cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In Preparation for Adulthood Exploring Civic Participation and Social Trust Among Young Minorities

The inclusion of minorities in the civic affairs of society is critical. Research indicates many of today's youth are less likely to engage in meaningful civic activities and more likely to experience social exclusion because of disparities in educational settings, economic disadvantages, and health disparities. This phenomenon is more likely to occur in communities overcome by crime, drug dealing, and other indicators of diminished quality of life, where there is greater anonymity and suspicion among neighbors and less trust. Social trust is a significant trait for adulthood because social trust promotes individuals' actively engaging in society and seeing themselves as valued members of their communities. Secondary data from the CIRCLE National Youth Survey, comprising 1,000 youths between ages 15 and 25 years, show that youth who trust in others and trust in government are more likely to participate in community service, voting, and political volunteerism, even among young minorities.
Age-related glycine receptor subunit changes in the cochlear nucleus of Fischer-344 rats.

Previous studies have shown that levels of binding for the strychnine-sensitive glycine receptor in the cochlear nucleus (CN) of Fischer (F344) rats decrease with age. Given the major role glycine plays in normal CN function, changes in glycine-receptor activity may contribute to central presbycusis. To further evaluate the impact of age on glycine receptors, in situ hybridization was used to assess, in three age groups of F344 rats, changes in levels of gene expression for four of its subunits. When compared with the 3-month-old rats, expression of mRNAs for α 1 and β subunits in the anteroventral CN decreased significantly in the 18-and 27-month-old age groups, while mRNA expression for the α 2 subunit increased. If protein expressions are similar, these subunit changes may alter the function of glycine receptors, thereby affecting binding to its ligands.
Histological Changes in the Bony Crypt and Gubernacular Canal of Erupting Permanent Premolars During Deciduous Premolar Exfoliation in Beagles

Osteoclastic activity that changes the size and shape of the gubernacular canal (eruption pathway) during eruption of the permanent succedaneous premolar occurs in close proximity to the roots of the deciduous tooth. Osteoclasis in the gubernacular canal in pre-eruption and early eruption stages does not result in odontoclasis of the deciduous roots, and the genesis of odontoclasis remains undetermined. However, in later stages of eruption, osteoclasis in the canal appears to contribute to the root resorption process.
The Impact of National Identity on Conflict Behavior: Comparative Analysis of Two Ethnic Minorities in Crimea:

This paper examines the process of national identity formation among ethnic minorities in the Crimea—specifically, the moderation effects of national identity building on interrelations between conflict indicators and readiness for conflict or compromise for two ethnic minorities in Crimea. Based on a survey in the Crimea, results show that national identity moderates the effects of ethnic identity, ethnocentrism, economic deprivation, and majority/minority position on individual and group conflict behavior and such effects differ between two ethnic groups, namely Russians and Crimean Tatars. For both groups the strongest moderation effect was found for ethnocentrism and ethnic identity.
Annotated Bibliography on the Teaching of Psychology: 2003

This bibliography is a continuation ofthose previously published in Teaching of Psychology (e.g., Berry & Daniel, 1984; Fulkerson & Wise, 1987; Johnson & Schroder, 1997; Wise & Fulkerson, 1996). We maintained similar search methods and criteria for inclusion that were used in previous bibliographies. We also continued the cumulative numbering of the items.To help the reader locate relevant articles, we arranged items into a small number of subject categories. Generally, if fewer than three items fell into a specific subject category, they were relegated to a category labeled miscellaneous.
The learning needs of first-year surgical residents in the intensive care unit

Background Residents are more likely to learn from educational experiences when properly prepared from the start of instruction and expectations are clear and consistent. The purpose of this study was to examine what first year residents need to know and be able to perform before starting their rotation in the intensive care unit (ICU). Methods The sample included surgical faculty, first through fifth year general surgery residents, and ICU nurses. A survey was developed that listed 110 knowledge and skill items felt to be possible prerequisite learning objectives. Respondents were asked to evaluate the required level of knowledge or skill on a 5-point Likert-type scale. Results Items were divided into knowledge or skill categories and then ranked in descending order by their mean ratings. Four knowledge and 10 skill items were ranked highly by all 3 groups of respondents. Kruskall-Wallis analyses found 58 items with statistically significant differences in mean ratings between groups of respondents. Conclusion With this information a self assessment tool was developed to determine the level of performance on these identified learning objectives. A course of instruction can now be developed to assist residents in meeting these objectives before they assume patient care responsibilities in the ICU.
Biological significance of divalent metal ion binding to 14-3-3 proteins in relationship to nitrate reductase inactivation

