cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
1990 Max Jakob Memorial Award Lecture: Viscoelastic Fluids: A New Challenge in Heat Transfer

A review of the current knowledge on the fluid mechanics and heat transfer behavior of viscoelastic aqueous polymer solutions in channel flow is presented. Both turbulent and laminar flow conditions are considered. Although the major emphasis is on fully established circular pipe flow, some results are also reported for flow in a 2:1 rectangular channel. For fully established turbulent channel flow, it was found that the friction factor, f, and the dimensionless heat transfer factor, jH , were functions of the Reynolds number and a dimensionless elasticity value, the Weissenberg number. For Weissenberg values greater than approximately 10 (the critical value) the friction factor was found to be a function only of the Reynolds number; for values less than 10 the friction factor was a function of both Re and Ws. For the dimensionless heat transfer coefficient jH the corresponding critical Weissenberg value was found to be about 100. The heat transfer reduction is always greater than the friction factor reduction; consequently, the heat transfer per unit pumping power decreases with increasing elasticity. For fully established laminar pipe flow of aqueous polymer solutions, the measured values of the friction factor and dimensionless heat transfer coefficient were in excellent agreement with the values predicted for a power law fluid. For laminar flow in a 2:1 rectangular channel the fully developed friction factor measurements were also in agreement with the power law prediction. In contrast, the measured local heat transfer coefficients for aqueous polymer solutions in laminar flow through the 2:1 rectangular duct were two to three times the values predicted for a purely viscous power law fluid. It is hypothesized that these high heat transfer coefficients are due to secondary motions, which come about as a result of the unequal normal stresses occurring in viscoelastic fluids. The anomalous behavior of one particular aqueous polymer solution—namely, polyacrylic acid (Carbopol)—is described in some detail, raising some interesting questions as to how viscoelastic fluids should be classified. In closing, a number of challenging research opportunities in the study of viscoelastic fluids are presented.
Role of Bile Acid Malabsorption in Pathogenesis of Diarrhea and Steatorrhea in Patients with Ileal Resection: I. Response to cholestyramine or replacement of dietary long chain triglyceride by medium chain triglyceride

Balance studies, which focused on bile acid metabolism, were carried out on 9 patients with ileal resection in order to define the importance of bile acid malabsorption in the pathogenesis of the diarrhea and steatorrhea. The influence of cholestyramine (Q) or type of dietary fat—long chain triglyceride (LCT) or equicalorically substituted medium chain triglyceride (MCT)—on bile acid synthesis, diarrhea, steatorrhea, and fecal electrolyte excretion was measured during steady state intervals of four randomized periods (LCT, LCT + Q, MCT, and MCT + Q). During control (LCT) periods, all patients had bile acid malabsorption, excreting >75% of administered taurocholate-14C within 24 hr, and this malabsorption was accompanied by a 10- to 20-fold increase in bile acid synthesis. Patients with ileal resection of less than 100 cm had greatly increased concentrations of bile acids in fecal water compared with normal control subjects. Administration of cholestyramine significantly decreased fecal weight, frequency, and sodium ion excretion as well as the concentration of bile acid in fecal water. These observations, together with our previous demonstration that bile acids induce water and electrolyte secretion by the human colon, provide evidence that a major cause of diarrhea in these patients was the increased passage of bile acids into the colon. Cholestyramine caused the already increased bile acid synthesis to increase still more in some of these patients; maximal synthesis was 0.1 to 0.3 mmole per kg of body weight per day, based on gas chromatographic measurements of fecal bile acids. All patients had mild steatorrhea ( 20 g per day); fat malabsorption appeared to be a major cause of diarrhea, since replacement of LCT by MCT caused a decrease in fecal weight, sodium, and potassium as well as a striking decrease in steatorrhea. Unabsorbed fatty acids were converted in part to hydroxy fatty acids by intestinal bacteria and it is proposed that unabsorbed fatty acid or its bacterial product, hydroxy fatty acid, or both, contributed to diarrhea. Bile acid malabsorption appeared to play no direct role in the diarrhea in 2 of 3 patients, since there ~ was no response to cholestyramine and the concentration of bile acids in fecal water was low. Malabsorption of bile acids was nonetheless important in the syndrome, since jejunal bile acid concentrations were decreased (causing fat maldigestion) in 2 of 3 patients, and fat maldigestion, together with decreased mucosal surface, was the probable explanation for the severe steatorrhea. These studies define two syndromes of bile acid malabsorption, present evidence for different mechanisms of diarrhea in each, and describe a therapeutic program.
Public Policy and the Ageing Workforce in the United States

