cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Invariant theoretical interpretation of interaction

Some systems of fields have been considered which are invariant under a certain group of transformations depending on $n$ parameters. A general rule is obtained for introducing a new field in a definite way with a definite type of interaction with the original fields by postulating the invariance of these systems under a wider group derived by replacing the parameters of the original group with a set of arbitrary functions. The transformation character of this new field under the wider group is determined from the invariance postulate. The possible types of the equations of the new fields can be also derived, giving rise to a certain conservation law owing to the invariance. As examples, the electromagnetic, the gravitational and the Yang-Mills fields are reconsidered following this line of approach.
Overall dynamic constitutive relations of layered elastic composites

A method for the homogenization of a layered elastic composite is presented. It allows direct, consistent, and accurate evaluation of the averaged overall frequency-dependent dynamic material constitutive relations without the need for a point-wise solution of the field equations. When the spatial variation of the field variables is restricted by Bloch-form (Floquet-form) periodicity, then these relations together with the overall conservation and kinematical equations accurately yield the displacement or stress mode-shapes and, necessarily, the dispersion relations. The method can also give the point-wise solution of the elastodynamic field equations (to any desired degree of accuracy), which, however, is not required for the calculation of the average overall properties. The resulting overall dynamic constitutive relations are general and need not be restricted by the Bloch-form periodicity. The formulation is based on micromechanical modeling of a representative unit cell of the composite. For waves in periodic layered composites, the overall effective mass-density and compliance (stiffness) are always real-valued whether or not the corresponding unit cell (representative volume element used as a unit cell) is geometrically and/or materially symmetric. The average strain and linear momentum are coupled and the coupling constitutive parameters are always each others' complex conjugates. We separate the overall constitutive relations, which depend only on the composition and structure of the unit cell, from the overall field equations which hold for any elastic composite; i.e., we use only the local field equations and material properties to deduce the overall constitutive relations. Finally, we present solved numerical examples to further clarify the structure of the averaged constitutive relations and to bring out the correspondence of the current method with recently published results.
What Is a Grant

Grant giving is almost as old as charity and may even be as old. Four thousand years ago the Chinese set aside properties to support religious observances, and wealthy Egyptians of that same period established funds to maintain the pyramids of assorted pharaohs. The Egyptian Book of the Dead, which recorded the deeds of good men in order to assure them of a proper reception in the next world, contains an entry for one deceased philanthropist which may be regarded as the first record of, or at least the forerunner of, the bricks and mortar grant. It noted that the man in his lifetime “gave bread to the hungry, water to the thirsty, raiment to the naked; he gave a boat to a man who had none.” Feeding the hungry and clothing the poor are charitable acts. Giving a man a boat provides him with the means to carry on his work and thus qualifies as a very early example of grant making.
The Florida Ivory Millipede, Chicobolus spinigerus (Diplopoda: Spirobolidae): A Natural Intermediate Host of Macracanthorhynchus ingens (Acanthocephala: Oligacanthorhynchidae)

Abstract Eleven (55%) of 20 Chicobolus spinigerus (Florida Ivory Millipede) collected from Miami-Dade County, FL, were infected with 1–57 cystacanths of Macracanthorhynchus ingens, a common acanthocephalan of North American Procyon lotor (Raccoon), representing a new host record. The distribution of cystacanths among the millipedes exhibited the highly overdispersed negative binomial distribution that is characteristic of parasite populations.
Screening of Haematobia irritans irritans (Diptera: Muscidae) populations for pyrethroid resistance-associated sodium channel gene mutations by using a polymerase chain reaction assay

A polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based rapid screening procedure was developed to test individual horn flies, Haematobia irritans irritans (L.), for the presence of a specific nucleotide substitution in the sodium channel gene sequence that has been associated with pyrethroid resistance. By a systematic optimization of reaction conditions and judicious choice of PCR primers differing in DNA sequence by a single nucleotide, we identified pyrethroid-susceptible or resistant sodium channel alleles in individual flies. Laboratory and field populations were examined by both the PCR assay and conventional filter paper bioassays with the pyrethroid cyhalothrin to verify that populations containing greater proportions of individuals with the resistant sodium channel allele DNA sequence also had higher bioassay LC50 values. The PCR assay for resistance alleles gave definitive information on the genotype of an individual fly and detected the presence of heterozygous individuals that might serve as reservoirs of resistance genes in field populations.
Zwitterionic Chitosan–Polyamidoamine Dendrimer Complex Nanoparticles as a pH-Sensitive Drug Carrier

Polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers have been widely explored as carriers of therapeutics and imaging agents. However, amine-terminated PAMAM dendrimers are rarely utilized in systemic applications due to their cytotoxicity and risk of opsonization, caused by their cationic charges. Such undesirable effects may be mitigated by shielding the PAMAM dendrimer surface with polymers that reduce the charges. However, this shielding may also interfere with the PAMAM dendrimers' ability to interact with target cells, thus reducing the cellular uptake and overall efficacy of the delivery system. Therefore, we propose to use zwitterionic chitosan (ZWC), a new chitosan derivative, which has a unique pH-sensitive charge profile, as an alternative biomaterial to modify the cationic surface of PAMAM dendrimers. A stable electrostatic complex of ZWC and PAMAM dendrimers was formed at pH 7.4, where the PAMAM dendrimer surface was covered with ZWC, as demonstrated by fluorescence spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The presence of ZWC coating protected red blood cells and fibroblast cells from hemolytic and cytotoxic activities of PAMAM dendrimers, respectively. Confocal microscopy showed that the protective effect of ZWC disappeared at low pH as the complex dissociated due to the charge conversion of ZWC, allowing PAMAM dendrimers to enter cells. These results demonstrate that ZWC is able to provide a surface coverage of PAMAM dendrimers in a pH-dependent manner and, thus, enhance the utility of PAMAM dendrimers as a drug carrier to solid tumors with acidifying microenvironments.
Testicular and epididymidal sperm numbers in unilaterally vasoligated rabbits.

SummaryGonadal and extra gonadal sperm were determined in sexually rested and in ejaculated rabbits 10 weeks after unilateral vasoligation. Vasoligation depressed testicular sperm numbers by about 24% on the ligated side only, without altering testis weight. Sperm resorption from epididymides on unligated sides of ejaculated rabbits amounted to 11% of sperm production. Comparable averages for vasoligated sides of sexually rested rabbits and for vasoligated sides of ejaculated rabbits were 26 and 42%, respectively. These increments in epididymidal sperm resorption were not associated with increased sperm antibody titers. Epididymidal sperm numbers on the unoperated side of sexually rested unilaterally vasoligated rabbits were only 85% of those in sexually rested control rabbits, indicating that unilateral vasoligation increased the loss of sperm from the contralateral unoperated side. The data support the conclusion that at least 40% of an unoperated rabbit's sperm production may be lost via the urethra du...
AN INVESTIGATION ON APPLICATION OF ARC WELDING ROBOT IN AUTOMOBILE ASSEMBLY WELDING LINE (WITH THIRTY THOUSAND AUTOMOBILES)

This paper presents the application of a ring welding system of are welding robot in an automobile assemblvwelding line. It also surveys the ring welding system centred on arc welding robot(in detail), system applicationprogram, welding technology parameters and operating norms and regulations of arc welding robot.
Application of Configuration File in Non-operating-system of Protection Devices

Many protection devices make use of embedded system without operating system(Non-operating-system) for better operation efficiency.Configuration file in operating system is adopted in Non-operating-system.The advantage of the file is that it need not to join compile process and also it can store much flexible configuration information.That is why in many protection applications through configuration file change,certain second adjust function is obtained so as to satisfy different detail requirement.Finally,an example of configuration file application in protection device with common use LCD menu function is introduced.
The Measurement of Journalistic Role Enactments: A Study of Organizational Constraints and Support in For-Profit and Nonprofit Journalism

Media scholars have primarily assessed journalistic role perceptions through the survey method. We propose conceptual and operational definitions for four role enactments observable through content...
NF-YB Regulates Spermatogonial Stem Cell Self-Renewal and Proliferation in the Planarian Schmidtea mediterranea

Gametes are the source and carrier of genetic information, essential for the propagation of all sexually reproducing organisms. Male gametes are derived from a progenitor stem cell population called spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs). SSCs give rise to male gametes through the coordination of two essential processes: self-renewal to produce more SSCs, and differentiation to produce mature sperm. Disruption of this equilibrium can lead to excessive proliferation of SSCs, causing tumorigenesis, or can result in aberrant differentiation, leading to infertility. Little is known about how SSCs achieve the fine balance between self-renewal and differentiation, which is necessary for their remarkable output and developmental potential. To understand the mechanisms of SSC maintenance, we examine the planarian homolog of Nuclear Factor Y-B (NF-YB), which is required for the maintenance of early planarian male germ cells. Here, we demonstrate that NF-YB plays a role in the self-renewal and proliferation of planarian SSCs, but not in their specification or differentiation. Furthermore, we characterize members of the NF-Y complex in Schistosoma mansoni, a parasitic flatworm related to the free-living planarian. We find that the function of NF-YB in regulating male germ cell proliferation is conserved in schistosomes. This finding is especially significant because fecundity is the cause of pathogenesis of S. mansoni. Our findings can help elucidate the complex relationship between self-renewal and differentiation of SSCs, and may also have implications for understanding and controlling schistosomiasis.
THE BRACHISTOCHRONE PROBLEM

