cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Controlled-NOT logic gate for phase qubits based on conditional spectroscopy

A controlled-NOT logic gate based on conditional spectroscopy has been demonstrated recently for a pair of superconducting flux qubits [Plantenberg et al. in Nature 447:836, 2007]. Here we study the fidelity of this type of gate applied to a phase qubit coupled to a resonator (or a pair of capacitively coupled phase qubits). Our results show that an intrinsic fidelity of more than 99% is achievable in 45 ns.
Alkyne Elementometalation−Pd-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling. Toward Synthesis of All Conceivable Types of Acyclic Alkenes in High Yields, Efficiently, Selectively, Economically, and Safely: “Green” Way

Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions, especially those involving Zn, Al, Zr (Negishi coupling), and B (Suzuki coupling), collectively have brought about “revolutionary” changes in organic synthesis. Thus, two regio- and stereodefined carbon groups generated as R1M (M = Zn, Al, B, Cu, Zr, etc.) and R2X (X = I, Br, OTs, etc.) may now be cross-coupled to give R1−R2 with essentially full retention of all structural features. For alkene syntheses, alkyne elementometalation reactions including hydrometalation (B, Al, Zr, etc.), carbometalation (Cu, Al−Zr, etc.), and haloboration (BX3 where X is Cl, Br, and I) have proven to be critically important. Some representative examples of highly efficient and selective (≥98%) syntheses of di-, tri-, and oligoenes containing regio- and stereodefined di- and trisubstituted alkenes of all conceivable types will be discussed with emphasis on those of natural products. Some interesting but undesirable cases involving loss of the initial structural identities of the a...
The versatile chemistry of the [B20H18]2- ions: novel reactions and structural motifs.

Among the polyhedral [closo-BnHn]2− ion series (n = 5–12 inclusive) the aromatic [closo-B10H10]2− ion is both readily available and quite reactive. Among its many reactions which retain its cage structure one finds the oxidative dimerization reaction in which two [closo-B10H12]2− ions each formally lose a hydride ion and undergo dimerization of the resulting [closo-B10H9]− ions to produce the [trans-B20H18]2− ion. The two-component [closo-B10H9]− ions of the latter are linked together by a pair of unique B–B–B bonds which provide unprecedented reactivity to the structure. Among these reactions are the two-electron reduction to a set of three interconvertible [B20H18]4− ions having intercage B–B bonds and the related reductive substitution reaction in which [trans-B20H18]2− undergoes attack by nucleophile, L, to produce [B20H18L]2−. The latter species is formally a substituted [B20H19]3− (L = H) ion formed by B–B bond protonation of one of the isomeric [B20H18]4− ions. These and a variety of novel reactions are described here along with interrelated reaction mechanisms considered for the first time.
Radio Continuum Survey of an Optically Selected Sample of Nearby Seyfert Galaxies

We have used the Very Large Array (VLA) to conduct a survey for radio continuum emission in the sample of 52 Seyfert nuclei selected from the optical spectroscopic galaxy catalog of Ho, Filippenko, & Sargent. This Seyfert sample is the most complete and least biased available, and, as such, it will be useful for a variety of statistical analyses. Here we present the observations, measurements, and an atlas of radio maps. The observations were made at 6 cm in the B array and at 20 cm in the A array, yielding matched angular resolutions of ~1''. We detected 44 objects (85%) at 6 cm and 37 objects (71%) at 20 cm above a 3 σ threshold of 0.12 mJy beam-1. The sources have a wide range of radio powers (P ≈ 1018-1025 W Hz-1), spectral indices (α ≈ +0.5 to -1), and linear sizes (L ≈ few tens pc-15 kpc). The morphology of the radio emission is predominantly that of a compact core, either unresolved or slightly resolved, occasionally accompanied by elongated, jetlike features. Linearly polarized emission was detected at 6 cm in 12 sources, nine of which were also detected at 20 cm.
ROSAT Timing of the LMC Pulsar 0540–69*

We present a timing study of the young rotation-powered pulsar 0540-69 in the Large Magellanic Cloud, based on 130 ks of archival ROSAT data spanning a ~3 yr period. We use "f-" techniques to measure the pulsar frequency as a function of frequency derivative at 17 independent epochs. From these measurements we derive a timing solution with a braking index n=2.5+ 0.6−0.7, and we compare this solution to previous timing studies of 0540-69. Using this frequency-based solution, we create 27 pulse profiles and perform a time-of-arrival (TOA) analysis to investigate further the pulsar's timing behavior. While we can fit smooth spin-down models to subsets of the TOAs spanning up to 2 yr successfully, we are unable to obtain acceptable phase-coherent fits to the entire 3 yr set of TOAs. This behavior provides the first clear evidence for timing noise in 0540-69. We discuss the implications of these results for understanding previous studies of the timing behavior of 0540-69.
The role of tidal interactions in star formation