Despite an ageing work force and the impending retirement of millions of baby boomers that could lead to serious labour, skills, and occupational shortages, older workers are not high on the policy agenda in the United States. Nonetheless, labour force participation rates for the older population have been rising, and public opinion polls reveal a sizeable demand for post-retirement employment. The challenge lies in meeting that demand and fostering longer worklives on the part of even more older Americans. A substantial public policy response is by no means certain, although raising the retirement age is likely to feature prominently in the debate on Social Security reform.
Testing Causal Models of Delinquency: A Methodological Critique

Researchers studying the etiology of delinquency often use correlational data in an attempt to test causal theories. This article shows that several specific methodological problems have hampered much of the research in this area. These problems include confusion over the definitions of measurement model and causal model, use of improper methods for testing each sort of model, and misunderstanding of the conditions under which data collected at a single time period can be used to draw conclusions about causal relationships between variables. Data presented in several studies are reanalyzed here to illustrate the use of methods that can help to solve these conceptual and methodological problems. It is concluded that we may know less than we thought we did about the causes of delinquency. Keywords: Juvenile justice
A Multidisciplinary Approach to Promoting Healthy Subsistence Fish Consumption in Culturally Distinct Communities

Methyl mercury is a potent neurotoxin that causes developmental delays in young and unborn children and has been linked to neurological and cardiovascular degeneration in adults. Methyl mercury is ...
The effect of ‘ Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ infection on the proteomic profiles and nutritional status of pre-symptomatic and symptomatic grapefruit ( Citrus paradisi ) plants

Huanglongbing (HLB) is a highly destructive citrus disease which threatens citrus production worldwide and ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ (Las), a non-culturable phloem-limited bacterium, is an associated causal agent of the disease. To better understand the physiological and molecular processes involved in host responses to Las, 2-DE and mass spectrometry analyses, as well as ICP spectroscopy analysis were employed to elucidate the global protein expression profiles and nutrient concentrations in leaves of Las-infected grapefruit plants at pre-symptomatic or symptomatic stages for HLB. This study identified 123 protein spots out of 191 spots that showed significant changes in the leaves of grapefruit plants in response to Las infection and all identified spots matched to 69 unique proteins/peptides. A down-regulation of 56 proteins including those associated with photosynthesis, protein synthesis, and metabolism was correlated with significant reductions in the concentrations of Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Mn, and Cu in leaves of grapefruit plants in response to Las infection, particularly in symptomatic plants. Oxygen-evolving enhancer (OEE) proteins, a PSI 9 kDa protein, and a Btf3-like protein were among a small group of proteins that were down-regulated in both pre-symptomatic and symptomatic plants in response to Las infection. Furthermore, a Las-mediated up-regulation of 13 grapefruit proteins was detected, which included Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase, chitinases, lectin-related proteins, miraculin-like proteins, peroxiredoxins and a CAP 160 protein. Interestingly, a Las-mediated up-regulation of granule-bound starch synthase was correlated with an increase in the K concentrations of pre-symptomatic and symptomatic plants. This study constitutes the first attempt to characterize the interrelationships between protein expression and nutritional status of Las-infected pre-symptomatic or symptomatic grapefruit plants and sheds light on the physiological and molecular mechanisms associated with HLB disease development.
BikeSafe: evaluating a bicycle safety program for middle school aged children

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to measure the effectiveness of a bicycle safety education curriculum for middle school age children in order to reduce the number of injuries and fatalities of bicyclists hit by cars in Miami-Dade County. METHODS: The University of Miami BikeSafe(®) program includes a four day off-bike middle school curriculum that follows a train-the-trainer model, where a small number of staff trains a larger group of grades 6th-8th physical education teachers from various schools to teach the bike safety curriculum to their students. Subjects in this study included 193 students from 18 classes (3 per school) at 6 selected middle schools. Measures included a knowledge assessment of the curriculum that was administered to students pre- and post-curriculum implementation. Data were collected and analyzed with school and class period examined as predictors of post-score. RESULTS: A significant difference (p.05), suggesting that a standard intervention was applied. CONCLUSION: The BikeSafe educational curriculum was found to improve the bike safety knowledge of middle school aged children. Future efforts will focus on sustaining and expanding this program throughout Miami-Dade County and other high risk communities. Language: en
Investigating the observed sensitivities of air-quality extremes to meteorological drivers via quantile regression

