cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy to probe photoreaction pathways and kinetics of isolated reactants on surfaces: flat versus curved substrates.

We identify and control the photoreaction paths of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of thiolate-linked anthracene phenylethynyl molecules on Au substrate surfaces, and study the effects of nanoscale morphology of substrates on regioselective photoreactions. Two types of morphologies, atomically flat and curved, are produced on Au surfaces by controlling substrate structure and metal deposition. We employ surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), combined with Raman mode analyses using density functional theory, to identify the different photoreaction paths and to track the photoreaction kinetics and efficiencies of molecules in monolayers. The SAMs on curved surfaces exhibit dramatically lower regioselective photoreaction kinetics and efficiencies than those on atomically flat surfaces. This result is attributed to the increased intermolecular distances and variable orientations on the curved surfaces. Better understanding of the morphological effects of substrates will enable control of nanoparticle fu...
Increased Expression of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Preserves Retinal Function and Slows Cell Death from Rhodopsin Mutation or Oxidative Damage

There are no effective treatments for inherited retinal degenerations, which are prevalent causes of visual disability. Several proteins promote the survival of various types of neurons, and increasing expression of one or more of these survival factors is a promising strategy for a new treatment. Studies examining the effects of intravitreous injections of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in models of inherited retinal degenerations have suggested that BDNF has little survival-promoting activity for photoreceptors. In this study, we generated double transgenic mice with doxycycline-inducible expression of BDNF in the retina. In a model of primary rod photoreceptor degeneration, expression of BDNF resulted in significant delay in photoreceptor cell death and maintenance of retinal function assessed by electroretinogram recordings. Expression of BDNF also caused strong protection of photoreceptors from oxidative damage-induced cell death. These data suggest that continuous expression of BDNF, unlike intravitreous injections, results in morphologic and functional benefit in animal models of inherited retinal degeneration. Double transgenic mice with inducible expression of survival factors provide valuable tools for selection of survival factor candidates for gene therapy.
Using Instructional Games: A Teaching Strategy for Increasing Student Participation and Retention

SUMMARYTeaching occupational therapy intervention with sexual expression issues in the physically disabled population can be a challenging matter. Students are often uncomfortable with the subject matter, and this deters asking questions and becoming involved in the content to the extent of understanding the subject. Standard classroom approaches can be an ineffective match for teaching subjects requiring self-examination of attitudes. Rather than utilizing standard lecture or audiovisual techniques to engage students in knowledge transfer, this article describes an innovative game designed to help students explore their views on sexuality and learn about issues related to sexual expression for persons with physical disabilities. The rationale for such an activity is presented, as well as an overview of the game, rules, and procedures. Sample game items are included to give the reader a clearer idea of the game's content and focus. Student responses to the game are included.
Renewing pride in teaching: using theory to advance nursing scholarship

Teaching is, by its very nature, a scholarly activity. However, in the seventeen years since Boyer articulated teaching as a key domain of nursing scholarship, its full scholarly value has yet to be realized. The inherent nature of teaching scholarship is evidenced through mechanisms designed to build "bridges of understanding". Teaching scholarship then advances nursing scholarship by its impact on nursing practice. Recognizing teaching practices as scholarship also demonstrates pride in teaching. This article demonstrates the scholarship of daily educational practice by describing how reflections on the teaching-learning relationship, associated role changes, and time impact the "bridges of understanding". Theoretical frameworks of learning partnerships, learner-centered teaching, and critical inquiry are brought to life when described in terms of actual course activities. This, in turn, demonstrates how teaching advances nursing scholarship.
Noise analysis of non-autonomous radio frequency circuits

In this paper we consider the important problem of noise analysis of non-autonomous nonlinear RF circuits in presence of input signal phase noise. We formulate this problem as a stochastic differential equation and solve it in the presence of circuit white noise sources. We show that the output noise of a nonlinear non-autonomous circuit, driven by a periodic input signal with phase noise, is stationary and not cyclostationary (as would be predicted by traditional analyses). We also show that effect of input signal phase noise is to act as additional white noise source. This result is derived using a full nonlinear analysis of the problem and cannot be predicted by traditional linear analysis based techniques. Input signal phase noise can be an important portion of the overall output noise of the non-autonomous circuit. In our opinion, existing analyses have not considered this effect in a rigorous manner. We also relate this solution to results of the existing nonlinear time domain and frequency domain methods of noise analysis and point out the modifications required for the present techniques. We illustrate our technique using an example.
OASIS: an open architecture scientific information system

