cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Polypeptide maps of cells infected with murine type C leukemia or sarcoma oncovirus.

Abstract The polypeptide composition of murine fibroblast cells and the effect of infection by RNA sarcoma and leukemia viruses were analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and tryptic peptide mapping. The polypeptide maps of NIH Swiss mouse embryo fibroblasts (NIH/3T3) and BALB/c mouse embryo fibroblasts (BALB/3T3) were very similar except for two major polypeptides of about 65,000 and 75,000 daltons which were not detected in BALB/3T3 cells. NIH/3T3 cells infected with either Rauscher or Gross oncoviruses and outbred Swiss mouse embryo fibroblasts (3T3 FL) showed two major polypeptides of about 73,000 and 80,000 daltons not found in uninfected NIH/3T3 cells. The 3T3 FL cells, although uninfected, were also found to contain a high concentration of envelope glycoprotein of an endogenous oncovirus. 3T3 FL cells transformed by Moloney sarcoma virus showed changes in many polypeptides, including several major components: the disappearance or modification of a component of 60,000 daltons, an increased concentration and shift in pl of a glycoprotein of 48,000 daltons, and the apparent loss of several smaller polypeptides. None of the major changes of the transformed cells were associated with cell surface proteins labeled by lactoperoxidase-catalyzed lodination.
Ventilatory Responses of Bluegill Sunfish to Sublethal, Fluctuating Exposures to Heavy Metals (Zn++and Cu++)

Minicomputer interfaced, continuous, noncontact sensing of the ventilatory behavior of the bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) was used to investigate the response to exposure to solutions of copper and zinc under various modes of application. The results of these studies indicate that fish respond to sublethal concentrations of these toxicants by increasing the average ventilatory rate as well as decreasing the amplitude of the ventilatory signal. Appropriate statistics for the analysis of these data are also described.
Spin Interactions of Accelerated Nuclei in Molecules

The contributions to the spin-rotational magnetic interaction of a nucleus in a molecule of terms dependent on the acceleration of the nucleus are calculated. One of these arises from the fact that the acceleration in molecules is electrical and the moving nuclear magnetic moment interacts with the electric field. The other is the Thomas precession similar to that which occurs for electrons in atoms. The effects of both centripetal acceleration and zero-point vibration acceleration are considered; the latter produces the largest effect. A general expression for the combined effect of these terms is given. When it is averaged over the zero point vibration of the ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ and ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$ molecules, the contribution to the spin-rotational interaction constant $c$ is 1059 cps for ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ and 30.6 cps for ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$.
Studies on airborne basidiospores.

Basidiomycetes are well known to produce abundant airborne spores which have been implicated in both asthma and allergic rhinitis. The atmosphere in Tulsa has been monitored with Burkard Volumetric Spore Traps to determine the concentration, seasonal occurrence, and identity of airborne basidiospores. During 1987 basidiospores were present in the atmosphere during most of the year with peaks in June and September. Spores from 18 genera were identified from the atmosphere withCoprinus andAgaricus being the most abundant spores in the spring. These genera continued to be prominent during the late summer and fall whenGanoderma spores were also abundant. Field studies conducted in conjunction with air sampling have shown that basidiomycete fruiting bodies were also most prevalent during the spring and fall.
WATER-SUCTION CURVES OF LARGE-GRAINED AGGREGATES

Summary Water-suction curves of large-grained aggregates, when obtained from small samples, often do not represent the true moisture characteristics of the material. Gravity segregation of the fluids within the sample may cause the average moisture content to vary significantly from the true value that might be obtained could the measured suction be applied uniformly. A method for correcting these curves was derived to interpret correctly experimental results on such aggregates.
Greedy heuristics and evolutionary algorithms for the bounded minimum-label spanning tree problem

Given an edge-labeled, connected, undirected graph G and a bound r>1, the bounded minimum-label spanning tree problem seeks a spanning tree on G whose edges carry the fewest possible labels and in which no label appears more than r times. Two greedy heuristics for the unbounded version of the problem are adapted to the bounded version. Two genetic algorithms for the problem encode labeled spanning trees as permutations of G's edges. A simple GA performs poorly, but the addition of local search enables consistently good results.
A galactoxylomannan antigen of Cryptococcus neoformans serotype A

Abstract The capsular polysaccharide of Cryptococcus neoformans serotype A was fractionated into two chemically and serologically distinct heteroglycans by differential precipitation with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). The major, viscous, acidic glucuronoxylomannan (GXM, 88% w/w) was precipitated with CTAB, while a previously undetected galactoxylomannan (GalXM, 12% w/w) remained in solution. GalXM is characterized by ( i ) molar ratios of galactose:mannose: xylose:glucuronic acid of 1.9:1.8:1.0.2 and 2% of O -acetyl; ( ii ) a molecular weight of 275,000 ± 25,000, estimated by gel-permeation chromatography; ( iii ) extensive degradation by NaIO 4 ; ( iv ) precipitation in gel by a lectin, concanavalin A, indicating nonreducing mannosyl termini; and ( v ) a distinct, immunoprecipitin arc in counterimmunoelectrophoresis. GalXM was further purified by gel-permeation or ion-exchange chromatography.
Peginterferon α-2b in the treatment of hepatitis C

