cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Implications of Systemic Dysfunction for the Etiology of Malignancy

The current approach to treatment in oncology is to replace the generally cytotoxic chemotherapies with pharmaceutical treatment which inactivates specific molecular targets associated with cancer development and progression. The goal is to limit cellular damage to pathways perceived to be directly responsible for the malignancy. Its underlying assumptions are twofold: (1) that individual pathways are the cause of malignancy; and (2) that the treatment objective should be destruction—either of the tumor or the dysfunctional pathway. However, the extent to which data actually support these assumptions has not been directly addressed. Accumulating evidence suggests that systemic dysfunction precedes the disruption of specific genetic/molecular pathways in most adult cancers and that targeted treatments such as kinase inhibitors may successfully treat one pathway while generating unintended changes to other, non-targeted pathways. This article discusses (1) the systemic basis of malignancy; (2) better profiling of pre-cancerous biomarkers associated with elevated risk so that preventive lifestyle modifications can be instituted early to revert high-risk epigenetic changes before tumors develop; (3) a treatment emphasis in early stage tumors that would target the restoration of systemic balance by strengthening the body's innate defense mechanisms; and (4) establishing better quantitative models of systems to capture adequate complexity for predictability at all stages of tumor progression.
Parallel changes in the sensitivity of γ-aminobutyric acid and noradrenergic receptors following chronic administration of antidepressant and GABAergic drugs: A possible role in affective disorders

Abstract Chronic treatment with the antidepressants imipramine or nomifensine, or the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABAergic) agents, baclofen or THIP, produced a decrease in the B max for binding sites of GABAergic and noradrenergic receptors. Chronic treatment with imipramine or nomifensine produced a decrease in the B max of both binding of [ 3 H]dihydroalprenolol and [ 3 H]GABA receptors in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Chronic treatment with baclofen or THIP also produced a decrease in the B max of binding of [ 3 H]dihydroalprenolol receptor in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. These results suggest a possible link between the GABAergic and noradrenergic systems, which may be important in understanding the mechanism of action of antidepressant drugs, and suggests a possible role for GABA in affective disorders.
A pulsed load modulation (PLM) power amplifier with 3-level envelope delta-sigma modulation (EDSM)

An X-band power amplifier (PA) based on the pulsed load modulation (PLM) architecture is developed. The PLM technique leverages on the load modulation characteristics incurred for modulated pulses with different duty cycles as the consequence of the interactions between switching PAs with the high-Q output filter. Though a high drain efficiency is promised by the PLM amplifier with a binary envelop input, the low coding efficiency of the 2-level pulse modulations including the 2-level Envelope Delta- Sigma Modulation (EDSM) reduces the effective gain of the PA and thus decreases the overall power added efficiency. The great amount of quantization noise also needs to be rejected with high-Q filter which adds a great burden to the output filter design. In this paper, it is proposed to feed the PLM PA with a 3-level EDSM signal for input with higher effective gain and lower quantization noise. The concept is demonstrated with an X-band PLM PA fabricated with discrete 0.25μm GaN HEMT. The proposed transmitter delivered 35.6 dBm output power with 40.5 % drain efficiency for 5 MHz WCDMA signal with 5.3 peak-toaverage ratio at 9.2 GHz.
Double-pulsed diffusional kurtosis imaging

Diffusional kurtosis imaging (DKI) is extended to double-pulsed-field-gradient (d-PFG) diffusion MRI sequences. This gives a practical approach for acquiring and analyzing d-PFG data. In particular, the leading d-PFG effects, beyond what conventional single-pulsed field gradient (s-PFG) provides, are interpreted in terms of the kurtosis for a diffusion displacement probability density function (dPDF) in a six-dimensional (6D) space. The 6D diffusional kurtosis encodes the unique information provided by d-PFG sequences up to second order in the b-value. This observation leads to a compact expression for the signal magnitude, and it suggests novel data acquisition and analysis methods. Double-pulsed DKI (DP-DKI) is demonstrated for in vivo mouse brain with d-PFG data obtained at 7 T. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of pH on adenine and amino acid uptake during sporulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

During the early stages of sporulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the pH of the acetate sporulation medium rises to values of 8.0 or higher. Associated with this rise in pH is a reduced cell permeability to certain precursors of ribonucleic acid (RNA), deoxyribonucleic acid or protein. Uptake of adenine, alanine, and leucine was optimal at pH 5.6 to 6.0, but sporulation was inhibited when the sporulation medium was buffered below pH 7.0. Cellular impermeability can be largely overcome by adjusting the acetate sporulation medium to pH 6.0 for optimal uptake of 14 C-adenine during short pulses without any apparent effect on sporulation. Sporulating cells pulse-labeled 20 min at pH 6.0 incorporated 40 times more 14C-adenine into RNA than sporulating cells pulse-labeled at pH 8.0. This increased incorporation can be attributed to a 100-fold increase in labeled adenosine triphosphate in cells pulse-labeled at pH 6.0 where maximum uptake occurs.
Mobile vitreous opacities on ocular ultrasonography are not always pathologic: a cross-sectional survey in an asymptomatic population

