cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE SECOND DIMENSION OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES

The classical reliability coefficient model, p = ur3/ (UT' + u~?/k), is usually COnsidered appropriate for individual difference analysis of motor performances. The individual difference~ parameter rr~~commonly called the true score variance) is in principle estimated by subtracting the sampling error of the individual mean scores (~~i,~~~'l/k) of k trials from the variance across Ss (u2) of these n mean scores, thus UT' = onD - uW2/k. The calculation and interpretation is somewhat more complicated, as I have explained in a recent paper (Henry, 1976). The within-variance is commonly called experimental error and designated aa-ather than u,'. The purpose of this note is to direct attention to the need to explicitly recognize that uw2 contains two components, one is error, the other is u?, the intrinsic biological variability that characterizes a living person. Most assuredly the latter is not error, although it leads to the sampling error of the mean score of each person (Henry, 1970). Thus urn3 = 04~ + ua, where uO2 is a composite of the variable error of the instruments and observation, variation caused by uncontrolled environmental factors or changes In testing technique, etc. It is quite plausible that uc2 may usually be much larger than [he "real" or technological error UP, and also plausible that some Ss are inherently more variable than ochers, this being the second dimension of individual differences. It would be evidenced by significant reliability coefficients for the within-variance scores of Ss and would have important consequences for statistical theory. A typical set of simple reaction time data (.n = 50) can serve as an example. The first 10 trials have been discarded to avoid a preliminary practice effect; the remaining k = 40 exhibit a horizontal trend. The tester was experienced; the environment was quiet and constant. The parametric estimator for UT' is 7.111 in .Ol-sec. units; for ow2 it is 4.316 and for no2 it is .397, so it is 3.919 for uivobtained by subtraction). Methods for obtaining crag have been described by Henry (1959). The reliability of u,.= scores is .55 (48 df, P < .oil. In all instances where its magnitude has been examined (0' intake, strength, vertical jump, speed of movement, RT, stabilometer performance), uo2 has been small compared with usC, although it cannot be expected that this will hold true universally. Reliability coefficients for within-variance in a variety of motor tasks range from .36 to .90 (cf. Henry, 1970). Since many statistical tests including analysis of variance assume that Ss differ randomly in their within-variance, i.e., r = 0, it seems that our scientific journals contain much misinformation. This issue should not be ignored.
Conceptual Design of A Human-Computer Interface: A Case Study in Design Methodology

The purpose of this case study was to document and evaluate the application of a top-down design methodology (Foley & van Dam, 1982) to a pre-existing computer system to test the methodology's usefulness as well as to gain insights into the design process itself. System experts advocate design of a system “top-down” instead of “bottom-up” as a way to sequentially examine the complex task of interface design while allowing re-examination of previous steps in that design (Foley, 1981).The study involved a menu-based, mini-computer system designed at Goddard Space Flight Center called the Mission Planning Terminal (MPT). The MPT will be used at Goddard for planning and scheduling of satellite activities through the NASA Network Control Center (NCC). The scheduler/analyst's task includes submitting a schedule of activities for his mission, transmitting it to NCC, and then modifying the returned schedule, if necessary, using the MPT.The top-down design process is distinctly divided into four phases: conceptual...
Hierarchical Micro- and Nanoscale Structures on Surfaces Produced Using a One-Step Pattern Transfer Process

A one-step pattern transfer process was developed to produce arrays of hierarchical micro- and nanostructures of organosilanes. The method is based on vapor deposition through polydimethylsiloxane stamps coated with close-packed nanospheres and, as such, creating hierarchical microscale and nanoscale templates, respectively. This method offers intrinsic advantages of simplicity to be used in any laboratory environment and high throughput, that is, a 1 in. wafer can be covered in 6 h. In addition, the size and geometry can be controlled via knowledge of microcontact printing and particle lithography. Finally, the approach is generic in nature and may be utilized to produce designed functionalities.
Adaptive Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition and Its Application to Fault Detection of Planetary Gearboxes

Empirical mode decomposition(EMD) has the shortcoming of mode mixing in decomposing signals. To overcome this shortcoming, ensemble empirical mode decomposition(EEMD) is proposed accordingly. EEMD can reduce the mode mixing to some extent. The performance of EEMD, however, depends on the parameters adopted in the EEMD algorithm. In current studies on EEMD, the parameters are generally selected artificially and subjectively. To solve the problem, a new adaptive ensemble empirical mode decomposition method is proposed. In the method, the sifting number is adaptively selected and the amplitude of the added noise changes with the signal frequency during the decomposition process. Both simulations and a case of fault detection of a planetary gear demonstrate that the proposed method obtains the improved results compared with the original EEMD.
Epidemiological Analysis of measles in Lianyunang City from 2005—2008

