cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of grainflow mechanisms for martian recurring slope lineae (RSL)

Abstract Recurring slope lineae (RSL) are dark narrow features that incrementally lengthen and fade at least once each Mars year. Their origin has remained enigmatic. We report quantitative modeling of three hypotheses related to triggering of over-steepened sand caches that result in dry-grain flow. First, sand could be supplied by either wind blowing upslope from within the crater or by wind blowing into the crater from the outside. Without cementation, grain flows should be directly correlated with temporal variations in potential sediment transport. Second, deliquesced perchlorate salts could increase soil cohesion; with the loss of water this soil cohesion may be reduced. The timing of accumulation versus release can be distinct from each other. Third, seasonal water frost could act in a similar cementation capacity. We assess these hypotheses using atmospheric modeling to determine wind speed, wind direction, temperature, and relative humidity at three craters (Rauna, Krupac, and Palikir) that host confirmed RSL and that cover a large latitudinal range. Overall, we find no convincing support for any of these hypotheses. Deliquescence is predicted to occur only at Rauna crater and its formation does not correlate with RSL activity. The occurrence of frost is inconsistently correlated with RSL activity among the three craters. Upslope winds at Palikir crater transport a significant amount of sediment only when RSL are active. However, the largest sediment flux into the crater is also during periods of RSL activity, thus supporting both internal and external contributions. Sediment transport into Krupac crater to S- and SW-facing slopes is also maximized when RSL are active, but there is no correlated upslope transport. This supports the hypothesis that RSL formation is dominated by external sediment supply alone. On the other hand, W- and NW-facing Krupac and all RSL at Rauna show no correlations with any directional sediment transport. Nonetheless, we suggest that the mixed success of the external sediment transport model is still quantitatively better than any competitor (including water), and that we simply lack the model and data resolution to treat RSL at the required meter scales. In all of the aeolian models, favorably-directed potential sediment flux greatly exceeds the volume of sand that must be displaced to form RSL. We conclude that RSL may require a particular combination of favorable strong winds, local sediment traps, and a supply of sand grains that easily saltate on Mars (~100 μm in diameter).
E-cigarette use and adverse respiratory symptoms among adolescents and Young adults in the United States.

Abstract E-cigarette use among adolescents and young adults has been associated with adverse respiratory symptoms, including symptoms of asthma and bronchitis. This investigation examined whether such associations differ by primary type of e-cigarette device used. This cross-sectional study included data from four study populations in California and Connecticut, United States, ages 13–21 years (N = 10,483), who self-reported their tobacco use behaviors and health status from 2018 to 2020. Adverse respiratory symptoms were grouped as bronchitis, asthma exacerbation, and shortness of breath. Associations with e-cigarette use were examined by frequency of e-cigarette use (regardless of device type) and most-frequently use device type in the past 30 days (pod, pen/tank, disposable, or mod). Multivariable modeling accounted for demographic variables and use of other tobacco and cannabis. Results were pooled at the study level via random-effects meta-analysis. Across the four studies, e-cigarette use >5 days/month versus never use was associated with bronchitic symptoms (summary odds ratio, sOR: 1.56; 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.37, 1.77) and shortness of breath (sOR: 1.68; 95% CI: 1.35, 2.08) but not statistically significantly with asthma exacerbations (sOR: 1.36; 95% CI; 0.95, 1.95). Among past 30-day e-cigarette users, associations with respiratory symptoms did not differ by device type. In these populations, e-cigarette use was positively associated with symptoms of bronchitis and shortness of breath, but adjusted odds of symptoms did not differ meaningfully by device type. These findings suggest that risk of these respiratory outcomes is elevated among more frequent e-cigarette users regardless of device type used.
The Structure and Mechanism of the ATPase that Powers Viral Genome Packaging

Many viruses actively package their genomes into preformed procapsids using a dedicated ATPase machine that is among the most powerful known biological motors. However, the structural mechanism by ...
Innovations in the care of individuals with spinal cord injury

Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in catastrophic and lifelong neurologic and functional changes. This article discusses recent innovations in the management of individuals with SCI, such as: (1) cost-effective health services via 'clinical pathways' and 'case management' approaches over the continuum of care; (2) recent clinical research into key prognostic indicators for neurological recovery after SCI; (3) innovations in the care and treatment of medical complications resulting from SCI; (4) recent and future advances in electrical stimulation to muscles and nerves to assist movement and functional control; and (5) ongoing basic science and clinical research dealing with the repair and cure of SCI. Exciting innovations are expected to continue in the research and in the management of individuals with SCI which will enhance the delivery of coordinated, comprehensive and cost-efficient care for this population. © 1998 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd.
Effect of Microorganisms on In Situ Uranium Mining

