cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sex differences in the absence of massa intermedia in patients with schizophrenia versus healthy controls

Abstract Objective . To evaluate sexual dimorphism and incidence of absent massa intermedia (MI), a midline thalamic structure, in patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls. Methods . Thin slice magnetic resonance images of the brain were obtained. The presence of MI was determined by viewing sagittal, coronal, and axial planes. Results . In healthy controls, females had a significantly lower incidence of absent MI (13.56%) compared with males (32.08%). In patients with schizophrenia, there was a sex by diagnosis interaction. Female patients had significantly higher incidence of absent MI (32.76%) compared with their healthy controls (13.56%), whereas the male patients showed no difference in incidence of absent MI compared with their controls. Conclusion . The MI, a sexually dimorphic midline structure, is more commonly absent in female patients with schizophrenia. These results support the growing literature reporting structural aberration of the thalamus, as well as other midline structures in the brains of patients with schizophrenia.
Estimation of tumor oxygenation and metabolic rate using 31P MRS: Correlation of longitudinal relaxation with tumor growth rate and dna synthesis

31P MRS longitudinal relaxation times (T1) were determined for C3H murine fibrosarcomas (FSaII), and mammary carcinomas (MCaIV). Tumors were implanted in the foot dorsum, and were 100-300 mm3 in volume. T1s were repeated after the animal was allowed to breathe 100% oxygen for 30 min and then again 36-48 hr following 30 Gy. The spectrum were obtained using an 8.5 T spectrometer with a 8 cm bore and a 1.4 cm single turn antenna coil. The 31P relaxation times for untreated tumors in air breathing animals were: 3.78 sec for phosphomonoesters, 4.37 sec for inorganic phosphate (Pi), 2.73 sec for phosphocreatine, 1.37 sec for gamma ATP, 1.14 sec for alpha ATP, and 1.18 sec for beta ATP. The Pi T1s were 4.37 and 4.70 sec in control and irradiated tumors in air breathing animals. Respiration of oxygen for 30 min reduced the T1s to 3.02 and 2.62 sec in control and irradiated tumors respectively. The Pi T1 of an anoxic tumor, determined on an in situ tumor 60 min after death was 5.93 sec. The oxygen breathing induced decrease in the T1 of Pi is unlikely to have been caused by the paramagnetic properties of oxygen alone, and suggests a component of increased magnetization transfer secondary to the ATPase reaction. Oxygen breathing following 30 Gy, resulted in a decreased growth time (800 mm3 endpoint) and an increased proportion of cells in S-phase. These results support the hypothesis that the decrease in Pi T1 measured with oxygen breathing is a measure of tumor oxygen tension and metabolic rate, and suggests that T1 measurement may indirectly predict tumor growth rate and DNA synthesis.
Cell Phone Use Leads to Brain Tumors

Wide concerns have been raised that the use of cell phones could increase brain tumors. This paper systematically reviews the scientific evidence regarding the associations between cell phone use and brain tumors. The authorsâ€™ review suggests two conclusions. First, it is still controversial in regard with the significant associations between cell phone use and increased risk of brain tumors. Second, there exists extensive evidence that the amount of exposure to cell phone radiation plays a key role in determining the significant associations between cell phone use and gliomas, acoustic neuroma, and meningiomas. In general, those who use cell phones for more than ten years, using cell phones more than 20 minutes per day, or cumulative call time for more than 700 hours, or RF-EMF absorption for more than 3000 joules/kg have higher risks to develop brain tumors, whereas those who use cell phones for less than one year have lower risks.
Investigations of CsCl, K2SO4, and K2CrO4 as high temperature calibrants for differential scanning calorimetry

The selection of reference materials having calibration quality data sets is essential to meaningful measurements with DSC. In the present work the results of critical evaluations of the data sets for such materials are reported. New studies for three salt systems, CsCl, K2SO4, and K2CrO4 as calibrants for high temperature DSC, were undertaken, and are reported. The studies were extended to include Bi and KNO3, two prospective candidate materials for measurements at lower temperatures, and these results are also reported herewith. Untersuchungen von CsCl, K2SO4 und K2CrO4 als Hochtemperatur-Eichsubstanzen fur die Differential Scanning Calorimetrie Die Auswahl von Bezugssubstanzen mit Daten von Standardqualitat ist wichtig fur sinnvolle Messungen mit der DSC. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden die Ergebnisse der kritischen Bestimmung der Daten fur solche Materialien mitgeteilt. Neue Untersuchungen werden fur die drei Salzsysteme CsCl, K2SO4 und K2CrO4 als Standardreferenzsubstanzen fur die Hochtemperatur-DSC vorgenommen und mitgeteilt. Die Untersuchungen werden auf Bi und KNO3, zwei voraussichtliche Materialien fur Messungen bei niedrigen Temperaturen, ausgedehnt und hier ebenfalls mitgeteilt.
Direct-Referencing Automatic Two-Points Reticle-To-Wafer Alignment Using A Projection Column Servo System

