cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Developmentally Appropriate Career Guidance: Building Concepts to Last a Lifetime

Many young children have very limited knowledge about the world of work. Yet, because work-readiness concepts and competencies are built over time, career decisions made by young adults have their roots in early childhood. Developmentally appropriate career guidance considers not only the age of each child but also his or her talents, needs, and cultural antecedents. Objectives for working with young children include increasing children's occupational awareness and exploration, enhancing their knowledge of self and others, and continuing their development of academic and work-related competencies. By infusing work-readiness activities throughout the curriculum, teachers can help children to build strong concepts that support the decisions they must make a decade or more in the future.
Treatment of insulin resistance-related cardiac and coronary dysfunction by mineralocorticoid receptor antagonism (LB671)

Cardiovascular disease is a major cause of mortality in patients with insulin resistance, a condition associated with renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activation. Mineralocorticoid receptor (MR...
Enabling ubiquitous coordination using application sessions

Enabling coordination among ubiquitous computing applications and resources requires programming abstractions and development tools tailored to this unique environment. This paper introduces a suite of coordination abstractions that enables expressive interaction between ubiquitous computing applications and dynamically available resources. In our model, applications express their coordination needs in terms of application sessions that are loosely defined by a set of interactions with remote resources. Our approach allows developers to delegate responsibility for the construction and maintenance of the communication links necessary to support the application's sessions to an underlying middleware. In this paper, we formalize a suite of session definitions for coordination in general classes of ubiquitous computing applications. We also present a middleware based on this coordination model that directly supports the software development task. Finally, we demonstrate the simplicity and flexibility of our approach using a real-world application.
Nightmare after trauma as paradigm for all dreams: A new approach to the nature and functions of dreaming.

Nightmares, far from being unsuccessful dreams or exceptions to rules about dreams, can be considered paradigms for all dreaming. They allow us to follow exactly how a disturbance or perturbation is handled by the processing systems in our minds. The data considered here consists of dream series in the weeks and months immediately following trauma in adults--in other words, nightmares and dreams occurring as the trauma resolves. It appears the traumatized person may dream first about the actual trauma (though not always), then, very quickly, the dreams appear to deal with the dominant emotion. Dreams of being overwhelmed by a tidal wave or being swept up by a whirlwind are common after almost any trauma. Clearly, such dreams are not about the sensory input from the actual trauma. Rather, the dreams are about the dominant emotion. The dreams contextualize (find a picture context for) the emotional concern. After trauma, the dominant emotion is usually first terror and fear, then often followed by guilt (such as survivor guilt). This too is pictured in the dream series. The same pattern of contextualizing an emotional concern can be seen in stressful situations, in pregnancy, or in patients whose lives are dominated by one emotion. This pattern is paradigmatic for all dreams, but it may be difficult to detect in "ordinary" dreams, because there may be a number of other relatively smaller emotional concerns present, as opposed to the one clear-cut dominant one (as after trauma). A theory of dreaming is sketched out based on these data which suggests that overall dreaming makes connections more broadly than waking in the nets of the mind, and that the connections are not made randomly but guided by the dreamer's emotional concerns. It is also suggested that the making of connections may be functional for the organism in the sense of "weaving in," or integrating, new material.
The Function is Unsaturated

That there is a fundamental difference between objects and functions (among which are concepts) is among the most famous of Frege’s mature views; it is the view encapsulated in the slogan that entitles this paper. It is also among the most puzzling of Frege’s views. Commentators, we think it is fair to say, have by and large had very little idea what to make of it, perhaps with good reason. But we are going to suggest here that this doctrine is not only easy enough to understand, it is also in some sense so deeply embedded in contemporary logic and semantics that it is hard to imagine life without it. That is the reason for our perplexity: We do not understand the view Frege was opposing. To understand the doctrine of unsaturatedness, we must thus uncover its origin. As we shall see, the notion of function with which Frege operates in 1879, in Begriffsschrift, is rather different from what we find in Grundgestze in 1893. The evolution of Frege’s mature conception begins soon after the publication of the former volume, and is largely in place by 1882. What drives this development is Frege’s confrontation with the work of George Boole. Ernst Schroder had argued in a scathing review of Begriffsschrift that Frege had simply replicated the work of the Boolean school—of which Schroder just happened to be the most prominent German member—in a new and excessively cumbersome notation:
Paolo Sigismondi, The Digital Glocalization of Entertainment: New Paradigms in the 21st Century Global Mediascape

