cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A streptavidin-SOG chimera for all-optical immunoassays.

Immunological detection has been developed into a sensitive and versatile technique and is based on two requisite elements: targeting antibodies and an indicator, usually in the form of horseradish peroxidase or alkaline phosphatase. The specificity and turnover rate of these enzymes provide an efficient means of signal amplification, but both require a stopping agent to prevent overdevelopment, which limits scalability to mechanized fluidic systems. As an alternative, we present a fully optical detection system based on a streptavidin-singlet oxygen generating chimeric protein that produces singlet oxygen from blue light. When used with trans-1-(2′-methoxyvinyl)pyrene, the photosynthetic streptavidin combines indicator development and reporting in sufficiently distinct visible wavelengths while retaining the sensitivity and scale of enzymatic systems that use horseradish peroxidase. By combining photosensitive development and detection into one system, we can enable future, highly parallel immunological ...
What factors affect nursing retention in the acute care setting

Moral distress and professional stress affect the lives of acute care nurses everyday. The impact of these stressors may be causing nurses to leave the acute care setting. This paper will outline t...
Interleukin-12 (IL-12) enhances lysis of non-lymphoid leukemia cell lines in vitro.

IL-2 augments the ability of natural killer (NK) cells to kill myeloid leukemia cells in vitro, and may have a role in the eradication of minimal residual disease (MRD) in AML patients. The ability to enhance lysis of AML cells without the toxicity of IL-2 would be a significant improvement in the use of biologics against AML. Recent interest in IL-12 suggested that this cytokine might meet these criteria. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of IL-12 to enhance the in vitro lysis of the non-lymphoid leukemia cell lines in a standard 51Chromium release assay. Effector cells from normal volunteers were incubated with varying concentrations of IL-12 or IL-2 for 18–20 h, then the 51Cr-labeled target cells from five different cell lines of AML origin were added for 4 h. Percent lysis was determined and plotted over four effector:target (E:T) ratios. Our results indicated that IL-12 was able to enhance lysis of all cell lines tested at ⩾5 units/ml. When IL-2 was added to the culture at a low dose along with IL-12, there appeared to be a synergistic effect. Although anti-gamma interferon was able to inhibit the cytolytic potential of effectors activated by IL-12, the lysis could not be completely blocked. Thus, it appears that IL-12 has the ability to stimulate NK lysis indirectly through the induction of gamma interferon as well as an alternate mechanism not related to gamma interferon. Thus, IL-12 may have a beneficial role in the treatment of non-lymphoid leukemia.
Estimation of the Interaction of Dams with Hatches, Sires in Breed, and Breed of Sire for Five Traits in the Fowl

Abstract An experiment was designed to estimate the interaction of dams by hatches, dams by sires in the same breed, and dams by breed of sires. White Leghorn dams were mated sequentially to two White Leghorn sires and two New Hampshire sires, and two hatches were measured for each sire. Two replicates were included, each with different sires and dams. In this design, breed of sire is factorial to replicates. Sires in breed are nested in replicates and breeds of sires. Hatches are nested in replicates, breeds of sire, and sires in breeds. Dams are nested in replicates but are factorial to breeds of sires, sires in breeds, and hatches in sires in breeds, so that the interactions of the dams with these variables can be estimated. The traits observed were percent hatch of all eggs set, body weight at 8 weeks of age, age at first egg, percent production from first egg to 36 weeks of age, and egg weight at 32 weeks of age. No significant interactions were observed for any trait between dams and either breed of sire or sires in breed. The only significant interaction observed was that for dam by hatch for body weight at 8 weeks of age.
Leukocyte Counts in Healthy Adults

In an attempt to resolve the uncertainty concerning normal values for leukocyte counts and their possible variation with age and sex, total and differential leukocyte counts in 507 healthy adults were analyzed. Values approximated those previously reported, with the exception of lymphocytes, for which our 97.5 percentile was lower. No significant variation was noted with age and sex.
Abstract B104: Targeting Nrf2/ARE pathway by inhibition of HDAC in breast cancer prevention

Abstracts: Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research 2008 B104 Cancer chemoprevention may be achieved through induction of phase II detoxifying enzymes, a process mediated by the antioxidant response element (ARE) in the promoter region of these genes. A key transcription factor involved in induction of phase II enzymes is nuclear factor erythoid-2 related factor (Nrf2). Although cellular function of Nrf2-Keap1 pathway in human carcinogenesis has been extensively investigated, majority of these studies focus on the negative regulator Keap1, which is responsible for cytoplasmic retention of the Keap1-Nrf2 complex, thereby preventing Nrf2-mediated gene transcription. Given the critical role of lysine acetylation in regulating diverse cellular pathways, we use clinically relevant histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors to explore novel mechanisms that govern Nrf2/ARE pathway. By a global proteomic survey, we have learned that the HDAC inhibitor, vorinostat, induces lysine acetylation of 73 proteins in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. These proteins include chromatin-associated proteins, transcriptional factors, transcriptional regulators, chaperone proteins, DNA repair enzymes, structural proteins and kinase mediators. Among these proteins, SQSTM1 is of particular interest as a recent study has confirmed its critical function in activation of the Nrf2/ARE pathway. Our work shows that vorinostat down-regulates Keap1 protein and elevates protein expression of Nrf2 and NQO1. Induction of Nrf2 by vorinostat is mediated through SQSTM1 as depletion of SQSTM1 by siRNA diminishes the effect of vorinostat on Nrf2 and NQO1. These findings suggest that therapeutic HDAC inhibitors may be found to be useful as chemopreventive agents for breast cancer and support work to elucidate the roles of lysine acetylation in the Nrf2/ARE dependent gene transcription as an underlying mechanism. Supported by FAMRI, Department of Defense Era of Hope, and NIH CA88843. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):B104.
Toxic effect of lead on erythrocyte membranes

