cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Sticky Anchor Hypothesis: Ego Depletion Increases Susceptibility to Situational Cues

Self-control depletion has been linked both to increased selfish behavior and increased susceptibility to situational cues. The present research tested two competing hypotheses about the consequence of depletion by measuring how people allocate rewards between themselves and another person. Seven experiments analyzed behavior in standard dictator games and reverse dictator games, settings in which participants could take money from another person. Across all of these experiments, depleted participants made smaller changes to the initial allocation, thereby sticking closer to the default position (anchor) than non-depleted participants. These findings provide support for a “sticky anchor hypothesis,” which states that the effects of depletion on behavior are influenced by the proximal situational cues rather than by directly stimulating selfishness per se. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Planning the Ridesharing Route for the First-Mile Service Linking to Railway Passenger Transportation

First-mile and last-mile travel is the bottleneck of using the public transportation service. This paper considers the passenger matching and vehicle routing problem in the first-mile ridesharing service connecting train schedules. Then a mixed integer model is proposed to formulate the problem. Since the problem is NP hard, we develop a simulated annealing (SA) algorithm with four neighborhood structures to solve this problem. Experiments are designed to test the proposed model and algorithm. The experimental results verify the effectiveness of the algorithm and demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can obtain satisfactory solutions within a reasonably short time.© 2017 ASME
State Capacity Redux: Integrating Classical and Experimental Contributions to an Enduring Debate

What state capacity is and how to strengthen it remain open questions, as the underlying incentives of the state, its citizens, and its agents align in some areas of state activity and diverge in others. This article lays out a framework that integrates classical and experimental approaches within a common theoretical structure based on the diverse capacity challenges states face with respect to extraction, coordination, and compliance. Addressing each in turn, we show that state capacity is an interactive process, the product of institutions governing relations between the state, mass publics, and bureaucrats. Weargue that the institutions ensuring capacity and the processes that bring them into being vary. Our review highlights trends in recent research, as well as relevant differences in opportunities for and obstacles to empirical work on the subject. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Political Science Volume 21 is May 11, 2018. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/pag...
Nonparametric analysis of contributions to variance in genomics and epigenomics data

Functional genomics studies, despite increasingly varied assay types and complex experimental designs, are typically analyzed by methods that are unable to identify confounding effects and that incorporate parametric assumptions particular to gene expression data. We present MAVRIC, a nonparametric method to quantify variance explained by experimental covariates and perform differential analysis on arbitrary data types. We demonstrate that MAVRIC can accurately associate covariates with underlying data variance, deliver sensitive and specific identification of genomic loci with differential counts, and provide effective noise reduction of large-scale consortium data sets.
The Nature of Database Management for Effective Decision Support Systems

There is growing recognition that general-purpose database management systems (DBMSs) may not be able to provide acceptable solutions to the entire range of data management support problems. The special characteristics of some types of applications — notably Decision Support Systems (DSS) — may benefit from DBMS support that is tailored to their data management requirements. This paper reviews the important role of databases in DSS, then explores the special data management needs of DSS, including (1) data filtering and integration aids, (2) adaptive structuring and user interface capabilities, and (3) model management and integration tools. In order for a DSS to effectively support the user’s decision-making process, the user must participate actively in the evolution of the DSS. The nature of these needs impacts not only the design of databases to support DSS, but also the design of DBMSs to implement and manage those supporting databases. An architecture for a database management system to support DSS is proposed.
Showtime for Southeast Asia: An economic and political crossroads

In the ASEAN region, booming exports and imports, and rapidly rising per capita incomes, have brought new challenges to trade policy. ASEAN is promoting its own “free trade area”; the United States backs the much wider and all-inclusive APEC format; and Malaysia urges a “caucus” restricted ethnically and racially to East Asians. The result is a genuine trade debate, along lines familiar in the already-industrialized nations. If ASEAN follows genuine openness there are considerable opportunities, but if it takes the timeworn paths of protectionism, restrictions on investment, and excessive sensitivity to fears of “foreign manipulation,” the future is liable to be less bright.
Applications of classical trajectory techniques to reactive scattering

This article provides a better understanding of the kinds of systems and chemistry for which the classical trajectory technique is useful. The focus is on how well classical trajectory calculations can account for most detailed aspects of gas-phase, single-collision chemical reactions. The scope of this work is limited to those few systems for which there is sufficient experimental and calculated data to permit such a comparison, and for which a reasonably appropriate potential energy surface is available. (SC)
Computer Modelling of the Immune System: Who are the “Fruitori”?

