cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Superbifurcation: Making Room for State Prosecution in the Punitive Damages Process

Punitive damages awards in tort cases have been a part of Anglo-American law since the eighteenth century. Debate over their propriety has raged ever since - particularly over the last two decades or so. Neither side in this debate is likely ever to convince the other. But we need not wait for them to do so before finding ways to improve the fairness of the punitive damages device. This article suggests that states adopt a reform one might call, for want of a better term, superbifurcation. This scheme would leave private plaintiffs in charge of proving punitive liability but would reward them for doing so with reasonable attorney's fees rather than a chance to win punitive damages. After a finding of punitive liability, a state prosecutor could bring a single action against the defendant for punitive damages based on its tortious course of conduct within the forum state, which would pocket any punitive damages awarded. The proposed reform would improve the current punitive damages regime by: (1) lessening the influence of plaintiff financial self-interest on the punishment process; (2) adding another layer of control to a punishment process that is alarmingly unconstrained in its present form; and (3) reducing the danger of repetitive punishment in the context of mass torts.
The Aesthetic Stance – On the Conditions and Consequences of Becoming a Beholder

What does it mean to be an aesthetic beholder? Is it different than simply being a perceiver? Most theories of aesthetic perception focus on (1) features of the perceived object and its presentation or (2) on psychological evaluative or emotional responses and intentions of perceiver and artist. In this chapter I propose that we need to look at the process of engaged perception itself, and further that this temporal process of becoming a beholder must be understood in its embodied, contextual and dynamic specificity. Through both phenomenological and neuroscientific explorations I analyze what is characteristic about a more “aesthetic stance” and argue that there is a certain asymmetry between beholder and beheld, which has to do with a disengagement of goal-directed action, and which allows for other kinds of perceptual involvement than in a more “practical stance”. It is a multi-disciplinary project integrating a sensorimotor notion of aesthetic affordances, eighteenth century philosophy, and large-scale brain network findings. What ensues is a new dynamic framework for future empirical and theoretical research on aesthetic perception.
Extracellular Vesicles and MicroRNAs: Their Role in Tumorigenicity and Therapy for Brain Tumors

MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNAs which mediate post-transcriptional gene regulation. Recently, microRNAs have also been found to be localized to the extracellular space, often encapsulated in secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs). This tandem of EVs and tissue-specific expressed/secreted microRNAs that can be taken up by neighboring or distant recipient cells, leading to changes in gene expression-suggests a cell-specialized role in physiological and pathological conditions. The complexity of solid tumors and their distinct pathophysiology relies on interactive communications between the various cell types in the neoplasm (tumor, endothelial, or macrophages, for instance). Understanding how such EV/microRNA-mediated communication occurs may actually lead to avenues for therapeutic exploitation and/or intervention, particularly for the most formidable cancers, such as those in the brain. In this review, the role of microRNAs/EVs in brain tumors will be discussed with emphasis on how these molecules could be utilized for tumor therapy.
“Sing Againe Syren“: The Female Musician and Sexual Enchantment in Elizabethan Life and Literature*

To Elizabethan observers in many disciplines, feminine beauty and music offered parallel benefits and dangers that influenced prescriptions for the actual musical behavior of contemporary Englishwomen and also the development of stock literary situations in which female musicians either caused spiritual fulfillment or physical destruction. Conflicting ideologies, based on the most respected ancient authorities and contemporary observers, attributed similarly opposite aspects to women and music, which had both come to be regarded as earthly embodiments of the divine and the damning by the final part of the sixteenth century. Women, who possessed the natures of both Mary and Eve, were regarded as agents alternately of salvation and destruction even as music was perceived as an inspiration to both heavenly rapture and carnal lust.
The Search for Structural Order in the International System: Some Models and Preliminary Results

All behavior, from interpersonal to international, is in part relational: although human beings have instincts, and some nations may even have destinies, most of the actions of people and nations -and all human collectivities in between-are responsive to how others have acted or are expected to act. Generally speaking, an actor is more responsive to those who can influence the outcomes available to him than those who cannot. When responses between actors stabilize over time, we commonly think of the actors as having established certain kinds of relations with each other. As a starting point for the analysis which follows, we assume that the relations between two actors can be characterized as being either symmetrical or asymmetrical, and the direction of an asymmetrical linkage can be specified.2 Symmetrical and asymmetrical linkages may be founded on the magnitude and
Exergaming in Youth: Effects on Physical and Cognitive Health.

