cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fluid Replacement Requirements for Child Athletes

Thermoregulatory responses to exercise differ in prepubertal athletes compared with their adult counterparts. It is important, therefore, to consider fluid requirements specific to this age group to prevent risks of dehydration and diminished sports performance. Relative to their body size, children demonstrate lower sweat water losses during exercise than adults. Nonetheless, percentage levels of incurred dehydration are similar in pre- and postpubertal athletes. Moreover, voluntary (ad libitum) drinking volumes in children in respect to their body size are comparable or greater than those of adults. Given an adequate opportunity to drink during exercise, volume intake driven by thirst should be expected to prevent significant levels of dehydration in child athletes. The amount can be calculated conservatively as an hourly fluid intake of 13 mL/kg (6 mL/lb) bodyweight. Equally important is post-exercise fluid replenishment (approximately 4 mL/kg [2 mL/lb] for each hour of exercise) to avoid initiating subsequent exercise bouts in a dehydrated state. Choice of fluid should be dictated by taste preference, since volume of intake, rather than fluid content, is the most critical issue in child athletes. Since children may lack motivation for proper fluid intake behaviours, the responsibility falls to coaches and parents to assure that young athletes receive appropriate hydration during and after exercise bouts.
Newtonian mechanics of a many-particle assembly coupled to an external body potential

The Newtonian mechanics of a many-particle system evolving in time under the influence of an external body potential, that is, an external potential that couples to the center of mass only, is examined. The lack of any other external fields allows the complete separation of the center-of-mass (or external-field-dependent) equations from the internal (or external-field-independent) dynamics. The complete solution of the center-of-mass motion then allows an analytical evaluation of the external body potential contributions to the thermophysical properties of the system. The phenomena of field-induced heating, Taylor-Aris hydrodynamic form for the diffusion tensor, and an analogous hydrodynamic form for the viscosity tensor are derived from microscopic principles. A brief and model-dependent description of equilibrium phenomena is also presented.
In situ generation of (C5H5)Fe(C6H5O)

Abstract The iron complex 1 / 1′ was formed cleanly upon treatment of CpFe(2-trimethylsilylethoxybenzene) hexafluorophosphate with tetrabutyl ammonium fluoride. Reaction with a number of electrophiles led to good yields of the O -substituted arenes.
Arrhythmias following Cardiac Valve Replacement

A prospective study of 50 consecutive patients undergoing cardiac valve replacement was designed to determine the incidence, types, and predisposing factors to postoperative arrhythmias. Patients were monitored continuously for the first 7 days following surgery. Thirty-seven patients (74%) experienced a total of 66 episodes of arrhythmia. Supra-ventricualr arrhythmias were the most common (43 of 66; 65%). The most frequent specific arrhythmia was atrial fibrillation (21 of 66; 32%). Arrhythmias occurred 77% of the time within the first 48 hours of surgery. Of 25 factors evaluated preoperatively in each patient, only two were found to predispose to postoperative arrhythmias. These were: (1) previous cardiac surgery; and (2) elevated blood urea nitrogen. There were four hospital deaths, representinig a hospital mortality of 8%. No deaths were due to a primary arrhythmia. It is concluded that whereas arrhythmias are a very common complication of cardiac valve replacement, early detection and treatment has l...
Specializations, Faculty Interest, and Courses in Physical Planning Subjects at Graduate Planning Schools

This article describes the level of physical planning educational activ ity at graduate schools of city and regional planning. The major find ings are (1) in many schools, special izations in physi...
“A Picture’s Worth a Thousand Words”: Language Use in the Autophotographic Essay

The authors applied Pennebaker's Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) program to autophotographic essays addressing the question, "Who are you?" to test hypotheses about individuality and social connectedness. Specifically, the authors tested whether insight-oriented words would correlate with individuality ratings, defining essays that portray unique persons who creatively explore the self. Second, the authors tested whether connectedness, operationalized by photos of people-touching and self with others, would correlate with social process words. In 164 student photo essays, greater linguistic cognitive complexity characterized individuality, even when controlling for needs for cognition and uniqueness, and verbal intelligence. Connectedness predicted social words. These findings show that autophotography essays do capture complex self-reflective thought and suggest LIWC may be a valuable tool for understanding the expression of individuality and relatedness.
On Models of the Temperature Effect on the Rate of Chemical Reactions and Biological Processes in Foods

