cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rubiacearum Americanarum Magna Hama Pars X. New species and a new subspecies of Faramea (Coussareae) from Central and South America

Descriptions and illustrations are presented for the new species Faramea accumulans C. M. Taylor and E areolata C. M. Taylor of the San Blas region of eastern Panama, F guaramacalensis C. M. Taylor from cloud forests in northwestern Venezuela, and E longistipula C. M. Taylor from montane forests in northwestern Colombia. The new subspecies E tamberlikiana subsp. sessifolia (P. H. Allen) C. M. Taylor from southern Costa Rica represents the northernmost range extension of this
Theme and Content of Building a Beautiful Chinese Cultural Development and Prosperity

Beautiful people are the basi s of building beautiful China.There are some factors,contents and logo;beautiful education,beautiful culture,beautiful environment,beautiful civil servants,and and beautiful society.It is necessary to enhance national cultural qualities,shapie the good people and the image of China,including building the cultural China,wisdom China,happy Chinese prosperity and development of the cultural top-level design.In this paper,the followimg aspects will be discusses;cultivate beautiful people,purify social atmosphere,build happy society.Compared with the moderately developed countries,cultural development should face the social reality and confront and solve problems.Based on training the tree healthy culture,we should transform backward culture,resist the decadent culture and develop advanced culture.
Clinical Evidence Supporting Pharmacogenomic Biomarker Testing Provided in US Food and Drug Administration Drug Labels

IMPORTANCE Genetic biomarkers that predict a drug’s efficacy or likelihood of toxicity are assuming increasingly important roles in the personalization of pharmacotherapy, but concern exists that evidence that links use of some biomarkers to clinical benefit is insufficient. Nevertheless, information about the use of biomarkers appears in the labels of many prescription drugs, whichmay add confusion to the clinical decision-making process.
A Modified Whiteness Test for Damage Detection Using Kalman Filter Innovations

Deviations from whiteness in the innovations of a Kalman filter indicate that the filter is not optimal for the given data. Accepting that the disturbances are stationary and white lack of optimality derives from the fact that the values of some parameters have changed between the time the filter was formulated and the present. The parameters that define the filter come from system properties and from the statistics of the disturbances. For the filter to perform effectively as a fault detector it is necessary to ensure that deviations from whiteness are not due to variations in the statistics of the noise. This paper examines the mathematical relation between the covariance function of the innovations and the changes in the disturbance statistics. It is shown that the effect of changes in the noise statistics on the discriminating metric can be minimized by shifting the range of lags for which the metric is evaluated. The fact that the modified whiteness test can retain adequate sensitivity to damage is illustrated numerically.
Basal Cell Carcinoma of the Eye Area

Although surgical procedures with margin control are preferred by most surgeons for the treatment of eyelid epithelial cancers, among dermatologists Mohs being the method of choice, cryosurgery remains a valid important option.
MOTHERS' PERCEPTIONS OF NEIGHBORHOOD DISORDER ARE ASSOCIATED WITH CHILDREN'S HOME ENVIRONMENT QUALITY

A R T I C L E MOTHERS’ PERCEPTIONS OF NEIGHBORHOOD DISORDER ARE ASSOCIATED WITH CHILDREN’S HOME ENVIRONMENT QUALITY Joyce Lin and Stephanie M. Reich University of California, Irvine This study examines how low–income mothers’ perceptions of their neighborhoods are associated with the home environments they provide for their young children. The connection between neighborhoods and homes is important since they are nested systems that are critical to children’s healthy development. Women’s perception of their neighborhoods may affect the way they set up their homes and interact with their young children. Given that various women may perceive the same neighborhood differently, this study uses subjective, rather than typical objective measures of neighborhood disadvantage. After controlling for maternal background characteristics, including stress and depression, these data find that the more women perceive their neighborhood to be disordered, the less likely they are to provide high–quality home environments and be responsive to their infants. Establishing a link between neighborhood and home environments is important and illuminates avenues for potentially improving the C 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. contexts of young children’s lives. Children are situated in different environmental contexts that greatly influence their development (Bronfenbrenner, 1979). Two important environments that affect children’s well-being include the homes they live in and the neighborhoods in which their homes are situated. Home environments have been found to affect children’s social and emotional development (Harden & Whittaker, 2011), early school readiness (Parker, Boak, Griffin, Ripple, & Peay, 1999), and future academic achievement (Fletcher, Walls, Cook, Madison, & Bridges, 2008). Similarly, neighborhoods also contribute to children’s school readiness, achievement, and social and emotional outcomes (Leventhal & Brooks-Gunn, 2000). Although ample research explores the different environments that influence children’s Please address correspondence to: Joyce Lin; University of California, Irvine 3200 Education Irvine, CA 92697. E-mail: joyceL6@uci.edu JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY, Vol. 44, No. 6, 714–728 (2016) Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/jcop). C 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. DOI: 10.1002/jcop.21796
Reflexivity in science and practice: What do French verbs have to do with it?

