cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE CUBIC TERNARY COMPLEX RECEPTOR-OCCUPANCY MODEL. II. UNDERSTANDING APPARENT AFFINITY

Abstract In part I of this series of papers, we described the cubic ternary complex (CTC) model. In part II, we examine the pharmacological notion of apparent ligand affinity in the light of this model. The high degree of symmetry that characterizes the CTC model makes it possible to use simple geometrical devices to visualize chemical transitions. This geometric point of view provides a motivation for the development of a biological interpretation for apparent affinity. Using this geometrical point of view, an analytical expression for apparent ligand affinity is derived that can be applied to any receptor-occupancy model. When unbound receptors are distributed among a number of states, apparent affinity is a composite measure, a weighted average of the affinities that a ligand has for each of the receptor states. In general, apparent affinity can be interpreted as the mathematical expectation of the simple affinities of members of a native receptor ensemble. The “expectation” method of computing affinity is algebraically equivalent to an even simpler computational method, here called the “diagonalization” method. The use of each method is demonstrated. The CTC model corroborates what other models and some experimental work have previously suggested. Affinity, as it is calculated experimentally for G-protein-coupled receptors, is not purely a receptor property but is a function both of the receptor and of the suite of transitional proteins with which the receptor interacts
Structural and functional aspects of treated mine water and aquaculture effluent streams

Multiple effluent streams may flow into a single receiving stream making it difficult to understand the effects of a single effluent source or the interactions between effluents. In this study, we examined benthic community structure and function in an effluent stream formed by the release of treated mine water, in treated mine water that had been used as a water source for flow-through aquaculture and below the confluence of the two. This study demonstrated that macroinvertebrate communities, while taxonomically simple, developed in treated mine water. The addition of aquaculture effluent to the treated mine water allowed colonization by additional taxa, increased leaf decomposition rates and may have conferred resistance to a turbidity event. Ecosystem responses were mediated by the surrounding terrestrial environment. In shaded conditions macroinvertebrate densities could be as much as 10× higher and the taxa were dominated by simuliids and chironomids, while in open conditions filamentous algae flourished and the taxa were dominated by hydroptilids and chironomids. Consequently, consideration of stream processes that promote preferred ecological processes, such as macroinvertebrate production and organic matter processing, when siting effluent streams may reduce impacts on receiving streams.
Lower Extremity Muscle Activation During Functional Exercises in Patients With and Without Chronic Ankle Instability

Objective To determine whether individuals with chronic ankle instability (CAI) exhibit altered neuromuscular control as demonstrated by surface electromyography (EMG) amplitudes compared with healthy controls during single-limb eyes-closed balance, Star Excursion Balance Test, forward lunge, and lateral hop exercises. Design A cross-sectional laboratory study. Setting A research laboratory. Participants Fifteen young adults with CAI and 15 healthy controls. Interventions The subjects performed functional exercises while surface EMG signals were recorded from the tibialis anterior, peroneus longus, lateral gastrocnemius, rectus femoris, biceps femoris, and gluteus medius. Main Outcome Measurements Surface EMG amplitudes (root mean square area) for each muscle, muscles of the shank (distal 3 muscles), muscles of the thigh (proximal 3 muscles), and total muscle activity (all 6 muscles) of the lower extremity were analyzed and compared between the groups. Results Individuals with CAI demonstrated significantly less EMG activity in the muscles of the lower extremity during all 4 functional exercises. Effect sizes for significant differences between groups ranged from −0.75 to −1.08, none of which had 95% confidence intervals that crossed zero, which indicates moderate to large decreases in muscle activity in patients with CAI compared with healthy controls. Conclusions Patients with CAI demonstrated decreased muscle activity of ankle, knee, and hip musculature during common functional rehabilitative tasks. Clinicians may benefit from implementing functional exercises for patients with CAI that target both distal and proximal muscles of the lower extremity.
Handmaids of the Resurrection: Ailtirí na hAiséirghe, Women and Irish Fascism

Ailtiri na hAiseirghe, the most important fascist party to arise in Ireland, reached its electoral peak in 1945 when it won nine seats in the local government elections of that year. Much of its success was due to the unusually high level of support it gained from women, who made up a greater proportion of its membership than did their counterparts in the mainstream parties or in fascist movements overseas. Though the party's policies were often surprisingly accommodating of women's participation in public life, Aiseirghe's true distinctiveness lay in its assertion of the compatibility of totalitarian politics and Christian social principles. This ideological syncretism – giving a literal interpretation to the expression ‘political religion’ – proved especially attractive to those young Irishwomen who were disturbed by what they perceived as the indifference of liberal-democratic political and economic systems to women's material and spiritual interests.
β-Lapachone greatly enhances MMS lethality to human fibroblasts

beta-Lapachone is a naturally occurring tricyclic O-naphthoquinone. At microM concentrations it did not substantially affect viability, growth or DNA synthesis of cultured undamaged human fibroblasts. Cells exposed to minimally toxic concentrations of methyl methane sulfonate were strongly inhibited in these properties by beta-lapachone. The effects were not reversed by further incubation in the absence of beta-lapachone and were equal for initially quiescent or growing cells. Thus inhibitions were specific for damaged cells and did not involve replicative DNA synthesis. Inhibition of DNA strand break repair was demonstrated by alkaline elution, but unscheduled DNA synthesis was not inhibited. We propose that beta-lapachone inhibits a ligation step of DNA repair, in a manner perhaps similar to that reported for carbamoylating nitrosoureas. Other repair inhibitors differ significantly from beta-lapachone in their modes of action.
Packaging challenges for small die

