cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clinical aspects with regard to the occurrence of an endogenous luteinizing hormone surge in gonadotropin-induced normal menstrual cycles

A decline in serum E2 the day before laparoscopy indicated that ovulation had occurred in 16 cycles stimulated with exogenous gonadotropins for the purpose of in vitro fertilization (IVF). In contrast to 18 control cycles with rising E2 values after human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) administration and without evidence of ovulation, the onset of the endogenous luteinizing hormone (LH) surge had been initiated. From this study, it is believed that the onset of an endogenous LH surge can be identified by the terminal preovulatory E2 pattern. Further, the incidence of an endogenous LH surge in gonadotropin-induced menstrual cycles and the present clinical approach of the Norfolk IVF program to this phenomenon are discussed.
Glycoproteins gI and gE of feline herpesvirus-1 are virulence genes: Safety and efficacy of a gI-gE- deletion mutant in the natural host

Feline rhinotracheitis virus (FRV) is an important upper respiratory tract pathogen of cats. FRV is a member of the subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae and is designated feline herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1). Besides upper respiratory clinical signs, FHV-1 may cause generalized infections in neonates or abortions in pregnant queens. Recently we described a recombinant FHV-1 strain with a deletion in the genes for glycoproteins gl and gE (FHB beta-galglgE delta) and reported that cats vaccinated subcutaneously with high doses of the recombinant FHV-1 strain responded with only mild clinical signs and developed strong immunity against subsequent virulent virus challenge. Here we compare the intranasal and subcutaneous routes of administration of this strain and assess its ability to induce protective immunity and prevent virus shedding after challenge. Cats vaccinated subcutaneously or intranasally with high doses of the recombinant FHV-1 strain responded with only mild clinical signs and developed strong immunity against subsequent virulent virus challenge. This was especially evident when the mutant vaccine was administered oronasally. In contrast, intranasal administration of two other FHV-1 isolates induced severe clinical signs in cats. We conclude from testing this FHV-1 mutant in the natural host that deletion of gE and a portion of gl genes strongly reduces viral virulence but that immunogenicity is maintained.
A Mathematical Model for Disintegration of Solid Dosage Forms Using a Cascading Disintegration Apparatus

AbstractA modification in basket-rack assembly is proposed that enables one to develop the mathematical model for disintegration of solid dosage form. Once the parameters of the model is known, the true disintegration rate constant can be determined. The method is based on the assumption of deaggregation of solid dosage forms in a cascading system
A CAD-based layout planning procedure

Abstract A CAD software based solution procedure is proposed for the layout planning problem that also incorporates the optimization of conflicting, multiple criteria. A prototype software implementing this proposed approach has been developed and it uses AUTOCAD as the graphics environment.
Phonon density states in lead

Abstract The phonon density of states function for lead has been calculated bu a new sampling method from data of coherent scattering of slow neutrons. This function is correlated to the tunneling conductance data of superconducting lead.
Regulation of Acetylcholinesterase Expression during Neuronal Differentiation (

We have examined the developmental expression of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) during the process of neuronal differentiation from a pluripotent stem cell. P19 embryonic carcinoma cells form embryoid bodies, which, when cultured with retinoic acid, are induced to differentiate into neurons and glia. No AChE activity is present in the undifferentiated stem cells, and mRNA protection analyses do not detect AChE mRNA. Commitment to a neuronal differentiation pathway results in increased levels of AChE mRNA, production of a tetrameric form of the enzyme, and secretion of AChE into the culture medium. Concomitant with subsequent morphological differentiation into neurons, enzyme secretion diminishes and AChE becomes largely tethered to the neuronal cell membranes. The enzyme is attached to the cell surface as a globular tetramer. Its hydrodynamic properties are consistent with association through a noncatalytic hydrophobic subunit rather than anchorage by a glycophospholipid tail. No change in the rate of transcription of the Ache gene was detected during the course of differentiation, suggesting that the gene is actively transcribed at very early stages of development. Results suggest that stabilization of a labile mRNA governs the increase in AChE mRNA and gene product. The studies presented indicate that an early event in neuronal differentiation is the stabilization of the mRNA leading to expression of a secreted form of AChE. A subsequent step associated with neurite outgrowth results in a transition from secretion of the tetrameric enzyme to its localization on the cell membrane.
Verification of LRRM Calibrations with Load Inductance Compensation for CPW Measurements on GaAs Substrates

The microwave on-wafer measurement community has been searching for a mechanism to quantify calibration inaccuracies. Recent work at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has enabled the determination of calibration error bounds by comparison with a well understood technique - the NIST multi-line GaAs TRL calibration. A series of automated Line-Reflect-Reflect-Match (LRRM) calibrations with load inductance compensation were performed on commercially available alumina coplanar waveguide standards. These calibrations were then compared with an NIST calibration. The calculated error bounds were determined and compared in order to assess both the relative accuracy and the repeatability of the automated calibrations.
Trypanosoma cruzi: in vivo and in vitro correlation between T-cell activation and susceptibility in inbred strains of mice.

