cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anarchy in international relations theory: the neorealist-neoliberal debate

Two of the most influential contemporary approaches to international relations theory are neorealism and neoliberalism. The debate between these two approaches has dominated much of international relations theory for the last decade. It is now commonplace for an article about some aspect of international relations theory to begin by locating itself in terms of this debate. These two approaches and the debate between them have failed to contribute as much as they might have to international relations theory. These approaches suffer from serious internal weaknesses and limitations that the neorealistneoliberal debate often has tended to obscure rather than to clarify. Once we have exposed and clarified these weaknesses and limitations, we will be able to see several important directions for future theoretical work. Two books, Neorealism and Its Critics and Neorealism and Neoliberalism: The Contemporary Debate, make significant contributions to this debate. The former offered a wide-ranging critique of neorealism when it was published in 1986. The latter, which has just been published, is more narrowly focused. It takes up where some of the critiques in Neorealism and Its Critics left off. A review of these two complementary volumes affords an excellent opportunity to begin to identify some of the weaknesses and limitations that the neorealist-neoliberal debate frequently has obscured.
Power balanced gates insensitive to routing capacitance mismatch

Cryptographic hardware is vulnerable to power analysis attacks. To resist these attacks, special balanced dual-rail gates have been developed which have equal power consumption for all valid data values and transitions. A limitation of existing designs is that they require balanced routing of the dual-rail interconnect between gates. Natural process variation and suboptimal routing tools make it practically impossible to perfectly match the capacitances of the dual-rail pair making the balanced routing constraint difficult to satisfy. We present a general method and designs which achieve power balance in dual-rail circuits without requiring matching of gate output load capacitances or random masking. The method and design are based on a directional discharge protocol which ensures that both rails are always fully discharged and charged in each cycle.
VALUES AND KINDS OF EXAMINATIONS1

1. Examinations lead the student to organize and correlate masses of material so as to have it available for immediate use. Students are prone to work for the next recitation merely. If no tests or reviews are employed, there is little necessity for organizing material in systems. Incidentally, if all tests are announced in advance there is little necessity for having material ready for immediate use, e. g. systems of nounal declension, verb conjugation, etc. Correlations between material are not made for daily recitation. In examinations larger amounts of data can be, and must be, correlated. Correlations are made, for instance, between analogous material within the course, or with material used in other language courses. Correlation is still sadly neglected; few facts taught are linked up with useful related facts. All teachers are able to make such correlations, at least in a modest way, e. g. between French history, geography, and language; and between English and French vocabulary and grammar or between language, literature and every-day affairs. For instances, lisle thread should be correlated with Lille, cambric with Cambrai, gingham with Guinghamp, Jersey and Guernsey cows with the islands by the same name, and Percheron horses with Perche in Normandy. 2. Examinations compel the student to carry material in mind. This entails repetition which not only helps to retain, but is also an excellent exercise for the will. (Character development). Memory work was taboo for some time but now we know its real value; viz, to furnish the material (data and hypotheses) for thinking. 3. Examinations teach the pupil to work hard and accurately under stress. This is precisely what life will demand of him. It means for one thing concentration of thought, which can be achieved only by much practice. It teaches him also to have his
Performance analysis of the single input multiple output acoustic system for high frequency shallow water communications

A Single Input Multiple Output (SIMO) acoustic communication system has been developed to improve high data rate communications at short range in the shallow water acoustic channel. The proposed communication system operates at very high frequency and combines an adaptive spatial diversity and parallel Decision Feedback Equalizer (DFE). Experimental results using selective combining with three, four and five receivers demonstrate ability to improve the quality of the acoustic channel in terms of Bit Error Rate (BER) and Signal-to-Noise-and-Interference Ratio (SNIR). The work presented in this article focuses on statistical evaluation of the proposed SIMO system using simulated data. For that purpose, a simulation channel model is developed based on experimental channel model and Rician fading channel. Adaptive multilevel combining is performed on simulated messages with high individual BER before SIMO processing. The simulation results achieved with selective diversity and SIMO system with three, four and five receivers show that the BER and SNIR of the combined message improve dramatically, compared to the BER and SNIR of the individual message and demonstrate that the proposed SIMO system can significantly improve the reliability of the shallow water acoustic channel.
Galanin inhibition of voltage‐dependent Ca2+ influx in rat cultured myenteric neurons is mediated by galanin receptor 1

