cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hippocampal subregions differentially associate with standardized memory tests.

Recent studies suggest that individual hippocampal subregions perform distinct cognitive operations and are differentially targeted by aging and disease. Although originally developed to assess global hippocampal function, whether performance on standard memory tests used in neuropsychological batteries is associated with individual hippocampal subregions remains unknown. Here we addressed this issue by imaging 210 neuropsychologically characterized subjects using a high-resolution variant of functional magnetic resonance imaging that generates maps reflective of basal hippocampal metabolism. Regression analysis revealed memory tests that differentially associate with two hippocampal subregions, the entorhinal cortex (EC) and the dentate gyrus (DG). Whereas performance on the delayed retention component of the Selective Reminding Test was associated with the EC, performance on the recognition component of the Benton Visual Retention Test (BVRT) was associated with the DG. Furthermore, elevation in blood glucose, previously shown to target the DG, was found to correlate selectively with the recognition component of the BVRT. These findings provide further evidence that the hippocampal subregions perform distinct roles, and, interpreted in the context of previous neuropsychological and imaging studies, confirm that aging and Alzheimer's disease target different hippocampal subregions. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A Regional Survey of Lighting Education Resources Among Colleges and Universities

A study was conducted to survey the state of lighting education resources among colleges and universities offering lighting related programs within a 275 mile radius of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. A 19-item questionnaire was mailed to 70 schools in eight states and the District of Columbia. Twenty-nine questionnaires (41%) were returned. Of the respondents teaching lighting, the majority (72%) felt teaching resources were inadequate. The two greatest needs were a modelmaking/testing facility and measurement equipment. The least needed resources were library references and a mainframe computer. The major obstacle to resource adequacy was combinations of money, space, and equipment. It is suggested that greater communication between educators, businesses, and professional organizations as to the availability of low cost solutions and the development of a consortium to share expensive resources might contribute to a solution.
ANTENATAL CORTICOSTEROID (ANCS) USE IN PRETERM LABOR IN THE USA. 647

Following the NIH Consensus Conference on Antenatal Corticosteroids (ANCS), we conducted a survey (questionnaire) of self-reported practice of all USA members of the Society of Perinatal Obstetricians (SPO), n=1420, to determine the prevalence and nature of ANCS use in clinical practice in the USA. After 3 mailings there was a 68% response rate (n=963), of which at least 64% were board certified in Maternal-Fetal Medicine. All practicing members of the SPO use ANCS. Of those responding, 89% use betamethasone, mean dose 12±7 mg, given q12 (33.1%) or q24 (66.5%), to fetuses of gestational age 24.1 to 33.9 weeks. The rest use dexamethasone. Twenty eight% (n=267) would treat if delivery is expected to occur within 6h, 55% (n=526) if within 6-12h, and 97%(n=932) if within 24-48h. ANCS are used in the presence of prolonged premature rupture of membranes (84%), pregnancy induced hypertension (94%), gestational diabetes treated with insulin (85%), and in multiple gestation without changing the dose. Of those using betamethasone, 96% give more than one course of ANCS, usually weekly (92%), with 92% retreating whether active labor persists or recurs, and at least 49% retreating even after preterm labor has stopped and the patient has been discharged home. 58% would give a maximum of 6 or more courses, 21% 4-5 courses, 12% 3 courses, and 6% only 2 courses. We conclude that as of March 1995, the majority of USA members of the SPO are compliant with most recommendations of the NIH Consensus Conference. However since there are no data on the benefit or safety of multiple courses of ANCS, this practice clearly needs further study.
Property Law, Expropriation, and Resource Allocation by Government: the United States, 1789–1910

Expropriation of private property by government is seldom found on the list of policies which have influenced the course of economic development in American history. To be sure, the once-vigorous myth of antebellum laisser-faire has been discarded; and it is no longer taken as a startling proposition that governmental interventions to promote and regulate the economy occurred regularly throughout the nineteenth century. But for two reasons, I think, expropriation as an instrument of conscious resource allocation has failed to receive from historians the attention it deserves.
Paleogeographic Evolution of China: ABSTRACT

