cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Building Marketing Models That Make Money

Building models that help marketers make productive decisions and that they actually use is hard. I learned some lessons in my 30+ years of building and applying models for sizing and deploying sales forces, for estimating brand health, and for estimating the impact on revenue of marketing mix and of the attractiveness to consumers of product attributes. One is that building scientific models that improve productivity is an art. Other lessons include these: to balance model complexity versus ease of understanding and estimation; to involve managers in any subjective estimates for models they will implement; to make measures available to managers when they need them and at the level of organization they need; to use the predictive validity of a hold-out sample to persuade managers of a model's credibility; and to recognize that even for empirical models, subjective estimates about the future may be necessary. Productive marketing models may have different attributes than those published in prestigious academic journals.
Future Directions of Extension Economics Programs

Planning for the future can be a drama or a critical step to future success. The goals and commitment of the participants are the primary determinants of the outcome. A critical and open study preceding consensus on future targets render safe the unthinkable questions and threatening ideas. Inviting a perspective from another discipline suggests a commitment to openly engage in the examination of targets or goals for the extension economics program. Hopefully the foreign perspective will help the profession coalesce on those future targets. Most of the references from agricultural economics materials are drawn from recent papers and publications. In so doing, the risk of discovering previously discarded concepts was increased. Should that occur, please be tolerant and critically consider the ideas. You may find an idea "whose time has come." Further, your indulgence is requested, should the content of your discipline be mishandled. If it occurs, it will be without malice of forethought. Before I attack the assigned subject, a brief statement about frame of reference is important. Discipline or commodity extension programs are viewed as a subset of the extension program. They have an identity and a mission; however, their full potential can be realized only when they are integrated with the program efforts of other disciplines and commodity units. Having stated that caveat, special focus is placed on the economics program.
Lactic acid production by the swimbladder gas gland in vitro as influenced by glucagon and epinephrine

Abstract 1. 1. The swimbladder gas gland from the bluegill sunfish, Lepomis macrochirus, was incubated in an isotonic saline medium. 2. 2. Lactic acid was produced in increasing amounts as the incubation time increased, reaching an average maximum of 230 mg% by 22 hr and declining thereafter to 0 mg% by 26 hr. 3. 3. The addition of glucagon (3 mg/100 ml) to the incubation medium caused a 36 to 66 per cent increase in the production of lactic acid during a 5-hr period. 4. 4. The addition of epinephrine (2.0-0.002 mg/100 ml), of gelatin (3 mg/100 ml) or of glucagon in a lesser quantity (0.3 mg/100 ml) caused no increase in lactic acid production.
Adolescent Life Satisfaction

Research investigating positive institutions, such as families, and the optimal well-being of adolescents has been scant. This study reports on the relationship between family structure and optimal adolescent functioning, as indexed by a sense of satisfaction with life overall and with specific domains (e.g. family, friends, school). Previous research studies, employing varying measures of life satisfaction, have yielded conflicting findings. The sample included 457 US middle school students who were administered the Multidimensional Students’ Life Satisfaction Scale (Huebner, 1994) and one question about family structure that revealed whether students lived in intact, single-parent, or stepparent families. Results indicated that family structure was related significantly to family satisfaction and approached significance for living environment satisfaction, with adolescents in single-parent and stepparent families reporting lower satisfaction in these domains than adolescents in intact families. Family structure was not related to the remaining domains or general life satisfaction. These results shed some light on conflicting findings in the literature and highlight the importance of distinguishing between general and multidimensional measures of life satisfaction. General life satisfaction measures may mask distinctions made by adolescents among important domains in their lives. Implications for adolescent health promotion are discussed. Peu de recherches portent sur les institutions positives comme la famille et sur le bien-etre optimal des adolescents. Cette recherche etudie la relation entre la structure familiale et le fonctionnement optimal des adolescents etabli par le sentiment de satisfaction envers la vie en general et dans des domaines specifiques (famille, amis, ecole). Des etudes anterieures utilisant diverses mesures de satisfaction de vie ont donne des resultats contradictoires. L’echantillon se compose de 457 eleves americains ayant repondu a l’Echelle Multidimensionnelle de Satisfaction de Vie des Etudiants (MSLSS, Huebner, 1994) et a une question relative au type de structure familiale dans lequel ils vivent: famille “traditionnelle”, monoparentale ou recomposee. Les resultats indiquent que la structure familiale est liee de facon significative a la satisfaction familiale et approche la significativite en ce qui concerne la satisfaction pour le cadre de vie. Les adolescents de famille monoparentale et recomposee font preuve d’une satisfaction moins importante dans ces domaines que les adolescents des familles “traditionnelles”. La structure familiale n’est pas liee aux autres domaines ou a la satisfaction de vie en general. Ces resultats permettent d’expliquer ceux contradictoires obtenus dans la litterature et soulignent l’importance a distinguer les mesures de la satisfaction de vie en general de celles recueillies dans des domaines particuliers. Les mesures de satisfaction de vie en general masquent les distinctions faites par les adolescents entre leurs differents domaines de leur vie. Les implications pour la promotion de la sante des adolescents sont discutees.
Dynamic modification of hoarding in response to hoard size manipulation.

