cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Insights into systemic lupus erythematosus pathogenesis through blood global gene expression analysis

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a prototype systemic autoimmune disease characterized by flares of high morbidity for which we have no predictors. We used oligonucleotide microarrays to analyze the genes expressed by blood mononuclear cells from active SLE patients, arthritis patients and healthy controls. Here we show that active SLE can be distinguished by a remarkably homogeneous gene expression pattern with overexpression of granulopoiesis-related and interferon (IFN)-induced genes. Using the most stringent statistical analysis (Bonferroni correction), 15 genes were found highly upregulated in SLE patients, 14 of which are either well-known or newly identified targets of IFN. The other gene is the defensin DEFA-3, a major product of immature granulocytes. A more liberal correction to the pairwise tests (Benjamini and Hochberg correction) yielded 16 additional genes, 12 of which are known to be IFN-regulated and four to be granulocyte specific. High-dose intravenous infusion of glucocorticoids, one of the standard treatments of disease flares, shuts down the IFN signature, further supporting the critical role of this cytokine in SLE. Furthermore, we have identified a set of 10 genes whose expression correlated with disease activity according to the SLE Disease Activity Index. The most striking correlation (P < 0.001, r = 0.55) was found with the formyl peptide receptor-like 1 protein that mediates chemotactic activities of defensins. Therefore, while the IFN signature confirms the central role of this cytokine in SLE, the microarray analysis of blood cells reveals that immature granulocytes may be involved in SLE pathogenesis.
Advanced fibers for submarine and long-haul applications

We discuss the development of advanced fibers for submarine and terrestrial long-haul applications and current trends in transmission technologies that will influence next generation fibers.
The association between rural–urban migration flows and urban air quality in China

In light of the rapid urbanization of the world’s population over the past decades, there is a growing concern about the environmental impacts of urban population growth. Rural–urban migration is a particularly important component of the urbanization process in developing countries and is often considered to be detrimental to urban environmental conditions. However, few studies have explicitly examined the presumed negative impacts of in-migration on the natural environment of cities. The continuously increasing volume of rural–urban labor migration in China since the early 1980s has formed the largest population flow in world history. This study links the existing literature on population–environment and urbanization–environment interactions by empirically assessing the relationship between rural–urban migration and urban air conditions in China. A two-period (2004 and 2010) longitudinal dataset for the 113 key environmental protection cities of China was constructed based on multiple data sources. We applied the STIRPAT equation using conventional and spatial panel regression models to examine whether rural–urban migration flows were associated with air pollution in cities. Results show a strong negative association of in-migration with urban air quality even after controlling for the effects of other population, affluence, and technology factors. Findings from this research can contribute to a better understanding of the environmental consequences of rural–urban migration in China, with broader implications for sustainable development research and policies.
The role of latent heating in warm frontogenesis

The role of latent heating from individual cloud processes associated with one part of a springtime extratropical cyclone, the warm front, is assessed using high-resolution modelling. Condensation and cloud droplet nucleation are the largest sources of latent heat along the frontal surface and together produce rates of horizontal frontogenesis that are of the same order of magnitude as the deformation and tilting terms at mid levels; however, near the surface latent heating does not cause strong frontogenesis. In the vertical, stabilization caused by condensation and cloud nucleation is nearly everywhere higher than stabilization caused by dry dynamics, and is the primary process through which high static stability is found along the frontal surface. The frontogenesis and static stability tendency equations are combined to form an expression for the frontal slope tendency. While dynamic processes lead to increases in frontal slope, latent heating often counteracts this tendency. This indicates that the direct effect of latent heating on the thermal structure of the front is to decrease the slope and in that sense weaken the warm front.
2002 Winter Meeting Preview

The letter addresses the need for allocating real power losses originated from multiple flow contributors who use the same transmission line. It is shown that the total losses can be classified as own-losses and cross-losses. It is the cross-losses that are difficult to allocate. The Occam's razor principle is used for allocating the cross-losses, resulting in the cross-losses proportioning (CLP) method. Mathematical proof is provided to validate the usefulness of the CLP method. The allocation of losses of this nature also has a long history in other economical and engineering problems, such as the allocation of natural gas losses in pipelines. Hence, the problem is a general one to be explored.
Prediction of surface wear of hypoid gears using a semi-analytical contact model

Abstract In this paper, a methodology was proposed for computation of surface wear of hypoid gear pairs. The methodology combines Archard's wear model with a semi-analytical hypoid gear contact model to reduce the computation time compared to Finite Elements (FE) based contact models. The wear model requires the sliding distances and contact pressures to be computed along the contact zones at each rotational gear position. The proposed methodology computes the sliding distance from the kinematics and the geometry of gear surface at contact points while contact pressures along the contact zones are determined from the predicted load intensities by using the Hertzian theory. An example hypoid gear pair from an automotive industry application was analyzed for wear computation including comparison of wear results by using an FE-based model versus the proposed semi-analytical contact model. The progression of surface wear was demonstrated by devising a scheme of surface geometry updates.
Rehabilitation nurses' experiences providing spiritual care

