cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Terra Cognita: From Functional Neuroimaging tothe Map of the Mind

For more than a century the paradigm inspiringcognitive neuroscience has been modular and localist.Contemporary research in functional brain imaginggenerally relies on methods favorable to localizingparticular functions in one or more specific brainregions. Meanwhile, connectionist cognitive scientistshave celebrated the computational powers ofdistributed processing, and pioneered methods forinterpreting distributed representations. This papertakes a connectionist approach to functionalneuroimaging. A tabulation of 35 PET (positronemission tomography) experiments strongly indicatesdistributed function for at least the 'medium sized'anatomical units, the cortical Brodmann areas. Moreimportant, when these PET experiments were interpretedas distributed representations, multidimensionalscaling revealed a 'brain activation space' with asalient structure organized primarily by the sensorymodality of the stimulus, and secondarily by the typeof motor response. These results suggest that currentanalytical techniques in functional neuroimagingshould be augmented by distributed processinganalyses, and that these analyses may lead to manydiscoveries about the structure of 'inner space.'
General Review of Phenomena and Processes

In Part 1, the crystal structure was treated initially as an infinite, regular, three-dimensional array of atoms arranged on intersecting lattices. Although this mathematical concept underlies the entire discussion of the physical and chemical properties, it was necessary to abandon the concept of strict regularity to permit the description of substitutional and positional disorder. Furthermore, it was necessary to consider the termination of the crystal structure at surfaces, and to consider atomic displacements caused by strain between domains of different chemical composition. In this fourth part of the book, deviations from strict regularity will be treated more systematically. For each type of deviation a phenomenological description and, whenever possible, a theoretical interpretation will be given. Unfortunately, not all the atomic processes responsible for the macroscopic effects have been detected by experimental methods, and some theoretical interpretations are plausible rather than verifiable. Thus, it is not surprising that the literature is extremely confused, and that many ideas are still controversial. Nevertheless, it is essential for mineralogists and geologists to master the experimental data and the hypotheses since actual processes are governed not by equilibrium thermody-namics, but by local kinetics.
Integrating Humans with Intelligent Technologies: Merging Theories of Collaborative Intelligence and Expert Cognition

Intelligent agents and agent –based software are terms that computer science researchers and developers cannot avoid. Many articles tell us how these agents are being developed, as well as what types of tasks they can automatically and autonomously undertake. For instance, your agent will negotiate with my doctor’s agent and mine to make sure that our scheduled meeting doesn’t conflict with my annual checkup. The agents will help improve performance on my job, by monitoring what I do and fail to do. As with many new developments in computer science, little effort has been devoted to researching how users will interact with this army of agents. We interact with many individuals in our work, home, and play environments. We learn the habits and skills of those we interact with frequently and integrate that information into existing knowledge about the world, such that we can anticipate their actions and better deal with changing task demands. For example, when an individual’s workload is high, or when they are ill, we maximize our workforce by off-loading, re-assigning or postponing tasks. In essence, we adapt as those around us develop new skills and undertake new tasks Will our agents be able to do the same? Will agents notice these subtle changes in demand characteristics and develop such flexible adaptation?
La privatisation des retraites en crise: disparition ou renaissance d'une tendance mondiale?

Resume Entre 1981 et 2007, plus de 30 pays ont totalement ou partiellement remplace leurs regimes de retraite publics par repartition par des systemes prives reposant sur des comptes d'epargne retraite individuels dans le cadre d'un processus dit de «privatisation des retraites». Dans le sillage de la crise, ce mouvement de privatisation a marque le pas pour des raisons economiques, ideologiques et institutionnelles, alors meme que le surendettement, qui avait jusqu'alors favorise le mouvement de privatisation, s'est aggrave. Ce mouvement mondial de privatisation appartient-il a un passe revolu ou est-il en passe de renaitre, peut-etre sous une forme quelque peu differente? Plusieurs tendances semblent plaider en faveur de la these d'une renaissance. Les responsables de l'action publique reduisent la voilure de leurs systemes de retraite publics et prives. Ils cherchent a mettre en place des pensions minimales et s'efforcent d'inciter plutot que d'obliger la population aepargner en vue de la retraite.
Development of acute tolerance to bumetanide: constant-rate infusion studies.

Bumetanide was administered intravenously to four mongrel dogs as a bolus of 8.7 µg/kg, immediately followed by a constant-rate infusion of 0.35 µg/min/kg at 0.036 ml/min. Treatment A consisted of a 90-min equilibration period and first hour (Phase I) of study in which animals were maintained under euvolemic conditions. During the subsequent 3 hr of Treatment A (Phase II), animals were maintained under hydropenic conditions. These experiments were then repeated 1 week later (Treatment B) with the temporal aspects of hydration reversed (Phase III, hydropenia; Phase IV, euvolemia). Serial plasma and urine samples were assayed for bumetanide by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and for sodium by flame photometry. The bumetanide excretion rate was not significantly different during the 4 hr of Treatment A, although minor differences were observed between Phase III and Phase IV of Treatment B. The sodium excretion rate showed significant differences between euvolemic and hydropenic conditions of both treatments. A two- to threefold difference in the sodium excretion rate persisted even when slight differences (<20%) in bumetanide excretion rates were taken into account. These results demonstrate that an acute tolerance does develop to constant-rate infusions of bumetanide when inadequate fluid and electrolyte replacement occurs and that this tolerance can be reversed by rehydration.
Surviving the City: Resistance and Plant Life in Woolf’s Jacob’s Room and Barnes’ Nightwood

