cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Generating quality word sense disambiguation test sets based on MeSH indexing.

Word sense disambiguation (WSD) determines the correct meaning of a word that has more than one meaning, and is a critical step in biomedical natural language processing, as interpretation of information in text can be correct only if the meanings of their component terms are correctly identified first. Quality evaluation sets are important to WSD because they can be used as representative samples for developing automatic programs and as referees for comparing different WSD programs. To help create quality test sets for WSD, we developed a MeSH-based automatic sense-tagging method that preferentially annotates terms being topical of the text. Preliminary results were promising and revealed important issues to be addressed in biomedical WSD research. We also suggest that, by cross-validating with 2 or 3 annotators, the method should be able to efficiently generate quality WSD test sets. Online supplement is available at: http://www.dbmi.columbia.edu/~juf7002/AMIA09
The TOUCH program and natalizumab: Fundamental flaw in patient protection.

Many drugs have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) since 1993 for treatment of relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis (MS). One such drug is natalizumab (Tysabri, Biogen Idec and Elan pharmaceuticals) which has enjoyed great success in the management of MS since its re-introduction in 2006. One of the complications of using natalizumab is the risk of development of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). To mitigate the risk of PML development, Biogen Idec initiated the TOUCH program – this strategy helps monitor the disease. Clinical vigilance remains key in the early diagnosis of PML but serological testing for the John Cunningham Virus Antibody (JCV) helps with risk stratification of PML. However, some physicians do not test for the JCV Ab and since they are not required to send such data to the company or inform the patient, one red flag for suspicion of PML is lost particularly if the patient is asymptomatic. This undercuts the premise of the TOUCH program. In an ideal world, reporting JCV Ab status should be made mandatory since that ensures a basic tenet of the program is met – to identify patients at increased risk of developing PML and make appropriate recommendations based on that finding. Lack of requirement of reporting of this vital finding opens the door for uncertainty in assessment of risk PML development and everyone remains in the dark till it may be too late. This is unacceptable when the company created the TOUCH program specifically with intent to track PML risk in patients on natalizumab. It makes no scientific sense to let the drug be used without setting stringent criteria given the possibility of PML development.
Placental amino acid transport

Normal fetal growth and development depend on a continuous supply of amino acids from the mother to the fetus. The placenta is responsible for the transfer of amino acids between the two circulatio...
Transversal Clifford gates on folded surface codes

Surface and color codes are two forms of topological quantum error correction in two spatial dimensions with complementary properties. Surface codes have lower-depth error detection circuits and well-developed decoders to interpret and correct errors, while color codes have transversal Clifford gates and better code efficiency in the number of physical qubits needed to achieve a given code distance. A formal equivalence exists between color codes and folded surface codes, but it does not guarantee the transferability of any of these favorable properties. However, the equivalence does imply the existence of constant-depth circuit implementations of logical Clifford gates on folded surface codes. We achieve and improve this result by constructing two families of folded surface codes with transversal Clifford gates. This construction is presented generally for qudits of any dimension. The specific application of these codes to universal quantum computation based on qubit fusion is also discussed.
Life Course Lens on Aging and Health

To advance life course research on aging and health, this chapter examines sources of evidence on the topic, identifying three vantage points for applying the life course lens: studying (a) centenarians, (b) the early origins of adult health, and (c) family lineage. Attention is given to adult health outcomes, while recognizing their early antecedents, including links between the pre- and reproductive stages of human life with post-reproductive aging. The evidence regarding the compression of morbidity is briefly reviewed. Recent advances in the study of aging and health are capitalizing on the use of biomarkers for early detection and linking individual-level data to community context. The evidence is compelling that social factors shape cumulative inequality in health.
Cholinergic and VIP-ergic pathways mediate histamine H2 receptor-induced cyclical secretion in the guinea pig colon

Previous studies demonstrated neurally mediated recurrent increases in short-circuit current (Isc) suggestive of anion secretion in guinea pig distal colon. To determine the neural pathways involved, segments of distal colon from guinea pigs were mounted in flux chambers. In muscle-stripped or whole thickness preparations, serosal addition of the histamine H2 receptor agonist, dimaprit, caused cyclical increases in Isc, which were reduced by the chloride channel blocker, N-phenylanthranilic acid, but not by the sodium channel blocker amiloride. Dimaprit stimulated release of [3H]acetylcholine and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) from submucosal/mucosal sheets. Dimaprit caused recurrent increases in Isc, which were significantly decreased by mecamylamine, a nicotinic receptor antagonist, and nearly abolished by the muscarinic antagonist, atropine (M3 > M1 = M2). The muscarinic antagonist, 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methyl-piperidine methiodide (4-DAMP, M3 > M1), was more potent than pirenzepine (M1 > M3) in reducing recurrent increases in Isc. Dimaprit- and electrically evoked secretion were inhibited by the VIP antagonists [4Cl-D-Phe6, Leu17]VIP and VIP hybrid. The results suggest the involvement of VIP-ergic and cholinergic neurons utilizing nicotinic and muscarinic synapses in mediating secretion.
“Marking Timeout;”: A Procedure for Away from Home Disruptive Behavior

