cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Studies on the human tumor nucleolar antigens

With rabbit antibodies to nuclear 0.01M Tris-HC1, pH 8, extract or “nucleolar preparations” of human HeLa S3 cells and fluorescein-labeled goat antirabbit antibodies, bright nucleolar immunofluorescence was observed in human adenocarcinomas, squamous cell carcinomas, sarcomas, hematological neoplasms, and other malignant tumors. With these antibodies, nucleolar immunofluorescence was not found in most normal tissue specimens, benign adenomas, hyperplastic tissues, and specimens of inflammatory diseases. A study was made on the presence in benign and malignant breast tumors of a common nucleolar antigen previously found in a broad range of human malignant tumors. Bright nucleolar immunofluorescence was observed in 19/20 (95%) of known breast cancer specimens. In the group of 80 unknown samples in the “blind” study, 75 (94%) were correctly identified as malignant or benign on the basis of the presence and distribution of the nucleolar fluorescence. In a group of 67 samples in which the nucleolar fluorescence was either readily observed or virtually absent, 47/48 (98%) of the malignant tumors were correctly identified. Of the benign lesions or normal breast specimens, 18/19 (95%) were correctly identified as negative for nucleolar fluorescence. These studies extend the results previously reported of a common nucleolar antigen in a broad range of human cancers to a larger series of malignancies of a particular organ. The tumor nucleolar antigen(s) were partially characterized by isoelectric focusing on 4% polyacrylamide gels. One major band had a pI of 6.3 and a minor band had a pI of 6.1. These antigens were not found in the normal human liver nucleoli.
Glucocorticoid control of rat liver glutamic-alanine transaminase biosynthesis

Abstract Evidence has been summarized which establishes that the increase in rat liver glutamic-alanine transaminase activity consequent to glucocorticoid administration is a reflection of an increased tissue level of normal type enzyme. Measurements of the half-life of the enzyme in the liver and of relative rates of labeled amino acid incorporation in vivo lead to the conclusion that administration of the hormone results in an increased rate of synthesis of the enzyme. Increased incorporation of amino acids into the enzyme has also been observed in preliminary experiments with cell-free liver systems. Some of the implications of the model for control of enzyme level through effects on enzyme synthesis and degradation are presented.
Proactive interference between languages: Do task demands matter?

A recent discovery of research on bilingualism is that a bilingual’s two languages are both active during online speech production and comprehension. Speakers may manage the interference that arises from possessing two simultaneously active languages by inhibiting the language that is task inappropriate or enhancing the activation of the language they intend to use. These accounts were assessed by examining the consequences of earlier use of a language on the current use of another language and by determining whether such consequences are modulated by task demands. Unbalanced bilinguals for whom two languages coexist served as participants. Evidence indicated that the consequences of earlier use depend on task demands that modulate the interplay between inhibition and facilitation.
Engineered Heart Valve Tissue Formation at the Organ Level: Effects of Flow Dynamics on Tissue Development

Tissue engineered heart valve (TEHV) development protocols have yet to be optimized to an extent that can offer long-term function of value to patients, beyond contemporary clinical practices. One method of optimization may be possible through appropriate mechanical conditioning of the evolving engineered tissue before implantation. Engelmayr et al. [1] showed the synergistic benefits of combined flexural and fluid induced stresses on valvular-like tissue grown on rectangular scaffold strips. However, for clinical translation to be realized, it is important to determine if the nature of extracellular matrix production in such mechanistic studies also occurs at the macro-level, in the intact tri-leaflet valve geometry. Therefore, appropriate organ-level studies are required wherein the valvular tissues are subjected to the complex 3-dimensional flow/flexure/stretch regimes under highly controlled sub-, normal, and hyper-physiological flow levels. In this manner, biomechanical factors contributing to engineered tissue development can be coupled to tri-leaflet valve geometry requirements. In this study, one possible conditioning strategy on tri-leaflet TEHV structures is presented.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Kinetic effects of increased proton transfer distance on proton-coupled oxidations of phenol-amines.

To test the effect of varying the proton donor–acceptor distance in proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) reactions, the oxidation of a bicyclic amino-indanol (2) is compared with that of a closely related phenol with an ortho CPh2NH2 substituent (1). Spectroscopic, structural, thermochemical, and computational studies show that the two amino-phenols are very similar, except that the O···N distance (dON) is >0.1 A longer in 2 than in 1. The difference in dON is 0.13 ± 0.03 A from X-ray crystallography and 0.165 A from DFT calculations. Oxidations of these phenols by outer-sphere oxidants yield distonic radical cations •OAr–NH3+ by concerted proton–electron transfer (CPET). Simple tunneling and classical kinetic models both predict that the longer donor–acceptor distance in 2 should lead to slower reactions, by ca. 2 orders of magnitude, as well as larger H/D kinetic isotope effects (KIEs). However, kinetic studies show that the compound with the longer proton-transfer distance, 2, exhibits smaller KIEs ...
Jupiter's Spectrum Between 12 and 24 Micrometers

