cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Active Galactic Nuclei and Particle Acceleration in Accretion Disks Around Massive Black Holes

The nuclei of active galaxies are compact power sources, mainly non-thermal. Much of the energy is emitted in the form of X-rays and γ-rays, and also of synchrotron radiation at radio and infrared wavelengths. From these galactic nuclei, radio lobes, jets and high-speed clouds are expelled. The central power source has been interpreted using models that invoke an ultra-massive black hole or, alternatively, a spinar. We examine here the acceleration processes near a black hole. An accretion disk around supermassive black hole in the center of an active galactic nucleus is shown to be a likely site of particle acceleration. Electrons can be accelerated to relativistic energies by various electromagnetic processes as well as by purely gravitational processes (e.g. Penrose pair production). Protons are accelerated to very high energies by the following mechanisms: 1) stochastic Fermi acceleration, 2) betatron acceleration, and possibly 3) shock wave acceleration. We find that, depending on the confinement time for the protons, different galactic nuclei would contribute to different parts of the rigidity spectrum. Examining the magnetic field strengths in different disk models we find that the betatron process can boost particle momenta by some 4 orders of magnitude. Finally, if shock waves can be sustained in an accretion disk (for example if the disk has a corona around it, or if supersonic turbulence can be sustained), such shock waves would also accelerate particles to cosmic-ray energies. Neutrinos would be a useful experimental probe of these models, whereas gamma-ray observations would be more useful for electron acceleration processes.
More Than Good Quotations

The Value of Ethnography in the Study of Adolescence and Contexts Value Added: Ethnographic Insights on Adolescents and School Contexts From Conceptualization to Application: Ethnography, Adolescent Adultification, and School-Based Service-Learning Programs Conclusions Keywords: context; shadowing; researcher-adolescent relations; school contexts; parental involvement; peer networks; school influences; adolescent adultification; service-learning programs
Government and business: The automobile industry and the public sector in Michigan

Abstract This paper explores the thesis that the relationship between business and government in capitalist societies is complex, is variable over time, and is contingent on cultural understandings of the proper role of government in society. The relationship is complex because it involves three components. First, business (more broadly, the economy) supplies resources for government. Second, economic changes, including changes in business organization, spawn changes in public policy, not all of which are favorable to business. Finally, business leaders and government officials are caught up in a bidirectional lobbying situation. These linkages are studied in one specific situation, the relationship between the automotive industry and state government in Michigan. Both quantitative and impressionistic evidence indicate that the relative power of business has changed over the last quarter-century. Moreover, the course of the interaction has been influenced by the open, progressive political culture established prior to the industrial revolution in Michigan. Finally, tentative suggestions for incorporating a contingent and variable relationship into models of the interaction between the polity and the economy are made.
Fetal metabolic response to experimental placental vascular damage

The fetal metabolic response to repetitive placental damage, produced by microsphere embolization of the uteroplacental circulation, was examined longitudinally in eight singleton fetal lambs and compared with similar data from seven controls. Significant morphometric fetal growth retardation was associated with an abrupt cessation of the normal increases in oxygen, glucose, and lactate uptake observed in the control animals. However, fetal blood levels and umbilical substrate quotients did not change. At the time of sacrifice, fetal oxidative metabolic rate was reduced significantly. The significance of these findings relative to intact fetal survival is discussed.
An Active Contour Model without Edges

In this paper, we propose a new model for active contours to detect objects in a given image, based on techniques of curve evolution, Mumford-Shah functional for segmentation and level sets. Our model can detect objects whose boundaries are not necessarily defined by gradient. The model is a combination between more classical active contour models using mean curvature motion techniques, and the Mumford-Shah model for segmentation. We minimize an energy which can be seen as a particular case of the so-called minimal partition problem. In the level set formulation, the problem becomes a "mean-curvature flow"-like evolving the active contour, which will stop on the desired boundary. However, the stopping term does not depend on the gradient of the image, as in the classical active contour models, but is instead related to a particular segmentation of the image. Finally, we will present various experimental results and in particular some examples for which the classical snakes methods based on the gradient are not applicable.
ON NETWORK STRUCTURE FUNCTION COMPUTATIONS

Some mathematical problems involving the asymptotic analysis of rooted random tree graphs and branching patterns for large numbers of vertices are described. The motivation comes from applications to hydrology and geomorphology in which one seeks formulae for the average behavior of various contours (level sets) associated with river networks and which depend on only a few large scale parameters. While this paper is mainly an overview, a new formula is derived in a special case as an illustration. Scaling problems and connections with Aldous’s new theory of “self-similar”continuum random trees are noted.
La Iniciativa de los Estados Unidos para la Cuenca del Caribe

Proporciona los antecedentes economicos y sociopoliticos, objetivos y logros de la Iniciativa de los Estados Unidos para la Cuenca del Caribe.
Sentence Processing within the Competition Model

