cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using ambient concentrations as proxy for methane flux measurements from rice fields

Abstract Ambient concentrations of trace gases near their sources carry precise information about the emission rates. In this paper we use ambient measurements of methane near rice fields to estimate the emissions and compare them to actual flux measurements. The data are from a seven-year study of rice fields in China when both emissions and ambient concentrations were measured. The calculations are based on an empirical model of the dilution factor that relates emissions from the rice fields to the ambient concentrations caused by these emissions. The relationship is derived from the first year of the experiment (base year — 1988) and then applied to subsequent years (1989–1994) using only ambient measurements near the rice fields, to estimate methane emissions. The ambient data are about an order of magnitude fewer than the data for the direct flux measurements. Yet, the results of the ambient proxy calculations of flux are in agreement with the seasonal patterns and whole season emissions measured from the direct flux measurements. The seasonally averaged fluxes for each year agree to within ± 25%. There is a close agreement between the actual flux measurements and the proxy estimates of the seasonal pattern of emissions in the composite of all years of data (± 10 %). The seasonally averaged emissions over all seven years are nearly the same between the proxy] and actual measurements at about 30 mg/m=/hr (within 2%).These results are an independent validation of the direct flux measurements taken at this site.
Low-temperature catalytic carbon monoxide oxidation over hydrous and anhydrous palladium oxide powders

Abstract Low-temperature CO oxidation was carried out over hydrous and anhydrous PdO powders to examine the effects of surface water species. Hydrous PdO exhibits 100% CO conversion even at room temperature, whereas hydrous PdO pretreated in He at 400 °C and anhydrous PdO do not exhibit significant CO oxidation activity even at 100 °C. Approximately one-half of the CO is oxidized catalytically over hydrous PdO by gas-phase oxygen, whereas oxygen contained in the solid oxidizes the rest of the CO by a gas–solid reaction. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) data indicate that the water is present in hydrous PdO as hydroxyl groups and not molecular water. Without the presence of these hydroxyl groups, CO oxidation does not occur. During CO oxidation, metallic Pd forms and hydroxyl groups may react to form water, resulting in significant activity decay. The metallic Pd is inactive for catalytic CO oxidation at the temperatures used in this study. As the reaction temperature is increased from 30 to 100 °C, subsurface hydroxyl groups migrate to the surface, partially restoring the catalytic activity.
Validation of the Learning Style Survey: An Interactive Videodisc Instrument

This article is an account of the design, development and evaluation of the interactive videodisc Learning Style Survey, an instrument based on sections of the paper-pencil version of the Hill Cognitive Style Interest Inventory. Psychometric properties of the instrument are discussed, including face, content, and construct validity as well as stability, equivalence, and internal consistency. Suggestions for the possible use of the instrument in the identification of learning style for the improved instructional success of low-literate adults are included.
“Bluejackets and Bolsheviks” The U.S. Navy's Landings at Murmansk: April 1918–December 1919

Ostensibly prompted by fears their shipments of war material and supplies to the Russian government for use in the war against Germany would fall into the wrong hands after the Russian Revolutions toppled the Tsar and ensuing Provisional government, in late 1918 and 1919 the Western Allies (Britain, France, and the United States) sent military forces to protect this material. This article examines the motives for and nature of U.S. military intervention on Russian soil through the prism of the experiences of the U.S. Navy and Marine corps’ participation in this effort.
Micromechanical properties of amorphous carbon coatings deposited by different deposition techniques

Abstract Amorphous carbon coatings about 20 nm thick are commonly used as an overcoat on magnetic thin-film rigid disks and tape and disk head surfaces to improve their wear performance. In this study, we deposited amorphous carbon coatings with thicknesses ranging from 20 to 400 nm on single-crystal silicon substrates by four deposition processes: cathodic arc, ion beam deposition, r.f.-plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition, and r.f. sputtering. R.f.-sputtered SiC coatings were also deposited for comparison. The hardness, elastic modulus, and scratch resistance of these coatings were measured by nanoindentation and microscratching using a nanoindenter. The cathodic arc carbon coatings followed by sputtered SiC coatings exhibited the highest hardness, elastic modulus, scratch resistance/adhesion, and residual compressive stresses. The critical load, a measure of the scratch resistance/adhesion of the coating, increases with thickness. The cathodic arc coatings of lower thicknesses (~ 30 nm ) exhibited instant damage when the normal load exceeded the critical load, whereas thick coatings (greater than or equal to 100 nm) exhibited gradual damage through the formation of tensile cracks. The sputtered carbon coatings exhibited damage to the coating at very low loads and ploughing of the tip into the coating occurred right from the beginning of the scratch.
Communities, technology, and civic intelligence