Abstract Background Ultrasonography is often used in the evaluation of patients with ocular concerns; however, several pathologic conditions and even some age-related changes can have similar sonographic appearances. One approach that clinicians use is to assume that unilateral findings visible at normal gain are acute, whereas bilateral findings requiring high gain are chronic, especially in the elderly population. To date, no studies have systematically evaluated this assumption. Objectives The objectives are to determine the prevalence of monocular and binocular mobile vitreous opacities (MVOs) in the vitreous chamber in an asymptomatic population at normal and high gain levels and to determine its prevalence with higher age stratifications. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional survey using 2-dimensional ultrasonography with a high-frequency transducer of 105 asymptomatic subjects aged 20-89 years and evaluated each subject's eyes for the presence of MVOs at both normal and high gain levels in progressive age stratifications. Results Ultrasonographic scans were obtained on 105 subjects. At normal gain levels, MVO was present in only 1 subject (0.95%; 95% confidence interval, 0.0%-5.0%). At high gain levels, MVO was present in 28.6% (30/105) of subjects. Of the subjects with MVO at high gain, 60% (18/30) had unilateral MVO. Mobile vitreous opacity was found more frequently with advancing age, being present in 23 subjects older than 59 years, compared with 7 subjects 59 years and younger (51.1% vs 11.7%, P Conclusions Mobile vitreous opacity in the vitreous chamber visualized at high gain levels is relatively common and may not be pathologic, even if unilateral and occurring at a relatively young age.
Toward a theory of organizational resilience

Workers are experiencing rapid amounts of change from many sources. Several disciplines have approached this issue from their unique perspectives. How individuals and organisations respond to change affects key outcomes. This paper works toward a unified theory of resilience to help embrace and manage organizational change effectively. The notion of a resilient organization is an emerging concept for understanding and coping with the modern day pace of change and associated work stress. Resilience is the ability of an individual or organization to expeditiously design and implement positive adaptive behaviors matched to the immediate situation, while enduring minimal stress.
Hepatosplenomegaly and heart disease in the congenital rubella syndrome. Report of eight cases.

Hepatomegaly, observed in 8 infants with congenital heart disease and the rubella syndrome, failed to respond to digitalization and/or division of a patent ductus arteriosus in five of the eight infants. Hepatomegaly was accompanied by splenomegaly in seven infants and by purpura in two. Such manifestations may be erroneously diagnosed as evidences of heart failure. It should, therefore, be noted that the hepatomegaly of the rubella syndrome (unlike that from circulatory failure) is present at birth and non-progressive, is unresponsive to digitalis, diuretics, and curative surgery, and is usually accompanied by splenomegaly and often by purpura. The possibility of infection of the fetus by prepartum maternal rubella and of postnatal cardiovascular damage by the rubella virus were suggested by two infants studied.
Muscle progenitor cell regenerative capacity in the torn rotator cuff

Chronic rotator cuff (RC) tears affect a large portion of the population and result in substantial upper extremity impairment, shoulder weakness, pain, and limited range of motion. Regardless of surgical or conservative treatment, persistent atrophic muscle changes limit functional restoration and may contribute to surgical failure. We hypothesized that deficits in the skeletal muscle progenitor (SMP) cell pool could contribute to poor muscle recovery following tendon repair. Biopsies were obtained from patients undergoing arthroscopic RC surgery. The SMP population was quantified, isolated, and assayed in culture for its ability to proliferate and fuse in vitro and in vivo. The SMP population was larger in muscles from cuffs with partial tears compared with no tears or full thickness tears. However, SMPs from muscles in the partial tear group also exhibited reduced proliferative ability. Cells from all cuff states were able to fuse robustly in culture and engraft when injected into injured mouse muscle, suggesting that when given the correct signals, SMPs are capable of contributing to muscle hypertrophy and regeneration regardless of tear severity. The fact that this does not appear to happen in vivo helps focus future therapeutic targets for promoting muscle recovery following rotator cuff repairs and may help improve clinical outcomes.
The effectiveness of respiratory care protocols.

The principles underlying evidence-based practice are that treatments are effective and can offer benefit to patients. At the same time, optimal practice also avoids offering treatments for which evidence of efficacy is not available. In this regard, the goal of respiratory care protocols is to optimize the allocation of respiratory care services by prescribing to each patient treatments likely to confer benefit and avoiding those that do not. As reviewed in this paper, currently available evidence suggests that protocols (1) help minimize unnecessary arterial blood sampling, placement of arterial catheters, and bronchopulmonary hygiene therapies, (2) help optimize the process of weaning patients from mechanical ventilation, (3) help minimize waste of oxygen, (4) allocate respiratory care services better than does physician-directed care.
Metabolism of DL-norepinephrine-7-3H in the guinea pig treated with tolbutamide.

