cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Translation termination is involved in histone mRNA degradation when DNA replication is inhibited

The levels of replication-dependent histone mRNAs are coordinately regulated with DNA synthesis. A major regulatory step in histone mRNA metabolism is regulation of the half-life of histone mRNAs. Replication-dependent histone mRNAs are the only metazoan mRNAs that are not polyadenylated. Instead, they end with a conserved stem-loop structure, which is recognized by the stem-loop binding protein (SLBP). SLBP is required for histone mRNA processing, as well as translation. We show here, using histone mRNAs whose translation can be regulated by the iron response element, that histone mRNAs need to be actively translated for their rapid degradation following the inhibition of DNA synthesis. We also demonstrate the requirement for translation using a mutant SLBP which is inactive in translation. Histone mRNAs are not rapidly degraded when DNA synthesis is inhibited or at the end of S phase in cells expressing this mutant SLBP. Replication-dependent histone mRNAs have very short 3' untranslated regions, with the stem-loop located 30 to 70 nucleotides downstream of the translation termination codon. We show here that the stability of histone mRNAs can be modified by altering the position of the stem-loop, thereby changing the distance from the translation termination codon.
Improving file transfers using SCTP multistreaming

We identify overheads associated with FTP, attributed to separate TCP connections for data and control, non-persistence of the data connections, and the sequential nature of command exchanges. We argue that solutions that avoid these overheads using TCP place an undue burden on the application. Instead we propose modifying FTP to use SCTP and its multistreaming service. FTP over SCTP avoids the identified overheads in the current FTP protocol without introducing complexity at the application, while still remaining "TCP-friendly". We implemented FTP over SCTP in three ways: (1) simply replacing TCP calls with SCTP calls, thus using one SCTP association for control and one SCTP association for each data transfer, (2) using a single multistreamed SCTP association for control and all data transfers, and (3) enhancing (2) with the addition of command pipelining. Our experiments compared these 3 variations with the classic FTP over TCP. Results indicate significant improvements in throughput for multiple file transfers with all three of our variations. The largest benefit occurs for (3) FTP over a single, pipelined, multistreamed SCTP association. More generally, this paper encourages the use of SCTP's innovative services to benefit existing and future application performance and presents the case for multistreaming.
High Temperature Superconducting Degaussing From Feasibility Study to Fleet Adoption

The need for increased magnetic signature control on Navy ships has lead to the development and adoption of a three axis advanced degaussing system. While this system is effective in reducing the ship magnetic signature, it requires significantly more copper cable than the legacy two axis systems. Degaussing only requires DC currents for field manipulation. Since DC applications is where HTS use excels, a feasibility study was conducted in FY04 to determine the benefits of HTS when used in an advanced degaussing system. Results showed reduced system size and weight, while remaining cost neutral. A series of lab based demonstrations were conducted proving out key aspects of an HTS DG system, most notably cooling a long length of flexible cryostat with gaseous helium. This led to an at sea demonstration of a single HTS DG loop aboard the USS Higgins. This was the first HTS system installed on an active combatant, and it made a successful magnetic range run in April 2009 demonstrating its capability to perform in a naval environment. This paper details the development of the HTS DG system from the initial feasibility study through the successful demonstration onboard the USS HIGGINS.
Experimental transmission and induction of ranaviral disease in Western Ornate box turtles (Terrapene ornata ornata) and red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans).

An experimental transmission study was designed to determine whether a causal relationship exists between a Ranavirus (BSTRV) isolated from a Burmese star tortoise that died and the lesions observed in that tortoise. A pilot study was performed with 3 box turtles (Terrapene ornata ornata) and 3 red-eared sliders (RESs; Trachemys scripta elegans) to assess their suitability in a larger study. Based on the outcome of this study, RESs were selected, and 2 groups of 4 RESs received either an oral (PO) or intramuscular (IM) inoculum containing10 5 50% Tissue Culture Infecting Dose (TCID50) of a BSTRV- infected cell lysate. One turtle each was mock inoculated PO or IM with the same volume of uninfected cell lysate. Three of four IM-inoculated RESs developed clinical signs (nasal and ocular discharge (3 of 3), oral plaques (1 of 3), conjunctivitis and hyphema (1 of 3) and extreme lethargy (3 of 3)). A Ranavirus was isolated from kidney homogenates of 3 euthanatized turtles; DNA sequences of a portion of the major capsid protein gene were amplified by polymerase chain reaction. Consistent histologic lesions were observed only in IM-inoculated turtles and included fibrinoid vasculitis centered on splenic ellipsoids, multifocal hepatic necrosis, and multicentric fibrin thrombi in a variety of locations, including hepatic sinusoids, glomerular capillary loops, and pulmonary capillaries. Virions compatible with Ranavirus were observed within necrotic cells of the spleen of 1 IM-inoculated turtle using transmission electron microscopy. This study fulfills Koch's postulates, confirming a causal relationship between BSTRV and the clinical and histologic changes in chelonians infected with this virus.
Coherent Three-Pulse Spectroscopy of Coupled Vibrations in a Rigid Dipeptide: Density Functional Theory Simulations

