cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Martian tidal pressure and wind fields obtained from the Mariner 9 infrared spectroscopy experiment

Using temperature fields derived from the Mariner 9 infrared spectroscopy experiment, the Martian atmospheric tidal pressure and wind fields are calculated. Temperature as a function of local time, latitude, and atmospheric pressure level is obtained by secular and longitudinal averaging of the data. The resulting temperature field is approximated by a spherical harmonic expansion, retaining one symmetric and one asymmetric term for wavenumber zero and wavenumber one. Vertical averaging of the linearized momentum and continuity equations results in an inhomogeneous tidal equation for surface pressure fluctuations with the driving function related to the temperature field through the geopotential function and the hydrostatic equation. Solutions of the tidal equation show a diurnal fractional pressure amplitude approximately equal to one half of the vertically averaged diurnal fractional temperature amplitude.
Computer-based task representation: a methodology for improving system design

Abstract Task analysis procedures can be used in all stages of system development to examine the nature and severity of performance demands placed upon human operators. Task analyses involve considerable effort in obtaining a detailed set of measurements that represent the behavioural and cognitive tasks performed by the operators; these measures are referred to as task representation. The present article describes a flexible method for incorporating task representation data into an electronic spreadsheet. Such a computer-based procedure has many advantages over the more traditional paper and pencil approaches to task representation and analysis, including greater flexibility in data analysis and the inclusion of both objective and subjective measures of workload. Portions of an illustrative task representation and task analysis are presented along with a discussion of the strengths of computer-based task representation and analysis.
The effects of p-chlorophenoxyisobutyrate on the turnover rate and distribution of thyroid hormone in the rat☆

Abstract A single dose of p -chlorophenoxyisobutyrate (CPIB) caused an apparent displacement of 131 I-labeled thyroxine (T 4 ) from the plasma into the liver and it also increased the rate of T 4 disappearance from the plasma, liver, kidney, heart and skeletal muscle of the rat. Since T 4 disappeared at the same rate from all tissues, tissue T 4 must have been in equilibrium with plasma T 4 . The effects of CPIB disappeared after 30–40 hr, and T 4 turnover rates regressed toward those seen in control animals. When CPIB was fed to animals for 2–3 wks, it caused the plasma PBI concentration to drop from 5·2 to 3·7 μg/100 ml. Although the absolute plasma “free T 4 ” concentration remained unchanged (2·5 mμg/100 ml), the relative amount of circulating hormone present as “free T 4 ” increased about 40 per cent when CPIB was given. The displaced T 4 was concentrated by the liver and to a lesser extent by the kidney, causing these organs to become “hyperthyroid” as evidenced by a large increase in the mitochondrial α-glycerolphosphate dehydrogenase activity. At the same time, the rest of the organism remained “euthyroid” as evidenced by a lack of change in metabolic rate and thyroid function.
Cytological studies of Indian chilopods. I. The chromosomes of some species of scolopendridae (Myriapoda: Chilopoda).

1. The chromosome numbers ranging from 2n=16 to 24 of five species of Chilopoda belonging to the family Scolopendridae have been described. 2. This is the first record of the sex-chromosome mechanism in the family Scolopendridae. The sex-chromosome mechanism is of the XY- type. 3. In the first division X and Y start their anaphasic movement first, but after a while, they slow down and the autosomes join them. 4. The sex-chromosomes in Scolopendra morsitans show lagging in the second division while their behaviour is normal in other species.
Sparse blocked ordering and zone condensation in boundary element analysis

Abstract The sparse blocked matrix populations associated with multiply connected, multi-zone boundary element models experience significant block fill-in during direct matrix factorization. In this paper, it is shown that dramatic improvements in the computational efficiency of the overall matrix factorization step can be achieved for such problems by employing a zone condensation concept. Through a series of example problems this effect is quantified, including graphic depiction of matrix populations, both with and without zone condensation. Computer storage and cpu timing statistics are also given. A problem of the generation of singular blocks is also discussed in the analysis of multi-zone boundary element models even when no rigid body motion is possible in the overall structure. This problem is shown to occur when matrix blocks are improperly ordered, and an ordering scheme that overcomes this problem is demonstrated by numerical examples.
The identification of two types of collagen in the articular cartilage of postnatal chickens.

Amino acid analyses of carefully dissected samples of the articular cartilage of postnatal chickens indicates the presence of significant amounts of a collagen with a low hydroxylysine content. It was found that 9 M LiCl solutions preferentially extract the components of a collagen whose components when identified by ion exchange chromatography and amino-acid analyses, established that they were derived from Type I collagen. Type II collagen was essentially insoluble in solutions of 9 M LiCl, but could be solubilized in 4 M CaCl2 after prior treatment of the cartilage with pepsin. The αl (II) components were then isolated and characterized by their behavior during ion exchange chromatography and by their amino acid composition. The findings establish that the articular cartilage of postnatal chickens contains substantial amounts of Type I collagen and suggest that the nature and stability of the crosslinkages in Type I collagen of cartilage differs significantly from those of Type II collagen of cartilage. Moreover, it is also postulated that the nature of the major intermolecular cross-linkages in the Type I collagen of cartilage are similar to those present in Type I collagen of bone rather than those present in the Type I collabens of skin and other connective tissues.
Reversible difference sets with rational idempotents

