cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mercury's Magnetosphere

The Mariner 10 observations of Mercury's miniature magnetosphere collected during its close encounters in 1974 and 1975 are reviewed. Subsequent data analysis, re-interpretation and theoretical modeling, often influenced by new results obtained regarding the Earth's magnetosphere, have greatly expanded our impressions of the structure and dynamics of this small magnetosphere. Of special interest are the Earth-based telescopic images of this planet's tenuous atmosphere that show great variability on time scales of tens of hours to days. Our understanding of the implied close linkage between the sputtering of neutrals into the atmosphere due to solar wind and magnetospheric ions impacting the regolith and the resultant mass loading of the magnetosphere by heavy planetary ions is quite limited due to the dearth of experimental data. However, the influence of heavy ions of planetary origin (O+, Na+, K+, Ca+ and others as yet undetected) on such basic magnetospheric processes as wave propagation, convection, and reconnection remain to be discovered by future missions. The electrodynamic aspects of the coupling between the solar wind, magnetosphere and planet are also very poorly known due to the limited nature of the measurements returned by Mariner 10 and our lack of experience with a magnetosphere that is rooted in a regolith as opposed to an ionosphere. The review concludes with a brief summary of major unsolved questions concerning this very small, yet potentially complex magnetosphere.
On Solving the Coronal Heating Problem

The question of what heats the solar corona remains one of the most important problems in astrophysics. Finding a definitive solution involves a number of challenging steps, beginning with an identification of the energy source and ending with a prediction of observable quantities that can be compared directly with actual observations. Critical intermediate steps include realistic modeling of both the energy release process (the conversion of magnetic stress energy or wave energy into heat) and the response of the plasma to the heating. A variety of difficult issues must be addressed: highly disparate spatial scales, physical connections between the corona and lower atmosphere, complex microphysics, and variability and dynamics. Nearly all of the coronal heating mechanisms that have been proposed produce heating that is impulsive from the perspective of elemental magnetic flux strands. It is this perspective that must be adopted to understand how the plasma responds and radiates. In our opinion, the most promising explanation offered so far is Parker's idea of nanoflares occurring in magnetic fields that become tangled by turbulent convection. Exciting new developments include the identification of the “secondary instability” as the likely mechanism of energy release and the demonstration that impulsive heating in sub-resolution strands can explain certain observed properties of coronal loops that are otherwise very difficult to understand. Whatever the detailed mechanism of energy release, it is clear that some form of magnetic reconnection must be occurring at significant altitudes in the corona (above the magnetic carpet), so that the tangling does not increase indefinitely. This article outlines the key elements of a comprehensive strategy for solving the coronal heating problem and warns of obstacles that must be overcome along the way.
School, occupation, culture, and family: The impact of parental schooling on the parent–child relationship.

In contrast to the amount of attention and research devoted to the impact of schooling on individuals, relatively little research has been directed to answering questions about the effects of schooling on family interaction. Based on the available evidence, the author proffers a twofold general hypothesis: (a) Among the enduring effects of schooling on the individual are certain behavioral dispositions that determine how he or she will behave as a parent— for example, how the person will interact with his or her children, (b) In turn, parental behavior will have important consequences for a child's development of specific cognitive skills, learning strategies, and personality characteristics. The primary focus in the article is a conceptual and empirical examination of the impact of schooling on the parent-child relationship. In the course of a series of studies presented here, attempts are made to determine whether parental schooling, parental occupational status, and maternal employment each have a distinct pattern of influences on educationally related aspects of the parent-child relationship. The inquiry is conducted in the context of issues regarding ethnic diversity, individual variability within ethnic groups, and educational and occupational equity, giving particular attention to Chicano families. The findings regarding linkages between parental schooling and the parent-child relationship suggest plausible explanations of the frequent scholastic failure observed among the members of certain ethnic minorities in the United States. Therefore, as a secondary focus, a broad theoretical model is presented that causally links parental schooling, family interaction processes, and children's scholastic performance.
The Importance of Integration in Sustainable Agricultural Systems

Abstract Conventional agriculture has caused economic problems associated with over production of crops, increased costs of energy-based inputs and decreased farm incomes. It has also produced ecological problems such as poor ecological diversity, soil and water pollution and soil erosion. The adoption of integrated systems of agricultural production involving lower inputs of fertilizer, pesticides and cultivations can alleviate these economic and ecological problems. Such systems are dependent upon a good understanding of the nature of interactions between the four main components of such systems, which are fertilizers, pesticides, cultivations and rotations, and how these interactions influence crop yields and farm income. Alternatives to energy-based inputs include: legume rotations; use of waste organic matter as well as that from animals and crops; integrated pest management; pest and disease forecasting; biological and cultural pest control; living mulches and mechanical weed control; conservation tillage; specialized innovative cultural techniques, including intercropping, strip cropping, undersowing, trap crops, and double-row cropping. It is essential to integrate the components of agricultural systems fully so that their impact of other inputs is taken into account. Our knowledge of the main inputs and how these practices interact must increase before we can design fully integrated farming systems that minimize energy-based chemical inputs, produce good yields, increase farm profits and decrease environmental problems. There is considerable scope for the development of computer-based, farmer-operated, integrated management systems.
The acquisition of information in a dynamic market

