cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multiobjective control design including performance robustness for gust alleviation of a wing with adaptive material actuators

The goal of this paper is to examine the use of covariance control to directly design reduced-order multi-objective controllers for gust alleviation using adaptive materials as the control effector. It will use piezoelectric actuators as control effectors in a finite element model of a full-size wing model. More precisely, the finite element model is of the F-16 Agile Falcon/Active Flexible Wing that is modified to use piezoelectric actuators as control effectors. The paper will also examine the interacting roles of important control design constraints and objectives for designing an aeroservoelastic system. The paper will also present some results of multiobjective control design for the model, illustrating the benefits and complexity of modern practical control design for aeroservoelastic systems that use adaptive materials for actuation.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Wetting: Contact with what?

Pristine graphitic surfaces seem to be more hydrophilic than previously assumed because of the unexpected influence of the quick adsorption of hydrocarbons from air.
The Response of High Voltage 4H-SiC P-N Junction Diodes to Different Edge Termination Techniques

Edge termination is an important aspect in the design of high power p-n junction devices. In this paper, we compare the breakdown characteristics of 4H-SiC p + -n diodes with oxide passivation and with edge termination using either low or high energy ion implantations. N- and p-type epilayers of 4H-SiC were grown by chemical vapor deposition on n + 4H-SiC wafers. Circular mesa structures of different diameters were patterned and isolated by reactive ion etching. Four types of samples were fabricated. The first group was not implanted or passivated and was left for control. The second type consisted of oxide-passivated diode structures while the third and fourth types were ion implanted with 30 keV Ar + and 2.2 MeV He + ions, respectively. The time dependent breakdown characteristics were determined using a fast voltage ramp technique. The reverse bias breakdown voltages and leakage currents of these diodes were different for the different types of the edge termination. Diodes terminated using 2.2 MeV ion implantation yielded the best breakdown characteristics. A majority of the diodes exhibited abrupt breakdown.
Production of Formaldehyde and DNA−Adriamycin or DNA−Daunomycin Adducts, Initiated through Redox Chemistry of Dithiothreitol/Iron, Xanthine Oxidase/NADH/Iron, or Glutathione/Iron

The reaction of the antitumor drugs adriamycin and daunomycin with the self-complementary DNA oligonucleotide (GC)4 to generate DNA-drug adducts was investigated as a function of redox reaction conditions. The redox systems dithiothreitol (DTT)/Fe(III) and xanthine oxidase/ NADH both gave the same distribution of four DNA-anthracycline adducts. In each of these adducts the anthracycline is bonded via a methylene linkage between the 3'-amino group of the drug and the 2-amino group of a deoxyguanosine of the DNA. The methylene linkage results from reaction of the drug and DNA with in situ-generated formaldehyde via Schiff base chemistry [Taatjes, D.J., Gaudiano, G., Resing, K., and Koch, T.H. (1997) J. Med. Chem. 40, 1276-1286]. Formaldehyde production is promoted by iron, inhibited by metal-chelating agents, and does not require drug. Iron enhances formaldehyde production by a factor of 30, EDTA inhibits its formation by a factor of 2, and Desferal inhibits its formation by a factor of more than 20. Hydrogen peroxide accumulates in significant quantities only with xanthine oxidase/NADH in the presence of Desferal. The results are explained in terms of Fenton oxidation of Tris buffer to formaldehyde. Biological reagents also cause DNA-drug adduct formation; reduction of ferric ion with glutathione in phosphate buffer in the presence of spermine produced the same DNA-drug adducts. The observations are discussed in terms of cytotoxicity resulting from iron chelated to adriamycin catalyzing in vivo production of formaldehyde which links adriamycin to DNA and tumor cell resistance resulting from factors which decrease formaldehyde.
Fine temporal structure of neural synchronization