Abstract The in vivo susceptibility of several inbred strains of mice to the Y and CL strains of Trypanosoma cruzi was compared to the in vitro ability of spleen cells from infected mice to generate factor(s) able to activate macrophages to a trypanocidal state. Spleen cells from resistant immune mice generate higher levels of the factor(s) and do so at earlier times during infection than those of susceptible mice. The spleen cells capable of generating the in vitro factor(s) are also capable of conferring resistance upon passive transfer. Removal of immunoglobulin-bearing cells from the immune spleen cell population did not affect either transfer of protection in vivo or generation of the factor(s) in vitro. The cellular basis underlying the differences between susceptible and resistant mouse strains has not yet been determined.
Accelerated wave-based acoustics simulation

We present an efficient technique to model sound propagation accurately in an arbitrary 3D scene by numerically integrating the wave equation. We show that by performing an offline modal analysis and using eigenvalues from a refined mesh, we can simulate sound propagation with reduced dispersion on a much coarser mesh, enabling accelerated computation. Since performing a modal analysis on the complete scene is usually not feasible, we present a domain decomposition approach to drastically shorten the pre-processing time. We introduce a simple, efficient and stable technique for handling the communication between the domain partitions. We validate the accuracy of our approach against cases with known analytical solutions. With our approach, we have observed up to an order of magnitude speedup compared to a standard finite-difference technique.
Fluid resuscitation in a model of uncontrolled hemorrhage: too much too early, or too little too late?

Early fluid resuscitation in hypotensive trauma patients is controversial due to the risk of increasing blood loss and mortality. We determined the effects of infusion rate and time of resuscitation on blood loss and mortality and compared the outcome to nonresuscitated animals in severe, uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock in a rat model. In anesthetized rats, piercing of the infrarenal aorta with a 25-G needle caused a fall of mean arterial pressure to <20 mm Hg and blood loss of about 20 ml/kg in 90% of the animals. Animals were assigned to the following treatment groups (n= 6): 60 ml/kg of lactated Ringer's solution (LR) infused at a rate of 1.5 ml/min and given at 2.5 min (Group I), 5 min (Group II), or 10 min (Group III) postinjury, or LR infused at a rate of 3.0 ml/min and given at 5 min (Group IV) or 10 min (Group V) postinjury. Another group (n= 9) was not resuscitated. The animals were followed for 3 hr. Total blood loss in Group I (30.5 ± 2.6 ml/kg) was significantly (P< 0.05) higher when compared to nonresuscitated animals (22.1 ± 0.8 ml/kg) or Group III (22.7 ± 1.0 ml/kg), and also significantly higher in Group IV (35.8 ± 4.1 ml/kg) when compared to nonresuscitated animals or Group V (23.0 ± 1.2 ml/kg). The mortality rate was 7/9 in nonresuscitated animals and 5/6 in Group IV; both were significantly higher than in Groups II, III, and V (0 or 1/6) and markedly higher than in Group I (2/6). Conclusions: In this model of uncontrolled hemorrhage, initially uncorrected severe shock resulted in a high mortality rate. The risk of increased blood loss and mortality associated with early fluid resuscitation could be diminished by avoiding too fast of infusion rates early after the injury.
Some Uses of High-Resolution GOES Imagery in the Mesoscale Forecasting of Convection and Its Behavior

Abstract The high-resolution satellite imagery presently available from the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) gives us a unique view of convective activity. This paper addresses some of the mesoscale phenomena, revealed in both pictures from GOES and in movies made from those pictures, which are important in the initiation and maintenance of convection. Specific attention is given to the organization of convection into lines and the importance of those convective lines in subsequent thunderstorm formation. The place where two convective lines merge almost invariably marks the location of intense convective development; under the right conditions, that activity will be severe.
Precision and resolution in mammalian chronostratigraphy: principles, practices, examples

ABSTRACT This paper addresses the principles and practices applicable to developing highly resolved correlations in mammalian chronostratigraphy. A FAD (first appearance datum) is only as sound as the precision and accuracy of the LSDs (lowest stratigraphic datums) of which it is composed. Precision in boundary definition stems from improved analytical procedures in morphological as well as radioisotopic analysis, magnetostratigraphic correlations, and consideration of the completeness of stratigraphic sections. The so-called Hipparion Datum is examined as an example of these topics. More correctly known as the Hippotherium Datum, this event apparently took place at about 10.8 Ma and is resolvable within an interval of about 0.5 my. Discussion of evolutionary rates ends with a proposal for developing a catalog of such rates in geologically young situations in which the ± factors of the radioisotopic ages are less than the intervals being discriminated. These examples then may be compared with those develo...
A test of the generalizability of the interval scale developed for social behavior of rhesus monkeys

