cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantum Canonical Ensembles, Based on the Minimal and Monotone Metrics, for Partially Entangled Spin-1/2 Particles

Brody and Hughston and, independently, Slater have recently developed quantum-theoretic alternatives, based on certain Riemannian geometries, to the conventional (semiclassical/Jaynesian) density matrix approach to the canonical ensemble. In both of these studies, attention was focused on the example of a single spin-1/2 particle. In this communication, the particular line of argument previously employed by Slater (relying upon the minimal monotone or Bures metric, rather than the Fubini-Study metric utilized by Brody and Hughston) is extended to several forms of partial entanglement of two or more spin-1/2 particles. Parallel analyses are, then, conducted based on the maximal monotone metric, which for a single spin-1/2 particle yields the Langevin function. This function, to which Brody and Hughston were led in further work of theirs, accords, in contrast to the Brillouin function, with certain probabilistic requirements espoused by Lavenda.
Voltammetry on a Nanometer‐sized Electrode in Solution Containing Very Dilute Electroactive Species

A nanometer-sized Pt electrode is becoming a routine tool in nano-electrochemistry research, but, the dissolution of Pt in aqueous solution is quite common and the rate of the dissolution of Pt is related to the current density on the electrode. Measurement on a nanometer-sized Pt electrode in solution containing very dilute electroactive species can effectively decrease the current on the electrode and thus decrease the extent of the dissolution of Pt electrode. So far, a commercial potentiostat which has a peak-peak noise of less than 10 fA is not common. In this paper, a homemade potentiostat, which has a peak-peak noise of less than 5 fA, has been made. By using the instrument, voltammograms with a limiting current of less than 20 fA can be obtained on a nanometer-sized electrode in solution containing micro molar ferrocenemethanol. Our results show that the standard rate constant of the oxidation of ferrocenemethanol measured in micro molar ferrocenemethanol solution is a little greater than that measured in mili molar ferrocenemethanol solution, which indicates that kinetic parameter may be affected by the amount of electroactive molecules being measured.
Effects of Goal-Directed Emotions on Salesperson Volitions, Behavior, and Performance: A Longitudinal Study

The authors investigate the motivational effects of emotions in a sales force context. The personal stakes that salespeople have in a goal situation triggered anticipation of emotions that result from attaining or failing to attain their performance goal. Positive anticipatory emotions were positively related to volitions and mediated the relationship between personal stakes and volitions. Goal attainment was positively related to positive outcome emotions and negatively related to negative outcome emotions. Goal-directed behavior was positively associated with positive outcome emotions, independently of goal attainment. The findings suggest that emotions are an important driving force behind sales force motivation. The authors discuss the implications for sales management, theory development, and further research. A ttempts to identify the motivational antecedents of sales performance constitute one of the longeststanding research streams in marketing research (Churchill et al. 1985). This research, however, has generally neglected a basic psychological factor likely to affect sales force motivation, behavior, and performance: emotions. Although personal selling is a profession in which emotional highs and lows are commonplace, existing research provides little indication of how emotions are related to motivation, behavior, and performance. The research literature suggests that salesperson motivation results primarily from rational thought processes, unaffected by emotions. Yet emotions constitute a powerful psychological force that can affect behavior and performance in
Translocation-based genetic sexing system for the oriental fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) based on pupal color dimorphism

The autosomal recessive white puparium (wp) mutant was used to construct the first genetic sex sorting system in the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel). The translocation stocks have females with the white puparium phenotype and puparia of males are the wild-type color, brown. Viability measurements of the 49-wp translocation strain indicate that fitness relative to the wild-type and white puparium strains was not lower than expected. Hatch rate and larval viability were lower for the translocation strain, but there were no significant differences between strains for eclosion rates. This translocation-based sex sorting system is the only automatic method currently available for separation of male and female oriental fruit flies in sterile insect release programs.
Research Pluralism and the International Elephant

The major purpose of this paper is to enter a plea for pluralism in our approaches to international relations, for focussed criticism rather than broadside blasts, and for a higher level of mutual respect and reasoned dialogue between "traditionalists" and "behavioralists." The paper has been inspired most immediately by Robert Jervis' article in this issue-and to a lesser extent by that of Michael Haas. As research scholars and would-be theorists in international relations we might all derive at least three useful lessons from the old fable about the blind men and the elephant. The first is that the elephant presumably existed; the second is that each of the groping investigators, despite sensory and conceptual limitations, had his fingers on a part of reality; and the third is that if they had quieted the uproar and begun making comparisons, the blind men might-all of them-have moved considerably closer to the truth. This is not to suggest that all discussion should be turned off, but rather that the participants should spare a bit of time to define and compare their terms-to see how much (and what) difference really separates them-and to proceed with more wisdom in attacking the really difficult problems that unquestionably remain to be understood and, if possible, resolved. Stanley Hoffmann, in a relatively early attempt at what he called a "wrecking operation," argued that "many of the problems we face in our field" could be solved by "more systematic theoretical work" than had been done so far; and that recent approaches were
Temperature Limits of Flight of the Mountain Pine Beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae

Minimum temperatures required for flight of many species of Dendroctonus have been determined (Atkins 1966, McMullen and Atkins 1962, Miller and Keen 1960, Shepherd 1966, and others). Most of the investigators report flight thresholds between 16 and 21°C (61 and 70°F), several at ca. 20°C.
Antagonism of Cefamandole by Cefoxitin in Routine Disk Susceptibility Tests

Cefoxitin was found to antagonize cefamandole in standardized disk diffusion susceptibility tests. This antagonism increased as the distance between the two disks decreased, and was most frequently observed in tests with cephalothin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. It occurred in tests with 68 of 98 (69%) cephalothin-resistant isolates, one of six (17%) cephalothin-intermediate isolates, and one of 40 (3%) cephalothin-susceptible isolates. Clinical laboratories that use both disks in routine susceptibility tests should be aware of this anatagonism and should ensure that the disks are not placed in proximity to each other.
On the Consistent Spatial Homogenization Method in Neutron Transport Theory

The recently developed consistent spatial homogenization method in neutron transport theory is based on basis functions in spatial and angular domains and spatial rehomogenization to correct for the core environment effects while reproducing the heterogeneous solution in full phase space resolution and accuracy. In this article, an efficient version of the method is developed that also simplifies implementation and memory requirements for data handling in multidimensional geometries. This is done by (1) replacing the Fourier series with B-spline basis functions for the spatial domain; (2) truncating the angular expansion to first order, and (3) developing a source iteration method to replace the original local fixed-source transport method for on-the-fly rehomogenization. The new method is tested in a 1D benchmark problem characteristic of pressurized water reactors with mixed oxide fuel. The method is found to be very accurate and more efficient than the original consistent spatial homogenization method.
MONITORING OF DISINFECTION QUALITY IN THE HOSPITAL OF TAIZHOU CITY

Objective To know the disinfection quality situation in hospital of Taizhou City,and improve the nosocomial infection management and the control level.Method On-the-spot sampling method was used to monitor disinfection quality of different objects in the municipal hospital.Results 482 samples were monitored in successive 2 years.The average overall qualification rate was 83.0%.The eligible rates of indoor air,the hands of the medical personnel,the surface of the objects and sewage from the hospital were 54.7%,74.3%,88.0% and 92.5% respectively.The eligible rate of disinfectant in use,autoclaves and dialyzate was 100%.Conclusion The disinfection quality situation in Taizhou municipal hospital was good,but the eligible rate of the indoor air and the hands of the medical personnel was low.The overall disinfection quality should be improved.
The Effect of Calcium and Zinc Preparation on Visual Development and the Level of Peripheral Blood Calcium,Zinc,and Lead in Stunting Children

Objective To explore the effect of calcium and zinc preparation on visual development and the level of peripheral blood calcium,zinc,and lead in stunting children.Methods The 30 stunting children(study group)and 1037 normal controls(control group) were recruited randomly from the child health care organization in Kunshan city.Oral Calcium Gluconate Zinc was given to the study group,and then blood znic,calcium,lead,and vision in both groups were measured 3 and 6 months after Calcium Gluconate Zinc supplementation.Results The levels of blood zinc and calcium in study group were lower than that in control group(P0.01),but there was no significant difference in lead level between the two groups(P0.05);There was significant difference of ball and column diameter between the two groups(P0.01).3 and 6 months after Calcium Gluconate Zinc supplementation,the blood calcium level in study group increased gradually,and there was significant difference during different time periods(P0.01),but the levels of znic and lead showed no significant difference during different time periods(P0.05).There was no significant difference in ball and column diameler during different time periods(P0.05),but there was significant difference in abnormal rate of vision at different time periods(P0.01).Conclusion Calcium and Zinc preparation can increase the level of blood calcium and develop vision in stunting children.
A Study of Intelligent Monitoring and Protection System for Substation Operating Worker

The status of power production safety is analyzed.Based on the realization principle of intelligent monitoring and protection system,the positioning technology and intelligent video analysis technology are researched.According to the functional classification,the technical architecture is proposed.The system is divided into four layers including the device layer,supporting layer,business layer and presentation layer.And a functional architecture of the substation intelligent monitoring and protection system is designed,which consists of such functions as work task management,real-time monitoring,alarm warning,region division,trajectory replay.
Surveillance of food-borne pathogenic bacteria in Fengtai district,Beijing in 2010

