cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Study of Polyethoxylated Alkylphenols by Packed Column Supercritical Fluid Chromatography

Alkylphenol polyethoxylates (APEs) are a widely used group of nonionic surfactants in commercial production. Characterization of the composition of APE mixtures can be exploited for the determination of their most effective uses. In this study sample mixtures contain nonylphenol polyethoxylates and octylphenol polyethoxylates. The separation of individual alkylphenols by ethoxylate units is performed by supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC)-UV as well as normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC)-UV employing packed columns. The stationary phase and column length are varied in the SFC setup to produce the most favorable separation conditions. Additionally, combinations of packed columns of different stationary phases are tested. The combination of a diol and a cyano column is found to produce optimal results. An advantage of using packed columns instead of capillary columns is the ability to inject large amounts of sample and thus collect eluted fractions. In this regard, fractions from SFC runs are collected and analyzed by flow injection analysis-electrospray ionization-mass spectroscopy in order to positively identify the composition of the fractions. In comparing the separation of APE mixtures by SFC and HPLC, it is found that SFC provides shorter retention times with similar resolution. In addition, less solvent waste is produced using SFC.
Failing Frequency Signature Analysis

A failing frequency signature is a collection of the maximum operating frequencies of each pattern in a pattern set. Analyzing the failing frequency signature can successfully detect small-delay defects, because even a small-delay defect can cause an outlier to appear in a failing frequency signature. Moreover, the failing frequency signature will be consistent even in the presence of process variations. Failing frequency signature analysis can effectively detect very hard-to-find defects that occur in No-Trouble-Found (NTF) devices, without the necessity of thorough test patterns. The analysis can also be used for characterization tests. In this paper, experimental results using the failing frequency signature to detect small-delay defects are presented using test chips fabricated in a 0.18 mum technology.
Pressure In a Fluid-Filled Borehole Due to a Source In a Stratified Formation

This paper presents a method to model hydrophone VSP data in a stratified formation. The method makes use of the borehole coupling theory and the global matrix algorithm, and greatly reduces the difficulties of the original problem: to compute pressure in a fluid-filled borehole for a source in a stratified formation. Comparison with the exact solution for a simple geometry shows that this method is very accurate (for frequency below 2 kHz ). This method is used to model the Kent Cliffs hydrophone VSP data. Good agreement with the field data has been found. Examples given in this paper show that this method is efficient and accurate, and can be applied to model hydrophone VSP and crosshole continuity logging experiments. (1)
Update on Cartilage Forming Tumors of the Head and Neck

Only rarely do cartilage tumors involve the craniofacial bones. Hence, there is an increased risk of misdiagnosis since pathologists don’t expect these tumor types in bones of the head and neck. The following general overview includes two benign cartilaginous tumors, chondromyxoid fibroma and chondroblastoma, and two malignant cartilage tumors, conventional chondrosarcoma and mesenchymal chondrosarcoma, that occasionally occur in the craniofacial bones. Chondroblastoma General Chondroblastoma of bone is an uncommon tumor, representing 1–2% of all bone tumors and almost 5% of benign bone tumors. It typically occurs at the ends of the long bones in skeletally immature persons. Chondroblastoma arising in the craniofacial bones is very rare, representing only 6.4% of all chondroblastomas.
The Legends Behind Cardiothoracic Surgical Instruments

Every day in operating rooms around the world cardiothoracic surgeons use instruments that were originally designed and popularized by some of the legends of our specialty. As is often the case, these surgery legends usually designed the instruments secondary to perceived clinical needs or occasionally to suit their own anatomic characteristics. Surprisingly little has been written on the development of cardiothoracic surgical instrumentation and the surgeons who drove their design and development of these instruments. In this report, we highlight common surgical instruments used in cardiac and thoracic operations, and we provide a brief historical glimpse of the surgeons whose names are attached to these instruments.
Developing Health-Based Pre-Planning Clearance Goals for Airport Remediation Following a Chemical Terrorist Attack: Decision Criteria for Multipathway Exposure Routes

In the event of a chemical terrorist attack on a transportation hub, post-event remediation and restoration activities necessary to attain unrestricted facility re-use and re-entry could require hours to multiple days. While timeframes are dependent on numerous variables, a primary controlling factor is the level of pre-planning and decision-making completed prior to chemical release. What follows is the second of a two-part analysis identifying key considerations, critical information and decision criteria to facilitate post-attack and post-decontamination consequence management activities. Decision criteria analysis presented here provides first-time, open-literature documentation of multi-pathway, health-based remediation exposure guidelines for selected toxic industrial compounds, chemical warfare agents, and agent degradation products for pre-planning application in anticipation of a chemical terrorist attack. Guideline values are provided for inhalation and direct ocular vapor exposure routes as well as percutaneous vapor, surface contact, and ingestion. Target populations include various employees as well as transit passengers. This work has been performed as a national case study conducted in partnership with the Los Angeles International Airport and The Bradley International Terminal. All recommended guidelines have been selected for consistency with airport scenario release parameters of a one-time, short-duration, finite airborne release from a single source followed by compound-specific decontamination.
The role of the underwater polarized light pattern, in sun compass navigation of the grass shrimp, Palaemonetes vulgaris

