cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DISTINGUISHING THE FEMALES OF TROCHOSA TERRICOLA AND TROCHOSA RURICOLA (ARANEAE, LYCOSIDAE) FROM POPULATIONS IN ILLINOIS, USA

previously known only from Massachusetts in the USA. The species is widely distributed in northern and middle Europe and Asia and was apparently introduced into Bermuda some time prior to 1888 (Marks 1889; Banks 1902; Sier? wald 1988). Trochosa terricola Thorell 1856 is considered a Holarctic species, occurring in northern Europe as well as in North America, from Alaska to Newfoundland and south to
THE SUBALTERN CAN DANCE, AND SO SOMETIMES CAN THE INTELLECTUAL

Spivak's ‘Can the Subaltern Speak?’ emerged in and helped shape a specific moment in the development of literary theory in the US, and it continues to challenge Native American studies in significant ways. Spivak captures in Gramscian terms the dilemma that scholars and intellectuals from the colonized world face in positing their work as engaging in meaningful change of the conditions of colonization. Her reflexive approach becomes most meaningful for Native studies when the indigenous world is understood as featuring two forms of subalternity, one focused on economic depravation, the other more focused on the maintenance of the social and cultural forms of traditional cultural practitioners. The conclusion focuses on one place where intellectuals meet up with both these forms of subalternity, an Osage dance society. This is an example of one setting where subalterns and intellectuals can, in fact, meet each other and communicate.
The effects of changes in plate motions on the shape of the Marquesas Fracture Zone

The Marquesas fracture zone (MFZ), one of the great fracture zones that formed on the Pacific-Farallon ridge system, shows dramatic variations in morphology along its strike that cannot be explained by models for lithospheric flexure in response to thermal stresses and differential subsidence. Marine geophysical data collected by the R/V Maurice Ewing in fall 1991 show that major structures in the MFZ can be correlated with changes in plate motions as the fracture zone formed. The western MFZ shows two significant changes in trend: at 209°E and at 224°E. The change in strike at 209°E records a reorientation that put the transform fault under compression and created a 100 km-long sinuous ridge within the fracture zone. The change in plate motions at 224°E induced extension in the transform fault, creating three subparallel fracture zones. These results are in accord with observations of morphological changes observed at active transform faults and other fracture zones, and suggest that even relatively small changes (∼6°) in spreading direction can produce significant structures that are preserved in the fracture zone.
Conformation-opioid activity relationships of bicyclic guanidines from 3D similarity analysis.

Abstract Conformation of bicyclic guanidines with kappa-opioid receptor activity derived in our laboratory from a positional scanning synthetic combinatorial library is presented in this work. We propose a common bioactive conformation and putative pharmacophoric features by means of 3D similarity methods. Our ‘Y’ shape molecular binding model explains structure–activity relationships and suggests that the guanidine functionality and a 4-methoxybenzyl group may be involved in key interactions with the receptor. Comparison of our model with known opiates suggest a similar binding mode showing that the bicyclic guanidines presented in this work are suitable scaffolds for further development of new opioid receptors ligands.
Human role in shaping of the flora in a wetland community, the chinampa

Abstract Wetfield agriculture was extensively practised in Mexico in prehispanic times and continues to be an important agricultural method in the Valley of Mexico where it is known as the chinampa farming system. In this paper we discuss the importance of vegetation management in the chinampa agricultural system and what goods and services the flora can provide for direct and indirect human use in a sustainable form while conserving the environment. The use of the chinampa agro-ecosystem for in situ conservation of germplasm is proposed.
Detecting Impurities in the Ultra Thin Silicon Oxide Layer By Hg-Schottky Capacitance–Voltage (CV) Method

Detecting impurities or contaminations in the ultra thin silicon oxide layer is one of the most serious challenges in wafer processing as device is scaled down toward deep sub-micron. These impurities or contaminations will create charge traps in the oxide layer and degrade gate oxide integrity (GOI). The MOS Capacitance-Voltage method which has been used to study the electrical charges in relative thicker oxide layer (> 5 nm) cannot detect, however, these contaminations related charges in the ultra thin silicon oxide layer. In this article, a new method has been developed to determine the electrical charges associated with the contaminations in an ultra thin oxide layer using Hg-Schottky capacitance-voltage method. The oxide layers of 1.2 nm in thickness with and without Cu-contamination have been tested with this new method. The results show that the new method can be used to qualitatively identify the electrical charges trapped in the ultra thin silicon oxide layer and the trapping levels associated with the contamination. The interactions among sub-stochiometric oxide structure and electron traps introduced by the metal impurities have been discussed.
Metallocarboxypeptidase Z is dynamically expressed in mouse development.

