cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evidence for two promoters for the cytochrome c2 gene (cycA) of Rhodobacter sphaeroides.

Abstract Rhodobacter sphaeroides cytochrome c2 (cyt c2) is a periplasmic heme protein, encoded by cycA, that is required for photosynthetic growth and for one branch of the aerobic electron transport chain. cycA mRNA and cyt c2 are more abundant photosynthetically than aerobically. We report here that there are four cycA transcripts by high-resolution Northern (RNA) blot analysis, and we have mapped 10 5' ends by primer extension. Complementation of a cycA null mutant shows that there are at least two cycA promoters: one within 89 bp upstream of the translation initiation codon for a transcript beginning at -28, and at least one within 484 bp upstream for the remaining nine 5' ends. The 5' ends at -28 and -137 are more abundant in aerobically grown cells, while those at -38, -155, -250, and -300 are more abundant photosynthetically. DNA sequences with homology to the Escherichia coli sigma 70 consensus promoter sequence precede the 5' ends at -28 and -274, and there is weak homology upstream of the -82 and -250 ends.
DETECTION OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS PRODUCTS IN FOODS USING ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY AND SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC THERMONUCLEASE ASSAY

The comparative sensitivity of an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using four different antistaphylococcal antisera and a spectrophotometric assay for thermonuclease were determined using cheese and ravioli samples seeded with strains of Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis. The ELISA used antisera to enterotoxin A, enterotoxin B, S. aureus strains 14609 (human), and UNH-570 (bovine). The 570 ELISA and spectrophotometric thermonuclease assay were of comparable sensitivity and detected seeded culture in concentrations as low as 2 × 107 CFU/g of cheese. A simple two hour method for extracting thermonuclease from foods was 50% efficient when as little as 50 ng of purified enzyme was seeded per g of cheese. Analyses of 43 commercial cheeses for viable S. aureus found five (12%) positive with 3 × 104 CFU/g of cheese being the highest counts detected. All samples were negative by ELISA and thermonuclease assay. A simple screening procedure for demonstration of S. aureus contamination of foods is discussed.
Vesicular Ca2+-induced secretion promoted by intracellular pH-gradient disruption

The actions of the protonophore CCCP on intracellular Ca2+ regulation and exocytosis in chromaffin cells have been examined. Simultaneous fura-2 imaging and amperometry reveal that exposure to CCCP not only perturbs mitochondrial function but that it also alters vesicular storage of Ca2+ and catecholamines. By disrupting the pH gradient of the secretory vesicle membrane, the protonophore allows both Ca2+ and catecholamine to leak into the cytosol. Unlike the high cytosolic Ca2+ concentrations resulting from mitochondrial membrane disruption, Ca2+ leakage from secretory vesicles may initiate exocytotic release. In conjunction with previous studies, this work reveals that catalytic and self-sustained vesicular Ca2+-induced exocytosis occurs with extended exposure to weak acid or base protonophores.
Addendum to Conformal Welding for Finitely Connected Regions

After the online version of this article first appeared, A. Solynin pointed out that Theorem 1 was announced in [A1]. Proofs appeared subsequently in [A2,A3].
Under the gun: The Bolivian press and military rule, 1964-1982

Military intervention in civil government comes and goes in Latin America, fre quently crushing any opposition by the press. Bolivia has experienced more military coups d'etat than any other Latin American or Caribbean country. This study of the relationships between the Bolivian press and military between 1964 and 1982 thus has a wider significance. In some ways repression has grown more subtle, but in Bolivia brute force still was commonly employed. Bolivia also has experienced the second social and economic revolution in Latin America, beginning in 1952. Poverty and social maladjustment breed militarism and a vulner able press, but on the other hand, resistance to authoritarian rule - sometimes at a terrible cost - marked the beginning of professionalism within the Bolivian press.
A comparative evaluation of three root-end filling materials: an in vitro leakage study using Prevotella nigrescens.

This study used Prevotella nigrescens to evaluate the sealing ability of Geristore, Super-EBA, and ProRoot when used as root-end filling materials. One hundred single-canal, extracted, human teeth were cleaned and shaped with Gates-Glidden burs and .04 Taper (ProFile Series 29) rotary instruments. The root-ends were resected, and a 3-mm deep root-end preparation was made with ultrasonic tips. After steam sterilization, the teeth were randomly divided into three groups of 30. Each group was root-end-filled with a different material. Five root-end cavities were left open and served as positive controls; another five root-end cavities filled with sticky wax and covered with two layers of nail polish acted as negative controls. The teeth were attached to presterilized snap-on plastic caps; the root-ends submerged into 12-ml vials of chopped meat carbohydrate broth and placed in an anaerobic chamber. Twice a week, a sterile micropipette was used to inoculate 0.1 ml of a broth culture of Prevotella nigrescens into the root canal of each tooth. Results after 47 days indicated there were no significant differences between the three root-end filling materials against penetration of Prevotella nigrescens.
Polysulfone hollow fiber membranes spun from aliphatic acid (C2—C4): N‐methylpyrrolidone complexes—structure determination by oxygen plasma ablation

