cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Putrescine extends effective pollination period in ‘Comice’ pear (Pyrus communis L.) irrespective of post-anthesis ethylene levels☆

Abstract Putrescine (PUT) 10 −3 M, a polyamine applied at bloom, enhanced pollen tube ovule penetration and delayed ovule senescence, extending the effective pollination period of cultivar ‘Comice’ pear ( Pyrus communis L.) by at least 2 days and 4 days in 1985 and 1986, respectively, without reducing post-pollination flower ethylene levels. Evolved flower ethylene peaked at pollination and again at petal senescence in vivo while vacuum-extracted ethylene peaked only during fertilization. Endogenous polyamine levels were not related to ethylene levels during the post-bloom period in any flowers. After pollination, putrescine-treated flowers exhibited lower levels of evolving ethylene than untreated flowers. Hand-pollinated flowers had greater polyamine levels than unpollinated. Putrescine-treated flowers had lower endogenous polyamine levels and higher nitrogen contents than untreated flowers. Earlier pollen tube penetration, delayed ovule longevity and extended ‘Comice’ effective pollination period from a PUT application were not associated with reduced post-anthesis, ethylene levels.
Allergic reactions to iodinated contrast media: premedication considerations for patients at risk

The objectives of this article are to review allergy-type reactions to iodinated contrast media and the protocols utilized to prevent or reduce the occurrence of these adverse reactions in high-risk patients. We will begin by discussing the types or classifications of the adverse reactions to iodinated contrast media. We will then discuss reaction mechanisms, identify the patients at highest risk for adverse reactions, and clarify common misperceptions about the risk. Finally, we will discuss the actions of the medications used to help reduce or prevent allergy-type reactions to iodinated contrast media, the protocols used to help reduce or prevent contrast reactions in high-risk patients, and the potential side effects of these medications. We will also discuss the high-risk patient who has received premedication due to a prior index reaction and discuss the risk of having a subsequent reaction, termed “breakthrough reaction.” Identifying patient at high risk for an “allergy-type” reaction to contrast media is an essential task of the radiologist. Prevention of or reduction of the risk of an adverse reaction is critical to patient safety. If an examination can be performed without contrast in a patient at high risk for an allergy-type reaction, it may be appropriate to avoid contrast. However, there are situations where contrast media is necessary, and the radiologist plays a vital role in preventing or mitigating an allergy-type reaction.
THE ORGANIZATION OF MICROCARD PRODUCTION

My recent book, The Scholar and the future of the research library, discussed the great problem that research libraries the world over have to face to‐day, growth, and suggested a possible solution, microcards. A microcard, as those who have read the book know, is simply a standard size library catalogue card, with a microprint text on its back of the item catalogued on its front. In the current issue of College and research libraries there is appearing an article, ‘Microcards—the next steps’, which summarizes the development of the microcard proposal since the book appeared; but there was no space in it to discuss a phase of the proposal which is of especial interest, viz. the international aspects of microcard publication, and to this particular phase most of this paper will be devoted.
Bridging the imaging gap: Visualizing subcellular architecture with electron tomography

Transmission electron microscopy is a powerful tool that is used to explore the internal structure of tissues, cells, organelles and macromolecular complexes. By integrating data from a series of images in which the orientation of the specimen is progressively varied relative to the incident electron beam it is also possible to extend electron microscopic imaging into the third dimension. This approach, commonly referred to as electron tomography, has been greatly aided in recent years by advances in technology for imaging specimens at cryogenic temperatures, as well as by substantial progress in procedures for automated data collection and image processing. The intense pace of developments in this field is inspired, in a large part, by the hope that the quality of the data will ultimately be good enough to allow interpretation of tomograms of cells, organelles, bacteria and viruses in terms of the three-dimensional spatial arrangements of the constituent molecules.
A potential fluorescent Hg(II) chemosensor

Abstract An imidazole-based ligand has been evaluated for a potential fluorescent Hg(II) sensing probe. In water–acetonitrile solvent system, the ligand exhibits a unique selectivity towards Hg(II), which not only modulates fluorescence intensity but also shifts the emission band. The fluorescence reduction and the emission shift correlate with Hg(II) concentrations.
Modeling natural emissions in the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) Model–I: building an emissions data base

Abstract. A natural emissions inventory for the continental United States and surrounding territories is needed in order to use the US Environmental Protection Agency Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) Model for simulating natural air quality. The CMAQ air modeling system (including the Sparse Matrix Operator Kernel Emissions (SMOKE) emissions processing system) currently estimates non-methane volatile organic compound (NMVOC) emissions from biogenic sources, nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions from soils, ammonia from animals, several types of particulate and reactive gas emissions from fires, as well as sea salt emissions. However, there are several emission categories that are not commonly treated by the standard CMAQ Model system. Most notable among these are nitrogen oxide emissions from lightning, reduced sulfur emissions from oceans, geothermal features and other continental sources, windblown dust particulate, and reactive chlorine gas emissions linked with sea salt chloride. A review of past emissions modeling work and existing global emissions data bases provides information and data necessary for preparing a more complete natural emissions data base for CMAQ applications. A model-ready natural emissions data base is developed to complement the anthropogenic emissions inventory used by the VISTAS Regional Planning Organization in its work analyzing regional haze based on the year 2002. This new data base covers a modeling domain that includes the continental United States plus large portions of Canada, Mexico and surrounding oceans. Comparing July 2002 source data reveals that natural emissions account for 16% of total gaseous sulfur (sulfur dioxide, dimethylsulfide and hydrogen sulfide), 44% of total NOx, 80% of reactive carbonaceous gases (NMVOCs and carbon monoxide), 28% of ammonia, 96% of total chlorine (hydrochloric acid, nitryl chloride and sea salt chloride), and 84% of fine particles (i.e., those smaller than 2.5 μm in size) released into the atmosphere. The seasonality and relative importance of the various natural emissions categories are described.
Expediting Research and Development: Application of Statistics and Computers