In this report we address two questions regarding the regulation of phosphorylated nitrate reductase (pNR; EC 1.6.6.1) by 14-3-3 proteins. The first concerns the requirement for millimolar concentrations of a divalent cation in order to form the inactive pNR:14-3-3 complex at pH 7.5. The second concerns the reduced requirement for divalent cations at pH 6.5. In answering these questions we highlight a possible general mechanism involved in the regulation of 14-3-3 binding to target proteins. We show that divalent cations (e.g. Ca2+, Mg2+ and Mn2+) bind directly to 14-3-3s, and as a result cause a conformational change, manifested as an increase in surface hydrophobicity. A similar change is also obtained by decreasing the pH from pH 7.5 to pH 6.5, in the absence of divalent cations, and we propose that protonation of amino acid residues brings about a similar effect to metal ion binding. A possible regulatory mechanism, where the 14-3-3 protein has to be "primed" prior to binding a target protein, is discussed.
Bluetooth performance in the presence of 802.11b WLAN

Both Bluetooth and 802.11b wireless communication technology are poised to make a significant impact in many applications. The complementary nature of the two technologies leads to applications enhanced by their collocation and simultaneous operation. Thus heightening the need for understanding the coexistence issues between the two technologies. A method was developed for evaluating the impact an 802.11b network will have on the Bluetooth piconet performance. A three step process was used in this development: characterize the 802.11b interference in a stationary environment, characterize the Bluetooth performance in the presence of a single 802.11b interferer and characterize the Bluetooth performance in an arbitrary 802.11b network environment. Empirical results were used to develop and substantiate the analytical model. The root-mean-square (RMS) difference between the single interferer empirical test results and the analytical model results was 2%. Analysis results, based on a specific range of radio propagation parameters and 802.11b network parameters, are presented.
Cooperative control of UAV rendezvous

The cooperative control of timing and synchronization of tasks of multiple unmanned air vehicles (UAVs) represents a valuable capability for a wide range of potential multi-UAV missions. This research addresses the specific problem of cooperative rendezvous in which multiple UAVs are to arrive at their targets simultaneously. The development of a rendezvous manager state machine and a cooperative control decomposition approach are described. Simulation results demonstrating the feasibility of the approach are presented.
Authoring Background Character Responses to Foreground Characters

This paper presents a flexible and intuitive authoring interface for specifying the behaviors of background characters and their reactions to user-controlled foreground characters. We use an event-centric behavior authoring paradigm and provide metaphors for altering the behavioral responses using conditions, modifiers, and contexts. The execution of an event (an interaction between multiple characters in the scene) is governed using authored conditions on the state of the participating characters, as well as the history of their past interactions. Our system monitors the ongoing simulation and the actions of foreground characters to trigger plausible reactions in the background characters as events, which satisfy user-authored conditions. Modifiers allow authors to vary how events are perceived by specific characters, to elicit unique responses. Contexts provide a simple mechanism to add behavior modifiers based on the current location of the characters. We demonstrate the benefits of our approach by authoring a virtual populace, and show the design of simple background activity, to more complex multi-agent interactions, that highlight the ease and flexibility of specification.
Abstract 2956: Carotid Revascularization in Elderly Asymptomatic Patients: Are the Results Optimal?

Objectives: Assess the hypothesis that patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis older than 75 years are not on “best medical therapy” and their operative complication exceeds the AHA/ASA 3% thre...
A NEW STAGING PROPOSAL FOR PULMONARY METASTASES. THE RESULTS OF ANALYSIS OF 5206 CASES OF RESECTED PULMONARY METASTASES

Abstract In 1991, the International Registry of Lung Metastases was formed by 18 thoracic surgery departments in Europe and North America. Statistical analysis of combined data from the Registry revealed significant variables in patient selection, which helped to guide treatment modalities for specific patients. A simple system of stage classification is presented in this article as a basis for discussions on future results and for clinical trial design.
Formation of Crystalline Cadmium Selenide Nanowires

Highly crystalline, continuous parallel arrays of CdSe nanowires have been generated through electrodeposition using photoresist templates. Easy soft imprint nanolithography (ESINL) was used to pattern a commercially available photoresist, Norland Optical Adhesive 60 (NOA 60), deposited onto the ITO substrates, prior to electrodeposition. Using the exposed ITO layer as an electrode, a thin film of CdSe was electrodeposited from an electrolyte containing CdCl2, SeO2, and HCl on the substrate, and the resist was subsequently removed in an alkaline developer solution. The resulting CdSe nanowires were 100 nm in thickness, 300–500 nm in width, and several centimeters in length. Imprinted templates were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The SEM analysis confirmed the formation of parallel arrays of nanowires unaffected by the resist lift-...
198 Transplantation for PHT in Early Childhood