Nearly all of the initial angular momentum of the matter that goes into each forming star must somehow be removed or redistributed during the formation process. The possible transport mechanisms and the possible fates of the excess angular momentum are discussed, and it is argued that transport processes in discs are probably not sufficient by themselves to solve the angular momentum problem, while tidal interactions with other stars in forming binary or multiple systems are likely to be of very general importance in redistributing angular momentum during the star formation process. Most, if not all, stars probably form in binary or multiple systems, and tidal torques in these systems can transfer much of the angular momentum from the gas around each forming star to the orbital motions of the companion stars. Tidally generated waves in circumstellar discs may contribute to the overall redistribution of angular momentum. Stars may gain much of their mass by tidally triggered bursts of rapid accretion, and these bursts could account for some of the most energetic phenomena of the earliest stages of stellar evolution, such as jet-like outflows. If tidal interactions are indeed of general importance, planet-forming discs may often have a more chaotic and violent early evolution than in standard models, and shock heating events may be common. Interactions in a hierarchy of subgroups may play a role in building up massive stars in clusters and in determining the form of the upper initial mass function (IMF). Many of the processes discussed here have analogues on galactic scales, and there may be similarities between the formation of massive stars by interaction-driven accretion processes in clusters and the buildup of massive black holes in galactic nuclei.
The Farmers Home Administration's social discount rate

The aim was to estimate the SDR revealed by past decisions by the Farmers Home Administration (FmHA) concerning their farm-ownership programme in New York State. These decisions involved trading off a current loan against a long stream of future farm profits. The ratio of the coefficients to these two variables in a logit equation produced the estimate of the SDR. The main finding was that a very high rate of discount was uncovered, in the range 70–73%. These high rates may be explained by ‘individual risk’ and the life-cycle context in which the estimates were made.
Thermal stability of vapor-deposited stable glasses of an organic semiconductor

Vapor-deposited organic glasses can show enhanced kinetic stability relative to liquid-cooled glasses. When such stable glasses of model glassformers are annealed above the glass transition temperature Tg, they lose their thermal stability and transform into the supercooled liquid via constant velocity propagating fronts. In this work, we show that vapor-deposited glasses of an organic semiconductor, N,N′-bis(3-methylphenyl)-N,N′-diphenylbenzidine (TPD), also transform via propagating fronts. Using spectroscopic ellipsometry and a new high-throughput annealing protocol, we measure transformation front velocities for TPD glasses prepared with substrate temperatures (TSubstrate) from 0.63 to 0.96 Tg, at many different annealing temperatures. We observe that the front velocity varies by over an order of magnitude with TSubstrate, while the activation energy remains constant. Using dielectric spectroscopy, we measure the structural relaxation time of supercooled TPD. We find that the mobility of the liquid and the structure of the glass are independent factors in controlling the thermal stability of TPD films. In comparison to model glassformers, the transformation fronts of TPD have similar velocities and a similar dependence on TSubstrate, suggesting universal behavior. These results may aid in designing active layers in organic electronic devices with improved thermal stability.
Ammoniated electron as a solvent stabilized multimer radical anion

The excess electron in liquid ammonia (“ammoniated electron”) is commonly viewed as a cavity electron in which the s-type wave function fills the interstitial void between 6 and 9 ammonia molecules. Here we examine an alternative model in which the ammoniated electron is regarded as a solvent stabilized multimer radical anion in which most of the excess electron density resides in the frontier orbitals of N atoms in the ammonia molecules forming the solvation cavity. The cavity is formed due to the repulsion between negatively charged solvent molecules. Using density functional theory calculations, we demonstrate that such core anions would semiquantitatively account for the observed pattern of Knight shifts for 1H and 14N nuclei observed by NMR spectroscopy and the downshifted stretching and bending modes observed by infrared spectroscopy. We speculate that the excess electrons in other aprotic solvents might be, in this respect, analogous to the ammoniated electron, with substantial transfer of the spin...
Zero modes in a c = 2 matrix model

Abstract Recently Dalley and Klebanov (‘Light Cone Quantization of the c = 2 Matrix Model’, PUPT-1333, hepth@xxx/920705) proposed a light-cone quantized study of the c = 2 matrix model, but which ignores k + = 0 contributions. Since the non-critical string limit of the matrix model involves taking the parameters λ and μ of the matrix model to a critical point, zero modes of the field might be important in this study. The constrained light-cone quantization (CLCQ) approach of Heinzl, Krusche and Werner is applied. It is found that there is coupling between the zero mode sector and the rest of the theory, hence CLCQ should be implemented.
Bifurcation to worms in electroconvection.

