cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Sector Specialization on Entrepreneurial Activity

Entrepreneurship is becoming widely recognized for its role in economic growth. The successes of Silicon Valley, Austin Texas, and Northern Virginia in the U.S. suggest that entrepreneurial activity is preferential for specific sectors (e.g. high-technology industries). This implies a sector concentration of entrepreneurship. The author explores whether sector specialization has an impact on the level of entrepreneurial activity or not in U.S. Metropolitan Statistical Areas. The econometric results show that sector specialization is a significant contributor to entrepreneurial activity, while, local factors such as population growth, income growth, unemployment rate, average establishment size and human capital all affect entrepreneurship. The paper sheds some light on the direction that future entrepreneurship policy should take.
Abnormal uterine bleeding. Accuracy of vaginal probe ultrasound in predicting abnormal hysteroscopic findings.

OBJECTIVE : To determine the accuracy of vaginosonography in predicting the presence of abnormal intrauterine findings at hysteroscopy in women presenting with abnormal uterine bleeding. STUDY DESIGN : Two hundred thirty-eight women between the ages of 25 and 75 were evaluated for abnormal uterine bleeding by a combination of vaginal probe ultrasound, hysteroscopy and suction curettage. Ultrasound findings were classified as normal, abnormal or equivocal, and hysteroscopic findings as normal or abnormal. The ability of findings on ultrasound to predict a normal or abnormal hysteroscopic examination was evaluated. RESULTS : Ultrasound examination was normal, equivocal and abnormal in 57 (24%), 78 (33%) and 103 (43%) patients, respectively. If equivocal scans are excluded, ultrasound had a positive predictive value of 87%, negative predictive value of 89%, sensitivity of 94% and specificity of 89%. If equivocal scans are considered abnormal, the positive predictive value of an abnormal ultrasound examination was 75%, negative predictive value was 89%, sensitivity 96% and specificity 53%. Vaginosonography detected 99% of submucous myomas and 89% of endometrial polyps. CONCLUSION : Normal and abnormal vaginal probe ultrasound examination of the uterus is effective in predicting the presence or absence of endometrial pathology as determined by hysteroscopy and suction curettage. Vaginal probe ultrasound is an excellent screening examination for the presence of intrauterine pathology and can assist in planning further evaluation and treatment. (J Reprod Med 1995 ;40 :545-548)
A Novel Cognitive Neuromorphic Polarimetric Dynamic Vision System (pDVS) with Enhanced Discrimination and Temporal Contrast

In this preliminary study, a new cognitive vision architecture of a Polarimetric Dynamic Vision Sensor (pDVS), is presented. The system consists of a neuromorphic camera coupled to polarization filters; a spinning wheel, namely, a light modulating wheel, operating at different speeds, is placed in front a static object. The detector system performance against different modulating speeds, under unpolarized and polarized conditions, has been tested, data were acquired and then analyzed. The outcome of this study indicates that enhanced temporal contrast resolution can be achieved, while offering unique discrimination capabilities, depending upon the light polarization states.
Black Americans and the “crime narrative”: comments on the use of news frames and their impacts on public opinion formation

News framing choices remain critical components in the formation of political attitudes and public opinion. Early findings, which indicated that episodic framing of national issues like poverty and...
CONTRAST-INDUCED NEPHROPATHY

Objectives: To know the epidemiology, current definitions, pathophysiology, risk factors, contrast media, and preventativestrategies of CI-AKI.Material & Methods: Various studies have been reviewed and their conclusion have been discussed in this paper.Results: CIN (Contrast-induced Nephropathy) is one of the complications after PCI that accounts for hospital-acquiredrenal failure, with adverse effects on prognosis, prolonging hospital stays and health care costs. CIN is most widelydefined as an increase in serum creatinine of 0.5 mg/dl (44.2umole/L) or a 25% increase from the baseline value of 48hours after the procedure. Multiple risk factors are involved in the development of CIN; these factors are divided intothe patient- and procedure-related factors.Conclusion: It is recommended that CIN can be prevented by adequate hydration through the IV normal saline
Survey of Poncirus trifoliata hybrids for resistance to colonization by Asian citrus psyllid

Genetic traits in Poncirus trifoliata (Rutaceae) are known to confer resistance to colonization by the Asian citrus psyllid, but field surveys indicated these traits were not expressed in any of 24 simple hybrids between P. trifoliata and sweet orange. No resistance to colonization by the psyllid was observed in 14 other types of P. trifoliata hybrids. Three citrumelo hybrids appeared to be resistant in 1 survey, but in another survey, none of 6 citrumelos exhibited resistance. Interestingly, colonization was somewhat reduced on a hybrid with P. trifoliata in the pedigree of both parents, suggesting the possibility that traits suppressing oviposition may be recovered through similar crosses.
A lattice model for the interpretation of oligonucleotide hybridization experiments

