cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Air-assisted electrostatic application of pyrethroid and endosulfan mixtures for sweetpotato whitefly (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) control and spray deposition in cauliflower

Pyrethroid and endosulfan mixtures applied at full and reduced rates with 3 application methods (air-assisted electrostatic, air-assisted hydraulic, and standard hydraulic sprayers) were evaluated in field studies in 1992 and 1993 for control of sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci strain B (Gennadius), also known as silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia argentfolii Bellows & Perring, and spray deposition on cauliflowver, Brassica oleracea L. Evaluations of sweetpotato whitefly control were based on adult suppression, immature colonization, and cauliflower harvests. Spray deposition and coverage on abaxial and adaxial leaf surfaces was measured with a leaf wash technique and water sensitive cards placed on leaves near the terminal and base of plants. Depending on how control was assessed, the air-assisted electrostatic application technique did not consistently improve sweetpotato control when compared with hydraulic application equipment. Based on adult suppression, improved control of whiteflies was achieved with full and reduced rates of the air-assisted electrostatic sprayer following 2 applications in 1992, but percentage of reduction of adults did not differ significantly among the application methods when full rates of insecticide were applied in 1993. Control based on immature colonization indicated that the air-assisted electrostatic sprayer was the only spray method to reduce significantly nymph densities when compared with the control in 1992, but differences in numbers of eggs, nymphs, and eclosed pupal cases varied among application methods and rates of active ingredient in 1993. Comparisons of cauliflower harvest dates indicated that the air-assisted electrostatic sprayer did not provide significantly better control than the other application methods when used at similar rates. Spray deposition with the air-assisted electrostatic application technique was variable throughout these studies with no clear trends being observed. Our results suggest the air-assisted electrostatic sprayer may offer a means to control sweetpotato whitefly with a 50% reduction in insecticide usage.
Science, objectivity and moral values

Scientific facts are loaded with values, but, it is argued, this does not viciously compromise the objectivity of scientific claims, because the values that permeate scientific discourse (a) are loaded in turn with facts, (b) are not immune from critical revision, and (c) have changed in the past and continue to be subjected to revision. In science, unlike such enterprises as Scientific Creationism, values are discovered, introduced, tested and challenged in the same way that other aspects of scientific discourse are. All of this makes scientific discourse relevant to the contemporary exploration and critique of human values in general, particularly as more aspects of life become illuminated by science.
Exchange rate policies and endogenous time preference: a dynamic analysis of a small open economy

Abstract The effects of exchange rate policies are examined for a small open economy with endogenous rate of time preference. Using optimizing framework and introducing money into the utility function, it is shown that a depreciation of the domestic currency generates a surplus in the current account. It also leads to an increase in consumption and a decrease in the holdings of real balances in the long run.
KSHV/HHV-8 infection of human hematopoietic progenitor (CD34+) cells: persistence of infection during hematopoiesis in vitro and in vivo

The cellular reservoir for Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) infection in the hematopoietic compartment and mechanisms governing latent infection and reactivation remain undefined. To determine susceptibility of human CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) to infection with KSHV, purified HPCs were exposed to KSHV, and cells were differentiated in vitro and in vivo. Clonogenic colony-forming activity was significantly suppressed in KSHV-infected CD34+ cells, and viral DNA was predominantly localized to granulocyte-macrophage colonies differentiated in vitro. rKSHV.219 is a recombinant KSHV construct that expresses green fluorescent protein from a cellular promoter active during latency and red fluorescent protein from a viral lytic promoter. Infection of CD34+ HPCs with rKSHV.219 showed similar patterns of infection, persistence, and hematopoietic suppression in vitro in comparison with KSHV. rKSHV.219 infection was detected in human CD14+ and CD19+ cells recovered from NOD/SCID mouse bone marrow and spleen following reconstitution with rKSHV.219-infected CD34+ HPCs. These results suggest that rKSHV.219 establishes persistent infection in NOD/SCID mice and that virus may be disseminated following differentiation of infected HPCs into the B-cell and monocyte lineages. CD34+ HPCs may be a reservoir for KSHV infection and may provide a continuous source of virally infected cells in vivo. (Blood. 2006;108:141-151)
Effect of transition metal ion on rates of hydrogen exchange in metal ammines

Abstract The rate of hydrogen exchange of metal ammines decreases with increasing atomic number of the metal for a given family of elements. For iso-electronic systems the rate increases markedly with increasing charge of the metal ion. Square complexes exchange more rapidly than do octahedral ammines of neighbouring metals. These results are discussed in terms of the crystal (ligand) field theory of bonding for transition metal complexes.
Gravitational microlensing by the galactic halo

