cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Retrievals of cloud fraction and cloud albedo from surface-based shortwave radiation measurements: A comparison of 16 year measurements

Ground-based radiation measurements have been widely conducted to gain information on clouds and the surface radiation budget. To examine the existing techniques of cloud property retrieval and explore the underlying reasons for uncertainties, a newly developed approach that allows for simultaneous retrievals of cloud fraction and cloud albedo from ground-based shortwave broadband radiation measurements, XL2013, is used to derive cloud fraction and cloud albedo from ground-based shortwave broadband radiation measurements at the Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Southern Great Plains site. The new results are compared with the separate retrieval of cloud fraction and cloud albedo using Long2006 and Liu2011, respectively. The retrievals from the broadband radiation measurements are further compared with those based on shortwave spectral measurements (Min2008). The comparison shows overall good agreement between the retrievals of both cloud fraction and cloud albedo, with noted differences, however. The Long2006 and Min2008 cloud fractions are greater on average than the XL2013 values. Compared to Min2008 and Liu2011, the XL2013 cloud albedo tends to be greater for thin clouds but smaller for thick clouds, with the differences decreasing with increasing cloud fraction; the neglect of land surface albedo and cloud absorption by Liu2011 also contributes the difference in cloud albedo. Further analysis reveals that the approaches that retrieve cloud fraction and cloud albedo separately may suffer from mutual contamination of errors in retrieved cloud fraction and cloud albedo.
Metabolism of estrone-C14-16 sulfate in women.

Abstract 1.1. Radioactive sodium estrone sulfate has been synthesized with C 14 at Position 16 in the steroid nucleus. Material has been used giving up to 18.4 million counts per minute per milligram in a windowless glow gas counter. 2.2. Comparative studies of urinary excretion of radioactive metabolites in patients taking this material by mouth with others taking radioactive estrone in oil show a much higher absorption of sodium estrone sulfate than of estrone. Fifty-five per cent of the ingested radioactivity appears in the urine at 48 hours, compared to 16 per cent or less for estrone. 3.3. Sodium estrone sulfate and estrone produce the same kind of metabolites in the urine in roughly the same quantities, suggesting that they are interconvertible within the body. 4.4. Sodium estrone sulfate given by mouth appears soon thereafter in the bile and in the urine. The quantities excreted by each route are roughly the same. At first the excretory products contain considerable sulfate. Later, they are largely glucuronides. 5.5. Sodium estrone sulfate injected into the body disappears very rapidly and probably becomes localized somewhere in the tissue.
Toward a Question Answering Roadmap

Growth in government investment, academic research, and commercial systems building is motivating a need for increased planning and coordination in the emerging field of question answering (QA). The internationalization of QA research, and the need to move toward a common understanding of resources, tasks and evaluation methods motivate a need to facilitate more rapid and efficient progress. This paper characterizes a range of question answering systems and provides an initial roadmap for future research, including a list of existing resources and ones under development. This roadmap was initiated at the LREC 2002 Workshop on QA and will be updated during the 2003 AAAI Spring Symposium using moderated group brainstorming sessions.
Climate modeling in the global warming debate

Technological advances in computing capabilities are opening the potential to advance our modeling capabilities and understanding of climate change. But achievement of that potential requires continued emphasis on the climate physics, on brainpower over megaflops. This chapter focuses on the origins of climate modeling at Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) in the 1970s and the extension into a family of global models. The first model application explores the sensitivity of the earth's climate to external forcings, such as changes of atmospheric composition and solar irradiance. The climate predictions based on models driven by realistic transient climate forcing are also discussed. The rate of heat storage in the ocean is important for studies of regional climate change, and it is crucial for analysis of global climate change. The technical improvements in computing, data handling, and communication capability are ideal for scientific cooperation and communication. At the same time there are improving capabilities for global observations that promise to make the modeling and scientific collaborations more productive. The perspective of global warming issues is also discussed in the chapter.
Effects of anharmonicity of molecular vibrations on the diffraction of electrons: Part III. Predictive models

Abstract It has long been known how to relate anharmonic vibrational distribution functions to scattered electron intensities when deriving molecular parameters from gas-phase electron diffraction patterns. What has been lacking is a convenient procedure for estimating the characteristic asymmetry parameters of radial distribution functions for polyatomic molecules, particularly in the case of non-bonded internuclear distances. In the present work alternative models of bond distribution functions are discussed briefly and a plausible model is proposed for geminal non-bonded distances. Numerical examples are worked out for the ground-states of CO 2 , CS 2 , H 2 O, and D 2 O. Variations of the asymmetry parameters of SO 2 and SF 6 with temperature are examined. It is shown that the effect of asymmetry can become quite large at elevated temperatures.
Systemic lupus erythematosus in pregancy