This paper models the information acquisition process in an intertemporal rational expectations framework. It demonstrates that equilibria do not generally exist in intertemporal economies in which agents are assumed to know the state-contingent price path and the information acquisition process is endogenous. In addition, an example of a fully revealing equilibrium in which agents pay a strictly positive amount for information is provided. Finally, we also show that it is possible for an equilibrium to exist in which agents choose to purchase information even if all agents, including the agents who purchased the information, are made strictly worse off by the purchase.
An Improved Pinacol Rearrangement for the Synthesis of 2-Alkyl-1, 3-Cyclopentanediones

Abstract 2-Methyl, 2-ethyl and 2-isopropyl-1,3-cyclopentanediones are prepared by a modification of the method described by Nakamura, et. al.1
The Caltech-Jodrell Bank VLBI Surveys

The Caltech-Jodrell Bank VLBI surveys of bright extragalactic radio sources north of declination 35 deg were carried out between 1990 and 1995 using the Mark-II system, achieving images with a resolution of about 1 mas at 5 GHz. The CJ1 survey (together with the older `PR' survey) includes 200 objects with 5 GHz flux density greater than 0.7 Jy; the CJ2 survey includes 193 flat-spectrum sources with 5 GHz flux density greater than 0.35 Jy; and we have defined a complete flux-density limited sample, CJF, of 293 flat-spectrum sources stronger than 0.35 Jy. We summarize the definition of the samples and the VLBI, VLA, MERLIN, and optical observations, and present some highlights of the astrophysical results. These include: (1) superluminal motion and cosmology; (2) morphology and evolution of the `compact symmetric objects' (CSOs); (3) two-sided motion in some CSOs; (4) the angular-size - redshift diagram; (5) misalignment of parsec-scale and kiloparsec-scale jets.
Neutrino Flavor Evolution Near a Supernova's Core

Abstract In supernovae and in the early universe, neutrino flavor evolution is a many-body phenomena. Here the equations describing the evolution of the density matrices in phase space are derived. Then these equations are applied to neutrino emission from a supernova core. The effects of a “small” background neutrino density on adiabatic and nonadiabatic flavor evolution are calculated analytically. It is found that when flavor evolution is sizeable, the sensitivity to the small neutrino background is enhanced. This implies that r-process nucleosynthesis in supernovae may not reliably probe neutrino masses less than about 25 eV.
Fabrication and characterization of large arrays of mesoscopic gold rings on large-aspect-ratio cantilevers.

We have fabricated large arrays of mesoscopic metal rings on ultrasensitive cantilevers. The arrays are defined by electron beam lithography and contain up to 105 rings. The rings have a circumference of 1 μm, and are made of ultrapure (6N) Au that is deposited onto a silicon-on-insulator wafer without an adhesion layer. Subsequent processing of the SOI wafer results in each array being supported at the end of a free-standing cantilever. To accommodate the large arrays while maintaining a low spring constant, the cantilevers are nearly 1 mm in both lateral dimensions and 100 nm thick. The extreme aspect ratio of the cantilevers, the large array size, and the absence of a sticking layer are intended to enable measurements of the rings' average persistent current ⟨I⟩ in the presence of relatively small magnetic fields. We describe the motivation for these measurements, the fabrication of the devices, and the characterization of the cantilevers' mechanical properties. We also discuss the devices' expected performance in measurements of ⟨I⟩.
Geometric lower bounds for the spectrum of elliptic PDEs with Dirichlet conditions in part

An extension of the lower-bound lemma of Boggio is given for the weak forms of certain elliptic operators, which are in general nonlinear and have partially Dirichlet and partially Neumann boundary conditions. Its consequences and those of an adapted Hardy inequality for the location of the bottom of the spectrum are explored in corollaries wherein a variety of assumptions are placed on the shape of the Dirichlet and Neumann boundaries.
A meta-analysis of the relationship between social constraints and distress in cancer patients

Social constraints on cancer-related disclosure have been associated with increased distress among cancer patients. The goals of this meta-analysis were: (1) to quantify the average strength of the relationships between social constraints and general and cancer-specific distress in cancer patients; and (2) to examine potential moderators of these relationships. A literature search was conducted using electronic databases, and 30 studies met inclusion criteria. Moderate, significant relationships were found between social constraints and both general distress (r = 0.37, 95 % CI 0.31–0.43) and cancer-specific distress (r = 0.37, 95 % CI 0.31–0.44). The relationship between social constraints and cancer-specific distress was stronger for studies of patients who, on average, had been diagnosed more recently. Relationships between social constraints and both general and cancer-specific distress did not vary by age or gender. Findings suggest that social constraints may be important to target in interventions to reduce distress in cancer patients, especially those who have been recently diagnosed.
Particle method for the numerical solution of the time-dependent schrödinger equation