A simple model of microlensing by massive objects that might be present in the halo of the Galaxy is presented. It is shown that in any nearby galaxy one star out of a million is strongly microlensed by a 'dark' object located in the Galactic halo, if the halo is made up of objects more massive than about 10 to the -8th solar mass. Monitoring the brightness of a few million stars in the Magellanic Clouds over a time scale between two hours and two years may lead to a discovery of 'dark halo' objects between 10 to the -6th and 10 to the -2nd solar mass, or it may put strong upper limits on the number of such objects.
A Micro-Scale Magnetic Tumbling Microrobot

This paper presents a magnetic tumbling microrobot design at the micro-scale. The microrobot has a dumbbell shape whose largest dimension is about 400 μm. When subjected to an exterior predefined magnetic field, the magnetic microagent performs a tumbling motion driven by the interacting magnetic forces and momentums. The magnetic field providing driven force is generated by a coil system consisting of five electromagnetic coils. Under the available driven field, we show that the prototype agent is able to tumble on various types of surfaces in both dry and fluid environments.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Seismic response of structures supported on R-FBI system

Aseismic base isolation is increasingly being utilized to protect structures and their contents against earthquakes. The R-FBI (Resilient-Friction Base Isolator) bearings provide a new isolation system. The equations of motions of elastic plane structures supported on R-FBI bearings and a procedure for their solutions are presented. The responses of a five-storey 1/3-scaled frame model to both horizontal components and horizontal and vertical components of six different ground motion records for fixed base and isolated base are evaluated. To estimate the prototype response, the ground motion records are time scaled by The effects of initial base displacement and non-symmetric friction caused by small differential settlements are also considered. It is concluded that R-FBI reduces the acceleration response considerably without inducing large base displacements or leaving large residual displacements.
Vertex-magic total labeling of odd complete graphs

Let n be an odd positive integer. It is shown that the complete graph K"n has a vertex magic total labeling with magic constant h if and only if (n/4)(n^2+3)=
Efficient error frame loss recovery model for scalable video coding (SVC)

Video processing algorithms tend to improve over time in terms of image quality while increasing in its inter and intra dependency. Frames inter prediction exploits temporal similarities across a sequence of consecutive frames, while intra prediction exploits the macroblock's spatial similarities in the same frame. They both work together to efficiently compress the video stream (maximize the signal to noise ratio (SNR) while minimizing the used bandwidth (BW)). Thus, different parts of the video stream (blocks and/or frames) have different semantic importance, and thus require different degrees of protection against network losses to maintain a constant quality of service (QoS). This becomes even more important in layered codec (e.g., scalable video codec SVC/H.264), where the stream is compromised of more than one video layer. Based on the expected video experience, available bandwidth and compute resources, we could use one or more layers to achieve a certain level of experience. This becomes challenging in lossy networks, where losses could harm not only the immediate group of pictures (GOP), but will propagate across multi video layers. In this paper, we present a method to adequately distributed forward error correction (FEC) packets across multi layers to preserve the video experience under lossy conditions.
Anger expression and chronic pain

Intensity of angry feelings and styles of expressing anger were examined for their relationship to measures of the chronic pain experience. Subjects were 142 chronic pain patients. Multiple regression analyses revealed that a style of inhibiting the expression of angry feelings was the strongest predictor of reports of pain intensity and pain behavior among a group of variables including demographics, pain history, depression, anger intensity, and other styles of anger expression. In a similar manner anger intensity contributed significantly to predictions of perceived pain interference and activity level. More conservative hierarchical regression analyses supported these findings. Results are consistent with explanatory models of pain and disability that hypothesize an etiologic role of a pervasive inability to express intense negative emotions, particularly anger.
The Growth of Conifers

MY friend, Mr. D. M. Andrews, has communicated to me an observation which seems to deserve comment. At the Government nursery near Monument, Colorado, at an altitude of 7000 ft., there are two beds of two-year-old seedlings of Engelmann spruce (Picea Engelmanni), a common tree of the Rocky Mountains. Each lot is shown to be hardy in the locality, having passed a winter in the open, protected only by a covering of oak branches. The seedlings in one bed, raised from seed gathered in the Pike's Peak, Colorado, region, were, when examined, about 2½ in. high, and had matured their buds and ceased growing for the year in the latter part of August. The seedlings in the other bed, from Arizona seed planted at the same time, were about 4 in. high, and had not yet completed their growth for the year. The Arizona seedlings were green, those from Colorado strongly bluish. Seeking an explanation for this difference, it appears probable that the Colorado trees became adapted to a more severe climate during the waning of the last glacial period, and have not yet lost the physiological characters appropriate to past conditions. The Arizona trees, the ancestors of which lived in a milder, more southern region, did not develop such adaptations, and now that our climate has changed they are actually better fitted for Colorado conditions than trees of Colorado ancestry.
Calcium, dairy, and prostate cancer

