cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pim and Akt oncogenes are independent regulators of hematopoietic cell growth and survival.

The Akt kinases promote hematopoietic cell growth and accumulation through phosphorylation of apoptotic effectors and stimulation of mTOR-dependent translation. In Akt-transformed leukemic cells, tumor growth can be inhibited by the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin, and clinical trials of rapamycin analogs for the treatment of leukemia are under way. Surprisingly, nontransformed hematopoietic cells can grow and proliferate in the presence of rapamycin. Here, we show that Pim-2 is required to confer rapamycin resistance. Primary hematopoietic cells from Pim-2– and Pim-1/Pim-2–deficient animals failed to accumulate and underwent apoptosis in the presence of rapamycin. Although animals deficient in Akt-1 or Pim-1/Pim-2 are viable, few animals with a compound deletion survived development, and those that were born had severe anemia. Primary hematopoietic cells from Akt-1/Pim-1/Pim-2–deficient animals displayed marked impairments in cell growth and survival. Conversely, ectopic expression of either Pim-2 or Akt-1 induced increased cell size and apoptotic resistance. However, though the effects of ectopic Akt-1 were reversed by rapamycin or a nonphosphorylatable form of 4EBP-1, those of Pim-2 were not. Coexpression of the transgenes in mice led to additive increases in cell size and survival and predisposed animals to rapid tumor formation. Together, these data indicate that Pim-2 and Akt-1 are critical components of overlapping but independent pathways, either of which is sufficient to promote the growth and survival of nontransformed hematopoietic cells.
Palaeoclimate: The riddle of the clays

Rising carbon levels contributed to profound climate change 55 million years ago. Where did that extra carbon come from? One proposal — a cometary impact — is rebuffed by two analyses of magnetic particles in clay sediment cores from New Jersey.
Conjugation of 7-Oxodehydroabietic Acid to Lysine, A Haptenation Mechanism for an Oxidized Resin Acid with Dermal Sensitizing Properties

This article explores protein conjugation of 7-oxodehydroabietic acid, a resin acid found in both aerosol from soldering with rosin flux and in rosin solids. In a murine model, conjugation (haptenation) of resin acids to proteins is required to generate antibodies against rosin. Hydroperoxy resin acids are dermal sensitizers, with haptenation thought to occur via radical mechanisms. Dermal sensitization to 7-oxodehydroabietic acid has been observed, although no radical haptenation mechanism has been proposed to explain the sensitizing properties of this compound. Conjugation of L-lysine to 7-oxodehydroabietic acid was predicted, with a Schiff base (or imine) linkage formed between C-7 of the resin acid and a free amino group of lysine. Fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry provided evidence of the conjugate; a small peak was seen for the conjugate (M + H)+ ion in aqueous ethanol with 20 mM concentrations of the free resin and amino acids. A larger conjugate peak was observed with addition of tertiary am...
Cytomorphological features of metastatic squamous cell carcinoma in serous effusions.

Objective To study the cytomorphological features of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in serous effusions. Methods Conventional smears from 23 SCC were reviewed for the following features: cellularity, single cells, cell clusters, long cords, squamous pearls, cell-in-cell, ‘windows’, polygonal cells, anucleated cells, tadpole cells, fibre cells, third-type cells, refractile cytoplasmic ring, two-tone cytoplasm, cytoplasmic density, cytoplasmic vacuoles, signet ring cells, nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio, nuclear hyperchromasia, irregular nuclear membrane, nuclear centricity, double or multiple nuclei, nucleolus, anaplastic cells and mitosis. Subsequently, we also reviewed 15 reactive mesothelium, 18 mesotheliomas and 24 adenocarcinomas for comparison. Results Most SCC smears comprised mixed populations of single cells and cell clusters. Keratinized squamous cells and squamous pearls were diagnostic for well-differentiated SCC. Squamous eddies, appreciated on the cell block sections appearing as two-dimensional cell clusters with a swirling pattern, were characteristic for SCC. Poorly differentiated/third-type cells with atypical cytoplasmic keratinization, manifest as two-tone cytoplasm with a well-defined border and occasionally a refractile central ring, were an important clue for the squamous origin of the cells. Features including cell-in-cell, cytoplasmic vacuolation, double or multinucleated cells, anaplastic cells and mitotic figures were present in various degrees, and were not of diagnostic value. Conclusions Certain cytological features are diagnostic for SCC, whereas other features of poorly differentiated SCC often overlap with those of reactive mesothelial cells, mesothelioma, metastatic adenocarcinoma or urothelial carcinoma in serous effusions. The combination of clinical history, appropriate immunohistochemical panel and cytomorphological features are important to ensure a correct diagnosis.
Hermetia illucens Control in Poultry Manure by Larviciding

