cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Resonance scattering of electrons from N 2 adsorbed on a metallic surface

The energy and width of the $^{2}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Pi}}$ shape resonance in e-${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ collisions are calculated for ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ molecules physisorbed on a metallic surface. The breaking of the molecular symmetry by the surface is found to increase the resonance width as compared to that for collisions in the gas phase. The metallic image potential is found to broaden the resonance and lower its energy. The calculated broadening and energy shift agree in order of magnitude with the observed values.
What is inside a black hole

Qui a-t-il dans un trou noir? Dans la representation conventionnelle d'un trou noir il est impossible de voir les etats qui compose son entropie, et la radiatio d'Hawking est incapable de transporter en dehors du trou noir de l'information sur l'etat du trou noir. Nous decrivons des calculs en theorie des cordes qui suggerent les etats lies grandissent juqu'a une taille determinee par leur degenerescence. Ainsi l'information a propos d'un trou noir serait distribuee a l'interieur de l'horizon, et la radiation d'Hawking peut « lire » cette information. Aucun etat individuel n'a pas d'horizon; mais l'horizon apparait apres moyennisation comme la region ou les etats microscopiques different.
A three-dimensional incompressible Navier-Stokes flow solver using primitive variables

An implicit, finite difference computer code has been developed to solve the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations in a three-dimensional curvilinear coordinate system. The pressure field solution is based on the pseudocompressibility approach in which a time derivative pressure term is introduced into the mass conservation equation. The solution procedure employs an implicit, approximate factorization scheme. The Reynolds Stresses, which are uncoupled from the implicit scheme, are lagged by one time step to facilitate implementing various levels of the turbulence model. Test problems for external and internal flows are computer and the results are compared with existing experimental data. The application of this technique for general three-dimensional problems is then demonstrated.
OPTIMALLY IMMERSED PLANAR CURVES UNDER MÖBIUS ENERGY

This paper investigates the existence of optimally immersed planar self-intersecting curves. Because any self-intersecting curve will have infinite knot energy, parameter-dependent renormalizations of the Mobius energy remove the singular behavior of the curve. The direct method of the calculus of variations allows for the selection of optimal immersions in various restricted classes of curves. Careful energy estimates allow subconvergence of these optimal curves as restrictions are relaxed.
A comparison of solutions for light scattering and absorption by agglomerated or arbitrarily-shaped particles

Three approximate solutions for light scattering and absorption by agglomerated or arbitrarily-shaped particles have been investigated by comparing both their solution formulas and numerical results. Ranked according to the soundness of their derivation and resulting level of accuracy, the Iskander-Chen-Penner (I-C-P) solution is the best, followed in order by Purcell-Pennypacker (P-P) and Jones. The Jones solution is in general unreliable due to its inaccurate accounting for multiple-scattering effects. The P-P solution is almost identical to the I-C-P but without the self-interaction term, which has a significant effect on accuracy, especially for nonabsorbing particles. For the I-C-P solution, the range of validity is x < 0.8|(m2 + 5)/(2m2 + 1)| (x = cell size parameter) for a < 10% error on cross sections and near-forward scattering. This range of validity could be extended by 40% for highly absorbing particles with |m| < 2, but reduced by 20% for those with larger |m|. The Maxwell-Garnett relation has been shown to be an accurate optical mixing rule for light scattering by inhomogeneous particles. It is found that randomly-oriented, chain-like agglomerates of small particles, such as flame soot particles and other colloidal aggregates, have unique scattering characteristics. The extinction is roughly the same, whereas total and near-forward angular scattering are N times higher when comparing an agglomerate with the same number of individual spheres. Even randomly oriented, these chain-like agglomerates cannot be modeled by equivalent spheres, and they yield significant depolarized scattering.
Mindfulness-Based Eating Awareness Training (MB-EAT) for Binge Eating: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Binge eating is characterized by significant imbalance in food intake regulation and is often comorbid with obesity and depression. Mindfulness-based approaches may reduce compulsive overeating, address associated behavioral and emotional dysregulation, and promote internalization of change. This randomized trial explored the efficacy of Mindfulness-Based Eating Awareness Training (MB-EAT), a 12-session group treatment, in comparison to a psychoeducational/cognitive–behavioral intervention (PECB) and a wait list control. MB-EAT incorporates sitting and guided mindfulness practices to cultivate greater awareness of hunger and fullness cues, sensory-specific satiety, and emotional and other triggers for eating. The two-site study randomized 150 overweight or obese (body mass index = 40.3) individuals (12 % men; 14 % African-American/Hispanic; average age = 46.6 years), 66 % of whom met the full DSM-IV-R criteria for binge eating disorder (BED). Compared to the wait list control, MB-EAT and PECB showed generally comparable improvement after 1 and 4 months post-intervention on binge days per month, the Binge Eating Scale, and depression. At 4 months post-intervention, 95 % of those individuals with BED in MB-EAT no longer met the BED criteria vs. 76 % receiving PECB; furthermore, binges that occurred were likely to be significantly smaller. Amount of mindfulness practice predicted improvement on a range of variables, including weight loss (r = −0.38, p < 0.05). Results suggest that MB-EAT decreased binge eating and related symptoms at a clinically meaningful level, with improvement related to the degree of mindfulness practice.
Power Politics and Interstate War in Africa

