cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Amperometric detection and electrochemical oxidation of aliphatic amines and ammonia on silver-lead oxide thin-film electrodes

This thesis comprises three parts: Electrocatalysis of anodic oxygen-transfer reactions: aliphatic amines at mixed Ag-Pb oxide thin-film electrodes; oxidation of ammonia at anodized Ag-Pb eutectic alloy electrodes; and temperature effects on oxidation of ethylamine, alanine, and aquated ammonia.
Preferential Recognition of TCR Hypervariable Regions by Human Anti-Idiotypic T Cells Induced by T Cell Vaccination

T cell responses to myelin basic protein (MBP) are potentially involved in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). Immunization with irradiated MBP-reactive T cells (T cell vaccination) induces anti-idiotypic T cell responses that suppress circulating MBP-reactive T cells. This T cell-T cell interaction is thought to involve the recognition of TCR expressed on target T cells. The study was undertaken to define the idiotypic determinants responsible for triggering CD8+ cytotoxic anti-idiotypic T cell responses by T cell vaccination in patients with MS. A panel of 9-mer synthetic TCR peptides corresponding to complementarity-determining region 2 (CDR2) and CDR3 of the immunizing MBP-reactive T cell clones were used to isolate anti-idiotypic T cell lines from immunized MS patients. The resulting TCR-specific T cell lines expressed exclusively the CD8 phenotype and recognized preferentially the CDR3 peptides. CDR3-specific T cell lines were found to lyze specifically autologous immunizing MBP-reactive T cell clones. The findings suggest that CDR3-specific T cells represented anti-idiotypic T cell population induced by T cell vaccination. In contrast, the CDR2 peptides were less immunogenic and contained cryptic determinants as the CDR2-specific T cell lines did not recognize autologous immunizing T cell clones from which the peptide sequence was derived. The study has important implications in our understanding of in vivo idiotypic regulation of autoimmune T cells and the regulatory mechanism underlying T cell vaccination.
Nonlinear output feedback controller design by projective controls

Design of output feedback controls for nonlinear systems is proposed using the projective control approach assuming the input signals into the nonlinearities are measured.
What substance normally controls a given biological process

Abstract 1. 1. Reviewing the literature on apical dominance in the light of the “PESIGS” rules formulated in the preceding paper (Jacobs, 1959) made clear that earlier researchers had never demonstrated exact substitution of synthetic auxin for the native auxin of the apex. 2. 2. Our clone of Coleus blumei Benth. shows apical dominance: excising the top of the main shoot induces greater growth of the younger side shoots. 3. 3. One per cent indoleacetic acid in lanolin exactly substitutes for the top of the main shoot in providing auxin through node 2, in causing faster abscission through node 4, and in causing xylem regeneration in internode 2. And yet this 1% IAA in lanolin has no inhibiting effect on the growth of the side shoots. 4. 4. We conclude that contrary to the classic theory, apical dominance in Coleus is not controlled by auxin from the apex.
Grooming future hospitality leaders: A competencies model

Abstract Competency models can be useful tools for identifying and grooming future leaders. Rather than base leadership assessment on personality traits or other unrelated characteristics, competency models specify the actions and behavior needed for successful leaders. While some hotel companies have begun to identify leadership compentencies, the hotel industry does not have an overall competency model. Starting with competency models from other industries and the assessments from a pilot study, the authors complied a list of 99 competencies or skills (grouped into eight overarching factors comprising 28 dimensions) that might contribute to leadership success in the hospitality industry. Those compentencies were rated on a five-point scale, ranging from not at all important to extremely important, in a survey of 137 industry leaders. The competency labeled “self management” was the top dimension (of the 28)—composed of ethics and integrity, time management, flexibility and adaptability, and self development. Second in importance was competency in strategic positioning, comprising awareness of customer needs, commitment to quality, managing stakeholders, and concern for the community. (However, concern for the community was rated least important compared to the other three dimensions in that category). Industry knowledge, leadership, and interpersonal skill were factors that, while important, were ranked lower by the respondents.
Home environmental consequences of commute travel impedance.

The physical and perceptual dimensions of commuting travel impedance were again found to have stressful consequences in a study of 99 employees of two companies. This quasi-experimental replication study, which focuses here on home environment consequences, investigated the effects of physical impedance and subjective impedance on multivariate measures of residential satisfaction and personal affect in the home. Both sets of residential outcome measures were significantly related to the two impedance dimensions. As predicted, gender was a significant moderator of physical impedance effects. Women commuting on high physical impedance routes were most negatively affected. Previously found subjective impedance effects on negative home mood, regardless of gender, were strongly replicated with several methods and were buttressed by convergent results with objective indices. The theoretical conjecture that subjective impedance mediates the stress effects of physical impedance was supported by the personal affect cluster but only for one variable in the residential satisfaction cluster. Traffic congestion has increased in metropolitan areas nationwide, and commuters, families, and organizations are absorbing associated hidden costs. The results are reviewed in terms of our ecological model, and the moderating effects of gender are discussed in terms of choice and role constraints. Language: en
Monolithically integrating photonic and microfluidic devices using a self-aligned process

