cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Scientific Consensus on Climate Change: How Do We Know We’re Not Wrong?

In 1995, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change announced that anthropogenic climate change had become discernible. Since then, numerous independent studies have affirmed that anthropogenic climate change is underway, and the meta-conclusion that there is a broad expert consensus on this point. It has also been demonstrated that most of the challenges to this claim come from interested parties outside the scientific community. But even if we allow that the challenges to climate science are politically or economically motivated, it does not prove that the scientific consensus is correct. In other words, even if we accept the fact of scientific consensus, how do we know that this consensus is not wrong? This chapter addresses this question by examining a set of criteria that philosophers have traditionally or recently identified as possible bases for trust in scientific conclusions, and shows that climate science meets all of these criteria. Thus, while there is no way to know for sure that scientists are correct in their conclusions, the various means we have to test and evaluate scientific claims lead to the conclusion that, so far as we are able to tell, it is most likely that scientists are not wrong about the reality of anthropogenic climate change.
Discovery and development of varenicline for smoking cessation.

Introduction: Tobacco use causes one premature death every six seconds. Current smoking cessation aids include nicotine replacement therapies, bupropion, and varenicline. Although more than 70% of ...
Development of the plant-derived peptide lunasin as an anticancer agent

The health benefits of soy consumption have long been recognized. An important potential benefit is the linkage of soy consumption with reduced cancer risk. One emerging factor that may confer the anticancer effects of soy is the peptide lunasin. Lunasin has both chemopreventive and therapeutic activities against a variety of carcinogens and cancer types. A novel feature of lunasin is that it contains multiple functional domains that can modulate gene expression through effects on histone acetylation and integrin signaling. Recent studies suggest that lunasin effects on integrin signaling in cancer stem cells reduce expression of stemness factors with a concomitant reduction in metastatic potential. Here, we highlight recent studies of the potential use of lunasin as an anticancer agent and its mode of action.
Hurricane Katrina's Tangled Impact on U.S. Procurement

In the wake of Hurricane Katrina, the U.S. Congress passed new exceptions to U.S. procurement rules. The most important new exception, passed at the recommendation of the Bush administration, raised the limit for micro-purchases - essentially unregulated purchases - from $2,500 to $250,000. In practice, this will mean that Katrina relief purchases may be made, up to $250,000 per order, without any effective transparency or competition, and without honoring the many socioeconomic requirements that are an important part of the U.S. procurement system. This comment reviews that emergency legislation, and suggests that the new law, by abandoning basic principles of sound procurement, raises real risks in the post-Katrina relief effort, including risks of corruption and risks of gross failures in best value procurement.
Gut Microbiota and Cardiovascular Uremic Toxicities

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains a major cause of high morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Numerous CVD risk factors in CKD patients have been described, but these do not fully explain the high pervasiveness of CVD or increased mortality rates in CKD patients. In CKD the loss of urinary excretory function results in the retention of various substances referred to as “uremic retention solutes”. Many of these molecules have been found to exert toxicity on virtually all organ systems of the human body, leading to the clinical syndrome of uremia. In recent years, an increasing body of evidence has been accumulated that suggests that uremic toxins may contribute to an increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) burden associated with CKD. This review examined the evidence from several clinical and experimental studies showing an association between uremic toxins and CVD. Special emphasis is addressed on emerging data linking gut microbiota with the production of uremic toxins and the development of CKD and CVD. The biological toxicity of some uremic toxins on the myocardium and the vasculature and their possible contribution to cardiovascular injury in uremia are also discussed. Finally, various therapeutic interventions that have been applied to effectively reduce uremic toxins in patients with CKD, including dietary modifications, use of prebiotics and/or probiotics, an oral intestinal sorbent that adsorbs uremic toxins and precursors, and innovative dialysis therapies targeting the protein-bound uremic toxins are also highlighted. Future studies are needed to determine whether these novel therapies to reduce or remove uremic toxins will reduce CVD and related cardiovascular events in the long-term in patients with chronic renal failure.
Control of Phytopathogens by Inhibitors of Polyamine Biosynthesis

It is now clear that polyamines (PAs) are required for the normal growth and development of microorganisms as well as cells of higher animals and plants,1, 2, 3. In all organisms, putrescine (Put) is formed from ornithine via ornithine decarboxylase (ODC); in some microorganisms and in higher plants, Put may also be formed from arginine via arginine decarboxylase (ADC). Put is then transformed to the triamine spermidine (Spd) and the tetramine spermine (Spm) by successive enzyme-mediated aminopropyl transfers from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM).
CHAPTER 16 – Voltage and Calcium-Activated K+ Channels of Coronary Smooth Muscle