TOLBUTAMIDE, a drug widely used in the treatment of diabetes, has been reported to relieve pain in a large proportion of patients with angina pectoris and intermittent claudication1. This clinically useful property of tolbutamide has been related to an acceleration of fibrinolytic activity in the blood2. An alteration in vascular tone might account, however, for a similar clinical response. To test this possibility we examined the effect of tolbutamide on the metabolism of norepinephrine, the sympathetic transmitter. Our results indicate that the drug profoundly alters the intermediary metabolism of this neurohormone in animals. Since treatment with sulphonylurea compounds has been reported3 to cause disulphiram-like reactions we thought at first that norepinephrine metabolism might have been affected at the aldehyde dehydrogenase-level. Our experimental results show, however, that tolbutamide and disulphiram act quite differently on norepinephrine metabolism.
Particle identification using dE/dx in the Mark II detector at the SLC

Abstract The central drift chamber in the Mark II detector at the SLAC linear collider has been instrumented with 100 MHz flash-ADCs. Pulse digitization provides particle identification through the measurement of average ionization loss in the chamber. We present the results of a study of system performance and outline the systematic corrections that optimize resolution. The data used are from a short test run at PEP with one third of the FADCs installed, and an extensive cosmic ray sample with the fully instrumented chamber.
Water‐Stress‐Induced Changes in Resin and Rubber Concentration and Distribution in Greenhouse‐Grown Guayule

Guayule (Parthenium argentatum A. Gray) is naturally subject to periods of water stress in its native habitat. It has been shown that, under cultivation, rubber yields increase with increasing irrigation, but rubber concentration per plant decreases. The effect of irrigation on resin concentration is unclear. The purpose of this study was to understand how resin concentration is affected by water stress, and why water stress increases rubber concentration. Greenhouse-grown guayule plants were subjected to water stress in four experiments, each of 3 mo duration. Two experiments were conducted in the summer, the active growth period, and two experiments were conducted in the winter. The water-stressed plants were irrigated when the average soil water potential reached either -0.6 MPa (first summer experiment) or -0.3 MPa (all subsequent experiments). Water-stress effects were monitored by measuring growth, C exchange, biomass, and resin and rubber production. Water-stressed plants had lower C exchange, growth, and leaf-to-stem ratio than well-watered plants. Resin concentration did not respond consistently to water stress. Rubber concentration was generally higher in the water-stressed plants than in the well-watered plants as a result of decreased leaf biomass in both the summer (33 vs. 45 g kg -1 ) and winter (36 vs. 52 g kg -1 ) and decreased stem diameter in the summer (8.1 vs. 11.0 mm). Rubber is deposited mainly in the bark; therefore, reduced leaf biomass and stem diameter contribute to higher rubber concentration in the water-stressed plants by increasing the relative amount of bark.
Longitudinal Associations Between Teen Dating Violence Victimization and Adverse Health Outcomes

OBJECTIVE: To determine the longitudinal association between teen dating violence victimization and selected adverse health outcomes. METHODS: Secondary analysis of Waves 1 (1994–1995), 2 (1996), and 3 (2001–2002) of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, a nationally representative sample of US high schools and middle schools. Participants were 5681 12- to 18-year-old adolescents who reported heterosexual dating experiences at Wave 2. These participants were followed-up ∼5 years later (Wave 3) when they were aged 18 to 25. Physical and psychological dating violence victimization was assessed at Wave 2. Outcome measures were reported at Wave 3, and included depressive symptomatology, self-esteem, antisocial behaviors, sexual risk behaviors, extreme weight control behaviors, suicidal ideation and attempt, substance use (smoking, heavy episodic drinking, marijuana, other drugs), and adult intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization. Data were analyzed by using multivariate linear and logistic regression models. RESULTS: Compared with participants reporting no teen dating violence victimization at Wave 2, female participants experiencing victimization reported increased heavy episodic drinking, depressive symptomatology, suicidal ideation, smoking, and IPV victimization at Wave 3, whereas male participants experiencing victimization reported increased antisocial behaviors, suicidal ideation, marijuana use, and IPV victimization at Wave 3, controlling for sociodemographics, child maltreatment, and pubertal status. CONCLUSIONS: The results from the present analyses suggest that dating violence experienced during adolescence is related to adverse health outcomes in young adulthood. Findings from this study emphasize the importance of screening and offering secondary prevention programs to both male and female victims.
Location of Electron and Hole Carriers in Graphite from Laser Magnetoreflection Data

Electron and hole carriers location in pyrolytic graphite from magnetoreflection data, using circularly polarized radiation from IR gas laser source
Relationship between reactive psychosis and the depressive disorders

