cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structure and expression patterns of Drosophila TULP and TUSP, members of the tubby-like gene family.

Tubby is a mouse gene that may provide a model for adult-onset obesity in humans. It is a member of a four gene family in mammals that collectively encode the Tubby-like proteins (TULPs), putative transcription factors which share similar 260 amino acid 'tubby domains' at their C-termini. The mammalian genome also encodes distant relatives of TULPs, which have been called TUSPs (tubby domain superfamily proteins). We have characterized the transcription unit of the single Drosophila TULP homolog, analyzed the expression pattern of the Drosophila TULP and TUSP genes, and determined the evolutionary relationships between the Drosophila proteins and members of the tubby domain superfamily in other organisms. Interestingly, like its mammalian homologs, Drosophila TULP is principally expressed in the embryonic central and peripheral nervous systems. This suggests that mammalian and Drosophila TULPs may possess some conserved functional properties in the nervous system. The Drosophila TUSP gene is also expressed in the central nervous system and olfactory organ but in few other peripheral sensory organs.
A Web Services Integration to Manage Invoice Identification, Metadata Extraction, Storage and Retrieval in a Multi-tenancy SaaS Application

In most invoice transaction, process and payment solutions that provide invoice services to businesses, extensible markup language (XML) invoice data are fed to the invoice services management system using Web services while files composed of a stack of scanned copies of their original invoices are uploaded separately. Values of invoice metadata are then manually inputted into the system as a link reference. However, this manual process is tedious, costly and prone to cause errors.In this paper, we describe a novel method to automatically identify, extract metadata values and separate each individual invoice copy from the stack. The separated invoice copies are then associated and linked with their corresponding XML invoice data by matching their metadata values using Web services integration. Storage and retrieval of these invoice data and files are managed through Web services in an "invoice to cash" multi-tenancy software as a service (SaaS) invoice services management application. This Web application can present XML invoice data along with its corresponding original invoice copy to the customer for review and printing. The service is enhanced with a resolution interface that allows for the manual processing for those invoices that mismatched with the original invoice data or were not recognized by the system. The attachment of the original invoice copy greatly improves invoice clarity, accuracy, reduces the number of disputes and improves customer satisfaction.
Social Interactions in Captive Female Florida Manatees

Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GeorgiaThe Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) is considered a semi-socialspecies with strong bonds developed primarily between mother and offspring.Some ﬁeld studies suggest sociality may be more developed and such socialrelationships may facilitate survival. Seven facilities in Florida house manatees,many of which were brought into captivity because of injury or illness sustained inthe wild. Decisions to release such manatees consider individual history andhealth. We examined social interactions in adult female captive manatees to assesslevel of association and implications for manatee care and release. Weinvestigated the degree of contact among 20 manatees in captivity at fourfacilities housing two to nine adult female manatees. We used all contact behavioroccurrences sampling and continuous recording for 180 continuous minutes perday over 3 consecutive days at each facility. Virtually all contacts were non-aggressive. The number of contacts between manatees increased as the number ofmanatees per unit volume of water increased. Contacts did not ﬁt a Poissondistribution, however, and were not random. When more than two manatees werepresent, manatees only associated with a subset of individuals in the aquarium.Relationships maintained in captivity indicate the potentially social nature ofmanatees, and suggest that further research is needed to examine the beneﬁt ofthese relationships to the health and rehabilitation of manatees in captivity andconservation in the wild. Zoo Biol 24:135–144, 2005.
Examining Family Structure and Half-Sibling Influence on Adolescent Well-Being

Using data from a statewide education project for adolescents (N = 736), this study explored family structure of youth in two-parent families and their influence on coping, sexual activity delay, and substance use. Although research in this area has tended to define family structure by the parent–child relationship, this study emphasized variations in family structure based on sibling relatedness. Results indicate differences when examining “traditional” classifications, as well as classifications based on half-sibling presence, such that those in nuclear families and those without half-siblings are advantaged over other groups. Using groups based on a combination of family structure and half-sibling presence, differences were found between youth in nuclear families and step-nuclear hybrid families (biological and stepchildren). Biological and stepchildren in step-nuclear hybrid families did not significantly differ on any measure. A race by family structure interaction effect was seen for measures of cop...
Media influence on alcohol-control policy support in the U.S. adult population: the intervening role of issue concern and risk judgments.