China presents a challenge to the paleogeographer because all but 9% of this huge country has been tectonically deformed between the Jurassic and the present. Even the undeformed areas--the Sichuan basin of south China, the Ordos basin of north China, and the Tarim and Dzungarian basins of west China--have thrust-loaded margins. The present geometry of China resulted from the accretion to Asia during the late Paleozoic to the early Cenozoic of three moderate-size continents (Yangtze, Sino-Korean, and Tarim) as well as numerous smaller continental fragments in the region of the Tibetan Plateau. As might be expected, the present collision pattern of India with Asia and the resultant thrusting of western China and "continental escape" of eastern China by transtensional syste s became manifest during some of these earlier collision episodes. Is there any hope of "untying the Gordian knot" and reconstructing this complicated history with any confidence? Chinese geologists have been able to date the collisions of the constituent microcontinents by studying the ophiolite and flysch sequences. Their biogeographic studies would point to Gondwana as the most likely source of these continental elements. Also, Chinese geologists have been assiduous in describing the rich stratigraphic record of their country, so it is possible to deduce from the distribution of the climatically sensitive sediments the approximate paleolatitudes of the microcontinents during their transits of Tethys. This information can be compared with paleomagnetic results that are just becoming available. The sea-floor-spreading history of the Indian Ocean pro ides some constraints, but prior to the collision of India in the Eocene, China was completely surrounded by subduction zones and therefore detached from the ocean floor. The general picture then is the accretion in succession, from north to south, of microcontinents, of which India is the most recent arrival. Left-lateral deformation between and within these elements was a recurrent End_Page 2046------------------------------ pattern from the Jurassic onward. Subduction zones formed on the southern and eastern margins of the accreting Asian continent, but the eastern arcs were of an extensional nature. The timing of this back-arc extension varied from place to place, i.e., Late Jurassic in the Songliao basin of northeast China, Cretaceous in the basin-and-range-type extension in southeast China, and middle to late Tertiary in the Japan Sea, Bohai, Subei, East China Sea, and South China Sea basins of the entire eastern perimeter of the continent. End_of_Article - Last_Page 2047------------
Resource quality, dispersion and mating prospects for crabs occupying bryozoan colonies

Responses by the xanthid crab Pilumnus sayi Rathbun to varied resource conditions were tested in a series of laboratory and field experiments and from those results aspects of mating strategies were inferred. Crabs discerned differences in both quality and dispersion of their critical resource, the bryozoan Schizoporella pungens Canu et Bassler. Crabs preferred bryozoan heads > 17-ml volume displacement, heads attached to the substratum and heads with cavities. Crabs moved quickly to heads along straight paths and occupied heads alone. These results, combined with previously published data, implicated refuge from predation as the primary resource value of heads. A preference for clumped rather than dispersed heads was sex-dependent and males moved between heads more frequently than did females. Movement by males was inhibited by the presence of a larger male, with or without females present. When resource quality was controlled in the field and only head dispersion varied, clumped heads favored a spatial pattern among crabs consistent with large males amidst several females. Overdispersed heads resulted in that pattern plus individual females amidst several males. Smaller males on clumped heads also had apparently greater access to prospective mates than did their counterparts on overdispersed heads. A working model of flexible mating strategies for P. sayi is proposed.
Subcloning, Expression, Purification, and Characterization of Haemophilus influenzae Glycerol Kinase

Glycerol kinase (EC 2.7.1.30) is a bacterial sugar kinase and a member of the sugar kinase/actin/hsc-70 superfamily of enzymes. The enzyme from Escherichia coli is an allosteric regulatory enzyme whose activity is inhibited by fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (FBP) and the glucose-specific phosphocarrier of the phosphoenolpyruvate:glycose phosphotransferase system, IIA(Glc) (previously termed III(Glc)). Comparison of its primary structure with that of the highly similar Haemophilus influenzae glycerol kinase reveals that the amino acid sequence for the binding site for FBP is conserved while the amino acid sequence for the binding site for IIA(Glc) contains differences that are predicted to prevent its inhibition. To test this hypothesis, the H. influenzae glpK gene was assembled from DNA library fragments and subcloned into pUC18. The enzyme is expressed at high levels in E. coli. It was purified to greater than 90% homogeneity by taking advantage of its solubility behavior in a procedure that requires no column chromatography. The initial-velocity kinetic parameters of the purified enzyme are similar to those of the E. coli glycerol kinase. The H. influenzae glycerol kinase is inhibited by FBP but not by IIA(Glc), in agreement with the prediction based on sequence comparison. Sedimentation velocity experiments reveal that inhibition of HiGK by FBP is associated with oligomerization, behavior which is similar to EcGK. The possibility of utilizing mutagenesis studies to exploit the high degree of similarity of these two enzymes to elucidate the mechanism of allosteric regulation by IIA(Glc) is discussed.
The Blindness of Saint Paul

The Book of Acts in the Bible relates the story of St Paul's sudden blindness and subsequent recovery of vision. St Paul was walking along when he saw a bright light; he fell down and awoke blind. He remained blind for three days, at which time his vision returned from a "laying on of hands." Numerous theories have been proposed to account for this event. A review of the available evidence suggests that there are six additional previously unreported possible causes, which are enumerated in detail.
RESPONSE TO THERAPY IN CHILDREN WITH LOW INTEGRATED CONCENTRATION OF GROWTH HORMONE

We have previously demonstrated that the response of GH to pharmacologic stimulation does not always correspond to the actual integrated concentration of GH (ICGH)(JCEM 48:811, 1979). Spiliotis et al have reported that 3 of 7 children who had a normal response to GH provocative tests but a reduced amplitude or frequency of GH pulses, responded to GH therapy (Abstract 528 Endocr. Soc. 1983).
Chronic amphetamine administration decreases brain tryptophan hydroxylase activity in cats.

