cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mary Somerville: Science, Illumination, and the Female Mind

In an era when science was perceived as a male domain, Mary Somerville (1780–1872) became both the leading woman scientist of her day and an integral part of the British scientific community. She achieved this status through careful management of her gender identity and by creating rich, readable, and authoritative accounts of science that were rhetorically compelling, aesthetically satisfying, and valuable to the scientific community in the UK and abroad. This biography offers detailed analysis of the underlying patterns, themes, and rhetorical strategies of her major works and argues that Somerville employed a transcendent feminine style that retained the advantages but transcended the limitations usually associated with women's ways of knowing. The book advocates a new narrative for women's participation in science and demonstrates the many ways that gender relates to science and science functions in culture.
A modern approach to management of pregnant diabetics: a two-year analysis of perinatal outcomes

Increased understanding of maternal-fetal carbohydrate homeostasis together with modern perinatal technology now provides a more rational basis for obstetric management of the pregnant diabetic patient. These concepts were applied at MacDonald House in the care of 96 diabetic pregnant women over a two-year period. Pregnancy outcomes were compared with prior experiences with the same group of women. The perinatal mortality rate was reduced from 13.5 to 4.2%, and the rate of macrosomia (infants large for gestational age) was reduced from 30.9 to 17.7%. Patients with gestational diabetes, with a prior loss rate of 8.3%, suffered no losses in the current series. Maternal age was not found to correlate with an untoward outcome in this subgroup.
Earnings Management and Capital Market Misallocation

This study seeks to find evidence of misallocation of invested capital caused by opportunistic earnings management. Investors, if unable to detect the direction and magnitude of the managed portion of reported earnings, may tend to over-value firms practicing income-increasing earnings management and under-value firms practicing income-decreasing earnings management. I test this possibility by measuring future abnormal returns from a trading rule based on the magnitude of earnings management. Using five separate and distinct methodologies, I find consistent evidence of significant positive abnormal trading returns from a hedge portfolio based on the magnitude of earnings management. These results represent evidence of significant mis-pricing associated with opportunistic earnings management.
Nonocular Chlamydia infection and risk of ocular reinfection after mass treatment in a trachoma hyperendemic area.

PURPOSE The presence of nasal discharge on a child's face increases the risk of active trachoma, suggesting that Chlamydia trachomatis in nasal secretions may be a possible source of ocular reinfection. The prevalence of chlamydia in nasal secretions and the risk of reinfection after mass treatment was investigated in a hyperendemic area of Tanzania. METHODS In one village a total of 232 children aged 1 to 7 years were followed before and after mass treatment. Clinical trachoma, and microbiologic evidence of chlamydia, were assessed at baseline, 2 and 4 weeks into mass treatment, and 4 weeks after treatment stopped. The presence of chlamydia in ocular and nasal secretions was determined by polymerase chain reaction-enzyme immunoassay techniques. RESULTS Of the 232 children, 59% had clinical trachoma and 27% had nasal specimens positive for chlamydia. Children with positive ocular chlamydia specimens and/or clinical trachoma were significantly more likely to have positive nasal specimens. At the end of mass treatment, only 4% of children had positive ocular specimens. However, 1 month after treatment stopped, the incidence of new infection was 21%. The rate of new ocular infections in those who had negative ocular specimens after treatment was similar between those who had positive and those who had negative nasal specimens at baseline. Positive ocular specimens at baseline was not a predictor of risk of new infection after treatment (odds ratio = 1.18, 95% confidence interval = 0.58, 2.40), suggesting these new infections were not the result of latent or persistent organism. CONCLUSIONS These data do not support a role for nasal secretions in causing reinfection after treatment. One mass topical treatment alone is unlikely to be effective in trachoma hyperendemic areas as shown by the rapid re-emergence of infection.
CT-Based Navigation Systems

Medical imaging modalities in diagnostic and clinical use today offer a wide range of possibilities for design and implementation of computer-assisted surgical systems. Among those modalities, computed tomography (CT) scan has a prominent role, since it provides three-dimensional images of relatively high accuracy. It is especially well suited for orthopaedics, since the bone separates from the rest of the tissue by its intensity, which makes the bone segmentation a relatively simple task.
Who should provide primary health care to children: pediatricians or family medicine physicians?