ABSTRACT The steps-to-war theory suggests that power politics strategies, such as alliance formation, military buildups, hardliner domestic actors, and aggressive crisis bargaining, often have the unintended consequence of escalating a crisis to war. The theory has gathered extensive empirical support in large-N studies, but only a handful of studies have examined the expectations of the theory as applied to specific regions. This paper questions if the steps-to-war theory can explain wars in a region where one might not expect power politics methods to be in operation. I first test the theory statistically by using a sample of only African dyads and then employ a structured comparison and process-tracing methods to examine the steps taken prior to two African wars, the Ogaden War (1977–1978) and the Ugandan-Tanzanian War (1978–1979). This research is unable to falsify the theory in the Africa region, although the theory does require modifications in that the actions of rebel groups are important in motiv...
Innervation of hindgut muscle of larval Manduca sexta (L.) (lepidoptera: Sphingidae) by a peripheral multinucleate neurosecretory neuron

Abstract The morphology of a peripheral neuron and its innervations of outer circular muscles of the ileum and colon is described for the larval tobacco hornworm. This neuron appears in pairs in a plexus at the junction of the proctodaeal nerve and its dorsal branch on each side of the rectal valve. Each of the paired neurons produce electron-dense granules via the Golgi apparatus and were observed to contain from 16 to 28 individual nuclei as established from electron micrographs of serial sections. The same serial section technique was used to follow the axon as it descended the proctodaeal nerve beyond the first branch to the colon. The axon from the colon branch to the outer circular muscles was followed by staining with reduced methylene blue. A morphological comparison was made of the peripheral axons and their support cells as opposed to other axons in the same nerve. The axon innervation on the outer circular muscle was examined ultrastructurally. Two unexpected observations were made. Some of the nuclei of the multinucleate neurons contained large vacuoles filled with cytoplasmic material. Also, a mass of jacketed neurosecretory granules was found in the sarcoplasm of the muscle, obviously derived from a local disruption of the axon and muscle membrane. A hypothesis on the mode of muscle activity for fecal movement in the larval hindgut of Lepidoptera is proposed.
Controversies in Alzheimer's disease drug development

Understanding of the pathophysiological basis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is increasing rapidly and a variety of potential treatment modalities have emerged based on these improved mechanistic insights. The optimal way of proceeding with disease-modifying drug development remains to be clarified and controversies have emerged regarding the definition of Alzheimer’s disease, the participation of mild cognitive impairment patients in clinical trials, the definition of disease modification, the potential impediments to satisfaction from patients receiving disease-modifying therapy, the importance of add-on therapy with symptomatic agents, the optimal clinical trial design to demonstrate disease modification, the best means of minimizing time spent in Phase II of drug development, the potential role of adaptive designs in clinical trials, the use of enrichment designs in clinical trials, the role of biomarkers in clinical trials, the treatment of advanced patients with disease-modifying agents, and distinctions between disease modification and disease prevention. The questions surrounding these issues must be resolved as disease-modifying therapies for AD are advanced. These controversies are framed and potential directions towards resolution described.
Compatibility and Stability of Linezolid Injection Admixed with Three Quinolone Antibiotics

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the physical compatibility and chemical stability of linezolid 200 mg/100 mL admixed with ciprofloxacin 400 mg, ofloxacin 400 mg, and levofloxacin 500 mg for seven days at 4 and 23 °C.METHODS:The test samples were prepared by adding the required amount of the quinolone antibiotic to bags of linezolid injection. Evaluations for physical and chemical stability were performed initially and after one, three, five, and seven days of storage at temperatures of 4 and 23 °C. Physical stability was assessed using visual observation in normal light and using a high-intensity monodirectional light beam. In addition, turbidity and particle content were measured electronically. Chemical stability of the drugs was evaluated by using stability-indicating HPLC analytical techniques.RESULTS:The linezolid admixtures with levofloxacin and ofloxacin were clear and pale yellow when viewed in normal fluorescent room light, and slightly hazy with a green cast when viewed using a Tyndall beam. Measured turb...
The local calibration method for robot inaccuracy compensation