Abstract Chronic administration of d-amphetamine sulfate (7.5 mg/kg, i.p. every 12 hrs. for 6 days) to cats produced significant decreases in the Vmax of brain-stem and forebrain tryptophan hydroxylase when measured 1 day (−34 and −46%) and 10 days (−17 and −30%) after the final amphetamine injection. Serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5HIAA) levels were decreased by a similar magnitude. A single injection of amphetamine (7.5 mg/kg) produced no significant changes in tryptophan hydroxylase activity, serotonin, or 5HIAA when measured 1 day after the injection. Neither acute nor chronic amphetamine treatment produced any significant changes in the Km of tryptophan hydroxylase for either tryptophan or the natural co-factor, tetrahydrobiopterin. These data suggest that chronic amphetamine treatment decreases central serotonergic neurotransmission by an action on the rate-limiting enzyme in serotonin biosynthesis.
National trends in osteoporosis visits and osteoporosis treatment, 1988-2003.

Background Research is limited on physicians' prescribing practices for osteoporosis treatment. We investigated patterns of pharmacotherapy from 1988 to 2003 and the impact of new medications on identification and treatment of patients with osteoporosis. Methods We tracked trends from 1988 through 2003 in the frequency of osteoporosis visits and patterns of pharmacotherapy associated with these visits using nationally representative data on prescribing patterns by office-based US physicians from the IMS HEALTH National Disease and Therapeutic Index. Results The number of physician visits for osteoporosis increased 4-fold between 1994 (1.3 million visits) and 2003 (6.3 million visits), whereas it had remained stable in prior years. This increase coincided with the availability of oral daily bisphosphonates and the selective estrogen receptor modulator raloxifene. The annualized percentage of osteoporosis visits where medications were prescribed increased from 82% in 1988 to 97% by 2003. Prior to 1994, the leading choices for osteoporosis therapy were calcium and estrogens, with lesser roles played by calcitonins and bisphosphonates. Between 1994 and 2003, the percentage of visits where bisphosphonates and raloxifene were prescribed increased from 14% to 73% and from 0% to 12%, respectively, while prescriptions for other medications declined. Conclusions New medications for osteoporosis offering improved efficacy and convenient dosing were associated with increased frequency of patient visits and treatment. This finding suggests that new drug therapy contributed to increased disease recognition and treatment.
SU‐FF‐T‐25: Comparison of Intra‐Operative Computer Optimized and Nomogram‐Based Total Implant Activities in Prostate I‐125 Seed Implants

Purpose: Nomograms correlating total I-125 seed activity, prostatic volume and prescription dose have been published in the literature. In this study, we have retrospectively compared our institutional patient I-125 seed implant activity data with nomogram-based calculations. Our objectives were: (a) to identify if our computer optimized implanted activity data followed any particular nomogram, and (b) to evaluate if implanting adequate activity guaranteed good post-implant dosimetric results. Method and Materials: The charts of 255 patients with clinically localized prostate cancer who underwent TRUS guided I-125 seed implantation of the prostate were reviewed. The median pre-implant US prostate volume was 35 cc (range 14 – 82 cc) and the median total activity was 30.9 mCi (range 14.76 – 64.17 mCi). In 95% of the cases, intra-operative computerized dosimetric planning was performed to optimize the needles, seeds and seed positions. For each patient, a CT-study obtained 1-month after the procedure was used for post-implant dosimetry. Results: Our patient implanted activity data was within the range predicted by various nomograms, except in cases where intra-operative computer planning was not used (Fig 1). Implanted activities were dispersed and did not follow activity curve of any specific nomogram. Implanting adequate activity did not always result in good post-implant dosimetry (median D90 value 108.8 Gy, range 31.64 – 256.6 Gy, p 1.5 was associated with decreased D90 (median CT/US ratio 1.51, range 1 – 3.3) (p<0.0001) (Fig 3). Conclusion: Nomogram calculated and computer optimized activities complement each other, however, intra-operative computerized activity optimization should continue to be the gold standard in prostate seed brachytherapy. Even in properly implanted prostates, discrepancies caused by contouring prostate on US and CT- based images, plus any real volume changes due to edema, significantly influence post-implant dosimetric quality. CT/US-fusion featured on newer planning systems should lessen these contouring uncertainties.
Computation of Shock Induced Noise in Imperfectly Expanded Supersonic Jets

Screech noise exists in imperfectly expanded jets. When the exit pressure of imperfectly expanded jet does not match its backpressure, expansion or compression waves appear out of the nozzle and generate shock cell patterns. Screech is generated by the interaction of shock cells and instability waves. Although many studies have been conducted to model screech noise, it still is not yet a well-understood phenomenon.In the present computational study, the results help better understand screech generation mechanisms and they are compared with the latest available experiments. First, axisymmetric models are constructed for underexpanded jets of 25.4 mm diameter and Mach numbers of 1.19 and 1.43. Then, three dimensional (3D) models are computed for jets with Mach numbers of 1.43 and 1.80. The mathematical model consists of full Navier-Stokes equations in cylindrical coordinates, and large-eddy-simulation turbulence modeling. For spatial discretizations, a fifth-order, weighted essentially non-oscillatory schem...
Ultrahigh pressure: Beyond 2 megabars and the ruby fluorescence scale

