cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of 9-β-d-Arabinofuranosyladenine on Polymer Synthesis in a Polyauxotrophic Strain of Escherichia coli

Leung, Hazel Barner (University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia), Alice McGovern Doering, and Seymour S. Cohen. Effect of 9-β-d-arabinofuranosyladenine on polymer synthesis in a polyauxotrophic strain of Escherichia coli . J. Bacteriol. 92: 558–564. 1966.—Adenine-requiring mutants have been obtained from Escherichia coli strain 15 TAU, which also needs thymine, arginine, and uracil for growth. Some of these are killed by 9-β-d-arabinofuranosyladenine (ara-A) in the absence of exogenous adenine; a particular mutant of this type, designated TAUAd, has been used in our studies. The lethality of ara-A, d-arabinosylhypoxanthine, and the 1-n-oxide of ara-A has been compared; ara-A is equally toxic in the presence or absence of thymine. Although the absence of uracil reduces ara-A toxicity, the lack of arginine almost eliminates lethality. It was found that ara-A completely inhibits deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis without markedly affecting ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis. Some inhibition of protein synthesis can be detected. However, the interpretation of these results is complicated because (i) exogenous adenine must be excluded, (ii) endogenous adenine is made available from RNA turnover, and (iii) ara-A is being rapidly converted to only slightly less toxic arabinosylhypoxanthine by the adenosine deaminase of E. coli . A suitable inhibitor for the bacterial deaminase has not yet been found.
Social pressure and contributions to health charities

On the whole the evidence lends support to the hypothesis that social pressure affects the level of charitable contributions. We find, however, that the form of the pressure is an important determinant of the size of health contributions. Personal forms of solicitation appear to increase contributions, relative to impersonal forms such as media advertisements and mail campaigns. Within the class of personal solicitations, we find that pressure to give which is exerted by friends is more effective than requrests by strangers. Limited evidence was also found that some workplace relationships result in more effective fund-raising when compared to solicitations by strangers.
Exploring the relationships among early maladaptive schemas, psychological mindedness and self-reported college adjustment.

Objectives. The primary aim of this research was to study the statistical effects of psychological mindedness (PM) upon the relationship between early maladaptive schemas (EMS) and self-reported college adjustment. Design. A cross-sectional design was employed to assess correlations among study variables and to assess the role of PM as moderator or mediator in the relationship between EMS and adjustment. Methods. Into this study, 264 undergraduate students were recruited in partial fulfilment of research requirements in introductory psychology class. Participants completed the Young Schema Questionnaire, the Psychological Mindedness Scale and the Student Adaptation to College Questionnaire. Results. At the level of bivariate correlations, EMS were inversely associated with college adjustment and with PM, and PM was positively associated with adjustment. In a multiple regression equation with PM and EMS entered separately and then as an interaction term as predictors of adjustment, PM was not a significant moderator. However, in a path analysis, the indirect effect of EMS on adjustment through PM was significant, suggesting that PM is a significant mediator. Conclusions. These findings suggest that the assessment of EMS and PM may enhance an understanding of problems with college adjustment and that interventions to reduce the negative effects of EMS may indeed benefit from efforts to improve PM and its correlates.
Microwave-assisted syntheses of regioisomerically pure bromorhodamine derivatives.

Regioisomerically pure bromo-substituted rhodamine derivatives (bromorosamines) were prepared via microwave-accelerated condensation reactions followed by oxidation with chloranil. Reaction optimization was conveniently performed by monitoring UV absorptions attributed to the product.
Impact of Facial Fractures and Intracranial Injuries on Hospitalization Outcomes Following Firearm Injuries

Importance Firearm injuries (FAIs) play a major role in unintentional injuries, suicides, and homicides. It is important that policy makers, public health authorities, physicians, and the public are kept abreast of current trends in FAIs so that preventive programs can be tailored to the needs of cohorts that are at highest risk for such injuries. Objectives To provide nationally representative longitudinal estimates of outcomes associated with hospitalizations attributed to FAIs in all age groups in the United States during the years 2003 to 2010; to obtain prevalence estimates of skull and/or facial fractures and intracranial injuries among those hospitalized owing to firearm injuries; and to examine the association between the occurrence of skull and/or facial fractures and/or intracranial injuries and in-hospital mortality. Design, Setting, and Participants In this retrospective analysis of the largest all-payer hospitalization data set in the United States, we evaluate a Nationwide Inpatient Sample of patients hospitalized for FAIs during the years 2003 to 2010. Exposures Face and/or skull fracture and/or intracranial injuries due to firearm injuries. Main Outcomes and Measures The main outcome of interest was in-hospital mortality. The primary independent variables included occurrence of face and/or skull fracture and/or intracranial injuries. Results During the study period, 252 181 visits were attributed to FAIs. Adolescents and young adults accounted for nearly 80% of all hospitalizations, with more than half of these in the 18- to 29-year-old, high-risk group. Male patients consistently accounted for 89% of the hospitalizations. The uninsured population accounted for nearly a third of hospitalizations. A total of 214 221 FAI hospitalizations did not involve facial and/or skull fractures or intracranial injuries; 13 090 involved a facial and/or skull fracture without a concomitant intracranial injury; 20 453 involved an intracranial injury without a concomitant facial and/or skull fracture; and 4417 involved both a facial and/or skull fracture and intracranial injury. Those with intracranial injuries without concomitant facial and/or skull fractures (odds ratio [OR], 58.40; 95% CI, 50.08-68.11) ( P P P Conclusions and Relevance Occurrence of intracranial injuries was an independent risk factor for poor outcomes. Teaching hospitals had higher mortality rates but also treated more complex cases than nonteaching hospitals.
Malaria in travelers in Rhode Island: a review of 26 cases.