The purpose of this phenomenological study was to examine rehabilitation nurses' experiences providing spiritual care. Rehabilitation nurses provide care for patients and their families after life-threatening events and are in a unique position to meet holistic health care needs. Little is written about rehabilitation nurses' perceptions of providing spiritual care. Fourteen rehabilitation nurses self-identified as providing spiritual care and agreed to participate in individual interviews. The interviews focused on the nurses' definition of spiritual care, interventions the nurses perceived as spiritual and their comfort in providing spiritual care. More studies are needed to determine if providing spiritual care improves patient outcomes. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fabrication and Testing of High Aspect Ratio Metal Micro-Gas Chromatograph Columns

Micro gas chromatograph (GC) separation columns were fabricated and tested. Rectangular columns with high aspect ratio have inherent benefits over traditional tubular columns and can easily be integrated into a GC sensor system for rapid chromatographic analysis. The 2 m long, 50 μm wide, 500 μm tall columns were fabricated out of electroplated nickel through deep X-ray lithography using the LIGA technique. Critical fabrication issues including reproducible fabrication of compact footprint, deep columns and sealing of the metal columns were addressed. Experiments were conducted to establish the relationship between column head pressure and flow rate. Methane samples analyzed using hydrogen as a carrier gas on uncoated columns showed very little dispersion suggesting that there was no internal leakage in the columns. The sensor performance data compares well with other micro GC sensor systems.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Low temperature spectral study of high symmetry oxovanadium(IV) complexes

Abstract High symmetry VO2+ complexes have been prepared, characterized and their electronic spectra examined at both room temperature and 77°K, as well as at the more revealing 4°K. These include VOF53−, VOF4(H2O)2−, VOCl42−, VOCl3SO4(H2O)3−, VO(CNS)53− and VO(NCS)4(H2O)2−. Band assignments are made on much firmer and broader experimental grounds than previously possible, and the xy → x2−y2 (d−d) transition is used to establish a spectrochemical series for VO2+ in a VOX4-type complex, as follows: Cl−
Defining Competencies and Performance Indicators for Physicians in Medical Management

Abstract The recent and profound changes in the American health care delivery system have created a need for physicians who are trained and willing to assume a high level of responsibility for managing evolving health care organizations. Yet most physicians receive no formal training in medical administration and management because changes in medical school and residency education have lagged behind changes in clinical practice and reimbursement. To avoid haphazard approaches and unnecessary duplication of resources, it is important for physicians involved in managerial medicine to collectively identify competencies in this area needed in the marketplace. The American College of Preventive Medicine (ACPM), with funding from the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), undertook an effort to identify competencies essential for physicians who will fill leadership roles in medical management. Like ACPM’s earlier effort to develop core competencies in preventive medicine, this project drew upon the theoretical model of competency-based education. This article describes the strategy we followed in reaching consensus among a diverse group of physician executives and preventive medicine residency program directors, and includes the list of medical management competencies and performance indicators developed. Recurrent issues that can sidetrack competency development projects are also presented as well as suggestions for overcoming them. The competencies can serve as a framework for expanding current core preventive medicine training in management and administration and for developing new training programs to equip physicians with the special expertise they will need to provide management leadership within the changing landscape of health care delivery.
Effect of Social Networks on Cancer-Screening Behavior of Older Mexican-American Women

BACKGROUND Previous studies have determined that Hispanic women and, in particular, Mexican-American women have the lowest rates of cancer screening of any race and ethnic group in the United States. In the development of cancer control strategies for this population, little attention has been given to factors that encourage Mexican-American women to seek cancer preventive care. Recent studies suggest that social networks can have a positive influence on cancer-screening participation. PURPOSE We determined the extent to which differences in social networks account for variations in breast and cervical cancer-screening practices among low-income Mexican-American women. METHODS The data analyzed in this study were obtained from a baseline survey of knowledge, attitudes, and cancer-screening practices conducted prior to implementation of community interventions designed to improve Pap smear and mammography screening in low-income Mexican-American women 40 years old and older living along the U.S.-Mexican border in El Paso County, Texas. A random selection of 1300 households served as a sampling frame to identify Mexican-American women 40 years old and older for personal interviews. Of the 549 households identified as having at least one eligible female, 450 women completed the personal interviews that provided the data for this study. Personal interviews solicited information on age, income, marital status, place of birth, education, health insurance coverage, Pap smear- and mammogram-screening practices, and six questions relating to social network. A social network score was assigned to each woman by summation of the following six variables: number of confidants, number of close friends, number of close relatives, frequency of contact with these close friends or relatives per month, church membership, and church attendance. Women were grouped into three linear strata of social network (low, medium, high) based on tertiles of the scores. Cancer-screening history was also ascertained during the interview. RESULTS The 2-year prevalence of Pap smear and mammography use increased with social network. For each gain in social network level (low, medium, high), adjusted for sociodemographic factors, the odds ratio for Pap smear use was 1.33 (95% confidence interval = 1.02-1.73); it was 1.40 (95% confidence interval = 1.02-1.93) for mammogram use. Of the six social network components, the number of close friends was the most important predictor of mammography (P = .002) and Pap smear (P = .025) screening. CONCLUSION Social networks appear to be an important determinant of cancer-screening behavior among low-income, older Mexican-American women.
Perceptions of master of accountancy graduates concerning their job search and employment experiences with public accounting firms