A new design of the diamond-window, high-pressure cell has permitted static pressure of 2.8 megabars to be generated for the first time. The design is unusually stable mechanically, and thus it should be possible to use the new cell to study most materials, including hydrogen, in the unexplored pressure region above 1 megabar.
Polarization Combining in the DSN - Recent Results

Communications with satellites exploring other planets and objects far from Earth is provided by NASA's Deep Space Network (DSN). Deep space by its nature places a limit on return data rates. This adds to mission cost through extended contact time. Methods that increase mission data rates can substantially reduce the number of required ground contacts and overall cost; or, alternatively, they can increase science data return for a fixed amount of contact time. This paper reports on the first in-flight results of using polarization diversity combining in deep space communications to nearly double the downlink data rate. The DSN and the satellite microwave telecommunications systems are detailed, along with a model of the DSN combining gain. Test results from Mars Odyssey and the New Horizons Mission to Pluto are described, including operational constraints and potential improvements. The significant impact and benefits of this new capability are discussed.
Preparing Students in Online Debates with Worked Examples

The current study investigates the effects of preparing students for an online debate through a worked example in terms of student perception, participation, and level of cognitive skills. The study found that students prepared for online debate through a worked example participated more frequently, wrote more words or phrases that encouraged the participation of others, and used higher-order thinking skills. This study provides empirical evidence that worked examples can be used to model behaviors for students to emulate in online debates.
Dietary levels of quinine in tonic water do not inhibit CYP2D6 in vivo.

Abstract Quinine is a bitter alkaloid that is used as a flavoring agent in tonic water. Studies suggest that quinine can inhibit cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) which could have implications for the metabolism of co-ingested drugs. We conducted a study with 11 healthy volunteers (7 men, 4 women; aged 26–54). After urinary void, each subject consumed either 1000 ml of carbonated water or 1000 ml of tonic water containing 80 mg quinine in a crossover design. Following each beverage subjects ingested an oral dose of 30 mg dextromethorphan (DM). Urine was collected for 8 h and analyzed for DM and dextrophran, its CYP2D6 mediated metabolite. The ratio of DM and its metabolite is an established measure of CYP2D6 activity. All subjects metabolized the vast majority of DM to its metabolite after both the carbonated water and the tonic water. The ratio (mean±S.D.) of DM to its metabolite was 0.013±0.028 after the carbonated water and 0.032±0.067 after the quinine containing water. No significant difference in the ratios was observed between the two beverages (P>0.05). We conclude that quinine as consumed in tonic water does not inhibit CYP2D6 activity in vivo. Thus, quinine should not alter the metabolism of CYP2D6 substrates taken concomitantly with tonic water.
SOVIET SECRETS IN THE ETHER - CLANDESTINE RADIO STATIONS AT THE NEW YORK AND SAN FRANCISCO CONSULATES IN WORLD WAR II

This article details the operation of illegal clandestine radio stations at the Soviet consulates in San Francisco and New York in 1943, the reasons for their establishment, and the American response to them.
Deep Brain Stimulation Imposes Complex Informational Lesions

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) therapy has become an essential tool for treating a range of brain disorders. In the resting state, DBS is known to regularize spike activity in and downstream of the stimulated brain target, which in turn has been hypothesized to create informational lesions. Here, we specifically test this hypothesis using repetitive joint articulations in two non-human Primates while recording single-unit activity in the sensorimotor globus pallidus and motor thalamus before, during, and after DBS in the globus pallidus (GP) GP-DBS resulted in: (1) stimulus-entrained firing patterns in globus pallidus, (2) a monophasic stimulus-entrained firing pattern in motor thalamus, and (3) a complete or partial loss of responsiveness to joint position, velocity, or acceleration in globus pallidus (75%, 12/16 cells) and in the pallidal receiving area of motor thalamus (ventralis lateralis pars oralis, VLo) (38%, 21/55 cells). Despite loss of kinematic tuning, cells in the globus pallidus (63%, 10/16 cells) and VLo (84%, 46/55 cells) still responded to one or more aspects of joint movement during GP-DBS. Further, modulated kinematic tuning did not always necessitate modulation in firing patterns (2/12 cells in globus pallidus; 13/23 cells in VLo), and regularized firing patterns did not always correspond to altered responses to joint articulation (3/4 cells in globus pallidus, 11/33 cells in VLo). In this context, DBS therapy appears to function as an amalgam of network modulating and network lesioning therapies.
Effects of intermittent exposure to high atmospheric CO2 on vegetative growth in soybean

