cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Caregiver and peer responses to children with language and motor disabilities in inclusive preschool programs

Abstract The free-play social behaviors of 24 children with special needs in two discovery-oriented, inclusive preschool programs were compared with their typically-developing classmates who were matched by age and sex. Children who, for various reasons, used little or no productive language spent more time in solitary pursuits, seldom initiated interactions and, when they did, used a different entry strategy than any other group. Children who were incapable of independent locomotion were largely dependent on adults for initiating changes in their activities and for social exchanges. Although they received more adult support than children developing typically, perhaps because of limited sample size, children with disabilities who were capable of independent locomotion and displayed sufficient language to make their needs and intents clear did not differ significantly from the children who were developing typically. Adults’ behavior varied according to child condition and activity. From observing a single, 20-minute videotape of free play, naive observers agreed with our classifications of over 78% of the children.
A combinatorial algorithm to identify independent and recurrent copy number aberrations across cancer types

Somatic copy number aberrations (SCNAs) are frequent in cancer genomes, but many of these are random events that do not contribute to the cancer phenotype. A common strategy to distinguish functional, driver events from such random passenger events it to identify recurrent aberrations shared by multiple samples. However, the extensive variability in the length and position of SCNAs across samples makes the problem of identifying recurrent aberrations notoriously difficult.
Overview of arraying techniques for deep space communications

Four different arraying schemes applicable to deep space communications are discussed and analyzed. These include symbol stream combining (SSC), baseband combining (BC), carrier arraying (CA) and full spectrum combining (FSC). In addition, sideband aiding (SA) is also included and compared. Moreover, combinations of these schemes are introduced and discussed such as carrier arraying with sideband aiding and baseband combining (CA/SA/BC) or carrier arraying with symbol stream combining (CA/SSC), just to name a few. Complexity versus performance is traded off throughout the paper and benefits to the reception of existing spacecraft signals are discussed. >
Training Effects on Speech Production Using a Hands-Free Electromyographically Controlled Electrolarynx

Purpose The electrolarynx (EL) is a widely used device for alaryngeal speech, but it requires manual operation and produces voice that typically has a constant fundamental frequency. An electromyographically controlled EL (EMG-EL) was designed and implemented to provide hands-free control with dynamic pitch modulation. Method Three participants who underwent total laryngectomy surgery and 4 participants with normal voice were trained to produce EMG-EL speech through a multiple-baseline, successive-stage protocol. Baseline performance was established through 3 testing probes, followed by multiple hour-long training sessions. Results At the end of the training, all participants learned to initiate, sustain, and terminate EMG-EL activation in correspondence with articulation, and most were able to modulate the pitch to produce intonational contrasts. After completing the testing/training protocol, 1 of the 3 participants who underwent total laryngectomy was encouraged to independently use the EMG-EL at his r...
Evidence for continuous visible chemical lasing from the fast near resonant energy transfer pumping of atomic sodium

Energy transfer from selectively formed metastable states of SiO is used to pump sodium-atom laser amplifiers at lambda approximately=569 nm (4d/sup 2/D-3p/sup 2/P), lambda approximately=616 nm (5s/sup 2/S-3p/sup 2/P), and lambda approximately=819 nm (3d/sup 2/D-3p/sup 2/P). The a/sup 3/ Sigma /sup +/ and b/sup 3/ Pi states of SiO are generated in high yield from the Si+N/sub 2/O to SiO+N/sub 2/ reaction. The energy stored in the triplet states is transferred in a highly efficient collisional process to pump sodium atoms to their lowest excited 3d/sup 2/D, 4d/sup 2/D, and 5s/sup 2/S states. Adopting a sequence in which high concentrations of silicon and sodium atoms are mixed and oxidized, a continuous amplification (gain condition) is monitored which suggests the creation of a population inversion among the receptor sodium-atom energy levels and forms the basis for full cavity oscillation on the Na4d/sup 2/D-3p/sup 2/P transition at 569 nm. >
Isotopic invisibility of protozoan trophic steps in marine food webs

According to modern oceanographic perspectives that emphasize microbial pathways, phagotrophic protists comprise one to several levels of intermediate consumers between phytoplankton and larger metazooplankton (copepods and krill). However, recent attempts to quantify pelagic trophic structure in the open ocean using nitrogen stable isotope techniques have brought into question whether such measurements adequately account for protistan trophic steps. Here, we use a two-stage chemostat system, with Dunaliella tertiolecta andOxyrrhis marina as a predator-prey model, to address this question experimentally. To investigate15N trophic discrimination under different conditions of nitrogen availability and recycling, Oxyrrhis was fed in the light and in the dark on phytoplankton provided with high and low nutrient ratios of N: P. We used both bulk and amino acids-compound specific isotopic analysis (AA-CSIA) to distinguish trophic fractionation from changes in the δ15N values of phytoplankton (isotopic baseline). Results demonstrate that protistan consumers are not, in fact, significantly enriched in 15N relative to their prey, a marked departure from the general findings for metazoan consumers. In addition, we show that changes in the isotopic baseline propagate rapidly through the protistan food chain, highlighting the need to account for this variability at ecologically relevant time scales. If protistan trophic steps are largely invisible or significantly underestimated using nitrogen isotope measurements, research that utilize such measurements in ecological, fisheries, and climate change studies may miss a large part of the ocean's variability in food-web structure and ecosystem function. © 2014, by the Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography, Inc.
Systolic implementation of windowed recursive LS estimation

