cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neoplastic precursors (dysplasia, intraepithelial neoplasia) of the gallbladder and biliary tract: terminology, classification, pathologic diagnosis, and clinical significance

Abstract In the past decade, there have been significant developments in the terminology, classification and understanding of the precursor neoplastic lesions of the gallbladder and bile ducts. Many analogies with their pancreatic counterparts have been identified. Multiple cell lineages (biliary, intestinal, foveolar, pyloric, and oncocytic) are recognized, with differential molecular/genetic fingerprints. Two distinct types have been characterized: (1) Non-tumour forming ("flat") type dysplasia, now also recognized under the heading of biliary intraepithelial neoplasia (BilIN). As in other organs, low-grade BilINs seem to be negligible. High-grade BilINs of the bile ducts seldom are encountered outside the setting of adenocarcinoma and thus also typically clinically irrelevant, perhaps except when they involve the margins. In the gallbladder, low-grade dysplasia is believed to be clinically inconsequential. Cases with gallbladder high-grade dysplasia (also known as "carcinoma in situ") also are often cured, although some may have recurrence/metastasis attributable to missed invasion or field-defect/field-effect emphasizing the crucial nature of total sampling. (2) Polypoid/papillary preinvasive neoplasms (tumoural intraepithelial neoplasia; TINs; i.e., adenoma–carcinoma sequence), for which, in the bile ducts, two distinct entities have been characterized, intraductal papillary neoplasms, and intraductal tubular/tubulopapillary neoplasms. In the gallbladder, all TINs have been proposed to be unified under the umbrella of intracholecystic papillary-tubular neoplasms. Non-invasive TINs are often curable if invasion is excluded definitively, although some exhibit recurrence/metastasis (due to missed invasion and/or field phenomenon). Invasive carcinomas arising in TINs appear to have less aggressive behaviour than ordinary invasive carcinomas. It is important to appreciate the clinicopathologic characteristics of these precursor lesions, both for management purposes and as invaluable models of carcinogenesis.
Inhibition of FAK and VEGFR‐3 binding decreases tumorigenicity in neuroblastoma

Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid tumor of childhood and is responsible for over 15% of pediatric cancer deaths. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase that is important in many facets of tumor development and progression. Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 (VEGFR-3), another tyrosine kinase, has also been found to be important in the development of many human tumors including neuroblastoma. Recent reports have found that FAK and VEGFR-3 interact, and we have previously shown that both of these kinases interact in neuroblastoma. We have hypothesized that interruption of the FAK–VEGFR-3 interaction would lead to decreased neuroblastoma cell survival. In the current study, we examined the effects of a small molecule, chloropyramine hydrochloride (C4), designed to disrupt the FAK–VEGFR-3 interaction, upon cellular attachment, migration, and survival in two human neuroblastoma cell lines. We also utilized a murine xenograft model to study the impact of C4 upon tumor growth. In these studies, we showed that disruption of the FAK–VEGFR-3 interaction led to decreased cellular attachment, migration, and survival in vitro. In addition, treatment of murine xenografts with chloropyramine hydrochloride decreased neuroblastoma xenograft growth. Further, this molecule acted synergistically with standard chemotherapy to further decrease neuroblastoma xenograft growth. The findings from this current study help to further our understanding of the regulation of neuroblastoma tumorigenesis, and may provide novel therapeutic strategies and targets for neuroblastoma and other solid tumors of childhood.
A novel procedure for statistical inference and verification of gene regulatory subnetwork

The reconstruction of gene regulatory network from time course microarray data can help us comprehensively understand the biological system and discover the pathogenesis of cancer and other diseases. But how to correctly and efficiently decifer the gene regulatory network from high-throughput gene expression data is a big challenge due to the relatively small amount of observations and curse of dimensionality. Computational biologists have developed many statistical inference and machine learning algorithms to analyze the microarray data. In the previous studies, the correctness of an inferred regulatory network is manually checked through comparing with public database or an existing model. In this work, we present a novel procedure to automatically infer and verify gene regulatory networks from time series expression data. The dynamic Bayesian network, a statistical inference algorithm, is at first implemented to infer an optimal network from time series microarray data of S. cerevisiae, then, a weighted symbolic model checker is applied to automatically verify or falsify the inferred network through checking some desired temporal logic formulas abstracted from experiments or public database. Our studies show that the marriage of statistical inference algorithm with model checking technique provides a more efficient way to automatically infer and verify the gene regulatory network from time series expression data than previous studies.
A network science approach to future human-robot interaction

