cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Single by Chance, Mothers by Choice: How Women are Choosing Parenthood Without Marriage and Creating the New American Family - Edited by Rosanna Hertz

Single by Chance, Mothers by Choice: How Women Are Choosing Parenthood Without Marriage and Creating the New American Family. Rosanna Hertz. New York: Oxford University Press, Inc. 2006. 264 pp. ISBN 0-19-517990-0. $26.00.1 The shape of the American family is changing and, in her excellent book Single by Chance, Mothers by Choice: How Women Are Choosing Parenthood Without Marriage and Creating the New American Family, Rosanna Hertz explores one of the new structures emerging in the evolution of the families. To study the dynamic of single women choosing to embark on motherhood alone, Hertz conducted in-depth interviews of 65 single mothers. These are not the single mothers sometimes portrayed in the media as welfare recipients or unprepared teenagers; as Hertz describes her sample, they are generally middle-class women who grew up expecting they would be able to balance marriage, motherhood, and a career. Yet, as Hertz explains, "Something conspired to disrupt the trajectory of love to marriage to children" (p. 3). In analyzing the histories of these women, Hertz identifies four distinct pathways to motherhood: women who bought anonymous sperm from fertility banks; women who used known sperm donors; women who adopted children from all over the world; and women who "chanced pregnancy" by using inconsistent contraception. In each case, the women were faced with hard choices, and most postponed the decision to have a child alone at least once. Hertz describes the phase before single motherhood as a "liminal state," a time in which these unmarried women imagined their lives as single mothers, visualizing the process before taking action. Hertz introduces us to a world of families where men are essentially optional. Those women who chanced pregnancy and those who chose known donors often absolved the fathers of all responsibilities as breadwinners and authority figures. In such cases, many women negotiated fiercely for contractual protection giving them sole custody and responsibility for their children. If the fathers or donors wished to be involved with their children, their success as "good dads" was understood as maintaining some social involvement with their child but making no other claims. Women who used anonymous sperm donors or adopted children faced a different set of challenges. Because the identity of the biological parents or donors is often protected, the single mothers do not have to worry that anyone will show up to demand their parental rights, but they do have to find a way to create some image or identity for the children to associate with their fathers and, by extension, themselves. …
Testing the waters: An analytical framework for testing the political feasibility of scenario-based proposals for disposing of CO2 in the oceans

Abstract Industrial nations need an array of arrangements to meet obligations for the Rio Treaty CO 2 emissions standards for the year 2000. Ocean storage of power plant CO 2 emissions is one option. Two strategies seem feasible: 1) Transfer CO 2 directly from the power plant by pipeline to the appropriate ocean depth and release it through diffusers; 2) transport contained CO 2 to an offshore site and diffuse it by pipe to appropriate depths. However, jurisdictional location of the disposal site, the environmental consequences of the diffused CO 2 on water quality and living resources, and public understanding and acceptance will ultimately influence decisions. Legality will be tested by The London Dumping Convention, The Law of the Sea Convention, the RIO Treaty and Agenda 21. Public acceptance will depend on public trust. This paper presents a decision framework based on the two ocean disposal scenarios above. It allows scientists and policy-makers to examine these strategies using legal and socio-political baseline parameters. Both disposal strategies, if determined feasible, would have added costs necessary to assure the public of the integrity of the disposal activity. This decision framework helps policy makers formulate questions, determine trade-offs, and ultimately decide the practicality of the CO 2 Ocean Disposal strategy.
Chemical exchange in knee cartilage assessed by R1ρ (1/T1ρ) dispersion at 3T.

Purpose To quantify the characteristics of proton chemical exchange in knee cartilage in vivo by R1ρ dispersion analysis.
Development of Hydrolyzed and Hydrolyzed‐lsomerized Syrups from Cheese Whey Ultrafiltration Permeate and Their Utilization in Ice Cream

Hydrolyzed lactose syrup (HLS) was produced from cheese whey ultrafiltration permeate by treatment with immobilized β-galactosidase, deionization, and evaporation. The degree of hydrolysis was 97.2%. Hydrolyzed-isomerized lactose syrup (HILS) was produced from hydrolyzed, deionized ultrafiltration permeate by treatment with immobilized glucose isomerase, deionization and evaporation. The degree of isomerization was 34.8%. HLS and HILS were substituted for 25% or 50% of the sucrose (on a solids basis) in vanilla ice cream. The mix freezing time increased when HLS or HILS was substituted for sucrose at a level of 50%. There were no significant differences in melting rates (P < 0.05) and few differences in sensory quality.
Towards irreversible HIV inactivation: stable gp120 binding by nucleophilic antibodies.