A dual-state systolic structure is proposed for performing joint up- and downdating operations encountered in windowed recursive least-squares estimation problems. It is derived by successively performing Givens rotation for updating and hyperbolic rotation for downdating. Due to the data independency, a series of Givens and hyperbolic rotations can be interleaved and parallel processing can be achieved by alternatively performing updating and downdating both in time and space. By using Cordic cells, both hardware complexity and throughput rate performance can be improved. >
Upper Bounding the Performance of Arbitrary Finite LDPC Codes on Binary Erasure Channels

Assuming iterative decoding for binary erasure channels (BECs), a novel tree-based technique for upper bounding the bit error rates (BERs) of arbitrary, finite low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes is provided and the resulting bound can be evaluated for all operating erasure probabilities, including both the waterfall and the error floor regions. This upper bound can also be viewed as a narrowing search of stopping sets, which is an approach different from the stopping set enumeration used for lower bounding the error floor. When combined with optimal leaf-finding modules, this upper bound is guaranteed to be tight in terms of the asymptotic order. The Boolean framework proposed herein further admits a composite search for even tighter results. For comparison, a refinement of the algorithm is capable of exhausting all stopping sets of size ? 13 for irregular LDPC codes of length n ? 500, which requires ([see pdf file in the above equation]) ? 1.67 × 1025 trials if a brute force approach is taken. These experiments indicate that this upper bound can be used both as an analytical tool and as a deterministic worst-performance (error floor) guarantee, the latter of which is crucial to optimizing LDPC codes for extremely low BER applications, e.g., optical/satellite communications.
Flexible Sample Size Considerations Using Information-Based Interim Monitoring

At the design phase of a clinical trial the total number of participants needed to detect a clinically important treatment difference with sufficient precision frequently depends on nuisance parame...
Variation of electroencephalographic activity during non-rapid eye movement and rapid eye movement sleep with phase of circadian melatonin rhythm in humans

1. The circadian pacemaker regulates the timing, structure and consolidation of human sleep. The extent to which this pacemaker affects electroencephalographic (EEG) activity during sleep remains unclear. 2. To investigate this, a total of 1.22 million power spectra were computed from EEGs recorded in seven men (total, 146 sleep episodes; 9 h 20 min each) who participated in a one-month-long protocol in which the sleep-wake cycle was desynchronized from the rhythm of plasma melatonin, which is driven by the circadian pacemaker. 3. In rapid eye movement (REM) sleep a small circadian variation in EEG activity was observed. The nadir of the circadian rhythm of alpha activity (8.25-10.5 Hz) coincided with the end of the interval during which plasma melatonin values were high, i.e. close to the crest of the REM sleep rhythm. 4. In non-REM sleep, variation in EEG activity between 0.25 and 11.5 Hz was primarily dependent on prior sleep time and only slightly affected by circadian phase, such that the lowest values coincided with the phase of melatonin secretion. 5. In the frequency range of sleep spindles, high-amplitude circadian rhythms with opposite phase positions relative to the melatonin rhythm were observed. Low-frequency sleep spindle activity (12.25-13.0 Hz) reached its crest and high-frequency sleep spindle activity (14.25-15.5 Hz) reached its nadir when sleep coincided with the phase of melatonin secretion. 6. These data indicate that the circadian pacemaker induces changes in EEG activity during REM and non-REM sleep. The changes in non-REM sleep EEG spectra are dissimilar from the spectral changes induced by sleep deprivation and exhibit a close temporal association with the melatonin rhythm and the endogenous circadian phase of sleep consolidation.
Ethnic differences in attitudes and bias toward older people comparing White and Asian nursing students.

Purposes: To identify attitudes and bias toward aging between Asian and White students and identify factors affecting attitudes toward aging. Methods: A cross-sectional sample of 308 students in a ...
Systemic necrotizing vasculitis.

