cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Symmetry-Broken High Contrast Gratings

We develop an exhaustive catalogue detailing the behavior of normally incident light on symmetry-broken high-contrast gratings. This provides a high-level roadmap for designing compact devices with sharp spectral features within standard nanofabrication constraints. © 2019 The Author(s)
High-SPL Air-Coupled Piezoelectric Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducers Based on 36% ScAlN Thin-Film

In this paper, air-coupled piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducers (PMUTs) using 36% scandium-doped aluminum nitride (ScAlN) thin-film are presented. ScAlN is known to exhibit higher piezoelectric properties compared to pure AlN leading to significant performance improvements in various piezoelectric micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) applications including PMUTs. Here, the concentration of Sc in the actual sputtered 1- $\mu \text{m}$ -thick ScAlN film was 36%, which is slightly below the maximum at the phase boundary. The ScAlN PMUTs were fabricated from an SOI wafer, where the dry etching of ScAlN film was optimized. The frequency response and displacement sensitivity of the PMUTs were characterized in the air using laser Doppler vibrometry confirming $2\times $ higher transverse piezoelectric coefficient than AlN. The acoustic transmission and reception of the PMUTs were evaluated from a high-sensitivity microphone and pulse-echo measurements. The PMUTs were designed to operate below 100 kHz in order to mitigate the absorption loss, which resulted in a high transmit pressure of 105-dB sound pressure level (SPL) at 10 cm and only 30-dB attenuation at the 2-m range. Through implementing 36% ScAlN film, the presented PMUTs exhibited a large displacement and consequently, a high SPL compared to the state-of-the-art PMUTs and the bulk transducer considering the size and the excitation voltage.
Reservoir and sealing properties of the Newark rift basin formations: Implications for carbon sequestration

Abstract The Newark Basin is one of the major Mesozoic rift basins along the U.S. Atlantic coast evaluated for carbon dioxide (CO2) storage potential. Its geologic setting offers an opportunity to ...
Integrated Longitudinal Business Database: Presentation

The Integrated Longitudinal Business Database is an extension of the Longitudinal Business Database, a longitudinal data set of all employer business establishments from 1975 through 2005 constructed at the Census Bureau's Center for Economic Studies.
Hegel on Poetry, Prose and the Origin of the Arts

Hegel claims that poetry, not prose, is the most original form of writing. This chapter examines why Hegel’s account of the history of the arts puts such emphasis on poetry—and on the apparent philosophical relevance he accorded the distinction between poetry and prose. It offers in so doing an introduction to some of the larger philosophical questions raised by Hegel’s aesthetics. In particular, it addresses (1) the question of the origin of art as an interpretive human activity—how it is created and distinguishes itself from the seemingly natural or prosaic world; (2) the question of art’s relation to consciousness and why prose needs to be considered not merely as a stylistic literary mode; and (3) the question of Hegel’s familiar historical account of the development of the specific art-forms of the symbolic, classical and romantic within the context of his famous claims about the supposed “end” of art. In considering these questions, the article examines several contemporary stances toward the historicity of Hegel’s philosophy of art. Although this question of art’s end and the post-romantic is most often considered from the perspective of the visual arts—particularly Danto’s well-known claims about abstract painting in the post-Warhol era—an examination of Hegel’s views about literature and prose narrative is important to consider in this context. The article compares Hegel’s views on prose narrative with Russian Formalist and Bakhtinian perspectives, arguing that what we notice in a work of literary art is that it has a kind of totality or independence that makes it complete within itself. On Hegel’s view, it’s not that poetry removes or distorts prosaic life, but that it actually draws a kind of intense life into itself. The article also opens the space for an examination of Hegel’s own use of prose narrative in various philosophical contexts as a mode of inquiry, from the unique form of the Phenomenology of Spirit to the distinctively narrative tasks within the Aesthetics.
An Integrated Knowledge Graph to Automate Cloud Data Compliance

To address data protection concerns, authorities and standards bodies worldwide have released a plethora of regulations, guidelines, and software controls to be applied to Cloud data. As a result, service providers maintaining their end-user’s private attributes have seen a surge in compliance requirements. Since most of these regulations are not available in a machine-processable format, it requires significant manual effort to adhere to them. Often many of the laws have overlapping rules, but as they are not referencing each other, providers must duplicate efforts to comply with each regulation. We have done a detailed study of all the data protection regulations that apply to Cloud data. We have developed an integrated, semantically rich knowledge graph that captures these various data compliance regulations. It includes the data threats and security controls that are needed to mitigate the risks. In this paper, we present this knowledge graph in detail, along with the system that we have developed to evaluate it. We have validated our knowledge graph against the privacy policies of various Cloud service providers like Amazon, Google, IBM, and Rackspace. This knowledge graph is available in the public domain and can be used by organizations to automate their compliance processes and set their enterprise Cloud security policies.
Immigration Status and Disparities in the Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (Visit 2, 2014-2017).