The most popular model of the temperature effect on the rate of chemical and biochemical reactions and biological processes in foods is the Arrhenius equation. Reactions and processes that have an optimal or threshold temperature, or whose rate constant versus the absolute temperature reciprocal plot is curvilinear, clearly do not follow the original Arrhenius model. Their kinetics has been described by expanded versions of the Arrhenius equation, the WLF model or log-logistic model and more recently by the Eyring–Polanyi equation. Computer simulations and re-analysis of published experimental rate–temperature relationships show that over a wide range of temperatures, the fit of the Arrhenius equation can be matched by a simpler exponential model, akin to the log-linear model used in food microbiology. This indicates that the temperature-independent energy of activation’s existence cannot be inferred from the Arrhenius plot’s linearity alone and needs independent verification. The same can be said about the Eyring–Polanyi model’s fit and the inference of a temperature-independent free energy of activation. These two models’ good fit might be primarily due to their mathematical structure and not the validity of their underlying statistical mechanistic assumptions. Similarly, the WLF model’s fit can be matched by other two-parameter empirical models that do not imply any analogy between the response of food systems to heat and the rheology of plasticized synthetic rubbery polymers. Therefore, parameters of temperature dependence models obtained by curve fitting should not be considered as having physical meaning unless verified experimentally by an independent test.
Evaluation of bidirectional interstimulus interval (ISI) shift in auditory delay eye-blink conditioning in healthy humans

Delay eye-blink conditioning is an associative learning task that can be utilized to probe the functional integrity of the cerebellum and related neural circuits. Typically, a single interstimulus interval (ISI) is utilized, and the amplitude of the conditioned response (CR) is the primary dependent variable. To study the timing of the CR, an ISI shift can be introduced (e.g., shifting the ISI from 350 to 850 ms). In each phase, a conditioned stimulus (e.g., a 400- or 900-ms tone) coterminates with a 50-ms corneal air puff unconditioned stimulus. The ability of a subject to adjust the CR to the changing ISI constitutes a critical timing shift. The feasibility of this procedure was examined in healthy human participants (N = 58) using a bidirectional ISI shift procedure while cortical event-related brain potentials were measured. CR acquisition was faster and the responses better timed when a short ISI was used. After the ISI shift, additional training was necessary to allow asymptotic responding at the new ISI. Interestingly, auditory event-related potentials to the CR were not associated with conditioning measures at either ISI.
Involvement of Photosystem II in the ammonia metabolism of a heterotrophic cyanobacterium

Abstract Herbicides that bind specifically to Photosystem II greatly increased ammonia liberation by a heterotrophic cyanobacterium incubated with methionine sulfoximine anaerobically in light. Comparison of cells incubated under argon and nitrogen indicated that about one-half of the liberated ammonia came from endogenous sources, as well as from dinitrogen fixation. Chromatography of cell extracts revealed a light-induced, general breakdown of cellular proteins in the presence of methionine sulfoximide. Cultures grown on ammonia, and hence free of heterocysts and nitrogenase, liberated ammonia in the dark in nitrogen-free media with methionine sulfoximine and this liberation was inhibited separately by herbicides or light. A combination of light and herbicide, however, also enhanced ammonia liberation by these cells. Herbicidal Photosystem II inhibitors strongly inhibited light-induced assimilation of the ammonia analog, [ 14 C]methylamine, by cyanobacteria. These results implicate Photosystem II directly in the ammonia metabolism of this cyanobacterium and suggest that herbicide-binding protein(s) of this system may regulate nitrogen assimilation coordinately with electron transport.
Ultrastructure and prevalence of viral erythrocytic necrosis (VEN) virus in Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua L., from the northern Atlantic Ocean.

. Blood samples were taken from Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua L., and several other marine teleost species in the northwest Atlantic Ocean to determine the prevalence of viral erythrocytic necrosis (VEN). The infection was found in G, morhua at a level of approximately 1.5° in the samples collected from both Newfoundland and Greenland. The latter finding extends the geographic range of VEN infection in this species. Ultrastructural details of the virus in erythrocytes of G. morhua from Greenland differed in several morphologic features from those previously reported.
Dose Rate Effect of 125I Irradiation on Normal Rabbit Eyes and Experimental Choroidal Melanoma

Abstract The dose rate effect of radiation by 125I plaque on choroidal melanoma and normal intraocular tissue was studied. In the first part of the experiment, high activity plaques (HAP) and low activity plaques (LAP) were implanted on rabbit eyes with experimental Greene choroidal melanoma to deliver a total dose of 10000 cGy to the tumor apex. The mean dose rate calculated at 0·5 mm from the inner sclera in eight eyes with high activity plaques was 3341·5 cGy hr-1 (1 cGy = 1 rad) while that in ten eyes with low activity plaques was 239·9 cGy hr-1. For tumors less than 1·0 mm in height, both groups showed complete tumor regression at the tumor implantation site after plaque treatment. For tumors more than 1·0 mm in height, two out of two eyes in the low activity plaque group and one of four eyes in the high activity plaque group failed to show complete tumor regression. Both LAP and HAP were effective in eradicating tumors, but logistic regression analysis demonstrates that HAP was more effective than LAP when adjustment was made for initial tumor height (P = 0·032). Nine tumor control eyes without 125I plaque implantation demonstrated marked tumor growth within 3 weeks. In the second part of the experiment, 125I plaques were implanted on the sclera of 12 normal rabbits' eyes. Six received high dose rate plaque treatment, while the other six received low dose rate plaque treatment. Clinical and histologic examinations demonstrated more damaging effects to the normal chorioretinal tissues at the plaque implantation site in the high dose rate plaque group at 24 weeks of follow-up. These results suggest that high dose rate plaques are more effective than low dose rate plaques when tumor height is statistically controlled. However, high dose rate delivery increases the damaging effects on normal intraocular tissue.
The turbulent‐field environment of sociotechnical systems: Beyond metaphor

