cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adaptive values of bipedalism

The adaptive significance of the multiple evolution of bipedalism is surveyed and discussed. Probable modes of origin and the relative advantages of saltatorial and alternating gaits are expressed in terms of foot stability, speed of progression, directional changes, control of momentum and overcoming body inertia. It is suggested that analysis of primate locomotion by high-speed cinematography is a necessary basic step toward correlation of structure with behavior.
A steady axisymmetric vortex flow

Abstract The physical problem treated in this paper is a fluid rotating steadily in a circular cylinder with a tangential influx of fluid through jets located on the outer surface. Fluid is withdrawn through a sink at the bottom surface of the cylinder. The flow that is of interest in this paper is solely the steady three-dimensional viscous vortex, since the other regions, which lie exterior to the viscous region, are known and therefore present no difficulty. First, the boundary value problem is posed and solutions for the velocity field obtained. The theoretical results are compared with experimental measurements and found to predict results fairly well if the flow rate, sink radius, fluid column depth, kinematic viscosity and radial extent of the viscous vortex are specified. The viscous radius is determined experimentally for a variety of depths and flow rates.
Perceiving the numerosity of rapidly occurring auditory events in metrical and nonmetrical contexts.

Experiment 1 determined the fastest tempo at which participants could tap in synchrony with every nth tone (n = 2 to 9) in an isochronous sequence. Tapping was difficult with every 5th or 7th tone but easy with every 2nd, 4th, or 8th tone, suggesting that evenly divisible groups ofn tones are automatically subdivided into equal groups of 2 or 3—a form of auditory subitizing that generates metrical hierarchies commonly found in Western music. Experiments 2 and 3 sought evidence of subitizing and subdivision in timed explicit enumeration of short, rapidly presented tone sequences (n = 2 to 10). Enumeration accuracy decreased monotonically withn. Response time increased monotonically up ton = 5 or 6, but less between 2 and 3 than between 3 and 4. Thus, a single group of 2 or 3 tones perhaps can be subitized, but subdivision of larger groups into subgroups of 2 or 3 tones seems to be specific to a repetitive, metrical context.
Bilateral cingulumotomy in the treatment of reflex sympathetic dystrophy

Bilateral anterior cingulumotomy has been used to treat psychiatric diseases and chronic pain. We report an interesting case involving a young woman who underwent cingulumotomy for the treatment of intractable total body pain secondary to generalized reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Her initial response after two procedures was excellent though 1 year later her pain recurred and was resistant to a subsequent cingulumotomy.
Cataphoresis in rotating electric fields

A new method of making cataphoresis measurements on colloid particles has been developed and tested. The method makes use of a rotating electric field which causes the particles to move in circles. In this way it is easily possible to test the effect of variable speed of the particle on the distribution of the diffuse electric double layer surrounding it. The results obtained indicate that this effect is negligible. Furthermore, it has been discovered that the mobility of the small particles (below 10^-4 cm in diameter) fluctuates widely and this is made very evident to the eye by the fluctuations in the circular paths of the particles. The fluctuations are quite violent with particles as small as 10^-6 cm in diameter. Considerable study of these variations has been made as well as an attempt to explain them qualitatively.
Decay of 20-Minute Ag 115

A study of radiations from decay of 20-min ${\mathrm{Ag}}^{115}$ has led to determination of the maximum beta energy as 3.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1 MeV and measurement of intensities of some eighteen $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays ranging in energy from 0.13 to 2.50 MeV. Measurements via $\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ and $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ coincidence spectrometry and via Hoogenboom sum-coincidence spectrometry allowed construction of a tentative decay scheme. This scheme uses the ground state and seven excited levels of ${\mathrm{Cd}}^{115}$ also known from other studies via the ${\mathrm{Cd}}^{114}(d, p)$ reaction. It is concluded that the 20-min ${\mathrm{Ag}}^{115}$ has spin and parity \textonehalf{}-, with about half of the $\ensuremath{\beta}$ decays being allowed transitions to states of spins and parities \textonehalf{}- or $\frac{3}{2}\ensuremath{-}$ at 2.12 and 2.50 MeV, the remainder being first-forbidden transitions to the ground-state and low-lying \textonehalf{}+ and $\frac{3}{2}+$ levels. No evidence was found for radiations associated with branching to 43-day ${\mathrm{Cd}}^{115}$ ($\frac{11}{2}\ensuremath{-}$).
Adrenomedullin gene delivery attenuates myocardial infarction and apoptosis after ischemia and reperfusion.

Adrenomedullin (AM) has been shown to protect against cardiac remodeling. In this study, we investigated the potential role of AM in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury through adenovirus-...
Efficacy of intravaginal and intranasal administration of micronized estradiol-17beta.