Objectives. To estimate treatment rates of high cholesterol, hypertension, and diabetes among Hispanic/Latino immigrants by immigration status (i.e., naturalized citizens, documented immigrants, or...
Antisense Oligonucleotide Therapeutic Approach for Suppression of Ataxin-1 Expression: A Safety Assessment

Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) is a lethal, autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease caused by a polyglutamine expansion in the ATAXIN-1 (ATXN1) protein. Preclinical studies demonstrate the therapeutic efficacy of approaches that target and reduce Atxn1 expression in a non-allele-specific manner. However, studies using Atxn1−/− mice raise cautionary notes that therapeutic reductions of ATXN1 might lead to undesirable effects such as reduction in the activity of the tumor suppressor Capicua (CIC), activation of the protease β-secretase 1 (BACE1) and subsequent increased amyloidogenic cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP), or a reduction in hippocampal neuronal precursor cells that would impact hippocampal function. Here, we tested whether an antisense oligonucleotide (ASO)-mediated reduction of Atxn1 produced unwanted effects involving BACE1, CIC activity, or reduction in hippocampal neuronal precursor cells. Notably, no effects on BACE1, CIC tumor suppressor function, or number of hippocampal neuronal precursor cells were found in mice subjected to a chronic in vivo ASO-mediated reduction of Atxn1. These data provide further support for targeted reductions of ATXN1 as a therapeutic approach for SCA1.
Variational Autoencoder for Generation of Antimicrobial Peptides

Over millennia, natural evolution has allowed for the emergence of countless biomolecules with highly specific roles within natural systems. As seen with peptides and proteins, often evolution produces molecules with a similar function but with variable amino acid composition and structure but diverging from a common ancestor, which can limit sequence diversity. Using antimicrobial peptides as a model biomolecule, we train a generative deep learning algorithm on a database of known antimicrobial peptides to generate novel peptide sequences with antimicrobial activity. Using a variational autoencoder, we are able to generate a latent space plot that can be surveyed for peptides with known properties and interpolated across a predictive vector between two defined points to identify novel peptides that show dose-responsive antimicrobial activity. These proof-of-concept studies demonstrate the potential for artificial intelligence-directed methods to generate new antimicrobial peptides and motivate their potential application toward peptide and protein design without the need for exhaustive screening of sequence libraries.
PantoGuide: A Haptic and Audio Guidance System To Support Tactile Graphics Exploration

The ability to effectively read and interpret tactile graphics and charts is an essential part of a tactile learner’s path to literacy, but is a skill that requires instruction and training. Many teachers of the visual impaired (TVIs) report that blind and visually impaired students have trouble interpreting graphics independently without individual instruction. We present PantoGuide, a low-cost system that provides audio and haptic guidance, via skin-stretch feedback to the dorsum of a user’s hand while the user explores a tactile graphic overlaid on a touchscreen. This system allows programming of haptic guidance patterns and cues for tactile graphics that can be experienced by students learning remotely or that can be reviewed by a student independently. We propose two teaching scenarios (synchronous and asynchronous) and two guidance interactions (point-to-point and continuous) that the device can support – and demonstrate their use in a set of applications we co-design with one co-author who is blind and a tactile graphics user.
When to save or remove implants in the smile zone: A clinical report of maxillary lateral incisor implants in malposition

Objective The following is a clinical report addressing when to save or remove implants with esthetic deficiencies in the smile zone as well as the sequence and timing of interdisciplinary treatment. Clinical considerations Key factors in the decision-making process in treating implants in malposition are whether the implants are (1) in a reasonable restorative position, (2) free of disease, and (3) placed with adequate depth. This clinical report encompassed periodontal corrective surgery, non-surgical soft tissue sculpting through subgingival crown contour, material selection for definitive restorations, and cementation techniques for cement-retained restorations. Clinical significance Knowledge and understanding of interdisciplinary treatment planning, sequencing, and respective techniques that can be implemented when confronting implants in malposition in the smile zone will allow the interdisciplinary team to achieve the desired esthetic restorative result.
Resection of Primary Gastrointestinal Neuroendocrine Tumor Among Patients with Non-Resected Metastases Is Associated with Improved Survival: A SEER-Medicare Analysis.

The objective of this study was to analyze whether primary tumor resection (PTR) among patients with stage IV gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumor (GI-NET) and unresected metastases was associated with improved outcomes. Patients diagnosed with stage IV GI-NETs were identified in the linked SEER-Medicare database from 2004 to 2015. Overall survival (OS) of patients who did versus did not undergo PTR was examined using bivariate and multivariable cox regression analysis as well as propensity score matching (PSM). Among 2219 patients with metastatic GI-NETs, 632 (28.5%) underwent PTR, whereas 1587 (71.5%) did not. The majority of individuals had a NET in the pancreas (n = 969, 43.6%); the most common site of metastatic disease was the liver (n = 1064, 47.9%). Patients with stage IV small intestinal NETs most frequently underwent PTR (62.6%) followed by individuals with colon NETs (56.5%). After adjusting for all competing factors, PTR remained independently associated with improved OS (HR = 0.65, 95% CI: 0.56–0.76). Following PSM (n = 236 per group), patients who underwent PTR had improved OS (median OS: 1.3 years vs 0.8 years, p = 0.016). While PTR of NETs originating from stomach, small intestine, colon, and pancreas was associated with improved OS, PTR of rectal NET did not yield a survival benefit. Primary GI-NET resection was associated with a survival benefit among individuals presenting with metastatic GI-NET with unresected metastases. Resection of primary GI-NET among patients with stage IV disease and unresected metastases should only be performed in selected cases following multi-disciplinary evaluation.
Evidence-Based Virtual Learning Experiences for the Clinical Nurse Leader Capstone.