This article deals with the levels of the organization, the society, and the supranational system of living systems theory. The reasons for and bases of extending the idea of the turbulent-field environment of sociotechnical systems are briefly noted. The familiar information-decision-action-feedback model is expanded in terms of kinds of uncertainty, the cognitive models of decision makers, and the counterintuitive effects of seemingly straightforward and rational decisions. The concept of turbulence is specified more fully via recent work on chaos, and the possibly unexpected and drastic effects of decision making in complex systems are explicated via the concepts of attractors, epigenetic landscapes, and basins of attraction. The structural stability/instability of systems and environments is then defined in terms of order parameter, potential functions, and catastrophe-theory models. This approach is continued using dissipative-structure theory. Two illustrative cases of real-world turbulence, the destruction of the ozone layer and the generation of social networks in migration, are next presented. It is considered likely that environmental turbulence will expand greatly both qualitatively and quantitatively and, if present trends and parctices continue, will be decreasingly beyond human understanding and control.
Measuring heavy metal content in bone using portable X-ray fluorescence

The ability of inorganic-based analytical chemistry techniques to quantify trace amounts of heavy metals in skeletal remains has been integral for understanding health and social status in human populations. Low detection limits and the sensitivity of inductively coupled plasma- mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and other techniques to most elements on the periodic table are ideally suited for the quantification of lead (Pb) and other heavy metals in bone. However, the time required for sample preparation and analysis, expense, destructive analytical process, and availability of instrumentation often limit researchers’ ability to utilise these techniques for archaeological applications. This paper explores the use of portable X-ray fluorescence (XRF) instrumentation for heavy metal analysis of bone as an alternative to more traditional analytical techniques. XRF has been shown to be an extremely useful tool for archaeologists seeking to conduct quantitative analyses of cultural materials such as obsidian and metals. However, little research has been undertaken to assess the usefulness of portable XRF for measuring heavy metals found in low concentrations in archaeological bone. This paper compares data derived from ICP-MS and portable XRF analyses of bone. Results demonstrate that XRF analyses of bone are problematic due to diagenesis and variability of Pb content in bone.
Calibration of satellite classifications of land area

Abstract In forestry applications, the classical and the inverse calibration methods are commonly used to correct for misclassification bias in satellite-based areal cover type estimates. Both methods, as applied in forestry, require that the reference data used for calibration be independent of the data used to train the classifier. Further, variance estimates for the calibration methods are valid only if the reference data arise from a simple random sample. A comprehensive simulation study was conducted comparing these two methods for a broad range of cover type distributions, classification accuracies, and reference sample sizes. The estimates of the two methods were compared on the basis of bias and accuracy. Variance estimates for the two methods were also studied. The inverse method consistently outperformed the classical method. Results of the simulation study and possible implications are discussed.
Applications of Gibbs random field in image processing: from segmentation to enhancement

The Gibbs random field (GRF) has been proved to be a simple and practical way of parameterizing the Markov random field which has been widely used to model an image or image related process in may image processing applications. In particular, Gibbs random field can be employed to construct an efficient Bayesian estimation that often yields optimal results. In this paper, we describe how the Gibbs random field can be efficiently incorporated into optimization processes in several representative applications, ranging from image segmentation to image enhancement. One example is the segmentation of CT volumetric image sequence in which the GRF has been incorporated into K-means clustering to enforce the neighborhood constraints. Another example is the artifact removal in DCT based low bit rate image compression in which GRF has been used to design an enhancement algorithm that smooths the artificial block boundary as well as ringing pattern while still preserve the image details. The third example is an elegant integration of GRF into a wavelet subband coding of video signals in which the high-frequency bands are segmented with spatial constraints specified by a GRF while the subsequent enhancement of the decompressed images is accomplished with the smoothing function specified by another corresponding GRF. With these diverse examples, we are able to demonstrated that various features of images can be all properly characterized by a Gibbs random field. The specific form of the Gibbs random field can be selected according to the characteristics of an individual application. We believe that Gibbs random field is a powerful tool to exploit the spatial dependency in various images, and is applicable to many other image processing tasks.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Panel Count Data Regression with Informative Observation Times