[Objective]To study the laws of the measles epidemic, to grasp the dynamic situation, and provide scientific evidence for control and elimination of measles in Lianyungang City.[Methods]Measles epidemic information, monitoring information, case questionnaire of Lianyungang City during 2005—2008 were analyzed epidemiologically.[Results]The youngest patient was less than 1 month, the oldest was 44 years old, 35.2% were patients under 1 years, 24.5% were aged 6~18 years. No cases was reported during 2005— September 2007, 9 were reported in 2008, totally 223 cases were reported in December of 4 years. Measles cases were reported in every month of 2008.[Conclusion]Infant under 1 year and young people are people with high incidence of measles. The peak incidence appears in May which has become the new change of measles epidemic in recent years. Measles vaccination time needs to be moved forward for infants, and should not be set at eight months later.
Weight loss maintenance 1 year after individual counseling.

Many individual and group weight loss programs can boast short-term success. There has been little documentation on the long-term success of any particular program. A study was conducted to examine total weight loss for individually counseled patients seen in a hospital outpatient nutrition clinic February to October 1986. All patients who lost weight were contacted via telephone 1 year later to ascertain weight loss maintenance. During this period, 157 patients were seen. In an average of five visits, 119 (75%) lost an average of 9 lb. One year later, 73 (61%) of these patients were contacted, 54 of whom (74%) reported that they had either maintained or lost additional weight during the year. Sixteen (30%) of these 54 individuals lost additional weight during the year—an average of 13 additional lb. Results were similar for men and women. Although based on a small sample size, the results suggest that weight loss counseling can be successful in maintaining as well as losing weight. Such results should encourage dietetic practitioners to track their own patients for long-term results and to share the results with physicians, administrators, and insurers who are concerned about whether their money has been well spent.
Genomic imprinting in the mammalian brain

Genomic imprinting has been primarily studied in the context of embryonic growth and development. However, over the past several years new insights into the roles of imprinted genes in the brain have emerged. Using a novel approach based on next-generation sequencing we recently uncovered hundreds of genes exhibiting complex imprinting effects in the brain, including imprinting effects that are brain region specific, developmental stage specific, and sex specific. Here, we provide a historical perspective on genomic imprinting to introduce this exciting area to the neuroscience field. Further, we comment on emerging concepts related to imprinting in the brain revealed by next-generation sequencing. This work suggests a major frontier exists to understand the functional roles of imprinted genes in the regulation of brain development, function, and behavior.
Lactobacillus plantarum attenuates anxiety-related behavior and protects against stress-induced dysbiosis in adult zebrafish

The consumption of probiotics has become increasingly popular as a means to try to improve health and well-being. Not only are probiotics considered beneficial to digestive health, but increasing evidence suggests direct and indirect interactions between gut microbiota (GM) and the central nervous system (CNS). Here, adult zebrafish were supplemented with Lactobacillus plantarum to determine the effects of probiotic treatment on structural and functional changes of the GM, as well as host neurological and behavioral changes. L. plantarum administration altered the β-diversity of the GM while leaving the major core architecture intact. These minor structural changes were accompanied by significant enrichment of several predicted metabolic pathways. In addition to GM modifications, L. plantarum treatment also significantly reduced anxiety-related behavior and altered GABAergic and serotonergic signaling in the brain. Lastly, L. plantarum supplementation provided protection against stress-induced dysbiosis of the GM. These results underscore the influence commensal microbes have on physiological function in the host, and demonstrate bidirectional communication between the GM and the host.
Enhanced data analysis for improved energy resolution of a CZT-based PET system

Cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) detectors are highly promising for advanced PET imaging due to their high energy and spatial resolution. In this contribution, an improved data analysis is suggested for the small animal PET system currently under construction at Stanford. Improved energy resolution in positron emission tomography (PET) helps to exclude scattered events and is necessary for new strategies to raise sensitivity. The analysis method in this study uses two different approaches where the first approach is an automated regulation process to determine appropriate fit parameters for each anode channel in the detector. The second approach identifies readout channels with over-corrections and changes the data analysis chain to avoid over-corrections. Following the measured data set in this analysis, the two approaches are make a relative improvement of the energy resolution by 15% and 0.1%, respectively, when a reasonable minimal fit range of 40 keV is set. This equates to an absolute improvement from 8.54% to 7.25% FWHM at 511 keV for a combined processing.
Rural science education as social justice

What part can science education play in the dismantling of obstacles to social justice in rural places? In this Forum contribution, I use “Learning in and about Rural Places: Connections and Tensions Between Students’ Everyday Experiences and Environmental Quality Issues in their Community”(Zimmerman and Weible 2016) to explicitly position rural education as a project of social justice that seeks full participatory parity for rural citizens. Fraser’s (2009) conceptualization of social justice in rural education requires attention to the just distribution of resources, the recognition of the inherent capacities of rural people, and the right to equal participation in democratic processes that lead to opportunities to make decisions affecting local, regional, and global lives. This Forum piece considers the potential of place-based science education to contribute to this project.
Progress in tin metallurgy