The Competition Model was developed to account for sentence processing as well as language acquisition (MacWhinney & Bates, 1989). Based on lexical functionalism, the model assumes that language processing is an interactive process of form-function mappings mediated by competition and cooperation among lexical items. It also draws on connectionist modeling, and thus stresses the importance of frequency and the information value of linguistic input. The purpose of this paper is to review the Competition Model through a brief discussion of its main principles and empirical studies. The first part of the paper briefly reviews two major theoretical approaches in sentence processing research. In the next section, the Competition Model is presented with its theoretical background, principles, and predictions. Then, empirical studies investigating sentence processing within the model will be discussed. Finally, the paper will conclude with a discussion of methodological issues.
Stack and Mechanical System Effects on Dispersion of Biological Agents in a Tall Building

Multizone network airflow analysis is used to analyze stack and mechanical system effects on the distribution of three representative biological agents in a prototype 40 story building. This approach relies on mass balances to compute airflow and contaminant transfer between the building zones. The analysis considers stack effects caused by cold outdoor temperatures, unintended positive and negative pressurization of the floor on which the release of the agent occurs, and three levels of contaminant removal using a combination filter/UVGI system. The results show that vertical shafts, such as stairwells and elevator shafts provide significant routes for contaminant transfer between floors, even when these floors are served by different air handling systems. Because the air moving through these pathways does not pass through an air handling system, this type of transport is not as easily reduced by filtering. However, commercially available filters were able to reduce contaminant concentrations substantially in zones that receive contaminants primarily due to recirculation through the air handling system.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Growth of Chicks as Influenced by Degree of Confinement and Level of Feed Intake

Abstract JULL and Titus (1928) related growth to feed consumption in cross bred progeny of Barred Plymouth Rock females mated to Rhode Island Red males. The chicks were fed by lot but were weighed individually so that variation within lots could be determined. They reported coefficients of variation in weights on the order of 10–12% of the mean. These writers commented on the difficulty of explaining the differences between the theoretical live weights attainable by 4 lots of chicks which received the same feed and treatment during the trial. Duplicate lots of males and females were fed in parallel brooders and later in pens, and yet mean interval weights varied consistently. This was explained by differences in feed intakes so that feed conversion values were about the same. In another paper Titus and Jull (1928) compared the growth rates of cockerels, capons and pullets up to 26 weeks. Under their conditions …
Teaching Algebraic Expressions to Young Students: The Three‐day Journey of “a+ 2”

This classroom scholarship report is based on the teaching experience using Davydov's mathematics curriculum, which was developed in the former Soviet Union. While “from arithmetic to algebra” is the normally accepted instructional sequence in school mathematics, Davydov's curriculum is laid out “from algebra to arithmetic,” focusing on algebraic thinking from the very beginning of the elementary grades. The purpose of this report is not to provide a definitive conclusion about which curriculum or sequence is better nor to address which instructional strategy is right in all circumstances. Rather, it is to explore how primary grade students develop their own conceptual understanding while confronting difficulties met within a specific context. This report provides actual classroom episodes from working with a group of first graders and describes dynamic interactions between the teacher and children while they discuss the use of algebraic expressions and understand the meaning behind them.
Proximity effect: the role of out-of-plane bending modes in radiationless transitions

Abstract The quantum statistical approach to relaxation processes is employed in an investigation of the role of vibronic interactions in radiationless transitions. The results indicate that vibronically active out-of-plane vibrations can be the dominant accepting modes in molecules with close-lying nπ * and ππ * states.
Long-term impact of laparoscopic cyst decortication on renal function, hypertension and pain control in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease.

Purpose: Cyst proliferation in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease is associated with renal failure, hypertension and pain. We examined the long-term impact of laparoscopic cyst decortication on renal function, hypertension and pain control in patients with adult dominant polycystic kidney disease presenting with refractory pain.Materials and Methods: Between 1994 and 2003, 37 patients with adult dominant polycystic kidney disease underwent laparoscopic cyst decortication at Barnes-Jewish Hospital. A total of 19 patients (4 male, 15 female) with at least 3-year followup were included in the study. Renal function was evaluated using the CKD-EPI (Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration) estimated glomerular filtration rate formula. End stage renal disease was defined as progression to transplant, dialysis or stage 5 chronic kidney disease. Hypertension was evaluated using the antihypertensive therapeutic index. Pain assessment was based primarily on a telephone questionnaire...
Ordered transcription of RNA tumor virus genomes.