This chapter reviews the biophysical and molecular characteristics of the coronary artery large conductance voltage and calcium-activated potassium (K Ca ) channel, which is a key regulator of arterial tone, and analyzes its relationship to coronary blood flow, cardiac function, and drug effects. K Ca channels are also frequently referred to as MaxiK, BK, or slo channels. Ca 2+ -activated potassium channels are widely distributed among various excitable cells and are especially abundant in smooth muscle, while absent in myocardium. K Ca channels are the predominant K + channels, both in number and in conductance, and are present in 100% of human coronary artery cells. K Ca channels are formed by two subunits, α subunit that forms the channel pore and associated regulatory β subunits that regulate Ca 2+ and voltage sensitivity of the channel, gating, and pharmacology. The responsiveness of K Ca channels to multiple extracellular and intracellular messengers puts these channels into a unique position to integrate multiple signals, local and global, dilatory and constricting, and regulate coronary flow, and therefore, cardiac function. K Ca channels also play an important role in estrogen-induced protection against cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The role of KCa channels in vasodilatation by clinically used vasodilators, including nitroglycerin and sodium nitroprusside, has now been demonstrated, along with the nitroglycerin-mediated increase of K Ca channel current in human coronary arteries. Thus, K Ca channels play an important role in the regulation of vascular smooth muscle tone in health and possibly in aging and in the development of disease processes, which makes them potential targets in the treatment of cardiovascular disorders.
Plexiform fibrohistiocytic tumor: imaging features and clinical findings.

To describe the imaging features of plexiform fibrohistiocytic tumor and its associated clinical findings. An institutional database was searched to identify all patients with a pathological diagnosis of plexiform fibrohistiocytic tumor. The electronic medical record was reviewed for relevant clinical data. Radiologic images of the primary tumor site were reviewed by two radiologists to assess primary, residual, or recurrent tumor with respect to tumor location, size, morphology, MR signal characteristics and enhancement, and involvement of adjacent structures. Thirteen patients with imaging of the primary tumor site were identified [eight female, five male; mean age, 15.9 years (range, 3–41 years)]. Plexiform fibrohistiocytic tumor typically manifested as a solitary, painless, firm, slow-growing lesion centered in the subcutaneous tissues, with a predilection for the upper extremity or head and neck region. Most tumors had a purely plaque-like or infiltrative morphology at MRI; some demonstrated no round or oval mass. Tumors were predominantly isointense to muscle on T1-weighted imaging and hyperintense on fluid-sensitive imaging, and enhanced after gadolinium contrast administration. Five patients (38%) had residual tumor after initial surgery, resembling postoperative changes. No patient had recurrent tumor. One patient (8%) developed metastases to local lymph nodes and to the lung. No patient died from plexiform fibrohistiocytic tumor. Plexiform fibrohistiocytic tumor often manifests as a plaque-like or infiltrative process, sometimes without a round or oval mass, most commonly in the subcutaneous tissues of the upper extremity or head and neck region. Residual tumor is often present after initial surgery, and may be indistinguishable from postoperative changes.
A Policy System for Control of Data Fusion Processes and Derived Data

The paper proposes an attribute-based policy framework for a coalition setting in which multiple parties provide data to be used in data fusion processes while at the same time retaining control of how their own data are used in these processes. The framework consists of three main types of policies: (a) access control policies – these allow one to specify controls on the fusion process (e.g., which user can use which data fusion tool) and on the input data to the fusion process; (b) fusion policies – these allow one to specify whether data needs to be pre-processed before being used (for example, whether data must be anonymized before being used, or encrypted and thus fusions must be performed on encrypted data); and, (c) derived data usage policies – these allow one to specify who is authorized to access the data resulting from the fusion. As all these policies are attribute-based policies, they support high-level, flexible, and expressive policy specifications. The paper also briefly discusses technologies for supporting policy enforcement and novel approaches supporting the automatic generation of policies.
Students Transitioning to College and Out of Competitive Sport: Athletic Identity, Coping, and Stress

High-school athletes who transition into higher education as non-athlete students encounter several social and emotional difficulties. The purpose of this study is to investigate the influences of aforementioned participants’ athletic identities on their utilization of coping strategies and resulting perceptions of stress. A structural model was developed and empirically tested using a 48-item questionnaire. The sample population consisted of undergraduate students enrolled in freshman-level courses at three public southwestern universities. Structural equation modeling (SEM) indicated a strong model fit, including a significant correlation between various factors of athletic identity and coping, as well as a significant correlation between coping and stress. Assessing the athletic identities of competitive athletes at all levels could serve to identify those who may be susceptible to difficulties upon transitioning out of competitive sport and prone to a reliance on ineffective coping efforts. Subscribe to JASM
Violência e educação: sensibilização por meio da cinematografia

