cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Family History: New Opportunities for Archivists

American archivists have shared with their professional colleagues who do research and write about American history the awakening realization that the picture of America which they together have produced has been limited, episodic, and, frankly, elitist. Traditionally, archivists have diligendy sought to preserve and make available the previously created records of organizations and outstanding individuals. The archives of government, business, unions, churches, civic groups, and the like, and the manuscripts of prominent persons in other words, the sources articulated by the upper classes were tacitly assumed to contain the significant information necessary for historical reconstruction. Archivists simply reflected and served historians who for their part chose to focus upon leading institutions, thinkers, and actors in portraying the past. During the past decade or so, however, various social, political, and intellectual developments made archivists and historians aware that they had been hard at work chronicling only a portion of American life: the efforts of executives rather than workers, social problems from the experience of reformers rather than victims, war from the viewpoint of generals rather than privates, and above all, the lives of "great white men" rather than ordinary people, especially if they were black, women, or children.1 Calls began to be heard for "history from the bottom up," for an historical synthesis which reflected the experiences of inarticulate groups as well as the upper classes and the common dimensions of human experience as well as the notable, the dramatic, and the unusual. As historians and archivists have undertaken a broader exploration of American history they have recognized the inadequacy of traditional documentary resources for this task and have begun to consider ways of dealing with the problem.
A time-frequency based bivariate synchrony measure for reducing volume conduction effects in EEG

Phase synchrony measures computed on electrophysiological signals play an important role in the assessment of cognitive and sensory processes. However, due to the effects of volume conduction false synchronization values may arise between time series. Measures such as the imaginary part of coherence (ImC), phase-lag index (PLI) and an enhanced version of it, the weighted PLI (WPLI) have been proposed in order to attenuate the effects of volume conduction. In this work, the computation of the WPLI based on the phase difference from the Reduced Interference Distribution-Rihaczek (RID-Rihaczek) time-frequency distribution is proposed. The proposed WPLI measure is shown to be less susceptible to volume conduction effects when compared to that based on phase difference estimates obtained from the continuous wavelet transform. The proposed measure has also been applied to real EEG data collected during a study of event-related negativity and has been shown to differentiate between real synchrony and synchrony due to volume conduction.
Tyrosine/Cysteine Cluster Sensitizing Human γD-Crystallin to Ultraviolet Radiation-Induced Photoaggregation in Vitro

Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure is a major risk factor for age-related cataract, a protein-aggregation disease of the human lens often involving the major proteins of the lens, the crystallins. γD-Crystallin (HγD-Crys) is abundant in the nucleus of the human lens, and its folding and aggregation have been extensively studied. Previous work showed that HγD-Crys photoaggregates in vitro upon exposure to UVA/UVB light and that its conserved tryptophans are not required for aggregation. Surprisingly, the tryptophan residues play a photoprotective role because of a distinctive energy-transfer mechanism. HγD-Crys also contains 14 tyrosine residues, 12 of which are organized as six pairs. We investigated the role of the tyrosines of HγD-Crys by replacing pairs with alanines and monitoring photoaggregation using light scattering and SDS-PAGE. Mutating both tyrosines in the Y16/Y28 pair to alanine slowed the formation of light-scattering aggregates. Further mutant studies implicated Y16 as important for photo...
Corticosteroids Are Essential for Maintaining Cardiovascular Function in Male Mice

Activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis results in the release of hormones from the adrenal glands, including glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. The physiological association between corticosteroids and cardiac disease is becoming increasingly recognized; however, the mechanisms underlying this association are not well understood. To determine the biological effects of corticosteroids on the heart, we investigated the impact of adrenalectomy in C57BL/6 male mice. Animals were adrenalectomized (ADX) at 1 month of age and maintained for 3-6 months after surgery to evaluate the effects of long-term adrenalectomy on cardiac function. Morphological evaluation suggested that ADX mice showed significantly enlarged hearts compared with age-matched intact controls. These changes in morphology correlated with deficits in left ventricular (LV) function and electrocardiogram (ECG) abnormalities in ADX mice. Correlating with these functional defects, gene expression analysis of ADX hearts revealed aberrant expression of a large cohort of genes associated with cardiac hypertrophy and arrhythmia. Combined corticosterone and aldosterone replacement treatment prevented the emergence of cardiac abnormalities in ADX mice, whereas corticosterone replacement prevented the effects of adrenalectomy on LV function but did not block the emergence of ECG alterations. Aldosterone replacement did not preserve the LV function but prevented ECG abnormalities. Together, the data indicate that adrenal glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids either directly or indirectly have selective effects in the heart and their signaling pathways are essential in maintaining normal cardiac function.
“A Considerable Degree of Supineness”: Nationalism and the British Administration, 1928–1930

