cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Methyltris(pyrazolyl)silanes: new tripodal nitrogen-donor ligands

Abstract Two tridentate nitrogen-donor ligands, the methyltris(pyrazolyl)silanes MeSi(3,5-RR′pz)3 (R=R′=Me; R=But, R′=H), have been synthesized and the X-ray structure of the latter has been determined. The first transition metal derivatives of these ligands, the cationic copper(I) complexes [LCu(NCMe)]+ (where L=MeSi(3,5-Me2pz)3 or MeSi(3-Butpz)3), have been prepared and characterized analytically and spectroscopically.
Interaction of bimane‐labeled fluorescent tubulin with the isolated mitotic apparatus

Fluorescent derivatives of cellular proteins that retain their native characteristics have become useful probes to investigate the dynamics of specific cytoskeletal proteins. In the experiments reported here, a previously characterized fluorescent derivative of tubulin, bimane-tubulin [Wadsworth and Sloboda, 1982a], was used to investigate microtubule assembly in vitro. The results demonstrate that bimanetubulin was competent to assemble onto a variety of organizing centers in vitro, including microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs) present in homogenates of sea urchin eggs, isolated mitotic apparatuses (MAs), and lysed mitotic cells. When homogenates of fertilized sea urchin eggs containing MTOCs were incubated with bimane-tubulin at 37°C, discrete areas of linear fluorescence were observed. Only diffuse fluorescence was observed when calcium or colchicine was added to the homogenate or if the temperature was maintained at 0°C. Negative-stain electron microscopy of the fluorescent arrays revealed morphologically normal microtubules radiating from electron dense regions. When mitotic spindles, isolated in glycerol containing buffers and therefore cold stable, were incubated with bimane-tubulin, linear fluorescence was observed emanating from the spindle poles but not from the region occupied by the kinetochores. MAs incubated with bimane-labeled bovine serum albumin or bimane-labeled microtubule-associated proteins showed only diffuse fluorescence. However, when mitotic cells which were hypotonically lysed in the absence of detergents or microtubule stabilizing solvents, were perfused with bimane-tubulin intense fluorescence was observed in the asters and throughout the spindle. Two experiments suggested that the fluorescence observed in the results outlined above was due to the assembly of normal microtubules from the fluorescent subunits. First, the observed fluorescence was sensitive to cold temperataure, which is known to disassemble microtubules. Second, when the isolated, fluorescent MAs were examined by thin section electron microscopy, microtubules of normal diameter were seen. No aggregated material appeared associated with the walls of the microtubules, which might have been expected if the fluorescent protein was nonspecifically adsorbed to the microtubules. The results of these experiments demonstrate that isolated, stabilized MAs support the growth of new microtubules from the spindle poles while labile spindles, present in lysed cells, incorporate fluorescent tubulin throughout the spindle and asters. The significance of these results for hypotheses concerning microtubule assembly and disassembly during mitosis is discussed.
Efficient FPGA-Based Implementations of MIMO-OFDM Physical Layer

Recently, Multiple-input Multiple-output and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM)-based technologies have been deployed in advanced wireless communication systems. In this paper, we present a prototype Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) design for an efficient physical layer implementation of a MIMO-OFDM technique. We propose a pipelined architecture using a Fast Fourier Transform that is shared across modulations for the MIMO-OFDM system. As more channels are used, more resources can be saved by using our proposed architecture. Experimental results show that the proposed implementation saves at least 40 percent of the hardware resources, while achieving the same data rate as known baseline MIMO-OFDM implementations. In addition, we propose efficient hardware implementation of the Almouti encoder and decoder. They are also designed to use minimum hardware resource by using the proposed architecture.
Glucosamine HCl alters production of inflammatory mediators by rat intervertebral disc cells in vitro.

Abstract Background context Studies on cartilage have shown anti-inflammatory effects of glucosamine related to inhibition of inflammatory mediators. Intradiscal injection of glucosamine has been proposed as a treatment for chronic discogenic low back pain. However, there have been no studies of the direct effects of glucosamine on disc cells. Purpose To determine the effects of glucosamine HCl on pro-inflammatory mediator production by intervertebral disc cells. Study design An in vitro, experimental study of interleukin-1 (IL-1) stimulated rat intervertebral disc cells treated with and without glucosamine HCl. Methods Rat annulus and nucleus cells were cultured in alginate beads and exposed to IL-1a (10 ng/mL)+glucosamine HCl (4.5 mg/mL), IL-1 alone, or neither for 4 and 7 days. Cell viability and IL-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ), and NO levels in the medium were quantified and compared across treatments. Results Annulus cells, 7 days: Glucosamine completely inhibited IL-6 and TNF-α, increased NO (by 75%), and reduced viability (by 89%) compared with IL-1 alone. Nucleus cells, 7 days: Glucosamine reduced IL-6 (by 89%), PGE 2 (91%), and NO (90%) with no effect to viability. Conclusions Glucosamine inhibits inflammatory mediator production by IL-1 stimulated disc cells, but also adversely affects the viability of rat annulus cells. The response is cell-type dependent, illustrated by differences for annulus and nucleus cells.
Contribution of the spontaneous crossed-phrenic phenomenon to inspiratory tidal volume in spontaneously breathing rats