A survey of progress in tin smelting to date, describing techniques and operations in the major tin-producing areas of the world.
Airflow and turbulence analysis inside a wide-body aircraft cabin mockup:

Biological incidents such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome and H1N1 (swine flu) transmission have been detected on flights. Ebola was the latest virus threat on board airflights. Chemical incid...
A risky shift? An exploration of the measurement equivalence of entrepreneurial attitudes and entrepreneurial orientation across socioeconomic gradients

Abstract While entrepreneurial orientation (EO) is often conceptualized on a firm level of analysis, scholarship has highlighted that firm-level strategy is influenced by the psychology of managers. Because an individual's psychological approach to risk-taking is influenced by socioeconomic factors, we explored whether responses to risk-taking items in scales of individual-level entrepreneurial attitudes and firm-level EO are influenced by socioeconomic status and the socioeconomic development of regions. Testing for measurement equivalence (ME), we found evidence consistent with the inference that items relating not only to risk-taking, but also to innovativeness and proactivity, are thought of differently according to socioeconomic influences on individual and regional levels of analysis. We discuss the implications of our results including the need for researchers to test for ME when exploring entrepreneurial attitudes and EO across socioeconomic gradients.
Generative text sets: Tools for negotiating critically inclusive early childhood teacher education pedagogical practices

Through a case study, this article sheds light onto generative text sets as tools for developing and enacting critically inclusive early childhood teacher education pedagogies. In doing so, it posi...
Reward Network Immediate Early Gene Expression in Mood Disorders

Over the past three decades, it has become clear that aberrant function of the network of interconnected brain regions responsible for reward processing and motivated behavior underlies a variety of mood disorders, including depression and anxiety. It is also clear that stress-induced changes in reward network activity underlying both normal and pathological behavior also cause changes in gene expression. Here, we attempt to define the reward circuitry and explore the known and potential contributions of activity-dependent changes in gene expression within this circuitry to stress-induced changes in behavior related to mood disorders, and contrast some of these effects with those induced by exposure to drugs of abuse. We focus on a series of immediate early genes regulated by stress within this circuitry and their connections, both well-explored and relatively novel, to circuit function and subsequent reward-related behaviors. We conclude that IEGs play a crucial role in stress-dependent remodeling of reward circuitry, and that they may serve as inroads to the molecular, cellular, and circuit-level mechanisms of mood disorder etiology and treatment.
Teaching Smart Production: An Insight into the Learning Factory for Cyber-Physical Production Systems (LVP)

Abstract Increasing global competition among producing companies necessitates a further specialization and continuous enhancement of products, manufacturing processes and business models. The current advances in these areas are highly influenced by the digitization, which might not only change the work environment within a factory but might also change entire value-added chains. Therefore, producing companies express their demand for learning environments, which address ongoing developments regarding digitization and Industry 4.0. This paper presents the concept for the learning factory for cyber-physical production systems (LVP). Based on a production scenario, which includes manufacturing as well as assembly, the learning environment demonstrates how recent technologies can be used to cope with high numbers of product variants and small lot sizes. The technologies utilized within the LVP include interactive assistance systems for workers, real-time business intelligence and simulation tools for single processes and for the overall material flow. The learning factory shows the technical implementation of these technologies as well as their impact on the organization of the production system. By attending one of the interactive training sessions, participants can experience the various advantages of intelligent production systems.
Long-term economic value of hypofractionated prostate radiation: Secondary analysis of a randomized trial

Abstract Purpose Moderately hypofractionated intensity modulated radiation therapy (HIMRT) for prostate cancer shortens the treatment course while providing outcomes comparable with those of conventional intensity modulated radiation therapy (CIMRT). To determine the long-term economic value of HIMRT, including the costs of managing long-term radiation toxicities, a cost minimization analysis compared CIMRT with dose-escalated HIMRT using patient-level data from a randomized trial. Methods and materials Men with localized prostate cancer were randomized to CIMRT (75.6 Gy in 42 fractions over 8.4 weeks) or HIMRT (72 Gy in 30 fractions over 6 weeks). A decision tree modeled trial probabilities of maximum late bowel and urinary toxicities using patient-level data with a median follow-up of 6 years. Costs were estimated from the healthcare perspective using the 2014 national reimbursement rates for services received. Patient-level institutional costs, adjusted to 2014 dollars, verified reimbursements. A sensitivity analysis assessed model uncertainty. Results The cost for HIMRT and toxicity management was $22,957, saving $7,000 compared with CIMRT ($30,241). CIMRT was the common factor among the 5 most influential scenarios that contributed to total costs. Toxicity represented a small part ( Conclusions HIMRT is more cost-efficient than CIMRT for treating prostate cancer, even when taking into account the costs related to late radiation toxicities. HIMRT enhances the value of prostate radiation when compared with CIMRT.
Viscoelasticity and Thermoviscoelasticity