Abstract Metallocarboxypeptidase Z (CPZ), a new member of the regulatory metallocarboxypeptidases, contains a 120-residue cysteine-rich region that has 20–35% amino acid sequence identity to Drosophila and mammalian frizzled proteins. In order to gain insights into the function of CPZ, we have examined the distribution of the protein by immunohistochemistry throughout mouse development. The expression of CPZ peaks at E9–E12, decreases in late gestation and falls further in adult tissues. CPZ expression in amnion cells, cochlear epithelial cells and surrounding mesenchyme, ventricular lining cells in the brain and cartilagenous condensations and surrounding connective tissue in ribs remains at high levels throughout mouse gestation. The expression pattern of CPZ overlaps with the expression pattern of several Wnt genes, consistent with the putative role of CPZ in Wnt signaling.
The Business Life of Emmett Jay Scott

Emmett Jay Scott was private secretary to Booker T. Washington and later became secretary treasurer of Howard University. He was involved in numerous business activities, ranging from the establishment of the National Negro Business League to the founding of an investment clearing-house, an insurance company, and an overseas trading firm. Scott also promoted the black township of Mound Bayou and backed African American entertainment enterprises. His business activities were largely unheralded, and the frustrations he encountered illustrate both the obstacles and the opportunities for black entrepreneurs in the first half of the twentieth century.
Patient preferences for surgical versus medical therapy for ulcerative colitis.

Background Therapy options for mesalamine-refractory ulcerative colitis (UC) include immunosuppressive medications or surgery. Chronic immunosuppressive therapy increases risks of infection and cancer, whereas surgery produces a permanent change in bowel function. We sought to quantify the willingness of patients with UC to accept the risks of chronic immunosuppression to avoid colectomy.
Linear model describing three components of flow in karst aquifers using 18O data

The stable isotope of oxygen, 18O, is used as a naturally occurring ground-water tracer. Time-series data for δ18O are analyzed to model the distinct responses and relative proportions of the conduit, intermediate, and diffuse flow components in karst aquifers. This analysis also describes mathematically the dynamics of the transient fluid interchange between conduits and diffusive networks. Conduit and intermediate flow are described by linear-systems methods, whereas diffuse flow is described by mass-balance methods. An automated optimization process estimates parameters of lognormal, Pearson type III, and gamma distributions, which are used as transfer functions in linear-systems analysis. Diffuse flow and mixing parameters also are estimated by these optimization methods. Results indicate the relative proximity of a well to a main conduit flowpath and can help to predict the movement and residence times of potential contaminants. The three-component linear model is applied to five wells, which respond to changes in the isotopic composition of point recharge water from a sinking stream in the Madison aquifer in the Black Hills of South Dakota. Flow velocities as much as 540 m/d and system memories of as much as 71 years are estimated by this method. Also, the mean, median, and standard deviation of traveltimes; time to peak response; and the relative fraction of flow for each of the three components are determined for these wells. This analysis infers that flow may branch apart and rejoin as a result of an anastomotic (or channeled) karst network.
The Internal Cloud Radiation Field and a Technique for Determining Cloud Blackness.

The internal radiation fields of homogeneous and inhomogeneous stratocumulus model clouds under the same meteorological conditions were investigated at several wavelengths in the 11 ?m window region. The results showed that a homogeneous cloud model may be used in place of an inhomogeneous one to deduce the upwelling radiances, but not the internal structure of the cloud radiation field. The resulting findings that in this window region the optical properties of a cloud at a shorter wavelength permit a greater penetration of the surface radiation and hence scattering by the cloud particles than those at longer wavelengths lead to the development of a technique for quickly assessing the “blackness” of a cloud. The technique requires the use of two channels in the window region to establish a ratio of the observed upwelling radiances. The ratio is then compared with the reference ratio derived from a knowledge of the estimated surface temperature in what was termed the ratio test. It was shown that the estimated temperature need not be accurate. Examples are presented to demonstrate that the vertical emissivity of clouds is close to 0.95 or greater when the ratio test is satisfied. However, when the observed radiances convert to nearly the same temperature value, the cloud may be said to have an emissivity of unity and that temperature then becomes the cloud-top temperature. On the basis of this method, the temperature field generated by satellite infrared imagery may be accepted or rejected with reasonable confidence. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1978.tb00857.x
A new lifetime diagnostic system for photovoltaic materials

We have developed an apparatus for measuring the minority-carrier or recombination lifetime in semiconductors. We have named the technique transmission modulated photoconductive decay (TMPCD). This is a contactless, non-invasive technique that produces transient photoconductive lifetime data. The measurement procedure is very sensitive to small signals and has a superior time response for measurement of short carrier lifetimes. This technology has several advantages over resonant coupled photoconductive decay (RCPCD) and transient microwave reflection photoconductive decay (µPCD). The sensitivity is comparable to that of RCPCD but considerably larger than that of µPCD. The response time advantage provides a capability to measure very short lifetimes in thin film materials, such as amorphous and nano-crystalline silicon films and nanowire composites. This is accomplished while maintaining a sensitivity that is at least comparable to RCPCD. We will show results of the application of this new technique to a wide range of photovoltaic materials. These include silicon wafers, compound semiconductor thin films, nano-crystalline silicon films, and II–VI nanowires.
Pharmacology of fragrance: odors and GPCRs

