cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thank you, Sorry and Please in Cypriot Greek: What happens to politeness markers when they are borrowed across languages?

Abstract This article investigates the semantic/interactional import of three expressions, ‘thank you’, ‘sorry,’ and ‘please,’ when these are borrowed from English into other languages. Focusing on spoken corpus data from Cypriot Greek, it is proposed that, once borrowed into the recipient language, these terms lose much of their speech-act potential, functioning primarily to signpost locally relevant dimensions of variation, such as discourse-, gender-, class-, or ethnicity-based variation. In this way, they do not supplant native (inherited) terms for expressing the speech acts of thanking, apologizing and requesting, respectively, but rather function complementarily with them to verbalize a more shaded range of these behaviors.
Charge density-dependent strength of hydration and biological structure

Small ions of high charge density (kosmotropes) bind water molecules strongly, whereas large monovalent ions of low charge density (chaotropes) bind water molecules weakly relative to the strength of water-water interactions in bulk solution. The standard heat of solution of a crystalline alkali halide is shown here to be negative (exothermic) only when one ion is a kosmotrope and the ion of opposite charge is a chaotrope; this standard heat of solution is known to become proportionally more positive as the difference between the absolute heats of hydration of the corresponding gaseous anion and cation decreases. This suggests that inner sphere ion pairs are preferentially formed between oppositely charged ions with matching absolute enthalpies of hydration, and that biological organization arises from the noncovalent association of moieties with matching absolute free energies of solution, except where free energy is expended to keep them apart. The major intracellular anions (phosphates and carboxylates) are kosmotropes, whereas the major intracellular monovalent cations (K+; arg, his, and lys side chains) are chaotropes; together they form highly soluble, solvent-separated ion pairs that keep the contents of the cell in solution.
Resistance fluctuations in narrow AlGaAs/GaAs heterostructures: Direct evidence of fractional charge in the fractional quantum hall effect.

In \ensuremath{\sim}2-\ensuremath{\mu}m-wide Hall bars of high-mobility GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructure resistance fluctuations of quasiperiod \ensuremath{\Delta}B\ensuremath{\simeq}0.016 T are observed near the diagonal resistance minima for Landau-level filling factors \ensuremath{\nu}=1,2,3,4. This behavior is consistent with resonant reflection through magnetically bound states as a mechanism for the breakdown of dissipationless transport in narrow channels. In the \ensuremath{\nu}=(1/3 minimum of the fractional quantum Hall effect we observe similar fluctuation structure, but with a period of \ensuremath{\sim}0.05 T\ensuremath{\simeq}3\ensuremath{\Delta}B, indicative of transport by quasiparticles of fractional charge e/3.
Residual erythroid progenitors present in w/w mice respond to erythropoietin in the absence of steel factor signals

Abstract Erythropoiesis is severely impaired in mice with inactivating mutations in Steel factor (SF) or c-kit, the SF receptor (W/W mice), and in mice with null mutations in the genes for either erythropoietin (EPO) or the EPO receptor (EPO-R). Recent studies have shown a physical association between these two receptors and have shown that c-kit can phosphorylate EpoR. To examine the role SF and EPO play in regulating erythropoiesis we examined the effect of SF and EPO on colony development from cells of the embryonic aorto-gonado-mesonephros region (AGM) and fetal liver of wild type and W/W mice. The maturation of colony forming units-erythroid (CFU-E) from both sites did not require the addition of SF, whereas the efficient development of erythroid bursts required both EPO and SF. The number of erythroid colony forming cells was reduced in both AGM and fetal liver of W/W mice. The development of colonies from residual CFU-E present in W/W mice was also independent of SF signals. Furthermore, the EPO requirement of CFU-E from W/W mice was abrogated by expression of a constitutively activated EPO-R in these cells. BFU-E from W/W mice failed to respond to SF as expected. These results indicate that EPO-R signalling, in mature progenitors, is not dependent on c-kit.
Multiaccess Protocols in Packet Communication Systems

The need for multiaccess protocols arises whenever a resource is shared by many independent contending users. Two major factors contribute to such a situation: the need to share expensive resources in order to achieve their efficient utilization, or the need to provide a high degree of connectivity for communication among independent subscribers (or both). In data transmission systems, the communication bandwidth is often the prime resource, and it is with respect to this resource that we view multiaccess protocols here. We give in this paper a unified presentation of the various multiaccess techniques which we group into five categories: 1) fixed assignment techniques, 2) random access techniques, 3) centrally controlled demand assignment techniques, 4) demand assignment techniques with distributed control, and 5) mixed strategies. We discuss their applicability to different enivironments, namely, satellite channels, local area communication networks and multihop store-and-forward broadcast networks, and their applicability to different types of data traffic, namely stream traffic and bursty traffic. We also present the performance of many of the multiaccess protocols in terms of bandwidth utilization and message delay.
Spin-charge separation in the quantum spin Hall state.

