cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Novelty and familiarity as redundant cues in retardate discrimination learning.

Abstract Forty retarded children, a Low Mental Age (MA) Group (mean MA 3-3 yrs.) and a High MA Group (mean MA 5–7 yrs.) were trained on 120 different two-choice visual discrimination problems. For all subjects, half of these problems were standard four-trial problems (Standard Condition). The remaining 60 problems were variants of the Moss-Harlow Design, the first trial differing from the initial two-choice trial of the Standard Condition in having only a single stimulus present, either the positive stimulus (Positive Condition) or the negative stimulus (Negative Condition), in both cases followed by three trials with both stimuli present. Each subject received either Positive Condition Problems or Negative Condition Problems, but not both. An analysis of Trial 2 performance revealed that although no interproblem changes in the Standard Condition occurred, there were large initial performance differences and large interproblem changes in the Positive and Negative Conditions which varied with MA. Initial performance differences were interpreted as a differential preference for novel and familiar stimuli in the two MA Groups. Changes in interproblem performance were consistent with the hypothesis that these MA dependent novelty-familiarity preferences could be influenced by novelty-familiarity redundancy training. These interpretations were supported by predictions from theory.
Game theory and strategic auditing: part II ‐ advanced applications

Illustrates the usefulness of the game theory model described in part I, using an example of a fraud prevention decision and demonstrating its transferability to issues such as collusion.
Adaptor-mediated Lon proteolysis restricts Bacillus subtilis hyperflagellation

The Lon AAA+ protease is a highly conserved intracellular protease that is considered an anticancer target in eukaryotic cells and a crucial virulence regulator in bacteria. Lon degrades both damaged, misfolded proteins and specific native regulators, but how Lon discriminates among a large pool of candidate targets remains unclear. Here we report that Bacillus subtilis LonA specifically degrades the master regulator of flagellar biosynthesis SwrA governed by the adaptor protein swarming motility inhibitor A (SmiA). SmiA-dependent LonA proteolysis is abrogated upon microbe-substrate contact causing SwrA protein levels to increase and elevate flagellar density above a critical threshold for swarming motility atop solid surfaces. Surface contact-dependent cellular differentiation in bacteria is rapid, and regulated proteolysis may be a general mechanism of transducing surface stimuli.
Differential Stimulation of Cholesterol and Unsaturated Fatty Acid Biosynthesis in Cells Expressing Individual Nuclear Sterol Regulatory Element-binding Proteins

Three sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBP-1a, -1c, and -2) stimulate transcription of genes involved in synthesis and receptor-mediated uptake of cholesterol and fatty acids. Here, we explore the individual roles of each SREBP by preparing lines of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells that express graded amounts of nuclear forms of each SREBP (designated nSREBPs) under control of a muristerone-inducible nuclear receptor system. The parental hamster cell line (M19 cells) lacks its own nSREBPs, owing to a deletion in the gene encoding the Site-2 protease, which releases nSREBPs from cell membranes. By varying the concentration of muristerone, we obtained graded expression of individual nSREBPs in the range that restored lipid synthesis to near physiologic levels. The results show that nSREBP-2 produces a higher ratio of synthesis of cholesterol over fatty acids than does nSREBP-1a. This is due in part to a selective ability of low levels of nSREBP-2, but not nSREBP-1a, to activate the promoter for squalene synthase. nSREBP-1a and -2 both activate transcription of the genes encoding stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 and -2, thereby markedly enhancing the production of monounsaturated fatty acids. nSREBP-1c was inactive in stimulating any transcription at the concentrations achieved in these studies. The current data support the emerging view that the nSREBPs act in complementary ways to modulate the lipid composition of cell membranes.
Applying productivity indices as an innovation for motivating individual and institutional initiatives for faculty renewal

The enthusiasm of faculty for their respective academic pursuits is recognized as a most important issue in most American institutions of higher education. Numerous approaches have been described and advocated to enhance faculty satisfaction with their work with a growing appreciation for the value of renewal programs. Self renewal through challenging work assignments is deemed a most practical approach and can be achieved practically within tightening financial restraints. A major handicap to the exploitation of self renewal programs has been a lack of tangible measurements of achievements in the academic functions being pursued. This paper proposes the use of functional productivity indices as tools for motivating renewal opportunities and assessing experiences.
Imaging of Metal-on-Metal Hip Prostheses

AJR:197, September 2011 metal THA and resurfacing failure are small acetabular or femoral head size, implant malposition, female sex, metal ion–mediated adverse inflammatory reactions, implant loosening, femoral neck fractures, and others [1]. In the Australian registry, loosening (presumably acetabular) is the most common cause of resurfacing and metal-on-metal THA failure [3]. Clinically, pain is the most common symptom of metal-on-metal THA and resurfacing failure. Adverse inflammatory reactions accompanying metal-on-metal hip prostheses are well documented. The biologic cascade leading to adverse inflammatory reactions as a result of metal-on-metal bearing metallic debris has not been completely elucidated. Adverse inflammatory reactions can present as microscopic foci of asymptomatic aseptic lymphocyte-dominated vasculitic lesions found at the time of metal-on-metal hip revision, asymptomatic or symptomatic cystic structures (i.e., pseudotumor) found on imaging of metal-on-metal hip prostheses, or aggressive cystic lesions causing bone and soft-tissue destruction around metal-on-metal hip prostheses [1]. The exact incidence of clinically significant adverse inflammatory reactions secondary to metal-on-metal hip prostheses has been reported to be as low as 0.1% [5] and as high as 4% [6].
Magnetic sources of the M50 response are localized to frontal cortex.

