cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration of accessory spleen: Cytomorphologic features and diagnostic considerations.

Background Accessory spleen/or splenule (AS) can involve pancreas/or peripancreatic tissue and present as a mass-forming lesion, and on imaging studies, it stimulates concern for a neoplastic process. The current study reported the largest cohort of AS cases evaluated by endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA). Methods We retrospectively reviewed our data base system for cases underwent EUS-FNA for pancreatic/or peripancreatic lesions, with "AS" in diagnosis or in note/or with a clinical concern in the history, from January 2010 to August 2019. Corresponding cytology slides were re-reviewed to identify the key cytomorphologic features. Results We identified 25 AS cases from 15 female and 10 male patients with a mean age of 55 years. Most patients presented with non-specific clinical symptoms or were identified as an incidental mass lesion. Majority of the lesions were located in or around the pancreatic tail region (68%) while the remainder in perisplenic region (32%). Rapid on-site evaluation (ROSE) was performed in nearly half of the cases (48%). Cytologically, AS shows a mixed population of medium to small-sized lymphocytes, clusters of lymphoid cells (LC), prominent vascularity (PV), scattered mixed inflammatory cells including eosinophils, and large platelet aggregates (LPAs). Among them, LC (P = .0079), PV and LPAs were the most helpful features for cytological diagnosis. Conclusion AS is a benign entity and may pose a diagnostic challenge due to its resemblance to a neoplastic process on imaging studies. EUS-FNA is an important tool to recognize AS by identifying its key cytologic features, thus may help to avoid unnecessary surgical management.
COVID-19 serologic testing: FAQs and caveats.

There has been an immense amount of tangential discussion regarding the potential usefulness of serologic testing for COVID-19. Serologic testing has never been routinely used for diagnosing infections with “respiratory viruses” such as influenzae, parainfluenzae, respiratory syncytial viruses,
Recent Advances in Metachromatic Leukodystrophy

Metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) is a fatal neurolipidosis characterized pathologically by both central and peripheral demyelination. It is genetically-determined as an autosomal recessive. MLD is caused by a deficiency of cerebroside sulfatase (arylsulfatase A; E.C.3.1.6.)(3), a lysosomal hydrolase responsible for the catabolism of sulfatide. Its substrate, cerebroside sulfate (sulfatide), is one of the key glycolipids in the myelin sheath.
Study on the Temperature Distribution of UHV Arrester Considering the Influence of Wind Speed and Sunlight

Infrared temperature measurement plays an important role in the live detection of UHV arrester with its advantages of high efficiency and accuracy. However, the surface temperature of arrester will be affected by wind speed, sunlight and other external factors, which brings certain difficulties to infrared temperature measurement and fault diagnosis. Based on the principle of finite element, this paper established a three-dimensional temperature field simulation model of UHV AC arrester coupled with thermoelectricity, so as to use the model to simulate and analyze the temperature distribution of arrester under the influence of different wind speed and sunlight. The results show that the increase of wind speed strengthens the air convection and heat dissipation, which makes the maximum surface temperature decrease and the temperature rise decrease due to the internal defect heating of the arrester; the surface temperature of the arrester increases with the increase of solar radiation intensity, and the temperature of the sunny side is higher than that of the back, but the change of temperature rise is not great. The conclusion can be used as a reference for infrared temperature measurement of arrester in nonideal environment.
Ultrasound-assisted laser thrombolysis with endovascular laser and high-intensity focused ultrasound

Purpose The combination of laser and ultrasound can significantly improve the efficiency of thrombolysis through an enhanced cavitation effect. We developed a fiber optics-based laser-ultrasound thrombolysis device and tested the feasibility and efficiency of this technology for restoring blood flow in an in vitro blood clot model. Methods An in vitro blood flow-clot model was setup, and then an endovascular laser thrombolysis system was combined with high-intensity focused ultrasound to remove the clot. The laser and ultrasound pulses were synchronized and delivered to the blood clot concurrently. The laser pulses of 532 nm were delivered to the blood clot endovascularly through an optical fiber, whereas the ultrasound pulses of 0.5 MHz were applied noninvasively to the same region. Effectiveness of thrombolysis was evaluated by the ability to restore blood flow, which was monitored by ultrasound Doppler. Results As laser powers increased, the ultrasound threshold pressures for effective thrombolysis decreased. For laser fluence levels of 0, 2, and 4 mJ/cm2 , the average negative ultrasound threshold pressures were 1.26 ± 0.114, 1.05 ± 0.181, and 0.59 ± 0.074 MPa, respectively. The periods of time needed to achieve effective thrombolysis were measured at 0.8, 2, and 4 mJ/cm2 laser fluence levels and 0.42, 0.70, and 0.98 MPa negative ultrasound pressures. In general, thrombolysis could be achieved more rapidly with higher laser powers or ultrasound pressures. Conclusions Effective thrombolysis can be achieved by combining endovascular laser with noninvasive ultrasound at relatively low power and pressure levels, which can potentially improve both the treatment efficiency and safety.
The AMBRA1 E3 ligase adaptor regulates the stability of cyclin D.

