cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Health Impacts and Assessment from BRT and Complete Streets: Mexico City's Line 5 Metrobus Corridor

Cities today are host to myriad public health problems related to transport — unnecessary traffic crashes and pedestrian deaths, polluted air and sedentary lifestyles, that can cut lives short, reduce economic productivity, and harm overall quality of life. This presentation describes an assessment of major health issues before and after the implementation of the 27-km Metrobus Line 5 BRT corridor in Mexico City. Opened in November, 2015, the project includes 50 stations and serves approximately 200,000 passengers per day, with a dedicated BRT lane, completely reconstructed carriageways, new sidewalks with green features, improved pedestrian crossings and access to a central green median, and a protected bicycle lane. The previous road only offered small microbuses and a road design that lacked facilities for active transport. The World Resources Institute and other organizations supported the city in planning and designing the corridor, including road safety audits, resident surveys and operations support. Ex-ante studies were used as health impacts assessments to offer insights into the project. In addition, ex-post studies were carried out with regard to road fatalities and serious injuries, physical activity rates of residents in catchment areas, and personal exposure to air pollutants on the corridor and inside buses. The findings show that after implementation of the BRT, physical activity has increased, air quality and exposure have improved and that traffic crashes have likely fallen, though more research is needed and additional attention is needed to certain user groups and their well-being. For example, with residents walking more, additional attention to the condition of sidewalks may be necessary, as well as looking further into the mobility needs between genders. Overall, the implementation of BRT, especially when a "complete street" can be viewed as an urban transport measure that may improve public health, though further attention drawn to the built environment around stations.
Shared Decision-Making in Acute Surgical Illness: The Surgeon's Perspective.

Background Surgical patients increasingly have more comorbidities and are of an older age, complicating surgical decision-making in emergent situations. Little is known about surgeons' perceptions of shared decision-making in these settings. Study Design Twenty semi-structured interviews were conducted with practicing surgeons at 2 large academic medical centers. Thirteen questions and 2 case vignettes were used to assess perceptions of decision-making, considerations when deciding whether to offer to operate, and communication patterns with patients and families. Results Thematic analysis revealed 6 major themes: responsibility for the decision to operate, perceived futility, surgeon judgment, surgeon introspection, pressure to operate, and costs of the operation. Perceived futility was universally considered a contraindication to surgical intervention. However, the challenge of defining futility led participants to emphasize the importance of patients' self-determined risk-to-benefit analysis when considering surgical intervention. More experienced surgeons reported greater comfort with communicating to patients that a condition was not amenable to an operation and reserved the right to refuse to operate. Conclusions Due to external pressures and uncertainty, some providers err on the side of operative intervention, despite suspected futility. Greater experience allows surgeons to withstand external pressures, be confident in their assessments of perceived futility, and guide patients and their families away from additional interventions.
New perspectives in the legal psychiatry of cocaine-related crimes

The legal criteria for the insanity defense as it applies to cocaine-related crimes remains elusive because of cocaine's unique spectrum of effects on human thought and action. This paper discusses the literature relevant to cocaine and forensic psychiatry/psychology, and summarizes the results of a survey of forensic psychiatrists on the topic of drug-induced psychosis. A conceptual framework is posited for the expert witness to distinguish the separable effects of cocaine on human behavior and to clarify their relationship to criminal responsibility.
Buddhist Totalism: “Causation-by- Tathatā”

Essential to our exposition of Buddhist totalism (represented best by the Huayen school of China and its Japanese counterpart, the Kegon school) is the doctrine of the already mentioned text, namely, the “Awakening of Faith in Mahāyāna.” We shall rely heavily on it and our main task will be to restructure the vein of its thinking into the triadic sequence of “complementarity” that we are about to present in the subsequent chapters of this book. Needless to say, equally important are the doctrines propounded by such a great master of Hua-yen, like Hsien-shou Fa-tsang.1 we shall also rely frequently on the Laṅkāvatāra-sūtra, for though this is not a text which explicitly advocates a clear-cut doctrine of “causation-by-Tathatā” it does represent, however, a very significant stage of transition that bridges early subjective idealism and totalism.
Influence of Annual Meetings of the American Society of Anesthesiologists and of Large National Surgical Societies on Caseloads of Major Therapeutic Procedures.