Abstract Objective To determine the source localization(s) of the midlatency auditory magnetic response M50, the equivalent of the P50 potential, a sleep state-dependent waveform known to habituate to repetitive stimulation. Methods We used a paired stimulus paradigm at interstimulus intervals of 250, 500 and 1000 ms, and magnetoencephalographic (MEG) recordings were subjected to computational methods for current density reconstruction, blind source separation, time–frequency analysis, and data visualization to characterize evoked dynamics. Results Each subject showed localization of a source for primary auditory evoked responses in the region of the auditory cortex, usually at a 20–30 ms latency. However, responses at 40–70 ms latency that also decreased following the second stimulus of a pair were not localizable to the auditory cortex, rather showing multiple sources usually including the frontal lobes. Conclusions The M50 response, which shows habituation to repetitive stimulation, was not localized to the auditory cortex, but showed multiple sources including frontal lobes. Significance These MEG results suggest that sources for the M50 response may represent non-auditory, perhaps arousal-related, diffuse projections to the cortex.
CASEWORK ADVERTISEMENT AND MEMBER‐CONSTITUENT CONTACT: A DISTRICT ANALYSIS

Few political scientists would argue with the proposition that incumbents take the initiative and try to raise their caseload level and thereby increase constituent contact. There is less agreement, however, concerning the success of members' overt efforts to stimulate cases. This study capitalizes on a unique research opportunity to explore the impact of one House member's casework strategy: overt solicitation of cases (i.e., newsletters) and reputation for constituent service. A multivariate probit model explains constituent requests for ombudsman service. The findings demonstrate that the member's newsletters are a relatively ineffective means of generating casework. Word of mouth publicity, however, contributes significantly to service requests. By developing a reputation for constituent service through second-hand contact, the member can communicate his or her ombudsman role to constituents and thus more easily cultivate the district.
XMAP215: A Tip Tracker that Really Moves

XMAP215 is a microtubule plus-end binding protein implicated in modulating microtubule dynamics. In this issue, Brouhard et al. (2008) propose a new mechanism to explain how XMAP215 promotes microtubule growth. They report that XMAP215 moves with the growing microtubule plus ends where it catalyzes the addition of tubulin subunits.
Reaction of organochromium cations with iodine monobromide

Abstract Several members of the family of (H2O)5CrR2+ complexes have been shown to react cleanly with the interhalogen molecule IBr. Products of reaction are exclusively the organic iodide RI, Cr(H2O)63+, and Br−-; RBr and (H2O)5CrB2+ are not formed. Rates of the IBr reactions are comparable to those of bromine and much higher than those of iodine. These results are consistent with electrophilic reactions and suggest an SE2 mechanism.
Does Dietary Restriction Reduce Life Span in Male Fruit-feeding Butterflies?

Male life history and resource allocation is not frequently studied in aging and life span research. Here, we verify that males of long-lived fruit-feeding butterfly species have reduced longevity on restricted diets [Beck, J., 2007. The importance of amino acids in the adult diet of male tropical rainforest butterflies. Oecologia 151, 741-747], in contrast to the common finding of longevity extension in dietary restriction experiments in Drosophila and some other organisms. Males of some of the most long-lived species of fruit-feeding butterflies were collected from Kibale Forest, Uganda, and kept on diets of either sugar or mashed banana. Seven out of eight species had non-significantly longer life spans on mashed banana diets. Data analysis using a time-varying Cox-model with species as covariate showed that males had reduced survival on the sugar diet during the first 35 days of captive life, but the effect was absent or reversed at more advanced ages. These results challenge the generality of dietary restriction as a way to extend life span in animals. We argue that such studies on males are promising tools for better understanding life history evolution and aging because males display a wider variety of tactics for obtaining reproductive success than females.
Motivated behavior and the estrous cycle in rats

Abstract (1) The estrous cycle in the rat may be used to study recurrent changes in motor behaviors and motivation which are strongly related to cyclic hormonal and CNS changes. (2) The peak in motivated behaviors occurs during a sharply defined period on the night between proestrus and estrus and is evident in facilitated wheel-running, lordosis, and intracranial self-stimulation. (3) Behaviors without a clearly motivated character do not show an estrous cyclicity. (4) The estrous cyclic variation in intracranial self-stimulation was observed at a specific locus — the pars campacta of the substantia nigra. (5) A neurochemical link between sexually motivated behavior, wheel running and intracranial self-stimulation is suggested. This link is in part dopaminergic but is probably also activated by many other systems.
Microscopic treatment of anharmonic effects in Cd isotopes