Tecer uma compreensao hermeneutica acerca da violencia e suas interfaces com a educacao nao e uma tarefa facil. Para tanto, a investigacao propoe debater a questao da violencia, tendo por base as discussoes criadoras de Theodor Adorno e as potencialidades da cinematografia, que apresenta a violencia escolar em relacao as diferencas e a diversidade cultural. Sera que a verdadeira luta contra a violencia exige sua validez tematizada e colocada sob condicoes epistemicas para o reconhecimento intersubjetivo na sala de aula? Concluimos que a escola precisa apropriar-se do saber epistemico para lutar contra a exclusao e reprimir as formas de violencia escolar e barbaries cotidianas, estabelecendo dialogos voltados para a sensibilidade humana em suas interfaces pedagogicas. A obra cinematografica oferece possibilidades para novos entendimentos que podem ser reconstruidos em diferentes contextos, bem como lanca questoes sensiveis que surgem como inquietacoes para aprender a pensar sobre as violencias escolares.
Towards artificial antibodies: Protein surface recognition by synthetic receptors

In this paper we describe the development of an entirely new approach to the design of synthetic agents for protein surface recognition. During the past two decades large numbers of synthetic molecules targeted to disrupt interior protein interactions have been shown to have medically important biological activities [1]. However, artificially designed molecules that target the protein surface and disrupt its biological activity are rare. Considering the unique composition of charged, hydrophobic, and hydrophilic domains on every protein’s surface, synthetic molecules that match the electrostatic features and topology of the protein targets might be expected to bind to the exterior and sterically prevent protein-ligand or protein-protein interactions. This in turn can provide a novel approach to modulating biological processes. Our goal is to develop a more general and modular approach to protein surface recognition that will allow the targeting of a range of different protein surfaces by modifying the recognition characteristics of synthetic receptors. A model for this strategy is provided by the immune system which generates a vast number of antibodies that show high sequence and structural selectivity in binding to a wide range of protein surfaces [2]. A key feature in all antibody-antigen interactions is the extent of solvent exposed surface on the proteins that is buried upon complex formation. Analysis of crystal structures [3] has shown that of the antibody surface is buried at the interface with the antigen. Such large areas are required because of the highly solvated nature of the polar functional groups present on the protein periphery [4]. Our approach will be based on the attachment of several peptide loops onto a core scaffold (Fig. 1).
Esophagectomy for End-Stage Achalasia

Esophagectomy for achalasia is reserved for patients with refractory disease, unmitigated by prior treatment. Esophagectomy can be performed through a variety of techniques, but three-field or transthoracic methods are the most commonly used. Conduit options include stomach, colon, and small intestine. Outcomes for esophagectomy for achalasia are good when performed in specialized surgical centers by experienced surgeons.
When Epidemics Collide: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the Opioid Crisis.

COVID-19 could cause infection in persons with opioid use disorder, increase opioid overdose rates, reverse system-level gains in expanding access to medication for opioid use disorder, halt critical research, and prevent exacting legal reparations against opioid manufacturers. The authors call for urgent action to counteract these risks.
Chapter II – Transformation Geometry

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the introduction and history of transformation geometry. The symmetries of a figure form a group. This means that the combined effect of two symmetries is symmetry, the inverse of symmetry is symmetry, and the identity map is symmetry. Symmetry groups can be generalized to transformation groups. A nonempty set of maps from a space to itself is called a transformation group if it is closed under composition, and taking inverses. Geometry is the study of the properties of a space that are preserved by a transformation group. Euclidean geometry is the study of those properties such as length, and angle that are preserved by isometries. Different transformation groups preserve different properties and determine different geometries. This point of view, called the Erlanger Program, extended the idea of invariants from algebra to geometry and provided a theoretical framework for the special theory of relativity.
Building a tRNA thermometer to access the world's biochemical diversity

Because ambient temperature affects biochemical reactions, organisms living in extreme temperature conditions adapt protein composition and structure to maintain biochemical functions. While it is not feasible to experimentally determine optimal growth temperature (OGT) for every known microbial species, organisms adapted to different temperatures have measurable differences in DNA, RNA, and protein composition that allow OGT prediction from genome sequence alone. In this study, we built a model using tRNA sequence to predict OGT. We used tRNA sequences from 100 archaea and 683 bacteria species as input to train two Convolutional Neural Network models. The first pairs individual tRNA sequences from different species to predict which comes from a more thermophilic organism, with accuracy ranging from 0.538 to 0.992. The second uses the complete set of tRNAs in a species to predict optimal growth temperature, achieving a maximum r2 of 0.86; comparable with other prediction accuracies in the literature despite a significant reduction in the quantity of input data. This model improves on previous OGT prediction models by providing a model with minimum input data requirements, removing laborious feature extraction and data preprocessing steps, and widening the scope of valid downstream analyses.
Smoking mediates the relationship between SES and brain volume: The CARDIA study.