Objective To investigate occurrence of contamination with food-borne pathogenic bacteria in varied food in Fentai district of Beijing to provide scientific evidence for controlling and reducing food-borne diseases.Methods Totally,196 samples were collected from 13 sorts of food according to the requirements set in the Manual of National Food-borne Diseases Surveillance.Seven kinds of food-borne pathogenic bacteria and coli-form bacteria,indicator for contamination,were detected for the samples.Results Of the 196 samples,11 strains of food-borne pathogenic bacteria were isolated(5.11%) from 10 pieces of food samples,including five strains of Salmonella(2.55%,5/196),five strains of Staphylococcus aureus(4.63%,5/108),and one strain of Listeria monocytogenes(0.80%,1/125).Contamination involved predominantly in meat and its products.Staphylococcus aureus was detected from three pieces of Chinese salad samples and Salmonella and Staphylococcus aureus detected from one packaged bean curd(north tofu) sample.Overall,62.71 percent of the samples checked met the national hygienic criteria for food in coli-form bacteria.Conclusion No optimistic about food contamination with food-borne bacteria and coli-form bacteria is allowed in Fengtai district,Beijing.It is necessary for relevant sectors to strengthen supervision and monitoring of food production,processing and marketing.
The mechanism of myocardial protection from ischemic arrest by intracoronary tetrodotoxin administration.

Intracoronary injection of 14 meg. of tetrodotoxin into the ischemic isolated rat heart resulted in immediate cessation of mechanical activity. Upon reperfusion with oxygenated, modified Krebs-Henseleit bicarbonate buffer in a modified Langendorff apparatus, all hearts recovered normal rate, rhythm, and contractile vigor after up to 60 minutes of ischemia. In contrast, all hearts not administered tetrodotoxin showed bradycardia, irregular rhythm, and weak contraction upon reperfusion after 30 and 45 minutes of ischemia; after 60 minutes, no mechanical activity was evident. The improved cardiac function following ischemia in the tetrodotoxin-treated hearts was associated with persistence of normal adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels after up to 30 minutes of ischemia and normal or elevated creatine phosphate (CP) levels after up to 60 minutes of ischemia. On the other hand, ATP and CP levels progressively declined to reach 50 per cent of normal values after 30 minutes in the ischemic hearts without tetrodotoxin. These findings indicate that postarrest A TP and CP levels play an important role in myocardial recovery after ischemic arrest.
Tip60 HAT Action Mediates Environmental Enrichment Induced Cognitive Restoration.

Environmental enrichment (EE) conditions have beneficial effects for reinstating cognitive ability in neuropathological disorders like Alzheimer’s disease (AD). While EE benefits involve epigenetic gene control mechanisms that comprise histone acetylation, the histone acetyltransferases (HATs) involved remain largely unknown. Here, we examine a role for Tip60 HAT action in mediating activity- dependent beneficial neuroadaptations to EE using the Drosophila CNS mushroom body (MB) as a well-characterized cognition model. We show that flies raised under EE conditions display enhanced MB axonal outgrowth, synaptic marker protein production, histone acetylation induction and transcriptional activation of cognition linked genes when compared to their genotypically identical siblings raised under isolated conditions. Further, these beneficial changes are impaired in both Tip60 HAT mutant flies and APP neurodegenerative flies. While EE conditions provide some beneficial neuroadaptive changes in the APP neurodegenerative fly MB, such positive changes are significantly enhanced by increasing MB Tip60 HAT levels. Our results implicate Tip60 as a critical mediator of EE-induced benefits, and provide broad insights into synergistic behavioral and epigenetic based therapeutic approaches for treatment of cognitive disorder.
Property Rights and Animal Rights

One economic institution that defines the place of animals in the economy is property law. Animal activists have long identified animals’ status as property as one of the most important barriers to recognizing animals’ interests, welfare, or rights. For example, Gary Francione is famous for arguing that the most important “right” that animals can claim is the right not to be the property of humans. Joan Dunayer writes that “By defining nonhuman animals as property, the law sanctions their enslavement and murder.” Because property law gives a significant amount of discretionary power to humans over and against their owned animals, the practice of animal ownership has received considerable attention among animal advocates.
A systems engineering method for analysis and simulation of standard operating procedures

Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) define flightdeck operations by prescribing the sequence of actions for flight crew to complete each segment of the mission. Well-designed procedures allow the flight crew to perform the required sequence of actions in a feasible progression within the operationally allowable time window. Current practices for developing procedures rely on judgments of domain experts and are tested by experts in simulators. This approach is expensive, time consuming, and dependent on subjective assessments. This paper describes the application of a formal model that complements the work of domain experts by assessing the cueing and timing of SOPs' interactions using a combination of sequence diagram and Monte Carlo simulations to support time-to-complete analysis. The method is demonstrated by a case-study comparing two alternative procedures for a four-engine turbofan aircraft.
Do It Again: Learning Complex Coding Through Repetition

Coding is an important skill set to develop in any computing discipline and can be especially challenging for Information Technology majors, many of whom shy away from the topic. Learning to program is an iterative process that takes time, requiring trial and error, but as students learn new concepts and tackle more sophisticated problems, it becomes difficult to let go of bad ideas. Instead, students try to improve a bad design when starting over may be a better approach. In an advanced programming course, we design a challenging homework assignment and add in a restart. Students first solve the problem in their own way, after which the instructor develops the solution live in a lab session while students watch without taking notes. Afterwards, students get a second attempt to solve the assignment but must not use any of their original code. The idea is to teach students to throw away code and start over as that is sometimes the best way to learn. This paper details the approach and how it impacts student learning.
Are factor Xa inhibitors effective thromboprophylaxis following hip fracture surgery?: A large national database study.