In this work, we present a novel technology to monolithically integrate buried heterostructure (BH) waveguides with microfluidic channels in a self-aligned manner such that a perfect alignment between the waveguides and microfluidic channels is guaranteed. The feature of self-alignment allows efficient optical coupling between the channels and waveguides, thus enables remote excitation and detection of fluorescent and light scattering objects.
Public Choice, Gaining from Government, and Government Failure

Relying on regulations rather than economic incentives to deal with highly complex areas of behavior, as is done for control of air and water pollution and industrial health and safety, has a built-in dynamic that inevitably broadens the scope of the regulations. Under an incentive-oriented approach—effluent charges, injury-rate taxes, or improved workmen's compensation—the administering agency does not itself have to keep abreast of every new development. The incentives provide a general penalty against unwanted actions. But if specific regulations are the only bar to prevent social damages, the regulating agency should provide a regulation for every possible occasion and circumstance. It would take 21 pages to deal with ladders and then even more as time goes on. Social intervention becomes a race between the ingenuity of the regulatee and the loophole closing of the regulator, with a continuing expansion in the volume of regulations as the outcome. This chapter describes the causes of market failure and presents a discussion involving the public and private sector.
Evaluating controller robustness using cell mapping

Robustness is the ability of a controller to maintain good performance characteristics in the face of significant parameter variations. It is an important aspect of controller performance. This paper uses cell mapping to define quantitative measures of controller robustness that are useful for performance validation. In addition to validating controller performance, the measures can be used to design robust classical and fuzzy control systems.
Absorption and circular dichroism spectra of methylene blue bound to alginate

The addition of methylene blue to certain samples of Na alginate produces a complex succession of spectrally distinguishable aggregated (metachromatic) dye species. Three of these species are active in CD; they are interpreted as aggregates of dye, but probably dimers, bound in orientations characteristic of the constituent copolymer blocks of alginate to which they are tentatively assigned. The aggregates compete with divalent metal ions and hydrogen ion for the binding sites of the polymer. Other samples of alginate give a modified succession of aggregated spectral species, which are almost devoid of CD activity. Mild treatment with acid, insufficient for hydrolysis, converts forms of alginate with CD activity into modified forms without it, the absorption spectra of which resemble those of samples originally devoid of activity. It is implied, subject to confirmation, that the chiral properties of the binding sites of the native polysaccharide are diminished or lost by acid treatment during commercial preparation.
Effects of Dilution, Polarization Ratio, and Energy Transfer on Photoalignment of Liquid Crystals Using Coumarin-Containing Polymer Films

Orientation of a nematic liquid crystal, E-7, was investigated using coumarin-containing polymethacrylates to elucidate the roles played by the dilution of coumarin and the polarization ratio of irradiation. Dilution of coumarin by inert moieties had adverse effects on a nematic cell’s number density of disclinations and its orientational order parameter in the parallel but not the perpendicular regime. In addition, both dilution of coumarin and a decreasing polarization ratio resulted in a lower extent of coumarin dimerization at crossover, Xc. The significantly reduced Xc in a homopolymer comprising triphenylamine and coumarin was attributed to the dilution of coumarin and the diminished polarization ratio caused by competing absorption with simultaneous triplet energy transfer from triphenylamine to coumarin moieties.
Sodium-dependent isoleucine transport in the methanogenic archaebacterium Methanococcus voltae

Abstract Methanococcus voltae possesses a Na + -dependent transport system for isoleucine which requires for optimum rates a CO 2 /H 2 atmosphere. The K m for the system is 4.5 μM with a V max of 1.5 nmol·min −1 ·mg dry wt −1 . Approximately 75% of the label can be released from the cell pool following short-term experiments with gradients of isoleucine reaching 100 (in/out). Transport is inhibited by ionophores and N -ethyl maleimide. Only valine and leucine effectively compete with isoleucine for transport.
Induction of α1-tubulin gene expression during development and regeneration of the fish central nervous system

The alpha1- and alpha2-tubulin encoding genes were cloned from a goldfish genomic DNA library. alpha1- and alpha2-tubulin RNA expression was examined in developing and adult retinas. These studies demonstrated increased alpha1-tubulin RNA in presumptive ganglion cells that grow axons early in retinal development and in adult retinal ganglion cells whose optic axons had been damaged. The alpha2-tubulin RNA was undetectable in developing retina and constitutively expressed in adult retinal ganglion cells regardless of optic nerve crush. To determine if these changes in alpha1-tubulin RNA reflected changes in alpha1-tubulin promoter activity, we introduced into zebrafish embryos and adult goldfish retinal explants expression vectors harboring the alpha1-tubulin gene's promoter. These studies showed that the alpha1-tubulin promoter confers a developmentally regulated, neuron-restricted pattern of reporter gene expression in vivo and its activity is increased in adult retinal neurons induced to regenerate their axons. Promoter deletions defined regions of alpha1-tubulin DNA necessary for this pattern of expression. These results suggest that DNA sequences necessary for alpha1-tubulin gene induction during central nervous system development and regeneration are contained within the alpha1-tubulin gene's 5'-flanking DNA and that this promoter will be useful for identifying these elements and their DNA binding proteins.
New Observations on the Structure of the Hen Ovum at Ovulation