Compared to older children, where Cystic Fibrosis is the most common indication, pulmonary vascular disoders, either related to congenital heart disease or idiopathic pulmonary hypertension, make up 40–50% of the population of patients undergoing lung transplantation before 6 years of age. Lung transplantation of infants and young children is complicated by challenges in several domains including technical (i.e. airway complications), monitoring (transbronchial biopsies are more difficult to obtain and lung function testing requires sedation), developmental (in particular when oral motor development is delayed) and most importantly level of illness (more than 50% of infants and young children undergoing lung transplant require mechanical ventilation and/or extracorporeal support prior to transplant. Although improving in recent years, early outcomes lag behind older children and adults (70% compared to >80%). However 3 and 5 year survival is comparable (65% and 50% respectively), perhaps due to a lower incidence of acute and chronic rejection. Many children transplanted in infancy face developmental delays, most likely due to pretransplant insults. Nonetheless, excellent long term outcome is possible and should become increasingly likely with improvements in pretransplant support and management of posttransplant complicaitons.
Transport, network, and data link layer protocol designs to improve geo-stationary earth orbit satellite data set transmission performance

Geo-stationary earth orbit (CEO) satellites are wireless transmission media that provide near-earth Internet and Intranet data communication, but are limited to low Megabits per second transmission rates and small messages. They can provide communication infrastructure to rural earth locales, are not affected by terrorist events and natural disasters that render terrestrial channels unusable, and can replace terrestrial communication infrastructure. In this thesis, we present new designs for a transport layer data transmission protocol, a network layer routing strategy, and a data-link layer medium access control strategy. Through simulation, we show that our designs permit earth stations to transmit large data sets at high transmission rates over GEO satellites in less time than the Transmission Control Protocol variant Reno and frequency division multiplexing. Our designs can be used by organizations that wish to transmit large data sets quickly over CEO satellites that exhibit large bandwidth delay products and large bit error rates.
Argon laser skin surgery.

The argon laser is a useful instrument that, during the last 5 years, has become a widely accepted and available tool in cutaneous surgery. Its primary use is in the treatment of various cutaneous lesions, although it also produces very satisfactory results when applied to professional decorative tatoos. These procedures are described and illustrated.
Choosing qualitative methods in IS research: lessons learned

INTRODUCTION This book is about the use of qualitative methods in the conduct of information systems research. As the title suggests, it is concerned both with trends in the choice of qualitative methods and with issues with the use of these methods. The issues have been addressed on two levels. The section on individual issues considers specific issues encountered by individual researchers in the conduct of particular research projects. The section on issues for the profession considers issues that the IS profession is currently confronting and those it will have to address in the future. The subject matter of this book has considered the use of qualitative methods in information systems research in the following way. This book began by considering trends in the choice of qualitative methods: why and how people have chosen qualitative methods for the conduct of information systems research (Trauth, Wynn). It then moved on to consider individual issues. These issues are “individual”
Computed tomography in the evaluation of partial grwoth plate arrest in children

The radiologic evaluation of growth plate injuries is vital to the surgical management of children with partial growth plate arrests. Plain film radiographs are of limited value, and in some cases, even high quality tomography does not provide adequate detail. Computed tomography (CT) can however provide a cross-sectional display and may also aid in defining, the relative position of bone and cartilage in the affected area. This may prove invaluable to the surgeon in the planning of his operation. The vast majority of cases of partial growth arrest can be adequately examined by conventional means, but CT can provide additional information in cases where plain film examination is inadequate.
Gone to the Spirits: A Transgender Prophet on the Columbia Plateau

This article examines the life of Kauxuma nupika, an indigenous transgender prophet living on the Columbia Plateau in the early nineteenth century. As a Ktunaxa woman, she crossed cultural boundaries to marry a Euroamerican. When she left her husband, insisting on her independence and autonomy, she crossed another frontier. When Kauxuma nupika declared herself no longer a woman, but a man, and secured himself a wife, he crossed further boundaries of gender and sexuality. As a warrior and a prophet, Kauxuma nupika crossed the boundaries to the world of the spirit, returning with warnings, guidance, and hope for the tribal people of the Columbia River valley. In this project, I reflect upon the historical record in light of indigenous prophet traditions on the Columbia Plateau and current scholarship on gender and power among Native communities of the region, to consider notions of power, identity, and the religio-cultural dynamics of gender and sexual identity among indigenous communities on the Columbia P...
Visit Entropy Associated with Hospital Readmission Rates

Purpose: The chronic disease model suggests continuity of care and team-based care can improve outcomes for multimorbidity patients and reduce hospitalizations. Continuity of care following admission has had mixed effects on readmission rates; however, its effect before admission has not been well studied. Increased outpatient care organization and continuity before admission is hypothesized to reduce the odds of readmission. Methods: In a cohort of 14,662 primary care patients from a Patient-Centered Medical Home (PCMH) practice, continuity of care in the 12 months before admission was assessed using 3 established metrics; usual provider continuity (UPC), dispersion continuity of care (COC), and sequence continuity (SECON). In addition, because these established metrics may not accurately reflect continuity in planned team-based care, a new metric called visit entropy (VE) was used to quantify the disorganization of visits. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to examine the relationship between readmission within 30 days and continuity while controlling for known readmission risk factors abstracted from an electronic medical record. Results: Higher VE was associated with readmission (odds ratio, 1.10; 95% confidence interval, 1.02 to 1.19). The continuity measures of UPC, COC, and SECON were not associated with readmission. Conclusions: Disorganized medical care, characterized by a higher VE, is associated with higher odds of readmission among hospitalized primary care patients. An association between traditional measures of continuity (UPC, COC, and SECON) and readmission was not found.
Do depression or antidepressants increase cardiovascular mortality? The absence of proof might be more important than the proof of absence.

