cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Active and Passive Electrical Signaling in Plants

Electrical signaling on long and short distances exists in plants. There are three major types of electrical signaling in plants and animals: action potentials, electrotonic potentials, and graded potentials. The action potential in plants can propagate over the entire length of the cell membrane and along the conductive bundles of tissue with constant amplitude, duration, and speed. Electrotonic potentials exponentially decrease with distance. An intermediate place takes so-called graded potentials that involve the process of electrical excitation but do not evolve into full-fledged action potentials. A graded potential is an electrical signal that corresponds to the size of the stimulus. Electrical signals can propagate along the plasma membrane on short distances in plasmodesmata, and on long distances in a phloem. In this chapter, we discuss electrical signaling in the Venus flytrap and Mimosa pudica.
Outcomes of Resident-versus attending-performed Tube Shunt Surgeries in a United States Residency Program.

Introduction Glaucoma is a chronic optic neuropathy with increasing global prevalence, necessitating trainees in ophthalmology to be well-trained in the surgical modalities used to manage glaucoma. It is also important to not compromise patient safety and treatment efficacy for training and education. The purpose of our analysis is to compare postoperative outcomes of resident versus (vs.) attending performed tube shunt surgeries (TS). Materials and methods A retrospective, chart review was performed of patients who had undergone TS between 2009 and 2015 at Rutgers University in Newark, New Jersey, USA. Inclusion criteria was patients with a confirmed diagnosis of glaucoma, who underwent either an Ahmed or Baerveldt TS, and had at least two evaluation visits before the surgery to establish baseline characteristics. Exclusion criteria were patients with follow up for less than 1 year. The main outcome measure was the surgical success at 1 year follow up after TS. Surgical success was defined according to recommendations from the Glaucoma Surgical Trials guidelines published by the World Glaucoma Association (WGA):• 20% reduction in IOP and absolute IOP ≤ 21 mm Hg (criteria 1)• 30% reduction in IOP and absolute IOP ≤ 18 mm Hg (criteria 2). Results A total of 120 cases: 60 attending and 60 resident cases that met all the inclusion criteria and none of the exclusion criteria were included. The mean intraocular pressure (IOP) one year post surgery were 15.06 ± 3.55 and 15.21 ± 5.17 mm Hg for attendings and residents respectively (p = 0.422). At the 1 year time point, 87% of resident cases and 95% of attending cases met the qualifications of criteria 1 for success. Kaplan Meier analysis was performed and did not show a significant difference in the outcome (p = 0.325). At the 1 year time point, 80% of attending and resident cases met the qualifications of criteria 2 for success. Kaplan-Meier analysis was performed and did not show a significant difference in the outcome (p = 0.401). There were no differences in complication and failure rates between resident and attending performed cases. Resident-performed cases had a longer intraoperative time in comparison to attending performed cases (p = 0.02). Conclusion Resident-performed surgeries are as effective as attending performed surgeries. Resident-performed TS does not compromise safety and better prepares future physicians to deliver optimal care. Clinical significance Attendings may consider incorporating more resident performed, attending supervised TS procedures into their clinical practice as surgical training to manage common ophthalmological conditions like glaucoma is essential to residency training.How to cite this article: Thangamathesvaran L, Crane E, Modi K, Khouri AS. Outcomes of Resident-versus attending-performed Tube Shunt Surgeries in a United States Residency Program. J Curr Glaucoma Pract 2018;12(2):53-58.
Sociology, Demography, and Economics Presidential Ages and Sex over Time:

I provide a visualization of presidential ages and gender over time for three academic associations: the American Sociological Association (ASA), the Population Association of America (PAA), and th...
Electro-Mechanical-Thermal Performance and Stability of Aircraft Energy Networks With Pulse Power Loads

Modern aircraft have an increasing need for pulse power loads which includes new weapon technologies and advanced avionics. These pulse power loads have thermal properties that couple to the electrical system and can lead to nonlinear destabilizing effects at low and high temperatures. These nonlinear electrical stability issues carry through to the mechanical and thermal systems of the aircraft and can damage components. The load is characterized by its duty cycle, period, and power level. For a given pulse load, the system is defined as metastable if there is a nonlinear limit cycle that remains bounded within the defined bus voltage limits. Regions of stability, metastability, marginal metastability, and instability are determined based on bus voltage transient tolerances. In this article a reduced-order nonlinear model of an aircraft's coupled electrical-mechanical-thermal (EMT) system is used to demonstrate the stability, metastability, and performance caused by the pulse load coupled with the EMT system.
An Online Algorithm for Smoothed Online Convex Optimization

We consider Online Convex Optimization (OCO) in the setting where the costs are m-strongly convex and the online learner pays a switching cost for changing decisions between rounds. We show that the recently proposed Online Balanced Descent (OBD) algorithm is constant competitive in this setting, with competitive ratio 3+O(1/m), irrespective of the ambient dimension. We demonstrate the generality of our approach by showing that the OBD framework can be used to construct competitive a algorithm for LQR control.
A Family of Ultrahigh Efficiency Fractional dc–dc Topologies for High Power Energy Storage Device