Its significance as an illustration . The brachisto-chrone problem is historically the most interesting of all the special problems mentioned in Chapter I since as we have there seen it gave the first impetus to systematic research in the calculus of variations. Since the time of the Bernoulli brothers it has been used with great regularity as an illustration by writers on the subject, and it is in many respects a most excellent one. Unfortunately in the forms originally proposed by the Bernoullis it does not require the application of an important necessary condition for a minimum which was first described by Jacobi in 1837, more than a century after the calculus of variations began to be systematically studied. A special case of this condition is the restriction on the position of the center of curvature in the problem of finding the shortest arc from a point to a curve, as described in the theorem on page 33 of the last chapter. It is perhaps at first surprising that the significance of such a simple instance of the condition escaped the early students of the calculus of variations, but a study of the older memoirs soon impresses one with a realization of the serious difficulties encountered with the methods originally used. Throughout the eighteenth century, investigators in the calculus of variations for the most part desisted when they had found the forms, or in many cases the differential equations only, of the minimizing curves which they were seeking.
CHAPTER 7 – Immunologic Targets for the Gene Therapy of Cancer

This chapter provides an overview of the induction of immunity and examines how an immune response can be specifically enhanced and directed towards tumor cells. Recent advances in understanding T-cell activation and in defining tumor antigens suggest a variety of novel approaches for using immunotherapy in the treatment of cancer. The chapter also focuses on T-cell responses to tumor cells. Many therapeutic strategies involving T-cell activation are aimed at inducing active antitumor immunity in the tumor-bearing patient, such that immunological memory is induced. Induction of immunological memory to tumor antigens has several advantages in a therapy setting. Induction of protective immunity against metastatic cells has the obvious benefit of controlling malignant cell growth and providing long-term protection against distant metastases that are otherwise not treatable. Moreover, active antitumor immunity would provide long-term protection against recurrence of primary tumor. Many studies, therefore, have explored the harnessing and enhancing of T-lymphocyte-mediated immunity to malignant cells and most of these approaches involve gene therapy.
Planar biaxial extension of the lumbar facet capsular ligament reveals significant in-plane shear forces

Abstract The lumbar facet capsular ligament (FCL) articulates with six degrees of freedom during spinal motions of flexion/extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation. The lumbar FCL is composed of highly aligned collagen fiber bundles on the posterior surface (oriented primarily laterally between the rigid articular facets) and irregularly oriented elastin on the anterior surface. Because the FCL is a capsule, it has multiple insertion sites across the lumbar facet joint, which, along with its material structure, give rise to complicated deformations in vivo. We performed planar equibiaxial mechanical tests on excised healthy cadaveric lumbar FCLs (n=6) to extract normal and shear reaction forces, and fit sample-specific two-fiber-family finite element models to the experimental force data. An eight-parameter anisotropic, hyperelastic model was used. Shear forces at maximum extension (mean values of 1.68 N and 3.01 N in the two directions) were of comparable magnitude to the normal forces perpendicular to the aligned collagen fiber bundles (4.67 N) but smaller than normal forces in the fiber direction (16.11 N). Inclusion of the experimental shear forces in the model optimization yielded fits with highly aligned fibers oriented at a specific angle across all samples, typically with one fiber population aligned nearly horizontally and the other at an oblique angle. Conversely, models fit to only the normal force data resulted in a broad range of fiber angles with low specificity. We found that shear forces generated through planar equibiaxial extension aided the model fit in describing the anisotropic nature of the FCL surface.
Gate-level netlist reverse engineering for hardware security: Control logic register identification

The heavy reliance on third-party resources, including third-party IP cores and fabrication foundries, has triggered the security concerns that design backdoors and/or hardware Trojans may be inserted into fabricated chips. While existing reverse engineering tools can help recover netlist from fabricated chips, there is a lack of efficient tools to further analyze the netlist for malicious logic detection and full functionality recovery. While it is relatively easy to identify the functional modules from the netlist using pattern matching methods, the main obstacle is to isolate control logic registers and reverseengineering the control logic. Upon this request, we proposed a topology-based computational method for register categorization. Through this proposed algorithm, we can differentiate data registers from control logic registers such that the control logic can be separated from the datapath. Experimental results showed that the suggested method was capable of identifying control logic registers in circuits with various complexities ranging from the RS232 core to the 8051 microprocessor.
Translating with Care: An Essay on Hindi Protestant Christian Writings

Languages have played an important role in the development of religious identities in contemporary India. As this article shows, Hindi Protestant Christian literature provides a unique insight into such processes. The literature proposes terms and translations that seek to separate out religious claims. As a term proposed in response to the prominence of avatār, the Hindi neologism dehadhāran does this for Hindu and Christian claims as it seeks to distinguish the latter from the former. Yet, polytradition words that function across religions help blur the lines between religious communities. Christian uses of terms like mandir and īmān serve this purpose. Taken together, these language choices reflect the deployment of a range of tactics like neologisms, borrowing, and adaptation in order to unite distinctive Christian claims with Hindi cultural idioms.
The Brief Case: False-Positive Rapid Malaria Antigen Test Result in a Returned Traveler

