cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Advances in a Distributed Approach for Ocean Model Data Interoperability

An infrastructure for earth science data is emerging across the globe based on common data models and web services. As we evolve from custom file formats and web sites to standards-based web services and tools, data is becoming easier to distribute, find and retrieve, leaving more time for science. We describe recent advances that make it easier for ocean model providers to share their data, and for users to search, access, analyze and visualize ocean data using MATLAB® and Python®. These include a technique for modelers to create aggregated, Climate and Forecast (CF) metadata convention datasets from collections of non-standard Network Common Data Form (NetCDF) output files, the capability to remotely access data from CF-1.6-compliant NetCDF files using the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) Sensor Observation Service (SOS), a metadata standard for unstructured grid model output (UGRID), and tools that utilize both CF and UGRID standards to allow interoperable data search, browse and access. We use examples from the U.S. Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS®) Coastal and Ocean Modeling Testbed, a project in which modelers using both structured and unstructured grid model output needed to share their results, to compare their results with other models, and to compare models with observed data. The same techniques used here for ocean modeling output can be applied to atmospheric and climate model output, remote sensing data, digital terrain and bathymetric data.
Passive linear nanoscale optical and molecular electronics device synthesis from nanoparticles

Arrays of nanoparticles whose interactions can be characterized by hopping Hamiltonians can serve as excitation transmission lines. Here we show, that in addition suitable arrangements of nanoparticles can form beam splitters, phase shifters, and crossover splitters. With these elements, any discrete unitary transformation can be implemented on input modes via a network of nanoparticles in which all the components lie in the same plane. These nanoparticle networks can produce optical functionalities at a length scale much smaller than 1 $\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$.
Kidney hypertrophy in B complex deficiency.

SummaryB-complex deficiency in 20 young rats resulted in kidneys which were 50% overweight. Nine rats which served as inanition controls showed no enlargement. Among the 3 types of food controls those which lost weight had kidney weights below the norm; where body weight was kept constant the kidney weights coincided with the norm based on stock diet animals.
Adolescent noncompliance and occupational attainment in transitional societies

This article examines the effects of adolescent noncompliance (e.g., breaking of rules, flouting of norms) on occupational attainment in unstable and unpredictable societies. The authors suggest that the effect of adolescent noncompliance on occupational attainment depends on the unpredictability of the society and propose that adolescent noncompliance has positive effects on the occupational status of young adults in unpredictable societies. Using longitudinal data from the Paths of a Generation study, the authors estimate the impact of adolescent noncompliance on occupational status in former Soviet regions at two time points: (1) before the transition (stable society) and (2) in 1997–9, after major societal changes (unstable and unpredictable society). They find that adolescent noncompliance does not affect occupational attainment before the transition; however, it does increase the chance of being a manager after the transition. In addition, it is found that after the transition, adolescent noncomplia...
Distributing the comparison of DNA and protein sequences across heterogeneous supercomputers

The Ma:JJSegs algorithm has been distributed between a Gray Y-MP and a Thinking Machines CM-$! system at the Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center (P S C) to al­ low rapid and rigorous comparison of gene and pro­ tein sequences with large libraries of other sequences. Thi., o,chieves 0, speedup factor of 5 to 10 in elapsed time. Users intervene at critical points in the analysis through a control program running on a workstation.
One- and two-dimensional minimum and nonminimum phase retrieval by solving linear systems of equations

The discrete phase retrieval problem is to reconstruct a discrete time signal whose support is known and compact from the magnitude of its discrete Fourier transform. We formulate the problem as a linear system of equations; our methods do not require polynomial rooting, tracking zero curves of algebraic functions, or any sort of iteration like previous methods. Our solutions obviate the stagnation problems associated with iterative algorithms, and our solutions are computationally simpler and more stable than alternative noniterative algorithms. Furthermore, our methods can explicitly accommodate noisy Fourier magnitude information through the use of total least squares type techniques. We assume either of the following two types of a priori knowledge of the signal: (1) a band of known values (which may be zeros) or (2) some known values of a subminimum phase signal (whose zeros lie inside a disk of radius greater than unity). We illustrate our methods with nonminimum-phase one-dimensional (1-D) and two-dimensional (2-D) signals.
Data Discrepancies and Audit Effects in the Umbilical Artery Catheter Trial

This paper examines the results of a quality control audit of a randomized trial of umbilical artery catheter placement in very low birth weight infants. A single auditor traveled to 12 neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) which participated in the trial to audit a random sample of 10% of the charts of the first 600 infants enrolled. Demographic, medical history, and clinical information were abstracted from the medical records. The greatest discrepancies between the audit results and the original data occurred in the recording of heparin intake. Selected results of the audit were mailed to the participating NICUs. This attempt to point out the discrepancies between the auditor's recording of heparin intake and the original heparin intake recorded by the NICU staff may have resulted in a significant increase in the recorded mean heparin intake of the last 300 infants enrolled in the study. The mean ± s.d. heparin intake among the preaudit cohort was 321 ± 235 units/kg/day compared to 366 ± 237 among the ...
Stepwise adsorption of a long trichlorosilane and a short aminosilane

