cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Climate-change refugia: shading reef corals by turbidity.

Coral reefs have recently experienced an unprecedented decline as the world's oceans continue to warm. Yet global climate models reveal a heterogeneously warming ocean, which has initiated a search for refuges, where corals may survive in the near future. We hypothesized that some turbid nearshore environments may act as climate-change refuges, shading corals from the harmful interaction between high sea-surface temperatures and high irradiance. We took a hierarchical Bayesian approach to determine the expected distribution of 12 coral species in the Indian and Pacific Oceans, between the latitudes 37°N and 37°S, under representative concentration pathway 8.5 (W m(-2) ) by 2100. The turbid nearshore refuges identified in this study were located between latitudes 20-30°N and 15-25°S, where there was a strong coupling between turbidity and tidal fluctuations. Our model predicts that turbidity will mitigate high temperature bleaching for 9% of shallow reef habitat (to 30 m depth) - habitat that was previously considered inhospitable under ocean warming. Our model also predicted that turbidity will protect some coral species more than others from climate-change-associated thermal stress. We also identified locations where consistently high turbidity will likely reduce irradiance to <250 μmol m(-2) s(-1) , and predict that 16% of reef-coral habitat ≤30 m will preclude coral growth and reef development. Thus, protecting the turbid nearshore refuges identified in this study, particularly in the northwestern Hawaiian Islands, the northern Philippines, the Ryukyu Islands (Japan), eastern Vietnam, western and eastern Australia, New Caledonia, the northern Red Sea, and the Arabian Gulf, should become part of a judicious global strategy for reef-coral persistence under climate change.
Elevated CK-MB with a normal troponin does not predict 30-day adverse cardiac events in emergency department chest pain observation unit patients.

BACKGROUND: Prior studies indicate that an elevated creatinine kinase (CK)-MB imparts poor prognosis in patients with acute coronary syndrome despite a normal troponin. Its prognosis in the undifferentiated chest pain observation unit (CPU) population remains undefined. OBJECTIVE: To compare rates and predictors of 30-day adverse cardiac events in 2 cohorts (CK ±/MB+ vs. normal [CK ±/MB-]) in low-moderate-risk CPU patients. METHODS: Consecutive CPU patients were followed in a retrospective cohort study for primary outcome (acute coronary syndrome, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, coronary artery bypass graft, abnormal stress test, cardiac hospitalization, or death within 30 days) by using standardized chart reviews and national death registry. Exclusions were: those aged 30 years or younger, positive troponin, ischemic electrocardiogram, hemodynamic instability, heart failure, or dialysis. RESULTS: Between January 2006 and April 2009, 2979 patients were eligible, of which 350 excluded and 2629 analyzed. MB+ compared with normal patients were more likely to be: older (mean, 53.4 ± 14 vs. 51.5 ± 12 years; P = 0.04); male (71% vs. 40%; P = 0.01); renal insufficient (5% vs. 2%; P = 0.01); hypertensive (50% vs. 44%; P = 0.04); dyslipidemic (44% vs. 33%; P = 0.01) obese (55% vs. 43%; P = 0.01); and with known coronary artery disease (14% vs. 5%; P < 0.01). Composite adverse events were 213 (8%) and did not significantly differ for either initial MB+ vs. normal (9.1%, 8.0%; odds ratio, 1.1, 0.7-1.9) or serial MB+ vs. normal (7.5%, 7.4%; odds ratio, 1.0, 0.5-1.8). In a multiple logistic regression model, male sex, diabetes, and prior CAD predicted adverse events, whereas CK-MB along with race, hypertension, smoking, dyslipidemia, family history, and obesity did not. CONCLUSIONS: Elevated CK-MB does not add value to serial troponin testing in low-moderate-risk CPU patients.
Phenology, Within-Vineyard Distribution, and Seasonal Movement of Eastern Grape Leafhopper (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) in New York Vineyards

Seasonal changes in within-vineyard distribution and abundance of Erythroneura comes (Say) adults and nymphs were investigated from 1989 to 1992. Trap catches of adults were highest in May and were concentrated in wooded areas next to vineyards. In 1989 and 1990 surveys, nymphal densities did not decline as distance from the vineyard edge increased. In 1991, however, nymphal densities were significantly higher at vineyard edges than in vineyard interiors in July, suggesting that oviposition initially was aggregated at vineyard edges. Subsequently, nymphal densities at vineyard edges and interiors were similar. Cumulative degree days (DD) for mean observation of first nymphs, first-generation, and second-generation peak populations, sampled at 14 vineyards in 1989, 1990, and 1991, were 390 ± 71, 648 ± 86, and 1,190 ± 154 DD (mean ± SD; base 10°C), respectively. Nymphal densities exceeded a provisional threshold of five per leaf in only 2, 25, 13, and 8% of vineyards untreated with insecticides in 1989, 1990, 1991, and 1992, respectively. These results show that leafhoppers do not cause economic injury in most New York vineyards in most years. Reduced insecticide strategies recently implemented for grape berry moth control will not greatly increase the need for insecticide applications directed at leafhoppers in New York.
Testing Justice Theories with Blockmodels

