cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Laparoscopic pull through for Hirschsprung's disease in infants

Purpose: To report personal experience with Primary Laparoscopic Pullthrough Procedure (PLPP) in infants with Hirschsprung's Disease (H.D.). Materials and Methods: Sixty four PLPP were performed by the author. In addition, 17 assisted LPP were done but not reported herein. The patients' personal and anatomic data were typical for babies with H.D. Results: Average age at operation was seven weeks (range 1-28 weeks). Operative time for PLPP averaged 140 minutes. Two babies required conversion to a standard laparotomy for anatomic reasons (long segment). Average blood loss was 4 years of age. Conclusion: PLPP is an effective, problem free approach for treating neonatal H.D. It has replaced the standard two stage open procedure in babies with uncomplicated presentation.
Transfer of approach responding between punishment, frustrative nonreward, and the combination of punishment and nonreward

Abstract Rats trained to make an approach response with either partial reward, intermittent punishment, or a combination of partial reward and intermittent punishment, were tested for persistence to extinction, punishment with reward, or punishment during extinction. Partial reward, alone or with punishment, produced greates resistance to extinction, while intermittent punishment, alone or with partial reward, produced greatest persistence to punishment with reward. Transfer of persistence from partial reward to punishment with reward and intermittent punishment to extinction was also demonstrated. However, partial reward alone did not increase persistence to punishment during extinction, whereas intermittent punishment and partial reward combined with intermittent punishment did increase such persistence. These results were interpreted in Amsel's (1958, 1962) conditioning-model theory by extending the hypothesized similarity of frustrative nonreward and punishment.
Mosquito-borne Diseases as a Consequence of Land Use Change

Human modification of the natural environment continues to create habitats in which mosquitoes, vectors of a wide variety of human and animal pathogens, thrive if unabated with an enormous potential to negatively affect public health. Historic examples of these modifications include of impoundments, dams, and irrigation systems that create havens for the mosquitoes that transmit malaria, dengue, and filariasis. Additionally, contemporary deforestation appears to be associated with the expansion of mosquito distributions and the increase in mosquito-borne disease transmission. These observations are not unique to the developing world, as urban sprawl also contributes significantly to mosquito habitats and offers a sanctuary to some vector populations. With foresight and planning, most of these systems can be appropriately managed to control vector populations and pathogen transmission. The key to disease control is developing an understanding of the contribution of human landscape modification to vector-borne pathogen transmission and how a balance may be achieved between human development, public health, and responsible land use.
Urinary biogenic amines in idiopathic apnea of prematurity.

Urinary biogenic amines were measured in 22 preterm infants of less than 36 weeks' gestational age. Fifteen of these infants had idiopathic apnea. Although levels of urinary dopa were not significantly different, dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine were all significantly lower in the infants with apnea. It is proposed that apnea of prematurity may be related to an immaturity of catecholamine-producing pathways, leading to inadequate physiologic responses to hypoxia, with resulting accentuation of central respiratory depression. Alternatively, urinary biogenic amines may be a reflection of some unrelated process occurring elsewhere in the body or a depletion of catechol stores resulting from the apnea itself.
The effects of the use of activities of sapa on the oral communication skills of disadvantaged kindergarten children

The study investigated the effects of participation in the activities of Science-A Process Approach (SAPA) on the oral communication skills of disadvantaged kindergarten children. Experimental-control group, pretest-posttest research design was employed. The investigator designed the Test of Oral Communication Skills (TOCS) to measure students' oral communication skills. Two experimental groups (one morning and one afternoon, N = 52) and two control groups (one morning and one afternoon, N = 48) were randomly assigned from two kindergarten classrooms (morning and afternoon classes in each) in an inner-city school in Columbus, Ohio. The investigator provided the science instruction to all students. Experimental subjects received 22 half-hour lessons from exercises a through k of Part A, SAPA. Control subjects received 22 lessons from Springboards to Science, a teacher demonstration, class discussion type of kindergarten curricuoum used in the school system. The treatment period spanned 12 academic weeks. Analysis of variance of TOCS pretest scores showed no significant differences among any of the means of the four groups. Analysis of covariance of TOCS posttest scores revealed differences significant at .05 or beyond in the mean scores of the experimental groups and control groups for total oral and total receiving skills and for six of the eight subskills measured by TOCS. Application of the Tukey (b) test revealed that experimental group mean scores exceeded control group mean scores in every TOCS skill and subskill area and that in total oral transmitting subskills both experimental group mean scores were significantly greater at .05 level or beyond than corresponding mean scores for both control groups. Within the parameters of this study, it may be concluded that when the activities and teaching strategies of SAPA curriculum are presented to disadvantaged kindergarten children, their oral communication skills, especially the transmitting (speaking) skills, are clearly enhanced.
When Jack fell down ... Jill came tumbling after. Siblings in the web of illness and disability.