During the last few years, wafer technology has been shrinking aggressively from the 50nm node down to a much smaller technology node. This creates a disparity between die and packaging in which the die is miniaturizing, yet the packaging's physical footprint remains unchanged. Among the various packaging types, the one that is most impacted is board-on-chip (BOC) packaging, which is the current mainstream packaging for DDR2/DDR3 devices. The construction of the BOC package is a one-layer interposer with a window cut-out along the center; the die's active circuit faces down with respect to the package footprint. The interconnect between the die and package is wire, via the window cut-out. As the die shrinks, and the package footprint remains unchanged, one of the design bottlenecks is the trace fan-out issue from the bond finger to the innermost column of the ball, as well as the tighter bond finger pitch due to the die-pad pitch reduction. This paper will describe the design features that need be addressed for small-die packages — for example, the drive toward fine line trace, wire bond top pad width, and narrower bond slots. A test vehicle is tooled up as a simulation of possible manufacturing/process issues for the small-die package solution. The design and analysis of the experiment are described in full in this paper.
Overshoots in planetary bow shocks

The parametric variation with solar wind conditions in the overshoot in magnetic field strength observed in planetary bow shocks and believed to be associated with the ion reflection process is examined based on both terrestrial and planetary bow shock data. The combined data from Venus, earth, Jupiter and Saturn cover a wider range of solar wind densities, magnetic field strength, electron and proton temperatures, Mach numbers, beta, spiral angle, and scale lengths than observable from earth alone. The bow shock structure, particularly the magnitude of the post-shock field strength overshoot, is found to depend principally on plasma beta and the magnetosonic Mach number with a continuously increasing overshoot strength associated with increasing beta and Mach number.
Dependence of temperature-dependent electrical resistivity of SrIrO3 on hydrostatic pressure to 9.1 kbar

Abstract Non-Fermi-liquid behavior and close proximity to a quantum critical point in the 5 d transition metal iridate SrIrO 3 at ambient pressure motivate our search for possible anomalous behavior in its transport properties under pressure. The electrical resistivity in the ab -plane of a single crystal of SrIrO 3 has been measured over the temperature range 1.35–285 K at both ambient and 9.1 kbar hydrostatic pressure. The resistivity decreases slightly over the entire temperature range, but no superconducting transition or changes in the non-Fermi-liquid behavior are observed under pressure. It is estimated that significantly higher pressures are likely required before sizable changes in the properties of SrIrO 3 will occur.
The LDL receptor and LRP are receptors for βVLDL on pigeon monocyte-derived macrophages

Receptors for the lipoprotein, beta very low density lipoprotein (βVLDL), have been identified through the binding of βVLDL-gold conjugates on two ligand-induced regions of pigeon monocyte-derived macrophages. These regions were microvilli/retraction fibers and membrane ruffles. The present study investigated the location and identity of βVLDL receptors using an antiserum directed against the epidermal growth factor (EGF) precursor region of the human low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor. The anti-receptor serum recognized two membrane proteins from pigeon monocyte-derived macrophages, a 116 kDa (LDL receptor) protein and a 600 kDa (low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein; LRP) protein. Ligand blot analysis demonstrated that pigeon βVLDL bound to both the LDL receptor and LRP. Immuno-gold electron microscopy using the anti-receptor serum resulted in immunoglobulin localization on the same two ligand-induced regions, microvilli/retraction fibers and membrane ruffles, to which the ligand had bound. Furthermore, simultaneous immunogold localization of the lipoprotein receptor antigens and βVLDL-gold (ligand) binding substantiated co-localization of the receptor antigens and βVLDL on the ligand-induced regions. Cross-competition studies with the anti-receptor serum and βVLDL-gold conjugates documented that increasing concentration of the anti-receptor serum resulted in 70% inhibition of βVLDL-gold conjugate binding. These data suggest that pigeon monocyte-derived macrophages utilize both the LDL receptor and LRP as receptors for pigeon βVLDL.
A global agenda for clean air

Abstract This article argues that unacceptability high levels of air pollution around the world suggest that the strategies employed to date to combat air pollution have been inadequate. Technological solutions alone are not sufficient and must be supplemented with deeper efforts to reorient energy, transportation and industrial structures towards pollution prevention. This will mean improving energy efficiency, reducing reliance on the automobile for transportation and minimizing the production of toxic by-products in industrial production. The author surveys current anti-pollution efforts and proposes a variety of economic incentives by other policy measures that will help to bring about the necessary changes.
A validated chiral CE method for Frovatriptan, using cyclodextrin as chiral selector.