Sir, In their paper on dairy, calcium, and prostate cancer risk, Koh et al (2006) in several places state incorrectly that an association with cancer risk is ‘biologically plausible for higher calcium intakes'. This is presumably based on the observation that high calcium intakes reduce circulating 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25D), the active form of vitamin D, which, in vitro, inhibits the growth of prostate cancer cells and promotes their differentiation. All components of that assertion are correct, but it is incorrect to assume that lowered serum 1,25D would increase cancer risk. The critical compartment in which 1,25D is acting is intracellular, and the principal mechanism by which that concentration rises is by intracellular synthesis of 1,25D, not by transfer of 1,25D from the serum. It is true that several authors (Schwartz et al, 1997; Giovannucci, 1998) have proposed that serum 1,25D is the active agent, but such proposals were made before there was full recognition of the autocrine role of 1,25D and of its synthesis from circulating 25(OH)D in the target tissues concerned. In a completely different model system (the innate immune response), Liu et al (2006) recently showed that the first response by a macrophage to an antigenic stimulus was the expression of the 1-α-hydroxylase, precisely to convert 25(OH)D to 1,25D, and that full expression of the immune response was dependent upon an adequate serum concentration of 25(OH)D. As there is no known association between serum 25(OH)D and calcium intakes across the ranges commonly encountered, there is no longer any reason to consider a connection between calcium intake and prostate cancer risk as ‘biologically plausible'. In fact, understanding that it is the serum 25(OH)D concentration that is critical helps to explain why African Americans have high prostate cancer risk despite high circulating levels of 1,25D. By contrast, their serum 25(OH)D levels are typically only about half that of Caucasians. As serum 25(OH)D concentration is rate-limiting for the intracellular synthesis of 1,25D, it is most likely because of their low 25(OH)D levels that African Americans are at a disadvantage with respect to prostate cancer risk. Thus, the study's null finding is hardly surprising.
Adsorption of Sulfonamide Antimicrobial Agents to Clay Minerals

Adsorption of three sulfonamide antimicrobials to clay minerals was investigated as a function of pH, ionic strength, and type of exchangeable cation. Sulfonamide antimicrobial adsorption exhibited pronounced pH dependence consistent with sorbate speciation and clay properties. Sulfonamide antimicrobials did not intercalate into montmorillonite, and surface charge density influenced sorption by determining adsorption domain size. Adsorption edge data were best fit to a model including terms for the cationic and uncharged species. Adsorption of uncharged sulfamethazine to montmorillonite was relatively insensitive to pH, ionic strength, and type of exchangeable cation, while that to kaolinite was highly sensitive to ionic strength. Adsorption of cationic sulfamethazine to montmorillonite exceeded that of the neutral species by 1-2 orders of magnitude, but was unimportant for kaolinite atthe pH values examined. Cation exchange appeared to contribute to sorption of cationic sulfonamide species to montmorillonite. Anionic sulfamethazine adsorption was negligible. The nature of the sulfonamide R group influenced the degree of adsorption of cationic and neutral species. Our results highlight the importance of considering sulfonamide speciation and clay surface charge density in predicting the transport of these antimicrobials.
PLATINUM AND IRIDIUM ABUNDANCES IN METEORITES

At the suggestion of Dr. E.M. Burbidge, Dr. G.R. Burbidge, Professor W.A. Fowler, and Professor F. Hoyle, we have carried out a determination of the abundances of platinum and iridium in meteorites. The purpose of the work was to obtain data for a more precise estimation of the abundance peak near mass 195 in the atomic abundance curve, since both the observed(1) and calculated(2) abundances for this interesting γ-process abundance region were only approximate.
Capacity expansion and investment as a function of electricity market structure: Part II - Transmission

This paper concerns the problem of capacity expansion and investment as the electric power industry undergoes major restructuring worldwide. In particular, the objectives of investment in fully regulated industry are compared with the capacity expansion in a spot only market. It is concluded that the incentives in spot only markets depend on the rules for bidding functions into the market: If only short-run marginal cost bidding curves are allowed, and no margin on forecast demand is added, basically no new investment will take place. On the other hand, if it is allowed to bid average costs, instead of short-run marginal costs, this would provide sufficiently strong incentive signals to ensure necessary installed capacity. Given that today's measurements of market power in the spot market classify any bids higher than the short-run marginal cost as market power, we suggest that it is essential to introduce other means of providing incentives to install capacity in a timely manner. This can be done by designing longer-term physical and/or financial mechanisms for valuing future investments. In this paper we propose a stratum electricity market (SEM) structure which consists of several sequentially clearing sub-markets, ranging from a day-ahead-market (DAM), through month-, season-, year-, five year- and even ten year-forward sub- markets. The performance of this newly proposed SEM is illustrated using simulations on a simple power system in which four different types of generation technologies supply system load.
Fine structure in the voltammetric desorption curves of alkanethiolate monolayers chemisorbed at gold

