cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
1937–1938. “Complementarity and Causality” and “The Causality Problem in Atomic Physics” (The Warsaw Lecture): The Knowable and the Unthinkable

This chapter considers Bohr’s ultimate interpretation of quantum phenomena and quantum mechanics in terms of (in addition to complementarity) his concepts of phenomena and atomicity, defined by the effects of the interactions between quantum objects and measuring instruments, effects observed in these instruments. At the same time, quantum objects themselves and their behavior are placed beyond not only description but also any conception we can form. This view of the situation also entails a particular understanding of probability, to be discussed in this chapter as well. I proceed as follows. After a brief introduction, offered in this section, Sect. 9.2 considers the ultimate version of Bohr’s interpretation, as defined by the concepts of phenomena and atomicity. Section 9.3 is a discussion of quantum probability from the perspective of this interpretation. It includes a discussion of Einstein’s arguments concerning the incompleteness of quantum mechanics as, in his view, only a statistical theory of ensembles rather than a theory describing individual quantum processes. I conclude with a postscript on possible applications of Bohr’s concept of complementary and his epistemology beyond physics.
The effects of cage color and light intensity on rat affect during heterospecific play

Abstract Environmental enrichment provides physiological and emotional benefits to laboratory rodents. Red tinted shelters are a common enrichment found in laboratories that provide rodents with a hiding space shielded from bright light. Red tinting alters the light’s spectral make-up which reduces the amount of blue-green wavelengths while also reducing overall light intensity. However, it is unknown if red tinting has behavioral affects. Heterospecific play, or “rat tickling,” is a technique that mimics aspects of rat rough-and-tumble play and elicits 50-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs). These USVs are indicative of positive affect and reward in rats, which could be used to evaluate the impact of environmental enrichment. Our objective was to determine the effect of housing rats in different cage colors (red or clear) and light intensities (25 or 200 lx) on USV production during tickling. Long Evans and CD rats (N = 48) were born, raised, and tickled in a randomly assigned caging treatment: red 200 lx, red 25 lx, clear 200 lx, or clear 25 lx. Rats were co-housed at weaning into same sex pairs (1 Long Evans, 1 CD). Rats were tickled for seven days and then once weekly for 10 weeks total. Recordings of USVs were made during each session and data were analyzed using general linear models. Our results showed an interaction effect between cage color and light intensity. For our primary outcome of 50-kHz USVs during weekly tickling sessions, rats produced more 50-kHz USVs in red 200 lx cages than in either clear 200 lx cages or red 25 lx cages (p’s In conclusion, our results indicate that the environment rats are raised, housed, and tickled in – specifically light intensity and spectral make-up - as influenced by cage color – significantly impacts rat positive affect. This conclusion is based on increased 50-kHz USV production during tickling in red 200 lx cage and clear 25 lx caging. It appears that at high light intensity, red caging results in the most positive affect. Conversely, at low light intensity clear caging results in the most positive affect. Overall, our results support the importance of reporting and considering environmental variables on positive affect as assessed via tickling.
Modeling and simulation of wind-farm flows

The subject of this chapter is the modeling and simulation of the flow through full wind farms, also known as wind plants, which are collections of many wind turbines within a region working together to supply power to the grid like any other type of power plant. This topic is interesting and exciting because of the increasing variety of and uses for wind plant flow modeling and simulation. For example, Figure 6.1 shows the computed flow field from a high-fidelity simulation of the Lillgrund offshore wind farm using computational fl uid dynamics (CFD) with large-eddy simulation (LES) turbulence modeling and actuator line rotor aerodynamics models. There are many ways to model this type of flow, ranging from very simple models of wind turbine wakes and their interactions that can run in a matter of seconds on a laptop to high-fidelity, turbulence -resolving LES of the atmospheric flow and wakes that require days of use of thousands of cores on a high-performance computing cluster. The uses of wind plant flow simulations are equally varied. Wind plant layout designers run hundreds or thousands of simulations over all possible wind directions and speeds using simple models to predict a future wind plant's annual energy production. Researchers use LESs of the wind plant to study phenomena such as wind turbine wake interactions with each other and with the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL). As computational resources become more readily available, it is even becoming common for turbine manufacturers to use CFD of some form to model wind plants in complex terrain to help in the wind turbine siting and selection process. We are beginning to see the expensive, high-fidelity tools being used to create data and knowledge that improves or enables the creation of new cheaper, lower fidelity tools. We are also beginning to see the low- and high-fidelity tools used together to perform uncertainty quantification of energy estimates and optimization of wind plant layouts. As new computing technologies mature, such as graphics processing unit (GPU)-based computing, the future of full wind plant flow modeling is exciting.
Follow the Leader?: Optimism and Efficacy on Solo Journalism of Local Television Journalists and News Directors

This research article examined the perception of reporters and news managers at local television stations in the United States regarding “solo journalism.” Solo journalism is the work practice in w...
Higher Waitlist Mortality in Pediatric Acute-on-chronic Liver Failure in the UNOS Database.