The quantum spin Hall state is a topologically non-trivial insulator state protected by the time reversal symmetry. We show that such a state always leads to spin-charge separation in the presence of a {pi} flux. Our result is generally valid for any interacting system. We present a proposal to experimentally observe the phenomenon of spin-charge separation in the recently discovered quantum spin Hall system.
Design Considerations for Lightweight CRT Bulbs

The analyses of lightweight CRT design show that by introducing beneficial residual stresses during manufacturing the panel thickness and weight can be reduced. However, the magnitude of residual stresses must be controlled to ensure the mechanical safety of CRT and to minimize glass compaction in the panel during tube assembly.
Design of a single phase rectifier with switching on AC side for high power factor and low total harmonic distortion

A simple yet effective scheme for improving the power factor and waveshape of input current drawn by a single phase bridge rectifier is presented. A rectifier with filter capacitor draws current from the supply discontinuously, in short pulses. This introduces several problems including reduction of available power and increased loss. The scheme presented here uses a single MOSFET switch on the AC side to provide alternative path for the input current to flow and hence makes it continuous. The rectifier is connected to AC mains through a series combination of inductor and capacitor, which keeps the input current smooth and in-phase with the supply voltage. The simulated results reveal that the Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) of the scheme presented is below 2% with overall efficiency around 90%.
The horizontal spreading of thermal and chemical deposits in a porous medium

Abstract This is an analytical and numerical study of the buoyancy-driven horizontal spreading of heat and chemical species through a fluid-saturated porous medium. The buoyancy effect is due to both temperature and concentration gradients. It is shown that when the flow is driven primarily by temperature gradients the approach to eventual thermal equilibrium can take place along two distinct routes, one dominated by convection (high Ra) effects, and the other dominated by diffusion. In the convection dominated regime, for example, the porous medium reaches an intermediate state of stable stratification (horizontal layering) before the final state of uniform temperature. It is shown also that the species migration processes that ride on flows driven by temperature gradients can be sorted out similarly, depending on whether mass convection is important. The scaling trends and estimates discovered analytically are confirmed by extensive numerical experiments conducted in the range 10
Light Amplification in the Single-Exciton Regime Using Exciton-Exciton Repulsion in Type-II Nanocrystal Quantum Dots

Optical gain in ultrasmall semiconductor nanocrystals requires that some of the nanoparticles in the ensemble be excited with multiple electron−hole pairs (multiexcitons). A significant complication arising from this multiexciton nature of optical amplification is the ultrafast gain decay induced by nonradiative Auger recombination. Here, we develop a simple model for analyzing optical gain in the nanocrystals in the presence of exciton−exciton (X−X) interactions. This analysis indicates that if the X−X interaction is repulsive and its energy is large compared to the ensemble line width of the emitting transition, optical gain can occur in the single-exciton regime without involvement of multiexcitons. We further analyze theoretically and experimentally X−X interactions in type-II heteronanocrystals of CdS (core)/ZnSe (shell) and ZnTe (core)/CdSe (shell) and show that they can produce giant repulsion energies of more than 100 meV resulting from a significant local charge density generated as a result of s...
The Application of the Geiger-Müller Ion Counter to the Study of the Space Distribution of X-ray Photoelectrons

The photographic plate in the apparatus for the magnetic analysis of x-ray photoelectrons has been replaced by a Geiger-Muller ion counter and the magnetic spectrum of the photoelectrons ejected from a thin film of gold by primary x-ray from molybdenum has been studied. Very great resolving power is obtained and considerable precision in determining the exact position of the lines (i.e. the energies of the photoelectrons). The numbers of LIII electrons of gold ejected by the Kα1 x-ray of molybdenum have been plotted as a function of the angle of ejection and compared with the theoretical longitudinal distribution predicted by Schur.
A comparative study of Flickr tags and index terms in a general image collection

Web 2.0 and social-collaborative tagging have altered the traditional roles of indexer and user. Traditional indexing tools and systems assume the top-down approach to indexing in which a trained professional is responsible for assigning index terms to information sources with a potential user in mind. However, in today's Web, end users create, organize, index, and search for images and other information sources through social tagging and other collaborative activities. One of the impediments to user-centered indexing had been the cost of soliciting user-generated index terms or tags. Social tagging of images such as those on Flickr, an online photo management and sharing application, presents an opportunity that can be seized by designers of indexing tools and systems to bridge the semantic gap between indexer terms and user vocabularies. Empirical research on the differences and similarities between user-generated tags and index terms based on controlled vocabularies has the potential to inform future design of image indexing tools and systems. Toward this end, a random sample of Flickr images and the tags assigned to them were content analyzed and compared with another sample of index terms from a general image collection using established frameworks for image attributes and contents. The results show that there is a fundamental difference between the types of tags and types of index terms used. In light of this, implications for research into and design of user-centered image indexing tools and systems are discussed. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Behavioral studies of local stereopsis and disparity vergence in monkeys