Abstract Scanning electron microscopy of the perivitelline layer (PL) of a hen body cavity ovum revealed dispersed groups of atrophied granulosa cells. Those overlying the animal pole were flattened and had numerous ramifying processes which penetrated the porous ground substance of the PL. Alternatively, the granulosa cells overlying the vegetal pole were rounded and formed fewer processes which penetrated a nonporous ground substance. The latter observation suggests that the PL is not structurally uniform in all ova.
Radiance calibration of spherical integrators

Techniques for improving the knowledge of the radiance of large area spherical and hemispherical integrating energy sources have been investigated. Such sources are used to calibrate numerous aircraft and spacecraft remote sensing instruments. Comparisons are made between using a standard source based calibration method and a quantum efficient detector (QED) based calibration method. The uncertainty involved in transferring the calibrated values of the point source standard lamp to the extended source is estimated to be 5 to 10 percent. The use of the QED allows an improvement in the uncertainty to 1 to 2 percent for the measurement of absolute radiance from a spherical integrator source.
Adsorption of organic macromolecules by granular activated carbon. 1. Influence of molecular properties under anoxic solution conditions

The adsorption of nine different natural and synthetic macromolecular dissolved organic materials (DOMs) by granular activated carbon (GAC) was investigated under anoxic conditions to elucidate the relative influence of different molecular properties. In particular, attempts were made to better understand the respective roles of DOM molecular size and chemical structure. Anoxic conditions were chosen because of the additional complications caused by the presence of dissolved oxygen; the latter issue is addressed in a companion paper. For a chemically homogeneous model DOM, polystyrene sulfonate (PSS), adsorption was observed to decrease with increasing macromolecular size. Similar results were obtained for three natural humic materials (Laurentian, peat, and Aldrich humic acids) that were fractionated into different size regimes by ultrafiltration. The similarity between the results for PSS and among the various size fractions of each of these three humic acids suggests that the chemistry of humic macromo...
A Polymer Material - Composite Neutron Detector

A neutron detector based on a composite of polymer semiconductor and neutron active materials is described. The detector operates at ambient temperature, is sensitive to thermal neutrons and has a smaller sensitivity to fast neutrons. When used as a stacked series system, fast neutron sensitivity increases and an energy discriminative system results. The characteristics of the detector are high sensitivity per unit volume, light weight, potential for large area and modest costs. A qualitative description of the concept and quantitative estimates of the performance of a particular design are given.
Influence of Planting Date on Sunflower Stem Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Larval Density and Parasitism in Oilseed and Confection Sunflower in Western Kansas

The sunflower stem weevil infests stalks of cultivated sunflower and can cause lodging resulting in loss of the head prior to harvest. Our objective was to determine whether altered planting periods could reduce weevil densities in confection and oilseed sunflower in the central High Plains production region. We evaluated impact of planting date by measuring larval density within sunflower stalks, larval parasitoid species present, and parasitization rates. Trials were conducted at Colby, KS from 1999 to 2001, with plots seeded in four planting periods. Results, although inconsistent over years and between the two sunflower types, showed that later planting dates reduced weevil density in stalks. Weevil numbers in stalks from the first seeding period until the last had decreased by 10% to 50%. The third planting date in each year coincided with cumulative degree-days (581) for the predicted emergence of 90% of adult sunflower stem weevils. Yields were not reduced as planting was delayed. Fewer weevils were observed in oilseed than in confection hybrids. Lower densities of sunflower stem weevils in the stalk can reduce losses from lodged plants. Seven hymenopteran parasitoid species were reared from sunflower stem weevil larvae. Nealiolus curculionis (Fitch) and Neocatolaccus tylodermae (Ashmead) were the most common species. Parasitization rates were low, but wasps actively attacked the weevil throughout the growing season. Research showed that delaying planting until after the early and later May planting periods reduced weevil densities in western Kansas.
The ‘well-defined’ is ‘ambiguous’ — Indeterminacy in Chinese conversation

Abstract This paper discusses the idea of ‘indeterminacy’ in Chinese discourse space as a way to build the link between the well-defined role relationship systems of Chinese and a tendency to engage in indirect, ambiguous verbal discourse. Because Chinese relations are well-defined, it is possible to employ a repertoire of ambiguous verbal strategies to negotiate and redefine interpersonal position without having to directly challenge the established rules of relationship. The indeterminate linguistic space is particularly necessary for individuals to handle not-so-close, yet connected, relational partners, such as in-laws, relatives, and acquaintances. Created by the exchange of indirect messages, the indeterminate linguistic space provides interactants opportunities to protect and serve their own ends, while at the same time integrating the needs of the self with the greater good of society. Underneath externally harmonious Chinese social interaction lie elaborate verbal means of relational manipulation. To illustrate how the operation of the indeterminate linguistic space constitutes the contents of relationships, three discourse samples collected from fieldwork in Taiwan are analyzed in depth. A critical evaluation of current literature on Chinese communication is also provided.
Mixed incontinence is more bothersome than pure incontinence subtypes