When patients are monitored for potentially recurrent events such as infections or tumor metastases, it is common for clinicians to ask patients to come back sooner for follow-ups based on the results of the most recent exam. This means that subjects' observation times will be irregular and related to subject-specific factors. Previously proposed methods for handling such panel count data assume that the dependence between the events process and the observation time process is governed by time-independent factors. This article considers situations where the observation times are predicted by time-varying factors such as the outcome observed at the last visit or cumulative exposure. Using a joint modelling approach, we propose a class of inverse-intensity-rate-ratio weighted estimators that are root-n consistent and asymptotically normal. The proposed estimators use estimating equations and are fairly simple and easy to compute. We demonstrate the performance of the method using simulated data and illustrate the approach using a cancer study dataset.
Parallel nonlinear predictive control

In this work we discuss methods of implementing nonlinear predictive control on a parallel computational platform. We focus on the ability of these methods to handle, in a systematic way, large-scale systems with nonlinearities and constraints. We propose a method based on parallel linear algebra algorithms and apply this method to energy efficient control of commercial buildings. The proposed model predictive controller (MPC) minimizes energy consumption while satisfying occupant thermal comfort by using predictive knowledge of weather and occupancy profiles. We present a numerical study examining the capabilities of state-of-the-art interior point optimization solvers to utilize parallel linear algebra. We are particularly concerned with the sparsity of large scale MPC problems and how well the linear algebra algorithms are able to take advantage of that sparsity.
A Sound Principle, but Not a Playbook

Security First: For a Muscular, Moral Foreign Policy, by Amitai Etzioni, offers a promising effort to transcend the sterile debate between realism and idealism in U.S. foreign policy by arguing that the pursuit of security is a precondition to the longer-term objective of promoting democracy and human rights. Although conceptually appealing as a way to prioritize among potentially competing objectives, the book struggles with thorny problems of implementation that plague real world policy makers, including how to deal with the nuclear threats posed by North Korea and Iran, how to improve counterterrorism cooperation by ambivalent partners like Pakistan and when to intervene in the case of failed states.
Working memory constraints on the processing of syntactic ambiguity

We propose a model that explains how the working-memory capacity of a comprehender can constrain syntactic parsing and thereby affect the processing of syntactic ambiguities. The model's predictions are examined in four experiments that measure the reading times for two constructions that contain a temporary syntactic ambiguity. An example of the syntactic ambiguity is The soldiers warned about the dangers …; the verb warned may either be the main verb, in which case soldiers is the agent; or the verb warned may introduce a relative clause, in which case soldiers is the patient of warned rather than the agent, as in The soldiers warned about the dangers conducted the midnight raid. The model proposes that both alternative interpretations of warned are initially activated. However, the duration for which both interpretations are maintained depends, in part, on the reader's working-memory capacity, which can be assessed by the Reading Span task (Daneman & Carpenter, 1980). The word-by-word reading times indicate that all subjects do additional processing after encountering an ambiguity, suggesting that they generate both representations. Furthermore, readers with larger working-memory capacities maintain both representations for some period of time (several words), whereas readers with smaller working-memory capacities revert to maintaining only the more likely representation.
The development of an EMG-assisted model to assess spine loading during whole-body free-dynamic lifting

Low back disorders (LBDs) are the most common and costly occupationally-related compensable conditions facing employers today. Over the years several biomechanical assessment models have been developed that intended to assess the load profile imposed upon the spine during lifting and, thus, intended to facilitate the control of LBD risk in the workplace. Many of these biomechanical models have evolved based upon assumptions about how the trunk musculature respond to loads imposed upon the body during lifting. However, few of these models have been able to accurately predict the co-contraction of the trunk musculature which has been shown to have a major influence on the development of spinal loads. Thus, our understanding of how the spine is loaded under realistic dynamic lifting conditions has been deficient. A biologically-assisted or EMG-assisted model has been developed in our laboratory over the past 15 years which endeavours to overcome these traditional problems. The model has been assessed in the sagittal, coronal, and torsional planes of the body. The model development and performance will be reviewed as well as the benefits for controlling occupationally-related LBDs.
Occipital ablation and retention of a visual conditioned avoidance response in the rat

Retention of a cooperatively established light contingent avoidance response following bilateral occipital ablation was studied. The two variables of interest, level of preoperative training and duration of postoperative recovery period, had a significant effect upon postoperative retention.
Enhanced spin injection into single layer graphene with atomically smooth MgO barrier

Single layer graphene (SLG) is a promising material for spintronics due to predictions of long spin life time, and unusual spin dependent behaviors such as half-metallic ferromagnetism for graphene nanoribbons. Previously, we fabricated SLG spin valves utilizing transparent contacts Co/SLG with MgO masking layer, and observed gate tunable spin transport at room temperature (RT) [1]. For the non-local MR measurement (Figure 1a), spin is injected at electrode E2 and detected at E3. Figure 1b shows the non-local MR loop for a SLG spin valve with transparent contacts as the magnetic field is swept up (black curve) and swept down (red curve).
Preventing school violence: The use of office discipline referrals to assess and monitor school-wide discipline interventions.

