cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Physiological comparisons among three maximal treadmill exercise protocols in trained and untrained individuals

The present investigation was undertaken to examine whether maximal oxygen uptake ( $$ \dot V{\rm O}_{{\rm 2max}} $$ ) and anaerobic threshold (AT) measured during incremental treadmill exercise would be affected by the exercise protocol in trained and untrained individuals. Fifteen untrained men, 10 untrained women, and 12 trained individuals participated in this study. The Astrand, Bruce, and Costill/Fox protocols were selected for comparison. Each subject was tested using all three protocols and the three tests were conducted in a randomized counterbalanced order. During each test, oxygen uptake was measured every 30 s and the test was terminated according to the standard criteria. The $$ \dot V{\rm O}_{{\rm 2max}} $$ was determined by averaging the two consecutive highest measurements, whereas AT was determined using ventilatory parameters following the V-slope technique. The Astrand, Bruce, and Costill/Fox protocols produced test durations of 9.8 (SEM 0.5), 12.4 (SEM 0.4), and 4.9 (SEM 0.3) min, respectively, in the untrained men, 9.0 (SEM 0.8), 11.0 (SEM 0.6), and 5.3 (SEM 0.6) min, respectively, in the untrained women, and 14.5 (SEM 0.5), 17.0 (SEM 0.5) and 10.4 (SEM 0.4) min, respectively, in the trained men. In the untrained men and women, no differences in $$ \dot V{\rm O}_{{\rm 2max}} $$ were observed among the three different protocols, but AT was lower when using the Bruce compared to the Astrand protocol. In the trained men, $$ \dot V{\rm O}_{{\rm 2max}} $$ and AT were lower when using the Bruce protocol than either the Astrand or Costill/Fox protocols. In conclusion, $$ \dot V{\rm O}_{{\rm 2max}} $$ measured during treadmill exercise is not affected by the protocol of the test and using a running protocol of short duration (i.e. about 5 min) could be a time-efficient way of assessing $$ \dot V{\rm O}_{{\rm 2max}} $$ in healthy untrained subjects. In trained subjects, however, a protocol consisting of running with small increments in gradient is effective in eliciting a higher $$ \dot V{\rm O}_{{\rm 2max}} $$ . The lower AT associated with the Bruce protocol seen in both untrained and trained groups suggests this aerobic parameter is protocol dependent and this protocol dependency is not affected by training status.
The Measurement of the Q-T Interval of the Electrocardiogram

The sources of error in determination of the beginning of QRS and the end of T during measurement of the Q-T duration are analyzed. An important error is confusion of an elevated U wave with the T wave, resulting in the diagnosis of a prolonged Q-T. In such cases, some of the precordial leads usually show a notch or kink between T and U which indicates approximately the end of T. If these criteria are used, the true corrected Q-T duration in hypopotassemia without hypocalcemia is not prolonged, but normal or shortened, corresponding to an earlier appearance of the second heart sound.
Size Dependence of Atomically Precise Gold Nanoclusters in Chemoselective Hydrogenation and Active Site Structure

We investigate the catalytic properties of water-soluble Aun(SG)m nanocluster catalysts (H-SG = glutathione) of different sizes, including Au15(SG)13, Au18(SG)14, Au25(SG)18, Au38(SG)24, and captopril-capped Au25(Capt)18 nanoclusters. These Aun(SR)m nanoclusters (SR represents thiolate generally) are used as homogeneous catalysts (i.e., without supports) in the chemoselective hydrogenation of 4-nitrobenzaldehyde (4-NO2PhCHO) to 4-nitrobenzyl alcohol (4-NO2PhCH2OH) with ∼100% selectivity in water using H2 gas (20 bar) as the hydrogen source. These nanocluster catalysts, except Au18(SG)14, remain intact after the catalytic reaction, evidenced by UV–vis spectra, which are characteristic of nanoclusters of each size and thus serve as spectroscopic “fingerprints”. We observe a drastic size dependence and steric effect of protecting ligands on the gold nanocluster catalysts in the hydrogenation reaction. Density functional theory (DFT) modeling of the 4-nitrobenzaldehyde adsorption shows that both the -CHO and ...
Stress concentrations induced by flow

Flow through gelatin-agar tubes produced birefringence at local concentrations of mechanical stresses. The number of fringes varied with stream velocity. Stresses were maximal at valve roots, the downstream ends of stenoses, and on the inner walls of the test channels. The method facilitates the study of wall stress.
Perceptions of pain and perceptions of health