As blockmodeling methods receive wider application in the social sciences, it becomes increasingly important to understand precisely how blockmodeling informs social theory. A recent paper in this journal by Gartrell (1985) provides a case in point. That work illustrates both the untapped potential of blockmodeling for detecting patterns in social relational data, and the types of problems that emerge when the method is employed without careful regard to theoretical issues. We will address these problems in the context of an analysis of Gartrell's theoretical discussion and empirical investigation of justice sentiments.
Construction of High Business Continuity IT System Basic Platform

Through hospital business continuity analysis,combining with the IT basic infrastructure transformation experiences in Affiliated Children's Hospital of Capital Institute of Pediatrics as an example,the paper introduces the experiences in construction process and actual effects from the aspects of overall structure,storage devices,server platform,etc.
Biochemical and ultrastructural integrity of the saphenous vein conduit during coronary artery bypass grafting. Preliminary results of the effect of papaverine.

Factors associated with early and late graft patency related to aorta-coronary artery bypass grafting with a reversed segment of saphenous vein are clinically important. The present investigation examines the biochemical and electron microscopic integrity of this venous conduit intraoperatively with regard to pharmacologic manipulation with papaverine. Portions of saphenous vein were analyzed in 22 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass operations. Levels of a stable derivative of prostacyclin, 6-keto-PGF1α, were measured by radioimmunoassay. Scanning as well as transmission electron microscopy was also performed. In particular, the efficacy of local vein treatment with papaverine, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, was evaluated. We found that levels of 6-keto-PGF1α in venous effluent showed a biphasic response with initial elevation followed by a relative depression after papaverine exposure. There were no such changes observed in veins subjected to a balanced electrolyte solution (Plasma-Lyte). In addition, levels of the platelet-inhibitory substance 6-keto-PGF1α in venous tissue were less in papaverine-treated veins than those found in veins treated only with the balanced electrolyte solution (Plasma-Lyte). Furthermore, evidence for ultrastructural damage was also somewhat greater in the papaverine-treated group. An alternative method of dilating the saphenous vein after harvesting, which involves the creation of the proximal aorta-coronary anastomosis first and gentle finger manipulation subsequently, appeared to minimize venous injury. Under present clinical conditions, it appears that some amount of injury is inevitable during harvesting and suturing of the human saphenous vein during coronary bypass grafting.
Advancing littoral zone aerosol data assimilation in regime-dependent flows

Advanced high-resolution ensemble data assimilation for maximizing the utility of aerosol optical depth observations from satellites is being developed. The motivation, challenges, and methodology of this research, and some preliminary results will be presented.
In Utero Is Superior to Ex Utero Cord Blood Collection.

Cord blood (CB) cells are being used increasingly as a source of hematopoietic support in patients lacking human leukocyte antigent (HLA)-matched family or unrelated donors. 1124 CB units were collected, based on obstetrician preference, with the placenta either in utero or ex utero. If logistically feasible, both an in utero collection followed immediately by an additional ex utero collection once the placenta was delivered was performed. We compared the distribution of the collection parameters shown in the following table, using non-parametric tests [data expressed as median (range)]: Athough the volume of CB collected was highest with the sequential in utero plus ex utero method, the number of total nucleated cells (TNCs) and CD34+ cells was similar for both the in utero procedures and higher than with the ex utero alone procedure. The number of CB units that had microbial contamination was similar for all three groups: ex utero-0 CB units, in utero-1 CB unit and in utero plus ex utero-1 CB unit. There were no clinical adverse events associated with any of the collection procedures. Conclusion: In utero collections are safe and result in CB units with significantly higher volumes, TNCs and CD34+ cells than ex utero collections, with no difference in the microbial contamination rate.
Cell-Free Mixing of Escherichia coli Crude Extracts to Prototype and Rationally Engineer High-Titer Mevalonate Synthesis.

Cell-free metabolic engineering (CFME) is advancing a powerful paradigm for accelerating the design and synthesis of biosynthetic pathways. However, as most cell-free biomolecule synthesis systems to date use purified enzymes, energy and cofactor balance can be limiting. To address this challenge, we report a new CFME framework for building biosynthetic pathways by mixing multiple crude lysates, or extracts. In our modular approach, cell-free lysates, each selectively enriched with an overexpressed enzyme, are generated in parallel and then combinatorically mixed to construct a full biosynthetic pathway. Endogenous enzymes in the cell-free extract fuel high-level energy and cofactor regeneration. As a model, we apply our framework to synthesize mevalonate, an intermediate in isoprenoid synthesis. We use our approach to rapidly screen enzyme variants, optimize enzyme ratios, and explore cofactor landscapes for improving pathway performance. Further, we show that genomic deletions in the source strain redir...
Multiplexed Molecular Imaging of Biomarker-Targeted SERS Nanoparticles on Fresh Tissue Specimens with Channel-Compressed Spectrometry