Spinal cord hemisection at C2 (C2HS) severs bulbospinal inputs to ipsilateral phrenic motoneurons causing transient hemidiaphragm paralysis. The spontaneous crossed-phrenic phenomenon (sCPP) descri...
A formal rate law for non-faradaic electrode reactions

Summary A formal rate law previously proposed for faradaic processes is extended to the case of non-faradaic heterogeneous reactions as well. A formal exchange rate, formal stoichiometric numbers for the reacting species and an analogue of the chargetransfer coefficient can be defined operationally. Potential does not enter the rate expression in first order, but can in second and higher orders. Variation of exchange rate with experimental conditions does not allow the unambiguous determination of all potentially important rate parameters, but in principle the parameters can be determined by combination of first and second order relaxation data.
Intergenerational linkages in antisocial behaviour.

Background A life-course perspective was used to examine whether a parent's adolescent antisocial behaviour increases the chances of his or her child being involved in antisocial behaviour and, if so, the extent to which different aspects of parenting mediate this relationship. Aim It was hypothesised that there will be significant levels of intergenerational continuity in antisocial behaviour when parents have ongoing contact with the child, and that stress from parenting and ineffective parenting styles will mediate this relationship. Method Longitudinal data from the Rochester Intergenerational Study were used to test these issues in structural equation models for fathers and for mothers. Results Parental antisocial behaviour is significantly related to child antisocial behaviour for mothers and for fathers who have frequent contact with the child, but not for fathers with infrequent contact. For mothers, the impact of adolescent antisocial behaviour on the child's antisocial behaviour is primarily mediated through parenting stress and effective parenting. For high-contact fathers there are multiple mediating pathways that help explain the impact of their adolescent antisocial behaviour on their child's behaviour. Conclusions The roots of antisocial behaviour extend back at least to the parent's adolescence, and parenting interventions need to consider these long-term processes. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Making cooperation valuable: A delay-centric, pricing-based user cooperation strategy

This paper proposes a distributed pricing-based user cooperation strategy for a two-user model focusing on performance from the delay perspective. It explores the fact that cooperation (i.e., one-way relaying as opposed to mutual relaying) is beneficial when users channel conditions are distinct. The strategy only allows valuable cooperation, i.e., the user with a good channel helps relay the packet of a user who suffers from a poor channel. The pricing policy serves as an incentive to encourage the qualified user to engage in cooperation and guarantees that both users have opportunities to benefit from cooperative help. Simulation results show that this strategy has a lower delay, from both the system and the individuals view, than the ‘Non-cooperation’ and ‘Always-cooperation’ strategies.
Revisiting Technology as Knowledge

The idea that technology constitutes a form of knowledge is a long and commonly held notion in the aeld of science and technology studies. In fact, this has become such a common assumption that it no longer requires further description or deanition. But, as is true in many cases, as it became a trope, the phrase also lost, or at least muddied, some of its meaning. In Edwin Layton’s 1974 article establishing technology as a kind of knowledge, he argues that technology must be analyzed in a way that acknowledges that technology comprises more than mere artifacts (Layton 1974). Taking technology as knowledge effectively places technology into social and intellectual history, as well as into philosophy. It is also clear from Layton’s article, as well as his later work on the relationship of science and technology, that his notion of technology as knowledge also sets up a parallel between science—seen as a special kind of knowledge by many philosophers if few sociologists—and technology (Layton 1971, 1987). Technology is neither subsumed under science nor completely outside of it; communities of technologists and scientists constitute interdependent,
An economic analysis of the observing response in the pigeon

Pigeons buy information about the price of access to food by pecking an observing response key. This response produces an external cue that signals how many pecks at another key will suffice to open the food hopper. The pigeon buys less information about the price of food as the price of the information rises, in accordance with the demand law of economics. Its demand for information grows more responsive to price as the price of the information rises, and the range of possible food prices decreases. Because they do not affect the number of pecks required to open the hopper, pecks at the observing key seem only to raise the overall price of access to food. Additional research might reveal the adaptive function of the observing response by examining how efficiently the pigeon exploits each access to food, and the extent to which it overpays the nominal price of access.
How Cells Get the Right Chromosomes

When cells divide, the chromosomes must be delivered flawlessly to the daughter cells. Missing or extra chromosomes can result in birth defects and cancer. Chance events are the starting point for chromosome delivery, which makes the process prone to error. Errors are avoided by diverse uses of mechanical tension from mitotic forces. Tension stabilizes the proper chromosome configuration, controls a cell cycle checkpoint, and changes chromosome chemistry.
A Simple Method for Sexing Living Anopheles Larvae (Diptera, Culicidae)

A simple means of determining the sex of living mosquito larvae would be very useful in physiologic, toxicologic, genetic, and taxonomic studies on these insects.
Sialendoscopy and associated complications: a preliminary experience.