Polysulfone hollow fiber membranes with increased free volumes as reflected by elevated glass transition temperatures can be obtained from a spectrum of Lewis acid : N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) complexes provided that the complex is readily dissociated by water. The upper limit of the candidate Lewis acid for suitable complexes is an acceptor number between 49.1 (propionic acid) and 52.9 (acetic acid). Although the enhanced free volume yields an increase permeability with maintenance of selectivity, a knowledge of the structure and morphology of both the active separating layer and the substructure is needed to understand the performance of the membrane. Oxygen plasma ablation experiments have shown that the active separating layer of these membranes decreases in the order NMP/FA > acetic acid : NMP > propionic acid : NMP, butyric acid : NMP, and isobutyric acid : NMP with the differences among the last three being too small to resolve by the current experiment. Also, the surface and internal pore size and internal porosity appeared to increase in the order NMP/FA < acetic acid : NMP < propionic acid : NMP < isobutyric acid : NMP < butyric acid : NMP.
A Study Relating Computational Textile Textural Expression to Emotion

Material expression has always been an important non-verbal, sensual method for designers to communicate with users of a designed object. A critical non-verbal mode of communicating is rooted in the expression of emotion which directly relates bodies to the environment. [1, 3, 6, 7, 8] Computational textiles which transform through electronic commands over time augment the choices and expressions possible for designers to communicate with people using these textiles. The problem is what exactly is communicated emotionally to people through the transforming textural expressions of the material? The author presents a study which relates communication of emotion to people via the aesthetic textural expression of computational textiles or textiles which transform through electronic commands over time. The author presents the preliminary results of the study as one of many methods which when combined with other design methods from architectural design will be used to fabricate a computational textile that can express a range of emotions through its textural transformations
Doing dead time for the sovereign: Archive, abandonment, performance

This essay explores the fabrication of the concepts of event and archive through the notion of dead time. It first unfolds this notion of dead time as a critical concern of the German film maker, Harun Farocki, in his video entitled, Ich glaubte Gefangenen zu sehen (I thought I saw prisoners 2001). It then locates the historical constitution of dead time in Jeremy Bentham's panopticon. I trace how Bentham linked dead time intimately with sovereignty and the archive. If historians and convicts are still doing dead time, as I propose they are, how can they together reimagine event and archive? The final section of the essay explores the possibility of performance as a way of thinking of an unsovereign history. It recounts the story of my participation with convicts of Mountjoy Prison, Dublin (a panoptical-style prison opened by the British in their Irish colony in 1851 and only recently closed by the Irish Government) in developing a public installation, entitled Cell, held in October 2004, during the dead ...
CONTENTS OF GRAFFITI AND BUMPER STICKERS AS MEASURES OF POLITICAL BEHAVIOR

It has been suggested that the content of political bumper stickers mirrors political attitudes. There is also evidence that the content of graffiti reflects the current attitudes of the writer (Jorgenson & Lange, 1975; Landy & Steele, 1967; Sechrest & Flores, 1969; Sechrest & Olson, 1971). This implies that the content of political graffiti could be used to assess political attitudes. To the extent that such attitudes also predict behavior, it was expected that the proportion of bumper stickers and the proportion of political graffiti which support a candidate would be similar to the proportion of people who indicate a verbal preference for that candidate. As a measure of political behavior, voters' preference for each presidential candidate in the 1976 election within the specific population of students at a large western university was determined in two separate surveys (Ns = 160 and 417). The results of both surveys showed a slight margin for Ford. To assess the content of bumper stickers, all cars parked in all student lots at the same university between 8:00 a.m. and 12:30 p.m. both on the day before and on the day of the election were examined and the incidence of cars with one or more bumper stickers supporting each candidate for president was tallied. Of those observed 28 supported Ford and 25 supported Carter. This difference was consistent with the survey of voter preference (x ' = .34, 1 d f ) . In the survey of graffiti all restrooms in 16 classroom buildings at the same university were examined for graffiti one day prior to the election. Graffiti were first judged as either political or nonpolitical, then political graffiti were coded as favorable or unfavorable to a presidential candidate. The percentage of political graffiti which contained favorable statements about Ford (25%) was greater than that for Caner (15%) , a difference which was once again consistent with the results of the voters' preference (Xa = 1.34, 1 d f ) . As expected the contents of both bumper stickers and graffiti show some preliminary promise as measures of behavior, at least political behavior.
On the mechanism of ion exchange in zirconium phosphates—XXVI Irreversible exchange of alkaline earth cations

Abstract Ion exchange of alkali metal cations and Cu2+ with α-zirconium phosphate has been found to be irreversible. This is attributed to strong site binding. The cations are coordinated by water molecules and negative lattice oxygens in a stable arrangement. Site binding is also suggested as an explanation for the failure to produce fully exchanged alkali metal cation phases when α-zirconium phosphate is titrated with mixed metal chloride-metal hydroxide solutions.
Application of Rapid CD3 Immunophenotype Analysis and Argyrophilic Nucleolar Organizer Region (AgNOR) Frequency to Fine Needle Aspirate Specimens From Dogs With Lymphoma