Reversible difference sets have been studied extensively by many people. Dillon showed that reversible difference sets existed in groups (C2r ) 2 and C4. Davis and Polhill showed the existence of DRAD difference sets in the groups (C2 r ) 2 for r ≥ 2 and also for the group C4. This paper gives a construction technique utilizing character values, rational idempotents, and tiles to produce both reversible and DRAD Hadamard difference sets in the group C2r × C2r for r ≥ 2a nd inC4. We also show necessary conditions for both reversible and DRAD difference sets in abelian 2-groups.
High-resolution fMRI detects neuromodulation of individual brainstem nuclei by electrical tongue stimulation in balance-impaired individuals

High-resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) can be used to precisely identify blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) activation of small structures within the brainstem not accessible with standard fMRI. A previous study identified a region within the pons exhibiting sustained neuromodulation due to electrical tongue stimulation, but was unable to precisely identify the neuronal structure involved. For this study, high-resolution images of neural activity induced by optic flow were acquired in nine healthy controls and nine individuals with balance dysfunction before and after information-free tongue stimulation. Subjects viewed optic flow videos to activate the structures of interest. Sub-millimeter in-plane voxels of structures within the posterior fossa were acquired using a restricted field of view. Whole-brain functional imaging verified that global activation patterns due to optic flow were consistent with previous studies. Optic flow activated the visual association cortices, the vestibular nuclei, and the superior colliculus, as well as multiple regions within the cerebellum. The anterior cingulate cortex showed decreased activity after stimulation, while a region within the pons had increased post-stimulation activity. These observations suggest the pontine region is the trigeminal nucleus and that tongue stimulation interfaces with the balance-processing network within the pons. This high-resolution imaging allows detection of activity within individual brainstem nuclei not possible using standard resolution imaging.
Diarrhea Due to Escherichia coli Strain RDEC-1 in the Rabbit: The Peyer's Patch as the Initial Site of Attachment and Colonization

A strain of Escherichia coli (RDEC-1) has been described that in rabbits colonizes the intestine; adheres to mucosal epithelial cells of the ileum, cecum, and colon; and causes diarrhea by an unknown mechanism. This study attempted to determine the location of the bacteria in the rabbit intestine during the unexplained six- to seven-day interval between bacterial inoculation and onset of diarrhea. Specimens of ileum, cecum, colon, ileal Peyer's patches, sacculus rotundus, and appendix from control rabbits and from rabbits killed at intervals after inoculation with RDEC-1 bacteria were examined by light and direct fluorescence microscopy. Bacteria in large numbers attach to the tips of the Peyer's patch lymphoid follicles by 24 hr, but they did not attached to ileal, cecal, or colonic mucosa until three days after inoculation. The lag time between inoculation and onset of diarrhea was probably due to the need for the bacteria first to attach to and then colonize the Peyer's patch lymphoid follicles. The intestinal mucosa was probably colonized by bacteria shed from the Peyer's patches.
Five checkpoints maintaining the fidelity of transcription by RNA polymerases in structural and energetic details

Transcriptional fidelity, which prevents the misincorporation of incorrect nucleoside monophosphates in RNA, is essential for life. Results from molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of eukaryotic RNA polymerase (RNAP) II and bacterial RNAP with experimental data suggest that fidelity may involve as many as five checkpoints. Using MD simulations, the effects of different active site NTPs in both open and closed trigger loop (TL) structures of RNAPs are compared. Unfavorable initial binding of mismatched substrates in the active site with an open TL is proposed to be the first fidelity checkpoint. The leaving of an incorrect substrate is much easier than a correct one energetically from the umbrella sampling simulations. Then, the closing motion of the TL, required for catalysis, is hindered by the presence of mismatched NTPs. Mismatched NTPs also lead to conformational changes in the active site, which perturb the coordination of magnesium ions and likely affect the ability to proceed with catalysis. This step appears to be the most important checkpoint for deoxy-NTP discrimination. Finally, structural perturbations in the template DNA and the nascent RNA in the presence of mismatches likely hinder nucleotide addition and provide the structural foundation for backtracking followed by removing erroneously incorporated nucleotides during proofreading.
Cystic fibrosis mutations for p.F508del compound heterozygotes predict sweat chloride levels and pancreatic sufficiency

