cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Understanding the Areas and Correlates of Diabetes-Related Distress in Parents of Teens With Type 1 Diabetes

Objective To identify the unique areas of diabetes-related distress (DD) for parents of teens with type 1 diabetes and parent and teen characteristics associated with DD. Methods Areas of DD were developed from structured interviews and translated into 46 survey items. Items were analyzed with exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Results An EFA with 332 parents (88% mothers) reduced items to four Parent Diabetes Distress Scale (PDDS) factors (20 items, α = .94): Personal, Teen Management, Parent/Teen Relationship, and Healthcare Team Distress. Parent DD was higher among fathers, younger or single parents, parents of teens with higher hemoglobin A1c or severe low blood glucose levels, authoritarian parenting, depressive symptoms, and low emotional support. Conclusions 4 areas of parent DD were identified using a newly developed measure, the PDDS. DD was associated with family demographic, teen diabetes status, and parent contextual factors, and can help identify parents who may be more vulnerable to DD.
Die Behandlung der Frühgeburtenanämie und Postinfektiösen Anämie mit Wirkstoffen des Atemfermentsystems

1. Bei der Behandlung der Fruhgeburten- und postinfektiosen Anamie wird von dem Gedanken ausgegangen, das die Zahl der Erythrocyten eine Funktion des intermediaren Wasserstoff-Sauerstoff-Austausches ist. Wird dieser Austausch z. B. durch Versagen der NNR. bzw. des durch sie aktivierten Atemfermentsystems, sei es durch Schadigung der NNR.-Funktion oder durch Mangel an den Vitaminbausteinen der Atemfermentkette, verlangsamt, so sind bei dem dadurch herabgesetzten Sauerstoffbedarf weniger Erythrocyten als O2-Transportmittel notwendig, es resultiert eine Anamie. 2. Es konnte ein eindeutiger Einflus von Nicotinsaureamid (Merck) und Lactoflavin als Bausteine der Co-Zymase und des Flavinenzyms auf die Fruhgeburtenanamien gezeigt werden. Es wird daraus geschlossen, das diese Anamie neben anderen Ursachen auf einem relativen Mangel an diesen Faktoren beruht. 3. Bei postinfektiosen Anamien im Sauglings- und Kleinkindesalter erfolgt nach Cortineurin und Nicotinsaureamid ein Anstieg von Hb. und Erythrocyten in kurzer Zeit. Dies wird mit einer Schadigung oder Funktionsschwache der NNR. durch den Infekt begrundet. 4. Ein Stillstand bzw. geringer Ruckschlag in der Heilung der Anamien durch die genannten Praparate tritt ein, wenn ein neuer Infekt hinzukommt, eine Beobachtung, wie sie auch bei der Eisentherapie gemacht wurde.
Flight of Honey Bee Colonies, as Affected by Bidrin Applied on Ladino Clover

The flight activity of honey bees, Apis mellifera L., leaving colonies was measured to evaluate the effects of Bidrin® (3-hydroxy- N,N -dimethyl- cis -crotonamide dimethyl phosphate), applied on Ladino clover, and to test flight activity as an indicator of insecticide effects on colony performance. Flight activity was depressed significantly, approximately 40%, on the second day after application. Bee mortality increased on the day of application.
Expedited Access to Vinaxanthone and Chemically Edited Derivatives Possessing Neuronal Regenerative Effects through Ynone Coupling Reactions

The natural product vinaxanthone has demonstrated a remarkable capability to promote nerve growth following injury or transplantation. In rats following total transection of the spinal cord delivery of vinaxanthone enhanced axonal regeneration, remyelination and angiogenesis at the site of injury all leading to an improved reinstatement of motor function. Through the development of a new ynone coupling reaction, chemically edited derivatives of vinaxanthone have been prepared and studied for improved activity. The coupling reaction allows rapid access to new derivatives, wherein n ynone precursors provide n(2) vinaxanthone analogues. These compounds have been tested for their ability to promote neuronal regrowth using laser axotomy, severing axonal connections in Caenorhabditis elegans. This precise microsurgery using C. elegans allows a new in vivo approach for medicinal chemistry based optimization of neuronal growth promoting compounds.
Early Education and Development Special Issue

Theme: Moving Forward in the Study of Temperament and Early Education Outcomes: Mediating and Moderating FactorsGuest Editors: Cynthia L. Smith, Department of Human Development, Virginia Tech, and ...
What Are the Incentives for Medicare Prescription Drug Plans to Consider Long-Term Outcomes and Cost?