Statistical methods to calculate the hours into which cases are scheduled, based on minimizing the inefficiency of use of anesthesia and/or operating room (OR) time, assure that anesthesiologists and OR nurses are available on each day to care for patients while infrequently working late. The method assumes that anesthesia staffing is planned based on the workload and not vice-versa. We used the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) meeting to test the assumption across a large population. The observational study cohort was all 3,191,282 major therapeutic procedures performed during 2,517,842 cases at all 121 non-federal hospitals in the State of Iowa, 2007–16. The Fridays to Wednesdays of the annual ASA meetings were compared pairwise by year with those days of the other (mean = 43.0 [SE =0.3]) weeks without a federal holiday. Differences in counts of procedures (P = 0.45, 0.5% [0.7%]) and cases performed (P = 0.93, 0.1% [1.0%]) were not significant. In contrast, compared to non-meeting weeks, during the American College of Surgeons meeting, there were fewer general surgery procedures performed (P = 0.0009, −9.1% [1.9%]), fewer procedures performed of any type (P = 0.022, −2.1% [0.8]), and fewer cases of any type (P = 0.003, −2.5% [0.6%]). Similarly, during the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons meeting, there were fewer joint arthroplasties performed (P < 0.0001, −27.1% [3.1%]), fewer procedures (P = 0.011, −6.3% [2.0%]), and fewer cases (P = 0.018, −5.9% [2.0%]). The results show that, in routine practice, anesthesia staffing and staff scheduling are being chosen to prevent the meeting from affecting patients’ and surgeons’ access to OR time.
Data-Driven Nonlinear Stabilization Using Koopman Operator

We propose the application of Koopman operator theory for the design of stabilizing feedback controller for a nonlinear control system. The proposed approach is data-driven and relies on the use of time-series data generated from the control dynamical system for the lifting of a nonlinear system in the Koopman eigenfunction coordinates. In particular, a finite-dimensional bilinear representation of a control-affine nonlinear dynamical system is constructed in the Koopman eigenfunction coordinates using time-series data. Sample complexity results are used to determine the data required to achieve the desired level of accuracy for the approximate bilinear representation of the nonlinear system in Koopman eigenfunction coordinates. A control Lyapunov function-based approach is proposed for the design of stabilizing feedback controller. A systematic convex optimization-based formulation is proposed for the search of control Lyapunov function. Several numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the application of the proposed data-driven stabilization approach.
Adolescent fluoxetine history impairs spatial memory in adult male, but not female, C57BL/6 mice.

Abstract Background Epidemiological reports indicate that mood-related disorders are common in the adolescent population. The prevalence of juvenile major depressive disorder has resulted in a parallel increase in the prescription rates of fluoxetine (FLX) within this age group. Although such treatment can last for years, little is known about the enduring consequences of adolescent antidepressant exposure on memory-related performance. Methods We exposed separate groups of adolescent (postnatal day [PD] 35) male and female C57BL/6 mice to FLX (20 mg/kg) for 15 consecutive days (PD35-49). Three weeks after FLX exposure (PD70), we assessed learning and memory performance on a single-day training object novelty recognition test, or a spatial memory task on the Morris water maze (MWM). Results We found that FLX pretreatment did not influence performance on either the object novelty recognition task or the MWM, 24 h after training. Conversely, 48 h post spatial-training on the MWM, FLX pretreated male mice spent significantly less time on the quadrant of the missing platform during a standard probe trial. No differences in MWM performance were observed in the adult female mice pretreated with FLX. Limitations A limitation of this study is that normal adolescent mice (i.e., non-stressed) were evaluated for memory-related behavior three weeks after antidepressant exposure. Thus, it is possible that FLX pre-exposure in combination with animal models for the study of depression may yield different results. Conclusion Together, these results demonstrate enduring spatial memory-related deficiencies after pre-exposure to FLX during adolescence in male, but not female, C57BL/6 mice.
Measuring Curricular Impact using an ABET-based Engineering Self-Efficacy Scale

This Research to Practice Full Paper outlines the use of an ABET-based engineering self-efficacy scale (ESE-ABET) to successfully measure changes in engineering self-efficacy pre-to-post over a course term. This scale can be used to measure learning progress toward the “instructor’s intent” for learning in a class, which will likely be unique to each engineering classroom experience. This scale also shows the differing changes in engineering self-efficacy for groups of students generally underrepresented in engineering education – women, ethnic minorities and first-generation college students. A discussion of the value of having a valid and reliable ABET-based self-efficacy measure is included.
Diaphragmless single-pulse shock tube for high-temperature chemical kinetics studies

Single-pulse shock tubes are effective tools for measuring chemical kinetics at high temperatures, typically (900-1400) K. However, the use of a diaphragm for shock generation leads to significant shock-to-shock inconsistencies in temperature for a constant initial pressure ratio across the discontinuity. Diaphragms also require replacement after each shock and demand care in cleaning to ensure that the fragments do not contaminate the apparatus. A piston-driven valve design is presented that leads to a highly reproducible postreflected shock temperatures (0.41% at 1147 K and 0.61% at 967 K) in a single pulse varying from (500 to 1200) µs in width over the temperature range of interest. Characterization of the valve was accomplished using both shock-speed measurements and independent measurements of the pulse temperature using reference thermal decomposition reactions.
Bulk Superconductivity and Role of Fluctuations in the Iron-Based Superconductor FeSe at High Pressures.