In Jacob’s Room (1922) and Nightwood (1936), Virginia Woolf and Djuna Barnes use plant life to express a profound ambivalence about the masculine-inflected ordering functions of art and morality. They show that these processes codify lived experience and distance it from the feminine and sexual. To counter this turn towards the urban inauthentic, both novels depict non-urban spaces to upend conventional notions of usefulness. They fixate on evanescent flowers, wild forests, and untillable fields as sites of resistance whose fragility and remoteness are strengths. In Jacob’s Room, I argue that the eponymous protagonist is destroyed by his conventional education and morality, trapped in a room he cannot escape. In Nightwood, the central couple flees a similar ideological room, leaving for a remote farm where genuine feeling is momentarily possible. Literary modernism is so much about urban life that it is surprising how much two novels set in European capitals of the early twentieth century invoke the mute and vegetable. Both Woolf and Barnes use plant life to express a profound ambivalence about the ordering functions of education, art, history-making, and morality which codify lived experience and distance it from the vital, feminine, and sexual, recording and representing inauthentic versions of reality. To counter this, both novels situate themselves in the marginal and upend conventional notions of usefulness. They fixate on evanescent flowers, wooded parklands, and untillable fields as sites of resistance against the censoring and ordering functions of art, and these natural elements serve as reminders of the need for more authentic representation of lived experience. In what follows, I take up the question of the Greeks and education in Jacob’s Room (1922) to show how the eponymous protagonist is shaped and limited by the same; in the second section, I turn to Nightwood (1936) as the ultimately more hopeful text that de-
Design of sensitive fluorogenic substrates for human cathepsin D

Cathepsin D is a lysosomal aspartic proteinase that has been implicated in several pathological processes such as breast cancer and Alzheimer's disease. We designed and synthesized a number of quenched fluorogenic substrates with P2 variations in the series AcEE(EDANS)KPIXFFRLGK(DABCYL)E-NH2, where X=cysteine, methylcysteine, ethylcysteine, tert-butylcysteine, carboxymethylcysteine, methionine, valine or isoleucine. Most of the fluorogenic substrates exhibited greater k(cat)/Km ratios than the best cathepsin D substrates described so far. Differences in kinetic constants, which were rationalized using structure-based modeling, might make certain substrates useful for particular applications, such as active site titrations or initial velocity determination using a fluorescent plate reader.
Adaptive thresholding through morphological filtering

Morphological filtering is known for its flexibility in locally modifying geometrical features of three dimensional data, or image functions. The topic in this paper is on adaptive thresholding of multilevel image functions to extract application-specific features from grayscale images. By adaptive thresholding, we mean that the process of binarizing grayscale images is locally adjusted. The geometric features to be extracted are furnished by specifics from the application requirements, e.g., a binary version is needed from a photo to extract letters from a car license plate such that the binarized image is specifically representing the information about letters around the license plate while ignoring other background information. A contour function is used as the adaptive thresholding layer for the grayscale image. After the first thresholding, a binarized version is obtained and then local geometric parameters about the binary image are measured through a skeletonization process. The parameters from skeletonization are compared with the feature descriptions and a contour function is redefined and used for adaptively thresholding the grayscale image. A skeletonization process is then applied to the binarized image to extract local geometric parameters to meet the application- specific requirement. Application of the developed adaptive thresholding algorithm includes examples in text image binarization, object feature binarization against surrounding background, and glass flaw detection.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Hollow piezoelectric composites

Abstract Current research activity in piezoelectric sensors and actuators is moving toward better resolution and higher power densities. Higher resolution and smaller sizes are needed in applications such as biomedical ultrasound, probes for invasive procedures, flow noise control, non-destructive testing, and automotive instrumentation. Piezoelectric transducers with enclosed hollow space offer several special advantages including low acoustic impedance, reduced mass, sensitivity to weak hydrostatic waves, and enlarged displacements through flextensional and rotational motions. This paper describes recent advances in the processing and properties of five types of hollow piezoelectric composites with the connectivity patterns 0(0)-3, 1(0)-3, 2-0-2, 3-1(0) and 2(0)-2-2(0). Piezocomposites with hollow space included within the structure clearly demonstrate the advantages of functional composites in the field of smart systems.
Construction of Lattice Square Designs

Khare and Federer (1981) presented a simple method for constructing incomplete block designs for any number of treatments. Their procedure is extended to constructing lattice square designs. Using variety cutting, lattice square designs are available for any number of treatments.
Psychometric Deficits Related to Perinatal Stress

Based on the postulate that there is a continuum of reproductive casualty, it was hypothesized that potentially stressful perinatal experiences would subsequently produce measurable effects on certain psychologic tests in the children studied. Prospectively gathered data from 386 neurologically normal 7-year-old children were reviewed, and a perinatal stress score was derived for each by a simple count of deviant symptoms during pregnancy, delivery, and puerperium. Results marginally supported the concept of continuum of reproductive casualty but were neither clear nor systematic. The perinatal stress score may have been contaminated with items of little or no significance, which would have decreased its discriminating power.
Aortic regurgitation after left ventricular myotomy and myectomy.