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a leading public health problem affecting as many as 4 million Americans. Chronic HCV infection can progress to hepatocellular carcinoma, cirrhosis and death. Interferon-α-based therapies, initially as monotherapy and later in combination with ribavirin, have proven effective in the treatment of HCV infection, but standard interferon is hampered pharmacokinetically by a short half life. With the advent of the pegylated-interferons, administered in combination with oral ribavirin, the chances for HCV eradication have improved further. Peginterferon α-2b, the formuation discussed in this review, provides greater antiviral pressure while maintaining a tolerable side-effect profile with more convenient once-weekly dosing. Clinical trials have focused on treatment-naive patients as well as on many different HCV subpopulations, including difficult-to-treat patients such as previous interferon therapy failures and patients with HCV cirrhosis.
Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Grape Glycosides

Supercritical fluid extraction with methanol-modified CO(2) was used to extract glycosides from grapes. An optimization design involving 12 extraction variables was applied to achieve quantitative recoveries. The most important factor was the amount of organic modifier, a consequence of the high degree of glycoside polarity. By the proposed method, the total time of analysis can be decreased relative to that required for more conventional extractions. The full method can also be automated.
An extension of levinson's theorem to asymptotically jordan difference equations

We extend the discrete analogue of Levinson's asymptotic theorem to asymptotically Jordan systems. This enables us to extend the Poincare-Evgrafov Theorem to difference equations with nondistinct characteristic roots.
A survey of chiropractic academic affiliations within the department of veterans affairs health care system.

PURPOSE With the recent implementation of chiropractic into the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Health Care System, chiropractic institutions nationwide now share common educational ground with many of the nation's medical schools and other educational institutions. Chiropractic students may undergo clinical training within VA medical facilities that have affiliation agreements with chiropractic institutions. The purpose of this study was to gain a greater understanding of the current state of chiropractic academic affiliations within the VA. METHODS Survey method was utilized to obtain information about the program design and operation of VA chiropractic academic affiliations. RESULTS Chiropractic academic affiliations have been established within four VA medical facilities in association with three chiropractic colleges. There was considerable variation in staffing and internship duration among the locations. CONCLUSION The four existing chiropractic academic affiliations were dissimilar in terms of their design and operation with different strengths and program characteristics identified. Additional study is indicated to determine the impact that program variation has on the clinical care and educational functions of VA chiropractic academic affiliations.
Recovery following relief of unilateral ureteral obstruction in the neonatal rat.

Recovery following relief of unilateral ureteral obstruction in the neonatal rat. Background Obstructive nephropathy is a primary cause of renal insufficiency in infants and children. This study was designed to distinguish the reversible and irreversible cellular consequences of temporary unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) on the developing kidney. Methods Rats were subjected to UUO or sham operation in the first 48 hours of life, and the obstruction was removed five days later (or was left in place). Kidneys were removed for study 14 or 28 days later. In additional groups, kidneys were removed at the end of five days of obstruction. Immunoreactive distribution of renin was determined in arterioles, and the distribution of epidermal growth factor, transforming growth factor-β1, clusterin, vimentin, and α-smooth muscle actin was determined in tubules and/or interstitium. The number of glomeruli, glomerular maturation, tubular atrophy, and interstitial collagen deposition was determined by morphometry. Renal cellular proliferation and apoptosis were measured by proliferating cell nuclear antigen and the TdT uridine-nick-end-label technique, respectively. The glomerular filtration rate was measured by inulin clearance. Results Renal microvascular renin maintained a fetal distribution with persistent UUO; this was partially reversed by the relief of obstruction. Although glomerular maturation was also delayed and glomerular volume was reduced by UUO, the relief of obstruction prevented the reduction in glomerular volume. Although relief of obstruction did not reverse a 40% reduction in the number of nephrons, the glomerular filtration rate of the postobstructed kidney was normal. The relief of obstruction did not improve tubular cell proliferation and only partially reduced apoptosis induced by UUO. This was associated with a persistent reduction in the tubular epidermal growth factor. In addition, the relief of obstruction reduced but did not normalize tubular expression of transforming growth factor-β1, clusterin, and vimentin, all of which are evidence of persistent tubular injury. The relief of obstruction significantly reduced interstitial fibrosis and expression of α-smooth muscle actin by interstitial fibroblasts, but not to normal levels. Conclusions The relief of obstruction in the neonatal rat attenuates, but does not reverse, renal vascular, glomerular, tubular, and interstitial injury resulting from five days of UUO. Hyperfiltration by remaining nephrons and residual tubulointerstitial injury in the postobstructed kidney are likely to lead to deterioration of renal function later in life.
HNO3/H3PO4–NANO2 mediated oxidation of cellulose — preparation and characterization of bioabsorbable oxidized celluloses in high yields and with different levels of oxidation