Biomarker-targeted surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) nanoparticles (NPs) have been explored as a viable option for targeting and imaging multiple cell-surface protein biomarkers of cancer. While it has been demonstrated that this Raman-encoded molecular imaging (REMI) technology may potentially be used to guide tumor-resection procedures, the REMI strategy would benefit from further improvements in imaging speed. Previous implementations of REMI have utilized 1024 spectral channels (camera pixels) in a commercial spectroscopic CCD to detect the spectral signals from multiplexed SERS NPs, a strategy that enables accurate demultiplexing of the relative concentration of each NP “flavor” within a mixture. Here, we investigate the ability to significantly reduce the number of spectral-collection channels while maintaining accurate imaging and demultiplexing of up to five SERS NP flavors, a strategy that offers the potential for improved imaging speed and/or detection sensitivity in future systems. This strategy was optimized by analyzing the linearity of five multiplexed flavors of SERS NPs topically applied on tissues. The accuracy of this binning approach was then validated by staining tumor xenografts and human breast tumor specimens with a mixture of five NP flavors (four targeted NPs and one untargeted NP) and performing ratiometric imaging of specific vs. nonspecific NP accumulation. We demonstrate that with channel-compressed spectrometry using as few as 16 channels, it is possible to perform REMI with five NP flavors, with < 20% error, at low concentrations (< 10 pM) that are relevant for clinical applications.
Plates and Shells

Plates are flat structures whose planar dimensions are much larger than the thickness. Shells are curved structures whose thickness is much smaller than the other structural dimensions.
Graph Data Anonymization, De-Anonymization Attacks, and De-Anonymizability Quantification: A Survey

Nowadays, many computer and communication systems generate graph data. Graph data span many different domains, ranging from online social network data from networks like Facebook to epidemiological data used to study the spread of infectious diseases. Graph data are shared regularly for many purposes including academic research and for business collaborations. Since graph data may be sensitive, data owners often use various anonymization techniques that often compromise the resulting utility of the anonymized data. To make matters worse, there are several state-of-the-art graph data de-anonymization attacks that have proven successful in recent years. In this paper, we survey the graph data anonymization, de-anonymization, and de-anonymizability quantification techniques in the past decade. Specifically, we systematically classify, summarize, and analyze state-of-the-art graph data anonymization, de-anonymization, and de-anonymizability quantification techniques. For existing graph data anonymization techniques, we classify them into six categories and analyze their utility performance with respect to 15 fundamental graph utility metrics and seven high-level application utility metrics. For existing de-anonymization attacks, we classify them into two categories and examine their performance with respect to scalability, practicability, robustness, etc. We also analyze the resistance of existing graph anonymization techniques against existing graph de-anonymizaiton attacks. For existing de-anonymizability quantifications, we classify them according to whether they consider seed information or not, and analyze them in terms of their soundness. Our analysis demonstrates that: 1) most anonymization schemes can partially or conditionally preserve most graph utility while losing some application utility and 2) state-of-the-art anonymization schemes are vulnerable to several or all of the emerging structure-based de-anonymization attacks. The actual vulnerability of each anonymization algorithm depends on how much and which data utility it preserves. Based on our summarization and analysis, we discuss the research evolution, future directions, and challenges in the research area of graph data anonymization, de-anonymization, and de-anonymizability quantification.
Intelligent network management and functional cerebellum synthesis

Transdisciplinary modeling of the cerebellum across histology, physiology, and network engineering provides preliminary results at three organization levels: I/O links to central nervous system networks, links between the six neuron populations in the cerebellum, and computation among the neurons of the populations. Older models probably underestimated the importance and role of climbing fiber input which seems to supply write as well as read signals, not just to Purkinje but also to basket and stellate neurons. It is suggested that the well-known mossy fiber-granule cell-Golgi cell system should also respond to input originating from climbing fibers, and that corticonuclear microcomplexing might be aided by stellate and basket computation and associative processing. Technological and scientific implications of the proposed cerebellum model are discussed. >
Role of DNA Methylation of the G0/G1 Switch Gene 2 (G0S2) in the Proliferation of Myeloid Leukemia Cells

Abstract 3520 The G 0 /G 1 switch gene 2 (G0S2) was originally identified in human blood mononuclear cells as an early response gene. We recently reported that G0S2 maintains quiescence in hematopoietic stem cells (Yamada et al., Plos One, 2012). In addition to hematopoietic stem cells, G0S2 also inhibits proliferation of lymphocytes and hematopoietic progenitor cells. Methylation of the G0S2 gene has been reported in lung, and head and neck cancer, suggesting that G0S2 has potential tumor suppressor function in solid tumors. However, the role of G0S2 in hematological malignancies has not been studied yet. To evaluate the impact of DNA demetylation of the G0S2 gene in human leukemia, we cultured a panel of myeloid (HEL, K562, HL-60, Kasumi) and lymphoid human leukemia cell lines (Jurkat, DND41, and H9) with 10 μM of 5-Azacytidine (5-Aza). Treatment with 5-Aza led to a significant increase of G0S2 expression in K562 cells (24.1-fold) and HL-60 cells (4.9-fold) and reduced proliferation. We show that retroviral overexpression of G0S2 in K562 cells caused inhibition of proliferation. Conversely, gene silencing of G0S2 in 5-Aza-treated K562 cells increased proliferation. Differentiation of K562 with hemin and HL-60 with all-trans retinoic acid was associated with an increase of G0S2 expression of 6.7-fold and 9.9-fold, respectively. Taken together, gain- and loss-of function studies revealed that G0S2 regulates cell proliferation and differentiation in human myeloid leukemia cells. Since G0S2 does not have a direct known function on the cell cycle, we hypothesized that G0S2 interacts with proteins involved in the control of cell proliferation. Mass spectrometric analysis of proteins pulled down with G0S2 in hematopoietic cells revealed that nucleolin, a molecule known to regulate ribosome biogenesis, physically interacts with G0S2 resulting in a perinuclear retention of nucleolin. This interaction was confirmed in K562 cells overexpressing G0S2 by reciprocal co-immunoprecipitation. This data suggest that silencing of G0S2 in leukemic cells prevents sequestration of nucleolin in the cytosol inhibiting its pro-proliferation functions. Collectively, our studies uncovered an important inhibitory role of G0S2 in the proliferation of leukemic cells, suggesting a possible tumor suppressor function in myeloid malignancies. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Estudos comparativos da variabilidade na composição da resina da folha entre árvore parental e progênie de espécies selecionadas de Hymenaea. I. Comparação de populações amazônicas e venezuelanas