The iron-based superconductor FeSe offers a unique possibility to study the interplay of superconductivity with purely nematic as well magnetic-nematic order by pressure ($p$) tuning. By measuring specific heat under $p$ up to 2.36 GPa, we study the multiple phases in FeSe using a thermodynamic probe. We conclude that superconductivity is bulk across the entire $p$ range and competes with magnetism. In addition, whenever magnetism is present, fluctuations exist over a wide temperature range above both the bulk superconducting and the magnetic transitions. Whereas the magnetic fluctuations are likely temporal, the superconducting fluctuations may be either temporal or spatial. These observations highlight similarities between FeSe and underdoped cuprate superconductors.
Random Access Preamble Design for Large Frequency Shift in Satellite Communication

In satellite communication, a low earth orbit satellite generally has a large velocity with respect to user equipments, which leads to high Doppler frequency shifts and hence affects the initial access procedure. There are already several designs for the random access preamble. However, they either assume the frequency shift is less than one half of subcarrier space, or has strict requirements for the frequency shift. Some designs also need high computational complexity in the receiver side. This paper proposes a new preamble design to solve the frequency shift. In details, several Zadoff-Chu sequences with different roots are concatenated or superposed to estimate the large frequency shift. The resulting preamble is flexible in time domain length to deal with different path delays, and has low computational complexity in receiver side.
AN UNUSUAL CASE OF “REVERSE” ORTHODEOXIA DUE TO ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECT, CHIARI MALFORMATION OF THE RIGHT ATRIUM AND HYPOPLASTIC RIGHT VENTRICLE

Orthodeoxia is a rare phenomenon of decrease in oxygen saturation with upright position as compared to supine. Differential includes significant pulmonary arteriovenous malformations or unusual anatomic/physiologic combinations of patent foramen ovale. We describe a case of “reverse” orthodeoxia
Quantitative relationship between severity of pulmonary hypertension and LV diastolic function has been established: Reply

We would like to respond to the comments by Barasch et al. regarding our study “Correlation of Left Ventricular Filling Characteristics With Right Ventricular Overload and Pulmonary Artery Pressure in Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension” recently published in the Journal [(1)][1]. The
Clinical nursing experience of secondary PICC indwelling catheter in VLBWI

Objective Cluster nursing intervention can effectively ensure the treatment of very low birth weight infant (VLBWI) who was placed PICC secondary at particular insertion sites.Methods Retrospectively analyzed the information of clinical PICC secondary placement.A total of 56 VLBWIs were randomly divided into cluster nursing intervention group and conventional nursing group.Compared indwelling time of different insertion sites and complications of two groups to observe the difference of nursing mode.56 VLBWIs were compared with 30 children who were inserted from elbow to define the effect of nursing intervention.Result Cluster nursing care could significantly lengthen PICC indwelling time and reduce complications.Conclusion Cluster nursing care perfects the technology of PICC,improves the quality of treatment of VLBWI. Key words: PICC; Very low birth weight infant; Cluster nursing intervention; Individual nursing
A Qualitative Exploration of Pell Grant-Eligible Latino Male Students’ Perceptions of Their Experiences and Engagement in a First-Year College Program

Some assert that first-year college programs can foster increased engagement among college students and lead to successful outcomes, but there is a lack of in-depth analysis of students’ perception...
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Prevention for People Who Use Drugs: Overview of Reviews and the ICOS of PICOS

Background This article summarizes the results from systematic reviews of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention interventions for people who use drugs (PWUD). We performed an overview of reviews, meta-analysis, meta-epidemiology, and PROSPERO Registration CRD42017070117. Methods We conducted a comprehensive systematic literature search using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention HIV/AIDS Prevention Research Synthesis Project database to identify quantitative systematic reviews of HIV public heath interventions with PWUD published during 2002-2017. We recombined results of US studies across reviews to quantify effects on HIV infections, continuum of HIV care, sexual risk, and 5 drug-related outcomes (sharing injection equipment, injection frequency, opioid use, general drug use, and participation in drug treatment). We conducted summary meta-analyses separately for reviews of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-experiments. We stratified effects by 5 intervention types: behavioral-psychosocial (BPS), syringe service programs (SSP), opioid agonist therapy (OAT), financial and scheduling incentives (FSI), and case management (CM). Results We identified 16 eligible reviews including >140 US studies with >55 000 participants. Summary effects among US studies were significant and favorable for 4 of 5 outcomes measured under RCT (eg, reduced opioid use; odds ratio [OR] = 0.70, confidence interval [CI] = 0.56-0.89) and all 6 outcomes under quasi-experiments (eg, reduced HIV infection [OR = 0.42, CI = 0.27-0.63]; favorable continuum of HIV care [OR = 0.68, CI = 0.53-0.88]). Each intervention type showed effectiveness on 1-6 outcomes. Heterogeneity was moderate to none for RCT but moderate to high for quasi-experiments. Conclusions Behavioral-psychosocial, SSP, OAT, FSI, and CM interventions are effective in reducing risk of HIV and sequelae of injection and other drug use, and they have a continuing role in addressing the opioid crisis and Ending the HIV Epidemic.
Recent Advances in Development of Polarimetric MODTRAN®6

