cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Irradiation-induced telomerase activity and the risk of lung cancer: a pilot case-control study.

BACKGROUND. Telomerase activity is undetectable in most normal somatic cells, but is up-regulated by various mechanisms during tumorigenesis. Telomerase activation enables cells to overcome replicative senescence and maintain telomere stability during cell proliferation. The aim of the study was to evaluate the association between irradiation-induced telomerase activity and the risk of lung cancer. METHODS. A case-control design was used that measured the baseline and γ-radiation-induced telomerase activity in cultured peripheral blood lymphocytes from 44 lung cancer patients and 44 healthy controls. The associations between γ-radiation-inducible telomerase activity and the risk of lung cancer were then analyzed. RESULTS. The baseline telomerase activity was lower in cases than in controls (0.956 vs 1.222, P = .126). After γ-radiation the telomerase activity in cases experienced a significant increase over baseline (1.480 vs 0.956, P < .001); the telomerase activity in controls also increased, but on a smaller scale (1.485 vs 1.222, P = .0025). The relative γ-radiation-induced telomerase activity, defined as the ratio of the net increase of telomerase activity (γ-radiation induced minus baseline) to the baseline telomerase activity, was significantly higher in cases than in controls (0.730 vs 0.224, P = .0003). When dichotomized, the subjects at the 75th percentile of the relative γ-radiation-induced telomerase activity in controls, a higher ratio was associated with a significantly increased lung cancer risk (odds ratio [OR], 4.71, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.37, 16.21). Moreover, a dose response was observed between the relative γ-radiation-induced telomerase activity and lung cancer risk. Compared with individuals with the lowest tertile of the relative γ-radiation-induced telomerase activity, individuals with the second and the highest tertiles of the relative telomerase activity exhibited significantly elevated risks of lung cancer, with adjusted ORs of 12.58 (95% CI: 1.08, 146.86) and 31.08 (95% CI: 2.71, 356.81), respectively (P for trend <.001). CONCLUSIONS. The pilot-case control study suggested that the γ-radiation-induced telomerase activation is associated with a significantly increased risk of developing lung cancer. Larger case-control studies and prospective studies are needed to confirm the findings. Cancer 2007 © 2007 American Cancer Society.
GC-rich flanking tracts decrease the kinetics of intramolecular DNA triplex formation.

The effect of the base composition of flanking sequences on DNA intramolecular triplex formation was investigated in negatively supercoiled plasmids. The rates of triplex formation at two oligopurine.oligopyrimidine inserts with interrupting sequences in plasmids containing AT- or GC-rich flanking sequences were compared as a function of temperature, pH, and negative superhelical density. The kinetics of the transition of linear B-DNA to triplex (also called H-DNA) were influenced by all of these factors; triplexes were formed slower in a GC-rich background than in an AT-rich background. However, at equilibrium, the same amounts of the triplexes in AT- or GC-rich contexts were formed, and the conformations adopted by (GAA)4TTCGC(GAA)4 showed the canonical intramolecular triplex as mapped with chemical probes. We propose that the GC-rich segments caused this effect by thermodynamically clamping the DNA inserts, since the dependence of kinetics on base composition disappeared in tetraalkylammonium ions which eliminate the dependence of helix-coil transitions on base composition. The dependence of the kinetics of intramolecular triplex formation on flanking sequences further strengthens the concept of the role of DNA as a dynamic participant in cellular events.
The Pleasures and Pains of Information

Information serves not only as an input into decision-making, but is a source of pleasure and pain in its own right. This has diverse consequences for human decision-making.
Paediatric acid-base disorders: A case-based review of procedures and pitfalls

Acid-base disorders occur frequently in paediatric patients. Despite the perception that their analysis is complex and difficult, a straightforward set of rules is sufficient to interpret even the most complex disorders - provided certain pitfalls are avoided. Using a case-based approach, the present article reviews the fundamental concepts of acid-base analysis and highlights common mistakes and oversights. Specific topics include the proper identification of the primary disorder; distinguishing compensatory changes from additional primary disorders; use of the albumin-corrected anion gap to generate a differential diagnosis for patients with metabolic acidosis; screening for mixed disorders with the delta-delta formula; recognizing the limits of compensation; use of the anion gap to identify 'hidden' acidosis; and the importance of using information from the history and physical examination to identify the specific cause of a patient's acid-base disturbance.
Comparison of neural network architectures for the modeling of robot inverse kinematics

Describes the use of neural networks to model the inverse kinematics of robot manipulators, including a redundant manipulator The use of multiple cooperating networks for the overall modeling of inverse kinematics was explored. A variety of network architectures was used, and their performance was compared. Neural networks were also used to train robots in specified obstacle-avoidance trajectories.
On the size distribution of cloud holes in stratocumulus and their relationship to cloud‐top entrainment