A method for the solution of the time-dependent Schrodinger equation in two dimensions is presented which is based on the hydrodynamic analogy to quantum mechanics. The continuum introduced in that analogy is approximated by a finite number of particles, whose trajectories are computed. The procedure is applied here to the dynamics of a Gaussian wave packet on a two-dimensional quadratic potential surface containing a saddle point. Comparison with the known analytical solution indicates that the method is capable of accurate results with substantially less computer time required than in methods previously employed.
A BOUNDARY VERSION OF CARTAN–HADAMARD AND APPLICATIONS TO RIGIDITY

The classical Cartan–Hadamard theorem asserts that a closed Riemannian manifold Mn with non-positive sectional curvature has universal cover diffeomorphic to ℝn, and a by-product of the proof is that is homeomorphic to Sn-1. We prove analogues of these two results in the case where Mn has a non-empty totally geodesic boundary. More precisely, if , are two negatively curved Riemannian manifolds with non-empty totally geodesic boundary, of dimension n ≠ 5, we show that is homeomorphic to . We show that if and are a pair of non-positively curved Riemannian manifolds with totally geodesic boundary (possibly empty), then the universal covers and are diffeomorphic if and only if the universal covers have the same number of boundary components. We also show that the number of boundary components of the universal cover is either 0, 2 or ∞. As a sample application, we show that simple, thick, negatively curved P-manifolds of dimension ≥ 6 are topologically rigid. We include some straightforward consequences of topological rigidity (diagram rigidity, weak co-Hopf property, and the Nielson problem).
Econometric diagnosis of competitive localization

Abstract Competitive localization is present in an extreme form in one-dimensional spatial models; each brand faces only two rivals no matter how many brands are on the market. A test that does not require unrealistically long data series is proposed for detecting the presence of localized competition in markets with differentiated products, and a simple technique for assessing the nature and importance of such localization is presented. Application of these methods to data on the U.S. ready-to-eat breakfast cereal industry suggests their potential value in other contexts.
Quantum affine symmetry as generalized supersymmetry

The quantum affine Uq((sl(2)) symmetry is studied when q2 is an even root of unity. The structure of this algebra allows a natural generalization of N = 2 supersymmetry algebra. In particular it is found that the momentum operators P, P, and thus the hamiltonian, can be written as generalized multi-commutators, and can be viewed as new central elements of the algebra Uq(sl(2)). We show that massive particles in (deformationsof) integer spin representations of sl(2) are not allowed in such theories. Generalizations of Witten's index and Bogomolnyi bounds are presented and a preliminary attempt in constructing manifestly Uq((sl(2)) invariant actions as generalized supersymmetric Landau-Ginzburg theories is made.
Anisotropic interactions in autoionizing Rydberg systems

We present an improved theoretical description of Rydberg electron motion in the presence of an arbitrary ionic core. Through the use of a generalized eigenvalue equation involving Coulomb, multipole, and polarization interactions we are able to describe accurately the physics of the autoionizing Mg $3pnf$ Rydberg states. The vector hyperpolarizability ${\ensuremath{\beta}}_{v},$ the proportionality constant for an interaction term with the operator structure $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{{L}_{c}}\ensuremath{\cdot}\mathcal{l}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{/r}^{6}$, where $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{{L}_{c}}$ and $\mathcal{l}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}$ are the orbital momenta of the ionic core and the Rydberg electron, is found to be 1.885 a.u., roughly two orders of magnitude larger than in ground-state Ne${}^{+}$. The effects of nonadiabatic radial interactions now emerge clearly. Comparisons with measured autoionization energies and rates, and with those computed using $R$-matrix and multichannel quantum defect theory methods, confirm the accuracy of this approach. The concept of adiabatic torquing of orbital planes is introduced and explored in Rydberg magnesium.
Axisymmetric Stokes equations in polygonal domains: Regularity and finite element approximations

We study the regularity and finite element approximation of the axisymmetric Stokes problem on a polygonal domain @W. In particular, taking into account the singular coefficients in the equation and non-smoothness of the domain, we establish the well-posedness and full regularity of the solution in new weighted Sobolev spaces K"@m","1^m(@W). Using our a priori results, we give a specific construction of graded meshes on which the Taylor-Hood mixed method approximates singular solutions at the optimal convergence rate. Numerical tests are presented to confirm the theoretical results in the paper.
New therapeutic potential for psychoactive natural products