A procedure for effectively supplementing existing in-home timeout programs with children is introduced. "Marking Timeout" is designed to generalize the effects of timeout contingencies to situations outside of the home. The procedure, which involves putting a mark on a child's hand to signal that a timeout period will occur later, is explained in a step-by-step manner.
Closed-Loop Feedback Control of Flow Over a Flapped Airfoil at High Angles of Attack Using Identified NARMAX Model

This study investigates closed-loop feedback control system design aimed at reduction of turbulent flow separation over a NACA 0015 airfoil having 30% integral type trailing edge flap and equipped with leading-edge and trailing edge synthetic jet actuators (SJAs). The multiple-input single-output controller employs system identification techniques based on Nonlinear Auto Regressive Moving Average with eXogenous inputs (NARMAX) method to model nonlinear dynamics of the flow. RANS FLUENT simulations for 2-D airfoil are used besides an analytical modeling for the set of synthetic actuators. The resulting closed loop response using NARMAX tracks the desired pressure value and significant improvement in the transient response over the open-loop system at high angles of attack is realized. Improvements in aerodynamic efficiency and maximum lift values through active flow control would lead to better performance characteristics of airplanes.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Obligatory role of the delta 5-bond of cholesterol for steroid formation by adrenal preparations.

SummaryThe δ5-bond appears to be a very specific requirement for the formation of steroids from cholesterol. Rat and hog adrenal homogenates were incapable of converting tracer amounts of radioactive dihydrocholesterol to labeled steroids to any significant extent. This inability was not due to competitive inhibition by cholesterol since cholesterol-extracted acetone powder preparations of beef adrenal mitochondria or homogenates of adrenals with high levels of dihydrocholesterol were similarly unable to effect a significant conversion. Steroid synthesis from radioactive cholesterol was substantially inhibited in homogenates of adrenals from rats fed dihydrocholesterol while the total amount of cholesterol in these adrenals was increased as compared to that of normal rats.
Cutting Balloon Angioplasty in the Treatment of Short Infrapopliteal Bifurcation Disease.

Purpose: To evaluate the safety, feasibility, and effectiveness of cutting balloon angioplasty in the management of infrapopliteal bifurcation disease. Methods: Between November 2010 and March 2013...
Sonographic Analysis of Rare Ectopic Pregancy

Objective To analyze the sonographic features of interstitial pregnancy,angular,cervical,ovarian and abdominal pregnancy. Methods The sonography of 18 patients with rare ectopic pregancy confirmed by surgery and pathology were retrospectively analyzed. The results of sonography were compared with that of the pathology. Results When amphicytula was implanted in the cornua uteri,in the sonography enlarged cornua uteri could be seen,gestation sac or inhomogeneous echoic mass was surrounded by uniform myometrium. The mass of interstitial pregnancy was connected with the bottom side of the uterus. The ouside part of uniform myometrium surrounded the mass could not be seen. Unruptured ovarian pregnancy had characteristic of ovarian tissue surrounded the gestation sac or inhomogeneous echoic mass,while ruptured ovarian pregnancy was difficult to diagnose. The sonographic feature of cervical pregnancy was that the shape of uterus was like gourd. The volume of cervix was enlarged,the inhomogeneous echoic areas could be seen in the cervix,and the internal os was closed. The mass of abdominal pregnancy could be at any position in the abdominal cavity. Conclusion The diagnostic efficacy of ultrasound can be improved by mastering the features of interstitial pregnancy,angular,cervical,ovarian and abdominal pregnancy.
The First-Line Treatment for Advanced Pancreatic Cancer

Pancreatic cancer is sometimes called a "silent killer" because it is often not diagnosed until it is advanced. It remains the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death in the United States. Gemcitabine has been the front line therapy for advanced pancreatic cancer over the past 10 years. Over this time period, survival benefit has not been able to improve substantially from studies of gemcitabine-based combination therapy. A breakthrough to improve treatment options in this setting is needed. In the 2010 ASCO Gastrointestinal Cancers Symposium in Orlando, Florida, USA, several abstracts were presented to explore new agents or combinations as first-line therapy in locally advanced or metastatic settings. In this article, we review and summarize the findings from these studies. Image: Yale-New Haven Hospital. New Haven, CT, USA.
The surgeon as an endovascular interventionist. Why and how

Catheter-based endovascular techniques have advanced significantly over the past three decades. It is only recently that surgeons have become more interested in these developments, and are now rapidly gaining in training and widening practice opportunities. Endovascular training and credentialing for the surgeon continue to be poorly-defined areas. Several pathways, albeit incomplete, are available for the incorporation of endoluminal/percutaneous skills into the surgical armamentarium. Ultimately, it can only be through established postgraduate residency and fellowship programs that the subspecialty of endovascular surgery can have a more universal applicability. The basic necessary catheter skills have been defined. Imaging requirements, both radiographic and endoscopic/ultrasonographic, are most significant and of great significance for the safe and successful performance of endoluminal vascular techniques. On balance, it is felt strongly that endoluminal catheter techniques are crucially important for the vascular surgeon of today and tomorrow.
Steady flow analysis in the vicinity of an end-to-end anastomosis

