cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measuring and understanding adherence in a home-based exercise intervention during chemotherapy for early breast cancer.

Ensuring and measuring adherence to prescribed exercise regimens are fundamental challenges in intervention studies to promote exercise in adults with cancer. This study reports exercise adherence in women who were asked to walk 150 min/week throughout chemotherapy treatment for early breast cancer. Participants were asked to wear a FitbitTM throughout their waking hours, and Fitbit steps were uploaded directly into study computers. Descriptive statistics are reported, and both unadjusted and multivariable linear regression models were used to assess associations between participant characteristics, breast cancer diagnosis, treatment, chemotherapy toxicities, and patient-reported symptoms with average Fitbit steps/week. Of 127 women consented to the study, 100 had analyzable Fitbit data (79%); mean age was 48 and 31% were non-white. Mean walking steps were 3956 per day. Nineteen percent were fully adherent with the target of 6686 steps/day and an additional 24% were moderately adherent. In unadjusted analysis, baseline variables associated with fewer Fitbit steps were: non-white race (p = 0.012), high school education or less (p = 0.0005), higher body mass index (p = 0.0024), and never/almost never drinking alcohol (p = 0.0048). Physical activity variables associated with greater Fitbit steps were: pre-chemotherapy history of vigorous physical activity (p = 0.0091) and higher self-reported walking minutes/week (p < 0.001), and higher outcome expectations from exercise (p = 0.014). Higher baseline anxiety (p = 0.03) and higher number of chemotherapy-related symptoms rates “severe/very severe” (p = 0.012) were associated with fewer steps. In multivariable analysis, white race was associated with 12,146 greater Fitbit steps per week (p = 0.004), as was self-reported walking minutes prior to start of chemotherapy (p < 0.0001). Inexpensive commercial-grade activity trackers, with data uploaded directly into research computers, enable objective monitoring of home-based exercise interventions in adults diagnosed with cancer. Analysis of the association of walking steps with participant characteristics at baseline and toxicities during chemotherapy can identify reasons for low/non-adherence with prescribed exercise regimens.
On high-order perturbation expansion for the study of long–short wave interactions

In high-order analysis and simulation of long–short surface wave interaction using mode decomposition, ‘divergent’ terms of the form appear in the high-order expansions, where , are respectively the long, short modal wavenumbers and amplitudes, with and finite. We address the effect of these terms on the numerical scheme, showing numerical cancellation at all orders ; but increasing ill-conditioning of the numerics with and , which we quantify. In the context of mode decomposition, we show theoretical exact cancellation of the divergent terms up to , extending the existing result of Brueckner & West (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 196, 1988, pp. 585–592) and supporting the conjecture that this is obtained for all orders . We show the latter by developing a theoretical proof for any using a Dirichlet–Neumann operator and mathematical induction. The implication of the theoretical proof on the numerical simulation of long–short wave interaction is discussed.
Robotic conversion of cecostomy tube to catheterizable antegrade continence enema (ACE): Surgical technique.

Abstract Introduction Antegrade continence enema (ACE) is a well described treatment for pediatric patients with neurogenic bowel refractory to medical and retrograde management. ACE can be carried out either by catheterizable channel with enteric conduit or a cecostomy tube appliance. For those patients who have issues with pain or leakage around the cecostomy appliance or wish to be appliance free, we present our initial results and description of a novel technique of laparoscopic conversion of cecostomy to catheterizable ACE which uses the existing tract and requires no enteric conduit. Methods A single institution, retrospective chart review was carried out for 2014–2017 to identify patients undergoing ACE conversion. Preoperative parameters included age, sex, weight, neurogenic bowel etiology and time from initial cecostomy. Perioperative data included length of surgery, length of hospitalization and postoperative complications (via Clavien–Dindo scale). Postoperative follow up, ancillary procedures pertinent to the ACE and status at time of submission are also presented. Results Six patients were identified (mean age 14.1 +/− 4.3 years) with median follow up of 36 months (range 18–65). Neurogenic bowel etiology was spina bifida in five and spinal cord injury in one; all patients had concurrent neurogenic bladder with preexisting appendicovesicostomy. Mean operative time was 168 +/− 37 min (range 122–228) and mean length of hospital stay was 2 days (range 1–4). Success rate is 83% (5/6 continue to catheterize ACE channel), with one patient opting back for appliance through same tract. One patient has required operative revision for stomal stenosis. Conclusion To our knowledge, this is the first report describing robotic-assisted laparoscopic conversion of cecostomy tube to a catheterizable ACE. The surgical technique we describe is simple and safe with minimal morbidity to the patient. It does not require an enteral conduit, and may represent a valid treatment in patients without the option of using the appendix.
Rapid quantitation of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and its metabolite 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) in rat urine using ultra-fast liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (UFLC/MS/MS)

The tobacco-specific nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) is a component of tobacco smoke and is rapidly metabolized to 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NN...
Deriving Constraints on Small-Scale Variograms due to Variograms of Large-Scale Data

The application of kriging-based geostatistical algorithms to integrate large-scale seismic data calls for direct and cross variograms of the seismic variable and primary variable (e.g., porosity) at the modeling scale, which is typically much smaller than the seismic data resolution. In order to ensure positive definiteness of the cokriging matrix, a licit small-scale coregionalization model has to be built. Since there are no small-scale secondary data, an analytical method is presented to infer small-scale seismic variograms. The method is applied to estimate the 3-D porosity distribution of a West Texas oil field given seismic data and porosity data at 62 wells.
Anti-vaccinationists and their impact on vaccination coverage in Wisconsin.