Abstract Investigations on macaque monkeys have provided much of our knowledge of the neural mechanisms of binocular vision, but there is little psychophysical data on the accuracy of vergence responses or the precision of stereoscopic depth perception in these primates. We have conducted comparative behavioral studies of binocular disparity processing in rhesus monkeys and humans via measurements of prism-induced fixation disparities (disparity vergence) and relative depth discrimination for spatially localized stimuli (local stereopsis). The results of these studies demonstrated a remarkable similarity in both the oculomotor and the sensory aspects of binocular vision in the two species when the stimulus dimensions were specified in visual angels, which were independent of interocular separation. The disparity vergence functions for the two species revealed fusion responses over the same range of prism-induced vergence and comparable vergence errors for stimuli near their fusional limits. Disparity vergence responses were independent of the spatial frequency of the binocular fusion stimulus. Stereothresholds as a function of the spatial frequency of the difference-of-Gaussian stimuli were of the same form, with equivalent stereoacuities, in monkey and human observers. The presence of substantial vergence errors had only a small effect on the precision of stereoscopic depth perception. We conclude that, after compensation for the differences in the lateral separation of their eyes, the operating characteristics of disparity vergence and stereoscopic vision are virtually identical in rhesus monkeys and humans and, consequently, the performance limits for these visual functions must be determined by anatomical and/or neural constraints that are similar in both species.
Women in the works of Antonio de Guevara

Guevara's treatment of women in theMarco Aurelio and in theEpistolas familiares varies from advice on marital relations and child rearing to the emperor's dealings with ladies of ill repute, with theenamoradas romanas offering advice to help others avoid falling into a similar life-style, to humorous cliches. Since women always appear as a minor theme in Guevara's works, they are never accorded personal or philosophical depth. Perhaps for this reason the bishop fails to note his own ambivalence and frequent contradictions in the manual portions of theMarco Aurelio. In the second part of the same work as well as throughout theEpistolas familiares, Guevara stoops to the commonplaces of the war between the sexes. As Maria Rosa Lida has so aptly noted, the bishop, never original or profound, is far more interested in debating the problem artistically than in contributing to its solution. (M.R.L., 360).
Transient heat transfer behavior of one-dimensional symmetric thermoelectric SMA actuators

The main purpose of this paper is to study the transient heat transfer behavior of one-dimensional symmetric thermoelectric Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) actuators, without assuming a small ratio between the layer thicknesses of SMA and semiconductor. For the transient heat transfer with a constant current density, it is proved that there is an upper bound for the current density so that the temperature distribution along the SMA layer is stable. For the transient cooling problem with a constant current density, it is proved that there is a lower bound for the current density so that the temperature at the interface between SMA and semiconductor layers is always decreasing to its stable state, and it may not be always decreasing if the current density is below the lower bound. Estimates for these bounds are derived. The physical implications of main results are also discussed.
Estimation of total estrogens in early pregnancy by column chromatography.

Abstract The determination of Total Urinary Estrogens in early pregnancy (first trimester) using the Ittrich-Kober assay requires additional purification steps to remove impurities, which in later pregnancy are reduced by dilution. The problem was resolved by the use of the Sephadex G-15 columns after acid or enzymatic hydrolysis. The first part of the study was devoted to both conventional and rapid enzymatic hydrolysis of samples followed by adsorption on G-15 columns. The second part dealt with the use of acid hydrolysis and the same type of columns. A further study compared the results obtained on analysis of the ethyl acetate eluates from acid-hydrolyzed urines which had been partitioned between toluene and 1N NaOH and also those eluates which were directly dissolved in 1N NaOH. The results of these studies indicated that the level of neutral steroidal interference had been reduced in all cases. The purity ratios of results obtained using the G-15 column technique showed a marked improvement over those obtained by the present Cohen extraction procedure.
Catalyzed sulfonation of methane to methanesulfonic acid

Abstract Direct sulfonation of methane with SO 3 to methanesulfonic acid (MSA) and methylbisulfate was investigated in sulfuric acid using Hg(I), Hg(II), and Rh(III)-salts as catalysts. O 2 was found to be an important component for the regeneration of the catalyst. The effects of O 2 pressure, temperature, SO 3 concentration, methane pressure, and catalyst concentration were examined on the rates of SO 3 conversion to MSA and methylbisulfate. The results of this investigation show that after 5 h at 148 °C using fuming sulfuric acid as the solvent, 360 psig CH 4 reacts with 21 mmol of SO 3 to give a 44% conversion of SO 3 to MSA in the presence of 40 psig O 2 and 0.075 mmol of Hg(CF 3 SO 3 ) 2 as the catalyst. The corresponding MSA selectivity is 87%. Conducting the reaction at higher temperature, higher O 2 pressure and higher initial concentration of SO 3 , leads to a reduction of the selectivity to MSA and an increase in the selectivity to CH 3 OSO 3 H. A mechanism for the formation of MSA and CH 3 OSO 3 H is proposed in the light of the experimental results.
Factors influencing pregnancy rates with a combined clomiphene citrate/gonadotropin protocol for non-assisted reproductive technology fertility treatment