Odor receptors are the largest family of GPCR’s on the planet. The identification of this large family of genes by Buck and Axel in 1991 showed that they have much in common with the other 450 or so GPCRs found in the mammalian genome. From this one might imagine that they can be profitably studied by using techniques developed for standard GPCR pharmacology – ligand screening, structure activity relations, and a variety of modeling techniques. We have utilized synthetic chemistry to examine the structure-function activity of an odor receptor by utilizing a variety of synthetically designed ligands that demonstrate mechanisms for agonism, antagonism, partial agonism and reverse agonism. These analyses provide a theoretical picture of the requirements for a binding region within the receptor. The existence of a range of ligands – from antagonists to high affinity agonists for a given receptor must be taken into account when considering the type of upstream brain circuits that might be required to reduce the complex diversity of odor stimuli to the simpler categories of fragrance perception. In addition to these common principles of pharmacology that can be applied profitably to odor receptors we suggest that the techniques and strategies of medicinal chemistry, normally targeted to a single specific receptor (e.g., dopamine, epinephrine, serotonin) can be modified for use in a large and varied receptor population. The med chem concept of bioisosterism, for example, may help to better define our thinking about broad and narrow tuning in receptors when applied to large numbers of receptors.
Large tactical configurations

It is shown that if r = 2, then for all m, n, h >= 3 and all ''large enough'' R, W such that mR = nW, there is a tactical configuration of rank 2 girth g = 2h, and degrees m and n on sets of cardinalities R and W. We also show that if r >= 3 then for all h and all compatible degree sets N = {n(i, j)>=3} and all large enough numbers R(1), R(2),..., R(r) satisfying R(i)n(i, j) = R(j)n(j, i) there is a tactical configuration of rank r, girth h, and degrees N on set with cardinalities R(1), R(2),..., R(r).
Effects of ground treatment on site seismic response

The effect of foundation treatment on ground motion is studied using finite element method. The difference between natural field and stabilized field is compared; the impacts of the stabilization zone width, depth, soil modulus stabilization, soil modulus and the seismic wave characteristics on response of the ground motion are also investigated. Study shows that foundation stabilization has insignificant effect on frequency characteristic of the horizontal acceleration response spectrum; the PGA may have a large diminution. Greater the stabilization depth is, smaller becomes the peak of the horizontal acceleration response spectrum. It is also show that the stabilization width has significant effect on the edge of the stabilization. Increasing soil modulus stabilization not only can obviously reduce the PGA, but also can improve the PGA of the stabilization, meanwhile reduces the PGA of outside the stabilization. The incident of spectrum wave has great effect on response spectrum of the ground motion.
Assessment of Thermal Evolution of Kerogen Geopolymers with Their Structural Parameters Measured by Solid-State 13C NMR Spectroscopy

The sidebands in the solid-state 13C NMR spectra of 13 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds associated with kerogen structure were suppressed with cross polarization (CP), magic-angle spinning (MAS), and total sideband suppression (TOSS). The chemical shift values of these model compounds were obtained under various chemical circumstances, which were subsequently used to determine the chemical shifts of aliphatic and aromatic carbons in kerogen structure via CP/MAS/TOSS 13C NMR measurements. Dipolar dephasing (DD) was used to obtain the spectra of nonprotonated carbon, discriminating protonated and nonprotonated carbons in the aromatic cluster. Consequently, the structural parameters for different carbons were characterized. High-resolution solid-state 13C NMR measurements were conducted on a suite of kerogen macromolecules isolated from source rocks originated from the Kuqa depression, Awati River, and Kapusaliang River of the Tarim Basin in northwestern China to develop an NMR-associated method for...
Current management of lesions associated with an increased risk of breast cancer

High-risk breast lesions, which comprise benign lesions and in situ carcinomas (lobular carcinoma in situ and ductal carcinoma in situ), are clinically, morphologically, and biologically heterogeneous and are associated with an increased risk of invasive breast cancer development, albeit to varying degrees. Recognition and proactive management of such lesions can help to prevent progression to invasive disease, and might, therefore, reduce breast cancer incidence, morbidity, and mortality. However, this opportunity comes with the possibility of overdiagnosis and overtreatment, necessitating risk-based intervention. Notably, despite the progress in defining the molecular changes associated with carcinogenesis, alterations identifying the individuals with high-risk lesions that will progress to invasive carcinoma remain to be identified. Thus, until reproducible clinicopathological or molecular features predicting an individual's risk of breast cancer are found, management strategies must be defined by population-level risks as determined by models such as the Gail or IBIS models, as well as patient attitudes toward the risks and benefits of interventions. Herein, we review the contemporary approaches to diagnosis and management of high-risk breast lesions. Progress in this area will ultimately be dependent on the ability to individualize risk prediction through better definition of the key drivers in the carcinogenic process.
Normative cerebrospinal fluid profiles in febrile infants.