Author(s): Dougherty, Ryan J; Moonen, Justine; Yaffe, Kristine; Sidney, Stephen; Davatzikos, Christos; Habes, Mohamad; Launer, Lenore J | Abstract: ObjectiveInvestigate whether socioeconomic status (SES) was related to brain volume in aging related regions, and if so, determine whether this relationship was mediated by lifestyle factors that are known to associate with risk of dementia in a population-based sample of community dwelling middle-aged adults.MethodsWe studied 645 (41% black) participants (mean age 55.3±3.5) from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study who underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging. SES was operationalized as a composite measure of annual income and years of education. Gray matter volume was estimated within the insular cortex, thalamus, cingulate, frontal, inferior parietal, and lateral temporal cortex. These regions are vulnerable to age-related atrophy captured by the Spatial Pattern of Atrophy for Recognition of Brain Aging (SPARE-BA) index. Lifestyle factors of interest included physical activity, cognitive activity (e.g. book/newspaper reading), smoking status, alcohol consumption, and diet. Multivariable linear regressions tested the association between SES and brain volume. Sobel mediation analyses determined if this association was mediated by lifestyle factors. All models were age, sex, and race adjusted.ResultsHigher SES was positively associated with brain volume (β = .109 SE = .039; p l .01) and smoking status significantly mediated this relationship (z = 2.57). With respect to brain volume, smoking accounted for 27% of the variance (β = -.179 SE = .065; p l .01) that was previously attributed to SES.ConclusionTargeting smoking cessation could be an efficacious means to reduce the health disparity of low SES on brain volume and may decrease vulnerability for dementia.
Jewish Law and Modern Business Structures: the Corporate Paradigm

Many religious systems purport to govern both the financial and ritual activities of their adherents at the same time that these activities are ruled by secular legal systems. This phenomenon raises fascinating questions regarding the conceptual and practical interrelationships between these overlapping systems. Under Jewish law, for instance, a persons rights or responsibilities may decisively depend on whether a person is deemed the owner of a particular piece of property. In contemporary times, however, Jews often participate in various business organizations that are, at least ostensibly, creations of secular law. As a result, it becomes critical to establish whether, and if so to what extent, such entities affect Jewish law's view of property rights. This article specifically focuses on the interplay between the secular law's corporate construct and Jewish law. The article first identifies and explores various secular theories regarding the essence of a corporation and the status of corporate shareholders. The article then exhaustively examines the alternative ways in which corporations are perceived by Jewish law authorities and the consequences of each.
Generalized linear models

This set of articles gives an introduction to generalized linear models.They can be divided into three parts:Model building,Statistical inference and Model diagnostics.The presentation is mainly based on L.Fahrmeir et al.《Multivariate Statistical Modeling Based on Generalized Linear Models》.
Multiscale System Modeling of Single-Event-Induced Faults in Advanced Node Processors

Integration-technology feature shrink increases computing-system susceptibility to single-event effects (SEE). While modeling SEE faults will be critical, an integrated processor’s scope makes physically correct modeling computationally intractable. Without useful models, presilicon evaluation of fault-tolerance approaches becomes impossible. To incorporate accurate transistor-level effects at a system scope, we present a multiscale simulation framework. Charge collection at the 1) device level determines 2) circuit-level transient duration and state-upset likelihood. Circuit effects, in turn, impact 3) register-transfer-level architecture-state corruption visible at 4) the system level. Thus, the physically accurate effects of SEEs in large-scale systems, executed on a high-performance computing (HPC) simulator, could be used to drive cross-layer radiation hardening by design. We demonstrate the capabilities of this model with two case studies. First, we determine a D flip-flop’s sensitivity at the transistor level on 14-nm FinFet technology, validating the model against published cross sections. Second, we track and estimate faults in a microprocessor without interlocked pipelined stages (MIPS) processor for Adams 90% worst case environment in an isotropic space environment.
Deleterious and Protective Psychosocial and Stress-Related Factors Predict Risk of Spontaneous Preterm Birth.