[1] The relationship between cloud-top entrainment and cloud hole size at the top of stratocumulus clouds is explored with large-eddy simulations and a Lagrangian parcel tracking model. The cloud-hole size distribution follows a negative power law, in excellent agreement with satellite observation at 15 m resolution. As a result of the steep decrease in the number of holes with increasing size, the number of entrained Lagrangian parcels also decreases with increasing hole size (negative power law), even though the number of entrainment events per hole increases with increasing hole size (positive power law). Thus, entrainment preferentially occurs in small holes. Further analysis shows that the domain averaged entrainment velocity is a reasonable approximation to the domain averaged cloud-hole vertical velocity, and dominated by contributions from the small holes.
Recent Advances in the Physiology of Drought Stress Effects on Symbiotic N2 Fixation in Soybean

Oxygen limitation, feedback regulation by ureide accumulation, and carbon shortage, are considered in the present research as three key mechanisms affecting nitrogen fixation in response to drought stress. The interaction of nodule permeability to O2 and drought stress on N2 fixation was examined in soybean nodules, and led to the overall conclusion that 02 limitation seems to be involved only in the initial stages of water deficit stresses in decreasing nodule activity. The involvement of ureides in the drought response of N2 fixation was initially suspected by an increased ureide concentration in shoots and nodules under drought leading to a negative feedback response between ureides and nodule activity. A direct evidence for inhibition of nitrogenase activity by ureides supported this hypothesis. The carbon shortage hypothesis was investigated by 14C labeling and by studying the combined effects of CO2 enrichment and water deficits on nodulation and N2 fixation in soybean. Under drought, in a genotype with drought tolerant N2 fixation, approximately four times the amount of 14C was allocated to nodules compared to a drought sensitive genotype. It was found that an important effect of CO2 enrichment of soybean under drought was an enhancement of photoassimilation, an increased partitioning of carbon to nodules, whose main effect was to sustain nodule growth, which helped sustain N2 rates under soil water deficits. We conclude that all three mechanisms are important in understanding the response of N2 fixation to soil drying.
Training model for laparoscopic Heller and Dor fundoplication: a tool for laparoscopic skills training and assessment—construct validity using the GOALS score

Laparoscopic training demands practice. The transfer of laparoscopic skills from training models to real surgical procedures has been proven. The global operative assessment of laparoscopic skills (GOALS) score is a 5-item global rating scale developed to evaluate laparoscopic skills by direct observation. This scale has been used to demonstrate construct validity of several laparoscopic training models. Here, we present a low-cost model of laparoscopic Heller–Dor for advanced laparoscopic training. The aim of this study was to determine the capability of a training model for laparoscopic Heller–Dor to discriminate between different levels of laparoscopic expertise. The performance of two groups with different levels of expertise, novices ( 300 laparoscopic procedures PGY4-5) was assessed. All participants were instructed to perform two tasks (esophageal myotomy and fundoplication). All the performances were recorded in a digital format. A laparoscopic expert who was blinded to subject’s identity evaluated the recordings using the GOALS score. Autonomy, one of the five items of GOALS, was removed since the evaluator and the trainee did not have interaction. The time required to finish each task was also recorded. Performance was compared using the Mann–Whitney U test (p < 0.05 was significant). Twenty subjects were evaluated: ten in each group, using the GOALS score. The mean total GOALS score for novices was 7.5 points (SD: 1.64) and 13.9 points (SD: 1.66) for experts (p < 0.05).The expert group was superior in each domain of the GOALS score compared to novices: depth perception (mean: 3.3 vs 2 p < 0.05), bimanual dexterity (mean 3.4 vs 2.1 p < 0.05), efficiency (mean 3.4 vs 1.7 p < 0.05) and tissue handling (mean 3.6 vs 1.7 p < 0.05). With regard to time, experts were superior in task 1 (mean 9.7 vs 14.9 min p < 0.05) and task 2 (mean 24 vs 47.1 min p < 0.05) compared to novices. The laparoscopic Heller–Dor training model has construct validity. The model may be used as a tool for training of the surgical resident.
Comparison of inversion-recovery methods for measuring longitudinal relaxation rates

The most common experiment for determining T1 is the inversion-recovery sequence: 180° - τ −90°-acquire. The advantage is a large range of peak intensity change (theoretically −1 to +1), and the penalty is the requirement for collecting many long-τ spectra to establish precisely the equilibrium magnetization value, M(∞). A modification of inversion-recovery: 180° - τ −90° -acquire (+) - wait −90° - acquire(−) - wait, offers the same range of intensity change (2 to 0) but relaxes the requirement for many long-τ spectra, since M(∞) = 0. A more fundamental advantage is a reduction in the number of adjustable parameters in the fit, thereby making the detection and analysis of nonexponential relaxation more straightforward than for traditional inversion-recovery data. Nonexponential behavior is fairly common in solid-state NMR, and this “exponential decay to zero” approach is useful in cross-polarization and single-pulse modes.
The immunology of parasite infections in immunocompromised hosts

Immune compromise can modify the severity and manifestation of some parasitic infections. More widespread use of newer immnosuppressive therapies, the growing population of individuals with immunocompromised states as well as the prolonged survival of these patients have altered the pattern of parasitic infection. This review article discusses the burden and immunology of parasitic infections in patients who are immunocompromised secondary to congenital immunodeficiency, malnutrition, malignancy, and immunosuppressive medications. This review does not address the literature on parasitic infections in the setting of HIV-1 infection.
Minimum Spanning Trees on Random Networks