The application of a nonisolated bidirectional fractional dc–dc topology is proposed for high power energy storage device in this article. The proposed topology has the benefits of ultrahigh efficiency, simple structure, and low cost because it processes only a fractional of the total power. With the existence of an extra-low voltage (LV) power source, the converter voltage stress is only the difference between the dc bus and high voltage (HV) power source, therefore, low-cost LV transistors can be used in HV high power applications. Since a majority of the power is transferred directly between the energy storage device and dc bus, ultrahigh system efficiency can be achieved. Converter operating principle and design considerations such as battery capacity calculation methodologies and over voltage protection (OVP) are presented. A GaN transistor-based prototype is fabricated. Experimental results of a 1.2-kW battery energy storage prototype are presented to validate the analysis. The system efficiency is higher than 99% when a wide input–output voltage range is achieved. The fractional converter is convincing in achieving high efficiency and high conversion power with reduced cost for energy storage devices.
Inflow cannula obstruction in Berlin Heart Excor and novel extracorporeal membrane oxygenation cannulation for rescue

Utilization of Berlin Excor as a pediatric bridge to transplantation device continues to increase. Thromboembolic complications continue to be an important morbidity related to ventricular assist devices. Obstructions to the device cannulae are rare but potentially life-threatening complications of ventricular assist devices, but inflow cannula obstruction is hitherto unreported. We present a case of a 4-year-old supported with Berlin BiVAD who demonstrated acute decompensation related to thrombus within the left atrial cannula. We describe the diagnosis, intervention, as well as novel rescue using existing cannulae for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support.
Electromigration-guided composition patterns in thin alloy films: A computational study

Abstract Via computation of a continuum dynamical model of the diffusion and electromigration, this paper demonstrates the feasibility of guiding the formation of the stripe composition patterns in the thin surface layers of the crystal alloy films. By employing the systematic parametric computational analysis it is revealed how such properties of the pattern as the aerial number density of the stripes and the stripe in-plane orientation are influenced by the major physical factors that are not limited to the electric field strength and its direction angle in the plane, but also include a number of parameters that originate in the anisotropy of diffusion in the particular crystallographically-oriented surface layer. By following the insights from this analysis the real patterns hopefully can be created in a dedicated experiment.
The Backbone Method for Ultra-High Dimensional Sparse Machine Learning

We present the backbone method, a generic framework that enables sparse and interpretable supervised machine learning methods to scale to ultra-high dimensional problems. We solve, in minutes, sparse regression problems with $p\sim10^7$ features and decision tree induction problems with $p\sim10^5$ features. The proposed method operates in two phases; we first determine the backbone set, that consists of potentially relevant features, by solving a number of tractable subproblems; then, we solve a reduced problem, considering only the backbone features. Numerical experiments demonstrate that our method competes with optimal solutions, when exact methods apply, and substantially outperforms baseline heuristics, when exact methods do not scale, both in terms of recovering the true relevant features and in its out-of-sample predictive performance.
Acute Blood Loss Anemia in the Setting of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Rupture in a Jehovah's Witness.

Acute blood loss anemia occurs due to many variants. The standard of care in managing acute blood loss anemia is challenged in this case. Jehovah's Witnesses's (JW) management of blood loss anemia continues to remain a controversy in medicine since they do not allow the use of blood products. This case highlights the management of acute blood loss anemia, utilizing a multidisciplinary bloodless approach in a JW who underwent an endovascular aneurysmal repair (EVAR) of an impending rupture of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). The severity of anemia with hemoglobin of 2.7 g/dL and survival outcome is unique; however, the minimal hemoglobin level required to sustain life is still unclear.
Multiple pipeline embolization devices improves aneurysm occlusion without increasing morbidity: A single center experience of 140 cases.

Abstract Introduction Rates of aneurysm occlusion with the pipeline embolization device (PED) has varied widely in the literature from 55.7% to 93.3% at 6 months, which may reflect a difference in technique including sizing and number of devices used. Methods 140 cases at our institution were retrospectively reviewed, and aneurysms treated with a single PED vs. multiple were compared. Results Complete aneurysm occlusion was achieved in 86.9% at 6 months, 91.8% at 1 year, and 97.6% at longest follow-up. Retreatment with an additional device was required in 7 (5.1%). Major and minor complication rate within 30 days was 1.4% and 5.0%, and at greater than 30 days was 0.8% and 3.1%. Patients treated with multiple PEDs had significantly higher rates of aneurysm occlusion at 6 months (92.9% vs. 75.6%, p = 0.017) and 12 months (98.4% vs. 81.1%, p = 0.014), with no difference in complications. The two groups were similar aside from a higher number of ophthalmic and paraophthalmic aneurysms treated with multiple PEDs (23.4% vs. 6.5%, p = 0.004; and 35.1% vs. 17.4%, p = 0.020), and more posterior communicating artery and recurrent aneurysms treated with a single PED (28.3% vs. 3.2%, p = 0.001; 23.9% vs. 8.5%, p = 0.031). The use of multiple PEDs was found to be an independent predictor of aneurysm occlusion in a multivariate analysis (p = 0.015). Conclusions The use of multiple PEDs for intracranial aneurysms leads to significantly higher occlusion rates without added morbidity. This benefit is particularly appropriate for ophthalmic segment aneurysms, while more distal segments with eloquent perforating branches should be managed with caution.
Initiatives to Reduction of Aluminum Potline Energy Consumption Alcoa Poços de Caldas/Brazil