An improved version of the Philips/ASM-L phase grating alignment system is described. The new system can be used in combination with standard, single-sided telecentric projection lenses, by using a spatial filter external to the lens. In addition, the alignment-detection has been extended to a double system which enables direct control of magnification and die rotation. Long-term frame instability and changes in environmental conditions such as temperature and barometric pressure have no influence on the overlay accuracy. The new external spatial filtering technique gives the same proven benefits as the earlier spatial filtering which was built internal to the lenses. A comparison of this alignment scheme with other methods is given, showing that this new scheme is superior in terms of dependence on external influences.
Validating clusters using the Hopkins statistic

A novel scheme for cluster validity using a test for random position hypothesis is proposed. The random position hypothesis is tested against an alternative clustered hypothesis on every cluster produced by a partitioning algorithm. A test statistic such as the well-known Hopkins statistic could be used as a basis to accept or reject the random position hypothesis, which is also the null hypothesis in this case. The Hopkins statistic is known to be a fair estimator of randomness in a data set. The concept is borrowed from the clustering tendency domain and its applicability to validating clusters is shown here using two artificially constructed test data sets.
Mechanisms of endotoxin tolerance. IV. Specificity of the pyrogenic refractory state during continuous intravenous infusions of endotoxin.

The mechanisms underlying the pyrogenic refractory state which develops rapidly during a continuous intravenous infusion of bacterial endotoxin have been further explored. The findings demonstrate that: (a) rabbits rendered refractory to a continuous intravenous infusion of E. coli endotoxin at a standard rate (18 x 10–4 µg/min) become highly refractory to a single intravenous test bolus of endotoxin, but remain fully responsive to preformed endogenous pyrogen and to substances known to release endogenous pyrogen, i.e. influenza virus, old tuberculin in specifically sensitized rabbits, and staphylococcal enterotoxin; (b) administration of fresh whole blood from normal donors containing an average of 1.6 – 108 granulocytes fails to restore febrile responsiveness to the continuing E. coli endotoxin infusion; (c) refractory phase plasma and liver homogenates exhibit no enhanced capacity to inactivate E. coli endotoxin pyrogenicity; (d) splenectomized animals readily develop the pyrogenic refractory state during E. coli endotoxin infusions and exhibit diminished, rather than the increased inflammatory responses to intradermal endotoxin seen in sham-operated controls; (e) continuous intravenous infusions of gelatin-stabilized, heat-killed pneumococci produce sustained fevers; and (f) continuous intravenous infusions of old tuberculin into specifically sensitized animals rapidly elicit a pyrogenic refractory state. The present observations, considered together with those of other investigators, support the hypothesis that pyrogenic unresponsiveness to endotoxin involves two distinct immunologic mechanisms. In terms of this hypothesis, the rapid reduction in febrile responsiveness to endotoxin is mediated by desensitization at the cellular level. With small doses of endotoxin, such as those employed in the present studies, this desensitization is primarily specific; with larger doses, nonspecific mechanisms are superimposed. So long as the subsequent doses of endotoxin are closely spaced or continuously infused, optimal conditions are provided for cellular desensitization and pyrogenic unresponsiveness to a given quantity of endotoxin can be induced rapidly and maintained without the requirement for antibody. However, as the interval between endotoxin challenge is lengthened, cellular desensitization wanes and tolerance becomes increasingly dependent upon those antibodies directed against the common toxophore groupings responsible for endotoxin pyrogenicity which assist the reticuloendothelial system in the clearance and destruction of this molecule.
Investigation of enhanced solder wetting in 63Sn/37Pb and Sn-Ag-Cu lead free alloy

Enhanced or equivalent solder paste wetting on organic solderability preservative (OSP) circuit boards in 63Sn/37Pb and 96.5Sn/3.0Ag/0.5Cu at lower peak temperature and time above liquidus (TAL) has been published previously. These results are contrary to common belief and practice in microelectronics soldering. Microelectronics and general metal wetting literature will be reviewed to generate hypotheses about the cause of the enhanced or equivalent solder wetting. The former wetted area experiments were conducted using design of experiments (DOE) techniques and now analysis outside of the DOE will be conducted to test the new hypotheses and advance the knowledge of solder wetting. Industry relevant manufacturing equipment, materials and processes were used. After detailed analysis, the enhanced or equivalent wetting appears to be unique to the proprietary flux chemistry.
A novel dimensionally-decomposed router for on-chip communication in 3D architectures

