cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Boat-Shaped Tetracationic Macrocycle with a Semiconducting Organic Framework

We report the synthesis of a tetracationic macrocycle which contains two N,N′-bis(methylene)naphthalenediimide units inserted in between the pyridinium rings of the bipyridinium units in cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) (CBPQT4+ or “blue box”) and describe the investigation of its potential use in materials for organic electronics. The incorporation of the two naphthalenediimide (NDI) units into the constitution of CBPQT4+, not only changes the supramolecular properties of the tetracation in the solid state, but also has a profound influence on the electrochemical and electronic behavior of the resulting tetracationic macrocycle. In particular, the solid-state (super)structure, investigated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, reveals the formation of a three-dimensional (3D) supramolecular framework with ca. 2.8 nm diameter one-dimensional (1D) hexagonal channels. Electrochemical studies on solid-state thin films of the macrocycle show that they exhibit semiconducting properties with a redox-conductivity of up to 7.6×10−4 S m−1. Moreover, EPR and ENDOR spectroscopies show that charge is equally shared between the NDIs within the one-electron reduced state of the NDI-based macrocycle on the time scale of these techniques.
COMPTON SCATTERING BY K-SHELL ELECTRONS. I. NONRELATIVISTIC THEORY WITH RETARDATION.

An exact analytic calculation is presented for the cross section of the nonrelativistic Compton-type inelastic scattering of photons by electrons bound in the ground state of a hydrogenlike atom. The matrix element of the process was taken to be of the Kramers-Heisenberg-Waller form. It was integrated by the Coulomb-Green's-function method, developed previously by the author in connection with Rayleigh scattering. This is based on replacing the sum over intermediate states by the Green's function which is expressed in terms of the integral representation in momentum space given by Schwinger. The final continuum-state wave function was also described by an integral representation. Thus the evaluation of the matrix element requires the carrying out of momentum-space integrations, followed by two contour integrations. Its final form was expressed in terms of hypergeometric functions of four variables of Lauricella's type ${F}_{D}$. At small photon energies, where the dipole approximation is valid, the result simplifies considerably. The low-energy end of the scattered-photon spectrum is considered in detail in connection with the infrared divergence problem. The shape of the spectrum is discussed and a comparison with previous results is given.
CD1 Expression on Antigen-Presenting Cells

CD1 proteins present self and microbial glycolipids to CD 1-restricted T cells, or in the case of CD1d, to NKT cells. The CD1 family in humans consists of group I proteins CDla, CDlb, CDlc, and CDle and the group II protein CDld. Rodents express only CDld, but as CD1d is broadly expressed and traffics to all endosomal compartments, this single CD1 family member is thereby able to acquire antigens in many subcellular compartments. A complete understanding of the CD 1 family requires an appreciation of which cells express CD1 and how CD1 contributes to the unique function of each cell type. While group I CD 1 expression is limited to thymocytes and professional APCs, CD1d has a wider tissue distribution and can be found on many nonhematopoietic cells. The expression and regulation of CD1 are presented here with particular emphasis on the function of CD1 in thymocytes, B cells, monocytes and macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), and intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). Altered expression of CD 1 in cancer, autoimmunity, and infectious disease is well documented, and the implication of CD 1 expression in these diseases is discussed.
Stress‐ and Structure‐Induced Anisotropy in Southern California From Two Decades of Shear Wave Splitting Measurements

We measure shear wave splitting (SWS) parameters (i.e., fast direction and delay time) using 330,000 local earthquakes recorded by more than 400 stations of the Southern California Seismic Network (1995–2014). The resulting 232,000 SWS measurements (90,000 high-quality ones) provide a uniform and comprehensive database of local SWS measurements in Southern California. The fast directions at many stations are consistent with regional maximum compressional stress σ_(Hmax). However, several regions show clear deviations from the σ_(Hmax) directions. These include linear sections along the San Andreas Fault and the Santa Ynez Fault, geological blocks NW to the Los Angeles Basin, regions around the San Jacinto Fault, the Peninsular Ranges near San Diego, and the Coso volcanic field. These complex patterns show that regional stresses and active faults cannot adequately explain the upper crustal anisotropy in Southern California. Other types of local structures, such as local rock types or tectonic features, also play significant roles.
Biostatistical Concerns in HIV Research

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) research involves the complete spectrum of scientific investigation, ranging from basic science (laboratory) studies, clinical trials, and the perusal and reduction of existing data from the literature and large data sets. Almost all such studies require a close collaboration between the researcher and a consulting biostatistician for data analyses and interpretation. The statistical methods employed for a particular investigation, as well as the inferences therefrom, depend upon the conditions under which the data were gathered and prepared for analysis. To this end, it is vitally necessary that the researcher and the biostatistician are able to communicate clearly. To select the proper statistical methods, the biostatistician must have a clear understanding of “how the data got on the data sheet.” To understand the scope and limitations of the statistical analyses, the researcher must understand why the particular methods were chosen, the feature(s) of the data to which the analyses were directed, and the assumptions about the properties of the data and the experimental procedures that guided the biostatistician to the choice of methods.
CDK4, CDK6, cyclin D1, p16(INK4a) and EGFR expression in glioblastoma with a primitive neuronal component