In this article, I explain and illustrate reflexivity in my research and practice, i.e. their reciprocal influence on one another. In other words, not only has my clinical experience with couples and families influenced the nature of my research, but also the results of my (and others’) change process studies have influenced the way I work with distressed clients in my private practice. Of particular interest is language – how what is communicated verbally during a therapy session can help clients make meaningful changes in their most intimate relationships. Over the years, my research in couple and family therapy has moved from studies describing simply how various master therapists talk with clients to a focus on change over time. I have studied change as reflected in relational control communication, clients’ verbalized constructions of their problems, and more recently, verbal and nonverbal indicators of family members’ individual and collective experience of the working alliance. The article conclude...
Municipal Wastewater: A Rediscovered Resource for Sustainable Water Reuse

Both population growth and movement put forth the need for increased regional water supplies across the globe. While significant progress has been made in the area of building new infrastructure to capture freshwater and divert it to urban and rural areas, there exists a considerable difference in the supply and demand of high-quality water. The cost and non-sustainability of diverting ever increasing volumes of water to stressed areas have become difficult to justify. Therefore, a key step in finding a solution to it is to identify alternate water resources. Given that approximately 45 million cubic meters of municipal wastewater is discharged every day in the United States, researchers and water industry planners have identified municipal wastewater as a viable source for water reuse. Given this potential source, an appraisal of the varying qualities and characteristics of municipal wastewater affecting water reuse is made. This is followed by a discussion on different sectors such as urban, agriculture, and industry that are potential consumers of reclaimed water. The conventional and advanced treatment technologies used to treat municipal wastewater to meet reuse standards are then evaluated; and a number of case studies demonstrating water reuse schemes in different parts of the world are described in brief.
Making Economic Development and Job Creation Drivers of Serious Action on Climate Change and Environmental Protection

One of the most longstanding narratives in environmental law and politics is the alleged necessity of choosing between development and environment. The narrative, based on conventional development, has a built-in zero-sum game — development or environment. A competing narrative, which has been slowly gaining supporters over several decades, is built on the idea of sustainable development — development and environment. The conflict between these narratives goes to the heart of the divide on environmental policy between the national Republican Party (which tends to embrace conventional development) and the national Democratic Party (which, without a lot of fanfare, has tended to embrace sustainable development). The recent election of Donald Trump to the presidency puts this conflict in stark perspective. This essay, which is part of the ongoing work of the Environmental Law Collaborative, argues that the real choice is not between development and the environment. The real choice is between conventional development and sustainable development. It also argues that protecting the environment and avoiding the worst effects of climate change require use of the sustainable development framework to give a higher priority to economic development and job creation.
A novel process monitoring method based on improved DTW-MKECA

Aiming at the features that modem industrial processes always have some characteristics of complexity and non-linearity, an integration of improved dynamic time warping (DTW) and multi-way kernel entropy component analysis (MKECA) is proposed in this paper. DTW-MKECA applies DTW method at first to process unequal-length data, which ensures that the original data distribution can be preserved. Then it employs MKECA method to make data from the input space map to high dimensional feature space and analysis these data. MKECA ensures that little information of the original data is lost during the dimensionality reduction, meanwhile, a monitoring model can be established. The proposed process monitoring method combines the advantages of DTW and MKECA. The simulation results of monitoring between modeling data and online data of reheating furnace demonstrate the availability of proposed method in this paper.
Optimization of the Power Flow in a Smart Home

With the IT technology, the traditional power grid is being upgraded to the smart grid (SG) with two-way communication and power flow between utilities and customers. In addition, SG includes new technologies in distributed energy generation (DEG) and distributed energy storage (DES), advanced measurement and sensing, controls, cyber security, consumer-side energy management, and environment protection. Thus, it shows the advantages in efficiency, reliability, and security. A smart home is a mini power system with the renewable energy resources and the local energy management. Therefore, the emission and the power consumption can be reduced while the system efficiency will be improved. In this paper, particle swarm optimization is used to manage the power flow in a smart home with the objectives in the minimum cost and maximum comfort. Results from two homes with different size of PV systems are compared and discussed. The PV size for a stand-alone home is determined.
The Social Justice Impact of Plain Language: A Critical Approach to Plain-Language Analysis

