cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The distribution of friction heat between a stationary pin and a rotating cylinder

Abstract The knowledge of the distribution of friction heat between two bodies in sliding contact is necessary for the calculation of the elevated temperatures at the contact area. An analytical model has been devised for the calculation of the coefficient for the friction heat distribution between a rotating cylinder and a stationary pin. This model covers a wide field of practical applications. The results of this analysis are in very good agreement with the experimental results existing in the bibliography. Graphs are included to facilitate the numerical calculations. The proposed model takes into consideration the specific geometric configurations and the surface heat transfer conditions of the bodies coming in sliding contact.
Preschool children's conversation intrusions: Behavior and metapragmatic knowledge

The aim of this study was to determine (a) whether preschool children behave differently when making requests to talking and silent adults, and (b) what they know about conversation intrusions. Forty‐five children (3 years to 5 years, 6 months) participated in an art project. To complete the project, the child had to ask two adults (talking or silent) for supplies. The children were also tested for judgments about making a request of a talking versus a silent addressee. Younger children took longer to make their requests of silent adults and older children took longer to address talking adults. About half of the older children waited for a break in the conversation to make their request. Younger children did not differentiate between a talking and silent addressee in their metapragmatic responses, while older children did. However, children's responses on the metapragmatic task did not predict their behavior in the actual request task.
Désignifier au pluriel: parcours vers la déchéance

A poesia de Henri Michaux e submetida a um movimento inexoravel de queda e ascencao: dos infernos do visual a esfera do textual, do mito das origens ao espectro do modernismo, da escavacao e exumacao ao ressuscitamento e a modulacao, do hino da criacao ao monturo da dissolucao  e de volta ao principio. Neste campo de batalha em que a linguagem e a arte estao soterradas, em que pintura e verso sao unidos apenas para serem separados, apareceu uma renovada especie de significante, um paradigma alternativo, eternamente a beira do desaparecimento, ainda que corajosamente equilibrada, de maneira a significar pela mesma pluralidade que ameaca seu ser. Abstract The poetic of Henri Michaux is under-girded by a relentless movement: bellowing shifts from the realm of the visual to the sphere of the textual, from the myth of origins to the specter of modernism, from excavation and exhumation to resuscitation and modulation, from the song of creation to the knoll of annulation  and back again. On this battlefield of language and art pitted, of paint and verse conjoined only to be severed  there is birthed a newly-turned breed of signifier, an alternative paradigm, forever on the brink of eradication, yet stalwartly poised to mean by the very plurality that threatens its being.
Junctions of three quantum wires for spin 1/2 electrons

We study the effects of electron-electron interactions on the transport properties of a junction of three quantum wires enclosing a magnetic flux. The wires are modeled as single channel spin-$\frac{1}{2}$ Tomonaga\char21{}Luttinger liquids. The system exhibits a rich phase diagram as a function of the electronic interaction strength, which includes a chiral fixed point with an asymmetric current flow highly sensitive to the sign of the flux and another fixed point where pair tunneling dominates, which is similar to the case of spinless electrons. While in the case of spinless electrons the perturbations that correspond to unequal couplings between the three wires are always irrelevant, we find that, when the electron spin is included, there are small regions in the phase diagram where a current flows only between two of the wires and the third wire is decoupled.
A novel EEPROM cell for smart card application

In this article, a new EEPROM cell suitable for smart card application is described. The cell has self-aligned select gate on both side walls of floating gate and this enables to give very small cell size. The cell size is 1.84 µm2 with 0.25 µm logic process. The cells are programmed and erased by Fowler-Nordheim (FN) tunneling. It appears that programming requires 1 ms at 16 V, while erasing requires 2 ms at 14 V. It shows excellent retention and endurance characteristic. Especially, the cell is stable after million cycles of endurance testing, and thus is suitable for smart card application.
Runge–Kutta characteristic methods for first‐order linear hyperbolic equations

We develop two Runge–Kutta characteristic methods for the solution of the initial-boundary value problems for first-order linear hyperbolic equations. One of the methods is based on a backtracking of the characteristics, while the other is based on forward tracking. The derived schemes naturally incorporate inflow boundary conditions into their formulations and do not need any artificial outflow boundary condition. They are fully mass conservative and can be viewed as higher-order time integration schemes improved over the ELLAM (Eulerian–Lagrangian localized adjoint method) method developed previously. Moreover, they have regularly structured, well-conditioned, symmetric, and positive-definite coefficient matrices. Extensive numerical results are presented to compare the performance of these methods with many well studied and widely used methods, including the Petrov–Galerkin methods, the streamline diffusion methods, the continuous and discontinuous Galerkin methods, the MUSCL, and the ENO schemes. The numerical experiments also verify the optimal-order convergence rates of the Runge–Kutta methods developed in this article. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 13: 617–661, 1997
Hemodynamic unloading of the failing left ventricle using an arterial-to-arterial extracorporeal flow circuit