INTRODUCTION —Robert A. Hoekelman, MD This debate is one of a series entitled "Controversies in Child Health and Pediatric Practice." In 1978 and 1979, the Department of Pediatrics at the University of Rochester conducted 12 such debates, which were published in book form in 1981.1 It is interesting that of these 12 controversies, not one has been resolved. That may prove to be the case for the controversy presented in this debate, "Who should provide primary health care to children: pediatricians or family medicine physicians?" Our guest speakers are Dr Michael Klein and Dr James E. Strain. Dr Klein is Professor of Family Medicine and Assistant Professor of Pediatrics at McGill University School of Medicine. He is also Director of the Department of Family Medicine and of the Herzl Family Practice Center at the Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital in Montreal. Dr Klein received his medical degree at Stanford University in 1966, and he was his class9s recipient of the pediatric Harold K. Kaiser Award. Dr Klein served his internship at Bronx Municipal Hospital Center at Albert Einstein University and his pediatric residency at Montreal Children9s Hospital. During his last year, he served as Senior Resident in Neonatology under Robert Usher at the Royal Victoria Hospital. He then became a fellow in biochemical genetics under Charles Scriver and the Chief Medical Resident at Montreal Children9s Hospital under Mary Ellen Avery. In 1970, he came to Rochester as a Fellow in Ambulatory Pediatrics. Dr Klein9s practice experience is extensive. He was the pediatric coordinator of the St Jacques Clinic in Montreal during the late 1960s and the medical director of the Westside Health Services in Rochester from 1971 to 1975, after which he assumed his current position.
Candidemia in patients with hematologic malignancies in the era of new antifungal agents (2001-2007): stable incidence but changing epidemiology of a still frequently lethal infection.

BACKGROUND: The incidence, epidemiology, Candida species distribution, resistance patterns, and outcome of candidemia in high-risk hematologic malignancy and/or stem cell transplantation patients have not been extensively described since the introduction of new antifungal agents. METHODS: In this retrospective study, the authors reviewed the medical records and microbiologic data of hematologic malignancy patients with candidemia at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center from March 2001 to February 2007. RESULTS: The authors analyzed 173 episodes of candidemia (170 patients), 125 (72%) of which were breakthrough cases after prior antifungal agents, mainly fluconazole (28 [22%]), caspofungin (25 [20%]), and voriconazole (18 [14%]). The incidence of candidemia (per 100,000 inpatient days) remained relatively stable, from 13.9 in 2001 to 19.2 in 2006. However, compared with the findings of previous studies at the authors' institution, the frequency of Candida glabrata and C. krusei infection decreased (to 5% and 17%, respectively) and C. parapsilosis (24%) and C. tropicalis (21%) increased. C. parapsilosis fungemia was associated with prior caspofungin use (P < .001). The overall 30-day crude mortality rate was 38%, and the attributable mortality rate was 19%, similar to previous findings at the authors' institution. The Candida species associated with the highest mortality rate was C. glabrata. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the widespread use of antifungal prophylaxis and the introduction of new antifungal agents, the incidence and associated mortality rates of candidemia remained stable in high-risk hematologic malignancy patients. However, its epidemiological characteristics have shifted, with C. parapsilosis and C. tropicalis becoming more common. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Attitude, Inference, Association: On the Propositional Structure of Implicit Bias

The overwhelming majority of those who theorize about implicit biases posit that these biases are caused by some sort of association. However, what exactly this claim amounts to is rarely specified. In this paper, I distinguish between different understandings of association, and I argue that the crucial senses of association for elucidating implicit bias are the cognitive structure and mental process senses. A hypothesis is subsequently derived: if associations really underpin implicit biases, then implicit biases should be modulated by counterconditioning or extinction but should not be modulated by rational argumentation or logical interventions. This hypothesis is false; implicit biases are not predicated on any associative structures or associative processes but instead arise because of unconscious propositionally structured beliefs. I conclude by discussing how the case study of implicit bias illuminates problems with popular dual-process models of cognitive architecture.
Endogenous GDNF in ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens does not play a role in the incubation of heroin craving

Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) activity in ventral tegmental area (VTA) mediates the time-dependent increases in cue-induced cocaine-seeking after withdrawal (incubation of cocaine craving). Here, we studied the generality of these findings to incubation of heroin craving. Rats were trained to self-administer heroin for 10 days (6 hours/day; 0.075 mg/kg/infusion; infusions were paired with a tone-light cue) and tested for cue-induced heroin-seeking in extinction tests after 1, 11 or 30 withdrawal days. Cue-induced heroin seeking was higher after 11 or 30 days than after 1 day (incubation of heroin craving), and the time-dependent increases in extinction responding were associated with time-dependent changes in GDNF mRNA expression in VTA and nucleus accumbens. Additionally, acute accumbens (but not VTA) GDNF injections (12.5 µg/side) administered 1-3 hours after the last heroin self-administration training session enhanced the time-dependent increases in extinction responding after withdrawal. However, the time-dependent increases in extinction responding after withdrawal were not associated with changes in GDNF protein expression in VTA and accumbens. Additionally, interfering with endogenous GDNF function by chronic delivery of anti-GDNF monoclonal neutralizing antibodies (600 ng/side/day) into VTA or accumbens had no effect on the time-dependent increases in extinction responding. In summary, heroin self-administration and withdrawal regulate VTA and accumbens GDNF mRNA expression in a time-dependent manner, and exogenous GDNF administration into accumbens but not VTA potentiates cue-induced heroin seeking. However, based on the GDNF protein expression and the anti-GDNF monoclonal neutralizing antibodies manipulation data, we conclude that neither accumbens nor VTA endogenous GDNF mediates the incubation of heroin craving.
Simultaneous Hubble Space Telescope/Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer Observations of Scorpius X-1