Effectiveness of 5 larvicides at the rate of 1 gal/100 ft2 (400 ml/m2) for the control of larvae of Hermetia illucens (L.) in manure under caged laying hens, was determined. Excellent control was achieved by 0.5% RaVap® consisting of 2 lb/gal Rabon® (2-chloro-1-(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl) vinyl dimethyl phosphate) and 0.2 lb/gal dichlorvos, and 0.5% Zytron® (O-2.4-diclilorophcnyl O-methyl isopropylphosphoramidothioale). Ronnel was slower acting but did give satisfactory control at 0.5%. Equivalent control by dimethoate was obtained with a 1% spray but not with 0.5%. Malathion gave little or no control at concentrations as high as 1%. In the presence of H. illucens larvae, larvae of the house fly, Musra domestica L . were absent. Following control of the H. illucens larvae, house fly larvae became abundant in the manure. A single larvicidal treatment may be expected to satisfactorily control H. illucens because of the slow development of that species. However, frequent retreatments may often be necessary to control the resurgent population of house fly larvae.
304 REGULATION OF SURFACTANT SECRETION FROM ISOLATED TYPE II CELLS BY LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT POLYCATIONS

Polycations are potent mediators of cellular secretion in a variety of cell systems through interaction with neuropeptide binding sites (e.g., substance P). We tested whether compound 48/80 or other polycations alter surfactant release from Type II cells, 3H-Choline was used to label phosphatidylcholine pools and release of 3H-phosphatidyl-choline (3H-PC) assessed in purified rat Type II cells. 48/80 and polymyxin B (PB) were potent inhibitors of terbutaline-stimulated and basal 3H-PC release IC50 was 1–2μ/ml for 48/80 and 5μg/ml for PB. Control release of 3H-PC was 1.17±3.17% and decreased to −0.23±0.09% in the presence of 48/80 (10μg/ml) or to 0.40±0.09% in presence of PB (5μg/ml, p 5μg/ml. Inhibition of 3H-PC release by 48/80 and PB appears to be site specific since polylysine, polyarginine and polyornithine did not alter 3H-PC release. These data support existence of a counter-regulatory system mediating surfactant secretion from Type II cells, possibly mediated by neuropeptide binding sites. Supported by American Lung Association, NIH HL 28623 and HD 11725.
A review of iron and cobalt porphyrins, phthalocyanines and related complexes for electrochemical and photochemical reduction of carbon dioxide

This review summarizes research on the electrochemical and photochemical reduction of CO2 using a variety of iron and cobalt porphyrins, phthalocyanines and related complexes. Metalloporphyrins and metallophthalocyanines are visible light absorbers with extremely large extinction coefficients. However, yields of photochemically-generated active catalysts for CO2 reduction are typically low owing to the requirement of a second photoinduced electron. This requirement is not relevant to the case of electrochemical CO2 reduction. Recent progress on efficient and stable electrochemical systems includes the use of FeTPP catalysts that have prepositioned phenyl OH groups in their second coordination spheres. This has led to remarkable progress in carrying out coupled proton-electron transfer reactions for CO2 reduction. Such ground-breaking research has to be continued in order to produce renewable fuels in an economically feasible manner.
Flammability Characteristics of Lightweight Cellulosic and Polyester-Cellulosic Blend Fabrics

The ignition and burn times for lightweight (< 4oz/yd2) all cellulosic, polyester/ cotton, and polyester/rayon fabrics held at 45° and in the vertical mode were measured and compared using modifications of the CS 191-53 test method. Sur face ignition times increased with increasing fabric weight but were essentially unaffected by fiber content or burning angle. The burn times for all cellulosic fabrics were longer and more sensitive to fabric weight than they were for polyester/cellulosic blend fabrics. In addition, polyester/cotton blends tended to have longer burn times than similar weights of polyester/rayon. Differential thermal analysis demonstrated a synergism between the polyester and cotton components in blended fabrics during rapid thermal decomposition.
A Longitudinal Analysis of a Developmental Economics Education Program

This study evaluates the effects of a traditional DEEP project, K–12, over a three-year period. The authors use the results of the tests given during each year of the program and from this estimate test results for a control group. The study concludes that the DEEP process of in-service training and curriculum change can be extremely effective, but that in implementing such a program increased understanding may not always occur during the first or second year.
Examining the relationship between domestic dog behavior and human attachment – differences between pure and mixed breed dogs

evolution of the wolf; (4) from an animal welfare perspective, that the conflict-based wolf-pack model encourages an overemphasis on punishment-based training techniques, aimed at achieving a presumed ‘‘status reduction’’. In companion dogs, aggression is usually motivated by fear, and may be more parsimoniously explained as arising fromstrategies learned by individual dogs, based on their past experiences of the success or otherwise of different levels of agonistic behavior (Bradshaw et al., 2009). Rather than being based on a hierarchy, the dog-human bond may be more realistically formulated as a pseudo-parental relationship, in which puppies become socialised to humans and dogs alike during the second and third months of life, domestication having apparently expanded both the scope and time-window of the mechanisms whereby wolf cubs learn the characteristics of pack members soon after they first emerge from the den. Proponents of punishment-based training techniques often refer to the dog’s supposedly inherent pack nature, and the need to control any sign of presumed dominance to prevent the dog from becomingaggressive.Thosewhopromote reward-based systems of trainingusually de-emphasise such ‘‘naturalistic’’ concepts, and instead base their approach on principles derived from learning theory. The former approach is currently widely promoted in the media, particularly television, and is still widely used, despite the concept of wolf society to which it refers having been largely abandoned by the scientific community.
Randomized Controlled Trial of Personalized Motivational Interventions in Substance Using Patients With Facial Injuries

