cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermodynamics of organic cation exchange selectivity in smectites

The selectivities of clay minerals for larger organic cations over smaller ones have been attributed to favorable clay-organic interactions in clay interlayers and to hydrophobic effects resulting from (partial) dehydration of organic cations in the clay interlayers, but the magnitudes of these energy components have not been estimated. The objective of this study was to differentiate and quantify the contributions of clay-phase and aqueous-phase energy changes to the overall thermodynamics of cation exchange, and thereby to determine which forces control the general selectivity of smectites for organic cations. We compiled literature measurements and estimates for the free energies of overall cation exchange reactions and also for the free energies of organic cation hydration. Our study suggests that organic cation-exchange thermodynamics can be broken into three classes: (1) For two organic cations with identical head-groups, the difference in their cation exchange selectivities is driven almost quantitatively by the difference in their free energies of hydration. Here, the mechanism for organic cation selectivity is almost pure hydrophobic expulsion of the larger cation from water. The clay interlayer simply behaves like a subaqueous phase into which the least hydrophilic organic cations partition and the essentials of such cation exchange selectivity can be explained without any favorable clay-organic interactions. (2) For two organic cations with rather different head-groups, the difference in their cation exchange selectivities is just a small percentage of the difference in their free energies of hydration. This indicates that the clay phase interacts much more strongly with the cation having the smaller head-group, as might be expected on the basis of simple electrostatics. Here, the clay has an intrinsic strong preference for the cation with smaller head-group yet ‘selects’ for the cation with larger head-group because the aqueous-phase preference for the cation with smaller head-group is even stronger than the clay preference. (3) When the clay is already substantially loaded with organic cations, then van der Waals forces apparently can play a significant role in determining organic cation exchange selectivity differences.
Heterogeneity of IgG Glycosylation in Adult Periodontal Disease

Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory disease of bacterial etiology. In many other chronic inflammatory diseases, IgG glycans are galactose-deficient and thus capable of complement activation through the lectin pathway. In this study, we examined whether IgG in serum and gingival crevicular fluid, and IgG locally produced by plasma cells in gingiva of periodontal disease patients, display altered glycosylation. We developed a lectin-ELISA to measure levels of galactose-deficient IgG in the fluids and immunofluorescence staining to detect galactose-deficient IgG-producing cells in gingiva. Our results indicated higher levels of galactose-deficient IgG in sera and gingival crevicular fluid from periodontal disease patients, compared with levels in healthy controls. Furthermore, gingivae from periodontal disease patients exhibited infiltration of IgG-producing plasma cells; many of them contained galactose-deficient IgG in the cytoplasm. Analysis of our data suggests that IgG secreted by B-cells was aberrantly glycosylated, which resulted in the production of pro-inflammatory galactose-deficient IgG.
Optimal nonlinear filter in the random Boolean model

A one-dimensional discrete Boolean model is a random process on the discrete line where random-length line segments are positioned according to the outcomes of a Bernoulli process. Points on the discrete line are either covered or left uncovered by a realization of the process. An observation of the process consists of runs of covered and not-covered points, called black and white runlengths, respectively. The black and white runlengths form an alternating sequence of independent random variables. We show how the Boolean model is completely determined by probability distributions of these random variables by giving explicit formulas linking the marking probability of the Bernoulli process and segment length distribution with the runlength distributions. The black runlength density is expressed recursively in terms of the marking probability and segment length distribution and white runlengths are shown to have a geometric probability law. Filtering for the Boolean model can also be done via runlengths. The optimal minimum mean absolute error filter for union noise is computed as the binary conditional expectation for windowed observations, expressible as a function observed black runlengths.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
On the study of the structure of grain boundaries in metals

Abstract A brief review is given of a number of topics associated with the study of grain boundary structure in metals. These include the various frameworks which have been used to describe structure, a commentary on the major research methods which have been employed and, finally, some of the more important aspects of the current status of the field.
Symmetric Polynomials, Pascal Matrices, and Stirling Matrices

We consider lower-triangular matrices consisting of symmetric polynomials, and we show how to factorize and invert them. Since binomial coefficients and Stirling numbers can be represented in terms of symmetric polynomials, these results contain factorizations and inverses of Pascal and Stirling matrices as special cases. This work generalizes that of several other authors on Pascal and Stirling matrices.
Ethical and practical issues associated with aggregating databases.

