cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clinical Usefulness of the Oppositional Defiant Disorder Rating Scale (ODDRS)

The present study examined the reliability, validity, and clinical utility of the Oppositional Defiant Disorder Rating Scale (ODDRS) in a population of children referred for ADHD evaluation. The diagnostic benefit of using a rating scale specific to Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD), in addition to a broad range behavior scale, was also investigated. Parents and teachers of 177 clinic-referred children provided ratings on the ODDRS. The average correlation between parent and teacher ratings was minimal (r = .13). Children diagnosed with ODD through structured parent interviews were found to have elevated scores on the parent version of the ODDRS, as compared to children without a research diagnosis of ODD. However teacher ratings did not discriminate between the ODD and no-ODD groups. There was minimal evidence of incremental validity as classification rates for the ODDRS were almost identical to classification rates based on the Aggression subscale of the Behavior Assessment System for Children (BASC-2).
Photoconduction and trapping in sputtered tantalum oxide films

Abstract Electron trapping in tantalum oxide films, prepared by reactive sputtering onto polished, fused-silica substrates, has been studied by measurements of photocurrents and thermallystimulated-currents. The results indicate the presence of a single set of traps situated about 0.25 eV from the nearest band edge. The initial trap concentration depends on the tantalum sputtering rate and the oxygen partial pressure during film preparation. Heating in a vacuum increases the trap concentration; heating in air or several days exposure to air at room temperature reduces it. Increasing the trap concentration increases both the steady-state current during optical excitation, and the time to rise to and decay from the steady state on initiation and removal of excitation, respectively. A model is proposed in which the empty traps are oxygen vacancies occupied by one electron. Once filled by optical excitation, the traps are proposed to behave like donors in quasi-thermal equilibrium with the conduction band. The rate of conductivity decay, on removal of excitation, is thus determined by the relative rates of retrapping and recombination which, in turn, depend on the relative concentrations and cross-sections of traps and recombination centers.
Max-Min Fair Bandwidth Allocation Algorithms for Packet Switches

With the rapid development of broadband applications, the capability of networks to provide quality of service (QoS) has become an important issue. Fair scheduling algorithms are a common approach for switches and routers to support QoS. All fair scheduling algorithms are running based on a bandwidth allocation scheme. The scheme should be feasible in order to be applied in practice, and should be efficient to fully utilize available bandwidth and allocate bandwidth in a fair manner. However, since a single input port or output port of a switch has only the bandwidth information of its local flows (i.e., the flows traversing itself), it is difficult to obtain a globally feasible and efficient bandwidth allocation scheme. In this paper, we show how to fairly allocate bandwidth in packet switches based on the max-min fairness principle. We first formulate the problem, and give the definitions of feasibility and max-min fairness for bandwidth allocation in packet switches. As the first step to solve the problem, we consider the simpler unicast scenarios, and present the max-min fair bandwidth allocation algorithm for unicast traffic. We then extend the analysis to the more general multicast scenarios, and present the max-min fair bandwidth allocation algorithm for multicast traffic. We prove that both algorithms achieve max-min fairness, and analyze their complexity. The proposed algorithms are universally applicable to any type of switches and scheduling algorithms.
Gait characteristics of two fast-running spider species (Hololena adnexa and Hololena curta), including an aerial phase (Araneae: Agelenidae)

Abstract Funnel-web spinning spiders of the genus Hololena are capable of fast movements in a horizontal plane across a variety of challenging surfaces. We used two species, H. curta (McCook 1894) and H. adnexa (Chamberlin & Gertsch 1929), in experiments designed to reveal how they achieve remarkable speeds, occasionally exceeding 70 body lengths (∼50 cm) per second. In high-speed recordings we found that spiders used their legs in alternating sets of four, distributed in staggered pairs along the body axis, resulting in an alternating-tetrapod gait. Increases in speed showed positive linear relationships with both frequency and stride length. There were also inverse, linear relationships in both species between speed and duty factor, meaning that increases in speed are associated with a decrease in the relative amount of time spent by the legs on the ground during each full leg cycle. By examining their duty factor vs. speed regressions, we found that spiders of both species were capable of aerial phases...
Immunohistochemical detection of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 expression in breast carcinomas: comparison on cell block, needle-core, and tissue block preparations.