A study using both experimental and numerical methods was conducted to determine flow dynamics in the vicinity of an end-to-end anastomosis. In vitro experiments were performed to determine the variations in the conduit cross-section at the anastomosis in specimens under static loading. The experimentally determined geometries were used to simulate steady flow through an end-to-end anastomosis using the finite analytic (FA) numerical solution technique in order to obtain solutions for the governing axisymmetric laminar flow equations. Wall shear stresses in the vicinity of end-to-end anastomoses under steady flow conditions were measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer (FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in agreement with numerical results, except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. Wall shear stresses increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stresses were observed distal to the anastomosis. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia (ANFH) in end-to-end anastomoses.
The Science and Politics of Drug Testing in the USA

Over the last 14 years “employee drug testing” has become common business practice in the American workplace. A recent survey conducted by the American Management Association (1) [the 7th annual survey on “Workplace Drug Testing and Drug Abuse Policies” (Jan. 1993)] indicates nearly 85% of surveyed firms test employees for drugs. Since 1987, the date of the AMA’s initial survey, company drug testing in the United States has increased by 300%. It is estimated that more than 25 million American workers will be tested for illicit drugs this year.
Market expansion and social dumping in Europe

Introduction: Social dumping and the EU integration process Magdalena Bernaciak Part I Intra-EU labour and service mobility: Threat to labour standards? 1. Large-scale migration in an open labour market: The Irish experience with post-2004 labour mobility and the regulation of employment standards Torben Krings, Alicja Bobek, Elaine Moriarty, Justyna Salamonska and James Wickham 2. Breaking the law? Varieties of social dumping in a pan-European labour market Lisa Berntsen and Nathan Lillie 3. The politics of migrant irregularity: Social dumping in the French construction industry Marcus Kahmann 4. Varying perceptions of social dumping in similar countries Jens Arnholtz and Line Eldring 5. Socioeconomic cleavages between workers from new member states and host-country labour forces in the EU during the Great Recession Martin Guzi and Martin Kahanec Part II Social dumping pressures in manufacturing sectors 6. Marketization and social dumping. Management whipsawing in Europe's automotive industry Ian Greer and Marco Hauptmeier 7. Social dumping with no divide. Evidence from multinational companies in Europe Vera Trappmann 8. Coordinated interest representation along the automotive value chain as a response to social dumping practices Volker Telljohann Part III The deregulation agenda at the EU and national levels 9. EU economic freedoms and social dumping Jan Cremers 10. Have your competitiveness and eat it too. The pull and limits of cost competition in Hungary and Slovakia Vera Scepanovic 11. Tracing the competitiveness discourse in Spain: Social dumping in disguise? Monica Clua-Losada Conclusion Magdalena Bernaciak
Is There Evidence for a Non-Antigen Specific Diffusable Chemical Mediator from the Thymus-Derived Cell in the Initiation of the Immune Response?

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses evidence for a nonantigen specific diffusable chemical mediator from the thymus-derived cell in the initiation of the immune response. The chapter focuses on mechanisms of B-cell–T-cell interaction. It presents a model in which the B cell is only triggered when it receives two signals, one from the interaction of its immunoglobulin receptor with antigen and the second from a stimulated T cell. The latter signal is itself triggered by interaction of the cell's immunoglobulin receptor with antigen. The signal itself is a diffusible chemical mediator and is not antigen specific. It can signal any B cell within reach. The only limitation is the effective distance of the diffusion gradient of the chemical mediator. In this model, there is no mandatory requirement for linked recognition. The chapter highlights that this model is very close to the later model of Bretscher and Cohn. It differs in that it provides no statement as to the mechanism of tolerance induction and in that it does specify the nature of the second signal.
Surgical Resection of a Testicular Seminoma in a Guinea Pig (Cavia porcellus)

Abstract An approximately 6-year-old intact male guinea pig ( Cavia porcellus ) presented with a 5- to 6-day history of an enlarged left testicle. Physical examination revealed a firm mass, roughly 5cm in diameter, encompassing the region of the left testicle. All other organ systems appeared unremarkable. Routine bilateral orchiectomy was performed, and the enlarged testicle submitted for histopathologic analysis. Histopathologic results confirmed the presence of a seminoma with intravascular invasion. The patient made a complete recovery, and contrast-enhanced computed tomography, performed 4 months postoperatively, did not reveal the presence of local recurrence or metastatic disease. This report describes and further demonstrates that surgical resection, when used as the sole treatment modality, may provide substantial disease-free resolution of testicular seminomas in guinea pigs.
Stabilizing the spin vortex crystal phase in two-dimensional iron-based superconductors

