cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comment on Jennifer Steffel Johnson and Emily Talen's “affordable housing in New Urbanist Communities: A survey of developers”

Abstract A long‐time criticism of New Urbanism has been that the housing it provides is affordable only to middle‐ and upper‐income families. Johnson and Talen's survey of New Urbanist developers and developments is intended to see whether this criticism is justified. Although the methodology is limited, the results of this survey would seem to indicate that it is. Because Johnson and Talen's survey is restricted to New Urbanist developments, it is not possible to compare the results with those for other, more conventional developments to see whether New Urbanist developments may actually contain more affordable units than comparable conventional projects. Also, limiting the definition of affordability to the cost of housing alone prevents the authors from seeing whether the housing New Urbanist communities provide would be considered less expensive if housing and transportation costs were combined.
Hierarchical Parallel Search for Markov Control with Enhanced Selector

A new method of hierarchical parallel search is proposed for dealing with Markov planning/control processes in systems with uncertain information. It is based on a new concept of analyzing alternative with uncertain cost evaluation. Under definite conditions, instead of making an immediate choice based on expectation of cost at each step of the search, it is recommended to postpone the final decision until information is improved, and the uncertainty is reduced. In addition to elementary alternatives, their combinations are also considered for possible pursuit. ‘The best set’ of rough elementary solutions is to be determined at the upper of two adjacent planning/control levels, then all elementary alternatives of this set as well as their combinations, are being pursued at the lower level with a higher resolution of information, while evaluation of the ‘remaining cost’ for each of the alternatives, is being constantly improved due to the process of evolutionary uncertainty reduction. This bilevel process is easily extendible over the whole hierarchy of the system. The method is working in the graph-search and dynamic programming paradigms. The set of problems to be solved is formulated and some of them are addressed. Various applications are contemplated.
Evacuation Rates of Young Yellow Perch, Perca flavescens (Mitchill)

Abstract Gastric evacuation of a single meal of zooplankters by young yellow perch was about half as fast as that of a similar meal under conditions of continuous feeding. Time for gastric evacuation of a single meal of 150 to 200 daphnids by 60-mm perch at 15 C was 12 hours compared to only 6 hours for a similar meal under conditions of continuous feeding. Likewise, 30- to 40-mm perch fed 10 daphnids at 22 C required 6.5 and 1.5 hours respectively for single and multiple meals. Longer evacuation times were required for larger initial meals when subsequent meals were fed to 30- to 40-mm fish at 22 C. Median evacuation time for the first daphnid consumed was only 0.6 hour compared to 2.6 hours for the one-hundredth daphnid. Evacuation time for continuously feeding fish increased with size of fish. Gastric evacuation time at 20 to 22 C increased from 0.6 hours for fish 17 to 19.5 mm long to over 3 hours for 45-mm fish. Because of the effect of meal sequence on evacuation time, conventional methods of estima...
Evaluation of CHANGE, an Involuntary Cognitive Program for High-Risk Inmates

Prison violence is a major concern in most correctional institutions. One intervention frequently used to reduce violent behavior is cognitive therapy. An involuntary cognitive program at a Midwestern state prison was evaluated for its impact on official misconduct. A total of 213 inmates were randomly assigned to the treatment (CHANGE) group (n = 122) and the control group (n = 91). The specific outcomes measured were disobeying a direct order, insolence, violent, nonviolent, and total number of infractions. Using general linear univariate model analyses, the only statistically significant but important difference found was the reduction of violence for the CHANGE group after 6 months.
To love the republic: The patriotism of benevolence and its rhetorical obligation

Until the last century, most political philosophers considered patriotism to be a virtue, and an essential characteristic of the good state. From Cicero to Adam Smith, the active love of one's nation was also considered a duty, especially for public servants. They gave serious consideration to the necessary characteristics of a proper patriotism. But in modern times, serious questions have been raised about patriotism, because so many crimes have been committed in the name of one's nation. This has led scholars to distinguish between patriotism and its negative counterpart, nationalism. Our concern with the problem of nationalism has led us to neglect the positive benefits of patriotism. Using the United States as the example, this article argues that patriotism is a virtue, provided that it is the patriotism of benevolence: a patriotism based upon the love of others. Furthermore, it is also argued that patriots have a rhetorical obligation to persuade others to love the Republic. In an age where the affe...
Dissociation of growth-stimulating and skeleton-maturing actions of the synthetic androgen, fluoxymesterone.

