cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Culturally Constructed Childhood(s): Expanding the Meaning of the Child in Teacher Education

Despite traditional understandings of child development in teacher education, the concept of the child is a remarkably imaginative figure. Tied to social, political, and historical discourses, the ...
Physics and Physiology of 90Y Radioembolization for Liver Tumors

Transarterial radioembolization with yttrium-90 (90Y) microspheres is an intra-arterial brachytherapy approved for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma and metastatic colorectal cancer. 90Y is a pure beta particle-emitting radionuclide with a 64.1 hours physical half-life and a maximum energy of 2.27 MeV. Selective hepatic arterial infusion allows preferential treatment of tumor cells while limiting damage to normal liver parenchyma. Glass microspheres and resin microspheres with high specific activities of 90Y are commercially available for radioembolization. Dosimetry refers to the process of calculating and prescribing the activity of 90Y to administer to a specific patient to result in a tumoricidal dose while maintaining a safe dose to the liver and lung parenchyma. The 90Y treatment plan requires an initial angiographic procedure to map the hepatic arterial anatomy, eliminate potential routes of nontarget embolization, and administer a simulation dose of 99mTc-macroaggregated albumin (99mTc-MAA) to calculate the lung shunt fraction and delineate intrahepatic distribution, and a second procedure to administer the therapeutic 90Y dose.
Evolution of cooperation with asymmetric social interactions.

How cooperation emerges in human societies is both an evolutionary enigma, and a practical problem with tangible implications for societal health. Population structure has long been recognized as a catalyst for cooperation because local interactions enable reciprocity. Analysis of this phenomenon typically assumes bi-directional social interactions, even though real-world interactions are often uni-directional. Uni-directional interactions -- where one individual has the opportunity to contribute altruistically to another, but not conversely -- arise in real-world populations as the result of organizational hierarchies, social stratification, popularity effects, and endogenous mechanisms of network growth. Here we expand the theory of cooperation in structured populations to account for both uni- and bi-directional social interactions. Even though directed interactions remove the opportunity for reciprocity, we find that cooperation can nonetheless be favored in directed social networks and that cooperation is provably maximized for networks with an intermediate proportion of directed interactions, as observed in many empirical settings. We also identify two simple structural motifs that allow efficient modification of interaction directionality to promote cooperation by orders of magnitude. We discuss how our results relate to the concepts of generalized and indirect reciprocity.
Composition Segregation of Ge-Rich GST and Its Effect on Reliability

PCRAM SET/RESET cycling caused GST component segregation and void formation, thus leading to cell failure. We compared electrical cell characteristics and failure analysis of GST with various Ge compositions to understand the GST material segregation and how they may affect the PCM cell reliability. Ge-rich GST424 and GST612 films have an inferior GST segregation uniformity compared to Ge 2 Sb 2 Te 5 (GST225) as revealed from the TEM in-situ anneal analysis. This chemical inhomogeneity could be a problem for PCM array when designing the programming operations as the Ge-rich cells, while improve retention, may not gain endurance due to the broader resistance distributions induced by the GST segregation. Using STEM/ EELS analysis, we also showed that PCM endurance failure is due to the amorphous-like “porous-GST” creation, while the Ge-rich GST doesn't really help much on slow down the GST segregation, as the cycling-dependent I-V subthreshold slope (STS) and voltage-dependent activation energy (Ea) of the Poole-Frenkel transport characteristics remain similar for GST with different Ge concentrations.
Chronic Distal Biceps Tendon Tear Reconstruction With Tibialis Anterior Allograft

Abstract Chronic distal biceps tendon ruptures present a unique surgical challenge due to tendon retraction and shortening as well as muscle atrophy. Several graft choices and fixation methods have been described, with no one technique proving superior to date. We describe a technique wherein a tibialis anterior tendon allograft is Pulver-Taft weaved through the muscle belly to achieve incorporation with the muscle and tendonous fascia to achieve superior pull-out strength.
Patient-Reported Atrial Fibrillation Following Septal Myectomy for Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy.

Abstract Background Patient-reported outcomes are important metrics of medical and surgical care. In this study, we investigated the prevalence and risk factors of patient-reported postdischarge atrial fibrillation (AF) following septal myectomy for obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Methods Patients undergoing transaortic septal myectomy from August 2001 to January 2017 were contacted regarding postdischarge AF through questionnaire-based surveys sent at 3, 5, and 10 years post procedure. For each patient, the most recent survey response was analyzed. Results Among 949 patients, 248 (26.1%) last responded at 3 years post procedure, 353 (37.2%) at 5 years, and 348 (36.7%) at 10 years. The overall incidence of patient-reported postdischarge AF was 34.4% (n=326), and at 3, 5, and 10 years, the incidences were 22.2%, 34.8%, and 42.5% (P Conclusions The incidence of patient-reported postdischarge AF increases with increasing length of follow-up after septal myectomy. We identified several risk factors for late postdischarge AF that were associated with chronicity of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, and earlier intervention may mitigate late atrial arrhythmias.
Corn Plant Population In Relation To Soil Productivity

Publisher Summary The corn plant is less capable of adjustment to a poor stand than other members of the grass family. Therefore, it is important that a proper planting rate be chosen. When a corn plant is grown in association with other plants, the available food constituents must be shared and growth processes are correspondingly impaired. With adequate moisture and plant food, and with no competition with other plants, the growth of every organ is enhanced. The amount of plant food available to a plant may be increased in one or both of two ways—the population may be reduced and the fertilizing materials, including water may be applied to the soil.
Making sense of State v Messenger.