Abstract A mixed film of microscopic heterogeneity was formed by stepwise deposition of a long-chain organosilane n -octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) and a short-chain organosilane aminobutyldimethylmethoxysilane (ABS). The amount of silane deposited on an oxidized silicon substrate was controlled kinetically by varying the dip time in each silane solution. The binary film was characterized by the atomic force microscopy (AFM), infrared attenuated total internal reflection (IR-ATR), and contact angle goniometry. OTS forms a monolayer structure whose fractional surface coverage and surface energy can be precisely controlled. ABS agglomerates slowly to form island structure and is ineffective in surface energy or composition variation. The contact angles on sub-monolayers of OTS follows the Cassie equation, while the contact angle of the binary OTS and ABS film deviates positively from the equation.
Effects of psychotropic drugs on neurotubule assembly.

— The interaction of psychotropic drugs with brain microtubules was assessed by viscometry, [3H]colchicine binding studies and neurite growth in neuroblastoma cells in tissue culture. Of the thirteen drug- tested, only d-amphetamine, chlorpromazine and reserpine inhibited the in vitro repoly-merization of microtubules. However, the maximal drug effects observed in these studies occurred at concentrations in excess of the pharmacologically theraputic range. These results suggest: (1) the affinity of these drugs for tubulin appears to be similar to, but clearly less than, that observed for colchicine; (2) the toxic side effects of these drugs may be mediated, in part, by the microtubule system; (3) these drugs may inhibit microtubule assembly by disrupting secondary processes rather than by a direct interaction with tubulin.
Decoupled dynamic cache segmentation

The least recently used (LRU) replacement policy performs poorly in the last-level cache (LLC) because temporal locality of memory accesses is filtered by first and second level caches. We propose a cache segmentation technique that dynamically adapts to cache access patterns by predicting the best number of not-yet-referenced and already-referenced blocks in the cache. This technique is independent from the LRU policy so it can work with less expensive replacement policies. It can automatically detect when to bypass blocks to the CPU with no extra overhead. In a 2MB LLC single-core processor with a memory intensive subset of SPEC CPU 2006 benchmarks, it outperforms LRU replacement on average by 5.2% with not-recently-used (NRU) replacement and on average by 2.2% with random replacement. The technique also complements existing shared cache partitioning techniques. Our evaluation with 10 multi-programmed workloads shows that this technique improves performance of an 8MB LLC four-core system on average by 12%, with a random replacement policy requiring only half the space of the LRU policy.
Plasma Vitamin D Biomarkers and Leukocyte Telomere Length

Vitamin D may reduce telomere shortening through anti-inflammatory and anti-cell proliferation mechanisms. In the present study, we examined the association between vitamin D and relative leukocyte telomere length by using both plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) biomarkers. Vitamin D biomarker levels and leukocyte telomere length were measured using plasma samples collected in 1989-1990 from participants of the Nurses' Health Study, a study of nurses from 11 US states. In total, 1,424 participants had their 25(OH)D levels assessed and 837 had their 1,25(OH)2D levels assessed. Genotyping was performed on 480 participants on 12 single nucleotide polymorphisms in vitamin D-related genes. Linear and logistic regression models were used. Higher 25(OH)D levels were significantly associated with longer telomere length (P for trend = 0.05), and the odds ratio increased from 1.07 (P = 0.65) when comparing the second lowest quartile of 25(OH)D with the lowest to 1.59 (P = 0.01) when comparing the highest quartile with the lowest. Vitamin D-related single nucleotide polymorphisms and 1,25(OH)2D levels were not significantly associated with telomere length. Total calcium intake significantly modified the association between 25(OH)D and telomere length (P for interaction = 0.05). Higher plasma 25(OH)D levels may be associated with longer telomeres, and this association may be modified by calcium intake.
Engineering adeno-associated viruses for clinical gene therapy

Clinical gene therapy has been increasingly successful owing both to an enhanced molecular understanding of human disease and to progressively improving gene delivery technologies. Among these technologies, delivery vectors based on adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) have emerged as safe and effective and, in one recent case, have led to regulatory approval. Although shortcomings in viral vector properties will render extension of such successes to many other human diseases challenging, new approaches to engineer and improve AAV vectors and their genetic cargo are increasingly helping to overcome these barriers.
Facing herbivory as you grow up: the ontogeny of resistance in plants

As plants develop from seeds to seedlings, juveniles and mature stages, their ontogeny can constrain the expression of resistance to herbivore damage. Nevertheless, ecological and evolutionary theories regarding interactions between plants, herbivores and their natural enemies are largely based on observations and experiments conducted at a single ontogenetic stage. Owing to resource allocation and architectural constraints in plants, and the influence of herbivore foraging behavior, resistance to herbivores is likely to change during plant development. We propose that such changes are likely to occur in a non-linear fashion and suggest that the role of ontogeny should be incorporated as an important factor in new syntheses of plant defense theory.
VE1 antibody immunoreactivity in normal anterior pituitary and adrenal cortex without detectable BRAF V600E mutations.