The full quartic six-mode force field for the NH, CO, and CN stretches of the peptide bonds of a cyclic dipeptide rigidly held by a bridge (2,5-diazabicyclo[2,2,2]octane-3,6-dione (DABCODO)) is computed at the ab initio level and used for the simulation of two-dimensional three-pulse femtosecond infrared measurements. Analysis of the complete set of one- and two-color signals generated at all four possible wavevectors (−k1 + k2 + k3, k1 − k2 + k3, k1 + k2 − k3, k1 + k2 + k3) shows distinct signatures of anharmonicities, mode couplings, Fermi resonances, and relative transition dipole orientations.
A TUNABLE TRANSITION FROM FERROELECTRIC SLAB WAVEGUIDE TO MICROSTRIP, WITH APPLICATIONS TO RADAR TRANSMIT-RECEIVE SWITCHING

ABSTRACT A transmission-line model is used to obtain the reflection coefficient of a tapered transition from ferroelectric-slab waveguide to microstrip, both numerically and in terms of Whittaker functions. Such transitions are required due to the low impedances of ferroelectric slab waveguides, which are dictated by the need to bias these lines with dc fields. The model predicts that proper design can lead to transitions with excellent characteristics, even for strongly mismatched lines. It also predicts large changes in the reflection coefficient with an applied dc bias, which could make radar transmit-receive switching feasible.
Mutation analysis in nephronophthisis using a combined approach of homozygosity mapping, CEL I endonuclease cleavage, and direct sequencing

Nephronophthisis (NPHP), an autosomal recessive kidney disease, is the most frequent genetic cause of chronic renal failure in the first three decades of life. Mutations in eight genes (NPHP1-8) have been identified. We here describe a combined approach for mutation screening of NPHP1, NPHP2, NPHP3, NPHP4, and NPHP5 in a worldwide cohort of 470 unrelated patients with NPHP. First, homozygous NPHP1 deletions were detected in 97 patients (21%) by multiplex PCR. Second, 25 patients with infantile NPHP were screened for mutations in inversin (NPHP2/INVS). We detected a novel compound heterozygous frameshift mutation (p.[Q485fs]+[R687fs]), and a homozygous nonsense mutation (p.R899X). Third, 37 patients presenting with NPHP and retinitis pigmentosa (Senior-Loken syndrome [SLS]) were screened for NPHP5/IQCB1 mutations by direct sequencing. We discovered five different (three novel) homozygous premature termination codon (PTC) mutations (p.F142fsX; p.R461X; p.R489X; p.W444X; and c.488-1G>A). The remaining 366 patients were further investigated for mutations in NPHP1, NPHP3, and NPHP4. We applied a "homozygosity only" strategy and typed three highly polymorphic microsatellite markers at the respective loci. A total of 32, eight, and 14 patients showed homozygosity, and were screened by heteroduplex crude celery extract (CEL I) endonuclease digests. The sensitivity of CEL I was established as 92%, as it detected 73 out of 79 different known mutations simply on agarose gels. A total of 10 novel PTC mutations were found in NPHP1 (p.P186fs, p.R347X, p.V492fs, p.Y509X, and c.1884+1G>A), in NPHP3 (c.3812+2T>C and p.R1259X), and in NPHP4 (p.R59X, p.T1004fs, and p.V1091fs). The combined homozygosity mapping and CEL I endonuclease mutation analysis approach allowed us to identify rare mutations in a large cohort of patients at low cost.
Protection of taurine and granulocyte colony- stimulating factor against excitotoxicity induced by glutamate in primary cortical neurons

Both taurine, an inhibitory neurotransmitter and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), a growth factor, possess neuroprotective and neurotrophic properties in vitro. However, the mechanisms of their underlying neuroprotective effects are not fully understood. In the present study, we investigated the potential protective benefits of taurine, G-CSF and the combination of taurine and G-CSF against excitotoxicity induced by glutamate in primary cortical neuronal cultures. 25 mM taurine, 25 ng/ml G-CSF and the combination of 25 mM taurine and 25 ng/ml G-CSF showed a protective effect reaching 75%, 75% and 88%, respectively. Furthermore, taurine exerted its protective effect through down-regulation of expression of GRP 78, CHOP, Bim and caspase 12. The results showed that all of these treatments, taurine, G-CSF and the combination of taurine and G-CSF, protected primary cortical neurons against excitotoxicity induced by glutamate. ER stress is suppressed by taurine after glutamate toxicity.
Not Your Grandma’s Knitting: The Role of Identity Processes in the Transformation of Cultural Practices

Drawing on participant ethnography and interviews of members of a knitting circle, this study examines how social psychological processes trigger changes to the meanings and practices associated wi...
Applications of cumulants to array processing: direction-finding in coherent signal environment