We present a lattice model developed to interpret oligonucleotide hybridization experiments beyond the two-state, all-or-none description. Our model is a statistical extension of the nearest-neighbor model in which all possible combinations of broken and intact base pairs in the duplex state are considered explicitly. The conformational degrees of freedom of unpaired nucleotides in the single-strand or duplex state are modeled as self-avoiding walks of the polymer chain on a cubic lattice. Translational entropy and concentration effects are modeled through a coarser lattice of single-strand sized sites. Introducing a single free parameter for the excess entropy per unpaired nucleotide results in reasonable agreement with experiment. While the model provides a generally applicable tool, we illustrate specifically how it is used to interpret equilibrium and nonequilibrium infrared spectroscopy measurements and validate that the model correctly captures sequence and length dependent effects for sequences up to 18 nucleotides. Model predictions are directly related to experiments through computed melting curves. Calculated free energy surfaces offer insight into the interpretation of temperature-jump measurements of oligonucleotide dehybridization. The model captures the interplay between configurational variation and the enthalpic stabilization of base pairing contacts in the context of a minimalist statistical description of DNA hybridization and offers useful insight beyond the simplest all-or-none picture.
The Death of Confucianization

From the November 2, 2008 "Shanghai Review of Books" ("Shanghai Shuping"), a Chinese language book review of the PRC Chinese edition of Li Zhende's "Gongzhu zhi Si - Ni Suo Bu Zhidao de Zhongguo Falushi" ("The Death of a Princess - The Chinese Legal History You Don't Know") (Beijing: Sanlian Bookstore Press, 2008, 114 pp.) addressing the ongoing validity of Professor Qu Tongzu's theory that the law was "Confucianizated" in imperial Chinese history, and the real autonomy of the law in the modern Chinese world.
Racial/Ethnic Differences in Unwanted Births: Moderation by Sexual Orientation

Objective To explore sexual orientation disparities in unwanted pregnancy by race/ethnicity. Background Previous research has documented that sexual-minority women (SMW) are more likely to report unplanned pregnancy than heterosexual women, and that Black and Latina women are more likely to report unplanned pregnancy than White women. No research has examined how pregnancy intention varies at the intersection of these two identities. Method Data come from the pregnancy roster data in Waves IV and Wave V subsample in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health. We used pregnancy as the unit of analysis (n=10,845) and multilevel logistic regression models to account for clustering of pregnancies within women. Per pregnancy, women were asked if they "wanted" to be pregnant at the time of pregnancy. We conducted models stratified by race/ethnicity, as well as models stratified by sexual identity. Results Among White women, sexual-minority women were more likely to describe their pregnancy as unwanted than were their heterosexual counterparts. Conversely, among Black and Latina women, sexual-minority women were less likely to describe their pregnancy as unwanted than were their heterosexual counterparts. Results stratified by sexual identity underscore these contrasting patterns: Among heterosexual women, White women were less likely to describe their pregnancies as unwanted compared to Black and Latina women; among sexual-minority women, White women were more likely to describe their pregnancy as unwanted than were Black and Latina women. Conclusion Traditional race/ethnicity trends in pregnancy intention (i.e., greater unwanted pregnancy among Black/Latina than White women) are reversed among sexual-minority women.
Complex Multivariate Taylor Formula

We derive here a Taylor’s formula with integral remainder in the several complex variables and we estimate its remainder. See also [1].
M-AdaBoost-A based ensemble system for network intrusion detection

Abstract Network intrusion detection remains a challenging research area as it involves learning from large-scale imbalanced multiclass datasets. While machine learning algorithms have been widely used for network intrusion detection, most standard techniques cannot achieve consistent good performance across multiple classes. In this paper we proposed a novel ensemble system based on the modified adaptive boosting with area under the curve (M-AdaBoost-A) algorithm to detect network intrusions more effectively. We combined multiple M-AdaBoost-A-based classifiers into an ensemble by employing various strategies, including particle swarm optimization. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to utilize the M-AdaBoost-A algorithm, which incorporates the area under the curve into the boosting process for addressing class imbalance in network intrusion detection. Compared with existing standard techniques, our proposed ensemble system achieved superior performance across multiple classes in both 802.11 wireless intrusion detection and traditional enterprise intrusion detection.
When Urban School Districts Innovate: The Politics of Turning Around Low Performing School Organizations through Charter Schools

This paper argues that charter-based turnaround reform cannot escape politics. Brief case studies of Renaissance 2010 in Chicago and Green Dot Public Schools in Los Angeles show that political actors and interests at the local, lateral level are very active in both cases. Empirical analysis of state legislator agenda setting and voting behavior in 2007 confirms that a vertical state-level political influence exists as well. Partisanship, teachers’ union interests, and race are all determinants of legislative behavior on charter schools. Taken together, these two strands of analysis show that charter-based turnaround reform is shaped by multiple, interrelated layers of political activity.
A review of internal hernias related to congenital peritoneal fossae and apertures