BACKGROUND: Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) is a rapid and accurate procedure for the detection of breast carcinomas. The evaluation of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) expression by immunohistochemistry (IHC) is performed routinely on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded needle-core (NC) or excision tissue block (TB) preparations, according to the American Society of Clinical Oncology/College of American Pathologist guidelines. In this retrospective study, the authors compared expression levels of ER, PR, and HER2 in ethanol-fixed BC FNA cell block (CB) samples with expression levels in formalin-fixed NC and TB samples. METHODS: Forty-one breast carcinoma CB samples with concurrent or subsequent NC and TB samples were identified. Patients who had received neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy were excluded. CB samples initially were fixed in 50% ethanol (4-12 hours), and this was followed by formalin fixation (minimum, 6 hours). NC samples were placed promptly in formalin for a minimum of 6 hours. Within 4 to 8 hours, TB samples were fixed in formalin for 6 to 48 hours. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) results were also compared. RESULTS: IHC for ER on alcohol-fixed CB samples had good correlation with NC and TB samples. PR results on TB samples had excellent agreement with NC samples. A higher discordance rate wais observed when PR results were compared between CB samples and NC samples. HER2 detection on ethanol-fixed CB samples resulted in a higher rate of positive and equivocal staining than NC or TB samples. HER2 IHC on TB samples demonstrated better correlation with FISH results than CB or NC samples. CONCLUSIONS: Alcohol fixation did not affect ER results in breast carcinoma, but it may alter tumor cell PR antigenicity. The authors concluded that CB samples could be used to triage patients for tamoxifen therapy, but they are not reliable for the assessment of HER2 status; therefore, CB results should be correlated with results from NC or TB samples. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
The Neotropical species of Notalina, a southern group of long‐horned caddisflies (Trichoptera: Leptoceridae)

The leptocerid trichopteran genus Notalina is recorded from the South American continent for the first time. Seven new species are described in it and placed in a new subgenus, Neonotalina: N.brasiliana, N.morsei, N.cipo and N.hamiltoni from southeastern Brazil, comprise the brasiliana species-group, and N.roraima from Venezuela, N.nanay from Peru and N.matthiasi from Colombia form the roraima species-group. Notalina (Neonotalina) is identifiable by the presence of a long, slender baso-mesal process on the male inferior appendage. The two species-groups may be distinguished by the morphology of the male phallus. The historical biogeography of the genus in South America is discussed.
Portfolio Choice with Many Risky Assets, Market Clearing and Cash Flow Predictability

This paper examines portfolio allocations and market clearing prices when the representative agent can allocate across equity portfolios formed on the basis of characteristics like size and book-to- market and portfolio cash flows are predictable. The state space is discrete and price-consumption ratios are obtained portfolio by portfolio simply by inverting an economy-wide matrix and multiplying this matrix by a portfolio-specific vector. The economy-wide matrix has the dimensionality of the state space. The paper calibrates cash flow predictability to the data using the consumption-wealth fraction (cay) of Lettau and Ludvigson (2000a) and dividend yield (div) as state variables. Annual cash flow processes are calibrated for three stock portfolios and for the aggregate consumption stream. The economy's representative agent possesses a relative risk aversion coefficient of either 5 or 10.When cash flow predictability is calibrated to the data using cay as the predictor and risk aversion is 5, equilibrium excess returns on the four assets are more volatile, more correlated with each other, and have higher means than in the equivalent economy with i.i.d. cash flows. Further, the conditional second moments for returns and the contemporaneous state variable are found to be highly state-dependent. The paper finds much smaller excess return predictability using cay in the calibrated economy than in the data, though the relation is positive in both. Conditional Sharpe ratios are virtually invariant to state.While the representative agent's optimal portfolio is not very state-dependent, her hedging demands are quite large and her optimal portfolio is not minimum-variance. For example, her single-period allocation to the four risky assets is about 75% of the portfolio while her infinite-horizon allocation is 100%. The implication is that the conditional CAPM does not hold in the conditional economy with cay as the state variable. However, the spread in CAPM abnormal returns across the three book-to-market portfolios is an order of magnitude smaller in the calibrated economies than in the data. The spread in the data in 5.6% p.a. while the largest spread in the six calibrated economies considered is only 0.6% p.a. Finally, the paper has important implications for partial equilibrium analyses of dynamic portfolio choice.
Safety and Immunogenicity in Neonatal Mice of a Hyperattenuated Listeria Vaccine Directed against Human Immunodeficiency Virus

CD8+ T cells are a major component of the adaptive response of a host to infections by viruses and other intracellular pathogenic agents. However, because of the intrinsic immaturity of the immune system of neonatal animals, neonates are highly sensitive to a variety of pathogens and may be unable to respond in a protective manner. Here we explore whether a hyperattenuated strain of Listeria monocytogenes that can be used as a live vaccine vector in adults is safe and able to induce an effective response in neonates. We answer both questions affirmatively.
Brewing a New American Tea Industry

The article discusses the tea industry and market in the U.S. It comments on a transformation in agriculture that emphasizes health and environmental sustainability. The author describes early attempts to grow tea in the Southeastern U.S. during the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. She also reflects on modern tea-growing locations, including Chapel Hill, North Carolina, Salem, Oregon, and Hawai'i, and modern tea companies, including Lipton Tea and Bigelow Tea Company. Demographic characteristics of U.S. tea consumers are also considered.
Universal features of grain boundary networks in FCC materials