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a monogenetic disease with a complex phenotype. Over 1500 mutations in the CFTR gene have been identified; however, the p.F508del mutation is most common. There has been limited correlation between the CFTR mutation genotype and the disease phenotypes. We evaluated the non-p.F508del mutation of 108 p.F508del compound heterozygotes using the biological classification method, Grantham and Sorting Intolerant from Tolerant (SIFT) scores to assess whether these scoring systems correlated with sweat chloride levels, pancreatic sufficiency, predicted FEV(1) , and risk of infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the last year. Mutations predicted to be 'mild' by the biological classification method are associated with more normal sweat chloride levels (p < 0.001), pancreatic sufficiency (p < 0.001) and decreased risk of infection with Pseudomonas in the last year (p = 0.014). Lower Grantham scores are associated with more normal sweat chloride levels (p < 0.001), and pancreatic sufficiency (p = 0.014). Higher SIFT scores are associated with more normal sweat chloride levels (p < 0.001) and pancreatic sufficiency (p = 0.011). There was no association between pulmonary function measured by predicted FEV(1) and the biological classification (p = 0.98), Grantham (p = 0.28) or SIFT scores (p = 0.62), which suggests the pulmonary disease related to CF may involve other modifier genes and environmental factors.
A semi-supervised active learning algorithm for information extraction from textual data

In this article we present a semi-supervised active learning algorithm for pattern discovery in information extraction from textual data. The patterns are reduced regular expressions composed of various characteristics of features useful in information extraction. Our major contribution is a semi-supervised learning algorithm that extracts information from a set of examples labeled as relevant or irrelevant to a given attribute. The approach is semi-supervised because it does not require precise labeling of the exact location of features in the training data. This significantly reduces the effort needed to develop a training set. An active learning algorithm is used to assist the semi-supervised learning algorithm to further reduce the training set development effort. The active learning algorithm is seeded with a single positive example of a given attribute. The context of the seed is used to automatically identify candidates for additional positive examples of the given attribute. Candidate examples are manually pruned during the active learning phase, and our semi-supervised learning algorithm automatically discovers reduced regular expressions for each attribute. We have successfully applied this learning technique in the extraction of textual features from police incident reports, university crime reports, and patents. The performance of our algorithm compares favorably with competitive extraction systems being used in criminal justice information systems.
High temperature failure mechanisms in ceramics

A statistical model of high temperature failure in ceramics, by the viscous or diffusive growth of cavities, has been developed. General expressions for the creep strain associated with cavitation and for the failure time have been derived, and shown to be in good agreement with available data. Specific models of cavity growth along grain facets, by diffusive and viscous mechanisms, have then been generated, and coupled with the statistical model: to provide specific predictions of the creep strain and the failure time. The predictions are in reasonable accord with experimental results.
Complex microwave susceptibility of natural squid structures

Abstract Dispersive behavior associated with the sharp periodic absorption lines that have been attributed to fluxon nucleation within Josephson junctions has been observed in single crystals of YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7−δ . Both the absorption and dispersion signals are interpreted with an rf SQUID model that associates the absorption signal with hysteresis and the dispersive signal with constant flux. The observed broadening above a threshold in microwave power of the absorption and dispersion into bands is given a particularly simple interpretation with the rf SQUID model. The observed constancy of the absorption amplitude with increasing rf power may also be interpreted simply on the basis of hysteresis.
Deterrence Theory and Peers: Do Close Friends Perceive Sanction Certainty in a Similar Manner?

Although deterrence theory and social learning theory have been linked on many occasions and are compatible theoretical constructs, criminologists know very little about how the elements of deterrence operate among and between friends. The purpose of this study is to evaluate if similarities in the certainty of sanction, a main element of deterrence, are held between close friends in emerging adulthood. Using data from 1,077 friendship pairs, several confirmatory factor analyses are estimated that attempt to define a friendship-level certainty of sanction construct. Results indicate that friends do not share in common any tendency to perceive similar certainties of sanction. Not only does the certainty between friends fail to load unidimensionally, the two friends’ individual certainty constructs are nearly completely unrelated to each other. In terms of policy implications, peer-based programs targeting increases in sanction certainty tentatively appear to be unnecessary.
A 110µW 10Mb/s etextiles transceiver for body area networks with remote battery power

Emerging sensor technologies are enabling low-cost ambulatory medical devices for remote patient monitoring. In order to replace traditional bulky wired links used to communicate data around and away from the body, recent work has proposed the use of wireless body area networks (BANs) and body-coupled communication (BCC) systems [1–3]. Although such links typically communicate over short distances, the human body presents significant path loss, requiring high TX output power or large RX amplification. Additionally, these inherently single-ended systems must tolerate significant interference from external sources and nearby users.
Commentary: Liminality in Acculturation and Pilgrimage: When Movement Becomes Meaningful:

Movement entails both local/short-term and distant/long-term journeys to unfamiliar lands. Psychology has traditionally neglected human-beings-on-the-move to concentrate on fixed structures. Overco...
Alveolar hypoxia, inhibition of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction, and permeability edema.