Abstract The reaction of cellulose with a mixture of HNO 3 /H 3 PO 4 –NaNO 2 (2:1:1.4, v/v/%w) at room temperature for different time intervals has been investigated to produce oxidized cellulose (OC), a biocompatible and bioresorbable polymer. The results revealed an increase in carboxyl content of OC with increasing reaction time, corresponding to about 8.0, 13.4, 17.4 and 18.4% carboxyl content after 12, 24, 36, and 48 h, respectively. The yield of OC ranged between 75 and 81%. The use of different ratios of HNO 3 and H 3 PO 4 , (11:1, 4:1, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, and 1:4; v/v), in the reaction had no significant effect on the carboxyl content and yield of the OC products. All products, as produced, were low crystallinity (27–35%) fibrous materials. The length of fibers decreased with increasing reaction time. After ball milling for 24 h, the length of fibers further decreased and products converted into a fine powder consisting of small fibers and aggregated non-fibrous particles. The degrees of polymerization (DP) of the OC products produced after 12, 24, and 48 h of reaction duration were 81, 63, and 53, respectively. After ball milling for 24 h, the corresponding values changed to 57, 51 and 46. However, no significant change in the crystallinity of the products was noted after ball milling. The TGA results showed the OC products to be less thermally stable than cellulose. The degradation temperature appears to decrease with increasing carboxyl content. In conclusion, the results show that the low crystallinity OC products can be successfully prepared in high yields and with different levels of carboxyl content from cellulose by treatment with a mixture of HNO 3 /H 3 PO 4 –NaNO 2 .
Analytic slip-link expressions for universal dynamic modulus predictions of linear monodisperse polymer melts

The discrete slip-link model (DSM) is a robust mesoscopic theory that has great success predicting the rheology of flexible entangled polymer liquids and gels. In the most coarse-grained version of the DSM, we exploit heavily the universality observed in the shape of the relaxation modulus of linear monodisperse melts. For this type of polymer, we present here analytic expressions for the relaxation modulus. The high-frequency dynamics which are typically coarse-grained out from the DSM are added back into these expressions by using a Rouse chain with fixed ends to represent the fast motion of Kuhn steps between entanglements. We find consistency in the friction used for both fast and slow modes. We test these expressions against experimental data for three chemistries and molecular weights with good agreement. Using these analytic expressions, the polymer density, the molecular weight of a Kuhn step, MK, and the low-frequency cross-over between the storage and loss moduli, \(G^{\prime }\) and \(G^{\prime \prime }\), it is now straightforward to estimate model parameter values and obtain predictions over the experimentally accessible frequency range without performing expensive numerical calculations.
Simvastatin Given for 3 Days Can Inhibit Thrombin Generation and Activation of Factor V and Enhance Factor Va Inactivation in Hypercholesterolemic Patients

To the Editor: The 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors, or statins, have been reported to exert multiple cholesterol-independent actions, including inhibition of blood coagulation, most likely attributable to downregulation of tissue factor (TF) expression.1 Previously, we have demonstrated that simvastatin inhibits blood clotting after a 3-month simvastatin therapy.2 It is unknown how rapidly statin administration can influence thrombin formation, factor (F)V activation, and the proteolytic degradation of FVa. The aim of the current study was to assess early effects of statins on coagulant reactions. Fourteen men (mean age, 54.6 years) with LDL cholesterol levels >3.4 mmol/L (130 mg/dL), who were treated with low-dose aspirin (75 mg/d), participated in the study after giving informed written consent. At baseline and after 3 days of simvastatin administration (40 mg/d), coagulant reactions were assessed in blood collected every 30 seconds at the site of microvascular injury, as previously described. …
Regulation and expression of the multigene family coding light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-binding proteins of photosystem II

The current state of knowledge concerning the expression of the nuclear genes that code the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-binding polypeptides of photosystem II is presented. This review covers the structure of these genes, the complex multistep pathway involved in their expression, and the environmental and other factors which regulate their expression. Some of the effects of these factors are mediated, at least in part, at the level of transcription, but other effects can be explained only by the existence of multiple posttranscriptional regulatory steps.
EWSR1 binds the hepatitis C virus cis-acting replication element and is required for efficient viral replication