Spectroscopic measurements of the thermal radiation from Jupiter between 12 and 24 micrometers (420 to 840 reciprocal centimeters) with a resolution of 4 reciprocal centimeters are used to infer the Jovian temperature structure in the pressure region from 0.1 to 0.4 atmosphere. The brightness-temperature spectrum is in good agreement with previous ground-based measurements between 11 and 13 micrometers and with airborne measurements between 18 and 25 micrometers. However, the integrated flux calculated for a filter window and viewing angle equivalent to those of the 20-micrometer channel of Pioneer 10 is 20 per cent below that measured by the Pioneer infrared radiometer. The Q branch of the nu-5 fundamental band of acetylene at 730 reciprocal centimeters appears in emission and leads to a mixing-ratio estimate of 10 to the -6th (plus or minus 0.5) power.
Factor rewards and the international migration of unskilled labor: A model with capital mobility

Abstract Conventional economic wisdom holds that the migration of unskilled labor from less developed countries to neighboring developed countries should be expected to narrow the wage gap between those countries, and thereby reduce the incentive for further migration. If capital is mobile internationally this reasoning may be inappropriate. Instead, emigration of unskilled labor out of the less developed country provides an incentive for capital to leave the country, too. As a consequence, wage rates move in the same direction in each country, and the gap between wage rates across countries even may increase.
Advanced Simulation Capability for Environmental Management (ASCEM)

The United States Department Energy (DOE) Office of Environmental Management (EM) determined that uniform application of advanced modeling in the subsurface could help reduce the cost and risks associated with its environmental cleanup mission. In response to this determination, the EM Office of Technology Innovation and Development (OTID), Groundwater and Soil Remediation (GW&S) began the program Advanced Simulation Capability for Environmental Management (ASCEM). ASCEM is a state-of-the-art scientific tool and approach for integrating data and scientific understanding to enable prediction of contaminant fate and transport in natural and engineered systems. This initiative supports the reduction of uncertainties and risks associated with EM’s environmental cleanup and closure programs through better understanding and quantifying the subsurface flow and contaminant transport behavior in complex geological systems. This involves the long-term performance of engineered components, including cementitious materials in nuclear waste disposal facilities that may be sources for future contamination of the subsurface. This paper describes the ASCEM tools and approach and the ASCEM programmatic accomplishments completed in 2010 including recent advances and technology transfer.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Exercise-induced Myocardial Oxygen Supply-demand Imbalance in Asymptomatic or Mildly Symptomatic Aortic Regurgitation

Left ventricular (LV) performance may remain normal in patients with LV volume overload from aortic regurgitation, but this entity results in progressive LV dysfunction. Impairment of myocardial reserve may remain undetected by current methods of assessing ventricular performance at rest, but the stress of exercise may demonstrate a reduction of myocardial reserve. To analyze the relationship between the myocardial supply and demand for oxygen in patients with aortic regurgitation, the ratio of the diastolic pressure-time index (DPTI) over the systolic pressure-time index (SPTI) was derived from recordings of pressure tracings during cardiac catheterizations in 14 patients with aortic regurgitation, and this ratio was compared with that of 24 normal subjects. The patients with aortic regurgitation had a DPTI/SPTI that fell with exercise (0.91±0.2 to 0.55±0.2) to lower values than did the ratio in the normal subjects (1.3±0.2 to 0.8±0.1) with stress. Among the patients with aortic regurgitation, a DPTI/SPTI ratio less than 0.50 with exercise identified two groups of patients that were not well separated by more common indices of severity of aortic regurgitation. The only other parameter that separated these two groups was the end-systolic volume, which is an index that reflects myocardial contractile function independent of preload. The DPTI/SPTI ratio that falls to abnormal levels with exercise may accurately reflect a failure of myocardial reserve in aortic regurgitation.
A longitudinal study of the impact of behavioural change intervention on cleanliness diarrhoeal morbidity and growth of children in rural Bangladesh.

A community-based intervention was developed through direct participation of the target population in assessment and iterative trials to improve hygiene practices and to reduce childhood diarrhoea in lowland rural Bangladesh. A total of 185 (98%) households with children ages 0-18 months in five contiguous villages were targeted for the interventions. A comparison site was selected for a detailed observational study and for use as a control for the intervention. About 97% of all households with children ages 0-18 months were enrolled for study at the control site. Children in this age group were targeted because at this developmental stage they were most vulnerable to diarrhoeal morbidity and malnutrition (related to unhygienic practices). The intervention was implemented with the assistance of village leaders through a "Clean Life" campaign by local project workers and volunteer mothers who were chosen from the target households. The intervention activities started in January 1986 and lasted for 7 months. Higher adoption rates of the intervention were associated with better cleanliness status, which was related to lower diarrhoea and malnutrition rates in the intervention site. The results of between-site longitudinal analyses showed that after the intervention, the intervention site had substantially higher cleanliness scores, lower diarrhoeal morbidity, and better growth status compared to those of the control site, with differences increasing over time. The findings suggest that this type of community-based intervention can be very beneficial in modifying hygiene behaviours and lowering childhood diarrhoea and malnutrition.
Techniques in Evaluating Nursing Expert Systems: A Case Study