Congenital-type internal hernias have the potential to cause small bowel obstruction well into adulthood. Congenital-type internal hernias include left paraduodenal, right paraduodenal, foramen of Winslow, pericecal, sigmoid mesocolon, transomental, small bowel mesentery, and broad ligament hernias. This review summarizes CT imaging features and complications of congenital internal hernias using a systematic approach based on abdominopelvic quadrants and key anatomic features. CT imaging will continue to be commonly used to evaluate abdominal pain. Anatomical landmarks and characteristic CT findings can help identify congenital internal hernias as a potential cause of abdominal pain.
“To Wage a War”: Crime, Race, and State Making in the Age of FDR

The FDR administration waged a war on crime starting in 1933. I argue that this war on crime had three primary effects. First, it created a ratchet effect whereby expanded institutions did not return to previous levels after the campaign ended. Second, it instilled enduring institutional and racial logics into law enforcement in America. By building a state through a war on crime, these leaders constructed a criminal justice system designed to make war. Moreover, they perpetuated the surveillance of Black leaders and eschewed calls from Black organizations demanding protection from widespread racial violence. Third, these political entrepreneurs induced an issue realignment that defined crime policy around a politics of consensus—a consensus that included every major political bloc but Black Americans, who unsuccesfully called on the federal government to hold local police accountable and address racial inequality. This coalition diffused their methods to states and deployed future wars on crime, and the racial logics cemented in the FDR era set the stage for these future wars to be deployed disproportionately against the Black community.
'Proposed Panel:' Teaching American Politics: Pathways to a Comparative Race and Ethnicity Textbook

This panel introduces the textbook Uneven Roads: An Introduction to US Racial and Ethnic Politics, and offers the strategy the authors used to frame the textbook. Three of the four co-authors (Todd Shaw, Toni-Michelle Travis and Dianne Pinderhughes) will be present to discuss their exploration of when, why, and how race and ethnicity matter in U.S. politics. They use the metaphor of a road, with twists, turns, and dead ends, to discuss the political experiences of five groups. Uneven Roads begins with an introduction to broad political racialization and the roots of modern interpretations of race and ethnicity. Historical chapters on each of the five groups identified in the U.S. Census — Native American, African American, Latina/o, Asian American, and White — provide a narrative on race, prejudice, equal rights and opportunity up to the 1960s. Policy and social issue chapters carry the story up to the present day, providing a wide lens on topics including voting rights, political representation, education and criminal justice policies, and the immigrant experience. A final chapter on intersectionality examines how groups go beyond the boundaries of race and ethnicity to come together on matters of class, gender, and sexuality. The book’s structure and narrative are designed to encourage comparison and reflection. Students are provided with the history and context of U.S. race and ethnic politics and build the skills to apply their own conclusions. Centered in political science, but with interdisciplinary appeal, this text provides both a sobering and hopeful assessment of American racial progress.
Characterization of Total and Unprotonated (Free) Nicotine Content of Nicotine Pouch Products.

Introduction Nicotine pouch products, oral smokeless products that contain nicotine but no tobacco leaf material, have recently entered the US marketplace. Available data indicate sales of these products in the United States have increased since 2018; however, the extent of use among US youth and adults is uncertain. Methods To assay the chemistry of these emerging tobacco products, we analyzed 37 nicotine pouch brands from six total manufacturers. Almost all of the products had flavor descriptors (36 of 37), such as mint, licorice, coffee, cinnamon, and fruit. The amount of free nicotine, the form most easily absorbed, was calculated for each product using total nicotine, product pH, the appropriate pKa, and the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. Results Nicotine pouch products varied in pouch content mass, moisture content (1.12%‒47.2%), alkalinity (pH 6.86‒10.1), and % free nicotine (7.7%‒99.2%). Total nicotine content ranged from 1.29 to 6.11 mg/pouch, whereas free nicotine ranged from 0.166 to 6.07 mg/pouch. These findings indicate that nicotine and pH levels found in some of these nicotine pouches are similar to conventional tobacco products, such as moist snuff and snus, and that most of these pouch products are flavored. Conclusions Although these products likely lack many tobacco-related chemicals, each product analyzed contained nicotine, which is both addictive and can harm human health. Given that nicotine pouches may appeal to a spectrum of users, from novice to experienced users, it is important to include these emerging tobacco products in tobacco control research, policy, and practice. Implications These "tobacco-free" nicotine pouches have similar pH and nicotine content to conventional tobacco products, such as moist snuff and snus. Although they lack many tobacco-related chemicals, most are highly flavored which could increase experimentation from new users. Given that nicotine pouches may appeal to a spectrum of users, from novice to experienced users, in terms of their flavors and nicotine content, it is important to examine and include these emerging tobacco products as they relate to tobacco control research, policy, and practice.
Sexual and Physical Assault Before Age 18 and Young Adults' Perception of Unfair Treatment.

