cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Internal Turbulent Flow Induced Pipe Vibrations With and Without Baffle Plates

The induced vibration in pipes due to turbulent flow through them is important in many industries and applications. This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation that characterizes pipe wall vibration caused by turbulent internal flow. Experiments were conducted using a water flow loop to characterize how the pipe wall vibration depends on the average flow speed, the pipe diameter, and the pipe thickness for fully-developed turbulent pipe flow. Experiments were also conducted to characterize the influence on the pipe response of turbulence generation due to the flow passing through baffle plates with various hole sizes and constant through area. All experiments were conducted using PVC pipe with diameters ranging from 51 mm to 102 mm and diameter to thickness ratios ranging from 8.9 to 16.9. Average flow speeds for the experiments ranged from 3 to 11.5 m/s and the baffle plates employed exhibited hole sizes ranging from 1.6 to 25 mm. Accelerometers mounted on the pipe walls were used to characterize the pipe vibrations. The results show that for fully developed turbulent flow the rms of the pipe wall acceleration scales nominally as the square of the average fluid speed and increases with decreasing pipe wall thickness. Based on the data, a non-dimensional parameter describing the pipe wall acceleration for the fully-developed turbulent flow scenario is proposed and its dependence on relevant independent nondimensional parameters is presented. Lastly, when turbulence was induced using baffle plates the localized turbulence intensity was greatly increased. For the largest holed baffle plates, cavitation was observed to occur, significantly increasing the rms pipe wall acceleration. As baffle plate hole size decreased, vibration levels were observed to approach levels that were measured when no baffle plate was employed. For all baffle plate experiments the magnitude of the vibration was observed to decrease with increasing downstream distance from the turbulence source, approaching the baseline no baffle plate case.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Anterior cingulate theta activity is associated with degree of treatment response in major depression

Abstract Background : The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), a functionally heterogeneous region, has attracted considerable attention in depression research. Whereas dorsal ACC hypoactivity has been observed in depression, rostral ACC hyperactivity has been associated with better treatment response. Using electroencephalographic (EEG) imaging techniques, we tested whether rostral ACC activity during a depressive episode predicted later treatment response. Since the ACC has been suggested as a possible neuronal generator for theta activity, the effect was hypothesized to emerge only within this band. Methods : Thirty-minute, 28-channel resting EEG data were recorded in 18 unmedicated subjects with major depression and 18 matched, control subjects. For depressed subjects, clinical outcome was assessed 4–6 months later, after nortriptyline treatment. Adopting a median split strategy, pre-treatment EEG data of those subjects with relatively better ( n =9) and worse ( n =9) treatment response were compared using low resolution electromagnetic tomography (LORETA), which computed three-dimensional cortical current density for classical EEG frequency bands using a Talairach brain atlas. Results : Consistent with our predictions, better treatment response was uniquely associated with hyperactivity (higher theta) in the rostral ACC (BA 24/32). Conclusions : The present results replicate prior hemodynamic findings implicating the rostral ACC for treatment response in depression with an electrophysiological imaging technique.
Mitochondrial plasmids do not determine host range in crucifer-infecting strains of Fusarium oxysporum

The role of mitochondrial plasmids in determining host range in Fusarium oxysporum was tested by using protoplast fusion and fluorescence-assisted cell sorting to produce hybrid cells between two strains (ATCC 9990 and ATCC 16601) of the fungus which differ in host specialization to cabbage and radish. Three nuclear restriction fragment length polymorphism-defined loci and mitochondrial chromosomal RFLP markers were identified which distinguish the parental strains. In addition, parents were differentiated by mitochondrial plasmids, one unique to each strain and previously correlated to host specialization. In single-spored cultures derived from cell fusions (‘fusion cultures’), only parental combinations of the three nuclear genetic markers were detected. However, non-parental combinations of nuclear and cytoplasmic markers were recovered. One mitochondrial plasmid type was not found in fusion cultures; the other plasmid type was detected in association with both parental mitochondrial chromosome types. Several fusion cultures lacked detectable plasmid sequences of either type. Chromosome-sized DNAs from parent strains and fusion cultures were separated using contour-clamped homogeneous electric field (CHEF) electrophoresis. Electrophoretic karyotypes of the parent strains differed greatly, with eight and 11 chromosome-sized bands detected for ATCC 9990 and ATCC 16601, respectively. Electrophoretic karyotypes of fusion cultures generally were indistinguishable from one or the other parental types. Host specialization was not correlated with mitochondrial plasmid type, but rather with nuclear genotype.
HSLOT: the HERCULES scriptable loop transformations engine

HSLOT arms users with a rich set of configurable transformation directives, to be used as-they-are or to be specialized and combined into powerful custom transformations. We offer a plethora of loop transformations, which includes both the classic set (unroll, fuse, fission, tile, and so on) as well as unique ones (specialize, swap nest, split, fork, and so on) that are not found in other state-of-the-art systems. We show how HSLOT enables more transformations such as merging two loops that cannot be fused because of data dependencies and how HSLOT can be used in a simple and systematic fashion to improve memory accesses and expose better parallelism. To use our system, users simply annotate loops with the transformations sequence and compile with our Open64-based HSLOT-implementing Fortran compiler, HSLF90, which produces both object files and optionally source. We describe our experiment results using a set of scientific kernels written in Fortran with HSLOT directives on AMD 32 core system.
"The Psychology of Mass Communication" Course