Lead has been reported to poison many enzyme systems including the Na+K dependent ATPase essential to maintaining normal membrane potentials. The present study was designed to measure the toxic effects of lead on membrane trnaspor in human erythrocytes resulting from possible changes in ATPase activity. Na flux and membrane Na+K dependent. ATPase were measured in erythrocytes of patients with lead poisoning and in normal erythrocytes exposed in vitro to lead in concentrations of 50–200 micrograms/100 ml. We have not been able to confirm the presence of decreased. ATPase activity in patients with mild lead poisoning (i.e. no encephalopathy and blood concentrations of lead between 60 and 90 micrograms/100 ml.). However, we have demonstrated a markedly increased passive Na leak in both erythrocyte ghosts and intact cells. Active outward Na transport was also increased perhaps as a compensatory mechanism. In vitro exposure of intact red cells to lead has produced similar increases in membrane permeability to Na. In addition, when lead is incorporated in vitro into erythrocyte ghosts inhibition of active transport can be demonstrated. The mechanisms producing the two different effects of lead on membrane transport are separable and may be dose dependent. Thus lead affects the membrane in addition to any possible enzyme injury.
Prostatic Acid Phosphatase, β-Glucuronidase and Prostate Specific Antigen Assays in Fine Needle Aspirates from Benign and Malignant Prostates

Abstract Enzymatic assays for tartarate-sensitive acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase, and radioimmunoassay for prostate-specific antigen, were modified for application to fine-needle aspirate samples from benign and malignant human prostates. When compared to samples from benign prostates, the ratio of acid phosphatase to beta-glucuronidase activities was significantly decreased in needle aspirates from malignant prostates. Prostate-specific antigen values in the aspirates did not correlate with malignancy.
Photosensitization of ZnO Crystals with Iodide-Capped PbSe Quantum Dots

Lead selenide (PbSe) quantum dots (QDs) are an attractive material for application in photovoltaic devices due to the ability to tune their band gap, efficient multiple exciton generation, and high extinction coefficients. However, PbSe QDs are quite unstable to oxidation in air. Recently there have been multiple studies detailing postsynthetic halide treatments to stabilize lead chalcogenide QDs. We exploit iodide-stabilized PbSe QDs in a model QD-sensitized solar cell configuration where zinc oxide (ZnO) single crystals are sensitized using cysteine as a bifunctional linker molecule. Sensitized photocurrents stable for >1 h can be measured in aqueous KI electrolyte that is usually corrosive to QDs under illumination. The spectral response of the sensitization extended out to 1700 nm, the farthest into the infrared yet observed. Hints of the existence of multiple exciton generation and collection as photocurrent, as would be expected in this system, are speculated and discussed.
The Nature of Scientific Meta-Knowledge

We argue that science education should focus on enabling students to develop meta-knowledge about science so that students come to understand how different aspects of the scientific enterprise work together to create and test scientific theories. Furthermore, we advocate that teaching such meta-knowledge should begin in early elementary school and continue through college and graduate school and that it should be taught for all types of science, including the biological, physical, and social sciences.
4 – Protective helmets in sports

Abstract The physical, cognitive, emotional, and financial costs associated with head injuries in sport can be great. Head injuries in sport can take different forms that range from obvious structural damage of the skull, mandible, and soft tissue to the subtler mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). Regardless of injury type, most head injuries in sport typically result from biomechanical forces generated from either a head-to-object collision (e.g., playing surface or another player) or projectile-to-head collision (e.g., ball or stick). Over the modern era severe sport-related head injuries (e.g., skull fracture) have declined, but sport-related mTBIs—also referred to as sport-related concussions (SRCs)—have increased. This trend is highly problematic because of the serious nature of SRC’s symptoms, inherent sequelae (e.g., postconcussion syndrome and second impact syndrome), and potential for long-term cognitive decline (e.g., chronic traumatic encephalopathy). Since 2001 the International Symposium on Concussion in Sport has defined concussion as a “complex pathophysiological process affecting the brain, induced by traumatic biomechanical forces.” The definition continues to include several features that can be used to define the nature of concussion. The most recent definition of SRC developed at the 5th International Symposium on Concussion in Sport held in Berlin in 2016 defines SRC as “a traumatic brain injury induced by biomechanical forces.” The definition goes on to include several common features that could be used to define the nature of a concussion. These biomechanical forces can be generated via direct insult to the head or neck region or by forces encountered elsewhere on the body that are transmitted to the head. Unfortunately, uncertainty still exists for healthcare medical providers regarding the recognition of concussion, particularly for on-field providers and the best methods to prevent SRC. The primary objective of this chapter is to provide a broad overview of protective helmets in sport, their composition, and manufacturing processes.
Hospice Family Caregiver Involvement in Care Plan Meetings: A Mixed-Methods Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background and Objective:Untrained family caregivers struggle with complicated medical management regimens for hospice patients. An intervention was tested to improve caregiver’s perception of pain...
Teaching with Computer Technology: A Professor's Story

