cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A refined protocol for δ18OPO4 analysis of conodont bioapatite

Abstract The isotopic composition of phosphate-bound oxygen (δ 18 O PO4 ) in bioapatite (Ca 10 (PO 4 ,CO 3 ) 6 (OH,F,Cl) 2 ) is increasingly used in paleoclimatology, paleoecology, and paleoceanography studies as a proxy for environmental conditions during mineral precipitation. However, a minimum total sample size (≥ 0.5 mg to > 1 mg) required for requisite triplicate analysis can limit the spatial and temporal application of the proxy, in particular in studies using microfossils (e.g., conodonts) for δ 18 O PO4 analysis. Here we present a systematically evaluated extraction-conversion-analysis protocol for conodont δ 18 O PO4 of total sample mass as small as 0.3 mg while maintaining standard analytical precision (~0.3‰, 1σ). These results were produced by systematic testing of existing methodologies in combination with the vario PYRO cube high-temperature pyrolysis system. Our data indicate that bulk carbonate samples dissolved in 7% acetic acid buffered to a pH of 3.6 provide the highest conodont yields while minimizing bioapatite etching, thus avoiding potential oxygen isotope fractionation due to selective dissolution of conodont material. Isolating phosphate from the other components of dissolved bioapatite using a highly buffered silver amine solution produces larger silver phosphate crystals and greater phosphate yields compared to the standard silver amine protocol. Analysis of silver phosphate using a high-temperature pyrolysis system with reverse helium flushing and a thermodynamic carbon monoxide trap generates reproducible δ 18 O values (0.1 to ≤ 0.4‰, 1σ) on atypically small bioapatite samples (0.3 mg). Application of this refined technique to Middle Pennsylvanian age conodonts from Arrow Canyon, NV, demonstrates the potential of the conodont δ 18 O PO4 proxy for high temporal resolution (sub-10 4 -yr) studies. Further, we propose a δ 18 O PO4 methodology to serve as a community standard that will permit more effective inter-dataset comparisons by limiting the potential influence of methodological variability on δ 18 O PO4 values.
Pheochromocytoma: diagnosis, localization, and treatment

Pheochromocytoma is curable in 90% of cases, yet its diagnosis and localization are among the most challenging problems in clinical medicine. Although only 10% of these tumors are malignant, others may be lethal because of excessive circulating catecholamines. The clinical hallmark of pheochromocytoma is hypertension, but some patients are normotensive and may even be hypotensive.
“Where is Sarah Your Wife?” Cultural Poetics of Gender and Nationhood in the Hebrew Bible *

William Robertson Smith wrote in 1885 that the biblical convention whereby aman is said to “go in” to his bride represents a linguistic trace ofonce widespread “ beena marriage,” in which men joined the natal households of the women who took them as husbands. It was an error of literalist reductionism, but one that lent support to an imposing infrastructure of systematic kinship theory and evolutionism that continues to excercise an influenceon some contemporary scholars. Another way of saying this is that Robertson Smith failed to recognize a significant biblical metaphor—that of men enteringwomen's tents—when he saw one. This misapprehension of biblical poetics has had important consequences for the way in which he and his successors have interpreted the Hebrew Bible.
Basis and the Bridge: A One-Act Story of Philadelphia Park

This is a short, in-class exercise/demonstration/dramatization to help introductory Federal Income Tax students understand the holding of Philadelphia Park Amusement Co. v. U.S., 126 F. Supp. 184 (Ct. Cl. 1954). Different students can be selected to play the parts of Narrator, Taxpayer, City of Phildelphia and the Court. Through this interactive (and light-hearted) dialogue, students learn to avoid the dicta quagmire and focus on the rule: the basis of property received in an exchange is its fair market value at the time of receipt. Colleagues are welcome to adapt the materials for their own classroom use.
A multi-objective bi-level optimisation algorithm with global and local design variables

An optimisation algorithm that uses a bi-level structure in order to consolidate the solution among multiple discipline optimisations with both local and global design variables is presented. This algorithm is following the bi-level integrated system synthesis decomposition scheme but each discipline level optimisation has its own distinct objective function and constraints. The constraints from all the disciplines are accumulated at the system level optimisation in order to ensure that the final solution is feasible for all disciplines. The structure and the computational process of the algorithm are presented. Two analytical examples are solved for demonstrating the utility of the new algorithm. In all analyses, the optimal results converge on the Pareto front. It is further demonstrated that utilising different weights in the system level objective function allows constructing points on the Pareto front.
Space Division Multiplexing for Optical Networks

We review few-mode fiber transmission in terms of how DSP complexity and mode-dependent gain scales with the number of spatial modes. FMF may be most suitable for short-reach applications where MIMO equalization and inline amplification are not required.
Generalized Principal Component Analysis: Projection of Saturated Model Parameters

Principal component analysis (PCA) is very useful for a wide variety of data analysis tasks, but its implicit connection to the Gaussian distribution can be undesirable for discrete data such as bi...
A Comprehensive Evaluation Method of Staff Research Capability at Colleges and Universities:Based on Data Mining