Data from a national random-digit dial survey (N = 1,272) were analyzed to examine the influence of news media use on alcohol-control policy support, and to test whether risk judgments and concern about alcohol-related risks mediated effects of news media use variables on support for various types of alcohol-control public policies. In so doing, we test the proposition that perceptions influenced by routine coverage of events such as crime or accidents may in part explain news effects on public policy support in the domain of health policy. Analyses indicated that the (positive) influence of attention to news about crime and accidents on support for laws increasing server liability and limiting marketing of alcohol products was mediated by concern about risks of alcohol-related injuries and by perceptions of the alcohol-attributable fraction of homicides and unintended injury fatalities. Tests of model fit suggest that concern precedes the more cognitive risk judgment in the mediation model.
Lg‐wave simulation in heterogeneous crusts with surface topography using screen propagators

SUMMARY We develop a numerical simulation method that can efficiently model the combined effects of large-scale structural variations and small-scale heterogeneities (e.g. random media) on Lg-wave propagation at far regional distances. The approach is based on the generalized screen propagator (GSP) method, which has previously been used to simulate SH Lg waves in complex crustal waveguides. In this paper, we extend the GSP method to treat complex crustal models with irregular or rough topography by incorporating surface flattening transformation into the method. The transformation converts surface perturbations into modified volume perturbations. In this way the range-dependent boundary condition becomes a stress release boundary condition on a flat surface in the new coordinate system where the half-space GSP can be applied. To demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the extended GSP method, synthetic seismograms are generated for various crustal waveguides, including uniform crusts, a Gaussian hill half-space, and crustal models with mild and moderately rough surfaces. The results are compared with those generated by the exact boundary element method. It is shown that the screen method is efficient for modelling the effect of surface topography on Lg waves. The comparison of synthetic seismograms generated by the screen method and the traditional parabolic equation method shows that the screen method can handle wider-angle waves as well as rougher topography than the parabolic equation method. Finally, we apply the method to complex crustal waveguides with both smallscale heterogeneities (random media) and random rough surfaces for Lg propagation to far regional distances. The influence of random heterogeneities and rough surfaces on Lg attenuation is significant.
Faraday/Ion Mass Spectroscopy Dosimeter for Plasma Immersion Ion Implantation/Plasma Doping Processes of Semiconductor Manufacturing

A new method and apparatus called Faraday/ion mass spectroscopy (IMS) dosimeter system is developed and can be used to determine the implanted impurity dose and profile for any molecular or multispecies-based plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII)/plasma doping (PLAD) processes. Good agreement between the boron doses measured by this method and those measured by SIMS has been demonstrated. Because of its direct, real-time, in situ, and close-loop control manner, this method shows a good controllability and repeatability for the PIII/PLAD processes.
Endogenous osteopontin promotes ozone-induced neutrophil recruitment to the lungs and airway hyperresponsiveness to methacholine

Inhalation of ozone (O3), a common environmental pollutant, causes pulmonary injury, pulmonary inflammation, and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) in healthy individuals and exacerbates many of these same sequelae in individuals with preexisting lung disease. However, the mechanisms underlying these phenomena are poorly understood. Consequently, we sought to determine the contribution of osteopontin (OPN), a hormone and a pleiotropic cytokine, to the development of O3-induced pulmonary injury, pulmonary inflammation, and AHR. To that end, we examined indices of these aforementioned sequelae in mice genetically deficient in OPN and in wild-type, C57BL/6 mice 24 h following the cessation of an acute (3 h) exposure to filtered room air (air) or O3 (2 parts/million). In wild-type mice, O3 exposure increased bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) OPN, whereas immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that there were no differences in the number of OPN-positive alveolar macrophages between air- and O3-exposed wild-type mice. O3 exposure also increased BALF epithelial cells, protein, and neutrophils in wild-type and OPN-deficient mice compared with genotype-matched, air-exposed controls. However, following O3 exposure, BALF neutrophils were significantly reduced in OPN-deficient compared with wild-type mice. When airway responsiveness to inhaled acetyl-β-methylcholine chloride (methacholine) was assessed using the forced oscillation technique, O3 exposure caused hyperresponsiveness to methacholine in the airways and lung parenchyma of wild-type mice, but not OPN-deficient mice. These results demonstrate that OPN is increased in the air spaces following acute exposure to O3 and functionally contributes to the development of O3-induced pulmonary inflammation and airway and lung parenchymal hyperresponsiveness to methacholine.
Compound jet instability in a microchannel for mononuclear compound drop formation

A mononuclear compound droplet generation system has been developed based on both the hydrodynamic flow focusing and the solvent exchange method. The results show that the current system provided excellent control over the jet diameters of individual fluid consisting of the compound jet and the resultant compound drop diameters. The compound droplets were controlled in the range of 46–90 µm. The synchronous jet breakup for the mononuclear compound drop generation occurs where x 0.61 and x 0.76, respectively, for the inviscid and viscous capillary velocities. Also, the effect of the solvent diffusion during the jet breakup process and the shear stress on the compound droplet were investigated.
Study of hard x-ray emission from high energy density plasmas

