cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Designing cost-effective cash transfer programs to boost schooling among young women in Sub-Saharan Africa

As of 2007, 29 developing countries had some type of conditional cash transfer program in place, with many others planning or piloting one. However, the evidence base needed by a government to decide how to design a new conditional cash transfer program is severely limited in a number of critical dimensions. This paper presents one-year schooling impacts from a conditional cash transfer experiment among teenage girls and young women in Malawi, which was designed to address these shortcomings: conditionality status, size of separate transfers to the schoolgirl and the parent, and village-level saturation of treatment were all independently randomized. The authors find that the program had large impacts on school attendance: the re-enrollment rate among those who had already dropped out of school before the start of the program increased by two and a half times and the dropout rate among those in school at baseline decreased from 11 to 6 percent. These impacts were, on average, similar in the conditional and the unconditional treatment arms. Although most schooling outcomes examined here were unresponsive to variation in the size of the transfer to the parents, higher transfers given directly to the schoolgirls were associated with significantly improved school attendance and progress - but only if the transfers were conditional on school attendance. There were no spillover effects within treatment communities after the first year of program implementation. Policymakers looking to design cost-effective cash transfer programs targeted toward young women should note the relative insensitivity of these short-term program impacts with respect to conditionality and total transfer size.
Investment Patterns in California Higher Education and Policy Options for a Possible Future

What has been the level of public investment in the California higher education system, and how has it performed over the past century? What are the challenges that this system faces in the future and what level of investment is necessary? This paper attempts to provide an historical context to these questions to assist Californians as they once again consider how to expand educational opportunity. California now faces a dramatic new period of potential enrollment and program growth that will have a significant impact on socio-economic mobility, and on the state's economic competitiveness. How might the state rise to the occasion?
Potential Impact of Higher Food Prices on Poverty : Summary Estimates for a Dozen West and Central African Countries

Concerns have been raised about the impact of rising food prices worldwide on the poor. To assess the impact of rising food prices in any particular country it is necessary to look at both the impact on food producers who are poor or near-poor and could benefit from an increase in prices and food consumers who are poor or near-poor and would loose out when the price increases. In most West and Central African countries, the sign (positive or negative) of the impact is not ambiguous because a substantial share of food consumption is imported, so that the negative impact for consumers is larger than the positive impact for net sellers of locally produced foods. Yet even if the sign of the impact is clear, its magnitude is not. Using a set of recent and comprehensive household surveys, this paper summarizes findings from an assessment of the potential impact of higher food prices on the poor in a dozen countries. Rising food prices for rice, wheat, maize, and other cereals as well as for milk, sugar and vegetable oils could lead to a substantial increase in poverty in many of the countries. At the same time, the data suggest that the magnitude of the increase in poverty between different countries is likely to be different. Finally, the data suggest that a large share of the increase in poverty will consist of deeper levels of poverty among households who are already poor, even if there will also be a larger number of poor households in the various countries.
School Climate and the Relationship to Student Learning of Hispanic 10th Grade Students in Arizona Schools

This study provided an analysis of Hispanic 10 th grade student academic achievement in the areas of mathematics, reading and writing as measured by the Arizona’s Instrument to Measure Standards. The study is based on data of 163 school districts and 25,103 (95%) students in the state of Arizona as published by the Arizona Department of Education. In the study, the quantitative correlations of four independent school climate-related variables with student learning (dependent variable) were analyzed. The independent variables were the following: teachers’ years of experience, teachers’ academic preparation, Limited English Proficiency (LEP) student population and economically disadvantaged student population. The study sought to inform principals and the discipline of Education Administration about the complex school climate issues that relate to student learning in Arizona high schools among the Hispanic student population. In so doing, the study offered informed arguments regarding the complex issue of narrowing the achievement gap of Hispanic students.
Y-Threads: supporting concurrency in wireless sensor networks

Resource constrained systems often are programmed using an event-based model. Many applications do not lend themselves well to an event-based approach, but preemptive multithreading pre-allocates resources that cannot be used even while not in use by the owning thread. In this paper, we propose a hybrid approach called Y-Threads. Y-Threads provide separate small stacks for blocking portions of applications, while allowing for shared stacks for non-blocking computations. We have implemented Y-Threads on Mica and Telos wireless sensor network platforms. The results show that Y-Threads provide a preemptive multithreaded programming model with resource utilization closer to an event-based approach. In addition, relatively large memory buffers can be allocated for temporary use with less overhead than conventional dynamic memory allocation methods.
Spectral integration of linear boundary value problems