Recent improvements in the reaction conditions have allowed a detailed characterization of the DNA products synthesized in vitro by the reverse transcriptase of RNA tumor viruses from the 70 S genome. We have investigated the size distribution of DNA products synthesized in vitro under different reaction conditions using both Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) and Moloney murine leukemia virus (M-MuLV). Analysis of the reaction products on polyacrylamide gels shows that the majority of DNA synthesized, especially at high concentrations of dNTPs, comprised a set of DNA chains of discrete length the longest of which cover a major fraction of the genome. The effect of varying the time of incubation was to increase the fraction of the total DNA in longer chains. However, small DNA chains less than 200 nucleotides long were still abundant after 500 minutes. By varying which of the four dNTPs was at low concentration we revealed two classes of DNA fragments of discrete length, those present regardless of which dNTP was at low concentration (structural stops) and those which were made only when a specific dNTP was at a low concentration (sequence stops). A strong structural stop which gave a fragment 135 nucleotides long (M-MuLV) or 100 nucleotides long (RSV) comprised more than half of the population of DNA molecules even at the highest dNTP concentrations. The DNA products of the endogenous and exogenous (reconstructed) reactions were identical. The DNA chains of discrete length were initiated with a tRNA (tRNA^(Trp) RSV, tRNA^(Pro) M-MuLV). The DNA fragments of both RSV and M-MuLV have a common initiation sequence. We have sequenced the first 18 nucleotides of M-MuLV. The initial sequences of RSV (AATGAAGC) and M-MuLV (AATGAAAGA) are remarkably similar suggesting a common evolutionary ancestry. We analyzed the pyrimidine tracts of DNA chains of increasing length by electrophoresis followed by homochromatography. The pyrimidine tracts of the shorter pieces form a subset of the pyrimidine tracts of the longer pieces. These data demonstrate that the in vitro products of discrete length were initiated with a tRNA primer at a unique site along the 35 S genome and grew by linear extension.
Ghost Fishing by Blue Crab Traps

Abstract Ghost fishing by abandoned or lost traps for blue crab Callinectes sapidus was evaluated experimentally in the Timbalier Bay estuary, Louisiana. An average of 12.8 blue crabs per trap were captured by the initial baiting, and an additional 34.9 blue crabs later entered each subsequently unbaited trap; of the total captured, 25.8 died and 21.7 escaped per trap. The turnover of blue crabs was fairly rapid; two-thirds of blue crabs entering the trap either died or escaped within 2 weeks, The number of blue crabs per trap varied seasonally and was a function of the comparative rates of ingress, mortality, and escapement. Small blue crabs ( 140 mm) tended to remain in the traps and eventually die. Management measures to ameliorate the adverse effect of ghost fishing on the blue crab resource include escape vents and biodegradable panels.
Surgical techniques for nonseminomatous germ cell tumors metastatic to the lung

NSGCT is a curable disease, even when metastases are present at the time of diagnosis. Surgery serves as adjuvant therapy to initial treatment with chemotherapy but complete resection of residual postchemotherapy disease plays a critical part in offering patients a long-term cure. A variety of surgical techniques and approaches are appropriate for pulmonary metastasectomy in this patient population, which can be accomplished with excellent results when the extent of disease and the patient's preoperative medical condition are carefully considered.
Comparison of MBARI Autonomous Underwater Mapping Results for ORION Monterey Accelerated Research System (MARS) and Neptune Canada

We present results from MBARI's two contrasting missions of MBARI's autonomous underwater mapping vehicle; the first in Monterey Canyon and the second in Barkley Canyon offshore Vancouver Island. The data requirements for both expeditions were similar, to confirm cable routing plans as part of the U.S. Ocean Observatory Initiative (OOI) and Neptune Canada project. The paper compares the data sets obtained by the MBARI mapping AUV. We also discuss how the various sonar and navigation subsystem technologies individually contributed. The paper then outlines how the AUV successfully accomplished the mission objectives by giving detailed technical and operational information with regarding to each mission's specific needs. Topics include aiding of AUV terrain following navigation using previously obtained ship based multibeam maps, operational and technical constraints of simultaneous data collection from the multibeam, subbottom, side scan, and Doppler velocity log (DVL) acoustic devices as well as surface aided navigation. Details of the resulting maps will be contrasted between the two regions contrasting the AUV high resolution processed data plots image with visually documented bottom and subbottom conditions. The paper concludes with analysis of the Monterey Canyon multibeam mapping data and the altered cable route and further contrasts those results with pending Barkley Canyon decisions for a southern bound cable extension.
Versatile methods for the fabrication of polyvinylidene fluoride microstructures

Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) microstructures are of interest for a number of BioMEMS applications both for their piezoelectric and biocompatible properties. In this work, simple soft lithography-based techniques were developed to fabricate PVDF microstructures with diverse geometries, including microarrays of pillars, lines, and wells. Four different microstructure configurations were created: freestanding, stamped discontinuous, stamped continuous and imprinted patterns. Features with lateral dimensions down to 1 μm were consistently reproduced on 2.5 cm diameter areas. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements of poled PVDF microstructures confirmed a marked inverse piezoelectric behavior. The techniques presented here have a number of advantages over previously demonstrated PVDF micropatterning approaches.
IMPLICATIONS OF GEOCHEMICAL AND GRAVITY DATA FOR THE NATURE OF STRATA BENEATH THE BLUE RIDGE-PIEDMONT THRUST SHEET, USA

