cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
'We the Peoples': The Global Origins of Constitutional Preambles

We like to think that constitutions are expressions of distinctly national values, speaking for “We the People.” This is especially true of constitutional preambles, which often recount distinct events from national history and speak to national values. This article challenges this popular view by demonstrating the global influences on constitutional preambles. It does so using a new set of tools in linguistic and textual analysis, applied to a database of most constitutional preambles written since 1789. Arguing that legal language can be analogized to memes or genetic material, we analyze “horizontal” transfer of language across countries and “vertical” transfers within a single country over time. We also examine the circumstances in which countries introduce new terms into preambles, showing that countries innovate when neighbors innovate, and that innovations come in global waves. We show that innovation in language is something like punctuated equilibrium within an ecosystem. For long periods of stasis, countries borrow from one another and restrict their language to a set of common terms and phrases. Then, at particular junctures (likely associated with global conflicts), the equilibrium becomes disrupted and a period of innovation ensues. This eventually generates the “new normal” in terms of the set of language that constitutional drafters use. The article provides an example of how text analysis can help us understand the ways in which legal texts are interrelated across space and time.
Generating a Visual Language of Performance-Driven Configurations for the Principal Façade of a Prototype Sustainable House

A performance-driven application of shape grammars is presented. A parametric shape grammar that generates a language of pattern designs for the principal facade of a prototype house—featuring a 5 × 20 matrix of electrochromic windows—based equally on performance and aesthetic criteria is described. The adjustment of the chromatism and light transmittance of each individual windowpane on the facade enables the adjustment of solar radiation at the house interior. The novel aspect of the grammar is that it encodes performance constraints of interior daylight illuminance and associates them to visual, symmetry principles of two-dimensional pattern generation. Twelve parametric rules account for the generation of the facade pattern language and five subclasses account for the symmetry of the patterns in the language.
Managing library innovation using the lean startup method

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to argue the case that libraries should use the lean startup method for developing, managing and launching radically innovative services or products. Design/methodology/approach – Libraries need to innovate but do not have the management structure to handle the extreme uncertainty in implementing radical innovations. This paper examines the lean startup method for managing innovation, explores how it differs from traditional management tools, outlines the reasons for and barriers to innovation in libraries and highlights the new tools required to manage innovation. This paper also discusses the culture of innovation in libraries and how libraries innovate. The lean startup method is examined through the lens of a variety of innovation models. Findings – The lean startup method for managing radical innovations is shown to be a sound alternative to traditional library management methods. Originality/value – This paper is one of the few to examine a practical method for...
Echocardiography in Congestive or Dilated Cardiomyopathy

Echocardiography plays an important role in the evaluation of patients with congestive or dilated cardiomyopathy. Its role in diagnosis consists of demonstration of ventricular and atrial chamber dilation and assessment of left ventricular systolic function. A subgroup of patients with depressed function but with no significant left ventricular dilation are described. Echocardiographic detection of intracavitary thrombi in the left ventricular cavity has a high predictive accuracy in excess of 90%. The pathophysiology of mitral and tricuspid regurgitation in relation to annular size, valve dysfunction, and chamber dilation is readily assessed by two-dimensional echocardiography. The Doppler methods are useful to measure cardiac output, to quantify pulmonary hypertension, and to assess left ventricular systolic and diastolic functional abnormalities. An important role of echocardiography in prognosis relates to predictive value of M-mode parameters of left ventricular size, wall thickness, and function in long-term survival, as observed in a prospective multicenter study.
Maternal responsiveness of socially high-risk mothers to the elicitation cues of their 7-month-old infants

This descriptive study of 19 socially high-risk mother-infant dyads in naturalistic interaction focused on maternal response to infant elicitation cues. Maternal response behavior was coded on a continuum from underresponsive to adequate to overresponsive. Maternal affect was rated separately using selected items from an existing scale. As a whole, the maternal sample was emotionally depressed and largely underresponsive to infant cues. When placed by maternal response into adequate, overresponsive, and underresponsive subgroups, adequate mothers more often responded appropriately to infant cues, were never physically unavailable to their infants, showed no anxiety, and were more positively responsive to their infants' smiles and cries. Adequate mothers scored higher in all affective areas. Maternal depression was associated with both overresponse and underresponse. Angry maternal mood was significantly related to underresponse. Considerable maternal strength lies in this high-risk sample and could be the basis for therapeutic intervention to normalize parenting.
Resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to Gentamicin and Related Aminoglycoside Antibiotics

