cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Taylor Rules for Sweden's Riksbank

Sweden lapsed into a severe recession in 2008 but, unlike other countries, had a rapid and robust recovery. Because of its unique recession experience, it provides a revealing case for investigating monetary policy responses to macroeconomic fluctuations. We estimate Taylor rules for the Riksbank and for selected individuals who have served on the Riksbank monetary policy committee. Using pre-recession data, our estimates suggest that monetary policy was highly inertial. Estimates for samples including recession and recovery observations reveal more active responses to macroeconomic conditions and weaker indications of inertia. A key feature of our econometric work is the use of a dynamic Tobit specification to account for the lower bound on nominal interest rates encountered during the recession. Comparing alternative empirical specifications for handling the lower bound sheds light on why monetary policy might be inertial.
Commerce in Pre-Industrial Europe: An Introduction

Economic growth in pre-industrial Europe was driven by the expansion of the market. The "market" was a complex commercial structure made up of merchant firms, merchant associations, and organized markets. This paper provides an overview of the pre-industrial commercial structure, of how it functioned, and of how it evolved.
Changes in the Atmospheric Structure of LBV’s During Eruptions

Some LBV’s undergo brightness variations in the visual of about 1–2 magnitudes on time-scales of decades. These outbursts occur at approximately constant bolometric luminosity with the stellar radius and the temperature changing correspondingly. This subgroup of the LBV’s is generally called Hubble-Sandage variables or S Doradus stars and will be the focus of this talk. We present self-consistent radiation-hydrodynamic calculations to model the observations from minimum to maximum states.
Securing XML data

XML is becoming one of the most important and widely used data formats. XML data in transit over the Internet as well as the data residing on servers must be assessed for XML associated security vulnerabilities and be properly secured from malicious XML specific attacks. There are several options in implementing XML security devices such as firewalls. Users need to understand how XML relates and interacts with Internet applications.
Estimates for Best Placement of Voters in a Triplicated Logic Network

The reliability of a network of elements may be improved by triplicating the network and determining the output using majority voting logic. The reliability of the triplicated network depends on how the network is subdivided for voting purposes and the type of majority voting logic used. The optimum arrangement of elements and voters is established for the single voter scheme, and an estimate of the optimum arrangement is derived for the three voter scheme. Upper and lower bounds on possible improvements through triplication are determined, and a comparison is made of the single voter and three voter schemes. All results are presented in graphical form.
First D1-like receptor PET imaging of the rat and primate kidney: implications for human disease monitoring

The intrarenal dopamine system is important for signaling and natriuresis, and significant dysfunction is associated with hypertension and kidney disease in ex vivo studies. Dopamine receptors also modulate and are modulated by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Here, we show the first in vivo measurement of D1-like receptors in the renal cortex of Sprague-Dawley rat and Papio anubis baboon using [11C]NNC 112, a positron emission tomography radioligand for D1-like receptors. In addition, we show a D1-like binding potential response to angiotensin II blockade in rats using losartan. Demonstration of self-saturable binding in the rat as well as specific and saturable binding in Papio anubis validate the use of [11C]NNC 112 in the first in vivo measurement of renal dopamine D1-like receptors. Furthermore, [11C]NNC 112 is a radioligand tool already validated for use in probing human central nervous system (CNS) D1-like receptors. Our work demonstrates specific and saturable non-CNS binding in higher animals and the ability to quantify physiological response to drug treatment and provides a clear path to extend use of [11C]NNC 112 to study renal dopamine in humans.
Measuring Political Legitimacy.

Political legitimacy is a key concept in both macro and micro theories. Pioneers in survey-based research on alienation and system support envisioned addressing macro questions about legitimacy with the sophisticated empiricism of individual-level methodology but failed; and a succession of innovations in item wording and questionnaire construction only led to an excessive concern with measurement issues at the individual level. I return to an enumeration of the informational requirements for assessing legitimacy in hopes of finding a conceptualization that better utilizes available survey indicators to tap relevant macro dimensions. I specify formal measurement models for both conventional and revised conceptualizations of legitimacy orientations and compare the fit of the two models systematically on data from the U.S. electorate. The revised model appears preferable on both theoretical and empirical grounds.
Motion of junction point in network systems by 31P-NMR lineshapes and relaxation

α,ω-dihydroxy polyoxyde de propene reticule avec le thiophosphate de tris(isocyanato-4 phenyle)
Effectiveness of heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in children younger than 5 years of age for prevention of pneumonia: updated analysis using World Health Organization standardized interpretation of chest radiographs.

