cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the design of efficient multistage interconnection networks

We present an algorithm that characterizes the set of permutations realizable in a single pass by a buddy-type MIN. We use the algorithm to develop a procedure that defines a buddy-type network which will realize a given set of permutations in a single pass through the network. We also present an algorithm to define a biped-type network which realizes a given set of permutations in a single pass. This algorithm is useful when the set of permutations cannot be realized by any buddy-type network in a single pass.
The Effects of Habitat Structure on Winter Aquatic Invertebrate and Amphibian Communities in Pine Flatwoods Wetlands

Natural disturbances play a critical role in structuring many ecosystems. In the southeastern United States, fire suppression and exclusion have removed the natural disturbance regime from many ecosystems, including ephemeral wetlands embedded within longleaf pine forests. We sampled aquatic invertebrate and amphibian communities in 21 pine flatwoods wetlands in northwest Florida from 2012 to 2014. Our objectives were to quantify amphibian and invertebrate community structure, identify differences in amphibian communities across an environmental gradient, and identify how invertebrate communities responded to wetland habitat characteristics. Amphibian communities were more diverse in wetlands with longer hydroperiods but were similar across wetlands with different vegetation structures. To examine the effects of wetland characteristics on aquatic invertebrate communities, we created a set of a priori models relating the abundance of isopods, chironomids, and damselflies to wetland characteristics. The best-approximating models indicated that isopods and damselflies were more abundant in wetlands that were not fire-suppressed. Similarly, total invertebrate abundance was higher in sections of wetlands with low canopy cover when compared to sections of the same wetlands with high canopy cover. Restoration of vegetation structure in wetlands that have experienced long-term fire suppression and wetlands that support longer hydroperiods should be a management priority.
Estimating pairwise statistical significance of protein local alignments using a clustering-classification approach based on amino acid composition

A central question in pairwise sequence comparison is assessingthe statistical significance of the alignment. The alignment scoredistribution is known to follow an extreme value distribution with analyticallycalculable parameters K and λ for ungapped alignments withone substitution matrix. But no statistical theory is currently availablefor the gapped case and for alignments using multiple scoring matrices,although their score distribution is known to closely follow extremevalue distribution and the corresponding parameters can be estimated bysimulation. Ideal estimation would require simulation for each sequencepair, which is impractical. In this paper, we present a simple clusteringclassificationapproach based on amino acid composition to estimate Kand λ for a given sequence pair and scoring scheme, including using multipleparameter sets. The resulting set of K and λ for different clusterpairs has large variability even for the same scoring scheme, underscoringthe heavy dependence of K and λ on the amino acid composition. Theproposed approach in this paper is an attempt to separate the influenceof amino acid composition in estimation of statistical significance of pairwiseprotein alignments. Experiments and analysis of other approachesto estimate statistical parameters also indicate that the methods used inthis work estimate the statistical significance with good accuracy.
A Comparison of the Near Bottom Current Velocity Characteristic at Two Gulf Brine Disposal Sites Based on Long Term Current Measurements

The Strategic Petroleum Reserve Office of the Department of Energy is currently disposing of brine at two sites in the Gulf of Mexico, one off Freeport, Texas and the other off Cameron, Louisiana. Texas A&M University has been collecting physical oceanographic data as part of a multidisciplinary environmental study of each site to determine the impact of the discharge of the brine. The monthly hydrographic surveys and the time series of current veolcity, temperature and salinity from in situ recording current meters now form the largest and longest running public domain data base of such measurements for the Texas and Louisiana inner continental shelf regions. This paper describes the data base which is available for each site, and as an example of the use of such data for pollution studies it characterizes the current regime in the near bottom layer at each site. The characteristics are quantified using the dimensionless parameters developed by Gaoury and Stolzenbach (1979) which indicate the relative importance of mean, residual and tidal advective transport processes to turbulent diffusion. Previous estimates of these parameters for these sites have had to utilize synthetic currents or currents from other coastal areas. The results show that in the near bottom layer at Bryan Mound the mean and residual components of current are generally large compared to the tidal component and to diffusion, while at West Hackberry they are smaller and the tidal component is larger. This implies that, in general, the pollutant plume can be expected to be more elongated at Bryan Mound and more radially symmetric at West Hackberry. Some less frequently occurring conditions, such as periods of stagnation and strong vertical stratification and their effect on the plume pattern are also discussed.
Effect of production and sample preparation methods on aggregate shape parameters

The performance of hot mix asphalt (HMA) greatly depends upon the aggregate shape characteristics, namely angularity, two-dimensional (2D) form, texture and sphericity. This paper presents the effect of plant production and sample preparation methods on the shape characteristics of coarse aggregate (CA) and fine aggregate (FA). Six different types of aggregates, namely original aggregate (OA), plant mix (PM) aggregate and aggregate retrieved from specimens compacted at four different air voids [6% (AV6), 8% (AV8), 10% (AV10) and 12% (AV12)] were used. Each type of aggregate was divided into two different sizes: coarse and fine. The sizes of CAs were passing a 19 mm sieve and retained on a 12.5 mm sieve (CA12), and passing a 9.5 mm sieve and retained on a 4.75 mm sieve (CA4). Similarly, the sizes of FAs were passing a 4.75 mm sieve and retained on a 2.36 mm sieve (FA8), and passing a 2.36 mm sieve and retained on a 1.18 mm sieve (FA16). The Aggregate Image Measurement System was used to measure the shape c...
Nephrotic syndrome in 1st year of life and the role of unilateral nephrectomy.