a sales manager~ and a recently trained cost accountant. Then send them to a school of business for training in linear programming. Secondly, you might wait until some more progressive companies do this work and hope that some of it will be available to the rest of the industry, but you might have to wait a long time. Because the technique is not transferable, each operation must have its own tailormade application to achieve profits. This last alternative would most likely be impractical. Profits foregone could be considerable, and delays competitively disastrous. Computerized business management is here. ~Iany firms already have the equipment. The know-how exists. One may categorically state that in the very near future, one or two years, your operation will either be using linear programming or you will have many reasons to wish it did.
Broadband radio LANs and the evolution of wireless beyond 3G

The wireless communication landscape will continue to develop at a rapid pace over the next few years. New systems and standards are on the horizon which enable broadband wireless communication in the office, at home, and "on the move." They will finally bring the information services provided by the Internet and the World Wide Web to mobile users, together with a variety of new multimedia entertainment services. In this paper we give an overview of key developments in wireless communication systems. The emerging third-generation (3G) cellular systems and the growing importance of wireless local- and personal-area networks are discussed. The physical and medium-access control (MAC) layers are described for the new broadband wireless local area networks (LANs), which enable "hot-spot" data and multimedia services in airports, hotel lobbies, and a variety of other "public" places. We present an outlook toward a future fourth-generation wireless communication system. It can be integrated with the Internet protocol (IP) backbone network and can provide quality-of-service (QoS) support for multimedia applications. It supports dynamic scheduling, link adaptation, and frequency selection as well as full mobility. We conclude by describing some of the underlying technology developments driving the wireless evolution.
Urine-marking and the response to fresh vs. aged urine in wild and domestic Norway rats

Wild and domestic Norway rats (Rattus norvegiens) were compared in regard to their tendency to investigate the odors of fresh vs. aged rat urine and to urine-mark metal rods and wooden blocks placed in their home cages. Castration, sex, and domestication had no effect on the tendency to investigate sources of fresh vs. aged urine odors, but the odor of aged urine was more attractive than fresh urine for most subjects tested. The frequency of urine marking was lower for females and castrated males but generally did not differ between wild and domestic stocks. The implications of these findings for the ecology of the species are discussed.
Autoregulation of Blood Flow

The first international symposium on radiosensitizers and radioprotective drugs [ Science 140, 207 (12 Apr. 1963)] is scheduled for 23-24 May 1964.
"Brücke dreht sich um!". A Deconstructionist Reading of Kafka's "Die Brücke"

Franz Kafka's (1883-1924) "Die Brucke" is one of the less well-known texts by one of the most prolific authors of literary modernity. However, this short prose text embodies prevalent questions of literary modernity and philosophy as it reflects the crisis of language in regard of identity, communication, and literary production. Placed in the context of fin-de-siecle's discourse of language crisis, this article provides a dialogue between Kafka's "Die Brucke" and Hannah Arendt's (1906-1975) philosophy of thinking and speaking in The Life of the Mind. Contrary to Arendt's understanding of the metaphor as "a carrying over" between the mental activities of the solitude thinker and a reconciliation with the pluralistic world shared with others, this article argues for a deconstructionist reading of "Die Brucke" as a tool to reevaluate Arendt's notion of a shared human experience ensured through language and illustrates the advantages of poetic texts within philosophical discourses.
Binding of SycH Chaperone to YscM1 and YscM2 Activates Effector yop Expression in Yersinia enterocolitica

Yersinia enterocolitica transports YscM1 and YscM2 via the type III pathway, a mechanism that is required for the establishment of bacterial infections. Prior to host cell contact, YscM1 and YscM2 exert posttranscriptional regulation to inhibit expression of effector yop genes, which encode virulence factors that travel the type III pathway into the cytoplasm of macrophages. Relief from repression has been predicted to occur via the type III secretion of YscM1 and YscM2 into the extracellular medium, resulting in the depletion of regulatory molecules from the bacterial cytoplasm. Using digitonin fractionation and fluorescence microscopy of FlAsH-labeled polypeptides in Yersinia-infected cells, we have localized YscM1 and YscM2 within the host cell cytoplasm. Type III injection of YscM1 and YscM2 required the SycH chaperone. Expression of C-terminal fusions of YscM1 and YscM2 to the neomycin phosphotransferase reporter revealed sequences required for regulatory activity and for secretion in the absence of SycH. Coexpression of SycH and glutathione S-transferase (GST)-YscM1 or GST-YscM2, hybrid GST variants that cannot be transported by the type III apparatus, also relieved repression of Yop synthesis. GST-SycH bound to YscM1 and YscM2 and activated effector yop expression without initiation of the bound regulatory molecules into the type III pathway. Further, regulation of yop expression by YscM1, YscM2, and SycH is shown to act independently of factors that regulate secretion, and gel filtration chromotography revealed populations of YscM1 and YscM2 that are not bound to SycH under conditions where Yop synthesis is repressed. Taken together, these results suggest that YscM1- and YscM2-mediated repression may be relieved through binding to the cytoplasmic chaperone SycH prior to their type III injection into host cells.
Picosecond Raman scattering from photoexcited plasmas in InP with spatial and temporal resolution

