cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lagrangians Linear in the "Velocities"

Lagrangian linear in the first time derivatives are of sufficient importance in physics (particle fields, general relativity in the Palatini formulation, Einstein-Strauss type unified field theory, etc.) to warrant special consideration. Our treatment is patterned after Dirac's more general exploration of Lagrangians leading to algebraic relations between the canonical variables. In our case, the number of such constraints is at least as large as the number of configuration coordinates. The secondary constraints are free of canonical momentum densities. We have examined all the possibilities that may arise---incompatibility of the field equations, proper Cauchy-Kowalewski problems, and the appearance of arbitrary functions in the solutions. Appropriate quantization procedures for the compatible cases will be indicated.
Emission-line properties of the composite Seyfert/Starbust galaxy IC 5135

The galaxy IC 5135 is host for Seyfert activity and vigorous star formation in its nucleus. Results of a study based on optical spectroscopy and imaging are presented that reveal the ionization properties of the nucleus and near-nucleus region, as well as the global morphology of this galaxy. The dual nature of the nucleus is evident in emission-line profiles, which show two kinematic components. Line intensity ratios in the nucleus are typical of Seyfert 2 galaxies, but evolve with increasing radius to values generally characteristic of H II regions. IC 5135 provides an illustration of the importance of the O I 6300 forbidden line as a tracer of a hard-spectrum, photoionizing continuum; the presence at large radii of ionizing radiation from nucleus is clearly revealed by the relative strength of this line.
A Mechanistic and Structural Investigation of the (−)-Sparteine Mediated Asymmetric Benzylic Lithiation Substitution Reactions of N-Boc-N-(p-methoxyphenyl)benzylamine

Mechanistic and structural studies show the high enantioenrichments in the products from lithiation−substitutions of N-Boc-N-(p-methoxyphenyl)benzylamine (1) by n-BuLi/(−)-sparteine (6) arise from an enantioselective deprotonation of 1 to provide configurationally stable (R)-2/6. NMR spectroscopy establishes that 13C, 6Li labeled (R)-2/6 and (S)-2/6 are monomeric with lithium complexed to the benzylic position, the carbonyl of the Boc group and (−)-sparteine. Deprotonations of the tertiary protons in (R)- and (S)-N-Boc-N-(p-methoxyphenyl)-α-methylbenzylamine ((R)-8 and (S)-8) with n-BuLi/TMEDA provide (R)-9/TMEDA and (S)-9/TMEDA, respectively, with high enantioenrichments. Absolute configurations assigned to (R)-2 and (R)-1-d1 allow analysis of the electrophile dependent stereochemistry of the reactions of these configurationally stable organolithium intermediates.
High pressure X-ray diffraction study of Fe2B

Abstract We report the results of a synchrotron based X-ray diffraction study of bct-Fe2B under quasi-hydrostatic conditions from 0 to 50 GPa. Over this pressure range, no phase change or disproportionation has been observed. A weighted fit of the data to the Birch–Murnaghan equation of state yields a value of the bulk modulus, K, of 164±14 GPa and the first pressure derivative of the bulk modulus, K′, of 4.4±0.5. The compression is found to be anisotropic, with the a-axis being more incompressible than the c-axis.
Techne versus technoscience: divergent (and ambiguous) notions of food "quality" in the french debate over GM crops.

In the French debate over genetically modified organisms (GMOs), actors present divergent definitions of food quality located between poles of technoscience and techne. Although scientists often define food quality in terms of technoscience, assessing food safety, small farmers often appeal to technes of production, positing GMOs as a rupture with artisanal culture. Whereas small farmers (from the union the Confederation Paysanne [CP]) deploy notions of "techne" to promote their anti-GMO campaign, they often define quality in an ambiguous way, vacillating between ideas of agricultural method (technique) or production scale. Despite this ambiguity, the CP successfully designates GMOs as la malbouffe, or "bad" food, establishing themselves as protectors of artisanal technes such as Roquefort. Finally, unlike many cultures that cast GMOs as "unnatural," the CP tends to frame GMOs as "uncultural." In the French debate, the CP posits culture against a "culturelessness" associated with technoscience and industry-driven foods such as GMOs and McDonald's.
Improving the Ergodic Capacity of Wireless Networks Using Opportunistic Relays

In this article, we exploit a novel cumulative distribution function (CDF) based analytical framework for unifying the analysis of ergodic capacity of opportunistic relay networks with selection diversity combining (SDC) diversity transmissions at the destination node. While the traditional "all participates" cooperative amplify-and-forward (AF) relaying protocol can achieve full diversity using a virtual antenna array, there is a significant loss of spectral efficiency due to its inherent half-duplex operation that increases with number of nodes in cooperation. Opportunistic relaying selection (ORS) AF scheme with the SDC scheme is proposed to overcome this issue while also simplifying the receiver design. Selected numerical results are provided to illustrate the effects of using multiple cooperative relays, fading severity parameter and power allocation on the ergodic capacity metric. Numerical results also reveal that the opportunistic AF relaying with MRC is more desirable at the tactical edge where the received signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is very small but the opportunistic relaying scheme with SDC at the destination node is recommended at moderate/high SNR values.
The Effect of the Venom of Some Supposedly Poisonous Arthropods.