This paper presents the preliminary results from a study of the chain length dependence of the reductive desorption and oxidative re-deposition processes of alkanethiolate monolayers on Au(111) electrodes. In contrast to the more extensively studied short chain length monolayers, we report a previously undetected fine structure in the voltammetric waves for monolayers composed of alkyl chains of more than 10 carbons. The short chain systems in general exhibit a single voltammetric wave for the desorption and re-deposition processes. In contrast, multiple voltammetric waves separated by 20 to 100 mV are found for both the desorption and the re-deposition of the long chain systems. The origin of these results is examined in terms of possible differences in the adlayer domain structures and in the binding modes between sulfur and gold.
Structural elements required for the localization of ASH1 mRNA and of a green fluorescent protein reporter particle in vivo

Abstract The sorting of the Ash1 protein to the daughter nucleus of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in late anaphase of the budding cycle correlates with the localization of ASH1 mRNA at the bud tip [1,2]. Although the 3′ untranslated region (3′ UTR) of ASH1 is sufficient to localize a reporter mRNA, it is not necessary, a result which indicates that other sequences are involved [1]. We report the identification of three additional cis -acting elements in the coding region. Each element alone, when fused to a lacZ reporter gene, was sufficient for the localization of the lacZ mRNA reporter to the bud. A fine-structure analysis of the 3′ UTR element showed that its function in mRNA localization did not depend on a specific sequence but on the secondary and tertiary structure of a minimal 118 nucleotide stem–loop. Mutations in the stem–loop that affect the localization of the lacZ mRNA reporter also affected the formation of the localization particles, in living cells, composed of a green fluorescent protein (GFP) complexed with lacZ–ASH1 -3′ UTR mRNA [3]. A specific stem–loop in the 3′ UTR of the ASH1 mRNA is therefore required for both localization and particle formation, suggesting that complex formation is part of the localization mechanism. An analysis on one of the coding-region elements revealed a comparable stem–loop structure with similar functional requirements.
Abstract A73: Body mass index, diet, and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in the Nurses' Health Study and Health Professionals Follow-Up Study

Background: The etiology of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is poorly understood, especially regarding modifiable risk factors that could inform prevention messages. Obesity and diet are potentially modifiable risk factors that may contribute to lymphomagenesis by influencing inflammation or carcinogen exposure. Prospective data on obesity, diet, and NHL risk are limited and inconsistent. After 14 years of follow-up in the Nurses9 Health Study (NHS), we observed significant associations of fat and vegetable intake with NHL risk. We expanded these analyses to further examine the roles of obesity and diet in NHL etiology in the NHS and Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS) cohorts after substantially longer follow-up. Methods: The NHS was established in 1976, when 121,700 female nurses aged 30–55 years completed a self-administered questionnaire on lifestyle behaviors and medical history. The HPFS comprises 51,529 male dentists and other health professionals aged 40–75 years at baseline in 1986. Biennial questionnaires are sent to participants to update risk factor information and identify new diagnoses and have included a validated semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) to assess diet every 2 to 4 years since 1980 in the NHS and 1986 in the HPFS. The present analyses included 91,227 women who completed the 1980 NHS-FFQ and 47,542 men who completed the 1986 HPFS-FFQ and had no prior history of cancer. We confirmed 966 incident diagnoses of NHL among women through 2008 and 566 cases among men through 2006. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for risk of NHL associated with current and young adult (NHS, age 18; HPFS, age 21) body mass index (BMI) and selected dietary factors (i.e., total fat, animal fat, vegetable fat, saturated fat, trans fat, fruits, and vegetables). We examined updated cumulative average food and energy-adjusted nutrient intakes. Multivariable models controlled for potential confounding by age, race, BMI, height, smoking history, physical activity, and total energy intake. Results: Young adult BMI was positively associated with NHL risk in both women (p-trend=0.02) and men (p-trend=0.002) in multivariable models. Women with BMI ≥30 kg/m2 at age 18 (vs. Conclusions: These preliminary analyses in two large prospective cohorts support the hypothesis that obesity in young adulthood predicts increased risk of all NHL in both men and women. We also observed a suggested positive association of NHL risk with trans fat intake in women and a modest inverse association with vegetable intake in men and women, consistent with our earlier reports. It is plausible that there is etiologic heterogeneity across the >30 NHL histologic subtypes. Ongoing analyses to examine the relationship of obesity and diet with major NHL histologic subtypes in the NHS and HPFS may yield further insights into their roles in NHL etiology and prevention. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2011;4(10 Suppl):A73.
Self-organization by fuzzy clustering

New types of robot systems have recently been suggested based on the idea of distributed, collective intelligence analogous to biological systems. In this paper we investigate the relationship between fuzzy clustering (FC) and problems of self-organization in such systems, referred collectively as distributed robotic systems (DRS). The particular problem of self- organization in DRS prompts a reconsideration of the available FC techniques. Recent advances in FC are reviewed with the intent of adapting them to thy DRS problem. A `minimally biased' clustering algorithm producing a validity ranked hierarchy of partitions is applied to the self-organizing evolution of DRS. Two cases are considered: a bottom up self organization into increasing larger groups and a top down dispersion of a group to optimally cover a sensory field.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Assessment of verbal memory in temporal lobe epilepsy using the selective reminding test: Equivalence and reliability of alternate forms