This chapter presents an overview of the development of the three-dimensional theories of viscoelasticity and thermoviscoelasticity. An understanding of these models is essential to the ability to predict the response of flexible pavements containing asphalt binder, as well as rate-dependent base materials.
Effects of Microcystis on development of early life stage Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes): Comparative toxicity of natural blooms, cultured Microcystis and microcystin-LR

Abstract Freshwater cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (CyanoHABs) caused by algae in the genus Microcystis have been increasing in frequency and severity in recent decades. Microcystis blooms threaten aquatic organisms through effects associated with the rapid increase of biomass and the production of the hepatotoxin microcystin (MC) by toxic strains. Among fish, effects of blooms are likely to be more severe for early life stages, and physiological impacts on this life stage could significantly impact recruitment and fish populations. This study explores the effects of Microcystis blooms on the development of fish using the model organism, the Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes), under realistic exposure conditions. Medaka embryos were exposed to natural blooms collected from New York City (USA) lakes, lab cultures of Microcystis, and MC-LR solutions. Field collected samples were more toxic than lab cultures (even when compared at the same algal density or MC concentration), causing decreased survival, premature time to hatch, reduced body length, yolk sac edema, and decreased heart rate, while lab culture exposures only resulted in bradycardia. Heart rate was the most sensitive endpoint measured, being depressed in embryos exposed to both lab cultures and field collected blooms. Generalized linear model analysis indicated bradycardia was statistically associated with both cell densities of blooms and MC concentrations, while single factor analysis indicated that MC concentrations had a stronger correlation compared to cell densities. However, MC exposure could not fully explain the effects observed, as exposures to MC-LR solutions alone were not able to reduce heart rate as severely as algal exposures. Collectively, these experiments indicate that factors beyond exposure to MC or even isolated Microcystis strains influence heart rate of fish exposed to Microcystis blooms. Enhanced mortality, depressed heart rate, and abnormal development observed in response to environmentally realistic exposures of Microcystis blooms could affect success of fish at both individual or population levels.
NUDA: Non-Uniform Directory Architecture for Scalable Chip Multiprocessors

Chip multiprocessors (CMPs) involve directory storage overhead if cache coherence is realized via sharer tracking. This work proposes a novel framework dubbed n on- u niform d irectory a rchitecture (NUDA), by leveraging our two insights in that the number of “active” directory entries required to stay on chip is usually small for a short execution time window due to high directory locality, and that the fraction of interrogated directory entries drops as the core count rises. Unlike earlier storage overhead reduction techniques that require all cached LLC blocks to have their directory entries fully on chip, NUDA dynamically buffers only most active d irectory v ectors (DVs) on chip while keeping DVs of all LLC blocks in a backing store at low level storage. NUDA attains its superior efficiency via an inventive c riticality- a ware r eplacement p olicy (CARP) for on-chip buffer management and effective prefetching to p re- a ctivate ve ctors (PAVE) for upcoming coherence interrogations. We have evaluated NUDA by gem5 simulation for 64-core CMPs under PARSEC and SPLASH benchmarks, demonstrating that CARP and PAVE enhance on-chip directory storage efficiency significantly. NUDA with a small on-chip buffer for DVs exhibits negligible performance degradation (to stay within 2.6 percent) compared to a full on-chip directory, while outperforming its previous counterparts for directory area reduction when on-chip directory budget is provisioned scarcely for high scalability.
EFFECTIVENESS OF A PARAMEDIC SUPERVISED INTERVENTION IN REDUCING REHOSPITALIZATIONS FOR CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE: A COMMUNITY BASED STUDY

Hospitalizations for congestive heart failure (CHF) are recognized as a major health care economic burden. Dietary and medical noncompliance is frequently cited as a factor in rehospitalizations. Our study evaluated the effectiveness of a community based paramedic intervention in reducing 30 day and
Sinoventricular Conduction in the Setting of Severe Hyperkalemia.

