cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Light-shift imbalance induced blockade of collective excitations beyond the lowest order

Current proposals focusing on neutral atoms for quantum computing are mostly based on using single atoms as quantum bits (qubits), while using cavity induced coupling or dipole–dipole interaction for two-qubit operations. An alternative approach is to use atomic ensembles as quantum bits. However, when an atomic ensemble is excited, by a laser beam matched to a two-level transition (or a Raman transition) for example, it leads to a cascade of many states as more and more photons are absorbed [R.H. Dicke, Phys. Rev. 93 (1954) 99]. In order to make use of an ensemble as a qubit, it is necessary to disrupt this cascade, and restrict the excitation to the absorption (and emission) of a single photon only. Here, we show how this can be achieved by using a new type of blockade mechanism, based on the light-shift imbalance (LSI) in a Raman transition. We describe first a simple example illustrating the concept of light-shift imbalance induced blockade (LSIIB) using a multi-level structure in a single atom, and show verifications of the analytic prediction using numerical simulations. We then extend this model to show how a blockade can be realized by using LSI in the excitation of an ensemble. Specifically, we show how the LSIIB process enables one to treat the ensemble as a two-level atom that undergoes fully deterministic Rabi oscillations between two collective quantum states, while suppressing excitations of higher order collective states.
The brain ryanodine receptor: a caffeine-sensitive calcium release channel

The release of stored Ca2+ from intracellular pools triggers a variety of important neuronal processes. Physiological and pharmacological evidence has indicated the presence of caffeine-sensitive intracellular pools that are distinct from the well-characterized inositol 1,4,5,-trisphosphate (IP3)-gated pools. Here we report that the brain ryanodine receptor functions as a caffeine- and ryanodine-sensitive Ca2+ release channel that is distinct from the brain IP3 receptor. The brain ryanodine receptor has been purified 6700-fold with no change in [3H]ryanodine binding affinity and shown to be a homotetramer composed of an approximately 500 kd protein subunit, which is identified by anti-peptide antibodies against the skeletal and cardiac muscle ryanodine receptors. Our results demonstrate that the brain ryanodine receptor functions as a caffeine-sensitive Ca2+ release channel and thus is the likely gating mechanism for intracellular caffeine-sensitive Ca2+ pools in neurons.
An Examination Of Faculty Innovativeness In Relation To Inductive Teaching And The Use Of Technology

The conceptual framework for this research describes the processes faculty use to create an online course that meets learning outcomes while creating a positive learning experience for the online student. This involves acceptance of technology to create a course structured for inductive learning in addition to traditional deductive learning. The presence of faculty innovation is demonstrated by the design of inductive learning exercises. Innovative professors must continue to enhance the quality of their online delivery in an effort to achieve the same educational outcomes acquired in a traditional classroom. However, many professors are reluctant to embrace online delivery software and technology designed to enhance the classroom. This research identifies innovation, technology acceptance, inductive learning, and quality enhancement as measures online quality in an academic environment. The assessment instrument for this research is the Rubric for Online Competencies and Standards (ROCS) developed by Hodges University. The ROCS consist of twenty-eight quality indicators in six categories extracted from a combination of regional standards from accreditation bodies including, but not limited to: SACS, Sloan-C, and EDUCAUSE.
A new acotylean flatworm, Armatoplana colombiana n. sp. (Platyhelminthes: Polycladida: Stylochoplanidae) from the Caribbean coast of Colombia, South America

Armatoplana colombiana n. sp. (Polycladida: Stylochoplanidae), a new species of acotylean flatworm from Colombia, is described. A. colombiana is characterized by 6‐8 fleshy, anterior knobs, short nuchal tentacles, tentacular and cerebral eyes. A strongly muscularized, interpolated prostatic vesicle and a penis armed with a very long stylet places the species into the genus Armatoplana. The female reproductive system is characterized by the presence of a Lang’s vesicle and a sinuous vagina with rigid walls. Type material is deposited at the Museo de Historia Natural Marina de Colombia INVEMAR under INV-PLA 0019 and INV-PLA 0020 HS.
Investigations at SBA-1807

