cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Noise Estimation in Gravity Gradient Data After Equivalent Source Processing

The equivalent source technique is a valuable tool to process gravity gradient data. Through this method, gravity gradient data can be denoised and alternative components may be calculated. Utilizing equivalent source to accomplish either of these tasks provides clean gradient data for further processing or interpretation and also provides estimates of the noise content in the original data. One aspect of equivalent source processing that is often overlooked is the level of data error still present in the gravity gradient data after denoising or component conversion. Here, we present a method to investigate the noise level still present after applying the equivalent source method for the purpose of processing gravity gradient data.
Influence of carbon on erbium lattice location in Si∶Er

The 1.5 µm luminescence from Si:Er is known to strongly depend on impurities (e.g. carbon) in silicon. In this work, we investigate the effect of carbon co-doping on the lattice location of Er atoms in Si by Rutherford backscattering(RBS)/channeling techniques. A float-zone (FZ) Si (100) wafer was first amorphized to a depth of ~ 0. 3 µm by Si ions implanted to a dose of ~ 1×1015cm2 at liquid nitrogen temperature. Carbon ions were then implanted into the amorphous silicon, which was recrystallized via solid phase epitaxial growth (SPEG) at 600°C following C implant. Finally Er ions were implanted into the C-doped and C-free Si crystals, with the substrate temperature at 25°C and 300°C respectively. The RBS/channeling results show that the Er redistribution and Si crystallinity are strongly affected by C co-doping. The incorporation of C into Si can significantly suppress Er surface segregation, and modify the lattice location of Er atoms in Si. We discuss these effects in terms of the formation of Er-C defect complexes.
An Algorithm For Waveform Inversion Of Crosswell Radar Data

An algorithm for waveform inversion of crosswell radar data has been developed and implemented. The algorithm is based on an objective function that has two terms: One term measures the misfit between the calculated data and the observed data, both of which are in the frequency domain. The other term measures the deviation between the current model and the starting model. Because the objective function is non-linear, it is minimized iteratively using conjugate direction and line search methods. The waveform inversion is tested with a model that is homogeneous, except for a small heterogeneity in the center. The estimated models have prominent anomalies that correspond to the heterogeneity in the original model and also have side-lobes that are adjacent to the prominent anomalies. Both the vertical and the horizontal resolutions improve as the wavelength decreases and are always better than the corresponding resolutions obtained with traveltime tomography. The vertical resolution is always better than the horizontal resolution.
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy characterization of aging-related properties of original and nano-modified asphalt binders

Abstract The objective of this study is to analyze the effect of aging on asphalt binders under the conditions of dry and sufficient oxygen, and to identify the functional groups related to the fatigue and rutting of asphalt mixtures. During the asphalt aging process, the six functional groups (carboxylic acids, aldehydes, amides, anhydrides, esters and ketones) containing the carbonyl group can be found in the asphalt binders based on the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) test results and references. The functional groups containing the carbonyl group in the asphalt binders can be also used to correlate to the oxidation extent of asphalt binders. Three nanomaterials were added into the control asphalt binder to study the effect of aging. The three materials included polymer modified nanoclay (PMN), non-modified nanoclay (NMN) and nanosilica (NS). The rolling thin film oven (RTFO) and pressure aging vessel (PAV) aging effects of the asphalt binders were analyzed to understand the functional polar groups in the asphalt system under short- and long-term aging conditions, respectively. The different asphalt binders were tested by FTIR to obtain the spectra of chemical groups. The FTIR characterization results indicate that the carboxylic acids and ketones are the main aging components in the asphalt when exposed to air and oxygen. The esters and aldehydes in the asphalt are kept to a limited amount. Furthermore, these functional groups, along with the carbonyl group are closely related to the susceptibility of rutting and the fatiguing of asphalt mixtures.
A Method for Preservation of Immunofluorescence in Renal Tissue

A method which utilizes a modified semipermanent mounting medium and cold storage to preserve sections of renal tissue stained for immunofluorescence microscopy is described. Results demonstrate that tissue prepared and stored as described undergoes no alteration in the pattern or intensity of immunofluorescent staining or in tissue morphology for periods exceeding 2 years. The use of this method and standardized immunofluorescent reagents facilitates centralized interpretation of renal immunopathology in collaborative studies of renal disease.
Adjunctive periodontal therapies

In general, systemic and local chemotherapeutic treatments offer a variety of options as adjuncts to traditional mechanical therapy, but they should not be used routinely for every patient. In fact, initial debridement to disrupt the biofilm and remove calculus prior to drug treatment may enhance results. Dentists will need to use their clinical judgment based on disease nature and severity to make treatment decisions, with the knowledge that these therapies may be best utilized in the few localized persistent lesions present following thorough scaling and root planing.
Body Mass Index, Genetic Susceptibility, and Risk of Complications Among Individuals with Crohn's Disease