Abstract Food hoarding is an evolutionary adaptation whereby animals store food for later consumption when food is limited or when predation risk while foraging is high. It also occurs as part of normal appetitive behavior by humans and non-human animals when they are hungry. Contrary to popular belief, humans do not overeat after food restriction/fasting, rather they increase food hoarding, as do hamster species, but not in laboratory rats or mice. Thus, this aspect of human appetitive behavior is better modeled by hamsters than laboratory rats and mice. Here we tested whether male Siberian hamsters ( Phodopus sungorus ) modify their daily food hoard size under ad libitum -feeding and after food deprivation when we artificially increased or removed their food hoard. When the food hoard was completely removed, hamsters hoarded more food the next day than did animals where the hoard was surreptitiously increased. Hamsters that had alternating daily hoard increases/decreases rapidly adjusted their food hoarding inversely proportional to food hoard size. Similarly, after 48 h of food deprivation, a stimulus that initiates high levels of food hoarding upon refeeding in this species, hamsters with artificially increased food hoard size hoarded significantly less than did hamsters where we left the hoard unaltered additionally suggesting that food hoard size directly affects food hoarding. Collectively, as we previously found when the caloric value of the food offered was increased or decreased, food hoard size is in some sense ‘regulated’ and not simply a reflexive response triggered by inter-meal hunger or food deprivation.
TOF-VIS, software for interactive exploration of time-of-flight data

TOF-VIS, Software for Interactive Exploration of Time-of-Flight Data TOF-VIS is a fast, highly interactive program for examining time-of-flight neutron scattering data. All spectra from an experiment are displayed simultaneously as an image. The data can be displayed in terms of time-of-flight, energy, wave-vector, or lattice spacing. TOF-VIS has beer? used for examining data from IPNS and ISIS, and has been useful for diagnosing problems with instruments and detectors as well as for making a quick evaluation of the quality of the data. Hard copy output to a variety of devices using routines built on PGPLOT is now available. TOF-VIS is portable to VMS and UNIX, and is currently implemented primarily using object-based methods in This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the US Government. Neither the US Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, make any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the US Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the US Government or any agency thereof. The TOF-VIS main or ''image'' view shows the set of spectra as an image in which rows of the image correspond to spectra from different detectors ordered by detector number or by detector as graphs in the other views. The values of the time, energy, wave-vector, lattice spacing and ''Q'' split into three levels: an interface layer, a translation layer, and an application layer. The interface The heart of the application layer is the concept of a spectrum ''object''. Each spectrum is an instance of a spectrum object.
Preparation of tritium-labeled 4-hydroxy-α-[p-(2-(N-pyrrolidinyl) ethoxy) phenyl]-α′-nitrostilbene (CN-928), a biologically-important metabolite of the antiestrogen CI-628

3-3H-4-hydroxy-α-[p-(2-(N-pyrrolidinyl)ethoxy)phenyl]-α'-nitro-stilbene (3H-CN-928), a tritium-labeled metabolite of the Park-Davis antiestrogen CI-628, was prepared by catalytic hydrogenolysis of the corresponding 3-iodo-CN-928 with carrier-free tritium gas. The precursor was prepared either by iodination of CN-928, or by total synthesis from 3-iodo-4-hydroxybenzoic acid. The final material was obtained with a specific activity of 22 Ci per mmole, which is sufficiently high for receptor binding studies.
Optimizing device size for soft error resilience in sub-micron logic circuits

As technology nodes are being scaled down, soft errors induced by particle strikes are becoming a troublesome reliability issue in logic circuits. Various sizing techniques commonly used to reduce soft error rate in the past are expensive in terms of area, performance, and energy consumption. These methods require changes to adapt to sub-micron technologies. This study introduces two novel sizing methods that selectively upsize transistor networks of a circuit. Our first proposed methodology formulates the soft error rate minimization as a mathematical optimization problem and searches for the best area distribution such that maximum reliability gain is obtained. This methodology assures that optimal solutions are achieved within given area budget provided to the designer. However, generating optimal solution requires very high CPU time. Therefore, we propose a heuristic based methodology which upsizes only selected transistor network in sensitive gates based on soft error sensitivity of each gate. With proper sensitive gate selection and area distribution algorithms proposed in this technique, we show through experimental results that our heuristic driven method gives satisfactory reliability improvement compared to our first method, while requiring relatively small computation time.
Land use zoning and human diversity : Exploring the connection

City planners are rallying against social and economic segregation by enacting regulatory changes, particularly zoning reform. Land use zoning, many argue, is one of the most potent tools planners have to enact change in human settlement patterns, and the goal of that change is often to foster greater levels of socioeconomic and land use diversity. This paper presents a method for connecting land use zoning and spatial patterns of diversity explicitly. It addresses the question of whether, and in what ways, zoning and human diversity are interrelated. Two fundamental questions arise in attempting to use zoning to foster greater diversity: What is the current relationship between human diversity and zoning, and second, how can zoning, given local experience, be changed to effectuate more diversity. To answer these questions, patterns of zoning by parcel and patterns of socioeconomic diversity were evaluated for the twin cities of Champaign and Urbana, Ill. A form of the Simpson Diversity Index was used to measure socioeconomic and zoning diversity by census block group. The results showed an association between diverse residential zoning and income diversity, but other measures of social diversity were not strongly correlated.
Effect of Rev on the intranuclear localization of HIV-1 unspliced RNA.