Objectives: The VE1 monoclonal antibody was developed to recognize the V600E mutation in BRAF , which is found in various tumors. Methods: We report that the VE1 antibody stains normal anterior pituitary gland and adrenal cortex, which lack detectable BRAF V600E mutations. Results: Staining with the VE1 antibody was seen in the adenohypophysis and correlated well with adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)–positive cells. ACTH-positive cells were typically most concentrated in the central mucoid wedge and pars intermedia, and VE1 staining was strong in these regions. Moreover, VE1 staining was seen in ACTH-expressing pituitary adenomas without detectable BRAF mutations. VE1 staining of the adrenal cortex was also significant, with the strongest staining seen in the inner segment of the zona fasciculata. Parathyroid glands, pancreatic islets, or parafollicular C cells in the thyroid showed no VE1 staining. Conclusions: Overall, VE1 staining of endocrine tissues strongly suggests limitations on the use of this antibody for the detection of BRAF mutations.
Ege A, a novel C2 domain containing protein, is essential for GPCR-mediated gene expression in dictyostelium.

Abstract During early stages of development, expression of aggregative genes in Dictyostelium is regulated by G protein-linked signaling pathways. We have isolated an aggregation-deficient mutant from a restriction enzyme-mediated insertional mutagenesis screen and have obtained its cDNA. Since the mutant expresses prestarvation genes but fails to express early genes, such as cAR1 and GP80, during development, we designated it early gene expression A ( ege A ). Ege A, encoding a cytosolic protein of 26 kDa, along with Ege B, belongs to a novel C2 domain-containing gene family. While Ege A mRNA is expressed during the first 2 h of development, Ege B is expressed at later stages. Ege A is not directly required for either G protein-mediated actin polymerization or activation of adenylyl cyclase. Ege A overexpressing and ege A − cells display similar phenotypes, suggesting that an optimal level of Ege A is required for proper function. Constitutive expression of a fully functional cAR1-YFP enables ege A − cells to form loose aggregates, but cAR1-YFP/ ege A − cells are still unable to express GP80, suggesting that losses of gene expression were not solely due to a lack of cAR1. Overexpression of PKAcat, the constitutively active subunit of PKA, does not rescue the ege A − phenotype, suggesting that PKA is not located downstream from Ege A in the signaling pathway. We propose that Ege A is a novel cytosolic component required by early gene expression.
Platelet Satellitism and Dual Surface Immunoglobulin Light-Chain Expression in Circulating Splenic Marginal Zone Lymphoma Cells

Abstract Platelet satellitism is believed to be an in vitro phenomenon induced at room temperature in ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid–anticoagulated blood. Most reports involve neutrophils; involvement with circulating lymphoma cells are exceedingly rare. Normally, mature B cells exhibit allelic exclusion in which a single class of surface immunoglobulin light chains (either κ or λ ) is expressed. The simultaneous expression of both κ and λ immunoglobulin light chains is rare. Herein, we report the unusual case of a patient with splenic marginal zone lymphoma in which circulating lymphoma cells express dual surface immunoglobulin light chains and exhibit platelet satellitism. In addition to clinical findings, a comprehensive analysis of the peripheral blood including correlated light and electron microscopy as well as flow cytometry are described.
Geographic and developmental variation in expression of the circadian rhythm gene, timeless, in the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii

Expression of the circadian rhythmgene timeless was investigated in the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii (Coq.), and was found to vary with time of day, instar of diapause, and latitude of origin. The temporal pattern of timeless expression differed between the two diapausing instars and was significantly higher in southern (38–401N) than in northern (501N) populations, when diapausing instar was held constant. Expression of timeless is therefore both developmentally and evolutionarily variable. This result provides the first example of a latitudinal difference in the expression of timeless, suggesting that, along with evidence fromother insects, timeless has the potential to affect photoperiodic response and its adaptive evolution in temperate seasonal environments. r 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Effective and efficient localization of multiple faults using value replacement

We previously presented a fault localization technique called Value Replacement that repeatedly alters the state of an executing program to locate a faulty statement [9]. The technique searches for program statements involving values that can be altered during runtime to cause the incorrect output of a failing run to become correct. We showed that highly effective fault localization results could be achieved by the technique on programs containing single faults. In the current work, we generalize Value Replacement so that it can also perform effectively in the presence of multiple faults. We improve scalability by describing two techniques that significantly improve the efficiency of Value Replacement. In our experimental study, our generalized technique effectively isolates multiple simultaneous faults in time on the order of minutes in each case, whereas in [9], the technique had sometimes required time on the order of hours to isolate only single faults.
Fate of the esophagogastric anastomosis