While neural synchronization is widely observed in neuroscience, neural oscillations are rarely in perfect synchrony and go in and out of phase in time. Since this synchrony is not perfect, the same synchrony strength may be achieved with markedly different temporal patterns of activity (roughly speaking oscillations may go out of the phase-locked state for many short episodes or few long episodes). Recent developments in the time-series analysis allowed for the investigation of the temporal variations of phase-locking with a high temporal resolution [1]. Provided that there is some average level of phase-locking is present, one can follow oscillations from cycle to cycle and to observe if the phase difference is close to the preferred phase lag or not [1]. Recent study [2] of neural oscillations in basal ganglia in Parkinson's disease revealed the patterning of neural phase-locking: the synchronized state was interrupted by numerous but mostly short desynchronization states. Here we study neural oscillations recorded by EEG in alpha and beta frequency bands in a large sample of healthy human subjects at rest and during the execution of a simple motor task. While the phase-locking strength depends on many factors, dynamics of synchrony has a very specific temporal pattern: synchronous states are interrupted by frequent, but short desynchronization episodes. The probability for a desynchronization episode to occur decreased with its duration (see Figure ​Figure1).1). The modes and medians of distributions of desynchronization durations were always just one cycle of oscillations. Figure 1 (A) distribution of desynchronization durations and (B) mean desynchronization duration at the beta band for all EEG electrodes at rest (Baseline) and during motor task (Task) as well as for C3 and C4 electrodes (Task C3-C4). Similar temporal patterning of synchrony in different brain areas in different states may suggest that i) this type of patterning is a generic phenomenon in the brain, ii) it may have some functional advantages for oscillating neural networks receiving, processing, and transmitting information, iii) it may be grounded in some general properties of neuronal networks calling for the development of appropriate nonlinear dynamical theory. To further investigate these conjectures we numerically studied a system of two and three coupled simple neuronal models (of Morris-Lecar type) and showed that fast kinetic of ionic conductances leads to the emergence of short desynchronized events when the coupling strength is below the full synchronization threshold. We further show that coupled neural oscillators exhibiting short desynchronizations require smaller values of synaptic connections between them of weaker common synaptic input to induce specified levels of synchrony strength than oscillators of the same frequency exhibiting more prolong desynchronizations. The results may suggests that whenever a (partially) synchronous cell assembly must be formed to facilitate some function, short desynchronization dynamics may allow for efficient formation and break-up of such an assembly.
Maraschino Cherry: a laboratory-lecture unit.

ABSTRACT: Oregon State Univ. has offered FST 102 “Maraschino Cherry” as a 1-credit orientation course since 1994. The maraschino cherry serves as a vehicle from which faculty give their disciplinary perspective, for example, the chemistry of the maraschino cherry, processing unit operations, microbiology and food safety, food law, sensory analysis, product development, and so on. This laboratory-lecture unit was developed to provide reference background information, including instructions for making maraschino cherries. The unit explains the functions of SO2, CaCl2, acidulants (citric or HCl), and sodium chlorite in cherry brine formulations, as well as the critical role of pH in cherry brine formulation and processing of maraschino cherries. How to estimate °Brix of sugar syrups by the Pearson square method is described. The unit gives students an understanding of the regulatory distinctions between certified colorants and colorants exempt from certification; artificial, natural, and with other natural flavors (WONF) flavorings; and additives and ingredients. A brief historical perspective of maraschino cherries is given. Study questions and suggested student projects are included.
A two-stage stochastic programming model for transportation network protection

Network protection against natural and human-caused hazards has become a topical research theme in engineering and social sciences. This paper focuses on the problem of allocating limited retrofit resources over multiple highway bridges to improve the resilience and robustness of the entire transportation system in question. The main modeling challenges in network retrofit problems are to capture the interdependencies among individual transportation facilities and to cope with the extremely high uncertainty in the decision environment. In this paper, we model the network retrofit problem as a two-stage stochastic programming problem that optimizes a mean-risk objective of the system loss. This formulation hedges well against uncertainty, but also imposes computational challenges due to involvement of integer decision variables and increased dimension of the problem. An efficient algorithm is developed, via extending the well-known L-shaped method using generalized benders decomposition, to efficiently handle the binary integer variables in the first stage and the nonlinear recourse in the second stage of the model formulation. The proposed modeling and solution methods are general and can be applied to other network design problems as well.
Effects of Hypoxia on Thrombocytopoiesis and Thrombopoietin Production of Mice

SummaryMice were placed in hypoxia chambers for various lengths of time prior to and after injection of platelet specific antiserum to determine the cause of thrombocytopenia in hypoxic mice. The results indicate that hypoxia decreased platelet production by action on a precursor cell or a primitive population of megakaryocytes without altering the ability of mice to produce thrombo-poietin. Hypoxia may cause thrombocytopenia by stem-cell competition between the erythrocytic and megakaryocytic cell lines.
Putative shorelines in northern Arabia Terra, Mars

[1] Three putative shorelines first proposed by Parker et al. [1989] are topographically and morphologically evaluated within a 700,000 km2 study area in northern Arabia Terra, Mars. Results are consistent with a shoreline interpretation for the Arabia and Deuteronilus contacts but do not support the proposed Acidalia shoreline. The Arabia contact follows an equipotential surface with a mean elevation of −3707 m and a mean deviation of ±13 m. For Deuteronilus, results suggest that the originally proposed shoreline represents two distinct, regional shorelines, because two separate portions of the original Deuteronilus contact approximate equipotential surfaces of −4200 m ± 5 m and −4000 m ± 6 m. For both the Deuteronilus and Arabia contacts, there is geomorphic evidence for erosion, and some landforms are similar to analogous terrestrial coastal landforms. These results permit, but do not prove, the past existence of an ocean ponded within the northern lowlands, possibly as recently as the Amazonian.
A clinical evaluation of the restoration of root surface caries

