cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Integrating patient activation into patient navigation for cancer treatment

A63 Many patients with newly diagnosed cancer struggle through a health care system that often fails to provide timely, effective, safe, and patient-centered care. Minority, low-income, low health literacy and uninsured patients confront even greater barriers to receiving quality care. Over the past few years, two patient-focused models designed to improve health care quality have emerged: patient navigation and patient activation. Patient navigation represents an adaptation of community health worker models to cancer related care. Lay health care workers from a patient’s community are trained to assist patients in addressing key barriers to obtaining cancer diagnostic testing and treatment. Essentially, these navigators serve as patient guides who assist the patient in accessing needed resources such as insurance coverage, transportation, child care, and timely appointments while also facilitating communication between the patient, different clinicians and community agencies. In contrast, patient activation is based largely on Bandura’s social learning model. Patients are given relevant and understandable information and trained to use it to make key decisions about their care. Thus, patients are coached to assume increasingly greater responsibility for their care and to ask relevant questions during visits with their physicians and other clinicians. In this presentation, we report on our experience in integrating these two models as a means of addressing disparities in receipt of care for breast and colorectal cancer. In this presentation, woutline our conceptual framework, navigator training and supervision, and cite our preliminary experience in using the integrated model as a participating site in the National Cancer Institute Patient Navigation Research Program.
Lipid Bilayer Membrane in a Silicon Based Micron Sized Cavity Accessed by Atomic Force Microscopy and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy.

Supported lipid bilayers (SLBs) are widely used in biophysical research to probe the functionality of biological membranes and to provide diagnoses in high throughput drug screening. Formation of SLBs at below phase transition temperature (Tm) has applications in nano-medicine research where low temperature profiles are required. Herein, we report the successful production of SLBs at above—as well as below—the Tm of the lipids in an anisotropically etched, silicon-based micro-cavity. The Si-based cavity walls exhibit controlled temperature which assist in the quick and stable formation of lipid bilayer membranes. Fusion of large unilamellar vesicles was monitored in real time in an aqueous environment inside the Si cavity using atomic force microscopy (AFM), and the lateral organization of the lipid molecules was characterized until the formation of the SLBs. The stability of SLBs produced was also characterized by recording the electrical resistance and the capacitance using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Analysis was done in the frequency regime of 10−2–105 Hz at a signal voltage of 100 mV and giga-ohm sealed impedance was obtained continuously over four days. Finally, the cantilever tip in AFM was utilized to estimate the bilayer thickness and to calculate the rupture force at the interface of the tip and the SLB. We anticipate that a silicon-based, micron-sized cavity has the potential to produce highly-stable SLBs below their Tm. The membranes inside the Si cavity could last for several days and allow robust characterization using AFM or EIS. This could be an excellent platform for nanomedicine experiments that require low operating temperatures.
Game changers in pain management: Periarticular injections

Abstract Periarticular injection (PAI) of anesthetics is an important and effective component of multimodal pain therapy in total knee arthroplasty, which as been extensively reported and supported in the literature. The existing data supports that liposomal bupivacaine is an effective PAI that can be used to provide comparable pain relief to that achieved by regional blocks. However, liposomal bupivacaine has not been shown to provide superior pain relief when compared to traditional ropivacaine or bupivacaine PAI's in multimodal pain protocols after TKA. Further, liposomal bupivacaine is prohibitively priced at approximately six times that of ropivacaine-based PAI cocktails. Therefore, the "game changer" is the implementation of periarticular injections as an essential component of multimodal pain control programs and NOT liposomal bupivacaine as the ingredient. Finally, it is likely that preoperative education focused on expectation management combined with a multimodal pain protocol are the most effective strategies for controlling pain and optimizing outcomes after TKA.
Ultrafast to Ultraslow Dynamics of a Langmuir Monolayer at the Air/Water Interface Observed with Reflection Enhanced 2D IR Spectroscopy

Monolayers play important roles in naturally occurring phenomena and technological processes. Monolayers at the air/water interface have received considerable attention, yet it has proven difficult to measure monolayer and interfacial molecular dynamics. Here we employ a new technique, reflection enhanced two-dimensional infrared (2D IR) spectroscopy, on a carbonyl stretching mode of tricarbonylchloro-9-octadecylamino-4,5-diazafluorenerhenium(I) (TReF18) monolayers at two surface densities. Comparison to experiments on a water-soluble version of the metal carbonyl headgroup shows that water hydrogen bond rearrangement dynamics slow from 1.5 ps in bulk water to 3.1 ps for interfacial water. Longer time scale fluctuations were also observed and attributed to fluctuations of the number of hydrogen bonds formed between water and the three carbonyls of TReF18. At the higher surface density, two types of TReF18 minor structures are observed in addition to the main structure. The reflection method can take usabl...
Choosing optimal controls for genotyping arrays

