Chemical equilibrium and kinetic constraints for chondrule and CAI formation conditions

While many uncertainties remain, a kinetic evaporation-condensation model is used to show that type A chondrules, and compact Type A and B calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions (CAIs) could have formed from CI-like precursors under conditions that are consistent with predictions for 2–3 AU in a canonical solar nebula. Type B and Al-rich chondrules, and Type C CAIs, on the other hand, may have formed from fractionated precursors. Based primarily on chondrule and CAI isotopic compositions, previous studies have reached different conclusions because they did not take into account the effects of gas-melt exchange. Assuming CI-like precursor compositions, equilibrium silicate melts with elemental compositions like those of type A chondrules could have formed over a wide range of conditions (T, Ptot, solid/gas/solar). Metal is not predicted to be stable when T ≥ 1600°C. When T < 1600°C, the abundances and compositions of metal in chondrules appear to be less successfully reproduced than the silicates, e.g., at a given temperature more metal is predicted in type II chondrules than is generally observed, and under some conditions type IIs are predicted to be more metal-rich than type Is. These differences could be overcome if type Is formed from precursors that were more reduced than CI, and if type IIs formed after significant metal-silicate fractionation. The formation conditions of molten CAIs are much more restricted than for chondrules, perhaps in part explaining their lower abundances. The Mg, Si and O isotopic mass fractionations in non-FUN CAIs can be reproduced if they formed between ∼1400 to 1500°C in regions where CAI-like equilibrium melts were stable, but they did not quite reach equilibrium with the gas. CAI formation times at Ptot = 10−4-10−3 bars are consistent with estimates of Type B CAI cooling times, but pressures much below this require formation times that are too long. The isotopic mass fractionations in FUN CAIs can be explained if they formed at or below the ranges of solid/gas/solar ratios where CAI-like equilibrium compositions are stable. Under these conditions, FUN inclusions undergo less gas-melt exchange than non-FUN CAIs. The FUN CAI formation temperatures are consistent with formation at 1400 to 1500°C, but may have been higher. Two general explanations for the distribution of O mass independent fractionations (MIF) in chondrules/CAIs have been explored: creation of the MIF before chondrule/CAI formation, and creation of the MIF during chondrule/CAI formation. If the MIF was established before chondrule/CAI formation, the most promising explanation is that H2O (presumably as ice) and silicate dust with MIFs of opposite sign are fractionated together from the remaining gas. On heating, the H2O now in the gas exchanges with the melt. If the MIF was generated during chondrule/CAI formation, it must be generated in the H2O, because it exchanges most rapidly with the melt, and mass balance requires creation of MIF of opposite sign in CO. Self-shielding from UV radiation is one possibility, but the effect may be quenched at high temperatures. Non-RRKM intramolecular kinetic isotope effects are another possibility, but a continuous source of radiation may be needed to prevent gas phase reactions from approaching equilibrium.