cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How to Restructure Lebanon's Debt

To restructure its debt, the Republic of Lebanon should conduct an exchange offer that transfers existing bonds into the hands of a fiduciary agent that is contractually bound to block any attempts to accelerate the debt by non-participating creditors. The exchange offer should also solicit consent to modify the forum selection clause in the old bonds, making Lebanon the exclusive forum for adjudicating disputes. Simultaneously, the Republic should clarify a crucial inconsistency in the Republic’s 2010 Fiscal Agency Agreement. Under Condition 15(a) of the relevant bonds, modifying non-payment terms like the forum selection provision arguably requires a lower threshold, which the agreement authorizes the Republic to supplement in accordance with prevailing market norms. Finally, the Republic should enact legislation that subordinates bondholders who attempt to challenge this interpretation. Together, these steps would considerably strengthen the Republic’s position with respect to potential holdouts.
The Surplus of Signification: Merleau-Ponty and Enactivism on the Continuity of Life, Mind, and Culture

This paper provides a critical discussion of the views of Merleau-Ponty and contemporary enactivism concerning the phenomenological dimension of the continuity between life and mind. I argue that Merleau-Ponty’s views are at odds with those of enactivists. Merleau-Ponty only applied phenomenological descriptions to the life-worlds of sentient animals with sensorimotor systems, contrary to those enactivists who apply them to all organisms. I argue that we should follow Merleau-Ponty on this point, as the use of phenomenological concepts to describe the “experience” of creatures with no phenomenal consciousness has generated confusion about the role of phenomenology in enactivism and prompted some enactivists to ignore or turn away from phenomenology. Further, Merleau-Ponty also emphasizes the stark distinction between the vital order of animals and the human order to a greater degree than many phenomenologically inspired enactivists. I discuss his view in connection with recent research in developmental and comparative psychology. Despite the striking convergence of Merleau-Ponty’s visionary thought with the most recent findings, I argue that he somewhat overstates the difference between human experience and cognition, and that of our closest animal kin. I outline a developmental-phenomenological account of how the child enters the human order in the first years of life, thereby further mitigating the stark difference between orders. This results in a modified Merleau-Pontian version of the phenomenological dimension of life-mind continuity which I recommend to enactivism.
Quality of life, coping strategies, and supportive care needs in head and neck cancer survivors: a qualitative study.

The purpose of this qualitative study was to better understand the lived experience of head and neck cancer (HNC) survivors between 6 months to 9 years post-radiation. Quality of life, coping strategies, concerns for the future, and preferences for supportive care were explored. Semi-structured interviews were conducted in 31 HNC survivors from a Midwestern hospital. Interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim and analyzed using qualitative thematic analysis. Survivors described restrictions on daily living, social eating, and financial concerns. Despite these restrictions, survivors reported an overall high mentality and enjoyment of life. Coping considerations included adapting to a new normal and increased involvement in cancer support and faith groups. Preferences for supportive care included receiving more information about and being more involved in the treatment care plan, referrals to therapy and support groups, and more comprehensive follow-up in survivorship. While long-term HNC survivors adapt to daily living restrictions, a high proportion continue to have unmet needs. This data can guide the development of HNC survivorship interventions to inform optimal clinical guidelines based on patients’ perceived needs. This qualitative study uncovered distinct perceived needs of HNC survivors which can inform future service development. Incorporating referrals to supportive care services including speech language pathologist, physical therapists, and dietitians into the standard of care before, during, and after treatment would assist survivors in adapting to life after treatment and managing long-term health consequences of their disease.
Retaliatorily Discharged Employees’ Standing to Sue Under the Antitrust Laws

The author argues that when an employee loses his job as the result of failing to effectuate his employer’s antitrust violation, the job loss occurred by reason of the antitrust violation, and the employee has standing to sue for treble damages under section 4 of the Clayton Act.
Provider Antibody Serology Study of Virus in the Emergency Room (PASSOVER) Study: Special Population COVID-19 Seroprevalence.

Author(s): Heyming, Theodore W.; Sanger, Terence; Tongol, Aprille; Schomberg, John; Bacon, Kellie; Lara, Bryan | Abstract: Introduction: Limited data on the seroprevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) among healthcare workers (HCW) are publicly available. In this study we sought to determine the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in a population of HCWs in a pediatric emergency department (ED).Methods: We conducted this observational cohort study from April 14–May 13, 2020 in a pediatric ED in Orange County, CA. Asymptomatic HCW ≥18 years of age were included in the study. Blood samples were obtained by fingerstick at the start of each shift. The inter-sampling interval was ≤96 hours. The primary outcome was positive seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 as determined with an antibody fast detection kit (Colloidal Gold, Superbio, Timisoara, Romania) for the SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin M/immunoglobulin G (IgM/IgG) antibody.Results: A total of 143 HCWs participated in the study. Overall SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence was 10.5% (n = 15). Positive seroprevalence was classified as IgG only (4.9%), IgM+IgG (3.5%), or IgM only (2.1%). SARS-CoV-2 was detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction RT-PCR in 0.7% of the overall study population (n = 1). Samples obtained on Day 1 indicated seropositivity in 4.2% of the study population (n = 6). Subsequent seroconversion occurred in 6.3% of participants (n = 9). The rate of seroconversion was linear with a rate of approximately one new case every two days, starting at Day 9 of the study.Conclusion: We observed a linear rate of seroconversion to SARS-CoV-2–positive status among asymptomatic HCWs who underwent daily symptom surveys and temperature screens in an environment with universal source control. Rapid antibody testing may be useful for screening for SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity in high-risk populations, such as HCWs in the ED.
Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast Training: Does it exist in Collegiate Aviation?