Grain boundary character distributions and triple junction distributions have been determined for 70 experimental microstructures, comprising aluminum-, copper-, austenitic iron- and nickel-based alloys in a wide variety of processed states. In these FCC metals, the fraction of coincidence site lattice (CSL) boundaries ranges from about 12% (as for a random Mackenzie distribution) to values as high as 75%. Despite wide variations in composition, processing, and grain size, we find that the grain boundary character distribution and triple junction distributions of these materials have striking similarities, and can be described by just a few parameters. This universality arises due to the highly non-random laws that govern the assembly of the grain boundary network, and due to the kinematic limitation that CSL boundaries arise primarily through twinning.
Polyomavirus in the urine: Follow‐up study

This study was undertaken to determine the significance of polyomavirus nuclear inclusions in urine cytology specimens. Thirty-two such cases were identified and patient follow-up was instituted. We have determined that there is no detectable urologic damage in such patients. In a minority of cases inclusions were found in subsequent urines but they ultimately disappeared within 3 mo. In a minority of the patients (35 percent) there was evidence of diseases associated with immunosuppression or administration of immunosuppressive drugs.
An efficient hardware-software approach to network fault tolerance with InfiniBand

In the last decade or so, clusters have observed a tremendous rise in popularity due to excellent price to performance ratio. A variety of Interconnects have been proposed during this period, with InfiniBand leading the way due to its high performance and open standard. Increasing size of the InfiniBand clusters has reduced the mean time between failures of various components of these clusters tremendously. In this paper, we specifically focus on the network component failure and propose a hybrid hardware-software approach to handling network faults. The hybrid approach leverages the user-transparent network fault detection and recovery using Automatic Path Migration (APM), and the software approach is used in the wake of APM failure. Using Global Arrays as the programming model, we implement this approach with Aggregate Remote Memory Copy Interface (ARMCI), the runtime system of Global Arrays. We evaluate our approach using various benchmarks (siosi7, pentane, h2o7 and siosi3) with NWChem, a very popular ab initio quantum chemistry application. Using the proposed approach, the applications run to completion without restart on emulated network faults and acceptable overhead for benchmarks executing for a longer period of time.
Intrinsic localized modes in photonic crystal waveguides composed of a periodic mixed array of linear and Kerr nonlinear dielectric media

Abstract A theoretical treatment is given of intrinsic localized modes in waveguides and in junctions of waveguides formed inside two-dimensional photonic crystals. Two-dimensional photonic crystals are periodic arrays of parallel-axed dielectric cylinders, and the electromagnetic modes of interest propagate in the plane perpendicular to the cylinder axes. Waveguides are formed inside the photonic crystal by replacement of a row of cylinders. The replacement cylinders are chosen so that the waveguide channels formed bind and conduct electromagnetic energy along the channel in the plane perpendicular to the cylinder axes. In the systems we study, the waveguide channels are composed of a periodic array of linear and Kerr nonlinear media in which both the linear and nonlinear dielectric materials differ from the linear dielectric materials forming the bulk photonic crystal. These waveguides are shown to support intrinsic localized modes. The intrinsic localized modes are studied by determining their scattering properties in waveguide systems. The transmission characteristics of a waveguide formed of linear dielectric media but containing a barrier that is a periodic array of linear and Kerr nonlinear dielectric is studied. Studies are also made of the transmission characteristics of waveguides of linear dielectric media that are connected at a waveguide junction that is composed of co-joined segments containing a periodic array of linear and Kerr nonlinear dielectric media. Transmission anomalies in these two types of waveguide geometries (i.e., barrier and junction geometries), associated with the development of intrinsic localized modes in the barrier or segments composing the waveguide junctions, are identified. This work is an extension of that presented in A.R. McGurn, G. Birkok. Phys. Rev. B 69 (2004) 235105, which treated the scattering characteristics of intrinsic localized modes in barriers and junctions formed solely of Kerr nonlinear dielectric media to treat other types of waveguides that can support intrinsic localized modes.
Guideline for Prevention of Nosocomial Pneumonia

This Z-part document updates and replaces the previously published Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Guideline for Prevention of Nosocomial Pneumonia (Infect Control 1982;3:327-33, Respir Care 1983;28:221-32, and Am J Infect Control 1983;11:230-44). The revised guideline is designed to reduce the incidence of nosocomial pneumonia and intended for use by personnel who are responsible for surveillance and control of infections in acute-care hospitals. The guideline may not be applicable in long-term care facilities because of the unique characteristics of these settings.The revised guideline addresses common problems encountered by infection control practitioners regarding the prevention and control of nosocomial pneumonia in U.S. hospitals. Sections on the prevention of bacterial pneumonia in tnechanically ventilated and/or critically ill patients, care of respiratory-therapy devices, prevention of cross-contamination, and prevention of viral lower respiratory tract infections, such as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza infections, have been expanded and updated. New sections on Legionnaires' disease and pneumonia due to Aspergillus spp. have been added. Lower respiratory tract infection due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis is not addressed in this document: it is covered in separate guidelines.
Dual polarized, UWB radar measurements of the sea at 9 GHz