We tested the hypothesis that creation of a constant-flow extracorporeal circuit between the proximal and distal aorta will unload the failing left ventricle. Studies were performed in 14 heart failure dogs produced by intracoronary microembolizations. An extracorporeal circuit incorporating a diagonal pump was placed between a femoral and a carotid artery, with flow directed to the carotid. Hemodynamic measurements were made with the pump delivering 0.25 L/min through the circuit for 4 hours (active group). Measurements obtained from 8 sham-operated heart failure dogs were used for comparison (control group). Heart rate, peak left ventricular systolic pressure, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, end-diastolic volume, end-systolic volume, and ejection fraction were measured at baseline and at 30, 60, 120, and 240 minutes. There were no differences in any of the hemodynamic values during the 4 hours of follow-up in the control group. In the active group, there was no effect on heart rate or peak systolic pressure, but reductions between baseline and 240 minutes were observed in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (15 +/- 1 vs 6 +/- 1 mm Hg, p < 0.05), end-diastolic volume (61 +/- 3 vs 50 +/- 3 mL, p < 0.05), and end-systolic volume (44 +/- 2 vs 32 +/- 2 mL, p < 0.05), and an increase in ejection fraction (28 +/- 2 vs 37% +/- 2%, p < 0.05). Acute use of this artery-to-artery extracorporeal system effectively unloads the failing left ventricle. The potential benefits of this approach on long-term myocardial recovery in heart failure require further investigation.
Integration of faces and vocalizations in ventral prefrontal cortex: Implications for the evolution of audiovisual speech

The integration of facial gestures and vocal signals is an essential process in human communication and relies on an interconnected circuit of brain regions, including language regions in the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG). Studies have determined that ventral prefrontal cortical regions in macaques [e.g., the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC)] share similar cytoarchitectonic features as cortical areas in the human IFG, suggesting structural homology. Anterograde and retrograde tracing studies show that macaque VLPFC receives afferents from the superior and inferior temporal gyrus, which provide complex auditory and visual information, respectively. Moreover, physiological studies have shown that single neurons in VLPFC integrate species-specific face and vocal stimuli. Although bimodal responses may be found across a wide region of prefrontal cortex, vocalization responsive cells, which also respond to faces, are mainly found in anterior VLPFC. This suggests that VLPFC may be specialized to process and integrate social communication information, just as the IFG is specialized to process and integrate speech and gestures in the human brain.
Relationship between Achievement Goal Constructs and Physical Self-Perceptions in a Physical Activity Setting:

The relations of achievement goal theory constructs and physical self-perceptions were explored with 225 students (91 men, 109 women, and 25 nonindicators; M age=23.5 yr., SD=9.2), enrolled in basic physical activity classes (aerobics, weight training, modern dance, badminton, yoga, tai chi, basketball, racquetball, gymnastics, bowling, aquatone, and step aerobics) in a university setting. Goal orientations (Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire), perceptions of the motivational climate (Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire-2), and physical self-perceptions (Physical Self-perception Profile) were assessed. Data were analyzed separately by sex. Ego orientation was the only predictor of Physical Self-perceptions in men, accounting for between 12 and 15% of the variance in Physical Self-worth, Sport Competence, Physical Conditioning, and Body Attractiveness. Constructs of achievement goal theory were not predictive of Physical Self-perceptions in the women. The results are discussed in light of achievement goal theory and the nature of the sample.
Symmetric moderately large deformations of a shallow spherical membrane by edge loads

Abstract The problem of moderately large axisymmetric deflections, due to edge loads, of a linearly elastic shallow spherical membrane containing a central circular hole is solved in closed form. Representative results are presented graphically and used to illustrate some of the interesting features of the solution.
Lymphopenia associated with adjuvant anthracycline/ taxane regimens.

Abstract Background We observed 2 cases of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) occurring in HIV-negative patients during treatment with dose-dense chemotherapy with doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide (AC) followed by paclitaxel (T). These represent the first case reports of PCP occurring during dose-dense chemotherapy for breast cancer. Because lymphocyte depletion is thought to predispose patients to PCP, we explored whether the shortened intervals between cycles during dose-dense chemotherapy might place patients at risk for lymphocyte depletion and thereby a potentially increased risk of opportunistic infection. Patients and Methods Three cohorts of patients were analyzed. Cohort 1 involved 135 patients receiving dose-dense AC → T on a phase II study. Cohort 2 included 64 patients who received treatment with dose-dense AC → albumin-bound paclitaxel on a phase II clinical trial. Cohort 3 consisted of 59 patients who received AC → T given every 3 weeks who were identified from the Clinical Research Information System database at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute. For cohorts 1 and 3, the electronic medical record was reviewed to determine absolute lymphocyte counts (ALCs) and absolute neutrophil counts (ANCs) for day 1 of each of the 8 cycles of treatment. For cohort 2, data was prospectively collected and entered into an electronic database. The lowest ALC obtained by each patient on day 1 of any cycle was termed the nadir. Results Patients experienced grade 3 (ALC 3 ) or grade 4 (ALC 3 ) lymphopenia in all 3 cohorts: 63% with dose-dense AC →T, 23.4% in dosedense AC → albumin-bound paclitaxel, and 69% with dose-dense AC → T every 3 weeks. Patients experienced their lowest median ALC count at cycle 5 of treatment in all 3 cohorts, with a median nadir of 400 cells/mm 3 in cohort 1, 690 cells/mm 3 in cohort 2, and 400 cells/mm 3 in cohort 3. Conclusion The majority of patients receiving AC → T every 2 or 3 weeks experience grade 3/4 lymphopenia. Median lymphocyte counts appear to be lowest around cycle 5, the point at which we observed 2 cases of PCP. Lymphocyte counts appear to be reaching a low enough level to place patients at risk for opportunistic infection during treatment with dosedense AC → T and with AC → T given every 3 weeks.
Fetal surgery for neural tube defects.