One of the key elements to NextGen is the transition from the current ground- based radar monitoring system to a satellite-based system using the Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast System (ADS-B). The FAA has set a mandate which requires all aircraft to be ADS-B equipped by the year 2020 in order to continue operating in the National Airspace System. However, the FAA has not set forth any training requirements for aviation instructors or designated examiners. This study looked at how ADS-B is currently being taught among aviation educators across the United States and how important this training is to current aviation curriculum. With the information collected, it was determined that only a minimal amount of ADS-B training is currently taking place across the country, and the training that is taking place is non-standardized and limited due to the perception that ADS-B is only to be used as a traffic advisory tool. There was significant difference in the perceived importance of ADS-B, t(73) = -2.79, p < .01 between the flight instructor group and the group containing mostly professors and administrators. Also, a significant difference was found in the comparison of perceived importance and institution, t(73) = -3.11, p < .01. There was no significance found when comparing the perceived importance of ADS-B training to the number of years a respondent had worked as an aviation educator, F(1,73) = .44, p = .508 or the number of hours a respondent had received ADS-B training, F(1,60) = .15, p = .699. There was also no significant difference in the perceived importance of ADS-B training dependent upon if participants operated in a geographic location that had ADS-B coverage, t(73) = -1.88, p = .063. Several factors were discovered as to why there seems to be no current urgency among aviation educators to train their students in this new technology. In addition, recommended steps the FAA could take in order to help aviation educators with the ADS-B training process were suggested.
Drug-Receptor Theory

This chapter discusses the various mathematical models that have been put forward to link the experimental observations (relating to drug-receptor interactions) and the events taking place on a molecular level between the drug and protein recognition sites. The various equations used to describe the quantitative activity of drugs and the interaction of those drugs with receptors is generally given the name drug-receptor theory. A major link between the data and the biological understanding of drug-receptor activity is the model. The models used within this theory originated from those used to describe enzyme kinetics. In general, experimental data is a sampling of a population of observations emanating from a system. The specific drug concentrations tested control the sample size, and the resulting dependent variables reflect what is happening at the biological target. A model defines the complete relationship for the whole population. The choice of model, and how it fits into the biology of what is thought to be occurring, is critical to the assessment of the experiment. With increasing experimental sophistication has come new knowledge of receptor function and insights into the ways in which drugs can affect that function. In this chapter, drug-receptor theory is described in terms of what is referred to as “classical theory,” namely, the use and extension of concepts described by Clark and other researchers such as Stephenson, Ariens, MacKay, and Furchgott.
Data-centric HPC for Numerical Weather Forecasting

Modern day High Perfocmance Computing (HPC) systems are now capable of running detailed models that can accurately predict severe weather events like typhoons and floods. However, as more computing power becomes available to run Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) models, scientists are now observing that performing subsequent data processing and analysis are increasingly becoming the major bottlenecks to effectively utilizing the HPC systems. In this paper, we propose a practical and workflow-conscious solution to improve the end-to-end process involved in NWP from the perspective of how data is acquired, processed and analyzed in the HPC system. Our work highlights the integration of data-centric middleware components including streams processing, data warehouse and business intelligence in an HPC environment to provide a scalable and robust data analytics platform suitable for the development of NWP models.
The Place of Lewis Carroll in Children's Literature

List of Figures Series Editor's Foreword Acknowledgments Introduction 1: "Respiciendo prudens": Lewis Carroll's Juvenilia 2: Lewis Carroll and the Literary Fairy Tale 3: The Play of Letters in Lewis Carroll's Alice Books: Ravens and Writing-Desks 4: Multiple Wonderlands: Lewis Carroll and the Creation of the Alice Industry 5: Imitations of Alice: Lewis Carroll and the Anxiety of Influence 6: Too Gaudy or Not Gaudy Enough: Lewis Carroll's The Nursery "Alice" 7: The Beggar-Maid: Alice Liddell as Street Arab 8: Coffee or Tea: The Two Nations of Victorian Children's Literature 9: "To Strike Out Yet Another New Path": Cross-Writing and Boundary-Crossing in Lewis Carroll's Sylvie and Bruno 10: Alice in Consumerland: The Marketing of a Children's Classic to Contemporary Readers 11: Cyber Alice: Wonderland as Hypertext 12: Show Me, Don't (Re)Tell Me: Jon Scieszka Revises Wonderland Afterword Appendix Notes Bibliography Index
Public Management as Ethics