This paper is an account of a professor's experience in designing a computer-mediated graduate course in ethics. It contains a description of course development, lessons learned in the experience, and advice for other faculty who are considering the same challenge.
Studies of criteria for classification of arterial hypertension: II. Minute vessel pressure

Abstract An indirect method for measuring the pressure in the minute vessels of the skin is described. Although the reading is made by inspecting the capillaries, the pressure measured is probably that in the precapillary arteriole. In normal persons the pressure which is measured in this way does not exceed 25 mm. of mercury and will increase 3 to 13 mm. of mercury in the flare area of a histamine wheal. In persons with hypertension the initial minute vessel pressure may be normal or elevated, and, in the area of a histamine flare, it may fail to change, show a normal rise, or show an exaggerated rise of more than 13 mm. of mercury. When the change is less than 3 mm. of mercury, whether or not the subject has hypertension, it is suggested that sclerosis of the precapillary arteriole is present.
Going Through the Motions

This article takes up the age-old question of legal formalism. The effort is at once lively and deadly serious — and interested, precisely, in that overlap.
Cerebral hyperperfusion and other consequences of hemodialysis central vein catheters.

While central venous stenosis is a common consequence of protracted central venous catheter use, intracardiac device transvenous leads, and central venous instrumentation, the majority of patients ...
Evaluation and treatment of hepatitis C in patients with coexisting HIV infection.

In the current era of highly effective antiretroviral therapy, many HIV-infected patients are now surviving to an age when coinfection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) can progress to advanced liver disease. In the absence of routine HCV screening, patients and providers may remain unaware of HCV infections until the onset of cirrhosis and liver failure, when treatment options are limited. Therefore, all HIV-positive patients need routine screening for HCV antibody status. The rate of HIV/HCV coinfection in this population may vary from as low as 10%-15% to as high as 80%-90%, depending on the incidence of injection drug use.[1] Positive HCV serology should be followed up with HCV quantitative serum viral RNA and genotype testing, and patients with HCV viremia warrant further evaluation for treatment. Patients with positive HCV serology but negative HCV RNA testing on at least 2 occasions do not have chronic HCV infection and do not need additional treatment or evaluation. Some HCV-coinfected patients with advanced HIV disease may have negative HCV screening serologic assays; direct testing for HCV viremia should be performed in this patient group if there are clinical or biochemical signs of chronic active hepatitis. For many coinfected patients, treatment is appropriately deferred due to advanced and poorly controlled HIV infection, severe depression, neuropsychiatric disease, and/or ongoing substance abuse. However, patients recovering from addictions, including those on methadone maintenance programs, and patients with psychiatric symptoms controlled by therapy and regular follow-up with a mental health professional, are often suitable candidates for treatment. In the coinfected patient population, there is an increased risk of developing cirrhosis and liver failure as well as inferior response rates to anti-HCV therapy when compared with HCV-monoinfected patients. The recommended therapy for coinfected patients remains the same as for HCV monoinfection: pegylated interferon-alfa and weight-based dosing of ribavirin; specific recommendations, including dose and duration of therapy for the coinfected patient, have been published in recent HCV treatment guidelines.[2] However, several unique issues need to be considered when evaluating HIV-positive patients with HCV coinfection, and these issues are explored in this article.
MEMS Direction Finding Acoustic Sensor

Conventional directional sound sensing systems employ an array of spatially separated microphones to achieve directivity. However, there are insects such as the Ormia ochracea fly that can determine the direction of sound using a miniature hearing organ much smaller than the wavelength of sound it detects. The fly's eardrums are coupled mechanically with a separation of only 0.5 mm and yet have a remarkable sensitivity to the direction of sound. The MEMS based sensor mimicking the fly’s hearing system was fabricated using an SOI substrate with a 25 μm device layer. The sensor consists of two 1.5 mm x1.6 mm wings connected in the middle by a 2.7 mm x 30 μm bridge. The entire structure is connected to the substrate by two torsional legs at the center. The frequency response of the sensor showed two resonance frequencies at approximately 1.1 kHz (rocking) and 1.5 kHz (bending). The resonance at 1.1 kHz is due to rocking of the wings by twisting the legs and the other at 1.5 kHz is due to bending of the bridge. The response of the sensor was probed electronically using comb finger capacitors integrated to the edges of the wings and with the help of an MS3110 chip. A peak output voltage of about 9V/Pa was measured for sound incident normal to the device at the resonance frequency of the bending mode. The bearing of the incident sound under these conditions could be determined to within a few degrees. These findings indicate the potential use of the MEMS sensor to locate sound sources with high accuracy.
Evaluation of Reward Programs Based on Member Preferences and Perceptions of Fairness

