cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nonfinite unramified extensions

Suppose A is a normal noetherian domain containing Q and C =) A is a domain which is affine and unramified over A. Let B be the integral closure of A in C, the field of quotients of C. Now C is normal and thus A c B c C. This gives rise to four radical ideals, the Finiteness and Discriminant ideals of A, and the Zariski Complement and Branch Locus ideals of B. The purpose of the paper is to analyze these ideals and their behavior under Galois closure and tensor product. Also we give a topological proof of a theorem of Zariski: the purity of the Discriminant ideal. Since B c C is unramified, it follows from Zariski’s Main Theorem that Spec C + Spec B is an open immersion. The complement of its image is V(I) where Zc B is a radical ideal. Define the Zariski Complement ideal by ZC(C, B) = I. Define the Finiteness ideal by Fint(C, A) = {UE A; C, is finite over A,}. The statement that an ideal J of a commutative ring has pure height 1 means that every minimal prime over J has height 1. Then the Zariski Complement has pure height 1 in B, the Finiteness ideal has pure height 1 in A, and ZC(C, B) n A = Fint(C, A). Furthermore, each of these ideals commutes with localization in A. Let n be the dimension of the field extension 2 c B, and V= (U E B; the minimal polynomialf, E A[ r] of u has degree n}. Define the Branch Locus ideal BL(B, A) as the radical in B of the ideal generated by all&(u) where UE V. Let disc(u) be the discriminant of U. Define the Discriminant ideal Disc(B, A) as the radical in A of the ideal generated by all disc(u) where u E V. If p c B is a prime ideal, B is unramilied over A at p iff BL(B, A) d p. If q c A is a prime ideal, B is unramilied over A at every extension of q iff Disc(B, A) ti q. Also BL(B, A) n A = Disc( B, A), Fint(C, A) c Disc(B, A), and ZC(C, B) c BL(B, A). If A is regular, it is a theorem due to Zariski, Nagata, and Auslander that BL(B, A) and Disc(B, A) have pure height 1. Let G(C) be the normalization (or Galois closure) of C over 2, and let t7, )...) 0” . C --* G(C) be the distinct embeddings of C which are the identity on A. If R is a domain with A c R c C, define G(R) to be the ring 254 oool-8708/87 $7.50
Fractal river networks, Horton's laws and Tokunaga cyclicity

Abstract The structure and scaling of river networks characterized using fractal dimensions related to Horton's laws is assessed. The Hortonian scaling framework is shown to be limited in that strict self similarity is only possible for structurally Hortonian networks. Dimension estimates using the Hortonian scaling system are biased and do not admit space filling. Tokunaga cyclicity presents an alternative way to characterize network scaling that does not suffer from these problems. Fractal dimensions are presented in terms of Tokunaga cyclicity parameters.
Calculation Of Limiting Current In Connection With Application To Gyrotron

The space charge limiting current in a wave cavity and in presence of electromagnetic fields is calculated in connection with application to high power gyrotrons. It is found that the ponderomotive energy alters radically the build up of beam electrostatic energy. As a consequence, the limiting current can be greatly decreased or enhanced depending on whether the ponderomotive energy is positive or negative, respecttvely. This effect can be observed experimentally and it has important practical consequences for present high-current particle beam experiments.
External and internal attentional environments. II. Reconsideration of the relationship between sinus arrhythmia and information load.

As part of an investigation aimed at assessing differences in mental workload between machine-paced (MP) and self-paced (SP) work, this study focused on the relative usefulness of sinus arrhythmia (SA) and mean heart rate (MHR) as measures of informational load. Two tasks having contrasting attentional demands were performed both MP and SP by 32 subjects. Physiologically speaking, these tasks were characterized as having either cardiac deceleratory or acceleratory response patterns associated with them. An analysis of non-random trends, motivated by the presence of these response patterns, revealed the standard measure of variance, s2, to be less appropriate than the mean-square successive difference (MSSD) for scoring SA. Utilizing the MSSD, results indicated that MH R was far more sensitive than SA to the differences in informational load resulting from the intrinsic processing demands of these two tasks. SA, on the other hand, was more sensitive to the two pacing conditions. These latter findings, howe...
Cinevideodensitometric analysis of the effect of coronary angioplasty on coronary stenotic dimensions

Abstract The accuracy and reproducibility of caliper and cinevideodensitometric measurements of coronary stenotic dimensions were compared in radiographic phantom models and in coronary arteriograms of 28 patients undergoing coronary angioplasty. Projected, single-plane coronary cine frames were analyzed by a computer-assisted videodensitometric method, which measures stenotic cross-sectional area without assumptions about lesion geometry. The accuracy (2.4%) and precision (± 1.9%) of cinevideodensitometry for measuring percent area stenosis in Plexiglas models of eccentric stenotic lesions was superior to the accuracy (24.7%) and precision (± 5.4%) of caliper measurements. Interobserver variability was significantly (p
A Simple Solution to a Multiple Player Gambler's Ruin Problem

