cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A review of the outcome expectancy construct in physical activity research.

Background: Outcome expectancy is a central construct in social cognitive models of health behavior widely used as frameworks for physical activity research.Purpose: This article provides a review of the outcome expectancy construct and its application to research on physical activity.Methods: Theoretical articles describing definitions and placement of outcome expectancy within social cognitive models, as well as empirical research on outcome expectancy and physical activity, were reviewed.Results: Self-efficacy theory, the transtheoretical model, the theory of planned behavior, and protection motivation theory differ in their labeling and conceptualization of outcome expectancy but unanimously include expected outcomes of behavior. Preliminary empirical investigation of the role of outcome expectancy in understanding physical activity has yielded mixed results. Positive outcome expectancy appears to be more predictive of physical activity in older adults than in young to middle-aged adults, and personal barriers appear to be the most predictive subtype of negative outcome expectancy. In addition, a small number of studies indicate relations between outcome expectancy and other theoretical variables, including behavioral intention, stage of change, and self-efficacy.Conclusions: Further research on the role of outcome expectancy is necessary to design effective physical activity interventions. New directions in outcome expectancy research could involve (a) expanding the conceptualization of outcome expectancy to include expected outcomes of sedentary behavior and affective responses to physical activity, (b) further examination of potential moderators of the relation between outcome expectancy and physical activity (such as outcome value and outcome proximity), (c) distinguishing between the role of outcome expectancy in behavior onset versus behavior maintenance, (d) examining outcome expectancy as a mechanism of change in environmental intervention approaches, and (e) further analysis of interrelations between outcome expectancy and other social cognitive variables. (Ann Behav Med 2005,29(1):70-79)
Clinical significance of quantitative monitoring and mutational analysis of BCR-ABL1 transcript in Philadelphia chromosome positive B lymphoblastic leukemia

Quantitative detection of BCR-ABL1 transcript is essential in monitoring residual disease of Philadelphia chromosome positive B lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph+ B-LL). We studied the kinetics of BCR-ABL1 transcript in 41 Ph+ B-LL patients in correlation with their clinical outcome. A total of 23 patients achieved complete molecular remission at 6 months post-treatment. This was associated with a lower relapse risk and better overall survival. Likewise, sustainable complete molecular remission in 27 patients was associated with superior clinical outcome. Sporadic low level BCR-ABL1 was detected in 12 of 27 patients who had attained complete molecular remission. The relapse rate was significantly higher in non-transplant patients with persistent positive BCR-ABL1 than patients transplanted when BCR-ABL1 was detectable. All eight patients harboring ABL1 kinase domain mutations died of disease or were transferred to hospice care. We concluded that monitoring the level of BCR-ABL1 transcript after hematologic remis...
The influence of duration of protein synthesis inhibition on memory.

Abstract Anisomycin and cycloheximide were compared as inhibitors of cerebral protein synthesis and as amnestic agents in mice. Anisomycin is an effective, nontoxic inhibitor of cerebral protein synthesis. Cycloheximide, while also an effective inhibitor of cerebral protein synthesis, is far more toxic. Successive injections of anisomycin permit variation of duration of inhibition from 2–8 hr. With C57B1/Jf mice trained in passive avoidance, the longer the inhibition, the greater the percentage of amnestic subjects. The greater the training strength, the less the amnesia. Evidence indicates that cycloheximide impairs acquisition.
An On-Line Clinical Research Database for the Creighton University School of Pharmacy Clinical Research Unit: A Model Communication System for Pharmaceutical Industry Sponsored Research

AbstractAn on-line clinical research database has been developed at the Creighton University Medical Center, which allows Pharm.D.s and other practitioners to access relevant information about ongoing clinical trials. The database provides a system for screening patients and for funneling patients from one medical specialty area to another, wherein an appropriate study may exist.An advantage of this system is its capability to provide information directly to the corporate sponsor. Industry personnel can update themselves on patient enrollment at Creighton by means of the system's electronic mail functions. They can access this information by using desktop computers in their offices or portable computers when travelling.This system is ideally suited to coordinate direct data entry in lieu of conventional case reports.
The synaptonemal complexes of Meloidogyne: relationship of structure and evolution of parthenogenesis

The synaptonemal complexes of three amphimictic (meiotic) strains of Meloidogyne are examined in this study. M. microtyla (n = 19) has a tripartite synaptonemal complex (SC) comprised of two lateral elements and one central region with a distinct central element. The central region of the SC in both M. carolinensis (n = 18) and M. megatyla (n = 18) lack a distinct central element. The evolutionary history is different in the strains since M. microtyla has arisen by a mechanism involving an increase in chromosome number (from an ancestral stock of n = 18) while both M. carolinensis and M. megatyla have maintained the number of chromosomes of the ancestral stock. The structure of the SCs of the latter two strains are identical to the structure of the SC of the meiotic parthenogenetic M. hapla. Thus, the pachytene karyotype of M. carolinensis was reconstructed to establish the pairing pattern and identify any changes that may be related to the different morphology of the SC in an amphimictic stock. Although recombination nodules (RN) have been observed in the parthenogenetic M. hapla, none of the three amphimictic strains had any SC associated structures that resembled a RN.
Increased content of high molecular weight RNA fractions in nuclei and nucleoli of livers of thioacetamide-treated rats