This study addresses the problems in evaluating nursing diagnostic artificial intelligence (AI) expert systems. Two separate experiments (N = 49) were conducted using a computer expert system. The first experiment, the "white box" experiment (n = 9), compared the diagnostic techniques applied by experience RNs against the programmed techniques used by the expert system. The second experiment, the "black box" experiment (n = 40), compared diagnostic results of beginning nurses against the computer expert systems results. In some cases the computer outperformed the nurses and vice versa. The evaluation techniques, as applied in both experiments, enhance the ability of nurses to evaluate and select AI expert systems to be used in computer-assisted diagnosis of nursing problems.
Cellulosic materials recovered from steam classified municipal solid wastes as feedstocks for conversion to fuels and chemicals

A process has been developed for the treatment of municipal solid waste to separate and recover the cellulosic biomass from the nonbiomass components. The process, known as steam classification, transforms the pulp and paper materials, food wastes, and soft yard wastes into a fairly uniform product that appears to be highly suitable as a feedstock for conversion to fuel, fertilizer, and/or fermentable sugars. The physical and chemical properties of this cellulosic feedstock have been determined. The material has also been tested as a feedstock for composting and for cellulytic enzyme hydrolysis to yield glucose.
THE ROLE OF PARENTAL HYPERTENSION IN THE FREQUENCY AND AGE OF DIAGNOSIS OF HYPERTENSION IN OFFSPRING WITH AUTOSOMAL-DOMINANT POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE

The role of parental hypertension in the frequency and age of diagnosis of hypertension in offspring with autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease. Background Hypertension in autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) patients is associated with more rapid progression of renal disease and a high incidence of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). The present study was undertaken to examine the role of parental hypertension in the occurrence of hypertension in 475 ADPKD offspring. Methods Adult subjects participating in an ongoing study of the natural history of ADPKD were included in the analysis if they were diagnosed with ADPKD, had a known affected parent, and knew the hypertensive status of both parents. Results When the affected parent was hypertensive, the ADPKD male (82% versus 62%, P P P P P Conclusion The results indicate that parental hypertension influences the frequency of hypertension in ADPKD patients.
Statements and Pictures

Although languages are obviously theory—laden, a language is on the face of it quite different from a theory stated in the language. A language makes no claims, is neutral as between opposing statements, accommodates varied and conflicting theories. A theory makes claims that can be denied in the same language and restated in other languages.
Hydroxyproline-rich cell wall protein (extensin): Biosynthesis and accumulation in growing pea epicotyls

Abstract Plant cell walls contain a glycoprotein component rich in the otherwise rare amino acid hydroxyproline. We examined the synthesis and accumulation of wall hydroxyproline during different states of elongation growth in pea epicotyls. Light-grown peas contained more wall hydroxyproline than their taller, dark-grown counterparts. When elongation was studied by marking growing stems in situ , there was a marked accumulation of wall hydroxyproline coincident with the cessation of elongation. Dividing and elongating regions of the epicotyl showed less wall hydroxyproline than did regions where elongation was no longer occurring. Hydroxyproline biosynthesis was examined by incubation of excised sections of tissues in various growth states in 14 C-proline. The extent of conversion of these residues to 14 C-hydroxyproline served as a measure of the rate of hydroxyproline synthesis. This rate was highest in tissues which had ceased elongation. The low rate of hydroxyproline synthesis in dividing and elongating cells was probably not due to the inability to hydroxylate peptidyl proline or to secrete proteins. These data show a positive correlation between the synthesis and accumulation of cell wall hydroxyproline and the cessation of cell elongation in pea epicotyls.
Mechanism-based crosslinking as a gauge for functional interaction of modular synthases

Protein-protein interactions between domains within fatty acid and polyketide synthases are critical to catalysis, but their contributions remain incompletely characterized. A practical, quantitative system for establishing functional interactions between modifying enzymes and the acyl carrier protein that tethers the nascent polymer would offer a valuable tool for understanding and engineering these enzyme systems. Mechanism-based crosslinking of modular domains offers a potential diagnostic to highlight selective interactions between modular pairs. Here kinetic activity analysis and isothermal titration calorimetry are shown to correlate the efficiency of a ketosynthase-carrier protein crosslinking method to the binding affinity and transacylase activity that occurs in ketosynthase chain elongation.
Delayed wattle reactions in Eimeriatenella infected chickens

Abstract Wattle reactions to an Eimeria tenella antigen and phytohemagglutinin (PHA) were studied in chickens infected with E. tenella . Two trials were conducted using a total of 224 chickens. Four days after infection with one dose of 10,000 sporulated oocysts, the increase in wattle thickness in response to E. tenella antigen was significantly greater than that of uninfected controls. This significant response persisted through day 10 post infection. Wattle responses to PHA 3 days after infection were significantly greater than for uninfected controls. Significant differences in response to PHA were maintained throughout the experiment except on day 6. An increased response to PHA from days 7 to 13 post infection was attributed to the lower parasite burden at that time.
Assessing and treating co-occurring disorders in adolescents: examining typical practice of community-based mental health and substance use treatment providers.