The initiation of cell division integrates a large number of intra- and extracellular inputs. D-type cyclins (hereafter, cyclin D) couple these inputs to the initiation of DNA replication1. Increased levels of cyclin D promote cell division by activating cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 (hereafter, CDK4/6), which in turn phosphorylate and inactivate the retinoblastoma tumour suppressor. Accordingly, increased levels and activity of cyclin D–CDK4/6 complexes are strongly linked to unchecked cell proliferation and cancer2,3. However, the mechanisms that regulate levels of cyclin D are incompletely understood4,5. Here we show that autophagy and beclin 1 regulator 1 (AMBRA1) is the main regulator of the degradation of cyclin D. We identified AMBRA1 in a genome-wide screen to investigate the genetic basis of the response to CDK4/6 inhibition. Loss of AMBRA1 results in high levels of cyclin D in cells and in mice, which promotes proliferation and decreases sensitivity to CDK4/6 inhibition. Mechanistically, AMBRA1 mediates ubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation of cyclin D as a substrate receptor for the cullin 4 E3 ligase complex. Loss of AMBRA1 enhances the growth of lung adenocarcinoma in a mouse model, and low levels of AMBRA1 correlate with worse survival in patients with lung adenocarcinoma. Thus, AMBRA1 regulates cellular levels of cyclin D, and contributes to cancer development and the response of cancer cells to CDK4/6 inhibitors. AMBRA1 is the main regulator of the degradation of D-type cyclins, and loss of AMBRA1 promotes cell proliferation and tumour growth, and reduces the sensitivity of cancer cells to inhibition of CDK4 and CDK6.
Fighting two pandemics at once: When COVID-19 meets racism

The Centers for Disease Control also suggest that racial/ethnic disparities in living and working conditions during the pandemic have led to increased health risks for these racial/ethnic minorities. The self-determination theory includes the need for autonomy as one of the most important human needs to be fulfilled in order to ensure intrinsic motivation on the job (Deci & Ryan, 2000). [...]under stressful situations, lacking control can influence the likelihood of counterproductive work behavior (Tucker etal., 2009). In the United States, because of the stigma associated with COVID-19, the two million small businesses owned by Asians are at particular risk of losing customers (Kwon, 2020). Since the U.S. declared a national emergency on March 13, Asian-owned businesses saw a 60% decrease in revenue (JP Morgan Chase and Company, 2020). [...]although the COVID-19 pandemic may be contained one day, its influence on workers and organizations can be long lasting.
Robust Adaptive Load Frequency Control for Multi-area Power System Grid Networks with Uncertainty

In this paper, we introduce decentralized robust adaptive load frequency control schemes for interconnected multi-area power system networks in the presence of uncertainty. The uncertainty in power networks may appear from load variations, modeling errors, fault disturbances and changes of the power system structure for bilateral contracts between distribution and transmission companies for future open and liberal electricity trading policy. First design comprises state feedback vector terms with the robust and adaptive terms to learn and compensate uncertainty associated with multi-area power system networks. Second design integrates state and sliding mode feedback vectors with the robust and adaptive terms to deal with uncertainty. The control algorithms are designed by using Lyapunov method. It is shown in our convergence analysis that the variation of the states of multi-area power system networks are bounded and their bounds asymptotically convergeto zero. Compared with existing results, the proposed method does not require the exact bounds of the uncertainty associated with the power system networks. The design is simple and easy to implement as it does not require the exact model and matched uncertainty of the power system networks. Evaluation results on multi-area power system networks are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method for real-time applications.
External Beam Radiation Therapy: 3D-Conformal, Intensity-Modulated, and Proton Beam

Radiation plays an important role in the treatment for gallbladder and biliary tract cancers. In the adjuvant setting, the goal of radiation is to provide local disease control and, by doing so, slow overall disease progression and prolong survival. Furthermore, local control is critical because of the morbidity of local progression in the biliary tract. Thus, radiation may help prevent or palliate symptomatic or uncontrolled local disease in both the adjuvant and unresectable settings. Historically, radiation has had a limited role in these malignancies. This was primarily related to the concern about radiation injury to organs at risk (OARs). With a better understanding of dose tolerances of OARs and improved conformality of treatment modalities, radiation has become more widely used.
Introduction to Computational Modeling Using C and Open-Source Tools