A cyclodextrin modified capillary zone electrophoretic method has been developed for the evaluation of chiral purity of Frovatriptan using sulfobutyl ether beta cyclodextrin (SB-beta-CD) as the chiral selector. The method is highly specific, accurate and reproducible. The method was optimized with a systematic method development approach by optimizing the pH of electrolyte, attempting the separation in different classes of chiral selectors and modifying parameters such as cyclodextrin concentration and the organic modifier type and concentration. The optimized method was validated for specificity, precision, linearity, accuracy and stability in solution using Imidazole as the internal standard. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 1.0 μg/mL and 5.0 μg/mL respectively for each isomer. The method was applied for estimating the chiral purity of various batches of Frovatriptan.
Line strengths of 16O13C16O, 16O13C18O, 16O13C17O and 18O13C18O between 2200 and 6800cm−1

Abstract Line positions and strengths of 16O13C16O (636), 16O13C18O (638) and 16O13C17O (637), and 18O13C18O (838) bands were measured using natural and 13C- and 18O-enriched samples of CO2 at room temperature. Twenty-five near infrared (NIR) absorption spectra were recorded at 0.01–0.013 cm−1 resolution with the McMath–Pierce Fourier transform spectrometer located at the National Solar Observatory on Kitt Peak, Arizona. Absorption cells with optical path lengths ranging from 0.347 m to 385 m were used with pressures ranging between 0.5 and 147 torr. Line strengths were obtained for 17 bands of (636) between 4697 and 6797 cm−1, 13 bands of (638) between 2192 and 4954 cm−1, 4 bands of (637) between 3437 and 4981 cm−1 and 7 bands of (838) between 2182 and 4888 cm−1. Band strengths and Herman–Wallis-like F-factor coefficients were determined from least-squares fits to over 2000 measured transition intensities involving 41 different bands. The observed line positions of several bands were analyzed to obtain the upper state term values and rotational constants. Five of the 18O13C18O bands and two of the 16O13C18O bands were modeled for the first time.
Normal cognition and behavior in a Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome patient who presented with Hirschsprung disease.

Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is an autosomal recessive disorder of cholesterol biosynthesis. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the enzyme 7-dehydrocholesterol Delta7-reductase (DHCR7), which catalyzes the final step in cholesterol biosynthesis, usually resulting in cholesterol deficiency. We report a 3.5-year-old girl who has cognition in the low average range and normal behavior, but in whom molecular studies identified two missense mutations in DHCR7: V326L and F284L. She was born at term following an uncomplicated pregnancy and delivery, and presented at 12 days of age with poor feeding, abdominal distention, and jaundice. Colonic biopsy was consistent with Hirschsprung disease. On physical examination she had mild ptosis, a long philtrum, mild micrognathia, a short, upturned nose, and subtle 2,3 syndactyly. Her 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) level was markedly elevated at 8.7 mg/dl (normal 0.10 +/- 0.05), and her cholesterol level was normal at 61 mg/dl (normal for newborn period 50-80 mg/dl). Karyotype analysis was normal, 46,XX. Breast milk feeding was initiated and continued for 18 months. Cholesterol supplementation was implemented at 100 mg/kg/day at 3 months, which resulted in increased cholesterol levels and reduced dehydrocholesterol levels. Neuropsychological testing has shown functioning in the low average range, between the 14th and 18th centiles when compared to peers. This is markedly higher than most children with SLOS. She has no behavioral problems. MRI and MRS testing of the brain revealed no structural abnormalities. This is in contrast to a recently reported case by Prasad et al. [2002: Am J Med Genet 108:64-68] with a mild phenotype, behavioral problems, and abnormal MRI, who is compound heterozygote for both a null and missense mutation. Our case suggests that patients with severe feeding disorders with or without Hirschprung disease and postnatal onset microcephaly may warrant screening for SLOS.
Time course of transmitter release calculated from simulations of a calcium diffusion model

A three-dimensional presynaptic calcium diffusion model developed to account for characteristics of transmitter release was modified to provide for binding of calcium to a receptor and subsequent triggering of exocytosis. When low affinity (20 microM) and rapid kinetics were assumed for the calcium receptor triggering exocytosis, and stimulus parameters were selected to match those of experiments, the simulations predicted a virtual invariance of the time course of transmitter release to paired stimulation, stimulation with pulses of different amplitude, and stimulation in different calcium solutions. The large temperature sensitivity of experimental release time course was explained by a temperature sensitivity of the model's final rate limiting exocytotic process. Inclusion of calcium tail currents and a saturable buffer with finite binding kinetics resulted in high peak calcium transients near release sites, exceeding 100 microM. Models with a single class of calcium binding site to the secretory trigger molecule failed to produce sufficient synaptic facilitation under this condition. When at least one calcium ion binds to a different site having higher affinity and slow kinetics, facilitation again reaches levels similar to those seen experimentally. It is possible that the neurosecretory trigger molecule reacts with calcium at more than one class of binding site.
Degradation of the SCF component Skp2 in cell-cycle phase G1 by the anaphase-promoting complex