Glioblastoma with primitive neuroectodermal tumor-like component (GBM-PNET) is a rare variant of glioblastoma, which was renamed as glioblastoma with a primitive neuronal component (GBM-PN) in new WHO classification of tumours of the central nervous system in 2016. There are few publications on the investigation of GBM-PN. In this study, PCR mRNA arrays on 6 cases of conventional GBM and 10 cases of GBM-PN showed high mRNA level of CDK4 in GBM-PN and low mRNA level of EGFR in GBM-PN. Immunohistochemical stains on tissue microarrays with 28 cases of conventional GBM and 13 cases of GBM-PN demonstrated that CDK4 was selectively expressed in the primitive neuronal component of all GBM-PN cases while EGFR was positive in conventional GBM and glial component of GBM-PN, but was negative in the primitive neuronal component of all GBM-PN cases. Immunohistochemical stains with antibodies against proteins that interact with CDK4 in cell cycle regulation, such as CDK6, cyclin D1 and p16(INK4a), were performed on these GBM-PN and GBM cases. CDK6 was patchily positive in rare cases of GBM-PN and cyclin D1 was negative in GBM-PN cases. p16(INK4a) is traditionally known as an inhibitor of CDK4 and CDK6. p16(INK4a) might not be the inhibitor of CDK4 in GBM-PN cases because seven GBM-PN cases were positive for both CDK4 and p16(INK4a). It indicates that CDK4 and p16(INK4a) might play a crucial role in GBM-PN pathogenesis. Since CDK4 and EGFR are highly expressed in the primitive neuronal component and in the glial component of GBM-PN respectively, the combination of CDK4/6 inhibitor and targeted therapy against EGFR might be potential effective therapeutic regimen for GBM-PN. CDK4 and EGFR immuohistochemical stain patterns make the diagnosis of GBM-PN much easier.
Patient-physician communication on medication cost during glaucoma visits

SIGNIFICANCEThis article is the first to investigate the nature of medication cost discussions between ophthalmologists and glaucoma patients. Only 87 of the 275 office visits analyzed had a discussion of medication cost. Providers should consider discussing medication cost with patients to identify
Atrial fibrillation classification from a short single lead ECG recording using hierarchical classifier

Atrial fibrillation (AF), one of the most common cardiac arrhythmias, can be diagnosed using electrocardiography. We present a data-driven model to automatically detect the occurrence of atrial fibrillation on a single lead electrocardiogram (ECG). Our model incorporates a wide range of features including heart rate variability in the time and frequency domain, spectral power analysis and statistical modeling of atrial activity. We use an over-sampling strategy to balance the dataset across different categories. We design a hierarchical classification model to predict an ECG signal as either AF, normal, noisy or an alternative rhythm. The best performance was achieved with a hierarchical bagged ensemble classifier, with an average F score of0.7855 over all samples.
Effects of Signal-Independent Factors in Speech Perception

The present study is an investigation of how lexical status, frequency, and neighborhood density affect the speech recognition in noise, through a replication and an extended analysis of the first experiment in Boothroyd and Nittrouer (1988). The j-factor model, proposed as a metric of context effects insensitive to overall performance level, is used to quantify the effects of these factors. All of these factors are measured with the j-factor model. The effect of neighborhood density is particularly interesting because it is primarily due to the first two segments.
Use of Vitamin D Compounds in Medicine, Especially 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3

The discovery of the vitamin D metabolites has ushered in a new era in the treatment of metabolic bone disease. Its utility as compared to the peptide hormones, known to play a role in calcium and phosphorus metabolism, lies in the fact that it is a steroid and can be administered orally with longer lasting effectiveness. It might be expected that there are diseases in which there is interference with 25-hydroxylation of vitamin D. So far this has not been clearly demonstrated, although it might be expected that biliary atresia has associated with it inadequate 25-hydroxylation. Phenobarbital and dilantin-induced osteomalacia is likely to be associated with low plasma levels of 25-OH-D3, which suggests that these drugs may be inducing enzymes that destroy vitamin D and its metabolites (Hahn et al., 1972). This disease can be treated with either increased amounts of vitamin D or specifically with 25-OH-D3 (Hahn and Avioli, 1977). The glucocorticoids have been shown to reduce plasma levels of 25-OH-D3 (Klein et al., 1977), which suggests that the osteoporosis associated with glucocorticoid treatment might be improved or corrected by the administration of either 25-OH-D3 or l,25-(OH)2D3 (Klein et al., 1977).
Pediatric Chief Residents’ Experiences as Inpatient Attending Physicians