Abstract The public accounting profession has been calling for a 150-hour education requirement for new entrants to the profession for over two decades. The rationale for increasing the entry-level education requirement is that since the business world is more dynamic and complex than ever before, new professionals need broader knowledge and skills to be able to cope. Graduates of master of accountancy (MSA) programs would appear to be the type of students that public accounting firms are seeking since they often have intellectual breadth gained through undergraduate degrees in areas other than accountancy, current technical competence in accountancy, and frequently have work experience. This paper reports the results of a study undertaken to determine the perceptions of MSA graduates concerning: (1) how recruiters from public accounting firms viewed their non-accounting academic backgrounds and work experience; (2) how well prepared they were for their first jobs in public accounting as compared to traditional undergraduate accounting majors; and (3) any bias they experienced during the hiring process. The results of this study indicate that although a majority of the respondents who desired careers in public accounting were able to secure jobs in the field, they believed it was harder for them to get jobs in public accounting than their peers with just undergraduate degrees. The majority did not feel that public accounting firms viewed their non-accounting academic backgrounds and work experience favorably. Although more than half believed that they were paid more than their peers who held only undergraduate degrees, less than half felt that they were given more responsibility. The results also indicate that older MSA graduates believed that they were subject to age bias during the interview process.
Regiochemical diversity in allylic alkylations via molybdenum catalysts

Abstract The use of molybdenum as a template to control regioselectivity in allylic alkylations is explored. The feasibility of performing allylic alkylations with preformed π-allylmolybdenum complexes is established. As in palladium reactions, addition of excess phosphine has a profound effect on the rate of these reactions. A catalytic reaction based upon molybdenum hexacarbonyl is developed. Using malonate anion, excellent regioselectivity for attack at the more substituted end of an allyl system regardless of the positional identity of the initial leaving group exists. With β-ketoesters, substrates which possess a secondary and a primary carbon in the allyl unit lead to preferential attack at the secondary carbon. However, substrates that possess a tertiary and a primary carbon at the termini lead to attack at the primary carbon. Anions derived from substituted malonates and 1,3-diketones lead to substitution at the less substituted position of allyl systems. The presence of strongly electron withdrawing substituents has little effect on these orientational biases. Mechanistic implications of these results are discussed.
A Legacy of Struggle: The OSHA Ergonomics Standard and Beyond, Part I:

In November 2000, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) issued an ergonomics standard to prevent debilitating work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs). It was rescinded by Congress within four months. We explore how this story unfolded over two decades of collaboration and conflict. Part I provides an overview of the historical context of the struggle for a standard, followed by interviews with key players from labor, academia and government. They provide a snapshot of the standard; discuss the prevalence of WMSDs in the context of changing work organization; give insight into the role of unions and of scientific debate within the context of rulemaking; and uncover the basis for the groundbreaking OSHA citations that laid the foundation for a standard. Part II interviews further explore the anti-regulatory political landscape of the 1990s that led to repeal of the standard, discuss the impact of the struggle beyond the standard, and describe creative approaches for the future.
Varying the Format of CDE: Practitioners' Perceptions of Need and Usefulness.

Continuing dental education (CDE) is the primary learning mechanism for practicing dentists. Consequently, practitioners' perceived need for CDE and their assessment of its usefulness should be continually evaluated. These issues were addressed during a continuing education initiative on fissure sealants. Of 677 dentists who were offered CDE and responded to pre- and post-intervention surveys, 78% selected one of three formats offered: a formal continuing education course, mailed written materials and a videotape, or mailed written materials only. Participants also received a monthly newsletter and patient teaching aids (tooth models). About 8% of the dentists declined the CDE offer, while 15% did not respond to the offer. Participants and nonparticipants did not differ by age, mean years since graduation from dental school, office staffing patterns, or numbers of young patients. At follow-up, all groups that participated demonstrated a significant gain in knowledge compared to dentists who did not respond to the CDE offer. Selection of a CDE format seemed to parallel a participant's perceived need for education. Dentists who participated in the CDE courses made the greatest gains in knowledge at follow-up, with the second greatest gains being made by the Written Material and Videotape subgroup. Asked to rank the usefulness of program components, participants considered the newsletter and the tooth models to be useful; journal articles were not considered to be very useful. CDE constructed with varying formats can facilitate matching of content and educational need, increase participation, and enhance the likelihood of successful program outcomes.
New results on low-temperature thermal oxidation of silicon