The study of characteristics of hard x-rays and generation of electron beams is very important for High Energy Density Physics (HEDP).The illustration of such a study is performed by using Z-pinch plasma. Specifically, we are studying implosions of different types wire array loads and materials that produce hard x-rays (HXRs) and e-beams. We analyze characteristics of HXR produced by in multi-planar wire arrays such as single planar, double planar, triple planar, cross planar, and compact cylindrical wire arrays. The study of HED plasma from such elements as Al, Cu, Mo, W is important for HEDP. Data from spatially resolved time-integrated and spatially integrated time- gated x-ray spectra recorded by LiF spectrometers, and pinhole images has been analyzed to study spatial distribution of HXR emission with different load and different material. The dependence of the HXR yield and power on the wire material, and geometry of the load is determined. The HXR yield increases with the rise of atomic number of material for all loads. For W plasma, the intensity of cold L-shell spectra (1.39-1.54.) correlates with corresponding amplitude of HXR peaks which may suggest the evidence of generation of electron beams. The HXR yield per unit length increases with the rise of load height (anodecathode gap). The presence of aluminum wires as a tracer to main material like Cu, Mo, W in combined wire arrays decreases HXR yield. It is found that HXRs are generated from different plasma regions by the interaction of e-beam with cooler trailing mass, material of anode and due to thermal radiation from plasma bright spots.
Combination of all-trans retinoic acid and lithium chloride surmounts a retinoid differentiation block induced by expression of Scl and Rbtn2 transcription factors in myeloid leukemia cells

We have previously shown that forced expression of the transcription factor Scl in WEHI-3B D(+) cells prevents ATRA-induced cell differentiation. We now find that the overexpression of Rbtn2 also interferes with induction of differentiation by ATRA. Addition of LiCl to ATRA treatment restored the capacity of both Scl- and Rbtn2-expressing cells to respond to the retinoid in a synergistic manner. Similar results were obtained with Scl-transfected HL60 cells where its expression diminished responsiveness to ATRA. These findings suggest that if Scl and/or Rbtn2 are involved in the non-responsiveness of AML patients to ATRA-induced differentiation, addition of LiCl may reverse insensitivity.
Diagnostic utility of the two methods of ankle brachial index in the detection of peripheral arterial disease of lower extremities.

Background: Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a common disease that is diagnosed with a screening test called the Ankle Brachial Index (ABI). Different methods of ABI have been described in the literature. We wanted to estimate and compare the sensitivity and specificity of an alternative method of calculating the ABI (LAP ABI, low ankle pressure ABI) with the current method (named high ankle pressure (HAP)), using digital subtraction angiography (DSA) as the gold standard. Methods: We reviewed the records of all patients who had undergone DSA at a major academic center between August 2003 and October 2005.The study includes 107 patients/208 limbs. Inclusion criteria included patients with an ABI performed within 30 days prior to the DSA. Patients with noncompressible vessels and ABI >1.40 were excluded. Abnormal ABI was defined as ≤0.9 for both methods. Disease on angiogram was defined as the presence of 50% or more stenosis of any lower extremity artery from the aorto–illiac bifurcation to the ankle arteries. Results: The sensitivity of the HAP and LAP ABI for the diagnosis of PAD was 69 and 84%, respectively (P < 0.001). The specificity of the HAP and the LAP method was 83 and 64% respectively (P < 0.01). The overall accuracy of LAP ABI and HAP ABI was 80 and 72%, respectively. Conclusions: The LAP ABI has better sensitivity and overall accuracy in comparison to the HAP ABI to diagnose PAD. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Women's involvement in clinical trials: historical perspective and future implications.

The importance of considering the differences between the male and female sex in clinical decision-making is crucial. However, it has been acknowledged in recent decades that clinical trials have not always adequately enrolled women or analyzed sex-specific differences in the data. As these deficiencies have hindered the progress of understanding women’s response to medications, agencies in the United States have worked towards the inclusion of women in clinical trials and appropriate analysis of sex-specific data from clinical trials. This review outlines the history and progress of women’s inclusion in clinical trials for prescription drugs and presents considerations for researchers, clinicians, and academicians on this issue.
Conversational Maxims and Some Philosophical Problems

Expose de la theorie des maximes conversationnelles de Grice et application de celle-ci a divers problemes concernant la reference, la distinction de re/de dicto pour les croyances, le paradoxe de Moore et celui du Menteur.
Effects of environmental factors on phase variation in larval cotton leafworms, Alabama argillacea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Phase variation in cotton leafworm larvae was characterized using six color categories, ranging from green with yellow longitudinal bands to velvety black. A density-dependent relationship was found between percentage of black larvae and degree of crowding in field-collected larvae. Controlled experiments confirmed that crowding affected degree of larval phase variation. Exposure to crowding during the second and third instar had the greatest effect upon melanization expressed in the fifth instar. Phase variation of crowded larvae reared under photoperiods of LD 14:10 or LD 12:12 were similar. However, the degree of melanization in larvae reared at 18°C was greater than that of larvae reared at 27.5°C.
Comparative Susceptibility of Four Strains of Aedes Aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) to Infection with Dirofilaria Immitis