Scorpius X-1 is the brightest extrasolar point source of X-rays and may serve as a prototype for low-mass X-ray binaries as a class. It has been suggested that the UV and optical emission arise as a result of reprocessing of X-rays and that a likely site for such reprocessing is an accretion disk around the X-ray source. If UV and optical emission are enhanced by the reprocessing of X-rays, the X-ray variability may be manifest in UV emission. We test this by using high temporal resolution UV data obtained simultaneously with high temporal resolution X-ray data collected by the Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph (GHRS) on the Hubble Space Telescope and by the X-Ray Timing Explorer. We analyze the variability behavior of the UV spectrum and of the X-rays, and we also measure the properties of the emission-line profiles as viewed at high resolution (resolving power 25,000) with the echelle gratings. The variability behavior does not provide direct support for the reprocessing scenario, although the correlated variability between UV and X-rays does not conflict with this hypothesis. Furthermore, the emission-line profiles do not fit with simple models for disk emission lines.
Bricks, arches, and cathedrals: reflections on paths to deeper human-computer symbioses

I will share thoughts about achievements to date and opportunities moving forward on harnessing advances in machine intelligence to enable new forms of competent and fluid human-computer collaboration. I will discuss the promise of assembling key building blocks of methods in machine perception, learning, and inference into larger integrative solutions that draw upon a symphony of skills and that operate over extended periods of time. Explorations of such integrative machine intelligence frames research on the coordination of multiple components for sensing and reasoning to create higher-level functionalities and abstractions. I will discuss the promise of these efforts to advance us toward realizing dreams of deeper human-computer symbioses as imagined by such visionaries as Licklider and Engelbart.
Public Reason, Private Virtue, and Political Philosophy: Religious Approaches to the Progressive Income Tax

The use of religious texts in public policy debates has been the cause of significant controversy. Believing Christians, Jews, and others naturally suggest that their faith should play a role in real-world policy discussions. But others suggest that such arguments may be dangerous and, in any event, lack persuasive power to those not part of the same religious tradition. The public reason theory, frequently associated with John Rawls, states that religious arguments are permissible only when supported by evidence that would be accessible to those who do not share the same underlying religious beliefs.While religious arguments are most commonly associated with abortion, homosexuality, and other social issues, they have also been applied to tax policy. Conservatives have cited the Biblical tithe as evidence in support of a flat, low-rate tax. Liberals have cited Biblical injunctions to practice social justice and protect the poor in favor of progressive, redistributive tax systems. These arguments vary in different religious traditions, but they share a sense that traditional religious texts remain relevan to the contemporary debate.The tax experience suggests the dangers of religious perspectives are frequently exaggerated. Religious arguments frequently contradict each other and only rarely do they make an appeal to direct, irrefutable divine guidance. A larger problem is that religious guidance is often inexact in nature, and religious people may have a tendency to become overly emotional in presenting them. A degree of modesty making such arguments, rather than a full or partial exclusion, appears the best solution.
Reconstructing the Locomotor Repertoire of Protopithecus brasiliensis. II. Forelimb Morphology

The majority of previous publications have suggested that the large-bodied subfossil Protopithecus brasiliensis was a suspensory ateline with a locomotor repertoire similar to that of extant Ateles and Brachyteles. This is unexpected, as the cranial morphology of Protopithecus is very similar to Alouatta, a genus usually classified as a deliberate quadrupedal climber. Complicating matters further, as Protopithecus is twice as large as Ateles and Brachyteles, its ability to be as suspensory as those two genera is suspect and a terrestrial component of the locomotor repertoire has also been hypothesized. The forelimbs of Protopithecus, while relatively elongated as would be expected in a suspensory animal, are also quite robust and show several adaptations for climbing. To test these hypotheses about the fossil locomotor repertoire, three-dimensional geometric morphometric techniques were used to quantify the shapes of the fossil distal humerus and proximal ulna and then compare them to a broad sample of extant primates with varying body sizes and locomotor patterns. Results indicate that Protopithecus is similar to Ateles and Brachyteles in terms of its forelimb joint surface morphology; however, the overall locomotor repertoire of the fossil is reconstructed as more flexible to include forelimb suspension, climbing, and potentially some terrestrial ground use. The combination of suspensory locomotion and quadrupedal climbing supported here indicates the beginnings of the evolutionary transition from a more acrobatic style of locomotion in the last common ancestor of alouattins and atelins to the current pattern of howler locomotion. Anat Rec, , 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Plasma kinetics and effects of 5,6-dihydro-5-azacytidine in mice and L1210 tumor.

