cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pattern Writing by Implantation in a Large-Scale PSII System With Planar Inductively Coupled Plasma Source

A large-scale plasma source immersion ion implantation (PSII) system with planar coil RFI plasma source has been used to study an inkless, deposition-free, mask-based surface conversion patterning as an alternative to direct writing techniques on large-area substrates by implantation. The apparatus has a 0.61 m ID and 0.51 m tall chamber, with a base pressure in the 10−8 Torr range, making it one of the largest PSII presently available. The system uses a 0.43 m ID planar rf antenna to produce dense plasma capable of large-area, uniform materials treatment. Metallic and semiconductor samples have been implanted through masks to produce small geometric patterns of interest for device manufacturing. Si gratings were also implanted to study application to smaller features. Samples are characterized by AES, TEM and variable-angle spectroscopic ellipsometry. Composition depth profiles obtained by AES and VASE are compared. Measured lateral and depth profiles are compared to the mask features to assess lateral diffusion, pattern transfer fidelity, and wall-effects. The paper also presents the results of MAGIC calculations of the flux and angle of ion trajectories through the boundary layer predicting the magnitude of flux as a function of 3-D location on objects in the expanding sheath.
Quantum hydrodynamic simulation of hysteresis in the resonant tunneling diode

Abstract Hysteresis in the current-voltage curve of a resonant tunneling diode is simulated and analyzed in the quantum hydrodynamic (QHD) model for semiconductor devices. The simulations are the first to show hysteresis in the QHD equations and to confirm that bistability is an intrinsic property of the resonant tunneling diode. Hysteresis appears in many settings in fluid dynamics. The simulations presented here show that hysteresis is manifested in the extension of classical fluid dynamics to quantum fluid dynamics. A finite element method for simulation of the time-dependent QHD model is introduced. The finite element method is based on a Runge-Kutta discontinuous Galerkin method for the QHD conservation laws and a mixed finite element method for Poisson's equation and the source terms in the QHD conservation laws.
Examining Parenting in the Neighborhood Context: A Review

Positive parenting behavior is a robust predictor of child and adolescent psychosocial adjustment; however, contextual factors that relate to parenting itself are not well understood. This limited understanding is, in part, related to the fact that although theories have been put forth to explain the link between ecological context and parenting, there has been little integration of key concepts across these theories or empirical examination to determine their soundness. This review aims to begin to fill this gap by focusing on one contextual influence on parenting in particular, neighborhood context. Specifically, this review utilizes three constructs to provide a framework for integrating and organizing the literature on parenting within the neighborhood context: Danger (capturing crime and concerns for safety), Disadvantage (assessing the absence of institutional and economic resources), and Disengagement (noting the absence of positive social processes in the community). Findings from this review suggest evidence for an association between neighborhood context and positive parenting. Yet these results appear to vary, at least to some extent, depending on which neighborhood construct is examined, the way positive parenting is assessed, and specific sample demographics, including family income and youth gender and age. Findings from this review not only summarize the research to date on neighborhood and parenting, but provide a foundation for future basic and applied work in this area.
Dental indicators of growth disturbance in a series of ancient Lower Nubian populations: changes over time.

Previous studies of accentuated striae of Retzius in tooth enamel suggest that early childhood growth disturbance tends to be severe in state-level agricultural societies. The present study investigates the diachronic stability of levels of growth disturbance with a series of Lower Nubian agricultural states broadly similar in terms of mode of subsistence and way of life. The sample consists of 114 first permanent molars from the Meroitic (100 B.C. to 300 A.D.) and X-Group (300 to 600 A.D.) cultures. These teeth were sectioned according to standard histological technique. Data on the frequency and severity of accentuated striae of Retzius were then used to derive estimates of the magnitude of individual growth disturbance. Populations were compared by means of a two-way ANOVA, with growth disturbance as the dependent variable, and age and population as the independent variables. The results show that those dying in childhood experienced significantly higher levels of early childhood growth disturbance than did those surviving to adulthood. The results also show a decline in growth disturbance levels over time. Both X-Group children and X-Group adults experience significantly less early childhood growth disturbance than their Meroitic counterparts. These results suggest an improvement in child health status from Meroitic to X-Group times. Tentative explanatory hypotheses imply an increase in village autonomy, an increase in helminthic disease related to a change in irrigation technology, or direct and indirect effects of consumption of naturally-occurring tetracyclines. These hypotheses are not mutually exclusive, and further research is needed before any of them can be tested.
Treatment Adherence in Adolescents and Young Adults Affected by Chronic Illness During the Health Care Transition From Pediatric to Adult Health Care: A Literature Review