On April 30, 1994, Gregory Messenger was charged with manslaughter for physically disconnecting his premature son from a ventilator.1 He was acquitted of these charges on February 2, 1995. Although appellate courts have dealt with various aspects of withdrawing life-sustaining medical treatment (LSMT) in infants,2State v Messenger raised the issues involved when this support is not desired by the parents at the time of birth. This case sets no precedent for future cases on this point. There is no appeal of a criminal case when the defendant prevails; therefore, for lawyers and judges it will remain just another trial court loss for a prosecutor.
Distinguishable behavior of multiple and individual rhodamine-6G molecules on spherical Ag nanoparticles examined via time dependence of the SERS spectra

We report a surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) investigation to probe the adsorption and dynamic behavior of rhodamine 6 G (Rh6G) molecules on spherical Ag nanoparticles which were produced via laser ablation in liquid. Assembly of the colloidal Ag nanoparticles on a cover glass was used to work as SERS substrates on which high-quality SERS spectra of Rh6G were obtained with interesting time dependence when using low and ultralow concentrations, respectively. The variation of SERS spectra over time was identified with the adsorption behavior of multiple and individual molecules on the Ag nanoparticles. Analysis indicates that the adsorbed Rh6G molecules can desorb away from the initial locations on the substrate under continuous laser excitation; simultaneously, some individual molecules can move and become trapped in the gap between the aggregated Ag nanoparticles. These investigations help to clarify the origins of forming ‘hot-spots’ which host probe molecules and hence improve the understanding of mechanisms for single-molecule SERS spectroscopy. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimizing data-acquisition schedules in physicochemical experiments : Part 1. Principle of the Method and Application to the Firt-Order Decay of an Absorbing Species

Abstract In designing an experiment aimed at the evaluation of one or more of the physicochemical parameters that characterize the behaviour of the system being studied, it is advantageous to choose the data-acquisition schedule that will maximize the precision of the desired result. Practical definitions of a precision index (for a single parameter) and an overall precision index (for the simultaneous estimation of two or more parameters) are offered, and a method is described for optimizing either. When the method is applied to synthetic data the represent the first-order decay of an absorbing species, it yields results considerably superior to those obtained from other data-acquisition schedules.
Cancer Imaging Training in the 21st Century: An Overview of Where We Are, and Where We Need To Be.

Abstract Advances in cancer care over the past decade have significantly changed treatment algorithms and life expectancies. Time from cancer diagnosis to death is rapidly increasing, as new, targeted therapies are developed, many prolonging life even in advanced disease. Tumors are now genotyped at diagnosis, allowing personalization of treatment. The FDA is continually approving new drugs that quickly become the standard of care for common tumors; the impact of these drugs and their side effects is monitored with imaging, and accurate interpretation of imaging studies has become essential as these patients live longer. Oncologists rely on radiologists to understand new patterns of treatment response and novel drug side effects that are associated with new drug classes, increasing the knowledge required for accurate image interpretation. These factors have led to the demand for dedicated cancer imaging training for radiologists, who can integrate findings throughout the body on various imaging modalities. In addition, we need to expand radiology's focus beyond diagnosis, staging, and restaging of tumors, and include education about the influence of genomics on tumor characterization and guidance for cancer care, the spectrum of treatment response, and the imaging characteristics of adverse events associated with various therapies. The time has come, therefore, to formally incorporate, as part of radiology residency, a distinct cancer imaging curriculum that is standardized, tested, and will allow the new generation of radiologists to effectively communicate with and assist their oncologic colleagues and optimally contribute to the care of patients with cancer.
DIFFERENCES IN DESIRED ROLE FUNCTIONING AND JOB SATISFACTION BETWEEN DOCTORAL AND NONDOCTORAL SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGISTS

Summary.-This study investigated differences between Pennsylvania doctoral and nondoctoral school psychologists (N=362) relative to the time desired to be spent in different roles, involvement in vocational activities, and in satisfaction with different aspects of their jobs. Adjusting for the increased error rate associated with making multiple comparisons, no statistically significant Merences emerged but diFferences which fell just short of sigdicance were for desired time in research, involvement in vocational assessment, and satisfaction with pay. Considerable research has focused upon the job satisfaction of school psychologists (Levinson, 1990; Levinson, Fetchkan, & Hohenshil, 1988; Solly & Hohenshil, 1986) and of the time they actually spend and desire to spend in ddferent roles (Levinson, 1990; Reschly, Genshafr, & Binder, 1987). What has not been studied, however, is the extent to which doctoral and nondoctoral school psychologists may differ in these areas. Research has indicated that approximately 77% of practicing school psychologists do not hold the doctoral degree (Wilson & Reschly, 1996). As the current movement intensifies to deny nondoctoral school psychologists use of the citle "psychologist" and to require them to be supervised by doctoral level psychologists (Hughes, 1996; Thomas. 1996), research examining ddferences between doctoral and nondoctoral school psycholog~sts will become increasingly important. This srudy had the purpose of examining differences brrween doctoral and nondoctoral school psychologists in desired role functioning and job satisfaction. Subiects were those full-time public school psychologists employed in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania who designated their primary role to be that of practitioner. Data collection was completed using a demographic data form and a modi€ied form of the Mumesota Satisfaction Questionnaire. Twenty-one items of the questionnaire were modified to increase their face validity for school psychologists (for example, "company" policies was changed to "school" policies). Also, the original five-choice response format was changed to a four-choice format by omitting the neutral response category. Subsequent srudy of this modified questionnaire indicated acceptable reliability and validity (Levinson, 1988). Data had been generated as part of a more extensive study of job satisfaction conducted by he author in 1986 (Levinson, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991; Levinson & Moore, 1994; Levinson, Rafoth, & Sanders, 1994). The names and addresses of 636 Pennsylvania school psychologists were obtained from the Pennsylvania Department of Education. This represented the entire population of school psychologists known to be employed in the state at that time. Each psychologist was mailed a packet which included (1) a covering letter describing the study and its purpose, (2) the data form, (3) a stamped return envelope, (4) a packet of coffee (used as an incentive to encourage response), and (5) the modified form of the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire. The initial distribution
Growth, Development, and Farming in an Ohio Exurban Region:

The mixing of newcomers, longtime nonfarm residents, and farm household residents in exurban areas has the potential to lead to conflicts over community change and farming. Data from a survey of re...
Beta-catenin-NF-κB interactions in murine hepatocytes: a complex to die for.

Wnt/β-catenin signaling plays an important role in hepatic homeostasis, especially in liver development, regeneration, and cancer, and loss of β-catenin signaling is often associated with increased apoptosis. To elucidate how β-catenin may be regulating hepatocyte survival, we investigated the susceptibility of β-catenin conditional knockout (KO) mice and their wild-type (WT) littermates to Fas and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), two common pathways of hepatocyte apoptosis. While comparable detrimental effects from Fas activation were observed in WT and KO, a paradoxical survival benefit was observed in KO mice challenged with D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide. KO mice showed significantly lower morbidity and liver injury due to early, robust, and protracted activation of NF-κB in the absence of β-catenin. Enhanced NF-κB activation in KO mice was associated with increased basal inflammation and Toll-like receptor 4 expression and lack of the p65/β-catenin complex in hepatocytes. The p65/β-catenin complex in WT livers underwent temporal dissociation allowing for NF-κB activation to regulate hepatocyte survival following TNF-α-induced hepatic injury. Decrease of total β-catenin protein but not its inactivation induced p65 activity, whereas β-catenin stabilization either chemically or due to mutations repressed it in hepatomas in a dose-dependent manner, whereas β-catenin stabilization repressed it either chemically or due to mutations. Conclusion: The p65/β-catenin complex in hepatocytes undergoes dynamic changes during TNF-α–induced hepatic injury and plays a critical role in NF-κB activation and cell survival. Modulation of β-catenin levels is a unique mode of regulating NF-κB activity and thus may present novel opportunities in devising therapeutics in specific hepatic injuries. (HEPATOLOGY 2013)
The Environment of Fast- and Slow-Moving Tropical Mesoscale Convective Cloud Lines

Abstract Rawinsonde data from GATE are composited to examine the environmental similarities and differences between fast-moving (line speed VL > 7 m s−1) and slow-moving VL < 3 m s−1) mesoscale convective cloud lines. Thermodynamic structures for the two types of line are similar with respect to the mixed-layer values of θe and convective available potential energy, but the fast-moving lines have a more pronounced minimum in θe at ∼700 mb. Kinematic structure shows that the vertical shows of the horizontal wind is normal to the leading edge of convention in the fast-moving convective lines but parallel to the leading edge of the slow-moving cloud lines. The results suggest that the type of line (fast versus slow) which forms may be affected by the initial environmental conditions.
A statistical test for intrinsically multivariate predictive genes