A previously healthy 43-year-old female presented to her primary care physician with a 13-day history of recurrent nightly fevers (100°F to 101°F), nonproductive cough, and respiratory congestion. She was prescribed azithromycin, albuterol, and benzonatate. She presented to the emergency center 2
Relationships between Mechanical and Magnetoelectric Properties of Oxygen-Free Copper at 4 K

Commercially pure, oxygen-free copper is the material of choice for nearly all superconductor stabilization. Straining relatively pure copper at 4 K can result in significant increases in the residual resistivity and, thus, a decreased ability of the copper to stabilize the superconductor. In this paper we quantify the effect of strain on the resistivity and magnetoresistivity of a number of oxygen-free coppers from various sources and in various tempers. In addition, the low temperature stress-strain behavior of these materials and its correlation with room temperature data and the residual resistivity ratio (RRR) prior to straining is discussed. An apparatus developed for testing of mechanical properties of relatively small wire samples at low temperatures is described.
Registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: twenty-fourth official adult lung and heart-lung transplantation report-2007.

v r t t 1 t ince its inception in 1980, the registry of the Internaional Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation ISHLT) has chronicled the evolution of heart, lung and eart–lung transplantation. Annual reports from the egistry were inaugurated in 1984, and information bout heart–lung transplantation has been included n the reports from the onset. As lung transplantation eveloped, it was added to the reports beginning in 989. Through June 30, 2006 the registry had accrued ata on 3,262 heart–lung and 23,716 lung recipients rom centers around the world. This section of the 24th fficial report summarizes the current status of adult ung and heart–lung transplantation. Figures in this eport and additional slides are available from the ISHLT ebsite (http://www.ishlt.org). A new organ allocation system for lung transplantaion was implemented in the USA in May 2005. The eniority system, which was based solely on accrued ime on the waiting list, was replaced with a priority ystem that is designed to balance the risk of death on he waiting list and the likelihood of survival after ransplantation. Although the full impact has not been ealized, the shift to this priority system could affect the fficiency of organ allocation and the number of translantations, the relative distribution of indications for ransplantation, the severity of illness of recipients at he time of transplantation, and post-transplantation utcomes. Data from the first cohort of recipients from his new allocation system are included in the aggregate ata analyzed for this report. Because approximately 0% of lung transplantations in the registry are contribted by U.S. centers, the effects of this priority system
Pediatric and adolescent injury in mountain biking

Mountain-biking has become a popular competitive and recreational activity but also involves risk of injury. This article provides an overview of what is known about the scope of the injury problem affecting children and adolescent mountain bikers, the risk factors involved and injury prevention strategies. The proportion of injured child and adolescent mountain bikers ranges from 10.6% to 64.0%, but few studies provide separate analysis of youth injuries. Upper extremity injuries appear most common except among adolescents where the risk of head injury and traumatic brain injuries are greater. Concern is raised regarding the reported frequency of spine fractures and spinal cord injuries. Multi-faceted, longitudinal injury research focusing on youth mountain bikers is required to provide a reliable basis for testing risk factors and evaluating preventive measures. Reducing mountain biking-related injuries will require multiple strategies that integrate approaches from education, engineering, and evidence-based safety measures and their enforcement.
A contemporary view of atrioventricular nodal physiology

In delaying transmission of the cardiac impulse from the atria to the ventricles, the atrioventricular (AV) node serves a critical function in augmenting ventricular filling during diastole and limiting the ventricular response during atrial tachyarrhythmias. The complex structure of the nodal region, however, also provides the substrate for reentrant rhythms. Recent discoveries have elucidated the cellular basis and anatomical determinants of slow conduction in the node. Based on analysis of gap junction proteins, distinct structural components of the AV node have been defined, including the compact node, right and left inferior nodal extensions, the lower nodal bundle, and transitional tissue. Emerging evidence supports the role of the inferior nodal extensions in mediating slow pathway conduction. The most common form of reentry involving the node, slow-fast AV nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT), utilizes the inferior nodal extensions for anterograde slow pathway conduction; the structures responsible for retrograde fast pathway activation in the superior septum are less well defined and likely heterogeneous. Atypical forms of AVNRT arise from circuits that activate at least one of the inferior extensions in the retrograde direction.
Mast Cells Reveal Their Past Selves

Mast cells have been thought to derive from bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells. In this issue of Immunity, Gentek et al. (2018) reveal that mast cells have dual developmental origins in primitive and definitive hematopoiesis and that adult mast cell maintenance is largely bone marrow independent.
Veils and Lap Cloths: The Great Cover Up of Bynum and the Bible in Black Churches

ABSTRACTDr. Juanita Bynum serves as a proxy for modern-day patriarchal men who police women’s bodies in much the same way men policed women’s bodies in the biblical world. In sum, Bynum and biblica...
An Alternative: Phrase-Structure Rules

As mentioned above, we have attempted to reformulate allophonic rules in terms of rewrite rules. How can we reformulate these rules as phrase-structure rules? Basically, we will introduce additional constituent categories to encode contextual conditions. For example, one might want to say that a /t/ obligatorily aspirates before a vowel as in a word like Tom.
DXA Errors Are Common and Reduced by Use of a Reporting Template