Objectives The aim of the study was to: (1) Identify (early in pregnancy) psychosocial and stress-related factors that predict risk of spontaneous preterm birth (PTB, gestational age Study Design This is a prospective cohort study. Relative risk (RR) analyses investigated association between individual factors and PTB. Machine learning-based interdependency analysis (IDPA) identified factor clusters, strength, and direction of association with PTB. A nonlinear model based on support vector machines was built for predicting PTB and identifying factors that most strongly predicted PTB. Results Higher levels of deleterious factors were associated with increased RR for PTB: General anxiety (RR = 8.9; 95% confidence interval or CI = 2.0,39.6), pain (RR = 5.7; CI = 1.7,17.0); tiredness/fatigue (RR = 3.7; CI = 1.09,13.5); perceived risk of birth complications (RR = 4; CI = 1.6,10.01); self-rated health current (RR = 2.6; CI = 1.0,6.7) and previous 3 years (RR = 2.9; CI = 1.1,7.7); and divorce (RR = 2.9; CI = 1.1,7.8). Lower levels of protective factors were also associated with increased RR for PTB: low happiness (RR = 9.1; CI = 1.25,71.5); low support from parents/siblings (RR = 3.5; CI = 0.9,12.9), and father-of-baby (RR = 3; CI = 1.1,9.9). These factors were also components of the clusters identified by the IDPA: perceived risk of birth complications (p Conclusion These findings represent an important step toward identifying key factors, which can be assessed rapidly before/after conception, to predict risk of PTB, and perhaps other adverse pregnancy outcomes. Quantifying these factors, before, or early in pregnancy, could identify women at risk of delivering preterm, pinpoint mechanisms/targets for intervention, and facilitate the development of interventions to prevent PTB. Key Points
Searching for Point Locations using Lines.

Versions of the following problem appear in several topics such as Gamma Knife radiosurgery, studying objects with the X-ray transform, the 3SUM problem, and the $k$-linear degeneracy testing. Suppose there are $n$ points on a plane whose specific locations are unknown. We are given all the lines that go through the points with a given slope. We show that the minimum number of slopes needed, in general, to find all the point locations is $n+1$ and we provide an algorithm to do so.
WE-G-207-05: Relationship Between CT Image Quality, Segmentation Performance, and Quantitative Image Feature Analysis

Purpose: Segmentation quality can affect quantitative image feature analysis. The objective of this study is to examine the relationship between computed tomography (CT) image quality, segmentation performance, and quantitative image feature analysis. Methods: A total of 90 pathology proven breast lesions in 87 dedicated breast CT images were considered. An iterative image reconstruction (IIR) algorithm was used to obtain CT images with different quality. With different combinations of 4 variables in the algorithm, this study obtained a total of 28 different qualities of CT images. Two imaging tasks/objectives were considered: 1) segmentation and 2) classification of the lesion as benign or malignant. Twenty-three image features were extracted after segmentation using a semi-automated algorithm and 5 of them were selected via a feature selection technique. Logistic regression was trained and tested using leave-one-out-cross-validation and its area under the ROC curve (AUC) was recorded. The standard deviation of a homogeneous portion and the gradient of a parenchymal portion of an example breast were used as an estimate of image noise and sharpness. The DICE coefficient was computed using a radiologist’s drawing on the lesion. Mean DICE and AUC were used as performance metrics for each of the 28 reconstructions. The relationship between segmentation and classification performance under different reconstructions were compared. Distributions (median, 95% confidence interval) of DICE and AUC for each reconstruction were also compared. Results: Moderate correlation (Pearson’s rho = 0.43, p-value = 0.02) between DICE and AUC values was found. However, the variation between DICE and AUC values for each reconstruction increased as the image sharpness increased. There was a combination of IIR parameters that resulted in the best segmentation with the worst classification performance. Conclusion: There are certain images that yield better segmentation or classification performance. The best segmentation Result does not necessarily lead to the best classification Result. This work has been supported in part by grants from the NIH R21-EB015053. R Nishikawa is receives royalties form Hologic, Inc.
Design of Eight-Bar Linkages With an Application to Rectilinear Motion

This paper explores an automated methodology to design eight-bar linkages for five positions, by constraining the user defined 4R open chain and 6R closed chain using RR dyads. The application in focus is that of rectilinear motion. The paper lays down the rules for systematic selection of link pairs for the application of RR constraints, that help automate the synthesis of eight-bar linkages. The methodology performs a random search within the user specified tolerance zones around the task specifications to increase the number of candidate linkage solutions. These linkages are then subjected to forward kinematic analysis using the Dixon determinant elimination procedure to find all possible linkage configurations over the range of motion of the input link. Linkages that have all the task configurations on one branch ensure their smooth movement through them. The result is an array of defect-free eight-bars that can perform approximate rectilinear motion. This method provides increased flexibility and control over the synthesized linkage compared to other known rectilinear motion linkages, owing to the ability to specify the backbone chain. A couple of examples are presented to illustrate the results.
Gender differences in obstructive sleep apnea and treatment response to continuous positive airway pressure.