Abstract Isolated nuclei of liver of thioacetamide-treated and control rats were fractionated by sequential extraction with salt solutions containing a ribonuclease inhibitor into 3 main fractions designated “nuclear sap”, deoxyribonucleoprotein, and residue or “nucleolar” fraction. The RNA of the nuclear fractions was isolated and characterized by means of base composition, distribution of 32P in nucleotides after pulse-labeling, sedimentation and distribution of isotope. Sedimentation profiles of RNA of nuclear fractions indicated that prolonged administration of thioacetamide resulted in a 6–8-fold increase in the amounts of 28-S, 35-S and 45-S RNA and a 10-fold increase in 55-S RNA. A hitherto undescribed peak of 55-S RNA was found in the RNA of nucleoli isolated from livers of thioacetamide-treated rats. There was an almost complete absence of 18-S RNA in nucleolar RNA. No significant differences were found in the sedimentation profiles of the “nuclear sap” and deoxyribonucleoprotein fractions compared to controls. The base composition and distribution of 32P in nucleotides of “newly-formed” RNA of the residue fraction indicated that thioacetamide administration produced increased biosynthesis and accumulation of G-C rich RNA. These results were correlated with the enlargement of nucleoli, increased levels of nuclear RNA and decreased levels of cytoplasmic ribosomal RNA following prolonged administration of thioacetamide.
Rotation-vibration band contours in the infrared spectrum of BF3

Abstract The infrared spectra of B 10 F 3 and B 11 F 3 have been remeasured and some new vibrational assignments have been made for (ν 1 + 2ν 2 ), (ν 1 + ν 4 ) and (ν 1 + ν 3 + ν 4 ). The (2ν 1 + ν 3 ) band has been analyzed in detail through the comparison of the observed spectra at high resolution with calculated band contours. The apparently peculiar structure of some of the BF 3 bands is explained.
Chemie und Biochemie der Pflanzenstoffe, XXXIII1) Synthesen N‐substituierter Flavylium‐Verbindungen

Das 2-Hydroxy-3-(2-hydroxy-4-nitrophenyl)-1-phenyl-2-propen-1-oxonium-chlorid (1) wird dargestellt. Reduktion von 1 mit Zinn(II)-chlorid konz. Salzsaure ergibt die Bis(7-amino-3-hydroxyflavylium)-zinn-Verbindung, die mit Schwefelwasserstoff und Salzsaure 7-Ammonio-3-hydroxyflavylium-dichlorid (3) liefert. Die Synthesen weiterer N-substituierter Flavyliumsalze (4, 6–10) werden beschrieben. Chemistry and Biochemistry of Plant Constituents, XXXIII1). – Synthesis of N-Substituted Flavylium Compounds 2-Hydroxy-3-(2-hydroxy-4-nitrophenyl)-1-phenyl-2-propen-1-oxonium chloride (1) is prepared. Reduction of 1 with tin(II) chloride/conc. hydrochloric acid yields the bis(7-amino-3-hydroxyflavylium)tin compound 2, which, with hydrogen sulfide and hydrochloric acid, gives 7-ammonio-3-hydroxyflavylium dichloride (3). The synthesis of a number of other N-substituted flavylium salts (4, 6–10) is described.
Mutations in the first exon are associated with altered transcription of c-myc in Burkitt lymphoma

The c-myc proto-oncogene is involved in chromosomal translocations that are specifically and consistently found in Burkitt lymphoma. Although these translocations are thought to lead to a deregulation of c-myc expression, the structural and functional basis of this phenomenon has not been identified. Mutations in a specific region spanning approximately 70 base pairs and located at the 3' border of the first exon of translocated c-myc alleles were consistently detected in Burkitt lymphoma cells carrying classic (8:14) as well as variant (8:22 and 2:8) translocations. These structural alterations were accompanied by an altered pattern of c-myc transcription, namely, the removal of a block to transcriptional elongation that has been mapped to the same region. Thus, specific c-myc mutations leading to the alleviation of this block to transcriptional elongation may represent a general mechanism causing c-myc activation in Burkitt lymphoma.
Electrical activity of the cat hippocampus during the species-typical gape response: evidence against the voluntary movement hypothesis.