Abstract The nature of the rock beneath the Blue Ridge-Piedmont (BRP) decollement is inferred from a combined geochemical and geophysical study of the Grandfather Mountain window (GMW). Gravity modeling and geochemistry show the GMW is probably underlain by a duplex of rift-related rocks and crystalline basement, rather than a duplex composed of carbonate rocks. Geochemical results suggest that some of the rocks beneath the present day GMW were near peak metamorphic temperatures at ≈ 300 Ma. This age for peak temperatures plus structural relations in the GMW are broadly consistent with the rocks and age of peak temperatures in the Pine Mountain terrane, where the BRP decollement is exposed. Comparison of the gravity profiles for the GMW with other BRP structural culminations suggest that they, too, are underlain by similar rocks. This model of a duplex of rift-related rocks and crystalline basement implies ≥ 40 km less shortening for the Southern Appalachians than the carbonate duplesx model.
A non-hybrid method for the PDF equations of turbulent flows on unstructured grids

In probability density function (PDF) methods of turbulent flows, the joint PDF of several flow variables is computed by numerically integrating a system of stochastic differential equations for Lagrangian particles. A set of parallel algorithms is proposed to provide an efficient solution of the PDF transport equation modeling the joint PDF of turbulent velocity, frequency and concentration of a passive scalar in geometrically complex configurations. In the vicinity of walls the flow is resolved by an elliptic relaxation technique down to the viscous sublayer, explicitly modeling the high anisotropy and inhomogeneity of the low-Reynolds-number wall region without damping or wall-functions. An unstructured Eulerian grid is employed to extract Eulerian statistics, to solve for quantities represented at fixed locations of the domain (i.e., the mean pressure and the elliptic relaxation tensor) and to track particles. All three aspects regarding the grid make use of the finite element method employing the simplest linear shapefunctions. To model the small-scale mixing of the transported scalar, the interaction by exchange with the conditional mean (IECM) model is adopted. An adaptive algorithm to compute the velocity-conditioned scalar mean is proposed that homogenizes the statistical error over the sample space with no assumption on the shape of the underlying velocity PDF. Compared to other hybrid particle-in-cell approaches for the PDF equations, the current methodology is consistent without the need for consistency conditions. The algorithm is tested by computing the dispersion of passive scalars released from concentrated sources in two different turbulent flows: the fully developed turbulent channel flow and a street canyon (or cavity) flow. Algorithmic details on estimating conditional and unconditional statistics, particle tracking and particle-number control are presented in detail. Relevant aspects of performance and parallelism on cache-based shared memory machines are discussed.
Survival Under Heat Stress of Lines Selected for Fast and Slow Growth at Two Temperatures

Abstract Two replicates of four lines of White Leghorn chickens previously selected for fast and slow gain from 5 to 9 weeks of age in a hot (32.2 C) and cold (21.1 C) selection environment were grown from 5 to 9 weeks in the hot and cold temperature environments and then subjected to high temperature stress at 40.6 C. Four different experiments were run. The percent mortality was analyzed when approximately 50% of the birds had died. Birds reared in the cold environment were heavier and consistently had higher mortality than those reared in the hot environment when both were subjected to acute heat stress (40.6 C). The importance of acclimation to mild heat stress on response to acute heat stress was demonstrated by the mortality difference. No significant differences in survival under heat stress were found between lines selected in the hot and the cold selection environments. Lines selected for fast growth had significantly higher mortality rates under high temperature stress than lines selected for slow growth in replicate 1 but not in replicate 2. Estimates of the genetic correlation between weight gain from 5 to 9 weeks of age and percent mortality under heat stress after two generations of selection in replicate 2 was −.004, and after three generations of selection in replicate 1 was +.076.
Stable oil-in-water emulsions: preparation and use as vaccine vehicles for lipophilic adjuvants.

Many of the most potent immunoadjuvants for inclusion in vaccines are extremely hydrophobic surfactants. Lipophilic vehicles are needed as carriers for these water-insoluble adjuvants and to provide the hydrophilic-hydrophobic interfacial surface at which they act. We used emulsifiers comprised of fatty acid esters of polyoxyethylene sorbitan (Tweens) or sorbitan (Spans) to prepare oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions of hexadecane. Emulsion stability could be predicted from a ratio of spectrophotometric absorbance readings at 800 and 400 nm but not from published hydrophilelipophile balance (HLB) values. Emulsions that were stable even after heating or freezing resulted when equal volumes of hexadecane and a 70:30 blend of Tween 80/Span 80(T80/S80) were mixed and then diluted with normal saline solution to the desired hexadecane concentration. This blend of monooleate esters has an HLB value of 11.8. Other Tween-Span formulations were mixed to yield emulsifiers with the same HLB value, but only those that contained either T80 or S80 were effective stabilizers. Instability resulted when both esters were derived from saturated fatty acids. Addition of bovine serum albumin (BSA) antigen to the oil phase of 5% hexadecane emulsions tended to destabilize the emulsions, especially at higher protein concentrations. The surface active adjuvant, hexadecylamine, increased emulsion stability. Highest antibody responses in mice were seen when BSA was added to the internal phase of emulsions, i.e., the oil phase of O/W emulsions and the aqueous phase of W/O (Freund's) emulsions. Addition of the hydrophilic T80 to the aqueous phase of O/W emulsions was detrimental to antibody production. In general, stability, oil concentration, and T80/S80 concentration of emulsions had little effect on IgG levels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
First-Order Phase Transitions in Renormalization-Group Theory