Introduction to Computational Modeling Using C and Open-Source Tools presents the fundamental principles of computational models from a computer science perspective. It explains how to implement these models using the C programming language. The software tools used in the book include the Gnu Scientific Library (GSL), which is a free software library of C functions, and the versatile, open-source GnuPlot for visualizing the data. All source files, shell scripts, and additional notes are located at science.kennesaw.edu/~jgarrido/comp_models The book first presents an overview of problem solving and the introductory concepts, principles, and development of computational models before covering the programming principles of the C programming language. The author then applies programming principles and basic numerical techniques, such as polynomial evaluation, regression, and other numerical methods, to implement computational models. He also discusses more advanced concepts needed for modeling dynamical systems and explains how to generate numerical solutions. The book concludes with the modeling of linear optimization problems. Emphasizing analytical skill development and problem solving, this book helps you understand how to reason about and conceptualize the problems, generate mathematical formulations, and computationally visualize and solve the problems. It provides you with the foundation to understand more advanced scientific computing, including parallel computing using MPI, grid computing, and other techniques in high-performance computing.
Teenagers, Literacy, and School: Researching in Multilingual Contexts by Ken Cruickshank

Following the groundbreaking ethnographic work of Heath (1983), Cruickshank's book, Teenagers, Literacy, and School, examines the gaps between literacy practices at home and school. By studying a g...
Opportunity in Haiti : women as agents of resilience in post-disaster reconstruction

Focusing on the Haitian earthquake of January 12, 2010, this project seeks to identify and analyze the role of women, and organized women’s groups, during disaster recovery processes and to highlight opportunities presented in this context to improve approaches to post-disaster reconstruction, support local initiatives for social change, and lay the foundations for future resilience. In the sixteen months following the earthquake, as international and national institutions struggled to respond in an effective and efficient manner, Haitian women, and their organizations, served a central role in cultivating stability within affected communities. As institutions and communities seek to reconstruct the material and social foundations of Haiti, focusing on the contemporary actions of Haitian women provides opportunities to further support their empowerment and to transform approaches to post-disaster reconstruction. Building on historical narratives of resilience, Haitian women’s organizations can place themselves at the root of a new national narrative, one that emphasizes the centrality of their concerns to the creation of broader social stability, and leverages their ability to weave together fragmented elements of society. Additionally, as international relief and development institutions re-engage in a discussion of how to best address fundamental challenges of communication, coordination, and continuity in post-disaster reconstruction, integrating a focus on women’s agency will highlight ways in which the persistence of women’s networks and organizations can support an integrated, culturally appropriate and ultimately sustainable process of reconstruction.
A DNA conformational alteration induced by a neighboring oligopurine tract on GAATTA enables nicking by EcoRI

The pseudo EcoRI site GAATTA in the U3 region of the long terminal repeat of human immunodeficiency virus, which is flanked by a 26-base pair oligopurine tract, is readily nicked by either EcoRI or RsrI. The strand-specific nick occurs predominantly between the G and A residues and is independent of negative supercoiling. Other GAATTA sites surrounded by random (non-oligopurine) sequences are not nicked by these restriction endonucleases. However, other types and lengths of oligopurine tracts are effective in inducing the nicking in neighboring GAATTA sites. Hence, we propose that the flanking oligopurine tracts induce an altered DNA conformation on the GAATTA target site which may be similar to the transition state induced by EcoRI when binding to its canonical recognition site. Gel retardation analyses on restriction fragments containing the oligopurine-GAATTA-oligopurine sequences suggest the presence of helical axis distortions which are consistent with this interpretation.
Enzymatic defects in the sphingolipidoses.

Publisher Summary Sphingolipidoses is characterized by the accumulation of excessive quantities of a related family of complex lipids in various tissues of the body. The nature of the metabolic defect is demonstrated in four sphingolipodystrophies. This chapter summarizes the metabolic defects in these sphingolipodystrophies—namely, in Gaucher's disease, meta-chromatic leukodystrophy, Fabry's disease, and Niemann–Pick disease. The lipids that accumulate in all of the sphingolipidoses have a portion of their structure in common, called ceramide, which consists of the long-chain amino alcohol sphingosine and a long-chain fatty acid bound through an amide bond to the nitrogen atom of sphingosine. Various substituents are linked to carbon-I of the sphingosine portion of ceramide, such as glucose in glucocerebroside, which accumulates in Gaucher's disease and phosphorylcholine in sphingomyelin, which accumulates in Niemann–Pick disease. The use of labeled materials for the elucidation of the defects in Tay–Sachs disease and related conditions is also indicated.
Initial Oxidation of H-Terminated Si(100) in O 3 ( 950 ppm ) / O 2 and Pure O 2

The initial oxidation of the H-terminated Si(100) surface was studied in 03 (950 ppm)/O 2 and molecular oxygen ambient using contact angle goniometry, mirror enhanced polarized reflection Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and attenuated total reflection FTIR spectroscopy at low temperatures (<300°C). Mono-, di-, and tri-hydrides were removed gradually, while intermediate species such as silicon oxy-hydrides and epoxides were formed on the Si surface. During the O 3 /O 2 or O 2 oxidation, H 2 O contact angles decreased from ∼72° (H-terminated hydrophobic surface) to a low asymptotic value (hydrophilic oxide surface) after a minimum value was achieved in the meantime. Species like suboxides appeared to be responsible for the observed minimum of the H 2 O contact angles. CH 2 I 2 contact angles had high sensitivity at high H coverage on Si(100) surfaces, while H 2 O contact angles had high sensitivity at low H coverage. The removal of hydrides between 2000 and 2200 cm - 1 in O 3 /O 2 was substantially faster and less temperature-sensitive than that in O 2 . Samples processed in O 3 /O 2 had H 2 O contact angles ∼30-50° lower than those processed in pure O 2 . FTIR studies suggest an ozone-related adsorption species at ∼1727 cm - 1 during the O 3 (950 ppm)/O 2 oxidation of H-terminated Si(100).
Social modeling effects on perception of the police: Focus on indirect police contact experience among college students