Cell-cycle transitions are driven by waves of ubiquitin-dependent degradation of key cell-cycle regulators. SCF (Skp1/Cullin/F-box protein) complexes and anaphase-promoting complexes (APC) represent two major classes of ubiquitin ligases whose activities are thought to regulate primarily the G1/S and metaphase/anaphase cell-cycle transitions, respectively. The major target of the Skp1/Cul1/Skp2 (SCF(SKP2)) complex is thought to be the Cdk inhibitor p27 during S phase, whereas the principal targets for the APC are thought to be involved in chromatid separation (securin) and exit from mitosis (cyclin B). Although the role of the APC in mitosis is relatively clear, there is mounting evidence that APCs containing Cdh1 (APC(CDH1)) also have a function in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Here, we show that the F-box protein Skp2 is polyubiquitinated, and hence earmarked for destruction, by APC(CDH1). As a result, accumulation of SCF(SKP2) requires prior inactivation of APC(CDH1). These findings provide an insight into the orchestration of SCF and APC activities during cell-cycle progression, and into the involvement of the APC in G1.
The Retardation of Enamel Dissolution Rates by Adsorbed Long-Chain Ammonium Chlorides

Dissolution rate studies were conducted with hydroxyapatite and enamel in the presence of adsorbed surfactants. In general, the ability of the surfactant to retard the dissolution rate was directly related to its ability to adsorb onto apatite. Cetylpyridinium chloride adsorbed poorly onto apatite, and its influence on the dissolution rate was marginal. The long-chain protonated amines were much more effective as rate retarding agents, sometimes of the order of 1,000-, to 10,000-fold. These compounds were also found to adsorb much more strongly. A systematic dependence of the dissolution rate on chain length was found for these amines.
PLANKTONIC FISH EGGS AND LARVAE OF NARRAGANSETT BAY1

Planktonic fish eggs and larvae were collected weekly at 4 stations in Narragansett Bay, over a period of one year from March 1057 to March 1958. Thirty-six species of fish eggs and larvae were identified. The peak in spawning activity occurred from late May through mid-August. The peak of fish egg production occurred in June and July, and the period of low abundance occurred between September and February. Peaks of larval abundance were found in July and August and again in January and March. Deeper areas in the Bay contained greater concentrations and a greater variety of species than did the shallow arcas.
Composition of leaf surface waxes of Triticum species: Variation with age and tissue☆

Abstract The composition of cuticular wax from plants of spring wheat (varieties Selkirk and Manitou) and of durum wheat (variety Stewart 63) at various stages of growth, and of wax from different parts of the plants varies considerably. Wax was analysed, without preliminary separation, by GLC using Dexsil 300 as liquid phase. Alcohols are major components of wax from leaf blades and β-diketones are major components of wax from leaf sheaths, especially the flag leaf sheath. Glaucousness of the leaf sheath is due to the high β-diketone content. In the first 50 days after germination, before sheaths and flag leaf are completely developed, the major component is octacosanol (> 50%). At 66 days, when sheath development is complete, β-diketone content is greatest. Hydrocarbon composition differs for wax from leaf blade and leaf sheath and also for different leaf blades and between adaxial and abaxial sides of the flag leaf. From 66 to 100 days ester content of wax increases, especially in Selkirk wheat, apparently due to formation of wax containing high proportions of esters of trans-α,β-unsaturated C22 and C24 acids. The content of these acids in the free fatty acids and of diesters based on these acids also increases during this period.
CYTOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF WILD EMMER POPULATIONS FROM TURKEY AND ISRAEL

Chromosome behavior during meiosis of the F1 hybrids involving two races of wild emmer Triticum turgidum var. dicoccoides and var. timopheevi is described. Four of the six Turkish accessions were similar to the Israeli group in pairing relationships and seed set percentages. The collection (# 189) is cytologically similar to var. timopheevi. The other Turkish accession (# 191) showed good chromosome pairing with both var. dicoccoides and var. timopheevi.
Regulation of Forestomach-specific Expression of the Murine Adenosine Deaminase Gene