Doctor Schlenker is Chief Medical Officer, Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin-Kenosha. Please address correspondence to: Thomas Schlenker, MD, MPH, Chief Medical Officer, Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin-Kenosha, 6308 8th Ave, Kenosha, WI 53143; phone 262.653.5311; fax 262.653.2277; e-mail tschlenker@chw.org. BACKGROUND For 300 years, vaccination against serious disease has been a cornerstone of Western medicine, saving lives and preventing disabilities beyond measure. In the United States, childhood vaccinations against smallpox, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, poliomyelitis, measles, mumps, rubella, and haemophilus influenzae have reduced disease from hundreds of thousands of cases per year to nearly zero. The vaccines in use are effective, safe, relatively inexpensive and constantly improving. Nevertheless, public enthusiasm for and acceptance of them is inconstant. On occasion, apathy and opposition to childhood vaccination have risen to levels that hurt children and endanger public health. In 1989, because of poor vaccination coverage among preschool age children, measles broke out in cities across the country, resulting in more than 50,000 cases and 140 deaths. Milwaukee, where only 64% of 2 year olds were vaccinated, suffered 1095 cases, 233 hospitalizations, and 3 deaths. The size and seriousness of the epidemic caught the attention of physicians and the US public health service who, working together in the years that followed, rebuilt the US immunization system. By 2002, 2-year-old MMR coverage in Milwaukee reached 88%. Nationally, measles became a rare disease. Reminding us of our not-too-distant problems, Britain has recently suffered a decline in MMR coverage. Similar to the United States during the 1980s, up to one third of 2 year olds are unvaccinated. As a result, London experienced ongoing measles transmission during most of 2003. Still, many British parents refuse to allow their children to be vaccinated. This opposition to MMR vaccination, termed a national “collapse of confidence,” was largely instigated by Dr Anthony Wakefield, who published a small study in Lancet in 1998 suggesting that MMR was causally linked to autism. Wakefield’s claim has since been repudiated by his co-authors, and he, personally, is accused of having concealed a significant financial conflict of interest that may have influenced his work. Nevertheless, Dr Wakefield continues to actively promote the MMR/autism hypothesis and is joined in the United States by others who have taken up a similar crusade linking autism to vaccines containing thimerosal/ mercury. As a relative constant, by way of popular magazines, books, and the Internet, a wide variety of alternative medicine providers discourage childhood vaccination in general. To address whether these dissenting voices significantly influence Wisconsin parents, this study examines trends in vaccination coverage in Wisconsin over the past 14 years and reports the results of a survey of the views of state primary care pediatricians.
Epidemiologic Considerations in Defining Hypertension

Definitions of hypertension have historically been based on at least one of three concepts. The first approach identifies thresholds of hypertension based on the frequency of occurrence in the population. The statistical approach designates a point in the distribution (e.g., the 95th percentile), as the threshold for hypertension. This distribution method identifies different limits for hypertension depending on the age, sex, and race, of the population, all of which affect the average pressure. Although distribution curves do not by themselves identify thresholds for intervention, they are useful for examining changes in population groups over time. The second approach to defining hypertension relates pressures to the risk of morbidity and mortality and is characterized by a continuously graded curve with no clear categorical thresholds. Studies correlating both diastolic and systolic pressures with cardiovascular complications demonstrate continuous risks from lowest to highest values for both sexes, all ages, and both blacks and whites in the United States. The blood pressure-risk relationship provides a compelling rationale for treatment but does not by itself define thresholds for the initiation of therapy. The third approach uses data from clinical intervention trials to identify thresholds where the benefits of therapy outweigh the costs and side effects of long-term treatment. Although results of large randomized trials have clearly demonstrated reductions in morbidity and mortality by lowering blood pressures, consensus on the lowest threshold within the mild range for which antihypertensive drug treatment is recommended has not been reached. Because an optimal definition of hypertension must encompass all three approaches and the resultant classification scheme must be sufficient for all purposes, attempts to refine and improve upon the presently recommended thresholds will undoubtedly continue.
AN ANALYSIS AND MANAGEMENT SYSTEM SUITABLE FOR SEDIMENTOLOGICAL DATA

