cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sudden Cardiac Arrest in a Young Patient with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy and Zero Canonical Risk Factors: The Inherent Limitations of Risk Stratification in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is the most common heritable cardiovascular disease and a common cause of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in young adolescents and athletes. Clinical risk stratification for SCD is predicated on the presence of established risk factors; however, this assessment is far from perfect. Herein, we present a 16-year-old male who was resuscitated successfully from his sentinel event of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Prior to this event, he was asymptomatic and lacked all traditional SCD-predisposing risk factors for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
Analysis of sampling and quantization effects on the performance of PN code tracking loops

Pseudonoise (PN) code tracking loops in direct-sequence spread-spectrum systems are often implemented using digital hardware. Performance degradation due to quantization and sampling effects is not adequately characterized by the traditional analog system feedback loop analysis. A low-complexity digital PN code tracking loop with one-bit non-commensurate sampling is analyzed, and the steady-state delay error variance is derived. The results are compared with that of an equivalent analog loop.
Three-Dimensionally Printed Polycaprolactone and β-Tricalcium Phosphate Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering: An In Vitro Study

Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate porcine bone marrow–derived progenitor cell (pBMPC) proliferation and penetration into a novel 3-dimensionally printed scaffold. Materials and Methods Four different tissue engineering scaffolds to evaluate pBMPC proliferation and penetration were examined. Scaffolds were fabricated from polycaprolactone (PCL) or the combination of β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) and PCL (50:50), with 2 separate channel sizes (1 mm [small (S)] vs 2 mm [large (L)]). Scaffolds were fabricated into 20 × 20 × 7–mm blocks by use of a TheriForm machine (Integra Life Sciences, Akron, OH). Four groups of scaffolds were examined for pBMPC proliferation and penetration: group 1, β-TCP/PCL S; group 2, β-TCP/PCL L; group 3, PCL S; and group 4, PCL L. Nonparametric mean (Kruskal-Wallis) and multiple comparisons tests were used to compare the 4 groups. Results No shrinkage or deformation was noted in any of the scaffold groups after 2 weeks of culture. Mean surface cell counts ranged from 13.4 to 87.8 cells/0.57 mm2, with group 1 (β-TCP/PCL S) having statistically significantly higher counts than the other groups (P Conclusions The 3-dimensionally printed scaffold (β-TCP/PCL) with 1-mm channels showed greater cellular proliferation, penetration, and collagen formation after a 2-week in vitro culture than the other scaffolds evaluated. β-TCP/PCL S scaffolds warrant further evaluation for bone tissue engineering in vivo.
Diffusion effects on oxygen isotope temperatures of slowly cooled igneous and metamorphic rocks

Recently obtained data on oxygen diffusion in feldspars, quartz, and hornblende permit the prediction of the apparent18O16O temperatures that would be measured in a rock that consisted only of those three minerals, and cooled slowly from high temperature. The computed temperatures would be based on the differences in the18O16O ratios between coexisting pairs of minerals. The present calculation takes into account the diffusion rates for oxygen as a function of temperature, the cooling rate of the rock, the mineral grain sizes, and the mode of the rock. For mineral grains 1 mm in radius, and a cooling rate of 10°C/m.y., the minimum difference in apparent temperature between quartz-feldspar and feldspar-hornblende pairs will be 115°C, despite the assumption of a normal, uneventful, slow cooling history to room temperature. Further, the apparent quartz-hornblende temperature will range over 30°C (590–620°C) depending on the mode of the rock. For a cooling rate of 1000°C/m.y., the apparent difference in temperature can be as much as 400°C. Consequently, consistency in temperatures obtained by oxygen isotope analysis should not be expected in most high-grade metamorphic rocks or igneous rocks which are cooled slowly. Departures from the pattern of temperatures obtained in this model would imply a very rapid quench from high temperature, or a complex history for the rock. For some minerals, including hornblende, the relation between temperature and the equilibrium fractionation of oxygen isotopes between coexisting phases has been derived from observed relations in natural specimens. The choice of the specimens used for such calibrations needs to be re-evaluated in light of these findings. This may result in a change in the equilibrium equation constants. An example from the literature, the San Jose tonalite, Baja California, Mexico, was modelled and yieldsδ18O concentrations in the minerals that correspond closely with the measured values. This suggests that the model used is appropriate, that the rock has had a simple thermal history, and that it cooled at 100–200°C/m.y. over the temperature range 800–500°C. The set of paleotemperatures obtained for a rock will, in general, yield neither the mineral closure temperatures nor the formation or crystallization temperatures. On the other hand, the cooling rate of the rock may be derived from the data. This, in turn, may have important tectonic implications with regard to denudation and uplift rates.
Power dependence of phase noise in microwave kinetic inductance detectors