Abstract The diagnostic validity of acute schizophrenia has come under close scrutiny since 1970, when Robins and Guze1 disclosed that clinical symptomatology, family history, and treatment outcome consistently differentiate between schizophrenics who recover and schizophrenics who follow a chronic, deteriorating course. Not only have recent clinical and empirical investigations into prognosis in schizophrenia confirmed Robins and Guze's hypothesis that good prognosis schizophrenia,2–5 acute schizophrenia,6,7 and schizoaffective psychoses8,9 bear little relation to poor prognosis schizophrenia, studies have also demonstrated that the phenomenology of these good prognosis disorders generally coincide with patterns typically associated with the depressive disorders.2–7,9 In fact, one-half to two-thirds of the patients receiving admission diagnoses of acute schizophrenia have met strict research criteria for bipolar mania, while less than 5% have fulfilled strict requirements for a diagnosis of schizophrenia.2–7,9 McCabe has recently proposed that many of the remaining third of recovered schizophrenics suffer from a reactive, psychogenic psychosis that is different from both schizophrenia and depressive disorder.10–14 In a series of studies, he has suggested that certain genetically and/or developmentally vulnerable individuals manifest an abrupt, acute psychosis when subjected to overwhelming psychologic trauma. However, the results of his symptomologic and genetic study do not equivocally support the thesis of a third functional disorder masquerading as acute schizophrenia.10,11 Rather, much of the data on reactive psychoses overlap with typical phenomenology of the depressive disorders. The congruence of these disorders, one predominantly biologic, the other psychologic in etiology, lends additional support to the integrated models of depressive disorder recently proposed by Akiskal and McKinney15,16 and Depue and Evans,17 which suggest that depressive behaviors must be understood as occurring on several levels simultaneously, and that a multiplicity of genetic, developmental, pharmacologic, and interpersonal factors converge in the midbrain and lead to a reversible functional derangement of the mechanisms of reinforcement.15
Causal “all-pass” filters and Kramers–Kronig relations

Abstract An optical “all-pass” filter has a unity transmission at all frequencies yet can provide rapid phase shifts. Here we show that Kramers–Kronig relations of the common form do not apply to such a linear, causal system. The cases when gain or loss media are introduced into these filters are further examined. Dispersive behaviors opposite to that of a Lorentz oscillator can be obtained.
FHIT and TSG101 in thyroid tumours: aberrant transcripts reflect rare abnormal RNA processing events of uncertain pathogenetic or clinical significance.

OBJECTIVE The chromosomal regions containing the two putative tumour suppressors, fragile histidine triad gene (FHIT) and tumour suppressor gene 101 (TSG101), are deleted frequently in thyroid tumours. We therefore analysed FHIT and TSG101 transcripts in a group of advanced thyroid tumours to establish their role in thyroid tumorigenesis. DESIGN Retrospective analysis of FHIT and TSG101 mRNA transcripts and genomic DNA from cryo-preserved thyroid tumours. TP53, previously shown at the genomic level not to be mutated in this cohort of tumours, served as a control. PATIENTS We analysed nine follicular thyroid carcinomas (FTC), six papillary thyroid carcinomas and six follicular adenomas (FA) and histologically normal thyroid tissue from four of the FA patients. MEASUREMENTS Single stage and nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) products of FHIT, TSG101, and TP53 were analysed by agarose or polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and sequenced. Genomic DNA was also analysed by polymerase chain reaction and sequencing (FHIT) or by Southern blotting (TSG101). Clinical data were correlated with the results of the mutation analysis. RESULTS Truncated FHIT transcripts were observed frequently alongside full length transcripts with nested RT-PCR, most often in FTC, while single stage RT-PCR revealed only normal length transcripts in all tumours. Similar results were obtained for TP53, while abnormal TSG101 transcripts were detectable by single stage RT-PCR. Sequence analysis of the truncated FHIT and TSG101 transcripts revealed mainly exon skipping and alternate RNA processing events. Only a single point mutation (of TSG101) was found. Southern blotting for the TSG101 gene, and PCR amplification and sequencing of the FHIT gene showed no evidence of genomic abnormalities in either case, and there was no evidence of splice site mutations in the FHIT gene, suggesting that the truncated transcripts result from altered RNA processing. There was no relationship between tumour stage, grade or survival and the presence of FHIT or TSG101 abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS Truncated FHIT and TSG101 transcripts in thyroid tumours reflect alternate mRNA splicing events, rather than genomic deletions. Such abnormal RNA processing seems to be common and widespread in thyroid neoplasms, as similar results were obtained by analysis of transcripts of TP53, which we had previously shown not to be mutated in these specimens. Although a pathogenetic role for these aberrant transcripts remains possible, no correlation was found with stage, histological grade or outcome in this small group of advanced thyroid malignancies. Relaxation of mRNA splice control appears to be a feature of follicular cell-derived thyroid neoplasms.
Effects of misalignment on the pre-macroyield region of the uniaxial stress-strain curve

Some bending usually occurs in uniaxial testing systems due to small unavoidable misalignment. The resulting elastic strain gradient can lead to significant differences between axial strain and extreme surface bending strains, especially at small strains. A three-point microstrain measurement around a cylindrical sample permits evaluation of the extreme strains and of the precision of alignment. A three-point, parallel-plate capacitance strain gage having a linear output with displacement was designed to evaluate bending of tensile samples in the microstrain range. The resolution of the gage was 3 parts in 10,000 at plate separations of 0.010 in. Varying misalignment resulted in extreme elastic bending strains at the sample surface of the order of tens to hundreds of micro-in. per in. larger than the axial strain. Analysis of the mechanics of bending in uniaxial loading demonstrated that: 1) the average applied stress divided by the average elastic strain always gives a unique number, Young's modulus, and 2) the average microplastic strain is not uniquely related to the average applied stress, but rather depends upon precision of alignment. The influence of bending on the determination of the average stress at which microplastic flow initiates is discussed, and a method for making meaningful comparisons of plastic microstrain data generated with significant misalignment is suggested.
Visualization of network data provenance