Objective The study objective was to evaluate histopathology of the esophagogastric anastomosis after esophagectomy, determine time trends of histologic changes, and identify factors influencing those findings. Methods A total of 231 patients underwent 468 upper gastrointestinal endoscopies with anastomotic biopsy a median of 3.5 years after esophagectomy. Mean age was 59 ± 12 years, 74% (171) were male, and 96% (222) were white. Seventy-eight percent (179) had esophagectomy for cancer, 13% (30) had chemoradiotherapy, and 13% (30) had prior esophageal surgery. The anastomosis was 20 ± 2.0 cm from the incisors. Anti-reflux medications were used in 59% of patients (276/468) at esophagoscopy. Histopathology was graded as normal (0), consistent with reflux (1), cardia mucosa (2), intestinal metaplasia (3), and dysplasia (4). Repeated-measures nonlinear time-trend analysis and multivariable analyses were used. Results Grades 0 and 1 were constant, 5% and 92% at 10 years, respectively. Anti-reflux medication, induction therapy, and higher anastomosis were predictive of less grade 1 histopathology. Grades 2 and 3 increased with time: 12% and 33% at 5 years and 4% and 16% at 10 years, respectively. No variable was predictive of grade 2 or 3 ( P > .15) except passage of time. No patient's condition progressed to dysplasia or cancer. Conclusions The esophagogastric anastomosis is subject to gastroesophageal reflux. To minimize histopathologic changes of reflux, the anastomosis should be constructed as high as possible (closer to incisors) and anti-reflux medications prescribed. Surveillance endoscopy, if performed, will document a time-related progression of reflux-related histopathologic changes. However, during surveillance, intestinal metaplasia is uncommon and progression to cancer rare.
The St. Croix Archaeology Project and the Vescelius Collection: A Reexamination

ABSTRACT In 1951, the Peabody Museum of Natural History at Yale University and the St. Croix Museum Commission conducted a joint archaeological survey on St. Croix, US Virgin Islands. This survey was led by Gary Vescelius, who at that time was a student at Yale University. The ceramics recovered from these investigations were used to refine the island's prehistoric chronology and for a settlement pattern analysis. This article presents the results of Vescelius' 1951 survey of St. Croix and compares his settlement pattern analysis with the results of more recent investigations. A geographic information system was created and analysis with ArcGIS® Spatial Analyst software used elevation, soil type and slope for a path distance (or least cost path) analysis. Second, the Vescelius ceramic collections, housed at the Yale Peabody Museum, were inventoried and studied. As a result, a better understanding of the island's prehistory, the potential roles of prehistoric Crucian settlements in inter-island interaction...
Glioblastoma models reveal the connection between adult glial progenitors and the proneural phenotype

Background: Tumor heterogeneity is a major obstacle for finding effective treatment of Glioblastoma (GBM). Based on global expression analysis, GBM can be classified into distinct subtypes: Proneural, Neural, Classical and Mesenchymal. The signatures of these different tumor subtypes may reflect the phenotypes of cells giving rise to them. However, the experimental evidence connecting any specific subtype of GBM to particular cells of origin is lacking. In addition, it is unclear how different genetic alterations interact with cells of origin in determining tumor heterogeneity. This issue cannot be addressed by studying end-stage human tumors. Methodology/Principal Findings: To address this issue, we used retroviruses to deliver transforming genetic lesions to glial progenitors in adult mouse brain. We compared the resulting tumors to human GBM. We found that different initiating genetic lesions gave rise to tumors with different growth rates. However all mouse tumors closely resembled the human Proneural GBM. Comparative analysis of these mouse tumors allowed us to identify a set of genes whose expression in humans with Proneural GBM correlates with survival. Conclusions/Significance: This study offers insights into the relationship between adult glial progenitors and Proneural GBM, and allows us to identify molecular alterations that lead to more aggressive tumor growth. In addition, we present a new preclinical model that can be used to test treatments directed at a specific type of GBM in future studies.
Evolutionary Dynamics of Complete Campylobacter Pan-Genomes and the Bacterial Species Concept

Defining bacterial species and understanding the relative cohesiveness of different components of their genomes remains a fundamental problem in microbiology. Bacterial species tend to be comprised of both a set of core and dispensable genes, with the sum of these two components forming the species pan-genome. The role of the core and dispensable genes in defining bacterial species and the question of whether pan-genomes are finite or infinite remain unclear. Here we demonstrate, through the analysis of 96 genome sequences derived from two closely related sympatric sister species of pathogenic bacteria (Campylobacter coli and C. jejuni), that their pan-genome is indeed finite and that there are unique and cohesive features to each of their genomes defining their genomic identity. The two species have a similar pan-genome size; however, C. coli has acquired a larger core genome and each species has evolved a number of species-specific core genes, possibly reflecting different adaptive strategies. Genome-wide assessment of the level of lateral gene transfer within and between the two sister species, as well as within the core and non-core genes, demonstrates a resistance to interspecies recombination in the core genome of the two species and therefore provides persuasive support for the core genome hypothesis for bacterial species.
Higher Aliphatic Polyaldehydes. III. Crystal Structure, Crystallinity, and Melting Transitions of Isotactic Poly-n-hept aldehyde