This study was undertaken to investigate biochemical, genetic, and epidemiological aspects of resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics among 650 consecutive isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Parkland Memorial Hospital, Dallas, Tex. In 364 strains, minimal inhibitory concentrations were 25 mug/ml or greater for gentamicin (G), tobramycin (T) or kanamycin (K). Four patterns of resistance were noted: (A) G, T, K (four strains), (B) G, K (23 strains), (C) T, K (one strain), and (D) K (336 strains). Gentamicin acetyltransferase (GAT) activities were associated with resistance to gentamicin in strains of groups A and B, whereas kanamycin phosphotransferase activity was found in strains of group D. The GAT from group B strains acetylates both gentamicin and tobramycin. Resistance to gentamicin and susceptibility to tobramycin may reflect the fact that the K(m)'s for tobramycin (25 to 44 mug/ml) of GAT activities in these group B strains are much greater than the K(m)'s for gentamicin (1.9 to 2.7 mug/ml) and exceed the minimal inhibitory concentrations for tobramycin (1.25 to 7.5 mug/ml). GAT from strains of group A was associated with resistance to G, T, and K. Gentamicin acetyltransferases can be distinguished by their specificities for aminoglycoside substrates. The substrate specificity of GAT from group B strains is similar to that reported for GAT(I), but the specificity of GAT from group A strains differs from those described for GAT(I) and GAT(II). Conjugal transfer of gentamicin or tobramycin resistance from our strains of P. aeruginosa to various potential recipient strains was not observed. Pyocin typing showed that many, but not all, of the strains resistant to gentamicin were similar, and retrospective epidemiological investigation revealed that these strains were isolated almost exclusively from patients in the adult and pediatric burn intensive care units and geographically continguous areas of the hospital.
Interaction of the plasma membrane with the cytoskeleton: an overview.

Abstract The intent of this review was to point out the diversity of cellular functions thought to be mediated by PM—cytoskeleton interactions. Based upon possible molecular mechanism, the functions were categorized into those involving PM proteins which are dispersed and those involving clustered proteins. Functions associated with dispersed proteins are thought to mediate the stabilization and shape of the PM. Clustering of PM proteins provides the driving force inducing their interaction with the cytoskeleton. Clustering by external ligands, pH or ionic exchanges, etc., is also a means of transmembrane signalling. Various methods used to explore cytoskeletal—PM mediated functions were evaluated. The methods were considered separately under biophysical, morphological and biochemical headings. This made it easier to point out current and potential values of the methods as well as their limitations. Each method taken separately is insufficient to elucidate molecular mechanisms regulating cytoskeletal—PM reactions, but combined they hold great promise of future solutions.
Prophylactic i.v. antibiotics in functional endoscopic sinus surgery: Trends and attitudes of the American Rhinologic Society membership

Background Use of antibiotic prophylaxis in otolaryngology-head and neck surgery is a practice that exhibits significant variation among practitioners, and trends vary by subspecialties within the field. The objective of this study was to assess these habits among otolaryngologists with special interest or experience in functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS). Methods Attendees of the 2008 Annual Meeting of the American Rhinologic Society were surveyed regarding practice patterns and attitudes concerning the use of prophylactic i.v. antibiotics in FESS. Results Surveys were returned from 49 attendees, and within this sample, i.v. antibiotic prophylaxis was used by 28 (57%) and was not in 21 (43%). Among those who used prophylaxis, only 2/28 (7%) did so because they felt there was strong evidence to support such a practice, while 26/28 (93%) used prophylactic antibiotics despite the opinion that there is no solid evidence in support of this. The most common antibiotic chosen empirically was a cephalosporin (25/28; 89%). There was no significant difference between those who did and did not use prophylactic i.v. antibiotics with regard to number of years in practice or practice situation (full-time academic, academic affiliated private, solo private, and group private). Conclusion Opinion of the respondents suggests there is no solid empiric evidence supporting the use of prophylactic i.v. antibiotics in FESS. Nonetheless, this practice is more common than not. Possible explanations for these observations are explored in the context of new pay for performance quality measures.
Combined effect of herpes simplex virus and tobacco on the histopathologic changes in lips of mice

In the present study we have examined the combined effect of HSV-1 inoculation and tobacco application (snuff water extract or smoking tar condensate) on the histopathologic changes of mouse labial mucosa. Two months' exposure to tobacco or HSV-1 inoculation alone did not induce dysplasia in the epithelium of labial mucosa, while HSV-1 inoculation combined with snuff water extract or smoking tar condensate produced epithelial dysplasia and other histomorphologic changes (that is, hyperkeratosis, increased granular cell layer thickness, acanthosis, and increased inflammatory cell infiltration in a significant number of animals). This result indicates that HSV-1 and tobacco could possibly act synergistically in the development of precancerous oral lesions and oral cancer.
Mechanisms of protein yolk synthesis and deposition in crustacean oocytes.