Spectral integration was deployed by Orszag and co-workers (1977, 1980, 1981) to obtain stable and efficient solvers for the incompressible Navier-Stokes equation in rectangular geometries. Since then several variations of spectral integration have appeared in the literature. In this article, we derive yet more versions of spectral integration. These new versions of spectral integration rely exclusively on banded matrices as opposed to banded matrices bordered with dense rows. In addition, we derive a factored form of spectral integration which relies only on bi- and tri-diagonal matrices. Key properties, such as the accuracy of spectral integration even when Green's functions are not resolved by the underlying grid and the accuracy of spectral integration in spite of ill-conditioning of underlying linear systems are investigated. Timed comparisons show that reducing spectral integration to bi- and tri-diagonal systems leads to significant speed-ups.
Computably Enumerable Partial Orders

We study the degree spectra and reverse-mathematical applications of computably enumerable and co-computably enumerable partial orders. We formulate versions of the chain/antichain principle and ascending/descending sequence principle for such orders, and show that the former is strictly stronger than the latter. We then show that every ; 0 -computable structure (or even just of c.e. degree) has the same degree spectrum as some computably enumerable (co-c.e.) partial order, and hence that there is a c.e. (co-c.e.) partial order with spectrum equal to the set of nonzero degrees.
On the Application of Evolutionary Pattern Search Algorithms

This paper presents an experimental evaluation of evolutionary pattern search algorithms (EPSAs). This analysis provides a first step towards understanding of how the broad theory of EPSAs needs to be applied to define practical EPSAs. We evaluate the effect that different types of mutation operators have on the frequency with which an EPSA could update its step length, as well as the effects of different crossover rates. Additionally, we describe a stopping rule for EPSAs that empirically terminates them near a stationary point. The empirical performance of EPSAs confirms that they can perform nonlocal optimization on standard test optimization problems.
Justifying Free Exercise Rights

Looking at religion clause doctrine, particularly free exercise doctrine, from the perspective of the entire panoply of constitutional rights, it is hard not to be struck by what seem to be perplexing irregularities. An overview of doctrinal development in other areas, free speech and equal protection, for example, reveals fairly dramatic changes over time, a contemporary fo­cus on a limited, but shifting, set of controversial issues, and what appears to be a settled core of accepted principles. Free exercise doctrine looks very different. Here, there have been changes in one sense. During the last half cen­tury, there have been two sharp doctrinal discontinuities. But the net effect of both-the commitment to a relatively invigorated religion clause juris prudence exemplified by cases such as Sherbert v. Verner and Wisconsin v. Yoder in the 1960s and '70s and the repudiation of that commitment in Employment Division v. Smith in 1990-leaves us largely in the same place we were before the first discontinuity occurred. Religious beliefs and speech are rigorously protected although not to any greater extent than any other subject or viewpoint of expression. Religious practice is largely un­protected except in the extraordinary circumstance when it is singled out for discriminatory treatment. While free speech and equal protection doctrines have progressed in new directions, free exercise caselaw has traveled in a circle.
Rrd1p, an RNA Polymerase II-specific Prolyl Isomerase and Activator of Phosphoprotein Phosphatase, Promotes Transcription Independently of Rapamycin Response

Rrd1p (resistance to rapamycin deletion 1) has been previously implicated in controlling transcription of rapamycin-regulated genes in response to rapamycin treatment. Intriguingly, we show here that Rrd1p associates with the coding sequence of a galactose-inducible and rapamycin non-responsive GAL1 gene, and promotes the association of RNA polymerase II with GAL1 in the absence of rapamycin treatment following transcriptional induction. Consistently, nucleosomal disassembly at GAL1 is impaired in the absence of Rrd1p, and GAL1 transcription is reduced in the Δrrd1 strain. Likewise, Rrd1p associates with the coding sequences of other rapamycin non-responsive and inducible GAL genes to promote their transcription in the absence of rapamycin treatment. Similarly, inducible, but rapamycin-responsive, non-GAL genes such as CTT1, STL1 and CUP1 are also regulated by Rrd1p. However, transcription of these inducible GAL and non-GAL genes is not altered in the absence of Rrd1p when the steady-state is reached after long transcriptional induction. Consistently, transcription of the constitutively active genes is not changed in the Δrrd1 strain. Taken together, our results demonstrate a new function of Rrd1p in stimulation of initial rounds of transcription, but not steady-state/constitutive transcription, of both rapamycin-responsive and non-responsive genes independently of rapamycin treatment.
Test Problems in Radiative Transfer Calculations

Several test problems are presented for evaluating the radiation diffusion equations. For spatial transport schemes, one-dimensional problems with known analytic solutions are tested on two-dimensi...
Bias in Cohort Studies

Selection biases can arise in cohort studies if the analysis cohort is not representative of the cohort of interest, either as a result of biased sampling, selective losses to follow-up, or nonresponse. A particular type of biased sampling can arise when one studies a cohort with prevalent rather than incident disease. Misclassification of disease or exposure status can also result in bias, particularly when the misclassifications are differential. Confounding also results in bias in cohort studies. Keywords: selection bias; misclassification; confounding; loss to follow-up; prevalent cohort
Constructive solid geometry: a symbolic computation approach

A method of parameterizing an object that is represented by constructive solid geometry (CSG) is provided. A method is developed for generating the constraint equations on the parameters which provides a sufficient condition so that the object remains geometrically similar as the parameters are varied. A canonical form for objects represented by CSG is developed. These are applied to the problem of geometric optimization which is part of Computer Aided Engineering.
Management of ovarian carcinoma, Surgery, irradiation, and chemotherapy.