Background A World Health Organization (WHO) working group in 2001 developed a method for standardizing interpretation of chest radiographs in children for epidemiologic purposes. We reevaluated radiographs from the Kaiser Permanente Pneumococcal Efficacy trial using this method. Methods Seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine was evaluated in a randomized, controlled study including 37,868 infants. Effectiveness against pneumonia was previously evaluated using the original treating radiologist reading. There were 2841 sets of radiographs from this trial and all available radiographs were scanned and read blindly by 2 WHO crosstrained readers (A and B); discordance between the 2 primary readers was resolved through a consensus reading by an adjudicating panel of 2 radiologists. Results Of the 2841 radiographs, 2446 were available for scanning and were reviewed using WHO-defined descriptive categories. Two hundred fifty of the 2446 radiographs were read as positive by both readers. An additional 129 were read as positive by reader A only and 142 by reader B only for a total of 521 radiographs that were read as positive by one or both of the reviewers. The concordance rate between the 2 reviewers was 250 of 521 (48%). Of the 271 discordant radiographs, 45 of 129 (34.9%) of reader A and 66 of 142 (46.5%) for reader B were finalized as positive by the adjudicating panel. Overall, 361 radiographs were finalized as positive (12.7%). With these 361 images as the standard, the sensitivity and specificity of reader A were 82% and 97%, respectively, and for reader B, 88% and 97%, respectively. Kappa between the 2 readers was 0.58. Of 25 control radiographs read as positive by both A and B, 80% were also read as positive by the panel and all 25 control negative radiographs were read as negative by the panel. Using original readings by point-of-care radiologists, efficacy against first episode of radiograph confirmed pneumonia was 17.7% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 4.8-28.9%) in intent-to-treat and 20.5% (95% CI = 4.4-34%) in per protocol. Using the WHO method, the efficacy against first episode of radiograph confirmed pneumonia adjusting for age, gender and year of vaccination of 25.5% (95% CI = 6.5-40.7%, P = 0.011) for intent-to-treat and 30.3% (95% CI = 10.7-45.7%, P = 0.0043) for per protocol. Conclusion Using WHO criteria for reading of radiographs increased point estimates of vaccine efficacy presumably as a result of improved specificity.
Multi-entity perspective transportation infrastructure investment decision making

Abstract Investment in new large transportation infrastructure is capital-intensive and irreversible in nature. Private sector participation in infrastructure investment has gained popularity in recent times because of scarcity of resources at the public sector, and because of the ability of the private sector to build, operate, maintain such facilities, and share future uncertainties. In such cases, there are multiple entities each with different objectives in the project. Traditional techniques used to determine feasibility of such projects and do not consider two critical elements. These are the need (1) to identify major entities involved in these projects and their individual objectives, and (2) the importance of analyzing measures of effectiveness of each entity in a multi-objective context. A framework is proposed to address these issues along with a set of relaxation policies to reflect the nature and level of participation by the entities. First, the feasibility of each single entity perspective is determined and next, a multi-objective optimization (MOO) is proposed reflecting the perspectives of all entities. The MOO results in pareto-optimal solutions to serve as tradeoff between the participation levels of the multiple entities. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is used as a tool to narrow down number of options for decision makers for further consideration. AHP and MOO are integrated to determine the feasibility of strategies from multi-entity perspectives. The framework is examined on the proposed multibillion dollar international river crossing connecting the city of Detroit in the U.S. and the city of Windsor in Canada. This methodology provides a decision making process tool for large-scale transportation infrastructure investment consisting of multiple entities.
Incidence and characteristics of patients with hand ischemia after a hemodialysis access procedure

The purpose of this study was to determine the clinical characteristics of chronic renal failure patients who developed hand ischemia in the limb carrying the dialysis angioaccess. A retrospective review of the charts of 352 patients who underwent 409 upper extremity arteriovenous access, and who were subsequently diagnosed as steal syndrome, was performed at the Emory University Hospital between February 1992 and January 1997. Hand ischemia occurred after 13 of 299 arteriovenous grafts (4.3%) and after 2 of 110 direct forearm arteriovenous fistulas (1.8%). Six patients developed ischemic manifestations immediately postoperatively, 2 in the first week, 4 after 1 month, and 1 after 1 year. Thirteen occurred in association with the primary access procedure. Two cases occurred following graft thrombectomy and outflow dilatation. Seven patients were mildly symptomatic with dialysis-induced pain, coldness, or numbness; 8 patients developed severe ischemic manifestations in the form of sensory loss in 3, severe intolerable pain with impalpable pulse in 3, and digital gangrene and amputation in 2, one of whom developed an unhealed amputation stump and required a higher amputation level with satisfactory healing of the revised stump. Three patients were treated conservatively, 6 by banding, 4 by ligation, 1 by embolization, and 1 by distal ligation and bypass operation. Clinical characteristics of patients with hand ischemia included long-standing insulin-dependent diabetes (10), chronic hypertension (12), peripheral arterial disease (14; 93.3%), coronary artery disease (8), and systemic lupus erythematosis (1). Severe peripheral arterial diseases are commonly found and may be markers for risk of hand ischemia after access surgery.
A search for base analogs to enhance third-strand binding to ‘inverted’ target base pairs of triplexes in the pyrimidine/parallel motif