A strong consensus exists on the importance of ethics in public management. While an unadorned listing of the values and attributes may not seem like much help, it aids not so much because it solves the problems, but identifies the checklist that institutional design issues and mangers must attend to. Obviously the values will come into conflict and require compromises. The existence of a values checklist, however, provides rhetorical and moral leverage for administrators throughout the world and legitimizes decisions, actions, and managerial strategies that support them against more limited efficiency, self-interested or outcome driven conceptions. Having clear values can focus the responsibility of individuals, focus and guide the creation of institutional cultures and provide a frame by which to exercise discretion, report accountability and engage the complex environment where public managers must simultaneously address the demands of law, accountability, discretion and creating and sustaining the power base to achieve public purposes. These values inhere in a theory of personal responsibility where individuals promise within an institutional context to give serious weight to the values. It is reinforced by a theory of institutions that see institutions as bound to public purpose and accountability that require competence, long-term trusteeship and efficient service to all citizens. Herbert Simon pointed out many years ago that lists of character and values will not provide clarity on decision because they often conflict and under-determine decisions. No list of principles, even ones with ordinal rankings, can provide clear answers for complex, ever-changing political and organizational situations. But clarity about values and commitments do provide a universe of justifications that public managers should take into account in making and evaluating decisions. These values provide a legitimate rhetorical opening for managers, citizens, and elected officials to deliberate and critique decisions. Public management unfolds through choice, and choice involves ethical decision through hundreds of daily actions that impact the welfare of others and give reality to the rights and aspirations of government. Choices define the activity as ethical bounded by obligation and personal responsibility. These ethical commitments provide meaningful and powerful criteria to inform institutional design and managerial discretion. They present design imperatives that can adapt to multiple institutional arrangements and governmental systems. The role of ethics and ethics policy becomes even more central to public management in a time of devolved.
Phenomenology, Logic, and the Philosophy of Mathematics: Mathematics and Transcendental Phenomenology

Husserl began to publish on problems in the philosophy of mathematics and logic soon after he received his doctoral degree in mathematics in 1883 and he continued to publish on them throughout his lifetime. Although much has happened in the foundations of mathematics since the beginning of the twentieth century, many of Husserl's ideas are still relevant to recent issues in the philosophy of mathematics. In this chapter I argue that a number of the views on mathematics that are part of Husserl's transcendental phenomenology are more compelling than current alternative views in the philosophy of mathematics. In particular, I provide an overview of how Husserl's ideas can be used to solve some basic problems in the philosophy of mathematics that arise for (naive) platonism, nominalism, fictionalism, Hilbertian formalism, pragmatism, and conventionalism. A Precis of Problems in the Philosophy of Mathematics Many of the basic problems in the philosophy of mathematics center around the positions just mentioned. It will not be possible to discuss these problems in any detail here, but at least some general indications can be given. A major difficulty for platonism has been to explain how it is possible to have knowledge of immutable, acausal, abstract entities such as numbers, sets, and functions. Once it is argued that these entities are abstract and mind independent there seems to be no way to establish an epistemic link with them that does not involve mysticism.
An Examination of Voting Behavior of the ASB

The system by which auditing standards are promulgated has resided in the private sector since 1939. The members of the Auditing Standards Boards (ASB), unlike the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), retain formal affiliations with their parent organizations during their tenure on the ASB. As a result, this process has been criticized by the late Senator Metcalf and others. One of Metcalf s allegations was that large accounting firms dominate the audit standard-setting process through their employees that serve on the ASB. Accordingly, this study examines certain voting behavior of the ASB in an effort to determine if the board members are acting as agents of their parent organizations or, rather, as independent rule makers. The results do support the proposition that in casting certain votes, the board members are acting in an agency capacity.
Evolving PC system hardware configurations

The task of determining proper configuration of a PC system may be very difficult for a customer having little knowledge about computer hardware components. Also, it becomes more and more difficult even for a specialist, (with time constraints) to determine the proper specification, because the market offers a wide variety of products to choose from. We represented this hardware configuration problem in the form of tree structures, where nodes represent all possible hardware components of a PC system. We then used structured genetic algorithms to solve this multi-level optimization problem. Accordingly, we developed a prototype system called "Computer Hardware Designing System" and successfully tested it on a number of empirical examples.
Correction of mandibular prognathism by double-oblique intraoral osteotomy: A new technique

Abstract The double-oblique intraoral osteotomy offers all the advantages of the intraoral techniques for correction of mandibular prognathism as well as some of the advantages of the extraoral procedures. The surgeon performing this operation should have a thorough knowledge of the involved anatomy, especially the course of the internal maxillary artery, the mandibular neurovascular bundle, and the anatomic positions of the involved musculature. With the large medullary surfaces created with this technique, the procedure can also be used for the correction of apertognathia and mandibular retrognathia.
A new homopolar motor