Abstract Each of four forms of the verbal Selective Reminding Test (vSRT) were administered in counterbalanced order to 24 patients with epilepsy. Results of repeated-measures analysis of variance indicated that the forms were equivalent in difficulty. Furthermore, no practice effect was detected, in that performance on the first administration did not differ significantly from the second, third or fourth administrations, regardless of form. Although the four forms were found to be equivalent in difficulty and without significant practice effect, intercorrelation of forms was modest in magnitude. The measures derived from standard scoring of the vSRT (Total Recall, Long-Term Storage, Long-Term Retrieval, and Consistent Long-Term Retrieval) were highly intercorrelated. Factor analysis of these indices yielded a single factor solution for each of the four forms. We recommend using a single composite measure and obtaining multiple baseline estimates. This may provide a more reliable and stable estimate of verbal memory impairment, resulting in improved identification of patients with dominant temporal lobe epilepsy.
Musci preferences as data in assessing and treating offenders and victims

Contemporary music has been criticized for promoting violence, hatred, misogyny, sexual excess, drug and alcohol abuse, suicide, narcissism, and self-pity. The authors, a criminologist licensed as a mental health counselor and a clinical psychologist, have found that exploring individuals' music preferences can often provide invaluable assistance in understanding how offenders and victims fulfill existential needs common to both of them. These insights can be useful in setting appropriate therapeutic goals, assessing violence potential toward self and others, and making recommendations regarding the need for placement in a secure facility.
Concise Review: Stem Cells As an Emerging Platform for Antibody Therapy of Cancer

Monoclonal antibodies are important tools for cancer therapy, however, three factors limit their effectiveness: toxicity, poor tumor penetration, and inability to cross the blood-brain barrier. This review discusses the emerging field of stem cell-mediated antibody delivery and how this approach may improve antibody therapy of cancer by overcoming these obstacles. STEM CELLS 2010;28:2084–2087
Parental military service, agent orange exposure, and the risk of rhabdomyosarcoma in offspring.

Objective To evaluate the role of parental military service-related exposures and rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) risk in offspring using data from a large case-control study of childhood RMS. Study design Cases (n = 319) were enrolled from the third trial run by the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study Group. Population-based controls (n = 319) were pair-matched to cases on race, sex, and age. Conditional logistic regression was used to evaluate parental military service-related exposures and their associations with childhood RMS by generating aORs and 95% CIs. Statistical significance was defined as P Results There were no significant associations between parental military service and childhood RMS. The strongest association was with maternal military service; however, this association was attenuated and did not remain significant after adjusting for covariates (aOR = 2.75, 95% CI 0.71, 10.62). An elevated effect estimate was found when assessing paternal exposure to Agent Orange (AO) and childhood RMS but was not statistically significant (aOR = 1.72, 95% CI 0.55, 5.41). Conclusions We found little evidence that parental military service of AO exposure influences the risk of RMS in offspring. These findings are notable in light of the continuing controversies surrounding the intergenerational effects of AO exposure.
Obesity in adolescents with autism spectrum disorders

Abstract Adolescents with developmental disabilities such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may be particularly vulnerable to obesity due to the behavioral, physical, and psychosocial complications related to their condition. This article provides a general background related to obesity in adolescence with specific emphasis on obesity in the ASD population. A search of PubMed, CINAHL, and ProQuest databases revealed several studies which demonstrated that interventions involving physical activity with typically developing, obese adolescents can have positive effects on body mass index, weight, and body composition. However, these findings also suggest that more research is needed to help tailor these interventions to meet the needs of similar adolescents with ASD. To clarify these needs, we present a case study that illustrates the special challenges of treating an obese adolescent with ASD and then offer suggestions for future research.
Bureaucracy and the quality of mercy

Cet article examine les problemes complexes de coordination des differentes actions humanitaires a un niveau international, en prenant plus particulierement les exemples du Kosovo et de la Sierra Leone. La coordination entre les differents donateurs et les ONG, les relations entre militaires et civils, l'initiative de l'institution Brookings de Washington, sont particulierement etudies
Photolithographic route to the fabrication of micro/nanowires of III-V semiconductors

Nano/microwires of semiconducting materials (e.g., GaAs and InP) with triangular cross-sections can be fabricated by "top-down" approaches that combine lithography of high-quality bulk wafers (using either traditional photolithography or phase-shift optical lithography) with anisotropic chemical etching. This method gives good control over the lateral dimensions, lengths, and morphologies of free-standing wires. The behaviors of many different resist layers and etching chemistries are presented. It is shown how wire arrays with highly ordered alignments can be transfer printed onto plastic substrates. This "top-down" approach provides a simple, effective, and versatile way of generating high-quality single-crystalline wires of various compound semiconductors. The resultant wires and wire arrays have potential applications in electronics, optics, optoelectronics, and sensing.
Ψ'/Ψ Ratio in Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions: A Measure for the Chiral Symmetry Restoration Temperature?