Abstract. Air pollution variability is strongly dependent on meteorology. However, quantifying the impacts of changes in regional climatology on pollution extremes can be difficult due to the many non-linear and competing meteorological influences on the production, transport, and removal of pollutant species. Furthermore, observed pollutant levels at many sites show sensitivities at the extremes that differ from those of the overall mean, indicating relationships that would be poorly characterized by simple linear regressions. To address this challenge, we apply quantile regression to observed daily ozone (O3) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) levels and reanalysis meteorological fields in the USA over the past decade to specifically identify the meteorological sensitivities of higher pollutant levels. From an initial set of over 1700 possible meteorological indicators (including 28 meteorological variables with 63 different temporal options), we generate reduced sets of O3 and PM2.5 indicators for both summer and winter months, analyzing pollutant sensitivities to each for response quantiles ranging from 2 to 98 %. Primary covariates connected to high-quantile O3 levels include temperature and relative humidity in the summer, while winter O3 levels are most commonly associated with incoming radiation flux. Covariates associated with summer PM2.5 include temperature, wind speed, and tropospheric stability at many locations, while stability, humidity, and planetary boundary layer height are the key covariates most frequently associated with winter PM2.5. We find key differences in covariate sensitivities across regions and quantiles. For example, we find nationally averaged sensitivities of 95th percentile summer O3 to changes in maximum daily temperature of approximately 0.9 ppb °C−1, while the sensitivity of 50th percentile summer O3 (the annual median) is only 0.6 ppb °C−1. This gap points to differing sensitivities within various percentiles of the pollutant distribution, highlighting the need for statistical tools capable of identifying meteorological impacts across the entire response spectrum.
Molecular dynamics simulation of mechanical deformation of ultra-thin metal and ceramic films

We present an overview of the molecular dynamics computer simulation method as employed in the study of the mechanical properties of surfaces at the manometer scale. The embedded atom method is used to model a clean metal surface and the bond-order model is used to model ceramic surfaces. The computer experiment consists of the indentation and scraping of a hard diamond-like tool into and across the surface. Results are presented for the (111) surface of copper and silver and for the (100) surface of silicon. We explicitly demonstrate in our point indentation simulations that nanoscale plasticity in metals takes place by nondislocation mechanisms, a result suggested by recent nanoindentation experiments. We also observe the surface to accommodate nearly the entire volume of the tip and the annealing out of plastic work as the tip is removed. In our orthogonal cutting simulation, we observe an interesting phenomenon: the system dynamically reorients the gain in front of the tool tip to minimize the work performed on the shear plane (i.e. the shear plane becomes an easy slip plane). Silicon transforms into an amorphous state which then flows plastically.
Managing Face Concerns in Criticism Integrating Nonverbal Behaviors as a Dimension of Politeness in Female Friendship Dyads

This study seeks to expand politeness theory by investigating the influence of nonverbal behaviors on facework in criticism of a friend. As hypothesized, various cues, including variations in vocal tone, facial expressions and brow movements, gestures, body orientation, and touch, influenced participants' perceptions of politeness in a number of ways. First, mitigating nonverbal behaviors added to assessments of politeness when accompanied by bald-on-record linguistic politeness strategies. Second, subjects perceived aggravating nonverbal cues with and without linguistic politeness similarly. Although verbal politeness was still the bigger factor in perceptions of politeness, the results of this study suggest that facework scholars should also consider how something is said as salient for interpretation of what is said.
A Procedure for Permanent Tracheostomy and Its Effects on Tracheal Mucosa

Permanent tracheostomies were performed on six dogs which were evaluated clinically and histologically. One dog had abnormal tracheal cartilages and died following tracheal collapse three days postoperatively. Problems with coughing, swallowing, and infection were not noted in the remaining five dogs. The exposed tracheal epithelium temporarily underwent squamous metaplasia but returned to a relatively normal appearance within 16 weeks.
Role of HDL, ABCA1, and ABCG1 Transporters in Cholesterol Efflux and Immune Responses

Atherosclerosis has been characterized as a chronic inflammatory response to cholesterol deposition in arteries, but the mechanisms linking cholesterol accumulation in macrophage foam cells to inflammation are poorly understood. Macrophage cholesterol efflux occurs at all stages of atherosclerosis and protects cells from free cholesterol and oxysterol-induced toxicity. The ATP-binding cassette transporters ABCA1 and ABCG1 are responsible for the major part of macrophage cholesterol efflux to serum or HDL in macrophage foam cells, but other less efficient pathways such as passive efflux are also involved. Recent studies have shown that the sterol efflux activities of ABCA1 and ABCG1 modulate macrophage expression of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines as well as lymphocyte proliferative responses. In macrophages, transporter deficiency causes increased signaling via various Toll-like receptors including TLR4. These studies have shown that the traditional roles of HDL and ABC transporters in cholesterol efflux and reverse cholesterol transport are mechanistically linked to antiinflammatory and immunosuppressive functions of HDL. The underlying mechanisms may involve modulation of sterol levels and lipid organization in cell membranes.
Incorporating Neural Network Material Models within Finite Element Analysis for Rheological Behavior Prediction