objectives: Whether gender differences exist in clinical manifestations of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and whether women's responses to continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) are similar to those of men are critical areas of exploration in sleep disordered breathing. This exploratory analysis addressed these questions by examining gender differences over a wide range of clinical outcomes at baseline and in response to CPAP in participants with severe OSA. Methods: Data from 152 men and 24 women who participated in a multicenter CPAP effectiveness study were analyed. Gender differ- CPAP effectiveness study were analyed. Gender differ- effectiveness study were analyed. Gender differ- ences in functional status (functional outcomes of sleep questionnaire, sickness impact profile), daytime sleepiness (epworth sleepiness scale, multiple sleep latency test), mood disturbance (profile of mood states), apnea symptoms (multivariable apnea prediction index), and neurobehavioral performance (psychomotor vigilance task) were ex- amined. Treatment response was examined by the change in each outcome from baseline to 3 months after treatment. Results: Despite similar age, body mass index, and apnea-hypopnea index, women reported significantly lower functional status, more subjective daytime sleepiness, higher frequency of apnea symptoms, more mood disturbance, and poorer neurobehavioral performance compared to men at baseline. CPAP treatment significantly improved functional status and relieved symptoms for both genders. The magni- The magni- he magni- tude of improvement in each clinical outcome did not vary by gender. conclusions: Women with OSA showed greater impairment in day- time functioning and symptoms than men. Both genders benefit from CPAP treatment. Adequately powered studies considering possible re- treatment. Adequately powered studies considering possible re- treatment. Adequately powered studies considering possible re- ferral and response bias are necessary to examine gender differences in OSA clinical manifestations and response to CPAP treatment.
Progress toward goals in silicon sheet development

Continued progress in the technical development of low-cost silicon sheet for photovoltaics has developed improved confidence that the $0.70/W goal of the United States Photovoltaic Program will be reached. Probability estimates for sheet technology and other portions of module manufacture indicate that the goals will be approached by several technologies, and certainly achieved on a composite basis. Additionally, the present state of development within these various sheet manufacture technologies indicate a presently available selling price from $2-3/W. To achieve such price levels, it is necessary only to install this technology for production rather than develop it further.
Reversible inactivation of the basolateral amygdala, but not the dorsolateral caudate putamen, attenuates consolidation of cocaine‐cue associative learning in a reinstatement model of drug‐seeking

Previous research has shown that the basolateral amygdala (BLA) mediates stimulus-reward learning, including drug-cue associations, while the dorsolateral caudate-putamen (dlCPu) primarily mediates stimulus-response (habit) learning. Recent evidence has indicated that the dlCPu may be critical in cocaine-seeking following extended self-administration, but it remains unknown whether the dlCPu plays a role in early formation of drug-cue associations. The current study used a model of Pavlovian learning to compare the roles of the BLA and dlCPu in the consolidation of cocaine-cue associations that maintain cocaine-seeking during cue-induced reinstatement. Male, Sprague-Dawley rats self-administered cocaine (0.2 mg/50 µl infusion, IV) in the absence of cues for 6 days (2-h/day). Immediately following a single 1-h classical conditioning (CC) session in which passive cocaine infusions were paired with a light+tone cue, animals received bilateral infusions of the GABA receptor agonists, baclofen+muscimol (B/M, 1.0/0.1 mM), or vehicle into the BLA or dlCPu. Following additional cocaine self-administration (5 days) and subsequent extinction (no cocaine or cues, 7 days), the ability of the previously cocaine-paired cues to reinstate cocaine-seeking was assessed. Inactivation of the BLA, but not the dlCPu, immediately following the CC session impaired the consolidation of cocaine-cue associations as seen by decreased cue-induced reinstatement. These results extend previous findings that the BLA mediates the consolidation of learned associations that drive cocaine-seeking during subsequent reinstatement and indicate that the dlCPu does not play a role during initial stimulus-drug associative learning.
Death And Taxes: The Impact Of Progressive Taxation On Health

More progressive taxes, holding tax liability constant, generate disincentives for health investment by decreasing benefits for additional working time and, thus, decreasing returns to health. On the other hand, progressive taxation may induce individuals to invest more in health for the purpose of extending their working life, because lifetime maximization could imply less work per period but more working years. I identify the effect of progressivity through differences in labor income tax rates among states. I find that the former effect dominates, more progressive taxes are negatively correlated with health, and argue that neither selection effects nor reverse causality can explain this result.
Chapter 14 Descending excitatory systems.

