cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phenytoin metabolism in the cat after long-term oral administration.

Summary: The metabolism of sodium phenytoin (PHT) in the cat was studied by gas-liquid chromatographic analyses of the drug and its metabolites extracted from plasma, urine, and feces during a 5-month course of daily oral administration. Plasma PHT levels of 15–18 μg/ml were observed. Urine contained 5-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin, 5-(3,4-dihydroxy-1,5-cyclohexadien-1-yl)-5-phenylhydantoin, 1-deoxy-1-(5,5-diphenylhydantoin-3-yl)-β-d-glucopyranuronate, and unmetabolized PHT. Large quantities of PHT (32–63% of the daily dose) were observed in feces. We suggest that gastrointestinal malabsorption, extensive N-glucuronidation, and limited hydroxylation determine the fate of orally administered PHT in the cat. This is not the case in humans. RESUMEN El metabolismo de la fenitoina sodica (PHT) en el gato ha sido estudiado mediante analisis por cromatografia de gas-liquido de la droga y sus metabolitos extraidos del plasma, orina y heces durante un periodo de 5 meses de administracion diaria oral. Se registraron niveles plasmaticos de PHT de 15 a 18 μg/ml. La orina contenia 5-(4-hidroxifenil)-5-fenilhidantoina; 5-(3,4-dihidroxi-1'5-ciclohexadien-1-yl)-5-fenilhidantoina; 1-deoxi-1–5-(5,5-difenilhidantoina-3-yl)-B-D-glucopiranuronato; y PHT no metabolizada. Grandes cantidades de PHT (32 a 63% de las dosis diarias) aparecieron en las heces. Nosotros sugerimos que una malabsorcion gastrointestinal, una importante N-glucuronidacion en el higado y una hidroxilacion limitada, determinan el destino de la PHT administrada oralmente al gato. Este no es el caso en el hombre. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Der Stoffwechsel des Phenytoin-Natriums (PHT) wurde bei der Katze mit gasflussigkeischromatographischen Analysen des Medikaments und seiner Metaboliten im Plasma, im Urin und im Stuhl wahrend einer 5 Monate langen taglichen oralen Verabreichung untersucht. Plasma PHT-Spiegel von 15 bis 18 μg/ml wurden beobachtet. Der Urin enthielt 5-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-5-Phenylhydantoin; 5-(3, 4 Dihydroxy-1,5-Cyclohexadien-1-yl)-5-Phenylhydantoin; 1-Deoxy-1-(5,5-Diphenylhydantoin-3-yl)-B-D-Glucopyranuronat und unmetabolisiertes PHT. Grose Mengen von PHT (32–63% der taglichen Dosis) wurden im Stuhl beobachtet. Wir vermuten, das gastrointestinale Malabsorption, extensive hepatische N-Glucuronisierung und eine begrenzte Hydroxylierung das Schicksal des oral verabfolgten PHT bei der Katze bestimmen. Das trifft fur den Menschen nicht zu.
Finite-state morphological analysis of Persian

This paper describes a two-level morphological analyzer for Persian using a system based on the Xerox finite state tools. Persian language presents certain challenges to computational analysis: There is a complex verbal conjugation paradigm which includes long-distance morphological dependencies; phonological alternations apply at morpheme boundaries; word and noun phrase boundaries are difficult to define since morphemes may be detached from their stems and distinct words can appear without an intervening space. In this work, we develop these problems and provide solutions in a finite-state morphology system.
Donepezil in the treatment of dementia

Donepezil is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor used to treat Alzheimer's disease. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of cognitive symptoms, functional impairment and behavioral problems at mild, moderate and severe stages of the disease. Donepezil treatment results in modest short-term (6- to 9-month) improvement in some measures and attenuates the downward course of the disease for 1–3 years. Donepezil reaches peak plasma levels 3–4 h after ingestion and, with daily dosing, steady-state concentration in 14–21 days. The elimination half-life is approximately 70 h, and it is principally excreted unchanged in the urine. There is a linear relationship between plasma level and both red blood cell acetylcholinesterase inhibition and certain cognitive outcome measures. Donepezil is generally safe and well tolerated and, because of its dosing schedule, convenient to prescribe. Ongoing studies are examining the use of donepezil in combination with other drugs for Alzheimer's disease and for other ...
Conformational control of spin state in iron(II) tripodal imidazole complexes

Abstract Three new iron(II) N6 tripodal complexes provide information on the role of ligand conformation on spin crossover behavior. The ligands (generated in situ) are the Schiff base condensate of tris(2-aminoethyl)amine (tren) with three equivalents of 4-methyl-5-imidazolecarboxaldehyde, H3(1), and the condensates of tris(2-aminoethyl)methylammonium ion (N(Me)tren+) with three equivalents of 4-methyl-5-imidazolecarboxaldehyde, N(Me)H3(1)+, or with 2-imidazole carboxaldehyde, N(Me)H3(3)+. The structures of [FeH3(1)](ClO4)2, [FeN(Me)H3(1)](ClO4)3 and [FeN(Me)H3(1)](ClO4)3 are reported. The central tren nitrogen atom in these complexes exhibits three different geometries, pyramidal with the nitrogen pointed toward the iron (“N in”, Fe–N distance of 3.050 A), planar (Fe–N distance of 3.527 A), and pyramidal with the nitrogen pointed away from the iron atom (“N out”, Fe–N distance of 3.921 A). With iron(II) the “N in” geometry is high spin while the planar and “N out” geometries are low spin. [FeH3(1)](ClO4)2 exhibits spin crossover behavior between room temperature and 77 K as determined by Mossbauer spectroscopy and also exhibits a conformational change from “N in” to planar over this same temperature range. The structures of [FeN(Me)H3(1)](ClO4)3 and [FeN(Me)H3 (3)](ClO4)3 are locked into the “N out” geometry due to the quaternary nitrogen atom and are low spin even at room temperature. The LS planar and “N out” conformations place a strain on the bond angles of the aliphatic arms of the ligand, which are more pronounced in the “N out” case. The HS “N in” geometry lacks this strain.
Personal care assistance needs of obese elders entering nursing homes.