Abstract Little has been written about the effect of current therapeutic regimens on the course of systemic lupus erythematosus in the pregnant patient. In this study, 7 patients having 11 pregnancies were evaluated. Pregnancy appears to have no significant effect on the course of systemic lupus erythematosus in the majority of patients, excluding those with active lupus glomerulonephritis. Patients who do have a change in the course of their disease during pregnancy tend to exacerbate rather than remit. Fetal wastage is excessively high, regardless of therapy employed. The lesion of poorest prognosis is that of active lupus glomerulonephritis. The high incidence of postpartum exacerbation may be prevented by intrapartum and postpartum high-dose corticosteroid therapy.
Cambios en la disponibilidad de alimentos en el Gran Santiago por quintiles de ingreso: 1988-1997

Se presentan los cambios en la disponibilidad de alimentos en hogares del Gran Santiago 1988-1997, obtenidos por muestra representativa y se analiza posible relacion con los cambios en el perfil epidemiologico nacional. Se evaluo el item gasto de alimentos/bebidas de la IV y V Encuesta de Presupuestos Familiares, realizada por INE cada 10 anos para calcular el Indice de Precios al Consumidor (IPC). Se ordenaron los alimentos por grupo homologando el gasto en alimentos entre ambas encuestas; asignando precios segun producto; se determinaron las unidades fisicas de alimentos consumidos dentro y fuera del hogar. El gasto en alimentos aumento, determinando una mayor disponibilidad de alimentos para el total hogares y quintiles de ingreso, incrementandose mas en quintiles mas pobres. Se eleva el consumo aparente de cereales procesados, productos de pasteleria, carnes de ave y cerdo, lacteos procesados, jugos preparados y bebidas, cremas, mayonesa, comidas preparadas para llevar al hogar y comidas fuera del hogar. Pescados, verduras y frutas aumentan levemente con una gran disminucion de las legumbres. El perfil alimentario actual se caracteriza por mayor disponibilidad de productos de origen animal y alimentos procesados; aumentando la densidad energetica, calorias grasas, grasas saturadas, azucares simples de alto indice glicemico; baja la disponibilidad de alimentos aportadores de antioxidantes, fitoquimicos, fibra dietaria y acidos grasos omega 3. Estos cambios probablemente han impactado notablemente el perfil epidemiologico y nutricional del pais, manifestandose por aumento epidemico de la obesidad, y las enfermedades cronicas relacionadas con la dieta y la inactividad fisica
Fifty Years of Equality

Fifty years after the Brown decision monumentally drew issues of equality to the fore, equality continues to occupy the theorizing of educational philosophers, the practice of teachers, and the decisions of judges. Within the past year, questions regarding race and schooling, including the intention to eliminate racial inequality, were raised once again in Grutter v Bollinger, the case of a disgruntled white law school applicant who suspected that she was denied admission based upon the criteria of race. In this article, I will trace the history of equality as a concept, a working goal, and an educational right over the past fifty years in PES’s house journal, Educational Theory.
Matching by Race and Gender in Mentoring Relationships: Keeping our Eyes on the Prize

This study examined the extent to which science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) students reported having had mentors of their own race and gender and the extent to which they have adopted the idea that matching by race and gender matters. The study also documented the effects of race and gender matching on three academic outcomes, self-reported grade point average, efficacy, and confidence, based on data collected from 1,013 undergraduate and graduate students and postdoctoral scholars actively participating in MentorNet's online community. Analyses indicated that having a mentor of one's own gender or race was felt to be important by many students, especially women and students of Color. Students who had a mentor of their own gender or race reported receiving more help, but matching by race or gender did not affect academic outcomes. Key findings are discussed in terms of implications for future research and mentoring in the STEM fields.
Global estimates of acute pesticide morbidity and mortality

Mathematical models have been used to advance at least eight global estimates of morbidity and mortality from pesticide poisoning since 1973 (Bull 1982; Copplestone 1977; Forget 1991; Jeyaratnam 1985, 1990; Levine 1986; WHO 1973; WHO/UNEP 1990). These estimates have been prompted, in part, by the need to formulate public health policy based on the best available information, though sparse. In addition to mathematical models, there has been a steady stream of epidemiologic outbreak investigations. Between 1951 and 1990, there were at least 148 such reports in the literature. Cumulatively, the outbreak investigations provide a unique perspective on global pesticide morbidity and mortality, in terms of both descriptions of impact and underlying mechanisms. This review focuses on these two approaches to understanding the epidemiology of worldwide pesticide morbidity and mortality and discusses their usefulness in minimizing human exposure to pesticides.
TWO‐YEAR COLLEGES’ INITIAL EXPERIENCES WITH EDUCATIONAL GUARANTEES

