cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Physiological Genomics of Antidepressant Targets: Keeping the Periphery in Mind

The plasma membrane transporters that clear extracellular serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE), serotonin transporters (SERTs) and NE transporters (NETs), have received considerable attention over the past four decades because of their roles in amine neurotransmitter inactivation. In addition, they interact with many centrally active drugs, including multiple classes of antidepressants such as the serotonin-selective reuptake inhibitors, typified by fluoxetine (Prozac), and the more recently developed norepinephrine-selective transporter antagonists, such as reboxetine. The therapeutic utility of these agents supports biogenic amine theories of affective disorders and raises the question as to whether SERT and NET exhibit a functional genetic variation that could influence risk for behavioral disorders. Although evidence exists that a promoter polymorphism in SERT may influence behavioral states, this contention is not without complexity and its mechanism of action remains poorly understood. The identification of coding variants of NETs and SERTs would offer important opportunities to connect genotype to phenotype. However, given the limited frequency of transporter coding variations evident to date in general population surveys or in psychiatric genetic studies, the identification of informative functional variants of transporters will likely require refined phenotypes. In this regard, NET and SERT play critical roles in cardiovascular and gastrointestinal physiology, respectively. This perspective reviews recent human and mouse studies that suggest how peripheral autonomic phenotypes, linked to genetic disruption of NET and SERT function, can aid in the phenotypic segregation needed for advanced theories of biogenic amine dysfunction and pharmacogenetics.
Matching Temporal Frame, Self-View, and Message Frame Valence: Improving Persuasiveness in Health Communications

This work examines the interplay between temporal frame and one's accessible self-view on consumer response to health communication. We find an independent self-view is more persuasive with a distal temporal frame (versus proximal frame), and an interdependent self-view is more persuasive with a proximal temporal frame (versus distal frame). Message frame valence (gain versus loss) moderates the interplay between temporal frame and self-view. In addition, message concreteness and message persuasiveness are revealed as mediators to the interplay between temporal frame and self-view. Interestingly, the mediating process varies depending on one's accessible self-view. These findings offer guidance for health communication marketers' use of temporal frames and self-view.
Nanosecond speed pre-injected space charge controlled KTN beam deflector

In this paper, a nanosecond speed KTN beam deflector is presented. The beam deflector is based on the combination of pre-injected space charge field and high speed (nanosecond) switching field. A beam deflection speed on the order of nanosecond was demonstrated, which was fastest beam deflection speed reported so far. The experimentally results confirmed that the speed limitation of KTN beam deflector was not limited by the electro-optic (EO) effect itself but the driving electric source and circuit. With a faster speed driving source and circuit, it is possible to develop GHz frequency beam deflector.
Noradrenergic modulation of cognitive function in rat medial prefrontal cortex as measured by attentional set shifting capability.

Abstract The brain noradrenergic system is thought to facilitate neuronal processes that promote behavioral activation, alertness, and attention. One region in which norepinephrine may exert such effects is the medial prefrontal cortex, which has been implicated in many cognitive functions including arousal, attention, motivation, working memory, response inhibition, and behavioral flexibility. The present study addressed the modulatory influence of noradrenergic neurotransmission in medial prefrontal cortex on cognitive function in rats, as measured by performance in an attentional set shifting task. In experiment 1, we tested effects of increasing and decreasing brain noradrenergic neurotransmission by systemic administration of the α 2 -adrenergic autoreceptor antagonist and agonist drugs, atipamezole and clonidine, respectively. Atipamezole pretreatment significantly improved performance on the stages of the attentional task requiring an extradimensional shift in attention, and those involving stimulus reversals, whereas clonidine had no effect at any stage. In experiment 2, we then tested effects of microinjecting α 1 - or β-adrenergic receptor antagonists into medial prefrontal cortex on the enhancement of performance on the extradimensional task produced by atipamezole. The atipamezole-induced enhancement of performance on the extradimensional set shifting task was blocked by α 1 -, but not β-adrenergic receptor antagonists in medial prefrontal cortex. Neither antagonist alone had any effect on extradimensional set shift performance in the absence of atipamezole-induced enhancement. These results indicate that elevating noradrenergic activity at α 1 -receptors in medial prefrontal cortex facilitates cognitive performance of rats in an attentional set-shifting task, which may contribute to the role of norepinephrine in behavioral state changes such as arousal, or to the beneficial cognitive effects of psychotherapeutic drugs that target noradrenergic neurotransmission.
Dielectric function of layered materials.