Dogan and Mendel (see IEEE Trans. on Signal Processing, 1994) have developed the virtual-ESPRIT algorithm (VESPA) for direction-finding and recovery of independent sources. VESPA can calibrate an array of unknown configuration and arbitrary response by using just one additional pair of identical sensors (instead of a copy of the entire array or storage of the entire array response for every possible scenario, which is required by existing alternatives). We present an approach that generalizes VESPA to handle the case of highly correlated or coherent sources. Unlike existing methods, our method is not restricted to linear arrays, and no search procedure is needed. Just as in VESPA, it is still possible to detect more sources than sensors, and suppress both Gaussian as well as non-Gaussian noise. A simulation experiment supporting our conclusions is provided. >
Controlled-release Fertilizer for Vegetable Production: The California Experience

ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. nitrogen, leaching, fertilizer efficiency SUMMARY. Research on controlled-release fertilizers (CRF) in vegetable production has been conducted in California for several decades, and commercial CRF products have been marketed throughout most of that time. CRF remain niche products used on only a small percentage of vegetable fields. The potential advantage of CRF is maximized in production systems in which in-season nitrogen (N) leaching is significant but beyond the control of the grower, and where there are cultural constraints on in-season fertilizer application. Neither of those conditions is typical oftheCaliforniaindustry. Annualrainfall inthemajorvegetable-producing regions averages less than 400 mm, with the majority of that received during winter months when vegetable production is limited; in-season leaching occurs almost exclusively from irrigation. The alluvial soils favored for vegetable production tend to be relatively fine-textured, with high water holding capacity that reduces N leaching potential. The widespread adoption of drip irrigation allows for efficient irrigation and for multiple applications of less expensive N fertilizers in synchrony with crop demand. Under representative California field conditions it has been difficult to show a horticultural benefit from the use of CRF, and the higher cost of these products has therefore limited their use. Future government regulation for water quality protection may require more efficient N fertilization practices, but significant expansion of CRF use is unlikely even under that scenario.
Fish Mycobateriosis: An Emerging Disease in Italy

Mycobacteriosis is a severe chronic disease that affects a wide range of species globally both in culture and wild settings and is zoonotic also. The pathology is caused by Mycobacterium. Recently in Italy this the disease is becoming emerging, in fact outbreaks of disease have been reported in both marine and freshwater fish. Therapy is rather difficult, so it is important try to prevent the disease through the development of vaccines.
Profiles of pure pancreatic secretions obtained by direct pancreatic duct cannulation in normal healthy human subjects

Abstract The development of endoscopic retrograde cannulation of the pancreatic duct allows collection of pure pancreatic juice uncontaminated by bile and duodenal secretions. We have analyzed such pure pancreatic juice to establish secretory profiles of some normal components. Fifteen healthy human volunteers were studied. Secretin (1 clinical unit per kg) was injected intravenously at time 0, and 16 min later cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (CCK-PZ) (1 Ivy dog unit per kg) was injected intravenously. Pure pancreatic juice was collected for 32 min in timed minute samples. Secretin produced an almost immediate and sustained flow of juice (3.15 ± 0.24 ml per min) with initial high concentrations of protein and enzyme. After CCK-PZ, flow increased significantly to 3.40 ± 0.29 ml per min ( P
Dynamic Properties of SBS Block Copolymers

Abstract A recently developed mechanical test, consisting of a mechanical excitation where small sinusoidal strains are superimposed upon finite static deformation, was applied to a series of SBS block copolymers. The energy loss per cycle for unit volume of material showed a pronounced peak at those strains, where most of the stress-softening during a normal stress-strain cycle occurs. This peak seems to arise from a strain induced change in structure. The original rod-like structure seems to be changed into one resembling independently dispersed spheres, since the increase of the losses with increasing filler content in the plateau region following the peak can be explained with the help of the Einstein-Guth-Gold strain magnification factor. The loss peak is not observed immediately after a previously applied stress-strain cycle but reforms with time, while the stress-softening is permanent. This discrepancy cannot be explained at this time.
Multimodal Impact Analysis of an Airside Catastrophic Event: A Case Study of the Asiana Crash

Transportation networks constitute a critical infrastructure enabling the transfers of passengers and goods, with a significant impact on the economy at different scales. Transportation modes, whether air, road, or rail, are intrinsically coupled through passenger transfers and are interdependent. The frequent occurrence of perturbations on one or several modes disrupts passengers' entire journeys, directly and through ripple effects. This paper provides a case report of the Asiana crash in San Francisco International Airport (SFO) on July 6, 2013, and its repercussions on the multimodal transportation network. It studies the resulting propagation of disturbances on the transportation infrastructure in the USA, particularly on the U.S. air transport network and the ground transportation in the Bay Area. The perturbation takes different forms and varies in scale and time frame: cancelations and delays snowball in the airspace, with up to 86% of cancelations in the U.S. due to the SFO crash; highway traffic near the airport is impacted by congestion in previously not congested locations, with low speed and high delays on US 101; and transit passenger demand exhibits unusual traffic peaks in between airports in the Bay Area, with up to 180 passengers more per hour between SFO and Oakland International Airport Bay Area Rapid Transit stations. This paper also investigated the effect of the crash on the social media Twitter. This paper, through a case study, aims at stressing the importance of further data-driven research on interdependent infrastructure networks. The end goal is to form the basis for optimization models behind providing more reliable passenger door-to-door journeys and improved transport network resilience.
Human-Autonomy Teaming and Agent Transparency