Research indicates that sexual and physical assault generate negative emotions of shame and anger, undermine self-esteem, and increase interpersonal sensitivity. This in turn may bring about behavi...
Marketing and Advertising of E-Cigarettes and Pathways to Prevention

Vaping and e-cigarette use have been driven by highly effective marketing and advertising tactics, recruiting new users with innovative vaping products that have disrupted the tobacco industry. Prevention of e-cigarette and vaping initiation requires a multipronged approach including policy approaches to restrict youth access to tobacco, policies to reduce the impact of marketing including advertising bans, mass media campaigns, and statewide, community-wide, and school-based programs that educate and change social norms around tobacco use. Tobacco prevention is possible, and our first tobacco-free generation within reach if the trend can be reversed on the current epidemic of vaping among youth.
Becoming a Presence on the Internet

In the not-too-distant past, physicians who advertised their services were immediately discredited and occasionally even arrested. However, the public’s attitude toward advertising of medical services has since relaxed. In fact, many medical organizations and physicians have rapidly seized the opportunity to go online According to an American Medical Association study, over 27% of physicians in the United States have their own Web page.1 This number is sure to grow. Creating and posting a Web page that details the services of an individual surgeon may be a form of advertising, but it also can be a valuable resource for patients, ancillary staff, and referring physicians Potential benefits to the physician who has a personal Web page include better-informed patients, simplified communications, and increased referrals.
Galaxy Next Generation Sequencing Functionality from Sample Tracking to SNP Calling

A new generation of DNA sequencing technologies has enabled a variety of novel genome-scale experimental techniques. What is perhaps most unique about this recent data explosion is that it is distributed — relatively inexpensive instruments allow any lab or institution to produce enormous amounts of data. Yet the infrastructure upstream and downstream of sequencing instruments is largely undeveloped. In addition to the instrument cost labs, core facilities and sequencing service providers are forced to earspend thousands on commercial LIMS systems and sequence analysis packages, which are in-turn based on tools from the public domain. Galaxy provides a robust open-source alternative. It's lightweight sample tracking system is aimed at helping small labs and core facilities managing requests for sequencing runs. It allows one to track the entire “life-cycle” of sequencing request from the initial sample to the resulting dataset. Once the run is complete the user can apply a variety of NGS tools including format converters, mappers, ChIP-seq and transcriptome utilities. Results of these analyses can be visualized, shared, and published. In this presentation we will demonstrate sample tracking functionality from the moment of sample submission to the sequencing facility, through the sequencing run, until the sample becomes a dataset and can be analyzed with a variety of NGS tools.
The Prevalence of Serious Emotional Disturbance: A Re-Analysis of Community Studies

The goal of these analyses was to use existing data to provide an empirically-based estimate of the prevalence in the population of Serious Emotional Disturbance (SED) in children and adolescents, to assist States in their task, required under PL 102-321, of including such estimates in their applications for Block Grant funds. Seven data sets were identified that could provide estimates of SED. The principal investigators agreed on common definitions of the key components of SED: a psychiatric diagnosis and significant functional impairment. Two definitions of impairment were used: domain-specific (impairment in one or more of three areas of functioning) and global (in the worst 10% over all). They also defined a set of correlates and risk factors for SED: age, gender, race/ethnicity, and poverty. Investigators then reanalyzed their own data, using these standard definitions, and calculated the proportion of SED youth who received mental health care. The median estimate of SED with global impairment was 5.4%, with a range from 4.3% to 7.4%. Estimates of SED with domain-specific impairment ranged from 5.5% to 16.9% (median 7.7%). Rates were slightly higher in boys. There were no clear ethnic differences. Poverty doubled the risk of SED. Only one SED child in four had recently received mental health care. Estimates of SED are critically dependent on the method used to define diagnosis and functional impairment. Using common definitions, seven studies produced fairly consistent estimates, which were similar to the estimate of prevalence of Serious Mental Illness (SMI) in adults. Implications for the estimate of State-by-State prevalence rates are discussed.
The state of manganese in the photosynthetic apparatus

Abstract The structure of the Mn complex in the oxygen-evolving system and its mechanistic relation to photosynthetic oxygen evolution are poorly understood, though many studies have established that membrane-bound Mn plays an active role. Recently established procedures for isolating oxygen-evolving subchloroplast Photosystem II (PS II) preparations and the discovery of a light-induced multiline EPR signal attributable to the S2 state of the O2-evolving complex have facilitated the preparation of samples well characterized in the S1 and S2 states. We have used extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy to probe the ligand environment of Mn in PS II particles from spinach, and in this report we present our results. The essential feature of the EXAFS results are that at least two Mn atoms per PS II reaction center occur as a binuclear species with a metal-metal distance of approx. 2.7 A, with low Z atoms, N or O, at a distance of approx. 1.75 A and at approx. 1.98 A, which are characteristic of bridging and terminal ligands. These results agree well with those derived from whole chloroplasts that provided the first evidence for a binuclear manganese complex (Kirby, J.A., Robertson, A.S., Smith, J.P., Thompson, A.C., Cooper, S.R. and Klein, M.P. (1981) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 103, 5529–5537).
Children's Interests And Information Disclosure: Who Provided The Egg and Sperm? Or Mommy, Where ( And Whom) Do I Come From?