A 60-year-old man presented to the emergency department with 1 day’s history of fatigue. Electrocardiogram done on arrival showed a regular wide complex rhythm with a rate of 70 beats/min ([Figure 1][1]). Laboratory results showed hyperkalemia (serum potassium of 8.4 mmol/l, normal range 3.5 to 5
Conspiracy in Civil Law Countries

The author received his education at the University of Warsaw (L.L.M., 1939), University of Paris (L.L.D., 1947), Northwestern University (L.L.M., 1950) and Academy of International Law, The Hague (1939, 1947). He was junior judge in Warsaw, 1941-1944; visiting professor at Fordham University, 1948-1949; and at present is teaching Comparative Law at Northwestern University School of Law while working for his S.J.D. degree. The present observations are the first ever published in American legal periodicals about conspiracy as understood in the civil law system.-EDITOR.
Factoring the Semigroup Determinant of a Finite Commutative Chain Ring

The semigroup determinant of a finite commutative chain ring factors completely into linear factors involving the characters of the group of units of the ring. The factorization proves the equivalence of two approaches to the extension theorem for general weight functions on linear codes over finite commutative chain rings
Destroyed by the dialectic

In the early twentieth-century new middle-class groups broke into the vision of social science wearing masks and costumes. Nearly a century later, ever more important in social processes, they are still largely inscrutable.' In the sociological literature these strata have been called everything and its opposite professional and managerial revolutionaries, the core of the "technostructure," new corporatistic egotists, a new class, labor aristocrats, new workers, new "petit bourgeois," new bourgeois, denizens of "contradictory class locations," parts of the collective laborer, non-productive workers, the social cement of democracy, basic threats to democracy ... and we could go on... 2 We suspect, in fact, that the variable geometry of the new middle classes in sociological discussion has as much to do with the desires of sociologists to act on the social world as to explain it.3
Nerve Transfers for Enterovirus D68-Associated Acute Flaccid Myelitis: A Case Series

ABSTRACT Background Acute flaccid myelitis is associated with enterovirus D68 -induced inflammation and destruction of cervical anterior horn cells. To date, no medical intervention has altered the disease course. Methods We report two pediatric patients who were treated with nerve transfer in three limbs with sustained upper extremity neuropathy. Postoperative outcomes included muscle strength, graded on the British Medical Research Council (BMRC) scale, range of motion, and electromyography. Results Two years postoperatively, Patient 1 had improved elbow flexion to BMRC grade 4+, 125° of flexion, and discrete to decreased motor unit recruitment in targeted muscles. Twenty-one months postoperatively, Patient 2 demonstrated right brachialis flexion to BMRC grade 4+/5 and deltoid firing with simultaneous pectoralis major recruitment, and limited but active flexor digitorum profundus flexion. Conclusions Both patients continue to demonstrate functional recovery two years postoperatively. These outcomes suggest a promising reconstructive technique for this emerging and devastating viral endemic.
Innate Immune Priming by cGAS as a Preparatory Countermeasure Against RNA Virus Infection

The detection of nucleic acids by pattern recognition receptors is an ancient and conserved component of the innate immune system. Notably, RNA virus genomes are sensed by mammalian cytosolic RIG-I-like receptors, thereby activating interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) expression to restrict viral replication. However, recent evidence indicates that the cGAS-STING DNA sensing pathway also protects against RNA viruses. So far, the mechanisms responsible for DNA sensing of RNA viruses, which replicate without known DNA intermediates, remain unclear. By using cGAS gene knockout and reconstitution in human and mouse cell cultures, we discovered that DNA sensing and cGAMP synthase activities are required for cGAS-mediated restriction of vesicular stomatitis virus and Sindbis virus. The level of cGAMP produced in response to RNA virus infection was below the threshold of detection, suggesting that only transient and/or low levels of cGAMP are produced during RNA virus infections. To clarify the DNA ligands that activate cGAS activity, we confirmed that cGAS binds mitochondrial DNA in the cytosol of both uninfected and infected cells; however, the amount of cGAS-associated mitochondrial DNA did not change in response to virus infection. Rather, a variety of pre-existing cytosolic DNAs, including mitochondrial DNA and endogenous cDNAs, may serve as stimuli for basal cGAS activation. Importantly, cGAS knockout and reconstitution experiments demonstrated that cGAS drives low-level ISG expression at steady state. We propose that cGAS-STING restricts RNA viruses by promoting a preparatory immune activation state within cells, likely primed by endogenous cellular DNA ligands.
Powerful statistical method to detect disease associated genes using publicly available GWAS summary data

To date, a large number of common variants underlying complex diseases have been identified via genome-wide association studies (GWAS) conducted in the last decade. More and more GWAS summary data have been posted for public access. We note that for most existing GWAS, the identified common variants are based on single-marker-based tests, which test one single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) at a time. A gene, rather than a SNP, is the basic functional unit of inheritance. Thus, results obtained at the gene level can be more readily extended to and integrated with downstream functional and pathogenic investigation. In this study, we propose a general gene based p value adaptive combination approach (GPA) that can integrate association evidence from GWAS summary statistics (which could be either p value or other test statistics) from continuous or binary traits. We conducted simulations to verify that the proposed method controls type I errors well, and performs favorably compared to single-marker analysis and other existing methods. We illustrated the utility of proposed methods through application to the GWAS meta-analysis results of fasting glucose from the international MAGIC consortium. The proposed method identified novel glycemic associated genes which can improve our understanding of the mechanisms involved in β-cell function and glucose homeostasis.
Ni 58 + n transmission, differential elastic scattering, and capture measurements and analysis up to 813 keV