Energy is one of the most important inputs for aluminum production and is responsible for approximately 40% of the cost of aluminum production (CAP) in Soderberg pots. Facing the 2008/09 global economic downturn, Alcoa Pocos de Caldas Plant, Brazil, has focused its efforts on a planned project, counting on its personnel’s potential, to reduce the energy consumption. Main initiatives taken along this process were: workshops on energy (thermal balance and energy consumption), STAR Probe measurements (pot control focused on thermal balance), new cathode design, financial model development and changes in automatic pot control. Through this project a reduction of 77mV/pot and 0.30 kWh/kg Al were achieved, the best ever result reached at the plant at the present load level. In financial terms, in 2008/09, US$ 1 million was saved without any extra investment.
Intraventricular abscess rupture

The clinical features and course of a patient who survived rupture of a cerebral abscess into the lateral ventricle are described and the brain scan and radiographic findings shown. A review of the literature reveals only four reports of patients who have survived under such circumstances. The importance of antibiotic therapy given early in the course of the disease is emphasized.
Relaxation of Coupled Spins from Rotational Diffusion

The sections in this article are 1 Introduction 2 Redfield Theory 3 Separation of the Nuclear Spin Hamiltonian into Spin and Spatial Terms 4 Motional Power Densities in the Molecular Rotational Diffusion Frame 5 The Favro Equation and Molecular Rotational Diffusion in Liquids 6 Interaction Tensors in Their Principal Axis and Molecular Diffusion Frames 7 Specific Expressions for Spectral Density Functions and Relaxation Rates 8 Biographical Sketches Related Articles
Degrees and segments

I make two related proposals, one about directed scale segments and the other about the nature of degrees. Bale (2007, 2011) argued that degrees should be analyzed as sets of individuals and that degree arguments are created in the syntax from relational predicates. Schwarz (2010) showed that Bale's construction runs into problems when the required degree relation is complex, denoted by an LF constituent that contains more than just a gradable adjective. I modify Bale's proposal so that it overcomes Schwarz's objection. But first I propose a semantics for comparatives based on quantification over directed scale segments, triples consisting of two degrees and a measure function. The modification of Bale's proposal depends upon this. Segments are of independent interest as they permit a conjunctive semantics for extended adjectival phrases, the way events do for verb phrases. Potential benefits of 'degree-conjunctivism' are explored.
Incorporating Spatial Data into Enterprise Applications

The main goal of this chapter is to discuss the usage of spatial data within enterprise as well as smaller line-of-business applications. In particular, this chapter proposes new methodologies for storing and manipulating vague spatial data and provides methods for visualizing both crisp and vague spatial data. It also provides a comparison between different types of spatial data, mainly 2D crisp and vague spatial data, and their respective fields of application. Additionally, it compares existing commercial relational database management systems, which are the most widely used with enterprise applications, and discusses their deficiencies in terms of spatial data support. A new spatial extension package called Spatial Extensions (SPEX) is provided in this chapter and is tested on a software prototype.
CDF Tau Triggers, Analysis and Other Developments

There are many physics advantages for setting up detector triggers that collect events containing i’s. In particular, there is a great deal of Standard Model (SM) physics which involves i production or “pencil-like” jets at moderate PT- For example, production of charm or B states such as γ, (B±,B 0,B S) mesons or (D±,D 0,D S) mesons all involve final states which can contain τ mesons or “pencil-like” jets, since low transverse energy (ET) bb or cc jets also have “pencil-like” characteristics.
The Mechanism of the Activity-Dependent Luminescence of Xanthine Oxidase

Abstract The weak luminescence that accompanies the aerobic xanthine oxidase reaction is inhibited by superoxide dismutase, by catalase, and by scavengers of hydroxyl radicals. It is also entirely dependent upon the presence of carbonate. It thus appears that the O2 and H2O2 produced during the aerobic action of xanthine oxidase interact to generate OH which, in turn, reacts with carbonate to yield the carbonate radical (CO3−). The species that is directly responsible for light emission appears to be produced by a dimerization of carbonate radicals, since the light intensity was a function of the square of the carbonate concentration. The data provide no reason to suppose that the light-emitting species is singlet oxygen.
Reflective Tutoring: Insights into Preservice Teacher Learning.