1. The sky polarized light pattern is visible underwater within the critical angle of refraction and can be used to position the sun in the sky. The present study determined whether the shrimp, Palaemonetes vulgaris could use this polarization pattern for sun compass orientation. 2. In the laboratory, Palaemonetes oriented parallel to the e-vector of downwelling polarized light regardless of their phototactic state. Outside, they used the sun or blue sky as a cue for orientation in the offshore direction of their home shoreline. In nature, this is an escape response directed away from shoreline predators. Shrimp were disoriented under cloudy skies. 3. The shrimp could orient using blue sky alone from any altitude (above 17°) and from azimuths in the antisolar but not the solar hemisphere. Small circles of blue sky, subtending a 27° angle, were sufficient for orientation. 4. When the alignment of the natural polarization pattern was shifted with polarized filters, the shrimps' orientation shifted similarly. The polarized light pattern was used in conjunction with another blue sky cue, possibly the skylight intensity pattern. Neither cue contained sufficient orientation information to be used alone. Palaemonetes vulgaris was the first aquatic arthropod shown to use the polarization pattern for sun compass orientation.
Controlled tumbling of projectiles—I. Theoretical model

Abstract The present investigation is concerned with the generation of controlled tumbling of a blunt-nosed hard-steel projectile and, to some extent, the effect of this tumbling on targets struck subsequently. The mechanism for producing this motion from an initial state of translation in the direction of the projectile axis consisted of the impingement of the bullet on the edge of deflector plates of aluminum, steel or plastic of various thicknesses with various degrees of overlap. These initially plane rectangular plates were rigidly held on three sides and struck at the center of the fourth, or free, edge. This first portion of the study consists of the continuum-mechanical analysis of the impact of the projectile on the plate and the subsequent motion of the projectile. A mode shape analysis is employed to ascertain the deplection of the plate with the impact area modeled as a hexagon. The projection is considered as rigid and its motion as planar prior and subsequent to the impact with the deflector plate, which is modeled as a rigid-perfectly plastic material. The numerical predictions of the theoretical development, the experimental set-up and the data derived from the tests, as well as a comparison between the analytical and measured values, are presented in a companion paper [Ruiz and Goldsmith, Int. J. Impact Engng Vol. 7 , in press (1988)].
Effect of Temperature on the Survival of Bovine Spermatozoa Stored in Carbonated Diluents

Summary Effects of different above-freezing storage temperatures, substrate-temperature interactions, and extreme temperature fluctuations on survival of bovine spermatozoa in carbonated diluents have been studied. In all cases, except when egg yolk was absent from the diluent, storage at 5 C was best for sperm survival and a progressive decrease in survival occurred as the temperature was increased to 15.5, 26.5, or 37 C. Little difference was noted between 5 and 15.5 C for the first ten days of storage; however, sperm lived better at 5 C during the next ten days. Interactions between egg yolk level, glucose concentration, and storage temperature were apparent. At 5 C the best survival was with 10 or 20% egg yolk in the diluent, with the higher percentage giving slightly better results. An egg yolk level of 40% gave better results than 0 or 5%, but poorer sperm survival than the 10 or 20% level. At 26.5 C the 40% level supported poorer survival than the others. Generally, as the glucose concentration was increased from zero to 0.067 and 0.133 m , better livability resulted, particularly at higher storage temperatures (26.5 and 37 C). Sperm survival at 37 C was best when egg yolk was absent from the diluent and the glucose was increased to 0.133 m . The carbonated Illini variable temperature diluent supported considerably better sperm survival than either an egg yolk-citrate diluent or a yolk-citrate milk diluent during temperature fluctuations between 0 and 26.5 C every 12 hr. Also, at 26.5 C, the IVT diluent supported considerably better livability than the EYC or YCM diluents.
Increased exposure of norethindrone in HIV+ women treated with ritonavir-boosted atazanavir therapy.

Abstract Objective Pharmacokinetics of norethindrone in combination oral contraceptive regimen are well described among HIV+ women treated with ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor therapies; however, such characterization is lacking in women using progestin-only contraception. Our objective is to characterize pharmacokinetics of norethindrone in HIV+ women using ritonavir-boosted atazanavir treatment during progestin-only contraceptive regimens. Study design An open-label, prospective, nonrandomized trial to characterize the pharmacokinetics of norethindrone in HIV+ women receiving ritonavir-boosted atazanavir ( n =10; treatment group) and other antiretroviral therapy known to not alter norethindrone levels ( n =17; control group) was conducted. Following informed consent, women were instructed to take a single daily fixed oral dose of 0.35 mg norethindrone and 300 mg/100 mg atazanavir/ritonavir for 22 days. On day 22, serial blood samples were collected by venous catheter at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h. Whole blood was processed to collect serum and stored at −20°C until later analysis using radioimmunoassay. Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using noncompartmental method. Results In the treatment group, compared to the control group, an increase in area under the curve 0–24 (16.69 h*ng/mL vs. 25.20 h*ng/mL; p Conclusion(s) Our findings suggest that progestin-only contraceptives, unlike combination oral contraceptives, benefit from drug–drug interaction and achieve higher levels of exposure. Further studies are needed to establish whether pharmacokinetic interaction leads to favorable clinical outcomes. Implications Norethindrone-based progestin-only contraceptives, unlike combination oral contraceptives, exhibit greater drug exposure when co-administered with ritonavir-boosted atazanavir regimen and thus may not warrant a category 3 designation by the World Health Organization. Prospective studies are needed to confirm whether pharmacokinetic interaction results in favorable clinical outcomes.
Gating Of Thyristors For Laser Power Supplies