Objectives To assess the personal care assistance needs of obese (body mass index [BMI] ≥30) elders (≥65 years) entering nursing homes in Arkansas between 1999 and 2004. Design Retrospective cross-sectional study, using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics including multivariate logistic regression. Setting The United States Participants Participants were 47,932 unduplicated elders (≥65 years) upon first admission to a nursing home in Arkansas from 1999 through 2004. Measurements Clinical assessment of height and weight and personal care assistance needs reported on the initial Minimum Data Set (MDS) admission assessment. Results Obese elders had significantly (P Conclusions Excessive body weight of newly admitted elderly nursing home residents is associated with greater use of personal care staff to perform selected ADLs. Other research has shown that increased ADL dependency is associated with increased cost, which coupled with the current finding suggests rising rates of obesity among the elderly and those entering nursing homes may strain the long-term care (LTC) system in terms of staffing and cost. Interventions to address these potential impacts should therefore be developed and tested.
Psychiatric disorders and gestational weight gain among women who quit smoking during pregnancy

Objective Pregnancy is a common time for women to quit using cigarettes and other substances. Such changes in substance use as well as other psychiatric and psychosocial changes during pregnancy can affect gestational weight gain (GWG). Thus, we evaluated the relationship between psychiatric disorders and GWG among pregnant women who had quit smoking.
Implications of torsional potential of retinal isomers for visual excitation.

BECAUSE 11-cis retinal is the chromophore of the visual pigment in vertebrate rods, and its isomerization to the all-trans form (Ia) is known to occur during visual excitation1–4, the properties of the retinal isomers are of considerable interest. Although it has long been assumed that non-bonded repulsions in 11-cis retinal distort the polyene chain, the details of the ground state geometry have not been determined, nor has the experimental spectrum been correlated unequivocally with the excited states. In this communication, we present a theoretical ground state potential function with a form which may help to explain some of the unusual spectral characteristics of the retinal isomers when in solution or incorporated into the native visual pigment1–4.
Synthesis of Fullerols from an Aqueous Acid Method

An efficient aqueous acid chemistry for the preparation of fullerols, consisting of 14-15 hydroxyl moieties in an average structure, from C60 molecules is described.
Modeling stomatal resistance: an overview of the 1989 workshop at the Pennsylvania State University

A few years ago, I surveyed the scientific literature in order to identify models that calculate stomatal resistance from atmospheric and soil parameters. I found more than 15 models published over a 15-year period in selected journals. Despite general similarity among the models, the definitions, functional representation and units of variables were often dissimilar. More distressing was the fact that measurements published with one model could not be used to compute coefficients for any other model. This bewildering state of modeling stomatal resistance was the result of differing purposes of the research. In some cases, the intent was to describe stomatal resistance for climate prediction or remote sensing; in other cases, the purpose was to assess crop yield or forest production, or to investigate leaf function. I felt that differing approaches to modeling could be resolved by convening a group of specialists with differing scientific backgrounds, such as meteorology, agronomy and plant physiology. Thus was born a workshop on stomatal resistance, which was held at Penn State University, 10-13 April 1989. The papers in this volume were written in response to a stated goal of the workshop: to summarize the state of the art in modeling stomatal resistance. This topic was broadened during the course of the workshop to include other topics related to plant control of evapotranspiration. Rather than to resolve outstanding issues, the workshop served to highlight opposing points of view. A break in the spectrum of scales and interests was evident between that of the leaf and the canopy. Individuals interested in regional climatology or remote sensing methods tended to express stomatal resistance deterministically. Their formulations empirically related easily measurable environmental parameters (soil water content, ambient vapor pressure deficit, etc. ) to stomatal resistance via arbitrary functions or through the Penman-Monte i th equation. This group of scientists was concerned with
Angiopoietins as promising biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets in brain injury

Abstract Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and sub-arachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) are major causes of long-term disability, mortality, and enormous economic costs to society. The full spectrum of neurological damage created by TBI or SAH is not usually manifested at the time of injury, but evolves gradually over the course of hours to days (or weeks) following these injuries. Angiopoietins, important regulators of vascular structure and function, are hallmark indicators of vascular injury and may therefore represent promising targets in the treatment of SAH and TBI. In animal models and human tissues, normal intracerebral and pial vessels show strong expression of Angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1), but only minimal expression or presentation of Angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2). After several types of neurotrauma, the ratios of Ang-1 and Ang-2 expression in brain microvessel are disturbed and appear to contribute to the remarkable loss of blood–brain barrier (BBB) in these injuries. Angiopoietins levels, and perhaps more importantly, Angiopoietin ratios (1:2) may have novel and important diagnostic and prognostic uses in TBI and SAH brain injury. Ang-1/2 evaluation in plasma, serum and cerebrospinal fluid may provide new therapeutic modalities which can modify ‘secondary' forms of brain injury after TBI and SAH.
Suppression effects for complex stimuli