Conventional antibodies react with antigens reversibly. We report the formation of unusually stable complexes of HIV gp120 and nucleophilic antibodies raised by immunization with an electrophilic HIV gp120 analog (E-gp120). The stability of the complexes was evident from their very slow dissociation in a nondenaturing solvent (approximate t½ 18.5 days) and their resistance to dissociation by a denaturant commonly employed to disrupt noncovalent protein–protein binding (sodium dodecyl sulfate). Kinetic studies indicated time-dependent and virtually complete progression of the antibody-gp120 complexes from the initial noncovalent state to a poorly dissociable state. The antibodies to E-gp120 displayed improved covalent reactivity with an electrophilic phosphonate probe compared to control antibodies, suggesting their enhanced nucleophilicity. One of the stably binding antibodies neutralized the infectivity of CCR5-dependent primary HIV strains belonging to clades B and C. These findings suggest the feasibility of raising antibodies capable of long-lasting inactivation of antigens by electrophilic immunization. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The UVABUBL program and its application to the fast underwater tests

Abstract The Fuel Aerosol Simulant Tests (FAST) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory were conducted to explore mechanisms important to the potential transport of radioactive materials to the cover gas in an LMFBR hypothetical core disruptive accident. In these tests two-phase bubbles of UO 2 were generated under water or sodium by the capacitor discharge vaporization technique. A computer code, UVABUBL, was developed to analyze the bubble behavior. The code consists of a two-dimensional constraint and a one-dimensional (spherical) heat transfer model. A consistent set of input parameters was found that provided agreement between calculation and experiment for the bubble period, radius, and pressure response for the FAST underwater tests. The analysis indicated that heat transfer from the bubble led rapidly to a steam driven bubble. It is believed, though not absolutely confirmed, that droplet entrainment into the bubble provided the source of steam for most of the tests. For those tests, however, for which the water was initially close to the saturation temperature at the cover-gas pressure, considerable vaporization occurred at the bubble surface. Significant dissociation of steam occurred at the bubble temperature and the resulting chemical reaction products had a small, though not insignificant, effect on the calculated bubble period. A one-dimensional-slab constraint provided close agreement for the period and radius with the two-dimensional results except for the smallest bubble.
Fish bile analysis: a possible aid in monitoring water quality.

Abstract In vivo exposure of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) to [14C]-carbaryl, [14C]-3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol, and [14C]-DDT have demonstrated that the concentration of radioactivity from these compounds in bile is much greater than that in the surrounding water. Since, with several of the compounds, the bile-to-water ratios rise to greater than 1000 in a 24-hr exposure period, the use of biliary sampling may be of potential use as an aid in monitoring water quality by taking advantage of this bioconcentration mechanism.
Examination of Substantiated Lack of Supervision and Its Impact On Out-of-Home Placement: A National Sample

ABSTRACT This study utilized a national child welfare sample to explore the relationship between child and family characteristics, substantiated lack of supervision, and foster care placement outcomes. The sample comprised 418 cases of children receiving child protective services. Findings revealed a higher percentage of White children to be inadequately supervised compared with African American children; however, African American children were more likely to be placed in out-of-home care. The odds of being placed in foster care tripled (OR = 2.82, p < .05) for inadequately supervised African American children compared with White children.
Transmembrane form of the kit ligand growth factor is determined by alternative splicing and is missing in the SId mutant

The ligand (KL) for the c-kit receptor is a growth factor encoded at the mouse steel (Sl) locus. KL exists in both cell surface and soluble forms, though little is known of the regulation and functional significance of these forms. We show here that tissue-specific alternative splicing gives two types of KL mRNA. Both encode a transmembrane domain, but in transfected cells one produced the soluble form of KL at relatively high levels, whereas the other preferentially gave the cell surface form. Cell surface KL not only stimulated proliferation, but also mediated cell-cell adhesion. The SId allele, which impairs development of hematopoietic cells, melanocytes, and germ cells, has a deletion in the KL gene removing the transmembrane and intracellular domains. Expression of a corresponding cDNA gave a soluble protein that stimulated cellular proliferation but was not associated with the cell surface. These results provide evidence that cell surface KL has a critical role in the intact organism.
sFRP2 Suppression of Bone Morphogenic Protein (BMP) and Wnt Signaling Mediates Mesenchymal Stem Cell (MSC) Self-renewal Promoting Engraftment and Myocardial Repair

Transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is a promising therapy for ischemic injury; however, inadequate survival of implanted cells in host tissue is a substantial impediment in the progress of cellular therapy. Secreted Frizzled-related protein 2 (sFRP2) has recently been highlighted as a key mediator of MSC-driven myocardial and wound repair. Notably, sFRP2 mediates significant enhancement of MSC engraftment in vivo. We hypothesized that sFRP2 improves MSC engraftment by modulating self-renewal through increasing stem cell survival and by inhibiting differentiation. In previous studies we demonstrated that sFRP2-expressing MSCs exhibited an increased proliferation rate. In the current study, we show that sFRP2 also decreased MSC apoptosis and inhibited both osteogenic and chondrogenic lineage commitment. sFRP2 activity occurred through the inhibition of both Wnt and bone morphogenic protein (BMP) signaling pathways. sFRP2-mediated inhibition of BMP signaling, as assessed by levels of pSMAD 1/5/8, was independent of its effects on the Wnt pathway. We further hypothesized that sFRP2 inhibition of MSC lineage commitment may reduce heterotopic osteogenic differentiation within the injured myocardium, a reported adverse side effect. Indeed, we found that sFRP2-MSC-treated hearts and wound tissue had less ectopic calcification. This work provides important new insight into the mechanisms by which sFRP2 increases MSC self-renewal leading to superior tissue engraftment and enhanced wound healing.
Studies of adsorbed unsaturated alcohols at well-defined Pt (111) electrode surfaces by cyclic voltammetry assisted by vibrational spectroscopy (EELS)