The plasma kinetics of 5,6-dihydro-5-azacytidine (DHAC) was determined in mice using an HPLC method following an intravenous dose of 2000 mg/kg (LD10). Pharmacokinetic parameters calculated from these single dose data were sufficient to predict steady state plasma concentrations produced by s.c. infusion of DHAC. Lethal toxicity (LD66) occurred at an infusion rate of 37 mg/kg/h (111mg/m2/h), corresponding to a plasma steady-state DHAC concentration 38 ± 14 μg/ml when the infusion time was 96 h; no lethality occurred at infusion times of 72 h or less.
Phase diagrams and melting in a screened two-dimensional system: Electrons on helium films

Abstract The mobility of electrons on 200–400 A helium films supported by a glass substrate was used to probe the melting temperature at areal densities n ≤ 2 × 1010 cm−12. The melting points for these arrays were suppressed due to screening by the dielectric substrate to below 1.2 K. Approximate melting points and the mobilities on helium films are compared with theory.
JOSEPH BURTON KINCER, 1874–1954

(1958). JOSEPH BURTON KINCER, 1874–1954. Annals of the Association of American Geographers: Vol. 48, No. 2, pp. 167-168.
EFFECT OF DEMAND CHARACTERISTICS ON HEART RATE DURING A BEHAVIORAL AVOIDANCE TEST

Srrmmmy.-A 2 x 2 experimental design utilized two levels of verbally reported snake fearfulness (high-low) and two levels of experimental demand (high-low) with 1G college student subjects during a behavioral avoidance test. Subjects given high-demand instructions for heart-rate increase increased their heart rate more than subjects given low-demand instructions. Results were spccific to heart rate, as demand produced no effects on approach behaviors or fear ratings. Heart rate during the behavioral avoidance test was shown to be as susceptible to experimental demand as other studies have shown approach behaviors to be influenced. One of the chief dependent measures in analogue research related to the treatment of fears and phobias has been performance on the behavioral avoidance cesc. Subjects' performance on this test has been shown to be a function of multiple factors in addition to fear, for example, the demand to approach the phobic object chat is present in the experimental instructions (Bernstein & Paul, 1971). Miller and Bernstein (1972) found thac claustrophobic subjects given highdemand instructions to remain in an experimental chamber for 10 min. remained in the chamber significantly longer than subjects given low-demand instructions. Similarly, Bernstein and Nietzel ( 1974) reported thac snake-phobic subjects who were given high-demand instructions to touch and handle a snake showed more approach behavior to the snake than subjects given low-demand insrructions. Finally, Smith, Diener, and Beaman ( 1974) demonstrated that rat phobic subjects given high-demand instructions to complete the rat avoidance test completed more items than did other experimental groups. In each of these three experiments, the response system that was found to be susceptible to demand characteristics was overt approach-avoidance behavior. Paul and Bernstein ( 1973) classify anxiety assessment into direct and indirecr forms of measurement. The avoidance test is given as an example of indirect assessmenr because approach-avoidance behaviors are taken to be secondary manifestations of anxiety. On the other hand, physiological measures are considered to be direct measures of anxiety. Paul and Bernstein (1973) propose that direct measures, including physiological measures, are also subject to experimental factors other than anxiety. The purpose of the present experiment was to ascertain if heart rate during the avoidance test is also susceptible to the inGratimde is expressed to P. Scott Lawrence and M. Russell Hatter for their help in designing and implementing this study Requests for reprints should be sent to Rosemery 0. Nelson. Department of Psychology, University of North Grolina, Greensboro, North Carolina 27412.
Pharmacotherapy of heart failure in the elderly: adverse events

Aging is associated with numerous alterations in body composition and organ function that result in substantial changes in the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of virtually all drugs. In addition, older patients with heart failure (HF) almost invariably have multiple coexisting medical conditions for which they are receiving medications. This article reviews common adverse drug effects and drug interactions associated with HF therapy in older patients and discusses strategies for reducing the risk of adverse drug events. In order to minimize these risks, it is essential that clinicians avoid prescribing unnecessary medications, adjust medication dosages to optimally balance benefits and side effects, and remain ever vigilant to the potential for medications to cause or contribute to clinically important adverse events and impaired quality of life. In treating older HF patients, the oft-cited dictum “start low, go slow” clearly applies. Despite the inherent challenges, with careful management and close follow-up, most older HF patients can be successfully treated through the judicious use of guideline-recommended HF therapies.
Effects of noise on parameter recovery from Raman spectrograms

Noisy light-based Raman spectrograms are simulated to model a single Raman-active mode with known spectroscopic parameters. Gaussian white noise is added to the spectrograms to mimic experimental data. Two-dimensional slices of the χ2 surface for the simulated noisy spectrograms are calculated. From the minima of a number of these surfaces, the precision of the recovered spectroscopic parameters from simulated experimental data is obtained. Three different studies dealing with various aspects of the effects of noise on the recovered parameters are presented. The advantage of noisy light-based Raman spectrograms in yielding exquisite precision, as suggested by previous work, is verified. Furthermore, the advantage of Raman spectrograms in yielding good precision even for poor signal-to-noise levels is quantified. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
From screen reading to aural glancing: towards instant access to key page sections

