cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gold Nanorods: From Synthesis and Properties to Biological and Biomedical Applications

Noble metal nanoparticles are capable of confining resonant photons in such a manner as to induce coherent surface plasmon oscillation of their conduction band electrons, a phenomenon leading to two important properties. Firstly, the confinement of the photon to the nanoparticle's dimensions leads to a large increase in its electromagnetic field and consequently great enhancement of all the nanoparticle's radiative properties, such as absorption and scattering. Moreover, by confining the photon's wavelength to the nanoparticle's small dimensions, there exists enhanced imaging resolving powers, which extend well below the diffraction limit, a property of considerable importance in potential device applications. Secondly, the strongly absorbed light by the nanoparticles is followed by a rapid dephasing of the coherent electron motion in tandem with an equally rapid energy transfer to the lattice, a process integral to the technologically relevant photothermal properties of plasmonic nanoparticles. Of all the possible nanoparticle shapes, gold nanorods are especially intriguing as they offer strong plasmonic fields while exhibiting excellent tunability and biocompatibility. We begin this review of gold nanorods by summarizing their radiative and nonradiative properties. Their various synthetic methods are then outlined with an emphasis on the seed-mediated chemical growth. In particular, we describe nanorod spontaneous self-assembly, chemically driven assembly, and polymer-based alignment. The final section details current studies aimed at applications in the biological and biomedical fields.
Asymmetric catalysis of the Strecker amino acid synthesis by a cyclic dipeptide.

A novel cyclic dipeptide —cyclo[(S)-His-(S)-NorArg] — has been prepared which catalyzes an enantioselective version of the Strecker amino acid synthesis. The catalyst, when present in 2 mol % quantity in methanol solution, catalyzes the addition of hydrogen cyanide toN-alkylimines to affordα-amino nitriles in high yield and high enantiomeric excess. Furthermore, acid hydrolysis ofN-benzhydryl-α-amino nitriles afforded the correspondingα-amino acids directly. This methodology affords a variety of arylglycines in exceptionally high enantiomeric excess, but aliphatic amino acids were obtained with low enantioselectivity. Current efforts are underway to expand the scope of this reaction, as well as to elucidate the mechanism of catalysis and the roles played by substrate and catalyst in determining the stereochemical outcome of the reaction.
The Efficacy of a Home-School Intervention for Preschoolers With Challenging Behaviors A Randomized Controlled Trial of Preschool First Step to Success

The field of early intervention is currently faced with the challenge of reducing the prevalence of antisocial behavior in children. Longitudinal outcomes research indicates that increased antisocial behavior and impairments in social competence skills during the preschool years often serve as harbingers of future adjustment problems in a number of domains including mental health, interpersonal relations, and academic achievement. This article reports the results of a cross-site randomized controlled trial, in which 128 preschool children with challenging behaviors were assigned to either a Preschool First Step to Success (PFS) intervention (i.e., experimental) or a usual-care (i.e., control) group. Regression analyses indicated that children assigned to the Preschool First Step intervention had significantly higher social skills, and significantly fewer behavior problems, across a variety of teacher- and parent-reported measures at postintervention. Effect sizes for teacher-reported effects ranged from medium to large across a variety of social competency indicators; effect sizes for parent-reported social skills and problem behaviors were small to medium, respectively. These results suggest that the preschool adaptation of the First Step intervention program provides early intervention participants, staff, and professionals with a viable intervention option to address emerging antisocial behavior and externalizing behavior disorders prior to school entry.
Rigid Molecular Tweezers as Hosts for the Complexation of Neutral Guests

2 Complexation of Neutral Guests by Non-Macrocyclic Hosts Using I t -Stacking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 2.1 C o n c e p t a n d O t h e r A p p r o a c h e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 2.2 D e s i g n of M o l e c u l a r Tweezers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 2.3 Syn thes i s of M o l e c u l a r Tweezers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 2.4 S t r u c t u r e of M o l e c u l a r Tweezer s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 2.5 C o m p l e x a t i o n by M o l e c u l a r Tweezer s . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Synthesis of Mixed Oxide-Ion and Carbonate-Ion Conductors Supported by a Prefabricated Porous Solid Oxide Matrix

A novel two-step approach is used to fabricate a two-phase mixed oxide-ion and carbonate-ion conductor (MOCC) that has been recently developed for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells (IT-SOFCs) and CO2 separation membranes. In this study, a samarium doped ceria (SDC) is selected as an example to demonstrate the prefabrication of porous matrix by the “sacrificial template” methodology with NiO as the template material. NiO has been reduced into elemental Ni in the composite, and then removed by dissolving into a nitric acid. It was demonstrated by XRD, EDS and weight changes. The microstructure of the SDC matrix characterized with an SEM imaging reveals a uniform distribution of homogeneous micro-pores across the solid-oxide matrix. The strong porous solid-oxide matrix is prefabricated at high temperature, into which a molten carbonate phase is subsequently infiltrated. A Li-Na-carbonate-impregnated MOCC supported by a 41.8% porous SDC matrix shows an effective ionic conductivity of 0.43 S/cm at 650 °C.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Would conscription reduce support for war