(2009). A Simple Solution to a Multiple Player Gambler's Ruin Problem. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 116, No. 1, pp. 77-81.
Detection of Heat-Resistant Proteases Produced by Psychrotrophs in Refrigerated Milk

Abstract Proteases from four species of Pseudomonas were added to pasteurized milk at .18, 1.8, and 18 units of protease activity per milliliter followed by incubation at 5C for 18 days. During this period milks were analyzed every 2 days for proteolysis by methods of Hull, ninhydrin, and absorption at 280nm. Sensory analysis was done twice weekly for 18 days. There were no significant differences noted for protease activity when ninhydrin and absorption at 280nm were used; however, only 18 units protease/ml were detected by the Hull test. Sensory evaluation correlated with the Hull test data. When 50 and 500 cells/ml were added to milk, a curvilinear increase in proteolysis was noted by 11 and 13 days, respectively, for three of the four Pseudomonas species as detected by the Hull method. Heat inactivation of the proteases at 62.8°C for 30min was 0 to 73.1% and 10 to 36% as measured by the Hull and agar diffusion methods, respectively.
Adolescent alcohol and drug abuse and its consequences--an overview.

(1988). Adolescent Alcohol and Drug Abuse and Its Consequences— An Overview. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse: Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 189-197.
MHV S peplomer protein expressed by a recombinant vaccinia virus vector exhibits IgG Fc-receptor activity

We have previously shown that cells infected with mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) bind rabbit, mouse, and rat IgG by the Fc portion of the IgG molecule. This Fc-binding activity appeared to be mediated by the MHV S protein. S protein could also be precipitated from MHV-infected cells by a monoclonal antibody directed against the murine Fc gamma receptor (Fc gamma R). To prove definitively that the S protein mediates Fc-binding activity, we have expressed the MHV S protein utilizing recombinant vaccinia viruses. The anti-Fc gamma R monoclonal antibody, 2.4G2, precipitated recombinant S protein in cells of murine, human, and rabbit origin. Since the anti-Fc receptor monoclonal antibody does not react with human and rabbit Fc receptors these results demonstrate that the epitope recognized by this antibody is carried on the MHV S protein and is not murine in origin. Examination of various MHV isolates and escape mutants failed to identify the precise sequences in S responsible for the molecular mimicry of the murine Fc gamma R. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that a previously identified region of similarity between the S protein and the Fc gamma R mediates this activity. The Fc binding activity of S was expressed on the cell surface, since MHV-JHM-infected cells, but not uninfected cells, formed rosettes with anti-sheep red blood cell (SRBC) antibody-coated SRBC. The anti-Fc gamma R monoclonal antibody neutralized MHV-JHM and inhibited syncytium formation induced by the MHV S protein.
Panty Design Alternatives for Women and Girls with Physical Disabilities

The principal objective of this study was to develop comfortable, functional, and aestheti cally satisfying panties for physically handicapped women and girls with adaptations for spe cial needs, such as those associated with self-help and urinary incontinence. Detailed com ments about problems handicapped women and girls experienced with panties were solicited from 28 women and girls, aged 8–82, who require leg or body braces, crutches, and/or wheel chairs for mobility. Sixteen of these women elected to complete a second questionnaire which dealt with preferences in fiber content, fabric, elastic types, and styles of panties which might meet their needs. Of these women, 6 were chosen to wear the test designs and react to their ef fectiveness in solving individual problems. Designs and adaptations were developed with features which improved the fit and comfort, simplified dressing and undressing especially during toileting, and provided for the manage ment of urinary incontinence. Although function and comfort were of concern to handi capped women and girls, a fashionable appearance, cost, and the ease with which an adapted panty can be acquired were equally important. Solutions to perceived problems with panties required an individualized approach.
Poly(alkyl α‐chloroacrylates). V. Preparation and properties of methyl, ethyl, and isopropyl polymers of varied tacticity

Polymers of different tacticities, from highly isotactic to highly syndiotactic, were prepared from methyl, ethyl, and isopropyl α-chloroacrylates. These polymers were characterized for tacticity by infrared spectroscopy and 100 and 300 MHz nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and for thermal properties by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). After corrections were made for molecular weight effects, the observed glass temperature-tacticity results were analyzed, and it was determined that the maximum differences in glass temperatures of the purely isotactic compared to the purely syndiotactic polymers should be 92°C for the methyl ester, 86°C for the ethyl ester, and 68°C for the isopropyl ester polymers. The highly isotactic polymers of all three esters were crystalline. Possible polymerization reaction mechanisms are discussed on the basis of the triad and tetrad tacticity values observed and the calculated propagation statistics.
Vector analysis of fault bends and intersecting faults: Discussion

Discussion sur l'article de Apotria T. G., Gray N. H., 1988' The evolution of the Bouvet triple junction: implications of its absolute motion. Tectonophysics 148, pp. 177-193
The heat capacity of a natural monticellite and phase equilibria in the system CaO-MgO-SiO2-CO2