Major depressive disorder and coronary heart disease (CHD) are 2 of the most important public health problems in the U.S. Depression affects 13 to 14 million U.S. adults per year ([1][1]), many of whom have comorbid physical conditions ([2][2]). Coronary disease causes over 800,000 deaths/year ([3][
Dynamics of quadruple systems composed of two binaries: stars, white dwarfs, and implications for Ia supernovae

[Abridged]We investigate the long-term secular dynamics and Lidov-Kozai(LK) eccentricity oscillations of quadruple systems composed of two binaries at quadrupole and octupole order in the perturbing Hamiltonian. We show that the fraction of systems reaching high eccentricities is enhanced relative to triple systems, over a broader range of parameter space. We show that this fraction grows with time, unlike triple systems evolved at quadrupole order. This is fundamentally because with their additional degrees of freedom, quadruple systems do not have a maximal set of commuting constants of the motion, even in secular theory at quadrupole order. We discuss these results in the context of star-star and white dwarf-white dwarf(WD) binaries, with emphasis on WD-WD mergers and collisions relevant to the Type Ia supernova problem. For star-star systems, we find that more than 30% of systems reach high eccentricity within a Hubble time, potentially forming triple systems via stellar mergers or close binaries. For WD-WD systems, taking into account general relativistic and tidal precession and dissipation, we show that the merger rate is enhanced in quadruple systems relative to triple systems by a factor of 3.5-10, and that the long-term evolution of quadruple systems leads to a delay-time distribution ~1/t for mergers and collisions. In GW-driven mergers of compact objects, we classify the mergers by their evolutionary patterns in phase space and identify a regime in ~8% of orbital shrinking mergers, where eccentricity oscillations occur on the general relativistic precession timescale, rather than the much longer LK timescale. Finally, we generalize previous treatments of oscillations in the inner binary eccentricity to eccentric mutual orbits. We assess the merger rate in quadruple and triple systems and the implications for their viability as progenitors of stellar mergers and SNe Ia.
Gold(I) Catalyzed Dearomative Claisen Rearrangement of Allyl, Allenyl Methyl, and Propargyl Aryl Ethers.

Claisen rearrangements of allyl aryl ethers to generate enones bearing all carbon quaternary centers are accelerated by Ph3PAuNTf2 under mild conditions in good yields. Multiple C–C bond containing variants of the allyl fragment are viable, including alkylidenecyclopropanes, allenes, and alkynes, which generate all-carbon stereogenic centers substituted with vinyl cyclopropanes, 1,3-butadienyl, and allenyl substituents, respectively, for subsequent synthetic manipulation. With allyl phenyl ethers, the product of the [3,3] rearrangements can be trapped by a tandem [4 + 2] cycloaddition to generate complex molecular scaffolds from readily available, achiral starting materials.
Continuum Methods (CM): Basic Continuum Mechanics

Throughout this work, boldface symbols denote vectors or tensors. Furthermore, we exclusively employ a Cartesian basis.
Visual outcome in cats with hypertensive chorioretinopathy.

Purpose To investigate factors associated with long-term visual outcome in cats with hypertensive chorioretinopathy. Animals studied Eighty-eight client-owned cats diagnosed with hypertensive chorioretinopathy. Procedure Medical records from cats with systemic hypertension and associated retinal lesions were reviewed. Results Most cats (61%) were blind in both eyes at presentation. Presence of menace response at last follow-up evaluation was positively correlated with presence of menace response at presentation (P = .0025), time to complete retinal reattachment (P 6 months had a positive menace response. Eyes that had a menace response at presentation were 17 and 37 times more likely to have a menace response at last examination compared to eyes blind for less than 2 weeks and eyes blind greater than 2 weeks, respectively. Female cats were overrepresented (62.5% of cases), and male cats were 4.2 times more likely to be visual at time of last examination compared to female cats. Conclusions With treatment, the prognosis for long-term vision in cats with hypertensive chorioretinopathy, even following complete retinal detachment, is good.
Sociedades Sustentáveis: em defesa dos diálogos entre gerações. Um olhar crítico ao Desenvolvimento Sustentável