Background Obesity is associated with systemic and intestine-specific inflammation and alterations in gut microbiota, which in turn impact mucosal immunity. Nonetheless, a specific role of obesity and its interaction with genetics in the progression of Crohn's disease (CD) is unclear. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study of patients with CD enrolled in Prospective Registry in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Study at Massachusetts General Hospital (PRISM). Information on diagnosis of CD and its complications were collected and confirmed through review of medical records. A genetic risk score was calculated using previously reported single-nucleotide polymorphisms-associated genome-wide with CD susceptibility. We used logistic regression to estimate the effect of body mass index (BMI) and its interaction with genetic risk on risk of CD complications. Results Among 846 patients with CD, 350 required surgery, 242 with penetrating disease, 182 with stricturing disease, and 226 with perianal disease. There were no associations between obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) and risk of perianal disease, stricturing disease, or surgery. Compared with normal-weight individuals with BMI 0.28). Conclusions Our data suggest that obesity does not negatively impact long-term progression of CD, even after accounting for genetic predisposition.
Charlotte Brontë, ‘A Strange Occurrence at the Parsonage’, in Mrs E[lizabeth] C[leghorn] Gaskell’s The Life of Charlotte Brontë (London: Smith, Elder & Co., 2 volumes, 1857); rpt, Works of the Sisters Brontë, Haworth Edition , vol. vii (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1903), p. 94

‘June 22, 1830, 6 o’clock p.m. ‘Haworth, near Bradford.’ The following strange occurrence happened on June 22, 1830: — At the time papa was very ill, confined to his bed, and so weak that he could not rise without assistance. Tabby and I were alone in the kitchen, about half-past nine ante-meridian (sic). Suddenly we heard a knock at the door; Tabby rose and opened it. An old man appeared, standing without, who accosted her thus: ‘Old Man. “Does the parson live here?” ‘Tabby. “Yes.” ‘Old Man. “I wish to see him.” ‘Tabby. “He is poorly in bed.” ‘Old Man. “I have a message for him.” ‘Tabby. “Who from?” ‘Old Man. “From the Lord.” ‘Tabby. “Who?”
A method for estimating transpiration of irrigated urban trees in California

Abstract Transpiration of urban forests in southern California is highly uncertain and challenging to quantify because of variability of tree characteristics and stomatal responses among species and locations. However, as California undergoes the most severe drought on record, it is imperative to develop approaches to estimating transpiration of irrigated urban trees (ETrees). We examined the landscape coefficient method recommended by the California Irrigation Management Information System (CIMIS) and widely used to estimate irrigation needs of urban landscapes. The CIMIS method uses reference evapotranspiration (ET0) calculated from the Penman-Monteith equation and a set of species-specific factors to adjust ET0 for particular landscapes. We found a mismatch between CIMIS predictions and actual patterns of urban tree transpiration that we attributed to underrepresentation of tree physiological mechanisms in ET0. As an alternative, we propose an empirical model of ETrees based on in situ measurements on 108 urban trees (14 species) in the Los Angeles region: E T r e e s = E r e f ( 0.23 l n D + 0.002 I 0 + 0.55 ) . Here D is the vapor pressure deficit of the air, I0 is incoming solar radiation and Eref is species-specific parameter representing ETrees at D = 1 kPa that may be estimated using mean sapwood area of a tree stand. This model may be used to estimate ETrees for practical applications and to improve representation of irrigated urban forests in hydrologic models.
Long-term chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) treatment for generalized anxiety disorder: A randomized clinical trial

Abstract Background Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is one of the most common anxiety disorders treated in primary care, yet current therapies have limited efficacy and substantial side effects. Purpose To evaluate long-term chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) use for prevention of GAD symptom relapse. Methods Outpatients from primary care practices and local communities with a primary diagnosis of moderate-to-severe GAD were enrolled for this two-phase study at a large US academic medical center. During Phase 1, eligible participants received 12 weeks of open-label therapy with chamomile pharmaceutical grade extract 1500 mg (500 mg capsule 3 times daily). During Phase 2, treatment responders were randomized to either 26 weeks of continuation chamomile therapy or placebo in a double-blinded, placebo-substitution design. The primary outcome was time to relapse during continuation therapy, analyzed using Cox proportional hazards. Secondary outcomes included the proportion who relapsed, treatment-emergent adverse events, and vital sign changes. This study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT01072344. Results Between March 1, 2010, and June 30, 2015, we enrolled 179 participants. Of those, 93 (51.9%) were responders and agreed to continue in the double-blind randomized controlled trial. A numerically greater number of placebo-switched (n = 12/47; 25.5%) versus chamomile-continuation (n = 7/46; 15.2%) participants relapsed during follow-up. Mean time to relapse was 11.4 ± 8.4 weeks for chamomile and 6.3 ± 3.9 weeks for placebo. Hazard of relapse was non-significantly lower for chamomile (hazard ratio, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.20–1.33; P = 0.16). During follow-up, chamomile participants maintained significantly lower GAD symptoms than placebo (P = 0.0032), with significant reductions in body weight (P = 0.046) and mean arterial blood pressure (P = 0.0063). Both treatments had similar low adverse event rates. Conclusions Long-term chamomile was safe and significantly reduced moderate-to-severe GAD symptoms, but did not significantly reduce rate of relapse. Our limited sample size and lower than expected rate of placebo group relapse likely contributed to the non-significant primary outcome finding. Possible chamomile superiority over placebo requires further examination in large-scale studies.
Chapter 4 A Sustaining Epistolary Community