Electron microscope studies on the oocytes of several crustacean species demonstrate that the protein yolk arises within vesicular and lamellar forms of the rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum. The vesicular form of the endoplasmic reticulum may have its origin from a blebbing process of the outer layer of the nuclear envelope. Disc-shaped granules, representing precursor elements of the yolk granules, appear within the vesicular and lamellar profiles of endoplasmic reticulum. Autoradiographic results suggest that the ribosomes attached to the endoplasmic reticulum take part in the biosynthesis of yolk proteins. Numerous disc-shaped granules accumulate within the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum, but eventually they undergo a transformation into a finely granular yolk granule. Thus, both the origin and growth of protein yolk granules occur within membranes constituting the endoplasmic reticulum. The results provide evidence that intra-ooplasmic synthesis of yolk protein occurs in these oocytes.
Compressive shear faults in ice: plastic vs. Coulombic faults

Abstract A re-examination of the literature has revealed two kinds of compressive shear faults in terrestrial ice when rapidly loaded under triaxial states of stress. One kind, termed a Coulombic or C-fault, develops under lower degrees of confinement and (at 263 K) is typically inclined by 28–30° to the direction of shortening. The other kind, termed a plastic or P-fault, develops under higher confinements and is inclined by 45°. The C–P transition occurs when confinement becomes sufficiently large to suppress frictional crack sliding. A criterion (upper limit) is given, in terms of the coefficient of internal friction, that defines the transition in terms of the ratio of minimum to maximum principal stress at failure. Plastic faulting, it is suggested, is caused by adiabatic softening. The role of shear faulting in ice mechanics is discussed.
The effects of size grading and length of nursery period on growth and population structure of freshwater prawns stocked in temperate zone ponds with added substrates

Abstract In temperate regions, the relatively short growing season increases the need for development of technologies to maximize growth and production rates for freshwater prawns. Studies have shown that new technologies, such as adding artificial substrates, increasing feeding rates, using advanced nursed juveniles, and grading of juveniles prior to stocking, can increase production without sacrificing average weights. While these technologies have been evaluated in isolation, it may be possible to further increase production by combining these technologies. This study evaluated the impacts of size grading of nursed juveniles prior to pond stocking and the effects of extending the nursery period (from 61 to 133 days) when combined with added substrate in temperate ponds. Three treatments were evaluated: 61-day ungraded juveniles (current regional technology; controls), 61-day graded juveniles, and 133-day graded juveniles. Individual mean stocking weights for the three treatments were 0.67, 0.72, and 3.1 g, respectively. All ponds were stocked at 59,280 ha −1 and were provided with artificial substrate in the form of polyethylene “safety fence” oriented vertically at a rate sufficient to increase available surface area in the ponds by 50%. Compared to control ponds (61-day ungraded), grading of 61-day juveniles significantly increased ( P −1 , respectively), production/size index (PSI), and daily yield. Extending the nursery period (and thereby increasing the average stocking weight) did not significantly improve ( P >0.05) total production or average individual weight. Feed conversion ratios were significantly higher for 133-day juveniles compared to controls (2.8 vs. 2.3). The failure of animals weighing over 350% more at stocking to increase average weights or total production at harvest appears to be due to earlier sexual maturation and the resulting cessation of growth.
Wet release of multipolymeric structures with a nanoscale release layer

Abstract A promising wet release process using OmniCoat™ [1] has been developed for the release of the multilayer microsensor device that is being used for biomedical applications. OmniCoat™ has high thermal stability (Tg ∼190 °C) which makes it compatible with high temperature processes. A multilayer fabrication approach and OmniCoat™ release layer was successfully integrated for a microsensor device to be released from the substrate. Thickness and release rate of OmniCoat™ release layer was investigated. The effects of OmniCoat™ development on the optical properties of SU-8 were analyzed. Highly aligned structures and good adhesion between metals and cured polymer layers have been achieved. OmniCoat™ as a release layer has great potential in several other MEMS applications where SU-8 is used as a structural material.
Nanotechnology for drug delivery: the perfect partnership

The pipelines of pharmaceutical companies are in many cases believed to be drying up and many blockbuster drugs are expected to be coming off patent in the near term. The application of nanotechnology to drug delivery is widely expected to create novel therapeutics capable of changing the landscape for pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries. This editorial highlights the nanotechnology platforms that are under development or in clinical use today, and points to exciting areas of opportunity where nanotechnology may enable the development of more effective and safer targeted therapeutics for a myriad of clinical applications.
Using a conformation-dependent stereochemical library improves crystallographic refinement of proteins

The major macromolecular crystallographic refinement packages restrain models to ideal geometry targets defined as single values that are independent of molecular conformation. However, ultrahigh-resolution X-ray models of proteins are not consistent with this concept of ideality and have been used to develop a library of ideal main-chain bond lengths and angles that are parameterized by the φ/ψ angle of the residue [Berkholz et al. (2009), Structure, 17, 1316–1325]. Here, it is first shown that the new conformation-dependent library does not suffer from poor agreement with ultrahigh-resolution structures, whereas current libraries have this problem. Using the TNT refinement package, it is then shown that protein structure refinement using this conformation-dependent library results in models that have much better agreement with library values of bond angles with little change in the R values. These tests support the value of revising refinement software to account for this new paradigm.
Independent cerebral vasoconstrictive effects of hyperoxia and accompanying arterial hypocapnia at 1 ATA

Breathing 100% O2 at 1 atmosphere absolute (ATA) is known to be associated with a decrease in cerebral blood flow (CBF). It is also accompanied by a fall in arterial Pco2 leading to uncertainty as ...
Acrolein oxidizes the cytosolic and mitochondrial thioredoxins in human endothelial cells.

