cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamic stress intensity factors at the tip of a uniformly loaded semi-infinite crack in an orthotropic material

Abstract A method for analyzing the elastodynamic response of an infinite orthotropic material with a semi-infinite crack under impact loads is presented. Uniform loading for three loading modes is considered, i.e. opening, in-plane shear and antiplane shear, and solution for the stress intensity factor history around the crack tip is found. Laplace and Fourier transforms along with the Wiener–Hopf technique are employed to solve the displacement formulation of the equations of motion. The asymptotic expression for the stress near the crack tip is analyzed which leads to a closed-form solution of the dynamic stress intensity factor for each loading mode. It is found that the stress intensity factors are proportional to the square root of time as expected. Results for orthotropic materials are shown to converge to known solutions for isotropic materials derived independently.
Increased Final Height in Precocious Puberty after Long-Term Treatment with LHRH Agonists: The National Institutes of Health Experience

We report 98 children who have reached final adult height in a long-term trial of LHRH agonist treatment. These children were 5.3 +/- 2.1 yr old at the start of treatment and were treated with either deslorelin (4 microg/kg.d sc) or histrelin (4-10 microg/kg.d) for an average of 6.1 +/- 2.5 yr. Final height averaged 159.8 +/- 7.6 cm in the 80 girls, which was significantly greater than pretreatment predicted height (149.3 +/- 9.6 cm) but still significantly less than midparental height (MPH) (163.7 +/- 5.6). Final height averaged 171.1 +/- 8.7 cm in the 18 boys, which was significantly greater than pretreatment predicted height (156.1 +/- 14.2 cm) but still significantly less than MPH (178.3 +/- 5.2 cm). However, the average adult height of the 54 children who had less than a 2-yr delay in the onset of treatment was not significantly different from their MPH, and 21 children exceeded MPH. Final height SD score correlated positively with duration of treatment (P < 0.01), midparental height (P < 0.001), predicted height at the start of treatment (P < 0.001), and growth velocity during the last year of treatment (P < 0.001) and correlated inversely with delay in the onset of treatment (P < 0.001), age at the start of treatment (P < 0.001), bone age at the start of treatment (P < 0.001), bone age at the end of treatment (P < 0.001), breast stage at the start of treatment (P = 0.02), and bone age minus chronological age at the start of treatment (P = 0.001). We conclude that LHRH agonist treatment improves the final height for children with rapidly progressing precocious puberty treated before the age of 8 yr for girls or 9 yr for boys. Less delay in the onset of treatment, longer duration of treatment, and lower chronological and bone age at the onset of treatment all lead to greater final height. All children with onset of pubertal symptoms before age 8 in girls and age 9 in boys should be evaluated for possible treatment. Treatment is appropriate in children with rapidly progressing puberty, accelerated bone maturation, and compromise of adult height prediction, regardless of bone age or chronological age at time of evaluation. However, once treatment is considered appropriate, it should be initiated quickly, because longer delays lead to shorter final height. In addition, the longer the treatment is continued, the greater is the final height outcome.
Analysis of mirror surface after laser or ion removal of contaminants

Mirrors have been examined using various surface analytical techniques following experiments to remove contaminants using either a CO2 laser or an argon ion gun. Optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and noncontact surface profilometry were used to obtain morphological information about the mirror surface. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, and gas chromatograph/mass spectrometry were used to investigate the composition of the mirror surface.
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Supplementation Alters Proinflammatory Gene Expression and Reduces the Incidence of Necrotizing Enterocolitis in a Neonatal Rat Model

Although supplementation of preterm formula with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) has been shown to reduce the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in animal models and clinical trials, the mechanisms remain elusive. We hypothesized that the protective effect of PUFA on NEC may be due to the ability of PUFA to suppress Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 and platelet-activating factor receptor (PAFR) gene expression (molecules that are important in the pathogenesis of NEC) in epithelial cells. To investigate the efficacy of different PUFA preparations on NEC in a neonatal rat model, we compared the incidence of NEC among the four PUFA supplemented groups—A: arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid (AA+DHA), B: egg phospholipids (EP), C: DHA, and D: control without PUFA. PUFA supplementation reduced the incidence of NEC and inhibited intestinal PAFR and TLR4 gene expression compared with the controls. To validate the in vivo observations, IEC-6 cells were exposed to PAF after pretreatment with AA or DHA. Both AA and DHA supplementation blocked PAF-induced TLR4 and PAFR mRNA expression in these enterocytes. These results suggest that PUFA modulates gene expression of key factors involved in experimental NEC pathogenesis. These effects might in part explain the protective effect of PUFA on neonatal NEC.
Hydrothermal heat discharge in the Cascade Range, northwestern United States