Summary 1. Fluoxymesterone, usually 5 mg. daily, was given by mouth for 6 to 41 months to 12 boys and 4 girls with short stature and retarded skeletal age from various causes. 2. During treatment the average growth rate was 3.2 inches per year, while skeletal age advanced an average of 0.83 year per chronologic year. Phallic enlargement in both sexes was the only androgenic effect observed. 3. Prognosis for adult height increasedan average of 1.9 inches during treatment.
Phenotypic heterogeneity of end-stage prostate carcinoma metastatic to bone ☆

Abstract To better understand the clinical and pathologic features of end-stage, androgen-independent carcinoma of the prostate (CaP), we performed rapid autopsies on 14 men who died of progressive CaP and recorded relevant clinical data. The timing of tumor progression varied widely. The median time to androgen independence was 2 years (range, 4 months to 13.6 years). The median survival after androgen independence was 1 year (range, 1 month to 3.6 years). Because osseous metastases are prevalent in progressive CaP, up to 20 bone sites were systematically sampled in each patient. Bone metastases were widespread; tumor filled the marrow in an average of 14 bone sites. Tumor histology and expression of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and chromogranin A (CGA) were examined in all metastases and were compared with the primary tumor. Five histological patterns of metastatic tumor were observed: solid (10 patients), macroacinar (1 patient), microacinar (1 patient), clear cell (1 patient), and comedocarcinoma (1 patient). Gleason grade of the primary tumor did not predict the histological pattern of the metastases. Although >70% of tumor cells expressed PSA, the fraction of PSA-positive cells varied widely in separate metastases in some patients (standard deviation >25). Likewise, the fraction of neuroendocrine (NE) (CGA-positive) tumor cells in different metastases varied widely. For example, between 0 and 95% of tumor cells in different metastases in 1 patient had a NE phenotype. The present study highlights the heterogeneity—histologically and immunophenotypically—of metastatic CaP. Consequently, therapy directed to the phenotype of 1 metastasis may have no effect on other metastases in the same patient because of phenotypic heterogeneity.
Saliency metric for subadditive dissimilarity judgments of rectangles

Previous findings that dissimilarity judgments for rectangles are strongly subadditive, that qualitative individual differences are always present, and that four-parameter psychophysical maps can reproduce the average ratings (Schonemann & Lazarte, 1987) are replicated. However, the present study in addition suggests that the metric for bounded response transformation, previously used to restore additivity of responses, has a modest effect on the fits of the psychophysical maps. The differential weighing of the coordinates already incorporates segmental subadditivity predictions into the maps. In fact, the psychophysical maps define a subadditive saliency metric that depends on assigning larger weights to larger coordinates. This constraint on the weights of these maps, together with the response times, allows us to identify a strategy shift when subjects respond to two classes of stimulus pairs: For rectangle-rectangle pairs, subjects center on the shape and size of the rectangles; for square-rectangle pairs, the focus is on height and width.
Impact of job-sequence on the down-time of a deteriorating flexible machine

We consider the sequencing of N jobs on a deteriorating flexible machine with a limited tool-magazine capacity. Each job has its own processing time, tool requirements, and processing complexity. As the jobs are processed, machine down-time may be caused by tool-magazine switches or machine repairs (preventive maintenance or unexpected machine failures). In this paper, we address minimization of such machine down-time, and develop optimal algorithms for three different application scenarios of the job and tool scheduling problem in a flexible machine. While the first two scenarios do not consider preventive maintenance scheduling, the third scenario does so explicitly.
Telcordia qualification and beyond : reliability of today's polymer photonic components

We report on the reliability of state-of-the-art integrated dynamic polymeric photonic components developed for the telecommunications market. Tests conducted include full Telcordia GR-1209-CORE/GR-1221-CORE qualification, as well as accelerated aging tests that significantly exceed Telcordia requirements, such as aging at extreme temperature (5000 hours at 175°C) and optical power (6000 hours at 1.5 W of 1550 nm light). The types of components we describe include variable optical attenuator arrays, intelligent optical cross-connects, and fully reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexers.
Krapina, “Classic” Neanderthals, and the evolution of the European face☆☆☆

Abstract Except for the front end of the dental arch, tooth size remained at approximately the same level throughout the Middle Pleistocene. The Krapina Neanderthals at the end of the last interglacial differed from Homo erectus only in having larger front teeth. From that time on, tooth size in populations at the northern edge of the area of human occupation in the Old World has reduced approximately in proportion to the time elapsed. The “Classic” Neanderthals of western Europe, in fact, have teeth that are 15% smaller than those of the earlier Krapina Neanderthals and only 5% larger than the early Upper Palaeolithic. Reduction since the early Upper Palaeolithic has proceeded another full 20%. It is suggested that the development of heated stone cooking in the Mousterian, originally for the purpose of thawing frozen food, reduced the forces of selection that had previously maintained tooth size during the Middle Pleistocene. The operation of the Probable Mutation Effect, then produced the observed reductions.
Enhanced thermal conductivity by the magnetic field in heat transfer nanofluids containing carbon nanotube

In this paper, we report for the first time that the thermal conductivity (TC) of the heat transfer nanofluids could be enhanced by the external magnetic field. The heat transfer nanofluids contain carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and magnetic-field-sensitive nanoparticles of Fe2O3. The reasonable explanation for these interesting results is that the Fe2O3 particles form aligned chains under applied magnetic field and help to connect the nanotubes, which results in improved thermal conductivity. On longer holding in magnetic field, the particles gradually move and form large clumps of particles, causing clumping of CNTs, then decreasing the TC. We also found that the time to reach the maximum peak value of TC is increased as the applied magnetic field is reduced by increasing the gap between two magnets. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) pictures show that the nanotubes and nanoparticle are aligned well under the influence of magnetic field.
Here's Looking at You: Transparency, Institutional Self-Presentation, and the Public Interest