Root surface caries is of growing importance because its prevalence increases with age, and the population of the United States is growing older while edentulism and tooth loss rates have declined. Few clinical studies have evaluated materials used for the restoration of active root caries lesions. This study evaluated a Type II glass ionomer cement and a microfilled composite resin, both placed in preparations without mechanical retention or acid etching of enamel, in the restoration of root caries. Fifty adult volunteers with active root caries received one or both materials with the material chosen randomly. Patients were recalled after 24 months to evaluate restorations for retention, additional caries, marginal integrity, and overall clinical acceptability. Seventy-seven restorations were available for reevaluation. Forty-five percent of the glass ionomer and 73% of the composite restorations were clinically acceptable after 24 months. Of the glass ionomers, 39% were fully retained compared with 73% of composite restorations. Among those partially or fully retained, 25% of the glass ionomer restorations had minimal loss of marginal integrity and 30% had extensive loss while 53% and 9% of composite restorations had minimal and extensive loss, respectively. Most restorations were clinically unacceptable because of restorative material loss. Substantial numbers of glass ionomer cement and composite resin restorations were lost. This may be the result of difficulties in maintaining isolation and obtaining a proper gingival seal. Thus, routine use of mechanical retention is still highly recommended to reduce the loss of restorative material.
A Microprocessor-Controlled User-Interactive Information Dissemination System

A telephone dial access, user-interactive, information dissemination system is described which incorporates up to eleven tape recorders controlled by an Intel 8085 microprocessor. The system has a dial-in capability permitting the caller to select any one of ten messages he may wish to hear. In addition, all recorded messages are played to the caller as rate-altered or time compressed speech (rate of transmission is changed from that produced by the speaker). The speech rate may be selected independently for each tape recorder, ranging from normal (1.0) to 1.7 times the normal speed. The combination of rate-altered speech and user-interactive capability permits this system to be very efficient for many information dissemination tasks.
Tridentate N(2)S ligand from 2,2'-dithiodibenzaldehyde and N,N-dimethylethylenediamine: synthesis, structure, and characterization of a Ni(II) complex with relevance to Ni Superoxide Dismutase

Abstract Nickel Superoxide Dismutase (NiSOD) and the A-cluster of Carbon Monoxide Dehydrogenase/Acetyl Coenzyme A Synthase (CODH/ACS) both feature active sites with Ni coordinated by thiolate and amide donors. It is likely that the particular set of donors is important in tuning the redox potential of the Ni center(s). We report herein an expansion of our efforts involving the use of 2,2′-dithiodibenzaldehyde (DTDB) as a synthon for metal–thiolate complexes to reactions with Ni complexes of N,N-dimethylethylenediamine (dmen). In the presence of coordinating counterions, these reactions result in monomeric square-planar complexes of the tridentate N2S donor ligand derived from the Schiff-base condensation of dmen and DTDB. In the absence of a coordinating counterion, we have isolated a Ni(II) complex with an asymmetric N2S2 donor set involving one amine and one imine N donor in addition to two thiolate donors. This latter complex is discussed with respect to its relevance to the active site of NiSOD.
Cyprus: Episode in Peacekeeping

On March 27, 1964, Secretary-General U Thant announced that the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) had become operational. This announcement occurred only a few days after the initial Canadian units landed in Cyprus soon to be joined by the forces from other contributing countries. The operation, initiated under the executive direction of the Secretary-General and at the request of the Security Council, thus became another in a series of peacekeeping efforts by the United Nations. One year later the Secretary-General was able to report that during the first year of operation UNFICYP had achieved “very creditable results” but that major difficulties still remained with respect to achieving a stable and enduring peace.
Note on Ricardian equivalence

Abstract Discussions of the Ricardian equivalence concept have generally centered on the notion of a dynastic extended family in which the utility of each generation depends on its own consumption and on the utilities of its descendants. This paper shows that there are other reasons why we could observe the Ricardian result, either exactly or approximately. One reason is the capitalization of property taxes into property values. The other reason is that the bequest itself could be a variable in parents' utility functions.
Fine wire convective heat transfer to water at small heat flux values

Abstract Measurements of heat transfer from circular wires to water in crossflow were evaluated for different heat fluxes in the range of 500 to 25,000 watts/m2 in a Reynolds number range of 2 to 50. It was observed that for heat fluxes in excess of 50,000 W/m2 (about 3 watts) the present data was found to be in good agreement with the most recent correlations given in the literature for forced convection. The present data is represented better by the equation Nu £ =(0.1985 + 0.863 Re £ 0.43 ) Pr £ 0.3 However, for heat fluxes less than 50,000 W/m2, the Nusselt number begins to deviate from all reported correlations and approaches zero as the heat flux is decreased. No correlation for this phenomena was found and a good explanation for this break at 50,000 W/m2 seems to be illusive.
Contested knowledge: Technological literacies and the power of unacknowledged disciplinary investments