The vision for future Soldier-robot relationships has supported the transition of the robot’s role from a tool to an integrated team member. This vision has provided support for the advancement of robot autonomy and intelligence as a means to better support action and cognitive decision-making in the network-centric operational environment. To accomplish this goal, the Soldier’s perspective of the human-robot interaction must be further developed, as it directly impacts overall situation management: mission planning, operational roles, function allocation, and decision-making. Here we present a theoretical concept paper that promotes using the foundation of network science to better understand how and why advances in effective Soldier-robot situation management may be realized. We begin by providing a primer on how a network science approach may be used to understand multi-agent teams and network-centric operations. This is followed with a review on the impact of human perception on the human-robot team network structure. Two key points are highlighted. First, the network structure is influenced by the extent to which a Soldier-robot coupling performs independent operations. Second, the degree of automaticity for several properties of the robot specifies the strength of their networked relationship. We conclude with possible advantages of using a network science approach for understanding situation management of Soldier-robot teams in an operational environment. This approach provides a structure for creating visual maps of team structures to understand perceived and anticipated role interdependency, which thus provides the foundation for developing a mathematical description of the dynamic Soldier-robot relationship.
Curved-space scattering

Problems involving curvilinear coordinates and accelerating reference frames can be treated using powerful methods applicable to Maxwell's equations in curved space. A method developed by Cohen and Kegeles reduces the curved-space problem to that of solving a single complex linear scalar wave equation. Gravitational perturbations and neutrino fields can be treated using the same curved-space method. When applied to curved-space scattering problems, the method yields results in a straightforward manner.
Obtaining genetic testing in pediatric epilepsy

The steps from patient evaluation to genetic diagnosis remain complicated. We discuss some of the genetic testing methods available along with their general advantages and disadvantages. We briefly review common pediatric epilepsy syndromes with strong genetic association and provide a potentially useful algorithm for genetic testing in drug-resistant epilepsy. We performed an extensive literature review of available information as it pertains to genetic testing and genetics in pediatric epilepsy. If a genetic disorder is suspected as the cause of epilepsy, based on drug resistance, family history, or clinical phenotype, timely diagnosis may reduce overall cost, limit the diagnostic odyssey that can bring much anxiety to families, improve prognostic accuracy, and lead to targeted therapy. Interpretation of complicated results should be performed only in collaboration with geneticists and genetic counselors, unless the ordering neurologist has a strong background in and understanding of genetics. Genetic testing can play an important role in the care provided to patients with epilepsy.
Complete and selective cholinergic denervation of rat neocortex and hippocampus but not amygdala by an immunotoxin against the p75 NGF receptor

The immunotoxin 192 IgG-saporin, produced by coupling the ribosome-inactivating protein saporin to the monoclonal 192 IgG antibody against the low-affinity p75 NGF receptor (NGFr), was injected into the cerebral ventricle, septal area, and substantia innominata of adult rats. Injections into the cerebral ventricle induced a complete loss of NGFr-positive basal forebrain neurons and their axons. Extensive loss of cholinergic neurons was found in the septum, diagonal band, and magnocellular preoptic nucleus but not in the nucleus basalis-substantia innominata complex, where many cholinergic, presumably NGFr-negative, neurons remained intact. Cholinergic fibers were completely lost in the neocortex and hippocampus, showed some preservation in allocortical areas, and showed only minor loss in the amygdala. The NGFr-positive cholinergic basal forebrain neurons progressively degenerated during the first 5 d and did not recover after 180 d. The effect of intraventricular 192 IgG-saporin injections on NGFr-positive basal forebrain neurons could be blocked by simultaneous intraventricular injection of colchicine. Intraparenchymal injections into the septal area or substantia innominata damaged cholinergic neurons mainly around the injection sites and reduced their respective cortical and hippocampal projections. Noncholinergic septal neurons containing parvalbumin and noncholinergic neurons containing calbindin-D28k or NADPHd, which were adjacent to cholinergic nucleus basalis-substantia innominata neurons, were not affected by 192 IgG-saporin. The ChAT immunoreactivity in cortical interneurons, habenula, and brainstem was unchanged. Dopaminergic and noradrenergic cortical afferents remained intact. 192 IgG-saporin damaged two neuronal groups outside the basal forebrain that express the p75 NGF receptor: NGFr-positive cerebellar Purkinje cells after intraventricular injection and cholinergic striatal interneurons after injections into the substantia innominata. These results indicate that the immunotoxin 192 IgG-saporin induces a complete and selective lesion of NGFr-positive cholinergic basal forebrain neurons projecting to hippocampus and neocortex.
A hyperpolarization-activated inward current alters swim frequency of the pteropod mollusk Clione limacina.

Abstract The pteropod mollusk, Clione limacina , exhibits behaviorally relevant swim speed changes that occur within the context of the animal's ecology. Modulation of C. limacina swimming speed involves changes that occur at the network and cellular levels. Intracellular recordings from interneurons of the swim central pattern generator show the presence of a sag potential that is indicative of the hyperpolarization-activated inward current (I h ). Here we provide evidence that I h in primary swim interneurons plays a role in C. limacina swimming speed control and may be a modulatory target. Recordings from central pattern generator swim interneurons show that hyperpolarizing current injection produces a sag potential that lasts for the duration of the hyperpolarization, a characteristic of cells possessing I h . Following the hyperpolarizing current injection, swim interneurons also exhibit postinhibitory rebound (PIR). Serotonin enhances the sag potential of C. limacina swim interneurons while the I h blocker, ZD7288, reduces the sag potential. Furthermore, a negative correlation was found between the amplitude of the sag potential and latency to PIR. Because latency to PIR was previously shown to influence swimming speed, we hypothesize that I h has an effect on swimming speed. The I h blocker, ZD7288, suppresses swimming in C. limacina and inhibits serotonin-induced acceleration, evidence that supports our hypothesis.
1H NMR Study of Protonation and Mg(II) Coordination of AMP, ADP, and ATP at 25, 50, and 70 °C