Accountability figures prominently in the higher education policy discourse these days. Critics of higher education (for instance, members of the Spellings Commission) argue that colleges and universities need to be more “transparent” to justify support by taxpayers, payers of tuition, and other funders. To better inform prospective students and other stakeholders, we are being asked to go public about our programs, educational processes, and results.
Participatory resource mapping for adaptive collaborative management at Mt. Kasigau, Kenya

Adaptive collaborative management (ACM) is an interactive planning approach that involves local communities as important stakeholders in resource conservation. This study investigated how participatory research methods may be used to validate ethnoecological knowledge on the distribution of forest resources as an important first step toward ACM at Mt. Kasigau, the most northeastern mountain in the biologically rich Eastern Arc Mountains. Working in Makwasinyi and Jora villages, we facilitated resource-mapping sessions, compiled historical time lines, and recorded photos and narratives on transect walks. Men and women participants mapped different natural and human-constructed features that related to their gendered work activities, and especially showed a diversity of building and firewood resources across a transitional zone at the base of the mountain. Jora village participants mapped past settlements on the mountain and described how environmental change and extra-local forces influenced their movement down slope. These research techniques documented much gendered knowledge about the distribution of forest resources and how the Kasigau Taita spatially adapted their utilization patterns over time. The study participants broaden ACM toward a landscape plan that protects evergreen forests as watersheds and sustains safe access to material forest resources at the base of the mountain.
The theory of elastic-plastic deformation at finite strain with induced anisotropy modeled as combined isotropic-kinematic hardening

Abstract A T heory of elastic-plastic deformation with strain induced anisotropy based on finite-deformation-valid continuum mechanics is presented. On the foundation of nonlinear kinematics which provides strict uncoupling of elastic and plastic deformation rate terms according to their physical origins, it introduces a basis for the modified plastic rate of deformation Dp suggested by G.J. Creus, A.G. Groehs and E.T. Onat in a report entitled “Constitutive Equations for Finite Deformations of Elastic-Plastic Solids,” 1984, in which this variable was suggested in order to give an elegant mathematical structure to the theory. Dp is shown to express the resultant rate of deformation in the current configuration of the elastically-plastically deforming material which is envisaged to be generated by the pure plastic flow and the anisotropy-caused spin, both considered to be occurring in the unstressed state. From this basis an elastic-plastic theory is developed in the case where the strain-induced anisotropy takes the form of combined isotropic-kinematic hardening, although the concepts involved also apply to more general anisotropic characteristics. A general evolution equation is adopted for the back stress α, the kinematic-hardening shift of the yield surface, its rate of growth being expressed as a general form-invariant function of α and Dp, including a general term expressing the influence of the spin of α because it is embedded in the deforming material. By providing an expression for the total strain rate as the sum of the strain rate Dp and an elastic term, linear in the Jaumann derivative of Kirchhoff stress, it is shown that (Dp dt) is the residual strain increment following a loading/unloading cycle imposed by a stress increment. By considering materials which obey the normality rule it is also shown that the instantaneous elastic-plastic moduli have the symmetries necessary for generating a rate potential function and hence can be incorporated into Hill's variational principle valid for solving problems involving finite deformation and convenient for finite-element exploitation.
Evaluation of stamping lubricants at various temperature levels using the ironing test

Lubricants are employed in stamping operations in order to (a) improve the material flow into the die cavity, (b) reduce wear and galling in the die and (c) obtain good surface finish of the part. Process conditions such as high temperatures and pressures could cause the lubricant to fail, thus resulting in galling or tearing of the part, damage to the tooling, and lost production. Therefore, selection of an appropriate lubricant based on the process conditions is important in the stamping industry. Several benchmark tests emulating stamping operations have been developed and are used to evaluate the performance of candidate lubricants. The major drawback of most of these tests is their inability to emulate high contact pressures and sliding velocities, which are crucial parameters for lubricity, especially in the case of high-speed progressive or transfer die operations involving ironing. Moreover, most of these tests are conducted at room temperature, while in reality; the process temperature can reach as high as 200 °C. The ironing tribotest developed at the Engineering Research Center for Net Shape Manufacturing (ERC/NSM) induces high contact pressures and temperatures, thus emulating the conditions in a production environment. Application of the test to screen candidate lubricants for stamping operations involving the ironing process is discussed in this paper.
Evaluation of the SWEEP model during high winds on the Columbia Plateau.