Conditions are given for the renormalization-group transformations of the Hamiltonian of a thermodynamic system which lead to a discontinuity in an order parameter.
Achievement and Level of Critical Thinking in CHEM Study and Traditional Chemistry

An experimental group of 104 students of CHEM Study chemistry were compared with a control group of 104 students of traditional chemistry. Differences in the dependent variables of achievement in chemistry and critical thinking were analyzed by analysis of covariance, and multiple classification analysis of variance. CHEM Study students achieved at a significantly higher level than traditional students. There was no signifi cant difference between treatment groups in level of critical thinking. There was no significant interaction between program, mental ability, and the dependent variables of achievement in chemistry and level of critical thinking. The conclusion that the CHEM Study approach is superior appears to be valid for all levels of mental ability usually found in high school chemistry classes. THE PERIOD of curriculum reform in second ary school science, including the development of the CHEM Study project, has been accompanied by widespread interest in improving evaluation techniques. This interest has resulted from the fact that educators have shown a traditional con cern with achievement in chemistry as an outcome of the CHEM Study approach. At the same time, educators have become increasingly concerned with critical thinking as an educational objective. Historically, the evaluation problem was brought into focus in a study reported by Hip sher (6). The study revealed that students taught traditional physics achieved at a significantly higher level than did students using a PSSC cur riculum. Publication of the study resulted in wide spread recognition of the fact that tests designed to measure achievement in terms of traditional objectives could not be used to meaningfully evaluate the new programs. As a result of this recognition, Rainey (8) studied achievement in chemistry utilizing both a conventional achievement test and the final test of the CHEM Study materials. Pye and Anderson (7) designed a 3-hour achievement examination formulated to evaluate students of CHEM Study, the Chemical Bond approach, and the conven tional approach. Herron (5) has provided an in teresting comparison of student performance in CHEM Study and conventional chemistry in
Pulmonary blood velocity patterns in an animal model of pulmonary hypertension

Relationships between pulmonary artery blood velocity patterns and elevated pulmonary artery pressure and resistance were studied in an animal model of chronic pulmonary hypertension. Monocrotaline pyrrole was injected into the right atria of 1-3-day-old lambs. The animals were subjected to an acute terminal study 4-6 weeks postinjection. Using an intraluminal 20-MHz pulsed Doppler probe, pulmonary blood velocity was measured at 2-mm intervals across the posterior-anterior axis, from which 2-D instantaneous velocity profiles were reconstructed and the characteristics of the waveforms examined. Preliminary computations indicate that the significant increase in pulmonary blood-flow reversal observed near the posterior wall in normal lambs with acute pulmonary hypertension created by hypoxia is not always present in animals with chronic pulmonary hypertension. However, the triangular shape of the waveform associated with pulmonary hypertension is apparent in all studies, and the maximum value of the ratio of reverse flow to forward flow calculated by sampling site correlated significantly with both pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance. >
The E asteroids and the origin of the enstatite achondrites

Color, polarization, and albedo data are summarized for the three known minor planets of optical type E: 44 Nysa, 64 Angelina, and 434 Hungaria. The inventory of E asteroids with dimensions in excess of 50 km is shown to be essentially complete. The surfaces of the E objects evidently consist of colorless translucent iron-free silicates such as plagioclase, forsterite, or enstatite. Their possible identification as the source of enstatite achondrites is consistent with laboratory polarimetry of the Norton County aubrite. Both Nysa and Hungaria seem to be rather favorably situated for the production of meteorites. Nysa has a highly aspherical shape and is dynamically associated with the metal-rich asteroid 135 Hertha and several small objects also apparently of the metal-depleted E type. The configuration is suggestive of the fragments of a differentiated parent body, in which Hertha originated as the iron core and Nysa as the largest surviving mantle fragment. The relative volumes, however, are not consistent with simple igneous differentiation from a chondritic composition.
Thiacrown PtII complexes with group 15 donor ligands: pentacoordination in Pt(II) complexes