Systemic necrotizing vasculitis may be idiopathic or associated with a variety of diseases of known etiology. A typical example is polyarteritis nodosa, which is characterized by fibrinoid necrosis and severe inflammation leading to destruction of the wall, narrowing of the lumen, and interference with blood circulation. In addition to the idiopathic form, histologically similar lesions are seen in hepatitis B, rheumatoid arthritis, Kawasaki mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome, and other diseases. Microscopic polyangitis involves mainly small vessels-venules more often than arterioles-but occasionally also small arteries. Its characteristic feature is leukocytoclasia of neutrophilic leukocytes, but fibrinoid necrosis also occurs. Churg-Strauss syndrome consists of granulomas in patients with a background of severe allergy, such as asthma, allergic rhinitis, or occasionally drug sensitization.
A perspective view and survey of meta-learning

Different researchers hold different views of what the term meta-learning exactly means. The first part of this paper provides our own perspective view in which the goal is to build self-adaptive learners (i.e. learning algorithms that improve their bias dynamically through experience by accumulating meta-knowledge). The second part provides a survey of meta-learning as reported by the machine-learning literature. We find that, despite different views and research lines, a question remains constant: how can we exploit knowledge about learning (i.e. meta-knowledge) to improve the performance of learning algorithms? Clearly the answer to this question is key to the advancement of the field and continues being the subject of intensive research.
The role of weeds as sources of pharmaceuticals.

Primary tropical forest is generally considered to be the most likely habitat to discover new pharmaceuticals, due to high biodiversity and endemism. However, many indigenous groups rely on non-forested disturbed environments for medicinal plants. An ethnobotanical approach to drug discovery suggests that these disturbed environments may also harbor potentially useful medicinal compounds. Despite the neglect by current researchers to conduct drug discovery in disturbed environments, many source plants for modern pharmaceuticals thrive in disturbed areas. An analysis of the 101 plant species from which 119 contemporary pharmaceuticals are derived shows that at least 36 of these plants are considered weeds (χ2=343.34, P<0.0001). These results are an order of magnitude higher than what would be predicted by random occurrence of weeds in the modern pharmacopeia. Biochemical evidence based on literature is presented to explain this occurrence. This finding suggests that disturbed habitats may be important areas to search for novel compounds in drug discovery.
Parametric Study of Leakage Flow in Braided Fiber Seals

In applications of braided fiber engine seals, the preload and engine pressures are the two main parameters determining seal leakage, and experiments evaluating seal leakage flow are designed using these pressures. To simplify seal performance evalu ation, an empirical expression for the relationship of seal leakage resistance against preload and engine pressures is proposed. The basis for this approach is that seal leakage resistance depends on both preload and engine pressures. The physics of these pressure effects is studied both theoretically and experimentally. The main effect of preload pressure is to change seal porosity and thus leakage flow resistance. At the low porosity range of seal fiber architecture, seal porosity change due to imposed engine pressure is negligible; the effect of engine pressure is related to the flowing fluids, which also contribute to overall seal leakage resistance. Experimental data show that the proposed empirical model can be used to predict seal leakage within a range...
Transport involving conducting fibers in a non-conducting matrix

Abstract Several transport models are investigated in the context of two-dimensional fiber composites. We compare the thermal and electrical transport through the fiber composites as a function of the conductivity ratio and the fiber density. Three models will be considered and compared: 1) discretized solutions, 2) equivalent resistance, and 3) effective medium approximation. In the case of electrical transport, where the conductivity of the fiber is presumably many orders of magnitude larger than the matrix, the second model provides a fast and reliable way to predict conductance of the combined system. However, if the two materials are similar in conductivity, the second model fails to accurately capture the conductivity. Thermal transport is predicted using the discretized model because the conductivity ratio is non-negligible. The third model is an analytic approximation based on Maxwell’s equation and is used to predict both types of transport through a compound with inclusions of ellipsoidal geometry. The analytic model works well for lower conductivity ratios and all area densities but under-predicts conductivity for high-conductivity ratios.
Anticipated work–family conflict: A construct investigation

Abstract To date, little is known about how work–family issues impact the career development process. In the current paper, we explore this issue by investigating a relatively unstudied construct: anticipated work–family conflict. We found that this construct can be represented by the same six-dimensional factor structure used to assess concurrent experiences of work–family conflict. Drawing upon the social-cognitive theory of career development (Lent, Brown, & Hackett, 1994) and the bi-directional model of the work–family interface (Frone, Russel, & Cooper, 1992), we investigated the nomological net of anticipated work–family conflict. Our findings and directions for future research and practice are presented.
Building evidence graphs for network forensics analysis

In this paper, we present techniques for a network forensics analysis mechanism that includes effective evidence presentation, manipulation and automated reasoning. We propose the evidence graph as a novel graph model to facilitate the presentation and manipulation of intrusion evidence. For automated evidence analysis, we develop a hierarchical reasoning framework that includes local reasoning and global reasoning. Local reasoning aims to infer the roles of suspicious hosts from local observations. Global reasoning aims to identify group of strongly correlated hosts in the attack and derive their relationships. By using the evidence graph model, we effectively integrate analyst feedback into the automated reasoning process. Experimental results demonstrate the potential and effectiveness of our proposed approaches
Case-based learning of blood oxygen transport