Abstract The commonly accepted linear-parabolic oxidation model for the thermal oxidation of Si includes two rate processes in the steady state: a reaction between Si and oxidant at the Si-SiO2, interface and transport of oxidant through the SiO2, film. Based on available data, it is argued that the former process seems dominant for thin-film growth in dry O2. A number of measured SiO2, film and Si-SiO2, interface properties are reported, as well as the variation of the these properties with oxidation temperature and Si substrate orientation. These properties include refractive index, density, intrinsic stress, interface fixed oxide charge and interface trapped charge. It is also observed that all of these properties display similar oxidation-temperature and inert-anneal behaviour together with a complex orientation dependence. Through the use of a modified form for the interface reaction, a better understanding is obtained of both the origin of these measured properties, and of new oxidation data taken o...
Risk and Protective Factors Associated with Cyberbullying: Are Relationships or Rules More Protective?.

The aim of this paper is to investigate which adolescents are most and least at risk of experiencing online victimization. The results of logistic regression analyses using data on 2079 adolescents attending secondary school in Bermuda indicate that not all forms of media use place adolescents at risk of experiencing cyberbullying. Adolescents who spent more time using their cell phone were more likely to report having received an aggressive or threatening electronic communication and having had someone say nasty things about them online. There was no such relationship between time on the internet and either form of online victimization. The findings also suggest that strong parent relationships and positive experiences at school are generally more protective against cyberbullying than adults’ restrictions on adolescents’ media use. These findings contribute important insight into strategies that hold promise for decreasing cyberbullying among adolescents.
Nevus cells and special nevomelanocytic lesions in children.

Nevomelanocytic lesions in children represent a wide spectrum of proliferative neurocristopathies, ranging from the common small and benign congenital nevi to the garment-type congenital lesions. Included in this spectrum are some rare entities like neurocutaneous melanocytosis, malignant melanoma simulants, and special variants of congenital pigmented nevi. Here, we analyze some tissue culture characteristics of nevomelanocytic cells from giant and small congenital nevi, neuro-cutaneous melanocytosis, and a rare variant of nevus named “bulky nevocytoma.” Correlations with their histological, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural features are addressed.
TIME AND CONTENT OF SIGNIFICANT LIFE EXPERIENCES

An Experiential Inventory instructed a sample of Indian adolescents to list 10 important experiences of their lives, past, present, and future. Each experience then was to be labeled by the respond...
Antenatal diagnosis and treatment of fetal goitrous hypothyroidism: case report and review of the literature

The recognition and treatment of fetal hypothyroidism are believed to be important to optimize growth and intellectual development in affected fetuses. We present a case of fetal goiter diagnosed by ultrasonography in the second trimester of pregnancy. Cordocentesis performed at 28 weeks confirmed the presence of fetal hypothyroidism. Fetal therapy was performed with weekly intra-amniotic injections of thyroxine from 29 to 36 weeks. A repeat cordocentesis at 35 weeks showed normalization of fetal thyroid function. The fetal goiter decreased rapidly in size following fetal treatment. Amniotic fluid levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine were obtained with each amniocentesis. Sulfated iodothyronine concentrations in maternal blood were obtained before and after fetal thyroxine treatment. This report discusses the role of amniotic fluid levels of TSH and free thyroxine and maternal levels of sulfated iodothyronine in the diagnosis and management of fetal hypothyroidism. A review of the English literature is presented.
Effect of CA++ and MG++ on Anticomplementary Sera in Complement-Fixation Tests

Summary1) The action of normal mouse liver powder in removing AC properties from sera appears to be associated with Ca++ and Mg++. These ions eliminated AC activity from γ globulin in a manner similar to that of mouse liver powder. 2) Varying the amounts of Ca++ and Mg++ with individual human sera produced marked changes in their reactivity with complement. The introduction of Ca++ and Mg++ is less practical at present than the use of liver powder to eliminate AC properties.
Philosophy on messick and social conflict: Resolving the resolution process

In a recent paper, Messick described a framework for understanding the often intractable nature of social conflict, and suggested a method (the Messick Method) of resolving such conflict. My aim in this paper is to examine Messick’s approach from a philosophical perspective. More specifically, the question to be addressed is whether a philosophical method of resolution might, in some significant way, be superior to the Messick Method. The conclusion is that a collaboration of both methods, in the spirit of Messick’s suggestion, can contribute to resolving social conflict.
More Observations of Small Funnel Clouds and Other Tubular Clouds

Abstract In this brief contribution, photographic documentation is provided of a variety of small, tubular-shaped clouds and of a small funnel cloud pendant from a convective cloud that appears to have been modified by flow over high-altitude mountains in northeast Colorado. These funnel clouds are contrasted with others that have been documented, including those pendant from high-based cumulus clouds in the plains of the United States. It is suggested that the mountain funnel cloud is unique in that flow over high terrain is probably responsible for its existence; other types of small funnel clouds are seen both over elevated, mountainous terrain and over flat terrain at lower elevations.
Mothers' influence on the timing of first sex among 14- and 15-year-olds.