Exergaming (a portmanteau of “exercise” and “gaming”) is a relatively new genre of interactive video gaming that stimulates an active, whole-body gaming experience. Exergaming could have a significant positive impact on youth as across the globe youth are living more sedentary lifestyles. Exergaming has the potential to thwart this trend by engaging youth in physical activity (PA). Exergaming is not only physically-engaging but is also cognitively-engaging, and this combination of physical and cognitive engagement may translate into improved cognitive function in youth. The purpose of this review article is to examine the state-of-the-art in exergaming research to address whether exergames are a viable tool to promote PA in youth and benefit cognitive functioning among youth. The research addressing these questions is still quite nascent; therefore, only tentative conclusions can be drawn. However, this review points out promising lines of research and makes suggestions for future research to obtain more ...
Modal Interchange and Semantic Resonance in Themes by John Williams

This article examines the semantic properties of several characteristic triadic shifts in the film and ceremonial music of John Williams. These shifts result from particular modal inflections in major keys, which include the mixolydian subtonic (associated with the heroic and/or patriotic), and the lydian supertonic (associated with magic, wonder and flight). My aim in examining Williams’ use of mixed modes is both to gain a more precise understanding of one particular aspect of his style, and to place it into the larger context of the musical tradition in Hollywood.
A novel method for the determination of optical properties of absorbing thin films with thickness variations

Non-uniformity in the thickness of thin films can severely distort their transmission spectra as compared to those of flat, smooth films. Methods that extract properties such as refractive index, thickness, and extinction coefficient of such films can suffer inaccuracies when applied to wedged or rough films. In order to accurately extract optical properties of non-uniform films, we have developed a novel numerical method and efficient constitutive relations that can determine film properties from just the transmission spectrum. The Optimum Parameter Extraction (OPE) method can accommodate transparent or absorbing films thickness variations that result in significant errors in the values of refractive index and film thickness if not considered. A packing-density model was proposed and used for refractive index to accelerate the fitting routine and to avoid finding local minima instead of the global minimum. In this model, refractive index has one fitting parameter, the packing density,p. Therefore, the OPE method takes a shorter time and produces more accurate results than many other methods. We show that for actual PLD (Pulsed Laser Deposition) AlN thin films, properties such as refractive index, extinction coefficient, and film thickness were very accurately determined using our OPE method. These results are compared with two previous techniques to determine properties of thin films, and the accuracy and applicable conditions for all of these methods are discussed.
Predicting Therapeutic Effects of Psychodiagnostic Assessment Among Children and Adolescents Participating in Randomized Controlled Trials

This study explored predictors of improvement after completing a psychodiagnostic screening assessment but before randomization among youth who participated in two pilot randomized controlled trials of omega-3 supplementation and Individual-Family Psychoeducational Psychotherapy (PEP). Ninety-five youth (56.8% male, 61.1% White) ages 7-14 with mood disorders completed screening and baseline assessments (including Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement [CGI-I], Children's Depression Rating Scale-Revised, Young Mania Rating Scale), then were randomized into a 12-week trial of omega-3, PEP, their combination, or placebo. Between screening and randomization, 35.8% minimally improved (CGI-I = 3), 12.6% much improved (CGI-I < 3), totaling 48.4% improved. Caregiver postsecondary education (p = .018), absence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (p = .027), and lower screen depression severity (p = .034) were associated with CGI-I. Caregiver postsecondary education (p = .020) and absence of a disruptive behavior diagnosis (p = .038) were associated with depression severity improvement. Prerandomization improvement moderated treatment outcomes: Among youth who improved prerandomization, those who received PEP (alone or with omega-3) had more favorable placebo-controlled depression trajectories due to a lack of placebo response. This open-label trial of psychodiagnostic assessment provides suggestive evidence that psychodiagnostic assessment is beneficial, especially for those with depression and without externalizing disorders. Prerandomization improvement is associated with better placebo-controlled treatment response. Future research should test alternative hypotheses for change and determine if less intensive (shorter and/or automated) assessments would provide comparable results.
Comments on In Praise of Desire

Professors Arpaly and Schroeder offer a new theory of the role of desire in belief and action, a theory that they present with an abundance of helpful examples. Their focus is intrinsic desires, which they define as desires for things, actions, or states of affairs for their own sake. These desires, and not deliberation or recognition of reasons, they argue, are what ultimately rationalize (explain or justify), beliefs and actions. Their book is rich and complex, but I will focus solely on the relationship between intrinsic desires and virtue, and their conception of these desires and of Reason and Appetite. Arpaly and Schroder begin by stating that, ‘‘in the long-standing philosophical dispute between Reason and Appetite,’’ they side with Appetite. Appetite is a power to set ends and prioritize them, Reason to grasp the world in conceptual terms (3). To have a good will, or virtue, or the capacity to act in a praiseworthy manner, ‘‘is just a matter of [intrinsically] desiring the right things’’ (2). This, in turn, means desiring what is actually good or right regardless of what one believes is good or right. In turn, desiring what is actually good or right requires conceptualizing ‘‘the right or the good in the right way,’’ that is, as held by ‘‘the true normative ethical theory, whatever that might be’’ (15). These claims raise my first question. If the intrinsic desire for the good or right entails conceptualizing it in the right way, then in what sense are the authors siding with Appetite against Reason? Whereas Reason alone is not enough for a good will,
Environmental Injustice in Argentina: Struggles against Genetically Modified Soy