Before genotyping microarrays can be used, calling algorithms must first be calibrated with a control set. Calling algorithms that evaluate hybridization intensity data on the basis of individual markers are better able to compensate for sequence specific variations. However, they require that the control set includes samples sufficient to exercise every marker in all of its allelic states. Minimizing the size of the control set is an important cost-saving measure for the design and production of custom, population-specific microarrays. As the size of the population that the array must discriminate between increases, the naive choice of a control set grows quadratically. We show that a control set that is linear in the population size always exists, but the problem of finding such a linear-sized set grows combinatorially. We examine the problem of finding an optimally-sized control set, in particular for arrays designed to discriminate among an inbred population and their crosses. We derive tight, in the sense of being attainable, lower and upper bounds on the solution size. Further, we show that the problem is equivalent to the set cover problem. We make use of greedy approximate methods to the set cover problem along with our established bounds to create a branch-and-bound framework. We demonstrate our methods on simulated data, available microarrays, and one microarray being developed.
Design and characterization of bivalent compounds as potential neuroprotectants for Alzheimer’s disease: Impact of the spacer on biological activity

In our continuing efforts to develop bivalent compounds as potential neuroprotectants for Alzheimer's disease, a series of bivalent compounds that contain cholesterylamine and an extended spacer were synthesized and biologically characterized. Our results demonstrated that incorporation of a piperazine ring into the spacer composition significantly improved the protective potency in MC65 cell models. Our results also suggested that the optimal spacer length for such bivalent compounds ranges from 17 to 21 atoms, and further spacer extension beyond 21 atoms results no further optimization. Notably, incorporation of a piperazine ring into the spacer diminished the biometal chelating capacity for these bivalent compounds, thus suggesting structural flexibility of these compounds in interactions with metals. Collectively, the results provided valuable guidance to develop new bivalent compounds as neuroprotectants for Alzheimer's disease.
Group B Streptococcus Biofilm Regulatory Protein A Contributes to Bacterial Physiology and Innate Immune Resistance.

Background Streptococcus agalactiae (group B Streptococcus [GBS]) asymptomatically colonizes approximately 20% of adults; however, GBS causes severe disease in susceptible populations, including newborns, pregnant women, and elderly individuals. In shifting between commensal and pathogenic states, GBS reveals multiple mechanisms of virulence factor control. Here we describe a GBS protein that we named "biofilm regulatory protein A" (BrpA) on the basis of its homology with BrpA from Streptococcus mutans. Methods We coupled phenotypic assays, RNA sequencing, human neutrophil and whole-blood killing assays, and murine infection models to investigate the contribution of BrpA to GBS physiology and virulence. Results Sequence analysis identified BrpA as a LytR-CpsA-Psr enzyme. Targeted mutagenesis yielded a GBS mutant (ΔbrpA) with normal ultrastructural morphology but a 6-fold increase in chain length, a biofilm defect, and decreased acid tolerance. GBS ΔbrpA stimulated increased neutrophil reactive oxygen species and proved more susceptible to human and murine blood and neutrophil killing. Notably, the wild-type parent outcompeted ΔbrpA GBS in murine sepsis and vaginal colonization models. RNA sequencing of ΔbrpA uncovered multiple differences from the wild-type parent, including pathways of cell wall synthesis and cellular metabolism. Conclusions We propose that BrpA is an important virulence regulator and potential target for design of novel antibacterial therapeutics against GBS.
Assessment of Proinflammatory Mediators of Beta-Cell Circadian Clock Dysfunction in Diabetes

Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes are characterized by a decline in β-cell function and mass partly attributed to exposure of β-cells to proinflammatory cytokines. The molecular mechanisms underlying this process are not well understood, however several lines of evidence have linked the circadian clock with regulation of the deleterious proinflammatory effects in diabetes. Therefore, in this study, we assessed the effect of known proinflammatory mediators of β-cell failure in diabetes (IL-1β, TNFα, IL-6, and IFNγ) on the β-cell circadian clock. Through real-time bioluminescence tracking of islets from Per2:luciferase (a key circadian clock gene reporter) knock-in mice, our data revealed that IL-1β (2 ng/ml) diminished β-cell circadian rhythmicity via impairment of the amplitude and the phase of oscillations (p Disclosure N. Javeed: None. K. Rakshit: None. A. Matveyenko: None.
Bilingual Therapists’ Confidence Using Clinical Spanish Language Terminology

ABSTRACTBilingual therapists may use Spanish to create trust and enhance therapeutic relationships with bilingual clients, but less is known about working with monolingual Spanish-speaking clients....
Decomposition of Arteether in Simulated Stomach Acid Yielding Compounds Retaining Antimalarial Activity

In simulated stomach acid (aqueous 0.01 M HC1, 37°C) β-arteether decomposed (half-life, 441 ± 17 min) to dihydroartemisinin, which subsequently rearranged to a new compound (1) having an endoperoxide group and an aldehyde group. The in vitro antimalarial activity of dihydroartemisinin is similar to that of β-arteether, whereas compound 1 had approximately 1/10th the activity of β-arteether. Compound 1 was prepared in sufficient quantities to afford samples for biological evaluation and a complete chemical characterization with 1H- and 13C-NMR and mass spectrometry. While β-arteether would be somewhat unstable in the stomach, if the drug were administered on an empty stomach (emptying time, ≈30 min) as a suspension or tablet, sufficient quantities of intact arteether may reach the small intestines, where it would be stable and readily absorbed. Its decomposition products, dihydroartemisinin and 1, may also contribute to the antimalarial activity of the administered drug following oral administration.
Iron Acquisition and Iron-Dependent Gene Expression in Corynebacterium diphtheriae