An interval scale of behavior would be useful in the study of social relations because it would allow the whole behavioral repertory to be used simultaneously and would allow greater flexibility in statistical manipulation. Maxim has developed such a scale using isolated dyads of unfamiliar monkeys. The typical social environment of monkeys, however, consists of familiar monkeys in mixed age and sex groups. This study replicates Maxim's procedure and tests the applicability of a scale developed with isolated dyads to groups of familiar monkeys. The scale developed here differed substantially from Maxim's. Behavior of monkeys in these groups was much more variable than behavior of monkeys in Maxim's isolated dyads. Behaviors at the extremes of the scale were similarly arranged in both scales, but behaviors in the central region were more labile and disordered. Distances between behaviors at the extreme of this scale were significantly larger than those in the central region whereas there were no differences in Maxim's scale. While some of these differences may be accounted for by group size and familiarity, several difficulties remain. Some behaviors may change meaning across different contexts and social relationships. The generalizability of these scales, therefore, may be limited to the behavior of groups of similar composition and familiarity.
Stage Model of Recovery for Chemically Dependent Adolescents: Part 2—Model Evaluation and Treatment Implications

This qualitative study, presented in two parts, refines the model of how chemically dependent adolescents initiate and engage in the recovery process. Part 1 (published in 2004) described the research process and results used to derive the model. In Part 2, this model is compared with extant theories on stages of recovery in chemically dependent adults. Participants' stories in large part followed the stages of Stephanie Brown's adult-based Developmental Model of Recovery, but the intensity and focus of some issues (e.g., relationships) and tasks (e.g., separation/individuation) are different for adolescents than for adults. Consequently, the markers of entry into each stage, the focus of tasks within each stage, and the time required to traverse some stages and phases are different for adolescents. Treatment implications for the adolescent population on the basis of these differences are reviewed, and topics for further research are suggested.
Basal joint arthroplasty and carpal tunnel release through a single incision: an in vitro study.

Purpose Carpal tunnel syndrome coexists with basal joint arthritis in a large percentage of patients. These 2 conditions are often treated surgically through separate incisions. The purpose of this cadaver study is to show the effect of trapeziectomy and transverse carpal ligament release from the scaphoid tubercle on carpal canal pressures. This technique may permit both problems to be addressed through the same Wagner incision. Methods In 4 fresh frozen cadaver limbs pressures in the carpal canal were elevated to 30 mm Hg through a percutaneously placed balloon. Pressures were measured using an 18-gauge sideport needle via a transducer. Trapeziectomy and release of the transverse carpal ligament from the scaphoid were performed in succession through a Wagner incision with canal pressures measured after each step. Results Carpal canal pressures decreased after trapeziectomy (mean, 7 mm Hg; range, 3–14 mm Hg) but did not return to baseline (0 mm Hg) until complete release of the ligament. Conclusions Decompression of the carpal tunnel can be performed effectively through a Wagner incision during basal joint arthroplasty. This cadaver model shows reduction in the canal pressures after trapeziectomy and release of the transverse carpal ligament. This single-incision approach is attractive because it may decrease morbidity compared with a 2-incision approach in patients with concomitant carpal tunnel syndrome and basal joint arthritis.
The structural interrelationship between the three polymorphs of Rh2O3 and Rh2S3, Rh2Se3, and Ir2S3

Abstract The syntheses of each of the three modifications of rhodium sesquioxide are reviewed and their infrared spectra are described. Models of each of these structures were constructed and manipulated using interactive molecular graphics. Their interrelationship is clearly described and used both to explain the similar features observed in their respective infrared spectra and to predict the occurrence of other discrete structures in the Rh 2 O 3 system. Rhodium sesquisulfide, Rh 2 S 3 , is shown to be isostructural with the high pressure modification, II-Rh 2 O 3 .
Comparison of Analytical Techniques for Measuring Hydrocarbon Emissions from the Manufacture of Fiberglass-Reinforced Plastics

Research Triangle Institute and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency conducted several projects to measure hydrocarbon emissions associated with the manufacture of fiberglass-reinforced plastics. The purpose of these projects was to evaluate pollution prevention techniques to reduce emissions by altering raw materials, application equipment, and operator technique. Analytical techniques were developed to reduce the cost of these emission measurements. Emissions from a small test mold in a temporary total enclosure (TTE) correlated with emissions from full-size production molds in a separate TTE. Gravimetric mass balance measurements inside the TTE generally agreed to within ± 30 % with total hydrocarbon (THC) measurements in the TTE exhaust duct. Pure styrene evaporation tests served as quality control checks for THC measurements and generally agreed to within ± 5 %.
Promoting Transfer: Effects of Self-Explanation and Direct Instruction