Psychology curricula rarely include issues concerning the effects of television and other media. In response to this deficiency, the rationale for, and description of, a new undergraduate course, "The Psychology of Mass Communication," are discussed. The reading materials, course topics, class format, and requirements are described. The course has sustained considerable interest and a large enrollment for several years.
Composition of cytochrome P-450 isozymes from hepatic microsomes of C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mice assessed by warfarin metabolism, immunoinhibition, and immunoelectrophoresis with anti-(rat cytochrome P-450)

The composition of isozymes of hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 (P-450) from C57BL/6(B6) and DBA/2(D2) inbred strains of mice, uninduced and treated with phenobarbital (PB), pregnenolone-16α-carbonitrile (PCN), and β-naphthoflavone (BNF), were assessed. The assessment was based on comparisons of the regioselectivity and stereoselectivity of warfarin metabolism, inhibition of metabolism by antibodies raised against highly purified rat P-450 isozymes (the specificity of these antibodies in inhibiting rat microsomal metabolism of warfarin was also determined), and by immunoelectrophoresis using the anti-(rat P-450). Isozymes were considered to be the same or very similar if they exhibited the same substrate specificity, antigenicity. and molecular weight. Untreated D2 and B6 mice had similar-compositions of P-450 isozymes which were independent of the Ah receptor. Both strains contained an isozyme very similar to rat P-450UT-A. PB or PCN induction of the two mouse strains proceeded independently of the Ah receptor and yielded isozymes which are the same as or very similar to the rat P-450UT-A, P-450PB-B, P-450PB-C, and P-450PB/PCN-E isozymes. D2 and B6 mice had similar isozyme compositions when treated with PB or PCN, but isozyme compositions varied in differently induced mice. BNF treatment of the D2 mice was without effect, but the B6 mice produced an isozyme(s) which was different from rat P-450BNF-B, the major BNF-induced isozyme in rat liver.
Atomic modes of dislocation mobility in silicon

Abstract Mechanisms of partial dislocation mobility in the {111} glide system of silicon have been studied in full atomistic detail by applying novel effective relaxation and sampling algorithms in conjunction with the Stillinger-Weber empirical interatomic potential and simulation models of up to 90000 atoms. Low-energy pathways are determined for the generation, annihilation and motion of in-core defects of the 30°-partial dislocation, specifically, the individual left and right components of a double-kink, an antiphase defect (APD), and various kink-APD complexes. It is shown that the underlying mechanisms in these defect reactions fall into three distinct categories, characterized by the processes of bond-breaking, bond switching, and bond exchange, respectively. The quantitative results reveal a strong left-right asymmetry in the kinetics of kink propagation and a strong APD-kink binding; these have not been recognized previously and therefore hold implications for further experiments. The present wo...
High-Moisture Corn Preserved by Different Methods for Lactating Cows

Abstract Three trials with 20 lactating Holstein cows per trial were to compare rolled dry shelled corn with high-moisture (74.8% dry matter) rolled shelled corn preserved in oxygen-limiting storage (trial 1) with rolled shelled corn (71.6% dry matter) preserved with 1% propionic acid in a concrete bunker silo (trial 2) and with ground ear corn (72.5% dry matter) preserved with .5% propionic acid in a concrete bunker silo (trial 3). Cows were fed complete mixed rations containing (dry basis) 41.4% corn silage; 16.2% alfalfa haylage; 33.8% corn; and 8.6% soybean meal, vitamins, and mineral mix. Milk yield, its composition, feed intakes, and body weight changes were similar for cows fed dry corn and high-moisture corn in each of the three trials. Ruminal concentrations of total volatile fatty acids and propionate concentrations were higher and molar proportions of acetate and ruminal pH were lower in cows fed high-moisture corn diets.
Genetic Variation in Photoperiodism in Peromyscus leucopus: Geographic Variation in an Alternative Life-History Strategy

Phenotypic variation in reproductive response to photoperiod is typical of many temperate-zone populations of rodents. This variation could be due either to genetic variation in photoresponsiveness or phenotypic plasticity within populations genetically homogeneous for photoresponsiveness. At least some of this variation has been shown to be genetic in single populations of three species of rodents and in one laboratory population of another species of rodent. Neither the latitudinal range over which this genetic variation occurs nor the frequency with which populations contain this kind of genetic variation is known. To test for genetic variation in reproductive photoresponsiveness in a population of Peromyscus from a mid-temperate latitude, a population of P. leucopus from Williamsburg, Virginia (37°16'N, 76°42'W), was subjected to artificial selection either for reproductive response or lack of reproductive response to photoperiod, with a control line that was not subject to selection. Reproductive photoresponsiveness was significantly heritable (narrow sense h 2 ranging from 0.54 to 0.74 in the first laboratory generation). Three generations of selective breeding yielded one line of mice with 80% of individuals responding strongly to photoperiod (regression of gonads under short day length, 8L:16D) and a nonresponsive line with only 16% strongly responsive individuals. There were significant responses to selection in each generation in one or both selected lines, while a control line changed significantly only in one sex in a single generation. These results are similar to those from a population from Michigan (43°N) but are different from a population from Georgia (34°N). These data are consistent with the hypothesis that genetic variation in photoresponsiveness is present in a mosaic pattern rather than a latitudinal cline. Presence of genetic variation in reproductive photoresponsiveness in two widely separated populations of P. leucopus provides support for the hypothesis that genetic variation in reproductive photoresponsiveness is likely to be a common life-history feature of populations of this species between 37 and 45°N, and probably further north as well.
Identification of ribosomal protein S7 as a repressor of translation within the str operon of E. coli.