We show that the geometry of minimum spanning trees (MST) on random graphs is universal. Because of this geometric universality, we are able to characterize the energy of MST using a scaling distribution $[P(\ensuremath{\epsilon})]$ found using uniform disorder. We show that the MST energy for other disorder distributions is simply related to $P(\ensuremath{\epsilon})$. We discuss the relationship to invasion percolation, to the directed polymer in a random media, to uniform spanning trees, and also the implications for the broader issue of universality in disordered systems.
Bridge aerodynamics and aeroelasticity: A comparison of modeling schemes

Abstract Accurate modeling of wind-induced loads on bridge decks is critical to ensure the functionality and survivability of long-span bridges. Over the last few decades, several schemes have emerged to model bridge behavior under winds from an aerodynamic/aeroelastic perspective. A majority of these schemes rely on the quasi-steady (QS) theory. This paper systematically compares and assesses the efficacy of five analytical models available in the literature with a new model presented herein. These models include: QS theory-based model, corrected QS theory-based model, linearized QS theory-based model, semi-empirical linear model, hybrid model, and the proposed modified hybrid model. The ability of these models to capture fluid memory and nonlinear effects either individually or collectively is examined. In addition, their ability to include the effects of turbulence in the approach flow on the bridge behavior is assessed. All models are compared in a consistent manner by utilizing the time domain approach. The underlying role of each model in capturing the physics of bridge behavior under winds is highlighted and the influence of incoming turbulence and its interaction with the bridge deck is examined. A discussion is included that focuses on a number of critical parameters pivotal to the effectiveness of corresponding models.
Crack detection in fastener holes using surface acoustic wave

This paper presents an investigation of the monitoring of cracks at the edge of fastener holes on plates using an ultrasonic pulse-echo technique. Our studies show that, if the surface of the plate surrounding the hold is free, an acoustic wave on the surface of the plate is able to detect the cracks located in an arc of 60 degree(s). When the inner surface of the hole is free, surface acoustic waves on the inner surface are alternate choices. For the case when all these surfaces are in tight contact with other parts, hence unavailable for mounting transducers, a particular type of Lamb wave mode is presented.
Temperature dependence of sharp line photoluminescence in GaAsAl0.25Ga0.75As multiple quantum well structures

Abstract Photoluminescence properties of sharp emission lines (the heavy- and light-hole excitons, the excitons bound to neutral donor and acceptor, and the heavy hole-to-neutral donor transition) present in high quality GaAsAl0.25Ga0.75As multiple-quantum well structures have been determined as a function of temperature from 2 to 296 K. The four multiple- quantum well structures studied each consist of 100, 200, 300 and 400 A GaAs wells separated by 100 A Al0.25Ga0.75As barriers. The exciton bound to a neutral donor located at the center of the well is suggested to be the predominant photoluminescence emission in the temperature range of 2–296 K. The photoluminescence in the peak region consists mainly of the heavy-hole exciton and donor-bound excitons.
Weekly clinical synopsis: Piloting an innovative clinical teaching strategy

Clinical educators often struggle to provide ongoing and timely feedback to students. This article describes an innovative clinical teaching strategy, “weekly clinical synopsis” (WCS) which was piloted with four clinical groups (n = 30). The premise of the WCS was based on Hysong, Best, and Pugh’s model of actionable feedback. Both quantitative and qualitative findings complemented each other. Quantitatively, three WCS items were significant. Seeing others’ accomplishments did not motivate students although some thought it helped them think about broadening their clinical accomplishments. The WCS significantly helped students to focus and complete assignments on time. Due to the nature of clinical feedback, some students were uncomfortable sharing their accomplishments. Qualitatively, students shared that the WCS created a connection between student and educator, provided a structure for clinical assignment, assisted in developing clinical goals, and limited a need to discuss clinical assignments. The WCS’s strengths outweighed its limitations, and should be further tested.
Of lessees, lessors, and discount rates and whether pigs have wings

Abstract Recent articles on leasing suggest five principles that should aid analysts to understand this durable, much misunderstood financial instrument. The principles are 1) the lessor must be happy too, 2) the operating inflows have nothing to do with the case, 3) financial, like physical, matter tends to be preserved, 4) debt is a function of after-tax flows, and 5) inability to use tax shelters cuts two ways. In this paper we illustrate these principles and use illustrations to demonstrate that each of these principles has merit. We argue as well that the impression, often left by the principles, that leasing seldom benefits all parties to the transaction is incorrect.
Unusual videourodynamic finding: Massive scrotal cystocele