SBA-1807 sits on the high coastal bluff west of Canada de Alegria (Figures 5-1 and 2-2). The site was recorded in 1977 by Kuffner and Wallof (Clewlow 1978), who described a small (10 × 30 m) shell midden located on a slight knoll between the sea cliff and the railroad tracks. Between 1977 and 1983, this area appears to have been destroyed by grading for railroad maintenance. In 1983, archaeologists with WESTEC Services recorded a second midden area at SBA-1807, this one located north of the railroad tracks. Two test pits were excavated at this time (WESTEC 1984a:21), although the site was not dated. A shell sample from one of WESTEC’s test pits was radiocarbon dated to about 8400 calendar years sP (cal BP), and the contents of the test pits were analyzed in more detail during a shovel-testing program designed to define the site boundaries within a proposed pipeline alignment (Erlandson et al. 1984; Erlandson 1985). More surface collection and excavation was done in 1985, when archaeologists from UCSB excavated in peripheral midden deposits south of Rancho Real (Units 1–8) and in a discrete cluster of chipped and ground stone artifacts to the southeast (Units 9–11, and 13–18). Limited excavation (Unit 12) and surface collections also were conducted in the central midden area north of Rancho Real. Our investigations at SBA-1807 were completed in the summer of 1986, when 31 test units were excavated in the southeast (SE) locus, 9 units in the southern midden periphery, and 2 units (19–20) in the central midden area. In all, just over 42 m3 of sediment were excavated during UCSB’s 1985-86 investigations: 3.7 m3 in the central midden area, 11.2 m3 in the southern midden periphery, and 27.4 m3 in the SE locus. Later, many chipped and ground stone tools were collected from the SE locus during controlled backhoe trenching (Trenches 1–4) and monitoring of construction grading of a large “fault trench” in the same area.
Cryptosporidium Infection as a Cause of Calf Diarrhea

Cryptosporidiosis is a self-limiting protozoal disease of the intestinal tract. Although identified as possible agents of calf diarrhea less than 15 years ago, Cryptosporidium spp. are now believed to be common in calves and in many other host animal species worldwide. Recent literature on all aspects of cryptosporidiosis in calves is reviewed, predicaments in diagnosis and management are discussed, and public health concerns are raised.
Technological Innovation and Cooperation in Arms Races

Cooperation in the form of either tacit or formal agreements is a relatively rare event in both contemporary and historical arms races. Yet, analysts of most arms races suggest that all the participants usually can benefit from mutual cooperation. In this analysis, arms races are represented as Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma games of finite but uncertain length. Based on this plausible formulation, the conditions when mutual and/or unilateral tacit cooperation is ‘rational’, in a game theoretic expected payoff sense, are examined. Then the dynamic effects of technological innovation and formal arms control agreements on the payoff structure of the IPD game are introduced. Given these new conditions, the possibilities for cooperation are reexamined. This initial exploration permits a number of tentative conclusions about the conditions under which it is rational to cooperate, and why cooperation is so difficult to achieve in arms races.
Insight into the Iron–Molybdenum Cofactor of Nitrogenase from Synthetic Iron Complexes with Sulfur, Carbon, and Hydride Ligands

Nitrogenase enzymes are used by microorganisms for converting atmospheric N2 to ammonia, which provides an essential source of N atoms for higher organisms. The active site of the molybdenum-dependent nitrogenase is the unique carbide-containing iron–sulfur cluster called the iron–molybdenum cofactor (FeMoco). On the FeMoco, N2 binding is suggested to occur at one or more iron atoms, but the structures of the catalytic intermediates are not clear. In order to establish the feasibility of different potential mechanistic steps during biological N2 reduction, chemists have prepared iron complexes that mimic various structural aspects of the iron sites in the FeMoco. This reductionist approach gives mechanistic insight, and also uncovers fundamental principles that could be used more broadly for small-molecule activation. Here, we discuss recent results and highlight directions for future research. In one direction, synthetic iron complexes have now been shown to bind N2, break the N–N triple bond, and produc...
A STUDY AND SOME CONSIDERATIONS ON STANDARD MARKET DESIGN

The background, goal and basic contents of Standard Market Design promulgated by FERC of USA is introduced, which part of experiences in SMD can be adopted in China, which part are not applicable in China are also analyzed. In the conclusion to study and to develop a Standard Power Market Design based on experiences in China is recommended.
Iowa Voters on Iowa Governors

Chapter 4 presents findings from an original statewide survey sent to 1,500 randomly selected Iowa voters in December of 2013. Respondents view Governor Ray most favorably, followed by Governors Vilsack and Branstad, with Governor Culver significantly lower. On both “management powers” (related to managing the affairs of the state) and “connecting powers” (related to work effort and ability to communicate), Culver is viewed less favorably by out- and in -party respondents. In other words, partisan loyalty alone does not explain the differences observed among survey respondents in terms of their views of recent Iowa governors. This chapter provides further evidence as to why models of gubernatorial popularity need to be expanded to include more personal measures of a governor’s ability to relate to voters.
Passion Within Reason: The Strategic Role of Emotions

(1989). Passion Within Reason: The Strategic Role of Emotions. Journal of Economic Issues: Vol. 23, No. 4, pp. 1239-1242.
Virtual Array Processing for Active Radar and Sonar Sensing

In this paper, we describe how an active radar/sonar imaging problem may be formulated as a virtual passive sensor array processing problem. We consider an active sensing problem where it is desired to form a range-Doppler image at a slow-time rate, even though the radar/sonar can transmit pulses at a fast time rate. By transmitting pulses at the fast time rate we can estimate the second-order statistics of an ambiguity vector, calculated at a coarse resolution. As we show this ambiguity vector plays the role of an array snapshot vector in passive sensor array processing. The noise free version of this ambiguity vector acts as a signature vector or steering vector, which can be steered around in delay and Doppler at a fine resolution to produce an image. We employ a MVDR-like principle to generate high resolution delay-Doppler images. This work is supported in part under DARPA contracts FA9550-04-1-0371 and FA8750-05-2-0285, and ONR contract N00014-04-1-0084.
Exercise for overweight and obese women: A multimodal pilot intervention comparing in-person with phone-based delivery of guided imagery