Abstract A DNA-directed in vitro protein-synthesizing system was used to demonstrate that r protein S7 has the capacity to inhibit the translation of mRNA for the second and third gene products of the str operon (S7 and EF-G) but not for the first gene product (S12). Translation of mRNA of the last gene product in the operon (EF-Tu) is also probably not inhibited by S7. In addition, we localized the target site for S7 repressor action on the polycistronic str mRNA by examining the repressor activity of S7 in vitro using various template DNAs that contain the S7 gene. The target site was found not to include a promoter-proximal portion of the mRNA for S12. To test for regulatory properties of S7 in vivo, we inserted the S7 gene into a plasmid vector containing the ara regulatory elements such that S7 synthesis was placed under ara control. A specific increase in S7 synthesis caused by stimulation in transcription originating from the arabinose promoter decreased the synthetic rate for EF-G but had no effect on S12 or EF-Tu synthesis.
Politics in the Post-Military State: Some Reflections on the Pakistani Experience

The possibilities of an end to military rule in developing states and of a postmilitary era in these states have only recently started to receive some consideration. In general, movement away from military control of politics is perceived as a matter of choice on the part of military elites and as a question of gradually expanding participation so as not to outstrip the slow accrual of extrabureaucratic power. Pakistan's experiences since 1971 suggest another pattern of transition from military-dominated to civiliandominated politics. Pakistan has been characterized by suddenly expanded participation and by the new civilian leadership's use of demobilization and patrimonial strategies to curtail this participation. Such strategies, patrimonialism in particular, have “dedevelopmental” consequences for the political system.
Generation of endoderm‐derived human induced pluripotent stem cells from primary hepatocytes

Recent advances in induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell research have significantly changed our perspective on regenerative medicine. Patient-specific iPS cells have been derived not only for disease modeling but also as sources for cell replacement therapy. However, there have been insufficient data to prove that iPS cells are functionally equivalent to human embryonic stem (hES) cells or are safer than hES cells. There are several important issues that need to be addressed, and foremost are the safety and efficacy of human iPS cells of different origins. Human iPS cells have been derived mostly from cells originating from mesoderm and in a few cases from ectoderm. So far, there has been no report of endoderm–derived human iPS cells, and this has prevented comprehensive comparative investigations of the quality of human iPS cells of different origins. Here we show for the first time reprogramming of human endoderm-derived cells (i.e., primary hepatocytes) to pluripotency. Hepatocyte-derived iPS cells appear indistinguishable from hES cells with respect to colony morphology, growth properties, expression of pluripotency-associated transcription factors and surface markers, and differentiation potential in embryoid body formation and teratoma assays. In addition, these cells are able to directly differentiate into definitive endoderm, hepatic progenitors, and mature hepatocytes. Conclusion: The technology to develop endoderm–derived human iPS cell lines, together with other established cell lines, will provide a foundation for elucidating the mechanisms of cellular reprogramming and for studying the safety and efficacy of differentially originated human iPS cells for cell therapy. For the study of liver disease pathogenesis, this technology also provides a potentially more amenable system for generating liver disease-specific iPS cells. (HEPATOLOGY 2010;51:1810–1819)
Sonographic prediction of significant intertwin birth weight discordance

Abstract Object To evaluate the usefulness of sonographic prediction of significant birth weight discordance in twin pregnancies. Study design Included in the study were live twin pairs with a gestational age of 24 weeks at birth who had received a sonographic examination within 28 days of delivery. Correlation tests and ROC curves were used to evaluate the predictability of significant intertwin growth discordance. Results A total of 575 twin pregnancies were included in the study. The estimated discordance by sonographic examination proved to be an effective predictor of discordant twin growth. The birth weight discordance estimated by sonography tended to underestimate the degree of discordant twins. Conclusion If a sonographic examination is done within 28 days of delivery, it is a reliable predictor of twin birth weight discordance at the following levels: 15%, 20%, 25% or 30%. In order to obtain a higher sensitivity, the cut-off value of estimated birth weight discordance needs to be decreased by 5%.
Translation of coxsackievirus B RNAs in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate: characterization of the genome RNA, reaction conditions for translation, and analysis of the products.