The dielectric response function is calculated for a layered system. The calculation includes electron-electron and electron-phonon interactions. The phonons polarized perpendicular and parallel to the {ital c} axis enter the screening function very differently.
A compensator design technique for control systems with time-varying nonlinear elements

Abstract A method is advanced for the design of linear controllers for a class of nonlinear systems. The systems considered in this paper are characterized by the presence of a dominant nonlinearity located in a specified sector. The proposed approach is digital-computer oriented, and design results are presented in parameter planes and parameter space.
Ultra-low radiation dose reduction for post EVAR (endovascular aneurysm repair) CT angiography using model-based iterative reconstruction (MBIR)

Purpose Model-based iterative reconstruction (MBIR) is a CT reconstruction algorithm that has the potential to provide high quality diagnostic images at very low radiation doses. The purpose of this study is to compare radiation dose, image quality and noise using an ultra low radiation dose (ULD) protocol reconstructed with MBIR to our current standard radiation dose (SD) protocol. Materials and Methods A prospective evaluation of 20 patients (20M;0F; mean age=75 yrs) undergoing surveillance post-EVAR enhanced CT was performed. All patients underwent SD and ULD venous phase imaging (SD/ULD: noise index = 36/51, min mA=100/50, max mA=450/225, kV=100/100). SD images were reconstructed using ASIR (Adaptive Statistical Iterative Reconstruction) per standard of care and compared with ULD images reconstructed with ASIR and MBIR. The volume CT Dose Index (CTDI) was recorded. Quantitative measurements of image noise using the HU standard deviation in 5 separate locations were recorded and averaged. Subjective image assessment (1=worst, 5 = best) of two radiologists blinded to scanning protocol and reconstruction algorithm was performed evaluating diagnostic confidence, image noise, vessel sharpness and aneurysm size. Results The CTDIvol was 73% lower using the ULD protocol (3.4 mGy vs 12.8 mGy for SD). Quantitative image noise measurements were 34% lower with ULD MBIR compared to SD ASIR and 55% lower when compared to ULD ASIR. ULD MBIR and SD ASIR showed no significant difference in averaged subjective noise (3.8 vs 4.0, p=.25). Although vessel sharpness (3.3 vs 4.1, p Conclusion An ULD MBIR protocol performed at 73% lower dose than standard of care imaging provides identical assessment of aneurysm size, high diagnostic confidence and lower image noise and should be considered for post EVAR CT follow-up.
Formation of Ions in the Cyclotron

Measurements of the initial ionization in a cyclotron, produced by the use of a filament, as a function of the pressure, electron emission, and dee voltage are presented. The amount of ionization is found to be too high to be simply explained by an electron passing between the region between dees only once. A theory is proposed wherein some of the electrons are caught by the changing electric field between the dees and oscillate back and forth many times during a cycle of the dee voltage. Experimental observations which conform to the theory are described.
Co-bedding Twins: A Developmentally Supportive Care Strategy

Twins may have a special capacity for supporting each other (co-regulation) because of their common intrauterine experiences. Co-regulatory activities observed in preterm twins during co-bedding include moving closer, touching, holding, hugging, rooting, sucking on each other, smiling, being awake at the same time, and decreased need for ambient temperature support. This simple clinical strategy of co-bedding twins may be a significant innovation for supporting preterm and full-term twins during their transition to extrauterine life.
Can Copper-Based Substrates Be Used to Protect Hatcheries from Invasion by the New Zealand Mudsnail?

Abstract Copper sheet (abbreviated SC), copper mesh (MC), copper-based ablative antifouling paint (AP), and copper-based nonablative antifouling paint (NP) were tested to determine each material's ability to serve as contact deterrents to the invasive New Zealand mudsnail Potamopyrgus antipodarum. Mudsnail responses to each surface treatment was measured across a range of water temperatures (8, 12, 18, and 24°C), hardness levels (75, 125, 175, and 300 mg/L as CaCO3), pH values (6, 7, and 8.5), water velocities (0, 9, and 33 cm/s), and levels of surface fouling (0, 6, and 10 weeks of exposure). Mean crawling distances (MCD) by the mudsnails in the temperature, hardness, and pH experiments were significantly lower on the SC and MC surface treatment than the NP treatment. In the velocity experiment, static, nonflowing conditions produced the lowest MCD, whereas increasing water velocity from 9 cm/s to 33 cm/s did not produce a significant change in MCD on either the SC or MC surfaces. Finally, MCD did increa...
Life on the edge: rotifers from springs and ephemeral waters in the Chihuahuan Desert, Big Bend National Park (Texas, USA)

Here we describe an on-going study of the rotifers inhabiting a sampling of springs (seeps), streams, ponds, tanks (diked ephemeral streams), and huecos and tinajas (small and large rock pools) of Big Bend National Park, a 3.23 × 105 ha region of the northern Chihuahuan Desert located in southwestern Texas (USA). We collected samples from planktonic, littoral, and benthic habitats comprising 92 sites representing 23 different aquatic systems. We documented 19 rotifer families (17 monongonont; 2 bdelloid) comprising 32 genera and 94 taxa. Of these, 70 were identified to species; 24 taxa (14 monogononts and 10 bdelloids) remain unidentified; several may be new to science. Redundancy Analysis revealed significant associations between environmental parameters and species distributions among water sources. Highest species richness was found in more permanent habitats such as ponds and springs while species associated with rock pools were associated with high conductivity and temperature.
Disruption of DNA-PK in Ku80 mutant xrs-6 and the implications in DNA double-strand break repair

The Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) mutant cell line xrs-6C is highly sensitive to radiation and is deficient in DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair. The repair defect of xrs-6C is complemented by the human DSB repair gene designated as XRCC5. This gene was recently identified as Ku80, which encodes the human autoantigen protein Ku p80. Ku80 protein forms heterodimer with the Ku70 subunit to form a complex that possesses a DNA end-binding activity. Ku70Ku80 heterodimer can recruit the catalytic p350 subunit of the DNA-dependent protein kinase. It is demonstrated here that, while the Ku70 mRNA expression is normal in the xrs-6C mutant, Ku70 protein is undetectable. However, introduction of human Ku80 gene into the mutant lead to increased expression of Ku70 protein and restored Ku70 binding to DNA ends, suggesting that mutation of the Ku80 gene affected the formation of Ku70Ku80 dimers and the stability of the Ku70 protein. We also demonstrated that, although p350 protein expression in the mutants was unaffected, the capacity of p350 to bind to DNA ends was impaired in the mutants. After introduction of the human Ku80 into the mutant, the association of p350 with DNA end was restored, accompanied by recovery in cell survival and DNA double-strand break repair. The results in this report show that mutation of the Ku80 gene disrupts formation of the Ku70Ku80 dimer and compromises the ability of Ku protein to recruit the DNA-PK p350 subunit to DNA double-strand breaks, causing a dysfunction of DNA DSB repair in the cell.
Effects of Stimulus Discriminability on Discrimination Acquisition and Stimulus-Equivalence Formation: Assessing the Utility of a Multiple Schedule

A multiple schedule was used to examine the effects of stimulus discriminability on discrimination acquisition in baseline and subsequent stimulus-equivalence formation. Six college students were exposed in two experiments to more or less discriminable stimuli across multiple-schedule components (reinforcer magnitude was unequal and equal in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively). For five of the six participants, slower baseline acquisition occurred with the less discriminable stimuli. After high accuracy scores occurred in both components for several sessions, stimulus equivalence was tested across multiple sessions. In terms of accuracy, delayed emergence of equivalence formation only occurred in the component with the less discriminable stimuli for three of the five participants who previously displayed differential acquisition. For one of these other two participants, a 2-week follow-up assessment revealed that stimulus equivalence was disrupted only in the component previously correlated with the slower acquisition period. In terms of response latency, slower responding was obtained in the component with the less discriminable stimuli for all six participants, particularly during initial equivalence testing. These results demonstrate that stimulus discriminability can influence both discrimination acquisition and stimulus-equivalence formation. The results also support the utility of examining stimulus-equivalence formation using a multiple schedule.
On the lattices of NP-subspaces of a polynomial time vector space over a finite field

Abstract In this paper, we study the lower semilattice of NP-subspaces of both the standard polynomial time representation and the tally polynomial time representation of a countably infinite dimensional vector space V ∞ over a finite field F . We show that for both the standard and tally representation of V ∞ , there exists polynomial time subspaces U and W such that U + V is not recursive. We also study the NP analogues of simple and maximal subspaces. We show that the existence of P-simple and NP-maximal subspaces is oracle dependent in both the tally and standard representations of V ∞ . This contrasts with the case of sets, where the existence of NP-simple sets is oracle dependent but NP-maximal sets do not exist. We also extend many results of Nerode and Remmel (1990) concerning the relationship of P bases and NP-subspaces in the tally representation of V ∞ to the standard representation of V ∞ .
The behavioral pharmacology of zolpidem: evidence for the functional significance of α1-containing GABA A receptors

Zolpidem is a positive allosteric modulator of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) with preferential binding affinity and efficacy for α1-subunit containing GABAA receptors (α1-GABAARs). Over the last three decades, a variety of animal models and experimental procedures have been used in an attempt to relate the behavioral profile of zolpidem and classic benzodiazepines (BZs) to their interaction with α1-GABAARs. This paper reviews the results of rodent and non-human primate studies that have evaluated the effects of zolpidem on motor behaviors, anxiety, memory, food and fluid intake, and electroencephalogram (EEG) sleep patterns. Also included are studies that examined zolpidem’s discriminative, reinforcing, and anticonvulsant effects as well as behavioral signs of tolerance and withdrawal. The literature reviewed indicates that α1-GABAARs play a principle role in mediating the hypothermic, ataxic-like, locomotor- and memory-impairing effects of zolpidem and BZs. Evidence also suggests that α1-GABAARs play partial roles in the hypnotic, EEG sleep, anticonvulsant effects, and anxiolytic-like of zolpidem and diazepam. These studies also indicate that α1-GABAARs play a more prominent role in mediating the discriminative stimulus, reinforcing, hyperphagic, and withdrawal effects of zolpidem and BZs in primates than in rodents. The psychopharmacological data from both rodents and non-human primates suggest that zolpidem has a unique pharmacological profile when compared with classic BZs. The literature reviewed here provides an important framework for studying the role of different GABAAR subtypes in the behavioral effects of BZ-type drugs and helps guide the development of new pharmaceutical agents for disorders currently treated with BZ-type drugs.
Male osteoporosis: new insights in an understudied disease.