Abstract Introduction The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Factor Xa inhibitors (XaI) for thromboprophylaxis following hip fracture surgery in a large cohort of patients, and compare XaI against warfarin and enoxaparin. Methods Patients undergoing hip fracture surgery from 2007 to 2015 were identified in a large claims database. Patients prescribed warfarin, XaI, or enoxaparin within 2 weeks of surgery were identified and grouped into cohorts. Medical comorbidities and complication incidences, including deep venous thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism (PE), and bleeding complications were calculated. Chi-square analysis was performed and adjusted residuals calculated to determine significant differences. Results DVT rates were significantly different between groups at thirty days only (5.03% warfarin, 2.91% XaI, 3.48% enoxaparin, p = 0.047). PE rates were significantly different at all time points; enoxaparin had the lowest rates. There were no differences in the rates of other complications. Discussion XaI are an option for thromboprophylaxis in hip fracture patients, although their possible decreased effectiveness against PE compared to enoxaparin should be considered. Conclusions This study compares the effectiveness of Factor Xa inhibitors to warfarin and enoxaparin for hip fracture patients, using a large national database. In this study, Factor Xa inhibitors had similar effectiveness for DVT prophylaxis compared to these agents.
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome and Distal Radius Fractures

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) after distal radius fractures can present in 3 forms: acute, transient, and delayed. Acute CTS requires an emergent carpal tunnel release. Many patients with transient CTS after distal radius fracture do not require surgical release of the carpal tunnel once the fracture is repaired. Prophylactic carpal tunnel release in the absence of signs and symptoms of CTS after a distal radius fracture is not indicated. For patients with delayed CTS after a distal radius fracture, all possible causes of nerve compression should be considered and addressed in standard fashion.
The MIT Green Building benchmark problem for structural health monitoring of tall buildings

Summary This paper presents a benchmark problem for the structural health monitoring community to study tall buildings. The benchmark building is called the Green Building located at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology campus, with 21 stories above the ground (83.7 m) and a basement (3.8 m) connecting to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology tunnel system. This building was constructed as cast-in-place reinforced concrete and instrumented with 36 accelerometers to measure the building translational, torsional and vertical responses. The benchmark problem includes the detailed description of this building, 7 field measurement data sets (4 ambient data sets, 1 data set under an unidentified event, 1 data set under the excitation of fireworks, and 1 earthquake data set), and finite element models (both full-scale and condensed models). The Green Building has an identifiable soil-structure interaction behavior and the base rocking movement brings significant components into the building response. To decouple the rocking effect, storey measurement condensation and rocking response determination are discussed in this paper. A blind source separation approach is finally applied to identify the modal characteristics and quantify the rocking components. The benchmark data and models are open to the public for algorithmic development and validation.
Photosystem I Multilayer Films for Photovoltage Enhancement in Natural Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

Here, a new design for natural dye-sensitized solar cells is presented. A stacked assembly consisting of a discrete Photosystem I protein multilayer film atop a natural dye-sensitized photoanode expands absorbance of the solar spectrum to facilitate a more than 2-fold increase in cell photovoltage relative to the unmodified equivalent.
The impact of complexity growth on instrument reliability: A case study of Cassini IMS and MMS HPCA

Over time, instrument designers have been able to increase the sophistication of their instruments as electronics have evolved. Newer designs have significantly larger memories, sophisticated digital logic in the form of Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), and faster processors that facilitate greater on-board complexity in operations. This paper compares the capabilities, complexity, and reliability of two similar instruments: Cassini Ion Mass Spectrometer (IMS) and Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) Hot Plasma Composition Analyzer (HPCA). These spectrometers detect ions in the magnetosphere of Saturn and Earth, respectively. Their basic functions are similar, using an Electrostatic Analyzer (ESA) to sweep through a series of energies to detect ions of varying masses by measuring their Time of Flight (TOF). HPCA produces three streams of TOF data in the hardware with much of the complexity handled in the FPGA, a capability not available for IMS. HPCA is considerably more configurable as compared to IMS. Several flight software (FSW) updates were required to fine tune operation of Cassini, whereas HPCA has yet to require an FSW update in over two years of operation.
Sarcocystidae: Toxoplasmatinae in the Carnivora