We previously reported that regional alveolar hypoxia reduces oleic acid-induced permeability edema formation [Cheney et al. (1987). J. Appl. Physiol. 62: 1690-1697]. In order to define the role of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) on this effect, we studied the effects of regional alveolar hypoxia on permeability edema formation with this response inhibited. Dogs weighing 25 +/- 1 kg in which the HPV response had been inhibited by the administration of minoxidil (1 mg/kg i.v.) were anesthetized, mechanically ventilated and had a bronchial divider placed so the left lower lobe (LLL) could be ventilated with an FIO2 = 0.05 or FIO2 = 1, while the right lung was continuously ventilated with an FIO2 = 1.0. In 10 study animals the LLL was ventilated with an FIO2 = 0.05 for 4 h after induction of bilateral permeability pulmonary edema with 0.05 ml/kg of intravenous oleic acid. In six control animals the LLL was ventilated with an FIO2 = 1 for 4 h after the same injury. Postmortem gravimetric analysis indicates that alveolar hypoxia of the LLL with the HPV response inhibited had no effect on pulmonary edema formation. We conclude that inhibition of HPV abolishes the protective effect of regional alveolar hypoxia on oleic acid-induced permeability edema formation.
Exploring International Investment Through a Classroom Portfolio Simulation Project

A rapid integration of financial markets has prevailed during the last three decades. Investors are able to diversify investment beyond national markets to mitigate return volatility of a “pure domestic portfolio.” This article discusses a simulation project through which students learn the role of international investment by managing their own portfolios. The article explains the project's investment ground rule, trading requirement, and grading rubric. The students are required to examine many important factors in international business such as currency risks and regional policies. The structure of this project can also be applied to a course involving student-managed investment funds.
Doping-induced structural phase transition in polyacetylene.

We consider an anisotropic planar-rotor model on a two-dimensional triangular lattice to model the dopant ordering in polyacetylene in the process of alkali-metal doping. With the combination of a Ginzberg-Landau expansion of the free energy close to the critical temperature and total-energy calculations at zero temperature, we obtain a phase diagram in the plane of temperature and alkali-metal chemical potential, which shows various modulated phases which appear in the process of alkali-metal doping of the polymer. These results are compared with experimental observations by Winokur et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 58, 2329 (1987)].
Grüss-Type Inequalities

Abstract A connection between Gruss inequality and the error of best approximation is revealed. A Gruss-type inequality that unifies the continuous and discrete versions of the classical Gruss inequalities is established.
Strength cues and blocking at test promote reliable within-list criterion shifts in recognition memory

In seven experiments, we explored the potential for strength-based, within-list criterion shifts in recognition memory. People studied a mix of target words, some presented four times (strong) and others studied once (weak). In Experiments 1, 2, 4A, and 4B, the test was organized into alternating blocks of 10, 20, or 40 trials. Each block contained lures intermixed with strong targets only or weak targets only. In strength-cued conditions, test probes appeared in a unique font color for strong and weak blocks. In the uncued conditions of Experiments 1 and 2, similar strength blocks were tested, but strength was not cued with font color. False alarms to lures were lower in blocks containing strong target words, as compared with lures in blocks containing weak targets, but only when strength was cued with font color. Providing test feedback in Experiment 2 did not alter these results. In Experiments 3A-3C, test items were presented in a random order (i.e., not blocked by strength). Of these three experiments, only one demonstrated a significant shift even though strength cues were provided. Overall, the criterion shift was larger and more reliable as block size increased, and the shift occurred only when strength was cued with font color. These results clarify the factors that affect participants' willingness to change their response criterion within a test list.
Comparison of the Annealing Behavior of Three Cold Rolled (Ti-bearing, Nb-bearing and V-bearing) HSLA Steels

The annealing behavior of three HSLA steels is studied using the combined techniques of EBSD-KAM and Sub-grain Method. These techniques have been successfully used to assess the annealing behavior of AK, IF and other high strength steels. Stored energy maps in the hot band, cold rolled and after annealing are constructed and analyzed. The combined usage of the Sub-grain Method and EBSD-KAM techniques are employed to calculate and compare the evolution of the stored energy and recrystallization behaviour during the annealing of Ti-bearing, Nb-bearing, and V-bearing HSLA steels. Orientation dependent stored energy distribution maps at different annealing stages are constructed and analysed. The results show that the stored energy distribution through the thickness of the samples is not uniform and is independent of the steel composition. Similarly the recrystallization behaviour is strongly related to the initial microstructural condition and particularly to the grain boundary character distribution of the steels.
X-ray analysis of the internal rearrangement of the self-assembling columnar structure formed by a highly tapered molecule

Abstract Small angle and wide angle X-ray methods have been used to study the structure 2-{2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-ethoxy}ethyl-3,4,5-tris( p -octadecyl-oxybenzyloxy)-benzoate (H18-ABG-3EO-OH), which is one of a series of precursors used to synthesize polymers with highly tapered side chains that form self-assembling, columnar hexagonal ( φ h ) phases. This material is crystalline at room temperature, and undergoes crystalline-to- φ h and φ h -to-isotropic transitions in the region of 65–70 and 75–80°C respectively, depending on the thermal history. Small angle X-ray data for oriented fibres drawn from the φ h phase and cooled to room temperature point to the presence of hexagonally packed columns with a diameter of 57 A. The corresponding wide angle data indicate that there is three dimensional order within the columns: we observe a six-point pattern probably due to packing of the C18 tails in a manner analogous to the hexagonal form of polyethylene. On annealing, there is a progressive increase in the internal order of the cylinders as the structure is converted to one analogous to the crystalline forms of the C12-tetraethoxy analog (H12-ABG-4EO-OH) and the methacrylate polymer thereof (H12-ABG-4EO-PMA). These results suggest that the internal ordering now extends to the aromatic and tri-ethoxy units. Heating and cooling cycles from room temperature to successively higher temperatures show that these improvements in the internal order are accompanied by a progressive reduction in the diameter of the cylinders.
Distinct enzyme combinations in AKAP signalling complexes permit functional diversity