The genomic RNA of coxsackievirus B5 was characterized, and the RNAs from B4 and B5 viruses were translated in a micrococcal nuclease-treated rabbit reticulocyte lysate cell-free system to characterize the products. The viral RNA, native or denatured, sedimented as a sharp symmetrical peak between 45S and 28S marker rRNAs; its estimated molecular weight was 2.53×106. It was polyadenylated and contained about 7,440 nucleotides which could code for proteins with a total molecular weight of approximately 273,000. At saturating concentrations a five- to sevenfold stimulation in methionine incorporation over background was obtained when translating either B4 or B5 RNA. The translation directed by RNA was inhibited by pactamycin, aurintricarboxylic acid, puromycin, or cycloheximide (inhibitors of initiation and elongation) and by RNase. 7-Methylguanosine-5′-monophosphate, a cap analog which inhibits protein synthesis directed by capped messengers, did not inhibit this translation, suggesting that B5 RNA may not be capped. At least 10 polypeptides with apparent molecular weights of 31,000 to 98,000 were synthesized in the presence of either RNA; many of these comigrated with polypeptides synthesized in the virus-infected HeLa cells. A polypeptide (MW 36,000) of B4 RNA-directed products, which comigrated with a similar one from the virus-infected cells, also comigrated with an authentic capsid protein VP2 of the virus. The products of B4 RNA-directed synthesis were different from B5 RNA-directed products: the former contained at least five polypeptides of MW 31,000 to 45,000, while the latter contained only one (31,000). Antiserum to B5 virus capsid proteins precipitated several cell-free polypeptides with molecular weights of 52,000 to 92,000, suggesting that an immunologic relationship may exist between cell-free products and the capsid proteins. Comparison of partial proteolytic digests of cell-free products with molecular weights of 69,000 to 92,000 and authentic capsid proteins also suggests strongly that the products may contain some sequences of B5 virus capsid proteins.
Dreaming as Delirium: A Reply to Bert States

When analyzed from a formal mental states point of view, REM sleep dreaming evinces all four of the cardinal defining features of delirium: visual halluncinosis; disorientation; memory loss, and confabulation. This new formulation is supported by neurobiological findings at the level of neurones and neuromodulators, which indicate a dramatic shift in the balance of the same aminergic and cholinergic neuromodulatory systems that mediate delirium upon the ingestion or withdrawal of drugs that upset that balance. Convinced that all of the symptoms and signs of delirium that have been emphasized above could be the natural manifestations of hyperassociation, Bert States has challenged both the validity and heuristic value of this “Dreaming as Delirium” paradigm. Arguing that no natural process like dreaming can be dysfunctional, and wishing to advance the thesis that all naturally determined mental content obeys the law of associativity, States commits himself to a paradigm of interpretability which is linked to a metaphorical-analogical function of memory. States (and most other students of dreaming) have difficulty accepting my claim that discontinuity and incongruity are in a dialectical and oppositional struggle with associativity. These dissociative processes, which arise at the neuronal level described by the reciprocal interaction model, translate into the universal and generically nonsensical aspects of dream content that are explained by the paradigm of dreaming as delirium. In this essay, I urge that States and all others who share with me the fond hope of a scientifically respectable approach to the interpretation of dreams, recognize that both associativity and dissociation are hard at work in REM sleep dreaming and other autocreative states of mind. Once the both/and replaces the either/or mind set, it is possible to separate the emotionally salient signals from the cognitively disjunctive noise. The same step allows us to recognize that all complex natural systems have both functional and dysfunctional aspects and that these are sometime mutually enhancing as well as mutually entailed by the mechanisms that engender them. Turning Polonius on his head I thus suggest: Though this be method, yet there's madness in it!
Technical change and the “tendency of the rate of profit to fall”

Abstract For the most part, the discussion of Marx' falling rate of profit has been of a qualitative and fairly imprecise nature. In particular, the transformation problem concerning the relationship between the price and value rates of profit is usually not adequately dealt with. The present article defines the various concepts rigorously and demonstrates the relationship between the price and value concepts. It is then shown that technical change which competitive capitalists will introduce always raises the rate of profit, if real wages are constant; that these viable technical changes are always socially desirable; but that there are socially desirable technical changes which will not be introduced under competitive capitalism. Some of these desirable technical changes would cause the profit rate to fall. Any efforts to demonstrate a falling rate of profit as a consequence of technical change must therefore concentrate on the relationship between technical innovation and changes in the real wage.
Population Health Outcome Models in Suicide Prevention Policy