Abstract Five hundred twenty-five patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy underwent left ventricular myotomy and myectomy (LVMM) from 1960 to 1990. Four hundred ninety-six had nonregurgitant trileaflet aortic valves before LVMM. In 19 (4%) of these patients, aortic regurgitation developed after LVMM. Age of the 19 patients ranged from 10 to 58 years (mean age, 35 ± 3 years [±standard error of the mean]). Seven were male and 12, female. Five patients underwent LVMM followed immediately by aortic valve replacement or valvuloplasty. Aortic regurgitation developed in 14 patients at a later date. The average New York Heart Association functional class improved from 3.2 ± 0.1 to 1.3 ± 0.1 ( p t test) after operation. The average peak systolic left ventricular outflow tract gradient at rest and with provocation decreased from 65 ± 8 to 14 ± 5 mm Hg ( p p
Equilibrium-line Altitudes of Late Quaternary Glaciers in the Southern Alps, New Zealand

Equilibrium-line altitudes (ELA's) of former glaciers in the Tasman River-Lake Pukaki drainage basin of the Southern Alps were reconstructed from glacial-geologic data on former ice limits by using an assumed accumulation-area ratio of 0.6 ± 0.05. Late Holocene (Neoglacial) ELA's were depressed 140 m below present levels, whereas those of four late Pleistocene ice advances were depressed 500 m (Birch Hill), 750 m (Tekapo), 875 m (Mt. John), and 1050 m (Balmoral). Reconstructed ELA gradients are approximately parallel to one another and range from 19 to 23 m km−1. Although vertical movement on active faults and isostatic tilting due to deglaciation have both contributed to modification of reconstructed ELA gradients from their original values, the maximum resulting effect probably amounts to less than 2.0 m km−1 and is undetectable from present data.
Methodology for effective information system planning

Abstract It is very common within organizations with a high investment in information technology (IT) that effective information system planning is nonexistent. This paper offers some advice about avoiding the pitfalls and puts forward a systematic approach for realization of the full benefits of IT.
Semiotic Proposition for Understanding Semantics Within Construction Documents

Abstract This research develops a methodology that helps actors in understanding information generated from multiple construction participants. It employs semiotic theory which approaches the interpreter's understanding of the role of the representations used in construction documents to communicate meanings to other participants. This strategy is designed to aid the interpreters' comprehension of the use of symbols. The symbols within the construction documents are forms of representations that take the form of a visual representation of a set of markers that describe a formal language, and of markers that are used to represent natural language as well as other possible representations, such as a collection of codes for indexing documents. Symbols are replaced by signs under the semiotics theory. The use of symbols as signs is this study's recognition of the relationship between the interpreter and the material quality of symbols. The semiotic analysis is an examination of the compromise between the meanings of a representation per se and the concept associated with the understanding of such representation.
Risk and the neoliberal state: why post-Mitch lessons didn't reduce El Salvador's earthquake losses

Although El Salvador suffered light losses from Hurricane Mitch in 1998, it benefited from the increased international aid and encouragement for advance planning, especially mitigation and prevention interventions. Thus, one would have supposed, El Salvador would have been in a very advantageous position, able more easily than its economically crippled neighbours, Honduras and Nicaragua, to implement the 'lessons of Mitch'. A review of the recovery plan tabled by the El Salvador government following the earthquakes of early 2001 shows that despite the rhetoric in favour of 'learning the lessons of Mitch', very little mitigation and prevention had actually been put in place between the hurricane (1998) and the earthquakes (2001). The recovery plan is analysed in terms of the degree to which it deals with root causes of disaster vulnerability, namely, the economic and political marginality of much of the population and environmental degradation. An explanation for the failure to implement mitigation and preventive actions is traced to the adherence by the government of El Salvador to an extreme form of neoliberal, free market ideology, and the deep fissures and mistrust in a country that follow a long and bloody civil war.
The Effect of Dew on Plant Water Balance in Citrullus vulgaris and Cucumis melo

A temperature gradient air-leaf can be created purely by radiation loss with a sky-radiator. Loss of radiation from leaf to an artificial sky causes water vapor condensation from a saturated atmosphere as dew on the leaves of plants. The condensed water was found to be taken up by the leaves of melon (Cucumis melo) and water melon (Citrullus vulgaris) bringing about a favorable water balance by reduction in the water saturation deficit and by increase of the water potential. In a number of individual experiments with matched plants a minimum 31% and maximum 117% increase of leaf fresh weight due to uptake of condensed water was noted.
Relationships between stress protein induction and NMDA-mediated neuronal death in the entorhinal cortex.