We developed the user interfaces for two Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) tasking environments: dismounted infantry interacting with a ground robot (Autonomous Squad Member) and human interaction with an intelligent agent to manage a team of heterogeneous robotic vehicles (IMPACT). These user interfaces were developed based on the Situation awareness-based Agent Transparency (SAT) model. User testing showed that as agent transparency increased, so did overall human-agent team performance. Participants were able to calibrate their trust in the agent more appropriately as agent transparency increased.
Collaborative Efforts in Cognitive Therapy with Religious Clients

Cognitive therapy requires an understanding of and tolerance for the religious views of clients. Collaborative techniques in cognitive therapy are described and ideological obstacles in doing cogni...
Comparative study on three natural gas transaction modes abroad

The article makes comparative study of capacity allocation and capacity pricing among three natural gas transaction modes abroad, namely Henry Hub in the US, NBP in the UK and Victoria's Gas Wholesale Market in Australia. The Henry Hub mode adopts "point-to-point" pricing method where tariff is determined by transmission distance. The NBP mode adopts "entryexit tariff" which promotes fair play between incumbent traders and new entrants. The Victoria's mode adopts financial transmission right and implicit auction where gas and capacity are traded together. This mode would achieve higher efficiency as unused explicit capacity will be made available for implicit auctions, but has the disadvantage of discouraging new pipeline investment. Recently several(liquefied) gas trade hubs are emerged among the downstream in China. Their further developments are confined by the scope and capacity deficiency in tank track delivery. With the gradual implementation of third-party-access policies in China, the pipeline companies could learn from the above natural gas transaction modes to allow traders to access to their surplus pipeline capacity. In that case, the pipeline business could be diversified for downstream gas trade, and the market liquidity and efficiency could be further improved.
What Do Job Candidates Consider Important When Assessing an Academic Position

Surveyed job candidates and academic mavens differ in regard to what the candidates should consider most important (e.g., quality-of-life issues, characteristics of the position, and school/department dynamics) when interviewing for an academic position. A principal finding is that candidates weigh quality of life as the most important issue, while mavens weigh the job as being most important. This suggests that candidates view aspects of the academic position much more broadly than do the mavens who prepare them for market and engage in the job interview. Also, there were conflicting attitudes about what should and should not be asked by both sides involved in the interview process. A full discussion of the study’s findings is provided and suggestions are offered for making the academic hiring process more efficient.
Evolution of biomedical communication as reflected by the National Library of Medicine

This commentary examines the evolution of the biomedical communications system in the Western world. The examination touches on many aspects, including the application of new technology, the interoperative relationship between publications and data, changes in the information infrastructure, the convergence of specialties, and consequences for research and health care
Pharmaceutical botany in the U.S.--1900-1962.

De 1900 a 1962, la botanique pharmaceutique americaine connut une periode d'apogee suivie d'une periode de declin due essentiellement au manque de brevet et au fait que les chercheurs consideraient davantage la chimie que l'etude des proprietes des plantes medicinales
Amino Sugars Enhance the Competitiveness of Beneficial Commensals with Streptococcus mutans through Multiple Mechanisms