Background: Suicide is a leading cause of death in the U.S. and results in immense suffering and significant cost. Effective suicide prevention interventions could reduce this burden, but policy makers need estimates of health outcomes achieved by alternative interventions to focus implementation efforts. Purpose: To illustrate the utility of health outcome models to help in achieving goals defined by the National Action Alliance for Suicide Prevention’s Research Prioritization Task Force. The approach is illustrated specifically with psychotherapeutic interventions to prevent suicide reattempt in emergency department settings. Methods: A health outcome model using decision analysis with secondary data was applied to estimate suicide attempts and deaths averted from evidence-based interventions. Results: Under optimal conditions, the model estimated that over 1 year, implementing evidencebased psychotherapeutic interventions in emergency departments could decrease the number of suicide attempts by 18,737, and if offered over 5 years, it could avert 109,306 attempts. Over 1 year, the model estimated 2,498 fewer deaths from suicide, and over 5 years, about 13,928 fewer suicide deaths. Conclusions: Health outcome models could aid in suicide prevention policy by helping focus implementation efforts. Further research developing more sophisticated models of the impact of suicide prevention interventions that include a more complex understanding of suicidal behavior, longer time frames, and inclusion of additional outcomes that capture the full benefits and costs of interventions would be helpful next steps.
Microscopic local bonding and optically-induced switching for Ge2Sb2Te5 alloys: A tale of four pseudo-binary and three binary tie-lines in Ge-Sb-Te phase field

Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST-225) has emerged as an active medium for applications in reversible, ReWritable (RW) optical memory discs. Many studies have focused on the properties of this alloy, relative to the other GST compositions on tie-lines in the Ge-Sb-Te ternary phase field; (i) Sb2Te to GeTe2: (ii) Sb2Te3: to GeTe; (iii) GeSb to Te: and (iv) the truncated tie-line from GST-124 to Sb. This article focuses instead on the binary atomic join-lines, Te-Ge, Ge-Sb and Sb-Te, that comprise the perimeter of the Ge-Sb-Te ternary diagram. Three eutectic compositions, one on each perimeter segment: (i) Ge12Sb88; (ii) Te25Sb75; and (iii) Ge17Te83 have been identified. Focussing on the significance of these eutectic compositions, and (i) building on previous publications from our group, and (ii) relying on two recently published articles, a new model for the RW properties of GST-22T has been proposed. Finally comparisons are made between GST and AIST RW films. (© 2009 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Decoding the enigma of necrotizing enterocolitis in premature infants

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is an enigmatic disease that affects primarily premature infants. It often occurs suddenly and when it occurs, treatment attempts at treatment often fail and results in death. If the infant survives, there is a significant risk of long term sequelae including neurodevelopmental delays. The pathophysiology of NEC is poorly understood and thus prevention has been difficult. In this review, we will provide an overview of why progress may be slow in our understanding of this disease, provide a brief review diagnosis, treatment and some of the current concepts about the pathophysiology of this disease.
The b (arg36) contributes to efficient coupling in F(1)F (O) ATP synthase in Escherichia coli.

In Escherichia coli, the F1FO ATP synthase b subunits house a conserved arginine in the tether domain at position 36 where the subunit emerges from the membrane. Previous experiments showed that substitution of isoleucine or glutamate result in a loss of enzyme activity. Double mutants have been constructed in an attempt to achieve an intragenic suppressor of the barg36→ile and the barg36→glu mutations. The barg36→ile mutation could not be suppressed. In contrast, the phenotypic defect resulting from the barg36→glu mutation was largely suppressed in the barg36→glu,glu39→arg double mutant. E. coli expressing the barg36→glu,glu39→arg subunit grew well on succinate-based medium. F1FO ATP synthase complexes were more efficiently assembled and ATP driven proton pumping activity was improved. The evidence suggests that efficient coupling in F1FO ATP synthase is dependent upon a basic amino acid located at the base of the peripheral stalk.
Metal interactions with a GAAA RNA tetraloop characterized by (31)P NMR and phosphorothioate substitutions.

A metal site in a 5‘-GAAA-3‘ tetraloop, a stabilizing and phylogenetically conserved RNA motif, is explored using 31P NMR spectroscopy and phosphorothioate modifications. Similar to previous report...
Epidemiology of otitis media: problem and research focus for geographers.

Abstract Yearly, otitis media (inflammation of the middle ear and its extensions) creates fluctuating hearing loss for thousands of children aged ten or younger. The common etiological factor seems to be a dysfunctioning eustachian tube, but there is widespread disagreement as to specific causes contributing to this dysfunction. Certain incidence patterns suggest that season of year, low altitude, high humidity, and variable weather are contributing factors. Geographers could add to an understanding of this medical problem by studying spatial patterns and by attempting to determine the occurrence of otitis media with the interrelationships of such variables as climate, altitude and weather patterns.
POTASSIUM CHANNELS IN PITUITARY CELLS IN THE TELEOST, GILLICHTHYS MIRABILIS

Abstract We have examined whole-cell K+ currents and a Ca2+-dependent K+ channel at the single channel level in rostral pars distalis cells of Gillichthys mirabilis. Whole-cell K+ currents activated by depolarizing pulses have an inactivating component and a sustained component. The magnitude of both of these components is increased when a hyperpolarizing prepulse is delivered prior to depolarization. Both components are partially blocked by application of 5 mM TEA+. The Ca-dependent K+ channel, (K(Ca)), was sensitive to 2 mM TEA+ in outside-out patches (O/O) but not in inside-out patches (I/O). Channel open probability (P(o)) was dependent on membrane potential (Vm), with depolarization leading to an increase in P(o). Calcium on the cytoplasmic face of I/O patches increased channel P(o) in a dose-dependent manner. A portion of the single K(Ca) channels studied displayed inactivation after depolarizing pulses. These channels may be a component of the inactivating whole-cell current.
Nrf2: A Potential Target for New Therapeutics in Liver Disease

Nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is an oxidative stress-mediated transcription factor with a variety of downstream targets aimed at cytoprotection. Nrf2 has recently been implicated as a new therapeutic target for the treatment of liver disease. Here, we focus on the most common liver diseases-nonalcoholic fatty liver disease/steatohepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, and drug-induced liver injury-and highlight areas in the development of these conditions where activation of Nrf2 may alleviate disease progression.
Spectral Element Methods for Elliptic Problems in Nonsmooth Domains

Engineering applications frequently require the numerical solution of elliptic boundary value problems in irregularly shaped domains. For smooth problems, spectral element methods have proved very successful, since they can accommodate fairly complicated geometries while retaining a rapid rate of convergence. Geometric singularities, however, often give rise to singular solutions. The accuracy of the spectral element methods is then degraded, and they offer no apparent advantage over low-order finite element methods. In many cases, however, the singular structure of the solution is known, and its form may be exploited by the spectral element method. Among the various ways of doing so (through supplementary basis functions, eigenfunction expansions, and graded meshes), the method of auxiliary mapping proves to be particularly effective. For certain simple cases, the problem is transformed to a coordinate system in which the solution is analytic, and exponential convergence is recovered. Even when this is not possible, the singularity is usually much weaker after mapping, so that other treatments are more effective in the new coordinate system. In this paper, we study different ways of treating singularities, and in particular, the method of auxiliary mapping coupled with the use of supplementary basis functions. Error estimates are presented explaining why the combined approach is more effective, and these estimates are confirmed through a number of numerical experiments for the Laplace, Poisson, and Helmholtz equations.
Analysis of Portland cement mortar under impact: A combined material characterization, micromechanics modeling, and dynamic testing approach

Toward the development of a constitutive model for describing high strain-rate behavior of cementitious materials, this study couples multiscale quantitative characterization of mortars with micromechanics modeling, validated against dynamic experiments. Blast or impact loads create a far-field compressive loading condition that drives local tensile crack growth from flaws. Two flaw types – round (e.g., entrained air voids) and slit (e.g., tandem effect of the interfacial transition zone and the aggregates) flaws – are considered in this flaw-driven, elastic model for predicting strength at high strain-rates. The model sheds light on the linkage between meso-scale fluctuations of the flaw populations (including size, shape, and spatial arrangement) and the material's overall dynamic response. Dynamic strength is interpreted in a statistical framework rather than a deterministic one. Micromechanics results agree with Kolsky bar tests on mortars with and without air entrainment. The model may be useful for engineering concrete for potentially at-risk elements.
A solution to the turbulent Graetz problem by matched asymptotic expansions - I The case of uniform wall temperature

Abstract Consideration of heat transfer to a constant property fluid in fully developed turbulent flow in a pipe with a step change in wall temperature leads to a Sturm-Liouville problem. A first order asymptotic technique applied to this problem leads to estimates of heat transfer rates that are in poor agreement with numerical calculations [1]. Presented here is an extension of the first order analysis which yields higher approximations for the lower eigenfunctions. The extension is an unusual application of the method of matched asymptotic expansions in which the expansion parameter is the eigenvalue and matching of both amplitude and phase of functions are required. Analytical expressions are derived but no numerical calculations are given.
Photoactivation of pupillary constriction in the isolated in vitro iris of a mammal (Mesocricetus auratus).

Abstract 1. 1. Anterior segments of normally pigmented, white and albino hamster ( Mesocricetus auratus ), albino and pigmented rat ( Rattus rattus ) and pigmented guinea-pig ( Cavia porcellus ) eyes were incubated in Krebs' solution in the dark and were monitored with an infrared sensitive television camera. 2. 2. Photostimulation (3500 lx) results in a maximal pupillary constriction of pigmented and nonpigmented hamster irides and a minimal (10–20 per cent) constriction of rat irides, but it has no measurable effect on guinea-pig irides. 3. 3. In the golden hamster the extent of direct light response is dependent on stimulus strength (threshold ≅ 120 lx; maximum response ≅ 3000 lx) and on the wavelength of the stimulating light. 4. 4. This reversible response is not inhibited by appropriate concentrations of atropine, tetracaine, lidocaine, papaverine or polyphloretin phosphate and is less sensitive than carbachol-induced pupillary constriction to inhibition by procaine, EDTA or EGTA. 5. 5. The present results demonstrate that direct iridial response to light is more widespread in the animal kingdom than previously suspected and reopens the question concerning the physiological significance of this phenomenon.
Information, access, and contributions: A signaling model of lobbying

Interest groups pay monetary contributions to gain access and provide information to a policymaker. If their interests are aligned with those of the policymaker's constituency, they have costless access and report their private information truthfully. If their interests conflict, they are forced to pay a strictly positive contribution in order to enhance the credibility of their reports. The policymaker bases her policy decision on the competing reports and the size of the contributions accompanying these reports. The interest groups' contribution decisions are plagued by a free rider problem. I derive the implications of this problem for the size and pattern of contributions and for the degree of information aggregation.
Nicaragua's Sandinista project: Ideology, power building, and social manipulation