The ability of bacterial pathogens to acquire iron during infection of mammalian hosts is often an essential component of the disease process. The human pathogen Corynebacterium diphtheriae utilizes a variety of iron sources, including both host iron compounds and inorganic iron for growth in iron depleted conditions. Recent studies have shown that the upper respiratory tract of humans, a region colonized by C. diphtheriae, is low in available iron, which suggests that mechanisms for acquiring iron from the host environment are essential for survival. To support growth in low iron medium, C. diphtheriae produces the siderophore corynebactin as well as systems involved in the use of heme and hemoglobin. These iron uptake systems utilize ATP-binding cassette- (ABC) type transporters and associated solute binding lipoproteins. Heme-iron acquisition also requires membrane anchored hemin- and hemoglobin-binding proteins, as well as the intracellular heme degrading enzyme HmuO. Expression of all of these iron and heme acquisition systems is coordinately regulated with that of diphtheria toxin (DT), a major virulence determinant of C. diphtheriae. Transcription of the genes encoding DT and the iron uptake systems is controlled by the Diphtheria Toxin Repressor, DtxR; a global iron-dependent regulatory factor. Expression of HmuO is modulated by the novel heme-responsive signal transduction systems, ChrAS and HrrAS.
Calmodulin: Effects of cell stimuli and drugs on cellular activation

Drugs, hormones and neurotransmitters affect cell Ca2+in a variety of ways, by activating or blocking voltage- or ligand-dependent Ca2+channels, membrane Ca2+pumps, or Ca2+release from intracellular stores. Upon elevation, Ca2+usually acts either by directly stimulating enzymes such as protein kinase C (PKC) or calpain, a Ca2+activated protease, or by binding to a Ca2+-binding protein which will have restricted or multiple actions. Calmodulin (CaM) is a principal multifunctional mediator of Ca2+signalling in cells. CaM acts as a Ca2+-dependent regulator of cyclic nucleotide metabolism, protein phosphorylation-dephosphorylation cascades, Ca2+- and other ion transport, cytoskeletal function, cell growth and proliferation [1–3]. Detailed knowledge of the in vitroactivation of several target isoenzymes by CaM and its binding to cytoskeletal proteins is available, but knowledge concerning the in vivoor in situactivation of CaM-dependent processes in response to drugs, hormones and neurotransmitters is just emerging. Rapid activation of some CaM-dependent enzymes in response to elevated intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) has been demonstrated in situbut it is unclear whether CaM-dependent enzymes are activated globally or selectively in the cell. Recent evidence suggests that Ca2+and CaM-dependent physiological activities can be selectively altered depending upon cellular domains responding to stimuli.
MultiVis: Content-Based Social Network Exploration through Multi-way Visual Analysis.

With the explosion of social media, scalability becomes a key challenge. There are two main aspects of the problems that arise: 1) data volume: how to manage and analyze huge datasets to efficiently extract patterns, 2) data understanding: how to facilitate understanding of the patterns by users? To address both aspects of the scalability challenge, we present a hybrid approach that leverages two complementary disciplines, data mining and information visualization. In particular, we propose 1) an analytic data model for content-based networks using tensors; 2) an efficient high-order clustering framework for analyzing the data; 3) a scalable context-sensitive graph visualization to present the clusters. We evaluate the proposed methods using both synthetic and real datasets. In terms of computational efficiency, the proposed methods are an order of magnitude faster compared to the baseline. In terms of effectiveness, we present several case studies of real corporate social networks.
Localizing loads in microgrids using high-precision voltage phase

Losses stemming from energy theft and system faults are a major challenge to providing reliable electrical service in developing areas of the world. Managing these losses is a vital part of ensuring energy distribution system stability and maintaining a functioning microgrid. Despite this, even losses that are detected are often not addressed by microgrid operators due to the difficulty of locating unauthorized loads, especially in deployments serving hundreds or thousands of households. In this paper, we propose a method for the localization of unauthorized loads based on the fine-grained sensing of voltage phase across a microgrid. Unlike other approaches, the proposed method utilizes synchronous voltage sensing at smart meters and does not rely on expensive inline power metering. Voltage phase measurements feed a graphical model of a power distribution network, which yields the locations of loads as they connect to the system. We evaluate our method using a circuit-based approach in SPICE by simulating loads on a real-world microgrid topology. We then validate our simulation results on a laboratory microgrid testbed using real loads, showing that fine-grained voltage sensing can be effectively leveraged to localize unauthorized loads in microgrids.
“That’s Just Who I am”: African American High School Seniors and Their Mothers Perspectives on Academic Success