Abstract This article examines how teachers’ and students’ unacknowledged disciplinary and professional investments shape power dynamics in the classroom. We ground our inquiry in a situated study of two undergraduate web authoring courses. We first describe how participants struggled to make their definitions of technological literacy—as seen in the people and practices valued in these definitions—the privileged definitions of the classroom. We then argue that these definitions were informed by participants’ unacknowledged disciplinary investments. Finally, we raise questions about the potential implications of these investments for our discipline.
Inhibition of BMP signaling suppresses metastasis in mammary cancer

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are secreted cytokines/growth factors that have differing roles in cancer. BMPs are overexpressed in human breast cancers, but loss of BMP signaling in mammary carcinomas can accelerate metastasis. We show that human breast cancers display active BMP signaling, which is rarely downregulated or homozygously deleted. We hypothesized that systemic inhibition of BMP signaling in both the tumor and the surrounding microenvironment could prevent tumor progression and metastasis. To test this hypothesis, we used DMH1, a BMP antagonist, in MMTV.PyVmT expressing mice. Treatment with DMH1 reduced lung metastasis and the tumors were less proliferative and more apoptotic. In the surrounding tumor microenvironment, treatment with DMH1 altered fibroblasts, lymphatic vessels and macrophages to be less tumor promoting. These results indicate that inhibition of BMP signaling may successfully target both the tumor and the surrounding microenvironment to reduce tumor burden and metastasis.
Solution of the linearized Poisson-Boltzmann equation

Improved methods are formulated for solution of the linearized Poisson-Boltzmann equation, to be used in conjunction with electronic structure calculation on a solute together with dielectric continuum representation of the salt-containing solvent. Volume polarization effects due to quantum mechanical penetration of solute charge density outside the cavity that excludes solvent are treated by exact and by approximate methods analogous to those previously developed for the salt-free case. With boundary element approaches, exact solutions lead to coupled equations for a pair of cavity surface distributions that mimic the polarization of the solvent dielectric and the ionic atmosphere. A novel means is found to effectively decouple these equations, yielding more efficient practical methods for their numerical solution. Detailed comparisons are given to related boundary element formulations previously reported in the literature, which neglect volume polarization, and analogous decoupling is also found for the pair of surface distributions invoked there. Illustrative results are provided for a simple spherical example.
Tractor: A framework for soft information fusion

This paper presents a soft information fusion framework for creating a propositional graph from natural language messages with an emphasis on producing these graphs for fusion with other messages. The framework utilizes artificial intelligence techniques from natural language understanding, knowledge representation, and information retrieval.
Transit of tRNA through the Escherichia coli ribosome. Cross-linking of the 3' end of tRNA to specific nucleotides of the 23 S ribosomal RNA at the A, P, and E sites.

Abstract When bound to Escherichia coliribosomes and irradiated with near-UV light, various derivatives of yeast tRNAPhe containing 2-azidoadenosine at the 3′ terminus form cross-links to 23 S rRNA and 50 S subunit proteins in a site-dependent manner. A and P site-bound tRNAs, whose 3′ termini reside in the peptidyl transferase center, label primarily nucleotides U2506 and U2585 and protein L27. In contrast, E site-bound tRNA labels nucleotide C2422 and protein L33. The cross-linking patterns confirm the topographical separation of the peptidyl transferase center from the E site domain. The relative amounts of label incorporated into the universally conserved residues U2506 and U2585 depend on the occupancy of the A and P sites by different tRNA ligands and indicates that these nucleotides play a pivotal role in peptide transfer. In particular, the 3′-adenosine of the peptidyl-tRNA analogue, AcPhe-tRNAPhe, remains in close contact with U2506 regardless of whether its anticodon is located in the A site or P site. Our findings, therefore, modify and extend the hybrid state model of tRNA-ribosome interaction. We show that the 3′-end of the deacylated tRNA that is formed after transpeptidation does not immediately progress to the E site but remains temporarily in the peptidyl transferase center. In addition, we demonstrate that the E site, defined by the labeling of nucleotide C2422 and protein L33, represents an intermediate state of binding that precedes the entry of deacylated tRNA into the F (final) site from which it dissociates into the cytoplasm.
Infinite elements for elastodynamics

An axisymmetric infinite element and a three-dimensional infinite element are developed to solve three-dimensional elastic wave propagation problems in unbounded media. The elements are capable of transmitting Rayleigh, shear and compressional waves in the frequency domain. A scheme to integrate numerically the characteristic matrices of the elements is formulated based upon Gauss—Laguerre quadrature. Finally, the axisymmetric infinite element is used to find the compliance functions of a rigid circular plate subjected to harmonic loading on a semi-infinite medium. By using infinite elements, the size of the near field may be kept small. Consequently, the system is characterized by relatively few degrees of freedom, thus providing the analyst with an inexpensive solution.
Micromagnetics of zigzag head-on domain walls