Introduction: This study investigates how plain language, examined from a social justice perspective, is implemented in mortgage documents and what the implications are for African-American homebuyers. About the case: We argue that plain language has the potential to engage issues of human dignity and human rights because language accessibility in documents plays a large role in how citizens engage in civic and social activities. In regard to the home ownership process, in which African-American homebuyers are more likely to experience discrimination, we need a study of the implementation of plain language in documents that might contribute to communication breakdowns between the banking industry and this historically marginalized group. Situating the case: We examine plain language from a social-justice stance by turning a more critical eye toward how and why plain-language guidelines are implemented. Methods/approach: Our study focused on the initial disclosure statements for adjustable-rate mortgages. We paired critical discourse analysis with the Securities and Exchange Commission's Plain English Handbook guidelines for disclosure statements to analyze three disclosure statements. Results/discussion: We found that, generally speaking, each of the three disclosure statements effectively adhered to plain-language recommendations. However, the idea that plain language increases accessibility, reader comprehension, and usability is complicated, and the accessibility and usability of each document varied. Conclusions: We advocate for a human-centered approach that explores ways that plain-language guidelines can be applied along with a critical focus on amplifying agency and reducing inequity.
Increased antibiotic duration improves reoperation free survival after total hip arthroplasty irrigation and debridement.

Abstract Background We aimed to determine if reoperation-free survival following irrigation and debridement (ID 2) patient characteristics; 3) infecting organism; or 4) postoperative versus hematogenous infection. Methods Revision THA from 2006 to 2012 (n = 1184) were observed. Of these, 26 were I&D with head and liner exchange with mean 4.1-year follow-up. Patients with reoperation for infection (n = 2) versus those without reoperation (n = 24) were analyzed. Results Increased postoperative antibiotic therapy duration (p = 0.0333) decreased risk of reoperation for infection. Conclusion Chronic antibiotic suppression should be considered following THA I&D with head and liner exchange.
Pregnant Yucatan Miniature Swine as a Model for Investigating Fetal Drug Therapy

Initially it was felt that during maternal drug therapy the placenta served as a protective barrier preventing fetal exposure. This concept was invalidated as a result of the thalidomide tragedy in the early 1960s. Maternal thalidomide use in the first trimester of pregnancy resulted in approximately 7,000 limb anomalies, with or without gastrointestinal or cardiac malformations.1 As a result of this disaster, research was focused on toxicologic and teratogenic effects of drugs on the fetus. Despite 3 decades of research, approximately 20 drugs and chemicals, e.g., isotretinoin, valproic acid, phenytoin, polychlorinated biphenyls, have been confirmed to be teratogenic. Most drugs, when used appropriately, do not pose a threat to the fetus.2 In the 1970s, therapeutic benefits started to be recognized in the pharmacologic management of fetal disorders. The discovery inspiring research in this area was the observation that maternal beclomethasone administration enhanced fetal lung maturity decreasing the incidence of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome.3 Considerable data have accumulated to indicate that nearly all maternally administered drugs enter the fetal circulation and may exert pharmacologic effects on the fetus. These observations have led to the increasing use of the maternal route of drug administration to manage the compromised fetus. Pharmacologic management has extended into the treatment of fetal arrhythmias4, toxoplasmosis5, congenital adrenal hyperplasia6 and preventing vertical transmission of HIV during pregnancy.7 We will discuss factors that influence the kinetics of drug transfer to the fetus, pharmacologic management of fetal tachyarrhythmias and the application of pregnant Yucatan miniature swine as a model for investigating fetal antiarrhythmic drug therapy.
On the Secure Degrees of Freedom of 2 x 2 x 2 Multi-Hop Network with Untrusted Relays

We study the impact of untrusted relays on the degrees of freedom of multi-antenna multi-hop networks. In par- ticular, we consider the two user two-hop interference network, where two source nodes want to send independent messages securely to their designated receivers through the help of two untrusted relays. The relays are considered untrusted in terms of eavesdropping the messages sent by the sources. Moreover, we also assume that the messages are confidential, i.e., each receiver must not be able to decode the information meant for the other receiver. We assume that all the terminals (i.e., sources, relays, and the receivers) are equipped with multiple number of antennas. The goal of this work is to understand the secure degrees of freedom (SDoF) region of this multi-hop MIMO network under the two constraints of a) untrusted relays; and b) confidential messages. To cope with the untrusted nature of relays, we present achievable schemes in which both sources mix their information symbols with artificial noises so that the signals at each relay are completely immersed in the artificial noises space. However, this mixing must be done carefully, so as to ensure the feasibility of interference neutralization in the second hop to allow successful decoding at the respective destination. To this end, we devise transmission schemes based on interference alignment and interference neutralization techniques. The main contributions of this work are as follows: a) we present an upper bound on the SDoF region as a function of the number of antennas at the terminals, b) we present two achievable schemes, the first scheme is based on secure interference alignment and neutralization and is shown to be information theoretically optimal when all terminals have the same number of antennas; and a second scheme, based on secure sub-space alignment and neutralization, which is shown to be optimal for another specific antenna configuration. To the best of our knowledge, these are the first results on multi-hop MIMO relay networks with untrusted relays and confidential messages.
Socioeconomic risk moderates the association between caregiver cortisol levels and infant cortisol reactivity to emotion induction at 24 months.