The maturation of stratified squamous epithelium of the upper gastrointestinal tract is a highly ordered process of development and differentiation. Information on the molecular basis of this process is, however, limited. Here we report the identification of the first murine forestomach regulatory element using the murine adenosine deaminase (Ada) gene as a model. In the adult mouse, Ada is highly expressed in the terminally differentiated epithelial layer of upper gastrointestinal tract tissues. The data reported here represent the identification and detailed analysis of a 1.1-kilobase (kb) sequence located 3.4-kb upstream of the transcription initiation site of the murineAda gene, which is sufficient to target catreporter gene expression to the forestomach in transgenic mice. This 1.1-kb fragment is capable of directing cat reporter gene expression mainly to the forestomach of transgenic mice, with a level comparable to the endogenous Ada gene. This expression is localized to the appropriate cell types, confers copy number dependence, and shows the same developmental regulation. Mutational analysis revealed the functional importance of multiple transcription factor-binding sites.
Application of multi-frequency TDMA for satellite communications

A Multi-Frequency Time Division Multiple Access (MFTDMA") system has been developed for a thin route satellite communication network which has most o f the desirable features o f both FDMA and TDMA systems. We show that when the network downlink is power limited (with negligible uplink noise) and consists o f mixed earth station sizes with dif ferent rain margin requirements, the MFTDMA" and FDMA systems can have greater throughput capacity compared to TDMA. This improvement depends on the amount o f satellite transponder backoff required to keep the intermodulation e f fec ts small, and is the result o f the TDMA downlink having been sized for the smallest station and largest rain margin. In the case where the earth station must provide circuits to more than one station simultaneously, MFTDMA" is advantageous over FDMA because fewer modems are required.Use of MFTDMA" can lead to lower earth station costs by requiring lower transmitter power compared to TDMA, and fewer modems compared to FDMA. Even though the control algorithim for a MFTDMAm network is somewhat more complicated, a high degree o f flexibility in channel assignment is retained.
The evaluation and treatment of children with acute otitis media.

Acute otitis media (AOM) is the most frequent primary diagnosis in preschool children, and it accounts for almost 20% of ambulatory care visits by children. By the age of 1 year, 60% of children will have had at least one episode of otitis media. The treatment of otitis media costs more than $3.8 billion per year, and 20% of the more than 110 million prescriptions for oral antibiotics written per year are for otitis. This article presents an evidence-based approach to the diagnosis and treatment of acute otitis media in children.
ED Utilization Trends in Sports-Related Traumatic Brain Injury

BACKGROUND: Emergency department (ED) visits for sports-related traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) have risen. This study evaluated how the number and severity of admissions have changed as ED visits for sports-related TBIs have increased. METHODS: A retrospective study of children aged 0 to 19 years at a level 1 trauma center was performed. Patients from 2002 to 2011 with a primary or secondary diagnosis of TBI were identified from the hospital’s inpatient and outpatient trauma registries. Frequencies were used to characterize the population, χ2 analysis was performed to determine differences between groups, and regression analysis looked at relationship between year and injury severity score or length of stay. RESULTS: Sport was responsible for injury in 3878 (15.4%) cases during the study period; 3506 (90.4%) were discharged from the hospital, and 372 (9.6%) were admitted. Seventy-three percent were male patients and 78% Caucasian; mean age was 13 ± 3.5 years. ED visits for sports-related TBIs increased 92% over the study period, yet there was no significant change (χ2 = 9.8, df = 9, P = .37) in the percentage of children admitted. Mean injury severity score for those admitted decreased from 7.8 to 4.8 (β = –0.46; P = .006); length of stay trended downward (β = –0.05; P = .05). CONCLUSIONS: The percentage of children being admitted from the ED with sports-related TBI has not changed over the past 10 years. The severity of admitted sports-related TBI is decreasing. Additional research is needed to correlate these trends with other TBI mechanisms.
High frequency design and performance of tabular capacitors

The electrical design, analysis and performance of tabular capacitors are presented. Simple formulas for capacitances are derived for spiral and concentric type tabular capacitors. By numerical methods the regions of greatest electric stress in the dielectric are found. The influence of bumps on the capacitor plates is examined by the method of conformal transformation. It is shown that a small circular ridge running the length of the capacitor can reduce the voltage rating by 50%. The inductance of the capacitor sets an upper bound on the highest frequency at which the capacitor behaves ideally. It was previously shown that high frequency behavior is influenced by the particular connection used in a capacitor. For a spiral wound tabular capacitor one type of connection is considered, and its equivalent circuit is exhibited. For concentric cylindrical tubular capacitors the only type of connection possible is the one considered for the spiral-wound capacitors. For that configuration a closed form electrostatic induction coefficient and inductance coefficient matrices are presented and used for high frequency analyses. >
Gender Differences in Use of Alternative Full‐Time Work Arrangements by Married Workers