We present an investigation of the magnetic structure for iron-based superconductors (FeSCs) when inversion symmetry is broken, such as in substrate-supported monolayers or in the presence of a $c$-axis electric field. We perform group-, mean-field-, and density-functional-theoretic analyses on a model system of monolayer iron selenide (FeSe) on a strontium titanate $[{\mathrm{SrTiO}}_{3}$(001)] substrate. Our group- and mean-field-theoretic calculations are more generally applicable to thin films of the rest of the 11 (e.g., FeSe) family of iron-based superconductors, as well as to thin films of the 111 (e.g., LiFeAs) and 1111 (e.g., LaOFeAs) families, as these all belong to the same space group. We find that in systems with a collinear antiferromagnetic phase in bulk, when inversion symmetry is broken, the transition is instead into a ``spin vortex crystal'' phase and that a further phase transition can occur at a lower temperature in some circumstances. The spin vortex crystal is a ${C}_{4}$-symmetric magnetic phase which is related to this parent ${C}_{2}$-symmetric collinear antiferromagnetic (stripe) phase which is ubiquitous among the iron-based superconductors.
Using Visual Journaling in Individual Counseling: A Case Example

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this article is to describe and illustrate through a hypothetical case example how visual journaling, a form of expressive arts counseling, can be adapted for use in individual counseling. Counselors may consider using visual journaling as a counseling intervention when working with clients who may not have words for what they are feeling or experiencing, and for clients who tend to be very analytical. Visual journaling can be a way to bypass the intellect and give clients another way to access their experience.
Long-range tails in van der Waals interactions of excited-state and ground-state atoms

A quantum electrodynamic calculation of the interaction of an excited-state atom with a ground-state atom is performed. For an excited reference state and a lower-lying virtual state, the contribution to the interaction energy naturally splits into a pole term and a Wick-rotated term. The pole term is shown to dominate in the long-range limit, altering the functional form of the interaction from the retarded $1/{R}^{7}$ Casimir-Polder form to a long-range tail---provided by the Wick-rotated term---proportional to $cos[2({E}_{m}\ensuremath{-}{E}_{n})\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}R/(\ensuremath{\hbar}c)]/{R}^{2}$, where ${E}_{m}l{E}_{n}$ is the energy of a virtual state, lower than the reference-state energy ${E}_{n}$, and $R$ is the interatomic separation. General expressions are obtained which can be applied to atomic reference states of arbitrary angular symmetry. Careful treatment of the pole terms in the Feynman prescription for the atomic polarizability is found to be crucial in obtaining correct results.
Pain Catastrophizing Moderates Relationships between Pain Intensity and Opioid Prescription: Nonlinear Sex Differences Revealed Using a Learning Health System.

Background:Pain catastrophizing is a maladaptive response to pain that amplifies chronic pain intensity and distress. Few studies have examined how pain catastrophizing relates to opioid prescription in outpatients with chronic pain.Methods:The authors conducted a retrospective observational study o
“So moche ye owe me”: Speech-Like Representation in Caxton’s Dialogues in French and English

Historical pragmatics of the last two decades has continued to refine its tools for examining the relationship of speech and writing (e.g. Culpeper and Kyto 2010). As our methodology has improved, it is helpful to return to case studies to see how different models apply to particular materials, and the particular constraints of each text. One depiction of the everyday English of people on the street in late-medieval England can be found in William Caxton’s Dialogues in French and English , a late fourteenth-century printed edition of a thirteenth-century French/Flemish manual for conversation and vocabulary. Caxton’s text provides a two-column format in French and English which contains, among other things, an illustrative marketplace dialogue between a fictional seller and a hypothetical buyer. This interchange, between a female cloth merchant and a male purchaser, exemplifies many of the features that we might expect in colloquial English: a higher number of pragmatic lexical items and interpersonal words, a more highly connected style of second-person pronouns and vocatives, and a greater use of sentence structures like questions and exclamations. And yet, it is fundamentally constructed speech rather than a faithful reporting of an actual conversation, and the very features that serve as markers of its colloquial style (like vocatives) also characterize its nature as written discourse. This analysis examines the textual context of speech-like representation, presenting an account of the pragmatic aspects of genre, style, and discourse that shape the depiction of the mercantile conversation in Caxton’s text.
Photo crowdsourcing for area coverage in resource constrained environments

Photos crowdsourced from mobile devices can be used in many applications such as disaster recovery to obtain information about a target area. However, such applications often have resource constraints in terms of bandwidth, storage, and processing capability, which limit the number of photos that can be crowdsourced. Thus, it is a challenge to use the limited resources to crowdsource photos that best cover the target area. In this paper, we leverage various geographical and geometrical information about photos, called metadata, to address this challenge. Metadata includes the location, orientation, field of view, and range of a camera. Based on metadata, we define photo utility to measure how well a target area is covered by a set of photos. We propose various techniques to analyze such coverage and calculate photo utility accurately and efficiently. We also study the problem of selecting photos with the largest utility under a resource budget, and propose an efficient algorithm that achieves constant approximation ratio. With our design, the crowdsourcing server can select photos based on metadata instead of real images, and thus use the limited resources to crowdsource the most useful photos. Both simulation and experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our design.
Fast neutrino flavor conversion: Roles of dense matter and spectrum crossing