Abstract Surface vibrational states (electron energy-loss spectroscopy, EELS), molecular packing density (Auger spectroscopy) and adsorbed layer electrochemical reactivity (cyclic voltammetry) were investigated for the following unsaturated alcohols adsorbed from neat liquids and aqueous solutions at Pt (111): benzyl alcohol (BZA); 4-pyridylcarbinol (4PDC); 3-pyridylcarbinol (3PDC); allyl alcohol (AAL); propargyl alcohol (PGA); cis-2-butene-1,4-diol (CBED); and 2-butyne-1,4-diol (BYD). Chemisorption of the unsaturated centers of these alcohols is the principal mode of surface attachment (phenyl, pyridyl, CC or CC). Electrochemical oxidation of adsorbed BZA, AAL. PGA, CBED and BYD in aqueous fluoride electrolyte proceeds efficiently to CO2, while adsorbed 4PDC and 3PDC are relatively inert. The adsorbed layer of each of these alcohols is stable in vacuum, such that surface spectroscopic methods in vacuum are directly applicable to the liquid/solid interfacial chemistry and electrochemistry of these compounds. 4PDC and 3PDC are adsorbed in a tilted vertical orientation with an angle near 70° between the pyridine ring and the Pt surface. The C-C bond-order for PGA and BYD is reduced dramatically to near that of a double bond as a result of the adsorption process. The aromatic or alkene moieties of BZA, 4PDC, 3PDC, AAL and CBED are retained and only small shifts in their vibrational frequencies are found. Ordered layers of these adsorbed alcohols were not found by LEED, although uniform molecular orientation is suggested by the packing density data and voltammetric behavior.
Preparation by diffusion bonding and adhesive bonding of aluminum alloy specimens for fracture toughness and fatigue crack growth resistance measurements in different orientations

Abstract Two new methods were used to prepare specimens for the determination of fracture toughness and fatigue crack growth resistance in the short transverse direction of aluminum alloy mill products. Six mm thick specimens for fracture toughness measurements were fabricated from plates of an AlFeVSi alloy produced by the Planar Flow Casting (PFC) process. The fracture toughness values range from 13.39 MPa √m in the SL orientation to 30.85 MPa √m in the LT orientation. The techniques are useful to determine the anisotropy of aluminum alloy mill products.
Epitaxial growth of thin magnetic cobalt films on Au(111) studied by scanning tunneling microscopy.

The initial nucleation and the subsequent growth of Co on Au(111) have been studied with scanning tunneling microscopy. At low coverage the cobalt nucleates forming polygonal islands whose location and spacing are determined by the underlying Au(111) zigzag reconstruction geometry. The islands are two atomic layers high and grow laterally with increasing coverage. A model for the nucleation and growth is proposed and a comparison with the growth of other metals on gold is given. We also qualitatively relate our structural results to published magnetic measurements.
A new partial-bounceback lattice-Boltzmann method for fluid flow through heterogeneous media

Partial-bounceback lattice-Boltzmann methods employ a probabilistic meso-scale model that varies individual lattice node properties to reflect a material's local permeability. These types of models have great potential in a range of geofluid, and other science and engineering, simulations of complex fluid flow. However, there are several different possible approaches for formulating partial-bounceback algorithms. This paper introduces a new partial-bounceback algorithm and compares it to two pre-existing partial-bounceback models. Unlike the two other partial-bounceback methods, the new approach conserves mass in heterogeneous media and shows improvements in simulating buoyancy-driven flow as well as diffusive processes. Further, the new model is better-suited for parallel processing implementations, resulting in faster simulations. Finally, we derive an analytical expression for calculating the permeability in all three models; a critical component for accurately matching simulation parameters to physical permeabilities.
Thyroidal influence on gastrocnemius and sartorius muscle growth in young white leghorn cockerels.

Abstract The fresh weights and total amounts of DNA, crude fibrillar protein (CFP), and actin for gastrocnemius muscles from severely hypothyroid white Leghorn cockerels were 48, 48, 45, and 53%, respectively, of control values following 8 weeks of propylthiouracil (PTU) injections which started at 2 days of age. Hypothyroidism had approximately 20% less effect on sartorius muscle growth compared to the gastrocnemius. The results are compared with those of an earlier study using identical treatments and the same strain of chickens during a 4-week growth period following hatching. There was apparently no further proliferation of nuclei between 4 and 8 weeks of age in the muscles of the hypothyroid cockerels, whereas total DNA continued to increase in controls. By the end of 8 weeks of PTU treatment, there had been sufficient reduction in the accumulation of CFP and actin so that CFP:DNA and actin:DNA ratios were normal. This suggests some regulation of the amounts of CFP and actin relative to DNA content.
Multiheterodyne spectroscopy with optical frequency combs generated from a continuous-wave laser