ABSTRACTThis research provides a segmentation of reward program members based on perceptions of fairness (POF) and program benefits. The Theory of Justice provides a theoretical foundation to investigate POF for reward programs. Cluster analysis was used to classify 1108 members of a casino reward program on POF (value and communication-based) and importance of benefits (monetary, nonmonetary, and travel-related). The optimal solution produced three clusters in a two-dimensional benefit–fairness taxonomy, which was validated using recommended procedures. “Faithful” members are high in POF and importance of travel-related benefits, “Justice-seekers” are low in POF but consider all benefit types important. “Money-oriented” members” are high in POF and high in importance of monetary benefits. We profiled the loyalty and gambling behaviors of the clusters and examined demographic differences. Each cluster contains meaningful and distinct characteristics that can guide marketing strategies and predict loyalty ...
Aptamer-targeted siRNA inhibition of raptor promotes the persistence of vaccine-induced CD8+ T cell responses and enhances protective immunity against influenza virus (IRM14P.452)

Inhibition of mediators of effector differentiation redirects activated T cells to differentiate along the memory pathway. For example, pharmacological inhibition of mTOR with rapamycin led to the enhenced differentiation of antigen activated CD8+ T cells into memory cells. Nevertheless, pharmacological agents are not available for many “undrugable” targets and often exhibit undesirable effects reflecting the broad distribution of their targets. We are developing a versatile, broadly applicable, and clinically feasible approach to promote the generation of memory T cell responses that addresses the main limitations of pharmacological agents. RNAi is used to downregulate intracellular mediators of effector differentiation that are targeted to CD8 + T cells by conjugation to an oligonucleotide aptamer ligand. We have shown that a CD8 + T cell targeted 4-1BB aptamer-raptor siRNA conjugate administered to mice downregulated mTORC1, but not mTORC2, activity in vaccine-activated CD8+ T cells. In OT-I model, CD8+ memory cells generated with 4-1BB-raptor exhibited normal cytotoxic effector functions while rapamycin generated CTL were defective in their cytotoxic effector functions. Prophylactic immunization with DNA-based vaccine in combination with 4-1BB raptor increased persistence of NP-specific memory CD8+ T cells and protected animals from influenza challenge. Overall, these studies demonstrate the feasibility and efficiency of aptamer-targeted delivery of siRNAs to immune cells.
Impact of a workplace physical activity tracking program on biometric health outcomes

Wellness programs are a popular strategy utilized by large U.S. employers. As mobile health applications and wearable tracking devices increase in prevalence, many employers now offer physical activity tracking applications. This longitudinal study evaluates the impact of engagement with a web-based, physical activity tracking program on changes in individuals' biometric outcomes in an employer population. The study population includes active employees and adult dependents continuously enrolled in an eligible health plan and who have completed at least two biometric screenings (n=36,882 person-years with 11,436 unique persons) between 2011 and 2014. Using difference-in-differences (DID) regression, we estimate the effect of participation in the physical activity tracking application on BMI, total cholesterol, and blood pressure. Participation was significantly associated with a reduction of 0.275 in BMI in the post-period, relative to the comparison group, representing a 1% change from baseline BMI. The program did not have a statistically significant impact on cholesterol or blood pressure. Sensitivity checks revealed slightly larger BMI reductions among participants with higher intensity of tracking activity and in the period following the employer's shift to an outcomes-based incentive design. Results are broadly consistent with the existing literature on changes in biometric outcomes from workplace initiatives promoting increased physical activity. Employers should have modest expectations about the potential health benefits of such programs, given current designs and implementation in real-world settings.
Imaging mimics of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is the most common primary malignancy of the pancreas. The classic imaging features are a hypovascular mass with proximal ductal dilatation. Different pancreatic pathologies can mimic the imaging appearance of carcinoma including other tumors involving the pancreas (pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, lymphoma, metastasis, and rare tumors like pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma and solid pseudopapillary tumors), inflammatory processes (chronic pancreatitis and autoimmune pancreatitis), and anatomic variants (annular pancreas). Differentiation between these entities can sometimes be challenging due to overlap of imaging features. The purpose of this article is to describe the common entities that can mimic pancreatic cancer on imaging with illustrative examples and to suggest features that can help in differentiation of these entities.
Double Up Food Bucks program effects on SNAP recipients' fruit and vegetable purchases.