Much of our knowledge in neuroscience was discovered through the study of mind-altering natural products. However, although much has been learned about human physiology and basic biological processes, the underlying causes of CNS disorders and other disease states are still elusive. Based on its main past successes, the continued study of mind-altering compounds promises to yield novel agents that may be developed into medications and to identify new targets for the treatment of diseases. This Highlight describes the history of investigations into several classes of mind-altering natural products and relates recent and potential therapeutic uses for these agents.
Online maximum directed cut

We investigate a natural online version of the well-known Maximum Directed Cut problem on DAGs. We propose a deterministic algorithm and show that it achieves a competitive ratio of $\frac{3\sqrt{3}}{2}\approx 2.5981$ . We then give a lower bound argument to show that no deterministic algorithm can achieve a ratio of $\frac{3\sqrt{3}}{2}-\epsilon$ for any ?>0 thus showing that our algorithm is essentially optimal. Then, we extend our technique to improve upon the analysis of an old result: we show that greedily derandomizing the trivial randomized algorithm for MaxDiCut in general graphs improves the competitive ratio from 4 to 3, and also provide a tight example.
Principles and methods of low-frequency electric and magnetic measurements using an rf-biased point-contact superconducting device

A comprehensive study has been made of some low-frequency electric and magnetic measurements which can be made using an rf-biased point-contact superconducting device of the symmetric two-hole type introduced by Zimmerman. Section 1 begins with a qualitative description of the phenomena which are observed and utilized in making the measurements. In Section 2 a semiquantitative and semiempirical analysis is made of the weakly superconducting system as it interacts with the rf field. Reasonable agreement between the analysis and experiment is obtained, thereby establishing a basis for optimization of conditions for measurement. Empirical data are also given as needed on coupling-coil characteristics. In Section 3 noise in the measuring system is discussed and the characteristics of the flux-locked loop used in the measurements introduced. It is shown that the total observed noise may be divided into at least three parts: one intrinsic to the sensor, one which reflects voltage noise in the amplifier, and one coupled into the instrument by the measuring circuit. The noise power spectra of the first two are shown to be comparable in an actual system. Below 100 Hz the spectrum, relative to the square of the flux quantum, is white and estimated by 10−8 Hz−1. In Section 4 the characteristics are discussed of a dc voltmeter using a flux-locked loop and having a relatively high input impedance and good noise figure. An experimental study of noise is presented. A particular case with subpicovolt sensitivity limited by Johnson noise is discussed. In Section 5 low-frequency ac measurements of resistance, self-inductance, and mutual inductance are discussed using a novel bridge circuit and the superconducting sensor in a flux-locked loop as null detector. The noise characteristics are described and studied experimentally. Extreme sensitivity is achieved, both in resistance and inductance. A 1 µω resistor may be measured with a precision of 1 part in 105 with subpicowatt power dissipation. Measurements of the mutual inductance due to a 1.6-mg crystal of CMN are described in which the crystal temperature was reduced to the millidegree region. In Section 6 measurements of static magnetization are discussed and the ideas applied to measurement of temperature using milligram quantities of CMN. Measurements using a pair of thermometers, one inside and the other outside the mixing chamber of a dilution refrigerator, are presented. In Section 7 the concept of a device-noise temperature is introduced and shown to be in the microdegree region. A very simple Johnson noise thermometer is then described. Measurements with this thermometer in the mixing chamber of a dilution refrigerator were carried out to 12 mK, the effective device temperature being measured to be +0.8±1.3mK. A qualitative experimental estimate places the actual device temperature well below 1 mdeg. In appendices a technical discussion of the flux-locked loop and of noise is given.
Flexible Exchange Rates, Fed Behavior, and Demand Constrained Growth in the USA

Abstract This paper examines Chairman Greenspan’s recent claim that central bankers around the world have been operating ‘as if’ monetary policy were constrained by gold that backs up reserves. The paper argues, instead, that central banks in flexible exchange rate regimes operate with an overnight interest rate target, which eliminates the possibility of discretionary control over bank reserves. In other words, central banks cannot behave as if reserves are constrained by gold. The paper will argue that fiscal policy, however, has been operated as if it faced financing constraints. For this reason, growth has been demand‐constrained by austere fiscal policy. However, the perceived constraints on fiscal policy are not appropriate to a sovereign government operating with a floating currency. The paper concludes by arguing that adoption of a floating rate system from the mid 1970s (what Greenspan disparagingly calls a fiat money standard) has made it possible to operate fiscal policy without these constrain...
A Justification of the Modulation Approximation to the 3D Full Water Wave Problem

We consider modulational solutions to the 3D inviscid incompressible irrotational infinite depth water wave problem, neglecting surface tension. For such solutions, it is well known that one formally expects the modulation to be a profile traveling at group velocity and governed by a 2D hyperbolic cubic nonlinear Schrodinger equation. In this paper we justify this fact by providing rigorous error estimates in Sobolev spaces. We reproduce the multiscale calculation to derive an approximate wave packet-like solution to the evolution equations with mild quadratic nonlinearities constructed by Sijue Wu. Then we use the energy method along with the method of normal forms to provide suitable a priori bounds on the difference between the true and approximate solutions.
Minimal primes over permanental ideals