Picosecond, time-resolved Raman scattering spectra from photoexcited plasmon-phonon modes in semi-insulating InP are presented. Spectra of plasmas ranging in density from 0.1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{17}$ to 5.0\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{17}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3}$ are quantitatively fitted by extending equilibrium n-type plasmon-phonon scattering theories to include contributions from free holes. A novel application of time-resolved Raman scattering to measure the ambipolar diffusion coefficient and surface recombination velocity of nonequilibrium semiconductor plasmas is demonstrated.
Isolation of two proteins with 9-ketoprostaglandin reductase and NADP-linked 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase activities and studies on their inhibition.

Abstract Two proteins containing 9-ketoprostaglandin reductase and NADP-linked 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase activities have been isolated. Both of these activities are inhibited by a low molecular weight placental protein and by indomethacin, ethacrynic acid, and furosemide.
New Sources of Resistance to Greenbug in Barley

Most biotypes of the greenbug [Schizaphis graminum (Rondani)] are extremely damaging to barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). However, greenbug biotype G has been reported to be unable to successfully feed on barley, and is described as the first greenbug avirulent to 'Wintermalt' barley (which is susceptible to all other greenbug biotypes). The objective of this study was to determine the pest status of greenbug biotype G in barley by characterizing the response of select barley cultivars and germplasm to greenbug biotype G feeding. Eight barley and four wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars and germplasm were challenged with biotype G and damage ratings recorded after 22 d of infestation. Barley is indeed a host of biotype G and genetic diversity exists within barley for reaction to attack by greenbug biotype G. Three barley cultivars were killed by biotype G, while five were resistant to feeding damage. These new sources of resistance to greenbug biotype G in barley should prove useful in the development of new greenbug-resistant barley cultivars.
Sympathetic regulation of chicken pineal rhythms

Adult hens were chronically cannulated and held in light-dark (LD) 12:12 h lighthing regimes or in constant darkness (DD). Periodic blood sampling for 5–9 days revealed circadian rhythms in plasma melatonin titres. Superior cervical ganglionectomy (SCG-X) performed 1 week after hatching had little or no effect on these rhythms in LD, but unlike normals. SCG-X birds did not sustain persistent rhythms in DD. In SCG-X birds, norepinephrine (NE) infusion for 12 h of each 24 h in DD significantly reduced plasma melatonin titres during the infusion and re-established a rhythm. After each experiment, hens were killed, their pineals were removed and assayed by HPLC-EC for NE. dopamine (DA). serotonin (5-HT) and 5-hydroxy-3-indole-acetic acid (5-HIAA). SCG-X resulted in a 90% depletion of pineal NE: DA content was reduced to undetectable levels. Pineal 5-HT and 5-HIAA were also reduced by SCG-X. The chicken pineal contains circadian oscillators which persist in vitro8.19.29. The results reported here suggest that noradrenergic fibres from the SCG regulate the pineal's inherent rhythmicity. NE normally released from sympathetic terminals during the bird's day may synchronize oscillators within the pineal by inhibiting melatonin synthesis.
Features of endogenous cardiomyocyte chromatin revealed by super-resolution STED microscopy

Despite the extensive knowledge of the functional unit of chromatin—the nucleosome—for which structural information exists at the atomic level, little is known about the endogenous structure of eukaryotic genomes. Chromosomal capture techniques and genome-wide chromatin immunoprecipitation and next generation sequencing have provided complementary insight into global features of chromatin structure, but these methods do not directly measure structural features of the genome in situ. This lack of insight is particularly troublesome in terminally differentiated cells which must reorganize their genomes for large scale gene expression changes in the absence of cell division. For example, cardiomyocytes, which are fully committed and reside in interphase, are capable of massive gene expression changes in response to physiological stimuli, but the global changes in chromatin structure that enable such transcriptional changes are unknown. The present study addressed this problem utilizing super-resolution stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy to directly measure chromatin features in mammalian cells. We demonstrate that immunolabeling of histone H3 coupled with STED imaging reveals chromatin domains on a scale of 40–70 nm, several folds better than the resolution of conventional confocal microscopy. An analytical workflow is established to detect changes in chromatin structure following acute stimuli and used to investigate rearrangements in cardiomyocyte genomes following agonists that induce cellular hypertrophy. This approach is readily adaptable to investigation of other nuclear features using a similar antibody-based labeling technique and enables direct measurements of chromatin domain changes in response to physiological stimuli.
Performance of a HDR-based hail detection algorithm in Northern Italy