The electrical activity of the feline dorsal hippocampus and basolateral amygdala was monitored during the species-typical gape response (a response characterized by attentive immobility and elicited by a conspecific's urine) in order to further evaluate the validity of the attention versus voluntary movement interpretations of the significance of hippocampal theta activity and to reassess the view that synchronous, 40-Hz amygdala fast activity is a correlate of olfactory orienting responses. Gaping was invariably accompanied by hippocampal theta and amygdala fast activity. The results support the views relating hippocampal theta activity to attention processes and amygdala fast activity to olfactory orienting responses.
Impact of the spectral nature of signatures on targeting with broadband imagers

In a broadband imaging system, the spectral information from the scene can be as important as the spatial information for the task of discriminating an object or feature of interest (the target) from a backdrop of other objects or features of lesser interest (the background) in the image of the scene. A useful measure of the ability to discriminate a target from its background is the apparent contrast between it and the background. The more diverse the scene is, the greater the apparent contrast can be between objects within the spectral passband of the imager. In broadband imaging, the net spectrally and spatially integrated radiances from a target and its background determine the apparent contrast, which in the reflective bands is a function of the spectra of the target and background reflectivities and the scene illumination. The impact of the scene illumination spectrum on apparent contrast can be significant to the point that a given target will be highly visible against a given background under one illumination source and yet hardly visible under a different source of illumination. This paper examines the impact of the spectral natures of the target, background, and the illumination on intrinsic Michelson contrast and target discrimination with notional reflective broadband imaging systems.
MOLECULAR REGULATION OF LYSOPHOSPHATIDIC ACID RECEPTOR 1 TRAFFICKING TO THE CELL SURFACE

The lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1 (LPA1), a G-protein coupled receptor, regulates cell proliferation, migration, and cytokine release. Here, we investigate the molecular signature of LPA1 trafficking to the cell surface. The overexpressed LPA1 with a C-terminal V5 tag (LPA1-V5) is majorly expressed on the cell surface, while two deletion mutants (C320 and ∆84-87) failed to be trafficked to the cell surface. Further, site-directed mutagenesis analysis of the LPA1 revealed that Ile325, Tyr85, and Leu87 within these two fragments regulate LPA1 maturation and trafficking to the cell surface. Over-expression of Sar1, a component of coat protein complex II (COPII), enhances glycosylation of LPA1 wild type, but not these mutants. The mutants of LPA1 are majorly localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and exhibit a higher binding affinity to heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70), when compared to the LPA1 wild type. Further, we found that all these mutants failed to increase phosphorylation of Erk, and the cytokine release in response to LPA treatment. These results suggest that Ile325, Tyr85, and Leu87 within LPA1 are essential for LPA1 protein properly folding in the ER.
LINX—Ada in an open systems architecture

Experiences in developing Defense Logistics Agency's standard interface between applications and information management facilities in both a local and a wide-area environment.
Defining Culturally Responsive Teaching: The Case of Mathematics.

AbstractElementary classroom teachers in eight school districts across Colorado, United States, share the knowledge of their students’ home and community life, define culturally responsive mathematics based on the children they instruct, and give examples of how students learn math through culture in their classrooms. Findings from two interviews, classroom observations, and student artifacts reveal that teachers have an intimate cultural knowledge of the students in their classrooms, define culturally responsive mathematical practices consistent with research, use culturally responsive mathematics teaching for authentic learning, and express a need for additional professional development and curriculum support for culturally responsive mathematics instruction. Culturally responsive mathematics is important in elementary classrooms because it allows students to make personal connections to mathematics content.
RAPHE NUCLEI IN THREE CARTILAGINOUS FISHES, HYDROLAGUS COLLIEI, HETERODONTUS FRANCISCI, AND SQUALUS ACANTHIAS

The vertebrate reticular formation, containing over 30 nuclei in mammals, is a core brainstem area with a long evolutionary history. However, not all reticular nuclei are equally old. Nuclei that are widespread among the vertebrate classes are probably ones that evolved early. We describe raphe nuclei in the reticular formation of three cartilaginous fishes that diverged from a common ancestor over 350 million years ago. These fishes are Hydrolagus colliei, a holocephalan, Squalus acanthias, a small-brained shark, and Heterodontus francisci, a large-brained shark. Nuclear identification was based on immunohistochemical localization of serotonin and leu-enkephalin, on brainstem location, and on cytoarchitectonics. Raphe nuclei are clustered in inferior and superior cell groups, but within these groups individual nuclei can be identified: raphe pallidus, raphe obscurus, and raphe magnus in the inferior group and raphe pontis, raphe dorsalis, raphe centralis superior, and raphe linearis in the superior group. Hydrolagus lacked a dorsal raphe nucleus, but the nucleus was present in the sharks. The majority of immunoreactive cells are found in the superior group, especially in raphe centralis superior, but immunoreactive cells are present from spinal cord to caudal mesencephalon. The distribution and cytoarchitectonics of serotoninergic and enkephalinergic cells are similar to each other, but raphe nuclei contain fewer enkephalinergic than serotoninergic cells. The cytoarchitectonics of immunoreactive raphe cells in cartilaginous fishes are remarkably similar to those described for raphe nuclei in mammals; however, the lack of a raphe dorsalis in Hydrolagus indicates that either it evolved later than the other raphe nuclei or it was lost in holocephalan fishes.
Subject Analysis: Blitz Cataloging Workbook