Objective To describe the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) profiles of febrile infants aged 1 to 90 days with negative bacterial culture test results and negative results for enteroviruses with polymerase chain reaction. Study design Statistical analysis of a retrospective cohort. Results CSF profiles from 823 infants with negative test results for infection were analyzed. For 677 infants with atraumatic lumbar punctures (red blood cell [RBC] count 3 ), the mean and median CSF white blood cell (WBC) counts were 4.3/mm 3 and 3.0/mm 3 , respectively, with a range from 0 to 12/mm 3 . Mean CSF WBC counts (6.1/mm 3 versus 3.1/mm 3 and 3.0/mm 3 ) and protein levels (75.4 mg/dL versus 58.9 mg/dL and 39.2 mg/dL) were higher in the first month compared with months 2 and 3, respectively ( P P P 3 was small, and the reference range for WBC in uninfected infants with traumatic lumbar punctures was 0 to 16/mm 3 . Conclusion CSF WBC counts in febrile infants without evidencse of bacterial or enteroviral infection, even in those with traumatic lumbar puncture, are lower than reported in pediatric references.
Chemical Releasers of Social Behavior. VIII. Citral in the Mandibular Gland Secretion of Lestrimelitta limao (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Melittidae)

The mandibular glands of the stingless bee Lestrimelitta limao (Fr. Smith) secrete a volatile terpenoid which has been identified as citral. The stereoisomers of this compound are present in the approximate ratio of 2 parts of geranial and 1 part of neral. The probable functions of citral are discussed in relation to the biology of L. limao .
Cost-effectiveness of routine hemoglobin and hematocrit testing on admission to labor and delivery for expected vaginal delivery

Abstract Objective: To evaluate cost-effectiveness of routine hemoglobin and hematocrit testing on admission to labor and delivery for expected vaginal delivery in an uncomplicated pregnancy. Methods: Postpartum charts were reviewed for 26–28-week hemoglobin or hematocrit values or both as well as for the term values. A sample of 101 patients was collected over a 6-week interval. Preterm pregnancies and pregnancies with multiple gestations, hypertension, and hemoglobinopathies were excluded. The primary outcomes were the frequency of term hemoglobin and hematocrit values below a critical threshold. The WHO definition was used for comparison across studies, and a more severe threshold was operationally defined by local providers because physicians may not change management for mild anemia. Two-tailed t tests were performed assuming unequal variances. Results: Mean hemoglobin and hematocrit values were 11.1g/dL and 31.5% at 26–28 weeks of gestation. At term, both values increased, to 11.6 g/dL and 34.3%. Eleven patients had term values less than values at 26–28 weeks of gestation. Only five patients had values less than 10 g/dL or 30% or both, and not one had values less than 8 g/dL or 25% (operationally defined). Conclusion: Statistically significant increases in hemoglobin and hematocrit values occurred at term compared with 26–28-week values. Although the term value was lower 11 times, only 5 were below the WHO threshold and not one was below our operationally defined values. Accordingly, term values are expected to be higher than 26–28-week values in uncomplicated pregnancies. By forgoing routine testing at term, significant cost savings can be recognized.
Application of bi-linear log–log S–N model to strain-controlled fatigue data of aluminum alloys and its effect on life predictions

Abstract Bi-linear log–log model is applied to stress amplitude versus fatigue life data of 14 aluminum alloys. It is shown that the bi-linear S–N model provides a much better representation of the data than the commonly used linear model for Al alloys. The effects of bi-linear model on stress–strain, stress-life, and strain-life curves are discussed. Life predictions of aluminum alloys based on linear and bi-linear models are also compared and discussed. Estimations of the bi-linear fit constants from the linear fit constants are then presented.
Lymphotoxin: Properties, role and mode of action

About twenty years ago, studies by Govaerts (1960), Rosenau & Moon (1961) and Rosenau (1963) showed that aggressor lymphocytes from specifically sensitized animals establish direct contact with allogeneic target cells in vitro, which is followed by target-cell lysis. These findings pointed to the essential role of such lymphocytes in cellular immune reactions characterized by cell or tissue destruction. It was subsequently established that the cytotoxic cells are T lymphocytes, which react with specific target cells (Cerrottini, Nordin & Brunner, 1970). Cell lysis appears to proceed in two steps. First, the lymphocytes establish contact with the target cells. This reaction is Ca 2+and Mg2÷-dependent, but fairly independent of temperature (Berke, Sullivan & Amos, 1972; Martz, 1975. The second step does not require the presence of lymphocytes and proceeds effectively only at temperatures near 37°C (Martz & Benecerraf, 1974). Complement does not appear to be involved. For several years, the mechanism of lymphocytemediated lysis remained totally obscure. Ruddle & Waksman (1968), working with lymphocytes derived from tuberculin-sensitized rats, observed a cytotoxic factor in culture supernatants upon addition of purified tuberculoprotein (PPD). That same year, Granger & Williams (1968) found cytotoxic activity in lymphocyte cultures stimulated with the mitogen phytohemagglutinin (PHA). The substance responsible for the cytotoxicity was first called lymphocyte cytotoxic factor, but the term lymphotoxin (LT) subsequently came into general use. Lymphotoxin does not possess target-cell specificity, except that one form, the LT complex, has been reported to associate with immunoglobulin, and may thus perhaps gain specificity (see below). Several investigators have suggested that the specificity of the cytotoxic reaction is related to the ability of specifically sensitized T lymphocytes to recognize and attach themselves to target cells; they then discharge the nonspecific cytotoxin (LT) that accomplishes target-cell lysis. Almost all of the observations on LT have been made in vitro, and there is little information on this lymphocyte mediator (lymphokine) in the intact organism. Two previous reviews have dealt with certain aspects of LT (Rosenau & Tsoukas, 1976; Gately & Mayer, 1978).
Political factors in the fall of RolIs-Royce