Explaining new ideas to oneself can promote transfer, but how and when such self-explanation is effective is unclear. This study evaluated whether self-explanation leads to lasting improvements in transfer success and whether it is more effective in combination with direct instruction or invention. Third- through fifth-grade children (ages 8-11; n=85) learned about mathematical equivalence under one of four conditions varying in (a) instruction on versus invention of a procedure and (b) self-explanation versus no explanation. Both self-explanation and instruction helped children learn and remember a correct procedure, and self-explanation promoted transfer regardless of instructional condition. Neither manipulation promoted greater improvements on an independent measure of conceptual knowledge. Microgenetic analyses provided insights into potential mechanisms underlying these effects.
Morphogenic effects of halogenated thymidine analogs on drosophila II. Incorporation of 5-bromodeoxyuridine into DNA

Abstract When 5-bromodeoxyuridine is fed to Drosophila larvae, a variety of morphogenic lesions are found in the hatching adults. Experiments were undertaken to determine whether 5-bromodeoxyuridine is incorporated into Drosophila DNA under the conditions which induce developmental modifications. Radioautographic techniques were used to examine the distribution of [ 3 H]-bromodeoxyuridine in Drosophila larvae. Label was found in nuclei of the larval tissues and the imaginal disc cells as well as the gonads. DNA was isolated from Drosophila larvae which were fed 5-bromodeoxyuridine alone or in the presence of a thymidylate inhibitor, and these samples were examined by CsCl equilibrium density-gradient centrifugation. In the presence of 5-fluorouracil the amount of 5-bromodeoxyuridine incorporated into Drosophila DNA was increased, and this difference was reflected as a relative increase in the denser component of BUdR-DNA in CsCl density gradients.
Analytical Methods for Deriving Work Zone Capacities from Field Data

AbstractWork zone capacity is a key variable in scheduling construction activity on roadways. Understanding the effect of different definitions of capacity on the values computed from field data will result in better planning and scheduling of lane closures. Capacity values obtained using three different definitions (and methods) of capacity: (1) maximum sustained flow, (2) rescaled cumulative flow curves, and (3) 85th percentile flow were compared using field data from short-term work zones in Missouri. The queue discharge flow (QDF) values were found to be the most conservative estimates of capacity. The 85th percentile flows were lower than the 15-min sustained flow values in all but one location. The prequeue flow (PQF) values, indicative of near-constant flow prior to breakdown, did not occur in any of the four work zones. The four-site average capacities were 1,149, 1,267 and 1,301 vphpl for QDF, 85th percentile flow, and 15-min sustained flow, respectively. These capacity values were close to the 1...
Load Control Analysis for Intermittent Generation Mitigation

Load control has always been a part of the repertoire of resources used by utilities to manage the balance between electric energy supply and demand. In recent years, advances in communications and control technology have enabled utilities to consider continuously controlling demand response to mitigate intermittent generation. This paper discusses a general method for load resource analysis that parallels an approach used to analyze intermittent generation resources and might help understand how demand response control can be examined in a manner consistent with generation control. Keywords: load management, load shedding, load modeling, wind power generation.
Effects of hydration on scale factors for ab initio force constants. IV: Trans and cis N-methylacetamide

Scaled quantum mechanical force fields have been calculated using the 4-31G basis for trans and cis conformers of both isolated and water-solvated N-methylacetamide (NMA). (1) A single set of scale factors for isolated NMA yields relatively correct predictions of the shifts in vibrational frequencies between the trans and cis conformers. This is also true of a single set of scale factors for trans and cis NMA in water. The total standard deviation between measured and calculated frequencies for trans NMA in both isolated and solvated states is 6 cm−1. This implies that it should be possible to use a single set of scale factors to accurately predict the vibrational spectra of a peptide in a variety of conformational states. (2) The computationally predicted effect of hydration on force constants for the supermolecule NMA · nH2O are generally consistent with the experimentally measured effects of hydration on scale factors. These results indicate that supermolecule calculations can be useful in predicting the effects of hydration on spectra. (3) Three types of scale factors are calculated as follows: (a) first from ab initio calculations on an isolated molecule using frequencies measured from isolated molecules; (b) second from calculations on an isolated molecule using frequencies measured from water-solvated or otherwise hydrogen-bonded molecules; (c) and third from supermolecule calculations on a molecule hydrogen-bonded to water, using frequencies measured from water-solvated molecules. (4) The third type of scale factors are similar to the first type, for confidently measured modes, even though some of the force constants are very different. This suggests that one set of scale factors may be transferable to both isolated and hydrogen-bonded molecules, and that the simple representation of hydration used here may be a useful approximation. The second type of scale factors yield accurate frequencies, but they may not be generally transferable.
The effect of 5-bromodeoxyuridine on messenger RNA production in cultured cells