Abstract This paper examines the ideology of the Nicaraguan Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN) through an evaluation of official declarations, published objectives and analyses, stated objectives, and programs pursued. Since its seizure of power in 1979, the FSLN's efforts to “Leninize” the country have occurred gradually and often have been camouflaged. For example, the FSLN has promoted a ‘'people's church” to capitalize on the strong Nicaraguan religious sentiment while extending countrol over public life and undermining the official church. The paper describes the Sandinistas’ use of “magnet” and “salami” tactics to attract useful collaborators and restrict the influence of rival political organizations. While the FSLN ostensibly has tolerated other parties’ participation in the National Assembly, the Sandinistas in reality have required support for FSLN programs and have increased their own numbers in the assembly and gained control of the top positions in all state institutions, ministries,...
Between enlightened pragmatism and censorship resistance: Memorie della vita e delle peregrinazioni del fiorentino Filippo Mazzei

A multi-faceted personality of the European Enlightenment and American Independence, Filippo Mazzei (1730–1816) retraces his wanderings between the Old and the New Worlds in his Memorie, written from 1810 to 1813. This paper argues that the apparent lack of theoretical depth and rhetorical strength of Mazzei’s Memorie represents rather the narrator’s ironic, pragmatic strategy of resistance to various forms of censorship, which he experienced in particular through his interactions with the Tribunal of the Inquisition. We will examine two specific episodes of the Memorie through the lens of Wilhelm Dilthey’s philosophical notion of Erlebnis or ‘lived experience.’ From the perspective of Erlebnis and the inherent interrelation between lived experience, understanding and expression articulated in Dilthey’s The Formation of the Historical World in the Human Sciences of 1910, Mazzei’s autobiographical narrative emerges as a hermeneutic strategy of resistance that weaves together History and histories, universa...
The role of hydrodynamics in recruitment, growth, and survival of Argopecten irradians (L.) and Anomia simplex (D'Orbigny) within eelgrass meadows

Abstract Larvae of the bay scallop Argopecten irradians (L.) and the common jingle Anomia simplex (D'Orbigny) use byssal threads to settle onto blades of eelgrass Zostera marina (L.) and other elevated substrata. A 2-yr study of the role of hydrodynamics in recruitment of these bivalves into eelgrass meadows, and in their subsequent growth and survival as juveniles, was conducted in Northwest Harbor, New York. Sea-water flux through the meadow varied significantly among sites and depended on the numerical density of eelgrass shoots. Recruitment of both bivalves varied significantly among sites in a similar manner, indicating that hydrodynamics in eelgrass meadows strongly affects bivalve recruitment. Results from experimental deployments of two types of substrata indicate that hydrodynamics in eelgrass meadows exerts a stronger influence on bivalve recruitment than does either interblade abrasion or possible differences among sites in the nature of the blade substratum. In one of the two study years, hydrodynamics in eelgrass meadows influenced growth and survival of Argopecten following settlement. Abundances and growth of Anomia following settlement appeared unaffected by hydrodynamics. Several lines of evidence suggest that predation is less important than hydrodynamics in determining abundances of recruits and early juvenile stages of these bivalves.
Mobile DNA in obligate intracellular bacteria

The small genomes of obligate intracellular bacteria are often presumed to be impervious to mobile DNA and the fluid genetic processes that drive diversification in free-living bacteria. Categorized by reductive evolution and streamlining, the genomes of some obligate intracellular bacteria manifest striking degrees of stability and gene synteny. However, recent findings from complete genome sequences of obligate intracellular species and their mobile genetic associates favour the abandonment of these wholesale terms for a more complex and tantalizing picture.
“I've seen it all before”: Explaining age-related impairments in object recognition. Theoretical comment on Burke et al. (2010).

Animal models are useful in elucidating the neural basis of age-related impairments in cognition. Burke, Wallace, Nematollahi, Uprety, and Barnes (2010) tested young and aged rats in several different protocols to measure object recognition memory and found that object recognition deficits in aged rats were consistent with these rats behaving as if novel objects were familiar, rather than familiar objects being treated as novel (that is, forgotten). A similar pattern of behavior has been observed in young rats with perirhinal cortex lesions. Moreover, age-related impairments in object recognition were uncorrelated with deficits in spatial learning in the water maze, a task that requires the integrity of the hippocampus and is also reliably impaired in aged rats. Taken together, these findings support functional specialization of structures within the medial temporal lobe "memory system," as well as the independence of age-related deficits in different cognitive domains. They also potentially form a foundation for neurobiological study of age-related impairments in perirhinal cortex function.
Calcium and Potassium in the Motor Organ of the Sensitive Plant: Localization by Ion Microscopy