A pulsation threshold paradigm was used to evaluate how suppression effects occur within complex stimuli. Stimuli were chosen to represent a continuum of spectral complexity ranging from sinusoids to complexes with one and two suppressors. Results indicate that mutual suppression effects exist between the response to components of complex stimuli. For frequencies above a single suppressor, the suppression region is broad whereas below a suppressor, the region is relatively narrow. With two suppressors, little additivity of suppression is seen. When they are spaced closely, the response to the higher‐frequency suppressor is reduced, presumably due to the low‐frequency suppressor; this tends to diminish spectral contrasts despite considerable suppression at frequencies between the two suppressors. Enhancement of contrasts is greatest when suppressors are widely spaced and when both are presented at moderate levels (⩽60 dB SPL). These data suggest that suppression may not play a simple role of “peak enhancement” in the peripheral coding of steady‐state vowels.
Plasma Insulin and Glucagon Levels and Leg Measurements of Lame Turkeys

As insulin is a regulator of cartilage and bone growth, plasma levels of pancreatic hormones were determined in 41 lame male turkeys with long bone distortion and 42 control toms without leg deformities. Blood samples were collected 3.5 h following the removal of feed and then 1 h after the return of feed. The day following blood collection, toms, 119 days of age, were slaughtered to obtain leg measurements. Body weight, width, and length of the tarsometatarsus, presence of tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) lesions, pancreas weight, and plasma glucose did not differ between lame and control turkeys. A significantly greater proportion of growth plates of the tarsometatarsus was closed in the control as compared to the lame turkeys. Pancreas weight relative to BW was significantly greater for lame as compared to control turkeys. Plasma insulin was undetectable in both fasted lame and control turkeys. When feed was returned to the turkeys, plasma insulin concentrations were significantly lower in lame compared to control turkeys. The return of feed had no effect on plasma glucagon levels in controls, but concentrations were decreased significantly in lame birds. These data suggest that the regulation of plasma insulin and glucagon may be altered in lame turkeys perhaps contributing to the cause of long bone distortion.
Adiabatic Magnetic Compression of Field-Reversing E Layers

In the RECE-Christa device, electron rings were adiabatically compressed in low-density background gas with axial magnetic field compression ratios $\frac{{B}_{\mathrm{zf}}}{{B}_{\mathrm{zi}}}\ensuremath{\lesssim}4$, without encountering any gross instabilities or other anomalous losses. In agreement with a simplified theoretical model, the field-reversal factor, $\ensuremath{\delta}$, remains constant, and the major radius and the axial length of the rings scale with ${{B}_{z}}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{2}}$ while the ring current increases with ${{B}_{z}}^{\frac{1}{2}}$. Furthermore, field-reversal times have been extended to 1.1 msec.
Utilizing Market Segmentation in Church Marketing and Management

ABSTRACT This article describes how market segmentation, a management tool widely employed by businesses, can be used to enhance the effectiveness of the ministry of a church by dividing the people in a church community into distinct groups that share common characteristics and needs. The authors suggest five major variables that can be used to divide a church community into groups: demographic, geographic, psychographic, behavioral characteristics, and benefit expectation. Market segmentation can strengthen the ministry of a church by helping the church focus on the needs of its community, identify special ministries that should be developed, prioritize programs, design specific programs, allocate scarce resources, and better evaluate the impact of specific programs.
A Role for Endothelial NO Synthase in LTP Revealed by Adenovirus-Mediated Inhibition and Rescue

Pharmacological studies support the idea that nitric oxide (NO) serves as a retrograde messenger during long-term potentiation (LTP) in area CA1 of the hippocampus. Mice with a defective form of the gene for neuronal NO synthase (nNOS), however, exhibit normal LTP. The myristoyl protein endothelial NOS (eNOS) is present in the dendrites of CA1 neurons. Recombinant adenovirus vectors containing either a truncated eNOS (a putative dominant negative) or an eNOS fused to a transmembrane protein were used to demonstrate that membrane-targeted eNOS is required for LTP. The membrane localization of eNOS may optimally position the enzyme both to respond to Ca2+ influx and to release NO into the extracellular space during LTP induction.
Update on impact of moderate dose of adjuvant radiation on urinary continence and sexual potency in prostate cancer patients treated with nerve-sparing prostatectomy