More than 10 years have passed since the new millennium started. However, we still witness many political, economic, and cultural issues lingering from the previous millennium. Globalization must be among the most-discussed topics; however, we do not have a clear definition for it. Since the appearance of the modern version of the term, it has been conceptualized and reconceptualized in numerous ways by theorists, thinkers, politicians, activists, and such. Although the idea of globalization is still ambiguous and elusive, a clear tendency indicates that it is moving from a unilateral and linear influence or movement to one of mutually reinforcing and multilayered flows among nation-states and cultures. The view of globalization as a one-way force from “the West to the Rest” predominated for most of the 20th century, but as the 21st century approached and non-Western nation states and blocs appeared on the global stage, such discourse began to change (Featherstone, 1993).
Taj Mahals of Decaying Shacks: Patterns in Local School Capital Stock and Unmet Capital Need

Despite growing interest in the condition of school facilities as a dimension of school finance adequacy, reliable measures of capital stock for large samples of schools are hard to come by. In this article, we offer new methods for (a) measuring the existing capital stock of public schools, (b) defining adequacy in school facilities, and (c) measuring the cost of bringing existing school facilities up to an adequate standard. We apply our procedures to all school districts in Michigan, one of the few states that offers no state aid to local districts for the construction of capital facilities. Our estimates indicate large variations in school buildings and facilities across local communities that are highly correlated with local property wealth. Because we use publicly available data that are recently available for school districts nationwide, these methods can be readily replicated for other states.
Genistein Stimulates MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cell Growth by Inducing Acid Ceramidase (ASAH1) Gene Expression

Sphingolipid metabolites, such as ceramide (Cer), sphingosine (SPH), and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), contribute to multiple aspects of carcinogenesis including cell proliferation, migration, angiogenesis, and tumor resistance. The cellular balance between Cer and S1P levels, for example, is an important determinant of cell fate, with the former inducing apoptosis and the later mitogenesis. Acid ceramidase (ASAH1) plays a pivotal role in regulating the intracellular concentration of these two metabolites by hydrolyzing Cer into SPH, which is rapidly phosphorylated to form S1P. Genistein is a phytoestrogen isoflavone that exerts agonist and antagonist effects on the proliferation of estrogen-dependent MCF-7 cells in a dose-dependent manner, primarily as a ligand for estrogen receptors. Genistein can also activate signaling through GPR30, a G-protein-coupled cell surface receptor. Based on the relationship between bioactive sphingolipids and tumorigenesis, we sought to determine the effect of genistein on ASAH1 transcription in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. We show herein that nanomolar concentrations of genistein induce ASAH1 transcription through a GPR30-dependent, pertussis toxin-sensitive pathway that requires the activation of c-Src and extracellular signal regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2). Activation of this pathway promotes histone acetylation and recruitment of phospho-estrogen receptor α and specificity protein-1 to the ASAH1 promoter, ultimately culminating in increased ceramidase activity. Finally, we show that genistein stimulates cyclin B2 expression and cell proliferation in an ASAH1-dependent manner. Collectively, these data identify a mechanism through which genistein promotes sphingolipid metabolism and support a role for ASAH1 in breast cancer cell growth.
Technological Change, Relative Worker Productivity, and Firm-Level Substitution Evidence From the NBA

In this article, we examine the effect, on players, of a change in the technology for scoring points in the NBA, the introduction of the three-point line. While a naive prediction about the impact of this change suggests that it would disproportionately raise the productivity and value of guards who are more likely to shoot the ball from behind the three-point line, we show in a simple model that the strategic response of the defense leads the three-point line to increase the relative productivity of players who are more likely to shoot closer to the basket. We provide evidence that centers and forwards experienced increases in relative productivity with the introduction of the three-point line. Finally, we present evidence that the labor market in the NBA adjusted by increasing the demand for height in the NBA draft. Our results highlight the potential for strategic adjustments to affect the bias of technological change.
A portable storage management system for the icon programming language

Icon is a new programming language designed primarily for non-numerical applications. Its roots are in SNOBOL4 and SL5; as in those languages, execution-time flexibility is an important attribute of Icon, although some aspects of programs are bound at compile time to improve efficiency. Icon, which is implemented in Ratfor, is also intended to be portable and suitable for 16-bit computers. The storage management system in Icon is designed to meet the goals of portability, flexibility and efficiency. This is accomplished by subdividing the storage management system into a set of type-specific storage management subsystems. This paper describes the implementation of these subsystems, their interaction, and their performance.
Patient and Ventilator Work of Breathing and Ventilatory Muscle Loads at Different Levels of Pressure Support Ventilation

1991;100;531-533 Chest M J Banner, R R Kirby and N R MacIntyre pressure support ventilation. ventilatory muscle loads at different levels of Patient and ventilator work of breathing and http://chestjournal.chestpubs.org/content/100/2/531.citation can be found online on the World Wide Web at: The online version of this article, along with updated information and services ) ISSN:0012-3692 http://chestjournal.chestpubs.org/site/misc/reprints.xhtml ( without the prior written permission of the copyright holder. reserved. No part of this article or PDF may be reproduced or distributed Chest Physicians, 3300 Dundee Road, Northbrook, IL 60062. All rights of been published monthly since 1935. Copyright1991by the American College is the official journal of the American College of Chest Physicians. It has Chest
Internal and external hemipelvectomy or flail hip in patients with sarcomas quality-of-life and functional outcomes