Physical inactivity and sedentary behaviour are global public health challenges and are associated with approximately 6% of deaths worldwide. Physical activity begins to decline in late adolescence and continues to decrease throughout adulthood with adult women reporting less activity than men. This 10-week pilot study tested a peer-delivered multi-modal psycho-social intervention with overweight and obese women and compared fitness and psycho-social outcomes by manipulating the delivery mechanism: in-person versus telephone. Thirty-three overweight or obese women were randomised to fitness centre or telephone-tailored counselling for the 10-week intervention. Twenty-two women completed the study (Mage = 20.73, SD = 2.07) with an average body mass index of 29.82 (SD = 5.01). Significant improvements were observed in ratings of perceived exertion during a three-minute step-test, self-determined motivation to exercise, imagery usage, and coping self-efficacy with no between-group differences.
Personal Information from Latent Fingerprints Using Desorption Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry and Machine Learning.

Desorption electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry imaging (DESI-MSI) was applied to latent fingerprints to obtain not only spatial patterns but also chemical maps. Samples with similar lipid compositions as those of the fingerprints were collected by swiping a glass slide across the forehead of consenting adults. A machine learning model called gradient boosting tree ensemble (GDBT) was applied to the samples that allowed us to distinguish between different genders, ethnicities, and ages (within 10 years). The results from 194 samples showed accuracies of 89.2%, 82.4%, and 84.3%, respectively. Specific chemical species that were determined by the feature selection of GDBT were identified by tandem mass spectrometry. As a proof-of-concept, the machine learning model trained on the sample data was applied to overlaid latent fingerprints from different individuals, giving accurate gender and ethnicity information from those fingerprints. The results suggest that DESI-MSI imaging of fingerprints with GDBT ...
Acoustic wave propagation in a sensor port: Experimental measurements and analytical model predictions

Abstract In this paper, results from an experimental study on pressure fluctuations in a sensor port are presented. The sensor ports are attached to a large flat plate over which plane acoustic waves propagate. In addition, an analytical model is developed by solving the acoustic wave equation subject to rigid and pressure release boundary conditions. The experimental data is used as input to the model from one end of the sensor port in order to predict the pressure fluctuations at the other end of the sensor port. Two sensor ports are used; a short and a long one. The short sensor port resonates at 1000 Hz, whereas the long sensor port resonates at 245 Hz. The acoustic source generates harmonic and random plane acoustic waves, which can be modeled easily. Pressure fluctuation measurements are made both on the plate surface and inside the sensor ports for various plane wave inputs; harmonic and random. Power spectra, sound pressure levels and transfer functions are then obtained at the various microphone locations. The experimental results for the short sensor port show an amplification factor of 45 between the inlet and the rigid end of the sensor port at a frequency of 1000 Hz. For the long sensor port, the amplification is nearly 50 at a frequency of 245 Hz, with lower amplifications at higher frequencies. Using the measured power spectrum at the rigid end of the sensor port for a random plane wave input, the absorption coefficient is calculated using the half-power law. Using this absorption coefficient in our analytical model, predictions were made at both ends of the sensor port using experimental data as input. The model predictions for both sensor ports are in good agreement with experimental data.
Cumulative Kidney Complication Risk by 50 Years of Type 1 Diabetes: The Effects of Sex, Age, and Calendar Year at Onset

OBJECTIVE A common belief is that only a minority of patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) develop advanced kidney disease and that incidence is higher among men and lower in those diagnosed at a younger age. However, because few patients with T1D survived to older ages until recently, long-term risks have been unclear. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We examined the 50-year cumulative kidney complication risk in a childhood-onset T1D cohort diagnosed during 1950–80 ( n = 932; mean baseline age 29 years, duration 19 years). Participants were 144 who died before baseline, 130 followed with periodic surveys, and 658 followed with biennial surveys and a maximum of nine examinations for 25 years. Micro- and macroalbuminuria were defined as an albumin excretion rate of 20–199 and ≥200 μg/min, respectively, and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) as dialysis or kidney transplantation. Cumulative incidence was estimated at 10-year intervals between 20 and 50 years duration and compared by calendar year of diabetes onset. RESULTS By 50 years of T1D duration, ESRD affected 60% of the cohort; macroalbuminuria, 72%; and microalbuminuria, 88%. Little evidence existed for declines in cumulative incidence in recent cohorts, except for ESRD (microalbuminuria 3% increase, macroalbuminuria no change; ESRD 45% decrease by 40 years of T1D duration). Onset before age 6 years was associated with the lowest risk; incidence generally did not differ by sex. CONCLUSIONS Some degree of kidney disease in T1D is virtually universal at long durations and not declining, which has major implications for health care and research strategies. ESRD has declined, but continues to affect >25% of the population by 40 years duration.
Obtaining 3D Super-resolution Information from 2D Super-resolution Images through a 2D-to-3D Transformation Algorithm