The extraction of some metal values, e.g., uranium or copper, may be accomplished by using solutions to remove metals from ore bodies without practicing conventional mining. This process is referred to as in situ leaching and has been used industrially to recover uranium. The growth of microbial populations during in situ leaching is believed to be one of the causes of flow path plugging in the ore body, which results in decreased uranium production. Leach solution and solid samples from well casings and submersible pumps were collected from an in situ mining operation experiencing plugging problems. Bacillus sp., Micrococcus sp., pseudomonads, and xanthomonads were isolated from these samples in concentrations of 105 CFU ml−1. A mixed culture of these organisms was inoculated into a uranium core specimen in the laboratory to assess the role of microbes in the plugging problem. A one-third decrease in permeability was effected in 16 days. Hydrogen peroxide (0.2 g liter−1) killed the microorganisms in the core and alleviated the plugging problem. Periodically injecting hydrogen peroxide into the ore body through the production wells may reduce microbial plugging problems.
Design Methodology of a Low-Energy Reconfigurable Single-Chip DSP System

In this paper, we first present a reconfigurable architecture template for low-power digital signal processing, and then an energy conscious design methodology to bridge the algorithm to architecture gap. The energy efficiency of such an architecture and the effectiveness of the methodology are demonstrated in case study implementations targeting baseband voice processing and digital signal processing.
Grenade Experiments in a Program of Synoptic Meteorological Measurements

Rocket grenade experiments have provided information on winds, temperatures, pressures and densities in the earth’s atmosphere up to altitudes of 90 km since a time prior to the IGY. In this paper the role of the grenade experiment in a program of synoptic meteorological measurements from selected global locations will be discussed. The experimental accuracy, as determined by error analyses, will be briefly reviewed. Recent results of grenade experiments used to study noctilucent clouds, diurnal temperature variations, stratospheric warmings and mid-winter heating of the high latitude mesopause will be presented.
Attention and mental paint1

Much of recent philosophy of perception is oriented towards accounting for the phenomenal character of perception—what it is like to perceive—in a non-mentalistic way—that is, without appealing to mental objects or mental qualities. In opposition to such views, I claim that the phenomenal character of perception of a red round object cannot be explained by or reduced to direct awareness of the object, its redness and roundness—or representation of such objects and qualities. Qualities of perception that are not captured by what one is directly aware of or by representational content are instances of what Gilbert Harman has called “mental paint” (Block, 1990; Harman, 1990). The claim of this paper is that empirical facts about attention point in the direction of mental paint. The argument starts with the claim (later modified) that when one moves one’s attention around a scene while keeping one’s eyes fixed, the phenomenology of perception can change in ways that do not reflect which qualities of objects one is directly aware of or the way the world is represented to be. These changes in the phenomenology of perception cannot be accounted for in terms of awareness of or representation of the focus of attention because they manifest themselves in experience as differences in apparent contrast, apparent color saturation, apparent size, apparent speed, apparent time of occurrence and other appearances. There is a way of coping with these phenomena in terms of vague contents, but vague contents cannot save direct realism or representationism because the kind of vagueness required clashes wth the phenomenology itself.
Taking the Lead with Disposable ECG Leads: Preventing Chest Incision Surgical Site Infections

METHODS: A faulty fire sprinkler head failed resulting in the flooding of the sterile supply for a 120 bed hospital. Responding personal set up fans to facilitate drying, adding to the contamination. This study evaluates the efficacy of combining pulsed xenon disinfection with routine terminal cleaning protocols following a flood. Quick recovery efforts prevented the collection of environmental samples before the terminal cleaning. Twenty environmental swab samples were collected after a routine terminal cleaning. The pulsed xenon machine ran for one 15 minute disinfection cycle on each side of the sterile supply room. Afterwards, 20 additional cultures were collected. RESULTS: The Group 1 (pre-pulsed xenon disinfection) culture samples grew a combined total of 10 colony forming units (CFU) (5 Staphylococcus spp., 2 Bacillus non-anthracis spp., 3 Coagulasenegative Staphylococcus), while the Group 2 (post-pulsed xenon disinfection) culture samples grew 1 CFU (Streptococcus viridans) after 48 hours. Utilizing a paired t-test to compare the data sets resulted in a two-tailed P value of 0.0158 with a 95% confidence interval of 0.09 to 0.81. Group 1 had a mean of 0.50 with a standard deviation of 0.69, and Group 2 resulted in a mean of 0.05 with a standard deviation of 0.22. CONCLUSIONS: The Results of this study illustrate that by combining pulsed xenon disinfection and terminal cleaning procedures; we were able to achieve a statistically significant reduction in CFUs on environmental surfaces and supplies. Through this study we were able to demonstrate that successful disinfection of surfaces following an environmental disaster was achievable by using pulsed xenon UV technology. Also, because discarding the non-compromised supplies was not necessary, saving the facility more than $150,000 in sutures alone, we were able to demonstrate the cost effectiveness of this technology.
A micromechanics model for composites under fatigue loading

Abstract Based upon an average stress formulation of composite materials derived from the Mori-Tanaka method, a fatigue criterion is established. The criterion is at the micromechanics level, and addresses the failure of all the constituents of the composite and represents the interactions between the constituents of the composite by involving the volume fraction, the properties of the constituents and the interfacial bond. Predictions of the SN curves for E-glass/epoxy laminae under off-axis loading are compared with the existing experimental data.
Is the rodent hippocampus just for ‘place’?