This chapter focuses on the epistolary network that grew up around the BBC radio program, and the friendships and collaborative professional relationships that were established and sustained by this network of conscientious letter writing. Henry Swanzy and Frank Collymore, the editor of Bim magazine in Barbados, established a deep friendship and a mutually beneficial professional relationship by means of their regular correspondence. In addition, Swanzy’s and Collymore’s conscientious letter writing also helped several of the region’s writers hone their craft and sustain their literary efforts as they persevered toward professional success and international acclaim.
Agonist muscle adaptation accompanied by antagonist muscle atrophy in the hindlimb of mice following stretch-shortening contraction training

The vast majority of dynamometer-based animal models for investigation of the response to chronic muscle contraction exposure has been limited to analysis of isometric, lengthening, or shortening contractions in isolation. An exception to this has been the utilization of a rat model to study stretch-shortening contractions (SSCs), a sequence of consecutive isometric, lengthening, and shortening contractions common during daily activity and resistance-type exercise. However, the availability of diverse genetic strains of rats is limited. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to develop a dynamometer-based SSC training protocol to induce increased muscle mass and performance in plantarflexor muscles of mice. Young (3 months old) C57BL/6 mice were subjected to 1 month of plantarflexion SSC training. Hindlimb muscles were analyzed for muscle mass, quantitative morphology, myogenesis/myopathy relevant gene expression, and fiber type distribution. The main aim of the research was achieved when training induced a 2-fold increase in plantarflexion peak torque output and a 19% increase in muscle mass for the agonist plantaris (PLT) muscle. In establishing this model, several outcomes emerged which raised the value of the model past that of being a mere recapitulation of the rat model. An increase in the number of muscle fibers per transverse muscle section accounted for the PLT muscle mass gain while the antagonist tibialis anterior (TA) muscle atrophied by 30% with preferential atrophy of type IIb and IIx fibers. These alterations were accompanied by distinct gene expression profiles. The findings confirm the development of a stretch-shortening contraction training model for the PLT muscle of mice and demonstrate that increased cross-sectional fiber number can occur following high-intensity SSC training. Furthermore, the TA muscle atrophy provides direct evidence for the concept of muscle imbalance in phasic non-weight bearing muscles, a concept largely characterized based on clinical observation of patients. The susceptibility to this imbalance is demonstrated to be selective for the type IIb and IIx muscle fiber types. Overall, the study highlights the importance of considering muscle fiber number modulation and the effect of training on surrounding muscles in exercise comprised of SSCs.
Artificial liver support therapy in patients with liver failure

Despite a combination of all available treatment, the mortality of liver failure is very high,especially in children patients. Artificial liver support methods have been tested for over 50 years. Standard techniques of blood purification like hemodialysis, adsorption, hemo or plasma filtration as well as bioreactorbased approaches using liver cells or tissues have been used. It' s believed that the damaged liver has the ability to return to normal. Artificial liver support systems are expected to be useful for temporary support of liver function. If the liver does not regenerate to normal functions, an artificial liver support system may be useful as a bridge to liver transplantation. In conclusion, artificial liver support method appears to be a reliable therapy for advanced liver diseases and has significantly decreased the mortality of liver failure. Artificial liver support system has been used in children patients as well, but it still needs more researches. Key words: Artificial liver support system ; Liver failure
Overview of Modern Surgical Techniques in Inguinal Hernia Repair

The era of effective hernia repair surgery dates back to the end of the nineteenth century. The model that Bassini created for dissecting and then rebuilding the inguinal canal became the foundation of technique to achieve better results. Other surgeons that attempted to bypass some of the basic steps of his operation were not able to equal his results. It was Shouldice in the early 1940s who used the basic steps of Bassini’s operation that rekindled better outcomes for hernia surgery. Other surgeons described different techniques of canal reconstruction, but none proved as effective as Bassini–Shouldice.
Conformational Control of UDP-Galactopyranose Mutase Inhibition.