Abstract Anionically polymerized poly-n-heptaldehyde (PHA) has been studied by wide-angle x-ray diffraction, and a tetragonal unit cell is proposed. DSC studies reveal several endotherms due to side-chain melting with a pronounced dependence upon annealing.
The Next Steps: A Need for a Research Infrastructure for Evaluating Counterterrorism

This volume emphasizes a central theme in crime prevention research and public interventions: Interventions addressing issues of great public importance must still be evidence-based. Not only must we continue to add more to the growing research on terrorism etiology, but we also need to develop an equal level of interest in evaluating counterterrorism interventions. Unlike crime prevention more generally, there is a research lacuna in counterterrorism studies. Indeed, there are special challenges in advancing counterterrorism research that are different from crime prevention studies more generally, which contribute to the scant supply of counterterrorism research. Such challenges include rare and difficult-to-study units of analysis, an absence of knowledge about base rates, lack of access to government activities and information, biases in research and politics, and unresolved definitional debates. While all of these are compelling, the values of democratic governance, which include accountability, legitimacy, legality, safety, and cost-effectiveness of government actions, necessitate the development of a more evidence-based approach to programs and interventions, whether they focus on “everyday” crime or terroristic violence.
97 – Epidemiology of Osteoporosis and Fracture in Men and Women

Osteoporosis is a skeletal disorder defined by loss of bone mass and strength with a concomitant increased fracture risk. Osteoporosis is not a single disease with a single cause. Possible mechanisms underlying primary osteoporosis include failure to adapt to mechanical loading; genetic defects; deficiencies of estrogen, calcium, and vitamin D; and alterations in various systemic or cellular factors. In some instances, it arises secondarily as a consequence of other conditions or treatments, such as hypogonadism or glucocorticoid use. Osteoporotic fractures generally show a steep increase in incidence with age; it also tends to be higher in women than in men. Many environmental and genetic factors affect fracture risk, either via low bone density or independently of bone mass density (BMD). Many of the findings from epidemiologic studies on osteoporosis have important clinical applications. Among the more important findings is that although most of the burden of osteoporosis and fracture occurs in women, the number and cost in men is not trivial. Although fewer men suffer fractures, their prognosis may be worse, because both hip and vertebral fracture are associated with a higher mortality rate in men than in women.
Does pedagogical documentation support maternal reminiscing conversations

AbstractWhen parents talk with their children about lessons learned in school, they are participating in reminiscing of an unshared event. This study sought to understand if pedagogical documentation, from the Reggio Approach to early childhood education, would support and enhance the conversation. Mother–child dyads reminisced two separate times about preschool lessons, one time with documentation available to them and one time without. Transcripts were coded extracting variables indicative of high and low maternal reminiscing styles. Results indicate that mother and child conversation characteristics were more highly elaborative when documentation was present than when it was not. In addition, children added more information to the conversation supporting the notion that such conversations enhanced memory for lessons. Documentation could be used as a support tool for conversations and children’s memory about lessons learned in school.
Osseointegrated Dental Implants

Edentulism, the condition where some or all teeth are missing, is treated by the use of dental prostheses. Conventional prostheses are satisfactory for most patients. Unacceptable results are usually the result of unfavorable anatomy. Anatomic improvements are possible through procedures such as the vestibular extension or vestibuloplasty that create a broader area for denture coverage (1). The recognition that this approach provides only moderate improvement in stability while having less positive effects on retention and support of dental prostheses has led to the development of more definitive methods.
A Theory of Cooperation

HE topic assigned was entitled "The Theory of Cooperation." TBecause other attempts have been made to formulate theories of cooperation, this attempt must be regarded as a theory. It is limited to the formulation of a theoretical explanation of the economic nature of the cooperative form of business organization, but others have dealt with the problem even from this restricted viewpoint. The outline here presented is necessarily brief and, therefore, sketchy. It is in the nature of a summary of some of the basic essentials as they are being developed in a manuscript for a book on the subject which is in the process of preparation in collaboration with Dr. E. G. Nourse, until recently of the Brookings Institution.
The World of Francis Cooper: Nineteenth Century Pennsylvania Photographer

The World of Francis Cooper: Nineteenth Century Pennsylvania Photographer. Jay Ruby. State Park: Penn State University Press. 304 pp, illus.
Interferon-α and -β inhibit the in vitro differentiation of immunocompetent human dendritic cells from CD14+ precursors