Perceptions of pain and perceptions of overall health status are complex phenomena. While logically and empirically linked, the direction of influence between the two is uncertain. Is pain one among the many indicators people take into account as they evaluate their general health status? Or are global health perceptions stable aspects of experience which underlie and color more transient experiences such as pain? These are especially interesting questions given recent evidence regarding the power of subjective health assessments in mortality prediction. The relationship between pain and perceptions of health was examined in a sample of 200 randomly selected clients of an outpatient rehabilitation center. Respondents were given a complete musculoskeletal examination by their physician followed by an extensive arthritis pain assessment administered by the staff nurse; instruments used were from the U.S. Public Health Service National Health and Nutrition Examination (NHANES-I). Other data collected by self-report included symptoms elicited by a body systems review, diagnosed chronic disease, functional disability, self-ratings of global health, evaluations of past and future health, and demographic factors. Regression analysis showed that (1) pain had an independent effect on self-perceptions of health net of other health status covariates, (2) self-perceptions of health had an independent effect on pain net of other health status covariates, (3) individuals who evaluated both their past and future health as poor reported more present pain, and (4) individuals who felt their health would be worse in the future reported poorer present health. Findings show that reports of present pain and present global health status were linked to each other and that the sense of an overall health trajectory influenced the interpretation, evaluation, and reporting of current states, both specific and general.
Further Data on the Spin Gyromagnetic Ratio of the Electron

The atomic beam magnetic resonance method has been used to compare the ${g}_{J}$ values of In in the $^{2}P_{\frac{3}{2}}$ and $^{2}P_{\frac{1}{2}}$ states in order to obtain a value of the spin gyromagnetic ratio of the electron. The determination of the ${g}_{J}$ ratio involved only the measurement of frequencies of lines in the h.f.s. spectra of both states at constant magnetic field. Lines with widely different frequency dependence on field were selected to avoid possible systemic errors arising from inhomogeneities in the field. The result of these measurements is $\frac{{g}_{J}(^{2}P_{\frac{3}{2}})}{{g}_{J}(^{2}P_{\frac{1}{2}})}=2(1.00200\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.00006)$. Assuming Russell-Saunders coupling, and ${g}_{L}=1$, the spin gyromagnetic ratio of the electron may be calculated. The result is ${g}_{S}=2(1.00133\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.00004)$, which is to be compared with the value ${g}_{S}=2(1.00119\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.00005)$ obtained by Kusch and Foley. The discrepancy is greater than the sum of the experimental errors. The $^{2}P_{\frac{1}{2}}$ state of In is believed to be free of significant perturbations which might affect the total electronic $g$ value. However, in view of possible perturbations of the $^{2}P_{\frac{3}{2}}$ state, the agreement must be considered as very good. The present result confirms the conclusions of the previous experiment, both as to the existence of the intrinsic magnetic moment of the electron, and as to its approximate magnitude.
A Non-Destructive Method of detecting Diseases in Wood

ULTRASONIC equipment has been used by the Timber Development Association for detecting flaws in wood, and its possible development for determining the presence of diseased tissues has been suggested1. The principle of this type of flaw detection is to generate pressure (sound) waves of very high frequency which are transmitted through suspect materials such as metals or plastics. When flaws are present, the reduction of the degree of transmission in the defective area can be measured. Ultrasonic waves produced by commercial flaw detectors do not harm the materials being tested. The equipment is portable.
Limited reliability of computed tomographic perfusion acute infarct volume measurements compared with diffusion-weighted imaging in anterior circulation stroke.

Background and Purpose—Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) can reliably identify critically ischemic tissue shortly after stroke onset. We tested whether thresholded computed tomographic cerebral blood flow (CT-CBF) and CT-cerebral blood volume (CT-CBV) maps are sufficiently accurate to substitute for DWI for estimating the critically ischemic tissue volume. Methods—Ischemic volumes of 55 patients with acute anterior circulation stroke were assessed on DWI by visual segmentation and on CT-CBF and CT-CBV with segmentation using 15% and 30% thresholds, respectively. The contrast:noise ratios of ischemic regions on the DWI and CT perfusion (CTP) images were measured. Correlation and Bland–Altman analyses were used to assess the reliability of CTP. Results—Mean contrast:noise ratios for DWI, CT-CBF, and CT-CBV were 4.3, 0.9, and 0.4, respectively. CTP and DWI lesion volumes were highly correlated (R2=0.87 for CT-CBF; R2=0.83 for CT-CBV; P<0.001). Bland–Altman analyses revealed little systemic bias (−2.6 mL) but ...
Comparing three novel multimodal touch interfaces for infotainment menus

Three novel interfaces for navigating a hierarchical menu while driving were experimentally evaluated. Prototypes utilized redundant visual and auditory feedback (multimodal), and were compared to a conventional direct touch interface. All three multimodal prototypes employed an external touchpad separate from the infotainment display in order to afford simple eyes-free gesturing. Participants performed a basic driving task while concurrently using these prototypes to perform menu selections. Mean lateral lane deviation, eye movements, secondary task speed, and self-reported workload were assessed for each condition. Of all conditions, swiping the touchpad to move one-by-one through menu items yielded significantly smaller lane deviations than direct touch. In addition, in the serial swipe condition, the same time spent looking at the prototype was distributed over a longer interaction time. The remaining multimodal conditions allowed users to feel around a pie or list menu to find touchpad zones corresponding to menu items, allowing for either exploratory browsing or shortcuts. This approach, called GRUV, was ineffective compared to serial swiping and direct touch, possibly due its uninterruptable interaction pattern and overall novelty. The proposed explanation for the performance benefits of the serial swiping condition was that it afforded flexible sub tasking and incremental progress, in addition to providing multimodal output.
The Effects of Wellbore Storage, Skin, and Turbulence Intensity on Early-Time Transient Flow of Real Gas Through Porous Media