The interactions of adenosine 5‘-monophosphate (AMP), adenosine 5‘-diphosphate (ADP), and adenosine 5‘-triphosphate (ATP) with protons and with Mg2+ in aqueous solutions have been studied by 1H NMR spectroscopy at 25, 50, and 70 °C. Upfield shifts of H-8 were found in the pH ranges where protonation of phosphate groups occurs for the three nucleotides at all temperatures studied, indicating that AMP, ADP, and ATP adopt an anti conformation at these temperatures. The order of the H-8 upfield shift is AMP > ADP ∼ ATP. The shift decreases slightly at 50 and 70 °C. Chemical shift measurements for the three nucleotides in the presence of Mg2+ give no indication of the existence of an interaction between Mg2+ and the adenine ring in the Mg2+−nucleotide complexes under the experimental conditions of this study. The mechanism of the deshielding effect of phosphate groups on H-8, and the effects of temperature and pH on the intramolecular interaction of these nucleotides are discussed.
The Pervasive Effects of an Antibiotic on the Human Gut Microbiota, as Revealed by Deep 16S rRNA Sequencing

The human intestinal microbiota is essential to the health of the host and plays a role in nutrition, development, metabolism, pathogen resistance, and regulation of immune responses. Antibiotics may disrupt these coevolved interactions, leading to acute or chronic disease in some individuals. Our understanding of antibiotic-associated disturbance of the microbiota has been limited by the poor sensitivity, inadequate resolution, and significant cost of current research methods. The use of pyrosequencing technology to generate large numbers of 16S rDNA sequence tags circumvents these limitations and has been shown to reveal previously unexplored aspects of the “rare biosphere.” We investigated the distal gut bacterial communities of three healthy humans before and after treatment with ciprofloxacin, obtaining more than 7,000 full-length rRNA sequences and over 900,000 pyrosequencing reads from two hypervariable regions of the rRNA gene. A companion paper in PLoS Genetics (see Huse et al., doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000255) shows that the taxonomic information obtained with these methods is concordant. Pyrosequencing of the V6 and V3 variable regions identified 3,300–5,700 taxa that collectively accounted for over 99% of the variable region sequence tags that could be obtained from these samples. Ciprofloxacin treatment influenced the abundance of about a third of the bacterial taxa in the gut, decreasing the taxonomic richness, diversity, and evenness of the community. However, the magnitude of this effect varied among individuals, and some taxa showed interindividual variation in the response to ciprofloxacin. While differences of community composition between individuals were the largest source of variability between samples, we found that two unrelated individuals shared a surprising degree of community similarity. In all three individuals, the taxonomic composition of the community closely resembled its pretreatment state by 4 weeks after the end of treatment, but several taxa failed to recover within 6 months. These pervasive effects of ciprofloxacin on community composition contrast with the reports by participants of normal intestinal function and with prior assumptions of only modest effects of ciprofloxacin on the intestinal microbiota. These observations support the hypothesis of functional redundancy in the human gut microbiota. The rapid return to the pretreatment community composition is indicative of factors promoting community resilience, the nature of which deserves future investigation.
Experimental study of combustion of n-decane and JP-10 in non-premixed flows

Abstract Experiments are conducted on n-decane and JP-10 flames, stabilized between two counterflowing streams—fuel stream and oxidizer stream. The fuel stream is a mixture of prevaporized fuel and nitrogen, and the oxidizer stream is air. Critical conditions of extinction are measured for n-decane and JP-10. Concentration profiles of H 2 , O 2 , CO 2 , H 2 O , CO , CH 4 , and hydrocarbons from C 2 to C 6 are measured. These measurements are made by removing gas samples from the flame using a quartz microprobe and analyzing the samples using a gas chromatograph. Temperature profiles are measured using a thermocouple. Numerical calculations are performed using detailed kinetic models to predict the flame structure and critical conditions of extinction and autoignition. The predicted values of the critical conditions of extinction and autoignition for n-decane agree well with experimental data for extinction and with previously measured autoignition data. For JP-10, for a given mass fraction of fuel in the fuel stream, the predicted strain rates at extinction are higher than the measurements. The predicted autoignition temperatures, however, agree well with previously measured experimental data. The predicted profiles and maximum mass fractions of the major species are found to agree with the measurements. There are, however, differences between the predicted and measured mass fractions of those species that have more than three carbon atoms. In general, the concentrations of saturated hydrocarbons in the n-decane flame are higher than those in the JP-10 flame.
Soft X-Ray Diffraction Of Striated Muscle