Absorption of micronized 17β-estradiol (E2), after intravaginal administration of 1 mg dose, suspended in saline, is extremely rapid and sustained. A mean peak increment of circulating E2 concentrations of more than 110 times the basal level is achieved at 2 h and remains elevated more than 6 times the basal level even at 24 h. Increments in estrone (E1) are smaller and slower than those of E2 with a mean peak concentration of less than 10% of E2 and remain 3 times the basal level at 24 h. With 0.5 mg dose, the incremental changes in E2 and E1 as well as the degree of gonadotropin suppression are essentially the same. In contrast, intranasal administration of E2 of 1 mg dose induces a rapid but short-lasting increase in both serum E2 and E1 levels. The mean increments of E1 exhibited a higher and sustained elevation with a rise in mean E1/E2 ratio well above unity beginning 1 h after intranasal application. These findings indicate intravaginal but not intranasal routes of E2 absorption are quantitatively ...
Electoral Simultaneity: Expressing Equal Respect

The principle of simultaneity—that citizens should vote as far as possible at the same time—is more significant than is usually appreciated. It is based on a fundamental value of democratic theory, and it has substantial implications for electoral practice. It also invites further normative and empirical research. The most important value that simultaneity expresses is a form of equality—equal respect. First, if citizens have only information they would have had if they were voting at the same time, the value of each citizen's choice is no greater than that of any other citizen. Second, when citizens go to the polls on the same day, publicly participating in a common experience of civic engagement, they demonstrate their willingness to contribute to the democratic process on equal terms. Taking simultaneity seriously has implications for electoral practices. It would limit the practice of media projections of election results, including the reporting of exit polls, and the calling of elections before all the polls close. It also casts doubt on the increasingly widespread use of early voting—absentee ballots and voting by mail. Early voting weakens the value of the experience of participating in a civic activity. Voting alone may be worse than bowling alone.
Estimates of Consumer Loss Due to Monopoly in the U.S. Food-Manufacturing Industries: Comment

Parker and Connor display courage and effort in their attempt to estimate consumer losses due to monopoly. However, we seriously question their problem formulation, assumptions, methodology, empirical results, and policy recommendations. Parker and Connor use three independent methodologies and data sets to measure consumer loss due to monopoly. They conclude that "the extent of convergence of all three essentially independent estimates" (p. 637) gives strength to their conclusion about the extent of such consumer loss. We believe that each of their approaches has serious flaws. Hence, we question the accuracy and validity of their estimates. The authors use a monopoly model to describe industries that should be considered oligopolistic. Monopoly theory permits easy indentification and measurement of consumer loss. However, as Samuelson writes, when oligopolies collude, either tacitly or explicitly, "the richness of possible outcomes would exhaust a specialized book on the subject" (p. 516). Parker and Connor, without citing evidence, assume that oligopolies in food manufacturing behave like monopolists. They assume away the real empirical problem. While their section on "Monopoly Loss Theory" and their figure 1 are useful for exposition, they are totally inadequate for oligopoly analysis. In categorizing food industries, the authors use standard census classifications but ignore their problems. Their classification can handle horizontal integration within industries, but it excludes vertical links between industries, horizontal integration across industries, and conglomeration which can involve both horizontal and vertical integration inside and outside food manufacturing. Thus, it seems that the industries analyzed by Parker and Connor do not represent independent bundles of economic activities, e.g., butter, cheese, canned milk, ice cream, and fluid milk. The Parker and Connor approach assumes that only intraindustry competition is relevant and interindustry effects are
Initiation and proliferation of carrot callus using a combination of antibiotics.

Calli were initiated from carrot (Daucus carota L. subsp. sativus Hoffm.) root expiants and grown on media supplemented with a combination of carbenicillin at 0.3 mg/ml and vancomycin at 0.1 mg/ml in the absence of plant hormones or hormone analogs. The growth rate was about half of that obtained with a combination of α-naphthaleneacetic acid and N6-benzyladenine at 1 mg/l each. Carbenicillin in the combination with vancomycin could be replaced by penicillin G; other penicillins tested in this combination, however, caused only limited growth. The calli produced can be grown on media supplemented with α-naphthaleneacetic acid and N6-benzyladenine, but not on media without the antibiotics and the plant growth substances. Calli obtained using the plant growth substances can also be subcultured on media supplemented with only the antibiotics.
NuFact00 workshop summary

A brief summary of the workshop is presented. r 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. PACS: 13.15.+g; 29.27.a
Three-dimensional aromaticity: A topological analysis of computational methods