Abstract Hydrothermal heat discharge in the Cascade Range includes the heat discharged by thermal springs, by “slightly thermal” springs that are only a few degrees warmer than ambient temperature, and by fumaroles. Thermal-spring heat discharge is calculated on the basis of chloride-flux measurements and geothermometer temperatures and totals ~ 240 MW in the U.S. part of the Cascade Range, excluding the transient post-1980 discharge at Mount St. Helens (~ 80 MW as of 2004–5). Heat discharge from “slightly thermal” springs is based on the degree of geothermal warming (after correction for gravitational potential energy effects) and totals ~ 660 MW. Fumarolic heat discharge is calculated by a variety of indirect and direct methods and totals ~ 160 MW, excluding the transient mid-1970s discharge at Mount Baker (~ 80 MW) and transient post-1980 discharge at Mount St. Helens (> 230 MW as of 2005). Other than the pronounced transients at Mount St. Helens and Mount Baker, hydrothermal heat discharge in the Cascade Range appears to be fairly steady over a ~ 25-year period of measurement. Of the total of ~ 1050 MW of “steady” hydrothermal heat discharge identified in the U.S. part of the Cascade Range, less than 50 MW occurs north of latitude 45°15′ N (~ 0.1 MW per km arc length from 45°15′ to 49°N). Much greater rates of hydrothermal heat discharge south of 45°15′N (~ 1.7 MW per km arc length from 40° to 45°15′N) may reflect the influence of Basin and Range-style extensional tectonics (faulting) that impinges on the Cascades as far north as Mount Jefferson but is not evident farther north.
Separation and induction behaviors in children: are parents good predictors?

In busy surgical outpatient settings, it is important to quickly yet throughly assess a child's preoperative needs to determine whether a premedication or perhaps a parent's presence is warranted to facilitate a smooth anesthetic induction. This observational study of 252 children evaluated factors related to separation and induction behaviors of children. Six percent of children had difficulty separating from their parents, and 22% were uncooperative with induction of general anesthesia via face mask. Logistic regression showed that parent prediction was the best indicator of separation behavior, whereas younger age and separation behavior were both predictive of induction behavior. Findings suggest that parents are good predictors of their child's preoperative behaviors and may, therefore, provide valuable input when perioperative nurses and anesthesiologists are making decisions about potential preoperative interventions.
Volumetric capnography in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

Objectives To assess the feasibility of using volumetric capnography in spontaneously breathing small infants and its ability to discriminate between infants with and without bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Study design Lung function variables for 231 infants (102 term, 52 healthy preterm, 77 BPD), matched for post-conceptional age of 44 weeks, were collected. BPD was defined as supplemental oxygen requirement at 36 weeks post-menstrual age. Tidal breath-by-breath volume capnograms were obtained by mainstream capnography. The capnographic slope of phase II (S II ) and slope of phase III (S III ) were calculated and compared between study groups. The effect of BPD, tidal volume (V T ), respiratory rate (RR), and prematurity on the magnitude of the slopes was assessed. Results S II was steeper in infants with BPD (100 ± 28/L) compared with healthy preterm (88 ± 22/L; P = .007) and term infants (79 ± 18/L; P T , RR, and gestational age. S III was steeper in the BPD group (26.8 ± 14.1/L) compared with healthy preterm (16.2 ± 6.2/L; P P III independently of V T , RR, and gestational age. The ability of S III to discriminate between BPD and controls was significantly higher compared with lung clearance index (area under the curve 0.83 vs 0.56; P Conclusions Volumetric capnography may provide valuable information regarding functional lung alterations related to BPD and might be considered as an alternative to more involved lung function techniques for monitoring chronic lung disease during early infancy.
The synthesis of ribosomal protein.

Abstract The hypothesis that nascent R-RNA associated with neosomes forms the unit responsible for the synthesis of ribosomal protein leads to a number of self-consistent relationships. The RNA of a 70 s ribosome is long enough to act as template for six molecules of ribosomal protein. As the complete 70 s ribosome contains 36 of these units the template must operate six times, i.e. it should pass over six points of synthesis. The cell's content of neosomes is just sufficient to provide six per template. The rate of amino acid incorporation per site in such a complex is roughly the same as the rate calculated for non-ribosomal proteins. The hypothesis is subject to test by observing the incorporation of tracer-labeled bases and amino acids.
Detection of proteolytic enzymes in agar electrophoresis.

Abstract An agar substrate containing hyaluronic acid and horse serum for the detection of hyaluronidase activity following electrophoresis was found suitable for the detection of proteolysis. The substrate was refined for the detection of only proteolysis by elimination of the hyaluronic acid and substitution of bovine serum albumin in place of the serum. The refined substrate revealed two bands of proteolytic activity in papain. The refined substrate also revealed weak proteolytic activity in a “chromatographically pure” preparation of hyaluronidase. The method should be adaptable for the detection of multiple electrophoretic forms of several proteolytic enzymes.
The theory of interacting relativistic strings