Abstract Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Rev is a 19-kDa regulatory protein which binds to unspliced and partially spliced HIV-1 RNAs. Export, splicing, stability, and translation of HIV-1 RNAs are influenced by Rev. To further understand the effect of Rev on HIV-1 RNA splicing, the intranuclear localization of unspliced HIV-1 RNA and a cellular splicing factor was examined in the presence and absence of Rev. Splicing component-35 (SC-35) is an essential SR protein splicing factor which localizes into 20–40 nuclear granules (Fu, X. D., and Maniatis, T.Nature343 (6257), 437–441, 1990). Laser scanning confocal microscopy was utilized to examine the colocalization of unspliced HIV-1 RNA and SC-35-containing granules. In the presence of Rev, many of the SC-35-containing granules were colocalized on their edges or completely colocalized with HIV-1 unspliced RNA speckles. In the absence of Rev, however, little colocalization of the unspliced HIV-1 RNA speckles and the SC-35-containing granules was observed. Quantitative RT–PCR was utilized to examine the effect of Rev on the level of fully spliced HIV-1 RNA. In the presence of Rev, a decrease in the level of fully spliced HIV-1 RNA was observed. Thus both the intranuclear localization and posttranscriptional processing of HIV-1 unspliced RNA are affected by Rev.
The Biosynthesis of Spinosyn in Saccharopolyspora spinosa: Synthesis of the Cross-Bridging Precursor and Identification of the Function of SpnJ

Spinosyns are glycosylated polyketide-derived macrolides possessing a perhydro-as-indacene core that is presumably formed via a series of intramolecular cross-bridging reactions. The unusual structure of the spinosyn aglycone suggests an intriguing biosynthetic pathway for its formation, which is expected to be initiated by the oxidation of the 15-OH group of the mature polyketide precursor and may involve a Diels-Alder-type [4 + 2] cycloaddition reaction. Three possible routes, which differ in the order of oxidation and cyclization events, can be envisioned for the biosynthesis of the core structure. Sequence analysis of the spinosyn biosynthetic gene cluster led to the speculation of spnJ as the possible oxidase gene. To explore the early stage of intramolecular ring formation, we cloned and expressed the spnJ gene and purified the SpnJ protein which shows the characteristics of flavoproteins. Two possible substrates for SpnJ, the linear mature polyketide precursor and the corresponding cyclized macrolactone, were also synthesized. TLC and HPLC analysis of the incubation mixture of these compounds with SpnJ revealed that only the synthesized macrolactone could be converted to the corresponding ketone. This result clearly indicated that macrolactone formation proceeds 15-OH oxidation since the linear polyketide is not a substrate for SpnJ. The experiments described herein detail a convergent synthesis of spinosyn macrolactone and validate the catalytic function of SpnJ as a flavin-dependent oxidase. More significantly, we have established the spinosyn macrolactone as the immediate precursor of the tricyclic nucleus of spinosyns.
Lesion-induced plasticity of high affinity choline uptake in the developing rat fascia dentata

Abstract After removal of the perforant path input to the rat fascia dentata at the age of 11 days, cholinergic septohippocampal fibers invade the denervated area. We have examined the effect of this lesion on hemicholinium-sensitive, high affinity choline uptake and its coupling to acetylcholine synthesis, specific properties of the septohippocampal input. Removal of the ipsilateral perforant path fibers increased the velocity of high affinity choline uptake by dentate particulate preparations, usually within 1 day. Studies conducted 5–104 days after operation showed a consistent 50–65% elevation in the molecular (denervated) layer. In contrast, the choline uptake rate in the granular layer eventually decreased slightly. Calculation of choline uptake rates independently of protein (per whole region) revealed that fasciae dentatae from operated and control sides accumulated choline at approximately equal rates, but on the operated side a greater percentage was transported by structures from the molecular layer and a lesser percentage by those from the granular layer. The rate of acetylcholine synthesis from exogenous choline increased to the same extent as high affinity choline uptake from 3 days after operation onward. The changes in high affinity choline uptake and acetylcholine synthesis coincided spatially and temporally with the reactive growth of septohippocampal fibers. Our results support the view that a perforant path lesion during development permanently alters the distribution of functional septohippocampal boutons in the fascia dentata. Acetylcholine synthesis is regulated to the same extent by high affinity choline uptake in the anomalous boutons as in normally located boutons.
Mechanism of resistance of Pediococcus cerevisiae strains to 5-fluorodeoxyuridine.