Abstract Background Some pediatric chief residents perform supervisory clinical duties during chief residency, but these activities are highly variable and descriptions are limited. Our goals were to characterize inpatient service performed by pediatric chief residents and to explore factors that influence their experiences as inpatient attending physicians. Methods Pediatric chief residents at Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education–accredited programs in 2016 were invited to complete a 40-item electronic questionnaire about their inpatient service obligation as well as attitudes regarding this experience. Data were analyzed using Chi-square, analysis of variance tests, and logistic regression. Open-ended responses underwent content analysis. Results There were 116 completed surveys from a national sample of 223 (response rate 52%); 66% served as inpatient attending physicians during chief residency. On average, chief residents spent 5.5 weeks (range 1–16) in this role with a daily census of 11.5 patients (range 5–20). Those entering primary care were significantly less likely to spend time as an inpatient attending compared with chiefs entering fellowship or hospital medicine (45.7 vs 67.3 vs 83.3%, P = .01). Overall, 92% regarded their inpatient clinical experience positively and indicated they would like the same (40%) or more time (52%) in this role. The average favorability rating was 8.2 of 10, and this was not associated with clinical workload or career choice. Conclusions Most chief residents serve as inpatient attending physicians during chief residency. They rate their inpatient experience positively despite wide variability in clinical experiences, patient population, and clinical load. Further studies should examine the value of this experience and its impact on chief residents’ future practice.
An Investigation of Civilian Implicit Attitudes Toward Police Officers

This research investigated civilian implicit attitudes toward police. Previous research has solely used explicit measures (or examined police officers’ implicit reactions to civilians). Two studies assessed the implicit activation of safety and fear when participants were primed with police using a Word Fragment Completion Task (e.g., Johnson and Lord 2010). In a college sample, police primes led to increased safety and decreased fear construct activation, whereas in an online sample, both safety and fear became more accessible. Overall, results indicated that a wide range of individual differences in implicit attitudes toward police exist, that implicit reactions to police officers might be distinct from explicit global evaluations, and that, despite the existence of negative police-civilian interactions, the appearance of police officers might still tend to activate safety-related thoughts. The findings prompt the need to further assess the underlying cognitive components of civilian attitudes toward police officers.
A familial chromosomal complex rearrangement confirms RUNX1T1 as a causative gene for intellectual disability and suggests that 1p22.1p21.3 duplication is likely benign

Complex chromosomal rearrangements are constitutive structural aberrations involving three or more breaks. They can be balanced or unbalanced and result in different outcomes, depending on deletion/duplication of genomic material, gene disruption, or position effects. We report on a patient presenting with severe anemia, splenomegaly, mild intellectual disability and facial dysmorphisms harboring a 4.3 Mb duplication at 1p22.1p21.3 and a 2.1 Mb deletion at 8q21.3q22.1, involving RUNX1T1 gene. The healthy brother presented the same duplication of chromosome 1p as at 1p22.1p21.3. The rearrangement found both these siblings resulted from malsegregation in the proband and recombination in her healthy brother of a balanced paternal complex chromosomal rearrangement. These results confirm RUNX1T1 as a causative gene for intellectual disability and suggest the 1p22.1p21.3 duplication is likely benign.
Esaki Diode in Undoped Silicon Film

An Esaki diode with a peak-to-valley-current ratio (PVCR) of 3.59 is demonstrated at 77 K in ultrathin undoped fully depleted silicon-on-insulator (FD-SOI) film. For the first time, the high doping required for band-to-band tunneling (BTBT) is replaced with electrostatic doping in a virtual diode configuration. By manipulating the front- and back-gate bias, a virtual P–N junction with adjustable doping can be emulated. The negative differential resistance (NDR) is captured at a low temperature for high concentrations of free electrons and holes. The electrostatic Esaki diode is fully compatible with current FD-SOI CMOS technology and does not require elaborate doping tailoring. The difference between Esaki diodes with virtual or physical doping is outlined. The simulations show that the BTBT is no longer 1D, as it can occur diagonally through the body due to the asymmetric position of front- and back-gates. The impact of gates biasing and the optimization trends are discussed.
A Rare Presentation of a Rare Entity: Wellens Syndrome with Subtle Terminal T Wave Changes