A standalone version of the Wind Erosion Prediction System (WEPS) erosion submodel, the Single-event Wind Erosion Evaluation Program (SWEEP), was released in 2007. A limited number of studies exist that have evaluated SWEEP in simulating soil loss subject to different tillage systems under high winds. The objective of this study was to test SWEEP under contrasting tillage systems employed during the summer fallow phase of a winter wheat–summer fallow rotation within eastern Washington. Soil and PM10 (particulate matter ≤10 µm in diameter) loss and soil and crop residue characteristics were measured in adjacent fields managed using conventional and undercutter tillage during summer fallow in 2005 and 2006. While differences in soil surface conditions resulted in measured differences in soil and PM10 loss between the tillage treatments, SWEEP failed to simulate any difference in soil or PM10 loss between conventional and undercutter tillage. In fact, the model simulated zero erosion for all high wind events observed over the two years. The reason for the lack of simulated erosion is complex owing to the number of parameters and interaction of these parameters on erosion processes. A possible reason might be overestimation of the threshold friction velocity in SWEEP since friction velocity must exceed the threshold to initiate erosion. Although many input parameters are involved in the estimation of threshold velocity, internal empirical coefficients and equations may affect the simulation. Calibration methods might be useful in adjusting the internal coefficients and empirical equations. Additionally, the lack of uncertainty analysis is an important gap in providing reliable output from this model. Published in 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Boundary control of a cantilevered flexible beam with point-mass dynamics at the free end

In this paper, we develop boundary controllers for a cantilevered Euler-Bernoulli beam with point-mass dynamics at the free end. Specifically, we develop an exact model knowledge controller which exponentially stabilizes the beam displacement and an adaptive controller which asymptotically stabilizes the beam displacement. Experimental results are utilized to validate the performance of the controllers.
Abnormal interferon modulation of natural cytotoxicity in systemic lupus erythematosus. Relation to suppressive serum factors.

In the present study we examined one aspect of the derangement in natural cytotoxicity (natural killer, NK) activity observed in some patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), i.e., the lack of enhancement of NK activity usually seen with interferon (IFN). NK activity of SLE patients as a group was 23.0 +/- 3.9 lytic units (LU)/10(7) cells (mean +/- SE). This contrasted with the NK activity found in normal controls (45.0 +/- 3.8 LU/10(7) cells) (P less than 0.05). The enhancement seen with IFN was an increase of 15.4 +/- 4.0 LU/10(7) cells in SLE patients compared with 104.6 +/- 192 LU/10(7) cells in control subjects (P less than 0.05). SLE sera and aggregated IgG (Agg-IgG) also inhibited the increase in NK activity of normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells after IFN priming. The results reported here support the hypothesis that the impaired baseline NK activity and poor response to IFN noted in SLE are secondary, in part, to the presence of inhibitory serum factors and preactivation by IFN.
GLOBAL STANDARDIZATION—COURTING DANGER

In his piece on the “globalization of markets,” Ted Levitt creates yet another challenge to our thinking. Whereas in his past writings he advocated knowing diverse customer needs and serving them differently, he is now calling for overall standardization, that is, less segmentation and adaptation worldwide.
EFFECT OF MATERIAL CHARACTERISTIC LENGTH ON THE INITIATION, GROWTH AND BAND WIDTH OF ADIABATIC SHEAR BANDS IN DIPOLAR MATERIALS

~ - On considere qu'il y a apparition de bandes de cisaillement si I 'introduction d'une perturbation de temperature dans un materiau soumis a des sollicitations de cisaillement simple amene une region limitee du materiau a se deformer de maniere tres importante par rapport au reste du materiau. On impose sur les faces avant et arriere du materiau la nullite du flux de chaleur et des vitesses particulaires. On etudie l'effet de la variation de la longueur caracteristique du materiau dans la theorie dipolaire sur les variables de la solution calcule~ telles que la largeur de bande, les contraintes dipolaires, la montee en temperature et Ie taux maximum de deformation plastique atteints en tous points du materiau.
Neonatal 6-hydroxydopamine destroys spinal cord noradrenergic axons from the locus coeruleus, but not those from lateral tegmental cell groups.

Subcutaneous injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) in neonatal rats results in sprouting of collateral axons in locus coeruleus (LC) and lateral tegmental noradrenergic neurons. It has been suggested that this sprouting represents maintenance of neuronal membrane area following “pruning” of axon terminals of long projections to cortex and cord. The chemical or surgical lesions of long axons used to produce “pruning” could also result in the loss of some parent cell bodies. We tested the hypothesis that long axon damage, rather than cell loss, is sufficient to produce collateral sprouting of proximal axons in noradrenergic neurons. With neonatal injections of 6-OHDA at doses which do not produce a loss of LC neurons, there is an 85% decrease in retrograde LC labeling following horseradish peroxidase or true blue injections into the spinal cord but no significant change in the numbers of retrogradely labeled neurons in other noradrenergic cell groups which also sprout collaterals. There is no change in the number of labeled LC neurons following cerebellar injections. In experiments using the fluorescent dyes diamidino yellow and true blue, the number and distribution of LC neurons labeled from spinal cord and cerebellum injections are similar to those in the horseradish peroxidase experiments. Doubly labeled neurons are found in the caudal two-thirds of LC in control rats, but as expected, rarely observed in 6-OHDA-treated animals. This study demonstrates that (1) cell loss in the LC is not necessary for sprouting following neurotoxin treatment, and (2) the increased number of norepinephrine (NE) terminals in the pons is not due exclusively to a “pruning effect,” since NE cells outside the LC, which are known to contribute to the hyperinnervation, retain their long projections to the spinal cord.
Transient Stability and Convection in Impulsively Heated Porous Layers

