cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electrophoresis of cell membrane heparan sulfate regulates galvanotaxis in glial cells

Endogenous electric fields modulate many physiological processes by promoting directional migration, a process known as galvanotaxis. Despite the importance of galvanotaxis in development and disease, the mechanism by which cells sense and migrate directionally in an electric field remains unknown. Here, we show that electrophoresis of cell surface heparan sulfate (HS) critically regulates this process. HS was found to be localized at the anode-facing side in fetal neural progenitor cells (fNPCs), fNPC-derived astrocytes and brain tumor-initiating cells (BTICs), regardless of their direction of galvanotaxis. Enzymatic removal of HS and other sulfated glycosaminoglycans significantly abolished or reversed the cathodic response seen in fNPCs and BTICs. Furthermore, Slit2, a chemorepulsive ligand, was identified to be colocalized with HS in forming a ligand gradient across cellular membranes. Using both imaging and genetic modification, we propose a novel mechanism for galvanotaxis in which electrophoretic localization of HS establishes cell polarity by functioning as a co-receptor and provides repulsive guidance through Slit-Robo signaling.
A hardware accelerated system for high throughput cellular image analysis

Abstract Imaging flow cytometry and high speed microscopy have shown immense promise for clinical diagnostics, biological research, and drug discovery. They enable high throughput screening and sorting using biological, chemical, or mechanical properties of cells. These techniques can separate mature cells from immature ones, determine the presence of cancerous cells, classify stem cells during differentiation, and screen drugs based upon how they affect cellular architecture. The process works by imaging cells at a high rate, extracting features of the cell (e.g., size, location, circularity, deformation), and using those features to classify the cell. Modern systems have a target throughput of thousands of cells per second, which requires imaging at rates of more than 60,000 frames per second. The cellular features must be calculated in less than a millisecond to enable real-time sorting. This creates challenging computing performance constraints in terms of both throughput and latency. In this paper, we present a hardware accelerated system for high throughput cellular image analysis. We carefully developed algorithms and their corresponding hardware implementations to meet the strict computational demands. Our algorithm analyzes and extracts cellular morphological features from low resolution microscopic images. Our hardware accelerated system operates at over 60,000 frames per second with 0.068 ms latency. This is almost 1400 × faster in throughput than similar software based analysis and 335 × better in terms of latency.
Effect of Metal Ions and Adenylylation State on the Energetics of the E. Coli Glutamine Synthetase Reaction

Glutamine synthetase (GS) from E. coli requires two divalent metal ions per active site in order to catalyze the ATP-dependent formation of glutamine from glutamate and ammonia and plays a central role in ammonia metabolism in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems.
Sirt4 is a mitochondrial regulator of metabolism and lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster

Sirtuins are an evolutionarily conserved family of NAD+-dependent deacylases that control metabolism, stress response, genomic stability, and longevity. Here, we show the sole mitochondrial sirtuin in Drosophila melanogaster, Sirt4, regulates energy homeostasis and longevity. Sirt4 knockout flies have a short lifespan, with increased sensitivity to starvation and decreased fertility and activity. In contrast, flies overexpressing Sirt4 either ubiquitously or specifically in the fat body are long-lived. Despite rapid starvation, Sirt4 knockout flies paradoxically maintain elevated levels of energy reserves, including lipids, glycogen, and trehalose, while fasting, suggesting an inability to properly catabolize stored energy. Metabolomic analysis indicates several specific pathways are affected in Sirt4 knockout flies, including glycolysis, branched-chain amino acid metabolism, and impaired catabolism of fatty acids with chain length C18 or greater. Together, these phenotypes point to a role for Sirt4 in mediating the organismal response to fasting, and ensuring metabolic homeostasis and longevity.
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass is safe in elderly patients: a propensity-score matched analysis.

Abstract Background Numerous studies have established the effectiveness of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) for weight loss and co-morbidity amelioration. However, its safety and efficacy in elderly patients remains controversial. Objectives To evaluate outcomes in patients aged ≥60 years who underwent RYGB compared with nonsurgical controls with the hypothesis that RYGB provides weight loss benefits without differences in survival. Setting University-affiliated tertiary center. Methods All patients who underwent RYGB from 1985 to 2015 were identified and divided into elderly (age ≥60) and nonelderly (age Results A total of 2306 patients underwent RYGB. The 107 elderly patients had lower median body mass index (47.0 versus 49.9; P = .007) and higher rates of co-morbidities. Rates of complications did not differ between elderly and nonelderly patients. Elderly surgical patients were propensity matched 4:1 (10,044 controls) yielding 428 well-matched nonsurgical controls. The elderly group demonstrated significant percent reduction in excess body mass index compared with the control group (81.8% versus 10.3%; P P = .63). Conclusions A significant weight reduction benefit was identified after RYGB in elderly patients without a difference in midterm survival compared with propensity-matched controls, suggesting RYGB is a safe and efficacious weight loss strategy in the elderly.
Abstract 1737: Efficacy of immunotherapy is attenuated with age in triple-negative breast cancer