Resumo Este estudo e parte de uma longa investigacao sobre a variacao na composicao da resina em leguminosas tropicais do genero Hymenaea e os possiveis papeis ecologicos que estas resinas desempenham nos ecossistemas tropicais. Este trabalho constitui o primeiro de uma serie onde comparar-se-a a variacao em composicao entre arvore parental (ou "arvore mae" como e tambem mencionada no decorrer deste trabalho) e progenie de diferentes especies de Hymenaea na Hileia Amazonica com outros ecossistemas tropicais. Aqui sao apresentadas as bases gerais para estudos em ecologia quimica de resinas nos tropicos. Foram estudados exemplares de H. intermedia e H. parvifolia da Reserva Ducke, do Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia (INPA), proxima a Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil, e exemplares de H. courbaril da Laguna de Los Patos, local adjacente a Estacion Biologica de Los Llanos, proximo a Calabozo, Guarico, Venezuela. Consistentes diferencas ocorreram na composicao da resina (isto e, tipos quimicos) entre arvores parentais e plântulas sobreviventes sob suas copas em H. intermedia e H. parvifolia nas condicoes de floresta tropical umida da Amazonia Central. Consideravelmente menor variabilidade ocorreu entre arvore parental e progenie em condicoes de savana na Venezuela Central. Nao se sabe se a composicao da resina da folha modifica-se com mudancas ontogeneticas da arvore desde plântula ate o estagio adulto. Todavia, o que parece significante e que sob condicoes de florestas tropicais umidas, onde a maior pressao herbivora seria prevista, existe diferenca gritante entre a composicao da resina da folha da arvore mae (parental) e sua progenie, bem como entre arvores adultas. Esta diversidade e hipotetizada atraves da selecao contra qualquer um ou ambos predadores sensiveis a distância e a densidade. Estes resultados preliminares serao analisados mais extensivamente em estudos subsequentes.
Using guitars to teach vibrations and acoustics

This article concludes the series on using guitars to teach concepts in vibrations and acoustics. Guitars are a fixture in popular music and are intuitively familiar to many students. Acoustic guitars, in particular, clearly illustrate concepts of acoustic-structural interactions and simple discrete models can be employed to describe the underlying physics. Furthermore, electric instruments can be used as an analog for data acquisition systems. Finally, clearly defined chord structures can be used to illustrate some of the fundamental concepts in sound quality.
Abstract B137: Novel potent salicylic, benzoic, and benzohydroxamic acid-based small-molecule STAT3 inhibitors induce antitumor effects in breast cancer xenografts

We investigated the molecular determinants for the activity of the previously reported salicylic BP-1-102 (IC50 6.8 ± 2.5 μM), benzoic SH4-54 (IC50 4.4 ± 0.3 μM), and benzohydroxamic acid SH5-07 (IC50 3.9 ± 0.6 μM) small-molecule STAT3 inhibitors in order to derive structurally optimum analogs with improved potency and pharmacokinetic parameters. All three leads are based on N-methylglycinamide scaffold, with its two amine groups condensed with three different functionalities. The three functionalities were separately modified to generate various series of new analogs. The inhibitory activities of the new analogs against STAT3 DNA-binding in vitro were determined by electrophoretic motility shift assay. Some new analogs show dramatically improved potency compared to the corresponding lead compounds. Notably, analogs H098, H127, H142, H145, H152, and H155 showed more than 10-fold improved potency in inhibiting STAT3 DNA-binding activity in vitro, with IC50 of 300 - 600 nM. Using analogs H105 and H120, we show that the new analogs decreased STAT3 DNA-binding activity and phosphorylation at Tyr705 in MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 cells, two human triple-negative breast cancer lines harboring constitutively active STAT3, within as early as 30 min. Furthermore, the new analogs potently inhibited the growth and viability of the human cancer cells with persistently active STAT3, with IC50 of 1.2 - 2.0 µM. The potent analogs specifically disrupted STAT3 DNA-binding activity in vitro over that of STAT1 and STAT5, and they further showed minimum inhibitory effect on the proliferation of human cancer cells that do not harbor persistently active STAT3. Initial in vivo efficacy study in nude mouse model showed that oral administration of H105 and H120 suppressed the growth of tumor xenografts generated from human breast cancer line harboring constitutively active STAT3. Thus, we have made substantial progress and broken the nanomolar barrier in developing STAT3 inhibitors, and these compounds are the first nanomolar STAT3 inhibitors reported to date that are direct disruptors of STAT3 activation, which show in vivo activity. Citation Format: Peibin Yue, Francisco Lopez-Tapia, Christine Brotherton-Pleiss, Marcus Tius, James Turkson. Novel potent salicylic, benzoic, and benzohydroxamic acid-based small-molecule STAT3 inhibitors induce antitumor effects in breast cancer xenografts [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2017 Oct 26-30; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2018;17(1 Suppl):Abstract nr B137.
Recurrent Volvulus during Pregnancy: Case Report and Review of the Literature