This is the first of three workbooks in the Blitz Cataloging Workbook Series. The other two titles are Cataloging Non-Print Materials and MARC/AACR2/Author Control Tagging. Together they provide va...
Systems engineering and information technology: catalysts for total quality in industry and education

A broad, somewhat personal view of the role of systems engineering and systems management is provided, with major support from information technology products and services, as catalysts for needed changes now and in the 21st century. The focus is on quality improvement and productivity, especially productivity through systems engineering. US industrial productivity needs are discussed, with special reference to related issues of quality and productivity in higher education in general, and engineering education in particular. An overview of and a perspective on a large number of contemporary studies are provided. These include: productivity, total quality management, organizational cultures, professionalism, higher education, and engineering. The perspective is highly systems-engineering oriented. A number of general suggestions are made relative to implementation of needed actions and obtaining needed results. >
Predicting oropharyngeal tumor volume throughout the course of radiation therapy from pretreatment computed tomography data using general linear models

Purpose: The purpose of this work was to develop and evaluate the accuracy of several predictive models of variation in tumor volume throughout the course of radiation therapy. Methods: Nineteen patients with oropharyngeal cancers were imaged daily with CT-on-rails for image-guided alignment per an institutional protocol. The daily volumes of 35 tumors in these 19 patients were determined and used to generate (1) a linear model in which tumor volume changed at a constant rate, (2) a general linear model that utilized the power fit relationship between the daily and initial tumor volumes, and (3) a functional general linear model that identified and exploited the primary modes of variation between time series describing the changing tumor volumes. Primary and nodal tumor volumes were examined separately. The accuracy of these models in predicting daily tumor volumes were compared with those of static and linear reference models using leave-one-out cross-validation. Results: In predicting the daily volume of primary tumors, the general linear model and the functional general linear model were more accurate than the static reference model by 9.9% (range: −11.6%–23.8%) and 14.6% (range: −7.3%–27.5%), respectively, and were more accurate than the linear reference model by 14.2% (range: −6.8%–40.3%) and 13.1% (range: −1.5%–52.5%), respectively. In predicting the daily volume of nodal tumors, only the 14.4% (range: −11.1%–20.5%) improvement in accuracy of the functional general linear model compared to the static reference model was statistically significant. Conclusions: A general linear model and a functional general linear model trained on data from a small population of patients can predict the primary tumor volume throughout the course of radiation therapy with greater accuracy than standard reference models. These more accurate models may increase the prognostic value of information about the tumor garnered from pretreatment computed tomography images and facilitate improved treatment management.
Reduction of carbon dioxide gas formation at the anode of a direct methanol fuel cell using chemically enhanced solubility

Abstract The production of CO 2 gas at the DMFC anode leads to dramatic increases in pumping power requirements and reduced power output because of mass transfer limitations as bubble trains form in the channels of larger stacks. Experimental observations taken in a 5 cm 2 DMFC test cell operated at 60 °C, 1 atm, and with a methanol/water fuel flow rates of 5–10 cm 3 min −1 indicate that the rate of bubble formation can be reduced by increasing the fuel flow because more liquid is available for the CO 2 to dissolve in. Further observations indicate that KOH and LiOH added to the fuel eliminates CO 2 gas formation in situ at low concentrations because of the greatly increased solubility that results. A mathematical model for the volumetric rate of CO 2 gas production that includes effects of temperature and solubility is developed and extended to include the effects of hydroxide ions in solution. The model is used to predict the onset location of gas formation in the flow field as well as the void fraction at any point in the flow field. Predictions from the model agree very well with our experiments. Model predictions explain differences in the initial location of bubble formation for fuel solutions pre-saturated with CO 2 as opposed to CO 2 -free solutions. Experiments with KOH and LiOH added to fuel solutions confirm the validity of the model extension that includes solubility that is enhanced by chemical reaction. Experiments with LiOH, KOH, and ammonium hydroxide show that the long-term durability of standard Pt–Ru/Nafion ® /Pt membrane electrode assemblies is compromised because of the presence of lithium, potassium, and ammonium cations that interact with the Nafion ® membrane and result in increasing the ohmic limitations of the polymer electrolyte membrane. Experiments with Ca(OH) 2 , while reducing gas formation, precipitate the product CaCO 3 out of solution too rapidly for downstream filtering, blocking channels in the flow field.
Carbidopa elevates hypothalamic dopa and serum prolactin in rats

Abstract The administration of carbidopa (MK-486, α-methyl-L-dopa hydrazine; 100–200 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) causes several-fold increases in hypothalamic dopa and serum prolactin levels in male rats within 2 hours; these changes are not reversed by the administration of pyridoxine. These observations suggest that high doses of carbidopa can affect catecholamine synthesis within the hypothalamus.
The spin-wave nanoscale reconfigurable mesh and the labeling problem