By establishing evaluation indicators and designing a data mining method combining clustering analysis and association analysis,this paper analyzes staff research capacity at colleges and universities.The results showed that this proposed method can well reflect the problems of sampled colleges and universities including staff educational history,key talents'development ability of horizontal projects and their research capacity diversity.Accordingly,some strategies were put forward,which include stressing talent introduction from key universities,strengthening academic exchanges among key talents and setting up specific encouragement policies,which could help personnel departments at colleges and universities to make scientific talent policies and improve the overall research capability.
Heparin ablates force development during platelet mediated clot retraction

Although snake venom enzymes such as reptilase do not cause viscous metamorphosis, platelet secretion or clot retraction; when batroxobin and calcium are added to citrated blood significant platelet force development occurs. When this batroxobin-calcium system was applied to the study of platelet function during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), force development was found to be completely inhibited. After heparin reversal by protamine sulfate, significant recovery of force occurred. The present investigation was performed to evaluate the role of heparin in reducing force development during CPB. At concentrations above 0.10 U/ml, heparin totally suppressed force development in normal plasma. Addition of protamine sulfate to heparinized plasma caused complete recovery of force development. These concentrations of heparin had little effect on platelet aggregation by ADP or collagen. Possible direct effects of heparin on fibrin assembly and structure were studied by adding varying amounts of heparin to plasma and then inducing clot formation with batroxobin. At 1 U/ml, heparin reduced the size of fibrin fibers by 33%. Higher heparin concentrations had no additional effect. These results indicate that heparin may be responsible for a significant component of the decreased platelet force noted during cardiopulmonary bypass. To test whether heparin's effect could be due to suppression of thrombin activity, the effects of the antithrombin hirudin on force development were measured. Hirudin also inhibited force development in a concentration dependent manner. Thus, heparin's reduction of platelet force development may be due, at least in part, to suppression of thrombin activity.
Open-angle glaucoma: Tips for earlier detection and treatment selection

patients with early glaucoma are unaware of the initial decrease in peripheral vision. A relatively new diagnostic technique can detect even moderate damage to the optic nerve, and the procedure is brief. Ophthalmologists can choose from among several topical medications to reduce intraocular pressure. Your knowledge of the patient’s medical history is critical to avoiding potential drug-drug interactions. Laser surgery and trabeculectomy may be indicated as first-line therapy for select patients.
Induction of anti-tumor CD8 T cell responses by experimental ECP-induced human dendritic antigen presenting cells

Extracorporeal photochemotherapy (ECP), or photopheresis, is distinguished by the specificity of the clinically potent immunologic reactions it initiates or regulates. The selectivity of ECP-induced immunoprotection for the malignant clone in cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL), and for the pathogenic clones in allograft rejection and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), has suggested a central mechanistic role for dendritic antigen presenting cells (DC). Discovery of ECP's induction of monocyte-derived DC, via monocyte signaling by ECP-plate activated platelets, and the absolute dependency of experimental ECP on such induced DC, supports that premise. Herein, we show that ECP-induced DC are capable of stimulating CD8 T cell responses to tumor antigens with which they are loaded. They internalize an antigen-specific melanoma-associated protein then present it onto a class I major histocompatibility, which then stimulates expansion of anti-tumor CD8 T cell populations. We conclude that ECP-induced DC prominently contribute to its initiation of anti-tumor immunity and raise the possibility that the therapy may be applicable to the immunotherapeutic management of a broader spectrum of cancers.
Fatal obstruction of the aortic root by Starr-Edwards aortic ball-valve prosthesis.

Summary A case of fatal obstruction of the aortic root following the insertion of a No. 8 aortic Starr-Edwards ball-valve prosthesis in an adult is described. The ascending aorta was considered to be smaller than the expected size for this patient and it was further narrowed slightly at the level of the attachments of the aortic commissures. This area of relatively minimal anatomical constriction became totally occluded by the greatest diameter of the ball in open position. Possible methods of prevention are presented.
Patient Perception of Reimbursement for Arthroscopic Meniscectomy and ACL Reconstruction

Objectives: Healthcare policy changes and decreases in Medicare physician reimbursement continue to change the landscape of healthcare. Historically, patient perceptions of surgeon reimbursement have been exaggerated compared to actual reimbursement. Currently there is limited evidence for patient perception for arthroscopic meniscectomy and ACL reconstruction. The purpose of this study was to evaluate patient perception of physician reimbursement for arthroscopic meniscectomy and ACL reconstruction and to compare health care perceptions between urban and suburban clinics.
University Rankings: Evidence and a Conceptual Framework

University ranking has high public visibility, the ranking business has flourished, and institutions of higher education have not been able to ignore it. This study of university ranking presents general considerations of ranking and institutional responses to it, particularly considering reactions to ranking, ranking as a self-fulfilling prophecy, and ranking as a means of transforming qualities into quantities. The authors present a conceptual framework of university ranking based on three propositions and carry out a descriptive statistical analysis of U.S. and international ranking data to evaluate those propositions. The first proposition of university ranking is that ranking systems are demarcated by a high degree of stability, equilibrium, and path dependence. The second proposition links ranking to institutional identity. The third proposition posits that rankings function as a catalyst for institutional isomorphism. The conclusion reviews some important new developments in university ranking.
Adverse Family-Environment Factors and ADHD

The influence of exposure to parental psychopathology and conflict on functioning and comorbidity in 140 children with ADHD and 120 normal controls was studied at the Pediatric Psychopharmacology Unit in Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston.
Causes and Predictors of Death in Patients With Coronary Heart Disease (from the Heart and Soul Study).