Abstract A new homopolar motor has been designed and constructed based on the principle of the Faraday disk. The magnetic circuit consists of two halves made from Armco iron. The rotor disk is made from a low carbon steel plate. Current is fed to the disk radially through 8 brushes of copper graphite, while 8 other brushes on both sides of the shaft form the output terminal. With 2 volts input voltage and 100 amperes input current, the motor delivers approximately 1/6 h.p. at 5800 rpm. with 50 per cent efficiency. Performance curves and a transient response oscillogram are presented.
Response of an ocean-atmosphere climate model to Milankovic forcing

There is considerable evidence in support of Milankovic's theory that variations in high-latitude summer insolation caused by Earth orbital variations are the cause of the Pleistocene ice cycles. The enigmatic discrepancy between the spectra of Milankovic forcing and of Pleistocene climate variations is believed to be resolved by the slow, nonlinear response of ice sheets to changes in solar seasonality. An experiment with a preliminary version of a 14-region atmosphere/snow/upper ocean climate model demonstrates that the response of the ocean-atmosphere system alone to Milankovic forcing is capable of driving ice cycles with the observed spectrum. This occurs because of the highly nonlinear response of both the thermal seasons and the annual mean temperature to solar seasons, which is caused in turn by the highly nonlinear feedback between temperature and snow and sea ice.
Pyromorphite formation and stability after quick lime neutralisation in the presence of soil and clay sorbents

Environmental context. Questions remain regarding the potential risk of human Pb exposure from metal-contaminated soils. Studies show that the risk of human exposure is more accurately linked to the toxicity of the Pb species in soil than the total quantity of Pb. This work explores the practicality of converting Pb to a less toxic, less bioavailable species called pyromorphite in the presence of soil. Abstract. Soluble Pb is immobilised in pure systems as pyromorphite by adding sources of P, but doubts remain about the effectiveness of this approach in natural soil systems, particularly given the ability of soil humic substances to interfere with Pb-mineral formation. In addition, recent thermodynamic modelling predicts that pyromorphite formed by the addition of phosphoric acid to Pb-contaminated soils, followed by neutralisation with quick lime (Ca(OH)2) will destabilise the mineral, reverting the Pb back to more soluble species such as cerussite or anglesite. In this paper, we describe experiments to form pyromorphite in the presence of two different sorbents: a reference smectite called Panther Creek Bentonite, and a commercially available, organically rich potting mixture. We present X-ray diffraction (XRD) evidence suggestive of pyromorphite formation, yet, like similar studies, the evidence is less than conclusive. Linear combination fits of Pb X-ray absorption fine-structure spectroscopy (XAFS) data collected at the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory show that pyromorphite is the major Pb species formed after the addition of phosphoric acid. Furthermore, XAFS data shows that neutralising with quick lime enhances (as opposed to reducing) pyromorphite content in these systems. These results call into question relying solely on XRD data to confirm or deny the existence of minerals like pyromorphite, whose complex morphology give less intense and more complicated diffraction patterns than some of the simpler Pb minerals.
Oxidation of formic acid at polycarbazole-supported Pt nanoparticles

Abstract Formic acid (FA) oxidation has been investigated at Pt nanoparticles (Pt NP) supported on unmodified and polycarbazole (PCZ)-modified glassy carbon (GC) electrodes in sulfuric acid solution. Cyclic voltammetry, scanning electron microscopy, and impedance spectroscopy were used to characterize the PCZ films, whereby similar electrochemical properties and somewhat different morphologies were obtained for GC/PCZ electrodes prepared with various deposition times. These films were drop coated with preformed Pt NP. It was found that while the indirect oxidation of FA was dominant at Pt NP deposited directly on GC, the presence of a PCZ film of ~10 nm thickness caused the reaction to proceed predominantly via direct oxidation. Consequently, currents for formic acid oxidation at the low potentials relevant to direct formic acid fuel cell operation were much higher. For example at 0 V vs. SCE, the current was 29 times higher at a GC/PCZ/Pt electrode than at GC/Pt. Furthermore, by varying the thickness of the PCZ layer it was shown that the resistance of the PCZ severely impedes formic acid oxidation when the Pt NP are not in close proximity to the GC surface.
Prenatal maternal d-amphetamine effects on emotionality and audiogenic seizure susceptibility of rat offspring

Dosages of 0, 5, and 10 mg/kg body weight of d-amphetamine were injected subcutaneously to gravid albino rats during Days 5-9 or Days 12-16 of gestation. Offspring were assessed for water-wading emotionality and audiogenic-seizure behaviors. No significant differences among groups were found in defecation scores from either test. The only animals to exhibit a considerable incidence of wild-running attacks or seizures were these whose mothers had received the placebo early in pregnancy. These differences are in agreement with most findings that indicate an enhancement of immunity to audiogenic seizures susceptibility as a function of prior stress. Maternal administration of d-amphetamine during pregnancy apparently can produce offspring who have less susceptibility to severe emotional responses but no protection against mild expressions of emotionality.
Heterogeneity in Bacillus cereus PCR Products Detected by ESI−FTICR Mass Spectrometry