Abstract The Pediococcus cerevisiae strains, the wild-type (ATCC 8081), a folate-permeable strain, PteGlu, and a folate-permeable amethopterin-resistant strain, AMr, were made resistant to 5-fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine (FdUrd) by successive transfer in increasing concentrations of the drug. The selected mutant strains, wild-type FdUrd, PteGluFdUrd and AMeFdUrd exhibited a 10 7 -fold greater tolerance to FdUrd than the parents. The activities of folate-related enzymes did not change with the development of resistance. Dihydrofolate reductase (5, 6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate: NADP + oxidorductase, EC 1.5.1.3) was of almost the same activity in the FdUrd-susceptible parents as in the resistant mutants. Thymidylate synthetase (5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate:dUMP C -methyltransferase, EC 2.1.1.45) activity and its susceptibility to inhibition by 5-fluoro- 2′-deoxyuridine-5′-monophosphate (FdUMP) were the same in the parents as in the mutants. Two factors were found to be responsible for the resistance to FdUrd: (1) a decrease or lack of activity of thymidine kinase (ATP; thymidine- 5′-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.21) and (2) an impaired cell permeability to FdUrd. After incubation for 1 min the susceptibility strains accumulated radioactive FdUrd up to 45-fold (wild-type) and 90-fold (PteGlu and AMr strains) higher intracellular concentration than that of the medium. About 50% of the accumulated radioactivity was FdUMP. The wild-type FdUrd mutant could not accumulate the drug against the concetration gradient, whereas the PteGlu FdUrd and AMr FdUrd strains accumulated the substrate up to an 8 times higher intracellular concentration than in the medium. The radioactivity identified in the medium after incubation with the susceptibility and resistant cells was intact FdUrd. Thus, no degradation of FdUrd to fluorouracil (FUra) occured prior to uptake, nor was FUra released from the cells into the medium. The uptake of FdUrd in the parents and in the mutants was shown to be glucose-dependent and inhibited by deoxyuridine and thymidine.
Unusual aspects of the polyamine transport system affect the design of strategies for use of polyamine analogues in chemotherapy

One strategy for inhibiting tumour cell growth is the use of polyamine mimetics to depress endogenous polyamine levels and, ideally, obstruct critical polyamine-requiring reactions. Such polyamine analogues make very unusual drugs, in that extremely high intracellular concentrations are required for growth inhibition or cytotoxicity. Cells exposed to even sub-micromolar concentrations of such analogues can achieve effective intracellular levels because these compounds are incorporated by the very aggressive polyamine uptake system. Once incorporated to these levels, many of these analogues induce the synthesis of a regulatory protein, antizyme, which inhibits both polyamine synthesis and the transporter they used to enter the cell. Thus this feedback system allows steady-state maintenance of effective cellular doses of such analogues. Accordingly, effective cellular levels of polyamine analogues are generally inversely related to their capacity to induce antizyme. Antizyme activity is down-regulated by interaction with several binding partners, most notably antizyme inhibitor, and at least a few tumour tissues exhibit deficiencies in antizyme expression. Our studies explore the role of antizyme induction by several polyamine analogues in their physiological response and the possibility that cell-to-cell differences in antizyme expression may contribute to variable sensitivities to these agents.
Interconfigurational energies in transition-metal atoms using gradient-corrected density-functional theory

The rapid variation of charge and spin densities in atoms and molecules provides a severe test for local-density-functional theory and for the use of gradient corrections. In the study reported in this paper, we use the Langreth, Mehl, and Hu (LMH) functional and the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) of Perdew and Yue to calculate s-d transition energies, 4s ionization energies, and 3d ionization energies for the 3d transition-metal atoms. These calculations are compared with results from the local-density functional of Vosko, Wilk, and Nusair. By comparison with experimental energies, we find that the gradient functionals are only marginally more successful than the local-density approximation in calculating energy differences between states in transition-metal atoms. The GGA approximation is somewhat better than the LMH functional for most of the atoms studied, although there are several exceptions.
Effects of rosiglitazone and high fat diet on lipase/esterase expression in adipose tissue.

A number of intracellular lipase/esterase have been reported in adipose tissue either by functional assays of activity or through proteomic analysis. In the current work, we have studied the relative expression level of 12 members of the lipase/esterase family that are found in white adipose tissue. We found that the relative mRNA levels of ATGL and HSL are the most abundant, being 2–3 fold greater than TGH or ADPN; whereas other intracellular neutral lipase/esterases were expressed at substantially lower levels. High fat feeding did not alter the mRNA expression levels of most lipase/esterases, but did reduce CGI‐58 and WBSCR21. Likewise, rosiglitazone treatment did not alter the mRNA expression levels of most lipase/esterases, but did increase ATGL, TGH, CGI‐58 and WBSCR21, while reducing ADPN. WAT from HSL−/− mice showed no compensatory increase in any lipase/esterases, rather mRNA levels of most lipase/esterases were reduced. In contrast, BAT from HSL−/− mice showed an increase in ATGL and CGI‐58 expression, as well as a decrease in ES‐1, APEH and WBSCR21. Analysis of the immunoreactive protein levels of some of the lipases confirmed the results seen with mRNA. In conclusion, these data highlight the complexity of the regulation of the expression of intracellular neutral lipase/esterases involved in lipolysis.
Determination of (methylcyclopentadienyl)manganesetricarbonyl in gasoline by capillary gas chromatography with alternating current plasma emission detection