ABSTRACT Biochemical and genetic aspects of the metabolism of the amino sugars N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and glucosamine (GlcN) by commensal oral streptococci and the effects of these sugars on interspecies competition with the dental caries pathogen Streptococcus mutans were explored. Multiple S. mutans wild-type isolates displayed long lag phases when transferred from glucose-containing medium to medium with GlcNAc as the primary carbohydrate source, but commensal streptococci did not. Competition in liquid coculture or dual-species biofilms between S. mutans and Streptococcus gordonii showed that S. gordonii was particularly dominant when the primary carbohydrate was GlcN or GlcNAc. Transcriptional and enzymatic assays showed that the catabolic pathway for GlcNAc was less highly induced in S. mutans than in S. gordonii. Exposure to H2O2, which is produced by S. gordonii and antagonizes the growth of S. mutans, led to reduced mRNA levels of nagA and nagB in S. mutans. When the gene for the transcriptional regulatory NagR was deleted in S. gordonii, the strain produced constitutively high levels of nagA (GlcNAc-6-P deacetylase), nagB (GlcN-6-P deaminase), and glmS (GlcN-6-P synthase) mRNA. Similar to NagR of S. mutans (NagRSm), the S. gordonii NagR protein (NagRSg) could bind to consensus binding sites (dre) in the nagA, nagB, and glmS promoter regions of S. gordonii. Notably, NagRSg binding was inhibited by GlcN-6-P, but G-6-P had no effect, unlike for NagRSm. This study expands the understanding of amino sugar metabolism and NagR-dependent gene regulation in streptococci and highlights the potential for therapeutic applications of amino sugars to prevent dental caries. IMPORTANCE Amino sugars are abundant in the biosphere, so the relative efficiency of particular bacteria in a given microbiota to metabolize these sources of carbon and nitrogen might have a profound impact on the ecology of the community. Our investigation reveals that several oral commensal bacteria have a much greater capacity to utilize amino sugars than the dental pathogen Streptococcus mutans and that the ability of the model commensal Streptococcus gordonii to compete against S. mutans is substantively enhanced by the presence of amino sugars commonly found in the oral cavity. The mechanisms underlying the greater capacity and competitive enhancements of the commensal are shown to depend on how the genes for the catabolic enzymes are regulated, the role of the allosteric modulators affecting such regulation, and the ability of amino sugars to enhance certain activities of the commensal that are antagonistic to S. mutans.
Overlap among College and University Library Collections

ABSTRACTAnalysis of twenty-six college and university libraries' monographic holdings in WorldCat shows that university libraries hold radically more rare titles and their collections are seven times larger than college libraries. Language and Literature (Library of Congress [LC] class P) accounts for 30% of university and 27% of college holdings. The number of books held declines and the number owned by only one library increases after the 2000 publication year. Since then, total library budgets have barely kept pace with inflation and book budgets have declined as a percentage of library expenditures. These changes align with current emphasis on priorities other than book collections.
Realtime Achilles Ultrasound Thompson (RAUT) Test for the Evaluation and Diagnosis of Acute Achilles Tendon Ruptures.

Background:Acute complete Achilles tendon ruptures are commonly missed injuries. We propose the Realtime Achilles Ultrasound Thompson (RAUT) test, a Thompson test under ultrasound visualization, to aid in the diagnosis of these injuries. We hypothesized that RAUT testing would provide improved diagnostic characteristics compared with static ultrasound.Methods:Twenty-two consecutive patients with operatively confirmed acute Achilles tendon ruptures were prospectively evaluated with RAUT testing and static ultrasonography. RAUT video recordings and static ultrasound images from both ruptured and uninjured sides were randomized and graded by a group of novice reviewers and a group of expert attendings. From these observations, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value for RAUT and static ultrasound were calculated. In addition, κ interobserver coefficients were computed. Forty-seven novice reviewers and 11 foot and ankle attendings made a total of 4136 and 528 observa...
Towards the Algorithm of Discovery Mosaic reasoning for the discovery of the genetic code

As introduced by J. von Neumann in 1957 we continue investigate the structure of the Primary Language of the human brain. Our investigation is focused on rediscovering two major algorithms essential for development of humanity. They are Linguistic Geometry (LG), the algorithm for optimizing war fighting, and the Algorithm of Discovery (AD), the algorithm for inventing new algorithms. According to our hypothesis AD is the Language of Visual Streams (mental movies). In this paper, we further study AD by applying it to the discovery of the genetic code. We emphasize application of mosaic reasoning as one of the major means for focusing visual streams in the desired direction. We reveal the role of the components mosaic reasoning including tiles and aggregates, local and global matching rules, etc., in deciphering the genetic code.
Measuring traitedness with person reliabilities parameters

Abstract This study demonstrates how person reliability parameters (PRPs) in variable-θ item response theory models can be used to reflect of traitedness. PRPs are person parameters that represent change in individuals' attribute levels across items. Greater values for PRPs indicate greater response consistency. PRPs may reflect traitedness because highly traited individuals should have less variability of the attribute level across items. Item data from the 16PF and HEXACO personality frameworks were analyzed to provide some evidence that PRPs reflect traitedness.
Semiconductor Cluster Ion Reactions and Energetics

This paper discusses our attempts to use ion beam techniques to unravel the energetics and mechanisms for reactions of boron cluster ions. Results from past work are summarized, and recent results on reactions with CO2 and N2O are presented.
MENTAL STATE LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT: THE LONGITUDINAL ROLES OF ATTACHMENT AND MATERNAL LANGUAGE

Maternal mental state language is thought to influence children's mental state language and sociocognitive understanding (e.g., theory of mind), but the mechanism is unclear. The current study examined the longitudinal development of mental state language in mother-child interactions. The methodology included assessments of the child and/or mother-child dyad at six time points between 12 to 52 months of the child's age. Measures determined child's attachment style and language abilities, and mental state language used by mother and child during a block-building task. Results showed that (a) mental state talk, including belief and desire language, increased over time; (b) there were differences between the type of mental state words used by the mother in insecure versus secure dyads; (c) there were differences in patterns of mental state words used in both mothers and children in insecure versus secure dyads; and (d) attachment appeared to exert a consistent influence over time.
The Ovaherero/Nama Genocide: A Case for an Apology and Reparations