Summary A recently completed randomized, controlled, prospective multicenter trial, the Management of Myelomeningocele Study (MOMS), demonstrated that maternal–fetal surgery for myelomeningocele (MMC) before 26 weeks of gestation decreases the need for ventriculoperitoneal shunting, decreases hindbrain herniation, and preserves neurological function. However, the study also found that fetal MMC surgery is not without significant risks, such as premature delivery or maternal complications. The primary objective of this review is to provide a critical overview of the rationale for in-utero intervention for MMC in the context of pathological observations, animal models, initial clinical experience with human fetal MMC surgery, and the results of the randomized trial. The secondary objective is to briefly discuss our approach to fetal MMC. Finally, the ongoing clinical research and the recent developments of potential alternative fetal surgical techniques will be highlighted.
Electrofishing Distance Needed to Estimate Consistent Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI) Scores in Raftable Oregon Rivers

Abstract An important issue surrounding assessment of riverine fish assemblages is the minimum amount of sampling distance needed to adequately determine biotic condition. Determining adequate sampling distance is important because sampling distance affects estimates of fish assemblage condition at both local and regional scales, and oversampling is costly. We examined the sampling distance question by sampling 45 raftable Oregon river reaches for an entire day and then assessing the minimum distance needed to obtain index of biotic integrity (IBI) scores in those reaches that varied by less than 10% from the 1-d samples. An electrofishing raft was used to collect fish, and physical and chemical habitats were sampled to aid in reach description. We found that a sampling distance equal to 50 times the mean wetted channel width, or a catch of more than 120 individuals, produced IBI scores that met our criteria.
Juvenile toads avoid chemical cues from snake predators

Abstract Chemical senses mediate several anuran behaviours, including predator avoidance by larval frogs. Predation by garter snakes is an important influence on the survival of post-metamorphic, juvenile toads ( Bufo sp.). Studies have shown that visual, rather than chemical, cues are important for predator avoidance in post-metamorphic juvenile bufonids. This study investigated the ability of post-metamorphic, juvenile great plains toads, B. cognatus and southwestern toads, B. microscaphus to detect and avoid chemical cues from their respective predators, the eastern plains garter snake, Thamnophis radix and the wandering garter snake, T. elegans Juvenile B. cognatus collected in South Dakota were observed on unmarked paper towels significantly more than on similar towels treated with chemical cues from T. radix Similarly, juvenile B. microscaphus from Arizona were observed on unmarked towels significantly more than on towels marked with chemical cues from T. elegans Toad avoidance of snake odour was apparently not a generalized response to reptile chemical cues: juvenile B. microscaphus continued to avoid snake odours when these were simultaneously presented with odours from sympatric lizards, Sceloporus undulatus Hence, juvenile B. cognatus and B. microscaphus apparently detect and avoid chemical cues from snake species that prey on them.
Diastolic flow as a predictor of arterial stenosis

With a pulsed Doppler imaging system, it is now possible to interrogate sites from the aorta to the popliteal trifurcation. To determine which velocity parameters could be correlated with the degree of disease as determined by angiography, 34 arterial stenoses identified by scanning were also evaluated by contrast arteriography and classified in 10% increments. The angiographic readings were blinded with respect to the scan results. Four hand-measured parameters from velocity waveforms obtained at the site of stenosis were correlated with the angiogram--peak systolic velocity, systolic rise time, diastolic reverse velocity, and diastolic reverse flow time. When diastolic reverse flow was absent, diastolic forward flow was recorded. To describe diastolic flow along a continuum, diastolic reverse velocity was ascribed a positive value and diastolic forward velocity was ascribed a negative value. A systolic velocity gradient (peak velocity/rise time) was also calculated. The relationship between the angiographic categories and the measured parameters was evaluated with the Jonkheere-Terpstra trend test. A trend was determined with diastolic flow (diastolic reverse flow or diastolic flow velocity) that was significant (p less than 0.01). The linear regression was calculated (y = 40.8 + [-5.6X]), and correlation coefficient was obtained (r = 0.76) that was statistically significant (p less than 0.01). The method enables mapping and calculation of arterial stenoses by noninvasive means. This can be expected to obviate the need for diagnostic angiograms in certain and select cases in which angioplasty can be expected to be beneficial. It also affords a convenient quantitative means of following lesions over time.
Epidemiology of Kawasaki disease in the United States and worldwide