As increasing numbers of children survive into adulthood more adolescents and young adults are negotiating the process of transitioning from pediatric- to adult-centered care. During this health care transition (HCT), significant declines in treatment adherence have been observed. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to examine the rates of, factors that influence, and the impact of non-adherence on health outcomes during the HCT, as well as interventions that promote adherence during the HCT. Age, psychological functioning, and insurance status are related to non-adherence during the HCT period. Systematic measurement of adherence in studies examining the HCT is needed.
Hydrogen partitioning in pure cast aluminum as determined by dynamic evolution rate measurements

A statistical analysis of the porosity in 99.995 wt pct pure commercially available cast aluminum has been correlated with real time hydrogen evolution data obtained in an ultrahigh vacuum furnace in order to estimate the hydrogen partitioning in the aluminum. The dynamic technique employed permitted the detection and separation of hydrogen evolved from solid solution, hydrogen released by the rupture of large pores, and gases desorbed from the aluminum surface. Results of the statistical analysis indicate average pore diameters in pure cast aluminum extend from less than 1 to over 400 μm. Interdendritic pores having diameters greater than 25 μm constitute over 98 pct of the pore volume. The overall volume fraction of pores was determined to be 0.71 pct. Compared to vacuum remelted rolled aluminum, the porosity resulted in a reduction of ultimate tensile strength of 13 pct and a reduction in yield strength of 21 pet. The evolution of hydrogen from the aluminum was observed to occur by large hydrogen pressure pulses due to the rupture of pores near the surface and by a smooth steady desorption from solid solution. The rupturing pores were observed visually and found to occur both in the solid state and after melting. A substantial change in slope of the desorption curve following the pulse train suggests the pores are the primary sources of hydrogen in the bulk. Analysis of the pore and pulse size distributions indicates more than 99 pct of the bulk hydrogen is partitioned in pores greater than 25 μm. Pressures within the larger pores (≈270 μm) were determined to be about 2.4 atm at room temperature. Hydrogen content in the large pores was found to be as high as 2 × 1016 molecules. The total hydrogen content in the pores and in solid solution was determined to be 6.3 × 1017 atoms/cm3 (0.43 cm3/100 g). Measurements on commercially available 99.9995 wt pct cast aluminum indicate the total hydrogen content to be 4.8 × 1017 atoms/cm3 (0.33 cm3/100 g).
Current analysis of the Tarasoff duty: an evolution towards the limitation of the duty to protect

In 1976, the Tarasoff case established a new legal duty to protect third parties from a psychiatric patient's foreseeable violence. After the Tarasoff case, courts expanded the scope and role of a clinician's duty to protect, sometimes in novel ways. Later interpretations of Tarasoff began to limit significantly the situations in which a duty to protect would attach. Recent Tarasoff-type cases in which courts have rejected the clinician's duty to warn suggest that Tarasoff is declining in significance. The advent of state statutes that codify the establishment and discharge of Tarasoff duty have contributed to a further limitation of the duty to protect. Lastly, when faced with the management of dangerous patients, we advocate for a thorough, well documented assessment of risk of violence as the best means for addressing concern about potential legal liability. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microbiological quality of cooked chicken breasts containing commercially available shelf-life extenders

Experiments were conducted to determine the effect of various shelf-life extenders on the aerobic plate counts (APC) of cooked chicken breast meat stored at refrigeration temperatures. Fresh chicken breast meat obtained from local grocers was injected with either 0.5, 1, 1.5, or 2% sodium lactate; 0.63, 1.25, 1.88, or 2.51 g/kg of a liquid smoke flavoring; 0.33, 0.66, 1, or 1.33% Per/Lac 1901, a fermented whey product; or 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, or 1% Alta 2341, a fermented corn syrup product. The samples were cooked at 85 C dry bulb, 77.8 C wet bulb to an internal temperature of 76.7 C. The cooked chicken breasts were cut into 20-g samples and aseptically placed into Ziploc bags. Initial APC were enumerated following 2-d incubation at 30 C. Additional stored samples (2 C) were subsequently evaluated for APC every week for 5 wk. Only one of the four ingredients, Alta 2341, significantly extended cooked breast meat shelf-life over that of the controls. Using Alta 2341 would be beneficial in extending the refrigerated shelf-life of cooked chicken breast meat up to 5 wk.
Putnam's Theorem, Alexander's Spectral Area Estimate, and VMO.

