the increasing number of children presenting to the emergency department (ED) in psychiatric crisis, our tertiary children’s hospital ED adopted SAFETY-Acute/Family Intervention for Suicide P...
Catastrophic Politics: How Extraordinary Events Redefine Perceptions of Government

Shocking moments in society create an extraordinary political environment that permits political and opinion changes that are unlikely during times of normal politics. Strong emotions felt by the public during catastrophes - even if experienced only vicariously through media coverage - are a powerful motivator of public opinion and activism. This is particularly true when emotional reactions coincide with attributing blame to governmental agencies or officials. By examining public opinion during one extraordinary event, the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, Lonna Rae Atkeson and Cherie D. Maestas show how media information interacts with emotion in shaping a wide range of political opinions about government and political leaders. Catastrophic events bring citizens together, provide common experiences and information, and create opinions that transcend traditional political boundaries. These moments encourage citizens to re-examine their understanding of government, its leaders and its role in a society from a less partisan perspective.
Addressing Cross-Tool Semantic Ambiguities in Behavior Modeling for Vehicle Motion Control

Emerging model-based development methods in the Automotive Vehicle Motion Control (VMC) domain are using different tools at various stages of the engineering process. Behavioral models created in various forms of finite state machines have to be exchanged across these tools, but semantic unknowns in modeling environments and semantic variations across tools preclude automated correct interpretation. This research presents an approach to address this issue through an unambiguous, math-based, tool-neutral extended finite state machine metamodel (eFSM) for behavior specifications in the automotive VMC domain. The semantics of the metamodel are anchored to formal specifications in a mathematical framework. Our approach requires modeling with commercial tool environments conforming to the eFSM. The conformance is enforced by exporting the tool native models into eFSM-conformant models and checking them against the well-formed rules encoded as OCL constraints in the eFSM. We have performed "proof of concept" exercises with two commercial tools in transforming their native models into eFSM-conformant forms, and have been able to show that certain ambiguities in both tools can be prevented through the eFSM, promising higher confidence software engineering for the VMC domain.
Extrarenal Mechanisms in Hydromineral and Acid‐Base Regulation in Aquatic Vertebrates

The sections in this article are: 1 Physical Background 1.1 Dissipative Flows 2 Hyperosmotic Regulation 2.1 Reducing Dissipative Flows 2.2 Compensatory Flows: Water 2.3 Compensatory Flows: Active Ion Absorption 2.4 The Frog Skin Model: Symmetric Solutions and Voltage Clamp 2.5 A Revised Model: Open-Circuit and Dilute Solutions 2.6 Ionic Regulation in Other Aquatic Vertebrates 2.7 Apical Membrane Behavior: Fluxes and Electrical 2.8 Apical Membrane Mechanisms and the Frog Skin Model 2.9 The Energetic Cost of Osmotic Regulation in Freshwater Vertebrates 3 Acid-Base Regulation and Epithelial Ion Transfer 4 Hypoosmotic-Hypoionic Regulation 4.1 Reducing Dissipative Flows 4.2 Compensatory Flows: Water 4.3 Compensatory Flows: Ions 4.4 Model for Salt Extrusion by Gills 4.5 Remaining Questions about Hyporegulator Gill Function 4.6 Reptilian Salt Gland 5 Acid-Base Balance in Marine Fish 6 Isosmotic, Hypoionic Regulation 6.1 Diffusion Gradients 6.2 Evasive Mechanisms: Urea/TMAO 6.3 Compensatory Mechanisms: Urea/TMAO 6.4 Evasive Mechanisms: Water and Electrolytes 6.5 Compensatory Flows: Ions 6.6 Intracellular Osmotic Regulation 6.7 Crab-Eating Frog and Coelacanth 6.8 The Energetic Cost of Osmotic Regulation in SW 7 Marine Mammals 8 Summary 8.1 Osmotic Regulation: FW 8.2 Osmotic Regulation: SW 8.3 Acid-Base Balance
Mapping of North American methane emissions with high spatial resolution by inversion of SCIAMACHY satellite data