Abstract Kawasaki disease is a leading cause of acquired heart disease in children in the United States, Japan, and many other countries. The largest number of cases have been reported from Japan, where about 117000 cases were recorded in 1992. In countries with small Asian populations, Kawasaki disease appears to disproportionally affect children of Asian heritage. Epidemics of Kawasaki disease were observed in Japan in 1979, 1982, and 1986. Various regional outbreaks were also reported in the US during the late 1970s and through to the mid-1980s. Few countries have reported outbreaks in the 1990s. This paper reviews the epidemiology of Kawasaki disease in published reports from countries in North and South America, Asia, Europe, and Australia.
Architecture and deformation mechanism of a basin-bounding normal fault in Mesozoic platform carbonates, central Italy

We studied the mechanisms and intensity of deformation across a large, active, basin-bounding normal fault zone in Mesozoic platform carbonates. Based on the modes, orientation, crosscutting and abutting relationships of various structural elements preserved within the fault zone and in the surrounding host rocks, we propose a conceptual model of normal fault growth under an extensional tectonic regime that follows an earlier contractional regime. Normal faults initiated by shearing of the pre-existing elements, predominantly pressure solution seams inherited from the contractional regime, formation and subsequent shearing of new seams and joints/veins, and localization of pods of fragmented carbonates within the individual mechanical layers. With ongoing deformation and emersion from depth, two sets of conjugate normal faults developed within the fault zone through the fragmented pods. The end result is normal fault zone with a maximum of 600 m of throw that includes deformed basinal sediments in the hanging wall, and up to 1-m thick fault core and 100-m thick damage zone in the footwall. The fault core is made up of matrix-supported and cement-supported fault rocks and major slip surfaces. The damage zone consists of small faults and fragmented carbonates; the intensity of deformation generally increases towards the fault core.
Sigmund Freud and the diagram-maker school of aphasiology

Published 100 years ago, Freud's monograph on aphasia, Zur Auffassung der Aphasien, is an incisive analysis of the so-called diagram-makers, those aphasiologists who would reduce brain and language to simple schemes of circumscribed cortical centers linked by unidirectional subcortical pathways. Chief architects of the diagram-maker school were Wernicke and Lichtheim, and their formulations of conduction aphasia and the transcortical aphasias were particular targets of Freud's trenchant criticism. Freud argued against functional differentiation within left hemisphere perisylvian language regions, and he suggested that traditional aphasic syndromes were artifacts of lesions that included cortical language regions and deeper white matter pathways not directly involved with language. He provided an innovative classification of aphasia based on types of associations presumed to be affected. Freud, however, failed to adduce new clinical or pathological observations; he was perhaps unnecessarily harsh in challenging authorities in the field of aphasia; and his theory had to compete with a straightforward and already entrenched anatomical view of language representation. Despite Freud's lucid argumentation, his carefully crafted monograph was never widely noted.
Predictors of Transience Among Homeless Emerging Adults

This study identified predictors of transience among homeless emerging adults in three cities. A total of 601 homeless emerging adults from Los Angeles, Austin, and Denver were recruited using purposive sampling. Ordinary least squares regression results revealed that significant predictors of greater transience include White ethnicity, high school degree or equivalent, homeless residence in the 6 months prior to the study, longer period of homelessness, history of arrest and juvenile detention, earning income through informal sources, history of physical abuse, alcohol/drug addiction, and resilience characteristics. Quantitative findings were expanded upon with data from in-depth interviews with 145 of these homeless emerging adults regarding their reasons and motivations for transience. Identifying predictors of transience will facilitate customizing interventions that, when needed, aim to stabilize homeless emerging adults, prevent their mobility, and/or offer mobile services to them on the road.
Hemangioma of the esophagus

Hemangioma of the esophagus is a rare tumor. Fewer than 100 cases have been found in the literature. The present case report describes a patient who experienced a sudden massive hematemesis and demonstrated unusual changes on the computed tomographic scan.
Permeability of anisotropic tube pumice: Model calculations and measurements

[1] We examine permeable flow through porous materials using volcanic pyroclasts with simple pore geometries. Laminar lattice-Boltzmann (LB) fluid flow simulations through 3-D synchrotron x-ray microtomographic images allow us to model fluid flow through anisotropic pumiceous volcanic samples (tube pumice). We find a good correspondence between calculated permeability (using both simple approximations and LB simulations) and maximum laboratory permeability measured parallel to the direction of vesicle elongation in most tube pumice samples. Moreover, this comparison demonstrates that small vesicles control fluid flow through the pore structure of tube pumice, even when large, but isolated, vesicles are present. However, neither simple approximations nor LB models for flow through small tomographic volumes can adequately model permeable flow perpendicular to vesicle elongation or in material with complex geometries. This mismatch illustrates current limitations in both resolution of x-ray tomography for delicate pumice structures and shows the importance of scale in LB calculations.
Blood money: The routine violation of conversational rules