Canalizing genes possess broad regulatory power over biological processes. In a previous publication, it was hypothesized that canalizing genes may be identified as those that possess a large number of intrinsically multivariate predictive (IMP) gene sets. An IMP set is a predictor set that predicts well the target, which cannot however be predicted by any of the proper subsets in the IMP set. The IMP property is defined mathematically in terms of a score based on the binary Coefficient of Determination (CoD), but there was until now no rigorous statistical procedure to obtain a test for a nonzero IMP score. In this paper, we address this by assuming a stochastic regulation model and providing an Intersection-Union Test (IUT) based on likelihood-ratio tests for the individual model parameters. We derive exact analytical formulas for the rejection region and p-value for this test. We address the issue of multiplicity of tests due to a large number of candidate predictor sets and predictive logics by means of FWER- and FDR-controlling approaches. The methodology is demonstrated by application to a real melanoma gene-expression data set, which shows that DUSP1, a canalizing gene over important biological processes in melanoma, displayed a large number of significant IMP sets, after correction by either of the multiple testing procedures.
The anodic pyridination of 9,10-diphenylanthracene in acetonitrile: The spectroelectrochemical view

Summary The mechanism of the anodic pyridination of 9,10-diphenylanthracene in acetonitrile has been examined using hybrid spectral-electrochemical techniques and has been found to be of the “half-regeneration” type previously reported for the anodic hydroxylation of the same substrate.
An approach to cyclic peptide libraries: Reducing epimerization in medium sized rings during solid phase synthesis

Abstract Using an amino acid linked by its side chain to a solid support, head-to-tail cyclic peptide libraries of varying ring size have been prepared via resin-bound cyclization. These mixtures complement the use of linear peptide libraries for drug lead discovery and extend molecular diversity to conformationally constrained systems. During our synthesis of cyclic peptide mixtures, C-terminal epimerization was identified as a problem during chain elongation. This was significantly overcome by coupling with preactivated amino acid pentafluorophenyl esters.
Against the neoliberal steamroller? The Biosafety Protocol and the social regulation of agricultural biotechnologies

Through a discursive and organizational analysis we seek to understand the Biosafety Protocol and the place of socioeconomic regulation of agricultural biotechnology in it. The literature on the Protocol has been fairly extensive, but little of it has explored debates over socioeconomic regulation during the negotiation process or the regulatory requirements specified in the final document. This case is especially important at a time when the spread of neoliberalism is increasingly associated with deregulation, because it sheds light on the conditions under which circumvention of the market is deemed legitimate and socio-economic regulation of agricultural technology is possible.
Breaking the Silence Surrounding Mental Health on Campus

AbstractMentally ill students are able to participate in higher education at unprecedented rates. While colleges and universities have been responsive to the therapeutic needs, we have failed to successfully create supportive campus climates. Campus leaders are challenged to demonstrate ethical leadership that breaks the silence and confronts the stigma of mental health.
Test of climate-leaf physiognomy regression models, their application to two Miocene floras from Kenya, and 40Ar/39Ar dating of the Late Miocene Kapturo site

Abstract To test multiple regression models developed to predict seven variables of climate from leaf margin and size characters, leaf character data were collected from modern woodland and rainforest plant communities in Uganda. These localities were chosen for their structural similarity to two fossil sites for which climate values were desired. The test indicated that for these communities, the model accurately predicts mean annual temperature. However, the multiple regression models overestimate seasonality of temperature and mean annual and seasonal precipitation amounts for the two modern communities. Reasons for the models' inaccuracies may include, no African analog in the non-African database on which the model is based, too much intraspecific variability in leaf size (an important character in precipitation models), and relationships between leaf form and climate that may not be well defined by multiple regression. Mean annual temperatures were reconstructed for two Miocene paleobotanical localities from the Tugen Hills of the eastern rift valley, Kenya, using leaf form data (primarily margin characters). The results indicate that mean annual temperatures at Kabarsero (12.6 Ma), and Kapturo (6.7–7.2 Ma), were essentially equivalent to temperatures at those localities today and differed little from one another. The Kapturo paleofloral assemblage is a deciduous woodland interpreted as indicating less available or more seasonal moisture than the Kabarsero paleofloral assemblage, a wet forest with West African floral affinities. Laser-fusion 40 Ar/ 39 Ar dating of volcanic materials at Kapturo provides the first control of this paleoflora, bracketed by a 7.2 Ma trachyte at the base of the sedimentary sequence, and an age of 6.7 Ma on a reworked tuff overlying the fossiliferous horizon. The chronologic data places the paleofloral assemblage in stratigraphic context relative to other Tugen Hills units containing paleofloras and abundant vertebrate remains including hominoids.
The boundary layer equations of third-grade fluids