Purpose of review Osteoporosis in men is increasingly recognized as an important health problem. New research contributes to our knowledge of gender differences in osteoporosis risk, diagnosis and management. We undertook this review to summarize recent developments in the field of male osteoporosis. Recent findings The paper reviews recently published studies that reveal new insights into male osteoporosis. It addresses epidemiology, risk factors, use of clinical risk assessment tools, diagnosis and treatment. New data continue to suggest that men have higher mortality rates than women after hip fracture, and that men may experience fractures at higher bone mineral density values than women. Treatments for osteoporosis have been studied mostly in women, but trials including both men and women are now being conducted. Likewise, there are several newer cohorts with bone and fracture outcomes that include men and women. The Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) study is the first United States-based cohort to include only men; this study is contributing importantly to our understanding of epidemiology and risk factors for osteoporosis in men. Summary Men and their physicians should be aware of the risk for osteoporosis and the gender differences that exist within this disease. Further research is needed to continue to understand differences in pathophysiology, epidemiology and risk factors, and to promote appropriate therapies among men.
Stimulation by insulin of rat liver β-hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase and cholesterol-synthesizing activities

Abstract β-Hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity in rat liver increased 2 to 7-fold after subcutaneous administration of insulin into normal or diabetic animals. Reductase activity began increasing after one hour, rose to a maximum in two to three hours, and then declined to the control level after six hours. This response was elicited during the time of day when the normal diurnal variation in reductase activity approached a minimum. It was also elicited when animals did not have access to food. This stimulation of reductase activity was completely blocked when glucagon was administered in conjunction with insulin. The increase in reductase activity after insulin administration was accompanied by a proportionate increase in activity for the conversion of acetate to cholesterol.
Inorganic mercury secretion into bile as a low molecular weight complex

Abstract Previous studies on the biliary secretion of inorganic mercury have concluded that inorganic mercury in bile is bound almost exclusively to substances of high molecular weight (HMW). In contrast, our results showed that inorganic mercury in bile is bound predominantly to a substance of low molecular weight (LMW), which is most likely glutathione (GSH). The previously reported binding of inorganic mercury to bile proteins is now explained as a postsecretory in vitro artifact resulting from the rapid oxidation of endogenous GSH which occurs during the collection and storage of bile samples. Gel filtration on Sephadex G-75 of freshly collected bile from rats treated with 203 HgCl 2 or of control bile supplemented in vitro with 203 HgCl 2 showed that most of the mercury was in the LMW fraction. On Sephadex G-25, the biliary mercury peak co-eluted with the mercury-GSH standard. However, when bile was allowed to stand at room temperature, there was a time-dependent shift of the mercury towards the HMW fraction. The rate of this shift was proportional to the rate of oxidation of GSH in bile. When GSH oxidation was inhibited by collecting bile in EDTA at 4°, the mercury remained associated with the LMW fraction. At a given GSH concentration in bile, the fraction of mercury bound to the HMW fraction was independent of mercury concentration, in the range of 0.05 to 5.0 μM HgCl 2 . These results suggest that the inorganic mercury was secreted into bile complexed with a LMW substance. This LMW substance has been tentatively identified as GSH.
For whom the Bell arguments toll

We will formulate two Bell arguments. Together they show that if the probabilities given by quantum mechanics are approximately correct, then the properties exhibited by certain physical systems must be nontrivially dependent on thetypes of measurements performedand eithernonlocally connected orholistically related to distant events. Although a number of related arguments have appeared since John Bell's original paper (1964), they tend to be either highly technical or to lack full generality. The following arguments depend on the weakest of premises, and the structure of the arguments is simpler than most (without any loss of rigor or generality). The technical simplicity is due in part to a novel version of the generalized Bell inequality. The arguments are self contained and presuppose no knowledge of quantum mechanics. We will also offer a Dutch Book argument for measurement type dependence.
Hyperglycemia and glycosuria after ingestion of glucose by ambulatory patients over 40 years of age.

Abstract 1. 1. In order to identify subjects in whom there is minor impairment of the ability to metabolize glucose, we have employed the Folin-Wu technique to measure the venous blood sugar two hours after the ingestion of 100 grams of glucose. 2. 2. During the course of diagnostic studies of ambulatory patients, we thus examined 180 subjects aged 40 years or more who manifested no sugar in the fasting urine and whose fasting blood sugar level was below 120 mg. per cent. 3. 3. In 56 (31 per cent) of the 180 subjects, the blood sugar level two hours after the ingestion of the glucose exceeded 119 mg. per cent; in 29 of these 56 subjects exceeded 139 mg. per cent. 4. 4. Following the ingestion of glucose, elevation of the blood sugar above the accepted normal value frequently occurred without concomitant glycosuria. 5. 5. Of these subjects in whom abnormal elevations of postprandial blood sugar levels were thus demonstrated, a greater proportion were overweight than was the case with those in whom the levels were normal. 6. 6. It is suggested that subjects identified by this screening test as manifesting possible impairment of carbohydrate metabolism are subjects appropriate for repeated observation for further evidence of mild diebetes mellitus.
Ultra-rapid vitrification of mouse oocytes in low cryoprotectant concentrations.