A qualitative case study was conducted to examine interactional management rules in naturally‐occurring conversation. The research question guiding this study was: how do interactants adapt when the conversational rules identified as essential for successful interaction are repeatedly and consistently violated? The context chosen for this study was a plasma donation center where persons came together to sell their blood plasma, and had opportunities to interact for over three hours per visit. As a participant/observer, the researcher donated plasma sixteen times over a two‐month period to observe conversations. Wiemann's (1977) conversational management rules were adopted as a descriptive framework, and data were drawn from fieldnotes recorded over the thirty‐eight hours of observation time. It was discovered that conversational management rules were consistently violated in this context. However, the regular participants in this context treated the violations as unproblematic episodes. It is posited that...
Why should cardiologists consider genetic testing for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Although it has been more than a decade since the official announcement of the complete sequencing of the human genome, the impact of this monumental achievement on clinical practice has so far fallen short of expectations. Many thought that medicine in the “post-genome era” would quickly
Student and faculty issues in distance education occupational safety and health graduate programs

Abstract Problem : There is increasing interest in delivering degree programs without requiring students to attend traditional classroom-based classes. There are many differences between classroom and distance courses that must be addressed to have effective distance programs. Method : Occupational safety and health faculty and occupational safety and health professionals were surveyed to determine the need for graduate occupational safety and health programs, delivered by means of distance education, and the best means to deliver the program from the perspective of faculty and working occupational safety and health professionals. Results : Adequate time is the largest problem issue for potential students and the distance student's needs must be considered when developing program policies and procedures. Faculty must be sufficiently trained in pedagogy, technology, and communications so that they have the same comfort level with this method of instruction as they do for the more familiar classroom, and technical and instructional support personnel need to be readily available to work with the faculty and support course development. Impact on Industry : Findings indicate that there is interest in a distance education-based program and it is believed that industry will be positively impacted as educational opportunities expand for working professionals.
An intact tissue assay for enzymes that labilize CH bonds

Abstract The activity of enzymes that labilize known C H bonds can be estimated in intact tissue by following the loss to water of tritium from specifically labeled substrates. The accumulated tritium oxide ( 3 HHO) in the medium is recovered by direct sublimation of aliquots of the medium into scintillation vials and the radio-activity measured by liquid scintillation spectrometry.
Reliability of GaN HEMTs: Current degradation in GaN/AlGaN/AlN/GaN HEMT

Electrical reliability of the AlGaN/GaN material system in both the on and off state regimes is a fundamental problem to be solved before the widespread use of this technology. The two major reliability concerns in this technology is electric field induced strain degradation also known as electromechanical coupling and current collapse mechanism. In the present work, an electro thermal particle based device simulator has been developed to address these two issues. It consists of a Monte Carlo-Poisson solver that is self-consistently coupled with a thermal solver for both the acoustic and the optical phonon baths. This simulator has been used to understand the physics behind these mechanisms that lead to reliability concerns.
Cocoon-in-Web-Like Superhydrophobic Aerogels from Hydrophilic Polyurea and Use in Environmental Remediation

Polyurea (PUA) develops H-bonding with water and is inherently hydrophilic. The water contact angle on smooth dense PUA derived from an aliphatic triisocyanate and water was measured at θ = 69.1 ± 0.2°. Nevertheless, texture-related superhydrophobic PUA aerogels (θ′ = 150.2°) were prepared from the same monomer in one step with no additives, templates, or surfactants via sol–gel polymerization carried out in polar, weakly H-bonding acetonitrile. Those materials display a unique nanostructure consisting of micrometer-size spheres distributed randomly and trapped in a nanofiber web of the same polymer. Morphostructurally, as well as in terms of their hydrophobic properties, those PUA aerogels are analogous to well-studied electrospun fiber mats incorporating particle-like defects. PUA aerogels have the advantage of easily scalable synthesis and low cost of the raw materials. Despite large contact angles and small contact areas, water droplets (5 μL) stick to the aerogels surface when the substrate is turned...
Cytological organization of the dorsal lateral geniculate nuclei in mutant anophthalmic and postnatally enucleated mice

The dorsal lateral geniculate nuclei (dLGN) of anophthalmic and early postnatally enucleated mice were studied to determine the role retinal fibres play in the differentiation of postsynaptic target structures. Cell counts indicate that retinal fibres are necessary for the development and maintenance of the normal number of dLGN neurons and glia. This retinal fibre dependence is greater for animals enucleated on postnatal day 3 than for animals with a congenital absence of optic axons. Golgi analysis reveals, however, that the lack of retinal fibres does not preclude the development of the thalamo-cortical and intrinsic types of dLGN neuron.
Analysis of fatigue crack tip plasticity in Fe-2.6Si