Abstract The unsettled role of x-ray therapy for carcinoma of the ovary has been complicated further by the demonstrated sensitivity of this disease to antitumor drugs. The records of 915 patients admitted to The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute during the years 1945–1965 have been reviewed. A group of 239 patients from the over-all case material received chemotherapy ( l -sarcolysin) alone. In evaluating the total patient material of 915 cases according to treatment by stage of disease, we have attempted to compare patients treated by strip irradiation alone, chemotherapy alone, or a combination of these treatments. Irradiation will continue to be used in the management of inoperable carcinoma of the ovary, possibly more effectively in combination with chemotherapy.
Distributing key updates in secure dynamic groups

We focus on the problem of distributing key updates in secure dynamic groups Due to changes in group membership, the group controller needs to change and distribute the keys used for ensuring encryption However, in the current key management algorithms the group controller broadcasts these key updates even if only a subset of users need them In this paper, we describe a key distribution algorithm for distributing keys to only those users who need them Towards this end, we propose a descendent tracking scheme Using our scheme, a node forwards an encrypted key update only if it believes that there are descendents who know the encrypting key We also describe an identifier assignment algorithm which assigns closer logical identifiers to users who are physically close in the multicast tree We show that our identifier assignment algorithm further improves the performance of our key distribution algorithm as well as that of a previous solution Our simulation results show that a bandwidth reduction of upto 55% is achieved by our algorithms.
Dilute Fermi and Bose Gases

We give a unified perspective on the properties of a variety of quantum liquids using the theory of quantum phase transitions. A central role is played by a zero density quantum critical point which is argued to control the properties of the dilute gas. An exact renormalization group analysis of such quantum critical points leads to a computation of the universal properties of the dilute Bose gas and the spinful Fermi gas near a Feshbach resonance.
Europe as a convergence engine -- heterogeneity and investment opportunities in emerging Europe

This paper provides empirical evidence that countries in emerging Europe reaped the benefits of international financial integration over the past 12 years by attracting sizeable foreign capital inflows and accelerating medium-term growth. But the aggregate pattern masks substantial heterogeneity across countries; namely, new European Union member states and the European Union candidate countries are different from the European Union neighborhood. The growth benefits are supported from both a flow and a stock perspective in terms of the link between foreign savings and growth. While foreign savings might in part substitute for national savings, the analysis finds that the channel to high growth in these countries is, primarily, through making possible the pursuit of investment opportunities that would otherwise remain unfunded; in turn, this seems to be intimately linked to the opportunities created by European Union membership. Although this conclusion does not disappear if the outlier observations of the credit boom period that preceded the financial crisis are dropped from the sample, it does suggest that these excesses did not play as positive a role for growth.
Secrecy Capacity Region of Binary and Gaussian Multiple Access Channels

Abstract— A generalized multiple access channel (GMAC) with one confidential message set is studied, where two users (users 1 and 2) attempt to transmit common information to a destination, and user 1 also has confidential information intended for the destination. Moreover, user 1 wishes to keep its confidential information as secret as possible from user 2. A deterministic GMAC is first studied, and the capacity-equivocation region and the secrecy capacity region are obtained. Two main classes of the GMAC are then studied: the binary GMAC and the Gaussian GMAC. For both channels, the capacity-equivocation region and the secrecy capacity region are established.
A method to estimate statistics of rain depolarization

This paper is concerned with depolarization caused by rain due to nonsphericity of drops and the distribution of their axes orientations. The drops are assumed to be oblate spheroids having canting angles distribution obtained by Saunders. Differential phase shift as well as differential attenuation is important in the calculation of depolarization and the values proposed by Oguchi and Hosoya are utilized. In the first part expression to calculate depolarization amount for a uniform precipitation rate are presented. But communication engineers are usually interested on statistical variations of depolarization amount, so the second part of this paper is concerned with statistical distribution of depolarization. The rain cell proposed by Misme and Fimbel is used to describe the rain model over a path. If the precipitation rate distribution is known in one point of the path, the depolarization distribution is obtained by assuming only one rain cell along the path where, for a long time observation, the precipitation rate distribution for all points is the same.
Boundary Quantum Group Generators of Type A

We construct boundary quantum group generators which, through linear intertwining relations, determine nondiagonal solutions of the boundary Yang–Baxter equation for vector representations of An-1(1)and A2(2).
New worker-centric scheduling strategies for data-intensive grid applications