An ultrawideband, dual polarized, dual waveform, instrumentation radar has been described and experimental measurements of fixed test objects and of a disturbed sea surface have been presented. The two cm range resolution of the system separates the contributions of individual scattering features on the ocean surface and is providing an increased understanding of the composition and behavior of radar sea clutter at low grazing angles. The experimental results have emphasized fundamental differences in the character of the clutter as a function of both polarization and radar resolution.
Cyber-Physical Systems: Survey

The cyber-physical systems are the combination of computational elements and physical entities that can interact with humans through many modalities. The security includes the malicious attempts by adversary that disrupts or destructs the functions of physical systems that affects infrastructure, businesses, and routine human life. The research in cyber-physical systems is in its infantry. The work requires the development of security models at cloud interacting with physical systems. The current research discusses four parts. The security requirements in the future engineering systems includes the state of security in cloud cyberphysical systems, security requirements in Hadoop distributed file systems and trust-based security model in sensor networks. Further, the proposed research develops the agent-based approach as an example of trust-based packet transfer. The approach keeps the each node’s current status. The results show that maintaining the ratings of each node, the trust can be calculated and eliminate the malicious node.
Bridging arsenate surface complexes on the hematite (012) surface

Abstract The fate of the oxoanion arsenate in diverse systems is strongly affected by its adsorption on the surfaces of iron (oxyhydr)oxide minerals. Predicting this behavior in the environment requires an understanding of the mechanisms of arsenate adsorption. In this study, the binding site and adsorption geometry of arsenate on the hematite (0 1 2) surface is investigated. The structure and termination of the hematite (0 1 2)-water interface were determined by high resolution X-ray reflectivity, revealing that two distinct terminations exist in a roughly 3:1 proportion. The occurrence of multiple terminations appears to be a result of sample preparation, and is not intrinsic to the hematite (0 1 2) surface. X-ray standing wave (XSW) measurements were used to determine the registry of adsorbed arsenate to the hematite structure, and thus the binding site and geometry of the resulting surface complex. Arsenate forms a bridging bidentate complex on two adjacent singly coordinated oxygen groups on each of the two distinct terminations present at the hematite surface. Although this geometry is consistent with that seen in past studies, the derived As–Fe distances are longer, the result of the topology of the FeO 6 octahedra on the (0 1 2) surface. As EXAFS-derived As–Fe distances are often used to determine the adsorption mechanism in environmental samples (e.g., mine tailings, contaminated sediments), this demonstrates the importance of considering the possible sorbent surface structures and arrangements of adsorbates when interpreting such data. As multiple functional groups are present and multiple binding geometries are possible on the hematite (0 1 2) surface, the XSW data suggest that formation of bridging bidentate surface complexes on singly coordinated oxygen sites is the preferred adsorption mechanism on this and most other hematite surfaces (provided those surfaces contain adjacent singly coordinated oxygen groups). These measurements also constrain the likely reaction stoichiometry, with only the protonation state of the surface complex undetermined. Although bridging bidentate inner-sphere surface complexes comprised the majority of the adsorbed arsenate present on the hematite (0 1 2) surface, there is an additional population of sorbed arsenate species that could not be characterized by the XSW measurements. These species are likely more disordered, and thus more weakly bound, than the bridging bidentate complexes, and may play a role in determining the fate, transport, and bioavailability of arsenate in the environment. Finally, the possibility of obtaining species-specific XSW measurements by tuning the incident beam energy to specific features in a XANES spectrum is described.
Insect resistant sorghums in pest management.

The agroecosystem is the basic unit of consideration in the integrated pest management approach. The target crop within this ecological system and its level of susceptibility to insect pest species is of fundamental importance, and can be altered genetically through breeding for pest resistance. The relative level of pest resistance as influenced by pest density, demands a knowledge of pest density and plant damage (yield) relationships. An understanding of these relationships leads to the determination of economic injury levels and subsequently to the establishment of dynamic economic threshold levels. Comparing the economic injury level of insect resistant cultivars to that of susceptible cultivars defines the resistance level and provides the base-line data on which to quantify the effects of other direct control tactics and natural pest density suppressing agents. Insect resistant sorghums are used as a model to examine the unique values of this tactic as a component in an integrated pest management strategy; the role they play, and now they influence other direct control and support tactics.
Ultrasonic Detection of the Anisotropy of Protein Cross Linking in Myocardium at Diagnostic Frequencies