The prominent view that the rodent hippocampus is dedicated to spatial memory has been challenged recently by observations that both limit the nature of hippocampal spatial representation and extend its scope beyond literal space. These findings reveal that the rodent hippocampus mediates memory representations on the basis of non-spatial, as well as spatial, relations among items in memory, and supports access to these memories in a variety of situations. Therefore, the defining features of hippocampal representation in rodents, as in humans, lie not in the modality of the information processed, but in the organization of the information that supports a capacity for flexible memory expression.
SESARMA GOREI, NEW SPECIES, FROM PERU, WITH A KEY TO THE EASTERN PACIFIC SPECIES OF SESARMA (CRUSTACEA, DECAPODA, GRAPSIDAE)

ABSTRACT A new species of Sesarma from the northern coast of Peru is described and compared to S. magdalenense from Mexico. This represents the first valid species of the genus to be reported from Peru. A key to the Eastern Pacific species of Sesarma is presented.
Biodegradation and gas-exchange of gaseous alkanes in model estuarine ecosystems☆

Abstract Gas-exchange biodegradation experiments conducted in model estuarine ecosystems indicate that the ease of degradation of gaseious normal alkanes increases with chain length. The behaviour of gaseous perhalogenated alkanes can be explained by gas exchange alone with no degradation. The initial degradation of C 3 and C 4 alkanes proceeded with half times of a few days to a few weeks, however, after a period of 15–30 days, the rates of degradation increased by at least an order of magnitude.
Comorbidity of Personality Disorders and Somatization Disorder: A Meta-analytic Review

Meta-analysis of studies assessing the comorbidity of somatization disorder (SD) with one or more personality disorders (PDs) revealed that-contrary to the assertions of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th edition, text revision)-SD co-occurs with the majority of Axis II PDs. Although comorbidity effect sizes (rs) linking SD with paranoid PD and obsessive-compulsive PD were small, effect sizes for antisocial, borderline, narcissistic, histrionic, avoidant, and dependent PD yielded rs about or above 0.20. Comorbidity information in future versions of the DSM should be revised to reflect the greater number of PDs empirically linked with SD.
Experimental study on the symmetric modes of vibration of a four bolt clamped square plate

Abstract The response of structural components excited by turbulent flow noise depends on the natural resonance frequencies and displacement modes of those components. An experimental program is described which determined those resonance frequencies and modes for a flat plate clamped in the middle of its four sides and also for the case when one of the four bolts had failed. Thirty-three resonances in the range 30·5 to 736 Hz have been identified for the four-bolt normal operation and forty-two in the range 12·5 to 496·1 Hz for the three-bolt accidental situation. Of particular interest to the turbulent flow noise response, the modes symmetrical to the x-y and diagonal axes have been identified and classified into a two-dimensional matrix form for the mn + nm and mn - nm modes combination ( m and n being the pure modes along the x-y axis).
Progress toward the total synthesis of (+/-)-actinophyllic acid

This paper describes ongoing progress toward the synthesis of the novel indole alkaloid actinophyllic acid via a synthetic strategy that allows for the installation of all C-atoms (highlighted in red) requisite for completion of a total synthesis.
Decomposition of structural and exogenous changes

(1989). Decomposition of structural and exogenous changes. Applied Economics: Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 125-137.
Evaluation and Comparison of a Moist Granulation Technique to Conventional Methods

In the moist granulation technique (MGT), a minimum amount of liquid is used to activate a binder in a planetary mixer. Then, any excess moisture is absorbed by the addition of a moisture-absorbing substance. In the experiments described below, acetaminophen (APAP) was the model drug; polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) served as the binder and moisture-absorbing material, respectively. Water was used as the granulating fluid. Comparison of the MGT with direct compression (DC) and wet granulation (WG) methods was accomplished by sieve analysis (particle size) and density measurements. Moist granulation yielded an increase in particle size compared to direct compression; these results are comparable to those from the traditional wet granulation after drying and screening. Based only on the particle size, moist granulation appears comparable to conventional wet granulation for this formula. The moist granulation technique appears to have potential for the development of controlled-release formulations.
Life in the future versus life in the present

Roemer and Orsillo have provided an integrative perspective for developing more effective therapies for generalized anxiety disorder, based on existing knowledge about the disorder, cognitive behavioral approaches to its treatment, and conceptualizations and treatment methods from the acceptance/mindfulness tradition. The present commentary expands upon the notion of the adaptive value of focused attention on present-moment experience and cognitive perspectives that can facilitate that process.
The role of the cytoplasmic pore in inward rectification of Kir2.1 channels.