Urinary bladder involvement within inguinal hernias occurs in up to 4% of patients. However, massive extension of the bladder into the scrotum, or scrotal cystocele, is very rare, with less than 30 reported cases. The presenting symptoms vary. Most patients will have some element of voiding dysfunction. However, some patients will present with renal failure, sepsis, or bladder necrosis, although others will remain asymptomatic. 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 We report a patient who presented with irritative voiding symptoms and a large, right-sided hydrocele. On evaluation of his voiding symptoms, he was found to have a large scrotal cystocele.
Analysis of the conceptual structure and reasoning demands of elementary science texts at the primary (K-3) level

Eleven elementary science texts commonly used in the nation's schools were examined in terms of conceptual structure and reasoning demands of the texts. Specifically, one primary level (K–3) unit was randomly selected for analysis. Concept maps were drawn and evaluated, and the propositions between concepts were examined in terms of the Piagetian mental schema needed for comprehension. Results show that (1) concept maps and therefore the conceptual structures for a unit on air and/or weather vary widely across texts; (2) all but two conceptual structures are well defined, in that a single concept or group of concepts is not isolated from the total framework; (3) the reasoning needed to comprehend the between-individual concepts is concrete, in that classificational, interactional, and direct observational reasoning are necessary; and (4) these reasoning demands are above the developmental capabilities of a large segment of primary-level children, who function in the preoperational stage. Discussion of the results focuses on the kind of science that is appropriate for primary-level youngsters.
Battling Immune Kinases in Plants

As part of innate immune signaling, plants employ a suite of receptors, kinases, and resistance proteins to recognize pathogen-derived effector proteins. In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe , Zhang et al. provide evidence refining the link between multiple layers of defense signaling in response to bacterial pathogen infection.
Origin of anomalous polarization offsets in compositionally graded Pb(Zr, Ti)O3 thin films

Ferroelectric films with composition gradients normal to the substrate have recently been reported to exhibit anomalously large polarization offsets when hysteresis loops are driven with an ac voltage and measured using a Sawyer–Tower (ST) circuit. These offsets have been reported in graded Pb(Zr, Ti)O3 (over 400 μC/cm2) and graded (Ba, Sr)TiO3 (30 μC/cm2) films. In this work, it was found that the offset observed in graded Pb(Zr, Ti)O3 films can be attributed to development of a dc voltage across the ac-voltage driven film, rather than a polarization offset. Recognition of this result reduces these previously reported offset values by a factor of Cs/Cref, where Cref and Cs are the reference and sample capacitances, respectively, used in the ST circuit. These dc-voltage offsets still represent a phenomenon which may lead to novel device applications.
Electrochemiluminescence of Tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium in Water at Carbon Microelectrodes.

Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) of Ru(bpy)32+ in water only, without any added electrolyte or reducing agents, has been obtained at carbon interdigitated microelectrode arrays (C-IDAs) of 2 μm width and spacing. In a generation/collection biasing mode, ECL can be clearly seen with the naked eye in normal room lighting at concentrations greater than 1 mM. Using a conventional photomultiplier tube (PMT), a detection limit of 10-7 M Ru(bpy)32+ has been achieved for an electrode area of 0.25 mm2. In comparison, the ECL intensity produced at Pt-IDA of the same geometry, under identical experimental conditions, was more than 300 times less. The ECL obtained at C-IDAs is attributed to the annihilation reaction of the reduced and oxidized forms of the Ru(bpy)32+ made possible due to the small electrode spacing.
Cyclic GMP-dependent Protein Kinase Iα Inhibits Thrombin Receptor-mediated Calcium Mobilization in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

Vascular smooth muscle contractile state is regulated by intracellular calcium levels. Nitric oxide causes vascular relaxation by stimulating production of cyclic GMP, which activates type I cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKGI) in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC), inhibiting agonist-induced intracellular Ca2+ mobilization ([Ca2+]i). The relative roles of the two PKGI isozymes, PKGIalpha and PKGIbeta, in cyclic GMP-mediated inhibition of [Ca2+]i in VSMCs are unclear. Here we have investigated the ability of PKGI isoforms to inhibit [Ca2+]i in response to VSMC activation. Stable Chinese hamster ovary cell lines expressing PKGIalpha or PKGIbeta were created, and the ability of PKGI isoforms to inhibit [Ca2+]i in response to thrombin receptor stimulation was examined. In Chinese hamster ovary cells stably expressing PKGIalpha or PKGIbeta, 8-Br-cGMP activation suppressed [Ca2+]i by thrombin receptor activation peptide (TRAP) by 98 +/- 1 versus 42 +/- 5%, respectively (p <0.002). Immunoblotting studies of cultured human VSMC cells from multiple sites using PKGIalpha- and PKGIbeta-specific antibodies showed PKGIalpha is the predominant VSMC PKGI isoform. [Ca2+]i following thrombin receptor stimulation was examined in the absence or presence of cyclic GMP in human coronary VSMC cells (Co403). 8-Br-cGMP significantly inhibited TRAP-induced [Ca2+]i in Co403, causing a 4-fold increase in the EC50 for [Ca2+]i. In the absence of 8-Br-cGMP, suppression of PKGIalpha levels by RNA interference (RNAi) led to a significantly greater TRAP-stimulated rise in [Ca2+]i as compared with control RNAi-treated Co403 cells. In the presence of 8-Br-cGMP, the suppression of PKGIalpha expression by RNAi led to the complete loss of cGMP-mediated inhibition of [Ca2+]i. Adenoviral overexpression of PKGIbeta in Co403 cells was unable to alter TRAP-stimulated Ca2+ mobilization either before or after suppression of PKGIalpha expression by RNAi. These results support that PKGIalpha is the principal cGMP-dependent protein kinase isoform mediating inhibition of VSMC activation by the nitric oxide/cyclic GMP pathway.
iPSCs to the Rescue in Alzheimer's Research