Increased myocardial stiffness in aging and diabetes that may result in pathologies such as diastolic dysfunction has been attributed, in part, to an increase in cross linking of extracellular matrix proteins such as collagen. With the development of new approaches to cardiovascular therapy, it becomes increasingly important to develop noninvasive approaches for monitoring changes in myocardial cross linking. The objective of this study was to use ultrasound at frequencies used in clinical echocardiography to measure changes in myocardial attenuation resulting from increased cross linking as a function of angle of insonification over a complete rotation. Through- transmission radiofrequency-based measurements were performed on 36 specimens from 12 freshly excised ovine hearts at room temperature, which were then fixed in formalin to induce protein cross linking prior to repeated measurements. For angles near perpendicular to the myofiber direction, the measured slope of attenuation increased from 0.52 plusmn 0.07 dB/(cmldrMHz) (mean plusmn one standard deviation) for freshly excised to 0.85 plusmn 0.08 dB/(cmldrMHz) for formalin-fixed myocardium. In contrast, results for parallel insonification exhibit considerable overlap (1.88 plusmn 0.17 for freshly excised and 1.75 plusmn 0.19 dB/(cmldrMHz) for formalin- fixed myocardium). Results of this study suggest that the response of the extracellular collagenous matrix to changes in cross linking is directionally dependent. The anisotropy of ultrasonic attenuation thus may provide an approach for noninvasive monitoring of the extent and progression of myocardial disease associated with changes in protein cross linking. Accounting for effects due to anisotropy may be essential for the future detection of such changes using ultrasonic attenuation in vivo.
Restless legs syndrome is underdiagnosed in the US Renal Data System

Sir, The prevalence of restless legs syndrome (RLS)1 is estimated to be 15–30% in patients with kidney disease, far exceeding the prevalence of 1.9–4.6% in the general population.2–4 RLS requires a subjective report by the patient, and clinical diagnostic criteria are well specified, i.e. an urge to move the legs, usually accompanied by unpleasant sensations primarily in the legs; the urge to move or uncomfortable …
Effect of imidacloprid tree treatments on the occurrence of Formosan subterranean termites, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae), in independent monitors.

Periodic sampling of 87 independent monitors, initially active with the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, was conducted. Monitors, located in eight sectors adjacent to seven buildings, were various distances (1–46 m) from 57 trees treated with 0.1% imidacloprid foam. Termites collected from six of the eight sectors showed latent mortality attributed to imidacloprid intoxication at all monitor-tree distances. Approximately 6 mo after treatment, termite populations had recovered in these sectors. Another sector showed termite population suppression for ≈15 mo, followed by recovery. Imidacloprid tree treatments did not control C. formosanus populations in independent monitors adjacent to the treatments.
Commentary on the Chapter by Penner and CadwalladerOlsker, “Gender Differences in Mathematics and Science Achievement Across the Distribution: What International Variation Can Tell Us About the Role of Biology and Society”

In their article, Penner and CadwalladerOlsker argue that sex differences in performance are largely due to societal factors, not biology. While they acknowledge several biological differences between males and females, they reach their conclusion based largely on differences in the variance in achievement across countries from the 1995 dataset of the Third International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS). Given there is no reason to believe that there are relevant biological differences across large cross-sections of the world, the country differences must be societal and cultural in origin.
Preface to from Sacrament to Contract: Marriage, Religion, and Law in the Western Tradition (German Edition)

This book explores the interplay among law, theology, and marriage in the West, focusing primarily on Christian theological norms and Western legal principles of marriage and family life in the past half millennium. Historically, Catholics, Lutherans, Calvinists, Anglicans, and Enlightenment thinkers recognized and prioritized multiple perspectives on marriage, which they pressed into five distinct models: a Catholic sacramental model, a Lutheran social model, a Calvinist covenantal model, an Anglican commonwealth model, and an Enlightenment contractarian model of marriage. This preface introduces the German translation of the volume.
Bringing Computational Thinking to STEM Education

Abstract Today, as advanced technologies and cloud computing tools emerge, it is imperative that such innovations are sustained with knowledge and skill set among STEM educators and practitioners. In this paper, the author reports on a project, HBCU-UP II, that works on bringing Computational Thinking to Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) disciplines. A Computational-Thinking based strategy is adopted to enforce thinking computationally in STEM gate-keeping courses. The paper presents framework, implementation and outcomes. This on-going project contributes to efforts to establish computational thinking as a universally applicable attitude that is meshed within STEM conversations, education, and curricula. This paper will be particularly useful for researchers interested in Computational Thinking and its applications in STEM education, in particular and higher education in general
SYSTEMATIC, INTENSIVE SURFACE COLLECTION

Archaeologists would agree that the cultural debris lying on the surface of a site in some way reflects what is buried below. However, few attempts have been made to discover just how closely one can predict from detailed knowledge of surface distributions what he will find if he digs. In October and November, 1968, surface collections based on statistical sampling techniques were made at two mounds in Diyarbakir Vilayet, Turkey. The tabulated data were put into the form of contour maps. We find that study of these maps, singly or in combination as overlays, suggests numerous hypotheses that can be formulated much more precisely than those deriving from the usual intuitive method based on simple inspection of the site surface. Soundings were made to test some of the major hypotheses. The results of the soundings plus subsequent statistical analyses suggest that intensive, systematic surface collection is an extremely useful technique for determining where to dig. It is also highly productive of testable hypotheses relevant to the total interpretation of the site.
CHROMOSOMAL EVOLUTION AND THE MODE OF SPECIATION IN THREE SPECIES OF PEROMYSCUS.

