cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lewis Acid Induced Epoxide Rearrangement for Complex Molecule Synthesis

Background Epoxides are important and useful intermediates for the synthesis of complex organic structures due to their ease of preparation and their propensity for strain-induced ring-opening reactions. In fact, the reactions of epoxides are where most of us were first introduced to the power of mechanism-based control of reactivity. We learned that the regioselectivity of epoxide fragmentation could be controlled by both substituents (sterics vs. electronics) and reaction conditions (acidic vs. basic). Moreover, if one limits the nucleophilic reactivity of reagents in solution, Lewis acidinduced epoxide ring opening will provide opportunity for carbocation generation and rearrangement.
The equation of state and critical exponents in quenched strongly coupled QED

Abstract We study the equation of state of quenched strongly coupled QED with fine structure constant α, extended by a chirally invariant four-Fermi interaction with strength parametrized by G, along the entire critical line in the (α, G) plane as described by the Schwinger-Dyson equation for the fermion self-mass. From there we extract the critical indices β, δ, ν and γ as functions of the two couplings and find that they vary continuously from their mean field values at α = 0, G = 4 to those corresponding to the essential singularity behaviour at α = π 3 , G = 1 . At each point on the critical line, the critical exponents satisfy hyperscaling. We extract the critical exponents δ and β from quenched lattice QED simulations by studying the bare fermion mass dependence of the chiral condensate and the λ-dependence of the density of states ϱ(λ) of the spectrum of the Dirac operator at the critical point. We find that the effective δ obtained from numerical fits depends sensitively on the value of βc taken as the critical coupling. Our best fits favor βc = 0.257(1), δ = 2.2(1), and the exponent β = 0.8(1). For the particular value of the critical exponents obtained from the lattice simulations we find a point on the critical line. Since the exponent δ depends on the anomalous dimensions of the fermion composites, we make a connection between lattice measurements and Schwinger-Dyson equation results.
Tolerance of Stokes aster to selected herbicides

Abstract Stokes aster ( Stokesia laevis (Hill) Greene) is a potential industrial oilseed crop. Achenes of the plant produce vernolic acid, a source of epoxy oil useful in paints and plastics. Because Stokes aster does not produce an economical yield the first year of growth, a viable production system for the first year may be to intercrop it with a summer annual such as soybean ( Glycine max (L.) Merr.). Weed control is a major management problem for the slow-growing seedlings so that Stokes aster's tolerance to eleven soybean herbicides was determined. Postemergence herbicide and preplant/pre-emergence herbicide greenhouse experiments were conducted. Stokes aster showed excellent tolerance to fluazifop-P-butyl, vernolate, and trifluralin; moderate tolerance to imazaquin, acifluorfen, fomesafen, and metribuzin; and sensitivity to chlorimuron, bentazon, metolachlor, and norflurazon.
Fires and explosions in vapor control systems: A lessons learned anthology

As new environmental technologies have been introduced, and as older technologies have been applied in new ways to meet specific combinations of environmental and process needs, new failure modes have evolved, some of which can contribute to increased risks of explosion, fire, and chemical release. This paper presents anecdotal accounts of losses involving vapor control systems installed at processing plants specifically for environmental considerations. From this experience base, the authors discuss the importance of good process safety management practices as applied to environmental technologies, and offer guidance to plant management in selecting appropriate environmental technologies.
Spectrum of CT findings in patients with atrial fibrillation and nontraumatic acute abdomen.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of our study was to review the wide spectrum of pertinent CT findings in patients with acute nontraumatic abdominal pain in the setting of atrial fibrillation.CONCLUSION. Underlying embolic or hemorrhagic complications are common in patients with acute nontraumatic abdominal pain in the setting of atrial fibrillation and can be accurately seen on CT.
The isolation of restriction fragments containing the primary and secondary (ga/T) bacterial att sites of phage λ

Abstract Transducing derivatives of bacteriophage λ have been used to isolate small DNA restriction fragments which contain the primary bacterial att site (BOB′) for phage insertion and the secondary bacterial att site (ΔOΔ′) at gal T. Four hybrid att sites, BOP′, POB, ΔOP′, and POΔ′, have also been isolated in small restriction fragments. Acrylamide-agarose or agarose gel electrophoresis profiles of two analogous isogenic sets of transducing phage were compared with profiles of wild-type λ to identify the att -containing fragments. Each set consisted of phages transducing bacterial DNA originating to the right (e.g., POB′ or POΔ′) or left (e.g., BOP′ or ΔOP′) of the prophage and a recombinant phage, transducing all of the bacterial DNA of both the rightward and leftward tranaducing lines (e.g., a regenerated BOB′ or ΔOΔ′). The att -containing fragment of each phage was identified by virtue of the fact that it was the only fragment which was unique to the gel profile of that phage. For the mutants transducing the primary bacterial att site, the restriction enzymes Hind II + III and Mbo II were used sequentially to obtain fragments containing BOB′, POB′, and BOP′ of approximately 560, 580, and 340 base pairs in length, respectively. For the mutants transducing the secondary att site at gal T, restriction enzymes Hind III, Bam HI, Eco RI, and Hin fl were used to identify fragments containing ΔOΔ′, POΔ′, and ΔOP′ of approximately 755, 475, and 580 base pairs in length, respectively. These fragments can be isolated in sufficient quantity for biochemical studies on att site interactions and in sufficient purity for sequence analysis.
Polymorphism in fowl serum albumin—II. Effect of salt concentration on protein synthesis in cell-free chicken and rat liver preparations