In early April 1930, the Viceroy of India, Lord Irwin, visited the NorthWest Frontier Province (NWFP). Hosted by the Chief Commissioner of the province, Sir Norman Bolton, the tour appeared to be a success. Upon Irwin’s return to Simla, Bolton wrote to the Viceroy, thanking him for his visit and commenting on the “tranquility” of the province, which he chalked up to the “level headed loyalty of the people.”1 Within a week of his letter to Irwin, the Frontier was ablaze. By the end of April, the NWFP had witnessed mass shootings in Peshawar, the occupation of the city by local nationalists, the mental collapse of the Chief Commissioner, a mutiny within the Indian Army, a revolt throughout the rural areas of the Peshawar District, and threatening noises from the trans-border tribes. By August, Irwin informed the Secretary of State for India that “the whole of Peshawar District … must be considered in [a] state of war.”2
Management of Neonatal Rh Disease

There is a wide spectrum of severity of neonatal Rh disease. A careful prenatal history, physical examination, and laboratory studies are important in evaluating the neonate. Treatment of hydrops fetalis is difficult. Phototherapy and exchange transfusion remain the mainstays of therapy for hyperbilirubinemia. Additional therapies may include phenobarbital, heme oxygenase inhibitors, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), and erythropoie-tin for late, hyporegenerative anemia.
Transformation of plant pathogenic fungi

The ability to introduce exogenous DNA into living cells and demonstrate its expression is a requirement for many research programs whose goals include determining the function of specific genes. Plant pathogenic fungi are highly appropriate subjects for transformation experiments, because a number of fungal genes have been identified whose products are believed, but not proven, to play significant roles in interactions with host plants. For example, fungal enzymes which detoxify antimicrobial compounds produced by plants in response to infection are believed to be important to the pathogenicity of some fungi [46]; fungal enzymes which degrade cell wall components appear to play a role in pathogenicity [22]; and fungal Phytotoxins are hypothesized to serve as pathogenicity or virulence factors [49]. Isolation of the genes encoding these enzymes [40, 50], followed by their in vitro mutagenesis and reintroduction into fungal cells will permit conclusive analysis of their roles in disease. Transformation of fungi in general and plant pathogenic fungi in particular has advanced rapidly in recent years. This chapter presents a brief survey of progress in the field, a discussion of the various methods available for transformation of fungi, and a detailed protocol for transformation of fungal protoplasts.
ASME Applied Mechanics Division

The development of mechanics as an engineering science in the United States can be closely associated with the development of the Applied Mechanics Division (AMD) of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME). As mentioned previously, Timoshenko first proposed the idea of a mechanics group or section within ASME soon after joining Westinghouse in 1923. This was after he had presented his first paper at an ASME meeting, the 1922 ASME Winter Annual Meeting. He proposed the idea of a mechanics group or section to a number of influential members of the society; however, at that time, his idea did not gain traction.
Using undergraduate teaching assistants in introductory computer courses

Using undergraduate teaching assistant (UTA) as part of the teaching process has created student success in computing courses. Many researchers [3, 7] have shown that peer-led team learning (PLTL) has improved student engagement and retention of under achiever students in introductory computer courses. Using PLTL has been successful in reducing the dropout rates and increasing satisfaction among students [4]. Using undergraduate students as part of the teaching classes has created an effective learning environment for both the students in the classes and the undergraduate peer leaders themselves [6]. Among the benefits of using UTA at a university are: reduced overall cost, improved quality of instruction, formation of undergraduate community and practical experience that the UTAs gain [5]. Another study [1] found that having UTAs in a classroom helps student perceptions, create a relaxed environment, improve effectiveness of class time and improve overall class quality. Students in courses using peer instruction show a high level of satisfaction with UTAs and student perception is that UTAs were instrumental in the learning process [2]. The purpose of this presentation is to explore the literature related to undergraduate teaching assistants (UTA) in computer courses.
Large Column-Supported Floating Platforms

Deep draft spar buoys provide the maximum decoupling from surface waves of any floating structures. The research vessel FLIP, developed at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO), demonstrated how the problems of transporting these very long buoys could be solved by towing them in a horizontal attitude and then ballasting them to the vertical position at the operational site.
Smokers’ Perspectives on Texting for Tobacco Dependence Treatment: A Qualitative Analysis