Dual-drive Mach–Zehnder modulators were utilized to produce power-leveled optical frequency combs (OFCs) from a continuous-wave laser. The resulting OFCs contained up to 50 unique frequency components and spanned more than 200 GHz. Simple changes to the modulation frequency allowed for agile control of the comb spacing. These OFCs were then utilized for broadband, multiheterodyne measurements of CO2 using both a multipass cell and an optical cavity. This technique allows for robust measurements of trace gas species and alleviates much of the cost and complexity associated with the use of femtosecond OFCs produced with mode-locked pulsed lasers.
Measurements of temperature changes during pulse radiolysis at 6 K

Abstract At 6 K, the temperature of a pulse radiolysis sample rises noticeably due to the absorption of energy from the radiation pulse and the analyzing light. This temperature rise was measured by means of a chromel/gold-iron thermocouple imbedded in the centre glassy samples of glycerol, 3-methylpentane and ethylene glycol/D2O. The technique was verified by using glycerol, for which the specific heat at these low temperatures is known, to compare the experimentally measured temperature rise due to a radiation pulse to the calculated rise. The temperature of a sample of 3-methylpentane was found to rise from 6 to 9.5 K due to a 6 krad radiation pulse. The temperature rise due to the analyzing light can be minimized by the use of a fast shutter and filters.
OTC, DTC, a stuffy nose, cocaine, and methamphetamine.

Edited by Jacquelyn H. Flaskerud, RN, PhD, FAAN School of Nursing, University of California—Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USAWe live in a society where the use of medications is ubiquitous,...
Osteoplasty Flap Technique for Repair of Latent (30-Year) Post-Traumatic Frontal Sinus Mucocele: Case Report and Review of the Literature

Mucoceles are benign, slow-growing lesions defined as mucus-filled pseudocystic formations. Paranasal mucoceles predominantly affect the frontal sinus (60% to 65%), followed in frequency by the ethmoidal (20% to 30%), maxillary (10%), and sphenoid (2% to 3%) sinuses. Mucoceles usually arise because of sinus ostium obstruction, preceded by infection, fibrosis, inflammation, trauma, surgery or tumors such as osteomas. Mucoceles arising from the frontal sinus present with a variety of clinical signs, including decreased visual acuity, visual field abnormalities, proptosis, ptosis, periorbital swelling, displacement of the globe, restricted ocular movements, and choroidal folds. We describe a case of orbital involvement from a mucocele of the frontal sinus 30 years after the initial trauma, with a review of the published data concerning the etiology, diagnosis, and treatment planning.
A 5.2 GHz 3.3V SiGe RF Transmitter

A 5.2 GHz RF transmitter using a 0.5-?m SiGe BiCMOS technology is designed and measured. The IC contains an up-conversion mixer, a power-amplifier driver, a fully monolithic VCO and digital frequency divider. The transmitter exhibits a 24 dB up-conversion power gain with a flatness of ±0.65 dB over a 750 MHz bandwidth, and an output 1-dB compression of + 1 dBm for a total power consumptdon of 126 mW at 3.3V power supply.
Hamartomatous adenoma of the nonpigmented ciliary epithelium arising in iris-ciliary body coloboma. Light and electron microscopic observations.

Abstract A 2 1/2 year-old boy had a slowly enlarging mass at the site of a typical iris-ciliary body coloboma for 2 years. The mass was excised partially by iridocyclectomy. By light microscopy, the tumor cells were embedded in a rich mucoid stroma that contained abundant hyaluronidase-sensitive acid mucopolysaccharides. By electron microscopy the tumor showed light and dark cells with interdigitating cell membranes, desmosomes, gap junctions, multi-laminar basement membrane, and numerous extracellular collagen fibrils that resembled vitreous fibrils. We believe that the tumor represents a hamartomatous (congenital) adenoma of the nonpigmented ciliary epithelium rather than a conventional (acquired) adenoma, since it developed precisely within a colobomatous defect of the iris and ciliary body.
Spectra and structure of phosphorus-boron compounds, XII1 Vibrational spectra and molecular symmetry of tetramethylbiphosphine-bisborane

The infrared (200–3500 cm−1) and Raman (50–3500 cm−1) spectra of two isotopic species of tetramethylbiphosphine-bisborane, (CH3)4P2·2BH3 and (CH3)4P2·2BD3, in the solid state at low temperatures have been recorded. The spectra have been interpreted in detail on the basis ofC 2h molecular symmetry. The P-B stretching modes were assigned to bands at 599 and 567 cm−1 in the Raman and infrared spectra of the “light” compound, respectively. Only one P-P stretching mode was observed in the Raman spectra. The vibrational data appear to be consistent with the presence of only one conformer in the solid state, which is at variance with the conclusions from an X-ray study. Considerable splitting of the low-frequency bending modes was observed for both compounds; this splitting has been attributed to the factor group.
Polymer structure determination using electron diffraction techniques