Abstract We apply two microscopic methods in order to calculate the third-order parameters in the anharmonic description of Cd isotopes. With the first one (based on the quasi-boson expansion) we fail to reproduce the empirical variation of the static quadrupole moment with A . We present an alternative method, which takes into account renormalization effects, but it is not able to calculate the velocity dependent terms in the anharmonic Hamiltonian. The results of the second calculation are in better agreement with the empirical values than those obtained with the previous method.
Imaginary part of the optical model potential in nuclear matter

Abstract The imaginary part of the optical model potential in nuclear matter has been calculated for various values of the energy, assuming Gammel-Thaler nucleon-nucleon interactions. The calculations were made using the separation method in which the interaction is separated into a short range and long range part, the former giving zero phase shift. To a good approximation, only the long range component contributes to the imaginary part of the optical potential.
Clonidine maintains intrathecal self-administration in rats following spinal nerve ligation.

Abstract Clonidine is approved for spinal administration against neuropathic pain, and reverses both spontaneous and elicited pain in humans following spinal administration. Rodent studies that seek to model pharmacology in pain states have historically relied on reflexive withdrawal from noxious stimuli as the primary endpoint. Drug self-administration studies have face validity in the drug abuse field for modeling drug abuse in humans, however, this methodology has not been applied to address issues related to drug seeking behaviors that may be relevant for other human populations, such as patients with neuropathic pain. Rats without spinal nerve ligation (SNL) failed to acquire intrathecal clonidine self-administration over 10 days of access. Rats were found to self-administer intrathecal infusions of clonidine following SNL in a stable and dose-responsive manner, however, and clonidine was self-administered throughout the day with 66% of total drug intake occurring during the dark cycle. Substitution of clonidine with saline or with clonidine and the α2-adrenoceptor antagonist idazoxan resulted in extinction of responding in SNL animals. Food reinforcement was initially decreased in SNL rats self-administering clonidine compared to normal animals, however, tolerance developed to this effect of clonidine in SNL rats after 5 days. These data demonstrate that drug self-administration can be applied to questions other than drug abuse, and provides an additional measure for development of novel therapeutic strategies for chronic pain treatment.
Enterococcus : review of its physiology, pathogenesis, diseases and the challenges it poses for clinical microbiology

The genus Enterococcus is composed of 38 species, the most important of which are Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium—both human intestinal colonizers. Hospitals within the United States and around the world commonly isolate these bacteria because they are a cause of bacteremia, urinary tract infections (UTIs), endocarditis, wound infections, meningitis, intraabdominal and pelvic infections, and nosocomial and iatrogenic infections. Given the ubiquity of enterococci within the human population, it is important for laboratories to be able to distinguish these agents within hospitalized patients from other bacterial genera and also differentiate different species within the Enterococcus genus as well as different strains within each species. Unfortunately, the enterococci are emerging as serious pathogens in both the developed world, where surveillance needs to be improved and speciation procedures are inadequate or cumbersome, and in developing nations, which lack the trained hospital personnel or funding to sufficiently identify enterococci to the genus or species level. This review explores the Enterococcus genus and highlights some of the concerns for national and international clinical microbiology laboratories.
Stereospecific synthesis of selected triglycerides: comments on acyl migration and analysis of configuration

Abstract Symmetrical and stereospecifically defined triglycerides have been prepared from racemic and ( R )- and ( S )-glycidol, respectively. The synthetic sequence allows the incorporation of sensitive fatty acids such as linolenic acid. Justification for retention of configuration and absence of acyl migrations during the synthesis is provided by the 1 H-NMR spectra of triglycerides that are replaced at the sn -1 and sn -3 positions with enantiomers of α-methoxytrifluoromethylphenylacetic acid ( bis-MTPA esters ). Partial hydrolysis of synthetic symmetrical triglycerides catalyzed by the lipase of Rhizopus oryzae was used to demonstrate the homogeneity of these preparations.
Two- and three-photon detachment of H- by a weak field

We describe a method for calculating rates for multiphoton detachment or ionization of a two-electron system by a perturbative field. We have applied the method to ${\mathrm{H}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$, and we present estimates of two- and three-photon detachment rates. In particular, we explore the $^{1}$${\mathit{S}}^{\mathit{e}}$ and $^{1}$${\mathit{D}}^{\mathit{e}}$ Feshbach resonances below the n=2 and n=3 excitation thresholds of H; these resonances lie in the ``excess-photon detachment'' regime, where one photon is already sufficient to detach the electron.
Energy Extraction-Based Robust Linear Quadratic Gaussian Control of Acoustic-Structure Interaction in Three-Dimensional Enclosure