This paper explores the unequal distribution of the environmental and social costs and benefits of the genetically modified (GM) soy model in Argentina and its impact on grievance formation and the emergence of contestation. In the 1990s, Argentina transitioned into a neoliberal agro-industrial model based on producing GM soy for export. Though celebrated as a success, the expansion of GM soy monocultures has brought widespread socio-ecological disruption. Various social actors have started to mobilize against the resulting environmental injustice. I focus on the peasant–indigenous movement in the north of the country, which is struggling for land rights, and the movements against agrochemical spraying in the central Pampas region. These groups, which are relatively powerless to control resources where they live, and that experience little or no benefit from GM soy production, nevertheless bear most of its social and ecological costs. These struggles link environmental and social well-being, becoming struggles for ecological sustainability as well as social justice and equity.
Analysis of Problems in Starting-up and Commissioning Process of 1000 MW Ultra-supercritical Steam Turbine

Base on the unit's starting-up and commissioning process in a power plant, this paper introduced the structure characteristics and starting-up process's control technologies of 1000 MW steam turbine with SIEMENS technology. Problems in starting-up and commissioning process were analyzed, and some proposal were put forward for the commissioning of 1000 MW ultra-supercritical unit and the optimization of boiler steam-blowing, which could provide references for other units' commissioning.
Analysis on Time-Varying Characteristics of Probability Error in Forecast of Wind Speed and Wind Power

In general,the forecast error of wind speed and wind power will gradually increase with the extension of forecast duration,and it makes the probabilistic distribution of forecast error varied.It is significant to master the law more accurately,by which the probabilistic distribution of forecast error of wind speed and wind power varies with time,for the reasonable assessment on power grid operation conditions and optimal adjustment and control of the operating strategy of power grid.Taking the time window covering ultra-short term online dispatch and short-term pre-dispatch as example and utilizing the forecast method based on time series founded on high-order Volterra series as the tool,based on the data of actual wind farm the wind speed and wind power are forecasted,and according to the statistics the time-varying law of probabilistic distribution of forecast error is analyzed.Statistics show that as for specific requirement to the error when the forecasted duration is not longer than 60min,the probability of forecast error of wind speed and wind power appears linear characteristics or the characteristics that attenuates according to the law of weak quadratic function.
Resistance to antibiotics at medical centres in different parts of the world

The diameters of the zones of inhibition of consecutive clinical isolates around antibiotic susceptibility test discs at medical centres in different parts of the world were computer filed and analysed by a series of programs that evaluate test quality and compare results. Percentages of isolates resistant to ampicillin at 18 centres ranged from 16 to 73 for Escherichia coli and from 3 to 56 for Proteus mirabilis. Percentages resistant to chloramphenicol ranged from 2 to 48 for E. coli, from 5 to 52 for Klebsiella pneumoniae, and from 8 to 67 for Serratia marcescens. Gentamicin resistance did not exceed 4% at any of 18 centres and was less than 1 at 14 of them for isolates of E. coli, while K. pneumoniae showed less than 2% resistance at six centres but averaged 22% at another eight. Multi-resistant isolates were ten-fold more frequent at eight centres than at the remaining six. Too few centres were sampled to characterize individual countries except in the United States where resistance seemed generally less prevalent.
Quantifying metal‐induced susceptibility artifacts of the instrumented spine at 1.5T using fast‐spin echo and 3D‐multispectral MRI

Purpose To evaluate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) artifacts near metallic spinal instrumentation using both conventional metal artifact reduction sequences (MARS) and 3D multispectral imaging sequences (3D-MSI). Materials and Methods Both MARS and 3D-MSI images were acquired in 10 subjects with titanium spinal hardware on a 1.5T GE 450W scanner. Clinical computed tomography (CT) images were used to measure the volume of the implant using seed-based region growing. Using 30–40 landmarks, the MARS and 3D-MSI images were coregistered to the CT images. Three independent users manually segmented the artifact volume from both MR sequences. For five L-spine subjects, one user independently segmented the nerve root in both MARS and 3D-MSI images. Results For all 10 subjects, the measured artifact volume for the 3D-MSI images closely matched that of the CT implant volume (absolute error: 4.3 ± 2.0 cm3). The MARS artifact volume was ∼8-fold higher than that of the 3D-MSI images (30.7 ± 20.2, P = 0.002). The average nerve root volume for the MARS images was 24 ± 7.3% lower than the 3D-MSI images (P = 0.06). Conclusion Compared to 3D-MSI images, the higher-resolution MARS images may help study features farther away from the implant surface. However, the MARS images retained substantial artifacts in the slice-dimension that result in a larger artifact volume. These artifacts have the potential to obscure physiologically relevant features, and can be mitigated with 3D-MSI sequences. Hence, MR study protocols may benefit with the inclusion both MARS and 3D-MSI sequences to accurately study pathology near the spine. Level of Evidence: 2 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2017;45:51–58.
Poetry after the Civil War