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether indirect police contacts through observational learning models impact students’ trust in the police and their perceptions of police bias. Design/methodology/approach – The study is based on a survey at two public universities in the mid-western and southern regions of the USA (921 out of 1,089 responses were retained for this study). The empirical analysis relied on a principle component factor analysis and a multivariate regression analysis. Findings – Results show that three observational learning models (live, verbal, and symbolic) significantly influence perceptions of the police. In particular, the symbolic model is significant regardless of students’ direct and indirect contact experiences with the police. Originality/value – This study is the first to examine the modeling effects on attitudes toward the police applying the classic social learning theory developed by Albert Bandura. The results highlight the importance of indirect police ...
Staining intraoperative topical solutions with fluorescein: enhancing the safety of sinus surgery.

Background Oxymetazoline HCl 0.05%, 1:100,000 lidocaine with epinephrine (lido+epi), and 1:1000 epinephrine are all colorless solutions employed in sinus surgery. Because lido+epi is injected whereas others are not, care must be taken to label all solutions to avoid inadvertent injection of oxymetazoline or concentrated epinephrine because of life-threatening complications. Dyes have been used to color solutions for visual identification, but efficacy and cost have never been compared. We sought to determine the effectiveness of surgical marking pen (gentian violet) and fluorescein strips as coloring agents in mediums commonly used in sinus surgery. Methods In this specialty techniques study, 4 liquid mediums (normal saline [NS], 0.05% oxymetazoline, 1:1,000 epinephrine, and lido+epi) and 2 coloring agents (fluorescein strip and surgical marking pen) were combined separately. Photos and absorbance of each solution were obtained at 15-minute intervals over 2 hours using a spectrophotometer. Results Peak absorbance remained stable for all solutions with fluorescein. Absorbance also remained constant for NS (0.37 absorbance units [AU] 0.37 AU) and oxymetazoline (2.8 AU 2.8 AU) mixed with marking pen. Absorbance decreased over 2 hours when marking pen was mixed with 1:1000 epinephrine (0.82 AU 0.32 AU) and lido+epi (1.19 AU 0.33 AU). Furthermore, the majority of color visibility and absorbance decreased in the first 15 minutes for concentrated epinephrine (0.82 0.33) and lido+epi (1.19 0.51). Cost of fluorescein strips ($0.14 to $0.20/strip) was less than marking pens ($13 to 46/pen). Conclusion Compared to marking pen dye, solutions dyed with fluorescein retained their color and did not decay over time. We recommend fluorescein strips to label colorless materials in the operating room because of their lack of color decay and cost advantages.
Integer programming models for the multidimensional assignment problem with star costs

Abstract We consider a variant of the multidimensional assignment problem (MAP) with decomposable costs in which the resulting optimal assignment is described as a set of disjoint stars. This problem arises in the context of multi-sensor multi-target tracking problems, where a set of measurements, obtained from a collection of sensors, must be associated to a set of different targets. To solve this problem we study two different formulations. First, we introduce a continuous nonlinear program and its linearization, along with additional valid inequalities that improve the lower bounds. Second, we state the standard MAP formulation as a set partitioning problem, and solve it via branch and price. These approaches were put to test by solving instances ranging from tripartite to 20-partite graphs of 4 to 30 nodes per partition. Computational results show that our approaches are a viable option to solve this problem. A comparative study is presented.
Challenges and Prospects of Nanopillar-Based Solar Cells

Materials and device architecture innovations are essential for further enhancing the performance of solar cells while potentially enabling their large-scale integration as a viable source of alternative energy. In this regard, tremendous research has been devoted in recent years with continuous progress in the field. In this article, we review the recent advancements in nanopillar-based photovoltaics while discussing the future challenges and prospects. Nanopillar arrays provide unique advantages over thin films in the areas of optical properties and carrier collection, arising from their three-dimensional geometry. The choice of the material system, however, is essential in order to gain the advantage of the large surface/interface area associated with nanopillars with the constraints different from those of the thin film devices.
Economic Evaluation of Reindeer Range in Alaska