This article presents a local calibration method that is philosophically different from the more contemporary global calibration methods. Local methods seek models of robot performance at the robot distal link measured relative to parts in localized part regions. In contrast, global methods seek to model various sources of robot inaccuracy internal to the robot. For example, a significant global research area is the determination of the actual robot arm structural parameters. Given more accurate estimates of these parameters, global compensation methods propose perturbation techniques or improved kinematic models that can be used to control the as-manufactured robot. To implement local calibration methods, calibration procedures have been developed to locate tool and sensor tool control frames (TCF's) and to measure robot inaccuracy in localized regions. Using the measured position and orientation (pose) data obtained by hardware sensors, the components of operational inaccuracy are integrated into compensation models. This article discusses compensating model effectiveness and considers the interactions between hardware sensors and part features necessary to extract robot pose measurements automatically and effectively. Applying the relative calibration methodologies presented in this article to a GMF S-200 six-axis robot, robot repeatability was reduced by 39% and average localized robot inaccuracy was reduced from 3.4 mm (0.134 inch) to less than 0.86 mm (0.034 inch). The compensated robot inaccuracy is near the unstructured robot repeatability.
Application of GIS in Evaluating the Potential Impacts of Land Application of Biosolids on Human Health

This chapter describes the development and use of a geographic information system (GIS) in an environmental health investigation of the application of Class B biosolids (sewage sludge) on agricultural fields. The research project is broad-based including field observations and modeling to investigate the presence of microorganisms, metals, and pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) in biosolids applied agricultural fields and the associated runoff. These data has been linked with remote sensing imagery and added to GIS layers for Wood, Lucas and Greene Counties in Ohio. Specifically, this project describes the way in which a GIS was developed and utilized with a mailed, epidemiological health survey to investigate the potential impact of biosolids application to agricultural fields in relation to self-reported human health symptoms, acute diseases and chronic diseases among groups of individuals living specified distances from fields where biosolids were permitted and applied. For Wood County, of the 24 symptoms in the survey, six were statistically higher near biosolids permitted fields and of the 29 diseases in the survey, five were statistically higher near biosolids permitted fields. The Lucas and Greene County surveys are still being analyzed. Our future work includes refinement of the spatial analysis and health survey to include the application of biosolids and the constituents of the biosolids to fields, distances to any farm field and to other potential relationships to health effects.
The effects of rate and amount of reinforcement on the speed of the pacemaker in pigeons' timing behavior

The peak-time procedure was used with pigeons to explore assumptions of two models of time perception: scalar expectancy theory (SET) and behavioral theory of timing (BeT). Conditions 1A and 1B varied fixed-interval duration to change rate of reinforcement. Condition 2 varied hopper duration in order to manipulate arousal level. Condition 3 held constant the interval to be timed (fixed-interval duration) but varied rate of reinforcement by interspersing trials in which only the chamber light came on for a duration equal to the fixed interval. Results from Conditions 1A, 1B, and 3 show that the speed of the pacemaker (1/τ) was directly proportional to the rate of reinforcement, thus supporting BeT. Manipulations of the hopper duration had no effect on the timing process.
The form of the human dental arch

Abstract The human dental arch form is shown to be accurately represented mathematically by the beta function. The average correlation coefficient between measured arch-shape data and the mathematical arch shape, expressed by the beta function, is 0.98 with a standard deviation of 0.02. Forty sets of casts—15 Class I, 16 Class II, and 9 Class III—were examined. A precision machine tool device was used to record the X-, Y-, and Z-coordinates of selected dental landmarks on all casts to 0.001 mm accuracy. The coordinates were processed through a computer curve-fitting program. The Class III mandibular arches had smaller arch depth and greater arch width (beginning in the premolar area) than the Class I arches. The Class II mandibular arches exhibited generalized reduced arch width and depth compared with the Class I arches. Maxillary arch depths were similar in all three groups. However, the Class III maxillary arch widths were greater from the lateral incisor-canine area distally compared with the Class I ...
Validation of Feed and Manure Data Collected on Wisconsin Dairy Farms

An on-farm study of 54 representative Wisconsin dairy farms was conducted to evaluate the influence of biophysical and socioeconomic factors on overall feed, fertilizer, and manure nutrient use. This report validates 1) how well data on cow diets, feed analyses, and milk production reflected established feed-milk-manure relationships; and 2) how well farmer-recorded data on manure land application reflected literature values of manure N and P excretion, collection, and loss. Calculated feed N and P use efficiencies (18 to 33% and 18 to 35%, respectively) fell within ranges expected for dairy farms. This suggested that our on-farm methods of data collection provided reliable information on relationships among feed N and P intake, secretions in milk, and excretion in manure. On stanchion farms, therewerenodifferencesbetweenfarmerestimates(kg/
Attitudes toward offshore oil development: A summary of current evidence