Galanin activates three receptors, the galanin receptor 1 (GalR1), GalR2, and GalR3. In the gastrointestinal tract, GalR1 mediates the galanin inhibition of cholinergic transmission to the longitudinal muscle and reduction of peristalsis efficiency in the small intestine. Galanin has also been shown to inhibit depolarization-evoked Ca2+ increases in cultured myenteric neurons. Because GalR1 immunoreactivity is localized to cholinergic myenteric neurons, we hypothesized that this inhibitory action of galanin on myenteric neurons is mediated by GalR1. We investigated the effect of galanin 1-16, which has high affinity for GalR1 and GalR2, in the presence or absence of the selective GalR1 antagonist, RWJ-57408, and of galanin 2-11, which has high affinity for GalR2 and GalR3, on Ca2+ influx through voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels in cultured myenteric neurons. Myenteric neurons were loaded with fluo-4 and depolarized by high K+ concentration to activate voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels. Intracellular Ca2+ levels were quantified with confocal microscopy. Galanin 1-16 (0.01-1 microM) inhibited the depolarization-evoked Ca2+ increase in a dose-dependent manner with an EC(50) of 0.172 microM. The selective GalR1 antagonist, RWJ-57408 (10 microM), blocked the galanin 1-16 (1 microM)-mediated inhibition of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel. By contrast, the GalR2/GalR3 agonist, galanin 2-11 did not affect the K+-evoked Ca2+ influx in myenteric neurons. GalR1 immunoreactivity was localized solely to myenteric neurons in culture, as previously observed in intact tissue. These findings indicate that the inhibition of depolarization-evoked Ca2+ influx in myenteric neurons in culture is mediated by GalR1 and confirm the presence of functional GalR1 in the myenteric plexus. This is consonant with the hypothesis that GalR1 mediates galanin inhibition of transmitter release from myenteric neurons.
PEDAGOGICAL APPROACHES: Using Charettes to Perform Civic Engagement in Technical Communication Classrooms and Workplaces

Charettes offer a productive way of combining theory and practice to address some of the difficult matters of getting students to see and perform technical communication as students, professionals, servers, and citizens. This collaborative activity helps students prepare for an increasingly modular professional world by revealing the contingent rhetoricity of professional autonomy. Charettes can help technical writing programs and students integrate service and civic learning into the curriculum by using indigenous professional genres that actively demand stakeholder participation. The intensity and pragmatic force of charettes can assist students in building their ethos while working with fellow stakeholders. The wide range of possible documents involved in the process associated with charettes can help technical communication students and teachers explore the connections between rhetorical exigencies and genre and put their skills to good use in a culture where many are looking for new ways to build cri...
An analysis of ball-and-race milling. Part I. The hardgrove mill

Abstract The basic principles of mill action were investigated in the batch Hardgrove ball-race machine, modified by the addition of a torque device. It was found that the torque to drive the mill after correction for bearing friction was almost proportional to load M on the balls and independent of rotational speed ω, so that mill power ??? Mω. The first-order specific rates of breakage were proportional to M and ω. Torque increased as the power in the race increased, then reached almost a constant value, as did the absolute rate of breakage. As fines accumulated in the charge breakage became non-first-order, showing a slowing-down effect for all sizes. An easy method of simulation of this condition was demonstrated.
Regioselective Cleavage by a Palladium(II) Aqua Complex of a Polypeptide in Different Overall Conformations.

Two molecules of the complex cis-[Pd(en)(H2O)2]2+ lose aqua ligands and bind to His5 and His9 residues in the nonadecapeptide that is the carboxy-terminal segment of the protein myohemerythrin. The known modes of palladium(II)−histidine coordination are detected by 1H NMR spectroscopy. Only the [Pd(en)(H2O)]2+group bound to His5 cleaves the polypeptide backbone; the group bound to His9 does not. Only the amide bond Val3−Pro4 is cleaved. This regioselectivity is attributed to electrostatic repulsion of the [Pd(en)(H2O)]2+group by cationic lysine residues 6, 7, and 10 and the absence of repulsion by the residues “upstream” from His5. The polypeptide in a partially α-helical conformation and the tripeptide AcGly-Gly-His, which adopts many flexible conformations, are both cleaved at the second amide bond “upstream” from the histidine residue bearing the [Pd(en)(H2O)]2+ group. Moreover, the rate constants for the cleavages of these two peptides are virtually the same. Regioselectivity and kinetics of the cleav...
Comment on Stephen Toulmin's ‘conceptual revolutions in science’

Mr. Toulmin’s queries are, of course, rhetorical. It is difficult to see how anyone could answer “No” to them. For in effect they call attention to what is already implied in the notion of the conceptual development of science; and while someone, a logical empiricist, for instance, might doubt whether the study of the history of conceptual change is necessary for the understanding of scientific activity or at least of the logic of science, there can be no doubt that if one undertakes to study conceptual development one must necessarily take account of innovation and selection and be prepared to recognize the possibility that criteria of selection have varied among different professional groups at different times. Otherwise, one would not be studying development but something else — the chronicle of errors, perhaps. Kuhn and Toulmin, elsewhere, have brilliantly illustrated, in the explanation of scientific change, how different paradigms of science have existed at different times. But they have been able to do so only from the standpoint of a paradigm of the history of science; they have sought, that is, to render intelligible the change of scientific paradigms from the standpoint of an historical paradigm which they share.
Wavefield tomography using reverse time migration backscattering