This article examines the reactions of children to the complex illness and disability of their brothers and sisters. It proposes strategies of nursing support to increase the likelihood that these children will cope with the resultant family stress in a positive manner. In order to better understand their feelings, siblings of hospitalized children were interviewed and comments from other siblings who responded on a Web site, "Band-Aides and Blackboards: When Chronic Illness ... or Some Other Medical Problem ... Goes to School" were included. Themes were identified from this data and a distinction made between those suggesting stress and those that suggest resilience. Quotes from children are used to depict these themes; stress (responsibility, loneliness/resentment, fear, jealousy, guilt, sadness, embarrassment, and confusion) and resilience (lessons learned, independence, altruism). Because the nature of the sibling bond is a critical variable in contextualizing how siblings are affected by illness, it is defined and examined through the lens of socialization. Finally, strategies of intervention are suggested as clinical implications that lend themselves to the acronym SIBS: Support, Information, Balance, and Sensitivity.
THE ONTOGENY OF RECEPTORS AND RESPONSIVENESS TO INSULIN IN HUMAN CELL CULTURES

Fibroblast cultures from human fetuses (12-14 wk), neonates, amniotic fluid, and older children were examined for insulin-1125 binding. In addition, studies were made of fetal and neonatal cell cultures for growth rate and density at confluence. Synthesis of protein, DNA, and RNA and intracellular content of cAMP were measured in cell cultures under the following conditions: a) immediate refeeding of confluent cultures with medium containing 20% fetal calf serum (FCS) or serum-free medium containing 10−9M or 10−6M insulin; b) similar refeeding of log-phase cultures after 24 hr. maintenance in serum-free media. Fetal cells have less than 10% of the net insulin binding capacity and none of the high-affinity binding sites (10−10, 10−9M) observed with fibroblasts from neonates and older children. Metabolic response correlates with high-affinity binding sites. Fetal flbroblast cultures grow more rapidly and to greater densities than cultures from neonates. At confluence and after serum-deprivation, fetal cells are unresponsive to insulin, whereas cells from neonates respond to insulin in a dose-related manner. However, this response is insignificant when compared to that with medium containing FCS. The findings suggest that the appearance of insulin binding sites and metabolic response to insulin in vivo takes place sometime after 14 wks. gestation.
Thermodynamic Design of Compact Thermal Compressor for Sorption Assisted Cryogenic Cooling of Electronics

During the past several decades, significant performance improvement of microprocessor chips has been obtained mainly by reduction of (transistor) device length scale. Beyond the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS)-defined 50 nm technology node, the parasitic effects associated with reduction of the feature size (e.g., increase in leakage current) begin to outweigh the favorable effects of increased functionality and speed. One promising route for continued performance improvement is to exploit low temperature operation of microprocessors (also referred to as the temperature scaling [1]). This calls for development of compact, inexpensive, and quiet refrigeration/cryogenics technology, which can be interfaced with electronic components. In this work, we consider thermally driven sorption-assisted refrigeration technology for sub-ambient cooling of high performance electronics. In the past, sorption-based cryocoolers have been successfully developed for cryogenic cooling of sensors in space applications, targeting very low (mW-level) cooling loads. These cryocoolers are quiet, vibration free, reliable since they have no moving parts at high pressure, and therefore offer significant advantages over mechanical refrigeration. In addition, there is no refrigerant-lubricant interaction in sorption-based cryocoolers, which can potentially degrade the evaporator performance. This paper presents a thermodynamics-based analytical framework for the design of sorption compressors for cryogenic cooling of electronics. A sample case study is also presented to illustrate the approach.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Environmental justice discourses in Indian climate politics

This paper examines India’s participation in ongoing climate politics with a lens of environmental justice (EJ). Using key-informant interviews conducted in Delhi and Copenhagen, I sought to understand how Indian officials conceptualized EJ in the context of climate change. I found my respondents to largely privilege ideas of historical responsibility and per capita equity in a North–South context. The North was seen to have an ecological debt towards the South and the South was seen to have a right to development and ecological space. I highlight two questions that inevitably arise from this framing of international environmental justice. What are the implications of this line of argument for the issue of domestic inequities within states? A related question is that if justice is seen as right to development, what exactly is meant by development? My findings indicate for the most part an uncritical acceptance of a neo-liberal vision of development based on an economic growth paradigm. Consequently, a direct link is observed between emissions and development, despite the impetus to delink them. There was also a marked reluctance among officials to discuss the topic of domestic inequities in India, and an inclination to dismiss them as a sovereignty issue. I suggest that an approach to EJ that combines the imperative of historical responsibility and ecological debt in an international context, with a ‘capabilities’ approach to EJ and development within the domestic context has potential to be more forceful and convincing than one that emphasizes the former but ignores the latter.
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (iPSC) Models of Bipolar Disorder