Objectives/Hypothesis: To review our experience with diagnostic and therapeutic sialendoscopy for the management of major salivary gland disorders with respect to complications and also to validate its use in our patient population. Study Design: Retrospective chart review. Methods: We identified 56 consecutive cases of sialendoscopy procedures performed over 2 years in the Department of Otolaryngology at the University of Pittsburgh from July 2005 to August 2007. Results: The mean age of presentation was 43 (range, 7–77) years, with a male to female sex ratio of 1:2. The most common indications included sialolithiasis (52%) followed by salivary gland swelling (16%). The average size of the stones ranged from 2 to 12 mm. The overall success rate for endoscopic stone removal was 74% (14 of 19). Three (3 of 29) patients required a planned combined technique for stone removal. The overall complication rate was 25% (14 of 56). The major and minor complication rates were 2% (1 of 56) and 23% (13 of 56), respectively. Conclusions: Sialendoscopy is a safe and effective technology for treating major salivary gland disorders. In the early phases of sequential learning, complications rates are significant. However, major complications are infrequent and in general can be salvaged by standard salivary gland surgery.
Optimizations for Fourier synthesized time domain pulse propagation calculations

Fourier transform methods are the standard way for determining time-domain pulse structure and arrival time from a set of continuous wave (discrete frequency) underwater acoustic model calculations. This technique requires a large number of computer model runs at closely spaced frequencies, often making it computationally expensive. It has the advantages of including the correct attenuation at each frequency component, and of correctly treating continuity requirements at the water/sediment interface. Direct time-domain computer models are not as accurate for ocean bottoms with strong attenuation over a large bandwidth of frequencies. In this work the frequency-domain/Fourier approach is optimized for maximum efficiency at a given level of acceptable imprecision. Techniques are presented to improve the efficiency of the individual frequency component calculations, and to avoid running many of the frequencies. Efficiencies at individual frequencies are gained through intelligent selection of grid parameters in the ocean acoustic model (a parabolic equation model). Further improvements are achieved through intelligent zero padding schemes, and by interpolating envelope functions at the receiver location in order to estimate (and hence avoid running) up to 90% of the calculations required by the Nyquist sampling theorem. The effects of the various approximations are shown in the examples.
Stabilized complex downdating in adaptive beamforming

Two main findings are reported. The first is an extension to the complex case of the stabilized hyperbolic Householder transformation. The second is a demonstration by computer simulations that this complex stabilized hyperbolic Householder transformation exhibits superior numerical behavior in beamforming applications relative to its conventional counterpart. The problem statement for stabilized complex downdating in adaptive beamforming is given. The complex version of the stabilized hyperbolic Householder transformation is derived, and it is explained why complex processing is necessary in adaptive beamforming. The formulation of the computer simulation is described, together with the result of a simulation example. >
Determination of amide hydrogen exchange by mass spectrometry: A new tool for protein structure elucidation

A new method based on protein fragmentation and directly coupled microbore high-performance liquid chromatography-fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (HPLC-FABMS) is described for determining the rates at which peptide amide hydrogens in proteins undergo isotopic exchange. Horse heart cytochrome c was incubated in D2O as a function of time and temperature to effect isotopic exchange, transferred into slow exchange conditions (pH 2-3, 0 degrees C), and fragmented with pepsin. The number of peptide amide deuterons present in the proteolytic peptides was deduced from their molecular weights, which were determined following analysis of the digest by HPLC-FABMS. The present results demonstrate that the exchange rates of amide hydrogens in cytochrome c range from very rapid (k > 140 h-1) to very slow (k < 0.002 h-1). The deuterium content of specific segments of the protein was determined as a function of incubation temperature and used to indicate participation of these segments in conformational changes associated with heating of cytochrome c. For the present HPLC-FABMS system, approximately 5 nmol of protein were used for each determination. Results of this investigation indicate that the combination of protein fragmentation and HPLC-FABMS is relatively free of constraints associated with other analytical methods used for this purpose and may be a general method for determining hydrogen exchange rates in specific segments of proteins.
Quasi‐PML for waves in cylindrical coordinates

We proe that the straightforward extension of Berenger's () original perfectly matched layer PML is not reflectionless at a cylindri- cal interface in the continuum limit. A quasi-PLM is deeloped as an () absorbing boundary condition ABC for the finite-difference time- domain method in cylindrical coordinates. For three-dimensional prob- lems, this quasi-PML requires only ten equations, instead of 12 equations in the best true PML formulations. With a satisfactory absorption leel, it is simpler, and requires about 20% less computer memory than the true PML ABC. Q 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 19: 107)111, 1998.
Analysis of application performance and its change via representative application signatures