Acrolein is a reactive aldehyde that is a widespread environmental pollutant and can be generated endogenously from lipid peroxidation. The thioredoxin (Trx) system in endothelial cells plays a major role in the maintenance of cellular thiol redox balance, and is critical for cell survival. Normally, cells maintain the cytosolic (Trx1) and mitochondrial (Trx2) thioredoxins largely in the reduced state. In human microvascular endothelial cells, Trx1 was more sensitive than Trx2 to oxidation by acrolein. A 30-minute exposure to 2.5 μM acrolein caused partial oxidation of Trx1 but not Trx2. The active site dithiol of Trx1 was essentially completely oxidized by 5 μM acrolein whereas 12.5 μM was required for complete oxidation of Trx2. Partial recovery of the Trx1 redox status was observed over a 4 hour acrolein-free recovery period, with increases in the reduced form and decreases in the fully oxidized form. For cells treated with 2.5 or 5 μM acrolein the recovery did not require protein synthesis, whereas protein synthesis was required for the return of reduced Trx1 in cells treated with 12.5 μM acrolein. Pretreatment of cells with N-acetylcysteine (NAC) resulted in partial protection of Trx1 from oxidation by acrolein. In cells treated with acrolein for 30 min, followed by a 14- to 16-hr acrolein-free period, small but significant cytotoxic effects were observed with 2.5 μM acrolein whereas all cells were adversely affected by ≥ 12.5 μM. NAC pretreatment significantly decreased the percentage of stressed cells subsequently exposed to 5 or 12.5 μM acrolein. Given the critical role of the thioredoxins in cell survival, the ability of acrolein to oxidize both thioredoxins should be taken into account for a thorough understanding of its cytotoxic effects.
Population Dynamics of Heliothis zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) as Influenced by Selected Soybean Cultural Practices

Corn earworm (CEW), Heliothis zea (Boddie), third filial egg and larval populations were monitored in field trials during 1980–82 in eastern North Carolina to investigate the effects of soybean planting date, cultivar, phenological stage, and degree of canopy development on CEW oviposition and survival. In 1982, soybeans were sampled every 3–4 d during the entire CEW F3 generation. This allowed for calculation of total within-generation production of eggs, egg parasitism, and stage-specific mortality. Planting date and phenological stage were the most important factors affecting CEW oviposition and survival. Late-planted soybeans had more eggs and higher insect survival than did early-planted soybeans, and treatments beyond the pod-set stage received few eggs. The highest correlations were found between the number of eggs and the number of plant terminals ( r = 0.7) and flowers ( r = 0.79). Greatest CEW mortality occurred between the egg stage and the third instar. Total incidence of natural enemies was higher in early-planted soybeans.
Comment on perturbations during a regular bounce

We point out an inconsistency of a method used in the literature, first advocated by P. Peter and N. Pinto-Neto in [Phys. Rev. D 66, 063509 (2002)], for studying adiabatic scalar perturbations in a regular bouncing universe (in four dimensions). The method under scrutiny consists of splitting the Bardeen potential into two pieces with independent evolutions, in order to avoid a singular behavior at the boundaries of the region where the null energy condition (NEC) is violated. However, we argue that this method violates energy-momentum conservation. We then introduce a novel method which provides two independent solutions for the Bardeen potential around the boundaries, even in the case of adiabatic perturbations. The two solutions are well behaved and not divergent.
THE YELLOW-PIGMENTED DICTYOSTELIA'

The cellular slime molds described herein are of a clear golden yellow color and belong to two naturally occurring groups. One we call Dictyostelium mexicanum sp. n. because it is found in soils from various parts of tropical and subtropical Mexico. The well-tapered stalk and disklike base are somewhat reminiscent of D. discoideum. The other is regarded as D. aureum E. W. Olive (1901) with which we feel it is closely identified if not identical. In the latter group the form of both the aggregation and sorocarp is suggestive of D. mucoroides. Some less pigmented isolates are separated as D. aureum var. luteolum var. n.
The Concept Evaluation Technique: A Survey of Research.

(1966). The Concept Evaluation Technique: A Survey of Research. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 74, No. 2, pp. 217-230.
Microwave response of superconductors with uncondensed quasiparticles at low temperatures

Abstract We have computed the microwave conductivity of an isotropic s -wave superconductor with nonmagnetic impurities and uncondensed quasiparticles. We find that, when the range of pairing interaction energy T d is comparable to T c , the real part of the conductivity, σ 1 (ω, T ) is modified by uncondensed quasiparticles to vary linearly with T at low T . In weak-coupling superconductors, where the uncondensed quasiparticles are absent, σ 1 (ω, T ) recovers the usual BCS result.
Statutory middle age for cooperative legislation