Distributed computations, dealing with large amounts of data, are scheduled in Grid clusters today using either a task-centric mechanism, or a worker-centric mechanism. Because of the large data sets, the execution time is bounded by the cost of data transfer. In this paper, we introduce new worker-centric scheduling strategies that are novel in that they aim to implicitly exploit the locality of interest in order to reduce the cost of data transfer. Many Grid applications are characterized by such a locality of interest, i.e., a file is often accessed by multiple tasks and, more importantly, a set of files that are accessed by one task are also likely to be accessed together by other tasks. Our new deterministic, as well as probabilistic, scheduling algorithms implicitly exploit this feature to improve running time. Our experiments are done with traces of a real Grid application (Coadd), and show that our algorithms are able to achieve utilization of over 90%, while reducing makespan significantly compared to task-centric approaches.
Concurrent statistical zero-knowledge arguments for NP from one way functions

In this thesis we show a general transformation from any honest verifier statistical zero-knowledge argument to a concurrent statistical zero-knowledge argument. Our transformation relies only on the existence of one-way functions. It is known that the existence of zero-knowledge systems for any non-trivial language implies one-way functions. Hence our transformation unconditionally shows that concurrent statistical zero-knowledge arguments for a non-trivial language exist if and only if standalone secure statistical zero-knowledge arguments for that language exist. Further, applying our transformation to the statistical zero-knowledge argument system of Nguyen. Ong and Vadhan (STOC'06) yields the first concurrent statistical zero-knowledge argument system for all languages in NP from any one-way function.
Oxidation of Propargylic Alcohols with a 2‐Quinoxalinol Salen Copper(II) Complex and tert‐Butyl Hydroperoxide

The copper(II) complex of 2-quinoxalinol salen (salqu) is an efficient catalyst for the selective oxidation of propargylic alcohols to yield the corresponding α,β-acetylenic carbonyl compounds when used in combination with the oxidant tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP). Excellent yields (up to 99 %) are achieved for a variety of propargylic alcohols within 1 h of reaction time. The (salqu)copper(II) complex with TBHP can be used with propargylic alcohols that contain alkyl groups in the α-position, which can be difficult to oxidize selectively with other commonly available methods. By using this catalytic protocol, excellent selectivity was also achieved for the oxidation of propargylic alcohols over that of isolated hydroxy groups, triple bonds, or propargylic methylene groups.
Conflicts, Choices, and Solutions: Informing Risky Choices

This article deals with key aspects of informing decision making of what may be the optimal choice, given a set of potential choices, unpredictable events, the value of the consequences (positive or negative) associated with each choice, and criteria for making the choice. This article introduces some of those criteria, methods and measures that can be used to inform policy maker relative to the set of options included in the analysis, and provides examples. Keywords: decision analysis; risk; criteria for choice; equilibria
Optical wavelength conversion via optomechanical coupling in a silica resonator

In an optomechanical resonator, an optically active mechanical mode can couple to any of the optical resonances via radiation pressure. This unique property can enable a remarkable phenomenon: conversion of optical fields via optomechanical coupling between vastly different wavelengths. Here we expand an earlier experimental study [Science 338, 1609 (2012)] on classical wavelength conversion of coherent optical fields by coupling two optical modes to a mechanical breathing mode in a silica resonator. Heterodyne detection of the converted optical fields shows that the wavelength conversion process is coherent and bidirectional. The conversion efficiency obtained features a distinct saturation behavior that arises from optomechanical impedance matching. A measurement of the coherent mechanical excitation involved in the wavelength conversion process also provides additional insight on the underlying optomechanical interactions.
Partitioning Regular Polygons into Circular Pieces I: Convex Partitions

We explore an instance of the question of partitioning a polygon into pieces, each of which is as “circular” as possible, in the sense of having an aspect ratio close to 1. The aspect ratio of a polygon is the ratio of the diameters of the smallest circumscribing circle to the largest inscribed disk. The problem is rich even for partitioning regular polygons into convex pieces, the focus of this paper. We show that the optimal (most circular) partition for an equilateral triangle has an infinite number of pieces, with the lower bound approachable to any accuracy desired by a particular finite partition. For pentagons and all regular k-gons, k> 5, the unpartitioned polygon is already optimal. The square presents an interesting intermediate case. Here the one-piece partition is not optimal, but nor is the trivial lower bound approachable. We narrow the optimal ratio to an aspect-ratio gap of 0.01082 with several somewhat intricate partitions.
Data-Driven discovery using probabilistic hidden variable models