Abstract purpose: We reviewed our experience with malaria in two community hospitals in Rhode Island from 1986 to 1990. results: Twenty-six patients with malaria were identified. Fifteen patients were immigrants who had acquired malaria while visiting their country of origin, particularly West Africa. Fever was present in 67% of cases and gastrointestinal complaints were prominent in 26%. Individuals with a past history of malaria, could accurately distinguish current malarial infections from other febrile illnesses. Two patients developed cerebral malaria. Plasmodium falciparum was identified in 77% of the cases. conclusions: Malaria is an important diagnosis that United States physicians must consider in the medical evaluation of returning travelers. A significant increase in the number of cases of P. falciparum acquired in East Africa has been reported in recent years. P. falciparum infection must be rapidly diagnosed and treated since delays may result in complications of malaria that may lead to death. Mefloquine is currently recommended by the Centers for Disease Control for prevention of malaria in travelers visiting countries endemic for chloroquine-resistant malaria. This change may alter the epidemiology of malaria in the United States in the future.
A Projection Method for Low Speed Flows

We propose a decomposition applicable to low speed, inviscid flows of all Mach numbers less than 1. By using the Hodge decomposition, we may write the velocity field as the sum of a divergence-free vector field and a gradient of a scalar function. Evolution equations for these parts are presented. A numerical procedure based on this decomposition is designed, using projection methods for solving the incompressible variables and a backward-Euler method for solving the potential variables. Numerical experiments are included to illustrate various aspects of our algorithm.
A modified finite element method for determining equilibrium capillary surfaces of liquids with specified volumes

This paper describes a modified finite element method (MFEM) for determining the static equilibrium shape of the capillary surface of a liquid with a prescribed volume constrained by rigid boundaries with arbitrary shapes. It is assumed that the liquid is in static equilibrium under the influence of surface tension, adhesion, and gravity forces. This problem can be solved by employing the conventional FEM; however, a major difficulty arises due to the presence of the volume (integral) constraint and usually requires the use of the Lagrange multiplier method, the sequential unconstrained minimization technique, or the augmented Lagrange multiplier method. With the MFEM, the space variables defining the equilibrium surfaces (or curves) are expanded in terms of parametric interpolation functions, which are designed such that the boundary conditions and the integral constraint equation are automatically satisfied during each iteration of a direct numerical search process. Hence, there is no need to include Lagrange multipliers and/or penalty factors and the problem can be treated more simply as one involving unconstrained optimization. This investigation indicates that the MFEM is more efficient and reliable than the other methods. Results are presented for several case study problems involving liquid solder drops. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adaptation of a commercial capillary electrophoresis instrument for chemiluminescence detection

Modification of a commercial CE instrument (HP 3D-CE, or Agilent G1602A) to adapt it for chemiluminescence (CL) detection is described. The reversible modification involves interchanging the deuterium lamp (used for standard absorbance detection) with a sidearm photomultiplier tube in the lamp housing. Power supply and amplification circuitry is added via an external breadboard, and the amplified CL signal is recorded via a recorder/integrator. The viability of the CL detector was demonstrated with both pressure rinses and electrophoresis of chemiluminescent samples. Peak area precision was 1.5% RSD for pressure rinses of a peroxyoxalate (“lightstick”) sample and 4.0% RSD for electrophoresis of 100 μM luminol (catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase). The CL peak area was linear with concentration for electrophoresis of luminol (10-s injections) from at least 1.0−50 μM.
A Simple Needle for Micro-Injections