Currently most managers in the Alaska reindeer industry utilize an extensive management plan in operating their enterprises. This plan does not incorporate the use of a planned rotational grazing system. To investigate the possibility of enhancing economic returns, a simulated reindeer operation is modeled using a linear programming framework. Included within the model are three management plans, including the present plan and two more intensive management approaches. The two alternatives incorporate the use of rotational grazing. Model results suggest that both the economic performance of a reindeer enterprise and the economic productivity of reindeer range would be substantially improved by employing a more intensive management plan that utilizes a five-year rotational grazing system. Shadow prices from the model's forage constraint are used to calculate annual rental values for different range types. The policy implications of these values are examined through a discussion of the possible implementation of grazing fees and the opportunity cost of allocating the rangeland for caribou use. De nos jours la plupart des regisseurs dans l'industrie des rennes en Alaska utilise un projet de regie extensif. Ce projet ne contient pas l'usage d'un projet de pâturage en rotation. Pour analyser la possibilite d'augmentation des profits, on utilise un modele d'une operation des rennes, simule avec un reseau de programmes lineaires. Compris dans le modele sont trois projets de regie, le projet actuel et deux autres methodes de regie intensives. Les deux alternatives contiennent l'usage d'un projet de pâturage en rotation. Les resultats des modeles proposent que le rendement economique d'un entreprise de rennes et la productivite du territoire des rennes seraient ameliores fondamentalement avec l'emploi d'un projet de regie plus intensif. Ce projet utilise un systeme de pâturage en rotation pendant cinq ans. On utilise des prix “shadow” (additionelles) du fourrage dans ce modele pour calculer les loyers annuels pour les types differents de territoire. On examine aussi les consequences theoriques des methodes en face des ces valeurs dans une discussion de la mise en vigueur possible des droits de pâturage et le cout de consacrer les territoires a l'usage des caribou.
Inverse Methods for Electromagnetic Waves

In this report a general formulation will be used to demonstrate three aspects of inverse scattering theory: the use of a ptioti information, the mathematical structure of inverse scattering theory, and the construction of more complex models from simpler models. First, the periodic and resonance properties of the scattering data are used to determine the periodicity of a structure. A prioti information about this structure enables the use of an iterative method to determine the amplitude of this periodicity. Second, the analytic properties of the scattering data are used to determine the permittivity of an inhomogeneous and dispersive region. A prioti information about the dispersion relation is essential for this method; in principle this mathematical method is "exact". Third, the first two methods are combined to investigate more complicated scattering data produced by approximately periodic or almost physical models.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Imogene King's conceptual framework: a proposed model for continuing nursing education

This paper presents a proposed model for continuing nursing education based on Imogene King's conceptual framework. The rationale for using King's conceptual framework as the foundation underlying this proposed model is three-fold: the concepts--social systems, health, perception, and interpersonal relationships--are relevant in every nursing situation; the interacting levels of operation--individuals, groups, and society--depict a reciprocal relationship between human behaviour and the environment; and the triad of elements--continuing nursing education, nursing practice, and nursing research--are interrelated in the nursing profession. The authors contend that this approach to continuing nursing education is beneficial to participating nurses, the health care consumer, and to the advancement of the nursing profession. Based on its simplicity and flexibility, the proposed intra-systems model described in this article is useful as a systematic guide for continuing nursing education. The authors believe that this proposed model provides an approach for stimulating continued learning, for establishing innovative foundations for nursing practice, and for generating inquiry through research. Utilizing this approach in maintaining the educational standards for professional practice will promote change for the advancement of the nursing profession.
Three-dimensional elastic dislocation modeling of the postseismic response to the 1964 Alaska earthquake

[1] GPS velocity observations from the Kenai Peninsula and Kodiak Island, Alaska, display a pattern of spatial variability suggesting the presence of multiple active processes on the underlying Pacific—North American plate interface. Velocities of sites on the eastern Kenai Peninsula and Kodiak Island are consistent with elastic strain accumulation at the plate interface, whereas velocities of sites on the western Kenai Peninsula and Cook Inlet are oriented in the opposite direction and suggest an ongoing postseismic response to the 1964 Alaska earthquake. We can reproduce the observed velocities using a three-dimensional elastic dislocation model to estimate the variation in coupling between the Pacific and North American plates. Two different inversion schemes are examined to check the robustness of the results. We find that the GPS data can be satisfied by the presence of a locked area near southwest Prince William Sound, a locked area near southwest Kodiak Island, and an area of postseismic reverse slip beneath and north of the western Kenai Peninsula. The shallow plate interface trenchward of the western Kenai Peninsula does not appear to be locked. The locked areas correspond to the Prince William Sound and Kodiak Island asperities that ruptured in 1964, and the area of postseismic slip lies downdip of the 1964 rupture area. The correspondence between the present shallow coupling distribution and the 1964 slip distribution suggests that the locked regions repeat from one earthquake cycle to another.
Writing on dirty paper (Corresp.)