The goal of “personalized medicine” relies upon defining the genetic variation responsible for disease susceptibility and response to therapy [1]. For most common human diseases, the contribution of a single sequence variant to disease susceptibility is typically small, and can only be detected with data from large numbers of people [2]. Practically, this necessitates collaboration among investigators who either have DNA and phenotypic information previously collected, or have access to populations from which to recruit participants. It also requires that data be shared among the collaborators. Modern bioinformatics platforms have the capacity to combine datasets and store them for re-analysis. This is scientifically advantageous since it makes possible studies with enhanced validity in a cost-effective fashion. However, this data storage can complicate the already vexing practical, scientific, and ethical issues associated with gene and tissue banks. Research participants' data may have been collected without authorization that meets today's standards for informed consent. Research participants may not have consented to participation in genetics research in general, to inclusion in genetics databases specifically, or to use of their samples in genetic analyses that were unanticipated, unknown, or nonexistent at the time samples were collected [3]. Participants who consented to the collection of their data for use in a particular study, or inclusion in a particular database, may not have consented to “secondary uses” of those data for unrelated research, or use by other investigators or third parties [4]. There is concern that institutional review boards (IRBs) or similar bodies will not approve of the formation of aggregated databases or will limit the types of studies that can be done with them, even if those studies are believed by others to be appropriate, since there is a lack of consensus about how to deal with re-use of data in this manner.
Characterization of films formed at a lubricated cam/tappet contact

Abstract The surfaces of tappet inserts subjected to lubricated, moving contact in a cam/tappet friction apparatus have been analyzed by IR reflection—absorption, X-ray photoelectron and Auger electron spectroscopies. The two lubricants used were similar fully formulated oils. One contained a soluble molybdenum friction modifier additive while the other did not. Thin inorganic films were formed across the contact area during the cam/tappet experiment. Regardless of the lubricant used, these films consisted of varying amounts of inorganic phosphates, sulfates, sulfides, and perhaps thiophosphates, with zinc and magnesium as cations. Molybdenum would also be a cation in the case of the friction modified oil. The films generated during the wear process differed in thickness, composition and surface coverage as a function of wear time, contact position and lubricant composition. The films formed by the friction modified oil were thinner and less continuous as compared with films formed from the unmodified oil.
Dynamics of an Ising ferromagnet at T⩽ Tc from the droplet model approach

Abstract We consider a Fokker-Planck type kinetic equation for the cluster distribution, similar to the one used in nucleation theory. From the asymptotic solution of this equation at T
Of Centennials and Bicentennials Reflections on the Foundations of American Public Administration

The year 1987 will be the bicentennial of the American Constitution and the centennial of both the publication of Woodrow Wilson's article "The Study of Administration" and the creation of the Inte...
Archean Volcanogenic Graywackes of the Vermilion District, Northeastern Minnesota

Archean graywackes of the Vermilion volcanic-sedimentary belt were derived in large part from felsic-intermediate volcanic accumulations (mostly dacitic) within the depositional basin. The graywackes are deficient in quartz and potash-feldspar, and are largely made up of volcanic rock fragments and plagioclase. Minor granitic detritus in sedimentary rocks at the eastern end of the belt can be traced to the Saganaga Granite which appears to have intruded the sequence during volcanism and sedimentation. Only fragmentary evidence for other granitic sources has been found. Grading is common in the graywackes, and other sedimentary structures typical of turbidite sequences are also visible locally despite metamorphism and deformation. Apparently turbidity currents moved volcanic detritus down the slopes of the felsic-intermediate volcanic piles into adjacent parts of the basin.
Child Neurology: Exaggerated dermal melanocytosis in a hypotonic infant A harbinger of GM1 gangliosidosis

Gangliosidoses are a group of rare lysosomal storage diseases (LySD) involving the accumulation of lipids in multiple organ systems, including the central and peripheral nervous systems. These disorders are inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern and are broadly grouped into 2 types. GM1 gangliosidoses (GM1) are due to a deficiency of the enzyme β-galactosidase, and GM2 diseases (Tay-Sachs, AB variant, and Sandhoff disease) are due to a deficiency of the enzyme β-hexosaminidase. GM1, first described biochemically by Dr. John S. O'Brien in the 1960s, is estimated to occur in 1 in 100,000–200,000 newborns.1 Despite being the first of the gangliosidoses identified as well as the most prevalent, GM1 often presents a diagnostic challenge to the child neurologist. GM1 type 1, the infantile form, is the most common and the most severe. Patients present with nonspecific neurologic features including hypotonia, sensory impairment, and developmental regression within the first year of life; thus, a broad differential diagnosis is often entertained. We report a complex case of infantile GM1 diagnosed following identification of an extensive dermal melanocytosis on physical examination. This distinguishing feature has been increasingly recognized as a harbinger of GM1.2–5 In rare disorders where expensive genetic testing and invasive procedures are often used to reach a diagnosis, recognition of unique clinical features on the physical examination can be a great asset.
Atrial synchronized pacemaker arrhythmias: Revisited