OBJECTIVES Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF), whereas increasingly well-defined in adults, has been poorly characterized in pediatric patients other than having a poor prognosis. This study aimed to identify ACLF and evaluate prognosis in the American pediatric population. METHODS Modified ACLF definitions (p-CLIF) were applied to 11,300 children listed for liver transplantation from March 2002 through 2017 in the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN) database. RESULTS Pediatric ACLF patients have greater mortality within 90 days from listing (46.6% by p-CLIF) than other types of failure (<30%), including acute liver failure, as well as greater mortality within the first 30 and 90 days after transplantation than all other types of liver failure, but do not have increased mortality rates relative to other groups between 90 and 365 days from transplant. Although some ACLF listings also received 1B status, ACLF mortality at 90 days was greater than the general 1B population (50 vs 29.4%). Model for End-Stage Liver Disease/Pediatric End-Stage Liver Disease scores of ACLF patients are lower than 1B listings, and do not predict waitlist or posttransplant death. Greater number of organ failures does correlate with increased mortality. Biliary atresia is the leading etiology of pediatric chronic liver disease, accounting for over 30% of chronic and 45% of ACLF listings, yet is protective against mortality (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.142 for ACLF). Receiving exception approval is independently but similarly protective in ACLF (HR = 0.145). CONCLUSIONS These findings pose a challenge for allocation decisions but indicate greater attention to ACLF is needed, as scoring systems may not capture these children's risk of early death, which appears to currently be mitigated by exceptions. Multicenter, clinical, preferably prospective study of ACLF is necessary to determine how to prioritize ACLF relative to other liver failure types to address its relatively higher early mortality.
Early Changes to Neurosurgery Resident Training During the COVID-19 Pandemic at a Large U.S. Academic Medical Center.

BACKGROUND: The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has led to sweeping changes in residency programs across the world, including cancellation of elective cases. The effects of safety measures on neurosurgical training remain unclear. To understand how neurosurgical residents have been affected, we analyzed the operative experience in the months leading up to and during the pandemic. METHODS: The resident and institutional case totals were tallied for a single residency program in Miami-Dade County from January 1, 2019 to June 30, 2020. A matched cohort analysis was performed before and during the pandemic to assess the effects on resident surgical training. RESULTS: The case totals for all levels of training were lower when restrictions were placed on elective surgeries. An average of 11 cases was logged in April 2020, a decrease from 26 cases in April 2019 (95% confidence interval, 8.7-22; P < 0.01). An average of 20 cases was logged in May 2020, a decrease from 25 cases in May 2019 (95% confidence interval, 1.2-8.8; P = 0.01). In April and May 2020, 299 (66%) and 148 (50%) fewer cases had been performed at our institution compared with April and May 2109. CONCLUSIONS: Operative experience was reduced for residents during the months when the performance of elective cases was restricted. Our data suggest experience in some areas of neurosurgery were more affected than were others, and residents at different levels of training were also affected differently. However, the extent of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic on neurosurgical training is unlikely to be understood in the short term.
Asset Price Bubbles

Market lore recounts a host of fabled asset price bubbles: the Dutch tulip bubble of the 1630s, the South Sea and Mississippi bubbles of 1720, the dot-com bubble of the late 1990s, and the global real estate bubble of the mid-2000s. One survey reported the occurrence of some 60 bubbles since the 17th century. Despite their apparent prevalence, asset price bubbles are a challenging theoretical and empirical concept. The aims of this note are to: explore the concept of an asset price bubble; consider some tell-tale signs of a bubble from the standpoints of economic theory, empirical research, and market lore; survey evidence about the existence of bubbles; summarize theories about the causes of bubbles—especially the apparent irrationality of bubbles and the behavior of rational sophisticated investors in buying into them; and finally, highlight some of the regulatory dilemmas that bubbles present. Although the existence of the occasional asset price bubble may seem obvious to the casual observer, this note explains why bubbles are hard to identify and challenging to trade upon. Excerpt UVA-F-1919 Nov. 7, 2019 Asset Price Bubbles Market lore recounts a host of fabled asset price bubbles: the Dutch tulip bubble of the 1630s, the South Sea and Mississippi bubbles of 1720, the dot-com bubble of the late 1990s, and the global real estate bubble of the mid-2000s. One survey reported the occurrence of some 60 bubbles since the 17th century. Despite their apparent prevalence, asset price bubbles are a challenging theoretical and empirical concept. The aims of this note are to: Explore the concept of an asset price bubble. Consider some tell-tale signs of a bubble from the standpoints of economic theory, empirical research, and market lore. . . .
Practical Bayesian modeling and inference for massive spatial data sets on modest computing environments