Much like multi-storey buildings in densely packed metropolises, three-dimensional (3D) chip structures are envisioned as a viable solution to skyrocketing transistor densities and burgeoning die sizes in multi-core architectures. Partitioning a larger die into smaller segments and then stacking them in a 3D fashion can significantly reduce latency and energy consumption. Such benefits emanate from the notion that inter-wafer distances are negligible compared to intra-wafer distances. This attribute substantially reduces global wiring length in 3D chips. The work in this paper integrates the increasingly popular idea of packet-based Networks-on-Chip (NoC) into a 3D setting. While NoCs have been studied extensively in the 2D realm, the microarchitectural ramifications of moving into the third dimension have yet to be fully explored. This paper presents a detailed exploration of inter-strata communication architectures in 3D NoCs. Three design options are investigated; a simple bus-based inter-wafer connection, a hop-by-hop standard 3D design, and a full 3D crossbar implementation. In this context, we propose a novel partially-connected 3D crossbar structure, called the 3D Dimensionally-Decomposed (DimDe) Router, which provides a good tradeoff between circuit complexity and performance benefits. Simulation results using (a) a stand-alone cycle-accurate 3D NoC simulator running synthetic workloads, and (b) a hybrid 3D NoC/cache simulation environment running real commercial and scientific benchmarks, indicate that the proposed DimDe design provides latency and throughput improvements of over 20% on average over the other 3D architectures, while remaining within 5% of the full 3D crossbar performance. Furthermore, based on synthesized hardware implementations in 90 nm technology, the DimDe architecture outperforms all other designs -- including the full 3D crossbar -- by an average of 26% in terms of the Energy-Delay Product (EDP).
Some weighted distributions of order k

Length-biased sampling has been observed to arise in many biomedical applications such as family history and disease, early detection of disease, survival and intermediate events, and in the study of the latency period of AIDS among patients who received blood transfusions. Recently there has been an increased interest in discrete distributions of order k which are more flexible than their ordinary counterparts when k = 1. In this paper we develop factorial moment distributions of some well known discrete distributions and length-biased versions of some of the distributions of order k and investigate their properties. Their relationship to the corresponding length-biased distributions in the ordinary case is investigated.
Radiographic Comparison of Anterior Acetabular Rim Morphology Between Pincer Femoroacetabular Impingement and Control

Purpose To define and compare 3 new parameters (anterior rim angle [ARA], anterior wall angle [AWA], and anterior margin ratio [AMR]), in addition to the lateral center-edge angle of Wiberg and the Tonnis angle, for measuring pincer-type femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) in an asymptomatic versus symptomatic FAI population. Methods We reviewed anteroposterior pelvis radiographs of patients verified to have no hip complaints between December 2009 and December 2011. We also reviewed anteroposterior pelvis radiographs of patients who underwent a rim-trimming procedure for pincer FAI between December 2010 and December 2011. Patients aged older than 65 years or younger than 18 years were excluded. Radiographs with a Tonnis grade of 2 or greater were also excluded. For the group of patients with symptomatic hip impingement, radiographs that did not have a crossover sign were excluded. The 2 cohorts were matched for age, sex, and body mass index. Measurements included the Tonnis angle, lateral center-edge angle of Wiberg, ARA, AWA, and AMR. These measurements were compared between the groups. Results Seventy-two asymptomatic hips were measured. There were 44 female patients (61%) and 28 male patients (39%), aged 25 to 51 years, in the asymptomatic group. The mean ARA was 88.91° ± 8.06°, the mean AWA was 34.89° ± 8.09°, and the mean AMR was 0.49 ± 0.15. Seventy-two symptomatic hips were measured. There were 40 female patients (56%) and 32 male patients (44%), aged 27 to 58 years, in the symptomatic group. The mean ARA was 82.98° ± 10.82°, the mean AWA was 39.11° ± 9.00°, and the mean AMR was 0.56 ± 0.14. The mean difference in the ARA between asymptomatic patients and symptomatic patients was 5.92° (P = .0001). The mean difference in the AWA was 4.22° (P = .0019). The mean difference in the AMR was 0.07 (P = .0039). Conclusions Our study provides information on several measurements within an asymptomatic cohort and a symptomatic cohort. Although we found statistically significant differences between the 2 populations, the clinical significance remains unknown. We recommend using this asymptomatic population as a guideline for limits on resection of the anterior acetabular rim. Level of evidence Level III, retrospective comparative study.
Catalyzed oxidation reactions of 1,2-dihydroxybenzene (catechol) in aerated aqueous solutions of Al3+

Abstract The slow oxidation of catechol by O2 in the pH range of 4.5−7.0 generated intensely-colored oligomeric and polymeric products when Al3+ (as well as Ga3+ or Sc3+) cations were present in solution. A soluble blue polymeric cation with an intense visible absorption at 620–650 nm and a structureless electron spin resonance (ESR) signal near the free electron position was formed in acidic solution. This product is believed to be a partially oxidized quinone formed by oxidative polymerization of aromatic rings via metal-promoted CC bonding. ESR identified an apparent radical intermediate of this process, a ring-coupled dimer complexed to two metal ions. ESR also identified Al3+-complexed o-benzosemiquinone monomers in aqueous solution near pH 7, an indication that the radical is stabilized in the metal-chelated form. At the highest pH and catechol concentrations studied, air oxidation produced intensely green solutions in which ESR could identify a radical monomer bonded to one Al3+ ion, and possibly a radical trimer bonded to two Al3+ ions. A mole excess of Al3+ appeared to suppress the formation of CO bond-coupled products relative to the more darkly colored CC bond-coupled products. The possible involvement of intermolecular charge transfer processes in these products is discussed here.
Computational modeling of phagocyte transmigration during biomaterial-mediated foreign body responses