Purpose The proximate use of illicit drugs or alcohol (substance use) is the most common precipitator of facial injuries among socioeconomically disadvantaged populations. Reducing these risky behaviors could minimize adverse health sequelae and potential reinjury. The objective of our study was to test whether a culturally competent, personalized motivational intervention incorporated into surgical care could significantly reduce existing substance use behaviors in facial injury patients. Patients and Methods Substance-using subjects (n = 218) presenting with facial injuries to a level 1 trauma center were randomly assigned to either a personalized motivational intervention (PMI) condition or a health-information (HI) control condition. After a brief assessment of the individual's substance use severity and willingness to change these behaviors, both groups attended 2 counseling sessions with a trained interventionist. The PMI subjects (n = 118) received individualized, motivational interventions, whereas the HI subjects (n = 100) received only general health information. Both groups were reassessed at 6 and 12 months postinjury, and changes in substance-use patterns were measured to assess the effects of intervention. Results The PMI and HI groups were closely matched on their sociodemographic and substance use characteristics. Subjects in the PMI group showed statistically significant declines in drug use at both the 6- and 12-month assessments. The intervention's effect on lowering illicit drug use was greatest at the 6-month assessment but had weakened by the 1-year follow-up. The efficacy of the PMI was moderated by an individual's initial drug use severity; individuals with greater drug use dependency at baseline were seen to have larger intervention effects, as did individuals who were most aware of their drug problem and willing to change their substance use behaviors. Unlike illicit drug use, changes in alcohol use did not differ significantly between the intervention and control groups, irrespective of an individuals' recognition of the alcohol problem or willingness to take steps to address it. Conclusion A culturally competent, motivational intervention integrated into the care of vulnerable patients with facial injury can reduce illicit drug use behaviors. Subgroups of injured patients appear to benefit most from such personalized motivational interventions. A better articulation of target populations, intervention content, and delivery would allow for directed interventions and an appropriate focusing of limited time and health care resources.
Psychopathology and experience with marijuana.

Summary In looking at the relationship between the use of marijuana and the severity of psychiatric symptomatology among students in a university community, the present study found that students reporting symptom; of greatest severity were significantly more likely to have had experience with marijuana. Additional findings also demonstrated that experience with the drug was significantly associated with students' previous utilization of psychiatric facilities, their contact with others who have sought psychiatric care, and the nature of their identifications within the college community.
The effects of an artificial acid mist upon the growth of Betula alleghaniensis britt

Abstract Ten- to one hundred-fold increases in rainwater acidity have been recently recorded in southern Scandinavia and the northeastern United States. To test for the effects that precipitation pH may have upon the growth and development of plants, yellow birch ( Betula alleghaniensis Britt.) seedlings were exposed, for up to 15 weeks, to artificial acid mists ranging in pH from 4·7 to 2·3. Foliar tissue damage was observed at pH 3·0 and below. Significant growth decreases were encountered at pH 2·3.
Osmotic pressure measurements of dissociating bovine hemoglobin

Abstract While the dissociation of hemoglobin, in general, has been studied extensively using various techniques under both alkaline and acidic conditions, the dissociation under alkaline conditions using membrane osmometry has not been previously reported. An equilibrium mathematical model describing the two-stage dissociation is presented in this paper and agrees with the experimental osmotic pressure measurements of bovine hemoglobin at pH's above 7.4. Results of this study show that the pH dependency under alkaline conditions at 37°C can be regressed to give approximate values of the dissociation constants for both the dissociation of the tetramer to the dimer and the dimer to the monomer as a function of pH. The data also indicate that, in the presence of the borate buffer used in these experiments, the liberation of approximately one proton occurs for the dissociation of the tetramer into the dimers; approximately two protons are liberated for the dissociation of the dimer into the monomer. The dissociation constants reported here for bovine hemoglobin are in reasonable agreement with those obtained under similar conditions using other techniques.
Mississippian Hunting and Butchering Patterns: Bone From the Vista Shelter, 23Sr-20, Missouri