Excess phase noise has been observed in microwave kinetic inductance detectors (MKIDs) which prevents the noise-equivalent power (NEP) of current detectors from reaching theoretical limits. One characteristic of this excess noise is its dependence on the power of the readout signal: the phase noise decreases as the readout power increases. We investigated this power dependence in a variety of devices, varying the substrate (silicon and sapphire), superconductor (aluminum and niobium) and resonator parameters (resonant frequency, quality factor and resonator geometry). We find that the phase noise has a power law dependence on the readout power, and that the exponent is -1/2 in all our devices. We suggest that this phase noise is caused by coupling between the high-Q microwave resonator that forms the sensitive element of the MKID and two-level systems associated with disorder in the dielectric material of the resonator. The physical situation is analogous to the resonance fluorescence in quantum optics, and we are investigating the application of resonance fluorescence theory to MKID phase noise.
RAPID INDUCTION OF MAMMARY CARCINOMA IN THE RAT AND THE INFLUENCE OF HORMONES ON THE TUMORS

A study was made of the optimal conditions for the induction of mammary cancer in the rat. 3-Methylcholanthrene was administered via the gastrointestinal tract, and a simple technique was worked out for inducing mammary cancer regularly and rapidly. Under conducive conditions, which were readily reproduced, multiple mammary carcinomas and these tumors only were induced in every rat in repeated experiments in 60 days or less. In the strain of animal employed in the present experiments, the rapid induction of mammary cancer proved to be a function of (a) dosage, (b) the timing of administration of the aromatic hydrocarbon, and (c) a favoring hormonal status of the recipient. Most of the established tumors were hormone-dependent because they diminished markedly in size after hormone withdrawal through ovariectomy or hypophysectomy. Similar regression of the tumors was frequently achieved by the administration of dihydrotestosterone. Shrinkage of the cancers was accompanied by atrophic changes. Experimental mammary tumors with these physiologic characteristics have not been recognized hitherto. The minority of mammary cancers continued to grow after ovariectomy; these are hormone-independent tumors and tumors of this sort had a characteristic cytologic appearance following modification of the endocrine state. The cell population of a single tumor was not always uniform in its response to appropriate hormonal modifications. In certain tumors in response to changes in the endocrine status of the host many of the cells underwent atrophy whilst other adjacent cells in the same tumor continued to grow so that the net result was a hormone-independent tumor. Hypophysectomy was the most effective method found to induce regression of mammary cancer in the present experiments.
A family group approach to increasing adherence to therapy in HIV-infected youths: results of a pilot project.

This paper describes the development of a novel, pilot program in which a combined family group and peer approach were used to increase adherence to antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected youths. Twenty-three HIV-positive youths, 15-22 years of age and 23 family members or "treatment buddies" participated in one of three 12-week programs. The intervention had six biweekly family and youth education sessions and six biweekly youth-only education sessions. Devices to increase adherence to antiretroviral therapy such as pill boxes, calendars, and watch alarms were introduced at youth-only sessions. Eighteen of the 23 youths completed a group. Ninety-one percent of youths self-reported increased adherence to medications after completion of a group. Four participants experienced a one-log reduction in viral loads to undetectable levels during the intervention. Two participants continued to decline antiretroviral medications at the end of the intervention and demonstrated no decrease in viral load. Participants...
Advances in exposure and toxicity assessment of particulate matter: an overview of presentations at the 2009 Toxicology and Risk Assessment Conference.

Abstract The 2009 Toxicology and Risk Assessment Conference (TRAC) session on “Advances in Exposure and Toxicity Assessment of Particulate Matter” was held in April 2009 in West Chester, OH. The goal of this session was to bring together toxicology, geology and risk assessment experts from the Department of Defense and academia to examine issues in exposure assessment and report on recent epidemiological findings of health effects associated with particulate matter (PM) exposure. Important aspects of PM exposure research are to detect and monitor low levels of PM with various chemical compositions and to assess the health risks associated with these exposures. As part of the overall theme, some presenters discussed collection methods for sand and dust from Iraqi and Afghanistan regions, health issues among deployed personnel, and future directions for risk assessment research among these populations. The remaining speakers focused on the toxicity of ultrafine PM and the characterization of aerosols generated during ballistic impacts of tungsten heavy alloys.
CONFIGURATIONAL STATISTICS FOR ISOLATED SQUARE-WELL CHAIN MOLECULES : EXACT RESULTS FOR SHORT CHAINS

Exact results are obtained for the configurational statistical properties of isolated square-well chain molecules of lengths 3 and 4. The chain molecules considered here are composed of square-well spheres with hard-core diameter σ and well diameter λσ (1 ˇ- λ ˇ- 2) connected by ‘universal joints’ with bond length σ. Exact analytical and semi-analytical expressions are obtained for the intramolecular site-site distribution functions for these chain molecules. From the intramolecular distribution functions one can determine all average equilibrium configurational and energetic properties. In particular, the mean-square site-site separations, mean-square radius of gyration, average energy, and specific heat are calculated. With decreasing temperature the chain molecules undergo a collapse transition identified by a sudden reduction in chain dimensions and a peak in the specific heat. For both square-well 3-mers and 4-mers the reduced transition temperature is in the range 0·2 ≲T c* ≲ 0·5.
Inspection and monitoring planning for RC structures based on minimization of expected damage detection delay