Abstract Steady, two-dimensional, incompressible boundary layer equations for a fluid of grade three are derived using a special coordinate system. For the inviscid flow around an arbitrary object, the streamlines are the ψ-coordinates and velocity potential lines are the ψ-coordinates which form an orthogonal curvilinear set of coordinates. The outcome, boundary layer equations, are then shown to be independent of the body shape immersed into the flow. In deriving the boundary layer equations, method of matched asymptotic expansion is used. Then, it is shown that the equations do not have similarity solutions. Finally, the shear stress on the boundary for the coordinate system is also calculated.
Angioplasty in total coronary artery occlusion: Experience in 76 consecutive patients

The influence of multiple clinical, angiographic and technical variables on the outcome of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty was evaluated in a group of 76 consecutive patients with total coronary artery occlusion. Angioplasty was performed successfully in 53% of these patients. The likelihood of successful angioplasty was favorably influenced by: 1) a history of prior myocardial infarction in the distribution of the occluded arterial segment (p = 0.03); 2) an estimated maximal duration of arterial occlusion of less than 20 weeks (p The outcome of coronary angioplasty was not significantly influenced by the vessel involved, the location of the occlusion within an involved vessel, the morphology of the occlusion (tapered versus abrupt) or the age and sex of the patient. There were no deaths and no vascular perforations. Four patients had recurrent coronary occlusion within 24 hours of the procedure; in three of these, recurrent occlusion was successfully treated with reangioplasty and in one, emergent surgical revascularization was performed. Embolic occlusion of an arterial branch distal to the point of total coronary occlusion occurred in 4 of the 40 successfully recanalized arteries. Seventy-five percent of patients having successful recanalization of an occluded coronary artery were free of the anginal symptoms that had prompted performance of the procedure at a mean follow-up period of 7.3 months. Thus, angioplasty of a total coronary artery occlusion can be performed safely and effectively, particularly in patients with a history of prior myocardial infarction, a brief estimated duration of coronary occlusion and a short nonvisualized occluded arterial segment.
Effect of Doppler broadening on Autler-Townes splitting in the molecular cascade excitation scheme

Theoretical analysis of the Autler-Townes splitting pattern in a three-level cascade excitation of a Doppler-broadened sample reveals that the observed Autler-Townes splitting is not only a function of the coupling-laser Rabi frequency, as in the homogeneously broadened case, but can also strongly depend on the wavenumber ratio of the coupling and probe lasers. Utilizing a steady-state density matrix formalism, we derive exact expressions for the populations of the intermediate and upper levels for a homogeneously broadened system. In the limit of a weak probe field, analytical expressions for Doppler-broadened excitation spectra from the intermediate and upper levels are derived. Using these expressions, we investigate the critical role of Doppler broadening on the observation of Autler-Townes splitting and its asymptotic behavior as a function of the coupling Rabi frequency for counterpropagating and copropagating configurations for different wavenumber ratios of the lasers.
Evaluation of Grid-Connected Inverter Power Systems: The Utility Interface

Dispersed electrical generation connected into the U.S. utility grid is a promising way to increase energy production. However, to assure technical compatibility of the grid and potentially large numbers of these small generation sources, an engineering evaluation effort is required. Work is presented that is currently under way to test inverter power systems in a grid-connected environment. The technical details of the tests related to utility interface and of the special equipment required to conduct them are described. Results from testing grid-connected inverters for photovoltaic applications will be examined.
Caring About Students—The Work of Student Affairs

AbstractAs resources have become tighter, campus leaders must make tough decisions about priorities. Many people value the out-of-classroom experience, but there is a cost to staffing and providing these opportunities and resources. Some argue that technology will change education so completely that campuses as we know them today will become extinct. Student affairs has an important role to play in this time of turbulence and transition by providing information about the student experience in general and about the students on our individual campuses. Student affairs leaders need to speak continually about the importance of caring about students and their experiences, and they must find ways to partner with others who share their concerns
The enzymatic formation of δ-cadinene from farnesyl diphosphate in extracts of cotton

Abstract Incubation of extracts of cotton stele tissue which had been infected with Verticillium dahliae led to the enzymatic incorporation of [1-3H]-farnesyl diphosphate into hydrocarbons soluble in hexane-ethyl acetate. The mixture of [3H]-hydrocarbons was separated into components by HPLC. The hydrocarbon with a retention time of 17.5–18.0 min, biosynthetically prepared from (1RS)-[1- 2 H ]-(E,E)- farnesyl diphosphate, was analysed by GC-MS. The data not only agree with the reported mass spectrum of δ-cadinene but also support the proposed hydride shift in the biosynthesis of δ-cadinene from farnesyl diphosphate.
Weighing projections of physical decline in lung cancer surgery decisions.