The primary bifurcation to electroconvection of the liquid crystal ${4\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{h}\mathrm{y}\mathrm{l}\ensuremath{-}2\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{f}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{o}\ensuremath{-}4}^{\ensuremath{'}}$[2-(trans-4-pentylcyclohexyl)ethyl]-biphenyl (I52) with planar alignment leads to localized structures of convection rolls known as ``worms'' when the conductivity of the fluid is relatively small. Worms coexist with the conduction state. They have a unique small width in the direction perpendicular to the director and a varying, usually much greater, length parallel to the director. Previous experiments had not determined whether the bifurcation to worms is supercritical or subcritical. We estimated the voltage ${V}_{c}$ corresponding to the stability limit of the conduction state by measuring the mean-square amplitude of the thermally induced fluctuations below onset and extrapolating to ${V}_{c}.$ We found that worms appear already well below ${V}_{c}.$ Thus the bifurcation is subcritical. Measurements of the lifetime of the conduction state below ${V}_{c}$ gave information about the voltage ${V}_{s}$ corresponding to the saddle node below which no worms form. We measured ${V}_{c}$ and ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{s}{=V}_{s}^{2}{/V}_{c}^{2}\ensuremath{-}1$ as a function of the conductance $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ for a cell of thickness 24 $\ensuremath{\mu}$m and found for our sample that ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{s}$ approaches zero from negative values near $\ensuremath{\sigma}\ensuremath{\simeq}1.2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$ ${\ensuremath{\Omega}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}{\mathrm{m}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ as $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ increases. For larger $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ we found the bifurcation to be supercritical. We have been unable to determine so far whether the experimentally observed transition with decreasing $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ from a supercritical to a subcritical bifurcation occurs via a tricritical bifurcation, or whether the worm saddle node is disconnected from the primary supercritical bifurcation line as suggested by theory.
Preparation-induced errors in EPR dosimetry of enamel: pre- and post-crushing sensitivity

Polyakov et al. (1995) showed errors in dose estimation as a function of grain size for enamel grains given beta irradiation after crushing. We tested the effect of gamma irradiation applied to the specimens before and after crushing. We confirmed Polyakov's observations and found that post-crushing irradiation altered the slope of the dose-response curve of the hydroxyapatite signal and produced a grain-size-dependent offset. No changes in the slope of the dose-response curve were seen in enamel caps irradiated whole before crushing.
The oxide anion accelerated retro-diels-alder reaction.

The widespread application of the retro-Diels-Alder reaction in synthesis has been hampered by the high temperatures usually required to effect cycloreversion. The discovery of the anionic oxy-Cope reaction was followed by predictions that the accelerating effect of the oxide anion should also be observed with other pericyclic reactions. Recently, such predictions have been confirmed for the retro-Diels-Alder reaction, which often proceeds rapidly at room temperature by oxide anion rate acceleration. Such mild retro-Diels-Alder reactions have now been employed in the synthesis of a range of molecular targets, including temperature-sensitive enediynes.
A Non-Concentration Estimate for Partially Rectangular Billiards

We consider quasimodes on planar domains with a partially rectangular boundary. We prove that for any e0 > 0, an &#x1d4aa;(λ−e0 ) quasimode must have L 2 mass in the “wings” (in phase space) bounded below by λ−2−δ for any δ > 0. The proof uses the author's recent work on 0-Gevrey smooth domains to approximate quasimodes on C 1, 1 domains. There is an improvement for C k, α and C ∞ domains.
Computer simulation of grain-boundary properties in ionic crystals and metals

Abstract In recent years a set of computer codes has been developed at Argonne which permits one to determine the energies, structures, and point-defect properties of interfaces in metals and ionic crystals. To demonstrate some of the capabilities of these codes, in this article the calculated energies and structures of high-angle 〈100〉 twist grain boundaries in fcc metals and in metal oxides with NaCl structure are compared. The role of impurities and Schottky defects on the stability of such boundaries in the metal oxides is discussed in some detail. Particular emphasis is placed on the effect of the interatomic potential used in our calculations on the predicted physical properties of these grain boundaries. We conclude with a summary of those properties which depend on the potential chosen (i.e. on the particular material considered) and those phenomena which are independent of the potential.
Ce3+-based phosphors for blue LED excitation

The luminescence of Ce 3+ in host lattices based on Y 3 Al 5 O 12 garnets that can be used in blue LED based solid state lighting sources is discussed. Specifically, the effect of Ga 3+ and Tb 3+ substitution for Al 3+ and Y 3+ , respectively, on the emission color and thermal quenching of these phosphors is described with the initial implications for white light devices.
Charmonium Suppression and Regeneration from SPS to RHIC

The production of charmonia is investigated for heavy-ion collisions from SPS to RHIC energies. Our approach incorporates two sources of J/Ψ yield: (i) a direct contribution arising from early (hard) parton-parton collisions, subject to subsequent nuclear absorption, quark-gluon plasma and hadronic dissociation, and (ii) statistical production at the hadronization transition by coalescence of c and c quarks. Within an expanding thermal fireball framework, the model reproduces J/Ψ centrality dependencies observed at the SPS in Pb–Pb and S–U collisions reasonably well. The study of the Ψ′/Ψ ratio at SPS points at the importance of the hadronic phase for Ψ′ interactions, possibly related to effects of chiral symmetry restoration. Predictions are given for the centrality dependence of the NJ/Ψ/Ncc ratio at full RHIC energy. We also calculate the excitation function of this ratio. The latter exhibits a characteristic minimum structure signalling the transition from the standard J/Ψ suppression scenario prevailing at SPS to dominantly thermal regeneration at collider energies.
Analysis of herbal supplements for selected dietary minerals and trace elements by laser ablation- and solution-based ICPMS