Introduction. Sigmoid colon volvulus (SV) represents the most common etiology of antepartum gastrointestinal obstruction, with repetitive antepartum episodes rarely reported. Case Presentation. A 25-year-old multiparous patient with history of SV at 26 weeks in her previous pregnancy presented with recurrent episodes of SV at 32 0/7, 32 4/7, 37 0/7, and 38 1/7 weeks successfully managed with colonoscopic decompression. Labor was successfully induced at 38 4/7 weeks, and she experienced two further episodes on postpartum days #1 and #32 also treated with colonoscopic decompression, followed by laparoscopic resection. Conclusion. Successful treatment of antepartum SV with colonoscopic decompression does not preclude recurrence later in gestation and in future pregnancies.
Fixed b subsampling and the block bootstrap: improved confidence sets based on p-value calibration

Summary. Subsampling and block-based bootstrap methods have been used in a wide range of inference problems for time series. To accommodate the dependence, these resampling methods involve a bandwidth parameter, such as the subsampling window width and block size in the block-based bootstrap. In empirical work, using different bandwidth parameters could lead to different inference results, but traditional first-order asymptotic theory does not capture the choice of the bandwidth. We propose to adopt the fixed b approach, as advocated by Kiefer and Vogelsang in the heteroscedasticity–auto-correlation robust testing context, to account for the influence of the bandwidth on inference. Under the fixed b asymptotic framework, we derive the asymptotic null distribution of the p-values for subsampling and the moving block bootstrap, and further propose a calibration of the traditional small-b-based confidence intervals (regions or bands) and tests. Our treatment is fairly general as it includes both finite dimensional parameters and infinite dimensional parameters, such as the marginal distribution function. Simulation results show that the fixed b approach is more accurate than the traditional small b approach in terms of approximating the finite sample distribution, and that the calibrated confidence sets tend to have smaller coverage errors than the uncalibrated counterparts.
The Last Temptation of Christ

Gill explores Kazantzakis’s understanding of the nature of God by tracing how the Cretan wrote about Jesus Christ in the novel The Last Temptation of Christ. This chapter, like the novel, follows the Gospel story of Jesus’ life in an effort to highlight the interactions between Christ’s human and divine natures. The focus is on how the former seeks to “transubstantiate” itself into the latter. Gill shows how the notions of self-sacrifice and striving for the transcendent are central for Kazantzakis’s understanding of the nature of God.
L.A.'s Crown Jewels: Historical Governance and Finance Lessons

In contrast to academic debates over metropolitan coordination, which draw a sharp distinction between government and governance, we describe a third approach whereby existing regional and local public bureaucracies coordinate rule-making and policy implementation by functionally-specific local agencies. In particular, we consider the historical performance of two region-wide vehicles set up to promote cooperation across local jurisdictions - the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California and Southern California Regional Airport Authority - in promoting regional cooperation, responding to contemporary challenges, and balancing the benefits and burdens of growth. The experiences of these agencies show the benefits of proper institutional design. Carefully designed power-sharing arrangements enhance policy effectiveness and legitimacy without unduly compromising local sovereignty. Arrangements that fail to specify the responsibilities of members, impose super-majority voting rules, or subject agency decision making to the whims of term limited elected officials often prevent public bureaucracies from carrying out their core mission.
Nonlinear Programming Methods

This chapter discusses some nonlinear programming methods. Many applications in practice require a nonlinear function to be optimized under linear and nonlinear constraints. Such optimization problems belong to the area of nonlinear programming. A special case of nonlinear programming is linear programming where the objective function is linear and the constraints are given in terms of linear inequalities. The field of mathematical programming is concerned with the following optimization problem. When the inequalities are replaced by equations, the foregoing reduces to the classical optimization problem of constrained minima. Such problems with equality constraints are solved by the method of Lagrange multipliers. In special cases of nonlinear programming problems, such as in quadratic or convex programming, the uniqueness of the solution is established under an appropriate formulation. When there are no constraints, nonlinear optimization is accomplished through numerical or classical methods.
Standardized verification of the Cyclus fuel cycle simulator