Eight base analogs were tested as third strand residues in otherwise homopyrimidine strands opposite each of the 'direct' (A.T and G.C) and 'inverted' (T.A and C.G) Watson-Crick base pairs, using UV melting profiles to assess triplex stability. The target duplexes contained 20 A.T base pairs and a central test base pair X.Y, while the third strand contained 20 T residues and a central Z test base. Z included 5-bromo-uracil, 5-propynyluracil, 5-propynylcytosine, 5-methyl-cytosine, 5-bromocytosine, hypoxanthine, 2-amino-purine and 2,6-diaminopurine. Some of the base analogs enhanced third strand binding to the target duplex with one or other 'inverted' central base pair relative to the binding afforded by any of the canonical bases. Other analogs did the same for the duplexes with the 'direct' target pairs. The increasing order of triplex stabilization by these base analogs is: opposite the 'inverted' base pairs, for T.A, A < C < 5-pC < 5-pU < T < 5-BrC < 5-meC < 5-BrU < 2-AP < 2,6-DAP < Hy < G, for C.G, 2-AP < A < Hy < G < 5-pC < 5-BrC < 5-meC < C < 2,6-DAP < T < 5-BrU < 5-pU; opposite the 'direct' base pairs, for A.T, 2-AP < A < 5-meC < C < G < Hy < 2,6-DAP < 5-pU < T = 5-BrU < 5-BrC < 5-pC, for G.C, G < 2,6-DAP < 2-AP < A < Hy < T < 5-BrU < 5-pU < 5-pC < 5-BrC < C < 5-meC.
Interference oscillations in ionization of extreme Stark states by half-cycle pulses.

We study the classical, semiclassical, and quantum dynamics of parabolic Rydberg states of hydrogen subject to half-cycle electromagnetic pulses as a function of the field strength and the duration of the pulses. We show that for the most ``red-shifted'' Stark state the quantum ionization probability oscillates around the classical value. These oscillations can be described semiclassically in terms of path interference. By contrast, the ionization probability of the extreme ``blue-shifted'' state is a smooth function of field strength. These predictions could be tested experimentally.
Franck-Condon factors and R-centroids for the B2Σ → A2Π band system of CN

Abstract Franck-Condon factors and R -centroids for the transition from the B 2 Σ electronic state of CN to the A 2 Π state have been calculated. The validity of the Morse potential energy function for this system has been studied by using the calculated values of α e . Also, the ratios 〈 r n 〉/〈 r n−1 〉 have been obtained to check the applicabili ty of the R -centroid approximation.
Implementation of a Blowing Boundary Condition in the LAURA Code

Preliminary steps toward modeling a coupled ablation problem using a finite-volume Navier-Stokes code (LAURA) are presented in this paper. Implementation of a surface boundary condition with mass transfer (blowing) is described followed by verification and validation through comparisons with analytic results and experimental data. Application of the code to a carbon-nosetip ablation problem is demonstrated and the results are compared with previously published data. It is concluded that the code and coupled procedure are suitable to support further ablation analyses and studies.
The Expression of the Drosophila awd Gene during Normal Development and in Neoplastic Brain Tumors Caused by lgl Mutations

The abnormal wing discs (awd) gene of Drosophila is homologous to the nm23 gene of mammals, a gene whose expression is altered in metastatic tumors. Both awd and nm23 encode nucleoside diphosphate kinases (NDP kinases). We have examined the accumulation of AWD/NDP kinase during normal development by assaying enzyme activity in extracts. There is a nearly constant level of activity throughout larval and pupal development. We have examined the tissue-specific transcription of the awd gene by RNA in situ hybridization and by reporter gene expression. In imaginal discs and brains there is no detectable awd gene expression until the beginning of the third larval instar, despite the constant level of enzyme activity measured in extracts of larvae and pupae. The most intense awd gene expression in imaginal discs and brains occurs after the end of larval development. We have also examined awd gene expression in neoplastic brain tumors caused by mutations in the lethal giant larvae (lgl) gene. In lgl mutant brains, as in normal brains, awd gene expression begins during the third larval instar. No tumors form in brains from lgl-; awd- double mutant larva, so awd gene expression is required for tumor formation and/or proliferation. There is more accumulation of AWD/NDP kinase in lgl- mutant brains than there is in normal brains. Using an awd reporter gene, we show that this is a consequence of an increased proportion of awd gene-expressing cells in mutant brains. Using the same awd reporter gene as a marker of donor cells, we have confirmed the invasiveness of lgl-induced neuroblastomas.
Effects of Gravity on Rewetting of Capillary Groove Surface at Elevated Temperatures—Experimental and Theoretical Studies

Theoretical and experimental investigations of the rewetting characteristics of thin liquid films over heated and unheated capillary grooved plates were performed. To investigate the effect of gravity on rewetting, the grooved surface was placed in upward and downward-facing positions. Profound gravitational effects were observed as the rewetting velocity was found to be higher in the upward than in the downward-facing orientation. The difference was even greater with higher initial plate temperatures. With either orientation, it was found that the rewetting velocity increased with the initial plate temperature. But when the temperature was raised above a rewetting temperature, the rewetting velocity decreased with the initial plate temperature. Hydrodynamically controlled and heat conduction controlled rewetting models were then presented to explain and to predict the rewetting characteristics in these two distinct regions. The predicted rewetting velocities were found to be in good agreement with experimental data with elevated plate temperatures.
Acebutolol overdose resulting in fatalities