The concept of educational guarantees is spreading among the nation's 2‐year colleges, creating a need to better understand their status and characteristics. To address this need, descriptive survey research was conducted. On the basis of a nomination process involving all 50 state‐level 2‐year college board administrators, 169 two‐year colleges became the sample for the study. Of these, 124 colleges provided usable questionnaires, creating an overall response rate of 73%. Of these colleges, a total of 81 indicated their institutions had indeed adopted guarantees. Results of the study confirm the dramatic growth of educational guarantees in the early 1990s. A predominant motivation behind this trend was an interest in improving public relations and accountability with local business and industry. Evidence was lacking to suggest that colleges were tying guarantees closely to improved accountability, curriculum, or instruction. Five recommendations for future policy and practice regarding educational guaran...
The Stud Attachment Overlay Denture and Proprioception

A procedure for fabricating stud attachments for use on mandibular teeth has been developed. The retention of two or more isolated mandibular roots for use with an overlay denture will preserve tooth proprioception, which is one of the major determinants of masticatory function. The use of an overlay denture in specific instances offers a better physiologic result than does the extraction of all the teeth.
Using Decision Trees to Derive the Complement of a Binary Function with Multiple-Valued Inputs

An algorithm to minimize decision trees of Boolean functions with multiple-valued inputs is presented. The recursive algorithm is used to obtain a complement of a sum-of-products expression for a binary function with multiple-valued inputs. In the case where each input is p-valued, the algorithm produces at most pn−l products for n-variable functions, whereas Sasao's algorithm produces pn/2 products. This upper bound on the number of products is the best possible.
Winter Circulation Anomalies in the Western United States Associated with Antecedent and Decadal ENSO Variability

Abstract Previous research has shown that the impacts of ENSO variability on the winter climate of the western United States vary on decadal time scales. In this study, the relationship between fall season ENSO conditions and winter circulation anomalies over the western United States is shown to vary with phasing of the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO). During the PDO cold phase of 1948–76, the majority of fall season El Nino events did not precede winter troughing anomalies over the southwestern states that are typically associated with above-normal winter precipitation in this region. In contrast, during the PDO warm phase of 1977–98, fall season El Nino conditions did precede southwestern winter troughing anomalies in all but one instance. Fall season La Nina conditions during both the cold and warm phases of the PDO reliably preceded winter season high pressure ridging centered off the Pacific coast. These results highlight uncertainty on decadal time scales surrounding the use of fall ENSO conditio...
The USSR as a “Weak State”: Agrarian Origins of Resistance to Perestroika

The party-state apparatus's structure, which makes it incapable of implementing systemic reforms, is a principal source of resistance to Mikhail Gorbachev's policy of radical reconstruction (perestroika) in the USSR. This apparatus took form in the struggle to subdue the peasantry in the 1930s. Its basic means for managing agricultural production (and, to some extent, industrial production as well), is the mobilizational campaign. But campaigns are by nature intermittent and thus ineffective at eliciting subtle, long-term changes in organizational or individual behavior. For perestroika to succeed, alternative instruments for policy implementation which offer effective political and economic incentives for increased production must be developed. Despite its pervasiveness and intrusiveness, the Soviet state is incapable of effectively implementing many kinds of change in society. In that sense, it is a “weak state.”
Classification of Multicolor Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (M-FISH) Images With Sparse Representation

There has been a considerable interest in sparse representation and compressive sensing in applied mathematics and signal processing in recent years but with limited success to medical image processing. In this paper we developed a sparse representation-based classification (SRC) algorithm based on L1-norm minimization for classifying chromosomes from multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization (M-FISH) images. The algorithm has been tested on a comprehensive M-FISH database that we established, demonstrating improved performance in classification. When compared with other pixel-wise M-FISH image classifiers such as fuzzy c-means (FCM) clustering algorithms and adaptive fuzzy c-means (AFCM) clustering algorithms that we proposed earlier the current method gave the lowest classification error. In order to evaluate the performance of different SRC for M-FISH imaging analysis, three different sparse representation methods, namely, Homotopy method, Orthogonal Matching Pursuit (OMP), and Least Angle Regression (LARS), were tested and compared. Results from our statistical analysis have shown that Homotopy based method is significantly better than the other two methods. Our work indicates that sparse representations based classifiers with proper models can outperform many existing classifiers for M-FISH classification including those that we proposed before, which can significantly improve the multicolor imaging system for chromosome analysis in cancer and genetic disease diagnosis.
On approaching wideband capacity using multitone FSK

In the wideband limit, certain types of "flash" signaling, such as flash frequency-shift keying (FSK), achieve the capacity of multipath fading channels. It is not clear, however, whether these asymptotic results translate into insights for practical fading channels in the finite-bandwidth, power-limited regime. It is known that, for flash FSK, the size of the input alphabet grows slowly with increasing bandwidth, leading to very high-peak power per tone. Thus, for flash FSK, the codeword probability of error decays very slowly with bandwidth and feasible rates approach the wideband capacity limit extremely slowly. Without contradicting the above results, our results in this paper point to a more optimistic outlook, from the point of view of error exponents and achievable rates, for the applicability of flash techniques in practical scenarios. We consider multitone FSK (MFSK), which has the same asymptotic capacity-achieving property as flash FSK in the wideband limit, but allows a larger input alphabet size with the same bandwidth. First, we show, using an error exponent approach, that multitone FSK allows lower peak power per tone than flash FSK. Next, we present the capacity of single-tone and two-tone FSK schemes with hard-decision detection at finite bandwidths. For typical channel parameters, the capacities are close to the wideband capacity limit.
Perspectivas futuras na tomografia de coerência óptica

