cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A system classification algorithm using neural networks

A system classification algorithm to classify an image into targets and backgrounds is presented. The algorithm uses a double window filter in which the inner window surrounds the predicted target(s), and the outer window contains the predicted background(s). A solution to the problem of threshold selection is given. An example is given to illustrate the application of this algorithm for multi-target and multi-background classification. >
The Supervision Institute

Abstract Supervision continues to be the primary format for the development and maintenance of practice skills for students and practitioners. Many practitioners with graduate degrees assume supervisory responsibilities with little specialized training in supervision. The Supervision Institute offers this support to agency based supervisors. Following a brief history of the development of the Institute, this paper describes the structure and content of the Institute's six session supervision training program. The last section of the paper addresses three major themes (the use of power, parallel process and diversity) which have emerged from the sessions.
Binding of phytochrome B to its nuclear signalling partner PIF3 is reversibly induced by light

The phytochrome photoreceptor family directs plant gene expression by switching between biologically inactive and active conformers in response to the sequential absorption of red and farred photons. Several intermediates that act late in the phytochrome signalling pathway have been identified, but fewer have been identified that act early in the pathway. We have cloned a nuclear basic helix-loop-helix protein, PIF3, which can bind to non-photoactive carboxy-terminal fragments of phytochromes A and B and functions in phytochrome signalling in vivo. Here we show that full-length photoactive phytochrome B binds PIF3 in vitro only upon light-induced conversion to its active form, and that photoconversion back to its inactive form causes dissociation from PIF3. We conclude that photosensory signalling by phytochrome B involves light-induced, conformer-specific recognition of the putative transcriptional regulator PIF3, providing a potential mechanism for direct photoregulation of gene expression.
Laser sputtering: Part III. The mechanism of the sputtering of metals low energy densities

Abstract A series of metals has been bombarded with 12 ns photon pulses at a wavelength of 248 nm. For an energy density near threshold of 2.3 ± 0.3 J cm 2 , Al, Au and Pt showed surface topography indicative of melting, whereas Mo, Re and W showed topography indicative of remaining solid. Provided the heating efficiencies are comparable with these metals, the results suggest that the surface temperatures were 2500 ± 400 K. To investigate the heating efficiencies, it is shown that the thermal-diffusion time constant is much less than the laser pulse length and that the relevant diffusion solution is therefore of the type ΔT ∞ (1 − R) ( M A ρC ) 1 2 , where ΔT is temperature increase. R is reflectivity, M is molecular weight, K is thermal conductivity, p is density, and C is heat capacity. Considering the values of (1 -R)( M K ρC ) 1 2 for the six metals studied suggests that it was indeed correct to compare all but Al and, to some extent, Mo. This requires that the temperature estimate be altered to 2750 ± 700 K. Consequences of the present temperature estimates include the possibility, for an energy density of 2.3 ± 0.3 J cm 2 , of definitively excluding thermal sputtering and of confirming hydrodynamical sputtering as the cause of the craters found on Al and Au.
Degrees of freedom region of the MIMO two-transmit, two-receive network with General message sets

We establish the degrees of freedom (DoF) region for the multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) two-transmit, tworeceive network which has an arbitrary number of antennas at each of its four terminals. General message sets are considered, from which all possible communication scenarios based on twotransmit, two-receive network can be regarded as special cases. An outer bound is given first and then it is shown to be tight. In particular, we propose a linear precoding scheme that can achieve all the DoF tuples in the region. Time extension and asymmetric complex signaling are utilized when necessary. The scheme works for both constant channel as well as time/frequency varying channel scenarios. From our general result, one can obtain the degrees of freedom region and the corresponding DoF-optimal precoding scheme for the two-transmit, two-receive network with any subset of all possible messages. Some of these DoF regions have been found before, but many are new. Our work sheds light on the optimal message sets design that could take the most advantage of channel resources in a flexible and efficient manner.
The persistence of behavioral sensitization to cocaine parallels enhanced inhibition of nucleus accumbens neurons

The mesoaccumbens dopamine system is intricately involved in the locomotor stimulation produced by cocaine and sensitization of this effect following repeated cocaine administration. The mechanisms responsible for the expression of sensitized locomotion appear to involve alterations in both presynaptic (increased dopamine release) and postsynaptic (increased responsiveness of dopamine D1 receptors) aspects of dopamine neurotransmission within the nucleus accumbens. The present experiments used behavioral and single-cell electrophysiological techniques to determine the persistence of sensitization and of enhanced postsynaptic responses to cocaine within the nucleus accumbens following various periods of withdrawal from repeated cocaine treatment (10 mg/kg i.p., twice daily, 14 d). Behavioral sensitization to the locomotor stimulant effects of cocaine was evident after 1 d, 1 week, and 1 month, but not 2 months of withdrawal. A similar time course was observed for the enhanced efficacy of cocaine-induced inhibition of nucleus accumbens neurons, whether cocaine was administered systemically or locally by microiontophoresis. Nucleus accumbens neurons also exhibited sensitized inhibitory responses to iontophoretically applied GABA after 1 d of withdrawal, but not later times. These findings suggest that cocaine sensitization is relatively persistent, but not necessarily permanent, and support the hypothesis that expression of behavioral sensitization to cocaine involves actions within the NAc, particularly those mediated by dopamine D1 receptors.
A conversational item banking and test construction system