The deltahedral boranes B n H 2− (6 ≤n ≤ 12) may be regarded as three-dimensional delocalized aromatic systems in which surface bonding and core bonding correspond to σ-bonding andπ-bonding, respectively, in planar polygonal two-dimensional hydrocarbons C n H ( − 6)+ (n = 5, 6, 7). The two extreme types of topologies which may be used to model core bonding in deltahedral boranes are the deltahedral (D n) topology based on the 1-skeleton of the underlying deltahedron and the complete (K n) topology based on the corresponding complete graph. Symmetry factoring of generalized graphs representing the core-bonding interactions in the highly symmetrical octahedral borane B6 H6 and icosahedral borane B12H 12 2− leads to methods for separating the effects of core and surface bonding in molecular orbital energy parameters. Such analyses of the Hoffmann—Lipscomb LCAO-MO extended Mickel computations, the Armstrong—Perkins—Stewart self-consistent molecular orbital computations, and SCF MO ab initio Guassian 82 computations on B6H 6 2− and B12H 12 2− indicate that the approximation of atomic orbitals by a sum of Gaussians, as is typical in modem ab initio computations, leads to significantly weaker apparent core bonding approximated more closely by deltahedral (D n) rather than complete (K n) topology. Furthermore, theT 1u core orbitals which, if pure, would be nonbonding in octahedral (D 6) core topology for B6 H 6 2− and bonding in icosahedral (D12) core topology for B12H 12 2− , become antibonding through strong core—surface mixing. Because of this, the simpler graph-theory derived model for deltahedral boranes using complete (K n) core bonding topology gives the correct numbers of bonding orbitals even in cases where the complete graphK n is a poor approximation for the actual core bonding topology.
P59 H2S ameliorates homocysteine mediated attenuation of miR-133a and β2-AR in diabetic hearts

Previously we have reported that hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) protects against chronic heart failure, and elevated level of homocysteine (Hcy) called hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy, a co-morbid condition) exacerbates diabetic cardiomyopathy. The generation of H 2 S from Hcy requires cystathionine γ -lyase (CBS) enzyme and mutation of CBS (CBS+/−) causes pathological cardiac remodeling. Since miR-133a (cardiac fibrosis) and β 2-adrenergic receptors ( β 2-AR: contractile dysfunction) are attenuated in diabetic hearts and contribute to cardiac remodeling, we hypothesize that inhibition of CBS induces HHcy and attenuates miR-133a and β 2-AR due to decreased production of H 2 S. To prove the hypothesis, we used C57BL/6 J (WT), CBS+/− with and without NaHS (a H 2 S donor, 30 μM/L in drinking water for 4 weeks) and measured the levels of miR-133a and β 2-AR by individual miR-133a assay, multiplex RT-PCR and Western blotting. Additionally, to assess the role of H 2 S in mitigation of glucose mediated inhibition of β 2-AR, we determined the levels of stimulatory G -protein coupled receptor (Gs: inducer of β 2-AR) and β 2-AR in HL1 cardiomyocytes treated with high glucose (25 mM D-glucose) and high glucose + H 2 S (30 μM) by RT-PCR flow cytometry and RT-PCR. The results revealed that both miR-133a and β 2-AR are down regulated in CBS+/− hearts. However, treatment with H 2 S improves the levels of miR-133a and β 2-AR. Similarly, Gs and β 2-AR are down regulated in high glucose treated cardiomyocytes and H 2 S ameliorates both Gs and β 2-AR. These findings elicit that H 2 S induces miR-133a and β 2-AR in HHcy hearts and ameliorates diabetic cardiomyopathy.
Surgical indications in thyroid disorders

Abstract With the exception of the so-called borderline types of thyroid disease, reference has been made to most of the conditions requiring surgery, including certain disorders not ordinarily designated in this category. In most instances the various phases of the subject have been fully discussed. The classification employed herein is based upon clinical manifestations of the disordered gland, and is presented along with the physical findings as a practical diagnostic guide for surgical indication.
Courtship behavior and the kinetics of mating in three lines of Drosophila simulans and their hybrids.

Mating inDrosophila is precisely characterized by an exponential phase based on second-order kinetics coupled with an initial lag phase based on zeroth-order kinetics. In this model, the two separate kinetic phases are quantified by separate parameters. Three genetically distinct lines ofDrosophila simulans differing in male and female mating propensities (measured by the relative frequencies of animals mating after a fixed interval of time) also differed sharply in both parameters of mating kinetics. One line was highly outcrossed and the other two, derivatives of the first, had been subjected to genetic drift. The lines and their F1 hybrids were studied in “no-choice” mating tests with a “control line” to determine the two parameters describing mating kinetics and were observed in pair matings to measure four courtship traits. The two parameters of mating kinetics (L, which describes the lag phase, andK, which describes the exponential phase) and the mean percentage mating varied widely across the nine types, in both sexes. The logarithm ofL was linearly related to the percentage mating (r2=0.732);L andK were not significantly correlated. Among female genotypes, only one courtship trait varied significantly—the latency from coconfinement of female and male to initiation of courtship; among male genotypes, the duration of the two wing displays, scissor and vibrate, varied significantly. LogK was significantly (P<0.01) correlated with the latency to courtship (r=−0.626) and with the duration of two components, orient (r=0.701) and scissor (r=0.698), whereas logL and percentage mating were not significantly correlated with components of courtship. There was evidence of inbreeding depression forL, but not forK, in both sexes of the drift lines.
Data-driven and Procedural Analysis and Synthesis of Multimedia