One of the major obstacles in computational modeling of a biological system is to determine a large number of parameters in the mathematical equations representing biological properties of the system. To tackle this problem, we have developed a global optimization method, called Discrete Selection Levenberg-Marquardt (DSLM), for parameter estimation. For fast computational convergence, DSLM suggests a new approach for the selection of optimal parameters in the discrete spaces, while other global optimization methods such as genetic algorithm and simulated annealing use heuristic approaches that do not guarantee the convergence. As a specific application example, we have targeted understanding phagocyte transmigration which is involved in the fibrosis process for biomedical device implantation. The goal of computational modeling is to construct an analyzer to understand the nature of the system. Also, the simulation by computational modeling for phagocyte transmigration provides critical clues to recognize current knowledge of the system and to predict yet-to-be observed biological phenomenon.
Tree search and ARC consistency in constraint satisfaction algorithms

Constraint satisfaction problems are ubiquitous in Artificial Intelligence and many algorithms have been developed for their solution. This paper provides a unified introduction to some of these algorithms, including Backtracking, Haralick’s Forward Checking, Partial Lookahead and Full Lookahead, and three based on the arc-consistency algorithms that Mackworth has called AC1, AC2 and AC3. It is shown that these can all be unified as having the common structure of tree search (TS) augmented with arc-consistency algorithms (AC) of various extent. Haralick’s algorithms, and even traditional Backtracking, are seen to contain a partial-arc-consistency component. In analogy to Mackworth’s nomenclature these are named AC1/5, AC1/4, AC1/3 and AC1/2 — the fractional suffix being more or less proportional to the degree of arc-consistency attained. The algorithms may then be unified as being of the form TS + ACi 1 or TS + ACi 1 + ACi 2, for various fractional and integer i 1 and i 2. A combined algorithm based on this structure is presented and algorithm efficiencies are compared empirically, using the n-queens problem and a new version called confused n-queens. We find that it may very well pay to trade more tree search for a reduction in arc consistency — that is, to allow a larger search tree (in terms of nodes), as a result of less arc consistency at the nodes, in order that the overall effort (in terms of constraint checks) be reduced.
Iterative design of metadata creation tools for resource authors

The National Institute of Environmental Heath Sciences (NIEHS), as part of the Metadata Generation Research Project, is exploring resource authors' abilities for creating acceptable metadata. As part of this work, two different versions of the NIEHS Dublin Core-based metadata generation tool have been tested. An iterative design approach, supported by cognitive walkthroughs, guided the design of the NIEHS metadata application. This paper reports on the design process and on two author surveys that gathered feedback on the usability of both versions of the NIEHS metadata application (Version 1.0 and 2.0). The results show a slight improvement between Version 1.0 and Version 2.0. The paper concludes by summarizing key findings and identifying further research needs specific to author generated metadata tools.
The Natural History of Primary Hyperparathyroidism with or without Parathyroid Surgery after 15 Years

Context: Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) often presents without classical symptoms such as overt skeletal disease or nephrolithiasis. We previously reported that calciotropic indices and bone mineral density (BMD) are stable in untreated patients for up to a decade, whereas after parathyroidectomy, normalization of biochemistries and increases in BMD ensue. Objective: The objective of the study was to provide additional insights in patients with and without surgery for up to 15 yr. Design: The study had an observational design. Setting: The setting was a referral center. Patients: Patients included 116 patients (25 men, 91 women); 99 (85%) were asymptomatic. Intervention: Fifty-nine patients (51%) underwent parathyroidectomy and 57 patients were followed up without surgery. Main Outcome Measure: BMD was measured. Results: Lumbar spine BMD remained stable for 15 yr. However, BMD started to fall at cortical sites even before 10 yr, ultimately decreasing by 10 ± 3% (mean ± sem; P < 0.05) at the femoral ne...
Mandatory Audit Partner Rotation: Perceptions of Audit Quality Consequences

SUMMARY: This paper summarizes our study, “An Examination of Partner Perceptions of Partner Rotation: Direct and Indirect Consequences to Audit Quality” (Daugherty et al. 2012). The study examines the perceptions of practicing audit partners with respect to mandatory partner rotation and cooling-off periods, in general, and how the more stringent partner rotation rules mandated by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act may negatively impact audit partners' quality of life at the expense of audit quality. The results suggest that mandatory partner rotation increases partners' (and other engagement team members') workloads, as well as the likelihood of partner relocation. In response to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the SEC's acceleration of mandatory partner rotation and extension of cooling-off periods, the partners participating in this study indicate that they would rather learn a new industry than relocate. Importantly, partners perceive that audit quality suffers from retraining, but not from relocating. Taken together,...
Transmission rate allocation in multi-sensor target tracking