Abstract The deterioration mechanism of reinforced concrete (RC) structures under corrosion is highly dependent on environment and material properties. Uncertainties in structural damage occurrence and propagation due to corrosion should be considered in a rational way using a probabilistic approach. In this study, such an approach is proposed to establish a life-cycle optimum inspection plan under uncertainty. This plan leads to cost-effective maintenance interventions, considering uncertainties associated with damage occurrence/propagation and inspection methods. Uncertainties associated with prediction of damage occurrence time are considered by using the Monte Carlo simulation. A damage detectability function is used to assess the quality of inspection method according to damage intensity. The inspection planning is formulated as an optimization problem with the objective of minimizing the expected damage detection delay. This formulation is further used for optimum monitoring planning. Effects of number of inspections and/or monitoring actions, quality of inspection, monitoring duration, and uncertainties associated with damage occurrence/propagation are investigated. The proposed approach is applied to an existing highway bridge. This approach can be used to develop cost-effective management strategies by considering effects of damage detection delay on life-cycle cost and performance of deteriorating structures.
Microbial iron respiration near 100°C

Dissimilatory Fe(III) reduction (i.e., iron respiration) among hyperthermophilic microorganisms may be an ancient and widespread form of metabolism on earth and is a good candidate metabolism for putative life elsewhere. Iron respiration coupled with H 2 oxidation at 100°C is highly favorable thermodynamically and can occur independent of photosynthesis. Hyperthermophilic iron reducers have been isolated from terrestrial hot springs, deep-sea hydrothermal vents, and deep (> 1,000 m) subsurface samples such as petroleum reservoirs, geothermal pools and mining operations. The hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrobaculum aerophilum can reduce both soluble (Fe(III) citrate) and insoluble (poorly crystalline Fe(III) oxide) forms of iron. Direct contact is not necessary for reduction of insoluble iron suggesting the organism uses either an extracellular electron shuttle or a chelator for iron reduction. Growth on iron by a newly isolated Pyrobaculum sp. was measured at pH 5 where growth on O 2 , NO 3 - and S° no longer occurred, which broadened the pH range for growth of the organism. Environmental biomarkers of iron reducers may include extracellular iron chelators and electron shuttles, lipids, and 16S rRNAs. Markers of iron respiration may include magnetite formation and stable iron isotope fractionation. The identification of biomarkers for iron respiration at high temperatures is in its infancy but could provide insight into the microbial ecology of the subsurface biosphere, past and present, and provide targets for missions to other planets and moons.
The associations between knowledge, CA125 preoccupation, and distress in women with epithelial ovarian cancer

Abstract Objective. The goal of the current study was to determine how much women with ovarian cancer know about their cancer and CA125 testing and how much women focus on or are preoccupied with their CA125 levels. We also examined the direct and moderating effects of knowledge and CA125 preoccupation on two measures of distress (depressive symptoms and anxiety). Methods. Participants were 126 women with epithelial ovarian cancer. Patients completed questionnaires of knowledge, CA125 preoccupation, and distress at the beginning of the first or a new round of chemotherapy. Results. Both knowledge and preoccupation with CA125 levels were associated with depressive and anxiety symptoms. More importantly, knowledge appeared to moderate the association between CA125 preoccupation and depressive symptoms. That is, for patients with lower levels of knowledge, more CA125 preoccupation was associated with more depressive symptoms. However, there was no such association in women with higher levels of knowledge. Conclusion. Our results suggest that it may be possible to decrease depressive symptoms in women who are overly preoccupied or worried about their CA125 levels by improving their knowledge of aspects of their disease and the surveillance process.
Cytogenetical analysis of hybrids between sunflower and four wild relatives

Patterns of chromosome pairing were examined in pollen meiocytes of plants derived from crosses between cultivated sunflower, Helianthus annuus L., and four relative species, H. niveus ssp. niveus (Benth) Branbegee, H. maximiliani Schrad., H. ciliaris DC and H. tuberosus L. Except in plants derived from crosses with H. niveus, meioses showed both asyndesis (univalent) and multivalent configurations. Mathematical models of genome analysis were used to interpret these data for phylogenetic purposes. We confirm that sunflower and H. tuberosus share the sunflower B genome and establish that the other two genomes of H. tuberosus are homologous. Our results support the genomic formula (AAAABB) and allopolyploid origin previously ascribed to H. tuberosus. We also provide the first evidence that H. ciliaris has the sunflower B genome, and propose an allopolyploid origin through natural hybridization between an annual diploid species (B genome) and a perennial diploid species (A genome) for this species. Finally, our results suggest some homology between the sunflower B genome and the perennial diploid A genome and provide indirect evidence of the ancient polyploid origin of sunflower B genome.
A Simultaneous Decision Model for Production, Marketing and Finance