Generative probabilistic models have proven to be a very useful framework for machine learning from scientific data. Key ideas that underlie the generative approach include (a) representing complex stochastic phenomena using the structured language of graphical models, (b) using latent (hidden) variables to make inferences about unobserved phenomena, and (c) leveraging Bayesian ideas for learning and prediction. This talk will begin with a brief review of learning from data with hidden variables and then discuss some exciting recent work in this area that has direct application to a broad range of scientific problems. A number of different scientific data sets will be used as examples to illustrate the application of these ideas in probabilistic learning, such as time-course microarray expression data, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data of the human brain, text documents from the biomedical literature, and sets of cyclone trajectories.
Communication Efficient Secret Sharing

A secret sharing scheme is a method to store information securely and reliably. Particularly, in a threshold secret sharing scheme , a secret is encoded into $n$ shares, such that any set of at least $t_{1}$ shares suffice to decode the secret, and any set of at most $t_{2} shares reveal no information about the secret. Assuming that each party holds a share and a user wishes to decode the secret by receiving information from a set of parties; the question we study is how to minimize the amount of communication between the user and the parties. We show that the necessary amount of communication, termed “decoding bandwidth”, decreases as the number of parties that participate in decoding increases. We prove a tight lower bound on the decoding bandwidth, and construct secret sharing schemes achieving the bound. Particularly, we design a scheme that achieves the optimal decoding bandwidth when $d$ parties participate in decoding, universally for all $t_{1} \le d \le n$ . The scheme is based on a generalization of Shamir’s secret sharing scheme and preserves its simplicity and efficiency. In addition, we consider the setting of secure distributed storage where the proposed communication efficient secret sharing schemes not only improve decoding bandwidth but further improve disk access complexity during decoding.
A new view of the origin of the solar wind

This paper uses white-light measurements made by the SOHO LASCO coronagraph and HAO Mauna Loa Mk III K-coronameter to illustrate the new view of solar wind structure deduced originally from radio occultation measurements. It is shown that the density profile closest to the Sun at 1.15 Ro, representing the imprint of the Sun, is carried essentially radially into interplanetary space by small-scale raylike structures that permeate the solar corona and which have only been observed by radio occultation measurements. The only exception is the small volume of interplanetary space occupied by the heliospheric plasma sheet that evolves from coronal streamers within a few solar radii of the Sun. The radial preservation of the density profile also implies that a significant fraction of field lines which extend into interplanetary space originate from the quiet Sun, and are indistinguishable in character from those emanating from polar coronal holes. The white-light measurements dispel the long-held belief that the boundaries of polar coronal holes diverge significantly, and further support the view originally proposed that the fast solar wind originates from the quiet Sun as well as polar coronal holes.
Simple Hironaka resolution in characteristic zero

Building upon work of Villamayor and Bierstone-Milman we give a proof of the canonical Hironaka principalization and desingularization. The idea of "homogenized ideals" introduced in the paper gives a priori the canonicity of algorithm and radically simplifies the proof.
Direct optical measurement of the valence band offset of p+ Si1−x−yGexCy/p− Si(100) by heterojunction internal photoemission

Optical absorption measurements have been performed to study the effect of substitutional carbon on the valence band offset of compressively strained p+ Si1−x−yGexCy/(100) p− Si. The compressively strained p+ Si1−x−yGexCy/(100) p− Si heterojunction internal photoemission structures were grown by rapid thermal chemical vapor deposition with substitutional carbon levels up to 2.5%. Carbon decreased the valence band offset by 26±1 meV/% substitutional carbon. Based on previous reports of the effect of carbon on the band gap of Si1−x−yGexCy, our work suggests that the effect of carbon incorporation on the band alignment of compressively strained Si1−x−yGexCy/Si is to reduce the valence band offset, with a negligible effect on the conduction band alignment.
Robust Sensitivity Analysis for Stochastic Systems

We study a worst-case approach to measure the sensitivity to model misspecification in the performance analysis of stochastic systems. The situation of interest is when only minimal parametric information is available on the form of the true model. Under this setting, we post optimization programs that compute the worst-case performance measures, subject to constraints on the amount of model misspecification measured by Kullback-Leibler divergence. Our main contribution is the development of infinitesimal approximations for these programs, resulting in asymptotic expansions of their optimal values as the divergence shrinks to zero. The coefficients of these expansions can be computed via simulation, and are mathematically derived from the representation of the worst-case models as changes of measure that satisfy a well-defined class of functional fixed-point equations.
Synthesis of N-Vinyl Nitrones via 1,4-Conjugate Elimination

A number of structurally and electronically diverse N-vinyl nitrones have been synthesized by a two-step method. The sequence consists of condensation of an α-chloroaldehyde or an α-phenoxy- or α-acetoxy ketone with a substituted benzyl hydroxylamine to provide the corresponding nitrone. Treatment of these species with a base induces a 1,4-elimination to provide the desired N-vinyl nitrone in good to excellent yields.
Improving simulated annealing through derandomization