ABSTRACT G-EXEC is a data-analysis and management system developed since 1972 by the Institute of Geological Sciences (IGS). System concepts incorporated in its design, including integration, modularity and generalization, enable the system to be (1) transported from computer to computer, (2) updated rapidly, (3) operated on any data set, and, of primary importance, (4) used by noncomputeroriented sedimentologists. Control of the system by the user proceeds through near-English commands which are translated into FORTRAN by the G-EXEC controller. The implementation of G-EXEC at the IGS enables the sedimentologist to employ programs for organization, manipulation, retrieval, statistical analysis and display of the data.
Ventricular Remodeling in Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathies

Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathies form one of the most complex and least understood problems leading to heart failure and death. Although accounting for 40% of all cases of severe heart failure, their primary etiology is largely unknown. Most studies of the problem have done little to explain the primary events which produce myocardial dysfunction but rather are descriptive of epiphenomena and later blood flow limitations of organ function. These systemic changes largely reflect alterations in neurohumoral factors and the peripheral circulation that ultimately result in the syndrome of congestive heart failure [42, 43]. Moreover, it is uncertain whether the end-stage pathology of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathies evolves from a single or multiple initial processes.
Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus: Current Concepts in Diagnosis and Treatment

Osteochondral lesions of the talus (OLTs) are a difficult pathologic entity to treat. They require a strong plan. Lesion size, location, chronicity, and characteristics such as displacement and the...
Genotypic Diversity and Host-Specificity of Frankia Bacteria Associated with Sympatric Populations of Alnus rubra and Alnus rhombifolia in Oregon

Biological nitrogen fixation is one of the most critical processes contributing to ecosystem productivity and stability on a global scale. In temperate climates of the northern hemisphere, plant-root associated bacteria of the genus Frankia are the major nitrogen fixers in forest environments. Trees belonging to the genus Alnus are the most widespread hosts of Frankia in the Pacific Northwest, and a myriad of biotic and abiotic factors can influence the robustness of this symbiosis. Host identity and bacterial strain are important features that can impact Alnus-Frankia association, but little is known about the interplay of intrageneric hosts that co-occur in natural settings. In this study we investigated the genetic diversity and host specificity of Frankia bacteria associated with sympatrically occurring populations of Alnus rubra (red alder) and Alnus rhombifolia (white alder) in Oregon. Based on sequence analysis of the nifH gene recovered from root nodules we found low overall bacterial diversity. One dominant Frankia genotype was associated with both host species, indicating a lack of strong host specificity in this system. Our results suggest that certain intrageneric plant hosts with overlapping distributions show cross-compatibility with symbiotic actinorhizal bacteria, and that low strain diversity of these bacteria can persist across mixed host populations.
KLF4 defines the efficacy of the epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor, erlotinib, in triple-negative breast cancer cells by repressing the EGFR gene

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is characterized by high rates of recurrence and poor overall survival. This is due, in part, to a deficiency of targeted therapies, making it essential to identify therapeutically targetable driver pathways of this disease. While epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is expressed in 60% of TNBCs and drives disease progression, attempts to inhibit EGFR in unselected TNBC patients have had a marginal impact on outcomes. Hence, we sought to identify the mechanisms that dictate EGFR expression and inhibitor response to provide a path for improving the utility of these drugs. In this regard, the majority of TNBCs express low levels of the transcription factor, Kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4), while a small subset is associated with high expression. KLF4 and EGFR have also been reported to have opposing actions in TNBC. Thus, we tested whether KLF4 controls the expression of EGFR and cellular response to its pharmacological inhibition. KLF4 was transiently overexpressed in MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 cells or silenced in MCF10A cells. Migration and invasion were assessed using modified Boyden chamber assays, and proliferation was measured by EdU incorporation. Candidate downstream targets of KLF4, including EGFR, were identified using reverse phase protein arrays of MDA-MB-231 cells following enforced KLF4 expression. The ability of KLF4 to suppress EGFR gene and protein expression and downstream signaling was assessed by RT-PCR and western blot, respectively. ChIP-PCR confirmed KLF4 binding to the EGFR promoter. Response to erlotinib in the context of KLF4 overexpression or silencing was assessed using cell number and dose-response curves. We report that KLF4 is a major determinant of EGFR expression and activity in TNBC cells. KLF4 represses transcription of the EGFR gene, leading to reduced levels of total EGFR, its activated/phosphorylated form (pEGFR), and its downstream signaling intermediates. Moreover, KLF4 suppression of EGFR is a necessary intermediary step for KLF4 to inhibit aggressive TNBC phenotypes. Most importantly, KLF4 dictates the sensitivity of TNBC cells to erlotinib, an FDA-approved inhibitor of EGFR. KLF4 is a major regulator of the efficacy of EGFR inhibitors in TNBC cells that may underlie the variable effectiveness of such drugs in patients.
The ATF3 Transcription Factor Is a Short-Lived Substrate of the Arg/N-Degron Pathway