Co-occurring mental health and substance use disorders in adolescents are common. However, limited efforts have been directed at understanding how treatment providers in community settings deal with this frequent challenge. In this study, treatment providers from both substance use and mental health settings were interviewed to examine their common practices regarding the assessment and treatment of co-occurring depression and substance use disorders in adolescence. About 93% of treatment providers reported treating adolescents with these co-occurring conditions. However, few providers reported using formal assessment practices (23–30%) or treatment protocols for co-occurrence (10%). Providers in mental health settings (particularly psychologists) were more likely than those in substance use settings to formally assess for depression [Χ2(1, N = 30) = 3.62, P = .065] but less likely to do so for substance use [Χ2(1, N = 30) = 9.46, P = .004]. Findings are considered with regard to implications for assessment and treatment outcomes in this high-risk population.
METAPOPULATION MODELS: AN EMPIRICAL TEST OF MODEL ASSUMPTIONS AND EVALUATION METHODS

Patch occupancy models provide a simple phenomenological approach to evaluating ecological questions on a metapopulation scale. In this study, I use and modify a patch occupancy model to evaluate the effects of synchronous extinctions correlated with flooding and patch-size-dependent migration on the regional dynamics of a neotropical beetle, Cephaloleia fenestrata. Various methods have been used to evaluate patch occupancy models. Previous authors most commonly have evaluated patch occupancy models by logistic regression of incidence functions. Likelihoods produced from regression methods, however, neglect autocorrelation in spatial occupancy patterns even though spatial autocorrelation is common in ecological data. In this study, I used a Monte Carlo method of model evaluation, which accounts for spatial autocorrelation. Results suggest that patches undergo synchronous extinctions correlated with flooding and this affects regional dynamics of C. fenestrata. Immigration probability positively correlated with patch size, and emigration probability negatively correlated with patch size, also affecting C. fenestrata regional dynamics. The patch occupancy pattern was positively spatially autocorrelated at only two of the sites, but was nearly significant at another. The logistic regression method was a reasonable alternative to the Monte Carlo method for model evaluation. Other model evaluation methods (fits to model development data, proportion of occupied patches, and turnover rates) were inconsistent (at best) quantitative measures of a model's fit to independent data. When used to select among competing models, however, the fits to model development data were reasonably good indicators of fits to independent data. Given the increased complexity involved in using the Monte Carlo method, the simpler logistic regression method may be a preferable alternative, especially when spatial autocorrelation is minimal.
Visually Assessing the First Lady in a Digital Age: A Study of Michelle Obama as Portrayed by Journalists and the White House

In a digital age in which the First Lady’s image is captured and disseminated by many different outlets, this article proposes the development of a coding instrument using Goffman’s (1979) gender displays as a new method for exploring the visual frames of the First Lady. Given the manner in which photographs are disseminated via the Internet by both official and journalistic sources, this new coding instrument takes into consideration the different vantage points that these image capturers have. Until recently, visual gender display frames of the First Lady from differing outlets have not been easily studied separately, given the fact that images disseminated by the White House had to go through the journalistic gate prior to dispersion. Ultimately, the study of photos of the First Lady as she appears in the “media” was mixed and confounded journalistic and official framing. The Internet has changed all of this and opens opportunities to study these framing sources separately. As a test of a new coding in...
Divergence in Expression of Candidate Genes for the Smoltification Process Between Juvenile Resident Rainbow and Anadromous Steelhead Trout

Rainbow and steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), among other salmonid fishes, exhibit tremendous life history diversity, foremost of which is variation in migratory propensity. While some individuals possess the ability to undertake an anadromous marine migration, others remain resident in freshwater throughout their life cycle. Those that will migrate undergo tremendous physiological, morphological, and behavioral transformations in a process called smoltification which transitions freshwater-adapted parr to marine-adapted smolts. While the behavior, ecology, and physiology of smoltification are well described, our understanding of the proximate genetic mechanisms that trigger the process are not well known. Quantitative genetic analyses have identified several genomic regions associated with smoltification and migration-related traits within this species. Here we investigate the divergence in gene expression of 18 functional and positional candidate genes for the smoltification process in the brain, gill, and liver tissues of migratory smolts, resident parr, and precocious mature male trout at the developmental stage of out-migration. Our analysis reveals several genes differentially expressed between life history classes and validates the candidate nature of several genes in the parr-smolt transformation including Clock1α, FSHβ, GR, GH2, GHR1, GHR2, NDK7, p53, SC6a7, Taldo1, THRα, THRβ, and Vdac2.
Information Processing in the Theory of the Firm: The Rise of General Motors