Abstract The boundary between two domains of head-on magnetization, as occurred in digital recording, has been observed to be zigzag in shape and the transition region carries a net charge. A method has been developed to calculate, with no approximations, the complex magnetization distribution within this transition region.
Structural model for amorphous silicon and germanium

Abstract A model for amorphous germanium and silicon has been constructed using the random network concept. Each atom has a first coordination number of four, and only a small variation in the nearest neighbor distance is allowed. Non-crystallinity is due to variations in the tetrahedral bond angle and rotations about bonds. No difficulty was encountered in continuing to make the model larger and no difference in structure between the central and outer regions could be observed. The radial distribution function and the density of the model agree well with recent measurements.
Batch Lot Variability in Permeation Through Nitrile Gloves

Many factors should be considered in the selection of chemical protective clothing, but the majority of selections are based on manufacturers' permeation data composed of average results for three replicates; usually no information about variability is provided. It was hypothesized that variability across batch lots might be considerable, and that variability may be due to cure factors that may vary from one site to another within the same company. Glass transition temperature (Tg) has been demonstrated to be an indicator of cure, and so its relationship to permeation parameters was examined. Steady state permeation rate, breakthrough detection time (BDT), cumulative permeation at 125 minutes (ASTM F1407), and Tg (ASTM E1356) were measured for two makes of nitrile gloves presumably in four batches. Tg was not related to any of the permeation parameters even though batch-to-batch variability was statistically significant for all parameters except BDT. A comparison with recent ASTM round-robin results indic...
Perceptions of philosophic and practice differences between US osteopathic physicians and their allopathic counterparts.

Data were gathered through a random national mail survey of 3000 US osteopathic physicians. Nine hundred and fifty-five questionnaires were usable for analysis. Through open-ended questions, osteopathic physicians identified philosophic and practice differences that distinguished them from their allopathic counterparts, and whether they believed the use of osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT), a key identifiable feature of the osteopathic profession, was appropriate in their specialty. Seventy-five percent of the respondents to the question regarding philosophic differences answered positively, and 41 percent of the follow-up responses indicated that holistic medicine was the most distinguishing characteristic of their profession. In response to the question on practice differences, 59 percent of the respondents believed they practiced differently from allopathic physicians, and 72 percent of the follow-up responses indicated that the osteopathic approach to treatment was a primary distinguishing feature, mainly incorporating the application of OMT, a caring doctor-patient relationship, and a hands-on style. More respondents who specialized in osteopathic manipulative medicine and family practice perceived differences between them and their allopathic counterparts than did other practitioners. Almost all respondents believed OMT was an efficacious treatment, but 19 percent of all respondents felt use of OMT was inappropriate in their specialty. Thirty-one percent of the pediatricians and 38 percent of the non-primary care specialists shared this view. Eighty-eight percent of the respondents had a self-identification as osteopathic physicians, but less than half felt their patients identified them as such. When responses are considered in the context of all survey respondents (versus only those who provided open-ended responses) not a single philosophic concept or resultant practice behavior had concurrence from more than a third of the respondents as distinguishing osteopathic from allopathic medicine. Rank and file osteopathic practitioners seem to be struggling for a legitimate professional identification. The outcome of this struggle is bound to have an impact on health care delivery in the US.
Vibrotactile adaptation on the face

Threshold amplitude for vibration is elevated if testing is preceded by extended exposure to a vibratory adapting stimulus of appropriate amplitude and frequency. This phenomenon, previously studied almost exclusively on the hand, is here shown for the first time to occur on the face as well. Adaptation is then used analytically to determine that the two-branched threshold. versus-frequency function obtained on the face by Verrillo and Ecker (1977) represents the activity of two distinct mechanisms. Action spectra of vibrotactile adaptation reveal the presence of both mechanisms even in subjects whose unadapted threshold function (like that reported by Barlow, 1987) shows no sign of duplexity. Finally, the data suggest that on the face (unlike the hand), cross-channel adaptation may occur at high adapting amplitudes.
Mediators between frustration and aggression in a field experiment

Abstract To assess some of the mediators between a frustrating incident and subsequent aggressive behavior in a field situation, 320 male and female subjects were assigned to one of 32 experimental conditions in a 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design. Either a male or female experimenter, saying “Excuse me” or not, dressed in high or low status clothing, cut in line in front of the subject, who was standing near the front or back of the line. Verbal and nonverbal aggressiveness were coded and summed to measure total aggression. Subjects near the front of the line or interacting with a low status experimenter were more aggressive than those at the back of the line or seeing a high status experimenter. Less aggression was directed against the female experimenter or one who said “Excuse me,” and there was a strong tendency for subjects to be more aggressive to a same-sex experimenter. It was suggested that further research on instigators to aggression be carried out in such field situations.
Students' Off-Line and On-Line Experiences