Motivated by the premise that heterogeneity of software applications and hardware systems is here to stay, we are developing OASIS, a flexible, extensible, and seamless environment for scientific data analysis, knowledge discovery, visualization, and collaboration. We discuss our OASIS design goals and present the system architecture and major components of our prototype environment.
Room Decontamination with UV Radiation

objective. To determine the effectiveness of a UV-C‐emitting device to eliminate clinically important nosocomial pathogens in a contaminated hospital room. methods. This study was carried out in a standard but empty hospital room (phase 1) and in a room previously occupied by a patient with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) or vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) infection (phase 2) in an acute care tertiary hospital in North Carolina from January 21 through September 21, 2009. During phase 1, cm Formica sheets contaminated 8#8 with approximately 10 4 ‐10 5 organisms of MRSA, VRE, multidrug-resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter baumannii, or Clostridium difficile spores were placed in a hospital room, both in direct line of sight of the UV-C device and behind objects. After timed exposure, the presence of the microbes was assessed. During phase 2, specific sites in rooms that had housed patients with MRSA or VRE infection were sampled before and after UV-C irradiation. After timed exposure, the presence of MRSA and VRE and total colony counts were assessed. results. In our test room, the effectiveness of UV-C radiation in reducing the counts of vegetative bacteria on surfaces was more than 99.9% within 15 minutes, and the reduction in C. difficile spores was 99.8% within 50 minutes. In rooms occupied by patients with MRSA, UV-C irradiation of approximately 15 minutes duration resulted in a decrease in total CFUs per plate (mean, 384 CFUs vs 19 CFUs; ), in the number of samples positive for MRSA (81 [20.3%] of 400 plates vs 2 [0.5%] of 400 plates; ), and in MRSA counts P ! .001 P ! .001 per MRSA-positive plate (mean, 37 CFUs vs 2 CFUs; ). P ! .001 conclusions. This UV-C device was effective in eliminating vegetative bacteria on contaminated surfaces both in the line of sight and behind objects within approximately 15 minutes and in eliminating C. difficile spores within 50 minutes.
Computed tomography can guide focused exploration in select patients with primary hyperparathyroidism and negative sestamibi scanning.

Background The aim of this study was to analyze the utility of preoperative thin cut (2.5 mm) computed tomography (CT) in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) and negative sestamibi scans. Methods A retrospective review of patients with PHPT was conducted from the prospective parathyroid registries of 2 tertiary referral centers. Of 482 patients, 63 with negative sestamibi scanning underwent thin cut CT of the neck and were included in the final analysis. Results CT was 85% sensitive and 94% specific for correctly lateralizing the side(s) of diseased glands and 66% sensitive and 89% specific for predicting exactly the location of diseased glands. Sixty-six percent of patients underwent focused explorations, and 87% of patients underwent parathyroidectomy under local anesthesia. Pathology revealed a single adenoma in 83%, multigland disease in 14%, carcinoma in 1%, and no pathology in 2%. Average operative time was 73 minutes overall, but only 55 minutes in patients with precise CT localization ( P = .02). Conclusion Thin cut CT is a helpful adjunct to preoperative workup in PHPT patients who have negative sestamibi localization and permits a focused neck exploration in a high percentage of those patients.
An Analysis of Probability Distribution of Doppler Shift in Three-Dimensional Mobile Radio Environments

The Doppler shift (DS) distribution of the signal that is received by a mobile station in 3D mobile radio environments is closely related to the signal's power spectral density (PSD). From the relationship between the arriving angles and the DS, general equations are derived, bridging the probability density function (pdf) of the elevation angle with the pdf of the DS, its variance, and the characteristic function. These equations are then used to analyze the statistic distribution of the DS based on the semispheroid model, which has been recently proposed by Janaswamy. For this particular model, analytical expressions for the pdf and the variance of the DS have been derived, and a definite-integral expression is provided for the characteristic function. When the average strengths of the waves that are distributed on different equal-Doppler-shift surfaces are assumed to be equal, the derived pdf of the DS is equivalent to the signal's PSD, and the derived characteristic function of the DS is equivalent to the signal's autocorrelation function.
On murine mammary epithelial stem cells: discovery, function, and current status.

Cell-surface markers expressed on mammary stem cells and progenitors have helped to establish a preliminary mammary cell lineage hierarchy. Further characterization of these cells depends on overcoming several technical obstacles.
Role of T cells in the pathogenesis of autoimmune lacrimal gland disease in MRL/Mp-lpr/lpr mice

PURPOSE. MRL/Mp- lpr/lpr mice (MRL/lpr) spontaneously develop an autoimmune disease, including lacrimal gland lesions, which are a model for Sjogren's syndrome. Target organ lesions in MRL/lpr mice are composed largely of CD4+ T cells, and treatment with monoclonal antibodies (mAb) against CD4 improves in the systemic autoimmune disease but not the lacrimal gland inflammation. In anti-CD4 mAb-treated MRL/lpr mice, the lacrimal gland lesions are composed largely of CD8+ T cells. The effects of depletion of: (1) all T cells; (2) both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and (3) only CD8+ T cells on the lacrimal gland disease were investigated. METHODS. MRL/lpr mice underwent neonatal thymectomy and were treated with weekly injections of 6 mg of anti-Thy 1 mAb from age one week until sacrifice at age five months. Control nonthymectomized mice underwent similar treatment with either saline or normal rat immunoglobulin (rIg) injections. In a second experiment, MRL/lpr mice were treated with weekly injections of either: (1) ...
Detection of Predator Presence at Elk Mortality Sites Using mtDNA Analysis of Hair and Scat Samples