Two fatal cases of Acebutolol intoxication are presented that demonstrate its clinical characteristics and potential lethality. A review of the literature suggests that acebutolol is one of the most toxic beta blockers when taken as an overdose. In addition to demonstrating characteristics of membrane-stabilizing activity, both fatal cases demonstrate significant QTc prolongation and ventricular tachycardia. The latter findings suggest an impact on ventricular repolarization not seen with Propranolol intoxication. Clarification of these findings has important implications regarding identification and treatment of this potentially fatal intoxication.
Motion in a Newtonian Forced Field Modified by a General Force

The motion of a man-made celestial body under the influence of an attractive center according to the inverse square Newton’s law and a general force is discussed. A solution of special form, referred to a specific inertial coordinate system, is established. For the time-dependent coefficients of the solution MacLaurin expansions are taken. It is proven that the formal solution constructed satisfies all the requirements needed for really being a solution of the physical problem; besides its region of convergence is found. The problem is specialized in the case of a constant force. The case of suddenly or gradually applied forces is also examined.
Oblique reconstructions in tomosynthesis. II. Super-resolution

Purpose: In tomosynthesis, super-resolution has been demonstrated using reconstruction planes parallel to the detector. Super-resolution allows for subpixel resolution relative to the detector. The purpose of this work is to develop an analytical model that generalizes super-resolution to oblique reconstruction planes. Methods: In a digital tomosynthesis system, a sinusoidal test object is modeled along oblique angles (i.e., “pitches”) relative to the plane of the detector in a 3D divergent-beam acquisition geometry. To investigate the potential for super-resolution, the input frequency is specified to be greater than the alias frequency of the detector. Reconstructions are evaluated in an oblique plane along the extent of the object using simple backprojection (SBP) and filtered backprojection (FBP). By comparing the amplitude of the reconstruction against the attenuation coefficient of the object at various frequencies, the modulation transfer function (MTF) is calculated to determine whether modulation is within detectable limits for super-resolution. For experimental validation of super-resolution, a goniometry stand was used to orient a bar pattern phantom along various pitches relative to the breast support in a commercial digital breast tomosynthesis system. Results: Using theoretical modeling, it is shown that a single projection image cannot resolve a sine input whose frequency exceeds the detector alias frequency. The high frequency input is correctly visualized in SBP or FBP reconstruction using a slice along the pitch of the object. The Fourier transform of this reconstructed slice is maximized at the input frequency as proof that the object is resolved. Consistent with the theoretical results, experimental images of a bar pattern phantom showed super-resolution in oblique reconstructions. At various pitches, the highest frequency with detectable modulation was determined by visual inspection of the bar patterns. The dependency of the highest detectable frequency on pitch followed the same trend as the analytical model. It was demonstrated that super-resolution is not achievable if the pitch of the object approaches 90°, corresponding to the case in which the test frequency is perpendicular to the breast support. Only low frequency objects are detectable at pitches close to 90°. Conclusions: This work provides a platform for investigating super-resolution in oblique reconstructions for tomosynthesis. In breast imaging, this study should have applications in visualizing microcalcifications and other subtle signs of cancer.
Analysis of the contribution of curvature to premixed flame propagation

In this analysis, the authors attempt to identify the contributions of curvature to the displacement speed by using the governing transport equation for the deficient reactant. They show that the displacement speed is a balance of three components: reaction, normal diffusion, and curvature. The contribution of the three components is then evaluated using results from direct numerical simulations (DNS) of an unsteady stoichiometric methane-air flame embedded in a 2-D vortical flow field.
Nucleotide sequence of the genes encoded in early region 2b of human adenovirus type 12.

Abstract The nucleotide sequence of a cloned DNA segment encoding the early region 2b from the group B human adenovirus Ad7 has been determined. When compared to Ad2, a group C adenovirus, these sequences were found to be approx. 80% homologous within the l-strand gene-coding regions. Most changes are transitions or transversions, although several deletions/insertions also occur within the N-terminal domain of one of the coding regions. The substantial nucleotide homology results in a high degree of amino acid conservation in the predicted polypeptides encoded by the early region 2b genes. Two major open reading frames, corresponding to the Mr 87000 and Mr 140000 polypeptides of Ad2, are found in the l strand of Ad7 between genome coordinates 28.5 to 23.1 and 23.0 to 13.8, respectively. The r strand of the DNA in this region encodes the three leader segments joined to the 5' end of most late viral mRNAs, and also encodes the i-leader segment found between the second and third leaders on some mRNAs. The positions of the donor and acceptor splice sites of the three leaders are conserved and can be identified by homology to Ad2. Only two of the unidentified open reading frames (URF) in Ad2 (Gingeras et al., J. Biol. Chem., in press) can be found in Ad7. URF1, encoding an Mr, 13 500 polypeptide at genome coordinate 17, is predominantly conserved in nucleotide and amino acid sequence, but contains one half as many arginine amino acids as does URF1 of Ad2. URF2, encoding an Mr 13600 protein which lies within the i-leader region, is not well conserved in either nucleotide or amino acid sequence.
Inner-City Real Estate Investment, Gentrification, and Economic Recession in New York City