Objective We evaluated the quality-of-life of patients who have had an internal hemipelvectomy with and without (flail hip) prosthetic reconstruction and external hemipelvectomy. Design We reviewed the cases of 15 patients who had undergone either internal or external hemipelvectomy for tumor. Fifteen patients who were previously treated operatively with either a type II periacetabular internal (n = 5) or external (n = 10) hemipelvectomy were evaluated using the Toronto Extremity Salvage Score (TESS), Musculoskeletal Tumor Society (MSTS), and the 36-item Short-Form Health Survey. There were 11 (73%) men and 4 (27%) women in the study, with a mean age at operation of 46.9 ± 18.0 yrs (range, 18-69 yrs). Results Follow-up was 30.6 ± 19.6 mos (range, 6-70 mos). Overall mean MSTS score was 45.2 (range, 6.7 to 83.3), and TESS score was 60.4 ± 16.1 (range, 31.8-88.0). The 36-item Short-Form Health Survey physical component score results were lower than the general population. TESS and MSTS were all positively correlated to physical component score. There were no significant influences of postsurgery time on MSTS, TESS, or physical component score. Age had a negative correlation with physical function. Conclusions Quality-of-life and functional outcome were significantly reduced for patients with internal and external hemipelvectomies on the TESS, MSTS, and the 36-item Short-Form Health Survey physical component scores.
A Multi-resolution Entropic-Based Image Processing Technique for Diagnostic Analysis of Microcirculation Videos

Segmentation of microcirculation is a major step in analyzing blood circulatory system. In this study, a method for segmentation of capillaries and small blood vessels in video recordings captured from lingual surface is presented. The main objective is to monitor and quantitatively assess the variations that occur in microcirculation over a period of treatment for diseases or during a resuscitation process. The resulting system will assist physicians and researchers to make diagnostically and therapeutically important decisions such as determination of effectiveness of drug usage and resuscitation process. The algorithm is based on advanced digital image processing methods to detect capillaries and to determine the Functional Capillary Density (FCD) in order to identify the distribution of blood flow for a variety of normal and abnormal cases. The technique consists of four main steps; preprocessing, video stabilization, segmentation and post-processing. This study specifically focuses on minimizing user interaction and improving the accuracy of results. Visual inspection of the results by medical experts indicates that the technique can identify 95% of active capillaries and small blood vessels.
Oral hairy leukoplakia in nonimmunosuppressed patients: Report of four cases

Hairy leukoplakia was first described in association with HIV infection. Today hairy leukoplakia has come to represent a sign of immunosuppression and not just of HIV infection. Although molecular mechanisms have not been fully elucidated, Epstein-Barr virus appears to play a significant role in its etiopathogenesis. We present four cases that illustrate that HL may be seen in non-HIV and nonimmunocompromised patients. The use of high potency topical steroids for the treatment of oral vesiculoerosive diseases seems to have been a contributing factor in two of these cases.
Operationalizing multilingualism: language learning motivation in Turkey

This study is an examination of language learning motivation and multilingual status in the Turkish English as a foreign language (EFL) context. Using Dornyei's L2 Motivational Self System (L2MSS) framework, specifically the ideal and ought-to L2 selves, this study examines the relationship between motivation and two operationalizations of multilingualism: (1) any experience with a third language and (2) Perceived Positive Language Interaction (PPLI). Using an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and one-way ANOVAs with the data from 159 EFL learners in Turkey, the results indicate that there is a significant group effect for multilingual status for both operationalizations of multilingualism with the ideal L2 self; however, no significant difference was found between the groups with the ought-to L2 self. There is also a discussion about the importance of performing EFAs with questionnaire data in a variety of contexts, as well as further insights regarding the operationalization of the PPLI construct. As th...
The oral commensal, Streptococcus gordonii, synergizes with Tat protein to induce HIV-1 promoter activation in monocytes/macrophages.

Abstract Trans -activator of transcription (Tat) is an HIV-1 protein essential for viral replication. Oral periodontopathogens (e.g. Fusobacterium nucleatum ) enhance HIV-1LTR promoter activation in monocytes/macrophages in absence of Tat; however, some oral commensals fail to trigger this response. We sought to determine the effect of Tat on HIV-1LTR promoter activation induced by the representative oral commensal Streptococcus gordonii in monocytes/macrophages. S. gordonii enhanced HIV-1LTR reactivation in THP89GFP (Tat + ), but not in BF24 (Tat − ) cells. Interestingly, S. gordonii , but not Streptococcus sanguinis enhanced HIV-1LTR activation in the presence of recombinant Tat in BF24 cells. This response correlated with IL-8 but not TNFα or IL-6 production, and was abrogated by the NFκB inhibitor BAY 11–7082. Kinetics of NFκB-RelA activation did not explain the S. gordonii -induced HIV-1LTR activation in presence of Tat. These results suggest that S. gordonii -induced HIV-1 reactivation in monocytes/macrophages is Tat-dependent and appears to involve NFκB activation.
Selection bias related to parental consent in school-based survey research.