The identification of carnivores responsible for preying on wild or domestic ungulates often is of interest to wildlife managers. Typically, field personnel collect a variety of data at mortality sites including scat or hair samples that may have been deposited by the predator. We compared mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis of hair and scat samples (n = 122) collected at elk (Cervus elaphus) mortality sites between 1997 and 2004 in north-central Idaho, USA, with field identification of carnivore presence. We amplified mtDNA from samples via a 2-step process involving an initial screening for American black bears (Ursus americanus), brown bears (Ursus arctos), and gray wolves (Canis lupus) using a length variation in the 5′ hypervariable section of the control region. Samples that failed the first screening subsequently were analyzed using conserved mtDNA primers that amplify a wide array of vertebrates. Species identification success rate was high (88.5%) and established the presence of 3 predators at elk mortality sites including black bears (55.7%), cougars (Puma concolor; 27.9%), and coyotes (Canis latrans; 6.6%). Attempts at hair and scat identification by field personnel were correct for 58% of hair samples and 79% of fecal samples. Results from these analyses demonstrate the merits of combining field mortality assessments with mtDNA species identification to aid wildlife managers in more accurately pinpointing predators involved in either predation or depredation events.
QED Radiation Pressure on Electrons and Ultra-relativistic “Ghost” of Relict Radiation

A universal theory of radiation pressure by a relic (cosmic microwave background) radiation, using fully relativistic+quantum approach suggests a possibility of formation of a peak of electron density in cosmic rays directly related to CMB.
Toxicity of topically applied fats and oils.

SummaryA potentially lethal dermatitis observed in chicks fed a high fat (20% vegetable oil) diet can be attributed to the external application of the oil. Topical application of both vegetable and mineral oils to young chicks produced a severe hyperkerato-sis and high mortality within a few days. Mortality was largely prevented and skin damage substantially alleviated by including antibiotics in the oil and minimizing the number of environmental microbes. At least part of the topical fat toxicity syndrome can be attributed to secondary microbial infection.
A Knowledge-Based Expert System for the Analysis of Risk of Overexertion in Manual Lifting

A knowledge–based expert system (LIFTAN) for analysis of manual lifting tasks is described. The system, written in MacLISP and implemented on a DEC-10 mainframe computer, consists of three modules: a knowledge base, a general purpose inference engine, and a human interface with explanation capabilities. The system allows a non-expert in the field of manual lifting to utilize the relevant knowledge and apply it to analyze specific work situations. It can also be used as intelligent computer-assisted instruction for engineering students.
Blood flow and metabolism in vasogenic oedema.

The relationship between white matter cerebral blood flow (CBF) and glucose metabolism (LCMRgl) was studied in a plasma infusion model of vasogenic oedema in cats. LCBF as determined by iodoantipyrine was found to be significantly decreased in oedematous white matter (17.3 ± 1.5 m1/100 gm/min) when compared with contralateral control white matter (24.8 ± 1.8 ml/100 gm/min). If the values for oedematous brain were corrected for dilution, however, the LCBF averaged 25.3 ± 1.7 ml/100 gm/min, which was the same as control.
Coupled UV–Vis/FT–NIR Spectroscopy for Kinetic Analysis of Multiple Reaction Steps in Polymerizations

We couple UV–vis and FT–NIR spectroscopy for the real-time monitoring of polymerization reactions, allowing the simultaneous tracking of the rates of light absorption and initiator/monomer consumption, from which dynamic and previously difficult-to-measure parameters are calculated: quantum yields of initiator consumption, initiation and polymerization, photosensitivity, and residual content of leachable chromophore. Estimating these parameters from one set of experiments is not possible with any other probing technique. We demonstrate the potential of this technique using the free radical initiating system including camphorquinone as photoreducible chromophore and amines as reductants for the visible-light-triggered bulk polymerization of methacrylate monomers, important for dental and biomaterials. Photoinitiation by camphorquinone/amine pairs in two dimethacrylates serves to show the importance of obtaining quantum yields in the polymerizing medium instead of using inert solvents. Additionally, the oft...
Historical perspective on neurobehavior.