An increasingly popular justification for conscription is that it would increase the probability that the “children” of politically powerful people would serve in the military, thus giving them an incentive to lobby against war. However, this argument neglects the fact that avoiding war for a nation is a public good and is, therefore, subject to the classic free-rider problem. Under-provision of anti-war agitation from those seeking to avoid the draft is exacerbated by the fact that seeking a deferment provides an alternative with a superior private payoff. Empirical findings since World War II are consistent with our thesis.
Response to Commentators

This short essay responds to commentators who generously contributed to Criminal Law & Philosophy’s symposium on my book, PROSECUTING DOMESTIC VIOLENCE (Oxford University Press 2009).
A proof system for distributed processes

A partial correctness proof system for Brinch Hansen's Distributed Processes (DP) is presented. Two important aspects of the system are: Proofs of individual processes of a DP program are completely isolated from each other; in particular, no assumptions are allowed in the proof of one process about the behavior of the other processes. Secondly a process is characterized by its externally visible behavior, i.e. the sequence of interactions between this process and the other processes of the program. An example demonstrates the use of the system.
On the Massive Wave Equation on Slowly Rotating Kerr-AdS Spacetimes

The massive wave equation \({\square_{g}\psi - \alpha \frac{\Lambda}{3}\psi = 0}\) is studied on a fixed Kerr-anti de Sitter background \({\left(\mathcal{M},g_{M,a,\Lambda}\right)}\). We first prove that in the Schwarzschild case (a = 0), ψ remains uniformly bounded on the black hole exterior provided that \({\alpha < \frac{9}{4}}\), i.e. the Breitenlohner-Freedman bound holds. Our proof is based on vectorfield multipliers and commutators: The total flux of the usual energy current arising from the timelike Killing vector field T (which fails to be non-negative pointwise) is shown to be non-negative with the help of a Hardy inequality after integration over a spacelike slice. In addition to T, we construct a vectorfield whose energy identity captures the redshift producing good estimates close to the horizon. The argument is finally generalized to slowly rotating Kerr-AdS backgrounds. This is achieved by replacing the Killing vectorfield T = ∂t with \({K=\partial_t + \lambda \partial_\phi}\) for an appropriate λ ~ a, which is also Killing and–in contrast to the asymptotically flat case–everywhere causal on the black hole exterior. The separability properties of the wave equation on Kerr-AdS are not used. As a consequence, the theorem also applies to spacetimes sufficiently close to the Kerr-AdS spacetime, as long as they admit a causal Killing field K which is null on the horizon.
Pyrolysis of acetylene behind reflected shock waves

The thermal decomposition of acetylene has been studied in the temperature and pressure regimes of 1900–2500 K and 0.3–0.55 atm using a shock tube coupled to a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. A series of mixtures varying from 1.0–6.2% C2H2 diluted in a Ne-Ar mixture yielded a carbon atom density range of 0.24–2.0 × 1017 atoms cm−3 in the reflected shock zone. Concentration profiles for C2H2, C4H2, and C6H2 were constructed during typical observation times of 750 μs. C8H2 and trace amounts of C4H3 were found in relatively low concentrations at the high-temperature end of this study. A mechanism for acetylene pyrolysis is proposed, which successfully models this work and the results obtained by several other groups employing a variety of analytical techniques. Two values of the heat of formation for C2H(134 ± 2 and 127 ± 1 kcal/mol) were employed in the modeling process; superior fits to the data were attained using the latter value. The initial step of acetylene decomposition involves competition between two channels. In mixtures ( 200 ppm, the dominant initial step is second order. The rate constant for the second-order reaction is described by the equation Benzene concentrations predicted by the model are below the TOF detectability limit. C4H3 was observed in the 6.2% C2H2 mixture in accordance with the proposed mechanism.
Sheep Foraging Behavior in Response to Interactions among Alkaloids, Tannins and Saponins

BACKGROUND: A mixture of plant species adds biochemical diversity to pastures that may enhance productivity while decreasing reliance on herbicides and insecticides. All plants contain secondary metabolites (PSMs) that interact in plant communities in a variety of ways. Our objective was to determine if PSM diversity enhanced food intake when sheep were allowed to select from foods that varied in concentrations of tannins, saponins, and alkaloids. We hypothesized that intake of foods containing alkaloids would increase when sheep were offered supplemental foods with tannins and saponins. The alkaloid gramine is proteinaceous in nature, tannins bind to proteins in the gut, which enhances excretion of proteins, so we hypothesized tannins would bind to gramine and enhance its excretion from the body. The alkaloid ergotamine is steroidal, saponins have a high affinity for binding to lipid and steroidal compounds in the gut and then being excreted, so we hypothesized saponins would bind to ergotamine and enhance its excretion from the body. RESULTS: We found that sheep fed either gramine or ergotamine in combination with tannin- or saponin-containing foods had higher intakes of food than sheep offered only foods with gramine or ergotamine. CONCLUSION: These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that animals can neutralize the negative effects of alkaloids by ingesting tannins and saponins. Our results show that PSMs can complement one another to increase a herbivore's intake of unpalatable plant species, with the potential to maintain healthy animals and bio-diverse landscapes. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Sodium borohydride on wet clay: Solvent-free reductive amination of carbonyl compounds using microwaves☆