In this paper we show that ] f f is a bounded analytic function defined on the unit disk such that at each point of the unit circle the cluster set o f f has area zero, then f has vanishing mean oscillation (see Sect. 1 for definitions). We discovered this result (Corollary 1.5) and its quantitative version (Theorem 1.4) using some techniques from operator theory. This proof is given in Sect. 1; the main tool is Putnam's Theorem (Lemma 1.1). In the main result in Sect. 2 (Theorem 2.4) we extend the above result to the unit ball in ~ ' , using commutative Banach algebra techniques rather than operator theory. Here the key tool is Alexander's spectral area estimate (Lemma 2.2). Section 3 ties the techniques of Sects. 1 and 2 together by giving a simple proof 0fPutnam's Theorem for subnormal operators. Here the main tool (Lemma 3.2) is a quantitative version of the Hartogs-Rosenthal Theorem. Some concluding remarks indicate another method of combining the tools used in this paper. Although there are obvious connections between the three sections of the paper, each section can be read independently. Throughout the paper, c denotes an absolute constant, independent of everything except the dimension n of ~n (in Sect. 2). However, the actual value of c may change; thus sometimes c 2 is replaced by c.
Respiratory volume-timing relationship during sustained elevation of functional residual capacity

In 7 spontaneously breathing dial-urethane anesthetized cats a negative pressure was produced around the thorax and abdomen to increase the functional residual capacity (FRC) by about 1 tidal volume for up to 60 min. A tracheal cannula was connected to a resistive manifold for selective loading of inspiration or expiration. Two resistive loads and tracheal occlusion were presented six times each at control FRC (FRCc), after 60 min at elevated FRC (FRCe) and 30 min after return to FRCc. Inspiratory and expiratory durations (TI and TE) were measured from diaphragmatic EMG. We observed that TI at FRCe (0.88 +/- 0.11 sec) was not significantly shorter than TI at FRCc (1.06 +/- 0.14 sec). Tracheal occlusion at FRCe caused a shorter TI (1.37 +/- 0.15 sec) than at FRCc (1.79 +/- 0.21 sec) (P less than 0.05). The slope (m) of the VI-TI relationship generated by the resistive loads at FRCe was steeper (m = -65 +/- 7 ml X sec-1) and shifted upward from the VI-TI curve at FRCc (-50 +/- 6 ml X sec-1) (P less than 0.05). The VE-TE relationship at FRCe was not significantly changed from control. Thirty minutes following return to FRCc, TI was still slightly shorter (0.96 +/- 0.11 sec) than the initial TI at FRCc. We conclude: (1) The slope of the VI-TI relationship is determined to a great extent by the total lung volume. However, under the conditions of sustained elevation of FRC, this relationship is influenced by the partial adaptation of slowly adapting pulmonary receptors SARs. (2) The increased SAR activity at end expiration during FRCe may not influence the control of TE.
Assessment of extraction methodologies for measuring subsurface contamination

Two analytical methods for the extraction of volatile organics from subsurface solids were examined in laboratory recovery experiments. An ultrasonication pentane extraction procedure analyzing subsamples from a brass core containing approximately 600 g of contaminated solids yielded 83–100% recovery for the compounds tested. For the second method, a nitrogen purge was applied to a heated brass core containing subsurface material for 20 h, effectively desorbing and trapping the volatile organics onto activated carbon. Recoveries from this method ranged from 80–100% of the contaminant mass present. Both methods were applied at a gasoline-contaminated field site. It was expected that the larger solid sample from the nitrogen purge method would lead to more reproducible field results than the ultrasonic extraction method. This result was not found; the ultrasonication field results were more accurate, with <10% standard deviation for field replicate measurements.
Increases in extracellular dopamine levels and locomotor activity after direct infusion of phencyclidine into the nucleus accumbens.

Abstract Three studies were conducted to provide a further characterization of the neurochemical and behavioral effects of phencyclidine (PCP). The first experiment utilized in vivo microdialysis to measure extracellular levels of dopamine (DA), dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) in the nucleus accumbens. Administration of PCP (4.0 × 10 −4 M) in the dialysis perfusion medium produced large increases in extracellular DA, and biphasic changes in DOPAC. In the second experiment, chronic indwelling cannulae for drug infusion were implanted bilaterally into the nucleus accumbens. Local infusions of PCP (15.0, 30.0 or 60.0 μg per side) produced substantial increases in locomotor activity. Little or no headweaving, stereotypy or ataxia was observed after intra-accumbens injections of PCP. In the third experiment, systemic administration of 0.4 mg/kg haloperidol significantly reduced the locomotor activity induced by intra-accumbens injection of 15.0 μg PCP. These results indicate that PCP can increase extracellular levels of DA by direct actions in the DA terminal region, and that these effects are related to some of the behavioral stimulant properties of PCP.
Sizing clinical trials with variable endpoint event rates.