Abstract 1. 1. Protein synthesis was studied in cell-free systems prepared from the livers of adult and embryonic chickens and rats. 2. 2. Difficulty reported by others in obtaining active adult chicken preparations is ascribed to the sub-optimal conditions used in isolating the ribosomes which then have impaired ability to incorporate label into protein, in cell-free systems. 3. 3. To obtain active chicken liver ribosomes an isolation medium of significantly higher salt content is required than for isolation of active rat ribosomes.
Play-Based Activities in Family Counseling

Traditional family therapists often work with family members of similar cognitive levels and exclude small children from the therapeutic process. Recent research indicates that children and families benefit when all family members can be involved in counseling (e.g., Thompson, Bender, Cordoso, & Flynn, 2011). Using an integrative intervention model, this article will focus on specific play-based activities which can be used to effectively include children in family therapy. A developmental, step-by step protocol is introduced and specific play-based activities are discussed.
A conversation analytical study of telephone conversation openings between native and nonnative speakers

Abstract The purpose of this paper is twofold: First, it contrasts “ritual routines” in telephone conversation openings in Iran and Germany. Specifically, it focuses on the interactional organization of the ritual “how are you” sequence in both cultures. Furthermore, it illustrates how the ritual “how are you” sequence is expanded in Iranian telephone conversation openings: in opening a conversation on the phone, after inquiring about one another's well-being, the Iranian co-participants move one step further and inquire about the well-being of their respective families. Unlike Iranian telephone conversation openings, however, German telephone conversation openings often do not include the ritual “how are you”. When German co-participants do perform a set of a “how are you” sequences, they are not reciprocated. The first part of the “how are you” sequence frequently functions as a topic elicitation. In other words, the response to an inquiry about the co-participant's well-being is usually topicalized. The second part of this paper presents some instances of transfer of the culture specific differences in telephone conversation opening routines in conversations between Iranian nonnative speakers of German and German native speakers. Specifically, it illustrates how German native speakers understand and orient to the ritual inquiries about themselves and their family as topic elicitation.
A test for hormonal responsiveness in a mammary epithelial cell line, NMuMg

The NMuMG cell line derived from normal mouse mammary epithelial cells was tested for responsiveness to hormones. The hormones studied included insulin, glucocorticoids (cortisol and dexamethasone), and prolactin. In addition to membrane bound insulin receptors and prolactin receptors, the cells had 2 × 104 cytoplasmic glucocorticoid receptors per cell. Morphological changes were observed in response to hormones. Clusters of cells appeared with greatly increased diameter, and the number of cells per plate was reduced. The rate of DNA synthesis, corrected by cell number, indicates that cell division, and hence cell turnover, was increased by the combination of all three hormones. Insulin greatly enhanced protein synthesis, but glucocorticoid and prolactin did not further increase the rate. The combination of the three hormones produced a change in the synthesis of histones, consistent with the increase in cell turnover.
A Call to Broaden and Build Mikulincer and Shaver's Work on the Benefits of Priming Attachment Security

Mikulincer and Shaver (2007) summarize work providing new evidence of the far-reaching implications of the efforts of their research team to advance attachment theory in the study adult interpersonal behavior. This impressive body of experimental research strongly supports the conclusion that attachment processes are at the foundation of important social interactions such as prosocial behavior, altruism, empathy, and intergroup acceptance. In this response I have highlight supporting evidence from research on attachment and psychotherapy and from studies of group members' interpersonal perceptions using Kenny's (1994) Social Relations Model. Caution is also urged regarding the conclusion that secure attachment primes have beneficial effects for nearly everyone. New experimental evidence suggests attachment anxiety may be associated with undesirable changes in affect following some secure attachment primes.
Coalbed gas systems, resources, and production and a review of contrasting cases from the San Juan and Powder River basins