Considerable debate about the significance of the early 1990s recession (and subsequent property boom) on gentrification is still largely unresolved because the scale of analysis used to research t...
Creative Arts Therapy Improves Quality of Life for Pediatric Brain Tumor Patients Receiving Outpatient Chemotherapy

This mixed methods pilot study evaluated the effects of the creative arts therapy (CAT) on the quality of life (QOL) of children receiving chemotherapy. A 2-group, repeated measures randomized design compared CAT with a volunteer's attention (n = 16). Statistical analysis of the randomized controlled phase of the study suggested an improvement in the following areas after the CAT: parent report of child's hurt (P = .03) and parent report of child's nausea (P = .0061). A nonrandomized phase, using a different instrument showed improved mood with statistical significance on the Faces Scale (P < .01), and patients were more excited (P < .05), happier (P < .02), and less nervous (P < .02). Provider focus groups revealed positive experiences. Case studies are included to exemplify the therapeutic process. With heightened interest in complementary therapy for children with cancer, future research with a larger sample size is needed to document the impact of incorporating creative arts into the healing process.
Cost-Effectiveness of Risk Stratified Followup after Urethral Reconstruction: A Decision Analysis

Purpose: We propose a novel risk stratified followup protocol for use after urethroplasty and explore potential cost savings.Materials and Methods: Decision analysis was performed comparing a symptom based, risk stratified protocol for patients undergoing excision and primary anastomosis urethroplasty vs a standard regimen of close followup for urethroplasty. Model assumptions included that excision and primary anastomosis has a 94% success rate, 11% of patients with successful urethroplasty had persistent lower urinary tract symptoms requiring cystoscopic evaluation, patients in whom treatment failed undergo urethrotomy and patients with recurrence on symptom based surveillance have a delayed diagnosis requiring suprapubic tube drainage. The Nationwide Inpatient Sample from 2010 was queried to identify the number of urethroplasties performed per year in the United States. Costs were obtained based on Medicare reimbursement rates.Results: The 5-year cost of a symptom based, risk stratified followup protoc...
The increasing incidence of snowboard-related trauma

Purpose To investigate injuries among children and adolescents who participate in downhill sports.
Kinetics of dissolution and Sr release during biotite and phlogopite weathering

The dissolution kinetics and isotopic composition of Sr released during the weathering of biotite and phlogopite were measured under experimental conditions at pH ∼ 3 and 25°C. Although the overall release of Sr was essentially stoichiometric, the 87Sr/86Sr ratios of weathering solutions were generally higher than the reacting mineral. The initial phase of dissolution was characterized by the simultaneous rapid release of Sr from the sheet silicate and from trace amounts of calcite inclusions. During the initial phase, the 87Sr/86Sr ratios of the output solutions were lower than either the bulk mineral or the later, steady-state ratios. After the early stages of the experiments, calcite dissolution became limited by the rate at which it was exposed to the weathering solution and the 87Sr/86Sr of the output solutions increased to values above those of the biotite and phlogopite (after correction for the calcite inclusions). Differences in the location of Sr and Rb within the mica structure may cause the Sr isotopic ratio of the effluent to increase above the mineral ratio. The log values of the steady-state Sr release rate constants (moles per meter per second) were determined to be −15.1 for biotite and −15.9 for phlogopite under our experimental conditions. Cation release rates indicate that different sites within the sheet silicate structure reacted at different rates. Interlayer cations were generally released more rapidly than octahedral cations, which reacted slightly faster than the tetrahedral cations. Interlayer potassium release was considered to be controlled by diffusion with a moving boundary condition. Diffusion coefficients calculated from this model were 3.5 × 10−19 cm2/s for biotite and 1.9 × 10−18 cm2/s for phlogopite. Iron oxidation appeared to limit the overall biotite dissolution rate. Iron-free phlogopite reacted nearly twice as fast as biotite. The log values of the overall dissolution rates (moles per meter per second) were determined to be −11.6 for biotite and −11.2 for phlogopite. Cation release during phlogopite dissolution was also much less stoichiometric than during biotite weathering.
Multi-scale modeling of fuzzy spatial objects by means of neural networks

The inherently spatial uncertainty of many geographic objects has been the target of several, though still limited number of, studies. Two types of uncertainties, namely fuzziness and randomness, have been formally characterized within the framework of fuzzy set and probability theories, respectively. However, the scale issue has not been explicitly considered in modelling vagueness, whilst it is true that the degree of uncertainty of many objects is in relation to the scale of its representation. Furthermore, though fuzzy data types have been there for some years, a computational framework for handling fuzzy spatial objects is still lacking. In this article a previously introduced neural representation of polygon layers has been generalized to represent not only polygons but also points, lines, and complex combinations of these in the hard (crisp) and fuzzy domains. Two types of neural units, combined with two types of activation function, were identified as the processing core of the model, where the activation function can be either hard or fuzzy. In the hard case, we show how it is possible to differentiate among interior, exterior and boundary of a polygon by using a tri-valued activation function instead of the binary function originally used. The generalization to fuzzy domains can be implemented in computers, allows hierarchical constructions of complex objects from basic ones and allows us to build upon traditional spatial databases (with crisp boundaries). It is shown how the degree of fuzziness may be related to the scale of the representation under the premise that a decrement in the degree of fuzziness may lead to new details becoming apparent in the boundary. Indications on how to perform a complex overlay of fuzzy maps are also provided.
Large eddy simulation of film cooling flow above a flat plate from inclined cylindrical holes