The crystallographic structure of organic crystals is most commonly studied using x-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. Unfortunately, rather large crystals, at least 106 µm3. are required for XRD analysis, and it is often quite difficult and sometimes impossible to prepare such large crystals. On the other hand, electron diffraction techniques, although not nearly as precise as XRD, do afford the capability of studying much smaller crystals. The minimum size for electron diffraction is on the order of 10-3 µm3 (0.1 µm2 area by 0.01 µm thick). Since most polymer crystals are very sensitive to radiation damage caused by the beam in the electron microscope, special precautions must be taken to minimize beam damage to the specimen. Our approach to minimizing radiation damage, while still obtaining usable diffraction data, is described in terms of using the condenser-objective lens optics of the Philips 301 S(TEM) electron microscope. Three examples of the application of electron diffraction structure analysis are given. These include the structures of halogenated polysulfur nitride (SN)x, neutral α,α'-polypyrrole, and poly(p-hydroxybenzoic acid) (PHBA).
Merger bids, uncertainty, and stockholder returns☆

Abstract This study investigates the effect of merger bids on stock returns. Abnormal stock returns are examined throughout the entire merger process for both successful and unsuccessful merger bids. The evidence shows that increases in the probability of merger benefit the stockholders of target firms, and that decreases in the probability of merger harm the stockholders of both target and bidding firms. There is also evidence that the stock market forecasts probable merger targets in advance of any merger announcement, and because of this, previous studies have underestimated the market's reaction to merger bids.
Health care for the aging baby boom: lessons from abroad.

The economic, social, and political challenges posed by the aging of the population are real in many nations, under virtually any set of assumptions about the future. However, cross-national data on health spending on the elderly, to be presented in the following section, suggest that in health care this challenge appears to be manageable, as long as the nation's health system is being managed smartly. Unfortunately, Americans tend to be unimpressed by cross-national comparisons of health systems, apparently on the axiom that American health care is so vastly superior to that anywhere else on the globe as to render any cross-national comparison irrelevant for American health policy. In deference to that sentiment, the cross-national data presented here are supplemented with data on intra-U.S. variation in health spending on the elderly. Jointly, these cross-national and intranational data suggest that, in the United States, the economic burden of providing health care for the aging baby boom generation is amplified by a poorly managed and needlessly expensive health system.
Two types of high voltage-activated calcium channels in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells.

Abstract Voltage-activated calcium channel currents were recorded from differentiated human neuroblastoma cells, SK-N-SH-SY5Y (SH-SY5Y) line, using patch-clamp techniques. Experimental solutions were designed to suppress sodium and potassium channel currents, and barium ions were used as the charge carrier. Two distinct types of calcium channel currents (N- and L-like) were identified based on their time-dependent inactivation, pharmacology and single-channel conductances. N- and L-like calcium channel currents were evoked by step depolarizing pulses to potentials more positive than −40 mV from a holding potential of −100 mV. The N-like component showed time-dependent inactivation during maintained depolarization with a time constant ofτf ≈ 100ms, whereas the L-like currents showed very slow inactivation with a time constant ofτs ≈ 1,000ms. Steady-state inactivation of currents evoked from a holding potential of −100 mV had two distinct components. One component involved the reduction of the transient current and had a half-maximal current at≈ −66mV, whereas the other component involved the reduction of the steady-state current in the range of −35 to 0 mV with a half-maximal current at≈ −17mV. Bay K 8644 (5 μM), had two distinct actions, one was the increase (50%) of the current associated with a depolarizing pulse to +10 mV. The second action was the increase in the peak amplitude of the tail current and the slowing of the deactivation kinetics. Omega-conotoxin at 1 μM irreversibly reduced the N-like current, sparing a component that was still sensitive to 5 μM Bay K 8644. The single-channel currents recorded with the cell-attached configuration of the patch clamp revealed two distinct conductances: a large≈ 28pS and a small≈ 16pS, corresponding to the L- and N-like channels, respectively. Bay K 8644 at 5 μM increased the mean open time of L-like single channel currents without changing single-channel conductance.
A New Type of Hot Cathode Oscillograph and its Application to the Automatic. Recording of Lightning and Switching Surges

This paper presents a new general purpose type of hot cathode oscillograph, which employs a new electrostatic method of focusing the beam. This oscillograph will operate at any beam potential from 500 to 20,000 volts or more, and at any gas pressure below 30 microns. High photographic sensitivity at medium voltages is attained by the use of a high intensity beam. A portable form of the oscillograph for recording lightning surges on transmission lines is described, together with circuits by means of which the lightning surge automatically starts the beam in from ? to ? microseconds after the surge voltage begins to rise from zero. This oscillograph was put into operation on one of the 140-kv. transmission lines of the Consumers Power Company of Jackson, Michigan, on August 27, 1928.
The Genesis of Hyponatremia Associated with Marked Overhydration and Water Intoxication

Prolonged overhydration and hyponatremia have been produced in 10 patients with use of Pitressin Tannate in Oil. Balance studies have shown that in patients who developed moderate hyponatremia, the drop in serum sodium could be explained by water retention. In patients who developed severe water intoxication, the very low levels of serum sodium (100-114 mEq./L.) could not be entirely accounted for by changes in salt and water balance. Certain patients failed to develop severe water intoxication although an equivalent degree of overhydration was achieved. In these subjects, further overhydration was limited by intermittent episodes of low solute diuresis. This diuretic escape from Pitressin effect has been evaluated by measurement of U/P osmolar ratio on 24-hour urine specimens as well as TcH2O during hypertonic mannitol infusion. Defects in both aspects of renal concentration were observed, although they were not necessarily coexistent.
Diffusion control in thin clay films: tailoring layered clay film structures through control of aqueous electrolyte