UDP-galactopyranose mutase (Glf or UGM) catalyzes the formation of uridine 5′-diphosphate-α-d-galactofuranose (UDP-Galf) from UDP-galactopyranose (UDP-Galp). The enzyme is required for the production of Galf-containing glycans. UGM is absent in mammals, but members of the Corynebacterineae suborder require UGM for cell envelope biosynthesis. The need for UGM in some pathogens has prompted the search for inhibitors that could serve as antibiotic leads. Optimizing inhibitor potency, however, has been challenging. The UGM from Klebsiella pneumoniae (KpUGM), which is not required for viability, is more effectively impeded by small-molecule inhibitors than are essential UGMs from species such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis or Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Why KpUGM is more susceptible to inhibition than other orthologs is not clear. One potential source of difference is UGM ortholog conformation. We previously determined a structure of CdUGM bound to a triazolothiadiazine inhibitor in the open form, but it was u...
Integrating the social sciences to enhance climate literacy

The climate literacy movement aspires to help members of the general public understand the global climate system, locate and assess scientifically credible climatic information, communicate about climate change in an educated and objective manner, and make informed and responsible decisions in response to climate-change impacts. When these goals are not met, society will likely be further imperiled by the effects of a changing climate. Climate literacy programs have traditionally promoted education on the biophysical science of the climate system but have largely failed to integrate relevant knowledge from the social sciences. We argue that understanding human behavior and the social drivers of climate change are essential for the public to fully appreciate the climate system, and that this knowledge can inform decision making related to climate-change mitigation and adaptation. Teaching students to evaluate different forms of evidence will also improve climate literacy and lead them to ask how scientists know what they know. Finally, we suggest two new social science principles that could advance interdisciplinary climate literacy goals.
Airway Mucins in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.

Chronic bronchitis, also known as chronic mucus hypersecretion, is common in cigarette smokers and is a key component of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). After the publication of the seminal study by Fletcher and Peto in the 1970s,1 chronic bronchitis was recognized as being associated with cigarette smoking and conferring a predisposition to lower respiratory infections, but was reported as not influencing the progressive airway obstruction that is characteristic of COPD.2 However, a number of later studies showed that chronic bronchitis was indeed not a benign feature of COPD and was clearly linked to disease progression, hospital admission, and mortality.3 . . .
Koblitz's conjecture on average for elliptic curves over abelian number fields of square-free conductor

Abstract Let E be a rational elliptic curve defined over the rational numbers. For a prime of good reduction p of E, let # E ( F p ) denote the number of F p -rational solutions on the reduction of E modulo p. In 1988, Koblitz conjectured that for any real number x # { p x : p prime and # E ( F p ) prime } ∼ C E ⋅ x log 2 ⁡ x , where C E is an explicit constant. Balog, Cojocaru, and David recently proved that Koblitz's conjecture is true on average for rational elliptic curves. In this paper we generalize their result to elliptic curves over any abelian number field with square-free conductor.
Asymmetric Alliances in the Thoroughbred Horse Industry: A Two-Sided Matching Approach

In many industries, firms with asymmetric status form alliances in order to gain new resources. We use a unique setting of equity alliances with many-to-one matching in the Thoroughbred Horse Indus...
Scalar Casimir effect for a D-dimensional sphere.

The Casimir stress on a D-dimensional sphere (the stress on a sphere is equal to the Casimir force per unit area multiplied by the area of the sphere) due to the confinement of a massless scalar field is computed as a function of D, where D is a continuous variable that ranges from -\ensuremath{\infty} to \ensuremath{\infty}. The dependence of the stress on the dimension is obtained using a simple and straightforward Green's function technique. We find that the Casimir stress vanishes as D\ensuremath{\rightarrow}+\ensuremath{\infty} (D is a noneven integer) and also vanishes when D is a negative even integer. The stress has simple poles at positive even integer values of D.
Abstract 16669: The Relationship Between Nicotine and Catecholamines to ECG Changes in Smokers

Background: Smoking is a robust risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. While constituents of tobacco smoke that increase CVD risk remain unknown, some of the sympathomimetic and electro...
The Effects of Participation in Alternative Break: An Alumni Sample Study

Alternative break experiences occur when college or university students choose freely to eschew typical break activities in order to engage in service with a group of peers under the guidance of peer-leaders in a community removed from their own. While researchers have identified some immediate benefits of participation in alternative break experience, less is known about their long-term impacts. This article examines the results of a study in which 147 college graduates were asked to reflect on their alternative break experiences. Respondents reported that these experiences had long-term (i.e., post-graduate) effects such as fostering lasting relationships and changing life perspectives.
Leaflet extension for repairing rheumatic mitral valve regurgitation.

It has been established that mitral valve (MV) repair is preferred over replacement in patients with mitral regurgitation (MR) caused by degenerative disease. In contrast, valve reconstruction for rheumatic MR remains controversial. Type IIIa MR due to rheumatic leaflet restriction often renders valve repair challenging and may predict a less successful repair. However, the utilization of leaflet mobilization and extension with autologous pericardium in order to increase leaflet area and surface of coaptation may achieve satisfactory results (1-3). This article represents our single-center experience of leaflet extension in rheumatic MR, with emphasis on description of the technique including tips on safeguards and pitfalls.
Glycosylated self-assembled monolayers for arrays and surface analysis.