The flavor conversion of a neutrino usually occurs at densities $\ensuremath{\lesssim}{G}_{\mathrm{F}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\ensuremath{\omega}$, whether in ordinary matter or a dense neutrino medium, and on time/distance scales of order ${\ensuremath{\omega}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, where ${G}_{\mathrm{F}}$ is the Fermi weak coupling constant and $\ensuremath{\omega}$ is the typical vacuum oscillation frequency of the neutrino. In contrast, fast neutrino flavor conversions or fast neutrino oscillations can occur on scales much shorter than ${\ensuremath{\omega}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ in a very dense, anisotropic neutrino gas such as that in a core-collapse supernova or a binary neutron star merger. The origin of fast neutrino oscillations still seems elusive except that it is a mathematical solution to the equation of motion. It has been suggested that the fast oscillations in stationary neutrino gases require a crossing in the electron lepton number angular distribution of the neutrino and that they are suppressed at large matter densities as normal oscillations are. By inspecting a simple four-beam neutrino model we illustrate how the multi-angle effects that were once found to suppress collective neutrino oscillations now give rise to fast flavor conversions. As a result, a large matter density can induce fast oscillations in certain astrophysical scenarios such as at the early epoch of a core-collapse supernova. We also provide an explicit proof of the necessity of a crossed neutrino angular distribution for fast oscillations to occur in an outward flowing, axially symmetric neutrino flux such as in the multi-bulb supernova model. However, fast oscillations can occur without a crossed angular distribution when both inward and outward flowing neutrino fluxes are present in a stationary neutrino gas.
Discussion of “The power of monitoring: how to make the most of a contaminated multivariate sample”

In this discussion, we consider two examples. The first example concerns the Old Faithful data, which the authors (Cerioli, Riani, Atkinson, Corbellini in Stat Methods Appl, to appear) discuss in detail in their paper. The second example, which is taken from www.kaggle.com , is based on the prices and other attributes of 53,900 diamonds. The point of our discussion is to demonstrate that the process of producing valid models and then looking at diagnostics, that compare least squares and robust fits, can also effectively identify outliers and/or important structure missing from the model. Using this approach, we identify a dramatic change point in the diamonds data. We are very curious about what information the sophisticated monitoring methods produce about this change point and its effects on the outcome variable.
Five successful pregnancies with antenatal anakinra exposure

Objectives Our aim is to add to the limited existing prospective data on IL-1 inhibitor use in pregnancy. Methods Data were obtained from the Organization of Teratology Information Specialists Autoimmune Disease in Pregnancy Project, a prospective cohort study of pregnancy outcomes in the USA and Canada. Eligible women were enrolled prior to 19 weeks' gestation between 2004 and 2017. Outcomes were obtained by maternal interview and medical record abstraction. Results Five pregnancies with anakinra exposure were identified, all resulting in full-term singleton live births with no major or long-term complications. Three maternal subjects used anakinra for adult-onset Still's disease and two for systemic JIA. For all individuals who discontinued anakinra, some amount of steroid medication was necessary for treatment of disease flare. Two maternal subjects developed oligohydramnios, one also with pregnancy-induced hypertension. Two women had Caesarian sections, one medically indicated and one scheduled. One infant had low birth weight, but follow-up records indicated normal adjusted weight at 1 year. Three women successfully breastfed their infants, at least two of whom continued anakinra while breastfeeding. Conclusion Anakinra was used successfully in five full-term pregnancies; however, two subjects developed oligohydramnios, a process that can be linked to fetal renal anomalies. Given previously reported cases of congenital renal anomalies associated with both antenatal anakinra use and maternal hyperthermia, the relationship between maternal IL-1 inhibitor use, uncontrolled maternal febrile disease and fetal outcomes should be further explored.
Vaccination in juvenile correctional facilities: state practices, hepatitis B, and the impact on anticipated sexually transmitted infection vaccines.

OBJECTIVES Juvenile correctional facilities are an ideal setting to provide preventive vaccines to adolescents who are at risk. In many instances of incarceration, facilities overcome the need for parental consent by making young people wards of the state and the state providing consent. The authors investigated current state practices for administering hepatitis B vaccine to incarcerated adolescents. These may impact the delivery of anticipated sexually transmitted infection (STI) vaccines to incarcerated adolescents. METHODS From June to August 2004, interviews were conducted with state Immunization Program Managers by telephone about hepatitis B vaccination and consent policies in juvenile correctional facilities. RESULTS Forty-five states were able to provide information about hepatitis B immunization in publicly funded juvenile correctional facilities. Forty-one of the 45 states offered hepatitis B vaccine to adolescents who were sentenced and thereby considered to be wards of the state. Of those 41 states, 20 also made hepatitis B vaccine easily accessible to detained adolescents (no parental consent required). Those 20 states considered detained adolescents as wards of the state (n=13), or allowed them to self-consent for the vaccine (n=7). CONCLUSIONS Most states offer hepatitis B vaccination to sentenced adolescents in correctional facilities. Just over half of these states also vaccinate detained adolescents. Juvenile correctional facilities have experience administering vaccines, and this might allow for expansion of vaccination services when new STI vaccines become available. Still, there are major barriers to universal vaccination of incarcerated adolescents, including the issue of consent.
A Bayesian approach to evaluating site impairment