Gating parameters for using thyristors in laser power supplies are discussed. Manufacturer's recommendations for improving turn-on in SCRs are reviewed. Measurements of gate current, voltage, and power, in excess of specified device gate maximums, indicate that peak gate current is the primary factor controlling the rate of rise of anode current.
Molecular characterization of the role of orphan receptor small heterodimer partner in development of fatty liver

The orphan receptor Small Heterodimer Partner (SHP, NROB2) regulates metabolic pathways, including hepatic bile acid, lipid, and glucose homeostasis. We reported that SHP-deletion in leptin-deficient OB−/− mice increases insulin sensitivity, and prevents the development of fatty liver. The prevention of steatosis in OB−/−/SHP−/− double mutants is not due to decreased body weight but is associated with increased hepatic very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) secretion and elevated microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) mRNA and protein levels. SHP represses the transactivation of the MTP promoter and the induction of MTP mRNA by LRH-1 in hepatocytes. Adenoviral overexpression of SHP inhibits MTP activity as well as VLDL-apoB protein secretion, and RNAi knockdown of SHP exhibits opposite effects. The expression of SHP in induced in fatty livers of OB−/− mice and other genetic or dietary models of steatosis, and acute overexpression of SHP by adenovirus, result in rapid accumulation of neutral lipids in hepatocytes. In addition, the pathways for hepatic lipid uptake and lipogenic program are also downregulated in OB−/−/SHP−/− mice, which may contribute to the decreased hepatic lipid content. Conclusion: These studies demonstrate that SHP regulates the development of fatty liver by modulating hepatic lipid export, uptake, and synthesis, and that the improved peripheral insulin sensitivity in OB−/−/SHP−/− mice is associated with decreased hepatic steatosis. (HEPATOLOGY 2007.)
Descriptive ecology of offshore, deep-water, benthic algae in the temperate western North Atlantic Ocean

The vertical distribution, floristic composition and habitat ecology of sublittoral, benthic algae are described for two deep water, offshore stations in the Gulf of Maine, based on in situ observations and collections to 47 m depth during SCUBA and submarine dives. Twenty species of macroscopic algae were collected between 29 and 45 m. These occurred in two benthic algal associations: a Ptilota serrata association of fleshy, almost exclusively red algae from 29 to 37 m; and a deeper Lithothamnium glaciale association dominated by encrusting corallines and extended from ca 38 m to the lowest limit of macroscopic vegetation at 44 to 45 m. Below 45 m only endozoic and epizoic diatoms associated with sponges were observed. Owing to the seasonal stability, homogeneous composition and clear extinction depths of the two associations, we propose that the extinction depth of benthic seaweeds may provide a useful bioassay for making temporal comparison of water conditions at a single geographic region and, where substrata are similar, spatially among different geographic regions. Data obtained during the Jeffreys Ledge study are discussed in relation to this hypothesis.
Épidémiologie politique des études cas-témoins (1926-1950)

L’epidemiologie politique des etudes cas-temoins consiste ici a comparer le contexte de publication d’un groupe d’etudes allemandes de la periode nazie sur l’association entre tabac et cancer du poumon a celui d’un groupe d’etudes cas-temoins, une anglaise et deux americaines, de l’apres-guerre, sur le meme theme. En Allemagne nazie, le contexte politique etait favorable a une incrimination des mefaits du tabac. Deux etudes comparant des cas de cancer du poumon a des personnes « normales », publiees en 1939 et en 1943, conclurent a juste titre que le tabac etait une cause de cancer du poumon. Elles n’etaient cependant pas les premieres a le faire, leur methodologie n’etait pas rigoureuse, et il est probable qu’elles avaient pour but d’apporter une legitimite scientifique au projet nazi d’utiliser l’opposition au tabac comme un instrument d’ingenierie raciale et de militarisation de la societe allemande. En 1950, en revanche, les epidemiologistes anglais et americains rencontrerent des difficultes pour publier des resultats montrant un risque accru de cancer du poumon chez les fumeurs. L’etude cas-temoins anglaise etait methodologiquement solide, mais elle se heurtait a la bonne image du tabac dans les societes democratiques et a la puissance du lobby des producteurs de tabac. Toutefois, par leur qualite, les etudes epidemiologiques de l’apres-guerre produisirent des resultats qui furent utiles a la reconnaissance officielle du tabac comme cause du cancer du poumon.
Epidemiology and prevention of coronary heart disease in families