Susceptibility to infection with Dirofilaria immitis was studied in 4 strains of Aedes aegypti (Rock, Vero Beach, BLACK-EYE and Liverpool). Arrested development was the most important manifestation of resistance in the Rock and Vero Beach strains, whereas the trapping of parasites in the midgut and arrested development of microfilariae were equally important in the BLACK-EYE strain. Midgut resistance was the most important factor limiting the establishment of D. immitis in the Liverpool strain. Melanization played only a minor role in the strains examined. Virtually all mosquitoes examined could be placed in 1 of 2 groups: mosquitoes in which most parasites underwent larval development, and those in which most parasites were arrested in the microfilarial stage. The percentages of mosquitoes harboring 80♂100% developing larvae throughout the infection period, reflecting their relative susceptibilities to D. immitis , were: Rock, 1%; Vero Beach, 21%; BLACK-EYE, 37%; and Liverpool, 56%.
Nonmotor functions of the cerebellum: An introduction

The concept of nonmotor functions of the cerebellum (little cerebrum)[1][1] is an intriguing proposal that has garnered little attention in the past but has become a relatively recent focal point for neuroscience investigators. The preponderance of anatomic and clinical evidence supporting the
Naegleria fowleri That Induces Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis: Rapid Diagnosis and Rare Case of Survival in a 12-Year-Old Caucasian Girl

Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) is a rare and almost always fatal disease that is caused by Naegleria fowleri, a freshwater thermophilic amoeba. Our case involves an adolescent female who presented with fever of unknown origin. A lumbar puncture was performed, and the Wright-Giemsa and Gram stained cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytospin slides showed numerous organisms. Experienced medical technologists in the microbiology and hematology laboratories identified the organisms as morphologically consistent with Naegleria species. The laboratory made a rapid diagnosis and alerted emergency department care providers within 75 minutes. The patient was treated for PAM with amphotericin, rifampin, azithromycin, fluconazole and aggressive supportive therapy including dexamethasone. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) was contacted, and miltefosine, an investigational medication, was started. Additional treatment included an intraventricular shunt and controlled hypothermia in order to mitigate potential cerebral edema. Our patient is a rare success story, as she was diagnosed swiftly, successfully treated, and survived PAM.
Strengthening sociological research through public records requests

Sociologists rarely attempt to obtain public records through freedom of information requests (FOIR), despite the numerous ways such requests can contribute to social research. FOIR refers to the pr...
Perineal Approach to the Penile Suspensory Ligament During Urethroplasty

AbstractThe simple maneuver of inverting the penis into the perineum during urethral sleeve resection and urethroplasty permits direct access to the penile suspensory ligament. Division of the ligament can then be performed under direct vision with good hemostatic control.
Sets of synaptic currents paired by common presynaptic or postsynaptic neurons

1. In the buccal ganglia of Aplysia, presynaptic neurons B4 and B5 produce similar inhibitory postsynaptic currents (PSCs) in several postsynaptic follower cells. Previous work has shown that both duration and amplitude of these PSCs vary, that each parameter may be altered transiently by manipulating presynaptic activity, and that these variations affect synaptic efficacy. 2. To permit synapse-to-synapse comparisons, the mean and coefficient of variation (CV) of both peak conductance (gpeak) and time constant of decay (tau) were determined for sets of synaptic currents evoked by direct intracellular stimulation of presynaptic neurons. For 56 synapses, gpeak = 0.40 +/- 0.33 (SD) microS for a CV of 0.83, and tau = 19.7 +/- 4.0 ms for a CV of 0.20. The synapse-to-synapse variability was within 5% of values obtained from a previous population. 3. The relative contributions of presynaptic and postsynaptic factors to efficacy and variability of PSCs were examined by recordings from two classes of three-cell networks and by comparing values of gpeak and tau at synapses sharing a common presynaptic or postsynaptic neuron. 4. In the first case, paired presynaptic inputs from B4 and B5 converged on a common postsynaptic cell. For 16 examples of this case, mean values of both gpeak and tau recorded in a single follower cell, but produced by different presynaptic neurons, were significantly closer than those recorded in different followers (P less than 0.001). The common postsynaptic cell did not constrain variability of these parameters; CVs for paired synapses were not significantly different from the population (P greater than 0.1).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and lymphoma.

The development of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors and their introduction into clinical practice represent a major advance in the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and other B-cell lymphomas. Although ibrutinib is the only BTK inhibitor that has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration, several others are under investigation. Ibrutinib is currently approved for use in relapsed/refractory CLL, CLL with 17p deletion (del[17p]), relapsed or refractory mantle cell lymphoma, and Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia. Although it is clear that ibrutinib has altered treatment paradigms and outcomes in these diseases, several questions remain regarding (1) its role in frontline vs salvage therapy; (2) its use as a single agent vs in combination with biologic agents, other small molecules, or traditional chemoimmunotherapy; (3) the optimal duration of treatment; and (4) the treatment of patients who cannot tolerate or have disease resistant to ibrutinib. Because sparse clinical data are available on other BTK inhibitors, it is unclear at present whether their clinical efficacy and toxicity will differ from those of ibrutinib.
Parathyroid Tissue Versus Thyroid Tissue