Abstract Purpose: To better understand maternal influence on the timing of first sex for adolescents. Methods: Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, Cox proportional hazard models were used to assess the association between maternal characteristics and the timing of first sex. Matched dyads of mothers and their adolescent children were used. Results: Of the 2006 adolescents aged 14 and 15 years who reported to be virgins, 95 males (10.8%) and 162 females (15.8%) indicated they had initiated sex within the follow-up period, 1 year later. For males, few variables beyond the controls used in the models were predictive of timing of first sexual intercourse. For females, mother's satisfaction with her relationship with her daughter (hazard ratio=.62), mother's strong disapproval of her daughter having sex (hazard ratio=.56), and frequency of communication with the parents of her daughter's friends were associated with later sexual debut (hazard ratio=.88). Conclusion: Based on the variables in the model, mothers' values and beliefs and relationship satisfaction have more influence on daughters than on sons.
Complications of Laser-Assisted Angioplasty: Recognition, Classification and Treatment

No adequate reports from signifi cant patient populations exist on the nature and extent of complications from peripheral laser-assisted angio plasty. To define and enumerate these adverse reaction...
No profitable decompositions in quasi-linear allocation problems☆

Abstract We study the problem of allocating a bundle of perfectly divisible private goods from an axiomatic point of view, in situations where compensations can be made through monetary transfers. The key property we impose on the allocation rule requires that no agent should be able to gain by decomposing the problem into sequences of subproblems. Combined with additional standard properties, it leads to a characterization of the rule that shares the total surplus equally. Hence a traditional welfarist rule emerges as the unique consequence of our axioms phrased in a natural economic environment.
Effect of silica-supported silver nanoparticles on the dihydrogen yields from irradiated aqueous solutions

Metal nanoparticles (NPs) are used to catalyze the formation of molecular multielectron transfer products, for example, H2, from single-electron reductants, such as radicals. Noble metals, like silver and gold, were very instrumental in unraveling the mechanism of this interfacial process. In this study, we explore the effect of the support, silica nanoparticles, on the catalytic production of H2 on silver from radiolytically produced •C(CH3)2OH radicals and water. We obtain very high concentrations of stable silica-supported silver nanoparticles that remain suspended in solution for long periods of time. The presence of metallic silver particles on the silica surface further induces a very effective deposition of silver particles on the same silica particle leading to cooperative deposition of the silver. The silica support changes appreciably the reactivity of the silver NPs, reducing the yield of the molecular hydrogen produced at the high concentrations of the supported NPs to that of the primary mole...
Riboswitches that Sense S-adenosylhomocysteine and Activate Genes Involved in Coenzyme Recycling

We have identified a highly conserved RNA motif that occurs upstream of genes involved in S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) recycling in many Gram-positive and Gram-negative species of bacteria. The phylogenetic distribution and the conserved structural features of representatives of this motif are indicative of riboswitch function. Riboswitches are widespread metabolite-sensing gene control elements that are typically found in the 5' untranslated regions (UTRs) of bacterial mRNAs. We experimentally verified that examples of this RNA motif specifically recognize S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) in protein-free in vitro assays, and confirmed that these RNAs strongly discriminate against SAM and other closely related analogs. A representative SAH motif was found to activate expression of a downstream gene in vivo when the metabolite is bound. These observations confirm that SAH motif RNAs are distinct ligand-binding aptamers for a riboswitch class that selectively binds SAH and controls genes essential for recycling expended SAM coenzymes.
Cardiovascular Responses to Stress: I. Measures of Myocardial Response and Relationship to High Resting Systolic Pressure and Parental Hypertension

A comparison of pre-ejection period (PEP), heart rate (HR), and systolic (SBP) and diastolk (DBP) blood pressure responses to the cold pressor test and a pseudo-shock avoidance reaction time task was performed in 183 young men. These tasks differ in the extent to which they evoke enhanced myocardial and vascular adrenergic activity. Decreases in PEP were more pronounced during the reaction time task, while DBP increased more during the cold pressor test. MR and SBP responses did not differentiate the two tasks. PEP decreases occurred in the absence of any apparent increase in cardiac preload or decrease in afterload. Parental hypertension as determined by physician reports was associated with higher SBP across all conditions. A subgroup of individuals (15%) showed SBP levels >140 mm Hg when typical clinical stethoscopic determinations were made, but less than half as many showed such elevations during a more extended resting baseline using remotely operated devices. High stethoscopic SBP was associated with greater cardiovascular responses to the stressors, while high SBP during the extended baseline was not.
Tunneling splittings for "O...O stretching" and other vibrations of tropolone isotopomers observed in the infrared spectrum below 800 cm(-1).