Abstract In this chapter, we cover the four genera ( Besnoitia , Hammondia, Neospora , Toxoplasma ) within the third subfamily, Toxoplasmatinae, which infect carnivores. First, an overview of each parasite genus, including the history of its discovery and naming, is covered. Then we list all the Carnivora families and genera, as in other chapters, and provide information on which carnivore species, in each genus, has been reported to harbor these apicomplexan genera and species. Each account is organized in temporal sequence—from early to most recent (2017)—so the history or our knowledge, as it has accumulated, can be followed and appreciated. In all, 14/15 (93%) families, 67/126 (53%) genera, and 115/286 (40%) carnivore species have been found to harbor one or more species of these four genera: Besnoitia, Hammondia, Neospora, and/or Toxoplasma and, often, the incidence of infection is high. We end this chapter by highlighting three examples (bears, sea mammals, black-footed ferrets) of endangered or vulnerable (as per the IUCN Red List) carnivore groups that have been severely impacted by the parasite species in the Toxoplasmatinae.
Reducing Perioperative Mortality with Intra-Aortic Balloon Counterpulsation (IABP)

Recent international consensus has identified intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation (IABP) as a therapeutic modality that may reduce perioperative mortality [Landoni et al. (Acta Anesthesiol Scand 55:259-66, 2011), Landoni et al. (J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 26:764-72, 2012)]. The therapeutic benefit of IABP stems from its improvement of left ventricular performance by minimizing oxygen supply/demand mismatch [Peura et al. (Circulation 126:2648-67, 2012)]. Balloon inflation during diastole enhances coronary perfusion pressure to boost myocardial oxygen delivery. Balloon deflation just prior to systole reduces myocardial oxygen demand by unloading the left ventricle.
ECOPHYSIOLOGY OF PLANTS IN DRY ENVIRONMENTS

Drought is a meteorological term which indicates a long period when there is not enough rain for the successful growth of crops or replenishment of water supplies (see also Chap. 1). The expression water stress is frequently used to indicate the complex series of effects that are triggered in plants by drought. The term drought stress is more appropriate to specify when the stress status occurs only over a long period of time. However, because it is often difficult to separate the two phenomena, the definitions of water stress, drought stress, and water deficit are often used interchangeably. Drought leads to water deficit in the soil and plant tissues, which in turn alters physiological processes and can have ultimate consequences for growth, development, and survival of plants. Among the many biochemical and developmental processes that are affected by water stress, decrease of photosynthesis (Cornic and Massacci 1996; Flexas et al. 2002; Sperlich et al. 2016), changes in water relations (Gorai et al. 2015; Reinhardt et al. 2015; Yousfi et al. 2016), reduction of both cell division and expansion (Avramova et al. 2016; Clauw et al. 2015, 2016), abscisic acid (ABA) synthesis (Du et al. 2018; Linster et al. 2015; Teng et al. 2014), and accumulation of sugars (Srivastava et al. 2018; Zandalinas et al. 2018) play a fundamental role in reducing productivity. The concept of stress cannot be separated from that of stress tolerance (sometimes indicated with the less appropriate term of stress resistance), which is the plant’s ability to survive in an unfavorable environment. Such an ability can derive either from adaptation or acclimation to the stress condition. Both terms indicate an increase in tolerance and are sometimes erroneously used interchangeably. The difference is in the cause of the increased tolerance: in acclimated plants, it is the result of a previous stress condition, while in adapted plants, the tolerance is fixed in the genome and derives from selection processes that have occurred over many generations.
Civic Engagement and Aging

Publisher Summary Interest in the civic engagement of older Americans has increased considerably among social scientists, policymakers, and governmental and nonprofit leaders for several reasons. Dramatic gains in health, education, and longevity over the past half century have increased individuals' capacity for civic roles and contributions in later life. Prompted by research linking civic engagement with healthy, successful aging, policymakers and government officials are interested in promoting service opportunities for older Americans that can benefit society as well as the volunteers themselves. Finally, facing an escalating demand for social services and concerns about the loss of traditional volunteers—especially housewives—nonprofit sector leaders have stepped up efforts to enlist the growing population of older persons to help fill the gap. This chapter examines civic engagement from the perspectives of conceptual and theoretical issues and measurement issues. It provides an overview of findings on trends and life course variation in civic engagement; and discusses implications of civic engagement for older adults and for society, respectively. Evidence to date indicates that civic engagement benefits both participants and the broader community. Recent research has sought to identify civic engagement as a formal retirement role, distinguished in terms of level of commitment that goes beyond the act of volunteering itself.
Relative Yoneda Cohomology for Operator Spaces: an Overview

These notes are intended to accompany my lectures at the Aegean Conference on Operator Algebras, Samos, Greece, 1996.
InversionNet: A real-time and accurate full waveform inversion with convolutional neural network

With data proliferation in all geosciences domains, machine learning and data analytics are emerging as important research areas in geosciences. Full-waveform inversion has been an important tool to infer the subsurface based on geophysical measurements. However, solving full-waveform inversion can be challenging. The existing computational methods for solving acoustic full-waveform inversion are not only computationally expensive but also yields low-resolution results because of the ill-posedness and cycle skipping issues of full-waveform inversion. To resolve those issues, we employ machine-learning techniques to solve full-waveform inversion in this work. In particular, we build a convolutional neural network to model the correspondence from data to velocity structures. Our numerical examples using synthetic reflection data show that our new methods much improve the accuracy of the velocity inversion. Furthermore, the computational time for inverting the seismic data is significantly reduced.
Application of the Transtheoretical Model to Physical Activity and Exercise Behaviors in African-American Adolescents.