Relations between maternal baseline cortisol and infant cortisol reactivity to an emotion induction procedure at child ages 7, 15, and 24 months were analyzed using data from the Family Life Project (N = 1,292). The emotion induction consisted of a series of standardized and validated tasks, including an arm restraint, toy removal, and mask presentation, intended to elicit responses of fear and frustration. Results revealed that at 7 and 15 months, maternal baseline cortisol was negatively related to child cortisol reactivity, such that children of mothers with lower cortisol exhibited steeper cortisol increases in response to the emotion induction. At 24 months, the association between mother and infant cortisol was moderated by socioeconomic risk, such that maternal baseline cortisol was associated with child cortisol reactivity only in dyads characterized by low socioeconomic risk. Furthermore, at 24 months, children of mothers with low baseline cortisol and low socioeconomic risk exhibited decreasing cortisol responses, whereas children of mothers with low baseline cortisol but high risk exhibited flat cortisol responses. Children in dyads characterized by high baseline maternal cortisol also exhibited flat cortisol responses regardless of socioeconomic risk. The role of caregiver physiology in the regulation of the child's stress response in the context of adversity is discussed.
Marketing the Performing Arts: Efficacy of Web 2.0 Social Networks

Social media platforms such as Twitter and Facebook have grown rapidly with the widespread adoption of Web 2.0 applications (Hausmann, 2012b). Increasingly, non-traditional communication tools are being sought to engage with stakeholders. Given the prevalence of social media adoption, researchers examine whether this approach is a more relevant and useful one to promoting the performing arts. There is minimal research on this concept. This paper explores the utility of social media for performing arts organizations to reach and engage potential audience members. The results of a case study of the effectiveness of viral marketing using Web2.0 social media for a small performing arts organization is presented.
Modeling of diamond field emitter arrays for a compact source of high brightness electron beams

Many applications, such as compact accelerators and electron microscopy, demand high brightness electron beams with small source size and ultralow emittance. Diamond emitters manufactured with semiconductor processes can be employed in such compact beam sources. The micrometer-scale pyramid structure of the emitter allows enhancement of the external field compared to that at the substrate, leading to electron emission with small beam size. We investigate the dependence of the field enhancement on the shape of the emitter and the resulting emission characteristics. The beam formation and dynamics are simulated with the LSP [D. Welch, D. Rose, R. Clark, T. Genoni, and T. Hughes, Comput. Phys. Commun. 164, 183 (2004)] particle-in-cell code to obtain the macroscopic observables. To account for the semiconductor charge transport in the bulk material and the tunneling through the surface, a first-principle semiclassical Monte Carlo emission model is developed and applied to the diamond pyramid. Using this Monte Carlo emission model and the result from the geometric field enhancement calculation, we construct a simple model to qualitatively explain the measured emission characteristics. A comparison between our model and experiments indicates that the beam current is mostly emitted at the apex of the emitter.Many applications, such as compact accelerators and electron microscopy, demand high brightness electron beams with small source size and ultralow emittance. Diamond emitters manufactured with semiconductor processes can be employed in such compact beam sources. The micrometer-scale pyramid structure of the emitter allows enhancement of the external field compared to that at the substrate, leading to electron emission with small beam size. We investigate the dependence of the field enhancement on the shape of the emitter and the resulting emission characteristics. The beam formation and dynamics are simulated with the LSP [D. Welch, D. Rose, R. Clark, T. Genoni, and T. Hughes, Comput. Phys. Commun. 164, 183 (2004)] particle-in-cell code to obtain the macroscopic observables. To account for the semiconductor charge transport in the bulk material and the tunneling through the surface, a first-principle semiclassical Monte Carlo emission model is developed and applied to the diamond pyramid. Using this Monte...
110th Anniversary: Vat Photopolymerization-Based Additive Manufacturing: Current Trends and Future Directions in Materials Design

This commentary discusses current capabilities of vat photopolymerization, an additive manufacturing (AM) technique also known as VP, with recent advances in the literature, current challenges/limi...
Selective manipulation of ionic enhancement in laser-ablated plumes

The ability to enhance and control the tonic content of excimer laser-ablated plumes is critical to the in-situ crystalline thin film growth of semiconductors, superconductors, optical materials, and heterostructures.1,2 The use of activated deposition in an oxygen ambient has been shown to be instrumental in the in-situ deposition of superconducting Y1Ba2Cu3O7-x (YBCO) films at lower substrate temperatures than was previously possible.3
The spatial structure of socioeconomic disadvantage: a Bayesian multivariate spatial factor analysis

Neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage is a measure of socio-spatial inequality that has been shown to be associated with a variety of social, economic, and health outcomes. Existing studies that ...
Stiffness modeling of a variable stiffness compliant link

Abstract Recently, a variable stiffness robotic link based on the rotating beam concept has been developed for applications in physical human robot interaction. A substantial challenge for design of such links is the modeling of stiffness behavior to permit stiffness control. In this paper we present a general 3D model of the link stiffness using screw theory and compliance matrices as well as a planar model for the lateral and torsional stiffness. Since axial buckling is a major failure mode, we also derive an analytical model for predicting axial buckling behavior. The analytical models are compared to the finite element method and experimental results. One of the challenges involved in design and analysis of variable stiffness links is the parasitic compliance of the mechanical elements that support and drive the active portion of the mechanism. For the design analyzed in this paper, we use the models we derive to identify the major sources of parasitic compliance and suggest optimizations to minimize their effects. These results can be used as guidelines for designing variable stiffness links.
Seeing is believing: Visualizing immune cells and calcium signals at different stages of neuroinflammation.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neuroinflammatory disease characterized by demyelination of neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) (1). While the ultimate cause of the disease is unknown, MS is commonly considered to be an autoimmune disorder in which autoreactive CD4+ T cells are activated by an (unknown) autoantigen presented by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) outside the CNS. Once in the CNS, T cells are activated by microglia-derived or CNS-infiltrating APC, resulting in inflammation and myelin damage. The main T cell subsets causing disease in MS are T helper (Th) 1 and Th17 cells, which produce the proinflammatory cytokines interferon gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin (IL)-17A, and granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Studies in MS patients have shown that IL-17A and IFN-γ levels are increased in T cells isolated from CNS lesions and the cerebrospinal fluid (2, 3). A similar role of Th1 and Th17 cells has been found in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) rodent model of MS. The proinflammatory function of Th1 and Th17 cells is kept in check by regulatory T (Treg) cells, a subset of CD4+ T cells that express the transcription factor Foxp3 by suppressing effector T cell functions and thus CNS inflammation. Treg cells attenuate the severity of EAE and contribute to recovery from CNS inflammation (4). A report by Othy et al. (5) sheds light on the spatiotemporal interaction of Th17 cells, Treg cells, and APCs and their migration at three different stages of EAE. It also shows how Treg cells modulate Ca2+ signals in Th17 cells in the spinal cord. For their studies, Othy et al. (5) developed Foxp3EGFP IL-17TdT reporter mice to express enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) in Treg cells and TdTomato in Th17 cells, as well as Foxp3EGFP CD11cEYFP reporter mice. Using this fate-mapping approach, the … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: feskes01{at}nyumc.org. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Inverse Association of Coffee with Liver Cancer Development: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Background and Aims: Coffee consumption has been suggested to reduce the risk for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). While several studies report inverse correlation with coffee drinking, others have suggested more than 2 cups of coffee every day decrease the risk of liver cancer or HCC. However, controversy exists about the exact dose that would provide protective benefit. Therefore, we aimed to carry out a systematic review and meta-analysis of all studies that investigated the association of coffee consumption and risk of HCC and/or liver cancer. Our outcomes were the evaluation of the association of coffee with HCC or liver cancer development along with the amount of coffee needed to prevent HCC or liver cancer. Methods: We performed a PubMed/MEDLINE/EMBASE/Ovid/Google Scholar search of original articles published in English from 1996 to June 2019, on case-control or cohort or prospective studies that associated coffee with liver cancer or HCC. We calculated the relative risk (RR) of the two conditions for coffee drinking and then stratified this into increments of one cup of coffee per day. Twenty studies were identified. The analysis was performed using random effects models from the methods of DerSimonian and Laird with inverse variance weighting. The Cochrane Q and the I 2 statistics were calculated to assess heterogeneity between studies. A p<0.10 value for chi-square test and I 2 <20% were interpreted as low-level heterogeneity. Probability of publication bias was assessed using funnel plots and with the Egger’s test. Results: The overall RR was 0.69 (95%CI 0.56-0.85; p<0.001) with significant heterogeneity between the studies. We performed subgroup analysis over the increments of 1 cup of coffee. Higher doses of coffee consumption were associated with a significant decrease in the risk of developing HCC or liver cancer. The funnel plot did not show significant publication bias. Conclusions: Our systematic review and meta-analysis suggests that drinking coffee provides benefits with a reduction in the risk of HCC or liver cancer. Higher doses of coffee have higher benefits in terms of risk reduction. However, further biological and epidemiological studies are required to determine the exact mechanism and to study specific subgroups such as viral hepatitis B or C related HCC.
The spherical-Dirichlet distribution