A channel with output Y = X + S + Z is examined, The state S \sim N(0, QI) and the noise Z \sim N(0, NI) are multivariate Gaussian random variables ( I is the identity matrix.). The input X \in R^{n} satisfies the power constraint (l/n) \sum_{i=1}^{n}X_{i}^{2} \leq P . If S is unknown to both transmitter and receiver then the capacity is \frac{1}{2} \ln (1 + P/( N + Q)) nats per channel use. However, if the state S is known to the encoder, the capacity is shown to be C^{\ast} =\frac{1}{2} \ln (1 + P/N) , independent of Q . This is also the capacity of a standard Gaussian channel with signal-to-noise power ratio P/N . Therefore, the state S does not affect the capacity of the channel, even though S is unknown to the receiver. It is shown that the optimal transmitter adapts its signal to the state S rather than attempting to cancel it.
Reactions of children and teachers to classroom observers: a series of controlled investigations

Three experimental investigations of the effects of observers in a laboratory classroom are described. In each study, classroom observers were systematically introduced and withdrawn while additional observers collected data surreptitiously. These studies revealed little systematic effect on the behavior of children or their teacher. Further, the effects which were manifest (a) were not replicable across studies, and (b) did not exceed the number of significant effects expected on the basis of chance. In addition, teachers' evaluations of the effects of repeated observations in 74 regular classrooms provided no evidence of reactivity. Both methodological and ethical implications of these results are discussed.
On the perturbation of least squares problems with equality constraints

Some new perturbation results are presented for least squares problems with equality constraints, in which relative errors are obtained on perturbed solutions, least squares residuals, and vectors of Lagrange multipliers of the problem, based on the equivalence of the problem to a usual least squares problem and optimal perturbation results for orthogonal projections.
Toward HIV eradication or remission: the tasks ahead.

Recent advances in the understanding of viral kinetics and drug therapies have led to the real possibility that HIV can be kept under tight control or that an infected person can be rendered totally free of virus. There are major hurdles in the way of these goals, and David Ho discusses some of the strategies being considered.
White matter grade and ventricular volume on brain MRI as markers of longevity in the cardiovascular health study

High white matter grade (WMG) on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a risk factor for dementia, stroke and disability. Higher ventricular size is a marker of brain "atrophy." In the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) (n=3245) mean age 75 years, 50% black and 40% men, we evaluated WM and ventricular grade (VG), total, cardiovascular and noncardiovascular mortality and longevity before and after adjusting for numerous determinants of longevity over an approximate 10-12 years of follow-up. A low WMG and VG was a marker for low total, cardiovascular and noncardiovascular mortality and for increased longevity over 10+ years of follow-up. We estimated that a 75-year-old with WMG below median would have about a 5-6 years greater longevity and for VG about 3 years, than above the median even after adjustment for numerous risk factors. Low WMG and VG on MRI is a powerful determinant of long-term survival among older individuals.
Core Methodologies in Data Warehouse Design and Development

Data warehouse is a system which can integrate heterogeneous data sources to support the decision making process. Data warehouse design is a lengthy, time-consuming, and costly process. There has been a high failure in data warehouse development projects. Thus how to design and develop a data warehouse have become important issues for information systems designers and developers. This paper reviews and discusses some of the core data warehouse design and development methodologies in information system development. The paper presents in particular the most recent and much heated hybrid approach which is a combination of data-driven and requirement-driven approaches. Core Methodologies in Data Warehouse Design and Development
A high-vacuum triple-axis-diffractometer for soft X-ray scattering experiments

Abstract We present the design of a diffractometer for diffraction and reflection experiments with soft X-rays. The main part of this instrument is a triple-axis-diffractometer consisting of three one-circle-goniometers which are all mounted on a single 14 in. o.d. vacuum flange. The goniometers with their stepper motors are operated in high vacuum ( ⋍1 × 10 −6 Torr ). The performance of the instrument is demonstrated by diffraction experiments using 7.95 A (1.56 keV) synchrotron radiation. Results are presented for cadmium arachidate Langmuir-Blodgett multilayer films on a quartz substrate.
Tornadogenesis in a Simulated Mesovortex within a Mesoscale Convective System

AbstractThe Advanced Regional Prediction System (ARPS) is used to simulate a tornadic mesovortex with the aim of understanding the associated tornadogenesis processes. The mesovortex was one of two tornadic mesovortices spawned by a mesoscale convective system (MCS) that traversed southwestern and central Oklahoma on 8–9 May 2007. The simulation used 100-m horizontal grid spacing, and is nested within two outer grids with 400-m and 2-km grid spacing, respectively. Both outer grids assimilate radar, upper-air, and surface observations via 5-min three-dimensional variational data assimilation (3DVAR) cycles. The 100-m grid is initialized from a 40-min forecast on the 400-m grid.Results from the 100-m simulation provide a detailed picture of the development of a mesovortex that produces a submesovortex-scale tornado-like vortex (TLV). Closer examination of the genesis of the TLV suggests that a strong low-level updraft is critical in converging and amplifying vertical vorticity associated with the mesovortex...
Structural Alterations in Cardiac Calcium Release Units Resulting from Overexpression of Junctin