Abstract We set up a formulation of the theory of interacting strings based on the physical picture of a string in the infinite-momentum frame as the continuum limit of a chain of mass points moving in the transverse space and interacting via nearest-neighbor harmonic potentials. The theory is completely formulated for these “discrete strings” and the continuum limit is then studied in the context of perturbation theory in the interaction strength. We establish that this limit yields the bosonic dual string model, provided the space-time dimension is 26. This article completes for the bosonic string a program initiated nearly a decade ago by Giles and Thorn. Second-quantized field equations are derived for discrete strings, and a “classical” limit of these equations is discussed.
The Garlic project

The goal of the Garlic [1] project is to build a multimedia information system capable of integrating data that resides in different database systems as well as in a variety of non-database data servers. This integration must be enabled while maintaining the independence of the data servers, and without creating copies of their data. "Multimedia" should be interpreted broadly to mean not only images, video, and audio, but also text and application specific data types (e.g., CAD drawings, medical objects, …). Since much of this data is naturally modeled by objects, Garlic provides an object-oriented schema to applications, interprets object queries, creates execution plans for sending pieces of queries to the appropriate data servers, and assembles query results for delivery back to the applications. A significant focus of the project is support for "intelligent" data servers, i.e., servers that provide media-specific indexing and query capabilities [2]. Database optimization technology is being extended to deal with heterogeneous collections of data servers so that efficient data access plans can be employed for multi-repository queries.A prototype of the Garlic system has been operational since January 1995. Queries are expressed in an SQL-like query language that has been extended to include object-oriented features such as reference-valued attributes and nested sets. In addition to a C++ API, Garlic supports a novel query/browser interface called PESTO [3]. This component of Garlic provides end users of the system with a friendly, graphical interface that supports interactive browsing, navigation, and querying of the contents of Garlic databases. Unlike existing interfaces to databases, PESTO allows users to move back and forth seamlessly between querying and browsing activities, using queries to identify interesting subsets of the database, browsing the subset, querying the content of a set-valued attribute of a particularly interesting object in the subset, and so on.
Some materials considerations in particulate media

Three areas of current interest in particulate recording media are examined. The first concerns the reversal modes in recording particles-in particular whether the classical coherent and incoherent modes are more appropriate than that of heterogeneous nucleation and growth of regions of reversed magnetization. Secondly, magnetization relaxation is considered, with emphasis on its role in defining the observed coercivity. Finally, the effects of coating particles are discussed, especially the epitaxial Co-coated materials.
A Heart Healthy Nutrition Curriculum For Third Graders Gets Positive Resilts

Abstract A third grade reading level knowledge test concerning the dietary fat and cholesterol level of foods and the role of these substances in the development of coronary heart disease was administered to 1,242 third grade students from various socioeconomic backgrounds. Utilizing the results of this test a 10 lesson heart healthy curriculum was developed; the purpose of the curriculum was to increase the children's knowledge concerning foods that contain dietary fat and cholesterol and to guide the students towards healthier food choices. Following a training session for the third grade teachers the curriculum was implemented in the classroom. Results of the knowledge test given as a post test found that the children's basic knowledge concerning the dietary fat and cholesterol content of food increased significantly (p
Addressing Equity and Diversity with Teachers Though Informal Science Institutions and Teacher Professional Development

This study explores how activities developed by science experts in partnership with middle school teachers were employed and interpreted. The goals of this partnership were to (a) help the science teacher meet earth science content standards in new ways, (b) expose students to ‘real world’ experiences outside their school setting, and (c) positively impact teacher practice by providing a program to be used as a catalyst for future learning. Over 300 sixth graders mostly underrepresented science students attended activities at an aquarium serving an urban West Coast urban context. Science teachers, non-science teachers, scientists, and volunteers were all engaged in pre-trip instruction, professional development opportunities, and follow-up activities as this partnership effort explored ways to enhance local literacy initiatives across the curriculum. Results suggest that teacher beliefs about informal education impacted their view and participation in the program and the level of submersion of teachers in collaboration strongly affects the ability to serve underrepresented students on informal excursions. Implications for teacher education and outreach are discussed.
On the fundamental group of the space of cubic surfaces

The space of complex cubic surfaces is isomorphic to projective space V19 of dimension 19, by the correspondence which relates to each surface the set of coefficients of the defining equation. We denote by A the hypersurface in V19 which consists of points corresponding to the singular surfaces. It was proved by J.A. Todd that there exists a homomorphism t of the fundamental group 7~l(V19--A, Po) onto the Weyl group W(E6) of system of roots of type E 6. This homomorphism is actually just the one which relates to each loop the permutation of 27 straight lines induced by moving of the surface corresponding to Po around the loop. The purpose of this paper is to describe the "upper boundary" for ~zl(V~9 -A, P0)Namely, we prove the following
EUS-FNA for the Diagnosis of Retroperitoneal Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor

Primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) is a rare “small round blue cell tumor” that is diagnosed by open biopsy or percutaneous biopsy of the lesion under radiologic guidance. In this case report, we present a novel approach to the diagnosis of a retroperitoneal PNET by endoscopic ultrasound- (EUS-) guided fine needle aspiration (FNA). A 35-year-old man presented with the history of left-sided flank pain and swelling of 3-weeks duration. Computerized tomography (CT) scan of his abdomen revealed a 12.8 × 13 × 12.5 cm cystic and solid mass arising from the retroperitoneum and displacing the third and fourth portions of the duodenum. He underwent EUS which revealed a well-circumscribed heterogeneous mass abutting the inferior portion of the stomach. EUS-FNA of the mass revealed malignant cells consistent with primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET)/Ewing's sarcoma. EUS-guided FNA is an appropriate technique for diagnosing retroperitoneal PNET/Ewing's sarcoma.
Hypothetical consent and moral force

This article starts by examining the appeal to hypothetical consent as used by law and economics writers. I argue that their use of this kind of argument has no moral force whatever. I then briefly examine, through some remarks on Rawls and Scanlon, the conditions under which such an argument would have moral force. Finally, I bring these considerations to bear to criticize the argument of judge Frank Easterbrook's majority opinion in Flamm v. Eberstadt.
Infiltration Patterns from Simulated Rainfall on a Semiarid Rangeland Soil

Currently proposed approaches to the estimation of surface runoff and erosion are based on the Green-Ampt equation. Processes controlling water movement in uncultivated semiarid rangelands, such as macropore flow for example, may be incompatible with assumptions fundamental to the Green-Ampt equation. In this study, patterns of water and tracer (bromide, methylene blue, and alizarin red S) movement under two simulated rainfall intensities were compared with those consistent with the Green-Ampt equation. Macropore flow was an important process at the site. The reasonably uniform and abrupt wetting front indicated that this was not necessarily incompatible with the use of the Green-Ampt equation. Apparently the effective macropores were sufficiently close together and shallow that lateral movement effectively obliterated the effects of individual macropores at depths of about 0.3 m. Two other inconsistencies with the Green-Ampt equation were observed. First, soil cover type strongly affected infiltration. Bare interspace areas in microtopographic lows had relatively low infiltrabilities and were hydraulically interconnected. These areas, therefore, control time to ponding and runoff initiation. Explicit consideration of these differences may improve runoff and infiltration estimation. Second, a contrasting argillic horizon appeared to inhibit water movement. Subsoil properties not usually considered in the Green-Ampt equation may dominate infiltration under near-field-capacity soil moisture conditions and large rainfall events.
Mining in a mobile environment

Distributed PRocessing in Mobile Environments (DPRiME) is a framework for processing large data sets across an ad-hoc network. Developed to address the shortcomings of Google's MapReduce outside of a fully-connected network, DPRiME separates nodes on the network into a master and workers; the master distributes sections of the data to available one-hop workers to process in parallel. Upon returning results to its master, a worker is assigned an unfinished task. Five data mining classifiers were implemented to process the data: decision trees, k-means, k-nearest neighbor, Naive Bayes, and artificial neural networks. Ensembles were used so the classification tasks could be performed in parallel. This framework is well-suited for many tasks because it handles communications, node movement, node failure, packet loss, data partitioning, and result collection automatically. Therefore, DPRiME allows users with little knowledge of networking or distributed systems to harness the processing power of an entire network of single- and multi-hop nodes.
LSD has high efficacy relative to serotonin in enhancing the cationic current Ih: intracellular studies in rat facial motoneurons.

The effects of LSD (d-lysergic acid diethylamide) on rat facial motoneurons were compared to those of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in brain slices by means of current clamp and single-electrode voltage-clamp recordings. As previously reported, 5-HT, in part by decreasing a resting potassium conductance, produced a reversible depolarization (∼5 mV), an increase in input resistance, and an enhancement in electrical excitability. LSD also produced an increase in electrical excitability, although with a much slower onset and longer duration. However, in contrast to 5-HT, LSD produced only a slight depolarization (1-2 mV). Moreover, in the presence of LSD the depolarizing effect of 5-HT was markedly attenuated. The 5-HT2/5-HT1c agonist 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-io-dophenyl)-2-aminopropane (DOI) produced effects intermediate between LSD and 5-HT. The LSD-induced increase in electrical excitability was completely reversed by spiperone, a 5-HT2/5-HT1A antagonist, and by ritanserin, a 5-HT2/5-HT1c antagonist; the effects of 5-HT were also reduced by these 2 antagonists, but complete blockade did not occur at the concentrations and durations tested. Surprisingly, LSD was found to enhance the hyperpolarization-activated nonspecific cation current Ih to a greater extent than did 5-HT; this enhancement was blocked by both spiperone and ritanserin. These results indicate that, despite having low efficacy relative to 5-HT in decreasing resting potassium conductance, LSD has high efficacy in enhancing the Ih current in rat facial motoneurons; possible mechanisms for this difference are discussed. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Promoting Team Learning in the Classroom