Abstract Objective: To determine the effectiveness of a combined clomiphene citrate/gonadotropin protocol in a general infertility population and to evaluate factors influencing pregnancy rates obtained with this protocol. Design: A retrospective chart review. Setting: University-based infertility clinic. Patient(s): Two hundred forty-eight patients undergoing 658 cycles of minimal stimulation (MS) protocol from 1996–2000. Intervention(s): Patients underwent treatment with clomiphene citrate and gonadotropin, often followed by intrauterine insemination. Main Outcome Measure(s): Clinical pregnancy rates. Result(s): Overall, the clinical pregnancy rate was 7.1% per cycle (n = 248 patients and 658 cycles). The age range of the patients was 24–47 years (mean ± SD=36.5 ± 4.9) with 8.7% noted to have ovulatory dysfunction. Pregnancy rates varied significantly ( P 3 years of infertility) and number of follicles produced during stimulation (9.1% in women with ≥3 follicles vs. 4.6% in women with Conclusion(s): The effectiveness of the MS protocol in a general infertility population with a predominantly ovulatory status is much less than that previously reported in a younger patient population with a significant rate of ovulatory dysfunction. This protocol does not appear to lead to pregnancy rates higher than that reported for clomiphene citrate/intrauterine insemination (IUI) cycles. The clinical pregnancy rates using a minimal stimulation protocol are particularly compromised in women over 40, those with a longer duration of infertility or those who produce few follicles during stimulation.
Dynamics of Rydberg atoms near metal surfaces in the presence of an electric field

We investigate the motion of thermal Rydberg atoms incident on a metal surface in the presence of an external electric field. It is shown that for sufficiently strong electric fields the positive ions formed by resonant ionization can escape the surface and provide an experimentally observable signal. We show that, by measuring the ion current as a function of electric field, it is possible to determine the distance where the atoms ionize.
The equity aspects of carbon dioxide-induced climate change

Abstract There is a growing scientific consensus that additional carbon dioxide being added to the earth's atmosphere (primarily as a result of fossil fuel combustion and deforestation) will eventually result in an alteration of global climates. While much uncertainty remains regarding the timing, nature and magnitude of such climatic changes, another controversy surrounds the issue of what, if anything, should be done either to avert such changes or to prepare for them. Some studies advocate a reduction of fossil fuel use, and a reversal of present deforestation trends in order to prevent climate changes from occurring. Other studies advocate prediction and adaptation as the preferred course of action. The present paper falls into this latter category, but attempts to examine a number of fundamental obstacles which will prevent fossil fuel use reductions or changes in deforestation activities. An understanding of these moral and ethical issues is crucial for approaching not only the specific question of global climate change, but also the general class of environmental problems that will require international co-operation to resolve.
Field and Laboratory Observations of Hexamermis arvalis (Nematoda: Mermithidae) a Parasite of Cutworms

In Missouri and adjacent States, the nematode Hexamermis arvalis Poinar & Gyrisco was commonly found in clover and alfalfa fields parasitizing the dingy cutworm, Feltia subgothica (Haworth), the black cutworm, Agratis ipsilon (Hufnagel), and the bristly cutworm, Lacinipolia renigera (Stephens) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Other noctuid larvae occurring in the same habitat were never found parasitized, and young nematodes found in larvae of the clover leaf weevil, Hypera punctata (F.), always succumbed to encapsulation by blood cells of the host. H. arvalis proved to be univoltine. Infective juveniles parasitized overwintering 1st- and 2nd-stage lepidopterous larvae in the fall, completed their development, and emerged from 4th- and 5th-stage larvae in late spring of the following year, entered the soil, molted to adults in about 1–2 months, mated, and laid eggs that apparently aestivated. A method of rearing postparasitic juveniles to adults was devised, and a method of sampling field population of the nematode was successful. The nematode reared from the cutworms may be different from H. arvalis described from Hypera postica (Gyllenhal).
Retrospective measurement of childhood sexual abuse: A review of instruments

In this comprehensive review of retrospective childhood sexual abuse (CSA) instruments, instruments from studies published between 1986 and 2001 are examined according to administration method, number and specificity of questions, CSA operational definitions, psychometric properties, and the use of scales. It was found that both self-administered and interview instruments range from the vagueness of a single question to the preciseness of multiple, specific questions. Furthermore, the review demonstrated that CSA instruments generally lack standardization. Many are developed for one-time use and others modified when reused. Descriptive CSA instruments have been preferred by researchers and primarily used to measure CSA dichotomously. However, little consensus exists as to how to operationally define CSA. One positive trend is the development of scales that measure CSA as an interval-level variable, allowing for more extensive psychometric data to be collected.
Comparative studies on synaptosomes: Applicability of the rapid method for preparing synaptosomes to elasmobranch brain.