Confronted by increasing incidents of violent behavior in schools, educators are being asked to make schools safer. Schools, however, receive little guidance or assistance in their attempts to establish and sustain proactive discipline systems. One area of need lies in directions for use of existing discipline information to improve school-wide behavior support. In this article, we describe how office discipline referrals might be used as an information source to provide an indicator of the status of school-wide discipline and to improve the precision with which schools manage, monitor, and modify their universal interventions for all students and their targeted interventions for students who exhibit the most severe problem behaviors.
The Country Institutional Profile for Entrepreneurship Revisited

In this study, I rerun the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) first analyzed by Busenitz, Gomez, & Spencer (2000). As in the original study, I develop a 3-factor model for the Country Institutional...
The fine structure of melanogenesis in coat color mutants of the mouse

Melanogenesis in the eyes of various pigment mutants of the mouse was examined by electron microscopy. It is apparent from the results that premelanosomes in the choroid and the retina of most mutants studied have essentially identical developmental characteristics. Although the pigment mutations affect the size, shape, and distribution of the granules, the major effect common to most of them is the premature termination of melanization of the premelanosome filaments. It seems probable that melanogenesis in both the choroid and retina follows a common pathway, and possible sites of action by gene mutations on this pathway are discussed.
Linear Equality Constraints in the General Linear Mixed Model

Scientists may wish to analyze correlated outcome data with constraints among the responses. For example, piecewise linear regression in a longitudinal data analysis can require use of a general linear mixed model combined with linear parameter constraints. Although well developed for standard univariate models, there are no general results that allow a data analyst to specify a mixed model equation in conjunction with a set of constraints on the parameters. We resolve the difficulty by precisely describing conditions that allow specifying linear parameter constraints that insure the validity of estimates and tests in a general linear mixed model. The recommended approach requires only straightforward and noniterative calculations to implement. We illustrate the convenience and advantages of the methods with a comparison of cognitive developmental patterns in a study of individuals from infancy to early adulthood for children from low-income families.
Heat transfer in the inverted meniscus type evaporator at high heat fluxes

A one-dimensional mathematical model of the heat transfer during evaporation of the liquid from the liquid-vapor interface located in a porous structure into the dry region between the interface and the solid heated surface is developed for the case when the vapor flows through the narrow dry porous zone along the heated surface towards the vapor channel. The model predicts the location and shape of the liquid-vapor interface, the overall heat transfer coefficient, and the heat fluxes which can be recognized as critical for the evaporator. The numerical results are presented for the case of the miniature evaporator for electronic components cooling.
Oseltamivir Inhibits H7 Influenza Virus Replication in Mice Inoculated by the Ocular Route

The majority of human infections associated with H7 influenza viruses have resulted in ocular and not respiratory disease. While oseltamivir has been prescribed to individuals presenting with conjunctivitis following H7 virus exposure, it is unknown if oseltamivir inhibits virus replication in ocular tissue. We demonstrate that H7 viruses possess sensitivity to neuraminidase inhibitors and that administration of oseltamivir before ocular virus challenge in mice inhibits H7N7 and H7N3 virus replication in ocular and respiratory tissues.
The archive in the field: document, discourse, and space in Mexico's agrarian reform

Abstract In the immediate aftermath of Mexico's revolution (1910–1920), increasing numbers of surveyors, agronomists, and agrarian bureaucrats headed out to the countryside to implement the agrarian reforms promised in the decree of 1915 and the Constitution of 1917. In this essay I ask a very basic set of questions about the use, evaluation, and making of spatial knowledge in a revolutionary context: when bureaucrats went in to the field after the revolution, what did they do? What roles, if any, did local inhabitants themselves play in the processes that unfolded? And what constituted the acceptable body of knowledge—the archive—necessary to resolve persistent boundary questions that impeded the reform? I examine these questions by looking closely at the textual and personal interactions between one agrarian bureaucrat and the inhabitants and authorities in the villages to which he had been sent in central Veracruz. Their interactions reveal the degree to which campesinos in the countryside appropriated and deployed different aspects of revolutionary rhetoric in an effort to shape new spaces, or recreate previous ones, in the 1920s.
PIV examination of spray-enhanced swirl flow for combustion stabilization in a spray-guided stratified-charge direct-injection spark-ignition engine

Practical implementation of spray-guided stratified-charge direct-injection spark-ignition engines can be inhibited by combustion instability, in particular the occurrence of misfire and partial bu...
Reconstruction techniques after proctectomy: what's the best?