Author(s): Zhang, Lu; Datta, Abhirup; Banerjee, Sudipto | Abstract: With continued advances in Geographic Information Systems and related computationaltechnologies, statisticians are often required to analyze very large spatialdatasets. This has generated substantial interest over the last decade, already toovast to be summarized here, in scalable methodologies for analyzing large spatialdatasets. Scalable spatial process models have been found especially attractive dueto their richness and flexibility and, particularly so in the Bayesian paradigm, due totheir presence in hierarchical model settings. However, the vast majority of researcharticles present in this domain have been geared toward innovative theory or morecomplex model development.Very limited attention has been accorded to approachesfor easily implementable scalable hierarchical models for the practicing scientist orspatial analyst. This article devises massively scalable Bayesian approaches that canrapidly deliver inference on spatial process that are practically indistinguishable frominference obtained using more expensive alternatives. A key emphasis is on implementationwithin very standard (modest) computing environments (e.g., a standarddesktop or laptop) using easily available statistical software packages without requiringmessage-parsing interfaces or parallel programming paradigms. Key insights areoffered regarding assumptions and approximations concerning practical efficiency.
Crossing cultural borders: results of an intervention on community college biology students' understanding and acceptance of evolution

Evolution is an essential underlying concept in biology. Previous research demonstrates that many obstacles exist that prevent successful teaching and learning about evolution. This research study ...
Impact of a Virtual Multidisciplinary Sarcoma Case Conference on Treatment Plan and Survival in a Large Integrated Healthcare System

PURPOSE:Quantifying the impact of a multidisciplinary cancer case conference on patient outcome and care quality remains challenging.PATIENTS AND METHODS:We prospectively investigated the impact of...
Full-Dimensional Schr\"odinger Wavefunction Calculations using Tensors and Quantum Computers: the Cartesian component-separated approach

Traditional methods in quantum chemistry rely on Hartree-Fock-based Slater-determinant (SD) representations, whose underlying zeroth-order picture assumes separability by particle. Here, we explore a radically different approach, based on separability by Cartesian component, rather than by particle [J. Chem. Phys., 2018, 148, 104101]. The approach appears to be very well suited for 3D grid-based methods in quantum chemistry, and thereby also for so-called "first-quantized" quantum computing. We first present an overview of the approach as implemented on classical computers, including numerical results that justify performance claims. In particular, we perform numerical calculations with four explicit electrons that are equivalent to full-CI matrix diagonalization with nearly $10^{15}$ SDs. We then present an implementation for quantum computers, for which both the number of qubits, and the number of quantum gates, may be substantially reduced in comparison with other quantum circuitry that has been envisioned for implementing first-quantized "quantum computational chemistry" (QCC).
A Case Study of Undergraduates’ Proving Behaviors and Uses of Visual Representations in Identification of Key Ideas in Topology

Visual representations, such as diagrams, are known to be valuable tools in problem solving and proof construction. However, previous studies have shown that simply having access to a diagram is not sufficient to improve students’ performance on mathematical tasks. Rather, students must actively extract information about the problem scenario from their diagrams for them to be useful. Furthermore, several studies have described the behaviors of mathematicians and students when solving problems and writing proofs, but few have discussed students’ behaviors in the context of proof writing in introductory point-set topology. We present a case study of an undergraduate, Stacey, enrolled in a general topology course. Throughout a semester, we presented Stacey with several proof-related tasks and examined how and why Stacey used diagrams when working on these tasks. Based on our analysis, we concluded that Stacey’s diagram creation and subsequent use during the construction of a given proof was an effort to identify the key idea of the proof. We describe Stacey’s overall proving behaviors through the lens of a problem-solving framework and present Stacey’s use of diagrams as an aid to discovering the key ideas of proofs in topology.
Rectal Glucocorticoid Use in Ulcerative Colitis

Rectal therapy has been accepted as copartnering with oral therapy in the management of mild to moderate ulcerative colitis. Rectal corticosteroid enemas have been used for over 50 years, yet experience favors topical 5-ASA as the more effective therapy. Safety issues include additional risk factors with prolonged topical corticosteroid use. Newer formulations using a first-pass metabolism feature (budesonide or beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP)) are worthwhile for short-term use only. Pouchitis offers a new challenge and is responsive to (topical) rectal budesonide in a limited experience.
Bending the Productivity Curve: Why America Leads the World in Medical Innovation

The health care issues commonly considered most important today — controlling costs and covering the uninsured — arguably should be regarded as secondary to innovation, inasmuch as a medical treatment must first be invented before its costs can be reduced and its use extended to everyone. To date, however, none of the most influential international comparisons have examined the contributions of various countries to the many advances that have improved the productivity of medicine over time. We hope this paper can help fill that void.In three of the four general categories of innovation examined in this paper — basic science, diagnostics, and therapeutics — the United States has contributed more than any other country, and in some cases, more than all other countries combined. In the last category, business models, we lack the data to say whether the United States has been more or less innovative than other nations; innovation in this area appears weak across nations. In general, Americans tend to receive more new treatments and pay more for them — a fact that is usually regarded as a fault of the American system. That interpretation, if not entirely wrong, is at least incomplete. Rapid adoption and extensive use of new treatments and technologies create an incentive to develop those techniques in the first place. When the United States subsidizes medical innovation, the whole world benefits. That is a virtue of the American system that is not reflected in comparative life expectancy and mortality statistics. Policymakers should consider the impact of reform proposals on innovation. For example, proposals that increase spending on diagnostics and therapeutics could encourage such innovation. Expanding price controls, government health care programs, and health insurance regulation, on the other hand, could hinder America’s ability to innovate.
H-Ras Is Involved in the Inside-out Signaling Pathway of Interleukin-3–Induced Integrin Activation