Abstract Objective: High quality dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) acquisition, analysis, and reporting demands technical and interpretive excellence. We hypothesized that DXA errors are common and of such magnitude that incorrect clinical decisions might result. In this 2-phase study, we evaluated DXA technical and interpretation error rates in a clinical population and subsequently assessed if implementing an interpretation template reduced errors. Methods: In phase 1, DXA scans of 345 osteoporosis clinic referrals were reviewed by International Society for Clinical Densitometry-certified technologists (n = 3) and physicians (n = 3). Technologists applied International Society for Clinical Densitometry performance standards to assess technical quality. Physicians assessed reporting compliance with published guidance, relevance of technical errors and determined overall and major error prevalence. Major errors were defined as "provision of inaccurate information that could potentially lead to incorrect patient care decisions." In phase 2, a DXA reporting template was implemented at 2 clinical DXA sites after which the 3 physicians reviewed 200 images and reports as above. The error prevalence was compared with the 298 patients in phase 1 from these sites. Results: In phase 1, technical errors were identified in 90% of patients and affected interpretation in 13%. Interpretation errors were present in 80% of patients; 42% were major. The most common major errors were reporting incorrect information on bone mineral density change (70%) and incorrect diagnosis (22%). In phase 2, at these 2 clinical sites, major errors were present in 37% before and 17% after template implementation. Template usage reduced the odds of major error by 66% (odds ratio 0.34, 95% confidence interval 0.21, 0.53, and p
Language as a barrier to cancer clinical trial accrual: assessing consenting team knowledge and practices for cancer clinical trial consent among low English fluency patients

Low English fluency in large culturally diverse institutions may contribute to meager minority accrual. Our objective was to: 1) Assess knowledge of proper consenting procedures among the research team when consenting a low English fluency patient. 2) Assess the enrollment rate of participants in cancer therapeutic trials who identify a preferred language other than English. An anonymous web-based survey was distributed at a single institution to investigators, research staff and translator services to assess knowledge of consenting procedures. Patient enrollment data was retrieved from the clinical trials enrollment tracking system from January 2011 – October 2014 and matched to registration data indicating preferred language (N = 1521). The number and type of cancer cases from January 2011–October 2014 were retrieved from the institutional cancer registry and matched to registration data indicating preferred language. Although there are many organizational in-person and web-based trainings focused on the requirements for consenting low English fluency patients, members of the research team responded correctly to only 64.8% (σ = 24.6%) of the knowledge-based portion of the survey. Of the 12,538 index cancer cases indentified, 10% preferred a language other than English. Trial enrollment rates for cancer clinical trials were similar for English (13%), Spanish (11%), and, Armenian (10%) speakers. Populations speaking Russian and Arabic had the lowest participation at 5% each. In order to increase enrollment into clinical trials, institutions must explore more effective training opportunities for research staff, engage interpreters and adopt recruitment and study materials in different languages.
Determination of Transmission Line Power Transfer Capabilities Using Temperature Dependent Continuation Power Flow

A temperature dependent continuation power flow (TD-CPF) method is developed in this work to capture the effects of changes in load on conductor temperature. The proposed TD-CPF takes into account the changes in conductor temperature and subsequent changes in line resistance at each step change in loading parameter. The method determines the maximum power handling capability of a transmission line not only by considering the voltage collapse point but also checking the line thermal limit. Moreover, by utilizing temperature-dependent transmission line models derived using ambient conditions along the lines (e.g. from a dynamic line rating system), the method can also account for longitudinal variations in conductor temperature and therefore in line electrical parameters. The methodology is tested on an example transmission line and demonstrates quantifiable differences between the estimated voltage stability and thermal limits obtained using the conventional CPF and the developed TD- CPF with line models that account for longitudinal variations in conductor temperature.
Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors in Cancer Prevention and Therapy

Abstract Histone deacetylases (HDACs) deacetylate histone and nonhistone proteins. In general, histone deacetylation leads to chromatin condensation and decreased gene expression, while the acetylation status of nonhistone proteins modulates a variety of cellular processes involved in survival and growth. In many cancers, alteration of HDAC function results in the altered expression and/or regulation of many proteins. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs) allow for exposure of the chromatin structure, leading to reactivation of silenced genes as well as increased acetylation of nonhistone proteins, which together combat tumor cell survival and proliferation. HDACIs, as natural and synthetic products, have shown promise in cancer chemoprevention. In this chapter, we present an overview of HDAC function and association with cancers. We further discuss various HDACI classes and their preclinical and clinical efficacy as monotherapies or combination treatments for various cancers. We conclude with a discussion of novel HDACI development as a promising approach to chemo-adjuvant therapy.
Beta Function as Residues