Abstract The heat capacity of a natural monticellite (Ca 1.00 Mg .09 Fe .91 Mn .01 Si 0.99 O 3.99 ) measured between 9.6 and 343 K using intermittent-heating, adiabatic calorimetry yields C p 0 (298) and S 298 0 of 123.64 ± 0.18 and 109.44 ± 0.16 J · mol −1 K −1 respectively. Extrapolation of this entropy value to end-member monticellite results in an S 0 298 = 108.1 ± 0.2 J · mol −1 K −1 . High-temperature heat-capacity data were measured between 340–1000 K with a differential scanning calorimeter. The high-temperature data were combined with the 290–350 K adiabatic values, extrapolated to 1700 K, and integrated to yield the following entropy equation for end-member monticellite (298–1700 K): S T 0 ( J · mol −1 K −1 ) = S 298 0 + 164.79 In T + 15.337 · 10 −3 T + 22.791 · 10 5 T −2 − 968.94. Phase equilibria in the CaO-MgO-SiO 2 system were calculated from 973 to 1673 K and 0 to 12 kbar with these new data combined with existing data for akermanite ( Ak ), diopside ( Di ), forsterite ( Fo ), merwinite ( Me ) and wollastonite ( Wo ). The location of the calculated reactions involving the phases Mo and Fo is affected by their mutual solid solution. A best fit of the thermodynamically generated curves to all experiments is made when the S 0 298 of Me is 250.2 J · mol −1 K −1 less than the measured value of 253.2 J · mol −1 K −1 . A best fit to the reversals for the solid-solid and decarbonation reactions in the CaO-MgO-SiO 2 -CO 2 system was obtained with the ΔG 0 298 ( kJ · mole −1 ) for the phases Ak (−3667), Di (−3025), Fo (−2051), Me (−4317) and Mo (−2133). The two invariant points − Wo and − Fo for the solid-solid reactions are located at 1008 ± 5 K and 6.3 ± 0.1 kbar, and 1361 ± 10 K and 10.2 ± 0.2 kbar respectively. The location of the thermodynamically generated curves is in excellent agreement with most experimental data on decarbonation equilibria involving these phases.
Experience-weighted attraction learning in coordination games: probability rules, heterogeneity, and time-variation

In earlier research we proposed an “experience-weighted attraction (EWA) learning” model for predicting dynamic behavior in economic experiments on multiperson noncooperative normal-form games. We showed that EWA learning model fits significantly better than existing learning models (choice reinforcement and belief-based models) in several different classes of games. The econometric estimation in that research adopted a representative agent approach and assumed that learning parameters are stationary across periods of an experiment. In addition, we used the logit (exponential) probability response function to transform attraction of strategies into choice probability. This paper allows for nonstationary learning parameters, permits two “segments” of players with different parameter values in order to allow for some heterogeneity, and compares the power and logit probability response functions. These specifications are estimated using experimental data from weak-link and median-action coordination games. Results show that players are heterogeneous and that they adjust their learning parameters over time very slightly. Logit probability response functions never fit worse than power functions, and generally fit better.
Marivaux in the suburbs: Reframing language in Kechiche's L'Esquive (2003)

AbstractThis article examines the extent to which L'Esquive, the winner of four Cesars in 2005, follows the recent traditions of beur and banlieue film-making in France, which, since the mid-1980s, have traced the particular histories of immigrant and marginalized populations that have otherwise largely gone underrepresented in French cinema (Tarr 2005). These films, as Carrie Tarr would put it, ‘reframe difference’ in order to highlight the ways in which France's self-conception as a nation state sometimes occludes certain identifications articulated by marginalized individuals and groups. In so doing, many of these films call into question the French model of integration by highlighting the extent to which socio-political and ideological factors have a hand in marginalizing these individuals. While one observes in L'Esquive many of the hallmarks of other banlieue films before it, this film nevertheless sets itself apart in the way it reframes the relationship between high and popular culture through its...
The importance of measuring growth in response to intervention models: Testing a core assumption.

Abstract A core assumption of response to instruction or intervention (RTI) models is the importance of measuring growth in achievement over time in response to effective instruction or intervention. Many RTI models actively monitor growth for identifying individuals who need different levels of intervention. A large-scale ( N = 23,438), two-year longitudinal study of first grade children was carried out to compare the predictive validity of measures of achievement status, growth in achievement, and their combination for predicting future reading achievement. The results indicate that under typical conditions, measures of growth do not make a contribution to prediction that is independent of measures of achievement status. These results question the validity of a core assumption of RTI models.
Respiratory Activity and Nucleic Acid Content of Some Tissues from Guinea Pigs Sensitized to 2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene1

As an approach to the study of the mechanism of eczematous sensitization, a Warburg study was undertaken of the respiratory activity of skin and reticuloendothelial tissues of guinea pigs sensitized with 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). It was thought that tissues of such sensitized animals might exhibit changes in QQ2 (microliters of oxygen taken up by 1 mg. dry tissue per hour) on introducing the antigen into the system. However, such behavior was not noted. In addition, no significant changes were found in nucleic acid levels of skin (DNA) and spleen (DNA and RNA) from sensitized animals as compared with the control values.
EMPLOYEE AFFECTIVE RESPONSES TO ORGANIZATIONAL STRESS: MODERATING EFFECTS OF JOB CHARACTERISTICS