This article reviews alternative theories of the firm and their relationship to the spectacular rise of General Motors during the 1920s. The article examines the degree of synchronization of GM's sales to dealers with dealers' sales to final consumers, both before and after Alfred Sloan's forecasting and information processing reforms. It also examines the link between the synchronization and GM's performance during the period. The data document a dramatic improvement in GM's information processing capabilities and a direct link between those capabilities and GM's profitability.
Luminally active, nonabsorbable CFTR inhibitors as potential therapy to reduce intestinal fluid loss in cholera

Enterotoxin-mediated secretory diarrheas such as cholera involve chloride secretion by enterocytes into the intestinal lumen by the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) chloride channel. We previously identified glycine hydrazide CFTR blockers that by electrophysiological studies appeared to block the CFTR anion pore at its lumen-facing surface. Here, we synthesize highly water-soluble, nonabsorbable malondihydrazides by coupling 2,4-disulfobenzaldehyde, 4-sulfophenylisothiocyante, and polyethylene glycol (PEG) moieties to 2-naphthalenylamino-[(3,5-dibromo-2,4-dihydroxyphenyl) methylene] propanedioic acid dihydrazide, and aminoacethydrazides by coupling PEG to [(N-2-naphthalenyl)-2-(2-hydroxyethyl)]-glycine-2-[(3,5-dibromo-2,4-dihydroxyphenyl) methylene] hydrazide. Compounds rapidly, fully and reversibly blocked CFTR-mediated chloride current with Ki of 2-8 microM when added to the apical surface of epithelial cell monolayers. Compounds did not pass across Caco-2 monolayers, and were absorbed by 90% cholera toxin-induced fluid secretion in mouse intestinal loops, without inhibiting intestinal fluid absorption. These orally administered, nonabsorbable, nontoxic CFTR inhibitors may reduce intestinal fluid losses in cholera.
A rate theory study of helium bubble formation and retention in Cu–Nb nanocomposites

Abstract A spatially dependent rate theory model for helium migration, clustering, and trapping on interfaces between Cu and Nb layers is introduced to predict the evolution of the concentrations of He clusters of various sizes during implantation and early annealing. Migration and binding energies of point defects and small clusters in bulk Cu and Nb are found using conjugate gradient minimization and the nudged elastic band method. This model is implemented in a three-dimensional framework and used to predict the relationship between helium bubble formation and the nano-composite microstructure, including interfacial free volume, grain size, and layer thickness. Interstitial and vacancy-like migration of helium is considered. The effects of changing layer thickness and interfacial misfit dislocation density on the threshold for helium bubble nucleation are found to match experiments. Accelerated helium release due to interfaces and grain boundaries is shown to occur only when diffusion rates on interfaces and grain boundaries are greatly increased relative to the bulk material.
Characterization of GTPase Activity of TrmE, a Member of a Novel GTPase Superfamily, from Thermotoga maritima

A gene encoding a putative GTP-binding protein, a TrmE homologue that is highly conserved in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, was cloned from Thermotoga maritima, a hyperthermophilic bacterium. T. maritima TrmE was overexpressed in Escherichia coli and purified. TrmE has a GTPase activity but no ATPase activity. The GTPase activity can be competed with GTP, GDP, and dGTP but not with GMP, ATP, CTP, or UTP. Km and kcat at 70°C were 833 μM and 9.3 min−1, respectively. Our results indicate that TrmE is a GTP-binding protein with a very high intrinsic GTP hydrolysis rate. We also propose that TrmE homologues constitute a novel subfamily of the GTPase superfamily.
Assessing Emergence of a Long-Lived Monocarpic Succulent in Disturbed, Arid Environments: Evaluating Abiotic Factors in Effective Agave Restoration by Seed

Agave palmeri Engelmann is a semelparous perennial succulent thought to provide a critical food source for the endangered species, Leptonycteris curasoae Miller. Concern over impacts to existing A. palmeri populations has accelerated interest into reestablishing populations after disturbance. Little is known about its early life history and potential for restoration by seed in its arid habitat. In a greenhouse we measured emergence for 5.5 months across treatments with four variables: simulated precipitation (low: 170 mm, average: 285 mm, high: 390 mm), shade (present, absent), surface mulch (straw, gravel, bare soil), and soil type (sand, sandy loam, loamy sand). The highest emergence was associated with high simulated precipitation (33%), straw mulch (42%), shade (38%), and the loamy soils (mean: 30%). High simulated precipitation on shaded, straw mulched treatments had the highest overall emergence (63%). Lowest emergence involved low simulated precipitation (11%), bare soil (9%), absence of shade (10%...
Numerical modeling for direction finding applications