An undergraduate seminar was designed to help preservice teachers focus on students' learning. Preservice teachers planned and conducted weekly tutoring sessions with fourth graders and discussed their experiences in weekly discussions. The author investigated what preservice teachers learned about teaching mathematics from their focus on students' learning of mathematics. The author examined the tasks that preservice teachers posed to children, the questions they asked of children, and the reflections they wrote about their experiences. The article describes what the preservice teachers learned from their experiences and provides insights into their knowledge and skills for developing children's mathematical power.
Fate of Newborn Dentate Granule Cells after Early Life Status Epilepticus

Summary: Purpose: To determine the fate of newborn dentate granule cells (DGCs) after lithium-pilocarpine–induced status epilepticus (SE) in an immature rat. Methods: Postnatal day 20 (P20) rats were injected with lithium and pilocarpine to induce SE, and then with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) 4, 6, and 8 days later (P24, 26, and 28), and killed 1 day (P29), 1 week (P34), and 3 weeks (P50) after the last dose of BrdU for cell counts. Immunohistochemistry and TUNEL staining were performed to assess the fate of newborn DGCs. Results: Pilocarpine-treated animals had significantly more BrdU-labeled DGCs than did littermate controls at all times. The day after the final BrdU injection (P29), sixfold more cells were found in pilocarpine-treated animals than in controls, which was reduced to threefold, 3 weeks later. A decrease in the BrdU-labeled cell density was noted from P29 to P50 in the control and pilocarpine-treated animals. Evidence of DGC cell death was seen in pilocarpine and control animals, with threefold more TUNEL-positive cells in the pilocarpine-treated than in the control animals at P29. The surviving newborn DGCs became mature neurons; expressing the neuronal marker NeuN in both control and pilocarpine-treated animals. Conclusions: These findings suggest that SE during postnatal development increases the birth and death of DGCs. A subset of the newborn DGCs survive and mature into dentate granule neurons, resulting in an increased population of immature DGCs after SE that may affect hippocampal physiology.
The Proximity of Temperature Estimates in Hot, Humid Environments to Three Common Indices

Each of 24 male subjects was exposed to three levels of heat and humidity and given a paper and pencil test during each exposure. Before the experimental trials; were begun each subject predicted how well he would perform on each lest. After each test was completed the subject estimated how well he thought he had actually performed, and he then estimated the immediate temperature in the environmental chamber in which he eat. Two hypotheses were tested. The first assumed that the dominant factor in temperature was the conditioning of the subject to the dry bulb air temperature measure, so that estimates would be closer to that index than to Wet Bulb Globe Temperature or to the Temperature Humidity Index. The second hypothesis assumed the dominant factor to be discomfort or stress and a relationship would he found between a subject's performance or his estimate of his performance and his temperature estimate. It was reasoned that support of the first hypothesis should result in rejection of the second, if t...
Computer-interfaced rapid scanning molecular absorption and emission spectrophotometer for stopped-flow studies of enzymic reactions

Abstract An improved stopped-flow system with a rapid-scanning spectrometer permits measurement of either light absorption or emission at scan speeds of up to 150 spectra per second. The entire flow system, including valves, syringes and quartz flow cell is contained in a thermostat bath and is leak-tight from 5 to 45°C. Pneumatic valves control the flow through Teflon tubing. Quartz fiber-optic light guides are used to transmit light to and from the flow cell. Experimental data are given to demonstrate the absorbance and fluorescence modes. The growth and decay of the fluorescence spectrum of NADH was followed in a reaction catalyzed by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). The kinetics of binding of 1-anilino-8-naphthalene sulfonate (ANS) to bovine serum albumin (BSA) was studied by both scanning and fixed-wavelength fluorescence emission. The fluorescence of BSA was completely quenched within two milliseconds accompanied by an abrupt increase in the fluorescence of ANS which was followed by a slower first-order growth.
Sensory Desensitization Training for Successful Net Application and EEG/ERP Acquisition in Difficult to Test Children

This study examined the effectiveness of sensory desensitization training for 12 nonverbal children with autism to facilitate participation in an electrophysiological study assessing linguistic processing. Sensory desensitization was achieved for 10 of the 12 children and thus allowed collection of usable data in a passive linguistic paradigm. Application of such desensitization methods may be useful as a precursor to other assessment protocols for individuals who are difficult to test.
Early Recognition of Superior Families

Abstract THE efficiency of progeny testing programs depends to a considerable extent on the accuracy with which a breeder is able to select the superior partially-proven cocks and hens for remating, and cockerels for test matings. Ordinarily a breeder is faced with this problem less than 12 months after the time of hatch of the pullets whose records are used to estimate the overall genotypic merit of their sires, dams, brothers, and sisters. Consequently the information with respect to the production and viability of these birds is limited, and the breeder is forced to make his judgments on partial evidence. The problem then arises as to the degree of accuracy with which such judgment can be exercised. The ideal method of answering this question would lie in a progeny test of individuals, selected at the stated time on the basis of information then available, compared to a similar test of the . . .
Graft-versus-host disease-associated angiomatosis: a clinicopathologically distinct entity.