Diffraction patterns of striated muscle were obtained with x-ray wavelengths from 2.5 to 3.5 nm. The experimental method is described and the advantage of using soft x-rays for muscle study is discussed.
Regulation of Osteocalcin Gene Expression by a Novel Ku Antigen Transcription Factor Complex

We previously described anosteocalcin (OC) fibroblast growth factor (FGF) response element (FRE) DNA binding activity as a target of Msx2 transcriptional regulation. We now identify Ku70, Ku80, and Tbdn100, a variant of Tubedown-1, as constituents of the purified OCFRE-binding complex. Northern and Western blot analyses demonstrate expression of Ku and Tbdn100 in MC3T3E1 osteoblasts. FGF2 treatment regulates Ku, but not Tbdn100, protein accumulation. Gel supershift studies confirm sequence-specific DNA binding of Ku in the OCFRE complex; chromatin immunoprecipitation assays confirm association of Ku and Tbdn100 with the endogenous OC promoter. In the promoter region −154 to −113, the OCFRE is juxtaposed to OSE2, an osteoblast-specific element that binds Runx2 (Osf2, Cbfa1). Expression of the Ku·Tbdn100 complex up-regulates both the basal and Runx2-dependent transcription driven by this 42-bp OC promoter element, reconstituted in CV-1 cells. Synergistic transactivation occurs in the presence of activated FGF receptor 2 signaling. Msx2 suppresses Ku- and Runx2-dependent transcription; suppression is dependent upon the Msx2 homeodomain NH2-terminal arm and extension. Pull-down assays confirm physical interactions between Ku and these co-regulatory transcription factors, consistent with the functional interactions identified. Finally, cultured Ku70 −/− calvarial cells exhibit a profound, selective deficiency in OC expression as compared with wild-type calvarial cells, confirming the biochemical data showing a role for Ku in OC transcription. In toto, these data indicate that a novel Ku antigen complex assembles on the OC promoter, functioning in concert with Msx2 and Runx2 to regulate OC gene expression.
Activated carbon from cherry stones

Fruit stones constitute a significant waste disposal problem for the fruit-processing industry. High-quality activated carbon can be produced from waste cherry stones: the activated carbon is low in impurities and has an adsorption capacity that compares favorably with commercial activated carbons. Activation at 800°C in steam for 2–3 hours, following initial carbonization, produces an activated carbon in about 10% yield (by weight) of the initial cherry stone. The activated carbons produced have surface areas (CO2 adsorption) as high as 1200 m2/g and CCl4 numbers of 70–80. Activation in carbon dioxide requires higher temperatures (900°C) and gives a carbon of slightly lower activity. Carbon from the hull, or hard outer portion of the fruit stone, provides essentially all of the adsorption capacity; the inner kernel does not form a microporous material. The hull structure is dominated by 0.4-micron pores which facilitate access to internal microporosity. This structure requires that the carbon be ground to less than 75 micron particles to achieve reasonable adsorption rates.
Acute renal failure associated with inhaled tobramycin.

Purpose. A case of nephrotoxicity possibly caused by tobramycin inhalation solution is presented. Summary. A 62-year-old Caucasian woman was admitted for treatment of decreased urine output and sepsis secondary to Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Her past medical history was significant for multiple diseases, including chronic renal insufficiency (baseline serum creatinine concentration [SCr] 2 mg/dL). One month postadmission, the patient was diagnosed with health care-associated pneumonia. The patient was initiated on piperacillin–tazobactam and tobramycin 2 mg/kg i.v. She was changed to imipenem–cilastatin with continuation of i.v. tobramycin. A month after discontinuation of her antibiotic regimen, the patient was diagnosed with P. aeruginosa pneumonia. The patient received imipenem–cilastatin, vancomycin, and inhaled tobramycin 300 mg twice daily. At that time, her SCr was 2 mg/dL. Inhaled tobramycin was continued for four weeks, and the patient’s SCr steadily rose to a peak of 4.5 mg/dL. During week 1 of treatment, multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus were diagnosed. The patient continued to receive i.v. imipenem–cilastatin, vancomycin, and inhaled tobramycin with an SCr of 1.9 mg/dL. However, at the end of week 2, the patient’s SCr began to slowly rise (2.3 mg/dL). At week 3, imipenem–cilastatin was discontinued; inhaled tobramycin was continued. The patient’s SCr continued to rise (3.2 mg/dL). At week 4, her SCr rose to 4.5 mg/dL, resulting in initiation of hemodialysis and discontinuation of inhaled tobramycin. The patient’s SCr never returned to baseline, and renal function was never regained. Conclusion. Acute renal failure requiring dialysis occurred in a high-risk patient receiving an extended course of treatment with inhaled tobramycin.
Characterization of Amino Acid Distribution in the Floral Organs of Nicotiana tabacum

The amino acid distribution in the floral organs of Nicotiana tabacum was studied at 2 days after an thesis and in the developmental stages of the stigma and anther. Free amino acid contents of the organs were higher than in leaves on a dry weight basis. All the organs contained a large amount of asparagine and glutamine. Asparagine was prominent in the anther and pistil, while glutamine was higher in the others. The proportion of serine was exclusively high in the stigma and style. The calyx, floral axis and anther contained an appreciable amount of proline. Bound amino acid compositions were similar among the floral organs, although electrophoretic behaviors of the soluble protein fractions in polyacrylamide gels were different.Protein accumulation during development was observed in both the stigma and anther. On the other hand, the content of free amino acids of the stigma increased during development, while that in the anther decreased at the later stages. The rapid increase of asparagine in the anthe...
On nonparametric comparison of images and regression surfaces.