Determinations of CD3 immunoreactivity (CD3-IR) and argyrophilic nucleolar organizer region (AGNOR) frequency from fine needle aspirate (FNA) samples were compared with those from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded surgical biopsy samples in 51 dogs with lymphoma. Both CD3-IR (using a rapid EPOS polymer system) and AGNOR techniques were readily applied to FNA samples. CD3-IR from FNA samples matched those of histologic samples with 100% concordance. A linear relationship (r=0.981; P<0.001) was found between AGNOR frequency obtained from FNA samples and those obtained from surgical biopsy samples. Application of the techniques presented here should allow clinically relevant information to be procured rapidly and inexpensively. As CD3-IR and AGNOR frequency have been shown to be predictive of response to combination chemotherapy in dogs with lymphoma, such information could be used to better educate clients as to the likelihood of achieving meaningful responses, as well as allowing prospective tailoring of individual treatments in future trials prior to initiating therapy.
Identification and quantification of glycoside flavonoids in the energy crop Albizia julibrissin

Oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) values showed that methanolic extracts of Albizia julibrissin foliage displayed antioxidant activity. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectrometry (MS) techniques were utilized in the identification of the compounds. The analysis confirmed the presence of three compounds in A. julibrissin foliage methanolic extract: an unknown quercetin derivative with mass of 610 Da, hyperoside (quercetin-3-O-galactoside), and quercitrin (quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside). Fast performance liquid chromatography (FPLC) was employed to fractionate the crude A. julibrissin foliage methanolic extract into its individual flavonoid components. The flavonoids were quantified in terms of mass and their respective contribution to the overall ORAC value. Quercetin glycosides accounted for 2.0% of total foliage.
Studies of the (n, α) and (n, p) reactions in Si28 at 14 MeV by a coincidence method

Reactions induced in Si/sup 28/ by 13.90 Mev neutrons were studied with a triple coincidence arrangement. Pulse height distributions are given for reactions attributed to Si/sup 28/(n,p)Al/sup 28/, Si/sup 28/(n,d)Al/sup 27/, and Si/sup 28/(n, alpha )Mg/s up 25/, and are compared to the spectrum from a single detector. Cross sections for the transitions to the first four excited states of Mg/sup 25/ are given relative to the cross section for the ground state transition. (H.D.R.)
Tumoral calcinosis: Evidence for concurrent defects in renal tubular phosphorus transport and in 1 α,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol synthesis

A 50-year-old Latin American man with tumoral calcinosis presented with hyperphosphatemia (6.62±1.04 SD mg/dl), elevated renal threshold phosphorus concentration (TmP) (7.3 mg/GFR), and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25-(OH)2D] (69 pg/ml) hypercalciuria (239 mg/day), and a high fractional intestinal calcium (Ca) absorption (0.74). Sodium cellulose phosphate therapy (20 g/day) lowered urinary Ca, and partially reduced serum phosphorus (P) and TmP to 5.91±0.63 mg/dl and 6.2 mg/GFR, respectively. Serum 1,25-(OH)120D remained elevated at 58–64 pg/ml. Amphojel therapy (4 oz/day) decreased urinary P to 23±21 mg/day and lowered serum P to 5.75±0.36 mg/dl (P<0.05). TmP increased to a value of 8.0 mg/GFR while serum 1,25-(OH)2D continued to remain elevated at 53 pg/ml.
Transmission of Haemoproteus lophortyx O'Roke of the California quail by hippoboscid flies of the species Stilbometopa impressa (Bigot) and Lynchia hirsuta Ferris.

Abstract The digestive and salivary systems of Stilbometopa impressa were dissected and found to be quite similar to these systems in other avian Hippoboscidae. The protozoan parasite, Haemoproteus lophortyx O'Roke of the California Quail, Lophortyx californica (Shaw and Nodder) was successfully transmitted from quail to quail by the bite of the quail hippoboscid, S. impressa . Of a total of 26 experiments with experimentally infected, laboratory reared flies five were positive and showed prepatent periods of 44, 60, 103, 151 and 162 days. Four of these experimental studies were carried out in a screened outdoor insectary where the monthly mean temperatures throughout the experiments were below 65 °F. One experiment was conducted in a constant temperature room maintained at 86 °F. A total of 34 experiments with naturally infected S. impressa as also carried out. Four of these experiments were positive. The prepatent period in one of these experiments was 44 days, in one 21 days, and in two it was 20 days. All attempts to demonstrate fly-bite transmission with L. hirsuta were unsuccessful. Though large numbers of these flies were taken from trapped quail, these flies could not be used satisfactorily for transmission experiments or for the establishment of large colonies as the quail devoured them too rapidly. Sporogonic stages (sporozoites and oocysts) of H. lophortyx could never be found in S. impressa or L. hirsuta reared in the laboratory and fed on heavily infected quail or in flies of either species taken from infected, trapped quail. Lungs were removed aseptically from quail infected with H. lophortyx and macerated with physiological saline. Small quantities were inoculated intramuscularly, intraperitoneally and subcutaneously into noninfected quail. Three of the twenty tissue transplant experiments were positive. The prepatent period in one experiment was 11 days and in each of the other two it was 21 days.
Inexpensive microcomputer networking for laboratory research

Described is a low-cost laboratory network that has allowed us to conduct “on-line” animal research for the past 2 years. A Commodore Model 4032 microcomputer is used to download machine language programs to a network of SYM-1 single-board computers, which in turn each drive several operant stations. Data collected by the SYM-1s are then uploaded to the CBM 4032 after the session, and are then processed and stored on disk.
A mixed-method analysis of free-time involvement and motivation among adolescents in Cape Town, South Africa.