Bipolar disorder (BP) is a progressive, life-threatening condition characterized by alternating episodes of severe depression and mania, ranked by the WHO as among the leading causes of lifetime disability. The heritability of BP is estimated at 85–95%, and genetic susceptibility loci, each with small effects, are emerging. Accumulating evidence suggests a developmental origin for BP: neuroanatomical abnormalities are often present at the first episode; there are organizational and neuronal migration alterations, with minimal astrogliosis. In addition, BP is typically diagnosed at adolescence when there is a shift from relying on earlier-developing brain regions to later-maturing prefrontal structures—a period when the brain may be particularly vulnerable to pre-existing neuropathologies (Strakowski, 2012). Since subtle changes in differentiation can produce neurological consequences that only become apparent much later in life, a developmental model to study BP is required.
Adaptive Ozturk-based receivers for small signal detection in impulsive non-Gaussian clutter

Gaussian receivers perform poorly in detecting small targets in non-Gaussian clutter, but significant improvement is available by using an appropriate non-Gaussian receiver. Selection of the proper receiver requires an adequate characterization of the unknown probability density function (PDF) of the clutter. In applications where the clutter environment changes and a limited number of homogeneous samples are available to approximate the PDF, an efficient algorithm is essential. The Oeztuerk PDF approximation algorithm satisfies this requirement, needing on the order of 100 samples from the PDF to be approximated.
Quantitation of metal complexes by reverse-pulse amperometry and molecular-exclusion chromatography

Abstract An electrochemical flow cell in conjunction with modified molecular-exclusion chromatographic techniques is used to identify and quantify a series of copper complexes. A reverse-pulse amperometric mode is used to quantify the complexes and to minimize oxygen interference. The chromatographic eluent is modified by “buffering” with copper(II) to prevent dissociation of labile complexes. A Sephadex G-25 column is shown to resolve a mixture of copper complexes of polyaminocarboxylic acids. A detection limit of 0.65 μg was obtained for the Cu-EDTA complex. Copper(II)-citrate complexes were well resolved on the Sephadex column as a dimeric complex with a detection limit of 1.0 μg. Fulvic acid complexes of copper were quantified with the above techniques upon elution from a Sephadex G-15 column. A detection limit of 5 μg was found for a copper-fulvic acid complex. EDTA can be quantified in the presence of fulvic acid by these techniques.
The Characterization of Age-Related Human Cortical Bone Porosity, Water Distribution Changes by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

Previous studies have shown that bone fracture toughness is also significantly correlated to changes in porosity, microarchitecture, osteonal morphology, collagen integrity, microdamage, and the interactions of water with collagen and mineral phases, all of which are measures of bone quality. Currently, the influence of water removal on the strength and toughness of cortical bone has studied by Nyman et al [1]. The results have shown that loss of water in the collagen phase decreases the toughness of bone, whereas loss of water associated with the mineral phase decreases both bone strength and toughness. However, in that paper the loss of water was used the dehydration method for such mechanism studies. Here, we hypothesize that the NMR relaxation technique can non-destructively and non-invasively assess the porosity, bound water (water bound to collage and mineral phases) and mobile water (water within the pores).Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Staging Airliner Service

There is a general consensus building that historically high fuel prices and greater public awareness of the emissions that result from burning fuel are going to be long-term concerns for those who design, build, and operate airliners. The possibility of saving both fuel and reducing emissions has rekindled interest in breaking very long-range airline flights into multiple stages or even adopting in-flight refueling. It is likely that staging will result in lower fuel burn, and recent published reports have suggested that the savings are substantial, particularly if the airliner is designed from the outset for this kind of operation. Given that staging runs against the design and operation historical trend, this result begs for further attention. This paper will examine the staging question, examining both analytic and numeric performance estimation methodologies to quantify the likely amount of fuel savings that can be expected and the resulting design impacts on the airliner.
Threat-related attentional biases: an analysis of three attention systems.

It is unclear how threat-related attentional biases affect multiple attention systems. This study used a new modification of a reaction time paradigm to examine whether inter-trial task-irrelevant fearful faces influenced the efficiency of alerting, orienting, and executive attention, and whether effects varied with level of state anxiety. Participants, 63 non-disordered adults (17 males and 46 females), reported on their subjective state anxiety and completed a modified version of the Attention Network Test in which fearful or neutral faces or control stimuli were presented briefly (50ms) between trials of the task, but provided no task-relevant information. Across all participants, state anxiety was positively correlated with alerting, whereas fearful versus neutral faces were linked to decreased alerting efficiency. Contrasting high and low anxiety groups showed that fearful versus neutral faces reduced executive attention in the low state anxiety group only, suggesting decreased distraction by irrelevant stimuli in the high state anxiety group. Results document threat-related attentional biases that varied with attention system but failed to find enhanced bias effects among those with higher state anxiety in a typical range. This modification of the Attention Network Test, which added presentation of emotional distracters, provides a potentially useful new method for assessing the impact of taskirrelevant emotional stimuli on three aspects of attention performance.
Utilizing infrared technology to prevent terrorist attacks