A crucial limitation to our understanding of Alzheimer's disease has been the inability to test hypotheses on live, patient-specific neurons. A recent study in Nature by Israel et al. (2012) reports that iPSC-derived neurons from AD patients recapitulate multiple aspects of disease pathology.
Damped structure is a friendly structure

Generalizations are drawn for passive viscoelastic damping both alone and in conjunction with active control for vibration suppression. There are many high payoff applications where passive damping has played a vital role in suppressing vibration and noise. Many studies have shown that passive damping can greatly decrease the size and power required and increase the robustness of active control systems. There is a strong synergism with passive damping and active control. Structural identification with its largely unrecognized challenges is discussed. In particular, the case of high modal density is covered. The results of several analytic studies are summarized together with selected experimental results. Passive damping has been shown to remove large amounts of vibratory energy, lower the response of the structure to excitation, stabilize any active control system, and make an active system more robust. For extremely challenging vibration suppression requirements, an optimum blend of active and passive is the only practical approach.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Vector-based analysis for polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography

A vector-based analysis is presented for polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) that yields diattenuation, birefringence, and relative optic axis orientation. Experimental confirmation is demonstrated by comparing the calculated diattenuation of chicken tendon and muscle to independent measurement. The diattenuation of the retinal nerve fiber layer of the superior region of a human retina is also calculated.
The gecko visual pigments. I. The thermosensitive property.

Abstract The photosensitive retinal pigments of geckos extracted into aqueous digitonin solutions are characterized by an especially high sensitivity to temperature. Unlike frog rhodopsin, these pigments are bleached when the temperature is raised from 5°C. Even an increase of 5–10°C, produces some bleaching. The effect of a step increase in temperature is to bleach away the pigment to some equilibrium level depending on the magnitude of the temperature increase. Restoring the temperature back to 5°C results in a rapid regeneration of photopigment, often completely reversible. The loss and regeneration of pigment density follows closely the change in temperature, being, in effect, a thermometric property. This behavior of the gecko pigments follows temperatures up to about 30°C. Above 30°C other effects apparently occur which remain to be studied in detail. The action of these mild temperatures has been hypothesized to be an attack on the opsin, changing its conformation in an easily reversible manner. No isomerization of the 11- cis retinal is conceived to occur. This hypothesis supports the idea of an effect of mild heat quite different from light and also different from the action of higher temperatures. The former is considered to lead to isomerization as a primary process while the latter is usually viewed as resulting in a denaturation of the visual protein. The unique thermal lability of the gecko photopigments suggests that these substances may be of special value in the study of certain chemical and biological problems in visual science.
Using AVO Inversion Techniques to Model an Amplitude Anomaly Prior to Drilling

Due to the limited information available, the starting Pwave velocity model is estimated using stacking velocity time/depth pairs, and then refined to match near offset traces using generalized linear inversion. Starting S-wave velocity models are then estimated using trend curves producing Poisson’s ratios suitable for total brine saturation and for hydrocarbon saturation. By varying the Poisson’s ratio within the zone of interest and by testing wavelets of varying phase, different hypotheses, such as the presence or absence of hydrocarbons can be thoroughly examined.
Coccidioidomycosis in persons infected with HIV type 1

Coccidioidomycosis is a recognized opportunistic infection among persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Early in the HIV epidemic, most cases presented as overwhelming diffuse pulmonary disease with a high mortality rate. Although these cases are still seen, patients without significant immunodeficiency frequently present with a community-acquired pneumonia syndrome. Diagnosis can be established by cytological staining, culture, or serologic testing. All patients with HIV infection and symptomatic coccidioidomycosis should be treated with antifungal therapy. Severe cases frequently require a combination of therapy with amphotericin B and a triazole antifungal. Therapy for at least 1 year is recommended, but for patients with a focal pulmonary infection and peripheral blood CD4 lymphocyte counts of >250 cells/microL, it may be reasonable to stop therapy after this time. Other manifestations of coccidioidomycosis require prolonged therapy, and life-long treatment is recommended for persons with meningitis.
Development of additives possessing both solid-phase and gas-phase flame retardant activities