Attitudes toward offshore petroleum have varied widely across both time and place. This paper summarizes the accumulated evidence from around the globe and then examines two regions that represent the polar extremes - both drawn from the same country and the same era - southern Louisiana and northern California, over the past two decades. The comparison illustrates that attitudes toward offshore oil development are best understood through a closer examination of the ways in which the offshore industry has interacted with a given region, over time, in terms of three sets of factors - the historical, biophysical, and social factors that shape the people and culture of a given place and time. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Exploiting instruction-level parallelism for integrated control-flow monitoring

Computer architectures are using increased degrees of instruction-level machine parallelism to achieve higher performance, e.g., superpipelined, superscalar and very long instruction word (VLIW) processors. Full utilization of such machine parallelism is difficult to achieve and sustain, resulting in the occurrence of idle resources at run time. This work explores the use of such idle resources for concurrent error detection in processors employing instruction-level machine parallelism. The Multiflow TRACE 14/300 processor, a VLIW machine, is chosen as an experimental vehicle. Experiments indicate that significant idle resources are likely to exist across a wide range of scientific applications for the TRACE 14/300. A methodology is presented for detecting transient control-flow errors, called available resource-driven control-flow monitoring (ARC), whose resource use can be tailored to the existence of idle resources in the processor. Results of applying ARC to the Multiflow TRACE 14/300 processor show that >99% of control-flow errors are detected with negligible performance overhead. These results demonstrate that ARC is highly effective in using the idle resources of a processor to achieve concurrent error detection at a very low cost. >
PERSPECTIVE: Guiding Ideas: Key Skills to Lead Environmental Professionals

Are young professionals prepared to lead us in solving the environmental challenges of the twenty-first century, such as disaster recovery or global deforestation? Have they learned the basic skills it takes to communicate and work together with different people and cultures? Do they have the inner passion and mindset to be of service to the earth and their community rather than acting in self interest? The nation's universities have responded well in the last decade to become the young professional's preparatory launch pad for lifelong learning. Yet, after they leave school and enter the variety of environmental fields, are their jobs vital?
A method for human action recognition

Abstract This article deals with the problem of classification of human activities from video. Our approach uses motion features that are computed very efficiently, and subsequently projected into a lower dimensional space where matching is performed. Each action is represented as a manifold in this lower dimensional space and matching is done by comparing these manifolds. To demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach, it was used on a large data set of similar actions, each performed by many different actors. Classification results were very accurate and show that this approach is robust to challenges such as variations in performers' physical attributes, color of clothing, and style of motion. An important result of this article is that the recovery of the three-dimensional properties of a moving person, or even the two-dimensional tracking of the person's limbs need not precede action recognition.
B-mode ultrasound common carotid artery intima-media thickness and external diameter: cross-sectional and longitudinal associations with carotid atherosclerosis in a large population sample.

Arterial diameter and intima-media thickness (IMT) enlargement may each be related to the atherosclerotic process. Their separate or combined enlargement may indicate different arterial phenotypes with different atherosclerosis risk. We investigated cross-sectional (baseline 1987–89: n = 7956) and prospective (median follow-up = 5.9 years: n = 4845) associations between baseline right common carotid artery (RCCA) external diameter and IMT with existing and incident carotid atherosclerotic lesions detected by B-mode ultrasound in any right or left carotid segments. Logistic regression models (unadjusted, adjusted for IMT, or adjusted for IMT and risk factors) were used to relate baseline diameter to existing carotid lesions while comparably adjusted parametric survival models assessed baseline diameter associations with carotid atherosclerosis progression (incident carotid lesions). Four baseline arterial phenotypes were categorized as having 1) neither IMT nor diameter enlarged (reference), 2) isolated IMT thickening, 3) isolated diameter enlargement, and 4) enlargement of both IMT and diameter. The association between these phenotypes and progression to definitive carotid atherosclerotic lesions was assessed over the follow-up period. Each standard deviation increment of baseline RCCA diameter was associated with increasing carotid lesion prevalence (unadjusted odds ratio [OR] = 1.54, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.47–1.62) and with progression of carotid atherosclerosis (unadjusted hazards ratio (HR) = 1.37, 95% CI = 1.28–1.46); and the associations remained significant even after adjustment for IMT and risk factors (prevalence OR = 1.11, 95% CI = 1.04–1.18; progression HR = 1.11, 95% CI = 1.03–1.19). Controlling for gender, age and race, persons with both RCCA IMT and diameter in the upper 50th percentiles had the greatest risk of progressing to clearly defined carotid atherosclerotic lesions (all HR = 1.71, 95% CI = 1.47–2.0; men HR = 1.88, 95% CI = 1.48–2.39; women HR = 1.59, 95% CI = 1.31–1.95) while RCCA IMT or diameter alone in the upper 50th percentile produced significantly lower estimated risks. RCCA IMT and external diameter provide partially overlapping information relating to carotid atherosclerotic lesions. More importantly, the RCCA phenotype of coexistent wall thickening with external diameter enlargement indicates higher atherosclerotic risk than isolated wall thickening or diameter enlargement.
Moisture Absorption and Desorption in a UV Cured Urethane Acrylate Adhesive Based on Radiation Source