The possibility that the Peromyscus maniculatus complex of deer mice arose via the process described as "centrifugal speciation" (Brown, 1957) has been discussed by Bowers et al., 1973, Lawlor, 1974, Baker et al., 1975, and Greenbaum et al., 1978. This study was designed to yield additional data on the cytogenetics of three species of this complex in order to evaluate the "centrifugal speciation" model as a viable explanation of the evolutionary origin of the complex. Peromyscus melanotis and P. polionotus are believed to be peripheral isolates from the stock that evolved into the species P. maniculatus (Blair, 1950, Bowers et al., 1973). P. maniculatus is a widespread species occurring in a variety of habitats, whereas P. melanotis is a high montane species found in coniferous forest and P. polionotus is a deep sand species found in grassy fields at lower elevations near sea level (see Hooper, 1968, for general distribution of these three species). It is probable that P. melanotis and P. polionotus are more closely related to P. maniculatus than they are to each other. Based on gross chromosome morphology, the karyotypes of P. polionotus and P. melanotis are more like each other than either is like the karyotypes of P. maniculatus. We have examined the G-banding and C-banding pattern of P. polionotus and compared it to the banding patterns of P. maniculatus and P. melanotis (Greenbaum et al., 1978) to determine whether this similarity in karyotype is reflected in homologous banding patterns or is a product of convergent evolution. If the chromosomal data for the species complex are to fit the centrifugal speciation model then the karyotypes of P. polionotus and P. melanotis must be most like the primitive condition and the karyotype of P. maniculatus must be the most derived. Additionally, the centrifugal speciation model would predict more chromosomal polymorphism and geographic variation in the "central stock" (P. maniculatus) and less in the peripheral isolates (P. polionotus and P. melanotis). Our study is designed to determine the chromosomal homologies in these species and thereby test the hypothesis that this group is the result of centrifugal speciation.
General consideration on organization of pharmaceutical research summary

Pharmaceutical research is a basis for safety and efficacy studies in pharmaceutical product development process.The summary for pharmaceutical research data should present a full profile,including analysis and evaluation of results in each part of chemical development studies.These contents should provide comprehensive understanding of the product and its manufacturing process for applicants and reviewers.Based on the relevant guidelines,this article described the suggested contents and key consideration for applicants and researcher,which will help to improve quality and efficiency of drug registration.
Sticky or Slippery Wetting: Network Formation Conditions Can Provide a One-Way Street for Water Flow on Platinum-cured Silicone

In the course of studies on Sylgard 184 (S-PDMS), we discovered strong effects on receding contact angles (CAs), θrec, while cure conditions have little effect on advancing CAs. Network formation at high temperatures resulted in high θadv of 115–120° and high θrec ≥ 80°. After network formation at low temperatures (≤25 °C), θadv was still high but θrec was 30–50°. Uncertainty about compositional effects on wetting behavior resulted in similar experiments with a model DVDH silicone elastomer (Pt-PDMS) composed of a vinyl-terminated poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) base and a polymeric hydromethylsilane cross-linker. Again, network formation at high temperature (∼100 °C) resulted in high CAs, while low-temperature curing retained high advancing CAs but gave low receding CAs (θrec 30–50°). These changes in receding CAs translate to strong effects on water adhesion, wp, which is the actual work required to separate a liquid (water) from a surface: wp ∝ (1 + θrec). When the values θrec 84° for high-temperature an...
Safety and effectiveness of total percutaneous access for fenestrated endovascular aortic aneurysm repair.