In a multi-sensor target tracking application running on a shared network, at what bit-rates should the sensors send their measurements to the tracking fusion center? Clearly, the sensors cannot use arbitrary rates in a shared network, and a standard network rate control algorithm may not provide rates amenable to effective target tracking. For Kalman filter-based multi-sensor target tracking, we derive a utility function that captures the tracking quality of service as a function of bit-rate. We incorporate this utility function into a network rate resource allocation framework, deriving a distributed rate control algorithm for a shared network that does not require network re-design. In simulation studies, the new rate-control algorithm engenders much better tracking performance than a standard rate-control method.
Early relapse of Burkitt lymphoma heralded by a bone marrow necrosis and numb chin syndrome successfully treated with allogeneic stem cell transplantation

The optimal salvage therapy for patients with relapsed Burkitt lymphoma is unknown. Bone marrow necrosis is an underreported ( 2 years after the transplant. To our knowledge, this is the longest reported survival of the two syndromes in the setting of BL relapse.
Equity and Participation in Decisions: What Can Nanotechnology Learn from Biotechnology in Kenya?

Discussions of equity and technology often focus on the distribution of risks and benefit. But key to addressing these issues is how power to make decisions that shape those issues is distributed. In the last chapter, Bal reported that members of the American public expressed a desire for equity once they were given a voice in nanotechnology decision making. In this chapter, Matthew Harsh looks at how biotechnology regulation was developed in Kenya to help think about how nanotechnology might be regulated in a developing country. A variety of horizontal inequalities criss-cross his account, but they are different from the categories presented in the first part of this book: Europeans versus Kenyans; government versus non-government; and experts versus lay people.
Planning Algorithms: Sampling-Based Planning Under Differential Constraints

After Chapter 13, it seems that differential constraints arise nearly everywhere. For example, they may arise when wheels roll, aircraft fly, and when the dynamics of virtually any mechanical system is considered. This makes the basic model used for motion planning in Part II invalid for many applications because differential constraints were neglected. Formulation 4.1, for example, was concerned only with obstacles in the C-space. This chapter incorporates the differential models of Chapter 13 into sampling-based motion planning. The detailed modeling (e.g., Lagrangian mechanics) of Chapter 13 is not important here. This chapter works directly with a given system, expressed as ẋ = f ( x , u ). The focus is limited to sampling-based approaches because very little can be done with combinatorial methods if differential constraints exist. However, if there are no obstacles, then powerful analytical techniques may apply. This subject is complementary to motion planning with obstacles and is the focus of Chapter 15. Section 14.1 provides basic definitions and concepts for motion planning under differential constraints. It is particularly important to explain the distinctions made in literature between nonholonomic planning, kinodynamic planning, and trajectory planning, all of which are cases of planning under differential constraints. Another important point is that obstacles may be somewhat more complicated in phase spaces, which were introduced in Section 13.2. Section 14.2 introduces sampling over the space of action trajectories, which is an essential part of later planning algorithms.
Squeeze-Free Hamiltonian Paths in Grid Graphs

Motivated by multi-robot construction systems, we introduce the problem of nding squeeze-free Hamiltonian paths in grid graphs. A Hamiltonian path is squeeze-free if it does not pass between two previously visited vertices lying on opposite sides. We determine necessary and sucient conditions for the existence of squeeze-free Hamiltonian paths in staircase grid graphs. Our proofs are constructive and lead to linear time algorithms for determining such paths, provided that they exist.
Heterobimetallic Pd-K carbene complexes via one-electron reductions of palladium radical carbenes.

Heterobimetallic Pd–K carbenes featuring Pd–Ccarbene–K moieties were synthesized via an unprecedented sequential substitution/reduction reaction from a radical precursor, [{PC˙(sp2)P}tBuPdI] ([PC(sp2)P]tBu = bis[2-(di-iso-propylphosphino)-4-tert-butylphenyl]methylene). Polymeric structures were observed in the solid state for the heterobimetallic compounds that can be interrupted in the presence of a donor solvent.
The mitogenic action of bradykinin on thymic lymphocytes and its dependence on calcium.

SummaryBradykinin, a naturally occurring nonapeptide which causes an acute inflammatory response to injury, was found to be a potent, fast-acting mitotic stimulant for rat thymic lymphocytes suspended in vitro. This response was only obtained when calcium ions were also present in the suspension medium. It appears that bradykinin sensitizes cells to the environmental calcium and that calcium is the actual mitotic stimulator.
Preschoolers of Mothers with Affective and Anxiety Disorders Show Impairments in Cognitive Inhibition During a Chimeric Animal Stroop.