The rapid development of optical coherence tomography (OCT) and its ophthalmic applications has resulted in new systems that vary in performance and functionality providing in vivo three-dimensional volumetric reconstructions of both anterior and posterior segments of the human eye within unimaginable speed. Newer swept source OCT systems have made it possible to achieve OCT acquisition speeds of several million A-scans/s. Another direction of OCT development includes the introduction of adaptive optics to imaging of the posterior segment of the eye that allows correction of the eye’s static and dynamic aberrations, resulting in the achievement of volumetric cellular resolution retinal imaging. The purpose of this article is to present the various aspects of the development of OCT technology within the context of its ophthalmic applications, as well as, the impact of functional OCT.
Lagrangian-Eulerian finite element formulation for incompressible viscous flows☆

Abstract A transient, finite element formulation is given for incompressible viscous flows in an arbitrarily mixed Lagrangian-Eulerian description. The procedures developed are appropriate for modeling the fluid subdomain of many fluid-solid interaction, and free-surface problems.
Beyond the UI: product, process and passion

Interactive products have definitely improved from the users' perspective in the 20 years since the HCI field emerged. Prior to the 1980s, only a small portion of the population of the western world used computers, primarily scientists, engineers, and financial analysts. Today, almost everyone in developed nations use dozens of computers each day: withdrawing money from the bank, checking out at the grocery store, speed-dialing the cell phone, surfing the web, email to grandmother, and IMing friends to set up an impromptu social event. Interactivity with computers has progressed from command-line operating systems accessible only to gurus to almost invisible operating systems which require almost no attention, from esoteric applications whose functionality was desired by only a few, to depending on computer functionality for almost every aspect of life. The fact that people can and do live in such tight integration with interactive systems is a testament to HCI's contribution to the world. We can declare victory!
Implant-induced accessory limbs in urodeles: fresh, frozen, and boiled tissues.

Implants were made into forelimbs of Triturus viridescens using fresh, frozen and boiled kidney and liver of T. viridescens and R. pipiens. Limbs were recovered at intervals up to 70 days post-implantation. Kidney implants from Wisconsin R. pipiens gave twice as many extensive accessory structures as did Vermont frog kidney. Total induction percentages, however, were similar. Quantitative and qualitative parameters for implant-induction of accessory structures were investigated. The decrease in antigenicity and increased rate of cytolysis of frozen implants resulted in increased similarity between frog and newt kidney in rate and pattern of breakdown and in rates of induction. Modification of rate and duration of the release of the stimulating factor from the implant did not result in induction by liver implants. No evidence was found for any increase in innervation prior to or coincident with blastema formation. Implantation and implant cytolysis may cause hypersensitivity of limb tissues to the normal innervation pattern or trophic stimuli from the implant may act with those from the injured limb tissues to produce growth. The general pattern of host reaction to the implanted material was studied and described.
Responses to defoliation of species-rich and monospecific tropical plant communities.

Floristically rich and monospecific tropical plant communities both responded to partial defoliation with increases in rates of production of new leaf area. Even after 50% of the leaf area had been removed three times, the leaf area increments were still higher in defoliated plots than in controls. Mean leaf area increment after defoliation, on a leaf area per unit ground area basis, was 905 cm2 m-2 d-1 in diverse successional vegetation and 536 cm2 m-2 d-1 in a cassava monoculture. Although defoliation stimulated leaf area development, on a per unit ground area basis, in both the cassava monoculture and the successional vegetation, the effect was more pronounced in the successional vegetation. On a per unit leaf area basis, leaf area increments following defoliation in both the diverse successional vegetation and the monoculture were approximately five times those of controls. The diverse plant community continued to respond vigorously after repeated defoliation, while the amount of stimulation of leaf are development in the monoculture declined. Because of their ability to respond even after repeated defoliation, diverse communities may in the long term be more homeostatic with respect to leaf area than are monocultures. The enhanced responsiveness of the species-rich community was due to changes in plant species abundance and very rapid leaf area development by some species.
Motor cortical activity preceding a memorized movement trajectory with an orthogonal bend