The purpose of the study was to compare incontinence bother in women with mixed incontinence versus pure incontinence subtypes. This is an institutional review board-approved study comparing physical exam findings and responses to the Medical Epidemiologic and Social Aspects of Aging (MESA) questionnaire and the Urinary Distress Inventory (UDI-6). The MESA responses were used to classify women as mixed, pure stress, or pure urge incontinence. This analysis includes 551 women with a mean age of 56 ± 16 years. Most women were Caucasian (86%) with 7% African American and 5% Hispanic. UDI scores were significantly higher in women with mixed incontinence (61 ± 23) than those with pure stress incontinence (40 ± 26) or pure urge incontinence (40 ± 25; p < 0.0001). Women with mixed incontinence report greater incontinence bother than women with either pure stress or urge incontinence.
Self-shielding in the solar nebula

Variations in the abundance of isotopes of elements in primitive meteorites carry the record of chemical and nuclear processes that occurred during the formation of the Solar System. Here I explore the possibility that photochemical self-shielding of carbon monoxide, a process that is known to occur in molecular clouds, may also have been important in the solar nebula. In the solar nebula, the process is based on far-ultraviolet radiation from the growing Sun, which is effective over a small distance in the inner part of the nebula. In order to acquire their observed isotope compositions, all of the solid matter in the present inner Solar System must have been processed through this region, and subsequently expelled to greater distances by an X-wind or similar mechanism1.
A study of ribosomal subunits during cell-free protein synthesis.

Abstract Native ribosomal subunits labeled in their ribosomal RNA have been obtained from HeLa cells. These ribosomal subunits enter into polyribosomes and are converted to ribosomes when added to a rabbit reticulocyte cell-free system active in protein synthesis. Incubation of the ribosomal subunits in the cell-free system from which polyribosomes have been removed fails to promote conversion to ribosomes. Control experiments have shown that this conversion is dependent on protein synthesis. The rate of entry into polyribosomes of two types of small ribosomal subunits and of the large ribosomal subunits has been estimated. This rate is slower than the rate expected if all initiations are carried out by free ribosomal subunits. This observation has been explained by postulating that ribosomal subunits are continually produced by dissociation of ribosomes involved in translation, upon termination of the synthesis of polypeptide chains, and that these ribosomal subunits are preferentially utilized for initiation. Experiments in which the rate of entry of ribosomal subunits into polyribosomes has been measured at different dilutions suggest that topographical factors may be responsible for this preferential utilization.
Variation and taxonomy of Betula uber, B. Lenta, and B. alleghaniensis

Morphological variation was analyzed in the endangeredBetula uber and sympatric dark-barked tree birches,B. lenta andB. alleghaniensis, to determine the extent of differences among the three taxa. Univariate and multivariate analyses of leaf and fruit characters indicated that the three taxa are morphologically distinct, thatB. uber is more similar toB. lenta than toB. alleghaniensis, that intermediates betweenB. uber andB. lenta do not occur, and that leaves are necessary for absolute separation ofB. uber fromB. lenta because of overlap of fruit characters. Field observations of the bark indicate no differences betweenB. uber andB. lenta while those of growth form suggest thatB. uber may have a more compact crown thanB. lenta. The evidence presented here supports an alliance ofB. uber with the dark-barked tree birches (seriesCostatae).
Irreversible inactivation of protein kinase C by glutathione.

Abstract The tripeptide glutathione (GSH) is the predominant low molecular weight thiol reductant in mammalian cells. In this report, we show that at concentrations at which GSH is typically present in the intracellular milieu, GSH and the oxidized GSH derivatives GSH disulfide (GSSG) and glutathione sulfonate each irreversibly inactivate up to 100% of the activity of purified Ca2+- and phosphatidylserine (PS)-dependent protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes in a concentration-dependent manner by a novel nonredox mechanism that requires neither glutathiolation of PKC nor the reduction, formation, or isomerization of disulfide bridges within PKC. Our evidence for a nonredox mechanism of PKC inactivation can be summarized as follows. GSSG antagonized the Ca2+- and PS-dependent activity of purified rat brain PKC with the same efficacy (IC50 = 3 mm) whether or not the reductant dithiothreitol was present. Glutathione sulfonate, which is distinguished from GSSG and GSH by its inability to undergo disulfide/thiol exchange reactions, was as effective as GSSG in antagonizing Ca2+- and PS-dependent PKC catalysis. The irreversibility of the inactivation mechanism was indicated by the stability of the inactivated form of PKC to dilution and extensive dialysis. The inactivation mechanism did not involve the nonspecific phenomena of denaturation and aggregation of PKC because it obeyed pseudo-first order kinetics and because the hinge region of PKC-α remained a preferential target of tryptic attack following GSH inactivation. The selectivity of GSH in the inactivation of PKC was also indicated by the lack of effect of the tripeptides Tyr-Gly-Gly and Gly-Ala-Gly on the activity of PKC. Furthermore, GSH antagonism of the Ser/Thr kinase casein kinase 2 was by comparison weak (<25%). Inactivation of PKC-α was not accompanied by covalent modification of the isozyme by GSH or other irreversible binding interactions between PKC-α and the tripeptide, but it was associated with an increase in the susceptibility of PKC-α to trypsinolysis. Treatment of cultured rat fibroblast and human breast cancer cell lines withN-acetylcysteine resulted in a substantial loss of Ca2+- and PS- dependent PKC activity in the cells within 30 min. These results suggest that GSH exerts negative regulation over cellular PKC isozymes that may be lost when oxidative stress depletes the cellular GSH pool.
Rationing, bargaining, and voting in 2-sided markets