By the time the Civil War broke out in 1861, just after the publication of the third (1860) edition of Leaves of Grass , Whitman had discovered his poetic voice and established the major trends in writing that would absorb him for the rest of his career. After this point, according to the critical view that prevailed throughout most of the twentieth century, his work diminished in quality; he had done his best work during the burst of inspiration in the 1850s and produced only the occasional masterpiece thereafter. In recent years, this overarching narrative of his poetic development has been revised, if not abandoned. Critics have reevaluated the influence of the Civil War on Whitman's work (both the revisions of Leaves of Grass and the production of new poetry and prose), have taken a stronger interest in his wartime writings, and have advanced claims for a continued record of poetic excellence that reaches farther and farther into his later years. This chapter takes the position that by 1860, Whitman had indeed reached a certain point of completion. He had developed the three poetic modes on which he would ultimately stake his reputation: the cosmic/dramatic , the elegiac , and the imagistic . Yet only in the cosmic/dramatic had he attained such a level of excellence that, had he written nothing else, he would still have left his signature indelibly upon American literary history.
Working Memory Capacity and Fluid Intelligence: Maintenance and Disengagement

Working memory capacity and fluid intelligence have been demonstrated to be strongly correlated traits. Typically, high working memory capacity is believed to facilitate reasoning through accurate maintenance of relevant information. In this article, we present a proposal reframing this issue, such that tests of working memory capacity and fluid intelligence are seen as measuring complementary processes that facilitate complex cognition. Respectively, these are the ability to maintain access to critical information and the ability to disengage from or block outdated information. In the realm of problem solving, high working memory capacity allows a person to represent and maintain a problem accurately and stably, so that hypothesis testing can be conducted. However, as hypotheses are disproven or become untenable, disengaging from outdated problem solving attempts becomes important so that new hypotheses can be generated and tested. From this perspective, the strong correlation between working memory capacity and fluid intelligence is due not to one ability having a causal influence on the other but to separate attention-demanding mental functions that can be contrary to one another but are organized around top-down processing goals.
Acute Temporal Changes of MRI-Tracked Tumor Vascular Parameters after Combined Anti-angiogenic and Radiation Treatments in a Rat Glioma Model: Identifying Signatures of Synergism.

In this study we used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) biomarkers to monitor the acute temporal changes in tumor vascular physiology with the aim of identifying the vascular signatures that predict response to combined anti-angiogenic and radiation treatments. Forty-three athymic rats implanted with orthotopic U-251 glioma cells were studied for approximately 21 days after implantation. Two MRI studies were performed on each animal, pre- and post-treatment, to measure tumor vascular parameters. Two animal groups received treatment comprised of Cilengitide, an anti-angiogenic agent and radiation. The first group received a subcurative regimen of Cilengitide 1 h before irradiation, while the second group received a curative regimen of Cilengitide 8 h before irradiation. Cilengitide was given as a single dose (4 mg/kg; intraperitoneal) after the pretreatment MRI study and before receiving a 20 Gy radiation dose. After irradiation, the post-treatment MRI study was performed at selected time points: 2, 4, 8 an...
Glycoengineering of Esterase Activity through Metabolic Flux‐Based Modulation of Sialic Acid

This report describes the metabolic glycoengineering (MGE) of intracellular esterase activity in human colon cancer (LS174T) and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. In silico analysis of carboxylesterases CES1 and CES2 suggested that these enzymes are modified with sialylated N-glycans, which are proposed to stabilize the active multimeric forms of these enzymes. This premise was supported by treating cells with butanolylated ManNAc to increase sialylation, which in turn increased esterase activity. By contrast, hexosamine analogues not targeted to sialic acid biosynthesis (e.g., butanoylated GlcNAc or GalNAc) had minimal impact. Measurement of mRNA and protein confirmed that esterase activity was controlled through glycosylation and not through transcription or translation. Azide-modified ManNAc analogues widely used in MGE also enhanced esterase activity and provided a way to enrich targeted glycoengineered proteins (such as CES2), thereby providing unambiguous evidence that the compounds were converted to sialosides and installed into the glycan structures of esterases as intended. Overall, this study provides a pioneering example of the modulation of intracellular enzyme activity through MGE, which expands the value of this technology from its current status as a labeling strategy and modulator of cell surface biological events.
Dynamic Phase Engineering of Bendable Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Monolayers.