Abstract The synchronized pacemaker has proved to be effective in the treatment of symptomatic A-V block. However, several complex arrhythmias have appeared after its implantation, during its normal behavior as well as during its malfunction. In some cases, the ectopic rhythms were iatrogenically created with the purpose of studying the response of the pacemaker. Four possible mechanisms by which synchronized stimulus artefact could appear during an antecedent T wave were presented. Differences between true and false escapes were stressed. One tracing showed a rare form of pacemaker capture by a high A-V nodal rhythm. In another patient, the synchronized pacer was captured by a continuous unit. An increase in rate of the latter led to a previously undescribed arrhythmia, hereby labelled pacemaker-topacemaker block. In this case, there were two different centers competing to capture the synchronized pacemaker. The analysis of these arrhythmias has increased our knowledge of clinical and pacemaker electrophysiology.
Thermal Sensitivity of Vestibular Neuroepithelium in the Toadfish

Core body temperature is known affect the static and dynamic properties of vestibular nerve afferents, although the underlying mechanisms for the differential sensitivity of the two afferents types to temperature changes are unknown. We recorded the changes in spontaneous discharge rate, regularity, adaptation to step hair bundle displacements and responses to sinusoidal head rotations of single-units to changes in temperature of the crista ampullaris in the oyster toadfish. Similar temperature gradients were introduced with perfusion of temperature-controlled artificial perilymph and with irradiation of the crista with 980 and 1860 nm light. A broad spectrum of afferent responses to thermal perfusion was observed: some neurons were insensitive to temperature, some increased their spontaneous discharge rate, and others showed a decrease in their discharge rate with temperature. The very short focused pulses of light at the two wavelengths deliver transient pulses of thermal energy (dT/dt) without large increases in accumulated temperature of cells or tissue. The irradiation of the crista produced different responses from the same afferents for a similar change in temperature. These results suggest potential wavelength specific absorption within the vestibular neuroepithelium underlies the differences between the three forms of heat delivery. Depending upon the hair cell type irradiated, the fast temperature changes induced may modulate the intracellular Ca2+ levels differently affecting the neurotransmitter release. Regardless of the mechanisms involved, the presence of temperature compensating mechanisms in the hair cell and afferent complex may allow sensitive function over a wide range of temperatures.
Separating Point Sets by Circles, and the Recognition of Digital Disks

Given two sets A and B of points in the plane, we give a polynomial time algorithm to find the set S of points which are centers of circles that contain all the members of A and none of B. A consequence of the algorithm is that S is polygonal. Another application is an O(N2) time and O(N2) space algorithm for the recognition of digital disks.
Restaurant consumers repeat patronage: A service quality concern

Abstract Consumer satisfaction can predict repeat patronage leading to brand loyalty and new consumers. Consumers determine which restaurants meet their quality standards and ignoring this leads to consumers moving toward competing restaurants. Expectations are important; unfulfilled expectations create consumers who may spread negative word-of-mouth. So achieving consumer satisfaction is realized through the delivery of exceptional value. This study analyzed if a correlation exists between physical environment service quality attributes and repeat patronage. Results indicated decisions to return were based upon cleanliness attributes and are meaningful because they suggest the importance of continued education and establishing benchmark scores to track customer cleanliness perceptions in service organizations.
Hybrid wind/PV/diesel hybrid power systems modeling and South American applications

This paper presents an applications case study and comparison of performance results between two computational models for simulating the performance of hybrid power systems. The first model, HYBRID2, was developed at the University of Massachusetts under National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) sponsorship. The second model, SOMES, was developed at Utrecht University in the Netherlands. Both models have been designed to predict the technical and economical (life cycle cost) performance of hybrid power plants that typically might be comprised of renewable energy sources, a battery bank, and a diesel generator. A South American (Brazil) based hybrid power system used to power a remote telecommunications system was used for the applications case study. A final system configuration be used as a basis for model prediction comparison was established as a result of HYBRID2 parametric evaluation. Both codes yielded similar performance results, and this work points out that the predicted performance discrepancies are due basically to different subcomponent models and differences in control strategy. The generalized nature of this work is intended to be of interest to engineers involved with the design and analysis of hybrid power systems.
HIV and asthma, is there an association?

Summary Objective To evaluate whether asthma and airway hyper-responsiveness are associated with HIV infection. Methods We reviewed the literature on HIV-associated pulmonary diseases, pulmonary symptoms, and immune changes which may play a role in asthma. The information was analyzed comparing the pre-HAART era to the post-HAART era data. Results HIV-seropositive individuals commonly experience respiratory complaints yet it is unclear if the frequency of these complaints have changed with the initiation of HAART. Changes in pulmonary function testing and serum IgE are seen with HIV infection even in the post-HAART era. An increased prevalence of asthma among HIV-seropositive children treated with HAART has been reported. Conclusion The spectrum of HIV-associated pulmonary disease has changed with the introduction of HAART. Current data is limited to determine if asthma and airway hyper-responsiveness are more common among HIV-seropositive individuals treated with HAART.
Individual differences in preschool object play: The influences of anxiety proneness and peer affiliation