ABSTRACTReverse time migration backscattering contains kinematic information that can be used to constrain velocity models. The backscattering results from the correlation between forward scattered and backscattered wavefields from sharp interfaces, i.e., sediment-salt interfaces. The synchronization between these wavefields depends on the velocity of the sediment section and the correct interpretation of the sharp boundary. We have developed an optimization workflow in which the sediment velocity and the sharp boundary are updated iteratively. The presence of sharp boundaries in the model lead to high- and low-wavenumber components in the objective function gradient; the high-wavenumber components correspond to the correlation of wavefields traveling in opposite directions, whereas the low-wavenumber components correspond to the correlation of wavefields traveling in the same direction. This behavior is similar to reverse time migration in which the high-wavenumber components represent the reflectors (th...
Bone Grafting for the Alveolar Cleft Defect

Seventy-five percent of all cleft lip and palate patients have osseous defects ofthe alveolus. Bone grafting of this defect normalizes facial and dental function. Failure to reconstruct the osseous deformity may result in oronasal fistula, fluid reflux, speech pathology, anteroposterior deficiency of the maxilla, transverse deficiency of the maxilla, lack of bone support for the incisors and cuspids, dental crowding, and facial asymmetry. Bone grafting unifies the maxilla and is best done after the majority of facial growth is complete and the secondary dentition is erupting. This is known as secondary bone grafting and yields the best results. The dentofacial deformity of cleft lip and palate is best managed by coordination of dental development, surgery and orthodontics.
Effect of Purified Rabbit Anti-Salmonella typhimurium Antibodies on the Fate of Intravenously Injected Bacteria.

Purified IgM and IgG antibodies to Salmonella typhimurium “O” antigen were prepared from rabbit serum collected “early” (6 to 8 days) and “late” (30 to 32 days) during the course of the immune response. The effect which these passively administered antibodies had upon the reticuloendothelial organ sequestration of intravenously injected 125I-labeled heat-killed S. typhimurium in nonimmune rabbits was studied. In the absence of specific antibody, the spleen (per gram) sequestered more organisms than did the liver, kidneys, and lungs. In the presence of “early” antibody to S. typhimurium, sequestration of organisms in the spleen was two to three times greater than sequestration in the spleen of animals that had received “late” antibody to S. typhimurium, heterologous antibody or no antibody. Although “late” antibody did not increase sequestration of organisms in the spleen, it did result in a per gram liver sequestration of bacteria which was two times greater than that observed in animals that had received “early” antibodies to S. typhimurium, heterologous antibody or no antibody. The presence of passively administered antibody had no detectable effect upon the sequestration of bacteria in the kidneys and the lungs. Thus, it would seem that antibodies isolated early in the immune response increase the efficiency of splenic sequestration of blood-borne particulate material, whereas “late” antibody favors sequestration in the liver.
Hyponatremia in Children

Hyponatremia is usually recognized following an electrolyte screen since it is not symptomatic, except in its severest degrees. The pathophysiologic implications of hyponatremia and its therapy are quite varied. The purpose of this review is to present a diagnostic plan which in most instances will resolve the therapeutic dilemma. This approach is a minor modification of that developed by Schrier and Berl1 for evaluating hyposmolar states. GENERAL PRINCIPLES The occurrence of hyponatremia indicates a failure of those receptor and effector mechanisms designed to assure that the quantity of water in the body will closely relate to the amount of solute in the major bodywater spaces. The principal sensors are designed to recognize osmolar changes, not changes in sodium concentration. Nevertheless, measurement of serum sodium concentration is the most readily available tool for estimation of disturbances in osmolality. Fanestil2 has recorded 14 formulae designed to estimate osmolality from serum sodium concentration or sodium, glucose, and urea concentrations. The simplest of these formulae, osmolality = 2 x Na+ + 10, is satisfactory in the vast majority of clinical circumstances occurring in pediatrics. Diabetes mellitus is the only relatively common state that requires the use of alternate formulations to correct for hyperglycemia. The contribution to serum osmolality by glucose can be approximated by adding to the above formula 1 mOsm for each 18 mg/100 ml of blood glucose above the level of 100 mg/100 ml.
The changing nature of information work in museums

This article presents results from 21 semi-structured interviews with museum information professionals (MIPs) who were asked about their experiences working with information resources, tools, and technologies. Interviews were analyzed to determine (a) the challenges MIPs face as they adapt to changing technical capabilities and strive to meet the changing needs and expectations of museum users and (b) the coping mechanisms MIPs employ on the job that enable them to deal effectively with those challenges. This article explores the results of this analysis, exploring how MIPs cope with the changing nature of information work in museums by relying on thirteen different strategies including (a) assessing new technologies in relation to the museum's core mission, (b) helping museum professionals embrace new ideas about information access and provision, and (c) promoting internal practices that encourage the sharing of information and the integration of information science into museum work. This article also discusses the implications of these challenges and strategies for current and future MIPs, and assesses their impact on changing perceptions, roles, and research for information professionals in museums as they work to meet the information needs of all museum users. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Measurement of missing transverse energy with the CMS detector at the LHC