Abstract A solvent-free reductive amination of carbonyl compounds by wet montmorillonite K 10 clay supported sodium borohydride is described; microwave irradiation facilitates the procedure.
A lower bound for partial list colorings

Let G be an n-vertex graph with list-chromatic number Cl. Suppose that each vertex of G is assigned a list of t colors. Albertson, Grossman, and Haas [1] conjecture that at least tn-Cl vertices can be colored from these lists. We prove a lower bound for the number of colorable vertices. As a corollary, we show that at least ${6}\over{7}$ of the conjectured number can be colored. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Graph Theory 32: 390393, 1999
Sources of acoustic emission during fatigue of Ti-6al-4V : effect of microstructure

The fundamentals of acoustic emission (AE) analysis of fatigue cracking were applied to Ti-6AI-4V. The effect of microstructure on the characteristics of the AE events generated and the failure mechanisms which produced AE in Ti-6AI-4V were established. Lamellar microstructures generated one to two orders of magnitude more emission than equiaxed microstructures. The combination of larger grain size, more continuous 0t/L3 interfaces, more tortuous crack-front geometry, cleavage and intergranular fracture in lamellar microstructures accounts for the greater amount of emission. For lamellar microstructures, most AE events were generated in the upper 20% of the stress range, whereas in equiaxed microstructures, most events were generated at lower stresses. Most AE events were generated during crack opening and also at low stresses. AE events having high level intensities were also generated at stresses other than the peak stress. This is because in titanium alloys, which have both high strength and toughness, AE events are generated from both plastic zone extension and crack extension.
Bis-perfluorocycloalkenyl (PFCA) aryl ether monomers towards a versatile class of semi-fluorinated aryl ether polymers

Abstract A unique class of perfluorocycloalkenyl (PFCA) aryl ether monomers was synthesized from commercially available perfluorocycloalkenes (PFCAs) and bisphenols in good yields. This facile one pot reaction of perfluorocycloalkenes, namely, octafluorocyclopentene (OFCP), and decafluorocyclohexene (DFCH), with bisphenols occurs at room temperature via an addition–elimination reaction in the presence of a base. The synthesis of PFCA monomers and their condensation with bisphenols lead to perfluorocycloalkenyl (PFCA) aryl ether homopolymers and copolymers with random and/or alternating polymer architectures.
Regeneration of model supported metal catalysts

Abstract Regeneration of a model catalyst of Pt over γ-Al2O3 was studied as a function of time using a TEM. The decrease in particle diameter was accomplished by heating the sample in air at 500 °C for times up to 2 h. The results were analyzed using a model which is shown to be particularly valid for short times and large particle sizes. The model postulates a surface layer of oxide on the supported metal particle. The difference between PtPt distances in the surface layer of platinum oxide and in the unoxidized metal gives rise to forces which may crack and split the particle. The experimental results indicate that the initial regeneration rate is rapid, and that the rate falls off after about 2 h of heating. Applying the model to the experimental data yields values for an average rate of oxidation of 2.37 nm/h, and a minimum particle diameter for crack initiation of 8.6 nm. These values are consistent with numbers obtained for these parameters from completely different circumstances.
SUSY and the electroweak phase transition

Abstract We analyze the effective three-dimensional theory previously constructed for the MSSM and multi-Higgs models to determine the regions of parameter space in which the electroweak phase transition is sufficiently strong for a B + L asymmetry to survive in the low-temperature phase. We find that the inclusion of all supersymmetric scalars and all one-loop corrections has the effect of enhancing the strength of the phase transition. Without a light stop or extension of the MSSM the phase transition is sufficiently first order only if the lightest Higgs mass M h ≲ 70 GeV and tan β ≲ 1.75.
Studies in the Total Synthesis of Himastatin: A Revision of the Stereochemical Assignment

A stereoisomer of the natural product and not himastatin, an unusual dimeric depsipeptide with promising antibiotic and antitumor properties, was obtained from pyrroloindoline anti-cis-1. This result led to a revision of the proposed stereostructure. The new stereostructure was confirmed by the total synthesis, which involves stereoselective access to the pyrroloindoline syn-cis-1 and the 5-hydroxypiperazic acid subunit and features a Stille coupling for the formation of the central carbon-carbon bond.
Fixed conjugacy classes of normal subgroups and the k(GV)-problem

Abstract We establish several new bounds for the number of conjugacy classes of a finite group, all of which involve the maximal number c of conjugacy classes of a normal subgroup fixed by some element of a suitable subset of the group. To apply these formulas effectively, the parameter c, which in general is hard to control, is studied in some important situations. These results are then used to provide a new, shorter proof of the most difficult case of the well-known k ( G V ) -problem, which occurs for p = 5 and V induced from the natural module of a 5-complement of GL ( 2 , 5 ) . We also show how, for large p, the new results reduce the k ( G V ) -problem to the primitive case, thereby improving previous work on this. Furthermore, we discuss how they can be used in tackling the imprimitive case of the as of yet unsolved noncoprime k ( G V ) -problem.
A Transmitter-Spectrum Synthesis Technique for EMI Prediction