Effective additives are required to impart a measure of fire retardancy to polymeric materials used in a variety of applications. Traditionally, these have been gas-phase active additives, most commonly organohalogen compounds or solid-phase active agents, often organophosphorus compounds. Organosphosphorus flame retardants are often very effective but may suffer from a cost disadvantage when compared with their organobromine counterparts. Organohalogen flame retardants are usually quite effective but their use is a subject to several environmental concerns. The development of additives that could simultaneously promote both types of fire retardant action could make available flame retardants that are both more cost effective and more environmentally friendly than those currently in use. Several sets of compounds with the potential to display both solid-phase and gas-phase flame retardant activities have been prepared and evaluated.
Sickle and thalassemic erythroid progenitor cells are different from normal

Blood erythroid progenitors (BFU-E) from patients with sickle and thalassemic syndromes were compared with those from normal individuals. The day of maximal colony formation in methyl cellulose was slightly later in the cultures from the patients with hemoglobinopathies than in the normal cultures. The number of colonies/100,000 mononuclear cells was similar in all cultures on day 13, but was higher in the hemoglobinopathy cultures on the day of maximal growth. The number of BFU-E/mL of blood was significantly higher than normal at all times in both sickle cell anemia and thalassemia. The proportional synthesis of γ globin was twice normal in all sickle cultures, and 4 times normal in those from β+-thalassemia. Hemin and interleukin-3 increased the numbers of erythroid colonies in all cultures, but did not consistently alter the globin synthesis patterns. Each progenitor population has a unique pattern in terms of time course, number of BFU-E, and level of γ globin synthesis. These features indicate disti...
Mechanical Characteristics of Superplastic Deformation of AZ31Magnesium Alloy

As the lightest constructional metal on earth, magnesium (and its alloys) offers a great potential for weight reduction in the transportation industry. Many automotive components have been already produced from different magnesium alloys, but they are mainly cast components. Production of magnesium outer body components is still hindered by the material’s inferior ductility at room temperature. Magnesium alloys are usually warm-formed to overcome this problem; however, it was observed that some magnesium alloys exhibits superior ductility and superplastic behavior at higher temperatures. More comprehensive investigation of magnesium’s high temperature behavior is needed for broader utilization of the metal and its alloys. In this work, the high temperature deformation aspects of the AZ31B-H24 commercial magnesium alloy are investigated through a set of uniaxial tensile tests that cover forming temperatures ranging between 23 and 500 °C, and constant true strain rates between 2 × 10−5 and 2.5 × 10−2 s−1. The study targets mainly the superplastic behavior of the alloy, by characterizing flow stress, elongation-to-fracture, and strain rate sensitivity under various conditions. In addition, the initial anisotropy is also investigated at different forming temperatures. The results of these and other mechanical and microstructural tests will be used to develop a microstructure-based constitutive model that can capture the superplastic behavior of the material.
Proteomic characterization of lipid raft proteins in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis mouse spinal cord

Familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) has been linked to mutations in the copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1) gene. The mutant SOD1 protein exhibits a toxic gain-of-function that adversely affects the function of neurons. However, the mechanism by which mutant SOD1 initiates ALS is unclear. Lipid rafts are specialized microdomains of the plasma membrane that act as platforms for the organization and interaction of proteins involved in multiple functions, including vesicular trafficking, neurotransmitter signaling, and cytoskeletal rearrangements. In this article, we report a proteomic analysis using a widely used ALS mouse model to identify differences in spinal cord lipid raft proteomes between mice overexpressing wild-type (WT) and G93A mutant SOD1. In total, 413 and 421 proteins were identified in the lipid rafts isolated from WT and G93A mice, respectively. Further quantitative analysis revealed a consortium of proteins with altered levels between the WT and G93A samples. Functional classification of the 67 altered proteins revealed that the three most affected subsets of proteins were involved in: vesicular transport, and neurotransmitter synthesis and release; cytoskeletal organization and linkage to the plasma membrane; and metabolism. Other protein changes were correlated with alterations in: microglia activation and inflammation; astrocyte and oligodendrocyte function; cell signaling; cellular stress response and apoptosis; and neuronal ion channels and neurotransmitter receptor functions. Changes of selected proteins were independently validated by immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry. The significance of the lipid raft protein changes in motor neuron function and degeneration in ALS is discussed, particularly for proteins involved in vesicular trafficking and neurotransmitter signaling, and the dynamics and regulation of the plasma membrane-anchored cytoskeleton.
Immigrant Professionals, Microaggressions, and Critical Sensemaking in the U.S. Workplace:

This study uses the frameworks of microaggressions and critical sensemaking (CSM) to examine the work realities of immigrant professionals (IPs) in the United States, a context rarely explored in o...
A study of selected physical properties of alkali germanate glasses over wide ranges of composition

Abstract The compositional ranges for various alkali germanate glasses have been explored, with some reaching as high as J =3 (or 75 molar percent alkali oxide), where J is the molar ratio of alkali oxide to germanium oxide. The T g (glass transition temperature) and carbon dioxide retention were found for each sample, while the density was found for the more stable samples. These data were then compared to the previous work that had been done on the alkali silicate and alkali borate families by this lab. It was found that the T g trend in the alkali germanates was similar to that found in the alkali borates due to a change in coordination in each system. Also, the density and T g could be related and explained with an understanding of the coordination of the units present in the glasses. Volumes of the structural units were obtained in the alkali germanate systems and compared with the alkali borates and silicates. In addition, packing fractions of the units were obtained in all three systems. It was found that the silicate units did not have an anomonously large packing fraction of any of its structural units at low alkali concentrations, whereas the germanate octahedral units (N 6 ) and the borate tetrahedral units (f 2 ) did. At high alkali contents the packing fractions were similar in all systems indicating a common effect due to both the formation of non-bridging oxygens and the alkali ions filling space in a random manner.
COMPOSITENESS CONDITIONS FOR PARTICLES WITH IDENTICAL QUANTUM NUMBERS.