Abstract Background Patients with early-stage lung cancer often have comorbid illnesses and fear debility and death when contemplating surgery. However, data that compare physical function of patients who receive surgery with similar patients who do not are sparse. The authors report 1-year outcome results for surgical and nonsurgical patients in a prospective lung cancer cohort to address this gap. Methods The authors enrolled 386 patients with early-stage lung cancer. A 106-item survey was completed at the time of enrollment including the short- Form 12 (SF-12) Health Survey to assess functional status. Patients were followed for a year. Chart abstractions were obtained to determine comorbid illnesses and surgical status. Death was ascertained through vital records. The SF-12 was repeated 1 year after the enrollment. Regression models were constructed to identify predictors of 1-year mortality and decline in physical function. Results Fifty-nine patients (15.3%) died before 1-year follow-up. Mortality in the surgical group was 10.8% compared with 22.8% in the nonsurgical group ( P P = 0.66). Conclusions Functional decline between surgically treated and untreated patients did not differ. This result casts doubt on its value as a treatment determinant. Cancer mortality seems to be a more essential issue in treatment decisions.
The CD8-Derived Chemokine XCL1/Lymphotactin Is a Conformation-Dependent, Broad-Spectrum Inhibitor of HIV-1

CD8+ T cells play a key role in the in vivo control of HIV-1 replication via their cytolytic activity as well as their ability to secrete non-lytic soluble suppressive factors. Although the chemokines that naturally bind CCR5 (CCL3/MIP-1α, CCL4/MIP- 1β, CCL5/RANTES) are major components of the CD8-derived anti-HIV activity, evidence indicates the existence of additional, still undefined, CD8-derived HIV-suppressive factors. Here, we report the characterization of a novel anti-HIV chemokine, XCL1/lymphotactin, a member of the C-chemokine family that is produced primarily by activated CD8+ T cells and behaves as a metamorphic protein, interconverting between two structurally distinct conformations (classic and alternative). We found that XCL1 inhibits a broad spectrum of HIV-1 isolates, irrespective of their coreceptor-usage phenotype. Experiments with stabilized variants of XCL1 demonstrated that HIV-1 inhibition requires access to the alternative, all-β conformation, which interacts with proteoglycans but does not bind/activate the specific XCR1 receptor, while the classic XCL1 conformation is inactive. HIV-1 inhibition by XCL1 was shown to occur at an early stage of infection, via blockade of viral attachment and entry into host cells. Analogous to the recently described anti-HIV effect of the CXC chemokine CXCL4/PF4, XCL1-mediated inhibition is associated with direct interaction of the chemokine with the HIV-1 envelope. These results may open new perspectives for understanding the mechanisms of HIV-1 control and reveal new molecular targets for the design of effective therapeutic and preventive strategies against HIV-1.
G103(P) Analysis of conjunctivitis management in paediatric emergency department

Aims The aim of this study is to demonstrate an evidence based clinical guideline for the management of conjunctivitis and to illustrate the performance of a paediatric emergency department in its management of presentations of conjunctivitis. Methods An evidenced based clinical guideline was developed. This guideline was then used as a set standard by which to assess the performance of the emergency department at CUH in its management of conjunctivitis. Data was collected retrospectively. All patients who attended CUH (children’s university hospital) diagnosed with conjunctivitis, between 01/06/14–31/08/14 were used for analysis. The emergency department notes for these patients were examined and details of their presentation and subsequent management was noted. These details were collated and compared with the set standard outlined by the new clinical guideline. Results Mean age at presentation is 5.2 years (SD 1.8) [one month- 15 years]. During the sampled time frame (01/06/14–31/08/14) there were a total of 54 presentations with a discharge diagnosis of conjunctivitis. 86% (25/29) were correctly diagnosed bacterial conjunctivitis. 52% (13/25) were correctly diagnosed allergic conjunctivitis. 30 of the patients had documented features of bacterial conjunctivitis. 40% (12/30) had an eye swabs taken. A total of 13 eye swabs were taken of which only one was indicated. 86% appropriately treated with topical antibiotics. 85% appropriately treated with antihistamines. 7% (3/41) were inappropriately treated with antihistamines. 28% (15/54) were referred for specialist opinion. Discussion Conjunctivitis is a common presentation to a paediatrics emergency department. Indiscriminate use of microbiological investigations is a significant financial burden to the hospital and one, which can be easily eradicated. Prescribing of topical antibiotics or oral antihistamines should be based on sound clinical grounds so as to avoid unnecessary medicating of patients. Specialist referrals should be well considered.
Efficient maximum likelihood detector for MIMO systems with small number of streams

The problem of maximum likelihood detection (MLD) of overlayed data symbols, which occurs in MIMO communications and interference mitigation applications, is addressed. A simple algorithm is presented that reduces the complexity of MLD by a factor of the constellation size compared to the complexity assumed in other publications. Although the complexity remains exponential in the number of transmit antennas, this reduction in complexity makes implementation of full-set MLD for MIMO systems with two-three streams feasible. The main difference compared to suboptimal schemes such as QRD-M and sphere decoding is that the result is exactly equivalent to full-set MLD. An efficient implementation is also presented.
Introduction: Immigration and Its Aftermath.