Fourier transform infrared absorption spectra containing evidence for about two dozen spectral tunneling doublets are reported for gaseous tropolone(OH), tropolone (OD), and 18O,18O-tropolone(OH) in the 800 to 300 cm-1 spectral range. No FTIR absorption was detected in the 300−150 cm-1 range. The known zero-point (ZP) tunneling splitting values Δ0 = 0.974 cm-1 for tropolone(OH) (Tanaka et al.) and 0.051 cm-1 for tropolone(OD) (Keske et al.) allow vibrational state-specific tunneling splittings Δv to be estimated for fundamentals including three with strong O···O stretching displacements [cf. for tropolone(OH) ν13(a1) = 435.22 cm-1 with HΔ13 = 1.71 cm-1 = 1.76 HΔ0, and for tropolone(OD) ν13(a1) = 429.65 cm-1 with DΔ13 = 0.32 cm-1 = 6.27 DΔ0]. The majority of Δv splittings in the sub-800 cm-1 range are dilated relative to the isotopomer Δ0 values. The FTIR spectra demonstrate the presence of dynamic couplings and potential function anharmonicity in addition to revealing Δv splittings and many OH/D and 18O/1...
Partitioned time discretization for parallel solution of coupled ODE systems

One decoupling method for multiphysics, multiscale, multidomain applications involves partitioning the problem via explicit time discretizations in the coupling terms. Specialized, problem-specific techniques are needed for the resulting partitioned methods to avoid time step restrictions which make long time calculations costly. This report studies unconditionally stable, uncoupled time stepping methods for a model problem sharing mathematical structure akin to the coupled atmosphere-ocean system. Three decoupled time stepping algorithms are introduced and their stability and consistency are rigorously examined. Numerical experiments are performed that study their stability and convergence properties.
Spectroscopic studies of plasma during cw laser gas heating in flowing argon

cw laser gas heating in flowing argon was studied using emission spectroscopy. The local electron temperature was calculated from the 415.8‐nm Ari line spectra ratio to the adjacent continuum emission. The two‐dimensional temperature fields were utilized in the calculation of laser power absorption, beam refraction, radiative losses, and net thermal energy retained by the gas. The experiments were performed over a range of laser powers from 2.5 to 6.4 kW and flow velocities between 15 and 120 cm/s. The plasmas were determined to absorb as much as 78% of the incident laser energy at high powers and low flowrates. The calculations indicate that thermal energy retained by the gas is in excess of 35% of the incident energy at intermediate power levels and high flowrates. The results compare favorably with independent calorimetric and thermometric measurements as well as a numerical model. The primary conclusion is that laser propulsion appears feasible in that the earlier dynamic concerns have been shown to be nonexistent or circumventable.
The regulation of glutamate receptor trafficking and function by TARPs and other transmembrane auxiliary subunits

At excitatory synapses in the brain, glutamate released from nerve terminals binds to glutamate receptors to mediate signaling between neurons. Glutamate receptors expressed in heterologous cells show ion channel activity. Recently, native glutamate receptors were shown to contain auxiliary subunits that modulate the trafficking and/or channel properties. The AMPA receptor (AMPAR) can contain TARP and CNIHs as the auxiliary subunits, whereas kainate receptor (KAR) can contain the Neto auxiliary subunit. Each of these auxiliary subunits uniquely modulates the glutamate receptors, and determines properties of native glutamate receptors. A thorough elucidation of the properties of native glutamate receptor complexes is indispensable for the understanding of the molecular machinery that regulates glutamate receptors and excitatory synaptic transmission in the brain.
A stream-lined approach for calculating expected utility and expected value of perfect information

Abstract An approach based on the criteria of maximizing expected utility was developed for comparing alternatives, and the expected value of perfect information was incorporated to indicate the relative importance of uncertainty. Multi-dimensional Gauss quadrature was used to integrate over the uncertain variables. Problem characteristics were taken into account to subdivide utility functions, reducing the amount of computation when integrating utility. Additional factors were included to streamline the calculation of expected value of perfect information. Problems were taken from the literature to test the convergence rate of the method. The quadrature results converged quickly, although the rate depended on the type of probability distributions assigned to the variables.
Lysosomal enzymes in bovine mammary leukocytes during the nonlactating period.