Abstract Hail is the most frequent damaging phenomena affecting northern Italy during severe weather. At the Servizio Meteorologico Regionale of the Emilia-Romagna region the analysis of the differential hail signal HDR (Aydin et al., 1986), which is a function of horizontal reflectivity and differential reflectivity, was carried out and checked against the ground truth coming from a dense hail pad network. That study, which used the data related to four hailstorms occurred in 1997, allowed the implementation of an operational technique since early summer of 1998. Since then, an automatic hail detection algorithm runs during the stormy season (March through October) with the issue of a hail warning for nowcasting purpose. The performance of such an automatic method is investigated in an operational and statistical perspective. First results highlight the difficult in correctly estimating the position of a hail shaft with respect to the coarse resolution of the pad network, e especially when hailstorms of small extension are involved.
Gender differences in the experience of headache.

Abstract Since 1940 numerous studies have shown that women report higher rates of symptoms, illness, disability and medical care utilization than men. The present analysis addresses gender differences in headache, with a focus on symptom frequency and associated pain and duration of each subject's most recent headache attack experienced within 4 weeks of interview. A random sample of 10,167 Washington County, Maryland residents (ages 12–29 years) were administered a standardized telephone interview in a large epidemiologic study of headache during 1986–1987. Among the respondents, 6347 described one or more headaches occurring within 4 weeks of the interview. Women reported few specific symptoms more frequently than men, and the relative rankings of the symptoms were nearly identical for each gender (rs=0.98). Estimated pain associated with each subject's headache and the duration of the attack were systematically greater for women than men. Although the relative rankings of symptoms by associated pain were very similar (rs=0.90), the correlation for the ranking of symptoms for duration by gender was less strong (rs=0.59). Women were significantly more likely to report recent headache-related disability and to seek health care services for their headaches, even after adjusting for headache severity. The results suggest that a strong interplay of an underlying physiological difference with socially determined role perceptions and illness orientations lead to greater reporting of symptoms by women.
An evaluation of monovalent osmium supported by the PNP ligand environment.

Nitrogen is essential to reaction of (PNP)OsI (PNP is N(SiMe2CH2PtBu2)2) and Mg powder in THF, to give equimolar (PNP)OsH(N2) and hydrido carbene [(tBu2PCH2SiMe2)N(SiMe2CH2PtBu(CMe2CH)]OsH. This reaction is attributed to H2 evolution from solid magnesium, rather than high energy H atom transfer between molecules, but relies also on the strong π-basicity of Os in favoring α-H migration from the metallated tBu group on Os to form the second product, the hydrido carbene species. The path to two different products begins because the simple N2 adduct of (PNP)OsI undergoes spontaneous heterolytic H–C splitting of the tBu methyl group, to produce a secondary amine intermediate [(tBu2PCH2SiMe2)N(H)(SiMe2CH2PtBu(CMe2CH2)]OsI(N2) which can then be dehydrohalogenated by Mg. The analogous reaction for (PNP)RuCl shows production of only (PNP)RuH(N2), with none of the hydride carbene dehydrogenation product. Comparative (Ruvs. Os) DFT calculations reveal the reaction steps where the Os analog is much more exothermic, accounting for certain reaction selectivities.
Ventricular Mitochondrial Gene Expression During Development and Following Embryonic Ethanol Exposure

The effects of chronic embryonic ethanol exposure were evaluated in chick ventricular muscle. Ethanol treatments were administered on embryonic days 11, 13, 15, and 17 and chicks were sacrificed at various time points following treatments. Fluctuations in embryonic blood ethanol levels were examined following treatments. Developmental increases in the activities of mitochondrial enzymes, cytochrome oxidase (CO) and citrate synthase (CS), were observed. Ethanol exposure resulted in a depression in CO activity, but not CS activity. Since, a maximal depression in CO activity was seen with ethanol treatments of 75 mg/100 g, this dosing paradigm was adopted for subsequent experiments. A tissue-specific effect of ethanol was demonstrated as CO activity was unchanged in atrial, liver, pectoralis, and brain tissues. The role of mitochondrial DNA replication and transcription during the developmental up-regulation and ethanol-induced down-regulation of CO activity was evaluated using a cDNA probe for cytochrome oxidase subunit III (COIII). The relative levels of COIII mRNA and mitochondrial DNA (cpm/mg protein) decreased by 3-fold and 4-fold, respectively, across the developmental time course, while CO activity increased by 3.5-fold. Therefore, increases in mitochondrial DNA and mitochondrial mRNA transcripts are unlikely to be responsible for the developmentally-regulated increases in CO activity. Similarly, embryonic ethanol exposure failed to elicit alterations in COIII mRNA levels, indicating that the ethanol-induced depression in CO activity was not transcriptionally regulated. However, ventricular mitochondrial DNA concentrations were elevated in ethanol-treated embryos, indicating that ethanol-exposure either directly or indirectly induces mitochondrial DNA replication.
Methods for controlling amount of talk: Difficulties, considerations and recommendations