In this paper, we ask what it would take to envision and support collective intelligence that was socially and environmentally ameliorative. To help answer that question we introduce the concept of "civic intelligence" as a manifestation of collective intelligence that could serve the needs of researchers and practitioners working at the intersection of communities and technology. We build a case for its importance and relevance, and provide several examples, and some preliminary models and frameworks. We also discuss implications for members of this community. We argue that an examination of the social context is critical and that a civic intelligence orientation surfaces important research questions. We present some thoughts on future projects that would help promote understanding about civic intelligence while improving it. Finally we present some choices before us as we move forward in an environment that is dynamic and uncertain.
Covering and packing in graphs IV: Linear arboricity

The linear arboricity of a graph is the minimum number of linear forests into which its lines can be decomposed. We find that the linear arboricity of every 4-regular graph is 3. This result enables us to obtain bounds for the linear arboricity of any graph in terms of its maximum degree.
Antisocial Patients: a Comparison of Those with and Those Without Childhood Conduct Disorder

The purpose of this study was to compare persons with antisocial personality disorder (ASP) with those who meet the adult criteria for ASP but fail to meet the criteria for childhood conduct disorder. Sociodemographic data, medical history, and psychiatric symptoms exhibited during a recent hospital admission were compared in the two groups by chart review. The two groups were virtually indistinguishable, except that patients without childhood conduct disorder were less likely to smoke or consume alcohol, were less likely to have spent time in a training school/boot camp as a child or adolescent, were less likely to have been admitted for a recent suicide attempt, and were less likely to have conned others. We conclude that persons meeting the adult criteria for ASP but not the childhood conduct disorder criteria essentially suffer the same disorder as those who meet full ASP criteria but are less severely affected.
Cancer risk assessment: quality and impact of the family history interview.

Background: Identification of individuals at high risk for colon and breast cancer requires an adequate family history assessment and can influence cancer screening and genetic testing decisions. Little data exist that evaluate the completeness of the family history interview in primary care. Methods: Retrospective chart review of 995 new patient visits to 28 primary care physicians evaluating the completeness of the family cancer history for colon or breast cancer. Family history information was evaluated for inclusion of age at diagnosis, degree of kinship, and specification of disease of interest. Results: Family history information on cancer diagnoses was collected on 679 (68%) of the patients. Specific information regarding the individual affected and the cancer diagnosis was present in 414 (61%) of the records. Affected first-degree relatives were more likely to have their age of cancer diagnosis recorded than second-degree relatives (39%, 95% confidence interval [CI]=34%–44% vs 16%, 95% CI=12%–20%). Age at diagnosis of cancer in first-degree relatives was documented in 51% of colon cancers, 38% of breast cancers, and 27% of ovarian cancers. Only 17% of individuals who meet criteria for early-onset breast cancer genetic testing were referred for genetic services. Conclusions: Adequate cancer risk assessment using family history information requires age at cancer diagnosis and specification of a cancer diagnosis. Age at diagnosis was frequently missing from family history assessments, which could have a potential impact on identification of high-risk individuals. When family history information does identify high-risk individuals, only the minority are referred for genetic services.
Studies of two species of Phellinus in Western North America

The original description ofFomes occidentalis Overh, is validated by a Latin diagnosis. The new combinationsPhellinus occidentalis andPhellinus repandus are proposed. These fungi are known only from western North America. Morphological characters of basidiocarps and cultures of the two species are given with data on their distribution, substratum relationships, associated rot, and relation to similar species.
Improved processing technique for dichromated gelatin holograms

An improved processing technique is described which reliably produces high quality holograms of uniform brightness.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Modeling aerosol bolus dispersion in human airways

Abstract Aerosol bolus dispersion has attracted attention due to its value in non-invasive clinical diagnosis of lung function and also due to its influence on particle deposition in the pulmonary region of the lung. The two salient observations from bolus dispersion experiments are that (1) dispersion increases linearly with inhaled volume and (2) dispersion is higher in a diseased lung than a healthy one for similar volume penetration. A number of plausible causes for dispersion have been proposed and discussed in the literature. However, a clear physical mechanism responsible for dispersion is still not available. Using a simple hypothesis for convective mixing, we propose an approximate physically based model to quantify bolus dispersion in the human airways. We then develop a computational model to simulate dispersion in the human lung and compare the model predictions to experimental data. This simple model, employing no adjustable parameters, predicts many observations of bolus dispersion.
The differential method for grating efficiencies implemented in mathematica

Abstract We have implemented the differential method in Mathematica™ for the calculation of diffraction grating efficiencies in the soft X-ray region. The program has been tested by comparison with published theoretical results and by use of the reciprocity theorem. In this report, we describe the design of the program and present the test results.
Lactoperoxidase-catalyzed oxidation of thiocyanate ion: a carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance study of the oxidation products.