The Arg/N-degron pathway targets proteins for degradation by recognizing their specific N-terminal residues or, alternatively, their non-N-terminal degrons. In mammals, this pathway is mediated by ...
Immune checkpoint inhibitor associated reactivation of primary membranous nephropathy responsive to rituximab

The same mechanisms that mediate antitumor immunity from checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs) can also lead to unintended targeting of normal tissues, characterized as immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Those with pre-existing autoimmune disease are believed to be particularly vulnerable for exacerbating underlying autoimmunity or inducing severe irAEs. We report the first case of CPI-associated reactivation of primary membranous nephropathy (MN) in a patient with pleural mesothelioma responding to immunotherapy. Due to its specificity in targeting B-lymphocytes, rituximab was used to treat primary MN with the expectation that this would not interfere with the benefits gained from T cell-mediated antitumor immunity. Rituximab was effective in treating CPI-associated reactivation of MN, and the patient was successfully rechallenged with nivolumab and maintained stable kidney function and sustained clinical antitumor effect. While exacerbation of pre-existing autoimmune diseases from CPIs is common, therapy for autoimmune reactivation can be rationally directed by an understanding of the immunosuppressive mechanism with goals of cancer treatment.
Unified Robust Estimation via the COCO

Robust estimation is concerned with how to provide reliable parameter estimates in the presence of outliers. Numerous robust loss functions have been proposed in regression and classification, along with various computing algorithms. This article proposes a unified framework for loss function construction and parameter estimation. The CC-family contains composite of concave and convex functions. The properties of the CC-family are investigated, and CC-estimation is innovatively conducted via composite optimization by conjugation operator (COCO). The weighted estimators are simple to implement, demonstrate robust quality in penalized generalized linear models and support vector machines, and can be conveniently extended to even more broad applications with existing software.
Structural Behavior of Novel Steel-Fiber Materials in Concrete Pipes (ASTM C1765)

Steel fiber reinforced concrete pipes (SFRCP) were introduced to the U.S. concrete pipe manufacturers for the first time as an alternative to conventional reinforced concrete pipes (RCP). Over 150 full-scale tests on SFRCPs of different sizes and fiber dosages were conducted to document their structural behavior. The load–deformation plots and crack pattern formations for both SFRCP and RCP were compared and are presented herein. Direct tension and ASTM C1609/C1609M-12 “Standard Test Method for Flexural Performance of Fiber-Reinforced Concrete (Using Beam With Third-Point Loading)” tests were performed on fiber-concrete mix designs to identify their material constitutive relations for different fiber dosages. A non-linear, three-dimensional finite element model of the pipe was developed and verified against experimental results. To obtain tension stiffening material law for SFRCP with different fiber volume fraction dosages, the verified FEM, coupled with an iterative process, was used to mimic the experimentally obtained load–deformation relationships. A performance-based ASTM C1765-13 “Standard Specification for Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete Culvert, Storm Drain, and Sewer Pipe” was developed for SFRCP for the first time in the U.S. as the result of this study. This article presents the philosophy of the new specification in detail and compares it with the ASTM specification for conventional RCP.
Inclusive research and social determinants of health: 2 critical concepts at the forefront of furthering our understanding of COVID-19's impact on sleep and resilience

Citation:King S, Gamaldo C. Inclusive research and social determinants of health: 2 critical concepts at the forefront of furthering our understanding of COVID-19’s impact on sleep and resilience. ...
Progress in Photonic Digital Radio Transceivers

Utilizing direct radio frequency photonic downsampling and upsampling, photonic digital radio transceiver architectures are promising systems for the realization of frequency agile software-defined radios in the microwave and millimeter wave frequency bands. We will explore recent progress and discuss system design issues for achieving the full advantages of photonic, electronic and signal processing technologies.
Evaluation of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Risks in Living Donor Candidates

In recent decades, expansion of living kidney donation has been explored through accepting medically complex donors, including those with obesity or other metabolic abnormalities. Considerations related to metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors have become particularly salient given the obesity epidemic and the aging of the population. Cardiovascular and metabolic risks must be assessed prior to donation to determine if a candidate is acceptable for donation from the perspectives of both short-term perioperative risks and long-term health risks after donation. Furthermore, the evaluation of donor candidates with metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors should include informed consent and adequate communication and counseling regarding possible postdonation outcomes. Through individualized assessments and utilization of international guidelines and the best available outcomes data, transplant teams can incorporate assessment of metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors in the comprehensive donor candidate evaluation, support shared decision-making, and promote lifestyle interventions to optimize long-term donor health.
Primary Care Ethics is Just Medical Ethics: A Philosophical Argument for the Feasibility of Transitioning Acute Care Ethics to the Primary Care Setting.