Application servers are a core component of a multi-tier architecture that has become the industry standard for building scalable client-server applications. A client communicates with a service deployed as a multi-tier application via request-reply transactions. A typical server reply consists of the Web page dynamically generated by the application server. The application server may issue multiple database calls while preparing the reply. Understanding the cascading effects of the various tasks that are sprung by a single request-reply transaction is a challenging task. Furthermore, significantly shortened time between new software releases further exacerbates the problem of thoroughly evaluating the performance of an updated application. We address the problem of efficiently diagnosing essential performance changes in application behavior in order to provide timely feedback to application designers and service providers. In this work, we propose a new approach based on an application signature that enables a quick performance comparison of the new application signature against the old one, while the application continues its execution in the production environment. The application signature is built based on new concepts that are introduced here, namely the transaction latency profiles and transaction signatures. These become instrumental for creating an application signature that accurately reflects important performance characteristics. We show that such an application signature is representative and stable under different workload characteristics. We also show that application signatures are robust as they effectively capture changes in transaction times that result from software updates. Application signatures provide a simple and powerful solution that can further be used for efficient capacity planning, anomaly detection, and provisioning of multi-tier applications in rapidly evolving IT environments.
Rapid development of gene-tagged microsatellite markers from bacterial artificial chromosome clones using anchored TAA repeat primers.

We developed a technique to improve the efficiency of producing TAA repeat microsatellite markers linked to interspecific conserved genes. Template DNA was prepared from cultures derived from singl...
Disposition of 2‐(2‐quinolyl)‐1,3‐indandione (d. c. yellow #11) in rats dosed orally or intravenously

The disposition of 2‐(2‐quinolyl)‐1,3‐indandione (D. C. yellow #11, DCY) in male Fischer rats dosed intravenously or by feeding was determined. For rats given [14CJDCY in the feed (0.00044–0.41% of the diet), recovery of radioactivity during the 24‐h dosing period and the 72‐h period thereafter ranged from 89.1 to 93.9% for feces and from 4.98 to 6.25 for urine. Tissues contained only trace amounts. Following intravenous dosing with [14C]DCY (0.93 mg/kg), radioactivity distributed readily into most tissues; maximum amounts were present at 5 min, the earliest time of assay. Maximum amounts of radioactivity in fat, skin, and gut tissue, however, were present at 30 min after dosing. These three tissues also had relatively long alpha phases for the elimination of radioactivity. In 24 h after intravenous dosing, rats excreted 81.1% of the dose in the feces and 16.0% of the dose in the urine. For rats fitted with biliary cannulas, 54.5% of the dose, all of which was metabolites of [14]CDCY, was recovered in the...
Decentralized variable structure control of a two-arm robotic system

The control problem for a two-arm robotic system in co-ordinated motion is addressed. A hierarchical framework, employing two levels of control hierarchy, is utilized, the decentralized model reference adaptive control approach using variable structure controllers (DMRA-VSC) is applied. Within the control hierarchy, the DMRA-VSC strategy is accomplished at the lower level, where control is responsible for the servoing of each joint. These local controllers are coordinated by the high-level, central controller, whose task is to provide the local controllers with the upper bound on the dynamical interactions with other subsystems. Advantages of the DMRA-VSC approach for multiple manipulator control include the inherent robustness properties to nonlinearities and interaction effects, the decentralization structure facilitating ease in multiple manipulator system programming and implementation, and the general structure of the controller which allows further extensions.
Afferents from Vocal Motor and Respiratory Effectors Are Recruited during Vocal Production in Juvenile Songbirds

Learned behaviors require coordination of diverse sensory inputs with motivational and motor systems. Although mechanisms underlying vocal learning in songbirds have focused primarily on auditory inputs, it is likely that sensory inputs from vocal effectors also provide essential feedback. We investigated the role of somatosensory and respiratory inputs from vocal effectors of juvenile zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) during the stage of sensorimotor integration when they are learning to imitate a previously memorized tutor song. We report that song production induced expression of the immediate early gene product Fos in trigeminal regions that receive hypoglossal afferents from the tongue and syrinx (the main vocal organ). Furthermore, unilateral lesion of hypoglossal afferents greatly diminished singing-induced Fos expression on the side ipsilateral to the lesion, but not on the intact control side. In addition, unilateral lesion of the vagus reduced Fos expression in the ipsilateral nucleus of the solitary tract in singing birds. Lesion of the hypoglossal nerve to the syrinx greatly disrupted vocal behavior, whereas lesion of the hypoglossal nerve to the tongue exerted no obvious disruption and lesions of the vagus caused some alterations to song behavior. These results provide the first functional evidence that somatosensory and respiratory feedback from peripheral effectors is activated during vocal production and conveyed to brainstem regions. Such feedback is likely to play an important role in vocal learning during sensorimotor integration in juvenile birds and in maintaining stereotyped vocal behavior in adults.
Factors Controlling Formaldehyde Release from Durable Press Cotton