The proto-oncogene product, p21(ras), has been implicated in the cellular mechanism of adhesion, although its precise role has been controversial. Numerous cytokines and growth-factors activate Ras, which is an important component of their growth-promoting signaling pathways. On the other hand, the role of Ras in cytokine-induced adhesion has not been elucidated. We therefore investigated the function of H-Ras in the inside-out signaling pathway of interleukin-3 (IL-3)-induced integrin activation in the murine Baf3 cell line after transfection of cells with either constitutively active, dominant-negative, or wild-type H-Ras cDNAs. Adhesion of Baf3 cells to fibronectin was induced by IL-3 in a dose-dependent manner via very late antigen-4 (VLA-4; alpha4beta1 integrins) and VLA-5 (alpha5beta1 integrins) activation. On the other hand, IL-4 did not induce the adhesion of Baf3 cells to fibronectin, although IL-4 did stimulate the cell proliferation of Baf3 cells. Constitutively active H-Ras-transfected Baf3 cells adhered to fibronectin without IL-3 stimulation through VLA-4 and VLA-5, whereas dominant-negative H-Ras-transfected Baf3 cells showed significantly less adhesion induced by IL-3 compared with wild-type and constitutively active H-Ras-transfected Baf3 cells. Anti-beta1 integrin antibody (clone; 9EG7), which is known to change integrin conformation and activate integrins, induced the adhesion of dominant-negative H-Ras-transfected Baf3 cells as much as the other types of H-Ras-transfected Baf3 cells. 8-Br-cAMP, Dibutyryl-cAMP, Ras-Raf-1 pathway inhibitors, and PD98059, a MAPK kinase inhibitor, suppressed proliferation and phosphorylation of MAPK detected by Western blotting with anti-phospho-MAPK antibody, but not adhesion of any type of H-Ras-transfected Baf3 cells, whereas U-73122, a phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor, suppressed adhesion of these cells completely. These data indicate that H-Ras and PLC, but not Raf-1, MAPK kinase, or the MAPK pathway, are involved in the inside-out signaling pathway of IL-3-induced VLA-4 and VLA-5 activation in Baf3 cells.
Integrating problem- and project-based learning into sustainability programs: A case study on the School of Sustainability at Arizona State University

Purpose – The article aims to describe the problem- and project-based learning (PPBL) program and the institutional context at Arizona State University’s School of Sustainability (SOS), with the goal of offering experience-based guidance for similar initiatives in sustainability programs around the world. Design/methodology/approach – This case study presents the diverse PPBL activities that SOS offers on the undergraduate and the graduate levels and examines the institutional structures in place that support these activities. Data were collected through literature and document reviews, observations, interviews, student evaluations and faculty surveys. Findings – The review of the PPBL program at SOS illustrates a case of successfully inaugurating a PPBL program in sustainability at a major university in the USA. Yet, a key challenge for this program and similar programs around the world is how to maintain the institutional momentum and make advances after the initial takeoff. SOS is attempting to address...
The complete chloroplast genome of Capsella rubella

The whole nucleotide sequence of the chloroplast genome from Capsella rubella is determined in this study using short Illumina sequence data from public database. The circular double-stranded DNA, which consists of 154,601 base pairs (bp) in size, contains a pair of inverted repeats (IRa and IRb) of 26,462 bp each, which are separated by a small and large single-copies (SSC and LSC) of 17,855 and 83,822 bp, respectively. The overall GC content of the chloroplast genome is 36.54% and the GC contents of LSC, IRs and SSC are 34.33%, 42.38% and 29.61% separately. One hundred and twelve unique genes were annotated, including 78 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNA genes and 4 rRNA genes. Among these, 16 are duplicated in the inverted repeat regions, 15 genes contained 1 intron, and 3 genes (rps12, clpP and ycf3) comprised of 2 introns. Two protein genes (rps19 and ycf1) span in the boundaries of LSC-IR and IR-SSC to produce two partial pseudogenes.
When Will You Be at the Office? Predicting Future Locations and Times