We discuss field-theoretic mechanisms by which two particles having identical quantum numbers can be exhibited as composites of other particles. If this can be done, then, contrary to what other authors have asserted, it can be done by letting the composite wave-function renormalization constants tend to zero.
Shifting Foundations of Agricultural Policy Analysis When Risk Markets Are Incomplete: Discussion

In the narrative of the AAEA film shown at the seventy-fifth anniversary meetings, "Challenge and Response in American Agricultural Economics," it was said that the hallmark of the agricultural economics profession is that its members are problem solvers. The Runge and Myers paper is in keeping with that tradition. They argue for shifts in the foundations of agricultural policy analysis, shifts that are already underway (Gardner et al.). They present an informational perspective on agricultural policy analysis and in doing so raise a number of challenges. Joseph Stiglitz rejects the label "economics of information" because he does not want there to be a distinct branch of economics concentrating on these issues. Rather, he argues for information considerations to be at the center of a wide array of economic analyses. Runge and Myers take up this theme by urging agricultural policy analysts to modify their techniques to explicitly consider the effects of imperfect information and incomplete risk markets. The authors remind us of the constraining assumptions of standard welfare analysis. Some of these assumptions are (a) it assumes an economy with no externalities or public goods; (b) it assumes that there is a complete set of private markets, the workings of which lead to a Pareto-optimal competitive equilibrium; and (c) it assumes perfect information. Quoting Stiglitz, "The competitive paradigm is an artfully constructed structure: when one of the central pieces (the assumption of perfect information) is removed, the structure collapses" (p. 24). Runge and Myers argue for the use of a modified structure for welfare analysis. They do not, however, question whether such a structure is needed. They proceed under the assumption that there is a demand for welfare analysis which will be increased by improving its structure. Two major types of imperfect information are adverse selection and moral hazard. The
Job values, rewards, and work conditions as factors in job satisfaction among men and women.

Sex differences in job satisfaction are explored utilizing data from the National Opinion Research Center (NORC) General Social Surveys, 1974–1982. Theoretically, differences in job satisfaction ar...
Economic Inequality, Legitimacy, and Cross-National Homicide Rates:

This research is concerned with explicating and modeling the causal linkages from economic inequality to homicide among nation-states. Specifically, the authors posit that the effect of economic in...
Social-emotional aspects of male escorting: experiences of men working for an agency.

Social situations and emotional correlates associated with male sex work have not been well documented. Most of the research in this area focuses on sexual activity with little mention of other aspects of the job. Yet, research with female sex workers finds significant social and emotional components to sex work. The current study focused on how male sex workers (MSWs) perceived and adapted to the social–emotional aspects of their job. As part of a larger project examining MSWs working for a single escort agency, 40 men (M age, 22.3 years, 75 % Caucasian) located in the mid-Atlantic U.S. participated in semi-structured interviews. The agency owner was also interviewed. Participants reported a range of social and emotional factors regarding sex work and employed a variety of strategies to provide good customer service and adapt to negative experiences. For most, social support was inhibited due to fear of stigmatization that might result if participants disclosed sex work to significant others outside the agency. Instead, interactions within the agency provided core work-related social support for most MSWs. Emotional and relational tasks inherent to escort work grew easier with experience and negativity about the job declined. Our data suggested that socially connected individuals seemed to be more satisfied with sex work. Social and emotional requirements represented a significant but unanticipated component of male sex work to which escorts actively adapted. Escorting may be similar to other service occupations in terms of the social–emotional situations and skills involved.
Measurement of Temperature-Dependent Stability Constants of Cu(I) and Cu(II) Chloride Complexes by Voltammetry at a Pt Ultramicroelectrode

Cu(II)Cl complexes can undergo stepwise electrochemical reduction to Cu(I)Cl and then to Cu. In this paper, the Nernst equation is used to simultaneously calculate the temperature-dependent stability constants of both mononuclear Cu(II)Cl and Cu(I)Cl complexes for the first time. First, voltammograms were recorded at a Pt ultramicroelectrode (UME) with a variable of free chloride concentration at a given temperature. Using the equilibrium of Ag/AgCl redox couple, the free chloride activities were measured on an Ag electrode in different NaCl solutions, adjusting for the influence of ionic strength. This electrochemical technique was proved to be feasible at 25 and 90 °C. With increasing temperature, the Cu(II)Cl complex favored a lower coordination number and the CuCl2 complex prevailed, whereas the CuCl42– was predicted to be unstable. The CuCl2– and CuCl32– complexes were still the primary species for the Cu(I)Cl complex.
Stimulus coding and selection as a function of response relatedness