Age is associated with increasing immune dysfunction that includes significant changes to both the innate and adaptive immune responses. These age-related changes could present limitations to the application of immunotherapy in breast cancer, as over 50% of patients are over 60 years old at diagnosis. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is one of the most aggressive subtypes of breast cancer, but remains the only subtype that lacks any type of targeted therapy. Early results from clinical trials of anti-PD-1 therapy in metastatic TNBC patients have shown promise, with approximately 20% of patients demonstrating a partial or complete response. While TNBC incidence is similar in young and old patients, differences in disease progression and outcome with age suggest that treatment needs to be tailored to both age as well as breast cancer subtype. It is not known whether age impacts response to immunotherapy, particularly checkpoint blockade, in breast cancer. Using multiple preclinical models of age-dependent TNBC, we found that aged mice had significantly reduced ability to respond to either anti-PD-L1 or anti-CTLA4. Old mice showed decreased numbers of circulating CD4-positive and CD8-positive T cells, as well as NK cells. Furthermore, PD-1 expression was increased on these populations relative to young mice, suggesting increased immune cell exhaustion with age. The old mice also demonstrated increased central and effector memory T cells, but decreased naive T cells compared to young mice, consistent with reports from clinical studies of aged individuals. These findings suggest decreased ability to respond to neoantigens with age. Importantly, using high-content flow cytometric analyses and RNA-seq, we defined cellular and molecular mechanisms that correlate with response in young mice that are attenuated or lacking in old mice. Many of the differentially expressed genes that defined response to anti-CTLA4 in young mice and resistance to treatment in the old mice were also predictors of response to immunotherapy in cancer patients. Our data suggested novel combination therapies that, when combined with checkpoint blockade, improved responses and survival in old mice with TNBC. Our findings should suggest age-stratified treatments to ensure that TNBC patients see the most benefit possible and prevent overtreatment with futile and harsh chemotherapies. Citation Format: Sandra S. McAllister, Jaclyn Sceneay, Tyler Laszewski, Molly DeCristo, Jessalyn Ubellacker, Kristin Wilson, Yuanbo Qin, John Hutchinson. Efficacy of immunotherapy is attenuated with age in triple-negative breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1737.
Synthesis of multivalent polymer-aptamer conjugates with enhanced inhibitory potency.

Purpose We are interested in designing a modular strategy for creating potent multivalent ligands, which frequently can be used as effective inhibitors of undesired biomolecular interactions. For example, such inhibitors might prevent the self-assembly of bacterial toxins or the attachment of a virus to its host cell receptors. Methods We used a biocompatible polyamino acid polymer as a scaffold for grafting multiple copies of an oligonucleotide aptamer (OA). Specifically, the carboxylates on the side chains of polyglutamic acid (PGA) were modified with a thiol-reactive linker, N-aminoethyl maleimide (AEM), and thiol-functionalized OAs were attached to the maleimide moieties. The resulting conjugates were tested for their ability to compete with and inhibit the binding of unconjugated monovalent OAs to the target cell receptor. Results Multivalent PGA-OA conjugates with low, medium, and high valency were successfully prepared. The varying valency and successful purification to remove unconjugated OAs were confirmed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The resulting purified conjugates inhibited the binding of unconjugated monovalent OAs, and the measured half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values corresponded to a 38-88-fold enhancement of potency on a per-aptamer basis, relative to OA alone. Conclusion Multivalent conjugation of OA ligands has potential as a generally useful way to improve the potency of the interaction between the ligand and its target receptor. We have demonstrated this principle with a known OA as a proof of concept as well a synthetic strategy that can be used to synthesize multivalent conjugates of other OAs.
Driver see, driver crash: Associations between televised stock car races' audience size and the incidence of speed-related motor vehicle collisions in the United States.

Several studies have examined road rage, but few studies have examined other psychosocial factors that may contribute to the number of motor vehicle collisions (MVCs). One study found increases in ...
Living and Loving Cybernetics

How we learn to interpret our experiences influences the sorts of experiences we seek. In other words, habits of mind become habits of action. Cybernetics, as a way of thinking, changes how we act. My testimony demonstrates that the appeal of cybernetics remains strong today, for those who are lucky enough to stumble across its beauty, as I was. Cybernetics contributed to the theoretical foundation and conceptualization of my dissertation, and it positively influences my teaching, whether I am teaching cybernetics explicitly or not. While I am fortunate to be able to integrate cybernetics in my work, what delights me most is living it in my every day.
Racial Discrimination as a Risk Factor for African American Men's Physical Partner Violence: A Longitudinal Test of Mediators and Moderators.