The aim of this article is to focus researchers’ attention on some central methodological issues involving control of amount of talk (AOT). First, appropriate methods for standardizing the size of ...
Pneumocystis and Mucormycosis Pneumonitis

Two cases, one of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and the other of Absidia pneumonitis, are presented. Both are documented by appropriate laboratory studies. Both ended fatally in spite of seemingly appropriate current treatment. The Pneumocystis pneumonia was associated with prolonged corticosteroid therapy for progressive myositis and the Absidia infection was associated with uremia and corticosteroid administration. Infections from these opportunistic organisms may be seen with increasing frequency in patients on prolonged corticosteroids, immunosuppressive drugs, or chemotherapeutic agents.
‘Erythroblastosis Foetalis’ in the Primate, Tamarinus nigricollis

FOETAL and neonatal haemolytic anaemia, erythroblastosis foetalis, occurs naturally in man and is a major cause of human intrauterine and post partum death. However, it occurs spontaneously in few other species; in the equines especially after cross-breeding between horses and donkeys, and in some pigs after anti-viral immunizations1. It has been experimentally produced in dogs and rabbits by isoimmunization with paternal erythrocytes1. To our knowledge it has not previously been reported as occurring naturally or experimentally in primates other than man. The present report offers both histopathological and serological evidence suggesting isoimmunization during pregnancy in the primate, Tamarinus nigricollis, a New World monkey of the marmoset family.
Highly sensitive immunoassay of protein molecules based on single nanoparticle fluorescence detection in a nanowell

A nanoarray based-single molecule detection system was developed for detecting proteins with extremely high sensitivity. The nanoarray was able to effectively trap nanoparticles conjugated with biological sample into nanowells by integrating with an electrophoretic particle entrapment system (EPES). The nanoarray/EPES is superior to other biosensor using immunoassays in terms of saving the amounts of biological solution and enhancing kinetics of antibody binding due to reduced steric hindrance from the neighboring biological molecules. The nanoarray patterned onto a layer of PMMA and LOL on conductive and transparent indium tin oxide (ITO)-glass slide by using e-beam lithography. The suspension of 500 nm-fluorescent (green emission)-carboxylated polystyrene (PS) particles coated with protein-A followed by BDE 47 polyclonal antibody was added to the chip that was connected to the positive voltage. The droplet was covered by another ITO-coated-glass slide and connected to a ground terminal. After trapping the particles into the nanowells, the solution of different concentrations of anti-rabbit- IgG labeled with Alexa 532 was added for an immunoassay. A single molecule detection system could quantify the anti-rabbit IgG down to atto-mole level by counting photons emitted from the fluorescent dye bound to a single nanoparticle in a nanowell.
Interpersonal Comparison Processes in Choice Dilemma Responding

Summary Reliable group-induced response changes have been observed on choice dilemma items and, in extensions of this research, with other stimulus materials as well. The search for a theoretical explanation of these findings requires analysis of the processes that determine pregroup responses. It has been proposed that interpersonal comparison considerations determine initial responses to choice dilemma items by inducing the subject to compromise between his perception of the group norm and his own ideal. This study demonstrated that the order of measurement of “self,” “other,” and “admired” responses significantly affects these responses. The findings are interpreted as contrary to the interpersonal comparison assumption that initial choices are an attempt to present oneself favorably, but consistent with the idea that after one has acted, there is a tendency to perceive one's action as more admirable than that of the average peer.
Retrieving actions embedded in video

In a number of applications including surveillance, there is a need to reliably retrieve an action-depicting segment in a video. This is an enormously difficult problem due to the variability in an action's appearance when seen at different times. It requires reliable object and action segmentation, and robust methods for indexing the action content in a video. In this paper, we present a novel approach to action retrieval that extracts salient action events in query and database videos. These events serve as anchor points to initiate action recognition. Actions are recognized by forming a spatio-temporal shape for an action called the action cylinder. Robust recognition is achieved by recovering the viewpoint transformation and time correspondence between a query action and a given action segment in the video. We demonstrate the versatility of our method for the retrieving of complex actions within videos.
SIB-DOTA: A trifunctional prosthetic group potentially amenable for multi-modal labeling that enhances tumor uptake of internalizing monoclonal antibodies

A major drawback of internalizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) radioiodinated with direct electrophilic approaches is that tumor retention of radioactivity is compromised by the rapid washout of iodo-tyrosine, the primary labeled catabolite for mAbs labeled via this strategy. In our continuing efforts to develop more versatile residualizing labels that could overcome this problem, we have designed SIB-DOTA, a prosthetic labeling template that combines the features of the prototypical, dehalogenation-resistant N-succinimidyl 3-iodobenzoate (SIB) with DOTA, a useful macrocyclic chelator for labeling with radiometals. Herein we describe the synthesis of the unlabeled standard of this prosthetic moiety, its protected tin precursor, and radioiodinated SIB-DOTA. An anti-EGFRvIII-reactive mAb, L8A4 was radiolabeled with [(131)I]SIB-DOTA in 27.1±6.2% (n=2) conjugation yields and its targeting properties to the same mAb labeled with [(125)I]SGMIB both in vitro and in vivo using U87MG·ΔEGFR cells and xenografts were compared. In vitro paired-label internalization assays showed that the intracellular radioactivity from [(131)I]SIB-DOTA-L8A4 was 21.4±0.5% and 26.2±1.1% of initially bound radioactivity at 16 and 24h, respectively. In comparison, these values for [(125)I]SGMIB-L8A4 were 16.7±0.5% and 14.9±1.1%. Similarly, the SIB-DOTA prosthetic group provided better tumor targeting in vivo than SGMIB over 8 d period. These results suggest that SIB-DOTA warrants further evaluation as a residualizing agent for labeling internalizing mAbs including those targeted to EGFRvIII.
Dichronous appearance and unusual origins of GABA neurons during development of the mammalian thalamus