Abstract (Methylcyclopentadienyl)manganesetricarbonyl (MMT) commonly used as an antiknock agent in gasoline is determined by capillary gas chromatography with an alternating current plasma (ACP) detector. The ACP selectivity, the ratio of the peak area response of MMT per gram Mn to the peak area response for a hydrocarbon per gram of carbon, was found to exceed five orders of magnitude. Detection limits for MMT and a closely related organomanganese analyte, bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)manganese (BPM), were calculated to be 62 and 69 pg/s (as Mn), respectively. Precision of the methodology was 6.6% relative standard deviation ( n = 10) for both MMT and BPM.
John Bennett Fenn: A Curious Road to the Prize

John Bennett Fenn shared the 2002 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his development of electrospray ionization (ESI). There are several excellent, in-depth biographical reviews of Fenn’s scientific career Fenn (Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 42, 3871-3894, 2003) and Fenn (Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 47, 1-41, 1996). The focus of this report is to trace the random walk nature of Fenn’s career path and to highlight those critical events along that path that led him to the important work for which he was recognized, the development of ESI as a means of ionizing large molecules and interfacing the liquid chromatograph to the mass spectrometer. In addition, this report should hopefully convey something of the curious, generous, kind, and outgoing nature of the man.
Long-Evans and Sprague-Dawley rats differ in their spatial navigation performance during ontogeny and at maturity.

The Morris maze has become a popular method for the assessment of spatial navigation. However, its use to study the development of spatial abilities has been limited to pigmented rats. Thus, the aim of the present study was to compare albino Sprague-Dawley and pigmented Long-Evans rats using this test during postnatal Days 20 through 27, and Day 90. It was found that Long-Evans rats showed significantly shorter escape latencies and swim distances than the Sprague-Dawley rats on Days 20–25 but not on Days 26–27. However, when tested at Day 90, the Long-Evans rats again showed more rapid location of the escape platform and shorter swim distances than the Sprague-Dawley rats. Probe trial analysis (platform removed) indicated that Long-Evans rats were generally more accurate in their localization of the former platform location than Sprague-Dawley rats. In a second experiment in which 21-day-old rats of both strains were tested in a proximal-cue version of the maze, the question of whether this performance difference might have related to visuo-perceptual differences was considered. Since no dissimilarity in performance was observed, a spatial-learning difference between the two strains would seem best able to explain the preceding data. © 1992 Wiley & sons. Inc.
A Carbon-13 Nmr study of the rearrangement pathway of the fluxional molecule cyciopentadienylmercury chloride and some related compounds

The carbon-13 nmr spectra of (η1-C5-H5)HgCI and (η1-C9H7)2Hg have been recorded over a temperature range extending from −122° C to 22° C. A comparison of the two low temperature limiting spectra indicates that (η1-C5H5)HgCl rearranges via 1,2-shifts. The activation energy for this rearrangement was found to be 7.7±0.7 kcal/mol. Carbon-13 nmr spectra of (η1- C5H5)2Hg have also been recorded from 22° C to −120° C. The line width of the 22° C signal is I0 H z while at−120° C it is 17 Hz.
The RhoGEF TEM4 Regulates Endothelial Cell Migration by Suppressing Actomyosin Contractility

Persistent cellular migration requires efficient protrusion of the front of the cell, the leading edge where the actin cytoskeleton and cell-substrate adhesions undergo constant rearrangement. Rho family GTPases are essential regulators of the actin cytoskeleton and cell adhesion dynamics. Here, we examined the role of the RhoGEF TEM4, an activator of Rho family GTPases, in regulating cellular migration of endothelial cells. We found that TEM4 promotes the persistence of cellular migration by regulating the architecture of actin stress fibers and cell-substrate adhesions in protruding membranes. Furthermore, we determined that TEM4 regulates cellular migration by signaling to RhoC as suppression of RhoC expression recapitulated the loss-of-TEM4 phenotypes, and RhoC activation was impaired in TEM4-depleted cells. Finally, we showed that TEM4 and RhoC antagonize myosin II-dependent cellular contractility and the suppression of myosin II activity rescued the persistence of cellular migration of TEM4-depleted cells. Our data implicate TEM4 as an essential regulator of the actin cytoskeleton that ensures proper membrane protrusion at the leading edge of migrating cells and efficient cellular migration via suppression of actomyosin contractility.
Cendant Corp.: A Case Study Examining the Compensation and Accounting Issues Involved in a Stock‐Option Repricing Program

Stock options are usually issued to corporate executives in an attempt to align the interests of those individuals with the interests of the company's shareholders. The options are designed to provide a large payoff to the executives when the company's stock price increases substantially above the exercise price of the options. However, in those periods when a company performs poorly, its stock price may decrease to a level below the exercise price of outstanding options. When this occurs, the options are said to be “underwater.” Because options provide a benefit only as the stock price increases, underwater options will often lack the motivational incentive that they were designed to create. This creates a dilemma to the compensation committee of the company—i.e., modify the compensation agreements of the individuals in charge during the period of poor stock price performance or risk losing those executives to other companies. One such modification that is often considered in these circumstances is a sto...
DRY BEAN (PHASEOLUS VULGARJS) COLOR STABILITY AS INFLUENCED BY TIME and MOISTIJRE CONTENT