IN the course of experiments with injections of viruses into insect vectors, it became desirable to measure the amount of introduced inoculum. The conditions of the experiments demanded an instrument that would fulfil the following requirements: (a) to measure accurately the small amounts (approximately 1/8,000 c.c.) of liquid introduced into a single insect; and (b) to provide a means of introducing the inoculum into the small insects (leafhoppers) without excessive injury. The first condition could be fulfilled with many of the micro-injecting devices now on the market, or with the modified instrument described by Woodrow1. The use of any of these was complicated by the relatively large diameter of the injection needles. The problem was solved by drawing ‘Pyrex’ micropipettes similar to those ordinarily used for micromanipulation. These pipettes were sealed to hypodermic needles of 25 or 26 gauge. The glass and metal were cemented together with a paste made of glycerine and litharge. This simple device may also prove useful for introducing small amounts of fluids into cells.
ANALYSIS OF TRYPTOPHAN UTILIZING ITS REACTION WITH ALPHA-KETOGLUTARIC ACID

The interaction between tryptophan and α-ketoglutaric acid (α-KGA) was utilized for the quantitative estimation of tryptophan. Previous work enabled two sets of reaction conditions to be chosen which produced stable quantities of chromophore with wavelength of maximum absorbance (lDmax) at 358 nm. Both conditions produced Beer's Law plots over the concentration range 0-l.8 mM tryptophan. This interaction was found to produce a specific analytical technique for tryptophan. Analysis of reaction mixtures revealed that a yellow chromophore was responsible for the production of absorbance with lDmax at 358 nm. Measurement of N-terminal tryptophan dipeptides was successful whereas attempts to measure the tryptophan content of lysozyme and C-terminal tryptophan dipeptides were unsuccessful utilizing this reaction.
Tenses, time adverbs, and compositional semantic theory

I might summarize this section by saying that the English tenses, according to this analysis, form quite a motley group. PAST, PRES and FUT serve to relate reference time to speech time, while WOULD and USED-TO behave like Priorian operators, shifting the point of evaluation away from the reference time. HAVE also shifts the point of evaluation away from the reference time, but in a more complicated way. And FUT, in contrast to PRES and PAST, is a substitution operator, putting the reference time of its clause in the plate of the speech time of subordinate clauses.
A unifying model for the G1 period in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

A model to explain the cell division cycle in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes is presented. No specific ‘G1 functions’ take place during the G1 period, which is merely part of a larger period for the preparation of DNA synthesis which began at the previous initiation of DNA synthesis. A G1 period exists merely because the doubling time of the cells is greater than the sum of the S and G2 periods.
Voluntary Intercourse and Fetal Rights

Alors que J. Thomson affirme, en meme temps que le droit a la vie, la responsabilite partielle de la femme envers le foetus des lors qu'elle a des rapports sexuels volontaires, l'A. etudie le debat concernant le droit du foetus a utiliser le corps de la femme, opposant J. Stone et H. Smith. Face a la grossesse, l'A. examine la notion de causation de proximite definie par R. Langer dans le contexte d'une derogation au droit suite a l'echec de la contraception.
Clinical utility of fungal screening assays in adults with severe burns.

Abstract Background Fungal wound infection is a leading cause of burn wound infections, and diagnosis is often delayed as it conventionally requires culture and histopathology. Fungal screening assays have sped diagnosis of invasive fungal infections in other populations. Few studies have evaluated the performance of fungal screening assays outside of the hematologic malignancy and hematopoietic stem cell transplant populations. Methods We performed a three year retrospective analysis of all fungal screening assays in burn patients in the ICU between 2008 and 2011. The primary goal was to evaluate the correlation between the two available fungal screening assays, (1 → 3)-β- d -glucan (BG) and galactomannan (GM) assay, and fungal wound colonization (FWC) and infection (FWI). We also evaluated previously hypothesized causes of false positives and their associations with false positives in the burn population. Results We identified 53 patients [median 29% total body surface area burned (TBSA), IQR 17–51] with BG or GM serological tests available, of which 15 had a FWI or FWC. FWC/FWI was associated with higher TBSA ( p = 0.02). BG and GM correlated with TBSA (BG 0.57, p p = 0.02), but neither assay was associated with FWI/FWC or species of fungus involved when FWI/FWC was diagnosed. Conclusions Positive BG and GM fungal screening assays are not associated with FWI/FWC, or with species of fungus when FWC/FWI is present. BG false positives are common and associated with higher TBSA burns.
How a revolutionary art became official culture: Murals, museums, and the Mexican state

by Mary K. Coffey Durham, NC: Duke University Press Books, 2012, 234 pages, 51 illustrations ISBN: 978-0-8223-5037-8 (paperback) Price $24.95 Reviewed by Beth A. Uzwiak, Bryn Mawr College Mary Coff...
The Potential Effect of Multilayer Patterns on Temperature Uniformity During Rapid Thermal Processing