Although family histories are used primarily to aid in diagnosis and risk assessment, their value is enhanced when the family is considered as a unit for research and disease prevention. The value of a family history of coronary heart disease (CHD) is increased when the age, sex, number of relatives, and age at onset of disease are incorporated in a quantitative family risk score. Medical and lifestyle risk factors that aggregate in families include dyslipidemia, hypertension, obesity, hyperfibrinogenemia, diabetes mellitus, smoking habits, eating patterns, alcohol consumption, physical activity, and socioeconomic status. Advances in detecting and understanding interactions between genetic susceptibility and modifiable risk factors should lead to improvements in prevention and treatment. However, working with families can be difficult. In the United States, families are usually small, are often widely dispersed, and may not be intact. Family histories may be unknown, affected relatives may be dead, and secular trends mask similarities among generations. Many exposures occur outside the home, and families change over time. Ethical, legal, and social issues arise when dealing with families. Nevertheless, opportunities are missed when research, clinical practice, and prevention focus on individual patients. Greater emphasis on families is needed to reduce the burden of CHD.
Timing of Colorado Plateau uplift: Initial constraints from vesicular basalt-derived paleoelevations

We have developed a technique for measuring paleoelevation on the basis of the vesicularity of basaltic lava flows. We are currently applying this technique to determine the timing and extent of Cenozoic uplift of the Colorado Plateau. Because the technique measures paleoatmospheric pressure, it is not subject to uncertainties stemming from the use of proxies that depend on environmental factors other than elevation alone. Vesicular lavas preserve a record of paleopressure at the time and place of lava emplacement because the difference in internal pressure in bubbles at the base and top of a lava flow depends on atmospheric pressure and lava flow thickness. The modal size of the vesicle (bubble) population is larger at the top than at the bottom. This leads directly to paleoatmospheric pressure and thus elevation because the thickness of the flow can easily be measured in the field, and the vesicle sizes can be measured in the laboratory. On the Colorado Plateau, volcanic fields are generally found around the margins of the plateau. Basaltic lavas range in age from 0 to 23 Ma; present elevations range from 1.7 km to 3.3 km. Samples were collected from lava flows in the areas of Marysvale, Springerville, Grand Mesa, and the San Juan Mountains and analyzed to determine the timing and extent of uplift. The analysis of the samples using X-ray computed tomography imaging and our numerical techniques for determining vesicle population statistics indicate uplift of 350-2200 m, depending on age. There is a clear relationship between age and amount of uplift (original elevation subtracted from present elevation). The results indicate slow uplift of ~40 m/m.y. between 25 Ma and 5 Ma (only 800 m of uplift during that time), and rapid uplift of 220 m/m.y. since 5 Ma (1100 m during that time). These results reconcile the long-standing controversy between interpretations of ancient versus recent uplift by providing an uplift history curve for the Colorado Plateau.
Moderate Global Reduction in Maternal Nutrition Has Differential Stage of Gestation Specific Effects on β1- and β2-Adrenergic Receptors in the Fetal Baboon Liver:

Hepatic β-adrenergic receptors (β-ARs) play a pivotal role in mobilization of reserves via gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis to supply the animal with its energy needs during decreased nutrient availability. Using a unique nutrient-deprived baboon model, we have demonstrated for the first time that immunoreactive hepatic β1- and β2-AR subtypes are regionally distributed and localized on cells around the central lobular vein in 0.5 and 0.9 gestation (G) fetuses of ad libitum fed control (CTR) and maternal nutrient restricted (MNR) mothers. Furthermore, MNR decreased fetal liver immunoreactive β1-AR and increased immunoreactive β2-AR at 0.5G. However, at 0.9G, immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis revealed a decrease in β1-AR and no change in β2-AR levels. Thus, MNR in a nonhuman primate species has effects on hepatic β1- and β2-ARs that are receptor- and gestation stage-specific and may represent compensatory systems whose effects would increase glucose availability in the presence of nutrient deprivation.
Tick-Borne Flaviviruses

There has been a remarkable increase in tick-borne flaviviral disease incidence throughout the past 2 decades. Transmission of tick-borne viruses, like other vector-borne agents, is impacted by a very broad set of factors, both natural (eg, climate and ecology) and man-made (eg, human mobility and agricultural patterns). As our encroachment into areas of virus endemicity intensifies, and as changes in global economic and environmental conditions continue to promote the expansion of tick populations, we will undoubtedly continue to observe attendant increases in rates of disease attributable to these vector-borne pathogens. This article focuses on a some of the major tick-borne flaviviral diseases, caused in particular by tick-borne encephalitis virus, louping ill virus, Powassan virus, Kyasanur Forest disease virus, and Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus, as well as their subtypes.
Angiotensin-receptor blocking agents and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ system

The metabolic syndrome leads to cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus, through multiple risks, such as insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, hyperinsulinemia, and hypertension. It also represents a disorder of partial genetic background as mutations of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-γ). Thiazolidinedione agonists for the PPAR-γ system are effective in control of insulin resistance and diabetes. Telmisartan has a molecular structure that imparts partial agonist properties with the PPAR-γ molecule, which results in reductions in glucose and lipid metabolism. Administration of telmisartan to rats on a high-fat, high-carbohydrate diet leads to reductions in glucose, insulin, and triglyceride levels. The results imply that the ARB agent, telmisartan, could treat both the hemodynamic and metabolic aberrations seen in subjects with the metabolic syndrome, such as insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, and hypertension.
Diffusion and partitioning of macromolecules within finely porous glass