The study includes 17 infants with nephrotic syndrome. Their ages at the onset of disease ranged from 10 days to 10 months (median 2 months), and included 10 males and 7 females. Ten patients had consanguineous parents and 4 had a history of similar illness in the sibling. Renal biopsy revealed diffuse mesangial proliferation in 10 patients, diffuse mesangial sclerosis in 3, Finnish microcystic disease in 2, and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and atypical glomerulopathy in 1 each. Unilateral nephrectomy was performed in 8 patients with intractable proteinuria associated with multiple complications. Five are well after 4–36 months follow-up, 1 died of septicaemia soon after the procedure, 1 needed dialysis and is stable at 26 months and 1 showed no reduction in the degree of proteinuria. We conclude that unilateral nephrectomy is a better alternative to bilateral nephrectomy in some infants with severe nephrotic syndrome.
Multipole Corrections to Dielectrophoretic Force

Calculation of the dielectrophoretic (DEP) force on a neutral dielectric partide in a nonuniform electric field is simplified by using the effective dipole method. Once the instantaneous effective dipole moment p eff (t) has been correctly identified using Gauss's law, then the expression (p eff (t)?)E 0 (t) is used to determine the force on the particle. Recent work has demonstrated that the effective dipole method produces a result consistent with integration of the Maxwell stress tensor. In the present paper, the issues concerning identification of p eff (t) are aired, and an alternate derivation of the DEP force on a conducting dielectric sphere immersed in a conducting dielectric fluid is offered. Then the effective dipole theory is generalized to account for higher order (multipole) contributions. This new effective multipole theory is restricted to spherical particles in a cylindrically symmetric cusped electric field, but the analysis leads to straightforward computation of the quadrupolar correction factor for the DEP force. A quantitative example is provided.
Experimental constraints on the partitioning of Cl between topaz rhyolite melt and H2O and H2O + CO2 fluids: New implications for granitic differentiation and ore deposition

The partitioning of Cl between superliquidus melts of topaz rhyolite and fluids consisting of H2O and H2O + CO2 has been determined experimentally at pressures of 0.5 to 5 kbar and temperatures of 725° to 950°C with fO2 controlled near NNO. The major element and Cl contents of a starting material glass and the run product glasses were determined by electron microprobe. The concentration of Cl and the major elements in the fluid are calculated by mass balance. Cl partitions in favor of the fluid for all experimental run conditions. For natural abundances of Cl in a magmatic system, ($−2000 ppm Cl in melt and $−40 g Cl/kg fluid), DCl ranges from 2 to 20. These values are much lower than those previously reported in the literature. DCl increases as the Cl content of the melt and fluid increases, as the F content of the system decreases, as T and P increase, as the melt becomes more peraluminous, and as (H2OH2O + CO2) of the fluid increases. Peraluminous granitic melts that are in equilibrium with aqueous fluids at 800°C and 2 kbar achieve a maximum concentration of Cl in the melt at 2500 ± 100 ppm Cl (independent of the F content). In experiments with Cl ranging from 40 to 300 g Cl/kg fluid (2000 to 2500 ppm Cl in melt) the DCl ranges from 20 to 130 and is consistent with literature values. The experimental data also provide strong constraints on the speciation of Cl in granitic melts and coexisting fluids. As a topaz rhyolite melt that contains −2500 ppm Cl, no additional Cl dissolves into the melt and no additional Na, K or Fe are removed from the melt. HCl does not become a dominant fluid species until the melt achieves the solubility maximum for Cl. For fluid-saturated, silicic melts of granite composition with H2O activities near 1, the strong partitioning of Cl into the fluid also causes partitioning of some ore metals, trace elements and the major elements Na, K and Fe (± Ca) into the fluid: This is maximized for granitic melts that are strongly peraluminous, low in F and highly enriched in Cl; partitioning of Cl into aqueous fluids is maximized at high P and T. If the H2O-rich fluid is diluted with CO2 (xh2Ofl> − 0.45) the concentration of Cl in the fluid decreases strongly.
Application of SDS gradient polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis to analysis of apolipoprotein mass and radioactivity of rat lipoproteins

Abstract An application of SDS gradient polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis to the analysis of lipoprotein polypeptides is described. The 10–15% polyacrylamide gradient provides a high degree of resolution and sensitivity resulting in a single separation of the major apoproteins which can be easily visualized. When combined with autofluorography, individual protein mass and radioactivity can be determined densitometrically while still retaining excellent resolution. Examples of rat lymph and plasma apolipoproteins are shown, and apparent heterogeneity of certain apoprotein subgroups is described.
Chemiluminescence from eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells: reducing potential and oxygen requirements.