Although many researchers in cardiovascular clinical trials have disciplined themselves to execute sample size calculations in the design of their studies, these computations become difficult in the presence of control group endpoint event rate uncertainty. Recent experience in cardiovascular clinical trials suggests that, although one may know the control group event rate during the design phase of the trial, it can decrease during the trial's execution. Its resultant overestimation can lead to a power reduction with serious consequences for the trial's interpretation. Although the investigators may acknowledge the likelihood that the control group event rate will decrease during the time course of the trial, there is no formal means to adjust the design phase estimate. In this paper, I first formulate the sample size as a function of the control group event rate θ and then I place a proper probability distribution on θ, allowing for the uncertainty in this parameter's value during the course of the study. From this assumption, the sample size itself becomes a random variable, whose expectation and variance are computed. I explore the implications for sample size for various reasonable proper probability distributions on the control group event rate. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A consideration of ethical and legal issues in multi-site studies

Significant ethical and legal issues may arise in conjunction with the conduct of multi-site studies. For example, different cultures may have varying concepts of personhood. The United States, for instance, places significant emphasis on the autonomy of each individual, while many other societies rely to a greater degree on defining an individual with reference to his or her roles or relationships to others. These differing orientations may have implications for informed consent procedures and for the design of procedures to maintain confidentiality of the data and privacy of the participants. The development of procedures for the maintenance of confidentiality and privacy must also consider any differences in reporting requirements between the sites that relate to sexually transmitted diseases and child abuse. The implications of such differences for the conduct of multi-site studies are examined.
Coherent integration of optical interferometric data on a graphics processor

Coherent integration is central to extracting maximum signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) from optical interferometric data, with post-processing being the most effective method. More sophisticated algorithms produce better results, but also use more computing time, sometimes as much as several minutes of computing time per second of obser- vation. As data volumes continue to increase, it is becoming impractical to transfer the data to a supercomputer. To address this problem, we have explored using a General Purpose Graphics Processor (GPGPU) to perform these computations on a local machine, exploiting the fact that the problem is, in principle, massively parallel. In this paper, we discuss methods to optimize the fringe-tracking algorithm. In particular, we emphasize the parameter extraction process, and describe implementations using both genetic algorithms and Powell’s method. Using these methods, we were able to improve performance by a factor of 100.
Informal reasoning regarding socioscientific issues: A critical review of research

Socioscientific issues encompass social dilemmas with conceptual or technological links to science. The process of resolving these issues is best characterized by informal reasoning which describes the generation and evaluation of positions in response to complex situations. This article presents a critical review of research related to informal reasoning regarding socioscientific issues. The findings reviewed address (a) socioscientific argumentation; (b) relationships between nature of science conceptualizations and socioscientific decision making; (c) the evaluation of information pertaining to socioscientific issues, including student ideas about what counts as evidence; and (d) the influence of an individual's conceptual understanding on his or her informal reasoning. This synthesis of the current state of socioscientific issue research provides a comprehensive framework from which future research can be motivated and decisions about the design and implementation of socioscientific curricula can be made. The implications for future research and classroom applications are discussed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 41: 513–536, 2004
Fermi-Level Effect and Junction Carrier Concentration Effect on Boron Distribution in Ge x Si l−x /Si Heterostructures

Dopant segregation mechanism in general involves the chemical effect, the Fermi-level effect, and the effect of the junction carrier concentrations. Satisfactory fits of available B distribution profiles in Ge x Si l−x /Si heterostructures have been obtained using such a model, but with the chemical effect not important. The Fermi-level effect determines the difference in the ionized B solubilities in Ge x Si l−x and Si. The singly-positively charged crystal self-interstitials I + governs the boron diffusion process. The junction carrier concentration affects the concentration of I + and solubility of B in the region and hence controls B diffusion across the heterojunction.
Military mortality in tropical Asia: British troops in Tenasserim, 1827-36.

The demographic history of Southeast Asia remains largely uncharted. This is particularly true of mainland Southeast Asia prior to the commencement of the era of high imperialism in the second half of the nineteenth century. To be sure, in recent years scholars have begun to explore certain aspects of the mainland's demographic history during the pre colonial and early colonial periods.1 Nonetheless, we still lack basic information on fertility, mortality, and migration ? the three fundamental categories in demographic analysis ? for most populations on most parts of the mainland prior to 1850. This essay represents a modest attempt to help remedy this deficiency. Some data are presented relating to the mortality experience of one population, British soldiers, on one part of the mainland, the so-called Tenasserim Provinces in what is now southern Myanmar, during the early colonial period. These data are then analyzed and compared to similar populations in other parts of the tropical world during the same period. The fact that serial data on mortality (and morbidity) are not only available but sur prisingly abundant for this period is due in large part to the rapid rise of both "numeracy" and the so-called statistical movement in the West in the nineteenth century. Although some trace the beginnings of the statistical analysis of social problems to the seventeenth century, it is generally agreed that a qualitative change in the importance of quantitative
Infant vocal-motor coordination: precursor to the gesture-speech system?