The performance of the Compact Muon Solenoid detector for measuring missing transverse energy is evaluated using fully simulated pp collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 14 TeV at the Large Hadron Collider. For minimum bias events without pileup, a resolution of 6.1 GeV is computed, corresponding to a stochastic contribution of $0.63\sqrt{\Sigma{}E_{\text{T}}} \mathrm{GeV^{1/2}}$ , where ΣET is the summed transverse energy in all calorimeter towers. When the contribution of pileup is included, the resolution degrades according to the overall deposited ΣET with the same stochastic coefficient. For QCD dijet events with event pileup corresponding to a luminosity $\mathcal{L}=2\times10^{33}\mathrm{cm^{-2}s^{-1}}$ , we compute $\sigma=[({3.8} \mathrm{GeV})^2+({0.97} \mathrm{GeV^{1/2}}\sqrt{\Sigma{}E_{\text{T}}})^2+(0.012\Sigma{}E_{\text{T}})^2]^{1/2}$ resulting in a resolution of 45 GeV for jet events with reconstructed transverse momentum of 800 GeV/c. Monte Carlo samples of tt and W+jet events with high-momentum (pT>20 GeV/c) lepton decays leading to true missing transverse energy were used to determine the azimuthal angle resolution to be 0.1 radians (0.2 radians) for a reconstructed missing transverse energy of 200 GeV (100 GeV).
Forensic Neuropsychology and the Criminal Law

This article explores theoretical and empirical issues in the application of clinical neuropsychological evidence to forensic issues in the criminal law. The nature of forensic neuropsychological evaluations is discussed with reference to issues of competency to stand trial, criminal responsibility, and other competencies in the criminal process. Examples of specific disorders relevant to criminal law standards are presented, together with data estimating the prevalence of brain dysfunction in criminal and forensic populations. Research is also reviewed on the role of neuropsychological brain dysfunction in the etiology of violence and criminally relevant behavior. Finally, empirical and ethical issues concerning the applicability and admissibility of forensic neuropsychological data in the criminal context are discussed.
Synthesis and Electrochemical Studies of Bingel–Hirsch Derivatives of M3N@Ih-C80 (M=Sc, Lu)

Bingel-Hirsch derivatives of the trimetallic nitride template endohedral metallofullerenes (TNT-EMFs) Sc 3 N@I h -C 80 and Lu 3 N@I h -C 80 were prepared by reacting these compounds with 2-bromodiethyl malonate, 2-bromo-1,3-dipyrrolidin-1-ylpropane-1,3-dionate bromide, and 9-bromo fluorene. The mono-adducts were isolated and their 1 H NMR spectra showed that the addition occurred with high regioselectivity at the [6,6] bonds of the I h -C 80 fullerene cage. Electrochemical analysis showed that the reductive electrochemistry behavior of these derivatives is irreversible at a scan rate of 100 mV s -1 , which is comparable to the behavior of the pristine fullerene species. The first reduction potential of each derivative is either cathodically or anodically shifted by a different value, depending on the attached addend. Bis-adducts containing EtOOC-C-COOEt and HC-COOEt addends were isolated by HPLC and in the case of Sc 3 N@I h -C 80 the first reduction potential exhibits a larger shift towards negative potentials when compared to the mono-adduct. This observation is important for designing acceptor materials for the construction of bulk heterojunction (BHJ) organic solar cells, since the polyfunctionalization not only increases the solubility of the fullerene species but also offers a promising approach for bringing the LUMO energy levels closer for the donor and the acceptor materials.
A Quantitative Analysis of Lexical Differences Between Genders in Telephone Conversations

In this work, we provide an empirical analysis of differences in word use between genders in telephone conversations, which complements the considerable body of work in sociolinguistics concerned with gender linguistic differences. Experiments are performed on a large speech corpus of roughly 12000 conversations. We employ machine learning techniques to automatically categorize the gender of each speaker given only the transcript of his/her speech, achieving 92% accuracy. An analysis of the most characteristic words for each gender is also presented. Experiments reveal that the gender of one conversation side influences lexical use of the other side. A surprising result is that we were able to classify male-only vs. female-only conversations with almost perfect accuracy.
Antigen-Specific Serotyping of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. I. Use of an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay to Quantitate Pilus Antigens on Gonococci

piliation as determined by electron microscopy. No pilus antigen was found by ELISA in colony type 4 organisms (devoid of pili) of three different strains. No more than 10% shared antigenicity was observed for antigenically different pili. Present purification procedures for gonococcal pili provide a yield of ~-15%. ELISA may allow better evaluation and quantitation of the potential roles of antibody to pili in the killing or opsonization of gonococci or in the inhibition of gonococcal attachment to human cells.
An automatic user study demo in indoor environments and its privacy implications