This work aims to systematically gain an understanding of the effects of multilayer patterns on wafer temperature uniformity during rapid thermal processing, and explore possible solutions to the problem. Steady state and transient wafer temperature distributions are simulated by combining a detailed reactor transport model with multilayer electromagnetic theory to predict wafer radiative properties. A generic axisymmetric RTP system with single-side illumination is used as a testbed to explore pattern effects for a simulated source/drain implant anneal.
Simultaneous polar cap and magnetotail observations of intense polar rain

The significance of acceleration processes in accounting for the energies and temperatures of the electrons seen during periods of intense polar rain is investigated along with the role of the IMF and solar wind in controlling the polar rain. Evidence for an acceleration region is sought by comparing DMSP observations of the precipitating electrons over the polar cap with simultaneous ISEE 1 electron measurements in the conjugate tail lobe at distances between 10 and 22.6 earth radii. The second question is explored by examining the solar wind and IMF conditions during which the intense polar rain events occur. It is found that intense polar rain can pass through the tail lobes without undergoing acceleration between 22.6 earth radii and 800 km altitude.
In situ Mssbauer spectroscopic characterization of Fe/AI2O3 and Fe/ThO2 Fischer-Tropsch catalysts

Abstract Mossbauer spectroscopy has been used to study in situ the transformation of Fe Al 2 O 3 and Fe ThO 2 catalysts under different stages of calcination, reduction, carburization, and Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reactions. At room temperature the calcined Fe Al 2 O 3 catalyst is composed of Fe3+ ions strongly interacting with the alumina support, and about 10% of bulk α-Fe2O3. The calcined Fe ThO 2 sample consists of a bulk phase of α-Fe2O3. After reduction in flowing hydrogen at 400 °C, the Fe Al 2 O 3 catalyst contains about 70% of α-Fe and 30% of FeAl2O4 (a spinel phase). The calcined sample of Fe ThO 2 is completely reduced to α-Fe in flowing H2 at 400 °C in 9 h. When the reduced Fe Al 2 O 3 , catalyst is carburized at 250 °C in synthesis gas ( 2 H 2 CO ), all the α-Fe is converted to an interstitial alloy of a composition resembling Hagg's carbide and e′-Fe2.2C. Carburization of the reduced Fe ThO 2 catalyst at 250°C in 2 H 2 CO converted about 50% of the α-Fe to χ-Fe5C2. However, after the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction, the remaining amount of α-Fe in the catalyst is also changed to χ-Fe5C2. The product distribution in the case of Fe AI 2 O 3 reveals a high selectivity for unsaturated and saturated C3 hydrocarbons. For the Fe ThO 2 catalyst, calcined for 24 h, a high selectivity for C5C10 hydrocarbons is shown. For the sample Fe ThO 2 calcined for 48 h, a high selectivity for C5 hydrocarbon and oxygenated products is obtained.
The Neural Circuitry Underlying Primate Calls and Human Language

There are significant structural and functional differences between primate calls and human speech. In addition, these two forms of vocal communication appear to largely depend on nonhomologous brain structures. However, an analysis of the underlying axonal circuitry of these brain systems suggests that there are significant interrelationships between them, both in functional and in evolutionary terms. Based on both primate neuroanatomical studies and humanin vivo mapping studies it is argued that the ventral prefrontal area is the critical link, both functionally and anatomically between these distinct vocal systems. A model of human brain evolution with respect to language is proposed in which limbic-midbrain vocalization circuits became progressively subordinated to the activity of prefrontal-midbrain and frontalmotor circuits for regulating facial gesture, skilled oral food manipulation, and conditional association learning. Quantitative and developmental data are used to suggest that this resulted from the relative enlargement of prefrontal areas and the consequences this has on the relative proportions of different corticomidbrain and diencephalic-midbrain projections. Although humans exhibit a significantly reduced call repertoire, it is argued that the display-vocalization circuits that play the central role in all other primate communication have neither been eliminated, supplanted nor suppressed by language systems. They have instead become integrated into the more distributed language circuits and play a ubiquitous though subordinate role in all normal language processes.
Chromium and phosphorus enrichment in the metal of type II (C2) carbonaceous chondrites

Abstract Electron microprobe analyses of metal grains in nine C2 meteorites show consistently high Cr and P contents, with large grain to grain variations within individual meteorites. Cr ranges from 0.16 to 1.0 wt.% (average 0.6 per cent for 43 analyses). P ranges from 0.00 to 3.2 wt.% (average 0.42 per cent). In addition, metal grains in seven C3 meteorites show a lesser enrichment of Cr, 0.00 to 0.7 per cent (average 0.13 per cent for 59 analyses), with no P present. Both of these elements, Cr and P, are generally below detection in the metal of other chondrite groups, equilibrated and unequilibrated. C2 metal grains occur typically as spherical to ovate blebs contained within single, euhedral forsterite crystals or crystal fragments that are either isolated in the black C2 matrix or are in clusters making up white inclusions. Metal is rare within true chondrules. Calculations of the expected Cr contents in metal condensing directly from a solar nebular gas agree remarkably well with the observed values. Unfortunately, no calculation is possible for P because of insufficient data at the present time. The composition and the textural relationships indicate this Cr, P rich metal, and the enclosing forsterite are direct condensates from a cooling solar nebula. Cr and P, in the quantities reported here, characterize C2 metal.
A Model for Oxidative Aging of Rubber-Modified Asphalts and Implications to Performance Analysis