This essay focuses on the relationships between children, unknown donors, and biological parents. It argues that children deserve access to information about their biological pasts both when the donor's identity is known to the biological parent and when it is unknown. Once an adoption has been finalized or once known gamete donors have agreed not to assert parental rights, the donors should be unable to assert parental rights. But the finality of adoption or gamete provision (which includes eggs, sperm, or embryos) should not prevent the disclosure of information about the identity of biological parents and gamete providers to a mature child. The disclosure of this information is not equivalent to recognizing parental rights and responsibilities for the biological parents or gamete providers. Nor is disclosure solely for genetically based reasons. Rather, disclosure recognizes the potential relationship between the child and her biological forebears. The argument for disclosure, while it may implicate constitutional interests, is ultimately based on public policy considerations. Adoption and gamete provision are regulated by state and federal law, so the decisions on whether to allow disclosure is largely left to the legislative, or referenda process. In the adoption area, legislatures have chosen whether to seal birth certificates and related adoption records based on a balancing of the different interests involved. In the gamete provision area, the few legislatures that have acted, have similarly attempted to balance the different interests involved. My argument is that the balancing of the affected interests should result in making birth certificates and other biological information readily available because the "child's" interest becomes paramount when she becomes an adult. Although the article is primarily concerned with disclosure issues in lesbian and gay families, the arguments are applicable to all families formed through adoption or gamete provision.
Probing the role of S28 in Thermodesulfovibrio yellowstonii adenonsine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase: insight in to allosteric regulation and sensitivity (769.14)

Renewable and biodegradable glucans are in demand for use in a variety of industries. Adenosine Diphosphate Glucose Pyrophosphorylase (ADPG PPase), an allosterically regulated enzyme, serves as the rate limiting step in glucan biosynthesis and is an attractive target for protein engineering to increase yield. The enzyme from Thermodesulfovibrio yellowstonii (Td.y) has been successfully expressed in E. coli and a purification scheme that includes hydroxyapatite and anion exchange chromatography optimized. The inclusion of 250 mM NaCl in the running and storage buffers increased the yield and solubility (over 20 mg/mL) of the enzyme. The Td.y ADPG PPase contains a primary sequence that deviates from consensus in the conserved KRAKPAV region (amino acids 23-29), shown to be important for activity and regulation. To explore its role, the S28A enzyme was generated and characterized with respect to temperature, pH, and kinetic parameters for substrates and effectors. The S28A altered enzyme was found to have th...
An Islamic Perspective on Domestic Violence

The impact of September 11, 2001, on the American Muslim community has been both severe and multifaceted. It ranged from mass deaths in the twin towers, to civil rights concerns that caused a significant number of immigrants to leave the United States altogether. The threat of sudden raids at home and at work, detentions, the use of secret evidence, profiling, and registration under the NSEER program, are only some of the recent developments that gave rise to these concerns. In the Northern Virginia raids, which took place in the Spring of 2002, women whose homes and offices were raided suffered severe traumas, and some sought counseling to overcome the damage.
Prefix computation using a segmented bus

Prefix computation is a fundamental problem in parallel computing. The authors consider prefix computation on a new bus-based parallel architecture, the segmented bus system. The authors show that prefix computation on N elements can be carried out in O(N/p+log p) time using a segmented bus that connects p processors. This algorithm can be generalized to k-dimensional meshes connected by segmented buses with the same performance.
Identification and characterization of a third complementation group of emetine-resistant Chinese hamster cell mutants.

Abstract We have isolated emetine-resistant cell lines from Chinese hamster peritoneal fibroblasts and have shown that they represent a third distinct class or complementation group of emetine-resistant mutants, as determined by three different criteria. These mutants, like those belonging to the two other complementation groups we have previously defined, which were isolated from Chinese hamster lung and Chinese hamster ovary cells, have alterations that directly affect the protein biosynthetic machinery. So far, there is absolute cell line specificity with respect to the three complementation groups, in that all the emetine-resistant mutants we have isolated from Chinese hamster lung cells belong to one complementation group, all those we have isolated from Chinese hamster ovary cells belong to a second complementation group, and all those isolated from Chinese hamster peritoneal cells belong to a third complementation group. Thus, in cultured Chinese hamster cells, mutations in at least three different loci, designated emtA, emtB, and emtC, encoding for different components of the protein biosynthetic machinery, can give rise to the emetine-resistant phenotype.
"I Make Politics My Recreation": Vice President Garrett Hobart and Nineteenth-Century Business Politics

Until recent decades, American vice presidents were relatively obscure, little-known men who had minimal impact upon the politics and policies of the administrations they served. On this ignominious list remains Garret A. Hobart (1844-1899) of Paterson, New Jersey, vice president under President William McKinley, a businessman-turned-politician who died before his term expired. A closer look, however, reveals a man dubbed “assistant President” by contemporary journalists, an influential policymaker who had the presidentâ€Ÿs confidence, and a lawyer-entrepreneur who shrewdly maneuvered the shadowy line between business and politics. At times, his pursuit of personal fortune in the railroad and water supply businesses veered into suspicions of graft and illegality. Far from being a nineteenth-century nonentity, Hobart was a central voice for the Republican Party during the 1890s, and one of the more influential and controversial vice presidents in American history.
Analysis of radiation effect on the threshold voltage of flash memory device