The entorhinal cortex (EC) appears to be one of the earliest regions to express cellular pathology in aging and Alzheimer's disease. The relationships between cellular stress protein responses and the temporal and spatial aspects of cell death induced by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) was investigated in this anatomical region. Low doses of NMDA were infused stereotactically into the medial EC of the rat. At intervals starting from 0.5 h up to 7 days after a 1.25-μl EC infusion of 15 mM NMDA, 30 mM NMDA, or saline, the expression of ubiquitin (Ub), 72-kDa heat shock protein (HSP 72), and c-Fos was determined in relation to neuronal death. Volumes of entorhinal Ub- and HSP 72-like immunoreactivity peaked between 18 and 48 h after either 15 or 30 mM NMDA infusions. After 15 mM NMDA infusions, maximal volumes of HSP 72- and Ub-like immunoreactivity in the EC at 48 h were similar to the subsequent maximal volume of neuronal loss in the EC seen after 96 hours. After infusion of 30 mM NMDA, the final EC volume of neuronal loss seen at 7 days after NMDA corresponded to 70–80% of the maximal HSP-Ub stress protein response seen at 2 days, implying that a population of HSP 72- and Ub-immunopositive cells survived the NMDA insult. C-Fos expression as determined by immunoreactivity for the nuclear phosphoprotein (Fos) indicated neuronal activation at NMDA infusion sites, in the perirhinal cortex, hippocampus, and other sites throughout the injected hemisphere. In the EC, c-Fos immunoreactivity returned to baseline levels by 8 h, well before the dramatic increases in HSP 72 and Ub volumes. Our results demonstrate that HSP 72 and Ub expression in vivo precedes and correlates with, but does not necessarily lead to, neuronal death following glutamate receptor-mediated toxicity in the EC.
High Resolution Large Area Nanopatterning for Plasmonics and Metamaterials with Nanostencil Lithography

We demonstrate a versatile fabrication approach for high-resolution large area patterning of optical antennas and metamaterials with reusable nanostencils. Technique offers simple and high-throughput fabrication scheme on variety of substrates.
Asymmetry of retinal lesions in experimental scrapie after intracerebral inoculation of hamsters

Hamsters injected into the right cerebral hemisphere with the scrapie agent developed retinal lesions to a greater extent in the contralateral than in the ipsilateral eye. This asymmetry was evident during the incubation period as well as during the clinical encephalopathy. The results explain much of the variation in the degree of retinal disease seen earlier at specific times after inoculation. Moreover, they strengthen the hypothesis that scrapie spreads via neurons.
Mirror Neurons: How We Become What We See

Perhaps the most important finding of the last decade in neuroscience, mirror neurons pave the way for understanding such diverse phenomena as the evolution of language, emotional empathy in interpersonal communication, and personal social identity and coherence. Because all communication theory and all assumptions about the way we process images and the impact they have on us must be compatible with neurological research, the impact of mirror neuron research goes far beyond simply furthering our understanding of the brain. Mirror neurons reveal some relatively direct biological functions that underlie many complex theories of how we are affected by visual culture, why and how we imitate media, and ultimately, how we become what we see. This article introduces what mirror neurons are, how they function within the context of human development and the culture as a whole, and the related efficacy of strategic persuasive communication in relation to such significant cultural forces as advertising and video ga...
Signal processing in ultrasonic NDE using time-frequency representations

Signal processing has been used in the ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation (NDE) of materials for a number of years. The time domain analysis of NDE signals includes signal enhancement, deconvolution, matched filtering, etc. and the results can often be linked to physical parameters. Frequency (Fourier) analysis of NDE signals provides information about the major frequency components which may be closely related to the geometry of hidden defects, material properties, etc. It is clear that the use of frequency domain or time domain information alone is not adequate for effective NDE. Recent advances in digital signal processing have resulted in new and effective approaches to joint time-frequency representations that provide more information from the data which may be useful for defect characterization and classification. Among all time-frequency analysis methods, both Wigner distributions and wavelet transforms have been considered for use in ultrasonic NDE. However the full potential of time-frequency representation in ultrasonic NDE is yet to be explored. In this paper, a fundamental analysis of time frequency representations is briefly presented. Several application areas of the time-frequency representation in ultrasonic NDE including geometrical defect discrimination, NDE of bonded materials, sizing problem with geometrical defects, and waveform decomposition are examined in detail.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Utilizing higher order surface plasmon modes on wire gratings for metal enhanced fluorescence