Using focus group (N = 114) and survey (N = 946) data, this study employed self-determination theory (SDT) as an organizing framework to examine free-time use and motivation among predominantly mixed-race adolescents from one area in South Africa. Adolescents reported participating in a broad range of activities, with socializing, media use, sports, risk behaviour and performing arts being the most frequently mentioned. All of the motivation types proposed by SDT were spontaneously mentioned by focus group participants. Free time was most strongly characterized by intrinsic motivations, such as competence, relatedness and positive affect. Activities were also seen as a way to achieve outside goals. With few exceptions, multiple motivations were identified for the same activities, and specific motivations were reported across multiple activity types. The findings suggest that positive motivational experiences were not limited to a specific subset of activities. However, future longitudinal research on part...
Unique de novo interstitial deletion of chromosome 17, del(17) (q23.2q24.3) in a female newborn with multiple congenital anomalies

We describe a newborn with a novel interstitial deletion of the long arm of chromosome 17 [del (17) (q23.2q24.3)] who died on day of life 17 during a recurrent apneic episode. Her phenotype included severe growth retardation, multiple facial anomalies, maldeveloped oralpharyngeal structures, and digital and widespread skeletal anomalies. This patient's phenotype was compared to two other reported patients with deletion 17q with minor clinical overlap consistent with a unique deletion. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Parabolic Profile Approximation(Linear Driving-Force Model) for Chemical Reactions

Abstract The parabolic approximation for the concentration profile inside a particle yields a substantial simplification in computations. The linear driving-force model for combined internal diffusion and external mass transfer arises from the approximation. We have applied this approximation to consider the time dependence of two cases of isothermal, irreversible, first-order chemical reaction in a spherical particle and in a slab: (1) when the reactant is a nondiffusing (adsorbed or solid) component initially inside the particle and the products diffuse out of the particle (e.g. for a reaction extraction), and (2) when the reactant is diffusing into the particle (e.g. for a catalytic reaction). The approximation is found to be satisfactory over a wide range of parameters for case (1). For case (2), however, the accuracy of the approximation is limited to small Biot numbers and Thiele moduli.
Improvement in health-related quality of life after hospitalization predicts event-free survival in patients with advanced heart failure.

Background Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is a major clinical outcome for heart failure (HF) patients. We aimed to determine the frequency, durability, and prognostic significance of improved HRQOL after hospitalization for decompensated HF.
The absence of significant postnatal motoneuron death in the brachial and lumbar spinal cord of the rat.

Motoneuron numbers in the brachial and lumbar lateral motor column (LMC) of the rat were examined quantitatively on embryonic day (E) 15 and postnatal days (P) 1-5. There was a significant (40-45%) loss of motoneurons in both regions between E15 and P1. No further loss was observed between P1 and P5. The decline of motoneurons between E15 and P1 is very likely due to cell death since there were considerable numbers of dying motoneurons present on E15. By contrast, few dying motoneurons were observed on P1-P5. Possible reasons for discrepancies between the present results and previous investigations are discussed. It is concluded that there is not a significant loss of either brachial or lumbar motoneurons in the postnatal rat and thus that postnatal rearrangements of muscle innervation are most likely the result of axon elimination, not cell death.
Natural secretory products of human neural and microvessel endothelial cells: Implications in pathogenic "spreading" and Alzheimer's disease.

Neurons, glia, and endothelial cells of the cerebral microvasculature co-exist in intimate proximity in nervous tissues, and their homeostatic interactions in health, as well as coordinated response to injury, have led to the concept that they form the basic elements of a functional neurovascular unit. During the course of normal cellular metabolism, growth, and development, each of these brain cell types secrete various species of potentially neurotoxic peptides and factors, events that increase in magnitude as brain cells age. This article reviews contemporary research on the secretory products of the three primary cell types that constitute the neurovascular unit in deep brain regions. We provide some novel in vitro data that illustrate potentially pathogenic paracrine effects within primary cells of the neurovascular unit. For example, the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-1β was found to stimulate amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide release from human neural cells, and human brain microvessel endothelial cells exposed to transient hypoxia were found to secrete IL-1β at concentrations known to induce Aβ42 peptide release from human neural cells. Hypoxia and excessive IL-1β and Aβ42 abundance are typical pathogenic stress factors implicated in the initiation and development of common, chronic neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. These data support the hypothesis that paracrine effects of stressed constituent cells of the neurovascular unit may contribute to “spreading effects” characteristic of progressive neurodegenerative disorders.
Selective regulation of autoreactive B cells by FcγRIIB