Abstract Many nuclear fuel cycle simulators can analyze transitions from once-through to advanced nuclear fuel cycles. Verification studies compare various fuel cycle analysis tools to test agreement and identify sources of difference. A recent verification study, Feng et al. (2016) established transition scenario test case specifications and accordingly evaluated national laboratory nuclear fuel cycle simulators, DYMOND, VISION, ORION, and MARKAL. This work verifies the performance of C yclus , the agent-based, open-source fuel cycle simulator, using the test case specifications in Feng et. al. In this work, C yclus demonstrates agreement with the results from the previous verification study. Minor differences reflect intentional, detailed material tracking in the C ycamore reactor module. These results extend the example results in Feng et al. to further enable future verification of additional nuclear fuel cycle simulation tools.
Epigenomics in an extraterrestrial environment: organ-specific alteration of DNA methylation and gene expression elicited by spaceflight in Arabidopsis thaliana

Plants adapted to diverse environments on Earth throughout their evolutionary history, and developed mechanisms to thrive in a variety of terrestrial habitats. When plants are grown in the novel environment of spaceflight aboard the International Space Station (ISS), an environment completely outside their evolutionary history, they respond with unique alterations to their gene expression profile. Identifying the genes important for physiological adaptation to spaceflight and dissecting the biological processes and pathways engaged by plants during spaceflight has helped reveal spaceflight adaptation, and has furthered understanding of terrestrial growth processes. However, the underlying regulatory mechanisms responsible for these changes in gene expression patterns are just beginning to be explored. Epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation at position five in cytosine, has been shown to play a role in the physiological adaptation to adverse terrestrial environments, and may play a role in spaceflight as well. Whole Genome Bisulfite Sequencing of DNA of Arabidopsis grown on the ISS from seed revealed organ-specific patterns of differential methylation compared to ground controls. The overall levels of methylation in CG, CHG, and CHH contexts were similar between flight and ground DNA, however, thousands of specifically differentially methylated cytosines were discovered, and there were clear organ-specific differences in methylation patterns. Spaceflight leaves had higher methylation levels in CHG and CHH contexts within protein-coding genes in spaceflight; about a fifth of the leaf genes were also differentially regulated in spaceflight, almost half of which were associated with reactive oxygen signaling. The physiological adaptation of plants to spaceflight is likely nuanced by epigenomic modification. This is the first examination of differential genomic methylation from plants grown completely in the spaceflight environment of the ISS in plant growth hardware developed for informing exploration life support strategies. Yet even in this optimized plant habitat, plants respond as if stressed. These data suggest that gene expression associated with physiological adaptation to spaceflight is regulated in part by methylation strategies similar to those engaged with familiar terrestrial stress responses. The differential methylation maps generated here provide a useful reference for elucidating the layers of regulation of spaceflight responses.
Abstract 1145: Biomarker-driven molecular imaging of prostate cancer using the PEG10 promoter

The retrotransposon-derived paternally expressed gene 10 (PEG10) protein is ordinarily expressed at high levels in the placenta. The over-expression of PEG10 has been documented in a number of malignancies including hepatocellular carcinoma and leukemia. Recently, it was discovered that PEG10 isoforms promoted the progression of prostate adenocarcinoma to a highly lethal non-androgen receptor (AR) driven subtype called aggressive variant prostate cancer (AVPC). In this study, we found that PEG10 was also expressed in castration-resistant PCa possessing constitutively active AR-splice variants in addition to AR-negative AVPC. We subsequently developed a molecular genetic imaging strategy for the non-invasive imaging of PCa by utilizing the cancer specificity of the PEG10 promoter to drive the expression of reporter genes. The transcriptional output of the PEG10 promoter was enhanced to enable high expression of reporter genes by multiple imaging modalities and immunoassay. By using this PEG10 promoter upstream of a reporter gene in a plasmid, we were able to detect PCa by fluorescence and positron emission tomography (PET) imaging after systemic administration of the plasmid in mice. This method also allowed for the detection of PCa by an immunoassay of mouse urine. Our study demonstrates a pre-clinical proof-of-concept that the PEG10 promoter is a powerful and specific tool that can be utilized for non-invasive detection of highly lethal PCa subtypes. This biomarker imaging technology has the potential to improve detection and can be further modified for therapeutic applications. Citation Format: Mariya Shapovalova. Biomarker-driven molecular imaging of prostate cancer using the PEG10 promoter [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1145.
How cold gas continuously entrains mass and momentum from a hot wind

The existence of fast moving, cold gas ubiquitously observed in galactic winds is theoretically puzzling, since the destruction time of cold gas is much smaller than its acceleration time. In previous work, we showed that cold gas can accelerate to wind speeds and grow in mass if the radiative cooling time of mixed gas is shorter than the cloud destruction time. Here, we study this process in much more detail, and find remarkably robust cloud acceleration and growth in a wide variety of scenarios. Radiative cooling, rather than the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability, enables self-sustaining entrainment of hot gas onto the cloud via cooling-induced pressure gradients. Indeed, growth peaks when the cloud is almost co-moving. The entrainment velocity is of order the cold gas sound speed, and growth is accompanied by cloud pulsations. Growth is also robust to the background wind and initial cloud geometry. In an adiabatic Chevalier-Clegg type wind, for instance, the mass growth rate is constant. Although growth rates are similar with magnetic fields, cloud morphology changes dramatically, with low density, magnetically supported filaments which have a small mass fraction but dominate by volume. This could bias absorption line observations. Cloud growth from entraining and cooling hot gas can potentially account for the cold gas content of the CGM. It can also fuel star formation in the disk as cold gas recycled in a galactic fountain accretes and cools halo gas. We speculate that galaxy-scale simulations should converge in cold gas mass once cloud column densities of ${\rm N} \sim 10^{18} \ {\rm cm^{-2}}$ are resolved.
L1-Subspace Tracking for Streaming Data