To encourage the consumption of more fresh fruits and vegetables, the 2014 United Sates Farm Bill allocated funds to the Double Up Food Bucks Program. This program provided Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program beneficiaries who spent $10 on fresh fruits and vegetables, in one transaction, with a $10 gift card exclusively for Michigan grown fresh fruits and vegetables. This study analyzes how fruit and vegetable expenditures, expenditure shares, variety and purchase decisions were affected by the initiation and conclusion, as well as any persistent effects of the program. Changes in fruit and vegetable purchase behaviors due to Double Up Food Bucks in a supermarket serving a low-income, predominantly Hispanic community in Detroit, Michigan were evaluated using a difference in difference fixed effects estimation strategy. We find that the Double Up Food Bucks program increased vegetable expenditures, fruit and vegetable expenditure shares, and variety of fruits and vegetables purchased but the effects were modest and not sustainable without the financial incentive. Fruit expenditures and the fruit and vegetable purchase decision were unaffected by the program. This study provides valuable insight on how a nutrition program influences a low-income, urban, Hispanic community’s fruit and vegetable purchase behavior. Policy recommendations include either removing or lowering the purchase hurdle for incentive eligibility and dropping the Michigan grown requirement to better align with the customers’ preferences for fresh fruits and vegetables.
Strahlstrom und Wetter

In den vorangehenden Kapiteln beschrieben wir das Phanomen des Strahlstromes. Wir konnten seine Existenz direkt aus physikalischen Prozessen ableiten. Waren diese Uberlegungen jedoch wirklich der Muhe wert? Wenn Sie nicht gerade ein Flugzeug in 10 km Hohe steuern, was kummert Sie schon der Jet-Stream?
Non-antiarrhythmic Drugs in Sudden Death Prevention

Despite a decline in mortality from cardiovascular disease in the last decade, the number of sudden cardiac deaths (SCD) has remained constant and is estimated to be at least 300,000 deaths annually. The most common mechanism of SCD is ventricular fibrillation. Antiarrhythmic drugs (AARx) that modulate cardiac ion channels have been shown to be effective in a variety of experimental models in possibly decreasing the risk of arrhythmic death and held the promise of possibly reducing the incidence of SCD. However, translation of these animal experiments to human studies has been disappointing, largely because AARx have been shown to be proarrhythmic in clinical settings in which there was great promise to reduce the incidence of SCD in susceptible populations. Unfortunately, drugs that block sodium or potassium channels overall have been ineffective in preventing SCD and in many cases have, paradoxically, increased the risk of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias. In contrast, in a number of studies of patients after myocardial infarction and those with heart failure, other classes of drugs, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and beta blockers, that are not considered traditional antiarrhythmic drugs, have been shown to be effective in reducing overall mortality and potentially sudden death mortality in patients with underlying structural heart disease. This chapter will review those drugs and also describe potential pathophysiological mechanisms by which these agents may reduce sudden death.
Scaling global fracture behavior of structures-sized laminated composites

The propagation of damage in laminated fiber composites similar to a crack-like configuration is studied experimentally. Of particular interest is the behavior of a `macro-crack' or `global crack' that propagates through a large scale structure (e.g., airplane fuselage or wing) with the potential interaction of stringers or other reinforcements. The question is considered whether such damage propagation can be understood in terms of classical fracture mechanics. Because the damage zone (wake width) can be very extensive and may be measured in terms of inches, the question arises as to the scalability of associated `fracture' phenomena. An integral part of this investigation is thus an examination of the size of the test specimens to establish whether a minimum size is required to relate fracture at larger scales by laboratory specimens. Using (globally anisotropic) 32-lamina composite specimens, proportioned like compact tension specimens, it is found that test `coupons' on the order of 45 to 50 cm on a side (18×18 in.2) or larger are needed to begin simulating large scale structures for establishing a global equivalent of a fracture energy for `crack propagation' simulations. Displacement controlled tests on groups of three specimen sizes (15, 30 and 46 cm on a side) indicate that scaling can be accomplished through the square root of the linear specimen or crack dimension. In certain lay-ups `run-away delamination' severs the surface laminae so that the reinforcement action of stringers is jeopardized. Damage at the `global crack front' is quantified through an effective area relation, with a characteristic value for the mostly intra-laminar initiation of damage (intra-lamina cracks) at a sharp notch, and another value conceived of as governing the onset of unstable growth.
Root cause analysis of the fusarium keratitis epidemic of 2004-2006 and prescriptions for preventing future epidemics.