The color stability of 32 lines of beans to which different levels of moisture were added was evaluated in an accelerated shelf-life testing chamber for up to 10 weeks using Hunter values and National Bureau of Standard (NBS) unit of color difference (± E) techniques. With pinto beans, Hunter L values decreased as storage time increased. Also, Hunter a values increased with time. However, Hunter b values did not change with storage. With great northern beans, Hunter a and b values were more important than Hunter L value. Similar to pinto beans, along with prolonged storage, great northern bean color changed. Pinto and great northern beans having an extra 10% added moisture showed much more color change than those of control or 5% moisture added beans. Finally, bean genotype was closely related with color stability in stored pinto and great northern beans.
Inductive transition of niobium and tantalum in the 10-MHz range. I. Zero-field superconducting penetration depth

The inductive transition of superconducting Nb and Ta was investigated at 15 MHz. These measurements provide values of ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{L}(0)$ for both Nb and Ta which are compared with other work. Particular attention has been given to impurities at the metal surfaces, and to how $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ is affected through a change in the boundary condition on the Ginzburg-Landau order parameter. We emphasize that in accurate measurements the surface must be characterized by a parameter describing the slope of the order parameter at the surface. A peak in the inductive skin depth has been observed in the region very close to ${T}_{c}$, where $\ensuremath{\lambda}g\ensuremath{\delta}$, and this allows ${T}_{c}$ to be determined very precisely.
Organizational leadership in Central Asia and the Caucasus: Research considerations and directions

This paper reviews the organizational leadership literature in the post-Soviet countries of Central Asia and the Caucasus. More importantly, we issue a “Clarion Call” for leadership scholars to focus their attention on the region while also providing key considerations and directions for future leadership research in the region. To help encourage and guide future leadership research, the paper provides a comprehensive research framework that identifies factors that need to be incorporated in future research on leadership in the Central Asia and Caucasus countries. We conclude with a discussion of potential research challenges that can arise, as well as research opportunities that are available, as a result of the unique idiosyncrasies of the region known as Central Eurasia.
Idolizing sport celebrities: a gateway to psychopathology?

Purpose – Sport celebrities often endorse their team, their sport, and non-sports-related products. Increased idolizing of sport celebrities by adolescents is one artifact of this promotional practice. Although seemingly innocuous, adolescents who idolize sport celebrities may, as adults, come to worship such celebrities; this unhealthy obsession may afflict 10 percent or more of adults. If adolescent hero worship of sport celebrities is a gateway to this adult psychopathology, then alerting parents, as well as encouraging social responsibility among advertisers and sport teams/leagues, is critical. This paper aims to address the issues. Design/methodology/approach – After a brief review of the literature on adolescent hero worship, the literature on the determinants and effects of celebrity worship are explored. Findings – Once parents, advertisers, sport team/leagues are sensitized to the problem, adolescent hero worship of sport celebrities can be mitigated as a likely gateway to many adults’ unhealthy obsession with celebrities. Research limitations/implications – Directions for future sport celebrity worship research are suggested. Practical implications – The incidence of a potentially psychologically damaging affliction can be reduced without harm to advertisers, sport teams/leagues, and athletes. Social implications – Ways to reduce promotion-induced sport celebrity worship – without eliminating sport promotion per se – are suggested. Recommendations are targeted for sport-related and non-sport-related products as well as teams and leagues/conferences.
71 Experimental Fetal Growth Retardation

Reduction of uteroplacental blood flow in one uterine horn of pregnant rats was achieved by Wigglesworth's technique (ligation of uterine vessels at lower end of one horn on the 17th day of pregnancy). Cesarian section was performed on the 21st day. Fetal death or stunting occurred in fetuses located near the ligation. The most stunted fetus was compared with the corresponding fetus in the normal horn and a statistical analysis of 35 such pairs was carried for fetal weight and organ/fetal weight ratio of all organs. Stunted newborns had a mean weight of 2.77 g vs. 4.76 for controls. The liver, lungs, and kidneys, were the most stunted, and were affected more than the fetus as a whole, whereas the brain, placenta, and heart were least affected. The ratios for thymus, spleen, pancreas, and submaxillary gland were not statistically different from those of controls. These observations are, in part, comparable with those made in human newborns in maternal hypertension and ‘placental insufficiency’. Histologically the organs differed little from those of control fetuses, except for lack of glycogen in livers of stunted fetuses. Even very stunted organs appeared to have matured normally. These experiments extend and confirm Wigglesworth's data on the weight of liver, brain, and placenta. They support the suggested relationship between uterine blood flow and fetal growth. They show an interesting discrepancy in the effect on growth and on maturation. (SPR)
Reconsidering the Trade-off Between Expertise and Flexibility: a Cognitive Entrenchment Perspective