Este artigo e um extrato da pesquisa na area da Educacao Ambiental Critica, a qual propoe uma reflexao sobre a importância das relacoes coeducativas entre geracoes para sociedades mais sustentaveis. Haveria indicadores de que esses dialogos podem influenciar e, de algum modo, contribuir para a Sustentabilidade? A investigacao envolveu 60 pessoas entre oito e setenta anos, no âmbito de uma Unidade de Saude da Familia, com o uso de metodologias ativas e participativas, em 30 interacoes educativas. O que resultou na identificacao de elementos que podem influenciar a qualidade dessas relacoes, oferecendo contribuicoes para novas praticas coeducativas, alem de eventualmente estimular novos estudos e interacoes dialogicas, levando em conta a relevância tematica da intergeracionalidade e da sustentabilidade.
Qualification of Biophysical Methods for the Analysis of Protein Therapeutics

Biophysical techniques such as analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC), circular dichroism (CD), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) have been widely used by the biopharmaceutical industry to study higher-order structure of protein therapeutics. The data generated have generally been included in regulatory filings as part of the elucidation of structure and other characteristics and pharmaceutical development. In recent years, there is increasing scrutiny from the regulatory agencies on the qualification of these techniques. This chapter provides an overview of the biophysical methods used for generating information for regulatory filings during protein therapeutics development, purposes of these analyses, qualification approaches of these methods, any gaps present, and future directions.
Semi-classical Liouville Theory, Complex Geometry of Moduli Spaces, and Uniformization of Riemann Surfaces

An introduction to the semi-classical theory for the Polyakov’s functional integral approach to the quantum Liouville theory is presented with the emphasis on geometrical setup and interrelations between the Fuchsian uniformization of Riemann Surfaces and the complex geometry of Teichmuller, Schottky and moduli spaces.
Gyroscopic effect of small scale tilt up horizontal axis wind turbine

Publisher Summary Motions of a wind turbine depend on the forces applied on to it. Those are the torque by drag force of the wind rotor, torque by the counter balancing weight, torque generated by the rotor, resistance torque by generator, and torque by the wind vane on a tilt-up control wind turbine. Proper operation of the wind turbine adapts to varying wind conditions. Adjusting itself to the direction of wind is of paramount importance for wind turbine performance. It also needs to protect itself from the violence of winds at speeds greater than the rated wind speed. Larger wind turbines have computer driven control systems, servomotors, hydraulic motors, and all sorts of paraphernalia. Small wind turbines need simple passive controls to become economically attractive. Tilt-up method is one simple system that is used to control small-scale wind turbines. Wind rotor is pivoted in vertical plane and it could tilt upward because of a drag force of wind rotor as soon as this force goes beyond the rated condition. Tilt-up systems can exhibit strange gyroscopic movements under turbulent wind conditions using a mathematical model.
Better Prepare Than React: Reordering Public Health Priorities 100 Years After the Spanish Flu Epidemic.

This commentary argues that 100 years after the deadly Spanish flu, the public health emergency community’s responses to much more limited pandemics and outbreaks demonstrate a critical shortage of personnel and resources. Rather than relying on nonpharmaceutical interventions, such as quarantine, the United States must reorder its health priorities to ensure adequate preparation for a large-scale pandemic.
Generating Hard to Comprehend Fake Documents for Defensive Cyber Deception

Existing approaches to cyber defense have been inadequate at defending the targets from advanced persistent threats (APTs). APTs are stealthy and orchestrated attacks, which target both corporations and governments to exfiltrate important data. In this paper, we present a novel comprehensibility manipulation framework (CMF) to generate a haystack of hard to comprehend fake documents, which can be used for deceiving attackers and increasing the cost of data exfiltration by wasting their time and resources. CMF requires an original document as input and generates fake documents that are both believable and readable for the attacker, possess no important information, and are hard to comprehend. To evaluate CMF, we experimented with college aptitude tests and compared the performance of many readers on separate reading comprehension exercises with fake and original content. Our results showed a statistically significant difference in the correct responses to the same questions across the fake and original exercises, thus validating the effectiveness of CMF operations to mislead.
3D Culture Models of Malignant Mesothelioma Reveal a Powerful Interplay Between Photodynamic Therapy and Kinase Suppression Offering Hope to Reduce Tumor Recurrence.