We argue that a decrease of the chiral scalar meson mass is responsible for recreation of ${\ensuremath{\Psi}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ from $J/\ensuremath{\Psi}$ in ultrarelativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions. This causes the charmonium yields to freeze out at temperatures close to the chiral symmetry restoration temperature ${T}_{c}$. As a result the ratio ${\ensuremath{\Psi}}^{\ensuremath{'}}/\ensuremath{\Psi}$ may serve as a thermometer for ${T}_{c}$ itself. Results in a detailed reaction model support the conjecture. They show good agreement with recent data of NA38 and NA50 for $J/\ensuremath{\Psi}$ and ${\ensuremath{\Psi}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ production in S on U and Pb on Pb collisions.
CFFM4: a new member of the CD20/FcepsilonRIbeta family.

Proteins with transmembrane domains are classified in different families based on their structure, amino acid homology, and function. In this study, we report the identification, sequence, and expression profile of a new member of the CD20/FceRIβ family, CD20/FceRIβ family member 4 (CFFM4). The CFFM4 gene contains seven exons and six introns and is transcribed into an mRNA encoding a 240-amino acid protein with four hydrophobic regions. The CFFM4 protein shares a high degree of homology with the other members of the family, especially in the hydrophobic regions where several amino acids are conserved. However, the CFFM4 protein can be distinguished from the other members of the family based on the length of the second extracellular loop and the absence of an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif signal. Another distinct characteristic is that CFFM4 mRNA expression is not limited to the hematopoietic lineage. CFFM4 was detected by Northern dot blot in a variety of normal and cancerous tissues. CFFM4 expression was also compared in developmentally early hematopoietic human bone marrow CD34+ stem cells versus peripheral blood-derived CD14+ mature monocytes, in the undifferentiated versus differentiated myelomonocytic U937 cell line, and in acute myelogenous leukemia FAB1 versus FAB5. In each of these systems, cellular myelomonocytic differentiation correlated with an increase in CFFM4 mRNA expression. Such results indicate that CFFM4 is associated with mature cellular function in the monocytic lineage and like CD20 and FceRIβ, it may be a component of a receptor complex involved in signal transduction.
The Academic Mind and the Rise of U.S. Imperialism: Historians and Economists as Publicists for Ideas of Colonial Expansion

. The role of American learned societies in developing support for an American colonial foreign policy has been neglected. Evidence indicates that American learned societies, in the period following the Spanish-American War from 1898 to 1901, were intellectually predisposed toward an imperial policy. The debates within the American Historical Association, the American Economic Association, and the American Academy of Political and Social Science are described and analyzed. Each learned society abandoned the ivory tower” and mixed in impassioned politics. The “imperial” interpretation led historians to endorse empire as salutary; economists endorsed the role of the State in building markets for domestic production; and prevailing Social Darwinistic views of political economy led the Academy of Political and Social Science to support an activist, acquisitive foreign policy as necessary to the national interest. Dissident, anti imperialist scholars as well as skeptical scholars could not turn the imperial mood of these societies.
The chemist’s concept of molecular structure

The concept of molecular structure is fundamental to the practice and understanding of chemistry, but the meaning of this term has evolved and is still evolving. The Born–Oppenheimer separation of electronic and nuclear motions lies at the heart of most modern quantum chemical models of molecular structure. While this separation introduces a great computational and practical simplification, it is neither essential to the conceptual formulation of molecular structure nor universally valid. Going beyond the Born–Oppenheimer approximation introduces new paradigms, bringing fresh insight into the chemistry of fluxional molecules, proteins, superconductors and macroscopic dielectrics, thus opening up new avenues for exploration. But it requires that our ideas of molecular structure need to evolve beyond simple ball-and-stick-type models.
Areal distribution and age of low-K, high-alumina olivine tholeiite magmatism in the northwestern Great Basin

Field, petrographic, chemical, and geochronologic information has led to the identification and characterization of a widespread low-K, high-alumina olivine tholeiite (HAOT) magma type in the northwestern Great Basin. This basalt covers at least 22,000 km 2 and is estimated to represent a total volume of at least 650 km 3 . The time period over which HAOT lavas were erupted extends from late Miocene to Holocene (10.5–0 m.y. B.P.). This interval overlaps with the timing of Snake River, Cascade, and northwestern Basin and Range volcanism but distinguishes HAOT from the main pulse of Columbia River volcanism (∼15 m.y. B.P.). Furthermore, three major pulses of HAOT magmatism are suggested from the geochronology of this study: 0 to 2.5 m.y. B.P., 3.5 to 6 m.y. B.P., and 7 to 10 m.y. B.P. The distinctive holocrystalline, nonporphyritic, and diktytaxitic texture, the low incompatible-element concentrations, and the high MgO/FeO* of HAOT serve to distinguish this basalt from other basalts of the northwestern United States. The low incompatible-element signature accentuates the similarities between HAOT, mid-ocean–ridge basalts, and back-arc–basin basalts. These similarities, combined with the HAOT chronology, support the idea that the processes giving rise to extensional tectonism and HAOT magmatism in the northwestern Great Basin are similar to those acting in active back-arc–spreading regions.
Interfaces first (and foremost) with Java