The Holt, Modigliani, Muth, and Simon production scheduling model is extended to incorporate variables reflecting marketing and working capital management in a cash flow formulation. A constrained nonlinear program is dervied for which a local optimal solution is discovered employing the SUMT program. Reasonable values are are assigned to the parameters and the relative profitability of such a simultaneous formulation, compared to a sequential model, is tested. Initial results demonstrate an improvement of 25% by solving for the optimal values of the functional decision variables simultaneously.
Using Theory To Tell It Like It Is

In this article a graduate level diversity course, “Diversity & Equity in Higher Education” that is based on Johnson’s (2005) Privilege, Power, and Difference, and Critical Race Theory (CRT) (Tate in Rev Res Educ 22:195–247, 1997) is described. Johnson’s concepts, such as paths of least resistance, are explained, as well as CRT, and forms of multiculturalism. The course format, the instructor’s philosophy toward this course, and course assignments are shared. Using the CRT analysis tool developed by former students of this course, an example from a student’s paper is provided as an example of how to use the tool, and how theory is used to help students “see” injustice and oppression. Challenges, such as tackling a complex topic in one semester, are discussed and recommendations are made, such extending the course for two semesters.
Understanding competencies and limitations of wheelchair-bound peers as helpers: Developmental changes during early childhood

Abstract The present study focused on age-related changes in nonhandicapped children's perceptions of the limitations and competencies of wheelchair-bound peers. The types of perceptions that nonhandicapped children form may determine whether handicapped children are included in school activities and accepted by these peers. Nonhandicapped children in kindergarten through third grade served as subjects and were presented with stories about classroom helping tasks. The “helpee” in the story was always a nonhandicapped child. The helper was either a nonhandicapped or wheelchair-bound child. The handicapped helper was either described as temporarily impaired or permanently impaired. Subjects were asked to rate the helping ability of the helper on a 5-point scale. The results indicated that first graders were able to differentiate between the limitations and competencies of wheelchair-bound peers. First graders perceived the wheelchair-bound target as more competent in academic tasks and motor tasks involving the hands than in tasks that rely on the legs. By second and third grade, children perceived less difference between the competencies of wheelchair-bound targets and nonhandicapped targets for tasks that were irrelevant to the disability. These results are discussed in the context of developmental changes in social reasoning processes during early childhood.
A new WRF-Chem treatment for studying regional-scale impacts of cloud processes on aerosol and trace gases in parameterized cumuli

Abstract. A new treatment of cloud effects on aerosol and trace gases within parameterized shallow and deep convection, and aerosol effects on cloud droplet number, has been implemented in the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) version 3.2.1 that can be used to better understand the aerosol life cycle over regional to synoptic scales. The modifications to the model include treatment of the cloud droplet number mixing ratio; key cloud microphysical and macrophysical parameters (including the updraft fractional area, updraft and downdraft mass fluxes, and entrainment) averaged over the population of shallow clouds, or a single deep convective cloud; and vertical transport, activation/resuspension, aqueous chemistry, and wet removal of aerosol and trace gases in warm clouds. These changes have been implemented in both the WRF-Chem chemistry packages as well as the Kain–Fritsch (KF) cumulus parameterization that has been modified to better represent shallow convective clouds. Testing of the modified WRF-Chem has been completed using observations from the Cumulus Humilis Aerosol Processing Study (CHAPS). The simulation results are used to investigate the impact of cloud–aerosol interactions on regional-scale transport of black carbon (BC), organic aerosol (OA), and sulfate aerosol. Based on the simulations presented here, changes in the column-integrated BC can be as large as −50% when cloud–aerosol interactions are considered (due largely to wet removal), or as large as +40% for sulfate under non-precipitating conditions due to sulfate production in the parameterized clouds. The modifications to WRF-Chem are found to account for changes in the cloud droplet number concentration (CDNC) and changes in the chemical composition of cloud droplet residuals in a way that is consistent with observations collected during CHAPS. Efforts are currently underway to port the changes described here to the latest version of WRF-Chem, and it is anticipated that they will be included in a future public release of WRF-Chem.
An Ease-Off Based Optimization of the Loaded Transmission Error of Hypoid Gears