Efforts have begun on development of MODTRAN7, a polarimetric version of MODTRAN6. A beta-release, modeling single scatter Stokes parameters and linear polarized ground emission is planned for later this year. The basic formalism, single scattering models, and demonstration calculations are presented.
A Systematic Review of Procedural Complications from Transforaminal Lumbar Puncture for Intrathecal Nusinersen Administration in Patients with Spinal Muscular Atrophy.

BACKGROUND: Spinal muscular atrophy is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that can be treated with intrathecal antisense oligonucleotide therapy (nusinersen). However, administration is often complicated by posterior spinal fusion and neuromuscular scoliosis, necessitating a transforaminal approach. PURPOSE: To assess the safety profile of the transforaminal approach for intrathecal access. DATA SOURCES: Searches of the PubMed, Web of Science, and SCOPUS databases. STUDY SELECTION: Thirteen articles were selected based on inclusion of transforaminal access and appropriate clinical information about the procedure. DATA ANALYSIS: Complications were taken from the included articles and aggregated based on Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiological Society of Europe scale adverse event grading. DATA SYNTHESIS: Total number of complications and grade of complications were analyzed, by year and in total. LIMITATIONS: Selection bias in publication, small patient population size, and variability of the procedure limits the available data. CONCLUSIONS: Transforaminal approach is a safe alternative for intrathecal access in patients with spinal muscular atrophy and may be applicable to a larger patient population.
Congenital defects of current concern and interest in cattle

Cattle breeders need the advice of veterinarians to recognize such defects in their cattle and the effects it may have upon their breeding programs. This paper reviews nature, cause and effect of congenital defects in cattle. Particular emphasis is placed in some new control procedures. In addition, some defects of recent interest and concern are discussed.
A workflow leveraging MOOSE transient multiphysics simulations to evaluate the impact of thermophysical property uncertainties on molten-salt reactors

Abstract A new approach is proposed to evaluate the safety of molten-salt reactors (MSRs), using advanced modeling and simulation (M&S) tools. This approach augments the Monitoring and Inspection (M&I) concept for fuel qualification by enabling computation of the change in critical safety parameters as a result of altered thermo-physical fuel properties. This work uses newly developed capabilities in the MOOSE framework to perform the requisite M&S. The neutronics code Griffin, using its neutron diffusion solver, is coupled to the coarse-mesh, multi-dimensional, thermal-hydraulic capabilities of Pronghorn. The resulting new capability enables efficient transient multiphysics simulations of open-pool-type MSR concepts, including delayed neutron precursor advection and beyond design basis events. The proposed approach uses the coupled Griffin/Pronghorn models to perform a sensitivity analysis by perturbing the salt thermophysical properties and evaluating the resulting impact on key safety parameters during an unprotected loss-of-forced-flow accident. In light of the challenges associated with predicting the effect of reactor operations and burnup on bulk salt properties, this work demonstrates how Griffin/Pronghorn multiphysics simulations may be used to evaluate whether changes in salt properties could potentially lead to unsafe reactor configurations.
β-Coronaviruses use lysosomal organelles for cellular egress.

β-Coronaviruses are a family of positive-strand enveloped RNA viruses that include the severe acute respiratory syndrome-CoV2 (SARS-CoV2). While much is known regarding their cellular entry and replication pathways, their mode of egress remains uncertain; however, this is assumed to be via the biosynthetic secretory pathway by analogy to other enveloped viruses. Using imaging methodologies in combination with virus-specific reporters, we demonstrate that β-Coronaviruses utilize lysosomal trafficking for egress from cells. This pathway is regulated by the Arf-like small GTPase Arl8b; thus, virus egress is insensitive to inhibitors of the biosynthetic secretory pathway. Coronavirus infection results in lysosome deacidification, inactivation of lysosomal degradation and disruption of antigen presentation pathways. This coronavirus-induced exploitation of lysosomes provides insights into the cellular and immunological abnormalities observed in patients and suggests new therapeutic modalities. Funding: NAB, SG, TDR, EP, QQ, MF and CB were supported with NHLBI/NIH; GAB and SRA were supported with NCI/NIH intramural funds. PMT was supported by NIH R01 A1091985-05; SP by NIH R01 NS36592 and AF by F32-AI113973; VH by NIH R37GM058615; GW by NIH R01AI35270. Conflict of Interest: None.
The Rise of Ethnic Politics in Latin America