Background Numerous evidence-based pharmacologic and behavioral approaches exist for the treatment of tobacco dependence. Short-message service texting is a newer modality which shows promise, but smokers' perspectives on texting have not been widely explored. Objective To use a qualitative research approach to elicit from a sub-sample of participants in a pilot clinical trial their perspectives concerning the feasibility, acceptability, and personal relevance of a publicly available texting program for smoking cessation. Methods Adult smokers enrolled in the intervention arm in a randomized trial of tobacco treatment were interviewed by telephone. Consenting subjects engaged in a 15-30min semi-structured interview with a trained research assistant, discussing their experience with and attitudes about the texting program and how it affected their tobacco use. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed thematically. Descriptive statistics were calculated for the 16 Likert-formatted items. Results Of 30 subjects in the intervention arm, 25 (83%) agreed to participate in the qualitative interviews. In general subjects found the program helpful. Common themes were that the texts served as a form of social support, provided useful strategies to reduce tobacco use, validated subjects' attempts to quit, and offered welcome distractions from cravings. Subjects were satisfied with the frequency, timing, and number of texts, although some improvements were suggested. Conclusions Texting was perceived as feasible, acceptable, and helpful in smokers' attempts to abstain from tobacco. Implications The major themes identified included the program being a valued source of external support that provided useful strategies to reduce tobacco use. Subjects were satisfied with the frequency, timing, and number of texts. Texting was perceived as feasible, acceptable, and helpful in smokers' attempts to abstain from tobacco. Suggestions to improve the program primarily concerned increasing customizable options and using simple, declarative sentences.
An Integrated, Case-Based Approach to Teaching Medical Students How to Locate the Best Available Evidence for Clinical Care.

Introduction A major step of the evidence-based medicine (EBM) process is to locate the most current evidence in support of clinical care. This requires identifying and searching appropriate eviden...
Introduction to Akaike (1973) Information Theory and an Extension of the Maximum Likelihood Principle

The problem of estimating the dimensionality of a model occurs in various forms in applied statistics: estimating the number of factors in factor analysis, estimating the degree of a polynomial describing the data, selecting the variables to be introduced in a multiple regression equation, estimating the order of an AR or MA time series model, and so on.
Dairy Cheese Ingestion Does Not Improve Acute Sodium-Induced Cutaneous Microvascular Dysfunction through Arginase or Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Mechanisms

Epidemiological studies suggest that chronic dairy consumption is associated with improved cardiovascular health; alternately high dietary sodium (Na) ingestion is associated with increased cardiovascular disease risk. Natural cheeses are often high in sodium, thus increasing dairy cheese intake may increase dietary Na intake. We recently demonstrated that single-meal cheese consumption ameliorates Na-induced impairments in nitric oxide (NO)-dependent vasodilation through ascorbate sensitive mechanisms. However, the role of additional inflammatory mediators sensitive to the non-specific antioxidant ascorbate, including arginase and inducible NO synthase (iNOS), is unknown. We hypothesized that local inhibition of arginase or iNOS would improve NO-dependent vasodilation following Na ingestion from non-dairy sources but not Na ingestion from dairy-based cheese. On 5 separate visits, 14 subjects (61±2 yrs) consumed 85 g natural cheddar cheese (560 mg Na), 85 g soy cheese (560 mg Na), 65 g pretzels (560 mg Na...
Social Class and Disaster Exposure

Risk of disaster exposure is often associated with prior conditions of economic deprivation, and it is held that risk would be less for an asset-rich household than an asset-poor one. Observational data may, however, contradict this expected pattern. The contradiction is resolved when we examine risk distribution through the lens of Weberian class distribution, and associate risk with peoples’ class situations. This paper draws upon the household survey data from Tanzania to illustrate this argument.
Response of the National Ignition Facility Target Chamber Walls to the Microexplosion of a Fusion Target

The response of the National Ignition Facility target chamber first wall to the x-rays and debris ions emitted by the target is important to the conceptual design of the facility. The material that is vaporized by the target emanations can condense on the laser optics, rendering them too opaque for laser transmission. This paper presents results of computer simulations of the vaporization of graphite and boron from the target chamber walls, using x-ray and debris ion spectra from target breakup simulations performed at the University of Wisconsin.
Lessons learned in applying domain-independent planning to high-speed manufacturing

Much has been made of the need for academic planning research to orient towards real-world applications. In this paper, we relate our experience in adapting domain-independent planning techniques to a real industrial problem. We present a simpler formulation of a temporal planning graph-style heuristic, show how to extend it to take resources into account, and evaluate its importance in practice. We also derive several general lessons from our experience which might guide researchers looking to increase the relevance of their work or industrial practitioners seeking to apply planning research to real problems.
Neuroprotective Mechanisms of Intermittent Hypoxia: An In Vitro Study

It is well known that brief sublethal anoxia episodes can render neurons resistant against subsequent longer or more severe anoxia and ischemia. The progress in applications of hypoxia in medicine is largely dependent on availability of appropriate experimental models. In this chapter, we describe an in vitro model for anoxia investigations using organotypic-cultured hippocampal slices. We investigate the efficiency of different regimes of anoxia preconditioning. We also describe a new single-cell real-time RT-PCR method for analyzing individual neurons within cultured hippocampal slices. This approach allows investigation of short-term neuronal reactions on anoxia preconditioning and oxygen-glucose deprivation – an experimental model of ischemic brain damage. Using these methods, we demonstrated that hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF), a family of transcription regulators, are involved in the mechanisms of anoxia-induced neuroprotection in hippocampus. In particular, brief intermittent anoxia prevented the decrease in HIF-1 mRNA expression caused by severe oxygen-glucose deprivation, which is closely correlated with its neuroprotective action. Possible mechanisms of such endogenous neuroprotective effect are discussed.
Role of 18F-FDG PET/CT in Cardiac Sarcoid Detection and Therapy Monitoring: Addition to the Expert Consensus.