This paper presents an linear quadratic Gaussian (LQG)-based robust control strategy for active noise reduction in a 3D enclosure wherein acoustic-structure interaction dynamics is present. The acoustic disturbance is created by the piezo-actuated vibrating boundary surface of the enclosure. The control signal is generated by the speaker which is noncollocated with the sensing microphone mounted inside the enclosure. The dynamic model of the system is obtained using frequency-domain system identification techniques. The state weighting matrix in the LQG cost function is determined analytically in the closed-form which allows the control designer to directly penalize the total acoustic energy of the system. The robustness of the controller is also ensured to guarantee the closed-loop stability against the unmodeled dynamics and parametric uncertainties. Simulation and experiment results are given which demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control methodology.
Runaway electron bombardment of the limiter during the startup of a Tokamak

Abstract Some runaway electrons are born early in a tokamak as it proceeds to full ionization. The time, during, and energy with which these runaways leave the plasma is determined primarily by their confinement properties. Models have been developed to describe these runaway losses and are compared to experiments in the Australian tokamak, LT-3.
Shortest path by approximation in logic programs

An approximation paradigm is proposed for logic programming as a simple modification to a complete evaluation strategy. The motivational example illustrates how a straigthforward transformation of a declarative specification of the distance between two vertices in a directed graph leads to sophisticated algorithms for computing shortest paths. The goal of the work presented in this paper is not to provide a more efficient computation of shortest paths but to investigate how the intermediate tables, known as extension tables, generated by the complete evaluation strategy might be used in approximation algorithms. We present the ETdistance algorithm in perspective, its execution is compared to those of Dijkstra's single-source and Floyd's all-pairs shortest path algorithms.
Roles of bioactive Sphingolipid metabolites in ovarian cancer cell biomechanics

Bioactive Sphingolipid metabolites have emerged as important lipid second messengers in the regulation of cell growth, death, motility and many other events. These processes are important in cancer development and progression; thus, sphingolipid metabolites have been implicated in both cancer development and cancer prevention. Despite recent considerable progress in understanding the multi-faceted functions of these bioactive metabolites, little is known about their influence on the biomechanical property of cells. The biomechanical properties of cancer cells change during progression with aggressive and invasive cells being softer compared to their benign counterparts. In this paper, we investigated the effects of exogenous sphingolipid metabolites on the Young's modulus and cytoskeletal organization of cells representing aggressive ovarian cancer. Our findings demonstrate that the elasticity of aggressive ovarian cancer cells decreased ∼15% after treatment with ceramide and sphingosine-1-phosphate. In contrast, sphingosine treatment caused a ∼30% increase in the average elasticity which was associated with a more defined actin cytoskeleton organization. This indicates that sphingolipid metabolites differentially modulate the biomechanic properties of cancer cells which may have a critical impact on cancer cell survival and progression, and the use of sphingolipid metabolites as chemopreventive or chemo-therapeutic agents.
Quantitation of immunoglobulin G on human sperm.

: An indirect inhibition assay was devised to quantitate the amount of immunoglobulin molecules on the surface of human sperm. Sperm-associated IgG was used to inhibit competitively 125I-labeled polyclonal anti-human IgG from binding to human IgG affixed to microtissue culture plate wells. Standard curves for the assay were derived by substituting soluble IgG in the supernatant of the tissue culture wells for sperm-associated IgG. The intraassay coefficient of variation was 6.7%; the interassay coefficient of variation was 5.6–21% depending upon the IgG antisperm antibody-positive plasma sample assayed. The assay technique was highly correlated (r = 0.99) with the number of antibody-bound sperm added to the supernatant. When different sperm donors were utilized as an antigen source, the coefficient of variation was 15.6% for positive plasmas and 19.3% for negative plasmas. The indirect inhibition assay showed a strong correlation (r = 0.91) with a previously described radiolabeled antiglobulin assay for sperm-associated IgG.
Web-based Simulations for Teaching Queueing, Little's Law, and Inventory Management

We describe and make available three web-based simulations that help to teach concepts related to process flow and variability. These programs simulate, i a G/G/1 queue, ii a single-stage process to demonstrate the long-run validity of Little's Law and iii a continuous-time reorder point/reorder quantity inventory system. All of the simulations are interactive, for they allow users to change system parameters by moving simple sliders. The simulations do not require specialized software to run and are available through any web browser. We offer evidence of how the simulations have helped the students to learn, including documentation from a web-based exercise with the queueing simulation that was completed by 74 students. This document describes three web-based simulations that help students understand the dynamics of continuoustime systems subject to variability. The simulations have been useful in introductory MBA operations management courses, and they would also be appropriate for undergraduate courses in operations research and operations management. Given that the simulations are simple to use and entertaining to watch, they may also be appropriate for high school students to motivate the study of operations research. This document describes the simulations, the pedagogical goals that motivated their development, alternate teaching tools that are available to instructors, and how we have used the simulations in the classroom. We end with a description of how the models helped our students to learn the concepts, including a summary of the students' answers to a set of web-based exercises with one of the simulations.
SOCIAL CAPITAL AND SOCIAL MORALITY