The Rise of Ethnic Politics in Latin America explores why indigenous movements have recently won elections for the first time in the history of the region. Raul L. Madrid argues that some indigenous parties have won by using inclusive populist appeals to reach out to whites and mestizos. Indigenous parties have managed to win support across ethnic lines because the long history of racial mixing in Latin America blurred ethnic boundaries and reduced ethnic polarization. The appeals of the indigenous parties have especially resonated in the Andean countries because of widespread disenchantment with the region's traditional parties. The book contains up-to-date qualitative and quantitative analyses of parties in seven countries, including detailed case studies of Bolivia, Ecuador and Peru.
Secure satellite communication using multi-photon tolerant quantum communication protocol

This paper proposes and analyzes the potential of a multi-photon tolerant quantum communication protocol to secure satellite communication. For securing satellite communication, quantum cryptography is the only known unconditionally secure method. A number of recent experiments have shown feasibility of satellite-aided global quantum key distribution (QKD) using different methods such as: Use of entangled photon pairs, decoy state methods, and entanglement swapping. The use of single photon in these methods restricts the distance and speed over which quantum cryptography can be applied. Contemporary quantum cryptography protocols like the BB84 and its variants suffer from the limitation of reaching the distances of only Low Earth Orbit (LEO) at the data rates of few kilobits per second. This makes it impossible to develop a general satellite-based secure global communication network using the existing protocols. The method proposed in this paper allows secure communication at the heights of the Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) and Geosynchronous Earth Orbit (GEO) satellites. The benefits of the proposed method are two-fold: First it enables the realization of a secure global communication network based on satellites and second it provides unconditional security for satellite networks at GEO heights. The multi-photon approach discussed in this paper ameliorates the distance and speed issues associated with quantum cryptography through the use of contemporary laser communication (lasercom) devices. This approach can be seen as a step ahead towards global quantum communication.
Enforcing Corporate Fiduciary Duties in Bankruptcy

Because of a gaping hole in the law of corporate governance, rogue officers and directors can escape liability for severely disloyal, bad faith management by causing the company they operate to enter bankruptcy. The disappearance of the derivative suits that enforce state law fiduciary duties once a corporation files bankruptcy threatens to significantly undermine their deterrent effect outside of bankruptcy. Bankruptcy need not serve as a safe haven for faithless corporate managers. In fact, the Bankruptcy Code provides a solution to this problem, the appointment of a chapter 11 trustee to replace, monitor, or help troubled corporate managers, but bankruptcy courts and debtors' shareholders and creditors have been too intimidated by the traditionally extreme nature of that remedy to use it effectively. As a consequence, parties wishing to hold irresponsible managers accountable for the harm they have caused the now bankrupt corporation continue to try to use state law enforcement mechanisms that are not effective within a bankruptcy case. The common belief that a chapter 11 trustee must completely replace a debtor's management makes that remedy far too expensive to use in all but the most egregious of circumstances. The resulting loophole allows culpable officers and directors to escape the consequences of their malfeasance.This article argues that bankruptcy courts and litigants should abandon the conventional wisdom regarding the extreme nature of the appointment of a chapter 11 trustee when faced with severe problems with a debtor's management. Instead, bankruptcy courts should embrace the discretion the Bankruptcy Code gives them to define the scope of a trustee's duties in a way that mitigates the harm such managers may inflict upon the debtor without causing the reorganizing company to endure the unnecessary costs or disruptions that would accompany the complete ouster of the debtor's current management. The chapter 11 trustee is, in situations of severe mismanagement of the debtor, a mandatory remedy that has fallen into disuse. Because a trustee is the only means provided by the Bankruptcy Code to address breaches of fiduciary duty by a debtor's managers, bankruptcy courts should require interested parties to use the corporate governance rules and mechanisms enumerated in the Bankruptcy Code before trying to force causes of action against management under state or other nonbankruptcy law to fit into a bankruptcy case. More specifically, courts should require litigants to bring a motion for the appointment of a trustee before requesting leave to pursue derivative suits against the debtor's managers if there is a significant problem with the debtor in possession's operation of the firm.
Globalization of Markets and Its Impact on Domestic Institutions

Globalization of markets is one of the most fascinating developments of this century. Its impact on economic transactions, processes, institutions, and players is dramatic and wide ranging. It challenges established norms and behavior and requires different mindsets. Yet, it creates opportunities for the well prepared participants who can be proactive and visionary.1 Globalization of markets involves the growing interdependency among the economies of the world; multinational nature of sourcing, manufacturing, trading, and investment activities; increasing frequency of cross-border transactions and financing; and heightened intensify of competition among a larger number of players.2 This phenomenon has been fueled by advances in communication and transportation technologies, the spread of economic growth and wealth around the world, the loosening of barriers to trade, and the formation of regional economic blocs.3 Development of new technologies and the proliferation of new products also contributes to the globalization of markets. Simply consider the following industries which came into existence only in the last decade: medical imaging, biotechnology, composite materials, robotics, and process innovations. Gaining momentum since the end of World War II, the globalization of markets has led to the formation of irreversible economic linkages among countries. It has also shifted the focus away from the nation-state, and more toward industry and the individual enterprise.
Preparation of sound high purity plutonium rods. Part 1. Effect of chill casting and subsequent heat treatment on microcracking