— The postphagocytic microbicidal activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL), the effector phagocytes of the acute inflammatory response, is metabolically characterized by increased glucose oxidation via the hexose monophosphate shunt and by increased non-mitochondrial oxygen consumption. These metabolic alterations result from the phagocytic activation of a membrane-associated NADPH:O, oxidoreductase. The products of univalent reduction of O2 by this enzyme, O-2 and H +, may further react to yield potential microbicidal oxidants such as H2O2, OC1--, OH, and 1AgO2. The microbicidal activity of PMNL is associated with the generation of luminescence. This chemiluminescence correlates with the metabolic generation of reducing potential and O2 consumption, and is proposed to originate from the relaxation of the electronically excited products of microbicidal oxidation. The importance of O2 in microbicidal metabolism will be considered, and data demonstrating the O2-dependence of PMNL-chemiluminescence are presented. The phenomenon of chemiluminescence from non-bioluminescent bacteria is also described, and preliminary data from luminescence studies of Streptococcus faecalis are presented. The relationship of light emission to bacterial metabolism and O2 toxicity is considered. Evidence for the bacterial generation of O-2 is presented, and the role of O-2 and H2O2 in oxidative reactions productive of electronic excited molecular products is discussed.
Challenges in the endovascular treatment of giant intracranial aneurysms.

Objective Giant intracranial aneurysms present unique therapeutic intricacies. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the anatomic and hemodynamic characteristics of these lesions and the current endovascular and combined surgical and endovascular techniques available for their treatment. Methods A review of the literature and the personal experiences of the authors with endovascular treatment of giant aneurysms are presented. This review included anatomic and hemodynamic features and analysis of the diverse endovascular techniques that have been reported for the management of these aneurysms. Results Anatomic features that create particular challenges in the therapeutic approach of giant aneurysms include size, shape (saccular, fusiform, serpentine), neck dimensions, branch involvement, intraluminal thrombosis, and location. Hemodynamic characteristics that affect endovascular treatment are lateral or terminal aneurysm type of flow and embolic material placement (inflow versus outflow aneurysmal region). The current endovascular therapeutic approaches include parent artery occlusion, trapping, endosaccular embolization with or without adjunctive techniques such as balloon-assisted or stent placement, and combined surgical and endovascular approaches, mainly with surgical revascularization and endovascular occlusion. Conclusion Although there are a wide variety of endovascular therapeutic options for the treatment of giant intracranial aneurysms, none of the current techniques is completely successful and free of complications in the management of these complex lesions. A detailed and individualized analysis of each case in conjunction with sufficient understanding of the anatomy and hemodynamics of a particular aneurysm should guide the therapeutic decision. Further research advances will assist in elucidating the factors predisposing to genesis, progression, and aggressive clinical manifestations of these giant lesions.
Oxidation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons catalyzed by soybean peroxidase

Soybean peroxidase (SBP) catalyzes the oxidation of a variety of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the presence of water-miscible organic cosolvents, including acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran, and dimethylformamide (DMF). Oxidation was optimal at pH 2.0–2.5, with substantially lower reactivity at pH 1.5 as well as at pH > 3.0. Despite the low pH activity optimum, SBP had an observed half-life of 120 h at pH 2.5. Conversions of greater than 90% were observed with anthracene and 9-methylanthracene in the presence of 50% (v/v) DMF. Anthracene oxidation yielded exclusively anthraquinone, thereby demonstrating that SBP catalyzes a formal six-electron oxidation of the unactivated aromatic substrate to the quinone. A mechanism is proposed to account for this reaction that includes the initial one-electron oxidation of the PAH followed by addition of water to the oxidized PAH. 9-Methylanthracene was more reactive than anthracene, and its enzymatic oxidation yielded two products: anthraquinone and 9-methanol-9,10-dihydroanthracene. The former product indicates that loss of the methyl group occurs during enzymatic oxidation. These results suggest that SBP could be useful in the conversion of PAHs into more environmentally benign materials.
A ‘Big Think’ Approach to Government Debt: Promoting Significant Learning in Introductory Macroeconomics

AbstractDrawing on Dee Fink's theory of significant learning, the authors present a ‘big think’ learning module to supplement fiscal policy discussions in introductory macroeconomics courses. Students are asked to consider a salient, contentious question that can be addressed in meaningful ways based on principles-level concepts and models, namely: ‘In your judgment, does the recent steep rise in the US debt-to-GDP ratio pose a serious threat to the US economy? Why or why not?’ To enhance students' willingness and ability to engage this big think question, the module provides open-ended preparatory exercises amenable to courses taught from heterodox or mainstream perspectives. Unlike standard textbook treatments which inadvertently thwart exploratory thinking and provide little support for analyzing case-specific burdens and benefits of government borrowing, the big think unit motivates students to think logically and creatively about the debt–GDP relationship in the current US context.
Observations on the Identification of Larval and Juvenile Scaphirhynchus spp. in the Lower Mississippi River