Metal enhanced fluorescence (MEF) has received much attention because of possible biomedical and sensing applications. MEF includes two mechanisms for fluorescence enhancement: (1) the enhanced electromagnetic field associated with surface plasmons increasing the excitation of fluorophores and (2) excited fluorophores radiating via induced surface plasmons. The second mechanism results in enhanced directional emission when fluorophores are located near a metal film or grating. This work focuses on gold wire gratings fabricated on a silica substrate coated with a layer of fluorophores. Previous studies on corrugated film gratings show that coupling to higher order as well as substrate side plasmon modes occurs with lower efficiency. We find for wire gratings, fluorophores couple to higher order plasmon modes on both the active and substrate side of the gold wires with uniform efficiency. We also measure directional enhanced fluorescence on both the active (reflection) and substrate (transmission) side of the gratings. Utilizing higher order modes allows gratings with micron and larger sized features to enhance fluorescence wavelengths in the visible range, greatly loosening fabrication requirements for potential applications. The ability to measure enhanced fluorescence in transmission also makes wire gratings appropriate for applications favoring a linear optical set up.
Inverse relationship between transcriptional activity and 5-methylcytosine content of DNA in polytene chromosomes of Sciara coprophila

Abstract There is an inverse relationship between RNA transcriptional activity and DNA methylation in DNA puffs, RNA puffs, bands and interbands of polytene salivary gland chromosomes of Sciara corprophila .
Nitroxyl gets to the heart of the matter

Heart failure (HF) is a progressively disabling and ultimately fatal disease, which is characterized by a decline in the heart's ability to pump blood efficiently enough to meet the body's metabolic demands. Despite substantial advances in our understanding of the underlying pathophysiology (1) and the therapeutic management of acute and chronic HF (2) in recent years, the outlook of patients with these conditions remains poor. Not only are mortality and morbidity discouragingly high, but also the patients' quality of life remains impaired because of a substantial symptom burden. In the United States alone, HF is responsible for almost 1 million hospital admissions (more than for all forms of cancer combined) and >50,000 deaths each year, with estimated annual costs exceeding $20 billion (3, 4). Despite improved patient information, beneficial changes in lifestyle and better treatment options, HF remains to be a major public health problem in industrialized nations and the leading cause of hospitalization in people older than 65 years. At a time when other cardiovascular diseases are on the decline, HF is rising and likely to further escalate over the coming decades because of an aging population and increased survival from the underlying causes such as coronary heart disease and hypertension. A broad spectrum of different drugs and various guidelines for the treatment of HF exist (5, 6). In the past, HF was mainly viewed as a problem of diminished cardiac output. Maximization of the latter with positive inotropic (contractility enhancing) agents led to therapies that initially improved functional capacity, but increased mortality. Today, the therapeutic focus is on reducing elevated filling pressures that lead to the symptoms of congestion (7). Although most recommendations agree on the major drug classes for the first-line and adjunct therapy of HF, there is considerable controversy about the role of positive inotropic agents (8). Despite a documented negative impact on survival, these agents are still widely used, often combined with vasodilators, to limit severe episodes of HF or as a bridge to transplantation. The rationale for combining vasodilatation with positive inotropic intervention lies in the possibility to “unload” the heart, i.e., to reduce its preload and afterload by venous and arterial dilatation, allowing to stimulate cardiac output without increasing oxygen consumption. Although conceptually ideal compounds, currently used inodilators (compounds with positive inotropic and vasodilatior properties) tend to increase myocardial oxygen demand at higher doses, precipitating ischemia in patients with coronary artery disease. Clearly, there is room for improvement in HF management, in particular with regard to quality of life and survival.
TWO-YEAR OUTCOME AFTER ANGIOGRAPHICALLY DOCUMENTED MYOCARDIAL REPERFUSION FOR ACUTE CORONARY OCCLUSION

Abstract Reperfusion therapy has been clearly shown to decrease the early mortality after acute myocardial infarction, but the impact of this therapy on long-term survival has been less extensively evaluated. This study reports the extended follow-up of a large cohort of 810 patients treated with intravenous thrombolytic therapy combined, when considered necessary to maintain or augment infarct vessel patency, with mechanical reperfusion therapies. Each patient underwent coronary angiography within 2 hours of the initiation of the thrombolytic infusion. Coronary angioplasty was performed in 62% of the patients before hospital discharge and 21% underwent coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Follow-up was obtained in 96% to a mean of 18.8 months (range, 1.5 to 48 months). All-cause mortality over this period was 3.3%; 2.1% died from cardiac causes. Nonfatal reinfarction occurred in 5.1%. Although the low event rate limits the validity of statistical comparisons, the patients who survived the follow-up period tended to be younger (56 ± 10 vs 65 ± 7 years), to have better predischarge left ventricular function (left ventricular ejection fraction, 52 ± 11 vs 46 ± 13%) and to have a lower prevalence of multivessel coronary artery disease (45 vs 67%). This excellent long-term survival may, in part, reflect the exclusion of high-risk patients from enrollment in the Thrombolysis and Angioplasty in Myocardial Infarction (TAMI) studies. It may also be attributable, however, to the frequent use of combined thrombolysis and mechanical revascularization in this population.
Sex effects on heart rate variability in fibromyalgia and Gulf War illness.