We use the notation of Chapter 22. In all cases the dimension of W f0 is 1 but 1/(1 − x) is not a representative of the basis unless condition (22.1.1) is satisfied. This means that the formulae for the dual space will degenerate if (22.1.1) is not satisfied. For this reason we will first consider the case in which (22.1.1) is satisfied and then consider the two degenerate cases of Lemma 22.3.
The Origin and Evolution of H1N1 Pandemic Influenza Viruses

Despite extensive planning for the next influenza pandemic in humans, nature has once again confounded the influenza experts. The emergence and development of an H1N1 pandemic strain while an H1N1 virus was still circulating in humans is an unprecedented event. Here, we examine the emergence of H1N1 influenza viruses in the USA, Europe, and Asia from the natural aquatic bird reservoir through intermediate hosts including pigs and turkeys to humans. There were some remarkable parallel evolutionary developments in the swine influenza viruses in the Americas and in Eurasia. Classical swine influenza virus in the USA emerged either before or immediately after the Spanish influenza virus emerged in humans in 1918. Over the next 50 plus years this swine influenza virus became increasingly attenuated in pigs but occasionally transmitted to humans causing mild clinical infection but did not consistently spread human to human. The remarkable parallel evolution was the introduction of avian influenza virus genes independently in swine influenza viruses in Europe and the USA, with almost simultaneous acquisition of genes from seasonal human influenza. Influenza in pigs in both Eurasia and America became more aggressive necessitating the production of vaccines, and the incidence of transmission of clinical influenza to humans increased. Eventually the different triple reassortants with gene segments from avian, swine, and human influenza viruses in pigs in Europe and America met and mated and developed into the 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza that is highly transmissible in people, pigs, and turkeys. Whether this occurred in Mexico or in Asia is currently unknown. The failure of the experts was to not recognize the importance of pigs in the evolution and host range transmission of influenza viruses with pandemic potential.
Study of Se and Cl segregation in poly-crystalline CdSeTe

CdTe based thin film solar cells have shown to be competitive in terms of efficiency and low cost, but the polycrystalline structure and low minority carrier lifetime constrain CdTe based devices from reaching the theoretical efficiency limit. In this work, the effect of Se and Cl segregation in polycrystalline CdSeTe photovoltaic devices was studied. We demonstrated using two-photon time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) that the Se alloyed CdSeTe absorber layer shows high minority carrier lifetime, and used density functional theory (DFT) calculations to explain the origin of such high lifetime.
Diagrammatic Theory of RNA Structures and Ensembles with Trinucleotide Repeats

Trinucleotide repeat expansion disorders (TRED) are associated with the overexpansion of (CNG) repeats on the genome. mRNA transcripts of sequences with greater than 60 to 100 (CNG) tandem units have been implicated in TRED pathogenesis. In this paper, we develop a diagrammatic theory to study the structural diversity of these (CNG)n RNA sequences. Representing structural elements on the chain9s conformation by a set of graphs and employing elementary diagrammatic methods, we have formulated a renormalization procedure to resum these graphs and arrive at a closed-form expression for the ensemble partition function. With a simple approximation for the renormalization and applied to extended (CNG)n sequences, this theory can comprehensively capture an infinite set of conformations with any number and any combination of duplexes, hairpins and 2-way junctions. To quantify the diversity of different (CNG)n ensembles, the analytical equations derived from the diagrammatic theory were solved numerically to derive equilibrium estimates for the secondary structural contents of the chains. The results suggest that the structural ensembles of (CNG)n repeat sequence with n ~ 60 are surprisingly diverse, and they are dominated largely by open segments, with only a small fraction of the nucleotides forming base pairs. At the same time, the variance in the secondary-structural contents on the chains is also quite large, indicating that their structures can undergo strong equilibrium fluctuations and are expected to be rather suspectable to perturbations.
Pathway-Based Reduction of Repeat Head Computed Tomography for Patients With Complicated Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: Implementation and Outcomes.

Background Routine follow-up head imaging in complicated mild traumatic brain injury (cmTBI) patients has not been shown to alter treatment, improve outcomes, or identify patients in need of neurosurgical intervention. We developed a follow-up head computed tomography (CT) triage algorithm for cmTBI patients to decrease the number of routine follow-up head CT scans obtained in this population. Objective To report our experience with protocol implications and patient outcome. Methods Data on all cmTBI patients presenting from July 1, 2018 to June 31, 2019, to our level 1, tertiary, academic medical center were collected prospectively and analyzed retrospectively. Descriptive analysis was performed. Results Of the 178 patients enrolled, 52 (29%) received a follow-up head CT. A total of 27 patients (15%) were scanned because of initial presentation and triaged to the group to receive a routine follow-up head CT. A total of 151 patients (85%) were triaged to the group without routine follow-up head CT scan. Protocol adherence was 89% with 17 violations. Conclusion Utilizing this protocol, we were able to safely decrease the use of routine follow-up head CT scans in cmTBI patients by 71% without any missed injuries or delayed surgery. Adoption of the protocol was high among all services managing TBI patients.
Caloric Restriction Impairs Regulatory T cells Within the Tumor Microenvironment After Radiation and Primes Effector T cells.