In this issue, Cramer et al. introduce 3D culture models of metastatic mesothelioma to investigate basic cancer biology and new combination therapies for combating this complex and lethal disease. The results suggest that erlotinib-enhanced photodynamic therapy could further improve the efficacy of intraoperative light-activation to mop up residual tumor deposits in the clinic following surgical removal of macroscopic mesothelioma metastases.
Comparative morphology of adult honey bees, Apis mellifera, reared in vitro or by their parental colony

The environment in which an individual western honey bee (Apis mellifera) develops can have a major effect on its body condition and size. Artificial rearing of honey bee larvae is a popular tool u...
Urban Modeling of Inert Substances

The physical assumptions in various models for the diffusion of inert substances in urban areas are critically reviewed. It is suggested that there are no significant differences among the predictions of the models, and that often simple integral models have more valid physical assumptions than do complex computer models. Correlations between observed and predicted concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide, and suspended particles are typically in the range of 0.4 to 0.8. The magnitude of the prediction can be expected to be within a factor of two of the observation. Mixing depth and pollutant concentration are not well correlated (R ≃ -0.2) because local pollutant plumes do not as a rule reach the capping inversion. Inverse wind speed and pollutant concentration are better correlated (R = 0.6). A method for accounting for stability in the simple Atmospheric Turbulence and Diffusion Laboratory model is suggested, based on observations of CO emissions and concentrations and of wind speeds at numerous stations.
Genomic Considerations for the Modification of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for Biofuel and Metabolite Biosynthesis

The growing global population and developing world has put a strain on non-renewable natural resources, such as fuels. The shift to renewable sources will, thus, help meet demands, often through the modification of existing biosynthetic pathways or the introduction of novel pathways into non-native species. There are several useful biosynthetic pathways endogenous to organisms that are not conducive for the scale-up necessary for industrial use. The use of genetic and synthetic biological approaches to engineer these pathways in non-native organisms can help ameliorate these challenges. The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae offers several advantages for genetic engineering for this purpose due to its widespread use as a model system studied by many researchers. The focus of this review is to present a primer on understanding genomic considerations prior to genetic modification and manipulation of S. cerevisiae. The choice of a site for genetic manipulation can have broad implications on transcription throughout a region and this review will present the current understanding of position effects on transcription.
Cases Relating to Chapter 12 – Offenses Against Justice Administration

Publisher Summary This chapter presents several case studies related to offenses against justice administration. The cases presented are: Ottie Bernard Polk v. Commonwealth of Virginia, City of Houston, Texas v. Hill, and Billy Doyle Medford v. The State of Texas.
Algorithms for Online and Distributed Optimization and their Applications

Brief Biography: Joshua Comden is currently a Ph.D. Candidate at Stony Brook University studying Operations Research in the Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics and is expected to graduate in December 2019. He received his M.S. in Operations Research from the Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics in 2015 from Stony Brook University and his B.E. in Chemical Engineering from the University of Delaware in 2009. In the Summer of 2019, he was a Graduate Student Intern at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory using Matrix Completion techniques to improve Power System State Estimation which resulted in a publication. From 2017 to 2018, he was awarded a STRIDE Fellowship from the Institute for Advanced Computational Science to learn how to communicate research to policy makers so that they can make well informed decisions. His research interests are in the design and analysis of online and distributed optimization algorithms with applications in computing and energy systems.
Megakaryocyte-Derived TGF-β1 Negatively Regulates Megakaryopoiesis in Mice

Megakaryocytes (MK) and platelets contain a high concentration of transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1). Mice with conditional deletion of Tgfb1 in megakaryocytes (PF4Cre/Tgfb1flox/flox) resulted in >90% reduction of TGFβ1 in platelets and 50% reduction of TGFβ1 in plasma. TGFβ1 has been shown to play an inhibitory role in megakaryopoiesis in vitro, and inhibiting TGFβ1 increased megakaryopoiesis in vivo. However, the source of TGFβ1 in megakaryopoiesis is unknown. In this study, we tested whether megakaryocyte-derived TGFβ1 contributes to megakaryopoiesis in bone marrow (BM) by comparing three groups of mice: PF4Cre/Tgfb1flox/flox, littermate control Tgfb1flox/flox, and WTC57Bl/6 mice. Bones (femurs) from these mice (n=12) (age 15-30 weeks, males 60% and females 40%) were harvested, fixed, decalcified, sectioned, and HE 2 ug/ml). TGFβ1 and TPO levels in plasma, BM exudates, and cells were measured by ELISA. PF4Cre/Tgfb1flox/floxmice had >50% reduction in TGFβ1 levels in BM cells and exudates (TGFβ1 levels in BM exudates were 1.4 ± 0.033 ng in WT and 0.68 ± 0.065 ng in PF4CreTgfb1flox/floxmice, p We conclude that MK-derived TGFβ1 negatively regulates megakaryopoiesis in mice. Further investigation is needed to determine the mechanism by which TGFβ1 regulates TPO-induced megakaryopoiesis. Our study may be important in megakaryocyte generation in vitro and may have important implications in vivo under normal and stress-inducing conditions where variable megakaryopoiesis is observed, such as essential thrombocythemia and primary myelofibrosis. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Solid-like Behaviors Govern Evaporative Transport in Adsorbed Water Nanofilms