In this paper we discuss minimal primes over permanental ideals of generic matrices. We give a complete list of the minimal primes over ideals of 3 × 3 permanents of a generic matrix, and show that there are monomials in the ideal of maximal permanents of a d x (2d - 1) matrix if the characteristic of the ground field is sufficiently large. We also discuss the Alon-Jaeger-Tarsi Conjecture, using our results and techniques to strengthen the previously known results.
Diagnostic Guidelines for Ruminant Toxicoses

Management of poisoning is best accomplished when an accurate diagnosis is made and enhanced by attention to five major diagnostic criteria: history, clinical signs, clinical laboratory evaluation, lesions, and chemical analysis. Used properly, all of these factors allow for a better understanding of clinical poisoning. Although not all of these are possible for individual incidents, a systematic approach to support these criteria will bring a more useful assessment of risk and an accurate diagnosis. This article covers key principles of diagnostic toxicology and provides specific suggestions for clinical, laboratory, postmortem, and chemical testing to best suggest and confirm a toxicologic diagnosis.
Terrestrial Ozone Depletion Due to a Milky Way Gamma-Ray Burst

Based on cosmological rates, it is probable that at least once in the last Gy the Earth has been irradiated by a gamma-ray burst in our Galaxy from within 2 kpc. Using a two-dimensional atmospheric model we have computed the effects upon the Earth's atmosphere of one such burst. A ten second burst delivering 100 kJ/sq m to the Earth results in globally averaged ozone depletion of 35%, with depletion reaching 55% at some latitudes. Significant global depletion persists for over 5 years after the burst. This depletion would have dramatic implications for life since a 50% decrease in ozone column density results in approximately three times the normal UVB flux. Widespread extinctions are likely, based on extrapolation from UVB sensitivity of modern organisms.
Using truncated multipliers in DCT and IDCT hardware accelerators

Truncated multipliers offer significant improvements in area, delay, and power. However, little research has been done on their use in actual applications, probably due to concerns about the computational errors they introduce. This paper describes a software tool used for simulating the use of truncated multipliers in DCT and IDCT hardware accelerators. Images that have been compressed and decompressed by DCT and IDCT accelerators using truncated multipliers are presented. In accelerators based on Chen's algorithm (256 multiplies per 8 x 8 block for DCT, 224 multiplies per block for IDCT), there is no visible difference between images reconstructed using truncated multipliers with 55% of the multiplication matrix eliminated and images reconstructed using standard multipliers with the same operand lengths and intermediate precision.
A critique of the foundations of Hoare style programming logics

Much recent discussion in computing journals has been devoted to arguments about the feasibility and usefulness of formal verification methods. Too little attention has been given to precise criticism of specific proposed systems for reasoning about programs. Whether such systems are to be used for formal verification, by hand or automatically, or as a rigorous foundation for informal reasoning, it is essential that they be logically sound. Several popular rules in the Hoare language are, in fact, not sound. These rules have been accepted because they have not been subjected to sufficiently strong standards of correctness. This paper attempts to clarify the different technical definitions of correctness of a logic, to show that only the strongest of these definitions is acceptable for Hoare logic, and to correct some of the unsound rules that have appeared in the literature. The corrected rules are given merely to show that it is possible to do so. Convenient and elegant rules for reasoning about certain programming constructs will probably require a more flexible notation than Hoare's.
Correlation of Magnetic Perturbation Inspection Data With Rolling-Element Bearing Fatigue Results

A magnetic perturbation technique was used to nondestructively detect subsurface nonmetallic inclusions in the inner races of 207-size, deep groove ball bearings. The bearings were fatigue tested at 2750 rpm under a radial load of. The inner races were subsequently sectioned at fatigue spall locations and at magnetic perturbation signal locations. Analyses of the data indicated good correlation between magnetic perturbation signals and inclusion size and location. Exclusion of those bearings that had significant magnetic perturbation signals did not alter the statistical life of the bearings.
Asymmetric Functional Organozinc Additions to Aldehydes Catalyzed by 1,1′-Bi-2-naphthols (BINOLs)