This research examines the consequences of the Ovaherero and Nama massacres occurring in modern Namibia from 1904-08 and perpetuated by Imperial Germany. Recent political advances made by, among other groups, the Association of the Ovaherero Genocide in the United States of America, toward mutual understanding with the Federal Republic of Germany necessitates a comprehensive study about the event itself, its long-term implications, and the more current vocalization toward an apology and reparations for the Ovaherero and Nama peoples. Resulting from the Extermination Orders of 1904 and 1905 as articulated by Kaiser Wilhelm II’s Imperial Germany, over 65,000 Ovaherero and 10,000 Nama peoples perished in what was the first systematic genocide of the twentieth century. This study assesses the historical circumstances surrounding these genocidal policies carried out by Imperial Germany, and seeks to place the devastating loss of life, culture, and property within its proper historical context. The question of restorative justice also receives analysis, as this research evaluates the case made by the Ovaherero and Nama peoples in their petitions for compensation. Beyond the history of the event itself and its long-term effects, the paper adopts a comparative approach by which to integrate the Ovaherero and Nama calls for reparations into an established precedent.
Effects of small and rapid temperature oscillations on adherent cell cultures: Exposure system, experimental method and a pilot study on human cancer cells

We present an original and simple system to aseptically incubate multiple adherent cell cultures simultaneously in a static and/or rapid oscillating temperature environment while monitoring the cell culture surface temperature in real-time. Additionally, in a pilot study, we show how exposure with this system to small (Temp varying \(\le 2.5 ^{\circ}\)C peak-to-peak ) and rapid (Freq = \( \frac{1}{7} \)-\( \frac{1}{25} \) Hz) oscillations about a static temperature (Temp static = \(37.0^{\circ} \)C) limits the growth rate of human fibrosarcoma cell cultures (HT1080), to the extent not seen by exposure to static temperatures in the same range and causing no apparent damage to cells. Additionally, the magnitude of the growth rate limitation depends on the thermal oscillation frequency, and its manifestation depends on specific experimental parameters such as culture seeding concentration and time point of observation. Although further scrutiny of the mechanism of action behind the effects here reported must be performed, we hypothesize that these effects may be due to the periodic stimuli affecting the functioning of cellular autonomous biochemical oscillators and processes. This experimental regime and initial findings may help expand on the current knowledge of the effects of small and rapid energy deposition regimes causing oscillatory thermal exposures on biological systems, with possible implications in therapeutic, cell culture and regulatory arenas.
Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation for Resectable Small-Cell Lung Cancer

Abstract After definitive chemoradiation for small-cell lung cancer (SCLC), prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) has been established as standard of care in patients whose tumors respond to treatment. In the modern era, however, a subset of patients might receive upfront resection for SCLC, yet the role of PCI in these patients has not been elucidated. In this review, we examine the literature to better define the role of PCI in this subset of patients. For patients with ≥ T2 disease, incomplete resection, or those not receiving adjuvant chemotherapy, PCI is expected to offer a clinical benefit. For patients with T1 tumors treated with R0 resection, however, the rate of intracranial metastasis might be
Supramolecular self-assembly of water-soluble cavitands: investigated by molecular dynamics simulation

In this study, we have examined supramolecular self-assembly process of a hydrophobic guest with a water-soluble host known by the trivial name octa acid (OA). Two octa acids form a capsular assembly only in presence of a nonpolar guest(s). Size and shape of the guest control the stoichiometry of the capsular complex. Here, all atom molecular dynamics simulation has been utilized to investigate complex formation mechanisms of a nonpolar guest (nonylbenzene) with two OA cavitands. Nonylbenzene was encapsulated into the nonpolar cavity of OA capsule owing to solvophobic interactions. Upon encapsulation it was twisted and bent due to lack of free space within the capsule. These unusual forms obtained from the simulation study were in accord with experimental findings. The post-complexation attributes of the guest were regulated by the available free space within the OA and favorable non-covalent interactions between the guest and the walls of the OA capsule. In the identical simulation condition two OA cavitands did not form a capsule without a guest, thus indicating requirement of a guest during the self-assembly of OA cavitands.
Alternative theories: Pregnancy and immune tolerance.