Objective To investigate autonomic abnormalities in male and female fibromyalgia (FM) and Gulf War illness (GWI) patients by comparing heart rate variability (HRV) with that of age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Methods Subjects included 26 (19 women, 7 men) with FM, 11 (6 men, 5 women) with GWI, and 36 (18 men,18 women) healthy controls. HRV was determined from Holter recordings obtained in the Clinical Research Center. Analysis of variance compared 24-hour, daytime, and nighttime HRV by sex within groups and by group within sex. Results In women with FM or GWI, HRV was significantly lower than in men with FM or GWI. HRV was similar in male and female controls. When HRV was compared by group within sex, HRV was significantly decreased in women with FM or GWI and no significant differences were seen for men with these conditions. Conclusion Decreased HRV in FM and GWI appears to be sex dependent. Results suggest that different mechanisms may be operative in symptom expression in men and women with this spectrum of illness.
INTRADAY VARIATIONS IN TRADING ACTIVITY, PRICE VARIABILITY, AND THE BID‐ASK SPREAD

In this paper intraday variations in trading activity and the bid-ask spread are examined. Intraday variations in volume and price variability demonstrate a U-shaped pattern as in previous studies. However, I find a U-shaped pattern for a measure of the spread component that is related to the degree of information asymmetry between the specialist and informed traders and an inverted U-shaped pattern for the other spread component related to inventory and order costs. Two alternative explanations are given.
A preliminary apportionment of the sources of ambient PM10, PM2.5, and VOCs in Cairo

Abstract Two intensive ambient monitoring studies were carried out in the greater Cairo area during the periods of 21 February–3 March and 29 October–27 November 1999. PM10, PM2.5, PAHs, and VOCs were measured on a 24 h basis at each of six sampling stations. The primary goal of the studies was to determine the sources of the observed high pollutant levels in the greater Cairo area. In addition, the results provide a baseline against which future studies could assess the impact of regulatory initiatives and controls on pollutant levels. High levels of all pollutants were observed during the two intensive measurement periods. For example, the average 24 h PM 2.5 concentration in Shobra, an industrial site, was 216 μg / m 3 during the February/March 1999 period. High levels of trace metals were also observed, with an average PM2.5 Pb level of 26.8 μg / m 3 at the Shobra location. El Qualaly, the site chosen to represent mobile emissions, displayed the highest average NMHC concentrations of any site, by a factor of 2 or more. The CMB receptor model was used to estimate source contributions to the observed PM and VOCs levels. Major contributors to PM10 included geological material, mobile source emissions, and vegetative burning. PM2.5 tended to be dominated by mobile source emissions, vegetative burning, and secondary species. The major contributors to NMHC at all sites were mobile emissions, lead smelting, and liquefied petroleum gas. This paper presents the results of the 21 February–3 March ambient monitoring study along with PM10, PM2.5, and VOC source contribution estimates.
RAF translocations expand cancer targets

Chromosomal translocations can promote cancers by eliciting the expression of fusion genes with oncogenic activity. The identification of translocations affecting RAF genes in prostate and gastric cancers and melanoma provides compelling evidence for the key role of RAF signaling in a subset of these cancers and suggests possible new avenues for personalized cancer therapy (pages 793–798).
Power of an axisymmetric pulsar.

Certain exact properties of the stationary force-free magnetosphere of an axisymmetric pulsar are obtained. In particular, it is shown that a magnetic separatrix has an inclination angle of 77.3\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to the equatorial plane. The electromagnetic field has an ${R}^{\ensuremath{-}1/2}$ singularity inside the separatrix near the light cylinder. A numerical simulation of the magnetosphere which crudely reproduces these properties is presented. The numerical results are used to estimate the power of an axisymmetric pulsar: $L=(1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1){\ensuremath{\mu}}^{2}{\ensuremath{\Omega}}^{4}/{c}^{3}$. Thus, the background magnetic configuration, on which all the puzzling pulsar phenomena are taking place, is now known with some confidence.
Autonomous turning of cerebellar granule cells in vitro by intrinsic programs

Abstract External guidance cues play a role in controlling neuronal cell turning in the developing brain, but little is known about whether intrinsic programs are also involved in controlling the turning. In this study, we examined whether granule cells undergo autonomous changes in the direction of migration in the microexplant cultures of the early postnatal mouse cerebellum. We found that granule cells exhibit spontaneous and periodical turning without cell–cell contact and in the absence of external guidance cues. The frequency of turning was increased by stimulating the Ca2+ influx and the internal Ca2+ release, or inhibiting the cAMP signaling pathway, while the frequency was reduced by inhibiting the Ca2+ influx. Granule cell turning in vitro was classified into four distinct modes, which were characterized by the morphological changes in the leading process and the trailing process, such as bifurcating, turning, withdrawing, and changing the polarity. The occurrence of the 1st and 2nd modes of turning was differentially affected by altering the Ca2+ and cAMP signaling pathways. Collectively, the results demonstrate that intrinsic programs regulate the autonomous turning of cerebellar granule cells in vitro. Furthermore, the results suggest that extrinsic signals play a role as essential modulators of intrinsic programs.
Monitoring and detecting environmentally induced cracking

Chemical and/or electrochemical tests can be employed to measure local material microchemistries and assess resistance to environmentally induced cracking. However, direct correlations are required among test results, measured microchemistries and cracking under pertinent environmental conditions. A quantitative understanding of the indirect test and the mechanism of environmental cracking is essential to establish these correlations. In instances where detailed correlations have been established, field tests can be used to evaluate the condition of a material and its resistance to degradation. Such simple, inexpensive and nondestructive tests can provide critical information for safe and economical operation.
The Effectiveness of Gain-Framed Messages for Encouraging Disease Prevention Behavior: Is All Hope Lost?