We present our investigation that could increase the safety of infrastructures by preventing biological and chemical attacks from terrorists. We surveyed the buildings of our campus using infrared (IR) technology then assessed for faults and cavities. These energy leaks can be used as prime points in which terrorists inject the lethal chemicals into the buildings. Also if a terrorist is biologically raiding an area and using IR technology, they will have the knowledge of which buildings are vulnerable to the attacks. By sealing these faults and cavities, buildings with highly sensitive data and/or government personal will have a layer of protection around them. Integration with Google Earth has made it easier to view buildings and switch seamlessly between regular buildings and their IR counterparts. Using Google Earth as our main visualization platform allowed us to easily analyze in 3D the entire campus giving us a better perspective of the buildings and their faults compared to looking at flat two-dimensional images.
Screening of myopic photorefractive keratectomy in eye bank eyes by Computerized videokeratography

Background In contrast to incisional keratotomy, corneas that have undergone photorefractive keratectomy may be difficult to detect by inspection with slitlamp biomicroscopy alone. Eye bank corneas that have undergone high myopic refractive surgical correction could potentially result in substantial postoperative hyperopic correction if used as donor tissue for corneal transplantation. Surface irregularities or displacement of the treated optical zone within the graft in relation to the entrance pupil of the recipient could result in significant induced astigmatism and distortion. This study examines computerized videokeratographic screening of eye bank globes as a strategy for detecting myopic photorefractive keratectomy. Methods Preoperative and postoperative corneal topographic maps of freshly enucleated human and rabbit eyes that have undergone myopic photorefractive keratectomy with an excimer laser were placed in a globe-fixating device and analyzed using a vertically oriented videokeratoscope. The same system was applied in an actual eye bank setting, and potentially transplantable globes from donors without a history of corneal surgery were analyzed. Results Computerized videokeratography using a vertically mounted system reliably detected photorefractive keratectomy in 12 of 12 human eye bank corneas treated by excimer photorefractive keratectomy in a range between −1.5 to −6.0 diopters. This method also detected similar changes on lased rabbit corneas enucleated 6 weeks after excimer surgery. Data processed with the tangential mode yielded a "bull's-eye" topography pattern reflecting central corneal flattening that was more sensitive in detecting myopic corrections than the conventional axial formula–based color maps. False-positive results were not detected in 96 cadaver globes sequentially screened in the eye bank. Conclusions Computerized videokeratography represents a feasible method to screen donor globes for myopic photorefractive keratectomy as shown by the in vitro and rabbit models. However, only whole globes and not corneoscleral sections are amenable to processing with this technique. Tangential maps provided greater sensitivity in detecting low myopic corrections than the axial formula–based color maps.
Performance of adaptive Volterra equalizers on nonlinear magnetic recording channels

We examine the error rate performance of various equalizers on two nonlinear channel models which have been proposed recently in the literature: a partial erasure model and a Volterra model. We find that when the noise is appreciable the performance of the Volterra equalizer is only slightly better than that of a linear equalizer. Our results also demonstrate that write precompensation for transition shift elimination is to be preferred over post-compensation.
Extrapolation of Aqueous Dissolution Data to Determine Comparative Free Energies of Formation (CΔGfo), and Relative Mineral Stabilities

Analytical data from aqueous dissolution studies of minerals, mineral systems, and naturally equilibrated so- Jutions such as surface waters and groundwaters provide the basic ingredients necessary to calculate comparative solubility (or activity) products (CKs) and comparative free energies of formation (CAGf ~ of possible minerals or hypothetical min- erals. Using a thermodynamic approach, quasi-thermodynamic values are obtained which can help in understanding the relative stabilities of different but similar materials and changes in reacting systems. Illite equilibrated solutions demon- strated that: 1) there is a 5 kcal spread in comparative free energies of formation of the five illites used, 2) the comparative stabilities remain about the same when highly simplified but similar hypothetical mineral formulas are considered, and 3) some of these illites are probably not the most stable phase in a closed chemical system at standard temperature and pressure. A "mineral index system" composed of common rock-forming minerals, products of chemical weathering and perhaps hypothetical minerals is proposed, which offers a means of studying naturally equilibrated solutions. Such a system can show changes with respect to CAGf ~ of these minerals at a particular site through time or in relationship to spatial distri- bution and geologic changes through synchronous sampling at different sites. Key Wnrds~Dissolution, Energy, Formation, Mineral, Solubility, Stability.
Carbohydrate and lignin are simultaneously solubilized from unpretreated switchgrass by microbial action at high temperature