The authors examined differences between students with and without written parental consent to take part in a sensitive health survey. The data were collected using a consent procedure combining "active" and "passive" response options. Two thousand seven hundred five 9th and 12th graders whose parents provided written consent completed a full survey. An identical survey, without sex-related questions, was completed by 3,533 students whose parents gave "passive" consent to this less sensitive version. Students with written consent were more likely to be White, to live in two-parent households, to have a grade point average of B or above, and to be involved in extracurricular activities. They were also more likely to have been exposed to health promotion interventions. Irregular seat belt use was lower in the written-consent group at both grade levels. Among 9th graders, cigarette smoking was less prevalent in the written-consent group. There were no significant differences in alcohol or illicit drug use.
Model-based system for automatic target recognition from forward-looking laser-radar imagery

We describe an experimental model-based automatic target recognition (ATR) system, called XTRS, for recognizing 3-D vehicles in real or synthetic, ground-based or airborne, 2-D laser-radar range and intensity images. The key to recognition is a new generic matching engine that compares image events (e.g., silhouettes) and their constituent primitives to some appearance-model (AM) hierarchy , which describes how 3-D, possibly articulated, objects appear in the imagery. We describe each of the system's components, i.e., the event characterization (for extracting events from images and decomposing the events into primitives), the models, the matching, and the control. XTRS may also perform low-level information fusion by constructing feature-indicating interest images and combining them into an overall interest image used for locating an event. Examples of processing and performance results are given for real CO 2 ground-based laser-radar imagery. We also report on a performance evaluation of XTRS based on synthetic data where important parameters (e.g., range to target) are systematically varied. Overall, more than 1500 range and intensity image pairs have been used throughout the development of XTRS.
Potato leafroll virus purification and antiserum preparation for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays

Potato leafroll virus (PLRV) was purified from potato foliage and stems with an average yield of 0.14 mg of PLRV/kg of potato. Modifications of an existing purification procedure are reported. Five low dosage (38-118 μg of PLRV) intravenous injections were used to produce a PLRV antiserum for use in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) from tubers. PLRV was readily detected in ELISA testing of potato tubers and leaves and inPhysalis floridana Rybd. Non-specific reactions were low with all tissues. In parallel tests, a Canadian antiserum produced higher nonspecific reactions with tuber and leaf tissue. The results indicated that the use of low dosage-intravenous injections might be necessary methodology for producing PLRV antiserum for use in ELISA diagnostic tests with tuber tissue where high non-specific reactions have been reported.
State Switching Digital Control Technique for Switched Reluctance Motor Drives

It has been anticipated that switched reluctance motor (SRM) drives will become the future drives of choice due to the simplicity of the motor construction, high speed capability, and relatively high power density. The motor has windings on the stator and a passive rotor made of ferromagnetic material such as iron. However, the control of the motor is quite complex due to the nonlinearities in the magnetic flux linkage seen on the stator as the rotor spins, as well as the saturation of the magnetic material. Numerous memory and/or processor intensive solutions have been proposed to deal with the control problem. The focus of this paper is to develop a simple controller for the SRM based on state switching (digital) control concept. The concept of digital control is that the motor can be brought to and kept in any state by switching the motor mode of control between two predefined states (the two "digital" states), which are above and below the desired steady state of the motor. This controller can be implemented in low-complexity analogue circuitry. In the current work it was shown that the optimal method of controlling the motor is to switch between two states which differ by reference current at low speeds (below pulse mode), and conduction angles at very high speeds. Control design equations are derived, and disturbance rejection capability is calculated. Simulation results for various operating modes are presented.
Elastic constants, fault energies, and dislocation reactions in TiAl: A first-principles total-energy investigation

Abstract First-principles total-energy calculations of the elastic constants and shear fault energies of TiAl are presented. We find a large elastic-shear anisotropy along the [011] direction, and high antiphase-boundary energies due to the strong cohesion between Ti and A1 layers as well as the formation of directional d bonds in the Ti layer. Shear faults of intrinsic type, extrinsic type and twin boundary type are predicted to be prevalent owing to their low energies. The anomalous temperature dependence of the flow stress is explained by the cross-slip-pinning and fault-dragging mechanisms. The intrinsic brittleness of TiAl is discussed in terms of these results.
Family status and contributions to breeding by Florida scrub jays