Purpose A root cause analysis of the Fusarium keratitis epidemic of 2004-2006 was performed. Methods Three US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) documents were analyzed. Poisson and case-control studies were performed on outbreak data from Singapore. Irreversible thermochromic labels were applied to cartons of contact lens solution bottles, which were then subjected to elevated temperatures. Results The 1997 FDA guidance document concerning storage temperatures of contact lens care products predicted temperature-related solution instability. Bausch & Lomb (B&L) requested FDA approval for ReNu with MoistureLoc, claiming that it was substantially equivalent to other products. FDA Form 483 stated that cases of ReNu-related Fusarium keratitis from Asia had not been reported, the removal of the product from the Asian markets was unreported, and B&L had not performed biocidal testing on samples associated with Asian cases. The outbreak in Singapore could have been recognized after only 3 cases (Pr = .0067). The cause of the Singapore outbreak could have been determined after the recognition of only 3 (P = .0429), 5 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.15-126.0), or 15 cases (95% CI, 1.60-14.1). Thermochromic labels can irreversibly change color when exposed to elevated temperatures, thus warning of potential antimicrobial failure. Conclusions The worldwide Fusarium keratitis epidemic of 2004-2006 could, theoretically, have been prevented entirely, recognized much earlier, or mitigated by much more rigorous oversight by the FDA, by strict adherence by B&L to FDA guidelines and requirements, by the application of basic statistical methods, and/or by the use of temperature indication technology. The lessons learned from a root cause analysis of this pharmacologic catastrophy may help avert or mitigate future epidemics.
Radio-Quiet QSO's in the Region of Hercules Cluster of Galaxies

Nous presentons le debut d’une recherche de QSO, calmes en radio, dans la region de l’amas d’Hercule.
Breast Screening by African-American Women: Insights from a Household Survey and Focus Groups

This study uses quantitative and qualitative information to examine the relationships between predisposing, reinforcing, and enabling factors from a health education planning model and levels of mammography screening, clinical breast exam (CBE), and breast self-exam (BSE) among African-American women. We analyzed data from a random sample household survey of African-American women in a Florida community (n = 281) and three age-homogenous focus groups from the same population. Two thirds of the random sample and all of the focus group participants had less than a high school education and household incomes below $10,000. Even though both samples of women were likely to have a physician they see regularly, most had never had a mammogram and could not accurately describe more than two major techniques for BSE. Knowing guidelines for mammography, CBE, and BSE (predisposing factors), believing their screening behavior mattered to at least some family members (reinforcing factor), seeing a physician for health care and advice, and having been taught BSE in a physician's office (enabling factors) predicted one form of breast screening behavior or another in multivariate logistic regression analyses. In addition, knowing mammography and BSE guidelines and having been taught BSE in a physician's office were significant predictors of breast-screening behavior for both low- and moderate-income women. Focus-group participants unanimously reported a willingness to listen to physician instructions regarding breast screening and to receive a mammogram if their physician recommended one. Both survey and focus group results emphasize the particular importance of physicians in promoting breast screening among African-American women regardless of their income.
Remarkably Robust Antiviral Immune Response despite Combined Deficiency in Caspase-8 and RIPK3.

Caspase-8 (Casp8)-mediated signaling triggers extrinsic apoptosis while suppressing receptor-interacting protein kinase (RIPK) 3-dependent necroptosis. Although Casp8 is dispensable for the development of innate and adaptive immune compartments in mice, the importance of this proapoptotic protease in the orchestration of immune response to pathogens remains to be fully explored. In this study, Casp8-/-Ripk3-/- C57BL/6 mice show robust innate and adaptive immune responses to the natural mouse pathogen, murine CMV. When young, these mice lack lpr-like lymphoid hyperplasia and accumulation of either B220 + CD3+ or B220-CD3+CD4+ and CD8+ T cells with increased numbers of immature myeloid cells that are evident in older mice. Dendritic cell activation and cytokine production drive both NK and T cell responses to control viral infection in these mice, suggesting that Casp8 is dispensable to the generation of antiviral host defense. Curiously, NK and T cell expansion is amplified, with greater numbers observed by 7 d postinfection compared with either Casp8+/-Ripk3-/- or wild type (Casp8+/+Ripk3+/+ ) littermate controls. Casp8 and RIPK3 are natural targets of virus-encoded cell death suppressors that prevent infected cell apoptosis and necroptosis, respectively. It is clear from the current studies that the initiation of innate immunity and the execution of cytotoxic lymphocyte functions are all preserved despite the absence of Casp8 in responding cells. Thus, Casp8 and RIPK3 signaling is completely dispensable to the generation of immunity against this natural herpesvirus infection, although the pathways driven by these initiators serve as a crucial first line for host defense within virus-infected cells.
UNIT 17.12 Sialidases

Sialic acids are a family of nine-carbon acidic sugars found at the nonreducing terminus of many glycoconjugates. Sialidases can remove these sugar units selectively from cell surfaces, membranes, or purified glycoconjugates. In this unit, sialidase digestion of purified glycoproteins is described as is treatment of intact cells. The physical properties of the four most useful sialidases are discussed along with their relative activities against sialic acids with different modifications and in different linkages
Section 12 Module

The production for the non-terminal is changed to include a global calendric system declaration statement, and a new non-terminal is added to define this statement.
The combined effects of salinity, hypoxia, and oil exposure on survival and gene expression in developing sheepshead minnows, Cyprinodon variegatus.