Vista Shelter, on the northwestern margin of the Ozark Highlands in southwestern Missouri, is identified as a hunting station of the prehistoric Mississippian Steed-Kisker focus. This shelter, suitably located for the exploitation of water-dwelling, forest, and prairie-dwelling species, was used by small groups engaged in deer and bison hunts in prairie areas far removed from their riverine settlements near present-day Kansas City. The bone frequencies at the site suggest that animals were killed nearby, cuts of meat were taken to the shelter and processed, and dried meat was returned home. This hunting station helps explain the rarity of refuse bone in the permanent villages, since many animals were butchered and processed far from the home villages. These conclusions are related to prairie and plains hunting and butchering patterns, and the significance of food bone in archaeological sites is thereby emphasized.
Relations of Gill-Net Catches of Walleyes and Angler Catch Rates in Ohio Waters of Western Lake Erie

Abstract Catches of walleye Stizostedion vitreum in fall gill-net surveys in western Lake Erie were good indicators of angler catch rates the following summer. Experimental gill nets fished near the lake surface and at the bottom efficiently captured enough walleyes to determine relative densities of individual age-groups. Simple linear models with surface gill-net catches as independent variables explained 85–97% of the variability in angler catch rates. Slopes of the relations indicated that walleyes were less vulnerable to angling at ages 2 and 3 than at ages 4 and 5. Relations of bottom gill-net catches to angler catch rates were not as well defined and indicated significant differences only between ages 3 and 5. These findings illustrate the value of fall gill-net surveys in western Lake Erie for predicting walleye sport catches and evaluating potential sport-fishery regulations.
Electrical Status Epilepticus in Sleep

Electrical status epilepticus in sleep (ESES) describes an electroencephalographic pattern showing significant activation of epileptiform discharges in sleep. The terms continuous spike wave in slow-wave sleep (CSWS) and Landau-Kleffner syndrome (LKS) describe the clinical epileptic syndromes seen with ESES. Although there is an overlap between these 2 syndromes, children with CSWS present with a more global regression have more problematic epilepsy and have EEG foci located predominantly in frontotemporal or frontocentral regions. In contrast, children with LKS present with an acquired auditory agnosia, fewer seizures, and EEG foci in the posterotemporal regions. ESES requires a high degree of clinical suspicion because slow-wave sleep must be recorded to confirm this diagnosis. Treatment of ESES extends beyond just control of the seizures; amelioration of the continuous epileptiform discharge must occur to improve neuropsychological outcome. Although there is little evidence to guide treatment, conventional antiepileptic drugs play only a minimal role. Steroid therapy and high-dose benzodiazepines are most commonly used, but other therapies including intravenous gamma-globulin, the ketogenic diet, and surgical therapy with multiple subpial transaction have shown efficacy in small case series. Although epilepsy resolves with time in most cases, many children are left with significant cognitive or language impairment. Longer duration of ESES appears to be the major predictor of poor outcome; markedly abnormal neuronal activity during a critical period for synaptogenesis may result in aberrant synapse formation, explaining the poorer neuropsychological outcome. Early recognition and effective therapy are necessary to improve long-term prognosis in this condition.
Legal issues in school health services and school psychology: Guidelines for the administration of medication

The use of psychoactive medications to augment behavioral and psychosocial interventions in schools has significantly increased within the last few decades. Yet, advising, administrating, and supervising the dispensation of medication (including psychostimulants and psychoactive substances) tend to be some of the most risky tasks of school administrators and personnel. Medication administration is not only an increasing source of civil and administrative liability for school districts, but may lead to legal questions for school counselors, psychologists, and social workers. In response to growing concerns, this article provides guidelines necessary for safe medication administration and monitoring in the school setting. Federal, state, and district guidelines are reviewed. Possible implications for school and district policy makers, principals, teachers, school nurses, school psychologists, social workers, counselors, and parents are outlined. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Lyotropic Phase Behavior of Poly(ethylene oxide)-Poly(butadiene) Diblock Copolymers: Evolution of the Random Network Morphology

The phase behavior of poly(ethylene oxide)−poly(butadiene) (PEO-PB) diblock copolymers mixed with water was studied using small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), cryogenic scanning electron microscopy (cryo-SEM), cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM), and dynamic mechanical spectroscopy. Two sets of diblocks were synthesized by adding different lengths of PEO to hydroxy terminated PB with degrees of polymerization NPB = 46 and 170. Two-component mixtures were investigated as a function of block composition and copolymer molecular weight, between 1 and 100 wt % polymer content. Melt phase behavior is consistent with established theory and known experimental behavior for diblock copolymers. Various lyotropic liquid crystalline structures, notably lamellae (L), hexagonally packed cylinders (H), and spheres (S) arranged on cubic (body-centered cubic, face-centered cubic) lattices, were documented as a function of water content. At the higher molecular weights (NPB = 170), a random network phase (...
Role of dural fenestrations in acute subdural hematoma.