PCR amplification of a segment of the 16/23S rDNA interspace region (ISR) from Bacillus cereus 6464 produced a mixture of products. An 89-bp product was predicted on the basis of the reported sequence. The ESI−FTICR analysis revealed three double-stranded products, differing in size by a single nucleotide corresponding to two homoduplexes of 89 and 88 base pairs and a heteroduplex of 89 and 88 nucleotide strands. These were produced from a single preparation of genomic DNA and a single primer pair. ESI−FTICR analysis of the single strands identified a deletion of a T in the coding strand and a corresponding loss of an A in the noncoding strand of this product. The ESI−FTICR analysis indicated the presence of an unreported sequence variation between rRNA operons in this organism. This report illustrates that PCR products amplified from templates differing by a single nucleotide can be resolved and identified using ESI−FTICR at the 89-bp level. Furthermore, the ESI−FTICR mass measurements provided the ident...
Tuning the band gap of ferritin nanoparticles by co-depositing iron with halides or oxo-anions

Iron-containing ferritin has been used for light harvesting and as a photocatalyst. In this study, we test the hypothesis that changing the iron mineral core composition can alter the light harvesting and photocatalytic properties of ferritin, by co-depositing iron in the presence of halides or oxo-anions. This caused the anions to be incorporated into the iron mineral. We report that some of these new iron minerals possess different band gaps than the original ferrihydrite within ferritin. We found an increase in band gap of up to 0.288 eV or a decrease by as much as 0.104 eV, depending on the type of anion and amount of anions incorporated into the ferrihydrite mineral.
Formation of supersaturated solid solutions by mechanical alloying

Abstract Results obtained from cryogenic mechanical alloying of Ni-50 at. %Al powders indicate that plastic deformation produces a nanoscale mixture of Ni and Al. This nanoscale mixture transforms to ordered NiAl phase without forming a supersaturated solid solution as the intermediate phase. The observed disappearance of the X-ray peaks of constituent elements is associated with the lower atomic scattering factor and grain refinement rather than the actual dissolution of the element. The present study also addresses the effects of thermal exposure accompanying the ball milling process. The study of Spex milling of Fe-13 at.%B-7 at.%Si demonstrates that prolonged mechanical alloying at room temperature results in partial dissolution of Si and B in Fe by enhanced diffusion. A supersaturated solid solution of 4 at.% B in Fe is observed.
Continuum and discrete hydrodynamical models and globally well-posed problems

Two models for one-dimensional hydrodynamical motion are model C and model D. Model C is the standard, classical, continuum model. Well-posedness proofs for problems based on model C encounter extreme technical difficulties. There are dubious steps in the derivation of model C from first principles. Model D is a modification of model C which avoids these dubious steps. A mixed, initial-boundary-value problem based on model D is properly posed globally. The proof presented here is for the pressure obeying a generalization of the ideal-gas law and a viscous stress obeying a generalization of the Navier-Stokes form. No assumptions requiring the initial data to be small deviations from a constant state are required; the initial data are only required to be physically acceptable.
Effective elementarity of resonances and bound states in statistical mechanics

Operational criteria are presented for determining those bound states and resonances which can approximately be included in the complete set of states in the $S$-matrix formulation of statistical mechanics. The criteria depend only on the energy dependence of $S$-matrix elements, as compared to the energy scales determined by the temperature and density. They are thus expressible free of nonrelativistic potential-theory language, and are hopefully valid for relativistic hadron systems as well. As an application, it is shown that the $\ensuremath{\Delta}$ resonance can be effectively treated as an elementary species under the temperature and density conditions encountered in neutron stars, while nuclei such as the deuteron can be ignored to lowest approximation. Possible conflicts with the Pauli principle, as invoked between the "constituents" of composite resonances and bound states on the one hand and free particles on the other, are resolved.
The effects of varying the application protocol on the retention of pit and fissure sealant: a two-year clinical study

The clinical effects of procedural variations on sealant retention are evaluated, and the caries status of sealed teeth and contra-lateral control teeth is compared. Four different protocols of application were used to evaluate sealant retention and caries status after standardized radiographic and clinical diagnosis. Reexaminations were performed at 6, 12, and 24 months. High caries reductions were found for all groups; however, premolars were less affected with occlusal caries than were molars. Tooth type and caries potential of the individuals must be considered when sealants are used.
Measurements of X-ray transition radiation from plastic fibers