Abstract Individual differences in anxiety and peer affiliation were investigated as factors influencing variability of object play among preschoolers. Eighteen three-year-olds were divided into high- and low-anxious groups on the bases of separation anxiety and general anxiety scales. Their mature and immature object play, their peer affiliation, and their peer-watching behaviors were observed in preschools. Low-anxious children played more, showed more mature play, and watched peers less when they were alone; high-anxious children showed no play increases but watched peers more when alone. Separation anxiety scores predicted preschool differences more sensitively than general anxiety scores. It was theorized that separation anxiety related mechanisms hinder children's ability to fully profit from preschool experiences.
On counting the number of data pairs for semivariogram estimation

In planning spatial sampling studies for the purpose of estimating the semivariogram, the number of data pairs separated by a given distance is sometimes used as a comparative index of the precision which can be expected from a given sampling design. Because spatial data are correlated, this index can be unreliable. An alternative index which partially corrects for this correlation, themaximum equivalent uncorrelated pairs, is proposed for comparing spatial designs. The index is developed under the assumption that the underlying stochastic process is Gaussian and is appropriate when the (population) semivariogram is to be estimated by the sample semivariogram.
Poisoning of cobalt catalyst used for Fischer–Tropsch synthesis

Abstract Sulfur in the form of H2S has been added at various concentration levels during cobalt Fischer–Tropsch synthesis. A steady-state FTS conversion was established prior to adding H2S. At low levels (
Note on the structure of prophage λ

Abstract Direct physical evidence confirming the Campbell model for the structure of prophage λ was obtained by observing, in the electron microscope, the structure of a heteroduplex between one strand of an episome, F450(λ ++ ), bearing a λ prophage, and the complementary strand of λ b 5 DNA. The facts that the resulting λ hybrid is circular and the concordance of the quantitative contour length measurements with expectation, both confirm the Campbell model. Additional confirmation plus the mapping of the att λ site on F450 are accomplished by constructing the diheteroduplex F450(λ + + )/F/λ b 2 b 5 c .
High resolution three-dimensional visualization and characterization of coronary atherosclerosis in vitro by synchrotron radiation x-ray microtomography and highly localized x-ray diffraction

Human atherosclerotic plaques in both native and bypass arteries have been visualized using microtomography to provide additional information on the nature of coronary artery disease. Plaques contained within arteries removed from three white males aged 51, 55 and 70 are imaged in three-dimensions with monochromatic synchrotron x-ray radiation. Fields of view are 658 × 658 × 517 voxels, with cubic voxels ranging from 12 to 13 µm on a side. X-ray energies range from 11 to 15 keV (bandpass approximately 10 eV). At lower energies, high local absorption tends to generate reconstruction artefacts, while at higher energies the arterial wall is scarcely visible. At all energies, calcifications are clearly visible and differences are observed between plaques in native arteries (lifetime accumulations) versus bypass arteries (plaques developing in the interval between the heart bypass operation and the autopsy). In order to characterize coronary calcification, a micro-focused, 50 µm2, 25 keV x-ray beam was used to acquire powder diffraction data from selected calcifications. Also, large calcifications were removed from the native arteries and imaged with 25 keV x-ray energy. Calcifications are composed of hydroxyapatite crystallites and an amorphous phase. In summary, native calcifications are larger and have a higher fraction of hydroxyapatite than calcifications from the bypass arteries.
Chromosomes and causation of human cancer and leukemia. LIII. Comprehensive cytogenetic analysis of an erythroleukemia

Abstract A comprehensive cytogenetic analysis has been performed in a case of erythroleukemia (EL), M6 in the FAB classification. A bone marrow sample was shown to be characterized by an unusually high degree of polypoidy with the presence of a dominating hypotetraploid clone. G-banding analysis revealed extensive structural rearrangements involving chromosomes #1,#3,#12,#16,#17, and #21. The SCE frequency was higher in the cells of the dominant clone when compared to that of near-diploid, presumably nonmalignant cells. Cell cycle analysis revealed that the hypotetraploid cells progressed through the cell cycle much slower than did the near-diploid cells.
Parametric Studies on Static and Dynamic Performance of Air Foil Bearings with Different Top Foil Geometries and Bump Stiffness Distributions