Publisher Summary This chapter highlights that noxious inputs can be modulated by descending systems that serve to inhibit or facilitate nociception, serving as an endogenous mechanism to regulate pain. These systems are of great clinical significance as it is now apparent that opioids produce their antinociceptive activity, in part, by activating descending pain inhibitory mechanisms. Chronic pain, whether because of peripheral nerve injury or tissue inflammation, is associated with numerous neuroplastic changes that alter the underlying physiology of pain transmission and pain modulatory pathways. The chapter explores many types of chronic pain, which is associated with increased inputs to the central nervous system (CNS), enhanced responsiveness of spinal transmission neurons and, critically, the activation of pain facilitation from supraspinal sites. The chapter concludes that it now seems apparent that ascending/descending loops can be established, which are essential to the maintenance of the chronic pain state and may participate even in more transient pain conditions. Understanding of these mechanisms should increase the likelihood of development of strategies in which the mechanisms maintaining chronic pain states can be disrupted.
Drawing by Hand

Since illustrators and computers are not available to all researchers, the ability to draw figures by hand is a valuable skill. Processes such as mounting and labeling gels and physiological tracings are not difficult to do. The process of making graphs becomes easy with practice, indeed, a relaxing change.
Enabling unauthorized RF transmission below noise floor with no detectable impact on primary communication performance

With increasing diversity of supply chains from design to delivery, there is an increasing risk of unauthorized changes within an IC. One of the motivations for this type change is to learn important information (such as encryption keys, spreading codes) from the hardware and pass this information to a malicious party through wireless means. In order to evade detection, such unauthorized communication can be hidden within legitimate bursts of transmit signal. In this paper, we present a stealth circuit for unauthorized transmissions which can be hidden within the legitimate signal. A CDMA-based spread spectrum with a CDMA encoder is implemented with a handful of transistors. We show that the unauthorized signal does not alter the circuit performance while being easily detectable by the malicious receiver.
HEAP: heat energy analysis program. A computer model simulating solar receivers

A computer program which can distinguish between different receiver designs, and predict transient performance under variable solar flux, or ambient temperatures, etc. has a basic structure that fits a general heat transfer problem, but with specific features that are custom-made for solar receivers. The code is written in MBASIC computer language. The methodology followed in solving the heat transfer problem is explained. A program flow chart, an explanation of input and output tables, and an example of the simulation of a cavity-type solar receiver are included.
Creating technology mentor teachers through a digital sabbatical opportunity on-line

Infusing modem learning technologies throughout the educational experience of pre-service teachers is a prime requisite of the PT3, LEI Aloha Project in the Department of Educational Technology at the University of Hawaii. Pre-project surveys indicated that teachers need courses, time, convenient access, mentors, and support if they are to become proficient in the application of technology to meet curriculum standards. The Technology Intensive Enhancement Series coupled with Department of Education teacher sabbaticals, one-on-one hands-on Community College support, and extensive digital resources provide a continuum that responds to the expressed needs and the projected demand for technology-proficient teachers.
Advertising Strategy in China

Abstract The Chinese market provides numerous opportunities for growth and development if approached properly. In this paper, we examine the regulatory aspects of advertising in China. The history of these regulations is reviewed and the cultural foundations of advertising regulations are highlighted. Current advertising regulations are critically reviewed, with an emphasis on strategic implications to help marketers cope with the regulatory milieu.
Difficult complications after hip joint replacement: Dislocation

Dislocation after hip replacement occurs at an overall incidence of 2% to 3% and has significant cost and morbidity implications. Statistically increased incidence is observed in females and in the elderly, and after reoperation procedures. Specific causes include cup malrotation, trochanteric migration, and decreased femoral offset. Head size, leg length, and postoperative mobilization have not proven to be causative factors, but the posterior exposure statistically and consistently is associated with increased instability. Extended acetabular walls do lessen the incidence of dislocation in the primary but even more significantly in the revision procedure. Early (< 3 months) dislocations successfully are treated by 4 to 8 weeks of immobilization in 60% to 70% of instances. The most successful reoperations are those in which the specific cause of the dislocation has been defined. The success rate is approximately 80% for cup reorientation and trochanteric advancement. Nonspecific or ill defined causes are managed successfully by surgical intervention in only approximately 50% of cases. With extensive soft tissue compromise, limited experience with certain salvage options include the bipolar implant with a reported success rate of approximately 80%. Captive articular designs also seem to be successful in approximately 70% of instances but with relatively short term followup and lingering concerns regarding the long term integrity of the fixation.
Arts Every Day: The Public Elementary School Curriculum

Abstract The following article was awarded the third-place Reston Prize 1989, sponsored by the National Association of Schools of Art and Design, the National Association of Schools of Dance, the National Association of Schools of Music, and the National Association of Schools of Theatre.
Structures of ionic species and electronic interactions in radical ions; ketyls with divalent cations