The accuracy of a finite element model for design and analysis of a metal forging operation is limited by the incorporated material model’s ability to predict deformation behavior over a wide range of operating conditions. Current rheological models prove deficient in several respects due to the difficulty in establishing complicated relations between many parameters. More recently, artificial neural networks (ANN) have been suggested as an effective means to overcome these difficulties. To this end, a robust ANN with the ability to determine flow stresses based on strain, strain rate, and temperature is developed and linked with finite element code. Comparisons of this novel method with conventional means are carried out to demonstrate the advantages of this approach.
The Crucial Role of Error Correlation for Uncertainty Modeling of CFD-Based Aerodynamics Increments

*† The Ares I ascent aerodynamics database for Design Cycle 3 (DAC-3) was built from wind-tunnel test results and CFD solutions. The wind tunnel results were used to build the baseline response surfaces for wind-tunnel Reynolds numbers at power-off conditions. The CFD solutions were used to build increments to account for Reynolds number effects. We calculate the validation errors for the primary CFD code results at wind tunnel Reynolds number power-off conditions and would like to be able to use those errors to predict the validation errors for the CFD increments. However, the validation errors are large compared to the increments. We suggest a way forward that is consistent with common practice in wind tunnel testing which is to assume that systematic errors in the measurement process and/or the environment will subtract out when increments are calculated, thus making increments more reliable with smaller uncertainty than absolute values of the aerodynamic coefficients. A similar practice has arisen for the use of CFD to generate aerodynamic database increments. The basis of this practice is the assumption of strong correlation of the systematic errors inherent in each of the results used to generate an increment. The assumption of strong correlation is the inferential link between the observed validation uncertainties at wind-tunnel Reynolds numbers and the uncertainties to be predicted for flight. In this paper, we suggest a way to estimate the correlation coefficient and demonstrate the approach using code-to-code differences that were obtained for quality control purposes during the Ares I CFD campaign. Finally, since we can expect the increments to be relatively small compared to the baseline response surface and to be typically of the order of the baseline uncertainty, we find that it is necessary to be able to show that the correlation coefficients are close to unity to avoid overinflating the overall database uncertainty with the addition of the increments.
Prevalence of viral DNA in amniotic fluid of low-risk pregnancies in the second trimester

Aim: The association between fetal viral infection and adverse pregnancy outcome is well documented. However, the prevalence of common viral pathogens in the amniotic fluid of normal pregnancies is not established. The purpose of this study was to determine this prevalence in asymptomatic patients. Methods: This was a prospective observational study of patients at low risk for viral infection who were referred for second-trimester genetic amniocentesis. In patients with normal fetal anatomy on ultrasound and a normal fetal karyotype, a 2-ml aliquot of amniotic fluid obtained at amniocentesis was analyzed by multiplex polymerase chain reaction for cytomegalovirus (CMV), parvovirus B19, adenovirus, enterovirus, herpes simplex virus (HSV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Results: Among 686 patients, advanced maternal age was the most common indication for genetic testing (n = 469, 68.4%), followed by elevated aneuploidy risk on triple screen (n = 164, 23.9%), elevated maternal...
α,α′,α′′-Tris(hydroxyimino)-1,3,5-benzenetriacetonitrile: A three-fold symmetric, versatile and practical supramolecular building block

The synthesis of a three-fold symmetric, aromatic molecule containing three co-planar effective hydrogen-bond moieties that can become a versatile and reliable hub for the assembly of extended, porous organic networks is presented.
Brain volume and cognitive function in adult survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia

The survival rate for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is greater than 80%. However, many of these survivors develop long-term chronic health conditions, with a relatively common late effect being neurocognitive dysfunction. Although neurocognitive impairments have decreased in frequency and severity as treatment has evolved, there is a subset of survivors in the current treatment era that are especially vulnerable to the neurotoxic effects of ALL and its treatment. Additionally, little is known about long-term brain development as survivors mature into adulthood. A recent study by Zeller et al. compared neurocognitive function and brain volume in 130 adult survivors of childhood ALL to 130 healthy adults matched on age and sex. They identified the caudate as particularly sensitive to the neurotoxic effects of chemotherapy. We discuss the implications and limitations of this study, including how their findings support the concept of individual vulnerability to ALL and its treatment.
Towards Individualized Spatial Audio via Latent Variable Modeling

Currently, many virtual reality systems and augmented reality displays lack the immersiveness and fidelity of real-life auditory space. This limitation is derived from an inability to easily measure individualized head related transfer functions HRTFs, the key technology behind high-fidelity spatial audio. This study presents an initial framework based on a joint maximization EM algorithm for affordable HRTF estimation that eliminates the need for both head-tracking and/or prior source location knowledge from the HRTF measurement process.
Genome Resource Banking: Impact on Biotic Conservation and Society