The ideal cryopreservation protocol would combine the benefits of slow freezing with the benefits of vitrification. This report describes a method for the ultra-rapid vitrification of oocytes using slush nitrogen in quartz capillaries. The approach minimizes the thermal mass of the vitrification vessel by using open microcapillaries made of highly conductive quartz and achieves cooling rates of 250,000°C/min. The process of vitrification can be optimized by maximizing the rate at which the sample is cooled, which allows for the use of lower cryoprotectant concentrations. Mouse oocytes can be successfully vitrified using 1.5 mol/l propane-1,2-diol and 0.5 mol/l trehalose and achieve survival rates of 92.5%. Fertilization and blastocyst formation rates of vitrified–warmed and fresh oocytes were not significantly different. A total of 120 blastocysts from each of the vitrified–warmed and fresh oocytes were transferred to surrogate mothers and 23 and 27 offspring were born respectively. All offspring in both groups were healthy, grew and bred normally and gave rise to a second generation of pups. Thus, an ultra-rapid vitrification technique has been developed for mouse oocytes that uses low concentrations of cryoprotectants and slush nitrogen in quartz capillaries, which combines the benefits of slow freezing and vitrification.
Evoked potential estimates of the time course of adaptation and recovery to counterphase gratings.

Scalp-recorded evoked potentials (VEP) were sequentially sampled in humans during adaptation to and recovery from prolonged viewing of counterphase sinusoidal grating targets. The sum of the power at the first and second harmonics of the Fourier-transformed VEP components was found to decrease during adaptation and increase during recovery. Time constants (T) for the adaptation and recovery processes as estimated from exponential functions ranged from 2.9 to 19 sec, varying non-monotonically with the spatial frequency and contrast of the stimulus. The observed T values are shorter than those reported in psychophysical studies of adaptation but overlap estimates derived from single cell studies. An unexpected finding was the occurrence of a 3-6 sec delay in the appearance of the maximum VEP response after the onset of the adaptation stimulus. The delay occurred in all subjects and at all spatial frequencies when moderate to high adapting contrasts (e.g. greater than 0.2) were used. The data support a feature-selective, multi-channel lateral inhibitory model of spatial vision and suggest the presence of tonic inhibition between the channels.
More on blameworthiness and alternative possibilities

The derivation of the generally held Principle of Alternative Possibilities (PAP), roughly ‘you are morally responsible only if you could do otherwise’, from an even more generally held moral principle, K (for Kant), that roughly speaking ‘ought implies can’, has recently been the focus of significant debate. In this paper I shall argue that by focusing on PAP interpreted in terms of commissions alone an alternative derivation of PAP interpreted in terms of omissions is being overlooked. The advantage of the new derivation is that it avoids many of the criticisms directed at the original derivation.
567 SURVIVAL AND TRANSMISSION OF HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE TYPE B (Hib) IN DAY CARE

Hib is thought to be a fastidious organism. Transmission in institutional settings is assumed to be via large droplet respitory secretions. The role of environmental surfaces and fomites in transmission is unknown. Cultures were obtained from Hib carrier (Hib-C) children and their freshly handled fomites at three day care centers. Hib was recovered from 5/5 cultures of moist nasal secretions (NS), 1/5 cough plates held 10 inches from the mouth, but not from 27 cultures of saliva, hands, cribs and toys of Hib-C. Pooled NS from 3 Hib-C contained 1.6×107 Hib CFU/ ml. Infected NS were smeared onto dry and premoistened washrags (WR) and Kleenex®. Survival of Hib was determined by growth in supplemented overnight BHI broth at intervals 0-5 hr UR and 0-18 hr Kleenex®. Hib in NS were recovered from dry WR for 3 hr, from moistened WR for 5 hr and Kleenex® for 18 hr. A pharyngeal Hib strain was diluted to 6×106 CFU/ml in unsupplemented BHI broth and 50 μl were placed on moisten gauze (MG) and dry gauze (DG) and wax paper (WP). Colony counts were determined for 6-7 days. There was no drop in CFU in broth on gauze or WP until dried (0.5-3 hr). Thereafter dried Hib survived on MG at 102 CFU/ml for 3 days and was still recovered on day 6. Hib was recovered from DG and WP at 102 CFU/ml at seven days. NS of Hib-C contain high concentrations of Hib and support prolonged survival. Use of WR and Kleenex® for more than one child may contribute to transmission of Hib.
Control strategies for formation flight in the vicinity of the libration points

The concept of formation flight of multiple spacecraft offers many promising possibilities, both for space exploration and the associated technology development. Past studies on formation flight have focused primarily on Earth-orbiting clusters. However, space-based observatory and interferometry missions, such as the proposed Terrestrial Planet Finder and the Micro Arc-second X-ray Imaging Mission, reflect plans for formation flight in multibody regimes, particularly in the vicinity of the sun-Earth/moon libration points. two specific tasks are accomplished in this study. First, in a dynamically sensitive regime such as that near the libration points, baseline propulsive requirements are established. A decentralized control strategy based on existing linear and nonlinear control techniques is employed and the results are presented through a series of sample mission configurations. Note that the control problem is formulated to facilitate future tradeoff studies in the libration point environment. The analysis is presented within the context of both the circular restricted three-body problem and the more complete ephemeris model. Once baseline costs are available, the second task is the introduction of potential constraints. These constraints may affect not only the formation control strategies but also the conceptual design of the mission, and their influence on the cost is evaluated.
Radiative snowflake divertor studies in DIII-D