TO THE EDITOR: Although the joint Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (SNMMI) and the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology (ASNC) expert consensus ([1][1]) document has provided a comprehensive review on the role of 18F-FDG PET/CT in cardiac sarcoid (CS) detection and therapy
Augmented intelligence decision tool for stroke prediction combines factors from CHA 2 DS 2 ‐VASc and the intermountain risk score for patients with atrial fibrillation

Introduction CHA2 DS2 -VASc and CHADS2 are computationally simple risk prediction tools used to guide anticoagulation decisions for stroke prophylaxis, but they have modest risk discrimination ability and use static dichotomous variables. The Intermountain Mortality Risk Scores (IMRS) are dynamic decision tools using standard clinical laboratory tests. This study derived new stroke prediction scores using variables from both CHA2 DS2 -VASc and IMRS. Methods and results In outpatients with first atrial fibrillation (AF) diagnosis at the Intermountain Healthcare (females, n = 26 063 males, n = 29 807), sex-specific "IMRS-VASc" scores were derived using variables from CHA2 DS2 -VASc, warfarin use, the complete blood count, and the comprehensive metabolic profile. Validation was performed in an independent Intermountain outpatient AF cohort (females, n = 11 021; males, n = 12 641). Stroke occurred among 3.1% and 3.1% of females and 2.3% and 2.5% of males in derivation and validation groups, respectively. IMRS-VASc stratified stroke with similar ability in derivation (c-statistics, females: c = 0.703, males: c = 0.697) and validation groups (females: c = 0.681, males: c = 0.685). CHA2 DS2 -VASc (females: c = 0.581 and c = 0.605; males: c = 0.616 and c = 0.613 in derivation and validation, respectively) and CHADS2 (females: c = 0.581 and c = 0.608; males: c = 0.620 and c = 0.621 in derivation and validation, respectively) were substantially weaker stroke predictors. IMRS was the strongest mortality predictor (females: c = 0.783 and c = 0.782; males: c = 0.796 and c = 0.794 in derivation and validation, respectively) and all scores were poor at predicting bleeding risk. Conclusions A temporally dynamic risk score, IMRS-VASc was derived and validated as a predictor of stroke in outpatients with AF. IMRS-VASc requires further validation and the evaluation of its use in guiding care and treatment decisions for patients with AF.
AlN PMUT-based Ultrasonic Power Transfer Links for Implantable Electronics

The present work reports on the first demonstration of acoustic power transfer through the use of Aluminum Nitride (AlN) Piezoelectric Micro Machined Ultrasonic Transducer (PMUT) arrays at transmission distances suitable for intra-body powering applications. In contrast to Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT), used as the piezoelectric in state-of-the-art devices, AlN offers higher biocompatibility and the possibility of single chip integration with Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) technology. An output power of 1 μW, from a minute (8 mm x 8 mm x 300 μm) PMUT array chip, was achieved on an optimal 330 Ω load. The operating frequency was 2 MHz, through a distance of 4 cm, in an oil medium resembling intra-body conditions. This implementation is a critical step towards increasingly miniaturized, highly integrated implantable circuits.
Modeling metabolic variation with single-cell expression data

Cellular metabolism encompasses the biochemical reactions and transportation of various metabolites in cells and their surroundings, which are integrated at all levels of cellular functions. We developed a method to systematically simulate cellular metabolism using single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) data through constraint-based context specific metabolic modeling. We simulated the NAD+ biosynthesis activity in 7 different mouse tissues, and the simulated NAD+ biosynthesis flux levels showed significant linear correlation with experimental measurements in previous research. We also show that the simulated NAD+ biosynthesis fluxes are reproducible using two additional scRNA-seq datasets.
Targeting a bacterial DNABII protein with a chimeric peptide immunogen or humanised monoclonal antibody to prevent or treat recalcitrant biofilm-mediated infections.