BACKGROUND: Medicare Prescription Drug Plans (PDPs) do not have incentives to consider long-term outcomes and costs associated with both medical and pharmacy benefits (LTOCMP) when making formulary decisions. OBJECTIVE: To identify existing quality measures, payment models, and public reporting tools for PDPs that are related to formulary decision making and that could be used as potential incentives for PDPs to consider LTOCMP. METHODS: PubMed, Google, and quality measure databases, as well as Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation and Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) websites, were searched for appropriate quality measures, payment models, and public reporting tools. RESULTS: Few quality measures and other mechanisms exist that are related to formulary decision making and have the potential to be incentives for PDPs to consider LTOCMP. Only 3 such tools were identified: (1) Medicare Part D star ratings quality measures in use by CMS, (2) the Medicare Plan Finder website, and (3) URAC ...
Recent Archaeological Survey and Excavation Around the Greater Kalokol Area, West Side of Lake Turkana: Preliminary Findings

Presentation des resultats preliminaires des fouilles et prospections menees dans la region de Kalokol, du cote Ouest du lac Turkana au Kenya. Une dizaine de sites du debut de l'Holocene sont concernes parmi lesquels deux ont ete plus precisement etudies.
Transition to a Tube Feeding Formula With Real Food Ingredients in Pediatric Patients With Intestinal Failure

Due to concerns related primarily to allergic response and malabsorption, enteral nutrition therapy has traditionally relied on the use of elemental formulas in children with intestinal failure (IF). Blended food diets via a gastrostomy tube have been reported to improve feeding tolerance in pediatric populations receiving long-term enteral nutrition therapy. Complex macronutrients have been shown to stimulate intestinal adaptation in animal models. We report on our experience in children with IF who had an overall improvement in stool output when transitioned from an elemental formula to a tube feeding formula with real food ingredients (TFRF). Data were collected in a retrospective chart review of children with IF, >1 year of age, who were receiving enteral nutrition via continuous infusion, bolus feeding, or both. Indications for the TFRF trial were diarrhea or inconsistent stooling patterns. Ten children with a mean small bowel length of 48.3 cm were trialed on TFRF. Nine of 10 (90%) children tolerated the transition to 100% TFRF, of which 7 of 9 (78%) had their entire colon in continuity. The average age at successful transition was 29.2 months, and the average length of time to transition to 100% TFRF was 67.3 days. TFRF is well tolerated in children >1 year of age with IF; it also improves their stooling patterns. A commercially available TFRF is a cost-effective and nutritionally adequate means of providing nutrition to this patient population.
Trusteeship’s Denouement

The San Francisco and Potsdam Conferences had appeared to reconcile Anglo-American differences concerning Indo-Chinese trusteeship. Within a matter of months, France had been rehabilitated as a Great Power. Its imperial grandeur was resurrected alongside its metropolitan rebirth. Only the Soviet Union, out of the Big Three, continued to support full independence for colonial peoples. But Russia was still not engaged in the war in the Far East and Stalin had been robbed of the opportunity to influence such events by the death of Roosevelt. Never again would Stalin be able to indulge in personal flights of fancy with an American president — to stand shoulder to shoulder as men of destiny and divide the world into spheres of influence according to their whims — as they had done at Tehran when Roosevelt had offered India to Stalin. The age of American foreign policy being based upon the impulses of an indecisive juggler king was over. Truman was taking United States diplomacy in a different direction.
Plasmonic Lattice Lenses for Multiwavelength Achromatic Focusing.

This paper describes an evolutionary approach to design flat multiwavelength achromatic lenses based on subwavelength plasmonic nanoparticles. Our lattice evolution algorithm achieved desired optical responses by tuning the arrangement of the phase units on a discrete square lattice. Lattice lenses consisting of a single type of nanoparticle could operate at any wavelength in the visible to near-infrared regime (540–1000 nm) by tailoring the localized surface plasmon resonance. When the unit cells were expanded to anisotropic particle shapes, the planar optics could selectively focus light depending on the polarization of incident light. Finally, the algorithm realized efficient multiobjective optimization and produced achromatic lattice lenses at up to three wavelengths (λ = 600 nm, λ = 785 nm, and λ = 980 nm) using multiple different nanoparticle shapes.
Effects of pathogen population levels and crop-derived nutrients on development of soybean sudden death syndrome and growth of fusarium virguliforme

Sudden death syndrome (SDS) of soybean, caused by Fusarium virguliforme, is a significant disease of soybean. The suite of factors that influence disease development is incompletely understood. The goal of this study was to determine the effects of pathogen population levels, crop residues, seed exudates, and their interactions on development of SDS and growth of F. virguliforme. Studies were conducted in a greenhouse with cultivars susceptible and partially resistant to SDS, four pathogen population levels, and six crop residue treatments (none; ground corn seed, stalks, and roots; ground soybean stems; and sorghum seed). Root rot was assessed 15 and 50 days after inoculation (dai) and foliar disease and plant biomass were assessed 50 dai. Population level increases and crop residues had significant interacting effects on increasing foliar disease severity and root rot and on biomass reduction. Disease severity was positively correlated with population and biomass was negatively correlated. Plants grown with no crop residues exhibited low or no root rot or foliar disease 15 dai, and severity was greatest with corn and sorghum seed. In vitro studies were conducted to test the effects of exudates collected from germinating soybean and corn seed on growth of F. virguliforme and F. solani. Growth of these fungi was greater in exudates than in water. More growth occurred in exudates collected during soybean radicle emergence than those sampled at other times during germination. These studies show that pathogen population levels and crop-derived nutrients in soil interact and influence severity of SDS. Results have implications for gaging disease risk and managing SDS.
The Bank Capital Issue

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview on bank capital issue. Intermediation theorists often have different views of the leverage issue, as a result of their own perspective on the role performed by banks in the real economy. This has resulted in several different views of the banking firm's decision process applicable to the determination of optimal bank capital ratios, and increased interest in the public policy consequences of whatever decision it reaches. The dichotomy of perspective, which roughly corresponds to a firm level focus and a financial market focus, respectively, has led to discussions of bank capital and its regulation that are often at cross purposes. Some have argued that the government should merely eliminate the inefficiencies of bank regulation and liability insurance to allow the marketplace to efficiently regulate bank capital ratios. The chapter also presents the conclusions and implications of potential competition in regulation as envisioned in the EC for efficiency of regulation.
Abstract 17157: Chronic Troponin I Leak After Heart Transplantation: What is its Meaning?