Coalbed gas has been produced commercially from the northern Appalachian basin since the 1930s and from the San Juan basin since the early 1950s. However, the magnitude and economic sig nificance of coalbed gas resources were realized only in the 1970s and early 1980s when the U.S. Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of Energy, the Gas Research Institute, and oil and gas operators made a concerted effort to demonstrate commercial production of coalbed gas from vertical wells. Exploration and development ex panded in the late 1980s and early 1990s, due partly to an uncon ventional fuels tax credit. By 2000, coalbed gas accounted for 8.8% of the reserves (15.7 tcf [0.44 Tm3]) and 9.2% of the annual pro duction (1.38 tcf [40 Gm3]) of dry gas in the United States. From 1989 through 2000, cumulative United States coalbed gas produc tion was 9.63 tcf (272 Gm3). Today, coalbed gas development has spread to about a dozen basins in the United States, and exploration is progressing worldwide. Coal beds are self-sourcing reservoirs that can contain ther mogenic, migrated thermogenic, biogenic, or mixed gas. Coalbed gas is stored primarily within micropores of the coal matrix in an adsorbed state and secondarily in micropores and fractures as free gas or solution gas in water. The key parameters that control gas resources and producibility are thermal maturity, maceral compo sition, gas content, coal thickness, fracture density, in-situ stress, permeability, burial history, and hydrologic setting. These param eters vary greatly in the producing fields of the United States and the world. In 2000, the San Juan basin accounted for more than 80% of the United States coalbed gas production. This basin contains a gi ant coalbed gas play, the Fruitland fairway, which has produced more than 7 tcf (0.2 Tm3) of gas. The Fruitland coalbed gas system and its key elements contrast with the Fort Union coalbed gas play in the Powder River basin. The Fort Union coalbed play is one of the fastest developing gas plays in the United States. Its production escalated from 14 bcf (0.4 Gm3) in 1997 to 147.3 bcf (4.1 Gm3) in 2000, when it accounted for 10.7% of the United States coalbed gas production. By 2001, annual production was 244.7 bcf (6.9 Gm3). Differences between the Fruitland and Fort Union petroleum systems make them ideal for elucidating the key elements of contrasting coalbed gas petroleum systems.
Extramedullary BCR-ABL1-negative myeloid leukemia in a patient with chronic myeloid leukemia and synchronous cytogenetic abnormalities in Philadelphia-positive and -negative clones during imatinib therapy

Extramedullary BCR-ABL1-negative myeloid leukemia in a patient with chronic myeloid leukemia and synchronous cytogenetic abnormalities in Philadelphia-positive and -negative clones during imatinib therapy
Plasmodium gallinaceum : sporozoite invasion of Aedes aegypti salivary glands is inhibited by anti-gland antibodies and by lectins

Abstract There is evidence which suggests that malaria sporozoites recognize mosquito salivary glands by specific receptor-ligand interactions. We are interested in identifying the putative salivary gland receptor(s) for sporozoite invasion. We used an in vivo bioassay for sporozoite invasion of salivary glands. In this assay, purified sporozoites from mature oocysts of Plasmodium gallinaceum were injected into Aedes aegypti mosquitoes and salivary glands were dissected at different time points after injection. One half of the maximum invasion of salivary glands by sporozoites occurred by 6 hr, and salivary gland sporozoite load did not increase further after 24 hr postinjection. This assay was used to determine the effect of experimental treatments with antibodies and lectins at 24 hr postinjection. We raised a rabbit polyclonal antiserum against female Ae. aegypti salivary glands which recognized tissue-specific determinants in the basal lamina of salivary glands. Purified IgG antibody fraction of the immune serum blocked sporozoite invasion in vivo. We tested a panel of 19 lectins and found 7 which bound to salivary glands. Of these 7, succinylated wheat germ agglutinin and wheat germ agglutinin completely blocked sporozoite invasion; Pisum sativum agglutinin and soybean agglutinin partially blocked; and concanavalin A, Dolichos biflorus agglutinin, and Phaseolus vulgaris erythroagglutinin did not block. Our results suggest that sporozoites interact with glycosylated salivary gland surface molecules which serve as receptors for invasion, and which may be in the salivary,oland basal lamina. Because the putative sporozoite receptors contain immunogenic determinants, it is feasible to identify them by an immunological strategy.
Impact of a home-based primary care program in an urban Veterans Affairs medical center.

Objectives Describe how an interdisciplinary home-based primary care program (HBPC) affected hospital and emergency department (ED) use in an urban Veterans Affairs medical center. Design A retrospective review. Setting HBPC of the Washington, DC, Veterans Affairs Medical Center (VAMC-DC). Participants All HBPC patients enrolled for at least 6 months during the period of January 1, 2001 through December 31, 2002. Measurements Baseline demographic variables (such as age, gender, race, living arrangement, community services used), major medical diagnoses, functional measures (MMSE, ADL, IADL, Braden), advance directives, episodes of ED, and hospital use for the 6-month period before and after HBPC enrollment from the VAMC-DC and discharge status (obtained from electronic medical records). Results A total of 183 patients were enrolled in HBPC for at least 6 months during the 24-month study period. Ninety-five percent were male with a mean age of 73.6 years (range 36 to 95). Most were African American (71%) and lived with a caregiver (65%). The average number of comorbidities was 6 per patient. At the end of the 2-year study period, 45% remained active in HBPC and 17% had died. Using paired score analysis t tests, patients enrolled in HBPC for 6 months had 43.7% fewer hospital admissions ( P = .001) and spent 49.9% fewer days in the hospital ( P = .001). The 18.5% reduction in ED visits was not statistically significant ( P = .2632). Conclusions Use of HBPC for 6 months for frail chronically ill patients in an urban VAMC may be associated with fewer hospital admissions resulting in reduced total hospital days, but no significant change in ED use.
Speckle and radiometry