A case study about carbon monoxide poisoning was used help students gain a greater understanding of the physiology of oxygen transport by the blood. A review of student answers to the case questions showed that students can use the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve to make meaningful determinations of oxygen uptake and delivery. However, the fact that many students had difficulty locating the effect of carbon monoxide poisoning in the process of external respiration suggests that these students have not built a robust model of how oxygen distributes itself between the plasma and hemoglobin. This suggests that more determined emphasis on how oxygen enters the blood and how it is partitioned between hemoglobin and the plasma would help students develop more accurate mental models of how oxygen moves from the lungs to the tissues.
Effects of the Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Fluoxetine on Counterregulatory Responses to Hypoglycemia in Individuals With Type 1 Diabetes

OBJECTIVE— Previous work has demonstrated that chronic administration of the serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) fluoxetine augments counterregulatory responses to hypoglycemia in healthy humans. However, virtually no information exists regarding the effects of fluoxetine on integrated physiological counterregulatory responses during hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes. Therefore, the specific aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that 6-week use of the SSRI fluoxetine would amplify autonomic nervous system (ANS) counterregulatory responses to hypoglycemia in individuals with type 1 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS— Eighteen type 1 diabetic patients (14 men/4 women aged 19–48 years with BMI 25 ± 3 kg/m 2 and A1C 7.0 ± 0.4%) participated in randomized, double-blind 2-h hyperinsulinemic (9 pmol · kg −1 · min −1 )-hypoglycemic clamp studies before and after 6 weeks of fluoxetine administration ( n = 8) or identical placebo ( n = 10). Glucose kinetics was determined by 3-tritiated glucose. Muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) was determined by microneurography. RESULTS— Hypoglycemia (2.8 ± 0.1 mmol/l) and insulinemia (646 ± 52 pmol/l) were similar during all clamp studies. ANS, neuroendocrine, and metabolic counterregulatory responses remained unchanged in the placebo group. However, fluoxetine administration significantly ( P CONCLUSIONS— This study has demonstrated that 6-week administration of the SSRI fluoxetine can amplify ANS and metabolic counterregulatory mechanisms during moderate hypoglycemia in patients with type 1 diabetes. These data also suggest that the use of fluoxetine may be useful in increasing epinephrine responses during hypoglycemia in clinical practice.
Statistical approach to X-ray CT imaging and its applications in image analysis. I. Statistical analysis of X-ray CT imaging

A statistical description of X-ray CT (computerized tomography) imaging, from the projection data to the reconstructed image, is presented. The Gaussianity of the pixel image generated by the convolution (image reconstruction) algorithm is justified. The conditions for two pixel images to be statistically independent (for a given probability) and the conditions for a group of pixel images to be a spatial stationary random process and ergodic in mean and autocorrelations are derived. These properties provide the basis for establishing the stochastic image model and conducting the statistical image analysis of X-ray CT images. >
Quadratic regularization design for fan beam transmission tomography

Statistical methods for tomographic image reconstruction have shown considerable potential for improving image quality in X-ray CT. Penalized-likelihood (PL) image reconstruction methods require maximizing an objective function that is based on the log-likelihood of the sinogram measurements and on a roughness penalty function to control noise. In transmission tomography, PL methods (and MAP methods) based on conventional quadratic regularization functions lead to nonuniform and anisotropic spatial resolution, even for idealized shift-invariant imaging systems. We have previously addressed this problem for parallel-beam emission tomography by designing data-dependent, shift-variant regularizers that improve resolution uniformity. This paper extends those methods to the fan-beam geometry used in X-ray CT imaging. Simulation results demonstrate that the new method for regularization design requires very modest computation and leads to nearly uniform and isotropic spatial resolution in the fan-beam geometry when using quadratic regularization.
Design Problem Solving: Strands of My Research

My main research interest is cognitive architecture for intelligent agents. I have always driven my research by focusing on specific tasks that bring out the nature of thinking, and design problem solving has been one such task area. I have sought to identify what is common to all design activity, whether it is design of mechanical artifacts, electronics systems, or software. What unifies all of my work on design is my interest in logical, ontological and computational bases of the generic design task. My work on design can be thought of in terms of strands of research that relate to one another.
The Cult and Mythology of the Magna Mater from the Standpoint of Psychoanalysis

(1938). The Cult and Mythology of the Magna Mater from the Standpoint of Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry: Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 347-378.
Abstract 1590: Taxifolin suppresses UV-induced skin carcinogenesis by targeting EGFR and PI3-K