In this article, we present a nanoscale reconfigurable mesh which is interconnected by ferromagnetic spin-wave buses. In this architecture, unlike the traditional spin-based nano structures which transmit charge, waves are transmitted. As a result, the power consumption of the proposed modules can be low. This reconfigurable mesh, while requiring the same number of switches and buses as the standard reconfigurable mesh, is capable of simultaneously transmitting N waves on each of the spin-wave buses. Because of this highly parallel feature, very fast and fault-tolerant algorithms can be designed. To illustrate the superior performance of the proposed spin-wave reconfigurable mesh, we present three fast labeling algorithms.
Clinical pharmacology and Leonhard's classification of endogenous psychoses.

Introduction of therapeutically effective psychotropic drugs focused attention on the heterogeneity of psychiatric populations within the traditional diagnostic categories of psychiatric disorders. Re
Novel insights into the behavioral analysis of mice subjected to the forced-swim test

The forced-swim test (FST) is one of the most widely used rodent behavioral assays, in which the immobility of animals is used to assess the effectiveness of antidepressant drugs. However, the existing, and mostly arbitrary, criteria used for quantification could lead to biased results. Here we believe we uncovered new confounding factors, revealed new indices to interpret the behavior of mice and propose an unbiased means for quantification of the FST.
Modified 6‐Aza Uridines: Highly Emissive pH‐Sensitive Fluorescent Nucleosides

Optimized facile syntheses and highly desirable spectroscopic properties of two isomorphic fluorescent pyrimidines, comprising a 1,2,4-triazine motif conjugated to a thiophene (1 a) or a furan (1 b), are described. Although structurally related to their 5-modified uridine counterparts, these modified 6-aza-uridines reveal dramatically improved fluorescence properties and a remarkable sensitivity to polarity and pH changes. The thiophene derivative 1 a has an absorption maximum around 335 nm, which upon excitation yields visible emission with a polarity-sensitive maximum and fluorescence quantum yield ranging from 415 nm (Φ=0.8) to 455 nm (Φ=0.2) in dioxane and water, respectively. Nucleoside 1 a also displays susceptibility to acidity. Correlating emission intensity and solution pH yields a pK(a) value of 6.7-6.9, reasonably close to physiological pH values. The results illustrate that highly sought-after fluorescence features (brightness and responsiveness) are not necessarily the trait of large fluorophores alone, but can be observed with probes that meet stringent isomorphic design criteria.
Supplemental Flashcard Drill Methods for Efficiently Helping At-Risk Kindergartners Make Letter-Sound Correspondences: Does Presentation Arrangement of Words Matter?.

Variations of supplemental flashcard drill and practice instructional procedures (i.e., massed practice and interspersal presentation arrangements of words) were examined for six kindergartners who struggled making letter-sound correspondences. Findings revealed that the children demonstrated the highest learning rates when the presentation arrangement of flashcards required the children to make letter-sound correspondences in a word repeatedly (massed practice condition) before they were presented with a different word for which they were required to make letter-sound correspondences. Children maintained a higher rate of letter-sound correspondences that were taught under the massed practice condition. Implications for practice, limitations, and future directions are discussed.
Integrity of proteins in reconstituted chromatin.

Abstract Rat liver chromatin reconstituted from fractionated histones, chromosomal non-histone proteins, and DNA is extensively degraded by chromatin-bound protease.
Ejecta Detection in Middle-Aged Large Magellanic Cloud Supernova Remnants 0548?70.4 and 0534?69.9

We have observed supernova remnants 0548-70.4 and 0534-69.9 in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) with the Chandra X-Ray Observatory and report on the X-ray spectral analysis. Our images of 0548-70.4 and 0534-69.9 show bright central regions as well as brightened limbs. The X-ray spectra from the central regions exhibit enhanced metal abundances, in significant contrast to limb spectra, which show abundances consistent with the LMC interstellar medium (ISM). Considering the relatively old ages (~10,000 yr), these supernova remnants might be assumed to be in the Sedov phase, in which the X-ray spectra would be dominated by swept-up ISM material. The detection of high abundances in these old remnants is therefore surprising. Spectra from the limb regions were analyzed with Sedov models. The results were then used to account for blast wave emission seen in projection toward the central region and were added to a plane-parallel shock model for the reverse shock in the ejecta. We find elevated levels of iron, oxygen, magnesium, silicon, and sulfur in the bright central regions of each remnant. We introduce a new X-ray spectral shock model appropriate for heavy-element-dominated plasmas, in which electrons liberated by successive ionizations dominate the electron pool and modify the electron temperature profile. With this model, we find reverse-shock speeds of 420 km s-1 for 0548-70.4, 500 km s-1 for the northeast central region of 0534-69.9, and 360 km s-1 for its south central region. The elemental abundances favor a Type Ia supernova origin for both 0548-70.4 and 0534-69.9.
Accumulation Rates of Spiral-Like Structures in Fluid Flows