In this talk, I will outline the changes that have come about in the analysis and synthesis of multimedia, due to the availability of large amounts of data. I will present several of the recently successful methods that have been introduced in the last few years for example-based synthesis for animation and rendering of videos. I will also show how these methods have been extended to other modalities. I will also show how these approaches need to be extended by developing parametric and procedurals models to represent temporal variations. Using example from my groups work and also other efforts, I will discuss how video is becoming an accessible medium for all and I will also discuss some newer work on authoring of multimedia content.
Effects of socialization on the physiological detection of deception

Abstract Effects of socialization on the physiological detection of deception using the control question test (CQT) were explored in three mock crime experiments. Subjects were 168 volunteers from criminal, community, and college student populations. Socialization was measured by the Socialization (So) scale of the California Psychological Inventory. All subjects were given a CQT using standard field techniques. The physiological data were blindly evaluated by a semiobjective field scoring technique and previously developed discriminant function. There were no effects of socialization on the accuracy of classification by the semiobjective field scoring or the discriminant function. A modest negative relationship was found between socialization scores and differential reactivity in the CQT as indicated by correlations with the semiobjective ( r = −.22) and discriminant scores ( r = −.17). It was concluded that socialization is not an important variable for field applications of the CQT.
Vitamin A deficiency and xerophthalmia in an autistic child.

A5-YEAR-OLD boy with severe autism was referred to the corneal and external disease service with a history of bilateral corneal ulceration. The referring ophthalmologist had examined the child under anesthesia and noted an active corneal ulcer in the right eye and a healed ulcer in the left eye. The patient’s mother stated that his eyes had appeared red and that he was light sensitive for several weeks, rubbing both eyes frequently during this time. She also noted that the child appeared to be clumsy, bumping into and falling over furniture inside the
Relation Between Visual Color Differences and Tristimulus Color Readings for Pureed Carrots, Spinach, and Pears

SUMMARY A range of colors for spinach, carrots, and pears was produced by blending samples of different colors and diluting with water. The samples were examined by a visual panel under a MacBeth Examolite to determine the “just noticeable color difference” (JND) and were then measured with a Colormaster differential colorimeter and a Color-Eye calorimeter. The JND figures were 1–2.5 delta-E units calculated by the Adams chromatic value equation. Repeatability figures on the instruments above were respectively 1/2 and 1/4 of the JND values for spinach and pears. For carrots, the repeatability and JND figures were of the same order. Repeatability figures for 4 other calorimeters were lower or approximately equal to the JND figures, indicating that several of the calorimeters could be used to determine color differences as well as an average visual panel.
Inductive inference with bounded number of mind changes

Inductive inference machines (IIMs) synthesize programs, given their intended input-output behavior. The program synthesis is viewed as a potentially infinite process of learning by example. Smith [20] studied team learning and obtained results that characterized trade-offs between the number of machines and resources in the learning process. Pitt [16] defined probabilistic learning and showed that ‘probabilistic learning’ is the same as ‘team learning’. Later [17] introduced probabilistic team learning and compared probabilistic team learning and team learning. However, for any given team when we restrict amount of resources allotted for each IIM, then most of the above results fail to hold. This paper studies the relationships between team learning, probabilistic learning and probabilistic team learning when limited resources are available. Some preliminary results obtained indicates a very interesting relationship between them. The proofs for some of the preliminary results, used n-ary recursion theorems, and some complex diagonalization.
Small cell carcinoma of the prostate

Abstract Small cell carcinoma of the prostate is a rare diagnostic entity that can be mistaken for high-grade conventional prostate carcinoma. It is important to recognize this tumor because of its poor prognosis and different treatment regimen from conventional prostatic carcinoma. Small cell carcinoma of the prostate shares the same morphologic and immunohistochemical profile of small cell carcinoma of the lung and extra-pulmonary sites. The clinical, histological and immunohistochemical features of this tumor are summarized and its distinction from high-grade conventional prostate carcinoma is discussed. The current concepts on pathogenesis and possible therapeutic targets for this disease are briefly examined.
A Hypothesis: Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Reduce the Incidence of Large-Bowel Cancer

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) inhibit prostaglandin synthesis and tumor growth in the rodent colon. We assessed NSAID use in relation to risk of human large-bowel cancer in a hospital-based, case-control study of 1326 patients with colorectal cancer and 4891 control patients. For regular NSAID use that continued into the year before interview, the multivariate relative risk estimate was 0.5 (95% confidence interval, 0.4 to 0.8); the estimate decreased as the duration of use increased, but the trend was not statistically significant. Similar results were obtained whether cancer or non-cancer controls were used, and the inverse association was apparent for both colon cancer and rectal cancer in men and women and in subjects younger and older than 60 years. Regular NSAID use that had been discontinued at least 1 year previously and non-regular use were not associated with risk. Almost all regular NSAID use was of aspirin-containing drugs. The present data suggest that the sustained use of NSAIDs reduces the incidence of human large-bowel cancer.
A self-paced introductory Fortran programming course