The new workplace is a key arena for learning in todayâ€™s society. The spiraling demand for knowledge in the workplace has increased interest in learning, especially team learning. Team learning can be viewed from multiple perspectives, making it difficult for career and technical educators (CTEs) to know how to prepare students for a team-based work environment, especially one that includes virtual teams. In addition, emerging technology adds to the confusion about how to provide effective learning experiences that mirror what is occurring in the workplace. To prepare the workforce of tomorrow, CTE instructors can become facilitators of team learning by providing ample opportunity for learners to practice team skills in a low-risk learning environment. By providing the exposure and practice to team learning skills and technology tools, CTEs may help equip students with added skills in entering a global workplace.
White matter lesion segmentation based on feature joint occurrence probability and Χ 2 random field theory from magnetic resonance (MR) images

Lesions of the brain's white matter are common findings in MR examinations of elderly subjects. A fully automatic method for segmenting white matter lesions is proposed here. The joint probability of multi-modality MR image intensities is used as a feature to segment lesions, because lesion intensities usually are outliers of the normal tissue intensities and the lesions' joint intensity probability appears much smaller than those of normal brain tissues. The @g^2 random field theory is used to determine the significance of a detected lesion and provides a strict statistical analysis to exclude small-sized false-positive lesions. Experimental results show that the automatic segmentation of lesions is in high agreement with manual segmentation, and the @g^2 random-field-based statistical analysis greatly improves lesion segmentation results.
Understanding family resilience.

Families, as social systems, can be considered "resilient" in ways that parallel descriptions of individual resilience. In this article, the conceptualization of family-level outcomes as a prerequisite for assessing family competence, and hence their resilience, is presented relative to the unique functions that families perform for their members and for society. The risk and protective processes that give rise to resilience in families are discussed in terms of family stress and coping theory, with a particular emphasis on the family's subjective appraisal of their sources of stress and their ability to manage them. An effort is made to distinguish two perspectives on resilience: exposure to significant risk as a prerequisite for being considered resilient versus promotion of strengths for all families in which life in general is viewed as risky. Implications for practitioners and policy makers in working with families to promote their resilience are discussed.
Virtual Reality Demonstration of Surgical Specimens, Including Links to Histologic Features

The demonstration of surgical specimens, whether using 35-mm slides or digital images, tends to consist of the sequential presentation of images. Current digital technology permits a more flexible and effective way of communication, with the opportunity to more easily "navigate" between different aspects of specimens. We demonstrate a "virtual reality" method, based on QuickTime VR technology, that permits the interactive review of a complete profile of surgical specimens in the horizontal plane. Specimens were placed individually on a circular rotating platform. Thirty-six images of each specimen were captured using a digital camera, with rotation of the platform at 10° intervals. The images were transferred to a computer and processed using specialized software (VRWorx). Histologic images were separately captured from tissue sections on glass slides using a digital camera mounted on a microscope. The final product is viewed using the QuickTime Viewer software application. A 360° horizontal view of the specimens is achieved, with the capacity to actively rotate the specimen and to zoom in for closer review. Additionally, the user/presenter can click in predetermined "hot spots," which will open histologic images linked to those spots. This methodology, which uses readily available computer technology, helps provide a better three-dimensional understanding of surgical specimens and also a better correlation between gross and microscopic features.
Copper-induced binding of cellular factors to yeast metallothionein upstream activation sequences

Copper-inducible transcription of the yeast metallothionein gene (CUP1) occurs by means of cis-acting upstream activation sequences (UAS) and trans-acting cellular factors. We have used a high-resolution chromosomal footprinting technique to detect the interaction of cellular factors with UASCUP1. Our results demonstrate that one or more cellular factors bind to UASCUP1 in a copper-inducible fashion. This copper-inducible binding is enhanced in a yeast strain that harbors several copies of the positive regulatory gene ACE1 and is not detectable in yeast cells that contain a nonfunctional (ace1-delta 1) locus. The correlation between yeast metallothionein gene activation and copper-inducible occupation of UASCUP1 sequences suggests that the binding of metallothionein transcriptional regulatory factors to cis-acting control sequences is copper-inducible.
Macrodactyly and the epidermal nevus syndrome.

Macrodactyly is an uncommon congenital anomaly that affects the fingers and toes. Speculation as to cause is focused on the association with connecctive tissue abnormalities, such as neurofibromatosis. We report a highly unusual case of a patient with epidermal nevus syndrome, a specific connective tissue and skeletal disease, who also exhibited bilateral, four finger macrodactyly. Potential causes of linkage between these two specific and unusual syndromes are discussed. Treatment of the epidermal nevus may be nonoperative, differing from the philosophy of aggressive treatment of the similarly appearing premalignant congenital hairy nevus.
Calibration and estimation of redundant signals for real-time monitoring and control