The purpose of this investigation was to determine how wellbore storage, skin effects, and turbulence intensity influence early time transient flow behavior in gas wells. Futhermore, in order to describe this early time transient flow behavior, an analytical equation taking into consideration skin effects, wellbore storage, turbulence intensity, and variations in gas properties was sought. The governing flow equation for the flow of real gas through porous media was solved using the numerical methods Finite Difference Method and Finite Element Method. Numerical solutions obtained for a large number of real gas flow situations were then investigated for various cases of wellbore storage, skin, and turbulence intensity. This study showed that wellbore storage effects cause a significant difference between the measured production rate and the sand face flowrate. The measured production rate can not be used to calculate the pressure drop at the wellbore until the wellbore storage effects have died down. In order to accurately predict the pressure drop at the wellbore, the contribution of the sand face flowrate to the measured production rate must be known. The customary long-term analytical solution, which gives the pseudo-pressure drop at the wellbore, is not valid until the entire contribution to the measuredmore » production rate comes from the sand face flowrate.« less
Religious affiliation and beliefs about racial inequality: White college students’ attitudes about Black-White and Native American-White inequality ☆

Abstract Is religious affiliation associated with attitudes about racial inequality? While prior research has explored the relationship between religion and attitudes about Black-White inequality, studies exploring attitudes towards Native Americans are rare. Our study is the first to explore the association between religion and attitudes about Native American-White inequality. We find that religious subcultural differences do exist as Catholics, Protestants, and those with no religious affiliation tend to use different explanations for racial inequality, although the relationship between religious affiliation and attitudes is similar regardless of whether African Americans or Native Americans are the target. We also find that across religious groups there is a greater tendency to use person-centered or individual explanations for Native American-White inequality and structural explanations for Black-White inequality. We argue that consistent findings for the association of religious affiliation and attitudes for different racial groups provide support for the presence of religion specific cultural toolkits.
Epidemiologic studies on carcinoma of the kidney. I. Association of renal adenocarcinoma with smoking

The frequency of cigarette, pipe and cigar smoking and tobacco chewing among 100 patients with renal adenocarcinoma was compared with that among 190 control patients. Analysis of data revealed that among men with renal adenocarcinoma: (1) The proportion using tobacco was greater than among corresponding control patients. These differences (using the x2 test with continuity correction) were significantly greater among males with renal carcinoma than among corresponding controls for: (a) all types of tobacco use combined (at the 0.0005 level); (b) smokers of more than ten cigarettes per day (at the 0.0005 level); (c) pipe smokers, cigar smokers and tobacco chewers combined (at the 0.0005 level); (d) pipe smokers (at the 0.001 level); (e) cigar smokers (at the 0.005 level); and (f) tobacco chewers (at the 0.05 level). (2) Proportionally fewer men quit using tobacco among patients with cancer who had used tobacco than among control patients who had used tobacco (significant at the 0.05 level). (3) The trend of cigarette smoking in the cancer and control groups of women was consistent with that observed in men although the number of patients was not large enough for statistical analysis. (4) The estimated risk of men developing renal adenocarcinoma was increased with all forms of tobacco use and greater than previously reported values based on prospective studies.
Treatment of Debilitating Cremasteric Synkinesia With Intracremasteric Botulinum-A Toxin Injections

Objective To describe the surgical technique of botulinum-A toxin injection into the cremasteric muscles of a 26-year-old male with bilateral cremasteric muscle spasms causing significant pain and limitation of activity. This pain has been refractory to multiple previous therapies, including inguinal nerve blocks and bilateral orchidopexies with cremasteric muscle lysis. Multiple imaging modalities revealed no obvious pathology for this significant bilateral pain. Genitourinary examination revealed hyper-retractile testes with changes consistent with bilateral orchidopexies and was otherwise normal. Material and Methods The patient has undergone 3 outpatient staged injections of botulinum-A toxin into the bilateral cremasteric muscles after spermatic cord block with 1% lidocaine. One hundred units of botulinum-A toxin mixed into 10 mL of sterile normal saline were used for each injection staged 6 weeks apart. Results The patient tolerated all injections without apparent side effects. After the first injection into his left side, his baseline pain scores were reduced from 8 out of 10 to 3 out of 10 on a standard 10-point pain scale. He reported maximal efficacy 2 weeks after each injection, with dissipation over 4-6 weeks. After 2 left-sided and 1 right-sided injections, his baseline pain was 2 to 4 of 10, equal bilaterally, and he was back to rigorous activity with some limitations. Conclusion Direct injection of botulinum-A toxin into the cremasteric muscle is a viable treatment option for the rare patient with debilitating and painful cremasteric spasms refractory to other therapies.
“You Ain’t No Denzel”: African American Men’s Use of Popular Culture to Narrate and Understand Marriage and Romantic Relationships