Outcomes for triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) are poor and may be improved by increasing CD8+ tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) to augment antitumor immunity. Radiation (RT) can promote immunogenic cell death with increased antitumor T cell activity but also stimulates suppressive regulatory T cells (Tregs). Because metabolic alterations affect immune homeostasis and prior studies show caloric restriction (CR) combined with RT improves preclinical TNBC outcomes, we hypothesized that CR augments RT, in part, by altering intratumoral immunity. Using an in vivo model of TNBC, we treated mice with ad libitum (AL) diet, radiation, a CR diet, or CR + RT, and demonstrated an immune suppressive environment with a significant increase in CD4+ CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs after RT but not in CR-fed mice. CD8:Treg ratio in CR + RT TIL increased 4-fold compared with AL + RT mice. In vivo CD8 depletion was performed to assess the role of effector T cells in mitigating the effects of CR, and it was found that in mice undergoing CR, depletion of CD8 T cells resulted in increased tumor progression and decreased median survival compared with isotype control–treated mice. In addition, PD-1 expression on CD3+CD8+ T cells within the tumor microenvironment was significantly increased in CR + RT versus AL + RT treated mice as per immunofluorescence. Serum from breast cancer patients undergoing RT alone or CR and RT was collected pre- and postintervention, and a cytokine array demonstrated that patients treated with CR + RT had notable decreases in immunosuppressive cytokines such as IL-2Rγ, IL-10Rβ, and TGF-β2 and 3 compared with patients receiving RT alone. In conclusion, combining CR with RT decreases intratumoral Tregs, increases CD8:Treg, and increases PD-1 expression via a process dependent on CD8 T cells in a TNBC model. Breast cancer patients undergoing CR concurrently with RT also had significant reduction in immunosuppressive cytokine levels compared with those receiving RT alone.
Distal Confabulation and Transnational Literacy: Complicating “Complicated Conversation” in Curriculum Inquiry

This chapter takes up several critical questions provoked by the need for a reconceptualized ethics of engagement within the global curriculum studies field that can respond to the current realities of “post-truth” politics. I draw primarily on the work of Gayatri Spivak, Jurgen Habermas, and Boaventura de Sousa Santos in order to highlight the challenges associated with advancing a normative vision for action across distal networks of intellectual exchange, which currently characterizes the current state of the international curriculum studies field. Addressing the normative challenges embedded in curriculum inquiry requires rethinking the conceits the curriculum field has come to rely on—first among them, curriculum as complicated conversation—so that the ethical-political imperatives potentially associated with internationalization do not become flattened by passive cosmopolitanism and reductive models of comparative analysis. I conclude that a focus on transnational literacy, as framed by post-secular understandings, offers a generative pathway for rethinking the international curriculum field’s ethical commitments.
Towards Improved Assessment of L2 Collocation Knowledge

Multiple test tasks are available for assessing L2 collocation knowledge. However, few studies have investigated the characteristics of a variety of recognition and recall tasks of collocation simu...
Lipid Monitoring After Initiation of Lipid-Lowering Therapies: Return of Performance Measures?

The 2015 American College of Cardiology (ACC)/American Heart Association (AHA) Focused Update of Secondary Prevention Lipid Performance Measures removed low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) assessment as a performance measure. This review discusses the evidence supporting the importance of lipid monitoring in the secondary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). The 2018 AHA/ACC Multisociety cholesterol guideline (as did the 2013 guideline) recommends a lipid panel after initiating lipid-lowering therapy to monitor adherence and medication efficacy. The 2018 guideline also recommends adding nonstatin therapy in very-high-risk ASCVD patients with LDL-C ≥70 mg/dL despite maximally tolerated statin therapy. The removal of LDL-C monitoring as a performance measure is not consistent with the 2018 cholesterol guidelines. Given the importance of monitoring lipid-lowering medication efficacy and adherence and optimally reducing LDL-C in very-high-risk patients with additional evidence-based nonstatin therapy, LDL-C assessment after initiating lipid-lowering therapy should be reinstated as a performance measure for patients with ASCVD.
Innovation and Antitrust: An Evolutionary and Historical Perspective

Throughout the history of the United States, the importance of innovation to economic growth has been well-recognized, and the role of market economics and antitrust law, in addition to patent laws, are critical to fostering innovation. This paper examines the theories of mid-20th century economist Joseph Schumpeter, who proposed that policies favoring large firms and monopoly structures best promote innovation. In this paper, Schumpeter's theories are viewed through lenses of economic theory, history, and evolutionary biology. In viewing innovation through this interdisciplinary approach, the author shows that, in contrast to Schumpeter's thesis, innovation is, in fact, driven by robust horizontal competition, with dominant actors playing a smaller role. As such, the author argues that U.S. antitrust law should be enforced with the goal of promoting modest concentration and fostering a competitive marketplace, so as to best achieve innovation and economic growth.
In Vivo Subretinal ARPE-19 Cell Tracking Using Indocyanine Green Contrast-Enhanced Multimodality Photoacoustic Microscopy, Optical Coherence Tomography, and Fluorescence Imaging for Regenerative Medicine.