The purpose of this paper is to predict people’s future locations or when they will be at given locations. These predictions support proactive, context-aware and social applications. Markov models have been shown to be effective predictors of someone’s next location [1]. This paper incorporates temporal information in order to predict future locations or the times when someone will be at a given location. Previous models use sequences of location symbols and apply Markov-based algorithms to predict the next location symbol. In our model, we embed temporal information within the sequence of location symbols. To predict a future location, we use the temporal information as the previous state (or context) in the Markov model to predict the location that is most likely at that given time. To predict when someone will be at a location, we use the location as the context and predict the time(s) the person will be at that location. The model produces up to 91% accuracy for predicting locations, and less than 10% accuracy for predicting times. We show that prediction of location and prediction of time are two very different problems, because the number of predictions produced by the Markov model differ greatly between the two variables. A heuristic algorithm is proposed which incorporates additional context to improve predictions of future times to 43%.
Dynamic model‐based analysis of furfural and HMF detoxification by pure and mixed batch cultures of S. cerevisiae and S. stipitis

Inhibitory compounds that result from biomass hydrolysis are an obstacle to the efficient production of second-generation biofuels. Fermentative microorganisms can reduce compounds such as furfural and 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF), but detoxification is accompanied by reduced growth rates and ethanol yields. In this study, we assess the effects of these furan aldehydes on pure and mixed yeast cultures consisting of a respiratory deficient mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and wild-type Scheffersomyces stipitis using dynamic flux balance analysis. Uptake kinetics and stoichiometric equations for the intracellular reduction reactions associated with each inhibitor were added to genome-scale metabolic reconstructions of the two yeasts. Further modification of the S. cerevisiae metabolic network was necessary to satisfactorily predict the amount of acetate synthesized during HMF reduction. Inhibitory terms that captured the adverse effects of the furan aldehydes and their corresponding alcohols on cell growth and ethanol production were added to attain qualitative agreement with batch experiments conducted for model development and validation. When the two yeasts were co-cultured in the presence of the furan aldehydes, inoculums that reduced the synthesis of highly toxic acetate produced by S. cerevisiae yielded the highest ethanol productivities. The model described here can be used to generate optimal fermentation strategies for the simultaneous detoxification and fermentation of lignocellulosic hydrolysates by S. cerevisiae and/or S. stipitis.
Targeted Killing and Accountability

This article is a comprehensive examination of the U.S. practice of targeted killings. It is based in part on field research, interviews, and previously unexamined government documents. The article fills a gap in the literature, which to date lacks sustained scholarly analysis of the accountability mechanisms associated with the targeted killing process. The article makes two major contributions: 1) it provides the first qualitative empirical accounting of the targeted killing process, beginning with the creation of kill-lists extending through the execution of targeted strikes; 2) it provides a robust analytical framework for assessing the accountability mechanisms associated with those processes.The article begins by reporting the results of a case study that began with a review of hundreds of pages of military policy memoranda, disclosures of government policies through Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requests by NGOs, filings in court documents, public statements by military and intelligence officials, and descriptive accounts reported by the press and depicted in non-fiction books. These findings were supplemented by observing and reviewing aspects of the official training for individuals involved in targeted killings and by conducting confidential interviews with members of the military, special operations, and intelligence community who are involved in the targeted killing process. These research techniques resulted in a richly detailed depiction of the targeted killing process, the first of its kind to appear in any single publication.After explaining how targeted killings are conducted, the article shifts from the descriptive to the normative, setting out an analytical framework drawn from the governance literature that assess accountability along two dimensions, creating four accountability mechanisms. After setting forth the analytical framework, it is applied to the targeted killing program. The article concludes with accountability reforms that could be implemented based on the specified framework.
Effects of Availability of Food and Interspecific Competition on Diets of Prairie Voles (Microtus ochrogaster)

Analysis of fecal samples from experimental populations of prairie voles ( Microtus ochrogaster ) and meadow voles ( Microtus pennsylvanicus ) revealed that their diets strongly overlapped. Both species preferred dicots, but meadow voles ate significantly more mono-cots than did prairie voles. To test the hypothesis that interspecific competition for food influenced the diet of prairie voles, we examined the diets of prairie voles with and without meadow voles present. We found significantly more monocots in the diet of prairie voles when meadow voles were present, but only in early autumn when availability of high-quality food items was lower and densities of voles were higher. We conclude that variability in diets of voles can occur as a response to changes in availability of food, quality of food, and interspecific competition, the latter particularly when availability of high-quality food is relatively low and densities of voles are relatively high.
INTEGRATION METHODS WHERE FORCE IS OBTAINED FROM THE SMOOTHED GRAVITATIONAL FIELD

Many problems in stellar dynamics involve phenomena occurring in inhomogeneous systems in which the interaction between the particles is fully described by a self-consistent field operating in phase space. Because the particles interact by means of the long-range Coulomb force, each particle is under the simultaneous influence of a large number of other particles. Therefore, stellar systems will respond to any perturbation in a collective manner, and a study of such systems is concerned essentially with the N-body problem.
Experience with Porcine Acellular Dermis