High-resolution neutron cross section measurements for $^{58}\mathrm{enriched}$ targets were made at the Oak Ridge Electron Linear Accelerator of transmission below 20 MeV, of differential elastic scattering from 10 keV to 5 MeV, and of capture from 2.6 keV to 2.5 MeV. The transmission data were analyzed from 0.1 to 813 keV with a multilevel R-matrix code which uses Bayes' theorem for the fitting process. This code provides energies and neutron widths of resonances within the analyzed region, as well as a possible parametrization for resonances external to that region, as a way of describing the smooth cross section over the entire energy range. The differential elastic data at different scattering angles were compared to theoretical calculations from 30 to 813 keV using an R-function code which is based on the Blatt-Biedenharn formalism. Various combinations of spin and parity were tested to predict cross sections for the well-defined lg0 resonances, and comparison with the data then provided spin and parity assignments for most of these resonances.The capture data were analyzed from 5 to 450 keV with a least-squares fitting code using the Breit-Wigner formula. The resulting set of resonance parameters yields values for the thermal total and capture cross sections within experimental uncertainties. A total of 482 resonances are reported, of which five are fictitious s-wave resonances outside the analyzed energy region and 61 are seen and analyzed only in the capture data. The reduced widths of the 61 s-wave resonances follow the Porter-Thomas distribution and their nearest neighbor spacings agree with the Wigner distribution. The average s-wave level spacing is 13.1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.9 keV and the s-wave strength function is (3.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.6)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}4}$. Since most of the large non-s-wave resonances have their angular momentum assigned with confidence, the strength functions for the p- and d-wave resonances could be determined; values are (1.3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}4}$ and (3.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.4)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}4}$, respectively. The level densities calculated with the Fermi-gas model for l=0 and lg0 resonances are compared with the cumulative number of observed resonances. The average radiation widths were deduced from resonances analyzed in the three data sets below 450 keV. The mean values and standard deviations of the distributions of the radiation widths are 2.3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.7 eV for the s-wave resonances, 0.77\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.32 eV for the p-wave resonances, and 1.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5 eV for the d-wave resonances. The average capture cross section as a function of the incident neutron energy is compared to a prediction based on the tail of the giant electric dipole resonance.
Stress-induced dendritic branching in C. elegans requires both common arborization effectors and stress-responsive molecular pathways

ABSTRACT Stress influences the shape of dendritic arbors in neurons. During the stress-induced dauer stage of Caenorhabditis elegans, the IL2 neurons arborize to cover the anterior body wall. In contrast, the FLP neurons arborize to cover the anterior body wall during non-dauer development. Previous work showed that the membrane-bound receptor DMA-1 regulates FLP branching as part of a larger protein complex. Using forward genetics, we show that the IL2 neurons also use the DMA-1 complex to regulate branching. To understand the coordination of the IL2s and FLPs we conducted a time-course examination of FLPs and found previously undescribed branching patterns indicating a neighborhood effect wherein the FLPs and IL2s in the anterior have differential branching compared to the more posteriorly located PVD arborizing neurons. To determine how the IL2s and FLPs differentially regulate branching, we examined several regulators of DMA-1 localization. We show that the unfolded protein response sensor IRE-1, required for FLP branching, is only required for dauer-specific branching at elevated temperatures. Interestingly, we found that ire-1 mutants have broad, organism-wide temperature-dependent effects on dauer remodeling, suggesting a previously undescribed role for IRE-1 in phenotypic plasticity. We also found that defects in other regulators of dauer remodeling including DAF-16/FOXO, DAF-9/Cytochrome P450, and DAF-18/PTEN are required for proper IL2 arborization, but dispensable for FLP branching. Interestingly, we find that TOR adaptor protein DAF-15/RAPTOR is both required for promoting IL2 branching and inhibiting precocious development of the FLPs. Our results demonstrate specific genotypic by environmental interactions regulating dendrite arborization. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Neurons have extensions called dendrites that receive information. Dendrites are often elaborately shaped with many branches. Adverse stress can reduce branching in some neurons, while increasing it in others. How stress can cause some neurons to change shape is unclear. We previously found a set of neurons in the head of the well-studied roundworm C. elegans that undergo reversible branching following exposure to specific adverse environmental conditions. Using various genetic tools, we find that branching in these neurons is controlled by a combination of branching genes common to many neuron types and others that only regulate branching in stress-responsive neurons. Our data demonstrate how experiencing stress acts through genetics pathways to cause changes to specific neurons.
Everything in Its Right Place: Tradition, Order, And The Legitimation Of Long-Standing Inequality