Measurements of diffusion and partitioning of nearly monodisperse polystyrene, having molecular weights of from 600 to 670,000, in chloro-form and dichloroethane and of two proteins in aqueous solution were made with leached borosilicate glass cubes having a narrow pore size distribution and pore radi of from 2.5 to 47.6 nm. With increasing ratio of molecular to pore size, the partition coefficient for all solutes decreased; the ratio of effective to bulk diffusivity decreased for the proteins but remained constant for polystyrene. This suggests that polystyrene behaved like a free-draining macromolecule under the conditions of this study.
Impaired 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine (T3) production in diabetic patients

Serum concentrations of thyroxine (T4), 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine (T3), and 3,3′,5′-triiodothyronine (RT3) were measured in 50 patients with diabetes mellitus. The mean concentrations of serum T4, T3, and RT3 were 8.5 ± 3.7 (SD) μg/dl, 134 ± 41 ng/dl, and 30 ± 13 ng/dl, respectively, which were not significantly different from values of 33 normal control subjects. The serum T3T4 ratio showed a significant inverse correlation with the level of fasting blood sugar (FBS) (p < 0.01). Turnover studies were carried out in seven normal control subjects and in 5 insulin-independent diabetic patients on T4 replacement. T4 turnover was similar in both groups. The T3 metabolic clearance rate of the diabetic patients was also normal (20.7 ± 4.0 liter/day/70 kg), but the T3 disposal rate was reduced when compared to that of normal control subjects (17.0 ± 5.6 vs. 40.6 ± 4.8 μg/day). The RT3 metabolic clearance rate (80.6 ± 20.2 vs. 105.0 ± 14.0 liter/day/70 kg) and the RT3 disposal rate (29.4 ± 10.8 vs. 49.4 ± 11.6 μg/day) were both reduced in the diabetic patients. In five other diabetic patients on 3 wk of oral T4 replacement, the serum T3T4 ratio was below the normal range (0.0059 ± 0.0041 vs. 0.0152 ± 0.0011) and remained unchanged during insulin infusion during 10 hr. The T3T4 ratio increased but remained below the normal range after 10 days of dietary and insulin treatment (0.0083 ± 0.0032; p < 0.05). Our results suggest that T3 production from peripheral T4 monodeiodination is impaired in uncontrolled diabetic patients. This impairment in T3 production is correlated with the impairment of glucose utilization.
The distribution of value in the mobile phone supply chain

The supply chains of the mobile phone industry span national and firm boundaries. To analyze how value is distributed among the participants, a framework based on theories of firm strategy is applied, and a novel methodology is used to measure value capture in three phone models introduced from 2004 to 2008. The research shows that carriers capture the greatest value (in terms of gross profit) from each handset, followed closely by handset makers, with suppliers a distant third. However, the situation is reversed in terms of operating profit. Carriers shoulder the burden of network installation, maintenance, and upgrading, which absorbs much of the value from their subscription fees. Handset maker nationality, which may also influence supplier choice, is a key determinant of the geographic distribution of value capture. The results are also used to estimate the relationship of handset subsidies to carrier profits, which has been an issue of concern for antitrust authorities in several countries. The analysis shows how the framework can be used to calculate how much service charges might be inflated to cover the subsidies.
Double V-groove ridge waveguides on a silicon substrate

A new design for fabricating low-loss ridge waveguides by anisotropically etching two parallel V-grooves on a silicon substrate is proposed and demonstrated. Polymethyl methacrylate is used as the waveguide medium, with silicon dioxide and air as the lower and upper cladding, respectively. Because of the smooth sidewalls of the ridge structure, transverse confinement within the double V-groove ridge waveguide, with scattering losses of ~ 1.0 dB/cm are observed.
Pilomatricoma in a pediatric patient.

An 8-year-old girl with no significant medical history presented with a superficial mass that looked like a pimple overlying her distal humerus. It was tender and had enlarged over several months. Ultrasonography revealed a wellcircumscribed subcutaneous echogenic mass with scattered punctate foci of increased echogenicity and the suggestion of a peripheral hypoechoic halo (Fig. 1). There was marked peripheral flow (Fig. 2). Surgical excision revealed islands of epithelial cells, some basophilic; others were “ghost” cells—keratinized cells that do not stain centrally because of the lost nucleus [1]. This benign superficial tumor of the
The potential and force law between different-size bubbles in soap bubble rafts

Abstract Since the Bragg bubble model continues to be a powerful tool for modelling interatomic binding and inelastic processes in close-packed metals with particularly attractive applications to the mechanism of plastic flow in metallic glasses, the inter-bubble potential previously developed by Nicolson and Lomer has been generalized to cover interactions between bubbles of unequal size. Fitting the binding energy between pairs of bubbles to the ab initio potential of a close-packed metal such as copper gives good superposition in the trough region of equilibrium and at the inflection point as well. Measurements of Young's moduli and biaxial cohesive strain in perfect rafts and uniaxial cohesive strain between pairs of bubbles of different size are in good agreement with predictions made from the generalized bubble potential and force law.
Identification of Novel α-N-Methylation of CENP-B That Regulates Its Binding to the Centromeric DNA