In the United States, each state is required to list water resources that are declared to be impaired under guidelines set by the Clean Water Act. Measurements are typically collected on a number of chemical constituents and compared with a standard. If there are too many measurements exceeding the standard, then the site is declared impaired. The approach is non-statistical but similar to a Binomial test. The Binomial approach would convert the measurements to binary data then test if the proportion exceeding the standard is excessive. Both methods convert measurements to binary values hence exclude potentially important information in the data. We present a statistical approach using a Bayesian model that uses the raw data instead of the binary transformed data. The population distribution of a family of location-scale parameter models is studied under the model. Posterior distributions from the Bayesian analysis are used in the decision-making process and error probabilities for the Bayesian and the Binomial approaches are compared for a normal population.
Müller glia phagocytose dead photoreceptor cells in a mouse model of retinal degenerative disease

Retinitis pigmentosa is a devastating, blinding disorder that affects 1 in 4000 people worldwide. During the progression of the disorder, phagocytic clearance of dead photoreceptor cell bodies has a protective role by preventing additional retinal damage from accumulation of cellular debris. However, the cells responsible for the clearance remain unidentified. Taking advantage of a mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa ( RhoP23H/P23H), we clarified the roles of Muller glia in the phagocytosis of rod photoreceptor cells. During the early stage of retinal degeneration, Muller glial cells participated in the phagocytosis of dying or dead rod photoreceptors throughout the outer nuclear layer. Nearly 50% of Muller glia engaged in phagocytosis. Among the Muller phagosomes, >90% matured into phagolysosomes. Those observations indicated that Muller glial cells are the primary contributor to phagocytosis. In contrast, macrophages migrate to the inner part of the outer nuclear layer during photoreceptor degeneration, participating in the phagocytosis of a limited population of dying or dead photoreceptor cells. In healthy retinas of wild-type mice, Muller glial cells phagocytosed cell bodies of dead rod photoreceptors albeit at a lower frequency. Taken together, the phagocytic function of Muller glia is responsible for retinal homeostasis and reorganization under normal and pathologic conditions.-Sakami, S., Imanishi, Y., Palczewski, K. Muller glia phagocytose dead photoreceptor cells in a mouse model of retinal degenerative disease.
Shock Compression Spectroscopy Under a Microscope

In this paper, I will describe recent progress in developing a tabletop apparatus for shock compression spectroscopy based on laser-driven flyer plates synchronized with high-speed lasers and optical and infrared detectors. The primary focus of the paper is technique development, although examples of applications are also provided. The flyer plates can be launched up to 6 km/s, but they are tiny, typically 0.5 mm in diameter and 50 μm thick, so the main limitations of this technique are the short duration of the shock, typically <15 ns, and the small sample size needed. The flyer launch and impact, monitored by photon Doppler velocimetry (PDV) and ultrafast strobe photography, show the flyers make exceptionally reproducible impacts with minimal tilt. Using fabricated shock target arrays containing 50–200 individual samples, hundreds of experiments can be conducted every day. Examples are presented involving time-resolved spectroscopy of quantum dot photoemission to measure compressional strain at high speed, time-resolved optical pyrometry to study shock initiation of plastic-bonded explosives and liquid explosives, and ultrafast spectroscopy to measure molecular photophysics under extreme conditions.
Quantum dot encapsulated nanocolloidal bioconjugates function as bioprobes for in vitro intracellular imaging

Abstract Bioimaging probes incorporating quantum dots (QDs) are important for identifying organelles and monitoring their movement/location in living cells. Organelle specificity can be accomplished by functionalizing probe surfaces with chemical groups that can react with antibodies capable of targeting specific organelle-protein epitopes. Here, such a bioprobe is generated by encapsulating ZnS-capped CdSe QDs within polystyrene (PS) nanocolloids via Pickering miniemulsion using laponite nanoclay platelets as solid-stabilizers. The surfaces of these platelets are modified with aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES), and biotinylated by reacting sulfo-NHS-Biotin via the APTES amine group. Surface functionalization and bioconjugation are confirmed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The number of sites available on Streptavidin for Biotin binding is determined using a competitive HABA assay to optimize the bioconjugation protocol. The PS-encapsulated QDs (PS-QDs) nanocolloids are 50–200 nm in diameter and colloidally stable, as evidenced by transmission electron microscopy and ζ-potential measurements, respectively. Spherical particle shape is confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. Transmission electron microscopy also showed the nanoclay platelets on the surface of QD-encapsulating latex particles. The PS-QDs particles are easily dispersed in water and exhibit long-term photostability over various conditions. Cell viability of >95% is observed for NIH-3T3 cells after 72-h exposure to PS-QDs nanocolloids, with no cytotoxicity to living cells, even at 0.1 mg mL−1. NIH-3T3 cellular uptake and internalization are confirmed by confocal microscopy, with PS-QDs fluorescence within cells remaining high even after 24-h exposure, demonstrating the applicability of PS-QDs nanocolloids as long-lived fluorescent bioprobes for in vitro intracellular imaging.
Online, quasi-real-time analysis of high-resolution, infrared, boiling heat transfer investigations using artificial neural networks