Abstract Background: Chronic and recurrent bacterial diseases are recalcitrant to treatment due to the ability of the causative agents to establish biofilms, thus development of means to prevent or resolve these structures are greatly needed. Our approach targets the DNABII family of bacterial DNA-binding proteins, which serve as critical structural components within the extracellular DNA scaffold of biofilms formed by all bacterial species tested to date. DNABII-directed antibodies rapidly disrupt biofilms and release the resident bacteria which promote their subsequent clearance by either host immune effectors or antibiotics that are now effective at a notably reduced concentration. Methods: First, as a therapeutic approach, we used intact IgG or Fab fragments against a chimeric peptide immunogen designed to target protective epitopes within the DNA-binding tip domains of integration host factor to disrupt established biofilms in vitro and to mediate resolution of existing disease in vivo. Second, we performed preventative active immunisation with the chimeric peptide to induce the formation of antibody that blocks biofilm formation and disease development in a model of viral-bacterial superinfection. Further, toward the path for clinical use, we humanised a monoclonal antibody against the chimeric peptide immunogen, then characterised and validated that it maintained therapeutic efficacy. Findings: We demonstrated efficacy of each approach in two well-established pre-clinical models of otitis media induced by the prevalent respiratory tract pathogen nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae, a common biofilm disease. Interpretation: Collectively, our data revealed two approaches with substantive efficacy and potential for broad application to combat diseases with a biofilm component. Funding Supported by R01 DC011818 to LOB and SDG.
Subcellular functions of proteins under fluorescence single-cell microscopy.

Abstract A cell is a highly organized, dynamic, and intricate biological entity orchestrated by a myriad of proteins and their self-assemblies. Because a protein's actions depend on its coordination in both space and time, our curiosity about protein functions has extended from the test tube into the intracellular space of the cell. Accordingly, modern technological developments and advances in enzymology have been geared towards analyzing protein functions within intact single cells. We discuss here how fluorescence single-cell microscopy has been employed to identify subcellular locations of proteins, detect reversible protein–protein interactions, and measure protein activity and kinetics in living cells. Considering that fluorescence single-cell microscopy has been only recently recognized as a primary technique in enzymology, its potentials and outcomes in studying intracellular protein functions are projected to be immensely useful and enlightening. We anticipate that this review would inspire many investigators to study their proteins of interest beyond the conventional boundary of specific disciplines. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Physiological Enzymology and Protein Functions.
Functional Outcomes for Meniscal Allograft Interposition Arthroplasty of the Hand.

Background Osteochondral defects of the carpometacarpal (CMC), metacarpophalangeal (MCP), and proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints often necessitate arthrodesis or arthroplasty. Meniscal allograft has been used for large joint resurfacing, but its application to smaller joints is less well understood. We propose its use for hand joint resurfacing as an off-the-shelf alternative to address osteochondral defects and restore articular function. Methods Thirty-one patients with osteoarthritis of the CMC, MCP, or PIP joints underwent arthroplasty with meniscal allograft. Patient demographics and operative information were recorded. Preoperative Disability of the Shoulder, Arm, and Hand, Wong Baker pain, grip and pinch strength, and range of motion were compared to postoperative scores at 6 weeks, 6 months, and 1 year. Results Twenty-three women and 8 men, mean age 62.8 years, underwent 39 joint reconstructions, including CMC (n = 26), thumb MP (n = 2), thumb IP (n = 2), digit MP (n = 2), and digit PIP (n = 7). At 1 year, mean Disability of the Shoulder, Arm, and Hand scores decreased from 41.3 to 15.6 (P < 0.001) and pain scores from 6.9 to 1.0 (P < 0.001). Grip strength increased from 38.1 to 42.9 (P = 0.017) and radial and palmar abduction from 43.1 to 49.2 (P = 0.039) and 43.7 to 51.6 (P = 0.098), respectively. There were no complications related to the meniscus. Conclusions Meniscal allograft represents an alternative to arthrodesis which obviates the need for a donor site and avoids many of the complications inherent to synthetic alternatives. Our early results demonstrate its successful use to reduce subjective pain and disability scores, improve objective strength measures, and maintain range of motion.
Unservice: Reconceptualizing the Utility Duty to Serve in Light of Climate Change

Monopoly regulated utilities operate under a duty to serve - they must provide service on a non-discriminatory basis to all who request it within their state-sanctioned monopoly territory. As climate change alters the conditions of the natural world, utilities will find themselves in the situation where continuing to provide service, re-installing infrastructure to provide service where it has been lost, or providing new service would be considered imprudent. However, due to the duty to serve, utilities may find themselves doing exactly that: spending ratepayer funds providing service and installing or maintaining infrastructure where, without the duty to serve, the utility would not expend the funds as it would be considered fiscally and environmentally irresponsible. While public utility commissions will want to protect the public interest, for fiscal and sustainability purposes, modifying the utility duty to serve will become necessary. Because of the impacts of climate change, satisfying the duty to serve will become increasingly expensive. Utility action needed to meet the duty to serve that was once prudent may no longer be prudent, but instead lead to inefficiencies, injustice and moral hazard. Prudency, if defined properly and reinvigorated to deal with the impacts of climate change, may help meet this challenge. But to do so, the duty to serve will need to be modified. This paper will discuss the utility duty to serve, posit how to change prudency to address climate change, and address the legal and practical implications for properties that may end up outside the service boundary. It is impossible, at this point in time, to know exactly which situations will develop where climate change impacts will require action. Trying to reduce the theory to specific situations would necessarily reduce its criticality and narrow its application. It is enough to know that they will occur, and legislatures and regulators must start preparing programs and procedures for that eventuality now.
The “Rendezvous”: Principle in Endoscopic and Surgical Procedures