The centipedes, especially the larger species, are, according to popular opinion, dangerously poisonous. Stories regarding the effect of the bite of these arthropods may be gathered wherever they occur. A very common belief is that if the victim does not die, the flesh will rot and drop off from the region where the bite took place. To illustrate the reputation of the large centipedes belonging to the genus Scolopendra, the following story is cited. An officer in the Confederate army, while sleeping in his tent, was suddenly aroused by a creepy feeling on the chest. When a fellow officer had been awakened, and a light produced, a large centipede was found in the clothing of the officer and a number of spots of a deep red, forming a broad streak, indicated its passage across the chest and abdomen of the victim. Violent pain and convulsions soon set in, accompanied by excessive swelling in the bitten area. The victim fought with death for two days and then succumbed. The agony suffered by the bitten officer was described by an eye witness as the most frightful that he had ever observed.
Survival of oyster larvae in different salinities depends on source population within an estuary

Abstract The role of environmental heterogeneity in limiting connectivity and shaping population structure continues to be a major question in evolutionary biology, particularly for high-dispersal species. Many marine species have a two part life cycle comprised of a sedentary adult phase and a dispersing larval phase. For estuarine species such as Crassostrea virginica (eastern oyster), larvae are often carried through very distinct water masses that can affect growth and survival prior to settlement, potentially impacting population connectivity. On the mesoscale of an estuary, gene flow may be a homogenizing force; however, for genomic regions experiencing strong differential selection along estuarine gradients, gene flow may be minimal if recurrent viability selection maintains functional genetic differentiation. Estuaries are defined by salinity gradients and many taxa rely on phenotypic plasticity to thrive there. Nonetheless, even euryhaline species like eastern oysters have their physiological limits, and this study tests whether survival of C. virginica larvae in different salinities depends on parental source reef and/or conditioning salinity. Oysters from high, intermediate and low salinities within Delaware Bay, New Jersey, were spawned in a common garden to test for differences in larval survival that have a genotypic basis. Under the null hypothesis of functional homogeneity among adult oyster populations we expected no difference in larval survival. Broodstocks were conditioned in low and high salinity common gardens for 4–6 weeks before spawning. Larvae from 56 pair-cross families were reared in low and high salinities for 13 days. Cox proportional hazard models were used to determine significant predictors of larval survival. Population source interacted with larval salinity treatments to significantly affect larval survival. This finding suggests that the larval pool of single estuaries contains abundant genetic variation for survival across different salinities, stemming in part from functional genetic differences among source reefs. Our results can help parameterize larval connectivity models that incorporate environment-dependent survivorship.
Facilitating Change in Undergraduate STEM Education

Consider Professor Smith, who has been working in the chemistry department at Mid-Sized Research University (MRU) for 15 years. She has been a successful researcher, obtaining grants and publicatio...
An Approach to the Analysis of Performance of Quasi-Optimum Digital Phase-Locked Loops

An approach to the analysis of performance of quasioptimum digital phase-locked loops (DPLL's) is presented. An expression for the characteristic function of the prior error in the state estimate is derived, and from this expression an infinite dimensional equation for the prior error variance is obtained. The prior errorvariance equation is a function of the communication system model and the DPLL gain and is independent of the method used to derive the DPLL gain. Two approximations are discussed for reducing the prior error-variance equation to finite dimension. The effectiveness of one approximation in analyzing DPLL performance is studied.
Adaptive Selective Learning for automatic identification of sub-kilometer craters

Counting craters is a fundamental task of planetary science, because it provides the only tool for measuring relative ages of planetary surfaces. However, advances in surveying craters present in data gathered by planetary probes have not kept up with advances in data collection. It becomes extremely challenging to automatically count a very large number of small, sub-kilometer size craters in a deluge of high resolution planetary images. In this paper, we combine active learning with semi-supervised learning to build an adaptive learning system to automatically detect craters from high resolution panchromatic planetary images. We propose an Adaptive Selective Algorithm to iteratively enrich an original small training set, using unlabeled test set without additional human labeling effort, to detect craters from a large volume of images. We propose three strategies to improve detection accuracy by integrating classification with exploration on unlabeled samples. The Majority Vote Strategy is used to automatically obtain class labels by exploiting unlabeled samples. The De-Mixed Strategy is used on instance filtering to obtain reliable samples. The Active Stability Strategy is used to obtain an appropriate class distribution in the constructed training set by detecting unstable classes. By using those three strategies, we actively select test instances from test images into an existing small initial training set while rebuilding the classifier in the mean time. Our proposed algorithms are empirically evaluated on a large high resolution Martian image, exhibiting a heavily cratered Martian terrain characterized by heterogeneous surface morphology. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach achieves a higher accuracy than other existing approaches to a large extent.
Acoustic-Reflex Response to Sustained Signals