Although researchers have explored negative individual consequences of racial discrimination, very little work has examined the connection between discrimination and intimate partner violence (IPV)...
Spark Joy? Compulsory Happiness and the Feminist Politics of Decluttering

This essay analyzes the Marie Kondo brand as a set of neoliberal techniques for managing cultural anxieties around over-consumption, clutter and the family. Drawing from critical discussions of consumer culture and waste, as well as feminist scholarship on compulsory happiness and women’s labor in the home, it argues that Marie Kondo’s “joyful” approach to “tidying up” presents pared-down, curated consumption as a lifestyle choice that depends on women’s work, even as it promises to mitigate the stresses of daily life and facilitate greater well-being.
Local Therapy Options for Recurrent Rectal and Anal Cancer: Current Strategies and New Directions

Although uncommon, locally recurrent rectal cancer (LRRC) and locally recurrent anal cancer (LRAC) after definitive chemoradiation can confer high morbidity and mortality. Although surgery is critical for management, recent studies show promising results with other locally directed and/or systemic treatment approaches. Here we review the literature to examine recent advances in management of this patient population. For LRRC, studies demonstrate success with newer surgical approaches and redefine contraindications for surgery. The roles of brachytherapy, repeat external beam irradiation, and induction chemotherapy are under investigation. Advances in LRAC show that surgery remains a core element of treatment after primary chemoradiation failure. Recent reports of overall survival are promising. Surgery remains the mainstay of treatment for LRRC and LRAC, and overall survival is improving. Benefits of newer surgical, radiotherapeutic, and other treatment approaches are being elucidated. These findings pave the way for further improvements in cancer-specific outcomes and quality of life.
Fast noise-resistant control of donor nuclear spin qubits in silicon

A high degree of controllability and long coherence time make the nuclear spin of a phosphorus donor in isotopically purified silicon a promising candidate for a quantum bit. However, long-distance two-qubit coupling and fast, robust gates remain outstanding challenges for these systems. Here, following recent proposals for long-distance coupling via dipole-dipole interactions, we present a simple method to implement fast, high-fidelity arbitrary single- and two-qubit gates in the absence of charge noise. Moreover, we provide a method to make the single-qubit gates robust to moderate levels of charge noise to well within an error bound of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$.
Repeat assessment of examination signs among children in Malawi with fast-breathing pneumonia.

Background As part of a randomised controlled trial of treatment with placebo versus 3 days of amoxicillin for nonsevere fast-breathing pneumonia among Malawian children aged 2–59 months, a subset of children was hospitalised for observation. We sought to characterise the progression of fast-breathing pneumonia among children undergoing repeat assessments to better understand which children do and do not deteriorate. Methods Vital signs and physical examination findings, including respiratory rate, arterial oxygen saturation measured by pulse oximetry (SpO2), chest indrawing and temperature were assessed every 3 h for the duration of hospitalisation. Children were assessed for treatment failure during study visits on days 1, 2, 3 and 4. Results Hospital monitoring data from 436 children were included. While no children had SpO2 90–93% at baseline, 7.4% (16 of 215) of children receiving amoxicillin and 9.5% (21 of 221) receiving placebo developed SpO2 90–93% during monitoring. Similarly, no children had chest indrawing at enrolment, but 6.6% (14 of 215) in the amoxicillin group and 7.2% (16 of 221) in the placebo group went on to develop chest indrawing during hospitalisation. Conclusion Repeat monitoring of children with fast-breathing pneumonia identified vital and physical examination signs not present at baseline, including SpO2 90–93% and chest indrawing. This information may support providers and policymakers in developing guidance for care of children with nonsevere pneumonia.
The Origin of the Hubble Sequence in Lambda-CDM Cosmology

The Galform semi-analytic model of galaxy formation is used to explore the mechanisms primarily responsible for the three types of galaxies seen in the local universe: bulge, bulge+disk and disk, identified with the visual morphological types E, S0/a-Sbc, and Sc-Scd, respectively. With a suitable choice of parameters the Galform model can accurately reproduce the observed local K_s-band luminosity function (LF) for galaxies split by visual morphological type. The successful set of model parameters is used to populate the Millennium Simulation with 9.4 million galaxies and their dark matter halos. The resulting catalogue is then used to explore the evolution of galaxies through cosmic history. The model predictions concur with recent observational results including the galaxy merger rate, the star formation rate and the seemingly anti-hierarchical evolution of ellipticals. However, the model also predicts significant evolution of the elliptical galaxy LF that is not observed. The discrepancy raises the possibility that samples of z~1 galaxies which have been selected using colour and morphological criteria may be contaminated with galaxies that are not actually ellipticals.
Tabu efficient global optimization with applications in additive manufacturing

Methods based on Gaussian stochastic process (GSP) models and expected improvement (EI) functions have been promising for box-constrained expensive optimization problems. These include robust design problems with environmental variables having set-type constraints. However, the methods that combine GSP and EI sub-optimizations suffer from the following problem, which limits their computational performance. Efficient global optimization (EGO) methods often repeat the same or nearly the same experimental points. We present a novel EGO-type constraint-handling method that maintains a so-called tabu list to avoid past points. Our method includes two types of penalties for the key “infill” optimization, which selects the next test runs. We benchmark our tabu EGO algorithm with five alternative approaches, including DIRECT methods using nine test problems and two engineering examples. The engineering examples are based on additive manufacturing process parameter optimization informed using point-based thermal simulations and robust-type quality constraints. Our test problems span unconstrained, simply constrained, and robust constrained problems. The comparative results imply that tabu EGO offers very promising computational performance for all types of black-box optimization in terms of convergence speed and the quality of the final solution.
A 24–47-GHz Resonant Multiband T/R Switch