Fruitore is an Italian word straight from the Latin (the verb fruor means to utilize with advantage, to metaphorically harvest the fruits. I use this uncommon foreign substantive because it happens to be the most concise and precise, as compared with the English and the French (exploitateur? utiliseur? jouisseur?). Having explained the word, my assignment is to convince the reader that every experimental immunologist is a potential fruitore of the models (and will become an actual one in the near future). This was unforeseeable in the past, and I would not have written this sentence one year ago. The following factors, of which this NATO-Gulbenkian workshop is the best proof, have played into my hands. a) Theoretical immunology has been experiencing a substantial boom during the past several years, thanks to many new groups the world over joining what had been a restricted club of friends. b) The focus of many models has become more precisely coincident with that of experiments performed and discussed in conventional (classical) laboratories. c) Only in part a consequence of a) and b), the immunologists are changing their traditional apartheidlike attitude towards the theorists.
Shock Wave Solutions of the Einstein Equations: A General Theory with Examples

In their classic 1939 paper Oppenheimer and Snyder introduced the first mathematical model for gravitational collapse of stars based on spherically symmetric solutions of the Einstein gravitational field equations. In this exact solution of the Einstein equations, the boundary surface of a massive fluid sphere falls continuously into a black hole and the dynamics is described by exact formulas. This provided the first solid evidence for the idea that black holes could form from gravitational collapse in massive stars. The Oppenheimer—Snyder paper also provided the first example in which a solution of the Einstein equations having interesting dynamics was constructed by using the covariance of the equations to match two simpler solutions across an interface. The Oppenheimer—Snyder model requires the simplifying assumption that the pressure be identically zero. In this article we construct shock wave generalizations of the Oppenheimer—Snyder model that apply to the case when the pressure is nonzero. A general characterization of shock wave interfaces in solutions of the Einstein equations is presented in Section 2, and examples are derived and discussed in detail in the later sections.
An Historical Look at Insanity Defenses

The Anglo-American benchmark case commonly cited as the historical beginning of the insanity defense is Rex. v. Arnold (1723). At the close of the case, Judge Tracy, addressing the jury, articulated what came to be known as the “wild beast” test of insanity. Contrary to this foreshortened view of the insanity defense’s genesis, this case was neither a landmark nor the beginning of the story: for by the time the wild beast reared his head and roared in the Arnold case, he had already become a familiar, domesticated by centuries of jurists’ papers. Long before the wild beast test became the law of the land, ideas regarding insanity were discussed, questions regarding its nature were debated, and legal approaches that were to have lasting consequences were formulated. Thus, the beast’s roar in Rex v. Arnold was, by then, mere paper tiger purring. It is to the history that preceded the beast that we now turn.
FLEA BEETLE AND APHID CONTROL ON BURLEY TOBACCO WITH TRANSPLANT WATER AND TRAY DRENCH TREATMENTS, 2002

This trial was conducted at the Virginia Tech Southern Piedmont Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Blackstone, VA to evaluate various insecticides applied as transplant tray drench (TD) and transplant water (TW) treatments for control of Tobacco flea beetle (TFB) and Green peach aphid (GPA) on burley tobacco. Tobacco 'Tennessee 90' was transplanted into experimental plots on 23 May. Normal production practices were followed for fertilization, weed and disease control, and topping and sucker control. Eleven treatments and an untreated check were established in a RCB design with 4 reps (Table 1). Plots were 8 x 40 ft (2 rows x 22 plants). A CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer with an 8003E tip and operated at 20 psi was used to apply Admire, TM-44403 and Platinum TD treatments in 20 fl oz of water to plants in 288-cell float trays on 22 May, 1 day before transplanting. Additional water was used to wash the chemical residue off of the plants and into the media. Immediately after transplanting, a measuring cup was used to apply the TW treatments in 4 fl oz (185 gpa) to the base of each plant in the designated plots on 23 May. Fertilization, weed, disease and sucker control followed recommendations of the Virginia Cooperative Extension Service. The season was hot and dry and the crop was not irrigated until early Jul. TFB and TFB feeding holes were counted on 10 plants/plot weekly for 4 wk after transplanting. GPA numbers were estimated on the upper four leaves of 10 plants/plot from mid-Jul to mid-Aug. Chemical injury was rated for 20 plants/plot on a scale of 0-5 where 0 = no symptoms and 5 = dead plant. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and significantly different means (P < 0.05) for insect data were separated by WD k-ratio t-test (k-ratio = 100). TFB and GPA data were transformed to Log (x+1) before analysis. Untransformed means are presented in the tables.
Mental health service utilization by borderline personality disorder patients and Axis II comparison subjects followed prospectively for 6 years.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to describe the psychiatric treatment received by a well-defined sample of patients with borderline personality disorder and Axis II comparison subjects over 6 years of prospective follow-up. Method: 362 inpatients were interviewed about their treatment histories during their index admission (1992-1995). 290 patients met both Revised Diagnostic Interview for Borderlines and DSM-III-R criteria for borderline personality disorder and 72 met DSM-III-R criteria for at least 1 nonborderline Axis II disorder (and neither criteria set for borderline personality disorder). Over 94% of surviving patients were reinterviewed about their psychiatric treatment histories 2, 4, and 6 years later. Results: Only 33% of borderline patients were hospitalized during the final 2 years of the 6-year follow-up, a substantial decline from the 79% who had prior hospitalizations at baseline. Much the same pattern emerged for day and/or residential treatment (from 55% to 22%). In contrast, about three quarters of borderline patients were still in psychotherapy and taking psychotropic medications after 6 years of follow-up. Additionally, over 70% of borderline patients participating in these outpatient modalities did so for at least 75% of each follow-up period. While rates of intensive psychotherapy declined significantly over time (from 36% to 16%), rates of intensive polypharmacy remained relatively stable over time, with about 40% of borderline patients taking 3 or more concurrent standing medications during each follow-up period, about 20% taking 4 or more, and about 10% taking 5 or more. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that the majority of borderline patients continue to use outpatient treatment in a sustained manner through 6 years of follow-up, but only a declining minority use more restrictive and costly forms of treatment.
Measuring the Impact of Cause-Related Marketing: A Meta-Analysis of Nonprofit and For-profit Alliance Campaigns