Abstract Concentrations of twelve elements (Mg, Al, Ca, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd) were determined in six herbal supplements, Korean Panax Ginseng ( Panax ginseng ), Golden Seal ( Hydrastis canadensis ), Ginger Root ( Zingiber officinale ), St. John's Wort ( Hypericum perforatum ), Green Tea ( Camellia sinensis ) and Valerian Root ( Valeriana officinalis ), by both laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICPMS) and conventional closed-vessel digestion solution nebulization-ICPMS (SN-ICPMS). For LA-ICPMS, powder from supplement capsules and leaf reference materials were pressed into pellets, the later being used for calibration and quality assurance. Laser ablation was performed using line scans with a scan rate of 30 μm min − 1 , a frequency of 20 Hz and a spot size of 100 μm; 13 C served as the internal standard. For LA it was found that low resolution (m/Δm ≈ 400) yielded good recoveries for the reference materials and results comparable to SN-ICPMS for most elements, except for Ca, which was better determined in medium resolution (m/Δm ≈ 4000). Overall, this study shows that LA-ICPMS can serve as an alternative way for determining the concentration of elements in herbal supplements in a rapid and pragmatic fashion.
An Effective Unit Cell Approach to Compute the Thermal Conductivity of Composites With Cylindrical Particles

This paper introduces a novel method, combining effective medium theory and the finite differences method, to model the effective thermal conductivity of cylindrical-particle-laden composite materials. Typically the curvature effects of cylindrical or spherical particles are ignored while calculating the thermal conductivity of composites containing such particles through numerical techniques, such that the particles are modeled as cuboids or cubes. An alternative approach to mesh the particles into small volumes is just about impossible, as it leads to highly intensive computations to get accurate results. On the other hand, effective medium theory takes the effect of curvature into account, but cannot be used at high volume fractions because it does not take into account the effects of percolation. In this paper, a novel model is proposed where the cylindrical particles are still treated as squares (cuboids), but to capture the effect of curvature, an effective conductivity is assigned to the particles by using the effective medium approach. The authors call this the effective unit cell approach. Results from this model for different volume fractions, on average, have been found to lie within ±5% of experimental thermal conductivity data.
Global corruption and the shadow economy: spatial aspects

Using a large sample of nations, this paper examines the relation between corruption and the shadow economy, focusing especially on geographic spillovers. The results point to complementarity between corruption and the shadow economy. We find evidence of own contagion across nations in both corruption and shadow economy activity, while cross-contagion mostly points to substitution between own shadow economy (corruption) and neighboring corruption (shadow economy). These findings are fairly robust across different estimation techniques and measures of the shadow economy.
Anisotropic spin diffusion in trapped Boltzmann gases

Recent experiments in a mixture of two hyperfine states of trapped Bose gases show behavior analogous to a spin-1/2 system, including transverse spin waves and other familiar Leggett-Rice-type effects. We have derived the kinetic equations applicable to these systems, including the spin dependence of interparticle interactions in the collision integral, and have solved for spin-wave frequencies and longitudinal and transverse diffusion constants in the Boltzmann limit. We find that, while the transverse and longitudinal collision times for trapped Fermi gases are identical, the Bose gas shows diffusion anisotropy. Moreover, the lack of spin isotropy in the interactions leads to the non-conservation of transverse spin, which in turn has novel effects on the hydrodynamic modes.
A Pump Instability Theory Using an Acoustic Feedback Mechanism

A subsynchronous vibration problem with a large water injection pump was solved in 1974 by modifying the discharge piping transition to a long taper configuration. This paper describes a quantitative theory based upon the dynamic modeling of the pump rotor and piping system. The model successfully duplicates the experimental results of the pump instability and reproduces the subsynchronous vibration described in the original paper. The analysis results in a log decrement of the system that is dependent upon the time delay of the acoustic pulsation. It shows that the system can be driven unstable for acoustic path lengths that are much less than the quarter wavelength. The analysis also shows the log decrement is minimized when the time delay is equivalent to exactly that of one eighth wavelength of the resonant frequency of the pump.
PLUME DEVELOPMENT OF THE SHOEMAKER-LEVY 9 COMET IMPACT

We have studied the plume formation after a Jovian comet impact using the ZEUS-MP 2 hydrodynamics code. The three-dimensional models followed objects with 500, 750, and 1000 m diameters. Our simulations show the development of a fast, upward-moving component of the plume in the wake of the impacting comet that pinches off from the bulk of the cometary material ~50 km below the 1 bar pressure level, ~100 km above the depth of the greatest mass and energy deposition. The fast-moving component contains about twice the mass of the initial comet, but consists almost entirely (>99.9%) of Jovian atmosphere rather than cometary material. The ejecta rise mainly along the impact trajectory, but an additional vertical velocity component due to buoyancy establishes itself within seconds of impact, leading to an asymmetry in the ejecta with respect to the entry trajectory. The mass of the upward-moving component follows a velocity distribution M(>v) approximately proportional to v ?1.4 (v ?1.6 for the 750 m and 500 m cases) in the velocity range 0.1 km s?1 < v < 10 km s?1.
Stealth plumes on Io

We suggest that Io's eruptive activity may include a class of previously undetected SO2 geysers. The thermodynamic models for the eruptive plumes discovered by Voyager 'involve low to moderate entropy SO2 eruptions. The resulting plumes are a mixture of solid and gas which emerge from the vent and follow essentially ballistic trajectories. We show that intrusion of silicate magma into buried SO2 deposits can create the required conditions for high entropy eruptions which proceed entirely in the vapor phase. These purely gaseous plumes would have been invisible to Voyager's instruments. Hence, we call them "stealth" plumes. Such eruptions could explain the "patchy" SO2 atmosphere inferred from recent UV and micro-wave spectral observations. The magma intrusion rate required to support the required gas production for these plumes is a negligible fraction of estimated global magma intrusion rates.
Associations of organic produce consumption with socioeconomic status and the local food environment: Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA).