We report the synthesis and full characterization for a series of thiacrown complexes of Pt(II) incorporating the fluxional trithiacrown ligand 1,4,7-trithiacyclononane ([9]aneS3) and several group 15 donors ligands. Reaction of [Pt([9]aneS3)Cl2] with a full stoichiometric equivalent of the group 15 donor (L = 2 × AsPh3, SbPh3 or 1,2-bis(diphenylarsenio) ethane (dpae) followed by metathesis with NH4PF6 yields [Pt([9]aneS3)L](PF6)2. We also report the analogous Pd(II) complex with dpae. Similar reactions of the starting Pt complex with one equivalent of XPh3 (X = As or Sb) result in complexes of the formula [Pt([9]aneS3)(XPh3)(Cl)](PF6). All six new complexes have been fully characterized by multinuclear NMR, IR, and UV-Vis spectroscopies in addition to elemental analysis and single crystal structural determinations. The X-ray structures of each complex indicate an axial M–S interaction formed by the endodentate conformation of the [9]aneS3 ligand. The axial M–S distance is highly dependent upon the ancillary donor set. The axial M–S distance shortens with the identity of the group 15 donor ligand according to the trend, Sb < As < P, due to their increasingly poorer donor qualities. The two bis pnictogen complexes, [Pt([9]aneS3)(AsPh3)2](PF6)2 and [Pt([9]aneS3)(SbPh3)2](PF6)2 form unusual five-coordinate distorted trigonal bipyramids in contrast to the pseudo-five coordinate, elongated square pyramidal structures typically observed in Pt(II) complexes of [9]aneS3. The distortion arises from intramolecular π–π interactions between the phenyl rings on the two different triphenyl ligands. Chemical shifts in the 195Pt NMR also show similar periodic relationships which trend progressively upfield as the donor atom becomes larger. As expected, the coordinated [9]aneS3 ligand shows fluxional behavior in its NMR spectra, resulting in a single 13C NMR resonance, despite the asymmetric coordination environment found in both chloro complexes. The line width for the carbon NMR resonance as well as for the 195Pt NMR peak is highly sensitive to the nature of the group 15 donor, with poorer donors such as SbPh3 showing significant line broadening. Measurements from the electronic spectra support that the ligand field strength of the pnictogen donor decreases with its increasing size.
The Spatial Block Stability Test in Variable Angles and Safety Evaluation

Joints information in specific rocky slope free face could be collected by modern untouched measure technology in engineering. Possible key blocks are displayed after system analysis. Experiment spatial blocks and structural planes dimensional angles can be changed with the variable angle space test platform, lead to reaching the target that position of spatial blocks are simulated, which suggests the secure stability of spatial blocks. Least square data fitting method is used according to experiment data-the two slide angles and failed mode. Security assessment is proposed and numerical method is applied to testify the experiment results.
The Role of Forests in Witte's Industrialization Drive

Russia's forests played a crucial role in the industrialization drive that Minister of Finance Sergei Witte led beginning in 1892. While most histories of Imperial Russian industrialization understandably concentrate on heavy industry, railroads, and coal, the main focii of Witte's industrial policy and rhetoric, 1 this essay argues that forests contributed crucial sources of income and industrial fuel for Witte's campaign while providing the material for the expansion of a distinct forest industrial sector. The forest income of the Ministry of State Domains became a growing source of revenue for a government that needed all the money it could get as it financed railroad construction to propel heavy industry through a period of rapid growth. Forests also provided charcoal and fuel wood for industrial and non-industrial consumption throughout the 1890s. Wood provided all or most of the fuel for Urals metallurgy, the textile industry, still Russia's largest, and a growing forest industrial sector. Forests even helped satisfy the fuel demands of the showcase areas of rapid industrialization, the railroads and southern metallurgy. This essay demonstrates that the rate at which timber was being felled outstripped forest exports and population growth. It argues that industrial consumption of wood fuel, including charcoal, spurred the development of a timber industry which was to remain in place to satisfy the steep increase in forest exports during the second industrialization spurt before 1914. Forests' importance to Russia's industrialization should not be ignored.
The influence of varied microbial substrate conditions on the growth and mycorrhizal colonization of little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash

summary To determine the response of little bluestem [Schizachyrlum scoparium (Michx.) Nash] to vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi, various microbial populations, and interactions between VAM fungi and other microbes, plants were grown in three substrates: autoclaved soil, autoclaved soil to which VAM fungal-free sievings of non-autoclaved soil were added, and non-autoclaved soil. Mycorrhizal plants were established in autoclaved soil and in autoclaved soil receiving sievings by using little bluestem root pieces that were Clorox-treated for 9 or 17 s as a source of VAM fungal inoculum. Exposure of root pieces to a 0-5 % solution of sodium hypochlorite (Clorox) for 13–23 s, surface-sterilizes the roots, but it does not destroy viable internal VAM fungi. Control plants were grown in substrates receiving autoclaved root pieces. Plants grown in the autoclaved substrates had greater total biomass than plants grown in non-autoclaved soil. Inoculum type (autoclaved or surface sterilized root pieces) or addition of sievings had no effect on any growth parameter for plants grown in autoclaved soil. Mycorrhizal plants grown in the autoclaved substrate, not receiving sievings had higher tissue concentrations of P, Ca, S, Zn, Mn, and Fe than non-mycorrhizal plants grown in the same substrate. However, mycorrhizal plants did not produce more biomass than non-mycorrhizal plants in autoclaved substrates. Differences observed between plants grown in the autoclaved and non-autoclaved substrates are most likely attributable to greater nutrient availability of autoclaved substrates. The type of inoculum used and substrate conditions had negligible effects on rhizoplane and soil microbial populations. These included rhizoplane fungi and bacteria and selected functional groups of rhizoplane microbes (cellulose, chitin, and protein decomposers).
Computational micromechanics analysis of cyclic crack-tip behavior for microstructurally small cracks in dual-phase Al–Si alloys