Cause-related marketing (CRM) campaigns are a type of joint venture between a business concern and a nonprofit organization. To determine effect sizes for these campaigns, a series of bivariate met...
Associations between state-level healthcare access and COVID-19 case trajectories in the United States

Introduction: We conducted an ecological study to determine if state-level healthcare access is associated with trajectories of daily reported COVID-19 cases in the United States. Our focus is on trajectories of daily reported COVID-19 cases, rather than cumulative cases, as trajectories help us identify trends in how the pandemic naturally develops over time, and study the shapes of the curve in different states. Methods: We analyzed data on daily reported confirmed and probable COVID-19 cases from January 21 to June 16, 2020 in 50 states, adjusted for the population size of each state. Cluster analysis for time-series data was used to split the states into clusters that have distinct trajectories of daily cases. Differences in socio-demographic characteristics and healthcare access between clusters were tested. Adjusted models were used to determine if healthcare access is associated with reporting a high trajectory of COVID-19 cases. Results: Two clusters of states were identified. One cluster had a high trajectory of population-adjusted COVID-19 cases, and comprised of 19 states, including New York and New Jersey. The other cluster of states (n=31) had a low trajectory of population-adjusted COVID-19 cases. There were significantly more Black residents (p=0.027) and more nursing facility residents (p=0.001) in states reporting high trajectory of COVID-19 cases. States reporting a high trajectory of COVID-19 cases also had fewer uninsured persons (p=0.005), fewer persons who reported having to forgo medical care due to cost (p=0.016), more registered physicians (p=0.002) and more nurses (p=0.03), higher health spending per capita (p=0.01), fewer residents in Health Professional Shortage Areas per 100,000 population (p=0.027), and higher adoption of Medicaid Expansion (p=0.05). In adjusted models, a higher proportion of uninsured persons (OR: 0.51 [0.25-0.85]; p=0.032), higher proportion of patients who had to forgo medical care due to cost (OR: 0.55 [0.28-0.95]; p=0.048), and no adoption of Medicaid expansion (OR: 0.05 [0-0.59]; p=0.04), were associated with reporting a low trajectory of COVID-19 cases. Conclusion: Our findings from adjusted models suggest that healthcare access can partially explain variations in COVID-19 case trajectories by state.
GRACE-FO precise orbit determination and gravity recovery

The gravity recovery and climate experiment follow-on (GRACE-FO) satellites, launched in May of 2018, are equipped with geodetic quality GPS receivers for precise orbit determination (POD) and gravity recovery. The primary objective of the GRACE-FO mission is to map the time-variable and mean gravity field of the Earth. To achieve this goal, both GRACE-FO satellites are additionally equipped with a K-band ranging (KBR) system, accelerometers and star trackers. Data processing strategies, data weighting approaches and impacts of observation types and rates are investigated in order to determine the most efficient approach for processing GRACE-FO multi-type data for precise orbit determination and gravity recovery. Two GPS observation types, un-differenced (UD) and double-differenced (DD) observations in general can be used for GPS-based POD and gravity recovery. The GRACE-FO KBR observations are mainly used for gravity recovery, but they can be also used for POD to improve the relative orbit accuracy. The main purpose of this paper is to study the impacts of the DD, UD and KBR observations on GRACE-FO POD and gravity recovery. The precise orbit accuracy is assessed using several tests, which include analysis of orbital fits, satellite laser ranging residuals, KBR range residuals and orbit comparisons. The gravity recovery is validated by comparing different gravity solutions through coefficient-wise comparison, degree difference variances and water height variations over the whole Earth and selected area and river basins.
Resolving Individual-Atom of Protein Complex using Commonly Available 300-kV Cryo-electron Microscopes

Abstract Breakthroughs in single-particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) technology have made near-atomic resolution structure determination possible. Here, we report a ∼1.35-A structure of apoferritin reconstructed from images recorded on a Gatan K3 or a Thermo Fisher Falcon 4 detector in a commonly available 300-kV Titan Krios microscope (G3i) equipped with or without a Gatan post-column energy filter. Our results demonstrate that the atomic-resolution structure determination can be achieved by single-particle cryo-EM with a fraction of a day of automated data collection. These structures resolve unambiguously each heavy atom (C, N, O, and S) in the amino acid side chains with an indication of hydrogen atoms’ presence and position, as well as the unambiguous existence of multiple rotameric configurations for some residues. We also develop a statistical and chemical based protocol to assess the positions of the water molecules directly from the cryo-EM map. In addition, we have introduced a B’ factor equivalent to the conventional B factor traditionally used by crystallography to annotate the atomic resolution model for determined structures. Our findings will be of immense interest among protein and medicinal scientists engaging in both basic and translational research.
One-step data storage in cellular DNA.