Large Eddy Simulation of a realistic film cooling configuration is performed, consisting of a large plenum feeding a periodic array of short film cooling holes with length to diameter ratio L/d = 3.5. Film cooling jets are issued at 35 degrees into the turbulent crossflow boundary layer above the flat surface. Time-averaged flowfield is analyzed to reveal steady and unsteady structures occurring as a result of plenum-jet-crossflow interactions. Among these structures are the flow separation inside the film-hole, reverse flow zone right behind the jet injection and the counter-rotating vortex pair in the wake of the jet. All of these structures influence the wall temperature distribution and have a negative effect on film cooling effectiveness.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Cutaneous T cell lymphoma in children.

Cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL) is a term used to describe a heterogeneous group of lymphoproliferative disorders that involve the skin. Mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome are two forms of CTCL that arise in adults and are uncommon in children. Dermatologists frequently employ the term CTCL as a synonym for mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome. There has been increased recognition that the mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome forms of CTCL may arise in children and adolescents. Moreover, younger adults with these types of CTCL report onset of symptoms during adolescence. The literature regarding CTCL in childhood is limited. The purpose of this article is the review the literature regarding CTCL arising in children. The clinical presentation including morphologic variants, diagnosis, prognosis, and management are summarized.
2-Butoxyethanol autoprotection is due to resiliance of newly formed erythrocytes to hemolysis.

Pretreatment with a low dose of a toxic chemical protecting the animals from a subsequently administered lethal dose of the same chemical is called autoprotection. Autoprotection by model hepatotoxicants has been recently shown to be due to augmentation of cell division and tissue repair as well as an inherent resiliance of newly divided cells. The present studies were designed to investigate if an autoprotection model could be established in an extrahepatic tissue. The second objective was to test the hypothesis that inherent resiliance of newly divided cells is a major contributing mechanism for autoprotection. Female Sprague-Dawley rats (200–250 g) received a single administration of a moderately toxic but nonlethal dose (500 mg/kg, p.o.) 7 days prior to the administration of an LD90 dose (1500 mg/kg, p.o.) of the same compound. All rats receiving the initial protective dose are able to survive the lethal dose of butoxyethanol, in contrast to the death of those receiving the lethal dose alone. Following the administration of butoxyethanol, the hematocrit decreased from the normal 45% to 18% and by day 7, recovered to normal levels. Following the lethal challenge, hematocrit decreased to 13% in the naive rats, while decreasing only to 27% in rats receiving the protective dose, permitting animal survival. Administration of pyrazole to inhibit metabolism of butoxyethanol to butoxyacetic acid abolished autoprotection. A time-course study, wherein the time intervening between the protective and lethal dose of butoxyethanol was increased, indicated that 100% autoprotection observed at 7 days wanes to a mere 12% by day 21, suggesting that ageing of the newly formed cells results in loss of their resiliance to hemolysis. This was also confirmed by in vitro studies. To test the hypothesis that new blood cells that replace the hemolyzed cells form the basis of autoprotection, rats were bled and allowed to recover prior to challenge with a lethal dose of butoxyethanol. Bled/recovered rats demonstrated an 87% survival. In vitro incubation experiments revealed that the red blood cells from the bled/recovered rats were resilient to a 10-fold range of butoxyacetic acid concentration compared to cells from control rats. This work has led to the establishment of 2-butoxyethanol autoprotection model in an extrahepatic tissue. The mechanism of this autoprotection seems to be the inherent resiliance of newly formed red blood cells that replace the cells lost due to hemolysis caused by the protective dose.
Adhesion of silver films to ion-bombarded alumina

Silver films were deposited on alumina substrates using ion bombardment. Adhesion strength was measured as a function of deposition conditions, sputter-cleaning time, and bombarding ion species, using a pull-type adhesion tester. Argon- and argon/oxygen-ion sputtering produced large increases in adhesion strength, with the greatest increases occurring for oxygen-ion bombardment. Adhesion strength increased monotonically as a function of ion sputtering time. At a given deposition rate, further enhancement of adhesion is seen with concurrent ion bombardment. 16 refs., 3 figs., 1 tab.
Interpersonal attachment cognitions and prediction of symptomatic responses to interpersonal stress