The Numerical Electromagnetic Code (NEC) has proven to be an excellent tool for the design and evaluation of complex direction finding (DF) antenna systems. Research at Southwest Research Institute (SwRI/sup /spl reg//) has focused for many years on the installation of distributed DF arrays on cluttered platforms in which the platform becomes an integral part of the DF array. For the past 8 years, SwRI has developed a concentrated research program in the use of numerical models for these applications, in particular HF DF on large naval ships. A logical choice for this application was NEC. In particular, research has been conducted in the following areas: 1) the ability of numerical models to predict basic DF array characteristics such as array response beamwidth and sidelobe levels; 2) the comparison of complex numerical responses to real world measurements; 3) techniques to evaluate numerical model accuracies; 4) the use of numerical models to develop DF algorithms; 5) the use of numerical models to reduce data collection; 6) optimization of DF antenna elements, their placement and their array geometry.
5-Lipoxygenase DNA Methylation and mRNA Content in the Brain and Heart of Young and Old Mice

The expression of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) is affected by aging and regulated by epigenetic mechanisms including DNA methylation. We used methylation-sensitive restriction endonucleases (AciI, BstUI, HpaII, and HinP1I) to assess 5-LOX DNA methylation in brain and heart tissue samples from young (2 months) and old (22 months) mice. We also measured mRNA content for 5-LOX and the DNA methyltransferases DNMT1 and DNMT3a. In young mice, the 5-LOX mRNA content was significantly greater in the heart compared to the brain; 5-LOX DNA methylation was lower, except in the AciI assay in which it was higher in the heart. Aging decreased 5-LOX mRNA content in the heart and increased it in the brain. Aging also increased 5-LOX DNA methylation and this effect was site- (i.e., enzyme) and tissue-specific. Generally, DNMT1 and DNMT3a mRNA content was lower in the brain regions compared to the heart; the only effect of aging was observed in the mRNA content of DNMT3a, which was decreased in the heart of old mice. These results indicate a complex tissue-specific and aging-dependent interplay between the DNA methylation system and 5-LOX mRNA content. Interpretation of this data must take into account that the tissue samples contained a mixture of various cell types.
Characterization of Heat Propagation along Single Tin Dioxide Nanobelt using the Thermoreflectance Method

In this paper, we studied heat transfer properties of a 230nm wide,450nm thick and 5.4 m long single tin dioxide nanobelt using non-contacted high resolution thermoreflectance imaging technique. Temperature difference across the nanobelt was created by attaching its both ends to a microfabricated thin film heater and sensor pair. High resolution thermal images of the nanobelt and thin film devices were obtained at variant pulsing current amplitudes and frequencies, which allowed us to study the inherent thermal conductance of the nanobelt. Thermal expansion induced thermoreflectance coefficient change is also discussed in this paper.
Severe sepsis caused by Aeromonas hydrophila in a patient using tocilizumab: a case report

Aeromonas species do not commonly cause disease in humans. However, when disease is seen, it often occurs in patients with underlying immunosuppression or malignancy and has a high fatality rate. A 72-year-old Japanese woman with rheumatoid arthritis treated with tocilizumab (which has an immunosuppressive effect) presented with severe epigastric pain. She had a fever with chills, hypotension and jaundice. She was diagnosed with acute suppurative cholangitis and treated with cefoperazone-sulbactam and an endoscopic drainage was performed. Jaundice was slightly improved, but the shock state and inflammatory reactions were prolonged as typical of septic shock. On the second day after admission, an electrocardiogram showed ST segment elevation and echocardiography showed ventricular wall dysfunction. Coronary arteries were patent in coronary angiography and she was diagnosed with stress-induced cardiomyopathy. Blood cultures showed Aeromonas hydrophila. A stool culture was negative for A. hydrophila. On day six, her white blood cell count and neutrophils were normalized and cefoperazone-sulbactam treatment was halted. Left ventricular function normalized on day twelve and a laparoscopic cholecystectomy for cholelithiasis was performed on the 16th day of hospitalization. A culture from the bile showed A. hydrophila. Eighteen days after surgery, tocilizumab treatment was restarted and there were no complications. Two months after restarting tocilizumab, our patient is stable without any serious events. We present a rare case of A. hydrophila sepsis and acute suppurative cholangitis in an elderly patient with gallstones and rheumatoid arthritis using tocilizumab. This clinical course may suggest that preemptive treatment for cholelithiasis prior to using molecular-targeting agents might be feasible in elderly patients.
DIFFERENTIAL RESOURCE USE BY PRIMATES AND HORNBILLS: IMPLICATIONS FOR SEED DISPERSAL