Flash memory experiences adverse effects due to radiation. These effects can be raised in terms of doping, feature size, supply voltages, layout, shielding. The the operating point shift of the device forced to enter the logically-undefined region and cause upset and data errors under radiation exposure. In this letter, the threshold voltage shift of the floating gate transistor (FGT) is analyzed by a mathematical model.
Potlatch at Gitsegukla

Potlatch at Gitsegukla. Margaret Seguin Anderson and Marjorie Halpin. eds. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2000. 284 pp.
The Master of Software Engineering degree: an integrative engineering discipline

Software based products are an ever increasing portion of industrial output. However few engineers who produce software have had formal training in the specification, design, implementation, documentation, and maintenance of large software systems. In addition, few have had training in software engineering management and development tools and processes. KSU has implemented a Master of Software Engineering degree program which provides an opportunity for new engineering graduates and practicing engineers to learn state of the art software engineering analysis and processes. The purpose is to provide students a foundation in the software engineering "life cycle", software measurement, software management, software specification, and software validation and verification. In addition to the core courses on software methodology, students are required to take courses in an application area which is reliant on software development. This involves faculty from many engineering and science disciplines who teach these courses and supervise the development of the student's software "portfolio" in the designated engineering or science area. The goal is to integrate the software engineering process into traditional engineering processes.
Computing the responses of bridges subject to vessel collision loading using dynamic analysis

Accounting for the effects of waterway vessel collision is a necessary consideration in the analysis of bridge pier structures that span navigable waterways. During collision events, impact forces are transferred along the interface between the impacting vessel and the impacted pier component. Vessel collision forces are dynamic in nature, and in turn, are coupled with dynamic bridge response. Further, the maximum magnitude of the impact forces is sensitive to the geometry of the impacted pier component. This coupling effect in vessel-bridge collisions is highlighted in this paper. Robust finite element analysis models are developed and used for a selected bridge case to illustrate the advantages of incorporating dynamic and shape-specific phenomena. Using ordinary computational resources, the bridge analysis software FB-MultiPier is showcased as a means of rapidly assessing dynamic bridge response to vessel collision loading.
Autoantibody specificities of immune complexes sequestered in articular cartilage of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis

To define autoantibody specificities of immune complexes sequestered in articular cartilage of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, extracts were obtained from articular cartilage specimens from 16 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, 11 patients with osteoarthritis, and 6 normal controls. Radioimmunoassays of the extracts revealed that rheumatoid cartilage contained 37 times more IgM and 14 times more IgG than did normal cartilage extracts. In addition, osteoarthritic cartilage contained 3 times more IgM and IgG than the normal tissues. IgM rheumatoid factor was found in 13 of 16 rheumatoid cartilage extracts but in none of 11 osteoarthritic or 6 normal control extracts. IgG rheumatoid factor was detected in 4 of 7 seropositive rheumatoid but in none of 5 osteoarthritic cartilage extracts. More than 60% of the rheumatoid cartilage extracts were positive for native and denatured collagen II antibodies. Surprisingly, 50% of the osteoarthritic specimens also contained significant titers of collagen antibodies. Similar results were obtained with osteoarthritic menisci extracts. These findings indicate that the immune complexes sequestered in rheumatoid cartilage contain autoantibodies that are probably synthesized locally by cells infiltrating the inflamed synovium. If immune complexes trapped in cartilage play an important role in cartilage damage, our findings would provide a possible pathogenic mechanism that explains the self-perpetuating and chronic nature of cartilage degradation in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.
Coiled-coil targeting of myocilin to intracellular membranes

Mutations in myocilin (MYOC) associate with glaucoma and ocular hypertension. Unfortunately, the specific role of MYOC, a widely expressed protein of unknown function, in ocular hypertension is unknown. Since MYOC localizes both to intracellular membranes and to the cytosol, we tested the hypothesis that MYOC is a cytosolic protein that associates with cellular membranes via its coiled-coil domain. Using green fluorescent protein (GFP) chimeras in expression and metabolic labeling studies, we observed that MYOC's putative signal peptide failed to traffic GFP into the secretory machinery and out of transfected cells. Next, we tested which of MYOC's three folding domains were responsible for targeting. In cell fractionation and immunofluorescence microscopy studies, the coiled-coil, but not the helix-turn-helix or olfactomedin domains, was necessary and sufficient to target GFP chimeras to cell membranes. Interestingly, a vesicular phenotype required sequential addition of the helix-turn-helix and olfactomedin domains to the coiled-coil. Taken together, these data indicate that the coiled-coil domain, not the putative signal sequence, is responsible for the targeting of MYOC to the secretory machinery.
Formation of Calcium Phosphate-Ellagic Acid Composites by Layer by Layer Assembly for Cellular Attachment to Osteoblasts