We propose and study a version of simulated annealing (SA) on continuous state spaces based on $$(t,s)_R$$(t,s)R-sequences. The parameter $$R\in \bar{\mathbb {N}}$$RźN¯ regulates the degree of randomness of the input sequence, with the case $$R=0$$R=0 corresponding to IID uniform random numbers and the limiting case $$R=\infty $$R=ź to (t, s)-sequences. Our main result, obtained for rectangular domains, shows that the resulting optimization method, which we refer to as QMC-SA, converges almost surely to the global optimum of the objective function $$\varphi $$ź for any $$R\in \mathbb {N}$$RźN. When $$\varphi $$ź is univariate, we are in addition able to show that the completely deterministic version of QMC-SA is convergent. A key property of these results is that they do not require objective-dependent conditions on the cooling schedule. As a corollary of our theoretical analysis, we provide a new almost sure convergence result for SA which shares this property under minimal assumptions on $$\varphi $$ź. We further explain how our results in fact apply to a broader class of optimization methods including for example threshold accepting, for which to our knowledge no convergence results currently exist. We finally illustrate the superiority of QMC-SA over SA algorithms in a numerical study.
Economic interdependence and coordination of economic policies

Publisher Summary The term “economic interdependence” has come into widespread use during the past decade. The chapter addresses the various meanings of this term, the possible reasons for increased economic interdependence on some of its meanings, and the implications of that increased economic interdependence for the functioning of national economies, including national economic policy. Economic interdependence refers to some measure of the value of economic transactions between two countries, or between a country and the rest of the world, perhaps scaled to total national output or to some measure of total financial assets. The responses to increased economic interdependence have varied in character and direction. One response involves steps toward disintegration, to reduce the interdependence and restore some freedom of action to national policy-makers. A second response involves attempts to coordinate national policy actions in one fashion or another, sometimes through conscious collaboration among nations, sometimes by one nation attempting to impose its preferred course of action on others. A third response involves the search for new policy instruments not subject to the same degree of erosion as the traditional instruments, or even choosing instruments that capitalize on the increased economic openness and mobility. New barriers to foreign trade and international movement of capital are examples of disintegration, of efforts to reduce interdependence by providing for increased separation among national markets.
THE RISE AND FALL OF EXPORT-LED GROWTH

This paper traces the rise of export-led growth as a development paradigm and argues it is exhausted owing to changed conditions in emerging market (EM) and developed economies. The global economy needs a recalibration that facilitates a new paradigm of domestic demand-led growth. Globalization has so diversified global economic activity that no country or region can act as the lone locomotive of global growth. Political reasoning suggests EM countries are unlikely to abandon export-led growth, and nor will the international community implement the international arrangements needed for successful domestic demand-led growth. Consequently, the global economy likely confronts asymmetric stagnation.
From knowledge to wealth : transforming Russian science and technology for a modern knowledge economy

Russia possesses a sophisticated science and technology (S&T) infrastructure (research capability, technically trained workforce, and technical research universities) which, even today, is a world leader in many fields. Despite this world class basic research capacity, Russia's exports are primarily raw materials. At a time when wealth depends to an increasing degree on knowledge, Russia does not have an effective system for converting its scientific capacity into wealth. Russia's S&T resources are isolated bureaucratically (they are deployed in the rigid hierarchical system devised in the 1920s to mobilize resources for rapid state-planned industrial development and national defense), functionally (there are few links between the supply of S&T output by research institutes and the demand for S&T by Russian or foreign enterprises), and geographically (many assets are located in formerly closed cities or isolated science/atomic cities). Overcoming these inefficiencies and adjusting the S&T system to the demands of a market economy will require a major program of institutional and sectoral reform. Part I of this paper describes the ambiguous legacy of the Soviet S&T system and the status of the Russian S&T sector after 10 years of transition. Part II describes the evolution of the Russian system of intellectual property rights protection from Soviet times to the present and argues that Russia will never develop a successful commercialization program until it clarifies the ownership of the large stock of intellectual property funded with federal budget resources. Part III outlines a comprehensive 10-point sectoral reform program to improve the efficiency of government research and development spending and link the Russian S&T system with market forces.
Solar Convection Zone Dynamics

A comprehensive understanding of the solar magnetic cycle requires detailed modeling of the solar interior including the maintenance and variation of large scale flows (differential rotation and meridional flow), the solar dynamo and the flux emergence process connecting the magnetic field in the solar convection zone with magnetic field in the photosphere and above. Due to the vast range of time and length scales encountered, a single model of the entire convection zone is still out of reach. However, a variety of aspects can be modeled through a combined approach of 3D MHD models and simplified descriptions. We will briefly review our current theoretical understanding of these processes based on numerical models of the solar interior.
Intermittency of Internal Wave Shear and Turbulence Dissipation