BACKGROUND: The global COVID-19 pandemic resulted in abrupt changes in the delivery of health care and nursing education, particularly in highly affected areas of the country. PROBLEM: Many hospitals suspended nursing students' learning on-site due to concerns related to virus transmission and lack of clear guidance on safe and effective learning. This Model C Clinical Nurse Leader (CNL) direct entry MSN program needed to meet graduating students' capstone learning needs in a virtual format. APPROACH: A review of the literature along with CNL competencies and other American Association of Colleges of Nursing resources informed this evidence-based virtual capstone experience. OUTCOMES: Students achieved learning outcomes in a virtual format and reported high levels of satisfaction with learning activities. CONCLUSIONS: Virtual learning activities were essential at the height of the pandemic and may prove useful in other circumstances that limit clinical site availability. These activities can also complement in-person learning experiences.
Rail transit investments and economic development: Challenges for small businesses

Abstract This research explores the impact of a new light rail line on small businesses and small business owners' ability to stay in business. Employing a mixed-method approach including business turnover analysis, surveys, and in-depth interviews in a case study on Charlotte, North Carolina, this research offers insights on the economic development challenges faced by business owners during and beyond the construction phase, showing how the construction of a light rail can permanently alter accessibility and visibility of affected businesses. Contrary to the positive impacts and benefits of light rail transit often celebrated in literature, this study shows that the significant challenges faced by small businesses during and beyond the construction phase have caused commercial displacement and altered the commercial landscape in some neighborhoods along the line. This research highlights the importance of examining practices during the construction phase to assess light rail's impacts on commercial areas. It also offers a deeper understanding of displacement processes, and aims to identify effective strategies for business retention and mitigation programs to support small businesses.
Reversing Immigration Law's Adverse Impact on Health

Immigration laws and policies have long served to magnify the social vulnerability of immigrants and members of their communities. These vulnerabilities have worked alongside the punitive, anti-immigration policies that the Trump administration pursued both before and during the pandemic to place immigrants and their communities at disproportionate risk for COVID-19. In addition, anti-immigrant policies during the pandemic helped to distort and undermine the nation’s response to the pandemic. In order to prevent an equally dismal response to the next public health crisis, we need to more fully understand the mechanisms through which immigration laws intersect with the social determinants of health to enhance vulnerability to pandemics. We also cannot simply repeal the Trump administration’s policies. Rather, we need to comprehensively reform immigration laws to end the punitive policies that heighten vulnerability to disease. This paper was prepared as part of the COVID-19 Policy Playbook: Legal Recommendations for a Safer, More Equitable Future, a comprehensive report published by Public Health Law Watch in partnership with the de Beaumont Foundation and the American Public Health Association.
Applying news values theory to liking, commenting and sharing mainstream news articles on Facebook:

Drawing upon the newsworthiness model that posits that media outlets rely on criteria (news values) to determine which stories are newsworthy and deserve prominence and the media coverage predicts ...
Experience of Sleep for Families of Young Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorder.

IMPORTANCE Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may experience sleep difficulties that worsen into adulthood and negatively influence both child and family, yet the experience is not well understood. Understanding the family's experience can inform occupational therapy providers, future research, and practice guidelines. OBJECTIVE To examine experiences surrounding sleep for families raising a young adult with ASD (YA-ASD). DESIGN Qualitative study in the phenomenological tradition of Moustakas (1994). Experienced researchers analyzed transcripts from in-depth, in-person interviews to triangulate data, distill themes, and construct the essence of family experience. Trustworthiness was established through member checking, audit trails, and epoche diaries that were maintained throughout data analyses. SETTING Community setting (large city in the northeastern United States). PARTICIPANTS People who self-identified as living in a family arrangement that included a YA-ASD age 15-21 yr, able to verbally participate in English. Families with children diagnosed with developmental disabilities other than ASD were excluded. RESULTS Six eligible families identified through volunteer sampling participated. The participants' sociodemographic diversity was limited across household income, education level, and ethnicity. All YA-ASD in this study were limited verbally and unable to contribute. Analyses of interview transcripts revealed five themes that form the essence of the families' experience surrounding sleep. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Sleep issues for YA-ASD continue into adulthood and affect the entire family because of continuous co-occupation; occupational therapy support is therefore important for families of YA-ASD. The lack of effective evidence-based interventions supporting the YA-ASD population also reveals an area for growth. What This Article Adds: The results indicate the importance of addressing sleep for YA-ASD and their families in occupational therapy practice because of its considerable impact on family life.
Theoretical deformation modeling and drop size prediction in the multimode breakup regime