The eukaryotic centromere is an essential chromatin region required for accurate segregation of sister chromatids during cell division. Centromere protein B (CENP-B) is a highly conserved protein which can bind to the 17-bp CENP-B box on the centromeric DNA. In this study, we found that CENP-B could be α-N-methylated in human cells. We also showed that the level of the α-N-methylation was stimulated in cells in response to a variety of extracellular stimuli, including increased cell density, heat shock, and arsenite treatment, although the methylation level was not altered upon metaphase arrest. We identified N-terminal RCC1 methyltransferase (NRMT) as a major enzyme required for the CENP-B methylation. Additionally, we found that chromatin-bound CENP-B was primarily trimethylated and α-N-trimethylation could enhance CENP-B’s binding to CENP-B box in cells. Our study also expands the function of protein α-N-methylation that has been known for decades and whose function remains largely unexplored.
Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis

Primary sclerosing cholangitis is a chronic cholestatic liver disease of unknown origin characterized by progressive inflammation, destruction, and fibrosis of the intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts. The disease leads to obliteration of intrahepatic bile ducts and to biliary cirrhosis, end-stage liver disease, and portal hypertension. Primary sclerosing cholangitis commonly occurs in the presence of inflammatory bowel disease. Its exact etiology remains unknown. As a result, there is no existing effective medical management to delay or modify the progression of the disease. Ursodeoxycholic acid, the most well-studied drug for primary sclerosing cholangitis, has demonstrated promising results when used in combination with an immunosuppressant or antibiotic. To date, liver transplantation remains the only confirmed long-term treatment of primary sclerosing cholangitis, which now accounts for 6% of adult and 1% of pediatric liver transplantations in the United States. Primary sclerosing cholangitis represents an important liver disease with major morbidity and mortality.
Non-isothermal surface nucleated transformation kinetics

A mathematical description of the transformation kinetics for surface initiated, non-isothermal, crystallization processes is presented. Previously derived equations for isothermal transformations are modified and used to compute the volume fraction crystallized as a function of time. The influence of cooling rate and surface nuclei density on the crystallization kinetics is studied. It is shown that, for slow cooling rates, the fraction transformed is sensitive to the value of the surface nuclei density, unlike the situation for relatively large cooling rates where the fraction transformed is not very dependent upon the number of nuclei present on the surface. Finally, critical cooling rates, Qc, for the avoidance of a particular volume fraction are calculated and it is shown that computed Qc values are sample-size-dependent, by contrast with the case of bulk crystallization where Qc is independent of sample size and shape.
Threatened Selves and Differential Prejudice Expression by White and Black Perceivers

Previous theorizing suggests that often-stigmatized individuals may be just as likely, if not more likely, than infrequently stigmatized individuals to protect self-regard by derogating members of low-status groups after receiving negative feedback from high-status others. Often-stigmatized individuals, however, can discount criticism from these high-status others as reflecting prejudice, thereby making outgroup derogation unnecessary as an esteem-protective strategy. Replicating past research, White participants in Experiment 1 expressed prejudices after receiving negative feedback from a White evaluator; as predicted, however, Black participants did not. In Experiment 2, participants instead received negative feedback from Black evaluators (evaluators more likely to threaten Black participants’ self-regard). Here, contrary to previous theorizing, Black participants expressed prejudices, not toward another low-status group, but toward high-status Whites. In all, findings reveal flaws in previous assumptions that frequently stigmatized individuals may be especially prone to devalue lower-status others after rejection or negative feedback from members of higher-status groups.
Plasma concentrations of defensins and lactoferrin in children with severe sepsis.

Background.We hypothesized that systemic release of endogenous leukocyte-derived polypeptide antimicrobial defensins (polymorphonuclear leukocyte-specific) and lactoferrin (polymorphonuclear leukocyte and epithelial cell derived) occurs in nonneutropenic children with severe sepsis.Methods.We perfor
Nonlinear magnetoelastic interactions

The physical basis for magnetoelastic coupling is presented in terms of simple models. These models are used to illustrate the magnetoelastic nonlinearities present in real crystals, and an enumeration is made of the instabilities which can be excited by means of these nonlinearities. Published material on instability theory and experiments is reviewed, and current possibilities for device applications are briefly evaluated.
Increased susceptibility to colitis and colorectal tumors in mice lacking core 3-derived O-glycans.