The ion microscope was used to study potassium and calcium distributions in the main motor organ of Mimosa pudica L. The cortex of the motor organ has two cell types differing in location, structure, and ion distribution. Histochemical features portrayed in ion micrographs were plainly correlated with structures seen in the light and electron microscopes.
Thermodynamic Enantioface‐Binding Selectivities of Monosubstituted Alkenes to a Highly Discriminating Chiral Transition ‐Metal Lewis Acid; equilibration of diastereoisomeric (cyclopentadienyl)(alkene)(nitrosyl)(triphenylphosphine)rhenium complexes ([Re(η5–C5H5)(CH2 = CHR)(NO) (PPh3)]+BF 4−)

Reactions of monosubstituted alkenes RCH = CH2 and [Re(η5–C5H5)(CH2Cl2) (NO)(PPh3)]+BF give complexes ([Re(η5–C5H5))(CH2CHR)(NO) (PPh3)]+BF (1a–g) in 63–99% yields as mixtures of (RS,SR)- and (RR,SS)-diastereoisomers (1a (R = Me), 66:34; 1b (R = Pr), 63:37; 1c (R = PhCH2), 70:30; 1d (R = Ph), 75:25; 1e (R = i-Pr), 64:36; 1f (R = t-Bu), 84:16; 1g (R = Me3Si), 69:31; Scheme 2). These differ in the CC enantioface bound to the chiral Re fragment. In most cases, the analogous reactions of RCHCH2 and [Re(η5–C5H5) (C6H5Cl)(NO)(PPh3)]+ BF give comparable results. When 1a–e, g are heated in PhCl at 95–100°, equilibration to 96:4, 97:3, 97:3, 90:10, > 99: 99:< 1 (RS,SR)/(RR,SS) mixtures occurs (79–99% recoveries; Tables 1 and 2). Thus, thermodynamic enantioface-binding selectivities are much higher than kinetic binding selectivities. This phenomenon is analyzed in detail. A crystal structure of (RS,SR)-1e (monoclinic, P21/c, a = 10.256(1) A. b = 17.191(1) A, c = 16.191(1) A, β = 101.04(1)°, Z = 4) shows that the Re–C(1)–C(2) plane (see Fig.2) is nearly coincident with the Re–P bond (angle 15°), and that the i-Pr group is ‘syn’ to the nitrosyl ligand.
Groundwater Resource Planning to Preserve Streamflow: Where Environmental Amenity Meets Economic Welfare Loss

Streams and their associated biological communities are among our most valuable natural resources. Humans rely on the environmental services provided by streams in a myriad of ways. However, in some areas, excessive groundwater pumping exacerbates the already critical pressure on streamflow and must be managed through effective planning. Based on economic and hydrogeological concepts, this study estimates the quantity of streamflow depletion that is attributable to groundwater pumping and the negative impact on the socioeconomic system if groundwater pumping must be constrained to restore streamflow. The primary objective of this paper is to develop a multiobjective nonlinear optimization model to simulate the tradeoffs between streamflow restoration and economic welfare loss in a Chicago suburban county, McHenry County. The multiobjective optimization was conducted at both county and municipality levels. An evolutionary algorithm, the nondominated sorting genetic algorithm, was used to solve the optimization model and to identify the tradeoff curve (Pareto frontier). Comparing municipal Pareto frontiers shows spatially heterogeneous costs of preserving streamflow through various shadow prices and also the different capacities of restoring streamflow. The results include discussion of the shapes of the Pareto frontier, the sensitivity of the pumping boundary constraints, and return flow coefficients. It is concluded that the multiobjective optimization model provides a useful framework to consider conflicting objectives in a typical environmental management and planning process, and that the findings can help decision-makers and planners to formulate effective groundwater pumping strategies. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)WR .1943-5452.0000269. © 2013 American Society of Civil Engineers. CE Database subject headings: Rivers and streams; Streamflow; Groundwater management; Optimization; Algorithms; Economic factors; Environmental issues. Author keywords: Stream depletion; Tradeoffs; Spatial planning; Multiobjective optimization; Genetic algorithm.
On Getting away with It: Jesus and the Temptation in the Desert

The experience of getting away with something is a well-known personal dynamic, yet it is relatively unexplored by psychodynamic theorists, even though such experiences impact both persons and society in significant ways. In reading the Gospels, one is left with the perception that Jesus got away with desire—that is, he withstood Satan’s temptations. The essay explores “getting away with it” in light of Jesus’ temptation in the desert. Ways this experience might have formed the person and ministry of Jesus are suggested.
Gendered Perspectives On Depression and Antisocial Behaviors: An Extension of the Failure Model in Adolescents

Although the association between antisocial behavior and depression has been widely supported, the direction and temporal order of this relationship are not fully understood in childhood and adolescence. Patterson and Capaldi formulated a failure model to explain how antisocial behaviors may cause and reinforce depression. Although co-occurring internalizing problems are commonly diagnosed in girls, few studies have examined the onset and progression of antisocial behavior and depression in female adolescents using prospective data that allow for a thorough investigation of the dynamics of this relationship. The present study extends previous research by examining the relationship between gender, crime, and depressive symptoms in youths participating in the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods. Overall, there was mixed support for failure theory.