Specificity in cell signalling can be influenced by the targeting of different enzyme combinations to substrates. The A-kinase anchoring protein AKAP79/150 is a multivalent scaffolding protein that coordinates the subcellular localization of second-messenger-regulated enzymes, such as protein kinase A, protein kinase C and protein phosphatase 2B. We developed a new strategy that combines RNA interference of the endogenous protein with a protocol that selects cells that have been rescued with AKAP79/150 forms that are unable to anchor selected enzymes. Using this approach, we show that AKAP79/150 coordinates different enzyme combinations to modulate the activity of two distinct neuronal ion channels: AMPA-type glutamate receptors and M-type potassium channels. Utilization of distinct enzyme combinations in this manner provides a means to expand the repertoire of cellular events that the same AKAP modulates.
Hsp90 is a viable therapeutic target in the treatment of KSHV-associated primary effusion lymphoma

BackgroundHsp90 is a chaperone protein that binds client proteinsinvolved in the regulation of cell survival and apoptosissignal transduction, including Akt, IKK complex, Apaf-1, survivin, CDKs, and KSHVvFLIP.Thisbindingisnecessary to maintain proper protein folding, assembly,transport, and function. A lack of Hsp90 results inprotein misfolding, ubiquitination, and degradation.KSHV vFLIP was identified as a viral gene that isresponsible for NF- B-dependent anti-apoptotic geneexpression in primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) cells[1]. In particular, the IKK signaling complex consistingof IKKa,IKKb,IKKg,vFLIP,andHsp90inthecaseofPEL cells was demonstrated as essential for survival inthese cells. As Hsp90 forms part of the IKK signalo-some in PEL cells, the Hsp90 inhibitor geldanamycinwas previously tested in these cells and has beenshown to inhibit activity of this complex in vitro. How-ever, geldanamycin is of limited therapeutic potentialdue to its undesirable pharmacophysiology. We testeda new purine-scaffold Hsp90 inhibitor with high selec-tivity for tumor versus normal cell Hsp90, which iswater-soluble with high oral bioavailability and excel-lent therapeutic window [2,3].Materials and methodsWe evaluated the sensitivity of several KSHV infectedand uninfected cell lines to treatment with this inhibi-tor, called PU-H71. We performed viability and NF- Breporter luciferase assays. Immunoblot analyses to cel-lularandviralproteinsweredonetoassesstheeffectof PU-H71. Finally, we used a mouse PEL xenograftmodel and in vivo imaging to assess tumor responsesto PU-H71.ResultsWe found all KSHV-positive PEL cell lines to be exqui-sitely sensitive when compared to uninfected lymphomacells, with growth inhibition at IC
Conditional neuroligin-2 knockout in adult medial prefrontal cortex links chronic changes in synaptic inhibition to cognitive impairments

Abnormal activity in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is consistently observed in neuropsychiatric disorders, but the mechanisms involved remain unclear. Chronic aberrant excitation and/or inhibition of mPFC neurons were proposed to cause cognitive impairments. However, direct evidence for this hypothesis is lacking because it is technically challenging to control synaptic properties in a chronic and locally restricted, yet specific, manner. Here, we generated conditional knockout (cKO) mice of neuroligin-2 (Nlgn2), a postsynaptic cell-adhesion molecule of inhibitory synapses linked to neuropsychiatric disorders. cKO of Nlgn2 in adult mPFC rendered Nlgn2 protein undetectable after already 2-3 weeks, but induced major reductions in synaptic inhibition after only 6-7 weeks, and caused parallel impairments in anxiety, fear memory and social interaction behaviors. Moreover, cKO of Nlgn2 severely impaired behavioral stimulation of immediate-early gene expression in the mPFC, suggesting that chronic reduction in synaptic inhibition uncoupled the mPFC from experience-dependent inputs. Our results indicate that Nlgn2 is required for continuous maintenance of inhibitory synapses in the adult mPFC, and that chronic impairment of local inhibition disengages the mPFC from its cognitive functions by partially uncoupling the mPFC from experience-induced inputs.
Improving Our Public Mental Health Systems

Dr Koran and his colleagues are to be congratulated for their article in this issue. 1 In a well-designed study, they have demonstrated that almost half the patients in a large state public mental health system had an important physical disease, and that almost half of these diseases had gone unrecognized by that mental health system. This included many diseases causing or exacerbating mental disorders. This study highlights a vitally important part of diagnostic screening that is too often neglected in public mental health systems. The study also provides an excellent example of the kinds of diagnostic screening that should be done with psychiatric patients. If careful medical evaluations were done on a routine basis, these extensive findings of undiagnosed illnesses would not be possible. In this era of inadequate funding and rationed health care in the public sector, including psychiatric care, it is unfortunate but typical that such a
Subjective and Objective Napping and Sleep in Older Adults : Are Evening Naps Bad for Nighttime Sleep?