This paper presents a filtering algorithm for calibration and estimation of redundant signals for real-time condition monitoring and control of continuous plants. The redundancy may consist of sensor signals and/or analytical measurements that are derived from other sensor signals and physical characteristics of the plant. The redundant measurements are simultaneously calibrated by additive corrections that are recursively estimated based on the principle of linear least-squares filtering. A weighted least-square estimate of the measured variable is generated in real time from the calibrated signals. The weighting matrix is adaptively adjusted as a function of the a posteriori probability of failure of the calibrated measurements. The effects of intra-sample failure and probability of false alarms are taken into account in the formulation of the recursive filter that has been tested for on-line calibration of four redundant sensors of the throttle steam temperature in a commercial-scale fossil power plant. The calibration and estimation filter is potentially applicable to the Instrumentation & Control System Software in tactical and transport aircraft, and nuclear and fossil power plants.
Environmental Issues and the Watchdog Role of the Media: How Ellul’s Theory Complicates Liberal Democracy

Citizens of Western democracies have long believed that the media should serve as watchdogs. Many feel one of the media’s most important watchdog duties is environmental reporting. As human progress has undoubtedly caused significant changes in the ecosystem, citizens have increasingly depended on the media to inform us about possible ill effects thereof. Though critics from both right and left have reservations about the actual fulfillment of this role by the press, most uphold environmental reporting in principle. Hence, environmental journalism is growing in stature and respect. Even so, the work of Jacques Ellul puts forth an analysis of the watchdog function of the press that challenges key tenets of the liberal democratic presuppositions of our technological society. His analysis, which is of neither the right nor the left, raises questions that anyone who thinks seriously about the media and the environment should ponder, even those who ultimately disagree with Ellul’s position.
Lysine derived cross-links are present in a non-elastin, proline-rich protein fraction of Iguana iguana eggshell

Abstract 1. 1. Eggshell of Iguana iguana contains a variety of lysine-derived cross-linking amino acids apparently identical with some that occur in elastin. 2. 2. Quantification of desmosine by amino acid analysis and radioimmunoassay gave estimates of 217 ng per mg and 109 ng per mg (dry weights), respectively. 3. 3. [3H]NaBH4 reduction of eggshell protein established presence of lysine-derived aldehydes, allysine and allysine-aldol. 4. 4. Enzymatic and chemical treatments indicate these cross-links occur in a non-elastin eggshell protein. 5. 5. Iguana eggshell protein is unusually proline-rich, containing almost 440 proline residues per thousand.
Sexual progeny of somatic hybrids between potato andSolanum brevidens: Potential for use in breeding programs

Hexaploid somatic hybrids have been obtained by fusion of protoplasts fromSolanum brevidens (PI 218228, 2x = 2n = 24) andS. tuberosum (PI 203900 or cv. Russet Burbank; 2x = 4n = 48). In the work reported here, pentaploid progeny derived from sexual crosses between the somatic hybrids and the potato cultivar, Katahdin were assessed for transfer of disease resistances and improvement of agronomic traits. Segregation was noted in disease resistances to race 0 ofPhytophthora infestans and to tuber soft rot caused byErwinia spp., indicating that sexual transfer of traits captured by protoplast fusion had occurred. The pentaploid progeny showed substantial variation in and often improvement of some agronomic traits as compared to the somatic hybrids. The results indicate that interspecific somatic hybridization can produce material with potential for use in a potato breeding program
The structure of moral character and the explanation of moral action

This article discusses the relationship between human rule systems and social action. It assumes that all meaningful behavior is rule-governed. If so, then individual differences in moral conduct can be explained in terms of differences in the manner in which people use, justify, and maintain rules. Specifically, moral behavior can be understood in terms of five dimensions: moral knowledge, style of moral judgment, socialization, empathy, and autonomy. Evidence is presented which suggests that these dimensions can be objectively assessed and that the model works reasonably well in predicting and explaining moral conduct.
Adsorption of spin labeled polymers on carbon fibers for composite interface studies

Abstract The adsorption of spin labeled epoxy model compounds and a polymer from solution onto a series of IM6 carbon fibers having incremental oxidative surface treatments was measured. By weight, the amount of epoxy polymer adsorbed was two orders in magnitude greater than that of the model compounds, although the polymer coverage of the fiber surface was less than one monolayer. As the fiber surface oxygen content is increased, substantial increases in adsorption of model compound and epoxy polymer were observed which correlate with a stronger fiber-resin interface. A solvent effect was observed where increasing solvent polarity decreased the amount of model compound adsorption onto the carbon fibers.
A simple system for extending refrigerated, nonfrozen preservation of biological material using pressure.