Steeply voltage-dependent block by intracellular polyamines underlies the strong inward rectification properties of Kir2.1 and other Kir channels. Mutagenesis studies have identified several negatively charged pore-lining residues (D172, E224, and E299, in Kir2.1) in the inner cavity and cytoplasmic domain as determinants of the properties of spermine block. Recent crystallographic determination of the structure of the cytoplasmic domains of Kir2.1 identified additional negatively charged residues (D255 and D259) that influence inward rectification. In this study, we have characterized the kinetic and steady-state properties of spermine block in WT Kir2.1 and in mutations of the D255 residue (D255E, A, K, R). Despite minimal effects on steady-state blockade by spermine, D255 mutations have profound effects on the blocking kinetics, with D255A marginally, and D255R dramatically, slowing the rate of block. In addition, these mutations result in the appearance of a sustained current (in the presence of spermine) at depolarized voltages. These features are reproduced with a kinetic model consisting of a single open state, two sequentially linked blocked states, and a slow spermine permeation step, with residue D255 influencing the spermine affinity and rate of entry into the shallow blocked state. The data highlight a “long-pore” effect in Kir channels, and emphasize the importance of considering blocker permeation when assessing the effects of mutations on apparent blocker affinity.
A Cyclical Semicontinuous Process for Production of Human α1‐Antitrypsin Using Metabolically Induced Plant Cell Suspension Cultures

Transgenic rice suspension cultures were utilized to produce a human therapeutic protein, recombinant alpha(1)-antitrypsin (rAAT), in a cyclical, semicontinuous operation. Recombinant protein production was induced by removing the carbon source from the cell culture medium. The transgenic rice cells secreted the rAAT into the medium, and therefore medium exchanges could be performed for consecutive growth and protein expression phases. The process consisted of three cycles over a 25-28 day period, with growth phases lasting 4-6 days each and protein expression phases lasting 2.5-5 days each. Biomass and sugar concentrations, oxygen uptake rate, cell viability, culture pH, total extracellular protein, and active rAAT were measured throughout the cyclical process. The data profiles were reproducible between separate cyclical runs where, following each induction period, cell growth and viability could be reestablished once sucrose was added back to the culture. Volumetric productivities ranged from 3 to 12 mg active rAAT/(L day) for individual cycles with overall volumetric productivities of 4.5 and 7.7 mg active rAAT/(L day).
Hardware/software interaction on the Honeywell model 8200

The purpose of this paper is to describe the multiprogramming and multiprocessing features provided by the Honeywell Model 8200 and its Mod 8 Operating System. Many hardware features are included on the Model 8200 to enhance its multiprogramming performance, and these are utilized by the Mod 8 Operating System to reduce system overhead, to provide efficient usage of the computer's throughput capacity for any program mix, and to simplify the user's job of scheduling programs.
In vivo activation analysis following neutron therapy in cancer patients

A new mode of local i n v i v oactivation analysis following neutron therapy in cancer patients has been explored at the Naval Research Laboratory Cyclotron Facility. The level of the therapeuticneutron dose administered to a patient presents a unique opportunity to use a Ge(Li) detector to obtain rapidly a high‐resolution γ‐ray spectrum of the activity induced in and around the tumor mass. Methods of analysis and local geometrical effects are discussed.
The Supervisory Relationship When Women Supervise Women: An Exploratory Study of Power, Reflexivity, Collaboration, and Authenticity

What does it mean to have a collaborative, authentic supervisory relationship? Can power and hierarchy in supervision be acknowledged, talked about, and incorporated as part of the learning? What does a supervisory relationship look like that incorporates intentional reflexivity about the relationship into the relationship? Discussions about the importance of the supervisory relationship, including the above topics, have emerged within different psychological communities, such as feminists, contemporary psychoanalytic thinkers, the competency framework in psychology training, and counseling psychologists. The supervisory relationship was investigated through a small-N, exploratory, qualitative study of women psychologists supervising women psychology trainees. Data were gathered for eight “outstanding women supervisors” and supervisees through sessions and interviews. These exploratory, descriptive data of real-life supervision sessions and relationships add to the conversation about relational supervisio...
Fuzzy evidential filter for detection and tracking of dim objects

Abstract This paper discusses new analytical and computational aspects of detecting and tracking dim objects (targets). It describes a filter that processes an image from a detector array and updates a function that measures the degree of belief that there is a target present in the individual detectors of the array. The nonlinear filter is derived using an evidential approach based on dynamic programming and fuzzy sets. In numerical experiments with computer simulation, targets whose signals are only one-half the noise level (−3 db) are detected and tracked. The filter works with multiple targets in two dimensions and can be extended in complexity of target motion, noise, clutter, and geometry. This fuzzy filter can also be viewed as a neural network. The computing load of this filter is very low, depending only on the number of detectors, not the number of tracks. This is important when there are many targets. The estimated degree of belief functions can be utilized by fuzzy controllers.
Alchemy Vs. Chemistry: the Etymological Origins of a Historiographic Mistake1