The quest for new biomaterials to serve as cell scaffolds for applications in tissue engineering is of prime importance. In this work, we investigated microfiber assemblies of Ellagic Acid (EA), a plant polyphenol to serve as scaffolds for attachment and proliferation of osteoblasts. The advantage of Ellagic Acid self-assembling system is its intrinsic ability to order into multiple layers due to its capability to form liquid crystalline assemblies. We prepared ellagic acid-microfiber composites by the layer-by-layer (LBL) assembly method, where collagen (COL), poly-Arginine (poly-R), and calcium phosphate nanocrystals were coated on the surface of ellagic acid microfibers. The attachment of the various layers was confirmed by various spectroscopic and microscopic methods. The samples were found to be porous with an average pore size of 600 nm. The formed microconjugates were biodegradable and supported the growth of human fetal osteoblast (hFOB) cells in vitro. Our findings suggest that this system not only promotes initial cell adhesion but also can be utilized to deliver the vital biological molecule ellagic acid to cells at the scaffold interface and displays a new strategy for the design of biomaterials.
A lethal case of pneumatosis intestinalis complicated by small bowel volvulus

Pneumatosis intestinalis (PI) is a condition characterised by gas-filled cystic malformations on the intestinal wall. It is often secondary to an underlying disease process. We describe the case of a 76-year-old gentleman who presented with intermittent abdominal pain, altered bowel habits and weight loss. Barium enema was unremarkable, apart from sigmoid diverticulosis. CT scan found evidence of pneumatosis on small bowel walls with benign pneumoperitoneum. As there was no sign of intra-abdominal crisis, he was initially treated conservatively. Unfortunately, he required re-admission 6 weeks later with symptoms of bowel obstruction and clinical signs of perotinitis. At laparotomy, he was found to have extensive small bowel infarction due to volvulus from ‘twisting’ around the axis of superior mesenteric vessels. Evidently, this occurred secondary to a congenitally long small bowel mesentery that predisposed him to volvulus. Extensive small bowel resection was performed. The postoperative course was complicated by persistent hypotension, which proved fatal. This case report draws attention to the rare association between PI and small bowel volvulus predisposed by a congenitally long mesentery, which can present initially with a benign picture (intermittent, reversible volvulus), but subsequently be complicated by lethal bowel infarction (irreversible volvulus). This case raises several issues about the management of this rare condition. Clinicians must realise that PI, though often benign, can present with lethal complications, and early recognition of such complications can be life-saving.
Evolution of increased cold tolerance during range expansion of the elongate hemlock scale Fiorinia externa Ferris (Hemiptera: Diaspididae)

1. Alien species often face novel challenges to their spread and population growth. One critical hurdle often involves an organism’s ability to tolerate environmental extremes characteristic of their invaded range. Although abiotic factors often determine range limits, there is less evidence for local adaptation in invasive organisms whose initial arrival and rapid population growth is separated by a lengthy lag period. 2. The invasive elongate hemlock scale Fiorinia externa feeds on Eastern hemlock, Tsuga canadensis, on the east coast of North America. Following its 1908 arrival, it remained localised until entering a period of rapid northward range expansion in the 1970s. 3. The present study tested the survival of overwintering F. externa populations from four sites in the north and south of the invaded range (n = 8 sites total) when exposed to −15 °C for 0–36 h. 4. This experiment was repeated on F. externa offspring that had been reared in a common-garden environment in order to control for parental effects. 5. Northern populations were more tolerant of exposure to cold temperatures than were southern populations. This held true in both the source-population experiment and common-garden experiment. The common-garden experiment demonstrates that this difference has a genetic basis and may be the consequence of local adaptation to lower winter temperatures. 6. The results provide evidence for local adaptation to extreme temperatures in F. externa. This provides one possible explanation for the lag period between the arrival of this species and its eventual northward range expansion.
Random damping in buildings

Abstract The sensitivity of building response to the uncertainty in damping is considered in this paper. Damping uncertainty is addressed for the natural damping associated with standard building construction materials. Also, the reduced damping uncertainty associated with new high-tech manufactured dampers is evaluated. Combined damping and ground motion uncertainty is also addressed in the paper.
A MEASURE OF STRUCTURAL CHANGE IN OUTPUT

This article proposes a method of characterizing the growth process using two parameters, a production index measuring growth, and a structural change index measuring the changes in the composition of output. It discusses the properties of the structural change index that is developed, including its relation to the bias in growth rates measured by conventional index numbers. It then applies the measure to an examination of Yugoslav industry for the period 1952–71.
Study of anionic and nonionic silicone lattices by 29Si NMR spectroscopy

The curing of silicone lattices has been studied using 29Si NMR spectroscopy. It has been found that cross-linking occurs prior to removal of the water. Stabilizers prevent gelation by slowing down the rate of condensation, particularly of higher functionality cross-linkers. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Spectroscopy: Handedness in quick time

The handedness of chiral molecules can be probed spectroscopically, but acquiring data can take hours, which is a problem for time-resolved studies. The latest method records such data in a flash.
Lack of crystalline order in two dimensions

Abstract The outline of the proof is given that no crystalline order is possible in two dimensions for a quantum mechanical system of electrons and nuclei in thermal equilibrium.
Cytomorphology and B72.3 labeling of benign and malignant ductal epithelium in pancreatic lesions compared to gastrointestinal epithelium.