This editor is compelled to add a comment. It would be reasonable to contend that these novel, rather expensive biomaterials—with thus far unproven longterm results—should be employed only in selected cases, where and when conventional nonbiologic meshes (which are less expensive and of proven long-term durability and results) are contraindicated. A classic situation in which a bio-patch would be a preferable option is the contaminated or infected abdominal wall defect of whatever etiology. Thus, it is difficult to understand why the authors of this article decided to use the patch made of porcine acellular dermis in patients with uncontaminated chronic ventral hernias amenable to conventional repair with well proven synthetic materials. Clearly, no data are available to prove that biologic prostheses are strong enough to bridge abdominal wall defects in the long term. Cross-linking of such materials increases fibroblast encapsulation and the resistance of the implant to degradation but decreases the rate of its cellular infiltration. However, the optimum crosslinking pattern and density to balance the durability of the biomaterial with cellular ingrowth and remodeling is unclear because of the lack of long-term clinical data [1]. We have to resist pressures from the aggressive industry that wants us to rush and implant experimental materials into human tissues for marginal indications. Remember the Kugel Patch? It was a wunderherniaprosthesis—until its recent recall [http://www.medscape. com/viewarticle/529032].
Realizability of representations of finite groups

Abstract A complex character of a finite group G is called orthogonal if it is the character of a real representation. If all characters of G are orthogonal, then G is called totally orthogonal. Totally orthogonal groups are generated by involutions. Necessary and sufficient conditions for total orthogonality are obtained for 2-groups, for split extensions of elementary abelian 2-groups, for Frobenius groups, and for groups whose irreducible character degrees are bounded by 2. Sylow 2-subgroups of alternating groups and finite reflection groups are observed to be totally orthogonal.
Easing the Transition: A Career Planning Course for College Students

This article outlines the role a career planning course can play in assisting college students with college-related developmental tasks.
Migration of Methanol Drops in a Vertical Temperature Gradient in a Silicone Oil

Results are reported from experiments on the motion of methanol drops in a silicone oil under the combined action of gravity and thermocapillarity. The isothermal rise velocities of the drops were found to be significantly enhanced by the action of an upward temperature gradient. The data are not consistent with existing predictions for a drop with a clean interface. Therefore, the data are interpreted with the help of a recently developed simple theoretical model which accounts for the influence of surfactants.
Formation of Metastable Structures and Amorphous Phases in cu-w Alloys Using the Triode Sputtering Technique

The triode sputtering technique and a “split-target” arrangement were used to produce metastable crystalline and amorphous phases in the Cu-W system under essentially oxygen-free conditions. Large metastable extensions of solid solubility were observed both from the Cu (fcc) and W (bcc) sides of the phase diagram, and a wide range of metallic glass formation was observed, approximately between 30 and 65 at.% W. The thickness of the amorphous Cu-W phase (40–160 pm) that can be deposited without the formation of the metastable bcc phase appears to be dependent on the Cu-W alloy composition. On heating, the crystallization temperature of the amorphous alloys was higher than 350°C. The behavior of the lattice parameter and near-neighbor distance has been studied with x-ray diffraction, showing small positive deviations from an assumed Vegard’s Law. Hardness measurements indicate that the metastable crystalline phases are relatively harder than the amorphous phase.
Trauma care systems in urban Latin America: the priorities should be prehospital and emergency room management.

Trauma is a significant cause of premature death in developing nations, but financial resources to deal with it are extremely limited. To determine which segments of a developing nation's trauma system would be most amenable to improvements, we compared management and outcome of all seriously injured patients (Injury Severity Score of ≥9 or died) treated over 1 year by the trauma systems associated with an urban hospital in Latin America, Regional Trauma Center 21 (n = 545) in Monterrey, Mexico, and a level I trauma center in the United States, Harborview Medical Center (n = 533) in Seattle, Wash. Mortality was higher in Monterrey (55%) than in Seattle (34%, p < 0.001), because of a preponderance of prehospital and emergency room (ER) deaths. In Monterrey, 40% of seriously injured patients died in the field and 11% in the ER, compared with 21% in the field and 6% in the ER in Seattle (p < 0.001). There were significant differences in prehospital care between the two trauma systems. Scene and transport times were <30 minutes for 47% of Monterrey cases vs. 75% in Seattle (p < 0.001). For patients with arrival blood pressure <80, prehospital intubations had been performed on 5% of Monterrey patients vs. 79% in Seattle (p < 0.001) and en route fluid resuscitation administered to 70% of Monterrey patients vs. 99% in Seattle (p < 0.001). The observed mortality patterns indicate that priorities for trauma system improvement in urban Latin America should focus on more rapid prehospital transport and improved en route and ER resuscitation. Such improvements would likely decrease overall mortality, and be less expensive than enhancing expensive intensive care capabilities and other hospital-based technologies.
Age-related changes in early novelty processing as measured by ERPs