Aims To determine whether maternal affective and anxiety disorders are associated with cognitive inhibitory deficits in four-year-old children utilizing a chimeric animal stroop task, a childhood adaptation of the traditional stroop task. Study Design Blinded Cross-Sectional Study. Place and Duration of Study Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, data collected from June 2009 to October 2010. Methodology Four-year-olds of mothers with (n=29) and without (n=31) a history of affective or anxiety disorders completed a chimeric animal version of the stroop task. Incongruent, neutral, and congruent stimuli were presented over three trial blocks. Mean reaction time and response accuracy were the primary dependent measures. Results The increase in the number of incorrect responses to incongruent versus congruent or neutral stimuli was larger for offspring of a mother with a history of an affective or anxiety disorder than without (t=2.4, P=.02); there was no significant main effect of maternal psychiatric illness (F(1, 58)=0.9, P=.34) or a stimulus type by maternal illness (F(1 , 58)=1.1, P=.30) interaction on reaction time. Conclusion The association between maternal affective and anxiety disorders and cognitive inhibitory deficit is already identifiable by four years of age.
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone and Other Neurohumoral Factors in the Pathogenesis of Pulmonary Hypertension

Converging lines of evidence indicate that upregulation of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone and neurohumoral signaling contributes to the pathobiology of pulmonary vascular disease. In animal models of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and in PAH patients, angiotensin II or aldosterone are associated with abnormal pulmonary vascular resistance, elevated pulmonary artery pressure, and impaired right ventricular-pulmonary arterial coupling. These findings are in concert with experimental data demonstrating an association between these vascular effectors and cell signaling mechanisms that promote vascular fibrosis and dysregulated survival patterns in pulmonary vascular cells in vitro, among other pathways implicated in pulmonary arterial remodeling in PAH. Additionally, recent findings implicating regulation of right ventricular cardiomyocyte function by endogenously synthesized catecholamines provide a critical scientific framework for unraveling differences in pressure loading response patterns between the right and left ventricles. This chapter reviews angiotensin II, aldosterone, and catecholamines collectively as a specific axis by which to target therapeutics for patients affected by PAH and other pulmonary vascular diseases of overlapping pathobiology.
Effect of thalidomide on inhibiting atherosclerosis in clinic

Objective To study the effect of thalidomide(Thd) inhibiting atherosclerosis in clinic.Methods Eighty patients diagnosed by color Doppler ultrasound with atherosclerosis were randomly divided into Thd group and control group,with 40 cases in each group.Both of the two groups were given enteric-coated aspirin 75 mg·d-1with a lifestyle intervention.Based on this,Thd group was given Thd 50 mg·d-1.The serum level of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),interleukin-6(IL-6),high-sensitive C-reactive protein(hs-CRP) and serum lipid were measured before and after treatment of six months.The atherosclerosis condition also was observed.Results Compared with before treatment,there was no statistical significance in the indexes of blood lipid six months after treatment(P 0.05).The levels of TNF-α,IL-6 and hs-CRP in Thd group were lower than those in the control group or than before treatment,the differences had statistical significance(P 0.05,P 0.01),which situation could also be found in the carotid intima-media thickness and the plaque score(P 0.05,P 0.01),and29.6% of unstable plaques changed into stable plaques.Conclusion Thd can inhibit atherosclerosis by lowing the expression of inflammatory factors probably,which has no relationship with lipid metabolism regulation.
Managing Opioid-Tolerant Patients in the Perioperative Surgical Home

Management of acute postoperative pain is important to decrease perioperative morbidity and improve patient satisfaction. Opioids are associated with potential adverse events that may lead to significant risk. Uncontrolled pain is a risk factor in the transformation of acute pain to chronic pain. Balancing these issues can be especially challenging in opioid-tolerant patients undergoing surgery, for whom rapidly escalating opioid doses in an effort to control pain can be associated with increased complications. In the perioperative surgical home model, anesthesiologists are positioned to coordinate a comprehensive perioperative analgesic plan that begins with the preoperative assessment and continues through discharge.
Behavior Problems in Early Childhood

As a child attempts to cope with an environment that seems to change and expand, anxiety may begin to cause subtle, complex and internalized emotional responses. These behavioral messages are not easily decoded, and the extent to which the practicing physician becomes involved with them varies according to his skill and interest.
Organizational Psychographics: Implications for Industrial Marketing

The use of psychographic profiles to analyze buyers and organizations appear to be a viable alternative in the segmentation process of organizational markets. The type of information acquired from the use of psycho-graphics allows the industrial marketer to fine tune his promotional efforts as well as other elements of the marketing mix. The basic thrust of this article examines the efficacy of psychographics to the industrial marketing area. Examples are presented to show specific ways of implementing and applying psycho-graphics to industrial marketing.
Near-Network and Large-Scale Programs

IN THIS CHAPTER WE are interested in studying two types of mathematical programs. The first type consists of programs that have so-called near-network structure. The second type consists of large-scale mathematical programs that may be derived from network considerations, but whose constraints may not be characterized as nearly totally modular. This chapter is organized as follows.
How to Mediate an Enduring Peace for Nagorno-Karabakh

The Nagorno-Karabakh Region (NKR) in Azerbaijan sits at the cross- roads of Europe and Asia, which has historically facilitated commercial exchanges on the Silk Road, interactions between the region’s overlapping ethnicities, and invasions by Arab, Persian, Mongol, and Turkish armies. In spite of these various interactions — or maybe because of them — many attempts have been made to separate ethnic Armenians from Azeris or, in some cases, to extinguish them from the region. NKR’s historical claim to autonomy rests on the right to self-determination. Although it currently functions as an independent state under the provisions of the Montevideo Convention, NKR still stands to gain from recognition by the international community. Great Power support — that is, support of the permanent members of the Security Council and other nations with a historical interest in the region — under the framework of the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) is needed to increase NKR’s chances for formal autonomy and statehood.
Applying Cognitive Load Theory Principles to Library Instructional Guidance.