The outdated provisions of some of the legislation governing the formation and operation of agricultural cooperatives should be revised to provide a more functional set of guidelines for these organizations. Revisions should include a new model cooperative statute to foster a common set of cooperative law among the states and additional state legislation governing equity redemption. The limitations of the exceptions and exemptions for cooperatives under our federal antitrust and securities laws should be respected in order to preserve the ability of persons to act together in self-help organizations.
Life history and production of walleyes of the 1959 year-class in western Lake Erie, 1959-62

Abstract Because of the near collapse of the fishery for walleyes (Stizostedion vitreum vitreum) in Lake Erie in the late 1950's, walleyes of the 1959 year-class were studied to gain a better understanding of the life history of the species and the dynamics of the population. In the summer of 1959 most walleyes of the year-class were in water 10 to 20 feet deep along the south and west shores of the western basin. By fall they averaged about 10 inches long and were rather widely distributed throughout the basin. By September 1960 most had reached legal length (then 13 inches in Ohio), and in October they made up nearly the entire commercial walleye production and made the highest monthly contribution during the life of the year-class. Walleyes of the 1959 year-class were cropped intensively and remained in the fishery for only a relatively short time. Estimated Ohio trap net production of the year-class was 261,000 fish in 1960, 168,000 in 1961, and 21,000 in 1962. Few fish survived beyond the spring of 1...
Hydrogen Detection by Polyaniline Nanofibers on Gold and Platinum Electrodes

Polyaniline nanofibers were deposited on either gold or platinum electrodes and used as resistive sensors for the detection of hydrogen. In earlier work (J. Phys. Chem. B 2006, 110, 22266−22270), we showed that hydrogen interacts directly with polyaniline nanofibers to induce a small resistance decrease (−3%) at low concentrations of hydrogen (1%) using gold electrodes. This work showed that the sensor response on gold electrodes is due to hydrogen interaction with the polyaniline nanofibers. However, with platinum electrodes a much larger resistance increase (+65%) is observed under the same conditions. The sensor response on platinum electrodes is due to hydrogen interaction with platinum at the polyaniline−platinum interface. Hydrogen facilitates the formation of a Schottky barrier between platinum and polyaniline through a change in work function as platinum is converted to platinum hydride. The work function of polyaniline nanofibers was measured, and a model for sensor response is presented based on...
Mechanisms of Increased In Vivo Insulin Sensitivity by Dietary Methionine Restriction in Mice

To understand the physiological significance of the reduction in fasting insulin produced by dietary methionine restriction (MR), hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps were used to examine the effect of the diet on overall and tissue-specific insulin sensitivity in mice. The steady-state glucose infusion rate was threefold higher in the MR group and consistent with the 2.5- to threefold increase in 2-deoxyglucose uptake in skeletal muscle, heart, and white adipose tissue. Dietary MR enhanced suppression of hepatic glucose production by insulin, enhanced insulin-dependent Akt phosphorylation in the liver, and increased hepatic expression and circulating fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21) by fourfold. Limitation of media methionine recapitulated amplification of Akt phosphorylation by insulin in HepG2 cells but not in 3T3-L1 adipocytes or C2C12 myotubes. Amplification of insulin signaling in HepG2 cells by MR was associated with reduced glutathione, where it functions as a cofactor for phosphatase and tensin homolog. In contrast, FGF-21, but not restricting media methionine, enhanced insulin-dependent Akt phosphorylation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. These findings provide a potential mechanism for the diet-induced increase in insulin sensitivity among tissues that involves a direct effect of methionine in liver and an indirect effect in adipose tissue through MR-dependent increases in hepatic transcription and release of FGF-21.
Ornithine Decarboxylase Activity in Developing Chick Embryos after Exposure to 60-Hertz Magnetic Fields

Abstract Fertilized white leghorn eggs were exposed to a 4 micro-Tesla (μT) 60 Hz horizontal magnetic field for 15, 18, 23 and 28 h. After exposure to the magnetic field, the embryos were isolated and assayed for ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity. ODC activity in magnetic field-exposed embryos was compared to ODC activity in sham-exposed embryos. ODC activity in magnetic field-exposed embryos was not statistically elevated above sham-exposed embryos.
Floods, drought, and seed mass of riparian plant species

Abstract Plant communities in dryland riparian ecosystems are influenced by flood disturbance and water availability. As global climate change alters stream flow regimes, there is increasing need to understand which traits allow plant species to persist under increased stress and disturbance. Small seed mass is part of a strategy that adapts for disturbance, but the role of seed mass as an adaptation for drought is less well documented. For dryland riparian plant communities, we asked, does seed mass vary with water availability and flood frequency? We compared community seed mass between sites that vary in flow permanence (longitudinal water gradient) and between hydrogeomorphic surfaces within sites (lateral gradients of moisture and disturbance). Using data from four rivers in Arizona, we contrasted seed mass between plant groups. We found community seed mass to be greater at sites with ephemeral than perennial flow, and to increase laterally from wet, frequently-flooded channel edges to dry, less disturbed terraces. Seed mass varied by moisture group (smallest for hydroriparian species) and by disturbance group (smallest for disturbance species), and showed a trend for being greater in introduced species. We conclude that small seed mass is independently associated with wet and disturbed conditions in dryland riparian ecosystems.
Optimization of Fluid Flow in 3D Bipolar Plates