OBJECTIVES: To compare objective and subjective measurements of napping and to examine the relationship between evening napping and nocturnal sleep in older adults. DESIGN: For 12 days, participants wore actigraphs and completed sleep diaries. SETTING: Community. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred individuals who napped, aged 60 to 89 (including good and poor sleepers with typical age-related medical comorbidities). MEASUREMENTS: Twelve days of sleep diary and actigraphy provided subjective and objective napping and sleep data. RESULTS: Evening naps (within 2 hours of bedtime) were characteristic of the sample, with peak nap time occurring between 20:30 and 21:00 (average nap time occurred between 14:30 and 15:00). Two categories of nappers were identified: those who took daytime and evening naps and daytime-only. No participants napped during the evening only. Day-and-evening nappers significantly underreported evening napping and demonstrated lower objectively measured sleep onset latencies (20.0 vs 26.5 minutes), less wake after sleep onset (51.4 vs 72.8 minutes), and higher sleep efficiencies (76.8 vs 82%) than daytime-only nappers. CONCLUSION: Day and evening napping was prevalent in this sample of community-dwelling good and poor sleepers but was not associated with impaired nocturnal sleep. Although the elimination or restriction of napping is a common element of cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia, these results suggest that a uniform recommendation to restrict or eliminate napping (particularly evening napping) may not meet the needs of all older individuals with insomnia.
Comparison of antenna array systems using OFDM for software radio via the SIBIC model

This paper investigates the performance of two candidates for software radio WLAN, reconfigurable OFDM modulation and antenna diversity, in an indoor environment. The scenario considered is a 20m × 10m × 3m room with two base units and one mobile unit. The two base units use omnidirectional antennas to transmit and the mobile unit uses either a single antenna with equalizer, a fixed beamformer with equalizer, or an adaptive beamformer with equalizer to receive. The modulation constellation of the data is QPSK and 16-QAM. The response of the channel at the mobile unit is simulated using a three-dimensional indoor WLAN propagation model that generates multipath components with realistic spatial and temporal correlation. An underlying assumption of the scenario is that existing antenna hardware is available and could be exploited if software processing resources are allocated. The results of the simulations indicate that schemes using more resources outperform simpler schemes in most cases. This implies that desired user performance could be used to dynamically assign software processing resources to the demands of a particular indoor WLAN channel if such resources are available.
Stability of valganciclovir in an extemporaneously compounded oral liquid.

Straightforward reports of unusual drug experiences are included in this section. While selected references may be cited, the purpose of a Drug Experience report is not to present an extensive review of the literature. A related section, Grand Rounds, includes papers that are well-documented patient case reports with a thorough review of the important literature to help put the case in perspective. Authors should report serious adverse drug reactions to the FDA medical products reporting program (MedWatch). Such reporting will not jeopardize the chances that AJHP will publish manuscripts on the same drug reactions.
Surface characterization of chemically modified (trimethylsily) silicas by 29Si solid state NMR, XPS, and IR photoacoustic spectroscopy

The surface reactivity of hydroxyl groups on silica with trimethylchlorosilane (TMCS) is examined using XPS, FTIR-PAS, and solid state NMR. All techniques give responses give responses which can be correlated with increasing TMS surface coverages on Lichrosorb Si 60 silica and provide detection limits of ⩽10% of a TMS monolayer. Solid state NMR is particularly suited to examining reactivity differences between geminal and single silanols. Geminal hydroxyl groups are found to be much more reactive. At higher TMS coverages approaching steric limitations (0.5 TMS monolayer), nearly 100% of the geminal sites are reacted as opposed to only 20% of the single sites. The reactive subset of single silanols appears to include hydrogen-bonded (vicinal) groups. A mechanism is postulated to explain the apparent enhanced reactivity of geminal and vicinal silanols.
THE POWER OF TESTS: A CRITICAL PERSPECTIVE ON THE USES OF LANGUAGE TESTS. Elana Shohamy . London: Longman, 2001. Pp. xxvi + 182. £18.99 paper.

In the introduction to The power of tests: A critical perspective on the uses of language tests, Elana Shohamy raises the following questions: What is the meaning of a test for test takers, parents, teachers, and school administrators? What are the short- and long-term consequences of tests on the lives of individuals? What are the motivating factors behind the administration of language tests? What are the politics of the tests? These kinds of questions logically arise when the examination of testing includes a concern with the use of tests by educational institutions, policy makers, and society at large. Focusing primarily on the misuse of tests, this volume chronicles both intended and unintended test consequences.
Cross-Reactivity between Immunodominant Human T Lymphotropic Virus Type I tax and Neurons: Implications for Molecular Mimicry