Two monkeys were trained to make an arm movement with an orthogonal bend, first up and then to the left (⌝), following a waiting period. They held a two-dimensional manipulandum over a spot of light at the center of a planar working surface. When this light went off, the animals were required to hold the manipulandum there for 600–700 ms and then move the handle up and to the left to receive a liquid reward. There were no external signals concerning the “go” time or the trajectory of the movement. It was hypothesized that during that period signs of directional processing relating to the upcoming movement would be identified in the motor cortex. Following 20 trials of the memorized movement trajectory, 40 trials of visually triggered movements in radially arranged directions were performed. The activity of 137 single cells in the motor cortex was recorded extracellularly during performance of the task. It was found that 62.8% of the cells changed activity during the memorized waiting period. During the waiting period, the population vector (Georgopoulos et al. 1983, 1984) began to grow approximately 130 ms after the center light was turned off; it pointed first in the direction of the second part of the memorized movement (←) and then rotated clockwise towards the direction of the initial part of the movement (↑). These findings indicate processing of directional information during the waiting period preceding the memorized movement. This conclusion was supported by the results of experiments in ten human subjects, who performed the same memorized movement (⌝). In 10% of the trials a visual stimulus was shown in radially arranged directions in which the subjects had to move; this stimulus was shown at 0, 200, and 400 ms from the time the center light was turned off. We found that as the interval increased the reaction time shortened for the visual stimulus that was in the same direction as the upward component of the memorized movement.
Transparent infrared-emitting CeF3:Yb-Er polymer nanocomposites for optical applications

Bright infrared-emitting nanocomposites of unmodified CeF3:Yb−Er with polymethyl-methacrylate (PMMA) and polystyrene (PS), which offer a vast range of potential applications, which include optical amplifiers, waveguides, laser materials, and implantable medical devices, were developed. For the optical application of these nanocomposites, it is critical to obtain highly transparent composites to minimize absorption and scattering losses. Preparation of transparent composites typically requires powder processing approaches that include sophisticated particle size control, deagglomeration, and dispersion stabilization methods leading to an increase in process complexity and processing steps. This work seeks to prepare transparent composites with high solids loading (>5 vol%) by matching the refractive index of the inorganic particle with low cost polymers like PMMA and PS, so as to circumvent the use of any complex processing techniques or particle surface modification. PS nanocomposites were found to exhibi...
Neutron irradiation effects on fibers operating at 1.3 um and 1.55 um

Neutron irradiation produces defects in silica glass which could lead to permanent loss in transmission of signals through an optical fiber made from this material. This paper reports on a study aimed at gaining a deeper understanding of the nature of damage caused by neutron irradiation to silica glass optical fibers operating at 1.3//m and 1.55/im. The data obtained so far indicates that the radiation induced damage has less effect on the transmission at 1.3//m than on the transmission at 1.55/im. The implications of this significant observation, and the details of the experimental techniques utilised in this study will be discussed in this paper.
Theoretical studies of structural properties of the high-Tc superconductor Y1Ba2Cu3O7-x

Abstract Structural properties of the high temperature oxide superconductor Y1Ba2Cu3O7−gc have been studied by static lattice simulation methods. Empirical (ionic) potentials, derived on the basis of experimental data, are used to describe the basic structural properties of the superconductive oxides. Several potential models, with different location of the extra charge for the O7 compound, have been tested with respect to experimental lattice parameters. Fair parametrizations have been found in almost all cases, but they are usually valid only for a specific oxygen content. However, potential models, consistent both for O6 and O7, have been found. We present the best of our ionic models, where, in O7, two thirds of the holes are distributed in the sheet-site oxygens and one third in oxygens between the sheet and chain planes.
Optimal control of bond selectivity in unimolecular reactions

Abstract The optimal control theory approach to designing optimal fields for bond-selective unimolecular reactions is presented. A set of equations for determining the optimal fields, which will lead to the achievement of the objective of bond-selective dissociation is developed. The numerical procedure given for solving these equations requires the repeated calculation of the time propagator for the system with the time-dependent Hamiltonian. The splitting approximation combined with the fast Fourier transform algorithm is used for computing the short time propagator. As an illustrative example, a model linear triatomic molecule is treated. The model system consists of two Morse oscillators coupled via kinetic coupling. The magnitude of the dipoles of the two Morse oscillators are the same, the fundamental frequencies are almost the same, but the dissociation energies are different. The rather demanding objective under these conditions is to break the stronger bond while leaving the weaker one intact. It is encouraging that the present computational method efficiently gives rise to the optimal field, which leads to the excellent achievement the objective of bond selective dissocivtion .
A novel mutation in the RDS/Peripherin gene causes adult-onset foveomacular dystrophy

Abstract Purpose To describe a novel mutation in the RDS/Peripherin gene that results in a moderately severe form of adult-onset foveomacular dystrophy. Design Observational case series. Methods Selected members of a family with adult-onset foveomacular dystrophy underwent complete ophthalmic evaluation, including fundus photography and fluorescein angiography, in a tertiary care referral center. The study population consisted of 12 members of a Caucasian kindred. After providing informed consent, patients donated blood for genomic DNA extraction and mutational screening using standard techniques. The main outcome measure were the presence of a RDS/Peripherin gene mutation in a patient with the disease and its absence in unaffected family members and controls. Results Eight affected family members and no unaffected family members demonstrated a single guanine base deletion at nucleotide 112 that led to premature termination at amino acid 38 of RDS/Peripherin polypeptide. This frameshift mutation results in truncation of nearly 90% of the gene product, thus probably representing a null allele. That results in a relatively severe phenotype, with choroidal neovascularization developing in two patients and geographic atrophy involving the macula in three patients. Conclusions We describe a frameshift null mutation in the RDS/Peripherin gene associated with a relatively severe manifestation of adult-onset foveomacular dystrophy in affected family members.
Ultrastructure of fat body cells of the velvetbean caterpillar infected with a nuclear polyhedrosis virus