Experiments are reported on initial instability and convection in a porous medium impulsively heated from below. The porous medium comprises either water or a water-glycerin solution and randomly stacked glass spheres in an insulated cylinder of height-to-diameter ratio of 1.9. Heating is accomplished with a constant flux lower surface and a constant temperature upper surface. Results include measurement of the initial transition to convection, overall heat transfer coefficient over a range of Rayleigh-Darcy numbers, and temperature profiles. Time-averaged temperature profiles suggest the existence of a unicellular flow over the range of Rayleigh numbers of the present experiments. The critical Rayleigh number for the onset of convection is obtained in terms of a length scale normalized to the thermal penetration depth as Rac = 83/(1.08η−0.08η2 ) for 0.02 < η < 0.18. Steady convection in terms of the Nusselt and Rayleigh numbers is represented by a new correlation form, Nu = 0.047 Ra0.91 Pr0.11 μμ00.72, where Ra is the Rayleigh-Darcy number, 400 < Ra < 5000, and the viscosity ratio is found sufficient to account for strongly temperature-dependent viscosity.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Secondary transitional cell carcinoma and nitrogen mustard treatment

Abstract Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder in children is a rare occurrence. Cyclophosphamide is a known risk factor for the development of TCC. Other alkylating agents, such as nitrogen mustard, have not been implicated in the development of secondary adult or pediatric TCC. The role of radiotherapy in the development of secondary malignancies of the bladder remains controversial. We report a case of childhood TCC in a patient in remission from Hodgkin's lymphoma previously treated with non-cyclophosphamide chemotherapy and low-dose nodal radiotherapy.
The Theorem of Pappus: A Bridge Between Algebra and Geometry

(2002). The Theorem of Pappus: A Bridge Between Algebra and Geometry. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 109, No. 6, pp. 497-516.
The ground and excited states of C60M and C60M+ (M=O, F, K, Ca, Mn, Cs, Ba, La, Eu, U)

Restricted Hartree–Fock ab initio calculations using relativistic core potentials were performed on C60M (M=O, F, K, Ca, Mn, Cs, Ba, La, Eu, U) complexes with M as the central atom in the C60 truncated icosahedron. The icosahedral symmetry was used to great advantage in the calculations. The ground and excited states of both neutral complexes and their positive ions were studied, and the population analyses for the ground states of the complexes were obtained. The C60 cage accepts one or two electrons from electropositive elements in a formal sense, but the actual charge is usually less. Electrons in large‐radius s orbitals on the central atom tend to move outward to the carbon cage or inward to smaller‐radius d orbitals on the central atom. For the larger central atoms, ionization occurs from a cage orbital so that the ionization potentials of these complexes are almost constant.
NSAIDs were associated with increased risk for mortality, regardless of time since first MI

Source Citation Olsen AM, Fosbol EL, Lindhardsen J, et al. Long-term cardiovascular risk of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use according to time passed after first-time myocardial infarction: ...
Collecting Samples in Gale Crater, Mars; an Overview of the Mars Science Laboratory Sample Acquisition, Sample Processing and Handling System

The Mars Science Laboratory Mission (MSL), scheduled to land on Mars in the summer of 2012, consists of a rover and a scientific payload designed to identify and assess the habitability, geological, and environmental histories of Gale crater. Unraveling the geologic history of the region and providing an assessment of present and past habitability requires an evaluation of the physical and chemical characteristics of the landing site; this includes providing an in-depth examination of the chemical and physical properties of Martian regolith and rocks. The MSL Sample Acquisition, Processing, and Handling (SA/SPaH) subsystem will be the first in-situ system designed to acquire interior rock and soil samples from Martian surface materials. These samples are processed and separated into fine particles and distributed to two onboard analytical science instruments SAM (Sample Analysis at Mars Instrument Suite) and CheMin (Chemistry and Mineralogy) or to a sample analysis tray for visual inspection. The SA/SPaH subsystem is also responsible for the placement of the two contact instruments, Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer (APXS), and the Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI), on rock and soil targets. Finally, there is a Dust Removal Tool (DRT) to remove dust particles from rock surfaces for subsequent analysis by the contact and or mast mounted instruments (e.g. Mast Cameras (MastCam) and the Chemistry and Micro-Imaging instruments (ChemCam)).
Stability of compressible three-dimensional boundary-layer flows

For compressible three-dimensional flow, the method of multiple scales to formulate the three-dimensional stability problem and determine the partial-differential equations governing variations of the amplitude and complex wavenumbers is used. A method for following one specific wave along its trajectory to ascertain the characteristics of the most unstable disturbance is proposed. Numerical results using the flow over the X-21 wing as calculated from the Kaups-Cebeci code will be presented.
Experiments on regulation of electric charge on space vehicles