Arboreal frugivores, such as primates and hornbills, are important seed dis- persers for many tropical plant species, yet the degree to which they use the same resources is unknown. If primates and hornbills consume the same fruit species, they may be redundant in their roles as seed dispersers, and the loss of one of these taxa may be compensated for by the other. To examine resource use by tropical frugivores, we quantified the feeding habits of two hornbill species, Ceratogymna atrata and C. cylindricus, and five primate species, Colobus guereza, Lophocebus albigena, Cercopithecus pogonias, C. cephus, and C. nictitans, in the lowland rainforest of south-central Cameroon. Based on over 2200 feeding observations recorded between January and December 1998, we characterized the diets and estimated dietary overlap among frugivore species. Previous studies have cal- culated dietary overlap by counting the number of diet species that two animals share, often leading to inflated estimates of overlap. Our method incorporated the proportional use of diet species and fruit availability into randomization procedures, allowing a clearer as- sessment of the actual degree of overlap. This added complexity of analysis revealed that, although the diets of a hornbill and a primate species may have as many as 36 plant species in common, actual dietary overlap is low. These results suggested that there are distinct hornbill and primate feeding assemblages, with primates consuming a greater diversity of plant species and higher levels of nonfruit items like leaves and seeds. Using Correspon- dence Analysis, we also identified two primate assemblages, separated largely by degree of frugivory and folivory. In addition, we found that hornbills feed at significantly higher strata in the forest canopy and eat fruits of different colors than primates. Averaged across the year, overlap between groups (hornbill-primate) was significantly lower than combined within-group overlap (primate-primate and hornbill-hornbill), showing that primates and hornbills have dissimilar diets and are not redundant as seed dispersers. In equatorial Africa, primate populations face greater declines than hornbill populations because of hunting. It is unlikely that seed dispersal by hornbills will compensate for the loss of primates in maintaining forest structure.
Lower Extremity Strength Plays Only a Small Role in Determining the Maximum Recoverable Lean Angle in Older Adults

Background. The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which measures of lower extremity strength and power contribute to the ability of older men and women to restore postural equilibrium using a single-step recovery following a large postural disturbance. Methods. The postural disturbance, which has been used as a surrogate for forward-directed falls, involved a sudden release from a forward-leaning angle. The ability to recover using a single step was evaluated as the maximum recoverable lean angle for 56 healthy older women and men. Maximum voluntary isometric and isokinetic strength was measured for ankle plantarflexion and dorsiflexion, knee flexion and extension, and hip flexion and extension. Discriminant analysis was used to determine the strength measures that best classified participants as members of the highest (n ¼14) or lowest (n ¼ 14) quartiles of maximum recoverable lean angle. Those variables were subsequently entered into a regression analysis to characterize the relationship between strength and maximum recoverable lean angle for the entire participant sample. Results. Maximum isokinetic dorsiflexion strength at 908/s satisfied the criteria of the stepwise discriminant analysis, and correctly classified 82.1% of the participants in the highest or lowest quartiles of maximum recoverable lean angle. The multiple regression procedure, performed on all participants (n ¼ 56) revealed a significant quadratic relationship between maximum isokinetic dorsiflexion strength at 908/s and maximum recoverable lean angle (R 2 ¼0.295; p , .001). Conclusions. Lower extremity strength makes a small, but significant contribution to maximum recoverable lean angle. However, because 70% of the shared variability remained unaccounted for, it is suggested that other performance factors, such as coordination, may be of greater importance to performance of this time-critical motor task.
Vector Analysis of Prostate Patient Setup With Image-Guided Radiation Therapy via kV Cone Beam Computed Tomography

Purpose To analyze the daily setup variations in a cohort of intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) prostate cancer patients who had received daily image-guided RT without the use of fiducial markers to determine if daily image guidance is necessary. Methods and Materials 2134 Kilovoltage (kV) cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images were analyzed, with three shifts recorded for each image. The number of times that the vector of the combined shifts would have exceeded the planning tumor volume (PTV) margin was tallied. Then, the average scalar shift of the first five images was removed from all subsequent images for a given patient, and the number of days for which the shift vector was greater than the three-dimensional clinical tumor volume-PTV (3D CTV-PTV) margin (8 mm, created with rolling ball technique) was recorded. Additionally, the scalar shifts from every other fraction were studied to determine if the individual patient's shift vector would be adequately sampled if CBCT was not performed daily, thus reducing patient imaging dose without compromising treatment quality. Results There were 297 cases where the vector shift was initially greater than the PTV margin. By correcting each patient's data set by the average shift of their first five images the total was 248 cases. By considering only every other image of each patient data set (after correction for the first 5 days), only 137 days in which the CTV was outside the PTV would have been seen. Conclusions Daily imaging is recommended for prostate cancer IMRT patients in order to know the 3D (vector) position of the CTV and to ensure that it is always within the PTV margin. Correcting the data set by the average shift from the first 5 days reduces the overall number of outlier days but does not eliminate them completely.
Multiple cation-exchange capacity measurements on standard clays using a commercial mechanical extractor