We investigate novice programmers' use of parentheses and quotes in LISP by examining the activities of students working in both off-line and on-line settings. In keeping with our previous work, we identify three major groups of students working off-line: rule refiners, rule users, and rule seekers. These students differ in the level to which they have refined the “rules” they use. Three major groups of students working on-line are also identified: competent, inconsistent, and ineffective feedback users. In both settings, some students appear to use a perceptual matching strategy, whereby they implement “what looks right” to them rather than making sense of the actual meanings of parentheses and quotes. Students also use computer feedback to augment their success with LISP. In other words, they determine a correct call or definition using the computer feedback rather than careful analysis of the LISP code. Students who do not understand the meaning of parentheses and quotes can arrive at a correct answer ...
Chemical definition of the mucopolysaccharidoses.

Abstract Glycosaminoglycans were isolated from the urines of 46 patients with mucopolysaccharidosis; 11 with Type I (Hurler), 8 with Type II (Hunter), 16 with Type III (Sanfilippo A and B), 9 with Type V (Scheie), one with Type VI (Marateaux-Lamy), and one unclassified. All 46 patients excreted in their urine excessive amounts of dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfate or both. In addition, patients of certain types excreted excessive amounts of chondroitin sulfates A and/or C. There is a trend in each type of the disease towards the same carbazole/orcinol ratio, glucosamine/galactosamine ratio and glycosaminoglycan composition. Molecular weight distribution of the urinary glycosaminoglycans by gel filtration from Sephadex G-200 is characteristic for each different type of mucopolysaccharidosis and is distinguished from normal controls and patients without mucopolysaccharidosis. Preparation of elution diagrams from Sephadex G-200 allows an estimation of the composition of the glycosaminoglycans. Practically all heparan sulfate and a sizable part of dermatan sulfate from the urinary glycosaminoglycans of all these patients have been highly degraded. In all the patients in which the specific enzyme defect was demonstrated, the assignment of the type of mucopolysaccharidosis, on the basis of the elution diagrams, was correct. Patients with mucopolysaccharidosis Type V displayed two conspicuously different types of elution patterns, suggesting heterogeneity. Indeed, only a portion of these patients showed α-L-iduronidase deficiency. Carriers had normal urinary glycosaminoglycan output and composition and exhibited normal elution diagrams.
Misconceptions and realities about teaching online.

This article is intended to guide online course developers and teachers. A brief review of the literature on the misconceptions of beginning online teachers reveals that most accept the notion that putting one’s lecture notes online produces effective learning, or that technology will make education more convenient and cost-effective for all concerned. Effective online learning requires a high level of responsibility for learning on the part of students and a reduction of the teacher-student power differential. This, in turn, has major implications for faculty and course development, student selection criteria, the cost of instruction, and the outcomes of education. Effective online teaching focuses on processes of learning rather than outcomes, and is consistent with modern principles of learning that emphasize focusing on issues of high interest to learners, teaching students to use skills of active and effective learning, providing prompt feedback, and enabling students to establish learning goals and employ alternative paths to achieving those goals. Multiple ways of operationalizing these goals online are presented. Tips are offered concerning selection of students who are capable of benefiting from the online experience, developing curriculum that is user-friendly, using resources that stimulate good writing and critical thinking, and limiting class size to a manageable number.
Characterization of Culturable PAH and BTEX Degrading Bacteria from Heavy Oil of the Rancho La Brea Tarpits

Novel petroleum degrading bacteria have been identified in heavy oil from natural asphalt seeps using DNA-based methods, but there is little knowledge of the extent to which these bacteria can be cultured by selective enrichments on different aromatic hydrocarbons. Here we report the species composition of bacterial communities from a 40,000 yr-old asphalt deposit that could be grown on selected petroleum compounds. Species compositions of the degrader communities determined by PCR-DGGE and 16S rDNA sequencing showed that selective enrichment using (PAHs) and BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, and xylene) as growth substrates produced relatively simple degrader communities, and included a predominant species, Pseudomonas stutzeri, which grew on multiple compounds. PCR-based techniques further identified genes encoding naphthalene dioxygenase and catechol 2,3-dioxygenase from P. stutzeri in the enrichment cultures. The results suggest that only a small portion of the asphalt-inhabiting community can be...
Sensitivity analyses of satellite rainfall retrieval and sampling error on flood prediction uncertainty