Abstract Clay-modified electrodes have been used to investigate the effects of varying anions and cations in the bathing solution and clay film history on the transport of probe molecules as controlled by the swelling properties of Wyoming montmorillonite. The cations K + and Ca 2+ have been shown to restrict swelling in clays exposed to mixtures of NaCl and KCl or CaCl 2 . In dilute NaCl/KCl or NaCl/CaCl 2 mixtures, the K + and Ca 2+ appeared to be exchangeable, however in more concentrated mixtures attenuation of the swelling due to K + or Ca 2+ was more persistent. Trivalent anions were more readily incorporated in the interlayer than quadravalent anions in well swollen clay films. However, the opposite trend was observed in films formed with smaller interlayer spacing via bathing in higher concentration electrolytes. Divalent electrolyte anions also affected larger probe molecule transport than monovalent anions in these less-swollen films.
Metal-insulator transition in the compensated semiconductor Si:(P,B).

The results of a continuing investigation of the effects of impurity compensation on the characteristics of the metal-insulator (M-I) transition in Si:P are reported. The system used is Si:(P,B). Most of the information is derived from measurements and analysis of the dc electrical conductivity \ensuremath{\sigma} in the temperature range 50 mK T4 K. The form of the temperature dependence of \ensuremath{\sigma} in this range is extensively studied. For samples with electron concentration n near ${\mathit{n}}_{\mathit{c}}$, the critical concentration for the M-I transition, the temperature dependence of \ensuremath{\sigma} departs significantly from the form \ensuremath{\sigma}=\ensuremath{\sigma}(0)+${\mathit{mT}}^{1/2}$+${\mathit{BT}}^{3/4}$, which describes samples at higher values of n. As K, the ratio of acceptor to donor concentration, is increased from zero, the value of ${\mathit{n}}_{\mathit{c}}$ first decreases slightly before rising sharply at larger values of K. Measurements of \ensuremath{\sigma}(0) as a function of n in uncompensated Si:P agree with data in the literature. The applicability of the scaling theory to a description of our measurements of \ensuremath{\sigma}(0) as a function of n in compensated samples is questioned. Attention is given to establishing the most reliable methods for determining values of impurity concentrations.
Nutrition management of congenital glucose-galactose malabsorption: a case study

Abstract In this article we describe the clinical history, diagnostic evaluation, and management of an infant who had congenital glucose-galactose malabsorption (CGGM)—a rare disorder thought to be inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. Because of defective sodium-coupled cotransport of glucose and galactose in the intestinal mucosa, infants with CGGM suffer from chronic, profuse, watery diarrhea that often leads to hypertonic dehydration. This infant experienced persistent diarrhea and hypernatremic dehydration during the first 3 months of life. Despite management with elemental formulas and continuous nasogastric feedings during initial hospitalizations, worsening diarrhea and dehydration persisted and malnutrition occurred. Diagnostic evaluations ruled out cystic fibrosis and bacterial or viral gastroenteritis. Diagnostic tests also revealed normal pancreatic exocrine function and normal villus architecture. The persistence of glucose-positive, watery diarrhea, even when the infant was fed an oral electrolyte solution, led to the diagnosis of CGGM. The infant was treated successfully with a carbohydrate-free infant formula to which fructose was added incrementally to meet energy requirements. Parental education about dietary management of CGGM with specialized formula supplemented with fructose and solid food feedings was an important component of this infant's nutrition therapy. Aggressive nutrition intervention for the infants and judicious dietary counseling for parents can lead to normal growth and neurological development for an infant with CGGM. J Am Diet Assoc. 1997;97:1417-1421 .
INSTALLATION OF SHALLOW SAND‐PACKED PIEZOMETERS IN LOOSE SATURATED SEDIMENT

. Installation of shallow sand-packed piezometers in auger holes with caving saturated sands in the Great Dismal Swamp of Virginia and North Carolina was greatly facilitated by freezing the piezometer and sand pack together. The frozen unit made it possible to install up to three wells per day with little difficulty.
Theory of transport in moderately dense gases

Calculations of the contributions of the intermolecular potential to the microscopic stress tensor, T/sub ij/, in the correlation-function expression for shear viscosity, in transport theory, are made. An expression for the viscosity of a gas of classical hard spheres is derived. (L.B.S.)
An extended class of matched pairs tests based on powers of ranks

A large class of rank tests, which includes the familiar sign test and the Wilcoxon signed-ranks test, is described and discussed. This class of distribution-free tests provides a flexible basis for testing research hypotheses of various forms. Exact small sample and approximate large sample procedures are considered. Applications of these procedures are presented, including simple numerical examples.
Coronary venospasm causing chest pain during implantation of cardiac resynchronization therapy