Formaldehyde release from durable press fabrics treated with dimethyloldihy droxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU) has been investigated in an effort to understand the physicochemical equilibria that control t...
On the Oblique Compression of Two Elastic Spheres

In this note Walton's (1987) force-displacement relations for a contact between two identical elastic spheres are discussed. The relations are based on the solution for the oblique compression of two elastic spheres (Walton, 1978) which is rederived here in a simple fashion that relates it to Mindlin's (1949) solution for contact stress. Specific limitations of these relations are reviewed and it is demonstrated that misusing the relations leads to thermodynamic inconsistencies.
Cholinergic Mechanisms in Schizophrenia, Mania and Depression

Current biological theories of mental disease are theories of single transmitter, single disease, that is, current hypotheses about the development of mania, depression and schizophrenia posit deficits in or excesses of single neurotransmitters. For example, depression is associated with low norepinephrine. Yet most biological functions are centrally controlled by homeostatic systems involving balance between regulatory systems, such as the sympathetic and parasympathetic control of peripheral autonomic functions. Parkinsonian symptoms provide one paradigm of how several transmitter systems may combine to produce an effect. Parkinsonian symptoms are controlled by a balance between dopamine (DA) and ACh. In Parkinsonian patients, drugs which increase ACh (or direct injections of ACh into the CNS) can worsen Parkinsonian symptoms. Alternatively, the anticholinergic drugs benefit Parkinsonian symptoms. Similarly, in connection with the dopaminergic system, administration of neuroleptics to schizophrenics can produce Parkinsonian side effects by blocking DA receptors. Dopa, through its conversion to DA, also benefits Parkinsonian symptoms.
Harriet Helen Werley, PhD, RN, FAAN, FACMI.

Harriet Werley became the first nurse informatician even before the field had been named. In the late 1950s, as the first officially designated nurse researcher at the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Werley participated in conferences initiated by IBM to identify data processing needs in health care and the potential for computer applications.1 She brought to those conferences her understanding of nursing's need for data to study and improve clinical practice and health care delivery. In 1960, working with the American Nurses' Association Committee on Nursing Research and Studies to identify priorities for nursing research, she argued for a section in the report concerned with communication and decision making in nursing.2 As clinical informatics began to take hold in the 1970s, Werley foresaw the opportunity to reuse clinical data for research and management. Then on …
Markov Chain Monte Carlo Used in Parameter Inference of Magnetic Resonance Spectra

In this paper, we use Boltzmann statistics and the maximum likelihood distribution derived from Bayes’ Theorem to infer parameter values for a Pake Doublet Spectrum, a lineshape of historical significance and contemporary relevance for determining distances between interacting magnetic dipoles. A Metropolis Hastings Markov Chain Monte Carlo algorithm is implemented and designed to find the optimum parameter set and to estimate parameter uncertainties. The posterior distribution allows us to define a metric on parameter space that induces a geometry with negative curvature that affects the parameter uncertainty estimates, particularly for spectra with low signal to noise.
Spot-checkers

On Labor Day weekend, the highway patrol sets up spot-checks at random points on the freeways with the intention of deterring a large fraction of motorists from driving incorrectly. We explore a very similar idea in the context of program checking to ascertain with minimal overhead that a program output is reasonably correct. Our model of spot-checking requires that the spot-checker must run asymptotically much faster than the combined length of the input and output. We then show that the spot-checking model can be applied to problems in a wide range of areas, including problems regarding graphs, sets, and algebra. In particular, we present spot-checkers for sorting, convex hull, element distinctness, set containment, set equality, total orders, and correctness of group and field operations. All of our spot-checkers are very simple to state and rely on testing that the input and/or output have certain simple properties that depend on very few bits. Our results also give property tests as defined by Rubinfeld and Sudan (1996, SIAM J. Comput.25, 252?271), Rubinfeld (1994, “Proc. 35th Foundations of Computer Science,” pp. 288?299), and Goldreich et al. (1998, J. Assoc. Comput. Mach.45, 653?750).
Evaluation and Projection of Lygus Damage to Sugarbeet Seedlings

In a 24-h period, lygus bugs ( Lygus spp.) caged 1/plant can kill 72% and injure 18% of the sugarbeet plants in the cotyledon stage and can kill 17% and injure 66% of plants in the 2-leaf stage. No seedling plants in the 4-leaf stage were killed and injury was minimal. Thus, control measures against Lygus should be initiated when the beets are in the cotyledon and 2 leaf stages. It is estimated that one Lygus adult can kill an avg 0.85 seedling plants/day. The number of seedlings that will be damaged on successive days thus can be estimated if one knows the number of Lygus .
Stability of Fenvalerate Resistance in the Leaf miner Parasitic Diglyphs begin (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)