In order to enhance the performance of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) hydrogen production or fuel cell, optimizing of water flow distribution between channels is a necessary and effective way. To achieve this, 3D numerical simulations of the water flow along bipolar plate were performed. One baseline design and other five types of modified bipolar plates were investigated, which are under one design conception with gradually increasing contact angles to the header axle. The simulation showed that the high velocity appears at the lateral channels and the most promising velocity distribution, in this design, appears at the last case, which has the largest contact angle with header line.© 2008 ASME
An Investigation of the Massive Transformation from Ferrite to Austenite in Laser-Welded Mo-Bearing Stainless Steels

A series of 31 Mo-bearing stainless steel compositions with Mo contents ranging from 0 to 10 wt pct and exhibiting primary δ-ferrite solidification were analyzed over a range of laser welding conditions to evaluate the effect of composition and cooling rate on the solid-state transformation to γ-austenite. Alloys exhibiting this microstructural development sequence are of particular interest to the welding community because of their reduced susceptibility to solidification cracking and the potential reduction of microsegregation (which can affect corrosion resistance), all while harnessing the high toughness of γ-austenite. Alloys were created using the arc button melting process, and laser welds were prepared on each alloy at constant power and travel speeds ranging from 4.2 to 42 mm/s. The cooling rates of these processes were estimated to range from 10 K (°C)/s for arc buttons to 105 K (°C)/s for the fastest laser welds. No shift in solidification mode from primary δ-ferrite to primary γ-austenite was observed in the range of compositions or welding conditions studied. Metastable microstructural features were observed in many laser weld fusion zones, as well as a massive transformation from δ-ferrite to γ-austenite. Evidence of epitaxial massive growth without nucleation was also found when intercellular γ-austenite was already present from a solidification reaction. The resulting single-phase γ-austenite in both cases exhibited a homogenous distribution of Mo, Cr, Ni, and Fe at nominal levels.
Optimising distribution of power during a cycling time trial

A simple mathematical model is used to find the optimal distribution of a cyclist’s effort during a time trial. It is shown that maintaining a constant velocity is optimal if the goal is to minimise the time taken to complete the course while fixing amount of work done. However, this is usually impractical on a non-flat course because the cyclist would be unable to maintain the power output required on the climbs. A model for exertion is introduced and used to identify the distribution of power that minimises time while restricting the cyclist’s exertion. It is shown that, for a course with a climb followed by a descent, limits on exertion prevent the cyclist from improving performance by shifting effort towards the climb and away from the descent. It is also shown, however, that significant improvement is possible on a course with several climbs and descents. An analogous problem with climbs and descents replaced by headwinds and tailwinds is considered and it is shown that there is no significant advantage to be gained by varying power output. Lagrange multipliers are used solve the minimisation problems.
Exact solutions of five dimensional anisotropic cosmologies

We solve the five dimensional vacuum Einstein equations for several kinds of anisotropic geometries. We consider metrics in which the spatial slices are characterized as Bianchi types II and V, and the scale factors are dependent both on time and a noncompact fifth coordinate. We examine the behavior of the solutions we find, exploring them within the context of the induced matter model.
Allergic contact dermatitis to a salicylic acid plaster

We report two patients who developed allergic eczematous contact dermatitis to a salacid plaster used to treat plantar warts. Both patients were subsequently shown to be allergic to dehydroabietic acid, a resin contained in the plaster.
Effective lateral diffusion length in Npn AlGaAs/GaAs heterojunction bipolar transistors

Abstract The effective lateral diffusion length for the base minority carriers in HBT is calculated. This effective lateral diffusion length is a measure of the spreading distance toward the base contacts for the base minority carriers injected from the emitter before reaching the collector. With knowledge of this effective lateral diffusion length, the extrinsic base surface recombination current for any device geometries, epitaxial designs and operating conditions is easily determined. This quantitative determination of surface recombination current allows one to directly correlate one's experimental results on extrinsic base surface recombination with theoretical values.
Monitoring system for the study of autotrophic biofilms in bioremediation of polyaromatic compounds