Recent DIII-D experiments assessed the snowflake divertor (SF) configuration in a radiative regime in H-mode discharges with D 2 D 2 seeding. The SF configuration was maintained for many energy confinement times (2–3 s) in H-mode discharges ( I p =1.2 I p = 1.2 MA, P NBI =4–5 P NBI = 4 – 5 MW, and B×∇B B × ∇ B down (favorable direction toward the divertor)), and found to be compatible with high performance operation (H98y2 ⩾ 1). The two studied SF configurations, the SF-plus and the SF-minus, have a small finite distance between the primary X-point and the secondary B p B p null located in the private flux region or the common flux region, respectively. In H-mode discharges with the SF configurations (cf. H-mode discharges with the standard divertor with similar conditions) the stored energy lost per the edge localized mode (ELM) was reduced, and significant divertor heat flux reduction between and during ELMs was observed over a range of collisionalities, from lower density conditions toward a higher density H-modes with the radiative SF divertor.
Electron emission and structural characterization of a rope of single-walled carbon nanotubes

The electron emission and structural properties of an isolated ‘‘rope’’ comprised of ;70 individual singlewalled nanotubes ~SWNT’s! were investigated by measuring the field-emission energy distributions and by using field-ion microscopy~FIM!. Field-emission energy distributions, obtained under ultrahigh-vacuum conditions, revealed that the emitting nanotube has a large density of states near the Fermi energy, with an energy distribution of emitted electrons close to that predicted by the free-electron theory. Two small features located on the trailing edge of the energy distributions are attributed to localized features in the density of states of a SWNT. FIM studies were also performed on the same rope in an attempt to provide structural information about the emitting nanotube. Initial FIM micrographs showed an uneven distribution of atoms. Eventually, rings of atoms were imaged. The atom placement around an individual ring structure is analyzed and found to be consistent with that expected from a single ~19,13! SWNT. I. INTRODUCTION Much work has been done toward an understanding of the structural and electronic properties of carbon nanotubes. Many calculations of the electronic structure of single-walled nanotubes ~SWNT’s! have been reported. 1‐4 SWNT’s of the armchair ~n,n! variety are expected to be metallic; nanotubes of the zigzag ( n,0) family can be either metallic or semiconducting; and nanotubes with an inherent ~n,m! helicity are expected to be either semiconducting or metallic, depending on the exact values of n and m. Calculations illustrating how the density of states ~DOS! varies near the capped end of a nanotube have also been reported. 5‐7 Nanotubes can be imaged in the transmission electron microscope ~TEM! relatively easily which has provided an understanding of the structural properties and the growth mechanisms involved in nanotube formation. 3,8‐10 Scanning
Projective planes and congestion-free networks

The design of networks using broadcast media so that every two sites lie on a common link, subject to constraints on the number of links at each site (degree), and the number of sites on each link (link size), is examined. A method proposed by Yener et al. is shown to fail, in general, to achieve the minimum link size for a specified degree constraint. The existence of (k,n)-arcs in projective planes is employed to improve upon their results.
A single-LTR HIV-1 vector optimized for functional genomics applications.

The development of high-throughput methods of converting simple expression cassettes into lentiviral vectors and expediting the process of retrieving vector genomes that carry candidate genes from host DNA will facilitate the use of lentiviral vectors as an efficient means of screening novel gene function. To optimize lentiviral vectors for functional genomic applications we have developed a shuttle HIV-1 vector containing a single LTR. Incorporation of a LoxP site and the SbfI restriction enzyme site into the vector LTR allowed for the rescue of integrated vector genomes into individual bacterial clones. Vector DNA isolated from bacteria was used for a second round of functional screening. Furthermore, we identified a continuous DNA sequence containing all the cis elements required for vector production. Incorporating the isolated sequence into expression cassettes resulted in the generation of HIV-1 vectors in a single cloning step, which imparts a simplified procedure for converting cDNA expression cassettes into single-LTR lentiviral vectors.
Abstract 2772: 2’-5’oligoadenylate synthetase polymorphism is associated with prostate cancer: Effect modified by age and race