Short-term exposure to high CO2 increases rates of photosynthesis and growth in soybeans, but with prolonged high CO2 exposure, these high rates are sometimes not maintained. Growth of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill cv. Fiskeby V) seedlings kept for 25 days at atmospheres of 350 or 1000 μ/l CO2 was compared with growth of plants given 2, 4 or 6 day alternating exposure to high and low CO2 levels (13 days of total exposure to each level). Final dry weight of plants increased with number of days in high CO2 but leaf areas were not greatly affected. Thus dry weight gains per unit leaf area (net assimilation rates) were higher in high CO2 than in low CO2 throughout the entire period of the experiment and the pattern of exposure to high CO2 did not affect the rate of dry weight gain in high CO2.
A Cross-Cultural Study of Task Persistence of Young Children in Japan and the United States:

The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that Japanese children do demonstrate higher task persistence, under noncompetitive conditions, than their peers in the United States. The subjects for the study were 107 first-grade students in Japan and 86 first-grade students in the United States from four elementary schools in each country. The research was designed to include three major independent variables: culture, school type, and sex. The results supported the hypothesis in demonstrating greater persistence by Japanese children, compared to their American peers. Type of school or sex of the pupil did not have any significant effect on task persistence.
The New Materials Science and Engineering Curriculum at the Ohio State University

A new Materials Science and Engineering (MSE) curriculum is in effect at the Ohio State University starting fall, 2002. This curriculum is composed of four parts: Novel features of the new curriculum include:
Total Synthesis and Structural Reassignment of Lyngbyaloside C Highlighted by Intermolecular Ketene Esterification

Lyngbyaloside C, a classic macrolide, isolated from Lyngbya bouilloni, has shown moderate anticancer activity against several cancer cell lines. Here, we report the first total synthesis and stereochemical configuration reassignment of lyngbyaloside C. The synthesis highlights a one-pot intermolecular ketene esterification reaction to form the crucial tertiary ester and tetrahydropyran. In addition, a novel and concise synthetic pathway towards the 1,3-syn secondary, tertiary diol fragment is described using a regio- and stereospecific electrophilic ether transfer reaction.
Representative Democracy in Australian Local Government

In an assessment of representative democracy in Australian local government, this paper considers long-run changes in forms of political representation, methods of vote counting, franchise arrangements, numbers of local government bodies and elected representatives, as well as the thorny question of constitutional recognition. This discussion is set against the background of ongoing tensions between the drive for economic efficiency and the maintenance of political legitimacy, along with more deep-seated divisions emerging from the legal relationship between local and state governments and the resultant problems inherent in local government autonomy versus state intervention.
Individual Readiness for Organizational Change and Its Implications for Human Resource and Organization Development.

Individual readiness for organizational change reflects the concept of unfreezing proposed by Lewin (1947/1997b) and is critical to successful change implementation. Understanding the conditions conducive to individual readiness for organizational change, instead of the more traditional focus on resistance to change, can be useful for designing and implementing effective human resource and organization development (HROD) interventions. In this conceptual article, we examine the concept of individual readiness for organizational change as well as its relationship to change strategies and organizational culture. A review of literature on change strategies and a learning culture suggests that individuals are more likely to have higher levels of readiness for organizational change when (a) they experience normative-reeducative change strategies and when (b) they perceive their work environment to have the characteristics associated with a learning culture.
Minimizing Response Time for Quorum-System Protocols over Wide-Area Networks

A quorum system is a collection of sets (quorums) of servers,where any two quorums intersect. Quorum-based protocols underly modern edge-computing architectures and throughput-scalable service implementations. In this paper we propose new algorithms for placing quorums in wide-area networks and tuning which quorums clients access, so as to optimize clients' average response time in quorum-based protocols. We examine scenarios in which the service is lightly loaded and hence network latency is the dominant delay, and in which client-induced load contributes significantly to the delay that clients observe.In each case, we evaluate our algorithms on topologies ranging from 50 to over 150 wide-area locations.
Revision and Phylogenetic Analysis of the North American Genus Slaterocoris Wagner with New Synonymy, the Description of Five New Species and a New Genus from Mexico, and a Review of the Genus Scalponotatus Kelton (Heteroptera: Miridae: Orthotylinae)

Abstract The North American genus Slaterocoris Wagner is revised and now contains 32 species. The new genus Josephinus is erected to accommodate three Mexican species, the type species, Slaterocoris reinhardi Carvalho and Schaffner, 1973, along with Scalponotatus albicornis Kelton, 1970, and Scalponotatus capitatus Kelton, 1970. Slaterocoris argenteoides, S. clavatus, S. elongatus, S. maculatus, and S. tanydexios from southern Mexico are described as new. The new combinations Slaterocoris punctatus (Distant, 1893) [Jornandes] and Slaterocoris subalbicans (Distant, 1893) [Jornandes] are proposed resulting in two subjective junior synonyms of Slaterocoris for the monotypic genera, Guerrerocoris Carvalho and China, 1959 and Amulacoris Carvalho and China, 1959, respectively. A review of the genus Scalponotatus Kelton, 1969, provides a new diagnosis and description of the genus and the type species, S. maturus Kelton, 1969, and a checklist of the nine species included in the newly conceived genus. Based on exa...
Time-resolved ellipsometry.