Abstract The severe microcracking in high purity plutonium metal rods is eliminated by a chill casting procedure and a post-casting treatment. Multiple cast rods, 6 to 17 mm in dia. with densities in excess of 19.79 g/cm3 are produced by pouring the plutonium melt at 800 ± 50 °C in vacuo into an aluminium alloy mold chilled to −80 °C. Cold shuts are eliminated through the use of a distribution runner on top of the mold which allows only one rod cavity to be filled at a time. The final high density is achieved by warming the rods to 80 °C immediately after casting, followed by cycling the rods between 80 and 25 °C for 2 days.
Homing in on L-Selectin

By 1983, when the article by Gallatin, Weissman, and Butcher ([1][1]) was published in Nature , it was clear that blood-borne lymphocytes migrate selectively (“home”) to secondary lymphoid organs. It was known that their ability to enter lymphoid organs and their preferences for particular
A parallel algorithm for path-min queries in trees

Given a rooted tree T on n vertices with each vertex v having a label cost(v), preprocess T so that, given a pair of vertices v, w, the minimum-cost vertex on the path between v and w (the path-min of v and w) can be found efficiently. We give a preprocessing algorithm running in O(log n) time using O(n) processors in the CREW PRAM. After preprocessing, a path-min query can be answered in O(log n) time using a single processor.
Integrating Text and Database Systems: Possibilities and Challenges

Text-based applications typically require the ability to handle structured data and provide effective text access. In this paper, we review approaches to the integration of database systems and text retrieval systems. We also describes some new areas of text analysis research that are related to this problem.
Social Work in Academia: A Case Study of Survival.

Abstract During 1992-93, the School of Social Work at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign was confronted with proposals for elimination, merger, and consolidation. This case study examines the proposals and the rationales behind the School's strategies to counter them. Implications for social work programs in similar circumstances are discussed.
Development of advanced host cell protein enrichment and detection strategies to enable process relevant spike challenge studies

An orthogonal chromatography methodology for the enrichment of host cell protein (HCP) species relative to monoclonal antibody (mAb) products was developed and applied for the successful enrichment of HCP from post-Protein A process pools for seven different mAb products. An advanced two-dimensional liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry platform (2D-LC/MS(E) ) was utilized to demonstrate that the HCP enriched material was representative, in terms of species content, to pre-enriched process pools. The HCP enrichment methodology was scaled up for two different mAb products, and this process relevant enriched HCP material was used to conduct advanced spike challenge studies to demonstrate the utility of the approach for the understanding of (1) quantitative HCP clearance, (2) individual species clearance, and (3) species clearance redundancy across polishing chromatography steps. The combined ability to enrich process relevant HCP, detect individual HCP species with 2D-LC/MS(E) technology, and conduct advanced challenge studies with process relevant material surmounts prior limitations to high integrity process challenge study implementation, and facilitates significant process understanding for development of risk-based control strategies and strategic process design. This also demonstrates implementation of a foundational strategy for conducting spike-challenge studies using process-relevant impurities isolated from processes of interest using orthogonal approaches.
Consequentialism and Human Rights

The article begins with a review of the structural differences between act consequentialist theories and human rights theories, as illustrated by Amartya Sen's paradox of the Paretian liberal and Robert Nozick's utilitarianism of rights. It discusses attempts to resolve those structural differences by moving to a second-order or indirect consequentialism, illustrated by J.S. Mill and Derek Parfit. It presents consequentialist (though not utilitarian) interpretations of the contractualist theories of Jurgen Habermas and the early John Rawls (Theory of Justice) and of the capability theories of Sen and Martha Nussbaum. It also discusses two roles that well-being or a surrogate for well-being typically plays in theories of human rights: (a) well-being plays a role in the justification of at least some exceptions to human rights principles; and (b) some human rights seem to be best understood as rights to some level of well-being or expected well-being (or of a surrogate for one of them). It reviews two consequentialist challenges to the moral adequacy of non-consequentialist accounts of human rights, one based on a duty to relieve suffering and the other generated by Parfit's Non-Identity Problem, and concludes with a contrast between two ways of looking at the history of the development and implementation of human rights conventions and laws. Video abstract (click to view)
ATP-dependent GSH and glutathione S-conjugate transport in skate liver: role of an Mrp functional homologue.

Multidrug resistance-associated proteins 1 and 2 (Mrp1 and Mrp2) are thought to mediate low-affinity ATP-dependent transport of reduced glutathione (GSH), but there is as yet no direct evidence for...
p-Anisaldehyde as a Ligand in Molybdenum and Tungsten Complexes: σ or π?