Acoustic-reflex activity was observed for 10 normal-hearing young adults using three sustained activating signals: 500-Hz tone, 4000-Hz tone, and broad-band noise. Reflex activity was observed over...
ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF MORE AND LESS1

More and less were analyzed into two meaning dimensions, “existence” (derived from children's early language) and “quantity,” which were hypothesized to be developmentally related to acts of addition and subtraction. Two experiments tested two- and three-year-olds' comprehension of these concepts when initially equal or unequal rows were added to, subtracted from or left static. Addition and subtraction had little effect on Ss' comprehension of either term. Ss understood more first when number characteristics of the array were relatively large, suggesting ‘many’ as an intermediate stage of meaning for more. No evidence was found for less meaning more as others have claimed. Ss understood less later than more, a difference attributed to the restricted use of less as ‘smaller in amount.’
Silencing Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β Inhibits Acetaminophen Hepatotoxicity and Attenuates JNK Activation and Loss of Glutamate Cysteine Ligase and Myeloid Cell Leukemia Sequence 1

Previously we demonstrated that c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) plays a central role in acetaminophen (APAP)-induced liver injury. In the current work, we examined other possible signaling pathways that may also contribute to APAP hepatotoxicity. APAP treatment to mice caused glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) activation and translocation to mitochondria during the initial phase of APAP-induced liver injury (∼1 h). The silencing of GSK-3β, but not Akt-2 (protein kinase B) or glycogen synthase kinase-3α (GSK-3α), using antisense significantly protected mice from APAP-induced liver injury. The silencing of GSK-3β affected several key pathways important in conferring protection against APAP-induced liver injury. APAP treatment was observed to promote the loss of glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL, rate-limiting enzyme in GSH synthesis) in liver. The silencing of GSK-3β decreased the loss of hepatic GCL, and promoted greater GSH recovery in liver following APAP treatment. Silencing JNK1 and -2 also prevented the loss of GCL. APAP treatment also resulted in GSK-3β translocation to mitochondria and the degradation of myeloid cell leukemia sequence 1 (Mcl-1) in mitochondrial membranes in liver. The silencing of GSK-3β reduced Mcl-1 degradation caused by APAP treatment. The silencing of GSK-3β also resulted in an inhibition of the early phase (0–2 h), and blunted the late phase (after 4 h) of JNK activation and translocation to mitochondria in liver following APAP treatment. Taken together our results suggest that activation of GSK-3β is a key mediator of the initial phase of APAP-induced liver injury through modulating GCL and Mcl-1 degradation, as well as JNK activation in liver.
An assessment of seaonc draft code for resilient sliding isolators

The displacement responses of rigid structures supported on resilient sliding isolation systems with various frictions to six different ground motions normalized to ground velocity levels from 1 to 25 in per sec are evaluated. Through the application of an equivalent damping procedure, the minimum required displacement capacities as dictated by the SEAONC draft code are also estimated. It is concluded that, even though the code displacement requirement is on the conservative side, the displacement capacity requirement is not excessive.
Polynomials for the states and control of control systems with time delay

A control system with pure delay is defined. Under some assumptions, this system is transformed to its canonical form. Then the system is separated in two subsystems with special properties. The control is defined in such a way that the system is reduced to a linear controllable system without delay. Finally, it is shown that for this system it is possible to find a polynomial control function which takes the system from any initial state to any pre-assigned final state.
Molecular wear of microtubules propelled by surface-adhered kinesins

Wear is the progressive loss of material from a body caused by contact and relative movement and is a major concern in both engineering and biology. Advances in nanotechnology have allowed the origins of wear processes to be studied at the atomic and molecular scale, but also demand that wear in nanoscale systems can be predicted and controlled. Biomolecular systems can undergo a range of active movements at the nanoscale, which are enabled by the transduction of chemical energy into mechanical work by polymerization processes and motor proteins. The active movements are accompanied by dissipative processes that can be conceptually understood as 'protein friction'. Here, we show that wear also occurs in an in vitro system consisting of microtubules gliding across a surface coated with kinesin-1 motor proteins, and that energetic considerations suggest a molecule-by-molecule removal of tubulin proteins. The rates of removal show a complex dependence on sliding velocity and kinesin density, which, in contrast to the friction behaviour between microtubules and kinesin-8, cannot be explained by simple chemical reaction kinetics.
Teacher Communication Patterns as Related to the Race and Sex of the Student

AbstractThis article summarizes previous research of teacher communication patterns related to student race and student sex and presents the findings of a study which examined the differences in teachers' verbal feedback statements to black and white and to male and female students.The limited number of research studies which have investigated teacher communication patterns as related to the student's race can be categorized as experimental, naturalistic setting, and teacher perception studies. These studies are not easily interpreted and are difficult to replicate and generalize from. The literature regarding teacher communication as related to student sex differences is restricted by the same lack of internal coherence and idiosyncratic methodologies as the literature on race differences. Few studies have examined the interactive effects of student race and student sex.The research presented here attends to this void in the research literature. Observational data were obtained from 67 classrooms in 10 s...
Loss of the female advantage with cardiovascular disease for women with diabetes.