Abstract Nestling care by Florida scrub jay Aphelocoma c. coerulescens breeders and helpers is quantified. Breeding males and older male helpers deliver more food than first-year helpers and older female helpers. Breeding males adjust the quantity of food they deliver inversely to that delivered by their helpers. Older female helpers, who make many nest visits without delivering food, attempt to usurp the nest-sitting role of the breeding female. The advantages of group breeding to the breeders seem clear. Pairs with helpers live longer and produce more fledglings. The advantages of being a helper, though obscure, probably include non-altruistic factors such as increased survival and, for males, increased chances of obtaining space for breeding. Food contributions of helpers seem to parallel these opportunities.
Trade as a threshold variable for multiple regimes: Reply

Abstract Huang and Chang's comment pointing to an error in Papageorgiou [Papageorgiou, C., 2002. “Trade as a Threshold Variable for Multiple Regimes,” Economics Letters 77, 85–91.] is gratefully acknowledged but more recent work (using a new methodological advancement in threshold estimation) is suggestive of the result claimed in the earlier paper.
Partitioning detectability components in populations subject to within-season temporary emigration using binomial mixture models

Detectability of individual animals is highly variable and nearly always < 1; imperfect detection must be accounted for to reliably estimate population sizes and trends. Hierarchical models can simultaneously estimate abundance and effective detection probability, but there are several different mechanisms that cause variation in detectability. Neglecting temporary emigration can lead to biased population estimates because availability and conditional detection probability are confounded. In this study, we extend previous hierarchical binomial mixture models to account for multiple sources of variation in detectability. The state process of the hierarchical model describes ecological mechanisms that generate spatial and temporal patterns in abundance, while the observation model accounts for the imperfect nature of counting individuals due to temporary emigration and false absences. We illustrate our model’s potential advantages, including the allowance of temporary emigration between sampling periods, with a case study of southern red-backed salamanders Plethodon serratus. We fit our model and a standard binomial mixture model to counts of terrestrial salamanders surveyed at 40 sites during 3–5 surveys each spring and fall 2010–2012. Our models generated similar parameter estimates to standard binomial mixture models. Aspect was the best predictor of salamander abundance in our case study; abundance increased as aspect became more northeasterly. Increased time-since-rainfall strongly decreased salamander surface activity (i.e. availability for sampling), while higher amounts of woody cover objects and rocks increased conditional detection probability (i.e. probability of capture, given an animal is exposed to sampling). By explicitly accounting for both components of detectability, we increased congruence between our statistical modeling and our ecological understanding of the system. We stress the importance of choosing survey locations and protocols that maximize species availability and conditional detection probability to increase population parameter estimate reliability.
Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Surgery or Lifestyle With Intensive Medical Management in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: Feasibility and 1-Year Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial

Importance Emerging data support bariatric surgery as a therapeutic strategy for management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Objective To test the feasibility of methods to conduct a larger multisite trial to determine the long-term effect of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery compared with an intensive diabetes medical and weight management (Weight Achievement and Intensive Treatment [Why WAIT]) program for type 2 diabetes. Design, Setting, and Participants A 1-year pragmatic randomized clinical trial was conducted in an academic medical institution. Participants included persons aged 21 to 65 years with type 2 diabetes diagnosed more than 1 year before the study; their body mass index was 30 to 42 (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) and hemoglobin A 1c (HbA 1c ) was greater than or equal to 6.5%. All participants were receiving antihyperglycemic medications. Interventions RYGB (n = 19) or Why WAIT (n = 19) including 12 weekly multidisciplinary group lifestyle, medical, and educational sessions with monthly follow-up thereafter. Main Outcomes and Measures Proportion of patients with fasting plasma glucose levels less than 126 mg/dL and HbA 1c less than 6.5%, measures of cardiometabolic health, and patient-reported outcomes. Results At 1 year, the proportion of patients achieving HbA 1c below 6.5% and fasting glucose below 126 mg/dL was higher following RYGB than Why WAIT (58% vs 16%, respectively; P = .03). Other outcomes, including HbA 1c , weight, waist circumference, fat mass, lean mass, blood pressure, and triglyceride levels, decreased and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol increased more after RYGB compared with Why WAIT. Improvement in cardiovascular risk scores was greater in the surgical group. At baseline the participants exhibited moderately low self-reported quality-of-life scores reflected by Short Form-36 total, physical health, and mental health, as well as high Impact of Weight on Quality of Life–Lite and Problem Areas in Diabetes health status scores. At 1 year, improvements in Short Form-36 physical and mental health scores and Problem Areas in Diabetes scores did not differ significantly between groups. The Impact of Weight on Quality of Life–Lite score improved more with RYGB and correlated with greater weight loss compared with Why WAIT. Conclusions and Relevance In obese patients with type 2 diabetes, RYGB produces greater weight loss and sustained improvements in HbA 1c and cardiometabolic risk factors compared with medical management, with emergent differences over 1 year. Both treatments improve general quality-of-life measures, but RYGB provides greater improvement in the effect of weight on quality of life. These differences may help inform therapeutic decisions for diabetes and weight loss strategies in obese patients with type 2 diabetes until larger randomized trials are performed. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier:NCT01073020
A global alliance against tropical diseases