It is crucial to understand the extreme intermittency of ocean and lake turbulence and turbulent mixing in order to estimate vertical fluxes of momentum, heat and mass by Osborn-Cox flux dissipation methods. Vast undersampling errors occur by this method when intermittency is not taken into account, Gibson (1990a, 1991ab). Turbulence dissipation and internal wave shear in the ocean are closely coupled. Often, oceanic turbulence is assumed to be caused by breaking internal waves. However, the extreme intermittency observed by Gregg et al. (1993), with intermittency factor IS 4 ≈ 6 for 10 m internal wave shears S, strongly suggests that wave breaking is not the cause of turbulence but an effect. The usual assumption about the waveturbulence cause-effect relationship should be reversed. Wave motions alone reduce intermittency. Oceanic turbulence increases intermittency as the result of a self-similar nonlinear cascade covering a wide range of scales, mostly horizontal, but no such nonlinear cascade exists for internal waves. Extremely large I e and Iχ measured for oceanic turbulence are in the range 3-7, Baker and Gibson (1987). These values are consistent with the third universal similarity hypothesis for turbulence of Kolmogorov (1962) and a length scale range over 3-7 decades from viscous or diffusive to buoyancy or Coriolis force domination, where the measured universal intermittency constant μ = 0.44, Gibson (1991a), is a result of singularities in multifractal turbulence dissipation networks and their degeneration, Bershadskii and Gibson (1994). The extreme intermittency of small scale internal wave shears in the ocean is a fossil turbulence remnant of the extreme intermittency of ocean turbulence, and the waves themselves may be fossil turbulence. Evidence that composite shear spectra and schematic temperature gradient spectra in the ocean reflect fossil turbulence effects, Gibson (1986), is provided by the decaying tidal sill temperature spectra of Rodrigues-Sero and Hendershott (1997).
Fortnightly Earth Rotation, Ocean Tides, and Mantle Anelasticity

SUMMARY This study of the fortnightly Mf tide comprises three main topics: (1) a new determination of the fortnightly component of polar motion and length of day (LOD) from a multidecade time-series of observed space-geodetic data; (2) the use of the polar motion determination as one constraint in the development of a hydrodynamic ocean model of the Mf tide and (3) the use of these results to place new constraints on mantle anelasticity at the Mf tidal period. Our model of the Mf ocean tide assimilates more than 14 years of altimeter data from the Topex/Poseidon and Jason-1 satellites. Because the Mf altimetric signal-to-noise ratio is very small, it is critical that altimeter data not be overweighted. The polar motion data, plus tidegauge data and independent altimeter data, give useful additional information, with only the polar motion putting constraints on tidal current velocities. The resulting ocean-tide model, plus the dominant elastic body tide, leaves a small residual in observed LOD caused by mantle anelasticity. The inferred effective tidal Q of the anelastic body tide is 90 and is in line with a ω α frequency dependence with α in the range 0.2–0.3.
Submucosal resection of the middle turbinate.

Objective: 1) Describe a new technique to improve access to the middle meatus in select endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) cases. 2) Describe the indications and outcomes of this technique. 3) Compare outcomes of this technique to those of conventional middle turbinate resection.Method: Retrospective chart review, January 2007 to January 2012. Eleven subjects underwent submucosal resection of the middle turbinate during routine ESS. The indication was middle turbinate bony hypertrophy that prevented adequate middle meatal access. The technique involves elevating submucosal flaps along medial and lateral aspects of the middle turbinate. The prominent bone is then resected.Results: Submucosal resection of the middle turbinate improved surgical access in all cases (11 patients, 13 turbinates). Follow-up duration ranged from 1-41 months (mean 10.4 months). Adequate middle meatal access was obtained intraoperatively in all cases. Postoperatively, the middle meatus remained patent in all patients. None of the patie...
A Fundamental Form of the Schrodinger Equation

We propose a first order equation from which the Schrodinger equation can be derived. Matrices that obey certain properties are introduced for this purpose. We start by constructing the solutions of this equation in one dimension and solve the problem of electron scattering from a step potential. We show that the sum of the spin up and down, reflection and transmission coefficients, is equal to the quantum mechanical results for this problem. Furthermore, we present a three dimensional (3D) version of the equation which can be used to derive the Schrodinger equation in 3D.
Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Allylic Substitutions of Trichloroacetimidates

With the development of practical methods for their preparation, trichloroacetimidates have proven to be valuable substrates for use in carbohydrate and organic synthesis. The broad utility of allyl trichloroacetimidates for the construction of carbon-heteroatom bonds is the result of the unique features of the trichloroacetimidate nitrogen functionality as a directing, nucleophilic, and leaving group. In this review we describe the expansion of Overman's [3,3]-rearrangement of allyl trichloroacetimidates to allylic substitution reactions for regio- and enantioselective C–N, C–O, and C–F bond-forming methodologies.
Examining the Reliability of Student Growth Percentiles Using Multidimensional IRT.