Much of the research on African American students tend to focus on the causes and consequences of academic failure. This fixation on negative outcomes continues to perpetuate deficit views of African American student achievement. As a consequence, far less is known about the successful academic outcomes of African American students, generally, and those from single-mother homes, specifically. Social workers can learn a lot about how to support and celebrate African American student achievement by allowing them and their families to give voice to their own lived experiences. Centering and honoring the unique taken-for-granted knowledges of African American students and their families offers social workers a more authentic understanding of students and families, insights that can inform both micro and macro level practice approaches. The purpose of this study was to explore academic success as perceived and experienced by African American high school students and their single mothers. This qualitative study utilized a narrative inquiry approach that used in-depth, semistructured interviews for data collection. The sample of seven African American high school seniors (four girls, three boys) and their single mothers were selected using purposeful sampling methods. Data analysis revealed that students’ inherent drive toward success, a deeply invested mother, and assistance from social-relational supports were key factors to academic success. Implications for social work practice are included.
The p52 isoform of SHC1 is a key driver of breast cancer initiation

SHC1 proteins (also called SHCA) exist in three functionally distinct isoforms (p46SHC, p52SHC, and p66SHC) that serve as intracellular adaptors for several key signaling pathways in breast cancer. Despite the broad evidence implicating SHC1 gene products as a central mediator of breast cancer, testing the isoform-specific roles of SHC1 proteins have been inaccessible due to the lack of isoform-specific inhibitors or gene knockout models. Here, we addressed this issue by generating the first isoform-specific gene knockout models for p52SHC and p66SHC, using germline gene editing in the salt-sensitive rat strain. Compared with the wild-type (WT) rats, we found that genetic ablation of the p52SHC isoform significantly attenuated mammary tumor formation, whereas the p66SHC knockout had no effect. Rats were dosed with 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) by oral gavage to induce mammary tumors, and progression of tumor development was followed for 15 weeks. At 15 weeks, tumors were excised and analyzed by RNA-seq to determine differences between tumors lacking p66SHC or p52SHC. Compared with the wild-type (WT) rats, we found that genetic ablation of the p52SHC isoform significantly attenuated mammary tumor formation, whereas the p66SHC knockout had no effect. These data, combined with p52SHC being the predominant isoform that is upregulated in human and rat tumors, provide the first evidence that p52SHC is the oncogenic isoform of Shc1 gene products in breast cancer. Compared with WT tumors, 893 differentially expressed (DE; FDR < 0.05) genes were detected in p52SHC KO tumors compared with only 18 DE genes in the p66SHC KO tumors, further highlighting that p52SHC is the relevant SHC1 isoform in breast cancer. Finally, gene network analysis revealed that p52SHC KO disrupted multiple key pathways that have been previously implicated in breast cancer initiation and progression, including ESR1 and mTORC2/RICTOR. Collectively, these data demonstrate the p52SHC isoform is the key driver of DMBA-induced breast cancer while the expression of p66SHC and p46SHC are not enough to compensate.
The Unique Contribution of Attachment Theory in Understanding the Role of Nonoffending Fathers in the Care of Children Who Have Been Sexually Abused: A Historical Lens:

Changing gender roles and caretaking roles in the family have resulted in increased father involvement in the day-to-day care of their children. As a result, there is a need to better understand th...
The Open Door: Factors Influencing the Success of First Generation, Non-Traditional Age, Hispanic Early Childhood Educators as University Students

This qualitative study examined factors which led to the success of 14 non-traditional age female, Hispanic early childhood educators enrolled in an Early Childhood Bachelor of Applied Science prog...
Neurological Complications of Immune-Based Therapies

As collective knowledge of the immunological underpinnings of disease has risen, this has spurred the development and use of new, immune-based cancer therapies. While harnessing the immune system to target solid and hematologic malignancies has led to a shift in treatment paradigms, immune-related adverse effects are becoming apparent and recognized. Similar to cytotoxic and targeted therapies, neurotoxicity secondary to immunotherapy and immune-based therapies are a rare but important phenomenon given risk of misdiagnosis and treatment delays. The use of immune-based therapies is expected to increase, particularly as novel combinations and newer approaches emerge; thus, the need for early diagnosis and timely treatment to prevent neurologic morbidity is critical.
Joint Learning of Measurement Matrix and Signal Reconstruction via Deep Learning

In this work, we propose an automatic sensing and reconstruction scheme based on deep learning within the compressive sensing (CS) framework. Classical CS utilizes pre-determined linear projections in the form of random measurements and convex optimization with a known sparsity basis to reconstruct signals. Here, we develop a data-driven approach to learn both the measurement matrix and the inverse reconstruction scheme for a given class of signals, such as images. The developed deep learning approach paves the way for end-to-end learning and reconstruction of signals with the aid of cascaded fully connected and multistage convolutional layers with a weighted loss function in an adversarial learning framework. Results obtained over the CIFAR-10 image database show that the proposed deep learning architectures provide higher peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) levels, and, hence, learn better measurement matrices than that of randomly selected, specifically designed to reduce average coherence with a given basis, or state-of-the-art data driven approaches. The learned measurement matrices achieve higher PSNR compared to random or designed matrices not only when they are utilized in the proposed data-driven approach but also when used in $\ell _1$ based recovery. The reconstruction performance on the test dataset improves as more training samples are utilized. Quantitative results for sparsity level analysis, incremental measurement design, and various training scenarios are provided.
Isoproterenol-induced Cardiac Dysfunction in Male and Female C57Bl/6 Mice