ABSTRACTIf the goal of library instructional guidance is to provide students with the knowledge needed to acquire new skills in order to accomplish their learning objectives, then it is prudent to consider factors that impact learning. Cognitive load theory addresses several of these factors and is applicable to a wide-range of instructional devices used by librarians, particularly during research guide design, multimedia development, and database administration. This article will provide academic librarians with an overview of cognitive load theory and strategies for minimizing distractions while maximizing the student's learning potential.
Testing the Role of Aspirations, Future Expectations, and Strain on the Development of Problem Behaviors across Young and Middle Adulthood

Using prospective data collected across 14 years by the National Youth Survey Family Study (N = 1,436), we assessed change in aspirations, future expectations, and strain, as well as contemporaneous and longitudinal effects of these predictors on drug use, offending, and the perpetration of intimate partner violence. Growth curve models showed that, although time significantly predicted change in these variables, trajectories remained relatively stable. Contemporaneous random-intercept regression models revealed that all three measures were associated with all three problem behaviors. The effects were predictive longitudinally but some associations and gender differences were attenuated when controlling for prior involvement in outcomes.
The Cooper Site: a Stratified Folsom Bison Kill in Oklahoma

Two seasons of fieldwork at the Cooper site, a stratified Folsom-age bison kill in northwestern Oklahoma, yielded extensive bone and lithic materials. The three kill deposits provide the opportunity to study hunting and butchering practices as revealed by stone tools and bone alteration. This preliminary description of the excavations and recovered materials provides a general overview of the site and discusses the potential it holds to further our understanding of Folsom lifeways.
IL4I1 augments CNS remyelination and axonal protection by modulating T cell driven inflammation

See Pluchino and Peruzzotti-Jametti (doi:[10.1093/aww266][1]) for a scientific commentary on this article . Myelin regeneration (remyelination) is a spontaneous process that occurs following central nervous system demyelination. However, for reasons that remain poorly understood, remyelination fails in the progressive phase of multiple sclerosis. Emerging evidence indicates that alternatively activated macrophages in central nervous system lesions are required for oligodendrocyte progenitor differentiation into remyelinating oligodendrocytes. Here, we show that an alternatively activated macrophage secreted enzyme, interleukin-four induced one (IL4I1), is upregulated at the onset of inflammation resolution and remyelination in mouse central nervous system lesions after lysolecithin-induced focal demyelination. Focal demyelination in mice lacking IL4I1 or interleukin 4 receptor alpha (IL4Rα) results in increased proinflammatory macrophage density, remyelination impairment, and axonal injury in central nervous system lesions. Conversely, recombinant IL4I1 administration into central nervous system lesions reduces proinflammatory macrophage density, enhances remyelination, and rescues remyelination impairment in IL4Rα deficient mice. We find that IL4I1 does not directly affect oligodendrocyte differentiation, but modulates inflammation by reducing interferon gamma and IL17 expression in lesioned central nervous system tissues, and in activated T cells from splenocyte cultures. Remarkably, intravenous injection of IL4I1 into mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis at disease onset significantly reversed disease severity, resulting in recovery from hindlimb paralysis. Analysis of post-mortem tissues reveals reduced axonal dystrophy in spinal cord, and decreased CD4+ T cell populations in spinal cord and spleen tissues. These results indicate that IL4I1 modulates inflammation by regulating T cell expansion, thereby permitting the formation of a favourable environment in the central nervous system tissue for remyelination. Therefore, IL4I1 is a potentially novel therapeutic for promoting central nervous system repair in multiple sclerosis. * Abbreviations : AAM : alternatively activated macrophages CAM : classically activated macrophages dpl : days post-lesion EAE : experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis qRT-PCR : quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1093/brain/aww266
Estimation and Hypothesis Testing in LAV Regression with Autocorrelated Errors: Is Correction for Autocorrelation Helpful?