Wellens syndrome is an electrocardiographic (ECG) pattern involving T waves in precordial leads that was first described in 1982 among a group of patients presenting with unstable angina suggestive of critical stenosis of the proximal left anterior descending (LAD) coronary. It is crucial for emergency physicians and internists to be able to recognize these patterns, as they occur in the symptom-free periods and represent a pre-infarction state that needs early intervention. Type A, which is characterized by biphasic T waves, mainly in V2 and V3, poses a significant challenge to recognize the pattern, and failure to do so can lead to devastating outcome. We report a case of type A Wellens syndrome with subtle T wave changes that went unnoticed during the initial assessment and led to start off on a wrong foot.
“How Can a Student with Severe Disabilities Be in a Fifth-Grade Class When He Can’t Do Fifth-Grade Level Work?” Misapplying the Least Restrictive Environment:

This article briefly responds to the following question: Why aren’t more students with severe disabilities being placed in general education classrooms? I offer five reasons why more students with ...
One Year Impact on Social Connectedness for Homebound Older Adults: Randomized Controlled Trial of Tele-delivered Behavioral Activation Versus Tele-delivered Friendly Visits.

ABSTRACT Objective To test the acceptability and effectiveness of a lay-coach-facilitated, videoconferenced, short-term behavioral activation (Tele-BA) intervention for improving social connectedness among homebound older adults. Methods We employed a two-site, participant-randomized controlled trial with 89 older adults (averaging 74 years old) who were recipients of, and initially screened by, home-delivered meals programs. All participants reported loneliness; many reported being socially isolated and/or dissatisfaction with social support. Participants received five weekly videoconference sessions of either Tele-BA or Tele-FV (friendly visits; active control). Three primary outcomes were social interaction (Duke Social Support Index [DSSI] Social Interaction Subscale), subjective loneliness (PROMIS Social Isolation Scale), and DSSI Satisfaction with Social Support Subscale. Depression severity (PHQ-9) and disability (WHODAS 2.0) were secondary outcomes. Mixed-effects regression models were fit to evaluate outcomes at 6- and 12-weeks follow-up. Results Compared to Tele-FV participants, Tele-BA participants had greater increase in social interaction (t [81] = 2.42, p = 0.018) and satisfaction with social support (t [82] = 2.00, p = 0.049) and decrease in loneliness (t [81] = −3.08, p = 0.003), depression (t [82] = −3.46, p = 0.001), and disability (t [81] = −2.29, p = 0.025). Conclusion A short-term, lay-coach-facilitated Tele-BA is a promising intervention for the growing numbers of homebound older adults lacking social connectedness. The intervention holds promise for scalability in programs that already serve homebound older adults. More research is needed to solidify the clinical evidence base, cost-effectiveness and sustainability of Tele-BA delivered by lay coaches for homebound and other older adults.
Visigothic Retinues: Roving Bandits that Succeeded Rome †

I employ a case study of the Visigoths in the fourth and fifth centuries to analyze the collective action problems faced by roving versus stationary bandits. A roving bandit provides exclusive collective goods to its members. A stationary bandit also provides exclusive goods to its members, but it also provides inclusive collective goods to out-group individuals in its domain. The inclusive goods provided to the out-group are an input to the production of the exclusive goods enjoyed by the in-group members. I describe how the transition from the former to the latter likely involves redefinition of the relevant group, its shared interest, and the type of good(s) that it provides. The Gothic retinues of the fourth century were essentially roving bandits. Having been driven across the Danube into the Roman Empire by an invasion of Huns, a group of these retinues formed the Visigothic confederacy. The Visigoths sacked Rome and were subsequently settled in Gaul, eventually becoming the stationary Visigothic Kingdom. I describe how the Visigothic elite came to recognize an encompassing interest in their domain and drew upon the human capital of the Gallo-Roman senators to provide inclusive collective goods.
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Utility of the Test of Memory Malingering in Pediatric Examinees

Objective This is the first systematic review and meta-analysis of the Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM) in pediatric examinees. It adheres to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Method A systematic literature search was conducted using PsycINFO and PubMed, reviewing articles from January 1997 to July 2019. Books providing data on pediatric validity testing were also reviewed for references to relevant articles. Eligibility criteria included publication in a peer-reviewed journal, utilizing a pediatric sample, providing sufficient data to calculate specificity and/or sensitivity, and providing a means for evaluating validity status external to the TOMM. After selection criteria were applied, 9 articles remained for meta-analysis. Samples included clinical patients and healthy children recruited for research purposes; ages ranged from 5 to 18. Fixed and random effects models were used to calculate classification accuracy statistics. Results Traditional adult-derived cutoffs for Trial 2 and Retention were highly specific (0.96-0.99) in pediatric examinees for both clinical and research samples. Sensitivity was relatively strong (0.68-0.70), although only two studies reported sensitivity rates. A supplemental review of the literature corroborated these findings, revealing that traditional adult-based TOMM cutoffs are supported in most pediatric settings. However, limited research exists on the impact of very young age, extremely low cognitive functioning, and varying clinical diagnoses. Conclusions The TOMM, at traditional adult cutoffs, has strong specificity as a performance validity test in pediatric neuropsychological evaluations. This meta-analysis found that specificity values in children are comparable to those of adults. Areas for further research are discussed.
PATTERN RECOGNITION OF NASOPHARYNGEAL CYTOKINES TO DISCRIMINATE SEVERITY OF RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS INFECTIONS