The authors tested a cognitive-interpersonal hypothesis of depression by examining the role of interpersonal cognitions in the prediction of depression associated with interpersonal stressors. A measure of adult attachment assessed interpersonal cognitions about ability to be close to others and to depend on others and anxiety about rejection and abandonment. Participants were women who had recently graduated from high school; they were followed for 1 year with extensive interview evaluation of life events, depression, and other symptomatology. Generally, cognitions, interpersonal events, and their interactions contributed to the prediction of interview-assessed depressive symptoms, but the effects were not specific to depression and predicted general symptomatology measured by diagnostic interviews as well, and results also varied by attachment subscale. Results were discussed in terms of a developmental psychopathology approach to disorders in young women.
On the syntax of english echo questions

Abstract Frequently, echo questions (EQs) in English have been considered so deviant from normal questions as to be excluded from syntactic descriptions of the latter (e.g., Culicover (1976: 73); Pesetsky (1987:122)). This article proposes an analysis of English EQs which brings them into the realm of normal question syntax. Here, EQs are divided into two syntactic types: pseudo EQs, which involve completely usual questioning strategies and syntax, and syntactic EQs. The latter involve a discourse strategy called COMP-freezing, and unselective binding (Pesetsky (1987)) of in-situ wh-phrases. Recognition of the frozen character of COMP in syntactic EQs results in this type also being analyzable in terms of normal rules and principles involved in the syntax of questions.
The labeling paradox: Stigma, the sick role, and social networks in mental illness.

Although research supports the stigma and labeling perspective, empirical evidence also indicates that a social safety net remains intact for those with mental illness, recalling the classic "sick role" concept. Here, insights from social networks theory are offered as explanation for these discrepant findings. Using data from individuals experiencing their first contact with the mental health treatment system, the effects of diagnosis and symptoms on social networks and stigma experiences are examined. The findings suggest that relative to those with less severe affective disorders, individuals with severe diagnoses and more visible symptoms of mental illness have larger, more broadly functional networks, as well as more supporters who are aware of and sympathetic toward the illness situation. However, those with more severe diagnoses are also vulnerable to rejection and discrimination by acquaintances and strangers. These findings suggest that being formally labeled with a mental illness may present a paradox, simultaneously initiating beneficial social processes within core networks and detrimental ones among peripheral ties.
Microbiology of acute and chronic maxillary sinusitis associated with an odontogenic origin.

Objectives: To study the microbiology of sinusitis associated with odontogenic origin. Methods: Aspirates of 20 acutely and 28 chronically infected maxillary sinuses that were associated with odontogenic infection were processed for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Results: A total of 66 isolates were recovered from the 20 cases of acute sinusitis (3.3/specimen), 16 aerobic and facultatives, and 50 anaerobic. Aerobes alone were recovered in 2 (10%) specimens, anaerobes only in 10 (50%), and mixed aerobic and anaerobic bacteria in 8 (40%). The predominant aerobic were α-hemolytic streptococci (5), microaerophilic streptococci (4), and Staphylococcus aureus (2). The predominant anaerobes were anaerobic Gram-negative bacilli (22), Peptostreptococcus (12), and Fusobacterium spp. (9). A total of 98 isolates were recovered from the 28 cases of chronic sinusitis (3.5/patient): 21 aerobic and facultatives and 77 anaerobic. Aerobes were recovered in 3 (11%) instances, anaerobes only in 11 (39%), and mixed aerobic and anaerobic bacteria in 14 (50%). The predominant aerobes were α-hemolytic streptococci (7), microaerophilic streptococci (4), and S. aureus (5). The predominant anaerobes were Gram-negative bacilli (41), Peptostreptococcus (16), and Fusobacterium spp. (12). Thirteen β–lactamase-producing bacteria (BLPB) were recovered from 10 (50%) patients with acute sinusitis and 25 BLPB from 21 (75%) patients with chronic sinusitis. No correlation was found between the predisposing odontogenic conditions and the microbiological findings. Conclusions: These data illustrate the similar microbiology of acute and chronic maxillary sinusitis associated with odontogenic infection where anaerobic bacteria predominate in both types of infections.
Amino acid cycling in ribbed mussel tissues subjected to hyperosmotic shock

Variations in the high concentrations of intracellular amino acids in the tissues of osmoconforming, euryhaline animals such as the ribbed mussel (Modiolus demissus) appear to have a major role in adjusting intracellular osmotic pressure in response to extracellular osmotic change. The experiments discussed here on the metabolic origins and fates of these amino acids are part of a continuing study on the physiological mechanisms regulating the concentrations of these amino acids. Tissues isolated from ribbed mussels adapted at 12 o/oo were incubated for 8 hrs. in artificial seawater media at 12 o/oo or 32 o/oo. The total marked increase in total intracellular amino acid levels at 32 o/oo vs. 12 o/oo was not blocked by addition of 1 mM amino oxyacetic acid (AOA). However, with AOA the usual increase in alanine and proline concentrations was offset by increases in a variety of amino acids including ornithine. AOA inhibited transaminases associated with ornithine, alanine, and glutamate metabolism (I50s:10−8 to 10−5 M) but did not inhibit the L-amino acid oxidase. 14C-tracer experiments with isolated gill tissue indicated no synthesis of proline from glutamate and enhanced synthesis of proline, alanine, and glutamate from ornithine and arginine at 32 o/oo vs. 12 o/oo. L-amino acid oxidase, proline oxidase, glutamate dehydrogenase, and enzymes in the metabolic pathway between arginine and proline were found in cell-free extracts of gill tissue. During hyperosmotic stress, proline was apparently derived from the phosphoarginine-arginine pool, whereas alanine and the other accumlating amino acids have multiple metabolic origins including the amino acids released during protein turnover, the metabolites of the phosphoarginine pool, and possibly endogenous carbohydrate.
Types of eye movements evoked by thalamic microstimulation in the alert cat.