Although the prevalence of coronary heart disease (CHD) in the United States has increased during the past 25 years, cardiovascular mortality has decreased due to advances in CHD therapy and prevention. We sought to determine the proportion of patients with CHD who die from cardiovascular versus noncardiovascular causes and the causes and predictors of death, in a cohort of patients with CHD. The Heart and Soul Study enrolled 1,024 participants with stable CHD from 2000 to 2002 and followed them for 10 years. Causes of mortality were assigned based on detailed review of medical records, death certificates, and coroner reports by blinded adjudicators. During 7,680 person-years of follow-up, 401 participants died. Of these deaths, 42.4% were cardiovascular and 54.4% were noncardiovascular. Myocardial infarction, stroke, and sudden death accounted for 72% of cardiovascular deaths. Cancer, pneumonia, and sepsis accounted for 67% of noncardiovascular deaths. Independent predictors of cardiac mortality were older age, inducible ischemia on stress echocardiography, higher heart rate at rest, smoking, lower hemoglobin, and higher N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (all p values
Cultivating a grassroots aerospace innovation culture at NASA Ames research center

This paper details the adaptation of specific ‘knowledge production’ methods to implement a first of its kind, grassroots event that provokes a cultural change in how the NASA Ames civil servant community engages in the creation and selection of innovative ideas. Historically, selection of innovative proposals at NASA Ames Research Center is done at the highest levels of management, isolating the views and perspectives of the larger civil servant community. Additionally, NASA innovation programs are typically open to technical organizations and do not engage non-technical organizations to bring forward innovative processes/business practices. Finally, collaboration on innovative ideas and associated solutions tend to be isolated to organizational silos. In this environment, not all Ames employees feel empowered to innovate and opportunities for employee collaboration are limited. In order to address these issues, the ‘innovation contest’ method was adapted to create the NASA Ames Innovation Fair, a unique, grassroots innovation opportunity for the civil servant community. The Innovation Fair consisted of a physical event with a virtual component. The physical event provided innovators the opportunity to collaborate and pitch their innovations to the NASA Ames community. The civil servant community then voted for the projects that they viewed as innovative and would contribute to NASA's core mission, making this event a truly grassroots effort. The Innovation Fair website provided a location for additional knowledge sharing, discussion, and voting. On March 3rd, 2016, the ‘First Annual NASA Ames Innovation Fair’ was held with 49 innovators and more than 300 participants collaborating and/or voting for the best innovations. Based on the voting results, seven projects were awarded seed funding for projects ranging from innovative cost models to innovations in aerospace technology. Surveys of both innovators and Fair participants show the Innovation Fair was successful in fostering cross-organizational collaborations, soliciting participation of non-technical innovations, and increasing employee engagement in influencing the future of NASA Ames Research Center. The grassroots component of the Innovation Fair has been bench marked by the agency as a solid foundation for increasing employee engagement in the development of game changing aerospace technology and processes in support of NASA's mission.
Longevity of a Controlled Burn’s Impacts on Species Composition and Biomass in Northern California Annual Rangeland During Drought

Controlled burning timed in early summer can dramatically change the species composition of annual rangeland the following season. Although this has been well documented, the longevity of these shifts has not. Presented is a case study of a single 200-ha burn to begin to understand how long plant communities and biomass production remain diverged between burned and unburned annual rangeland. Species composition and biomass production were monitored before and for 3 yr after burning. Burning drastically reduced medusahead (Taeniatherum caputmedusae; P < 0.01) the following year from 69% in the control to 4% cover in the area burned. In the same year, filaree (Erodium spp.; P < 0.01) filled in the area left vacant, subsequently lessening production (P < 0.01) in the burn area by over half that of the control. No difference existed in the occurrence of native wildflower species due to fire. Three consecutive drought years following the burn shifted the control from medusahead dominance to filaree in a linear fashion. At the same time, in the burned area medusahead cover increased fourfold between 1 and 3 yr after the burn. By 3 yr post burning, the area had 4% more medusahead cover than the control and was equal in filaree, rose clover (Trifolium hirtum), and soft brome (Bromus hordeaceus) cover. Our results suggest that a controlled burn followed by drought can cause the divergence in species composition and production to become void in as little as 3 yr after a well-timed burn in a low-elevation annual rangeland system.
Teaching Public International Law: Reflections on the State of the Art in an Era of Uncertainty