The cumbersome encoding of digital data to cellular DNA hinders the use of cells as living hard drives. A new approach transfers digital information directly into cellular DNA by converting electrical signals into stable and interpretable changes in the genomes of bacterial populations.
A preliminary survey of Buddhist higher education in Asia: developing typologies and comparing secularities

Over the course of the last century, a number of Buddhist institutions of higher learning have been established across Asia. These institutions play an important role in many Asian sanghas, but the...
Why Policymakers in Georgia and Indiana Barred Incarcerated College Students from State Financial Aid

College students in prison are ineligible for state-funded financial aid in most states. This is because state policymakers adopted policies that explicitly ban incarcerated students from receiving...
Alternate dosage formulations of oral targeted anticancer agents.

ObjectiveOral anticancer therapies have demonstrated superior outcomes compared to traditional cytotoxic chemotherapy in many disease states. However, certain patients may not be candidates for the...
Higher Stem Cell Dose Infusion after Intensive Chemotherapy Does Not Improve Symptom Burden in Older Patients with Multiple Myeloma and Amyloidosis.

Abstract Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (ASCT) for multiple myeloma (MM) is associated with high symptom burden, particularly for older patients and those with amyloid light-chain (AL) amyloidosis. Symptom burden peaks during leukopenia. We hypothesized that higher doses of CD34+ stem cells would be associated with an improved symptom outcome. Patients undergoing ASCT for MM who were ≥60 years old or had AL amyloidosis were randomized to receive either a standard (4 to 6 × 106 cells/kg) or high dose (10 to 15 × 106 cells/kg) of CD34+ cells after melphalan 200 mg/m2. Symptom burden was assessed via the MD Anderson Symptom Inventory MM module. Eighty patients were enrolled. Median CD34+ cell doses were 5.1 × 106 cells/kg (standard dose) and 10.5 × 106 cells/kg (high dose). The most severe symptoms during the first week were fatigue, lack of appetite, drowsiness, disturbed sleep, and pain. The area under the curve for the mean composite severity score of these symptoms was similar between treatment arms (P = .819). Median times to neutrophil, lymphocyte, and platelet engraftment were also similar between groups. IL-6 increased similarly for both groups throughout the ASCT course. Infusion of higher autologous stem cell dose after high-dose chemotherapy does not yield a difference in symptom burden or engraftment time in the first few weeks after ASCT.
Building, Monumental, and Statuary Materials

Materials for construction are many and varied, as are their purposes and products. This chapter includes a survey of the major rocks and other earth materials used for the construction of buildings and monuments. Large statues also require similar materials, so are included. Not included is any discussion of the raw material needs for ancient roads, dams, or what is now called rip rap.
Replication for Load Balancing and Hot-Spot Relief on Proxy Web Caches with Hash Routing

Hash routing is an emerging approach to coordinating a collection of collaborative proxy caches. Hash routing partitions the entire URL space among the proxy caches. Each partition is assigned to a cache server. Duplication of cache contents is eliminated. Client requests to a cache server for non-assigned-partition objects are forwarded to proper sibling caches. In the presence of access skew, the load level of the cache servers can be quite unbalanced, limiting the benefits of hash routing. We examine an adaptable controlled replication (ACR) of non-assigned-partition objects in each cache server to reduce the load imbalance and relieve the problem of hot-spot references. Trace-driven simulations are conducted to study the effectiveness of ACR. The results show that (1) access skew exists, and the load of the cache servers tends to be unbalanced in hash routings (2) with a relatively small amount of ACR, say 10% of the cache size, significant improvements in load balance can be achieveds (3) ACR provides a very effective remedy for load imbalance due to hot-spot referencess and (4) increasing the cache size does not improve load balance unless replication is allowed.
Nonanthropocentric climate ethics

Anthropogenic climate change may contribute to a mass extinction that would leave biodiversity depleted for millions of years—quite possibly longer than the duration of the human species. Such effects are arguably of ethical concern, but because established ethical theories are anthropocentric—that is, focused on the relatively short-term interests of human beings—they offer no guidance on such vast temporal scales. There has been significant work in recent decades in both longer-term intergenerational anthropocentric climate ethics and near-term nonanthropocentric ethics, but so far these novel developments have not been integrated into a long-term nonanthropocentric climate ethic. This article considers prospects for the development and justification of such an ethic, difficulties it would face, and its relevance to climate policy. WIREs Clim Change 2011 2 701–711 DOI: 10.1002/wcc.131 This article is categorized under: Climate, Nature, and Ethics > Comparative Environmental Values
What School Desegregation Teaches Affirmative Action