Beyond the scholarship citing the proliferation of negative media representations of African Americans, Black males in particular, little is known about the ways in which these men understand media and use them to make meaning of their lives. To fill this gap, the current study analyzes qualitative interview data from 33 African American men focused on the their expressions and demonstrations of relationship commitment, whether they perceived idealized relationships as either models or unattainable goals and their conceptions of how Black men are framed in the media. Findings reveal that our participants consume many mediated representations of Black men and, more importantly, they encode and decode these images to understand, describe, and narrate their own romantic, heterosexual relationship experiences. Furthermore, the findings from this study demonstrate the need to include Black men in conversations about media, relationships, and their lived experiences. Implications for future study also are also discussed.
Predicting the Starquakes in PSR J0537-6910

We report the results of more than seven years of monitoring of PSR J0537-6910, the 16 ms pulsar in the Large Magellanic Cloud, using data acquired with the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer. During this campaign the pulsar experienced 22 sudden increases in frequency ("glitches" - 21 with increases of at least eight microHz) amounting to a total gain of over six parts per million of rotation frequency superposed on its gradual spindown of nu-dot = -2 x 10(exp -l0) Hz /s. The time interval from one glitch to the next obeys a strong linear correlation to the amplitude of the first glitch, with a mean slope of about 400 days per part per million (6.5 days per micro Hz), such that these intervals can be predicted to within a few days, an accuracy which has never before been seen in any other pulsar. There appears to be an upper limit of approximately 40 micro Hz for the size of glitches in all pulsars, with the 1999 April glitch of PSR J0537-6910 as the largest so far. The change of its spindown across the glitches, delta (nu-dot), appears to have the same hard lower limit of -1.5 x 10 (exp -13) Hz/s, as, again, that observed in all other pulsars. The spindown continues to increase in the long term, nu-dot = -10(exp -21) Hz / s(exp 2), and thus the timing age of PSR 505374910 (-0.5 nu nu-dot (exp -1) continues to decrease at a rate of nearly one year every year, consistent with movement of its magnetic moment away from its rotational axis by one radian every 10,000 years, or about one meter per year. PSR J0537-6910 was likely to have been born as a nearly-aligned rotator spinning at 75-80 Hz, with a absolute value of nu considerably smaller than its current value of 2x 10(exp -10) Hz per second. Its pulse profile consists of a single pulse which is found to be flat at its peak for at least 0.02 cycles. Glitch activity may grow exponentially with a timescale of 170 years nu nu-dot ((nu nu-dot)(sub crab))exp -l in all young pulsars.
Multiplicity distributions in high-energy heavy-ion collisions

Multiplicity distributions of shower particles produced in high-energy heavy-ion collisions of28Si at 14.5A GeV,32S at 200A GeV,16O at 200A GeV and16O at 60A GeV have been studied in small pseudorapidity intervals of the forward and backward hemispheres in the perspective of negative binomial distributions. Different multiplicity parameters have also been computed for the two hemispheres separately, and their variations with phase-space interval size have been studied.
Synthesis of bifunctional Ru complexes with 1,2-dithiolane and carboxylate-substituted ligands

Abstract An N3-type, Ru heteroleptic complex, AK1, having one bipyridyl ligand modified with COOH groups for tethering to TiO 2 and a second bipyridyl ligand modified with two lipoic acid units for binding to platinum, was synthesized. The photophysical and spectroelectrochemical properties were studied in solution, on TiO 2 , in a dye-sensitized solar cell and on a Pt wire electrode. The results showed that AK1 can produce a photocurrent on TiO 2 . Furthermore, AK1 binds to Pt via the lipoic acid ligand but not via the carboxylic acid group, and can be electrochemically addressed by the Pt via the lipoic acid linkage.
Chloroanisoles as a cause of musty taint in chickens and their microbiological formation from chlorophenols in broiler house litters.

The cause and origin of musty taint in chicken from broiler systems has been established as 2,3,4,6-tetrachloroanisole formed by microbial methylation of 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol present as a wood preservative on shavings used as litter. At least three of the fungi found in poultry litter (Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, Aspergillus sydowi and Penicillium crustosum) can effect this methylation. 2,3,4,6-Tetrachloroanisole formed in the litter was taken up by the chickens. The levels in various chicken tissues and factors affecting uptake and loss have been investigated.
CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY IN CHRONIC CANDIDIASIS

Cell-mediated immunity in 15 patients with chronic mucocutaneous or systemic candidiasis has been studied by measuring the proliferative response of patients' peripheral mononuclear cells to mitogen and specific antigen in vitro. Cells from all patients responded within normal limits to mitogen, but consistently failed to proliferate in response to antigen, including Candida antigen. Positive responses to Candida antigen were obtained, however, by increasing the density at which the cells were cultured and by addition of monocytes from normal donors. Patient's monocytes failed to reconstitute the response of monocyte-free lymphocytes from normal, Candida-sensitive donors to antigen. These results demonstrate that candidiasis patients have circulating Candida-sensitive lymphocytes and suggest that failure of these cells to proliferate in response to antigen is due to defective monocytes. Further experiments suggest that this defect may be acquired due to factors present in patients' sera. Work supported by NIH, Minnesota Heart Association, Minnesota Medical Foundation and the University of Minnesota Graduate School.
COMMENTARY: "Spiritual Role Modeling: The Teaching of Meaning Systems"