Most conscientious college instructors maintain a pool of items to facilitate the construction of course examinations. Typically, each item is typed on a 5"X8" card and coded by course, book chapter, concept and other such keys. The back of the card usually contains data about the item collected from one or more administrations of the item. To construct a test, the instructor peruses this item bank looking for items that meet his current needs. Items are selected on the basis of their content and further filtered by examining the item data on the card, overlapping items are eliminated, and the emphasis of the test is balanced. After having maintained such a system for a number of years, it became obvious that there should be a better way. Consequently, the total process of maintaining an item bank and creating a test was examined in detail. The result of this study was the design and implementation of the Test Construction and Analysis Program (TCAP). The design goal was to provide an instructor with a computer based item banking and test construction system. Because the typical instructor maintains a rather modest item bank, the design emphasis was upon flexibility and capabilities rather than upon capacity. In order to achieve the necessary flexibility TCAP was implemented as a conversational system using an interactive terminal. Considerable care was taken to build a system that had a very simple computer-user interface.
Magnetic depth profiles by neutron reflection

Fresnel reflection of polarized neutrons provides direct information on the dependence of the magnetic induction B in materials as a function of the depth z from their surface. The reflectivity of the neutron beam from the surface is sizeable for a glancing angle of a fraction of degree (for neutron wavelengths of the order of 5, A); hence the experiment requires extremely good angular resolution. The requirements have been satisfied in a prototype instrument at the Intense Pulsed Neutron Source at Argonne which is being used to measure the magnetic profile close to the surface of a variety of materials. In superconductors the penetration depth of an applied magnetic field has been probed, as well as the remnant superconducting surface sheath when the applied magnetic field is raised above a critical value (Hc2
Storytelling, Melancholia, and Narrative Structure in Louise Erdrich’s The Painted Drum

To say that the story of Louise Erdrich's The Painted Drum (2005) is subtly told would be an understatement; I argue that the transformation of the protagonist, the process central to this novel, is not described at all. Rather, the narrative structure, with its unexplained breaks and juxtaposi tions, conveys the means of the protagonist's change. The novel sets the fol lowing puzzle for readers: Part One is narrated by Faye Travers, a woman whose tenacious attachment to her dead sister prevents her from engag ing fully with the events of her own life; Part Four presents a transformed Faye, with a new attitude that enables her to connect creatively with the outside world. Something has changed her—and we have only Parts Two and Three to look to for explanation. The stories in Part Two are told by Bernard, a man on an Ojibwe reservation in North Dakota; his tales are succeeded in Part Three by the story of a young girl named Shawnee and her siblings on the same reservation. But we know nothing—or almost nothing—about Faye in these intervening sections. We know from the first chapter of Part Two that Faye and her mother have come to the reservation to return the Ojibwe ceremonial drum Faye discovered in a New England attic; we know they form part of the group listening to Bernard's stories— listening, that is, to the stories we are reading. But Faye's consciousness is not open to us during the storytelling, nor when the narrative returns to her focalization in Part Four does she mention any response to the sto ries. What we know from Part Four is only that Faye has changed: her perception of reality has shifted toward an Ojibwe worldview, she has a new vision of her relationship with the dead, and she is more open to the unfolding experiences of her life. What brings Faye out of her melancholic state? The cure is built directly into the narrative structure; the mechanism of change is dramatized, not described. Because the plot of The Painted Drum is undertold, because the process of Faye's transformation is not narrated, the reader has to do work ordinarily accomplished by plot; to understand the change that takes place in Faye, a reader has to imagine the effect of
Obesity among people with and without mental retardation across adulthood.

Objective: This study was designed to explore obesity during adulthood and the likelihood of moving out of obesity among 1809 adults without disability and 680 adults with mental retardation who received care at the same primary care practices during the period of 1990 to 2003. Research Method and Procedures: A retrospective observational design using medical records first identified patients with mental retardation (MR) and age-matched controls without disabilities. Data on BMI collected during each primary care visit allowed exploration of obesity at three levels. Moving out of obesity was defined as having a BMI <25 kg/m2. We also abstracted data on age, sex, race, and other medical conditions. Results: For adults 20 to 29 years of age, 33.1% of patients without disability and 21% of patients with MR had a BMI >30 kg/m2. Between the ages of 50 and 59 years, 40.5% of the patients without disability and 35.2% of the patients with MR had a BMI >30 kg/m2. Patients with mild MR had similar prevalence rates of obesity and patients with severe MR had significantly lower prevalence of obesity compared with the patients without disability through 50 years of age. Throughout the period from 20 to 60 years of age, between 15% and 40% of individuals with and without MR, who were previously obese, were not currently obese. Discussion: Throughout the adult years, an increasing proportion of individuals with and without MR are obese. However, obesity is not a chronic state; many people transition back to a normal body weight.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Interaction Strengths of Difluorocarbene-Modified Polystyrene−Polyisoprene Block Copolymers