Human T lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I)–associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) is associated with immunoreactivity to HTLV-I tax. Antibodies isolated from patients with HAM/TSP and monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to HTLV-I tax stained neurons. In neuronal extracts, HAM/TSP immunoglobulin G identified heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 (hnRNP A1) as the autoantigen. Importantly, tax MAbs reacted with hnRNP A1. To identify the epitope recognized by the tax MAbs, the fine epitope specificity of the antibodies was determined using overlapping peptides. This analysis identified an epitope at the C-terminus (tax 346–353 ), which overlaps a human immunodominant domain. Preincubation of this peptide with tax MAbs inhibited antibody binding to tax, hnRNP A1, and neurons. This indicates that a cross-reactive immune response between HTLV-I tax and neuronal hnRNP A1 is contained within the human immunodominant epitope of tax and suggests that molecular mimicry plays a role in the pathogenesis of HAM/TSP.
Design of haptic interfaces for therapy

Touch is fundamental to our emotional well-being. Medical science is starting to understand and develop touch-based therapies for autism spectrum, mood, anxiety and borderline disorders. Based on the most promising touch therapy protocols, we are presenting the first devices that simulate touch through haptic devices to bring relief and assist clinical therapy for mental health. We present several haptic systems that enable medical professionals to facilitate the collaboration between patients and doctors and potentially pave the way for a new form of non-invasive treatment that could be adapted from use in care-giving facilities to public use. We developed these prototypes working closely with a team of mental health professionals.
Feasibility of a High-Speed Gamma-Camera Design Using the High-Yield-Pileup-Event-Recovery Method

Higher count-rate gamma cameras than are currently used are needed if the technology is to fulfill its promise in positron coincidence imaging, radionuclide therapy dosimetry imaging, and cardiac first-pass imaging. The present single-crystal design coupled with conventional detector electronics and the traditional Anger-positioning algorithm hinder higher count-rate imaging because of the pileup of γ-ray signals in the detector and electronics. At an interaction rate of 2 million events per second, the fraction of nonpileup events is
ON THE FUNDAMENTAL FLUID TRANSPORT MECHANISMS THROUGH NORMAL AND PATHOLOGICAL ARTICULAR CARTILAGE DURING FUNCTION-II. THE ANALYSIS, SOLUTION AND CONCLUSIONS*?

Abstract The articulating process of synovial joints is represented by a spatially fixed cyclically time varying normal surface traction applied over a layered model of the cartilage-subchondral bone system. A two-phase mechanically interacting mixture is used to represent the solid matrix and the interstitial fluid of the cartilage continuum. The resulting equations of motion may be reduced to the currently employed physical laws used to describe the transport of fluid through the tissue, i.e. Darcy's law and Biot's consolidation equations. These equations were simplified by an order of magnitude analysis, and the resulting equations were solved by a double Fourier-Laplace transform procedure. The analytical solution shows that the fluid transport mechanism is strongly dependent upon a nondimensional parameter defined by ϵ 12 = Nk h 2 ω . This parameter is the ratio of the force required to deform the tissue as a whole to the force of frictional resistance due to the rate of movement of the interstitial fluid relative to the solid matrix. It is found that during normal function of healthy articular cartilage the consolidation effects will dominate the movement of interstitial fluid. In degenerative cartilage, as characterized by increasing the surface porosity and permeability and a decrease in tissue stiffness, the direct pressure effects, i.e. Darcy's law, becomes comparable to those of consolidation.
Preparation of DNA transfer reagent: carcinogenic by-product

In the briefing "Caribbean med school in Washington, D.C.?" (News and Comment, 16 Nov. 1979, p. 799), it is stated that American University hired an instructor from George Washington University to teach students of the displaced University of Dominica. This is not correct. The instructor hired was from Georgetown University.
Analysis of the characteristics-integration method for one-dimensional wave inversion

Basing our work on the one‐dimensional (1-D) wave equation, we present an inverse method which we call the characteristics‐integration method. The method is derived from integration along characteristic families of straight lines of the wave equation in the time domain. With the source function known and reflection data recorded on the surface, the characteristics‐integration method can efficiently and economically recover the subsurface impedance profile, provided that the structure is inhomogeneous only in the depth direction. In general, when seismic data are contaminated by noise, the characteristics‐integration method, like any other 1-D inverse method, suffers from instability. We find that, for a smoothly varying impedance profile, the instability of inversions using characteristic methods depends heavily on the bandwidth of the source wavelet. We devised a resampling technique to stabilize the inverse scheme and to suppress the growth of errors. Numerical examples, including data contaminated by n...
Heton Shedding from Submarine-Canyon Plumes in an Arctic Boundary Current System: Sensitivity to the Undercurrent