The thermophysical attributes of water molecules confined in a sub-nanometer thickness significantly differ from those in bulk liquid where their molecular behaviors start governing interfacial physics at the nanoscale. In this study, we elucidate nanothin film evaporation by employing a computational approach from a molecular perspective. As the liquid thickness decreases, the solid-like characteristics of adsorbed water nanofilms make the resistance at solid-liquid interfaces or Kapitza resistance significant. Kapitza resistances not only show a strong correlation with the surface wettability but also dominate the overall thermal resistance during evaporation rather than the resistance at evaporating liquid-vapor interfaces. Once the liquid thickness reaches the critical value of 0.5-0.6 nm, the evaporation kinetics is suppressed due to the excessive forces between the liquid and solid atoms. The understanding of molecular-level behaviors explains how a hydrophilic surface plays a role in determining evaporation rates from an atomistic perspective.
Contractarianisms and markets

Abstract I propose that Hume understands a market as a coordination regime where exchange is supported by moral rules traders must follow. For Hume a complete description of a market includes the institutions that support honest trade, institutions that come at a cost for the market traders. Hume's conception of a market is a special case of his conventionalist contractarianism, where a social contract is based upon a mutual advantage criterion requiring that all bound by the terms of this contract recognize that one serves one's own interests by abiding by its terms given that the others also abide by its terms. I discuss the contrasting position of David Gauthier, who argues that an ideally competitive market is a morally free zone and who uses such a market as a starting point for his rational choice-based contractarian theory. While Hume's view of a market as a coordination regime reflects actual markets more realistically than Gauthier's view, I argue that Hume can employ an isomorphism argument structurally similar to an isomorphism argument I attribute to Gauthier for the purposes of giving a normative analysis of a market.
Survey of ‘return-to-isotropy’ in anisotropic turbulence

G. I. Taylor's statistical theory of turbulence posed the basic problem, to find the velocity correlation function U ( k ) in homogeneous isotropic turbulence. Isotropy implies that the correlation...
Towards Superhuman Speech Recognition

After over 40 years of research, human speech recognition performance still substantially outstrips machine performance. Although enormous progress has been made, the ultimate goal of achieving or exceeding human performance - superhuman speech recognition - eludes us. On a more-prosaic level, many industrial concerns have been trying to make a go of various speech recognition businesses for many years, yet there is no clear killer app for speech. If the technology were as reliable as human perception, would such killer apps emerge?
Parenteral aspirin and sodium salicylate are equally injurious to the rat gastric mucosa.

Abstract The effects of parenteral aspirin (ASA) or sodium salicylate (SA) on the gastric mucosa were investigated in anesthetized pylorus-ligated rats 3 h after a bolus intravenous injection of ASA or SA, 150 mg/kg, or NaCl (control). Aspirin or SA produced similar extensive gross mucosal hemorrhagic lesions and similar microscopic damage in the presence of luminal acid (luminal pH 1.3 ± 0.05). Neither ASA nor SA produced gastric mucosal injury with intragastric instillation of saline (luminal pH 3.7 ± 0.5). Pretreatment for 1 h with luminal or subcutaneous 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E 2 completely prevented the formation of red streaks in ASA-treated rats but not in SA-treated rats, although prostaglandin E 2 pretreatment significantly reduced the gross lesion area in SA-treated rats (p 2 completely protected the gastric mucosa from injury by intravenous ASA, and to a lesser extent by intravenous SA. (c) In view of the damaging effects of SA on the gastric mucosa and the rapid conversion of ASA to SA, the mechanism of the gastric mucosal injury by intravenous ASA is much more complex than simple inhibition of endogenous prostaglandin synthesis.
Androgen Receptor Regulation of G1 Cyclin and Cyclin‐Dependent Kinase Function in the CWR22 Human Prostate Cancer Xenograft

: Human prostate cancer is initially dependent on androgens for growth, and androgen-dependent cells undergo apoptosis after castration. However, a subset of androgen-responsive cells survives and eventually proliferates in the absence of testicular androgen. The high levels of androgen receptor in both androgen-de-pendent and recurrent tumors led us to investigate androgen regulation of cell cycle proteins in human prostate cancer using the CWR22 xenograft. Cellular proliferation decreased dramatically in CWR22 tumors after castration. Testosterone propionate (TP) treatment of castrated mice restored cellular proliferation after 24–48 hours. Growth of CWR22 tumors in the absence of testicular androgen recurred several months after castration. CDK1 and CDK2, and cyclin A and cyclin B1 messenger RNAs were decreased 6 days after castration, increased 6–12 hours after TP treatment, and were expressed at high levels in recurrent CWR22 tumors. Coimmunoprecipitated cyclin B1/CDK1 and cyclin D1/CDK4 protein complexes decreased after castration and increased after TP treatment of castrated mice. In addition, CDK1 and CDK2 kinase activities were up-regulated by androgen in parallel with hyperphosphorylation of retinoblastoma (Rb) protein. Despite the absence of testicular androgen in recurrent CWR22, the levels of these androgen-regulated cyclin/CDK protein complexes and hyperphosphorylation of Rb were equal to or greater than in tumors from intact mice. The results indicate that androgen receptor regulates cellular proliferation by control of CDK and cyclins at the transcriptional level and by post-translational modifications that influence cell cycle protein activity.
Revealing botnet membership using DNSBL counter-intelligence