Background Chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) may present with various cutaneous manifestations. Isolated case reports describe eruptive angiomas in this setting. Objective We sought to provide a clinical and pathologic description of vascular proliferations in patients with GVHD. Methods Cases of documented GVHD associated with vascular proliferations were collected from the National Institutes of Health, Ohio State University, and MD Anderson Cancer Center. Results Eleven patients with a diagnosis of GVHD who developed vascular proliferations were identified. All patients manifested sclerotic type chronic GVHD of the skin. Vascular lesions were first documented a median of 44 months after transplantation and occurred primarily on the lower extremities or trunk. Histopathology revealed anastomosing networks of thin-walled vascular proliferations in a vague lobular growth pattern, with overlying epidermal acanthosis, peripheral collarette, ulceration, and disorganized fibroblast-rich and fibrotic stroma. Improvement was noted in 1 patient treated with propranolol and sirolimus and 1 patient with electrocautery. Limitations Given the retrospective nature of the study, the overall incidence of vascular lesions in patients with GVHD is unknown. Histopathology was present for review on only 3 of 11 patients. Conclusion The phenomenon of vascular lesions appears to be relatively specific for sclerotic type chronic GVHD when compared with other fibrosing diseases. We propose the term "graft-versus-host disease–associated angiomatosis" to describe this entity.
BOOK REVIEW: Derivatives: Principles and Practice

Rangarajan Sundaram and Sanjiv Das have just published a new textbook on derivatives, Derivatives: Principles and Practice. Sanjiv is a co-editor of The Journal of Derivatives, as was Raghu until fairly recently, so while it was in process one hoped (and expected) that their book would be very good. We review their excellent new contribution to the derivatives bookshelf here.
The measurement of specialization and escalation in the criminal career: An alternative modeling strategy

Recent research using indices of specialization and escalation, such as the forward specialization coefficient and the escalation coefficient, have generally shown that repeat offenders tend to commit the same type or a more serious type of crime on successive arrests. Unfortunately, there are two important limitations to the use of specialization and escalation indices: (1) the meaning and interpretation of the coefficients is often unclear, and (2) the coefficients cannot be tested for statistical significance across groups. In an attempt to account for these limitations and to extend prior research in this area, this paper applies a class of log-linear models developed for studying social mobility tables with matched categories (for one or more groups) to crime-type switching tables. The benefits of using these models, in comparison with prior specialization and escalation research, are that the parameter estimates can be interpreted directly as tests of specialization and escalation in a meaningful way and the parameter estimates can be tested for equality across groups, such as age, race, and gender. The application and interpretation of these models are illustrated with arrest data from a sample of felony offenders in Michigan.
Effects of Range on Category Scaling of Loudness Judgments

In two experiments subjects judged the loudness of a 1000-Hz tone within a range of three loudnesses. The first used a within-subjects design with ranges of 1-2 sones, 1-4 sones, and 1-8 sones. The second used a between-subjects design with ranges of 1-2 sones, 1-8 sones, and 1-16 sones. Except for two values in the 1- to 2-sone range the two experiments produced comparable results. As range was increased the tendency to round away from the end points increased and the judged mid-point occurred at a higher value. Comparisons are made with rounding patterns that occur in studies of linear scales. The present results are interpreted to support Poulton's (1975) position, that the mid-point of subjective estimates depends on the range of stimuli judged, rather than that of Stevens (1975), that the mid-point on a prosthetic scale is assigned to a value that is lower than the mid-point on the subject's subjective scale.
On the point of truncation of bayes sequential tests for a discrete univariate distribution of the exponential type

A theoretical result due to S. N. Ray (1965) and Mann and Bratcher (1979) is refined and applied to several discrete one dimensional univariate distributions of the exponential type. In these cases a means of obtaining upper bounds to the exact stage of truncation of a Bayes sequential test is given.
A revision of the human XIST gene organization and structural comparison with mouse Xist.

The XIST gene plays an essential role in X Chromosome (Chr) inactivation during the early development of female humans. It is believed that the XIST gene, not encoding a protein, functions as an RNA. The XIST cDNA is unusually long, as its full length is reported to be 16.5 kilobase pairs (kb). Here, comparison of sequences from the genomic interval downstream to the 3′ end of the human XIST gene against the human EST database brought to light a number of human EST sequences that are mapped to the region. Furthermore, PCR amplification of human cDNA libraries and RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (RNA-FISH) demonstrate that the human XIST gene has additional 2.8 kb downstream sequences which have not been documented as a part of the gene. These data show that the full-length XIST cDNA is, in fact, 19.3 kb, not 16.5 kb as previously reported. The newly defined region contains an intron that may be alternatively spliced and seven polyadenylation signal sequences. Sequences in the newly defined region show overall sequence similarity with the 3′ terminal region of mouse Xist, and three subregions exhibit quite high sequence conservation. Interestingly, the new intron spans the first two subregions that are absent in one of the two isoforms of mouse Xist. Taken together, we revise the structure of human XIST cDNA and compare cDNA structures between human and mouse XIST/Xist.
Candidal Splenic Abscess in a Renal Transplant Patient