Abstract Cells of clone B559, a derivative of the murine B16 melanoma, are highly tumorigenic, and produce both melanin and plasminogen activator. Cells of clone C3471, a line obtained by continued growth and maintenance of B559 cells in medium containing 5-bromodeoxyuridine are nontumorigenic, amelanotic, and have no plasminogen activator. Differences in the mRNA complement of these two syngenic mouse melanoma clones have been determined by hybridization kinetics between complementary DNA transcribed from mRNA of either B559 or C3471 cells, and mRNA isolated from both sources. To detect the presence of unique mRNA sequences produced in B559 cells, complementary DNA produced using B559 mRNA as a template was exhaustively hybridized to C3471 mRNA. The results indicate that (i) polyadenylated mRNA produced by either clone can be divided into three main groups based upon the relative complexity of mRNA species within each group, (ii) more than 98% of the mRNA species produced by the B559 cells are also produced by the cells of the C3471 clone, (iii) approximately 25% of the mRNA species produced by the cells of the C3471 clone in moderate abundance (500 molecules per cell) are not produced by the B559 clone. Despite the fact that at least two of the proteins synthesized by B559 cells are not detectable in C3471 cells, our results support the hypothesis that the major effect of BrdUrd incorporation into DNA is the induction rather than the repression of transcription of polyadenylated mRNA sequences.
SOME OBSERVATIONS BEARING ON THE PROBLEM OF THE SHORT-PERIOD OSCILLATIONS.

Observations of solar velocity fields made simultaneously at Mount Wilson and at Kitt Peak with the same size aperture (5 arc-sec) and same position on the disk (± 1 arc-sec) are presented. The object is to clarify whether the short-period oscillations (SPO's) previously reported (Howard, 1967), could be caused by local seeing conditions. The time of onset and general character of the SPO's are found to be well correlated for the two sites, a condition that favors a solar origin. However, because correlation in complete detail did not prove possible, some doubt must remain regarding the source of the SPO's.
Anger and flaming in computer-mediated negotiation among strangers

The present study explores the antecedents of the antinormative hostile communication of emotion, termed flaming, in the context of computer-mediated negotiation. We find that flaming is associated with anger directed toward the negotiating context; this can occur when a negotiator becomes frustrated due to problems with communication channel characteristics or due to uncertainty surrounding the negotiation task. We also find that flaming is associated with anger directed toward a negotiator's partner, which can occur when a negotiator perceives that the partner is being unfair. We find further that anger totally mediates the relationships between flaming and its antecedents. These findings provide the basis to argue that anger reduction can effectively decrease flaming, independent of the existence of flaming antecedents, such as unfairness. We therefore provide suggestions that can help with the reduction of anger in such circumstances.
Collapsing white dwarfs

The results of the hydrodynamic collapse of an accreting C + O white dwarf are presented. Collapse is induced by electron captures in the iron core behind a conductive deflagration front. The shock wave produced by the hydrodynamic bounce of the iron core stalls at about 115 km, and thus a neutron star formed in such a model would be formed as an optically quiet event.
Novel concepts in the pathogenesis of HIV-lymphoma

Lymphoma remains a rapidly fatal consequence of HIV infection in developed countries despite the widespread use of highly active antiretroviral therapy. HIV-associated lymphomas are predominantly of B-cell origin, appearing to be outgrowths of antigen-driven B-cells with significant growth control influence provided by abnormal T-cell and antigen-presenting cells processes. Findings of clonal HIV integration within macrophages in a subset of these lymphomas provided evidence for abnormalities outside the B-cell compartment playing roles in this disease. From this and other observations, the “sequential neoplasia” model, wherein a clonal macrophage would drive early stages of tumorigenesis, with sequential evolution of an independent tumor (1,2), emerged. To investigate this, we developed a pathogenesis-based animal model of lymphoma wherein macrophages play an essential role in the lymphomagenesis process (3). Extensive phenotypic and genotypic analysis of human and murine tumors and associated macrophages revealed significant abnormalities providing compelling evidence that may explain the underlieing abnormalities and driving forces in AIDS-associated lymphomas. Altered expression of specific cytokines, chemokines, and transcriptional activators have been detected that likely play a central role in the pathogenesis of this disease and possibly lymphoma in general.
Synchronous fluorescence spectrometry of 1-hydroxypyrene: a rapid screening method for identification of PAH exposure in tissue from marine polychaetes

The uptake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by marine deposit-feeding invertebrates can be determined by screening for PAH-derived metabolites. We identified 1-hydroxypyrene as the only intermediate metabolite in tissue of four species of deposit-feeding polychaetes, Nereis diversicolor, Nereis virens, Arenicola marina, and Capitella sp. I exposed to pyrene spiked sediment. Synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy (SFS) provides a fast and simple method for both qualitative and quantitative analysis of 1-hydroxypyrene in all four species. The SFS assay was validated using HPLC with ultraviolet detection. A good correlation between 1-hydroxypyrene concentrations determined by the two methods was observed. We used HPLC with fluorescence detection combined with enzymatic hydrolysis of conjugated metabolites to investigate species specific metabolite patterns. A tentative aqueous metabolite identification scheme indicates that Nereid polychaetes predominately make use of glucuronide conjugation whereas Capitella sp. I. and Arenicola marina appear to utilize predominantly sulfate and/or glucoside conjugation. The usefulness of 1-hydroxypyrene as a biomarker for PAH exposure in deposit-feeding invertebrates is discussed.
Remapping Global Politics: Identities in a postinternational world