Sex-related differences in cardiovascular diseases are complex and context-dependent. The objective of this work was to comprehensively determine key sex differences in the response to acute and chronic adrenergic stimulation in C57Bl/6 mice. Cardiac function was assessed by trans-thoracic echocardiography before and after acute adrenergic stimulation (a single sub-cutaneous dose of isoproterenol 10 mg/kg) in male and female C57Bl/6 mice. Thereafter, chronic adrenergic stimulation was achieved by sub-cutaneous injections of isoproterenol 10 mg/kg/day for 14 days in male and female mice. Cardiac function and morphometry were assessed by trans-thoracic echocardiography on the 15th day. Thereafter, the mice were euthanized and the hearts were collected. Histopathological analysis of myocardial tissue was performed after staining with hematoxylin & eosin, trichrome, and MAC-2 antibody. Gene expression of remodeling and fibrotic markers was assessed by real-time PCR. Cardiac function and morphometry were also measured before and after isoproterenol 10 mg/kg/day for 14 days in groups of gonadectomized male and female mice and sham-operated controls. In the current work, there were no statistically significant differences in key echocardiographic parameters between male and female C57Bl/6 mice in response to acute adrenergic stimulation. After chronic adrenergic stimulation, there was similar degree of cardiac dysfunction, cardiac hypertrophy, and myocardial fibrosis in male and female mice. Similarly, chronic isoproterenol administration induced hypertrophic and fibrotic genes in hearts of male and female mice to the same extent. Intriguingly, gonadectomy of male and female mice did not have a significant impact on isoproterenol-induced cardiac dysfunction as compared to sham-operated animals. The current work demonstrated lack of significant sex-related differences in isoproterenol-induced cardiac hypertrophy, dysfunction, and fibrosis in C57Bl/6 mice. This study suggests that female sex may not be sufficient to protect the heart against a severe pathologic stimulus and underscores the notion that sexual dimorphism in cardiovascular diseases is highly model-dependent.
Epistemic Curiosity and the Region of Proximal Learning.

We propose a framework for understanding epistemic curiosity as a metacognitive feeling state that is related to the individual's Region of Proximal Learning (RPL), an adaptive mental space where we feel we are on the verge of knowing or understanding. First, we review several historical views, contrasting the RPL perspective with alternative views of curiosity. Second, we detail the processes, conditions, and outcomes within the RPL framework which are proposed to be related to curiosity. Finally, we review several lines of evidence relevant to the relation between RPL and curiosity. These include (1) differences in the conditions under which experts and novices mind wander, (2) experiments investigating people’s choices of whether to study materials for which they have high versus low feelings of knowing, (3) results related to people's engagement with corrections to errors made with high confidence, and (4) curiosity, attention, and learning data related to the tip-of-the-tongue state.
Stigma and policy preference toward individuals who transition from prescription opioids to heroin

Abstract Background There is a lack of understanding of what contributes to attitudes toward individuals with an opioid addiction and preferences for policies that support them. Methods This study aimed to investigate stigmatization of an opioid addiction and support for publicly funded drug treatment. A randomized, between-subjects case vignette study (N = 1998) was conducted with a nation-wide online survey. To assess public perceptions of stigma and support for publicly funded drug treatment, participants rated a hypothetical individual who became addicted to prescription opioids across three conditions: 1) male or female, 2) an individual who was prescribed prescription painkillers or took prescription painkillers from a friend and 3) an individual who transitioned to using heroin or who continued using prescription painkillers. Results Our results showed that there were stronger negative attitudes towards a male (p Conclusion Our findings provide further evidence that information about individuals who become addicted to opioids can influence stigma perceptions and support for publicly funded drug treatment.
High-pressure experimental constraints of partitioning behavior of Si and S at the Mercury's inner core boundary