Abstract We characterized the type of eye movements evoked by electrical stimulation of the thalamic internal medullary lamina in alert cats. For comparison, other thalamic nuclei were studied: the lateral posterior, lateral dorsal, pulvinar complex, and ventral lateral nuclei. Three types of eye movements were distinguished: (i) Direction and amplitude-specific saccades were the most common type of eye movements evoked by electrical stimulation of the majority of the explored nuclei with the exception of the ventral lateral nucleus. Mean latency and threshold were 45 ms and 50 to 100 μA, compared with 60 ms and 200 to 300 μA for the same type of saccades evoked by electrical stimulation of the posterior thalamus. (ii) Saccades which appeared goal directed were evoked in 25% of the stimulations in the region of the internal medullary lamina. Their latency and threshold depended on the initial position of the eyes: The more deviated the eyes were from the “goal area,” the shorter the latency (minimum, 35 ms) and the lower the threshold (minimum, 16 μA). (iii) Centering saccades were evoked by stimulation of the ventral lateral nucleus. They were always accompanied by other movements. The minimum latency and threshold were, respectively, 90 ms and 200 μA. The finding that goal-directed saccades were selectively produced from certain internal medullary lamina sites is consistent with the view that a translation of spatial coordinates occurs at this level in the programming of eye movements.
Insulation Variability Its Influence in Determining Breakdown Voltages

The purpose of the paper is to describe a method of analysis for taking into account the effect of insulation variability in the determination of breakdown voltages and allowable operating stresses. The method is applicable to systems containing large areas of insulation, or large numbers of units of insulation in parallel. General equations are derived, giving the breakdown voltage and number of failures to be expected, in terms of two parameters; the mean breakdown voltage and the variability of the insulation, both of which are determined from tests made on samples. It is shown how the results may be applied to the special case of electric power cables, for comparing the relative merits of different cables, and for determining the safety factor required to take account of the inherent variability and consequent unreliability of the insulation. The necessity of considering the variability as well as the so-called strength of insulation is emphasized, and its importance brought out in terms of allowable operating stresses and failures. A graphical method of analysis is described, which makes use of probability paper, changing the probability scale from ``per cent'' to ``failures per hundred miles per year'' in the case of cables. Predictions of theory are compared with the results of practise, using results from experiments made to determine the effect of electrode area on breakdown voltage. Good agreement is shown between the two.
Short communication: Rapid antibiotic screening tests detect antibiotic residues in powdered milk products

Rapid antibiotic screening tests are widely used in the dairy industry to monitor milk for the presence of antibiotic residues above regulated levels. Given the persistent concern over contamination of milk products with antibiotic residues, we investigated the utility of IDEXX Snap test devices (IDEXX Laboratories Inc., Westbrook, ME) as tools for detecting antibiotic residues in powdered milk products. Five powdered milk products were reconstituted according to manufacturer specification with distilled water: Carnation (Nestle USA Inc., Solon, OH), Nido youth and Nido adult (Nestle Mexico Inc., Mexico City, Mexico), ELK (Campina, Eindhoven, the Netherlands), and Regilait (Saint-Martin-Belle-Roche, France). Positive samples were generated by spiking reconstituted milk with penicillin G, cephapirin, or tetracycline to either the European Union-regulated maximum residue limit or the FDA-regulated safe/tolerance level, whichever was lower. Control, unspiked negative milk samples and positive samples were tested with appropriate IDEXX Snap test kits (penicillin G and cephapirin with New Beta-Lactam, tetracycline with New Tetracycline). All samples yielded definitive results consistent with expectations, and there were no instances of false-positive or false-negative readings. These results suggest that both the New Beta-Lactam and New Tetracycline IDEXX Snap test kits effectively detect antibiotic residues in commercially available powdered milk samples and are useful tools for monitoring antibiotic residues in reconstituted powdered milk products.
Topology of high-contrast patches in SAR images

With continuing growth in sensor capabilities and database complexity, the analysis and understanding of large data sets becomes increasingly important. Numerous researchers have recently explored the geometry and topology of high contrast patches in natural images in an attempt to understand the underlying manifold of the data. The results show that the majority of natural image patches are best represented by corners and edges, as one would expect from visual inspection. In this paper, we extend this analysis to log-magnitude SAR images from the MSTAR database. Our results show that the most representative high contrast patches in SAR images lie among the clutter however methods extracting target patches only show results more similar to that obtained for natural imagery. Contrary to their natural image counterparts however, high contrast patches in SAR imagery lack a significant geometric structure.