The articles in this issue offer the reader a wealth of information on a topic of increasing visibility in the field of immigration. For a variety of reasons, the growth and adaptation of the second generation have not been subjects of great concern for researchers in this field during the recent past. Reasons include the relative youth of the "new" second generation spawned by post-1965 immigration to the United States and the difficulties of studying it on the basis of census and other official data. Scholarly attention in this field has remained focused on adult immigrants, who are more visible and whose progress through the labor market and through the immigration bureaucracy can be more easily traced. Social scientists whose professional concern is with children, such as sociologists of education, have noted the surge of foreign-origin and, for the most part, nonwhite students in the nation's schools. However, the manner in which data on this new phenomenon have been packaged has hopelessly obscured its character and implications. School records and scholarly surveys most frequently use a classificatory scheme for students based on the pan-ethnic labels "Hispanic," "Black," "Asian," and "non-His? panic white." Such data are nearly useless for the study of the second generation because they mix children of native and foreign parentage, as well as those from the most diverse nationalities. The ethnic category "Hispanic," for example, combines children whose ancestors were living in the country at the time of the Civil War with those who arrived recently as unauthorized aliens. The category "Asian" is still more egregious because the children grouped under it do not even share a parental language in common (Portes andTruelove, 1987; Massey, 1993). The dearth of accessible census data and the compressing of second-gen? eration youth into a classificatory scheme that obliterates their history have had the consequence of obscuring a major phenomenon in the recent evolution of American society. This result is unfortunate because the adap? tation of the second generation will be decisive in establishing the long-term outlook for contemporary immigration. It is indeed among the second generation, not the first, where such issues as the continuing dominance of English, the growth of a welfare-dependent population, the resilience of culturally distinct urban enclaves, and the decline or growth of ethnic intermarriages will be permanently decided. For example, the much de? bated issue of the loss of English hegemony in certain areas heavily affected by immigration will not be decided by first-generation immigrants, but by
Microwave measurements on high T/sub c/ superconducting single crystals and films

The authors have studied the microwave properties of a single crystal of ErBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7-x/. The crystal was placed in the bottom of a rectangular TE 103 copper cavity whose resonant frequency was 9.2 GHz. The Q of the system, cavity and sample, as well as the frequency shift, was monitored as the system was cooled. Below about 50 K the measurements became limited by the copper cavity. Close to the superconducting transition, about 90 K, the real surface impedance is at least one order of magnitude higher than that calculated from Mattis and Bardeen's (1958) formula. The authors have also studied using both resonant and nonresonant methods the microwave properties of an oriented film of YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7-x/ grown on a MgO substrate. For both types of measurements they have studied the effects of small magnetic fields, less than 100 G, on the microwave losses at 9.2 and 10 GHz in a microwave cavity and by a nonresonant technique. The results are discussed in terms of flux entry and pinning at grain boundaries. >
A Comment on Krokoff's 'Recruiting Representative Samples for Marital Interaction Research'

Krokoff (1987) recently described a three-stage procedure for generat- ing representative samples of couples in marital interaction research. He encouraged investigators to: (1) draw random samples from telephone directories; (2) use direct recruitment mailings to facilitate participation; and (3) employ informational meetings in couples' homes to describe the study, collect preliminary data and deal with barriers to participation. This brief comment is directed at the first stage of Krokoff's procedure. Drawing upon marketing research, it is argued that severe sampling biases often result from directory sampling, biases nearly identical to the ones found in past research that Krokoff sought to overcome. Random-digit dialing procedures, which have become standard in survey design, are suggested as a simple and effective modification of the first step in Krokoff's recruitment strategy.
Sexually transmitted disease testing misconceptions threaten the validity of self-reported testing history.

Objective Sexually transmitted disease (STD) testing is fundamental to STD prevention and control. We sought to comprehensively examine young women's beliefs about the STD testing process. Design and Sample Descriptive, cross-sectional, survey investigation. Women aged 18–24 (n = 302) drawn from four women's health clinics and one university classroom. Measures Participants completed the RoTEST, which measures five domains of women's STD testing beliefs and a demographic survey. Results Many women believed they would be screened for all STDs when they receive STD testing (40%) and that visual inspection by a provider was a valid method of STD screening for gonorrhea (35%), chlamydia (32%) and HSV (77%). More than a quarter believed that a Pap test screens for gonorrhea (23%) and chlamydia (26%). Twenty-one percent reported that discussing STD testing with a provider is difficult and most reported feeling more comfortable seeking STD testing from an STD specialist rather than a family doctor (79%). Conclusions Young women have numerous misconceptions about the STD testing process that may interfere with the validity of their self-reported STD testing history and subsequently undermine public health efforts to improve STD prevention and control. Innovative approaches to educating women about the testing process are needed.
Measurement of brain iron distribution in Hallevorden‐Spatz syndrome