One early form of “Rendezvous” maneuver was developed by using laparoscopic and endoscopic techniques. This technique was applied in patients with gastric tumors and gastric lesions, which needed to be resected for histologic evaluation. By now, several other “Rendezvous” techniques have been developed and reported. Quite often these approaches are individual procedures reasoned and indicated by special individual situations of a patient. Based on these ideas, one could develop more perspectives for combined concepts to facilitate or enable an individualized technical approach for a special situation.
A Sociocultural Learning Framework for Inclusive Pedagogy in Engineering

This paper describes a sociocultural learning framework for classroom inclusion based on research in three interconnected areas: learner identity, classroom context, and engineering culture. This paper is intended to serve as a resource for CEE authors to incorporate research-based inclusive pedagogy into the design and implementation of their chemical engineering education efforts.
Understanding (and Fixing) the Right of Fixation in Copyright Law

In 1994, the United States established laws prohibiting the making and distribution of “bootleg” recordings of live music concerts. While strongly criticized by many commentators, these provisions establishing a “right of fixation” for musicians have been upheld against repeated constitutional challenges.This article proposes a new constitutional analysis of the anti-bootleg provisions, different from any provided to date by courts or commentators. In this analysis, some components of the anti-bootleg provisions should be treated as copyright law while other provisions are clearly outside the scope of the Copyright Clause, requiring another basis for Congressional action. The provisions that fall squarely within the Copyright Clause must – contrary to the courts – be amended to restrict protection to “Limited Times” and with copyright’s core exceptions and limitations. As to the other provisions -- the true prohibitions on fixation -- this article proposes that instead of the jejune Commerce Clause versus Copyright Clause debate we should look to the Necessary and Proper Clause as the best basis for Congressional power.Reconsideration of these issues is highly relevant because the 2012 completion of the Beijing Treaty on Audiovisual Performances means that the United States should now extend the same "right of fixation" protection to dramatic and choreographic performers. This article shows how this can be done with minimal amendment of the law, producing a balanced, improved set of anti-bootleg provisions.
Bandwidth of transmission-line resistance compression networks for microwave outphasing transmitters

This work investigates the suitability of transmission-line resistance compression networks (TLRCNs) for energy recovery applications in wideband microwave outphasing transmitters. In order to successfully recover microwave power without introducing distortion in the outphasing transmitter, the energy recovery network must remain both efficient and impedance-matched at its input port over variations in both power and frequency. In this work, we analyze the ability of the TLRCN to compress variations in its loading impedances when its driving frequency deviates from the nominal center frequency. Measurements of a four-way TLRCN network terminated with resonant class-E rectifiers demonstrate a peak RF-to-dc conversion efficiency of 75% with a return loss of better than 14 dB over a 10-dB range of input powers and 100 MHz bandwidth around 2.45 GHz.
The metabolic cost of balance in Cycling

Ergometers and stationary bicycle trainers are commonly used in laboratories to simulate overground riding. Missing from such instrumentation, however, is any demand for balance and the fraction of the metabolic cost associated with dynamic balance. An alternative training device, rollers, may provide a more ecologically valid simulation of overground riding because dynamic balance is required. The purpose of this study was to compare oxygen consumption (VO 2 ) at a similar power level during cycling on an ergometer, trainer, and rollers. Highly - trained cyclists ( n = 7, VO 2 peak = 65 Â± 5 mLÂžkg -1 Âžmin -1 ) performed a VO 2 peak test on a trainer using their own bicycles, followed by 4 min sub-max tests at a power corresponding to 74.1 Â± 4.3% of VI‡O 2 peak on three cycling devices in randomized order. On rollers and stationary trainer, power was measured via a Power Tap SL+ hub and on the ergometer, using resistance. Matching of mechanical power across all 3 modes, as it correlates to VO 2 was accomplished using linear regression based on the VI‡O 2 peak test. Mean VO 2 values at constant power levels were: rollers = 49.2Â Â±Â 5.2, trainer = 48.0 Â± 5.2, and ergometer = 48.0 Â± 4.8 mLÂžkg -1 Âžmin -1 . Riding on rollers required 2.5% greater VO 2 compared to riding a stationary trainer or ergometer at the same mechanical power level (p < 0.05). This increase was likely due to the metabolic cost of balance associated with cycling on rollers and suggests that rollers may better simulate the metabolic cost of overground cycling at approximatlye 70% of VO 2 peak. Â
Studies on the surface and cytoplasmic membranes of Ehrlich ascites-carcinoma cells. I. The hydrolysis of ATP and related nucleotides by microsomal membranes.