The current penetration of psychology, psychiatry, and sociology by neurobiologists is traced from its slow inception in the nineteenth century to the exponential explosion of information in recent decades, which has shown that behavior is a bioscoial phenomenon, resulting from interactions between the brain and the environment. Therefore, to exclude either from the equation is to invite error.
Green Height Bentgrass Cultivar Trial

This is the second year of data from the green height bentgrass trial established in the fall of 2014. This is a National Turfgrass Evaluation Program (NTEP) trial and is being conducted at several research stations in the United States. It contains 20 seeded cultivars, including a number of the newest experimental cultivars.
Probing the Dynamics of the Hexameric Pilus Retraction Motor Pilt with Molecular Dynamics Simulation

PilT is a hexameric motor protein involved in the retraction of Type IV pilus filaments in bacteria. Static structures of this hexameric motor have previously been solved via X-ray crystallography, however the dynamic structural changes that occur in the different motor subunits (ATP, ADP, and apo) are unknown. Here we use all-atom molecular dynamics simulation in explicit solvent to explore the dynamics of the hexameric PilT motor from the organism Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The dynamic view of PilT resulting from our work reveals important information about PilT function at an atomistic level of detail. The hexameric system that we simulate includes 2 ATP, 2 ADP, and 2 apo subunits, a nucleotide content that is suggested by the observed nucleotide cleft configurations for each of the PilT subunits in the initial X-ray structure. Additionally, we also explore the dynamics of isolated PilT monomers in solution in each of these nucleotide states. Using this approach we are able to investigate how PilT subunits are stabilized by their incorporation into the hexameric structure compared to when they are simulated as monomers, which is especially apparent for the apo PilT subunit. Our simulations also allow us to determine the difference in the dynamics of each PilT subunit based on its nucleotide content. Finally, we investigate local interactions between residues in the nucleotide clefts of each subunit and their corresponding nucleotides, interactions between subunits at their interfaces within the hexameric system, and global conformational changes within the PilT subunits. This work is therefore an important step forward in obtaining a more comprehensive understanding of the important interactions within the PilT motor, and how PilT dynamics is related to its structure and function.
Individual Differences of Internet Child Pornography Users: Peculiar Findings in a Community-Based Study

The current study explored the personality and cognitive characteristics of self-reported consumers and non-consumers of Internet child pornography. Respondents were solicited to complete an anonymous online survey from countries where it is illegal to possess, distribute, and produce Internet child pornography; 257 respondents (94%) were classified as non-consumers, and 16 respondents (6%) were classified as Internet child pornography consumers. Results suggested child pornography consumers are more agreeable and less likely to make moral decisions based on social values compared to non-consumers. By exploring the trait “agreeableness,” the author believes that individuals who reported child pornography use were more trusting and compliant compared to those individuals who did not. The author further discusses this finding and how the Institutional Review Board protocol restrictions may have impacted the inferential validity of the findings.
Teaching Teleapprenticeships: An Innovative Model for Integrating Technology Into Teacher Education

Teachers need to be trained to skillfully integrate technology into their instruction. Teaching Teleapprenticeships (TTa), an innovative program in the College of Education at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, is in its fourth year of integrating technology into the preservice experience of undergraduate education majors. One group targeted by the TTa researchers has been the year-long project (YLP), which involves elementary education majors. Data were collected on the impact of this program on the YLP through surveys, interviews, video, digital images, and a number of nontraditional measures. Results show that technology has become more than an add on and more than just part of the curriculum they are studying; it is now an integral part of the students’ personal and professional lives.
Selective Doping of Quantum Dot Nanomaterials for Managing Intersubband Absorption, Dark Current, and Photoelectron Lifetime

Novel approach to optimize quantum dot (QD) materials for specific optoelectronic applications is based on engineering of nanoscale potential profile, which is created by charged QDs. The nanoscale barriers prevent capture of photocarriers and drastically increase the photoelectron lifetime, which in turn strongly improves the photoconductive gain, responsivity, and sensitivity of photodetectors and decreases the nonradiative recombination losses of photovoltaic devices. QD charging may be created by various types of selective doping. To investigate effects of selective doping, we model, fabricated, and characterized AlGaAs/InAs QD structures with n-doping of QD layers, doping of interdot layers, and bipolar doping, which combines p-doping of QD layers with strong n-doping of the interdot space. We have measured spectral characteristics of photoresponse, photocurrent and dark current. The experimental data show that providing the same electron population of QDs, the bipolar doping creates the most contrasting nanoscale profile with the highest barriers around dots.
Effect of Strain Rate and Interface Chemistry on Failure in Energetic Materials

We study the failure at interfaces between Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB)-Ammonium Perchlorate (AP) based energetic material. In this work, interface mechanical strength of a set of HTPB-AP interfaces is characterized using nano-scale impact experiments at strain rates up to 100 s−1. A power law viscoplastic constitutive model was fitted to experimental stress-strain-strain rate data in order to obtain constitutive behavior of interfaces, particle, and matrix. A mechanical Raman spectroscopy is used to analyze the effect of binding agent at different temperature. A tensile fracture experiment combined with In-situ Mechanical Raman Spectroscopy was used to obtain fracture properties. Stress maps are obtained near the interface using In-situ Mechanical Raman Spectroscopy to analyze the changes in the stress distribution around interfaces for different loads till failure. Cohesive zone model parameters were obtained from the consideration of local stress during failure and the cohesive energy required for delamination of AP from HTPB matrix. Effect of binding agent on the interface strength is found to be quite significant. The cohesive zone parameters and the viscoplastic model obtained from the experiment were then used in the cohesive finite element method to simulate the dynamic crack propagation as well as the delamination. Results show that interfacial properties are affected by the rate of loading and are also dependent upon the binding agent.
Off-resonance NOVEL.

Dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) is theoretically able to enhance the signal in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments by a factor γe/γn, where γ’s are the gyromagnetic ratios of an electron and a nuclear spin. However, DNP enhancements currently achieved in high-field, high-resolution biomolecular magic-angle spinning NMR are well below this limit because the continuous-wave DNP mechanisms employed in these experiments scale as ω0−n where n ∼ 1–2. In pulsed DNP methods, such as nuclear orientation via electron spin-locking (NOVEL), the DNP efficiency is independent of the strength of the main magnetic field. Hence, these methods represent a viable alternative approach for enhancing nuclear signals. At 0.35 T, the NOVEL scheme was demonstrated to be efficient in samples doped with stable radicals, generating 1H NMR enhancements of ∼430. However, an impediment in the implementation of NOVEL at high fields is the requirement of sufficient microwave power to fulfill the on-resonance matching conditio...
Improved compound multiphase waveforms with additional amplitude modulation (periodic mode) for marine radars

This paper has presented the basis of a compound multiphase waveform design with additional amplitude modulation, capable of controlling a waveform pick-factor, suitable for use with marine radar. The waveform shows good Doppler tolerance, with the low side-lobes performance maintained over the central zone of an ambiguity function. A clear waveform design procedure has been presented that does not require the implementation of numerical optimization procedures. It has been shown that a compromise between side-lobes suppression and the value of pick-factor can be found. These waveforms allow achieving better results as compared to compound multiphase waveforms without additional amplitude modulation under mismatched weighting filtering. In this article we considered periodic mode of Radar.
Fungal palynomorphs from the Miocene Heath Formation, Tumbes Province, Perú

ABSTRACTMaterial from the lower Miocene Heath Formation in Peru was re-examined for fungal content. Ninety-four taxa were encountered during the preliminary survey of the slides. These taxa represent a vibrant community of parasites, saprophytes and mycorrhizae present in terrestrial regions adjacent to the Heath Formation depocentre. This paper provides an overview of the taxa encountered and resolves nomenclatural problems for seven taxa: Diporotheca doniana sp. nov., Diporotheca gorda sp. nov., Monoporisporites minionoides sp. nov., Parapotomyces maydiformis gen. et sp. nov., Pluricellaesporites woodianus sp. nov., Verrudisporonites elsikianus gen. et sp. nov. and Zopfiella neogenica sp. nov.
Differential Reimbursement of Psychiatric Services by Psychiatrists and Other Medical Providers

Objective:Given low psychiatrist participation in insurance networks, this study examines how psychiatrists are reimbursed in network and out of network under commercial insurance relative to other...
Meniscal and Ligamentous Injuries of the Knee

Meniscal and ligamentous injuries of the knee are common in patients of all ages or demographics. Many patients seek initial care after a knee injury from their primary care physician; thus, knowledge of the diagnosis and treatment of musculoskeletal injuries affecting the knee is important. The clinical presentation, physical examination, treatment modalities, and outcomes for meniscal and ligamentous pathology such as anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are discussed in the following chapter.
Molecular Mimicry and Autoimmunity

There are several mechanisms by which viruses may initiate autoimmunity event. For example, a virus could interact directly with cells of the immune system and alter normal immune regulation. Inability to respond to self antigens is maintained, primarily in part, by tolerizing T cells (1). Such tolerant T cells cannot provide the appropriate signal for B cells to proliferate, differentiate and make antibodies. Many viruses are known to be polyclonal B cell activators and thus could induce production of antibodies including autoantibodies by bypassing these tolerized T cells and directly stimulating B lymphocytes (2). Epstein-Barr virus, other related herpesviruses and vesicular stomatitis virus are such B cell mitogens. Besides direct infection of lymphoid cells, the immune response generated against a virus may also cause autoimmunity. One way would be by the production of autoantibodies via anti-idiotype feedback controls (3). For example, regulation of immune responses is believed to take place through anti-idiotype networks. In the course of an immune response against a viral receptor for a cell surface component, antibodies could form and bind to the viral receptor whose combining site mirrors the cell surface component. Thus, antibodies produced in an anti-idiotype response against the anti-viral receptor antibody could bind to host cell receptors and thereby initiate autoimmunity. Further, interferon generated during virus infection may alter the expression of gene products important in regulating immune responses like HLA D, A, B, or C and IA, H-2k or d.
Aldose reductase mRNA is an epithelial cell-specific gene transcript in both normal and cataractous rat lens.