This paper describes a self-paced audio-tutorial introductory Fortran programming course. The course is designed for students with no previous programming experience and consists of nine lessons. Each lesson has two parts: (1) a handout that directs the student's reading in the course text and contains comments, suggestions, examples and self-test quizzes; (2) a handout and accompanying cassette tape that solves example problems in detail - problem analysis, development of algorithm (flowchart) and program. There are six programming assignments and a test on each lesson. A unique feature of the lessons is the use of peek-a-boo strips to aid and encourage students to carefully read the example programs and to show the structural relation between the flowchart and the program.
Erythemal intensity meter

THE INCREASING USE of sunlamps by the public and the interest shown in sun tan evidenced a need for a compact, rugged, portable erythemal intensity meter. The intention was not to develop a meter of laboratory precision, but to furnish a reasonable accurate commercial tool that could be used in the field as a guide to relative intensities in the 2,800- to 3,200-Angstrom unit band.
P02.01. Bending Towards Integration: A Multiple Case Study Assessing the Progressive Landscape of Interprofessional Collaborative Care Within US Integrative Healthcare Centers

Focus Area: Sustainable Business Practices A paradigm shift is underway in our healthcare system whereby traditionally allopathic medical centers are beginning to adopt non-allopathic modalities of healing into their practices. This phenomenon has influenced the widespread emergence of integrative healthcare centers throughout the country whereby multiple disciplines are housed under one institutional roof. There is much to be learned from these pioneering centers of collaborative practice, as their seasoned experience in assimilating systems of healing provides valuable insight into the intricacies of interprofessional team care and contributes to the prospect of new and improved healthcare models. This session presents key findings from a multiple case study whereby the following three US integrative centers serve as research participants to explore the inner dynamics of interprofessional collaborative care: Center for Continuum Health and Healing (CCHH) at Beth Israel Medical Center in New York, New York Integrative Medicine Center (IMC) at Yale-affiliated Griffin Hospital in Derby, Connecticut Northern Hawaii Community Hospital (NHCH) in Waimea, Hawaii Data for this study were collected over a total period of 6 months, and in-depth interviews served as the primary source of qualitative information. Drawing from practitioner and staff perspectives within each center, the analysis illuminates perceived value factors and core challenges of interprofessional collaborative care, as well as underscores standout facilitators and best practices supporting the sustainability of integrative practices with an emphasis on communication forums, internal culture, and architectural design. Although the meta-findings address key barriers to multidisciplinary collaboration, the merits of converging healing paradigms in clinical practice is highlighted and a fundamental “bending” towards successful integration is celebrated. The conclusion of the study fuels optimism that the collective effort unique to the integrative model might serve as a successful blueprint to replace our ailing approach to medicine.
Mitochondrial DNA and two perspectives on evolutionary genetics

This essay reviews comparative studies of animal mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), with emphasis on findings made and ideas developed at Berkeley. It argues that such studies are bringing together two previous paths of progress in evolutionary biology. One path is that of those who worked far above the species level and were concerned with genealogical trees, time scales and the accumulation of new mutations on surviving molecular lineages. The other path is that of those who worked at and below the species level and were concerned mainly with population structure, migration and the frequencies of alleles that existed in an ancestral population. This fusion of paths is made possible by the high rate at which mutations accumulate on mtDNA lineages and by this molecule's uniparental and apparently haploid mode of inheritance. These properties make mtDNA a superb tool for building trees and time scales relating molecular lineages at and below the species level. In addition, owing to its mode of inheritance, mtDNA is more sensitive to bottlenecks in population size and to population subdivision than are nuclear genes. Joint comparative studies of both mtDNA and nuclear DNA variability give us valuable insights into how effective population size has varied through time. Such studies also give insight into the conditions under which mtDNA from one species can colonize another species.
Expert systems in the control of animal cell culture processes: Potentials, functions, and perspectives

In recent years, the development of advanced systems for bioprocess monitoring and control has become an area of intensive research. Along with traditional techniques, there are several new approaches which are increasingly being applied to bioprocess operations. Among these, of special note is expert system technology, which provides possibilities for the design of efficient bioprocess control systems with new functional capabilities. This technology has been successfully applied to variety of microbial processes at laboratory and industrial scale. The present paper analyzes the possibility for application of expert systems to animal cell cultures processes whose high complexity is well suited to expert control. The discussion focuses on the organization and the functionality of the intelligent control systems, and covers some practical aspects of their design.
The diurnal variation of blood leucocytes in normal and adrenalectomized mice.