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses genome resource banking impact on biotic conservation and society. Genome resource banks (GRBs) are defined as the systematic and organized collection, storage, and use of biological materials. The ability to successfully freeze, store, and thaw insect sperm would be the most immediately feasible method of germplasm preservation, especially for certain species in which artificial insemination has been developed. Effective conservation takes advantage of all reasonable opportunities. A strong case has been made for cryotechnology having enormous potential for assisting in the preservation of single species, ex situ and in truly wild habitats. This argument largely is based on the many provocative advantages of genome banking as well as the significant advances recently made in reproductive physiology, molecular biology, and veterinary medicine. Each of these fields will contribute to and benefit from systematic genome resource banking. It is suggested that the GRB would serve as an adjunct to the global need to move animals and animal biomaterials among the living populations.
An Evaluation of the Creep Properties of an Al2O3/Ni3A1 Composite and the Effect of Disorder on Mechanical Properties

Ordered Ni3A1 alloys and their composites are attractive materials for elevated-temperature structural applications due to their many favorable properties. The addition of alloying elements can significantly lower the Ni3Al order-disorder transition temperature and also result in the formation of a Ni solid solution. As the percentage of Ni solid solution increases, the composite’s room-temperature flexural strength increases. The effect of rocessing parameters on the material’s microstructure is discussed. The complex matrix microstructure also has a significant effect on the composite’s creep properties. Normal power-law creep was exhibited by the composite material when tested in compression.
The Use of Computer Simulations to Interpret and Understand Electrical Measurements

It is very rare to obtain complete 3-D information in the form of images of the microstructure of a material. Most often this information is incomplete because the resolution is inadequate, or is restricted to 2-D, via some kind of micrograph, or is not available at all. In the case of incomplete microstructural information, electrical measurements are then used to try to check a hypothesized microstructure, to see ifit can account for the measured electrical response. But even when complete microstructural information is available, if the microstructure is random, then it is not possible to analytically calculate the electrical response of the microstructure. The use of computer simulations, both to generate material shape and topology and numerically solve the electrical equations, is then required. Computer simulations allow the use of more complex hypotheses for the microstructure of a material, as the electrical response can be accurately computed for a wide range of microstructural shapes and topologies.
The Promise and Perils of Cyberlaw: Taking Communication Law Research to the Next Level

Abstract This article argues that law courses in the field of Communication have undergone three stages of development, and that the law sequence is now approaching a fourth stage: Cyberlaw. Cyberlaw is important in two respects: as a concrete area of law and because of its influence in establishing the rules for the Internet to unfold. This article examines three problems that Cyberlaw raises: Regulation, Translation, and Jurisdiction. It concludes that Cyblerlaw will involve dealing with a broader range of issues than communication law scholars have previously confronted, and that Cyberlaw will expand the intellectual boundaries of present-day communication law far beyond its current parameters.
Reciprocity, passivity and causality in Willis materials

Materials that require coupling between the stress-strain and momentum-velocity constitutive relations were first proposed by Willis (Willis 1981 Wave Motion3, 1-11. (doi:10.1016/0165-2125(81)90008-1)) and are now known as elastic materials of the Willis type, or simply Willis materials. As coupling between these two constitutive equations is a generalization of standard elastodynamic theory, restrictions on the physically admissible material properties for Willis materials should be similarly generalized. This paper derives restrictions imposed on the material properties of Willis materials when they are assumed to be reciprocal, passive and causal. Considerations of causality and low-order dispersion suggest an alternative formulation of the standard Willis equations. The alternative formulation provides improved insight into the subwavelength physical behaviour leading to Willis material properties and is amenable to time-domain analyses. Finally, the results initially obtained for a generally elastic material are specialized to the acoustic limit.
Accuracy of claims-based algorithms for epilepsy research: Revealing the unseen performance of claims-based studies

SummaryObjective To evaluate published algorithms for the identification of epilepsy cases in medical claims data using a unique linked dataset with both clinical and claims data. Methods Using data from a large, regional health delivery system, we identified all patients contributing biologic samples to the health system's Biobank (n = 36K). We identified all subjects with at least one diagnosis potentially consistent with epilepsy, for example, epilepsy, convulsions, syncope, or collapse, between 2014 and 2015, or who were seen at the epilepsy clinic (n = 1,217), plus a random sample of subjects with neither claims nor clinic visits (n = 435); we then performed a medical chart review in a random subsample of 1,377 to assess the epilepsy diagnosis status. Using the chart review as the reference standard, we evaluated the test characteristics of six published algorithms. Results The best-performing algorithm used diagnostic and prescription drug data (sensitivity = 70%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 66–73%; specificity = 77%, 95% CI 73–81%; and area under the curve [AUC] = 0.73, 95%CI 0.71–0.76) when applied to patients age 18 years or older. Restricting the sample to adults aged 18–64 years resulted in a mild improvement in accuracy (AUC = 0.75,95%CI 0.73–0.78). Adding information about current antiepileptic drug use to the algorithm increased test performance (AUC = 0.78, 95%CI 0.76–0.80). Other algorithms varied in their included data types and performed worse. Significance Current approaches for identifying patients with epilepsy in insurance claims have important limitations when applied to the general population. Approaches incorporating a range of information, for example, diagnoses, treatments, and site of care/specialty of physician, improve the performance of identification and could be useful in epilepsy studies using large datasets.
Crafting socialist embryology: dialectics, aquaculture and the diverging discipline in Maoist China, 1950–1965