The three major components of plant biomass, cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, are highly recalcitrant and deconstruction involves thermal and chemical pretreatment. Microbial conversion is a possible solution, but few anaerobic microbes utilize both cellulose and hemicellulose and none are known to solubilize lignin. Herein, we show that the majority (85%) of insoluble switchgrass biomass that had not been previously chemically treated was degraded at 78 °C by the anaerobic bacterium Caldicellulosiruptor bescii. Remarkably, the glucose/xylose/lignin ratio and physical and spectroscopic properties of the remaining insoluble switchgrass were not significantly different than those of the untreated plant material. C. bescii is therefore able to solubilize lignin as well as the carbohydrates and, accordingly, lignin-derived aromatics were detected in the culture supernatants. From mass balance analyses, the carbohydrate in the solubilized switchgrass quantitatively accounted for the growth of C. bescii and its fermentation products, indicating that the lignin was not assimilated by the microorganism. Immunoanalyses of biomass and transcriptional analyses of C. bescii showed that the microorganism when grown on switchgrass produces enzymes directed at key plant cell wall moieties such as pectin, xyloglucans and rhamnogalacturonans, and that these and as yet uncharacterized enzymes enable the degradation of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin at comparable rates. This unexpected finding of simultaneous lignin and carbohydrate solubilization bodes well for industrial conversion by extremely thermophilic microbes of biomass that requires limited or, more importantly, no chemical pretreatment.
The development of a digital sampling system for low power factor measurements of high-voltage capacitive/inductive reactors

A digital sampling system for high-accuracy low power factor measurements of high-voltage capacitive/inductive reactors is described in this paper. The system measures these reactors with respect to a known reference providing reactance ratio and phase difference. It is suitable for automation and offers a number of advantages with respect to current-comparator-based bridges: faster operation, since no balancing is required, and operation in the presence of noise, harmonics, and power-line voltage and frequency fluctuations. Yet it retains high accuracy with an estimated relative uncertainty of less than 40/spl middot/10/sup -6/ in magnitude and 40 /spl mu/rad in phase under real high-voltage or high-current conditions.
On recognition of 3-D objects from 2-D images

Techniques are described for model-based recognition of 3-D objects from unknown viewpoints using single gray-scale images. The method is especially useful for recognition of scenes with overlapping and partially occluded objects. An efficient matching algorithm, which assumes affine approximation to the perspective viewing transformation, is proposed. The algorithm has an off line model preprocessing phase and a recognition phase to reduce matching complexity. The algorithm was successfully tested in recognition of flat industrial objects appearing in composite occluded scenes. >
The CT features of abdominal tuberculosis in children.

Background: The last decade has seen a resurgence in the incidence and clinical presentation of tuberculosis (TB). Little data exist in the paediatric age group regarding abdominal tuberculosis (ATB) and limited reports of its CT features have been published. Purpose: To elucidate the CT features of ATB in children. Materials and methods: The medical records of 22 patients with ATB were reviewed. Data were extracted regarding the methods of diagnosis and HIV status. The plain chest films were examined and the CT scans were assessed for adenopathy, solid organ involvement, ascites, bowel wall and omental thickening and inflammatory masses. Results: Ten patients had biopsy-proven ATB, 11 had extra-abdominal TB with clinical suspicion of ATB and 1 had a positive trial of therapy. Five patients were tested for HIV and one tested positive. Thirteen patients had abnormal chest radiographs. The commonest CT finding was lymphadenopathy (n=17), followed by solid organ involvement (n=12), ascites (n=5), bowel wall thickening (n=5), inflammatory masses (n=2) and omental thickening (n=1). Conclusions: The clinical features of ATB are protean. This usually results in a delay in diagnosis and impacts negatively on patient morbidity and mortality. On CT, the constellation of findings is highly suggestive of the diagnosis of ATB and, used in conjunction with clinical and laboratory data, should narrow the differential considerably. Unique findings include histologically proven active TB in calcified lymph nodes and a pancreatic TB granuloma.
Electron irradiation-induced mechanical property changes in reactor pressure vessel alloys

High-energy electrons were used to study tensile property changes in simple Fe-Cu and Fe-Cu-Mn alloys irradiated at 288°C. A comparison was made with neutron irradiation data on the same alloys. An apparent effect of alloy chemistry was observed in which the presence of Mn affected embrittlement differently for electron and neutron irradiation. Comparison of previous experimental studies with the present experimental results indicates that electrons may be more efficient than fast neutrons at producing embrittlement.
Representation of an abstract perceptual decision in macaque superior colliculus.