A flotation technique for the rapid preparation of synaptosomes, originally developed for invertebrate nervous tissue, has now been successfully applied to that of an elasmobranch fish (Mustelis canis, dogfish). The technique involves submitting the supernatant, obtained after a homogenate has been centrifuged at low speed to remove nuclei and tissue debris to centrifugal fields of intermediate intensity (106g/min), appears to separate well-sealed synaptosomes from those less well sealed as judged by the criteria of osmotic shrinkage, enzyme occlusion, and choline uptake. The sealed synaptosomes do not equilibrate with the 0.8 M sucrose used as the homogenization medium and rise to form a coherent pellicle at the top of the tube. Due to the short (1–1/1/2 hr) preparation time, such synaptosomes may well prove useful in further metabolic studies.
On the processing of arguments

This paper is concerned with the processing of informal arguments, that is, arguments involving “probable truth.” A model of informal argument processing is presented that is based upon Hample's (1977) expansion of Toulmin's (1958) model of argument structure. The model postulates that a claim activates an attitude, the two components forming a complex that in turn activates reasons. Furthermore, the model holds occurrence of the reason, or possibly the claim and the reason, activates values. Three experiments are described that provide support for the model.
Near infrared reflectance analysis of oil concentration in an emulsion: A study of oil and water migrations in a mayonnaise‐based salad

Equations were derived for estimating the oil concentration in mayonnaise containing 11–75% (w/w) oil in mayonnaise-based salads by measurements of absorption using a near infrared scanning spectrometer (Neotec 6350 Research Composition Analyzer). The precision of the predictions averaged from two or three equations was better than ±1.0% at an oil concentration of 40% (w/w). The use of the method is demonstrated by its application to a study of the migration of oil and water in coleslaw during the first 6h after production.
Modeling and Experimental Validation of DNA Motion in Uniform and Nonuniform DC Electric Fields

We are developing a new technique to insert foreign DNA into a living cell using a microelectromechanical system. This new technique relies on electrical forces to move DNA in a nonuniform electric field. To better understand this phenomenon, we perform integrated modeling and experiments of DNA electrophoresis. This paper describes the protocol and presents the results for DNA motion experiments using fabricated gel electrophoresis devices. We show that DNA motion is strongly correlated with ion transport (current flow) in the system. A better understanding of electrophoretic fundamentals allows for the creation of a mathematical model to predict the motion of DNA during electrophoresis in both uniform and nonuniform electric fields. The mathematical model is validated within 4% through comparison with the experimental results.
Scanning control of a vibrating string

We construct scanning feedback controls {γ i (t)} for the vibrating string equation $$\begin{gathered} y_{tt} (x,t) = y_{xx} (x,t) + Ry(x,t) + \sum\limits_{i = 1}^N {\phi (x - \gamma _i } (t))y(x,t), \hfill \\ 0< x< 1,y = 0 at x = 0,1. \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ so that (y, y t ) → (0,0) ast → ∞ in the weak topology ofH 0 1 (0,1) ×L 2 (0,1). In particular we show that ifφ is an even polynomial of degreeN with nonpositive coefficients that forR <π 2 we can find such stabilizingγ i (t), i=1,⋯,N.
Theoretical studies of hadronic calorimetry for high luminosity, high energy colliders

Abstract Experiments at the high luminosity, high energy colliders of the future will require optimization of the state of the art of calorimetry design and construction. During the past few years, the understanding of the basic phenomenology of hadron calorimeters has advanced through parallel theoretical and experimental investigations. The important underlying processes are reviewed to set the framework for the presentation of recent calculations of the expected performance of silicon detector based hadron calorimeters. Such devices employing uranium are expected to achieve the compensation condition (that is, e h ≈ 1.0 ) based on the understanding that has been derived from the uranium-liquid argon and uranium-plastic scintillator systems. In fact, even lead-silicon calorimeters are found to achieve the attractive value for the e h ratio of 1.16 at 10 GeV.
Vaporization from a mixed organic-water stream into air—The heat and mass transfer rates

Abstract The heat and mass transfer rates for the vaporization of p- xylene and water from mixtures of the two into an air stream were studied using a 2 in. packed glass column 7 in. long as an adiabatic humidifier. Data for p- xylene-water operation were correlated by h G a = 0.3 G 0.85 L 0.3 and k Y a = 0.2 G 0.77 L 0.5 in the range of gas flow rate ( G ) between 100 and 445 lb/hr/ft 2 , and the range of liquid flow rates ( L ), between 400 and 1600 lb/hr/ft 2 . Ratios of p- xylene to water of 8:1, 8:2, and 8:3 by weight were used, and an effect of a factor of 2 on the mass transfer coefficients, k Y a , were noted. The oxidation of an organic by air in the presence of water is encountered in the oxidation of p- xylene to terephthalic acid, and in the Zimmerman process for the oxidation of sewage sludge or the oxidation of paper mill wastes.
Grain boundary sliding in nanomaterials at elevated temperatures

The unique deformation behavior of nanocrystalline materials is considered to be caused by suppression of conventional lattice dislocation slip (which dominates in coarse-grained materials) and effective action of alternative deformation mechanisms occurring through motion of grain boundary defects. A significant role of grain boundary sliding in deformation processes in nanocrystalline materials was shown in models and was revealed experimentally.
Large annuloplasty rings facilitate mitral valve repair in Barlow's disease.