Saurface roughness analysis, etch-pit, and recrystallization techniques were employed to characterize the plastic deformation zones around fatigue cracks in Fe-2.6wt% Si. Both surface and sub-surface cross-sections are evaluated. The plastic zone size changes significantly in the surface layers. It is correlated with energy release rate, J, because of the elastoplastic nature of crack propagation and a linear correlation is found. The plastic deformation experienced inside the plastic zone is analysed and is reported in terms of equivalent tensile strains. The material in the immediate vicinity of the crack tip experiences large plastic strains under a steep gradient. This region, however, occupies a very small fraction of the plastic zone, the rest of which is deformed to less than 4% plastic strain. In the light of the experimental data, an attempt is made to identify potential sources for the variation in measured plastic zone parameters reported in the literature.
Survey of parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) of house fly (Diptera: Muscidae) pupae from broiler-breeder poultry houses in northwest Arkansas

Abstract Parasitoids were collected from broiler-breeder poultry houses in northwest Arkansas using sentinel bags containing house fly, Musca domestica L., pupae. At least five species of Pteromalidae were collected over a two-year sampling period: Pachycrepoideus vindemiae (Rondani), Spalangia endius Walker, S. cameroni Perkins, Muscidifurax spp., and Nasonia vitripennis (Walker).
Gestational trophoblastic disease among adolescents

Abstract Gestational trophoblastic disease encompasses hydatidiform mole (HM) or molar pregnancy (MP), choriocarcinoma, and placental site tumor. Retrospective review of 11 adolescents with HM is presented with emphasis on the differences found between this population and adult women with similar conditions. We have found HM to be a relatively common complication of pregnancy among adolescents when compared with adult women. The pattern of clinical presentation in adolescents is notable for its heavy vaginal bleeding which leads to severe anemia in a high percentage of cases (27%), and often requires transfusions. Interestingly, preeclampsia, which is common (12–27%) among other age groups, was not found in our group of patients.
Pre-Steady-State Kinetic Analysis of Truncated and Full-Length Saccharomyces cerevisiae DNA Polymerase Eta.

Understanding polymerase fidelity is an important objective towards ascertaining the overall stability of an organism's genome. Saccharomyces cerevisiae DNA polymerase (yPol), a Y-family DNA polymerase, is known to efficiently bypass DNA lesions (e.g., pyrimidine dimers) in vivo. Using pre-steady-state kinetic methods, we examined both full-length and a truncated version of yPol which contains only the polymerase domain. In the absence of yPol's C-terminal residues 514–632, the DNA binding affinity was weakened by 2-fold and the base substitution fidelity dropped by 3-fold. Thus, the C-terminus of yPol may interact with DNA and slightly alter the conformation of the polymerase domain during catalysis. In general, yPol discriminated between a correct and incorrect nucleotide more during the incorporation step (50-fold on average) than the ground-state binding step (18-fold on average). Blunt-end additions of dATP or pyrene nucleotide -triphosphate revealed the importance of base stacking during the binding of incorrect incoming nucleotides.
X-Inactivation: Xist RNA Uses Chromosome Contacts to Coat the X

The mechanisms by which Xist RNA associates with the X chromosome to mediate alterations in chromatin structure remain mysterious. Recent genome-wide Xist RNA distribution studies suggest that this long noncoding RNA uses 3-dimensional chromosome contacts to move to its sites of action.
Oxygen Isotope Composition of Recrystallized Carbonates Associated with Submarine Volcanic Rocks: ABSTRACT

Recrystallized carbonates from the contact zone between sediments and apparently intrusive basalt, and from calcareous xenoliths in eruptive flows in several Deep-Sea Drilling Project cores, are depleted in O18 by not more than a few per mil relative to the estimated isotope composition of the original sediment. If this depletion were the result of isotope exchange to equilibrium with seawater in a closed-pore water-sediment system, then the upper limit of the temperature of recrystallization was 100°C, and probably less for most of the samples analyzed. If isotope exchange occurred in an open system, where seawater could readily circulate through the recrystallizing carbonate, the upper temperature limit would be even lower. The possibility that retrogres ive isotope exchange or kinetic isotope effects were responsible for the observed isotope fractionations is considered unlikely. The fact that bulk carbonates from the deepest parts of long Deep-Sea Drilling Project cores show only minor effects of diagenesis and apparently have retained their original oxygen-isotope composition suggests that burial and a concomitant moderate temperature increase are not the only factors involved in carbonate remobilization in the deep sea. It is concluded tentatively that chemical changes in the pore water-sediment system resulting from the interaction of seawater with volcanic material may play an important role in the alteration and lithification of carbonates associated with deep-sea basalts and pyroclastic material. End_of_Article - Last_Page 767------------
Metabolism and organic carbon fluxes in the tidal freshwater Hudson River