Over the past few decades, carbohydrates (glycans) have received growing attention for their many roles in biological systems, including pathogenesis, receptor-ligand interactions, and cell signaling. To unravel the biology of this important category of biomolecules, a host of new tools have been developed for glycomics investigation. At the forefront is the carbohydrate microarray, developed to immobilize functional glycans on a solid substrate to rapidly screen a variety of potential binding partners (carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, cells, and viruses). The essential role played by surface modification on glycan microarray performance requires new methods to rigorously characterize glycan surface chemistries. Due to their highly reproducible nature and well-studied properties, self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on gold are powerful models for presenting glycans on a solid substrate, engineering biomimetic microenvironments and exploring the bioactivity of immobilized carbohydrates via surface plasmon resonance (SPR). However, it can be challenging to prepare high quality glycosylated SAMs (glyco-SAMs) that retain their biological function following surface immobilization. Herein, a selection of versatile methods for the preparation of glyco-SAMs using natural and chemically modified glycans is described. This chapter will highlight the following three immobilization techniques: (1) direct self assembly using thiolated glycosides onto gold, (2) tethering aminated glycosides onto amine-reactive SAMs, and (3) conjugating natural glycan onto divinyl sulfone-activated SAMs.
Results of combined nesbit penile plication with plaque incision and placement of Dacron patch in patients with severe Peyronie's disease

Abstract We treated 9 men with severe curvature of the penis secondary to Peyronie’s disease with penile plication and a previously unreported technique of incision of the Peyronie plaque and placement of Dacron patch. All men were potent before penile straightening. At a mean followup of 17.5 months all men achieved good to excellent correction of the deformity and they have remained potent. One patient initially complained of numbness of the glans penis and decreased penile rigidity distal to the Dacron patch but potency returned and the numbness resolved.
Novel Vasopressors in the Treatment of Vasodilatory Shock: A Systematic Review of Angiotensin II, Selepressin, and Terlipressin.

Study Objective:Vasodilatory shock is the most common type of shock. Catecholamine vasopressors are the cornerstone of hemodynamic therapy but carry risks. Angiotensin II (AT2) was recently approve...
Assessing Changes in Statin Prescribing Patterns Surrounding the 2013 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Lipid Guidelines

Abstract Purpose The American College of Cardiology (ACC) and the American Heart Association (AHA) introduced new lipid guidelines in late 2013 that were a vast departure from older guidelines. Concerns were raised regarding the likely increase in the number of adults who would be eligible for lipid-lowering therapy, namely moderate to high intensity statins. We sought to determine whether, in the first year after the ACC/AHA guideline release, more patients were prescribed statins, prescribed moderate- to high-intensity statins, and eligible for statins compared with the previous year. Methods This study was a retrospective, cross-sectional, observational analysis of National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey collected by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention during the years 2013 and 2014. Survey participants who were younger than 40 years or older than 75 years, were pregnant, or had triglyceride levels ≥400 mg/dL were excluded. Descriptive analyses and χ 2 tests of homogeneity (and associated odds ratios [ORs] and CIs) were constructed and reported. Findings Compared with 2013, a higher percentage of patients in 2014 were prescribed a statin and were eligible to receive a statin. In fact, patients in 2014 were significantly more likely to be prescribed a statin (OR = 1.22; 95% CI, 1.00–1.48) and to be eligible for a statin (OR = 9.26, 95% CI 7.54–11.37) compared with 2013. Although a higher percentage of patients in 2014 were prescribed a higher-intensity statin, the difference was not statistically significant (OR = 1.17; 95% CI, 0.90–1.52). Implications In the first year after the ACC/AHA guideline introduction, more patients in the United States were prescribed a statin. However, it is unclear whether the new guidelines were strictly adhered to regarding intensity of statin therapy.
A Ghost in Contemporary Theory: Selma Fraiberg’s Social Work Identity and Her Contributions to Modern Psychoanalysis

Re-examining the work of Selma Fraiberg, an early psychoanalytic social worker, reveals the prediction of two dominant strains in contemporary psychoanalysis: attachment theory and the study of trauma. On the hundredth anniversary of her birth, reading her papers is a reminder of clinical social work’s natural partnering with psychoanalysis. As American psychoanalysis has moved away from its primary focus on intrapsychic conflict toward relational models, it has incorporated the sine qua non of clinical social work: the person-in-environment. Fraiberg’s original identity as a social worker strongly informed her research, casework, writing, and approach to education, and forecast current strains in American psychoanalysis. Reclaiming Fraiberg’s unique contribution should cement both her rightful place as a psychoanalytic pioneer and as an originator of clinical social work identity, as well as the influence of clinical social work on American psychoanalysis.
SOLAR SYSTEM/SUN, ATMOSPHERES, EVOLUTION OF ATMOSPHERES | Planetary Atmospheres: Mars

The Martian atmosphere is mainly CO 2 with a mean surface pressure of 6.1 mb. Its thermal structure, wind systems, and photochemistry are similar to Earth's but with important differences. The present climate is characterized in terms of the seasonal cycles of dust, water, and CO 2 . Past climates were different due to large changes in Mars' orbital characteristics, and a thicker atmosphere that existed very early in its history. Liquid water flowed on the surface at these early times, but is not stable on Mars today.
Global kinetic modeling of rapidly pulsed reductants for lean NOx traps: Frequency domain analysis and impact of mass transfer