Abstract. While economic and technological difficulties greatly reduced Rolls-Royce's viability, its passing into receivership can be adequately explained only by invoking additional (and largely political) factors. In the absence of any automatic criteria for aborting a losing project, the Conservative government of the day responded to an abundance of consistently negative politioal implications. Unfortunately for its continued survival, the Rolls-Royce development of an RB-211 engine for Lockheed was civilian, not military; prosaic, not meta-phoric; ostensibly private, not openly governmental; internationally fluctuating, not domestically controllable; a weak coalition, not a strong partnership; profit oriented, not ideologically based; and narrowly subsidized, not internally fund-able. The Conservative response was probably not unique; and a Labour government wodd Iikely have reacted to these implications in roughly the same way. It is to the circumambient political factors rather than to determinative economic considerations, however, that the decisions reached by either party would be primarily traceable. Sommaire. Des difficultes economiques et technologiques reduisirent de beau-coup la viabilite de Rolls-Royce, mais sa mise en faillite ne peut vraiment s'expIi-quer qu'en invoquant d'autres facteurs complementaires, surtout politiques. En I'absence de tout critere automatique pour faire avorter un projet non rentable, le gouvernement conservateur du moment reagit a une multitude d'implications politiques, toutes negatives. Malheureusement pour Rolls-Royce, la creation d'un moteur RB-211 pour Lockheed etait une entreprise civile et non pas militaire; prosaique et non pas metaphorique; manifestement privee et non pas ouverte-ment gouvernementale; sujette a des fluctuations internationales et non pas controlable a I'echelle nationale; dirigee par une coalition faible et non pas par une association forte; a buts lucratifs et non pas ideologiques; subventionnee de facon limitee et non pas financee de I'interieur. La reaction des conservateurs n'a sans doute rien de tres etonnant et un gouvernement travailliste aurait sans doute, en gros, reagi de la meme facon a ces donnees. Ce sont a des facteurs politiques ambiants plutot qu'a des considerations economiques determinantes qu'il faudrait attribuer avant tout les decisions prises par l'un ou I'autre parti.
An example of branching in a variational problem

A model for the shape a liquid takes due to its surface tension while suspended upon a wire frame in zero‐g is solved by use of Lagrange multipliers. It is shown how the configuration of soap films so bounded are dependent upon the volume of liquid trapped in the films. A special case of the solution are the soap films naturally formed on a cubical wire frame.
Developments in neutron beam devices and an advanced cold source for the NIST research reactor

Abstract The last 5 yr has been a period of steady growth in instrument capabilities and utilization at the National Institute of Standards and Technology Center for Neutron Research. Since the installation of the liquid hydrogen cold source in 1995, all of the instruments originally planned for the Cold Neutron Research Facility have been completed and made available to users, and three new thermal neutron instruments have been installed. Currently, an advanced cold source is being fabricated that will better couple the reactor core and the existing network of neutron guides. Many improvements are also being made in neutron optics to enhance the beam characteristics of certain instruments. For example, optical filters will be installed that will increase the fluxes at the two 30-m SANS instruments by as much as two. Sets of MgF2 biconcave lenses have been developed for SANS that have demonstrated a significant improvement in resolution over conventional pinhole collimation. The recently commissioned high-flux backscattering spectrometer incorporates a converging guide, a large spherically focusing monochromator and analyzer, and a novel phase space transform chopper, to achieve very high intensity while maintaining excellent energy resolution. Finally, a prototype low background, doubly focusing neutron monochromator is nearing completion that will be the heart of a new cold neutron spectrometer, as well as two new thermal neutron triple axis spectrometers.
Predictive factors for successful balloon catheter extraction of esophageal foreign bodies.

Foreign bodies in the esophagus are common in children. Time from ingestion to presentation is variable, and may not be known. Our center usually performs Foley catheter balloon extraction under fluoroscopy as the first step to attempt removal to prevent all patients from going to the operating room. The efficacy of this procedure has been reported. However, information is lacking about the relationship between presentation variables and the likelihood of success. After IRB approval, we performed a retrospective single-center review from January 1988 to August 2011 of children with an esophageal foreign body. Pearson’s correlation was used to evaluate the relationship between variables and successful balloon extraction for P 1 day, unwitnessed ingestion, fluoroscopy time and number of balloon catheter attempts. There was a positive correlation between success and both age and duration of ingestion <1 day. Independent predictive factors were number of balloon catheter attempts. Patients with longer duration of ingestion, symptoms from the foreign body and increased number of removal attempts have a decreased likelihood of success with balloon catheter extraction and should not undergo prolonged efforts of removal.
Dynamics of magnesium-bicarbonate interactions