Object. Patients with acute subdural hematomas (ASDHs) have higher mortality and lower functional recovery rates compared with those of other head-injured patients. Early surgical decompression and active intensive care treatment represent, so far, the best way to assist these patients. Paradoxically, one of the factors contributing to poor outcomes in cases of ASDHs could be rapid surgical decompression, owing to the severe extrusion of the brain through the craniotomy defect in response to acute brain swelling. To avoid the deleterious consequences of abrupt decompression of the subdural space with disruption of brain tissue, the authors have adopted a new surgical technique for evacuation of ASDHs. This procedure consists of creating multiple fenestrations of the dura (MFD) in a meshlike fashion and removing clots through the small dural openings that are left open, avoiding the creation of a wide dural opening and the disruption of and additional damage to brain tissue. Methods. Thirty-one patients (2...
Abnormalities of lysosomes in human diploid fibroblasts from patients with Farber's disease.

Abstract An accumulation of ceramide associated with the deficiency of acid ceramidase has been demonstrated in cultured diploid skin fibroblasts from a patient with Farber's disease. We extend this observation to investigate the lysosomal localization of accumulated ceramide and the abnormalities of lysosomes caused by this ceramide accumulation in Farber's diseased fibroblasts. We have found that the lysosomal fraction isolated from Farber's diseased fibroblasts by a subcellular fractionation procedure is markedly low in density compared with that of normal fibroblasts and is separated from other subcellular organellers. Ultrastructural studies of the isolated lysosomal fraction from Farber's diseased fibroblasts showed in mixed population of intact and swollen vesicles with a lysosomal appearance. Examination under high magnification clearly demonstrated lysosomal inclusions which contain lamellar and curvilinear membranes and resembled those seen in the intact fibroblasts. Subcellular localization of Farber's fibroblasts showed that the accumulated [3H]ceramide from the culture medium was predominantly localized in the lysosomal fraction with a markedly low density and very little was found to be associated with other cellular membranes. Our finding that ceramide is accumulated in the lysosomal fraction of Farber's fibroblasts and that these cells also show membranous inclusions strongly suggests that the accumulation of ceramide is directly involved in the formation of lysosomal inclusions.
Time-multiplexed multi-channel radio-frequency arbitrary waveform generation

We report on a 4-channel radio-frequency arbitrary waveform generator, capable to switch within a clock period among synthesized radio-frequency arbitrary waveforms. The system works by combining an original switching scheme of time-multiplexed multi-wavelength optical frequency combs with a two-dimensional line-by-line pulse shaper featuring broad bandwidth operation over large temporal windows. By going to finer pulse shaper resolution, the number of channels can be scaled up while keeping the same number of optoelectronic components.
Xenophilia or Xenophobia in U.S. Courts? Before and After 9/11

This article revisits the controversy regarding how foreigners fare in U.S. courts. The available data, if taken in a sufficiently big sample from numerous case categories and a range of years, indicate that foreigners have fared better in the federal courts than their domestic counterparts have fared. Thus, the data offer no support for the existence of xenophobic bias in U.S. courts. Nor do they establish xenophilia, of course. What the data do show is that case selection drives the outcomes for foreigners. Foreigners' aversion to U.S. forums can elevate the foreigners' success rates, when measured as a percentage of judgments rendered. Yet that aversion waxes and wanes over the years, having generally declined in the last 20 years but with an uptick subsequent to 9/11. Accordingly, that aversion has caused the foreigners' “advantage” to follow the same track.
A capillary zone electrophoresis assay for the nucleoside transfer enzyme adenosine diphosphate-glucose pyrophosphorylase.

Abstract Conditions are described for a capillary zone electrophoresis-based assay of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, the first enzyme in the de novo synthesis for α-glucan synthesis in plants and bacteria. ATP, ADP-glucose, and other adenine derivatives are effectively resolved and quantified in 12 min of electrophoresis. The method requires minimal sample manipulations and no postincubation hydrolyses, is effective over a wide range of enzyme and substrate concentrations, has a sensitivity comparable to radioisotope assays, and yields reproducible results in either the forward and reverse directions. Moreover, the assay is applicable to other enzymes that utilize nucleosides or their bases as substrates or products.
Menseregte en menswaardigheid

Human rights and human dignity The concept of human rights includes a variety of entitlements which are commonly subdivided into natural rights of the individual, civil and political rights, economic, social and cultural rights and solidarity rights. It has come to be generally accepted that human rights are based on the principle of human dignity. However, there are instances where human dignity is not recognised as the basic norm of a bill of rights (for example in the USA), and from a Christian perspective human dignity does not represent the core element of being human. Dooyeweerd described the human person as above all being endowed par excellence with religiosity, while Timothy Jackson singled out “sanctity” as the most fundamental basis of human rights protection. This contribution focuses on the need for a Scriptural foundation of human rights.
Parsing without (much) phrase structure