Background Excess leaflet tissue in Barlow's disease predisposes patients to left ventricular outflow tract obstruction and residual mitral regurgitation after mitral valve repair as a result of systolic anterior motion of the anterior mitral leaflet. In addition to conventional repair techniques such as sliding plasty and leaflet shortening, our approach in Barlow's disease has included the use of large remodeling annuloplasty rings (up to size 40 mm). We report our experience with the use of large rings in Barlow's disease. Methods From January 2002 to December 2005, 67 patients with Barlow's disease (46 men and 21 women; median age, 55 years; range, 22 to 85 years), mean ejection fraction 0.55 ± 0.08, and grade 3+ or greater mitral regurgitation underwent mitral valve repair. All had Carpentier type II leaflet dysfunction, with anterior (n = 2), posterior (n = 41), or bileaflet (n = 24) prolapse. Predominant reconstructive techniques were posterior leaflet sliding plasty/plication (n = 65), anterior leaflet triangular resection (n = 16), and chordal transfer (n = 25). Concomitant procedures included coronary artery bypass grafting surgery (n = 8), tricuspid valve repair (n = 20), aortic valve replacement (n = 3), and CryoMaze (n = 22). Results Mitral valve repair was successfully completed in all patients. Annuloplasty ring size was 36 mm (n = 17), 38 mm (n = 22), and 40 mm (n = 28). Predischarge transthoracic echocardiography showed absence of systolic anterior motion (n = 67), no or trace mitral regurgitation (n = 62), and mild mitral regurgitation (n = 5). There was no operative mortality. Conclusions Mitral valve repair can be predictably performed in Barlow's disease with excellent early outcomes. Large annuloplasty rings help minimize the risk of systolic anterior motion and are an important adjunct to established repair techniques in this patient cohort with large annular size and excess leaflet tissue.
An immunologic profile of young adults with head and neck cancer

Numerous reports have suggested, although never demonstrated, a suppressed immune defense mechanism as a contributing factor in the development of head and neck cancer in the young adult. Twenty-four previously untreated adults less than or equal to 40 years of age with squamous cell carcinoma were examined for lymphocyte function (natural killer cell activity and in vitro lymphocyte blastogenesis response to mitogens), total lymphocyte number and percentage of lymphocyte subsets, and humoral immune status (circulating IgA, IgG, and IgM). As compared with 33 healthy young adults, no significant immunologic deficit could be identified. On the contrary, the young adult cancer population had significantly increased lymphocyte numbers (P less than 0.05) and serum IgA, IgG, and IgM levels (P less than 0.001, respectively). These young cancer patients cannot be considered to be immunosuppressed. Alternative biologic mechanisms must be defined to account for the increasing incidence of head and neck cancer over the last decade among young adults in the United States.
Does Bevacizumab Cause Delayed Thromboembolism? Two Cases

Cancer patients are at increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) and this risk may be further increased due to several other factors including chemotherapeutic drugs. Bevacizumab is a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitor that has been reported to cause arterial and venous thrombosis during the treatment period. We present two cases of venous thrombosis occurring several weeks after stopping bevacizumab, raising the question of a delayed adverse drug effect due to the long half -life of the drug and immune complex formation. J Med Cases. 2013;4(10):649-651 doi: https://doi.org/10.4021/jmc1464w
Emissions of nitrous oxide from soils

Potential changes in the concentration of nitrous oxide (N2O) in the atmosphere have sparked considerable interest because of the proposed role of N2O in regulating stratospheric ozone levels, and in contributing to the atmospheric greenhouse effect. A substantial portion of the atmospheric N2O is thought to result from microbial transformations of inorganic forms of nitrogen in soils; N2O is an intermediate in denitrification (reduction of NO−3 to N2) and is formed during nitrification (oxidation of NH+4 to NO−3) in soils, although the mechanism is unclear. Several models have predicted that input of nitrogen into cropland, either from commercial fertilizers or N-fixing leguminous crops, could sufficiently increase emissions of N2O from soils to deplete stratospheric ozone levels1–3 and raise average world temperatures4. We report here N2O emissions from mineral and organic soil sites in New York and from organic soil sites in the Florida Everglades Agricultural Area.
Statistical Issues in Large Animal Toxicology

Large animal toxicology studies generally contain small numbers of animals, 3–5/sex/group. Traditionally, people do not take the multivariate and multifactor aspects of the design into consideration while analyzing the parameters of interest of such studies. As a consequence, many investigators reach inappropriate and sometimes incorrect statistical conclusions from their analyses. The main purpose of this article is to show how, given the typically minimal sample sizes, one can reach more meaningful conclusions from such studies if one takes into consideration the factorial and multivariate nature of the design. The secondary purpose is to point out the need of careful examination of model specification and use of some popular statistical software. Examples are given to demonstrate the points.
New models for rotational molding of plastics

We present a detailed theoretical model of the rotational molding process, and identify the key dimensionaless groups affecting the process cycle time. This theoretical model is employed to create differential and lumped parameter numerical models, as well as a simple closed form estimate for the time required for complete powder deposition. Both numerical models give results that are in very good agreement with experimental data available in the literature. The closed form solution gives good predictions over a wide range of processing parameters. In addition, the effects of variations in the dimensionaless groups on processing time are evaluated.
Quantitative assessment on the value of 1.38-um imagery for the automated analysis of optically thin cirrus in daytime imagery