The hepatitis C virus (HCV) genome contains numerous RNA elements that are required for its replication. Most of the identified RNA structures are located within the 5' and 3' untranslated regions (UTRs). One prominent RNA structure, termed the cis-acting replication element (CRE), is located within the NS5B coding region. Mutation of part of the CRE, the 5BSL3.2 stem-loop, impairs HCV RNA replication. This loop has been implicated in a kissing interaction with a complementary stem-loop structure in the 3' UTR. Although it is clear that this interaction is required for viral replication, the function of the interaction, and its regulation are unknown. In order to gain insight into the CRE function, we isolated cellular proteins that preferentially bind the CRE and identified them using mass spectrometry. This approach identified EWSR1 as a CRE-binding protein. Silencing EWSR1 expression impairs HCV replication and infectious virus production but not translation. While EWRS1 is a shuttling protein that is extensively nuclear in hepatocytes, substantial amounts of EWSR1 localize to the cytosol in HCV-infected cells and colocalize with sites of HCV replication. A subset of EWRS1 translocates into detergent-resistant membrane fractions, which contain the viral replicase proteins, in cells with replicating HCV. EWSR1 directly binds the CRE, and this is dependent on the intact CRE structure. Finally, EWSR1 preferentially interacts with the CRE in the absence of the kissing interaction. This study implicates EWSR1 as a novel modulator of CRE function in HCV replication.
On the Ramsey numbers R(3, 8) and R(3, 9)

Abstract Using methods developed by Graver and Yackel, and various computer algorithms, we show that 28 ≤ R (3, 8) ≤ 29, and R (3, 9) = 36, where R ( k , l ) is the classical Ramsey number for 2-coloring the edges of a complete graph.
Neural response to very low-frequency sound in the avian cochlear nucleus.

Recordings were made in the chick cochlear nucleus from neurons that are sensitive to very low frequency sound. The tuning, discharge rate response and phase-locking properties of these units are described in detail. The principal conclusions are: 1. Low frequency (LF) units respond to sound frequencies between 10–800 Hz. Best thresholds average 60 dB SPL, and are occasionally as low as 40 dB SPL. While behavioral thresholds in this frequency range are not available for the domestic chick, these values are in good agreement with the pigeon behavioral audiogram (Kreithen and Quine 1979). 2. About 60% of the unit population displays tuning curves resembling low-pass filter functions with corner frequencies between 50–250 Hz. The remaining units have broad band-pass tuning curves. Best frequencies range from 50–300 Hz. 3. Spontaneous discharge rate was analyzed quantitatively for LF units recorded from nucleus angularis. The distribution of spontaneous rates for LF units is similar to that seen from higher CF units (300–5000 Hz) found in the same nucleus. However, the spontaneous firing of LF units is considerably more regular than that of their higher CF counterparts. 4. Low frequency units with low spontaneous rates (SR's < 40 spikes/s) show large driven rate increases and usually saturate by discharging once or twice per stimulus cycle. Higher SR units often show no driven rate increases. 5. All LF units show strong phase-locking at all excitatory stimulus frequencies. Vector strengths as high as 0.98 have been observed at moderate sound levels. 6. The preferred phase of discharge (relative to the sound stimulus) increases with stimulus frequency in a nearly linear manner. This is consistent with the LF units being stimulated by a traveling wave. The slope of these phase-frequency relationships provides an estimate of traveling wave delay. These delays average 7.2 ms, longer than those seen for higher CF auditory brainstem units. These observations suggest that the peripheral site of low frequency sensitivity is the very distal region of the basilar papilla, an area whose morphology differs significantly from the rest of the chick basilar papilla. 7. LF units are described whose response to sound is inhibitory at frequencies above 50 Hz.
A knockout of the caspase 2 gene produces increased resistance of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway to MPTP-induced toxicity

Abstract This study investigated the effect of a knockout of the caspase 2 gene on the sensitivity of murine nigral dopaminergic neurons to 1-methyl-4-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced toxicity. Female wild type (WT), heterozygous caspase 2 NL (HET) and homozygous caspase 2 null (NL) mice were treated with cumulative dosages of 0, 10, 15 or 20 mg/kg MPTP free base. Without MPTP treatment, one week later dopamine (DA) levels were not significantly different in HET or NL versus WT mice. Twenty mg/kg MPTP reduced striatal DA in WT and HET (p Subsequently, WT and NL mice were treated daily with 20 mg/kg MPTP for 3 days and 25 mg/kg MPTP for 2 additional days, and TH+ neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) were estimated using unbiased stereology. When compared to untreated WT, the numbers of TH+ neurons were significantly lower in the SN of untreated NL mice (p In primary mesencephalic cultures both the cell bodies and the neuronal processes of TH immunopositive (TH+) neurons from NL embryos were significantly (p These results suggest that caspase 2 may play a role in modulating the MPTP-induced damage to the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system.
The Identification of the 3-D Fluorescence Spectroscopy Recognition of the Mineral Oil Based on the ICA and the Wavelet Neural Network