Many firms now offer alternative work arrangements to help full-time employees resolve time conflicts between work and family. The 1997 Current Population Survey supplement on work schedules is used to investigate gender differences in personal, family, and work factors associated with flextime use among married full-time workers. Data collected from a local firm are also used to explore gender differences in flextime and other alternative work arrangements, the reasons behind these choices, and the degree of satisfaction workers have with such schedules. Some gender differences are found in the determinants of flextime use as well as in the reasons employees give for using other alternative work arrangements. Women are more likely to use alternative work schedules to reduce work-family conflict, whereas men are more likely to use them to enhance personal productivity.
Essential role for mammalian copper transporter Ctr1 in copper homeostasis and embryonic development

The trace metal copper (Cu) plays an essential role in biology as a cofactor for many enzymes that include Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase, cytochrome oxidase, ceruloplasmin, lysyl oxidase, and dopamine beta-hydroxylase. Consequently, Cu transport at the cell surface and the delivery of Cu to intracellular compartments are critical events for a wide variety of biological processes. The components that orchestrate intracellular Cu trafficking and their roles in Cu homeostasis have been elucidated by the studies of model microorganisms and by the characterizations of molecular basis of Cu-related genetic diseases, including Menkes disease and Wilson disease. However, little is known about the mechanisms for Cu uptake at the plasma membrane and the consequences of defects in this process in mammals. Here, we show that the mouse Ctr1 gene encodes a component of the Cu transport machinery and that mice heterozygous for Ctr1 exhibit tissue-specific defects in copper accumulation and in the activities of copper-dependent enzymes. Mice completely deficient for Ctr1 exhibit profound growth and developmental defects and die in utero in mid-gestation. These results demonstrate a crucial role for Cu acquisition through the Ctr1 transporter for mammalian Cu homeostasis and embryonic development.
Adolescent Chronic Pelvic Pain

The presentation of chronic pelvic pain in the adolescent can at times be quite daunting. A careful and insightful approach to obtaining the history and physical examination must be implemented while maintaining an appreciation of the various stages of adolescent development. The etiologies can range from gynecologic to nongynecologic causes. The ability to render an early diagnosis and appropriate treatment in this population of patients can significantly improve future reproductive health outcomes. The following minireview will outline a systematic approach to the adolescent with chronic pelvic pain.
Design and analysis of a multi-dimensional data sampling service for large scale data analysis applications

Sampling is a widely used technique to increase efficiency in database and data mining applications operating on large dataset. In this paper we present a scalable sampling implementation that supports efficient, multi-dimensional spatio-temporal sample generation on dynamic, large scale datasets stored on a storage cluster. The proposed algorithm leverages Hilbert space-filling curves in order to provide an approximate linear order of multidimensional data while maintaining spatial locality. This new implementation is then bootstrapped on top of our previous implementation, which efficiently samples large datasets along a single dimension (e.g., time), thereby realizing a service for spatio-temporal sampling. We evaluate the performance of our approach comparing it to the popular R-tree based technique. The experimental results show that our approach achieves up to an order of magnitude higher efficiency and scalability.
The influence of submerged pulpwood on feeding and condition of fishes in a reservoir

One hundred and forty years of log driving in the Kennebec River, Maine, left an estimated one to two million cords of submerged pulpwood logs, with major accumulations in reservoirs such as Wyman lake. Commercial salvaging of these logs began in 1978, which prompted a study to assess the importance of these logs to fishes and the potential effects of log salvaging. Vertical gill nets were set in Wyman Lake, in areas with and without logs, to measure fish densities and to obtain specimens for analysis of food habits and body conditions. Yellow perch (Perca flavescens) were more abundant in sites without logs (P < .05), but suckers (Catostomus spp.) were more abundant in sites with logs (P < 0.05). Yellow perch preyed primarily on cladocerans in sites without logs and on larger invertebrates in sites with logs, implying a difference in prey availability between study sites. Although the yellow perch and common shiners captured in non-log areas were longer than those in log areas (P < 0.05), their body conditions were not significantly different. Moderate log salvage operations would probably have little effect on the body conditions and abundances of fishes in Wyman Lake, if precautions were taken to avoid disruption of spawning and nursery areas at critical times of the year; impacts would vary in other lakes with differing topography and species compositions.
Male Procreative Consciousness and Responsibility: A Conceptual Analysis and Research Agenda

During the past several decades American males' relationship to the reproductive realm has undergone a significant transformation, and current societal conditions are likely to produce additional changes. The present analysis introduces a conceptual framework to describe and assess critically the nature and potential consequences of men's experiences in this life sphere. The conceptual linchpins of this analysis include two specific social-psychological concepts, procreative consciousness and procreative responsibility. These concepts are introduced and developed in relation to males' partner, father, and sex role identities. The discussion of these dynamic, interrelated concepts is informed by recent changes, current patterns, and future projections of males' relationship to the reproductive realm. Finally, key factors related to men's procreative experiences are identified and a basic agenda for research and social policy debate that focuses on contraception and custodial care/child support issues is pr...
DCG: deterministic clock-gating for low-power microprocessor design