The complexation kinetics of Mg2+ with CO 3 = and HCO 3 − has been studied in methanol and water by means of the stopped-flow and temperature-jump methods. Kinetic parameters were obtained in methanol by coupling the magnesium-carbonato reactions with the metal-ion indicator Murexide. Relatively high stability constants were found in methanol (K=1.0×105 liters-mole−1 for Mg2+-Murexide,K=7.0×104 liters-mole−1 for Mg2+−HCO 3 − , andK=2.0×105 for Mg2+−CO 3 = liters-mole−1). The corresponding, observed formation rate constants were determined to be $$\begin{gathered} k_f = 4.0 \times 10^6 M^{ - 1} - sec^{ - 1} (Mg^{2 + } - Murexide) \hfill \\ k_f = 5.0 \times 10^5 M^{ - 1} - sec^{ - 1} (Mg^{2 + } - HCO_3^ - ) \hfill \\ k_f = 6.8 \times 10^5 M^{ - 1} - sec^{ - 1} (Mg^{2 + } - CO_3^ = ) \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ The relaxation times were found to be much shorter (τ≈5–20 μsec) in aqueous solutions, primarily due to the relatively high dissociation rate constants. The data could be interpreted on the basis of a coupled reaction scheme in which the protolytic equilibria are established relatively rapidly, followed by a single relaxation process due to the formation of MgHCO 3 + and MgCO3 between pH 8.7 and 9.3. The observed formation rate constants were determined to be $$\begin{gathered} k_f = 5.0 \times 10^5 M^{ - 1} - sec^{ - 1} (Mg^{2 + } - HCO_3^ - ) \hfill \\ k_f = 1.5 \times 10^6 M^{ - 1} - sec^{ - 1} (Mg^{2 + } - CO_3^ = ) \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ These results, in conjunction with NMR solvent exchange rate constants, are analyzed in terms of a dissociative (S N1) mechanism for the rate of complex formation. The significance of these kinetic parameters in understanding the excess sound absorption in seawater is discussed.
The Role of Attitudes About Vaccine Safety, Efficacy, and Value in Explaining Parents’ Reported Vaccination Behavior

Objectives. To explain vaccine confidence as it related to parents’ decisions to vaccinate their children with recommended vaccines, and to develop a confidence measure to efficiently and effectively predict parents’ self-reported vaccine behaviors. Method. A sample of parents with at least one child younger than 6 years (n = 376) was analyzed using data from the HealthStyles 2010 survey. Questions were grouped into block variables to create three confidence constructs: value, safety, and efficacy. Regression equations controlling for demographic characteristics were used to identify the confidence construct(s) that best predicted parents’ self-reported vaccination decisions (accept all, some, or none of the recommended childhood vaccines). Results. Among the three constructs evaluated, confidence in the value of vaccines, that is the belief that vaccines are important and vaccinating one’s children is the right thing to do, was the best predictor of parents’ vaccine decisions, F(2, 351) = 119.199, p < .0...
Prescription Naloxone: A Novel Approach to Heroin Overdose Prevention

The mortality and morbidity from heroin overdose have increased in the United States and internationally in the last decade. The lipid solubility allows the rapid deposition of heroin and its metabolites into the central nervous system and accounts for the "rush" experienced by users and for the toxicity. Risk factors for fatal and nonfatal heroin overdoses such as recent abstinence, decreased opiate tolerance, and polydrug use have been identified. Opiate substitution treatment such as methadone or buprenorphine is the only proven method of heroin overdose prevention. Death from a heroin overdose most commonly occurs 1 to 3 hours after injection at home in the company of other people. Numerous communities have taken advantage of this opportunity for treatment by implementing overdose prevention education to active heroin users, as well as prescribing naloxone for home use. Naloxone is a specific opiate antagonist without agonist properties or potential for abuse. It is inexpensive and nonscheduled and readily reverses the respiratory depression and sedation caused by heroin, as well as causing transient withdrawal symptoms. Program implementation considerations, legal ramifications, and research needs for prescription naloxone are discussed.
Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein Expression in the Central Nervous System

Locally produced neurosteroids are proposed to have many functions in the central nervous system. The identification of the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein in steroid-producing neural cells provides a new tool to understand the sites, regulation, and importance of their synthesis.
Lithium-Drifted p-i-n Junction Detectors

Lithium-ion-drifted diodes were prepared by diffusion of lithium into silicon in vacuo at 350-400°C, followed by electric-field-drift in a silicone oil bath at 150 °C. Extension of the sensitive region toward the p-type surface was interrupted and observed intermittently by means of alpha particles incident upon this surface at three energies in the range of 6 to 9 Mev. Ion-drift was then continued until the plot of pulse height vs energy for these alpha particles showed a negligible (<50 kev) energy intercept for distances of drift up to 4 mm from the lithium-diffused surface. The response to protons at energies from 4.5 to 10 Mev was linear to within ±0.3%. The resolution width (FWHM) for protons at the higher energy, for deuterons at 20 Mev and for alpha particles at 40 Mev was limited by beam energy spread in the Argonne 60-in. cyclotron. At room temperature, resolution widths down to 20 kev were observed for electrons at energies of 500 kev and 1 Mev, and that for gamma rays was 9 kev at 661 kev. Resolution widths down to 12-13 kev were observed for electrons at 1 Mev when the detectors were cooled to liquid nitrogen temperature.
Naturalness and Mindedness: Hegel' Compatibilism