Introduction: Elevations in serum troponin I (cTnI) have been noted to reflect myocardial injury in non-transplant patients. Chronic cTnI leaks are also known to occur at various times in certain heart transplant patients; it is suggested that these patients have poor outcome. We sought to assess outcomes of patients with increased serum concentrations in cTnI within the first year post-heart transplantation. Methods: Between 2010 and 2014 we assessed 449 heart transplant patients, 15 of which had cTnl leak. Chronic cTnl leak was defined as elevated serum cTnl ≥ 0.05 ng/ml for a duration ≥2 months. For these patients, subsequent 1-year survival, rejection, cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) as defined by stenosis ≥ 30% by angiography and Non-Fatal Major Adverse Cardiac Events (NF-MACE: myocardial infarction, new congestive heart failure, percutaneous coronary intervention, implantable cardioverter defibrillator/pacemaker implant, stroke) were assessed. There were 38 patients who had no cTnl leak that were used as a control. These patients were also followed for the subsequent year post-transplant for the same outcome parameters as noted above. Results: The chronic cTnl leak group compared to the no cTnl leak group had significantly reduced subsequent 1-year survival and NF-MACE. No significant difference was observed for subsequent 1-year freedom from CAV, acute cellular, antibody-mediated and biopsy negative rejection. Conclusions: cTnl leak in heart transplant patients appears to predict poor outcome for survival and prospect of NF-MACE events. A longer follow-up period is needed to confirm these early observations.
Dropout in a Treatment Program for Self-referring Wife Abusing Men

Demographic factors and levels of psychological and physical aggression were assessed as predictors of dropout for those who participated in a group treatment program for maritally discordant couples reporting husband to wife physical aggression. In addition, follow-up assessments with dropouts were conducted to obtain clients' reasons for termination. Demographic variables and levels of physical aggression did not predict dropout; however, higher levels of psychological aggression did. The most frequently cited reasons for dropout by participants were treatment-related issues. Specifically, clients reported that the group format did not enable them to address their individual couple issues. Regarding future treatment planning, our findings indicate that in cases where men are severely psychologically abusive, individual sessions may be warranted that precede or are in conjunction with couple sessions. Also, it is as important to target women's psychological aggression as it is to target men's psychological aggression. Finally, our findings indicate that treatment programs should utilize some mechanism that allows for more personalized attention to each couple, such as an individual couples format and/or an individual supplement to the group format.
Abstract 18761: Predicting Stroke in Patients With Cancer and Atrial Fibrillation: A Cohort Study

Introduction: Patients with cancer, a known hypercoagulable state, have a higher prevalence of stroke and atrial fibrillation (AF). Stroke prediction risk scores, developed in general medical populations, have not been validated in patients with cancer and AF and role of cancer-specific factors is unknown. Objective: To identify unique risk factors and evaluate validity of CHADS2 and CHA2DS2-VASc scores to predict risk of stroke and mortality. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients with cancer and concomitant AF at the Cleveland Clinic from 2008-2014. Data were gathered from tumor registry and electronic medical records. Outcomes, CHADS2 and CHA2DS2-VASc scores were calculated from date of cancer diagnosis. Outcomes included ischemic stroke and mortality. Prognostic factors were identified with Fine & Gray regression for stroke and Cox proportional hazards analysis for survival. Results: Study population comprised 2,037 patients. Mean age was 70 ±11 years, 64% were male, 68% had hypertension and 35% had known vascular disease. Genitourinary cancers were the most common (29%) followed by gastrointestinal (GI) (18%). Overall, 52% had CHADS2 ≥ 2. Seventy-four patients (3.6%) developed stroke at a median of 6.4 months after cancer diagnosis (0, 93) with overall stroke risk of 1.9/100 patient years. Increased CHADS2 score was associated with stroke (HR 1.41; 95% CI 1.19-1.67; p Conclusions: In patients with cancer and AF each point increase in CHADS2 is associated with nearly 40% greater risk of stroke and has a stronger association than CHA2DS2-VASc score. Primary cancer site is a unique risk factor in this population. Both CHADS2 score and stroke are associated with worsened survival and oncologists need to address impact of cardiovascular disease on mortality.
GraalVM: metaprogramming inside a polyglot system (invited talk)

GraalVM is a polyglot virtual machine for running applications written in a variety of languages such as JavaScript, Ruby, Python, R, JVM-based languages like Java, Scala, Kotlin, and LLVM-based languages such as C and C++. GraalVM enables interoperability between different programming languages in a shared runtime, and can run either standalone or embedded in other software systems such as Node.js, the Oracle RDBMS, and MySQL. In this talk I will give an overview of GraalVM and present how polyglot features such as language interoperability and language-agnostic instrumentation are enabled in GraalVM by means of VM-internal metaprogramming.
Bedside Ultrasonography in the Management of Penetrating Cardiac Injury Caused by a Nail Gun.