Abstract Scaphirhynchus albus (Pallid Sturgeon) and S. platorynchus (Shovelnose Sturgeon) are sympatric and not uncommon in the lower Mississippi River from the confluence of the Ohio River to the Gulf of Mexico, and in its distributary, the Atchafalaya River. Reports of sturgeon larvae have been rare in the Mississippi River but have been increasing with more effective collection methods. A suite of characters identified in hatchery-reared larval Pallid Sturgeon and Shovelnose Sturgeon from the Yellowstone and upper Missouri rivers has been used to distinguish larval Scaphirhynchus spp. In the Mississippi River; however, a large proportion of wild Scaphirhynchus spp. larvae are intermediate in these characters and have been identified by some as hybridized Pallid Sturgeon and Shovelnose Sturgeon. We applied three diagnostic characters developed from Missouri River sturgeon larvae to hatchery-reared progeny of Atchafalaya River Pallid Sturgeon and found them inadequate to identify most of the known Pallid...
A geographically weighted regression kriging approach for mapping soil organic carbon stock

Abstract Local variations in the model parameters can play an important explanatory role in the spatial modeling of soil organic carbon (SOC) stock. Linear regression models assume parameters to be spatially invariant and are unable to account for the spatially varying relationships in the variables. A recently developed approach, geographically weighted regression kriging (GWRK), was used in this study to examine the relationships between environmental variables and SOC stock for the state of Pennsylvania, USA. The specific objectives were to (i) estimate the SOC stock (kg C m− 2) to 1.0-m depth, and (ii) compare the GWRK results with those obtained from regression kriging (RK). Data for 878 georeferenced soil profiles, extracted from National Soil Survey Center database, were divided into calibration (n = 702) and validation (n = 176) datasets. Environmental variables including temperature, precipitation, elevation, slope, geology, land use, and normalized difference vegetation index were explored and included as independent variables to establish the model for estimating the SOC stock. Results using Pennsylvania as a case study conclude that GWRK was the least biased and more accurate compared to RK for estimating the SOC stock based on the lowest root mean square error (2.61 vs. 4.61 kg m− 2), and high R2 (0.36 vs. 0.23) values. Higher stock was consistent with higher precipitation and cooler temperature of the region. Total SOC stock ranged from 1.12 to 1.18 Pg for the soils of Pennsylvania. Forests store the highest SOC stock (64% of the total), followed by croplands (22%), wetlands (2.3%), and shrubs (2%). Results show that GWRK enhances the precision for estimating the SOC stock compared to the RK since the former takes into account the spatial non-stationarity coupled with spatial autocorrelation of the residuals.
Yeast: a simple model system to study complex phenomena of aneuploidy.

Aneuploidy, the state of having a chromosome number different from a multiple of the haploid number, has been associated with diseases and developmental disorders. The role of aneuploidy in human disease pathology, especially in cancer, has been a subject of much attention and debate over the last century due to the intrinsic complexity of the phenomena and experimental challenges. Over the last decade, yeast has been an invaluable model for driving discoveries about the genetic and molecular aspects of aneuploidy. The understanding of aneuploidy has been significantly improved owing to the methods for selectively generating aneuploid yeast strains without causing other genetic changes, techniques for detecting aneuploidy, and cutting-edge genetics and ‘omics’ approaches. In this review, we discuss the contribution of studies in yeast to current knowledge about aneuploidy. Special emphasis is placed on experimental features that make yeast a simpler and efficient model to investigate the complex questions in the field of aneuploidy.
A Pilot Study of Pedestrians with Visual Impairments Detecting Traffic Gaps and Surges Containing Hybrid Vehicles

The increasing number of hybrid and quiet internal combustion engine vehicles may impact the travel abilities of pedestrians who are blind. Pedestrians who rely on auditory cues for structuring their travel may face challenges in making crossing decisions in the presence of quiet vehicles. This article describes results of initial studies looking at the crossing decisions of pedestrians who are blind at an uncontrolled crossing (no traffic control) and a light controlled intersection. The presence of hybrid vehicles was a factor in each situation. At the uncontrolled crossing, Toyota hybrids were most difficult to detect but crossing decisions were made more often in small gaps ended by a Honda hybrid. These effects were seen only at speed under 20 mph. At the light controlled intersection, parallel surges of traffic were most difficult to detect when made up only of a Ford Escape hybrid. Results suggest that more controlled studies of vehicle characteristics impacting crossing decisions of pedestrians who are blind are warranted.
MENT, a Heterochromatin Protein That Mediates Higher Order Chromatin Folding, Is a New Serpin Family Member