The parallel usage of the two terms "alchemy" and "chemistry" by seventeenth-century writers has engendered considerable confusion among historians of science. Many historians have succumbed to the temptation of assuming that the early modern term "chemistry" referred to something like the modern discipline, while supposing that "alchemy" pertained to a different set of practices and beliefs, predominantly the art of transmuting base metals into gold. This paper provides the first exhaustive analysis of the two terms and their interlinguistic cognates in the seventeenth century. It demonstrates that the intentional partition of the two terms with the restriction of alchemy to the sense of metallic transmutation was not widely accepted until the end of the seventeenth century, if even then. The major figure in the restriction of meaning, Nicholas Lemery, built on a spurious interpretation of the Arabic definite article al, which he inherited from earlier sources in the chemical textbook tradition. In order to curtail the tradition of anachronism and distortion engendered by the selective use of the terms "alchemy" and "chemistry" by historians, the authors conclude by suggesting a return to seventeenth-century terminology for discussing the different aspects of the early modern discipline "chymistry."
Raman scattering by phonons and magnons in semimagnetic semiconductors: Cd 1 − x Mn x Te

${\mathrm{Cd}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Mn}}_{x}$ Te alloys possess a homogeneous crystal phase having a zinc-blende structure for $0\ensuremath{\le}x\ensuremath{\le}0.7$. Their Raman spectra exhibit two pairs of sharp lines characteristic of the zone center "CdTe-like" and "MnTe-like" LO-TO modes. Some quasicontinuous features in the Raman spectrum can be traced to first-order processes which become allowed as a result of the absence of strict translational symmetry and reflect the one-phonon density of states. In the antiferromagnetic phase of the alloys ($xg0.6$) and in the spin-glass phase ($0.17\ensuremath{\le}x\ensuremath{\le}0.6$), a new low-energy Raman line appears. We attribute it to an inelastic scattering involving the emission or absorption of a magnon. The polarization features and the temperature dependence of the magnon line are consistent with this assignment.
Hyperbaric fish trap operation and deployment in the deep sea

Abstract The operation and deployment of a hyperbaric fish trap is described. The cylindrical aluminum trap has successfully caught a rattail (Coryphaenoides acrolepis) and a sablefish (Anoploma fimbria) from 1200 and 750 m depth, respectively, and held them under pressure at 1400 psi. The trap is set so that a wriggling fish on the hook triggers a series of events including: release of the ballast, pulling the fish into the trap by a negator spring, and closing the door. The trap is lowered to the sea floor as a free vehicle with a safety line to a surface float. If the trap does not rise on schedule, it can be pulled to the surface from great depth without a winch by a method we describe.
Active site mechanics of liver microsomal cytochrome P-450☆

For a set of 10 para-substituted toluene derivatives, three enzymatic constants were determined describing their interaction with purified rabbit liver microsomal P-450LM2. The three constants were the catalytic rate constant (kcat) for hydroxylation, the apparent dissociation constant (Kd) for the enzyme-substrate complex, and the interaction energy (ΔGint) between the substrate-binding and spin-state equilibria. The para-substituents of the toluene substrates were: hydrogen, fluoro, bromo, chloro, iodo, nitro, methyl, cyano, isopropyl, and t-butyl. Linear free energy correlations were sought between the enzymatic constants and several physical constants of the individual substrate molecules. These correlations would be useful both for empirical prediction purposes and for insight into active site chemistry and mechanics. Catalytic rates were correlated by a linear combination of the Hansch π hydrophobic constant and the Hammett σ value. A deuterium isotope effect (DV) of 2.6 for d8-toluene compared to d0-toluene confirmed that hydrogen abstraction was partially rate-limiting with this series of substrates. Apparent dissociation constants were predicted by a linear combination of the molar volume and π, while the spin-state interaction energies were best predicted by a linear combination of the Hansch π hydrophobic constant and the reciprocal of the dielectric constant.
A human geneticist's odyssey

Physician to the Gene Pool: Genetic Lessons and Other Stories. By James V. Neel Wiley: 1994. Pp. 460. $24.95, £18.95.
Guide to drug therapy for lower urinary tract symptoms in patients with benign prostatic obstruction : implications for sexual dysfunction.

The relationship between erectile dysfunction (ED) and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) caused by benign prostatic obstruction (BPO) has recently gained increasing attention. Both BPO and ED are highly prevalent in older men and both conditions frequently contribute to a reduction in overall quality of life. Current medical treatment of LUTS/BPO consists of monotherapy with α1-adrenoceptor antagonists or 5α-reductase inhibitors, a combination of these two agents or, in some cases, various phytotherapeutic approaches. When choosing a drug therapy, it is important to recognize that while 5α-reductase inhibitors increase the risk of ED and ejaculatory disorders, and combined therapy carries the cumulative risk of causing sexual dysfunction, some α1-adrenergic receptor antagonists have been reported to improve overall sexual function. Therefore, the successful evaluation and management of older men with LUTS associated with BPO should include an assessment of baseline sexual function and subsequent monitoring of medication-induced sexual adverse effects. In this review, we detail the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in LUTS/BPO-associated ED, including reduced nitric oxide/cyclic guanosine monophosphate system activity, enhanced endothelin-1/rhoA/rho kinase pathway activity, sympathetic overactivity, pelvic organ atherosclerosis and potential preventive approaches.
Optical Lattice Clocks with Performance Better than 1×10−17