Currently, it is highly desirable but still challenging to obtain three-dimensional (3D) super-resolution information in studies of structures in fixed specimens as well as dynamic pictures in live cells with a high spatiotemporal resolution. Here we introduce an approach, without using 3D super-resolution microscopy or real-time 3D particle tracking, to achieve 3D sub-diffraction-limited information with a spatial resolution down to 1 nm. This is achieved by converting 2D super-resolution images through a 2D-to-3D transformation algorithm. The method has been successfully applied to obtain structural and functional information for 25-300 nm sub-cellular organelles that have rotational symmetry. In this article, we will provide a comprehensive analysis of this new method by using experimental data and computational simulations.
THE DE FINETTI TRANSFORM

Bayesian analysis of a problem requires that subjective information be introduced into the model. Sometimes it is more useful or convenient to bring that information to bear through the prior distribution; other times it is preferred to bring it to bear through the predictive distribution. This paper develops procedures for assessing exchangeable, proper, predictive distributions that, when desired, reflect “knowing little” about the model; i.e., exchangeable, maximum entropy, distributions. But what do such distributions imply about the model and the prior distribution? We invoke de Finetti’s theorem to define the “de Finetti transform”, which permits us, under many frequently occurring conditions (such as natural conjugacy), to find the unique sampling density (conditional on some indexing parameters), and the unique associated prior distribution for those parameters.
Towards breast anatomy simulation using GPUs

We have developed a method for massively parallelized breast anatomy simulation and a corresponding GPU implementation using OpenCL. The simulation method utilizes an octree data structure for recursively splitting the simulated tissue volume. Several strategies to optimize the GPU utilization were proposed and evaluated, including the use of synchronization constructs in the language and minimization of buffer allocations. The task of tissue classification was separated from the voxelization to further improve the balance of the control flow. The proposed anatomy simulation method provides for fast generation of high-resolution anthropomorphic breast phantoms. Currently, it is possible to generate an octree representation of 450 ml breasts with 50 μm voxel size on a AMD Radeon 6950 GPU with 2GB of memory at a rate of 7 phantoms per minute, 32 times faster than a multithreaded C++ implementation.
Intraoperative Navigation During Resection of Brain Metastases

This article reviews the authors' experience with image-guided surgery for brain metastases and discusses specifically the impact of the frameless viewing wand system on standard craniotomy techniques for this disorder. Topics discussed include patient selection, interactive image-guided neurosurgical resection of brain metastases, and other image-guided neurosurgical systems.
The effect of eltrombopag in managing thrombocytopenia associated with tyrosine kinase therapy in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia and myelofibrosis.

e18539Background: Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are standard therapy for chronic phase (CP) chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Up to have patients with CML may develop grade ≥3 thrombocytopenia, l...
Complex deformation of naturally fractured rocks

Abstract Strain is a key parameter in the evaluation of rock mechanical properties and failure behavior. Strain is usually measured using strain gauges, however, this laboratory method has inherent uncertainty in the attachment of sensitive gauges to the rock surface and it is limited to one-point strain measurement. In complex geometries such as rock samples with natural fractures or lamination, that classical approach cannot provide the whole picture of strain development in such complex geometries. To overcome these challenges, the application of optical technique with image processing is proposed. The optical technique has the advantage of being a non-contact method and it provides quantitative visualization of full-field strain measurement. To examine quantitative visualization of strain development, DIC technique was first conducted on a homogeneous sandstone sample as a benchmark. The results verify that the maximum tensile strain is developed at the central vertical line of the sample as it was expected from theoretical solutions. This DIC measurement matches the post-failure fracture pattern of the specimen. Then the technique was applied on the Buda Limestone samples with horizontal, sub-horizontal or multiple complex natural fractures (sealed or partially open) and inclusions while the samples were under diametrical compression experiment. The results of this study provide further insight into the role of natural fractures on induced fracture initiation and propagation under this specific testing condition. Horizontal natural fractures are planes of maximum compressive strain which can delay the propagation of vertical tensile fractures. The maximum amount of tensile strain usually initiates at the boundary of these natural fractures and vertical tensile fractures usually deviate toward horizontal fracture for a short distance before turning back to propagate vertically following the maximum stress path. Full-field surface deformations are mapped optically in the crack–inclusion vicinity where DIC results showed that crack front is arrested by the inclusion for the complete fracture event. In contrast to the failure pattern in homogenous sandstone specimen, complex fracture pattern was observed on several specimens with multiple fracture network. Fracture slippages along the natural fracture, fracture deviation was observed in samples with steep inclined natural fractures. The results of this study can help us to better understand the complex failure mechanism in naturally fractured media and elaborate on various mechanisms of failure under diametrical compression tests. DIC is a powerful technique in providing the dynamic strain development over the surface of the sample in real-time, thus it can provide the fracture initiation and propagation in such heterogeneous rock media.
Neurocognition and Suicide Risk in Adults