Abstract We present a machine learning methodology that can be used online and quasi-real-time (i.e., as fast as we can practically run an experiment) to accelerate the analysis of infrared, boiling heat transfer investigations. Precisely, we use feed-forward artificial neural networks with one layer of hidden neurons to measure bubble growth time, bubble period, and nucleation site density directly from the radiation recorded by the high-speed infrared camera. We test and validate the methodology against saturated pool boiling experiments with water, run on both plain and nanoengineered surfaces. Using such a technique, we have measurements of the quantities above within a few seconds from the moment the camera records the boiling surface radiation, with a regression coefficient of 0.95 or higher compared to reference measurements obtained by conventional, time-consuming, image processing techniques.
Hyperkalemia Presenting as Sinus Bradycardia, Junctional Rhythm and Atrial Bigeminy.

The spectrum of electrocardiographic changes seen with hyperkalemia is known to progress gradually with increasing serum levels of potassium. Initial changes are limited to peaked T waves and QT shortening, which subsequently progress to prolonged QRS/QT intervals, and finally sinus arrest, sinus bradycardia and asystole. We report a unique case of severe sinus bradycardia with atrial bigeminy and junctional rhythm in the setting of moderate hyperkalemia, a rarely reported electrocardiographic finding.
Selective use of liver transplantation for severe alcohol-associated hepatitis

Introduction: Severe alcohol-associated hepatitis (sAH) portends high morbidity and mortality and there are no effective therapies for those ineligible or unresponsive to corticosteroids. Early liv...
Practical Surgical Neuropathology: A Diagnostic Approach

"Practical Surgical Neuropathy" - a volume in the new "Pattern Recognition" series - offers you a practical guide to solving the problems you encounter in the surgical reporting room. Drs. Arie Perry and Daniel J. Brat present diagnoses according to a pattern-based organization that guides you from a histological pattern, through the appropriate work-up, around the pitfalls, and to the best diagnosis. Lavish illustrations capture key neuropathological patterns for a full range of common and rare conditions, and a 'visual index' at the beginning of the book directs you to the exact location of in-depth diagnostic guidance. No other single source delivers the practical, hands-on information you need to solve even the toughest diagnostic challenges in neuropathology.
Should "suspicious for high-grade urothelial carcinoma" and "positive for high-grade urothelial carcinoma" remain separate categories?

BACKGROUND The Paris System (TPS) for Reporting Urinary Cytology aims to standardize urine cytology reporting. Per TPS, the diagnosis of "suspicious for high-grade urothelial carcinoma (SHGUC)" is applied in cases that have few urothelial cells with severe atypia but are quantitatively insufficient for a diagnosis of "high-grade urothelial carcinoma (HGUC)." In our study, we compared the diagnostic accuracy and risk of malignancy (ROM) of these 2 categories to assess whether they could be combined in clinical practice to perhaps improve overall interobserver variability. METHODS All urine specimens with a diagnosis of either SHGUC or HGUC from January 2016 to July 2019 were retrieved from the pathology database of 2 large academic institutions. Only cases with follow-up biopsies within 6 months were included. RESULTS One hundred eighty-nine cases met the study criteria. Of these, 122 had a cytologic diagnosis of SHGUC, and 67 had a diagnosis of HGUC. Ninety-five (78%) cases from the SHGUC group and 64 (96%) cases from the HGUC group had biopsy-proven HGUC. The majority of cases with discordance had a history of treatment with either intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin or mitomycin. The difference in the rate of biopsy-proven HGUC between the SHGUC category and the HGUC category (95/122 vs 64/67, respectively) was statistically significant (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS The difference in ROM between SHGUC and HGUC was statistically significant in our study cohort. Intravesical chemotherapy was frequently observed in negative biopsy cases in both groups. Our preliminary findings suggest that the 2 TPS categories should remain separate.
Instrumentation, Energy Devices, Staplers

Since robotics was first introduced into the surgical world, it has progressively expanded in popularity as well as its technologic capabilities. Many robotic platforms are being developed, although very few are currently in clinical practice. Most of the instruments are adapted from those surgeons who have long been using it, while others are more novel in concept and design (such as newer energy and dissection devices). The robot is constantly evolving, and current systems have continued to make improvements in instrumentation functional capabilities, including advanced augmented visualization and optics, flexible “snakelike” mobility, haptic feedback to augment surgeons’ “feel” of tissues, and introduction of multiple robotic instruments through a single surgical access trocar. Ongoing instrument and device development is fast-paced and quickly advancing the capabilities of current and future platforms.
Conditional Functional Graphical Models

Graphical modeling of multivariate functional data is becoming increasingly important in a wide variety of applications. The changes of graph structure can often be attributed to external variables...
High n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Diet Improves Long-Term Neuropathological and Functional Outcome after Repeated Mild Traumatic Brain Injury.