Background Expression of selected cytokines in children with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections has shown some association with severity of symptoms, yet these associations are not always strong or reproducible. Objective Analyse whether distinct cytokine “patterns”, rather than single cytokines, can discriminate (and thus predict) infants with different severity of RSV-induced respiratory illness. Methods 186 children ⩽2 years of age with symptoms of respiratory infections were enrolled. Nasopharyngeal secretions were analysed for viral pathogens and 27 cytokines by bead-based multiplex panel. Children were assigned a clinical diagnosis of upper respiratory infection (URI) alone or bronchiolitis, with or without hypoxia. Analysis of variance and Kruskal–Wallis tests were used to compare cytokine concentrations between groups and hierarchical clustering to reveal natural patterns in cytokine data. Supervised analysis (classification using decision trees and regression trees) was used to identify features that best predicted disease severity. Results 71 children diagnosed with RSV infections clustered into three major groups with low and high cytokines. A decision tree classifier based on IL-17 and macrophage inflammatory protein 1beta was able to discriminate URI from bronchiolitis (81% accuracy) and one based on IL-17 alone to classify children with bronchiolitis without or with hypoxia (80% accuracy). A logistic regression analysis that included IL-17 was equally accurate in discriminating bronchiolitis cases without hypoxia from those with hypoxia. Conclusions Our study provides proof of concept that informative patterns of cytokines can be detected and interpreted in nasopharyngeal secretions from patients with respiratory viral infection and may contribute to more objective classification of disease severity/type.
COVID-19 and Immigrant Essential Workers: Bhutanese and Burmese Refugees in the United States.

ObjectivesImmigrants are believed to be at high risk of infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). A leading suspecte...
Draining and spreading along geometries that cause converging flows: Viscous gravity currents on a downward-pointing cone and a bowl-shaped hemisphere

We report experiments observing the gravitational axisymmetric spreading of a viscous liquid with a fixed volume on inclined geometries that cause converging flows, for example, on a funnel and a bowl. The spreading of the liquid on these geometries is different from that on typical geometries such as an inclined plate: the thickness of the spreading front first decreases in time and then increases. These geometries also induce different new thresholds of fingering instabilities.
Depressive Symptoms among Pregnant and Postpartum Women in Prison

Introduction Women in prison experience high rates of mental and physical health problems, and pregnant and postpartum women in prison may be particularly vulnerable. Very few studies have examined depressive symptoms among women who are pregnant and give birth in prison. We assessed depressive symptoms longitudinally from pregnancy into the postpartum period in a sample of 58 women who gave birth in prison. We also considered whether incarceration-related factors (length of time incarcerated while pregnant, remaining length of sentence to serve after birth) were associated with depressive symptoms. Methods Data were collected as part of an ongoing evaluation of a prison-based pregnancy and parenting support program at one women's state prison. At prenatal and postpartum visits with their doula, women completed the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), a measure of depressive symptom severity. Results More than one-third of our sample of women who were incarcerated and gave birth in custody met criteria for moderate to severe depression on the PHQ-9 during pregnancy or the postpartum period. Women who faced longer periods of incarceration following birth and separation from their newborns reported higher levels of postpartum depressive symptoms. Discussion Findings have implications for practice and policy aimed at supporting the mental health needs of women who are pregnant in prison, particularly those women who give birth in custody and are separated from their newborns.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

The degree of clinical expression of both obstructive and nonobstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is widely variable. Many patients with HCM are asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic. Most patients with mild or moderate HCM respond well to medical therapy, but medical therapy in patients with severe disease is only marginally beneficial. In some instances, medical therapy can even complicate management by producing significant conduction disturbances. Most symptomatic patients with a significant resting outflow tract gradient may respond to atrioventricular sequential electronic pacing. Most of these patients eventually become symptomatic again, however, because of progression of the disease process or other unknown factors. The outcome of myotomy-myectomy depends greatly on the surgeon’s experience with this surgical procedure. In patients with very severe hypertrophy or evidence of left ventricular dilatation and systolic dysfunction, cardiac transplantation should be considered earlier than it would be on the basis of symptoms, functional capacity, and other factors.
Diving into Data: Planning a Research Data Management Event.