This paper appeared in the Journal of the African Union Commission of International Law, which is published by the African Union. It reflects on and critiques the prevalent methodology of teaching Public International Law in African universities. It examines syllabi from universities from the various African sub-regions and finds that Public International Law courses in these institutions are mostly taught using what this paper calls a ‘doctrinal mode of instruction’. This approach adopts a positivistic methodology that focuses on introducing students to the rules of international law, without examining the political, economic, historical, or social background of these rules. Moreover, this approach does not discuss the impact of these rules on inter-State relations and global governance, nor does it consider whether and why States and other actors comply with or violate these rules. This paper does not suggest that professors of international law should wholly redesign their courses by jettisoning the focus on the rules of international law. Rather, this paper proposes adopting an ‘interdisciplinary mode’ of teaching international law by adding readings to current syllabi that shed light on the political, economic, historical, and/or social background of the established rules. This paper provides specific examples of how the rule-oriented syllabi that are prevalent in African universities can be complimented with readings that stimulate in-class discussion and enrich student experiences by placing the rules within their broader political and social context. This paper also argues that this move to an interdisciplinary mode of instruction is especially important for Africa at a time when the liberal international order is experiencing a period of crisis. This crisis of the liberal international order will lead to the reconfiguration of the doctrinal content and institutional infrastructure of international law. This paper argues that this crisis offers Africa an opportunity to participate in the recreation of the international system. The African Union, African jurists, and African governments should seize this opportunity to articulate a political, legal, and economic agenda that promotes African interests. These actors should also seek to integrate this agenda into the remodeled international political and legal systems that will emerge in the coming years and decades. This makes an interdisciplinary mode of teaching and academic writing indispensable to enable future generations of African international lawyers to engage in this process of revision and renewal of the international political and legal systems.
CD56+ immune cell infiltration and MICA are decreased in breast lobules with fibrocystic changes

While the role of natural killer (NK) cells in breast cancer therapy has been investigated, little information is known about NK cell function and presence in nonmalignant and premalignant breast tissue. Here, we investigate and quantify NK cell marker CD56 and activating ligand MICA in breast tissue with benign breast disease. Serial tissue sections from 88 subjects, 44 with benign breast disease (BBD) who remained cancer-free, and 44 with BBD who later developed cancer, were stained with H&E, anti-MICA, and anti-CD56. Up to ten representative lobules were identified on each section. Using digital image analysis, MICA and CD56 densities were determined for each lobule, reported as percent of pixels in the lobule that registered as stained by each antibody. Analyses were performed on a per-subject and per-lobule basis. Per-subject multivariate analyses showed associations of CD56 and MICA with age: CD56 was increased in older subjects (p = 0.03), while MICA was increased in younger subjects (p = 0.005). Per-lobule analyses showed that CD56 and MICA levels were both decreased in lobules with fibrocystic change, with median levels of CD56 and MICA staining, respectively, at 0.31 and 7.0% in fibrocystic lobules compared to 0.76 and 12.2% in lobules without fibrocystic change (p < 0.001 for each). Among fibrocystic lobules, proliferative/atypical lobules showed significantly lower expression compared to nonproliferative lobules for MICA (p = 0.02) but not for CD56 (p = 0.80). Levels of CD56+ NK cells and activating ligand MICA were decreased in breast lobules with fibrocystic change, and MICA levels showed a significant stepwise decrease with increasing histopathologic abnormality. MICA levels were also significantly decreased in older subjects, who generally have higher risk of developing cancer. These findings advance a model in which MICA promotes cytotoxic activity in CD56+ NK cells to protect against tumorigenesis in breast lobules, and suggest further research is warranted.
Intelligent Networks/1+ (IN/1+)

The Regional Bell Operating Companies (RBOCs), in conjunction with the research done at Bell Communications Research (Bellcore), have proposed the IN/1+ concept and its architecture in considerable detail to circumvent the limitations of IN/1. The IN/1+ architecture and phased introduction is planned to be realized in the United States during the early 1990s. The phased introduction of IN/1+ is to facilitate the gradual merging of the intelligent networks (INs) in the switching and transmission environment with the introduction of newer digital services associated with ISDN and ISDN-like services in the public arena. Considerable coordination between the capabilities of the intelligent networks (IN/1+, IN/2, etc.) and existing telecommunication networks will be required as the new networks are introduced. The demand for such intelligent services proposed by IN/1+ and IN/2 is still to be substantiated in society. Simultaneously, newer digital services, such as ISDN, global message, and packet switching, will be introduced and become available if they are accepted by the business community and by the public.
Gender, expert advice, and judicial gatekeeping in the United States

Abstract This article investigates the role of gender in decision-making by examining trial judges' decisions to admit or exclude expert witness testimony. An analysis of civil rights cases in United States district courts (n = 198) reveals that male judges are substantially more likely than females to exclude expert evidence. Importantly, this pattern cannot be attributed to other characteristics of judges, experts, or courts that may influence judges’ rulings. These findings are consistent with theories of gender, organizations, and science that suggest that women are more likely than men to consider expert advice. These results also indicate that the organizational role of trial judge may not be enough to offset the wider effects of the gender system on perceptions of experts.
Secondary Science Student Teachers’ Use of Verbal Discourse to Communicate Scientific Ideas in Their Field Placement Classrooms