Abstract Products formed from the lactoperoxidase (LPO) catalyzed oxidation of thiocyanate ion (SCN − ) with hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) have been studied by 13 C-NMR at pH 6 and pH 7. Ultimate information of hypothiocyanite ion (OSCN − ) as the major product correlates well with the known optical studies. The oxidation rate of SCN − appears to be greater pH ⪕ 6.0 . At [H 2 O 2 ]/[SCN − ] ratios of ⩽0.5 OSCN − is not formed immediately, but an unidentified intermediate is produced. At [H 2 O 2 ]/[SCN − ]>0.5, SCN − appears to be directly oxidized to OSCN − . Once formed, OSCN − slowly degrades over a period of days to carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), bicarbonate ion (HCO − 3 ), and hydrogen cyanide (HCN). An additional, previously unrecognized product also appears after formation of OSCN − . On the basis of carbon-13 chemical shift information this new species is suggested to result from rearrangement of OSCN − to yield the thiooxime isomer, SCNO − or SCNOH.
The case for clinical trials of noninvasive coronary imaging tests.

IVUS, CT, and MRI show promise, but new tests, like new therapies, must undergo clinical trials.
Volatility of capital flows and financial liberalization: Do specific flows respond differently?

Abstract This paper examines the volatility of capital flows following the liberalization of financial markets. Utilizing a panel data set of overlapping data, the paper focuses on the response of foreign direct investment, portfolio flows, and other debt flows to financial liberalization. The financial liberalization variable comes from the chronology and index developed by Kaminsky and Schmukler [Kaminsky, G.L. and Schmukler, S.L., 2003, Short-run pain, long-run gain: The effects of financial liberalization, IMF Working Paper WP/03/34.]. Different types of capital flows are found to respond differently to financial liberalization. Surprisingly, portfolio flows appear to show little response to capital liberalization while foreign direct investment flows show significant increases in volatility, particularly for the emerging markets considered.
Control: Sociology's Central Notion

Abstract Because now fragmented to an unprecedented extent, sociology has a special need for a central notion. Control could be that notion, meaning that sociologists can describe and think about all or virtually all of their subject matter in terms of control. Moreover, the notion of control can be used to realize not only greater conceptual clarification and integration but also to anticipate possible empirical relations that might have otherwise gone unanticipated. Such goals are actually steps toward theories, and control or any other central notion candidate fails if it does not facilitate that pursuit.
Crop physiological response across the Chicago metropolitan region: Developing recommendations for urban and peri-urban farmers in the North Central US

Despite the surge of interest in urban agriculture, there have been few studies that address the biophysical challenges and opportunities of food production in urban environments. This study aims to determine the relative influence of atmospheric pollutants and microclimatic factors on the physiological response and productivity of vegetable crops across an urban-to-rural latitudinal transect in the greater Chicago metropolitan region. Data collected at each of six sites include continuous measures of atmospheric pollutants and microclimatic factors, and biweekly measures of physiological response and yield of various vegetable crops and cultivars. Preliminary data collected in early 2013 suggest that there is substantial variability in environmental factors and crop yield across this urban-to-rural transect. Results of this study will provide a scientific basis for crop adaptation to the urban environment and establish practical crop and cultivar recommendations for urban and peri-urban farmers in the North Central US.
Internalizing the System Dynamics for a Second-Order System

Three groups of subjects, differing in the kinds of augmentation provided, were trained to control a continuously moving track in a second-order system. Differences in performance among the three groups occurred only in transfer experiments when subjects were required to apply their knowledge, or their internal model, to solve system problems. These results indicated that subjects in a parabola-augmented group had learned to internalize this cue and mentally manipulate it to solve system problems even when the cue was not displayed. Subjects in the other two groups, a point-augmented group and a nonaugmented control group, used a set of simplifying rules, some correct and others incorrect, to guide their behavior. The results indicated that accurate control of the system does not necessarily imply that the operator's internal model of the system is also accurate. In addition, augmentation that made the system appear consistent was important in the development of an internal model.
Construct validity of the LapSim laparoscopic surgical simulator.