A tunable resonant multiband transmit/receive (T/R) switch is proposed and fabricated in 45-nm silicon on insulator (SOI) CMOS to cover the frequency band from 24 to 47 GHz allocated for 5G mobile communication systems. For the Tx path, the measured insertion loss is 0.85 and 0.8 dB at 28 and 39 GHz, respectively. The OP1dB is 22 and 28.5 dBm at 28 and 39 GHz, respectively. The OIP3 is 40 and 41 dBm at 28 and 39 GHz, respectively. For the Rx path, the measured insertion loss is 1.2 and 1.05 dB at 28 and 39 GHz, respectively. The OP1dB is 13.5 and 14.5 dBm at 28 and 39 GHz, respectively. The OIP3 is 27.5 and 29 dBm at 28 and 39 GHz, respectively. The core area without pads is 0.05 mm2.
Identifying who best tolerates moderate sedation: Results from a national database of gastrointestinal endoscopic outcomes.

BACKGROUND With increasing volume and cost of gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures, the proper selection of patients for moderate sedation becomes increasingly relevant. The current literature lacks consistent findings that allow for appropriate selection of patients for moderate sedation. AIM To analyze a nationwide registry of patients to identify patient and procedural factors associated with lower sedation requirements for endoscopy. METHODS The Clinical Outcomes Research Initiative National Endoscopic Database was queried to assess adult patients undergoing moderate sedation for esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) and colonoscopy from 2008 to 2014. Patients were stratified into two groups [low dose (LD) and high dose sedation] based on sedation requirements. Anthropometric, procedural, and anesthesia data were compared, and multivariable analysis was performed to identify factors associated with LD sedation. RESULTS Of the 371102 patients included in the study, 63137 where stratified into the LD sedation group and 307965 were in the high dose group. Moderate sedation was managed primarily by endoscopists (50%) and anesthesia providers (47%). Patients undergoing EGDs and procedures performed in the inpatient setting, in ambulatory surgery centers, intensive care units or hospital wards, required less sedation than colonoscopies, outpatient procedures and procedures done in endoscopy suites, respectively (P < 0.0001 for all). On multivariable analysis, factors predictive of tolerance with lower sedation requirements for EGDs and colonoscopies were female gender, age ≥ 50, non-White race, Hispanic descent, body mass index ≤ 25 kg/m2, and higher American Society of Anesthesia Class (P < 0.0001 for all). CONCLUSION Clinicians should consider these patient profiles in determining which patients will better tolerate moderate sedation vs those better suited for alternative sedation methods.
Expanding and Improving Our Library’s Virtual Chat Service:

With the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic and the ensuing shutdown of the library building for several months, there was a sudden need to adjust how the Hilton C. Buley Library at Southern Connecticut State University (SCSU) delivered its services. Overnight, the library's virtual chat service went from a convenient way to reach a librarian to the primary method by which library patrons contacted the library for help. In this article, the authors will discuss what was learned during this time and how the service has been adjusted to meet user needs. Best practices and future improvements will be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Information Technology & Libraries is the property of American Library Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Three-dimensional ferromagnetism and magnetotransport in van der Waals Mn-intercalated tantalum disufide

Van der Waals (vdW) ferromagnets are an important class of materials for spintronics applications. The recent discovery of atomically vdW magnets ${\mathrm{CrI}}_{3}$ and ${\mathrm{Cr}}_{2}{\mathrm{Ge}}_{2}{\mathrm{Te}}_{6}$ has triggered a renaissance in the area of two-dimensional (2D) magnetism. Herein we systematically studied 2H-${\mathrm{Mn}}_{0.28}{\mathrm{TaS}}_{2}$ single crystal, a 2D vdW ferromagnet with ${T}_{c}\ensuremath{\sim}82.3\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$, and a large in-plane magnetic anisotropy. Mn $K$-edge x-ray absorption spectroscopy was measured to provide information on its electronic state and local atomic environment. The detailed magnetic isotherms measured in the vicinity of ${T}_{c}$ indicates that the spin coupling inside 2H-${\mathrm{Mn}}_{0.28}{\mathrm{TaS}}_{2}$ is of a 3D Heisenberg type coupled with the attractive long-range interaction between spins that decay as $J(r)\ensuremath{\approx}{r}^{\ensuremath{-}4.85}$. Both resistivity $\ensuremath{\rho}(T)$ and thermopower $S(T)$ exhibit anomalies near ${T}_{c}$, confirming that the hole-type transport carriers strongly interact with local moments. An unusual angle-dependent magnetoresistance is further observed, suggesting a possible field-induced novel magnetic structure.
PANEL & ROUNDTABLE: Writing-To-Learn: Using Writing To Support Learning (40 mins)