This commentary is a response to O'Keefe and Jensen's (2007/this issue) meta-analysis of the persuasive effects of gain- and loss-framed messages encouraging disease prevention behaviors. We suggest that the future of message framing is promising with newly emerging approaches to increasing message effectiveness.
Active Visual Recognition with Expertise Estimation in Crowdsourcing

We present a noise resilient probabilistic model for active learning of a Gaussian process classifier from crowds, i.e., a set of noisy labelers. It explicitly models both the overall label noises and the expertise level of each individual labeler in two levels of flip models. Expectation propagation is adopted for efficient approximate Bayesian inference of our probabilistic model for classification, based on which, a generalized EM algorithm is derived to estimate both the global label noise and the expertise of each individual labeler. The probabilistic nature of our model immediately allows the adoption of the prediction entropy and estimated expertise for active selection of data sample to be labeled, and active selection of high quality labelers to label the data, respectively. We apply the proposed model for three visual recognition tasks, i.e., object category recognition, gender recognition, and multi-modal activity recognition, on three datasets with real crowd-sourced labels from Amazon Mechanical Turk. The experiments clearly demonstrated the efficacy of the proposed model.
Large-scale polymorphism discovery in macaque G-protein coupled receptors

G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) play an inordinately large role in human health. Variation in the genes that encode these receptors is associated with numerous disorders across the entire spectrum of disease. GPCRs also represent the single largest class of drug targets and associated pharmacogenetic effects are modulated, in part, by polymorphisms. Recently, non-human primate models have been developed focusing on naturally-occurring, functionally-parallel polymorphisms in candidate genes. This work aims to extend those studies broadly across the roughly 377 non-olfactory GPCRs. Initial efforts include resequencing 44 Indian-origin rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), 20 Chinese-origin rhesus macaques, and 32 cynomolgus macaques (M. fascicularis). Using the Agilent target enrichment system, capture baits were designed for GPCRs off the human and rhesus exonic sequence. Using next generation sequencing technologies, nearly 25,000 SNPs were identified in coding sequences including over 14,000 non-synonymous and more than 9,500 synonymous protein-coding SNPs. As expected, regions showing the least evolutionary constraint show greater rates of polymorphism and greater numbers of higher frequency polymorphisms. While the vast majority of these SNPs are singletons, roughly 1,750 non-synonymous and 2,900 synonymous SNPs were found in multiple individuals. In all three populations, polymorphism and divergence is highly concentrated in N-terminal and C-terminal domains and the third intracellular loop region of GPCRs, regions critical to ligand-binding and signaling. SNP frequencies in macaques follow a similar pattern of divergence from humans and new polymorphisms in primates have been identified that may parallel those seen in humans, helping to establish better non-human primate models of disease.
195Pt spin dynamics and Knight shift in single crystals of UPt3

$^{195}\mathrm{Pt}$ nuclear-magnetic-resonance measurements were performed on aligned single-crystal whiskers of ${\mathrm{UPt}}_{3}$ for temperatures from 4 to 50 K. A special alignment technique allows us to produce samples with very good c-axis alignment and to work with the field parallel to the c axis with an excellent signal-to-noise ratio. Combining the Knight shift and spin-lattice-relaxation data, we show a continuous crossover from paramagnetic behavior above 40 K toward a degenerate-Fermi-liquid behavior below 5 K. Antiferromagnetic spin fluctuations appear to be responsible for this crossover process, and dominate all low-frequency magnetic properties of this compound. The anisotropy ratios of both the spin-lattice and the spin-spin relaxation rates are found to be temperature independent. Analyzing these ratios we find that the imaginary part of the dynamic spin susceptibility is slightly stronger in the basal plane.
Neutral and alkaline lipolytic activities in biopsies of human adipose tissue

Studie swere performed to establish normal values of neutral lipolytic activity (NLA) and alkaline activity (ALA) in human adipose tissue and to explore the effects of nutrition and adrenaline on the levels of these activities. NLA and ALA were determined in biopsy specimens. ALA but not NLA was present in greater quantities in female adipose tissue compared with the adipose tissue in males. Persons adjudged normal and nonobese had ALA and NLA levels studied in conjunction with age of person but no correlation was found. Neither were correlations discovered between activity levels and a persons weight serum free fatty acids or response to fasting or adrenaline infusions. These results seemed due to an inhibitor possibly prostaglandin which is known to be present in adipose tissue to suppress lipolysis and to eliminate the adrenaline-stimulated release of free fatty acids.
Barium enema and colonoscopy: appropriateness of utilization in a Medicaid population

Background: To assess the appropriateness of utilization patterns for the barium enema and colonoscopy in a Medicaid population.
An ionic liquid form of DNA: redox-active molten salts of nucleic acids.