We summarize rates of metabolism and major sources and sinks of organic carbon in the 148-k long, tidally influenced, freshwater Hudson River. The river is strongly heterotrophic, with respiration exceeding gross primary production (GPP). The P:R ration averages 0.57 (defined as the ratio of GPP to total ecosystem respiration) if only the aquatic portion of the ecosystem is considered and 0.70 if the emergent marshes are also included. Gross primary production (GPP) by photoplankton averages approximately 300 g C m−2 yr−1 and is an order of magnitude greater than that by submersed macrophytes. However, the river is deep, well mixed, and turbid, and phytoplankton spend a majority of their time in the dark. As a result, respiration by living phytoplankton is extremely high and net primary production (NPP) by phytoplankton is estimated to be only some 6% of GPP. NPP by phytoplankton and submersed macrophytes are roughly equal (approximately 20 g C m−2 yr−1 each) when averaged over the river. Emergent marshes are quite productive, but probably less than 16 g C m−2 yr−1 enters the aquatic portion of the ecosystem from these marshes. Heterotrophic respiration and secondary production in the river are driven primarily by allochthonous inputs of organic matter from terrestrial sources. Rates of metabolism vary along the river, with depth being a critical controlling factor. The P:R ratio for the aquatic portion of the ecosystem varies from 1 in the mid-river to 0.2 in the deeper waters. NPP is actually negative in the downstream waters where average depths are greater since phytoplankton respiration exceeds GPP there; the positive rates of NPP occurring upriver support a downstream advection of phytoplankton to the deeper waters where this C is largely respired away by the algae themselves. This autotrophic respiration contributes significantly to oxygen depletion in the deeper waters of the Hudson. The tidally influenced freshwater Hudson largely fits the patterns predicted by the river continuum model for larger rivers. However, we suggest that the continuum model needs to more clearly distinguish between GPP and NPP and should include the importance of autotrophic respiration by phytoplankton that are advected along a river. The organic carbon budget for the tidally influenced freshwater Hudson is balanced to within a few percent. Respiration (54%) and downstream advection into the saline estuary (41%) are the major losses of organic carbon from the ecosystem. Allochthonous inputs from nonpoint sources on land (61%) and GPP by phytoplankton (28%) are the major sources to the system. Agricultural erosion is the major source of allochthonous inputs. Since agricultural land use increased dramatically in the last century, and has fallen in this century, the carbon cycle of the tidally influenced freshwater Hudson River has probably changed markedly over time. Before human disturbance, the Hudson was probably a less heterotrophic system and may even have been autotrophic, with gross primary production exceeding ecosystem respiration.
GIFTed Teaching: A Content Analysis of 253 Great Ideas for Teaching Awards in Journalism and Mass Communication Education

A content analysis of all 253 Great Ideas for Teaching (GIFT) awards presented 2000–2009 at Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication conventions found that exercises containing the most effective teaching elements identified in the educational literature were team-based and used in courses involving visual communication, such as photography, online, and advertising. Relatively few ideas incorporated technology or elements of diversity. This exploratory study also introduces a measure for assessing the number of teaching elements in classroom exercises, based on theory from the education field. Other findings and implications for journalism and mass communication education are discussed.
Database challenges in global information systems

The global Intemet provides users with an information labyrinth rich in resourees, yet confusing and difficult to navigate. Many researchers are responding with a desire to integrate all ~es, indeed all information, into one global (file) tree. We know (and wonder how the rest of the world fails to see) that hierarchical navigation is an inadequate query facility. Non-pmeedural languages, like relational query languages, offer users the hope of breaking through the labyrinth to aeeess information quickly and directly. The door is open for the database community to make a major impact on the structure of global computing, but current technology is inadequate to the task. New research must overcome the problems of scale, autonomy and availability to make global information systems a reality.
DUBbing down innate immunity.

The innate inflammatory immune response must be finely tuned to avoid excessive damage to the host. One molecule, A20, is intricately involved in dampening inflammatory signals mediated by both tumor necrosis factor and multiple Toll-like receptors.
Fetal adrenal capsular cells serve as progenitor cells for steroidogenic and stromal adrenocortical cell lineages in M. musculus

The lineage relationships of fetal adrenal cells and adrenal capsular cells to the differentiated adrenal cortex are not fully understood. Existing data support a role for each cell type as a progenitor for cells of the adult cortex. This report reveals that subsets of capsular cells are descendants of fetal adrenocortical cells that once expressed Nr5a1. These fetal adrenocortical cell descendants within the adrenal capsule express Gli1, a known marker of progenitors of steroidogenic adrenal cells. The capsule is also populated by cells that express Tcf21, a known inhibitor of Nr5a1 gene expression. We demonstrate that Tcf21-expressing cells give rise to Nr5a1-expressing cells but only before capsular formation. After the capsule has formed, capsular Tcf21-expressing cells give rise only to non-steroidogenic stromal adrenocortical cells, which also express collagen 1a1, desmin and platelet-derived growth factor (alpha polypeptide) but not Nr5a1. These observations integrate prior observations that define two separate origins of adult adrenocortical steroidogenic cells (fetal adrenal cortex and/or the adrenal capsule). Thus, these observations predict a unique temporal and/or spatial role of adult cortical cells that arise directly from either fetal cortical cells or from fetal cortex-derived capsular cells. Last, the data uncover the mechanism by which two populations of fetal cells (fetal cortex derived Gli1-expressing cells and mesenchymal Tcf21-expressing mesenchymal cells) participate in the establishment of the homeostatic capsular progenitor cell niche of the adult cortex.
Synthesis and Photochemistry of Tertiary Amine Photobase Generators