The effect of difluorocarbene (CF2) modification on the self-assembly of polystyrene-b-polyisoprene (PS-b-PI) copolymers was investigated. We prepared a set of fully CF2-modified PS-b-PI copolymers (PS-b-FPI) with different molecular weights (8−13 kg/mol) and located their order−disorder transition temperatures (TODT) by rheology and static birefringence. Using both mean-field and fluctuation theory, we determined the temperature dependence of the interaction parameter between the styrene and CF2-modified isoprene segments (χSFI). Two series of polystyrene-b-(partially CF2-modified polyisoprene) (PS-b-(FPI-s-PI)) materials with different levels of CF2 modification were also prepared from the reaction between difluorocarbene and two nearly symmetric PS-b-PI precursors with molecular weights of 18 and 61 kg/mol, respectively. A lamellar morphology was established for all of the PS-b-(FPI-s-PI) copolymers below the TODT by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and rheology. The effective interaction parameter ...
On the impact of thermal stability on some rough flow effects over mobile surfaces

Calculations are made of the effects of thermal stability under a range of conditions, over the sea and land, on the physical factors (including the critical wind speed) affecting dust-storm generation, snow drift, and rough sea conditions. The computational procedure involves the surface friction velocity, u*, and its relation with the aerodynamic roughness over aerodynamically rough, mobile surfaces. The results indicated that even at relatively high wind speeds, thermal effects under extreme advection situations may be significant, particularly for those properties of the agitated surface dependent on u*3 and u*4.
Impaired insulin signaling in skeletal muscles from transgenic mice expressing kinase-deficient insulin receptors.

Transgenic mice which overexpress kinase-deficient human insulin receptors in muscle were used to study the relationship between insulin receptor tyrosine kinase and the in vivo activation of several downstream signaling pathways. Intravenous insulin stimulated insulin receptor tyrosine kinase activity by 7-fold in control muscle versus ≦1.5-fold in muscle from transgenic mice. Similarly, insulin failed to stimulate tyrosyl phosphorylation of receptor β-subunits or insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) in transgenic muscle. Insulin substantially stimulated IRS-1-associated phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase in control versus absent stimulation in transgenic muscles. In contrast, insulin-like growth factor 1 modestly stimulated PI 3-kinase in both control and transgenic muscle. The effects of insulin to stimulate p42 mitogen-activated protein kinase and c-fos mRNA expression were also markedly impaired in transgenic muscle. Specific immunoprecipitation of human receptors followed by measurement of residual insulin receptors suggested the presence of hybrid mouse-human heterodimers. In contrast, negligible hybrid formation involving insulin-like growth factor 1 receptors was evident. We conclude that (i) transgenic expression of kinase-defective insulin receptors exerts dominant-negative effects at the level of receptor autophosphorylation and kinase activation; (ii) insulin receptor tyrosine kinase activity is required for in vivo insulin-stimulated IRS-1 phosphorylation, IRS-1-associated PI 3-kinase activation, phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase, and c-fos gene induction in skeletal muscle; (iii) hybrid receptor formation is likely to contribute to the in vivo dominant-negative effects of kinase-defective receptor expression.
Impact of new technologies for cellular screening along the drug value chain

High-information screening formats, using more physiologically relevant cellular models and readout approaches, are slowly replacing traditional, target-orientated approaches in drug discovery programs. With improved access to primary cells, as well as label-free, non-intrusive methods of compound interrogation (such as automated electrophysiology), high-thoughput screening facilities have to adapt to more complex assay scenarios. The implementation of novel cellular systems, readout technologies and data management in a drug discovery company are essential to improve the current falling productivity evident in recent years throughout the pharmaceutical industry.
The Effect of Gulf Stream-induced Baroclinicity on U.S. East Coast Winter Cyclones

Abstract Midlatitude cyclones develop off the Carolinas during winters and move north producing gale-force winds, ice, and heavy snow. It is believed that boundary-layer and air-sea interaction processes are very important during the development stages of these East Coast storms. The marine boundary layer (MBL) off the mid- Atlantic coastline is highly baroclinic due to the proximity of the Gulf Stream just offshore. Typical horizontal distances between the Wilmington coastline and the western edge of the Gulf Stream vary between 90 and 250 km annually, and this distance can deviate by over 30 km within a single week. While similar weekly Gulf Stream position standard deviations also exist at Cape Hatteras, the average annual distance to the Gulf Stream frontal zone is much smaller off Cape Hatteras, normally ranging between 30 and 100 km. This research investigates the low-level baroclinic conditions present prior to observed storm events. The examination of nine years of data on the Gulf Stream position...
Experimental characterization of roughness-induced crack closure in Al-Li 2090 alloy