Abstract In the Rapidly Pulsed Reductants (RPR) process, also known as Di-Air (Bisaiji et al., 2011 [1]), hydrocarbons are injected in rapid pulses ahead of a lean NOx trap (LNT) in order to improve its performance at higher temperatures and space velocities while maintaining a reasonable fuel penalty associated with injecting reductants. In this study, a 23-step global kinetic model is developed to predict the performance and product selectivity of the RPR process using propylene as the reductant over a wide range of pulsing frequencies, particularly for the temperature range of 450–600 °C. Some of the previous studies, (Bisaiji et al., 2012 [2], Perng et al., 2014 [3]) have suggested a reaction mechanism based on the formation of stable isocyanate ( NCO) intermediates at high temperatures which promote the NOx conversion efficiency. However, in this study, we are checking whether a global kinetic model based on the conventional (low frequency) NOx storage and reduction mechanism is able to predict the NOx conversion improvements at higher pulsing frequencies at high temperatures, where the stability and role of previously proposed intermediates for NOx reduction is more questionable. A wide range of low frequency switching experiments were used to fit the kinetic parameters to the low frequency response of the RPR process. This model was then used to explore the high frequency performance of the RPR process. The kinetic model can predict the increase in NOx and propylene conversion as well as the change in selectivity of the reaction products, such as NH3 and CO, when the pulsing frequency is increased from conventional LNT to optimal RPR frequencies near 1 Hz corresponding to maximum NOx conversion (Reihani et al., 2018 [4]). However, in order to predict the behavior of RPR above the optimal frequency, it was required to add a model of axial pulse mixing to the kinetic model. The model results indicate that the main mechanism for improvement in NOx conversion at high frequencies and high temperatures is the more efficient utilization of storage sites. Also, the drop in NOx conversion at frequencies higher than the optimal frequency is caused by axial mixing of the reductant pulses. In addition, the model and experimental results provide insights into the importance of washcoat diffusion resistance. Particularly, the NOx reduction step with propylene becomes increasingly limited by washcoat diffusion at high temperatures and pulsing frequencies. The agreement between the model and the experimental results provides strong support for using this model to describe the RPR process.
Impact of 4 Components of Instructional Design Video on Medical Student Medical Decision Making During the Inpatient Rounding Experience.

Introduction The Four Components of Instructional Design (4C-ID) Model has been used to teach Medical Decision Making (MDM), a core competency recognized by the Liaison Committee for Medical Education. 4 Components of Instructional Design (4C-ID) has been applied in general medical education, but not the inpatient clerkship setting. A 4C-ID video for inpatient rounding, like postpartum rounding in Ob/Gyn, could help improve MDM on busy services. Methods Students in the third year Ob/Gyn clerkship were randomized by clerkship group to receive a 20-minute postpartum rounding video, based on 4C-ID principles, or usual teaching. MDM and knowledge were assessed pre-/postintervention with the Diagnostic Thinking Inventory and a case-based evaluation. Satisfaction was assessed with Likert style questions. Results Seventy-eight students were randomized (36 control, 42 intervention). Both groups had equal baseline measures of MDM and knowledge, and similar postclerkship MDM. The intervention group demonstrated higher knowledge postclerkship (17.1, 22.6 p Discussion Videos are easy to incorporate teaching platforms for medical students, however, the 4C-ID based video in this study did not increase student MDM. In addition, educators should use caution when integrating video into coursework as use of video may lead to decreased student satisfaction as it did in this study.
Input Estimation and Dimension Reduction for Material Models

Computer models for applications such as climate or materials have become increasingly complex. In particular, the input and output dimensions for these types of models has grown steadily larger, which has increased the computational burden of comparing these models with experimental data. This has spurred the development of statistical techniques for estimating outputs and reducing the dimension. This paper will show an example of these approaches applied to modeling and experiments for Tantalum, a material of interest for the Departments of Defense and Energy. We obtain results from a number of small-scale tests of Tantalum single crystals and use these results in a Bayesian statistical procedure to constrain the range and dimensionality of a Tantalum model.
Artificial Intelligence Based Approaches to Identify Molecular Determinants of Exceptional Health and Life Span-An Interdisciplinary Workshop at the National Institute on Aging

Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a powerful approach for integrated analysis of the rapidly growing volume of multi-omics data, predicting disease risk, identification of potential therapeutic targets and many other research and clinical tasks. However, the potential for AI to facilitate the identification of factors contributing to human health and life span and their translation into novel interventions for healthy aging remains to be fully exploited. As researchers on aging acquire large scale data both in human cohorts and model organisms, emerging opportunities exist for the application of AI approaches to untangle the complex physiologic process(es) that modulate health and life span. It is expected that efficient and novel data mining tools that could unravel molecular mechanisms and causal pathways associated with exceptional health and life span could accelerate the discovery of novel therapeutics for healthy aging. Keeping this in mind, the National Institute on Aging (NIA) convened an interdisciplinary workshop titled “Contributions of Artificial Intelligence to Research on Determinants and Modulation of Health Span and Life Span” in August 2018. The workshop involved experts in the fields of aging, comparative biology, cardiology, cancer, and computational science/AI to brainstorm ideas on how AI can be leveraged for the analyses of large-scale data sets from human epidemiological studies and animal/model organisms to close the current knowledge gaps in processes that drive exceptional longevity. This report summarizes the discussions and recommendations from the workshop on future application of AI approaches to advance our understanding of human health and life span.
The Effect of Mental Health on US County Economic Growth