ConspectusChiral alcohols are ubiquitous in organic structures. One efficient method to generate chiral alcohols is the catalytic asymmetric addition of a carbon nucleophile to a carbonyl compound since this process produces a C–C bond and a chiral center simultaneously. In comparison with the carbon nucleophiles such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent, an organozinc reagent possesses the advantages of functional group tolerance and more mild reaction conditions. Catalytic asymmetric reactions of aldehydes with arylzincs, vinylzincs, and alkynylzincs to generate functional chiral alcohols are discussed in this Account.Our laboratory has developed a series of 1,1′-bi-2-naphthol (BINOL)-based chiral catalysts for the asymmetric organozinc addition to aldehydes. It is found that the 3,3′-dianisyl-substituted BINOLs are not only highly enantioselective for the alkylzinc addition to aldehydes, but also highly enantioselective for the diphenylzinc addition to aldehydes. A one-step synthesis has been achi...
Single-molecule and single-nanoparticle SERS: from fundamental mechanisms to biomedical applications

This tutorial review discusses a new class of colloidal metal nanoparticles that is able to enhance the efficiencies of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) by as much as 1014–1015 fold. This enormous enhancement allows spectroscopic detection and identification of single molecules located on the nanoparticle surface or at the junction of two particles under ambient conditions. Considerable progress has been made in understanding the enhancement mechanisms, including definitive evidence for the single-molecule origin of fluctuating SERS signals. For applications, SERS nanoparticle tags have been developed based on the use of embedded reporter molecules and a silica or polymer encapsulation layer. The SERS nanoparticle tags are capable of providing detailed spectroscopic information and are much brighter than semiconductor quantum dots in the near-infrared spectral window. These properties have raised new opportunities for multiplexed molecular diagnosis and in vivoRaman spectroscopy and imaging.
A fully suspended, movable, single-crystal silicon, deep submicron MOSFET for nanoelectromechanical applications

Abstract We have fabricated a novel, fully suspended, movable, deep-submicron single-crystal-substrate silicon (SCS) N-MOSFET using a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) technology. The SOI technology has been developed and characterized for making 100 nm scale SCS cantilevers by oxidation for mechanical beams and tips (COMBAT). The COMBAT FET has been designed specifically for integration with nanoelectromechanical beams and tips for sensor and other applications. The entire process flow for simultaneously fabricating nanoelectromechanical beams and tunneling tips as well as the COMBAT FET requires only five masking steps including the initial electron-beam lithography step. The COMBAT FET device and process design offers a unique capability for the transistors to comprise the front-end electronics unit in a fully suspended and integrated nanometer-displacement sensor system with reduced parasitic losses.
Security Analysis, Agency Costs, and Company Characteristics

We appraise the monitoring activity of security analysis from the perspective of the manager–shareholder conflict. Using a data set of more than 7,000 company-year observations for manufacturing companies tracked by security analysts over the 1988–94 period, we found that security analysis acts as a monitor to reduce the agency costs associated with the separation of ownership and control. We also found, however, that security analysts are more effective in reducing managerial non-value-maximizing behavior for single-segment than for multisegment companies. In addition, the shareholder gains from the monitoring activity of security analysis are larger for single-segment than for multisegment companies.
Contextual pathognomony: a computationally useful extension of pathognomony

Lack of adequate focus in problem-solving is a common problem in abductive expert systems. Pathognomonic findings could theoretically provide such focus, but their rarity in most domains makes the concept computationally useless. Pople's concept of constrictor is a useful extension of the concept of pathognomony. By relaxing the focus from a disease to a class of disease, constrictors have less theoretical power than pathognomonic symptoms, but they are more ubiquitous, thus more computationally useful. Similarly, this paper introduces the concept of contextual pathognomony. Contextual pathognomony is an extension of pathognomony that takes into account the current diagnostic context. Like constrictors, contextual pathognomony is more ubiquitous, thus more computationally useful, than pathognomony. Following the description of this new concept, this paper reports and analyses an experiment showing the existence and utility of contextual pathognomony in providing focus to abductive reasoning in the domain of alloantibody identification.
Bayesian Inference for Dynamic Treatment Regimes: Mobility, Equity, and Efficiency in Student Tracking

Policies in health, education, and economics often unfold sequentially and adapt to changing conditions. Such time-varying treatments pose problems for standard program evaluation methods because intermediate outcomes are simultaneously pretreatment confounders and posttreatment outcomes. This article extends the Bayesian perspective on causal inference and optimal treatment to these types of dynamic treatment regimes. A unifying idea remains ignorable treatment assignment, which now sequentially includes selection on intermediate outcomes. I present methods to estimate the causal effect of arbitrary regimes, recover the optimal regime, and characterize the set of feasible outcomes under different regimes. I demonstrate these methods through an application to optimal student tracking in ninth and tenth grade mathematics. For the sample considered, student mobility under the status-quo regime is significantly below the optimal rate and existing policies reinforce between-student inequality. An easy to impl...
Ultraviolet spectropolarimetry of Seyfert 2 galaxies

Abstract Spectropolarimetry has proven to be a useful technique in clarifying the relationship between the two types of Seyfert galaxies. In practice, interstellar polarization and contamination from host galaxy starlight complicate the interpretation of optical spectropolarimetry. Fortunately, both of these difficulties can be overcome by observing at shorter wavelengths. For this reason, we (Cohen R., Hurt T., Antonucci R., Kay L. and Krolik J.) are pursuing a program of ultraviolet spectropolarimetry of Seyfert 2s with HST.
Long internal waves of finite amplitude