These studies in fetal monkeys and ferrets show that the two fundamental types of thalamic GABA neuron populate the thalamus during widely separated developmental epochs. Those of the ventral thalamus (VT) and epithalamus (ET) appear very early in conjunction with the GABA cells of the substantia nigra, globus pallidus, and pretectum (PT). GABA neurons intrinsic to the dorsal thalamus (DT) appear later, long after proliferative activity has ceased in the wall of the third ventricle, after dorsal thalamic nuclei have differentiated and at the same time as principal neurons are acquiring a glutamatergic phenotype. The exact origins of the two waves of GABA cells are uncertain but some appear to arrive from extrinsic sources that include the ganglionic eminence (GE) of the basal forebrain.
Smoking-induced changes in nicotine disposition: application of a new HPLC assay for nicotine and its metabolites.

A sensitive, rapid high-pressure liquid chromatographic assay was developed to compare the disposition of an intravenous dose of l4C-nicotine in normal, carefully matched smokers and nonsmokers. The elimination half-lifes of nicotine and cotinine were shorter in smokers than in nonsmokers. Also consistent with an inductive effect of smoking was the increased nicotine elimination rate constant in smokers, but smoking induced more complex kinetic changes: nicotine volume of distribution was diminished in smokers, whereas nicotine clearance and area under the concentration-time curve were unchanged. The presence of nicotine and its principal metabolites in a morning specimen of urine obtained from nonsmokers before 14C-nicotine administration suggests ubiquitous, passive exposure to and absorption of chemicals present in cigarette smoke. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1982) 32, 769–780; doi:10.1038/clpt.1982.235
Integrating Essential Components of Quality Improvement Into a New Paradigm for Continuing Education

Continuing education (CE) that strives to improve patient care in a complex health care system requires a different paradigm than CE that seeks to improve clinician knowledge and competence in an educational setting. A new paradigm for CE is necessary in order to change clinician behavior and to improve patient outcomes in an increasingly patient-centered, quality-oriented care context. The authors assert that a new paradigm should focus attention on an expanded and prioritized list of educational outcomes, starting with those that directly affect patients. Other important components of the paradigm should provide educational leaders with guidance about what interventions work, reasons why interventions work, and what contextual factors may influence the impact of interventions. Once fully developed, a new paradigm will be helpful to educators in designing and implementing more effective CE, an essential component of quality improvement efforts, and in supporting policy trends and in promoting CE scholarship. The purpose of this article is to rekindle interest in CE theory and to suggest key components of a new paradigm.
Synthesis and Complexation Properties of Pyrimidine-Derived Crown Ether Ligands†

Five new proton-ionizable macrocyclic ligands containing a pyrimidone-subcyclic unit, 6–10, were prepared from the previously prepared pyrimidinocrown ethers 1–5 (see Figure 1 and Scheme 1). One of the new proton-ionizable crown ethers is chiral. The proton-ionizable pyrimidonocrown ethers were prepared in high yields by treating the appropriate methoxy-substituted pyrimidinocrown with 5 M sodium hydroxide in a 50% alcohol-water mixture. Complexation properties of four of the pyrimidine-derived macrocycles were studied by various nmr techniques. Pyrimidono-18-crown-6 (9) forms a strong complex with benzylammonium perchlorate and also forms a complex with benzylamine. (S, S)-Dimethyl-substituted pyrimidino- and pyrimidono-18-crown-6 ligands 4 and 9 form stronger complexes with the (R)-form of α-(1-naphthyl)ethylammonium perchlorate than with the (S)-form. (S, S)-Dimethyl-substituted pyrimidono-18-crown-6 (9) also forms a stronger complex with (R)-α-(1-naphthyl)ethylamine than with the (S)-form. The crystal structure for compound 7 is reported.
Platelet Glutathione and Thromboxane Synthesis in Diabetes