This research examines (a) the relative importance of each of three role variables—role conflict, ambiguity, and overload—as sources of stress and dissatisfaction among managerial-level personnel, and (b) the moderating effects of job enrichment characteristics on the relationships between role stressors and intrinsic job satisfaction, involvement, and anxiety. Data were collected from a sample of 89 managerial personnel of a large, heavy-equipment manufacturing company in the Midwest. Results show that role ambiguity has the strongest relationships with role responses in the predicted directions. Further, significant interactions are obtained between each of role ambiguity and role overload, but not role conflict, and job characteristics. The two role stressors tend to be more aversive for individuals on low-enriched rather than high-enriched jobs. Implications of the findings for work design and the management of stress are discussed.
Housing and rank status of male Long–Evans rats modify ethanol’s effect on open-field behaviors

Psychosocial stress is known to alter behavior of rodents. While psychosocial stress may alter the response to some drugs, the response to ethanol (EtOH) has not been evaluated. To examine open-field behaviors of triad- and singly housed rats treated acutely or voluntarily ingesting EtOH. Triad-housed rats were categorized as dominant, subdominant, or subordinate based on assessments of offensive and defensive behaviors. Open-field behaviors were monitored during a 10-min test in rats voluntarily ingesting a 6% solution of EtOH for 2 weeks (1), and after an i.p. injection of saline, 0.5 or 1.0 g kg−1 of EtOH (2). Daily intake of EtOH was highest in subdominant and lowest in dominant rats. Overall, open-field behaviors did not differ between water- and EtOH-consuming triad- or singly housed rats. The 0.5-g kg−1 dose of EtOH enhanced locomotor activity only in triad-housed rats, center entries primarily in singly housed rats, and head-poke behavior in dominant and singly housed rats. Rearing behavior was not altered by the 0.5-g kg−1 dose, but in singly housed rats, rearing behavior was depressed by the 1.0-g kg−1 dose. This larger dose of EtOH had no effect on the other behaviors. EtOH’s effects on open-field behaviors show behavioral specificity and vary with the subject’s housing and/or rank status. EtOH’s acute anxiolytic-like effect was primarily evident in singly housed rats.
Mimicry among Insects

THERE has just come to hand (Entomologica Americana, 13, No. 3, published (as stated on cover) Nov. 29, 1933, but dated on every page December 1932) a most admirable review of the Polybiine wasps of the Nearctic region, by Dr. J. Bequaert. Unlike many taxonomic papers, it treats not only of the structures of the insects, but also, at considerable length, of their biology, everything being set forth in the most interesting way. There is a good account of the cases of ‘mimicry’ involving these wasps. Thus the wasps of the genus Nectarina, in the neotropical region, belong to an assemblage of diverse insects of similar appearance, of which no less than twenty-eight are cited. Dr. Bequaert recognises the objections to the term mimicry as applied to these cases, and proposes to speak of homeomorphy and homeochromy instead, these terms merely referring to the observed facts, without suggesting any explanation. This seems to be an advantage, though perhaps the shorter words isomorphy and isochromy would be preferable.
GABA and the lateral spread of tonic activity in frog retina.

Abstract The presence of GABA in association with horizontal cells of the frog retina suggests it may play a role in signal transmission by these cells. The actions of GABA and chemical treatments antagonistic to its effects were studied in the perfused frog eyecup on sensitization, a tonic, lateral effect produced by the horizontal cells. It was observed that GABA facilitated and bicuculline and chloride-free solutions depressed sensitization. Thus, GABA appears to be involved in lateral signal processing in the outer plexiform layer.
CT quality assurance in the lung screening study component of the National Lung Screening Trial: implications for multicenter imaging trials.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to describe the effect of implementing an imaging quality assurance program on CT image quality in the Lung Screening Study component of the National Lung Screening Trial.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The National Lung Screening Trial is a multicenter study in which 53,457 subjects at increased risk of lung cancer were randomized to undergo three annual chest CT or radiographic screenings for lung cancer to determine the relative effect of use of the two screening tests on lung cancer mortality. Of the 26,724 subjects randomized to the CT screening arm of the National Lung Screening Trial, the Lung Screening Study randomized 17,309 through 10 screening centers. The others were randomized through the American College of Radiology Imaging Network. Quality assurance procedures were implemented that included centralized review of a random sample of 1,504 Lung Screening Study CT examinations. Quality defect rates were tabulated.RESULTS. Quality defect rates ranged from 0% (sec...
The Ulema and the Nationalization of Religious Morality in Iran, 1925–63

After the Iraqi revolution was defeated in challenging the British occupation of Iraq (1920–22), 83 high-ranking ulema of Iranian descent were forced into exile in Iran. Their arrival, as well as t...
Life Cycle Analysis of a Single Stage to Orbit (SSTO) Reusable Launch Vehicle