A common pitfall in the diagnosis of thyroid nodules is the inadvertent sampling of parathyroid tissue, which may be difficult to distinguish from thyroid tissue on FNA due to similar cytologic features. Parathyroid cells are usually loosely clustered into small groups, often with a syncytial arrangement forming branching, loose, two-dimensional clusters. Microfollicular architecture is prevalent on ThinPrep preparations and this may contribute to overinterpretation of parathyroid tissue as follicular neoplasm of the thyroid. Parathyroid cells on ThinPrep preparations show round, centrally placed nuclei with stippled nuclear chromatin. The nuclei often appear smaller and darker on ThinPrep preparations than on corresponding FNA smears. The cytoplasm is scant to moderate. In addition to pathologic features, clinical features and radiologic appearance of the lesion are also helpful to differentiate between thyroid and parathyroid tissue. When the diagnosis is in doubt, parathyroid hormone immunohistochemical stain should be performed and positive PTH stain will confirm parathyroid origin.
Retrotransposon‐derived p53 binding sites enhance telomere maintenance and genome protection

Tumor suppressor protein 53 (p53) plays a central role in the control of genome stability, acting primarily through the transcriptional activation of stress-response genes. However, many p53 binding sites are located at genomic locations with no obvious regulatory-link to known stress-response genes. We recently discovered p53 binding sites within retrotransposon-derived elements in human and mouse subtelomeres. These retrotransposon-derived p53 binding sites protected chromosome ends through transcription activation of telomere repeat RNA, as well as through the direct modification of local chromatin structure in response to DNA damage. Based on these findings, I hypothesize that a class of p53 binding sites, including the retrotransposon-derived p53-sites found in subtlomeres, provide a primary function in genome stability by mounting a direct and local protective chromatin-response to DNA damage. I speculate that retrotransposon-derived p53 binding sites share features with telomere-repeats through an evolutionary drive to monitor and maintain genome integrity.
Association of femoral head and acetabular fractures on computerized tomography: correlation with the Judet-Letournel classification

Tha aims of this study were to identify the incidence of femoral head fractures in the setting of acetabular fractures and to determine the relationship between acetabular fracture pattern, the degree of acetabular fracture displacement, and the incidence of femoral head fractures. This is a retrospective cross-sectional study of 274 patients with 300 acetabular fractures diagnosed on pelvic CT. Acetabular fractures were categorized using the Judet-Letournel classification system. Femoral head fractures were present in 18.0% of acetabular fractures. Fracture patterns with a posterior wall component had a very high (56.3%) incidence of femoral head fracture. Anterior column and anterior column with posterior hemitransverse fractures have a very low (3.4%) incidence of femoral head fracture. Anterior hip dislocation had a 66.7% incidence of femoral head fracture, while posterior dislocation had a 71.9% incidence. Acetabular fractures displaced by more than 5 mm had a 26.9% incidence of femoral head fracture, while acetabular fracture displaced less than 5 mm had only 4.2% incidence of femoral head fracture. Femoral head fractures are a very common associated finding in patients presenting with acetabular fractures. In patients with a posterior wall component of the fracture or associated hip dislocation, a femoral head fracture is more likely than not present. Conversely, in acetabular fractures with less than 5 mm displacement or anterior column fractures without posterior acetabular involvement, femoral head fractures are very unlikely in the absence of a dislocation event.
Lossiness of Communication Channels Modeled by Transducers

We provide an automata-theoretic approach to analyzing an abstract channel modeled by a transducer and to characterizing its lossy rates. In particular, we look at related decision problems and show the boundaries between the decidable and undecidable cases.
CP violation - A probe of Nature's Grand Design

Abstract CP violation has so far been observed in one system only, namely in the decays of neutral kaons, and it can still be described by a single real quantity corresponding to a superweak scenario. In these lectures I describe why limitations on CP invariance are a particularly fundamental phenomenon and what experimental information is available. The KM ansatz constitutes the minimal implementation of CP violation: without requiring unknown degrees of freedom it can reproduce the known CP phenomenology. It unequivocally predicts large or even huge CP asymmetries of various kinds in the decays of beauty hadrons. New theoretical technologies will enable us in the foreseeable future to express at least some of these predictions in a quantitatively reliable fashion. There is tremendous potential for discovering New Physics in beauty transitions. Continuing efforts in strange decays and further dedicated searches for electric dipole moments and for CP asymmetries in charm decays are likewise essential for ...
Assessing the degradation of tau in primary neurons: The role of autophagy