The social mind has a psychological affinity for tradition that translates into favorable perceptions of existing and longer-standing states. In the context of inequality, the longer prevailing social arrangements are in place, the more fairness and legitimacy they are afforded. In this chapter, we present a model of existence and longevity biases that imbues social inequality with legitimacy. People tolerate and find goodness in long-standing socio-political systems by invoking internal qualities and reasons that vindicate their continued existence. We connect these phenomena to psychological processes that rationalize the status quo and prevent social change. Finally, we consider factors that limit the influence of longevity of existence on the legitimation of inequality and how longevity bias may instead be harnessed for the purposes of creating social change.
Shortness of Breath

Type 1 hyper IgM syndrome, is a rare X-linked immunodeficiency and should be suspected in patients with normal or elevated IgM and decreased IgG, IgA and IgE
Effects of Classroom Quality, Gender Stereotypes, and Efficacy on Math and Science Interest over School Transitions

Significant declines in STEM ability beliefs and interest are often found during the transitions to middle school and high school. Girls generally report lower self-concept and interest in STEM compared to boys. Some children remain interested in math and science over these transitions, but we know little about the school and social factors that contribute to their continued interest and if these factors differ by gender. This study examines changes in math and science self-efficacy and interest over two school transitions and the final two years in high school. It further examines if changes and gender discrepancies in math and science interest, can be accounted for by self-efficacy, classroom qualities and the gender stereotypical beliefs about the usefulness of math and science . Student in grades 5, 8, and 11 (N= 595) completed surveys on their math and science interest, self-efficacy, stereotypes, and classroom quality prior to transitioning to the next grade, and then one year post-transition. A lthough there were declines in interest and efficacy over school transitions they were not as substantial or pervasive compared to previous research. Gender differences were more apparent in high school than in earlier grades. Regressions analyses indicated that changes in interest over time were explained by self-efficacy, classroom quality, and gender stereotype beliefs, although gender stereotypes were only predictive of science interest.
Innovating materials for large scale additive manufacturing: Salt, soil, cement and chardonnay

Abstract This paper documents four case studies: the Saltygloo, MUD Frontiers, Bloom and the Cabin of 3D Printed Curiosities, that use novel 3D printed materials including salt, soil, cement, and chardonnay in the construction of built proto-architectures. Each of these materials starts as powder or ends as dust, is ubiquitous and plentiful, but must be transformed for 3D printing. The case studies also come from a place of design activism and contemporary concerns, they draw from the past to inform the future, and each project is seen as an opportunity to bring about change by making additive manufacturing more accessible, less expensive, more ecological and sustainable.
Rod function deficit in retained photoreceptors of patients with class B Rhodopsin mutations

A common inherited retinal disease is caused by mutations in RHO expressed in rod photoreceptors that provide vision in dim ambient light. Approximately half of all RHO mutations result in a Class B phenotype where mutant rods are retained in some retinal regions but show severe degeneration in other regions. We determined the natural history of dysfunction and degeneration of retained rods by serially evaluating patients. Even when followed for more than 20 years, rod function and structure at some retinal locations could remain unchanged. Other locations showed loss of both vision and photoreceptors but the rate of rod vision loss was greater than the rate of photoreceptor degeneration. This unexpected divergence in rates with disease progression implied the development of a rod function deficit beyond loss of cells. The divergence of progression rates was also detectable over a short interval of 2 years near the health-disease transition in the superior retina. A model of structure–function relationship supported the existence of a large rod function deficit which was also most prominent near regions of health-disease transition. Our studies support the realistic therapeutic goal of improved night vision for retinal regions specifically preselected for rod function deficit in patients.
Clinical outcomes of patients with breast cancer in a phase I clinic: The M. D. Anderson Cancer Center experience

1054 Background: Patients with metastatic breast cancer refractory to standard therapy are eligible for phase I trials. We assessed prognostic factors and clinical outcomes for patients with breast cancer in a phase I clinic focused on targeted agents. Methods: We reviewed the medical records of sequential patients with metastatic breast cancer who presented to our phase I clinic from September 2004 to May 2008. We assessed the relationship between overall survival and patients’ demographic and clinical characteristics using both univariate and multivariate (Cox proportional hazard model) analyses. Results: Ninety-two patients were identified with median age of 53 years (range 28 to 83 years). The median number of prior therapies was 5 (range 1 to 16). The median follow-up of surviving patients is 7.4 months. The median overall survival is 6.7 (95% CI: 5.2, 9.7) months. In univariate analysis, factors predicting shorter survival were elevated Ca-125 (p = 0.001) (Ca27.29 was not significant), albumin < 3.5...
Locally Enhanced Electric Field Treatment (LEEFT) Promotes the Performance of Ozonation for Bacteria Inactivation by Disrupting the Cell Membrane