The different binding modes of p-anisaldehyde to the [TpMo(CO)(MeC⋮CMe)]+ and [TpW(CO)(MeC⋮CMe)]+ fragments in solution have been assessed by IR and 1H and 13C NMR spectra. X-ray analyses substanti...
Homotopy classes in Sobolev spaces and the existence of energy minimizing maps

Consider the problem of finding maps f: M--->N that are stationary for an energy functional such as fM IDfl p (where M and N are compact riemannian manifolds and p~>l). Such maps may be found by minimizing the functional, but if we minimize among all maps from M to N, then the minimum is 0 and is attained only by constant maps. Thus in order to find nontrivial stationary maps, we would like to use the topology of M and N to define classes of maps from M to N in which we can minimize the functional. For instance one could try to minimize among maps in a given homotopy class, but this is not possible in general (unless p>dimM), since a minimizing sequence of mappings in one homotopy class can converge (in the appropriate weak topology) to a map in another homotopy class. However, in this paper we show that it is possible to minimize among maps fwhose restrictions to a lower dimensional skeleton of (a triangulation of) M belong to a given homotopy class. To state the results precisely we need to refer to certain Sobolev spaces and norms. We will assume without loss of generality that M and N are submanifolds of euclidean spaces R m and R ~, respectively, and we let Lip (M, N) denote the space of lipschitz maps from M to N. We define LI'p(M, R") to be the space of all functions fE LP(M, R n) such that there exist functions
Weighted conditional kappa

In this paper, I propose a simple generalization of the so-called conditional kappa for measuring the extent of agreement between two observers categorizing a set of items. The generalization involves the incorporation of weights representing the relative seriousness of each possible disagreement between the observers. Large-sample statistical inference procedures are outlined. A numerical example is used to demonstrate the detailed computational steps required.
Effects of low oxygen concentrations on the hatching and viability of eggs of marine calanoid copepods

Hatching of the eggs of four species of copepods, Acartia tonsa, Labidocera aestiva, Tortanus discaudatus, and Centropages hamatus was suppressed at oxygen concentrations less than 0.02 ml O2/l. When such eggs were subsequently exposed to normal oxygen concentrations, hatching varied among the species, indicating variability in the capacity of eggs to survive exposure to low oxygen. Incubation of eggs at low oxygen concentrations resulted in an increase in the duration of embryonic development. Experiments were conducted in closed systems and oxygen concentration was determined by thermal conductivity using gas chromatography.
Upper-Extremity Pain Disorders in Breast Cancer

Abstract Stubblefield MD, Custodio CM. Upper-extremity pain disorders in breast cancer. Upper-extremity pain is a common and debilitating problem for patients with breast cancer. Although there is considerable literature describing symptoms, little is available on the specific disorders responsible for pain and debility in these patients. Cervical radiculopathy, brachial plexopathy, neuropathy, rotator cuff tendonitis, adhesive capsulitis, epicondylitis, postmastectomy syndrome, swelling, and bone metastases are among the common disorders responsible for upper-extremity pain in breast cancer patients. Overall Article Objective To discuss common upper-extremity pain disorders in patients with breast cancer.
Switched system models for coordinated cyber-physical attack construction and simulation

Effective simulation of large-scale power system disturbances especially those stemming from intentional attack represents an open engineering and research problem. Challenges stem from the need to develop intelligent models of cyber-physical attacks that produce salient disruptions, to appropriately portray meaningful cyber-physical interdependencies, and balance precision, scale and complexity. In this paper, we present a foundation for the development of a class of intelligent cyber-physical attacks that we term coordinated switching attacks. Our approach, based on variable structure systems theory, is amenable to implementation in well known power system simulators. We provide a method to construct such attack models and demonstrate their utility in the simulation of extensive system disturbances. Our results demonstrate the potential for coordinated switch attacks to enable large-scale power system disturbances.
Immunochemical comparisons of mutant and wild-type α-subunits of tryptophan synthetase

Abstract The effects of single and double amino acid substitutions on the tertiary structure of the α-subunit of tryptophan synthetase from Escherichia coli have been investigated by comparing the reactions of mutant and wild-type enzymes with β 2 -subunit and with antibodies directed against the wild-type α-subunit. About half the mutants exhibited reduced binding affinities β 2 -subunit. In micro-complement fixation assays, however, every mutant reacted with antisera exactly like wild-type. The results suggested that, when present, tertiary structure changes in the mutant proteins tested were limited, possibly to the portions of the surface comprising the active site and the β 2 -subunit binding site.
XRD and NMR investigation of Ti-compound formation in solution-doping of sodium aluminum hydrides: solubility of Ti in NaAlH4 crystals grown in THF