Skin cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers in United States. Taxifolin (3, 3′, 4′, 5, 7-pentahydroxy-flavanone, (2R,3R)-dihydroquercetin), which is found in many citrus fruits such as grapefruits and oranges, has been studied for multiple biological effects. However, the molecular mechanisms and direct target of taxifolin in skin cancer chemoprevention are unclear. Here we show that taxifolin suppresses UV-induced skin carcinogenesis by directly targeting epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3-K). In silico computer screening results suggest that EGFR and PI3-K are potential targets for taxifolin. In vitro and ex vivo pull-down assay data revealed that taxifolin indeed directly interacts with EGFR and PI3-K at the ATP-binding pocket, and inhibited their kinase activities in vitro. UVB-induced phosphorylation of EGFR and Akt were substantially suppressed by taxifolin in mouse skin epidermal JB6 P+ cells. Taxifolin also suppressed UVB-induced phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression. Importantly, topical treatment with taxifolin to the dorsal skin significantly suppressed tumor incidence, multiplicity and volume in a solar UV-induced skin carcinogenesis mouse model. Further analysis of the solar UV-exposed mouse skin showed that the taxifolin-treated group had a substantial reduction in solar UV-induced phosphorylation of EGFR and Akt. These results suggest that taxifolin exerts potent chemopreventive activity against UV-induced skin carcinogenesis by targeting EGFR and PI3-K. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1590. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-1590
The Prescribing of Opioids to Emergency Patients for the Treatment of Pain: The Issues Continue

Due to increased emphasis on pain and pain management and other contributing factors, there has been an enormous increase in the prescribing of opioids in medicine and emergency medicine over the past several years. Unfortunately, there has also been a subsequent rise in the untoward complications of opioid prescribing: increases in abuse, addiction, overdose, and death. In this report, we will investigate many of the issues surrounding the use of opioids and steps we, as practitioners, can take to avoid some of these problems while providing appropriate care to our patients.
Transparency, Teleoperation, and Children's Understanding of Social Robots

Teleoperation or Wizard-of-Oz control of social robots is commonly used in human-robot interaction (HRI) research. This is especially true for child-robot interactions, where technologies like speech recognition (which can help create autonomous interactions for adults) work less well. We propose to study young children's understanding teleoperation, how they conceptualize social robots in a learning context, and how this affects their interactions. Children will be told about the teleoperator's presence either before or after an interaction with a social robot. We will assess children's behavior, learning, and emotions before, during, and after the interaction. Our goal is to learn whether children's knowledge about the teleoperator matters (e.g., for their trust and for learning outcomes), and if so, how and when it matters most (e.g. at what age).
A New Explanation of Creativity of the Technical Subjects Going toward the Ecological Century

More attention is paid to the relation of ecology and creativity by the researchers in ecological philosophy,creative philosophy and technical philosophy.Those studies are gathered together to prove that the review of creation of modern human society should be made from the perspective of ecological epoch.Based on the analysis of the concept of creation,the post-modernist viewpoint and the methods and theories of creativity studies,new ways of developing creativity of the technical subject that moves towards ecological epoch are put forward: one is to reconstruct the ethic responsibility to harmonize the creativity of the technical subject with natural creation,the other is to reconstruct the creative latitude of the technical subject in terms of holistic ecology.
Numerical Calculation of the Corona Loss of the HVDC Transmission Lines

Due to the influence of space charges around conductors,it is very complicated to calculate the corona loss of high-voltage direct-current(HVDC) transmission lines.Thus,in engineering designs,various empirical formulas are adopted to estimate the corona loss,which lacks universality.Therefore,on the basis of a numerical analysis of the ion flow field around HVDC transmission lines,we analyzed the rationality of three methods for calculating corona current,i.e.the Shockley-Ramo method,integration around conductor,and integration around calculation boundary.The analysis shows that,when the Shockley-Ramo method and integration around conductor method are adopted,the calculation results are close to the measurement results.However,the Shockley-Ramo method uses all the space charges to calculate corona current,while the integration around conductor only uses the charges around conductor.In numerical calculations,the Shockley-Ramo method has better universality,and can calculate the corona loss of the HVDC transmission lines fast,stably,and accurately,providing reference for engineering designs.
Methodology of Armament System of Systems Evolution Analysis Based on SBCP Integrated Framework

Beginning with the discussion of system evolution concept,a methodology of armament system of systems (SoS) evolution analysis and design was proposed. According to the complicated behavior constraints brought by the hierarchy of armament SoS,simulation technology was proposed to integrate with constraint programming,and a simulation-based constraint programming (SBCP) integrated framework was designed. Based on the framework,a design process was set up to support the trajectory-control scheme optimizing of the armament SoS evolution. SBCP integrated framework would also be useful to trajectory-control problems of other systems with complicated hierarchy.
How tetraquarks can generate a second chiral phase transition

We consider how tetraquarks can affect the chiral phase transition in theories like QCD, with light quarks coupled to three colors. For two flavors the tetraquark field is an isosinglet, and its effect is minimal. For three flavors, however, the tetraquark field transforms in the same representation of the chiral symmetry group as the usual chiral order parameter, and so for very light quarks there may be two chiral phase transitions, which are both of first order. In QCD, results from the lattice indicate that any transition from the tetraquark condensate is a smooth crossover. In the plane of temperature, $T$, and quark chemical potential, $\ensuremath{\mu}$, a crossover line for the tetraquark condensate is naturally related to the transition line for color superconductivity. We stress that including tetraquarks is essential in using effective models to determine the position of a critical end point in the plane of $T$ and $\ensuremath{\mu}$. For four flavors we suggest that a triquark field, antisymmetric in both flavor and color, combine to form hexaquarks.
Technology in the Middle and Secondary Social Studies Classroom