An ellipsometer is described which is capable of measuring one of the related ellipsometric parameters N, S, or C as a function of time. The ellipsometer is of the standard polarizer–compensator–sample–analyzer type, in which the analyzer is a Wollaston prism. An analysis is presented of the errors resulting from misalignment of the azimuths of the various elements from an incorrect phase shift of the compensator and from sample surface effects. The time resolution of the ellipsometer is limited only by the rise time of the photodetector and by the digitization rate of the data acquisition system. Picosecond time resolution is possible, in principle, using a streak camera as both detector and digitizer. Submicrosecond operation of the time-resolved ellipsometer is demonstrated in a study of pulsed excimer laser cleaning of a silicon surface in air.
INTERSUBJECTIVITY AND NEUROSCIENCE Understanding Enactments and Their Therapeutic Significance Within Emerging Paradigms

ociated relational styles are increasingly finding support in attachment studies and neuro scientific research. Understanding enactments as an aspect of the intersubjective proces sand asthe ultimate communicatorsof the patient’sneurally encoded early experiences , thispaper examineswhat enactmentsconvey, and explores their interpersonal and neural underpinnings. Unconsciously triggered and communicated within the intersubjective interaction, enactments reveal the participants’ implicit, neurally encoded relational and emotional patterns that inevitably come alive within the analytic dyad. It is suggested that the analyst’s eventual self-awareness of her own participation, followed by self-disclosure of her experience, promote a conscious, verbally articulated encounter with the patient’s unconscious relational styles, creating opportunities for emotional and neural integration.
The Upper Ordovician trilobite Raymondites Sinclair, 1944 in North America

Abstract. The Upper Ordovician (Sandbian-Katian) bathyurid trilobite Raymondites Sinclair is revised using new collections from Missouri and Ontario, and archival material from Illinois, Wisconsin, New York, and Ontario. Phylogenetic analysis supports monophyly of Raymondites, but recognition of this genus renders Bathyurus Billings paraphyletic. We treat Raymondites as a subgenus of Bathyurus and label the paraphylum of species traditionally assigned to the latter as Bathyurus sensu lato. Bathyurus (Raymondites) is composed of five previously named species, B. (R.) spiniger (Hall), B. (R.) longispinus (Walcott), B. (R.) ingalli (Raymond), B. (R.) bandifer Sinclair, and B. (R.) trispinosus (Wilson), and two new species, B. (R.) clochensis, and B. (R.) missouriensis; an eighth species is placed in open nomenclature. All species share tuberculate sculpture on the glabella, a relatively short palpebral lobe whose length is less than half of preoccipital glabellar length, and a pygidial outline that is well r...
Preconception and prenatal care

Advances in preconception and prenatal care have been successful in reducing risk in a number of areas. Folic acid supplementation, abstinence from alcohol, tight glycemic control in pre-gestational diabetics, and the administration of rhogham all have been successful in reducing individual risks. Unfortunately, overall perinatal morbidity and mortality has not decreased in the past two decades. In light of this, clinicians must remain abreast of the latest research and technological advances, and adopt those practices that improve outcomes. Continued critical appraisal of persistent racial and ethnic disparities may be useful in understanding and reversing current trends. Additionally we must continue to creatively develop instruments of quantifying those aspects of high quality prenatal care, which are unmeasurable. Furthermore, we must advocate on a local, state, and national level for improved services for our prenatal patients not just in the office and the hospital, but in their homes and communities.
The Neurochip-2: An Autonomous Head-Fixed Computer for Recording and Stimulating in Freely Behaving Monkeys

The Neurochip-2 is a second generation, battery-powered device for neural recording and stimulating that is small enough to be carried in a chamber on a monkey's head. It has three recording channels, with user-adjustable gains, filters, and sampling rates, that can be optimized for recording single unit activity, local field potentials, electrocorticography, electromyography, arm acceleration, etc. Recorded data are stored on a removable, flash memory card. The Neurochip-2 also has three separate stimulation channels. Two “programmable-system-on-chips” (PSoCs) control the data acquisition and stimulus output. The PSoCs permit flexible real-time processing of the recorded data, such as digital filtering and time-amplitude window discrimination. The PSoCs can be programmed to deliver stimulation contingent on neural events or deliver preprogrammed stimuli. Access pins to the microcontroller are also available to connect external devices, such as accelerometers. The Neurochip-2 can record and stimulate autonomously for up to several days in freely behaving monkeys, enabling a wide range of novel neurophysiological and neuroengineering experiments.
Financing Renovations In Clubhouses