Whether practiced by ethics committees or clinical ethicists, medical ethics enjoys a solid foundation in acute care hospitals. However, medical ethics fails to have a strong presence in the primary care setting. Recently, some ethicists have argued that the reason for this disparity between ethics in the acute and primary care setting is that primary care ethics is distinct from acute care ethics: the failure to translate ethics to the primary care setting stems from the incorrect belief that acute care ethics can be applied to the primary care setting. In this paper, I argue that primary care ethics and acute care ethics are species of the same ethical genus, and that the ethical differences are not ones of kind but of circumstance. I do this by appealing to the role obligations that underlie acute care and primary care clinicians’ medical ethical obligations and the shared institutions that ground those obligations.
Melissa N. Mallon. Partners in Teaching and Learning: Coordinating a Successful Academic Library Instruction Program. Lanham, MD: Rowan & Littlefield, 2020. 162p. Paper, $37.00 (ISBN 978-1-5381-1884-9).

The academic library’s role in teaching and learning on campus is vital to institutional initiatives. Melissa N. Mallon drives this point home by addressing the role of the library instruction program and the instruction coordinator in nine skillfully crafted chapters. Each chapter highlights the library’s agenda for teaching and learning within the greater context of its institution. Partners in Teaching and Learning is the eighth title to be published in the Beta Phi Mu Scholars Series, which publishes titles that contribute significantly to library and information sciences. The book is written in a way that offers practical resources and strategies for a multitude of instruction programs.
The US–China Rivalry in the Emerging Bipolar World: Hostility, Alignment, and Power Balance

This article argues that although the US–China rivalry has not presented with some essential elements of the US–Soviet Cold War, the emerging bipolarity has led to misplaced ideological hostility a...
Frozen eggs: national autologous oocyte thaw outcomes.

Objective To characterize national outcomes of oocyte thaw (OT) cycles. Design Retrospective descriptive study. Setting All autologous OT cycles reported to the Society of Assisted Reproductive Technology Clinic Outcome Reporting System from 2012 to 2018. Patient(s) All women undergoing OT cycles in the United States. Intervention(s) None. Main Outcome Measure(s) Absolute numbers of oocyte cryopreservation (OC) and OT cycles over time. Among OT cycles, patient and cycle characteristics, the ratio of the total number of oocytes thawed to the number of live births by maternal age at the time of cryopreservation (ATOC), and outcomes including pregnancy, miscarriage, live birth, and good perinatal outcome (GPO) by age ATOC. Result(s) From 2012 to 2018, 54,675 OC and 6,413 OT cycles were performed; the absolute numbers increased from 2,719 to 13,824 and from 348 to 1,810, respectively. The ratio of the total number of oocytes thawed to the number of live births increased significantly with increasing age ATOC, from 41.4 (age 41 years). Among OT cycles resulting in embryo transfer, the live birth rate decreased with increasing age ATOC from 42.8% (age 42 years). The live birth rate was higher when calculated per transfer (42.8% in women aged Conclusion(s) Among reported OT cycles, the rates of pregnancy and live birth decreased as age ATOC increased. The number of oocytes thawed to achieve one live birth increased significantly with increasing age ATOC. In addition, among the resulting pregnancies, the rate of GPO decreased as age ATOC increased.
Effect of Irradiating Shell Eggs on Quality Attributes and Functional Properties of Yolk and White

The color of egg yolk was not influenced but the viscosity of egg white was dramatically lowered and became watery by irradiation. The foam capacity and foam stability of egg white were significantly decreased due to protein oxidation by irradiation. However, the texture characteristics of egg white were not changed by irradiation, indicating that irradiation may not alter the thermal characteristics of egg white proteins. Sulfur volatiles were generated by irradiation but disappeared during storage under aerobic conditions. Because egg white became watery, irradiation may not be advisable for table eggs, but may be useful for pasteurizing liquid egg white or liquid whole egg without significant deterioration of their quality and functionality. Especially, the dramatic decrease in the viscosity of egg white by irradiation will improve flow of liquid egg white or liquid whole egg, which could be highly useful for egg processing. Therefore, further studies on egg irradiation should be focused on liquid eggs rather than table egg.
Psychological Support in Acute Heart Failure Syndrome

Mr. L. is a 62-year-old Native American with a past medical history significant for coronary artery disease status post-myocardial infarction and four-vessel coronary artery bypass grafting 2 years ago, as well as known heart failure with a left ventricular ejection fraction of 30%, type 2 diabetes, and hyperlipidemia. He presents to the emergency room complaining of shortness of breath with exertion, orthopnea, lower extremity edema, and dull chest pain. On initial evaluation he is hypotensive at 86/40 mm Hg, and lung exam reveals rales halfway up the posterior fields. A third heart sound is present. He is admitted to the inpatient cardiology service; the cardiology team notes that this is his third admission for similar symptoms in the past 7 months. What further information might help his clinicians maximize therapy for his chronic heart failure, and prevent future acute exacerbations?
Temperament in the Extremes-Developmental Trajectories of Infants in Three Temperament Groups