A theoretical model has been proposed to incorporate internal flow mechanics to better predict the deformation and the resulting breakup of a liquid drop in a continuous uniform air jet in the multimode breakup regime. A Weber-number-dependent breakup criterion predicts the deformation of the drop at the time of the breakup, which occurs at the time the internal pressure at the drop equator exceeds internal pressure at the pole. This breakup criterion is used to determine an improved coefficient used in the Taylor Analogy Breakup (TAB) model. The TAB model is also extended to include the effects of turbulence within the drop. Hill vortices form within the drop as a result of viscous forces and flow around the drop. It is proposed that these vortices contribute to the deformation that eventually leads to the outer ring and smaller drop within the ring that is classic to multimode breakup. Instability analysis is used to model the breakup of the outer ring and predict the resultant droplet sizes. The model-predicted breakup times and ring breakup droplet diameter are compared with experimental results collected using digital in-line holography.
A Rolling Panel Model of Cohort, Period, and Aging Effects for the Analysis of the General Social Survey:

The linear dependence of age, period, and birth cohort is a challenge for the analysis of social change. With either repeated cross-sectional data or conventional panel data, raw change cannot be d...
Phorbol ester, ultraviolet light and oxidative stress induced inflammation and up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines in mouse ears

1757 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), ultraviolet light (UV) and benzoyl peroxide (oxidative stress) can activate the innate immune response in the mouse ear model and induce inflammation and increase the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in ears of CD-1 mice. A single topical application of TPA (0.2 –2 nmol) to the ears of CD-1 mice induced a dose- and time-dependant ear edema and formation of over-expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-1 beta and IL-6 in the ears. Both ears of CD-1 mice were treated topically with acetone or TPA (0.8 –1.0 nmol) in acetone once a day for 4 days. The mice were sacrificed at 6 hours after the last dose of TPA. This treatment induced ear inflammation, over-expression of IL-1 beta and IL-6 as well as increased formation of the arachidonic acid metabolites PGE2 and LTB4 in a dose-dependant manner. Topical application of benzoyl peroxide (2 mg) or irradiation with UV light (180 mJ/cm2) to CD-1 mice once a day for 4 days induced ear inflammation and increased over-expression of IL-1 beta and IL-6 in ears. Topical application of antioxidant nutraceuticals (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), theaflavin, theaflavin-3, 3′-digallate, curcumin, or caffeic acid phenethyl ester at 20 –30 min before topical application of TPA (0.8 –1.0 nmol) once a day for 4 days inhibited TPA-induced inflammation, over-expression of IL-1 beta and IL-6 as well as the formation of PGE2 and LTB4 in mouse ears (Supported by the NJ State Commission on Science and Technology).
Noncombustion Waste Management Studies

Noncombustion wastes are low-volume streams produced in operations and processes independent of the combustion cycle. EPRI's new manual, now in draft format, describes options for handling utility noncombustion wastes. Noncombustion wastes consist of a wide variety of liquids and solids. Some wastes (for example, boiler cleaning waste and petroleum-contaminated soil) are produced intermittently, while others (solvents and laboratory standards) are generated routinely. Insulation materials and some other wastes arise from special projects such as building demolition. EPRI is conducting noncombustion waste studies in several phases. The manual on Options for Handling Noncombustion Wastes, Phase 1, is available in draft form to EPRI members and will be published early in 1990. Phase 2 studies will be completed in mid-1990. Researchers will present results at an EPRI conference in October 1990.
AGC Kinases in mTOR Signaling

I. Abstract The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a protein kinase with homology to lipid kinases, orchestrates cellular responses to growth and stress signals. Various extracellular and intracellular inputs to mTOR are known. mTOR processes these inputs as part of two mTOR protein complexes, mTORC1 or mTORC2. Surprisingly, despite the many cellular functions that are linked to mTOR, there are very few direct mTOR substrates identified to date. With the recent discovery of mTORC2, mounting evidence point to mTOR as a central regulator of members of a family of protein kinases, the AGC (protein kinases A/PKG/PKC) family. The AGC kinases are one of the most well-characterized among the eukaryotic protein kinase family. A multitude of cellular functions and substrates has been ascribed to these kinases and their deregulation underlies numerous pathological conditions. mTOR phosphorylates common motifs in a number of these AGC kinases that could lead to their allosteric activation. AGC kinase activation triggers the phosphorylation of diverse targets that ultimately control cellular response to stimuli. This review will focus on the recent findings on how mTOR regulates AGC kinases. I will discuss how these kinases are wired to the mTOR signaling circuit, including examples of mTOR-dependent outputs consequent to AGC kinase activation.
Applications and results at sea of adaptive array processing in passive sonar