We recorded from neurons in the intermediate and deep layers of the superior colliculus (SC) while monkeys performed a novel direction discrimination task. In contrast to the task we used previousl...
Feminist Attitude Accessibility and Behavioral Intentions

In order to investigate the role of attitude accessibility in reported intentions to engage in feminist behavior, feminist attitudes were or were not activated, and attitude-behavior relations in t...
Subjectivity and the “Native” Ethnographer: Researcher Eligibility in an Ethnographic Study of Urban Indian Women in Hindu Arranged Marriages:

In this conversation, the author’s goal is to discuss subjectivity/s as evolving and temporal representational emergences in ethnographic fieldwork. She uses her participation in a narrative ethnographic study of women’s experiences in Hindu arranged marriages to show how her positions traveled and constantly shifted in the years of fieldwork. Ultimately, she shifts focus to her fieldwork and explores the ways in which her co-participants shifted her selves and, in so doing, “represented” their own marital stories. As she does so, she shows herself caught between eligibilities granted to her by her participants and how these shaped what she discerned in the narratives. Her broader goal in enacting these tough yet healthy tensions is to facilitate a dialogue on how the resculpting of the ethnographer shows us the recursive relationship among subjectivity/s, representation, and interpretation.
Care planning for pressure ulcers in hospice: The team effect

Objective: The standards of care for patients at risk for or with a pressure ulcer in hospitals and nursing homes focus on prevention and ulcer healing using an interdisciplinary approach. Although not a primary hospice condition, pressure ulcers are not uncommon in dying patients. Their management in hospices, particularly the involvement of family caregivers, has not been studied. The objective of this study is to identify the factors that influence care planning for the prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers in hospice patients and develop a taxonomy to use for further study.Methods: A telephone survey was conducted with 18 hospice directors of clinical services and 10 direct-care nurses. Descriptive qualitative data analysis using grounded theory was utilized.Results: The following three themes were identified: (1) the primary role of the hospice nurse is an educator rather than a wound care provider; (2) hospice providers perceive the barriers and burdens of family caregiver involvement in pressure ulcer care to be bodily location of the pressure ulcer, unpleasant wound characteristics, fear of causing pain, guilt, and having to acknowledge the dying process when a new pressure ulcer develops; and (3) the “team effect” describes the collaboration between family caregivers and the health care providers to establish individualized achievable goals of care ranging from pressure ulcer prevention to acceptance of a pressure ulcer and symptom palliation.Significance of results: Pressure ulcer care planning is a model of collaborative decision making between family caregivers and hospice providers for a condition that occurs as a secondary condition in hospice. A pressure ulcer places significant burdens on family caregivers distinct from common end-of-life symptoms whose treatment is directed at the patient. Because the goals of pressure ulcer care appear to be individualized for a dying patient and their caregivers, the basis of quality-of-care evaluations should be the process of care rather than the outcome of an incident pressure ulcer.
Role of TGF-β1 and JNK signaling in capillary tube patterning

The transforming growth factor (TGF) family of secretory polypeptides comprises signaling proteins involved in numerous physiological processes, including vascular development and vessel wall integ...
Surface functionalization and monolayer formation on silicon resonant nanoballances

This work presents formation of molecular monolayers on silicon surfaces of micromechanical resonant devices and measurement of the mass of the deposited monolayer using such. Thermally actuated single crystalline silicon micromechanical resonators with resonant frequencies in the 20–30 MHz range were used as highly sensitive mass sensors. Monolayers of long chain amine molecules were formed by reacting the amine groups with epoxide groups covalently bonded to the silicon surfaces. As a result a consistent negative frequency shift of ∼100ppm was measured for the resonators. Mass calculations based on the measured frequency shift show a 6.9% surface coverage for the monolayer. XPS surface analysis shows existence of nitrogen atoms on the resonator surface confirming that the measured frequency shifts are due to the addition of the amine molecules.
"Making Democracy Real": Teacher Union and Community Activism To Promote Diversity in the New York City Public Schools, 1935-1950.

This article examines how an interracial coalition of radical teachers from the Teachers Union of New York City and community activists from the Citywide Citizens Committee on Harlem promoted Black history and intercultural curriculum materials and worked side-by-side with parents for school reform in the New York City schools during the 1930s and early 1940s. Their efforts to develop more culturally responsive schools in Harlem and Bedford-Stuyvesant were derailed by the late 1940s in the wake of the red-baiting of progressive scholars and teacher union activists during the cold war era.
Seasonal variation in nymphal blacklegged tick abundance in Southern New England forests

In the northeastern United States, risk of human exposure to tick transmitted disease is primarily a function of the abundance of the blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis Say. We assessed seasonal variability in the abundance of nymphal stage I. scapularis over 13 yr, collected from several forested areas throughout Rhode Island. Specifically, we examined intraseasonal differences by using two temporally distinct tick collections made during the peak nymphal tick season. Intraseasonal factors significantly impacted tick abundance, with the June tick rate (mean = 40.42, SD = 14.79) significantly more abundant than the July tick rate (mean = 27.64, SD = 15.47). The greater variability in July (coefficient of variation: June, 36.61%; July, 55.95%) lead us to conclude June tick rates are relatively stable from year to year, whereas July tick rates contribute more to intraseasonal and yearly variation.
Historical Perspectives in the Development of Neuropsychology as a Professional Psychological Specialty