The tenth annual meeting of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Internal Centers for Tropical Disease Research was held, 7-9 May 2001, in Bethesda, MD, USA.
Case of the season

Polype fibreuse inflammatoire de l'œsophage chez une femme de 40 ans. La pierre d'exerese mesurait 13 cm×6 cm×3 cm et pesant 62 g
Finite-temperature extension of the quasicontinuum method using Langevin dynamics: entropy losses and analysis of errors

The concurrent bridging of molecular dynamics and continuum thermodynamics presents a number of challenges, mostly associated with energy transmission and changes in the constitutive description of a material across domain boundaries. In this paper, we propose a framework for simulating coarse dynamic systems in the canonical ensemble using the quasicontinuum method (QC). The equations of motion are expressed in reduced QC coordinates and are strictly derived from dissipative Lagrangian mechanics. The derivation naturally leads to a classical Langevin implementation where the timescale is governed by vibrations emanating from the finest length scale occurring in the computational cell. The equations of motion are integrated explicitly via Newmark's (β = 0; γ = 1/2) method, which is parametrized to ensure overdamped dynamics. In this fashion, spurious heating due to reflected vibrations is suppressed, leading to stable canonical trajectories. To estimate the errors introduced by the QC reduction in the resulting dynamics, we have quantified the vibrational entropy losses in Al uniform meshes by calculating the thermal expansion coefficient for a number of conditions. We find that the entropic depletion introduced by coarsening varies linearly with the element size and is independent of the nodal cluster diameter. We rationalize the results in terms of the system, mesh and cluster sizes within the framework of the quasiharmonic approximation. The limitations of the method and alternatives to mitigate the errors introduced by coarsening are discussed. This work represents the first of a series of studies aimed at developing a fully non-equilibrium finite-temperature extension of QC.
The international flavours of corporate social responsibility

This article discusses the cultural implications of corporate social responsibility (CSR) specifically as it relates to the Hofstede's dimensions of individualism and collectivism. We propose that not only can these values alter organisational orientations towards CSR but may ultimately affect firm strategic performance in foreign direct investment. Theoretical arguments and discussion are provided as well as the possible benefits to both academics and managers that can be procured from greater empirical investigation of this line of research.
Family history of hypertension and cardiovascular responses to orthostatic stress.

Cardiovascular effects of orthostatic stress (sitting to standing) were assessed in 60 healthy young male subjects according lo family history of hypertension (half with a positive and half with a negative family history' of hypertension). Systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBF) were recorded on each successive heart heal using a non-invasive blood pressure tracking system. Heart rate (HR) and respiration rate (RR) were also recorded. During the postural change, characteristic phasic changes were shown with an initial fall and subsequent recover of SBP and DBF and a mirror image response in MR and RR. Phasic analysis of the pre-standing sit, peak/trough, and recovery stand values indicated group differences in the initial as well as the later phases of orthostatic response. In the initial phase, subjects with a positive family history of hypertension showed an earlier trough in systolic and pulse pressure and an earlier peak in heart rate response immediately on standing up. The level of the pulse pressure trough was also higher in these subjects. In the later standing phase, these subjects showed higher levels of pulse pressure. The results were interpreted in terms of increased sympathetic nervous system activity during the initial phase and structural and neurocirculatory abnormalities in the later phase of orthostatic regulation in individuals with a positive family history of hypertension.
Penile Prosthesis Pump Tubing Erosion into Urethra Appearing as Inability to Catheterize: A Case Report

ABSTRACT Introduction Erosion of penile prosthesis tubing represents a late complication of penile prosthesis surgery. To our knowledge, this is the first report of isolated erosion of penile implant pump tubing into the urethra in an otherwise asymptomatic patient. The patient had no signs of infection or erosion and no voiding complaints. His only problem was that his urinary catheter was not able to be placed during his vascular surgery procedure. Methods Patient with a 5‐year history of erectile dysfunction refractory to therapy with PDE5 inhibitors, injection therapy, and vacuum erection device therapy underwent placement of an Alpha‐1 Mentor inflatable penile prosthesis. The patient underwent femoral‐popliteal bypass at month 21, and during the procedure, the vascular service was unable to place a urinary catheter. Erosion of the tubing from his penile prosthesis was then noted at approximately the junction between the membranous and bulbar urethra. Results Patient was without signs of infection and had no voiding complaints. These findings were discovered because of the inability to place a urinary catheter for his femoral‐popliteal bypass. Diagnosis was made by flexible cystoscopy. Conclusions No evidence of infection was noted on examination, and the patient was otherwise asymptomatic. Diagnosis can be made by flexible cystoscopy. Subsequent removal of the penile implant was curative. Brown ET, Saunders SE, and Zaslau S. Penile prosthesis pump tubing erosion into urethra appearing as inability to catheterize: A case report. J Sex Med **;**:** – **.
Best Practices in Corporate Governance: What Two Decades of Research Reveals