Basic models for the synthesis of transmitter spectra for three different types of transmission have been presented. They are: (1) Amplitude modulation; (2) Conventional radar pulse; and (3) Pulse-compression radar pulse. Each one of the equations defining the models is suitable for pencil-and-slide-rule analysis. In general a great degree of precision is not required in EMI prediction. The graphs given in Appendices II and III indicate that the errors are well within the desired limits.
Response of Dark Matter Halos to Condensation of Baryons: Cosmological Simulations and Improved Adiabatic Contraction Model

The cooling of gas in the centers of dark matter halos is expected to lead to a more concentrated dark matter distribution. The response of dark matter to the condensation of baryons is usually calculated using the model of adiabatic contraction, which assumes spherical symmetry and circular orbits. In contrast, halos in the hierarchical structure formation scenarios grow via multiple violent mergers and accretion along filaments, and particle orbits in the halos are highly eccentric. We study the effects of the cooling of gas in the inner regions of halos using high-resolution cosmological simulations that include gas dynamics, radiative cooling, and star formation. We find that the dissipation of gas indeed increases the density of dark matter and steepens its radial profile in the inner regions of halos compared to the case without cooling. For the first time, we test the adiabatic contraction model in cosmological simulations and find that the standard model systematically overpredicts the increase of dark matter density in the inner 5% of the virial radius. We show that the model can be improved by a simple modification of the assumed invariant from M(r)r to M()r, where r and are the current and orbit-averaged particle positions. This modification approximately accounts for orbital eccentricities of particles and reproduces simulation profiles to within 10%-20%. We present analytical fitting functions that accurately describe the transformation of the dark matter profile in the modified model and can be used for interpretation of observations.
Relativeness in Quantum Gravity: Limitations and Frame Dependence of Semiclassical Descriptions

Consistency between quantum mechanical and general relativistic views of the world is a longstanding problem, which becomes particularly prominent in black hole physics. We develop a coherent picture addressing this issue by studying the quantum mechanics of an evolving black hole. After interpreting the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy as the entropy representing the degrees of freedom that are coarse-grained to obtain a semiclassical description from the microscopic theory of quantum gravity, we discuss the properties these degrees of freedom exhibit when viewed from the semiclassical standpoint. We are led to the conclusion that they show features which we call extreme relativeness and spacetime-matter duality — a nontrivial reference frame dependence of their spacetime distribution and the dual roles they play as the “constituents” of spacetime and as thermal radiation. We describe black hole formation and evaporation processes in distant and infalling reference frames, showing that these two properties allow us to avoid the arguments for firewalls and to make the existence of the black hole interior consistent with unitary evolution in the sense of complementarity. Our analysis provides a concrete answer to how information can be preserved at the quantum level throughout the evolution of a black hole, and gives a basic picture of how general coordinate transformations may work at the level of full quantum gravity beyond the approximation of semiclassical theory.
Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1975

Abstract A seasonal summary of the 1975 Atlantic hurricane season is followed by accounts of the individual storms and hurriances.
Measure What Should be Measured: Progress and Challenges in Compressive Sensing

Is compressive sensing overrated? Or can it live up to our expectations? What will come after compressive sensing and sparsity? And what has Galileo Galilei got to do with it? Compressive sensing has taken the signal processing community by storm. A large corpus of research devoted to the theory and numerics of compressive sensing has been published in the last few years. Moreover, compressive sensing has inspired and initiated intriguing new research directions, such as matrix completion. Potential new applications emerge at a dazzling rate. Yet some important theoretical questions remain open, and seemingly obvious applications keep escaping the grip of compressive sensing. In this paper I discuss some of the recent progress in compressive sensing and point out key challenges and opportunities as the area of compressive sensing and sparse representations keeps evolving. I also attempt to assess the long-term impact of compressive sensing.
Droplet vaporization model for spray combustion calculations

Abstract The re-examination of the classical droplet vaporization model is made in order to develop the simple but sufficiently accurate calculation algorithm which can be used in spray combustion calculations. The new model includes the effects of variable thermophysical properties, non-unitary Lewis number in the gas film, the effect of the Stefan flow on heat and mass transfer between the droplet and the gas, and the effect of internal circulation and transient liquid heating. To evaluate the competing simplified models of the droplet heating, the more-refined, extended model of heat transfer within a moving circulating droplet is considered. A simplified, one-dimensional ‘effective conductivity’ model is formulated for the transient liquid heating with internal circulation. As an illustration, the dynamic and vaporization histories of the droplets injected into the steady and fluctuating hot air streams are analyzed.
The Information Geometry of Mirror Descent

We prove the equivalence of two online learning algorithms: 1) mirror descent and 2) natural gradient descent. Both mirror descent and natural gradient descent are generalizations of online gradient descent when the parameter of interest lies on a non-Euclidean manifold. Natural gradient descent selects the steepest descent along a Riemannian manifold by multiplying the standard gradient by the inverse of the metric tensor. Mirror descent induces non-Euclidean structure by solving iterative optimization problems using different proximity functions. In this paper, we prove that mirror descent induced by Bregman divergence proximity functions is equivalent to the natural gradient descent algorithm on the dual Riemannian manifold. We use techniques from convex analysis and connections between Riemannian manifolds, Bregman divergences, and convexity to prove this result. This equivalence between natural gradient descent and mirror descent, implies that: 1) mirror descent is the steepest descent direction along the Riemannian manifold corresponding to the choice of Bregman divergence and 2) mirror descent with log-likelihood loss applied to parameter estimation in exponential families asymptotically achieves the classical Cramer-Rao lower bound.
THE STATUS OF FLUORIDATION IN 1949