Abstract Test measurements are presented on a new kind of radiator material for generating X-ray transition radiation by the passage of relativistic charged particles. This material consists of mats of thin polyolefin fibers which, when combined with multiwire proportional chambers, can be easily made into large area (several m2) detectors. Fibers of different thicknesses can be combined to give a response over a wide range of Lorentz factors, 500 ⪅ γ ≲ 15 000. The application of this material in a large detector for cosmic ray nuclei is discussed.
Pulse-receiving characteristics of resistively loaded dipole antennas

The pulse-receiving characteristics of resistively loaded dipoles are analyzed using a time-domain numerical technique. The Wu-King nonreflecting dipole and several other dipoles with higher and lower distributed resistances are considered. The time-domain responses of these dipoles to Gaussian electromagnetic pulses (incident in boresite direction) are calculated. Frequency-domain receiving transfer functions are obtained using the fast Fourier transform (FFT) technique. Dipoles terminated with high resistance loads are also considered. The effect of the distributed resistance and terminal resistance on the pulse response and bandwidth is discussed. >
Two- and Three-Photon Absorption Induced Emission, Optical Limiting and Stabilization of CdTe/CdS/ZnS Quantum Tripods System

Two- and three-photon absorption and excitation properties of CdTe/CdS/ZnS quantum tripods in chloroform have been investigated by using ~160-fs laser pulses in the spectral range of ~(1150-1650) nm. The two- and three-photon excited up-conversion emission is located around 740-nm position; the emission intensity follows the square law and cubic law on the excitation intensity for the former and the latter, respectively. The nonlinear transmission and output/input characteristics have been measured at a two-photon absorption wavelength of 1175 nm and a three-photon absorption wavelength of 1580 nm separately. Fairly good optical power limiting and stabilization performance of this material have been achieved.
“Tiffany Does Not Have a Solid Language Background, As She Speaks Only English”: Emerging Language Ideologies Among California Students

Californians often take for granted a split between ethnic and linguistic identities, expecting immigrants to maintain strong ethnic identities while becoming monolingual in English. However, recent immigration has led to increasing diversity at California universities, with no majority ethnic group and many students bilingual. This study explores the language ideologies of diverse university students through an analysis of 100 essays written by undergraduates in an introductory Linguistics class. Specifically, the study asks what language ideologies are constructed when California students write about the language backgrounds of other people, and whether these ideologies appear connected to the writers' own backgrounds. Results show strong tendencies for students, regardless of ethnolinguistic background, to support home language maintenance as an index of ethnic pride and loyalty. The article concludes by discussing the implications of these results for the pedagogy of introductory Linguistics classes.
Coalescence of Magma Pockets into Large Pools in the Upper Mantle

A theory of bubble coalescence in glacier ice (Weertman, 1968) can be used to explain why small pools of magma in the upper mantle can coalesce into large pools. Glacier ice contains entrapped gas bubbles and water bubbles. If glacier ice is sheared, it is inevitable that the plastic deformation will lead to coalescence of bubbles (Fig. 1). If the temperature is high enough so that the process that spheriodizes inclusions is rapid, the collision of two spherical bubbles leads to their coalescence into one larger spherical bubble. The theory that was developed for coalescence of bubbles in glacier ice (Weertman, 1968) can be applied to the problem of the collection of magma in the upper mantle into large pools. I draw attention to this possible application of a theory originally developed for glacier ice. I have shown (1968) that the concentration C of bubbles is given by the equation. where C o is the initial concentration of liquid-filled spheres, e is shear strain (understood to be always a positive quantity), and V is the volume fraction of liquid in a unit volume of material. For V = 0.1, large amounts of coalescence occur for a shear strain ∈ greater than 10. It is commonly assumed that liquid phase is present in the low-strength zone of the upper mantle. I have suggested (1967) that horizontal flow can occur in this zone in a manner similar to the flow of magma within a dike. The plate tectonic picture cannot avoid having this zone sheared to large strains. Suppose this zone is of the order of 100km thick and motion of matter in it occurs over horizontal distances of the order of 5,000 km. The average shear strain of a volume element that has traveled this distance thus is of the order of 100. For V = 0.1, the ratio C/C o predicted by equation (8) is 3 × 10 −6 , which is an extremely strong degree of coalescence (that is, about 3 × 10 5 bubbles have coalesced into one gigantic bubble). Thus shear flow in the low-strength zone of the upper mantle could lead to the concentration of small pools of magma into large ones. The magma in large pools subsequently could reach the earth9s crust in rising magma-filled cracks which turn into dikes (Weertman, 1971a, 1971b). Shaw (1969) discussed magma production in a mantle that is sheared. He stated: “The puzzling question of how magma accumulates in order to rise may be answered by the conclusion that viscous failure and flow are part of the same mechanism, and that the melt fraction is virtually kneaded from the crystalline source.” This note suggests a possible mechanism for “kneading out” the melt fraction in the upper mantle, regardless of how the melt fraction is produced.
Impacts and tectonism in Earth and Moon history of the past 3800 million years