Abstract For some time, reproductive immunologists have worked to understand the balance between maternal tolerance of the fetus, maternal health, and fetal protection which leads to successful pregnancy in mammalian species. We have always understood the potential importance of multiple factors, including nutrition, genetics, anatomy, hormonal regulation, environmental insult and many others. Yet, we still struggle to combine our knowledge of these factors and immunology to finally understand complex diseases of pregnancy, such as preeclampsia. Data, and potentially other factors (e.g. politics, economics), support the work to fit pregnancy into classical immune theory driven by the concept of self-non-self-discrimination. However, based on data, many classical theorists call pregnancy “a special case.” This review is a first-pass suggestion to attempt to view three models of immune system activation and tolerance as potential alternatives to classical self-non-self-discrimination and to propose a theoretical framework to view them in the context of pregnancy.
Prevalence and consequences of smoking, alcohol use, and illicit drug use at five worksites

EMPLOYERS ARE BECOMING increasingly concerned about the consequences and costs of substance use in their workplaces. Despite this heightened awareness, little information is available to guide them in setting up worksite-based prevention and assistance programs. Most estimates of the prevalence or consequences of substance use are derived from large national surveys of households or individual persons. The primary contribution of this research to the public health literature is the empirical results from a unique data set. In particular, this study presents results of a survey administered to more than 1,200 employees at five different worksites. Descriptive statistics for the prevalence of smoking, alcohol and illicit drug use, prescription drug misuse, and workplace consequences, such as reduced performance and absenteeism, are reported, as well as findings from a multivariate analysis of substance use prevalence and consequences.Compared with national averages, workers at these five sites tended to have substance use profiles similar to or slightly lower than estimates from large national surveys. The study's estimates may help employers identify the extent of a substance abuse problem in their worksites and specific areas to target for possible intervention.
Failure to shock: What is the mechanism?

BACKGROUND The Biotronik DX lead is an attractive option due to its floating atrial bipole and its noninferiority compared to dual-chamber defibrillators. METHODS We describe the case of atrial undersensing by the DX lead resulting in failure of the device to appropriately treat a slow ventricular tachycardia. CONCLUSION This case underlies the importance of understanding the limitations to each lead technology as well as the underlying assumptions inherent to detection enhancement algorithms.
Current trials for frontline therapy of mantle cell lymphoma

Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare and incurable subtype of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma that generally affects older individuals. However, the use of high-dose therapy and autologous stem cell transplant has improved significantly the prognosis of this hematological malignancy, but at the cost of increased toxicities, such as acute toxic death and secondary malignancies. But thanks to a rising understanding of the biology of MCL, the explosion of specifically targeted new efficacious agents, immunotherapy agents, and cellular therapies in the frontline setting, the prognosis of MCL is expected to improve dramatically. The initial treatment of MCL is currently not standardized and the therapeutic landscape of MCL is rapidly evolving. This review provides an extensive overview of the current frontline therapy trials for MCL and presents the results of innovative regimen, including some integrating novel agents and desintensified chemotherapy.
Dispersion behavior of a hybrid phononic resonator

Considerable research attention has been recently devoted to the study of periodic structures given their unique wave dispersion. Phononic crystals and acoustic metamaterials have emerged as two main categories of such periodic structures that can exhibit radically different band gap characteristics. Here, we present a novel configuration that combines hybrid wave attenuation attributes culminating in enhanced metadamping and energy dissipation properties. The results are compared with a benchmark example from literature to show the potential of the new design.
Modeling of binary alloy solidification under conditions representative of Additive Manufacturing

Abstract Understanding the interplay among process parameters, microstructure, and presence of defects is critical to optimizing Additive Manufacturing (AM) routes for producing specialty alloy parts with unique geometry, properties, and compositional features. However, since it is not feasible to obtain experimental results for every possible set of AM process, process conditions, and alloy composition, computational modeling is becoming an increasingly important tool for understanding key physical processes, with the hope of developing a framework for AM materials design. One such physical process of interest is the dendritic solidification within grains; we implement a Cellular Automata (CA) model for coupled solute transport and growth of cellular and dendritic β -Ti alloy colonies under thermal conditions typically encountered in AM processes. Quantitative agreement with analytical models of the undercooling-solidification velocity relationship was achieved, as well as qualitative agreement with trends in primary dendrite arm spacing (PDAS), secondary arm development, and compositional profile with changes in solidification conditions. The roles of solute diffusivity, interfacial energy, and alloying addition are considered as well. Under rapid solidification conditions, extension to include local non-equilibrium for solute allowed for the modeling of solute trapping along dendrite stems as well as qualitative representation of the dendritic to banded morphology transition. To quantitatively reproduce non-equilibrium solidification at the dendritic colony scale and more accurately estimate rapid solidification microstructures, use of multiple grids or more complex CA rules would be in order.
Solvents can control solute molecular identity.

For solution-phase chemical reactions, the solvent is often considered simply as a medium to allow the reactants to encounter each other by diffusion. Although examples of direct solvent effects on molecular solutes exist, such as the compression of solute bonding electrons due to Pauli repulsion interactions, the solvent is not usually considered a part of the chemical species of interest. We show, using quantum simulations of Na2, that when there are local specific interactions between a solute and solvent that are energetically on the same order as a hydrogen bond, the solvent controls not only the bond dynamics but also the chemical identity of the solute. In tetrahydrofuran, dative bonding interactions between the solvent and Na atoms lead to unique coordination states that must cross a free energy barrier of ~8 kBT-undergoing a chemical reaction-to interconvert. Each coordination state has its own dynamics and spectroscopic signatures, highlighting the importance of considering the solvent in the identity of condensed-phase chemical systems.
Microphysical and kinematic processes associated with anomalous charge structures in isolated convection.