Abstract Background Injuries from nail guns are a unique type of penetrating trauma seen in emergency departments (EDs), rising in prevalence in the United States. These devices can lead to life-threatening injuries that require rapid diagnosis to help guide management. Case Report An elderly man was brought to the ED having sustained a nail gun injury to the chest. After loss of pulses, brief closed chest compressions and rapid blood product administration led to a return of spontaneous circulation. Using bedside ultrasound, a metallic foreign body was identified tracking through the right ventricle with associated pericardial fluid and pericardial clot. This rapid diagnosis with bedside ultrasound helped facilitate timely transport to the operating room for median sternotomy, foreign body removal, and pledgeted cardiac repair. Why Should an Emergency Physician Be Aware of This? With continued developments in image quality and acquisition, and improvements of physician operator performance, ultrasonography has continued to make significant impacts in traumatically injured patients in new ways. We present this case report to highlight precordial nail gun injuries and to emphasize the diagnostic capabilities of bedside ultrasound for these patients.
Formation of closed flux surfaces in spheromaks sustained by steady inductive helicity injection

The helicity injected torus with steady inductive helicity injection device is a simply-connected toroidal device that forms and sustains axisymmetric spheromak equilibria through the use of steady inductive helicity injection, which inject magnetic helicity through the inductive drive of non-axisymmetric currents on the edge of the plasma. Simulations of high-gain scenarios, using the NIMROD code and based on models validated with low gain experimental operations, indicate the formation of closed flux surfaces at current amplifications of six. Despite the helicity injection scheme adding magnetic perturbations of order , these closed flux equilibria are able to persist for as long as 20 injector periods (1.3 ms) before breaking apart due to other plasma generated instabilities.
Ru(II) coordination compounds of N-N bidentate chelators with 1,2,3 triazole and isoquinoline subunits: Synthesis, spectroscopy and antimicrobial properties.

Abstract Bidentate chelators 1-(1-benzyl-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)isoquinoline and 3-(1-benzyl-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)isoquinoline were prepared from benzyl bromide and trimethylsilylethynylisoquinoline precursors using a tandem deprotection/substitution/CuAAC synthetic approach. Each chelator is capable of forming a stable 3:1 Ru(II) coordination compound, which forms as a geometric isomer mixture. These Ru(II) complexes possess unique MLCT absorbance signatures at 450/472 nm (1-isomer) and 367 nm (3-isomer) relative to their constituent chelating units. Minimum inhibitory concentration values as low as 0.4 μM are observed for Ru(II) complexes against representative Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Comparing the MIC values of these isoquinoline compounds with analogous 2-(1-benzyl-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)pyridine compounds shows a 2.5- to 40-fold improvement in potency. This study establishes that increased hydrophobicity introduced at the central chelating units of Ru(II) coordination compounds can be a useful means by which to optimize antimicrobial activity that is complimentary to the variation of peripheral substituent identity at the chelator’s N1 triazole position.
Chapter 14 – Vitamin B6

Vitamin B6 activity is metabolically active in the form of pyridoxal phosphate, an essential cofactor for more than 140 enzymes most of which are involved in the metabolism of amino acids, with functional roles in growth, immune function, and other aspects of metabolism. Vitamin B6 is widely distributed in foods, including meats, whole grain products, and vegetables. It is water soluble and it is absorbed by passive diffusion after which ingested forms are converted to any of several vitamers (pyridoxamine, pyridoxine, and pyridoxal) and pyridoxal phosphate. Vitamin B6 contributes to single-carbon metabolism, niacin synthesis, and gluconeogenesis. Vitamin B6 deficiency is rare in humans; it presents as muscular weakness, nervous disorders, and impaired cell-mediated immunity.
Measuring the Direction of Innovation: Frontier Tools in Unassisted Machine Learning

Understanding the factors affecting the direction of innovation is a central aim of research in the economics and strategic management of innovation. Progress on this topic has been inhibited by difficulties in measuring the location and movement of innovation in ideas space. To date, most efforts at measuring the direction of innovation rely on curated taxonomies, such as technology classes and keyword approaches, which either adapt slowly or are subject to gaming, and early generations of text analysis, which provide information on the similarity of sets of words, but not on the number of paths or direction of change. Relative to these, recent advances in machine learning offer promising paths forward. In this paper, we introduce and explore a particular approach based on an unassisted machine learning technique, Hierarchical Dirichlet Process (HDP), that flexibly generates categories from a corpus of text and enables calculations of the distance across knowledge categories and movement in ideas space. We apply our algorithm to the corpus of USPTO patent abstracts from the period 2000-2018 and demonstrate that, relative to the USPTO taxonomy of patent classes, our algorithm provides a leading indicator of shift in innovation topics and enables a more precise analysis of movement in ideas space. Working with such measures is important because it enables more accurate estimates of the direction of innovation and, hence, of economic actors’ responses to competitive environments and public policies. We share our algorithm, which can be applied to other innovation text corpora, as well as the patent data and measures we develop, with the aim of facilitating additional inquiries regarding the direction of innovation.
Open-Loop Distributed Beamforming Using Wireless Frequency Synchronization