Neighborhood characteristics, such as healthy food availability, have been associated with consumption of healthy food. Little is known about the influence of the local food environment on other dietary choices, such as the decision to consume organic food. We analyzed the associations between organic produce consumption and demographic, socioeconomic and neighborhood characteristics in 4,064 participants aged 53–94 in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis using log-binomial regression models. Participants were classified as consuming organic produce if they reported eating organic fruits and vegetables either “sometimes” or “often or always”. Women were 21% more likely to consume organic produce than men (confidence interval [CI]: 1.12–1.30), and the likelihood of organic produce consumption was 13% less with each additional 10 years of age (CI: 0.84–0.91). Participants with higher education were significantly more likely to consume organic produce (prevalence ratios [PR] were 1.05 with a high school education, 1.39 with a bachelor's degree and 1.68 with a graduate degree, with less than high school as the reference group [1.00]). Per capita household income was marginally associated with produce consumption (p = 0.06), with the highest income category more likely to consume organic produce. After adjustment for these individual factors, organic produce consumption was significantly associated with self-reported assessment of neighborhood produce availability (PR: 1.07, CI: 1.02–1.11), with an aggregated measure of community perception of the local food environment (PR: 1.08, CI: 1.00–1.17), and, to a lesser degree, with supermarket density (PR: 1.02: CI: 0.99–1.05). This research suggests that both individual-level characteristics and qualities of the local food environment are associated with having a diet that includes organic food.
Luminance gradient configuration determines perceived lightness in a simple geometric illusion

Accurate perception of surface reflectance poses a significant computational problem for the visual system. The amount of light reflected by a surface is affected by a combination of factors including the surface’s reflectance properties and illumination conditions. The latter are not limited by the strength of the illuminant but also include the relative placement of the light illuminating the surface, the orientation of the surface and its 3d shape, all of which result in a pattern of luminance gradients across the surface. In this study we explore how luminance gradients contribute to lightness perception. We introduce a novel, simple lightness illusion. It consists of six separate checks, organized in rows of two. Each check has a negative luminance gradient across it. The top and the bottom rows are the same: with the darker check on the left, and the lighter check on the right. Two checks in the middle row are identical; however, the check on the right appears darker than the check on the left. As there are no shared borders between the checks, simultaneous contrast cannot explain the effect. However, there are multiple possible explanations including spatial filtering (Blakeslee and McCourt, 2004) or some higher-order mechanism such as perceptual grouping or amodal completion. Here, we explore these possibilities by manipulating the luminance configurations and the gradient slopes of the checks.
Cyclohexenyl nucleosides: Synthesis of cis-4-(9H-purin-9-yl)-2-cyclohexenylcarbinols

Abstract Syntheses of the title compounds were accomplished in 6–7 steps, starting from cyclohexadiene and chlorosulphonyl isocyanate. The key step of the strategy involves a palladium coupling of cyclohexenyl dicarbonate 8 with either 6-chloropurine or 2-amino-6-chloropurine.
Kinetics of Formation of Molybdenum Selenides from Modulated Reactants and Structure of the New Compound Mo3Se

The kinetics of compound formation in the molybdenum−selenium system has been investigated using elementally modulated reactants to control overall composition and diffusion length. We observed the facile formation of MoSe2 at low temperatures when the composition was above 50 atom % selenium. No evidence was found for the low-temperature formation of the other known stable molybdenum selenide, the cluster compound Mo6Se8. When the composition of the initially modulated reactant was close to 25% selenium, a previously unreported compound was observed to form. This new compound, Mo3Se, has the A-15 crystal structure. The superconducting transition temperature appears to be very sensitive to composition, with a sharp resistive transition at 7 K in one sample and a sharp diamagnetic transition observed in a second sample at 2.2 K. The kinetics of phase formation in this system is analyzed in terms of nucleation kinetics.
Diet and body fat

Rats first fed soybean oil and peanut oil diets, then subjected to the process of fat depletion through selective starvation, involving 23 to 27 per cent. loss in body weight, before being fed a "hardening" diet, yielded "harder" fats-fats of lower iodine number values-than the fats of rats which were not starved before being fed the carbohydrate-rich diet. In other words, through the process of starvation, the "soft" oily fat produced on diets containing soybean' or peanut oils is very largely removed, thereby permitting the deposit of a "hard" fat. To obtain a fat of equal "hardness" from rats which were not subjected to the starvation treatment would have required a much longer period of feeding of the diet rich in starch than was found necessary with rats after first being starved. The growth of recovery made by the rats of the starved lots was made on a low food intake. With the starved rats flrst fed peanut oil, the food intake of the carbohydrate-rich diet was less than with the non-starved group. The possible application of these findings to practical animal husbandry is obvious.
Dissymmetry of certain substituted dipyridotetraazapentalenes