User studies usually involve much organization and manual labor. Even when performed correctly, a common problem of the studies is user bias. This occurs when participating users' knowledge of the study influences their actions. Another problem is the willingness of the users to participate at all. Finally, participants will always have privacy concerns. We have developed a framework to help with anonymized user studies, trying to solve the aforementioned problems. We have prepared a demo to show the effectiveness of our system.
Er:YLiF 4 4 I 11/2 energy levels revisited

We use upconversion fluorescence excitation and IR absorption to make precise measurements of the Stark components of the 4I11/2 level of the Er3+ ion in YLiF4. We are able to specify all six components of this system unambiguously and to establish their energies to ±0.5 cm−1. By so doing, we are able to resolve discrepancies of greater than 100 cm−1 in the energies that are reported in the literature. A consistent interpretation of both the emission and the absorption data was possible with the Stark components of 4I11/2 found from our analysis.
GEOMETRIC PROPERTIES OF HUMAN LEG BONES

Abstract In analytical models of human lower extremities, the geometric properties of the bones are needed along with the material properties of compact and cancellous bone. This paper presents the geometric data for the right and left femurs, tibias and fibulas from a single donor, along with the results of two additional tibias. Data includes the areas, polar moments of inertia, torsional rigidities, angles from anatomical axes to principal axes, and the position of the centers of mass along the lengths of the bones. The results from a single speciment provide data for entire limb models.
A syndrome of eunuchoidism with spermatogenesis, normal urinary FSH and low or normal ICSH: (fertile eunuchs).

WHETHER androgen deficiency is of the severest grade, as in eunuchism, or of less severe grade, as in eunuchoidism, and whether it is of testicular or of hypophyseal origin, the testes are almost invariably aplastic or atrophic and in consequence distinctly small. To find normalsized testes in an individual who otherwise has all the attributes of a eunuch is an impressive sight and is the key to the syndrome to be described: The finding of normal or nearly normal-sized testes under such circumstances indicates two simple facts: a) that eunuchism is not testicular failure, but androgen deficiency; and b) that testicular mass depends largely on the bulk of the tubules present. Eunuchs and eunuchoids are almost invariably sterile and, so far as we can judge from our experience and that of others, there is seldom spermatogenesis to be demonstrated by testicular biopsy. In the 5 patients described here, there were moderate numbers of spermatozoa in almost all tubules prior to treatment; and in 2 there were nor...
Associations among School Characteristics and Foodservice Practices in a Nationally Representative Sample of United States Schools

Abstract Objective Determine school characteristics associated with healthy/unhealthy food service offerings or healthy food preparation practices. Design Secondary analysis of cross-sectional data. Setting Nationally representative sample of public and private elementary, middle, and high schools. Participants Data from the 2006 School Health Policies and Practices Study Food Service School Questionnaire, n = 526 for Healthy and Unhealthy Offerings analysis; n = 520 for Healthy Preparation analysis. Main Outcome Measures Scores for healthy/unhealthy foodservice offerings and healthy food preparation practices. Analysis Multivariable regression to determine significant associations among school characteristics and offerings/preparation practices. Results Public schools and schools participating in the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Team Nutrition reported more healthy offerings and preparation than private or nonparticipating schools, respectively. Elementary schools reported fewer unhealthy offerings than middle or high schools; middle schools reported fewer unhealthy offerings than high schools. Schools requiring foodservice managers to have a college education reported more healthy preparation, whereas those requiring completion of a foodservice training program reported fewer unhealthy offerings and more healthy preparation than schools without these requirements. Conclusions and Implications Results suggest the school nutrition environment may be improved by requiring foodservice managers to hold a nutrition-related college degree and/or successfully pass a foodservice training program, and by participating in a school-based nutrition program, such as USDA Team Nutrition.
Mesothelioma in vehicle mechanics: is the risk different for Australians?

BACKGROUND: The question of whether vehicle mechanics have an increased risk of mesothelioma has important public health implications. Calculations of relative risk using case reports from the Australian Mesothelioma Registry (AMR) indicate increased risks; however, this contrasts with the results of 19 epidemiologic studies that have found no association. AIM: To evaluate potential explanations for the discrepancy of findings from epidemiologic studies and AMR reports. METHODS: We evaluated three hypotheses as possible explanations for the inconsistency between the AMR-based calculations and the findings from published epidemiologic studies: (i) differences in exposure characteristics of Australian vehicle mechanics versus vehicle mechanics in North America and Europe, (ii) limitations of the AMR data and (iii) errors in the risk calculations based on AMR data. We reviewed available exposure information specific to Australian vehicle mechanics and AMR data, obtained from the Australian National Occupational Health and Safety Commission, for this evaluation. RESULTS: We did not identify differences in workplace exposures, processes or fibre type among Australian vehicle mechanics compared to vehicle mechanics in other countries. Our analysis of primary AMR data identified several errors in exposure classification and in the assumptions used to calculate relative risk. CONCLUSIONS: Discrepancies between epidemiologic studies and AMR-based calculations cannot be explained by differences in exposure. These discrepancies are most likely attributable to inadequate occupational information and classification in the AMR from 1986 forward and to erroneous assumptions used to derive relative risk estimates for mesothelioma among Australian vehicle mechanics. Language: en
Understanding chronic non-communicable diseases in Latin America: towards an equity-based research agenda