Abstract Multivariate local regression is an important tool for image processing and analysis. In many practical biomedical problems, one is often interested in comparing a group of images or regression surfaces. In this paper, we extend the existing method of testing the equality of nonparametric curves by Dette and Neumeyer (2001) and consider a test statistic by means of an L 2 -distance in the multi-dimensional case under a completely heteroscedastic nonparametric model. The test statistic is also extended to be used in the case of spatial correlated errors. Two bootstrap procedures are described in order to approximate the critical values of the test depending on the nature of random errors. The resulting algorithms and analyses are illustrated from both simulation studies and a real medical example.
Interaction of topoisomerase 1 with the transcribed region of the Drosophila HSP 70 heat shock gene

Topoisomerase I cleavage sites have been mapped in vivo on the Hsp70 heat shock gene of Drosophila melanogaster cells using the drug camptothecin. Topoisomerase I cleavage was only observed when the Hsp70 gene was transcriptionally active. Site-specific single-strand DNA cleavage by topoisomerase I was confined to the transcribed region of the Hsp70 gene and occurred on both the transcribed and nontranscribed DNA strands. A number of the single-strand breaks on the complementary DNA strands occurred in close proximity giving rise to double-stranded DNA breaks. Inhibition of heat-induced Hsp70 transcription by either Actinomycin D (Act D) or 5,6-dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole (DRB) inhibited topoisomerase I cleavage except at the 5' and to a lesser extent the 3' end of the gene. Camptothecin (100 microM) inhibited transcription of the Hsp70 gene greater than 95%. These results suggest that topoisomerase I is intimately associated with and has an integral part in Hsp70 gene transcription.
DRG Ripple Effects on Community Health Nursing

Prospective payment by diagnosis-related groups (DRGs) has influenced hospital care in at least two ways: patients are experiencing shorter hospital stay and they are being discharged in a less healthy state than in the past. As a result, home health agencies are reporting an increase in the number of patients needing services, with the majority of these patients being sicker, older, and requiring more complex care. As hospital-based care shifts to community care, the impact on community home health agencies continues to increase. To date, little has been written about role changes for community health nurses, especially home health nurses, as a result of the ripple effect of DRGs. The authors suggest likely changes in the caring, counseling, and coordination aspects of the nurse's role. The community health nurse's role is evolving into one that requires expertise in advanced technologies, more sophisticated assessment and counseling skills, and a more comprehensive case management component. Concomitant alterations must be made in resource requirements and distribution. Such changes provide opportunities for innovative and creative nursing strategies.
Commentary: Why Opera? The Politics of an Emerging Genre

The reason why opera became the preeminent musical form of the seventeenth century not only in Venice but also throughout Europe lies in the profound changes among European elites at the time, particularly regarding notions of nobility and individual roles within family strategies. The lyricism of operatic music became the ideal vehicle to express the era's social transformations.
Analysis of thermal radiation effects on temperatures in turbine engine thermal barrier coatings

Thermal barrier coatings on combustor liners and on turbine vanes and rotating blades are important for reducing metal temperatures in current and advanced turbine engines. Some coating materials such as zirconia are partially transparent to thermal radiation, and radiation within a coating will increase as temperatures are raised for higher efficiency engines. Hence, it is necessary to determine if radiation effects in a coating are a design consideration. For this purpose, the engine thermal environment is first summarized with regard to factors affecting radiative heat transfer. Radiative and thermal properties of zirconia are then considered, and methods of radiative analysis are briefly discussed. Typical temperature distributions and heat fluxes are given from the analysis of zirconia thermal barrier coatings on vanes and rotating blades, and on a combustor liner where the coating surface is expected to be covered with soot. The effects of various thermal conditions and heat transfer parameters are examined to indicate when radiation effects might be significant within a coating in a turbine engine. The largest effects were found in the combustor where coatings are subjected to large incident radiation. For coatings on turbine blades away from the combustor, and hence without large incident radiation, effects of radiation were found to be very small.
Laryngeal pacing as a treatment for vocal fold paralysis