Background: The relative risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) associated with diabetes is greater for women than men, and diabetic women did not experience temporal declines in CVD mortality observed for the general population and diabetic men.Objective: To examine sex differences in CVD risk factors for persons with diabetes over time.Design: Population-based historical cohort study.Methods: The provider-linked medical records of all Rochester, MN, residents assigned a clinical diagnosis of diabetes were reviewed to confirm case status and assign diagnosis date. Data on fasting glucose, obesity, persistent proteinuria, smoking, hypertension, and dyslipidemia were obtained at diagnosis for confirmed incidence cases.Results: There were 1330 diabetes cases 1970–1989. Compared to men, women at diagnosis were older and more likely hypertensive, had similar levels of fasting glucose and persistent proteinuria, and less likely to smoke. Among persons diagnosed at younger ages, women were more likely than men to...
Real-time SPIDER: ultrashort pulse characterization at 20 Hz

We present an implementation of spectral phase interferometry for direct electric-field reconstruction (SPIDER) which characterizes ultrashort optical pulses in the spectral or temporal domain at a rate of 20 Hz. This apparatus was used in real-time as a diagnostic tool to optimize our 1 kHz regeneratively amplified laser system for the shortest duration pulses.
Process Evaluation of Project WebHealth: A Nondieting Web-based Intervention for Obesity Prevention in College Students

Objective: To evaluate the motivational effect of the Project WebHealth study procedures and intervention components on weight-related health behavior changes in male and female college students. Design: Process evaluation. Setting: Eight universities in the United States. Participants: Project WebHealth participants (n ¼ 653; 29% men). Main Outcome Measures: Participants rated motivational effects of study procedures and intervention components. Participants were grouped into outcome-based health behavior categories based on achievement of desired targets for fruit and vegetable intake, physical activity, and/or body weight. Analysis: Differences in motivation from each procedure and component were analyzed by gender- and outcome-based health behavior category. Results: Women were generally more motivated than men. Compared to those who did not meet any target health behaviors, men with improved health outcomes (68%) were significantly more motivated by the skills to fuel the body lesson, goal setting, and research snippets. Their female counterparts (63%) were significantly more motivated by the lessons on body size and eating enjoyment, and by the suggested weekly activities. Conclusions and Implications: Specific study procedures and components of Project WebHealth motivated study participants to improve their weight-related health behaviors, and they differed by gender. Findings support the need for gender-tailored interventions in this population.
Effects of Appeal Type and Involvement on Product Disconfirmation: A Cognitive Response Approach Through Product Trial

Research on consumer cognitive response has focused primarily on the issue of persuasiveness of advertising communications. Involvement states have been frequently proposed as mediators of cognitive responses. This article proposes extending cognitive responses and their interaction with involvement to the measurement of disconfirmation resulting from a product trial experience which is designed to be inconsistent with prior expectations derived from advertising exposure. Such expectations are manipulated by varying levels of exaggeration in one and two-sided advertisements. High and low involvement with the response task is also introduced, and hypotheses are presented as to the effects of involvement, exaggeration, and two-sided presentations on disconfirmation and cognitive responses.
Effects of the Niobium(V) Center on the Energetics of Ligand-Centered Proton and Hydrogen Atom Transfer Reactions in Acyl and Alkoxide Complexes

Cationic niobium η2-acyl (1) and alkoxide (3) compounds are relatively strong C−H acids which give stable η2-ketene (2) and η2-formaldehyde (4) complexes upon deprotonation. Determinations of the C...
On vector space partitions and uniformly resolvable designs

Let V n (q) denote a vector space of dimension n over the field with q elements. A set $${\mathcal{P}}$$ of subspaces of V n (q) is a partition of V n (q) if every nonzero vector in V n (q) is contained in exactly one subspace in $${\mathcal{P}}$$ . A uniformly resolvable design is a pairwise balanced design whose blocks can be resolved in such a way that all blocks in a given parallel class have the same size. A partition of V n (q) containing a i subspaces of dimension n i for 1 ? i ? k induces a uniformly resolvable design on q n points with a i parallel classes with block size $$q^{n_i}$$ , 1 ? i ? k, and also corresponds to a factorization of the complete graph $$K_{q^n}$$ into $$a_i K_{q^{n_i}}$$ -factors, 1 ? i ? k. We present some sufficient and some necessary conditions for the existence of certain vector space partitions. For the partitions that are shown to exist, we give the corresponding uniformly resolvable designs. We also show that there exist uniformly resolvable designs on q n points where corresponding partitions of V n (q) do not exist.
Towards bounded-latency Bluetooth Low Energy for in-vehicle network cable replacement