A photopolymerizable urethane acrylate (UA) adhesive was cured using two different sources: a conventional UV-lamp and a UV-emitting light emitting diode (LED). Moisture uptake in cured specimens was characterized by immersion in deionized water at 21.8, 30, 37.5, and 45°C for a period of 6 months. Additionally, desorption experiments were performed for selected specimens under vacuum at room temperature. Material degradation in the form of mass loss was observed in all samples after attainment of a maximum water uptake level, with the phenomenon being more pronounced at higher immersion temperatures. This degradation is attributed to leaching and dissolution of uncured monomers and lower weight molecular species from the samples. A two stage moisture uptake model is proposed to account for mass loss and excellent agreement between the tested mass loss and the loss-rate parameters determined from the model is shown. Performance of specimens was characterized with dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). It was found the LED source was not as effective in curing surfaces, due to which there is a higher level of mass and lower Tg from hygrothermal exposure as compared to the core regions of the LED cured specimens and the overall lamp cured specimens. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Si-Based Resonant Interband Tunnel Diode/CMOS Integrated Memory Circuit

The development of Si-based tunneling-based static random access memory (TSRAM) has been described. This multi-institutional research endeavor has successfully demonstrated for the first time an integrated TSRAM that utilizes Si/SiGe resonant interband tunnel diode (RITD) and conventional NMOS. The memory cell exhibits a bistable latching operation at a low power supply voltage below 0.5 V. The key to success in the tunnel diode-based novel memory research at RIT is mutual collaboration between the institutions from the universities, government, and industry, which provides a hotbed for technological innovations and creativity.
Concurrent error detection in nonlinear digital circuits using time-freeze linearization

Concurrent error detection in digital circuits is very important in applications where error in processed data can have catastrophic effects. Typically, error detection is performed by a small amount of additional hardware called the checking circuit. In the past, researchers have developed techniques for concurrent error detection in linear digital state variable circuits. In this paper, we investigate concurrent error detection techniques for nonlinear digital circuits that compute polynomial functions of multiple variables. Such circuits have widespread use in the design of various classes of nonlinear digital filters. The proposed error detection schemes are possible due to the use of a new linearization method called time-freeze linearization. In this method, a nonlinear circuit is modeled as a linear circuit for each individual time frame corresponding to the time taken to process a given set of input data. The defining parameters of this linear model change from one time frame to another but are regarded as fixed or frozen in any given time frame. This allows the use of real number checksum codes for fault detection. As opposed to duplicating the entire nonlinear part of the circuit, our approach allows us to use the nonlinear functions to drive the check circuitry, while achieving full fault coverage at low hardware cost.
“Real Blackfellas”: Constructions and Meanings of Urban Indigenous Identity

Aboriginal people in Australia construct their identities in relationship to a state and public imaginary that places primacy on celebrating and preserving “traditional culture” and in turn regularly fails to recognize the impact of colonial history, state constructed definitions, and indigenous modes of identification. For Kooris in the suburban Sydney community of La Perouse, claiming and legitimating Aboriginality can be particularly challenging; they are suburban rather than urban or rural, neither assimilated nor traditional, and Black, but always suspect of being White. This article examines how urban Aboriginal identity is negotiated among/between Aboriginal people and the socio-political conditions that make this negotiation necessary, desirable, but sometimes risky. I explore the ways in which Kooris variously asserted their Aboriginality through their bodies, practices, and politics along a continuum of identity construction. I argue that Kooris move between affirming cultural belonging and differentiating between indigenous cultural styles, histories, and geographies. I suggest how constructions of intra-Aboriginal sameness and difference take us behind the veil of recognition and allow us to consider Aboriginal identity constructions as forms of indigenous knowledge production that can reproduce, speak back to, and sometimes shift, the geographic, racial, political, and cultural boundaries that underlie prevailing state policies and popular ideas about Aboriginal cultural identity and authenticity.
Wavefronts and solutions of the eikonal equation

SUMMARY In this paper, several methods for the solution of the eikonal equation are investigated. Using the method of characteristics, traveltimes are computed along rays. Approximate solutions of the eikonal equation can also be obtained. From Fermat’s principle, first-order changes in the traveltime can be found by integrating along initial ray trajectories. Alternatively, linearized ray equations can be used to obtain perturbed rays for which traveltimes can be found. A comparison of the ray solution with approximate solutions for the traveltime is presented. The eikonal equation can also be solved directly without rays. This includes recent finitedifference methods for traveltimes. These methods avoid the ambiguity of multivalued time-fields by tracking only minimum traveltimes. The direct, numerical solution of the eikonal equation is illustrated by several examples using forward and reverse propagation of ’curved wavefronts. From these examples, it is shown that first-arrival wavefronts are generally non-reversible. This is relevant for tomographic applications which often use only first-arrival information. In order to obtain unique reverse propagation, multi-valued traveltimes must be accounted for. This is similar to difficulties encountered in traveltime inversion for 1-D structure when only first-arrivals are used.
Noise Scaling of Symbolic Dynamics Entropies