Two groups of Ss learned a paired-associate list with stimulus compounds consisting of color frames and CCC trigrams. Responses were words that were related to appropriately coded trigrams in one condition but not in the other. Three subgroups in each condition learned a transfer list having color alone, trigram alone, or trigram-color combinations as stimuli. A significant interaction found in the transfer test indicated that Ss in the related condition had been influenced by the response terms to code and use the trigram components rather than color as the functional stimulus in learning of the list.
On Testing Monotone Tendencies

Abstract : In certain problems, it may be expected that a regression function has a substantial overall tendency to be monotone and yet we may not be certain that all of the restrictions imposed by a simple order are satisfied. Distribution theory for liklihood ratio tests of homogeneity of a collection of normal means when the collection is 'decreasing on the average' and for testing 'decreasing on the average' as a null hypothesis, is presented. The restriction 'decreasing on the average' is less restrictive than the usual monotone restriction and allows the data to give rise to 'reversals' over short ranges of values of the parameter set. It is closely related to the 'starshaped ordering' restriction.
Synthesis of 3,4-Benzo-1,1,2,2-Tetramethyl-1,2-Disilacyclopentene

Abstract Magnesium coupling of 1,2-dichlorotetramethyldisilane and o -bromobenzyl bromide has been found to readily afford 3,4-benzo-1,1,2,2-tetramethyl-1,2-disilacyclopentene. This new ring system undergoes facile oxidation to its corresponding disiloxane.
Enhanced Repair of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament by in Situ Gene Transfer: Evaluation in an in Vitro Model

The inability of the ruptured anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) of the knee joint to heal spontaneously presents numerous clinical problems. Here we describe a novel, gene-based approach to augment ACL healing. It is based upon the migration of cells from the ruptured ends of the ligament into a collagen hydrogel laden with recombinant adenovirus. Cells entering the gel become transduced by the vector, which provides a basis for the local synthesis of gene products that aid repair. Monolayers of bovine ACL cells were readily transduced by first-generation, recombinant adenovirus, and transgene expression remained high after the cells were incorporated into collagen hydrogels. Using an in vitro model of ligament repair, cells migrated from the cut ends of the ACL into the hydrogel and were readily transduced by recombinant adenovirus contained within it. The results of experiments in which GFP was used as the transgene suggest highly efficient transduction of ACL cells in this manner. Moreover, during a 21-day period GFP+ cells were observed more than 6 mm from the severed ligament. This distance is ample for the projected clinical application of this technology. In response to TGF-beta1 as the transgene, greater numbers of ACL cells accumulated in the hydrogels, where they deposited larger amounts of type III collagen. These data confirm that it is possible to transduce ACL cells efficiently in situ as they migrate from the ruptured ACL, that transduction does not interfere with the cells' ability to migrate distances necessary for successful repair, and that ACL cells will respond in a suitable manner to the products of the transgenes they express. This permits optimism over a possible clinical use for this technology.
The decline of fertility in Costa Rica: literacy, modernization and family planning.

Abstract At mid-century when Costa Rica's birth rate was among the world's highest, marked fertility differences were recorded among the country's 68 cantons. Literacy levels and sex ratios largely account for the early differences, which were due to variations both in age at marriage and in marital fertility. Dramatic fertility declines were initiated in the 1960s in cantons in which literacy was higher and overall modernization more advanced. In a second phase, however, fertility in the less modernized cantons declined rapidly, especially where rates of family planning acceptance were high. Costa Rica's unusually high literacy early in the century and more recent gains in post-primary education are suggested as factors which precipitated the initial decline in fertility, with the national family planning programme serving to diffuse fertility control to less developed regions of the country.
Control of the multiferroic transition in Ni 3 V 2 O 8 by transition metal doping

We have studied the effects of doping magnetic ions on the phase transitions in polycrystalline Ni${}_{3}$V${}_{2}$O${}_{8}$ samples using magnetic, dielectric, and specific heat measurements. Substituting spin-1/2 Cu results in a larger suppression of the transition temperatures than observed on doping with spin-3/2 Co. The multiferroic-ordering transition persists at small concentrations for both Co and Cu dopants, with this phase still developing at concentrations of almost 30 at% Co. However, the multiferroic-magnetic structure is completely suppressed at only 10 at% Cu. On the Co-rich side of the composition, we find that the magnetic-ordering temperatures for Co${}_{3}$V${}_{2}$O${}_{8}$ are suppressed rapidly with Ni doping. We present phase diagrams for (Ni${}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$M${}_{x}$)${}_{3}$V${}_{2}$O${}_{8}$ (M = Cu and Co). These studies suggest that the spin structures in Ni${}_{3}$V${}_{2}$O${}_{8}$ responsible for the development of ferroelectric order are relatively robust against perturbations produced by magnetic dopants, with the most significant disruption of the magnetic structure developing for Cu doping.