This paper will discuss the problem of the decorrelation of speckle. When a target isirradiated with a coherent laser source, speckle leads to signal variations which is signal noise when the signal can't be adequately signal averaged. Movement of a diffuse incoherent scattering target decorrelates the spatial coherence but a temporal correlation is introduced.
Post‐European Sedimentation and Nutrient Loading in Lake St. Croix: A Natural Impoundment on the St. Croix River, USA

The final 37 km of the St. Croix River were naturally dammed by the Mississippi River to form Lake St. Croix approximately 9500 years ago. The St. Croix River is currently regarded as having ‘exceptional resource value’, as one of the least impacted large Midwest river systems. Twenty-four 2-m piston cores were recovered in 1999–2001 from Lake St. Croix sub-basins to identify post-European settlement signals of land use, trophic change, and sedimentation using a whole-basin approach to reconstruct loading history of nutrients, sediments, heavy metals, and organics. Dating chronologies based on 210Pb inventories indicated both cores recovered a sediment sequence dating from pre- and post-European settlement (c. 1850) in the St. Croix River basin. Select cores were subjected to magnetic susceptibility, loss-on-ignition, and diatom microfossil analysis. Sedimentary increases in magnetic susceptibility were indicative of increased erosion and transport of ferromagnetic mineral grains due to initiation of settlement, logging, and agricultural activities in the basin. A three-fold increase in sediment accumulation began in the mid-1800s in the northern basin and by 1900 in the southern basin. Diatom accumulation increased 20–50-fold since settlement with a shift from benthic- to planktonic-dominated assemblages. Simultaneous with the assemblage shift were the introduction and establishment of many planktonic diatoms considered ubiquitous indicators of eutrophy. The fossil diatom assemblages were further analyzed using weighted-averaging calibration and reconstruction of historical water column total phosphorus (TP). Reconstructed TP values showed that water column nutrient values have increased 2.5–3-fold since presettlement times. Presettlement values of about 0.02 mg/L TP were found in both cores with TP increases beginning c. 1910 and especially dramatic increases after World War II. Modern reconstructed TP values (about 0.055 mg/L) were similar to TP concentrations reported from monitoring during the last few decades; however, the river was clearly impacted well before monitoring efforts were begun.
Photoablation and lens damage from fractional Talbot images of Dammann gratings.

UV photoablation of materials is recorded for both the near and far fields after transmission through a Dammann grating. The fused silica Fourier lens used for far-field imaging was damaged by a near-field intensity pattern with the same periodicity as the Dammann grating. The lens was located inadvertently at one eighth of the Talbot distance Z T behind the Dammann grating. Patterns recorded in copper film at the even-fractional Talbot planes compare qualitatively with calculated intensities. On the basis of these findings, a near-field intensity pattern was used to ablate vias in copper and polyimide films. The pattern at a distance of ZT/8 was used for via ablation because it is the pattern with the most fluence per spot.
Primary restrictive cardiomyopathy in childhood

Abstract Restrictive cardiomyopathy is one of the rarest forms of cardiomyopathy in childhood and is associated with very poor prognosis (median transplant-free survival approximately 2 years). Little progress has been made in our understanding of the etiology of this condition, and most cases are considered ‘idiopathic’ in nature. No strong predictors of outcome have been identified and sudden death is common, even among those with few symptoms. Disappointingly, no effective therapies have emerged other than heart transplantation. Studies of familial cases suggest genetic and phenotypic overlap with other forms of cardiomyopathy, especially hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Future research priorities include more careful delineation of phenotype(s), search for genetic etiologies and molecular mechanisms of disease, and studies to identify prognostic factors. Given the rarity of this condition, future studies will require collaboration among large numbers of centers following the models developed by the US Pediatric Cardiomyopathy Registry and the National Australian Childhood Cardiomyopathy Study.
Robustness without rank order statistics

An alternative to conventional rank tests based on a Euclidean distance analysis space is described. Comparisons based on exact probability values among classical two-sample t-tests and the Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney test illustrate the advantages of the Euclidean distance analysis space alternative.
Treatment of a High Large Extracranial Carotid Artery Pseudoaneurysm from Trauma Using a Viabahn Graft

Blunt cerebrovascular injury has received much attention over the recent years; however, there is still considerable variability in terms of adequate criteria and treatment strategies. A case report was conducted to discuss the available literature in this disease process relative to the current practices at a level 1 urban trauma center. Screening and treatment methods were discussed. A patient with a high cervical extracranial pseudoaneurysm of the internal carotid artery was treated successfully with endovascular techniques without future neurologic sequalae.
Dürer's Rider