Visualization facilitates the understanding of scientific data both through exploration and explanation of the visualized data. Provenance also contributes to the understanding of data by containing the contributing factors behind a result. The visualization of provenance, although supported in existing workflow management systems, generally focuses on small (medium) sized provenance data, lacking techniques to deal with big data with high complexity. This paper discusses visualization techniques developed for exploration and explanation of provenance, including layout algorithm, visual style, graph abstraction techniques, and graph matching algorithm, to deal with the high complexity. We demonstrate through application to two extensively analyzed case studies that involved provenance capture and use over three year projects, the first involving provenance of a satellite imagery ingest processing pipeline and the other of provenance in a large-scale computer network testbed.
Emission profile of Bk(III) in a silicate matrix: anomalous dependence on excitation power

Abstract We have been conducting spectroscopic investigations of the transuranium elements in silicate glasses. These studies included spectroscopic monitoring of the decay profiles of selected short-lived actinides. Although the latter are not candidates for immobilization hosts, their half-lives make them attractive for probing certain fundamental issues. One facet of these studies has been spectroscopic investigations of Bk in a silicate matrix. Optical spectroscopy has shown that the trivalent state of Bk is the stable state in this matrix, and Bk(III) exhibits primarily two emission bands, centered at 15 340 and 13 475 cm −1 . The relative intensities of these two bands exhibit an unusual dependence on excitation power. At low power levels, the 13 475 cm −1 emission dominates; with increased power levels, the emission intensity of the 13 475 cm −1 band decreases at a greater rate than the band at 15 340 cm −1 . As a result, this latter band dominates at higher excitation powers. A similar dependence of these two Bk(III) emission bands with temperature has also been noted. Details of the emission profile of Bk in this matrix and the basis for the observed power dependence are discussed.
Comparisons of adaptive sampling control laws

Three adaptive sampling control laws are examined and their properties compared. First, a simpler control law from the constant difference criterion of Mitchell and McDaniel is derived. Then, it is compared with the two similar control laws given by Dorf, Farren, and Phillips. The results show that they are close approximations to one another and, furthermore, that they are derivable from the same integral-difference criterion of different thresholds.
Upper critical field of copper molybdenum sulfide

The upper critical field of sintered and sputtered copper molybdenum sulfide Cu(x)Mo6S8 was measured and found to exceed the Werthamer, Helfand, and Hohenberg (1966) value for a type II superconductor characterized by dirty limit, weak isotropic electron phonon coupling, and no paramagnetic limiting. It is suggested that the enhancement results from anisotropy or clean limit or both. Other ternary molybdenum sulfides appear to show similar anomalies.
Should the use of transcatheter aortic valve implantation be rationed

Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) has great promise of helping patients with severe aortic valve disease who are not candidates for open heart surgery. It is an expensive technology, however, and some believe it should not be offered to every patient who is medically suitable to receive it—in other words, its use should be rationed. The Ethics Forum, which comprises the membership of the AATS Ethics Committee and the STS Standards and Ethics Committee, sponsored a debate on rationing TAVI at the 2011 Annual Meeting of the American Association for Thoracic Surgery. John E. Mayer, Jr., MD, argued the proponent position,1 Grayson H. Wheatley, MD, the contrariant2 regarding a hypothetical case, constructed to focus on the question of whether the offer of TAVI should be withheld from an elderly patient.
Measurement of membrane potential and [Ca2+]i in cell ensembles: application to the study of glutamate taste in mice

We have studied the spectral properties of the voltage-sensitive dye, 1-(3-sulfonatopropyl)-4-[beta [2-(di-n-octylamino)-6-naphtyl]vinyl] pyridinium betaine (di-8-ANEPPS), and the Ca(2+)-sensitive dye, fura-2, in azolectin liposomes and in isolated taste buds from mouse. We find that the fluorescence excitation spectra of di-8-ANEPPS and fura-2 are largely nonoverlapping, allowing alternate ratio measurements of membrane potential and intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i). There is a small spillover of di-8-ANEPPS fluorescence at the excitation wavelengths used for fura-2 (340 and 360 nm). However, voltage-induced changes in the fluorescence of di-8-ANEPPS, excited at the fura-2 wavelengths, are small. In addition, di-8-ANEPPS fluorescence is localized to the membrane, whereas fura-2 fluorescence is distributed throughout the cytoplasm. Because of this, the effect of spillover of di-8-ANEPPS fluorescence in the [Ca2+]i estimate is
Empirical tests of two stochastic models of consumer brand choice