A 48-year-old man with a history of ischemic cardiomyopathy and coronary artery bypass surgery (left ventricular ejection fraction 15%), New York Heart Association class III congestive heart failure, and a left bundle branch block (QRS duration 146 ms) was scheduled for elective placement of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) combined with a defibrillator. He had been completely free of angina since bypass surgery, and he had no history of arterial or venous spasm. The right atrial pacing lead and right ventricular pacing/defibrillator lead were placed via the left cephalic vein, and a guiding catheter (Guidant/Boston Scientific Corp.) was placed via a left subclavian puncture and manipulated easily into the coronary sinus (CS). Contrast CS venography performed in the left anterior oblique view (LAO) with a balloon-tipped occlusion catheter revealed a widely patent CS with favorable branches for left ventricular (LV) lead placement supplying the lateral LV (Figure 1A).
Food, Health & the Environment: A Global Grand Challenge & Some Solutions

The dual burden of obesity and undernutrition is a significant public health challenge worldwide, especially in the context of a changing climate. This essay presents the most recent nutritional ev...
HCCI Engine Combustion-Timing Control: Optimizing Gains and Fuel Consumption Via Extremum Seeking

Homogenous-charge-compression-ignition (HCCI) engines have the benefit of high efficiency with low emissions of NOx and particulates. These benefits are due to the autoignition process of the dilute mixture of fuel and air during compression. However, because there is no direct-ignition trigger, control of ignition is inherently more difficult than in standard internal combustion engines. This difficulty necessitates that a feedback controller be used to keep the engine at a desired (efficient) setpoint in the face of disturbances. Because of the nonlinear autoignition process, the sensitivity of ignition changes with the operating point. Thus, gain scheduling is required to cover the entire operating range of the engine. Controller tuning can therefore be a time-intensive process. With the goal of reducing the time to tune the controller, we use extremum seeking (ES) to tune the parameters of various forms of combustion-timing controllers. In addition, in this paper, we demonstrate how ES can be used for the determination of an optimal combustion-timing setpoint on an experimental HCCI engine. The use of ES has the benefit of achieving both optimal setpoint (for maximizing the engine efficiency) and controller-parameter tuning tasks quickly.
Fluid-driven motion of passive cilia enables the layer to expel sticky particles

Inspired by marine organisms that utilize active cilia to prevent the biofouling of their surfaces, we use computational and theoretical modeling to determine if passive cilia, which are driven to undulate by an oscillatory shear flow, can be harnessed for antifouling applications. By modeling the oscillating shear flow near a ciliated wall within a channel, we show that the fluid-driven motion of cilia enables the layer to repel adhesive particles away from the surface. Compared to the behavior of the system in a non-oscillating shear, the oscillations also help transport the particles more rapidly along the flow direction. Moreover, the oscillations allow “stickier” particles to be conveyed by the flow relative to the case involving non-oscillatory flow. A simple theoretical model that considers the motion of an adhesive particle interacting with an oscillating, elastic layer captures the behavior observed in the simulations and indicates that the adhesive particle can be repelled away for a wide range of oscillation frequencies. The findings suggest that passive cilia can be used to create self-cleaning surfaces, utilizing oscillations in the flow to prevent the attachment of microparticles and biological cells.
Decoding the reading of history: An example of the process

In most disciplines, professors ask students to “read” without specifying what this operation means for their particular field. This chapter traces the path laid out in a cultural history class, where reading entails identifying the essential elements of a text.
Reserpine-induced DST nonsuppression in rats.

The present study was designed to examine the effect of reserpine on HPA function in a rat model of the DST as well as determine its effect on the concentration of biogenic amines in the hypothalamus
Testing of the high accuracy inertial navigation system in the Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory

The authors present a description, results, and interpretation of comparison testing between the high accuracy inertial navigation system (HAINS) and the KT-70 inertial measurement unit (IMU). The objective of the tests was to demonstrate that the HAINS can replace the KT-70 IMU in the Space Shuttle Orbiter, both singularly and totally. The most significant improvement of performance came in the tuned inertial/extended launch hold tests. The HAINS exceeded the 4-hour specification requirement. The performance of the HAINS demonstrated the transparency of operation with respect to the KT-70 IMU. In addition, an internally compensated INS is compatible with the Orbiter avionics and flight software. >
Experimental demonstration of a W-band (94 GHz) gyrotwystron amplifier

A four section, TE/sub 01/ mode W-band gyrotwystron amplifier has been designed, built, and tested. The circuit consists of three cavities followed by a traveling wave output section, each operating near the fundamental cyclotron frequency. The gyrotwystron has produced 50 kW peak output power, corresponding to 17.5% efficiency for a 57 kV, 5 A electron beam; the amplifier is zero drive stable at the operating point. The measured center frequency is 93.9 GHz with a full width half maximum instantaneous bandwidth of 925 MHz. These results represent a substantial improvement in the power-bandwidth product over previously demonstrated gyro amplifiers in this band. The small signal and saturated gains were 39 and 30 dB, respectively. The measured results are in good agreement with theoretical predictions.
Confidence interval for a coefficient of dispersion in nonnormal distributions.