Americans of all ages, all stations in life, and all types of dispositions are forever forming associations… of a thousand different types — religious, moral, serious, futile, very general and very limited, immensely large and very minute … [for] the greatest number of purposes … Nothing in my view deserves more attention than the intellectual and moral associations in America (Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, [1835] 1945).
Robustness of coevolved strategies in a real-time strategy game

This paper evaluates the performance of real-time strategy game strategies produced by coevolution. Specifically, we evaluate the robustness of coevolution solutions by having them compete against solutions produced by a genetic algorithm, three hand-tuned baselines, and a human opponent. Our earlier work has shown that genetic algorithms routinely find optimal solutions for defeating the opponents used in training. In this paper, our results show that coevolution finds strategies that defeat genetic algorithm strategies and two of our baselines, without seeing any of the baselines or genetic algorithm solutions during evaluation. A human player who competed against these strategies found that the coevolutionary strategy was the most challenging to defeat, but could be easily defeated using strategies not previously encountered by coevolution. This work informs our research on improving the robustness of real-time strategy players through coevolutionary approaches.
A Stabilizing Comonomer: I. Synthesis and Confirmation of Structure:

A compound (BHM) was synthesized that can stabilize monomers by inhibiting premature polymerization but that can serve as a monomer in the polymerization after the initiator system is activated. The structural formula of BHM (3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl methacrylate) was confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance analysis.
Pulsed Dose Delivery of Oxygen in Mechanically Ventilated Pigs with Acute Lung Injury

Abstract : Acute lung injury (ALI) is a common condition that leads to respiratory impairment with patients, specifically regarding oxygenation. We have previously demonstrated in a mechanical model that using a portable oxygen concentrator (POC) with pulsed dose delivery of oxygen is an alternative to continuous flow to conserve oxygen and prolong battery life, while still maintaining adequate oxygen delivery. We hypothesize that using a modified POC and pulsed dose oxygen delivery can provide similar oxygenation in an animal model compared to continuous flow oxygen delivered to a reservoir bag. In a crossover study, we induced ALI in 15 locally bred pigs using an oleic acid model. We ventilated the pigs with equipment that is used by Critical Care Air Transport Teams of the United States Air Force. Each animal served as its own control as we compared oxygen delivery using a POC in both continuous flow with a reservoir bag and pulsed dose. We performed this in both volume control and pressure control mechanical ventilation. There was no statistical difference regarding any of the ventilator variables including respiratory rate and tidal volume in the ventilator modes or in oxygen delivery methods, with the exception of mean airway pressures (4.1 +/- 0.9 cm H2O vs. 6.5 +/- 2.7 cm H2O, p=0.03). There was no between groups for the pulsed dose delivery and continuous flow. In volume control, pulsed dose oxygen delivery demonstrated a significant increase in the P:F ratio (168.8 +/- 96.1 vs. 91.7 +/- 65.4, p=0.002) compared with continuous flow. However, this was not seen in pressure control ventilation (89.0 +/- 74.5 vs. 79.1 +/- 65.4, p=0.67). We were able to demonstrate that oxygen delivery using a POC in mechanically ventilated pigs with ALI is feasible.
Optimization of equine infectious anemia derived vectors for hematopoietic cell lineage gene transfer

Gene transfer into hematopoietic cells may allow correction of a variety of hematopoietic and metabolic disorders. Optimized HIV-1 based lentiviral vectors have been developed for improved gene transfer and transgene expression into hematopoietic cells. However, the use of HIV-1 based vectors for human gene therapy may be limited due to ethical and biosafety issues. We report that vectors based on the non-primate equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) transduce a variety of human hematopoietic cell lines and primary blood cells. To investigate optimization of gene expression in hematopoietic cells, we compared a variety of post-transcriptional elements and promoters in the context of EIAV vectors. We observed cell specific increase in the number of transgene expressing cells with the different post-transcriptional elements, whereas the use of elongation factor alpha 1 (EFα1) promoter resulted in significant increases in both the number of transgene expressing cells and the level of transgene protein in all cell types tested. We then demonstrate increased transduction of hematopoietic cells using a second-generation EIAV vector containing a self-inactivating EIAV LTR and the EIAV central polypurine tract (cppt). These data suggest that optimized EIAV vectors may be a suitable alternative to HIV-1 vectors for use in hematopoietic gene therapy.
The effects of mechanical loading and gadolinium concentration on the change of T1 and quantification of glycosaminoglycans in articular cartilage by microscopic MRI