Abstract Terminal cell differentiation is correlated with the extensive sequestering of previously active genes into compact transcriptionally inert heterochromatin. In vertebrate blood cells, these changes can be traced to the accumulation of a developmentally regulated heterochromatin protein, MENT. Cryoelectron microscopy of chicken granulocyte chromatin, which is highly enriched with MENT, reveals exceptionally compact polynucleosomes, which maintain a level of higher order folding above that imposed by linker histones. The amino acid sequence of MENT reveals a close structural relationship with serpins, a large family of proteins known for their ability to undergo dramatic conformational transitions. Conservation of the “hinge region” consensus in MENT indicates that this ability is retained by the protein. MENT is distinguished from the other serpins by being a basic protein, containing several positively charged surface clusters, which are likely to be involved in ionic interactions with DNA. One of the positively charged domains bears a significant similarity to the chromatin binding region of nuclear lamina proteins and with the A·T-rich DNA-binding motif, which may account for the targeting of MENT to peripheral heterochromatin. MENT ectopically expressed in a mammalian cell line is transported into nuclei and is associated with intranuclear foci of condensed chromatin.
An investigation of wear and material transfer in magnetic recording disk files

Abstract Wear of specially designed and fabricated slider bearings, similar to the ones used in magnetic recording disk files, is investigated as a function of sliding velocity using interferometric analysis for measuring dimensional changes due to wear. The relationship between wear and the amount of material transfer is determined, after neutron activation, utilizing autoradiographic methods and optical microdensitometer analysis. For the specific slider type investigated, transfer and wear rates are seen to decrease to zero for velocities above 2000 cm/s, thus indicating hydrodynamic flying of the slider.
Effect of moisture level on volatile carbonyls in cottonseed oil heated to 210C

Cottonseed oil containing 0, 2.5, 5 and 10% added moisture was heated to simulate food-frying conditions. The volatile carbonyls from the heated oil were crystallized as 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones and then regenerated for separation by gas-liquid chromatography. Nineteen peaks were observed for the dry oil; oil with added moisture had fewer peaks. Oil containing added moisture produced more total carbonyl by weight than did dry oil. Maximum production of carbonyls occurred in the oil with 2.5% added moisture.
Before and after resident work hour limitations: An objective assessment of the well-being of surgical residents

Purpose To assess the impact of resident work hour limitations on how surgical residents feel about their training, patient care, and their overall well-being. Methods Three surveys were administered to 28 categorical surgery residents before and after implementation of the Accreditation Council on Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) work hour restrictions. The surveys consisted of a Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II), a SF-36 Health Status Profile (SF-36), and a custom 20-item Likert scale survey. The results of the surveys were then compiled to evaluate any significant changes in resident attitudes. Results Only minor differences were noted in the BDI-II and SF-36. The Likert scale survey showed no differences in attitude toward resident education, faculty interaction, operating room exposure, patient care, or continuity. Significant improvements were noted in the feelings of residents toward time for reading, rest, time with family, and socializing. Conclusions Although a great deal of concern has existed about the impact of work hour limitations on surgery resident training, residents feel their training has not been affected significantly. Work hour restrictions have, however, had a positive impact on the lives of surgery residents outside of the hospital.
Reactions of hydroxylamine with the electron-donor side of photosystem II

The reaction of hydroxylamine with the O2-evolving center of photosystem II (PSII) in the S1 state delays the advance of the H2O-oxidation cycle by two charge separations. In this paper, we compare and contrast the reactions of hydroxylamine and N-methyl-substituted analogues with the electron-donor side of PSII in both O2-evolving and inactivated [tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane- (Tris-) washed] spinach PSII membrane preparations. We have employed low-temperature electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy in order to follow the oxidation state of the Mn complex in the O2-evolving center and to detect radical oxidation products of hydroxylamine. When the reaction of hydroxylamine with the S1 state in O2-evolving membranes is allowed to proceed to completion, the S2-state multiline EPR signal is suppressed until after three charge separations have occurred. Chemical removal of hydroxylamine from treated PSII membrane samples prior to illumination fails to reverse the effects of the dark reaction, which argues against an equilibrium coordination of hydroxylamine to a site in the O2-evolving center. Instead, the results indicate that the Mn complex is reduced by two electrons by hydroxylamine, forming the S-1 state. An additional two-electron reduction of the Mn complex to a labile "S-3" state probably occurs by a similar mechanism, accounting for the release of Mn(II) ions upon prolonged dark incubation of O2-evolving membranes with high concentrations of hydroxylamine. In N,N-dimethylhydroxylamine-treated, Tris-washed PSII membranes, which lack O2 evolution activity owing to loss of the Mn complex, a large yield of dimethyl nitroxide radical is produced immediately upon illumination at temperatures above 0 degrees C. The dimethyl nitroxide radical is not observed upon illumination under similar conditions in O2-evolving PSII membranes, suggesting that one-electron photooxidations of hydroxylamine do not occur in centers that retain a functional Mn complex. We suggest that the flash-induced N2 evolution observed in hydroxylamine-treated spinach thylakoid membrane preparations arises from recombination of hydroxylamine radicals formed in inactivated O2-evolving centers.
Flavonoids of Mayaca fluviatilis (Mayacaceae)