THE practice of fluoridation is unique among methods for the treatment of public water supplies because it is an additive rather than a subtractive method. All other methods of water treatment, applied for the protection of public health, have been devised to reduce excessive concentrations of constituents present in natural waters. Fluoridation is employed to increase inadequate concentrations of a constituent present in natural waters. There is little difference in principle between fluoridation and other methods of treatment, but there is a considerable difference in philosophy. In its general attitude toward this unique method of water treatment, the water works industry will do well to recognize, as did Wolman in his foreword to The Quest for Pure Water (1), that: "Neither the consumer nor the professional should be disconcerted by this endless adventure in search of 'pure' water. It is the natural concomitant of advancing knowledge and expanding horizon." The specific attitude of the water works industry, however, will be determined by factual information regarding the present status of water fluoridation. It is the
Internal transport barrier driven by redistribution of energetic ions

Alfven instabilities excited by energetic ions are used as a means to reduce the central magnetic shear in a tokamak via redistribution of energetic ions. When the central magnetic shear is low enough, ballooning modes become stable for any plasma pressure gradient and an internal transport barrier (ITB) with a steep pressure gradient can exist. This mechanism can sustain a steady-state ITB as demonstrated by experimental data from the DIII-D tokamak. It can also produce a shear in toroidal and poloidal plasma rotation. Possible application of this technique to use the energetic α particles for improvement of burning plasma performance is discussed.
Use of E‐cadherin and CD44 aids in the differentiation between reactive mesothelial cells and carcinoma cells in pelvic washings

BACKGROUND The presence of malignant cells in peritoneal washings is an independent prognostic factor in the evaluation of gynecologic malignancies. The differentiation between reactive mesothelial cells and carcinoma cells can be a diagnostic challenge based on morphology alone. The expression of some cell adhesion molecules may be helpful in the differential diagnosis. METHODS To evaluate the specificity of 2 transmembrane cell adhesion proteins (E-cadherin and CD44) in the differentiation of mesothelial cells from carcinoma cells in pelvic washings, formalin fixed, paraffin embedded cell blocks of pelvic washings from 19 cases of metastatic ovarian adenocarcinoma and 16 cases of benign peritoneal washings were immunostained with monoclonal antibodies to E-cadherin and CD44. The staining patterns were evaluated blindly by three observers. Positive staining was defined as uniform membranous staining for each marker. RESULTS Fourteen benign peritoneal washings (87.5%) demonstrated immunoreactivity with anti-CD44. On the contrary, only four adenocarcinomas (21.1%) demonstrated anti-CD44 immunoreactivity. E-cadherin expression was identified in only 2 benign peritoneal washings (12.5%) whereas 16 adenocarcinomas (84.2%) strongly expressed E-cadherin. The differences in immunostaining for both CD44 and E-cadherin between benign and malignant peritoneal washings were statistically significant. The combination of positive staining for E-cadherin and negative staining for CD44 was 100% specific for metastatic adenocarcinoma, whereas a combination of negative staining for E-cadherin and positive staining for CD44 was 100% specific for reactive mesothelial cells. CONCLUSIONS Both E-cadherin and CD44 reliably distinguish reactive mesothelial cells from adenocarcinoma. The combination of E-cadherin/CD44 is highly specific and is a useful diagnostic adjunct with which to distinguish benign reactive mesothelial cells from adenocarcinoma in pelvic washings. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2000;90:299–306. © 2000 American Cancer Society.
May We Verify Non-Existing Dispersion Free Ensembles By Application of Quantum Mechanics in Experiments at Perceptive and Cognitive Level?

Von Neumann in 1932 was the first to outline the possible non-existence of dispersion free ensembles in quantum mechanics, and he used this basic evidence to give a preliminary proof on incompatibility between quantum mechanics and local hidden variables theory. In the present paper, we give a detailed theoretical elaboration on the manner in which such a fundamental subject could be explored at perceptive and cognitive levels in humans. We also discuss a general design of the experiment that we have in progress so to give direct indications to other researchers engaged in such field.
Synthesis of Angular Triquinanes from 1-Alkynylbicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-en-7-ones. A Tandem Alkoxy-Cope Ring Expansion/Transannular Ring Closure Reaction

Addition of ethenyllithium reagents to the carbonyl group of dialkyl squarate-derived 1-alkynylbicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-ene-7-ones (15), followed by a TBAF workup, results in a low-temperature anion-accelerated alkoxy-Cope rearrangement which proceeds by way of a strained cyclic allene intermediates (e.g.,17). This leads to the formation of angularly fused triquinanes (e.g., 20) in which each of the rings is functionally differentiated. Bicyclo[6.3.0]undecadienones (e.g., 36) are the major products when the reactions are quenched with aqueous bicarbonate rather than TBAF. Under analogous conditions 2-alkylidene-1-alkynylbicyclo[3.2.0]heptan-7-ones also give bicyclo[6.3.0]undecadienones by a mechanism that was established to involve a 1,5-hydrgen shift in a strained allene intermediate. The synthetic scope and mechanism of these and related transformations are discussed.
Numerical simulations of general gravitational singularities