Purpose Cell-based regenerative therapies are being investigated as a novel treatment method to treat currently incurable eye diseases, such as geographic atrophy in macular degeneration. Photoacoustic imaging is a promising technology which can visualize transplanted stem cells in vivo longitudinally over time in the retina. In this study, a US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved indocyanine green (ICG) contrast agent is used for labeling and tracking cell distribution and viability using multimodal photoacoustic microscopy (PAM), optical coherence tomography (OCT), and fluorescence imaging. Methods Twelve rabbits (2.4-3.4 kg weight, 2-4 months old) were used in the study. Human retinal pigment epithelial cells (ARPE-19) were labeled with ICG dye and transplanted in the subretinal space in the rabbits. Longitudinal PAM, OCT, and fluorescence imaging was performed for up to 28 days following subretinal administration of ARPE-19 cells. Results Cell migration location, viability, and cell layer thickness were clearly recognized and determined from the fluorescence, OCT, and PAM signal. The in vivo results demonstrated that fluorescence signal increased 37-fold and PAM signal enhanced 20-fold post transplantation. Conclusions This study demonstrates that ICG-assisted PAM, OCT, and fluorescence imaging can provide a unique platform for tracking ARPE-19 cells longitudinally with high resolution and high image contrast. Translational relevance Multimodal PAM, OCT, and fluorescence in vivo imaging with ICG can improve our understanding of the fate, distribution, and function of regenerative cell therapies over time nondestructively.
Dynamic stability based identification of optimal Tai Chi forms for preventing falls among older adults with knee osteoarthritis

Abstract Objective Knee osteoarthritis increases the risk of falls among older adults. Tai Chi (TC) has been increasingly utilized to prevent falls in older adults. However, findings from previous studies are inconclusive, possibly due to a lack of scientifically sound methodologies to identify targeted TC forms, which likely maximize the training effects in preventing falls. It has been recently indicated that individual TC forms challenge body balance to varying degrees, providing us a foundation to select optimal TC forms. The objective of this preliminary study was to examine whether the challenge to body balance quantified by the range of dynamic stability is different between identified optimal TC forms (OTC) and commonly used TC (CTC) forms among older adults with knee osteoarthritis. Methods Eight older adults with knee osteoarthritis learned how to perform 24 ​TC forms correctly. Their full-body kinematics during the performance of 24 ​TC forms was collected. The range of composite dynamic stability was used as the selection criteria to identify eight OTC forms. The range of composite dynamic stability was then compared between the OTC forms and eight CTC forms. Results Overall, OTC forms showed a significantly larger range of composite dynamic stability than CTC forms (p ​= ​0.021). Conclusion The selected OTC forms could impose a greater challenge on balance control among older adults than CTC forms. The finding in this study is significant as it could furnish a scientific basis for identifying the best TC forms to optimize the effectiveness of TC-based fall prevention interventions.
Characterization of TCF21 Downstream Target Regions Identifies a Transcriptional Network Linking Multiple Independent Coronary Artery Disease Loci

To functionally link coronary artery disease (CAD) causal genes identified by genome wide association studies (GWAS), and to investigate the cellular and molecular mechanisms of atherosclerosis, we have used chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-Seq) with the CAD associated transcription factor TCF21 in human coronary artery smooth muscle cells (HCASMC). Analysis of identified TCF21 target genes for enrichment of molecular and cellular annotation terms identified processes relevant to CAD pathophysiology, including “growth factor binding,” “matrix interaction,” and “smooth muscle contraction.” We characterized the canonical binding sequence for TCF21 as CAGCTG, identified AP-1 binding sites in TCF21 peaks, and by conducting ChIP-Seq for JUN and JUND in HCASMC confirmed that there is significant overlap between TCF21 and AP-1 binding loci in this cell type. Expression quantitative trait variation mapped to target genes of TCF21 was significantly enriched among variants with low P-values in the GWAS analyses, suggesting a possible functional interaction between TCF21 binding and causal variants in other CAD disease loci. Separate enrichment analyses found over-representation of TCF21 target genes among CAD associated genes, and linkage disequilibrium between TCF21 peak variation and that found in GWAS loci, consistent with the hypothesis that TCF21 may affect disease risk through interaction with other disease associated loci. Interestingly, enrichment for TCF21 target genes was also found among other genome wide association phenotypes, including height and inflammatory bowel disease, suggesting a functional profile important for basic cellular processes in non-vascular tissues. Thus, data and analyses presented here suggest that study of GWAS transcription factors may be a highly useful approach to identifying disease gene interactions and thus pathways that may be relevant to complex disease etiology.