Despite the large number of organ transplants performed yearly, to date there have been no reports of candidal splenic abscess. We describe here the first case of candidal splenic abscess in a renal transplant recipient treated successfully by splenectomy and amphotericin B. Despite a lengthy illness, the patient recovered with preservation of renal function.
Comorbidity of attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) show a high degree of comorbidity in traumatized children. Two hypotheses may help explain this relationship: children with ADHD are at higher risk for trauma due to their impulsivity, dangerous behaviors, and parents who may have a genetic predisposition for impairment of their own impulse control; and hyperarousal induced by severe trauma and manifested by hypervigilance and poor concentration may impair attention to create an ADHD-like syndrome. Four illustrative cases are presented, and implications for treatment are discussed.
Adoption as a Contingency of Self-worth: An Integrative Approach to Self-esteem in Adopted Individuals

A significant limitation of current adoption theory is the lack of identification of clear mechanisms by which macro-societal attitudes toward adoption and adopted persons influence processes of self-esteem. Building on current efforts, a new integrative theoretical approach to self-esteem in adopted persons is presented, incorporating contingency of self-worth theory. Motivation to manage one's self-esteem while imbedded within a larger social context is identified as a key mechanism in the formation of self-esteem and identity. Valuation of one's adoptive status as a positive source of self-esteem will depend largely on the attitudes pervasive in the social environment.
A flicker-free CMOS LED driver control circuit for visible light communication enabling concurrent data transmission and dimming control

Recent breakthroughs in solid-state lighting technology have opened the door to a variety of applications using light-emitting diodes (LED's) for not only illumination, but also optical wireless communication. Low-power CMOS technology enables realization of system-on-chip driver circuits integrating multiple functions to control LED device performance, luminance, and data modulation for "intelligent" visible light networking. This paper presents an LED driver circuit architecture, incorporating analog and digital circuit blocks to deliver concurrent dimming control, and data transmission. This is achieved by independent control of output voltage and current using buck converter and current control loops, respectively. This integrated system incorporates the feedback mechanisms to provide uniform light output together with the peak current control, which also prevents flickering. The proposed architecture is flexible enough to take any digital base band modulation format. Designed and implemented in a 180 nm CMOS process, it provides linear 10---90 % dimming control while transmitting data. It also introduces a mechanism which can be applied to the off-the-shelf LED drivers and make them applicable for the visible light communication applications. The power consumption of on-chip circuitry, is negligible compared to the overall power consumption which yields an efficiency of 89 % at 120 mA of load current. The measured bit error rate (BER) varies from 10?6 at the data rate of 2.5 Mbps to 10?2 at the data rate of 7 Mbps. All control functions integrated on-chip with the total power consumption of 5 mW.
“They make you invisible”: Negotiating Power at the Academic Intersections of Ethnicity, Gender, and Class

This Foucauldian case study examines the academic conflicts of Mexican American women and girls, how they negotiate those conflicts, and the identity effects of their negotiations. It extends Gloria Anzaldua's (1999) work and builds upon those who have studied the schooling experiences of Mexican American women and girls. Similar conflicts for these women are found at all academic levels. The negotiation of these conflicts affected the identity of academia (transformation and reproduction) and the women (hybridization and colonization).
Paleoenvironmental assessment of recent environmental changes in Florida Bay, USA: a biomarker based study

Abstract The extractable lipid compositions in four Florida Bay cores were determined in order to understand environmental changes over the last 160 years. The most significant environmental change was recorded by oscillations in the amplitude and frequency of biomarkers during the 20th century. Two seagrass molecular proxies ( Paq and the C 25 /C 27 n -alkan-2-one ratio) reached a maximum post 1900, suggesting that abundant seagrass communities existed during the 20th century. A sharp drop in the Paq value from 0.65 to 0.48 in the central Bay at about 1987 seems to reflect seagrass die-off. The concentrations of microbial biomarkers (C 20 HBIs, C 25 HBIs and dinosterol) substantially increased after 1950 in the TC, BA and NB cores, reflecting an increase in algal (planktonic organism) primary productivity. However, the RB core presented the highest abundance of C 25 HBIs and dinosterol during the period of 1880–1940, suggesting historically large inputs from diatoms and dinoflagellates. A substantial rise in abundance of taraxerol (a specific biomarker of mangroves) from 20 μg/g TOC in the 1830s to 279 μg/g TOC in the l980s is likely a result of increased mangrove primary productivity along the shore of the NE Bay. These changes are most likely the result of hydrological alterations in South Florida.
The Present Climatic Fluctuation and its Bearing on a Reconstruction of Pleistocene Climatic Conditions