Abstract In a two-step synthesis from starting amines, a series of compounds has been prepared in which steric crowding (lb,c,d,f) was introduced into the “bay region” of pyrido [1“,2” : 1‘,2’] imidazo [4‘,5’ : 4, 5] imidazo [1,2- a ] pyridine (1a). This forces the tetracyclic ring system into non-planarity. Two hexaheterohelicencs 2a and b were prepared that incorporate the 1, 3, 4, 6-tetraazapentalene ring system and provide molecular crowding in the “bay region” due to the terminal rings, which similarly distort the hexacyclic ring system from planarity. Single crystal X-ray structure determinations revealed that the compounds (lb, c, d, f, 2a and b) exist as enantiomeric pairs in the crystalline state.
Evolution of Mound Morphology in Reversible Homoepitaxy on Cu(100)

Evolution of mound morphology in reversible homoepitaxy on Cu(100) was studied via spot-profile-analysis (SPA) LEED and scanning tunneling microscopy. The mound separation shows coarsening vs growth time with L(t){approximately}t{sup 1/4}, in support of theory based on capillarity between mounds. The growth ultimately reaches a steady state characterized by a selected mound angle of {approximately}5.6{degree}. We suggest that this results from a downhill current driven by step edge line tension in balance with an uphill current due to the Schwoebel barrier effect. Also, we have clarified the interpretation for the evolution of the SPA-LEED profile from a ring structure to a single time-invariant peak. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
DISCOVERY OF VARIABLE IRON FLUORESCENCE FROM REFLECTION NEBULAE IN THE GALACTIC CENTER

On the basis of 3 years of deep observations of the Galactic center with the Chandra X-Ray Observatory, we report the discovery of changes in the intensities and morphologies of two hard X-ray nebulosities. The nebulosities are dominated by fluorescent iron emission and are coincident with molecular clouds. The morphological changes are manifest on parsec scales, which requires that these iron features are scattered X-rays from a 2 or 3 year long outburst of a point source (either Sgr A* or an X-ray binary) with a luminosity of at least 10^37 ergs s^-1. The variability precludes the hypotheses that these nebulae either are produced by keV electrons bombarding molecular clouds or are iron-rich ejecta from supernovae. Moreover, the morphologies of the reflection nebulae implies that the dense regions of the clouds are filamentary, with widths of ≈0.3 pc and lengths of ≈2 pc.
Enhanced penetration of neutral-beam-injected ions by vertically asymmetric toroidal-field ripple

The penetration length of energetic neutral-atom beams injected into a tokamak plasma can be effectively increased by a large factor if the beams are injected vertically from the bottom and the toroidal magnetic field has significant ripple below the midplane. The energetic ions resulting from ionization of the fast neutrals are ripple-trapped and drift upward to the midplane region. The ripple must decrease substantially in the region above the midplane, so that the ions can be captured and retained in the central plasma region during their entire slowing-down period. Orbit calculations with a Monte-Carlo guiding-centre code demonstrate the feasibility of this trapping process. 110- to 150-keV deuterons can be deposited near the centre of plasmas with a Zeff ~ 1017 cm−2, when the ripple near the magnetic axis and in the region below is of the order 1%.
Cyclopropanation with Diazomethane and Bis(oxazoline)palladium(II) Complexes.

Studies toward the development of an enantioselective diazomethane-based cyclopropanation reagent derived from bis(oxazoline)palladium(II) complexes are reported. Several simple palladium chelates, 2 and 7, in addition to the novel carbon-bound complexes 15 were synthesized and evaluated in the cyclopropanation of various electron-deficient olefins. The X-ray crystal structure of aryl−bis(oxazoline)palladium complex 15c is described. Although all catalysts efficiently affected cyclopropanation, all products were racemic. An intriguing relationship between substitution on the oxazoline ring, particularly the commonly-derivatized 4-position, and catalyst efficiency was discovered. The results are rationalized by either partial or complete bis(oxazoline) decomplexation during the course of the reaction.
Manufacturing strategy and environmental consciousness

Abstract Ecological and environmental issues are playing a larger role in corporate and manufacturing strategies. Global and domestic environmental regulations and laws are forcing many organizations to consider environmental impacts of all functions and business processes and products. In this paper the environmental consciousness issues pertaining to manufacturing and operations management are presented. A general strategic framework on how to manage environmentally conscious programs and projects in a manufacturing enterprise is also developed and discussed. A number of research initiatives that need to be pursued are identified. The pursuit of these research initiatives will alleviate many of the barriers to adoption of environmentally conscious manufacturing strategies.
Presenting affine q-Schur algebras

We obtain a presentation of certain affine q-Schur algebras in terms of generators and relations. The presentation is obtained by adding more relations to the usual presentation of the quantized enveloping algebra of type affine . Our results extend and rely on the corresponding result for the q-Schur algebra of the symmetric group, which were proved by the first author and Giaquinto
The Pap test and Bethesda 2014

The history of ‘The Bethesda System' for reporting cervical cytology goes back almost 3 decades. This terminology and the process that created it have had a profound impact on the practice of cervical
SO (3) vortices as a mechanism for generating a mass gap in the 2D SU (2) principal chiral model