Today, data mining and gene expressions are at the forefront of modern data analysis. Here we introduce a novel probability distribution that is applicable in these fields. This paper develops the proposed spherical-Dirichlet distribution designed to fit vectors located at the positive orthant of the hypersphere, as it is often the case for data in these fields, avoiding unnecessary probability mass. Basic properties of the proposed distribution, including normalizing constants and moments are developed. Relationships with other distributions are also explored. Estimators based on classical inferential statistics, such as method of moments and maximum likelihood estimators are obtained. Two applications are developed: the first one uses simulated data, and the second uses a real text mining example. Both examples are fitted using the proposed spherical-Dirichlet distribution and their results are discussed.
Performance Comparison of Compressed Sensing Algorithms for Accelerating T1ρ Mapping of Human Brain.

Background 3D-T1ρ mapping is useful to quantify various neurologic disorders, but data are currently time-consuming to acquire. Purpose To compare the performance of five compressed sensing (CS) algorithms-spatiotemporal finite differences (STFD), exponential dictionary (EXP), 3D-wavelet transform (WAV), low-rank (LOW) and low-rank plus sparse model with spatial finite differences (L + S SFD)-for 3D-T1ρ mapping of the human brain with acceleration factors (AFs) of 2, 5, and 10. Study type Retrospective. Subjects Eight healthy volunteers underwent T1ρ imaging of the whole brain. Field strength/sequence The sequence was fully sampled 3D Cartesian ultrafast gradient echo sequence with a customized T1ρ preparation module on a clinical 3T scanner. Assessment The fully sampled data was undersampled by factors of 2, 5, and 10 and reconstructed with the five CS algorithms. Image reconstruction quality was evaluated and compared to the SENSE reconstruction of the fully sampled data (reference) and T1ρ estimation errors were assessed as a function of AF. Statistical tests Normalized root mean squared errors (nRMSE) and median normalized absolute deviation (MNAD) errors were calculated to compare image reconstruction errors and T1ρ estimation errors, respectively. Linear regression plots, Bland-Altman plots, and Pearson correlation coefficients (CC) are shown. Results For image reconstruction quality, at AF = 2, EXP transforms had the lowest mRMSE (1.56%). At higher AF values, STFD performed better, with the smallest errors (3.16% at AF = 5, 4.32% at AF = 10). For whole-brain quantitative T1ρ mapping, at AF = 2, EXP performed best (MNAD error = 1.62%). At higher AF values (AF = 5, 10), the STFD technique had the least errors (2.96% at AF = 5, 4.24% at AF = 10) and the smallest variance from the reference T1ρ estimates. Data conclusion This study demonstrates the use of different CS algorithms that may be useful in reducing the scan time required to perform volumetric T1ρ mapping of the brain. Level of evidence 2. Technical efficacy stage 1.
The disruption of protein−protein interactions with co-chaperones and client substrates as a strategy towards Hsp90 inhibition

The 90-kiloDalton (kD) heat shock protein (Hsp90) is a ubiquitous, ATP-dependent molecular chaperone whose primary function is to ensure the proper folding of several hundred client protein substrates. Because many of these clients are overexpressed or become mutated during cancer progression, Hsp90 inhibition has been pursued as a potential strategy for cancer as one can target multiple oncoproteins and signaling pathways simultaneously. The first discovered Hsp90 inhibitors, geldanamycin and radicicol, function by competitively binding to Hsp90's N-terminal binding site and inhibiting its ATPase activity. However, most of these N-terminal inhibitors exhibited detrimental activities during clinical evaluation due to induction of the pro-survival heat shock response as well as poor selectivity amongst the four isoforms. Consequently, alternative approaches to Hsp90 inhibition have been pursued and include C-terminal inhibition, isoform-selective inhibition, and the disruption of Hsp90 protein-protein interactions. Since the Hsp90 protein folding cycle requires the assembly of Hsp90 into a large heteroprotein complex, along with various co-chaperones and immunophilins, the development of small molecules that prevent assembly of the complex offers an alternative method of Hsp90 inhibition.
Tackling Small Data Challenges in Visual Fire Detection: A Deep Convolutional Generative Adversarial Network Approach

Fire detection technologies remain a critical component of building automation. With the recent significant advances in computer vision, visual fire detection methods have been developed and integrated into building surveillance systems. Overfitting and accuracy challenges remain in fire detection when training datasets are limited. In this work, we tackle these challenges by developing a deep convolutional generative adversarial network (DCGAN) for highly accurate visual fire detection when training images are limited. Our model addresses three types of errors in visual fire detection with small training datasets: model overfitting, fire probability overestimation, and fire probability underestimation. The DCGAN includes a generator of fake fire images for self-supervised learning (SSL) and a discriminator for image classification. We designed computational experiments with high-quality datasets to test and validate our model against other supervised learning approaches. We also benchmarked the performance of the DCGAN against a best-in-class deep visual fire detection model. The results show that our model significantly outperforms other fire detection models on all performance metrics when trained with the same small dataset. The results demonstrate that the DCGAN effectively mitigates the three types of error when the training dataset is limited.
Closed and Semiclosed Interhelical Structures in Membrane vs Closed and Open Structures in Detergent for the Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin Fusion Peptide and Correlation of Hydrophobic Surface Area with Fusion Catalysis.