Dendritic cell (DC) precursors and immature DC reside in epithelium where they encounter pathogens and cytokines, which stimulate their differentiation. We hypothesized that type-I interferons (IFN-alpha and -beta), cytokines that are produced early in the innate immune response against viruses and some bacteria, may influence DC differentiation and function. To examine this possibility, we used an in vitro model of DC differentiation in which initial culture of human CD14(+) monocytes with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin (IL)-4 generates immature DC, and subsequent culture with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha drives the final development into mature DC. We found in this model that IFN-alpha/beta, added from the initiation of the culture on, significantly reduced the survival and altered the morphology and differentiation of DC. TNF-alpha-dependent maturation of IFN-beta-treated immature DC led to cells with reduced expression of CD1a, CD40, CD54, and CD80 when compared with mature DC controls. IFN-alpha/beta-treated DC further had a reduced capacity to induce naive Th-cell proliferation through allostimulation or anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody stimulation. In addition, IFN-alpha/beta-treated DC secreted less IL-12 upon stimulation with Staphylococcus aureus Cowan strain or with CD4(+) T cells, and this decrease correlated directly with their inability to support CD4(+) T-cell secretion of IFN-gamma, even though T-cell lymphotoxin production was unaffected. These findings indicate that type-I IFNs can influence the generation of acquired immune responses by modifying T-helper cell differentiation through the regulation of DC differentiation and function.
Clinical Utility and Predictive Validity of Parent and College Student Symptom Ratings in Predicting an ADHD Diagnosis

Objective This study examined several questions about the diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in a young adult college student population. The primary goal was to examine the clinical utility and predictive validity of college student and parent ratings for predicting a diagnostic status of ADHD. Method In the present study, 86 college students and their parents completed a comprehensive ADHD evaluation including structured diagnostic interviews to determine an ADHD diagnosis (n = 59 with ADHD diagnosis). We collected ratings of childhood and current ADHD symptoms and examined the clinical utility and predictive validity of both parent and student ratings for predicting the presence or absence of an ADHD diagnosis. Results Regression analyses revealed that above and beyond student ratings, parent ratings of childhood ADHD symptoms of inattention were the strongest predictors of current diagnostic status of ADHD. In the clinical utility analyses, only parent ratings of ADHD symptoms met acceptable thresholds for confirming and ruling out a diagnosis of ADHD. Conclusions These results fill an important gap in the literature. Overall, results suggest that rating scales can be used effectively to evaluate ADHD on college campuses as long as both parent and student ratings of childhood symptoms are collected. Importantly, collecting parent ratings protects against possible student malingering to obtain ADHD medications or accommodations. Additional research with larger samples and across multiple universities is needed to establish best practices in the diagnosis of ADHD.
IS-019 The Emergence Of Consciousness

The first breaths of air have since antique time been regarded as the ignition of life as indicated by the word spirits. The newborn becomes animated in this way – i.e. the emergence of consciousness. In modern time a bioethics committee 1 has stated that when the new-born encompasses the capacity to breathe either independently, or with the support of a ventilator is the moral and legal point when human life must be preserved independent of gestational age. Awakening at birth is crucial for being conscious. This is triggered by the stress of being born i.e. mobilisation of catecholamines, cooling due to evaporation of the amniotic fluid and removal of placental suppressors when clamping the cord. The locus coeruleus is activated causing the arousal. A spontaneous resting state activity has been found in new-born infants with fMRI. 2 This activity may correspond to the idea of William James that there is a ”stream of consciousness”. It involves five hubs including the somatosensory system and the auditory and visual cortex in the infants. This is in contrast to adults where ten hubs were defied including the insula, precuneus and ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Thus the infant is probably only aware of what it feels, sees and hears in present time, while the adult relates the sensory input to memories, itself and also plans for the future. References http://www.nuffieldbioethics.org. Fransson P, Skiold B, Horsch S, et al . Resting-state networks in the infant brain. PNAS 2007;104(39):15531–36
A New Time-Sort Pitfall Trap

The trap described in this paper was designed for shorttime separation of faunal collections. Scientists investigating the ambulatory invertebrate fauna have used pitfall traps whenever separation of the catch into definite time periods was desired (Williams 1958; Greenslade 1964; Merrett 1967; Duffey 1972). Pitfall traps were thought to be applicable in a study of the activity periods of surface prey species to a desert grassland spider, Agelenopsis aperta (Gertsch). Since we found it inconvenient to service a large number of traps at required 4-h intervals, we needed a trap which would provide continuous sampling with short-time intervals.
Vaccination of Broiler Breeders with a Tenosynovitis Virus Vaccine