The 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill released approximately 780 million liters of crude oil contaminating coastal habitats from Texas to Florida which are important habitats for many fish species during early life stages. These diverse habitats are also prone to rapid fluctuations in water quality, such as dissolved oxygen concentration and salinity. The consequence of combined exposure to crude oil and suboptimal environmental conditions during early life stage development of fish is still largely unknown. The objective of this project was to investigate the impacts of exposure to crude oil in combination with varying environmental stressors on developing Cyprinodon variegatus survival, growth, and gene expression. Three life stages (embryonic, post-hatch, and post-larval) were exposed to four nominal concentrations (6.25%, 12.5%, 50% and 100% with actual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations ranging from 0 to 512 μg/L) of high energy water accommodated fractions (HEWAF) under different oxic (2.0 or >5.0 mg/L) and salinity (10 or 30 ppt) regimes at 30 °C for 48 h. We found that the post-larval developmental stage was the most sensitive to oil toxicity. Median lethal concentrations during the post-larval exposures followed a treatment-dependent pattern with the highest mortality observed under hypoxic-high salinity conditions (64.55 μg/L). Real-time PCR analysis identified down regulation of target genes, encoding cytochrome P450-1α (cyp1a1), erythropoietin (epo), and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (arnt1) only when oil exposure occurred under hypoxic-high salinity conditions in treatments with PAH concentrations greater than 226 μg/L. The target genes measured in this experiment are involved in the aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling pathway which modulates metabolism of PAHs (a major component of crude oil), and the hypoxia inducible 1-α signaling pathway which is responsible for resilience to hypoxic stress, and it is known that disruption of these pathways can lead to an array of acute and chronic effects. Our results indicated that sheepshead minnow are most sensitive to oil exposure during the post-larval developmental stage. Survival data from this age-stage also indicate that oil toxicity response is exacerbated in hypoxic and high salinity environments. The increased mortality observed during the post-larval developmental stage might be attributed to the suppression of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling and the hypoxia inducible 1-α signaling pathways which is evident in by the down-regulated expression of cyp1a1, epo, and arnt1. These findings provide more information about interactions between oil and abiotic factors which enable us to make better assumptions of the ecological impacts of DWH on coastal estuaries.
Oscillating column and triboelectric nanogenerator for ocean wave energy

This paper investigated energy harvesting from ocean waves using an oscillating column (OC) and a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG). First, preliminary tests were conducted for a TENG fabricated using copper alloy or pure copper and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) tape. Then, an OC was designed and built with the pure copper TENG, which was tested previously. The final design was tested in a tow tank with a wave maker to demonstrate the OC–TENG system under simulated ocean waves. The study examined different parameters that influenced the power generation, i.e., the voltage of alternative currents, in order to determine what parameters are critical to higher power generation.
Brain composition and scaling in social bee species differing in body size

We compare four honeybee and one bumblebee species with similar behaviors and ecological requirements but large differences in body size. The bees show allometric brain-body size relationships and scaling exponents similar to those found in vertebrates. Compared with three Asian honeybee species, the European honeybee Apis mellifera feature larger brains than expected for their body mass. Overall, the brains show moderate regional variation across species with two pronounced differences: A. dorsata have an enlarged visual lamina, possibly an adaptation for crepuscular vision. Second, the mushroom bodies are larger and comprise more intrinsic neurons in bumblebees than in honeybees. While these findings might suggest more advanced sensory associations in bumblebees, it is currently not possible to test this notion in the absence of quantitative and comprehensive behavioral comparisons across bee species.
The Palimpsest of Euripides, Shakespeare, and Voltaire

The first chapter consists of three parts. The first part asserts that Schiller bases his depiction of Joan of Arc in Die Jungfrau von Orleans (“The Maid of Orleans”) on the image of Iphigeneia in Euripides’s plays Iphigeneia Among the Taurians and Iphigeneia in Aulis. Iphigeneia decides to sacrifice herself for her country, a singular act of personal sacrifice corresponding to two of the qualities Schiller ascribes to Joan of Arc: She is sublime, a state attained only by extraordinary suffering, and she exudes sanctity, an extreme individuality of will. The author then explores depictions of Joan of Arc in Shakespeare’s Henry VI, pt I, where she is presented as a wily but doomed sorceress, and Voltaire’s La pucelle d’Orleans, in which she is an ignorant stable girl. The author argues that Schiller’s aim was to supplant these popular images, in the manner of a scribe writing over a used palimpsest, with that of his Joan of Arc, whose sublime sanctity transforms her from victim of fate to warrior-prophet, changing history by sheer force of will.
CO2 Absorption from Gas Turbine Flue Gas by Aqueous Piperazine with Intercooling

Amine scrubbing is the most mature technology for postcombustion carbon capture. Much bench- and pilot-scale work has been focused on CO2 capture from coal-fired flue gas. Because natural gas is in...
Statistical analysis of 4 He(p,p) 4 He data

A statistical study is made of 1131 $^{4}\mathrm{He}(p,p)^{4}\mathrm{He}$ scattering data from 91 experiments in the range 0 to 18 MeV. A goodness-of-fit test is made comparing the 91 data subsets to the $R$-matrix predictions of Dodder et al., who use these data. The result is generally satisfactory indicating a proper random fluctuation of the experimental data sets; however, there is some evidence of an overestimation of errors in several experiments.
A Semester-Long, Organic Chemistry Laboratory Structured around Unknown Analysis and Resynthesis as a Bridge to Guided-Inquiry.