Abstract The partitioning of light elements between liquid and solid at the inner core boundary (ICB) governs compositional difference and density deficit between the outer and inner core. Observations of high S and low Fe concentration on the surface of Mercury from MESSENGER mission indicate that Mercury is formed under much more reduced conditions than other terrestrial planets, which may result in a Si and S-bearing metallic Fe core. In this study, we conducted high-pressure experiments to investigate the partitioning behavior of Si and S between liquid and solid in the Fe-Si-S system at 15 and 21 GPa, relevant to Mercury's ICB conditions. Experimental results show that almost all S partitions into liquid. The partitioning coefficient of Si (DSi) between liquid and solid is strongly correlated with the S content in liquid (X S liquid ) as: log 10 ⁡ ( D Si ) = 0.0445 + 5.9895 ⁎ log 10 ⁡ ( 1 − X S liquid ) . Within our experimental range, pressure has limited effect on the partitioning behavior of Si and S between liquid and solid. For Mercury with an Fe-Si-S core, compositional difference between the inner and outer core is strongly dependent on the S content of the core. The lower S content is in the core, the smaller compositional difference and density deficit between the liquid outer core and solid inner core should be observed. For a core with 1.5 wt% bulk S, a model ICB temperature would intersect with the melting curve at ∼17 GPa, corresponding to an inner core with a radius of ∼1600 km.
Effects of age and locomotor demand on foot mechanics during walking

Abstract Older adults exhibit reductions in push-off power that are often attributed to deficits in plantarflexor force-generating capacity. However, growing evidence suggests that the foot may also contribute to push-off power during walking. Thus, age-related changes in foot structure and function may contribute to altered foot mechanics and ultimately reduced push-off power. The purpose of this paper was to quantify age-related differences in foot mechanical work during walking across a range of speeds and at a single fixed speed with varied demands for push-off power. 9 young and 10 older adults walked at 1.0, 1.2, and 1.4 m/s, and at 1.2 m/s with an aiding or impeding horizontal pulling force equal to 5% BW. We calculated foot work in Visual3D using a unified deformable foot model, accounting for contributions of structures distal to the hindfoot’s center-of-mass. Older adults walked while performing less positive foot work and more negative net foot work (p
Generative Information Fusion

In this work, we demonstrate the ability to exploit sensing modalities for mitigating an unrepresented modality or for potentially re-targeting resources. This is tantamount to developing proxy sensing capabilities for multi-modal learning. In classical fusion, multiple sensors are required to capture different information about the same target. Maintaining and collecting samples from multiple sensors can be financially demanding. Additionally, the effort necessary to ensure a logical mapping between the modalities may be prohibitively limiting. We examine the scenario where we have access to all modalities during training, but only a single modality at testing. In our approach, we initialize the parameters of our single modality inference network with weights learned from the fusion of multiple modalities through both classification and GANs losses. Our experiments show that emulating a multi-modal system by perturbing a single modality with noise can help us achieve competitive results compared to using multiple modalities.
Evaluating the Performance of Integer Sum Reduction in SYCL on GPUs

SYCL is a promising programming model for heterogeneous computing—allowing a single-source code to target devices from multiple vendors. One significant task performed on these accelerators is a primitive operation for integer sum reduction. This paper presents several SYCL implementations of integer sum reduction—using atomic functions, shared local memory, vectorized memory accesses and parameterized workload sizes—to compare the performance and maturity of SYCL against open-source vendor-specific implementations of the same reduction. For a sufficiently large number of integers, tuning the parameters of our SYCL implementations achieves 1.4X speedup over the open-source implementations on an Intel UHD630 integrated GPU. The SYCL reduction is 3% faster than the templated reduction in Thrust, and 0.3% faster than the device reduction in CUB on an Nvidia P100 GPU. The SYCL reduction is 1.9% faster than the templated reduction in Thrust, and 0.4% faster than the device reduction in CUB on an Nvidia V100 GPU.
Regulating hearts and minds: the mismatch of law, custom, and resuscitation decisions.

The time is upon us to rethink how to evaluate resuscitation. People coming to the end of life with fragile health do not do well with resuscitation.
Ghostly Collaboration: the Authorship of False Criminal Confession

Drawing on a body of confession scholarship, “Ghostly Collaboration” defines “coercive ghostwriting,” an authorship-inspired term for collaborative practices enacted between custodial criminal suspects and professional police interrogators resulting in coerced, potentially false confession. Within the United States, still-prominent notions of a Romantically-influenced autonomous Author problematically intersect with public perception of collaborative texts; the coercive ghostwriting label is intended to draw explicit attention to co-authorship via coercive collaboration, hopefully contributing to the ongoing efforts of researchers working to challenge inaccurate views of false confessions.
Ramanujan filter banks for estimation and tracking of periodicities

We propose a new filter-bank structure for the estimation and tracking of periodicities in time series data. These filter-banks are inspired from recent techniques on period estimation using high-dimensional dictionary representations for periodic signals. Apart from inheriting the numerous advantages of the dictionary based techniques over conventional period-estimation methods such as those using the DFT, the filter-banks proposed here expand the domain of problems that can be addressed to a much richer set. For instance, we can now characterize the behavior of signals whose periodic nature changes with time. This includes signals that are periodic only for a short duration and signals such as chirps. For such signals, we use a time vs period plane analogous to the traditional time vs frequency plane. We will show that such filter banks have a fundamental connection to Ramanujan Sums and the Ramanujan Periodicity Transform.
Studies of criteria for classification of arterial hypertension: VI. Treatment with thiocyanate