Loaded transmission error (LTE) is one of the primary sources of gear noise and vibration. While ease-off topography has been shown to be powerful in improving the contact properties of a gear drive, its optimization to minimize LTEs has been an open problem in the gear literature. Through the formulation of an appropriate nonlinear optimization problem, this study proposes a novel methodology to systematically define optimal ease-off topography to simultaneously minimize LTEs and contact pressures, while concurrently confining the loaded contact pattern within a prescribed allowable region on the tooth surface to avoid any edge- or corner-contact condition. Effectiveness of this optimization is presented using a face-milled and a face-hobbed hypoid gear examples. These example analyses reveal particularly promising results that feature both a drastic reduction in LTE and an appreciable decrease in the maximum contact stress. Although the method is employed here for hypoid gears, its intrinsically systematic formulation enables straightforward applicability to any kind of gears. The methodology presented in this work can be a useful aid for gear engineers to determine optimal ease-off topographies without having to rely on time-consuming trial-and-error approaches or on a priori subjective judgments.
Detection of 532-nm frequency-doubled Nd:YAG radiation in an active rubidium atomic resonance filter.

We report the detection of frequency-doubled Q-switched Nd:YAG laser radiation at 532.24 nm by an active rubidium atomic resonance filter. The Rb 5p level was populated by using a diode laser operating at 795 nm. The 532-nm laser excited atoms to the 10s level; these decay through p levels to the ground state. Signals were observed at 420/422 nm and 359 nm, corresponding to fluorescence from states 6p and 7p. Fluorescence noise was observed only on the 420/422-nm transition; the 359-nm signal had no detectable noise.
Patch controlled attractive electrostatic interactions between similarly charged proteins and adsorbents

A non-uniform distribution of ionic groups on the surface of a protein can lead to attractive electrostatic interactions between itself and an adsorbent, even when the net charge of the protein is of the same type as that of the adsorbent. Chromatographic retention mapping as a function of pH and ionic strength is employed to identify electrostatic repulsion or attraction. Thus, it can be determined whether the global characteristics or an oppositely charged patch controls the adsorptive behavior of a protein on a charged adsorbent.
A MEMS Singlet Oxygen Generator—Part I: Device Fabrication and Proof of Concept Demonstration

This paper reports the design, fabrication, and proof of concept demonstration of a singlet oxygen generator (SOG) that operates on the microscale. The micro-SOG (muSOG) chip is implemented in a three-wafer stack using deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) and wafer bonding as key technologies. The device creates singlet delta oxygen (O2(a)) in an array of packed-bed reaction channels fed by inlet manifolds with pressure drop channels that ballast the flow. An integrated capillary array separates the liquid and gas by-products, and a microscale heat exchanger removes excess heat of reaction. The fabrication process and package are designed to minimize collisional losses and wall deactivation of O2(a). The design, fabrication, and package of the device are documented. Proof of concept demonstration of the device is given by optical emission measurements of the spontaneous decay of the O2 (a) molecule into its triplet state and by the observation of the emission from dimol pairs of O2 (a) molecules.
The creation of medical knowledge: some problems in interpretation.

Abstract The anthropologist's discourse on medicine depends on a satisfactory understanding of medical knowledge. This means recognizing that: (a) an actor does not know all of his medical facts in the same way; (b) his medical knowledge is recursive: and (c) this knowledge needs to be viewed in terms of the processes by which it is produced rather than in terms of its structure. When processual and structural views of medical knowledge are compared, the latter are found to either bracket out important emotional and ideological determinants, or to trivialize them. Scientific processes for producing medical knowledge can be distinguished from non-scientific ones. But in both cases medical facts are socially constructed. This view of medical science is at odds with empiricist versions. The latter ignore the social determinants of scientific knowledge and, as a consequence of this position, legitimize a technology-centered and theory-centered view of non-Western medicine.
Women's decisions about maternal serum screening testing: A qualitative study exploring what they learn and the role prenatal care providers play

Summary Background Maternal serum screening (MSS) is a blood screening test that detects fetuses with an increased risk for open neural tube defects, Down syndrome and Trisomy 18. Although most physicians offer MSS to their patients, discussions about the test are brief, usually lasting less than 5 min. Research problem The short duration of these discussions raises questions about the quality of information women receive and whether their screening decisions were well informed. This article describes what women learn about MSS and from which sources, and the role of their physician in their decision to have MSS. Participants and methods We conducted qualitative interviews with nine pregnant women from Newfoundland and Labrador. Interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using thematic coding. Main findings Women rely on multiple sources of information to learn about MSS, including prenatal health care workers, the Internet, and other mothers. Although physicians are influential in women's MSS decisions, they may not provide vital information about options in the event of a positive test. Discussion Unlike the scientific and medical communities which place greater value on rigorous, peer-previewed evidence based on research, women place greater value on information gleaned from more informal, accessible sources such as family, friends and the Internet. Prenatal care providers can aid women by directing them to credible sources of information and engaging in timely discussions about MSS. Conclusions Understanding where women learn about MSS and how they make their decisions about testing sheds important light on the roles prenatal care providers should play.
Dietary patterns of U.S. children: Implications for disease prevention☆