Chapter 1: Research-Based Practices for Technology Integration. Chapter 2: Authentic Intellectual Work. Chapter 3: Cooperative Learning. Chapter 4: Problem-Based Learning. Chapter 5: Facilitating Discussion. Chapter 6: Student Historians. Chapter 7: Authentic Assessment. Chapter 8: Historical Images. Chapter 9: Differentiated Instruction. Chapter 10: Reading Strategies. Chapter 11: Web 2.0 Tools. Chapter 12: Local History. Chapter 13: Emerging Technologies.
The Great Idea of Alfred Cowles III

With his interest in statistics stimulated and the time afforded with a life of semi-retirement, Cowles became interested in applying statistical principles to a finance discipline for which he had developed a professional suspicion that it lacked scientific rigor. He had become growingly suspicious of the spurious advice offered by many financial advisors over the Roaring Twenties, especially in the wake of the Great Crash of 1929, and he had schooled himself on the mathematics of least squares and statistics that could act as the basis for the treatment of finance as a science rather than an art. His first project in finance was to determine the effectiveness and correlation of the advice from 24 market newsletters and stock market performance.
Young Children's Use of Surface and Object Information in Drawings of Everyday Scenes.

Pictorial symbols such as photographs, drawings, and maps are ubiquitous in modern cultures. Nevertheless, it remains unclear how children relate these symbols to the scenes that they represent. The present work investigates 4-year-old children's (N = 144) sensitivity to extended surface layouts and objects when using drawings of a room to find locations in that room. Children used either extended surfaces or objects when interpreting drawings, but they did not combine these two types of information to disambiguate target locations. Moreover, children's evaluations of drawings depicting surfaces or objects did not align with their use of such information in those drawings. These findings suggest that pictures of all kinds serve as media in which children deploy symbolic spatial skills flexibly and automatically.
Gemcitabine and capecitabine for advanced biliary cancer.

Background: Gemcitabine with capecitabine (gem-cap) is an established regimen for advanced biliary cancer (ABC) supported by our previously reported phase II trial. Here, we provide our updated experience. Methods: Single institution, retrospective study from 2005 to 2015 of ABC treated with gem-cap. Results: A total of 372 patients with ABC were identified, of whom 227 (61.0%) were treated with chemotherapy. 153 patients (67.4%) received gem-cap, of which 129 (56.8%) received it in the first line. Thirty two point six percent (42/129) were locally advanced, 67.4% (87/129) had metastatic disease, and 18.6% (24/129) received it as adjuvant therapy. Disease sites included 48.8% [63] intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (IHCC), 24.0% [31] extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (EHCC) and 27.1% [35] gallbladder carcinoma (GBC). Median follow-up was 49.7 months (mo). The median PFS and OS were 8.0 mo [95% confidence intervals (CI): 6.0–9.3] and 13.0 mo (95% CI: 10.7–17.4), respectively. Overall, 53.5% (69/129) experienced a grade 3/4 toxicity. The most common (35.7%) was a hematologic toxicity (neutropenia or thrombocytopenia) followed by infection (25.6%). Conclusions: Gem-cap provides similar survival outcomes to gemcitabine/cisplatin based on historical comparison to the ABC-2 trial (median PFS =8.0 mo and OS =11.7 mo). Gem-cap may offer the advantage of fewer adverse events compared to the levels reported in ABC-2 (grade 3/4 events 70.7%).
Correlates of county-level nonviral sexually transmitted infection hot spots in the US: application of hot spot analysis and spatial logistic regression.

Purpose We used a combination of hot spot analysis (HSA) and spatial regression to examine county-level hot spot correlates for the most commonly reported nonviral sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in the 48 contiguous states in the United States (US). Methods We obtained reported county-level total case rates of chlamydia, gonorrhea, and primary and secondary (P&S) syphilis in all counties in the 48 contiguous states from national surveillance data and computed temporally smoothed rates using 2008–2012 data. Covariates were obtained from county-level multiyear (2008–2012) American Community Surveys from the US census. We conducted HSA to identify hot spot counties for all three STIs. We then applied spatial logistic regression with the spatial error model to determine the association between the identified hot spots and the covariates. Results HSA indicated that ≥84% of hot spots for each STI were in the South. Spatial regression results indicated that, a 10-unit increase in the percentage of Black non-Hispanics was associated with ≈42% (P < 0.01) [≈22% (P < 0.01), for Hispanics] increase in the odds of being a hot spot county for chlamydia and gonorrhea, and ≈27% (P < 0.01) [≈11% (P < 0.01) for Hispanics] for PS chlamydia), 9.6 (P < 0.01; gonorrhea), and 4.7 (P < 0.01; P&S syphilis) times more likely to be hot spots. Conclusion Our study provides important information on hot spot clusters of nonviral STIs in the entire United States, including associations between hot spot counties and sociodemographic factors.
Nonlinear mixed-effects model reveals a distinction between learning and performance in intensive reach training post-stroke