Whereas glancing at a web page is crucial for navigation, screen readers force users to listen to content serially. This hampers efficient browsing of complex pages and maintains an accessibility divide between sighted and screen-reader users. To address this problem, we adopt a three-pronged strategy: (1) in a user study, we identified key page-level navigation problems that screen-reader users face while browsing a complex site; (2) through a crowd-sourcing system, we prioritized the most relevant sections of different page types necessary to support basic tasks; (3) we introduced DASX, a navigation approach that augments the ability of screen-reader users to "aurally glance" at a complex page by accessing at any time the most relevant page sections. In a preliminary evaluation, DASX markedly reduced the gap in page navigation efficiency between screen-reader and sighted users. Our contribution provides the groundwork for rethinking access strategies that strongly tie aural navigation to user's tasks.
Relationship between feeding of blueback herring and the zooplankton community of a Texas reservoir

Following the introduction of blueback herring (Alosa aestivalis), we examined herring food habits and the crustacean zooplankton community in Lake Theo, a 30-hectare reservoir located on a tributary of the Red River in north Texas. Prior to the introduction in spring, 1982, the reservoir contained an established fish community dominated by centrarchids. Blueback herring stomachs and zooplankton were sampled quarterly from summer, 1982 through winter, 1985. Cladocerans accounted for 89.4% of the zooplankton consumed by herring. Median lengths of cladocerans and copepods in the herring diet were significantly greater than those in the reservoir. No appreciable changes in lengths of cladocerans and copepods in the reservoir were observed after blueback herring introduction, but the zooplankton community shifted from cladoceran to copepod domination.
Self-Assembly Approach toward Chiral Bimetallic Catalysts: Bis-Urea-Functionalized (Salen)Cobalt Complexes for the Hydrolytic Kinetic Resolution of Epoxides

A series of novel bis-urea-functionalized (salen)Co complexes has been developed. The complexes were designed to form self-assembled structures in solution through intermolecular urea-urea hydrogen-bonding interactions. These bis-urea (salen)Co catalysts resulted in rate acceleration (up to 13 times) in the hydrolytic kinetic resolution (HKR) of rac-epichlorohydrin in THF by facilitating cooperative activation, compared to the monomeric catalyst. In addition, one of the bis-urea (salen)Co(III) catalyst efficiently resolves various terminal epoxides even under solvent-free conditions by requiring much shorter reaction time at low catalyst loading (0.03-0.05 mol %). A series of kinetic/mechanistic studies demonstrated that the self-association of two (salen)Co units through urea-urea hydrogen bonds was responsible for the observed rate acceleration. The self-assembly study with the bis-urea (salen)Co by FTIR spectroscopy and with the corresponding (salen)Ni complex by (1)H NMR spectroscopy showed that intermolecular hydrogen-bonding interactions exist between the bis-urea scaffolds in THF. This result demonstrates that self-assembly approach by using non-covalent interactions can be an alternative and useful strategy toward the efficient HKR catalysis.
Parallel processing of large scale discrete-time unconstrained differential dynamic programming

Abstract Differential Dynamic Programming (DDP) is an optimal control algorithm that has been used in a variety of applications involving optimization of dynamic systems. This paper discusses modifications in the serial DDP algorithm required to develop an efficient parallel algorithm. The modifications change the order of calculations in order to minimize the number of required barrier synchronization points within a time step. Because DDP is a fine-to-medium grained algorithm, previous approaches to parallel processing of DDP and related algorithms have focused on parallel processing across time steps, which results in a substantial loss of efficiency. The approach described here is most efficient for problems with a high state variable dimension. Numerical results indicate that for problems with 1000 state variables, our method can obtain a speedup of 5.3 on six processors (95.6% of the Amdahl upper bound), which is substantially higher than published results from earlier studies investigating problems of smaller state dimension and larger time dimension.
Potential for Optical Sectioning in Aberration-Corrected Z-contrast STEM

Extended abstract of a paper presented at the Pre-Meeting Congress: Materials Research in an Aberration-Free Environment, at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2004 in Savannah, Georgia, USA, July 31 and August 1, 2004.
Emergency airway management: A multi-center report of 8937 Emergency Department intubations

Abstract Objective: Emergency department (ED) intubation personnel and practices have changed dramatically in recent decades, but have been described only in single-center studies. We sought to better describe ED intubations by using a multi-center registry. Methods: We established a multi-center registry and initiated surveillance of a longitudinal, prospective convenience sample of intubations at 31 EDs. Clinicians filled out a data form after each intubation. Our main outcome measures were descriptive. We characterized indications, methods, medications, success rates, intubator characteristics, and associated event rates. We report proportions with 95% confidence intervals and chi-squared testing; p -values
Unbalanced Operations of Three Phase Inductor Alternators with Damper Winding