Writing-to-learn (WTL) assignments are low-stakes approaches to teaching course content through writing. These short and informal writing tasks offer students an opportunity to explore and consolidate their understanding of concepts. Research has demonstrated that WTL assignments increase critical thinking, enhance student engagement, and improve student reading comprehension. They can also be quite a lot of fun as they can facilitate more creative and personal connections to content and between peers. In this interactive session, faculty will learn the fundamentals of writing-to-learn pedagogies, discuss some sample WTL assignments from across disciplines, and have the opportunity to develop and discuss their own assignments.
Evaluation of breast cancer mammography screening policies considering adherence behavior

Abstract Mammography is known to be the most effective way of breast cancer detection. The efficacy of mammography screening guidelines is highly associated with women's compliance with these recommendations. Currently, none of the existing policies takes women's behavior into consideration; instead, perfect adherence is assumed. However, an earlier longitudinal data analysis has revealed that women's compliance with mammography guidelines remained low in recent years. In this study, we develop a randomized discrete-time finite-horizon partially observable Markov chain model to evaluate a wide range of screening mammography policies, incorporating heterogeneity in women's adherence behaviors. Considering potential harms of mammography tests (e.g., risk of developing radiation-induced breast cancer, false negatives, false positives, etc.), policies with varying starting age, ending age and frequency of screening mammograms at different ages are compared in terms of total quality adjusted life years (QALYs) and lifetime breast cancer mortality risk. Our results show that women with perfect adherence do not always experience higher QALYs. In fact, for some policies, including the American Cancer Society (ACS) policy, the general population with various adherence levels has higher QALYs than women with perfect adherence. However, in terms of lifetime breast cancer mortality risk, higher/perfect adherence always results in lower risk of dying from breast cancer. This implies that the benefits of mammography in decreasing death from breast cancer outweigh the increased risk of developing radiation-induced breast cancer from mammographic screening. This study can facilitate healthcare providers to tailor screening mammography recommendations based on their patients' estimated adherence levels.
The current core literature of the agricultural sciences.

ABSTRACT A five year project to identify the most vital or core literature of the agricultural sciences was undertaken with results for the advanced countries as well as the Third World countries. Citation analysis and other bibliometric techniques were used to identify the most valuable literature for university-level instruction and research. Monographs in seven sub-disciplines of agriculture were evaluated by researchers resulting in a composite list of 8,400 volumes and in 363 core journals. Methods of analysis, evaluation techniques, and end products are described. Four of seven books describing the literature of agriculture have been published. A final product will be the transfer of the full text of the monographs and the journals for a five year period onto compact disk for use in the Third World. Because of copyright and other restrictions, the estimated 280 disk library will not be available to developed countries.
Laparoscopic Plication of Perforated Ulcer

Laparoscopic plication is an appropriate alternative to open plication when a small anterior duodenal ulcer perforation is diagnosed. This chapter details the technique.
Effect of Gravity on Sheared Turbulence Laden With Bubbles or Droplets

This is a new project which started in May 1996. The main objective of the experimental/numerical study is to improve the understanding of the physics of two-way coupling between the dispersed phase and turbulence in a prototypical turbulent shear flow - homogeneous shear, laden with small liquid droplets (in gas) or gaseous bubbles (in liquid). The method of direct numerical simulation (DNS) is used to solve the full three-dimensional, time-dependent Navier-Stokes equations including the terms describing the two-way coupling between the dispersed phase and the carrier flow. The results include the temporal evolution of the three-dimensional energy and dissipation spectra and the rate of energy transfer across the energy spectrum to understand the fundamental physics of turbulence modulation, especially the effects of varying the magnitude of gravitational acceleration. The mean-square displacement and diffusivity of the droplets (or bubbles) of a given size and the preferential accumulation of droplets in low vorticity regions and bubbles in high vorticity regions will be examined in detail for different magnitudes of gravitational acceleration. These numerical results which will be compared with their corresponding measured data will provide a data base from which a subgrid-scale (SGS) model can be developed and validated for use in large-eddy simulation (LES) of particle-laden shear flows. Two parallel sets of experiments will be conducted: bubbles in an immiscible liquid and droplets in air. In both experiments homogeneous shear will be imposed on the turbulent carrier flow. The instantaneous velocities of the fluid and polydispersed-size particles (droplets or bubbles) will be measured simultaneously using a two-component Phase-Doppler Particle Analyzer (PDPA). Also, the velocity statistics and energy spectra for the carrier flow will be measured.
Modeling Financial Security Returns Using LProcesses