Vehicles today employ many different sensors to provide information such as tire pressure, proximity to objects and so on to Electronic Control Units for state maintenance and actuation functions. This has resulted in an increase in the number, weight and complexity of wiring as well as wiring harness for in-vehicle communication networks. Reducing the amount of cables will improve fuel efficiency; reduce cost of manufacturing and maintenance of vehicles greatly. Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is a great candidate for cable replacement given its supported data rates and widespread adoption in many markets. BLE device discovery is required to establish the presence of nodes within each other's communication range and begin reliable exchange of data. In our system, the nodes are the sensors and actuators. The fundamental problem in such device discovery is that energy consumption and discovery latency are inversely related. Therefore an efficient trade-off BLE connection setup that reduces energy-consumption while being able to provide worst-case discovery latency guarantees is critical especially in the automotive industry. We propose a mechanism that exploits Chinese Remainder Theorem (CRT) to provide worst-case latency guarantees during the connection setup phase of BLE devices. We provide the required modifications in BLE as well as provide evaluation results to show the improved performance. To the best of our knowledge this is the first work that considers providing bounded-latency connection setup for BLE devices using CRT and its application for automotive cable replacement.
Effect of HMA ageing and potential healing on top-down cracking using HVS

It is well known that age-hardening is a major deteriorating factor for cracking in the asphalt pavement, while healing may play a beneficial role in enhancing pavement fatigue life, though healing potential of hot mix asphalt (HMA) mixture may decrease with ageing. However, there is limited direct evidence and understanding of the combined effects of these two factors on cracking performance, particularly in full-scale pavements. In this article, the effects of ageing and healing on top-down cracking performance were evaluated on the basis of three full-scale tests conducted in the Florida Department of Transportation's accelerated pavement testing (APT) facility using the heavy vehicle simulator (HVS). The test results showed that ageing and potential healing appeared to have played key roles in the cracking performance of the asphalt pavement in the APT facility. When the pavement was subjected to slight-to-moderate ageing, it may be able to maintain a relatively high level of healing which helped to e...
Global Organizational Learning in the Supply Chain: A Low Versus High Learning Study

The authors examine the effects of organizational learning on customer orientation and relationship commitment in the global supply chain. To examine the effects of exposure to organizational learn...
Hepatomegaly in Neonates and Children

1. Ann D. Wolf, MD* 2. Joel E. Lavine, MD, PhD† 1. 2. *Chief Resident. 3. 4. †Associate Professor of Pediatrics and Chief, Joint Program in Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, UCSD School of Medicine, San Diego, CA. After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Identify the possible causes of simultaneous hepatomegaly and splenomegaly. 2. List the important diagnostic considerations in patients who have hepatomegaly. 3. Delineate the most helpful initial radiographic test. 4. Describe what clinical findings occurring concomitantly in a patient who has hepatomegaly suggest metabolic or storage disease. 5. List the risk factors for infectious hepatitis. Hepatomegaly can represent intrinsic liver disease or may be the presenting physical finding of a generalized disorder. Early diagnosis and treatment of children who have liver disease is important because specific treatments are available for some diseases that can prevent disease progression or hepatic failure. The presence of a palpable liver does not always indicate hepatomegaly. Normal liver size is based on normative values of liver span by percussion, degree of extension below the right costal margin, or length of the vertical axis estimated from imaging techniques. In general, a liver edge greater than 3.5 cm in newborns and greater than 2 cm in children below the right costal margin suggests enlargement. Liver span is determined by measuring the distance between the upper edge, determined by percussion, and the lower edge, determined by palpation, in the midclavicular line. The lower border also may be determined by auscultation. With the stethoscope placed below the xiphoid, the examiner should gently scratch superiorly, starting in from the right lower quadrant, and listen for sound enhancement as the finger passes over the liver edge. Liver span increases linearly with body weight and age in both genders and correlates more with weight than with height. The normal range for liver span by percussion at 1 week of age is 4.5 to 5 cm. At 12 years, the normal value for boys is 7 to 8 cm and for girls is 6 to 6.5 cm. The liver …
Efficient demultiplexing algorithm for noncontiguous carriers

A channel separation algorithm for the frequency division multiple access/time division multiplexing (FDMA/TDM) scheme is presented. It is shown that implementation using this algorithm can be more effective than the fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm when only a small number of carriers need to be selected from many, such as satellite Earth terminals. The algorithm is based on polyphase filtering followed by application of a generalized Walsh-Hadamard transform (GWHT). Comparison of the transform technique used in this algorithm with discrete Fourier transform (DFT) and FFT is given. Estimates of the computational rates and power requirements to implement this system are also given.
Reduction in channel catfish hepatic growth hormone receptor expression in response to food deprivation and exogenous cortisol