Aldose rcductasc (AK) is implicated in the development of sugar cataracts by its reduction of galactosc or glucose to polyols. The authors' recent work suggested that AK mRNA is found to be expressed in high concentrations in rat-lens epithelial cells after exposure of the animal to a diet containing 50% galactose. They localized the AK mRiNA in the lens cells by in situ hybridization with a previously described AK clone. The data establish that AK mRiNA is apparently an epithelial and not a fiber-cell gene transcript. It accumulates in the epithelial cell, then it is carried into the newly differentiated fiber cell, and finally it concentrates in the posterior region of the matured fiber cell. The AR mRiNA is found in all of the anterior epithelial cells including the equatorial and central epithelia. It is present at highest concentrations in the elongating epithelial cells, and it is distributed equally throughout the secondary fiber cells at the bow, with no indication of a preferential buildup of AR mRiNA in any of the nucleated fiber cells in the cortex. This differs from what the authors reported to occur with MP26 mRNA, a fiber cell-specific gene transcript. They found that IY1P26 mRiNA was absent from the epithelial cells but was preferentially found in the secondary fiber cells. Present data suggest that the increase in AR mRNA concentration observed to occur in cataractous lenses is a result of epithelial cell proliferation, where every cell appears to be competent in expressing AR mRNA. The results of this research imply that AR mRNA is a lens epithelial cell-specific gene transcript in both normal and cataractous lenses. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 31:1876-1885, 1990 Localization of aldose reductase (AR) mRNA in normal and cataractous rat lens by in situ hybridization is expected to yield information on its preferential distribution and level of its expression in those cells. This enzyme has been shown to belong to the same protein superfamily as aldehyde reductase, prostaglandin F synthase, and p-crystallin. 1 The AR is a monomer of a subunits, and aldehyde reductase is a dimer of a and 0 or <5 subunits. 2 In particular AR is thought to be responsible for accumulation of polyols in lenses exposed to high doses of glucose or galactose. 34 Therefore, quantitation of AR mRNA. including its nuclear RNA precursor, by in situ hybridization methods can provide an estimate of the level of a cell-specific gene response, if any, to the pathology of sugar cataracts. In this report we show
Understanding mutuality: Unpacking relational processes in youth mentoring relationships.

Evidence suggests that a close interpersonal bond is important for the success of youth-adult mentoring relationships. Mutuality has been suggested to be important for developing a close interpersonal bond (Rhodes, 2002, 2005), but mutuality remains an abstract construct, difficult to understand and cultivate. Using thematic analysis of mentor and mentee (n = 42) interviews, we investigate how mentoring pairs reflect on mutuality. Results suggest that mutuality is understood as a combination of 2 dimensions: shared relational excitement and experiential empathy. Shared relational excitement is felt when there is a genuine desire by both the mentor and the mentee to invest in the relationship. Experiential empathy is the process through which mentors connect with, advise, and normalize the experiences of their mentees by sharing their own relevant experiences. This work has implications for mentor training, program development, and future research on youth-adult relationships.
The Mouse in Shock

Traumatic injury is the leading cause of death in young adults (<30 years of age) in the United States, even in the face of vast improvements in injury preventative methods and patient care1 Hemorrhagic shock is a common complication associated with traumatic injury of the soft-tissue and/or bone. In this regard, a significant proportion of the mortality observed early post-injury is related to exsanguination or irreversible neurological damage2 However, even patients that survive the initial traumatic insult are still threatened by subsequent infections (sepsis) and multiple organ failure3-6. Studies have reported that up to 50% of the mortality in trauma patients is due to infections and multiple organ failure during the proceeding days to week(s) after the initial traumatic insult4’7’8 In view of these clinical observations, research efforts have been directed towards measuring the progression and interrelationship of events that occur following trauma. Previous experimental studies have established a causal relationship between trauma and/or hemorrhagic shock and the predisposition to the development of septic complications and/or multiple organ failure9-11
Physical Restraint in School.

The current emphasis on educating children in the least restrictive environment has resulted in the use of physical restraint procedures across all educational placement settings, including public schools. Since its initial use, restraint has been controversial. Professionals who use physical restraint claim that it is necessary to safely manage dangerous behaviors. Child advocates, however, argue that far too many children suffer injury and death from the very staff charged with helping them. The authors review research literature, legislation, and court decisions on topics related to the use of restraint in schools and identify position statements and recommended practices from nationally recognized professional organizations and advocacy groups. Recommendations are given for research, policy, and procedures for the use and practice of physical restraint in schools.
Not All Cellular Rejections are the Same: Differences in Early and Late Hepatic Allograft Rejection