Levy processes can capture the behaviors of return innovations on a full range of financial securities. Applying stochastic time changes to the Levy processes randomizes the clock on which the processes run, thus generating stochastic volatilities and stochastic higher return moments. Therefore, with appropriate choices of Levy processes and stochastic time changes, we can capture the return dynamics of virtually all financial securities. Furthermore, in contrast to the hidden factor approach, we can readily assign explicit economic meanings to each Levy process component and its associated time change in the return dynamics. The economic mapping not only facilitates the interpretation of existing models and their structural parameters, but also adds economic intuition and direction for designing new models capturing new economic behaviors. Finally, under this framework, the analytical tractability of a model for derivative pricing and model estimation originates from the tractability of the Levy process specification and the tractability of the activity rate dynamics underlying the time change. Thus, we can design tractable models using any combination of tractable Levy specifications and tractable activity rate dynamics. I elaborate through examples on the generality of the framework in capturing the return behavior of virtually all financial securities, the explicit economic mapping that facilitates the interpretation and creation of new models, and the tractability embedded in the framework for derivative pricing and model estimation.
Cooperative Efforts in Library Preservation: A Model for the Future

Abstract Preservation and collection development professionals should explore new ways to work cooperatively with other libraries to expand the effectiveness of their programs in a mutually beneficial manner. This paper discusses the challenges that must be overcome to establish an effective cooperative effort. Special emphasis is given to the Brittle program at the University of Kansas Libraries that was established for acquiring preservation photocopies of embrittled volumes at reduced prices.
The Fear of Drugs Used by Strangers.

There have been numerous very serious flaws in efforts to address psychoactive drug use by humans. These have occurred in almost all countries in which psychoactive drug use has occurred, though on...
Evolution of serum atherogenic risk in liver transplant recipients: Role of lipoproteins and metabolic and inflammatory markers.

Although cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of long-term mortality in liver transplant recipients (LTRs), the role of recently identified biomarkers of CVD risk in liver transplantation is unknown. We aimed to evaluate an extensive CVD risk profile in LTRs. Markers of CVD risk in 65 LTRs with no known history of diabetes mellitus (DM), dyslipidemia, or ischemic heart disease were compared to age-, sex-, and body mass index (BMI)–matched controls with no chronic medical disease. LTRs on corticosteroids or those with graft cirrhosis (GC) were excluded. The effect of calcineurin inhibitors on the CVD risk profile was separately analyzed in LTRs receiving either tacrolimus (Tac) or cyclosporine A (CsA). To evaluate the impact of GC, a comparison was made between LTRs with and without GC. Non-DM LTRs were matched to controls with respect to age, sex, and BMI. LTRs had similar serum high-density lipoprotein–cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein–cholesterol (LDL-C), and total cholesterol in comparison with BMI-matched controls. Proatherogenic small-dense (sd) LDL-C (33.6 ± 14 versus 25.9 ± 9.9 mg/dL; P < 0.001) and %sdLDL-C (30% ± 10% versus 26.4% ± 9%; P = 0.02) were significantly higher in LTRs. In comparison with controls, LTRs had higher apolipoprotein B (apoB; 98 ± 37 versus 88 ± 24 mg/dL; P < 0.01), very low density lipoprotein–particle concentration (VLDL-P; 7.7 ± 6.7 nmol/L versus 3.2 ± 9.1 nmol/L; P < 0.001), and VLDL size (51.1 ± 6.6 versus 46.5 ± 6.9 nm; P < 0.001). In LTRs, VLDL size and VLDL-P were directly related to serum CsA levels (r = 0.53, P = 0.09, and r = 0.63, P < 0.01, respectively) but not to Tac levels. In comparison with controls, LTRs had significantly lower total serum high-density lipoprotein–particle concentration. In comparison with those with preserved graft function, LTRs with GC had lower levels of serum atherogenic markers characterized by low sdLDL-C, apoB, triglycerides, LDL-C, and total cholesterol. In conclusion, LTRs have a proatherogenic lipoprotein profile that is not captured with a traditional lipid panel, and this suggests that a detailed serum atherogenic profile is needed to truly assess CVD risk in LTRs. Liver Transpl 21:623–630, 2015. © 2015 AASLD.
ECG Changes During Induced Hypothermia After Cardiac Arrest

Scenario: These ECG strips are from a 56-year-old man brought to the emergency department after sudden cardiac arrest (SCA). Approximately 7 minutes had elapsed before life support was provided. His initial rhythm was ventricular fibrillation, which returned to sinus rhythm after defibrillation. The patient received routine post-SCA treatment and hypothermia was induced to improve cerebral resuscitation. The top strip was obtained in the emergency department before hypothermia was induced (core temperature, 37.2oC). The bottom strip was obtained in the intensive care unit after several hours of induced hypothermia therapy (core temperature, 33°C). ECG PUZZLER A regular feature of the American Journal of Critical Care, the ECG Puzzler addresses ECG interpretation for clinical practice. We welcome letters to the Editors regarding this feature.
Circuits in bounded arithmetic part I

We show that the following relationships hold: where the inclusions are strict.
Abstract P4-06-18: Targeting basal-like breast cancer through downstream effectors of oncogene cooperation