Approaches to NL syntax conform in varying degrees to the older relational/dependency model, (essentially that assumed in traditional grammar), which treats a sentence as a group of words united by various relations, and the newer constituent model. Some modern approaches have nonetheless involved shifts away from essentially constituent-based models of the sort associated with Bloomfield and Chomsky to more relation-based ones (e.g. case grammar, relational grammar, daughter-dependency and word grammar, corepresentational grammar) while some others, notably lexical-functional grammar, have nonetheless continued to rely crucially on certain techniques inherited from constituency-based grammar, particularly context-free grammar. In computational linguistics there is a strong (if not universal) reliance on phrase structure as the medium via which to represent syntactic structure; call this the CONSENSUS VIEW. A significant amount of effort has accordingly been invested in techniques by which to build such a representation efficiently, which has in turn led to considerable work on the formal and computational properties of context-free gramamrs (or natural extensions of them) and of the associated languages. In its strongest form, the consensus view says that the recovery of a fully specified parse tree is an essential step in computational language processing, and would, if correct, provide important support for the constituent model. In this paper, we shall critically examine the rationale for this view, and will sketch (informally) an alternative view which we find more defensible. The actual position we shall take for this discussion, however, is conservative in that we will not argue that there is no place whatever for constituent analysis in parsing or in syntactic analysis generally. What we WILL argue is that phrase structure is at least partly redundant in that a direct leap to the composition of some semantic units is possible from a relatively underspecified syntactic representation (as opposed to a complete parse tree). However, see Rindflesch forthcoming for an approach to.parsing which entails a much stronger denial of the consensus view.
Task priority based dual-trajectory control for redundant mobile manipulators

This paper presents a novel control system for redundant mobile manipulators to track simultaneously separate mobile platform and end-effector trajectories. Two Joint-dependent control variables are introduced to the task vector. These two control variables are D and α, where D is the Euclidean distance between the end-effector's, and the mobile platform's frames origins, and α is the angle of the end-effector position vector relative to the mobile platform's frame. A singularity-robust task-priority inverse with gradient projection method is used to find solutions of a dual-trajectory tracking while, at the same time, maximize the manipulability measure for the robotic arm. MATLAB Simulation is used to test and optimize the proposed control system. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the control system in alternating the order of priority between the two trajectories and optimizing the arm manipulability measure.
Genetic analysis of X-chromosome dosage compensation in Caenorhabditis elegans.

We have shown that the phenotypes resulting from hypomorphic mutations (causing reduction but not complete loss of function) in two X-linked genes can be used as a genetic assay for X-chromosome dosage compensation in Caenorhabditis elegans between males ( XO) and hermaphrodites (XX). In addition we show that recessive mutations in two autosomal genes, dpy-21 V and dpy-26 IV, suppress the phenotypes resulting from the X-linked hypomorphic mutations, but not the phenotypes resulting from comparable autosomal hypomorphic mutations. This result strongly suggests that the dpy-21 and dpy-26 mutations cause increased X expression, implying that the normal function of these genes may be to lower the expression of X-linked genes. Recessive mutations in two other dpy genes, dpy-22 X and dpy-23 X, increase the severity of phenotypes resulting from some X-linked hypomorphic mutations, although dpy-23 may affect the phenotypes resulting from the autosomal hypomorphs as well. The mutations in all four of the dpy genes show their effects in both XO and XX animals, although to different degrees. Mutations in 18 other dpy genes do not show these effects.
High-throughput characterization of combinatorial histone codes

We present a novel method utilizing “saltless” pH gradient weak cation exchange-hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography directly coupled to electron transfer dissociation (ETD) mass spectrometry for the automated on-line high throughput characterization of hypermodified combinatorial histone codes. This technique, performed on a low resolution mass spectrometer, displays an improvement over existing methods with an ∼100-fold reduction in sample requirements and analysis time. The scheme presented is capable of identifying all of the major combinatorial histone codes present in a sample in a 2-h analysis. The large N-terminal histone peptides are eluted by the pH and organic solvent weak cation exchange-hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography gradient and directly introduced via nanoelectrospray ionization into a benchtop linear quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer equipped with ETD. Each polypeptide is sequenced, and the modification sites are identified by ETD fragmentation. The isobaric trimethyl and acetyl modifications are resolved chromatographically and confidently distinguished by the synthesis of mass spectrometric and chromatographic information. We demonstrate the utility of the method by complete characterization of human histone H3.2 and histone H4 from butyrate-treated cells, but it is generally applicable to the analysis of highly modified peptides. We find this methodology very useful for chromatographic separation of isomeric species that cannot be separated well by any other chromatographic means, leading to less complicated tandem mass spectra. The improved separation and increased sensitivity generated novel information about much less abundant forms. In this method demonstration we report over 200 H3.2 forms and 70 H4 forms, including forms not yet detected in human cells, such as the remarkably highly modified histone H3.2 K4me3K9acK14acK18acK23acK27acK36me3. Such detail provided by our proteomics platform will be essential for determining how histone modifications occur and act in combination to propagate the histone code during transcriptional events and could greatly enable sequencing of the histone component of human epigenomes.
Technology assessment of Si and III-V FinFETs and III-V tunnel FETs from soft error rate perspective