Abstract Nutritional data from the second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES II) were analyzed to assess dietary patterns of a representative sample of U.S. children and youth ages 1–17 years. The data show that the average U.S. child's diet is relatively high in total and saturated fat and low in the ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fat. These dietary patterns deviate from current dietary recommendations for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. The percentage contributions of specific macronutrients to total energy intake (in kilocalories) were total fat, 35–36%; total carbohydrates, 49–51%; and protein, 15–16%. This is in contrast to current expert recommendations for children of 30% of kilocalories as total fat, 55% as carbohydrates, and 15% as protein. The observed intake of saturated fat in U.S. children was 13% of kilocalories vs a recommended level of 10% of kilocalories. The observed ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fat intake was 0.4 vs a recommended ratio of 1.0. There were important racial differences in fat intakes, with blacks generally having higher cholesterol and total fat intakes. White children generally consumed more of their calories as carbohydrates than did black children, but there were no differences in protein intakes between the two groups. In summary, these data suggest that the average U.S. child's diet deviates from recommended dietary guidelines for fat and cholesterol intakes. Black children's dietary patterns appear less favorable for cardiovascular health than those of white children. However, the data also show that achieving recommended dietary intake patterns probably will not require drastic changes in the U.S. child's diet.
On estimating domain totals over a subpopulation

A simple random sample is drawn over a finite population which is composed of several subpopulations. Each subpopulation consists several domains. The minimax estimator under squared error loss function for the domain totals over a subpopulation is derived, in which the number of sample units falling into the subpopulation is random.
Differential effects of sleep stage on coronary hemodynamic function during stenosis

Abstract We have demonstrated in a previous study that in the normal heart REM sleep induces surges in heart rate and coronary blood flow which are abolished by bilateral stellectomy. To study the effects of sleep in the stenosed coronary circulation, dogs were instrumented with Doppler flow probes and hydraulic occluders around the left circumflex coronary artery to measure coronary blood flow and to produce a 60% flow reduction. Catheters were placed in the aorta to measure mean arterial blood pressure. Electrodes were implanted via the frontal sinus to identify sleep stages. In the absence of stenosis, mean blood pressure was 95±3 mmHg, HR was 111±4 bpm, and coronary blood flow was 33±2 ml/min. During stenosis, REM induced episodic increases in heart rate which were accompanied by 38% decreases in coronary blood flow. We conclude that in the stenosed coronary circulation, REM sleep produces episodic sinus tachycardia and coronary blood flow reduction.
Creep of Beryllia Single Crystals

The compressive creep behavior of single-crystal BeO was studied under inert atmosphere. The steady-state creep behavior was highly anisotropic because of easily activated basal slip. Crystals compressed along a [1101] axis deformed at temperatures as low as 650°C, whereas [1100]-aligned crystals showed comparable strain rates at temperatures 1650°C. The measured activation energies and stress exponents for creep were 371 kJ/mol and 4.65 for the [1101] alignment and 496 kJ/mol and 3.39 for the [1100] alignment, respectively. The precise mechanisms controlling creep behavior were not determined. Only one semiquantitative data point was obtained for the [0001] alignment, which indicates that the creep rate at 100 MPa and 1750°C is less than that for c-axis sapphire.
546 PERSISTENT RESPIRATORY SYMPTOMS AND WOODBURNING STOVES

The occurrence of persistent respiratory symptoms in children living in homes heated by woodburning stoves (WBS) was prospectively investigated during the winters of 1982 and 1984. Thirty-one randomly selected children from WBS-heated homes in mid-Michigan (study group) were matched for age, sex, and residence with an internal comparison group of 31 children from homes heated by conventional furnaces (control group). Data was collected by interviewing the children's parents; sample attrition (from migration) was 24% (less than the expected 25% over a 2 yr. study). The occurrence of persistent coughing was significantly greater in the study group in 1982 and 1984 (p<.001) with an overall increase in the frequency of coughing in 1984 for both groups. The occurrence of persistent wheezing was also significantly greater in the study group in 1982 (p<.001) and 1984 (p < .05) although there was a decrease in wheezing in 1984 in both groups. These differences could not be accounted for by socioeconomic factors, medical histories, or use of other reported sources of indoor air pollution (parental smoking, cooking with gas, urea-formaldehyde insulation). Findings suggest that heating with woodburning stoves may be a significant risk factor for persistent coughing and wheezing symptoms in children.
Navigating Hybridized Language Learning Spaces Through Translanguaging Pedagogy: Dual Language Preschool Teachers’ Languaging Practices in Support of Emergent Bilingual Children’s Performance of Academic Discourse

In recent years, there has been a growing interest among policymakers, practitioners, and researchers in early bilingual development and the unique role of the educational setting’s language policy in this development. In this article, we describe how one dual language preschool teacher, in partnership with two co-teachers, navigated the tensions between language separation ideology and its practical realization in early bilingual education by co-constructing and enacting flexible bilingual pedagogic practices in support of Spanish-English emergent bilingual children’s participation in language and literary activities and performance of academic discourse. Teachers’ translanguaging practices of code-switching, translation, bilingual recasting, and language brokering drew on children’s linguistic and cultural funds of knowledge, supported experimentation with new language forms, and integrated various languages and language varieties, while recognizing, validating, and expressing their shared bilingual ide...
The identification and treatment of isolated tumor cells reflect disparities in the delivery of breast cancer care.