This paper covers some of the current techniques and issues involved in performing numerical simulations of the formation of singularities.
Angle-resolved photoemission extended fine structure

Core level angle-resolved photoemission intensity oscillates sinusoidally with increasing photoelectron momentum. Interference between direct and scattered photo-emission causes this angle-resolved photoemission extended fine structure (ARPEFS). We will discuss an analytic single-scattering theory which quantitatively describes the oscillations. The procedures for extracting surface geometry information from photo-emission measurements will be illustrated with S(1s) ARPEFS from S on Ni(100) and Cu(100) obtained with the soft X-ray double crystal monochromator at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory. Building on the surface sensitivity and chemical selectivity of photoemission, ARPEFS analysis provides direct geometrical information from the oscillation frequencies (derived with auto-regressive Fourier analysis), from intensity changes with polarization and analyzer position, and from analysis of scattering phase-shift zero-crossings.
Interval mammography after needle localization biopsy of breast abnormalities that are pathologically benign

Abstract Background: Needle localization biopsy is commonly performed for the diagnosis of mammographic abnormalities. Routine specimen radiography is generally recommended, but the value of routine short-interval postbiopsy mammography has not been analyzed. Patients and methods: We performed a retrospective review of 299 consecutive localized biopsies in 286 women from March 1989 to November 1993. Of these biopsies, 217 form the basis for this study; all yielded a benign pathologic diagnosis and had both specimen radiography and 3-month interval mammograms performed. Results: A total of 192 (88%) of postbiopsy mammograms were interpreted as negative, while 22 (10%) were suspicious. Three patients had second biopsies and all had benign diagnoses, 16 had follow-up mammograms that were interpreted as normal or stable, and 3 patients were lost to follow-up. A suspicious postbiopsy mammogram had no significant relationship to initial mammographic abnormality or pathologic diagnosis, but did correlate with specimen radiograph interpretation ( P = 0.02 by chi-square comparison). Conclusions: In a series of needle localization biopsies with intraoperative specimen radiography, postbiopsy mammography failed to reveal any missed cancers. Short-interval follow-up mammography is unnecessary to assess for residual abnormalities when specimen radiography confirms excision of the abnormality.
An efficient reduction of anthrones to anthracenes

Abstract An efficient and general means of reducing anthrones to anthracenes has been developed. The procedure, which uses NaBH4 as the reducing agent in a mixed solvent system of diglyme/methanol, produced anthracenes in essentially quantitative yield from a variety of anthrones.
Production of Levoglucosan by Pyrolysis of Carbohydrates

A process involving the pyrolysis of naturally occurring carbohydrates such as starch and cellulose has industrial potential for the production of levoglucosan and levoglucosan-like material. The reaction is complex. For high conversions and good product yields, high temperature, low pressure, and a low-pressure gas flow are necessary. A screw conveyor type of reactor has been used for continuous pyrolysis of starch. Dielectric heating is being studied as a means of overcoming poor heat transfer to the starch mass.
Fractional and integer charges from Levinson's theorem

Abstract We compute fractional and integer fermion quantum numbers of static background field configurations using phase shifts and Levinson's theorem. By extending fermionic scattering theory to arbitrary dimensions, we implement dimensional regularization in a ( 1+1 )-dimensional gauge theory. We demonstrate that this regularization procedure automatically eliminates the anomaly in the vector current that a naive regulator would produce. We also apply these techniques to bag models in one and three dimensions.
Theoretical aspects of the coordination of molecules to transition metal centers

Abstract When bound in transition metal complexes, organic molecules such as olefins, acetylenes, polyenes, cyclopolyenes and carbenes exhibit a variety of equilibrium geometries. The range of observed barriers to a conformational change as simple as rotation around the metal-ligand coordination axis is impressively large, from 0 to > 40 kcal/mole. Clearly it is electronic factors that are operative in setting the preferred geometries in these molecules and in controlling the magnitude of the conformational barriers. In this lecture several specific examples of the theory of these conformational phenomena will be presented.
Hydrogen embrittlement considerations in niobium-base alloys for application in the ITER divertor

The ITER divertor will be subjected to hydrogen from aqueous corrosion by the coolant and by transfer from the plasma. Global hydrogen concentrations are one factor in assessing hydrogen embrittlement but local concentrations affected by source fluxes and thermotransport in thermal gradients are more important considerations. Global hydrogen concentrations in some corrosion-tested alloys will be presented and interpreted. The degradation of mechanical properties of Nb-base alloys due to hydrogen is a complex function of temperature, hydrogen concentration, stresses and alloy composition. The known tendencies for embrittlement and hydride formation in Nb alloys are reviewed.
ALFALFA DISCOVERY OF THE NEARBY GAS-RICH DWARF GALAXY LEO P. III. AN EXTREMELY METAL DEFICIENT GALAXY