This report addresses two key questions for today's top executives: Do acquisitions create value for acquirers? And under what circumstances have acquisitions created the most value for acquiring shareholders? The authors' analysis of over 1,500 completed deals by non-financial companies in the United States over the past 12 years shows that, at announcement, acquirers' shareholders suffer small losses, on average, in the short term around the initial deal announcement. Over longer intervals, such as one or two years following the announcement of the transaction, acquirers tend to slightly outperform industry peers. The average or median market response hides tremendous variability in how the market has reacted to individual deals, however. This article provides evidence that the “right” M&A transaction can create substantial value for acquirers. One-quarter of the transactions lead to market-adjusted gains in excess of 5% for the acquirer and oneeighth of the transactions lead to gains in excess of 10% in the short term. However, some deals have also destroyed substantial shareholder value. Financing structure is a key driver of the stock market reaction. Stock-financed transactions, on average, have a negative stock market reaction, while cash-financed transactions have benefited acquirers in both the short term as well as the long term. Acquisitions of private companies or assets and units of public companies have consistently generated higher returns for acquirers than purchases of public companies. Moreover, EPS dilution is not a major driver of how the stock market reacts to a deal. Although “accretive” deals perform slightly better than “dilutive” ones in the short and long run, the difference is small and not statistically significant. Over the long run, acquiring shareholders have benefited the most from deals within the same industry and that avoid targets with relatively optimistic earnings growth projections.
Dynamic glycosylation of the transcription factor CREB: a potential role in gene regulation.

We report that CREB (cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein), a transcription factor essential for long-term memory, is O-GlcNAc glycosylated in the mammalian brain. Glycosylation occurs at two sites within the Q2 domain and disrupts the interaction between CREB and TAF_(II)130, thereby repressing the transcriptional activity of CREB in vitro. These findings have important implications for the role of O-GlcNAc glycosylation in gene regulation, and they provide a link between O-GlcNAc and information storage processes in the brain.
A comparison of methods for the evaluation of fungicides.

A method for the evaluation of water soluble fungicides against a single test organism,Trichophyton mentagrophytes, is proposed which shows a relatively narrow range of activity, sharp end points, and is consistent and reproducible with at least two fungicides which vary greatly in their fungicidal activity. The data presented show that the point at which 50 percent of the sample exhibits growth, and the limits of the range of activity are extended in the A. P. H. A. method over the corresponding value obtained by the procedure developed in this study. It would appear that the method developed herein has overcome certain technical errors, eliminated any fungistatic effect caused by a residue of the chemical being evaluated in the viability test, and has eventuated in a technic, which because of its concise results may have wide application to the problem of the critical assessment of fungicidal agents.
Cultural studies and genetics of sexuality of Ganoderma lucidum and G. tsugae in relation to the taxonomy of the G. lucidum complex.

Ganoderma lucidum and G. tsugae are two members of the G. lucidum complex that have had a controversial taxonomic relationship. The authenticity of the two widely distributed wood-rotting species w...
Fluorometric determination of isonicotinic acid hydrazide in serum.

Abstract The method herein described for separation of INH by means of an ion-exchange column and subsequent measurement of the fluorescent compound formed by H2O2 and heat is quantitative for the measurement of INH in serum in concentrations of 0.05 to 10 μg ING/ml of serum. Neither AINH nor INA interfere and any possible interference of NAM is eliminated by means of a serum blank. IPINH may also be determined by this method; thus, the presence of IPINH in serum or tissues will interfere with INH determination. A distinct advantage of the method is that no special purification of chemicals or solvents is needed, and that it involves no losses in solvent extraction procedures. Several other pyridine derivatives yield highly fluorescent products when treated with H2O2 and heat. The conditions necessary for their reaction and the properties of the fluorescent compounds formed are described.
Prenatal Niemann-Pick Disease: Biochemical and Histologic Examination of a 19-Gestational Week Fetus

Prenatal Niemann-Pick Disease: Biochemical and Histologic Examination of a 19-Gestational Week Fetus
Iterative Control of Piezoactuator for Evaluating Biomimetic, Cilia-Based Micromixing

This paper evaluates the use of different excitation waveforms to improve biomimetic-cilia-based mixing in microfluidic applications. A challenge in such studies is that, at high frequencies, vibrations in the piezoactuator can distort the achieved excitation waveform. An iterative approach is used in this work to account for the vibrational dynamics and avoid unwanted vibrations in the achieved excitation waveforms, and thereby enable the evaluation of different excitation waveforms on mixing. The main contribution of this study is to use these controlled, excitation waveforms for showing that: 1) mixing time is substantially reduced by more than an order of magnitude with the use of cilia when compared to the case without cilia, and 2) mixing time with cilia can be further reduced, by more than half, by using an asymmetric excitation waveform when compared to symmetric sinusoidal excitation.
Proposed Flight Research of a Dual-Bell Rocket Nozzle Using the NASA F-15 Airplane