Student growth percentiles (SGPs, Betebenner, 2009) are used to locate a student's current score in a conditional distribution based on the student's past scores. Currently, following Betebenner (2009), quantile regression (QR) is most often used operationally to estimate the SGPs. Alternatively, multidimensional item response theory (MIRT) may also be used to estimate SGPs, as proposed by Lockwood and Castellano (2015). A benefit of using MIRT to estimate SGPs is that techniques and methods already developed for MIRT may readily be applied to the specific context of SGP estimation and inference. This research adopts a MIRT framework to explore the reliability of SGPs. More specifically, we propose a straightforward method for estimating SGP reliability. In addition, we use this measure to study how SGP reliability is affected by two key factors: the correlation between prior and current latent achievement scores, and the number of prior years included in the SGP analysis. These issues are primarily explored via simulated data. In addition, the QR and MIRT approaches are compared in an empirical application.
Decomposing Changes in Agricultural Producer Prices

This article develops a method for decomposing changes in agricultural producer prices. The method builds on a procedure used by the World Bank, with the main variables in the decomposition being trade prices, exchange rates and trade policies. We expand on the World Bank decomposition procedure by broadening the analysis of policy effects, adding the effect from incomplete transmission of changes in trade prices and exchange rates to producer prices, and handling the effect on prices from interactions between variables as they change simultaneously. Decomposition results are presented for various commodities for the major emerging markets of Brazil, China and South Africa.
Scattering Poles for Asymptotically Hyperbolic Manifolds

For a class of manifolds X that includes quotients of real hyperbolic (n + 1)-dimensional space by a convex co-compact discrete group, we show that the resonances of the meromorphically continued resolvent kernel for the Laplacian on X coincide, with multiplicities, with the poles of the meromorphically continued scattering operator for X. In order to carry out the proof, we use Shmuel Agmon's perturbation theory of resonances to show that both resolvent resonances and scattering poles are simple for generic potential perturbations.
The Convergence of Bird Flocking

We bound the time it takes for a group of birds to stabilize in a standard flocking model. Each bird averages its velocity with its neighbors lying within a fixed radius. We resolve the worst-case complexity of this natural algorithm by providing asymptotically tight bounds on the time to equilibrium. We reduce the problem to two distinct questions in computational geometry and circuit complexity.
Vibrational analysis of 1,4-diiodobutane

Abstract Infrared and Raman spectra were obtained for 1,4-diiodobutane, and normal-coordinate calculations were made using a transferred 48-parameter modified v force field. This compound sometimes crystallizes in the GG' conformation with C 2 symmetry and sometimes in the TG conformation. No evidence was obtained for the presence of the TT (C 2h symmetry) or GG ( C i ) conformers, but one or two additional conformers are present that must have a nonplanar chain of carbon atoms.
Enantioselective Syn-Selective Scandium-Catalyzed Ene Reactions

An enantio- and diastereoselective carbonyl−ene reaction catalyzed by chiral scandium pyridyl bis(oxazoline) (pybox) complexes has been developed. Uniformly high enantiomeric excesses and good yields were observed. Use of trisubstituted olefins generated the syn product in high enantio- and diastereoselectivity.
A NOVEL AND ECONOMICAL SYNTHESIS OF 2'-O-ALKYL-URIDINES

Abstract A highly efficient, two-step method to make 2′-O-methyluridine is described using only inexpensive reagents and no chromatography. The method is applicable for some other alkyls as well as some other pyrimidine derivatives.
The centers of spin symmetric group algebras and Catalan numbers

Generalizing the work of Farahat-Higman on symmetric groups, we describe the structures of the even centers $\mathcal{Z}_{n}$ of integral spin symmetric group superalgebras, which lead to universal algebras termed as the spin FH-algebras. A connection between the odd Jucys-Murphy elements and the Catalan numbers is developed and then used to determine the algebra generators of the spin FH-algebras and of the even centers $\mathcal{Z}_{n}$ .
Radio Emission from the Intermediate-Mass Black Hole in the Globular Cluster G1

We have used the Very Large Array (VLA) to search for radio emission from the globular cluster G1 (Mayall-II) in M31. G1 has been reported by Gebhardt et al. to contain an intermediate-mass black hole (IMBH) with a mass of ~2 × 104 M☉. Radio emission was detected within an arcsecond of the cluster center with an 8.4 GHz power of 2 × 1015 W Hz-1. The radio/X-ray ratio of G1 is a few hundred times higher than that expected for a high-mass X-ray binary in the cluster center, but is consistent with the expected value for accretion onto an IMBH with the reported mass. A pulsar wind nebula is also a possible candidate for the radio and X-ray emission from G1; future high-sensitivity VLBI observations might distinguish between this possibility and an IMBH. If the radio source is an IMBH, and similar accretion and outflow processes occur for hypothesized ~1000 M☉ black holes in Milky Way globular clusters, they are within reach of the current VLA and should be easily detectable by the Expanded VLA when it comes on line in 2010.