An increasing body of experimental evidence supports the belief that random behavior observed in a wide variety of physical systems is due to underlying deterministic dynamics on a low-dimensional chaotic attractor. The behavior exhibited by a chaotic attractor is predictable on short time scales and unpredictable (random) on long time scales. The unpredictability, and so the attractor’s degree of chaos, is effectively measured by the entropy. Symbolic dynamics is the application of information theory to dynamical systems. It provides experimentally applicable techniques to compute the entropy, and also makes precise the difficulty of constructing predictive models of chaotic behavior. Furthermore, symbolic dynamics offers methods to distinguish the features of different kinds of randomness that may be simultaneously present in any data set: chaotic dynamics, noise in the measurement process, and fluctuations in the environment.
Feasibility of using the Omaha System to represent public health nurse manager interventions.

Objective: To test the feasibility of representing public health nurse (PHN) manager interventions using a recognized standardized nursing terminology. Design and Sample: A nurse manager in a Midwest local public health agency documented nurse manager interventions using the Omaha System for 5 months. Analytic Strategy: The data were analyzed and the results were compared with the results from a parallel analysis of existing PHN intervention data. Results: Interventions for 79 “clients” (projects, teams, or individuals) captured 76% of recorded work hours, and addressed 43% of Omaha System problems. Most problems were addressed at the “community” level (87.1%) versus the “individual” level (12.9%). Conclusions: Nursing practice differed between the 2 knowledge domains of public health family home visiting nursing and public health nursing management. Standardized nursing terminologies have the potential to represent, describe, and quantify nurse manager interventions for future evaluation and research.
Boundaries and student self‐disclosure in authentic, integrated learning activities and assignments

How do we navigate the boundary challenges that arise when activities and assignments that are intended to foster and assess authentic and integrated student learning result in students disclosing private information?
Simulation modeling to determine herd-level predictive values and sensitivity based on individual-animal test sensitivity and specificity and sample size

Abstract Serologic testing for porcine parvovirus was used to illustrate the difficulties of interpreting results of an imperfect test performed on a sample from a herd. Herd seroprevalence and true prevalence levels were classified as low (
Text Segmentation for MRC Document Compression

The mixed raster content (MRC) standard (ITU-T T.44) specifies a framework for document compression which can dramatically improve the compression/quality tradeoff as compared to traditional lossy image compression algorithms. The key to MRC compression is the separation of the document into foreground and background layers, represented as a binary mask. Therefore, the resulting quality and compression ratio of a MRC document encoder is highly dependent upon the segmentation algorithm used to compute the binary mask. In this paper, we propose a novel multiscale segmentation scheme for MRC document encoding based upon the sequential application of two algorithms. The first algorithm, cost optimized segmentation (COS), is a blockwise segmentation algorithm formulated in a global cost optimization framework. The second algorithm, connected component classification (CCC), refines the initial segmentation by classifying feature vectors of connected components using an Markov random field (MRF) model. The combined COS/CCC segmentation algorithms are then incorporated into a multiscale framework in order to improve the segmentation accuracy of text with varying size. In comparisons to state-of-the-art commercial MRC products and selected segmentation algorithms in the literature, we show that the new algorithm achieves greater accuracy of text detection but with a lower false detection rate of nontext features. We also demonstrate that the proposed segmentation algorithm can improve the quality of decoded documents while simultaneously lowering the bit rate.
ROBOTIC PHYSICAL EXERCISE AND SYSTEM (ROPES): A CABLE-DRIVEN ROBOTIC REHABILITATION SYSTEM FOR LOWER-EXTREMITY MOTOR THERAPY

Assisted motor therapies play a critical role in enhancing the functional musculoskeletal recovery and neurological rehabilitation. Our focus here is to assist the performance of repetitive motor-therapy of the human lower limbs ‐ in both the sagittal and frontal planes. Hence, in this paper, we develop a lightweight, reconfigurable hybrid (articulated-multibody and cable) based robotic rehabilitative device as a surrogate for a human physiotherapists and analyze feasibility and performance. A hybrid cable-actuated articulated multibody system is formed when multiple cables are attached from a ground-frame to various locations on the lower limbs. The combined system now features multiple holonomic cable-loop-closure constraints acting on a tree-structured multibody system. Hence the paper initially focuses on developing the Newton-Euler dynamic equilibrium equations of the cable-driven lower limbs to develop a symbolic analysis framework. The desired motion for the proposed rehabilitative exercise are prescribed based upon normative subjects motion patterns. Trajectory-tracking within this system is realized by a position-based impedance controller in task-space and a feedback-linearized PD controllers in joint-space. Careful coordination of the multiple cable-motors are now necessary in order to achieve the co-robotic control of the overall system, avoiding development of internal stresses and ensuring continued satisfaction of the unilateral cable-tension constraints throughout the workspace. This is now evaluated via a simulation case-study and development of a physical testbed is underway.
An Analysis of Graft-Versus-Host Disease in Syrian Hamsters