The lateral injection of dense outflow into an Arctic baroclinic current though a submarine canyon is examined using a three-dimensional nonhydrostatic numerical model. The oceanographic setting in this model retains essential features of the active outflow region from the Chukchi shelf to the Beaufort Sea. The coastal ocean mainly consists of a continental shelf and slope region indented by a submarine canyon. The ocean surface is partially frictional to account for the ice-exerted friction. A boundary current is bounded to the left by the continental slope and, in the most interesting cases, is bounded below by a reverse undercurrent. Dense water is released from the upper canyon and produces a sinking plume that follows the canyon axis seaward. As it approaches the maximum sinking depth, the subsurface plume moves out of the canyon and turns to the right to become a right-bounded undercurrent over the continental slope. The right turn generates anticyclonic vorticity. The sinking motion also induces a surface cyclone trapped over the canyon. If the centers of the top cyclone and subsurface anticyclone are sufficiently separated horizontally, the pair can form a self-propagating heton moving seaward from the canyon. Thus the heton shedding is an efficient way to produce halocline anticyclones that are known to populate the Beaufort Sea. Shedding is most active for fast release of dense water and if the maximum sinking depth is in the lower halocline. Heton shedding can occur in the absence of a boundary current. A unidirectional boundary current enhances heton shedding. An undercurrent provides background negative vorticity to the subsurface anticyclone and moves the anticyclone in the direction favorable for the seaward heton propagation. In consequence, the addition of an undercurrent facilitates much more efficient heton shedding.
Regulation of glucocorticoid receptors during adaptive liver growth

Mirex, an organochlorine pesticide, is a potent inducer of liver hyperplasia and hypertrophy in intact (INT) rats. In contrast, mirex elicits predominantly hyperplastic liver growth in adrenalectomized (ADX) rats and hypertrophic liver growth in thyroidectomized (THX) rats. Supplements of glucocorticoids restore liver hypertrophy and inhibit DNA synthesis in ADX mirex-dosed rats. Because responsiveness to glucocorticoids is in part dependent on the number and affinity of glucocorticoid receptors (GR) we have measured hepatic GR levels and dexamethasone inducibility of tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT) in mirex-dosed INT, ADX, and THX rats. Specific [3H]dexamethasone binding sites decreased to 48, 49, and 59% of control values in mirex-dosed INT, ADX, and THX rats, respectively, with no changes in the apparent equilibrium dissociation constant at 48 h postdose. The significant depletion of hepatic cytosolic GR in all experimental groups dosed with mirex failed to impair both uninduced and dexamethasone-induced TAT levels in these groups. It appears that the decrease in steroid binding is neither a result of an interaction between mirex and hepatic GR nor a simple "dilution" of receptors due to the accompanying liver hypertrophy. Taken collectively, these data suggest that despite the ligand-independent downregulation of hepatic GR, responsiveness of hepatocytes from mixed-dosed rats to glucocorticoids is not altered. Therefore, glucocorticoid-mediated liver hypertrophy in mirex-dosed rats probably involves either 1) modulation of steps subsequent to ligand binding and activation translocation of hepatic GR, 2) glucocorticoid effects at extrahepatic sites that release factors that are the actual effectors of parenchymal cell enlargement, or 3) an unconventional receptor-mediated mechanism.
Descending aortic replacement after Nuss for pectus excavatum in a Marfan patient-Case report.

Introduction The Nuss procedure for pectus excavatum (PE) repair has been successfully performed in Marfan syndrome (MFS) patients however there is concern for future risk of aortic dilation/rupture and need for emergent access with support bars in place.
Abstract 984: The role of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) oxidation in the survival of brain metastatic breast cancer cells

Background: Glucose is the main source of energy for most cells. When the glucose is limited some cells can use amino acids to support their survival. This ability of oxidizing branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) of the brain metastatic breast cancer cells was investigated. Methods: Breast cancer cell lines, MDA-MB-231 cell and its brain metastatic derivative MDA-MB-Br3 were used in this study. The survivability, ability of oxidizing BCAAs and expression of BCAA oxidation related enzymes of these cells were determined. Results: MDA-MB-Br3 cells survived well and oxidized more BCAAs than MDA-MB-231 cells when cultured in glucose free medium. Accordingly, the activity of branched-chain a-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex of MDA-MB-Br3 cells is significantly higher than that of the MDA-MB-231 cells. Conclusions: The breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-Br3 can use BCAAs as a resource of energy for survival in the environment with very low level of glucose. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 984. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-984
Brownface Minstrelsy: “José Jiménez,” the Civil Rights Movement, and the legacy of racist comedy

This study examines US comedian Bill Dana, of Hungarian-Jewish descent, and his Latino minstrel character, "Jose Jimenez," during the civil rights period. By situating Dana and Jimenez within the social and political context of Latinos in the US during the 1960s, I argue Dana's comedy continued the tradition of racial ridicule at a time when blackface minstrelsy was increasingly unpopular: a result of contestation by African American civil rights groups. Analyzing primary sources (oral histories, news articles, and audio/visual media), I examine the initial popularity of Jose Jimenez in the early 1960s, the mechanisms used to ridicule Latinos, the role of media in constructing narratives of non-racism and acceptance by Latinos, and the resulting contestation of the character by Chicano/Latino media activists and civil rights organizations. I conclude that public racial ridicule of Latinos has not been constrained as some have suggested, but that it has changed since the civil rights era. Language: en
More on Lower Semi-Continuity

(1976). More on Lower Semi-Continuity. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 83, No. 1, pp. 39-39.