Neurocognitive deficits (impaired mental abilities corresponding to brain dysfunction) are transdiagnostic features of psychiatric illness, which account for the vast majority of suicide deaths. Here, we provide a selective empirical overview of neurocognitive factors and associated pathophysiology implicated in adult suicide. The present report draws primarily from the neuropsychology literature to complement and update prior reviews and meta-analyses. Suicidality is linked to impairment across neurocognitive domains, particularly inhibition and decision-making components of executive functioning (EF). Extant research has primarily examined “cool” EF in suicide, yet there is strong preliminary evidence for the importance of “hot” EF involved in affect regulation and value-based decision-making. Our review accordingly integrates what is known about neurocognition and suicidality under a conceptual framework informed by this literature and prior theory. We specifically propose that hot EF deficits represent a common pathway to suicide from various distal risk factors.
The Role of an Undergraduate Liberal Arts Education and a Professional Education in Public Administration: Some Enduring Dilemmas

Writing in 1974, C.Wright Mills somberly remarked on the changing nature of a liberal education in what he so aptly referred to as an increasingly mass (and market) society: "Very broadly speaking, the function of education as it was first set up in this country was political: to make citizens more knowledgeable and better thinkers. In time, the function of education shifted from the political to the economic; to train people for better paying jobs" (368).
Faces of Blackness: The Creation of the New Negro and Négritude Movements in Harlem and Paris:

This article explores the cultural and ideological link between the New Negro Movement of Harlem and the Negritude Movement of Paris from 1920s to the 1940s. It examines how the works of African Am...
Response to: Tackling NAFLD in adolescent PCOS: reducing liver fat to mimick weight loss

We appreciate de Zegher and Ibanez calling attention to the association between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). As de Zegher and Ibanez rightly point out, NAFLD can occur in children and adolescents with PCOS, with the potential for development of advanced fibrosis in early adulthood.
Setting the Agenda: A Playbook for Tackling Family Communication in Sport

Sports are a pervasive and salient component of society, which have only recently received considerable attention from communication scholars. Although significant gains in knowledge have been made...
User Perspectives on the Service Delivery of Complex Power Wheelchairs.

The purpose of this study was to explore users’ perspectives on power wheelchair service delivery and understand their involvement in the equipment trial and selection process. Five power wheelchai...
Advancing oncolytic virus therapy by understanding the biology

Talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) is an oncolytic virus approved for the treatment of patients with recurrent melanoma. Now, a recent study in patients with primary cutaneous B cell lymphoma confirms prior results in melanoma and reveals new mechanisms of action. Herein, we discuss these findings and their implications for expanding the role of oncolytic viruses.
Financial Incentives Differentially Regulate Neural Processing of Positive and Negative Emotions During Decision-Making

Research on emotion regulation has largely focused on how explicit emotion regulation techniques affect neural activity and choice. However, contextual features of decision environments could serve as implicit prompts to regulate emotions. We examine how financial incentives, a common feature of many decision environments, regulate positive and negative emotions when those emotions conflict with the economics of available alternatives. In a context-rich fMRI experiment, participants chose between investment projects proposed by hypothetical colleagues to whom they had either had or not had prior emotional reactions; choices based on emotion were less economically-desirable. Participants made these choices twice — once in a fixed wage context, and once in a financial incentive context in which pay is based on the economic outcomes of the projects chosen. Relative to choices in which no emotion is involved, in the fixed wage context, neural activity is greater when choices involve positive emotion than negative emotion. By contrast, in the financial incentive context, neural activity is lower when choices involve positive emotion than negative emotion. Analyses correlating neural responses to behavioral outcomes indicate that the greater the neural responses (i.e., the cognitive effort required to regulate emotion), the lower the frequency of economically-desirable choices.
Conversion disorder and the complete resolution of a spastic equinovarus deformity with conservative treatment

Abstract Conversion disorder is a complex ailment resulting in a myriad of voluntary motor or sensory symptoms ranging from tremors, headaches, paralysis, aphasia, and visual impairments. Though the motor and/or sensory symptoms have been associated with an underlying psychological stressor in the past, recent criteria from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) focuses on the lack of a neurological, medical or mental cause. This report describes a case of an acute spastic equinovarus and associated sensation loss in the entire left lower extremity of a young, healthy female without an organic cause. The patient underwent conservative care in the form of physical therapy and, with various modalities including dry needling and electrical stimulation, she was able to return to full function without the need for an assistive device or bracing. One must examine the entire gestalt of a patient with this disorder as opposed to the limited, initial physical presentation. Laboratory and diagnostic exams will frequently return within normal limits, perplexing the initial physician. However, with repeated reassurance and education of the patient, along with an interdisciplinary approach, a patient may return to full activity while avoiding the operating suite.
Incorporation of Physical Activity Challenges Within a Sport Education–Based Physical Education Class

This study examined the impact of including a formal requirement of achieving predetermined energy expenditures as part of students’ participation grades during a Sport Education–based college physical education class. Calorie consumption was measured using the Heart Zones Blink 3.0 sensor, and the percentage of students who reached the lesson target was calculated across a 15-week semester. The instructor kept a weekly journal and students participated in interviews at mid and end of term. Results showed that the average calorie consumption across the semester well exceeded the daily targets, while the percentage of students who reached the daily challenge cutoff ranged from 77% to 100% (average = 87%). Analysis of the journal entries and interviews resulted in the generation of four themes: students’ commitment to reaching the activity targets, group-based strategies for achieving physical activity targets, activity consequences of officiating roles, and activity challenges problematized skill development for some. Subscribe to TPE
Central sleep apnea treatment in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: a network meta-analysis.