Adaptive array processing has been extensively studied during several decades for underwater acoustic applications. But up to now, very few applications have been developed, or, at least, appear in the literature. This is due to the relatively great amount of calculation needed by adaptive processing compared to conventional beamforming, and perhaps, by the relatively disappointing results obtained in the first applications (mainly towed array in deep water) when considering the needed extra processing load. The results obtained in recent applications demonstrate the great interest of adaptive beamforming.
Metaphor and Writing: Figurative Thought in the Discourse of Written Communication

1. In search of the figurative rhetoric of writing 2. The double-bind of writer and to write: graded categories 3. Bind upon bind: the general-ability and specific-expertise views of writing 4. Three licensing stories: the literate inscriber, the good writer, and the author 5. Writing as transcription, talk, and voice: a complex metonymy 6. The writing self: multiple selves, conceptual blends 7. Writing to 'get ideas across': the role of the conduit metaphor 8. Codes and conversations: the other conduit metaphor 9. Metaphor and choice.
Microfoundations and the Ontology of Macroeconomics

"Microfoundations for macroeconomics" has become the ideological banner of macroeconomics since the 1970s. While often associated with methodological individualism, the paper argues that the true impetus is ontological - a fear that economics that does link aggregate behavior tightly to individual optimization trades in fictional entities, which cannot be understood economically. Taking John Searle's analysis of collective intentionality, the paper argues that this fear is misplaced. Macroeconomic aggregates arise from individuals, and their behavior is conditioned by the fact that the underlying agents are intentional, and yet they exist independently of any particular individual and enter into causal relations in which the intentions of individuals are, at best, background information that does not fundamentally contribute to successful explanation.
Latino Racial Reporting in the US: To Be or Not To Be

This review focuses on how Latinos report their race. This is an area that has recently experienced a major surge of interest in both government and academic circles. This review of the literature examines how and why Latinos report their race on the census, in surveys and in more qualitative studies. It reviews the vibrant and growing scholarly literature relevant to the questions of the placement – by self or others – of Latinos along the US color line, what determines it and how the Census has coped and is coping with it. We begin with a brief review of the history of Latino classification in the census and then discuss the factors influencing racial reporting. These include national origin and skin color, acculturation and generational status, socioeconomic status, perceived discrimination and identification with others who have experienced actual discrimination, location, and question format. We end with a discussion of the implications of the recent 2010 Alternative Questionnaire Experiment conducted by the census, and conclude with suggestions for future research.
Fast Volume Breakdown in Argon and Air at Low Pressures

Fast volume breakdown with formative times in the tens to hundreds of picosecond regime is of interest for pulsed power switching and UWB applications. We have chosen a coaxial geometry for delivering fast rising high-voltage pulses to a spark gap that is designed to conserve an impedance of 50 Ω throughout the high-voltage carrying part of the test apparatus. Voltage sensors incorporated into the coaxial transmission line enable measuring the transient signals with better than 100 ps temporal resolution. We derive the current through and voltage across the spark gap from these transient voltage signals. For small pulse amplitudes, with risetimes of 400 ps, we have used a tip-plane geometry, with radii of curvature of 0.5 µm (tungsten tip). At pulse amplitudes of 5 kV, and macroscopic field enhancements on the order of 1000, delay times between current and applied voltage of less than 200 ps for pressures larger than 100 torr are observed, in both argon and dry air. Corresponding current rise times I/(dI/dt) are less than 100 ps. Different tip polarities cause a distinct difference in the dependence of the breakdown delay as a function of pressure. This is due to the strongly inhomogeneous field and a combination of gaseous ionization in the volume and explosive field emission from the tip in negative polarity. We achieve fast breakdown under more homogenous fields by utilizing a pulser with higher voltage output (RADAN 303A with pulse slicer SN4, risetime 150 ps at 150 kV amplitude). This enables us to compare the formative times for the tip-plane geometry with those of more homogeneous field distributions in the gap.
The Psychology of Happiness: A Good Human Life

When Thomas Jefferson placed 'the pursuit of happiness' along with life and liberty in The Declaration of Independence he was most likely referring to Aristotle's concept of happiness, or eudaimonia. Eudaimonia is not about good feelings but rather the fulfilment of human potentials. Fulfilment is made possible by virtue; the moderation of desire and emotion by reason. The Psychology of Happiness was the first book to bring together psychological, philosophical, and physiological theory and research in support of Aristotle's view. It examines the similarity between Aristotle's concept of virtue and modern cognitive theories of emotion. It discusses the discovery of human potentials, the development of virtue and its neurological basis, the mistaken idea that fulfilment is selfish, and several other issues related to the pursuit of a good human life.
Multidimensional solid-state NMR studies of the structure and dynamics of pectic polysaccharides in uniformly 13C-labeled Arabidopsis primary cell walls