Experimental and analytical studies on air foil bearings have been performed extensively over the past decades, and significant improvement in load capacity and rotor dynamics stability have been reported. Often, advanced air foil bearings are believed to have complicated bump foil structure to provide unique underlying support mechanism, which in turn make the bearing very stable and have high load capacity. However, all the analytical studies on air foil bearings so far assume a circular profile of top foil with uniform bump stiffness distribution because detailed information on bump stiffness distribution and overall bearing shape is not known to the public. This paper investigates load capacities and rotordynamic performances of two different types of air foil bearings, e.g., circular cylindrical bearings with single continuous top foil and noncircular preloaded bearings with three top foil pads. Within the two subcategories, stiffness variations along axial and circumferential directions were given to have a total of four types of air foil bearings with different overall bearing shapes and stiffness distributions. Overall static and dynamic performance of the four different types of air foil bearings are presented and compared via calculations of load capacities and dynamic force coefficients, modal stability analyses, and time domain orbit simulations. The major difference of load capacities comes from the overall bearing shape (circular continuous foil or preloaded three pad) rather than spatial variation of bump stiffness within the bump foils. Preloaded three-pad bearings have significantly reduced load capacity compared to the circular bearings because of small pad arc length. Rotordynamic performance is also much more sensitive to the overall bearing shape than spatial variation of bump stiffness and damping within the bump foils. The linear stability analyses predict modal natural frequencies very close to those from the orbit simulations. However, onset speeds of instability from these two approaches are quite different, manifesting the limitation of the linear stability analyses. The orbit simulations show the three-pad bearings have higher onset speeds of instability than circular bearing (47,000 rpm versus 24,000 rpm).
Recent advances clarifying the etiologies of strabismus.

Background Strabismus is commonly encountered in neuro-ophthalmology practice. Adult patients may present with symptoms including disabling diplopia and decreased quality of life. Although presentation to the neuro-ophthalmologist often prompts a thorough workup for a neurologic basis of ocular misalignment, advances in orbital imaging and understanding of orbital mechanics have revealed novel mechanical causes. A goal of this review is to clarify mechanical mechanisms of strabismus that were formerly assumed be neurologic in origin. Evidence acquisition The authors combine their own research and clinical experience with a literature review using PubMed. Results Aberrant paths of the extraocular muscles can lead to strabismus. The extraocular muscles have connective tissue pulleys that control muscle paths and are, in turn, influenced by the extraocular muscle orbital layers. Orbital connective tissues, including the pulleys, constrain extraocular muscle paths. Abnormalities of these tissues may lead to strabismus that is not due to neurologic pathology. Some extraocular muscles are divided into independent neuromuscular compartments, so that partial motor nerve lesions may manifest as selective denervation of only 1 compartment, complicating the presentation of neuropathic strabismus. Conclusions Strabismus in adults due to nonneurologic causes can result from recently described abnormalities of the orbital connective tissue pulley system. Advances in understanding of compartmental extraocular muscle anatomy and innervation can explain cyclovertical strabismus in partial nerve palsies. Recognition of the underlying pathogenesis of the strabismus can lead to improved treatments.
Pressor effect of hypertonic saline on pulmonary circulation.

It has been suggested that the pressor effect of hypertonic solutions of sodium chloride on the Pulmonary circulation results from spasm of the pulmonary veins at their junction with the left atrium. These studies demonstrate that the increased resistance in the pulmonary vessels develops upstream to this site and that it may result primarily from mechanical blockage of vessels by clumped erythrocytes rather than from vasoconstriction.
The importance of prosodic factors in phoneme modeling with applications to speech recognition

This paper tests speech recognition using prosody dependent allophone models. The log likehoods of various prosodically labeled phonemes are calculated using Baum-Welsh re-estimation. These log likehoods are then compared to log likehoods of non-prosodically labeled phonemes. Based on the comparison of these log likehoods, it can be concluded that modeling all prosodic information directly in the vowel model leads to improvement in the model. Consonants, on the other hand, split naturally into three categories, strengthened, lengthened and neutral.
Effects of Pruning on Light Interception, Specific Leaf Density and Leaf Chlorophyll Content of Mango*

Schaffer, B. and Gaye, G.O., 1989. Effects of pruning on light interception, specific leaf density and leaf chlorophyll content of mango. Scientia Hortic., 41: 55-61. Photosynthetic photon flux (PPF), specific leaf density (Wa), and total leaf chlorophyll concentration (Chl) were determined at several positions in pruned and non-pruned mango (Mangifera indica L. cultivar 'Tommy Atkins') canopies during April, July and November. Pruned trees had approximately one-fourth of the center of the canopy removed during March. Penetration of PPF was generally greater in canopies of pruned trees than in non-pruned trees during each season. There was no difference in W~ between pruned and non-pruned trees at any measurement period. Total leaf chlorophyll content was greatest for pruned trees during November, but similar for pruned and non-pruned trees during April and July. During the year that the pruning treatment was imposed, there was no significant effect of pruning on fruit color.
Pharmacist-Led Group Medical Appointments for the Management of Type 2 Diabetes with Comorbid Depression in Older Adults