Adaptive servo-ventilation (ASV) is contraindicated for the treatment of central sleep apnea (CSA) in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), limiting treatment options. Though continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), bi-level PAP with back-up rate (BPAP-BUR), and transvenous phrenic nerve stimulation (TPNS) are alternatives, not much is known about their comparative efficacies, which formed the basis of conducting this network meta-analysis. We sought to analyze their comparative effectiveness in reducing apnea hypopnea index (AHI). Additionally, we also studied their comparative effectiveness on subjective daytime sleepiness as assessed by Epworth sleepiness score (ESS). Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) from PubMed were analyzed in a network meta-analysis and relative superiority was computed based on P-score ranking and Hasse diagrams. Network meta-analysis based on 8 RCTs showed that when compared to guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT—used as a common comparator across trials), reduction in AHI by ASV (− 26.05 [− 38.80; − 13.31]), TPNS (− 24.90 [− 42.88; − 6.92]), BPAP-BUR (− 20.36 [− 36.47; − 4.25]), and CPAP (− 16.01 [− 25.42; − 6.60]) were statistically significant but not between the interventions. Based on 6 RCTs of all the interventions, only TPNS showed a statistically significant decrease in ESS (− 3.70 (− 5.58; − 1.82)) when compared to GDMT, while also showing significant differences when compared with ASV (− 3.20 (− 5.86; − 0.54)), BPAP-BUR (− 4.00 (− 7.33; − 0.68)), and CPAP (− 4.45 (− 7.75; − 1.14)). Ranking of treatments based on Hasse diagram, accounting for both AHI and ESS as outcomes for relative hierarchy showed relative superiority of both ASV and TPNS over BPAP-BUR and CPAP. Results indicated relative superiority of TPNS and ASV to BPAP-BUR and CPAP in their effects on AHI and ESS.
Microstructural Asymmetries of the Cerebral Cortex in Humans and Other Mammals

Abstract The human brain shows marked gross anatomical and microstructural asymmetries that are presumably related to lateralized motor and cognitive functions. This chapter generally summarizes the extant data on gross morphological asymmetries in human and nonhuman mammal brains. In addition, the evidence of microstructural asymmetries, such as gray-level index, minicolumn width, and cellular organization, are presented. Although there are few studies of microstructrual asymmetries in nonhuman primates, it is argued that such studies are important for validating morphological asymmetries as well as for understanding the cellular basis for hemispheric specialization in primates, including humans.
Infrared and raman spectroscopy of carbohydrates : Part IV. Identification of configuration- and conformation-sensitive modes for D-glucose by normal coordinate analysis

Abstract A theoretical study of the normal modes of vibration for D -glucose has been made by normal coordinate analysis. The calculated modes for β- D -glucose are shown to be in good agreement with the observed infrared and Raman frequencies, and the computed potential-energy distribution is compatible with previous experimental band-assignments. Lines at 840 cm−1 for α- D -glucose and at 898 cm−1 for the β-form, which are sensitive to the anomeric configuration, are predicted to occur at 845 and 901 cm−1, respectively. These two modes have been found to be similar, consisting essentially of a C-1-H deformation coupled to a mixed CH2 vibration. The band in the 1150 cm−1 region, which is characteristic of pyranose sugars, is predicted to be a complex ring-mode in each case. Also, the modes that are dependent upon the crystal structure for amylose and cellulose and occur at approximately 1432, 1334, and 1263 cm−1 are described as complex vibrations involving CH2, C-O-H, and C-C-H motions.
Chirped RZ-DPSK modulation format in 40 Gb/s WDM transmission systems

We have analyzed chirped RZ-DPSK modulation format for 40 Gb/s WDM transmission systems. We find that chirped RZ-DPSK improves 40 Gb/s WDM system performance by more than 2 dB as compared to regular RZ-DPSK modulation format.
Religious Liberty and the Financial War on Terror