Oxidative aging of asphalt binders is a primary cause of binder-related long-term road failures. Viscosity hardening is primarily due to the oxidative conversion of polar aromatics to asphaltenes; oxidation is indicated by carbonyl formation. The aging of unmodified asphalts yields a constant, aging-temperature independent “hardening susceptibility” (HS) relation between viscosity change and the growth of the infrared carbonyl peak. Crumb-rubber-modified asphalts (CRMA) exhibit superior aging characteristics, lower hardening rates, and, often, lower oxidation rates, throughout the aging simulation range. However, CRMA materials may exhibit a hardening susceptibility that varies with aging temperature, suggesting either enhanced diffusion resistance or a kinetic competition between the oxidation sites of the rubber polymer and the asphalt's polar aromatics. This evidence suggests that the commonly accepted high-temperature, high-pressure, long-term aging technique is of questionable value when applied to C...
Preventive Care in the Emergency Department, Part I: Clinical Preventive Services—Are They Relevant to Emergency Medicine?*

. In 1998 the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine's (SAEM's) Board of Directors asked the SAEM Public Health and Education Task Force to develop recommendations for prevention, screening, and counseling activities to be conducted in emergency departments (EDs). The Task Force's work was divided into two phases: 1) a discussion of the rationale for preventive services in the ED, along with generation of a preliminary list of prevention activities that could be studied for ED implementation; and 2) a formal evidence-based review of topics chosen from the preliminary list, along with recommendations for ED implementation and further study. This paper represents Phase I of the project. Phase II, the formal evidence-based review and recommendations, is published separately in this issue.
Expression of CD26 Does Not Correlate with the Replication of Macrophage-Tropic Strains of HIV-1 in T-Cell Lines

Strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) differ significantly in both genetic content and biological properties. One of the earliest discovered differences between HIV-1 strains was divergence in the relative ability of different strains to replicate in either T-cell lines or monocytes/macrophages. This observation has led to the suggestion that molecules present on the surface of HIV-susceptible cells other than CD4 may interact with gp120 in facilitating the entry of HIV-1 into host cell populations. Several reports have suggested that CD26, a cell surface protease expressed on many cells of the immune system including some CD4+ T-cells and macrophage, may be an accessory molecule for HIV-1 entry. Recently, it has also been reported that the expression of high levels of CD26 correlates with the entry and replication of macrophage-tropic strains of HIV-1 in a T-cell line. In this report, we demonstrate that replication of macrophage-tropic strains of HIV-1 in T-cell lines is independent of CD26 expression. From this observation, we conclude that CD26 plays no role in the entry of HIV-1 into these cells.
The Bakke Decision: White Reactions to the U.S. Supreme Court's Test of Affirmative Action Programs

Two theoretical models make contradictory predictions about attitudinal reactions to dramatic events in society that affect race relations. The proximity-resistance model predicts increased resistance, affected by important events that favor blacks, from whites. This model also predicts lessened hostility when the events favor whites. The social-adjustment model, on the other hand, predicts that the people most affected by ongoing events will change their attitudes toward consistency with the expected changes. These two models are tested in an examination of public reactions to the Bakke decision on affirmative action programs. Data collected in national surveys by the Louis Harris polling organization in 1976 and in 1978 after the well-known Bakke case are used to examine attitudinal changes by specific demographic groups—those least and those most affected by the changes. The results are interpreted as supporting, in general, the social-adjustment model.
High-stability Er/sup 3+/-doped superfluorescent fiber sources

Data are presented on Er/sup 3+/-doped superfluorescent fiber sources showing the dependence of output characteristics on pump wavelength and power, fiber length, fiber temperature, and feedback. In particular, the broadband operation and mean wavelength stability required for fiber optic gyroscope applications are evaluated. Substantial improvements in the mean wavelength stability with pump power have been achieved by optimizing the fiber length. An all-fiber superfluorescent fiber source utilizing a fiber-pigtailed 980-nm diode pump laser is demonstrated, with a 1-h mean wavelength stability better than 0.9 ppm RMS and /spl les/8 ppm drift over 20 h. The intrinsic mean wavelength variation versus fiber temperature is measured, with values of 4.8 and 3.0 ppm//spl deg/PC obtained for fiber lengths of 23 and 78 m, respectively. >
Managing soil nitrogen to restore annual grass‐infested plant communities: effective strategy or incomplete framework?