In this paper, the Bernoulli and the First Order brand switching models are put to test on two sets of panel data. Non-aggregate analysis indicates that a Bernoulli process may explain the brand choice behavior of consumers for frequently bought nondurable products. However, aggregate process seems to be of higher order. Moreover, the use of a simultaneous inference technique on consumer panel data is demonstrated.
Locally Engaged Education Institutions: Four Principles for Engaging the Urban Environment

Urban life comes with diverse social, environmental, health care, and education problems. However, for many of the people seeking better economic, social, and education opportunities, the big city still holds a special allure. Jazz singer Frank Sinatra sings in “New York, New York” that he wants to “wake up in a city that never sleeps/and find I’m King of the Hill/ top of the heap.” The question then is whether there is a general solution capable of contributing in some small way toward alleviating these complex and diverse problems, bringing us one small step closer toward building an ideal city. As a youth activist, the author desires a solution that can be implemented at the grassroots level, which taps the entrepreneurship and enthusiasm of youths.
Job access, location decision, and the working poor: A qualitative study in the Columbus, Ohio metropolitan area

Abstract The critical perspective in job accessibility research argues that access to employment opportunities in an urban area is a complex process. This paper explores the role of individual level location decision-making as it relates to job access. In US metropolitan areas, a worker must consider where to live, where to work, and how they will commute between these locations – the residential–commuting–employment nexus. But limited work has been done to understand how this home-work link influences job access. This research interviews thirty working poor individuals in the Columbus, Ohio metropolitan area. One unexpected finding was the spatially transitory nature of these individuals’ lives – frequently changing both jobs and residences. Negotiating the nexus is a process of spatial decision-making determined by their individual urban mobility. Residential choice is made based on mobility options, not work location. They have diverse job commuting experiences as their mobility options change over time, and those mobility options often dictate their capacity to access existing job opportunities. From the experience of these individuals, Columbus has a strong local economy with many low-skilled higher paying jobs, but a weak public transit system. This article also contributes a qualitative based research perspective to a body of literature that historically under utilizes the approach.
Use of the Problem‐Oriented Medical Record by Nurses Caring for High‐Risk Anteparturn Patients

This is a report on how nurses, as part of team, provide antepartal care for high‐risk gravidas in a maternity and infant care project. A case history is given to illustrate how the use of a problem‐oriented medical record improves communication among team members and, consequently, improves quality of care.
A short report on the Stockholm Assembly and on proposed geophysical work in polar regions

The Fourth Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics held at Stockholm, Sweden, August 14–23, 1930, was attended by some 302 delegates and guests from 36 countries. Countries not yet adhering to the International Union having representation through invited guests were Austria, China, Esthonia, Germany, Union of Socialistic Soviet Republics, and Venezuela. A total of 27 persons, including 14 official delegates, represented the United States and took a leading part in bringing about the good-will reflected in the attendance of guests from Germany and Austria. The principal activity related to the unanimous adoption of the new Statutes. These Statutes call for the designation of the international sections hereafter as associations and effect a greater decentralization of the Union's own tasks so as to make its associations practically autonomous. The unit of contribution was increased so that the annual contribution from the United States will hereafter be about $3,100. Other important.actions included the approval of the proposed Jubilee International Polar Year in 1932–33, an agreement to promote cooperation of the International Research Council and its unions with societies, organisations, or institutions engaged in work extending beyond national lines, and consideration of means to more effectively distribute publications of the International Union and of its associations. The meeting place for the Fifth General Assembly of the union in 1933 was designated to be Lisbon. Portugal. Dre Lai lemand was reelected President of the Union and Brigadier Winterbotham was elected General Secretary. The following Americans are officers of the international associations: Geodesy, William Bowie, President; Seismology, H. F. Reid, Vice-President; Terrestrial Magnetism and Electricity, J. A. Fleming, President; Oceanography, G. W. Littlehales, Vice-President; Volcanology, H. S. Washington, Vice- President.
Effects of triton WR-1339 on the rat yolk sac placenta.

The cytochemistry and ultrastructure of the lysosomal area of the rat's yolk sac placenta was studied at various stages of development. The lysosomal area, located at the apical end of the yolk sac epithelial cell between the microvillous border and the nucleus, consisted of dense bodies that persisted from day 10 of pregnancy through gestation and multivesicular bodies that are present only through day 12. Acid phosphatase activity was restricted to the dense material and to the membranes of this area. Two types of pinocytotic vesicles were present in all stages of development. One was a tubular structure containing dense material and the other, a saccular, clear structure containing a “fuzz-lining” and membrane remnants. Possible relationships between the pinocytotic vesicles and the dense and multi-vesicular bodies were considered. The injection of Triton WR-1339 on day 11 of pregnancy resulted in a vacuolation of the dense and multivesicular bodies. This vacuolation began 15 minutes after injection and maximum effect was reached within 12--24 hours. A reorganization of the lysosome area occurred on days 15--16 in those animals in which pregnancy continued to term. This reorganization consisted of an increase in the dense material within the vacuoles and a reduction in vacuole size. The vacuoles remained distended in those animals in which death and resorption of the fetus occurred. The first cellular changes associated with death occurred between 48--60 hours post-injection. The microvilli became shorter, thicker and reduced in number; the pinocytotic vesicles disappeared from the cell surface; the endoplasmic reticulum became dilated and vesiculated; and vesicles were formed from the cristae of the mitochondria. With the injection regimen used in this study, 25% of the litters were resorbed while the remainder of the pregnant rats delivered viable fetuses at term.
Pathology of the lung in near-drowning