The roles librarians play in data management vary depending on institutional need and support. While some libraries have established collaborations in these areas and have integrated themselves into data management activities, other libraries are in the beginning stages of assisting researchers with their data management challenges. The areas where librarians play roles also vary widely and may include consulting and writing data management plans for grant applications, assisting with determining metadata standards, data curation and archiving, and finding and citing appropriate data repositories. (Tenopir et al. 2012; Soehner 2010) Additionally, many academic research libraries are planning to offer data management services but have not initiated them at this time. (Tenopir et al. 2014) Since these services can be institution-specific, they can be implemented in many ways. (Raboin et al. 2013) A challenge most libraries face is in addressing the needs of a diverse clientele. The George T. Harrell Health Sciences Library (Harrell Library) supports the information, research, and education needs of almost 10,000 faculty, staff, students, and postdoctoral scholars across both the Penn State College of Medicine and the Milton S. Hershey Medical Center (Penn State Hershey). In addition to the large user population, the Harrell Library supports a wide range of research activities in clinical, biomedical, and translational areas, as well as providing support for medical and graduate education programs. With no formal mechanism to assist researchers with data management issues, most information was scattered throughout the institution. Many people relied on “word of mouth” or did not know where to turn when faced with questions related to data management. The action taken to initiate library involvement in data management activities was to host a half-day data management symposium, with the target audience being researchers – faculty, staff, and students at Penn State Hershey and University Park campuses. The goals of this event were to assist researchers in identifying resources and information on data management and to highlight the library as a conduit of information.
Neighborhood environment and physical activity among youth a review

CONTEXT: Research examining the association between environmental attributes and physical activity among youth is growing. An updated review of literature is needed to summarize the current evidence base, and to inform policies and environmental interventions to promote active lifestyles among young people. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: A literature search was conducted using the Active Living Research (ALR) literature database, an online database that codes study characteristics and results of published papers on built/social environment and physical activity/obesity/sedentary behavior. Papers in the ALR database were identified through PubMed, Web of Science, and SPORTDiscus using systematically developed and expert-validated search protocols. For the current review, additional inclusion criteria were used to select observational, quantitative studies among youth aged 3-18 years. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: Papers were categorized by design features, sample characteristics, and measurement mode. Relevant results were summarized, stratified by age (children or adolescents) and mode of measurement (objective or perceived) for environmental attributes and physical activity. Percentage of significant results was calculated. CONCLUSIONS: Mode of measurement greatly influenced the consistency of associations between environmental attributes and youth physical activity. For both children and adolescents, the most consistent associations involved objectively measured environmental attributes and reported physical activity. The most supported correlates for children were walkability, traffic speed/volume, access/proximity to recreation facilities, land-use mix, and residential density. The most supported correlates for adolescents were land-use mix and residential density. These findings support several recommendations for policy and environmental change from such groups as the IOM and National Physical Activity Plan. Language: en
A ground-based facility for nanosatellite systems testing in relevant environments

There is a growing demand for a modern ground-based facility for accurate spacecraft environment simulation. The function of simulation facilities is to assist scientists and engineers in the design and selection of materials and systems for future space missions. There are currently facilities in existence that simulate space; however they are generally limited to testing one or two environmental factors at a time. This has drawbacks in that the combined effects of multiple environmental parameters can affect materials and systems in a different manner than the singular factors alone. The Chamber for Atmospheric and Orbital Space Simulation (ChAOSS) is currently being developed at the University of Colorado Colorado Springs to simulate multiple parameters of the orbital and inter orbital environments that spacecraft will be exposed to in future missions. This facility will have the ability to accurately simulate multiple space environment conditions allowing for synergistic testing of materials, thermal systems, electronics, and optics. To ensure a higher rate of mission success, sensors need to be tested prior to conducting on-orbit measurements to evaluate the influence of the space environment in relation to sensor performance. The growing demand for smaller spacecraft and diagnostic equipment has been made feasible by recent advances in micromachining and the development of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). Due to the reduced size of nanosatellites the ChAOSS facility will have the unique ability to provide experimental validation and calibration of sensors in relevant environments during the design, development, and testing phase. In addition to these applications the facility is of sufficient size to be a potential testbed for a completed nanosatellite system.
The infection of leafhoppers by Western X-disease virus