Spacecraft at geosynchronous altitudes have been observed to charge to potentials of many kilovolts. Anomalous behavior of spacecraft systems are believed to have resulted from discharges associated with these charging events. Experiments in modifying spacecraft charge have been conducted with ion and electron emitters on the ATS-5, ATS-6 and SCATHA spacecraft. The experiments have been successful in discharging highly charged spacecraft, in reducing the amount of differential charging on spacecraft surfaces, and in inducing charging on otherwise uncharged or nominally charged spacecraft. Regulation of vehicle charge allows better measurements of the plasma environment and should reduce anomalous spacecraft behavior.
Understanding Sikh pilgrimage.

The year 1999 marked the 300th anniversary of Khalsa when the Sikh religion was given a formal identity at Anandpur Sahib in Punjab, Northern India. Today the Sikh Diaspora stretches over many coun...
Liquid‐liquid extraction in a pulsed perforated‐plate column

Liquid extractions of benzoic acid–toluene solutions by means of water were studied under varying flow rates of both solvents in a 2-in. perforated-plate column to which pulsations of different frequencies and amplitudes were applied. Studies on reversal of the phase of the dispersion were made. With fixed flow rates of both solvents, the rate of extraction increased much more rapidly when the flow through the perforation became turbulent. The results are correlated by means of Reynolds number based on the flow through the perforations and are calculated from the product of the frequency and amplitude of the pulsations.
Effects of B and W alloying additions on the formation and stability of lamellar structures in two-phase γ-TiAl

Abstract The effects of additions of 140 appm B and 0.5 at.% W on the formation and stability of fully-lamellar structures in a Ti-47Al base alloy were studied. The fully-lamellar structure was formed by heat-treatment at 1400°C for 1 h (in vacuum) followed by furnace cooling. Stability was studied by aging these alloys for 168 h at 800, 1000 and 1200°C and making quantitative measurements of lamellar structure parameters (i.e. average lamellar spacing, α2-α2 spacing) using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and hardness measurements. The B addition alone refines the lamellar structure relative to the binary TiAl alloy, but causes fragmented and discontinuous α2 lamellae. By contrast, W+B addition refines the lamellar structure and produces more uniform and continuous α2 lamellae. The as-heat-treated Ti-47Al+W+B alloy is harder than the other two alloys. Aging for 168 h at 800°C does not change the fine initial lamellar microstructure of any of these alloys. Aging at 1000°C significantly coarsens the Ti-47Al alloy, causes some coarsening in the Ti-47Al+B alloy, but has little effect on the lamellar structure of the Ti-47Al+W+B alloy. Aging at 1200°C causes discontinuous coarsening and complete loss of the initial, fine, lamellar microstructure in all three alloys. Aging in vacuum produces a subsurface ‘damage region’ consisting of an α(Ti3Al) surface layer with another layer of coarsened γ microstructure underneath. At 1000°C, this layer is greatest in the binary alloy and least in the Ti-47Al+W+B alloy. Specimens were 5.5% cold-forged and then aged at 1000°C to evaluate the effects of subsurface deformation caused during cutting of the specimens. Prior cold-deformation caused considerable recrystallization in the binary alloy, but almost none in the Ti-47Al+W+B alloy. The additions of W and B to a Ti-47Al alloy refine the fully-lamellar structure obtained by heat-treatment, and make it more resistant to lamellar coarsening (and recrystallization if cold deformed) during aging at 800–1000°C. © 1997 Elsevier Science Limited. All rights reserved.
Hierarchical Internal Migration Regions of France

Internal migration tables can be employed to ascertain functional migration regions?collections of geographic units with relatively large intraregional flows and relatively small interregional movements. A two-stage algorithm that has been utilized to study tables for various nations is applied here to a 21 × 21 French matrix. In the first step, the square table is adjusted to possess uniform marginal (row and column) sums. The doubly standardized table obtained can be regarded as an asymmetric similarity matrix. It serves, in the second stage, as input to a hierarchical clustering procedure, based on the concep of the strong components of a directed graph. Region Parisienne and Centre are shown to have the broadest migration bases. Well-defined southern and northwestern regions are found.
Architecting a knowledge discovery engine for military commanders utilizing massive runs of simulations

The Marine Corps' Project Albert seeks to model complex phenomenon by observing the behavior of relatively simple simulations over thousands of runs. A rich data base is developed by running the simulations thousands of times, varying the agent and scenario input parameters as well as the random seeds. Exploring this result space may provide significant insight into nonlinear, surprising, and emergent behaviors. Capturing these results can provide a path for making the results usable for decision support to a military commander. This paper presents two data mining approaches, rule discovery and Bayesian networks, for analyzing the Albert simulation data. The first approach generates rules from the data and then uses them to create descriptive model. The second generates Bayesian Networks which provide a quantitative belief model for decision support. Both of these approaches as well as the Project Albert simulations are framed in the context of a system architecture for decision support.
Bilirubin glucuronidation by hepatic microsomal subfractions and the effect of 3-methylcholanthrene.