The moon's surface, unlike the Earth's, displays a comparatively clear record of its past bombardment history for the last 3800 Myr, the time since active lunar tectonism under the massive premare bombardment ended. From Baldwin's (1987) tabulation of estimated ages for a representative sample of large lunar craters younger than 3800 Ma, six major cratering episodes can be discerned. These six bombardment episodes, which must have affected the Earth too, appear to match in time the six major episodes of orogenic tectonism on Earth, despite typical resolution errors of +/- 100 Myr and the great uncertainties of the two chronologies. Since more highly resolved events during the Cenozoic and Mesozoic Eras suggest the same correlation, it is possible that large impacts have influenced plate tectonics and other aspects of geologic history, perhaps by triggering flood basalt eruptions.
The hyperleptinemia of obesity-regulator of caloric surpluses

New evidence suggests that leptin and other anorexigenic agents reduce appetite by inactivating hypothalamic AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), thereby increasing malonyl CoA levels. This preview examines AMP biology and its role in malonyl-CoA generation and attempts to integrate its central actions with its peripheral antilipotoxic actions within the context of leptin physiology in obesity.
Absence of Phase Transitions in the Hydrogen Bond Subsystem of Associated Fluids

Phase transitions in the hydrogen bond subsystem of associating fluids are discussed in the framework of mean-field theory. It is shown that in the simplest case of independent (noncooperative) bonds the free energy of the subsystem as a function of the numbers of hydrogen bonds is convex. The consequences of this fact for thermodynamics of hydrogen-bonded fluids and the applications for the theory of associated liquids are discussed.
Margin width as the sole determinant of local recurrence after breast conservation in patients with ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast.

Abstract Background A previous study showed a 3% local recurrence risk at 8 years in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) patients treated with excision alone with surgical margins of 10 mm or greater. This study updates those data. Methods A total of 272 DCIS patients treated conservatively with 10 mm or greater margins were reviewed in a prospective database. Results Among 212 excision-alone patients, there were 9 DCIS and 3 invasive recurrences. The 12-year probability of any local recurrence was 13.9%; of invasive recurrence it was 3.4%. Among 60 excision plus radiation patients, there was 1 local (invasive) recurrence ( P = .06). The 12-year probability of local recurrence was 2.5%. Conclusions Local recurrence in DCIS patients treated with excision alone with margins of 10 mm or greater compares favorably with local recurrence in DCIS patients with nontransected margins and treated with postoperative radiation. The risk of invasive recurrence among widely excised DCIS patients is extremely low.
The genetics and evolution of obligate reproductive parasitism in Trichogramma pretiosum infected with parthenogenesis-inducing Wolbachia

Parthenogenesis-inducing (PI) Wolbachia belong to a class of intracellular symbionts that distort the offspring sex ratio of their hosts toward a female bias. In many PI Wolbachia-infected species sex ratio distortion has reached its ultimate expression-fixation of infection and all-female populations. This is only possible with thelytokous PI symbionts as they provide an alternative form of reproduction and remove the requirement for males and sexual reproduction. Many populations fixed for PI Wolbachia infection have lost the ability to reproduce sexually, even when cured of the infection. We examine one such population in the species Trichogramma pretiosum. Through a series of backcrossing experiments with an uninfected Trichogramma pretiosum population we were able to show that the genetic basis for the loss of female sexual function could be explained by a dominant nuclear effect. Male sexual function had not been completely lost, though some deterioration of male sexual function was also evident when males from the infected population (created through antibiotic curing of infected females) were mated to uninfected females. We discuss the dynamics of sex ratio selection in PI Wolbachia-infected populations and the evolution of non-fertilizing mutations.
Therapeutic potential of the anti-diabetic agent metformin in targeting the skin cancer stem cell diaspora

Type II diabetes is associated with increased prevalence of cancer including both melanoma and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the skin. Emerging evidence from epidemiological studies suggest that diabetic patients on metformin have a lower risk of cancer incidence and mortality in a broad range of neoplasms. In both melanoma and SCC, populations of cancer stem cells (CSC) contribute to tumor initiation and metastasis. We propose that metformin constitutes a new class of targeted therapy that acts on the skin CSC diaspora. We posit that metformin selectively and simultaneously targets CSCs of the primary tumor as well as in metastatic niches thereby disrupting the dynamic dispersal of circulating CSCs between the primary tumor and metastatic site. This hypothesis suggests a new concept in dermato-oncology that treatment of type II diabetes and prevention of skin cancer are two sides of the same coin.
Effects of muscarinic receptor antagonism on the phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate signal transduction pathway after experimental brain injury