Abstract The lethal effect of a plant virus, peach Western X-disease virus (WXV) was investigated in a leafhopper vector, Colladonus montanus. Our earlier reports of cytopathology in trophocytes of the adipose tissue, perineurium of cephalic neural system, serous cells of the salivary glands, and alimentary tract tissue are supplemented in this paper by description of similar cytopathological signs in the mycetome, urate cells, collaterial gland, the ten remaining cell types of the salivary gland, the corpus cardiacum, pericardial cells, and connective tissue. Nonviruliferous insects were found to undergo a definite sequence of depletion of adipose tissue. The speed of depletion was reduced by viral infection, but viral “inclusions” could be found in fat cells of many stages. Whereas accumulation of densely staining basophilic material in the cytoplasm was the most typical and identifiable cytopathological symptom, a prior stage is hypothesized, characterized by nuclear hypertrophy and decreased chromaticity of cytoplasm. Cells in this stage were noted in salivary, adipose, and Malpighian tubule tissue. Extreme shrinkage or swelling of cells occurred in certain salivary acini. Systemic pathology in oviduct, alimentary tract, and possibly urate cells, could not be definitely interpreted but may have represented the onset of the moribund condition. Lesions in a particular tissue frequently occurred in apposition with lesions in a different adjacent tissue. Cephalic lesions occurred earliest on the cephalic structures first receiving hemolymph from the aorta. Insects injected with high concentrations of virus, but not transmitting WXV to celery, usually exhibited no pathology, but one anomalous case is examined in detail. Insects transmitting WXV, but living longer than other infected insects nonetheless showed severe pathological changes. Insects acquiring WXV during early life demonstrated severe pathalogy in early adulthood. Relevance of these observations to possible Mycoplasma etiology of many leafhopper-borne “yellows” plant diseases is discussed.
A statistical comparison of gold plating systems under specific fretting parameters

This research paper presents a statistical comparison of the gold produced by a cyanide and a sulfite plating bath under different fretting conditions. It also examines the effect of lubrication on sulfite flashed gold. Additional experimentation characterizes the fret amplitude and current interaction and discusses their optimal conditions. The research study found no statistical differences between the two gold plating systems. Lubricants provide some protection from fretting wear, but also increase the amount of movement for a given force. Finally, fret amplitude and current flow through a contact should be kept at a minimum.
How does economic globalisation affect the welfare state? Focusing on the mediating effect of welfare regimes

In recent years the impact of globalisation on the welfare state has become a major issue in comparative policy studies. Some empirical studies demonstrate a negative relationship between globalisation and the welfare state, while others show adverse findings or a non-significant relationship. The impact of globalisation, however, can be neither uniform nor unidirectional because of the differences in the political economies of individual welfare states. Welfare regimes reflect qualitative differences in arrangements of welfare institutions and the associated enduring configuration of the welfare nexus, suggesting that welfare regimes may influence the impact of globalisation on the welfare state. We scrutinise the relationship between globalisation and the welfare state by sampling 18 affluent countries from 1980 to 2001 and concentrating on the mediating effect of three welfare regime types. Our study provides a comprehensive examination of the relationship between globalisation and the welfare state using a state-of-the-art analytical technique – the mixed-effect model. Findings suggest that welfare regimes respond differently to the impact of globalisation and therefore mediate the relationship between globalisation and the welfare state. Globalisation negatively affects the welfare state in a social democratic regime, while it marginally affects the welfare state in liberal and conservative regimes.
Making sense of shape: An analysis of children's written responses

Abstract In this study, we examine a large set of student responses to a constructed-response geometry item on the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) administered in 1992 and 1996. The item asks students to name the similarities and differences between a parallelogram and a rectangle of equal area presented side by side on a grid. Through categorization of student work utilizing the constant comparison method [Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic Inquiry , Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications], we identified two distinct categories of responses. The first group of responses indicates that students view the two figures as the same based on flexible prototypes while the second group indicates students view the two figures as distinct shapes based on inflexible prototypes. The research uncovers responses that show evidence of students’ development of a dynamic figural concept in which student understanding is based on sense-making that involves mentally manipulating the shapes. In addition, the research highlights the richness of the evidence obtained from constructed-response items administered as part of standardized assessments.
Finite viscoplastic deflections of an impulsively loaded plate by the mode approximation technique

Abstract The application of the mode approximation technique to a fully clamped circular plate is here described. Mode solutions for finite deflections are obtained from a sequence of instantaneous modes. Master solutions for chosen initial velocity amplitudes are constructed in nondimensional form. These depend weakly on a parameter of viscoplastic material behavior and size of structure, and so can be applied to a variety of loadings and structures. Finding each instantaneous mode shape and acceleration constitutes an eigenproblem, solved by finite elements with iterations. Comparisons with recent tests on steel and titanium plates are discussed in some detail.
Multiple asteroid flyby opportunities in the 1970's and 1980's.