Plant cell wall (CW) polysaccharides are responsible for the mechanical strength and growth of plant cells; however, the high-resolution structure and dynamics of the CW polysaccharides are still poorly understood because of the insoluble nature of these molecules. Here, we use 2D and 3D magic-angle-spinning (MAS) solid-state NMR (SSNMR) to investigate the structural role of pectins in the plant CW. Intact and partially depectinated primary CWs of Arabidopsis thaliana were uniformly labeled with 13 C and their NMR spectra were compared. Recent 13 C resonance assignment of the major polysaccharides in Arabidopsis thaliana CWs allowed us to determine the effects of depectination on the intermolecular packing and dynamicsoftheremainingwallpolysaccharides.2Dand3Dcorrelationspectrashowthesuppressionofpectinsignals,confirming partial pectin removal by chelating agents and sodium carbonate. Importantly, higher cross peaks are observed in 2D and 3D 13 C spectra of the depectinated CW, suggesting higher rigidity and denser packing of the remaining wall polysaccharides compared with the intact CW. 13 Cs pin–lattice relaxation times and 1 H rotating-frame spin–lattice relaxation times indicate that the polysaccharides are more rigid on both the nanosecond and microsecond timescales in the depectinated CW. Taken together, these results indicate that pectic polysaccharides are highly dynamic and endow the polysaccharide network of the primary CW with mobility and flexibility, which may be important for pectin functions. This study demonstrates the capability of multidimensional SSNMR to determine the intermolecular interactions and dynamicstructures of complex plant materials under near-native conditions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Supporting information may be found in the online version of this article.
Validity and reliability of a pediatric hematology oncology patient acuity tool.

Appropriate use of nursing resources in the pediatric hematology and oncology inpatient settings demands a patient acuity system that is easy to use and accurate, and that objectively measures nursing care needs of a specialized patient population. Structured survey of 13 comprehensive cancer centers and a review of the literature show no valid and reliable acuity tools for this pediatric population. The purpose of this project was to study the validity and reliability of a newly developed pediatric hematology and oncology acuity system designed to quantify patient care needs. A new acuity tool for this pediatric population was developed based on the patient classification tool used at Johns Hopkins Hospital Oncology Center (JHHOC). The levels of care from the JHHOC tool were adopted, with therapeutic indicators modified to reflect nursing diagnoses relevant to the pediatric inpatient. Nursing care hours required for each level of care were also identified. Validity was studied using a content validity in...
Analysis of subscapularis integrity and function after lesser tuberosity osteotomy versus subscapularis tenotomy in total shoulder arthroplasty using ultrasound and validated clinical outcome measures

Background The optimal method—subscapularis peel (SP) or lesser tuberosity osteotomy (LTO)—for takedown of the subscapularis during total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) is controversial. This study compares the functional outcomes in a 2-surgeon cohort using the 2 techniques. Methods Patients who underwent TSA with a minimum 1 year of follow-up were evaluated. Physical and ultrasound examinations of the operative shoulder were performed. Radiographs were evaluated for osteotomy healing. Patients completed the Western Ontario Osteoarthritis of the Shoulder (WOOS) index, Disability of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH), and Constant Scores. Results Subscapularis tenotomy (n = 32) and LTO (n = 28) patients were similar in age, hand dominance, and sex. Follow-up duration for subscapularis tenotomy and LTO patients differed (31.7 vs 22.1 months, P = .003). SP patients demonstrated increased external rotation (69° ± 12° vs 60° ± 11°). Belly press and bear hug resistance were not significantly different. WOOS (P = .13), DASH (P = .71), and Constant Scores (P = .80) were not significantly different. After controlling for follow-up imbalance, the WOOS score difference was statistically significant (91.5 ± 10.2 for LTO vs 82.1 ± 18.9 for SP, P = .05) but not clinically significant. By ultrasonography assessment, 4 subscapularis tendons were abnormal in the SP group (3 attenuated, 1 ruptured), and all tendons were normal in the LTO group. Patients with an abnormal ultrasound result had significantly inferior WOOS (88 ± 15 vs 65 ± 18) and DASH (11.5 ± 11.4 vs 25.9 ± 11.2) scores. Belly press resistance was significantly decreased, bear hug resistance trended lower, and external rotation was increased in the abnormal ultrasound group. Conclusions Abnormal subscapularis tendons identified by ultrasonography only in the SP group correlate with clinically significant inferior functional outcome scores.
Interpersonal Communication and Psychosocial Adjustment

Cancer patients receiving radiation therapy (N = 102) were interviewed to obtain self-report data concerning the relationships between patient-family communication and psychosocia1 adjustment to illness. Psychosocial adjustment was tapped with the Psychosocial Adjustment to Illness Scale. Data analysis revealed that interactions with family members were important in determining whether a patient had adjusted effectively. Multiple discriminant analysis procedures revealed that frequency of interactions and emotional support provided in the interactions were important discriminating variables of effective adjustment. Surprisingly, honesty and discussion of unpleasant topics were not identified as important discriminating variables. The data suggested that communicating with significant others about the disease in an emotionally supportive environment was conducive to effective adjustment.
Substrate inhibition of the intrinsic generation of activated factor X (Stuart factor).