Different kinds of three-dimensional fluorescence spectra of oils have a large degree of overlap. The tradition based on the apparent characteristics of statistical features can only reflect the general characteristics of three-dimensional fluorescence spectra of simple components, or a single fluorescence peak sample differential case is practical, to complex water environment pollution in mineral oil identification has great limitations. The paper use independent component analysis(ICA) algorithm for mineral oil spectral compression dimensionality reduction, feature extraction, extraction of more deep, more elaborate characteristic parameters, and the concentration of information together with the physical significance of the oil pollution of three-dimensional fluorescence spectra characteristic sequence or vector. The mapping relation was obtained by the WNN between the singular value eigenvector and the species of the mineral oil. The WNN realized the recognition of the different kinds of mineral oil. The experiment result indicates that the right of the distinguish rate is 90%.
Children's travel to school: Discrete choice modeling of correlated motorized and nonmotorized transportation modes using covariance heterogeneity

Children's school travel mode is changing, especially away from walking and bicycling and towards private automobiles. Simultaneously we see warning signs from a public health standpoint as children are becoming less active. It has been suggested that walking and bicycling to or from school could help shift this trend, moving it towards greater activity, and researchers are therefore exploring choices of school-trip mode in relation to the pedestrian friendliness of the built environment. Mode-choice models are generally framed as multinomial logit (MNL) models. However, the limitations of MNL models can cause unrealistic effects when walking and bicycling are included with motorized modes. In this paper the focus is on accounting for individual-specific heterogeneity, since different children or families may have very different tastes or tolerances, such as travel time, when it comes to choosing between driving a private automobile, taking the school bus, bicycling, or walking to or from school. The resu...
Constitutive behavior and failure criteria for composites under static and dynamic loading

The technology of composite materials has experienced dramatic developments in the last four decades with continuously expanding applications. Further development depends to a great extent on the introduction of new material systems and a rapid evaluation of the resulting composites. To facilitate and accelerate this process, it is important to develop/establish comprehensive and effective methods and procedures of constitutive characterization and modeling and failure prediction of structural laminates based on the properties of the constituent materials and especially the basic building block of the composite, the single ply or lamina. The plethora of available composite failure theories coupled with a dearth of reliable experimental data provides no definitive answer as to the best general approach to failure prediction. A new failure theory recently developed at Northwestern University has been proven very successful in predicting failure of a composite lamina under multi-axial states of stress and varying strain rates in cases where the biggest discrepancies were observed in predictions by other theories.
Individual finger sensibility in carpal tunnel syndrome.

Purpose Sensibility testing plays a role in the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). No single physical examination test has proven to be of critical value in the diagnosis, especially when compared with electrodiagnostic testing (EDX). The purpose of this study was to define which digits are most affected by CTS, both subjectively and with objective sensibility testing. Methods A prospective series of 35 patients (40 hands) with EDX-positive, isolated CTS were evaluated preoperatively using 2 objective sensibility tests: static 2-point discrimination (2PD) and abbreviated Semmes-Weinstein monofilament (SWMF) testing. Detailed surveys of subjective symptoms were also collected. Results Patients identified the middle finger as the most symptomatic over all others (51%). Objective 2PD results of each digit mirrored the subjective data, with higher values for the middle finger (mean 6.07 mm, (p thumb > index > small). Correlations failed between EDX, symptoms, and SWMF results or 2PD in the index finger. Positive but weak correlation (p = .002, r=.42) was found between EDX and 2PD only in the middle fingers. Conclusions The middle finger is the most likely to show changes in 2PD in patients with positive EDX findings for CTS. Middle finger 2PD is best able to correlate with EDX when compared with 2PD of other digits. The SWMF testing also shows the middle digit testing as more sensitive, but this finding may be difficult to use clinically. Type of study/level of evidence Diagnostic I.
Community psychiatry in Oceania: Fifteen months' experience in Micronesia

Fifteen months' work as the only psychiatrist for the 120,000 people of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (Micronesia) is described. Community psychiatry principles and approaches had to be adjusted to the practical realities of attempting to serve the far-flung and sparsely populated islands of Micronesia. The major thrust of the program was giving clinical consultation/supervision and teaching doctors and paraprofessionals basic concepts of mental health. Psychiatric assistance to courts and jails regarding psychiatrically disturbed people was another significant effort. Inall work in Micronesia, it was found that a teaching component could easily be built in, since basic psychological and psychiatric knowledge was needed and desired by the Micronesians
Performance of normal older adults on tests designed to measure parietal lobe functions

Symptoms referrable to the parietal lobes, such as difficulty with dressing, unilateral neglect, or manual apraxia, are a frequent rehabilitation problem among stroke patients. Occupational therapists need an evaluation tool for parietal lobe functions and performance expectations for adults 40 years and older. A battery of tests designed to measure functions of the parietal lobes was given to 68 normal adults from 40 to 88 years of age. The test battery included drawings, stick designs, finger identifications, right-left identifications, arithmetic, clock settings, map localizations, block constructions, visual organization tasks, and visual discrimination tasks. Statistical analysis of the data revealed significant age-related changes on the constructional tasks, finger identifications, clock settings, visual organization tasks, and visual discrimination tasks. No significant age effect was found on right-left identifications, map localizations, or arithmetic. Implications for the evaluation and treatment of older adults in occupational therapy are discussed.
Poly(Vinyl Pyridine) as a Universal Surface Modifier for Immobilization of Nanoparticles