This study was designed to provide a general picture of infant vocal–motor coordination and test predictions generated by Iverson and Thelen’s (1999) model of the development of the gesture–speech system. Forty-seven 6- to 9-month-old infants were videotaped with a primary caregiver during rattle and toy play. Results indicated an age-related increase in frequency of vocal–motor coordination, greater coordination with arm (specifically right arm) than leg or torso movements, and a temporal pattern similar to that in adult gesture–speech coproductions. Rhythmic vocalizations (consonant–vowel repetitions) were more likely to occur with than without rhythmic movement, and with rhythmic manual than with nonmanual activity, and the rate of vocal– manual coordination was higher in babblers than in prebabblers. Speakers in cultures the world over produce spontaneous hand gestures, and these gestures are tightly linked to contemporaneous speech. The strength of this link has been demonstrated in gesture suppression experiments and in studies of communication among blind individuals. Thus, for example, narratives produced with gestures prohibited are more verbally dysfluent than those produced when gesturing is permitted (Rauscher, Krauss, & Chen, 1996), and congenitally blind speakers, despite never having seen the gestures of others, not only gesture when speaking, but do so even when talking to a blind listener (Iverson, 1999; Iverson & GoldinMeadow, 1997, 1998, 2001).
Cytology of pleural effusions in rheumatoid arthritis

Rheumatoid pleural effusions are relatively uncommon. The cytologic examination of such effusions can be diagnostic of the underlying disease; this is of great clinical significance when the rheumatoid condition has not been diagnosed prior to the pleural involvement. The diagnostic cytologic abnormalities include large elongated and multinucleated giant cells and macrophages in a background of granular and necrotic debris. The cytologic characteristics parallel the histologic features of pleural rheumatoid nodules.
Design of a hand-controlled ride-on truck

Due to the design of ride-on trucks currently on the market, paraplegic children are unable to utilize these toys. As a solution to this problem, a modified ride-on truck enabling the child to control and steer the vehicle with only his hands was constructed. Therefore, the client, born with limited motor control and without feeling from his chest down, desired a ride-on truck with the above alterations. A commercially available riding toy was then modified to provide thoracic support and stability and to allow hand-controlled acceleration.
Object tracking in video using particle filtering

Object tracking in video is an important problem which has many applications, such as video surveillance, target tracking using video sensors, etc. The paper presents an approach to object tracking in a video sequence using particle filtering. The motion edge is modelled using a six parameter model. Spatio-temporal filtering techniques are used to determine the velocity of the moving edge. Particle filtering is used to propagate the multi dimensional posterior density over time. Experimental results are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
A comparison of heuristics for scheduling DAGs on multiprocessors

Many algorithms to schedule directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) on multiprocessors have been proposed, but there has been little work done to determine their effectiveness. Since multiprocessor scheduling is an NP-hard problem, no exact tractable algorithm exists, and no baseline is available from which to compare the resulting schedules. This paper is an attempt to quantify the differences in a few of the heuristics. The empirical performance of five heuristics is compared when they are applied to ten specific DAGs which represent program dependence graphs of important applications. The comparison is made between a graph based method a list scheduling technique and three critical path methods. >
Another Earth: Innate Lymphoid Cells and Intestinal Inflammation

In the ever-weird world of immunity, a new category of lymphocytes has emerged, innate lymphoid cells (ILC). Prominent in the intestinal mucosa, they sense environmental rather than antigenic cues and deliver the full scope of inflammatory functions a magnitude faster than adaptive B, CD4+, or CD8+ T cells. The discovery of functionally diverse ILC subsets suggests the presence of an innate version of cytotoxic, Th1, Th2, Th17, and Th22 immunity. From a distance, these 2 sides of immunity are distinct in detail, but common in function and meaning (Figure 1). We may need to rethink how much immune control occurs at the innate level and the new opportunities this offers for therapeutic manipulation of infection and inflammatory disease. Figure 1 Visible Earth. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center images by Reto Stockli and Robert Simmon. Available at: http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/view_rec.php?id=2429.
Drive-level dependence of doubly rotated langasite resonators with different configurations

The miniaturization of crystal resonators and filters toward the micro electromechanical systems (MEMS) and nano-structured scales demands improvement of nonlinear piezoelectricity theory and a better understanding of the nonlinear behavior of new crystal materials. The nonlinearities affect the quality factor and acoustic behavior of MEMS and nano-structured resonators and filters. Among these nonlinear effects, drive-level dependence (DLD), which describes the instability of the resonator frequency resulting from voltage level and/or power density, is a potentially significant problem for miniaturized resonators. Langasite, a promising new piezoelectric material, is of current interest for a variety of applications because of its good temperature behavior, good piezoelectric coupling, low acoustic loss, and high Q-factor. It has been recently used to make high-temperature MEMS. In this paper, we report experimental measurements of the DLD of langasite resonators with different resonator configurations (plano-plano, single bevel, and double bevel). The results show that the resonator configuration affects the DLD of the langasite resonator. The DLD measurement results for langasite are compared with literature values for quartz, langaniste, and langatate, and with additional new measurements for a GaPO4 resonator of type R-30 (-11.1° rotated Y-cut). Uncertainty analysis for the measured drive-level sensitivity is performed as well.
Figuring identity: Media licensing and the racialization of LEGO bodies:

Bridging critical race studies with inquiries into media licensing and industrial cultures of production, this research examines the ubiquitous LEGO minifigure as a significant site of identity and...
Impact of a gonorrhea control program, including selective mass treatment, in female sex workers

A gonorrhea control program initiated in 1967 among registered female sex workers (FSWs) in the Philippines involved weekly endocervical cultures for Neisseria gonorrhoeae with treatment of FSWs found infected or named as contacts by US Navy servicemen. Gonorrhea prevalence in FSWs in the city of Olongapo fell from 11.9% to 4.0% within 4 months and gonorrhea incidence in servicemen at nearby Subic Bay fell by half. Selective mass treatment (SMT) with oral ampicillin-probenecid or tetracycline was then given to registered FSWs in an attempt to further reduce gonorrhea rates. N. gonorrhoeae was isolated from 105 (4.0%) of 2640 FSWs before SMT and from 43 (1.6%) 1 week later (P < .001). However gonorrhea incidence among servicemen fell no lower and gonorrhea prevalence in FSWs quickly returned to higher levels. Thus after implementation of weekly screening and treatment of FSWs found infected or named as contacts SMT of FSWs (without increasing condom use or treating regular partners) contributed nothing further to gonorrhea control. (authors)
The Mitochondrial Apoptotic Pathway Is Activated by Serum and Glucose Deprivation in Cardiac Myocytes

Many cell types undergo apoptosis under conditions of ischemia. Little is known, however, about the molecular pathways that mediate this response. A cellular and biochemical approach to elucidate such signaling pathways was undertaken in primary cultures of cardiac myocytes, a cell type that is especially sensitive to ischemia-induced apoptosis. Deprivation of serum and glucose, components of ischemia in vivo, resulted in myocyte apoptosis, as determined by nuclear fragmentation, internucleosomal cleavage of DNA, and processing of caspase substrates. These manifestations of apoptosis were blocked by zVAD-fmk, a peptide caspase inhibitor, indicating that caspase activity is necessary for the progression of apoptosis in this model. In contrast to control cells, apoptotic myocytes exhibited cytoplasmic accumulation of cytochrome c, indicating release from the mitochondria. Furthermore, both caspase-9 and caspase-3 were processed to their active forms in serum-/glucose-deprived myocytes. Caspase processing, but not cytochrome c release, was inhibited by zVAD-fmk, placing the latter event upstream of caspase activation. This evidence demonstrates that components of ischemia activate the mitochondrial death pathway in cardiac myocytes.
Relationship of serum digoxin concentration to mortality and morbidity in women in the digitalis investigation group trial: a retrospective analysis.

Objectives The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of serum digoxin concentration (SDC) and outcomes in women with heart failure (HF). Background Controversy continues concerning the clinical utility of digoxin in women with HF. Methods Our analysis was retrospective with data from the Digitalis Investigation Group (DIG) trial. The principal study analysis reviewed 4,944 patients with HF due to systolic dysfunction who survived for at least 4 weeks (all 3,366 patients randomized to placebo and the 1,578 of 3,372 patients randomized to digoxin who had serum concentration measured 6 to 30 h [inclusive] after the last dose of study drug at 4 weeks). Results Continuous multivariable analysis demonstrated a significant linear relationship between SDC and mortality in women (p = 0.008) and men (p = 0.002, p = 0.766 for gender interaction). Averaging hazard ratios (HRs) across serum concentrations from 0.5 to 0.9 ng/ml in women produced a HR for death of 0.8 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.62 to 1.13, p = 0.245) and for death or hospital stay for worsening HF of 0.73 (95% CI 0.58 to 0.93, p = 0.011). In contrast, SDCs from 1.2 to 2.0 ng/ml were associated with a HR for death for women of 1.33 (95% CI 1.001 to 1.76, p = 0.049). Conclusions Retrospective analysis of data from the DIG trial indicates a beneficial effect of digoxin on morbidity and no excess mortality in women at serum concentrations from 0.5 to 0.9 ng/ml, whereas serum concentrations ≥1.2 ng/ml seem harmful.
Extrapair paternity in chestnut-sided warblers is correlated with consistent vocal performance

The elaborateness of many bird songs is commonly presumed to have evolved under the influence of sexual selection by female mate choice. Thus, aspects of acoustic diversity, such as song repertoire size, are seen as likely targets of female choice. In many songbird species with song repertoires, however, the repertoires are small. In such species, female choice might be based on song features other than, or in addition to, song diversity. To investigate this conjecture, I assessed singing and paternity in a population of chestnut-sided warblers (Dendroica pensylvanica), a species in which song repertoires are of modest size. Twenty-two song traits were evaluated to determine which ones best predicted male extrapair reproductive success. The candidate traits encompassed measures of song diversity (e.g., song repertoire size), gross-scale song performance (e.g., singing rate), and fine-scale song performance (e.g., variability among songs in a bout). Regression analysis revealed that the best predictor of extrapair success was singing with little variability. In particular, the most successful males sang with consistent pitch and timing, as well as high pitch. The greater extrapair success of males with more consistent vocal performance may be due to female preference for such performance, which could be an indicator of male quality. Copyright 2007.
Diagnosis and office-based treatment of urinary incontinence in adults. Part one: diagnosis and testing:

Urinary incontinence is a common problem in both men and women. This review article addresses its prevalence, risk factors, cost, the various types of incontinence, as well as how to diagnose them. The US Preventive Services Task Force, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and PubMed were reviewed for articles focusing on urinary incontinence. Incontinence is a common problem with a high societal cost. It is frequently underreported by patients so it is appropriate for primary-care providers to screen all women and older men during visits. A thorough history and physical examination combined with easy office-based tests can often yield a clear diagnosis and rule out other transient illnesses contributing to the incontinence. Specialist referral is occasionally needed in specific situations before embarking on a treatment plan.
Convective pattern evolution and secondary instabilities

Using an automated laser-Doppler scanning technique, we have performed an extensive study of pattern evolution and instabilities in a large Rayleigh-BBnard cell (20 by 30 times the layer depth) at moderate Prandtl number (2.5). This work differs from earlier experiments in that the Doppler mapping technique permits both the spatial structure and time evolution of the velocity field to be quantitatively studied, and runs lasting up to ten thousand vertical thermal diffusion times are presented. We observe and document the properties of three qualitatively different regimes above the critical Rayeigh number R c . (i) Below 5 R c , there are a number of simple patterns in which the rolls align perpendicular to all lateral cell boundaries. The patterns are therefore curved and generally contain two boundary-related defects. A change in R induces patterns with many defects, which evolve toward the simple patterns over extraordinarily long times. These features seem to be consistent with theoretical models based on the competition between boundary, curvature and defect contributions to a Liapunov functional. However, stable states are not always reached. (ii) Above 5 R c the skewed-varicose instability of Busse & Clever causes progressively faster broadband time dependence with a spectral tail falling off approximately as the fourth power of the frequency. Doppler imaging shows that the fluctuations are caused by narrowing and pinching off of the rolls. (iii) Above 9 R c both the oscillatory and skewed-varicose instabilities cause local velocity fluctuations. However, substantial mean roll structure persists even over a 40 h period (one horizontal thermal diffusion time) at 1 5 R c . Velocity power spectra with two distinct maxima associated with the two instabilities are still resolved at 50Rc. Finally, we impose thermal inhomogeneities in order to pin the rolls, and show that the fluctuations are suppressed only if the local heat flux is a significant fraction of the convective heat transport per wavelength.
The impact of ethnolinguistic diversity on entrepreneurial activity: a cross-country study

The relationship between language diversity, ethnic fractionalisation and economic activity is both complex and open to heated debate. In this study, we empirically examine the impact linguistic diversity and ethnolinguistic fractionalisation has upon entrepreneurial behaviour at the country level of analysis. Utilising an economic club theory approach to social capital, this study supplements the growing socioeconomic literature that examines the relationship between diversity and economic growth. We find that while ethnolinguistic diversity is associated with higher levels of entrepreneurial activity, diversity is also associated with higher failure rates. We also find that income disparity is closely related to entrepreneurial activity.
Hypothetical Datalog: Complexity and Expressiblity

We present an extension of Horn-clause logic which can hypothetically add and delete tuples from a database. Such logics have been discussed in the literature, but their complexities and expressibilities have remained an open question. This paper examines two such logics in the function-free, predicate case. It is shown, in particular, that augmenting Horn-clause logic with hypothetical addition increases its data-complexity from PTIME to PSPACE. When deletions are added as well, complexity increases again, to EXPTIME. To establish expressibility, we augment the logic with negation-by-failure and view it as a query language for relational databases. The logic of hypothetical additions then expresses all database queries which are computable in PSPACE. When deletions are included, the logic expresses all database queries computable in EXPTIME.
Track Effects of Heavy Ions in Liquid Water

Abstract LaVerne, J. A. Track Effects of Heavy Ions in Liquid Water. The various types of ionizing radiation can have widely differing radiation effects due to their variation in track structure. The effects of track structure on the radiation chemistry of water are particularly important because of the fundamental aspects and the wide range of practical applications. This review gives an overview of how the physics of energy-loss processes are responsible for the geometry of the particle track and thereby the final product yields. The radiation chemical effects are discussed in qualitative terms to show how the fundamental relationship between the physics and chemistry of particle tracks leads to the observed products. Special phenomena at very high rates of energy deposition are also covered. Finally, a discussion on the future research trends is given.
The Communications Issues Facing the Second Obama Administration - Challenges in an Age of Change

The regulation of the communication media in the United States has been marked by an interplay between venerable statutory law, administrative agency and constitutional free speech rights. As the media landscape goes through vast changes due to greater viewer chose, the integration of previously separate technologies and the application of rules to a changing technical marketplace, the President, Congress, courts and administrative agencies must find their way through this thicket. The re-election of President Barack Obama, his administration is confronted with a number of important issues from traditional broadcast to broadband telephony. This article covers the major issues that will have to be determined over the next few years.
THE QUANTITATIVE GENETICS OF POLYPHAGY IN AN INSECT HERBIVORE. I. GENOTYPE-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION IN LARVAL PERFORMANCE ON DIFFERENT HOST PLANT SPECIES.