Repeated mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) can cause persistent neuropathological effects and is a major risk factor for chronic traumatic encephalopathy. PUFAs (n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids) we...
A Hybrid Collaborative Virtual Environment with Heterogeneous Representations for Architectural Planning

We developed a collaborative virtual environment for architectural planning that facilitates groups of people to work together using three different interfaces. These interfaces enable users to interact with the scene with varying levels of immersion and different interaction modalities. We conducted a user study to gauge the general usability of the system and to understand how the different interfaces affect the group work. In this paper we present the architecture of the system along with its different interfaces. We also present the user study results and the insights we gained from the study.
Basic Definitions and Examples

Let G be a compact connected Lie group, g its Lie algebra, and g* the vector space dual of g. G acts on g by its adjoint action and on g* by the dual coadjoint action. The orbits of this action are compact simply-connected submanifolds of g*, and from now on we will refer to them simply as “coadjoint orbits.”
King v. Burwell and the Triumph of Selective Contextualism

King v. Burwell presented the question of whether the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 (ACA) authorizes the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) to issue tax credits for the purchase of health insurance through Exchanges established by the federal government. The King plaintiffs alleged an IRS rule purporting to authorize tax credits in federal Exchanges was unlawful because the text of the ACA expressly authorizes tax credits only in Exchanges “established by the State.” The Supreme Court conceded the plain meaning of the operative text, and that Congress defined “State” to exclude the federal government. The Court nevertheless disagreed with the plaintiffs, explaining that “the context and structure of the Act compel us to depart from what would otherwise be the most natural reading of the pertinent statutory phrase.” The Court reached its conclusion by disregarding portions of the ACA’s text and considering only selected elements of the ACA’s structure, context, and purpose. The King majority’s selective contextualism embraced an unexpressed congressional “plan” at the expense of the plan Congress actually enacted.
The Structure and Mechanical Properties of the Mitral Valve Leaflet-Strut Chordae Transition Zone

Biaxial testing, histological measurements and theoretical continuum mechanics modeling were employed to investigate the structure and mechanical properties of the mitral valve leaflet-strut chordae transition zone (LCT). The results showed that geometry changes and collagen fiber angle distribution contribute to variations in mechanical properties in the LCT zone. A simple three-coefficient exponential constitutive law was able to simulate the variation in stress-stretch behavior in the LCT zone by spatially varying a single coefficient and incorporating collagen fiber angle and degree of alignment. This quantitative information can greatly improve the predictions from biomechanical valve models by incorporating regional variations of structure and properties in the mitral leaflet-chordae tendineae system. These data provide the foundation for a computational model for studying stress distributions before and following chordal rupture, which may indicate the underlying reasons for the development of valve insufficiency in patients.
Implications of Process-Morphology for Categorial Grammar

Language can be approached from many points of view. Indeed, its very vastness prevents one from seeing all of it from a single perspective. It is for this reason that the logician H. B. Curry, in his intriguing, though somewhat neglected article ‘Some Logical Aspects of Grammatical Structure’, compares the study of language with the case of the six blind men and the elephant. According to the story, each blind man touched a different part of the animal, and the one who had it by the tail thought it was like a rope and the one who touched a leg claimed it was like a pillar, and so on. In the study of language, however, it sometimes seems as if the blind men are not really blind: they merely close their eyes to the reality of the elephant. A case in point is the study of morphology, where, after a period of relative neglect, there is now a vigorous ongoing debate about the properties that a restrictive general theory of word-formation and inflection should have. In this paper, we take the position that some recent proposals are restrictive only because they ignore many of the readily available data. This includes most varieties of categorial grammar, insofar as they deal with morphology at all. The main goal of this paper is to propose an extension of categorial grammar in order to enable it to deal with the complexities found in the morphological systems of natural languages.
Electrolyte imbalance in alcoholic liver disease.

The forensic pathologist is confronted almost daily with instances of sudden and unexpected death in patients with an alcoholic history, who exhibit only disease of the liver at autopsy, often consisting solely of fatty metamorphosis, and whose blood contains little or no ethyl alcohol. The cause of death is usually certified as acute or chronic alcoholism or both, and on occasions includes the type of liver disease, but the exact mechanism(s) remain unknown. Some of those incriminated include hypoglycemia, subtle infection, seizures related to delirium tremens and various metabolic alterations from the diseased liver, including the “Hepatorenal Syndrome” [1–5].