Spiral-like structures in the passive scalar fields of typical fluid flows are examined with special reference to their rate of accumulation. The study was motivated in the particular context of the Kolmogorov capacity of such structures and their role in potentially dominating the measured dimension of iso-scalar contours in fully turbulent flows, but it may have broader implications. A specific conclusion is that the structures occurring in these flows are better modelled by a logarithmic spiral rather than a power-law spiral, and therefore do not make significant contributions to the empirical estimates of dimensions by box-counting methods. Another conclusion is that, at least for the Reynolds numbers examined here, the spiral-like structures (such as they are) rarely possess more than four or five turns.
High‐temperature stability of a novel phenylethynyl liquid‐crystalline thermoset

We report the synthesis of a new high-temperature liquid-crystalline thermoset based on the phenylethynyl functional group. The monomer was a nematic thermotropic liquid crystal with a melting temperature of 268 °C. The extrapolated onset of the cure exotherm occurred at 313 °C. The cured thermoset retained the nematic liquid-crystalline order of the parent monomer. The monomer and crosslinked resin were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, optical microscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. The thermal stability of the crosslinked resin was determined in both air and nitrogen atmospheres at various heating rates. The onset of weight loss in air and nitrogen atmospheres was determined to be 397 and 422 °C, respectively, for a heating rate of 10 °C/min.
Urban Space as a Primary Source: Local History and Historical Thinking in New York City

This article discusses how local history can be used by teachers to help develop historical thinking skills such as source analysis, the collection of data, and the creation of historical arguments. Using New York City as a case study, this article argues that urban spaces and local communities provide historical evidence that can be read and analyzed. It uses different streets, buildings, and neighborhoods from New York City to show how historical conclusions can be drawn from those resources. It also discusses instructional ideas that teachers can develop in their classrooms.
The histogenesis of papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum

Abstract 1. 1. Papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum is a benign neoplasm found in or near the parotid salivary gland. 2. 2. It is composed of two tissue components—one epithelial and the other lymphoid. 3. 3. It is most commonly found in men, in contrast to many other salivary gland tumors which appear to be more common in female patients. 4. 4. Diagnosis is best established by excisional biopsy. 5. 5. Treatment is surgical excision of the tumor. 6. 6. The tumor may recur if not completely excised. 7. 7. The histogenesis is best explained by a combination of the oncocytic and heterotopic salivary gland hypotheses.
JUDGE: A value-judgment-based tactical command system☆

Abstract This paper reviews work completed on a value-judgment-based tactical air command system intended to dispatch missions from a limited supply in response to requests for immediate close air support. A Judged Utility Decision Generator (JUDGE) assumes that value judgments can be made explicitly and in real time by appropriately trained personnel, and that decision systems should maximize expected utility. Its inputs include demand forecasts, numbers of aircraft available, and turnaround time distributions. As each request is received, JUDGE makes a dispatching decision based on the judged utility of destroying the target named in the request, kill probability data, number of sorties remaining before resupply of aircraft, and the time. In a war-game situation using experienced military subjects, JUDGE was considerably superior to a simulated current system in amount of expected utility gained. Concluding sections of the paper identify characteristics of judgment-based command systems, and discuss logical implications of such characteristics for system evaluation.
Data-dependent middle-down nano-liquid chromatography-electron capture dissociation-tandem mass spectrometry: an application for the analysis of unfractionated histones.

Middle-down mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electron capture dissociation (ECD) represents an attractive method for characterization of proteins and their post-translational modifications (PTMs). Coupling online chromatographic separation with tandem mass spectrometry enables a high-throughput analysis, while improving sensitivity of the electrosprayed peptides and reducing sample amount requirements. However, middle-down ECD has not been thus far coupled with online chromatographic separation. In this work, we examine the feasibility of coupling middle-down ECD with online nanoflow-liqiud chromatography (nano-LC) for the analysis of large, >3 kDa, and highly modified polypeptides in a data-dependent acquisition mode. We evaluate the effectiveness of the method by analyzing peptides derived from Asp-N and Glu-C digestions of unfractionated histones from calf thymus and acid-extracted histones from HeLa, MCF-7, and Jurkat cells. Our results demonstrate that middle-down ECD is compatible with online chromatographic separation, providing high peptide and protein sequence coverage while allowing precise mapping of PTM sites. The high mass accuracy, obtained by the ICR mass analyzer, for both the precursor and product ions greatly increases confidence in peptide identification, particularly for modified peptides. Overall, for all samples examined, several histone variants were identified and modification sites were successfully localized, including single, multiple, and positional isomeric PTM sites. The vast majority of the identified peptides were in the mass range from 3 to 9 kDa. The data presented here highlight the feasibility and utility of nano-LC–ECD-MS/MS for high-throughput middle-down analysis.
Peaceful Warriors: Private Military Security Companies and the Quest for Stable Societies