Abstract The administration of thiocyanate is most likely to be efficacious in the treatment of hypertension if the minute vessel pressure is normal and the capillary count and minute vessel pressure react normally to histamine. Any variation from the normal response to the various tests which we employed makes success less likely. The treatment is least likely to succeed when an elevated minute vessel pressure is associated with increased cutaneous lymph flow, or when papilledema is present.
The Process of Fictionalization in Joyce Carol Oates's them

Two letters written by Maureen Wendall, one of the novel's main characters, to Joyce Carol Oates, the novel's author and Maureen's former teacher, are essential to an understanding of them. The letters are passionate, angry, accusatory, and confessional. Maureen challenges Oates with questions, taking her to task for statements she made to her literature class: "You said, 'Literature gives form to life,' I remember you saying that very clearly. What is form? Why is it better than the way life happens, by itself?" The notion that something can provide shape and meaning to our experiences both fascinates and infuriates Maureen, who, like all of Oates's characters, moves in a world in which "Nothing follows" and "anything" can and frequendy does happen. A desperate desire for "something to come to us and give a shape to so much pain," pitted against an equally desperate sense that there can be no deliverance from a world so out of control that it "can't be lived" constitutes the conflict which determines so many of the lives in them. The tension this conflict produces forces the characters, after attempts to provide order to their lives have failed, to deny the substantiality of their shattering experiences and perceive their lives as Fiction.
Mapping single cysteine mutants of light chain 2 in chicken skeletal myosin.

The NH2- and COOH-terminal regions of the regulatory light chain (LC2) have been mapped to the head/rod junction by immunoelectron microscopy, using monoclonal and anti-fluorescyl antibodies as probes. In order to map the entire length of the light chain, we have engineered and purified mutants that contain a single cysteine residue at positions 2, 73, 94, 126, or 155. The single cysteine residues were labeled with either 5-iodoacetamido fluorescein or N-ethylmaleimide-biotin. We observed that the reactivity of Cys126 is far greater than that of Cys155, confirming that cysteine 126 is the fast-reacting thiol in wild-type light chain. The labeled light chains were exchanged into myosin stripped of its native LC2 by immunoaffinity chromatography, and the reconstituted myosin was reacted with anti-fluorescein antibody or avidin prior to rotary shadowing for electron microscopy. The position of the antibody or avidin was found to be near the head/rod junction for all mutants. These mapping studies, together with our finding that cysteines widely separated in the primary sequence can form multiple disulfide bonds (Saraswat, L.D., and Lowey, S. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 226, 19777-19785), support a model for LC2 as a flexible, globular molecule localized mainly in the vicinity of the head/rod junction of myosin.
Bottom stress measurements in shallow water under waves

In the constant stress part of the bottom boundary layer, from 0.1 to 2 m above the bottom, waves can bias the measurement of average correlation of streamwise and vertical velocity fluctuations due to tides and wind, the Reynolds stress. From four vector velocity sensors in 15 meters depth exposed to ocean swell and wind waves, the differencing technique of Trowbridge has been used to remove the wave bias. However determination of the wave boundary layer stress of the lowest centimeter, responsible for sediment erosion and suspension, remains elusive.
Alveolar epithelial fluid transport can be simultaneously upregulated by both KGF and β-agonist therapy

Although keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) protects against experimental acute lung injury, the mechanisms for the protective effect are incompletely understood. Therefore, the time-dependent effect...
Violent crime exposure classification and adverse birth outcomes: a geographically-defined cohort study

Area-level socioeconomic disparities have long been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Crime is an important element of the neighborhood environment inadequately investigated in the reproductive and public health literature. When crime has been used in research, it has been variably defined, resulting in non-comparable associations across studies. Using geocoded linked birth record, crime and census data in multilevel models, this paper explored the relevance of four spatial violent crime exposures: two proximal violent crime categorizations (count of violent crime within a one-half mile radius of maternal residence and distance from maternal residence to nearest violent crime) and two area-level crime categorizations (count of violent crimes within a block group and block group rate of violent crimes) for adverse birth events among women in living in the city of Raleigh NC crime report area in 1999–2001. Models were adjusted for maternal age and education and area-level deprivation. In black and white non-Hispanic race-stratified models, crime characterized as a proximal exposure was not able to distinguish between women experiencing adverse and women experiencing normal birth outcomes. Violent crime characterized as a neighborhood attribute was positively associated with preterm birth and low birth weight among non-Hispanic white and black women. No statistically significant interaction between area-deprivation and violent crime category was observed. Crime is variably categorized in the literature, with little rationale provided for crime type or categorization employed. This research represents the first time multiple crime categorizations have been directly compared in association with health outcomes. Finding an effect of area-level violent crime suggests crime may best be characterized as a neighborhood attribute with important implication for adverse birth outcomes.
Evaluations of Social Problems in a Survey of Individual Subscribers