Background::Depression is associated with poor glycemic control, increased number of microvascular and macrovascular complications, functional impairment, mortality, and 4.5 times higher total health care costs in patients with diabetes. Shared medical appointments (SMAs) may be an effective method to attain national guideline recommendations for glycemic control in diabetes for patients with depression through peer support, counseling, problem solving, and improved access to care.Objective:To test the efficacy as assessed by attainment of a hemoglobin A1c (A1C) 6.5%. VA-MEDIC-D consisted of 4 once-weekly, 2-hour sessions followed by 5 monthly 9...
Blood Pressure and End-Stage Renal Disease in Men

Background End-stage renal disease in the United States creates a large burden for both individuals and society as a whole. Efforts to prevent the condition require an understanding of modifiable risk factors. Methods We assessed the development of end-stage renal disease through 1990 in 332,544 men, 35 to 57 years of age, who were screened between 1973 and 1975 for entry into the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT). We used data from the national registry for treated end-stage renal disease of the Health Care Financing Administration and from records on death from renal disease from the National Death Index and the Social Security Administration. Results During an average of 16 years of follow-up, 814 subjects either died of end-stage renal disease or were treated for that condition (15.6 cases per 100,000 person-years of observation). A strong, graded relation between both systolic and diastolic blood pressure and end-stage renal disease was identified, independent of associations between th...
On the Cross of Mere Utility: Utilitarianism, Sacrifices, and the Value of Persons

Utilitarianism seems to require us to sacrifice a person if doing so will produce a net increase in the amount of utility. This feature of utilitarianism is extremely unattractive. The puzzle is how to reject this requirement without rejecting the plausible claim that we are often wise to trade lesser amounts of utility for greater amounts. I argue that such a position is not as paradoxical as it may appear, so long as we understand the relationship between the value of utility and the value of persons in a certain way. I argue that the traditional utilitarian position assumes an inadequate view of this relationship. I suggest a more plausible view of this relationship, one which implies that we may not sacrifice a person merely in order to produce a net gain in utility, where that utility does not result from the saving of any other persons' lives.
Application of pitch tracking to South Indian classical music

We present results of applying pitch trackers to samples of South Indian classical (Carnatic) music. In particular, we investigate the various musical notes used and their intonation. We try different pitch tracking methods and observe their performance in Carnatic music analysis. Examining our data, we find only 12 distinct intervals per octave among the notes that are played with constant pitch. However, there are pitch inflexions used sometimes that are not mere ornamentations - they are essential to the correct rendition of certain notes. Though these inflexions can be viewed as different versions of a particular note, they are certainly not equivalent to constant-pitch intervals like just intonation intervals, semitones or quartertones.
High Sensitivity On-Chip Fluorescence Detection Based on Cross-Polarization and Thin-Film Organic Photodetectors

In this paper we present a novel, high-sensitivity, cost-effective cross-polarization scheme to filter out excitation light from a fluorescent dye emission spectrum. With this scheme, it is possible to achieve a detection limit of 10 nM which is a 1,000 fold reduction from previously published results. The concept is demonstrated using an inverted microscope with a halide lamp as the excitation source and an organic photodiode as the intensity detector. The excitation light is linearly polarized and used to illuminate a microfluidic device containing 1 muL of Rhodamine 6G dye dissolved in ethanol. The detector is shielded by a second polarizer, orientated orthogonally to the excitation light. The resulting emission signal was detected by the organic photodiode down to a concentration of 10 nM. This scheme opens the possibility to fabricating integrated microfluidic devices with fluorescence detection, suitable for point- of-care (POC) diagnostics, biomedical and environmental applications.
Parametric Study of Convective Heat Transfer Coefficients at the Tire Surface

Abstract Analyses have shown that the thermal state of a tire is influenced by both the size of and variation in the value of the convective heat transfer coefficient at the tire surface. In the work reported here, a test facility was constructed to permit the determination of convective heat transfer coefficients under a broad range of operating conditions. Data were obtained to show the effects of air speed, boundary layer thickness and turbulence level, humidity, tire surface contamination, tire surface roughness and unevenness, and tire surface wetness on convective heat transfer coefficients. The significance of these results to tire power loss is discussed.
Human skeletal muscle protein breakdown during spaceflight