Current interest in two-dimensional (2D) materials is driven in part by the ability to dramatically alter their optoelectronic properties through strain and phase engineering. A combination of these approaches can be applied in quasi-2D transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) monolayers to induce displacive structural transformations between semiconducting (H) and metallic/semimetallic (T′) phases. We classify such transformations in Group VI TMDs, and formulate a multiscale, first-principles-informed modeling framework to describe evolution of microstructural domain morphologies in elastically bendable 2D monolayers. We demonstrate that morphology and mechanical response can be controlled via application of strain either uniformly or through local probes to generate functionally patterned conductive T′ domains. Such systems form dynamically programmable electromechanical 2D materials, capable of rapid local switching between domains with qualitatively different transport properties. This enables dynamic “d...
The basis for cosmic ray feedback: Written on the wind

Star formation and supermassive black hole growth in galaxies appear to be self-limiting. The mechanisms for self-regulation are known as feedback. Cosmic rays, the relativistic particle component of interstellar and intergalactic plasma, are among the agents of feedback. Because cosmic rays are virtually collisionless in the plasma environments of interest, their interaction with the ambient medium is primarily mediated by large scale magnetic fields and kinetic scale plasma waves. Because kinetic scales are much smaller than global scales, this interaction is most conveniently described by fluid models. In this paper, I discuss the kinetic theory and the classical theory of cosmic ray hydrodynamics (CCRH) which follows from assuming cosmic rays interact only with self-excited waves. I generalize CCRH to generalized cosmic ray hydrodynamics, which accommodates interactions with extrinsic turbulence, present examples of cosmic ray feedback, and assess where progress is needed.
Photochromic Hydrazone Switches with Extremely Long Thermal Half-Lives.

A family of easily accessible light-activated hydrazone switches has been developed having thermal half-lives of up to 2700 years! Structure–property analysis shows that replacing the rotor pyridyl group of our typical hydrazone switch with a phenyl one leads to the long-lived negative photochromic compounds. The switching properties of the hydrazones in both toluene and DMSO were assessed offering insights into the kinetics and thermodynamics of the switching process.
EFFECT OF BANK CAPITAL REFORMS ON ECONOMIC GROWTH OF NIGERIA (1986 TO 2013)

This study investigates the effect of bank capital reforms on economic growth of Nigeria with annual time series data from 1986 to 2013. Econometric evidence reveals stationarity of the variables at their first differences while the Johansen co-integration approach also confirms the presence of one co-integrating relationship at one percent and five percent levels of significance. In addition, Ordinary Least Square results indicate that bank capital reforms have long run significant positive effect on economic growth of Nigeria. This implies that, bank reforms have the capacity to influence the direction of Nigerian economy. The study thus concludes that, bank capital reforms have shown to have very high explanatory influence on Nigerian economy, which indicates that banking sector reform is a veritable tool for repositioning and reorienting Nigerian economy. The study recommends among others that, Central Bank of Nigeria should establish effective mechanism and monitoring techniques to ensure that, bank capital recapitalization programmes are effectively implemented and funds raised are channelled to productive sectors of the Nigerian economy.
Source Spectral Properties of Small to Moderate Earthquakes in Southern Kansas

The source spectral properties of injection-induced earthquakes give insight into their nucleation, rupture processes, and influence on ground motion. Here we apply a spectral decomposition approach to analyze P-wave spectra and estimate Brune-type stress drop for more than 2000 ML1.5–5.2 earthquakes occurring in southern Kansas from 2014 to 2016. We find that these earthquakes are characterized by low stress drop values (median ∼0.4MPa) compared to natural seismicity in California. We observe a significant increase in stress drop as a function of depth, but the shallow depth distribution of these events is not by itself sufficient to explain their lower stress drop. Stress drop increases with magnitude from M1.5–M3.5, but this scaling trend may weaken above M4 and also depends on the assumed source model. Although we observe a nonstationary, sequence-specific temporal evolution in stress drop, we find no clear systematic relation with the activity of nearby injection wells.
Special session paper: data analytics enables energy- efficiency and robustness: from mobile to manycores, datacenters, and networks

The amount of data generated and collected across computing platforms every day is not only enormous, but growing at an exponential rate. Advanced data analytics and machinelearning techniques have become increasingly essential to analyze and extract meaning from such “Big Data”. These techniques can be very useful to detect patterns and trends to improve the operational behavior of computing platforms, but they also introduce a number of outstanding challenges: (1) How can we design and deploy data analytics and learning mechanisms to improve energy-efficiency in IoT and mobile devices, without introducing significant software overheads? (2) How to use machine learning and analytics techniques for effective designspace exploration during manycore chip design? (3) How can data analytics and learning improve the reliability and energyefficiency of large-scale cloud datacenters, to cost-effectively support connected embedded and IoT platforms? (4) How can data analytics detect anomalies and increase robustness in the network backbone of emerging cloud datacenter networks? In this paper, we discuss these outstanding problems and describe far-reaching solutions applicable across the interconnected ecosystem of IoT and mobile devices, manycore chips, datacenters, and networks.
Perceptions of the Home Environments of Graduate Students Raised in Poverty.