Abstract Junctin is a 26 kDa membrane protein that binds to calsequestrin, triadin, and ryanodine receptors (RyRs) within the junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum of calcium release units. The sequence of junctin includes a short N-terminal cytoplasmic domain a single transmembrane domain, and a highly charged C-terminal domain located in the sarcoplasmic reticulum lumen. Dog and mouse junctins are highly conserved at the transmembrane domains, but the luminal domains are more divergent. To probe the contribution of junctin to the architecture of calcium release units in heart, we engineered transgenic mice overexpressing canine junctin and examined the left ventricular myocardium by electron microscopy. Overall architecture of calcium release units is similar in control myocardium and in myocardium overexpressing junctin by 5–10-fold. In both myocardia, junctional SR cisternae are closely associated with exterior membranes (plasmalemma and transverse tubules). The cisternae are flat; they contain a string of calsequestrin beads and are lined by a row of feet, or RyRs, on the side facing the exterior membranes. T tubule surface density, measured as the perimeter of T tubule profiles v area of section, is the same in transgenic and control myocardia (305 v 289 nm/nm2). Three changes affecting the junctional SR architecture are apparent in the myocardium overexpressing junctin. One is a more tightly zippered appearance of the junctional SR cisternae. The width of the junctional SR is narrower and less variable in overexpressing than in control myocardium and the calsequestrin content is more compact. A second change is the extension of zippered junctional SR domains to non-junctional regions, which we term ««frustrated»» junctional SR. A third change is an increase in the extent of association between SR and T tubules. In junctin overexpressing myocardium junctional SR cisternae cover ≡45% of the surface of all T tubule profiles, while in control myocardium the coverage is ≡30%. Junctional associations between SR and T tubules are increased in size. We conclude that the increase in junctin expression affects the packing of calsequestrin in the junctional SR and facilitates the association of SR and T tubules.
Frailty Approach for the Analysis of Clustered Failure Time Observations in Dental Research

Because dental implant failure patterns tend to cluster within subjects, we hypothesized that the risk of implant failure varies among subjects. To address this hypothesis in the setting of clustered, correlated observations, we considered a retrospective cohort study where we identified a cohort having at least one implant placed. The cohort was composed of 677 patients who had 2349 implants placed. To test the hypothesis, we applied an innovative analytic method, i.e., the Cox proportional hazards model with frailty, to account for correlation within subjects and the heterogeneity of risk, i.e., frailty, among subjects for implant failure. Consistent with our hypothesis, risk for implant failure among subjects varied to a statistically significantly degree (p = 0.041). In addition, the risk for implant failure is significantly associated with several factors, including tobacco use, implant length, immediate implant placement, staging, well size, and proximity of adjacent implants or teeth.
Diagnostic indocyanine green angiography in preeclampsia.

Purpose To determine the role of the choroidal vasculature in the pathogenesis of exudative retinal detachments in preeclampsia using indocyanine green angiography. Methods We reviewed both fluorescein and indocyanine green angiographic findings for four patients with preeclampsia. Results Indocyanine green angiographic findings in patients with preeclampsia include nonperfusion in the early phases of the angiogram and staining of the choroidal vasculature with subretinal leakage in the late phases of the angiogram and multiple punctate areas of blocked fluorescence. Conclusion Indocyanine green angiography indicates that damage to the choroidal vasculature leads to many of the retinal changes seen in preeclampsia.
Microbial ecology of marginal gingivitis

Accumulations of dental plaque adjacent to the gingival margin which result in gingival inflammation have been termed marginal gingivitis. Recently an international consensus report defined gingival disease. The two broad categories were plaque-induced disease and non-plaque-induced disease. The hallmark of plaque induced disease is a stable periodontal attachment. Nonetheless, the clarification of the various types of plaque-induced gingival diseases recognized clinically, did little to differentiate their etiology, other than the requirement for supragingival plaque. Thus, the differences which have been observed between so-called ‘experimental’ and ‘chronic’ gingival disease were not apparent. However, the better understanding of the microbial ecology of marginal supragingival dental plaque will provide a better understanding of the etiology of these diseases. The advances in bacterial identification and other methodologies may help delineate the differences among these diseases microbiologically.
Hybridization and Plasticity Contribute to Divergence Among Coastal and Wetland Populations of Invasive Hybrid Japanese Knotweed s.l. (Fallopia spp.)