Abstract Leukocytes from mammary secretions in dairy cows were collected during the nonlactating and postpartum periods. Differential cell counts, viability and activity of peroxidase, N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAGase, β-glucuronidase and α-mannosidase in cells were determined. Cell viability (trypan blue exclusion) was 75–80% during most of the nonlactating period, but declined to 45–50% by parturition. Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) predominated during the first week of involution, after which macrophages were the predominant cell type. Peroxidase activity in leukocytes from mammary secretions was high in early involution, probably reflecting the predominant peroxidase-containing PMN. Peroxidase activity declined through the remaining nonlactating and postpartum periods. The activity of NAGase was variable in early involution, then increased to a peak during the mid-nonlactating period, before declining prior to parturition. Activity of β-glucuronidase generally was unchanged during the nonlactating period, although NAGase and β-glucuronidase activities were significantly and positively correlated throughout the period studied. Activity of α-mannosidase changed in a manner similar to peroxidase activity.
Combined Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonism and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibition Further Attenuates Postinfarction Left Ventricular Remodeling

Background —ACE inhibition (ACEI) attenuates post–myocardial infarction (MI) LV remodeling, but the effects of angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1) antagonism alone or in combination with ACEI are unclear. Accordingly, we investigated the effects of AT1 antagonism, ACEI, and their combination in a well-characterized ovine postinfarction model. Methods and Results —Beginning 2 days after transmural anteroapical MI, 62 sheep were treated with 1 of 5 treatment regimens: no therapy (control, n=12), standard-dose ACEI (sACEI; ramipril 10 mg/d, n=14), high-dose ACEI (hACEI; ramipril 20 mg/d, n=8), AT1 blockade (losartan 50 mg/d, n=13), and combination therapy with sACEI+AT1 blockade (CT; ramipril 10 mg/d+losartan 50 mg/d, n=15). MRI was performed before and 8 weeks after MI to quantify changes in LV end-diastolic and end-systolic volume indices (ΔEDVI, ΔESVI) and ejection fraction (ΔEF). Change in regional percent intramyocardial circumferential shortening in noninfarcted segments adjacent to the infarct (Adj Δ%S) was measured by tagged MRI. CT resulted in the most marked blunting of LV remodeling: ΔESVI (+1.0±0.4, +0.7±0.4, +0.6±0.3†, +0.9±0.5, and +0.4±0.2* mL/kg); ΔEDVI (+0.9±0.4, +0.7±0.5, +0.6±0.5, +0.9±0.5, and +0.4±0.3‡ mL/kg); ΔEF (−24±7, −18±6, −14±7†, −18±10, and −11±9* %); and Adj Δ%S (−8±4, −7±3, −5±3, −5±3, and −2±3* %) for Control, sACEI, hACEI, AT1 blockade, and CT, respectively (* P <0.04 versus sACEI, AT1 blockade, and control; † P <0.05 versus control; ‡ P <0.002 versus AT1 blockade and control). EDVI and ESVI at 8 weeks after MI were smallest with CT ( P <0.02 versus all). Conclusions —Combination therapy with sACEI+AT1 blockade shows promise in attenuating postinfarction LV remodeling but was not clearly superior to hACEI in the present study.
The effects of functional azo initiator on PMMA and polyurethane IPN systems. I. Synthesis, characterization, and thermal effects

The use of functional azo initiators and the thermal history of the materials have been shown to exert significant effects on the properties of interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs). The IPNs prepared with a reactive azo initiator from MDI and 1,2-PBD (1,2-polybutadiene diol) with PMMA have been found to exhibit greater ductility, lower rigidity, and lower moduli than IPNs prepared with AIBN. This probably resulted from the attached PMMA blocks modifying the properties of the PU matrix phases. Increasing thermal treatment of IPNs prepared from either the reactive or the normal azo initiators exhibited increased Tg values in both DSC and DMTA scans. These results have been explained by increased association from chemical reactions between the hard segments of the polyurethane and poly(methyl methacrylate) ester groups.
Community-based nursing versus community health nursing: What does it all mean?

With policy makers calling for the development of community-based, culturally appropriate, and comprehensive health care systems, it has become necessary for U.S. nursing schools to develop curricula and provide clinical experiences in community-based nursing. Articulating the differences between community-based and community health nursing practice is a necessary first step in improving any nurse's ability to care for individuals, families, and communities.
Physical complaints without organic basis in psychiatric inpatients: Report of two cases

Two patients with borderline personality disorder hospitalized for behavior disturbance had physical complaints for which no organic basis could be found. These cases highlight a conceptual difficulty in our current classification system for such physical complaints, raise issues about the interplay of psychiatric syndromes, and illustrate how physical complaints without organic basis complicate psychiatric hospitalization.
Environmental effects on cellular photosensitization: correlation of phototoxicity mechanism with transient absorption spectroscopy measurements