At the end of the Apollo program, the United States turned its focus in space transportation toward s providing more routine access to space. With the launch of the space shuttle in 1981, the U.S. had its first reusable spaceplane and was on its way toward routine space flight. Since the launch of the first shuttle, many concepts have been proposed to offering improved performance over the space shuttle system. One such class of concepts is hype rsonic airbreathing reusable launch vehicles. These vehicles have been analyzed and studied in detail for over the past 40 years. Most of the analysis, however, has focused solely on engine and vehicle performance. Today, both NASA and DoD are placing e ver -increasing importance on the system safety, reliability, maintainability, operability, and supportability. This paper will begin to address these issues for one particular concept in the hypersonic airbreathing reusable launch vehicle class. The vehi cle is a single stage to orbit, horizontal takeoff and landing system that has heritage to the Access to Space study of 1993. A general description of the concept (called ABLV -4e) is given including its propulsion system design and operating modes, vehicl e structural and tank concepts and materials, thermal protection system, and other aspects. System technologies are described, and the vehicle closure is stated for the reference mission (20Klb due East LEO). Following a description of the vehicle perfor mance, detail is provided on the analysis and initial quantification of the system safety, reliability, operability, and cost. Descriptions of the models and assumptions used to quantify each of the characteristics mentioned are included. Also included i s a description of the FASTPACT analysis framework developed by SAIC in which these life cycle models and analysis capabilities reside. Finally, initial estimates for Loss of Vehicle, Loss of Mission, Recurring Cost, and Turn -around Time as well as DDT&E and Theoretical First Unit Costs are given. Shortcomings in the analysis tools are discussed, as well as lessons learned and future plans.
The effect of thumb metacarpophalangeal ulnar collateral ligament attachment site on joint range of motion: An in vitro study

Although reconstruction of the torn thumb metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) has been shown to reduce symptoms, final joint motion may be different from that of the uninjured state. It was hypothesized that nonanatomic repositioning of the UCL might affect joint motion; therefore, the effect of UCL attachment site on MCP range of motion was investigated. The UCL and MCP joint capsule were visualized in each of 8 fresh cadaveric hands without otherwise disrupting the joint. The centers of the ligament attachments were marked with pins and each specimen was mounted on a testing frame capable of applying loads through the flexor and extensor tendons. After measuring the flexion, extension, and radial and ulnar deviation ranges of motion of the intact specimen, the origin of the ligament (on the metacarpal) and an attached bone block were elevated and repositioned 2 mm proximal and 2 mm palmar and range of motion was tested. The origin was reattached in its anatomic location and the insertion of the ligament was similarly elevated and displaced 2 mm in distal, dorsal, and palmar directions. Compared with the intact joint, palmar placement of the UCL origin on the metacarpal increased radial deviation (from a mean of 18 degrees to a mean of 27 degrees); proximal placement of the origin decreased it (from 18 degrees to 10 degrees). Similarly, dorsal placement of the UCL insertion on the phalanx increased radial deviation (from 18 degrees to 25 degrees) and distal positioning of the insertion decreased it (from 18 degrees to 11 degrees). Relative to intact joint flexion range of motion (mean, 57 degrees), distal placement of the UCL phalangeal insertion restricted motion (mean, 47 degrees), as did palmar placement (mean, 48 degrees). Extension and ulnar deviation motions were unaffected by ligament attachment position. This study demonstrates that nonanatomic reconstruction of the UCL alters normal MCP joint range of motion.
Attrition studies with catalysts and supports for slurry phase Fischer–Tropsch synthesis

Abstract Attrition properties of several oxide supports and precipitated iron-based F–T catalyst (100Fe/3Cu/4K/16SiO 2 in parts by weight) were evaluated using ultrasound irradiation test and stirred tank slurry reactor (STSR) test under non-reactive conditions. Attrition by fracture and erosion of the iron-based catalyst was small in both types of tests and its overall attrition strength was better than that of the alumina and silica supports, which were evaluated under the same conditions. Also, attrition studies with four iron-based F–T catalysts were conducted under reaction conditions in the STSR. Catalyst of similar composition, as that used in non-reactive studies, prepared by spray drying technique had the highest attrition strength among all catalysts tested.
Oxide-passivated silicon p-n junction particle detectors

Abstract A manufacturing process for passivated p-n junction detectors is described. The role of oxygen during the diffusion process is emphasized; careful control of oxygen is a feature of the process. The results obtained justify the belief that this technique may result in the availability of cheap high-quality detectors, which may make possible the construction of large detector arrays.
Radiative transport and wall temperature slip in an absorbing planar medium

Radiative heat transfer through nonisothermal absorbing and emitting gray gas between heated walls
Phosphorylation linked to ascorbate oxidation in Mycobacterium phlei.