Basal-like breast cancer is a highly aggressive and lethal form of cancer, not amenable to treatment by molecularly targeted agents or conventional chemotherapy effective against other forms of breast cancer. Thus, discovery of novel intervention targets regulating tumorigenesis in basal-like breast cancer cells is critical. The success of molecularly targeted therapies against some forms of cancer has led to a search for additional cancer cell-specific targets that will permit effective tumor inhibition with minimal damage to normal cells. These efforts are largely focused on identification of novel oncogenes and tumor suppressors by genome sequencing or synthetic lethalities found via genome-wide RNAi screens. We employ a novel approach to identify cancer cell vulnerabilities among genes disregulated downstream of cooperating oncogenic mutations, which drive malignant transformation in large part through synergistic modulation of non-mutated downstream effector genes, the ‘cooperation response genes’ (CRGs) [McMurray et al., Nature, 19 June 2008]. After assessing how common was CRG disregulation in different epithelial cancers, via comparative genomic analysis of CRG expression patterns in tumor vs. normal tissue, we found that 34 CRGs (∼35%) were significantly disregulated in breast cancer. Because of the need for novel intervention targets in basal-like breast cancer, we focused our functional analysis there. We have tested a subset of CRGs disregulated in breast tumors for their contribution to malignancy in basal-like breast cancer cells, re-setting CRG levels toward normal cell levels by stable cDNA expression or shRNA-mediated knock-down and testing tumor formation capacity of perturbed cells. Our studies reveal that CRGs play an essential role in controlling tumor formation of basal-like breast cancer cells, with significant reductions in tumor volume, and in some cases reduced tumor incidence, upon CRG modulation. Disruption of cell behavior appears to be limited to cancer cells, as non-transformed mammary cells harboring analogous perturbations retain capacity to form acinar structures in 3D culture. Several FDA approved pharmacological agents, identified to reverse the CRG expression pattern, display inhibitory effects on basal-like breast cancer cell lines, with minimal effects on non-transformed cells. CRGs thus represent cancer cell-specific vulnerabilities in basal-like breast cancer, providing novel and unexpected opportunities for intervention against this difficult-to-target disease. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2012;72(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-06-18.
Toward a critical race theory of education

edited by Adrienne D. Dixson and Celia K. Rousseau, New York, Routledge, 2006, 289 pp, $29.95 (paperback) There is a certain resonance that comes with knowing something that is known by only a sele...
Environmental distribution of Recent benthic foraminifera on the northeast United States continental slope

Several bathymetrically consistent Recent benthic foraminiferal biofacies have been recognized from the continental slope south-east of Cape Cod. Faunal assemblages are dominated by Globobulimina / Bulimina (upper slope; less than 1,000 m) and Uvigerina peregrina (lower slope-uppermost rise; water depths between 1,000 and 2,500 m). The Globobulimina / Bulimina assemblage coincides with the oxygen minimum zone; this agrees with the occurrence of Globobulimina in Mediterranean sapropels, organic-rich sediments deposited under anoxic conditions. Previous studies have noted the association of U. peregrina with bathyal water depths, deep-water temperatures of 3 to 4 ° C, and water of low oxygen content. However, correlations between abundance of U. peregrina and water depth or temperature are not the same everywhere, and no correlation with dissolved oxygen in the water column is seen on the United States continental slope and rise. The highest abundances of U. peregrina coincide with maxima of organic carbon and silt within the slope sediments. This suggests that the distribution of U. peregrina in this region may be influenced more by low oxygen in the sediments, rather than by low oxygen content of the overlying water.
Aspects of residency programs' web sites important to student applicants.

Objectives: To determine which components of a residency Web site (RWS) are important to residency applicants. Methods: The authors performed a cross-sectional observational study of residency applicants. All applicants were invited to participate and were provided with a nine-question survey. Applicants were asked questions regarding the importance and impact of RWSs on the residency application process. They were also asked to rate items regarding content and aesthetics, and then rank all items in order of importance. Descriptive statistics are reported. Rank-order displays were determined using the Condorcet choice method. Results: One hundred eighty-eight (82%) of the applicants responded to the survey. Seventy-eight percent of the respondents reported that information provided in an RWS influenced their decision to apply to a particular program (41% decided not to apply to at least one program based on the quality of its RWS). Applicants believed that presentation of the residency curriculum was most important. Information about the hospital and its affiliates, faculty and resident information, and research activities followed in the rank order. Least important to applicants were the aesthetic quality of the site, faculty/resident photographs, and educational resource materials. The authors report additional areas of content that applicants thought would be useful to view. Conclusions: The content, and not necessarily the aesthetic quality, of an RWS is important to residency applicants. The residency program Web site would seem to be an important factor in the applicant's decision to apply. The applicant's perspective provides training program directors and administrators with focused direction in Web site development or for upgrading existing RWSs for use by future applicants.
Dependence of dilution of a plunging discharge over a sloping bottom on inflow conditions and bottom friction

A tributary flowing into a reservoir or lake is nearly always at a density different from the receiving surface water. The difference is due to temperature, dissolved and suspended materials. An understanding of density current phenomena is therefore essential to lake or reservoir water quality modeling. In this study the dependence of plunging characteristics (dilution, depth and location at plunging) on inflow conditions (densimetric Froude number and channel aspect ratio) and bottom friction is quantified by an integral jet model. The jet-like flow from a shallow channel over a sloping bottom into standing water was studied as an approximation of the flow of a tributary into a lake or reservoir. The integral jet flow analysis used similarity hypotheses for transverse (Gaussian) and vertical (power law) velocity profiles. The model especially includes momentum reductions by bottom and side wall friction and a flow development region, which were not addressed in other previous studies, and were found to ...
Survey of design goals for operating systems