Abstract The generation of activated factor X by the product of the interaction of factors VIII and IXa in the presence of calcium and phosphatidyl serine was studied using the synthetic chromogenic substrate S-2222 (benzoylIleGluGlyArgp-nitroanilideHCl). For maximum generation of factor Xa, a ratio of greater than 100 units of factor VIII to 1 unit of factor IXa was required. Using purified bovine factor X, the Km for both the intrinsic and extrinsic conversion of factor X to Xa was found to be 0.20 μM - approximately 1.3 units/ml. The rate of factor Xa formation was inhibited at factor X levels greater than 3 units/ml. In contrast, the extrinsic generation of factor Xa using purified factor VII and tissue thromboplastin was not inhibited by factor X levels as high as 32 units/ml.
All-sky imaging polarimeter measurements of visible and NIR skylight at Mauna Loa, Hawaii

An all-sky imaging polarimeter was deployed in summer 2008 to the Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii to study atmospheric skylight polarization. This paper describes the Mauna Loa deployment and presents an initial comparison of our data to those observed by Coulson with a zenith-slice polarimeter in the late 1970s and early 1980s. We show how the all-sky imaging technique yields additional insight to the nature of skylight polarization beyond what is observed in a single zenith scan.
Surface Chemistry of Organic Pollutants : Styrene, Ozone, and Water on TiO2(110)

The modification in reactivity of styrene by ozone and water was investigated on TiO2(110) as a model for heterogeneous reactions of hazardous pollutants using temperature programmed desorption. Styrene desorbs from TiO2(110) at 180, 270, and 340 K, in peaks tentatively assigned here to multilayer sublimation and desorption from Ti4+ in the first layer and defects (including step edges), respectively. Water and styrene compete for sites when these species are coadsorbed, resulting in a shift of the 270 K styrene desorption peak to 200 K. Styrene, however, is still able to bind to defects. Ozone preadsorption suppresses styrene desorption associated with defects but results in a new styrene desorption feature at 535 K. Ozone also promotes styrene oxidation to formaldehyde (325 K), benzaldehyde (380 K), and styrene epoxide (545 K). Two pathways for the reaction of ozone with styrene were identified. First, ozonolysis of the terminal C═C bond of styrene occurs, yielding benzaldehyde and formaldehyde, analogo...
Abstinence or Decreasing Consumption among Adolescents: Importance of Reasons

This study determined the pervasiveness of reasons for abstinence or for decreasing alcohol consumption among 196 high school students in eastern North Carolina. Expanding upon prior research, 29 personal, social, and environmental reasons were examined. Generally, the less a student drank, the more important a reason was for abstaining or for a reduction in alcohol intake. Reasons rated important by a majority of all adolescent drinking groups, including heavy drinkers, were related to health, self-esteem/self-control, and parental disapproval/disappointment.
Traumatic leptomeningeal cyst in an adult: a case report and review of the literature

BACKGROUND Traumatic leptomeningeal cyst as a complication of skull fractures was initially thought to occur primarily in the pediatric population. The occurrence of a traumatic leptomeningeal cyst in the adult population is rare. CASE DESCRIPTION A lump in the right parietal region of this 53-year-old man prompted a computed tomography (CT) scan. The patient denied any symptoms and was in good health. Examination confirmed a firm, nontender, nonpulsatile mass in the right parietal region of the skull. The CT scan demonstrated a 4 x 3 cm area of irregular bone destruction involving both the inner and outer table of the skull. At operation a distinctly raised paper-thin outer table was noted, and underneath was a soft, tan-colored mass, which measured approximately 2 x 2 cm and was connected to the underlying brain through a 1 cm dural defect. The extradural portion of the mass was amputated, the dura repaired with a pericranium patch, the skull defect was repaired with a split thickness bone graft, and the final pathology was congruent with gliotic brain. CONCLUSION Although rare, this case demonstrates a traumatic leptomeningeal cyst in an adult.
Hydroxymethylation at Gene Regulatory Regions Directs Stem/Early Progenitor Cell Commitment during Erythropoiesis

Hematopoietic stem cell differentiation involves the silencing of self-renewal genes and induction of a specific transcriptional program. Identification of multiple covalent cytosine modifications raises the question of how these derivatized bases influence stem cell commitment. Using a replicative primary human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell differentiation system, we demonstrate dynamic changes of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) during stem cell commitment and differentiation to the erythroid lineage. Genomic loci that maintain or gain 5-hmC density throughout erythroid differentiation contain binding sites for erythroid transcription factors and several factors not previously recognized as erythroid-specific factors. The functional importance of 5-hmC was demonstrated by impaired erythroid differentiation, with augmentation of myeloid potential, and disrupted 5-hmC patterning in leukemia patient-derived CD34+ stem/early progenitor cells with TET methylcytosine dioxygenase 2 (TET2) mutations. Thus, chemical conjugation and affinity purification of 5-hmC-enriched sequences followed by sequencing serve as resources for deciphering functional implications for gene expression during stem cell commitment and differentiation along a particular lineage.
UV/blue light-induced fluorescence for assessing apple maturity