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Introduction: 2’ -5’ -oligoadenylate synthetase (2-5 OAS1) is an antiviral gene that converts ATP to a series of (2-5A). 2-5A promotes dimerization of latent ribonuclease (RNASE L) to form catalytically active RNASEL, a candidate hereditary prostate cancer gene. Thus a defect in OAS1 can not only attenuate RNASEL function, but can also alter cell growth and apoptosis independent of RNASEL. OAS1 polymorphism (rs2660) has been associated with increased disease susceptibility and viral infection like, HCV, West Nile virus infection, SARS, diabetes and MS. The AA genotype, known to have lower enzymatic activity promotes disease susceptibility whereas GG genotype with higher enzyme activity confers protection. In the present study we investigated this functional polymorphism (rs2660) in OAS1 in a large prostate cohort. Methods: Genomic DNA from Buffy coat samples was used from age matched controls (n=140) and prostate cancer patients (n=164) who had undergone prostatectomy for genotyping. Information regarding age, race, and cancer stage were available for all samples. PCR-RFLP, followed by direct sequencing was used for genotyping. SNPs rs2660, rs1131454 and rs34137742 were genotyped on all samples. Statistical analysis was performed using chi2 test and logistic regression model with NCSS software. Results: The rs2660 genotype distribution is summarized in [table 1][1]. Genotype AA increases the risk of prostate cancer by 61%. Prostate cancer incidence increases with age, however when combined with rs2660 genotype AA the odds of prostate cancer incidence are higher.SNPs rs1131454 and rs34137742 were not associated with prostate cancer. Conclusion: OAS1 SNP rs2660 AA genotype is significantly associated with prostate cancer whereas GG genotype protects against prostate cancer. The effect of this genotype distribution was more profound in African American population as compared to Caucasians. ![Figure][2] Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2772. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-2772 [1]: #F1 [2]: pending:yes
SYMPTOMS OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY IN MOTHERS WITH MENTAL HANDICAP

The primary purpose of this study was to examine how mothers with or without mental handicap ascribed to those symptoms of psychopathology included in the self-report version of the Psychopathology Instrument for Mentally Retarded Adults (PIMRA). A secondary purpose was to examine the psychometric properties of the PIMRA. Mothers with mental handicap scored significantly higher than did the contrast mothers on all a priori pre-constructed subscales except on psychosexual disorders where they scored lower. These subscale differences were largely as a result of differences on a few items within each scale. Scores for mothers with mental handicap on the Adjustment and Anxiety subscales were related to whether they had been abused or neglected as children while Adjustment scores were related to a report of abusing their own child. Results with some similarity to those previously reported were found regarding the psychometric properties of the PIMRA. Suggestions are made regarding the need for examination of the purpose and construction of the PIMRA as well as for the further study of the expression of symptoms of psychopathology in persons with mental handicap.
Problems and Potentials of the Berlin Document Center

Although most students of contemporary German history, especially of the National Socialist period, are aware of the United States Document Center at Berlin (BDC) and its general holdings, that archive is not being exploited to its potential. This is primarily because the Document Center was created and organized for the political purpose of compiling information on the activities of individual Nazis. For this reason, the holdings lend themselves most readily to the study of individual involvement and to quantitative research on the personnel of various groups and agencies of the Third Reich. Unfortunately, this same organizational arrangement makes it extremely difficult and time-consuming to pursue a non-biographical or non-quantitative research problem. Nevertheless, the collections contain information to be found nowhere else—information on institutional, political, social, and economic problems which go well beyond the scope of an individual's involvement or beyond the sociological data which might be compiled from the personnel files. Unfortunately, there are no adequate finding aids for the Document Center, and a general vagueness of knowledge about the full extent of its holdings seems to plague even veteran users and the document center personnel themselves.
Influence of a retinal pigment epithelial cell factor(s) on rat retinal progenitor cells

Abstract Retinal development was studied by explant culture of retinas from embryonic and neonatal rats in response to medium conditioned (CM) by a transformed neonatal rat retinal pigment epithelial (mRPE) cell line. Retinal explants from embryonic days 16 and 18 and postnatal day 2 Long-Ebans rats were cultured for over 3 weeks on poly-D,L-ornithine-coated surface in RPE-CM only, 10% serum or a serum-free defined medium. By 2 days in vitro, round cells were seen emerging from both embryonic and neonatal retinal explants grown in tnrRPE-CM. With extended time in culture, these round cells had increased in number and were seen in large confluent clusters adjacent to the explants. After 2 weeks in culture, some of these cells hadundergone a morphological differentiation as shown by process formation. Insignificant numbers of these same cells were seen in explant cultures grown in 10% serum or serum-free defined medium. When isolated and subcultured, approx. 80% of the round cells from embryonic and neonatal rat retinal explants were densely immunolabeled for opsin and arrestin, both photoreceptor cell markers and neuron-specific enolase, a marker for mature neurons. Cellular retinalhehyde-binding protein, a Muller cell marker, immunolabeled approx. 30% of the cells from embryonic and neonatal rat retinal explants. In addition, nestin, an intermediate filament protein found only in neuroepithelial cells, was present in approx. 70% of the embryonic cells, but in only less than 1% of the neonatal cells. Based on this immunocytochemical characterization, these round cells are termed retinal progenitor cells and because of their mitogenic capacity under these in vitro conditions, these cells appear to possess stem cell characteristics. Moreovr, in a 3-day bioassay, tnrRPE-CM caused a twofold and greater increase in harvested progenitor cells from both neonatal and embryonic explants, while cell numbers in control and growth factor-supplemented cultures showed no increase above the initial plating density. In these studies, CM from cultures of transformed neonatal rat RPE cells promoted the production, survival, proliferation and maturation of retinal progenitor cells from neonatal and embryonic rat retinal explants.
Gait initiation and dynamic balance control in Parkinson's disease.