Microscopic MRI (µMRI) T1 experiments were carried out to investigate the strain dependence of the T1 change and glycosaminoglycans (GAG) quantification in articular cartilage at a spatial resolution of 17.6 µm. Both native and trypsin-degraded specimens were immersed in various concentrations of gadolinium (Gd) (up to 1 mM) and imaged at different strains (up to 50% strains). Adjacent specimens were treated identically and analyzed biochemically by an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer. The T1 profile in the native tissue was found to be both strain-dependent and depth-dependent, while there was no obvious depth-dependence in the degraded tissue. For the native tissue, compression reduced the tissue T1 when Gd in the solution was low (less than 0.4 mM) and increased the tissue T1 when Gd in the solution was high. A set of critical points, where the tissue T1 showed no change at a certain Gd concentration between two different loadings, was observed for the first time in the native tissue. It is concluded that the GAG quantification by MRI was accurate as long as the Gd concentration in the solution reached at least 0.2 mM (tissue not loaded) or 0.4 mM (tissue loaded).
A PV View of the Zonal Mean Distribution of Temperature and Wind in the Extratropical Troposphere

The dependence of the temperature and wind distribution of the zonal mean flow in the extratropical troposphere on the gradient of pontential vorticity along isentropes is examined. The extratropics here refer to the region outside the Hadley circulation. Of particular interest is whether the distribution of temperature and wind corresponding to a constant potential vorticity (PV) along isentropes resembles the observed, and the implications of PV homogenization along isentropes for the role of the tropics. With the assumption that PV is homogenized along isentropes, it is found that the temperature distribution in the extratropical troposphere may be determined by a linear, first-order partial differential equation. When the observed surface temperature distribution and tropical lapse rate are used as the boundary conditions, the solution of the equation is close to the observed temperature distribution except in the upper troposphere adjacent to the Hadley circulation, where the troposphere with no PV gradient is considerably colder. Consequently, the jet is also stronger. It is also found that the meridional distribution of the balanced zonal wind is very sensitive to the meridional distribution of the tropopause temperature. The result may suggest that the requirement of the global momentum balance has no practical role in determining the extratropical temperature distribution. The authors further investigated the sensitivity of the extratropical troposphere with constant PV along isentropes to changes in conditions at the tropical boundary (the edge of the Hadley circulation). It is found that the temperature and wind distributions in the extratropical troposphere are sensitive to the vertical distribution of PV at the tropical boundary. With a surface distribution of temperature that decreases linearly with latitude, the jet maximum occurs at the tropical boundary and moves with it. The overall pattern of wind distribution is not sensitive to the change of the position of the tropical boundary. Finally, the temperature and wind distributions of an extratropical troposphere with a finite PV gradient are calculated. It is found that the larger the isentropic PV gradient, the warmer the troposphere and the weaker the jet.
The scattering of light from thin polymer films. II. Scattering from polyethylene

Polyethylene may be characterized by use of the light scattering technique applied to the solid polymer. The treatment of Debye and Bueche allows one to assign numerical values to this characterization in the form of two parameters, 〈η2〉, the mean square dielectric constant deviation and a size parameter, α, associated with a spacing within the polyethylene microstructure. This spacing has not as yet been definitely identified with regard to the polyethylene crystallites or spherulites. The numerical values obtained of 2000–3000 A. are too large to be crystal edges and too small to be spherulite radii. The magnitude of the mean square dielectric constant deviation from the average should be associated with the amount of inhomogeneity in the solid, that is, the amount of crystallinity. No direct relation has been found in this work, however, between per cent crystallinity as measured by density and the value of ∠η2〉. The study of 〈η2〉 through a melting and cooling cycle shows a hysteresis effect which is dependent on rate of cooling from the molten state. The effect of heating polyethylene on the value of 〈η2〉 parallels a curve of per cent crystallinity vs. temperature. When the sample is cooled there is a point of maximum scattered intensity and maximum 〈η2〉 at about 106.5°C. Study of the value of α in the melting and cooling process shows it is essentially a constant at all temperatures under equilibrium conditions. If α is studied as a function of time after rapid cooling from the melt to 106.5°C., it is found to maximize after about 20 minutes. This implies that there is a definite spacing between crystalline regions in the spherulite and that, once this spacing is reached, further aggregation can occur only by more crystalline material attaching itself to the periphery of the spherulite with the same spacing or consolidation of existing crystalline regions.
Heat Transfer Around Sharp 180 Degree Turns in Smooth Rectangular Channels

Measured Nusselt numbers are presented for forced convection within and around sharp 180 degree turns in smooth channels of rectangular cross section. Separately determined top wall, bottom wall, and side wall values are presented individually along with azimuthal averages. The geometry of the channels and connecting turn is characterized by parameters W*, the ratio of upstream and downstream channel widths; D*, the non-dimensional channel depth; and H*, the non-dimensional clearance at the tip of the turn. Results from nine combinations of these parameters are presented at several values of channel Reynolds number to illustrate the effect of turn geometry on the heat transfer distributions.Copyright © 1985 by ASME
Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitors and Lung Disease: A Paradox of Efficacy and Risk