While considerable effort has been expended on research into the analysis of optically-thin cirrus clouds, the global detection and accurate identification of these clouds remains inadequate, especially in daytime meteorological satellite imagery collected over land surfaces. Recently, 1.38 micron imagery was recommended for the improved detection of thin cirrus clouds. Since this channel is centered on a strong water vapor absorption band and watervapor is concentrated in the lower atmosphere, solar energy normally reflected by the Earth's surface is absorbed in the 1.38 micron spectral band. Thus, any energy measured by an airborne (or spaceborne) radiometer should originate from scattering off of mid-level water and high-level ice clouds, making even thin cirrus readily detectable. While initial results have been encouraging, quantitative analyses are needed to assess the value of 1.38 micron imagery as a candidate for the next generation of meteorological satellite sensors. Thus, this project investigates the potential for improved thin cirrus detection in daytime imagery using scenes of nearly coincident Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) sensor data, which collects 1.38 micron imagery, and imagery collected by the operational NOAA AVHRR sensors. Automated cloud analyses from these data are compared against manual (ground truth) cloud analyses for each data type. Initial results show that 1.38 micron imagery is valuable for improved thin cirrus detection over land surfaces.
Influence of phosfon D and cycocel on growth and essential oil content of sage and peppermint

Abstract Foliar application of Phosfon D at 50–100 ppm stimulates the growth of Salvia officinalis (sage) and moderately retards the growth of Mentha piperita (peppermint), while increasing the essential oil yield of both species by 50–70 % Phosfon D increases the proportions of (−)-3-isothujone and (+)-3-thujone in sage oil and decreases the level of (−)-β-pinene and (+)-camphor, whereas this growth retardant increases the proportions of (+)-isomenthone and (+)-neoisomenthol in peppermint oil and decreases the level of(−)-menthone and (−)-menthoL Foliar application of Cycocel at 250–500 ppm slightly stimulates growth and essential oil formation in peppermint, and retards growth of sage with little effect on oil yield. The influence of Cycocel on sage oil composition was the opposite of that of Phosfon, with a tendency to increase the level of (−)-β-pinene and decrease the level of (−)-3-isothujone under severe stunting. The effect of Cycocel on the composition of peppermint varied with concentration. The influence of growth retardants on essential oil composition and yield are most readily explained by alterations in the levels or activities of the relevant enzymes.
The early anthropogenic hypothesis: Challenges and responses

[1] Ruddiman (2003) proposed that late Holocene anthropogenic intervention caused CH4 and CO2 increases that kept climate from cooling and that preindustrial pandemics caused CO2 decreases and a small cooling. Every aspect of this early anthropogenic hypothesis has been challenged: the timescale, the issue of stage 11 as a better analog, the ability of human activities to account for the gas anomalies, and the impact of the pandemics. This review finds that the late Holocene gas trends are anomalous in all ice timescales; greenhouse gases decreased during the closest stage 11 insolation analog; disproportionate biomass burning and rice irrigation can explain the methane anomaly; and pandemics explain half of the CO2 decrease since 1000 years ago. Only ∼25% of the CO2 anomaly can, however, be explained by carbon from early deforestation. The remainder must have come from climate system feedbacks, including a Holocene ocean that remained anomalously warm because of anthropogenic intervention.
Ordinary and extraordinary brain development: Anatomical variation in developmental dyslexia

Eight brains, six male and two female, of reliably diagnosed cases of developmental dyslexia have been analyzed in this laboratory thus far. Common to all the specimens is the absence of ordinary asymmetry in the planum temporale, a language relevant area of the temporal lobe. In addition, the male cases and one female case displayed multiple focal areas of malformation of the cerebral cortex, located variably in the language relevant perisylvian regions and to a greater or lesser extent bilaterally. Both female cases and, to a mild degree, one of the males display focal areas of cortical scarring dated to the end of pregnancy through to the end of the second year of life at the latest. The scarring tends to be located in the vascular watershed territories. Experimental animal research suggests that symmetry may represent absence of the necessary developmental pruning of neural networks required for specific functions such as language. This diminished pruning results in excessive neurons and (at least interhemispheric) connections. Additional modeling in experimental animals suggests that cortical malformations and scarring similar to those seen in the dyslexic brains may represent early focal injury that could be attributed to congenital disorders of the immune system.
Rural African-American Mothers Parenting Prematurely Born Infants: An Ecological Systems Perspective

Abstract This qualitative descriptive study describes the concerns and issues of rural African-American mothers with prematurely born infants. Mothers were part of a larger nurse-parent support intervention. The 18 mothers lived in rural areas in the Southeast, and their infants were younger than 35 weeks gestational age at birth and at high risk for developmental problems because they either weighed less than 1500 grams at birth or required mechanical ventilation. Field notes written by the intervention nurses providing support to the mothers after discharge from the hospital were analyzed using methods of content analysis. Concerns of the mothers related to the infant's health and development, the maternal role in parenting the infant, personal aspects of their lives, and relationship issues particularly with the fathers. Findings support the importance of an ecological systems perspective when designing research and caring for rural African-American mothers with prematurely born children.
Inhibition of intracellular protein degradation by pepstatin, poly(l-lysine), and pepstatinyl-poly(l-lysine)