Bacterial and other natural materials such as plants and algae have received increasing interest for bioremediation efforts. The identificatIon of materials capable of biodegrading or sequestering environmental pollutants offers an attractive alternative to chemical or physical means of remediation. A number of bacteria capable of biodegrAding organic or reducing metal pollutants have received great interest. Similarly, the use of natural plants to absorb pollutants from soil anD liquid samples is another potential approach. Our interest lies in identification of naturally occurring algae and their ability to absorb polyaromatic compounds (PAC) from groundwater sources (i.e. streams). These algae could serve as natural water filters for streams contaminated with Polyaromatic hydrocarbons. Polycyclic aromatic compounds, which comprise a complex class of condensed multi-ring benzenoid compounds, are important environmental pollutants originating from a wide variety of natural and anthropogenic sources. PACs are generally formed during incomplete combustion or pyrolysis of organic matter containing carbon and hydrogen. Because combustion of organic materials is involved in countless natural processes or human activities, PACs are omnipresent and abundant pollutants in air, soil and water. Among energy-related products, fossil fuels are the major sources of PACs. The primary sources of airborne PACs are associated with combustion, coal coking, and petroleum catalytic cracking. Coal and shale conversion also contribute to production of PACs. Production, transportation and, use of synthetic fuels and petroleum products provide emission sources for PACs. In urban environments an significant source of PACs is diesel exhaust. Food cooking and cigarette smoking activities contribute to PAC occurrence in indoor environments. Chemical analysis of PACs is of great environmental and toxicological interest because many of them have been shown to be mutagens and/or potent carcinogens in laboratory animal assays. The parent homocyclic species, which contain only carbon and hydrogen, are the familiar polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds. In addition to the PAH compounds, there are thousands of substituted compounds that could have various substituent groups, such as alkyl, amino, chloro, cyano, hydroxy, oxy, or thio groups. In this study we investigate anthracene and pyrene as PAH model systems. A portable fiberoptic instrument capable of real-time measurements has been developed for field screening these PAHs in surface water and natural algae systems. Our preliminary studies investigated the detection limits of anthracene and pyrene and the adsorption properties of two algae using fluorescence monitoring. An exposure study of the algae to 5 ppb anthracene was performed to investigate the ability of the algae to adsorb PAHs.
Endocardial ablation of postinfarction ventricular tachycardia with nonendocardial exit sites.

Background Most infarct-related ventricular tachycardias (VTs) have an exit site that can be targeted by endocardial ablation. However, some VT reentry circuits have an exit site that is intramural or epicardial. Even these circuits may have an endocardial component that can be endocardially ablated. Objective To assess the prevalence of postinfarction VTs with a nonendocardial exit site that can be successfully eliminated by endocardial ablation. Methods Twenty-eight consecutive patients with postinfarction VT (27 men, age 69±8 years, ejection fraction 0.25%±0.15%) were referred for VT ablation. A total of 213 VTs were inducible (cycle length 378±100 ms). Pace mapping was performed throughout the scar, and critical sites were identified for 137 VTs (64.5%). Critical sites identified by entrainment mapping and/or pace mapping were divided into exit and nonexit sites depending on the stimulus-QRS/VT cycle length ratio (S-QRS/VT CL≤0.3 vs>0.3). Results Endocardial exit sites (S-QRS/VTCL≤0.3) were identified for 100 of 137 VTs. Only critical nonexit sites were identified for 37 of 137 (27%) VTs. Nonexit sites were confined to a smaller area within the endocardium (1.81±1.7 cm 2 ) and were located within dense scar (0.28±0.24 mV) further away from the border zone (2.05±2.79 cm) than did the VT exit sites. Exit sites had a larger area of matching pace maps (3.86±1.9 cm 2 ; P P P = .83). Conclusions In about one-third of postinfarction VTs for which critical sites were identified, the exit site was not endocardial. Critical nonexit sites that are effective for ablation are often within dense scar at a distance from the border zone and can be missed if only the border zone is targeted.
Experimental Study of Concentration Polarization at a Microchannel-Nanochannel Interface

Recent advances in fabrication methods allow us to study and leverage the unique flow regimes offered by nano-scale fluidic channels, [1–3] and recent work suggests that the physics of microchannel/nanochannel interfaces present opportunities for novel methods of sample preconcentration and analysis. [4–6] In nanochannels, channel height is of the same order of the electric double layer (EDL) thickness, leading to a decreased electrical resistance relative to the fluidic resistance of the channel. More importantly, analyte molecules undergoing electrophoresis spend a significant amount of time within EDLs. This has a profound effect on the interfaces between micro- and nanochannels. In particular, for negatively charged walls and a nanochannel in series with two microchannels, the concentration of ions (of both signs) increases on the cathodic side of the nanochannel and decreases on the anodic side. This phenomenon is called concentration polarization (CP) or the exclusion enrichment effect. [4, 5] There is a dearth of basic studies of these phenomena and the coupling of electroosmotic flow with concentration polarization. We present experimental validation of a computational model which predicts the development of concentration polarization. Furthermore, we will show preliminary results demonstrating focusing and separation of analyte anions in the cathodic side microchannel. This focusing is due to a balance of advection and electrophoretic migration. Anionic analytes focus and separate according to electrophoretic mobility.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Pulmonary Gas Transport Time: Larynx to Alveolus

The transport time of gas from the larynx to pulmonary alveolar capillary blood was directly measured by injecting a bolus of carbon monoxide into the inspired airstream of dogs and photoelectrically monitoring the formation of carboxyhemoglobin in the capillaries on the surface of the lung. The rapidity of transit (0.3 second) implies that gas transport during inspiration is facilitated by an interaction between bulk flow and diffusion.
The Effect of Moral Intensity on Ethical Judgment