For more than a half-century, several types of altitude-compensating rocket nozzles have been proposed and analyzed, but very few have been adequately tested in a relevant flight environment. One type of altitude-compensating nozzle is the dual-bell rocket nozzle, which was first introduced into literature in 1949. Despite the performance advantages that have been predicted, both analytically and through static test data, the dual-bell nozzle has still not been adequately tested in a relevant flight environment. This paper proposes a method for conducting testing and research with a dual-bell rocket nozzle in a flight environment. We propose to leverage the existing NASA F-15 airplane and Propulsion Flight Test Fixture as the flight testbed, with the dual-bell nozzle operating during captive-carried flights, and with the nozzle subjected to a local flow field similar to that of a launch vehicle. The primary objective of this effort is not only to advance the technology readiness level of the dual-bell nozzle, but also to gain a greater understanding of the nozzle mode transitional sensitivity to local flow-field effects, and to quantify the performance benefits with this technology. The predicted performance benefits are significant, and may result in reducing the cost of delivering payloads to low-Earth orbit.
Working with nonheterosexual youth to understand sexual identity development, at-risk behaviors, and implications for health care professionals.

This article outlines special issues related to being a nonheterosexual youth. Information is presented on the sexual development of homosexual youth and their unique challenges. Included are data about the average age of initial awareness and self-identification of gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgendered, and questioning youth. The average age of awareness of homosexual orientation is between 10 or 11 years, while the average for identifying or self-labeling is ages 13–15. This age range is consistent across studies. The special issues related to a unique sexual development, prejudices associated with being a nonheterosexually oriented youth, typical behavioral outcomes of dealing with discrimination, and major health concerns for this at-risk population are identified. Finally, implications for health care professionals working with these adolescents are outlined.
Change in glycemia in a four-year interval in younger-onset insulin-dependent diabetes

Hyperglycemia is an important risk factor for the development of retinopathy and nephropathy in people with diabetes mellitus. There are few population-based data on changes in glycemia over time. The purpose of this study was to examine changes in glycemia, as measured by glycosylated hemoglobin in 1980 to 1982 and in 1984 to 1986, in a large population-based study of people who were diagnosed to have diabetes before the age of 30 years and who used insulin (n = 697). Glycosylated hemoglobin was measured by a microcolumn technique at both examinations. There was a significant (P < .001) fall in the mean glycosylated hemoglobin from 10. 8 to 10.1 % over the 4-year interval of the study. In contrast, there was no change in the glycosylated hemoglobin (6.2%) in a similarly aged nondiabetic comparison group over the same period. The decrease in mean glycosylated hemoglobin over the 4-year period in the diabetic group was associated with several characteristics of diabetes management. These include changes in the insulin regimen (going from intermediate- or long-acting insulin only to combinations with short-acting insulin), an increase in the number of doses of insulin per day, and a higher frequency of self-monitoring of blood glucose level. It was also associated with an increased number of reported insulin reactions. These data suggest that recent changes in treatment and management of diabetes may be related to a significant decrease in glycemia.
Simulated high heat load performance of an inclined crystal monochromator

Thermal distortions of an inclined silicon crystal subjected to the high heat loads expected for a 2.5 m long undulator at the Advanced Photon Source were simulated, and the distortions were then used to calculate (111), (111) (+, -) double crystal rocking curves. The inclination angle for all the simulations was either 80 degree(s) or 85 degree(s). The first crystal was assumed to be a slab that was uniformly cooled on its underside with liquid gallium.
Comparisons of diesel spray liquid penetration and vapor fuel distributions with in-cylinder optical measurements

The performance of two spray models for predicting liquid and vapor fuel distribution, combustion and emissions is investigated. The model predictions are compared with extensive data from in-cylinder laser diagnostics carried out in an optically accessible heavy-duty, D. I, diesel engine over a wide range of operating conditions. Top-deadcenter temperature and density were varied between 800 K and 1100 K and 11.1 and 33.2 kg/m 3 , respectively. Two spray breakup mechanisms were considered: due to Kelvin-Helmholtz (KH) instabilities and to Rayleigh-Taylor (RT) instabilities, Comparisons of a wide range of parameters, which include in-cylinder pressure, apparent heat release rate, liquid fuel penetration, vapor distribution and soot distribution, have shown that a combination of the KH and the RT mechanisms gives realistic predictions, In particular, the limited liquid fuel penetration observed experimentally was captured by including these two competing mechanisms in the spray model. Furthermore, the penetration of the vapor fuel ahead of the liquid spray was also captured. A region of high soot concentration at the spray tip was observed experimentally and also predicted by the KH-RT spray breakup model.