We present KPNO 4 m and LBT/MODS spectroscopic observations of an H II region in the nearby dwarf irregular galaxy Leo P discovered recently in the Arecibo ALFALFA survey. In both observations, we are able to accurately measure the temperature sensitive [O III] {lambda}4363 line and determine a ''direct'' oxygen abundance of 12 + log(O/H) = 7.17 {+-} 0.04. Thus, Leo P is an extremely metal deficient (XMD) galaxy, and, indeed, one of the most metal deficient star-forming galaxies ever observed. For its estimated luminosity, Leo P is consistent with the relationship between luminosity and oxygen abundance seen in nearby dwarf galaxies. Leo P shows normal {alpha} element abundance ratios (Ne/O, S/O, and Ar/O) when compared to other XMD galaxies, but elevated N/O, consistent with the ''delayed release'' hypothesis for N/O abundances. We derive a helium mass fraction of 0.2509{sup +0.0184}{sub -0.0123}, which compares well with the WMAP + BBN prediction of 0.2483 {+-} 0.0002 for the primordial helium abundance. We suggest that surveys of very low mass galaxies compete well with emission line galaxy surveys for finding XMD galaxies. It is possible that XMD galaxies may be divided into two classes: the relatively rare XMD emission line galaxies whichmore » are associated with starbursts triggered by infall of low-metallicity gas and the more common, relatively quiescent XMD galaxies like Leo P, with very low chemical abundances due to their intrinsically small masses.« less
A Nonhomogeneous Boundary-Value Problem for the Korteweg–de Vries Equation Posed on a Finite Domain

Studied here is an initial- and boundary-value problem for the Korteweg–de Vries equation posed on a bounded interval with nonhomogeneous boundary conditions. This particular problem arises natural...
Organometallics of the Group 13 M−M Bond (M = Al, Ga, In) and the Concept of Metalloaromaticity

The chemistry of the group 13 M−M bond (M = Al, Ga, In) has emerged as an exciting, unpredictable, and provocative area of main-group organometallic chemistry. This review seeks to draw a sharper focus on some of the more notable discoveries in this area, with a particular emphasis on group 13 multiple bonding and the concept of metalloaromaticity.
Modeling Solute Transport in Ground Water At or Near Freezing

Under freezing or near-freezing conditions, temperature-induced viscosity changes, solute immobilization, and solute exclusion can affect field-scale solute transport in ground water. This can lead to concentration profiles significantly different from those predicted by models which do not account for these processes. A model (GWFREEZE) is presented which incorporates these processes into a two-dimensional transport equation for saturated porous media subject to a hydraulic head field that does not vary with time. Ground-water temperature can be expected to vary widely in some natural and artificial freezing and near-freezing situations. Spatially varying temperature fields cause spatial variations in the fluid viscosity field, especially near 0° C, where viscosity varies faster with temperature than at higher temperatures. GWFREEZE models these phenomena with a viscosity-dependent hydraulic conductivity that is a function of temperature. Solute exclusion is modeled by a variable exclusion coefficient (Ke) which represents the percentage of solute excluded at the freezing front. The freezing front is modeled as a planar no-flow boundary behind which solutes are immobilized and at which solutes are excluded.
A general and versatile synthesis of 2-alkyl-4-aminopyridines

Abstract A versatile two-step synthesis of 2-alkyl-4-aminopyridines from commercially available cis -1-methoxy-1-buten-3-yne is described. Acylation of the yne derivative followed by amination and cyclization in ammonia produced the desired substituted pyridines in high yield.
Total synthesis of (+/-)-hasubanonine.

Total synthesis of the alkaloid (±)-hasubanonine is described. A key feature of the route is generation of a phenanthrene intermediate via a Suzuki coupling−Wittig olefination−ring-closing metathesis sequence. Conversion of the phenanthrene into the target molecule required six steps including dearomatization by means of oxidative phenolic coupling, anionic oxy-Cope rearrangement, and a final acid-promoted cyclization. Production of an undesired rearranged product in the last step could be suppressed by moderating the acid strength.
Preparation and structural characterization of rhodium and palladium complexes of mixed phosphine/amine ligands with methylene spacers between donor atoms

Abstract The condensation of paraformaldehyde with diphenylphosphine and diphenylamine yields Ph2- PCH2NPh2 (1), with diphenylphosphine and aniline yields Ph2PCH2N(Ph)CH2PPh2 (3), with phenylphosphine and diphenyl amine yields Ph2NCH2P(Ph)NPh2 (2) and with diphenylphosphine and ethylenediamine yields (Ph2PCH2)2N(CH2)2N(CH2- PPh2)2 (4). Reactions of 1 and 2 with Rh2(CO)4(μ- Cl)2 yield yellow Rh(Ph2PCH2NPh2)2(CO)Cl (5) and Rh{(Ph2NCH2)2PPh}2(CO)Cl (6), respectively. X-ray diffraction studies show that these have planar RhP2(CO)Cl cores with the nitrogen atoms uncoordinated. Reactions of 3 and 4 with (PhCN)2PdCl2 yields complexes with bidentate P,P chelate rings. The X-ray crystal structures of Pd{(Ph2PCH2)2NPh}Cl2 and Pd2{(Ph2PCH2)2NCH2}2I4 are reported. In the latter the two planar PdP2I4 coordination units are widely separated (Pd…Pd, 10.197(1) A).
Pressure Measurements of a Rotating Liquid for Impulsive Coning Motion.