Study of the broad scale pressure, temperature, and precipitation changes which have occurred over the Northern Hemisphere during the last forty years gives considerable information concerning the nature and mechanism of a climatic change. If it is assumed that these small-scale changes resemble in certain aspects those that have occurred in the great glacial to interglacial changes of the Pleistocene period, conclusions concerning the broad scale meteorologic conditions of that period can be drawn. Evidence from synoptic meteorology is also used to reveal possible circulation changes accompanying the shift from a glacial to an interglacial period. Certain ideas obtained from these studies are further investigated by means of more detailed studies over North America. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1954.tb01124.x
Nitrogen fertilization effects on pasture photosynthesis, respiration, and ecosystem carbon content

a b s t r a c t Some studies have shown that increasing N fertility can increase soil C sequestration, whereas others suggest that N fertilization has no effect on sequestration. Increasing N fertilization typically increases annual photosynthetic C uptake (gross primary productivity or GPP) and forage yield but also increases ecosystem respiration (Re), such that net ecosystem exchange (NEE) can increase, remain unchanged, or decrease depending on the relative impact of the fertilizer application on these two competing processes. Nitrogen fertilization also affects other inputs and outputs to the systems such as forage removal and manure deposition. A nine-year study monitoring carbon dioxide flux at two pasture sites examined in detail the effects of N fertilization rate on NEE, GPP and Re under a range of environmental conditions. High N fertility (>200 kg N ha−1 yr−1) increased yield over a low N fertility site (<100 kg N ha−1 yr−1) by 38%. As expected, forage yield was significantly correlated with GPP (P = 0.01), but also with Re (P = 0.003). No significant relationship existed between NEE and either GPP or Re. A nearly 1:1 relationship existed between GPP and Re over a wide range of environmental and fertilizer input conditions. For the high-N pasture, the net loss of C from the ecosystem increased under increased N fertilization because of the greater forage yield and subsequent removal of harvested C. Increasing N fertilizer application rate did not increase soil C sequestration in this temperate pasture system. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Enantioselective alkylation of aldehydes promoted by (S)-tyrosine-derived β-amino alcohols

Two (S)-tyrosine-derived β-amino alcohols exhibiting a secondary and tertiary amino moiety, respectively, were employed in the enantioselective alkylation of aldehydes using diethylzinc. The enantioselectivity, catalytic activity and substrate specificity of these precatalysts were compared by high-throughput screening of benzaldehyde, cyclohexanecarboxaldehyde and hexanal. The homochiral catalysts were found to exhibit opposite chiral induction. The secondary amino alcohol favors the formation of (S)-alcohols, whereas the tertiary amino alcohol provides (R)-alcohols. Enantioselectivity and sense of chiral induction obtained with the secondary amino alcohol was proven to depend on the choice of solvent and experimental procedure. The mechanism of the enantioselective ethylation of benzaldehyde promoted by (S)-tyrosine-derived β-amino alcohols was studied by stoichiometric experiments and MM2 computations.
Omega-3 dietary supplements and the risk of cardiovascular events: a systematic review.

Background Epidemiologic data suggest that omega-3 fatty acids derived from fish oil reduce cardiovascular disease. The clinical benefit of dietary fish oil supplementation in preventing cardiovascular events in both high and low risk patients is unclear. Objective To assess whether dietary supplements of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) decrease cardiovascular events across a spectrum of patients. Data Sources MEDLINE, Embase, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and citation review of relevant primary and review articles. Study Selection Prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials that evaluated clinical cardiovascular end points (cardiovascular death, sudden death, and nonfatal cardiovascular events) and all-cause mortality in patients randomized to EPA/DHA or placebo. We only included studies that used dietary supplements of EPA/DHA which were administered for at least 1 year. Data Extraction Data were abstracted on study design, study size, type and dose of omega-3 supplement, cardiovascular events, all-cause mortality, and duration of follow-up. Studies were grouped according to the risk of cardiovascular events (high risk and moderate risk). Meta-analytic techniques were used to analyze the data. Data Synthesis We identified 11 studies that included a total of 39 044 patients. The studies included patients after recent myocardial infarction, those with an implanted cardioverter defibrillator, and patients with heart failure, peripheral vascular disease, and hypercholesterolemia. The average dose of EPA/DHA was 1.8 ± 1.2 g/day and the mean duration of follow-up was 2.2 ± 1.2 years. Dietary supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids significantly reduced the risk of cardiovascular deaths (odds ratio [OR]: 0.87, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.79–0.95, p = 0.002), sudden cardiac death (OR: 0.87, 95% CI: 0.76–0.99, p = 0.04), all-cause mortality (OR: 0.92, 95% CI: 0.85–0.99, p = 0.02), and nonfatal cardiovascular events (OR: 0.92, 95% CI: 0.85–0.99, p = 0.02). The mortality benefit was largely due to the studies which enrolled high risk patients, while the reduction in nonfatal cardiovascular events was noted in the moderate risk patients (secondary prevention only). Meta-regression failed to demonstrate a relationship between the daily dose of omega-3 fatty acid and clinical outcome. Conclusions Dietary supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids should be considered in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular events. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
RARA and PML gene rearrangements in acute promyelocytic leukemia with complex translocations and atypical features