Abstract Objectives. Adjuvant radiotherapy to the prostatic bed at moderate doses of 45 to 54 Gy achieves results comparable to higher doses. We studied the effect of moderate doses of postoperative radiation therapy on urinary continence and sexual potency in prostate cancer patients who had undergone nerve-sparing prostatectomy. Methods. Between November 1983 and December 1992, 255 prostate cancer patients were selected to undergo nerve-sparing prostatectomy. A total of 94 (37%) patients had received adjuvant postoperative radiotherapy, 45 to 54 Gy to the prostatic bed, based on microscopic positive margins, seminal vesicle involvement, and/or Gleason score. Subjective patient reports regarding the potency and urinary continence status were recorded during a semistructured telephone interview at 3 or more years after treatment. The findings in irradiated and nonirradiated patients were compared and correlated to those obtained from the same patients preoperatively and 1 year postoperatively. Results. At 3 or more years of follow-up no significant difference among irradiated and nonirradiated patients was detected. Most patients described optimal urinary continence and approximately one third had maintained potency after bilateral nerve-sparing prostatectomy. None of the patients who had undergone unilateral nerve-sparing surgery remained potent. Using a multivariable analysis, the significant predictors for maintaining potency were the status at 1 year postoperatively and bilateral versus unilateral nerve-sparing procedure. Conclusions. Doses of adjuvant radiation therapy in the range used (45 to 54 Gy) did not affect the long-term pattern of maintenance of either function.
Degradation of dibenzothiophene and carbazole by Arthrobacter sp. P1-1

Abstract Arthrobacter sp. P1-1 was isolated from a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-contaminated site in Hilo, HI, USA. This strain can degrade approximately 82% of dibenzothiophene (DBT) (40 mg l −1 ) and 57% of carbazole (CBZ) (40 mg l −1 ) in 14 days incubation. Dibenzothiophene-5,5′-dioxide was formed from sulfur oxidation of DBT. Dibenzothiophene diols that were transformed from 1,2- and 3,4-dioxygenations of DBT underwent ortho - and meta -ring cleavages to produce benzo[ b ]thiophene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid and hydroxyl-benzo[ b ]thiophene carboxylic acid, respectively. These products were converged into benzo[ b ]thiophene-2,3-diol, which was further transformed to 2,2′-dithiosalicylic acid via 2-mercaptobenzoic acid. These results indicate that strain P1-1 has diverse lateral dioxygenase systems and subsequent metabolic enzyme systems. The five detected CBZ metabolites by strain P1-1 were 4-(3-hydroxy-1 H -indol-2-yl)-2-oxobut-3-enoic acid, 2-(2-carboxy-vinyl)-1 H -indole-3-carboxylic acid, pyrido[1,2- a ]indole-6,10-dione, indole-2,3-dicarboxylic acid, and 2-aminobenzoic acid. The results suggest that CBZ degradation underwent 3,4-dioxygenation followed by ortho - and meta -ring cleavage.
What mechanism justifies abdominal evaluation in motor vehicle crashes

Background: Significant resources are spent on assessment of the abdomen in motor vehicle crash (MVC) occupants based solely upon crash mechanism. Most have no clinically significant injuries. We sought to define crash and occupant characteristics that would be associated with a low probability of clinically significant abdominal injury. Methods: Drivers in MVCs were analyzed from the National Automotive Sampling System from 1993 to 2001. The probability of abdominal injury with an Abbreviated Injury Score > 1 was measured over a range of crash velocities controlling for other covariates using multivariate logistic regression. A receiver operating curve was used to assess the model. Results: Age, restraint use, net change in velocity, ejection, rollover, vehicle type, other passenger mortality, and other injuries were included in the model yielding an area under the receiver operating curve of 0.948. The probability of abdominal injury increased significantly at velocities >20 km/h and reached 5.0% at approximately 30 km/h. Age >75 years old or the presence of head, leg, or chest injuries significantly increased the risk of abdominal injury, even at low velocities. Absence of injury to the head, spine, legs, or chest indicated that the abdomen was unlikely to be injured regardless of crash velocity. Conclusion: Absence of injury to the head, chest, spine, and legs indicates an extremely low probability of abdominal injury, even at high velocities. Abdominal evaluation in this group of patients for reason of mechanism alone is therefore unnecessary.
Increased Replicative Fitness of a Dengue Virus 2 Clade in Native Mosquitoes: Potential Contribution to a Clade Replacement Event in Nicaragua

ABSTRACT The four dengue virus (DENV) serotypes (DENV serotype 1 [DENV-1] to DENV-4) are transmitted by Aedes aegypti and A. albopictus mosquitoes, causing up to 390 million DENV infections worldwide each year. We previously reported a clade replacement of the DENV-2 Asian-American genotype NI-1 clade by the NI-2B clade in Managua, Nicaragua. Here, we describe our studies of the replicative ability of NI-1 and NI-2B viruses in an A. aegypti cell line (Aag2) and A. aegypti mosquitoes reared from eggs collected in Managua. In coinfection experiments, several different pairs of NI-1 and NI-2B clinical isolates were used to infect Aag2 cells or blood-fed A. aegypti mosquitoes. Results consistently showed a significant replicative advantage of NI-2B over NI-1 viruses early after infection in vitro , and in mosquitoes, NI-2B viruses attained a higher replicative index than NI-1 isolates 3 to 7 days postinfection (dpi). At 7 dpi, NI-2B viruses displayed a significantly higher replicative index in legs and salivary glands; however, this advantage was lost by 14 and 21 dpi. We also found that the percentage of mosquitoes in which NI-2B viruses were dominant was significantly higher than that in which NI-1 viruses were dominant on day 7 but not at later time points. Taken together, these data demonstrate that clade NI-2B holds a replicative advantage over clade NI-1 early in infection that wanes at later time points. This early fitness advantage of NI-2B viruses over NI-1 viruses in the native vector, A. aegypti, suggests a shorter extrinsic incubation period for NI-2B viruses, which could have contributed to the clade replacement event in Managua. IMPORTANCE Dengue virus (DENV), one of the most medically important arthropod-borne viruses, is transmitted to humans by Aedes aegypti and A. albopictus mosquitoes in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. Dengue epidemics continue to increase in frequency, geographic range, and severity and are a major public health concern. This is due to globalization, unplanned urbanization, and climate change, as well as host genetics and immune responses and viral genetic changes. DENV consists of four serotypes, in turn composed of genotypes and genetically distinct clades. What drives the frequent replacement of a previously circulating DENV clade by another is unclear. Here, we investigate the replicative fitness of two clades of DENV serotype 2 in Aedes aegypti cells and mosquitoes collected from the region where the viruses circulated and conclude that increased replicative fitness could have contributed to a DENV clade replacement event in Nicaragua. These findings provide insight into vector-driven evolution of DENV epidemics.
Low Infection Rate and Long Durability of Nontunneled Silastic Catheters: A Safe and Cost-effective Alternative for Long-term Venous Access