T cell-mediated rejection (TCMR) is common after liver transplantation (LT), and it is often thought to have a minimum impact on outcomes. Because alloimmune response changes over time, we investigated the role of the timing of TCMR on patient and allograft survival and examined the risk factors for early and late TCMR. We reviewed protocol liver biopsies for 787 consecutive LT recipients with an 8.6-year follow-up. The incidence of early TCMR (≤6 weeks after LT) was 33.5% with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis patients having the lowest incidence. Younger recipient age (P 6 weeks after LT) was less common (17.7%) and was associated with different risk factors. The majority of late TCMR (56.2%) episodes had no antecedent early TCMR, although moderate-to-severe early TCMR (HR, 2.85; 95% CI, 1.55-5.23; P < 0.01) and steroid resistance (HR, 3.62; 95% CI, 1.87-6.99; P < 0.01) were associated with late TCMR. Late TCMR increased risk of mortality (HR, 1.89; 95% CI, 1.35-2.65; P = 0.001) and graft loss (HR, 1.71; 95% CI, 1.23-2.37; P = 0.001). Thus, these data suggest that the timing and histologic grade of TCMR determine its impact on patient and allograft survival. Early mild TCMR episodes after LT do not adversely impact patient or allograft survival provided that they are adequately treated. The occurrence of late TCMR carries deleterious effects with increased longterm risk of graft loss and decreased survival. Patients with moderate-to-severe early TCMR are at an increased risk for late TCMR and warrant closer clinical follow-up.
Differential Regional Responses in Soluble Monomeric Alpha Synuclein Abundance Following Traumatic Brain Injury

Alpha synuclein (α-synuclein) is a neuronal protein found predominately in presynaptic terminals. While the pathological effect of α-synuclein aggregates has been a topic of intense study in several neurodegenerative conditions, less attention has been placed on changes in monomeric α-synuclein and related physiological consequences on neuronal function. A growing body of evidence supports an important physiological role of α-synuclein in neurotransmission. In the context of traumatic brain injury (TBI), we hypothesized that the regional abundance of soluble monomeric α-synuclein is altered over a chronic time period post-injury. To this end, we evaluated α-synuclein in the cortex, hippocampus, and striatum of adult rats at 6 h, 1 day, 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks after controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury. Western blot analysis demonstrated decreased levels of monomer α-synuclein protein in the ipsilateral hippocampus at 6 h, 1 day, 1, 2, and 8 weeks, as well as in the ipsilateral cortex at 1 and 2 weeks and in the ipsilateral striatum at 6 h after CCI compared with sham animals. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed lower α-synuclein and a modest reduction in synaptophysin staining in the ipsilateral hippocampus at 1 week after CCI compared with sham animals, with no evidence of intracellular or extracellular α-synuclein aggregates. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that monomeric α-synuclein protein abundance in the hippocampus is reduced over an extensive (acute-to-chronic) post-injury interval. This deficit may contribute to the chronically impaired neurotransmission known to occur after TBI.
Group Buying, Buyer Heterogeneity, and Sellers' Bargaining Power*

Group buying enables collective bargaining opportunity that individual buyers lack to negotiate prices with sellers. This potential negotiation capability has two opposing effects. On the one hand, the prospect of the group being able to negotiate price with its rival forces each seller to lower its price offer, as too high a price will induce the group to give its rival an opportunity to undercut its price via negotiation, likely taking away all the buyers. On the other hand, the potential negotiation opportunity may also discourage sellers from competing aggressively in their price offers, as the benefit of charging a low price could be offset by competitors in negotiation, thus yielding overall higher prices for the buyers. In this study, we find that compared to individual purchase, buyers benefit from collective bargaining opportunity by group buying only if sellers’ bargaining power relative to the buyer group is low and/or buyers’ preferences toward the sellers are sufficiently differentiated. Given buyers’ strategic choice of group purchase, sellers may be worse off with a further increase in bargaining power, and so may social welfare.
More frequent negative social exchanges are associated with higher suicide ideation and risk in men service members/veterans.

Introduction Suicide is a leading cause of death in military service members/veterans (SM/Vs). Positive social exchanges (e.g., emotional support) buffer against suicide risk but the influence of negative social exchanges (e.g., unwanted advice) is understudied. Method The current study explored (1) the contributions of positive and negative social exchanges as simultaneous correlates of suicide ideation and risk, (2) whether positive social exchanges mitigated the association of negative social exchanges and suicide ideation and risk, and (3) if facets of social exchanges were uniquely related to suicide ideation and risk. SM/Vs men (N = 508) completed self-report questionnaires. Results Roughly 27% endorsed suicide ideation. Between 23.62 and 41.14% reported elevated suicide risk. Adjusted analyses revealed higher negative social exchanges, particularly insensitive behaviors, and lower positive social exchanges were associated with higher suicide ideation and risk. The magnitude of positive and negative social exchanges with suicide ideation or risk was statistically similar. Higher positive social exchanges did not attenuate the association of negative social exchanges and suicide ideation or risk (p > 0.05). Conclusion Higher negative social exchanges are equally strong correlates of suicide ideation and risk as positive social exchanges. Decreasing insensitive behaviors may reduce suicide ideation and risk in men SM/Vs.
Theorizing Gentrification as a Process of Racial Capitalism

Academics largely define gentrification based on changes in the class demographics of neighborhood residents from predominately low-income to middle-class. This ignores that gentrification always o...
Unpacking Sexual Embodiment and Embodied Resistance