Two atomic clocks near the Quantum Projection Noise limit of 1000 atoms are compared better than 1×10-17 fractional stability. A systematic evaluation of one of the clocks shows an overall uncertainty below 1×10-17.
The Relation of Parental Cardiovascular Disease to Risk Factors in Children and Young Adults The Bogalusa Heart Study

Background Although cardiovascular risk factors relate to family history of cardiovascular disease, it is not clear how the relation changes from children to young adults. Methods and Results As part of a community study for cardiovascular health, parental history of diseases was obtained from 8276 offspring 5 to 31 years old, 36% black and 64% white. Between 5- to 10-year-old children and 25- to 31-year-old young adults, prevalence of parental heart attack increased from 5% to 25%. More prevalent in blacks than in whites, parental stroke increased from 2% to 9% in whites versus 3% to 19% in blacks; parental diabetes rose from 7% to 19% in whites versus 9% to 33% in blacks; and parental hypertension increased from 26% to 59% in whites versus 40% to 72% in blacks. Offspring with parental heart attack history were significantly overweight after 10 years of age and showed elevated levels of total cholesterol, VLDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, insulin, and glucose after 17 years of age, irrespective of weigh...
Analysis of a kinematic model for ion transport in rf plasma sheaths

An idealized model for ion transport across an oscillating plasma sheath is analyzed to obtain insight into qualitative features of the ion energy distributions observed in low-pressure rf discharges. The sheath is characterized by a constant electric field over an extent that varies sinusoidally with time, and ions incident on it correspond to a monoenergetic flux independent of phase \ensuremath{\varphi} in the rf cycle. The dimensionless parameters \ensuremath{\alpha}=${\mathit{qV}}_{\mathit{s}}$/m${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\omega}}}^{2}$${\mathit{d}}^{2}$ and \ensuremath{\beta}=${\mathit{v}}_{0}$/\ensuremath{\omega}d (where d and ${\mathit{V}}_{\mathit{s}}$ are the mean sheath thickness and potential drop, \ensuremath{\omega} is the excitation frequency, and ${\mathit{v}}_{0}$ and q/m are the incoming ion speed and charge-to-mass ratio) govern the ion trajectories, which are found to divide into groups, delimited by two ``critical'' values of \ensuremath{\varphi}, that undergo N and N+1 encounters with the field. The first critical phase depends only weakly on \ensuremath{\beta}, whereas the second is sensitive to both \ensuremath{\alpha} and \ensuremath{\beta} and cycles continuously as these parameters diminish. Correspondingly, within the ``transition regime'' where \ensuremath{\alpha} and \ensuremath{\beta} are neither very small nor greater than (or comparable to) unity, the precise form of the incident-ion energy spectrum exhibits rapid variations, superposed on a systematic narrowing, as the frequency \ensuremath{\omega} is increased.
A simplified method for preparation of mouse satellite DNA.

Abstract The dye Hoechst 33258 has been found useful for a one-step high yield purification of mouse satellite DNA. Its ability to increase the resolution of satellite from main band DNA in both mouse and human preparations is briefly compared to the effectiveness of silver ions and two intercalating dyes. Since Hoechst 33258 is highly fluorescent when bound to DNA, fractionation of gradients is simplified.
Abstract 2431: IGF1R/IR axis is a novel treatment target in ER-negative breast cancer.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Background/Hypothesis: Insulin growth factor-1 receptor (IGF1R) and insulin receptor (IR) are overexpressed in a subpopulation of breast cancers (BCs). However, the clinical significance of IGF1R/IR is not fully understood, especially in ER-negative BC, which is aggressive and lacks molecularly targeted therapies. The objective of this study was to rationally develop treatment strategies for ER-negative BC with IGF1R/IR inhibitor. Method: We treated 6 ER-negative BC cell lines that express IGF1R/IR and have p53 mutations, a genetic hallmark of ER-negative BC, with KW2450, a dual tyrosine-kinase inhibitor against IGFR/IR. Western blot analysis was performed to confirm IGF1R, IR, or phosphor-IGFR/IR expression. To evaluate growth-inhibition effect, Cell-titer-blue assay and xenograft model were performed in vitro and in vivo. For apoptosis assay, Annexin V staining and western blotting of cleaved-caspase 8 and -PARP were performed. The amounts of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured as a candidate marker in predicting the efficacy of KW2450. Result: The values of IC50 are shown in the table. In cell-cycle analysis, all 6 cell lines treated with KW2450 accumulated in the G2/M phase and underwent cell death (sub-G1) in a dose-dependent manner. MCF7 and ZR15.1 cells, which have wild-type p53, had the same response to KW2450, which suggests that this phenotype is independent of p53 function. We attributed this cell death to apoptosis following apoptosis assay using one of the most sensitive cell lines, MDA-MB-468. We found that ROS accumulation correlated with a susceptibility to cell death at the dose of 0.5 μm, as shown below. In the xenograft model, we used SUM149 cells, a widely-used model, and saw a significant tumor growth-inhibitory effect at 20 or 40 mg/kg/day compared with vehicle control. Conclusion: ER-negative BCs that express IGF1R or IR are sensitive to KW2450. ROS accumulation with KW2450 treatment may be a good predictive marker of patient benefit from KW2450 treatment. | Cell line | SUM149 | MDA-MB-231 | MDA-MB-468 | BT-549 | HCC70 | SUM190 | |:--------------- | --------- | ---------- | ---------- | ------ | ----- | -------- | | Subtype | TN | TN | TN | TN | TN | HER2+ | | p53 genotype | M237I | R280K | R273H | R249S | R248Q | Q317stop | | IC50 (μM) | 0.23 | 0.35 | 0.27 | 0.28 | 0.26 | 1.72 | | % of dead cells | 8.1 ± 0.2 | 7.3 ± 0.5 | 27.3 ± 0.9 | NA | NA | NA | | % of ROS+ cells | 3.6 ± 0.8 | 5.9 ± 0.4 | 62.5 ± 4.6 | NA | NA | NA | Molecular/genetic profiles and IC50s to KW-2450 in breast cancer cell lines, TN; triple-negative Citation Format: Kazuharu Kai, Kimie Kondo, Naoto Ueno. IGF1R/IR axis is a novel treatment target in ER-negative breast cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2431. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-2431
Brain imaging in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome dementia complex