Abstract High-dimensional data usually exhibit intrinsic low-rank structures. With tremendous amount of streaming data generated by ubiquitous sensors in the world of Internet-of-Things, fast detection of such low-rank pattern is of utmost importance to a wide range of applications. In this work, we present an L1-subspace tracking method to capture the low-rank structure of streaming data. The method is based on the L1-norm principal-component analysis (L1-PCA) theory that offers outlier resistance in subspace calculation. The proposed method updates the L1-subspace as new data are acquired by sensors. In each time slot, the conformity of each datum is measured by the L1-subspace calculated in the previous time slot and used to weigh the datum. Iterative weighted L1-PCA is then executed through a refining function. The superiority of the proposed L1-subspace tracking method compared to existing approaches is demonstrated through experimental studies in various application fields.
Hypocomplementemic urticarial vasculitis syndrome: A disease with many faces

Hypocomplementemic urticarial vasculitis syndrome (HUVS) is a rare autoimmune disease process where the exact pathogenesis is not known. It is an independent immunological condition affecting multiple organ systems. Major manifestations include chronic urticarial vasculitis (UV) with complement deficiency and demonstration of serum C1q antibodies. We describe a case of a 60-year-old male who presented with a generalized rash and was eventually diagnosed with HUVS. Usually, HUVS and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have overlapping features, and our case was unique as our patient did not have any SLE manifestations. This article emphasizes the importance of comprehensive review of systemic manifestations accompanying UV. Although rare, it raises the awareness among the physicians about its clinical presentation and diagnostic approach and also predicts the prognosis of the same.
Rare basal cell metastasis of a basal-squamous skin collision tumour to the lung and axillary lymph node.

We report a case of a 60-year-old man who was a former cigar smoker with a slow-growing, large exophytic left shoulder mass (15 cm in diameter) and later found to have left axillary lymphadenopathy. Fine needle aspirate biopsy of the left shoulder mass revealed squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). However, pathology of the enlarged left axillary lymph node was reported as metastatic adenocarcinoma. The patient underwent surgical resection of the shoulder mass which comprised of SCC (>95%) and adenoid basal cell carcinoma (BCC) as a second component of the tumour. The BCC had identical histology as the metastatic carcinoma in the left axillary lymph node. Therefore, diagnosis was revised as cutaneous collision tumour with metastatic BCC. Six months later following adjuvant radiation therapy, the patient was diagnosed with metastatic BCC in the right lung. Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) and a selective hedgehog pathway inhibitor vismodegib were given with only limited efficacy. Clinical trial registration number NCT03132636.
Prone positioning of trauma patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome and open abdominal incisions.

Diagnostic criteria for ARDS are respiratory failure as indicated by evidence of acute bilateral infiltrates on chest radiographs, severe hypoxemia (ratio of PaO2 to fraction of inspired oxygen <200), and no evidence of left atrial hypertension (as indicated by clinical examination or pulmonary artery occlusion pressure <18 mm Hg). The mortality rate for patients with ARDS is as high as 40% to 60%. The actual survivability depends on multiple factors, including predisposing conditions, severity of illness, age, comorbid conditions, and, in patients with trauma, severity of the underlying lung injury. Sepsis is the most frequently identified risk factor for ARDS; other factors are aspiration of gastric material, severe pneumonia, severe trauma, use of cardiopulmonary bypass, multiple transfusions, fat embolism, and pancreatitis. For patients with multiple trauma, factors thought to contribute to the development of ARDS include pulmonary Tracy A. Murray is a nurse practitioner in Miamisburg, Ohio. At the time this article was written, she was a trauma nurse practitioner at Miami Valley Hospital in Dayton, Ohio.
Fragile X Syndrome-Associated Emergency Department Visits in the United States, 2006-2011.

Abstract Using national data, we examined emergency department (ED) encounters during 2006–2011 for which a diagnosis code for fragile X syndrome (FXS) was present (n = 7,217). Almost half of ED vi...
Deal or No Deal: Predicting Mergers and Acquisitions at Scale

While research on merger and acquisition (M&A) has been extensive in the finance literature, in the realm of data science, little work has been done on deploying a successful Big Data informed M&A prediction model. In this paper, we explore what can be learned about M&A activity from a firm’s annual Form 10-K SEC filing. We utilize natural language processing (NLP) techniques to vectorize each filing’s textual data. Next, we cluster firms by industry and identify keywords suggestive of upcoming M&A activity. We then train a classifier to predict acquirers and targets, which we use to forecast the most likely M&As of 2019. Lastly, we deploy an application which enables users to query our forecasts and visualize our data.
Providing Access to the Visual Environment: A Model of Low Vision Services for Children.