Four different types of unbalanced short-circuits of an inductor alternator are studied. The case of simultaneous unbalanced short-circuits of the alternator is studied for the first time. For each case, complete solutions for armature, field and damper-circuit currents, short-circuit torque and open-phase voltage are developed. A numerical example solved for all the four cases is given and comparisons for significant points among the four cases are summarized.
INFRARED MULTIPHOTON DISSOCIATION OF TRANSITION METAL CONTAINING IONS : MCNH2N+ (M = FE, CO, NI; N = 2-5)

The infrared multiphoton dissociation (IRMPD) processes of groups 8−10 (Fe, Co, Ni) transition metal ion complexes containing acetylene and alkenes were investigated. Of the 30 ions studied, all but four were found to be photoactive at 944 cm-1, the wavelength of the CO2 infrared laser employed. Most of the ions were observed to yield one photodissociation product, as is typical for IRMPD. Ironacyclopentane, nickelacyclopentane, Co(isobutene)+, and Ni(isobutene)+, however, were observed to give multiple products. This observation is a result of kinetic and thermodynamic factors, and it gives information about the potential energy surface of the dissociating ion. More specifically, activation barrier heights leading to the product ions can be probed. Sustained off-resonance irradiation, an experiment designed to mimic infrared activation, was also performed on these ions, yielding results in good agreement with the infrared results.
Calcium-mobilizing receptors

Abstract In a wide variety of cells, activation of certain surface membrane receptors results in a rise in intracellular Ca 2+ due to release of intracellular Ca 2+ stores, and to an increased rate of Ca 2+ entry. James Putney summarizes some current ideas about the mechanisms by which Ca 2+ -mobilizing receptors act. The intracellular Ca 2+ release is believed to result from the action of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, generated as a result of the activation by receptors of a polyphosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C. Evidence suggests that a guanine nucleotide-dependent regulatory protein may mediate this activation. The regulation of Ca 2+ entry is less well understood, but may involve a mechanism whereby the emptying of the (1,4,5)IP 3 -sensitive pool secondarily activates Ca 2+ influx across the plasma membrane.
Production of multiple inner-shell vacancies in sulphur projectiles moving in a solid target

Abstract L X-ray spectra from sulphur projectiles moving in a graphite target are reported and compared with similar spectra produced in collisions with a gas target. The projectile spectra in solid targets are found to be influenced predominately by multiple collision effects which take place after the production and before the decay of the inner-sheel vacancy.
A comparative analysis of social sciences citation tools

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify the utility of Web of Science, Scopus and Google Scholar as citation analysis tools for the social sciences.Design/methodology/approach – The 25 most‐accessed articles in 163 social sciences journals are searched in three citation databases.Findings – Web of Science has long been the only tool for citation analysis. Scopus and Google Scholar, while still new to the market, are complementary to Web of Science and in some cases can provide a more nuanced view of the importance of scholarly articles in the social sciences.Practical implications – As libraries struggle to provide the best tools to their users, they may wish to consider the freely‐available Google Scholar as a substitute or complement to expensive databases such as Web of Science and Scopus.Originality/value – Most analyses of citation databases have focused on the sciences. Because this study examined the social sciences literature, it has expanded on the research available on Web of Science,...
Baseflow separation based on analytical solutions of the Boussinesq equation

A technique for baseflow separation is presented based on similarity solutions of the Boussinesq equation. The method makes use of the simplifying assumptions that a horizontal impermeable layer underlies a Dupuit aquifer which is drained by a fully penetrating stream. The value of the baseflow maximum as well as the baseflow recession hydrograph can be estimated by fitting the analytical solutions of the Boussinesq equation to the observed discharge values for individual flood events. For the rising limb of the baseflow hydrograph a linear function is assumed for simplicity. The method is first demonstrated on three watersheds for a total of five flood events and extensively applied over a three year period for the Mahantango Creek, Pennsylvania watershed. The proposed method reduces some of the subjective aspects long associated with baseflow separation techniques.
Tissue voltage discordance during tachycardia versus sinus rhythm: Implications for catheter ablation