The ∼25 N-terminal “HAfp” residues of the HA2 subunit of the influenza virus hemagglutinin protein are critical for fusion between the viral and endosomal membranes at low pH. Earlier studies of HAfp in detergent support (1) N-helix/turn/C-helix structure at pH 5 with open interhelical geometry and N-helix/turn/C-coil structure at pH 7; or (2) N-helix/turn/C-helix at both pHs with closed interhelical geometry. These different structures led to very different models of HAfp membrane location and different models of catalysis of membrane fusion by HAfp. In this study, the interhelical geometry of membrane-associated HAfp is probed by solid-state NMR. The data are well-fitted to a population mixture of closed and semiclosed structures. The two structures have similar interhelical geometries and are planar with hydrophobic and hydrophilic faces. The different structures of HAfp in detergent vs membrane could be due to the differences in interaction with the curved micelle vs flat membrane with better geometri...
Comparing the Regional Economic Impact of Two Labor Force Losses

The success and growth of local businesses is clearly a pivotal element of the Bloomington-Normal community. This study, then, will examine the impact of a current shock to the local economy focused on McLean County’s largest employer: State Farm Insurance. In October 2013, State Farm announced plans to relocate an unspecified fraction of the 1,600 positions it maintains in its Illinois Claims Operations Center to a new hub in either Dallas, Atlanta, or Phoenix (Hansen, 2013). It has since been confirmed that the workers will relocate to Atlanta, Georgia. Economists and community leaders as well as State Farm employees have expressed concern about the economic implications of the relocation organized by the biggest employer of McLean County. In this economic letter, Impact Analysis for Planning (IMPLAN) software will be used to project the direct, indirect, and induced effects of this loss of employment. To provide context, these effects will be compared to estimations based on a cut of similar magnitude suffered by the Mitsubishi plant in 2004. Mitsubishi serves as the point of comparison as a major employer in the community –the third largest at the
Connections to Atomic Properties

This chapter provides an introduction to the technique of computerized axial tomography (CAT). This technique assists medical examiners in viewing the internal organs of a body. In a CAT scan, cross-sectional images are generated using X-rays directed through the body, using a rotating tube. X-rays not absorbed by the body reach a radiation detector, where the signals are integrated to produce an image that assesses the density of tissues at various locations. X-rays are absorbed differentially. Denser objects, such as bones, absorb X-rays extensively; and soft tissues, such as blood vessels, absorb relatively few X-rays. Thus, bones appear as light areas on the image and soft tissues as dark regions. To create the images in CAT scans, contrast media are often ingested or injected into the body. Barium- and iodine-based materials are selected for contrast media. These media highlight the areas of the body being scanned as a consequence of the inability of X-rays to penetrate these substances.
Using oligonucleotide arrays

Nucleic acid sequence microarrays have become one of the first highly parallel, genome-wide technologies to mature into a tool used routinely by biologists in many fields of research. The principle, covered in more detail elsewhere in this volume, is to hybridize a complex solution of labeled mRNA transcripts from cells or tissues onto a solid support containing thousands or millions of segments of unique DNA. The extent of hybridization of each mRNA sequence in the solution to the target “feature” is proportional to the concentration of that specific mRNA in the solution. This “extent of hybridization” to each feature is quantified (signal) by detection tools, which then calculate the relative concentration of the mRNA in the original solution. Affymetrix arrays are factory manufactured microarrays of 25-mer oligonucleotides. Construction of the arrays is accomplished by in situ photochemistry, allowing about 1 million distinct features to be synthesized on 1.2 cM2 quartz supports. The bioinformatics-driven design and production of Affymetrix arrays has made them increasingly popular in both academic and pharmaceutical arenas, and has allowed the development of quality control and standard operating procedures (QC/SOP). This specialist review discusses the design and production of Affymetrix arrays, preparation of target tissue and hybridization, methods of quantifying resulting hybridization data (probe set algorithms), experimental design considerations, and emerging public access databases. Keywords: expression profiling; mRNA; oligonucleotide; microarray
WET ACID DEPOSITION IN COLORADO