Abstract We propose a mechanism that can create a mass gap in the SU(2) chiral spin model at arbitrarily small temperatures. We give a sufficient condition for the mass gap to be non-zero in terms of the behaviour of an external Z (2) flux introduced by twisted boundary conditions. This condition in turn is rewritten in terms of an effective dual Ising model with an external magnetic field generated by SO(3) vortices. We show that having a non-zero magnetic field in the effective Ising model is sufficient for the SU(2) system to have a mass gap. We also show that certain vortex correlation inequalities, if satisfied, would imply a non-zero effective magnetic field. Finally, we give some plausibility arguments and Monte Carlo evidence for the required correlation inequalities.
Selective N-functionalization of 6-substituted-2-pyridones

Summary 6-Substituted-2-pyridones can be selectively N -alkylated by treatment with NaH/LiBr in a mixture of DMF and DME. Yields of N -propargylated, N -allylated, and other N -functionalized products are good, and only small amounts of the isomeric O -alkylated product (
A CHANDRA VIEW OF NGC 3621: A BULGELESS GALAXY HOSTING AN AGN IN ITS EARLY PHASE?

We report the detection of a weak X-ray point-source coincident with the nucleus of the bulgeless disk galaxy NGC 3621, recently discovered by Spitzer to display high-ionization mid-infrared lines typically associated with active galactic nucleus (AGN). These Chandra observations provide confirmation for the presence of an AGN in this galaxy, adding to the growing evidence that black holes do form and grow in isolated bulgeless disk galaxies. Although the low signal-to-noise ratio of the X-ray spectrum prevents us from carrying out a detailed spectral analysis of the nuclear source, the X-ray results, combined with the IR and optical spectroscopic results, suggests that NGC 3621 harbors a heavily absorbed AGN, with a supermassive black hole of relatively small mass accreting at a high rate. Chandra also reveals the presence of two bright sources straddling the nucleus located almost symmetrically at 20'' from the center. Both sources have 0.5-8 keV spectra that are well fitted by an absorbed power-law model. Assuming they are at the distance of NGC 3621, these two sources have luminosities of the order of 10{sup 39} erg s{sup -1}, which make them ultraluminous X-ray sources and suggest that they are black hole systems. Estimates of the black holemore » mass based on the X-ray spectral analysis and scaling laws of black hole systems suggest that the two bright sources might be intermediate mass black holes with M{sub BH} of the order of a few thousand solar masses. However, higher quality X-ray data combined with multiwavelength observations are necessary to confirm these conclusions.« less
Demographics of the Homeless in an Urban Burn Unit

There are few articles about the homeless in burn literature. We sought to determine the demographic characteristics of the homeless citizens admitted to an urban burn center. This was a retrospective review from March 1999 to May 2004. Statistical analysis included chi2 and one-way analysis of variance. There were 1615 burn admissions, and 73 (4.5%) of these patients were homeless. Although the %TBSA affected was similar for the homeless and domiciled patients, the mean (+/-SD) age of the homeless was 44 +/- 10 years and their length of stay was 15 +/- 15 days, compared with 31 +/- 22 years and 9 +/- 13 days, respectively, for the domiciled. Twenty-one (29%) of the 73 homeless were admitted for frostbite, vs 21 (1.4%) of the 1542 domiciled patients (P= .000). Because of the frostbite, the majority (53%) arrived in the winter, compared with 15% in each of the other three seasons (P= .000). The homeless had a higher frequency of acute and chronic ethanol and cocaine use than the domiciled population (21% vs 6%). There was no significant difference between the homeless and the domiciled population in %TBSA affected, nutritional values, and assault frequency. More than half of the homeless patient admissions to the burn unit resulted from assault or frostbite. The homeless were mainly African-Americans and Caucasians, with a higher frequency of ethanol and cocaine use than in the domiciled burn population. Lack of discharge options for the homeless prolonged the average length of stay, leading to increased costs, often borne by the burn unit.
On the Inclination Dependence of Exoplanet Phase Signatures

Improved photometric sensitivity from space-based telescopes has enabled the detection of phase variations for a small sample of hot Jupiters. However, exoplanets in highly eccentric orbits present unique opportunities to study the effects of drastically changing incident flux on the upper atmospheres of giant planets. Here we expand upon previous studies of phase functions for these planets at optical wavelengths by investigating the effects of orbital inclination on the flux ratio as it interacts with the other effects induced by orbital eccentricity. We determine optimal orbital inclinations for maximum flux ratios and combine these calculations with those of projected separation for application to coronagraphic observations. These are applied to several of the known exoplanets which may serve as potential targets in current and future coronagraph experiments.
Integrating free word order syntax and information structure

Multiset-CCG is a combinatory categorial formalism that can capture the syntax and interpretation of "free" word order in languages such as Turkish. The formalism compositionally derives the predicate-argument structure and the information structure (e.g. topic, focus) of a sentence, and uniformly handles word order variation among arguments and adjuncts within a clause, as well as in complex clauses and across clause boundaries.
Optical strain measurement system development