Abstract Coupling the cathepsin D inhibitor pepstatin to poly( l -Lys) ( M r 13,000) is shown to enhance its inhibition of protein breakdown in whole cell systems. Rates of intracellular protein breakdown for prelabeled proteins of Balb/c 3T3 fibroblasts were measured in the presence and absence of amino acids and insulin to generate basal and enhanced rates of protein breakdown. Pepstatin and poly( l -Lys) inhibited rates of degradation 5–7% and 16–23%, respectively, under each condition. Pepstatinyl-poly( l -Lys), containing 9 mol pepstatin/mol polymer, inhibited enhanced rates of degradation a further 24–33% compared to poly( l -Lys), but this extra increment was not seen under basal conditions. Although the mechanism of inhibition of intracellular protein breakdown by poly( l -Lys) presently is unknown, the data obtained with free and conjugated pepstatin indicate the lysosomal system degrades proteins under both basal and enhanced conditions.
Electric and magnetic field of a direct-current source in a medium with a continuously varying conductivity

Fields due to an electric current source in the atmosphere where the conductivity increases exponentially with altitude have been calculated. Characteristics of the field are described. The current source is assumednot to vary with time.
The Contribution of Carl (Speed) Marvel to Polymer Science

Abstract It is an exceptional honor and privilege for me to contribute to this special symposium “Polymer Synthesis-The 1980's”, and lam very much obliged to Eli Pearce for giving me the opportunity to present to you a short report on the life and on the extraordinary accomplishments of our new Honorary Doctor of Sciences. When, about a year ago a group of us thought that our Polymer Research Institute should recognize Professor Marvel's outstanding contribution to polymer science in an unusual manner, it was felt that a special symposium should be organized in his honor and that he should receive an Honorary Degree of Science at this occasion. The conferment of such a degree is, of course, a matter of the faculty, but our Provost, Professor Donaruma, succeeded to overcome all difficulties and we were able to issue the invitation for this symposium which, to our great satisfaction, is being attended by such a large group of friends and admirers of our honoree. A few who would have liked to be here were un...
Linearized response of a doped FPD continuous monitor for low-level sulfur measurements

Abstract Equations which describe the response, signal-to-noise ratio, and sensitivity enhancement of a doped FPD continuous sulfur analyzer using a logarithmic amplifier (linearizer) have been developed and experimentally verified. These equations are useful for designing such systems, and also for calibrating operational systems. Both the theory and laboratory data suggest that even modest doping concentrations produce substantial signal enhancement. For example, for an ambient concentration of 0.65 ppb, a 3.0 ppb doping concentration enhances the FPD response by a factor of about 5.0. The limit of detection for doped FPD analyzers with logarithmic amplifiers is estimated at about 0.2 ppb.
The relation between classical nucleation theory and the solubility of small particles

Abstract For a constrained system, the equation relating crystal size to the properties of the fluid at equilibrium has two solutions. The solution yielding the smallest crystal size is for an unstable equilibrium, corresponding to the barrier for nucleation. The solution yielding the largest crystal size is for the stable equilibrium corresponding to the solubility or equilibrium temperature condition.
Steiner triple systems of order 15 and their codes

Abstract The binary linear codes generated by incidence matrices of the 80 Steiner triple systems on 15 points (STS(15)) are studied. The 80 codes of length 35 spanned by incidence vectors of the points are all non-isomorphic. In contrast, a pair of codes of length 15 generated by blocks are isomorphic if and only if the corresponding incidence matrices have the same rank over GF(2). The weight distribution, the automorphism groups of the codes, and the distribution of the Steiner triple systems within the codes are computed. There are 54 codes of length 35 that contain several non-isomorphic STS(15)'s, and any such code is generated by an STS(15) of largest 2-rank.
Cycle Flexibility: It’s Impact on V/STOL Tactical Aircraft Propulsion Systems

The design of a V/STOL aircraft, incorporating only one lift-cruise engine places great emphasis on the flexibility of its propulsion system to provide sufficient thrust for take-off and efficient fuel consumption for cruise. In order to attain a reasonable range with a lightweight vehicle this inconsistency of thrust and SFC mis-match must be resolved. A brief survey of engine technology predictions for the next decade indicates that future aircraft systems would be offered a wider choice of cycle characteristics, higher technology levels, and added cycle flexibility. A comparative parametric study was conducted to determine the effect of these advancements on a postulated 1983 V/STOL aircraft. In particular the effect of increasing thrust through the use of thrust lapse-rating and variable turbine geometry were compared to more conventional augmentors such as duct burning and water injection. Additionally, the effects of varying cycle characteristics to realize SFC improvements were investigated.Copyright © 1972 by ASME