Metal, metal oxide, and plastic surfaces were modified with poly(vinylpyridine) using adsorption, spin-coating, and dip-coating techniques and various metal, semiconductor, and dielectric nanoparticles were subsequently attached. Prior to the modification, the substrates were treated with glow discharge plasma for cleaning purposes and to introduce surface functional groups that are capable of interaction with the polymer. UV−vis absorption spectroscopy, atomic force, and electron scanning microscopies were used to characterize polymer layers and layers of immobilized nanoparticles. The surface modification with poly(vinylpyridine) via adsorption technique is suggested as a simple, effective, and highly versatile method for the preparation of single, mixed, and multilayered assemblies of various nanoparticles on different substrates.
A Validation of PROSE as a Means of Assessing Classroom Openness

AbstractAlmost all studies of the open classroom are phenomenological. The purpose of this investigation was to determine quantitatively the effects of open and traditional classroom techniques on teacher and student interaction and social environment. The ETS instrument, PROSE (Personal Record of School Experience), was utilized by observers to measure directly in public classrooms, on a time-sampling basis, selected traits attributed to open classrooms by prominent writers. The one-tail t-test was used to compare mean frequencies on each trait for open vs. traditional classrooms. Analysis of data revealed the open classrooms to be significantly different from traditional classrooms, as predicted. The study also demonstrated that quantitative methods can be applied to the open classroom to achieve operational definitions which can be further researched.
Towards parallel fabrication of single electron transistors using carbon nanotubes

Single electron transistors (SETs) are considered to be promising building blocks for post CMOS era electronic devices, however, a major bottleneck for practical realization of SET based devices is a lack of a parallel fabrication approach. Here, we have demonstrated a technique for the scalable fabrication of SETs using single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). The approach is based on the integration of solution processed individual SWNTs via dielectrophoresis (DEP) at the selected position of the circuit with a 100 nm channel length, where the metal–SWNT Schottky contact works as a tunnel barrier. Measurements carried out at a low temperature (4.2 K) show that the majority of the devices with a contact resistance (RT) > 100 kΩ display SET behavior. For the devices with 100 kΩ 1 MΩ) multiple QD behavior was observed. From the transport study of 50 SWNT devices, a total of 38 devices show SET behavior giving a yield of 76%. The results presented here are a significant step forward for the practical realization of SET based devices.
Supervisor and self-ratings of graduates from a medical school with a problem-based learning and standard curriculum track.

Background: Medical schools recognize the importance of following up on graduates to evaluate performance during residency. Such performance is of particular interest for schools with problem-based learning (PBL) and conventional curriculum tracks. Purposes: Our purposes were to determine any differences in ratings of resident performance in 3 competency areas compared across two different curriculum tracks, 1st and 3rd postgraduate years, and self versus supervisor. Methods: Performance ratings by residents and their supervisors for the 9 years during which 2 curriculum tracks were operative were analyzed using t tests. Effect sizes for statistically significant results were calculated. Results: Several comparisons found differences, although effect sizes were almost uniformly small. The exception was the rating of self-directed learning habits, in which graduates from the problem-based track rated themselves higher than graduates from the standard curriculum (both Years 1 and 3) and higher than their su...
Lysophosphatidic acid possesses dual action in cell proliferation

Abstract Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) induces mitogenic responses in cultured fibroblasts through a pertussis toxin-sensitive signaling pathway. In contrast, we have shown that LPA inhibits the proliferation of Sp2/0-Ag14 myeloma cells. To resolve this apparent controversy, LPA-elicited responses in cell proliferation and the underlying second messenger mechanisms were compared in Sp2/0-Ag14 myeloma and NIH 3T3 fibroblast cells. The antimitogenic response was not elicited by micromolar concentrations of phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylglycerol, or diacylglycerol. In NIH 3T3 and Sp2 cells, LPA elicited an increase in inositol trisphosphate and a subsequent transient increase in free cytoplasmic Ca2+. Unlike the mitogenic response in NIH 3T3 cells, the antimitogenic effect was not affected by pertussis toxin; on the contrary, it was accompanied by an increase in cAMP. In Sp2 cells, cAMP analogs, forskolin, and isobutylmethylxanthine inhibited cell proliferation and enhanced LPA action in an additive manner, suggesting that an LPA-elicited increase in cAMP-mediated signaling was responsible for the antimitogenic response. In addition to the mitogenic response in fibroblasts and the antimitogenic response in tumor cell lines, there are some cell types (Jurkat T-cell lymphoma and primary astrocytes) in which LPA is ineffective in altering cell proliferation. The cell-type-specific dual action of LPA suggests that this endogenous lipid mediator when released from activated cells might play an important role as a regulator, rather than a ubiquitous inducer, of cell proliferation.
Synthesis and characterization of random semi‐flexible thermotropic liquid crystalline poly(ester‐imide)s