We studied the stability of field-selected resistance to fenvalerate in Diglyphus begini (Ashamed), a major parasitic of Liriomyza Sp. Leaf miners. After up to 10 mo of laboratory rearing without exposure to insecticide, the LC50 to fenvalerate declined significantly in females, but not in males. Adults of both sexes from resistant colonies remained significantly less susceptible than adults from susceptible colonies and showed low mortality at concentrations equivalent to field-recommended application rates of fenvalerate. Comparison with previously reported data suggests that resistance in D. begini is not less stable than resistance in the leaf miner liriomyza trifolii (Burgess). The persistence of resistance in D. begini may be especially valuable in integrated pest management programs that use pyrethyroids intermittently.
Stability of an analgesic-sedative combination in glass and plastic single-dose syringes

The stability of a combination of chlorpromazine hydrochloride (6.25 mg/mL), hydroxyzine hydrochloride (12.5 mg/mL), and meperidine hydrochloride (25 mg/mL) in glass and plastic syringes was studied. Syringes (glass 1.5 mL, plastic 3.0 mL) containing the combination drug solution were stored at 4, 25, and 44 degrees C. At 0,7,30,60,90,180, and 366 days after preparation, samples were visually inspected and tested for pH. Drug concentrations were determined by gas chromatography. No significant changes in drug concentration were apparent in any of the samples stored at 4 degrees C or 25 degrees C. Samples in both glass and plastic syringes stored at 44 degrees C turned yellow by day 30 and continued to darken throughout the study period. At the concentrations tested, chlorpromazine hydrochloride, hydroxyzine hydrochloride, and meperidine hydrochloride combined in glass or plastic syringes are stable for 366 days when stored at 4 degrees C and 25 degrees C. Degradation occurs at higher temperatures.
Pharmacotherapy for mild hypertension.

Pharmacologic treatment of mild hypertension for up to five years does not reduce coronary events, stroke, or mortality compared with placebo.
A comparison of immunologic asthma to two types of cholinergic respiratory responses in the rhesus monkey

Rhesus monkeys were used to characterize the respiratory response (RR) to aerosolized physostigmine (Phy) and compare the response to the acute, reagin-mediated RR and the carbachol response. In the latter two responses, there are characteristic increases in frequency of respiration (f), pulmonary resistance (PR), and decreases in peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), tidal volume (TV), and dynamic compliance (C). In contrast, a Phy RR characteristically shows no change in TV and f. The Phy RR is inhibited by atropine and lidocaine. The carbachol RR is inhibited by atropine but not lidocaine. The Phy RR mimics a vagally induced RR more closely than carbachol because it is inhibited by pharmacologic and physiologic vagal blockade produced by atropine and lidocaine, respectively, whereas the carbachol RR is blocked by atropine but not lidocaine. The carbachol block by atropine is primarily not a block of vagal action, but a general pharmacologic block of cholinergic action. The reagin-mediated RR is not inhibited by pharmacologic or physiologic vagal blockade. We conclude that a Phy-induced vagomimetic RR differs from a reagin-mediated, immediate-type RR. Although a minor portion, at most, of a reagin-mediated, immediate-type RR may be mediated via the vagus nerve, the major portion of a reagin-mediated RR occurs independent of the influences of the parasympathetic innervation of the lung.
Lysis of Venous, Pulmonary, Prosthetic Valvular, Arterial, and Ventricular Clots

Thrombolysis has been used for the treatment of diverse thrombotic conditions for almost 50 years. Treatment of deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism have been extensively studied, and benefit has been demonstrated in some subgroups. More recently thrombolysis has been investigated for the treatment of prosthetic valvular, arterial, and ventricular mural thrombi
PWE-002 How accurately are we tattooing colonic lesions prior to laparoscopic surgery? an institutional report

Introduction Small colonic cancers or polyps can be difficult to identify during laparoscopic surgery, hence the need to tattoo lesions when seen during endoscopic examination. The Joint Advisory Group on GI endoscopy (JAG) have minimal guidance on tattooing. The aim here was to assess the accuracy and frequency of tattooing within our trust with regards to local tattooing policy within our endoscopy unit. Method Data was retrospectively analysed over a 12 month period between January 2013 – January 2014 in patients undergoing a laparoscopic resection for a colonic lesion. Areas examined looked at frequency of tattooing, site and documentation. Results 43 patients underwent surgery during this time period. 80% of these were tattooed at the time of endoscopic investigation. Of these only 46% were tattooed according to the unit’s tattooing protocol. 25% of these had no clear documentation as to the method of tattooing. At the time of surgery, in 10% the tattoo was not deemed visible. The conversion rate was not higher in the group that were not tattooed according to local policy in comparison to the group that were (p = 0.8). Conclusion Huge variability exists in the tattooing methods of the endoscopists within our unit, which quite often does not adhere to local policy. This could potentially result in failure to identify lesions during surgery or resection of an incorrect segment altogether. Disclosure of interest None Declared.
The Law of the Whale Hunt: Dispute Resolution, Property Law, and American Whalers, 1780–1880