The problem of freedom in modern philosophy has three basic components: (i) what is freedom, or what would it be to act freely? (ii) Is it possible so to act? (iii) And how important is leading a free life?1 Hegel proposed unprecedented and highly controversial answers to these questions. (i) What we want to be able to explain when we ask ‘what is freedom?’ are the conditions that must be fulfilled such that my various deeds and projects could be, and could be experienced by me as being, my deeds and projects, as happening at all in some way because of me, spontan, sua sponte, etc. If they are ‘mine’, they shouldn’t seem or be alien, as if belonging to or produced by someone or something else or as if fated or coerced or practically unavoidable, and so forth.2 How exactly to say this, how to link such deeds and projects with me such that they count as due to me or count as mine and are thereby instances of freedom is the great problem.3 In answer to this question, and unlike many philosophers influenced by the Christian tradition, Hegel does not defend a voluntarist position on the nature of freedom, but instead, let us say, a ‘state’ theory. He does not understand the possibility of freedom to depend on the possession of a causal power of some kind by an individual, the power to initiate action by an act of will in some way independent of antecedent causal conditions. Contrary to many compatibilists, being free does not involve any sort of causality at all. In his Science of Logic, the ‘application’ of the causal relation to organic and mental life in general is unequivocally said to be simply inappropriate (unstatthaft).4 Instead, freedom is understood by Hegel to involve a certain sort of self-relation and a certain sort of relation to others; it is constituted by being in a certain self-regarding and a certain sort of ‘mutually recognizing’ state.5 This state of self-consciousness and socially mediated self-reflection, defined in a highly elaborate systematic way as a ‘rational’ selfand other-relation, counts as being free.6 This is an active state, a state of doing, a way of being that involves activities and practices that are distinguished as free by all being undertaken in a certain way, not by having a special causal origin. (ii) Hegel defends the possibility of freedom, but in what we would call (initially if a bit misleadingly) a compatibilist, not an incompatibilist form. Since I do not need to be able to think of myself as an uncaused cause in order to qualify as a free subject, I do not need to establish, either metaphysically or as a practical condition,
Dynamic finite element analysis of viscoelastic composite plates in the time domain

Numerical procedures for analysing transient responses of anisotropic viscoeiastic composite plates have been developed in the time domain using variational principles and a direct time integration method. Recursion relationships have been formulated in order to reduce computer storage substantially. The method developed herein requires only two previous lime solutions to evaluate the next time solution and the necessary storage is independent of the number of the time steps. Verification studies were conducted to evaluate the accuracy and convergence of the present numerical algorithm and they show that the numerical solutions agree well with analytical ones. As examples, dynamic transient responses of viscoeiastic composite plates subjected to unit step loads were calculated using the presently developed procedure.
Examples of Economic Losses, from Hail in the United States

Abstract Crop-hail insurance companies, both private and governmental, insure about 15% of the national crop value, and their data represent a better source of information to evaluate economic aspects of hail loss than exist for any other form of severe weather. Past results and these insurance data were used 1) to illustrate variations in hall losses on various time and space scales, and 2) to reveal through these Illustrations the limitations in the available information and the need to make estimates to derive total hail loss for any period or place. The nation's greatest hail loss area is the Great Plains ($86 million annually) with the Corn Belt area ranking second ($67 million). Illinois rank first in the amount of liability; North Carolina ranks first in total insurance premiums and in number of paid losses; Idaho first in the average amount paid for an individual loss; and North Dakota first in total crop loss. Little information exists about property losses from hail, but limited Illinois studies...
Tissue Renin-Angiotensin System: Sites of Angiotensin Formation

The classical concept of the renin-angiotensin system as an endocrine system, whereby angiotensin is generated in the circulation and conveyed by blood to peripheral tissues, is being increasingly challenged by evidence that suggests that peripheral tissues are the major site of generation of angiotensin I and II. The concentrations of angiotensins I and II in arterial and venous blood, taken together with their efficient metabolic clearance by peripheral tissues and their slow rate of generation in blood, indicate that peripheral tissues are the major site of generation of these peptides. Most angiotensin I and II in blood is generated within tissues by the action of plasma-derived renin on plasma-derived angiotensinogen, and the action of tissue converting enzyme. In addition, there is increasing evidence for the synthesis of renin by tissues other than the kidney, and of angiotensinogen by tissues other than the liver. The relative contribution of plasma renin and angiotensinogen, and of locally synthesized renin (or renin-like enzyme) and angiotensinogen, to angiotensin generation in each tissue is unknown, and probably differs between tissues. These two mechanisms for local generation of angiotensin within tissues have the potential to produce changes in tissue concentrations of angiotensin that are independent of the circulating level of renin and angiotensin.
An endogenous inhibitor of angiogenesis inversely correlates with side population phenotype and function in human lung cancer cells.