Abstract During a study of the ultrastructure of a nuclear polyhedrosis virus of the velvetbean caterpillar, Anticarsia gemmatalis, various types of nuclear and cytoplasmic inclusions were found in fat body tissue heavily infected with the virus. Virogenic stroma was present in the nuclei of most infected cells. Bundles of fibrous material were observed in the nuclei and cytoplasm of cells containing polyhedral bodies. Other nuclear inclusions included concentric multilayered material, vacuoles, and membrane structures.
Diagnostically restoring a reduced occlusal vertical dimension without permanently altering the existing dentures.

Abstract The technique described provides the dentist with a means of diagnostically restoring the vertical dimension of occlusion for an edentulous patient, without permanently altering the dentures. This procedure is accomplished with a removable mandibular splint, which snaps over the mandibular denture. The procedure involves little clinical treatment time. The maxillary denture may also be temporarily overlayed in a similar manner, but the procedure is generally not as esthetically acceptable. Since the mandibular alveolar bone resorbs much faster than that of the maxillae in most edentulous patients, 4 the mandibular denture usually is responsible for most of the loss of occlusal vertical dimension. The mandibular denture is therefore most frequently indicated for alteration to restore lost occlusal vertical dimension. Medicolegal implications, as well as practical considerations, suggest that the patient's present dentures should not be permanently altered before new dentures are found to be satisfactory.
Determinacy of equilibrium in large-scale economies

Abstract In this paper we argue that indeterminacy of equilibrium is a possibility inherent in economies with a double infinity of agents and goods, large-square economies. We develop a framework that is quite different from the overlapping generations one and that is amenable to analysis by means of differential calculus in linear spaces. The commodity space is a separable, infinite-dimensional Hilbert space, and each of a continuum of consumers is described by means of an individual excess demand function defined on an open set of prices. In this setting we prove an analog of the Sonnenschein-Mantel-Debreu theorem. Using this result, we show that the set of economies whose equilibrium sets contain manifolds of arbitrary dimension is non-empty and open in the appropriate topology. In contrast, we also show that, if the space of consumers is sufficiently small, then local uniqueness is a generic property of economies. The concept of sufficiently small has a simple mathematical formulation (the derivatives of individual excess demands form a uniformly integrable family) and an equally simple economic interpretation (the variation across consumers is not too great).
The Reflective Writing Class Blog: Using Technology to Promote Reflection and Professional Development

INTRODUCTION The hidden (informal) curriculum is blamed for its negative effects on students’ humanism and professional development. To combat this, educational initiatives employing mentored reflective practice, faculty role-modeling, and feedback have been advocated.
Expression of Fos‐related antigens in the nucleus accumbens and associated regions following exposure to a cocaine‐paired environment

This study examined whether conditioned hyperactivity measured in a cocaine-paired environment was associated with increased expression of Fos-related antigens (FRA) within the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and associated forebrain regions of rats. Three groups of rats were given repeated injections of either cocaine in the test environment and saline in the colony room (group Paired), saline in the test environment and cocaine in the colony room (group Unpaired), or saline in both environments (group Control). All rats were subsequently given a drug-free test for conditioned hyperactivity in the test environment, and their brains were removed so that FRA immunohistochemistry could be conducted. Rats in the Paired group showed conditioned hyperactivity during the conditioning test, and this behavioural response was associated with increased FRA expression within the caudal NAc, the medial prefrontal cortex and the lateral septum relative to the Unpaired and Control groups. Paired rats also showed increased FRA expression within the orbital prefrontal cortex, the claustrum, the caudal amygdala (basolateral and central regions), the paraventricular thalamic nucleus, the subiculum of the hippocampus, and the lateral habenula relative to the Control group. However, the FRA levels in these latter sites were not significantly increased relative to those of Unpaired rats, indicating that genomic responses in these regions were not entirely context dependent. The correspondence between conditioned hyperactivity and enhanced FRA expression within the caudal NAc, the medial prefrontal cortex and lateral septum suggests that these regions may participate in the expression of conditioned responses to cocaine-related stimuli.
World-wide occurrence of HFSE-depleted mantle