Background Percutaneous femoral vascular access is frequently used for aortic endovascular procedures, with a local access complication rate of 5% to 16%. Fenestrated endovascular aneurysm repair (FEVAR) has recently emerged as a new technique for the repair of short-neck and juxtarenal abdominal aortic aneurysms. The safety and effectiveness of percutaneous access for FEVAR has not been established to date. Methods Since United States Food and Drug Administration approval of the Zenith fenestrated aortic endograft (Cook Medical, Bloomington, Ind), 94 patients (60 Zenith fenestrated, 6 p-Branch, and 28 custom-made devices) have undergone FEVAR. Percutaneous access was performed using the "preclose" technique with the Perclose Proglide device (Abbott Vascular, Redwood City, Calif). Open access was performed when severely disease or calcified femoral arteries prevented percutaneous access. Patient-based analysis was performed assessing outcomes for the access site used for the larger profile sheath of the main device. Results Percutaneous access was used in 90 patients (177 common femoral arteries) and open access in four (11 common femoral arteries). Arm access was used in 41 patients (44%). The median sheath size was 20F (interquartile range [IQR], 20F-22F). Median operative time was 207 minutes (IQR, 160-270 minutes), with a median blood loss of 500 mL (IQR, 300-700 mL). The percutaneous access success rate was 92%. No preoperative factors predicted technical failure. No 30-day deaths occurred. Patients with failed percutaneous closure and who required conversion to open repair had higher estimated median blood loss of 800 (IQR, 600-1200) vs 500 (IQR, 300-600) mL ( P = .01) and a longer median time to start ambulation of 4 (IQR, 2-7) vs 2 (IQR, 1-3) days ( P = .03). Patients undergoing percutaneous closure had lower median blood loss (500 mL; IQR, 300-600 mL) than patients who underwent open surgical access (800 mL; IQR, 750-800 mL). Postoperative complications related to vascular access occurred in 11 patients (12%). Conclusions Percutaneous femoral access is a safe and effective alternative to open access for FEVAR. Operative blood loss and longer time to ambulation are significantly increased after failed percutaneous closure.
Prostaglandins in experimental otitis media

Levels of prostaglandins in serum, plasma and middle ear effusions (MEE) in chinchilla were measured by radioimmunoassay. Higher levels of PGE2 and PGF2α were observed in the POM group than in the SOM group. Prostaglandins appear to play important roles as a mediator of the inflammatory response in experimentally induced purulent otitis media.
The control of rostrocaudal pattern in the developing spinal cord: specification of motor neuron subtype identity is initiated by signals from paraxial mesoderm

The generation of distinct classes of motor neurons is an early step in the control of vertebrate motor behavior. To study the interactions that control the generation of motor neuron subclasses in the developing avian spinal cord we performed in vivo grafting studies in which either the neural tube or flanking mesoderm were displaced between thoracic and brachial levels. The positional identity of neural tube cells and motor neuron subtype identity was assessed by Hox and LIM homeodomain protein expression. Our results show that the rostrocaudal identity of neural cells is plastic at the time of neural tube closure and is sensitive to positionally restricted signals from the paraxial mesoderm. Such paraxial mesodermal signals appear to control the rostrocaudal identity of neural tube cells and the columnar subtype identity of motor neurons. These results suggest that the generation of motor neuron subtypes in the developing spinal cord involves the integration of distinct rostrocaudal and dorsoventral patterning signals that derive, respectively, from paraxial and axial mesodermal cell groups.
Gradient Transformation Trajectory Following Algorithms for Equality-Constrained Minimization

For minimizing a scalar-valued function subject to equality constraints, we develop and investigate a family of gradient transformation differential equation algorithms. This family includes, as special cases: Min-Max Ascent, Hestenes' Method of Multipliers, Newton's method, and a Gradient Enhanced Min-Max (GEMM) algorithm that we extend to handle equality constraints. We apply these methods to Rosenbrock's function with a parabolic constraint. We show that Min-Max Ascent is locally and (experimentally) globally asymptotically stable but extremely stiff and has extremely slow convergence. Hestenes' Method of Multipliers is also locally and (experimentally) globally asymptotically stable and has faster convergence, but is still very stiff. Newton's method is not stiff, but does not yield global asymptotic stability. However, GEMM is both globally asymptotically stable and not stiff. We study the stiffness of the gradient transformation family in terms of Lyapunov exponent time histories. Starting from points where all the methods in this paper do work, we show that Min-Max Ascent and Hestenes' Method of Multipliers are very stiff and slow to converge, but with the Method of Multipliers being approximately 2 times as fast as Min-Max Ascent. Newton's method is not stiff and is approximately 900 times as fast as Min-Max Ascent and 400 times as fast as the Method of Multipliers. In contrast, the Gradient Enhanced Min-Max method is globally convergent, is not stiff, and is approximately 100 times faster than Newton's method, 40,000 times faster than the Method of Multipliers, and 90,000 times faster than Min-Max Ascent.
Exploratory Models of Trust with Empirically-Inferred Decision Trees

What is the relationship between an individual’s values and their propensity to trust other people? To explore this question, we built decision trees on the microdata provided by the World Value’s Survey. Our findings confirm the extant literature while also hinting at cultural heterogeneity. We propose that studying nationally-specific decision trees based on survey data allows for easy-to-intuit representations of complex social problems. Moreover, for the sake of pragmatism, decision trees developed in this manner offer researchers a good tool in terms of cost-to-benefits.
Chemistry and Mechanism of Action of the Quinolone Antibacterials