Agriculturalists have long been aware that a cultivar or variety which is superior in yield of performance in one location may not retain its relative advantage in other environments(Dickerson,1962;Comstock and Moll,1963;Allard and Bradshaw,1964).
Abstract 12237: Upregulation of Cardiac MicroRNA 34a, Sirt1, and Notch1 Following Oral Ingestion of Beetroot Juice and Doxorubicin Treatment: A Novel Protective Signaling Against Cardiotoxicity

Background: Beetroot juice (BRJ) is a dietary supplement containing high levels of nitrate and other nutrients. We previously reported that oral intake of BRJ protects against cardiotoxicity of doxorubicin (DOX) - a commonly used anticancer drug. BRJ diminished cell injury (indicated by serum level of cardiac troponin I) and ventricular dysfunction caused by DOX. The present study furhter investigates if BRJ modulates microRNA 34a (miR34a), a potent endogenous tumor suppressive molecule and its putative protein targets including Sirt1 (a well identified cardioprotective protein) and Notch1 (a major receptor for Notch signaling pathway that controls cell fate decision, including cell differentiation, proliferation, and death). Methods & Results: Adult male CF-1 mice were divided into 4 groups (n=3-4/group): 1. Saline (0.2 ml, IP); 2. DOX (15 mg/kg, IP); 3. BRJ (10 g BRJ extract was added into 1 liter of drinking water and provided for 13 days); and 4. BRJ+DOX (mice received BRJ for 7 days before DOX inject...
Identification of Chemical and Physical Change During Acid Cleaning of Ceramics

This report describes the results of two experiments characterizing chemical and physical change in ceramic constituents occurring from acid solutions commonly used to remove deposits from the surface of archaeological ceramics. The first examines the chemical effects of hydrochloric acid, in an attempt to identify the yellow color, commonly known as “acid burn,” often seen in museum collections on black-on-white sherds found in the Southwestern U.S. The compound is identified as Fe2O3H2O. The second study compares the physical effects of different acids on a group of Maya sherds. All acids tested in this study were found to cause physical damage.
"Thou Shalt Not Kill": Religious Fundamentalism, Conservatism, and Rule-Based Moral Processing

Moral judgments are highly influenced by religious and political ideologies. Here we propose that, in addition to shaping opinions on domain-specific issues, religious and political ideologies also entail distinct approaches to moral reasoning. Specifically, we argue that both Christian fundamentalism and political conservatism are associated with rule-based moral processing. This style of moral processing involves solving moral problems through quick and unequivocal application of previously established moral codes. We test these hypotheses by examining responses to abstract moral dilemmas that pit rule-based moral processing against more flexible consequentialist moral processing outside the political and religious arenas. Across five dilemmas, Christian fundamentalism and political conservatism were associated with the use of rule-based moral processing. Notably, both ideologies continued to predict the use of rule-based moral processing when the other was held constant, suggesting that, while correlated, each makes a unique contribution to the use of rule-based processing in solving moral dilemmas. These findings reflect and expand previous insights into the cognitive traits of political conservatives and religious fundamentalists while offering new avenues for exploring how these traits influence contested moral issues.
Area-Selective Laser Processing Techniques for Multichip Interconnect

The interest in laser processing technology has increased significantly in recent years because of increasing demands for application-specific IC design and fabrication, yield enhancement, circuit restructuring, and prototyping; all of these benefit from an adaptive processing technique using direct energy for improvement of precision, resolution, process automation, and turnaround time. This paper reviews several laser-patterned metallization techniques developed for high-density multichip interconnection applications. Key material and process requirements for developing a viable laser-direct-write interconnect technique on polyimide are addressed.
Evidence-based design in practice : a thematic analysis

This paper presents an observational study of the activities of an interdisciplinary design team tasked with designing a healthcare facility in a developing country. The intent of the team was to implement «evidence-based design». Tracking the disciplinary interactions of the participants, we investigate emerging issues concerning integration of evidence coming from different sources into the architectural design delivered. The study adopts a data-driven thematic approach in the analysis of the qualitative data datacollected. We discuss three themes –textures of evidence, operationalizing evidence and tools of integration– that emerge out of our qualitative analysis of evidence-based design practice.