The paper reports the results of a literature search on the subject "design goals for operating systems." In addition, design goals of specific operating systems are reviewed and a general set of operating system design goals is developed. Special-purpose design goals and conflicts among design goals are also discussed.
Methylmercury Concentrations in Fish from Tidal Waters of The Chesapeake Bay

Striped bass (Morone saxatilis), white perch (Morone Americana), and largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) were collected in the Chesapeake Bay mainstem and tributaries and analyzed for total mercury (Hg) and methylmercury (MeHg) content. Striped bass are anadromous, whereas white perch and largemouth bass are resident species, and the largemouth bass are also restricted to the tidal fresh portion of the Bay. Total Hg and MeHg concentrations in striped bass increased with fish size, and large fish (>7.5 kg wet weight) tended to have MeHg concentrations of 300 ng g(-1) or greater. On average, the striped bass MeHg concentration was 120 +/- 100 ng g(-1) and the fraction of the total Hg as MeHg was 65 +/- 22%. Reasons for the lower relative MeHg content are discussed. Otolith strontium/calcium ratios were also determined to examine whether migration had a significant impact on MeHg content in striped bass. Resident fish did appear to have a higher MeHg burden than the more migratory fish of similar size. Largemouth bass and white perch tended to have low MeHg content (respectively, 14 +/- 7 and 13 +/- 11 ng g(-1); all fish <1 kg wet weight), and the white perch also had a low %MeHg (28 +/- 14%), reflecting their mostly planktivorous lifestyle. A comparison of largemouth bass and striped bass MeHg concentrations for the estuarine fish with those of fish in Maryland reservoirs of similar size showed that the estuarine fish have much lower MeHg burdens. Differences in MeHg concentration in the estuarine waters compared to the reservoir waters likely account for much of this difference, although the importance of other factors is also discussed.
Developing a Tactical Language for Future Robotic Teammates

The transition of robots from valuable tools to useful teammates to humans is contingent upon successful communication methods. Effective communication has been shown to have a positive effect on the development and quality of shared mental models and on performance within human-human teams. Likely, effective communication will have a similarly positive effect within future human-robot teams. The purpose of this effort was, therefore, to develop a vocabulary database that facilitates the identification of suitable terms for tactical Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) in military contexts. The database can be utilized for the selection of appropriate terms to capture mission and movement intent, as well as to inform the selection of alternate terms to reduce communication errors. The end result of this research will help support the development of a human-robot language that enhances shared mental models among team members, and produce better interactions between human-robot teams.
Phase I study of 5-day continuous infusion fluorodeoxyuridine and high-dose folinic acid with oral hydroxyurea

Fluorodeoxyuridine (FUdR), the deoxynucleoside metabolite of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), can be converted in a single step to fluorodeoxyuridine monophosphate (FdUMP), which binds covalently to thymidylate synthase (TS). Ribonucleotide reductase, an obligatory enzyme in the synthesis of deoxynucleotides, can be inhibited by hydroxyurea. Recognizing the well-established synergism between 5-FU and folinic acid (leucovorin), we hypothesized that the simultaneous administration of FUdR, leucovorin, and hydroxyurea might afford more effective inhibition of TS. Thirty-six patients with neoplastic disease considered refractory to standard therapy were entered into this phase I protocol. Treatment was administered on days 1 through 5 of a 28-day cycle and consisted of folinic acid (500 mg m−2 day−1) and FUdR at escalating doses of 0.1, 0.15, or 0.2 mg kg−1 day−1 both administered by continuous i.v. infusion, and hydroxyurea given p.o. once per day at doses ranging from 0 to 2500 mg in 500-mg increments. The hydroxyurea and FUdR levels were escalated in a sequential fashion. The majority of patients had refractory breast or lung cancer. Dose-limiting toxicities were mucositis and diarrhea at the maximally tolerated dose of 0.15 mg/kg FUdR and 2000 mg hydroxyurea per day in conjunction with high-dose folinic acid. Hematological toxicity was minor. Of the 18 patients in whom response could be evaluated, none had evidence of objective disease regression. Mucositis and diarrhea are the dose-limiting toxicities when continuous infusions of FUdR and high-dose folinic acid are combined with oral hydroxyurea, effects that are consistent with the observed toxicities for FUdR when administered alone or in combination with leucovorin.
1.1.3 Concept Exploration into an Australian Indigenous Space Launch Capability

This paper endeavours to explore the possibility of establishing an Australian indigenous space launch capability. The paper examines a trade space made up of a series of requirements and alterables derived from a mission statement and a set of objectives. This trade space is then optimised in an effort to maximise the benefits of such a capability, in order to determine whether the proposal is worth pursuing at the next level of system design.