Human spaceflight is associated with a loss of body protein. Excretion of 3-methylhistidine (3-MH) in the urine is a useful measurement of myofibrillar protein breakdown. Bed rest, particularly with 6 degrees head-down tilt, is an accepted ground-based model for human spaceflight. The objectives of this report were to compare 3-MH excretion from two Life Sciences shuttle missions (duration 9.5 and 15 days, n = 9) and from 17 days of bed rest (n = 7) with 6 degrees head-down tilt. The bed rest study was designed to mimic an actual Life Sciences spaceflight and so incorporated an extensive battery of physiological tests focused on the musculoskeletal system. Results showed that nitrogen retention, based on excretion of nitrogen in the urine, was reduced during both bed rest [from 22 +/- 1 to 1 +/- 5 mg N x kg(-1) x day(-1) (n = 7; P < 0.05)] and spaceflight [from 57 +/- 9 to 19 +/- 3 mg N x kg(-1) x day(-1) (n = 9; P < 0.05)]. 3-MH excretion was unchanged with either bed rest [pre-bed rest 5.30 +/- 0.29 vs. bed rest 5.71 +/- 0.30 micromol 3-MH x kg(-1) x day(-1), n = 7; P = not significant (NS)] or spaceflight [preflight 4.98 +/- 0.37 vs. 4.59 +/- 0.39 micromol 3-MH x kg(-1) x day(-1) in-flight, n = 9; P = NS]. We conclude that 1) 3-MH excretion was unaffected by spaceflight on the shuttle or with bed rest plus exercise, and 2) because protein breakdown (elevated 3-MH) was increased on Skylab but not on the shuttle, it follows that muscle protein breakdown is not an inevitable consequence of spaceflight.
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and executive dysfunction

To evaluate the relationship between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and executive functioning (EF) a sample of ADHD children (N = 48) with above average IQs (median = 117.5) was administered a battery of standardized norm‐referenced tests sensitive to EF. Below average performance was found on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and continuous performance test (Test of Variables of Attention, TOVA) but not on Word Fluency or the Rey Complex Figure. Significant intraindividual discrepancies were found for a selected pair of content‐matched tests that differed in EF task demands. Pennington, Groisser, and Welsh's (1993) “double dissociation” of ADHD and reading disability (RD) was tested by examining the EF performance of ADHD with and without RD. No significant differences between ADHD/No‐RD and ADHD/RD were found on any of the EF measures.
Cationized ferritin as a magnetic resonance imaging probe to detect microstructural changes in a rat model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis

Purpose The goal of this work was to detect disease-related microstructural changes to the liver using magnetic resonance imaging. Chronic liver disease can cause microstructural changes in the liver that reduce plasma access to the perisinusoidal space—the site of exchange between the blood plasma and the hepatic parenchyma. The reduced plasma access to the perisinusoidal space inhibits hepatic function and contributes to the ∼30,000 chronic liver disease-related deaths per year. Methods The extracellular matrix-specific cationized ferritin magnetic resonance imaging probe was injected intravenously into healthy rats and a rat model of the chronic liver disease non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Rats were subsequently imaged with -weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Results This work demonstrates that the binding of cationized ferritin to the perisinusoidal extracellular matrix is reduced by 55% in a rat model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis compared to healthy controls. This reduced binding is detectable in vivo with magnetic resonance imaging. Immunofluorescence and electron microscopy indicated that the reduced binding is due to inhibited macromolecular access to the perisinusoidal space caused by non-alcoholic steatohepatitis-related microstructural changes. Conclusions The reduced accumulation of intravenously injected cationized ferritin may report on changes in macromolecular access to the liver parenchyma in chronic liver disease. Magn Reson Med 70:1728–1738, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Initiation of egg production by turkey breeder hens: Sexual maturation and age at lighting

Experiments were completed addressing photo-responsiveness in juvenile Large White turkey breeder hens, the age at sexual maturity, and the earliest age at photostimulation for egg production using conventional lighting management. In the first experiment, hens were photostimulated at 8 or 16 wk of age with a daily photoperiod of 16L:8D after receiving 8L:16D from hatch. Controls received 16L:8D continuously from hatch. In experiment 2, hens were given naturally declining long day lengths from hatch to 14 wk of age, a daily photoperiod of 8L:16D for the next 10 wk, and were then photostimulated at 24 wk of age with a daily photoperiod of 16L:8D. Data were collected by pen for the onset and rate of egg production, BW, and egg weight. The hens reached sexual maturity and laid eggs as early as 21 to 22 wk of age and the weight for the first 7 eggs was 56.1 g +/- 1.5. The hens were not photoresponsive to photoinduced egg production at 16 wk of age but were fully responsive by 24 wk of age as compared with controls. Photostimulation at 24 wk of age resulted in a slight delay in onset of lay (4 to 5 d) but otherwise typical egg production. These hens produced 113.3 eggs per hen to 54 wk of age as compared with 95.2 eggs for controls photostimulated at the more conventional 30 wk of age. Egg weight was 73.0 versus 80.0 g for the first 7 eggs laid for hens photostimulated at 24 wk of age versus 30 wk of age. At 36 wk of age, egg weights were similar (84.0 vs. 83.7 g). We may conclude that Large White turkey breeder hens can become sexually mature and lay eggs as early as about 22 wk of age. Appropriate pre-lay short day exposure is required to fully photosensitize juvenile hens for photoinduced egg production and this requires a development time beyond 16 wk of age. Photostimulation of fully photosensitive hens for a typical production period can occur as early as 24 wk of age. We demonstrated that the conventional age at lighting of 29 to 30 wk of age can be significantly advanced.
Fundamental Problems of Federal Income Taxation