The relationship of the reduced glutathione (GSH) content in unstimulated platelets and their capacity to synthesize thromboxane A2 (TXA2), measured by radioimmunoassay of TXB2, was investigated in diabetic and matched control subjects. The GSH content in platelets from diabetic subjects (6.52 +/- 0.73 microgram/10(9) platelets, mean +/- SD) was significantly (P less than 0.001) lower than in platelets from control subjects (10.10 +/- 1.58 microgram/10(9) platelets). When platelet-rich plasma (PRP) was stimulated with 1.65 mM arachidonic acid, significantly (P less than 0.001) more TXB2 was formed in PRP from diabetic subjects (344 +/- 87 ng/2.5 X 10(8) platelets) than in PRP from control subjects (132 +/- 35 ng/2.5 X 10(8) platelets). Furthermore, the plasma level of TXB2 was increased in diabetic subjects (522 +/- 117 pg/ml) in comparison with control subjects (187 +/- 63 pg/ml). An inverse correlation (r = 0.98) was observed between the GSH content in unstimulated platelets and their capacity to synthesize TXA2 when stimulated with 1.65 mM arachidonic acid. These data suggest that platelet GSH may have an important regulatory effect on platelet TXA2 synthesis and that increased TXA2 synthesis by platelets from diabetic subjects may be the result of low intracellular GSH levels.
Stereochemistry of the methylenecyclopropane rearrangement—II: Exclusion of the concerted 45° pivot mechanisms☆

Abstract Mechanistic options for the thermal rearrangement of methylenecyclopropane are narrowed further by experiments with the four racemic diastereoisomeric 2-cyano-3-methyl-ethylidenecyclopropanes. The explicit assumption being made that these structural perturbations have neither weakened nor invalidated the mechanistic restrictions imposed by previously published work, it has been concluded that concerted birotational mechanisms involving transition states such as the 45° parallel twisted allylic (Woodward-Hoffmann, Mobius controlled) or the 45° perpendicularly twisted allylic (Berson-Salem subjacent orbital controlled) can be excluded from the presently acceptable set of structurally compatible, chirality-retaining, configuration-inverting mechanisms. A competitive rearrangement of the corresponding carboxylic esters to 1-methyl-2-ethyl-4-methoxyfuran makes these molecules unsuitable for study of the methylenecyclopropane rearrangement. Assignment of stereochemistry to the cyano compounds has been accomplished by application of base-catalyzed equilibration of the cyano center and photochemical iodine-catalyzed equilibration between geometrical isomers.
Modeling Dietary Selectivity by Bornean Orangutans: Evidence for Integration of Multiple Criteria in Fruit Selection

Food patch visitation was compared to the availability of fruit patches of different species during 2 years in a Bornean lowland forest to examine orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) diet selectivity. Feeding on both the pulp and the seeds of nonfig fruit varied directly with fruit patch availability, demonstrating preference for these foods over fig fruit or other plant parts (bark or leaves). Factors determining fruit selectivity rank were examined through multiple regression analysis. Modeling selectivity for 52 chemically unprotected “primate-fruit” pulp species revealed strong preferences for species of (i) large crop size (numbers of fruits ripening in an individual patch), (ii) high pulp weight/fruit, and (iii) high pulp mass per swallowed unit of pulp + seed, demonstrating orangutan sensitivity especially to patch size (g of pulp or total energy/patch) and perhaps to fruit handling time. Modeling selectivity for 18 fig species showed that 4 factors significantly influenced fig species rank: crop size, pulp weight/fruit, and 2 chemical variables, percentage digestible carbohydrate and percentage phenolic compounds in the fig fruit pulp. The selectivity rank based on the overall nutrient gain from feeding in the fruit patch (the product of the first 3 variables) is proportionally depressed by the percentage tannin content, demonstrating that orangutans integrate values for these variables in selecting fig patches. The conclusions from these results and from analysis of selectivity for seeds and for other fruit types are that orangutan foraging decisions are strongly influenced by the meal size expected from a feeding visit (i.e., by patch size), that tannins and other toxins deter feeding, and that the energy content, rather than the protein content, of foods is important in diet selection. The foraging strategy of orangutans is interpreted relative to these results and to Bornean fruiting phenology. By integrating spatial, morphometric, and chemical variables in analysis, this study is the first to demonstrate the application of foraging theory to separate out the key variables that determine diet selection in a primate. Multivariate analysis should routinely be applied to such data to distinguish among the many covarying attributes of food items and patches; inferences drawn in previous studies of primate diet selection, which ignore key spatial and morphological variables and rely on univariate correlations, are therefore suspect.
Direction finding with uniform circular arrays via phase mode excitation and beamspace root-MUSIC

Beamspace root-MUSIC is a computationally efficient, beamspace implementation of root-MUSIC developed recently for use in conjunction with a uniform linear array. Using B real-valued beams having all but B-1 nulls in common, the major computations in beamspace root-MUSIC are a B*B real-valued eigenvalue decomposition and the rooting of a polynomial of order B-1. Recently, beamspace root-MUSIC was adapted for use in conjunction with a uniform circular array (UCA) using the interpolated array concept of Friedlander. An alternative means of using beamspace root-MUSIC with a UCA based on the concept of phase mode excitation is developed. >
Verification & validation of a semantic image tagging framework via generation of geospatial imagery ground truth