Abstract Cracks were simulated to grow through the Al-rich matrix and around silicon particles. The results showed that as the crack approached the particle, the maximum plastic shear strain range at the crack-tip reduced due to the blockage mechanism proposed by microstructural fracture mechanics. However, as the crack advanced even nearer to the particle, the plastic shear strain range increased rapidly. The latter has been interpreted in terms of geometrically necessary dislocation plasticity. Although the crack-tip opening displacement (CTOD) for a long initial crack length was much greater than that of an initially short crack, once both cracks engaged 2–3 silicon particles, the difference in CTOD was reduced; and they followed a common retardation pattern. This phenomenon has been explained by the strong shielding effects of particle clusters on the fatigue crack propagation. These results offered additional insight into commonly observed small crack behavior.
3-Deazauridine: Inhibition of Ribonucleic Acid Virus-Induced Cytopathogenic Effects In Vitro

3-Deazauridine, a synthetic analogue of uridine and a potential antitumor agent, was found to possess antiviral activity against a number of ribonucleic acid-containing animal viruses in mammalian cell culture. Inhibition of virus-induced cytopathogenic effects by 3-deazauridine was observed in cells infected with rhinovirus types 1A and 13, coxsackievirus type A21, and PR-8 influenza virus, but not in cells infected with poliovirus type 2 or echovirus type 12. The extracellular yield of progeny influenza virus was found to be significantly reduced in titer in 3-deazauridine-treated Madin-Darby canine kidney cell cultures at 12 to 24 hr after infection. Although the precise biochemical mechanism of action of this antimetabolite9s antiviral activity is not known, the compound does not appear to exert a direct virucidal effect on the influenza virion itself.
Structural differentiation of isomeric N-oxides

The recently reported photochemical isomerization of 1-(2-pyridyl)benzotriazole 3-oxide to the 2-oxide created a need for a method of distinguishing between the structural isomers. Nmr experiments using Eu(fod)3 established the position of the oxygen atoms and also yielded convincing evidence regarding attachment of the lanthanide shift reagent to these multi-functional compounds. Double irradiation experiments were used to resolve the structural problem while shift gradient considerations led to probable sites of coordination.
Quadratic encoding of optimized humanoid walking

In this paper we show that optimal stepping trajectories and trajectory cost for a walking biped robot on rough terrain can be encoded as simple quadratic functions of initial state and footstep sequence. In order to find this encoding, we build a database of optimal walking trajectories for a 3D humanoid model by sampling the input space (initial state and footstep sequence) and solving a physically-based trajectory optimization problem for each sample. Then, the function coefficients are obtained by fitting the data using least squares. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated by comparing the function values with other optimal walking motion data generated with different footstep samples. As an application, we use a quadratic function to calculate the effort cost used in finding an optimal footstep sequence with an A* algorithm. Our study shows that a simple function can encode optimal walking effectively, which provides a fast alternative to online optimization of walking with full body dynamics.
Signaling Cascades Regulating NMDA Receptor Sensitivity to Ethanol

One of the major targets for ethanol (alcohol) in the brain is the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, a glutamate-gated ion channel. Intriguingly, the effects of ethanol on the NMDA receptor are not homogeneous throughout the brain. This review focuses on recent studies revealing molecular mechanisms that mediate the actions of ethanol on the NMDA receptor in different brain regions via changes in NMDA receptor phosphorylation and compartmentalization. Specifically, the role of the scaffolding protein RACK1 and the regulatory protein DARPP-32 in mediating the distinct effects of ethanol is presented.
Patriarchal Policing of Sex in the Early United States

On the eve of the American Revolution, Benjamin Franklin published a satire instructing the British on humbling their American vassals. The British could castrate American males, thereby reducing American population growth. The logistics were simple: “Let a company of sow-gelders, consisting of 100 men, accompany the army. On their arrival at any town or village, let orders be given that on their blowing of the horn all the males be assembled in the market place. If the corps are men of skill and ability in their profession, they will make great dispatch, and retard but very little the progress of the army” (Franklin 1987, 718). Satire aside, Franklin's generation believed that sex and reproduction had a significant impact on the independence, strength, and durability of nations.
Epidermal growth factor and phorbol ester regulate prolactin gene expression via distinct pathways