Abstract Hass CJ, Waddell DE, Fleming RP, Juncos JL, Gregor RJ. Gait initiation and dynamic balance control in Parkinson's disease. Objective To determine whether the magnitude of the separation between the center of pressure (COP) and the whole-body center of mass (COM) during gait initiation can differentiate patients with varying severity of Parkinson's disease (PD) disability. Design Cross-sectional, intact groups research design. Setting Biomechanics research laboratory. Participants Forty-three patients were stratified into 2 groups based on the Hoehn and Yahr (HY age, 61±10y) or HY age, 70±9y). Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures The peak COP-COM distance represents the maximum separation between the location of the whole-body COM and the ground reaction force's COP, and thus is an indicator of dynamic balance control. The peak COP-COM was evaluated during 3 phases of the COP trajectory during a gait initiation task. Results The peak magnitude of the COP-COM distance was significantly greater during the end of the single-support phase in the less disabled patients (H&Y score ≤2.0) than in more balance disabled patients (H&Y score ≥2.5) ( P =.004). Conclusions The differences in COP-COM distances between these H&Y groups suggest that patients with PD who have impaired postural control produce shorter COM-COP distances than do persons without clinically detectable balance impairment. This method of evaluation could prove a useful quantitative index to examine the impact of interventions designed to improve ambulation and balance in PD.
Morphology and Spatial Distribution of XUV and X-Ray Emissions in an Active Region Observed from SKYLAB

We studied the morphology and spatial distribution of loops in an active region, using coordinated observations obtained with both the S082A XUV spectroheliograph and the S056 grazingincidence X-ray telescope on Skylab. The active region loops in the temperature range 5 × 105 −3 × 106 K fall basically into two distinctive groups: the hot loops with temperatures 2–3 × 106 K as observed in coronal lines and X-rays, and the relatively cool loops with temperature 5 × 105 −1 × 106 K as observed in transition-zone lines (Ne vii, Mg ix). The brightest hot coronal loops in the active region are mostly low-lying, compact, closely-packed, and show greater stability than the transition-zone loops, which are fewer in number, large, and slender. The observed aspect ratio of the hot coronal loops is in the range of 0.1 and 0.2, which are almost two orders of magnitude larger than those for the Ne vii loops. Brief discussion of the MHD stability of the loops in terms of the aspect ratio is presented.
A behavioral model of bank asset management

Abstract This study applies recursive programming to bank asset management to simulate short run dynamic decisions. The model includes difference equations that constrain current bank loans and investments by current and previous resource levels. Balance sheet and regulatory constraints are also incorporated. The model is an indirect application of Day's market mediation system, linking buyers, a mediation system, and sellers. Banks are the financial intermediators between sources and uses of funds. Simulated and actual allocations are compared for a large, representative bank for 1993 and allocations are projected for 1994–1996. A typical bank could have earned a higher rate of profit on assets.
Building multi-user virtual worlds

Virtual worlds are areas of simulated space that allow first or third person interaction. Interactions can be real-time events or simulations in environments that allow learners to interact with their surroundings, characters, and objects. The focus of this article is the design and development of an academic course on the topic of multi-user virtual worlds. The objective and learning outcome for this course was to build a multi-player virtual game.
Selective Solar-Driven Reduction of CO2 to Methanol Using a Catalyzed p-GaP Based Photoelectrochemical Cell

With rising atmospheric CO2 levels, there has been increasing interest in artificial photosynthetic schemes for converting this greenhouse gas into valuable fuels and small organics. Photoelectrochemical schemes for activating the inert CO2 molecule, however, operate at excessive overpotentials and thus do not convert actual light energy to chemical energy. Here we describe the selective conversion of CO2 to methanol at a p-GaP semiconductor electrode with a homogeneous pyridinium ion catalyst, driving the reaction with light energy to yield faradaic efficiencies near 100% at potentials well below the standard potential.
Phytoestrogens—mechanism of action and effect on bone markers and bone mineral density

Dietary supplements, especially those containing phytoestrogens, frequently are used to either promote health or prevent disease. An estimated 20 billion dollars was spent on dietary supplements in the year 2000. Approximately 40% to 55% of Americans use supplements on a regular basis and 24% of these supplements contain herbs. Phytoestrogens are defined as any compound that is structurally or functionally related to ovarian or placental estrogens and their active metabolites. These compounds are widely used for various disorders related to women's health.
Comparative metabolism of the Cecropia juvenile hormone

Abstract The in vivo and in vitro metabolism of 3 H-Cecropia C18-juvenile hormone (JH) was studied in representative species of eight orders of insects. In all orders the major metabolites were found to be the JH-acid, the JH acid-diol, and conjugated polar metabolites thought to be glucosides or glucuronides. The JH-diol was also present in both Tenebrio and Saturniid pupae. In vitro studies revealed two additional metabolites produced by tissue homogenates in the presence of NADPH. On the basis of chromatographic evidence these are tentatively identified as the JH-tetrol metabolite in Cecropia, Thermobia , and Drosophila , and the JH-bisepoxide in Drosophila .