This article considers the claims of the dissenting Justices in Grutter v. Bollinger that the majority's approach to strict scrutiny was both novel and wrong. The article argues that the majority's decision to defer to education officials when applying strict scrutiny is far from new and not nearly as dangerous as claimed. In making this argument, the article examines affirmative action through two lenses rarely connected to affirmative action: school desegregation and federalism. The Grutter Court's strict scrutiny analysis is comparable in many respects to school desegregation jurisprudence, crafted in large part by the very Justices dissenting in Grutter. Similarly, federalism principles strongly supported elsewhere by the Grutter dissent provide some justification for Grutter's approach to strict scrutiny. Yet, school desegregation jurisprudence also demonstrates good reason to be cautious in applying federalism principles to Equal Protection Clause jurisprudence. This Article ultimately comes to support Grutter's notion of deference. The judiciary certainly has limited expertise in educational policy and limited success in affecting social change. As a practical matter, defendants must have some authority in constitutional decision making.
A numerical study of internal wave propagation through ocean fine structure

Numerical simulation techniques are employed to investigate the propagation of internal waves through an ocean characterized by random fine structure density variations. Fine structure realizations are obtained by summation of random phase Fourier components whose amplitudes are derived from observed fine structure spectra. The results generally confirm the theoretical conclusion that the propagation of high frequency waves with vertical scales in excess of several meters is not seriously degraded by the density fine structure over propagation path lengths of order 100 m.
High-Temperature Oxidation of Ti3GeC2 and Ti3Ge0.5Si0.5C2 in Air

In this paper, we report on the oxidation behavior of Ti 3 GeC 2 and Ti 3 (Ge 0.5 ,Si 0.5 )C 2 . The oxidation kinetics were studied thermogravimetrically in air in the 700-1000°C temperature range. The oxidation layers formed on Ti 3 GeC 2 at 700°C were protective; at 800°C and higher, they were not. The addition of Si to Ti 3 GeC 2 slightly enhanced its oxidation resistance, but at 800°C and above, the layers formed were again not protective. In both cases the oxidation occurred mostly by the inward diffusion of oxygen through a rutile-based (Ti 1-y ,Ge y )O 2 solid solution with y < 0.1. At higher temperatures and/or longer times, Ge accumulation was observed at the oxide/carbide interface. At 900°C and higher, however, the oxygen induces the peritectic decomposition of Ti 3 GeC 2 into Ge and, presumably, a titanium oxycarbide. At 1000°C, part of the Ge escapes to the surface and forms copious amounts of GeO 2 whiskers with hexagonal symmetry. In the temperature range explored there is no oxygen dissolution in the carbide matrices.
On generalized Bonferroni mean operators for multi-criteria aggregation

We introduce the idea of multi-criteria aggregation functions and describe a number of properties desired in such functions. We emphasize the importance of having an aggregation function capture the expressed interrelationship between the criteria. A number of standard aggregation functions are introduced. We next introduce the Bonferroni mean operator. We provide an interpretation of this operator as involving a product of each argument with the average of the other arguments, a combined averaging and ''anding'' operator. This allows us to suggest generalizations of this operator by replacing the simple averaging by other mean type operators as well as associating differing importances with the arguments.
Neuroticism and introversion are associated with salivary cortisol patterns in adolescents

Previous studies have yielded equivocal findings on the relationship between personality and cortisol activity. The present study examined associations between personality and cortisol activity in a large, diverse adolescent sample, while partialling the effects of relevant demographic and health-related covariates. A subsample of 230 participants (57% of whom reported elevated neuroticism) was selected from a larger sample of 16-18-year olds involved in a study on risk factors for emotional disorders. Subsample participants completed a battery of personality questionnaires, and saliva collection was requested several months later on three consecutive days at six time points per day, from wakeup to bedtime. Associations between personality and cortisol rhythms were examined using multilevel growth curve modeling. Neuroticism (N) and introversion (I) were significantly and differentially associated with features of diurnal cortisol patterns. Specifically, a significant N x gender interaction was observed, demonstrating flatter cortisol rhythms across the waking day among male participants with higher N. Elevated I, however, was associated with lower cortisol awakening responses for both male and female participants, and higher cortisol at the time of waking for male participants only. The present study supports personality as a significant predictor of diurnal cortisol patterns in late adolescence, after accounting for the effects of demographic and health covariates, and suggests that gender plays a role in moderating associations between personality and cortisol.
Hydraulic lift and water use by plants: implications for water balance, performance and plant-plant interactions.