The side population (SP) in human lung cancer cell lines and tumors is enriched with cancer stem cells. An endogenous inhibitor of angiogenesis known as tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2), characterized for its ability to inhibit matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), has been shown by several laboratories to impede tumor progression through MMP-dependent or -independent mechanisms. We recently reported that forced expression of TIMP-2, as well as the modified form Ala+TIMP-2 (that lacks MMP inhibitory activity) significantly blocks growth of A549 human lung cancer cells in vivo. However, the mechanisms underlying TIMP-2 antitumor effects are not fully characterized. Here, we examine the hypothesis that the TIMP-2 antitumor activity may involve regulation of the SP in human lung cancer cells. Indeed, using Hoechst dye efflux assay and flow cytometry, as well as quantitative reverse transcriptase–PCR analysis, we found that endogenous TIMP-2 mRNA levels showed a significant inverse correlation with SP fraction size in six non-small cell lung cancer cell lines. In A549 cells expressing increased levels of TIMP-2, a significant decrease in SP was observed, and this decrease was associated with lowered gene expression of ABCG2, ABCB1 and AKR1C1. Functional analysis of A549 cells showed that TIMP-2 overexpression increased chemosensitivity to cytotoxic drugs. The SP isolated from TIMP-2-overexpressing A549 cells also demonstrated impaired migratory capacity compared with the SP from empty vector control. More importantly, our data provide strong evidence that these TIMP-2 functions occur independent of MMP inhibition, as A549 cells overexpressing Ala+TIMP-2 exhibited identical behavior to those overexpressing TIMP-2 alone. Our findings provide the first indication that TIMP-2 modulates SP phenotype and function, and suggests that TIMP-2 may act as an endogenous suppressor of the SP in human lung cancer cells.
Enzymes in the NAD+ salvage pathway regulate SIRT1 activity at target gene promoters

In mammals, nic o tin a mide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) and nic o tin a mide mononucleotide ad en y lyltransferase 1 (NMNAT-1) constitute a nuclear NAD+ salvage pathway which regulates the functions of NAD+-de pend ent enzymes such as the protein deacetylase SIRT1. One of the major functions of SIRT1 is to regulate target gene transcription through modification of chromatin-associated proteins. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms by which NAD+ biosynthetic enzymes regulate SIRT1 activity to control gene transcription in the nucleus. In this study we show that stable short hairpin RNA-mediated knockdown of NAMPT or NMNAT-1 in MCF-7 breast cancer cells reduces total cellular NAD+ levels and alters global patterns of gene expression. Furthermore, we show that SIRT1 plays a key role in mediating the gene regulatory effects of NAMPT and NMNAT-1. Specifically, we found that SIRT1 binds to the promoters of genes commonly regulated by NAMPT, NMNAT-1, and SIRT1 and that SIRT1 histone deacetylase activity is regulated by NAMPT and NMNAT-1 at these promoters. Most significantly, NMNAT-1 interacts with, and is recruited to target gene promoters by SIRT1. Collectively, our results reveal a mechanism for the direct control of SIRT1 deacetylase activity at a set of target gene promoters by NMNAT-1. This mechanism, in collaboration with NAMPT-de pend ent regulation of nuclear NAD+ production, establishes an important pathway for transcription regulation by NAD+.
Normal synthesis, transport and decay of mRNA in the absence of its translation.

MESSENGER RNA (mRNA) in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells constitutes a small fraction of the total RNA synthesised in the nucleus1. This mRNA seems to be selected from the heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA) and transported to the cytoplasm where it decays much less rapidly than the hnRNA, which decays in the nucleus. In sea urchin embryos about 10% of the total RNA synthesised in the nucleus becomes cytoplasmic mRNA which decays 10 times less rapidly than the hnRNA. In L cells 2% of the RNA is transported and it decays 50 times less rapidly than hnRNA3. Several proposed models implicate ribosomes or ribosomal subunits in mRNA transport or decay4–6, and we have tested these possibilities in sea urchin embryos using pactamycin to inhibit the association of ribosomes with mRNA7 and precursor pool techniques worked out in this laboratory for measuring RNA metabolism2. The results show that neither synthesis, transport nor decay of mRNA depend on or are regulated by concurrent protein synthesis.
Explaining the Success of Science: Kuhn and Scientific Realists

In this essay, I critically evaluate the approaches to explaining the success of science in Kuhn and the works of inference-to-the-best-explanation scientific realists. Kuhn’s challenge to realists, who invoke the truth of theories to explain their success, is two-fold. His paradigm-account of success confronts realists with the problem of theory change, and the historical fact of successful theories later rejected as false. Secondly, Kuhn’s account of the success of science has no need to bring truth into the explanation. In turn, I argue that weakness in Kuhn and the prevailing forms of scientific realism motivate a better account of realism which I characterize as ‘best current theory realism’ and defend against the pessimistic meta-induction and the problem of theory-change. This realism argues that the best explanation of the success of current and past scientific theories only requires the simple claim that our best current theories are true. Kuhn’s account can explain how normal science succeeds but cannot account for why its problem solutions work where they do and why they fail for other puzzles.