Abstract We report here the widespread occurrence of mantle peridotites in both suboceanic and subcontinental lithosphere that show trace element characteristics similar to those of island arc volcanics. These anhydrous peridotites, which reside at high levels in the mantle, cannot generate nor be in equilibrium with mid-ocean ridge or ocean island basalts, and have complex geochemical histories involving partial melting, melt extraction and metasomatism.
POLLEN MORPHOLOGY OF AMPHIANTHUS, ARTANEMA, CURANGA, GLOSSOSTIGMA, AND PEPLIDIUM (SCROPHULARIACEAE-GRATIOLEAE)

Pollen of the scrophulariaceous genera Amphianthus, Artanema, Curanga, Glossostigma, and Peplidium was examined by light and scanning electron microscopy. All have single, isopolar, radially symmetrical pollen grains with equally spaced meridional colpi and columellate exines. Intergeneric differences are established mainly on the differential correlation of colpus number, colpus morphology, and sculpturing of the mesocolpium. The colpi vary in length and range in number from 3 to 6. The colpus membrane can be variously granular, verrucate, rugulate, or spinulose. The exine varies from semitectate and microreticulate or reticulate to tectate and sparsely perforate. It may be psilate or ornamented with supratectal processes ranging from small granules to relatively long spinules or bacules. All the genera examined, with the possible exception of Artanema vs. Amphianthus, are distinguished from one another by pollen morphology, and the grains of both Curanga and Glossostigma have morphotypes not previously reported in tribe Gratioleae. Final taxonomic assessment of the pollen data in the genera examined must await further comparative studies in the Gratioleae and other tribes, but the morphological diversity observed is clearly of potential significance in evaluating specialization levels and clarifying current conflicting interpretations of relationships in these taxa. THE PRESENT REPORT examines the pollen morphology of Artanema D. Don, Amphianthus Torr., Curanga Juss., Glossostigma Wight & Am. ex Am., and Peplidium Delile, five infrequently studied, small scrophulariaceous genera variously considered to be closely related to one another or to have their affinities in divergent areas. Artanema, with four or five
Analyses of multi-irradiation film for system alignments in stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) and radiosurgery (SRS)

In stereotactic radiosurgery, a seven-irradiation film was used to define any discrepancy between the beam and target centres. A mathematical model based on the linac alignment and target set-up was developed to diagnose the discrepancies of the seven-irradiation film between the beam and simulation target centres. From the measured data of the multi-irradiation film, this mathematical model leads to five parameters in seven equations. Twin computer codes were employed to solve the five parameters from the seven equations. By feeding the discrepancy data into the two computer codes, the sources of the target-to-beam discrepancy were revealed. From these decoded sources, the target coordinates were adjusted and then the seven-irradiation film procedure was repeated. This discrepancy thus obtained was found to be drastically reduced. Some decoded parameters were consistently verified by direct measurements. This demonstrates that the present mathematical model and computer code do reveal the causes of the target-to-beam misalignment and gantry sag. In a further effort to test the feasibility of the mathematical model and the computer codes, the target's lateral coordinate was deliberately offset by 1.5 mm and then another seven-irradiation film was taken. By inserting these discrepancies into the computer codes, it was found that the deviation was consistent with the intentional offset. In addition, the mathematical model and computer codes are applicable to any multi-irradiation technique.
Color fluctuation approximation for multiple interactions in leading twist theory of nuclear shadowing

Abstract The leading twist theory of nuclear shadowing predicts the shadowing correction to nuclear parton distributions at small x by connecting it to the leading twist hard diffraction in electron–nucleon scattering. The uncertainties of the predictions are related to the shadowing effects resulting from the interaction of the hard probe with N ⩾ 3 nucleons. We argue that the pattern of hard diffraction observed at HERA allows one to reduce these uncertainties. We develop a new approach to the treatment of these multiple interactions, which is based on the concept of the color fluctuations and accounts for the presence of both point-like and hadron-like configurations in the virtual photon wave function. Using the developed framework, we update our predictions for the leading twist nuclear shadowing in nuclear parton distributions of heavy nuclei at small x .
The Social Environment of Second Language Listening: Does Status Play a Role in Comprehension?.

Research in second language (L2) listening has focused on the factors involved in the process of listening and how variation in these factors affects comprehension. However, most of the research in listening has focused on the psycholinguistic dimension of listening. As a consequence, there has been very little research on the sociolinguistic dimension of listening, particularly status relationships. This article examines what is meant by the term “status” within the social relationship and gives a short synopsis of the research done so far on L2 listening factors. It is argued that because it has been shown that (a) the social relationship has an effect on language behavior, (b) the social relationship has an effect on conversational interaction, and (c) conversational interaction has an effect on listening comprehension, the social relationships in an interaction may have an effect on listening comprehension. Implications for theory building and the language classroom are suggested.
A PRACTICAL TIME INTEGRATION METHOD FOR THE TRANSIENT HEAT CONDUCTION EQUATION

A pragmatic combination of time-integration methods is presented. In particular, the backward difference method is changed into a modified Crank-Nicolson method with a doubling of the time step. This combination is specially effective in the case of linear analysis, since it simplifies the element assembly and the forward elimination process. As compared with the backward difference method, this time integration method has the potential to significantly reduce computation time with improved accuracy.
Concurrency control and recovery on lightweight directory access protocol