Peace is more likely where there is trade and commerce between nation-states. However, many nations are “failed states” or “failing states,” in large part because of civil wars. Yet, “business” may have a role to play here, too; as private military security companies (PMSCs) proliferate, governments and international organizations seem increasingly disposed to contract for their services, in some cases for combat roles as well as non-combat support roles in various conflict zones. This has raised questions about the ethics of using private companies for public purposes, especially where (as now) private companies have operated outside of legal accountability. This article suggests ways in which such accountability can be put in place, such that PMSCs can actually serve the cause of securing local and regional stability as a first step toward establishing a much safer environment for people and for business.
The development of the intense positron beam at Washington State University

Abstract A High Voltage Engineering K-4000 Van de Graaff ion accelerator has been acquired by Washington State University. This accelerator will be used to create a positron source through the 12 C(d, n) 13 N reaction. The accelerator is capable of accelerating protons or deuterons up to 4 MeV with a maximum beam current between 200 and 300 μA. During normal operation, a 3 MeV deuteron beam will impinge on a diamond or graphite target producing ∼3.3 Ci of 13 N from which a ∼1×10 7 s −1 monoenergetic positron beam will be created. In addition to creating positrons, the source will also emit a large number on neutrons (∼1.2×10 11 s −1 ), producing a serious radiation hazard. The development of this 13 N based positron beam is discussed including the expected positron yield and radiation shielding requirements.
Carboxylesterase: specificity and spontaneous reactivation of an endogenous scavenger for organophosphorus compounds

The ability of carboxylesterase (CaE) to act as a bioscavenger to provide protection against organophosphorus (OP) compounds has been demonstrated in several animal models. To further evaluate the effectiveness of CaE as a bioscavenger, the specificity and stoichiometry of the detoxication of OP compounds by rat plasma CaE were examined. The specificity of CaE was evaluated by determining the bimolecular rate constants for inhibition (k(i)) of CaE by a variety of OP compounds. CaE exhibited a broad specificity for neutral OP compounds with k(i) > 10(6) M(-1) x min(-1) for paraoxon, sarin, soman, diisopropyl fluorophosphate, and diphenyl p-nitrophenyl phosphinate. CaE exhibited poor reactivity (k(i) sarin > soman). The pH dependence of the spontaneous reactivation of sarin-inhibited CaE suggested that its reactivation was dependent on an amino acid residue with a pK(a) of 6.1, which is probably a histidine that is highly conserved in CaE but not in other esterases.
Encouraging and Analyzing Student Questions in a Large Physics Course: Meaningful Patterns for Instructors

In a large introductory physics course, structured weekly journals (weekly reports) regularly encouraged students to ask questions about the material. The resulting questions were collected for one quarter and coded based on difficulty and topic. Students also took several conceptual tests during the quarter. The reports contained more questions than typically observed in a college classroom, but the number of questions asked was not correlated to any measure of conceptual performance. Relationships among different types of questions and performance on these tests were explored. Deeper-level questions that focus on concepts, coherence of knowledge, and limitations were related to the variance in student conceptual achievement. 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 40: 776-791, 2003 Throughout education, the vast majority of questions asked in a classroom setting are asked by teachers, not students (Good, Slavings, Harel, & Emerson, 1987; Graesser & Person, 1994), and the few questions that students do ask typically are unsophisticated (Graesser, McMahen, & Johnson, 1994). Indeed, ''children everywhere are schooled to become masters at answering
Growth and Change in the Analysis of Rank—Size Distributions: Empirical Findings

This paper analyzes the interrelationships of city size and growth in the American Midwest from 1940 to 1970 in an effort to synthesize the study of urban growth rates and of city-size distributions. Changes in the rank–size distribution are related to the differential growth of different-size urban places; some relationship in changes over time is evident, but there is little correspondence in static analyses. The urban system analyzed by various threshold sizes examines the sensitivity of rank–size coefficients and urban growth-rate stability to the threshold. The threshold size appears to be far more important than previous research has considered, and noticeably influences the analysis of urban growth rates and rank–size distributions.
Light control of seedling morphogenetic pattern