Abstract The hydrolysis of ATP and related nucleotides by Ehrlich ascites-carcinoma microsomes has been investigated. It has been shown that ATP hydrolysis is due to the membrane fraction of the microsomes and that the membrane fraction is composed of several groups of membrane fragments differing in density and biochemical composition. ATP hydrolysis requires activation by divalent cations, which produce different pH optima of ATP hydrolysis. ATP hydrolysis was found to be sensitive to ionic strength, but no specific effects of Na + or K + could be shown, nor was it sensitive to ouabain. In addition to ATP, ITP, GTP, UTP and CTP are also hydrolyzed by the microsomal membranes, the rats depending on the activating ion used and on pH. ADP is cleaved slowly but its presence inhibits ATP hydrolysis. Evidence is presented to suggest that much of the microsomal. ATPase is due to the presence of surfacep-membrane fragments in the microsomal membranes.
Thrombosis and secondary hemochromatosis play major roles in the pathogenesis of jaundiced and spherocytic mice, murine models for hereditary spherocytosis.

Jaundiced mice, ja / ja , suffer from a severe hemolytic anemia caused by a complete deficiency of erythroid β-spectrin. We used these mice as a model to investigate the pathophysiological consequences of the deficiency, including the effects in the nonerythroid tissues where this protein is expressed. Because the ja / ja mice rarely survive beyond the fourth postnatal day, methods were assessed for extending lifespan into adulthood. Neonatal transfusion increased lifespan to a mean of 3.7 months, allowing a more complete characterization of the pathophysiology. Blood parameters and histopathology of the jaundiced mouse were compared with that from spherocytic mice, which have a hemolytic anemia caused by deficiency of erythroid α-spectrin, yet can survive the postnatal period transfusion free. The adult jaundiced and spherocytic mice present with greatly decreased hematocrit and red blood cell counts, reticulocytosis, and bilirubinemia, leading secondarily to hepatosplenomegaly and cardiomegaly. Jaundiced and spherocytic mice were analyzed histopathologically between 1.0 and 9.5 months of age. Interestingly, the complete absence of erythroid β-spectrin in jaundiced mice leads to no detectable structural defects in brain, cardiac, or skeletal muscles. However, fibrotic lesions and lymphocytic infiltration were observed in cardiac tissue from 4 of 13 jaundiced mice and 15 of 15 spherocytic mice, and thrombi were detected at either the atrioventricular valves or within the atria of 2 of 13 jaundiced mice and 15 of 15 spherocytic mice. In addition, all affected mice had a progressive renal hemosiderosis concurrent with hydronephrosis and glomerulonephritis. The severity of the renal disease and its presence in all moribund mice suggests kidney failure rather than the fibrotic heart lesions as the major cause of death in these mice.
Globalization, Flexibility and New Workplace Culture in the United States and India

The literature on globalization of services has tended to focus on advanced industrial nations, underestimating the important role Southern markets have played. Given the complexities of the global economy, much can be gained from exploring the ways in which flexible management practices and workplace culture in the United States and India have increasingly conjoined under an emerging set of common principles. In particular, one finds similar phenomena contributing to patterns of job insecurity in both countries: non-standard employment contracts, long working hours, growing emphasis on individualization, and increasing control over workers. Interestingly, workers in both countries have similar strategies in staying employed as well as dealing with the growing insecurity. In neither country, however, has employment precariousness resulted in a backlash against the government. I posit the reason for this is that even as workers recognize the structural sources of job insecurity due to globalization, they individualize their failures and inability to cope with the changing market.
Current challenges in component-level and system-level ESD simulation

Electronic systems and components contain large numbers of elements and have a complex non-linear response to ESD; thus, passing ESD qualification on the first pass is unlikely to occur unless the robustness is verified by means of simulation prior to manufacturing. For component-level ESD verification, the primary challenge is in regards to computational efficiency; for system-level ESD verification, component and test bed modeling present major challenges.
The Habitability of Mars: Past and Present