At this point in the course of the FLS, comprehensive data detailing the development of over 100 children and their families have been collected from infancy through high school completion. In this chapter, we examine the FLS data to determine whether unique and differentiated long-term sequelae of the earliest measure of temperament employed in the FLS are evident. As noted in chapters 1 and 2, many researchers have suggested the potential benefit of employing an extreme groups approach. Hence, for each factor of challenging infant temperament assessed via the Infant Characteristics Questionnaire at 1.5 years, three groups were formed: low, intermediate, and high. The “low” group comprised infants scoring in the bottom quartile and viewed by parents as exhibiting the least challenging temperament features, the “intermediate” group comprised infants scoring in the center two quartiles and served as a baseline for comparison, and the “high” group comprised infants in the top quartile representing infants rated as displaying the most challenging temperament characteristics.
The American Mission and the 'Evil Empire': The Crusade for a 'Free Russia' since 1881

Introduction 1. 'Free Russia': origins of the First Crusade, 1881-1905 2. 'The United States of Russia': culmination and frustration, 1905-20 3. Doors open and closed: opportunities and obstructions in early Soviet Russia, 1921-40 4. Revival: hopes for a new Russia during the Grand Alliance, 1941-5 5. Visions of 'liberation', 1946-53 6. Evolution, not revolution: the eclipse of 'liberation' and the pursuit of 'liberalization', 1954-74 7. Recovering the faith: renewal of the Crusade, 1974-80 8. The Reagan mission and the 'evil empire', 1981-9 9. Mission unaccomplished: America and post-Soviet Russia Epilogue.
Fine and coarse particles: Chemical and physical properties important for the standard-setting process

Publisher Summary Recent epidemiologic studies report statistical associations between a variety of health outcomes and indicators of particulate matter (PM). The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has recommended augmenting the current PM (thoracic particle) standards with new fine particle standards. This recommendation largely resulted from the growing epidemiologic evidence for an association of health effects with indicators of the smaller size fraction of the atmospheric aerosol. Two possible indicators of the smaller size fraction for both research and standard setting are (1) fine-mode particles and (2) respirable particles. EPA scientists have preferred to use measurements of fine-mode particles in preference to measurements of respirable particles, primarily because of the significant distinctions between fine-mode and coarse-mode particles in regard to their sources, composition, and properties (physical, chemical, and biological). As a result of the increasing concern with fine-mode particles and with specific components of PM, new techniques for the measurement and analysis of aerosol mass and components are needed.
Assessment of Precision in Temperatures from the Microwave Sounding Units

Monitoring the earth system has traditionally focused on measurements at the earth's surface because this is where we live and perform our most obvious life sustaining functions. In just the past few decades, however, efforts have been initiated to assess the character of the atmosphere above the surface. Regular upper-air measurements by balloon ascents in scattered locations began in the 1940's and observations from satellites generally began in 1979. The upper air is important in the climate context because changes in these higher levels may offer more discernible relationships to such phenomena as global warming due to the enhanced greenhouse effect than seen at other levels. The probability that climate-change trends in the mid-troposphere (5-8 km) will be more clearly evident against the background of natural variability than at, for example, the surface. Indeed, results from coupled ocean-atmosphere models indicate that in terms of a global mean quantity the troposphere will actually warm at a rate greater than that of the surface temperature. At higher elevations, above 12 km, the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) 1990 indicates there is a high degree of certainty that a greenhouse-gas induced decrease in stratospheric temperatures will occur. The measure of change in these upper atmospheric layers, in combination with quantities observed at the surface, provide an ensemble of information to give the most robust opportunity for climate change detection.
Liberal Politics in Radical Times: What to do About Class: A Review of Allan Ornstein, Class Counts: Education, Inequality and the Shrinking Middle Class

Class Counts is a radical departure from most, if not all, the writings of Allan Ornstein. Most of his previous work fits within the curriculum area of education. Although Class Counts considers ed...
Patterns of Newspaper Reporting on State Supreme Courts

Recent research has advanced scholarly understanding of media coverage of state courts of last resort. However, these studies focus on different media outlets and time periods. To determine whether coverage of state supreme court cases varies between media sources, we examine reporting in most-circulated and state-capital newspapers in twenty-four states from 2003 to 2008. Our results demonstrate that the most-circulated newspapers cover nearly twice as many decisions as capital-city newspapers. We also find that although the two types of newspapers devote similar coverage to similar types of cases, the population of cases covered by each type of newspaper differs substantially.
Sexual politics and child protection: They don't mix