Theoretical and empirical work has established a positive relationship between resource availability and habitat invasibility. For nonnative invasive annual grasses, similar to other invasive species, invader success has been tied most often to increased nitrogen (N) availability. These observations have led to the logical assumption that managing soils for low N availability will facilitate restoration of invasive plant-dominated systems. Although invasive annual grasses pose a serious threat to a number of perennial-dominated ecosystems worldwide, there has been no quantitative synthesis evaluating the degree to which soil N management may facilitate restoration efforts. We used meta-analysis to evaluate the degree to which soil N management impacts growth and competitive ability of annual and perennial grass seedlings. We then link our analysis to current theories of plant ecological strategies and community assembly to improve our ability to understand how soil N management may be used to restore annual grass-dominated communities. Across studies, annual grasses maintained higher growth rates and greater biomass and tiller production than perennials under low and high N availability. We found no evidence that lowering N availability fundamentally alters competitive interactions between annual and perennial grass seedlings. Competitive effects of annual neighbors on perennial targets were similar under low and high N availability. Moreover, in most cases perennials grown under competition in high-N soils produced more biomass than perennials grown under competition in low-N soils. While these findings counter current restoration and soil N management assumptions, these results are consistent with current plant ecological strategy and community assembly theory. Based on our results and these theories we argue that, in restoration scenarios in which the native plant community is being reassembled from seed, soil N management will have no direct positive effect on native plant establishment unless invasive plant propagule pools and priority effects are controlled the first growing season.
Adaptive one-step-ahead control subject to an input-amplitude constraint

This paper investigates the adaptive control of a single-input/single-output process when there exists a constraint on the amplitude of the applied control signal. In particular, an adaptive control scheme is proposed and is shown to be globally convergent in the sense that the control asymptotically matches the amplitude-constrained one-step-ahead optimal control. Some simulation results are presented to demonstrate the performance of the scheme
Insulin Modifies Honeybee Worker Behavior

The insulin signaling pathway has been hypothesized to play a key role in regulation of worker social insect behavior. We tested whether insulin treatment has direct effects on worker honeybee behavior in two contexts, sucrose response thresholds in winter bees and the progression to foraging by summer nurse bees. Treatment of winter worker bees with bovine insulin, used as a proxy for honeybee insulin, increased the bees’ sucrose response threshold. Treatment of summer nurse bees with bovine insulin significantly decreased the age at which foraging was initiated. This work provides further insight into the role of endocrine controls in behavior of in honeybees and insects in general.
Direct Evidence for Homologous Sequences on the Paracentric Regions of Human Chromosome 1

Calcyclin is a member of the S100 family of proteins, many of which are encoded by genes that have been localized to the proximal long arm of human chromosome 1 (bands q21-q22). A 450-kb yeast artificial chromosome clone containing the human calcyclin gene was identified by PCR screening and used as a probe for fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Along with the expected hybridization to 1q21, simultaneous, specific hybridization to the centromeric region of the short arm of chromosome 1 was also observed. An identical pattern of hybridization was observed when microdissected 1q21 DNA sequences were used as a probe for FISH, confirming the presence of homologous sequences flanking both sides of the centromere of human chromosome 1. These results are consistent with a model in which human chromosome 1 arose by insertion of the centromere and heterochromatin into an ancestral chromosome containing chromosome-specific repetitive sequences.
Making time for literacy: teacher knowledge and time allocation in instructional planning

This study examined how K-5 general and special educators (N = 102) would choose to allocate time in a 2-h language arts block if they could do so as they wished, and how these choices related to their knowledge base for reading instruction. Preferences for time allocation were assessed through an open grid on which participants listed descriptions of planned instructional activities and amount of time for each activity; teacher knowledge was assessed via a multiple-choice measure involving questions about assessment and instruction in the five components of reading. Results showed that many teachers planned little or no time for areas such as assessment, vocabulary, phonemic awareness, and spelling; also, relatively little time was devoted to basic writing skills and virtually none to writing processes such as planning or revision. There were few significant differences between general and special educators in time allocation on the grid, although there were more differences by grade level (e.g., grids for Grades K-1 vs. Grades 4–5). Teacher knowledge did predict teachers’ time allocation plans, particularly for teachers with relatively high knowledge of phonemic awareness and phonics. Overall, however, many teachers chose to allocate time in ways inconsistent with scientific recommendations, in writing as well as in reading. The study highlights the importance of research-based, targeted teacher professional development in literacy, as well as the need for schools to provide comprehensive, research-based core reading and writing curricula to educators, with attention to fidelity of implementation.
Why Psychological Models of Adult Development are Important for the Practice of Adult Education: A Response to Courtenay:

In an article which questions the value of adult development theory to adult educators, Courtenay claims that the literature is ambiguous about the goals of development, misguidedly equates normalcy with growth and development with worthiness, and is unacceptably vague in its descriptions of the characteristics of higher stages of development. This article examines and responds to these objections and maintains that constructive developmental models, in particular, provide an important framework for understanding and supporting adults in the process of growth and change that education often engenders. Furthermore, teaching development theory to developing adults offers them a valuable tool for self-discovery which can enhance and encourage their journey of transition and transformation.
Oran Young and international institutions

Current understandings of global environmental governance owe much to the numerous theoretical, empirical, and methodological contributions of Oran Young. Over the course of 50 years, Young has created many of the theories and typologies we use to explain why international environmental institutions form and what types of effects they have and the conditions under which they have them. His contributions have been central to the development of the concepts of institutional dynamics, interplay, and scale. He has made major contributions to environmental policy globally and in the Arctic, both through his own work and by fostering the work of other scholars. This article summarizes the contributions Young has made to the field and introduces the articles in this special issue that honor those contributions.
Access Technique for Retroperitoneoscopy

AbstractPurpose: The access technique for retroperitoneoscopy is not well established, and differs from transperitoneal laparoscopic access in 3 key aspects: 1) location and technique of primary trocar placement, 2) optimal positioning of the balloon dilator and 3) technique for safe placement of secondary ports. Our method of obtaining retroperitoneoscopic access addresses these issues.Materials and Methods: A total of 37 patients underwent retroperitoneoscopic surgery of the kidney and upper ureter.Results: Our technique facilitates balloon placement within Gerota's fascia, minimizes peritoneal injury and optimizes port placement during retroperitoneoscopic surgery.Conclusions: Although our success rate for placing the balloon within Gerota's fascia has improved, additional experience is required to achieve subfascial balloon placement more consistently.
Expatriate assignments and intra-organizational career success: implications for individuals and organizations

Anecdotal accounts and reports in the popular press often suggest that international assignments are critical for employees who seek to move up the career ladder more quickly. Nevertheless, previous research on repatriation indicates that many former expatriates feel that their overseas assignments have harmed, rather than helped, their careers. Relatively little research, though, has sought to understand how expatriate assignments might be related to career success. This paper, then, presents a conceptual model describing the relationship between expatriate assignments and intra-organizational career success. Specifically, theories of career mobility are used to develop a framework for outlining the factors likely to determine whether expatriate assignments help or hinder the advancement of employees who have worked as international assignees. The model also indicates that repatriate career success influences an organization's ability to retain its current repatriates and recruit future expatriates. Some implications of this research and directions for future research are discussed as well.
Race, ethnicity, and eating disorder recognition by peers.

We investigated racial/ethnic stereotyping in the recognition and referral of eating disorders with 663 university students. We explored responses to problem and eating disorder recognition and health care referrals after subjects read a vignette concerning a patient of a different race/ethnic background presenting with eating disorders. A series of three 4 × 3 ANOVAs revealed significant main effects for eating disorders across all three outcome variables. There were no significant main effects across the four different race/ethnicity conditions and no significant race by condition interactions. Lack of general eating disorder recognition and health care referrals by student participants were found. [Supplemental files are available for this article. Go to the publishers's online edition of Eating Disorders for the following free supplemental resource: online appendix containing vignettes 1–3, as described in the “Methods” section].
Peritraumatic dissociative experiences, trauma narratives, and trauma pathology.

Peritraumatic dissociation, i.e., dissociation during or immediately after a traumatic event, has been associated with persistence of trauma-related pathology. Peritraumatic dissociation may interfere with encoding of traumatic memories and this style may impede recovery. This study examines this hypothesis by analyzing trauma narratives from 28 female sexual and nonsexual assault victims who reported either high or low peritraumatic dissociation. Participants were asked to recount their assault. Narratives were videotaped, transcribed, and coded. Narratives of individuals with high peritraumatic dissociation had higher grade levels and a trend toward lower reading ease than those with low peritraumatic dissociation. Both higher grade levels and lower reading ease of prethreat sections of trauma narratives were related to posttreatment reexperiencing and anxiety symptoms.
Mnemonic training in older adults: effects of age, length of training, and type of cognitive pretraining.