The body and its relationship to the social world has provoked, fascinated, and perplexed social scientists, natural scientists, feminist theorists, and historians alike. This chapter examines the notion of embodiment, or how the body operates both as a corporeal or physical subject and as a social and psychological subject. Specifically, we trace key conflicts and debates around defining and measuring embodiment, followed by a review of embodiment over the lifespan (childhood, adolescence, adulthood, old age) and an examination of sexual performance and embodiment. We conclude with a discussion of embodiment as it relates to social identities like LGBT identity, race, gender, and class, followed by a discussion of embodied resistance or how people with stigmatized bodies fight back, imagine bodies outside the norm, transform the idea of a “freak,” or map on political philosophies onto the body.
Leveraging C-Rater's Automated Scoring Capability for Providing Instructional Feedback for Short Constructed Responses

Due to some progress on the natural language processing (NLP) front, researchers are able to pursue the problem of automatic content assessment for free text responses with some success. In particular, a concept-based scoring method implemented in c-rater, Educational Testing Service's (ETS) technology for content scoring of short free-text answers makes c-rater capable of giving instantaneous formative individualized feedback without going fully into a dialog-based system nor restricting itself to just canned hints and corrective prompts.
Lessons from Causal Exclusion1

Jaegwon Kim’s causal exclusion argument has rarely been evaluated from an empirical perspective. This is puzzling because its conclusion seems to be making a testable claim about the world: supervenient properties are causally inefficacious. An empirical perspective, however, reveals Kim’s argument to rest on a mistaken conception about how to test whether a property is causally efficacious. Moreover, the empirical perspective makes visible a metaphysical bias that Kim brings to his argument that involves a principle of non-inclusion.
A NEW FORM OF RIGHT VENTRICULAR OUTFLOW OBSTRUCTION; CASE REPORT.

Abstract A case of obstruction of pulmonary tract outflow due to reduplication of the tricuspid valve in the right ventricular outflow tract has been presented. Surgical excision of this structure was successful.
Forging a discipline: An outline history of software engineering education

Software engineering education has a 30dyear history. It is a story of academics struggling to fulfill industry needs with almost no support from computer science curriculum designers. It is a story of industry finally winning over some of academia to teach software engineering rather than vanilla computer science. It is a story of a discipline still incomplete, but having made great strides in the last decade. This paper discusses the succeeding eras of software engineering education, from lone teachers to master’s curricula to undergraduate degree programs. Even though the maturity of the discipline is as yet unattained, it will achieve adult status through practice, not by waiting for academia to glacially catch up.
Analysis of Expression of Drug Resistance-Linked ABC Transporters in Cancer Cells by Quantitative RT-PCR

Quantitative real-time-PCR (qRT-PCR) boasts many advantages over microarrays. For instance, very low amounts of total RNA are required to yield highly accurate and reproducible detection of transcript levels. As a consequence, qRT-PCR has become a popular technique for assessing gene expression levels and is now the gold standard. In this chapter, qRT-PCR using two distinct chemistries, SYBR Green and TaqMan, are described. We compare ABC transporter levels in various drug-resistant cancer cell lines by employing each method. SYBR Green yields reproducible results; nevertheless, TaqMan chemistry is superior to SYBR Green, as it displays higher specificity and sensitivity. Gene expression analysis by qRT-PCR is a powerful technique and shows potential as a diagnostic tool for predicting drug response in cancer patients.
Approaches to Obtain Tunable Diode Lasers for Air Monitoring Between 2 and 2.5 um on InP

Alternative approaches for developing 2.0- 2.5 um single frequency semicondoctor lasers are reviewed.
The general surgery job market: analysis of current demand for general surgeons and their specialized skills.

Background The majority of general surgery residents pursue fellowships. However, the relative demand for general surgical skills vs more specialization is not understood. Our objective was to describe the current job market for general surgeons and compare the skills required by the market with those of graduating trainees. Study Design Positions for board eligible/certified general surgeons in Oregon and Wisconsin from 2011 to 2012 were identified by review of job postings and telephone calls to hospitals, private practice groups, and physician recruiters. Data were gathered on each job to determine if fellowship training or specialized skills were required, preferred, or not requested. Information on resident pursuit of fellowship training was obtained from all residency programs within the represented states. Results Of 71 general surgery positions available, 34% of positions required fellowship training. Rural positions made up 46% of available jobs. Thirty-five percent of positions were in nonacademic metropolitan settings and 17% were in academic metropolitan settings. Fellowship training was required or preferred for 18%, 28%, and 92% of rural, nonacademic, and academic metropolitan positions, respectively. From 2008 to 2012, 67% of general surgery residents pursued fellowship training. Conclusions Most general surgery residents pursue fellowship despite the fact that the majority of available jobs do not require fellowship training. The motivation for fellowship training is unclear, but residency programs should tailor training to the skills needed by the market with the goal of improving access to general surgical services.