Background: Tunneled central venous catheters (CVCs) and infusion ports have often been considered as the only safe alternative for long-term venous access. The objective of this study was to assess the durability, cost, and infection rate of nontunneled, noncuffed Silastic CVCs. Methods: We studied a representative cohort of 340 consecutive cancer patients with 359 nontunneled Silastic CVCs inserted and followed up at our center. All patients were evaluated clinically and microbiologically at the time of CVC removal. Results: The mean in-place duration of the catheter for the 359 nontunneled CVCs studied was 109 days (total, 39 147 days of catheter use), and the infection rate was 0.13 per 100 catheter days. When compared with the tunneled Hickman catheter, the insertion cost saving was at least $2322 per CVC. At our institution, the use of nontunneled Silastic catheters with the support of an expert infusion team has resulted in an annual cost saving of at least $7 692 000. Long peripheral CVCs (in the basilic/cephalic vein) had a 26% rate of inflammation at the insertion site compared with only 2.6% for the short subclavian CVCs ( P Conclusions: Given the low infection rate and long durability of nontunneled silicone CVCs, these catheters could offer a cost-effective and safe alternative to surgically implantable tunneled catheters. (Arch Intern Med. 1993;153:1791-1796)
Concepts of intellect in relation to learning and adult development.

Abstract This article is a summary and integration of results from studies of the organization and development of human abilities. Several kinds of results are interpreted as converging toward support of theories stipulating a hierarchy of intellectual functions. Near the top of this hierarchy, most related to intelligence as this is usually conceived, are the two broad sets of abilities known as fluid intelligence (Gf) and crystallized intelligence (Gc). The major focus of the review is on the decline of Gf through the “vital years of adulthood,” from 20 to 60 years of age. Major conclusions are: 1. Sensory detector functions, near the bottom of the hierarchy of intellectual capacities, decline with development through the vital years, but this kind of decline is not responsible for aging decline of the major features of fluid intelligence: keenness of sensory function is not of the sine qua non of mature expressions of human intelligence. 2. Memory abilities are somewhat higher in the hierarchy of intellectual functions, and thus are more strongly related to intelligence, than are sensory detectors. With increase in time interval over which retention is required, there is increase in the relationship of memory to Gf and to decline of Gf over the vital years. Accompanying this increase is an increase in the extent to which memory is dependent upon adequacy of organization at the stage of encoding. This, in turn, reflects the adequacy of eduction of relations and correlates, which is an essential feature of Gf. 3. To the extent that very short-term memory is implicated in fluid intelligence, and the decline of this, it is intimately related to either a capacity or inclination to maintain close attention under conditions of high demand for attention. 4. The speed with which one obtains correct answers to difficult problems is not closely related to the number of correct answers obtained when all subjects attempt all items in fluid intelligence tests, but clerical/perpetual speed, as indicated in tasks of quickly finding a particular symbol among others or tasks of making same/different judgments, is related to aging decline of Gf. As with short-term memory, this form of intellectual speediness appears to be closely related to capacities (or inclinations) for maintaining attention, dividing attention, and holding things in mind while doing other things. 5. Crystallized intelligence probably increases over the vital years. This reflects dynamic restructuring of knowledge systems. It appears that there is not only an aging increase in knowledge but also an increase in the accessibility of information, a result being that humans become more creative (in one sense) as age increases through the vital years. 6. Results from multivariate cross-sectional studies of intelligence are seen to be consistent with comparable results obtained with other kinds of research strategies.
Filling patterns in left ventricular hypertrophy: A combined acoustic quantification and Doppler study