Tau is a neuronal cytosolic, highly regulated protein. Although first identified as a protein that binds and stabilizes microtubules, it is now clear that tau plays numerous other roles in neurons. In addition to its key physiological roles in neuronal structure and function, tau is also involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and numerous other neurodegenerative disorders. In all tauopathies, there are pathogenic accumulations of tau. Given that tau homeostasis requires a balance of synthesis and degradation, understanding the pathways that mediate tau clearance and regulate this process in the disease state is of fundamental importance. In neurons, macroautophagy (referred to as autophagy in this chapter) plays a pivotal role in clearing damaged or misfolded proteins under normal conditions. However, in the disease state autophagy is impaired and tau may not be efficiently targeted for degradation which contributes to the increases in pathological tau species. Therefore, establishing model systems that allow for the analysis of tau clearance by autophagy and quantitative assessment of interventions that increase autophagy and tau clearance are needed. Of particular importance is the use of primary neurons as a model system, as they are more reflective of the relevant in vivo autophagy pathway than clonal or immortalized cell models. In this chapter we present detailed methods for the preparation of neurons, immunoblotting and imaging analyses, genetic and pharmacological manipulation of autophagy with analyses, and methods to quantitatively measure changes in tau and phospho-tau levels.
Correction to: Nuclear, chloroplast, and mitochondrial data of a US cannabis DNA database.

The original version of this article contained a mistake. In page 10 of the original article, the significant level (p > 0.01) is incorrect. The correct significant level is (p < 0.01). The original article has been corrected.
Dicamba Herbicide Demonstration for Soybean

Soybean varieties tolerant to dicamba herbicides became available in 2017. Dicamba-tolerant soybean varieties are genetically modified to tolerate pre-emergence and post-emergence applications of dicamba herbicides. Dicamba herbicides offer a new site of action of weed control in soybean. Dicamba herbicides applied in soybean will provide broadleaf weed control without crop injury. This study was conducted to demonstrate the application of dicamba herbicides to dicamba-tolerant soybean varieties for the control of waterhemp.
Primary Care Clinicians Attitudes and Knowledge of Pharmacogenetics in a Large, Multi-state, Healthcare System.

Background: Considerable progress has been made in the way of pharmacogenetic research and the development of clinical recommendations; however, its implementation into clinical practice has been slower than anticipated. We sought to better understand its lack of clinical uptake within primary care. Aim: The primary objective of this survey was to ascertain primary care clinicians’ perceptions of pharmacogenetic use and implementation in an integrated health system of metropolitan and rural settings across several states. Methods: Primary care clinicians (including MDs, DOs, NPs, and PAs) were invited to participate in a survey via email. Questions about pharmacogenetics knowledge and perceptions were presented to assess current understanding and usage of pharmacogenetics in practice. Results: The rate of response for the survey was 17%. Of the 90 respondents, 58% were female, 69% were MDs/DOs, 20% were NPs, and 11% were PAs. Fifty-eight percent of respondents received their clinical degree in or after 2000. Ninety percent of respondents noted that they were uncomfortable ordering a pharmacogenetics test, with 76% stating they were uncomfortable applying the results of a pharmacogenetic test. Notably, 78% of respondents were interested in having pharmacogenetic testing available through Medication Therapy Management (MTM) services, although PAs were significantly less interested as compared to NPs and MD/DOs. Ninety-five percent of respondents were interested in a clinical decision support tool relevant to pharmacogenetic results. Conclusions: As a whole, prescribing clinicians in primary care clinics are uncomfortable in the ordering, interpreting, and applying pharmacogenetic results to individual patients. However, favorable attitudes towards providing pharmacogenetic testing through existing MTM clinics provides the opportunity for pharmacists to advance existing practices. Conflict of Interest: We declare no conflicts of interest or financial interests that the authors or members of their immediate families have in any product or service discussed in the manuscript, including grants (pending or received), employment, gifts, stock holdings or options, honoraria, consultancies, expert testimony, patents and royalties Treatment of Human Subjects: IRB determined project was non-HSR Type: Student Project
Basic Electrical Concepts

In the brief survey of the EEG machine in the last chapter, many terms relating to electrical phenomena were used. We encountered terms like electric current, voltage, AC, DC, and electric circuit, to name a few. Thus far, these terms have gone undefined. To understand how the EEG machine does its job, some knowledge of these and other electrical concepts is essential. This is not to say that the EEG technician or neurology resident need to become adept in the area of physics, electronics, and electrical engineering. On the other hand, without some understanding of these concepts the EEG machine becomes a strange and mysterious device rather than a practical tool for recording a patient’s EEG.
Development of Attachment and Other Social Behaviors in Rhesus Monkeys

The study of human social development has traditionally encountered formidable ethical, practical, and theoretical obstacles. Researchers striving to collect developmental data from human infants and young children have universally been faced with probably the most rigorous ethical constraints to be found in all the behavioral sciences. Parents, teachers, and professional caretakers are quite properly zealous guardians of their children’s welfare. Not surprisingly, their views regarding what constitutes a harmless experimental manipulation often do not coincide with those of the child researchers, and in our society there is little question whose views ultimately prevail. Consequently, investigators of human social development are limited in what they are able to do to their subjects and in the nature and duration of data they can collect. Manipulations bordering on the trite and trivial tend to be the rule, while data collected rarely transcend observational descriptions or scores on some predetermined test, and even more rarely cover more than a few hours of a given subject’s lifetime.
Measuring accounts receivable performance: a comprehensive method