Student teachers struggle to identify themselves as teachers in their field placement during their student teaching year, and some of the difficulty can be attributed to the change they encounter when they must communicate scientific ideas to students in a language that differs from how they recently learned science at the university level. Using developmental levels of student teaching (Drafall and Grant in Music Educators Journal, 81(1), 35−38, 1995), we explore how three cases differ in their use of verbal classroom discourse over the course of their student teaching year. We use data from six observations, post-observation debriefs, reflections associated with the observations, and responses to assignments from the student teachers’ teaching classes as data to demonstrate how the cases differ in the proficiency of their verbal communication in their classroom placement. We find that when student teachers have difficulty communicating science to their students, they struggle to use lectures effectively or engage students in meaningful conversation or questioning. This work suggests a need for more study as to the causes of different communication proficiencies and how methods instructors can help teachers develop awareness of the value of their verbal discourse interactions with students.
Transient and local two-phase heat transport at macro-scales to nano-scales

Two-phase cooling has become a promising method for improving the sustainability and efficiency of high energy-density and power-density devices. Fundamentally, however, two-phase thermal transport is not well understood for local, transient processes, especially at critical to near-critical heat fluxes at the macro, micro, and nano-scales. Here we report spatiotemporal characterization of the single-bubble ebullition cycle in a hot-spot heating configuration with heat fluxes approaching 3 kW cm−2. In particular, we experimentally reconstruct the spatiotemporal heat transfer coefficient in terms of its proportionality at both the macro-scale (l >> 1 μm) and the micro-to-nanoscale (l < 1 μm). We show that the maximum rates of heat transfer occur during the microlayer evaporation stage of the ebullition cycle, corresponding to critical maxima in the heat transfer coefficient of ~160 ± 40 kW m−2 K−1 and ~5300 ± 300 kW m−2 K−1 at the macro-scale and micro-to-nanoscale, respectively. A better understanding of heat-transfer mechanisms is essential to designing more efficient cooling systems for high-energy devices. Using a micron-sized hot-spot, the authors investigate the dynamics of the nucleation and growth of a single vapour bubble from the micro to nanoscale.
Developmental considerations for assessment of trauma symptoms in preschoolers: a review of measures and diagnoses

Child maltreatment can lead to a unique set of trauma stress among young children that can be challenging to measure. The purpose of this review was to review measures of maltreatment-related trauma outcomes (trauma-related symptoms and post-traumatic stress disorders) in very young children (ages 0–6) and to examine research trends in how and if child development is accounted for in this area of measurement. A systematic search strategy was used to identify articles in two databases, CINAHL and PsychInfo. Articles were eligible for inclusion in the review if they measured trauma symptoms in children ages 0–6, were quantitative research reports of studies conducted in North America, and were published in English. The search resulted in 74 articles meeting prespecified inclusion criteria. Results suggested that recognition of the ways maltreatment trauma affects child development and the importance of developmental sensitivity in assessing trauma symptoms has grown in recent years. However, many research studies did not use developmental frameworks and applied adult-oriented trauma symptom frameworks in measurement and treatment. Behavioral symptoms were the primary outcome of interest for this age group. There was also incongruity and lack of consensus about diagnostic tools for post-traumatic stress disorders in young children. Further research is needed to resolve theoretical and empirical controversies related to measurement and diagnosis of trauma symptomatology in young children.
Mesonephric Adenocarcinoma of the Bladder

AbstractMesonephric adenocarcinoma of the bladder may be the malignant counterpart of nephrogenic adenoma. We report the third known case of this invasive, well differentiated, tubular neoplasm resembling nephrogenic adenoma. The invasive potential of nephrogenic neoplasms has altered our approach to the management of these lesions. Nephrogenic adenoma and mesonephric adenocarcinoma appear cytologically similar on a superficial bladder biopsy. The latter is excluded by deeper bladder biopsies. Muscular invasion may indicate a more aggressive behavior and may require radical cystectomy for cure.
M-Estimation (Estimating Equations)

In Chapter 1 we made the distinction between the parts of a fully specified statistical model. The primary part is the part that is most important for answering the underlying scientific questions. The secondary part consists of all the remaining details of the model. Usually the primary part is the mean or systematic part of the model, and the secondary part is mainly concerned with the distributional assumptions about the random part of the model. The full specification of the model is important for constructing the likelihood and for using the associated classical methods of inference as spelled out in Chapters 2 and 3 and supported by the asymptotic results of Chapter 6.
HYPOXIC VENTILATORY RESPONSE NEAR NORMOCAPNIA

A classic study demonstrated a CO2 threshold or “dog leg” in the CO2 response curve when ventilation was measured after exposure to prolonged (>30 min) hypoxia and the existence of a component of ventilation during hypoxia which does not vary with CO2 (1). However, ventilation after prolonged hypoxia is determined by the combination of acute hyperventilation mediated by the carotid bodies and a slower decline in ventilation originating in the central nervous system. More recently, Rebuck and Slutsky (2) described a simple linear relationship without a “dog leg” between acute hypoxic sensitivity (the carotid body response) and PCO2.
Intracranial Osteochondroma: MR and CT Appearance

Osteochondromas are rare intracranial lesions that have been reported to arise from the skull base and dura. We report a case of a midline osteochondroma arising from the inferior portion of the falx and replacing the midportion of the corpus callosum , and we describe the MR and CT appear­ ances .
Steuerung des Programmflusses, Wiederholung

In diesem Kapitel zeigen wir Ihnen, wie Sie mit Hilfe bestimmter Daten ein Programm so erstellen konnen, das einzelne Programmablaufe beliebig oft wiederholt werden konnen, und das Programm selbst entscheidet, ob gewisse Ablaufe ausgefuhrt werden mussen oder nicht.
Seasonal variation in preference dictates space use in an invasive generalist.