Current literature has identified a growing achievement gap experienced by students raised in poverty. However, some students from poverty can defeat the odds and succeed academically with advanced...
Maintaining Sexual Desire in Long-Term Relationships: A Systematic Review and Conceptual Model

The most universally experienced sexual response is sexual desire. Though research on this topic has increased in recent years, low and high desire are still problematized in clinical settings and the broader culture. However, despite knowledge that sexual desire ebbs and flows both within and between individuals, and that problems with sexual desire are strongly linked to problems with relationships, there is a critical gap in understanding the factors that contribute to maintaining sexual desire in the context of relationships. This article offers a systematic review of the literature to provide researchers, educators, clinicians, and the broader public with an overview and a conceptual model of nonclinical sexual desire in long-term relationships. First, we systematically identified peer-reviewed, English-language articles that focused on the maintenance of sexual desire in the context of nonclinical romantic relationships. Second, we reviewed a total of 64 articles that met inclusion criteria and synt...
Robert Hare's Theory of Galvanism: A Study of Heat and Electricity in Early Nineteenth-Century American Chemistry.

As a professor of chemistry at the University of Pennsylvania, Robert Hare actively shaped early American science. He participated in a large network of scholars, including Joseph Henry, Francois Arago, and Jacob Berzelius, and experimented with and wrote extensively about electricity and its associated chemical and thermal phenomena. In the early nineteenth century, prominent chemists such as Berzelius and Humphry Davy proclaimed that a revolution had occurred in chemistry through electrical research. Examining Robert Hare's contributions to this discourse, this paper analyzes how Hare's study of electricity and the caloric theory of heat led him to propose a new theory of galvanism. It also examines the reception of Hare's work in America and Great Britain, highlighting the contributions of early American chemists to the development of electrochemistry.
Skeletal muscle mitochondrial volume and myozenin-1 protein differences exist between high versus low anabolic responders to resistance training

Background We sought to examine how 12 weeks of resistance exercise training (RET) affected skeletal muscle myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic protein levels along with markers of mitochondrial physiology in high versus low anabolic responders. Methods Untrained college-aged males were classified as anabolic responders in the top 25th percentile (high-response cluster (HI); n = 13, dual x-ray absorptiometry total body muscle mass change (Δ) = +3.1 ± 0.3 kg, Δ vastus lateralis (VL) thickness = +0.59 ± 0.05 cm, Δ muscle fiber cross sectional area = +1,426 ± 253 μm2) and bottom 25th percentile (low-response cluster (LO); n = 12, +1.1 ± 0.2 kg, +0.24 ± 0.07 cm, +5 ± 209 μm2; p LO, p = 0.018, Cohen's d = 0.737) and time (PRE > POST, p = 0.037, Cohen's d = -0.589) were observed for citrate synthase activity, although no significant interaction existed (LO PRE = 1.35 ± 0.07 mM/min/mg protein, LO POST = 1.12 ± 0.06, HI PRE = 1.53 ± 0.11, HI POST = 1.39 ± 0.10). POST myofibrillar myozenin-1 protein levels were up-regulated in the LO cluster (LO PRE = 0.96 ± 0.13 relative expression units, LO POST = 1.25 ± 0.16, HI PRE = 1.00 ± 0.11, HI POST = 0.85 ± 0.12; within-group LO increase p = 0.025, Cohen's d = 0.691). No interactions or main effects existed for other assayed markers. Discussion Our data suggest myofibrillar or sarcoplasmic protein concentrations do not differ between HI versus LO anabolic responders prior to or following a 12-week RET program. Greater mitochondrial volume in HI responders may have facilitated greater anabolism, and myofibril myozenin-1 protein levels may represent a biomarker that differentiates anabolic responses to RET. However, mechanistic research validating these hypotheses is needed.
Proximal Associations among Bullying, Mood, and Substance Use: A Daily Report Study