Fatigue crack propagation testing and a fractographic analysis for Al-Li 2090 alloy specimens were performed to experimentally characterize roughness-induced crack closure. The effects of fracture surface roughness on crack closure were quite significant. It was found that asperity contact inside of Al-Li alloy specimens can occur via different mechanisms which depend on the magnitude of load or crack length. In addition, sterelogical techniques were used to provide additional input required to characterize the three-dimensional nature of the fracture surface and to represent the most salient measurable features of the actual fracture surface in two-dimensional form. From this, relations between the roughness parameter and the nominal range of stress intensity factors were rationalized for different load ratios and load ranges. The degree of mixed mode fracture was characterized. Based on these studies, it was concluded that asperity contact can involve two components: (1) mechanical contact of asperities due to the roughness on the fracture surface and, (2) mixed mode crack tip displacements when the load is applied. Crack closure due to out-of--plane mixed mode fracture (i.e., Mode III) appeared to be more prominent compared to in-plane mixed mode fracture (i.e., Mode II) since the roughness dimension (mean height) is large inmore » the thickness section and the angle between asperity slip band facets is large (50{degree}).« less
A quantitative theory of reversible electrical breakdown in bilayer membranes

Abstract A quantitative theory of reversible electrical breakdown is described which allows prediction of the membrane resistance R ( t ) and of the transmembrane potential U ( t ) as a function of time. The theory is based on the hypothesis of a large population of transient aqueous pores continually present in the bilayer membrane. The pore probability density n ( r, t ) is described by a differential equation derived previously. Under the influence of an applied transmembrane potential U , the pores will expand rapidly. For large U the pores can grow so large that they conduct current significantly; this is revealed experimentally as a large, sudden drop in the membrane's resistance. The criteria of the previous paper are used to determine the pores' conductance. These criteria are used in combination with another differential equation which describes the electrical circuit of a typical experimental apparatus. These equations are solved simultaneously by numerical methods. The present version of this theory provides a quantitative description of essentially all of the key features of reversible electrical breakdown, including the avoidance of pore-caused rupture for short pulses.
High-resolution spectroscopy using an acousto-optic tunable filter and a fiber-optic Fabry-Perot interferometer

A compact, solid-state, high-resolution spectrometer consisting of an acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF) and a fiber-optic Fabry-Perot (FFP) interferometer has been developed. The system has been designed for high-resolution inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) applications. A description of the AOTF-FFP and its performance is presented. The resolution of the AOTF-FFP was determined by measuring the physical widths of ICP emission lines using a 1.5-m-focal-length grating spectrometer and deconvoluting the physical line shapes from the acquired AOTF-FFP spectra. Over the optimum range of the FFP mirror coatings, the resolution is sufficient for the determination of isotopic and hyperfine emission features in ICP-AES experiments, and approaches that of the 1.5-m spectrometer. The application of the AOTF-FFP to the determination of uranium isotopes (U-235 and U-238) introduced into the ICP is presented.
Alexander of Macedon, the greatest warrior of all times: did he have seizures?

Abstract Alexander the Great (356–323 bc ) was likely “the most incomparable general the world has ever seen.” His name is often listed among the famous individuals in history who have had seizures. Examination of his illnesses reveals that in 333 bc he entered Tarsus, hot and exhausted, and plunged himself into the River Cydnus, ice-cold from melting mountain snows. His cramps were so severe that he was rescued half-conscious and ashen white, and quickly developed acute pneumonia. Only one doctor dared give him a medication, known for producing powerful and immediate effects. Immediately after drinking this medicine “he lost his speech and falling into a swoon, he had scarcely any sense or pulse left” (Plutarch, ad 75). His reactions were the direct effect of the medication, and this and only this phrase represents the “evidence” for epilepsy. None of his other illnesses involved seizures. Clearly, Alexander the Great did not have epilepsy and his name should be removed from the list of famous individuals who have had seizures.
Inhibitors of cytochrome P450 4A suppress angiogenic responses

Cytochrome P450 enzymes of the 4A family (CYP4A) convert arachidonic acid to 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) in blood vessels of several vascular beds. The present study examined the effects of inhibiting the formation of 20-HETE with N-hydroxy-N′-(4-butyl-2-methylphenol) formamidine (HET0016) on the mitogenic response of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in vitro, and on growth factor-induced angiogenesis in the cornea of rats in vivo. HET0016 (10 μmol/L and 20 μg, respectively) abolished the mitogenic response to VEGF in HUVECs and the angiogenic response to VEGF, basic fibroblast growth factor, and epidermal growth factor in vivo by 80 to 90% (P < 0.001). Dibromododecenyl methylsulfonimide (DDMS), a structurally and mechanistically different inhibitor of 20-HETE synthesis, also abolished angiogenic responses when tested with VEGF. Additionally, administration of the stable 20-HETE agonist, 20-hydroxyeicosa-6(Z) 15(Z)-dienoic acid (WIT003) induced mitogenesis in HUVECs and angiogenesis in the rat cornea in vivo. We studied the ability of HET0016 to alter the angiogenic response in the rat cornea to human glioblastoma cancer cells (U251). When administered locally into the cornea, HET0016 (20 μg) reduced the angiogenic response to U251 cancer cells by 70%. These results suggest that a product of CYP4A product, possibly 20-HETE, plays a critical role in the regulation of angiogenesis and may provide a useful target for reduction of pathological angiogenesis.
Embrittlement of some metallic glasses by Sb, Se, and Te