FOR many years conflicting opinions have appeared in the literature concerning cyclic variation of the circulating leucocytes. Recently, a diurnal variation of large magnitude has been well established for the circulating eosinophils in a variety of animals, Halberg and Visscher (1950), Halberg (1953), Halberg, Visscher and Bittner (1953), Visscher and Halberg (1955), Louch, Meyer and Emlen (1953), Panzenhagen and Speirs (1953), and has been reported for the lymphocytes in the human by Elmadjian and Pincus (1946). With the advent of intensive research on the pituitary and adrenal hormones, a marked effect of these hormones on the numbers of circulating leucocytes became evident. Dougherty and White (1943, 1944, 1947) and White and Dougherty (1945) observed an involution of lymphatic tissue and concomitant blood lymphopenia and neutrophilia following administration of these hormones. Pincus (1943) observed a diurnal variation in the urinary excretion of 17-ketosteroids in humans and Laidlaw et al. (1954) f...
Responses of glutamate cysteine ligase and glutathione to oxidants in deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus)

Sensitivities of a wildlife species, deer mice, to oxidants were evaluated. A single dose (1589 mg/kg body weight by intraperitoneal injection) of carbon tetrachloride, a typical hepatotoxicant, caused changes in GCL activity and GSH content in multiple organs of deer mice. Hepatic GCL activity and GSH content were depleted substantially (P<0.01), renal GCL activity increased (P<0.05). Blood, brain and heart GCL activities increased (P<0.05), whereas GSH contents decreased significantly. Deer mice were exposed to Pb, or Pb together with Cu and Zn via drinking water for 4 weeks. GCL activities were not significantly affected by treatments. GSH contents were increased significantly by Pb alone, Pb with medium and high concentrations of Cu and Zn. Effects of multi-metal-contaminated soil were investigated via lactational, juvenile and lifelong exposure to feed supplemented with soils. Metal-contaminated soils did not lead to significant effects in pups via lactation, 50-day exposure altered GSH content marginally, while 100-day exposure resulted in marked GCL activity depletion. After 100-day exposure, GCL activities of the medium soil-, high soil- and Pb-treated deer mice were only 53%, 40% and 46% of the control, respectively (P<0.0001).
Adequate cohort sizes for caries clinical trials

Methods of determining cohort sizes were examined to determine their appropriateness for use in multi-group caries clinical trials. The appropriate method to sue depends on the type of trial being planned. It is shown that multiple comparison methods using certain Bonferonni type t-statistics ought to be used in trials in which different levels of frequencies of application of known caries inhibitors are being tested. It is also demonstrated that using the F-test procedure in the determination of cohort sizes can result in unacceptable low sensitivity levels being realized for the comparisons of primary concern. Tables are presented which can be used to determine group sizes needed to achieve specified sensitivity levels for two-groups trials and multi-group trials.
The classification of plants in the United States Patent Classification system

Abstract More than 11 100 plant patents have been granted US Patent and Trademark Office since 1931. The system for classifying such patents for efficient retrieval is a specialized part of the United States Patent Classification. It is described here under the following topics: purpose, the classification schedule, schedule organisation, relationship to design and utility patent classification, class definition, search notes, line notes, hierarchy, and special features of plant patents, such as coloration and the effect of commercial or market practice. The article then considers placement rules for consistent classification of such patents, searching for a patented plant, and aids for such searching. Illustrative examples of the schedule, and of the placement of and retrieval of plant patents are provided.
Nonlinear waves generated by a steadily moving line load on an elastic plate

Abstract The steady-state response of an infinite plate to a steadily moving line load is studied. The nonlinear plate theory of Herrmann is used. The plate response is governed by a set of nonlinear differential equations and, in addition, must satisfy the “radiation” conditions. Appropriate radiation conditions for the present nonlinear problem are developed. Exact solutions representing nonlinear waves generated by the moving load are constructed.
The complexity of the matroid–greedoid partition problem

We show that the maximum matroid-greedoid partition problem is NP-hard to approximate to within 1/2+e for any e>0, which matches the trivial factor 1/2 approximation algorithm. The main tool in our hardness of approximation result is an extractor code with polynomial rate, alphabet size and list size, together with an efficient algorithm for list-decoding. We show that the recent extractor construction of Guruswami, Umans and Vadhan [V. Guruswami, C. Umans, S.P. Vadhan, Unbalanced expanders and randomness extractors from Parvaresh-Vardy codes, in: IEEE Conference on Computational Complexity, IEEE Computer Society, 2007, pp. 96-108] can be used to obtain a code with these properties. We also show that the parameterized matroid-greedoid partition problem is fixed-parameter tractable.
Adenocarcinoma of the prostate invading the seminal vesicle: prognostic stratification based on pathologic parameters.