In order to study the initial pathological changes that occur in drowning, the authors developed an experimental model that closely simulates the actual changes in the nearly drowned patient. Adult male rabbits were anesthetized and intubated, and 6 ml/kg of fresh or salt water was instilled directly into the endotracheal tube. The animals were killed after 29 minutes, and the heart and lungs were then examined microscopically. The authors found that in the first 30 minutes, the brunt of the damage is borne by the vascular endothelium and not the alveolar cells.
Recent progress in studies of the elastic properties of earth materials

Abstract Technological advances now allow the elastic moduli and acoustic wave velocities of minerals to be measured or calculated under extreme conditions of pressure and temperature (P and T) that closely mimic the P–T conditions throughout much of Earth's interior. In this special issue, the papers on the elasticity of Earth materials report new results that provide excellent examples of these advances. Here we briefly discuss the scientific context for the elasticity papers in this special issue, and some of the future challenges that are critical for advancing our understanding of the compositional state of the deep Earth through studies of the elastic properties of materials.
Implications of multiple structural changes in event studies

Abstract Detection of unbiased abnormal returns in the classic event study depends on the validity of the assumption that the parameters of the return generating process remain constant throughout the sample period. However, given the substantial amount of evidence to support the fact that the market model parameters are not stable over time, previous research has suggested that the classic methodology may result in mismeasurement of the magnitude and timing of the market response and lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the impact of the event. This study addresses the issue of parameter nonstationarity in event studies by examining its implication for measuring the market response. Using an unconstrained estimation model that allows multiple structural changes in the security pricing model, our results indicate that the usual finding of statistically significant positive abnormal returns on and around the split announcement is robust to the more general specification of the underlying return generating process.
Surface state related 1f noise in p-n junctions

Abstract It has been shown experimentally by Hsu , Fitzgerald and Grove that the 1 f noise in p-n junctions can be increased by a particular type of surface state introduced by the application of an electric field across the oxide at elevated temperatures. This paper extends their work both theoretically and experimentally, leading to an understanding of the mechanism by which surface states affect p-n junction noise. The results show that for gate-controlled diodes the noise power is proportional to the product of the density of these surface states and the square of the transconductance, defined as the incremental change in forward current with gate bias. For non-gate-controlled diodes an equivalent transconductance can be defined.
Synthesis and Characterization of Sn/R, Sn/Si−R, and Sn/SiO2 Core/Shell Nanoparticles

Nanometer-sized tin, Sn/R, and Sn/Si−R (R = n-C4H9), core/shell nanoparticles have been prepared by the reaction of SnCl4 or SiCl4 with Mg2Sn in ethylene glycol dimethyl ether (glyme) and subsequently with n-C4H9Li. Sn/SiO2 core/shell nanoparticles are produced from the reaction of Mg2Sn with SiCl4 and subsequent reaction with H2O2. Fourier transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra are consistent with n-butyl surface termination for the n-butyl-capped tin (Sn/n-butyl) and the silicon-n-butyl capped tin (Sn/Si-n-butyl) core/shell nanoparticles. High-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) confirms that the core part of Sn/n-butyl and Sn/Si- n-butyl nanoparticles is consistent with the tetragonal structure of tin, exhibiting lattice fringes of the {200} crystal plane (2.92 A). The FTIR spectrum of Sn/SiO2 confirms the evidence of silica capping and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) is consistent with an amorphous shell (SiO2) and crystalline Sn core. Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) ...
Inhibition of both noradrenergic and serotonergic neurons in brain by the alpha-adrenergic agonist clonidine.

By means of single unit recording techniques it was found that a small systemically administered (intravenous) dose of the alpha-adrenergic agonist clonidine inhibited the spontaneous firing of brain norepinephrine (NE)-containing neurons in the locus coeruleus. In addition, the NE neurons were consistently inhibited by the direct (microiontophoretic) application of minute amounts of NE or clonidine. Intravenous clonidine also inhibited the firing of the great majority of (5-HT) neurons in the midbrain dorsal raphe nucleus. However, this action does not appearto be a direct one since clonidine (and NE) had relatively weak or variable effects when applied microiontophoretically to raphe neurons. The clonidine-induced depression of raphe firing may be secondary to an impairment in adrenergic transmission since (1) the depression could be reversed by the NE-releasing agents D- and L-amphetamine, (2) high doses of clonidine itself (which have been reported to have postsynaptic alpha-agonistic activity) reversed the depression produced by a low dose of clonidine and (3) prior destruction of NE neurons by 6-hydroxydopamine (7-12 days) rendered raphe neurons insensitive to the depressant effect of i.v. clonidine. Dopaminergic (substantia nigra, zona compacta) neurons did not respond to either low or high doses of clonidine. These results are consistent with previous data showing that clonidine decreases NE and 5-HT but not dopamine turnover. We conclude that systemically administered clonidine inhibits the firing of brain NE neurons by acting directly upon adrenergic receptors located on or near the soma of these neurons but that the concomitant inhibition of 5-HT neurons is an indirect effect (possibly secondary to an impairment in noracrenergic transmission).
Larval fish feeding ecology, growth and mortality from two basins with contrasting environmental conditions of an inner sea of northern Patagonia, Chile.