The Global Precipitation Measurement mission planned jointly by the United States, Japanese, and European space agencies envisions providing global rainfall products from a constellation of passive microwave (PM) satellite sensors at time scales ranging from 3-6 h. In this paper, a sensitivity analysis was carried out to understand the implication of satellite PM rainfall retrieval and sampling errors on flood prediction uncertainty for medium-sized (/spl sim/100 km/sup 2/) watersheds. The 3-h rainfall sampling gave comparable flood prediction uncertainties with respect to the hourly sampling, typically used in runoff modeling, for a major flood event in Northern Italy. The runoff prediction error, though, was magnified up to a factor of 3 when rainfall estimates were derived from 6-h PM sampling intervals. The systematic and random error components in PM retrieval are shown to interact with PM sampling introducing added uncertainty in runoff simulation. The temporal correlation in the PM retrieval error was found to have a negligible effect in runoff prediction. It is shown that merging rain retrievals from hourly infrared (IR) and PM observations generally reduces flood prediction uncertainty. The error reduction varied between 50% (0%) and 80% (50%) for the 6-h (3-h) PM sampling scenarios, depending on the relative magnitudes of PM and IR retrieval errors. Findings from this paper are potentially useful for the design, planning, and application assessment of satellite remote sensing in flood and flash flood forecasting.
Using Question-Answer Pairs in Extractive Summarization of Email Conversations

While sentence extraction as an approach to summarization has been shown to work in documents of certain genres, because of the conversational nature of email communication, sentence extraction may not result in a coherent summary. In this paper, we present our work on augmenting extractive summaries of threads of email conversations with automatically detected question-answer pairs. We compare various approaches to integrating question-answer pairs in the extractive summaries, and show that their use improves the quality of email summaries.
CERTAIN ASPECTS OF THE EXPANSION OF QUANTITATIVE METHODOLOGY IN AMERICAN GEOGRAPHY

ABSTRACT Since the nineteenth century, American geographers have applied mathematical concepts to geographic research, and they have increased the level of mathematical sophistication associated with their research. To some extent geographers have traditionally been interested in developing methods of quantitative geographic analysis; however, it was not until the turn of the twentieth century that there was concentrated effort to develop special programs of quantitative methods training and to expand the scope of quantitative geographic research. This paper attempts to examine certain aspects of expansion of quantitative methods training and research for the period 1954–1965. Since the early 1950's the number of major geography departments offering specialized training in quantitative methodology has risen from three percent to over seventy-eight percent. Today many departments require training in statistics and mathematics and roughly one third of the major American doctoral training centers now allow t...
INFORMATION DYNAMICS IN FINANCIAL MARKETS

A noisy rational expectations model of asset trading is extended to incorporate costs of information acquisition and expectation formation. Because of the information costs, how much information to acquire becomes an important decision. Agents make this decision by choosing an expectations strategy about the future value of information. Because expectation formation is costly, agents often choose strategies that are simpler (and thus cheaper) than rational expectations. The model's dynamics can be expressed in terms of the market precision, which represents the amount of information acquired by the average agent. Under certain conditions, market precision follows an unstable and highly irregular time path. This irregularity directly affects observable market quantities. In particular, simulated time series for return volatility and trading volume display a copersistence similar to that found in actual financial data.
Late acyltransferase genes lpxX and lpxL jointly contribute to the biological activities of Moraxella catarrhalis.

Lipo-oligosaccharide (LOS) is a major surface component and virulence factor of the human respiratory pathogen Moraxella catarrhalis. Two late acyltransferase genes, lpxX and lpxL, have been identified involved in the incorporation of acyloxyacyl-linked secondary acyl chains into lipid A during M. catarrhalis LOS biosynthesis. In this study, a double mutant with a deletion of both the lpxX and lpxL genes in M. catarrhalis strain O35E was constructed and named O35ElpxXL. Structural analysis of lipid A showed that the O35ElpxXL mutant lacked two decanoic acids (10 : 0) and one dodecanoic (lauric) acid (12 : 0). In comparison with the O35E parental strain and the single mutants O35ElpxX and O35ElpxL, the double mutant O35ElpxXL displayed prominently decreased endotoxin content, reduced resistance to normal human serum and accelerated bacterial clearance at 0, 3 and 6 h after an aerosol challenge in a mouse model of bacterial pulmonary clearance. These results indicate that these two genes encoding late acyltransferases responsible for lipid A biosynthesis jointly contribute to the biological activities and pathogenicity of M. catarrhalis. The double mutant O35ElpxXL with dramatically reduced toxicity is proposed as a potential vaccine candidate against M. catarrhalis infections for further investigation.
Motivations of patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension to participate in randomized clinical trials