Altered intestinal O-glycan expression has been observed in patients with ulcerative colitis and colorectal cancer, but the role of this alteration in the etiology of these diseases is unknown. O-glycans in mucin core proteins are the predominant components of the intestinal mucus, which comprises part of the intestinal mucosal barrier. Core 3–derived O-glycans, which are one of the major types of O-glycans, are primarily expressed in the colon. To investigate the biological function of core 3–derived O-glycans, we engineered mice lacking core 3 β1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (C3GnT), an enzyme predicted to be important in the synthesis of core 3–derived O-glycans. Disruption of the C3GnT gene eliminated core 3–derived O-glycans. C3GnT-deficient mice displayed a discrete, colon-specific reduction in Muc2 protein and increased permeability of the intestinal barrier. Moreover, these mice were highly susceptible to experimental triggers of colitis and colorectal adenocarcinoma. These data reveal a requirement for core 3–derived O-glycans in resistance to colonic disease.
How Dopamine Transporter Interacts with Dopamine: Insights from Molecular Modeling and Simulation

By performing homology modeling, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulations, we have developed three-dimensional (3D) structural models of both dopamine transporter and dopamine transporter-dopamine complex in the environment of lipid bilayer and solvent water. According to the simulated structure of dopamine transporter-dopamine complex, dopamine was orientated in a hydrophobic pocket at the midpoint of the membrane. The modeled 3D structures provide some detailed structural and mechanistic insights concerning how dopamine transporter (DAT) interacts with dopamine at atomic level, extending our mechanistic understanding of the dopamine reuptake with the help of Na+ ions. The general features of the modeled 3D structures are consistent with available experimental data. Based on the modeled structures, our calculated binding free energy (ΔGbind = −6.4 kcal/mol) for dopamine binding with DAT is also reasonably close to the experimentally derived ΔGbind value of −7.4 kcal/mol. Finally, a possible dopamine-entry pathway, which involves formation and breaking of the salt bridge between side chains of Arg85 and Asp476, is proposed based on the results obtained from the modeling and molecular dynamics simulation. The new structural and mechanistic insights obtained from this computational study are expected to stimulate future, further biochemical and pharmacological studies on the detailed structures and mechanisms of DAT and other homologous transporters.
A NOVEL CLEAVAGE TECHNIQUE TO GENERATE SMALL MOLECULE COMPOUNDS AND LIBRARIES VIA A TWO-RESIN SYSTEM

Application of organic synthesis to solid supports has led to the successful implementation of combinatorial chemistry in the drug discovery process. This paper describes a novel use of the Hofmann elimination of tetrasubstituted amine salts on solid-phase resin to generate diverse combinatorial libraries of trisubstituted amines. Highly pure compounds were isolated without further purification by the addition of a second resin as the source reagent to promote the required elimination. The use of mixed resin systems to generate compounds is a novel application of bead-based technologies.
Cervical laminoplasty: Review of complications and strategies to avoid them

Abstract This chapter focuses on the laminoplasty technique and the associated indications and contraindications that can help the clinician select the appropriate patient to allow for a successful outcome. Complications encountered in laminoplasty are discussed with a review of surgical and postsurgical management techniques to reduce the incidence and rate.
The growth and histologic changes of human thyroidal tumors transplanted into the anterior chamber of the eyes of guinea pigs.

THE survival and growth of a variety of human malignant tumors after transplantation into the anterior chamber of the guinea pig's eye has been demonstrated by Greene and his associates (1–4). According to these authors the behavior of transplanted tumors serves as a means of distinguishing between benign and malignant lesions. The malignant lesions were reported to survive and grow; the benign lesions and normal adult tissue were rather promptly absorbed. From the histologic point of view, some tumors which arise from the thyroid gland are quite obviously malignant; others are benign. There are, however, some which defy certain identification as to their benign or malignant state. Some of these lesions appear to resemble normal thyroidal tissue but are found in aberrant locations. Some embryonic thyroidal tumors initially are considered benign, but subsequently have been proved to be malignant. Still others histologically consist of a papillary configuration and metastasize after many years.
Variation of laser mirror metal microstructure and its effect on reflectivity at 10.6 μm

The dislocation substructure associated with the surface of bare copper mirrors is significantly altered by surface preparation techniques and found to have a negligible effect on reflectivity at 10.6 μm. These microstructures, examined by direct observation in the transmission electron microscope, are also observed to have no influence on the residual microstructure of 1350 A thick silver vapor-deposited overgrowths. By systematically altering the grain size of silver overgrowths on mechanically-polished copper substrates, it is shown that 10.6 μm reflectivity increases with an increase in grain size. It is demonstrated that porosity in 1350 A thick silver films is very sensitive to substrate temperature during vapor deposition in 10−7 Torr vacuum, and that porosity has a significant effect on the degradation of residual reflectivity. This feature seems to be able to explain, in large part, the great discrepancies observed in commercial laser mirror reflectivities where the mirror surface is a vapor-deposited, bare metallic coating. Die mit der Oberflache von offenen Kupferspiegeln verknupfte Substruktur von Versetzungen wird durch Oberflachenbehandlungsmethoden betrachtlich geandert und es wird gefunden, das sie keinen merklichen Einflus auf das Reflexionsvermogen bei 10,6 μm ausubt. Es wird ebenfalls beobachtet, das diese Mikrostrukturen, die durch direkte Beobachtung im Transmissionselektronenmikroskop untersucht werden, keinen Einflus auf die verbleibende Mikrostruktur eines 1350 A dicken, im Vakuum aufgedampften Silberuberzugs haben. Durch eine systematische Anderung der Korngrose des Silberuberzugs auf mechanisch polierten Kupfersubstraten wird gezeigt, das das Reflexionsvermogen bei 10,6 μm mit zunehmender Korngrose ansteigt. Es wird festgestellt, das die Porositat in 1350 A dicken Silberschichten gegenuber der Substrattemperatur wahrend der Aufdampfung im Vakuum von 10−7 Torr sehr empfindlich ist und das die Porositat einen betrachtlichen Einflus auf die Herabsetzung des verbleibenden Reflexionsvermogens hat. Diese Effekte konnen zum grosen Teil die grosen Widerspruche erklaren, die bei den Reflexionsvermogen kommerzieller Laserspiegel beobachtet werden, deren Spiegeloberflache eine aufgedampfte, offene Metallschicht ist.
Genome-wide linkage analyses identify Hfhl1 and Hfhl3 with frequency-specific effects on the hearing spectrum of NIH Swiss mice