We recently showed that individuals with chronic stroke who completed two sessions of intensive unassisted arm reach training exhibited improvements in movement times up to one month post-training. Here, we study whether changes in movement times during training can predict long-term changes. Sixteen participants with chronic stroke and ten non-disabled age-matched participants performed two sessions of reach training with 600 movements per session. Movement time data during training were fitted to a nonlinear mixed-effects model consisting of a decreasing exponential term to model improvements of performance due to learning and an increasing linear term to model worsening of performance due to activity-dependent fatigability and/or other factors unrelated to learning. For non-disabled age-matched participants, movement times gradually decreased overall during training and overall changes in movement times during training predicted long-term changes. In contrast, for participants post-stroke, movement times often worsened near the end of training. As a result, overall changes in movement times during training did not predict long-term changes in movement times in the stroke group. However, improvements in movement times due to training, as estimated by the exponential term of the model, predicted long-term changes in movement times. Participants post-stroke showed a distinction between learning and performance in unassisted intensive arm reach training. Despite worsening of performance in later trials, extended training was beneficial for long-term gains.
Observations of termitarium geophagy by Rylands’ bald-faced saki monkeys (Pithecia rylandsi) in Madre de Dios, Peru

Geophagy, or soil consumption, has been documented in diverse animal taxa, including many primates. Physiological functions such as mineral supplementation, detoxification of secondary compounds, and antacid properties are possible causes for this behavior. We report on observations of geophagy at arboreal termitaria by free-ranging Pithecia rylandsi at La Estacion Biologica Los Amigos (EBLA) in Peru between 2008 and 2015. Characteristics of geophagy events, including saki monkey behavior at the termitaria, were recorded and geochemical analyses were conducted on consumed termitaria, nearby topsoils, and unvisited termitaria. We observed 76 feeding bouts at 26 different termitaria by two groups of P. rylandsi during 1125 observational hours (0.07 bouts/obs. h). Geophagy occurred throughout the year, but rates peaked in January during the rainy season. All age and sex classes visited both active and inactive mounds. Feeding bouts were brief (171 ± SD 154 s), and no differences were observed in time spent feeding at active or inactive termitaria. Analyses showed that consumed soils contained higher concentrations of phosphorous, potassium, calcium, and magnesium than did topsoil. Consumed soils also contained a higher total cation exchange capacity than topsoil. Our analysis of consumed versus control termitaria revealed no differences in their chemical composition. We discuss these results in the context of the two primary hypotheses proposed for geophagy in pitheciins: mineral supplementation and toxin adsorption. Our data are consistent with the interpretation that P. rylandsi consume soils from arboreal termitaria to aid in adsorption of toxins found in immature seeds, which are a year-round component of their diet.
A transmission electron microscopy (TEM) study of silver nanoparticles associated with mine waste from New Caledonian nickel deposits: potential origins of silver toxicity in a World Heritage Site

The nature of silver nanoparticles associated with nickel-laterite ore deposits in New Caledonia (SW Pacific Ocean) is explored using transmission electron microscopy. The silver nanoparticles, dispersed in a matrix of amorphous silica, display complex textures such as linear aggregation and bimodal diameter distributions of 3–12 and 20–60 nm for one sample and 2–30 and 150–650 nm for the other, indicative of Ostwald ripening. These features as well as chemical heterogeneity (31–82% Ag—normalized X-ray energy dispersive spectrum), destructive assemblage interfaces, and amorphous and nanoparticle silica phases are consistent with those observed in epithermal gold deposits, potentially indicating a similar origin. Silver is highly toxic to a wide variety of organisms, and therefore, its significant presence in material directly related to mine runoff is a major threat to the New Caledonian environment, particularly the lagoons, which are listed as a World Heritage Site. Potential exists that the silver nanoparticles observed here provide the key to the origin of the toxic silver accumulation observed in New Caledonian reef organisms.
Adsorption of thiophene on transition metal surfaces with the inclusion of van der Waals effects

Abstract We use density functional theory with the inclusion of the van der Waals interaction to study the adsorption of thiophene, C4H4S, on Pt, Rh, Pd, Au, and Ag (100) surfaces. The five van der Waals (vdW) inclusive functionals we employ are optB86b-vdW, optB88-vdW, optPBE-vdW, revPBE-vdW, and rPW86-vdW2. For comparison we also run calculations with the GGA- Perdew Burke and Ernzerhof (PBE) functional. We examine several adsorption sites with the plane of the molecule parallel or perpendicular to the surface. The most stable configuration on all metals was the site where the center of the thiophene lies over a 4-fold hollow site with the sulfur atom lying close to a top site. Furthermore, we examine several electronic and geometric properties of the adsorbate including charge transfer, modification of the d-band, adsorption energy, tilt angle, and adsorption height. For the coinage metals PBE gives the lowest adsorption energy. For reactive transition metal substrates, revPBE-vdW and rPW86-vdW2 give lower adsorption energies than PBE.
Prolonged Elevated Heart Rate and 90-Day Survival in Acutely Ill Patients: Data From the MIMIC-III Database.