Endoscopic ultrasound-guided pancreatic fine-needle aspiration biopsy very frequently produces gastrointestinal epithelial contamination (GIC). We studied the cytomorphology and B72.3 immunoreactivity of lesional epithelium of benign and malignant ductal lesions of the pancreas and compared the findings to our previously established template of GIC. Air-dried smears, fixed smears, and ThinPrep® (TP) specimens were obtained using a cytobrush, directly from benign and malignant ductal lesions of 18 Whipple specimens, to ensure purity of the epithelium studied. Smear background, cell architecture, and cellular features were analyzed. Immunocytochemical staining with B72.3 was performed in 14 cases. Epithelium of ductal carcinoma was distinguished from benign ductal epithelium in chronic pancreatitis and GIC primarily by crowded architecture and atypical cellular features, including high nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio, irregular nuclei, nucleoli, and vacuolated cytoplasm. Benign ductal and GIC epithelium were only distinguished by architecture (goblet cells and brush borders), but not consistently, especially gastric epithelium that lacked these features. B72.3 shows promise in the differentiation between GIC and benign and malignant ductal epithelium, with no staining supporting benign ductal cells, fine punctate perinuclear staining correlating with GIC, and strong cytoplasmic staining supporting malignancy. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2007;35:300–305. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Possible interrelationship between TCDD and interleukin-1 as antiproliferative agents in human breast cancer cells

Abstract Recent studies have reported that, like 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), interleukin-1α inhibits 17β-estradiol-induced cell proliferation and [3H]thymidine uptake and also causes a downregulation of the nuclear estrogen receptor (ER)-positive MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. These results suggest a possible relationship between TCDD and interleukin-1α in human breast cancer cells. After treatment of MCF-7 cells with 1 nM TCDD, the media was changed every 48 hours over a period of 7 days and used to support the growth of cells which were not treated with TCDD. The results showed that media from cells treated with TCDD did not inhibit the growth of control or 17β-estradiol-treated MCF-7 cells. These results suggested that MCF-7 cells exposed to TCDD did not secrete anti-growth factors into the media. In a separate study, the media from control cells and those treated with 1 nM 17β-estradiol, 1 nM TCDD and 17β-estradiol plus TCDD were analyzed for interleukin-1α using commercially-available antibodies. The results showed that interleukin-1α was not detectable in media from any of the treatment groups and indicate that although interleukin-1α and TCDD cause several common responses in ER-positive human breast cancer cell lines, their modes of action are independent.
Inferring cognitive focus from students' programs

Programs written by students in an introductory Computer Science course were analyzed and patterns abstracted from them. These patterns include style of modularization, choice of constructs, choice of vocabulary, and style of communication through user-interaction and documentation. Individual characteristics of the students, such as their focus on detail or on aggregate conceptual units, their manner of organizing knowledge, and their perception of the purpose of computer programs was compared with the patterns in the students' programs, with tentative relationships being identified.
Phenotypic differences between the actomyosin ATPase of the three fiber types of mammalian skeletal muscle

Abstract It is known that most mammalian hind limb muscles are composed of three types of muscle fibers when formalin-fixed tissue sections are stained for actomyosin ATPase activity. In the rat, the C fibers are high, the B fibers low, and the A fibers intermediate in enzyme activity. In addition to these quantitative differences in enzyme activity, we have observed that there are qualitative differences in the actomyosin ATPase of the A, B, and C fibers. Here we present our finding that the ATPase of the high-activity (C) fibers is labile in acid (pH 4.35) and the ATPase of the low-activity (B) fibers is labile in alkali (pH 10.4). The ATPase of the intermediate-activity (A) fibers is intermediate with respect to pH lability; its ATPase is more resistant to acid than is that of the C fibers and is more resistant to alkali than is that of the B fibers. Thus these muscle fibers are phenotypically different with respect to their actomyosin ATPase. The implications of these differences are noteworthy with reference to typing of muscle fibers in disease, neurotrophic influence on muscle fiber types, and genetic constitution of the skeletal muscle fiber.
Perron receives 2011 Luna B. Leopold Young Scientist Award: Response

J. Taylor Perron received the 2011 Luna B. Leopold Young Scientist Award at the 2011 AGU Fall Meeting, held 5–9 December in San Francisco, Calif. The award recognizes “a young scientist for making a significant and outstanding contribution that advances the field of Earth and planetary surface processes.”