In the 1950s, embryology in socialist China underwent a series of changes that adjusted the disciplinary apparatus to suit socialism and the national goal of self-reliance. As the Communist state called on scientists to learn from the Soviets, embryologists’ comprehensive view on heredity, which did not contradict Trofim Lysenko (1898–1976)’s doctrines, provided a space for them to advance their discipline. Leading scientists, often trained abroad in the tradition of experimental embryology, rode on the tides of Maoist ideology and repositioned their research. Some of their creative realignment of previous research questions, materials, and traditions to Marxist philosophy and agricultural objectives generated productive programs. In particular, Tong Dizhou (1902–1979) translated Engels’s dialectics of nature into a research question about cytoplasmic inheritance. His continuing investigation on it led to the first goldfish “clone” through a nuclear transplantation experiment; Zhu Xi and his associates transferred a goldfish model in embryology into studies on improving carp aquaculture, leading to a rare success in the Great Leap Forward of 1958. These directions for embryology continued well into the 1960s. At a time when global embryology was diversifying and began to be molecularized, eventually forming “developmental biology,” socialist embryology took shape in China with a different set of epistemic and practical commitments. The history of its development challenges and enriches our understanding of the concrete process of change in one discipline under Mao, showing ways in which scientists creatively adapted state-sanctioned ideologies and visions to do productive work outside the framework of molecular biology during the Cold War.
The gut–liver axis and the intersection with the microbiome

In the past decade, an exciting realization has been that diverse liver diseases — ranging from nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, alcoholic steatohepatitis and cirrhosis to hepatocellular carcinoma — fall along a spectrum. Work on the biology of the gut–liver axis has assisted in understanding the basic biology of both alcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Of immense importance is the advancement in understanding the role of the microbiome, driven by high-throughput DNA sequencing and improved computational techniques that enable the complexity of the microbiome to be interrogated, together with improved experimental designs. Here, we review gut–liver communications in liver disease, exploring the molecular, genetic and microbiome relationships and discussing prospects for exploiting the microbiome to determine liver disease stage and to predict the effects of pharmaceutical, dietary and other interventions at a population and individual level. Although much work remains to be done in understanding the relationship between the microbiome and liver disease, rapid progress towards clinical applications is being made, especially in study designs that complement human intervention studies with mechanistic work in mice that have been humanized in multiple respects, including the genetic, immunological and microbiome characteristics of individual patients. These ‘avatar mice’ could be especially useful for guiding new microbiome-based or microbiome-informed therapies.
Nitrate Reduction by in-situ Bio-Denitrification in Groundwater

This paper reports the results of a preliminary investigation designed to assess the potential of using in-situ bio-denitrification to reduce nitrate concentration in contaminated groundwater. The main objectives were to identify problems that may be expected to arise in in-situ groundwater denitrification; study chemical, physical and biological factors controlling subsurface bio-denitrification; and evaluate the effects of biological reactions on the resulting groundwater quality. Results confirm the technical feasibility of using in-situ nitrate removal. The relative stability of denitrification performance was observed at high carbon concentration (C:N=1.5), providing a maximum nitrate removal efficiency of 80%. The proliferation of biomass profoundly affected the potential interactions of contaminants and microorganism in subsurface region. Relatively high solids accumulation in the vicinity of the wells and their nearby aquifer matrix caused severe clogging problems and created high head-loss in the aquifer system.
The automated design of probabilistic selection methods for evolutionary algorithms

Selection functions enable Evolutionary Algorithms (EAs) to apply selection pressure to a population of individuals, by regulating the probability that an individual's genes survive, typically based on fitness. Various conventional fitness based selection methods exist, each providing a unique relationship between the fitnesses of individuals in a population and their chances of selection. However, the full space of selection algorithms is only limited by max algorithm size, and each possible selection algorithm is optimal for some EA configuration applied to a particular problem class. Therefore, improved performance may be expected by tuning an EA's selection algorithm to the problem at hand, rather than employing a conventional selection method. The objective of this paper is to investigate the extent to which performance can be improved by tuning selection algorithms, employing a Hyper-heuristic to explore the space of search algorithms which encode the relationships between the fitnesses of individuals and their probability of selection. We show the improved performance obtained versus conventional selection functions on fixed instances from a benchmark problem class, including separate testing instances to show generalization of the improved performance.
Mental Illness and Mental Health: Is the Glass Half Empty or Half Full?