Whale oil lit the cities and greased the machines of the Industrial Revolution. In light of its importance, competition between whalers was high. Far from courts and law enforcement, competing crews of American whalers not known for their gentility and armed with harpoons tended to resolve disputes at sea over ownership of whales. Left to settle arguments on their own, whalemen created norms and customs to decide ownership of whales pursued by multiple crews. The Law of the Whale Hunt provides an innovative examination of how property law was created in the absence of formal legal institutions regulating the American whaling industry in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Using depositions, court testimony, logbooks, and other previously unused primary sources, Robert Deal tells an exciting story of American whalers hunting in waters from the North Atlantic to the South Pacific and the Sea of Okhotsk.
The McNamara Years

In 1968 Robert McNamara had become president of the Bank. He remained so until 1981. During that period the Bank was transformed from being one of many significant actors in the development of the Third World to dominating the field. Also, it shed its reluctance to deal directly with the inner life of countries and to press its agenda upon them. McNamara understood that economic development could not be separated from social, cultural, and political development.
The Induced Deexcitation Model

In complex scientific disciplines, such as chemistry, a command of the literature and an ability to recognize the common denominator of many apparently unrelated experimental observations often leads to the formulation of concepts and rules of broad applicability. One demonstration of how such a marriage of knowledge and intuition can bear offspring was given by Walsh, who, many years ago, recognized that many experimental facts, which were known at that time, could be explained in a self-consistent manner by assuming that the hybridization of a central atom (or core) depends on the electronic nature of the ligands attached to it and proposed the following rule: “If a Group X attached to Carbon is replaced by a more Electro-negative Group Y, then the Carbon Valency towards Y has more p Character than it had towards X”.1 We shall refer to this as Walsh’s rehybridization rule. In recent times, this rule, in one form or another, has been applied to a variety of interesting chemical problems by many, most notably by Bent2.
Regulation of Digital Government

New digital technologies bear great potential for the transformation of traditional processes of governance. However, concerns about issues such as security, privacy and health require strategies of regulatory oversight on a national, regional and international level. This chapter maps out the key areas that have significant implications for digital governments: the Internet, Social Media, Cloud Computing and mobile devices. It further provides an examination of some of the challenges governments face in the use and control of online technologies, which include cyber security, content control, big data, privacy and ownership. An analysis of some of the most crucial considerations for regulatory practices follows. The promise of global information and transformation for governance is significant—yet governments face daunting challenges in harnessing its potential and minimizing its risks.
Anderson Transition for Classical Transport in Composite Materials

The Anderson transition in solids and optics is a wave phenomenon where disorder induces localization of the wave functions. We find here that the hallmarks of the Anderson transition are exhibited by classical transport at a percolation threshold-without wave interference or scattering effects. As long range order or connectedness develops, the eigenvalue statistics of a key random matrix governing transport cross over toward universal statistics of the Gaussian orthogonal ensemble, and the field eigenvectors delocalize. The transition is examined in resistor networks, human bone, and sea ice structures.
Prion-specific Hsp40 function: The role of the auxilin homolog Swa2

Yeast prions are protein-based genetic elements that propagate through cell populations via cytosolic transfer from mother to daughter cell. Molecular chaperone proteins including Hsp70, the Hsp40/J-protein Sis1, and Hsp104 are required for continued prion propagation, however the specific requirements of chaperone proteins differ for various prions. We recently reported that Swa2, the yeast homolog of the mammalian protein auxilin, is specifically required for the propagation of the prion [URE3]. 1 [URE3] propagation requires both a functional J-domain and the tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domain of Swa2, but does not require Swa2 clathrin binding. We concluded that the TPR domain determines the specificity of the genetic interaction between Swa2 and [URE3], and that this domain likely interacts with one or more proteins with a C-terminal EEVD motif. Here we extend that analysis to incorporate additional data that supports this hypothesis. We also present new data eliminating Hsp104 as the relevant Swa2 binding partner and discuss our findings in the context of other recent work involving Hsp90. Based on these findings, we propose a new model for Swa2's involvement in [URE3] propagation in which Swa2 and Hsp90 mediate the formation of a multi-protein complex that increases the number of sites available for Hsp104 disaggregation.
Suppression of the vacuolar invertase gene delays senescent sweetening in chipping potatoes.