Summary We summarize etiologies of vocal fold paralysis and current treatments.The recent literature involving electrical stimulation of the larynx is reviewed. Four canines were involved in a study to test a new laryngeal pacemaker system. This system was used to stimulate both the lateral cricoarytenoid and thyroarytenoid muscles. The data are taken from two of these canines. One of the goals was to stimulate the paralyzed side of the larynx based on the activity of the normal (nonparalyzed) side of the larynx. The best stimulation parameters for full adduction of the paralyzed vocal cord were 3–7 V, pulse duration of 0.5 ms at a frequency of 84–100 Hz. Principles for electrode design and electrophysiologic parameters pertaining to laryngeal pacing are discussed. We believe that unilateral vocal fold paralysis may someday be treated by stimulating the paralyzed lateral cricoarytenoid and thyroarytenoid muscles to move in synchrony with the normal, unparalyzed, lateral cricoarytenoid and thyroarytenoid muscles.
The Common Pool Dilemma of Global Public Goods: Lessons from the World Bank's Net Income and Reserves

The function of international organizations (IOs) as suppliers of international or global public goods (GPGs) has received increasing attention in recent years. But in a world with many claimants and limited resources, GPGs are more likely to have common pool properties than be pure public goods. The paper develops a joint-products model of public goods supply by international organizations, examining how specific institutional features of international organizations affect the supply of GPGs. The sources and distribution of the World Bank's net income—the single largest source of discretionary funds available annually to an IO—are used as the lens to analyze the issue. The paper examines the tension between control rights on net income (which reside primarily with nonborrowing shareholders) and the sources of net income, which largely lie with minority, borrowing shareholders. The analysis suggests that while the joint-product model of member-country support for international organizations has much merit, institutional features that were incorporated when these institutions were established sharply affect both the absolute magnitude and the distribution ratio of the benefit streams.
Embracing the ambiguity: Twelve considerations for holistic time management

Many of us feel overwhelmed by the seemingly never-ending demands of our professional and personal lives. Marilee J. Bresciani, Allison J. Duncan, and Liu Hui Cao share practical suggestions for managing our days and our attitudes.
The Shaky Game +25, or: on locavoracity

Taking Arthur Fine’s The Shaky Game as my inspiration, and the recent 25\({\textit{th}}\) anniversary of the publication of that work as the occasion to exercise that inspiration, I sketch an alternative to the “Naturalism” prevalent among philosophers of physics. Naturalism is a methodology eventuating in a metaphysics. The methodology is to seek the deep framework assumptions that make the best sense of science; the metaphysics is furnished by those assumptions and supported by their own support of science. The alternative presented here, which I call “Locavoracity,” shares Naturalism’s commitment to making sense of science, but alters Naturalism’s methodology. The Locavore’s sense-making projects are piecemeal, rather than sweeping. The Locavore’s hypothesis is that the collection of local sense-making projects fails to issue a single overarching unifying framework deserving of the title “the metaphysics that makes the best sense of science.” I muster some examples supporting the Locavore hypothesis from the interpretation of quantum field theories.
Combined psychophysiological assessment of ADHD: a pilot study of Bayesian probability approach illustrated by appraisal of ADHD in female college students.

Manifestations of ADHD are observed at both psychological and physiological levels and assessed via various psychometric, EEG, and imaging tests. However, no test is 100% accurate in its assessment of ADHD. This study introduces a stochastic assessment combining psychometric tests with previously reported (Consistency Index) and newly developed (Alpha Blockade Index) EEG-based physiological markers of ADHD. The assessment utilizes classical Bayesian inference to refine after each step the probability of ADHD of each individual. In a pilot study involving six college females with ADHD and six matched controls, the assessment achieved correct classification for all ADHD and non-ADHD participants. In comparison, the classification of ADHD versus non-ADHD participants was <85% for any one of the tests separately. The procedure significantly improved the score separation between ADHD versus non-ADHD groups. The final average probabilities for ADHD were 76% for the ADHD group and 8% for the control group. These probabilities correlated (r = .87) with the Brown ADD scale and (r = .84) with the ADHD-Symptom Inventory used for the screening of the participants. We conclude that, although each separate test was not completely accurate, a combination of several tests classified correctly all ADHD and all non-ADHD participants. The application of the proposed assessment is not limited to the specific tests used in this study—the assessment represents a general paradigm capable of accommodating a variety of ADHD tests into a single diagnostic assessment.
A chemoenzymatic synthesis of UDP-(2-deoxy-2-fluoro)galactose and evaluation of its interaction with galactosyltransferase

Uridine 5'-diphospho-(2-deoxy-2-fluoro)galactose (UDP-2FGal), prepared and characterized for the first time by a chemoenzymatic method, was found to be a competitive inhibitor of beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase with a Ki value of 149 microM. This study supports that the glycosyltransferase reaction mechanism proceeds through a glycosidic cleavage transition state with sp2 character developed at the anomeric center.
Open-boundary modal analysis: Interpolation, extrapolation, and filtering