Abstract Evidence for a site of phosphorylation between cytochrome c and oxygen in Mycobacterium phlei was presented. The segment of the respiratory chain was isolated by use of a NHQNO block which acted at the level of cytochrome b and by use of ascorbate-TPD as the substrate. Evidence has been obtained which indicated that electrons from ascorbate via TPD entered the respiratory chain at the level of cytochrome c and that electrons from endogenous substrates were not participating in the reaction. Phosphate esterification with ascorbate-TPD required the presence of the supernatant fraction in addition to the particulate fraction. Oxidation of ascorbate proceeded at a negligible rate unless mediated by a high potential electron donor such as TPD. Low concentrations of this agent were sufficient to catalyze electron transfer from ascorbate to cytochrome c , while higher concentrations of TPD stimulated a shunt around the NHQNO block. With most preparations, the TPD shunt required the addition of a substrate, such as succinate, to generate electrons. In addition, the NHQNO was a better inhibitor of succinate-linked respiration than was the oxidation observed with the NAD + -linked pathway.
A Mixed Integer Model of Bidding Strategies For Outsourcing

An emerging phenomenon in the management of information systems is outsourcing. Outsourcing is the contracting of various system management functions by user-firms to vendors. This paper focuses on the outsourcing bidding process pertinent to the selection of one contractor by a user-firm. The paper explores bidding situations where the vendors have different levels of expertise and cost structures. Truth-revealing mechanisms that induce the vendors to bid competitively in line with their costs are utilized and a mixed integer programming model is presented. The model allows the user-firm to obtain the optimal expected contract cost. Some interesting conclusions emerge from the analysis of representative examples used in the paper. First, the results clearly show that truth revealing strategies always result in lower contract costs for the user-firm than if the user-firm were to follow the straightforward strategy of always choosing the lowest bid. Second, the user-firm can reduce contract costs by deploying a discriminatory selection policy vis a vis the different vendors. Third, subsidies need to be given in order to ensure truth-revealing behavior of the vendors. Thus the qualitative interpretations of the model parallel bidding behavior practices observed in the real world.
Cloning of a DNA fragment from Cephalosporium acremonium which functions as an autonomous replication sequence in yeast.

A fragment of DNA which functions as an autonomous replication sequence in yeast was cloned from Cephalosporium acremonium. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was isolated from an industrial strain of C. acremonium (08G-250-21) highly developed for the production of the antibiotic, cephalosporin C. Size, 27 kb, and restriction pattern indicated this DNA was identical to mtDNA previously isolated (Minuth et al. 1982) from an ancestral strain (ATTC 14553) which produces very low amounts of cephalosporin C. A 1.9 kb Pst1 fragment of the Cephalosporium mtDNA was inserted into a Pst1 site of the yeast integrative plasmid, Ylp5, to produce a 7.5 kb plasmid, designated pPS1. The structure of pPS1 was verified by restriction analysis and hybridization.
Interactive effects of Ca2+ and NaCl salinity on the growth of two tomato genotypes differing in Ca2+ use efficiency

Abstract Two tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) lines differing in Ca 2+ use efficiency (Ca 2+ use efficient line 113 and Ca 2+ use inefficient line 67) were subjected to salinity treatments in two separate experiments to determine whether they differed in salt tolerance. In experiment I, three NaCl and two CaCl 2 treatments were imposed. The Na + concentrations were 1.1, 100 and 150 mM and the Ca 2+ concentrations were either 1.51 or 10 mM. In experiment II, one NaCl and three Ca 2+ treatments (as CaCl 2 or CaSO 4 ) were imposed. The treatments consisted of 150 mM NaCl at either 1.51 mM CaCl 2 , 10 mM CaCl 2 , or 10 mM CaSO 4 . Response to treatments was determined by analysis of growth parameters (shoot and root dry weights, plant height, and root length). Shoot and root dry weight, and root length were depressed as salinity increased in plants lacking additional Ca 2+ . No significant differences in salt tolerance were detected between the two tomato lines after 24 d of salinity treatment. An important finding of this study was that root growth and length appeared to be more sensitive to the effect of CaCI 2 treatment alone and to the effects of CaCl 2 × NaCl treatments. This suggests that over the long term, both root growth and root length may be more sensitive indicators of salinity effects than shoots. Supplemental CaCl 2 had no ameliorative effect on NaCl stress in shoot growth. The inability of Ca 2+ to counter Cl − entry or toxicity may account for the lack of amelioration. Additional Ca 2+ as CaSO 4 improved shoot growth of plants exposed to 150 mM NaCl. In contrast, root growth and length were improved by 10 mM Ca 2+ as either CaCl 2 or CaSO 4 .
Slab dynamics in the transition zone

Abstract Seismic images of horizontal slab segments in, across or below the transition zone invoke scenarios in which slabs are laid down in the mantle through progressive trench retreat. However, observations of subduction characteristics do not exhibit a clear correlation between trench retreat and slab dip in the transition zone. Instead analysis of a range of subduction characteristics demonstrates that while transition-zone slabs include slabs of many ages and subduction velocities, with both retreating and advancing trench motion, they also have several enigmatic characteristics such as faster sinking rates and a larger range in slab dip than slabs that extend to either shallower or deeper depths. Comparison of subduction characteristics with several analytical and numerical models of subduction dynamics suggests that many of the possible mechanisms for trapping slabs in the transition zone (e.g., positive buoyancy sources, viscous resistance, slab weakening) are only viable if the slab is already shallow-dipping. Two scenarios for the formation of stagnant slabs are proposed: (1) trench retreat prior to slabs entering the transition zone or caused by the negative buoyancy forces associated with the wadsleyite and ringwoodite phase transitions and (2) slow, lateral migration of slabs in stable subduction zones.
Probing dissociative electron attachment through formation of heavy-Rydberg ion pair states in Rydberg atom collisions