The objective of this study was to assess the effects of food deprivation and exogenous cortisol administration on somatic growth of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, and examine the resultant changes in circulating insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) concentrations and growth hormone receptor (GHR) gene expression. Integral to this objective, we report the isolation, sequence, and characterization of channel catfish GHR. Sequence analysis and characterization results indicate sequence identity and tissue distribution similar to GHRs in other teleost fish and several functional characteristics conserved in known vertebrate GHRs. The effects of food deprivation and dietary exogenous cortisol administration were assessed as part of a 4-week study. Growth was significantly reduced after 4 weeks in cortisol-fed fish compared to fed-control fish, and fasting resulted in weight loss. At the end of the 4-week study, both IGF-I plasma concentrations and hepatic GHR mRNA abundance were significantly reduced in fasted and cortisol-fed catfish. Levels of hepatic GHR mRNA were positively correlated to circulating IGF-I levels. These results suggest that a reduction in hepatic GHR gene expression might serve as a mechanism for the reduction of circulating IGF-I and growth in channel catfish during periods of food deprivation and stress.
XOVER: a cross-over error detector for track data

Abstract Cross-over errors (COEs) are problems encountered when analyzing intersecting data. A substantial portion of the error may have a systematic origin, which can be determined by analyzing the COEs for each cruise. An automatic method for locating COEs by identifying the location of cross-over, and estimating the error with cubic splines has been applied to a marine gravity survey in the western Atlantic Ocean.
Radiative and collisional association of mesitylene ion with parent neutral at 196 K

The dimerization of mesitylene (1,3,5-trimethylbenzene) ion was measured at 196 and 300 K in the ICR ion trap. Radiative association at 196 K had a rate constant 7×10−12 cm3 molecule−1 s−1. Analysis gave a collisional efficiency of 0.006, an IR photon emission rate of 29 s−1 and a complex redissociation rate of 5×103 s−1. The three-body association rate was 2.9×10−22 cm6 molecule−2 s−1 at 196 K and 9×10−25 at 300 K. Mesitylene ion radiative association kinetics at 196 K should be a good analog for benzene ion association at interstellar cloud temperatures around 50 K.
Diagnosis of Epidemic Encephalitis by Complement-Fixation Test.

IN previous publications 1 we have described how the complement-fixation test could be used extensively in the study of central nervous system virus infections. Antigens having no anticomplementary power can easily be prepared from infected mouse brain tissue, and by inactivation of the sera at the proper temperature, specific reactions are obtained. Recently we have had the opportunity to apply this test on a large scale for diagnostic purposes, in a severe outbreak of epidemic encephalitis in man. Starting early in August and lasting through the middle of September, there took place, in several mountain and north central states as well as in some Canadian provinces, especially Manitoba, a serious outbreak of encephalitis which occurred simultaneously with an epidemic of poliomyelitis, making the clinical diagnosis very confusing. Samples of blood serum were obtained from Manitoba and Colorado.t Seventy-four sera from Manitoba and
Inducing a marketing strategy for a new pet insurance company using decision trees

In this paper, we demonstrate the use of decision tree induction for the creation of a marketing strategy for a new pet insurance company, PetPlan USA. We employ both a traditional C4.5 decision tree approach, and a novel locally profit-optimal decision algorithm, called SBP, to discover the characteristics of profitable demographics for PetPlan to market to. We use publicly available data, including US census data, and veterinary clinic location data as our data sources. We evaluate our results, and give actionable recommendations for the managers of PetPlan USA. Our results indicate that entropy-based decision tree induction approaches, which focus on node purity (predominance of one category over another at each node in the tree), can produce lower profits compared to SBP, which is a novel profit-based decision tree approach.
The New Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina

The Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina (hereinafter the New Constitution)1 has come into being as Annex 4 to the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It has been in effect since December 14, 1995, upon the signing in Paris of the latter.2 The plain language of the New Constitution states that it is a constitution "determine[d]"3 by the constituent peoples~the Bosniacs, the Croats, and the Serbs—and intended to continue the existence of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina4 and to amend and supersede5 the Constitution of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (hereinafter the Old Constitution).6 Is it a legitimate amendment? Is it the result of a democratic constitution making process? The content and structure of the New Constitution indicate that it aspires to build one nation with two territorial component Entities-the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republika Srpska-while preserving the sovereignty of the constituent peoples. What are the basic structures of this nation? Is it going to succeed? This paper comments on these issues in an effort to provoke debate. Part I argues that questions may be raised about the legitimacy of the New Constitution as a democratic constitution and proposes that to alleviate such concerns the respective legislatures of the Entities "ratify" the New Constitution if they have not done so
Sodium and potassium intakes among US infants and preschool children, 2003–2010