Publisher Summary Quinolone agents exhibit a bicyclic aromatic core, containing a carbon at the 8th position, yielding a true quinolone, or a nitrogen, and provide a ring system technically termed as naphthyridone. In common usage, both quinolone and naphthyridone structures are encompassed in the class descriptor “quinolone antibacterial agents.” The first generation quinolone compounds generally displayed increased Gram-negative activity over nalidixic acid, but lacked useful activity against Gram-positive cocci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and anaerobes. They were, however, generally well absorbed after oral administration and attained high concentrations in the urinary tract, making them useful therapeutically for treatment of urinary tract infections. In the second-generation quinolones, the piperazine ring remains relatively undisturbed, except for alkylation on the distal nitrogen or, less frequently, on the ring carbons. The second-generation compounds are characterized by good to excellent Gram-negative activity, with ciprofloxacin exhibiting the strongest Gram-negative spectrum. The third- and fourth-generation quinolones are characterized by increased structural novelty and complexity, which has resulted in new and useful characteristics. Clinafloxacin, sitafloxacin, and BAY y 3118, all of which bear a chlorine atom at C-8, are among the most potent broad-spectrum agents that have been in the development, and are the only compounds that exhibit Gram-negative activity superior to that of ciprofloxacin. These compounds, with the exception of pazufloxacin, show improved activity against S. pneumoniae compared to ciprofloxacin. The most potent of these agents are gemifloxacin and BAY y 3118, followed by clinafloxacin, sitafloxacin, moxifloxacin, and trovafloxacin.
Calibrationless parallel MRI using CLEAR

“Auto-calibrated” parallel imaging (PI) strategies provide a robust mechanism for accelerating MRI acquisitions. However, most such strategies require the explicit formation of either coil sensitivity profiles or a cross-coil correlation operator, and as a result reconstruction corresponds to solving a challenging bilinear optimization problem. In this work, we present a novel image-domain approach to calibration-free parallel imaging (CPI) reconstruction called CLEAR. After reviewing contemporary parallel MRI strategies and overviewing CLEAR, we investigate its computational complexity and memory footprint, demonstrate its standalone application to undersampled Cartesian acquisitions, and discuss generalizations and future directions of investigation.
A dynamic subgrid scale model for Large Eddy Simulations based on the Mori–Zwanzig formalism

Abstract The development of reduced models for complex multiscale problems remains one of the principal challenges in computational physics. The optimal prediction framework of Chorin et al. [1] , which is a reformulation of the Mori–Zwanzig (M–Z) formalism of non-equilibrium statistical mechanics, provides a framework for the development of mathematically-derived reduced models of dynamical systems. Several promising models have emerged from the optimal prediction community and have found application in molecular dynamics and turbulent flows. In this work, a new M–Z-based closure model that addresses some of the deficiencies of existing methods is developed. The model is constructed by exploiting similarities between two levels of coarse-graining via the Germano identity of fluid mechanics and by assuming that memory effects have a finite temporal support. The appeal of the proposed model, which will be referred to as the ‘dynamic-MZ- τ ’ model, is that it is parameter-free and has a structural form imposed by the mathematics of the coarse-graining process (rather than the phenomenological assumptions made by the modeler, such as in classical subgrid scale models). To promote the applicability of M–Z models in general, two procedures are presented to compute the resulting model form, helping to bypass the tedious error-prone algebra that has proven to be a hindrance to the construction of M–Z-based models for complex dynamical systems. While the new formulation is applicable to the solution of general partial differential equations, demonstrations are presented in the context of Large Eddy Simulation closures for the Burgers equation, decaying homogeneous turbulence, and turbulent channel flow. The performance of the model and validity of the underlying assumptions are investigated in detail.
Pressure-Compensated Chip Attach: A Low-Stress Silicon Bump Reflow Process

Assembly of silicon onto FR4-based organic substrates using flip-chip process continues to pose substantial thermomechanical challenges largely due to the disparate coefficients of thermal expansion (CTEs) of silicon and substrate. In flip-chip packaging, this CTE mismatch causes mechanical stresses in the chip-to-substrate interconnection bumps and the mechanically fragile interlayer dielectric (ILD) within the chip, leading to fracture and delamination. A novel process called pressure-compensated chip attach (PCCA) is presented, where the silicon chip is attached to the substrate by reflowing the solder bumps while maintaining the chip and substrate in a controlled hydrostatic pressure environment. Experiments show that the new PCCA process reduced the silicon test-chip warpage by 40% and eliminated ILD cracking.
The Erosion of Path Dependence and Signaling Value of Prior Experience in New Ventures

This paper explores the intersection of path dependent and life cycle views of new venture founding teams and early boards of directors. First, I explore whether there is path dependence between fo...