Purpose: To investigate spatial distribution of iron accumulation in the globus pallidus (GP) in patients with Hallevorden-Spatz syndrome (HSS) using phase imaging. We compared sensitivity of a phase imaging technique to relaxation rate measurement methods (R1,R2,R2*) for iron quantification. Materials and Methods: R1, R2, and R2* were measured in GP structure of the brain of eight pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN) patients and a healthy volunteer using a 3T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner. The phase of gradient-echo images was preprocessed to eliminate phase 2π wrapping and filtered to remove phase background variations. Phase gap across GP structure was used as a metric for iron effects quantification. Results: Among the relaxation rates the most sensitive to iron accumulation was the R2* rate. The R1 and R2 rates demonstrated only small variations in this group of subjects. Up to an order of magnitude phase gap changes were measured between one PKAN patient and an age-matched healthy volunteer. Assuming that phase gap differences scale linearly with iron concentration we estimate that up to 2 mg Fe/g ww accumulates in GP of these patients. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate significantly higher sensitivity of the phase measurements for quantitative assessment of iron concentration compared to the relaxation rate measurements. Phase measurements could potentially be used for monitoring a progression and a response to therapy in PKAN. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2010; 31: 482–489. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Pollution and tidal benthic communities of the James River Estuary, Virginia

Distribution of benthic communities in the estuarine portion of the James River was controlled mainly by salinity. Pollution effects were localized and difficult to assess because of a rigorous physical environment. Mesohaline and oligohaline communities were very similar to those in other estuaries of the eastern United States. Macrobenthic densities were most severely depressed in tidal freshwater habitats near Richmond & Hopewell, where the major portion of the pollution load enters the river. Cluster analysis of species distributional patterns and ordination of pollution and physical parameters produced similar results, dividing the river into mesohaline, oligohaline, and upper and lower tidal freshwater zones. Further analysis of only the tidal freshwater portion indicated the distribution of benthic communities reflected the location and concentration of pollution sources along the river. Tidal freshwater communities were dominated by the Asiatic clam, Corbicula fluminea, tubificid oligochaetes of the genus Limnodrilus and the chironomid insect larva Coelotanypus scapularis. The fauna of the freshwater zones was very eurytopic with respect to sediment type and has a great resemblance to the fauna of eutrophic lakes. The classical concept of a sharp increase in number of species occurring from oligohaline to freshwater zones was found to be misleading. This increase does not occur until free flowing (or lotic) freshwater areas of greater habitat diversity are reached.
Phenotypic assessment of THC discriminative stimulus properties in fatty acid amide hydrolase knockout and wildtype mice.

Abstract A number of studies have examined the ability of the endogenous cannabinoid anandamide to elicit Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)-like subjective effects, as modeled through the THC discrimination paradigm. In the present study, we compared transgenic mice lacking fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), the enzyme primarily responsible for anandamide catabolism, to wildtype counterparts in a THC discrimination procedure. THC (5.6 mg/kg) served as a discriminative stimulus in both genotypes, with similar THC dose–response curves between groups. Anandamide fully substituted for THC in FAAH knockout, but not wildtype, mice. Conversely, the metabolically stable anandamide analog O-1812 fully substituted in both groups, but was more potent in knockouts. The CB 1 receptor antagonist rimonabant dose-dependently attenuated THC generalization in both groups and anandamide substitution in FAAH knockouts. Pharmacological inhibition of monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), the primary catabolic enzyme for the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), with JZL184 resulted in full substitution for THC in FAAH knockout mice and nearly full substitution in wildtypes. Quantification of brain endocannabinoid levels revealed expected elevations in anandamide in FAAH knockout mice compared to wildtypes and equipotent dose-dependent elevations in 2-AG following JZL184 administration. Dual inhibition of FAAH and MAGL with JZL195 resulted in roughly equipotent increases in THC-appropriate responding in both groups. While the notable similarity in THC's discriminative stimulus effects across genotype suggests that the increased baseline brain anandamide levels (as seen in FAAH knockout mice) do not alter THC's subjective effects, FAAH knockout mice are more sensitive to the THC-like effects of pharmacologically induced increases in anandamide and MAGL inhibition (e.g., JZL184).
Activation of extrastriate and frontal cortical areas by visual words and word-like stimuli

Visual presentation of words activates extrastriate regions of the occipital lobes of the brain. When analyzed by positron emission tomography (PET), certain areas in the left, medial extrastriate visual cortex were activated by visually presented pseudowords that obey English spelling rules, as well as by actual words. These areas were not activated by nonsense strings of letters or letter-like forms. Thus visual word form computations are based on learned distinctions between words and nonwords. In addition, during passive presentation of words, but not pseudowords, activation occurred in a left frontal area that is related to semantic processing. These findings support distinctions made in cognitive psychology and computational modeling between high-level visual and semantic computations on single words and describe the anatomy that may underlie these distinctions.