During the past century, the scope of mental health intervention in North America has gradually expanded from an initial focus on hospitalized patients with psychoses to outpatients with neurotic disorders, including the so-called worried well. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), Fifth Edition, is further embracing the concept of a mental illness spectrum, such that increasing attention to the softer end of the continuum can be expected in the future. This anticipated shift rekindles important questions about how mental illness is defined, how to distinguish between mental disorders and normal reactions, whether psychiatry is guilty of prevalence inflation, and when somatic therapies should be used to treat problems of living. Such debates are aptly illustrated by the example of complicated bereavement, which is best characterized as a form of adjustment disorder. Achieving an overarching definition of mental illness is challenging, owing to the many different contexts in which DSM diagnoses are used. Careful analyses of such contextual utility must inform future decisions about what ends up in DSM, as well as how mental illness is defined by public health policy and society at large. A viable vision for the future of psychiatry should include a spectrum model of mental health (as opposed to exclusively mental illness) that incorporates graded, evidence-based interventions delivered by a range of providers at each point along its continuum.
Discriminating between second language learning text-types

Text classification remains one of the major fields of research in natural language processing. This paper evaluates the use of the computational tool Coh-Metrix as a means to distinguish between seemingly similar text-types. Using a discriminant analysis on a corpus of second language reading texts, this paper demonstrates that CohMetrix is able to significantly distinguish authentic texttypes from ones that have been specifically simplified for second language readers. This paper offers important findings for text classification research and for second language reading materials developers and second language teachers by demonstrating that moderate, shallow, textual changes can affect discourse structures.
Effects of Fire on Soil Seed Banks on the Hanford Site

The Hanford wildfire in the summer of 2000 destroyed much of the vegetation on the Hanford Site, often resulting in soil erosion and dust storms. The 200 W Area has been affected by dust storms, and a re-vegetation project has been planned for the area to the west, the source of much of the dust. To determine if the seed bank in this area had been damaged by the fire, inhibiting natural re-growth, soil samples were collected from three burned areas and watered to see how much seedling emergence would occur. The soil was then sifted for grass seeds and the seeds examined for signs of fire damage. From this data it was concluded that significant damage to the seed bank probably occurred in the 200 West Expansion Area, and slight damage may have occurred primarily to monocot seeds in the seed banks farther west.
The Role of Minor Pheromone Components in Segregating 14 Species of Longhorned Beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) of the Subfamily Cerambycinae

We present research on the chemical ecology of 14 species of longhorned beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), in four tribes of the subfamily Cerambycinae, conducted in east-central Illinois over 8 yr. Adult males produce aggregation-sex pheromones that attract both sexes. Twenty independent field bioassays explored the pheromone chemistry of the species and tested the possible attractive or antagonistic effects of compounds that are not produced by a given species, but are pheromone components of other species. Analyses of beetle-produced volatiles revealed compounds that had not been reported previously from several of the species. The most common pheromone component was (R)-3-hydroxyhexan-2-one, but pheromones of some species included isomers of the related 2,3-hexanediols. Males of the congeners Phymatodes amoenus (Say) and Phymatodes testaceus (L.) produced pure (R)-2-methylbutan-1-ol. Enantiomers of 2-methylbutan-1-ol also proved to be powerful synergists for Megacyllene caryae (Gahan), Sarosesthes fulminans (F.), and Xylotrechus colonus (F.). The major components of pheromone blends were consistently present in collections of headspace volatiles from male beetles, and only the major components were inherently attractive to a subset of species when tested as single components. Minor components of some species acted as powerful synergists, but in other cases appeared not to influence attraction. Among the minor components identified in headspace extracts from males, 2,3-hexanedione and 2-hydroxyhexan-3-one appeared to be analytical artifacts or biosynthetic by-products, and were neither attractants nor synergists. The antagonistic effects of minor compounds produced by heterospecific males suggest that these compounds serve to maintain prezygotic reproductive isolation among some species that share pheromone components.
The superconformal index of class \mathcal{S} theories of type D

We consider the superconformal index of class $ \mathcal{S} $ theories of type D, which arise by compactification of the (2, 0) D n theories on a punctured Riemann surface $ \mathcal{C} $ . We also allow for the presence of twist lines on $ \mathcal{C} $ associated to the $ {{\mathbb{Z}}_2} $ outer automorphism of D n . For the two-parameter slice (p = 0, q, t) in the space of superconformal fugacities, we determine the 2d TQFT that computes the index.
Working effectively with long-distance mentors.