Abstract Some metallic glasses have been found to embrittle after annealing at low temperatures, much as do some steels. In phosphorus-bearing alloys, phosphorus has been found to segregate during annealing and result in sample embrittlement. The present report describes the effects of the steel-embrittling elements Sb, Se, and Te on metallic glasses in which the primary metallic constituents are Fe and/or Ni. Bend ductility and stress relaxation measurements of as-cast and annealed glassy alloy ribbons have been used to study embrittlement resulting from less than 0.2 at.% Sb, Se, and Te addition to the base alloys. XRD, DSC, and magnetic measurements have been used to further characterize the samples and to check for changes in magnetic properties which may accompany embrittlement. Results show that P is a very weak embrittler compared with Sb, Se, and Te. Furthermore, the embrittling power of these three elements varies in the sequence Te ⩾ Se ⪢ Sb, the same sequence as found in steels. The effect of a given embrittler is enhanced when substituting Fe in place of Ni. No substantial changes in DSC or magnetic measurements have been found as a result of substituting the small amount of embrittler into the base alloys investigated.
Catadioptric stereo-vision system for the real-time monitoring of 3D behavior in aquatic animals

Fish species have been used as vertebrate model systems for numerous human diseases. However, a comprehensive monitoring system for continuously tracking the positions of aquatic animals is still lacking. Manual or simple automatic methods usually lead to false or incomplete behavioral parameters. In this paper, a video-based 3D system is proposed for monitoring aquatic animals. This system is comprised of a novel catadioptric stereo-vision setup and methods for robust tracking of 3D motion-related behavior. The system has many advantages over 2D monitoring methods, such as being able to completely monitor the animals' behavior in 3D space with high spatial and temporal resolution, track multiple animals simultaneously without any physical marker, and accurately reconstruct 3D motion trajectories despite the potential problems of water refraction and reflection. Alterations in swimming behavior following exposure to acute ethanol were studied in goldfish (Carassius auratus) using the 3D behavior monitoring system. In analyzing the experimental data, a systematic comparison was made between the 3D goldfish behavioral parameters and their dimensionally reduced 2D forms. It was found that the 3D monitoring method was able to generate more accurate behavioral parameters than the conventional 2D methods. Compared to the results from 3D method, the hypothesis test conclusions based on 2D methods are more prone to error. It is expected that the 3D behavior monitoring system can significantly improve the efficiency, accuracy, and cost-effectiveness of behavioral studies and of model development in aquatic animals; potential applications include pre-clinical drug development, in-vivo compound screening, and bio-sensing.
A comparison of the optical properties of ultrathin amorphous and crystalline silicon films

Abstract The optical gaps of ultrathin amorphous and crystalline silicon films consisting of isolated clusters have been measured at 250°C as continuous functions of film thickness by real time spectroscopic ellipsometry. For c-Si cluster films ∼ 1.2 nm thick, a well-defined optical gap and absorption onset is identified near 3 eV that blue-shifts and steepens with decreasing thickness. A broader absorption onset leading to a much lower gap for a-Si:H cluster films of similar thickness is attributed to an electron mean free path that is less than the cluster size.
Reassessing team leadership in technology-intensive project environments

The influences of project environment and leadership style on team performance are examined in a field study of 74 technology-based project teams. The findings provide insight into the business processes, organizational conditions and managerial leadership style most conducive to high project performance in complex and technology-based team environments. One of the most striking finding is the large number of performance factors associated with the human side. Organizational conditions that satisfy personal and professional needs seem to have a strong effect on cooperation, commitment, risk management, and ultimately drive overall team performance. The paper provides a framework for assessing leadership effectiveness and suggests conditions favorable for building and managing high-performance project teams in complex work environments.
Epifauna of the Patuxent River Estuary, Maryland, for 1963 and 1964

Methods of collection and analysis of epifaunal communities from six stations in the Patuxent estuary are described. The stations were distributed from Solomons near the mouth of the estuary, upstream to Lower Marlboro, near the limit of salt water intrusion.
On‐line state and parameter Identification of positive photoresist development

The development phase of the optical photolithography process has long been considered the most crucial, as it is the final image-forming step. Process monitoring methods have focused primarily on end point detection and have not used other inferable on-line information. This paper examines the use of mathematical models in conjunction with on-line development penetration data to determine process changes. An on-line sequential parameter identification scheme is used to calculate a current rate parameter value for the development model, and a Kalman filter is used to reduce erroneous observations caused by measurement noise. A powerful development monitor system results from the combination of real-time data, and on-line parameter and state estimation theory.
Neurologic Injury Associated With Pelvic Trauma: Radiology and Electrodiagnosis Evaluation and Their Relationships to Pain and Gait Outcome