Sea-level soft error performance has been investigated for Si FinFET, III-V FinFET and III-V Heterojunction Tunnel FET in this paper. Transient error generation and transient current profiles in these devices have been evaluated using device simulation. Based on the critical charge extraction for each emerging device-based circuit, the electrical and latching window masking effects have been studied. Below 0.5V, III-V FinFET logic shows reduced soft error rate (SER) compared to Si FinFET. HTFET shows reduced SER for both SRAM and logic compared to Si and III-V FinFET over the evaluated voltage range of 0.3V-0.6V.
Neurovascular Complications of Dialysis and Transplantation

Dialysis and transplantation are now standard treatments for end-stage renal failure. Often, neurologists are consulted regarding the neurological complications of these therapeutic procedures. In addition to previously reported complications, neurovascular disease is being recognized as a cause of mortality and morbidity in these patients. We report two cases of apparent thromboembolic stroke in young patients with renal failure -- one treated by dialysis and the other by renal transplantation. The risk factors of both dialysis and transplant are identified and data from the American College of Surgeons/National Institutes of Health Transplant Registry are reviewed.
Human-aware robot motion planning with velocity constraints

This paper addresses the issue of how high-speed robots may move among humans such that the robots complete their tasks efficiently while the humans in the environment feel safe and comfortable. It describes the Segway robotic platform used for this research and then discusses the three primary research areas needed to develop the human-aware motion planner. First, it is necessary to conduct experiments with humans to develop human aware velocity constraints as a function of the distance of the robot from a human. Next, these velocity constraints must be used to plan the robot motion in real time. Finally, practical implementation of this motion planner requires the ability to robustly detect humans using the available vision sensors. The approach taken to each of these problems is described in this paper along with preliminary results.
Activation of Protein Kinase C Blocks Astroglial Gap Junction Communication and Inhibits the Spread of Calcium Waves

: The following two processes related to astrocytes are thought to depend on intercellular coupling through gap junctions: the spatial buffering of K+o and the spread of calcium waves in the astrocytic syncytium. We have used the following two independent methods to measure the open state of gap junctions: injection of lucifer yellow, and optical calcium imaging of calcium waves in response to probing the cells with a micropipette. The spread of lucifer yellow and calcium waves was inhibited if the cells were treated with either phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) or a synthetic diacylglycerol that activates protein kinase C. Down-regulation of protein kinase C by a 24-h treatment with PMA inhibited the uncoupling effect of PMA, supporting a direct involvement of protein kinase C in the regulation of astroglial gap junctions. Purinergic P2Y receptors, which are coupled to the inositol phospholipid pathway, are expressed by most astroglia in culture. Activation of the P2Y purinergic receptor with the selective agonist 2-methylthio-ATP uncoupled astroglia in a manner similar to the effect of treatment with PMA. Modulation of gap junctional conductance could isolate specific pathways within the astrocytic syncytium to form an extraneuronal information transfer network in brain.
On the solution of nonlinear, second order, autonomous systems

The author's previous work on an extension of Abel's identity to nonlinear second order systems is applied to the construction of implicit general solutions to two complicated nonlinear systems. Both systems are nonconservative. One has a quadratic nonlinearity in the response terms and the other has a cubic nonlinearity. The exact general solutions are shown to involve a definite integral with respect to one dependent variable holding the other fixed. The unconventional nature of these integrals does not detract from their potential value. Instead, it shows very clearly why some conventional tools fail to produce results when applied to such systems.
Unwrapping of MR phase images using a Markov random field model

Phase unwrapping is an important problem in many magnetic resonance imaging applications, such as field mapping and flow imaging. The challenge in two-dimensional phase unwrapping lies in distinguishing jumps due to phase wrapping from those due to noise and/or abrupt variations in the actual function. This paper addresses this problem using a Markov random field to model the true phase function, whose parameters are determined by maximizing the a posteriori probability. To reduce the computational complexity of the optimization procedure, an efficient algorithm is also proposed for parameter estimation using a series of dynamic programming connected by the iterated conditional modes. The proposed method has been tested with both simulated and experimental data, yielding better results than some of the state-of-the-art method (e.g., the popular least-squares method) in handling noisy phase images with rapid phase variations.
Reducing stress in school-age girls through mindful yoga.

Abstract Introduction School-age children report much stress in their daily lives, which may lead to psychological and physical problems. Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction is a program of awareness-based practices effective with adults. The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of mindfulness training through yoga with school-age girls to reduce perceived stress, enhance coping abilities, self-esteem, and self-regulation, and explore the relationship between the dose of the intervention and outcomes. Method Fourth- and fifth-grade girls were recruited from two public schools and randomly assigned to intervention and wait-list control groups. The intervention group met 1 hour a week for 8 weeks and completed 10 minutes of daily homework. Results Self-esteem and self-regulation increased in both groups. The intervention group was more likely to report greater appraisal of stress ( p p Discussion Consistent with reports of mindfulness training, greater awareness of the feelings associated with stress may enhance coping abilities. However, it is possible that the increasing awareness of stressors in itself increased stress, possibly as part of the process of developing mindfulness or related to cognitive, emotional, or social development. Mindfulness in children may differ from mindfulness in adults and warrants further investigation.
Crisis in Socialism or Crisis of Socialism