Research suggests that as one acquires domain expertise, one loses flexibility with regard to problem solving, adaptation, and creative idea generation. Here, I reconsider this trade-off between expertise and flexibility by examining the concept of cognitive entrenchment—a high level of stability in one's domain schemas. Proposing that cognitive entrenchment varies not only with expertise but also with one's task environment and attentional focus, I contend that the inflexibility-related limitations of expertise can be circumvented.
On the Rationality of Desiring the Forbidden

Lewis, D. 1980. A subjectivist's guide to objective chance. In Studies in Inductive Logic and Probability, ed. R. C. Jeffrey, vol. 2, 263-93. Berkeley: University of California Press. Repr. in D. Lewis, Philosophical Papers, vol. 2, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986. Lewis, D. 2001. Sleeping Beauty: reply to Elga. Analysis 61: 171-76. Proust, M. 1913. Swann's Way, vol. 1 of In Search of Lost Time. Tr. C. K. S. Moncrieff and T. Kilmartin. Rev. ed. by D. J. Enright. New York: The Modern Library, 1992.
Resuscitation of intraoperative hypovolemia: a comparison of normal saline and hyperosmotic/hyperoncotic solutions in swine.

Abstract : We compared a hypertonic solution (7.5% NaCl in 6% Dextran-70, HSD) with isotonic saline (0.9% NaCl, NS) for treatment of intraoperative hypovolemia. Fourteen pigs anesthetized with isofluorane underwent a left thoracotomy, followed by hemorrhage for one hour to reduce mean arterial pressure to 45 mmHg. A continuous infusion of either solution was then initiated and the flow rate adjusted to restore and maintain thoracic descending aortic blood flow at baseline levels during a subsequent two-hour period. Full resuscitation to initial values of aortic blood flow was achieved with both regimens, but the NS group required larger volumes and sodium loads to maintain hemodynamic values. NS resuscitation produced increases in right heart preload (central venous pressure), and afterload (pulmonary artery pressure), resulting in increased right ventricular work.
In Porphyromonas gingivalis VimF Is Involved in Gingipain Maturation through the Transfer of Galactose

Previously, we have reported that gingipain activity in Porphyromonas gingivalis, the major causative agent in adult periodontitis, is post-translationally regulated by the unique Vim proteins including VimF, a putative glycosyltransferase. To further characterize VimF, an isogenic mutant defective in this gene in a different P. gingivalis genetic background was evaluated. In addition, the recombinant VimF protein was used to further confirm its glycosyltransferase function. The vimF-defective mutant (FLL476) in the P. gingivalis ATCC 33277 genetic background showed a phenotype similar to that of the vimF-defective mutant (FLL95) in the P. gingivalis W83 genetic background. While hemagglutination was not detected and autoaggregation was reduced, biofilm formation was increased in FLL476. HeLa cells incubated with P. gingivalis FLL95 and FLL476 showed a 45% decrease in their invasive capacity. Antibodies raised against the recombinant VimF protein in E. coli immunoreacted only with the deglycosylated native VimF protein from P. gingivalis. In vitro glycosyltransferase activity for rVimF was observed using UDP-galactose and N-acetylglucosamine as donor and acceptor substrates, respectively. In the presence of rVimF and UDP-galactose, a 60 kDa protein from the extracellular fraction of FLL95 which was identified by mass spectrometry as Rgp gingipain, immunoreacted with the glycan specific mAb 1B5 antibody. Taken together, these results suggest the VimF glycoprotein is a galactosyltransferase that may be specific for gingipain glycosylation. Moreover, galatose is vital for the growing glycan chain.
Supercooling of tissue water to extreme low temperature in overwintering plants

Abstract In the past ten years there have been numerous reports of overwintering plants surviving freezing by the deep supercooling of tissue water 1–3 . In many cases, supercooling of cellular solutions to temperature approaching −50°C has been observed. The tissues in which deep supercooling occurs can tell us something of the mechanisms involved.
Interaction between BDNF and Serotonin: Role in Mood Disorders

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) are two seemingly distinct signaling systems that play regulatory roles in many neuronal functions including survival, neurogenesis, and synaptic plasticity. A common feature of the two systems is their ability to regulate the development and plasticity of neural circuits involved in mood disorders such as depression and anxiety. BDNF promotes the survival and differentiation of 5-HT neurons. Conversely, administration of antidepressant selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) enhances BDNF gene expression. There is also evidence for synergism between the two systems in affective behaviors and genetic epitasis between BDNF and the serotonin transporter genes.
On local but non-causal current operators inS-matrix theories

The existence of local but non-causal current operators inS-matrix theories is discussed from the standpoint of the functional derivative approach to quantum field theory. For this we consider a model with a given current operator which is a local series in powers of a free field and a perturbation-theoretical example for which theS-matrix is given. No use is made of interacting field operators obeying some inhomogeneous wave equations. Concluding we investigate some analytic properties of the scattering amplitude for the two models specialized and approximated in an appropriate form.
Hyperoxic Damage to Growth of Human Small Airway Epithelial Cells is not Attenuated by the Addition of Nitric Oxide 1959