Abstract Objectives. To stratify the prognosis of lymph node-negative, seminal vesicle-positive tumors in men with prostate cancer after radical retropubic prostatectomy. Methods. Sixty cases were analyzed for multiple parameters and correlated with postoperative biochemical (prostate-specific antigen) progression. Variables included Gleason score, primary Gleason pattern, percentage of Gleason pattern 4, any presence of Gleason pattern 5, method of seminal vesicle invasion (SVI), margin positivity, SVI extent, SVI bilaterality, vascular invasion, extent of extraprostatic extension, length of tumor extending along the seminal vesicles, presence of intraductal carcinoma within the prostate, bladder neck margin positivity, and tumor volume. Results. We were able to stratify the prognosis based on the combination of a variation of the Gleason score and margin status and vascular invasion status. Using this stratification, a few patients had an excellent long-term prognosis, with most patients split into two groups, one experiencing rapid and the other slower progression. Conclusions. SVI is not associated with a uniformly poor prognosis. Rather, tumors can be substratified by pathologic parameters into groups with differing prognoses based on routine histologic examination.
Connective tissue metabolism in normal and atrophic skeletal muscle

Abstract The first two enzymes of the pentose-phosphate pathway (G6PD and 6PGD) were studied in rabbit skeletal muscle. Their activities closely paralleled the connective tissue levels in each individual muscle, and they increased in atrophying muscles at the same rate as connective tissue. Skeletal muscle tendons and subcutaneously implanted polyvinyl sponges, both of which consist of relatively pure connective tissue, displayed much higher activity of these enzymes than the muscle homogenates. These results suggest that pentose synthesis in muscle is mostly confined to its connective tissue elements, raising the possibility of a role for connective tissue in the biosynthetic processes of skeletal muscle. The contribution of connective tissue to the results of muscle quantitative studies may be significant, and even overshadow other values in atrophic muscles, where the muscle cell population may be greatly reduced. The interpretation of quantitative biochemical studies on pathological muscle samples should take this factor into consideration.
Observation of varistor-like behavior in chalcogenide glass-ceramics

Abstract Homogeneous glasses in the As-Sb-Se system were heat-treated to form glass-ceramic composites in which a conductive crystalline phase containing Sb 2 Se 3 was dispersed in an insulating matrix of a Se-rich glass. Several of the glass-ceramics exhibited low-field non-linear I–V characteristics similar to those observed in metal-oxide varistors.
In situ FT-IR and UV-vis spectroscopy of the low-temperature NO disproportionation mediated by solid state manganese(II) porphyrinates.

The heterogeneous reaction between NO gas and sublimed layers of manganese(II) porphyrinato complexes Mn(Por) (Por = TPP (tetraphenylporphyrinato dianion), TMP (tetramesitylporphyrinato dianion), or TPPd20 (perdeuterated tetraphenylporphyrinato dianion)) has been monitored by IR and optical spectroscopy over the temperature range of 77 K to room temperature. These manganese porphyrins promote NO disproportionation to NO2 species and N2O, and the reaction proceeds via several distinct stages. At 90 K, the principal species observed spectrally are the nitric oxide dimer, cis-ONNO, two manganese nitrosyls, the simple NO adduct Mn(Por)(NO), and another intermediate (1) that is apparently critical to the disproportionation mechanism. This key intermediate is formed prior to N2O evolution, and proposals regarding its likely structure are offered. When the system is warmed to 130 K, the disproportionation products, N2O and the O-coordinated nitrito complex Mn(Por)(NO)(ONO) (2), are formed. IR spectral changes sh...
A key pre-distribution scheme for heterogeneous sensor networks

Key pre-distribution techniques developed recently to establish pairwise keys between nodes with no or limited mobility. Existing schemes make use of only one key pool to establish secure links between stationary and mobile nodes, allowing an attacker to easily gain control of the network by randomly compromising a small fraction of stationary nodes. A method of preventing this type of security breach is the use of separate key pools for mobile and stationary nodes, in which small fractions of stationary nodes are randomly pre-selected to help the mobile nodes establish links with stationary nodes. Analysis shows that with 10% of stationary nodes carry a key from the mobile key pool. To recover any key from the mobile key pool and gain control of the network, an attacker would have to capture 20.8 times more stationary nodes than if a single key pool is used for both mobile and stationary nodes.
The Hospitalist Movement and Its Implications for the Care of Hospitalized Children

Over the past several years, the traditional American system of care for hospitalized adult patients has undergone a revolutionary change. The traditional system, in which primary care physicians (generally internists or family physicians) managed their own patients in the hospital, is being replaced in many areas of the country by a new system in which primary care physicians relinquish the care of hospitalized patients to a new group of inpatient specialists called hospitalists.1 The most important forces driving the hospitalist movement in adult medicine are the demand for higher quality hospital care and more economical use of resources. Although the use of specialists in inpatient medicine has existed in Europe and Canada for many years and also in some academic centers in this country, the widespread adoption of the hospitalist model in the United States has important implications for patients and physicians. This article explores the rationale for this change in the organization of inpatient care, the experience to date with hospitalists in the care of adult patients, and the potential implications of this change for the care of hospitalized children. Wachter has defined hospitalists as physicians who spend at least 25% of their time serving as the physician of record for hospitalized patients who have been referred by primary care physicians and who are referred back to their primary care physician at the time of discharge.2 The rationale for hospitalists is a natural extension of the burgeoning literature that supports the idea that “practice makes perfect” in the care of patients with illnesses such as acute myocardial infarction, stroke, and AIDS.3–5This minimum time commitment for hospitalists (here defined as 25%, although most community hospitalists serve in this role for 100% of their time) permits the development of expertise related to clinical content and efficiency and …
Korea's Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises: Unsung Heroes or Economic Laggards?