Abstract : A spinning cylinder which contained a liquid in rigid body rotation was impulsively forced to cone at a small angle away from a vertical orientation. The response of the fluid to this abrupt, circular coning motion was measured by pressure transducers that were located in the end wall of the cylinder. The time for the fluid to achieve a steady state response to the impulsive coning motion was several seconds. Cone-up times were experimentally determined for a range of coning frequencies. The Reynolds number was 5.23x10 to the 5th power. In general, the cone-up times were comparable in magnitude to the spin-up time(the time required by the liquid to adjust to an impulsive change in the spin rate of the cylinder). These experiments indicate that numerical simulations for liquid payloads carried by spin-stabilized, gun launched projectiles must account for both spin-up and cone-up and that these effects must be treated simultaneously.
Electron precipitations and polar auroras

In the first part (Sections I–III) a brief historical review of the progress of our knowledge of the precipitation of auroral electrons is given. Observations by different techniques, in terms of detectors aboard balloons, sounding rockets, and polar-orbiting satellites, are reviewed (Sections I). The precipitation morphology is examined in terms of synoptic statistical results (Section II) and of latitudinal survey along individual satellite passes (Section III). In the second part (Section IV), a large number of simultaneous observations of auroras and precipitating auroral electrons by DMSP satellites are examined in detail, and it is shown that precipitation characteristics of auroral electrons are distinctly different for the discrete aurora and the diffuse aurora. In the third part (Section V), the source region of auroral electrons is discussed by comparing the auroral electron precipitation at low altitudes observed by DMSP satellites with the simultaneous ATS-6 observations near the magnetospheric equatorial plane approximately along the same geomagnetic field line. It is shown that the diffuse aurora is caused by direct dumping of the plasma sheet electrons from the equatorial region, whereas discrete auroras require acceleration of electrons between the plasma sheet and the polar atmosphere. The parallel electric field along the geomagnetic field line above the ionosphere is a likely candidate for the acceleration mechanism.
The Percolation Signature of the Spin Glass Transition

Magnetic ordering at low temperature for Ising ferromagnets manifests itself within the associated Fortuin–Kasteleyn (FK) random cluster representation as the occurrence of a single positive density percolating network. In this paper we investigate the percolation signature for Ising spin glass ordering—both in short-range (EA) and infinite-range (SK) models—within a two-replica FK representation and also within the different Chayes–Machta–Redner two-replica graphical representation. Based on numerical studies of the ±J EA model in three dimensions and on rigorous results for the SK model, we conclude that the spin glass transition corresponds to the appearance of two percolating clusters of unequal densities.
Exploration of affective illness.

This report deals with a series of experimental approaches carried out in clinical studies to attempt to examine the role of amines in relationship to affective state and the mode of action of thymole
CALCULATING SEPARATE MAGNETIC FREE ENERGY ESTIMATES FOR ACTIVE REGIONS PRODUCING MULTIPLE FLARES: NOAA AR11158

It is well known that photospheric flux emergence is an important process for stressing coronal fields and storing magnetic free energy, which may then be released during a flare. The Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) captured the entire emergence of NOAA AR 11158. This region emerged as two distinct bipoles, possibly connected underneath the photosphere, yet characterized by different photospheric field evolutions and fluxes. The combined active region complex produced 15 GOES C-class, two M-class, and the X2.2 Valentine's Day Flare during the four days after initial emergence on 2011 February 12. The M and X class flares are of particular interest because they are nonhomologous, involving different subregions of the active region. We use a Magnetic Charge Topology together with the Minimum Current Corona model of the coronal field to model field evolution of the complex. Combining this with observations of flare ribbons in the 1600 A channel of the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly on board SDO, we propose a minimization algorithm for estimating the amount of reconnected flux and resulting drop in magnetic free energy during a flare. For the M6.6, M2.2, and X2.2 flares, we find a flux exchange of 4.2 × 1020 Mx, 2.0 × 1020 Mx, and 21.0 × 1020 Mx, respectively, resulting in free energy drops of 3.89 × 1030 erg, 2.62 × 1030 erg, and 1.68 × 1032 erg.
A dynamic approach to high-precision parts mating

A method for the mating of tightly fitting parts in the presence of significant sensing, model, and control uncertainties is presented. Using this method randomly placed parts that were located using a three-dimensional laser range scanning system can be mated even when the clearance between them is only 0.001 in. The various sources of error introduced in the fine forced-guided motions used to execute assemblies are examined. Among these sources are noisy force/torque readings, mechanical vibrations, the presence of sliding and sticking frictions, and the possibility of eccentric oblique impacts. It is pointed out how most of these errors might be reduced or eliminated. Straight-line motion goals (SLMGs) are then processed by the basic building blocks of a dynamic planning strategy. By dynamically building an assembly plan out of SLMGs, it is possible to carry out robotic assemblies in the presence of sensing and model uncertainties while recognizing and recovering from errors introduced by control uncertainties. A specific instance of this approach is outlined. >