This Article looks at the intersection between the war on terror and the law of religious liberty as it applies to Muslim Americans. Focusing on the Muslim charity cases of the post-9/11 era, the essay argues that Muslim American religious liberty claims have been marginalized not because federal judges have internalized popular fears of Muslims as dangerous, but because of two doctrinal dynamics internal to First Amendment law. First, the law of material support of terrorism overrides religious liberty claims with the principle of fungibility, which denotes an organization’s inherent ability to offset the cost of illegal activities with innocent funds. That principle, systematically conflating legal and illegal forms of religious exercise, effectively turns a longstanding requirement of strict scrutiny, the least restrictive means test, on its head. Second, non-establishment and church autonomy have shifted the ground beneath free exercise. Because separation of church and state seems to require a “hands off” approach to the regulation of religious institutions, the sweeping measures of counterterrorism strategy fill the void. The Article points to Britain’s relative success in pursuing less drastic strategies against an establishmentarian backdrop. That experience suggests that fungibility is not so much wrong as irrelevant and unnecessary where proof of actual support for or knowledge of a specific act of terrorist violence is available. Nonetheless, fungibility is here to stay for the foreseeable future. The Article concludes by taking the measure of fungibility’s burden on the law of religious liberty more generally.
Microelectronics packaging processing using focused high power electron beams

It has been demonstrated that focused high-power electron beams are alternatives for patterning next-generation multilayer ceramic packaging. The advantages of using high-power electron beams include high resolution, flexibility, and direct write capability. Higher-density packages can be fabricated using this process tool technology. Electron beams are software-driven. Quick turnaround time can be accomplished for customized packaging circuit designs. Electron beams can efficiently transfer energy to thermally remove ceramic green-sheet materials. Electron-beam machining of ceramic green sheets has been investigated. Experimental results indicate small-size and/or high density via holes can be generated. It is demonstrated that line patterns can be delineated. >
Tournaments as Feedback Arc Sets

We examine the size s(n) of a smallest tournament having the arcs of an acyclic tournament on n vertices as a minimum feedback arc set. Using an integer linear programming formulation we obtain lower bounds s(n)‚ 3ni 2iblog 2nc or s(n)‚ 3ni 1iblog 2nc, depending on the binary expansion of n .W henn =2 k i 2 t we show that the bounds are tight with s(n )= 3ni2iblog 2nc. One view of this problem is that if the ‘teams’ in a tournament are ranked to minimize inconsistencies there is some tournament with s(n) ‘teams’ in which n are ranked wrong. We will also pose some questions about conditions on feedback arc sets, motivated by our proofs, which ensure equality between the maximum number of arc disjoint cycles and the minimum size of a feedback arc set in a tournament. AMS Classiflcation: Primary 05C20; Secondary 68R10
Applications of graph theory to the design of neural networks for automated fingerprint identification

This paper presents applications of graph theory to the design of graph matching neural networks for automated fingerprint identification. Given a sparse set of minutiae from a fingerprint image, complete with locations in the plane and (optionally) other labels such as ridge angles, ridge counts to nearby minutiae and so on, this approach to matching begins by constructing a graph-like representation of the minutiae map, utilizing proximity graphs, such as the sphere-of-influence graphs. These graph representations are more robust to noise such as translations, rotations and deformations. This paper presents the role of these graph representations in the design of graph matching neural networks for the matching and classification of fingerprint images.
Antimicrobial Formulary Management: Meeting the Challenge in the Community Hospital

We established a casework approach to develop an antibiotic formulary for a large community hospital. The program consists of a combination of comprehensive clinical and administrative strategies designed to reduce antimicrobial expenditures and improve the quality of antibiotic prescribing. Strategies included a background document summarizing each pharmacologic group of antimicrobial drugs and formulary preferences, presentations to medical and surgical departments, development of drug use evaluation strategies that complement the development of the formulary, and a monitoring program for nonformulary antibiotic use. The development of a customized microbiologic/antibiotic susceptibility report card specific to the institution's inpatient and outpatient microflora was an integral part of the program. This tool also allowed for the continuous compilation of comparison data and development of prescribing tips. Predetermined criteria were established providing physicians with microorganism susceptibility reports and preferred treatment alternatives linked to pharmacoeconomic concerns. These strategies can be implemented with or without direct clinical pharmacotherapy specialist involvement at the individual patient care level. (Pharmacotherapy 1991;11(1 Pt 2):19S-26S)
SOME CONSIDERATIONS ON A CARRIER MECHANISM AS A MODEL FOR ION ACCUMULATION

A mechanism is described which accounts for the active transport of Na+ ions through a membrane. It is assumed that at one side of the membrane the ion combines with a carrier ion, the resulting carrier compound then diffuses through the membrane and decomposes at the other side of the membrane. The free diffusion of the ions is also taken into account. The time rate of accumulation of the ion in question at the latter side of the membrane is calculated in terms of the concentrations of the ion at both sides of the membrane.
DB2 with BLU acceleration: so much more than just a column store