Abstract Most physicians have multiple mentors and technology has facilitated long distance mentoring which can provide a different perspective from workplace mentoring. This article discusses the value and inherent challenges in a long distance mentoring relationship and tips for success.
250 kHz three-component Doppler velocimetry at 32 simultaneous points: a new capability for high speed flows

Time-resolved Doppler global velocimetry (TRDGV) is used to demonstrate three-component velocity measurements of 32 planar points, acquired simultaneously at 250 kHz. Photomultiplier tube arrays are used to detect the flow signal, with each array having eight rows of four pixels. The system utilizes frequency modulation of a continuous wave laser, allowing for simpler calibration of the signals used to determine the incident and Doppler-shifted frequency. The TRDGV system is used to measure an unheated, Mach 0.91 free jet downstream of the potential core collapse. Axial mean velocities were measured within a root-mean-square error of 7 m/s compared to Pitot probe validation measurements. Additionally, axial turbulence intensities showed agreement to hot wire validation measurements and exhibited typical magnitudes reported in the literature. Velocity spectra were obtained for the three components of velocity, revealing a -5/3 decay in the axial velocity spectra in the inertial subrange frequencies, and generally less decay present in the transverse component spectra. Hot wire measurements and spectra from literature were used for validation of the TRDGV spectral results, showing broadband spectral agreement. The instrument described in this work shows promising capability for multi-point, time-resolved velocity vector measurement in high speed compressible flows with acceptable levels of uncertainty.
Malaria Outbreak Detection with Machine Learning Methods

Abstract In this paper, we utilized and compared selected machine learning techniques to detect malaria out-break using observed variables of maximum temperature, minimum temperature, humidity, rainfall amount, positive case, and Plasmodium Falciparum rate. Random decision tree, logistic regression, and Gaussian processes are specially analyzed and adopted to be applied for malaria outbreak detection. The problem is a binary classification with outcomes of outbreak or no outbreak. Sample data provided in the literature from Maharashtra, India is used. Performance of the models are compared with the results from similar studies. Based on the sample data used, we were able to detect the malaria outbreak without any false positive or false negative errors in the testing dataset.
Effect of Closed-Loop Direct Electrical Stimulation during Sleep Spindles in Humans

Sleep spindles are transient oscillations in the brain related to sleep consolidation and memory. We investigated if brief, localized electrical pulses could perturb spindles on five human patients with intracerebral electrodes implanted for clinical purpose. We used a closed-loop setup to specifically detect spindles and stimulate in real-time during these events. Stimulation latency was 200-400 ms following spindle onset. Analyzing the intracranial electro-encephalographic (iEEG) data both locally and globally, we found, in two of the patients, that single pulse stimulation could stop the spindles locally. Spindles were shorter than those without stimulation and a decrease in power at the same frequency as spindles was observed following stimulation.Clinical Relevance— This study shows that brief and precise electrical stimulation may be used to modulate oscillatory behavior of the human brain. Applied to sleep spindles, further studies may establish that single pulses applied in a closed-loop manner could be used to modulate memory and could help understand effect of neuromodulation in sleep disruption.
OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY: CASE STUDIES FROM HOUSING AND CONSTRUCTION WORKERS AT ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA

The status of occupational injuries in workplaces in general is ill defined in Ethiopia. Pocket studies indicate that occupational injury due to an unsafe working environment is increasing. Construction industries are growing industries region wise that has higher rate of work-related injuries. Knowing the associated factors of work-related injuries can be a critical step for improving the working condition of workers in the sector. Objective: This mini research aimed to evaluate occupational hazards and to describe factors affecting its happening among construction workers’ in Addis Ababa housing and construction project sites. Institutional based cross-sectional study design was employed to assess occupational injuries among randomly selected construction workers from June 30 –July 20, 2014. A structured questionnaire based interviews, work environment observation were used to collect the data. The response rate of this study was 82.7%. The majority of respondents were male which account 74.7% and 60 (96.8%) respondents were not using personal protective devices all the time while they are on duty. Out of the total participants, 67.7% of the workers experienced occupational injuries at least once in the last 12 months. Moreover, the three leading cause of injuries were puncture (21.0%) followed by hand injury (11.3%), and back pain (9.7%). Increased rate of work related injury in construction workers was observed and implementation of basic occupational health and safety services is required together with regular supervision to ensure and promote work place safety. So Preventive measures concerning functional occupational health and safety programs are essential to safeguard the health and safety condition of workforce in construction industries.
Theorizing the Involvement Experiences of Black Women in Historically White Student Organizations

The purpose of this research article is to provide an examination of the structures and practices of historically White student organizations (HWSOs). Examined through the lens of Black feminist th...
An Integrative Review of Behavioral Disturbances in Veterans With Dementia and PTSD

Objective:Both posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and dementia have been associated with a variety of behavioral changes; however, little is known about the behavioral consequences of comorbid PT...