Adolescent involvement in bullying as a victim or perpetrator has been associated with negative health outcomes, including emotional distress and substance use. Whether negative affect and substance use are acute responses to bullying involvement or whether they develop over time is unknown. Such knowledge is needed to understand the conditions under which bullying contributes to adverse outcomes, as well as to inform the development of appropriate interventions. This study examined the daily-level associations among bullying, negative affect, and substance use (i.e., alcohol, cigarettes, electronic-cigarettes, marijuana) among a community sample of adolescents (N = 204) ages 13–16 years (55% female, 81% European American, 13% African–American) who had reported bully victimization or perpetration in the past 6 months. Participants completed a brief on-line survey every day for 56 consecutive days, reporting on their experiences with bully victimization, bully perpetration, mood, and substance use for that day. Consistent with hypotheses, being bullied on a given day was associated with reporting greater than average levels of sadness (b= 0.279, 95% CI= [0.172, 0.387]), anger (b= 0.354, 95% CI= [0.242, 0.466]), and cigarette use (OR= 1.453, 95% CI= [1.006, 2.099]) on that day; however, it was not associated with alcohol, electronic-cigarette, or marijuana use. Perpetration was not associated with same day negative affect or substance use. Results of the current study suggest that negative affect and cigarette use may be acute responses to bully victimization. Bully perpetration does not appear to be proximally linked to mood or substance use after accounting for victimization.
The Structure of a Bottom Sediment Boundary Layer in Central Long Island Sound

Using data collected with an acoustic profiling transducer positioned 1 m above the bottom in Central Long Island Sound, a detailed examination of one 15-min block of data is presented to show the mean, turbulent, statistical, and concentration profile structure of the data. Entrainment and deposition fluxes at the bottom are quantified using a newly developed turbulent control volume technique. For the flat-bottom sediment boundary layer sampled in block No. 2, the turbulence was homogeneous and weakly affected by swell with a wavelength of approximately 120 m. Turbulence statistics for the individually measured variables were Gaussian, while those for the correlated variables were not and contained large skewness and kurtosis values. The average concentration profile compared favorably with the calculations from a simple sediment boundary layer model by Smith and McClean; while the entrainment flux compared favorably with historical data and a brief laboratory experiment. Of the 900 profiles measured during the 15-min sampling period, only seven statistically different shapes were contained in the data, which suggests that a more deterministic structure in the transport mechanisms might exist at time scales below the boundary layer averaging time of 15 min.
Species Concepts and Species Recognition in Eocene Primates

The problem of how to apply the species concept to fossils is not new (see, e.g., Trueman, 1924; Simpson, 1943, 1951; Sylvester-Bradley, 1956; Imbrie, 1957), nor has it been resolved. Despite heated debate and voluminous literature on the subject, a consensus seems more elusive today than several decades ago. Part of the reason for this discord may be the varied approaches, philosophies, and perspectives—some of which have led to new views on the nature of species—of participants in the debate, as well as different systematic objectives and questions being asked. Theoreticians, historians, and philosophers of science have joined paleontologists and neontologists in contributing to the debate. As will be seen, theoretical arguments often conflict with more operational approaches offered by paleontologists working with real specimens.
Partners in learning: a collaborative model to increase the number of baccalaureate-prepared nurses

Abstract One bachelor of science in nursing (BSN)-granting institution sought to break down the barriers that many registered nurses encounter by forming partnerships with community colleges in the state to improve access and create as seamless a transition as possible from associate degree in nursing (ADN) to BSN. The following describes the current model used by 1 school, which would not be possible without the support and dedication of the community college partners.
A $$C^*$$C∗-Algebra Construction for Undirected Graphs

To each undirected graph, we associate an edge-colored directed graph and hence a universal and reduced $$C^*$$-algebra. We then use results on edge-colored directed graphs to completely describe the universal and reduced undirected graph $$C^*$$-algebras in the case of finite graphs. We extend the descriptions of the universal algebra to arbitrary undirected graphs using direct limits.
Enhanced Pre-Strain Application for Goodman Data Generated with Vibration-Based Testing

Imparting residual stress is an essential step in the generation of Goodman data via Air Force Research Laboratory’s vibration-based fatigue test. Conventional Goodman data is constructed through uniaxial fatigue testing at a rate of 40 Hz, while the vibration-based testing excites stresses at 1,600 Hz in a stress state similar to those of gas turbine engine (GTE) airfoils in service. Fully reversed oscillating fatigue loads are combined with a steady residual stress imparted by a preliminary plastic straining procedure, and a finite element model (FEM) is used to predict the residual stress distribution at the fatigue zone of the sample. The goal of this work is enhancing the Pre-strain procedure that imparts residual stresses to develop a less conservative design approach that captures GTE phenomena on a modified Goodman line. Improvements were made to the FEM by more effectively incorporating empirical tensile stress-strain behavior, in addition to more accurately representing the pressures and forces acting on the specimen during monotonic loading. Results are demonstrated on Aluminum 6061-T6 by comparing strain field results from digital image correlation to FEM analysis. The converged FEM solution had a standard deviation in eyy of 2,557 microstrain and predicted a residual σyy of 73.91 MPa, while the optimized solution had a standard deviation in eyy of 495.2 microstrain (akin to the experimental variation of 376.1 microstrain) and predicted a residual σyy of 31.03 MPa.
ParLECH: Parallel Long-Read Error Correction with Hadoop