We present an open-loop microwave distributed beamforming system using a self-mixing circuit for wireless frequency synchronization between two transmitting nodes in relative motion. Distributed beamforming on arrays of wireless nodes requires accurate coordination of the electrical states of each node to ensure that transmitted signals arrive at the desired destination with sufficient phase alignment for high signal gain. Of the necessary coordination parameters, synchronizing the frequencies of the internal oscillators is among the most crucial to ensure distributed coherence. In this work, we demonstrate distributed beamforming between separate microwave wireless transmitters using wireless frequency synchronization in a hierarchical coordination topology that is directly scalable to larger array sizes. The primary node transmits a spectrally sparse two-tone waveform that is received by a self-mixing circuit at the secondary node. A 10-MHz frequency reference of the primary node is modulated onto the tone separation of the waveform; upon self-mixing, the demodulated 10-MHz frequency reference is passed to a phase-locked loop to discipline the oscillator of the secondary node. We demonstrate beamforming at a 1.5-GHz carrier frequency between the two nodes, performed while moving the primary node, demonstrating the ability to maintain greater than 90% ideal distributed beamforming gain.
Constructive Approaches to Lin's Theorem for Almost Commuting Matrices

Lin's theorem states that for all $\epsilon > 0$, there is a $\delta > 0$ such that for all $n \geq 1$ if self-adjoint contractions $A,B \in M_n(\mathbb{C})$ satisfy $\|[A,B]\|\leq \delta$ then there are self-adjoint contractions $A',B' \in M_n(\mathbb{C})$ with $[A',B']=0$ and $\|A-A'\|,\|B-B'\|<\epsilon$. We present full details of the approach in arXiv:0808.2474, which seemingly is the closest result to a general constructive proof of Lin's theorem. Constructive results for some special cases are presented along with applications to the problem of almost commuting matrices where $B$ is assumed to be normal and also to macroscopic observables.
Financing Immigration: The Financial-Market Value of a Market-Based Immigration System

The American legal immigration system is in desperate need of reform. One reform idea with far‐​reaching potential is the immigration tariff: the sale of permanent conditional work and residency visas that we call gold cards at a price set by Congress. Originally proposed by Nobel Prize-winning economist Gary Becker, the sale of visas would create a more efficient and market‐​based immigration system that adjusts to changing economic conditions. As envisioned in this paper, Congress would set a price for visas that is higher than the worst‐​case negative fiscal effects and sell as many as the market could bear. Revenue raised from the sale of visas would more than offset any potential negative fiscal effects from immigration and provide a measure of flexible protection for domestic workers. The proposed immigration tariff would not replace other visa categories but would be an additional category. The economic and financial impact of an immigration tariff, beyond liberalizing the immigration system, would also positively affect debt markets. The price for visas under this policy would be high — $45,000 on average if the purchasers are of the same age and education as those who immigrated during the 2013-2017 period. Many migrant purchasers of gold cards would have to borrow money upfront or enter into income‐​share agreements to afford these visas. The loans to immigrants to finance the purchase of gold cards could create a substantial financial market. Under conservative assumptions, we estimate that the present discounted value in perpetuity of loans to finance the purchase of gold cards would be $171.9 billion to $721.1 billion. Those estimates are equivalent to between 4.13 percent and 17.31 percent of all existing consumer credit outstanding in the United States as of October 2019.
TDP43 ribonucleoprotein granules: physiologic function to pathologic aggregates

Ribonucleoprotein (RNP) assemblies are ubiquitous in eukaryotic cells and have functions throughout RNA transcription, splicing, and stability. Of the RNA-binding proteins that form RNPs, TAR DNA-b...
CRC Desk Reference for Nutrition

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V WXYZ Appendix I Appendix II Absorption Additives Amino Acids Anemia Apoptosis Ascorbic Acid Biotin Carbohydrate Choline Contamination of food with metals Cytokines Diabetes mellitus Drug-nutrient interactions Eicosanoids Energetics Fatty acids Folacin (Folic acid) Food intake regulation Gluconeogenesis Glycogen Inununoactive bacterial endotoxins Kwashiorkor Lesion-causing bacterial toxins Lipids Lipoproteins Malnutrition Medicinal plants Membrane-affecting bacterial toxins Minerals Niacin (B3) Normal clinical values for blood Obesity Oxidation Pantothenic acid Poisonous plants Proteins Protein synthesis Pyridoxine Riboflavin SI units Subunit bacterial toxins Thiamin Types of antinutritives Vitamin A Vitamin B12 Vitamin D Vitamin E Vitamin K
Scientific Advances and International Law Making