Background Electroanatomic mapping systems are an important tool to identify cardiac chamber voltage and assess channels of slow conduction. Objective To assess the correlation between electroanatomic mapping voltage maps obtained during macroreentrant tachycardia compared to sinus rhythm (SR) with a contact mapping system. Methods We retrospectively evaluated patients with atrial flutter (AFL) referred for radiofrequency ablation with electroanatomic voltage maps obtained during AFL and SR. The atrium was divided into predetermined segments. Overall atrial and segmental peak-to-peak bipolar voltages in AFL and SR were assessed. To directly compare a region within the same patient, tissue voltage differences during AFL and SR were assessed on the basis of mean voltage difference. Results Sixteen patients (87% men) had available voltage maps. Eighty-one percent had typical cavotricuspid isthmus-dependent right AFL. A mean of 441.7±153.9 vs 398.1±125.4 total points ( P = .22) were sampled during AFL and SR, with a mean of 99.5±58.9 vs 91.2±60.4 points ( P = .45) sampled per region. Overall right atrial mean voltage was significantly higher during AFL than SR (0.554±0.092mV vs 0.473±0.079mV; P ≤.001), with the lateral wall (0.707±0.120mV vs 0.573±0.097mV; P = .0004) and the cavotricuspid isthmus (0.559±0.100mV vs 0.356±0.066mV; P 0.5mV mean voltage difference and 40% (30 of 75) had a>0.25mV mean voltage difference. Conclusions These data suggest that voltage maps performed during macroreentrant atrial arrhythmias often vary significantly from maps obtained during SR.
Gas chromatographic determination of the lewisite hydrolysate, 2-chlorovinylarsonous acid, after derivatization with 1,2-ethanedithiol

Abstract The primary hydrolysate of the toxic military agent lewisite (2-chlorovinylarsonous acid, or CVA) can be determined in trace concentrations by gas chromatography, with flame-photometric detection after the CVA has been derivatized with 1,2-ethanedithiol to form a stable cyclic disulfide. The method has been shown to be applicable to the analysis of water samples that contain CVA in low ppb (10 9 ) concentrations. In addition, the method was demonstrated to be at least potentially useful for lewisite vapor determinations in air at sub-ppb levels in situations where any CVA found in the sample can be assumed to have been formed from lewisite. Relative to the other procedures that are available for determining lewisite or CVA, this procedure is more sensitive, more specific for the analyte or simpler to perform.
Landmark recognition using motion-derived scene structures

One of the most important tasks in computational vision is to determine the structure of a scene in terms of its three dimensional objects and their spatial relationships. Functions such as landmark recognition, scene analysis, context based target recognition, digital map to scene correlation, and motion path planning all depend on accurate determination of the three dimensional description of the scene. In this paper we investigate a technique for determining structure of a scene from motion, based on the analysis of planes that "slice" a spatio-temporal volume. This technique uses a sequence of two dimensional images and generates a set of lines (epipolar-planar lines) corresponding to the planar surfaces in the scene. This technique was then applied to a variety of simulated scenes, sensor position and sensor speeds and the feasibility of the technique was established. For the reacquisition of landmarks we used the outputs of the epipolar-planar lines and performed a matching between the stored landmarks and the observed scene in a joint two dimensional Hough transform domain. This method was shown to be robust and fast in deciding whether a landmark is reobserved by the sensor. The result of this approach have significance in many fields such as scene analysis, autonomous navigation and target tracking.
Netupitant and palonosetron trigger NK1 receptor internalization in NG108-15 cells

Current therapy for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting includes the use of both 5-HT3 and NK1 receptor antagonists. Acute emesis has largely been alleviated with the use of 5-HT3 receptor antagonists, while an improvement in preventing delayed emesis has been achieved with NK1 receptor antagonists. Delayed emesis, however, remains a problem with a significant portion of cancer patients receiving highly emetogenic chemotherapy. Like other drugs in its class, palonosetron, a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, has shown efficacy against acute emesis. However, palonosetron has also shown consistent improvement in the suppression of delayed emesis. Since both 5-HT3 and NK1 receptor antagonists are often simultaneously administered to patients, the question remains if palonosetron’s effect on delayed emesis would remain distinct when co-administered with an NK1 receptor antagonist. Recent mechanistic studies using NG108-15 cells have shown that palonosetron and netupitant, an NK1 receptor antagonist currently in phase 3 clinical trials, exhibited synergistic effects when inhibiting the substance P response. The present studies showed that both netupitant and palonosetron-induced NK1 receptor internalization in NG108-15 cells and that when used together receptor internalization was additive. Palonosetron-induced NK1 receptor internalization was dependent on the presence of the 5-HT3 receptor. Results provide a possible explanation for palonosetron’s enhancement of the inhibition of the SP response and suggest that the effect of palonosetron and NK1 receptor antagonists on prevention of delayed emesis could be additive.
Construction and Screening of a Cosmid Library Generated from a Somatic Cell Hybrid Bearing Human Chromosome 15