Abstract Chiodo A. Neurologic injury associated with pelvic trauma: radiology and electrodiagnosis evaluation and their relationships to pain and gait outcome. Objectives To study the electrodiagnosis presentation of patients with lower-extremity nerve injury related to pelvic trauma, to assess gait outcome and correlation to injury type and electrodiagnosis, and to study the incidence of pain postinjury and the relationships between injury type and electrodiagnosis and pain type. Design Retrospective review. Setting Tertiary care university hospital. Participants Seventy-eight patients who present with lower-extremity nerve injury associated with pelvic trauma. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Electrodiagnostic results, the relationship between electrodiagnosis and fracture or injury type, and gait and pain outcomes. Results The characteristic neurologic injury in patients with pelvic trauma was a lumbosacral plexus injury (71% of cases). Sciatic nerve injuries were more common in patients with isolated acetabular fractures (9/10 cases). Gait outcome was related to electrodiagnostic abnormality and severity. Long-term assisted gait was best predicted by absent peroneal conduction to the extensor digitorum brevis ( P P P Conclusions Lumbosacral plexus injury after pelvic trauma is a characteristic disorder with severe long-term implications regarding both pain and gait outcome.
Clinical Social Work Practice With Urban African American Families

Clinical social work practice with urban African American families requires approaches that account for clients' sociocultural and sociopolitical contexts and are responsive to their particular nee...
Processing anaphoric constructions: Insights from electrophysiological studies

Abstract Anaphora is a common, universal, and critical aspect of communication. For quite some time, linguists and psycholinguists have applied introspective and behavioral techniques to the study of anaphora, yielding a large body of evidence and generating a number of theories and models of anaphoric usage and processing. The recent advent of the use of electrophysiological techniques to study language processing creates a unique opportunity to reevaluate these theories and models on the basis of neurophysiological data. This paper examines whether two key characteristics of anaphoric relationships (i.e. the underlying linguistic mechanism and the nature of the anaphor) have observable effects on neurophysiological processing. An exhaustive review of electrophysiological studies testing anaphoric constructions leads to the novel conclusion that the effects of these characteristics are reducible to differences in the time-course of the availability of information and the ability to form expectations about anaphoric relationships. This review also demonstrates that while theories of anaphoric usage are generally supported, finer-grained models of the time-course of anaphoric processing require revision to account for the new electrophysiological data.
Global electromagnetic induction constraints on transition-zone water content variations

Small amounts of water can significantly affect the physical properties of mantle materials, including lowering of the solidus, and reducing effective viscosity and seismic velocity. The amount and distribution of water within the mantle thus has profound implications for the dynamics and geochemical evolution of the Earth. Electrical conductivity is also highly sensitive to the presence of hydrogen in mantle minerals. The mantle transition zone minerals wadsleyite and ringwoodite in particular have high water solubility, and recent high pressure experiments show that the electrical conductivity of these minerals is very sensitive to water content. Thus estimates of the electrical conductivity of the mantle transition zone derived from electromagnetic induction studies have the potential to constrain the water content of this region. Here we invert long period geomagnetic response functions to derive a global-scale three-dimensional model of electrical conductivity variations in the Earth's mantle, revealing variations in the electrical conductivity of the transition zone of approximately one order of magnitude. Conductivities are high in cold, seismically fast, areas where slabs have subducted into or through the transition zone. Significant variations in water content throughout the transition zone provide a plausible explanation for the observed patterns. Our results support the view that at least some of the water in the transition zone has been carried into that region by cold subducting slabs.
Adiabatic treatment of inelastic deuteron-nucleus scattering

Abstract Inelastic scattering of 80 MeV deuterons from 58Ni and 120Sn is analyzed in terms of an adiabatic coupled-channels Born approximation (ACCBA) method. The ACCBA method is a practical means to treat deuteron plus nucleus as a three-body system. Inclusion of the breakup modes significantly reduces the inelastic cross section. The significance of considering both the s-wave and d-wave breakup modes is pointed out.
Two-phase CO2 migration in tilted aquifers in the presence of groundwater flow

Abstract A theoretical model for carbon dioxide (CO2) migration in tilted aquifers with groundwater flow is presented to evaluate the injection of CO2 into a geological formation. Capillary force in the flow of two immiscible fluids in a porous medium creates a saturation transition zone, where the saturation changes gradually. A vertical equilibrium assumption is employed to solve for the capillary pressure. Initially we verify our analytical model without slope and incoming ground water. Next the effects of sloped angle and an incoming ground water are studied. The asymmetrical distribution is fully incorporated in our analysis presented in this work, which provides essential information for CO2 injection period and reservoir capacity. In the limiting case of no sloped stratum and no incoming groundwater flow as well as no transition zone, the results for our analysis compare very well with prior works. For the stratum with a slope angle, CO2 will migrate further in the upper side of CO2 injection point. The incoming underground water helps CO2 move further on the up-dip side of the CO2 injection point where CO2 flow direction is the same as the incoming underground water. The existence of a critical velocity when the incoming CO2 at the injection point will only move to the up-dip side is established. In this work, for the first time we account for the injection velocity and the saturation transition zone as well as a sloped incoming groundwater flow.
Digit Span components as predictors of attention problems and executive functioning in children.