Oman and Thoresen (this issue) describe spiritual modeling as having a key role in traditional religiosity and contemporary spirituality. They suggest that Bandura's social learning theory could contribute to the systematic illumination of spiritual modeling and to the development of successful spiritual interventions that aim at promoting mental and physical health. The first part of my commentary supports Oman and Thoresen's claim regarding the traditional importance of spiritual modeling by describing the emphasis that has been given to it within Judaism. The second part of my article proposes that theoretical research and applied work on spiritual modeling and its relations to individual or societal well-being, require awareness of both the positive and the negative potentials of spiritual modeling. This part highlights research findings as well as historical and recent world events that exemplify possible negative potentials of spiritual modeling. Next, my commentary suggests that, considering the na...
A semantic prototyping system

We have written a set of computer programs for testing and exercising programming language specifications given in the style of denotational semantics. The system is built largely in Scheme 84, a dialect of LISP that serves as an efficient lambda-calculus interpreter. The system consists of:• a syntax-directed transducer, which embodies the principle of compositionality,• a type checker, which is extremely useful in debugging semantic definitions, and• an interface to the yacc parser-generator, which allows the system to use concrete syntax rather than the often cumbersome abstract syntax for its programs.In this paper, we discuss the design of the system, its implementation, and discuss its use.
Highly charged radioactive initiator methionyl transfer RNA from in vivo labeled HeLa cells

35S-Labeled Met-tRNAfMet can be prepared from HeLa cells, for studies of translation in vitro, with both a high degree of charging and a relatively high specific radioactivity. HeLa cells are labeled with [35S]methionine in vivo, in the presence of cycloheximide to reduce translation. Their cytoplasmic RNA is then isolated by phenol extraction and subjected to cellulose ion-exchange chromatography in order to partially purify labeled Met-tRNAfMet and resolve it from Met-tRNAmMet.
Full publication of results initially presented in abstracts. A meta-analysis.

Objectives. —To estimate the rate of full publication of the results of randomized clinical trials initially presented as abstracts at national ophthalmology meetings in 1988 and 1989; and to combine data from this study with data from similar studies to determine the rate at which abstracts are subsequently published in full and the association between selected study characteristics and full publication. Data Sources. —Ophthalmology abstracts were identified by review of 1988 and 1989 meeting abstracts for the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology and the American Academy of Ophthalmology. Similar studies were identified either from reports contained in our files or through a MEDLINE search, which combined the textword "abstract" with "or" statements to the Medical Subject Headings ABSTRACTING & INDEXING, CLINICAL TRIALS, PEER REVIEW, PERIODICALS, MEDICAL SOCIETIES, PUBLISHING, MEDLINE, INFORMATION SERVICES, and REGISTRIES. Study Selection. —Ophthalmolgy abstracts were selected from the meeting proceedings if they reported results from a randomized controlled trial. For the summary study, similar studies were eligible for inclusion if they described followup and subsequent full publication for a cohort of abstracts describing the results of any type of research study. All studies had to have followed up abstracts for at least 24 months to be included. Data Extraction. —Authors of ophthalmology abstracts were contacted by letter to ascertain whether there was subsequent full publication. Other information, including characteristics of the study design possibly related to publication, was taken from the abstract. For the summary study, rates of full publication were taken directly from reported results, as were associations between study factors (ie, "significant' results and sample size) and full publication. Data Synthesis. —Sixty-six percent (61/93) of ophthalmology abstracts were published in full. Combined results from 11 studies showed that 51% (1198/2391) of all abstracts were subsequently published in full. Full publication was weakly associated with "significant" results and sample size above the median. Conclusions. —Approximately one half of all studies initially presented in abstract form are subsequently published as full-length reports. Most are published in full within 2 years of appearance as abstracts. Full publication may be associated with "significant" results and sample size. (JAMA. 1994;272:158-162)
WSJ: Active radio circuits for bio & medical applications

Scientist and engineers have spent the better part of the last century developing more efficient radio circuits, systems and software for wireless communication. Recently, the scientific community has begun exploring the use of radio-frequency circuits for bio-medical applications. These bio-able radio circuits can be categorized into two sub-topics. The first is the use of radios to communicate sensed information from the human body to the outside world. The second is the use of traditional radio circuits for medical analysis. Two speakers in this workshop will explore using radio circuits for biomedical sensing and diagnosis, such as early-cancer detection and Protein and DNA analysis. Two additional speakers will describe current work on communication with radios links for body area networks (BAN) and implantable devices.
The effects of sensor field-of-view on the geometrical characteristics of sea ice leads and implications for large-area heat flux estimates