Abstract Objectives. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential of acoustic quantification compared with Doppler echocardiography for assessment of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction. Background. Diastolic dysfunction usually accompanies left ventricular hypertrophy. Although Doppler echocardiography is widely used, it has known limitations in the diagnosis of diastolic abnormalities. The ventricular area-change waveform obtained with acoustic quantification technology may provide an alternative to assess diastolic dysfunction. Methods. Potential acoustic quantification variables (peak rate of area change and mean slope of area change rate during rapid filling, amount of relative area change during rapid filling and atrial contraction) were obtained and compared with widely used Doppler indexes of ventricular filling (isovolumetric relaxation time, pressure half-time, peak early diastolic velocity/peak late diastolic velocity ratio, rapid filling, atrial contribution to filling) ia 16 healthy volunteers and 30 patients with left ventricular hypertrophy. Results. Criteria for abnormal relaxation were present in 68% of patients by acoustic quantification and in 64% of patients by Doppler echocardiography. However, abnormal relaxation was identified in 89% of patients by one or both methods. Acoustic quantification indicated abnormal relaxation in the presence of completely normalized Doppler patterns and in patients with mitral regurgitation or abnormal rhythm with unreliable Doppler patterns. Conclusions. Acoustic quantification potentially presents a new way to assess diastolic dysfunction. This technique may be regarded as complementary to Doppler echocardiography. The combined use of the methods may improve the diagnosis of left ventricular relaxation abnormalities.
The Clipper Project: Lessons Learned Teaching an Online Economics Course

THIS PAPER describes the three-year evolution of an online Economics I course, reports on student outcomes and evaluations, and discusses the lessons learned. Results show that, as the course evolved from an instructor-led to a student-centered learning pedagogical model, several indicators of completing students' learning and satisfaction with the course increased. At the same time, however, withdrawal rates also increased significantly—perhaps revealing students' discomfort with the increased effort required in taking responsibility for one's learning. The authors concluded that, in the end, the Clipper Project had actually provided the catalyst for exploring best practices for teaching in any medium rather than simply providing an opportunity to experiment with online teaching and learning.
Human rheumatoid factor-producing cell induction by 2-mercaptoethanol: immunomodulation by a simple thiol compound.

Two-mercaotoethanol (2-ME), a simple 2 carbon thiol compound with a wide variety of in vitro and in vivo immunomodulating effects, was evaluated for its usefulness as a molecular probe of human antibody producing cell activation by adding 2-ME to cultures of peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes from normal human volunteers. Culturing normal human leukocytes with 2-ME induced a significant number of cells producing rheumatoid factor as measured by a hemolytic plaque forming cell (PFC) assay. Dose response studies revealed 5 × 10−5 M to be the optimum concentration of 2-MEfor the induction of rheumatoid factor plaque forming cells (RF-PFC). This concentration of 2-ME also maximally induced PFC making antibodies to sheep red cells coupled to the trinitrophenyl (TNP) hapten demonstrating that 2-ME is a polyclonal inducer of human PFC. The addition of 5 × 10−5 M 2-ME to cultures containing maximal concentrations of the polyclonal stimulators, pokeweed mitogen and human heat-aggregrated IgG, increased the number of RF-PFC detected in these cultures by approximately 50%, although both lower and higher concentrations of 2-ME suppressed the RF-PFC response. We conclude that 2-ME induces normal human leukocytes to produce rheumatoid factor as part of a polyclonal activation of antibody producing cells. 2-ME also has immunomodulating effects when added to other polyclonal stimulators of antibody producing cells.
Braess's Paradox and Power-Law Nonlinearities in Five-Arc and Six-Arc Two-Terminal Networks

We extend a general network theorem of Calvert and Keady (CK) relating to the minimum number of arcs needed to guarantee the occurrence of the Braess Paradox. We rephrase the CK theorems and express our proof in the terminology of traffic networks. CK described their theorem in relation to a two-terminal network of liquid in pipes. "Approximately stated, it is: if every relationship between flow and head difference is not a power law, with the same (power) s on each arc, given at least 6 pipes, one can arrange (lengths of) them so that Braess's paradox occurs, i.e. one can increase the conductivity of an indi- vidual pipe yet require more power to maintain the same consumptions." In relation to the original Braess situation of traf- fic network flows, the relationship is between flow and link-cost on a congested link. Our extended theorem shows that 5 pipes (roads, links, arcs) arranged in a Wheatstone Bridge (WB) network (as in the original Braess network) are necessary and sufficient to produce a Braess paradox (BP) in a two-terminal network (not limited to liquid in pipes) if at least one of the five has a different conductivity law (not power s).
Flow visualization using fluorescence from locally seeded I2 excited by an ArF excimer laser

A new concept for flow visualization is demonstrated in which fluorescence from locally seeded iodine is viewed in the wake of simple aerodynamic models at Mach 6. Localized seeding is performed by painting a small area of a ceramic model with a tincture of iodine. When the model is injected into the flow, the adsorbed iodine is entrained into the boundary layer, follows the model contour, and ultimately mixes into the wake region. Planar “snapshots” of the wake flow are taken by exciting the iodine with an ArF excimer laser sheet at 193 nm and observing the fluorescence in the 210–600 nm region with an intensified CCD camera.
Flow cytometry of sputum: assessing inflammation and immune response elements in the bronchial airways