There are ~40,000 new rectal cancer cases diagnosed each year in the United States, representing the second most common gastrointestinal malignancy (behind colon cancer). With the advent of sphincter preserving techniques, patients with mid and low colorectal cancers enjoy the benefits of better postoperative functional outcomes and quality of life; however, controversy exists over which reconstructive technique is superior in restoring bowel continuity. Construction of a straight coloanal anastomosis is technically simpler, but functional outcomes are inferior compared with colonic reservoirs. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current data regarding reconstructive techniques following proctectomy.
The Classification of Medical Events Using Latent Semantic Analysis

Clinical information is dominated by natural language representation of data and knowledge. To bring quantitative methods to bear in the empiric analysis of clinical episodes, they must be classified into reasonably homogenous categories that sustain inference and generalization. A tangible, if trivial, example of a classification requirement is the retrieval of patient cases relevant to the testing of a clinical hypothesis, so that they can be further scrutinized. Reliance on text word retrieval alone, drawn from natural language summaries, is fraught with contextual ambiguity and defeated by an expressively rich sub-language.
Mini-dose glucagon rescue for mild hypoglycaemia in children with type 1 diabetes: the Brisbane experience.

Objectives: To evaluate the use of small doses of glucagon using an insulin syringe in mild or impending hypoglycaemia in children with type 1 diabetes. Methods: Data were collected from patients attending the Paediatric Diabetes Clinic at the Queensland Diabetes Centre at the Mater Hospital, Brisbane in 2002-2004 following the institution of a new protocol for home management of mild or impending hypoglycaemia associated with inability or refusal to take oral carbohydrate. The protocol recommended the use of subcutaneous injections of glucagon using insulin syringes at a dose of two ' units ' (20 mu g) in children 2 years of age or younger, and for older children one unit per year of age up to a maximum of 15 units (150 mu g), with an additional doubled dose given if the blood glucose had not increased in 20 min. Results: Over a 2-year period, 25 children were treated with mini-dose glucagon on a total of 38 occasions. Additional doses were required for recurring hypoglycaemia on 20 (53%) occasions. The child could be managed at home on 32 (84%) of these 38 occasions, with only 6 (16%) children needing hospital treatment. Conclusions: Our study confirmed that small doses of glucagon given subcutaneously with an insulin syringe is a simple, practical and effective home treatment of mild or impending hypoglycaemia due to gastroenteritis or food refusal in children with type 1 diabetes.
Total IgA and IgA reactivity to antigen I/II epitopes in HLA-DRB1*04 positive subjects

Bacterial adherence to the acquired dental pellicle, important in dental caries (caries), is mediated by receptor-adhesins such as salivary agglutinin binding to Streptococcus mutans antigen I/II (I/II). Ten selected I/II epitopes were chosen to determine their reactivity to human salivary IgA. Previous studies suggested that a specific HLA biomarker group (HLA-DRB1*04) may have differential influence of immune responses to I/II. However, it was not known whether secretory IgA (SIgA) responses to the selected epitopes from HLA-DRB1*04 positive subjects were different compared to controls, or across other caries-related factors such as total IgA (TIgA). Thirty-two total subjects were matched according to HLA type, gender, ethnicity and age. HLA genotyping, oral bacterial, immunoglobulin and antibody analyses were performed. A large observed difference emerged with regard to the natural immune reservoir of TIgA in HLA-DRB1*04 positive subjects, specifically, a 27.6% reduction compared to controls. In contrast to all other epitopes studied, HLA-DRB1*04 positive subjects also exhibited reduced reactivity to I/II epitope 834-853. HLA-DRB1*04 positive subjects exhibited lower specific SIgA activity/TIgA to 834-853 and also a lower specific reactivity to 834-853/whole cell S. mutans UA159. Furthermore, HLA-DRB1*04 positive subjects exhibited lower responses to I/II in its entirety. The large observed difference in TIgA and the 834-853 reactivity pattern across multiple measures suggest potentially important connections pertaining to the link between HLA-DRB1*04 and caries.
Advancements in internationally accepted standards for radiation processing

Abstract Three subcommittees of the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) are developing standards on various aspects of radiation processing. Subcommittee E10.01 “Dosimetry for Radiation Processing” has published 9 standards on how to select and calibrate dosimeters, where to put them, how many to use, and how to use individual types of dosimeter systems. The group is also developing standards on how to use gamma, electron beam, and x-ray facilities for radiation processing, and a standard on how to treat dose uncertainties. Efforts are underway to promote inclusion of these standards into procedures now being developed by government agencies and by international groups such as the United Nations' International Consultative Group on Food Irradiation (ICGFI) in order to harmonize regulations and help avoid trade barriers. Subcommittee F10.10 “Food Processing and Packaging” has completed standards on good irradiation practices for meat and poultry and for fresh fruits, and is developing similar standards for the irradiation of seafood and spices. These food-related standards are based on practices previously published by ICGFI. Subcommittee E10.07 on “Radiation Dosimetry for Radiation Effects on Materials and Devices” principally develops standards for determining doses for radiation hardness testing of electronics. Some, including their standards on the Fricke and TLD dosimetry systems are equally useful in other radiation processing applications.
Low Literacy Impairs Comprehension of Prescription Drug Warning Labels