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections are accompanied by many different types of neurological complications. Opportunistic infections and neoplasms, particularly lymphoma, are often an underlying cause for these complications in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Frequently, these can be detected by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination, double-dose contrast transmission computed tomography (CT), and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). It has become apparent that the HIV itself is responsible for a significant percentage of neurological disease in the HIV-seropositive individual. The onset may be subtle and may occur before the onset of frank immunosuppression. Diagnosis of HIV encephalitis or AIDS dementia complex (ADC) is complicated by the frequent coexistence of opportunistic infections. Structural neuroimaging (CT or MRI) shows atrophy and in some case white matter abnormalities, but imagingpathological correlation suggests that these modalities are relatively insensitive to the presence of HIV brain infection. Functional neuroimaging, both 18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (PET) for evaluation of glucose metabolism and 123 I iodoamphetamine or 99m Tc-HMPAO single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) for evaluation of cerebral perfusion, can demonstrate abnormalities in the subcortical gray matter structures and the cerebral cortex in patients with ADC. These abnormalities may be observed early in the course of ADC even when MRI is negative and the patient is relatively asymptomatic. Also, PET and SPECT may be useful to follow progression of the dementia or response to therapy.
Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in relation to self-reported cancer history

Purpose To estimate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in persons with a history of cancer from a population-based sample of adults, and compare that prevalence to persons without a history of cancer. Methods Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were analyzed to compare prevalence and prevalence differences of the metabolic syndrome, as defined by Adult Treatment Panel III criteria, between 486 persons with a reported history of cancer and 12,526 persons with no reported history of cancer. Results The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 258/1000 persons for those with a cancer history and 184/1000 persons among those without, resulting in a prevalence difference of 74/1000 persons (95% CI, 38–110). Prevalence differences varied substantially by age at interview. The prevalence difference was highest among those aged 40 to 49 years (112/1000 persons) and 50 to 59 years (73/1000 persons), while those in younger (18–39 years) and older (: 60 years) age groups had a moderately higher prevalence among those without a cancer history. Conclusion These results add to the emerging concern that metabolic syndrome and associated risks for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes may be an adverse late effect of cancer and/or its treatment.
Control of Magnetic Bearings with plug-in time-varying harmonic resonators

A common problem in the operation of rotors is the sinusoidal disturbance caused by mass unbalance. Mass unbalance manifests as a harmonic force with frequency synchronous to the rotor speed. In a rotor-bearing system using Active Magnetic Bearings (AMBs), this issue is especially important as the gap between the rotor and electromagnets is small and rotor unbalance may cause the rotor to make contact with the housing. In this paper, an adaptive resonator is implemented in a plug-in architecture to keep the rotor in stable levitation for varying rotor speeds while reducing the affects of rotor unbalance.
Western Christianity's two historical treatments of people with disabilities or mental illness

Abstract Christianity had two traditions of interpreting people with disabilities. The older tradition viewed disability as the result of sin. This tradition punished, separated, and restricted people with disabilities. It barred them from full participation in the Church and its rituals. However, as Christianity developed, a second tradition emerged that saw people with disabilities as needing compassion and that God accepted everyone. The second tradition saw people with disabilities as representing opportunities for the faithful to do charitable works. Christianity led the movement to provide assistance to people with disabilities until government later began to supplant its efforts.
Perceptions of Innovation in Product Form and Function: A Comparison of Historical and Future Oriented Data Mining