Previous studies, involving phosphorylation of cytoplasmic proteins and localization of DNA regulatory elements, have suggested that epidermal growth factor (EGF) and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) have similar actions on prolactin (PRL) gene expression by pituitary (GH) cells. However, little is presently known about whether the actions of these two factors involve common gene-distal intermediates. In the present study, we have employed two approaches to examine this question. Chronic exposure of GH3 cells to TPA, which strongly down-regulates protein kinase C activity, completely inhibited acute TPA stimulation of transient expression of a transfected PRL promoter construct ((-187)PRL-CAT), but did not inhibit EGF stimulation of either accumulation of endogenous PRL mRNA or of expression of (−187)PRL-CAT. Furthermore, the acute stimulatory effects of EGF and TPA on expression of (−187)PRL-CAT were additive. Each of these observations implies that EGF and TPA have gene-distal actions on PRL gene expression that are at least partially non-overlapping.
Cell-type-dependent access of HSF1 and HSF4 to αB-crystallin promoter during heat shock

Epithelial cells and fibroblasts both express heat shock transcription factors, HSF1 and HSF4, yet they respond to heat shock differentially. For example, while HSP70 is induced in both cell types, the small heat shock protein, αB-crystallin gene (CRYAB) that contains a canonical heat shock promoter, is only induced in fibroblasts. A canonical heat shock promoter contains three or more inverted repeats of the pentanucleotide 5′-nGAAn-3′ that make the heat shock element. It is known that, in vitro, promoter architecture (the order and spacing of these repeats) impacts the interaction of various heat shock transcription factors (HSFs) with the heat shock promoter, but in vivo relevance of these binding preferences so far as the expression is concerned is poorly understood. In this report, we first establish cell-type-dependent differential expression of CRYAB in four established cell lines and then working with adult human retinal pigment epithelial cells and NIH3T3 fibroblasts and employing chromatin immunoprecipitation, attempt to relate expression to promoter occupancy by HSF1 and HSF4. We show that HSF4 occupies only CRYAB and not HSP70 promoter in epithelial cells, while HSF1 occupies only HSP70 promoter in both cell types, and cryab promoter, only in heat shocked fibroblasts; HSF4, on the other hand, is never seen on these two promoters in NIH3T3 fibroblasts. This comparative analysis with CRYAB and HSP70 demonstrates that differential heat shock response is controlled by cell-type-dependent access of HSFs (HSF1 and HSF4) to specific promoters, independent of the promoter architecture.
Relapsed hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma heralded by a solitary skin nodule

Hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma (HSTL) represents a rare form of peripheral T-cell lymphoma composed of lymphocytes that typically express the γδ T-cell receptor. This form of lymphoma rarely involves the skin. We report the case of a 23-year-old man with a history of HSTL that was presumed to be in remission who presented with a solitary cutaneous nodule. Skin biopsy showed an atypical lymphocytic infiltrate arranged in a perivascular and periappendageal pattern with associated vacuolar epidermal interface change. The constituent T cells expressed CD2, CD3, CD7, CD8, β-F1, γδ T-cell receptor, Tia-1 and granzyme B. The cells lacked the expression of CD4, CD5 and CD56. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) showed a characteristic chromosomal abnormality, namely isochromosome 7q, which confirmed the diagnosis of cutaneous HSTL. On restaging his disease, widespread progression was noted. To our knowledge, this report provides the first detailed account of cutaneous involvement by HSTL. We show the novel utility of FISH to identify isochromosome 7q in the lesional skin of HSTL patients.
Subclavian Artery Bypass Using Superficial Femoral Vein. A Case Report

The authors report the use of reversed superficial femoral vein (SFV) as an interposition graft in the subclavian artery following the exclusion of an aneurysm in a patient with compression of the artery at the thoracic outlet. SFV was easy to harvest and handle and provided an ideal size match with the subclavian and axillary arteries. The patient has no complaints in the upper limb 12 months following the procedure, and there have been no complications in the donor leg. SFV appears to be an ideal conduit for subclavian artery bypass procedures. The authors conclude that the use of SFV should be extended to include subclavian artery revascularization and repair.
High-density plasma etch selectivity for the III–V nitrides

Abstract High-density plasma etching has been an effective patterning technique for the group-III nitrides due to ion fluxes which are 2–4 orders of magnitude higher than more conventional reactive ion etch (RIE) systems. GaN etch rates exceeding 0.68 μ m/min have been reported in Cl 2 /H 2 /Ar inductively coupled plasmas (ICP) at −280 V dc-bias. Under these conditions, the etch mechanism is dominated by ion bombardment energies which can induce damage and minimize etch selectivity. High selectivity etch processes are often necessary for heterostructure devices which are becoming more prominent as growth techniques improve. In this study, we will report high-density ICP etch rates and selectivities for GaN, AlN, and InN as a function of plasma chemistry, cathode rf-power, ICP-source power, and chamber pressure. GaN:AlN selectivities >8:1 were observed in a Cl 2 /Ar plasma at 10 mTorr pressure, 500 W ICP-source power, and 130 W cathode rf-power, while the GaN:InN selectivity was optimized at ∼6.5:1 at 5 mTorr, 500 W ICP-source power, and 130 W cathode rf-power.