Abstract Background Computer-aided simulators may increase the safety and efficiency of training in laparoscopic surgery. Before implementation of the Immersion LapSim (Gaithersburg, MD) simulator in our training curriculum, we wished to determine its construct validity (ie, whether the simulator could differentiate laparoscopic novices from trainees with greater experience). Methods Subjects were medical students (MS), residents (RES), and laparoscopic faculty (FAC). Subjects performed 10 repetitions of 6 LapSim tasks. The LapSim measured performance in 6 to 10 parameters per task, and performance was compared between groups. Post hoc t tests were used to make pair-wise comparisons among the 3 groups using the Bonferroni technique. Statistical significance was set at P Results The degree of prior laparoscopic experience was reflected in performance on at least 1 parameter for each task. Several patterns of performance between MS, RES, and FAC were observed. Conclusions The LapSim has performance parameters that reliably differentiate between subjects with varying laparoscopic experience. However, some performance parameters do not differentiate between groups. To accurately measure a trainee's skill level, only parameters that sensitively measure the true level of performance should be used.
Basic and Clinical Pharmacology of Glucocorticosteroids

Glucocorticosteroids are a product of the adrenal cortex and perform a staggering number of physiological effects essential for life. Their clinical use is largely predicated on their anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties, but they also have notable efficacy in the prophylaxis of postoperative nausea and vomiting. This article reviews the basic functions of glucocorticoids and their clinical use in dental practice.
From Prague to Seattle: Improved Endoscopic Technique and Reporting Improves Outcomes in Patients with Barrett’s Esophagus

Endoscopic screening and surveillance practices in patients with Barrett’s esophagus (BE) remain controversial. No randomized, controlled trials have supported decreased mortality as a result of these programs, but given evidence from cohort and retrospective studies combined with the rapidly rising incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC), some GI societies have weakly recommended screening and surveillance endoscopy for BE patients [1]. The goal of the initial endoscopy is to detect BE and, if detected, to grade and evaluate for the presence of dysplasia and EAC. In this issue of Digestive Diseases and Sciences, Visrodia et al. [2] report the proportion of cases of ‘‘missed dysplasia’’ diagnosed at repeat endoscopy in comparison with the index endoscopy findings. In this retrospective study, patients who underwent initial endoscopy from 1976 to 2011, with diagnosed BE of length 1 cm or greater, i.e., columnar mucosa with intestinal metaplasia, and who had undergone repeat endoscopy within 24 months of the index examination, were included in the analysis. Notably, the rate of missed high-grade dysplasia and EAC was 1.9 %, whereas the overall rate of missed dysplasia of any grade and/or EAC was 9.5 %. While the study has limitations, including its retrospective nature, questionable adherence to guidelines, adequate number of biopsies, and the types of endoscopes used, it does highlight an important issue— the importance of meticulous endoscopy and biopsy at the time of index endoscopy in BE patients. If during index endoscopy BE is confirmed or suspected, the extent of BE should be carefully documented using the Prague C&M criteria. As part of this exercise, the landmarks that should be evaluated include the squamocolumnar junction, the gastroesophageal junction, and the extent of BE. Since this classification describes the circumferential (C) columnar lining and the maximum length (M) of BE, excluding islands [1], in this fashion it provides a standardized description of BE, useful for comparison with subsequent endoscopic evaluations. It also facilitates communication among gastroenterologists when patients are referred to tertiary centers for treatment. Despite the benefits of the Prague classification, a recent study reported that a surprising 78 % of gastroenterologists across varying practice settings did not use the Prague classification [3].
New Concepts in Treatment of Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury

Emerging evidence suggests unique age-dependent responses following pediatric traumatic brain injury. The anesthesiologist plays a pivotal role in the acute treatment of the head-injured pediatric patient. This review provides important updates on the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and age-appropriate acute management of infants and children with severe traumatic brain injury. Areas of important clinical and basic science investigations germane to the anesthesiologist, such as the role of anesthetics and apoptosis in the developing brain, are discussed.
Microengineered iron and iron-oxide contrast agent particles for tunable multispectral magnetic resonance imaging

In this paper, we demonstrate a novel type of contrast agent with multiplexing capability for use in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) applications. Keeping biocompatibility in mind, iron and several iron oxide thin films with varying magnetic properties were prepared and characterized using a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID). Double-disk shaped particles constructed with iron and iron oxide disks separated by polyimide posts were fabricated and validated using an MRI scanner. Spectral tunability was achieved by varying both the geometry and the magnetic properties of the particles.
Comment on "tissue factor expressed by microparticles is associated with mortality but not with thrombosis in cancer patients".

Comment on “Tissue factor expressed by microparticles is associated with mortality but not with thrombosis in cancer patients” -
Active inductor for power-supply decoupling in mixed signal systems

A CMOS active inductor circuit intended for power-supply decoupling application is presented. The idea is to minimize the switching noise generated by the digital part of a mixed-signal integrated circuit. This is essential when sensitive analog circuits share the same power supply bus with a digital signal processor. In systems with a single clock, the frequency components of the switching noise are the clock frequency and its harmonics. As clock frequencies exceed 1 GHz, the circuit for filtering the switching noise needs only a modest amount of chip area and thus it can be integrated. Simulation results of the proposed circuit using GSMC 0.18 micron CMOS models are used to arrive at the basis for the design of a decoupling scheme.
Conceptual modeling for semistructured data