ABSTRACT The investment and financing aspects of clubhouses remain understudied in hospitality literature. Clubs, while typically nonprofit organizations, operate under similar principles as do investor-owned organizations. To maximize social benefits for their owners, clubs must undertake investments effectively to ensure provision of quality products and services. This paper analyzes renovation investments in clubhouses using a combination of continuous and discrete regression processes. Key findings suggest that the renovation expenses of the sample were influenced more by the amount of secure and unsecured loans than by the equity financing of such investments. Renovation investments were also associated with higher sales turnover and with a smaller link to return on assets. The size of club membership was found to be the predominant characteristic associated with the size of renovation expenses.
A message passing interface for parallel and distributed computing

The proliferation of high performance workstations and the emergence of high speed networks have attracted a lot of interest in parallel and distributed computing (PDC). The authors envision that PDC environments with supercomputing capabilities will be available in the near future. However, a number of hardware and software issues have to be resolved before the full potential of these PDC environments can be exploited. The presented research has the following objectives: (1) to characterize the message-passing primitives used in parallel and distributed computing; (2) to develop a communication protocol that supports PDC; and (3) to develop an architectural support for PDC over gigabit networks. >
Model-Eliciting Activities as a Tool to Develop and Identify Creatively Gifted Mathematicians:

This article addresses the use of Model-Eliciting Activities (MEAs) as a (curricular) tool to develop mathematical creativity and identify students who are creatively gifted in mathematics. The the...
Association of iron-containing astrocytes with dopaminergic neurons of the arcuate nucleus.

Specialized astrocytes, identified by cytoplasmic granules that are electron-dense and vividly stained by toluidine blue due to the presence in the granules of SH molecules and molecules of iron, have long been known to be present within the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. Their function, however, is obscure. To determine whether or not these specialized astrocytes are in contact with dopaminergic neurons, rat brain sections were stained to detect tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactive neurons by immunocytochemistry and were examined by both light and electron microscopy. Iron-rich astrocytes were located in the same general portion of the arcuate nucleus as were TH+ neurons, and most appeared closely associated with TH + structures (somas, dendrites, and fibers) at the light-microscopic level. At the ultrastructural level, close contact between TH + neurons and processes of iron-rich glia was confirmed. This unique anatomical association suggests a functional relationship between the two cell types that may be related to unusual histochemical features of both cell types and/or to the location of these cells in an area with a highly permeable blood-brain barrier.
Motor response programming and movement time in children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure

The present experiment assessed motor response programming and movement time in children with histories of heavy prenatal alcohol exposure (PEA). Alcohol-exposed children between the ages of 7 and 17 years were classified into two groups: Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS: n=9) and children with PEA (PEA: n=19) but who did not have the defining characteristics of FAS. The FAS and PEA children were compared with non-alcohol-exposed children (NC: n=23) when completing two tasks: a simple reaction time task (RT alone condition) and a reaction plus movement task (RT+Move condition). The movement involved responding to an imperative stimulus signal and depressing three target buttons in a set sequence. Participants completed 24 trials each for the RT alone and RT+Move response conditions. Results indicated no significant differences in performance among FAS, PEA, and NC groups during the RT alone condition. However, during the RT+Move condition, the FAS group produced significantly longer and more variable RTs than the PEA and NC groups, which produced comparable RTs. The FAS group also produced significantly slower movement times when moving to all three targets, whereas movement time variability did not significantly differ as a function of group. The observed results indicate children with FAS experience deficits in response programming and movement time production.
Allocating Defensive Resources with Private Information about Vulnerability

In many resources-allocation problems, strategic adversaries move sequentially and are likely to have private information about the effectiveness of their spending. A defender, for example, often has to allocate its defensive resources before an attacker (e.g., a terrorist group) decides where to strike. Defenders are also likely to have private information about the vulnerability of the things they are trying to protect. Sequential decisions and private information about effectiveness creates a dilemma for a defender. Allocating more to a highly vulnerable site reduces the expected losses should that site be attacked but may also signal that that site is more vulnerable and thereby increase the probability of an attack. Modeling this tradeoff as a signaling game, the analysis shows that secrecy concerns generally swamp vulnerability concerns when more vulnerable sites are weakly harder to protect on the margin. The defender pools in equilibrium, that is, allocates its resources in the same way, regardless of the level of vulnerability. If more vulnerable sites are easier to protect on the margin, vulnerability concerns may swamp secrecy concerns.
CyberLab: An Online Virtual Laboratory Toolkit for Non-Programmers

Online virtual laboratory is important for online science education. CyberLab is a toolkit for online virtual experiments. It is able to handle the creation, exportation, and execution of virtual experiments. We believe CyberLab is the first toolkit that allows instructors, who do not know computer programming, to create their own online virtual experiments. This paper briefly introduces the underlying model and the architecture of CyberLab.
Superresolution Localization Methods