The article reports on 2003 research pertaining to small and medium-sized enterprises in Korea. Researchers looked at data over a 25-year period. They found that small-sized business enterprises have grown both in the number of workers they employ and the level of value they have added. The evidence suggests that small and medium-sized firms have played an integral role in transforming the Korean economy through increased exports, foreign investments, and productivity. From 1990 to 1994 the number of small and medium-sized firms making foreign direct investment and the value of those investments increased by over 500%.
Abstract 142: A human DNA methylation analysis microarray

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC CpG islands are stretches of high GC content DNA containing multiple CpG dinucleotides. When CpG dinucleotides within these islands are methylated, especially in promoter regions, expression of the corresponding downstream genes is often repressed. Aberrant CpG island methylation is implicated in cancer. We have refined a protocol for methylated DNA immunoprecipitation (mDIP) and coupled it with microarray detection. DNA isolated by mDIP is fluorescently labeled and hybridized to an oligonucleotide microarray that specifically represents putative methylation target regions in the human genome. This microarray contains ∼237,000 oligo probes tiling ∼28,000 CpG islands along with ∼5000 recently identified regions determined to be undermethylated across multiple tissue types. As proof of concept we perform mDIP and microarray analysis of human genomic DNA samples from normal tissues. We compare our mDIP array data with bisulfite sequencing data. Performing analysis with Agilent Genomic Workbench we demonstrate the ability to distinguish probes corresponding to methylated regions from probes corresponding to unmethylated regions. We then apply the assay to tumor and normal DNA and identify differential methylation patterns. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 142.
Efficient Feature Selection in the Presence of Multiple Feature Classes

We present an information theoretic approach to feature selection when the data possesses feature classes. Feature classes are pervasive in real data. For example, in gene expression data, the genes which serve as features may be divided into classes based on their membership in gene families or pathways. When doing word sense disambiguation or named entity extraction, features fall into classes including adjacent words, their parts of speech, and the topic and venue of the document the word is in. When predictive features occur predominantly in a small number of feature classes, our information theoretic approach significantly improves feature selection. Experiments on real and synthetic data demonstrate substantial improvement in predictive accuracy over the standard L0 penalty-based stepwise and stream wise feature selection methods as well as over Lasso and Elastic Nets, all of which are oblivious to the existence of feature classes.
Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in a patient with medulloblastoma

We present one adult patient with medulloblastoma who developed polysomnographically documented obstructive sleep apnea after posterior fossa surgery. The sleep apnea worsened in conjunction with clinical and imaging-confirmed neoplastic progression and clinically improved after craniospinal radiation therapy. Medulloblastoma or its surgical treatment has never before been implicated in a sleep-related breathing disorder. We discuss possible mechanisms for its occurrence and management implications.
Industrial waste disposal in the United States as a historical problem.

AbstractThis paper explores the manner in which historians have dealt with the issue of industrial pollution in the United States. It reviews the existing literature, suggesting reasons for the subject's neglect in the past. It also raises a series of questions for historians of pollution to focus upon. These questions include the need to understand societal values and knowledge that determined how society reacted to past pollution that threatened its health and the quality of its environment; the need to identify major turning points in the understanding and regulation of these wastes; the need to clarify how different professional groups have related to the issue of industrial pollution; the need to explore the development of indicators for measuring and regulating industrial pollution; and, the importance of clarifying what past responsible parties understood about the risks of industrial pollutants and how they had gained this knowledge. These issues are important not only to clarify the historical re...
The Art of Technology and the Future of MR: Integrating an Artistic Approach to Transform the Next Generation of Mixed and Augmented Reality

What is the future of Mixed Reality once the novelty wears off? What happens when we get to Milgram’s state of “seamless” integration of reality and virtuality and MR is as pervasive as our cell phones? Today, with video seethrough, Mixed Reality can be wherever there is video. So what happens next? As Arthur C. Clarke proclaims, “any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic.” However, to whom do we turn to make this magic?
Fine-scale structure of the San Andreas fault zone and location of the SAFOD target earthquakes

[1] We present results from the tomographic analysis of seismic data from the Parkfield area using three different inversion codes. The models provide a consistent view of the complex velocity structure in the vicinity of the San Andreas, including a sharp velocity contrast across the fault. We use the inversion results to assess our confidence in the absolute location accuracy of a potential target earthquake. We derive two types of accuracy estimates, one based on a consideration of the location differences from the three inversion methods, and the other based on the absolute location accuracy of “virtual earthquakes.” Location differences are on the order of 100–200 m horizontally and up to 500 m vertically. Bounds on the absolute location errors based on the “virtual earthquake” relocations are ∼50 m horizontally and vertically. The average of our locations places the target event epicenter within about 100 m of the SAF surface trace.