With the scaling of technology and the need for higher performance and more functionality, power dissipation is becoming a major bottleneck for microprocessor designs. Because clock power can be significant in high-performance processors, we propose a deterministic clock-gating (DCG) technique which effectively reduces clock power. DCG is based on the key observation that for many of the pipelined stages of a modern processor, the circuit block usage in the near future is known a few cycles ahead of time. Our experiments show an average of 19.9% reduction in processor power with virtually no performance loss for an eight-issue, out-of-order superscalar by applying DCG to execution units, pipeline latches, D-cache wordline decoders, and result bus drivers.
Reliable Distributed Estimation with Intermittent Communications

We consider the problem of distributed target tracking via networked sensors. Our setup consists of a set of sensors connected to a fusion center by means of communication links. Unreliable communication channels leads to communication delays and loss of information. To address this problem we model the arrival of messages from the sensors to the fusion center by a random process. We develop encoding/decoding rules for optimal decentralized estimation and present network topologies where centralized performance can be achieved. The main difficulty with optimal asynchronous decentralized tracking arises from both the process dynamics and the random arrivals. We show if packet arrival times are globally revealed the fusion center can realize optimal centralized performance but at a large computational cost. On the other hand if centralized performance is desired only at certain stopping times it can be achieved with scalable communication cost.
Physiologic response of human brain death and the use of vasopressin for successful organ transplantation

The dynamic physiologic response of human brain death and the impact of vasopressin on successful organ transplantation is reported. A 60-year-old woman was admitted to the intensive care unit after severe traumatic brain injury resulting in brain death. Initial Cushing reflex was followed by a precipitous decrease in systemic blood pressure that was refractory to the alpha-agonist phenylephrine. After intravenous vasopressin was given, hemodynamic stability was restored and maintained until successful organ transplantation. Vasopressin, a catecholamine-sparing vasopressor and antidiuretic agent, may be an effective agent in the treatment of refractory hypotension after brain death prior to organ transplantation.
Development of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Piloting System with Integrated Motion Cueing for Training and Pilot Evaluation

UAV accidents have been steadily rising as demand and use of these vehicles increases. A critical examination of UAV accidents reveals that human error is a major cause. Advanced autonomous systems capable of eliminating the need for human piloting are still many years from implementation. There are also many potential applications of UAVs in near Earth environments that would require a human pilot's awareness and ability to adapt. This suggests a need to improve the remote piloting of UAVs. This paper explores the use of motion platforms to augment pilot performance and the use of a simulator system to asses UAV pilot skill. The approach follows studies on human factors performance and cognitive loading. The resulting design serves as a test bed to study UAV pilot performance, create training programs, and ultimately a platform to decrease UAV accidents.
Hybrid systems techniques for convergence of solutions to switching systems

Invariance principles for hybrid systems are used to derive invariance principles for nonlinear switching systems with multiple Lyapunov-like functions. Dwell-time, persistent dwell-time, and weak dwell-time solutions are considered. Asymptotic stability results are deduced under observability assumptions or common bounds on the Lyapunov-like functions.
Field quality control through the production phase of RHIC arc dipoles

The field quality in the are dipoles built thus far for the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) not only meets machine requirements but is significantly better than that expected from scaling laws based on previous large scale superconducting magnet production for particle accelerators. In this paper we describe the evolution of the present cross section and the design philosophy that has led to these improvements. The techniques described here have been found quite efficient to adopt in the production environment, where schedule and cost considerations become important. Moreover, the techniques developed during the R&D program have resulted in making the saturation induced harmonics negligible, despite the fact that the iron is very close to the coil.
Post-Moult Calcification in the Blue Crab (Callinectes Sapidus): Relationships between Apparent Net H+ Excretion, Calcium and Bicarbonate

SUMMARY In the days immediately after moulting, manipulations of external pH, [HCC"3~], and [Ca z+ ] were used to determine the nature of the rapid net Ca 2+ influx and attendant apparent net H + efflux in the blue crab (Callinectes sapidus Rathbun). Both fluxes were strongly inhibited by reductions in external [Ca 2+ ], [HC03~], or pH. The net Ca 2+ influx was reversed at an external concentration of Z-Smmoll" 1 , and both fluxes were reversed by reducing the external [HCC>3~] to O-Zmmoll" 1 . The correlation between net Ca 2+ flux and apparent net H + flux was 0-61 (P<0 - 01), but the variability and the time course of most experiments indicated that the link was indirect, rather than a direct coupling or cotransport. This conclusion was also borne out by acid-base disturbances that occurred in the low-[Ca 2+ ] treatment. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that inward calcium transport is accompanied by both inward HCO3~ transport and outward H + transport, probably by separate exchanges with ions of like charge such as Na + and Cl~. Crustecdysone (/S-ecdysone) does not appear to be involved in control of these post-moult fluxes and calcification.
Foreword: Oh, the Treatise!