Although chronic non-communicable diseases are traditionally depicted as diseases of affluence, growing evidence suggests they strike along the fault lines of social inequality. The challenge of understanding how these conditions shape patterns of population health in Latin America requires an inter-disciplinary lens. This paper reviews the burden of chronic non-communicable diseases in the region and examines key myths surrounding their prevalence and distribution. It argues that a social justice approach rooted in the idea of health inequity needs to be at the core of research in this area, and concludes with discussion of a new approach to guide empirical research, the 'average/deprivation/inequality' framework.
Results from short-duration altitude-chamber techniques for simulating rocket base heating problems.

Short duration technique providing simulation of thermodynamic properties and composition of exhaust products of liquid and solid propellant rocket engines
TGF-β Converts Apoptotic Stimuli into the Signal for Th9 Differentiation

Naturally arising CD4(+)CD25(+)FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells (nTregs) have an essential role in maintenance of immune homeostasis and peripheral tolerance. Previously, we reported that conventional CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells undergo p53-induced CD28-dependent apoptosis (PICA) when stimulated with a combination of immobilized anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 Abs, whereas nTregs expand robustly under the same conditions, suggesting that there is a differential survival mechanism against PICA between conventional T cells and nTregs. In this study, we demonstrate that TGF-β signaling is required for nTregs to survive PICA. Conversely, when an active form of exogenous TGF-β is present, conventional T cells become resistant to PICA and undergo robust expansion instead of apoptosis, with reduction of the proapoptotic protein Bim and FoxO3a. A substantial fraction of PICA-resistant T cells expressed IL-9 (T(H)9 cells). Moreover, the presence of IL-6 along with TGF-β led to the generation of T(H)17 cells from conventional T cells. Together, the data demonstrate a novel role for TGF-β in the homeostasis of regulatory T cells and effector T cell differentiation and expansion.
Glucose increases rat plasma norepinephrine levels by direct action on the brain.

The hypothesis that glucose can selectively activate the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) by direct action on the brain was tested using plasma norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (Epi) responses to intracarotid and intravenous glucose injections as indexes of SNS and adrenal medullary responses, respectively. Intracarotid glucose bolus injections (0.1 g/kg) transiently raised plasma glucose (22%) and insulin (98%) levels at 2 min and increased plasma NE, but not Epi, levels from 2 to 60 min. Areas under the NE curve were 700% higher than equiosmolar doses of mannitol. An intravenous glucose bolus (1 g/kg) gave quantitatively similar but delayed (30 min) NE responses to the 0.1 g/kg intracarotid dose but raised plasma glucose 500% and insulin 1,700% above baseline at 2 min postinjection. Slow intracarotid glucose infusions for 60 min at 4 mg.kg-1.min-1 raised plasma NE levels from 30 to 60 min with 250% higher areas under the NE curve than the intracarotid and intravenous bolus doses but without a change in plasma glucose, insulin, or Epi levels. Infusions at 6 mg.kg-1.min-1 transiently raised plasma NE levels at 30 min without altering glucose, insulin, or Epi levels. These results suggest that glucose alone can produce a selective, delayed SNS activation by a direct action on the brain.
Proteasome Inhibition Leads to Significant Reduction of Bcr-Abl Expression and Subsequent Induction of Apoptosis in K562 Human Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia Cells

The chimeric oncogene bcr-abl is detected in virtually every case of chronic myelogenous leukemia. It has been shown that cells (such as K562) expressing Bcr-Abl/p210, a protein tyrosine kinase, not only undergo cellular transformation but also demonstrate multiple drug resistance. Recent studies also demonstrate that the proteasome is involved in the survival signaling pathway(s). In the current study, we tested the hypothesis that the proteasome might play a role in regulating Bcr-Abl function. We have demonstrated by using a variety of inhibitors that inhibition of the proteasome, but not of the cysteine protease, activity is able to activate the apoptotic cell death program in K562 cells. Proteasome inhibition-induced apoptosis is demonstrated by condensation and fragmentation of nuclei, appearance of an apoptotic population with sub-G1 DNA content, the internucleosomal fragmentation of DNA, and cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, and can be blocked by a specific caspase-3-like tetrapeptide inhibitor. Western blot analysis with specific antibodies to c-Abl and Bcr proteins show that treatment of K562 cells with a proteasome inhibitor results in significant reduction of Bcr-Abl protein expression, which occurs several hours before the onset of apoptotic execution. Levels of c-Abl/p145 and Bcr/p160 proteins, however, remain essentially unaltered at that time. Furthermore, reduced Bcr-Abl expression is reflected in significantly attenuated Bcr-Abl-mediated protein tyrosine phosphorylation. Taken together, these results indicate that proteasome inhibition is sufficient to inactivate Bcr-Abl function and subsequently activate the apoptotic death program in cells that are resistant to apoptosis induced by chemotherapy.
Is Euclid on the Skids