Objectives: In this study, we examined the inter-relationships between Transtheoretical Model (TTM) constructs (stages of change, self-efficacy, decisional balance, processes of change) and determined the utility of TTM to predict physical activity in African-American youth. Methods: A community-based sample of 109 African-American youth (62% girls, age: 14.8 ± 0.2 years) were included in this analysis. TTM constructs were assessed using the Patient-Centered Assessment and Counseling for Exercise questionnaire. Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and total physical activity (TPA) were measured objectively using accelerometry. Results: Higher self-efficacy was observed at higher stages of change in both boys and girls (p = .02). Despite higher MVPA (p .05). Stages of change predicted MVPA in girls, with those in the maintenance stage reporting significantly more MVPA compared to those in precontemplation/contemplation (p = .03) and preparation stages (p = .04). Cons predicted higher TPA in boys only (p = .02). Conclusions: These findings suggest specific TTM constructs relate to physical activity in African-American youth and the importance of these constructs may differ by sex.
21 Childhood Schizophrenia

This chapter introduces the reader to the need for a developmental approach and the challenges involved in diagnosing this neurodevelopmental disorder in children, the related clinical and research implications, and how to make a differential diagnosis. It then describes relevant developmental, environmental, and genetic risk factors during the perinatal period, infancy, and childhood. The next section reviews the impaired cognition, social cognition, and self-disturbance that occur during the illness. A detailed review of structural imaging findings sheds light on the developmental mechanisms underlying the multiple areas of functional impairment and associated symptoms found in youth with schizophrenia. After briefly reviewing the findings of functional imaging and genetic studies, the chapter describes the treatment and course of the disorder. The concluding section emphasizes the need for future studies on the epidemiology, outcome, clinical markers, gene-psychosocial risk factors, treatment modalities, and neural circuits underlying the developmental impact of the disorder's extensive functional impairment. Keywords: schizophrenia; diagnosis; development; risk factors; imaging
Control of Cardiovascular Risk Factors Among US Adults With Type 2 Diabetes With and Without Cardiovascular Disease

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains leading cause of death among adults with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). There is a lack of recent national data on attainment of single and multiple CVD risk factor targets among adults with T2DM with and without CVD. We identified 1179 T2DM adults (projected to 19.7 million in the US population) aged ≥18 years from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2013-2016 and examined those at target for hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c <7.0%, <8.0% if CVD), blood pressure (BP <130/80 mm Hg), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C <100 mg/dL non-CVD and LDL-C <70 mg/dL CVD), nonsmoking status, and body mass index (BMI <30 kg/m2and BMI <25 kg/m2) individually and as a composite in those with versus without prior CVD. Overall, around half of T2DM adults were at target control of HbA1c (55.8%), BP (51.3%), LDL-C (49.3%), with more being nonsmokers (84.3%). The proportion at target for these factors was slightly higher among those with CVD except for LDL-C. BMI was least frequently at target control (9.1% for BMI <25 kg/m2) compared to other risk factors. Moreover, only 17.3% of T2DM patients reached composite target control of HbA1c, BP and LDL-C, with 16.0% reaching target control when nonsmoking status was included and <10% if we included BMI targets. The proportion of patients at composite control was lower in those with versus without with prior CVD. Less than one-fifth adults with T2DM are at composite CVD risk factor control for HbA1c, BP, LDL-C, and nonsmoking status.
Do Vouchers Protect Low-Income Households from Rising Rents?

Using restricted administrative data on the voucher program, we examine the experience of voucher holders in metropolitan areas with rising rents. While some of our models suggest that rising rents in metropolitan areas are associated with a slight increase in rent-to-income ratios among voucher holders, poor renters in general see significantly larger increases in rent-to-income ratios. We see little evidence that rising rents push voucher holders to worse neighborhoods, with voucher holders in central cities ending up in lower poverty neighborhoods as rents rise. It appears that vouchers may help low-income households remain in neighborhoods as they gentrify.
Neurotoxicology of pyrethroid insecticides