Abstract FcγRIIB is an inhibitory receptor which plays a role in limiting B cell and DC activation. Since FcγRIIB is known to dampen the signaling strength of the BCR, we wished to determine the impact of FcγRIIB on the regulation of BCRs which differ in their affinity for DNA. For these studies, FcγRIIB deficient BALB/c mice were bred with mice expressing the transgene-encoded H chain of the R4A anti-DNA antibody which gives rise to BCRs which express high, low or no affinity for DNA. The deletion of FcγRIIB in R4A BALB/c mice led to an alteration in the B cell repertoire, allowing for the expansion and activation of high affinity DNA-reactive B cells. By 6–8 months of age, R4A × FcγRIIB−/− BALB/c mice spontaneously developed anti-DNA antibody titers. These mice also displayed an induction of IFN-inducible genes and an elevation in levels of the B cell survival factor, BAFF. These data demonstrate that FcγRIIB preferentially limits activation of high affinity autoreactive B cells and can influence the activation of DC through an immune complex-mediated mechanism.
Substitution in barium-fluoride apatite: The crystal structures of Ba10(PO4)6F2, Ba6La2Na2(PO4)6F2 and Ba4Nd3Na3(PO4)6F2

Abstract The crystal structures of the apatites Ba10(PO4)6F2(I), Ba6La2Na2(PO4)6F2(II) and Ba4Nd3Na3(PO4)6F2 (III) have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. All three compounds crystallize in a hexagonal apatite-like structure. The unit cells and space groups are: I, a = 10.153(2), c = 7.733(1)A, P6 3 m ; a = 9.9392(4), c = 7.4419(5) A, P 6 ; III, a = 9.786(2), c = 7.281(1)A, P 3 . The structures were refined by normal full-matrix crystallographic least squares techniques. The final values of the refinement indicators Rw and R are: I, Rw = 0.026, R = 0.027, 613 observed reflections; II, Rw = 0.081, R = 0.074, 579 observed reflections; III, Rw = 0.062, R = 0.044, 1262 observed reflections. In I, the Ba(1) atoms located in columns on threefold axes, are coordinated to nine oxygen atoms; the Ba(2) sites form triangles about the F site and are coordinated to six oxygen atoms and one fluoride ion. The fluoride ions are statistically displaced ∼0.25 A from the Ba(2) triangles. This displacement of the F ions is analogous to the displacement of OH ion in Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2. The structures of II and III contain disordered cations. In II there is disorder between La and Na in the column cation sites as well as triangle sites. In III, Nd and Na ions are ordered in the column sites, but there is disorder among Ba and the remaining Nd and Na ions in the triangle sites to give an average site population of 2 3 Ba , 1 6 Nd , 1 6 Na . The coordination of the rare earth ions and Na ions in the ordered column sites are nine and six oxygens, respectively, in accord with the greater charge of the rare earth ions as compared with Na. The F ions in both II and III suffer from considerable disorder in position, and their locations are not precisely known.
Project IDA: A decade in review

Project IDA (International Deployment of Accelerometers) is a global digital seismic network that collects data for low-frequency seismology. This article reviews the operation of the network and scientific results based on its data in the decade since the first station was installed in 1975. Particular attention is given to some of the lessons to be drawn from operational experience. Upgrades of the IDA network, incuding three-component sensors and higher sample rates, are described briefly.
A numerical algorithm for investigating the role of the motor–cargo linkage in molecular motor-driven transport

We extend the numerical algorithm developed by Wang et al. (2003. J. Theor. Biol. 221, 491-511) for studying biomolecular transport processes to include the linkage that connects molecular motors to their cargo. The new algorithm is used to investigate how the stiffness of the linkage affects the average velocity, effective diffusion coefficient, and randomness parameter. Three different models for molecular motors are considered: (1) a discrete stepping motor (2) a motor moving in a tilted-periodic potential and (3) a motor driven by a flashing potential. We demonstrate that a flexible motor-cargo linkage can make inferences on motor behavior based on measurements of the cargo's position difficult. We also show that even for the case of a tilted-periodic potential there exists an optimal stiffness of the linkage at which transport is maximized. The MATLAB code used in this paper is available at: http://www.unc.edu/approximatelytelston/code/.
Simultaneous Stabiliaztion: An Application of Kharitonov-Like Results

We present a solution to the simultaneous stabilization problem which merges two tools: the Q-parameterization of all stabilizing compensators and Kharitonov-like approximations to the Hurwitz region. Using these techniques we show that simultaneous stabilization problems can be attacked using linear programming methods.
X‐ray Absorption Spectroscopy of Bimetallic Pt–Re Catalysts for Hydrogenolysis of Glycerol to Propanediols

Bimetallic Pt-Re nanoparticles supported on Norit carbon were effective at converting aqueous glycerol to 1,3 (34 %) and 1,2 (33 %) propanediol at 443 K under 4 MPa of H{sub 2}. Results from X-ray absorption spectroscopy and analytical transmission electron microscopy confirmed that the nanoparticles were indeed bimetallic, with a particle size less than 2 nm in diameter. The Pt L{sub III} near edge spectra indicated that the Pt was reduced to the metallic state by treatment in H{sub 2} at 473 K, but that a partial positive charge remained on the Re. These oxidized Re species could be associated with charged Re atoms dispersed on the carbon support because spillover of H atoms from Pt was required to reduce Re in the bimetallic particles.
Spectral Diffusion in Organic Glasses: Time Dependence of Spectral Holes