Abstract A cosmid library has been constructed with DNA isolated from a mouse/human hybrid cell line designated A15, which was previously characterized and shown to retain chromosome 15 as the only human material. The library was generated and stored as 34 independent pools of primary colonies at 8–10,000 colonies per pool. Screening colonies representing pools of this library by hybridization with a human-specific repetitive probe has facilitated the identification of random clones bearing human inserts. To date, 43 unique clones have been isolated and the inserts mapped by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to chromosome 15. An STS was generated for each of these clones by end sequencing of the inserts. Two of these clones, c36 and MR23, were mapped by FISH to 15q26.1, and end-sequence data revealed homology to different regions of the FES protooncogene. Sequence generated from the other end of the c36 insert was found to match the previously identified and unmapped coding sequence EST00075. In addition to the identification of such random clones, establishment of the library as pools was expected to facilitate the PCR-based identification of unique clones representing specific regions of chromosome 15. Screening of the library pools with primers specific to the FES region led to the recovery of five independent clones facilitating the development of a cosmid contig encompassing the FES gene. One of the cosmids isolated by PCR-based analysis was derived from the same pool as M23 and was subsequently shown to be identical to M23. The data offer the first report of a chromosome 15 cosmid library and demonstrate the value of utilizing pools to evaluate libraries generated from complex sources like somatic cell hybrids.
On Representing a Square as the Sum of Three Squares

(1969). On Representing a Square as the Sum of Three Squares. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 76, No. 8, pp. 922-923.
Studies on Avian Predators of Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) With Special Reference to Picidae

Four species of woodpeckers (family Picidae) are definitely known to be predaceous on the western pine beetle in the Central Sierra Nevada Mountains in California. These are: Dendrocopus villosus, Dendrocopus pubescens, Dendrocopus albolarvatus and Dryocopus pileatus. The red-shafter flicker (Colaptes cafer, Picidae), creepers (Certhiidae), nuthatches (Sittidae), and flycatchers (Tyrannidae) are thought to be predators on the western pine beetle.Predation by woodpeckers reduced the western pine beetle population by (a) actual consumption of 31.8% in two generations studied, and (b) by increasing parasite densities in the order of 3.85 factor. The increase in parasite density was believed to have been caused by bark removal to a near uniform thickness enabling a higher parasitism by those parasites with short ovipositors, such as Cecidostiba and Roptrocerus spp.One adverse effect of woodpecker predation was a reduction or a depression of insect predation. Highly mobile insect predators may have been driven away by woodpecker activity, actually consumed, or both.Bark flakes, chipped or pried off by the woodpeckers during their feeding activity, contained but few insects and it is doubtful that these could survive on the ground and reach the adult stage.
Paternal depression and the family context

This invited commentary highlights how this special issue provides multiple perspectives from which to understand the nature and consequences of paternal depression. Articles herein examine paternal depression in the context of the family environment and identify specific mechanisms that link paternal depression and child well-being. This commentary identifies limitations of the knowledge base, specifically, little research on depression and psychosocial functioning among nonresidential fathers. One promising avenue for intervention is screening fathers for depression and other mental health problems in primary care settings.
Accurate and efficient selection of the best consumption prediction method in smart grids

Smart grids are becoming popular with the advent of sophisticated smart meters. They allow utilities to optimize energy consumption during peak hours by applying various demand response techniques including voluntary curtailment, direct control and price incentives. To sustain the curtailment over long periods of time of up to several hours utilities need to make fast and accurate consumption predictions on a large set of customers based on a continuous flow of real time data and huge historical data sets. Given the numerous consumption patterns customers exhibit, different prediction methods need to be used to reduce the prediction error. The straightforward approach of testing each customer against every method is unfeasible in this large volume and high velocity environment. To this aim, we propose a neural network based approach for automatically selecting the best prediction method per customer by relying only on a small subset of customers. We also introduce two historical averaging methods for consumption prediction that take advantage of the variability of the data and continuously update the results based on a sliding window technique. We show that once trained, the proposed neural network does not require frequent retraining, ensuring its applicability in online scenarios such as the sustainable demand response.
Human Perforin: Rapid Enrichment by Immobilized Metal Affinity Chromatography (IMAC) for Whole Cell Cytotoxicity Assays

Perforin, a potent pore-forming protein, plays an important role in lymphocyte-mediated cytolysis causing necrosis or, when combined with the granzymes, apoptosis. The studies on perforin, although already extensive, have been hampered by the limited amount of material available from killer lymphocytes. Using a cell line that expresses high levels of human perforin, we describe a straightforward purification scheme that allows isolation of the lytic protein in approximately 8 hours. Perforin is enriched from the YT-INDY cell line by cavitation followed by differential centrifugation and ion metal affinity chromatography. In addition to demonstrating the lytic activity of human perforin toward various cell lines, we show that the conditions of the cytotoxicity assay influence both the kinetics and magnitude of perforin-mediated cytotoxicity.
The Turnover Rate for the Catalytic Combustion of Methane over Palladium Is Not Sensitive to the Structure of the Catalyst

The kinetics for the catalytic combustion of methane on Pd in its metal and oxide forms was measured on a foil and on large single crystals exposing initially the (111), (100), and (110) planes. The rates, reaction orders, and activation energies were not dependent on the structure of the active phase. Turnover rates were strictly proportional to the total surface area. The kinetic data were in agreement with the ones for supported catalysts. The values reported can be used as benchmark kinetic values for this reaction since purity and effect of support could be controlled.