Poor mental health creates significant economic costs, in addition to human suffering, and is a growing world-wide concern, especially with an aging population. To estimate the cost of this disease in the U.S., we adopt a conventional economic growth model and include the number of poor mental health days (PMHD) as a right-hand side variable. Controlling for various county-level variables associated with income growth, our results suggest that one additional PMHD is associated with a 1.84 percentage point lower per capita real income growth rate, or $53 billion less total annual income, across the U.S. between 2008 and 2014. This effect is in addition to the income losses associated with the Great Recession.
Understanding, Design, Models, Dialogue: The Orienting Role of Language

Abstract Language operates on two tracks: the descriptive (or representative) track and the orienting (or injunctive) track. Understanding involves thinking and thinking involves language. Vigilance with respect to the orienting track of language opens up new possibilities for thinking and hence understanding, as well as for designing, modeling, and interacting with others. In this commentary, I keep an eye on the orienting track of language while trying to map my own vocabulary to that of Michael Lissack in his two-part article “Understanding is a Design Problem: Cognizing from a Designerly Perspective.” My hope is that differences in how terms are used and ideas formulated could serve to generate new insights on how we might address complex societal issues together.
Trends in Late Mortality Among Adolescent and Young Adult Cancer Survivors

Background Over the past several decades, treatment of cancer in adolescents and young adults (AYAs) has evolved substantially, leading to steady improvements in estimated 5-year survival at diagnosis. However, the impact on late mortality in this population is largely unexamined. We investigated temporal trends in mortality among 5-year AYA cancer survivors. Methods The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database was used to identify AYAs (age 15-39 years) diagnosed with cancer during 1975-2011 who survived at least 5 years beyond diagnosis. Survival months were accrued from 5 years postdiagnosis until death or the end of 2016. Cumulative mortality from all causes, the primary cancer, other cancers, and noncancer or nonexternal causes (ie, excluding accidents, suicide, homicide) were estimated according to diagnosis era. Results Among 282 969 five-year AYA cancer survivors, 5-year mortality (ie, from 5 through 10 years postdiagnosis) from all-causes decreased from 8.3% (95% confidence interval = 8.0% to 8.6%) among those diagnosed in 1975-1984 to 5.4% (95% confidence interval = 5.3% to 5.6%) among those diagnosed in 2005-2011. This was largely explained by decreases in mortality from the primary cancer (6.8% to 4.2%) between these periods. However, for specific cancer types, including colorectal, bone, sarcomas, cervical/uterine, and bladder, cumulative mortality curves demonstrated little improvement in primary cancer mortality over time. Some reduction in late mortality from noncancer or nonexternal causes was apparent for Hodgkin lymphoma, leukemia, kidney cancer, head and neck cancers, and trachea, lung, and bronchus cancers. Conclusion Over the past four decades, all-cause and cancer-specific mortality have decreased among 5-year AYA cancer survivors overall, but several cancer types have not shared in these improvements.
Historical Research: The Origin of 'Formula': State of the Science, 1890s.

In 1900, 13% of infants in the United States died before their first birthday, most of dehydration from diarrhea. As part of a nationwide effort to “save the babies,” pediatricians focused on sever...
Improving long-term survival in diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma.

Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) is an almost universally fatal pediatric brain cancer. There has been no improvement in event-free survival (EFS) or overall survival (OS) despite immense ef...
A Psychological and Physiological Perspective

Over the past 40 years, NASA has successfully landed a series of robots on Mars, beginning with Viking 1 in 1976. Most recently, the landing of Curiosity in 2012 at Gale Crater, the seventh robotic landing on Mars, and Insight in November of 2018 have inspired the American people and captured their attention.
Time Evolution of Electric Fields in CDMS Detectors

The Cryogenic Dark Matter Search (CDMS) utilizes large mass, 3″ diameter×1″ thick target masses as particle detectors. The target is instrumented with both phonon and ionization sensors, the later providing a ∼1 V cm−1 electric field in the detector bulk. Cumulative radiation exposure which creates ∼200×106 electron-hole pairs could be sufficient to produce a comparable reverse field in the detector thereby degrading the ionization channel performance, if it was not shielded by image charges on the electrodes. To study this, the existing CDMS detector Monte Carlo has been modified to allow for an event by event evolution of the bulk electric field, in three spatial dimensions. Surprisingly, this simple model is not sufficient to explain the degradation of detector performance. Our most recent results and interpretation are discussed.
Cystoscopic findings in women with minimal and maximal lower urinary tract symptoms