THAT THE WORLD of the sixties is radically different from that of previous generations is a truism to which international lawyers, no less than others, pay deference. They are frequently, almost routinely, reminded of the great changes in international society: the scientific and technological revolutions, the end of the empires and the burgeoning of new states, ideological challenges to existing power structures and traditional norms, the growth of international institutions and co-operative arrangements. No student of international law can be oblivious of these factors and of their potential relevance to international law. At the same time, in the eyes of the other professions, international lawyers appear traditional and old-fashioned in their intellectual approach, more concerned with precedents and verbal niceties than with the facts and figures of a rapidly changing environment or the techniques of change. They may, in a more kindly view, be regarded as the present-day classicists, dedicated to principles of reason and skilled in the analysis of concepts, in close reading of documents, in structured argumentation. But these time-honored skills are generally considered as only marginally relevant to solving the problems thrust up in a world of sweeping change and novelty, and the international lawyer will often be viewed as a draftsman or rhetorician who has little to contribute to substantive analysis. The present symposium is a welcome indication of the contrary. Nearly all of the contributors are international lawyers. They have not been intimidated by the complexities or the arcane character of scientific advances, and they have not hesitated to deal with substance and policy. Indeed, their principal contribution may be said to lie in the clarification of policy, more particularly, in relating the present and potential impact of advancing technology to the basic political, economic and social goals of the body politic. There is, moreover, little disposition to rely on the slow growth of custom, or on the "unseen hand," to harmonize national interests and avoid conflict. The lawyer's main task is viewed as the purposive creation of norms and procedures to regulate the future. In reading the contributions, one is reminded of President Kennedy's observation to a group of scientists: "Every time you scientists make a major
Understanding and Explanation in France: From Maine de Biran’s Méthode Psychologique to Durkheim’s Les Formes Élémentaires de la vie Religieuse

My task here is to compare the ways in which the relations between the human and the natural sciences were conceived in late nineteenth and early twentieth century France and Germany. Historical generalization may be a mug’s game. But if I had to generalize, I would say that the French distinguished the human or cultural sciences from the natural sciences only in terms of their subject matters, while the Germans were more likely to try to distinguish them in terms of their goals, methods, foundations, and normative content as well. Although we may be able to find many philosophical positions among the French that resemble certain aspects of the thought of Wilhelm Dilthey, Wilhelm Windelband, or Heinrich Rickert, no one in France held exactly the same combination of philosophical views concerning the human sciences as that held by any of these German thinkers. In particular, no one in France tried to distinguish the human from the natural sciences in terms of understanding versus explanation in the way that Dilthey did. Thus, although there were other disputes in France in regard to the human sciences, such as that between Emile Durkheim and Gabriel Tarde over the role of psychology in sociological explanation, or that between sociologists and philosophers over the methods of ethics, there was no controversy analogous to the conflict among Dilthey, Windelband, and Rickert over the best way to distinguish the human from the natural sciences.
Pre-Empting Terror Bombings – A Comparative Approach to Anticipatory Self-Defense

The extreme urgency in discussing terror bombings and anticipatory self-defense cannot be overstated. Terror bombings were responsible for the single bloodiest month for U.S. and British troops in Afghanistan (July, 2009), for the death of nine people in Indonesia (July, 2009) for the death of three policemen in Spain and for the death of countless Iraqi citizens (including August, 2009), just to name a few. This article specifically focuses on anticipatory self defense and intelligence gathering in an effort to proactively prevent terror bombings. Terror bombing is defined herein within the broadest possible parameters to include the following: dirty bombs, suicide bombings, remote controlled bombings and nuclear weapons and presents the greatest contemporary threat presently posed by terrorists. Therefore, it is critical that terror bombings are understood and effective counter-measures developed. The most effective way to understand the threat is through a detailed comparative analysis of terror bombings and the operational, policy, legislative, and judicial responses of the nations affected. In the article, I propose that the key to pre-empt, prevent and respond to the threats posed by terror bombings is stronger intelligence which is crucial in allowing nations to focus on effective anticipatory self-defense.
Localization of antisera to LHβ and FSHβ in the rat pituitary gland

Pituitary glands from adult male and female rats were stained by the immunocytochemical bridge technique with antisera to ovine LHbeta and human FSHbeta. Peroxidase reaction product was localized in the same PAS-positive cells with both antisera. The cells varied in size and topographical distribution within the pars distalis. These observations support the concept that a single cell type is responsible for the synthesis of both LH and FSH in the rat.
UPPER YELLOWSTONE RIVER FLOW AND TELECONNECTIONS WITH PACIFIC BASIN CLIMATE VARIABILITY DURING THE PAST THREE CENTURIES