SUMMARYThe hematological changes secondary to graft-versus-host (GVH) disease in adult F1 hybrid Syrian hamsters comprise diffuse and nonspecific hematopoietic stimulation followed by moderate to severe bone marrow suppression from which some animals recover. Although bone marrow insufficiency doubtless contributes to the degree of anemia observed, red cell survival times indicated that hemolysis was also a factor, and preliminary studies suggested that disseminated intravascular coagulation might be the pathogenic mechanism. These findings underscored previous observations that, in hamster GVH disease, destruction of nonlymphoid tissues is procured by immunologically nonspecific means, generally of innocent bystander nature.
Anionization of an antigen promotes glomerular binding and immune complex formation.

Anionization of an antigen promotes glomerular binding and immune complex formation. Bovine serum albumin (BSA, pI 4.9) was maleylated to yield highly anionic MBSA (pI 3.0). Maleylation of BSA lead to an expansion of molecular size of native BSA from an effective molecular radius (EMR) of 37 A to 57 A for MBSA as assessed by gel filtration chromatography. MBSA, but not BSA, bound to the peripheral capillary wall (PCW) and mesangium in vitro in frozen sections, and in vivo following i.v. injection (0.006 mg/g body wt), examined by immunofluorescence. When similarly injected rats or controls were given antibodies to either MBSA or BSA following injection of antigen, immune complexes were observed in glomeruli by immunofluorescence and EM only in MBSA injected rats. Deposits occurred in the mesangium and subendothelium in the PCW. In frozen sections, bound MBSA could be partially removed from tissue sections by high ionic strength buffer. Also, binding of MBSA was diminished by prior treatment of sections with synthetic polyanions. Maleylated bovine gamma-globulin and succinylated BSA showed identical binding patterns as described for MBSA, indicating that binding was not unique to the modified BSA molecule nor to the form of anionization. These results indicate that charge interactions between circulating highly anionic macromolecules and cationic domains within glomerular structures are responsible, in part, for MBSA binding and subsequent localization of immune complexes. Furthermore, it is inferred that the selective binding of MBSA to glomeruli and formation of immune complexes occurred by a mechanism not related to difference in size between MBSA and BSA. These findings are different from conventionally understood charge interactions in glomerular immune complex formation.
A Severe, Unusual Reaction to Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole in Patients Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus

The clinical features of three patients with a life-threatening reaction to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ) are presented along with seven other cases from the literature. All patients developed sudden fever and hypotension immediately after the administration of TMP-SMZ; usually this reaction occurred within approximately 2 weeks of completion of a previous course of the drug. All but one patient had a rash. Most patients were hypoxemic and developed diffuse pulmonary infiltrates. All patients responded rapidly to supportive care, while bacterial cultures remained negative. The presence, absence, or character of previous adverse reactions to TMP-SMZ did not predict subsequent severe reactions. Although its mechanism remains unclear, this reaction has features of both IgE-mediated anaphylaxis and cytokine (tumor necrosis factor)-mediated effects. We advise extreme caution, with close observation, when this drug is first readministered to patients who have experienced any TMP-SMZ-associated toxicity within the previous 6-8 weeks.
Some Simple Methods of Land Reclamation in Mining Subsidence Area

The mining subsidence is one of the most popular geologic hazard that influences our lives and constructions in the country,the main problem caused by mining subsidence is the decrease of land resource,which not only affect agriculture,but also bring negative effect to mining.It is necessary to carry through reclamation.In this paper,the authors introduce some methods of reclamation,the effect of these methods are obvious.The area of plantation increases,the function of plantation resumes,which brings good social benefit and environment benefit.
Inflammatory Bowel Disease After 1932

The clinical diseases of ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) were defined by 1932-1933. After that, the major conceptual developments were the recognition that regional enteritis could clearly involve the colon, and that cancer and toxic megacolon could occur in both CD and UC. In the last half of the 20th century the main thrust of gastroenterology at The Mount Sinai Hospital has been in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), with contributions to extra-intestinal manifestations, measurement of clinical activity in CD, the natural history of the placebo arm of controlled trials, complications and therapy with corticosteroids, 5-ASA, 6-mercaptopurine, immunomodulators and cyclosporine. Actuarial life tables were introduced for postoperative recurrence and re-operation rates, as well as for quality of life analysis. Two forms of CD were defined, perforating and non-perforating, and the role of the fecal stream was explored in light of the higher risk of recurrence after operations with anastomosis as compared with ileocolostomy.
Poverty, Stress, and Chronic Illness Management