The growth of neuropsychology, and clinical neuropsychology in particular, has been rapid though poorly documented. Although clinical neuropsychology texts provide overviews on theories of brain function, only a few review how the field developed. This lack of information is not typical of related disciplines (e.g., neurology) or of other specialties within psychology (e.g., clinical psychology). Clinical psychology, for example, has experienced rapid growth over the past 25–40 years and its development is well documented (Fox, 1982; Fox, Barclay, & Rogers, 1982).
A Retrospective Comparison of Primary Baerveldt Implantation versus Trabeculectomy with Mitomycin C

Purpose To compare the safety and efficacy of Baerveldt implantation (Abbott Medical Optics, Santa Ana, CA) and trabeculectomy with mitomycin C (MMC) in patients who have not undergone prior incisional ocular surgery. Design Retrospective, comparative case series. Participants A total of 125 patients with low-risk glaucoma undergoing primary glaucoma surgery, including 55 patients who received a 350-mm 2 Baerveldt glaucoma implant and 70 patients who underwent trabeculectomy with MMC. Methods Eligible patients were identified using Current Procedural Terminology codes, and their medical records were reviewed retrospectively. Main Outcome Measures The primary outcome measure was surgical success (intraocular pressure [IOP] ≤21 mmHg and reduced ≥20% from baseline, IOP >5 mmHg, no reoperation for glaucoma, no loss of light-perception vision). Secondary outcome measures included visual acuity, IOP, number of glaucoma medications, and complications. Results The cumulative probability of success at 3 years with or without medical therapy was 87% in the Baerveldt group and 76% in the trabeculectomy group ( P = 0.23). Postoperative complications occurred in 11 patients (20%) in the Baerveldt group and 20 patients (29%) in the trabeculectomy group ( P = 0.27). Mean follow-up ± standard deviation was 27±19 months in the Baerveldt group and 34±20 months in the trabeculectomy group ( P = 0.053). Conclusions Similar rates of surgical success and postoperative complications were observed in patients undergoing trabeculectomy with MMC and in those undergoing Baerveldt implantation during 3 years of follow-up. Both are viable primary glaucoma procedures in patients who have not undergone prior ocular surgery.
Dynamic Transmission Electron Microscope Study on the Crystallization of Ion-Bombarded Amorphous Germanium Thin Films

The structure-properties relationships of amorphous group IV semiconductors such as germanium (a-Ge) have attracted wide research interests over the past decades. The materials have great technological significance thanks to a plethora of applications, and understandings of their structural properties provide key scientific insights for those with similar covalently bounded networks. Pulsed laser induced crystallization is a common method to evolve the nanostructure in a-Ge. In this study, we report the correlations between the differences in the nanostructure of a-Ge thin films created by ion bombardment, and the laser crystallization kinetics measured using dynamic transmission electron microscope (DTEM).
Neutron Capture to Fission Ratios in U233, U235, Pu233

The ratio of neutron capture to fission cross sections, α, has been measured for U233, U235, and Pu239 at 9 incident neutron energies from 30 kev to 1000 kev. A pulsed and collimated neutron beam i...
Districting and the Meanings of Pluralism: The Court’s Futile Search for Standards in Kiryas Joel

The Court had difficulty in figuring out what went wrong in Kiryas Joel because it does not understand gerrymandering and therefore had no standard against which to measure what had happened or to judge whether the intention was proper or improper
Access to Public Services in Sri Lanka: A Marginal Benefit Incidence Analysis

In its Poverty Reduction Strategy, the Sri Lankan government has clearly outlined the need to increase investment in the provision of public goods and services. An important challenge for policymakers will be to make sure that the poor benefit from better access to such services. For this, benchmarking information as to who is expected to benefit from an increase in access to services can be useful. This paper applies a methodology to assess with a single cross-section of data whether the poor are likely to benefit more or less than the non-poor from an expansion in access to public services and whether this depends on the existing level of access to the service provided. The results suggest that although there are important differences between different types of services, in many cases marginal benefit incidence tends to be more pro-poor than benefit incidence, especially once the non-poor already have high levels of access. By contrast, when access rates are relatively low, special efforts may be needed to ensure that the poor benefit from future increases in access.
Structure-Activity Relationships of Neurohypophyseal Polypeptides on Different Types of Isolated Mammalian Blood Vessels