Summary A new confidence interval for the coefficient of dispersion (mean absolute deviation from the median divided by median) is proposed and is shown to perform better than the BCa bootstrap confidence interval.
Robust design of low power CMOS analogue integrated circuits

As feature sizes move into the deep submicron ranges and power supply voltages are reduced, the effect of both device mismatch and inter-die process variations on the performance and reliability of analogue integrated circuits is magnified. The statistical MOS (SMOS) model accounts for both inter-die and intra-die variations. A low power analogue CMOS square-law cell, and a new transconductor and multiplier using this cell as the main building block, are presented in the paper. The paper focuses on the robust design of the transconductor and multiplier circuits. The circuits operate in the saturation region with fully balanced input signals. Initial circuit simulation results are given. Response surface methodology and design of experiment techniques were used as statistical VLSI design techniques combined with the SMOS model. Device size optimisation and yield enhancement are demonstrated.
A critical role for Xdazl, a germ plasm-localized RNA, in the differentiation of primordial germ cells in Xenopus

Xdazl is an RNA component of Xenopus germ plasm and encodes an RNA-binding protein that can act as a functional homologue of Drosophila boule. boule is required for entry into meiotic cell division during fly spermatogenesis. Both Xdazl and boule are related to the human DAZ and DAZL, and murine Dazl genes, which are also involved in gamete differentiation. As suggested from its germ plasm localization, we show here that Xdazl is critically involved in PGC development in Xenopus. Xdazl protein is expressed in the cytoplasm, specifically in the germ plasm, from blastula to early tailbud stages. Specific depletion of maternal Xdazl RNA results in tadpoles lacking, or severely deficient in, primordial germ cells (PGCs). In the absence of Xdazl, PGCs do not successfully migrate from the ventral to the dorsal endoderm and do not reach the dorsal mesentery. Germ plasm aggregation and intracellular movements are normal indicating that the defect occurs after PGC formation. We propose that Xdazl is required for early PGC differentiation and is indirectly necessary for the migration of PGCs through the endoderm. As an RNA-binding protein, Xdazl may regulate translation or expression of factors that mediate migration of PGCs.
Placentophagia: A biobehavioral enigma (or De gustibus non disputandum est)

Although ingestion of the afterbirth during delivery is a reliable component of parturitional behavior of mothers in most mammalian species, we know almost nothing of the direct causes or consequences of the act. Traditional explanations of placentophagia, such as general or specific hunger, are discussed and evaluated in light of recent experimental results. Next, research is reviewed which has attempted to distinguish between placentophagia as a maternal behavior and placentophagia as an ingestive behavior. Finally, consequences of the behavior, which may also be viewed as ultimate causes in an evolutionary sense, are considered, such as the possibility of beneficial effects on maternal behavior or reproductive competence, on protection against predators, and on immunological protection afforded either the mother or the young.
Abiotic Ammonia Mass Transfer in a Biotrickling Filter

Abiotic ammonia mass transfer phenomena within a novel biotrickling filter was investigated. The wastestream consists of graywater (hygiene, shower, laundry and food prep water) and waste gas from an upstream solids treatment unit. The bioprocessor is designed to promote absorption of waste gas and biodegradation of contaminants. Following the assumption that advection, diffusion and subsequent bioreaction(s) are independent, transport processes may be analyzed separately and thus only the abiotic mass transfer of ammonia and the effect of surfactants are considered herein. Operating conditions included various gas-phase and liquid-phase flowrates. The experiments were conducted in the presence and absence of the three surfactants of concern, one amphoteric, one anionic, and one nonionic to determine the effect of the surfactants on waste gas absorption. Results indicated that surfactants did not play a significant role in the abiotic mass transfer of ammonia within the system (p-value = 0.998). The data were analyzed using various mass transfer correlations to ensure the validity of this conclusion. Multicomponent gas mixtures and the presence of biofilm(s) during future studies may potentially alter ammonia mass transfer and future research will take this into account.
Numerical simulations of odorant detection by biologically inspired sensor arrays

The antennules of many marine crustaceans enable them to rapidly locate sources of odorant in turbulent environmental flows and may provide biological inspiration for engineered plume sampling systems. A substantial gap in knowledge concerns how the physical interaction between a sensing device and the chemical filaments forming a turbulent plume affects odorant detection and filters the information content of the plume. We modeled biological arrays of chemosensory hairs as infinite arrays of odorant flux-detecting cylinders and simulated the fluid flow around and odorant flux into the hair-like sensors as they intercepted a single odorant filament. As array geometry and sampling kinematics were varied, we quantified distortion of the flux time series relative to the spatial shape of the original odorant filament as well as flux metrics that may be important to both organisms and engineered systems attempting to measure plume structure and/or identify chemical composition. The most important predictor of signal distortion is the ratio of sensor diameter to odorant filament width. Achieving high peak properties (e.g. sharpness) of the flux time series and maximizing the total number of odorant molecules detected appear to be mutually exclusive design goals. Sensor arrays inspired specifically by the spiny lobster Panulirus argus and mantis shrimp Gonodactylaceus falcatus introduce little signal distortion but these species' neural systems may not be able to resolve plume structure at the level of individual filaments via temporal properties of the odorant flux. Current chemical sensors are similarly constrained. Our results suggest either that the spatial distribution of flux across the aesthetasc array is utilized by P. argus and G. falcatus, or that such high spatiotemporal resolution is unnecessary for effective plume tracking.