Abstract Pyrethroid insecticides are neurotoxic to both insects and mammals. Most pyrethroids exhibit low to moderate acute oral toxicity to mammals, but the intrinsic toxicity of pyrethroids, which is observed upon direct administration to the CNS, is significant. Two syndromes of pyrethroid intoxication (T and CS) are associated with two different subclasses (Type I and Type II) of pyrethroid structure, but some compounds produce symptoms with elements of both syndromes. Voltage-gated sodium channels are the principal sites of pyrethroid action. Pyrethroids bind to unique receptors on the pore-forming α subunits of voltage-gated sodium channels, slowing gating transitions and creating persistently open channels. Pyrethroid action is state-dependent, with preference for binding to either resting or open channels depending on the compound examined and assay system employed. Homology models of the pore-forming domains of insect sodium channel, coupled with computer-aided ligand docking experiments, identify two pyrethroid receptor domains on the sodium channel α subunit. Amino acid polymorphisms in these domains identified in resistant insect populations reduce channel sensitivity to pyrethroids. Other polymorphisms in these domains determine the differential sensitivity of mammalian sodium channel isoforms to pyrethroids as well as the reduced pyrethroid sensitivity of all mammalian sodium channels compared to invertebrate sodium channels.
Nucleotide-induced cerebral vasospasm in an in vivo mouse model

Background Components of hemolysate, released from hematopoetic cells following SAH, may contribute to vasospasm. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), uridine triphosphate (UTP), and uridine diphosphate (UDP), found in erythrocytes and platelets, have been shown, in vitro, to contract cerebral arteries.
Abstract PS7-40: Triple negative breast cancer in New Orleans, part deux

Version 7/7/2020 with edit Triple-Negative Breast Cancer in New Orleans – part deaux Objectives: To update our previously reported findings with more current data from SEER 18 registries to compare race-specific incidence rates of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) in New Orleans (NO) and Louisiana (LA) with other SEER metro areas and identify the predictors of TNBC. Background: We previously reported significantly increased incidence rates of TNBC in black women (BW) in NO and LA than other SEER metro areas. Methods: We analyzed tumor characteristics of invasive female breast cancers diagnosed from 2011-2017 from SEER 18 for BW and white women (WW). We compared LA data with SEER 18 and metropolitan areas (Atlanta, Detroit, Los Angeles and San Francisco) as we did with our previous data set. Predictors of TNBC in NO and LA were identified in multivariate logistic regression adjusting for age, BMI, poverty, insurance, tumor size, Bloom-Richardson grade and AJCC stage. Results: The overall incidence rate of TNBC in BW was again significantly higher in NO (29.8 per 100,000) than any metro area and the SEER metro areas combined (23.9 per 100,000). Detroit again had the second highest rate (27.2) followed by San Francisco/Oakland (23.8) Los Angeles (22.3) and Atlanta (22.1). The multivariable analysis showed that younger age, large tumor size, high grade were associated with increased risk of TNBC in BW. Conclusions: The incidence rates of TNBC in BW in NO continue to be consistently higher compared to LA and other SEER 18 metro areas. This data reiterates the importance of ongoing translational research to broaden the understanding and optimize the treatment of this aggressive disease, especially in this vulnerable population. Citation Format: Michelle M Loch, Mei-Chin Hsieh, Thomas Reske, Vivien Chen, Xiao-Cheng Wu. Triple negative breast cancer in New Orleans, part deux [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2020 San Antonio Breast Cancer Virtual Symposium; 2020 Dec 8-11; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(4 Suppl):Abstract nr PS7-40.
Mast cell sarcoma transdifferentiated from clonally-related T-lymphoblastic leukemia upon acquisition of TP53 mutation and genetic complexity

Mast cell sarcoma is a rare disease associated with a dismal prognosis. We report a unique case of mast cell sarcoma arising in a patient with a history of T-lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma (T-ALL)...
Mind the Gaps: Prescription Coverage and HIV Incidence Among Patients Receiving Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis from a Large Federally Qualified Health Center in Los Angeles, California

Background: Understanding long-term, real world use of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is key to improving HIV prevention. The few previous studies on PrEP continuation in community settings have identified retention as a major challenge, but data on how episodic access to PrEP affects HIV incidence has been sparse. Methods: We conducted a records-based cohort study of patients who initiated PrEP at a large federally qualified health center in Los Angeles, CA between January 2014 and December 2017. We characterized patterns of episodic PrEP use, identified correlates of PrEP discontinuation, and calculated HIV incidence. Results: Of 3,121 individuals who initiated PrEP, 42% (n=1,314) were active (i.e., had a current PrEP prescription) at the end of the analysis period. Of these, 63% (n=829) had gaps between PrEP prescriptions, averaging one gap per year (median gap length = 65 days, interquartile range = 37-129 days). HIV incidence was 0.1 cases per 100 person-years among active PrEP patients, compared to 2.1 cases per 100 person-years among patients who discontinued PrEP. Patients aged 18-24 had higher risk of discontinuation (Adjusted rate ratio (ARR) =2.8, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.9, 4.0) compared to those aged 41-50. Compared to patients accessing PrEP through government programs with no prescription copay, risk of discontinuation was significantly higher among those with private insurance (ARR = 1.4, 95% CI: 1.2, 1.7), and those with no insurance (ARR = 4.5, 95% CI 3.2, 6.4). Conclusions: Increasing access to free or low-cost PrEP can maximize PrEP's effectiveness at reducing HIV transmission in community settings. Efforts to support PrEP continuation among young people are warranted. Funding Statement: MJ was supported by the National Institutes of Health and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, grant number K01AI091861. MRB was supported by the UCLA Postdoctoral Fellowship Training Program in Global HIV Prevention Research (Currier and Gorbach, PIs); T32MH080634. Declaration of Interests: The authors declare that there are "none to report." Ethics Approval Statement: The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board at the University of California, Los Angeles (IRB#17-000717).
Multidimensional Evidence-Based Practice : Synthesizing Knowledge, Research, and Values