Hippocampal levels of fatty acids extracted from phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), free fatty acids (FFA), and lactate were measured after central fluid percussion traumatic brain injury (TBI) in rats. At 5 min after injury, there was a decrease in fatty acids extracted from PIP2 suggesting a decrease in PIP2. At the same time point, total FFA increased in saline-treated TBI rats. Levels of arachidonic acid were significantly decreased in PIP2, while at the same time arachidonic and stearic acids increased in FFA in saline-treated TBI rats. No significant alterations in PIP2-derived fatty acids or FFA were observed at 20 min after TBI. Hippocampal concentrations of lactate were significantly elevated at 5 and 20 min after injury in saline-treated rats. In general, these alterations were blunted by preinjury administration of the muscarinic antagonist, scopolamine. These results suggest that the PIP2 signal transduction pathway is activated in the hippocampus at the onset of central fluid percussion TBI and that the enhanced phospholipase C-catalyzed phosphodiestric breakdown of PIP2 is a major mechanism of liberation of FFA in these sites immediately after such injury. The blunting of PIP2 and FFA alterations in animals treated with scopolamine suggests that activation of muscarinic receptors significantly contributes to the phospholipase C (PLC) signal transduction pathophysiology in TBI. The attenuation of lactate accumulation in scopolamine-treated rats suggests that TBI-induced muscarinic receptor activation also contributes to increased glycolytic metabolism and/or ionic imbalances.
Ion-beam modification of SnO2: Predictions and observations

Abstract The response of crystalline SnO2 to heavy-ion impact has apparently never been studied in spite of the importance of this substance as a transparent electronic conductor when O deficient or doped. We present here both predictions and explicit results. The question of amorphizability can in general be answered either in terms of the ratio Tc/Tm = (crystallization temp.)/(melting temp.) or in terms of the ionicity. The values for SnO2 (e.g. Tc/Tm = 0.41 or 0.52) suggest the possibility of amorphization and this is observed to occur for heavy-ion doses beyond ∼ 3×1015 ions/cm2. Randomization should not occur with SnO2 in view of the fundamental differences between the structures of SnO2 and β-Sn. The question of whether sputtering is congruent can, at least with oxides, be treated semiempirically in terms of decomposition pressures. The values for SnO2 (e.g. 2 atm of O2 at 3000 K) are sufficiently low compared with other oxides as to suggest that the sputtering is congruent and this agress both with electron diffraction and with the lack of bombardment-induced electrical conductivity. The question of whether the rate of sputtering is normal or high is found with oxides to relate semiempirically to the pressure for congruent vaporization, thence to whether collisional sputtering is supplemented by an implied thermal component or related process. The experimental vapor pressures for SnO2 (e.g. 350 atm of SnO+ 1 2 O 2 at 3000 K) are amongst the highest for all known metallic oxides, in agreement with the experimental rate of sputtering being the highest known for metallic oxides.
Espaço vivido e espaço mental: Dalton Trevisan e a dicotomia social do urbanismo curitibano

Este ensaio trata dos contos de Dalton Trevisan e da cidade de Curitiba dentro do contexto do urbanismo como "espaco vivido", para usar a terminologia de Andre Lefebvre, a fim de entender a dicotomia social entre uma mentalidade rural e uma modernidade urbana. Contrastando os elogios de Curitiba como "cidade verde" com os cenarios tragicomicos e nefastos perfilados nas narrativas trevisanianas, este estudo aponta para os vestigios socio-historicos do passado colonial da cidade e como aquela experiencia social ainda marca o comportamento local. Alem de mostrar como os contos trevisanianos tendem para o universal, por causa do seu dialogo altamente consciente com o leitor e apesar do seu enfoque regional, sublinhamos como a contradicao entre o sardonico e o afetivo revela o lado sentimental mas perturbador dessa comedia humana. Com alusoes aos seus contos e haicais como as "imagens-pensantes" (de Walter Benjamin), esta leitura tambem da enfoque ao aspecto performativo da sua obra, que serve para desmascarar a hipocrisia escondida nas consciencias urbanas dos personagens e dos seus proprios leitores. Contra o espaco mental formulado por planejadores-urbanistas, ve-se como o "espaco vivido" pelos habitantes nao coaduna bem com a imagem ecologica promulgada. Porem, no meio da evocacao vampiresca da cidade por parte do autor, sempre surge uma dose de compaixao e saudade que, afinal de contas, desafia a imagem de Dalton Trevisan como critico mordaz e insensivel perante a sua Curitiba.
Systematic rational restructuring as a self-control technique

This paper attempts to place rational-emotive therapy within a learning framework, toward the goal of systematizing therapeutic procedures, which will provide clients with a technique for the self-control of anxiety. A fivestep procedure is described for training the individual to modify the anxiety-producing set with which he may be approaching situations: (1) The individual is exposed (in imagination or via role playing) to an anxiety-provoking situation; (2) he is asked to evaluate just how anxious he is; (3) he is called on to use this anxiety as a signal for ferreting out any self-defeating anxiety-provoking attitudes or expectations he has about the situation; (4) these self-statements are reevaluated rationally; and (5) note is taken of the anxiety level after rational reevaluation. The use of hierarchically arranged situations is recommended in providing the client with practice in rational reevaluation. Some preliminary findings which attest to the effectiveness of this procedure are described.