Up until the isolation and synthesis of vasopressin in 1953 by du Vigneaud vasopressin was given little serious thought as a useful vasoactive drug because of its well documented coronary constrictor action. Interestingly, however, there is now good evidence to indicate that at least two synthetic neurohypophyseal hormone (NHPH) analogues, namely 2-phenylalanine-8-lysine vasopressin (PLV-2) and 8-ornithine vasopressin, may have significant antiarrhythmic properties in man (see references in 9). Additional experimental studies indicate that at least one of these NHPH analogues, namely PLV-2 (the only one so far investigated in animal coronary circulation), increases the relative myocardial blood flow in rats (16) and relaxes a variety of isolated bovine coronary arteries (1). Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that when PLV-2 was used as a local vasoconstrictor in skin flaps it did not produce any decrease in tissue oxygen tensions, while epinephrine did (20). Possibly more importantly, our laboratory found that PLV-2 improved survival in animals subjected to various forms of shock (9, 10, 11, 13, 19) and suggested this might be due to its unusual microcirculatory effects as observed by direct in-vivo microscopy (4, 7–12, 19). In view of such findings we initiated systematic pharmacologic and structure-activity studies of the NHPH, and particularly their synthetic analogues, not only at the microcirculatory level but on various types of isolated mammalian blood vessels since the latter would be divorced from any in-vivo effects of metabolism and blood flow.
Implications of State Dental Board Disciplinary Actions for Teaching Dental Students About Emotional Intelligence

The primary emphasis in dental education is on developing students' cognitive intelligence (thinking) and technical intelligence (doing), while emotional intelligence (being) receives less emphasis. The aim of this study was to explore a potential consequence of the paucity of emotional intelligence education by determining the level of emotional intelligence-related (EI-R) infractions in state dental board disciplinary actions and characterizing the types of those infractions. For this study, 1,100 disciplinary action reports from 21 state dental boards were reviewed, and disciplinary infractions were classified as cognitive intelligence-related (CI-R) infractions, technical intelligence-related (TI-R) infractions, and EI-R infractions. EI-R infractions were then subcategorized into emotional intelligence clusters and competencies using the Emotional and Social Competency Inventory (ESCI). The results showed that 56.6% of the infractions were EI-R. When the EI-R infractions were subcategorized, the four competencies most frequently violated involved transparency, teamwork and collaboration, organizational awareness, and accurate self-assessment. Understanding the frequency and nature of EI-R infractions may promote awareness of the need for increased attention to principles of emotional intelligence in dental education and may encourage integration of those principles across dental curricula to help students understand the impact of emotional intelligence on their future well-being and livelihood.
Synchronous Condensers

The paper reviews the general characteristics of large synchronous condensers, with particular reference to the possibilities of greater standardization in condenser specifications. Particular emphasis is placed on the question of the ratio of lagging to leading kv-a. capacity, and it is concluded that about 50 per cent lagging capacity is normal, while any important increase in this ratio requires special design of greater size and cost. Attention is called to the advantage to be gained by the use of reactors in place of such oversized condensers, where extra lagging capacity is needed. Separate sections of the paper are devoted to starting and stability characteristics, and to recent improvements in the design of synchronous condensers. Finally, the use of asynchronous condensers is discussed and found to be undesirable.
Surveillance on Tableware Sterilization in Catering Trade in Dao County from 1997 to 2009

Objective To understand the sanitary quality of tableware in catering trade of Dao County,and to provide the evidence for improving the sterilization quality and monitoring of tableware.Methods With random sampling method,tableware of restaurants,dining halls in hotels,snack bars,and mess halls in schools in Dao County from 1997 to 2009 was selected and detected by national standard detection method.And the sterilization results were statistically analyzed.Results The eligible rates of tableware in Dao County from 1997 to 2009 were 61.2%,63.4%,70.1%,71.4%,73.0%,74.7%,76.8%,78.2%,79.5%,80.9%,81.6%,82.2%,and 84.4%,respectively.The average qualified rate was 76.7%.The qualified rate of mess halls in schools was 50.5%.The qualified rate of villages and towns was 53.4%.Conclusions It is necessary to strengthen the surveillance on tableware of catering trade,especially in schools,villages and towns,and adopt comprehensive countermeasures for further improving the sterilization quality of tableware.
A University-Community Partnership to Combat Food Insecurity among College Students

This paper describes a university-community partnership focused on alleviating food insecurity among college students. The on-campus food pantry served over 800 student clients during its first academic year. The pantry is run by a large group of student, faculty, and staff volunteers, and receives food and volunteer support from community partners and student organizations. Results of an analysis of pantry intake data revealed that during its first year of operation, the pantry served a student population that is majority graduate and international, who live with two or fewer persons per household, and whose food insecurity was reported as occasional. The discussion describes how the results of the study are guiding efforts to better serve students facing food insecurity and to strengthen internal and external partnerships necessary for the long-term success and sustainability of the pantry. Directions for future research are also discussed.