Abstract Rough-surfaced and smooth-surfaced microsomal fractions were prepared from the livers of adult male guinea pigs and Long-Evans rats. Glucuronyltransferase activity (EC 2.4.1.17), with bilirubin as substrate, was found predominantly in the rough subfraction of both species. Guinea pigs treated with a single dose of 3-methylcholanthrene had a higher enzyme activity in both the smooth and rough subfractions. The ratio of enzyme activity in the smooth-surfaced vs. rough-surfaced fractions was not significantly altered by 3-methylcholanthrene. Addition in vitro of 3-methylcholanthrene to unfractionated microsomal preparations had no significant effect on bilirubin glucuronyltransferase activity.
Numerical simulations of a tapping-mode scanning force microscope operating in a liquid

Abstract Numerical simulations of a tapping-mode scanning force microscope operating in a liquid are presented. The simulations yield the time-dependent displacement of the tip, and the bursts of force pulses exerted by the vibrating tip on the sample that result in its indentation.
Cross-reactivity of the BRAF VE1 antibody with epitopes in axonemal dyneins leads to staining of cilia

Antibodies that recognize neo-epitopes in tumor cells are valuable tools in the evaluation of tissue biopsy or resection specimens. The VE1 antibody that recognizes the V600E-mutant BRAF protein is one such example. We have recently shown that the vast majority of papillary craniopharyngiomas-tumors that arise in the sellar or suprasellar regions of the brain-harbor BRAF V600E mutations. The VE1 antibody can be effective in discriminating papillary craniopharyngioma from adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma, which harbors mutations in CTNNB1 and not BRAF. While further characterizing the use of the VE1 antibody in the differential diagnosis of suprasellar lesions, we found that the VE1 antibody stains the epithelial cells lining Rathke's cleft cysts with very strong staining of the cilia of these cells. We used targeted sequencing to show that Rathke's cleft cysts do not harbor the BRAF V600E mutation. Moreover, we found that the VE1 antibody reacts strongly with cilia in various structures-the bronchial airways, the fallopian tubes, the nasopharynx, and the epididymis-as well as with the flagella of sperm. In addition, VE1 reacts strongly with the cilia of the ependymal lining of the brain and with the cilia-containing microlumens of ependymoma tumors. There is significant sequence homology between the synthetic peptide (amino acid 596-606 of BRAF V600E: GLATEKSRWSG) that was used to generate the VE1 antibody and regions of multiple axonemal dynein heavy chain proteins (eg, DNAH2, DNAH7, and DNAH12). These proteins are major components of the axonemes of cilia and flagella where they drive the sliding of microtubules. In ELISA assays, we show that the VE1 antibody recognizes epitopes from these proteins. A familiarity with the cross-reactivity of the VE1 antibody with epitopes of proteins in cilia is of value when evaluating tissues stained with this important clinical antibody.
Routine cholangiography reduces sequelae of common bile duct injuries

Background: An effort was made to determine whether a policy of routine cholangiography affects the incidence, morbidity, and cost of bile duct injuries.
A Badminton Wall Volley Test

(1951). A Badminton Wall Volley Test. Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 208-213.
Prediction of glycan motifs using quantitative analysis of multi-lectin binding: Motifs on MUC1 produced by cultured pancreatic cancer cells.

Purpose Lectins are valuable tools for detecting specific glycans in biological samples, but the interpretation of the measurements can be ambiguous due to the complexities of lectin specificities. Here, we present an approach to improve the accuracy of interpretation by converting lectin measurements into quantitative predictions of the presence of various glycan motifs. Experimental design The conversion relies on a database of analyzed glycan array data that provides information on the specificities of the lectins for each of the motifs. We tested the method using measurements of lectin binding to glycans on glycan arrays and then applied the method to predicting motifs on the protein mucin 1 (MUC1) expressed in eight different pancreatic cancer cell lines. Results The combined measurements from several lectins were more accurate than individual measurements for predicting the presence or absence of motifs on arrayed glycans. The analysis of MUC1 revealed that each cell line expressed a unique pattern of glycoforms, and that the glycoforms significantly differed between MUC1 collected from conditioned media and MUC1 collected from cell lysates. Conclusions and clinical relevance This new method could provide more accurate analyses of glycans in biological sample and make the use of lectins more practical and effective for a broad range of researchers.
Analysis of the cooling of a variable‐viscosity fluid with applications to the Earth