The adoption of ozonation for water disinfection is hindered by its high ozone demand and the resulting high cost. Electric field treatment inactivates bacteria by physically disrupting the integri...
Morphological correlates of invasion in Florida cane toad (Rhinella marina) populations: Shortening of legs and reduction in leg asymmetry as populations become established

Abstract Exotic organisms have traits that allow them to effectively disperse and propagate into novel environments. The ability to adapt to new environments has enabled the cane toad (Rhinella marina) to successfully invade novel ecosystems. Their leg length correlates with dispersal success and is selected for in invading populations. Given their successful invasion of multiple continents, R. marina represent a unique opportunity to understand the generality of invasion strategies within a species. Here we test for spatial and temporal shifts in leg length (length of tibio-fibula relative to snout-vent length) of invasive R. marina in Florida populations to assess their adaptation to novel environments. Individuals experiencing new conditions are susceptible to physiological stress, which may negatively affect their development and inhibit their dispersal potential. To this end, we tested for spatial and temporal trends in fluctuating asymmetry, an indicator of physiological stress during development. We compared patterns between two regions of Florida (central vs southern Florida) with different invasion histories. We found that relative leg length of R. marina decreased over time in both regions, and experienced shifts in fluctuating asymmetry over time from initial colonization to population establishment. Our results suggest that successful invasive species rapidly adjust to novel environments. In addition, our results support predictions that morphological change plays a role in aiding dispersal for rapidly dispersing species.
Fluorescent angiography used as a tool to guide angiosome-directed endovascular therapy for diabetic foot ulcers

Abstract Angiosome-directed endovascular therapy for the treatment of chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI) remains controversial owing to the overlap of wound angiosomes. Angiographic grading of success has limitations and translesional pressure assessments are seldom performed in the infrapopliteal vessels. Objective criteria to determine revascularization success in tibiopedal vessels have not been well described. Quantifying perfusion to a wound bed after establishing direct or indirect (via collateral) flow after revascularization is an important component for treating CLTI patients yet is seldom performed. We report the use of fluorescent angiography to quantitatively examine perfusion of a diabetic foot ulcer before and after angiosome-directed endovascular therapy.
Exhibiting Inclusion: An Examination of Race, Ethnicity, and Museum Participation

Museum visitors are not reflective of the diversity present in communities around the nation. In this study, we investigate the racial and ethnic diversity of art museum participants as well as the potential motivations and barriers to visiting a museum. Using the General Social Survey, we examine race and ethnicity and arts participation in the USA. We find Black individuals are less likely to attend an art museum than white individuals. Certain motivations and barriers to participating may explain part of the lack of diversity. We find Black and Latinx individuals are motivated to participate in art museums for cultural heritage reasons more than white individuals, but race and ethnicity are unrelated to perceiving admission fees as a barrier. This research highlights the urgency in the field to make museums more inclusive.
Rates of and Risk Factors for Trigger Finger after Open Carpal Tunnel Release.

Background We have anecdotally noticed a higher rate of trigger fingers (TFs) developing in patients who have undergone carpal tunnel release (CTR). Questions/Objective Is the rate of TFs after CTR greater compared to the nonoperative hand? Is the thumb more commonly involved postoperatively compared with spontaneous TFs? Do particular associated comorbidities increase this risk? Patients and Methods We queried our institutional database for patients who had undergone open CTR during a 2-year period and recorded the development of an ipsilateral TF after a CTR or a contralateral TF in the nonoperative hand. Patient demographics, comorbidities, concurrent initial procedures, time to diagnosis, and finger involvement were recorded. Results A total of 435 patients underwent 556 CTRs during this period. Furthermore, 46 ipsilateral TFs developed in 38 of 556 cases (6.83%) at an average of 228.1 ± 195.7 days after surgery. The thumb was most commonly involved (37.0%) followed by the ring finger (28.3%). The incidence rate of TF in the nonoperative hand during this period was 2.7%, with the ring finger and middle finger most commonly involved (33.3 and 28.6%, respectively). Only history of prior TF in either hand was found to be a significantly associated on Chi-square analysis and multivariable regression (p Conclusion In patients with carpal tunnel syndrome, ipsilateral TFs occurred after 6.83% of CTRs, compared with a rate of 2.7% in the nonoperative hand, making it an important possible outcome to discuss with patients. The thumb was more commonly involved in triggering in the surgical hand compared with the nonoperative hand. Patients with a history of prior TFs in either hand were more likely to develop an ipsilateral TF after CTR. Level of Evidence This is a Level III, retrospective study.