Using the Prais-Winsten correction and adding a lagged variable provides improved estimates (smaller MSE) in least absolute value (LAV) regression when moderate to high levels of autocorrelation are present. When comparing empirical levels of significance for hypothesis tests, adding a lagged variable outperforms other approaches but has a relative high empirical level of significance.
Understanding the Variations of the Length and the Seasonal Rainfall Anomalies of the Indian Summer Monsoon

AbstractThe canonical relationship between the length and the total seasonal rainfall anomalies of the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) is the association of the longer (shorter) season with wetter (drier) seasonal rainfall anomalies. This study shows that such canonical behavior is clearly associated with relatively strong ENSO SST anomalies in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean that appear in the boreal summer and fall seasons. The noncanonical relationship is caused by a longer (shorter) season associated with drier (wetter) ISM seasonal rainfall anomalies. A majority of these noncanonical seasons, with anomalously short season length but anomalously high seasonal mean rain, tend to occur under relatively weak La Nina forcing during the boreal summer season. Although the onset of such seasons occurs through canonical ENSO forcing of a large-scale meridional temperature gradient, the demise is dictated by the depletion of moist static energy from the underlying cooling of the upper ocean in the northern In...
Effects of Policy Decision-Making on Riparian Corridors in a Semi-arid Desert: A Modeling Approach

The resilience of ecologically significant landscapes is often hindered by traditional approaches to natural resource management, which treat ecologic, hydrologic, and social systems as distinct entities. Although acknowledging interdependencies is a great first step in managing complex systems, challenges exist in predicting effects of intervention due to key features such as non-linearity and uncertainty. In order to project the impact of urban populations on riparian corridors in a semi-arid desert, we integrated several modeling approaches to simulate how policy decision-making will effect riparian vegetation along the Upper San Pedro River. Policy decision-making was characterized with a Bayesian Belief Network, allowing uncertainty in the decision-making process to be incorporated. Policy decisions ultimately effected population growth and water use. Urban water demand, calculated by multiplying urban population size with per capita water consumption, was used in conjunction with response functions, developed from MODFLOW, to simulate changes in depth-to-groundwater by well pumping in a spatially-explicit agent-based model. Depth-to-groundwater was then used as an indicator of unique vegetation guilds within the riparian corridor. The model was used to test the effects of policy decision-making on the spatial distribution of riparian vegetation along the Upper San Pedro River. By using the model as a tool, decision-makers may have the ability to make better-informed decisions to ensure the resilience of the Upper San Pedro Watershed.
DIC Data-Driven Methods Improving Confidence in Material Qualification of Composites

This work presents initial results of research activities focused on utilizing the Digital Image Correlation technique for measurement of the complex deformation of composite materials towards the development of consolidated common material qualification processes. These common processes will enable reduced material qualification test matrices potentially accommodating substitution of resin types and other modifications of the material systems. In particular, data-driven methods based on full-field DIC strain measurements and finite element analysis developed at the University of Texas Arlington Advanced Materials and Structures Lab, are verified on carbon-fiber reinforced/untoughened and toughened polymer-matrix composite material systems. The DIC data-driven methods allowed verification of simplifying assumptions, increasing our confidence in material allowables. The methods also allowed identifying standing challenges in lamina characterization, including inconsistencies of certain ASTM standard test fixtures and analysis methods, preventing accurate measurement of lamina characteristics key to laminate analysis.
Impact of immune checkpoint protein expression in tumor cells and tumor infiltrating CD8+ T cells on clinical benefit from PD-1 blockade in metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (mccRCC).

477Background: PD-1 blockade with nivolumab has demonstrated efficacy in mccRCC patients who have failed prior therapy; however, durable benefit is observed only in a subset of patients. Correlative studies have demonstrated that tumor PD-L1 expression alone fails to reliably identify patients likely to benefit. Therefore, the development of more robust predictive markers is warranted. Methods: We studied 20 mccRCC patients treated with nivolumab (n=17) or atezolizumab (n=3) with distinct clinical outcomes: 8 pts who experienced durable clinical benefit (DCB) for ≥ 12 months and 12 pts with limited clinical benefit (LCB) for ≤ 6 months from start of therapy. Expression of PD-L1 and PD-L2 on tumor cells and density of tumor infiltrating CD8+ T cells and Foxp3+ cells were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Percentages of tumor infiltrating CD8+T cells expressing the immune-inhibitory molecules PD-1, TIM-3, or LAG-3 either alone or in combination were determined by multiplex immunofluorescence, using the Inf...
Finding the missing piece of the aquatic plastic pollution puzzle: Interaction between primary producers and microplastics

Mounting evidence of global plastic pollution has prompted many studies of its potential effects on aquatic ecosystems. In particular, most research has focused on organismal responses to microplastics and the effects of microplastics when introduced as food. However, there has been far less research into the possible effects of microplastics on primary producers. In this review, we document the available evidence for possible effects from the literature and from a laboratory experiment using cyanobacteria and microplastic fragments. Our review shows that primary producer–microplastic interactions can alter algal photosynthesis, growth, gene expression, and colony size and morphology, possibly via adhesion and/or transfer of adsorbed pollutants from microplastics; and, these effects could be transferred up the food web, including to humans. We recommend that the effects of microplastics on primary producers be incorporated into microplastic research to better understand its full effects on freshwater and marine ecosystems.