This paper analyzes the temporary equilibrium of 2-sided markets from the point of view of bargaining theory. The minimum rule, quantity traded equal the minimum of demand and supply, is shown to hold under both the Nash bargain and the λ-transfer value. Moreover, both concepts imply that rationing is uniform on the long side of the market. The paper then considers disequilibrium price dynamics. Under majoritarian price dynamics, nex period's price is the majority rule price of this period's active traders. The sequence of temporary equilibria according to the majoritarian price dynamics is shown to converge to Walrasian equilibrium.
Detection of dopaminergic supersensitivity induced by neuroleptic drugs in mice.

ABSTRACTWe investigated the sensitivity of dopaminergic receptors in mice fed neuroleptic drugs. Groups of mice were fed daily doses of approximately 10% of the LD50 of haloperidol, clozapine, chlorpromazine, trifluoperazine, or thioridazine for 2, 4, or 8 weeks. Four days after withdrawal of the neuroleptics, thozalinone, a dopaminergic stimulant, was given ip at 50 mg/kg to elicit gnawing behavior. Increased gnawing behavior was seen in mice after 4 weeks of administration of haloperidol (80%), chlorpromazine (80%), trifluoperazine (100%), and thioridazine (100%) compared with control values (50%). The gnawing behavior in mice treated with clozapine was the same as that for control mice. Levels of gnawing behavior after 2 or 8 weeks of administration of the same drugs were lower than those reported above. Alcohol increased the thozalinone-elicited gnawing behavior 2 weeks after dosing with haloperidol and trifluoperazine. After 4 and 8 weeks of administration of the drugs, the locomotor activity of mice...
Bright Building Blocks for Chemical Biology

Small-molecule fluorophores manifest the ability of chemistry to solve problems in biology. As we noted in a previous review (Lavis, L. D.; Raines, R. T. ACS Chem. Biol. 2008, 3, 142–155), the extant collection of fluorescent probes is built on a modest set of “core” scaffolds that evolved during a century of academic and industrial research. Here, we survey traditional and modern synthetic routes to small-molecule fluorophores and highlight recent biological insights attained with customized fluorescent probes. Our intent is to inspire the design and creation of new high-precision tools that empower chemical biologists.
Hemoglobin S/OARAB: Thirteen new cases and review of the literature

Hemoglobin S/O(Arab) (Hb S/O(Arab)) is a rare compound heterozygous hemoglobinopathy characterized by the presence of two variant beta-globin chains: beta6Glu --> Val (Hb S) and beta121Glu --> Lys (Hb O(Arab)). The diagnosis of Hb S/O(Arab) requires electrophoresis on both cellulose acetate and citrate agar, since Hb O(Arab) co-migrates with Hb C at alkaline pH and close to Hb S at acidic pH. To date only case reports and small series of patients with Hb S/O(Arab) have been described. To better characterize the clinical and laboratory aspects of this unusual disorder, we reviewed the Duke University Medical Center experience. We identified 13 African-American children and adults with Hb S/O(Arab) ranging in age from 2.7 to 62.5 years. All patients had hemolytic anemia with a median Hb of 8.7 gm/dL (range 6.1-9.9 gm/dL), and a median reticulocyte count of 5.8% (range 1.2-10.3%). The peripheral blood smear typically showed sickled erythrocytes, target cells, polychromasia, and nucleated red blood cells. All 13 patients have had significant clinical sickling events including acute chest syndrome (11), recurrent vasoocclusive painful events (10), dactylitis (7), gallstones (5), nephropathy (4), aplastic crises (2), avascular necrosis (2), leg ulcers (2), cerebrovascular accident (CVA) (1), osteomyelitis (1), and retinopathy (1). Four patients have died, including two from pneumococcal sepsis/meningitis at ages 5 and 10 years, one of acute chest syndrome at age 14 years, and one of multiorgan failure at age 35 years. We conclude that Hb S/O(Arab) disease is a severe sickling hemoglobinopathy with laboratory and clinical manifestations similar to those of homozygous sickle cell anemia.
Inelastic behavior of fiber composites subjected to out-of-plane high strain rate shearing