We estimate methane emissions from North America with high spatial resolution by inversion of Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Chartography (SCIAMACHY) satellite observations using the Goddard Earth Observing System Chemistry (GEOS-Chem) chemical transport model and its adjoint. The inversion focuses on summer 2004 when data from the Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment-North America (INTEX-A) aircraft campaign over the eastern U.S. are available to validate the SCIAMACHY retrievals and evaluate the inversion. From the INTEX-A data we identify and correct a water vapor-dependent bias in the SCIAMACHY data. We conduct an initial inversion of emissions on the horizontal grid of GEOS-Chem (1/2° × 2/3°) to identify correction tendencies relative to the Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) v4.2 emission inventory used as a priori. We then cluster these grid cells with a hierarchical algorithm to extract the maximum information from the SCIAMACHY observations. A 1000 cluster ensemble can be adequately constrained, providing ~100 km resolution across North America. Analysis of results indicates that the Hudson Bay Lowland wetlands source is 2.1 Tg a−1, lower than the a priori but consistent with other recent estimates. Anthropogenic U.S. emissions are 30.1 ± 1.3 Tg a−1, compared to 25.8 Tg a−1 and 28.3 Tg a−1 in the EDGAR v4.2 and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) inventories, respectively. We find that U.S. livestock emissions are 40% greater than in these two inventories. No such discrepancy is apparent for overall U.S. oil and gas emissions, although this may reflect some compensation between overestimate of emissions from storage/distribution and underestimate from production. We find that U.S. livestock emissions are 70% greater than the oil and gas emissions, in contrast to the EDGAR v4.2 and EPA inventories where these two sources are of comparable magnitude.
Resonance strength in Ne22(p,γ)Na23 from depth profiling in aluminum

A novel method for extracting absolute resonance strengths has been investigated. By implanting $^{22}\mathrm{Ne}$ ions into a thick aluminum backing and simultaneously measuring the $^{22}\mathrm{Ne}$$+p$ and $^{27}\mathrm{Al}$$+p$ reactions, the strength of the ${E}_{r}^{\mathrm{lab}}=479$ keV resonance in $^{22}\mathrm{Ne}$($p$,$\ensuremath{\gamma}$)$^{23}\mathrm{Na}$ was determined to be $\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\gamma}=0.524(51)$ eV. This result has significantly reduced uncertainties compared to earlier work. Our results are important for the absolute normalizations of resonance strengths in the $^{22}\mathrm{Ne}$($p$,$\ensuremath{\gamma}$)$^{23}\mathrm{Na}$ hydrogen-burning reaction and in the $^{22}\mathrm{Ne}$$+\ensuremath{\alpha} s$-process neutron-source reactions.
‘Reach Out, Rise Up’: The efficacy of text messaging in an intervention package for anxiety and depression severity in young people

Abstract Background Depression and anxiety are among the most commonly experienced mental health issues faced by young people in Aotearoa, New Zealand. Considerable barriers exist that prevent young people from engaging with face-to-face mental health services. Young people's preference for technology-based counselling mediums such as text messaging opens up new pathways for intervention. Objective A pilot text message-based intervention package was trialled for use by young people to evaluate the potential efficacy of the text package as an intervention for depression and anxiety symptoms. Method The text package was piloted using a 10-week longitudinal cohort pilot with 21 young participants (12–24 years) who demonstrated mild to moderate anxiety and/or depression symptoms. Results Participants' post-package scores were significantly lower than their pre-package scores for both anxiety (Z = − 2.83, p = .005, r = − 0.65) and depression (Z = − 2.49, p = .013, r = −.056). ‘Feeling encouraged and supported’ increased as a result of receiving support from a trained supporter (Z = − 2.06, p = .039, r = − 0.45), but not from friends/family (Z = − 1.72, p = .130, r = − 0.37). Anxiety and depression scores did not change as a result of support from either trained supporters or friends/family. Conclusions Findings support the potential efficacy of the text package, justify wider trials of the text package, and support the use of text message-based interventions as potentially effective therapies for young people.
Technology a bridge to experimentation with open problems

There are two current trends on-going in the teaching of mathematics, incorporating technology and involving undergraduates in research. In this paper we will combine the two trends. Most of the examples given will be from the field of number theory, however the methods described could easily be adapted to other branches of mathematics.
Education in time: cohort differences in educational attainment in African-American twins.

Objectives Educational opportunities for African-Americans expanded throughout the 20th century. Twin pairs are an informative population in which to examine changes in educational attainment because each twin has the same parents and childhood socioeconomic status. We hypothesized that correlation in educational attainment of older twin pairs would be higher compared to younger twin pairs reflecting changes in educational access over time and potentially reflecting a “ceiling effect” associated with Jim Crow laws and discrimination. Methodology and Principal Findings We used data from 211 same-sex twin pairs (98 identical, 113 fraternal) in the Carolina African-American Twin Study of Aging who were identified through birth records. Participants completed an in-person interview. The twins were predominantly female (61%), with a mean age of 50 years (SD = 0.5). We found that older age groups had a stronger intra-twin correlation of attained educational level. Further analysis across strata revealed a trend across zygosity, with identical twins demonstrating more similar educational attainment levels than did their fraternal twin counterparts, suggesting a genetic influence. Discussion These findings suggest that as educational opportunities broadened in the 20th century, African-Americans gained access to educational opportunities that better matched their individual abilities.