Time-resolved spectral hole-burning experiments have been performed to probe the dynamics of the S1 ← S0 0−0 transition of bacteriochlorophyll-a at low concentration (1 × 10-5M) in four different glasses (2-methyltetrahydrofuran, protonated and deuterated ethanol, diethyl ether, and triethylamine) as a function of delay time td (from 10-6 to 103 s) and temperature T (1.2−4.2 K). It is shown that spectral diffusion, the broadening of the optical linewidth followed here over nine orders of magnitude in time, increases with temperature as T1.3±0.1 and strongly depends on the glass structure. The functional dependence, however, is not influenced by the specific glass. The variation of the “effective” homogeneous linewidth (Γ‘hom) with T and td is described by a function Γ‘hom(T,td) derived by modifying the standard model of two-level systems (TLS). This revised TLS model, in which the distribution functions of the TLS tunneling parameters are different from those in the standard model, takes into account the ...
Secular acceleration of Phobos and Q of Mars

Reductions of Mariner 9 TV data of Phobos and Deimos tend to corroborate the existence of a secular acceleration of Phobos commensurate with two recently reported values based on a reprocessing of earth-based data. These values of secular acceleration have been used together with Mariner 9 data on the physical size of Phobos and earth-based photoelectric observations which infer a carbonaceous composition for Phobos to place upper and lower bounds of 50 and 150, respectively, on the tidal dissipation function of Mars. The corresponding upper and lower bounds on the tidal lag angle are 0.19 and 0.57 deg.
Sensitive VLBI Continuum and H I Absorption Observations of NGC 7674: First Scientific Observations with the Combined Array VLBA, VLA, and Arecibo

We present phase-referenced VLBI observations of the radio continuum emission from, and the neutral hydrogen 21 cm absorption toward, the luminous infrared galaxy NGC 7674. The observations were carried out at 1380 MHz using the VLBA, the phased VLA, and the 305 m Arecibo radio telescope. These observations constitute the first scientific use of the Arecibo telescope in a VLBI observation with the VLBA. The high- and low-resolution radio continuum images reveal several new continuum structures in the nuclear region of this galaxy. At ~100 mas resolution, we distinguish six continuum structures extending over 14 (742 pc), with a total flux density of 138 mJy. Only three of these structures were known previously. All these structures seem to be related to active galactic nucleus (AGN) activity. The overall S-shaped pattern that the radio structures seem to form could be the result of the interstellar medium diverting the outcoming jets from the central AGN. However, we cannot rule out the possibility of a black hole merger that could result in a similar structural pattern. At the full resolution of the array (11 × 5 mas), we detect only two of the six continuum structures. Both are composed of several compact components with brightness temperatures on the order of 107 K. While it is possible that one of these compact structures could host an AGN, they could also be shocklike features formed by the interaction of the jet with compact interstellar clouds in the nuclear region of this galaxy. Complex H I absorption is detected with our VLBI array at both high and low angular resolution. Assuming that the widest H I feature is associated with a rotating H I disk or torus feeding a central AGN, we estimate an enclosed dynamical mass of ~7 × 107 M☉, comparable to the value derived from the hidden broad Hβ emission in this galaxy. The narrower H I lines could represent clumpy neutral hydrogen structures in the H I torus. The detection of H I absorption toward some of the continuum components and its absence toward others suggest an inclined H I disk or torus in the central region of NGC 7674. The overall averaged H I spectrum toward the continuum structures with H I absorption is very consistent with the Arecibo single-dish H I absorption spectrum at 33 resolution.
Relevance of complement fixing antinuclear antibodies.

Background Connective tissue diseases (CTDs) are a heterogeneous group of disorders defined by the association of a variety of clinical manifestations with immunologic and other laboratory findings. Overlap of syndromes and aberrant findings appear rather frequently. Methods Sera of eight antinuclear antibody (ANA) negative, cases of subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus (SCLE) with antibodies to Ro (SS-A) and a ninth case with clinical and laboratory signs of Sjogren’s syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were tested for complement (C′) fixing antinuclear antibodies (C-ANAs). The ninth case was examined in depth by direct immunofluorescence (DIF) and a two-step “C + DIF” test of biopsies for C′ fixation to in vivo bound ANAs, as well as serum tests for C-ANA, ANA, and SCLE markers. Results Sera of five of the eight ANA negative, Ro(SS-A) positive SCLE cases had C-ANAs. The ninth case, a 50-year-old woman with clinical and laboratory signs of Sjogren’s syndrome and SLE, gave a strong positive C + DIF reaction in the skin biopsy for in vivo bound ANAs that fix C′, but negative ANAs and C-ANAs in routine serum tests; they revealed antimitochondrial antibodies. Serum tests on normal skin, however, revealed weak ANA and strong C-ANA reactions with in vitro fixed C′. Conclusions ANA negative cases of SCLE or Sjogren’s syndrome may have C-ANAs. A case with Sjogren’s syndrome and signs of SLE had both in vivo and in vitro C′ fixing ANAs. C-ANA tests can aid in the identification of such cases.
SINGLE DOSE RADIATION AND HYPERTHERMIA AND GROWTH OF THE RAT TAIL