During drought periods, sugar maple (Acer saccharum) demonstrates “hydraulic lift”; nocturnal uptake of water by roots from deep soil layers that is released from shallow roots into upper soil layers. Using standard water relations methods and stable hydrogen isotope analysis of both source-water and plant-water, I investigated (1) the magnitude and radial extent of hydraulic lift by mature, relatively open-grown trees, of A. saccharum, (2) the proportion of hydraulically-lifted water (HLW) used by shallow-rooted neighbors growing at different distances from target trees, and (3) the influence that this water source had on stomatal conductance to water vapor (g), water balance and growth of these neighbors. Soil water potentials (ψs) at −20 and −35 cm showed a distinct diel fluctuation. Soil pits dug beneath three mature trees revealed a distinct hard-pan (e.g. fragipan) layer at a depth of approximately 50 cm. Examination of root distributions obtained from soil cores and soil pits revealed that some larger diameter roots (1.9–3.7 cm) did penetrate the fragipan and were established in the ground water table. The presence of the fragipan indicated that the “rewetting” of the upper soil layer during the night could not be explained by capillary rise from the shallow water table; it was the trees that were taking up ground water and then redepositing it at night into the upper 35 cm of soil, above the fragipan. The greatest fluctuations in ψs occurred within 2.5 m of trees and only extended out to approximately 5 m. Application of a two-end-member linear mixing model which used stable hydrogen isotopic data obtained from environmental water sources and xylem-sap demonstrated that all neighbors used some fraction (3–60%) of HLW supplied by sugar maple trees. Plants that used a high proportion of HLW (e.g. rhizomatous or stoloniferous perennials) maintained significantly higher leaf water potentials and g, and showed greater aboveground growth when compared with (i) neighbors that used little or no HLW or (ii) conspecifics found growing at distances greater than about 3 m away from maple trees. Three important conclusions can be drawn from the results of this investigation that have not been demonstrated before: (1) hydraulic lift need not only occur in arid or semi-arid environments where chronic water deficits prevail, but can be important in relatively mesic environments when subjected to periodic soil water deficits, (2) that plants neighboring trees which conduct hydraulic lift can use a significant proportion of this water source, and (3) that the HLW source can effectively ameliorate the influence of drought on the performance and growth of neighboring vegetation. The results are also discussed in terms of their influence on plant nutrient relations (including plant-mycorrhizal associations), the nature of plant-plant interactions and the water balance of individuals, communities and floristic regions.
Suicidal inactivation of cytochrome P-450. Formation of a heme-substrate covalent adduct.

Abstract The green pigment accumulated in the livers of phenobarbital pretreated rats after administration of 2-( 14 C)-2-isopropyl-4-pentenamide (allylisopropylacetamide, AIA) is radiolabeled. The single primary green prophyrin component isolated by HPLC (λ max (CHCl 3 ) 417, 512, 545, 594, 652 nm) is cleanly converted to a zinc complex (λ max (CHCl 3 ) 431, 547, 591, 634, 669 nm). The radiolabel quantitatively shifts with the chromophore on TLC and HPLC upon formation of the zinc complex. Correlation of chromophore absorbance with radiolabel content suggests the formation of a 1:1 porphyrin-AIA adduct. Cytochrome P-450 is therefore destroyed by self-catalyzed addition of AIA to its heme prosthetic group.
Diagnosis of Root Cause for Oscillations in Closed-Loop Chemical Process Systems

Abstract Oscillations in process plants degrade the performance of control loops resulting in poor product quality. Therefore, plant-wide oscillation diagnosis is an essential task to maintain the performance of control loops. In recent years, significant research has been performed on plant-wide oscillation diagnosis. It has been reported that the three major causes for oscillations in linear closed-loop Single-Input Single-Output (SISO) systems are: ( i ) aggressively tuned controller, ( ii ) stiction in control valves and, ( iii ) external disturbances. Several offline data-driven methods have been developed to address the diagnosis problem by focusing on only one of the causes for oscillations. In the current study, an offline data driven approach is developed to identify all the three major causes for oscillations. This approach has the following two components: ( i ) parametric Hammerstein model based stiction detection and, ( ii ) non-parametric Hilbert-Huang spectrum analysis for distingusihing between improperly tuned controller and disturbance caused oscillations. Simulation and industrial case studies demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method for plant-wide oscillation diagnosis.
Protein-protein interaction converts a proton pump into a sensory receptor