Foreword Irwin Epstein Preface 1. Best Practices Context 2. Multidimensional Evidence Based Practice 3. Best Practices for Preventing Maltreatment of Children Ages Birth to Five Jacqueline M. Counts 4. Best Practices to Prevent Teen Pregnancy Emily McCave 5. Best Practices for Facilitating Access to Health Care for Children of the Poor Karen Flint Stipp 6. Best Practices to Engage Parents of Children Receiving Mental Health Services Tara McLendon 7. Best Practices for Children and Youth in Therapeutic Foster Care to Improve Level of Functioning and Subsequent Discharge to Less Restrictive Environments Uta M. Walter 8. Best Practices for Crime Victims and Offenders to Achieve Restorative Justice Outcomes in the United States Jung Jin Choi 9. Best Practices for Helping Clients Diagnosed with a Serious Mental Illness Utilize Spirituality as a Recovery Tool Vincent Starnino Postscript
Reactive Carbonyl Species Derived from Omega-3 and Omega-6 Fatty Acids.

Inflammation-related reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are associated with the development of cancer. ROS and RNS can directly damage biomacromolecules such as proteins, DNA, and lipids. Lipid peroxidation, however, can result in reactive carbonyl species (RCS) that can also modify proteins and DNA. In contrast to an extensive literature on the modification of proteins and DNA from omega-6 fatty acids, there are few studies on RCS generation from other fatty acids, particularly omega-3 fatty acids, which are frequently consumed from the diet and diet supplements. Therefore, a comparison between omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids has been conducted. LC-MS/MS analysis of carbonyl-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) standards yielded characteristic fragment ions. Autoxidation products of α-linolenic acid and linoleic acid were then derivatized with DNPH and analyzed by LC-MS/MS. The results showed that α-linolenic acid, an omega-3 fatty acid, generated more acrolein and crotonaldehyde ...
New times and new literacies: Themes for a changing world

THE OLD CAPITALISM Before I talk about new literacies for new times, let me start with old literacies for old times. First, by old times I mean the old capitalism (industrial capitalism, Fordism). The old capitalism (Drucker, 1999; Kanigel, 1997) is a social formation that has been transformed by our current high-tech, global new capitalism (see Castells, 1996; Gee, Hull, & Lankshear, 1996; Greider, 1997; Reich, 1992; Smith, 1995). The old capitalism did not disappear, it still exists as a foregrounded formation in the “developing world” and as a backgrounded formation in the “developed world” (Drucker, 1999; Greider, 1997). The old capitalism was born in warfare between workers and bosses over how work would be done and how fast it should be carried out (Kanigel, 1997). In the end, the workers lost the battle. Thanks to “Taylorism,” work came to be carried out at a pace and in terms of procedures determined by a “science” of efficiency, not by workers themselves. The craft knowledge of the workers was removed from the workers' heads and bodies and placed into the science of work, the rules of the workplace, and the dictates of managers and bosses. A top-down system was created in terms of which knowledge and control existed at the top (the bosses) and not at the bottom (the workers). Middle managers conveyed and mediated knowledge, information, and control between the top and the bottom.
Rules in Computer Games Compared to Rules in Traditional Games

Michael Liebe argues that Salen and Zimmerman's interpretation of Huizinga's magic circle does not apply to computer games. Liebe's insight reveals not only a different relation for computer games to the magic circle, but also hints at a difference in the nature of rules in computer games. Jesper Juul's comparison of non-digital sports to simulations of those sports highlights a missing aspect in understanding how rules in computer games are of a different nature than those of non-computer games: rules as flexibly defining real-time spatial interactions. Rules in computer games are more like laws of physics, rules in non-computer games are more like laws of society. Besides meta rules such as tournament arrangements, only a handful of "rules" - as the word is applied to non-computer games - exist for nearly all computer games. Moreover, such rules are largely the same: use standard input, and don't alter the game.
Induction of Alloantigen Specific T Cell Anergy by Inhibition of the B7: CD28 Pathway

Engagement of TCR by antigen in the absence of requisite costimulation fails to induce an effective immune response, but results in a state of antigen-specific unresponsiveness, termed anergy (1, 2, 3, 4). Anergy is characterized by the inability of T cells to proliferate and produce cytokines on rechallenge with specific antigenic stimulation in the presence of costimulation. Anergy appears to be an important mechanism of peripheral T cell tolerance.