Microphysical and kinematic characteristics of two storm populations, based on their macroscale charge structures, are investigated in an effort to increase our understanding of the processes that lead to anomalous (or inverted charge) structures. Nine normal polarity cases (mid-level negative charge) with dual-Doppler and polarimetric coverage that occurred in northern Alabama, and six anomalous polarity cases (mid-level positive charge) that occurred in northeastern Colorado are included in this study. The results show that even though anomalous polarity storms formed in environments with similar instability, they had significantly larger and stronger updrafts. Moreover, the anomalous polarity storms evidently have more robust mixed-phase microphysics, based on a variety of metrics. Anomalous polarity storms in Colorado have much higher cloud base heights and shallower warm cloud depths in this study, leading us to hypothesize that anomalous polarity storms have lower amounts of dilution and entrainment. We infer positively charged graupel, and therefore high supercooled water contents, in the mid-levels of the anomalous storms based on the relationship between co-locations of graupel and inferred positive charge from Lightning Mapping Array data. Using representative updraft speeds and warm cloud depths, the time required for a parcel to traverse from cloud base to the freezing level was estimated for each storm observation. We suggest this metric is the key discriminator between the two storm populations and leads us to hypothesize that it strongly influences the amount of supercooled water and the probability of positive charge in the mid-levels, leading to an anomalous charge structure.
Effects of Sodium Sulfite on Recovery and Composition of Detergent Fiber and Lignin

Use of sodium sulfite to reduce nitrogenous contamination in fiber analysis was evaluated. The effects of sodium sulfite on analytical accuracy and precision were examined for amylase-treated neutral detergent fiber (aNDF), sequentially determined acid detergent fiber (sADF), and acid detergent lignin (sADL) in animal feeds. In one experiment, 0.5 g sodium sulfite was added per sample during neutral detergent (ND) extraction. The treatment consistently reduced aNDF, sADF, and sADL values of 180 alfalfa samples and improved precision (decreased within-sample variance of replicated analyses). The greatest effect was on precision of sADL analysis, with within-sample variance reduced by more than 50%. In a second experiment, 24 animal feeds were analyzed for a aNDF, sADF, and sADL with and without addition of 0.5 g sodium sulfite per sample during ND extraction. Nitrogen contents of the recovered fiber fractions were determined. Sodium sulfite reduced fiber and lignin values and decreased nitrogen concentration in residues. Within-sample variance was lower in all analyses. In a third experiment, 23 animal feeds were analyzed for aNDF with sodium sulfite at 0, 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 g per sample. Average aNDF of feeds was reduced by each additional increment of sodium sulfite; however, 1.0 g sodium sulfite resulted in only a slight reduction in aNDF compared with 0.5 g. Therefore, 0.5 g sodium sulfite per sample should be added to samples prior to aNDF analysis.
The Hybrid Flow Shop

In this chapter we organize the literature on the hybrid flow shop scheduling problem that has appeared since the late 1950’s. We see a number of interesting and diverse industrial applications of this system, and find that the majority of research focuses on the makespan objective. Our coverage of results is exhaustive and categorized along concepts such as complexity, error-bound analyses, computational experiments and choice of objective. Several new results are included that have not appeared in the literature before. Surprisingly, existing research does not focus on the deterministic version of the problem alone, but also on the case of stochastic processing times.
The Effect of Education on Political Knowledge: Evidence From Monozygotic Twins:

Political scientists have long been interested in the determinants of political knowledge. In many studies, education is the strongest predictor of political knowledge. However, some studies have f...
An Evaluation of Geotagged Twitter Data during Hurricane Irma Using Sentiment Analysis and Topic Modeling for Disaster Resilience

Disasters require quick response times, thought-out preparations, overall community, and government support to ensure the prevention of loss of life and reduce possible damages. Hurricane Irma can be recognized as a more popular recent disaster in terms of social media attention and made landfall in the US with significant time to prepare, making it a good model for an evaluation of disaster response. The objective of this research is to establish a pattern regarding sentiment trends over the progression of the storm totality using sentiment analysis and produce a viable set of topic models for its and Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) topic modeling. The results from this study demonstrate that sentiment analysis can measure changes in users's emotions during natural disasters and that simple topic models can be formed from the twitter data. Information like this can be used by authorities to limit the damage and effectively recover from the disaster as well as adjust future response efforts accordingly. This research can be further improved by incorporating sentiment analysis methods for short texts, classifying emoticons and non-textual components such as videos or images, and optimizing data collection and preparation methods.