Mathematics has changed so rapidly and has expanded so dramatically that no attempt at a definition of the subject has proved definitive. Not surprisingly, diverse approaches to the teaching of mathematics have been proposed, especially during the past twenty-five years, but none of them has proved definitive, either. However, there is some general agreement about the teaching of most branches of mathematics.
X.—Determinants for Matrices over Lattices

In the literature concerning matrices whose co-ordinates are elements of a Boolean lattice, one may find three different definitions for the determinant of a matrix. We shall call these the first, second and third determinant and will denote the value of the i th determinant of a matrix A by | A | i for i = 1, 2, 3. The first determinant may be defined for square matrices over an arbitrary lattice. The second and third determinants may be defined for square matrices over any lattice L with a greatest element I, a least element o and an orthocomplementation′: L→L , that is a ′ is a complement of a, a = a″ and a ≤ b implies that b ′ ≤ a ′ for all a, b in L . In this paper we obtain some elementary properties of these determinants in this general setting and in the particular case where L is an orthomodular lattice, that is a lattice with o, 1 and an orthocomplementation' such that
Otodental syndrome, oculo-facio-cardio-dental (OFCD) syndrome, and lobodontia: dental disorders of interest to the pediatric radiologist

Three unusual dental anomalies are presented which should be of interest to the pediatric radiologist: otodental syndrome – an autosomal dominant syndrome of bizarre, greatly enlarged teeth with bulbous crowns (globodontia) that spares the incisors, in combination with sensorineural hearing loss; oculo-facio-cardio-dental syndrome – an X-linked dominant syndrome that is lethal in males, characterized by congenital cataracts, unusual facies, atrial septal defect (ASD), ventricular septal defect (VSD), and canine teeth that cease to grow only when they cut off their own blood supply by growing through the orbit and lower border of mandible; and lobodontia – a dominant disorder characterized by teeth whose crowns resemble those of a wolf.
Adductor Spastic Dysphonia: 1 1/2 Years after Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Resection

After recurrent laryngeal nerve resection for adductor spastic dysphonia, the voices of 37 patients (ages 39 to 79 years) were assessed 24 hours, 1 month, 6 months, and 1 year after surgery, and those of 33 patients up to 1 1/2 years after surgery. By 24 hours after surgery, 97% of patients had improved and 3% had failed; by 1 month, 97% were still improved while 3% had failed; by 6 months, 92% had maintained improvement while 8% had failed; by 1 year, 68% were still improved but 32% had failed; and by 1 1/2 years, 61% were still improved while 39% had failed. The patients whose voices improved varied from one another in both type and degree of residual dysphonia. The typical postsurgical voice was free of spasm, with some breathiness, hoarseness, and reduced volume being present. The voices of some patients approached normalcy. To most patients, relief from the physical effort to phonate was as important as the improved voice. Continued long-term follow-up studies and careful, collaborative selection of ...
Automobile Anti-theft System of Network Based on S3C2410

Based on the Samsung ARM9 series S3C2410 processor,a network automobile anti-theft system was designed and successfully developed.With the use of the sensor technology,image processing technology and GPRS network in the system, the remote video surveillance of automobiles was effectively realized and the reliability of automobile security system was im- proved.
A comparison of peritoneal dialysis-related infections in black and white patients

ObjectiveTo determine if black patients in our peritoneal dialysis (PD) program had higher rates of PD-related infections. The outcomes of black patients versus white patients were also reviewed.De...
The Amygdala: Historical and functional analysis

The amygdala, part of the limbic system, is a small collection of neurons located in the ventral temporal lobe, and can be divided into two morphologically and functionally distinct nuclei - the corticomedial, a phylogenetically old group, and the basolateral, a phylogenetically more recent group. Both divisions of the amygdala have extensive interconnections with the hypothalamus, the corticomedial nucleus via the stria terminalis and the basolateral nucleus via the ventral amygdalohypothalamic pathway. The amygdala receives input from the orbital frontal cortex, the piriform cortex, the hypothalamus, the thalamus, and all sensory modalities as well as from the other structures of the limbic system. Early theories positing strictly emotional, olfactory, or visceral functions for the amygdala are at best incomplete. An intact amygdala seems to be essential for the successful performance of behavior patterns such as instinctive food getting and instinctive defensive reactions that are necessary for the survival of the individual organism and the species. Ablation of the amygdala produces many behavioral deficits that center around the inability to integrate changes in reinforcement contigencies into new behavior patterns.
Surgery for Pediatric Rhinosinusitis

Surgery for complicated acute sinusitis can be emergent. Endoscopic sinus surgery is reserved for children with chronic rhinosinusitis who fail maximal medical therapy. Several surgical procedures are available for chronic sinusitis, and these procedures should be considered in a stepwise approach. Adenoidectomy is an integral part in the surgical management of pediatric sinusitis. Balloon dilatation +/− sinus wash can be considered prior to performing endoscopic sinus surgery. Endoscopic sinus surgery in children is safe, with low complication rate, and has an excellent outcome.
Problems in the Study of Apaches and Other Indians in Chihuahua and Southern New Mexico During the Spanish and Mexican Periods