Plant development is characterized by a high degree of plasticity in response to environmental signals. As s e d e organisms, plants cannot actively move away from sources of stress, nor can they seek out a location with optimal nutrient and light resources. Instead, they must tailor their developmental pattern in a way that maximizes their chances of survival and reproduction. A plant’s “choice” of developmental pattern is based largely on environmental cues, one of the most important of these being light. Given the importance of photosynthesis to plant survival, it comes as no surprise that higher plants respond to light signals by assuming a growth pattern that enhances their access and exposure to light. This control of plant form by ambient light conditions is generally termed photomorphogenesis (Kendrick and Kronenberg, 1994). The light environment in nature is complex. Unobstructed sunlight consists of a wide continuum of photon wavelengths that is conveniently divided into three large spectral domains: UV ( 700 nm) light (Figure 1A). The spectral quality, or relative photon distribution, at different wavelengths can vary greatly, depending on the location and the time of day. For example, within the canopy, the light available is essentially depleted in the visible and UV regions, and far-red light is highly represented (Figure 1A). Furthermore, twilight normally has a higher farred to red ratio than daylight (Smith, 1994). Although higher plants effectively utilize only visible light for photosynthesis, they have the capability to sense and respond to a much wider range of the spectrum, including UV and far-red light. For example, the effectiveness of different wavelengths of continuous light at inhibiting hypocotyl elongation of dark-grown Sinapis alba seedlings (Beggs et al., 1980) is shown in Figure 1B. It is evident that multiple spectral regions of light, including blue, red, and far-red, all are very effective at inhibiting hypocotyl elongation, suggesting that S. alba seedlings are capable of perceiving all of these light signals and utilizing them to control seedling morphogenesis. Plant responses to light are especially evident in the young seedling, although they occur throughout the life of the plant.
A new role for bicarbonate in mucus formation

The impact of small anions on the physical properties of gel-forming mucin has been almost overlooked relative to that of cations. Recently, based on the coincident abnormalities in HCO3− secretion...
Glanders in horses: a review of the literature.

Glanders is a common infectious disease of horses in certain parts of the world. The disease also affects other animal species and is of zoonotic importance. The causative agent is newly classified under the genus Burkholderia and the biochemical characteristics of the bacteria are listed. Clinical signs of the disease vary among horses but may be manifested by cutaneous nodules, bronchopneumonia and/or nasal ulceration. The diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment and control of glanders are discussed.
Facilitation through buffer saturation: constraints on endogenous buffering properties.

Synaptic facilitation (SF) is a ubiquitous form of short-term plasticity, regulating synaptic dynamics on fast timescales. Although SF is known to depend on the presynaptic accumulation of Ca 21 , its precise mechanism is still under debate. Recently it has been shown that at certain central synapses SF results at least in part from the progressive saturation of an endogenous Ca 21 buffer (Blatow et al., 2003), as proposed by Klingauf and Neher (1997). Using computer simulations, we study the magnitude of SF that can be achieved by a buffer saturation mechanism (BSM), and explore its dependence on the endogenous buffering properties. We find that a high SF magnitude can be obtained either by a global saturation of a highly mobile buffer in the entire presynaptic terminal, or a local saturation of a completely immobilized buffer. A characteristic feature of BSM in both cases is that SF magnitude depends nonmonotonically on the buffer concentration. In agreement with results of Blatow et al. (2003), we find that SF grows with increasing distance from the Ca 21 channel cluster, and increases with increasing external Ca 21 , (Ca 21 )ext, for small levels of (Ca 21 )ext. We compare our modeling results with the experimental properties of SF at the crayfish neuromuscular junction, and find that the saturation of an endogenous mobile buffer can explain the observed SF magnitude and its supralinear accumulation time course. However, we show that the BSM predicts slowing of the SF decay rate in the presence of exogenous Ca 21 buffers, contrary to experimental observations at the crayfish neu- romuscular junction. Further modeling and data are required to resolve this aspect of the BSM.
Getting out of the kitchen and into the bedroom: The objectification of women in advertising through the use of design elements Exploring the perception of sexual imagery and objectification in advertising amongst graphic design undergraduates

Sex sells” is a common phrase popular in the world of advertising and marketing. More specifically, it is the sexual material plastering the pages of magazines in various forms of advertisements such as cologne or alcohol, selling not only the product itself, but also the women who inhabit it. This thesis gives a brief introduction to the sexual history behind “the gaze”—the lustful stare man places on a woman, its impact on advertising, and how America’s universities are not properly informing their undergraduates of the overtly sexual content. In many regards, painting during the Renaissance paved the way for the explicit use of the female figure and “the gaze,” which has become an element of how we view her. Painters represented women as objects of desire to the viewer—presumably a man—and this concept is often used in advertisements and designs today. This could lead to a false interpretation of whom a woman should be and how she should act in our society, or it could also lead to body issues within our youth, especially in young girls. Many commercials and print ads today have a misogynist theme, making the woman’s role lesser than her male counterpart. Some men have a fear of losing power and status, and support the idea of keeping a woman in her traditional role, thus contributing to the perception that the most important aspect of a woman has become her sexuality (Jhally, 2007). What do these images demonstrate to America’s youth? With each overly sexual picture plastered on billboards 45 feet in the air or hidden within magazines, the idealized image of women—according to Jean Kilbourne (1999), an author and speaker on the image of women in advertising—is becoming the norm, influencing how we, especially men, judge real women.