Abstract A new pressure-shear recovery experiment for investigating out-of-plane dynamic shear resistance of composites has been developed. The technique was used to investigate failure mechanisms during dynamic multiaxial loading of an S-2 glass fiber woven composite with 60% fiber volume fraction. Velocity profiles of the target surface were measured with a Variable Sensitivity Displacement Interferometer (VSDI) yielding normal and transverse velocity-time histories. A dynamic shear resistance of approximately 200 MPa was measured when axial stress in the range 2.5–4.2 GPa and strain rates as high as 1.57 × 105 s−1 were imposed on the thin samples. Unlike metals and other traditional materials, the measured shear resistance decreases with the accumulation of shear deformation resulting from inelasticity and damage in the heterogeneous composite microstructure. The records show that the shear softening rate increases with an increase in axial stresses owing to stress-induced damage. Microscopy studies performed on recovered samples clearly show fiber breakage, matrix inelasticity, and matrix-fiber debonding as the major failure modes in these composites. Microstructural analyses revealed that at low impact velocities, in which normal stresses of about 2 GPa are attained, matrix cracking and matrix-fiber debonding are the primary damage mechanisms. At higher impact velocities, resulting in normal stresses in excess of 4 GPa, fiber microfracturing becomes significant in addition to matrix cracking and matrix-fiber debonding. These observations show that the experimentally measured dependence of the dynamic shear resistance on axial stresses is the result of induced damage and inelasticity in the composite constituents.
Striking a Balance: The Future of Work and Family Issues in the Hospitality Industry

SUMMARY This chapter reviews previous literature related to men and women in the hospitality workforce and summarizes the challenges they have confronted as they strive to develop careers while maintaining family commitments. Current trends such as globalization, diversity, and technology are described and their impact on the hospitality workplace assessed. Specific actions that progressive hospitality organizations have taken as they address the need for a more responsive and flexible workplace are presented. Finally, suggestions are proposed for how educators and practitioners might work together to assist employees in increasing their quality of life and in achieving family and work balance. It seems likely that fundamental shifts in the basic assumptions affecting employee policies are necessary before organizational attitudes and practices will result in greater work and family balance for service employees.
Aligning the PRME How Study Abroad Nurtures Responsible Leadership

Productive relationships between business schools and corporate organizations provide fertile ground for bringing business leaders, faculty, students, and community partners face-to-face with conte...
The power of Readers Theater: from reading to writing

Although using Readers Theater (RT) in various educational settings is not a new idea, few studies have been conducted to address both its theoretical and pedagogical issues in language classrooms. In this action research study, the teacher–researcher consistently explored three phases of RT activities with 14 ESL students in an intermediate L2 writing class in a US university. In Phase I, students read aloud their chosen sentences from the source text to generate discussion of the text's main idea. Phase 2 used student-chosen salient passages to extrapolate individual responses and meanings from the source text. In Phase 3, students created their own conclusions to the text. Data collected via students' reflective journals were analyzed, interpreted and compared with ESL teachers' reactions to RT through a simulated RT workshop. Positive effects of using RT were found. Theoretical concerns and issues of cultural appropriacy, and the pedagogical implications of RT are discussed. Recommendations for future research on RT in language classrooms are also given.
Mortality and birth weight in Philadelphia Blacks: an example of stabilizing selection.

It has been suggested that as a result of the action of natural selection the mean value of any biological measurement would be the most normal value and associated with the most favorable survival rate. Selection is said to be stabilizing (or normalizing or balancing) if individuals with intermediate values for a given quantitative trait have the highest fitness. Birth weight is perhaps the most clear-cut example of a human character subject to stabilizing selection. This paper presents the distribution of birth weights among 8382 Philadelphia Black infants and the rate of perinatal mortality for the birth weight classes. Using these data, several analyses of stabilizing selection are made. The data were taken from the Collaborative Study on Cerebral Palsy, Mental Retardation, and other Neurological and Sensory Disorders of Infancy and Childhood.
Anderson and Authoritarianism

This paper examines the work of John Anderson with particular reference to the issue of authority, or, more precisely, authoritarianism. It is suggested that opposition to authoritarianism, along with an attempt to spell out a non-authoritarian form of social enquiry, is Anderson's central concern. In the light of this, a number of reasons are put forward as to why his work has not been taken up by many sociologists and anthropologists. Finally, a suggestion is made as to how his thinking might be challenged in a way sufficient to stimulate its development. This is done by reference to a distinction between guilt, an emotion and set of practices powerful where appeal to authority is important, and shame, which does not require such an appeal.
Dispersion of Heavy Particles Emitted from Area Sources in the Unstable Atmospheric Boundary Layer