Objectives: To improve performance with mnemonic techniques for remembering words and proper names. Design: For word recall, a 2 × 2 factorial in which type of pretraining and length of training were between-subjects manipulations. For proper name recall, a two-group design in which type of pretraining was manipulated between subjects. Setting: Community. Participants: 268 community-dwelling adults over the age of 55 years who wished to improve their memory. Measurements: Recall of words and proper names both before and after training in mnemonics. Intervention: Participants received a 2-week training course on two mnemonic techniques, the method of loci for words and a name association technique for proper names. Results: There was no effect of the pretraining manipulation on proper name recall. For word recall, however, a multiple regression that included age indicated that the older-old participants benefited more from a combination of comprehensive pretraining and extended mnemonic training than did the younger-old. Conclusions: Increased training time coupled with a comprehensive pretraining regimen can improve the performance of the older-old in using mnemonics; this improved performance cannot be attributed solely to enhanced knowledge of the mnemonic.
The sleep cycle and subcortical-cortical EEG relations in the unrestrained chimpanzee

Subcortical-cortical EEG recording of unrestrained chimpanzees sleep cycles, using computer analysis and biotelemetry techniques
Blood-brain barrier disruption: mechanistic links between Western diet consumption and dementia.

Both obesity and Alzheimer’s disease are major health burdens in Western societies. While commonly viewed as having separate etiologies, this review highlights data suggesting that intake of “Western diets”, diets high in saturated fatty acids and simple carbohydrates, may pose a common environmental risk factor contributing to the development of both of these adverse pathologies. We discuss the effects of Western Diet intake on learning and memory processes that are dependent on the hippocampus, as well as the importance of this brain region in both obesity development and the onset of Alzheimer’s and other dementias. A putative mechanism is discussed that mechanistically links Western diet consumption, blood brain barrier degradation, and subsequent hippocampal damage and dementia pathology.
Generating and evaluating object-oriented designs in an intelligent tutoring system

Learning object-oriented design and programming is a challenging task for many beginning students. In recent years, this has motivated the development of new curricula and tools to support their pedagogies. However, student achievement in first-semester courses, as well as enrollment and retention rates (especially for women and minorities), remains a concern. New tools and techniques are needed to engage students and enable more of them to be successful in a CSI course. This need inspired two avenues of research for this dissertation: a new "design first" curriculum that uses elements of Unified Modeling Language (UML) to teach students problem-solving and design skills before procedural code, and an intelligent tutoring system (ITS) that observes students as they create UML class diagrams and offers customized assistance when they need it. An ITS must be able to solve the problems that are presented to the student, or at least evaluate the student's work. Several models exist for accomplishing this task, but all are limited in the number of different solutions they accept as correct. This is not a problem in many domains, but it is in object-oriented design. For any given problem, there are often many different solutions that are acceptable. While scaffolding is desirable to guide novices through a new procedure, students who follow a different but fruitful path should not be deterred. The goal of this research is to build an expert module for an ITS for object-oriented design that can generate its own solutions, and also recognize and accept a variety of valid solutions. A working expert module of an ITS for object-oriented design was built. A tool to assist teachers in the creation of student exercises and valid solution models was also produced.
When effortful thinking influences judgmental anchoring: differential effects of forewarning and incentives on self-generated and externally provided anchors

Two experiments examined the impact of financial incentives and forewarnings on judgmental anchoring effects, or the tendency for judgments of uncertain qualities to be biased in the direction ofsalient anchor values. Previous research has found no effect of either manipulation on the magnitude of anchoring effects. We argue, however, that anchoring effects are produced by multiple mechanisms—one involving an effortful process of adjustment from ‘‘self-generated’’ anchors, and another involving the biased recruitment of anchor-consistent information from ‘‘externally provided’’ anchors— and that only the former should be influenced by incentives and forewarning. Two studies confirmed these predictions, showing that responses to ‘‘self-generated’’ anchors are influenced by both incentives and forewarnings whereas responses to ‘‘externally provided’’ anchors are not. Discussion focuses on the implications of these effects for debiasing efforts. Copyright # 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Local joint control in cooperating manipulator systems - force distribution and global stability

Almost all industrial robot applications in use today are controlled using a control law that is simple and computationally efficient, local joint error feedback. When two or more open chain manipulators cooperate to manipulate the same object - such as in mechanical grippers, walking machines, and cooperating manipulator systems - closed kinematic chain, redundantly actuated mechanisms are formed. Control approaches for this type of system focus on the more computationally intensive computed torque or inverse plant control laws, due to the concern over instability caused by the unspecified distribution of control forces in the redundant actuator space, and due to the constrained motion caused by the closed kinematic chains.
DYNAMIC EFFECTS OF DROUGHT ON U.S. CROP AND LIVESTOCK SECTORS

This study investigates the long-term adjustments to drought by crop and livestock sectors using a dynamic partial equilibrium quarterly model of the U.S. agricultural economy. Results show that short-term drought effects including increases in crop and forage prices are in tandem with decreased live cattle prices resulting from drought-induced beef cattle herd liquidation. Crop price increases in the long run cause livestock inventory reductions, leading to fewer animals moving through the U.S. meat supply chain and increased livestock prices. Longer-term market adjustments cause a significant decrease in consumer surplus, and prolonged drought amplifies and extends the model-predicted results.