Long-read sequencing is emerging as a promising sequencing technology because it can tackle the short length limitation of second-generation sequencing, which has dominated the sequencing market in past years. However, it has substantially higher error rates compared to short-read sequencing (e.g., 13% vs. 0.1%), and its sequencing cost per base is typically more expensive than that of short-read sequencing. To address these limitations, we present a distributed hybrid error correction framework, called ParLECH, that is scalable and cost-efficient for PacBio long reads. For correcting the errors in the long reads, ParLECH utilizes the Illumina short reads that have the low error rate with high coverage at low cost. To efficiently analyze the high-throughput Illumina short reads, ParLECH is equipped with Hadoop and a distributed NoSQL system. To further improve the accuracy, ParLECH utilizes the k-mer coverage information of the Illumina short reads. Specifically, we develop a distributed version of the widest path algorithm, which maximizes the minimum k-mer coverage in a path of the de Bruijn graph constructed from the Illumina short reads. We replace an error region in a long read with its corresponding widest path. Our experimental results show that ParLECH can handle large-scale real-world datasets in a scalable and accurate manner. Using ParLECH, we can process a 312 GB human genome PacBio dataset, with a 452 GB Illumina dataset, on 128 nodes in less than 29 hours.
Ulnar Wrist Denervation

The anatomy of the innervation of the ulnar side of the wrist joint is described, and related, primarily to triangular fibrocartilage complex injury. Nerve blocks of the appropriate nerves are described. The technical approaches to partial and total denervation of the TFCC are described and illustrated. The results of ulnar-sided wrist denervation are presented.
E-Learning in Nursing: Tool Development for Evaluating Virtual Patient Learning Systems

Abstract Background The growing number of online nursing programs increased the demand to utilize interactive virtual patient learning systems in online nursing courses. Purpose To develop and assess the validity of a tool named “Virtual Patient Learning System Evaluation Tool”. Methods This study was conducted in 2015–2017. The tool’s validity was determined through the assessment of content validity using an exploratory factor analysis on the data provided by 160 RN-BSN online nursing students. Results Exploratory factor analysis was used to analyze four factors including: (a) communication (19%), (b) nursing care plan application (21%), (c) competency development using a virtual learning system (42%), and performance evaluation (4.5%). These factors explained 86.5% of the total variance, with a correlation coefficient ranging from 0.46 to .921 (p Conclusion Evaluating the effectiveness of virtual learning systems will guide the online teaching pedagogies and the online nursing program development.
Toward a Capability-Based Account of Intergenerational Justice

In this paper, I will draw on the capabilities approach to social justice and human development as advanced, among others, by Martha Nussbaum, and seek to provide some theoretical resources for better understanding our obligations to future persons. My argumentative strategy is as follows: First, I’ll briefly reconstruct a capabilities approach to justice, examining this sort of view’s normative foundations and methodology. Using Nussbaum’s capabilities list as a basis, I will argue that various social and environmental functions which are threatened by climate change are crucial with respect to enabling morally and politically central capabilities for both current and future people. Here, I will draw on recent work by Breena Holland to establish the notion of a sustainable climate system as a necessary precondition for the enablement and protection of these entitlements. Then, I’ll extend this strategy to argue that the capabilities approach provides a uniquely useful threshold conception of harm to inform our thinking about our relationship to our posterity. It is my hope that the capabilities approach so applied can give us a novel way of understanding our responsibilities toward future people in a time where such an understanding is both unfortunately lacking and increasingly dire. Finally, I will discuss some implications of a capability-based account in the intergenerational context and some justifications for applying the approach in this way. Ultimately, I submit that this sort of view seems more well-fitted to this context than other approaches (e.g., contractarianism and consequentialism), and that it offers a unique vehicle for understanding our relations and obligations to future people.
David Oliver: Is abuse towards doctors in government roles unfair?

The coronavirus pandemic has brought unaccustomed attention to doctors working in government departments and arm’s length authorities. On social media there’s been plenty of praise—but also some accusatory abuse. The chief medical officer, currently Chris Whitty, has always been a public figure (the previous incumbent, Sally Davies, was fairly visible). But the past few weeks have also seen regular public appearances by the chief scientific adviser, Patrick Vallance; their deputies, Jenny Harries and Jonathan Van-Tam; Yvonne Doyle, medical director of Public Health England; Stephen Powis, NHS England medical director; and the chief nursing officer, Ruth May. They’ve attracted criticism for occasional slips, such as Vallance mentioning “herd immunity” as a pandemic strategy.1 They’ve said things at odds with public and professional perception, such as Harries saying that the UK “has been an international exemplar in preparedness.”2 And they’ve given some perceptions of inconsistency (changing Public Health England’s advice on personal protective equipment,3 sometimes at odds with the World Health Organization) and back …