Durer's first extremely elaborate engraving is interpreted here as a farewell to the equestrian type rather than its oddly anonymous celebration. The work is placed in the aftermath of the bloody Battle of Ravenna (1512), in which the effects of gunpowder were registered with shock, and in the context of changing norms of political savvy, exemplified in the dreary career of the knightly Emperor Maximilian and the bloody career of the feared Cesare Borgia. The historically outmoded Knight with his ghoulish companions is seen as doomed rather than as inspiring or comforting. Rather than imperviousness to harm, he signifies the moribund character of chivalry in the new world of gunpowder and power politics. The work's role as print is also examined, both its place in Durer's oeuvre, as the precursor of his etching, the Landscape with a Cannon, and its saleability to unsuspecting buyers as seeming to belong to a traditional type. The iconographic vagueness of the image is taken as a sign of its subtle conceptualization, picked up on by the Master of 1515 in his odd engraving of an equestrian. (pp. 511–522)
An Electrophysiological Investigation of Interhemispheric Transfer Time in Children and Adolescents with High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders

Little is known about the functional impact of putative deficits in white-matter connectivity across the corpus callosum (CC) in individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). We utilized the temporal sensitivity of event-related potentials to examine the interhemispheric transfer time (IHTT) of basic visual information across the CC in youth with high-functioning ASD relative to healthy controls. We conducted two experiments: a visual letter matching experiment (n = 46) and a visual picture matching experiment, (n = 48) and utilized both electrophysiological (N1 and P1 amplitudes and latencies) and behavioral [response times (RTs), error rates] indices of IHTT. There were no significant group differences on either experiment for RTs, error rates, or N1 and P1 latencies, suggesting that on basic tasks the timing of information flow across the CC may not be altered in high functioning ASD.
Factors determining the physical properties of protein foams

Abstract Protein foams are an integral component of many foods such as meringue, nougat and angel food cake. With all these applications, the protein foam must first obtain the desired level of air phase volume (foamability), and then maintain stability when subjected to a variety of processes including mixing, cutting and heating. Therefore, factors determining foamability and stability to mechanical and thermal processing are important to proper food applications of protein foams. We have investigated the effects of protein type, protein modification and co-solutes on overrun, stability and yield stress. The level of overrun generated by different proteins was: whey protein isolate hydrolysates >whey protein isolate=β-lactoglobulin=egg white>α-lactalbumin. The level of yield stress generated by different proteins was: egg white>whey protein isolate hydrolysates≥β-lactoglobulin>whey protein isolate>α-lactalbumin. Factors that decreased surface charge (pH∼pI or high ionic strength) caused a more rapid adsorption of protein at the air–water interface, generally increased dilatational viscoelasticity and increased foam yield stress. The elastic component of the dilatational modulus of the air–water interface was correlated with foam yield stress. The properties of foams did not predict performance in making angel food cakes. A model for foam performance in angel food cakes is proposed.
Feeding Artemisia annua alters digesta pH and muscle lipid oxidation products in broiler chickens

Because of growing consumer concern about the use of antimicrobials and the ban on most antibiotic feed additives in the European Union, there is increased interest in using alternatives to antimicrobials in poultry diets. Dried leaves of Artemisia annua have been used in Oriental medicine due to their antimicrobial activities. In the current study, the effect of including A. annua in broiler diets on hindgut and ceca pH, lipid oxidation products, and phenolic content of dark and white meat, and bird performance were investigated. A total of 96 broiler chicks were kept in 48 cages. Two cages with 2 birds per each cage are considered as 1 replicate, and there were 8 replications per treatment. The birds were fed corn-soy diets containing 0% (control), 2% (ART2), or 4% (ART4) dried A. annua leaves from d 14 through d 42. Cecal digesta pH was the lowest in birds fed the ART4 diet (P 0.05). Artemisia annua addition did not affect final BW, weight gain, feed consumption, carcass weight, or feed:gain. No difference was observed in the relative weight of liver, abdominal fat, spleen, or heart tissue. Gastric acidity is protective against intestinal colonization and translocation of pathogenic bacteria. Therefore, gut pH and muscle tissue TBARS reduction in birds fed ART2 and ART4 suggest that A. annua may prove useful as a natural phytogenic feed additive with antioxidant potential that could be incorporated into poultry diets.
Water mobility and crystallization action of lactose-water systems by oxygen-17 and carbon-13 NMR

Systems ranging in concentration from 10-60g lactose/100g water were investigated by fully proton decoupled 17O and fully proton decoupled 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). The relation between 17O NMR transverse relaxation rate measurements and lactose concentration showed water mobility decreased linearly with increasing lactose concentration up to 25g lactose/100g water and decreased rapidly and nonlinearly above that level. Water mobility was used to monitor lactose crystallization in supersaturated solutions with time. The 13C NMR showed no significant differences in chemical shifts of carbon atom peaks in lactose molecules during crystallization. However, depending on the method of sample preparation, mutarotation could be observed.
Quantitative comparison of multispectral image-sharpening algorithms