We derive new nonlinear evolution equations for long internal waves in a two-fluid system, when the thickness of the lower layer is effectively infinite, by making the only assumption that the thickness of the upper layer is small compared with the characteristic wavelength. The resulting equations have the full nonlinearity of the original problem and retain the leading-order dispersive effects. For large amplitude internal solitary waves, we show that our model captures the scaling relation between the amplitude and the characteristic wavelength observed experimentally by Koop and Butler. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
Soliton resonance in Bose–Einstein condensate

Abstract A new phenomenon in nonlinear dispersive systems, including a Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC), has been described. It is based upon a resonance between an externally induced soliton and “eigen-solitons” of the homogeneous cubic Schrodinger equation. There have been shown that a moving source of positive/negative potential induces bright/dark solitons in an attractive/repulsive Bose condensate.
The Thermolysis of Dicarbonylcyclopentadienyliron Dimer: The Formation of Biferrocene

The thermolysis of dicarbonylcyclopentadienyliron dimer in a sealed tube at 300°C has been reported to produce ferrocene, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, cyclopentadiene and elemental iron. We observe in addition to these products the production of biferrocene and elemental carbon. Thermolysis of carbonylcyclopentadienyliron tetramer (produced from the dimer by thermolysis in refluxing xylene) produces ferrocene, iron and carbon monoxidre; no biferrocene, carbon dioxide or elemental carbon are produced. A scheme is proposed to account for these products.
NEGOTIATING CONTINUITY: Family and Religious Socialization for Second‐Generation Asian Americans

This article examines second-generation Asian Americans' explanations of the significant influences on their own religious identities. Data include interviews (N = 73) with college-aged Asian Americans from different religious traditions and ethnic backgrounds. Respondents viewed families as the most significant influence on current religiosity. Mothers and fathers were mentioned most often, followed by extended kin, siblings, and relatives, who acted as what we call “reinforcers,” “substitutes,” or “contrasts” to the roles that parents played in religious socialization. These roles occurred along two religious configurations within families: heterogeneous or homogeneous degrees of religious commitment and religious affiliation. Directions for future research and contributions to the religious transmission literature follow.
Preparation of Bis(β-trimethylsilylethanesulfonyl)imide and Its Use in the Synthesis of Protected Amine Derivatives

Bis(β-trimethylsilylethanesulfonyl)imide (SES2NH) can be easily prepared in 85% yield by alkylation of the trianion of bismethanesulfonimide with 2 equiv of commerically available (iodomethyl)trimethylsilane. This synthon undergoes effective Mitsunobu alkylation reactions with both primary and secondary alcohols to afford the corresponding bis-SES imides. These imides can be selectively cleaved to the mono-SES-protected amines, and in addition undergo a one-pot cleavage/N-alkylation to afford SES derivatives of secondary amines.
Signal enhancement in a near-field MIMO environment through adaptivity on transmit

In this paper a technique is presented on how to enhance the received signals in a near field multi-input multi-output (MIMO) environment where beam forming is not possible. This is done through the use of adaptivity on transmit. This technique is based on the principle of reciprocity, is independent of the material medium in which it is transmitting, and incorporates near-field environments and multipath. The objective here is to select a set of weights adapted to each receiver to be applied to each transmitting antenna, which is a function of the user location, so that the transmitted signal at the carrier frequency may be directed to a particular receiver location while simultaneously minimizing the received signal strengths at other receiver locations. A numerical simulation has been made to illustrate the novelty of the proposed approach.
An Empirical Model for Vane-Type Vortex Generators in a Navier-Stokes Code

An empirical model which simulates the effects of vane-type vortex generators in ducts was incorporated into the Wind-US Navier-Stokes computational fluid dynamics code. The model enables the effects of the vortex generators to be simulated without defining the details of the geometry within the grid, and makes it practical for researchers to evaluate multiple combinations of vortex generator arrangements. The model determines the strength of each vortex based on the generator geometry and the local flow conditions. Validation results are presented for flow in a straight pipe with a counter-rotating vortex generator arrangement, and the results are compared with experimental data and computational simulations using a gridded vane generator. Results are also presented for vortex generator arrays in two S-duct diffusers, along with accompanying experimental data. The effects of grid resolution and turbulence model are also examined.
An Infrastructure for Efficient Parallel Job Execution in Terascale Computing Environments