This study investigated age-related changes in the early processing of novel visual stimuli using ERPs. Well-matched old (n = 30), middle-aged (n = 30), and young (n = 32) subjects were presented standard, target/rare, and perceptually novel visual stimuli under Attend and Ignore conditions. Our results suggest that the anterior P2 component indexes the motivational salience of a stimulus as determined by either task relevance or novelty. Its enhancement by focused attention does not decrease with age. Its responsiveness to novel stimuli is particularly striking in older adults. The age-related increase in the anterior P2 to novel visual stimuli does not appear to be due to impaired inhibitory control associated with aging. Rather, the enhanced anterior P2 to novel stimuli in older adults may be linked to age-related changes in the process of matching unusual visual stimuli to stored representations, which is indexed by the temporally overlapping anterior N2 component whose amplitude substantially decreases with age.
Low Effluent Processing in the Pulp and Paper Industry: Electrodialysis for Continuous Selective Chloride Removal

Abstract Pollution prevention is currently a major focus of the United States pulp and paper industry. Significant process changes are inevitable to implement low effluent processing. The kraft pulping process is prevalent for the production of wood pulp. About 50 million tons of wood pulp are produced annually in the United States alone using the kraft process. Water consumption is currently roughly between 30 and 200 m3 of water per ton of air dry bleached kraft pulp. In-process recycling of water is now being implemented by many mills to reduce the use of increasingly scarce water resources and to reduce the need for waste-water treatment. Mass balance considerations and industrial experience show that nonprocess elements, which are detrimental to the kraft process, such as chloride and potassium, will quickly build up once water use is significantly reduced. High concentrations of chloride and potassium can cause corrosion and lead to more frequent mill shutdowns due to fouling of heat exchanger surfa...
Two Recent “Falls” in the Portland, Oregon, Area Reported as Meteoritic*

This article contains an account of two “falls,” one that occurred on the night of October 9, 1946, the date of the Draconid meteoric shower, the other on the morning of January 4, 1947, both in the vicinity of Portland, Oregon. These “falls” were thought at the time of their occurrence to be meteoritic in nature, and, as such, were widely reported in the public press, but they were soon proved by scientists and others who investigated them to be unquestionably terrestrial in origin.
Time frequency analysis of sound from a maneuvering rotorcraft

Abstract The acoustic signatures produced by a full-scale, Bell 430 helicopter during steady-level-flight and transient roll-right maneuvers are analyzed by way of time–frequency analysis. The roll-right maneuvers comprise both a medium and a fast roll rate. Data are acquired using a single ground based microphone that are analyzed by way of the Morlet wavelet transform to extract the spectral properties and sound pressure levels as functions of time. The findings show that during maneuvering operations of the helicopter, both the overall sound pressure level and the blade–vortex interaction sound pressure level are greatest when the roll rate of the vehicle is at its maximum. The reduced inflow in the region of the rotor disk where blade–vortex interaction noise originates is determined to be the cause of the increase in noise. A local decrease in inflow reduces the miss distance of the tip vortex and thereby increases the BVI noise signature. Blade loading and advance ratios are also investigated as possible mechanisms for increased sound production, but are shown to be fairly constant throughout the maneuvers.
EL PÍCARO SIGUE AL CONQUISTADOR: PABLOS SURCA LOS OCÉANOS

At the end of his novel Pablos, the main character of el Buscon by Quevedo, is ready to initiate his trip to America, but the narrator informs us that his staying in the New World did not change his social and economic status. Alonso, the main character of Alonso, mozo de muchos amos by Jeronimo Alcala, describes to the reader a similar failure during his staying in Mexico. In the present study I analyze the reasons why these two picaros failed in his pursue of the «American dream». Quevedo and Alcala created two perfect examples of the greed and immorality of the Spaniards who traveled to America at that time, and they used both characters as a way to warn those who wanted to follow them.
NMDA receptor subunits in the postsynaptic density of rat brain: expression and phosphorylation by endogenous protein kinases

Abstract N -methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) receptors (NRs) play critical roles in diverse synaptic processes in the brain. However, subcellular distribution, spatiotemporal expression and regulation of NR subunits in brain synapses are unknown. We report that NR1 and NR2A–2C subunits are all enriched in the postsynaptic density (PSD), which plays critical roles in trophin-mediated synaptic plasticity. Significant expression of NRs was observed the first two weeks after birth, during synaptogenesis, and in adulthood. Functional diversity of NRs, resulting from heterogeneous composition, was supported by the finding that different NR2 subunits were associated in a region-specific manner with NR1. Phosphorylation of NR1, a key subunit of the NMDA receptor-channel complex, was significantly enhanced by activators of calmodulin (CaM) kinases (CKs) or protein kinase C (PKC), but not by those of PKA. Co-immunoprecipitation studies revealed that NR1 was physically associated with functionally active PKCγ and the major PSD protein (mPSDp) through noncovalent interactions. Our results suggest that NMDA receptors play roles in postsynaptic mechanisms in a subunit-, composition-, brain region- and developmental-specific manner. Our findings also indicate that the PSD is a coherent functional unit containing protein kinases that potentially regulate NMDA receptor function via phosphorylation.
Continuous electrocardiographic monitoring during colonoscopy