Botnets--networks of (typically compromised) machines--are often used for nefarious activities (e.g., spam, click fraud, denial-of-service attacks, etc.). Identifying members of botnets could help stem these attacks, but passively detecting botnet membership (i.e., without disrupting the operation of the botnet) proves to be difficult. This paper studies the effectiveness of monitoring lookups to a DNS-based blackhole list (DNSBL) to expose botnet membership. We perform counter-intelligence based on the insight that botmasters themselves perform DNSBL lookups to determine whether their spamming bots are blacklisted. Using heuristics to identify which DNSBL lookups are perpetrated by a botmaster performing such reconnaissance, we are able to compile a list of likely bots. This paper studies the prevalence of DNSBL reconnaissance observed at a mirror of a well-known blacklist for a 45- day period, identifies the means by which botmasters are performing reconnaissance, and suggests the possibility of using counter-intelligence to discover likely bots. We find that bots are performing reconnaissance on behalf of other bots. Based on this finding, we suggest counterintelligence techniques that may be useful for early bot detection.
Adrenal-like ovarian tumor associated with cushing's syndrome (so-called masculino-voblastoma, luteoma, hypernephroma, adrenal cortical carcinoma of the ovary)

Abstract Like arrhenoblastomas, the adrenal-like ovarian tumors tend to masculinize their hosts but the tendency toward the production of a bizarre type of fat distribution, the occurrence of purplish striae, arterial hypertension, polycythemia and so forth, relate them more closely to adrenal cortical carcinomas from a functioning standpoint. Histologically, the tumors do not appear to arise through luteinization of pre-existing granulosa-cell neoplasms and an origin from adrenal cortical rests seems more logical than does a derivation from corpora lutea. An origin by way of teratomatous development likewise remains unproved. Some of the tumors appear to be cytologically malignant and in one instance death resulted from metastasis.
Robust Statistical Pixel Estimation

Robust statistical methods are employed to reduce the noise in Monte Carlo ray tracing. Through the use of resampling, the sample mean distribution is determined for each pixel. Because this distribution is uni-modal and normal for a large sample size, robust estimates converge to the true mean of the pixel values. Compared to existing methods, less additional storage is required at each pixel because the sample mean distribution can be distilled down to a compact size, and fewer computations are necessary because the robust estimation process is sampling independent and needs a small input size to compute pixel values. The robust statistical pixel estimators are not only resistant to impulse noise, but they also remove general noise from fat-tailed distributions. A substantial speedup in rendering can therefore be achieved by reducing the number of samples required for a desired image quality. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is demonstrated for path tracing simulations.
High and Dry? The Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness Act and Liability Protection for Pharmaceutical Manufacturers

Signed into law on December 30, 2005, the Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness Act has already proved quite controversial among legislators and members of the media. The Act provides liability protection for pharmaceutical manufacturers in order to spur vaccine production. It also establishes a compensation program for victims of the vaccines' side effects, but fails to fund that program. This article argues that, though the Act provides needed liability protection, Congress' failure to fund the compensation program could prove disastrous. Failing to assure the American public of a compensation program risks inspiring potential vaccinees to refuse life saving drugs. Additionally, arguments as to the constitutionality of the Act exist should Congress fail to adequately fund the program, and the existence of those arguments undermines the purpose of the Act - namely to assure pharmaceutical manufacturers that they will not be sued into oblivion should they attempt to aid national flu protection. In addition to detailing both the Act and the statutory precedent for Congressional attempts to spur biodefense, this article addresses important issues of health care, tort and constitutional law that will continue to manifest themselves in this new era of bioterrorism.
A case study on the fault-tolerizability of an archetypical shared memory minisuper multiprocessor

Issues in assessing fault-tolerance are addressed. A specific archetypical high-performance shared-memory architecture is chosen as a test case (specifically the Encore Multimax, to be used in space defense applications and environments), and a set of target fault-tolerance requirements are specified. The requirements are established to meet realistically the anticipated needs of aerospace applications of the 1990s. A methodology is then presented to systematize the steps and document the alternatives to be evaluated and the issues to be resolved in the process of fault-tolerization. The design of the resultant final target fault-tolerant machine is presented. The advantage to design based on parallel architectures is that resources can be dynamically reallocated to enhance either performance or fault-tolerance. >