Purpose:We sought to evaluate the association of prolonged elevated heart rate (peHR) with survival in acutely ill patients.Methods:We used a large observational intensive care unit (ICU) database ...
Are psychophysically chosen lifting loads based on joint kinetics

Tables of maximal acceptable weight limits (MAWL) are used to select safe lifting loads and help reduce workplace injuries. However, their subjective basis provides little information on the underlying load selection rationale, and few studies have examined MAWLs in relation to full-body joint demands. Therefore, link-segment biomechanical modeling was applied for 18 participants during three sagittal 4.3 lifts/minute tasks at chosen MAWL levels. Each lift produced unique kinematics, kinetics, MAWL loads and most highly stressed joints. Lifting from the lowest starting position most heavily challenged the L5/S1 joint, whereas more upright starting postures stressed the shoulder. Lifting loads above and below MAWL level demonstrated consistent joint loading patterns. The normalized peak moments of the highest stressed joint were similar across the lifts at ∼70-75% of the joint maximum. Our results suggest that MAWLs may be chosen based on perception of the most stressed joint for the specific lift.
Recession‐proof skills, cities, and resilience in economic downturns

We provide evidence, by combining Occupational Information Network (O*NET) data with monthly Current Population Survey data from 1990 to 2015, that occupations characterized by high cognitive and people skill requirements are less sensitive to recessions, conditional on educational attainment, industry, and individual characteristics. These results are driven by urban areas, particularly noncollege educated people in urban areas, and vary with city size. Finally, we provide the first evidence that metropolitan areas’ recovery from economic downturns depends upon initial skill composition of occupations in the area.
Field Notes: Agricultural History’s New Plot

The last fifty years has witnessed the field of agricultural history undergoing a process of rejuvenation in which it has drawn closer to the cognate fields of environmental history and food histor...
Blockchain-Based Financial Technologies and Cryptocurrencies for Low-Income People: Technical Potential Versus Practical Reality

Several blockchain-based financial technologies and cryptocurrencies have been launched for low-income people. Blockchain?s technical potential can be used to serve the needs of unbanked and underbanked populations, but there is no evidence that these needs are being met.
Maritime Task Allocation, Scheduling, and Simulation-Based Evaluation

We present an end-to-end suite of task force planning algorithms to create maritime asset plans both at the large scale and unit levels. The planning toolset plans both wide-area surveys to a specified likelihood of missing an object of interest such as a mine as well as search tasks for reacquiring and identifying targets detected during past searches. The toolset consists of a suite of unit-level survey planning algorithms, a high-level scheduler, and intuitive graphical user interface used to provide user preference information. In this work, we present the overall architecture of the mission planner, application details of the scheduler and planning algorithms, and simulate the resulting task force plans using an off-the-shelf evaluation simulator.
Elephant’s Toothpaste Used as a Qualitative Demonstration of Rate versus Temperature

The popular elephant’s toothpaste demonstration can be used to demonstrate the effect of temperature on reaction rate qualitatively. Our version is designed for simplicity of execution and to requi...
The Transnationalization of Agricultural Production: Palimpsest of the Transnational State

This paper explores theoretically the emergence of the transnational State. Based on the historical experience of the emergence of the state at the national level fulfilling four major functions - accumulation, legitimation, mediation of inter- and intra-class conflict - and social reproduction, and utilizing empirical research in an agricultural commodity, frozen concentrated orange juice, the paper argues that the increased significance of transnational corporations requires the emergence of a state apparatus beyond the level of the nation. The paper suggests ways and means of looking for such an emergence. ? La transnacionalizacion de la produccion agricola: palincesto del estado transnacional Resumen Este articulo explora, en lo teorico, el surgimiento del Estado transnacional. Parte de la experiencia historica del Estadoa nivel nacional el cual cumple cuatro funciones principales: acumulacion, legitimacion, mediacion en los conflictos intra e inter-clase, y reproduccion social-, asi como, de la utilizacion de los resultados de una investigacion empirica sobre un producto agricola: el jugo de naranja concentrado. Se argumenta que la creciente importancia de las corporaciones transnacionales requieren de un aparato de Estado que traspase las fronteras de la nacion. En este sentido, el presente trabajo sugiere formas y medios de abordar este fenomeno.
Mobile Integrated Health Care in Los Angeles: Upstream Solutions to Mitigate the Covid-19 Pandemic

The Los Angeles Fire Department leads the city’s 911 emergency medical service with a focus on preventive and proactive care delivery methods to improve patient clinical outcomes and systemwide eff...