DB2 with BLU Acceleration deeply integrates innovative new techniques for defining and processing column-organized tables that speed read-mostly Business Intelligence queries by 10 to 50 times and improve compression by 3 to 10 times, compared to traditional row-organized tables, without the complexity of defining indexes or materialized views on those tables. But DB2 BLU is much more than just a column store. Exploiting frequency-based dictionary compression and main-memory query processing technology from the Blink project at IBM Research - Almaden, DB2 BLU performs most SQL operations - predicate application (even range predicates and IN-lists), joins, and grouping - on the compressed values, which can be packed bit-aligned so densely that multiple values fit in a register and can be processed simultaneously via SIMD (single-instruction, multipledata) instructions. Designed and built from the ground up to exploit modern multi-core processors, DB2 BLU's hardware-conscious algorithms are carefully engineered to maximize parallelism by using novel data structures that need little latching, and to minimize data-cache and instruction-cache misses. Though DB2 BLU is optimized for in-memory processing, database size is not limited by the size of main memory. Fine-grained synopses, late materialization, and a new probabilistic buffer pool protocol for scans minimize disk I/Os, while aggressive prefetching reduces I/O stalls. Full integration with DB2 ensures that DB2 with BLU Acceleration benefits from the full functionality and robust utilities of a mature product, while still enjoying order-of-magnitude performance gains from revolutionary technology without even having to change the SQL, and can mix column-organized and row-organized tables in the same tablespace and even within the same query.
Photochemical Attachment of Fluorobutyl Moieties on a Diamond (110)-Oriented Surface: A Multiple Internal Reflection Infrared Spectroscopic (MIRIRS) Investigation

The chemistry of perfluorobutyl iodide (C4F9I) on H-free and H-terminated diamond (110)-oriented surfaces was investigated using multiple internal reflection infrared spectroscopy (MIRIRS). C4F9I physisorbed to form multilayers at 90 K for both surface terminations. The physisorbed C4F9I desorbed from the surface when heated above 200 K and the starting surface was regenerated. The electronic structure and vibrational spectra of the perfluorobutyl group were calculated for perfluorobutyl chloride and perfluorobutyl bromide and the MIRIRS of the physisorbed multilayer agreed well with calculated infrared spectra. After exposing the C4F9I multilayer at 90 K to UV radiation for 30 min and subsequently heating the surface above 200 K, characteristic vibrational features of the perfluorobutyl group were observed between 1138 and 1355 cm-1. In a series of annealing experiments, these modes persisted on the surface up to 600 K and completely disappeared by 700 K. The same results were observed on both the H-free...
TH‐A‐214‐09: Direct Measurement of Skin Dose from CT Brain Perfusion Scans

Purpose: To directly measure skin dose using point‐dosimeters from clinical CTbrain perfusion scans and compare these measurements to estimates using the standard CTDI100 method. Methods: Our clinical brain perfusion scan protocol included 11 axial 80kVp scan groups plus 2 helical 120kVp scan groups. The Landauer OSLnanoDOT dosimeters were calibrated using the same kVp's as the clinical protocol. Using nanoDOT dosimeters, skin doses at several positions on the surface of an anthropomorphic adult head phantom were measured during a perfusion protocol. The head CTDI 100 was also measured using a 100mm‐pencil CTion chamber. The standard CTDI100 method estimates peak skin dose from the brain perfusion scans based on the head CTDI100(top) for axial scans plus the head CTDI100(top)/pitch for helical scans. The peak skin dose estimated from the CTDI100 method was compared with the measured values at different locations on the anthropomorphic phantom. Results: The measured skin doses ranged from 0.11 to 0.95Gy depending on dosimeter positions. The highest dose location was located at the left‐front surface laterally ∼3cm above the ear, and the lowest dose was at the back‐center surface ∼4cm from the top. The surface doses to the locations of the eyes were ∼0.23Gy. Dose origin was ∼89% from the axial scans, ∼11% from the helical scans, and <1% from the scouts. The CTDI100 method overestimated the peak skin dose to a typical adult head size, by ∼20%. No image artifact was caused by presence of nanoDOT dosimeters in scan FOV. Conclusions: Direct measurements of skin dose using nanDOT dosimeters provided accurate and precise skin dose values without any image artifacts. CTDI100 method overestimated the skin doses for our clinical CTbrain perfusion scans. Direct measurements rather than estimates will be useful in terms of: a) documenting real patient dose, and b) guiding future dose optimization efforts.
Proton collisional excitation among the 2p5 3s configuration levels in the Ne isoelectronic sequence ions Na II-Ni XIX

Abstract Proton collisional excitation cross-sections and rate constants are presented for transitions among the 2p5 3s configuration levels in the Ne isoelectronic sequence ions Na II-Ni XIX. The calculations are made according to symmetrized semiclassical impact parameter theory in which the truncated Schrodinger equation for quadrupole excitation is integrated directly. Various single configuration Hartree-Fock results are also given. The density and temperature regimes for which this process can have useful plasma diagnostic applications for these ions is discussed.
Cognitive-behavioral techniques to reduce pain: a validation study.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to identify and validate specific activities considered important in the implementation of three non-pharmacologic pain management interventions—relaxation, distraction and guided imagery. Using a two-round Delphi survey, nurses selected for their expertise in pain management were asked to validate definitions and activities considered important in the implementation of each of these strategies. Data were analyzed using a modification of Fehring's diagnostic content validity method. From this process, a list of activities for each intervention evolved that has implications for nursing research, practice and education.