We review the more widely used models in ConceptualModeling for Information Systems (Entity-Relationship andUML), and argue that they do not support effectively modelingof semistructured data. As a consequence, structuredand semistructured data cannot be treated in an integrated,holistic way during requirements specification. We proposea set of minimal extensions to E-R models which allow usto capture information in an XML DTD, and provide a sim-plealgorithm to go from the extended E-R model to a relationaldesign, to an XML DTD or to a hybrid model withboth structured and semistructured parts. This last choice isnovel in the literature and opens the door for the possibilityof better designed and integrated information systems.
Drought stress, plant water status, and floral trait expression in fireweed, Epilobium angustifolium (Onagraceae).

In a controlled environment, we artificially induced drought during flowering of Epilobium angustifolium,an animal-pollinated plant. Leaf water potential (cl) and floral traits were monitored over a 12-d period of soil moisture depletion. Soil moisture depletion induced drought stress over time, as revealed by significant treatment 3 day interactions for predawn and midday cl. Nectar volume and flower size showed significant negative responses to drought stress, but nectar sugar concentration did not vary between treatments. Floral traits were more buffered from drought than leaf water potentials. We used path analysis to examine direct and indirect effects of cl on floral traits for plants in well-watered (control) vs. drought treatments. According to the best-fit path models, midday cl has significant positive effects on flower size and nectar volume in both environments. However, for controls midday cl also had a significant negative effect on nectar sugar concentration. Results indicate that traits influencing floral attractiveness to pollinators in E. angustifolium vary with plant water status, such that pollinator-mediated selection could indirectly target physiological or biochemical controls on cl. Moreover, under mesic conditions selection for greater nectar sugar reward may be constrained by the antagonistic effects of plant water status on nectar volume and sugar concentration.
Parental Perceptions of the Therapeutic Effect from Osteopathic Manipulation or Acupuncture in Children with Spastic Cerebral Palsy

Fifty children were involved in a randomized, controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness of either osteopathic manipulation or acupuncture as a 6-month therapeutic adjunct for children with spastic cerebral palsy. Exit interviews were used to obtain parental perceptions and form the basis of this report. Only 2 of 17 parents reported positive gains while their child was in a wait-list control period but all 17 reported gains while in the treatment phase of the study. Ninety-six percent (48 of 50) of the parents reported some improvement while their child was receiving treatments but the gains varied from child to child. The most frequent gains were seen in improvement in the use of arms or legs (61% and 68%) and more restful sleep (39% and 68%) in the osteopathic and the acupuncture groups, respectively. Improvement in mood and improved bowel function were also very common benefits noted by the parents in both groups.
La Crosse Virus Encephalitis Preceding Neurosarcoidosis Diagnosed by Brain Biopsy

Childhood neurosarcoidosis is rare, and its etiology is unknown. La Crosse virus is one of the most common causes of encephalitis in North America. We report the case of a 12-year-old boy who had La Crosse virus encephalitis and subsequently developed imaging and pathologic findings suggestive of neurosarcoidosis. He presented with acute onset of transient aphasia 4 months after an episode of encephalitis; serology results at the time of aphasia were positive for La Crosse virus. Brain MRI revealed diffuse subcortical nodular lesions. His serum angiotensin-converting enzyme level was elevated, and brain biopsy revealed noncaseating granuloma. It is interesting to note that he has had no recurrence of aphasia; repeat MRI showed significant improvement of nodular lesions without therapy. To our knowledge, this is the first case of La Crosse virus encephalitis associated with neurosarcoid findings.
The sumLINK statistic for genetic linkage analysis in the presence of heterogeneity.

We present the “sumLINK” statistic—the sum of multipoint LOD scores for the subset of pedigrees with nominally significant linkage evidence at a given locus—as an alternative to common methods to identify susceptibility loci in the presence of heterogeneity. We also suggest the “sumLOD” statistic (the sum of positive multipoint LOD scores) as a companion to the sumLINK. SumLINK analysis identifies genetic regions of extreme consistency across pedigrees without regard to negative evidence from unlinked or uninformative pedigrees. Significance is determined by an innovative permutation procedure based on genome shuffling that randomizes linkage information across pedigrees. This procedure for generating the empirical null distribution may be useful for other linkage-based statistics as well. Using 500 genome-wide analyses of simulated null data, we show that the genome shuffling procedure results in the correct type 1 error rates for both the sumLINK and sumLOD. The power of the statistics was tested using 100 sets of simulated genome-wide data from the alternative hypothesis from GAW13. Finally, we illustrate the statistics in an analysis of 190 aggressive prostate cancer pedigrees from the International Consortium for Prostate Cancer Genetics, where we identified a new susceptibility locus. We propose that the sumLINK and sumLOD are ideal for collaborative projects and meta-analyses, as they do not require any sharing of identifiable data between contributing institutions. Further, loci identified with the sumLINK have good potential for gene localization via statistical recombinant mapping, as, by definition, several linked pedigrees contribute to each peak.
Negotiating Interracial Interactions Costs, Consequences, and Possibilities