A series of novel poly(ester-imide)s were prepared by the reaction of meta- and para-substituted trimellitimide dicarboxylic diacid chlorides with various diols containing four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, 10, and 12 methylene groups by a solution polymerization technique utilizing refluxing 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene as a solvent. The poly(ester-imide)s were characterized by dilute solution viscosity, infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and polarized light microscopy. The inherent viscosities of the meta-substituted poly(ester-imide)s ranged from 0.06 to 0.25 dL/g while those of the para-substituted poly(ester-imide)s ranged from 0.10 to 0.65 dL/g and were obviously of higher molecular weight. The meta series were amorphous and showed no mesophase formation. All para-substituted poly(ester-imide)s exhibited monotropic mesophase identified as smectic A order. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Three-terminal bistable low-threshold strained InGaAs/GaAs laser grown on structured substrates for digital modulation

Strained InGaAs/GaAs quantum-well three-terminal lasers with monolithically integrated intracavity modulators were fabricated using low threshold current structures formed by the temperature engineered growth (TEG) technique. An on-off switching ratio of 556 was obtained for a 30-mV change in absorber voltage. An optical power contrast ratio of 7.5 was measured with a total DC power consumption of 25.3 mW. These results show a great improvement in the digital (on-off) switching performance of three-terminal lasers with intracavity modulators. >
Use of iSpartan in Teaching Organic Spectroscopy

Spectroscopy is often one of the most difficult subjects in an organic chemistry course for students to master. One difficulty comes from relating peaks in a spectrum with structural features. For example, when teaching infrared spectroscopy, it is often difficult to connect the theory between bending and stretching vibrations to the actual peaks. iSpartan for the iOS platform allows this to be done easily without the high cost of the full Spartan software.
Decomposition of recognition memory event-related potentials yields target, repetition, and retrieval effects☆

Task manipulations and a subtractive analytic strategy were combined to decompose the positive-going amplitude shift of the event-related potential (ERP) that is elicited by previously studied words during recognition memory testing. Target stimuli elicited a robust posterior P3b subcomponent, but this effect is shown to be independent of the effects of prior study. Two study-related subcomponents were also identified. The earlier study effect reached peak amplitude about 400 msec after word onset and was elicited by repeated words regardless of whether the task required retrieval of information from secondary memory. This effect might reflect a repetition-related decline in the amplitude of the N400 component. The other study-related effect reached peak amplitude around 600 msec post-stimulus onset. This later effect overlapped temporally with the P3b, but it was not related to targetness. Rather, it was specifically related to task conditions that required retrieval from secondary memory. The identification of this third effect helps to clarify the functional significance of the ERPs observed during recognition memory testing.
ADJACENT DNA ELEMENTS DOMINANTLY RESTRICT THE UBIQUITOUS ACTIVITY OF A NOVEL CHROMATIN-OPENING REGION TO SPECIFIC TISSUES

Locus control regions (LCRs) are thought to provide a dominant tissue-specific open chromatin domain that allows for proper gene regulation by enhancers/silencers and their associated transcription factors. Expression of the T-cell receptor alpha (TCR alpha) gene is limited to T cells and its locus exists in different chromatin configurations in expressing and nonexpressing cell types. Here we show that eight DNase I-hypersensitive sites in the TCR alpha locus comprise an LCR that confers T-cell compartment-specific expression upon a linked heterologous transgene. Removal of the three 5'-most hypersensitive sites of this LCR, containing TCR alpha enhancers/silencers, abolishes tissue-differential chromatin structure and results in transgene expression in all tissues examined. The remaining five DNase I-hypersensitive sites therefore constitute a novel control element possessing a widely active chromatin-opening function that allows for ubiquitous expression of a linked transgene in all transgenic founder mice. Furthermore, these data show that cis-acting elements without inherent LCR activity can dominantly modulate chromatin structure to determine tissue-specific gene expression in vivo.
The Influence of Forensic Evidence on the Case Outcomes of Assault and Robbery Incidents

The study focused on the influence of forensic evidence on the case processing of assault and robbery incidents. The study utilized a prospective analysis of official record data that followed cases in five jurisdictions from the time of police incident report to final criminal disposition. The results indicated that forensic evidence was collected in less than a third of all robbery and assault cases. Forensic evidence did not impact case outcomes for either robbery or assault cases. Cases in which there is physical evidence are no more likely to reach conviction than those without such evidence. However, the availability of victim and/or witness accounts were found to predict movement through various stages of the criminal case process. Thus, locating and encouraging victims and witnesses to provide testimony appears to enhance case solvability. In addition, variables associated with the perceived seriousness of the offense impact case progression.
The Korean War: A History

The Korean War: A History BRUCE CUMINGS, 2010 New York: Modern Library Editions, Random House xi + 288 pp. Notes, bibliography and index. $24.00 This short history of the Korean War is an unrelenti...
Genetic diversity of coastal bottlenose dolphins revealed by structurally and functionally diverse hemoglobins.