Abstraction is a critical concept that underlies many topics in computing science. For example, in software engineering, the distinction between a component's behavior and its implementation is fundamental. Java provides two constructs that correspond to precisely this distinction: A Java interface is a client's abstract view of a component's behavior, while a class is a concrete implementation of that same component. We have developed a course that introduces Java while following a discipline of diligently decomposing every component into these two separate linguistic elements. In this course, interfaces are given the same prominence as classes since both are needed for a complete component. This approach is helpful to students by providing: (i) a clear manifestation of the role of abstraction in software systems, and (ii) a framework that naturally motivates many good coding practices adopted by professional programmers.
Transformation of liver by SV-40 T-antigen in transgenic mice is unaffected by metallothionein

Transgenic mice expressing excess metallothionein-I and SV-40 T-antigen were generated to test the hypothesis that metallothionein may influence the rate of neoplastic transformation induced by T-antigen within the liver. The livers of the double transgenic mice grew at the same rate (to 32% body weight), had similar morphological and histological appearance, had similar chromosomal instability, and released identical amounts of serine and alanine aminotransferases into the blood as mice bearing SV-40 T-antigen alone, despite the fact that metallothionein levels were elevated five- to ten-fold. We conclude that elevated levels of metallothionein-I do not influence either the initial hyperplasia or the subsequent neoplastic transformation that is induced by T-antigen, which is thought to act by sequestering the P53 and retinoblastoma gene products.
Augmenting Antidepressant Medication Treatment of Depressed Women With Emotionally Focused Therapy for Couples: A Randomized Pilot Study

This is the first study to evaluate adding emotionally focused therapy for couples (EFT) to antidepressant medication in the treatment of women with major depressive disorder and comorbid relationship discord. Twenty-four women and their male partners were randomized to 6 months of medication management alone (MM) or MM augmented with EFT (MM + EFT). MM followed the Texas Medication Algorithm Project guidelines. Fifteen EFT sessions were delivered following the EFT treatment manual. The primary outcome was severity of depressive symptoms (assessed by the 30-item Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Clinician Rated version [IDS-C(30) ] administrated by evaluators blinded to cell assignment). Secondary outcome was relationship quality as assessed by the Quality of Marriage Index. Results from assessments at intake, termination, and two posttreatment follow-ups were analyzed using growth analysis techniques. IDS-C(30) scores improved over 6 months of treatment, regardless of the treatment assignment, and women receiving MM + EFT experienced significantly more improvement in relationship quality compared with women in MM. Because relationship discord after depression treatment predicts worse outcome, interventions improving relationship quality may reduce depression relapse and recurrence. Testing this hypothesis in larger samples with longer follow-up could contribute to knowledge on the mechanisms involved in determining the course of depressive illness.
Some Applications of Magnetic Film Parametrons as Logical Devices

High-frequency magnetic film parametrons have been made and observed to exhibit two- or three-state operation for a single bias condition. As a two-stable-state device, the magnetic film parametron can be used as a majority decision element in much the same way as the ferrite core parametron. Another useful logical two-state device is a threshold element, in which the input excitation must reach a minimum level to sustain oscillations. The magnetic film inductor, when suitably clocked, can be used as a gate to permit unilateral flow of information in a system. The gating action, controlled by the bias field, can result from the rectified output of a parametron. Proposed logical designs for a two-element binary adder, a binary shift counter, and a shift register are presented. The possibilities of three-state operation are also explored in the logical design of a seven-element ternary full adder.
SPUN: A P2P Probabilistic Search Algorithm Based on Successful Paths in Unstructured Networks

Efficient searching for information is an important goal in peer-to-peer (P2P) networks. Searching in an unstructured P2P network is particularly challenging due to the random nature of the P2P overlay links. In this paper, we propose a novel probabilistic search mechanism called SPUN, that increases the success ratio of queries while keeping the bandwidth consumption considerably low. SPUN is an informed search mechanism that improves upon state-of-art probabilistic mechanism, namely, the Adaptive Probabilistic Search (APS). The core principle of our algorithm is to exploit the successful query paths that develop during the lifetime of P2P network and converge toward the target objects. Our work introduces a new neighbor selection criterion which allows a peer to evaluate its neighbors based on the strength of successful paths the neighbor leads to. We also introduce a peer profile exchange mechanism that supports the reduction in uncertainty in peer selection decision. Our extensive simulation results confirm that our path-based algorithm performs 25% better than APS and several of its variants and is capable of achieving higher success ratios with fewer walkers each with an average message size of 71 bytes.
A Simple Efficient Synthesis of 5,8-Isoquinolinedione