Abstract Background Disparities in the quality of health care delivered among different socioeconomic strata (SES), race/ethnic groups, and health care systems are well documented; however, relevant quality measures in breast cancer have been debated. The identification of isolated tumor cells (ITCs) in axillary lymph nodes of patients with breast cancer requires diagnosis of early stage disease, appropriate implementation of sentinel lymph node (SLN) dissection, and pathologic analysis of the SLN with serial sectioning and immunohistochemical staining. We hypothesized that ITCs could be interpreted as a quality indicator and sought to determine factors that are associated with the identification and treatment of ITCs. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort review of women with N0(i+) breast cancer diagnosed between 2004 and 2006 in the California Cancer Registry. The proportions of patients in SES quintiles (1 = lowest, 5=highest), race/ethnicity groups, and hospital surgical volume tertiles (low, 1–241 cases/y; medium, 242–491 cases/y; high, ≥492 cases/y) were compared for use of SLN dissection, identification of ITCs, and treatment of ITCs with additional axillary surgery or chemotherapy. Results SLN dissections were performed less frequently in women of lower SES, of nonwhite race/ethnicity, and in hospitals with lower surgical volumes ( P P = .002) and those in higher-volume hospitals ( P = .01). Conclusions Although the identification and chemotherapy treatment of ITCs vary among SES categories, race/ethnic groups, and hospitals, the infrequent occurrence of ITCs precludes its use as a valid quality indicator. Because significant disparities exist in the use of SLN dissection, further research will be required to validate the use of SLN dissection as a quality measure.
André Schwarz-Bart'S Le Dernier Des Justes: A Dangerous Text?

(1996). Andre Schwarz-Bart'S Le Dernier Des Justes: A Dangerous Text? Symposium: A Quarterly Journal in Modern Literatures: Vol. 50, No. 3, pp. 164-176.
A climatology of airborne dust for the Red River Valley of North Dakota

Abstract The Red River Valley of North Dakota has been identified as one of the highest potential dust production regions in the United States. This paper provides a climatological summary of the airborne dust environment in the region using historical meteorological data for Fargo, North Dakota. Data for the period 1948–1994 were extracted for all 3-hourly weather observations which recorded an obstruction to vision due to dust, blowing dust or dust storms. Data were compiled on the year, month, day and hour of each observation, as well as the horizontal visibility, wind speed, wind direction, and other present weather occurring at the time of each event. Airborne dust events in the Red River Valley of the North normally involve local entrainment of dust, and show a strong peak in the frequency of occurrence during the afternoon and spring seasons, although a secondary winter peak is also present. Dust events have decreased in frequency over the study period, apparently in response to improved farm management practices. Most events fall into two basic categories: winter events generated by passing cold fronts or strong regional pressure gradients, and often accompanied by blowing snow and light snow showers, and spring events triggered by the passage of cyclones and fronts, and normally not accompanied by other prevailing weather at the time of the observation. Results are discussed in relation to the unique soil, meteorological and surface cover conditions of the Red River Valley of North Dakota.
Family and Community Perceptions of Quality in Juvenile Justice Programs.

Abstract The conceptualization and empirical assessment of service quality in juvenile justice remains limited. There are few reports on programmatic attempts to assess satisfaction in juvenile justice programs or attempts to include what constitutes quality of service from multiple customer perspectives. This article describes a potential model, the Gap Model, for measuring quality from the customers' perspective. Empirical findings from a study utilizing the model to examine the nature of service quality as perceived by customers of 6 juvenile justice programs are presented. Implications for adapting the model are also addressed.
Repair of the symptomatic aberrant aortic arch aneurysm without hypothermic circulatory arrest

Manifestation of anomalies of the aortic arch in adulthood has been reported in the literature. The symptoms stem from the compression of the trachea and esophagus or peripheral arterial ischemia associated with coarctation of the aberrant arch. The aberrant arch aneurysms are subject to complications of rupture or dissection. This may be the first reported case of a large complex aneurysm of an anomalous aortic arch resected on cardiopulmonary bypass without any period of hypothermic circulatory arrest or distal ischemia.
Metabolic control of the Treg/Th17 axis.