Background The spatiotemporal distribution of resources is a critical component of realized animal distributions. In agricultural landscapes, space use by generalist consumers is influenced by ephemeral resource availability that may produce behavioral differences across agricultural seasons, resulting in economic and production consequences and increased human-wildlife conflict. Our objective was to assess changes in habitat selection across seasons in an invasive generalist omnivore (feral pigs, Sus scrofa). Hypothesizing that pig space use is primarily driven by forage availability, we predicted strong selection for the most nutritionally beneficial crops and resource types as agricultural seasons progressed. We deployed GPS collars on 13 adult feral pigs in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley to study resource selection in a fragmented agricultural landscape. We estimated resource selection using mixed-effect logistic regression to assess variation in selection across planting, growing, harvest, and fallow seasons. Results We found that feral pigs varied resource selection across seasons, particularly for corn (Zea mais). We also detected seasonal dependencies in proportional coverage on the net probability of selection of a land unit (e.g., selection was generally strongest for locations composed of both agricultural and natural habitat), resulting in marked variation in predicted space use among agricultural seasons. Conclusions These findings indicate behavioral changes in selection across agricultural seasons are driven by complex interactions between the availabilities of temporally dynamic resources and temporally static natural cover. Temporal variations in resource selection trends indicate seasonal responses to crop phenology which suggests a season-specific habitat functional response.
Body Composition Variables by Sport and Sport-Position in Elite Collegiate Athletes

Fields, JB, Merrigan, JJ, White, JB, and Jones, MT. Body composition variables by sport and sport-position in elite collegiate athletes. J Strength Cond Res 32(11): 3153-3159, 2018-To assess body composition measures by sport and sport-position. Elite collegiate athletes participated (n = 475): men's and women's soccer (MSOC, n = 67; WSOC, n = 110); men's and women's swimming (MSWIM, n = 26; WSWIM, n = 22); men's and women's track and field (MTF, n = 29; WTF, n = 24); women's lacrosse and volleyball (WLAX, n = 84; WVB, n = 73); and baseball (BASE, n = 40). One-way analysis of variances assessed differences across sport and sport-position. Post hoc analysis was Tukey honestly significant difference (p ≤ 0.05). For men, BASE and MSWIM had the highest body fat percentage (BF%) (BASE: 16.3 ± 5.2%; MSWIM: 14.2 ± 3.5%). MSOC (11.5 ± 5.3%, 0.13 ± 0.72 kg) and MTF (9.8 ± 5.1%, 0.11 ± 0.08 kg) had the lowest BF% and fat mass (FM)-to-fat-free mass (FFM) ratio (FM:FFM). Fat mass did not differ between MSOC (9.1 ± 4.9 kg), MTF (7.7 ± 5.9 kg), and MSWIM (11.1 ± 3.1 kg). Fat mass for MSOC and MTF was lower than BASE (14.1 ± 5.2). For women, WVB displayed the highest BF% (25.4 ± 5.1%), FM (18.5 ± 5.2 kg), FFM (53.3 ± 5.1 kg), and body mass (BM) (71.8 ± 8.4 kg), but did not differ from WSWIM in BF%, FM, FFM, and BM. WTF had the lowest BF% (12.9 ± 4.0%), FM (7.5 ± 2.5 kg), BM (58.2 ± 4.4 kg), and FM:FFM (0.15 ± 0.05 kg). VB had the highest FFM (53.3 ± 5.1 kg). Body composition differences were observed between sport-positions (p < 0.01). Body composition differed across sport and sport-position, which may be attributed to sport-specific physiological demands.
Effective Questioning Strategies for the Sport Management Classroom

Questioning persists at the heart of learning. The challenge facing teachers is how to move beyond simply asking questions to check for student recall to asking open-ended, thought-provoking, and i...
Additivity of Equivalence

Throughout this section, A is a Baer ∗-ring (satisfying various axioms as needed). We assume given a pair of equipotent families of projections (ei)i∈I, (fi)i∈I such that (i) the ei, are orthogonal, (ii) the fi are orthogonal, and (iii) ei∼fi for all i∈I. We write $$e=\sup e_{\i},\quad f=\sup f_{\i}.$$ Thus, \((e_{\i})_{_{\i\in I}}\), (fi)i∈I are equivalent partitions of e, f [§17, Def. 1]. For each i∈I, we denote by wi, a fixed partial isometry such that \(w^{*}_{\i}w_{\i}=e_{\i}\), \(w_{\i}w^{*}_{\i}=f_{\i}\).
Vortical lift on retreating rotor blades at high advance ratios. The aerodynamics of the sharp edge vortex