The immediate causes of the current crisis in socialism are the highly authoritarian and extremely hierarchical political and economic structures created by Leninism. Yet the collapse of state socialism also appears to be part of a more general crisis of socialism, a crisis that includes even its potentially more democratic variants. At the core of this broader crisis lies the diminishing appeal of the publicly owned enterprise, an institution that has always been central to the very definition of socialism, but whose economic advantages are called into question by the recent and rapid development of global markets in factors of production and especially in assets. Consequently, communism's demise by no means signifies a victory for either democratic socialism or even social democracy.
Disturbed homeostasis and multiple signaling defects in the peripheral blood B-cell compartment of patients with severe chronic sarcoidosis

The presence of hypergammaglobulinemia, autoantibodies, and circulating immune complexes suggests that humoral immunity may contribute to the pathogenesis of sarcoidosis. However, little is known about the role played by B cells in the development of this disease. Here we investigated the subpopulation distribution, response to stimulation, and levels of the nuclear transcription factor NF-B/p65 in peripheral blood B cells from patients with severe chronic sarcoidosis. Patients with severe chronic sarcoidosis had absolute B-cell lymphopenia and exhibited significantly decreased frequencies and total numbers of memory (CD19 CD27) B cells. The reduced numbers of memory B cells in these patients reflected a decrease in the total numbers of class-switched (CD19 CD27 IgD) and unswitched (CD19 CD27 IgD) memory B cells and coincided with an increased frequency of circulating (CD19 / CD20 CD27) plasmablasts. Polyclonal stimulation of sarcoid B cells resulted in reduced expression of activation markers (i.e., CD25, CD69, and CD86), decreased proliferation, and impaired plasma cell differentiation. Baseline expression of p65 in B cells was reduced in 65% of the patients. These results suggest disturbed homeostasis, intrinsic signaling defects, and anergy within the peripheral B-cell compartments of patients with severe chronic sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis is a cell-mediated immunological disorder characterized by granuloma development and the production of inflammatory cytokines by activated macrophages and T cells (29). In spite of the predominant involvement of cellular immunity in the pathogenesis of this disease, sarcoidosis is frequently associated with hypergammaglobulinemia (28), autoantibody production (66), and circulating immune complexes (18), humoral abnormalities typically found in patients with systemic autoimmunity (63). The clinical and pathological features of sarcoidosis (i.e., multisystemic involvement, arthritis, uveitis, myositis, conjunctivitis, neuritis, response to immunosuppressive therapy, and lymphocytic infiltration in affected tissues and organs) also mimic those of many systemic autoimmune diseases (50), and sarcoidosis has been reported to coexist with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), primary
Equivalent forces for colliding ocean waves

SUMMARY Colliding ocean waves is considered to be the major source of seismic noise. In this paper, we examine the question, what would be the equivalent forces for such colliding ocean waves? In addition to the vertical pressure force term pointed out by Longuet-Higgins, we find that a lateral pressure gradient term is included in this system. This leads to a lateral dipole force and the excitation of noise that is different from vertical forcing. Numerical evaluation with PREM-like models shows that this term may become more important than vertical pressure term for frequencies below 5 millihertz (mHz). Importance of this horizontal term at low frequencies is related to the fact that horizontal motions of ocean waves become dominant in the low frequency band and its square is proportional to the excitation.
Dissociable Connectivity within Human Angular Gyrus and Intraparietal Sulcus: Evidence from Functional and Structural Connectivity

Theinferiorparietallobule(IPL) ofthehumanbrainisaheterogeneous region involved in visuospatial attention, memory, and mathematical cognition. Detailed description of connectivity profiles of subdivisions within the IPL is critical for accurate interpretation of functional neuroimaging studies involving this region. We separately examined functional and structural connectivity of the angular gyrus (AG) and the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) using probabilistic cytoarchitectonic maps. Regions-of-interest (ROIs) included anterior and posterior AG subregions (PGa, PGp) and 3 IPS subregions (hIP2, hIP1, and hIP3). Resting-state functional connectivity analyses showed that PGa was more strongly linked to basal ganglia, ventral premotor areas, and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, while PGp was more strongly connected with ventromedial prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate, andhippocampus—regionscomprisingthedefaultmodenetwork.The anterior-most IPS ROIs, hIP2 and hIP1, were linked with ventral premotor and middle frontal gyrus, while the posterior-most IPS ROI, hIP3, showed connectivity with extrastriate visual areas. In addition, hIP1 was connected with the insula. Tractography using diffusion tensor imaging revealed structural connectivity between most of these functionally connected regions. Our findings provide evidence for functional heterogeneity of cytoarchitectonically defined subdivisions within IPL and offer a novel framework for synthesis and interpretation of the task-related activations and deactivations involving the IPL during cognition.