Climate variability, coupled with increasing demand is raising concerns about the sustain- ability of water resources in the western United States. Tree-ring reconstructions of stream flow that extend the observational record by several centuries provide critical information on the short-term variability and multi-decadal trends in water resources. In this study, precipitation sensitive Douglas- fir (Pseudotsuga menzeisii) tree ring records are used to reconstruct annual flow of the Yellowstone River back to A.D. 1706. Linkages between precipitation in the Greater Yellowstone Region and climate variability in the Pacific basin were incorporated into our model by including indices Pacific Ocean interannual and decadal-scale climatic variability, namely the Pacific Decadal Oscillation and the Southern Oscillation. The reconstruction indicates that 20th century streamflow is not representative of flow during the previous two centuries. With the exception of the 1930s, streamflow during the 20th century exceeded average flows during the previous 200 years. The drought of the 1930s resulted in the lowest flows during the last three centuries, however, this probably does not represent a worst-case scenario for the Yellowstone as other climate reconstructions indicate more extreme droughts prior to the 18th century.
9 Phosphorylation of Brain Proteins

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews several aspects of the vital role of protein phosphorylation in nervous system function. It also discusses some of the most thoroughly investigated protein phosphorylation systems found in the mammalian brain. The protein phosphorylation systems found in mammalian tissues, including the brain, consist minimally of three components: protein kinases, specific phosphoprotein substrates for these kinases, and phosphoprotein phosphatases. The mammalian brain contains the two distinct cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinases— namely, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-dependent and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP)-dependent protein kinases. The main properties of the brain enzyme are identical to those of the enzyme prepared from peripheral tissues. In the brain, cyclic AMP may mediate effects on membranes, cytosolic structures, nuclei, and other intracellular compartments. Cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase has an uneven tissue distribution, with only a few peripheral tissues showing significant activity. However, cyclic GMP appears to function as second messenger in many neurons in addition to Purkinje cells. The activity of cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase is regulated by the level of cyclic GMP in the cells. In nervous tissues, a role for Ca 2+ -dependent protein phosphorylation has been suggested by studies using purified nerve terminals from cerebral cortex.
The formation, structure, and composition of the mammalian kinetochore and kinetochore fiber.

Publisher Summary Advances in the understanding of the formation, structure, and chemistry of the mammalian kinetochore and its associated fiber are summarized in the chapter. The initiation of chromosome movement during cell division can be correlated with the formation of a fiber, composed primarily of microtubules (MTs) and associated proteins that connect each chromosome to the polar area of the spindle. The region on the chromosome where the MTs attach is the kinetochore, and the MTs themselves are known as “kinetochore MTs” (K-MTs). The origin of K-MTs is consistent with the morphological changes that occur within the astral spindle during prometaphase, with the structure of the K-fiber, with the ultrastructural data on prometaphase in many types of cells, with the in vivo nucleation data, and with the in vivo polarity determinations. The origin of K-MTs offers an explanation for various in vivo observations that have yet to be explained by a mechanism of K-MT formation, based solely on the nucleation of MTs by the kinetochore.
Stability tests for single-bit sigma-delta modulators with second-order FIR noise transfer functions

The authors study the stability of sigma-delta modulators with second-order FIR (finite impulse response) noise transfer functions. At present, there is no analytical criterion which is both necessary and sufficient for the stability of such systems, even when the input is known. The authors present a variety of tests, culminating with the results of a simple computer algorithm which proves the zero-input stability of 94% of the modulators of the foregoing type which are, according to brute-force simulations, believed to be stable. The algorithm may be extended to higher-order FIR, or even IIR (infinite impulse response) transfer functions and may also be modified to incorporate bounded inputs. >
Antisense starts making more sense.

Numerous endogenous antisense RNAs suggest antisense regulation of the human genome is more widespread than first thought.
Cambrian (Guzhangian Stage) trilobites from Ohio, USA, and modification of the Cedaria Zone as used in Laurentia

Two Cambrian trilobites, Olenoides? sp. from the Mount Simon Sandstone and “Cedaria” woosteri from the Eau Claire Formation, are described from the subsurface of western Ohio, USA. The definition of the Cedaria Zone is modified to reflect differing interpretations of the zone as used historically in restricted-shelf and open-shelf lithofacies of the Laurentian palaeocontinent. The Cedaria prolifica Zone is proposed for use primarily in open-shelf lithofacies, and the “C.” woosteri Zone is proposed for use in more restricted, inner-shelf lithofacies. Olenoides? sp. from the Mount Simon Formation is interpreted as representing the C. prolifica Zone, and “C.” woosteri is the eponymous species of the “C.” woosteri Zone. Both polymerid trilobite biozones are in the Guzhangian Stage (Cambrian, provisional Series 3). Based on trilobite zonation, the Mount Simon Sandstone and most of the Eau Claire Formation of western Ohio are interpreted as being Guzhangian in age.
Three-photon-absorption-induced fluorescence and optical limiting effects in an organic compound

Three-photon-absorption-induced frequency-upconversion f luorescence emission has been observed in a solution of 2,5-benzothiazole 3,4-didecyloxy thiophene (BBTDOT) in tetrahydrofuran, pumped with 10-ns Q-switched 1.06-microm laser pulses. The spectral peak of the observed fluorescence emission is located in the 450-480-nm range, and the intensity dependence of the visible emission on the IR excitation obeys the cubic law. At a higher solute concentration (0.18 M/L) and moderate IR excitation intensity levels (50-200 MW/cm(2)), obvious optical limiting behavior has been observed as a result of three-photon absorption. The measured nonlinear absorption coeff icient and the corresponding molecular three-photon-absorption cross section are gamma= 2.7 x 10(-18) cm(3)/W(2) and sigma'(3) = 8.8 x 10(-76) cm(6) s(2), respectively.
Generalization of the Linearized Approximation to the Semiclassical Initial Value Representation for Reactive Flux Correlation Functions