BACKGROUND: Adverse events resulting from medication error are a serious concern. Patients’ literacy and their ability to understand medication information are increasingly seen as a safety issue. OBJECTIVE: To examine whether adult patients receiving primary care services at a public hospital clinic were able to correctly interpret commonly used prescription medication warning labels. DESIGN: In-person structured interviews with literacy assessment. SETTING: Public hospital, primary care clinic. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 251 adult patients waiting for an appointment at the Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center in Shreveport (LSUHSC-S) Primary Care Clinic. MEASUREMENTS: Correct interpretation, as determined by expert panel review of patients’ verbatim responses, for each of 8 commonly used prescription medication warning labels. RESULTS: Approximately one-third of patients (n=74) were reading at or below the 6th-grade level (low literacy). Patient comprehension of warning labels was associated with one’s literacy level. Multistep instructions proved difficult for patients across all literacy levels. After controlling for relevant potential confounding variables, patients with low literacy were 3.4 times less likely to interpret prescription medication warning labels correctly (95% confidence interval: 2.3 to 4.9). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with low literacy had difficulty understanding prescription medication warning labels. Patients of all literacy levels had better understanding of warning labels that contained single-step versus multiple-step instructions. Warning labels should be developed with consumer participation, especially with lower literate populations, to ensure comprehension of short, concise messages created with familiar words and recognizable icons.
IN VITRO BUD FORMATION IN STEM SEGMENTS OF AILANTHUS ALTiISSIMA

SUMMARY Excised internodal segments of Ailanthus altissima were grown aseptically on a defined nutrient medium which lacked added growth regulators. Vascular cambium, phloem or cortex, depending upon which of these tissues is exposed, undergoes tangential cell divisions and produces new tissue on top of the explant. Buds appear in surface layers of the newly formed tissue. Seasonal controls of this process are evident from the greater amount of regeneration in samples collected in spring (March-May).
Finite temperature QCD in the presence of dynamical quarks

Abstract By using Monte Carlo (MC) methods we study the deconfining transition of QCD with color group SU(3) at finite temperature. The fermion polarization effects are kept in account by implementing the pseudo-fermion method. We use two different lattice volumes (63 × 4, 83 × 4) to check finite size effects. Even in the presence of light quarks we find a discontinuous transition. The existence of this transition is observed both creating metastable states and using mixed phase runs.
Classical interatomic potential for orthorhombic uranium

A classical interatomic potential for uranium metal is derived within the framework of the charge optimized many body (COMB) formalism. The potential is fitted with a database obtained from experiment and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The potential correctly predicts orthorhombic α-U to be the ground state. Good agreement with experimental values is obtained for the lattice parameters, nearest neighbor distances, and elastic constants. Molecular dynamics simulations also correctly show the anisotropy in the coefficient of thermal expansion and the temperature dependence of the nearest neighbor distances.
Safety and Efficacy of Attempts to Reduce Shoulder Dislocations by Non-medical Personnel in the Wilderness Setting

Objective The objectives of this study were to explore the success rate and the complication rate for shoulder reduction attempts by non-medical personnel in the wilderness setting, and to compare the average time to reduction for those done on scene versus those that waited for reduction at a medical facility. Methods In this study we solicited online survey responses from users of wilderness sports forums between October 2008 and April 2009. These surveys asked respondents to describe previous wilderness sports injuries they experienced. Descriptive statistics were calculated, and the Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare average reduction times, with an alpha of .05 selected as the significance threshold. Results Overall, there were 112 responses with 56 describing shoulder dislocations that were reduced either on scene or at a medical facility. Reduction on scene, in the absence of a medically trained person, was attempted in 39 of these 56 cases with a success rate of 71.8% (28/39). The median time to reduction on scene was 5 minutes, compared to 135 minutes from the time of injury for those that were reduced at a medical facility (P Conclusions These data suggest that reduction of dislocations in the wilderness setting by non-medical personnel may be safe and effective, and significantly decreases the time to reduction. These findings may help guide future instruction of participants in high-risk wilderness sports.
Microstructural characterization of electrically failed conductive traces printed from Ag nanoparticle inks

Abstract Conductive traces printed from nanoparticle loaded silver inks failed due to the application of excessive electrical current. A non-homogeneous microstructure was observed in the vicinity of the failed region consisting of sintered particles, grains and melted particles indicating a significant amount of heat was transferred to the conductive trace, in some cases, resulting in substrate damage. A simple physical model describing the failure mechanisms is proposed.
Effects of Certain Metal Ions on Growth of Tetrahymena pyriformis

Growth of Tetrahymena pyriformis in a peptone medium is inhibited slightly to extensively by comparable concentrations of oxalate, citrate, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (in ascending order). Single additions of Ca, Cu, Zn, and Mg, in increasing order of effectiveness, reversed citrate inhibition. EDTA inhibition was completely reversed by single additions of Ca or of certain other metals (Al, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Zn) forming more stable EDTA complexes. Reversal by added Mg was slight. The data suggest physiological importance of Ca for T. pyriformis. Pre-treatment of peptone solution with a cation exchanger (Natrinil) resulted in little or no growth; growth was restored almost to normal by the addition of Mg. The growth-response showed a linear relationship to quantity of Mg.
Do Consumer Grade Standards for Shell Eggs Reflect Consumers’ Preferences for Interior Quality?