Superresolution localization microscopy methods produce nanoscale images via a combination of intermittently active fluorescent probes and algorithms that can precisely determine the positions of these probes from single-molecule or few-molecule images. These algorithms vary widely in their underlying principles, complexity, and accuracy. In this review, we begin by surveying the principles of localization microscopy and describing the fundamental limits to localization precision. We then examine several different families of fluorophore localization algorithms, comparing their complexity, performance, and range of applicability (e.g., whether they require particular types of experimental information, are optimized for specific situations, or are more general). Whereas our focus is on the localization of single isotropic emitters in two dimensions, we also consider oriented dipoles, three-dimensional localization, and algorithms that can handle overlapping images of several nearby fluorophores. Throughout the review, we try to highlight practical advice for users of fluorophore localization algorithms, as well as open questions.
A 3-dimensional in vitro model of epithelioid granulomas induced by high aspect ratio nanomaterials

The most common causes of granulomatous inflammation are persistent pathogens and poorly-degradable irritating materials. A characteristic pathological reaction to intratracheal instillation, pharyngeal aspiration, or inhalation of carbon nanotubes is formation of epithelioid granulomas accompanied by interstitial fibrosis in the lungs. In the mesothelium, a similar response is induced by high aspect ratio nanomaterials, including asbestos fibers, following intraperitoneal injection. This asbestos-like behaviour of some engineered nanomaterials is a concern for their potential adverse health effects in the lungs and mesothelium. We hypothesize that high aspect ratio nanomaterials will induce epithelioid granulomas in nonadherent macrophages in 3D cultures. Carbon black particles (Printex 90) and crocidolite asbestos fibers were used as well-characterized reference materials and compared with three commercial samples of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). Doses were identified in 2D and 3D cultures in order to minimize acute toxicity and to reflect realistic occupational exposures in humans and in previous inhalation studies in rodents. Under serum-free conditions, exposure of nonadherent primary murine bone marrow-derived macrophages to 0.5 μg/ml (0.38 μg/cm2) of crocidolite asbestos fibers or MWCNTs, but not carbon black, induced macrophage differentiation into epithelioid cells and formation of stable aggregates with the characteristic morphology of granulomas. Formation of multinucleated giant cells was also induced by asbestos fibers or MWCNTs in this 3D in vitro model. After 7-14 days, macrophages exposed to high aspect ratio nanomaterials co-expressed proinflammatory (M1) as well as profibrotic (M2) phenotypic markers. Induction of epithelioid granulomas appears to correlate with high aspect ratio and complex 3D structure of carbon nanotubes, not with their iron content or surface area. This model offers a time- and cost-effective platform to evaluate the potential of engineered high aspect ratio nanomaterials, including carbon nanotubes, nanofibers, nanorods and metallic nanowires, to induce granulomas following inhalation.
Performance Analysis of the APLNav System for Passive Optical Lunar Navigation

The Autonomous Landing and Hazard Avoidance Technology (ALHAT) program is a NASA technology development program working to advance capabilities needed to perform precision landing on the Moon. The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) is developing the Autonomous Precision Landing Navigation Algorithm (APLNav), a passive optical terrain sensing system, as part of this program. A wide variety of simulationbased tests have performed on the APLNav system to study the effects of various operational, noise, and design parameters on the performance, robustness, and processing requirements of the APLNav algorithm. Overall the algorithm performed very well within its expected parameter ranges. The testing also illustrated some of the potential engineering trade-offs that can be made in the algorithm design to optimize its performance for specific mission requirements.
Effects of hyperoxia on composition and rate of synthesis of fatty acids in Escherichia coli.

Growth of and fatty acid synthesis in Escherichia coli were inhibited by oxygen at partial pressures above 1 atm and were prevented by exposure to oxygen at 4.2 atm on mem- branes incubated on a minimal medium. Growth and fatty acid synthesis returned to control rates when cells were re- moved from hyperoxia to air. The spectrum of fatty acids produced was unchanged by oxygen at pressures which re- duced the rate of synthesis. In situ fatty acids were stable to oxygen at pressures which prevented growth and synthesis. Reinitiation of synthesis after complete inhibition in hyperoxia occurred without production of aberrant fatty acids. Fatty acid synthetase specific activity was virtually unchanged, compared with air controls, in cells exposed either to 3.2 or to 15.2 atm of oxygen. The spectrum of fatty acids synthesized by cell-free extracts during incubation in 4.2 atm of oxygen was not different from air-incubated controls. Synthetase assays included added NADPH, acyl carrier protein, mer- captoethanol, and malonyl coenzyme A; hence, damage, other than reversible sulfhydryl oxidation, to the apoenzymes of synthetase was ruled out.
Phenomenology of Value and the Value of Phenomenology

One of the hallmarks of the tradition of existential phenomenology is the primacy given to the perspective of the personal subject and the careful attention paid to the fundamental questions that arise from this perspective. Rather than accepting a place as servant to the natural sciences, existentialist philosophers have continually urged that the naturalistic viewpoint of these sciences cannot capture the full range of concerns confronting the individual in her personal existence. Charles Guignon, particularly in his studies of Heidegger, has emphasized this point, and has long championed orientation of the existentialist tradition as a valuable corrective to the prevailing philosophical naturalism. Guignon’s work reminds us that we can look outside of the dominant naturalism to find a philosophical tradition that responds more deeply to the question of how to live a meaningful life.