Abstract A new approach to investigating the properties, i.e., lifetimes and decay energetics, of short-lived intermediates formed during dissociative electron attachment reactions is described that is based on measurements of the velocity and angular distributions of heavy-Rydberg ion pair states formed through electron transfer in collisions with Rydberg atoms. The experimental results are analyzed with the aid of a Monte Carlo collisions code and show that while electron capture by CF 3 I and CH 2 Br 2 leads to creation of very-short-lived intermediates capture by CCl 4 results in formation of much longer lived intermediates.
Covariate-Adjusted Linear Mixed Effects Model with an Application to Longitudinal Data.

Linear mixed effects (LME) models are useful for longitudinal data/repeated measurements. We propose a new class of covariate-adjusted LME models for longitudinal data that nonparametrically adjusts for a normalising covariate. The proposed approach involves fitting a parametric LME model to the data after adjusting for the nonparametric effects of a baseline confounding covariate. In particular, the effect of the observable covariate on the response and predictors of the LME model is modelled nonparametrically via smooth unknown functions. In addition to covariate-adjusted estimation of fixed/population parameters and random effects, an estimation procedure for the variance components is also developed. Numerical properties of the proposed estimators are investigated with simulation studies. The consistency and convergence rates of the proposed estimators are also established. An application to a longitudinal data set on calcium absorption, accounting for baseline distortion from body mass index, illustr...
Composted Dairy Waste Solids and Crushed Limestone as Bedding in Free Stalls

Abstract Differences in bacteria counts of bedding, teat swabs, and milk samples of lactating Holstein dairy cows bedded on crushed limestone, freshly composted dairy waste solids, and a 50:50 mixture of dairy waste solids and limestone were observed. Free-stall pens were bedded with each type of bedding, each pen containing six randomly selected cows. Bedding, teat swab, and milk samples were taken at 7-day intervals for 28 days. Each sample was tested for the presence and enumeration of Escbericbia coli, Enterobacter, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Streptococci. Bedding samples also were tested for pH. The limestone treatment resulted in lower bacteria counts in bedding, teat swabs, and milk than other treatments. There was no significant difference in bacterial counts between the dairy waste solids and the 50:50 mixture treatments. The pH of each bedding material appeared to affect bacterial counts.
Gating at the Mouth of the Acetylcholine Receptor Channel: Energetic Consequences of Mutations in the αM2-Cap

Gating of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors from a C(losed) to an O(pen) conformation is the initial event in the postsynaptic signaling cascade at the vertebrate nerve-muscle junction. Studies of receptor structure and function show that many residues in this large, five-subunit membrane protein contribute to the energy difference between C and O. Of special interest are amino acids located at the two transmitter binding sites and in the narrow region of the channel, where C O gating motions generate a low high change in the affinity for agonists and in the ionic conductance, respectively. We have measured the energy changes and relative timing of gating movements for residues that lie between these two locations, in the C-terminus of the pore-lining M2 helix of the alpha subunit ('alphaM2-cap'). This region contains a binding site for non-competitive inhibitors and a charged ring that influences the conductance of the open pore. alphaM2-cap mutations have large effects on gating but much smaller effects on agonist binding, channel conductance, channel block and desensitization. Three alphaM2-cap residues (alphaI260, alphaP265 and alphaS268) appear to move at the outset of channel-opening, about at the same time as those at the transmitter binding site. The results suggest that the alphaM2-cap changes its secondary structure to link gating motions in the extracellular domain with those in the channel that regulate ionic conductance.
Delivering Food Safety Education to Middle School Students Using a Web-Based, Interactive, Multimedia, Computer Program

ABSTRACT: More than 76 million persons become ill from foodborne pathogens in the United States each year. To reduce these numbers, food safety education efforts need to be targeted at not only adults, but school children as well. The middle school grades are ideal for integrating food safety education into the curriculum while simultaneously contributing to national and state education standards in science, technology, and family and consumer sciences. For this project, a multimedia, self-paced online resource for delivering a food safety curriculum to middle school children was developed. Animated characters were used to deliver the lesson content. The application also included video segments, quiz feedback, and interactive games and activities. The effectiveness of the Web site was evaluated using validated cognitive and attitudinal assessment tools, and by comparing student cognitive gains to individual student learning styles. Participants were recruited from 6 middle schools in 5 states, totaling 217 students (20 sixth graders, 157 seventh graders, and 40 eighth graders). The results show that students had statistically significant modest gains in pretest to posttest knowledge and enjoyed using the Web site. The 6th grade students had significantly lower pretest to posttest improvement compared to 7th and 8th grade students, suggesting that this program may not be appropriate for this grade level. Furthermore, the results indicate that this Web-based computer application meets the needs of varying individual student learning styles.
A phase-based hybridizable discontinuous Galerkin method for the numerical solution of the Helmholtz equation