Nonperforming assets, such as accounts receivable, are frequently cited as sources of financial difficulty for hospitals. Yet, many hospitals, relying on the traditional measure of accounts receivable--days revenue outstanding--may not have a true grasp of the real cost of their accounts receivable. The author discusses the costs imposed on a hospital by accounts receivable and describes three cost components that must be calculated if the true cost of accounts receivable is to be determined and controlled.
Chapter 16 Spinal reflexes

Publisher Summary Reflexes are stereotyped motor actions evoked by specific sensory stimuli. The clinical usefulness of reflexes is well established. Reflexes are important in the study of movement disorders for several reasons. Reflexes play a normal role in adjusting movements in response to changes in sensory feedback. Muscle, joint and skin afferents will each be activated in a quite distinct way during a movement, signaling displacement of individual joints, pressure on particular regions of the skin, or stretch of certain muscles. These multisensory signals feed back to the motor system and reinforce the expected movement. Abnormal reflex responses are a characteristic of many movement disorders. Reflexes are also important in the study of movement disorders because they can provide a non-invasive means for assessing the central nervous system and exploring changes in the strength of the connections of spinal interneurons. Simple reflexes, such as the stretch reflex, can be used as a tool to assess the excitability of motor neurons in patients with movement disorders. Spinal reflexes, defined as those whose circuitry lies within the spinal cord, can be categorized as either excitatory or inhibitory.
Transmission Media in Networks

Recently, fiber and wireless have taken over most of the media space of copper, cables, and electrical conductors in the world of communications, especially in the United States. The choice of media for high-speed services differs from country to country. When it is necessary to deploy the plain old telephone service lines to provide Internet type of services (twisted wire-pair), copper media can still be a reasonable choice. In this chapter, we present a very short glimpse at this phenomenal migration in the choice for media from copper to fiber and from copper to wireless.
The Anatomy of Stress Incontinence: Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Female Bladder Neck and Urethra

Clinical, urodynamic, radiological and endoscopic evaluations as well as operative results on more than 800 cases of stress incontinence treated at our medical center have led to a better understanding of the pathophysiology of female stress incontinence. We attempt to correlate these physiological concepts with information obtained from magnetic resonance images of the paraurethral and bladder neck areas in patients with known stress incontinence and normal controls. All magnetic resonance images were compared to cadaver step sections of the female pelvis. Normal controls without stress incontinence were used to define normal anatomy by magnetic resonance imaging. Etiology of incontinence was divided into either intrinsic urethral damage or anatomical malposition of an intact sphincteric unit. Our findings not only provide valuable support to basic concepts of the pathophysiology of stress incontinence but also help to establish normal findings of female paraurethral and bladder neck anatomy as seen by magnetic resonance imaging.
Activation of Anxiogenic Circuits Instigates Resistance to Diet-Induced Obesity via Increased Energy Expenditure

Summary Anxiety disorders are associated with body weight changes in humans. However, the mechanisms underlying anxiety-induced weight changes remain poorly understood. Using Emx1Cre/+ mice, we deleted the gene for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the cortex, hippocampus, and some amygdalar subregions. The resulting mutant mice displayed impaired GABAergic transmission and elevated anxiety. They were leaner when fed either a chow diet or a high-fat diet, owing to higher sympathetic activity, basal metabolic rate, brown adipocyte thermogenesis, and beige adipocyte formation, compared to control mice. BDNF re-expression in the amygdala rescued the anxiety and metabolic phenotypes in mutant mice. Conversely, anxiety induced by amygdala-specific Bdnf deletion or administration of an inverse GABAA receptor agonist increased energy expenditure. These results reveal that increased activities in anxiogenic circuits can reduce body weight by promoting adaptive thermogenesis and basal metabolism via the sympathetic nervous system and suggest that amygdalar GABAergic neurons are a link between anxiety and metabolic dysfunction.
Entropy and Mixing Entropy for Weakly Nonlinear Mechanical Vibrating Systems.