Abstract The release of heat from sea ice fractures (“leads”) is an important component of the heat budget in the Arctic, but their impact on regional scale climate is difficult to assess without more information on their distribution in both space and time. Remote sensing of leads using satellite data, specifically AVHRR thermal and Landsat visible-band imagery, is examined empirically with respect to lead width, orientation, and area fraction. The geometrical aspects of the sensor are simulated so that the effect of sensor field-of-view on retrieved lead width statistics can be assessed. This is done using Landsat data and simulated lead networks degraded to AVHRR pixel sizes. The analyses illustrate how leads of sufficiently high contrast tend to “grow” with increasing pixel size and how small or low contrast leads disappear. The relationship between lead contrast and the width/field-of-view ratio is also examined in order to determine the limits of lead detectability, and illustrates the multivalued nature of the problem of lead width retrieval. To help quantify the importance of changes in lead statistics, turbulent heat flux is calculated as a function of lead width and lead fraction. It is shown that pixel size has a substantial effect on estimates of turbulent heat transfer from leads to the atmosphere.
Risks of and Recommendations for Flexible Bronchoscopy in Pregnancy: A Review

G enerally, medical procedures such as flexible bronchoscopy (FB) are avoided in pregnancy as a result of procedureand sedation-related risks to the mother and the fetus. However, there are situations in which these procedures might be diagnostically or therapeutically indicated and should not be delayed. The current published knowledge about FB in pregnancy is limited to a few case reports1–8 and one review article9; however, upper and lower GI endoscopy during pregnancy is well described, and the lessons learned may be partially extrapolated to FB. The published studies on endoscopy during pregnancy are mostly retrospective and small.10 The only exception is a large, case-control study11 comparing 83 pregnant women undergoing esophagogastroduodenoscopy with matched pregnant (not undergoing the procedure) and nonpregnant (undergoing the same procedure) women as control subjects. The study reported no increase in adverse events among the pregnant treatment group. However, statistical power was insufficient to exclude a small, but clinically important, fetal risk from endoscopy. Bronchoscopy during pregnancy has its own specific risks from inserting instruments into the airway, such as impaired gas exchange, severe violent cough, and barotrauma (pneumothorax and pneumomediastinum), which may actually be more hazardous to the pregnant patient. Medications used during endoscopy, and thus bronchoscopy, seem to be responsible for many of the endoscopic risks during pregnancy, but their risks are imprecisely defined, apart from the direct effect of each drug on the fetus. In this review, we describe the major issues of performing FB in pregnant women, such as changes in the respiratory system, the potential risks associated with FB, the major indications for FB, the use of diagnostic radiation, and the monitoring of the mother and the fetus during FB. Finally, we list some general recommendations for performing bronchoscopy in pregnant patients.
Lipid oxidative markers are significantly increased in lipoatrophy but not in sustained asymptomatic hyperlactatemia

The exact mechanism of lipoatrophy remains unclear. One hypothesized mechanism is accumulation of reactive oxygen free radicals, which is possibly related to dysfunctional mitochondria. We evaluated plasma levels of F2-isoprostanes-the most accurate method to measure oxidant stress in vivo-in a group of 59 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-treated HIV-1-infected subjects. All had serial measurements of venous lactate levels as well as clinical evaluations for assessment of lipoatrophy and symptoms of mitochondrial toxicity. Overall, 16 subjects had sustained hyperlactatemia (4 of whom were symptomatic) and 43 had serial normal lactate levels. We found a significant increase in circulating products of lipid peroxidation, F2-isoprostanes (nanograms per milliliter), in subjects with lipoatrophy when compared with subjects without lipoatrophy (0.060 +/- 0.025 vs. 0.0420 +/- 0.02, respectively; P = 0.02). Interestingly, there was no significant difference in F2-isoprostane levels (nanograms per milliliter) between patients with persistently normal lactate and those who exhibited a sustained asymptomatic hyperlactatemia (0.053 +/- 0.027 vs. 0.053 +/- 0.021, respectively; P > 0.05). This could be explained by the yet unclear significance of asymptomatic hyperlactatemia, even in a setting like ours, where lactate levels were measured with close attention to the method of collection and processing. In contrast, the 4 subjects with symptomatic hyperlactatemia/lactic acidosis had a significant increase in their F2-isoprostanes compared with subjects with asymptomatic sustained hyperlactatemia (0.082 +/- 0.021 vs. 0.053 +/- 0.021, respectively; P < 0.05).
Prominent Human Health Impacts from Several Marine Microbes: History, Ecology, and Public Health Implications