This paper presents a quantitative comparison of a multispectral sharpening algorithm, which was introduced previously, with other standard techniques. The sharpening algorithms combine a high spatial resolution panchromatic image with a lower resolution multispectral image. The combination is based on a pseudo inverse of the image formation equations. The paper begins with an introduction motivating the technique. Previous approaches to the sharpening problem are then outlined. This is followed by a description of two new approaches. The first is an improvement on the standard intensity saturation hue (ISH) transform and the second is a sharpener which was introduced in previous papers. After descriptions of the sharpeners, the more important results of a series of experiments to evaluate the sharpener performance are presented. A full series of tests in which low resolution multispectral data was synthesized from a high resolution scene, sharpened with various techniques and compared to the original high resolution imagery was conducted. The most significant results are presented in this paper. A second test was conducted using both high and low resolution images collected of the same area. Sharpened low resolution multispectral images were compared to actual high resolution imagery of the same area.
Similarity in Friendships

(1962). Similarity in Friendships. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 57, No. 1, pp. 195-202.
Optimism, distress, and immunologic status in HIV-infected gay men following hurricane andrew

This study investigated how dispositional optimism relates to psychological and immunologic status in 40 HIV-infected gay men residing in areas of South Florida hard hit by Hurricane Andrew. In the months following the storm, participants’ levels of psychological distress (hurricane-related and overall distress) and antibody titers to several herpesviruses (Herpes Simplex Virus-2, Epstein-Barr Virus [EBV], Cytomegalovirus, and Human Herpes Virus-6 [HHV-6]) were measured. Overall, participants had elevated mean levels of hurricane-specific and general distress. Higher levels of optimism were related to lower levels of depression, overall distress, and hurricane-specific posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. After controlling for nonspecific polyclonal B cell activation, greater optimism was also associated with lower levels of circulating antibodies to EBV and HHV-6, suggesting better cellular immunologie control over these viruses among optimists. Regression analyses showed that the relation between optimism and lower EBV titers was partially mediated by the lower depression levels experienced by optimists.
Agent-based modeling of user circumvention of security

Security subsystems are often designed with flawed assumptions arising from system designers' faulty mental models. Designers tend to assume that users behave according to some textbook ideal, and to consider each potential exposure/interface in isolation. However, fieldwork continually shows that even well-intentioned users often depart from this ideal and circumvent controls in order to perform daily work tasks, and that "incorrect" user behaviors can create unexpected links between otherwise "independent" interfaces. When it comes to security features and parameters, designers try to find the choices that optimize security utility---except these flawed assumptions give rise to an incorrect curve, and lead to choices that actually make security worse, in practice.We propose that improving this situation requires giving designers more accurate models of real user behavior and how it influences aggregate system security. Agent-based modeling can be a fruitful first step here. In this paper, we study a particular instance of this problem, propose user-centric techniques designed to strengthen the security of systems while simultaneously improving the usability of them, and propose further directions of inquiry.
Caffeine and impulsiveness in rats

Two groups of rats maintained at 85% free-feeding weight (FFW), water-deprived 23 h daily, received 1-h access to either water or caffeine solution (0.5 mg/ml) and then 10–40 min later were tested for impulsiveness (choice of a small immediate reinforcer over a large delayed reinforcer) in a T maze. When they entered one goalbox, the rats would receive one pellet immediately, which we considered to be the impulsive choice. When they entered the other goalbox, the rats would receive six pellets after a delay of 15 sec, which we considered to be the self-control choice. Change scores revealed a statistically significant difference (p < .01) between groups, with the caffeine group making more impulsive choices. However, the absolute increase in impulsiveness was small. These results support research on the effects of caffeine on impulsive human behavior, which suggests that if caffeine does increase impulsiveness, the effect is weak. It is suggested that aversive stimulation may increase impulsiveness.
Influence of season and activity on sodium content of bones and plasma of the bat, Myotis lucifugus.

Plasma und Knochensubstanz von Mikrochiropteren wurden auf Natriumgehalt untersucht. Der Knochen-Natriumgehalt nimmt im Verlauf der Winterschlaflethargie ab und kehrt zu hoheren Werten bei Sommerfledermausen zuruck. Die Knochen-Natriummenge ist bei aktiven Fledermausen, die in ihren Bewegungen wahrend des Sommers und Winters behindert wurden, niedriger als bei freigelassenen Fledermausen. Dies zeigt, dass die Bewegung keinen starken Einfluss auf den Mineralgehalt der Knochen hat. Der Plasma-Natriumgehalt der Fledermause ist hoher als in den meisten andern Saugetieren und scheint zudem zu Beginn des Winterschlafs besonders hoch zu sein.
Familial Identification: Population Structure and Relationship Distinguishability

With the expansion of offender/arrestee DNA profile databases, genetic forensic identification has become commonplace in the United States criminal justice system. Implementation of familial searching has been proposed to extend forensic identification to family members of individuals with profiles in offender/arrestee DNA databases. In familial searching, a partial genetic profile match between a database entrant and a crime scene sample is used to implicate genetic relatives of the database entrant as potential sources of the crime scene sample. In addition to concerns regarding civil liberties, familial searching poses unanswered statistical questions. In this study, we define confidence intervals on estimated likelihood ratios for familial identification. Using these confidence intervals, we consider familial searching in a structured population. We show that relatives and unrelated individuals from population samples with lower gene diversity over the loci considered are less distinguishable. We also consider cases where the most appropriate population sample for individuals considered is unknown. We find that as a less appropriate population sample, and thus allele frequency distribution, is assumed, relatives and unrelated individuals become more difficult to distinguish. In addition, we show that relationship distinguishability increases with the number of markers considered, but decreases for more distant genetic familial relationships. All of these results indicate that caution is warranted in the application of familial searching in structured populations, such as in the United States.
Markers of sodium and volume homeostasis in pregnancy-induced hypertension.