In denouncing the use of military tribunals to try enemy prisoners seized by American troops in Afghanistan, an Economist editorial declared that British ministers “have asked for British citizens caught in Afghanistan to be sent home for trial in British courts.” The editorial involves the confusion of identities to alter the nature of an argument. The individuals in question are British citizens , but surely it is not correct (as the editorial implies) that their Britishness is central in this case. Nowhere in the editorial is any reference at all made to ethnicity or religion, which were the real identities that drove these individuals to fight for the Taliban. Were the United States to regard British citizenship as the key identity, then it would have had reason to take its closest ally to task for harboring terrorists or giving them passports to travel abroad. The editorial reflects a narrowly international view of a postinternational universe and helps to illustrate why identities merit our attention. “The years after the Cold War,” wrote Samuel Huntington, “witnessed the beginnings of dramatic changes in peoples' identities and symbols of those identities. Global politics began to be reconfigured along cultural lines.” Phenomena involving dramatic shifts in identities and identity hierarchies, ranging from the collapse of communism to a proliferation of Islamic terrorism, are having a significant impact on global life.
Gamma camera PET with low energy collimators: characterization and correction of scatter

Imaging of myocardial viability with fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) is possible with positron emission tomography (PET) and with SPECT. The image resolution from SPECT is poor but the data is reported to provide clinical information comparable to PET. Studies have just begun to appear using gamma camera PET and either axial slat collimators or open frame graded absorbers to image myocardial viability. Alternatively, it may be possible to use standard low energy collimators en detecting coincidences. Although image quality may suffer, it may be possible to devise methods such that no clinical information is lost. Such an approach also paves the way for dual isotope sequential or simultaneous imaging of coincidence and single photons. Here, we characterize the scatter fraction and scatter distribution of gamma camera PET with low energy collimators, and investigate the improvements possible with a convolution-subtraction scatter correction scheme. Monte Carlo simulations, line sources, a realistic phantom, and a human study were used. The scatter fraction was found to be almost identical to that obtained with axial slat collimators on a triple head gamma camera hybrid PET scanner. Images acquired with low energy collimators were degraded but still of good quality compared to acquisitions using axial collimation. The scatter correction scheme showed a degree of improvement over reconstructions without scatter correction. This approach is useful not only toward making sequential or simultaneous dual isotope imaging possible, but may also be useful to save time in a busy clinic that does both SPECT scans and cardiac FDG studies, since collimators would not need to be changed.
Cultural Performance Analysis Spheres: An Integrated Ethnographic Methodology

This article describes a process-oriented method called cultural performance analysis spheres. This method is designed for researchers to use at three stages of ethnographic studies on public-cultural performances: (1) as preparation before going into the field, (2) by a participant observer during the performance, and (3) as a guide for communicating scholarly discourse that must necessarily give linear form to experiences where there is simultaneous perception of multiple phenomena. This methodology is explained and then demonstrated with an ethnography of a Chinese New Year public-cultural performance in San Francisco. Cultural performance analysis spheres (CPAS) is an interlinked method for conducting descriptive analyses of performance-centered cultural events. As a method, CPAS is oriented to the process used by performance ethnographers (the human instruments in qualitative research) to organize their thinking about complex perceptions of, and linear writing about, performative-cultural events. CPAS can be used at three stages of ethnographic research: (1) as preparation before going into the field, (2) by a participant observer during the performance, and (3) as a guide for writing the kind of scholarly discourse that gives linear form to experiences where there is simultaneous perception of multiple phenomena. The presentation of the CPAS method is written by Kristin Bervig Valentine in the first person. To demonstrate an application of the method, an ethnography of a Chinese New Year public-cultural performance in San Francisco is written by Gordon Matsumoto, also in the first person. The conclusion is written by both authors. In addition to appreciating the helpful and constructive comments of the reviewers and editor of Field Methods, I thank Gene Valentine for his insightful questions and careful editing, colleagues who reviewed earlier versions, and the perceptive graduate students in my qualitative methodology courses at Arizona State University.
Allowance Allocation in a CO 2 Emissions Cap-and-Trade Program for the Electricity Sector in California

The regulation of greenhouse gas emissions from the electricity sector within a cap-and-trade system poses significant policy questions about how to allocate tradable emission allowances. Allocation conveys tremendous value and can have efficiency consequences. This research uses simulation modeling for the electricity sector to examine different approaches to allocation under a cap-and-trade program in California. The decision affects prices and other aspects of the electricity sector, as well as implications for the overall cost of climate policy. An important issue is the opportunity for emission reductions in California to be offset by emission increases in neighboring regions that supply electricity to the state. The amount of emission leakage (i.e. an increase in CO2 emissions outside of California as a result of the program) varies with the regulatory design of the program.
Stability analysis of degenerate gradient flows via the WKB approximation