The United States is becoming increasingly diverse, yet interracial contact continues to be awkward, if not stressful, for many. Indeed, recent research suggests that individuals often exit interracial interactions feeling drained both cognitively and emotionally. This article reviews research examining how interracial encounters give rise to these outcomes, zeroing in on the mediating role of self-regulation and the moderating influence of prejudice concerns. Given that interracial contact may be the most promising avenue to prejudice reduction, it is important to examine factors that undermine positive interracial contact experiences, as well as those that facilitate them.
Tethering and tickling: a new role for the phosphatidylserine receptor

Several receptors are implicated in apoptotic cell (AC) uptake by phagocytic cells; however, their relative dominance in mammalian systems remains to be established. New studies shed light on the role of the phosphatidyl serine (PS) receptor (PSR). Ligation of PSR by PS on AC surfaces is considered essential for signaling uptake of ACs that are tethered to phagocytes via other receptors.
Building bridges between school-based health clinics and schools.

BACKGROUND: The 2 institutions that hold great promise in mitigating the negative cyclical relationship between poor health and educational readiness are schools and school-based health care facilities (SBHCs). In partnership with schools, SBHCs could have a profound effect on learning outcomes, which include, but are not limited to, poor concentration in school, attendance, and disturbances of normal sequential development. This article provides an overview of the role of federal, state, and local governmental agencies in the development and implementation of public educational policy and funding in an effort to provide SBHCs the foundation for building a bridge between the health and the educational lexicon. METHODS: This article reviews literature from a wide variety of sources to develop a better understanding of the complexities associated with public K-12 education and provides suggestions for initiating meaningful interactions between SBHC supporters and educational decision makers. RESULTS: Strategic reasoning between supporters of SBHCs and educational policy makers is critical because of the limitations of time and money for those delivering educational services. Additional projects (eg, SBHCs) no matter how well conceived will be difficult to promote unless officials can be convinced that collaboration in school-based health care actually enhances compliance with the No Child Left Behind Act. CONCLUSIONS: Though SBHCs and schools are both committed to enhancing the lives of children, these institutions speak different languages and are accountable to very different types of public and private bodies.
Democracy and Criminal Justice in Cross-National Perspective: From Crime Control to Due Process:

In this article, the author argues that the transformation of justice administration in democratizing countries is a transition from a crime control to a due process orientation. In authoritarian states, criminal justice systems rely on a larger law enforcement-punishment apparatus for order maintenance and produce higher rates of arrest, prosecution, conviction, and incarceration. By contrast, in liberal democracies, justice is sought as the defense of civil liberties through the due process of law, which leads to a heavier investment in the judiciary and a higher rate of case attrition in the criminal justice process. The analysis of United Nations data refutes the hypothesis of larger police and prison workforce in authoritarian countries and larger judicial staff in liberal democracies. Instead, democracy increases both the personnel strength of the courts and that of the police and the prisons. The proposed relationship between democracy and increased criminal case attrition receives very strong support.
Integrated admission control in hierarchical video-on-demand systems

We develop a unified model of a hierarchical video-on-demand (VoD) system by integrating the storage and the network subsystems. Rather than restricting the analysis to an isolated subsystem the performance of the VoD system is analyzed as an end-to-end system. On a system-wide basis, request handling and admission control policies are designed to minimize global performance metrics. Through our simulation, we compare different request handling policies and show that a hierarchical VoD architecture with request handling that allows retrials at more than one resource will minimize overall blocking.
A distributed scheme for efficient pair-wise comparison of complete genomes

The comparisons of newly sequenced genomes against a genome with known functionality of genes provide important clues to the structure and function of genes and identification of metabolic pathways in newly sequenced organisms. New and more complex organisms are being added to biological databases at an increasing rate. Time-efficient, automated computational methods are needed to analyze the increasing amount of data in realistic time. This paper describes a distributed technique and a CORBA-based implementation to compare and align gene sequences in large complete genomes, using multiple heterogeneous distributed processors on a distributed network. The performance evaluation suggests that the distributed technique can significantly reduce the computational time.
Children rule, or do they (as far as innovations are concerned)?

Meisel (hereafter, M) has offered a well-argued and tightly structured piece, discussing in a clear and compelling way a crucial topic in the understanding of language change. I applaud him for both the content and the presentation.
Patterns of response times and response choices to science questions: the influence of relative processing time.