Normal pregnancy is associated with increased levels of digitalis-like factor (DLF) and erythrocyte sodium-lithium countertransport (RBC CTT), which return to normal levels postpartum. Patients with pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) have greater increases in both factors than women with normotensive pregnancies. This study was designed to determine if both abnormalities are observed concomitantly in PIH, if they correlate with blood pressure, if they correlate negatively with a hormonal index of volume status (PRA), and if they differ in women with and without proteinuria. Twenty-six normotensive women and 26 women with PIH were studied in the third trimester. Thirteen of these patients were also studied 6 months postpartum. Women with PIH, compared to those who were normotensive, had higher RBC CTT (0.49 +/- 0.04 vs. 0.36 +/- 0.03 mmol Li/L cells.h; P = 0.004) and DLF (0.30 +/- 0.3 vs. 0.20 +/- 0.03 microgram digoxin equiv./L; P = 0.01) and lower PRA [4.58 +/- 0.76 vs. 7.34 +/- 0.86 ng/mL.h (1.27 +/- 0.21 vs. 2.04 +/- 0.24 ng/L.s); P = 0.001]. All three parameters correlated significantly with diastolic blood pressures (RBC CTT and DLF positively (P less than or equal to 0.02) and PRA negatively (P = 0.03). Comparisons of DLF, RBC CTT, and PRA demonstrated a significant correlation of RBC CTT and DLF for normotensive pregnant women only (r = 0.38; P = 0.05). Patients with PIH were further analyzed according to whether proteinuria (24-h urinary protein, greater than 0.30 g; urine dipstick, greater than or equal to 2+) was present or absent. There was no significant difference in diastolic blood pressure or PRA between the hypertensive subpopulations, although there was a tendency for those without proteinuria to have lower PRAs [3.85 +/- 0.80 ng/mL.h (1.07 +/- 0.02 ng/L.s)] than those with proteinuria [5.31 +/- 1.30 ng/mL.h (1.48 +/- 0.36 ng/L.s)]. RBC CTT was significantly higher (P less than 0.05) in women with PIH without proteinuria, whereas serum DLF was significantly higher in women with PIH with proteinuria (P less than 0.05). In 13 women studied 6 months postpartum, there was a significant reduction in serum DLF, RBC CTT, and PRA for all women and in blood pressure for women who had had PIH (P less than 0.01). Thus, women with PIH, compared to normotensive pregnant women, had abnormalities in a variety of factors known to be volume sensitive or indicative of salt- and volume-sensitive forms of hypertension.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PAPERS ON QUANTUM COSMOLOGY

This is a reasonably exhaustive list of papers in the field of quantum cosmology, where quantum cosmology is taken to mean the application of quantum gravity to cosmological models. It concentrates mainly on papers published since about 1980. It also includes a less exhaustive list of papers on wormholes and baby universes.
Teaching values and valued teaching in the mathematics classroom: toward a research agenda

In this paper, we first discuss the teaching of values by focusing on the kinds of values that have been discussed and studied in the other papers in this special journal issue and elsewhere. Then we raise a number of issues about the product-based values in mathematics education, which we identify as teaching values and which can be realized through classroom instruction. In the second section, we discuss the process-based valued teaching methods used to maximize the realization of the teaching values in the classroom. As valued teaching may be perceived differently by different people, in the discussion we analyze how it is seen from both students’ and teachers’ perspectives. We end this paper by discussing a number of methodological issues in studying teaching values and valued teaching as well as offering suggestions for future research.
Decay-adjusted chemical mass balance receptor modeling for volatile organic compounds

Abstract A decay-adjusted chemical mass balance (CMB) model has been used to estimate the contributions of gasoline vapor and highway vehicle emissions to volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations measured at two receptor sites in Atlanta, GA. A new empirical method is proposed for estimating decay factors for VOC species, to account for reaction rates that differ across compounds, and thus fractionate source profiles during transport to a receptor. The adjusted CMB model and a standard CMB model were applied to synthetic test cases, as well as to data from the 1990 Atlanta Ozone Precursor Monitoring Study (Purdue et al. , 1992, EPA/600/R-92/157, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). A principal components analysis source apportionment method was also applied to the Atlanta data. In the test cases, the adjusted CMB model corrected biases in standard CMB results that were due to VOC decay. At both receptor sites in Atlanta, the average contribution of vehicle-related emissions was approximately 70% of total nonmethane organic compounds. For most of the Atlanta samples, adjusting for decay resulted in small improvements in the agreement between CMB-predicted and observed concentrations of individual VOCs, but did not significantly change the estimated emissions contributions.
Testing the phylogenetic position of Cambrian pancrustacean larval fossils by coding ontogenetic stages