A family of tertiary amine photobase generators have been prepared and studied. The compounds investigated were quaternary ammonium salts of benzhydrylamine (aminodiphenylmethane) and 9-aminofluorene. The compounds were prepared by the following methods: methylation of the benzhydryl or fluorenylamines, reaction of a tertiary amine with 9-bromofluorene, and reaction of a primary or secondary amine with 9-bromofluorene followed by exhaustive methylation. Alkylation was limited to methylation in the benzhydryl system, as larger alkyl groups would not react. This appears to be a result of steric hindrance. The fluorenyl system allowed for a wider variation in the synthesis of tertiary amine photobase generators. Examination of the solution photochemistry by NMR spectroscopy supported a heterolytic mechanism for photodecomposition.
Synergistic antiadipogenic effects of HIV type 1 protease inhibitors with tumor necrosis factor α: Suppression of extracellular insulin action mediated by extracellular matrix-degrading proteases

Long-term use of HIV-1 protease inhibitors (PIs) is associated with a lipodystrophy syndrome. To delineate the associated mechanisms, adipogenesis was determined in 3T3-L1 cells in the presence or ...
“On the other hand …”: The evidence does not support the use of hand-carried ultrasound by hospitalists†

In the right hands, ultrasound is a safe and helpful diagnostic imaging tool. However, evidence supporting the use of hand-carried ultrasound (HCU) by hospitalist physicians has not kept pace with expanding application of these devices. In spite of its strategic point-of-care benefit, use of this technology by hospitalists may not ultimately translate into improved efficiency and better clinical outcomes. Optimal levels of training in image acquisition and interpretation remain to be established. Novelty, availability, and the results of a few small studies lacking patient-centered outcomes remain insufficient grounds to justify the expanded clinical utilization of these medical imaging devices by nonspecialists.
Mitigation of the progression of heart failure with sildenafil involves inhibition of RhoA/Rho-kinase pathway

Chronic inhibition of phosphodiesterase-5 with sildenafil immediately after permanent occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery was shown to limit ischemic heart failure (HF) in mic...
A Language-Based Framework for Analyzing Service Representation Models and Service Composition Approaches

Automatic service composition is an important problem in service computing. Existing works on service composition assume different representation models with various expressiveness for component services as well as for the composition logic. This has made understanding these composition approaches and their applications difficult. This paper presents a novel language-based formal framework that acts as a basis for understanding the expressiveness of service models and composition logics. It covers the three common service representation models, i.e., input/output, precondition/effects, and automaton models. The novelty of this framework is in using the execution language of service composition, characterized by logic formulae and formal languages, as a common ground to analyze service models and composition logics. We have studied the composition capability of each service model in terms of enabling common workflow patterns, and analyzed the computational complexity of composition algorithms of different service models. The framework simplifies the job of understanding service representation models and composition logics for a given service composition task.
Caregiving research, services, and policies in historically marginalized communities

Future research, service interventions and policies must be responsive to the changing context of caregiving in this country and the increasing diversity in our society at large. This article exami...
Caspofungin reduces the incidence of fungal contamination in cell culture.

Fungal contamination is a major problem in cell culture, and the antifungal compounds currently in use can affect cultured cells. Echinocandins are antifungal drugs that inhibit fungal cell wall synthesis by targeting an enzyme that has no counterpart in mammalian cells. We evaluated whether the echinocandin caspofungin affected the growth or morphology of six murine cell lines (a macrophage-like cell line (J774.16) and five hybridoma lines), or primary human endothelial cells. The antifungal did not influence cellular characteristics at concentrations less than 512 µg/ml, while effectively reducing the incidence of fungal contamination. Also, caspofungin did not affect the production of antibody by hybridoma cells, or alter the cytokine production of J774.16 cells, although modest increases in IL-4 and IFN-γ occurred upon LPS stimulation. Hence, echinocandins appear to be relatively non-toxic, and protect against fungal contamination in cell culture.
Preference Reversals Due to Myopic Discounting of Delayed Reward

A basic stationarity axiom of economic theory assumes stable preference between two deferred goods separated by a fixed time To test this assumption, we offered subjects choices between delayed rewards, while manipulating the delays to those rewards Preferences typically reversed with changes in delay, as predicted by hyperbolic discounting models of impulsiveness Of 36 subjects, 34 reversed preference from a larger, later reward to a smaller, earlier reward as the delays to both rewards decreased We conclude that the stationarity axiom is not appropriate in models of human choice