Recent Terascale computing environments, such as those in the Department of Energy Accelerated Strategic Computing Initiative, present a new challenge to job scheduling and execution systems. The traditional way to concurrently execute multiple jobs in such large machines is through space-sharing: each job is given dedicated use of a pool of processors. Previous work in this area has demonstrated the benefits of sharing the parallel machine's resources not only spatially but also temporally. Time-sharing creates virtual processors for the execution of jobs. The scheduling is typically performed cyclically and each time-slice of the cycle can be considered an independent virtual machine. When all tasks of a parallel job are scheduled to run on the same time-slice (same virtual machine), gang-scheduling is accomplished. Research has shown that gang-scheduling can greatly improve system utilization and job response time in large parallel systems. We are developing GangLL, a research prototype system for performing gang-scheduling on the ASCI Blue-Pacific machine, an IBM RS/6000 SP to be installed at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. This machine consists of several hundred nodes, interconnected by a high-speed communication switch. GangLL is organized as a centralized scheduler that performs global decision-making, and a local daemon in each node that controls job execution according to those decisions. The centralized scheduler builds an Ousterhout matrix that precisely defines the temporal and spatial allocation of tasks in the system. Once the matrix is built, it is distributed to each of the local daemons using a scalable hierarchical distributions scheme. A two-phase commit is used in the distribution scheme to guarantee that all local daemons have consistent information. The local daemons enforce the schedule dedicated by the Ousterhout matrix in their corresponding nodes. This requires suspending and resuming execution of tasks and multiplexing access to the communication switch. Large supercomputing centers tend to have their own job scheduling systems, to handle site specific conditions. Therefore, we are designing GangLL so that it can interact with an external site scheduler. The goal is to let the site scheduler control spatial allocation of jobs, if so desired, and to decide when jobs run. GangLL then performs the detailed temporal allocation and controls the actual execution of jobs. The site scheduler can control the fraction of a shared processor that a job receives through an execution factor parameter. To quantify the benefits of our gang-scheduling system to job execution in a large parallel system, we simulate the system with a realistic workload. We measure performance parameters under various degrees of time-sharing, characterized by the multiprogramming level. Our results show that higher multiprogramming levels lead to higher system utilization and lower job response times. We also report some results from the initial deployment of GangLL on a small multiprocessor system.
Assessment and Management of Hypertension in Patients on Dialysis

Hypertension is common, difficult to diagnose, and poorly controlled among patients with ESRD. However, controversy surrounds the diagnosis and treatment of hypertension. Here, we describe the diagnosis, epidemiology, and management of hypertension in dialysis patients, and examine the data sparking debate over appropriate methods for diagnosing and treating hypertension. Furthermore, we consider the issues uniquely related to hypertension in pediatric dialysis patients. Future clinical trials designed to clarify the controversial results discussed here should lead to the implementation of diagnostic and therapeutic techniques that improve long-term cardiovascular outcomes in patients with ESRD.
Cloud offloading for multi-radio enabled mobile devices

The advent of 5G networking technologies has increased the expectations from mobile devices, in that, more sophisticated, computationally intense applications are expected to be delivered on the mobile device which are themselves getting smaller and sleeker. This predicates a need for offloading computationally intense parts of the applications to a resource strong cloud. Parallely, in the wireless networking world, the trend has shifted to multi-radio (as opposed to multi-channel) enabled communications. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive computation offloading solution that uses the multiple radio links available for associated data transfer, optimally. Our contributions include: a comprehensive model for the energy consumption from the perspective of the mobile device; the formulation of the joint optimization problem to minimize the energy consumed as well as allocating the associated data transfer optimally through the available radio links and an iterative algorithm that converges to a locally optimal solution. Simulations on an HTC phone, running a 14-component application and using the Amazon EC2 as the cloud, show that the solution obtained through the iterative algorithm consumes only 3% more energy than the optimal solution (obtained via exhaustive search).
Raroc Based Capital Budgeting and Performance Evaluation: A Case Study of Bank Capital Allocation

This paper describes the RAROC system developed at Bank of America (B of A) in order to examine how risk-based capital allocation models work. I begin by discussing the economic rational for allocating capital in a diversified organization like the B of A. Drawing on recent work by Froot and Stein (1995) and Stein (1996), I argue that the capital budgeting process used by the B of A resembles the operation of an internal capital market in which businesses are allocated capital with the objective of mitigating the costs of external financing. Viewing the capital budgeting process in this way is useful because it suggests that a businesses contribution to the overall variability of the cash flows of the bank will be an important factor in evaluating the risk of (and the capital allocated to) a specific business unit. In addition, since RAROC systems are used both for capital budgeting and management compensation, the measures of risk are designed to limit rent seeking and influence activities by division managers. Next, given the theoretical background, I provide a detailed look at how the RAROC capital allocation and performance evaluation system works at B of A. The primary objective of B of A's system is to assign equity capital to business units (and ultimately to individual credits) so each business unit has the same cost of equity capital. This process implies that investments in riskier projects or business units (measured by the projects contribution to the overall volatility of the market value of the bank) will be required to use less leverage than investments in less risky business units.