This paper overviews several examples of important public health impacts by marine microbes and directs readers to the extensive literature germane to these maladies. These examples include three types of dinoflagellates (Gambierdiscus spp., Karenia brevis, and Alexandrium fundyense), BMAA-producing cyanobacteria, and infectious microbes. The dinoflagellates are responsible for ciguatera fish poisoning, neurotoxic shellfish poisoning, and paralytic shellfish poisoning, respectively, that have plagued coastal populations over time. Research interest on the potential for marine cyanobacteria to contribute BMAA into human food supplies has been derived by BMAA's discovery in cycad seeds and subsequent implication as the putative cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/parkinsonism dementia complex among the Chamorro people of Guam. Recent UPLC/MS analyses indicate that recent reports that BMAA is prolifically distributed among marine cyanobacteria at high concentrations may be due to analyte misidentification in the analytical protocols being applied for BMAA. Common infectious microbes (including enterovirus, norovirus, Salmonella, Campylobacter, Shigella, Staphylococcus aureus, Cryptosporidium, and Giardia) cause gastrointestinal and skin-related illness. These microbes can be introduced from external human and animal sources, or they can be indigenous to the marine environment.
The Acquired Nonprecordial Peripheral Pulmonary Murmur of Pulmonary Embolism

Two patients had noninvasive and invasive findings consistent with massive pulmonary emboli. Both patients had an acquired nonprecordial peripheral pulmonary murmur on physical examination. One patient also demonstrated a wide, fixed-split second heart sound in addition to the acquired murmur. Both of these physical findings have rarely been reported; however, when present, both the acquired nonprecordial murmur and the widely split second heart sound seem to be associated with extensive and massive pulmonary embolism and, when occurring together, are almost pathognomonic for pulmonary embolism.
Evaluation of nursing-specific drug information PDA databases used as clinical decision support tools

Abstract Background Nursing is arguably the most organizationally diverse healthcare profession. Educational backgrounds may vary, even among similarly credentialed nurses. Drug information databases used as clinical decision support tools can improve access to pharmacologic information at point-of-care when housed on personal digital assistants. They may also help address the disparity in drug information and pharmacology education between nurses. Objectives To evaluate nursing-specific drug information database content on personal digital assistants (PDAs). Methods Seven nursing-specific PDA databases were evaluated for scope (absence or presence of an answer) and completeness (three-point scale) via the use of 80 general category and 80 subspecialty drug information questions. Erroneous information was also tracked. Individual scope and completeness scores were delineated by rank order and chi square was performed to determine differences in scope and completeness scores between the databases. Results Davis's Drug Guide for Nurses (DDGN) and Nursing Lexi-Drugs (NLD) tied for the highest scores for scope, including each answering 72.5% of the 160 evaluation questions. No significant differences existed between their scores and those earned by Nursing2008 Drug Handbook (p Discussion Significant differences were found among the performances in the databases evaluated in this study for their ability to answer commonly encountered drug information issues in nursing practice. All databases contained some erroneous information and even the top performers failed to provide answers to more than one-fourth of the questions posed. The availability of accurate and timely drug information at point-of-care can play a vital role in patient management and outcomes, but current resources that are available need to be improved.
Depression and suicide in patients with cancer

Depression is a prevalent psychiatric syndrome in the cancer population. We review the spectrum of conditions in which depressive features are present, from normal responses to crises in cancer to depression secondary to organic causes. The different modalities of treatment, including pharmacologic, psychotherapeutic and social interventions, are described. Specific guidelines for the management of the suicidal cancer patient are given and physician-assisted death is discussed.
Telogen effluvium associated with eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome.

A syndrome of eosinophilia with systemic symptoms associated with ingestion of L-tryptophan was first described in late 1989.1 By Aug. 24, 1990, 1536 cases of eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome (EMS) had been reported to the Centers for Disease Control.2 The criteria for diagnosis are an eosinophil count greater than 1000 cells/rnrn,3 generalized myalgias, and absence of infection or neoplasm to account for the clinical symptoms. The cutaneous manifestations include a diffuse, pruritic, morbilliform eruption; urticaria; angioedema; sclerodermatous changes; and hair 10ss.3 We report a patient with EMS who had a severe, persistent, telogen effluvium.
The role of race, socioeconomic status, and System of Care services in placement decision-making

Abstract A 2 × 2 × 2 experimental design was used to examine the potential influence of race (African American vs. Caucasian), socioeconomic status of the foster care environment (Low vs. High), and System of Care (SOC) services (System of Care/Wraparound Services vs. Treatment as Usual) on social workers' placement decisions within the child welfare system. Two hundred thirty-one social workers from Illinois (86.8% female, 85.4% European-American; mean age of 50.6 years) read a vignette of a child in foster care and were asked to recommend whether the child should remain in his current community-based foster care placement or be stepped up to a residential placement. Workers then completed a demographic form and rated the child's clinical and treatment needs. No main effects of race, SES of the foster care environment, or treatment history on placement decisions were found. Subsequent exploratory analyses indicated that clinical factors, environmental factors, participants' experience in child welfare, and vignette condition interacted in nuanced ways to predict placement recommendations. While clinical variables were the primary factors that social workers considered when making placement decisions, the decisions were also be influenced by perceptions of the availability of community and family resources. Future research should consider using more open-ended approaches in order to further assess the processes by which social workers make placement decisions in the child welfare system.
Basal cell adenoma of the parotid gland.