The interplay of the immune system with other aspects of physiology is continually being revealed and in some cases studied in considerable mechanistic detail. A prime example is the influence of metabolic cues on immune responses. It is well appreciated that upon activation, T cells take on a metabolic profile profoundly distinct from that of their quiescent and anergic counterparts; however, a number of recent breakthroughs have greatly expanded our knowledge of how aspects of cellular metabolism can shape a T-cell response. Particularly important are findings that certain environmental cues can tilt the delicate balance between inflammation and immune tolerance by skewing T-cell fate decisions toward either the T-helper 17 (Th17) or T-regulatory (Treg) cell lineage. Recognizing the unappreciated immune modifying potential of metabolic factors and particularly those involved in the generation of these functionally opposing T-cell subsets will likely add new and potent therapies to our repertoire for treating immune mediated pathologies. In this review, we summarize and discuss recent findings linking certain metabolic pathways, enzymes, and byproducts to shifts in the balance between Th17 and Treg cell populations. These advances highlight numerous opportunities for immune modulation.
Behavior-based control for an eye-head system

Much of the recent interest in active vision has focussed on the development of novel methods for controlling fast pan/tilt camera mounts, called eye-head systems. Simple real-time processing of input images coupled with fast control has enabled interesting system behaviors. This paper describes the ongoing development of behavior-based control methods for a miniature eye-head system. We first describe the eye-head hardware and image processing system. We then define and present approaches for behavior-based control of the eye-head system. Finally, we discuss results from the use of simple behaviors for verging two cameras on moving objects.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Understanding Input Events: A Model of Employees' Responses to Requests for Their Input

To understand employees' responses to requests for their input, we describe cognitive and self-regulatory processes that make up “input events.” Within the context of dynamic competing demands for employees' limited resources, we propose event-level features as determinants of the choices made on receiving an input request, illuminating whether and when employees provide input and how much thought goes into input formulation. We further consider the influence of individual characteristics on susceptibility to bias when making such choices.
An integrated approach to parallel program debugging and performance analysis onlarge-scale multiprocessors

One of the most serious problems in the development cycle of large-scale parallel programs is the lack of tools for debugging and performance analysis. We are addressing the problem on large-scale, shared-memory multiprocessors. We have developed a dynamic, fine-grain characterization of parallel program executions based on a partial order of accesses to shared objects. This characterization forms the basis for an extensible, integrated toolkit for parallel program debugging and performance analysis. Tools in the toolkit include an interactive debugger, a graphical execution browser, performance analysis packages, and a programmable interface for user queries. Using our integrated toolkit approach, programmers can interactively analyze the behavior of parallel programs in much the same way interactive debuggers and profilers are used to analyze the behavior of sequential programs.
Coherent structure in the turbulent planar jet. Part 1. Extraction of proper orthogonal decomposition eigenmodes and their self-similarity

In this paper the coherent structure in the similarity region of the turbulent planar jet is examined experimentally by application of the proper orthogonal decomposition (POD). In particular, twin cross-stream rakes of X-wire probes are used to take cross-spectral measurements with different spanwise separations between the rakes and at several locations throughout the similarity region. The resulting POD spatial eigenfunctions for each of the three velocity components depend on cross-stream spatial coordinate, Strouhal number, and spanwise wavenumber. Corresponding eigenvalue distributions are obtained in Strouhal number–spanwise wavenumber space. Eigenvalue convergence is demonstrated to be rapid. When properly scaled the eigenfunctions and eigenvalues are shown to exhibit self-similarity though the streamwise location at which this commences depends on the particular velocity component. The results suggest that the flow supports a planar structure aligned in the spanwise direction as well as an essentially three-dimensional structure with asymmetrical shape in the cross-stream direction and pseudo-periodically distributed in the spanwise direction. Comparison of the single- and dual-rake implementations of the POD presented in this paper demonstrate that measurements confined to a single plane are incapable of properly extracting the planar modes. Rather, the single-rake implementation results in modes that appear to be a weighted sum of modes corresponding to different spanwise wavenumbers.
Increasing extracellular calcium improves conduction in partially demyelinated rat fimbria in vitro.

1. 1. We have tested the effect of changed concentrations of Ca2+ upon demyelination-induced conduction block in rat fimbria in vitro. 2. 2. In a rat fimbria containing a region of acute focal demyelination induced by in vitro microinjection of lysophosphatidyl chloride (LPC) 6 days earlier, raising bath [Ca2+] to 4.4 mM improved conduction through the damaged area, while lowering it to 0.25 mM depressed conduction. 3. 3. A contrary effect, consistent with the well-known effects of extracellular calcium ion on voltage-sensitive channels, was seen in non-lesioned preparations.
Determinants of physician utilization, emergency room use, and hospitalizations among populations with multiple health vulnerabilities

Understanding the factors that influence differing types of health care utilization within vulnerable groups can serve as a basis for projecting future health care needs, forecasting future health ...