Abstract An attenuated tenosynovitis virus was applied via the water to broiler breeders between 10 and 15 weeks of age to vaccinate against virulent tenosynovitis virus. Six flocks were vaccinated while two flocks served as unvaccinated controls. One of the unvaccinated control flocks subsequently developed gross and microscopic lesions of tenosynovitis. There was higher mortality in this flock than the other 7 flocks, but there was no difference in egg production. However, there were differences in parts condemned and total condemnations at the processing plant when progeny from the vaccinated and unvaccinated breeder flocks were compared. Also, in progeny from the unvaccinated flock, which was accidently infected with a virulent tenosynovitis virus, the mortality was much higher than in progeny from vaccinated flocks. Progeny from vaccinated breeder flocks withstood oral challenge with virulent tenosynovitis virus at 1, 3, 10, and 17 days of age much better (0 to 11% lesions) than progeny from unvaccinated breeder flocks (17 to 80% lesions). The progeny from the vaccinated flocks were also more resistant to subcutaneous challenge than progeny from the unvaccinated flocks.
Organochlorine Insecticide Problemsin Livestock

Although the use of persistent organochlorine pesticides has been severely restricted in recent years, problems with both acute poisoning and, especially, residues still occur in food animals. Therapy for acute intoxication consists of supportive care and blocking further absorption of the toxicant. Therapeutic regimens devised to date for contaminated livestock are not universally successful but may be useful in certain circumstances.
Polymyositis; clinical forms, diagnosis and therapy.

Polymyositis often is associated with mild sclerodermatous skin changes or transitory articular symptoms, and a malignant tumor coexists in a significant percentage of cases in adults. The primary feature is muscular weakness, involving especially the proximal girdle muscles and the swallowing mechanism; muscular pain and tenderness may be absent. The course varies from acute and fulminating to insidious and chronically progressive, and seems to be more aggressive in children. Serum enzyme determinations, electromyography and muscle biopsy are the most reliable diagnostic aids. Corticosteroids have proved beneficial in almost all cases. They are only temporarily helpful when malignant tumor coexists, but other patients treated early have regained almost normal strength. Low-dosage maintenance therapy usually has been necessary.
Calcium Metabolism in the Normal and Failing Heart

An abnormality in calcium flux is more likely to account for the depressed contractility of failing myocardium than any other biochemical defect; studies at the molecular level are gradually delineating the specific nature of the abnormality. It has become clear that mitochondrial uptake of calcium is increased in the failing myocardial cell, with profound effects on the amount available to initiate contraction.
Colony-stimulating factor induction of protooncogene expression in rat alveolar macrophages

The effect of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) on the expression of c-fos and c-myc protooncogenes was studied in rat alveolar macrophages (AM). AM were exposed in vitro to GM-CSF (100 U/ml) or M-CSF (1,000 U/ml) for 30-120 min, and c-fos and c-myc mRNA expression was determined by in situ hybridization and Northern blot analysis. GM-CSF caused a rapid induction of c-fos mRNA after 30 min and c-myc mRNA after 60 min. Exposure to M-CSF stimulated maximal expression of c-fos mRNA after 60 min and c-myc mRNA after 120 min. Under the same experimental conditions lipopolysaccharide (100 ng/ml) induced a comparable amount of c-fos and c-myc mRNA expression, whereas culture of AM with medium alone did not induce c-fos or c-myc expression. Thus GM-CSF and M-CSF induce AM in vitro to express the nuclear protooncogenes c-fos and c-myc. This effect of colony-stimulating factors on protooncogene expression may be of importance in the local regulation of AM activation and/or proliferation in an inflammatory lung response.
Social and Educational Factors in Cancer Detection

The major communicable diseases can, to a large extent, be controlled by legislation and vigorous public health measures; and for at least one major, killing form of cancer, prevention is perfectly feasible if people can be persuaded or obliged to give up heavy cigarette smoking. However, it can be said with some truth of most forms of cancer, that until the introduction of effective screening tests, the patient was responsible for the first vital step in diagnosis—deciding that some symptom called for a visit to his doctor. To a large extent this is still true. Tests that are both economically and clinically practicable are not yet available for the early detection of all forms of cancer; and the tests that are practicable are either not yet available in all countries, or have not yet become regarded as an acceptable routine by the population at risk.
Environmental factors associated with preschool obesity. I. Obesity in six-month-old children. 1973 Martha Trulson memorial lecture.

Environmental factors associated with development of obesity in six-month-old infants are reported.
A small population of hypothalamic neurons govern fertility: the critical role of VAX1 in GnRH neuron development and fertility maintenance.