Japanese knotweed s.l. (Fallopia spp.) is a highly invasive clonal plant, best known from roadside and riparian habitats. Its expansion into beaches on Long Island, NY, USA, represents a major habitat shift. I surveyed populations from beaches and wetlands and conducted a common garden experiment to test for variation in drought tolerance and phenotype among populations and habitats. All populations were composed mostly of first- and later-generation hybrids. I found significant variation among populations in growth, lamina size, specific leaf area (SLA), and biomass allocation, in both the field and the common garden. Lamina size, growth, and root-to-shoot responded plastically to drought treatment. Wetland populations tolerated drought as well as beach populations. Differentiation in SLA between habitats suggests that some selection for beach genotypes may have occurred. It appears that both hybridization and phenotypic plasticity are contributing to the expansion of Fallopia spp. into novel habitat.
Hydrogen formation observed during high pressure treatment of silica glass

Abstract Silica glass treated at high pressures and temperatures (1–3 GPa, 1100–1250 °C) in a solid-media pressure apparatus incorporated observable quantities of hydroxyl and hydride. The FTIR absorbance signals for these species appeared only when the glass sample was pressurized in the presence of water together with graphite at a high temperature, and the hydroxyl signal disappeared completely when the glass was heat-treated at 1000 °C in air for 1 h. These results indicate that hydrogen diffused into and reacted with the silica glass during the high pressure–temperature treatment. Reduction of H2O by graphite at high pressure/temperature conditions is the probable source of hydrogen.
Transmission-mode y.i.g. dispersive filter for wide-band pulse compression

It has recently been reported that yttrium-iron-garnet microwave variable-delay lines can be operated in a transmission mode of operation rather than in the usual reflection mode of operation by optical-contact bonding quarterwave plates to both ends of the y.i.g. rod.1.2 This is a distinct advantage for many delay-line applications, because the undelayed direct feedthrough can be suppressed to a much higher degree when input and output lines are at opposite ends of the y.i.g. rod, which is mounted in a tightly fitting hole in a brass block. One of the most promising applications of the y.i.g. delay line is in wide-band microwave pulse-compression filters. The successful operation of a y.i.g. delay line, to obtain compressed signals in a transmission with large suppression of direct leakage of undelayed signals, is reported.
A facile micromolar reduction of [1,2,3,4,10-14C]aldrin to 6,7-dihydro[1,2,3,4 10-14C]aldrin

The preparation of 6,7-dihydro[1,2,3,4,10-14C]aldrin is reported by catalytic reduction of [1,2,3,4,10-14C]aldrin. Modification of previously published conditions afforded the desired product in 97.1% yield as assayed by electron capture gas chromatography. The convenient one vessel reaction proceeds rapidly to give the high purity product in twenty minutes at atmospheric pressure.
Numerical solution of eigenvalues for the schröndinger equation. II

Abstract A recently developed method for the quantum mechanical calculation of eigenvalues is applied to a Hamiltonian consisting of three coupled oscillators which are resonantly coupled. The agreement of the present calculation with a large variational calculation is excellent.
The preparation of high-purity plutonium metal

Abstract High purity α-phase plutonium metal was produced by a process which consisted of two successive peroxide precipitations, direct hydro-fluorination with gaseous hydrogen fluoride, and reduction to metal with calcium and iodine “booster”. The total detectable impurities in the metal produced varied from 94 to 276 p.p.m.
Generation of Minute phenotypes by a transformed antisense ribosomal protein gene.

Antisense RNAs have been used for gene interference experiments in many cell types and organisms. However, relatively few experiments have been conducted with antisense genes integrated into the germ line. In Drosophila reduced ribosomal protein (r-protein) gene function has been hypothesized to result in a Minute phenotype. In this report we examine the effects of antisense r-protein 49 expression, a gene known to correspond to a Minute mutation An antisense rp49 gene driven by a strong and inducible promoter was transformed into the Drosophila germ line. Induction of this gene led to the development of flies with weak Minute phenotypes and to the transient arrest of oogenesis. Parameters that may affect the success of antisense gene inactivation are discussed. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Vessel formation is induced prior to the appearance of cartilage in BMP-2-mediated heterotopic ossification.

Heterotopic ossification (HO), or endochondral bone formation at nonskeletal sites, often results from traumatic injury and can lead to devastating consequences. Alternatively, the ability to harness this phenomenon would greatly enhance current orthopedic tools for treating segmental bone defects. Thus, understanding the earliest events in this process potentially would allow us to design more targeted therapies to either block or enhance this process. Using a murine model of HO induced by delivery of adenovirus-transduced cells expressing bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2), we show here that one of the earliest stages in this process is the establishment of new vessels prior to the appearance of cartilage. As early as 48 hours after induction of HO, we observed the appearance of brown adipocytes expressing vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) simultaneous with endothelial progenitor replication. This was determined by using a murine model that possesses the VEGF receptor 2 (Flk1) promoter containing an endothelial cell enhancer driving the expression of nuclear-localized yellow fluorescent protein (YFP). Expression of this marker has been shown previously to correlate with the establishment of new vasculature, and the nuclear localization of YFP expression allowed us to quantify changes in endothelial cell numbers. We found a significant increase in Flk1-H2B::YFP cells in BMP-2-treated animals compared with controls. The increase in endothelial progenitors occurred 3 days prior to the appearance of early cartilage. The data collectively suggest that vascular remodeling and growth may be essential to modify the microenvironment and enable engraftment of the necessary progenitors to form endochondral bone. © 2010 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.