When product functions and qualities are similar across products, customers make their purchasing decision upon aesthetic form. Form presents a significant competitive factor that improves the value of a product. Overall, the purpose of this study is to examine the most important product design factors that affect the market share trends in products. As a case study we center our analyses on mobile phones. Study uses product characteristics for 1,028 mobile phones released between 2003 and 2008 as a case study. Multiple linear regression analysis is used to mine the date to find highly correlated variables that influence the market share, and Mallow’s Cp method is used to determine the best-fitting model. The Partial Regression Coefficients are used to evaluate the relative importance of design criteria. The nine mobile phone design features that affect the market share were identified, and the block form style is determined as the most important design factor. Then, the results of our historical data mining are compared to a future oriented approach (survey analysis using Nominal Logistic Regression). We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of these approaches, and provide inferences about how investments should be directed in future mobile phone designs.© 2009 ASME
Contributory factors affecting arrest in domestic and non‐domestic assaults

Provides empirical evidence for the first time to suggest that police officers are less apt to arrest in domestic violence cases when directly comparing officers’ responses in domestic and non‐domestic assaults. Uses a sample of 92,000 police reports in a small midwestern police department of the USA. Supports the premise of disparate treatment for domestic assaults. Finds that injuries were equally likely in domestic and non‐domestic assaults; that the impact of weapons is limited. Calls for further research to clarify these issues, e.g., to re‐examine officers’definitions of injuries and weapons. Supports findings that officers are more apt to arrest when a victim requests this.
Solar simulation photodegradation of polystyrene: Phthalocyanine pigments as inhibitor of the photodegradation process

Polystyrene and pigmented polystyrene films with a loading of either 3% phthalo blue (blue), 3% of phthalo green (green) or 1·5% of 2, 3, 10, 11, 18, 19, 26, 27-octakis(dodecyloxy)-phthalocyanine (DD green) were exposed to simulated solar radiation ranging from 250 to 1100 nm inside a vacuum chamber at a pressure of approximately 1·0 × 10−6 torr. Changes in the fluorescence spectra of the photodegraded samples were examined. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) analysis indicated that all the photoirradiated samples had a higher molecular weight than their unexposed counterparts. The percentage increase in molecular weight of the polymer varied with the type of pigment. In general, the increase in the weight average molecular weight of phthalocyanine pigmented polystyrene was less than the unpigmented counterpart, while phthalocyanine pigments produced more cross-linked insoluble material.
Structured low-density parity-check codes

This article describes the different methods to design regular low density parity-check (LDPC) codes with large girth. In graph terms, this corresponds to designing bipartite undirected regular graphs with large girth. Large girth speeds the convergence of iterative decoding and improves the performance at least in the high SNR range, by slowing down the onsetting of the error floor. We reviewed several existing constructions from exhaustive search to highly structured designs based on Euclidean and projective finite geometries and combinatorial designs. We describe GB and TS LDPC codes and compared the BER performance with large girth to the BER performance of random codes. These studies confirm that in the high SNR regime these codes with high girth exhibit better BER performance. The regularity of the codes provides additional advantages that we did not explore in this article like the simplicity of their hardware implementation and fast encoding.
10Be as a tracer of erosion and sediment transport

Be is retained by the components of soil and sediment to a high degree, having partition coefficients with water ranging from 105 to 106. This characteristic and a 1.5· 106-a half-life make the radioisotope 10Be an excellent tracer of sediment transport. Measurements of the isotope in a wide variety of terrestrial material now allow one to determine its course in soil profiles, erosion, transport, and sedimentation. Although the oceans and continents can, to a first approximation, be considered separately, interactions in coastal waters play a special role and a curious recycling takes place in some island-arc volcanoes.
THE TRIPLET STATE OFPYRIDOXAL–5′‐PHOSPHATE IN LASER FLASH PHOTOLYSIS

— Sensitization and quenching experiments demonstrate that laser flash photolysis ofpyridoxal–5′-phosphate populates a triplet state about 244 kJ/mol. Excitation by the 337.1-nm photons from a nitrogen laser generated transient absorption in the 400-nm region which decayed with a fast first order component on a much slower one. Xanthone photosensitized the same absorption; oxygen, nitric oxide, biacetyl, and 1,3-cyclo-hexadiene quenched it. Spectra and lifetimes suggest that the triplet state leads to radical formation.
Broadband low-cost reflectarray for multi-mission radar applications

The design of a microstrip reflectarray with two types of element configurations for multi-mission radars is presented. The proposed element configurations can provide an increased phasing range of single-layer unit cells that exceeds the required minimum of 360°. An air/foam layer is inserted between substrate and conducting ground to offer a slow phase slope as their varying sizes, and thus gives a good manufacturing tolerance. The performance of the designed reflectarray is investigated via full-wave EM simulations, and the measurements of the reflectarray which is carried out in the anechoic chamber of University of Oklahoma are compared with simulations.
InTISb alloys for infrared detection

InTlSb alloys have been grown by low-pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition, and characterized.Photoconductors exhibit a cut-off wavelength that can be tailored from 5.5 im up to 9 j.Lm by varying the thalliumcontent. Experimental observations suggest that this can be further extended by increasing the thallium content. AnInTlSb photoconductor having a 9 im cut-off wavelength exhibited a D* of i0 cm Hz112 W at 7 im operating