Increasingly accurate remote sensing techniques are available today, and methods such as modal analysis are used to transform, interpolate, and regularize the measured velocity fields. Until recently, the modes used did not incorporate flow across an open boundary of the domain. Open boundaries are an important concept when the domain is not completely closed by a shoreline. Previous modal analysis methods, such as those of Lipphardt et al. (2000), project the data onto closed-boundary modes, and then add a zero-order mode to simulate flow across the boundary. Chu et al. (2003) propose an alternative where the modes are constrained by a prescribed boundary condition. These methods require an a priori knowledge of the normal velocity at the open boundary. This flux must be extrapolated from the data or extracted from a numerical model of a larger-scale domain, increasing the complexity of the operation. In addition, such methods make it difficult to add a threshold on the length scale of open-boundary processes. Moreover, the boundary condition changes in time, and the computation of all or some modes must be done at each time step. Hence real-time applications, where robustness and efficiency are key factors, were hardly practical. We present an improved procedure in which we add scalable boundary modes to the set of eigenfunctions. The end result of open-boundary modal analysis (OMA) is a set of time and data independent eigenfunctions that can be used to interpolate, extrapolate and filter flows on an arbitrary domain with or without flow through segments of the boundary. The modes depend only on the geometry and do not change in time.
Standpoint: Wither communication?

Dennis, E. E., & Wartella, E. (Eds.). (1996). American communication research: The remembered history. Mulwah, NJ: Erlbaum. Lent, J. A. (Ed.). (1995). A different road taken: Profiles in critical communication. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. Schiller, D. (1996). Theorizing communication: A history. New York: Oxford. Signorielli, N. (Ed.). (1996). Women in communication: A biographical sourcebook. Westport, CT: Greenwood.
Operational Temperature Ranges in Pulsating Heat Pipes

The pulsating heat pipe (PHP), due to its ability to dissipate large amounts of heat and reduce temperature nonuniformity, is a promising technology for electronics cooling applications. In this work, the effect of the direction of change of heat dissipation rate in a PHP was explored. A quasi-steady state was approached by either increasing or reducing the evaporator heat input rate to a given level. It was found that instead of reaching a single steady-state evaporator temperature for a given heat input and condenser temperature, there is a range within which the evaporator temperature will fluctuate. Since most electronics cooling applications will have a non-steady heat removal requirement, understanding this phenomenon is of great importance for the design of PHP heat sinks.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Orientational superlattices in ordered GaInP2

Abstract Novel results on the electronic properties of superlattices of orientational domain boundaries in ordered GaInP 2 are presented. These superlattices exhibit spatially varying amplitudes for their Bloch states, modifications to the band gap, and the appearance of sub-bands and minigaps resulting from periodic perturbations to the angular momentum of electrons. Characteristic features of five distinct polytype structures are discussed in relation to their symmetries.
MEMBRANE SEPARATION TECHNOLOGIES: CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS

Abstract This article provides a brief overview of major developments in membrane separation technologies over the last six years until 1995. Progress in membrane separation processes, membrane separation techniques and membranes for given separation problems are of primary interest. The order of importance for membrane separation technologies is: already commercialized, being commercialized and having great potential based on laboratory performance. Separations involving liquid solutions, gaseous mixtures and particle removals have been covered. Notable recent developments in eight commercialized technologies namely, reverse osmosis, ultrafiltration, microfiltration, electrodialysis, dialysis, pervaporation, gas permeation, emulsion liquid membrane are illustrated first. New membrane-based equilibrium separation processes involving gas-liquid and liquid-liquid contacting, distillation and adsorption are then considered. The progress in new membrane-based rate-governed separation processes of vapor permea...
Looking through the lens of a teacher's life: The power of prototypical stories in understanding teachers' instructional decisions in mathematics

Abstract The focus of this narrative inquiry was to examine how teachers describe influences on their instructional decisions in mathematics. Using a lens provided by pivotal or prototypical stories teachers told about their past experiences, connections were suggested between these past experiences and their instructional decisions. These connections helped to illustrate how instructional decisions may be shaped by priorities and beliefs established earlier in life, as well as by current contexts. Further research on the use and characteristics of prototypical stories is suggested.
Deep Sequencing Reveals Direct Targets of Gammaherpesvirus-Induced mRNA Decay and Suggests That Multiple Mechanisms Govern Cellular Transcript Escape

One characteristic of lytic infection with gammaherpesviruses, including Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and murine herpesvirus 68 (MHV68), is the dramatic suppression of cellular gene expression in a process known as host shutoff. The alkaline exonuclease proteins (KSHV SOX, MHV-68 muSOX and EBV BGLF5) have been shown to induce shutoff by destabilizing cellular mRNAs. Here we extend previous analyses of cellular mRNA abundance during lytic infection to characterize the effects of SOX and muSOX, in the absence of other viral genes, utilizing deep sequencing technology (RNA-seq). Consistent with previous observations during lytic infection, the majority of transcripts are downregulated in cells expressing either SOX or muSOX, with muSOX acting as a more potent shutoff factor than SOX. Moreover, most cellular messages fall into the same expression class in both SOX- and muSOX-expressing cells, indicating that both factors target similar pools of mRNAs. More abundant mRNAs are more efficiently downregulated, suggesting a concentration effect in transcript targeting. However, even among highly expressed genes there are mRNAs that escape host shutoff. Further characterization of select escapees reveals multiple mechanisms by which cellular genes can evade downregulation. While some mRNAs are directly refractory to SOX, the steady state levels of others remain unchanged, presumably as a consequence of downstream effects on mRNA biogenesis. Collectively, these studies lay the framework for dissecting the mechanisms underlying the susceptibility of mRNA to destruction during lytic gammaherpesvirus infection.
MEKK2 Is Required for T-cell Receptor Signals in JNK Activation and Interleukin-2 Gene Expression