Abstract Sodium aluminum hydrides have gained attention due to their high hydrogen weight percent (5.5% ideal) compared to interstitial hydrides, and as a model for hydrides with even higher hydrogen weight fraction. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the Ti-compounds that are formed under solution-doping techniques, such as wet doping in solvents such as tetrahydrofuran (THF). Compound formation in Ti-doped sodium aluminum hydrides is investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and magic angle spinning (MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). We present lattice parameter measurements of crushed single crystals, which were exposed to Ti during growth. Rietveld refinements indicate no lattice parameter change and thus no solubility for Ti in NaAlH 4 by this method of exposure. In addition, X-ray diffraction data indicate that no Ti substitutes in NaH, the final decomposition product for the alanate. Reaction products of completely reacted (33.3 at.%-doped) samples that were solvent-mixed or mechanically milled are investigated. Formation of TiAl 3 is observed in mechanically milled materials, but not solution mixed samples, where bonding to THF likely stabilizes Ti-based nano-clusters. The Ti in these clusters is activated by mechanical milling.
Determination of stone composition by noncontrast spiral computed tomography in the clinical setting

Abstract Objectives. Several investigators have evaluated noncontrast computed tomography (NCCT) in predicting stone composition in vitro. We assessed NCCT in predicting stone composition in patients presenting to our emergency room with flank pain and stone disease. Methods. One hundred twenty-nine patients presenting to our university hospital with flank pain underwent renal colic protocol NCCT scans at the request of the emergency room physicians. A General Electric, high-speed advantage CT scanner was used at 120 kV, 200 mA, and 1.4:1 pitch, with collimation varying between 3 and 5 mm. Ninety-nine patients with predominantly (greater than 50%) calcium oxalate or uric acid composition after either stone passage or stone removal were identified. Each scan was analyzed by one of two radiologists, who determined the predominant attenuation for each stone. Stones once passed or retrieved were analyzed by Urocor Laboratories. The attenuation and attenuation/size ratio (peak attenuation/size in millimeters) were compared with the results of the stone analysis. Results. Eighty-two calculi predominantly composed of calcium oxalate and 17 calculi predominantly composed of uric acid were identified in 99 patients. The calculi ranged in size from 1 to 28 mm. A significant difference (P = 0.017, unpaired t test) was found between the Hounsfield measurement of uric acid calculi (mean 344 ± 152 HU) and the Hounsfield measurement of calcium oxalate calculi (mean 652 ± 490 HU). If only the Hounsfield units from stones 4 mm or larger were compared, the data were even more compelling (P = 0.002). However, using an attenuation/size ratio cutoff of greater than 80, the negative predictive value was 99% that a stone would be predominantly calcium oxalate. Conclusions. Using peak attenuation measurements and the attenuation/size ratio of urinary calculi from NCCT, we were able to differentiate between uric acid and calcium oxalate stones.
Effects of Reference Performance Testing during Aging Using Commercial Lithium-Ion Cells

The Advanced Technology Development Program, under the oversight of the U.S. Department of Energy’s FreedomCAR and Vehicle Technologies Program, is investigating lithium-ion batteries for hybrid-electric vehicle applications. Cells are aged under various test conditions, including temperatures and states-of-charge. Life testing is interrupted at regular intervals to conduct reference performance tests (RPTs), which are used to measure changes in the electrical performance of the cells and then to determine cell degradation as a function of test time. Although designed to be unobtrusive, data from the Advanced Technology Development Gen 2 cells indicated that RPTs actually contributed to cell degradation and failure. A study was performed at the Idaho National Laboratory using commercially available lithium-ion cells to determine the impact of RPTs on life. A series of partial RPTs were performed at regular intervals during life testing and compared to a control group that was life tested without RPT interruption. It was determined that certain components of the RPT were detrimental, while others appeared to improve cell performance. Consequently, a new “mini” RPT was designed as an unobtrusive alternative. Initial testing with commercial cells indicates that the impact of the mini RPT is significantly less than the Gen 2 cell RPT.
Effects of spontaneous respiration on diastolic left ventricular filling assessed by pulsed Doppler echocardiography

Abstract Left ventricular (LV) stroke volume decreases during spontaneous inspiration. 1–3 The explanations offered have been either decreased LV filling with a decrease in end-diastolic volume 2,3 or increased impedance to ejection by negative pleural pressure 4,5 resulting in an increased end-systolic volume. Meijboom et al 6 recently described variations in mitral mean temporal velocity during respiration. Because pulsed Doppler mitral flow velocity correlates with LV filling rate, 7 we used it to learn if, indeed, LV filling diminished during inspiration.
Capacitated lot sizing under setup learning

We investigate the effects of setup time and cost reduction through learning on optimal schedules in the capacitated lot sizing problem. Dynamic demand and time varying capacity is assumed. The scheduling effects are discussed, along with exact and heuristic approaches to solving these planning problems.