BACKGROUND Data are limited on usual sodium and potassium intakes relative to age-specific recommendations and the sodium:potassium ratio in infants and preschoolers, especially among those aged <2 y, who are black or breastfed. OBJECTIVE The usual sodium intake above the Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs), potassium intakes above Adequate Intakes (AIs), the sodium:potassium ratio, and sodium density (mg/kcal) among US infants and preschoolers by age group, as applicable, were estimated and compared by race-ethnicity and current breastfeeding status. DESIGN Data were analyzed among 3 groups of children (aged 7-11 mo, 1-3 y, and 4-5 y) from the NHANES 2003-2010 by using measurement error models. RESULTS Seventy-nine percent of children aged 1-3 y and 87% of those aged 4-5 y exceeded their sodium UL; among non-Hispanic black children, the estimates were 84% and 97%, respectively. For potassium, 97% of infants, 5% of children aged 1-3 y, and 0.4% aged 4-5 y met their AIs. Compared with non-Hispanic whites and Mexican Americans, non-Hispanic black infants and preschoolers had higher mean sodium density and sodium:potassium ratios. Currently breastfed infants and children consumed, on average, less sodium than those who were not breastfed (382 ± 53 compared with 538 ± 22 mg in those aged 7-11 mo and 1154 ± 88 compared with 1985 ± 24 mg in those aged 1-3 y, respectively), but the sodium:potassium ratio did not differ. CONCLUSIONS Most US preschoolers, particularly non-Hispanic blacks, consume too much sodium, and nearly all do not consume enough potassium. Data that suggest that currently breastfed infants consume less sodium than do those who are not breastfeeding merit further investigation.
Modified frequency-wavenumber algorithm for regional seismograms using Filon's quadrature: modelling of Lg waves in eastern North America

SUMMARY The main focus of this study is to develop an efficient frequency-wavenumber code to synthesize high-frequency (say, 10 Hz) regional seismograms (up to a distance of more than 1000 km) in a medium consisting of a large number of crustal layers, and investigate effects of regional waveguides on Lg waves. In this newly developed code, the frequency-wavenumber response is evaluated by using the Filon's quadrature at high frequency and the polynomial approximation of Bessei's functions (implementing trapezoidal integration) at low frequency. This has reduced the computation time by several folds compared to the time needed for the trapezoidal integration. Using this algorithm, both broad-band seismograms at Harvard and short-period ECTN (Eastern Canadian Telemetered Network) seismograms from 1988 November 25 Saguenay earthquake were successfully modelled. A moment magnitude of 5.9 was used. Initially an average waveguide was calibrated to successfully excite the regional Pnl and Snl waves at HRV, its near-surface structure constrained by matching the recorded frequency content. The crust-mantle transition zone was constrained by modelling the strength of the broad-band Snl waves, consisting of Sn, sSmSnSmSSmS, and sSmSSmS phases, relative to the initial Pnl waves. The model was modified to consist of thin layers with an alternating high-and low-velocity distribution to match the high-frequency ECTN Lg waves observed from 300 to 600 km away. In addition, the effect of a near-surface irregular receiver structure on the duration of Lg waves was also investigated by convolving its response with the regional Lg seismograms. Initial study suggests this method as viable for modelling the entire Lg waves including the coda. Numerical studies suggest that the shapes and peak amplitudes on Lg seismograms depend more strongly on the source depth, anelasticity and crustal waveguide than do the Pnl seismograms.
Victim Derogation and Victim Enhancement as Alternate Routes to System Justification

Numerous studies have documented the potential for victim-blaming attributions to justify the status quo. Recent work suggests that complementary, victim-enhancing stereotypes may also increase support for existing social arrangements. We seek to reconcile these seemingly contradictory findings by proposing that victim derogation and victim enhancement are alternate routes to system justification, with the preferred route depending on the perception of a causal link between trait and outcome. Derogating “losers” (and lionizing “winners”) on traits (e.g., intelligence) that are causally related to outcomes (e.g., wealth vs. poverty) serves to increase system justification, as does compensating “losers” (and down-grading “winners”) on traits (e.g., physical attractiveness) that are causally unrelated to those outcomes. We provide converging evidence using system-threat and stereotype-activation paradigms.
Automorphisms and generalized involution models of finite complex reflection groups

Abstract We prove that a finite complex reflection group has a generalized involution model, as defined by Bump and Ginzburg, if and only if each of its irreducible factors is either G ( r , p , n ) with gcd ( p , n ) = 1 ; G ( r , p , 2 ) with r / p odd; or G 23 , the Coxeter group of type H 3 . We additionally provide explicit formulas for all automorphisms of G ( r , p , n ) , and construct new Gelfand models for the groups G ( r , p , n ) with gcd ( p , n ) = 1 .
Application of optical coherence tomography to automated contact lens metrology

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a nondestructive imaging modality with the potential to make quantitative spatial measurements. OCT's noncontact nature, sensitivity to small refractive index mismatches, and micron-scale resolution make it attractive for contact lens metrology, specifically, measuring prism. Prism is defined as the maximum difference in thickness of the contact lens, measured over a full 360 deg of rotation, at a fixed distance from the contact lens edge. We develop and test a novel algorithm that automatically analyzes OCT images and calculates prism. Images are obtained using a Thorlabs OCT930SR OCT system. The OCT probe is fastened to an automated rotation stage that rotates 360 deg in small increments (typically 10 deg) to acquire OCT images of the edge of the contact lens around the entire circumference. The images are 1.6 mm in optical depth (512 pixels) and 2 mm wide (1000 pixels). Several sets of images are successfully analyzed. The prism measured for a toric lens is 42 µm, which is in line with design parameters. Thickness measurements are repeatable with a standard deviation of 0.5 µm and maximum range of 1.8 µm over ten image sets. This work demonstrates the possibility of using OCT to perform nondestructive contact lens metrology.
Primary mediastinal giant cell tumor