In this paper we provide a concurrency control and recovery (CCR) mechanism over cached LDAP objects. An LDAP server can be directly queried using system calls to retrieve data. Existing LDAP implementations do not provide CCR mechanisms. In such cases, it is up to the application to verify that accesses remain serialized. Our mechanism provides an independent layer over an existing LDAP server (Sun One Directory Server), which handles all user requests, serializes them based on 2 Phase Locking and Timestamp Ordering mechanisms and provides XML-based logging for recovery management. Furthermore, while current LDAP servers only provide object-level locking, our scheme serializes transactions on individual attributes of LDAP objects (attribute-level locking). We have developed a Directory Enabled Network (DEN) Simulator that operates on a subset of directory objects on an existing LDAP server to test the proposed mechanism. We perform experiments to show that our mechanism can gracefully address concurrency and recovery related issues over and LDAP server.
Asbestos-Mediated transfection of mammalian cell cultures

The capacity of asbestos to mediate transfection was tested in a rapid and relatively simple system: picornavirus RNAs and mammalian cells in vitro. Thirteen asbestos samples, including amosite, anthophyllite, chrysotile, and crocidolite, 4 picornaviruses (poliovirus 1 and 2, echovirus 7, and encephalomyocarditis virus), and 4 cell lines (CLI, chimpanzee liver; KB, human carcinoma eta, monkey kidney; NIH 3T3, mouse embryo) were tested. The results showed that all asbestos samples mediated transfection and that all cell lines were transfectible by viral RNA with asbestos. Transfection was much greater with asbestos added to the viral RNA inoculum than to the cells before or after the RNA. Transfection was directly proportional to asbestos concentration. Initiation of transfection events was rapid, with half becoming irreversible by washing 2 min postinoculation. DNA in the inoculum strongly interfered with asbestos-mediated transfection by the RNA but was ineffective when added, with or without asbestos, to the cells before or after the inoculum. Asbestos compared with six classical “insoluble” facilitators (bentonite, calcium phosphate, chromic oxide, ferric oxide, kaolin, talc) was of intermediate rank in transfection mediation. It is hypothesized that the prominence of asbestos in carcinogenesis is due to a combination of properties, including transfection mediation as well as chromosome mutagenicity, fiber dimensions, biological durability, hydrocarbon transport, and prevalence.
Asymptomatic renal abscess: Evaluation with gadolinium DTPA-enhanced MRI

Incidental detection of renal mass in a transplant patient is a diagnostic challenge. These patients are at risk for the development of neoplasms and, more commonly, infection with atypical organisms. Symptomatology may be lacking in either, and both conditions may present with similar symptoms. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evaluation with gadolinium DTPA is helpful in the evaluation of asymptomatic renal mass, with enhancement effectively excluding simple and hemorrhagic cysts. Because the MRI appearances of renal cell neoplasm and renal abscess overlap, both must be considered in the differential diagnosis.
Missing the Tree for the Forest: A Case of Secondary Spontaneous Pneumothorax

A 67-year-old woman presented with four weeks of gradually worsening exertional dyspnea, post-tussive right-sided chest pressure, intermittent foot swelling and drenching night sweats. She had a history of sarcoidosis, aspergilloma and recently completed several courses of antibiotics for repeated pneumonia. A chest x-ray (Fig. 1) demonstrated a pre-existing left apical bleb (1), stable fungal infection (2) and new moderate right-sided pneumothorax (3). Her prior coronal computerized tomography (CT) (Fig. 2) is included for comparison. She was treated with a temporary chest tube and did well with symptomatic improvement. Figure 1 Chest x-ray revealing a large left apical bleb (1), stable fungal infection (2) and new pneumothorax (3). Figure 2 Baseline computerized tomography displays a large left apical bleb (1) and fungal infection (2). Secondary spontaneous pneumothorax (SSP) occurs in the context of underlying lung disease and frequently requires urgent management due to limited cardiopulmonary reserve.1 Compared to primary spontaneous pneumothorax, secondary cases occur later in life1 and portend poor outcomes with up to a fourfold increase in mortality for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.2 Recurrence is seen in up to 50% of patients with SSP2 and should prompt pulmonary consultation for consideration of a preventive intervention such as pleurodesis after the first presentation.2,3 This patient was discharged with outpatient evaluation for lung transplant. She was subsequently re-admitted with recurrent pneumothorax and is undergoing expedited inpatient evaluation for transplantation (pleurodesis would preclude transplant).
Red Crown Rot of Hop in Oregon Caused by Phomopsis tuberivora

During July 2007, symptoms including weak growth and death of plants of cultivar Fuggle were reported by a hop grower in Marion Co., OR. Phomopsis tuberivora H.T. Gussow & W.R. Foster 1932 was cons...