The study of ontogeny as an integral part of understanding the pattern of evolution dates back over 200 years, but only recently have ontogenetic data been explicitly incorporated into phylogenetic analyses. Pancrustaceans undergo radical ontogenetic changes. The spectacular upper Cambrian "Orsten" fauna preserves phosphatized fossil larvae, including putative crown-group pancrustaceans with amazingly complete developmental sequences. The putative presence and nature of adult stages remains a source of debate, causing spurious placements in a traditional morphological analysis. We introduce a new coding method where each semaphoront (discrete larval or adult stage) is considered an operational taxonomic unit. This avoids a priori assumptions of heterochrony. Characters and their states are defined to identify changes in morphology throughout ontogeny. Phylogenetic analyses of semaphoronts produced possible relationships of each Orsten fossil to the crown-group clade expected from morphology shared with extant larvae. Bredocaris is a member of the stem lineage of Thecostraca or (Thecostraca + Copepoda), and Yicaris and Rehbachiella are probably members of the stem lineage of Cephalocarida. These placements rely directly on comparisons between extant and fossil larval character states. The position of Phosphatocopina remains unresolved. This method may have broader applications to other phylogenetic problems which may rely on ontogenetically variable homology statements.
Epistatic analysis of the roles of the RAD27 and POL4 gene products in DNA base excision repair in S. cerevisiae.

Abstract The cellular role of the DNA polymerase encoded by the Saccharomyces cerevisiae POL4 gene is unclear. We have used an epistasis analysis to investigate whether the proteins encoded by the POL4 and RAD27 genes participate in alternative, non-redundant subpathways of DNA base excision repair (BER). We constructed strains in which the genes were deleted singly or in combination and have examined their sensitivity to DNA damaging agents as well as spontaneous mutation frequency. The double deletion strain is no more sensitive to damaging agents and has no higher spontaneous mutation frequency than the most sensitive single mutant. These data indicate that the protein encoded by the POL4 gene does not participate in a non-redundant subpathway of base excision repair under these conditions. We discuss the implications of these results in light of the recent classification of the POL4 gene product as a member of the DNA polymerase λ family.
Snap and Translate Using Windows Phone

We have developed a prototype of a mobile app called "Snap and Translate" on "Windows Phone 7". A person who is reading an English menu/sign and wants a Chinese translation of an English word or phrase or paragraph can use a Windows Phone to snap an image of the text, tap the word or swipe the phrase or circle the paragraph with a finger, and get a Chinese translation displayed on the screen of the phone. This is enabled by seamless integration of three Microsoft technologies: intelligent text extraction, OCR, and machine translation based on a client-plus-cloud architecture. The current prototype also supports Chinese OCR plus Chinese-to-English translation. In this paper, we highlight the UI design of the system and the corresponding user-intention guided text extraction approach to achieving a compelling user experience.
Post Thaw Processing of Red Blood Cells Using Microfluidics

Transfusion of red blood cells (RBCs) has been an integral part of medicine since the middle of the last century. In particular, RBCs have been the most transfused blood product in battlefield trauma care[1]. Cryopreservation of red blood cells has been used in particular by the military for a variety of reasons. The ability to preserve cells facilitates transportation of blood from one location to another. Combat can result in sharp increases in blood use for the treatment of civilian and military and frozen blood supplies can be used to meet variations in blood demand. In the civilian blood services, cryopreserved blood is typically used only for rare blood types[2] or for transfusion of neonates[3].Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Negotiating Sanctity: Holy Women in Sixteenth-Century Spain

The past ten years have seen great strides in our understanding of the many forces at work in Counter-Reformation Spain. Historians and hispanists have demonstrated clearly that the Spanish religious landscape was complex and have elucidated several problems of interpretation. How readily did Spanish monarchs, religious leaders, and laity follow the decrees of the Council of Trent? How influential was the Spanish Inquisition in enforcing religious beliefs and behaviors? In what ways did religious reform involve assumptions about gender and differing religious roles for men and women? Finally, and more to my point, how did men and women respond to such assumptions and roles?
The Geography of the Commons: The Role of Scale and Space

Abstract The “tragedy of the commons” is a concept familiar to students of resource management, and many academic disciplines have devoted considerable attention to its understanding and solution. Despite a long tradition of concern with issues directly related to the problem, the field of geography has been relatively silent in the commons literature, especially on the theoretic front. The present article attempts to address this shortcoming by applying geographic methodologies—particularly as related to scale and space—to an understanding of the phenomenon. The article first demonstrates the role of sociopolitical scale in defining the commons problem and then develops a typology classifying common resources into one of three categories—open access, fugitive, and migratory—based on spatial relationships between resources and resource users. The article shows that the geographic nature of the commons problem for any particular resource depends on the sociopolitical scale at which it is assessed, and sugg...