Background There is substantial need to rigorously evaluate existing and new therapies for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and other severe and relatively rare conditions affecting younger patients. However, the ability to conduct meaningful randomized clinical trials (RCTs) in such contexts often is limited by difficulties obtaining adequate patient enrollment.Purpose To understand the motivations of patients with PAH for participating in RCTs so as to facilitate enrollment in future trials among patients with similar diseases.Methods We conducted semistructured interviews of a diverse sample of patients with World Health Organization (WHO) Group I PAH. We purposefully recruited a diverse sample of participants until theoretical saturation was reached. We randomly assigned patients to review hypothetical RCTs that did or did not allow continuation of background PAH therapies and elicited their reasons for or against enrolling. Interviews were transcribed and analyzed using constant comparison tec...
Collaborative Wrapping: A Turbo Framework for Web Data Extraction

To access data sources on the Web, a crucial step is wrapping, which translates query responses, rendered in textual HTML, back into their relational form. Traditionally, this problem has been addressed with syntax-based approaches for a single source. However, as online databases multiply, we often need to wrap multiple sources, in particular for domain-based integration. Observing that sources in the same domain usually share common fields, we propose a novel wrapping concept - collaborative wrapping - where multiple sources are extracted concurrently with content-based synchronization to produce consentaneous extractions. Toward this concept, recognizing wrapping as a communication process, we develop the turbo wrapper, upon the insight of turbo codes - a multi-code decoding scheme in information theory. Our experiment shows that the turbo wrapper consistently outperforms baseline single-source methods, is robust, and does benefit from extended scales of source collaboration.
Incorporating multi-chip module packaging constraints into system design

Computer system design addresses the optimization of metrics such as cost, performance, power, and reliability in the presence of physical constraints. The advent of large area, low cost Multi-Chip Modules (MCM) will lead to a new class of optimal system designs. This paper explores the early analysis of the impact of packaging technology on this design process. Our goal is to develop a suite of tools to evaluate computing system architectures under the constraints of various technologies. The design of the memory hierarchy in high speed microprocessors is used to explore the nature and type of trade-offs that can be made during the conceptual design of computing systems.
Rogers Redux: Relevance and Outcomes of Motivational Interviewing Across Behavioral Problems

Very little work regarding C. Rogers's (1961) client-centered counseling has been published in the counseling discipline's journals over the last 20 years. However, during this time there has been an impressive output of empirical research using motivational interviewing (MI) in which C. Rogers's theory and approach are foundational. A review of MI's basic theoretical premises and applications for a multitude of behavioral problems are presented. Justification for integrating MI into counseling practice, training, and research is offered.
Majority Party Bias in U.S. Congressional Conference Committees

This article examines the representativeness of conference committees in the U.S. Congress by measuring the difference in observed policy preferences between the conference delegations and the parent bodies. We predict and find significant differences between the House and Senate in terms of the partisan bias of conference delegations. House conference delegations are systematically biased in favor of the majority party and away from the chamber median. We take the additional step of exploring the source of this bias. In particular, we examine whether majority party bias in conference is a function of partisan processes at work directly in the selection of conferees. We find evidence that the conditions of majority party influence in the House are consistent with some existing theoretical models of party influence in legislating. There is less conclusive evidence of partisan processes in the Senate, which is consistent with institutional differences in appointment practices.
Nonlinear modeling and control of a propellant mixer

A mixing chamber used in rocket engine combustion testing at the NASA Stennis Space Center is modeled by a second order nonlinear MIMO system. The mixer is used to condition the thermodynamic properties of liquid propellant by controlled injection of the same substance in the gaseous phase. The three inputs of the mixer are the positions of the valves regulating the liquid and gas flows at the inlets, and the position of the exit valve regulating the flow of conditioned propellant. The outputs to be tracked and/or regulated are mixer internal pressure, exit mass flow, and exit temperature. The outputs must conform to test specifications dictated by the type of rocket engine or component being tested downstream of the mixer. Feedback linearization is used to achieve tracking and regulation of the outputs. It is shown that the system is minimum-phase provided certain conditions on the parameters are satisfied. The conditions are shown to have physical interpretation.
On the accuracy, repeatability, and degree of influence of kinematics parameters for industrial robots

In this article, we discuss industrial robot characteristics of accuracy and repeatability. The factors that affect these characteristics are identified, and an error tree is developed. Subsequently, the accuracy and repeatability are investigated utilizing the Denavit-Hartenberg kinematics parameters, the homogeneous transformation matrix, and the differential transformation matrix theory, and corresponding measures are developed. The formulation indicates that the influence matrices associated with joint variables are constant. A new measure called degree of influence is established that qualitatively assesses the relative contribution of each kinematic parameter variation to the accuracy and repeatability of rigid manipulators. The developed formulation provides for easy evaluation of the degree of influence measures for rigid manipulators in either numerical or symbolic form. A numerical example is included in which the degree of influence of the kinematics parameters for an articulated manipulator, PUMA 560, are evaluated and analysed.