John L. Spudich Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics University of Texas Medical School Houston, Texas 77030 As Max Delbriick noted 20 years ago, there is a remarkably small group of chromophores used by biological photo- transducers that perform diverse functions (for general review see Lipson and Horwitz, 1991). The two main classes of photoactive proteins, energy-transducing pig- ments and sensory receptors, use similar chromophoric prosthetic groups but carry out distinctly different actions following light absorption. Energy transducers, found most commonly in photosynthetic electron transfer assemblies, use photons to drive formation of energy-conserving pro- ton electrochemical potential across the membrane. Sen- sory receptors, on the other hand, in vision and in photo- taxis systems in microorganisms, use photon absorption to trigger activation of signal transducers via protein-pro- tein interaction. Recent work on the phototaxis receptor sensory rhodopsin (SR)-I in Halobacterium salinarium shows that removal of its tightly bound transducer protein uncovers a light-driven proton transport activity. The con- version of SRI photoreactions from an energetic to a sen- sory function by its transducer may provide insight into the evolutionary relationship between these two fundamental functions of photoactive proteins. Retinylidene proteins (“rhodopsins”) form a wide-spread family of photoactive pigments. Their characteristic fea- tures are a single polypeptide that folds into seven mem- brane-spanning a-helical segments, the use of vitamin A aldehyde (retinal) as a chromophore, and the attachment of retinal in an internal pocket in a protonated Schiff base linkage to a lysine residue in the middle of the seventh helix. Prokaryotic rhodopsins are of two types: ion pumps, such as the light-driven proton translocator bacteriorho- dopsin (BR) and the chloride ion pump halorhodopsin (HR), and photosensory proteins, such as the phototaxis receptors SRI and SR-II (for recent reviewsseeoesterhelt and Mar-wan, 1993; Spudich, 1993). Eukaryotic rhodop- sins function as visual pigments throughout the animal world. In general, rhodopsins undergo photoactive site depro- tonation. In BR (h,,,ax, 568 nm), the best-characterized reti- nylidene protein in terms of structure/function, photon ab- sorption causes isomerization of retinal that results in deprotonation of its Schiff base, a reaction central to its transport mechanism (Mathies et al., 1991; Oesterhelt et al., 1992; Rothschild, 1992; Krebs and Khorana, 1993; Lanyi, 1993). Photoisomerization-induced deprotonation of the Schiff base is also essential for the function of bo- vine rhodopsin (h,,,, 495 nm), although the proton is not pumped across the membrane (Hofmann and Heck, 1994). If deprotonation is blocked by chromophore ana- logs or by methylation of the Schiff base nitrogen, the signaling state, M-11~ (subscript denotes I.,,,), which acti-
Identification of Amino Acid Residues Contributing to Desensitization of the P2X2 Receptor Channel

Abstract The P2X2 receptor (P2X2R) is a member of the ATP-gated ion channels that mediate Ca2+ entry in several tissues, including the brain, adrenal medulla, and pituitary. Alternative usage of cryptic splice sites in the primary P2X2R transcript accounts for the existence of several transcript types, one of which (P2X2–2R) encodes a functional channel. P2X2–2R lacks a stretch of cytoplasmic C-terminal amino acids (Val370-Gln438) and exhibits rapid and complete desensitization, whereas P2X2R desensitizes slowly and incompletely. The role of the C terminus in P2X2R desensitization was studied by generating several channel mutants and monitoring intracellular free Ca2+ changes in transfected single GT1–7 neurons. Deletion studies indicated that the Arg371-Ile391 segment of the P2X2R is required for sustained Ca2+ influx. To identify the important residues within this segment, three contiguous amino acids were sequentially changed to alanine. Only two of these replacement mutants, at Arg371-Thr372-Pro373and Lys374-His375-Pro376, had an enhanced rate of desensitization. Single amino acid deletions in the P2X2R C terminus and a series of insertions of wild-type sequences into the corresponding spliced site identified four residues, Pro373-Lys374-His375-Pro376, required for sustained Ca2+ influx through agonist-occupied wild-type channels. Thus, it is likely that the Pro373-Pro376 sequence of P2X2R represents a functional motif that is critical for the development of the slow desensitization profile observed in these channels. Consequently, deletion of this motif by alternative splicing provides an effective mechanism for generating a channel with controlled Ca2+ influx.
Exploratory study of the influence of wing leading-edge modifications on the spin characteristics of a low-wing single-engine general aviation airplane

A wide variety of model and airplane tests were conducted to explore the effects of wing leading-edge modifications on the stalling and spinning characteristics of a low-wing general aviation research airplane configuration. The results presented herein discuss the effects of leading-edge airfoil modifications applied to the full wing span and to partial-span locations. The results obtained in the study indicate that the wing modifications can produce large effects (both favorable or unfavorable) on spin resistance, developed spin characteristics, and spin recovery.
Synthesis and Characterization of Monolayer-Capped PtVFe Nanoparticles with Controllable Sizes and Composition

The ability to control the size and composition of metal nanoparticles is essential in preparing binary or ternary catalysts. This paper reports the results of an investigation of a core−shell synthesis protocol for the preparation of monolayer-capped ternary platinum−vanadium−iron (PtVFe) nanoparticles with a few nanometers in core sizes. Our approach involves the use of metal precursors, capping agents, and reducing agents in controllable ratios for the reaction in a single organic phase. By manipulating the relative concentration ratios of the metal precursors such as platinum acetylacetonate, vanadyl acetylacetonate, and iron pentacarbonyl, and capping agents such as oleic amine and oleic acids, the core−shell type nanoparticles in which the nanocrystal PtVFe cores are encapsulated with a shell of mixed amine/acid monolayer have been successfully synthesized. The average diameters of the nanocrystalline cores are well controlled between 1.4 and 3.5 nm with high monodispersity (±0.3−0.5 nm). The chemic...
High-Performance Motion Control With Slosh: A Constrained Sliding Mode Approach

The problem of controlling the rectilinear motion of an open container without exceeding a prescribed liquid level and other constraints is considered using a recently-developed constrained sliding mode control design methodology based on invariant cylinders. A conventional sliding mode regulator is designed first to address nominal performance in the sliding mode. Then an robustly-invariant cylinder is constructed and used to describe the set of safe initial conditions from which the closed-loop controller can be operated without constraint violation. Simulations of a typical transfer illustrate the usefulness of the method in an industrial setting. Experimental results corresponding to a high-speed transfer validate the theory.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Study of the α+α system below 15 MeV (c.m.)