Summary. Analysis shows that the convective cooling of a fluid with a temperature-dependent viscosity should exhibit simple behaviour which is consistent with geophysical data on the cooling of the oceanic lithosphere and asthenosphere. The cooling rate of convecting fluid is predicted to vary approximately linearly with (time)-'12. This relationship has also been demonstrated for numerical solutions of the full governing equations of convection. It is found that a similarity solution can describe the evolution of temperature within the stagnant high-viscosity lid which forms over an actively convecting region. The rate of thickening of the lid (or lithosphere) is directly proportional to a single parameter, A; and the overall cooling rate is also a function of A. Expressions are derived which relate changes in the parameter (A) to the initial average viscosity (or temperature of the fluid) and to the temperature and pressure dependence of viscosity. With assumptions about how the cooling of variable-viscosity fluids can be used to describe the cooling of the oceanic lithosphere and asthenosphere, values of sea-floor depth and the isostatic geoid height can be predicted as a function of time. Sea-floor depth is predicted to increase linearly with and geoid height to vary nearly linearly with time in agreement with observations. The rate of change of the depth or geoid height is a strong function of the initial temperature of the convecting region. The mantle is taken to have physical properties appropriate for olivine. A change in the mantle temperature under the ridge of 150K causes only about a 20 per cent change in the rate of subsidence but causes nearly a 100 per cent change in the rate of change of the geoid height with time. The observed variations in these rates over different sections of oceanic ridges are of about this magnitude. Simple conductive cooling would require more than l000K variation in mantle temperature to account for the geoid height observations. This analysis can also be used to estimate the cooling rate of magma sills.
From the Independence Generation to the Bouazizi Generation

Though I was formally born some two and a half months after Tunisia’s independence on March 20, 1956, I, like many Tunisians, can claim I was ‘bornagain’ on January 14, 2011, when Tunisia’s President was overthrown. Had I been an Egyptian Arab national, I would have declared, as Friedman (2011) suggests, that I was born on January 25, 2011, A.E., meaning ‘After Egypt’.
Closed-Loop, Multichannel Experimentation Using the Open-Source NeuroRighter Electrophysiology Platform.

Single neuron feedback control techniques, such as voltage clamp and dynamic clamp, have enabled numerous advances in our understanding of ion channels, electrochemical signaling, and neural dynamics. Although commercially available multichannel recording and stimulation systems are commonly used for studying neural processing at the network level, they provide little native support for real-time feedback. We developed the open-source NeuroRighter multichannel electrophysiology hardware and software platform for closed-loop multichannel control with a focus on accessibility and low cost. NeuroRighter allows 64 channels of stimulation and recording for around US $10,000, along with the ability to integrate with other software and hardware. Here, we present substantial enhancements to the NeuroRighter platform, including a redesigned desktop application, a new stimulation subsystem allowing arbitrary stimulation patterns, low-latency data servers for accessing data streams, and a new application programming interface (API) for creating closed-loop protocols that can be inserted into NeuroRighter as plugin programs. This greatly simplifies the design of sophisticated real-time experiments without sacrificing the power and speed of a compiled programming language. Here we present a detailed description of NeuroRighter as a stand alone application, its plugin API, and an extensive set of case studies that highlight the system's abilities for conducting closed-loop, multichannel interfacing experiments.
A Visitor-Focused Assessment of New Product Launch: The Case of Quilt Gardens TourSM in Northern Indiana's Amish Country

Understanding the needs and wants of consumers in the process of new product development has been recognized as an essential aspect of preparing effective marketing strategies for the success of business. The new product development strategy has now moved into Consumer-Driven Innovation (CDI), which not only asks consumers about their needs and wants but actually involves them in the product design, promotion, and even assessment processes. Informed by the new concept of CDI, this study aims at identifying to what extent visitors as tourism product consumers and co-producers can be involved in a new product development process and reinvent the products by providing ideas and suggestions with their own creative insights. More specifically, using data collected from a trip diary and an online survey with 273 respondents, this article examines visitor assessment on a newly launched product, Quilt Gardens TourSM, in Northern Indiana's Amish Country. The data were analyzed using geo-visualization of tourist spatiotemporal mobility, descriptive statistics, and qualitative analysis of visitors' descriptions. The results show that the visitors are central role players in a new product development process, adding their creativity to the tour itinerary and design elements. Several lessons and significance for future development of the tour are provided.
Hypoxia inhibits cardiomyocyte proliferation in fetal rat hearts via upregulating TIMP-4

Maternal hypoxia inhibits cardiomyocyte proliferation in the heart of fetal and neonatal rats. The present study tested the hypothesis that hypoxia has a direct effect inhibiting cardiomyocyte prol...
Social categorization by race or sex: Effects of perceived non-normalcy on response times.

Two experiments assessed target-based determinants of social categorization. In Experiment 1, participants judged targets' race and sex separately. Consistent with the prediction that targets would be categorized on dimensions perceived to be non-normative, black male targets' race was judged more quickly and sex more slowly than for white male targets. Judgments of black females' race and sex were both inhibited, suggesting that these targets were subtyped. In Experiment 2, participants judged targets' race and sex simultaneously. Also consistent with predictions, black female targets were judged more quickly, and black male and white female targets more slowly, than white male targets. These data provide additional evidence that targets are categorized based on non-normative information. The automaticity of race and sex categorization is discussed, and possible revisions of current models of impression formation are considered.