Treatment of pulmonary hypertension with inhaled nitric oxide(NO) and hyperoxia in combination exposes all cells lining the airway to potentially toxic effects. Because NO has been shown to have both toxic and protective effects in alveolar type II cells, we conducted the present study to determine the effects of NO gas with hyperoxia on non-alveolar, epithelial cells.Methods: Small airway epithelial cells (SAEC; doubling time=32hrs) are a heterogeneous group of cells obtained from normal, distal conducting airways. Subconfluent (60%) monolayers were exposed to 95%O2+5%CO2 alone or in combination with 8ppm or 80ppm of NO. Exposure was maintained for 72hrs with testing performed at Time 0, 24hrs, 48hrs and 72hrs. Proliferation was assessed with nuclear [3H]thymidine incorporation, direct cell counts, Alamar blue(AB) and MTS. AB and MTS are absorbance assays using mitochondrial conversion of a color change indicator to assess viability and proliferation. The effects of 95%O2 with and without NO were analyzed by ANOVA with Newman-Keuls multiple comparison testing and significance set at p<0.05. Results:[3H]thymidine decreased tenfold in all groups (ANOVA, p<0.001) and were not affected by NO at 8ppm or 80ppm. Cell counts for all groups showed an increase at 24hrs followed by a decrease over the next 48hrs. 95%O2 had a more rapid decline in counts than either NO group (p<0.05). AB absorbance was greater in 80ppm than either 95%O2 or 8ppm at all times(p<0.05). MTS absorbance readings were greater in 80ppm than either 95%O2 or 8ppm at all times (p<0.05) while 8ppm readings were greater than 95%O2 readings at 48 and 72hrs (p<0.01). Conclusions: These results indicate that 95%O2 inhibits the growth of SAEC and that the addition of NO neither potentiates nor attenuates this response. The absorbance data suggests that NO may alter the toxic effects of O2 on mitochondrial function. The mechanism(s) producing this alteration and it's clinical implications remain to be determined.
Using systems modeling to enhance public health preparedness

As global public health threats increase in number and worldwide impact, we must explore novel and more advanced approaches to address the complex challenges associated with public health preparedness. Public health outbreaks do not adhere to municipal, state, or national boundaries, which makes the role of systems modeling all the more critical for developing effective and efficient public health preparedness strategies. In response to the need for global and multifaceted preparedness and response efforts, this special issue highlights novel systems modeling approaches that can be applied to public health preparedness. Through these illustrative papers, one goal of this special issue is to serve as a medium for communicating systems methods to public health practice and to increase practitioners’ awareness of the role that systems methods can play in addressing complex planning and implementation issues associated with public health preparedness.
Current role of FDG PET/CT in lymphoma

The management approach in Hodgkin’s (HL) and high-grade non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas (NHL) has shifted towards reducing the toxicity and long-term adverse effects associated with treatment while maintaining favorable outcomes in low-risk patients. The success of an individualized treatment strategy depends largely on accurate diagnostic tests both at staging and during therapy. In this regard, positron emission tomography (PET) using fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) with computed tomography (CT) has proved effective as a metabolic imaging tool with compelling evidence supporting its superiority over conventional modalities, particularly in staging and early evaluation of response. Eventually, this modality was integrated into the routine staging and restaging algorithm of lymphomas. This review will summarize the data on the proven and potential utility of PET/CT imaging for staging, response assessment, and restaging, describing current limitations of this imaging modality.
Cardiac Surgery for Grown-Up Congenital Heart Patients: Survey of 307 Consecutive Operations from 1991 to 1994

The cardiac surgery performed from 1991 to 1994 in a unit dedicated specifically for grown-up congenital heart (GUCH) patients was reviewed to determine the frequency of various procedures, incidence of first and reoperations, early mortality, and its determinants. The 295 patients, aged 16 to 77 years (31 +/- 13), had 307 operations. First operations (n = 128, 42%) were most commonly for closure of atrial septal defect (n = 40), aortic valve replacement (n = 31) or repair of aortic coarctation (n = 14). Reoperations were more frequent (n = 179, 58%) and divided among first corrective repair (n = 49), reoperation after corrective repair (n = 115), and further palliation (n = 15). First corrective surgery was mainly for aortic valve disease (n = 17), Fallot (n = 7), and lesions needing a Fontan procedure (n = 5). Reoperations after corrective repair were needed for aortic valve disease (n = 43), right-sided conduit (n = 30), or recoarctation (n = 11). Early mortality was influenced by presence of central cyanosis (9 of 49, 18% in cyanotic patients; 12 of 258, 5% in acyanotic; p 2 = 13%; p = 0.003), and increasing age of patients. Cyanotic patients had more serious postoperative complications: pleural and pericardial effusions, severe bleeding, renal insufficiency, and sepsis, and their hospital stay was longer compared with acyanotic patients (20 +/- 17 vs 11 +/- 8 days; p <0.001). In GUCH patients, reoperations cause the largest demand on cardiac surgical services. Increased survival of patients with complex cardiovascular malformations brings difficult challenges not only to cardiologists but also to cardiovascular surgeons. There is a need to provide continued highly specialized care. Resources, patients, and funding should be concentrated in a few designated centers.