Background: The evaluation of sputum leukocytes by flow cytometry (FCM) is an opportunity to assess characteristics of cells residing in the central airways, yet it is hampered by certain inherent properties of sputum including mucus and large amounts of contaminating cells and debris.Objective: To develop a gating strategy based on specific antibody panels in combination with light scatter properties for flow cytometric evaluation of sputum cells.Methods: Healthy and mild asthmatic volunteers underwent sputum induction. Manually selected mucus “plug” material was treated with dithiothreitol, filtered and total leukocytes acquired. Multicolor FCM was performed using specific gating strategies based on light scatter properties, differential expression of CD45 and cell lineage markers to discriminate leukocytes from squamous epithelial cells and debris.Results: The combination of forward scatter and CD45 expression reliably segregated sputum leukocytes from contaminating squamous epithelial cells and debris...
Device independence and extensibility in gesture recognition

Gesture recognition techniques often suffer from being highly device-dependent and hard to extend. If a system is trained using data from a specific glove input device, that system is typically unusable with any other input device. The set of gestures that a system is trained to recognize is typically not extensible, without retraining the entire system. We propose a novel gesture recognition framework to address these problems. This framework is based on a multi-layered view of gesture recognition. Only the lowest layer is device dependent, it converts raw sensor values produced by the glove to a glove-independent semantic description of the hand. The higher layers of our framework can be reused across gloves, and are easily extensible to include new gestures. We have experimentally evaluated our framework and found that it yields comparable performance to conventional techniques, while substantiating our claims of device independence and extensibility.
A unified approach for schema matching, coreference and canonicalization

The automatic consolidation of database records from many heterogeneous sources into a single repository requires solving several information integration tasks. Although tasks such as coreference, schema matching, and canonicalization are closely related, they are most commonly studied in isolation. Systems that do tackle multiple integration problems traditionally solve each independently, allowing errors to propagate from one task to another. In this paper, we describe a discriminatively-trained model that reasons about schema matching, coreference, and canonicalization jointly. We evaluate our model on a real-world data set of people and demonstrate that simultaneously solving these tasks reduces errors over a cascaded or isolated approach. Our experiments show that a joint model is able to improve substantially over systems that either solve each task in isolation or with the conventional cascade. We demonstrate nearly a 50% error reduction for coreference and a 40% error reduction for schema matching.
Bringing the City Back In: Space and Place in the Urban History of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era

Edward Bellamy's Looking Backward sought to understand the social consequences of industrialization by looking at a city. One of the Gilded Age's best-selling books, the Utopian novel magically transported lead character Julian West to a futuristic Boston set in the year 2000 and contrasted that ideal, cooperative world with the harsh reality of individualism-drenched, industrial Boston in 1887. Bellamy's vision of a twenty-first-century city was prescient about technology: it included automation, mass communication, and swift transportation. His social predictions proved less successful. Boston in the year 2000 was populated by Victorian ladies and gentlemen and lacked the cultural variety we associate with contemporary city life.
Matched Field Processing: An Overview

Matched-field processing has produced promising results in seismic, radar, and underwater acoustics applications. This paper reviews the localization of acoustic sources via matched-field processing. A new method for source localization in a stochastic medium is presented. This method has an "estimator-correlator" structure and is based upon rudimental detection and estimation theory.
Measurement ofJand Dipolar Couplings from Simplified Two-Dimensional NMR Spectra

Simple procedures are described for recording complementary in-phase and antiphase J-coupled NMR spectra. The sum and difference of these spectra contain only the upfield and the downfield components of a doublet, making it possible to measure the J splitting directly from these combinations without an increase in resonance overlap relative to the decoupled spectrum. The approach is demonstrated for measurement of 1JNH splittings and 2JHNC splittings in oriented and isotropic ubiquitin. Dipolar couplings obtained from differences in the splittings measured in the oriented and isotropic phases are in excellent agreement with dipolar couplings obtained from direct measurement of the splitting or from a conventional E. COSY-type measurement.
A rank-one perturbation result on the spectra of certain operators

On considere l'equation differentielle d'ordre 2: x+Ax=−(α,x˙)α. A est un operateur symetrique non borne dans un espace de suites H
The Ectopic Pregnancy: A Well-Deserved Review

An ectopic pregnancy results from a pregnancy following the implantation of a blastocyst at any location other than the endometrial lining of the uterine cavity. Although an ectopic pregnancy is mo...
Efficient Simulation of Incompressible Viscous Flow over Single and Multielement Airfoils

The incompressible, viscous, turbulent flow over single and multielement airfoils is numerically simulated in an efficient manner by solving the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. The solution algorithm uses the method of pseudocompressibility with an upwind-differencing scheme for the convective fluxes, and an implicit line-relaxation scheme. The motivation for this work includes interest in studying high-lift takeoff and landing configurations of various aircraft. In particular, accurate computation of lift and drag at various angles of attack up to stall is desired. Two different turbulence models are tested in computing the flow over a NACA 4412 airfoil; an accurate prediction of stall is obtained. The approach used for multielement airfoils involves the use of multiple zones of structured grids fitted to each element. Two different approaches are compared: 1) a patched system of grids, and 2) an overlaid Chimera system of grids. Computational results are presented for two-element, three-element, and four-element airfoil configurations. Generally, good agreement with experimental surface pressure coefficients is seen. The code converges in less than 200 iterations, requiring on the order of 1 min of CPU time on a CRAY YMP per element in the airfoil configuration.
Biomedical applications of diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings: A review