Abstract Mayaca is an aquatic monocot of the monogeneric family Mayacaceae. The flavonol glycosides quercetin 3- O -glucoside, quercetin 3- O -rutinoside, and kaempferol 3- O -glucoside, and the flavone luteolin 5- O -glucoside were found in methanolic leaf extracts. The presence of flavonol and flavone O -glycosides sets the Mayacaceae apart from the Commelinaceae, which accumulates predominantly flavone C -glycosides.
Prospecting the Future

Creating the paradigms for the next millennium isn't something you can just order up! It's a process-it can take days or months or years! -Garry Trudeau (1997) What are the long-run prospects for international relations? The essays in this volume address that question based on broad conceptions of its extended past and its present, and limits on our foresight. They emphasize fundamental features of polarity, governance, prevailing identities, the role of state and nonstate actors, and aggregation and disaggregation as they bear on security and political-economy prospects for the relatively long run. They more or less take explicit positions on the future concentration and dispersion of power, wealth, and legitimacy and of their opposites-weakness, poverty, and regimes lacking in consent. The contributors have the intellectual conviction, some might say arrogance or innocence, to provide us with conjectures (de Jouvenal 1967), visions of possible futures and the paths to them, intended to open up thinking about the future rather than to close it off. They do not by and large offer forecasts of states of affairs and their time of occurrence in the customarily specific terms of the world of international affairs practice. That self-restraint does not in itself deprive their views of practical relevance. The acts and words of international affairs practitioners do not comprehensively and continuously monopolize relevance to social consequences. Policy salons have not earned a special claim to realism in its common-language sense. As Max Weber observed, "Very frequently, the
How does accountability affect mission? The case of a nonprofit serving immigrants and refugees

This article examines accountability processes in a nonprofit organization serving immigrants and refugees, with special attention to their impacts on mission-based activities. The research finds that upward accountability requirements of donors do not necessarily yield improved mission achievement, and practitioners thus have to navigate a complex environment of pressures. We identify a series of strategies that nonprofit executives and staff use to manage the tensions between upward accountability and mission: a prioritization of lateral accountability, staff empowerment through organizational slack, and a tight coupling of evaluation with job tasks. The findings suggest that funders and nonprofits might gain more from investing in internal grantee capacities for lateral communication and coordination than by soliciting more detailed reporting
Electronic specific heat in the pairing pseudogap regime

When pairing correlations in a quasi-two-dimensional electron system induce a pseudogap in the single-particle density of states, the specific heat must also contain a sizable pair contribution. The theoretically calculated specific heat for such a system is compared to the experimental results of Loram and his collaborators for underdoped ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{6+x}$ and ${\mathrm{La}}_{2\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{x}{\mathrm{CuO}}_{4}$ samples. The size and doping dependence of the extracted pseudogap energy scale for both materials is comparable to the values obtained from a variety of other experiments.
Case Report: Delayed Perforation after Definitive Treatment of Focal Intestinal Perforation with a Peritoneal Drain

Focal intestinal perforation (FIP) has long been described in the pediatric literature. Peritoneal drainage (PD) is widely used as treatment for focal intestinal perforation. Here we report a premature infant that underwent PD on day of life 9 for a FIP. The infant recovered well from this episode and was discharged home without known sequelae. Subsequently, the same patient presented 16 months later with peritonitis. A perforation was discovered at laparotomy without evidence of surrounding necrosis. Given this finding, we believe this second episode of perforation was at the same site as the initial episode of FIP. The finding of FIP has been described without findings of surrounding necrosis. However, we believe this to be the first report of delayed perforation greater than 1 year from initial presentation after FIP treated definitively with peritoneal drain.
Synthesis of (R)- and (S)-10,16-dihydroxyhexadecanoic acid: cutin stereochemistry and fungal activation

The first asymmetric syntheses of the cutin monomers (R)- and (S)-10,16-dihydroxyhexadecanoic acid (10,16-DHPA) and confirmation of (S)(+)-absolute configuration for 10,16-DHPA derived from tomato are reported. The individual DHPA stereoisomers display differences in their ability to activate the fungal pathogen Colletotrichum trifolii.
Global activism and new media: A study of transnational NGOs’ online public relations

Abstract This study examines how transnational nongovernmental organizations make use of new media tools in their public relation activities and what factors influence their online public relations. A survey of communication representatives at 75 transnational NGOs based in the United States found that promoting the organization's image and fund-raising were the two most important functions of new media for the NGOs. Organizational capacity and main objective of the organization were significant predictors of NGOs’ new media use in their public relations. However, organizational efficiency and revenue did not significantly predict NGOs’ use of new media.
Generic predicates and interest-relativity