Abstract High pressure (above 238 atmg) substantially extends the refrigerated storage of highly perishable biological material in a nonfrozen state. 5 . Calculated Equivalent Values of Pressure and Temperature for Reducing Reaction Rates of Horseradish Peroxidase Pressure (atmg) Temperature (°K) T T 0 a 0 296 0.999 272 289 0.975 340 287 0.969 408 285 0.963 a T 0 = 296 ° K It has been known for some time that high pressure stops microbial growth. The effect of high pressure is to reduce further the enzyme activity at refrigerated temperatures. Two enzymes studied, peroxidase and crude trypsin from red crab intestine, demonstrated this effect. A number of food materials such as fish, beef, and chicken were tested for microbial growth and organoleptic qualities after high-pressure storage in a simple 14-liter pressure chamber. Pressure was generated by a hand pump. The results indicated that after 30 days those items held in a non-frozen state at −3 °C and 238 atmg were not significantly different microbiologically and organoleptically from frozen controls at atmospheric pressure and −20 °C. This system should be useful for the preservation of biological materials where freezing or thawing effects are undesirable or unknown. The energy saved compared to freezing should also be considered. Only 62% of the energy is required for storage at −3 °C as compared with frozen storage at −20 °C, and about 28 cal/g must be removed in cooling to −3 °C as compared with 120 cal/g in cooling to −20 °C.
The process of sedimentation on the surface of a salt marsh

Abstract An unditched salt marsh-creek drainage basin (Holland Glade Marsh, Lewes, Delaware) has a sedimentation rate of 0·5 cm year−1. During normal, storm-free conditions, the creek carries negligible amounts of sand and coarse silt. Of the material in the waters flooding the marsh surface, over 80% disappears from the floodwaters within 12 m of the creek. About one-half of the lost material is theoretically too fine to settle, even if flow were not turbulent; however, sediment found on Spartina stems can account for the loss. The quantity of suspended sediment that does reach the back marsh during these normal tides is inadequate to maintain the marsh surface against local sea level rise. This suspended sediment is also much finer than the deposited sediments. Additionally, remote sections of low marsh, sections flooded by only the highest spring tides, have 15–30 cm of highly inorganic marsh muds. This evidence indicates that normal tidal flooding does not produce sedimentation in Holland Glade. Study of the effects of two severe storms, of a frequency of once per year, suggests that such storms can deposit sufficient sediment to maintain the marsh. The actual deposition of fine-grained sediments (fine silt and clay) appears to result primarily from biological trapping rather than from settling. In addition, this study proposes that the total sedimentation on mature marshes results from a balance between tidal and storm sedimentation. Storms will control sediment supply and movement on micro- and meso-tidal marshes, and will have less influence on macro-tidal marshes.
Glial-like cells of the rat pituitary intermediate lobe change morphology and shift from vimentin to GFAP expression during development

This study demonstrated morphological changes in glial-like cells of the rat pituitary intermediate lobe during early postnatal development, and a subsequent shift in protein expression from vimentin to GFAP. Vimentin immunoreactivity was detected in the lobe at embryo day 14 and was localized in radially-oriented, bipolar cells whose processes spanned the thickness of the intermediate lobe. At electron microscopical resolution, processes contained intermediate filaments, cell nuclei were indented while secretory vesicles characteristic of the endocrine cells were not found. Vimentin immunoreactive intensity began to decrease at postnatal day 5. By postnatal day 7, vimentin-positive, stellate cells were observed, with few radial processes found by day 10. The intensity of vimentin immunoreactivity decreased through day 25. Within the lobe parenchyma, vimentin was localized in glial-like cells since double-label immunohistochemistry revealed no colocalization of beta-endorphin and vimentin, or fibronectin and vimentin. Dopamine-containing axons were in close apposition to vimentin-positive processes. GFAP immunoreactivity first appeared on postnatal day 20 and, by day 25, stellate cell bodies with three to six extended processes were evident. Cells were primarily distributed in the caudal third of the lobe. The characteristic adult pattern of cell clusters in latero-dorsal and ventral portions of the lobe was fully established by postnatal day 55. The transition from vimentin to GFAP expression and concurrent morphological changes resemble those described for radial glial during cerebral cortical development.
Covariant, chirally symmetric, confining model of mesons.

We introduce a new model of mesons as quark-antiquark bound states. The model is covariant, confining, and chirally symmetric. Our equations give an analytic solution for a zero-mass pseudoscalar bound state in the case of exact chiral symmetry, and also reduce to the familiar, highly successful nonrelativistic linear potential models in the limit of heavy-quark mass and lightly bound systems. In this fashion we are constructing a unified description of all the mesons from the {pi} through the {Upsilon}. Numerical solutions for other cases are also presented.
A comparison of the rates of RNA and protein synthesis in Escherichia coli cells partially starved for different amino acids

Abstract 1. 1. This investigation tests indirectly the hypothesis that the regulation of RNA biosynthesis in Escherichia coli by amino acids is mediated by the polyribosomes. 2. 2. Cells were starved for an amino acid by treatment with β-2-thienylalanine, 5-methyltryptophan, 2-thiazolealanine or α-ketobutyrate. It was shown by means of transfer RNA-charging measurements using the periodate sensitivity test that at low concentrations thienylalanine and ketobutyrate inhibit protein synthesis principally by inhibiting the biosynthesis of phenylalanine and leucine, respectively. When RNA synthesis was inhibited 65 % by a low concentration of any one of the four inhibitors, protein synthesis was inhibited about 28 %. Statistical analysis indicates that no two of the four rates of protein synthesis differed by more than 16 %. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis of a ribosomal mechanism. They make less likely the possibility that RNA synthesis is regulated by the existence of twenty different inhibitors, one for each amino acid, as would by implied by most reasonable models for this regulation not involving the ribosomes.
Ultrasound monitored hepatic cryosurgery: longevity study on an animal model