This study examined the extent to which digits forward (DF) or digits backward (DB) account for variance in parent ratings of attention and executive function in children. The sample (n = 90) included children with no diagnosis and children with a range of clinical problems, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Clinical groups differed from the No Diagnosis group on cognitive ability as well as achievement. Once cognitive ability was controlled, no group differences emerged for Digit Span or digits forward; notably, the ADHD-Predominantly Inattentive group was able to recall significantly more digits backward than the ADHD-Combined Type group. Regression analyses indicated that Full Scale IQ explained significant variance in parent ratings of attention and executive function; DF emerged as a significant predictor only for one measure of attention. When only children with ADHD were considered, DF no longer was a significant predictor. Results support the notion that DF and DB are differing constructs, as well as highlighting the importance of controlling for cognitive ability in consideration of group differences on behavioral measures.
Quantitative receptor autoradiography demonstrates a differential distribution of neuropeptide-Y Y1 and Y2 receptor subtypes in human and rat brain

Quantitative receptor autoradiography was performed on sections of rat and human brain using [125I]peptide YY ([125I]PYY) to measure the anatomical distribution of neuropeptide Y (NPY) receptors. Masking Y1- and Y2-NPY subtypes with the agonists (Leu31,Pro34]NPY and NPY13-36, respectively demonstrated a differential distribution of Y1 and Y2 receptors between human and rat brain. In human brain, the highest density of [125I]PYY binding was found in pyramidal layers (CA4-CA1) of hippocampus, head and tail regions of caudate nucleus, locus coeruleus and substantia nigra. There was moderate [125I]peptide YY binding to NPY receptors in the molecular layers of the hippocampus, frontal and temporal cerebral cortex, especially in superficial layers, anterior amygdala, central grey and inferior colliculus. Low levels of binding were observed in white matter. The selective Y1 receptor agonist, [Leu31,Pro34]NPY did not effectively reduce [125I]PYY binding to any human brain region examined except for approximately 20-40% of the binding sites in the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus, layer IV of the frontal cortex and the radiatum and oriens layers of the hippocampal complex. In contrast, the Y2 agonist, NPY13-36 was effective at reducing [125I]PYY binding in all human brain regions examined. In rat brain, high densities of [125I]PYY binding was measured in cerebral cortex, thalamus and inferior colliculus which was sensitive to [Leu31,Pro34]NPY. In contrast, high densities of the NPY13-36 sensitive binding was found in the hippocampus, striatum and nucleus accumbens. Medium to low densities of NPY13-36 sensitive binding was found in medulla and pons. This data suggests that human brain contains primarily Y2-type NPY receptors with only a few regions expressing Y1-type receptors. No human brain region examined contained solely Y1-type receptors. In contrast to human brain, rat brain contains regions which express only Y1 receptors as well as regions containing only Y2 receptors and regions containing both Y1 and Y2 receptors.
Reproductive Habits of Round-Tailed and Harris Antelope Ground Squirrels

Harris antelope squirrels breed earlier and for longer periods than do the round-tailed ground squirrels in southern Arizona. Apparently, hibernation in the latter species limits its reproductive season. The mean number of young in the Harris antelope squirrel based on 34 records is 6.5; the mean number of young for the round-tailed ground squirrel based on 71 records is 6.5.
Fractured Media Sphere and U.S. Health Promotion: Parsing Cigarettes as an Icon of Flawed Modernity

This article argues that in the early 1990s, a new discourse on cigarette smoking arose in the U.S. in both public health campaigns and commercial media that challenges us to rethink theoretically the nature of the media sphere in relation to the assumptions and goals of public health promotion. The article examines the California antismoking media campaigns and contemporary U.S. television and film that reframed smoking as an icon of “flawed modernity” marked by a polluting industrial economy and the Cold War. However, the wide variation in critical revision of the older smoking culture from one site to another within the media landscape suggests that the public media sphere may be far more fractured than is commonly acknowledged in social marketing and health promotion discussions.
Band-Structure and Quantum Effects on Hole Transport in p -MOSFETs

Using a Monte Carlo method, we investigate hole transport in ultrasmall p-channel Si MOSFETs with gate lengths of 25 nm. The device simulator couples a 2D Poisson solver with a discretized 6 × 6 k.p Hamiltonian solver that includes the effect of the confining potential and provides the subband structure in the channel region. In addition, carriers in the source and drain regions are treated as quasi 3D particles and the band-structure information is included by solving for the eigenenergies of a more compact 6× 6 k.p Hamiltonian.
Entomophobia in the Urban Ecosystem, Some Observations and Suggestions