As a result of increasing geospatial image libraries, many algorithms are being developed to automatically extract and classify regions of interest from these images. However, limited work has been done to compare, validate and verify these algorithms due to the lack of datasets with high accuracy ground truth annotations. In this paper, we present an approach to generate a large number of synthetic images accompanied by perfect ground truth annotation via learning scene statistics from few training images through Maximum Entropy (ME) modeling. The ME model [1,2] embeds a Stochastic Context Free Grammar (SCFG) to model object attribute variations with Markov Random Fields (MRF) with the final goal of modeling contextual relations between objects. Using this model, 3D scenes are generated by configuring a 3D object model to obey the learned scene statistics. Finally, these plausible 3D scenes are captured by ray tracing software to produce synthetic images with the corresponding ground truth annotations that are useful for evaluating the performance of a variety of image analysis algorithms.
Large area high efficiency multicrystalline silicon solar cell

A high-efficiency, low-cost large-area multicrystalline silicon solar cell having a cell size of 15 cm*15 cm and a substrate made by the casting method has been developed. The bifacial silicon nitride solar cell (BSNSC) fabrication process was used to construct the cell. By incorporating a new structure at the cell surface, an optimized back-surface field (BSF) process, and an electrode with a ratio of 5.2% into the BSNSC fabrication process, a conversion efficiency of 15.1% (global, AM 1,5, 100 mW cm/sup 2/. 25 degrees C) has been obtained. The uniformity of the electrical performance of the cell has been studied by measuring the distribution of the spectral response at various points on the cell. The results of uniformity testing are presented. >
CURRENT CONCEPTS OF THE GENETICS OF THALASSEMIA.

Previous contributors to this symposium have defined thalassemia in clinical and hematological terms. It is obvious that thalassemia presents a broad spectrum of abnormalities and that no single hematologic parameter is pathognomic-and, indeed, does not even differentiate all types of thalassemia from environmental effects. Thus, until the primary chemical lesion is precisely defined i t will be necessary to describe thalassemia by patterns of abnormalities. Organization of these patterns upon a genetic framework provides an added meaningful dimension to its characterization. Before considering the genetic aspects of thalassemia it may be well to review the genetics of abnormal hemoglobins. Most of the inherited abnormalities of human hemoglobin are due to substitutions of single amino acid residues among the approximately 140 residues comprising either the aor P-polypeptide chains of which the normal major hemoglobin component is composed. 1 .2 These reflect small errors in the base sequences of the deoxyribonucleic acid of which genes are composed. The genetic loci governing the structure of the aand P-polypeptide chains are not closely linked.? The Hba locus, responsible for hemoglobin A2 (Hb Aa), and the HbP structural locus are situated at most approximately 10 map units apart on the basis of genetic information available to date? Hemoglobins Lepore and Pylos, hemoglobinopathies manifested clinically as thalassemia', J i " are composed of two normal aand two abnormal non-a-polypeptide chains. The latter have amino acid sequences at the N-terminal portion of the molecule of a-chains and 8-chain sequences a t the carboxyl end of the m~lecule .~ On the supposition that this is due to unequal crossing over between the Hba and HbP loci, this allows us to orient the two loci with the C-terminal end of the Hba cistron close to, but not necessarily adjacent to the N-terminal end of the HbP cistron (FIGURE 1). Polypeptide chain synthesis apparently proceeds sequentially from the N-terminus of the chain? There is as yet virtually no genetic evidence to locate the Hbv locus for Hb F and this is badly needed.O The current practice of classifying thalassemia into aand P-subtypes, based upon a combination of chemical and genetic considerations, is potentially misleading if one loses sight of the types of evidence and the assumptions involved. The term P-thalassemia, coined by Ingram and
Span of apprehension deficits in older outpatients with schizophrenia

Performance on the span of apprehension task, a well-studied information processing task in schizophrenia research, was examined in 11 schizophrenia patients and 11 normal comparison participants, all over the age of 45 years. Subjects detected "T' and "F' targets in briefly-flashed arrays of 1, 6, and 12 letters on the span task. Consistent with previously reported findings in younger schizophrenia patients, the older patients detected significantly fewer targets in the larger (12-letter), but not smaller (1-, or 6-letter), arrays. The older schizophrenia patients also showed significantly slower reaction times in all array-size conditions. Neither age of onset nor duration of illness was significantly correlated with span task performance. The characteristic span of apprehension task deficit found in the older schizophrenia patients suggests that late-life schizophrenia shares a common cognitive impairment with childhood and young adulthood schizophrenia, and provides supportive evidence for a possible stable vulnerability trait deficit in schizophrenia that is independent of age of onset and duration of illness.
Activated T Cells Express a Non-HLA-ABC Class I Gene that Is Inducible with Gamma-Interferon

A cDNA clone, designated JTW15, has been isolated from an activated T-cell cDNA library and found to encode a novel, divergent class I HLA gene transcript. This transcript, JTW15, is 1665 nucleotides in length and represents a full-length copy of a 1.7kb mRNA detected in Northern blot analyses. Comparison of the derived amino acid sequence with those of other HLA class I proteins showed JTW15 to be the most divergent HLA class I gene isolated thus far, the level of sequence homology being lowest for the alpha-1 and alpha-2 domains. The JTW15 gene transcript was found in a broad variety of cell types and was inducible in cells treated with gamma-interferon. This non-HLA-ABC class I gene is a candidate to encode a human Qa-like gene transcript.