The complete structural analysis and resynthesis of an unknown compound, selected from a library of dipeptides, provided a framework for a course that built from expository experiments toward a gui...
Urban Public Policy Planning in the Absence of a Demographic Engineering Consensus

This chapter highlights the urban public policy planning approach, value and purpose in the context of rapid urbanization and demographic explosion of the capital city of Cayenne in French Guyana. Additionally, the chapter shows the limitations of the surge in public housing construction without a coherent urban policy planning of the agglomeration as a whole. Urban relocation and urban spreading go faster and in an uncontrolled way than the capacity of public policy bodies to anticipate and regulate urban explosion. The multi-levels and the multi-scales of public policies and their diverse sociopolitical actors that are involved in isolated urban zonings become a challenge to an efficient urban governance and a schema of territorial coherence for the whole Cayenne agglomeration—harboring a composite population with different spatial perceptions and practices of the urban network loci and their artifacts.
Effect of Humidity on the Sorption of H 2 S from Multicomponent Acid Gas Streams on Silica-Supported StericallyHindered and Unhindered Amines

The sorption of H2S on a silica-supported sterically hindered secondary amine and a supported unhindered tertiary amine is investigated using fixed bed breakthrough experiments. In situ Fourier tra...
It takes a neural village: Circuit-based approaches for estrogenic regulation of episodic memory.

Abstract Cognitive behaviors, such as episodic memory formation, are complex processes involving coordinated activity in multiple brain regions. However, much of the research on hormonal regulation of cognition focuses on manipulation of one region at a time or provides a single snapshot of how a systemic treatment affects multiple brain regions without investigating how these regions might interact to mediate hormone effects. Here, we use estrogenic regulation of episodic memory as an example of how circuit-based approaches may be incorporated into future studies of hormones and cognition. We first review basic episodic memory circuitry, rapid mechanisms by which 17β-estradiol can alter circuit activity, and current knowledge about 17β-estradiol’s effects on episodic memory. Next, we outline approaches that researchers can employ to consider circuit effects in their estrogen research and provide examples of how these methods have been used to examine hormonal regulation of memory and other behaviors.
The impact of fear of cancer recurrence on healthcare utilization among long-term breast cancer survivors recruited through ECOG-ACRIN trials.

OBJECTIVE To examine the relationship between fear of cancer recurrence (FCR) and healthcare utilization among long-term breast cancer survivors (BCS). METHODS In a cross-sectional survey study, 505 younger survivors (YS: ≤45 years) and 622 older survivors (OS: 55-70 years) 3-8 years from diagnosis completed a questionnaire assessing demographics, medical history, FCR, and healthcare utilization. Healthcare utilization consisted of breast cancer (BC) and non-BC-related routine and nonroutine utilization. RESULTS YS had significantly higher FCR than OS (p < 0.01). Independent of age, FCR was significantly associated with all three types of BC-related utilization (p < 0.05). In the multivariate models, we found a significant, positive interaction effect between FCR and increased comorbidities on nonroutine BC appointments (p = 0.01) and BC-related emergency room visits (p = 0.03). Additionally, comorbidities were associated with non-BC-related utilization (p < 0.01), and nonwhites were more likely to utilize nonroutine resources, both BC and non-BC-related (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Increased FCR has been associated with hypervigilance among survivors and may lead to increased healthcare utilization. YS are at higher risk for increased FCR and psychosocial concerns, which may lead to overutilization. Providers should be aware that higher FCR may be related to increased use of healthcare resources and that these patients might be better served with supportive resources to increase quality of life and decrease inappropriate utilization. While this study provides increased evidence of the relationship between FCR and healthcare utilization, interventions are needed for survivors at risk to address unmet needs, especially as life expectancy increases among BCS.
The Resting Brain Sets Support-Giving in Motion: Dorsomedial Prefrontal Cortex Activity During Momentary Rest Primes Supportive Responding.

Humans give support, care, and assistance to others on a daily basis. However, the brain mechanisms that set such supportive behavior in motion are unknown. Based on previous findings demonstrating that activity in a portion of the brain’s default network—the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC)—during brief rest primes social thinking and behavior, momentary fluctuations in this brain region at rest may prime supportive responding. To test this hypothesis, 26 participants underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while they alternated between deciding whether to give support to a close other in financial need, receive support for themselves, and make arbitrary decisions unrelated to support. Decisions were interleaved with brief periods of rest. Results showed that, within participants, spontaneous activity in the DMPFC during momentary periods of rest primed supportive-responding: greater activity in this region at the onset of a brief period of rest predicted, on a trial-by-trial basis, faster decisions to give support to the close other. Thus, activating the DMPFC as soon as our minds are free from external demands to attention may help individuals “default” to support-giving. Implications for understanding the prosocial functions of the resting brain are discussed.