In this paper, we examine Khinchin’s entropy for two weakly nonlinear systems of oscillators. We study a system of coupled Duffing oscillators and a set of Henon–Heiles oscillators. It is shown that the general method of deriving the Khinchin’s entropy for linear systems can be modified to account for weak nonlinearities. Nonlinearities are modeled as nonlinear springs. To calculate the Khinchin’s entropy, one needs to obtain an analytical expression of the system’s phase volume. We use a perturbation method to do so, and verify the results against the numerical calculation of the phase volume. It is shown that such an approach is valid for weakly nonlinear systems. In an extension of the author’s previous work for linear systems, a mixing entropy is defined for these two oscillators. The mixing entropy is the result of the generation of entropy when two systems are combined to create a complex system. It is illustrated that mixing entropy is always non-negative. The mixing entropy provides insight into the energy behavior of each system. The limitation of statistical energy analysis motivates this study. Using the thermodynamic relationship of temperature and entropy, and Khinchin’s entropy, one can define a vibrational temperature. Vibrational temperature can be used to derive the power flow proportionality, which is the backbone of the statistical energy analysis. Although this paper is motivated by statistical energy analysis application, it is not devoted to the statistical energy analysis of nonlinear systems.
High contrast power Doppler imaging using intravascular ultrasound

The ability to predict likelihood of plaque rupture could be used to determine the course of treatment in coronary artery disease. One indicator of vulnerability is intra-plaque neovascularization, the development of blood vessels within plaque. In order to visualize these vessels with rotational, side-viewing intravascular ultrasound (IVUS), a new approach for imaging blood flow in small vessels is proposed based on compounding adjacent angular acquisitions. This approach was evaluated in tissue mimicking phantoms and ex vivo porcine vessels using both conventional and singular value decomposition (SVD) filtering. Flow was imaged at a rate of 5.6 mm/s in 200 μm tubes adjacent to the lumen of ex vivo porcine arteries to mimic microvessels. As a result of compounding, the Doppler CNR increased from 5.3 ± 0.95 to 7.2 ± 1.3 (conventional filtering) and from 23 ± 3.3 to 32 ± 6.7 (SVD filtering). Applying these strategies could allow increased sensitivity to slow flow in side-viewing intravascular ultrasound imaging.
“College for All” and Work-Based Learning: Two Reconcilable Differences

The decades-old divide between the “College for All” consensus and the “School-to-Work” campaign in education and workforce policy circles is out of step with the lived experiences of millions of young people who are currently working and learning, especially those who are low income, people of color, immigrants, and first-generation college goers in the United States. We examine the history of this divide and illustrate that young people, and the many programs that serve them, are bridging the worlds of college and career pathways.
Strategies for progression in a PhD nursing program within a transition model.

Background There is a need for interventions to improve the PhD pipeline for nursing program enrollment. PhD nursing students who have navigated the program successfully are in a strategic position to help by sharing their stories. Several strategies for successful completion of a PhD program and some common expected barriers have been documented in the literature. Method The authors used personal reflections from their first and second years of study in a PhD nursing program to identify strategies to progress through a program. The personal reflections were analyzed by their student cohort and a faculty advisor using the Bridges' Transition Model as a theoretical framework. The cohort members included five females and one male, ages 29-48, attending a PhD nursing program in the Southeastern, US. Results The following strategies were identified from the personal reflections: seeking and offering support within your cohort; establishing a relationship with mentors; identifying and using a reference manager; mastering time management; soaking up statistics; and focusing on your focus. The strategies listed above occurred within the ending and/or neutral zone phases of the Bridges' Transition Model. Conclusion It is important to note the early phases of transition and need for success strategies in these specific phases of transition. PhD nursing students are in a strategic position to positively influence the PhD pipeline by providing personal reflections that inform future PhD nursing students as well as PhD nursing programs.
The illiberal east: the gender and sexuality of the imagined geography of Eurasia in Armenia

In this article, I investigate the ways in which Armenian right-wing nationalists understand the particularities of Armenian culture that stand apart from what they deem ‘Western values’, such as h...
Quantum Algorithm for a Convergent Series of Approximations towards the Exact Solution of the Lowest Eigenstates of a Hamiltonian

We present quantum algorithms, for Hamiltonians of linear combinations of local unitary operators, for Hamiltonian matrix-vector products and for preconditioning with the inverse of shifted reduced Hamiltonian operator that contributes to the diagonal matrix elements only. The algorithms implement a convergent series of approximations towards the exact solution of the full CI (configuration interaction) problem. The algorithm scales with O(m^5 ), with m the number of one-electron orbitals in the case of molecular electronic structure calculations. Full CI results can be obtained with a scaling of O(nm^5 ), with n the number of electrons and a prefactor on the order of 10 to 20. With low orders of Hamiltonian matrix-vector products, a whole repertoire of approximations widely used in modern electronic structure theory, including various orders of perturbation theory and/or truncated CI at different orders of excitations can be implemented for quantum computing for both routine and benchmark results at chemical accuracy. The lowest order matrix-vector product with preconditioning, basically the second-order perturbation theory, is expected to be a leading algorithm for demonstrating quantum supremacy for Ab Initio simulations, one of the most anticipated real world applications. The algorithm is also applicable for the hybrid variational quantum eigensolver.
Critical Factors in Subgrade Rutting Failures of Airfield Mats over Soft Soils under Static Loading

Abstract Subgrade rutting failures in matting structures present a unique challenge in expedient airfields. Mats are often constructed over existing soft subgrades and can experience aircraft with ...