As part of the research effort for this special issue, a class of mine solicited questions from past and present SP editors, added some of their own, and finally mailed the finished survey to 277 subscribers, an approximate 15 percent sample (every 7th name) in a 1975 list of a total 1,942 individual subscribers (organized by zip code) supplied by the SSSP executive office. Usable returns were 189, or 68.3 percent. A more detailed report later on (to the SP editorial board) will show some small differences in findings by the respondents' recency of subscription to SP, age, income level, occupation, and similar variables, although such differences were not dramatic. Here are some of the preliminary, overall findings. The first question was whether SP's present value was higher, about the same, or lower than when the reader* first subscribed. The results were:
Diophantine Frequency Synthesizer Design for Timekeeping Systems

Diophantine Frequency Synthesis (DFS), a number-theoretic approach to the design of very high resolution frequency synthesizers, was introduced in 2006. Further work concerning the impact of controlling mixing products for high-spectral purity was addressed and reported at the 2007 European Frequency and Time Forum. The focus of this paper is on the implementation of nested DFS architectures targeting microphase-type applications for precision timekeeping systems. We have shown that DFS does not impart any extraordinary design constraints on spectral purity in comparison to commonly used high resolution frequency synthesis techniques such as DDS or fractional 𝑁 . Here we describe a design approach for 10 MHz synthesizers with 1E-13 fractional resolution in consecutive steps ranging ± 1 0 Hz. The synthesizers generate their output from a 10 MHz reference standard. Such synthesizers are essential to accomplishing precision frequency correction in timekeeping systems.
Fungal endophyte diversity in soybean

Aim To determine the identity and diversity of endophytes in soybean plants using culture-dependent (CD) and culture-independent (CI) methods. Methods and Results Stem samples were collected from three field-grown soybean cultivars grown to a reproductive stage in Minnesota, USA. Samples were surface disinfested, and CD and CI methods were used to assess the endophytes. For the CD method, fungi were isolated and grouped based on colony morphology, and the rDNA ITS region was sequenced to identify the cultures. The most frequently isolated genera were Cladosporium (36%), Alternaria (13%), Diaporthe (9%) and Epicoccum (9%). For the CI method, DNA was extracted from the stems, and the ITS region was amplified, cloned and sequenced for identification. The most prevalent genus detected using CI method was Cladosporium (85%). Conclusions Soybean contains a diverse array of endophytic fungi that were identified in this study. The CD method detected greater endophyte diversity (H' = 2·12) than the CI method (H' = 0·66). Significance and Impact of the Study The results improve our understanding of the identity and diversity of endophytic fungi that likely have different kinds of interactions with soybean plants. The results suggest that CD and CI methods should be used to study endophytes in soybean and perhaps other annual crop plants.
Transplantation of Cornea to Chorio-Allantoic Membrane, with Observations on Virus Inoculation

Summary and Conclusions1 Human and rabbit cornea may be grafted onto the chorioallantoic membrane of the chick embryo and kept viable.2. When the graft is successful, it presents a bluish appearance and is firmly adherent to the membrane. Histologically, such grafts are seen to be invaded: by chicken blood vessels into the normally avascular stroma, and show preservation and proliferation of the corneal epithelium.3. The viruses of vaccinia and herpes simplex were found to give rise to inclusion bodies within 24-72 hours in the epithelial cells of the corneal graft.4. Serial passages of corneal grafts were complicated by the frequent loss of the epithelium and in only one case were inclusion bodies found after the inoculation during the second grafting.
Free Group Automorphisms and Knotted Tori in S4

Let ϕ be an automorphism of a finitely generated free group F, w and element of F, and H the subgroup of F generated by the orbit {ϕn (w), |n ∈ Z}. We describe sufficient conditions ensuring that H is non-finitely generated. Using this we give a simple construction of tori T embedded in S4 in such a way that the commutator subgroup of π1(S4 - T) is finitely generated but not finitely presented. Such tori have no minimal Seifert manifolds. An example of an embedded torus with the latter property was given recently by T. Maeda using different methods.
French twist: French and British Nato policies from 1949 to 1966

(1998). French twist: French and British Nato policies from 1949 to 1966. Security Studies: Vol. 8, The Origins of National Interests, pp. 302-346.
Ab Initio Evaluation of the Free Energy Surfaces for the General Base/Acid Catalyzed Thiolysis of Formamide and the Hydrolysis of Methyl Thiolformate: A Reference Solution Reaction for Studies of Cysteine Proteases

Although the catalytic reaction of cysteine proteases is a process of major importance, we do not have a quantitative understanding of the relevant energetics. The present work takes a crucial step in this direction and determines the free energy surface for the corresponding reference solution reaction. The calculations involve the evaluation of the potentials of the mean force for ammonia-, histidine, and water-assisted reactions of thiomethanol with formamide in aqueous solution, as well as for the hydrolysis of the resulting thiolester. These calculations were carried out using the quantum mechanical B3LYP/AUG-cc-pVDZ//HF/6-31G* method and the Langevin dipoles solvation model. The calculations involve self-consistent evaluation of the solute charges in solution as well as mapping the solution free energy surface (rather than the gas-phase surface). The amide thiolysis (acylation step) was found to have a stepwise character with equal activation barriers of 24 kcal/mol for histidine-assisted nucleophil...