Abstract A MAJOR problem in agricultural marketing is the wide range of “qualities” of the product that are produced and marketed. Variations in quality arise at the point of production because of differences in land, weather, disease, breed, feed, and management. Additional variations in quality arise in the process of marketing because of time, distance, handling, product characteristics, etc. Consumer grade standards are designed to aid consumers and the trade in making purchases and consequently standards aid in reflecting preferences through price. Grade standards for eggs were enacted in the early twenties by the United States Department of Agriculture for use on a voluntary basis. Shell egg standards are evaluated and changed every four or five years, however, the changes have only been minor since 1925. These standards were originally designed to promulgate common nomenclature and facilitate trading (Pond, 1956; Erdman, 1950). PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES The purpose of these studies was …
Multifiber optical bend sensor to aid colonoscope navigation

A colonoscopy's near-blind navigation process frequently causes disorientation for the scope operator, leading to harm for the patient. Navigation can be improved if real-time colonoscope shape, location, and orientation information is provided by a shape-tracking aid, such as a fiber optic bend sensor. Fiber optic bend sensors provide advantages over conventional electromechanical shape-trackers, including low cost and ease of integration. However, current fiber optic bend sensors lack either the ability to detect both bending direction and curvature, or the ability to detect multiple localized bends. An inexpensive multifiber bend sensor was developed to aid users in navigation during colonoscopy. The bend sensor employs active-cladding optical fibers modified with fluorescent quantum dots, bandpass filters, and a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor imager as key components. Results from three-fiber sensors demonstrate the bend sensor's ability to measure curvature (error of 0.01 mm), direction (100% accuracy), and location (predetermined distance) of a bend in the fiber bundle. Comparison with spectroscopy data further confirmed the accuracy of the bending direction measurement for a three-fiber sensor. Future work includes improvements in fiber manufacturing to increase sensor sensitivity and consistency. An expanded 31 fiber bundle would be needed to track the full length of a colonoscope.
Absolute propagation rate constants for the radical polymerization of substituted styrenes

Absolute propagation rate constants were determined by application of the Smith-Ewart kinetic theory to the emulsion polymerization of styrene, o-methylstyrene, p-methylstyrene, and “vinyltoluene” (Dow, 60:40 m-:p-methylstyrene). Conversion during polymerization was followed by dilatometry, and weight-average molecular weights of the latex particles were determined by light scattering. The monomer–polymer equilibrium ratio was determined both dynamically as the inflection point of the rate curve and statically by equilibrating monomer with polymer. For styrene, the propagation rate constant (300 l./mole sec. at 50°C.) and its activation energy (17.6 kcal./mole) are in good agreement with literature values. Both rates and activation energies are lower for the other monomers (o-methylstyrene, 60 l./mole sec. and 13.9 kcal./mole; p-methylstyrene, 140 l./mole sec. and 7.7 kcal./mole; vinyltoluene, 220 l./mole sec. and 13.4 kcal./mol, all at 50°C.). The differences are attributed to increased radical stability from methyl group contributions to resonance structures and to steric hindrance of the ortho-methyl group.
Effects of lateral ligament sectioning on the stability of the ankle and subtalar joint

Patients with subtalar joint instability are often diagnosed with ankle instability. Only after a prolonged period of time in which a patient does not improve after treatment for ankle instability is subtalar joint instability considered. To develop a clinically relevant method to diagnose subtalar joint instability, the kinematics of the simulated unstable subtalar joint were examined. A 6 degree-of-freedom positioning and loading device was developed. Plantarflexion/dorsiflexion, inversion/eversion, and internal/external rotation were applied individually or as coupled motions along with an anterior/posterior drawer. Kinematic data were collected from sensors attached to the calcaneus, talus, and tibia by keeping all the ligaments intact, and by serially sectioning anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL), calcaneofibular ligament (CFL), cervical ligament, and talocalceneal interosseous ligament. Kinematic results were reported using Euler angles. The ATFL and CFL contributed talocrural instability, similar to previous studies. The interosseous ligament was the greatest contributor to subtalar joint stability. The hindfoot motion (calcaneus relative to tibia) showed significant increases in motion when the ankle and/or subtalar joint was made to be unstable. Therefore, it is difficult to diagnose subtalar joint instability on physical examination alone. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 29: 1459–1464, 2011