In this note we present a powerful new approach to the analysis of a class of linear, degenerate gradient flow systems that frequently arise in adaptive control and system identification. This paper has three main contributions: 1) a stability theorem utilizing a non-integral variant of the persistence of excitation (PE) conditions on the input signal; 2) upper and lower bounds (also using the non-integral PE conditions) which are shown to be superior to those derived in a classical paper on degenerate flow; and 3) construction of a one-term asymptotic approximation that is shown to perform remarkably well when compared to the numerically integrated solution. At the heart of our results is an extension of the WKB method which we name the Iterative Tracking Diagonalization (ITD) procedure. It yields a condition sufficient to ensure exponential stability of the origin. The WKB method utilizes an asymptotic expansion which relies on the existence of a time scale hierarchy. If the time scale separation parameter is sufficiently small, a few iteration steps suffice to derive an accurate estimate for the time constants of exponential stability of the norm of the parameter error vector. An important feature of our stability theorem, bounds and approximations, is that they all involve an analytical treatment of time dependences.
Membrane Mechanisms Underlying Contrast Adaptation in Cat Area 17In Vivo

Contrast adaptation is a psychophysical phenomenon, the neuronal bases of which reside largely in the primary visual cortex. The cellular mechanisms of contrast adaptation were investigated in the cat primary visual cortex in vivo through intracellular recording and current injections. Visual cortex cells, and to a much less extent, dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) neurons, exhibited a reduction in firing rate during prolonged presentations of a high-contrast visual stimulus, a process we termed high-contrast adaptation. In a majority of cortical and dLGN cells, the period of adaptation to high contrast was followed by a prolonged (5‐80 sec) period of reduced responsiveness to a low-contrast stimulus (postadaptation suppression), an effect that was associated, and positively correlated, with a hyperpolarization of the membrane potential and an increase in apparent membrane conductance. In simple cells, the period of postadaptation suppression was not consistently associated with a decrease in the grating modulated component of the evoked synaptic barrages (the F1 component). The generation of the hyperpolarization appears to be at least partially intrinsic to the recorded cells, because the induction of neuronal activity with the intracellular injection of current resulted in both a hyperpolarization of the membrane potential and a decrease in the spike response to either current injections or visual stimuli. Conversely, high-contrast visual stimulation could suppress the response to low-intensity sinusoidal current injection. We conclude that control of the membrane potential by intrinsic neuronal mechanisms contributes importantly to the adaptation of neuronal responsiveness to varying levels of contrast. This feedback mechanism, internal to cortical neurons, provides them with the ability to continually adjust their responsiveness as a function of their history of synaptic and action potential activity.
Effect of Environmental Temperature and Total Sulfur Amino Acids on Performance and Profitability of Laying Hens: An Econometric Approach

SUMMARY Nutrient requirements for maximum profits are dependent on the production performance of the flock, egg and feed prices, and overall farm management. The production performance in turn is a function of many factors: nutrient density, TSAA levels, housing temperature, and feeding. For any viable layer operations, the above mentioned factors are the underpinning and need to be optimized. To optimize profits, all of the above factors must be optimized not maximized. For example, depending upon egg and feed prices, maximum performance may or may not result in maximum profits. In this project we found little or no effect on egg production, feed consumption, or egg specific gravity when various levels of TSAA were fed to laying hens. Hens housed in a cooler environment consumed significantly more feed and produced more and heavier eggs compared with those housed in a warmer environment. The TSAA requirement for maximum profits, therefore, varies with environmental temperature and market conditions (feed cost and egg price).
Psychedelic Drug Crises: Toxicity and Therapeutics

(1977). Psychedelic Drug Crises: Toxicity and Therapeutics. Journal of Psychedelic Drugs: Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 107-121.
Effects of Common Feed Ingredients on the Iodine Content of Hen’s Eggs

Abstract EXPERIMENTS on the iodine content of hen’s eggs and the effects of iodine on reproduction have usually involved the use of an iodine concentrate. The literature on these subjects has been adequately reviewed by Johnson, Pilkey and Edson (1935), and by Wilder, Bethke and Record (1933). It is the purpose of this paper to place on record results obtained during 1933 on the influence of iodine in common feed ingredients on the iodine content of hen’s eggs and on several egg characteristics of interest. The essential data are given in Table 1. Analyses for iodine made on the ingredients of the rations gave the following results in terms of gammas per gram:oyster shell 16–43; abalone shell 65; limestone 3; meat scrap 1; dried skim milk 0.1; dried alfalfa 0.05; corn 0.48; wheat 0.24; sardine oil 4; fish meal 20. Data were obtained from groups I and II on production, . . .
An adaptive finite-difference method for traveltimes and amplitudes