Abstract The c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) are members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) gene family and are essential for cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Previously we found that activation of JNK in T-cells required costimulation of both T-cell receptor and auxiliary receptors such as CD28. In this study, we cloned a full-length human MEK kinase (MEKK) 2 cDNA from Jurkat T-cells and demonstrated that it was a major upstream MAPK kinase kinase for the JNK cascade in T-cells. The human MEKK2 cDNA encoded a polypeptide of 619 amino acids and was the human counterpart of the reported murine MEKK2. It was 94% homologous with human and murine MEKK3 at the catalytic domains and 60% homologous at the N-terminal noncatalytic region. Northern blot analysis showed that MEKK2 was ubiquitously expressed, with the highest level in peripheral blood leukocytes. In T cells, MEKK2 was found to be a strong activator of JNK but not of extracellular signal-regulated kinase MAPKs and to activate JNK-dependent AP-1 reporter gene expression. MEKK2 also synergized with anti-CD3 antibody to activate JNK in T cells, and stimulation of T cells led to induction of MEKK2 tyrosine phosphorylation. Significantly, the JNK activation induced by anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies, but not by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate and Ca2+ionophore A23187, was inhibited by dominant negative MEKK2 mutants. AP-1 and interleukin-2 reporter gene induction in T-cells was also inhibited by dominant negative MEKK2 mutants. Taken together, our results showed that human MEKK2 is a key signaling molecule for T-cell receptor/CD3-mediated JNK MAPK activation and interleukin-2 gene expression.
Knock, Knock to Reset the Clock: Mechanosensation and Circadian Rhythms

Circadian clocks, which underlie the daily rhythms in virtually all organisms, are entrained by diurnal changes in light, temperature, nutrients, and even sound. Simoni et al. (2014) demonstrate that diurnal variation in mechanical vibrations can reset circadian clock phase, providing a potential mechanism for integrating diverse clock-entraining stimuli.
Conical emission: p T and system dependences and the first result with identified particles from STAR

We present the analysis of three-particle correlation with respect to reaction system, transverse momentum (pT) of associated and trigger particles measured by STAR experiment at RHIC. Our preliminary results indicate presence of conical emission of charge particles correlated with high pT trigger particles in central A+A collisions. The measured conical emission angle is independent of pT of associate hadrons, possibly consistent with Mach cone shock wave mechanism. The first result on PID three-particle correlation with identified associated particles is also reported.
A role of energetic ions in RF-biased PECVD of TiO2

Abstract Process plasmas generate energetic ions that participate in film growth through sputtering, atomic mixing, densification, enhanced migration of adatoms and field-enhanced diffusion via charging. RF-biased PECVD favors the anatase phase of TiO2 due to film densification by energetic ion bombardment suppressing the rutile phase. With a given bias voltage, anatase dominates at low deposition temperatures, below 400°C, but transforms to rutile upon annealing at higher temperatures. The dielectric constant of 60 (±5) showed no variation with a film thickness in the range between 20 to 200 nm, due to a thin SiO2 diffusion barrier intentionally grown at the Si/TiO2 interface. This oxide barrier prevents TiSix formation, resulting in a low leakage current below 10−10 A/cm2.
Mechanisms of Triggered Activity Induction at the Border Zone of Normal and Abnormal Cardiac Tissue

Ionic mechanisms that may be involved in inducing triggered activations at the border zone (BZTAs) of normal and abnormal Purkinje fiber segments were investigated. In a two-chamber bath, fibers were divided into a normal segment and segment treated with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid to stimulate electrophysiologic alterations 24 hours after infarct. Interventions to normal segments included 1.8 mM lidocaine (n = 10), 3 x 10(-4) mM tetrodotoxin (n = 5), 10(-3) mM aconitine (n = 4), 3 mM cesium chloride (n = 7), 10(-2) mM verapamil (n = 4), and 6-8 mM (n = 7) of K+. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (3.3 mM) prolonged action potentials and induced low diastolic potentials in the normal segment border zone. Tetrodotoxin, lidocaine, and high K+ levels suppressed BZTAs; cesium chloride and aconitine increased BZTAs; and verapamil did not reduce BZTAs. The finding that BZTAs were not abolished by verapamil suggests that abnormal automaticity is not a mechanism. Apparently, BZTAs depend on the Na+ inward current activated by depolarization of the membrane secondary to depolarization of adjacent cells.