Background: Potato chip processors require potato tubers that meet quality specifications for fried chip color, and color depends largely upon tuber sugar contents. At later times in storage, potatoes accumulate sucrose, glucose, and fructose. This developmental process, senescent sweetening, manifests as a blush of color near the center of the fried chip, becomes more severe with time, and limits the storage period. Vacuolar invertase (VInv) converts sucrose to glucose and fructose and is hypothesized to play a role in senescent sweetening. To test this hypothesis, senescent sweetening was quantified in multiple lines of potato with reduced VInv expression.; Results: Chip darkening from senescent sweetening was delayed by about 4 weeks for tubers with reduced VInv expression. A strong positive correlation between frequency of dark chips and tuber hexose content was observed. Tubers with reduced VInv expression had lower hexose to sucrose ratios than controls.; Conclusion: VInv activity contributes to reducing sugar accumulation during senescent sweetening. Sucrose breakdown during frying may contribute to chip darkening. Suppressing VInv expression increases the storage period of the chipping potato crop, which is an important consideration, as potatoes with reduced VInv expression are entering commercial production in the USA. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.; © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
The End of the Accommodation Debate, 1800–1835

The sustaining force of Socinian accommodation was not its partnership with a philosophical system, which changed numerous times, but its partnership with historical criticism. It was the latter that carried Socinian accommodation into the nineteenth century. However, the debate came to a close as many called into question the necessity of accommodation. More frequently interpreters understood that Jesus and the disciples were fully contextualized within their historical period and were no longer in a position to accommodate to others. Eventually, the debate ended with no clear victor.
Hof1 and Chs4 Interact via F-BAR Domain and Sel1-like Repeats to Control Extracellular Matrix Deposition during Cytokinesis

Localized extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling is thought to stabilize the cleavage furrow and maintain cell shape during cytokinesis [1-14]. This remodeling is spatiotemporally coordinated with a cytoskeletal structure pertaining to a kingdom of life, for example the FtsZ ring in bacteria [15], the phragmoplast in plants [16], and the actomyosin ring in fungi and animals [17, 18]. Although the cytoskeletal structures have been analyzed extensively, the mechanisms of ECM remodeling remain poorly understood. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, ECM remodeling refers to sequential formations of the primary and secondary septa that are catalyzed by chitin synthase-II (Chs2) and chitin synthase-III (the catalytic subunit Chs3 and its activator Chs4), respectively [18, 19]. Surprisingly, both Chs2 and Chs3 are delivered to the division site at the onset of cytokinesis [6, 20]. What keeps Chs3 inactive until secondary septum formation remains unknown. Here, we show that Hof1 binds to the Sel1-like repeats (SLRs) of Chs4 via its F-BAR domain and inhibits Chs3-mediated chitin synthesis during cytokinesis. In addition, Hof1 is required for rapid accumulation as well as efficient removal of Chs4 at the division site. This study uncovers a mechanism by which Hof1 controls timely activation of Chs3 during cytokinesis and defines a novel interaction and function for the conserved F-BAR domain and SLR that are otherwise known for their abilities to bind membrane lipids [21, 22] and scaffold protein complex formation [23].
Estimating willingness to pay for greenhouse gas emission reductions provided by hydropower using the contingent valuation method

Abstract Altering existing operations of large hydroelectric dams in the US, for such reasons as improving downstream environmental habitats and recreation, often constrain the production of hydropower. This results in increased use of electricity from fossil fuel based power plants, which emit greenhouse gases (GHG) that promote global climate change. However, the economic value of hydropower GHG reductions remains unmeasured in the US context. Using a recent proposal to re-purpose operations of Glen Canyon Dam, the largest producer of hydropower on the Colorado River, this study estimates US households’ willingness to pay using the contingent valuation method to preserve GHG reductions provided by current Glen Canyon Dam operations. Results indicate that US households are willing to pay an additional $3.66 per year in increased taxes to prevent increases in GHG emissions due to proposed re-purposing. This study has important policy implications for the role of hydropower in the renewable energy portfolio.
Development of Immunochromatographic Assays for the Selective Detection of Zika Virus or Dengue Virus Serotypes in Serum.

Immunoassays have long played an important role in clinical laboratories for the selective and sensitive detection of many analytes (1). Through the years, these methods have progressed from manual assays to automated systems that can be carried out in a routine fashion in a clinical setting. However, there are still situations in which simple manual immunoassays are desirable. For instance, it may be impractical to use expensive automated assays for the detection of infectious diseases and during point-of-care testing in regions of the world where adequate instrumentation or expertise is not available for carrying out these methods. According to the WHO, such an assay should ideally meet requirements that are described by the acronym ASSURED, in which the method is a ffordable, s ensitive, s pecific, u ser-friendly, r apid/ r obust, e quipment-free, and readily d eliverable to the final users (2, 3). One infectious agent for which such an assay would be valuable is the Zika virus (ZIKV)2 (3, 4). ZIKV was first isolated in 1947 from the sentinel monkey, and confirmed human infections have been noted since the early 1960s (4). This virus became of international interest in 2015 when thousands of individuals infected by ZIKV were identified in Brazil and the Americas, with subsequent reports of cases in pregnant women that were accompanied by the appearance of birth defects such as microcephaly (3, 4). In response to this situation, WHO declared in 2016 that ZIKV represented a global public health emergency. This declaration, in turn, led to a sudden need for new diagnostics for the rapid detection of infections by ZIKV (4). The development of rapid and simple tests for ZIKV, as well as serotypes of the related dengue virus (DENV), is the topic of a recent publication by Bosch …