Reliable predictions of the daytime dispersal of heavy particles in the unstable atmospheric boundary layer are important in a variety of disciplines. For many applications, particles disperse from area sources near the ground, and corresponding theoretical solutions are desired to reveal insight into the physical processes. Here, theoretical solutions recently developed for neutral conditions are modified to include the effects of atmospheric instability. The Obukhov length L O and convection velocity w ⋆ are introduced to characterize the patterns of particle dispersion, in additional to friction velocity u ⋆ and settling velocity w s used in the neutral case. The major effects of atmospheric instability are accounted for by modifying the vertical velocity variance profile and considering the ratio of velocity scales w ⋆/u ⋆. Theoretical predictions including the mean concentration profile, plume height, and horizontal transport above the source, and ground deposition flux downwind from the source agree well with large-eddy simulation results while the particle plume is within the atmospheric surface layer. The deposition curve is characterized by a power-law decay whose exponent depends on u ⋆, w s, and w ⋆. A second steeper power-law develops once the plume extends into the mixed layer. This effect is enhanced with increasing atmospheric instability, implying that particles disperse farther from the source.
Granulocyte Transfusion Therapy

Bacterial and fungal infections continue to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality in severely neutropenic patients undergoing aggressive chemotherapy regimens or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Traditional granulocyte transfusion therapy, a logical approach in treating these infections, has been available for many years, and several controlled studies have shown this therapy to be useful. However, granulocyte transfusion therapy fell out of favor because the results were not clinically impressive, and adverse results were reported. These disappointing results were felt to be, in part, because of the low doses of granulocytes provided. More recent studies have attempted to increase the numbers of transfused cells by stimulating normal granulocyte donors with G-CSF (+/-corticosteroids). With these techniques, the number of granulocytes transfused can be increased 3-4 fold. The cells have been shown to circulate in recipients, and daily transfusions are capable of maintaining normal or near-normal blood neutrophil counts in previously severely neutropenic patients. The cells appear to function normally by a variety of in vitro and in vivo tests. Clinical benefit, as defined by survival or clearance of infection, has not been definitively determined. Results of an ongoing randomized controlled clinical trial should be available in the near future.
Brain fos-like immunoreactivity in chronic decerebrate and neurologically intact rats given 2,5-anhydro-D-mannitol.

Injection of the fructose analogue, 2,5-anhydro-d-mannitol (2,5-AM), increases food intake and Fos-like immunoreactivity (Fos-li) in both brainstem and forebrain structures. Because of the interconnections between brainstem and forebrain areas, it has not been possible to determine whether or to what extent induction of Fos-li in a given region reflects brainstem-forebrain interactions. We addressed this issue using chronic decerebrate (CD) rats with complete transections of the neuroaxis at the meso-diencephalic juncture. CD and neurologically intact control rats were injected (i.p.) with saline or 400 mg/kg 2,5-AM and brains were examined for Fos-li. Both intact and CD rats showed increased Fos-li in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) after injection of 2,5-AM as compared with saline. 2, 5-AM treatment increased Fos-li in the external lateral division of parabrachial nucleus (PBNel) in intact but not in CD rats, suggesting that descending projections from the forebrain may play a role in the activation of PBNel neurons after 2,5-AM injection. Decerebration eliminated significant 2,5-AM-induced Fos-li responses in forebrain structures, including the paraventricular nucleus, supraoptic nucleus, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and central nucleus of the amygdala. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the activation of forebrain structures after 2,5-AM treatment is due to stimulation by ascending projections from the brainstem.
Synthesis of an advanced intermediate for (+)-pillaromycinone. Staunton-Weinreb annulation revisited.

Condensation of an orsellinate anion with a 2-cyclohexenone (Staunton−Weinreb annulation) afforded a linear tetracycle which was converted to a protected derivative of 12a-epipillaromycinone. Methodology for introducing a 12a-hydroxyl substituent into the tetracycle with correct (R) configuration is described.
Dramatic Growth in the Prevalence, Incidence and Treatment Needs of Narcotic Addicted Newborns 1372

Clinical experience in our hospital and anecdotal reports from centers across the United States suggest a growing rate of addiction among younger women of childbearing age and, consequently, increasing risk of neonatal addiction. The majority of infants born to narcotic dependent women experience a highly stressful withdrawal syndrome which calls for both behavioral and pharmacologic interventions, as well as close clinical monitoring, usually for a lengthy period of time. To ascertain the recent prevalence and incidence of neonatal addiction in our nursery (University Hospital, Newark NJ) and to describe the treatment requirements of these newborns, a 7 year historical cohort study was carried out.
Further developments in MacMahon's partition analysis (abstract only)

P.A. MacMahon developed a calculus for producing generating functions of partitions constrained by linear inequalities relating the various parts of the partitions. Recently we have used MacMahon's method to find new classes of partitions whose generating functions are modular forms (Acta Arith., 126(2007), 281-294), and we have retrieved MacMahon's original project which was to prove his generating function formula for plane partitions. We shall report briefly on these topics and indicate new areas for exploration. In particular, we shall consider the modification of MacMahon's methods in which the inequalities relating the various parts of the partition take into account congruence constraints on the parts.
Inhibitor of nuclear factor-Kappa B activation attenuates venular constriction, leukocyte rolling-adhesion and microvessel rupture induced by ethanol in intact rat brain microcirculation: relation to ethanol-induced brain injury.