This foreword to the Michigan Law Review’s 2013 Survey of Books Related to the Law considers the history of the American legal treatise in light of the well-known criticisms of legal scholarship published by Judge Harry Edwards in 1992. As part of his critique, Edwards characterized the legal treatise as “[t]he paradigm of practical legal scholarship.” In his words, treatises “create an interpretive framework; categorize the mass of legal authorities in terms of this framework; interpret closely the various authoritative texts within each category; and thereby demonstrate for judges or practitioners what ‘the law’ requires.” Part I examines the origins of the legal treatise and its early importance to the U.S. lawyers; Part II the impact that the massive growth in published case law had on the treatise during the latter part of the nineteenth century; and Part III the implications for the treatise of shifts from print to electronic formats in the twentieth century. The Foreword concludes by speculating briefly on the continuing need for the treatise in light of Edwards’s concerns and its place in the digital legal information environment.
Derridean Blackmail in The Big Sleep : Allegorizing the Unfixable Mirages of Photography, Film and Criticism

Recent criticism has already shown that the notoriously unanswered plot questions of The Big Sleep elicit serious philosophical issues, including skepticism about the validity of interpretation itself. The film allegorizes the reason for this questioning in what Derrida calls the "blackmail" of photography--its coercive claim to represent objective truth. Blackmail arising from photography is the main plot premise of The Big Sleep, but it serves as a figure for the "postal" world of signs divorced from referents, finally epitomized in thel groundlessness of Marlowe's logic and final conclusions. Parallels are drawn between this Derridean world and Adorno's writings, in the light of Derrida's acknowledgement of their affinity. The phrase "big sleep" is gangster-slang for death, but this essay argues that it also refers to life, understood in the Buddhist sense of the human illusion of a waking or enlightened life.
The Journal of Management’s First 40 Years A Look Back

Reflecting on the Journal of Management’s journey from a regional publication to an international outlet for management research, this editorial commentary (a) documents the year-to-year increase in number of citations to articles published in the journal as it has become a leading venue for management scholarship originating worldwide, (b) acknowledges the most frequently published authors in the journal over the past 40 years, and (c) recognizes the journal’s 50 most highly cited articles and their authors.
To treat or not to treat: Diminishing effectiveness of emamectin benzoate tree injections in ash trees heavily infested by emerald ash borer

Abstract Emerald ash borer (EAB), a non-native invasive tree-boring beetle, is the primary agent behind the widespread mortality of ash trees (Fraxinus spp.) in both natural forests and urban areas of North America. While a variety of insecticide options have been adopted for protection against EAB attacks, little has been reported on the success of insecticide treatments on EAB-infested trees. This is particularly important because EAB is difficult to detect in early stages of its infestation and protective treatment may be undertaken on trees already in decline. Here, we investigated the effectiveness over a four-year period of biennial emamectin benzoate injections in trees exhibiting different initial EAB infestation levels (estimated using visual ash canopy condition metrics) in an ash forest in central Ohio. Results indicate that emamectin benzoate treated trees exhibited less canopy decline relative to non-treated control trees over the course of the experiment. In fact, all untreated trees died over the course of the four-year experiment, while on average treated trees did not exhibit a significant decline. Furthermore, initially healthy and moderately EAB impacted trees treated with insecticide either maintained or improved their canopy condition, while initially heavily EAB impacted trees stabilized, declined slightly, or died. Our results suggest that by using trunk injections of emamectin benzoate, private and public landowners may effectively be able to preserve lightly or moderately EAB infested trees or delay the replacement of ash trees at varying levels of EAB infestation.
Modelling the Central Constant Emission X-ray component of η Carinae

The X-ray emission of $\eta$ Carinae shows multiple features at various spatial and temporal scales. The central constant emission (CCE) component is centred on the binary and arises from spatial scales much smaller than the bipolar Homunculus nebula, but likely larger than the central wind--wind collision region between the stars as it does not vary over the $\sim$2-3 month X-ray minimum when it can be observed. Using large-scale 3D smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) simulations, we model both the colliding-wind region between the stars, and the region where the secondary wind collides with primary wind ejected from the previous periastron passage. The simulations extend out to one hundred semimajor axes and make two limiting assumptions (strong coupling and no coupling) about the influence of the primary radiation field on the secondary wind. We perform 3D radiative transfer calculations on the SPH output to synthesize the X-ray emission, with the aim of reproducing the CCE spectrum. For the preferred primary mass-loss rate $\dot{M}_A\approx8.5\times10^{-4}$ M$_\odot$ yr$^{-1}$, the model spectra well reproduce the observation as the strong- and no-coupling spectra bound the CCE observation for longitude of periastron $\omega\approx252^\circ$, and bound/converge on the observation for $\omega\approx90^\circ$. This suggests that $\eta$ Carinae has moderate coupling between the primary radiation and secondary wind, that both the region between the stars and the comoving collision on the backside of the secondary generate the CCE, and that the CCE cannot place constraints on the binary's line of sight. We also discuss comparisons with common X-ray fitting parameters.