The article by Jenny, Roesler, and Poyer in this issue of Pediatrics takes a look at a purported link between homosexuality and the sexual abuse of children. They find no such evidence. The study was prompted by the passage of a constitutional amendment in Colorado in 1992 that prohibited communities from enacting laws including homosexuals in antidiscrimination statutes. The amendment has subsequently been ruled unconstitutional by the Colorado Supreme Court, but other states are considering such legislation as of this writing. Part of the argument used by proponents of these amendments has been that children are at risk of being sexually abused by homosexuals, and therefore the inclusion of gays and lesbians as a class in antidiscrimination statutes would be hazardous to children and would protect molesters.
Production of High Mass Pairs of Direct Photons and Neutral Mesons in a Tevatron Fixed Target Experiment

The production of high-mass pairs of direct photons, $\pi^0$'s, and $\eta$'s has been measured by Fermilab experiment E706. The experimental apparatus included a large,finely segmented lead{liquid argon electromagnetic calorimeter and a charged particle spectrometer consisting of silicon microstrip detectors in the target region and multiwire proportional chambers and straw tube drift chambers downstream of an analysis magnet. The experiment triggered on localized high-$p_T$ depositions in the electromagnetic calorimeter; the high-mass pair data required two depositions on opposite sides of the calorimeter. Correlations between high $p_T$ particles are used to extract information about the transverse momentum of partons ($k_T$). Comparisons are made between the diphoton data and the results of next-to-leading order perturbative Quantum Chromodynamic (NLO pQCD) calculations. The shapes of the NLO pQCD results are inconsistent with the data distributions. A resummed NLO pQCD calculation, which incorporates the effects of multiple soft-gluon emission, provides reasonable matches to the shapes of the data distributions. Similar distributions of$ \pi^{0}\pi^{0}$ and $\gamma\pi^{0}$ pairs are compared with leading order pQCD calculations which approximates initial-state $k_T$ effects by a Gaussian smearing technique. These calculations, using values consistent with the diphoton data, successfully reproduce the shapes of the data distributions. The theory can provide a good representation of $k_T$-insensitive distributions, such as the mass of the pair and particle $p_T$. Results from the high-mass pair data are used as input to a phenomenological $k_T$-smearing model which provides a consistent description of the observed deviations of NLO pQCD calculations from the inclusive direct-photon and $\pi^0$ data.
Wafer-scale optimization using computational availability

It is shown that, given the ability to restructure wafer-level designs, there are different ways to employ redundancy. Redundancy is evaluated by estimating system computational availability over a mission lifetime. This technique is illustrated using two wafer-scale integration (WSI) case studies. The first is a very-fine-grained programmable systolic data processor (PSDP) that contains 4- and 8-b paths, RAM, and control optimized for signal and data processing applications. The second, the Mosaic multicomputer architecture, is a less fine-grained homogeneous architecture in which each node contains a 16-b microprocessor and associated RAM and ROM. Potential benefits of implementing these parallel processing architectures in wafer scale are discussed. >
Sentence perception units and levels of syntactic structure

Subjects listened to recorded sentences which were followed by probe words. They performed a next-word naming task—uttering the word that followed the probe word in the original sentence as quickly as possible. Other things being equal, naming latencies are longer when the juncture between the probe word and the response word in the original sentence sequence terminates a “functionally complete” unit than when this position corresponds to the boundary of a “functionally incomplete” unit. These results are not predicted by existent “syntactic” theories of sentence perception units, and these theories are to that extent shown to be inadequate. A “functional” program for the study of sentence perception is suggested.
On Combining the Dielectrophoresis and Microdevices

In this work, we have investigated the viability of embryonic mouse hippocampal neurons after dielectrophoretic positioning on multi-electrode arrays (MEA). We present a systematic evaluation of positive dielectrophoretic conditions, including 1) an investigation of the effect of 10% sucrose (w/v in deionized water), a commonly used, low-conductivity buffer medium, on the viability of mouse hippocampal neurons over different time periods, and 2) a study of the effect of the membrane potential induced by DEP electric field on the integrity of the cell membrane. Post-DEP high neuronal viability was achieved experimentally, and spontaneous neuronal potentials from trapped neurons on the MEA were successfully recorded.
Fostering evidence-based practice in nursing education

Accountability for outcomes is a fundamental responsibility of professional nurses. Central to such accountability is the ability to critique existing practice patterns, discriminate between alternative and often conflicting information, and demonstrate sound decision making in a manner that can be empirically supported. Although evidence-based nursing practice offers a framework to support these activities, longstanding patterns impede using a more scientifically based approach to patient care. These barriers are reinforced by the sheer volume of information and conflicting worldviews that characterize the postmodern era. Teaching and learning strategies to address the challenge of evidence-based nursing practice in the information age are offered for review and possible adoption by nurse educators.
Finite-Size Scaling of the Interfacial Tension

The interfacial free energy appropriate to a finite system in the Ising universality class is calculated to one-loop order. Consideration is given to the behavior in both three and four dimensions via an epsilon expansion. The results corresponding to three dimensions are compared with the simulation data of Mon and Jasnow.
A major locus for submergence tolerance mapped on rice chromosome 9