The mammalian cochlea receives and analyzes sound at specific places along the cochlea coil, commonly referred to as the tonotopic map. Although much is known about the cell-level molecular defects responsible for severe hearing loss, the genetics responsible for less severe and frequency-specific hearing loss remains unclear. We recently identified quantitative trait loci (QTLs) Hfhl1 and Hfhl2 that affect high-frequency hearing loss in NIH Swiss mice. Here we used 2f1-f2 distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAE) measurements to refine the hearing loss phenotype. We crossed the high frequency hearing loss (HFHL) line of NIH Swiss mice to three different inbred strains and performed linkage analysis on the DPOAE data obtained from the second-generation populations. We identified a QTL of moderate effect on chromosome 7 that affected 2f1-f2 emissions intensities (Hfhl1), confirming the results of our previous study that used auditory brainstem response (ABR) thresholds to identify QTLs affecting HFHL. We also identified a novel significant QTL on chromosome 9 (Hfhl3) with moderate effects on 2f1-f2 emissions intensities. By partitioning the DPOAE data into frequency subsets, we determined that Hfhl1 and Hfhl3 affect hearing primarily at frequencies above 24 kHz and 35 kHz, respectively. Furthermore, we uncovered additional QTLs with small effects on isolated portions of the DPOAE spectrum. This study identifies QTLs with effects that are isolated to limited portions of the frequency map. Our results support the hypothesis that frequency-specific hearing loss results from variation in gene activity along the cochlear partition and suggest a strategy for creating a map of cochlear genes that influence differences in hearing sensitivity and/or vulnerability in restricted portions of the cochlea.
Stroke: Do statins improve outcomes after acute ischemic stroke?

Accumulating evidence suggests that prestroke statin therapy could improve functional recovery following acute ischemic stroke. A recent meta-analysis of previous findings and a new study support this suggestion. These findings should, however, be interpreted with caution owing to possible publication bias favoring small studies with positive results.
Relationship of hairy chinch bug (Hemiptera : Lygaeidae) presence and abundance to parameters of the turf environment

Relationships between hairy chinch bug, Blissus leucopterus hirtus Montandon, infestation and parameters of the turfgrass environment were examined in a survey of 108 home lawns in the Lansing area of Michigan. Variables examined were thatch thickness, dry weight of grass clippings, chlorophyll content, and grass species. Chinch bugs and predaceous arthropods were counted with a transect sampling method. Thatch thickness was positively correlated with chinch bug abundance and was the only variable that was significantly correlated with chinch bug abundance in all 3 yr. More fine fescue ( Festuca rubra ) and less Kentucky bluegrass ( Poa pratensis ) were present in infested lawns compared with uninfested lawns. A linear discriminant function with percentage Kentucky bluegrass and thatch thickness variables correctly predicted chinch bug presence in lawns 63-81% of the time.
Perturbation of Adsorbed CO by Amine Derivatives Coadsorbed on the γ-Al2O3 Surface: FTIR and First Principles Studies

The coadsorption of CO and triethylenediamine (TEDA) (also called 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, DABCO) on a high-area γ-Al2O3 surface has been investigated with use of transmission FTIR spectroscopy. It has been found that TEDA binds more strongly to both Lewis acid sites and to Bronsted Al−OH sites than does CO. Competition experiments indicate that TEDA displaces CO to less strong binding sites. Evidence for weak CO···TEDA interactions is found in which small ν(CO) redshifts are produced. Comparison between different amines such as triethylenemonoamine (TEMA) (also called 1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, ABCO), trimethylamine (TMA), and ammonia indicates that the ν(CO) redshift increases with increasing amine polarizability, indicating that the redshift is mainly due to dipole image damping effects on the CO oscillator frequency. The direct bonding between the exposed N lone pair electrons of the TEDA molecule and CO does not occur. First principles theoretical studies have characterized the bonding of CO wi...
On the complexity of the exchange algorithm for minimax optimization problems

We present an exchange algorithm for the solution of minimax optimization problems involving convex functions. For a certain class of functions, the complexity of this algorithm is shown to be either linear in the number of functions, or at least squared in that number.