"Simple generics" with bare plural subjects (e.g., dogs bark ) predicate of a kind a property that the kind "inherits" from its individual members. But what does that inheritance amount to if it is not, like most dogs bark , based on how many individuals have the property. My conclusion: there is no determinate account of which (fundamentally individual-level) properties can be truly predicated of a kind: generics are not quantificational, and language users' interests guide judgments on their truthconditions. At the same time, even "canonical" predications of ordinary predicates of ordinary individuals are not so straightforward as they might appear. Generic claims about social groups show the indeterminacy of truth conditions for simple generics and the relation to stereotypes and sometimes conflicting interests. Resume: Les generiques simples, tels que les noms nus sujets au pluriel (e.g., dogs bark ), mettent en relation de predication une espece et une propriete que l'espece «herite» de ses membres individuels. Mais a quoi equivaut cet «heritage» s'il n'est pas (comme dans most dogs bark ) fonde sur le nombre d'individus qui possedent cette propriete? Ma conclusion : il n'y a pas d'analyse definitive des diverses proprietes (essentiellement de niveau individuel (I-level)) qui peuvent entrer en relation de predication avec une espece : les phrases generiques ne sont pas quantificationnelles et les interets des locuteurs guident les jugements des conditions de verite. En outre, meme la predication «canonique» des predicats ordinaires et des individus ordinaires n'est pas si simple. Les affirmations generiques a propos des groupes sociaux montrent la nature indeterminee des conditions de verite pour les generiques simples, ainsi que le rapport avec les stereotypes et parfois avec des interets conflictuels.
Reproducibility of Complement 4d deposition by immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry in lung allograft biopsies.

Background The significance of Complement 4d (C4d) deposition in the diagnosis of antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) in lung allografts is controversial. A potential cause may be the problematic reproducibility. We studied the reproducibility of C4d by immunofluorescence (IF) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) in lung allograft transbronchial biopsies (TBBx), correlated C4d by IF with IHC, and compared the results with clinical findings. Methods TBBx obtained between 2009 and 2012 were stained with C4d by IHC and available corresponding frozen tissue was stained with C4d by IF. Capillary C4d staining was scored as 0, 1+ ( 50%). Four lung transplant pathologists independently scored all slides. Serum donor-specific antibodies (DSA) from within 2 months of the TBBx were noted. Results Of 228 consecutive TBBx, C4d by IHC ( n = 221) and IF ( n = 60) revealed agreement of 46.6% (95% CI 40.4% to 53.0%; κ = 0.13) and 81.4% (95% CI 68.7% to 89.7%; κ = 0.18), respectively. Correlations between IF and IHC varied among reviewers (0.10 to 0.36) (agreement 59.7% to 86.8%). Three patients were clinically diagnosed as having AMR or "possible" AMR. Conclusions Agreement of IF-based C4d staining in lung allografts appears superior to that of IHC. However, overall agreement for IF and IHC among pathologists is sub-optimal and correlation between IF and IHC is low, although this may be influenced in part by the low variability of the results given the mostly negative biopsies. C4d 3+ may be specific for AMR, although rare. A multidisciplinary approach seems to be the best way to diagnose AMR in lung allograft biopsies.
Using GIS to generate mutually exclusive service areas linking travel on and off a network

Abstract Generating a buffer or service area around a feature is a very basic command of a geographic information system. However, most existing methods for doing so create simple distance-bounded geometric buffers. While these methods function well for many applications, they have limitations when dealing with network-based phenomena because they do not take the geometry or impedance of the underlying network into account. More complex methods can be used to create network-based service areas. While they tend to work well on the network itself they often do not allocate off-network areas on an exclusive basis. In our case study of light rail systems, we required a set of mutually exclusive network-based buffers. To create such buffers we developed a hierarchical raster-based algorithm. It is hierarchical in the sense that the off-network distance between each cell and its nearest network segment is calculated separately from the on-network distance between each segment and its nearest node. This method allows the creation of buffers bounded by distance or travel cost with true mutual exclusivity and realistic allocation of off-network areas.
Prognostic implications of exercise echocardiography in women with known or suspected coronary artery disease