Trajectory characteristics are described for several representative multiple asteroid flyby (MAF) missions possible in the 1970's and early 1980's, many of which are constrained to include a flyby of Ceres, the largest asteroid. It is shown that flybys of three or four asteroids are possible with spacecraft having a delta-V capability of less than 1 km per sec. The major technical problems associated with MAF missions are due to the small size and poorly known orbits of aster oids. These factors make acquisition, guidance, and science measurements difficult, especially for the very small asteroids. Yet, MAF missions are expected to provide a significant increase in knowledge of basic properties of asteroids and to lay the groundwork for more sophisticated rendezvous and sample return missions.
Total synthesis of haminol A: an analysis of vinylpyridine metathesis reactivity

The total synthesis of haminol A has been completed featuring a masked-alkene metathesis reaction followed by bis-acyloxysulfone elimination to install the 1,3,8-triene subunit. During the course of our synthesis, the metathesis reactivity of 3-vinylpyridine was evaluated and our data suggest the rapid formation of a ruthenium pyridylalkylidene that no longer participates in productive metathesis. A chemotaxis assay using Caenorhabditis elegans demonstrated that haminol A produced an avoidance response from this organism.
Spin-resolved cyclotron resonance in InAs quantum wells: A study of the energy-dependent g factor

We report the observation of the spin-doublet splitting of cyclotron resonance (CR) in a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG). Two discernible CR peaks, originating from spin-conserved transitions between adjacent sets of spin-split Landau states, are observed at a magnetic field as low as 4.4 T. The observed doublet features in the vicinity of even and odd integer filling factors are attributed to the linear dependence of the g factor and effective mass on the electron energy, respectively. In addition, our data show that the g factor of a 2DEG has a smaller energy dependence than that of bulk electrons.
Expression of genes encoding oleosin isoforms in the embryos of maturing maize kernels

Abstract Oleosins are small hydrophobic proteins localized on the surface of oil bodies in diverse seeds. A cDNA clone of maize ( Zea mays L.) oleosin KD 18 was obtained by screening a cDNA library of maturing maize embryos with cDNA probes obtained by reverse transcription of size-fractionated poly(A) + RNA, and identifying the KD 18 clones using hybrid-select translation followed by immunorecognition of the translation products. Northern hybridization analyses using KD 18 cDNA as a probe were employed to study the levels of KD 18 mRNA. Two species of KD 18 mRNA were found; the major one had 1.1 kb and the minor one contained 1.0 kb. The presence of KD 18 mRNA was tissue specific and was found only in the maturing embryo. The level of KD 18 mRNA in the embryo increased during seed maturation and reached a peak 40 days after pollination. It declined rapidly as the kernel matured and was not detectable 2 days after seed imbibition. Abscisic acid applied to imbibing mature kernels inhibited germination and, at the same time, enhanced the level of KD 18 mRNA and prolonged its presence. An examination of the published genomic sequence of the KD 18 gene revealed putative ABA-responsive sequences in the 5′ upstream region of the coding sequence. Southern hybridization of restriction enzyme digests of genomic DNA showed two possible KD 18 genes. No specific amplification of the KD 18 gene was apparent in the maturing embryo. The pattern of gene expression is similar, although not identical, to that of oleosin KD 16 gene in the same maize embryo. The coordinate expression of the two maize oleosin genes emphasizes the close similarity among oleosin isoforms.
Geometric considerations of deformation above curved normal faults and salt evacuation surfaces

Over the last 15 years, validation of structural interpretations has relied heavily on cross‐section balancing. Major contributions to the utility of this approach were made by the introduction of quantitative methods for cross‐section construction and restoration. Although the various methods are applicable to both extensional and contractional structures, there has been a tendency for geologists to assume vertical or inclined shear only when considering deformation above normal faults and layer‐parallel shear when considering deformation above thrust faults (Figure 1). This division reflects the characteristics of the two types of models.
Alternate approaches to solving the Holt et al. model and to performing sensitivity analysis

Abstract The staircase structure of the recurrence relations for the Holt et al. model can be used to develop simple and efficient computational approaches for obtaining the optimal solution. The computational approaches are noniterative. We deal with finite planning horizon cases in which one or more terminal boundary conditions are not specified. The computation time varies linearly with the number of periods in the planning horizon. A framework is also developed for sensitivity analysis on the terminal values and for generation of alternate production plans. The alternate plans provide considerable flexibility to the decision maker because they can be evaluated in the context of (a) constraints not included in the model, (b) plant capacity, (c) actual costs, and (d) implications beyond the planning horizon. The results should be of interest for real world applications as well as for research because the Holt et al. model continues to be used as a benchmark to evaluate the performance of other aggregate production planning models.
Biomimetic Platforms for Human Stem Cell Research

Stem cells are central to developing new treatment options for tissue regeneration and constructing controllable models for biological research. Bioengineered cell culture environments that combine microenvironmental control with tissue-specific transport and signaling are critical tools in our efforts to study tissue development, regeneration, and disease under conditions that predict the human in vivo context. We propose that experimentation at the interfaces of biology, engineering, and medical sciences is critical for unlocking the full potential of stem cells. Here, we focus on the design and utilization of in vitro platforms that recapitulate the environments associated with tissue development, disease, and regeneration.