Abstract During austral spring 2011, a survey was carried out in the inland sea (41°30′–44°S) of north Patagonia, South Pacific, studying a northern basin (NB: Reloncavi Fjord, Reloncavi Sound and Ancud Gulf) characterized by estuarine regime with stronger vertical stratification and warmer (11–14 °C) and most productive waters, and a southern basin (SB: Corcovado Gulf and Guafo mouth), with more oceanic water influence, showed mixed conditions of the water column, colder (11–10.5 °C) and less productive waters. Otolith microstructure and gut content analysis of larval lightfish Maurolicus parvipinnis and rockfish Sebastes oculatus were studied. Larval M. parvipinnis showed similar growth rates in both regions (0.13–0.15 mm d −1 ), but in NB larvae were larger-at-age than in SB. Larval S. oculatus showed no differences in size-at-age and larval growth (0.16 and 0.11 mm d −1 for NB and SB, respectively). M. parvipinnis larvae from NB had larger number of prey items (mostly invertebrate eggs), similar total volume in their guts and smaller prey size than larvae collected in SB (mainly calanoid copepods). Larval S. oculatus had similar number, volume and body width of prey ingested at both basins, although prey ingestion rate by size was 5 times larger in NB than in SB, and prey composition varied from nauplii in NB to copepodites in SB. This study provides evidence that physical–biological interactions during larval stages of marine fishes from Chilean Patagonia are species-specific, and that in some cases large size-at-age correspond to increasing foraging success.
STUDIES ON WHEAT PLANTS USING CARBON-14 LABELLED COMPOUNDS: X. THE INCORPORATION OF GLUTAMIC ACID-l-C14

Glutamic acid-1-C14 was injected into the top internode of wheat stems at a stage of growth when kernel development was rapid (71 days after seeding). The plants were harvested 31 days later when t...
Scanning tunneling microscopy study of TiO2(100) surface reconstructions

Abstract Scanning tunneling microscopy has been used to image rutile TiO 2 (100) in ultrahigh vacuum. We have imaged several atomic scale features after surface preparation corresponding to reconstructions on this crystal. Our work has focused primarily on the 1x3 reconstruction produced after annealing at 500 to 600°C. We have also observed features corresponding to the 1x5 and 1x7 reconstructions by annealing at higher temperatures.
Temperature dependence of the high-field magnetoresistance of lead

The high-field magnetoresistance of single-crystal lead withB along 〈001〉 was measured as a function of temperature from 1.2 to 4.2 K and was found to vary asT n ,n=4.43. The results support Wagner's suggestion that the conductivity in a high magnetic field may have a temperature dependence similar to that of the resistivity in zero field.
Conformal invariance and critical exponents in two dimensions

Abstract Systems at their critical point are invariant under changes of scale. If these systems have local couplings they should also respond simply to local scale transformations, i.e., conformal transformations. In two dimensions the algebra of such transformations is exceptionally large (infinite dimensional) and provides, in conjunction with positivity requirements, strong constraints on allowed values of critical exponents. These ideas have close connections to the theory of strings.
Chromatographic studies of corrosion sites in metallic materials

Many types of corrosion phenomena are controlled by the ionic composition of a small volume of solution at the surface. Localized corrosion and atmospheric corrosion are two examples in which <1 μl of solution can cause dramatic damage. Ion chromatographic (IC) techniques have been used to analyze these solutions in order to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms which govern them. Two examples are presented. The presence of minor alloying elements at localized corrosion sites in two aluminum alloys has been demonstrated, indicating non-stoichiometric dissolution of the alloy during localized corrosion. In addition, IC analysis allowed the determination of the species responsible for the atmospheric corrosion failure of electrical connectors, including their likely origin
π - -p Elastic Scattering at 550, 600, 720, 900, and 1020 Mev

The pi /sup -/ -p differential elastic scattering cross sections (d sigma /d OMEGA ) are measured at 550, 600, 720, 900, and 1020 Mev. The coefficients a/sub l/ in the cosine power series for d sigma /d OMEGA are fit to the data by a least squares method to l= 5 at each energy. The functional dependence of a/sub l/ (for each l) on incident pi /sup -/ energy is studied. (T.F.H.)
Dirac Induction for Unimodular Lie Groups

In this paper, we give a geometric realization of discrete series representations for unimodular Lie groups on the spaces of harmonic spinors by using Connes–Moscovici'sL2-Index theorem. Our work is a continuation of Atiyah–Schmid's geometric realization of discrete series representations for semisimple Lie groups and Connes–Moscovici's realization of square-integrable representations for nilpotent Lie groups.