We report on five experiments investigating response choices and response times to simple science questions that evoke student “misconceptions,” and we construct a simple model to explain the patterns of response choices. Physics students were asked to compare a physical quantity represented by the slope, such as speed, on simple physics graphs. We found that response times of incorrect answers, resulting from comparing heights, were faster than response times of correct answers comparing slopes. This result alone might be explained by the fact that height was typically processed faster than slope for this kind of task, which we confirmed in a separate experiment. However, we hypothesize that the difference in response time is an indicator of the cause (rather than the result) of the response choice. To support this, we found that imposing a 3-s delay in responding increased the number of students comparing slopes (answering correctly) on the task. Additionally a significant proportion of students recognized the correct written rule (compare slope), but on the graph task they incorrectly compared heights. Finally, training either with repetitive examples or providing a general rule both improved scores, but only repetitive examples had a large effect on response times, thus providing evidence of dual paths or processes to a solution. Considering models of heuristics, information accumulation models, and models relevant to the Stroop effect, we construct a simple relative processing time model that could be viewed as a kind of fluency heuristic. The results suggest that misconception-like patterns of answers to some science questions commonly found on tests may be explained in part by automatic processes that involve the relative processing time of considered dimensions and a priority to answer quickly.
Beyond the tent: Considerations for altering the standard refugee camp design for improved health outcomes

This paper reviews the current evidence base regarding the use of urban design principles in refugee camps to exploit the built environment for improved health outcomes. A systematic literature review was conducted to gather and analyze existing knowledge given the dearth of refugee camps that currently employ this theoretical framework. This study focuses on associating refugee camp design and organization with three areas of refugee health including resilience, mental health, and physical health. This study then uses a preliminary case study of the Azraq Refugee Camp in Jordan to present the expected theoretical findings within the structure of the only nonstandard refugee camp in existence. In total, 34 studies were reviewed and their main findings were presented. The results should be interpreted with caution due to the considerable limitations in the existing evidence base; however, they represent important considerations for overcoming the deficiencies of the current standard refugee camp design.
Βuried bumper syndrome presenting with hematemesis two weeks after percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy placement.

A 63-year-old woman with recent cerebrovascular accident, presented with hematemesis 15 days aft er placement of a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) for dysphagia. She was afebrile, had no abdominal pain, and white blood cell count was normal. Urgent upper endoscopy showed that the PEG bumper was embedded within the gastric mucosa and eroded into the abdominal wall. Th ere was signifi cant ulceration, erythema, and exudate. Th e endoscopic fi ndings are seen in Fig. 1 and 2. Th e PEG was cut and endoscopically removed through the mouth with a snare. Th e patient was made nil per os for 48 h and kept on a proton pump inhibitor infusion. Subsequently, a nasogastric tube was placed for feedings with plan for new PEG placement at a diff erent site. Buried bumper syndrome occurs in approximately 0.3-2.4% of the patients [1]. Lee and colleagues reported an incidence of 8.8% occurring on average 18 months aft er PEG placement [2]. It is a complication of PEG placement due to inordinate pressure and traction of the internal PEG bumper on the gastric wall and, albeit rare, is associated with signifi cant morbidity. Patients with buried bumper may manifest with diffi culty to infuse feedings through the PEG, abdominal wall abscess, peritonitis or necrotizing fasciitis among others [3].
Hybrid Transureteral Nephrectomy in a Survival Porcine Model

Background and Objectives: Natural-orifice approaches for nephrectomy have included access via the stomach, vagina, bladder, and rectum. Recently, the feasibility of using the ureter as a natural orifice for natural-orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery nephrectomy has been demonstrated in a nonsurvival porcine model. The purpose of this study was to assess the outcomes of transureteral laparoscopic natural-orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery nephrectomy in a survival porcine model. Methods: Three pigs underwent hybrid transureteral natural-orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery nephrectomy. An experimental balloon/dilating sheath was inserted over a wire to dilate the urethra, ureteral orifice, and ureter. Through a bariatric 12-mm laparoscopic port, the ureter was opened medially and the hilar dissection was performed. Next, 2 needlescopic ports were placed transabdominally to facilitate hilar transection. The kidney was morcellated using a bipolar sealing device and extracted via the ureter using the housing of a bariatric stapling device. The ureteral orifice was closed with a laparoscopic suturing device. The bladder was drained by a catheter for 10 to 14 days postoperatively. Pigs were euthanized on postoperative day 21. Results: All surgical procedures were successfully completed, with no intraoperative complications. One pig had an episode of postoperative clot retention that resolved with catheter irrigation. Each pig was healthy and eating a normal diet prior to euthanasia. Conclusions: This study demonstrates the feasibility of a hybrid transureteral approach to nephrectomy in a survival porcine model. This technique avoids the intentional violation of a second organ system and the risk for peritoneal contamination. Improved instrumentation is needed prior to implementation in the human population.
Provenance Analysis of the Fuyu Oil Horizons in the Liangjingdong-mutounan Area of the Southern Songliao Basin