Studies of structure-function relationships in the respiratory proteins of marine mammals revealed unexpected variations in the number and types of hemoglobins (Hbs) present in coastal bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus. We obtained blood samples from free-ranging coastal bottlenose dolphins as a component of capture-release studies. We found that the oxygen-binding functions of bottlenose dolphin blood are poised between effector-saturated and unsaturated levels, enabling exercise-dependent shifts in oxygen transfer functions. Isolated bottlenose dolphin Hbs showed elevated pH sensitivities (Bohr effects) and appreciably lower oxygen affinities than adult human Hb in the absence of allosteric effectors. These properties may be an adaptive modification that enhance oxygen delivery during diving episodes when oxygen tensions and effector levels are low. The Hbs of individual dolphins showed similar oxygen affinities, responses to effectors, and expression of heme-heme interaction in oxygen binding, but differed in their redox potentials and rates of autoxidation. The heterogeneity suggested by these functional variations in Hbs of individual dolphins was born out by variations in the molecular weights and numbers of their α and β globin chains. Although coastal bottlenose dolphins were expected to have a single type of Hb, the mass differences observed revealed considerable genetic diversity. There were multiple Hb forms in some individuals and differences in Hb patterns among individuals within the same community.
Graft rejection as a Th1-type process amenable to regulation by donor Th2-type cells through an interleukin-4/STAT6 pathway.

Graft rejection has been defined as the mirror image of graft-versus-host disease, which is biologically characterized primarily as a Th1-type process. As such, we reasoned that graft rejection would represent a Th1 response amenable to Th2 modulation. Indeed, adoptive transfer of host Th1-type cells mediated rejection of fully MHC-disparate murine bone marrow allografts more effectively than host Th2-type cells. Furthermore, STAT1-deficient host T cells did not differentiate into Th1-type cells in vivo and failed to mediate rejection. We next hypothesized that donor Th2 cell allograft augmentation would prevent rejection by modulation of the host Th1/Th2 balance. In the setting of donor Th2 cell therapy, host–anti-donor allospecific T cells acquired Th2 polarity, persisted posttransplantation, and did not mediate rejection. Abrogation of rejection required donor Th2 cell IL-4 secretion and host T-cell STAT6 signaling. In conclusion, T cell–mediated marrow graft rejection primarily resembles a Th1-type process that can be abrogated by donor Th2 cell therapy that promotes engraftment through a novel mechanism whereby cytokine polarization is transferred to host T cells.
Data updates for the SOURCES-4A computer code

Abstract The SOURCES decay data library, tape5, was updated to include spontaneous fission information for 252 Cf. Decay information for the data library was also updated for the 43 isotopes and isomers having Watt fission spectra parameters. Future work will update the remainder of the nuclides. Submitted to the Radiation Safety Information Computational Center, the distributor of the computer code, this work will upgrade SOURCES from version 4A to 4B.
NEW ISOTOPE MANGANESE-53

Manganese-53 has been produced by the nuclear reaction ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{53}(p, n){\mathrm{Mn}}^{53}$ in the bombardment of enriched ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{53}$ for a period of 8 hours with 9.5-Mev protons. Measurements of the decay and absorption data indicate that this nuclide is an orbital electron capturing activity without gamma rays or positrons. With the assumption that the cross section for the reactions ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{53}(p, n){\mathrm{Mn}}^{53}$ and ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{54}(p, n){\mathrm{Mn}}^{54}$ are the same, it is possible to calculate an approximate half-life of 140 years for this nuclide. These data together with those from previous measurements on the energy levels of ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{53}$ indicate that ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{53}$ probably decays from an ${F}_{\frac{5}{2}}$ ground state to a ${p}_{\frac{3}{2}}$ ${\mathrm{Cr}}^{53}$ ground state in an $l$-forbidden transition with a relatively high $log\mathrm{ft}$ value.
Positioning Résumés and Cover Letters as Reflective-Reflexive Process

Although the resume and cover letter genre is widely discussed in both popular and scholarly publications, discussion thus far has failed to acknowledge that the process of creating a resume and co...
Developmental Relationships Between Two-Point Discrimination and Locus of Stimulation.

(1969). Developmental Relationships Between Two-Point Discrimination and Locus of Stimulation. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 81, No. 1, pp. 59-65.