Differential cross sections for $\ensuremath{\alpha}+\ensuremath{\alpha}$ elastic scattering have been measured at lab energies of 18.00, 21.12, 24.11, 25.50, 26.99, 28.50, and 29.50 MeV. The majority of the data have relative errors less than 1%, and the additional error in absolute scale is 0.30%. A phase-shift analysis of the data has been performed, and most of the phase shifts have been determined to within $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}\frac{1}{3}\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$. These phase shifts and others from the literature were used to study properties of the $\ensuremath{\alpha}+\ensuremath{\alpha}$ system in the center of mass energy range 1.50 to 14.74 MeV. First, an $R$-matrix analysis was made of the $l=4$ phase shifts; this analysis yields a resonance energy of 11.7 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.4 MeV and a level width at resonance of 4.0 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.4 MeV. Second, comparison was made of the $\ensuremath{\alpha}+\ensuremath{\alpha}$ phase shifts with results of previous resonating-group calculations, and this comparison shows good agreement with a calculation which includes one inelastic channel and a nucleon-nucleon repulsive core. Third, an $\ensuremath{\alpha}+\ensuremath{\alpha}$ potential model was constructed. This model contains an attractive potential obtained by folding Gaussian $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-particle densities together with a Yukawa-shaped direct part of a nucleon-nucleon potential and, in addition, contains phenomenological short-range repulsive components in the $l=0$ and $l=2$ states. The model reproduces the experimental phase shifts quite well when the Yukawa potential is taken to have a range corresponding to a two-pion mass.NUCLEAR REACTIONS $^{4}\mathrm{He}(\ensuremath{\alpha},\ensuremath{\alpha})^{4}\mathrm{He}$, $E=18.00\ensuremath{-}29.50$ MeV; measured $\ensuremath{\sigma}(E; \ensuremath{\theta})$; deduced phase shifts $l=0,2,4,6$. $R$-matrix analysis $l=4$. Comparison with resonating-group calculations. Potential-model analysis.
Cardiac Cavity Labeling In Echocardiograms Using Deformable Model-Guided Splitting

Cardiac cavity labeling is crucial for the detection of heart abnormalities and estimation of numerous heart indexes. A deformable model-based splitting technique is presented that improves on our segmentation algorithm and provides labeling of cardiac chambers. Experiments show that the presented work provides accuracy as well as versatility.
When reduction leads to construction: Design considerations in scientific methodology

Abstract Philosophers have paid little attention to the kind of reduction involved in transforming an analytically intractable equation into solvable form. I argue that this practice is important because it involves the design of a basic level theory for use in a specific domain. The design process can lead to the construction of a new theory. As a result of my analysis, theory design emerges as an important category of analysis for scientific methodology. Similarities between design in technology and science are explored to illuminate the heuristic function of such reductions.
Statistical quality assessment criteria for a linear mixing model with elliptical t-distribution errors

The linear mixing model is widely used in hyperspectral imaging applications to model the reflectance spectra of mixed pixels in the SWIR atmospheric window or the radiance spectra of plume gases in the LWIR atmospheric window. In both cases it is important to detect the presence of materials or gases and then estimate their amount, if they are present. The detection and estimation algorithms available for these tasks are related but they are not identical. The objective of this paper is to theoretically investigate how the heavy tails observed in hyperspectral background data affect the quality of abundance estimates and how the F-test, used for endmember selection, is robust to the presence of heavy tails when the model fits the data.
Three-Dimensional Tracking and Visualization of Hundreds of Pt-Co Fuel Cell Nanocatalysts During Electrochemical Aging

We present an electron tomography method that allows for the identification of hundreds of electrocatalyst nanoparticles with one-to-one correspondence before and after electrochemical aging. This method allows us to track, in three-dimensions, the trajectories and morphologies of each Pt-Co nanocatalyst on a fuel cell carbon support. In conjunction with the use of atomic-scale electron energy loss spectroscopic imaging, our experiment enables the correlation of performance degradation of the catalyst with changes in particle/interparticle morphologies, particle-support interactions, and the near-surface chemical composition. We found that aging of the catalysts under normal fuel cell operating conditions (potential scans from +0.6 to +1.0 V for 30,000 cycles) gives rise to coarsening of the nanoparticles, mainly through coalescence, which in turn leads to the loss of performance. The observed coalescence events were found to be the result of nanoparticle migration on the carbon support during potential cycling. This method provides detailed insights into how nanocatalyst degradation occurs in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) and suggests that minimization of particle movement can potentially slow down the coarsening of the particles and the corresponding performance degradation.