The point-source traveltime field has an upwind singularity at the source point. Consequently, all formally high-order, finite-difference eikonal solvers exhibit first-order convergence and relatively large errors. Adaptive upwind finite-difference methods based on high-order Weighted Essentially NonOscillatory (WENO) Runge-Kutta difference schemes for the paraxial eikonal equation overcome this difficulty. The method controls error by automatic grid refinement and coarsening based on a posteriori error estimation. It achieves prescribed accuracy at a far lower cost than does the fixed-grid method. Moreover, the achieved high accuracy of traveltimes yields reliable estimates of auxiliary quantities such as take-off angles and geometric spreading factors.
Localization of Mars rovers using descent and surface‐based image data

[1] The planned 2003 Mars Exploration Rover (MER) Mission and follow-on surface activities associated with landed missions will focus on long distance roving and sample return, which require detailed knowledge of vehicle locations in both local and global reference systems. In this paper we argue that this rover localization should be known to within 0.1 of the distance traversed for local coordinate systems. To test the ability to meet this goal using only descent and rover-based data, we conducted experiments with simulated descent images and Field Integrated Design and Operations Rover data collected during field tests at Silver Lake, California, in April 1999. Specifically, an integrated bundle adjustment system incorporating both descent and rover-based images was developed and used to localize the rover positions. On the basis of surveyed ground control points it is demonstrated that the joint analysis produces RMS errors of 0.24, 0.15, and 0.38 m in x, y, and z% directions in a local coordinate system, respectively, for ground points within 500 m from the landing point and 0.23, 0.21, and 0.46 m within a distance of 1.5 km. Results show that it is possible to meet the 0.1 goal using descent and rover-based data only.
Response of Small Pulmonary Arteries to Unilobar Hypoxia and Hypercapnia

We measured the internal diameters of small muscular pulmonary arteries in the right and left lower lobes of lungs rapidly frozen in the anesthetized, open-thorax cat. In every cat the right lower lobe was ventilated with the test gas and all other lobes were ventilated with O 2 . In 4 cats, the test gas supplied to the right lower lobe was also O 2 (control experiments); in 6, it was 100% N 2 and in 6 it was 90% N 2 -10% CO 2 . In the 4 controls, there was no difference between the internal diameters of corresponding arteries in the right and left lower lobes. In the other 12 cats, there was a highly significant decrease in the diameter of arteries in the right lower lobe that correlated well with a large decrease in blood flow to that lobe, calculated using a shunt equation. Ventilation of the right lower lobe with 10% CO 2 in air (4 cats) did not affect the diameter of arteries and ligation of the pulmonary artery to the right lower lobe resulted in only a slight decrease in arterial dimensions in 3 of 4 cats. These data show that in regional alveolar hypoxia without systemic hypoxia the muscular pulmonary arteries of the terminal respiratory units in the hypoxic region actively constrict. The constriction occurs with or without alveolar hypercapnia.
Transplantation of storm-generated coral fragments to enhance Caribbean coral reefs: A successful method but not a solution

In response to dramatic losses of reef-building corals and ongoing lack of recovery, a small-scale coral transplant project was initiated in the Caribbean (U.S. Virgin Islands) in 1999 and was followed for 12 years. The primary objectives were to (1) identify a source of coral colonies for transplantation that would not result in damage to reefs, (2) test the feasibility of transplanting storm-generated coral fragments, and (3) develop a simple, inexpensive method for transplanting fragments that could be conducted by the local community. The ultimate goal was to enhance abundance of threatened reef-building species on local reefs. Storm-produced coral fragments of two threatened reef-building species (Acropora palmata and A. cervicornis (Acroporidae)) and another fast-growing species (Porites porites (Poritidae)) were collected from environments hostile to coral fragment survival and transplanted to degraded reefs. Inert nylon cable ties were used to attach transplanted coral fragments to dead coral substrate. Survival of 75 reference colonies and 60 transplants was assessed over 12 years. Only 9% of colonies were alive after 12 years: no A. cervicornis; 3% of A. palmata transplants and 18% of reference colonies; and 13% of P. porites transplants and 7% of reference colonies. Mortality rates for all species were high and were similar for transplant and reference colonies. Physical dislodgement resulted in the loss of 56% of colonies, whereas 35% died in place. Only A. palmata showed a difference between trans- plant and reference colony survival and that was in the first year only. Location was a factor in survival only for A. palmata reference colonies and after year 10. Even though the tested methods and concepts were proven effective in the field over the 12-year study, they do not present a solution. No coral conservation strategy will be effective until underlying intrinsic and/or extrinsic factors driving high mortality rates are understood and mitigated or eliminated. Rev. Biol. Trop. 60 (Suppl. 1): 59-70. Epub 2012 March 01.