Abstract Objectives. The purpose of this study was to define the value of exercise echocardiography as an independent predictor of cardiac events in women with known or suspected coronary artery disease (CAD), incremental to the data provided by clinical evaluation and exercise testing. Background. Exercise echocardiography is more accurate than exercise electrocardiography for the identification of CAD in women. However, the prognostic implications of exercise echocardiography, especially relative to exercise electrocardiography, are undefined. Methods. Symptom-limited exercise echocardiography was performed in 549 consecutive women between 1989 and 1993. Echocardiography and electrocardiography were performed before and after treadmill exercise; an abnormal result on exercise electrocardiography was defined by ST segment depression >0.1 mV, ischemia by exercise echocardiography as a new or worse wall motion abnormality after exercise and scar by akinesia or dyskinesia at rest. After exclusion of six patients with uninterpretable studies (1%) and 35 (6%) lost to follow-up, 508 women (mean [±SD] age 55 ± 11 years) were followed up for 41 ± 10 months for cardiac-related death, infarction or late revascularization. Results. The group attained 92 ± 10% of age-predicted maximal heart rate, with an exercise capacity of 7 ± 2 metabolic equivalents. Of 420 women with an interpretable electrocardiogram, significant ST segment changes were present in 68 (16%). Results of exercise echocardiography were normal in 413 (81%) women, positive for ischemia in 66 (13%) and scar only in 29 (6%). No events occurred in 444 patients (89%), and 19 underwent primary revascularization (within 3 months of exercise test). Cardiac events occurred in 36 women (7%), including 17 who died of cardiac causes and 19 who had a myocardial infarction or required late revascularization for progressive symptoms. On univariate analysis, the variables associated with cardiac mortality and total cardiac events were a history of CAD, diabetes, left ventricular hypertrophy, exercise capacity and echocardiographic evidence of myocardial ischemia and infarction. A Cox proportional hazards model showed the independent predictors of outcome to be known CAD (odds ratio [OR] 6.6, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.2 to 13.7, p Conclusions. In this large cohort of women, exercise echocardiography provided key prognostic information incremental to clinical and exercise testing data.
Simulations of physical nonequilibrium solute transport models: Application to a large-scale field experiment

Abstract Equations expressing the spatial moments of solute concentration distributions simulated by various models, in terms of model parameters, have recently been presented. Using independently obtained parameter values, these equations are used to compare simulations of physical non-equilibrium models with spatial moment data collected in a large-scale natural gradient experiment on solute transport. The physical nonequilibrium models examined postulate the existence of layered zones of immobile water through which solute is transported by a diffusion mechanism. It is found that the qualitative aspects of the measured moment behavior are simulated by the physical nonequilibrium models if the independently obtained parameters are modified somewhat on the basis of reasonable corrective assumptions. It is further demonstrated that the physical nonequilibrium models, using parameter values obtained from spatial data, can qualitatively simulate temporal behavior at individual well points in this relatively homogeneous aquifer.
The Effect of the Weak Completing Nature of NaF, NaN3, and NaC3H3O3 Supporting Electrolytes on the Electrocatalysis of Nickel(II) Reduction in the Presence of Organic Amines

Abstract Contrary to the results obtained in essentially noncomplexing supporting electrolyte media (NaClo4, NaN03, NaCl and NaBr), the kinetic limited currents of the catalytic prewaves obtained for the polarographic reduction of Ni(II) in the presence of organic amines (o-phenylenediamine, pyridine, etc.) employing weakly complexing supporting electrolytes (NaF, NaN3, and NaC2H3O2) do not correlate with ⊘2 potentials as predicted by simple double layer theory. However, the limiting current does correlate with the ligand exchange rates for Ni(H2O)5X+ type complexes (where X = F−, N3 − and C2H3O2 −) with an organic ligand. These results lead to a general mechanism for the electrocatalysis mechanism of Ni(II) reduction.
Gorbachev, reform, and the Brezhnev doctrine

Abstract In commemoration of the twentieth anniversary of the Czechoslovak experiment of ‘'socialism with a human face'’ and its termination by Warsaw Pact forces, this article examines the difficulties that the current Soviet leadership faces in reconciling Marxist‐Leninist doctrine with the politics of reform in the countries of “real socialism.” This article argues that the inherent hostility of the Marxist‐Leninist doctrine to reform, the vital nature of Eastern Europe to Soviet security policy, and the Afghan situation combine to militate against the likelihood of reform's success. It also explores the implications which these three factors have for the Brezhnev Doctrine of limited sovereignty of socialist states.
Fever in the returning traveler, part II: A methodological approach to initial management.

Continued from "Fever in the Returning Traveler, Part One: A Methodological Approach to Initial Evaluation," in Volume 14, No. 1. The advent of modern commercial air travel ensures that a returning traveler could present to any emergency department or private physician's office in the United States bearing any infection from the farthest corner of the earth. Exotic illnesses in the returned traveler are of concern to the physician because they often strike an otherwise young and healthy segment of the population and may carry significant morbidity and mortality if not recognized early. The infrequency with which these diseases are encountered demands a systematic approach to history, a physical exam, and the construction of a differential diagnosis. Information about the geographic distribution, routes of transmission, and incubation periods of the pathogens allows a clinician to reduce the differential to a manageable number of the likeliest etiologies. This is the second of a 2-part article, proposing an orderly, systematic approach for use by the physician faced with a febrile returned traveler. The clinical features of specific diseases and their incubation periods are presented to support the assumptions on which an algorithm-centered approach is based.
Proton-Conducting Solid Electrolyte via Ozonolysis of Cationic Ammonium Organoalkoxysilane Surfactant-Templated MCM-41

A functional polymerizable surfactant has been synthesized and used as a template to prepare MCM-41. Ozonolysis of the olefin functional group in the composite material generates a nonporous proton-conducting solid acid that has a conductivity of ca. 6 mS cm^(-1) at 95 °C and an activation energy of 14.2 kJ/mol.