Observed by core description and analysis of a comprehensive analysis of laboratory data,heavier mineral assemblage,sandstone thickness and distribution of sand than that of the plane,the vertical thickness of sedimentary facies and sand provenance in terms of tracking the direction of the judge.The results indicate that there is mainly controlled by two great sediment Southwest Baokang and southern Changchun-Nationwide deposition system.The influence area and intensity changes of each sedimentation system are analyzed synthetically and determined.Provenance have favorable spatial combinationwith depositional system and determine the depositional system pattern of Fuyu oil horizons in the Liangjingdong-Mutounan area of the southern Songliao Basin.Provenance is useful to reasonable deploymentofoil-gas exploration.
The epidemiological characteristics of hepatitis B in Gaomi city 2004-2010

[Objective]To understand the epidemiological characteristics of hepatitis B in Gaomi city,provide the scientific basis for developing the prevention and control measures of hepatitis B in the future. [Methods]The epidemic data of hepatitis B which is included in the category B notifiable diseases in Gaomi city during 2004-2010 were analyzed. [Results]During 2004-2010,a total of 1199 hepatitis B cases were reported in Gaomi city with the incidence rate of 19.82/lakh,and there was no death.In 7 years,the annual incidence rate was 28.09/lakh,28.73/lakh,35.93/lakh,19.10/lakh,12.56/lakh,8.04/lakh and 6.75/lakh,respectively.The male-to-female ratio was 2.87∶1,and most of patients were people aged 20-29 years old.The incidence rate of lower age children has been maintained at a relatively low level,and the incidence rate of children under 10 years old accounted for 0.08%. [Conclusion]Since the hepatitis B vaccine has been brought into EPI,the effect is obvious.But the epidemic situation is still grim,the prevention and treatment of hepatitis B should be strengthened unceasingly,and hepatitis B prevention will be a long and arduous process.
Discussion on the Calibration of Harmonic Electrical Energy Meter

The principle and method of harmonic electrical energy meter calibration that utilizes the Fluke 6100A as the power source is introduced.The device can perform error test of the harmonic electrical energy meter on harmonic voltage,harmonic current and calibration of harmonic electrical energy.Meanwhile,calibration scheme is represented,which can be used to the calibration and type test of harmonic electrical energy meter.The paper also gives evaluation method of uncertainty of measurement result.
Space charge waves in finite magnetic fields

The space-charge waves predicted by small-signal theory for the customary limiting conditions of ‘confined-flo w’ electron beams [1] and Brillouin electron beams [2], [3] are well known. Since practical linear beam microwave tubes do not operate in the limiting region of either of these beams, it is of interest to consider the space-charge waves present for intermediate values of the d.c. focussing magnetic field or the finite magnetic field region. It is the purpose of this paper to examine the nature of these space charge waves, and especially to see how these are related to the usual waves attributed to the two limiting conditions of beam flow. To facilitate this qualitative examination, the space-charge waves will only be considered in a ‘classical’ sense, i.e., a quasi-static solution will be found. In addition some preliminary results on the effect of d.c. scalloping of the electron beam are presented.
Biased self-assessments, feedback, and employees' compensation plan choices

Abstract We conduct a laboratory experiment to examine how task difficulty and different types of performance feedback – none, individual, and relative – affect individuals' selection of either a fixed pay contract or a relative-performance-based pay contract that provides a bonus for above-average performance. We find that participants exhibit a strong better-than-average bias in assessing their relative skills on easy tasks and a moderate worse-than-average bias in assessing their relative skills on difficult tasks. In turn, these biases guide compensation plan choices, leading to participants being more likely to inappropriately select performance-based pay than fixed pay when a task is easy versus when a task is difficult. Our results regarding performance feedback suggest that the provision of individual performance feedback does not exacerbate participants' preferences for relative-performance-based pay when working on an easy task or exacerbate participants' preferences for fixed pay when working on a difficult task. However, we find some evidence that the provision of relative performance feedback has an asymmetric effect on the relation between task difficulty and compensation plan selection. Specifically, when working on an easy task, participants' compensation plan choices were similar between the no feedback and relative feedback conditions, but participants working on a difficult task were more likely to choose relative-performance-based pay in the relative feedback condition than in the no feedback condition. We further find that the relation between task difficulty and compensation plan selection is fully mediated by participants' assessments of their relative skill. Finally we find that performance-based pay does, on average, attract participants with higher skill levels and that risk preferences play an important role in compensation plan selection.