Sequential cation-exchange capacity (CEC) measurements were obtained from standard clays using a mechanized, variable-rate leaching device. The device consists of a motorized screwjack and as many as 24 leaching tubes coupled to 60-ml plastic syringes. Controlled withdrawal of the syringe plungers produces a vacuum that permits samples in the leaching tubes to be extracted at a uniform rate. A single, 8-hr leaching of clays with 35 ml of salt solution was found to be comparable to multiple saturations or displacements using a centrifuge. CECs consistent with published values were obtained for reference 2:1 clay minerals using both acetate and chloride salts of Na, Ca, and Mg. Potassium-exchange capacities were also successfully measured following in situ thermal treatment of samples in the leaching tubes. Variations in measured CECs for kaolin-group minerals due to salt intercalation were minimized by using chloride rather than acetate salts and by washing with a dilute aqueous solution of the saturating cation following initial saturation. The mechanical extractor significantly reduced the effort required to perform conventional CEC determinations without sacrificing analytical precision.
Systems of systems engineering in the enterprise context: a unifying framework for dynamics

Systems of systems engineering (SoSE) takes place in the broader context of an enterprise, which we define very generally as a purposeful or industrious undertaking. Enterprises of greatest interest for SoSE are typically complex, multi-agent organizations or sets of organizations exhibiting the characteristics of complex adaptive systems, including evolutionary and emergent behaviors at multiple scales. The most fundamental of enterprise purposes are manifest in enterprise operations, in which the enterprise interacts with the larger world external to itself, and this aspect of enterprise dynamics is modeled. SoSE is but one aspect of an enterprise's activities, and the whole set of enterprise activities is predominantly oriented towards accomplishing and supporting the enterprise's mission in operations. This paper proposes a unifying framework for understanding and modeling the organizational, technical, and system complexities of enterprise dynamics across a range of enterprise types as major acquisition program initiatives are undertaken to provide improved operational capabilities.
Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) responsive sequence in Gαq promoter during megakaryocytic differentiation - Regulation by EGR-1 and MAP kinase pathway

Gαq plays a major role in platelet signal transduction, but little is known regarding its transcriptional regulation. We have reported that Gαq is upregulated during phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-induced megakaryocytic transformation of human erythroleukemia (HEL) cells and regulated by EGR-1, an early growth transcription factor.These studies focused on the initial 238 bp of the 5’ upstream region of the Gαq gene. In the present studies we characterize a minimal region -1042/-1037 bp from ATG in the 5’ upstream of the Gαq promoter that is associated with PMA responsiveness. In luciferase reporter gene studies in HEL cells, Gαq 5’ upstream promoter sequence -1042/-1 showed an about four-fold increased activity in PMAtreated compared to untreated cells. Deletion of 6-nt-1042/-1037 eliminated the difference. Gel-shift studies on Gαq probe (-1042/-1012 bp) revealed binding of EGR-1 with PMA-treated but not untreated nuclear extracts, and this was dependent on the sequence –1042/-1037. Silencing of endogenous EGR-1 inhibited Gαq induction by PMA. MEK/ERK inhibitor U0126 blocked PMA effect on promoter activity of the -1042/-1 construct. In conclusion, EGR-1 binding to sequence –1042/-1037 bp in Gαq promoter mediates the induction of Gαq gene by PMA via the MEK/ERK signaling pathway. These studies provide the first evidence of a PMA-responsive element in Gαq promoter, and new insights into regulation of Gαq gene by EGR-1.
Molecular tuning of odorant receptors and its implication for odor signal processing.

The discovery of the odorant receptor (OR) family by Buck and Axel in 1991 provided a quantum jump in our understanding of olfactory function. However, the study of the responsiveness of ORs to odor ligands was challenging due to the difficulties in deorphanizing the receptors. In this manuscript, we review recent findings of OR responsiveness that have come about through improved OR deorphanization methods, site-directed mutagenesis, structural modeling studies, and studies of OR responses in situ in olfactory sensory neurons. Although there has been a major leap in our understanding of receptor–ligand interactions and how these contribute to the input to the olfactory system, an improvement of our understanding of receptor structure and dynamics and interactions with intracellular and extracellular proteins is necessary.
Induction by estradiol-17 beta of polycystic ovaries in the guinea pig.

In the present study we wished to develop a model for polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) using the guinea pig, because this animal's cycle, compared to other rodent models, more closely emulates that of humans. Four silastic capsules, either empty or containing cholesterol or estradiol-17, were placed subcutaneously for 48 h on Day 10 or 12 of the cycle. Vaginal smears were taken daily. Cardiac blood was drawn at various intervals. At necropsy, trunk blood was collected and ovaries were excised and analyzed histologically. Cycle length was extended over that in controls in animals treated with estradiol-170 (E,) on Day 12 of the cycle. Treatment with E, resulted in an increase in serum estrogen 2 h after capsule insertion. No changes were evident in progesterone or androstenedione concentrations with treatment. Animals treated with E, and killed late (54 days after capsule removal) showed cysts grossly (group A), while occult cysts were present in E,-treated animals killed early (17 days; group B); no cysts were observed in control groups. Ovarian weight and size were increased in group A over controls. There was an increase in the fraction of atretic:total follicles < 500 mm in size in group A compared to group B as well as compared to controls. Since these results are similar to those seen in human PCOS, we conclude that the guinea pig may serve as an exceptional and unique model for the study of PCOS and may be applicable to humans.