Following an extensive review of the moral intensity literature, this article reports the findings of two studies (one between-subjects, the other within-subject) that examined the effect of manipulated and perceived moral intensity on ethical judgment. In the between-subjects study participants judged actions taken in manipulated high moral intensity scenarios to be more unethical than the same actions taken in manipulated low moral intensity scenarios. Findings were mixed for the effect of perceived moral intensity. Both probable magnitude of consequences (a factor consisting of magnitude of consequences, probability of effect, and temporal immediacy) and social consensus had a significant effect; proximity did not. In the within-subject study manipulated moral intensity had a significant effect on ethical judgment, but perceived moral intensity did not. Regression of ethical judgment on age, gender, major, and the three perceived moral intensity factors was significant between-subjects, but not within-subject. Ethical judgment was found to be a more robust predictor of intention than perceived moral intensity using a within-subject design.
INDIRECT EXPERIMENTATION FOR SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION: A PARADIGM BASED ON DESIGN DEPENDENT PARAMETERS

A large gap exists between the commitment to technology, system configuration, life-cycle cost and available knowledge about the impact of these commitments during system operation. This gap is particularly acute during conceptual and preliminary system design. More powerful approaches are needed to narrow the gap. This paper presents a paradigm for indirect experimentation based on normative models form the field of operations research. The paradigm proceeds from the identification of design dependent parameters which link design characteristics and operational outcomes. When applied during conceptual and preliminary design, this linkage helps to reduce the gap between knowledge and commitment. The normative models provide a basis for system optimization early in the life cycle.
Decision making by cardiac patients: implications for risk management

Abstract Social and cultural changes and media scrutiny have led to increased public awareness of the patient’s role in medical care. Decisions are no longer directed by physicians alone and are affected by several nonmedical factors. In the current environment, physicians must respond actively to how patients perceive their care and how they make decisions about themselves to aid in risk management. Patients and families with high-risk profiles for litigation have been identified, and it is important to be aware of these subsets. Gender differences and patients’ hidden histories can affect their decision making and relationships with physicians. Mistaken concepts about medical care, patients’ beliefs in alternative medical treatments, and patients’ magical beliefs must also be considered in assessing communication with patients and their families, and are useful in constructing a risk-management strategy. Factors contributing to malpractice suits and a proposed risk-reduction protocol that physicians can follow to decrease legal risk are also discussed.
Men in (and out of) therapy: central concepts, emerging directions, and remaining challenges.

This article introduces the special issue on recent conceptual, practical, and research developments relevant to men and therapy. The paper reviews the considerable shifts that have emerged in our understanding and measurement of masculinity as it pertains to men's health and therapy. In addition, this introduction outlines the primary focus of each article in this special issue and describes the general guidelines offered to the contributors. Collectively, these special-issue articles describe promising paradigms, provide useful examples, and stress the need for further research on men, masculinity, and the therapeutic process. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 61: 627–631, 2005.
Complement-Immunoglobulin Relation: Deficiency of C'lq Associated with Impaired Immunoglobulin G Synthesis

Concentration of the complement protein C'lq was determined immunochemically in serums of individuals with a wide variety of immunoglobulin abnormalities. A significant correlation was observed between decreased concentration of C'lq and deficient synthesis of immunoglobulin G; C'lq was particularly diminished in subjects with congenital, sex-linked (Bruton) agammaglobulinemia. In contrast, two to five times the normal concentration of C'lq was found in the serum of three patients with heavy chain disease (subtype immunoglobulin G3). No significant relation was found between C'lq and concentrations of immunoglobulins A and M.
Impacts of cattle on amphibian larvae and the aquatic environment

Summary 1 Agricultural practices such as cattle farming may have direct or indirect negative effects on larval amphibians by decreasing water quality through deposition of nitrogenous waste, causing eutrophication, and grazing shoreline vegetation that contributes to detrital cover and food. 2 We sampled amphibian larvae on the Cumberland Plateau, Tennessee, U.S.A., twice per week, water quality twice per month and algal and detrital biomass once per month at seven wetlands (three cattle-access and four non-access) from March to August 2005 and 2006. 3 In general, species richness and diversity of amphibian larvae were greater in wetlands without cattle. Mean relative abundance of green frog (Rana clamitans) and American bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) tadpoles was greater in non-access wetlands. Body size of some ranid larvae was larger in cattle-access wetlands but this trend did not exist for juveniles or adults. Dissolved oxygen was lower, while specific conductivity and turbidity were higher in cattle-access wetlands. Mean biomass of detritus was lower in cattle-access wetlands compared to non-access wetlands; no differences were detected in algal biomass. 4 Given the negative impacts of cattle on water quality, detrital biomass, larval amphibian species richness and relative abundance of some amphibian species, we recommend that farmers consider excluding these livestock from aquatic environments.