A retreating helicopter rotor blade encounters reverse flow over large portions of the rotor disk in high advance ratio flights. Measurements of flow velocity and loads are described for a two-bladed teetering rotor for advance ratios ranging from 0.6 to 1.2 in a low speed wind tunnel. The tip vortex trajectory is separately mapped. A pressure extraction technique is used to map the static pressure field on the lower surface of the rotor blade near sharp edge. The reverse flow region shows a proof of an attached, helical Sharp Edge Vortex (SEV). The proximity of the SEV to the rotor blade creates sharp excursions in the static pressures at the sharp edge. The negative lift generated by the vortex is comparable to the sectional bound circulation. The presence of the SEV explains the shift in the center of pressure from 75 to 70% of chord. Stereo particle image velocimetry, a pressure extraction technique, and load measurements provide closure in estimating aerodynamic loads. As the blade approaches 270 $$^\circ$$ azimuth vortex strength stops growing and its core detaches from the blade surface but the vortex stays close to the blade. Flow on blunt edge of the blade in reverse flow is found to be largely attached, unlike expectations of vortex shedding.
Calibration and Validation Plan for the NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR)

The NASA ISRO SAR mission (NISAR) will be a dedicated U.S. and Indian SAR mission for studying hazards and global environmental change. Operating at both L-band and S-band wavelengths, NISAR will acquire data globally to address three mission science themes: The Earth’s surface and interior; the Earth’s cryosphere; and the Earth’s ecosystems. NISAR is planned for launch in late 2021 or early 2022. The L-band SAR will have several modes up to and including fully polarimetric modes with most modes supporting a split spectrum to facilitate the correction of ionospheric delays; NISAR will support selectable bandwidths between 5 MHz and 80 MHz. The mission will be capable of acquiring SAR data every 12-day repeat orbit for both ascending and descending orbit directions over most if not all of the Earth’s land surface during the nominal 3-year mission duration. Orbit tube repeatability for this left-looking SAR mission will be better than 500 m. In addition to the calibration of the sensor data, NISAR will have 13 science measurement requirements that will be validated after its launch.
Type 2 inhibitor leads of human tropomyosin receptor kinase (hTrkA)

In silico virtual screening using the ligand-based ROCS approach and the commercially purchasable compound collection from the ZINC database resulted in the identification of distinctly different and novel acetamide core frameworks with series representatives 1a and 2a exhibiting nanomolar affinity in the kinase domain only hTrkA HTRF biochemical assay. Additional experimental validation using the Caliper technology with either the active or inactive kinase conditions demonstrated the leads, 1a and 2a, to preferentially bind the kinase inactive state. X-ray structural analysis of the kinase domain of hTrkA…1a/2a complexes confirmed the kinase, bind the inhibitor leads in the inactive state and to exhibit a type 2 binding mode with the DFG-out and αC-helix out conformation. The leads also demonstrated sub-micromolar activity in the full length hTrkA cell-based assay and selectivity against the closely related hTrkB isoform. However, the poor microsomal stability and permeability of the leads is suggestive of a multiparametric lead optimization effort requirement for further progression.
Trace element chemistry of atmospheric deposition along the Wasatch Front (Utah, USA) reflects regional playa dust and local urban aerosols

Abstract Atmospheric deposition to urban areas and mountain snowpack often contains a mixture of playa dust and anthropogenic aerosols, yet the relative contribution of trace elements from each source is not well understood. To evaluate dust contributions from regional playas to an urban area, we sampled playa dust sources, urban dust deposition, and snow dust deposition across the Wasatch Front in northern Utah, USA. Dust samples were analyzed for trace and major element chemistry, grain size distribution, and mineralogy. Playa, urban, and snow dust samples contained similar mineralogy, dominated by silicate, carbonate, and evaporite minerals. Grain size distribution between playa, urban, and snow dust samples was also similar, suggesting that playas are a primary dust source for the region. Principal component analysis and enrichment diagrams revealed similar chemistry of playa, urban, and snow dust with some exceptions. Compared with playa dust, urban and snow dust had lower concentrations of Li, Na, Sr, U, Mg, and Ca and higher concentrations of Fe, Al, Be, Sb, Se, Mo, Cr, La, and Cu. The first set of elements are found in evaporite- and carbonate-minerals while the second set of elements are sourced from anthropogenic activities. Mass balance calculations suggest that 90% of the dust mass deposited to the Wasatch Front is from playas, with small additions from local sources that alter the dust chemistry. Sequential leaching of dust samples showed that some elements were readily leached with weak acids, including B, K, Na, Sr, Ca, U, Mo, Cd, and Se, suggesting that they are environmentally available and may serve as important macronutrients or contaminants to ecosystems. This is the first study to directly compare the geochemistry of playa dust sources with dust deposition to urban areas and mountain snowpack in the western US, with implications for understanding how water diversions, land use changes, and population growth may affect the regional dust cycle in the future.
SOS-EW: System for Overdose Spike Early Warning Using Drug Mover’s Distance-Based Hawkes Processes