ABSTRACTThere are a considerable number of unused or underused documentary sources that are available for investigating the ethnohistory of the Apache and Comanche, as well as other Native Americans in the area of central northern Mexico during the Spanish and Mexican periods. Some of the possibilities for research and the major sources are discussed.
Overcoming Pest and Pathogen Adaptability Using Insights from Evolutionary Biology

Biotechnology is often sold as a cure-all for our pest problems. However, if we have learned anything from the “rise and fall” of chemical insecticides, it should be that the evolution of pest species can frustrate mankind’s best laid technological solutions. Already, there is evidence that cultivars genetically engineered to be resistant to herbivores or pathogens may be useful for only brief time periods as a result of pest evolution. Fortunately, insights from evolutionary biology point towards strategies for deploying transgenic plants that could enhance their durability by impeding the evolution of virulence among those species that attack the genetically engineered cultivars. Importantly, the translation of this theoretical insight into practical action will require information best supplied by molecular genetics -- information on the molecular basis of virulence versus avirulence, information on mutation rates and the likelihood of cross-resistance, and quantification of gene flow. The future of biotechnology will be as bright as advertised only if evolutionary biologists and molecular biologists join forces in planning the design of agroecosystems.
Association Between Method of Prescribing and Primary Nonadherence to Dermatologic Medication in an Urban Hospital Population

Importance Prescription underuse is associated with poorer clinical outcomes. A significant proportion of underuse is owing to primary nonadherence, defined as the rate at which patients fail to fill and pick up new prescriptions. Although electronic prescribing increases coordination of care and decreases errors, its effect on primary nonadherence is less certain. Objectives To analyze factors associated with primary nonadherence to dermatologic medications and study whether electronic prescribing affects rates of primary nonadherence. Design, Setting, and Participants A retrospective review of medical records was conducted from January 1, 2011, to December 31, 2013, among a cohort of new patients prescribed dermatologic medications at a single, urban, safety-net hospital outpatient dermatology clinic. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was the overall rate of primary nonadherence, defined as filling and picking up all prescribed medications within a 1-year period, and the difference in primary nonadherence between patients who received electronic prescriptions and those who received paper prescriptions. Secondary outcomes included the association of primary nonadherence with sex, age, relationship status, primary language, race/ethnicity, and number of prescriptions. Results A total of 4318 prescriptions were written for 2496 patients (mean [SD] age, 47.7 [13.2] years; 849 men and 1647 women). The overall rate of primary nonadherence was 31.6% (n = 788). Based on multivariable analysis, the risk of primary nonadherence was 16 percentage points lower among patients given an electronic prescription (15.2%) than patients given a paper prescription (31.5%). Primary nonadherence decreased with age ( Conclusions and Relevance Compared with paper prescriptions, electronic prescriptions were associated with less primary nonadherence. Number of prescriptions, language, race/ethnicity, and age were associated with increased rates of primary nonadherence. Efforts must be made to understand why primary nonadherence occurs, identify patients prone to primary nonadherence, and simplify medication regimens to maximize adherence and quality of care.
The two-beam accelerator

Abstract A two-beam accelerator, in which one of the beams is an intense low energy beam made to undergo free electron lasing and the other beam is a compact bunch of high energy electrons, is shown to be an interesting possibility for a linear collider.
The p53 R72P and MDM2 -309 polymorphisms and risk of breast cancer in the Nurses' Health Studies.

A175 Candidate gene association studies to detect breast cancer susceptibility loci have yielded few positive associations. Therefore, a hypothesis in which variants in multiple genes along related biological pathways combine to influence breast cancer risk is more likely. A strong candidate pathway is that of p53-mediated cell cycle control, DNA repair, and apoptosis. The two major proteins along this pathway are p53 and its negative regulator MDM2. Functional polymorphisms in both genes have been identified. The -309 SNP in MDM2 is associated with increased transcription. The Pro72Arg polymorphism of p53 alters the transcription of p53 target genes and modifies the apoptotic potential of cells. Both polymorphisms have been studied with respect to breast cancer risk, with inconclusive results. We hypothesize that both SNPs in combination alter breast cancer risk. To test this hypothesis, we genotyped both the -309 SNP in MDM2 and Pro72Arg in p53 among breast cancer cases and controls from the Nurses9 Health Study and Nurses9 Health Study II. While neither SNP is independently associated with breast cancer risk, an interaction between MDM2 -309 and p53 Pro72Arg is detected (p-interaction = 0.01). Women carrying one copy of the G allele of MDM2 -309 and homozygous for Pro72 of p53 are at a 21 percent decreased risk of breast cancer (OR 0.79, 95% CI 0.65 - 0.97).