Sixty-three patients had continuous electrocardiographic monitoring before, during, and after colonoscopy. Of these, 37 (59%) patients had no significant electrocardiographic abnormalities during the procedure. However, 29 patients developed new or exaggerated electrocardiographic abnormalities. Seventeen (27%) patients had previously recognized heart disease, and the frequency of arrhythmias in these patients (64.7%) was greater than in the others (32.6%). More serious arrhythmias also tended to occur in patients with heart disease.
NADPH oxidase mediates the oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion-induced increase in the tyrosine phosphorylation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor NR2A subunit in retinoic acid differentiated SH-SY5Y Cells

Background: Evidence exists that oxidative stress promotes the tyrosine phosphorylation of N -methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) subunits during post-ischemic reperfusion of brain tissue. Increased tyrosine phosphorylation of NMDAR NR2A subunits has been reported to potentiate receptor function and exacerbate NMDAR-induced excitotoxicity. Though the effect of ischemia on tyrosine phosphorylation of NMDAR subunits has been well documented, the oxidative stress signaling cascades mediating the enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation of NR2A subunits remain unclear. Results: We report that the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generator NADPH oxidase mediates an oxidative stresssignaling cascade involved in the increased tyrosine phosphorylation of the NR2A subunit in post-ischemic differentiated SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Inhibition of NADPH oxidase attenuated the increased tyrosine phosphorylation of the NMDAR NR2A subunit, while inhibition of ROS production from mitochondrial or xanthine oxidase sources failed to dampen the post-ischemic increase in tyrosine phosphorylation of the NR2A subunit. Additionally, inhibition of NADPH oxidase blunted the interaction of activated Src Family Kinases (SFKs) with PSD-95 induced by ischemia/reperfusion. Lastly, inhibition of NADPH oxidase also markedly reduced cell death in postischemic SH-SY5Y cells stimulated by NMDA. Conclusions: These data indicate that NADPH oxidase has a key role in facilitating NMDAR NR2A tyrosine phosphorylation via SFK activation during post-ischemic reperfusion.
On maximum likelihood estimation of the center of a centrally symmetric convex domain

Given a sample from a uniform distribution on a centrally symmetric convex domain, a maximum likelihood estimator of its center is constructed, and its efficiency is discussed.
Experimental study of small ensembles of atoms in a microwave cavity

This reprint reports results of an experimental study of the evolution of small ensembles of atoms in a microwave cavity. The experiment employs an atomic beam of calcium Rydberg atoms and a split superconducting cavity operating at 35 GHz. At the ambient temperature of 2 K, the mean blackbody photon number is 0.8. Selective field ionization allows us to monitor simultaneously the populations of the initial and final states. The time evolution of the atomic system is probed by Stark switching, i.e., shifting the atomic resonance away from the cavity resonance by applying an electric field. The collective oscillations of energy between ensembles of atoms and a cavity with Q > 10 to the 7th power are studied for one to several hundred atoms. The results agree well with theory for about 50 or more atoms, but some discrepancies are observed for smaller numbers of atoms. Possible experimental sources of these discrepancies are discussed.
Amber mutants of the trpR regulatory gene.

Abstract We have isolated and characterized a group of amber trpR − mutants, in which trp -constitutivity is suppressed by Su3 . Studies with these mutants indicate that trpR specifies a repressor protein; this is a non-essential, cytoplasmic molecule with a specialized function of negative control of the trp operon. The repressor is present in a limited excess within the cell; the synthesis of repressor does not appear to be self-regulating.
Fibromyalgia Syndrome's New Paradigm: Neural Sensitization and Its Implications for Treatment

Objectives: To provide fibromyalgia syndrome [FMS] specialists with an overview of information suitable for the education of primary care physicians about current understanding of the mechanism of and treatments for FMS.Findings: Controlled studies using functional magnetic resonance imaging and other objective markers document FMS as a disorder of increased sensitivity of the central nervous system's pain signaling pathways. This “neural sensitization” model shifts the focus for treatment toward drugs that affect neural pathways. New options include: 5-hydroxytryptamine serotonin receptor antagonists such as odansetron [Zofran], N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists such as Ketamine, growth hormone stimulants such as pyridostigmine [Mestinon], anti-seizure drugs such as gapa-pentin [Neurontin] or pregabalin [Lyrica], gamma hydroxy butyrate-related agonists such as sodium sodium oxybate [Xyrem], and the new serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors-class antidepressants such as duloxetine [Cymbalta...
Vortex entanglement in high-Tc superconductors.

New kinds of intermediate flux states should be accessible in high-T/sub c/ superconductors, in fields slightly above H/sub c//sub 1/. Flux-line wandering leads to an entangled vortex state whose statistical mechanics is isomorphic to an interacting 2D Bose superfluid with cooperative ring exchanges. In sufficiently thin samples, this ''braided flux'' phase transforms into a liquid of disentangled rods.