Giant cell tumor of soft tissue is a rare tumor first described by Salm and Sissons in 1972 as being a distinct entity.1 Histologically, it is composed of multinucleated giant cells dispersed among mononuclear cells, and is indistinguishable from its bone equivalent.2 The majority of these tumors have been reported to occur in the lower extremity.2,3 We describe a case of giant cell tumor of soft tissue within the posterior mediastinum. The only other report of a primary mediastinal giant cell tumor of soft tissue in the English literature was published by Fu et al. in 2002, in which they described two patients with posterior mediastinal masses.4
A Computer Technique for Illustrating Three Variables in a Pictogram

A technique is described for displaying three—dimensional data by using the overprinting capability of digital computer printing units. The procedure is illustratd by mapping the distribution of species—abundance characteristics and physical features on several study areas based on data from systematically placed field sampling points. See full-text article at JSTOR
The Transformation of US Capitalism and Democracy, 1830–1937

This chapter examines the transformation of capitalism and democracy in the United States during a period in which private economic power rose to overwhelm the forces of democracy, until a political–constitutional showdown curtailed its ascendency. While the new technologies of the Industrial Revolution were immediately associated with the increase in private economic power, the legal empowerment of firms also played a major role in the development of US capitalism during this period, and perhaps almost as important a role in promoting the long-term development of the nation. This chapter will treat the Industrial Revolution as contextual background that helped induce, but by no means fully determine, system-wide changes. Important as the technological innovations were, they did not decide the nature of the institutional changes that would reshape capitalism or the economy in the United States or, indeed, in other countries.
The Use of Ornithine Salts of Branched-Chain Ketoacids in Portal-Systemic Encephalopathy

Abstract In eight patients with chronic portal-systemic encephalopathy who were symptomatic despite protein restriction and lactulose, a double-blind crossover comparison was conducted of branched-...
Causes of spatially variable tectonic subsidence in the Miocene Bermejo Foreland Basin, Argentina

Tectonic subsidence in the 20‐9 Ma Bermejo basin resulted from spatially variable crustal loading on a lithosphere of spatially variable strength (e.g. elastic thickness). Reconstruction of the crustal loads added between 20 and 9 Ma, and assessment of the effects of these loads on an elastic, isotropic lithosphere confirm this hypothesis. Elastic models effectively explain tectonic subsidence east of the Iglesia‐Calingasta basin, but west of it crustal loads were locally compensated. Elastic models also prove that the 20‐9 Ma Frontal Cordillera loading is of no importance in the mechanical system of the Bermejo basin. 2D and 3D elastic models of a uniformly strong lithosphere under 20‐9 Ma crustal loads corrected for post-9 Ma erosion successfully replicate the 9 Ma Bermejo basin’s proximal palaeotopography. However, they fail to replicate the 9 Ma basin’s medial and distal palaeotopography. A 3D finite element model of a lithosphere with bimodal strength (weak below the Bermejo basin and west of the
Data Considerations for Planetary Space Science Photography

Analog and digital data processes are discussed for interplanetary photoscience. Particular reference is made to the Mariner Mars flyby photo mission. A planetary flyby picture taking sequence produces a relatively fast accumulation of video data bits. This data is stored on magnetic tape. As the telemetry data rate at planetary range is extremely slow, days must elapse for continuous transmission of the stored picture information. A study of the analog and digital resolution criteria indicates that for the low contrast scenes viewed, a high SNR at the camera is desired. When the spacecraft is so limited in power, weight, and transmission capability, a ground based computer usefully enhances contrast and resolution.
Efficacy of ERL-4221 as an ovotoxin for feral pigs (Sus scrofa)

Context The expansion of feral pig populations across the United States has increased the occurrence of damage and damage complaints. New techniques are needed to more effectively manage feral pig damage, including the development of fertility control agents. Aims We aimed to assess the ovotoxic properties of ERL-4221 as a candidate fertility control agent for feral pigs. Methods We conducted two palatability trials to determine ERL-4221 acceptance and one experimental trial with ERL-4221 at the captive wildlife facility of Texas A&M University-Kingsville during 2008. Our experimental trial had three treatments, a control containing no ERL-4221, baits containing 16.0 mg ERL-4221 kg–1 bodyweight for 10 days, and baits containing 16.0 mg ERL-4221 kg–1 bodyweight for 20 days. Key results Final body mass, total ovary mass, number of follicles and number of corpora lutea did not differ between treatments. Conclusions We did not find it efficacious to orally deliver ERL-4221 to feral pigs to reduce fertility. Oral delivery is the most practical, cost-effective means of delivering fertility control agents to feral pigs and development of additional fertility control strategies are needed. Implications Unless ovotoxic effects of ERL-4221 can be identified in feral pigs, along with a successful means of administration, other fertility control strategies may need to be explored, such as oocyte-secreted proteins that regulate follicular development.