Little is directly known about the influence of the local environment experienced by a photosensitizer in a biological system on its photophysics and photochemistry. In this paper, we have addressed this issue by correlating mechanistic studies using laser flash photolysis with cellular phototoxicity data, obtained under the same experimental conditions. In particular, we have focused on the interaction between local concentrations of photosensitizer (deuteroporphyrin) and oxygen in determining the mechanism of phototoxicity in L1210 cells. In cells, as well as in models such as liposomes and red blood cell ghosts, hypochromicity and a reduction in fluorescence and intersystem crossing yields are observed on increasing the photosensitizer concentration between 0.5 and 20 microM, which illustrates the onset of a self-association. In aerated cellular preparations, the phototoxicity is predominantly type II (singlet oxygen) for all concentrations studied but an oxygen-independent mechanism occurs at the higher concentrations in deaerated samples. These observations are readily explained by consideration of triplet state kinetics as a function of oxygen and photosensitizer concentrations in cells. The rate constant for quenching of the photosensitizer triplet state by oxygen in cells was measured as 6.6 x 10(8) M-1 s-1 and by photosensitizer ground state as approximately 10(6) M-1 s-1 (in terms of local concentration). The latter reaction gave rise to a long-lived species that is presumably responsible for the oxygen-independent phototoxicity observed at the higher photosensitizer concentrations used. This self-quenching of the triplet state is postulated to arise from electron transfer resulting in radical ion formation. Under conditions where no self-quenching contributes, the phototoxicity measured as a function of oxygen concentration correlates well with a model based on the determined kinetic parameters, thus, unambiguously proving the intermediacy of singlet oxygen. These effects should be borne in mind when interpreting phototoxicity mechanisms from in vitro cell studies. The excellent correlation achieved between laser flash photolysis data and measured phototoxicity gives credence to the direct use of photophysical techniques to elucidate photochemical mechanisms in biological media.
A View of Electrolyte Solutions

The uncertainties in the route to infinite dilution for 2–2 electrolytes are discussed in relation to the practical difficulties of determining the standard emf’s of simple reversible cells containing ZnSO4 in H2O and D2O solutions. These difficulties are due to uncertainties in the theory of highly charged ions in aqueous solution. Recent developments in theories of electrolytes, especially those for which numerical results are available, are critically evaluated for their accuracy and adaptability to changes in the solute potential. Simple refinements to the model (i.e., the solute potential) are described, and the changes are interpreted, in terms of the molecular interactions between sets or pairs of ions in the pure solvent. Recent work on the effect of solvent granularity and other molecular properties of the solvent (e.g., dipole moment) on the solute potential is reviewed.
Root and Shoot Responses to Bird Cherry-Oat Aphids and Barley yellow dwarf virus in Spring Wheat

There is little information available that describes the effects of bird cherry-oat aphids (Rhopalosiphum padi L.) and Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) on cereal plant root systems. This 2-yr field experiment was conducted to determine how spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) root characteristics, shoot characteristics, and grain yield respond to R. padi infestation, BYDV infection, or a combination of R. padi plus BYDV. Treatments were applied at the 2- to 3-leaf stage. When measured at anthesis, plants that received R. padi treatments (300 aphid days) had about a 30% greater total root length (as measured with a minirhizotron) than control plants. Plants that received BYDV as well as those that received R. padi plus BYDV had about a 40% decrease in total root length when compared with the control. Root system characteristics at different soil depths responded differently to BYDV infection across the 2 yr of the study. In the first year, BYDV-infected plants had less root length at all soil depths measured than plants that did not receive BYDV infection. In the second year, which was drier near anthesis, root lengths of both BYDV infected and uninfected plants were similar at the 0- to 18-cm soil depth, while at deeper soil depths, plants that had BYDV infection had less root length than plants that did not receive BYDV infection. Plants that received either R. padi or BYDV had fewer tillers, less tiller height, and less shoot dry weight than control plants. The lack of R. padi x BYDV interaction for above-ground variables suggests that shoots responded to BYDV in a similar manner regardless of whether or not they received R. padi treatment. Treatments consisting of R. padi infestation or BYDV infection reduced individual kernel weight by 8 or 22%, respectively. Infection with BYDV also caused a 53% reduction in the number of kernels per meter of row and a 62% reduction in total grain yield. We conclude that R. padi infestation caused acute injury to spring wheat plants while BYDV caused chronic injury. Most of the dependent variables measured in this experiment responded to BYDV in a similar manner regardless of whether or not the plants received R. padi treatment.
Whose vision counts? The formulation of vision in community forest enterprises

How do external factors such as donor interventions and government policies influence the competitiveness of community forest enterprises (CFEs)? The author conducted a qualitative study on two second-tier CFEs in Mexico and Guatemala. The study consisted primarily of semistructured interviews with 125 informants, including CFE personnel, buyers, government institutions, and NGOs. It analysed the influence of the CFE's objectives and establishment process over the corporate culture, and the relationship between second-tier CFEs and affiliated CFEs. The study revealed the importance of the autonomous formulation of corporate vision. External interventions should be based on the producers’ agency rather than on the donors’ agendas. The vision of an enterprise should be guided by buyers’ values. A shift from a ‘farmer first’ to a ‘customer first’ culture is of paramount importance for support institutions as well.