Fertility depends on the correct maturation and function of approximately 800 gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons in the brain. GnRH neurons are at the apex of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis that regulates fertility. In adulthood, GnRH neurons are scattered throughout the anterior hypothalamic area and project to the median eminence, where GnRH is released into the portal vasculature to stimulate release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from the pituitary. LH and FSH then regulate gonadal steroidogenesis and gametogenesis. Absence of GnRH neurons or inappropriate GnRH release leads to infertility. Despite the critical role of GnRH neurons in fertility, we still have a limited understanding of the genes responsible for proper GnRH neuron development and function in adulthood. GnRH neurons originate in the olfactory placode then migrate into the brain. Homeodomain transcription factors expressed within GnRH neurons or along their migratory path are candidate genes for inherited infertility. Using a combined in vitro and in vivo approach, we have identified Ventral Anterior Homeobox 1 (Vax1) as a novel homeodomain transcription factor responsible for GnRH neuron maturation and fertility. GnRH neuron counts in Vax1 knock-out embryos revealed Vax1 to be required for the presence of GnRH-expressing cells at embryonic day 17.5 (E17.5), but not at E13.5. To localize the effects of Vax1 on fertility, we generated Vax1flox mice and crossed them with Gnrhcre mice to specifically delete Vax1 within GnRH neurons. GnRH staining in Vax1flox/flox:GnRHcre mice show a total absence of GnRH expression in the adult. We performed lineage tracing in Vax1flox/flox:GnRHcre:RosaLacZ mice which proved GnRH neurons to be alive, but incapable of expressing GnRH. The absence of GnRH leads to delayed puberty, hypogonadism and complete infertility in both sexes. Finally, using the immortalized model GnRH neuron cell lines, GN11 and GT1-7, we show that VAX1 is a direct regulator of Gnrh1 transcription by binding key ATTA sites within the Gnrh1 promoter. This study identifies VAX1 as a key transcription factor regulating GnRH expression and establishes VAX1 as a novel candidate gene implicated in heritable infertility.
Effects of Aspirin Therapy on Ultrasound-Guided Renal Allograft Biopsy Bleeding Complications.

Purpose To determine if patient aspirin exposure and timing affect bleeding risk after renal allograft biopsy.
The Place of Safety Education in the School Health and Physical Education Program

(1935). The Place of Safety Education in the School Health and Physical Education Program. The Journal of Health and Physical Education: Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 3-72.
Characterization of iron oxide nanoparticle films at the air-water interface in Arctic tundra waters.

Abstract Massive amounts of organic carbon have accumulated in Arctic permafrost and soils due to anoxic and low temperature conditions that limit aerobic microbial respiration. Alternative electron acceptors are thus required for microbes to degrade organic carbon in these soils. Iron or iron oxides have been recognized to play an important role in carbon cycle processes in Arctic soils, although the exact form and role as an electron acceptor or donor remain poorly understood. Here, Arctic biofilms collected during the summers of 2016 and 2017 from tundra surface waters on the Seward Peninsula of western Alaska were characterized with a suite of microscopic and spectroscopic methods. We hypothesized that these films contain redox-active minerals bound to biological polymers. The major components of the films were found to be iron oxide nanoparticle aggregates associated with extracellular polymeric substances. The observed mineral phases varied between films collected in different years with magnetite (Fe2+Fe23+O4) nanoparticles (
Psychosocial Correlates of Depressive Symptoms Among Preadolescent African American Youth

The present study seeks to explore the correlations of depressive symptoms among African American youth. The sample included 118 African American preadolescents (age range: 9–12, M = 10.54; SD = 1.02) living in an urban environment. The sample was primarily female (64.4%, n = 76) and in the 4th grade (43.2%, n = 51). Depressive symptoms were negatively associated with spiritual well-being, self-esteem and positively associated with exposure to violence and bullying. This study identified correlations as well as predictors of depressive symptoms. The predictors include spiritual well-being, bullying, exposure to violence, and self-esteem. These findings documented individual and social level psychosocial factors as an important determinant of depressive symptoms. Furthermore, these findings provided needed empirical evidence documenting factors that affect depressive symptoms among African American children.
Practical Experience in Anatomy

Often flagged as an origin of empiricism, experience has a range of meanings in the context of early modern natural philosophy and medicine. It has been aligned with practical knowledge, knowledge of contingent effects, and the un-theorized perception of phenomena accessible to the senses. In the realm of anatomical inquiry, experience joined reason to constitute (according to Galen, Mondino, Berengario da Carpi, Niccolo Massa and many others) the approved anatomical method. For medical students, however, experience also meant manual skill and expertise (peritia). Students celebrated the manual expertise – the ability to cut open corpses and by dissecting internal and external structures, reveal them to the audience – of their professors and their peers. In Padua, the home of the famous anatomical theater of 1595, students connected these features of anatomical inquiry with private anatomical exercises rather than public demonstrations, especially those given by Giulio Casseri. This paper queries the private settings in which anatomical knowledge was produced and the roles that private anatomies played in recharging the meaning of experience and embodied knowledge in the fields of anatomy and surgery. Using the exchange between students, professors and local practitioners in Padua and Venice, this paper aims to reconsider the role of practical experience in anatomical training and its connection to learned surgeons and anatomists rather than the rustic ignorance of empirics or the secrets of women.