Abstract 5,8-Isoquinolinedione was synthesized from 5-hydroxyisoquinoline by nitrosation at C-8, reduction of the nitroso group and oxidation of the resultant 5-hydroxy-8-aminoisoquinoline.
Soil preparation methods promoting ectomycorrhizal colonization and American chestnut (Castanea dentata) establishment in coal mine restoration

Summary 1. The objective of this research was to evaluate soil subsurface methods that may aid in seedling establishment and encourage root colonization from a diverse group of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi during restoration projects. 2. American chestnut Castanea dentata Marsh. Borkh. and backcrossed chestnuts seedlings were planted on a reclaimed coal mine site in central Ohio, USA. Roots from chestnut seedlings planted in the plots that were cross-ripped, plowed and disked, or a combination of treatments were sampled for ECM fungi and compared with control plots. The presence and identification of native ECM were determined by fungal DNA sequencing of the internaltranscribed (ITS) region. 3. After two growing seasons, mechanical soil treatments resulted in seedlings with significantly more ECM species when compared to seedlings grown in the control plots (P <0 0001). A nonmetric multidimensional scaling ordination followed by a permutational MANOVA confirmed significant dissimilarities in community composition between the control and mechanically treated plots (F =0 24, P =0 015). 4. Ectomycorrhizal root colonization was significantly higher on the chestnut seedlings sampled from the mechanically treated plots when compared to the control plots (F =1 063, P <0 0001). Differences did not exist among the three mechanical treatments. There was also a significant increase in above-ground seedling growth in the plots that were treated with a surface soil method (F =1 572, P <0 0001). It is not clear whether ECM activity was the driver of plant growth; regardless, both are strong indicators of healthy tree establishment. 5. Synthesis and applications. This study illustrates that the use of soil subsurface methods increased ectomycorrhizal (ECM) activity and seedling growth. Employing methods that encourage the root colonization by beneficial ECM and promote healthy seedling establishment may aid the long-term survival of chestnuts in restoration projects. This can be applied to other hardwood seedlings used in reforestation in soils compacted after anthropogenic disturbances.
Characterization of somatostatin receptors which mediate inhibition of insulin secretion in RINm5F insulinoma cells.

Somatostatin (SRIF) is a neuropeptide which inhibits secretion from a variety of target cells including pancreatic β-cells. In this study we have used the RINm5F rat insulinoma cell line to characterize high affinity receptors for SRIF. The binding of 0.03 nM [125I-Tyr11]SRIF to RINm5F cells reached a plateau level within 4 h at 37 C at which time 80% of the total binding could be displaced by 100 nM unlabeled SRIF. In contrast, 100 nM concentrations of eight structurally unrelated peptides did not inhibit [125I-Tyr11]SRIF binding. Scatchard analysis indicated that RINm5F cells contained a single class of noninteracting binding sites (910 ± 190 sites per cell) with high affinity for [125I-Tyr11]SRIF [equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) = 0.04 ± 0.01 nM]. Competition experiments with SRIF analogs showed that the binding affinity for [I-Tyr11]SRIF (Kd = 0.03 ± 0.02 nM) was higher than that for either SRIF (0.24 ± 0.04 nM) or [Tyr11]SRIF (0.27 ± 0.04 nM) and that reduced SRIF analogs bound poorly (Kd > 50...
Contemporary issues with bacterial infection in the intensive care unit.

Infection is a constant problem in critical care units. Patients may present to the unit with an infectious process that is making them critically ill, or they may develop an infection after admission to the ICU (e.g., a nosocomial infection). The nosocomial infection rate remains about 5 to 6 hospital-acquired infections per 100 admissions. The rate of nosocomial infections per 1000 patient days, however, has increased 36%, from 7.2 in 1975 to 9.8 in 1995 because of shorter hospital lengths of stay. In 1995, nosocomial infections cost approximately $4.5 billion and contributed to more than 88,000 deaths—1 death every 6 minutes. 77 Many ICU admissions are related to infectious conditions. The most common infections encountered in the ICU are severe pneumonias (community-acquired and nosocomial), intravenous catheter-related infections, intra-abdominal infections (e.g., those caused by trauma, bowel perforation, abdominal surgery), urosepsis, septic pulmonary emboli, viral hepatitis, antibiotic-associated enterocolitis, and infected decubitus ulcers and other problem wounds (e.g., Fournier's gangrene, necrotizing fasciitis). Mortality for severe infections in critically ill patients often is high; it seems that when a patient dies in the ICU, it is more often from sepsis than from any other cause. Infections that develop during critical illness consistently increase lengths of stay and escalate costs.