The burden of illness and the costs of nonadherence fall hardest on impoverished children, who often lack the social, financial, and environmental resources to allow them and their families to manage a chronic illness effectively. Poverty is a societal issue that has plagued humans from the earliest days of civilization, and by many accounts it has gotten worse over the past 10 years in the US. As such, many healthcare providers despair of ever helping their poorest patients struggling with adherence. In this chapter we review the barriers to adherence faced by these vulnerable families, and then discuss their differential exposure to social and environmental stress, which in the worst cases can become “toxic,” severely limiting the ability to care for day to day needs. We review the evidence on toxic stress and its implications for chronic illness management. The chapter concludes with a discussion of ways to ameliorate the impact of chronic stress, and the potential of these strategies to improve the adherence and well-being of impoverished children.
The Complexity of Gender: It Is All That and More….In sum, It Is Complicated

This commentary responds to “Two Traditions of Research on Gender Identity,” where Wood and Eagly (2015) discussed two traditions of research on gender identity: gender self-categorization and gender-typed traits. This commentary replies, with a focus on research and theory from the U.S., by noting the importance of each approach, but more importantly, by noting the areas of gender identity not addressed by Wood and Eagly. Issues of complexity discussed include the multidimensional nature of gender, the limitations of the gender binary system, intersectionality, and the developmental context. Also, this commentary provides advice for incorporating the developmental context in research on gender identity. The commentary concludes by discussing the usefulness of qualitative research methodologies for incorporating other complexities in research, but also notes the need for innovation in methodology to better reflect the complex nature of gender in research.
Multistep process to produce fermentable sugars and lignosulfonates from softwood enzymolysis residues

The residual solids from enzymatic hydrolysis are usually burned to produce energy and have been explored as a feedstock for various products including activated carbon and lignin based polymers. These products require additional procedures unrelated to the existing biorefinery equipment. In the current study, we proposed successive sulfite treatments to utilize the enzymolysis residues for producing fermentable sugars and lignosulfonates. Two sulfite methods were compared as an initial pretreatment. It was found that the acid bisulfite treatment achieved higher hemicellulose removal (90%), while neutral sulfite resulted in higher lignin removal (50%) and a greater lignosulfonate yield (26.6 g from 100 g raw material). Overall, the acid bisulfite treatment resulted in 66% glucan conversion by enzymatic hydrolysis, whereas it was only 37% for the neutral sulfite method. In addition, the neutral sulfite pretreated wood reached 80% of the maximum sugar yield after 6 h of enzymatic hydrolysis, whereas it was ...
Niche specificities of eleotrid fishes in a tropical estuary

Five species belonging to the teleost fish family Eleotridae (sleepers) are known to coexist in the Tortuguero estuary of Caribbean Costa Rica and adjacent estuaries. Three of these forms, Dormitator maculatus , Eleotris amblyopsis , and Gobiomorus dormitor are found amongst the root masses of water hyacinths along the borders of the lower estuary. The study was carried out to determine how these forms divide their environmental resources to avoid competition. Field investigations were carried out at Tortuguero in September of 1977. Results suggest that Eleotris amblyopsis is the dominant species in the hyacinth root masses and is largely carnivorous, feeding on invertebrates and larval fishes. Only small individuals of Dormitator milculatus are found in this habitat and these forms utilize plant materials in addition to invertebrates. Gobiomorus has feeding habits similar to E. amblyopsis but occupies benthic areas sheltered by the hyacinth mats. A fourth eleotrid in the system, Eleotris pisonis , has food habits similar to E. amblyopsis , but appears restricted to fresh-water tributarics of the estuarine system where E. amblyopsis is less abundant. The fifth eleotrid species, Leptophilypnus fluviatilis , appears to inhabit benthic arcasof the lower estuary, but is extremely uncommon in this system.
Metabolic and Genetic Liver Diseases: Urea Cycle Defects

The urea cycle is series of enzymatic reactions converting highly toxic ammonia into less toxic urea. Ammonia is a ubiquitous byproduct of amino acid metabolism. The urea cycle takes place exclusively in the liver. Although ammonia can be toxic to all tissues, brain is the most prominent target of ammonia toxicity. Acute encephalopathy is associated with astrocyte edema without axonal damage. Severe or prolonged hyperammonemia ultimately leads to progressive irreversible changes in the brain characterized by cortical and brain stem gliosis and neuronal atrophy. Management of urea cycle defects revolves around nitrogen metabolism. Clinicians should monitor nitrogen intake (protein, amino acids), nitrogen retention (appropriate growth), and nitrogen excretion (ammonia, glutamine). Ammonia scavengers can be used in the treatment of acute hyperammonemia.