We introduce a new hybridizable discontinuous Galerkin (HDG) method for the numerical solution of the Helmholtz equation over a wide range of wave frequencies. Our approach combines the HDG methodology with geometrical optics in a fashion that allows us to take advantage of the strengths of these two methodologies. The phase-based HDG method is devised as follows. First, we enrich the local approximation spaces with precomputed phases which are solutions of the eikonal equation in geometrical optics. Second, we propose a novel scheme that combines the HDG method with ray tracing to compute multivalued solution of the eikonal equation. Third, we utilize the proper orthogonal decomposition to remove redundant modes and obtain locally orthogonal basis functions which are then used to construct the global approximation spaces of the phase-based HDG method. And fourth, we propose an appropriate choice of the stabilization parameter to guarantee stability and accuracy for the proposed method. Numerical experiments presented show that optimal orders of convergence are achieved, that the number of degrees of freedom to achieve a given accuracy is independent of the wave number, and that the number of unknowns required to achieve a given accuracy with the proposed method is orders of magnitude smaller than that with the standard finite element method.
Periodic solutions in n dimensions and Volterra equations

Abstract If a nonlinear autonomous n -dimensional system of ordinary differential equations has a bounded solution with a certain uniform stability property, this solution approaches an almost periodic solution with the same stability property. (More precisely, the almost periodic solution is in the set of ω-limit points of the given solution.) If the bounded solution has, in addition to the uniform stability property, an asymptotic stability property, then the solution approaches a periodic solution with the same stability properties. Practical (i.e., computable) sufficient conditions for boundedness of solutions are obtained. The results are applied to generalized Volterra equations.
The inverse periodic problem for Hill's equation with a finite-gap potential

Let H(q) = d*/d~’ + q(x) be the Hill’s operator with a periodic potential q of period one. Consider the following inverse problem. Find all potentials q(x) with the same periodic spectrum as a given potential p(x). Two explicit solutions are known. For finite-gap potentials, Its and Matveev [6]. give an explicit formula in terms of theta functions. Their solution was generalized by McKean and Trubowitz [lo] to infinite-gap potentials. Finkel et al. [5] give a second formula which expresses q in terms of the base potential p, the Dirichlet eigenfunctions of p and the Floquet solutions of p. The formula involves no algebraic geometry. In this paper we represent finite-gap potentials q as rational functions of the base potential p and the derivatives ofp. The representation makes use of the Finkel-Isaacson-Trubowitz (FIT) formula.
Model-based development of dynamically adaptive software

Increasingly, software should dynamically adapt its behavior at run-time in response to changing conditions in the supporting computing and communication infrastructure, and in the surrounding physical environment. In order for an adaptive program to be trusted, it is important to have mechanisms to ensure that the program functions correctly during and after adaptations. Adaptive programs are generally more difficult to specify, verify, and validate due to their high complexity. Particularly, when involving multi-threaded adaptations, the program behavior is the result of the collaborative behavior of multiple threads and software components. This paper introduces an approach to create formal models for the behavior of adaptive programs. Our approach separates the adaptation behavior and non-adaptive behavior specifications of adaptive programs, making the models easier to specify and more amenable to automated analysis and visual inspection. We introduce a process to construct adaptation models, automatically generate adaptive programs from the models, and verify and validate the models. We illustrate our approach through the development of an adaptive GSM-oriented audio streaming protocol for a mobile computing application.
Osteogenic cell lineage analysis is facilitated by organ cultures of embryonic chick periosteum

Monoclonal antibodies against the surface of embryonic osteogenic cells (SB-1, SB-2, SB-3, and SB-5) have been used to characterize the sequence of transitions involved in the osteogenic cell lineage. In the present study, immunohistochemical analyses of the expression of osteogenic cell surface antigens in organ cultures of folded chick periosteum were performed. Unlike traditional culture methods using isolated osteoblastic cells, periosteal explants form a mineralized bone tissue in 4 to 6 days which is virtually identical to the in vivo counterpart. Examination of fresh explants confirm that no mature osteoblastic cells were present, although a discontinuous layer of preosteoblasts was evident. As the wave of osteodifferentiation swept through the cultured tissue, antibody SB-1 reacted with the surface of a large family of cells associated with the developing bone. Antibodies SB-3 and SB-2 reacted with progressively smaller subsets of cells, namely those in successively closer physical association with the newly formed and mineralizing bone. Cells recently encased in bone matrix were stained by both SB-2 and SB-5 antibodies, while those cells deep within the matrix reacted only with antibody SB-5. Analysis of this culture model allows dissection of the discrete cellular transition steps of osteogenesis, and reveals that osteogenic precursor cells proceed through the unique lineage stages which have been documented for in vivo osteogenesis. This culture system has furthermore provided evidence which is used to refine our understanding of the osteogenic cell lineage.