Objective Tumor necrosis factor inhibitors (TNFi) are being increasingly used for a wide range of indications. There are increasing reports of pulmonary toxicity related to the use of TNFi. In this review, we have attempted to synthesize the available literature regarding noninfectious complications related to TNFi use. Methods We reviewed case reports, case series, and clinical trials accessed from the PubMed database (www.pubmed.gov), European League Against Rheumatism web archive (http://www.abstracts2view.com/eular/index.php), and the British Society of Rheumatology Biologics Register Newsletter website (http://www.rheumatology.org.uk/publications) using 23 search terms. Results There are increasing data available about use of TNFi in treatment of systemic inflammatory rheumatologic disorders and their attempted use for various pulmonary indications. Currently reported noninfectious pulmonary complications related to TNFi use include most commonly granulomatous disease and pulmonary fibrosis/interstitial lung disease and rarely alveolar hemorrhage and antisynthetase syndrome. De novo granulomatous disease seems to be mostly reversible, whereas pulmonary fibrosis carries the worst prognosis especially in the setting of prior lung fibrosis. Conclusions Serious and potentially fatal pulmonary toxicity has been reported during the use of TNFi, specifically from pulmonary fibrosis. Increased awareness during trial design and increased postmarketing surveillance is needed to provide more information about the epidemiology of these complications. Early recognition of these complications may help avert therapeutic misadventures.
Tropical storms and the flood hydrology of the central Appalachians

Flooding from Hurricane Fran is examined as a prototype for central Appalachian flood events that dominate the upper tail of flood peak distributions at basin scales between 100 and 10,000 km 2. Hurricane Fran, which resulted in 34 deaths and more than $3.2 billion in damages, made land fall on the North Carolina coast at 0000 UTC, September 6, 1996. By 1200 UTC on September 6, Fran had weakened to a tropical storm, and the center of circulation was located at the North Carolina-Virginia border. Rain bands surrounding the tropical depression produced extreme rainfall and flooding in Virginia and West Virginia, with the most intense rainfall concentrated near ridge tops in the Blue Ridge and Valley and Ridge physiographic provinces. The most severe flooding occurred in the Shenandoah River watershed of Virginia, where peak discharges exceeded the 100-year magnitude at 11 of 19 U.S. Geological Survey stream-gaging stations. The availability of high-resolution discharge and rainfall data sets provides the opportunity to study the hydrologic and hydrometeorological mechanisms associated with extreme floods produced by tropical storms. Analyses indicate that orographic enhancement of tropical storm precipitation plays a central role in the hydrology of extreme floods in the central Appalachian region. The relationships between drainage network structure and storm motion also play a major role in Appalachian flood hydrology. Runoff processes for Hurricane Fran reflected a mixture of saturation excess and infiltration excess mechanisms. Antecedent soil moisture played a significant role in the hydrology of extreme flooding from Hurricane Fran. Land use, in particular, the presence of forest cover, was of secondary importance to the terrain-based distribution of precipitation in determining extreme flood response.
Conformational stability of a model macrocycle tetraamide: an ab initio study.

Ab initio calculations are carried out to investigate the conformational stability of a model macrocyle tetraamide. The four amide groups in the selected model are present in the sequence: s(OdCNH)sPhs(NHCdO)s CHdCHs(OdCNH)sPhs(NHCdO)sCHdCHs. In this sequence, two phenyl rings and two ethene groups act as bridges between the amide units. Each amide motif bonds to a phenyl ring through its amide nitrogen and to an ethene group through its amide carbon. Four clearly distinct minimum-energy conformations are found upon full geometry optimization using the B3LYP/6-31+G(d) method. Frequency calculations using the same method confirm that the four conformations are indeed minima in the macrocycle potential energy surface. Relative to the most stable conformer, the other conformations are higher in energy by 0.86, 2.09, and 9.17 kcal/mol, respectively, at the MP2/6-31+G(d,p) level. The stability of the macrocycle conformations is correlated primarily to the existence and strength of intramolecular N sH‚‚‚OdC hydrogen bonds. Additional stability to the conformations is found to come from weak PhsH‚‚‚OdC hydrogen bonding between a carbonyl oxygen and a hydrogen atom of a phenyl group. Solvent effects play an important role in the relative energies of the various conformations, as indicated by the simple SCRF ) dipole model calculations for the case of aqueous solution.
Unmet information and support needs in newly diagnosed thyroid cancer: comparison of adolescents/young adults (AYA) and older patients.