Providing Access to the Visual Environment (Project PAVE) is a statewide multidisciplinary project that provides low vision services to children aged 3–21 in Tennessee. This article describes the p...
In vitro study of enhanced photodynamic cancer cell killing effect by nanometer-thick gold nanosheets

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) by near-infrared (NIR) irradiation is a promising technique for treating various cancers. Here, we reported the development of free-standing wafer-scale Au nanosheets (NSs) that exhibited an impressive PDT effect. The Au NSs were synthesized by ionic layer epitaxy at the air-water interface with a uniform thickness in the range from 2 to 8.5 nm. These Au NSs were found very effective in generating singlet oxygen under NIR irradiation. In vitro cellular study showed that the Au NSs had very low cytotoxicity and high PDT efficiency due to their uniform 2D morphology. Au NSs could kill cancer cells after 5 min NIR irradiation with little heat generation. This performance is comparable to using 10 times mass loading of Au nanoparticles (NPs). This work suggests that two-dimensional (2D) Au NSs could be a new type of biocompatible nanomaterial for PDT of cancer with an extraordinary photon conversion and cancer cell killing efficiency.
Kinetic Pathways Templated by Low-Temperature Intermediates during Solid-State Synthesis of Layered Oxides

Layered oxides have been the dominant cathodes in lithium-ion batteries and among them, high-nickel (Ni) systems are attractive due to their high capacity. For practical use, synthetic control of s...
Dissecting the immunogenomic biology of cancer for biomarker development.

Studies have identified multiple molecular properties with a biological rationale supporting a role in mediating selective responses to immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), including loss-of-function mutations in mSWI/SNF chromatin regulators; however, their clinical biomarker relevance is uncertain. Herein, we evaluate emerging concepts, challenges and considerations around translating biology into biomarkers for ICIs in solid tumours setting.
CHA: A Caching Framework for Home-based Voice Assistant Systems

Voice assistant systems are becoming immersive in our daily lives nowadays. However, current voice assistant systems rely on the cloud for command understanding and fulfillment, resulting in unstable performance and unnecessary frequent network transmission. In this paper, we introduce CHA, an edge-based caching framework for voice assistant systems, and especially for smart homes where resource-restricted edge devices can be deployed. Located between the voice assistant device and the cloud, CHA introduces a layered architecture with modular design in each layer. By introducing an understanding module and adaptive learning, CHA understands the user’s intent with high accuracy. By maintaining a cache, CHA reduces the interaction with the cloud and provides fast and stable responses in a smart home. Targeting on resource-constrained edge devices, CHA uses joint classification and model pruning on a pre-trained language model to achieve performance and system efficiency. We compare CHA to the status quo solution of voice assistant systems and show that CHA benefits voice assistant systems. We evaluate CHA on three edge devices that differ in hardware configuration and demonstrate its ability to meet the latency and accuracy demands with efficient resource utilization. Our evaluation shows that compared to the current solution for voice assistant systems, CHA can provide at least 70% speedup in responses for frequently asked voice commands with less than 13% CPU consumption, and less than 9% memory consumption when running on a Raspberry Pi.
Do Parent and Teacher Ratings of ADHD Reflect the Same Constructs? A Measurement Invariance Analysis

Discrepancies between parent and teacher ratings of problem behaviors related to Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are reported frequently. Previous studies have hypothesized that these discrepancies are the results of various informant biases and have evaluated whether the rating scales are measuring behaviors the same way across informants. The purpose of this study was to evaluate if two rating scales of ADHD behavior, the Strengths and Weaknesses of ADHD Symptoms and Normal Behavior Rating Scale (SWAN) and the Conners’ Teacher Rating Scale-15 (CTRS-15), reflected the same underlying constructs across parent and teacher report. Measurement invariance analyses were conducted using parent and teacher report data from a sample of 1645 preschool to fifth-grade children (age range 46 to 169 months) that was comprised of roughly equal number of boys and girls and had racial/ethnic diversity similar to the community (i.e., 61% White, 22% Black/African American; 4% Hispanic/Latino). Although it was hypothesized that both rating scales would demonstrate measurement invariance across parent and teacher report, at least partial weak measurement invariance was only supported for the CTRS-15 across all grade groups. These results indicate that the meaning of any rating discrepancies on the SWAN are unknown because it is not reflective of the same underlying constructs across parents and teachers across all of the examined grade groups. In general, these results have potentially important implications regarding research on ADHD symptoms and related behaviors, and raise questions regarding the utility and measurement of ADHD symptoms.
Integrated orbital angular momentum mode generator with wide spectral tunability [Invited]

We demonstrate tunable generation of orbital angular momentum (OAM) modes with low loss (0.7 dB) and high efficiency (>90%) over a 230 nm in the visible and near-infrared spectral range using all-fiber acousto-optic-induced long period gratings. This represents tuning over almost 33% of the carrier frequency, and measured output OAM mode purities are as high as 99%. Our device construction allows accessing any wavelength in the range we probed (591–818 nm) with at most a 55 µs response time. The high-speed tunability, large spectral coverage, and high mode purity can be potentially useful in numerous applications requiring spectrally diverse OAM light.