The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that acute, local administration of a specific inhibitor of nuclear factor-Kappa B activation (which prevents rapid proteolysis of IKB-alpha) will attenuate cerebral (cortical) venular constrictions, leukocyte-endothelial wall interactions and postcapillary damage induced by medium to high concentrations of ethanol in the intact rat brain. Perivascular or i.p. administration of ethanol (100, 250 mg/dl) to the intact rat brain resulted in concentration-dependent venular vasospasm, rolling and adherence of leukocytes to venular walls and rupture of postcapillary venules with focal hemorrhages. Superfusion of the in-situ brain with N(alpha)-L-tosyl-L-phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone (TPCK), a specific inhibitor of IKB-alpha proteolysis, attenuated greatly the spasmogenic, leukocyte rolling-endothelial cell adhesion and postcapillary hemorrhages induced by ethanol. These new data suggest that inhibition of alcohol-inducible degradation of IKB-alpha by TPKC can prevent much of the adverse microvascular actions of ethanol in the intact rat brain. Moreover, these new in-situ results suggest that activation of nuclear factor-Kappa B seems to play a major modulatory role in the adverse cerebral vascular actions of concentrations of alcohol found in the blood of alcohol-intoxicated subjects and human stroke victims.
Denoting concepts, reference, and the logic of names, classes as many, groups, and plurals

Bertrand Russell introduced several novel ideas in his 1903 Principles of Mathematics that he later gave up and never went back to in his subsequent work. Two of these are the related notions of denoting concepts and classes as many. In this paper we reconstruct each of these notions in the framework of conceptual realism and connect them through a logic of names that encompasses both proper and common names, and among the latter, complex as well as simple common names. Names, proper or common, and simple or complex, occur as parts of quantifier phrases, which in conceptual realism stand for referential concepts, i.e., cognitive capacities that inform our speech and mental acts with a referential nature and account for the intentionality, or directedness, of those acts. In Russell’s theory, quantifier phrases express denoting concepts (which do not include proper names). In conceptual realism, names, as well as predicates, can be nominalized and allowed to occur as "singular terms", i.e., as arguments of predicates. Occurring as a singular term, a name denotes, if it denotes at all, a class as many, where, as in Russell’s theory, a class as many of one object is identical with that one object, and a class as many of more than one object is a plurality, i.e., a plural object that we call a group. Also, as in Russell’s theory, there is no empty class as many. When nominalized, proper names function as "singular terms" just the way they do in so-called free logic. Leśniewski’s ontology, which is also called a logic of names can be completely interpreted within this conceptualist framework, and the well-known oddities of Leśniewski’s system are shown not to be odd at all when his system is so interpreted. Finally, we show how the pluralities, or groups, of the logic of classes as many can be used as the semantic basis of plural reference and predication. We explain in this way Russell’s "fundamental doctrine upon which all rests", i.e., "the doctrine that the subject of a proposition may be plural, and that such plural subjects are what is meant by classes [as many] which have more than one term" (Russell 1938, p. 517).
Pharmacokinetics of pegfilgrastim

Pegfilgrastim is a granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) with a long half-life and sustained duration of action. Pegfilgrastim is created with pegylation technology, whereby a 20-kD polyethylene glycol moiety is conjugated to filgrastim (recombinant human G-CSF), resulting in a larger molecule. Consequently, its renal clearance by glomerular filtration is minimized, making neutrophil-mediated clearance the predominant route of elimination. Preclinical animal data have shown that the clearance of pegfilgrastim depends on dosage and absolute neutrophil count, with pegfilgrastim having a longer circulating half-life and more sustained duration of action than filgrastim. The biologic effect of pegfilgrastim is prolonged in a neutropenic setting because few mature neutrophils are available to mediate its elimination. Clinical trials have suggested that neutrophil-mediated clearance of pegfilgrastim may be self-regulating and may therefore be specific to each patient's hematopoietic recovery.
Experimental electron scattering spectrum of atomic oxygen

Abstract As a first step in the eventual measurement of the electron energy loss cross sections for atomic carbon, a 100 eV incident energy, 2° scattering angle electron energy loss spectrum of atomic carbon showing the 7.48 eV (1657 A) and 7.94 eV (1561 A) multiplets has been obtained. The carbon atoms were produced by 308 nm XeCl excimer laser vaporization of a graphite rod at a 150 Hz repetition rate. The measurement of the relative intensities of the two carbon multiplets, 2s22p23P→2s22p3s 3Po and 2s22p23P→2s2p33Do, allows their relative oscillator strengths to be calculated. The results are in excellent agreement with theoretical values and experimental lifetime measurements.
Corporate pension policy and capital structure decisions

Abstract Following Arnott and Gersovitz (1980), this paper deals with corporate pension funding policy as part of the capital structure decision. A model is developed in which individuals and corporations have an incentive to engage in contracts for the deferral of wage income in the form of an unfunded pension. In conjunction with the portfolio rebalancing activities of individuals, a constraint on the equilibrium quantity of debt in the financial markets is shown to dictate an optimal pension policy for both the economy and individual firms. The paper concludes with the development of four testable hypotheses on pension contracting.