Submergence stress is a widespread problem in rice-growing environments where drainage is impeded. A few cultivars can tolerate more than 10 days of submergence, but the genes conferring this tolerance have not been identified. We used randon-amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers to map submergence tolerance in 169 F2 plants and the resulting F3 families of a cross between a tolerant indica rice line, IR40931-26, and a susceptible japonica line, PI543851. IR40931-26 inherited strong submergence tolerance from the unimproved cultivar FR13A. Eight-day old F3 seedlings were submerged for 14–16 days in 55-cm deep tanks, and tolerance was scored after 7 days recovery on a scale of 1 (tolerant) to 9 (susceptible). The tolerant and susceptible parents scored 1.5 and 8.4, respectively, and the F3 means ranged from 1.6 to 8.9. Two bulks were formed with DNA from F2 plants corresponding to the nine most tolerant and the nine most susceptible F3 families. Of 624 RAPD primers used to screen the bulks, five produced bands associated with either tolerance or susceptibility. These markers were mapped to a region of chromosome 9 by linkage to RFLP markers. A submergence tolerance quantitative trait locus (QTL), here designatedSub1, was located ca. 4 cM from the RFLP marker C1232 and accounted for 69% of the phenotypic variance for the trait.
A modeling approach for large spatial datasets

Abstract For Gaussian spatial processes observed at n irregularly sited locations, exact computation of the likelihood generally requires O ( n 3 ) operations and O ( n 2 ) memory. If we can write the covariance function of the process as a nugget effect plus a term of moderate rank, then both the number of computations and memory requirements can be greatly reduced. However, while such models can capture larger-scale structure of spatial processes, they have trouble describing the local behavior of spatial processes accurately. If the nugget effect is replaced by a covariance function with compact support, one can get a much better model for the local behavior of the process and still carry out exact likelihood calculations on quite large datasets. This approach is applied to compute the maximum likelihood estimate for 13,216 observations from a single orbit of TOMS (Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer) measurements of total column ozone. It is also applied to obtain likelihood-based estimates using over one million observations from 83 orbits. Replacing the nugget effect by a compactly supported covariance function leads to huge increases in likelihood, but there is still clear evidence of model misfit.
Sleep deprivation increases cigarette smoking

Loss of sleep may impair the ability to abstain from drug use, through any of a number of mechanisms. Sleep loss may increase drug use by impairing attention and inhibitory control, increasing the value of drug rewards over other rewards, or by inducing mood states that facilitate use of a drug. In the present study, we examined whether sleep deprivation (SD) would increase smoking in cigarette smokers, and whether it would do so by impairing attention or inhibitory control. Healthy cigarette smokers (N=14) were tested in a two-session within subject study, after overnight SD or after a normal night's sleep. Subjects were tested in both conditions in randomized order, after abstaining from cigarettes for 48 hours. The procedure was designed to model the human relapse situation. On each 6-h laboratory session after sleep or no sleep, subjects completed mood and craving questionnaires, tasks measuring behavioral inhibition and attention, and a choice procedure in which they chose between money and smoking cigarettes. SD increased self-reported fatigue and decreased arousal, it increased the number of cigarettes subjects chose to smoke, impaired behavioral inhibition and attention. However, the impairments in inhibition or attention were not related to the increase in smoking. It is possible that SD increases smoking because smokers expect that it will reduce sleepiness. Thus, the findings suggest that sleep loss may increase the likelihood of smoking during abstinence not through inhibitory or attentional mechanisms but because of the potential of nicotine to reduce subjective sleepiness.
Alveolar epithelial transport in the adult lung.

The alveolar surface comprises >99% of the internal surface area of the lungs. At birth, the fetal lung rapidly converts from a state of net fluid secretion, which is necessary for normal fetal lung development, to a state in which there is a minimal amount of alveolar liquid. The alveolar surface epithelium facing the air compartment is composed of TI and TII cells. The morphometric characteristics of both cell types are fairly constant over a range of mammalian species varying in body weight by a factor of ∼50,000. From the conservation of size and shape across species, one may infer that both TI and TII cells also have important conserved functions. The regulation of alveolar ion and liquid transport has been extensively investigated using a variety of experimental models, including whole animal, isolated lung, isolated cell, and cultured cell model systems, each with their inherent strengths and weaknesses. The results obtained with different model systems and a variety of different species point to both interesting parallels and some surprising differences. Sometimes it has been difficult to reconcile results obtained with different model systems. In this section, the primary focus will be on aspects of alveolar ion and liquid transport under normal physiologic conditions, emphasizing newer data and describing evolving paradigms of lung ion and fluid transport. We will highlight some of the unanswered questions, outline the similarities and differences in results obtained with different model systems, and describe some of the complex and interweaving regulatory networks.