Background Glomerulations are not specific for interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS). Controversy exists about whether cystoscopic findings differ between patients with and without lower urinary tract symptoms. We sought to compare the prevalence of cystoscopic findings in women with "no or minimal" urinary symptoms to those with a "high" symptom burden. Methods This is a secondary analysis of a prospective cohort study performed at a University Educational Facility. Participants in this study were part of a larger prospective study, in which female patients scheduled to undergo routine gynecologic procedures were all consented for cystoscopy with hydrodistension (CWHD). We defined the "minimally symptomatic group" as those with ≤1 on each of the O'Leary/Sant Interstitial Cystitis Symptom Index (ICSI) subscores and without history of IC/BPS. The "highly symptomatic" cohort of women had composite ICSI score ≥12 and a Burning/Pain subscore of 4 or 5. All were non-smokers. Results A total of 84 women underwent CWHD, with 33 having minimal symptoms and 51 being highly symptomatic. The two groups were not statistically different when assessing for 'any glomerulations' compared to 'no glomerulations.' However, minimally symptomatic women had an eight-fold lower prevalence of significant glomerulations than highly symptomatic women (3.0% minimally symptomatic vs. 23.5% highly symptomatic, P<0.05.). Conclusions Extensive glomerulations (≥10 in 3 or 4 quadrants) are rare in women with minimal urinary symptoms. These findings contrast with prior limited prospective data which quoted similar incidence of glomerulations in IC/BPS patients and asymptomatic patients. This study highlights the importance of evaluating objective evidence on CWHD and merits further investigation as part of the ongoing conversation regarding the definition of bladder health and pathology.
AgII-mediated electrocatalytic ambient CH4 functionalization inspired by HSAB theory.

Although most class (b) transition metals have been studied in regard to CH4 activation, divalent silver (AgII ), possibly owing to its reactive nature, is the only class (b) high-valent transition metal center that is not yet reported to exhibit reactivities towards CH4 activation. We now report that electrochemically generated AgII metalloradical readily functionalizes CH4 into methyl bisulfate (CH3 OSO3 H) at ambient conditions in 98 % H2 SO4 . Mechanistic investigation experimentally unveils a low activation energy of 13.1 kcal mol-1 , a high pseudo-first-order rate constant of CH4 activation up to 2.8×103 h-1 at room temperature and a CH4 pressure of 85 psi, and two competing reaction pathways preferable towards CH4 activation over solvent oxidation. Reaction kinetic data suggest a Faradaic efficiency exceeding 99 % beyond 180 psi CH4 at room temperature for potential chemical production from widely distributed natural gas resources with minimal infrastructure reliance.
Voices from the COVID-19 frontline: Nurses' trauma and coping.

AIM: To describe the experiences of frontline nurses who are working in critical care areas during the COVID-19 pandemic with a focus on trauma and the use of substances as a coping mechanism. DESIGN: A qualitative study based on content analysis. METHODS: Data were collected from mid-June 2020 to early September 2020 via an online survey. Nurses were recruited through the research webpage of the American Association of Critical Care Nurses as well as an alumni list from a large, public Midwest university. Responses to two open-ended items were analysed: (1) personal or professional trauma the nurse had experienced; and (2) substance or alcohol use, or other mental health issues the nurse had experienced or witnessed in other nurses. RESULTS: For the item related to psychological trauma five themes were identified from 70 nurses' comments: (1) Psychological distress in multiple forms; (2) Tsunami of death; (3) Torn between two masters; (4) Betrayal; and (5) Resiliency/posttraumatic growth through self and others. Sixty-five nurses responded to the second item related to substance use and other mental health issues. Data supported three themes: (1) Mental health crisis NOW!!: 'more stressed than ever and stretched thinner than ever'; (2) Nurses are turning to a variety of substances to cope; and (3) Weakened supports for coping and increased maladaptive coping due to ongoing pandemic. CONCLUSIONS: This study brings novel findings to understand the experiences of nurses who care for patients with COVID-19, including trauma experienced during disasters, the use of substances to cope and the weakening of existing support systems. Findings also reveal nurses in crisis who are in need of mental health services. IMPACT: Support for nurses' well-being and mental health should include current and ongoing services offered by the organization and include screening for substance use issues.
Response trajectories reveal the temporal dynamics of fraction representations

Previous studies on mental arithmetic with fractions have been equivocal with respect to the nature of mental representations that are formed with fractions. It is not clear from present evidence whether fractions form perceptual primitives independent from components or whether component magnitudes must be processed in addition to the holistic magnitude. In the present study, we attempt to resolve this issue by using computer mouse-tracking. We analyzed the dynamics of participants' hand movements as they compared presented fractions to 1/2. We found that before settling to the correct answer, hand trajectories showed competitive influences of component magnitude and overall fraction magnitude, but the influence of components happened much earlier. These data support the idea that in fraction comparison, component magnitudes and holistic magnitude are processed together in a continuous, competitive manner.