Thyroid cancer (TC) is the most common cancer in adolescent and young adult (AYA) females ages 15–29 and second for 30–39. However, little research details the unmet support needs and survivorship concerns of TC patients. TC patients ≥15 years of age at diagnosis completed online surveys through the thyroid cancer survivor (ThyCa) website. Survivors rated the importance of medical/physical (M/Ph), practical, and emotional/psychological (E/Ps) realms of information during diagnosis and treatment, as well as recollection of receiving such information. Comparison was made between AYAs and those ≥40 years at diagnosis. Of 1,113 respondents, most were female (88.3 %), part Caucasian (92.3 %), and treated in academic or private urban settings. More than 80 % of patients rated receiving information about most M/Ph matters very or extremely important and >70 % for most E/Ps concerns. However, few recalled receiving any information besides the surrounding surgery and radioiodine (RAI). AYAs were more often female, non-white, Hispanic, married with children, living with a spouse/significant other, and unemployed at diagnosis (p < 0.001). Significant differences were noted in the importance AYAs placed on many M/Ph and practical matters, but not E/Ps ones. AYAs less commonly recalled receiving information on recurrence (p = 0.038), long-term side effects (p = 0.024), coping strategies (p = 0.049), support groups (p = 0.019), opportunities for meeting other survivors (p = 0.009), or help with treatment decisions (p = 0.036); they reported receiving less overall care for E/Ps concerns (p = 0.016). TC patients place high importance on receiving information regarding most aspects of TC treatment and survivorship care. However, these information needs and survivorship concerns are largely unmet, especially among AYAs. Participating in multidisciplinary and survivorship-focused TC care may alleviate some of these unmet information and support needs.
Synthesis of an elastin component of molecular weight about 70,000 by polysomes from chick embryo aortas

Abstract Polysomes were isolated from aortas of 17-day-old chick embryos, and the synthesis of the nascent polypeptide chains was completed in vitro. When a mixture of a labeled amino acids found in elastin was used, the major radioactive product obtained was of molecular weight about 70,000 and was similar to elastin by several criteria. The 70,000 molecular weight product was extractable in propanol-butanol, it was not labeled with [35S]methionine, and it was precipitated by antibodies against elastin. Polypeptides larger than 70,000 molecular weight were also synthesized but these larger polypeptides incorporated relatively small amounts of [14C]valine, and they appeared to represent proα chains of procollagen. The results suggest that the major gene product for elastin has a molecular weight of about 70,000.
Steroid hormones and monolayers

Der Einfluss verschiedener Vertreter der Steroidhormone auf die Eigenschaften monomolekularer Filme von Cholesterin und Stearinsaure wurde mittels der Langmuir-Waage gepruft. Es konnte kein Eindringen der Steroide in die Filme festgestellt werden, sodass die Vorstellungen von Willmer uber die Wirkungsweise der Steroidhormone experimentell nicht zu stutzen waren.
Mineralogical characteristics and transformations during long-term operation of a zerovalent iron reactive barrier.

Design and operation of Fe{sup 0} permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) can be improved by understanding the long-term mineralogical transformations that occur within PRBs. Changes in mineral precipitates, cementation, and corrosion of Fe{sup 0} filings within an in situ pilot-scale PRB were examined after the first 30 months of operation and compared with results of a previous study of the PRB conducted 15 months earlier using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy employing energy dispersive X-ray and backscatter electron analyses. Iron (oxy)hydroxides, aragonite, and maghemite and/or magnetite occurred throughout the cores collected 30 mo after installation. Goethite, lepidocrocite, mackinawite, aragonite, calcite, and siderite were associated with oxidized and cemented areas, while green rusts were detected in more reduced zones. Basic differences from our last detailed investigation include (i) mackinawite crystallized from amorphous FeS, (ii) aragonite transformed into calcite, (iii) akaganeite transformed to goethite and lepidocrocite, (iv) iron (oxy)hydroxides and calcium and iron carbonate minerals increased, (v) cementation was greater in the more recent study, and (vi) oxidation, corrosion, and disintegration of Fe{sup 0} filings were greater, especially in cemented areas, in the more recent study. If the degree of corrosion and cementation that was observed from 15 to 30 mo aftermore » installation continues, certain portions of the PRB (i.e., up-gradient entrance of the ground water to the Fe{sup 0} section of the PRB) may last less than five more years, thus reducing the effectiveness of the PRB to mitigate contaminants.« less
Agile hardware and software systems engineering for critical military space applications

The Multi Mission Bus Demonstrator (MBD) is a successful demonstration of agile program management and system engineering in a high risk technology application where utilizing and implementing new, untraditional development strategies were necessary. MBD produced two fully functioning spacecraft for a military/DOD application in a record breaking time frame and at dramatically reduced costs. This paper discloses the adaptation and application of concepts developed in agile software engineering to hardware product and system development for critical military applications. This challenging spacecraft did not use existing key technology (heritage hardware) and created a large paradigm shift from traditional spacecraft development. The insertion of new technologies and methods in space hardware has long been a problem due to long build times, the desire to use heritage hardware, and lack of effective process. The role of momentum in the innovative process can be exploited to tackle ongoing technology disruptions and allowing risk interactions to be mitigated in a disciplined manner. Examples of how these concepts were used during the MBD program will be delineated. Maintaining project momentum was essential to assess the constant non recurring technological challenges which needed to be retired rapidly from the engineering risk liens. Development never slowed due to tactical assessment of the hardware with the adoption of the SCRUM technique. We adapted this concept as a representation of mitigation of technical risk while allowing for design freeze later in the program's development cycle. By using Agile Systems Engineering and Management techniques which enabled decisive action, the product development momentum effectively was used to produce two novel space vehicles in a fraction of time with dramatically reduced cost.