Abstract The growth of the tail of the weanling rat was used to study the effect of heat (43°, 44° and 45°C) 2–3 minutes following single doses of radiation (500–1500 rad) on proliferating normal tissue. Significant stunting of tail length (6.6 and 10.7%) was observed after heat treatment with 43° and 44°C for 1 hour. Shorter exposures of 43° or 44°C had no significant effect. Stunting from radiation alone ranged from 6.2% at 500 rad to 40% at 2500 rad. At low doses of x-irradiation (500 or 1000 rad), the heat effect was additive; however, at 1500 rad combined with 43° for one hour or 44°C for one half hour, the heat treatment potentiated the radiation effect. A comparison of the radiation alone, versus the combined treatment curves suggests that this potentiation may result from an increased effect on an hypoxic cell fraction in the normal tissue. The rule that a 1°C decrease in temperature is compensated by a heat duration factor of two to produce a given biological effect applied for heat alone, but not for heat following high dose radiation. Overall thermal enhancement ratios (TER) ranged from 1.05 to 1.34 depending on the individual treatments. At doses of 500 and 1000 rad, the TER's were largest when combined with 43° or 44°C for 1 hour, but when the heat effect was subtracted the resultant TER's were not significantly different from a value of 1.0.
Alternate refactoring paths reveal usability problems

Modern Integrated Development Environments (IDEs) support many refactorings. Yet, programmers greatly underuse automated refactorings. Recent studies have applied traditional usability testing methodologies such as surveys, lab studies, and interviews to find the usability problems of refactoring tools. However, these methodologies can identify only certain kinds of usability problems. The critical incident technique (CIT) is a general methodology that uncovers usability problems by analyzing troubling user interactions. We adapt CIT to refactoring tools and show that alternate refactoring paths are indicators of the usability problems of refactoring tools. We define an alternate refactoring path as a sequence of user interactions that contains cancellations, reported messages, or repeated invocations of the refactoring tool. We evaluated our method on a large corpus of refactoring usage data, which we collected during a field study on 36 programmers over three months. This method revealed 15 usability problems, 13 of which were previously unknown. We reported these problems and proposed design improvements to Eclipse developers. The developers acknowledged all of the problems and have already fixed four of them. This result suggests that analyzing alternate paths is effective at discovering the usability problems of interactive program transformation (IPT) tools.
A case for small row buffers in non-volatile main memories

DRAM-based main memories have read operations that destroy the read data, and as a result, must buffer large amounts of data on each array access to keep chip costs low. Unfortunately, system-level trends such as increased memory contention in multi-core architectures and data mapping schemes that improve memory parallelism lead to only a small amount of the buffered data to be accessed. This makes buffering large amounts of data on every memory array access energy-inefficient; yet organizing DRAM chips to buffer small amounts of data is costly, as others have shown [11]. Emerging non-volatile memories (NVMs) such as PCM, STT-RAM, and RRAM, however, do not have destructive read operations, opening up opportunities for employing small row buffers without incurring additional area penalty and/or design complexity. In this work, we discuss and evaluate architectural changes to enable small row buffers at a low cost in NVMs. We find that on a multi-core system, reducing the row buffer size can greatly reduce main memory dynamic energy compared to a DRAM baseline with large row sizes, without greatly affecting endurance, and for some NVM technologies, leads to improved performance.
How flexible is phenotypic plasticity? Developmental windows for trait induction and reversal

Inducible defenses allow prey to modulate their phenotypic responses to the level of predation risk in the environment and reduce the cost of constitutive defenses. Inherent in this statement is that prey must alter their phenotypes during development in order to form these defenses. This has lead many ecologists and evolutionary biologists to call for studies that examine developmental plasticity to provide insights into the importance of development in controlling the trajectories of trait formation, the integration of phenotypes over ontogeny, and the establishment of developmental windows for trait formation and reversal. By moving away from studies that focus on a single point in development, we can obtain a more complete understanding of the phenotypic decisions and limitations of prey. We exposed freshwater snails (Helisoma trivolvis) to environments in which predatory water bugs (Belostoma flumineum) were always absent, always present, or added and removed at different points in development. We discovered that snails formed morphological defenses against water bugs. Importantly, after the initial induction of defenses, snails showed similar developmental trajectories as snails reared without predators. Further, the snails possessed wide developmental windows for inducible defenses that extended past sexual maturity. However, being induced later in development appeared to have an associated cost (i.e., decreased shell thickness) that was not found when water bugs were always present. This epiphenotype (i.e., new shell formation as an extension of the current shell) suggests that resource limitation plays an important role in responses to temporal variation in predation risk and may have critical ecological costs that limit the benefits of the inducible defense. Lastly, the ability of snails to completely reverse their defenses was limited to early in ontogeny due to the constraints associated with modular growth of shell material. In sum, we demonstrate that taking a developmental perspective is extremely valuable for understanding the ecology of inducible defenses.
Optokinetic nystagmus deficits following parieto-occipital cortex lesions in monkeys.

Optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) was induced in six monkeys by rotation of a full field drum. After unilateral lesions of the inferior parietal lobule and prestriate cortex (IPL-PS lesion), three monkeys had diminished velocity of slow components when the drum rotated toward the side of the lesion. OKN slow components appeared normal when the drum rotated in the opposite direction, while fast components appeared normal in both directions. The severity of the slow component deficit was greater at higher rates of stimulus rotation than at lower ones. Recovery occurred within 7–10 days for two monkeys; no recovery was evident after 2 weeks for the third. Subsequent bilateral IPL-PS lesions in two of these monkeys reduced OKN slow phase velocity in both directions. Two monkeys with unilateral lesions limited to the inferior parietal lobule (IPL lesions) had only very mild and transient deficits lasting 1–3 days. Bilateral IPL lesions also produced only slight OKN deficits. One monkey had a lesion which destroyed most of the lateral striate cortex of one hemisphere and had no discernable OKN deficit. These results demonstrate that, in contrast to earlier reports, lesions of parieto-occipital cortex in monkeys produce deficits which are qualitatively similar to, although of shorter duration than, those OKN deficits which commonly are associated with posterior parietal damage in humans.
Treatment model: Occupational therapy for sexual dysfunction

Occupational therapy's health care delivery is concerned in returning patients to as high a level of performance as possible in their activities of daily living. Occupational therapists' efforts, therefore, are concerted toward the patients' ability to successfully resume their various roles. Patients are assisted in managing their household, clothing, bathroom and bed activities, etc. This paper indicates that occupational therapists should also look into the patients' management of sexual activities in the resumption of their sexual roles. It presents the need for the patients' sexual function to be evaluated and dealt with as a legitimate part of the occupational therapy service. Thus, a conceptual treatment model is described in order that occupational therapy may assist patients in resolving, or adapting to, their sexual dysfunction.
Single-Molecule Investigations of Von Willebrand Factor in Hydrodynamic Flow

Von Willebrand factor (VWF) is a multimeric blood glycoprotein that plays a pivotal role in hemostasis - it serves as a ligand for platelet adhesion and aggregation forming a hemostatic platelet plug. We are studying how hydrodynamic forces that arise in the circulation can regulate hemostasis. For example, the binding of the VWF A1 domain to the platelet protein GPIbα is correlated to conditions of strong hydrodynamic flow. We are testing the hypothesis that quaternary unfolding of VWF under hydrodynamic stress activates the VWF adhesive function by exposing A1 domains for binding to the platelet glycoprotein GPIb, and are studying the dynamics of this process.To accomplish this, we are developing powerful new techniques in single-molecule manipulation and detection to investigate how fluid forces generated in the bloodstream affect the structural conformation and function of VWF. We are creating various hydrodynamic flows to mimic a wide range of blood flow conditions, while directly visualizing the conformational dynamics of single VWF molecules in these environments. First, we have utilized a microfluidic device with a cross-slot geometry to study VWF under elongational flow. To expand these studies, we are also utilizing a microfluidic four-roll mill device that has a stagnation point that will allow prolonged observation of VWF under all flow conditions including elongational, shear, and rotational flow. In addition to the microfluidic devices, we are developing a custom “shear wheel” microscope to study fluorescently labeled VWF under shear flow. These novel techniques will enable us to understand how hydrodynamic forces in the bloodstream act on VWF to cause quaternary unfolding, and how this in turn regulates adhesive activity. These findings should also lead to a better understanding of bleeding disorders that result from abnormalities in flow conditions of the circulatory system.
Demonstration of a Compact Compressor for Application of Metastability-Exchange Optical Pumping of 3He to Human Lung Imaging

Hyperpolarized gas magnetic resonance imaging has recently emerged as a method to image lungs, sinuses, and the brain. The best lung images to date have been produced using hyperpolarized 3 He, which is produced by either spin-exchange or metastability-exchange optical pumping. For hyperpolarized gas MRI, the metastable method has demonstrated higher polarization levels and higher polarizing rates, but it requires compression of the hyperpolarized gas. Prior to this work, compression of hyperpolarized gas had only been accomplished using a large, complex and expensive apparatus. Here, human lung ventilation images are presented that were obtained using a compact compressor that is relatively simple and inexpensive. For this test, 1.1 bar-L of 15% hyperpolarized 3 He gas was produced at the National Institute of Standards and Technology using a modified commercial diaphragm pump. The hyperpolarized gas was transported to the University of Pennsylvania in a holding field provided by a portable solenoid.
The distribution of neuropeptide Y and dynorphin immunoreactivity in the brain and pituitary gland of the platyfish, Xiphophorus maculatus, from birth to sexual maturity

Immunoreactive neuropeptide Y and dynorphin have been localized in the brain and pituitary gland of the platyfish, Xiphophorus maculatus, at different ages and stages of development from birth to sexual maturity. Immunoreactive neuropeptide Y was found in perikarya and tracts of the nucleus olfactoretinalis, telencephalon, ventral tegmentum and in the neurohypophysis and in the three regions of the adenohypophysis. Immunoreactive dynorphin was found in nerve tracts in the olfactory bulb and in cells of the pars intermedia and the rostral pars distalis of the pituitary gland.