The translocation t(15;17) associated with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) results in fusion of the retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARA) gene on chromosome 17 with the putative transcription factor gene, PML, on chromosome 15. We report three cases of APL with complex cytogenetic translocations and five cases with atypical phenotypic features with rearrangements within or adjacent to the second intron of the RARA gene. Two patients demonstrated three-way translocations involving chromosomes 3, 15, and 17, but with differing breakpoints on the short arm of chromosome 3. A third patient developed a complex karyotype at the time of third relapse, but with no change in RARA and PML gene rearrangement pattern. Three patients had normal karyotypes; however, only small numbers of cells could be analyzed. One patient's leukemic cells expressed the T-cell-associated antigen CD2 and revealed T-cell receptor β and γ gene rearrangements. The localization of breakpoints to the second intron of the RARA gene in cytogenetically and phenotypically atypical cases provides additional support for a requisite role of the PML/RARA fusion gene in the pathogenesis of APL. Genes Chrom Cancer 9:49-56 (1994). © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Is Biology Destiny? Birth Weight and Differential Parental Treatment

Time diaries of sibling pairs from the PSID-CDS are used to determine whether maternal time investments compensate for or reinforce birth-weight differences among children. The findings demonstrate that the direction and degree of differential treatment vary by mother’s education. Less-educated mothers devote more total time and more educationally oriented time to heavier-birth-weight children, whereas better-educated mothers devote more total and more educationally oriented time to lower-birth-weight children. The compensating effects observed among highly educated mothers are substantially larger than the reinforcing effects among the least-educated mothers. The findings show that families redistribute resources in ways that both compensate for and exacerbate early-life disadvantages.
Effects of deprivation of neonatal nerve growth factor on the expression of neurotrophin receptors and brain-derived neurotrophic factor by dental pulp afferents of the adult rat

The dental pulp is richly innervated by peptidergic nociceptive neurones that are of special interest because of their central role in dental pain and because they have some features that are not typical of other somatic nociceptors. Here, (35)S-riboprobes were used to determine whether pulpal afferents of adult (2-month-old) rats express the nerve growth-factor (NGF) receptors, p75(NTR) and trkA, which are characteristic of peptidergic nociceptors, and additionally, whether these cells express receptors (trkB and trkC) for other members of the neurotrophin family. In order to begin characterizing the postnatal role of NGF in regulating these neurones, the susceptibility of pulpal afferents to antiserum-mediated early postnatal NGF depletion spanning the period of pulpal innervation development was also examined. In control animals, about 200 trigeminal ganglion cells were labelled after application of the retrograde tracer Fluoro-gold to the first maxillary molar. Among the labelled cells, 79% had positive hybridization signals for p75(NTR), 72% for trkA, 34% for trkB, 1% for trkC, and 77% for BDNF. Neonatal NGF depletion reduced the number of retrogradely labelled pulpal afferents by 33%, with numbers of smaller neurones being most strikingly subnormal. This reduction could be attributed to a partial depletion of the neurone population that expressed p75(NTR) and trkA. Consistent with reports that NGF-responsive neurones also express BDNF, NGF deprivation resulted in a reduction in the number of pulpal afferents that expressed BDNF to an extent similar to that seen for trkA. In contrast, anti-NGF exposure had little effect on the number of pulpal afferents that expressed trkB. These findings indicate that most pulpal afferents in the adult express the NGF receptors p75(NTR) and trkA, and thus have a continuing potential susceptibility to NGF-mediated regulation of functions such as neuropeptide and BDNF synthesis. However, only a subpopulation of this group of neurones requires NGF in order to develop connections to the pulp during the neonatal period. Few, if any, pulpal afferents express the high-affinity neurotrophin-3 (NT3) receptor trkC, although many have large cell bodies typical of NT3-responsive sensory neurones. A small subpopulation of pulpal afferents seems to express no neurotrophin receptors, yet it is unlikely that these cells belong to the class of small sensory cells known to bind isolectin IB4.
Regional Income Inequality and Economic Growth in China

Abstract Using an augmented Solow growth model with cross section and panel data, we find evidence of conditional convergence of per capita production across China's provinces from 1978 to 1993. Convergence is conditional on physical investment share, employment growth, human-capital investment, foreign direct investment, and coastal location. We project that, in the near term, overall regional inequality as measured by the coefficient of variation is likely to decline modestly but that the coast/noncoast income differential is likely to increase somewhat. We evaluate alternative policies to reduce the coast–noncoast income differential and conclude focusing solely on investment by rural collectives is insufficient.