Abstract Ultrasound imaging has been proposed to monitor the amount of frozen tissue during hepatic cryosurgery of primary and metastatic tumors. In this follow-up study, a cryolesion was produced in an adult pig under ultrasound monitoring. The animal was allowed to recuperate for 3 days before being sacrificed. Pathologic and histologic evaluation showed extremely close correlation with the ultrasound image. The necrotic region was clearly observable in the sonogram after 3 days. Ultrasonagraphy can accurately represent the extent of the cryolesion both during as well as following cryosurgery.
Acridine binding of buccal cells and “field alteration” associated with oral cancer: A review

Abstract This article reviews the problem of the precancerous lesion, evidence on the existence of “field alteration” of the buccal mucosa, and evidence that the DNA of human buccal cells is altered prior to the appearance of clinical signs of malignant disease. Evidence was presented on the use of acriflavine to quantitate the buccal cell DNA. Clinical data indicated that the level of buccal cell DNA is elevated above normal in smokers and at a higher level among oral cancer patients and that the acriflavine technique may identify persons in a high-risk status. It is concluded that the existence of “field alteration” of human buccal mucosa is an established fact, that the DNA-acriflavine-binding technique quantitatively measures a factor involved in “field alteration” and that assessment of “field alteration” is necessary in patients with suspected precancerous or cancerous lesions of the mouth.
Epithelial cell dynamics in rabbit cecum and proximal colon P1.

The large intestine of mammals has long been viewed as an osmoregulatory organ, and evidence suggests that fluid and solute transport mechanisms within the intestine are heterogenous, varying depending on the particular segment involved. Variations in function are often matched by morphological correlates, but despite the widespread use of rabbit large intestine as an experimental model, there is a lack of knowledge about the cellular makeup and dynamics in the colonic mucosal epithelium. The presence of mitotic figures and immunohistochemical localization of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) were used to identify the proliferative zone(s). Cellular migration patterns were determined through the use of the thymidine analog 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) over a 24-, 48-, and 72-hr period. Apoptotic nuclei were identified utilizing terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase d-UTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL). Both cecum and the initial portion of the proximal colon (P1) exhibited a proliferative zone at or near the crypt base, and migration proceeded upwards toward the surface epithelium lining the intestinal lumen, where apoptosis occurred Turnover time of crypt columnar cells was determined to be about 3 days; that of mucous cells was estimated to be about 5 weeks. Rabbit cecum and proximal colon P1 are similar in their cellular morphology and epithelial cell kinetics. In both, the major proliferative zone is located at or near the crypt base, from which crypt columnar cells migrate toward the lumenal surface epithelium over a period of 3 days. Goblet cell turnover rate is much slower than that of columnar cells. Anat Rec 264:427–437, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Efficiency of Rotary Grain Cleaners in Dry Corn

ABSTRACT Six rotary grain cleaner models were tested for efficiency of removal of fine material from dry corn at various flow rates. Cleaners were equipped with soldered-wire screens having square openings averaging 5.3 mm (0.22 in.) on a side. Removal efficiency decreased (five models) or was constant (one model) with flow rate. All cleaners were progressively less efficient as the size offine material was increased. Sizes were defined as foreign material [particles through 2.4-mm (6/64-in.) diameter], broken corn [particles through 4.8-mm (12/64-in.) diameter, but over 2.4-mm (6/64-in.) diameter], and large brokens [particles through 6.4-mm (16/64-in.) diameter, but over 4.8-mm (12/64-in.) diameter]. Flow density, defined as grain flow rate per unit rate of cleaning area exposure, explained a major share of the removal efficiency differences among cleaner models, at a given particle size.
Altered uptake of infrared diode laser by retina after intravitreal indocyanine green dye and internal limiting membrane peeling.

Abstract PURPOSE: To report an altered uptake and possible complication associated with the use of indocyanine green (ICG) dye, internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling, and infrared diode laser. DESIGN: Interventional case report. METHODS: In two eyes (two patients) three-port pars plana vitrectomy was performed. Indocyanine green was injected into the vitreous cavity according to previously published protocol. 1 The ILM was removed with a bent-tipped microvitreoretinal blade and ILM forceps. Photocoagulation was performed with an 810-nm infrared diode endolaser. RESULTS: Photocoagulation of the retina stained with ICG in areas with intact ILM produced more intense and superficial appearing retinal burns than photocoagulation where the ILM had been peeled. The retinal burns in areas of intact ILM stained with ICG also appeared more superficial than those typical of this laser when ICG is not used. CONCLUSIONS: Indocyanine green absorbs infrared laser light and produces a photothermal effect. Unwanted damage to the inner retinal layers may occur. Laser energy may also be prevented from reaching the deeper retinal layers, reducing the efficacy of treatment.