Abstract EPR and optical spectra of magnesium and calcium ketyls were investigated in MTHF and mixtures of DMF and MTHF at various concentrations. It was shown that these ketyls form aggregates in ethereal solvents and dissociate into biradicals in more polar solutions. Models of ion aggregate to explain the observed EPR and optical spectra are suggested.
Fiber Migration in Staple Yarns: Part III: An Analysis of Migration Force and the Influence of the Variables in Yarn Structure

A detailed study is made of the effects of yarn size and twist on fiber migration in staple yarns. A simple theoretical model is developed to calculate migration force in a surface fiber as a function of yarn size, twist and processing tension. The theoretical model proved useful, not only in explaining the experimental results, but also in providing some unex pected additional information. In particular, it demonstrates that some scatter of data in experimental results can be expected theoretically. Among all the variables considered thus far in this series of papers [1, 2], yarn size and twist appear to be the most influential variables controlling fiber migration in staple yarns.
Hope predicts positive functional role outcomes in acute rehabilitation populations.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to examine the association between facilitating psychological variables and functional rehabilitation outcomes following acute medical rehabilitation. RESEARCH METHOD/DESIGN Using a longitudinal design and correlational and regression analyses, we studied 174 adults who were participating in inpatient rehabilitation for acute spinal cord dysfunction, stroke, amputation, or orthopedic surgery recovery. All participants completed the Hope Scale, Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, and Functional Independence Measure (FIM) during the first days of their inpatient stay, and then were contacted 3 months after discharge to complete the Craig Hospital Assessment and Reporting Technique (CHART) and FIM. RESULTS Hope accounted for a statistically significant amount of the variance in the prediction of functional role participation at 3 months postdischarge (as measured by the CHART) above and beyond the variance accounted for by demographic and severity variables. In contrast, positive affect was not found to contribute to the prediction of functional role participation, and neither hope nor positive affect contributed to the prediction of functional skill level (FIM). CONCLUSIONS/IMPLICATIONS The results indicate that positive psychological variables present during the rehabilitation stay, such as hopefulness, may contribute to the prediction of functional outcomes after discharge in rehabilitation populations. These findings suggest that incorporating interventions that enhance hope and build on the individual's psychological strengths may be useful to improve participation outcomes following acute medical rehabilitation.
Product entry timing in dual distribution channels: The case of the movie industry

In many durable goods industries, firms continuously offer new products to customers and market them in different versions through different channel of distribution. This paper examines the issue of when to introduce the product into the different channels. The determinants of entry time include the discounting of future profits, the foresight of the firm, customers' expectations, and the possibility of cannibalization. Of special interest is the effect of customers' expectations about the timing of sequential entries. Specifically, it is shown here that profits decline if firms ignore the role of customer expectations. We discuss how our results can be used to get insights into the workings of the US motion picture industry, which is characterized by sequential introduction of movies first into theaters followed by home video. Finally, a closed form solution for an optimal sequential timing policy is provided.
Air Force Research Laboratory's focused long term challenges

The Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) mission is to provide support to the Air Force (AF) and the warfighters with an understanding of the science and technology that will form the foundation of future capabilities. AFRL has developed a strategic research and development process that translates the Department of Defense future capability needs into mid-term attributes, described in terms of technology achievements. Specific capabilities, like the delivery of a close-in sensing platform, require technologies from many different disciplines and require aligning priorities for nurturing and developing core competencies. AFRL's strategic vision is built upon the AF Science & Technology (S&T) Vision of Anticipate, Find, Fix, Track, Target, Engage, and Access - Anything, Anywhere, Anytime. In order to realize this vision, AFRL has developed Focused Long Term Challenges (FLTCs) that describe the AF problem space and constitute the AFRL long term S&T planning.
Toward Convergence of Experimental Studies and Theoretical Modeling of the Chromatin Fiber

Understanding the structural organization of eukaryotic chromatin and its control of gene expression represents one of the most fundamental and open challenges in modern biology. Recent experimental advances have revealed important characteristics of chromatin in response to changes in external conditions and histone composition, such as the conformational complexity of linker DNA and histone tail domains upon compact folding of the fiber. In addition, modeling studies based on high-resolution nucleosome models have helped explain the conformational features of chromatin structural elements and their interactions in terms of chromatin fiber models. This minireview discusses recent progress and evidence supporting structural heterogeneity in chromatin fibers, reconciling apparently contradictory fiber models.
Why Crossover Voters Are Not "Mischievous Voters" The Segmented Partisanship Hypothesis

Although extensive crossover voting in open primaries has been documented, scholars have never found empirical support for the allegation that considerable mischievous crossover voting occurs in su...