For the last 6 years the authors have focused their research upon urban garden ecosystems. As entomologists we became conscious of considerable contamination of this environment resulting from the misuse and overuse of pesticides by people with an irrational fear of insects.
Filming a Life in Fragments: Thirty Two Short Films about Glenn Gould as "Biorhythmic-Pic"

Using the works of Gaston Bachelard and Susan Stewart as a philosophical foundation upon which to build a theory of the "biorhythmic-pic," this article explores how director Fran¸ois Girard's postmodern biopic Thirty Two Short Films about Glenn Gould (1993) both adheres to and departs from conventional genre patterns of cinematic life-writing.
Price discovery and the international flow of information

Abstract We document that the opening volatility of American depositary receipts (ADRs) is lower when the trading of the underlying asset overlaps trading of the ADR on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE). This lower volatility is consistent with the notion that price discovery on the NYSE is enhanced by concurrent trading in the underlying market. We also find that ADR volatility does not change when the underlying market closes, indicating that there is no significant change in the flow of public and private information at that time. This finding suggests that the NYSE becomes the dominant market during periods when both ADRs and their underlying assets are traded.
ROLE OF CARBOHYDRATE-MEDIATED ADHERENCE IN CYTOPATHOGENIC MECHANISMS OF ACANTHAMOEBA

Acanthamoeba keratitis is a vision-threatening corneal infection. The mannose-binding protein of Acanthamoeba is thought to mediate adhesion of parasites to host cells. We characterized the amoeba lectin with respect to its carbohydrate binding properties and the role in amoeba-induced cytopathic effect (CPE). Sugar inhibition assays revealed that the amoeba lectin has the highest affinity for alpha-Man and Man(alpha1-3)Man units. In vitro cytopathic assays indicated that mannose-based saccharides which inhibit amoeba adhesion to corneal epithelial cells were also potent inhibitors of amoeba-induced CPE. Another major finding was that N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) which does not inhibit adhesion of amoeba to host cells is also an inhibitor of amoeba-induced CPE. The Acanthamoebae are thought to produce CPE by secreting cytotoxic proteinases. By zymography, one metalloproteinase and three serine proteinases were detected in the conditioned media obtained after incubating amoebae with the host cells. The addition of free alpha-Man and GlcNAc to the co-culture media inhibited the secretion of the metalloproteinase and serine proteinases, respectively. In summary, we have shown that the lectin-mediated adhesion of the Acanthamoeba to host cells is a prerequisite for the amoeba-induced cytolysis of target cells and have implicated a contact-dependent metalloproteinase in the cytopathogenic mechanisms of Acanthamoeba.
Temperature Profiles and Aquifer Mass Transfer in a Circulating Well

A method is described for determining the temperature distribution in a circulating drilling fluid when aquifers are present in the formation. The depth of an aquifer relative to the well depth is shown to be an important parameter. An aquifer near the surface has much less influence on the temperature distributions than one located near the bottom of the well. If the drilling fluid has much greater density than the entering formation water, then the temperature distributions are altered significantly.
Anharmonicity of Weakly Bound Li+–(H2)n (n = 1–3) Complexes

The anharmonicity of Li+–(H2)n (n = 1, 2, and 3) complexes is studied using the vibrational self-consistent field (VSCF) approach. The H–H stretching frequency shifts of Li+–(H2)n complexes are calculated with the coupled-cluster method including all single and double excitations with perturbative triples (CCSD(T)) level of theory with the cc-pVTZ basis set. The calculated IR active H–H stretching frequency in Li+–H2, Li+–(H2)2 and Li+–(H2)3 is red-shifted by 121, 109, and 96–99 cm–1, respectively, relative to that of isolated H2. The calculated red shifts and their trends are in good agreement with the available experimental data.
TRAINING PROCEDURES AND TASK DIFFICULTY IN BRIGHTNESS AND POSITION DISCRIMINATIONS BY RATS

This research concerned training procedures (correction vs noncorrection), type of discrimination task (position vs brightness), and task difficulty in two 2 × 3 experiments using rats in single-unit mazes. An interaction was found between type of training procedure and task difficulty for the brightness task, with noncorrection Ss requiring relatively fewer trials to reach a criterion than correction Ss as the task became more difficult. A statistically insignificant interaction was found for the position task.
A locally optimal fast obstacle-avoiding path-planning algorithm

Abstract Two algorithms to compute the shortest collision-free paths in the Euclidean plane are presented. The ƒ obstacles assumed to be described by disjoint convex polygons having N vertices in total. After preprocessing time O ( N + f log N ), a suboptimal shortest path between two arbitrary query points can be found in O ( f + N log N ) time using Dijkstra's algorithm and in Θ( N ) time using the A ∗ algorithm. The space complexity is O ( N + f ).