Ionic liquids are described that contain duplex DNA as the anion and polyether-decorated transition metal complexes based on M(MePEG-bpy)(3)(2+) as the cation (M = Fe, Co; MePEG-bpy = 4,4'-(CH(3)(OCH(2)CH(2))(7)OCO)(2)-2,2'-bipyridine). When the undiluted liquid DNA-or molten salt-is interrogated electrochemically by a microelectrode, the molten salts exhibit cyclic voltammograms due to the physical diffusion (D(PHYS)) of the polyether-transition metal complex. When M = Co(II), the cyclic voltammogram of the melt shows an oxidative wave due to the Co(III/II) couple at E(1/2) = 0.40 V (versus Ag/AgCl) and a D(PHYS) of 6 x 10(-12) cm(2)/s, which is significantly lower than that for Co(MePEG-bpy)(3)(ClO(4))(2) (D(PHYS) = 2.6 x 10(-10) cm(2)/s) due to greater viscosity provoked by the DNA polymer. When a 1:1 mixture is made of the Co(MePEG-bpy)(3).DNA and Fe(MePEG-bpy)(3)(ClO(4))(2) melts, two redox waves are observed. The first is due to the Co(III/II) couple, and the second is a catalytic wave due to oxidation of guanine in DNA by electrogenerated Fe(III) in the undiluted melt. Independent experiments show that the Fe(III) form of the complex selectively oxidizes guanine in duplex DNA. These DNA molten salts constitute a new class of materials whose properties can be controlled by nucleic acid sequence and that can be interrogated in undiluted form on microelectrode arrays.
Ratio Comparisons of Supremum and Stop Rule Expectations

Suppose X1,X2,...,Xn are independent non-negative random variables with finite positive expectations. Let Tndenote the stop rules for X1,...,Xn. The main result of this paper is that E(max{X1,...,Xn}) <2 sup{EXt:teTn}. The proof given is constructive, and sharpens the corresponding weak inequalities of Krengel and Sucheston and of Garling.
The impacts of school management reforms in Madagascar: do the impacts vary by teacher type?

This paper exploits a recently implemented randomised control trial in Madagascar that focused on management reforms. It investigates whether the impact of the reforms varies by the type of teacher. This is an important issue because Madagascar, like many other developing countries, has recently hired a large number of contract or temporary teachers, who have less training but may be motivated to work harder in order to have their contracts renewed. The management reforms did not have any impact on student test scores. This lack of an impact holds for all types of teachers. It may be that two years is not enough time for the programme to have had a measurable impact, but it is also possible that the programme is ineffective, at least in the context of Madagascar's educational system.
A study of a low copper dental amalgam by analytical transmission electron microscopy

Analytical transmission electron microscopy was used to study specimens of a low-Cu dental amalgam (Velvalloy), prepared using the “wedge technique.” Analysis confirmed that the microstructure consists of a Ag2Hg3(γ1)/HgSn7−9(γ2) matrix surrounding unreacted Ag3Sn(γ) particles. In addition a hitherto uncharacterized reaction layer of fine grains between Ag3Sn(γ) and Ag2Hg3(γ1) is a mixture of Ag3Sn(γ), Ag–Hg–Sn (β1), Ag2Hg3 (γ1), and occasionally Cu6Sn5 (η′). An Ag–Hg–Sn (β1) phase was clearly identified for the first time. Since Velvalloy is a simple commercial dental amalgam, it is a reasonable starting point for characterizing more complex dental amalgam microstructures.
Ionospheric disturbances coincident with magnetic storms

During magnetic storms disturbances have been observed in the higher of the two main ionized regions of the Earth's upper atmosphere. The disturbance consists primarily of a reduction of the maximum electron-density. For a magnetic storm beginning at night the echoes are in addition blurred. This blurring disappears as the sun rises. Figures 1 and 2 compare ionospheric records made near Washington, D.C., during the magnetic storm of December 23, 1937, with those made during the previous day which was magnetically undisturbed. Each individual record takes 15 minutes to make and is an automatic plot of the variation in delay-time of ionospheric echoes with the vibration-frequency of the exploring wave. The maximum electron-density in the ionosphere is proportional to the square of the maximum wave-frequency for which steady echoes are returned.
Factors associated with treatment seeking in a community sample of European American and Mexican American women with eating disorders

The purpose of this study was to investigate factors associated with treatment seeking in a community sample of European American and Mexican American women with eating disorders. We also explored which variables were associated with receiving treatment. Participants were 190 women with eating disorders (80 Mexican American, 110 European American) who were diagnosed using the SCID-IV and Eating Disorder Examination. Results indicated that treatment seeking is associated with ethnicity (i.e. being European American), suffering from bulimia nervosa and more frequent purging, longer duration of disorder and psychiatric comorbidity and, for Mexican American women, higher degree of acculturation. Detection and treatment of eating disorder was associated with ethnicity (European American), earlier age of onset and lower BMI. Given the debilitating and chronic nature of eating disorders, further knowledge of factors that impede or facilitate help seeking and detection and treatment is needed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.