The semiclassical (SC) initial value representation (IVR) provides a general and practical approach for including quantum effects in classical molecular dynamics simulations. The linearized approximation (LA) to the SC-IVR simplifies the description much further, reducing it to the well-known classical Wigner model (i.e., a classical trajectory calculation with a Wigner distribution of initial conditions); the LA is able to describe quantum effects well for short times (t {approx{underscore}lt} {Dirac{underscore}h}{beta}) but not so for longer times. It is shown here how the full SC-IVR approach, which is able to describe quantum effects for long times, can be cast in a form very similar in structure to the LA, with specific application to flux correlation functions relevant to chemical reaction rates. This formulation may thus make it possible to carry out full SC-IVR calculations while still retaining much of the simplifying aspects of its linearized approximation.
How to sign given any trapdoor permutation

A digital signature scheme is presented, which is based on the existence of any trapdoor permutation. The scheme is secure in the strongest possible natural sense: namely, it is secure against existential forgery under adaptive chosen message attack.
Estimation of net-costs for prevention of occupational low back pain: Three case studies from the US†‡§

Background Occupational low back pain (OLBP) is widespread in industrialized societies. We present a model to estimate the net economic costs of investments in ergonomic interventions at the company level to reduce work-related low back pain. Methods Costs of interventions are defined by incorporating not only the costs of investment of equipment and labor, but also by taking into account the avoided costs of lost work time, medical care costs, and productivity improvements. In the net-cost model, all costs are annualized and are calculated at the level of an individual organization. Three case studies have been performed based on data from three companies in the manufacturing sector of the United States using the above approach. Results The net-cost estimates for the three case studies consistently show that ergonomic interventions applied appropriately can result in substantial cost savings for the companies. Conclusions Although generalizing on the basis of three case studies is not ideal, our analyses show that it might be in the economic interest of management to play a more active role to prevent back pain. Gathering useful retrospective cost data, even on interventions deemed effective by corporate innovators, proved to be extremely difficult. We conclude that it is essential to incorporate a protocol for collecting cost and effectiveness data in the standard operating procedures of ergonomists and companies introducing such innovation. We intend to validate the net-cost model for the monitoring and reporting of such data through prospective studies in a variety of industrial settings and in countries at various stages of economic development. Am. J. Ind. Med. 48:530–541, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Earliest functional declines in Huntington disease

We examined the gold standard for Huntington disease (HD) functional assessment, the Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale (UHDRS), in a group of at-risk participants not yet diagnosed but who later phenoconverted to manifest HD. We also sought to determine which skill domains first weaken and the clinical correlates of declines. Using the UHDRS Total Functional Capacity (TFC) and Functional Assessment Scale (FAS), we examined participants from Huntington Study Group clinics who were not diagnosed at their baseline visit but were diagnosed at a later visit (N = 265). Occupational decline was the most common with 65.1% (TFC) and 55.6% (FAS) reporting some loss of ability to engage in their typical work. Inability to manage finances independently (TFC 49.2%, FAS 35.1%) and drive safely (FAS 33.5%) were also found. Functional decline was significantly predicted by motor, cognitive, and depressive symptoms. The UHDRS captured early functional losses in individuals with HD prior to formal diagnosis, however, fruitful areas for expanded assessment of early functional changes are performance at work, ability to manage finances, and driving. These are also important areas for clinical monitoring and treatment planning as up to 65% experienced loss in at least one area prior to diagnosis.
Chromatographic fractionation of aggregation and sex pheromones of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Nematoda)

Gel filtration with Sephadex G-25 or Bio-Gel P-2 of homogenates of the sexes of the zooparasitic nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis revealed two fractions with pheromonal activity. One active fraction with a suggested molecular weight over 500 was found in aqueous extracts of both helminth sexes and was attractive to both sexes by in vitro bioassay. A second region of pheromone activity was found in only female Nippostrongylus and was attractive to only male helminths. A molecular weight under 400 is proposed for this region. Additionally, a third region that represented ionic weights was present in both sexes, but attracted only female worms. These results indicated that helminth to helminth attraction is present at both species and sexual levels of recognition.
Looking Back: Teaching Landeskunde with Liedermacher Songs

Popular music is a lingua franca for young people. The songs of German Liedermacher lend themselves to classroom uses. Liedermacher are cultural commentators who entertain and edify with their songs. Focusing on social and political aspects of postwar Germany, Liedermacher songs have been a “gesungene Landeskunde” resource since the early 1960s. Some songs took a retrospective view of the 20th century, e.g. Degenhardt's “Zeit-Zeuge Jahrgang 00,” Mey's “Das Foto vor mir auf dem Tisch”, and Wader's “Familienerbe”. Each of these three songs takes personalized stock of a dense century as history “von unten,” each with a strikingly distinct voice accompaniment.