Precipitation and wet atmospheric deposition patterns were investigated for Colorado for the hydrologic year 1985. Above average precipitation for the year probably gave rise to higher than average deposition of sulfates and nitrates but this potential varied by season across the state and was higher at higher elevations. Average weekly concentrations of nitrates and sulfates were greatest during spring and summer and the average weekly pH of precipitation was lowest during the fall. Usually, average nitrate and sulfate concentrations decreased with increasing elevation while precipitation pH became more acidic with elevation. There was no clear pattern between acid concentration and increasing precipitation and elevation but precipitation pH decreased with increasing precipitation. Trajectory analysis suggested that important sources of acid precursors existed to the southwest of the state in 1985, but that areas to the northwest, west, and south, and regions within the state itself, are also likely sources.
Maternal Effects in Ontogeny and Evolution : Maternal Effects in Mammals. Edited by Dario Maestripieri and Jill M. Mateo. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 2009. 360 pp., $90.00 (cloth). ISBN 978-0-226-50119-2

Maternal Effects in Mammals is an authoritative volume that provides a comprehensive review of new developments on a topic of importance in evolutionary biology, developmental psychology, and biomedical research. Maternal effects are defined here as effects of the mother’s phenotype on offspring phenotype, separate from the direct effects of genes inherited from the mother. It has been a decade since the publication of Maternal Effects as Adaptations (Mousseau and Fox 1998) brought this topic to the forefront in population biology. This edited volume builds on that earlier work, with a focus on mammals. The features that define the mammalian order, internal gestation, lactation and maternal care, make mammalian mothers particularly good candidates for exhibiting maternal effects on the health and fitness of their offspring. For many mammalian species, these early influences are augmented by an extended period of immaturity and continuing relationships between mothers and offspring into adulthood. As the chapters in this volume demonstrate, maternal effects can be a powerful force influencing individual development and the evolution of populations.
Adaptation of a roller-tube apparatus to accommodate cultivation of cells in roller-bottles.

We have adapted the standard roller-tube apparatus to production of large scale cell culture by modifying the drum to accept bottles. Images
Soil Distribution Of Microorganisms

Microorganisms have significant roles in the processes of biodegradation and nutrient transformation in terrestrial ecosystems. Microorganisms are abundant in soil and sediments, and active populations are even found in geologic materials far below the earth's surface. In general, population distributions are controlled by substrate inputs. Thus, substrate-rich environments such as the plant rhizosphere or the forest-litter layer have higher population densities than do root-free surface soil. Surface soil have far larger populations of microorganisms than deeper sediments, which receive organic substrates only through leaching of materials from the surface. Keywords: microorganisms; soil distribution; organic substrates; spatial data; plant rhizosphere; forest-litter layer; terrestrial ecosystems; population densities
Stock Market Valuation Indicators: Is This Time Different?

Traditional market indicators have pointed to an overvalued stock market throughout the 1990s, because the dividend yield dropped to a record low and the market-to-book ratio reached a record high. Despite the indicators, the stock market has performed well, leading market watchers to question whether these indicators behave differently now than they have in the past. This article examines the predictive power of these measures and addresses the claim that the dividend yield and market-to-book ratio are no longer valid indicators. We find that share repurchase activity has not been especially high through most of the 1990s and that, adjusting for buybacks, the dividend yield remains low. Likewise, the market-to-book ratio remains at a record high once charges for retiree health liabilities have been taken into account.
Maintenance therapy with low-dose azacitidine after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for recurrent acute myelogenous leukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome: a dose and schedule finding study.

BACKGROUND: Recurrence is a major cause of treatment failure after allogeneic transplantation for acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), and treatment options are very limited. Azacitidine is a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor with activity in myeloid disease. The authors hypothesized that low-dose azacitidine administered after transplant would reduce recurrence rates, and conducted a study to determine a safe dose/schedule combination. METHODS: Forty-five high-risk patients were treated. Median age was 60 years; median number of comorbidities was 3; 67% were not in remission. By using a Bayesian adaptive method to determine the best dose/schedule combination based on time to toxicity, the authors investigated combinations of 5 daily azacitidine doses, 8, 16, 24, 32, and 40 mg/m2, and 4 schedules: 1, 2, 3, or 4 cycles, each with 5 days of drug and 25 days of rest. Cycle 1 started on Day +40. RESULTS: Reversible thrombocytopenia was the dose-limiting toxicity. The optimal combination was 32 mg/m2 given for 4 cycles. Median follow-up was 20.5 months. One-year event-free and overall survival were 58% and 77%, justifying further studies to estimate long-term clinical benefit. No dose significantly affected DNA global methylation. CONCLUSIONS: Azacitidine at 32 mg/m2 given for 5 days is safe and can be administered after allogeneic transplant for at least 4 cycles to heavily pretreated AML/MDS patients. The trial also suggested that this treatment may prolong event-free and overall survival, and that more cycles may be associated with greater benefit. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.