Data collected from recent spacecraft missions to Mars are making it possible to scientifically evaluate whether habitable environments are present, or existed in the past, on the planet. Determining where, when, and how such environments occur will play a crucial role in guiding future exploration efforts. Mars appears to possess the critical elements for life as we know it, including the required chemical elements, energy sources, and the presence ofwater. Identification of potential habitats for life therefore depends on the convergence of these factors under favorable circumstances. Spacecraft observations are more clearly defining the history of water on Mars, and appear to indicate that significant amounts of liquid water have been present at the surface in the past. Most of this water has been lost over time or retreated underground, although there is some evidence for periodic near-surface water in recent eras. If Mars did indeed have a warmer, wetter past, the possibilities for habitable environments were substantial and diverse. On the other hand, the inhospitable nature of the present surface indicates that potential habitats for extant life are much more limited. Nevertheless, habitable environments might exist in the subsurface or at the surface during more favorable climatic periods.
Broadening the scope of research on epistemic cognition: implications from epistemology and philosophy of science

This paper presents a review of important topics addressed in philosophical literatures in epistemology and philosophy of science. An important goal is to identify important epistemological topics that have heretofore been neglected by research on epistemic cognition (EC). Currently, many researchers have focused on the following components of epistemic cognition: the nature and structure of knowledge (including theories and laws or the complexity of knowledge), the certainty of knowledge, and the sources and justification of knowledge (e.g., Hofer & Pintrich, 1997; Lederman et al, 1992). Philosophical scholarship suggests other components that should be considered as part of epistemic cognition, and we aim to identify some of these components.
Mismatch Repair in Extracts of Werner Syndrome Cell Lines

Werner syndrome (WS) is an autosomal recessive disease, the phenotype of which is a caricature of premature aging. WS cells and cell lines display several types of genetic instability, and WS patients have an increased risk of developing cancer. The WS locus (WRN) encodes a protein that shows significant sequence homology to the RecQ family of DNA helicases. Because a DNA helicase may function in DNA mismatch repair, we examined extracts of WS cell lines for mismatch repair activity. Extracts from four different WS lymphoblastoid cell lines containing different WRN mutations and from three within-pedigree control cell lines were all proficient in mismatch repair. In marked contrast, extracts from three independent WS fibroblastoid cell lines were deficient in repair of base-base and insertion/deletion mismatches. Extracts of one of these lines restored activity to extracts of mismatch repair-deficient tumor cells with defined mutations in hMSH2, hMSH3, hMSH6, hMLH1, or hPMS2. This suggests that the WRN mutation in this fibroblast line is not a dominant negative inhibitor of mismatch repair activity and that the repair defect does not reside in these five known mismatch repair genes. Defective mismatch repair in fibroblastoid but not lymphoblastoid cells is consistent with the possibility that WRN protein could have a cell type- and/or tissue-specific role in mismatch repair. Alternatively, a mutation in WRN could predispose cells to mutations in other genes required for mismatch repair activity, at least one of which could be an unknown gene.
Self-aligned silicide process technology for sub-0.25-μm geometries

This work compares the extendibility of titanium with pre- deposition amorphizing implant (PAI) and cobalt salicides to sub-0.25 micrometer technologies. Cobalt salicide has low sheet resistance and a tighter distribution of sheet resistances than titanium salicide with PAI for narrow linewidths. The reaction of cobalt with silicon is not affected by dopants in the silicon as the reaction of titanium is. Less cobalt need be deposited than titanium for a given sheet resistance target. Cobalt salicide requires fewer process steps than titanium salicide with PAI. Cobalt salicide has lower diodes for shallow junctions, requires a smaller thermal budget, and provides a lower contact resistances than titanium salicide. Thus, cobalt salicide process technology has better process control, is more compatible with sub-0.25 micrometer devices, and more compatible with interlayer connections than titanium salicide with PAI.
Beauty and the feast: Official and visceral nationalism in Belize

This article discusses two nationalizing projects in the recently independent Caribbean country of Belize. Beauty pageants, promoted by political parties as an explicit effort to build unified national consensus in a multi‐ethnic society, have failed to do so. In practice they dramatize difference more than identity. In the meantime other forms of national identification have flourished, often in sites completely outside of state intervention. An example is provided in the growth of a Belizean cuisine.
Influences of schooling and urban-rural residence on gender differences in cognitive abilities and academic achievement

A total of 1151 children from indigenous Quechua-speaking families residing in squatter settlements of the city and in two remote rural environments in Peru was given a battery of 16 tests of academic achievement and cognitive abilities. The former tests assessed reading and mathematics achievement and the latter tapped a broad range of cognitive functions. Children were enrolled in first, second, or third grade or did not attend school. “Younger” children were from 6 to 8 years old, and “older” children were from 9 to 12 years old. Large differences in cognitive functioning were associated with attendance at school, grade in school, age, and urban-rural residence. Gender was found to account for less than 5% of the variance in children's performance on cognitive and academic tasks. Gender effects appeared to decline with increased amount of schooling. This was reflected in interactions involving gender and schooling and in a greater number of significant gender effects for children who did not attend school or were in first grade. The results present a complicated picture of various interactional effects of task, location, age, and schooling on the detected gender differences in cognitive abilities and academic achievement.