Chlorophyll fluorescence has been researched for assessing fruit post-harvest quality and condition. The objective of this preliminary research was to investigate the potential of fluorescence spectroscopy for measuring apple fruit quality. Ultraviolet (UV) and blue light was used as an excitation source for inducing fluorescence in apples. Fluorescence spectra were measured from 'Golden Delicious' (GD) and 'Red Delicious' (RD) apples by using a visible/near-infrared spectrometer after one, three, and five minutes of continuous UV/blue light illumination. Standard destructive tests were performed to measure fruit firmness, skin and flesh color, soluble solids and acid content from the apples. Calibration models for each of the three illumination time periods were developed to predict fruit quality indexes. The results showed that fluorescence emission decreased steadily during the first three minutes of UV/blue light illumination and was stable within five minutes. The differences were minimal in the model prediction results based on fluorescence data at one, three or five minutes of illumination. Overall, better predictions were obtained for apple skin chroma and hue and flesh hue with values for the correlation coefficient of validation between 0.80 and 0.90 for both GD and RD. Relatively poor predictions were obtained for fruit firmness, soluble solids content, titrational acid, and flesh chroma. This research demonstrated that fluorescence spectroscopy is potentially useful for assessing selected quality attributes of apple fruit and further research is needed to improve fluorescence measurements so that better predictions of fruit quality can be achieved.
Psychoactive medication, alcohol use, and falls among older adults

The purposes of this study were to determine: (1) the prevalence of psychoactive medication and alcohol use and (2) the relationship among psychoactive medications, alcohol use, and falls in a sample of 1028 independently living women and men, aged 55 and older. Twenty-six percent of the sample reported falling, 28% were taking one or more psychoactive drugs, and 38% drank alcohol during the past year. Analyses with logistic regression indicate that predictors of falls were psychoactive drug use, age, and number of illnesses. Living alone, frequency of alcohol use, and gender were not significant predictors.
Segmental restriction and target specificity of bullfrog preganglionic neurons that exhibit galanin-like immunoreactivity

These experiments were designed to examine the distribution of galanin-like peptide immunoreactivity (GAL-IR) in bullfrog sympathetic preganglionic neurons and to identify the peripheral target organs affected by these neurons. Cells expressing GAL-IR were observed in the intermediolateral column of segments 7 and 8 only. Apparent GAL-IR innervation is present, but rare, in sympathetic chain ganglia. Double-labelling with retrogradely transported fast blue and galanin antiserum demonstrated that most GAL-IR neurons project via splanchnic nerves to innervate the adrenal gland, which receives a dense plexus of GAL-IR fibers surrounding chromaffin cells. The adrenal gland is also innervated by preganglionic neurons in segments 5 and 6 that do not express GAL-IR. Because nitric oxide is expressed in sympathoadrenal preganglionic neurons in mammals (Anderson, C.R., Neurosci. Lett., 139 (1992) 280), we examined whether it is expressed in bullfrog preganglionic neurons. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase positive neurons are present in bullfrog spinal grey at segments 5 through 8. These neurons were not double-labelled with fast blue retrogradely transported from the sympathetic chain, celiac ganglion, or adrenal gland; nor were they double-labelled with GAL-antiserum. Thus nitric oxide is apparently not expressed in bullfrog sympathetic preganglionic neurons.
Powerful Feelings: Exploring the Affective Domain of Informal and Arts-Based Learning.

The arts engage our senses, provoking strong, affective responses for both the creator and the witness of art. Our emotions can provide a catalyst for informal adult learning beyond traditional, cognitive ways of knowing.
Performance Evaluation of Cleanroom Environmental Systems

This paper presents in-situ measurement results for energy and environmental performance of thirteen cleanroom systems located in the USA, including key metrics for evaluating cleanroom air system performance and overall electric power intensity. Comparisons with the IEST Recommended Practice (IEST-RP-CC012.1) are made to examine the performance of cleanroom air systems. Based upon the results, the paper discusses likely opportunities for improving cleanroom energy efficiency while maintaining effective contamination control. The paper concludes that there are wide variations in energy performance of cleanroom environmental systems, and that performance benchmarking can serve as a vehicle to identify energy efficient cleanroom design practices and to highlight important issues in cleanroom operation and maintenance.
Intraconfigurational absorption and magnetic circular dichroism spectra of Re4+ in Cs2ZrCl6 and Cs2ZrBr6

Abstract The complete near infrared intraconfigurational t 3 2g absorption and MCD spectra of Re 4+ in Cs 2 ZrBr 6 and Cs 2 ZrCl 6 at liquid helium temperature are measured and assigned. Previous assignments of luminescence spectra are confirmed and the resulting energy levels are discussed in terms of a ligand field model.
Combining the Probabilities from Significance Tests

It is frequently useful to combine the probabilities resulting from two or more independent significance tests. The following simple method appears to do so directly in an unbiased manner.
Variations in the chemical and mineralogical composition of rim and plains specimens of the Cañon Diablo meteorite

Canon Diablo octahedrite quantitative chemical and modal mineralogical composition variations in rim and plain components