A single case report of basal cell adenoma of the parotid gland is presented. Except for documentation by European authors, the tumor is comparatively unknown as evidenced by a review of the American literature. The basal cell adenoma is a benign epithelial tumor predominantly of the parotid gland that has distinctive gross and microscopic features entitling it to a separate classification apart from “mixed tumors”.
Call sequence prediction through probabilistic calling automata

Predicting a sequence of upcoming function calls is important for optimizing programs written in modern managed languages (e.g., Java, Javascript, C#.) Existing function call predictions are mainly built on statistical patterns, suitable for predicting a single call but not a sequence of calls. This paper presents a new way to enable call sequence prediction, which exploits program structures through Probabilistic Calling Automata (PCA), a new program representation that captures both the inherent ensuing relations among function calls, and the probabilistic nature of execution paths. It shows that PCA-based prediction outperforms existing predictions, yielding substantial speedup when being applied to guide Just-In-Time compilation. By enabling accurate, efficient call sequence prediction for the first time, PCA-based predictors open up many new opportunities for dynamic program optimizations.
Relaxation and Grain Growth Behavior of Nanocrystalline Iron

Nanocrystalline Fe has been prepared by inert gas condensation and ball milling. The kinetics of relaxation and grain growth are investigated by differential scanning calorimetry. The development of the microstructure is monitored by x-ray powder diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. Emphasis is placed on the differences observed for samples prepared by the two different techniques. We find that the kinetics of relaxation and grain growth are very sensitive to the sample preparation method. Samples with the same initial average grain size, as determined by the peak broadening in x-ray diffraction, show very different recovery behavior. The differences are discussed in terms of the estimated grain boundary energies and the initial grain size distribution obtained by the two preparation techniques.
Semantic integration and knowledge exchange for diagnostic medical image databases

Information technology offers great opportunities to radiologists to utilize their expertise in decision support and training. Collaborative approaches in these areas enable physicians to access relevant cases diagnosed by experts from other health care groups. Unfortunately, there is little agreement on a single model of semantic representation and information exchange. In this context, semantic interoperability among heterogeneous groups plays an important role in a collaborative setting. In this paper, we propose a model for semantics integration and knowledge exchange in collaborative environments that feature heterogeneous semantics integration. It provides a computational and visual mechanism to associate synonymous semantics of visual abnormalities related to lung pathologies. We also offer a solution for system level communication that improves the retrieval precision using peer domain expertise. From our experiments we obtained a high degree of matching between different semantics that describe the same visual pattern of lung pathology. Also, our experiments show that, using the knowledge exchange mechanism, the default system setting adjusts well over time to increase the retrieval precision for new users.
Mechanisms of particle selection by tentaculate suspension feeders during encounter, retention, and handling

Selection among food particles can occur during any of the successive steps in suspension feeding: particle encounter, retention, and handling. We made predictions for mechanical particle-size selection in encounter and retention by tentaculate suspension feeders (e.g., polychaetes, cnidarians, and echinoderms), and we measured concurrent selection during each step in feeding for two species of spionid polychaetes (Pseudopolydora paucibranchiata Okuda and Pseudopolydora kempi japonica Imajima and Hartman). In flume experiments we measured selection between two sizes of plastic beads was measured in flume experiments using video analyses of encounter and retention, and we determined handling selection by subsequent examination of gut contents. Encounter was strongly biased toward large particles, as predicted for the physical mechanism of direct interception. In contrast, retention was often biased toward small particles, as predicted by a model of the balance of forces on an encountered particle (i.e., an adhesive force which promotes retention vs. drag and lift forces which may cause particle loss). Handling was also biased toward small particles, apparently by active rejection of large particles. Flow speed and palp width affected selection only during particle retention. As predicted by the retention model, the retention bias toward smaller particles was stronger at higher flow speed and for worms with narrower palps. Retention mechanics alone thereby resulted in small worms ingesting relatively fewer large particles (and more small particles) in fast flow than they did in slow flow. Furthermore, in fast flow small worms ingested relatively fewer large particles than did larger worms. Given the wide range of particle sizes and types available in the field, retention mechanics can directly influence feeding ecology by placing constraints of flow speed and appendage size on the diet obtainable by tentaculate suspension feeders.
Rape-Accepting Attitudes: Precursors to or Consequences of Forced Sex

Violence prevention, including rape and sexual assault prevention in the United States, has become a major concern for public health professionals. As a result, educational institutions have implemented rape prevention programs in an attempt to change rape-supportive attitudes and, thus, deter rapes. As an initial step in testing the relationship between rape-supportive attitudes and rape, this study examined 851 adolescent males who completed attitude and behavior surveys as part of a larger longitudinal study. The focus of this study is twofold: first, to determine if attitudes that are accepting of forced sex will predict the initiation of forced sex by adolescent males and, second, to determine if rape-accepting attitudes result from perpetration of forced sex. The data indicate that changing rape myth attitudes altered the behavior of forced sex in this population of males. Implications of the findings are discussed.