Opioid addictions and overdoses have increased across the U.S. and internationally over the past decade. In urban environments, overdoses cluster in space and time, with 50% of overdoses occurring in less than 5% of the city and dozens of calls for emergency medical services being made within a 48-hour period. In this work, we introduce a system for early detection of opioid overdose clusters based upon the toxicology report of an initial event. We first use drug SMILES, one hot encoded molecular substructures, to generate a bag of drug vectors corresponding to each overdose (overdoses are often characterized by multiple drugs taken at the same time). We then use spectral clustering to generate overdose categories and estimate multivariate Hawkes processes for the space-time intensity of overdoses following an initial event. As the productivity parameter of the process depends on the overdose category, this allows us to estimate the magnitude of an overdose spike based on the substances present (e.g. fentanyl leads to more subsequent overdoses compared to Oxycontin). We validate the model using opioid overdose deaths in Indianapolis and show that the model outperforms several recently introduced Hawkes-Topic models based on Dirichlet processes. Our system could be used in combination with drug test strips to alert drug using populations of risky batches on the market or to more efficiently allocate naloxone to users and health/social workers.
Role of TLR4 in the induction of inflammatory changes in adipocytes and macrophages.

In obesity, high levels of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) contribute to adipose tissue inflammation and dysfunction. Obesity-induced macrophage infiltration leads to insulin resistance, but the adipocyte itself may play a role in generating the inflammatory milieu. Given our recent findings of the role of TLR4 in myeloid biasing in obesity, we next investigated the role of TLR4 in adipocyte generated inflammatory responses to SFAs and lipopolysaccharides. We used WT and Tlr4-/- ear mesenchymal stem cell derived adipocytes (EMSC Ad) and bone marrow dendritic cells (BMDCs) to evaluate cell specific responses. Our work demonstrates a role for TLR4 in adipocyte- immune cell crosstalk and that SFA derived metabolites from adipocytes may induce proinflammatory stimulation of immune cells in a TLR4 independent manner.
Machine Learning Within Studies of Early-Life Environmental Exposures and Child Health: Review of the Current Literature and Discussion of Next Steps.

The goal of this article is to review the use of machine learning (ML) within studies of environmental exposures and children’s health, identify common themes across studies, and provide recommendations to advance their use in research and practice. We identified 42 articles reporting upon the use of ML within studies of environmental exposures and children’s health between 2017 and 2019. The common themes among the articles were analysis of mixture data, exposure prediction, disease prediction and forecasting, analysis of complex data, and causal inference. With the increasing complexity of environmental health data, we anticipate greater use of ML to address the challenges that cannot be handled by traditional analytics. In order for these methods to beneficially impact public health, the ML techniques we use need to be appropriate for our study questions, rigorously evaluated and reported in a way that can be critically assessed by the scientific community.
Performing WiFi Sensing with Off-the-shelf Smartphones

WiFi sensing has recently attracted a lot of attention in providing a method for device-free sensing with standard WiFi devices through the use of Channel State Information (CSI). However, access to CSI from user-level applications is not provided by most WiFi devices, specifically ubiquitous smartphone devices. In this demonstration, we present our custom developed application for collecting, labeling and processing CSI on-device, in realtime, for standard off-the-shelf Android smartphones. We additionally demonstrate the use of our application on select device-free sensing tasks.
Possible CO2-Induced Warming Effects on the Cryosphere

Over the last few years, considerable attention has been given to the possible climatic effects of increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. The present figure of 340 p.p.m. by volume is 15 to 20 percent above pre-industrial levels and a concentration of double the assumed 1860 value of 295 p.p.m. has been projected by the second half of the next century due to continued burning of fossil fuels (Laurmann and Rotty, 1983). Climate modelling simulations suggest that such a doubling will cause a global mean surface air temperature rise of about 3.0 ± 1.5K (National Research Council, 1982), with at least a two-to three-fold amplification in high latitudes. Hansen et al. (1981) estimate that the post-1890s CO2 increase should already have caused a 0.5°C warming, but allowing for oceanic heat capacity and mixing effects this would be reduced to 0.2°C. Further modifications of climatic regimes will occur through changes in precipitation and circulation characteristics, although these are less well known (Schlesinger, 1983).
Summing $O(\beta_0^n \alpha_s^{n+1})$ Corrections to Top Quark Decays

Order $\beta_0^n \alpha_s^{n+1}$ QCD corrections to top quark decays into $W^+$ and $H^+$ bosons are computed to all orders in perturbation theory. Predictions for the radiative corrections to the top quark width are compared with the estimates from BLM scale setting procedures. The results of the summation are shown to greatly improve understanding of higher order corrections in the limit $m_W,~m_H \to m_t$, where the BLM scale setting method is known to fail. Attempts to reduce nonperturbative error by substituting the running mass for the pole mass in the expression for the decay are shown to fail in the limit $m_W,~m_H \to m_t$ because of subtleties in the treatment of phase space.