The problem: what is the sound and enduring solution of the tax problem? I. The surtaxes. (1) The surtaxes excessive. Their declining yield, 529. — (2) Tax-free securities, 530. — (3) Can the leaks be stopped, 532. — (4) Tax morality, 536. — (5) Theory of surtaxes, 537. — (6) The scientific solution, 539. — The immediate solution, 540. — II. Income taxes on corporations and business. (8) The income tax as a producer's or business tax, 541. — (9) Relation between personal and business income taxes, 542. — (10) The proposed corporation surtax, 544. — III. Basis of the Business Tax, 548. — (11) Shifting, 548. — (12) Simplicity versus equity, 551.
A tailored internet intervention did not increase physical activity more than a tailored print intervention or publicly available web sites.

B H Marcus Correspondence to: Dr B H Marcus, Miriam Hospital and Brown Medical School, Providence, RI, USA; bmarcus@lifespan.org In sedentary adults, does a tailored, internet-based intervention (TII) increase physical activity more than a tailored, print-based intervention (TPI) or access to publicly available web sites? ### Design: randomised controlled trial. ### Allocation: {concealed}.* ### Blinding: Blinded {data collectors}.* ### Follow-up period: 6 and 12 months. ### Setting: Providence, RI and Pittsburgh, PA, USA. ### Participants: 249 healthy adults ⩾18 years of age (mean age 45 y, 83% women) who were sedentary (⩽90 min physical activity per wk). Exclusion criteria included history of coronary or valvular heart disease, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, stroke, osteoarthritis, orthopaedic problems limiting stress testing, or other conditions that would make physical activity unsafe; consumption of ⩾3 alcohol drinks/day for ⩾5 days/week; pregnancy; suicidal ideation or psychosis; clinical depression or admission for a psychiatric disorder in the past …
Evaluation and Management of Wolff-Parkinson-White in Athletes

Context:Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) is a cardiac conduction system disorder characterized by abnormal accessory conduction pathways between the atria and the ventricles. Symptomatic patients classi...
Transformational leadership and follower creativity: The moderating effects of identification with leader and organizational climate

We examined relationships among transformational leadership, employee identification with leader, innovative climate, and employee creativity in a diverse sample of 212 employees and their immediate supervisors from 71 workgroups representing 55 organizations. Results from multi-level linear modeling analyses indicated that transformational leadership was not significantly related with employee creativity, nor were the two way interactions of transformational leadership × identification with leader and transformation leadership × innovative climate. However, the three-way interaction of transformational leadership, employee identification with leader, and innovative climate was associated with employee creativity. We discuss the implications of these findings for practice and theory.
Epidemiologic Approaches to Veterans' Health

Abstract The present issue of Epidemiologic Reviews is dedicated to better understanding the health of men and women who have served in the military. There are 13 articles that discuss a range of physical and mental health concerns among both military personnel who are currently serving and those who served in the past. The corresponding research provides insight into issues that are directly relevant and of keen interest to clinicians and investigators. The articles illustrate some of the obstacles to conducting rigorous epidemiologic research when seeking to inform the health issues of those who serve in the military and of veterans. Within the United States, they point to opportunities for the Department of Defense and Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) to address existing gaps in knowledge. The VA in particular can take advantage of its research infrastructure, altruistic veteran population, and clinical and administrative databases. In the era of multinational military interventions, international counterparts of the Department of Defense and VA should collaborate in the collection of data on relevant military exposures and also in the characterization of short- and long-term health effects related to service to better inform health needs. The work included in this issue is a call to the global research community to continue to invest resources to better characterize military service and its impact on health. Finally, these articles serve as a testament to the additional health burden carried by many of the women and men who have provided service to their country.
Is most of neural plasticity in the thalamus cortical

For various reasons, the major research emphasis has been on reorganizations in cortical sensory representations. Evidence for subcortical plasticity has been much more limited, and it sometimes is questioned. Nicolelis and coworkers (4, 5) have provided some of the most convincing recent evidence for subcortical changes in the receptive fields of neurons in the somatosensory thalamus, and in this issue of the Proceedings they now provide results indicating that the rapid adjustments are partially mediated by feedback inputs from cortex (6). Thus, not only do changes in the sources of activation occur for neurons in the thalamus, but most surprisingly, many of the changes depend on the poorly understood network of feedback connections that descend rather than ascend the hierarchy of processing levels in the somatosensory system.