A laser speckle, differential strain measurement system has been built and tested for future applications in hostile environments. One-dimensional electronic correlation of speckle pattern movement allows a quasi-real time measure of strain. The system has been used successfully to measure uniaxial strain reaching into plastic deformation of a test specimen, at temperatures ranging to 450 C. A resolution of 16 microstrain is given by the photodiode array sensor pitch and the specimen to sensor separation. The strain measurement error is estimated to be +/-18 microstrain +/-3 percent of the strain reading. The upper temperature limit of the gauge is determined by air density perturbations causing decorrelation of the reference and shifted speckle patterns, and may be improved by limiting convective flow in the immediate vicinity of the test specimen.
The Optical properties of gravitational lens galaxies as a probe of galaxy structure and evolution

We combine photometry and lens modeling to study the properties of 17 gravitational lens galaxies between z = 0.1 and ~1. Most of the lens galaxies are passively evolving early-type galaxies, with a few spirals. The colors, scale lengths, and ellipticities of lens galaxies are similar to those of the general population of early-type galaxies, although there may be a deficit of apparently round lens galaxies produced by the inclination dependence of lensing cross sections. The projected mass distributions are aligned with the projected light distributions to 10?, except in the presence of a strong external tidal perturbation, suggesting that dark matter halos are significantly modified by interactions with the baryonic component and are not far out of alignment with the stars. Lens galaxies obey image separation/lens luminosity correlations analogous to the Faber-Jackson and Tully-Fisher relations, which are consistent with standard dark matter lens models. The lens galaxy mass-to-light ratios decrease with redshift as d(log M/LB)/dz = -0.3 ? 0.1 (-0.5 ? 0.1) for ?0 = 1 (0.1), thus providing direct evidence of passive evolution for a sample of early-type galaxies in low-density environments. The evolution-corrected mass-to-light ratios are generally larger than predicted by constant M/L dynamical models, although there is significant scatter; with improved photometry, lens galaxy mass-to-light ratios would better distinguish between constant M/L and dark matter models. These conclusions are limited primarily by the quality of lens galaxy photometry.
Hybrid agent-based simulation for analyzing the national airspace system

Hybrid agent-based simulation is required to provide a mechanism for analyzing large-scale complex systems, such as the National Airspace System (NAS). The dynamic behavior of many complex systems is, in general, hybrid in nature and can be best described by a combination of discrete-event and continuous-time models, and their interactions. Correspondingly, hybrid agent-based simulation capable of incorporating different types of models provides an accurate means of evaluating the reliability and performance of complex systems. However, in order to serve as a design and analysis tool, a number of issues must be addressed. This paper outlines issues in the development of hybrid agent-based simulation architectures capable of providing a scaleable mechanism for simulating the NAS. In particular, an object-oriented approach is described. In addition, methods of improving computational efficiency of updating the simulation are described and compared.
Pd-Catalyzed Dynamic Kinetic Enantioselective Arylation of Silylphosphines

Palladium-catalyzed cross-couplings represent a powerful method for the formation of new bonds. A catalytic, enantioselective P−C bond-forming reaction proceeding via a Pd-mediated arylation of silylphosphines was developed for the synthesis of P-stereogenic phosphines. These useful and synthetically challenging phosphines can be made with a variety of functionalized aryl iodides; however, they proceed most enantioselectively with 2-iodo-N,N-diisopropylbenzamides.
Anomalous amplitudes in a thermal bath

I review the implications of the axial anomaly in a thermal bath. I assume that the Adler-Bardeen theorem applies at nonzero temperature, so that the divergence of the axial current remains is independent of temperature. Nevertheless, I argue that while the anomaly doesn't change with temperature, ``anomalous'' mesonic couplings do. This is verified by explicit calculations in a low temperature expansion, and near the chiral phase transition.
Akt mediates mitochondrial protection in cardiomyocytes through phosphorylation of mitochondrial hexokinase-II

Akt activation supports survival of cardiomyocytes against ischemia/reperfusion, which induces cell death through opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (PT-pore). Mitochondrial depolarization induced by treatment of cardiomyocytes with H(2)O(2) is prevented by activation of Akt with leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF). This protective effect is observed even when cardiomyocytes treated with LIF are permeabilized and mitochondrial depolarization is elicited by elevating Ca(2+). Cell fractionation studies demonstrate that LIF treatment increases both total and phosphorylated Akt in the mitochondrial fraction. Furthermore, the association of Akt with HK-II is increased by LIF. HK-II contains consensus sequences for phosphorylation by Akt and LIF treatment induces PI3K- and Akt-dependent HK-II phosphorylation. Addition of recombinant kinase-active Akt to isolated adult mouse heart mitochondria stimulates phosphorylation of HK-II and concomitantly inhibits the ability of Ca(2+) to induce cytochrome c release. This protection is prevented when HK-II is dissociated from mitochondria by incubation with glucose 6-phosphate or HK-II-dissociating peptide. Finally LIF increases HK-II association with mitochondria and dissociation of HK-II from mitochondria attenuates the protective effect of LIF on H(2)O(2)-induced mitochondrial depolarization in cardiomyocytes. We conclude that Akt has a direct effect at the level of the mitochondrion, which is mediated via phosphorylation of HK-II and results in protection of mitochondria against oxidant or Ca(2+)-stimulated PT-pore opening.