To resist wear, biomedical components require coatings that are exceptionally hard, have low friction, and are bioinert. Diamond-like carbon has been shown to provide this capability and to prevent leaching of metallic ions into the body. There are many ways to deposit such coatings from carbonaceous precursors, and some offer the means to incorporate other elements such as nitrogen, titanium, or silver. All reported tests of the biocompatibility of DLC coatings have been successful. This review will summarize work done on orthopedic and cardiovascular components together with other medical applications. For optimum tribological performance, the DLC must be deposited onto highly polished surfaces. The stage has been set for more simulation tests, leading to clinical trials, but the prospects appear to be very good.
Mid‐IR laser ablation of articular and fibro‐cartilage:A wavelength dependence study of thermal injury and crater morphology

Author(s): Youn, Jong-In; Sweet, Paula; Peavy, George M; Venugopalan, Vasan | Abstract: Background and objectiveThe aim of this study was to evaluate areas of collateral thermal injury and crater morphology for evidence of wavelength-dependent effects on the ablation of articular cartilage and fibro-cartilage (meniscus) using selected mid-IR wavelengths produced by a free electron laser.Study design/materials and methodsTwo types of cartilage, articular cartilage and fibro-cartilage were used in the study. The wavelengths (lambda) evaluated were 2.79, 2.9, 6.1, and 6.45 microm generated by a free electron laser (FEL) using a 4 microseconds macropulse configuration. The zone of thermal injury and crater morphology produced by laser ablation were examined by light microscopy following standard histologic processing.ResultsThe zone of thermal injury and crater morphology created in cartilage by the FEL at selected mid-IR wavelengths were examined as a function of incident radiant exposure. Ablation using lambda = 6.1 microm provided the largest crater size for both articular and fibro-cartilage at all radiant exposures. For the zones of collateral thermal injury in articular cartilage, lambda = 6.1 microm produced the least thermal injury at the radiant exposure of 7.6 J/cm2. When the radiant exposure is increased to 20.4 J/cm2, both lambda = 6.1 and 6.45 microm produced less thermal injury than the ablation using lambda = 2.79 and 2.9 microm. The greatest amount of collateral thermal injury was produced by lambda = 2.79 microm for both tissue types.ConclusionsThe results demonstrate that crater depth and collateral thermal injury produced in articular cartilage and fibro-cartilage are wavelength-dependent with 6.1 microm providing the largest craters at all radiant exposures. The least amount of thermal injury was created in articular cartilage using lambda = 6.1 microm at the radiant exposure of 7.6 J/cm2. Both 6.1 and 6.45 microm wavelengths demonstrated similar amount of thermal injury at 20 J/cm2 that was less than lambda = 2.79 and 2.9 microm at similar fluences. These observations are explained based on the absorption by water and protein in the tissue types studied. It is further observed that the use of crater dimensions may not provide a reliable estimate for the amount of tissue removal provided by an ablation procedure.
Lemonade from lemons: the taphonomic effect of lawn mowers on skeletal remains.

This study provides a descriptive analysis of the taphonomic changes produced by passing over skeletonized remains (n = 4, Sus scrofa) with three common lawn mowers. Two skeletons were mowed over with a riding lawn mower set at multiple blade heights (10.16, 7.62, 5.08 cm) and one each with a rotary mower (9.53, 6.35 cm) and a mulching mower (6.35 cm). Results show that different types of common lawn mowers will produce different patterns of bone dispersal and fragmentation rates. Overall, skeletal elements projecting upward from the surface frequently exhibited a sheared morphology characterized by a smooth, flat, cut surface (7.0-7.6% of elements). The push mowers yielded a higher frequency of undamaged bone than the riding mower (54.8-61.2% vs. 17.7%), and the riding mower created more catastrophic damage to skeletal elements. Additionally, each mower produced a distinct dispersal pattern of skeletal fragments. The dispersal patterns have been identified as "bull's-eye" (riding), circular (mulching), and discontinuous rectangle (rotary).
Toll-like Receptor 4 Mediates Induction of the Bcl10-NFκB-Interleukin-8 Inflammatory Pathway by Carrageenan in Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells

The sulfated polysaccharide carrageenan (CGN) induces activation of NFκB and interleukin 8 (IL-8) in human colonic epithelial cells through a pathway of innate immunity mediated by Bcl10 (B-cell CLL/lymphoma 10). In this report, we identify Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), a member of the family of innate immune receptors, as the surface membrane receptor for CGN in human colonic epithelial cells. Experiments with fluorescence-tagged CGN demonstrated a marked reduction in binding of CGN to human intestinal epithelial cells and to RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages, following exposure to TLR4 blocking antibody (HTA-125). Binding of CGN to 10ScNCr/23 mouse macrophages, which are deficient in the genetic locus for TLR4, was absent. Additional experiments with TLR4 blocking antibody and TLR4 small interfering RNAs showed 80% reductions in CGN-induced increases in Bcl10 and IL-8. Transfection with dominant-negative MyD88 plasmid demonstrated MyD88 dependence of the CGN-TLR4-triggered increases in Bcl10 and IL-8. Therefore, these results indicate that CGN-induced inflammation in human colonocytes proceeds through a pathway of innate immunity, perhaps related to the unusual α-1,3-galactosidic linkage characteristic of CGN, and suggest how dietary CGN intake may contribute to human intestinal inflammation. Because CGN is a commonly used food additive in the Western diet, clarification of its effects and mechanisms of action are vital to issues of food safety.