cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PREDICTION/ESTIMATION WITH SIMPLE LINEAR MODELS: IS IT REALLY THAT SIMPLE?

Consider the simple normal linear regression model for estimation/prediction at a new design point. When the slope parameter is not obviously nonzero, hypothesis testing and information criteria can be used for identifying the right model. We compare the performances of such methods both theoretically and empirically from different perspectives for more insight. The testing approach at the conventional size of 0.05, in spite of being the “standard approach,” performs poorly in estimation. We also found that the frequently told story “the Bayesian information criterion (BIC) is good when the true model is finite-dimensional, and the Akaike information criterion (AIC) is good when the true model is infinite-dimensional” is far from being accurate. In addition, despite some successes in the effort to go beyond the debate between AIC and BIC by adaptive model selection, it turns out that it is not possible to share the pointwise adaptation property of BIC and the minimax-rate adaptation property of AIC by any model selection method. When model selection methods have difficulty in selection, model combining is a better alternative in terms of estimation accuracy.This work was completed when the author was on leave from Iowa State University and was a New Direction Visiting Professor at the Institute for Mathematics and its Applications (IMA) at the University of Minnesota. The fundings from both IMA and ISU are greatly appreciated. The work was also partly supported by NSF CAREER grant DMS0094323. The author thanks Xiaotong Shen and Hannes Leeb for very helpful discussions. The paper also benefited from the questions and comments from the participants at the statistics seminars the author gave at the University of Minnesota and Duke University. The author is very grateful to the anonymous reviewers and the co-editor Benedikt Potscher for carefully reading earlier versions of the paper, bringing my attention to several closely related previous and current results, and making many very valuable suggestions, which significantly improved the paper in both content and presentation.
Mutations Probe Structure and Function of G-protein α Chains

The molecular genetic approach has just begun to provide hints of answers to some of the questions posed at the outset of this paper. We have some idea of which portions of the alpha chain of Gs interact with receptors and effectors, and we guess that the same is true of corresponding regions of other alpha chains. We have a tantalizing hint that points to a key region of alpha s that is necessary for the conformational change induced by binding GTP, and the vague outline of a hypothesis regarding the mechanism by which receptors release GDP from its binding site on the alpha chain. The alpha chain region (domain) that interacts with beta gamma remains unknown. The tenuous quality of all these hints and hypotheses is obvious, and at least in the short term, frustrating. Even the present level of our understanding, however, is impressive in comparison with what was known of G-protein function only 5 years ago. Now we can pose much more precise questions and hope that a combination of the molecular genetic approach with biophysical probes of structure will provide satisfying answers.
Rural‐Urban Differences and the Family

(1961). Rural-Urban Differences and the Family. The Sociological Quarterly: Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 49-56.
Thoughts on the Changing Meaning of Disability: New Eugenics or New Wholeness?.

In 1927, the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of a Virginia law in the case that came to be known as Buck v. Bell ( 1927). Carrie Buck was the first person to be eugenically sterilized under the authority of that law. The law allowed a state to sterilize people diagnosed as incompetent and deemed likely to genetically transmit physical, psychological, or social disabilities to their offspring.
Mood Effects of Unsuccessful Helping: Another Test of the Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis

The empathy-altruism hypothesis predicts that empathically aroused individuals will report negative mood change after an unsuccessful attempt to help, even if the failure is fully justified. Two experiments tested this prediction. In Experiment 1, subjects'failure at a helping task was either justified or not. As predicted, low-empathy subjects showed relatively little negative mood change when theirfailure was justified, whereas high-empathy subjects showed substantial negative mood change. In Experiment 2 a different manipulation of empathy was used, and mood change was assessed after success on a helping task failed to relieve the other's need. Again as predicted, low-empathy subjects showed little mood change, whereas high-empathy subjects showed substantial negative mood change. Results of each experiment, then, supported the empathy-altruism hypothesis.
On improving application utility prediction

When using the computer, each user has some notion that "these applications are important" at a given point in time. We term this subset of applications that the user values as high-utility applications. Identifying these high-utility applications is critical to the fields of Task Analysis, User Interruptions, Workflow Analysis, and Goal Prediction. Yet, existing techniques to identify high-utility applications are based upon task identification, conglomeration of related windows, limited qualitative observation, or common sense. Our work directly associates measurable computer interaction (CPU consumption, window area, etc.) with the user's perceived application utility. In this paper, we present an objective utility function that accurately predicts the user's subjective impressions of application importance. Our work is based upon 321 hours of real-world data from 22 users (both professional and academic) improving existing techniques by over 53%.
B-cell lymphopoiesis in mouse and man

Functional immunoglobulin gene rearrangement is a sine qua non for successful B cell development in mammalian bone marrow, but other factors are also important. Studies reported during the past year have contributed new insight into the surface receptor complexes and signaling outcomes that influence the fate of B cell precursors. Identification and characterization of secreted and membrane-associated stromal cell products, and their actions on B-cell precursors, was a parallel area of ongoing investigation.
Assessment of estradiol influence on spatial tasks and hippocampal CA1 spines: Evidence that the duration of hormone deprivation after ovariectomy compromises 17β-estradiol effectiveness in altering CA1 spines

Abstract Two pulses of 17β-estradiol (10 µg) are commonly used to increase hippocampal CA1 apical dendritic spine density and alter spatial performance in ovariectomized (OVX) female rats, but rarely are the measures combined. The goal of this study was to use this two-pulse injection protocol repeatedly with intervening wash-out periods in the same rats to: 1) measure spatial ability using different tasks that require hippocampal function and 2) determine whether ovarian hormone depletion for an extended 10-week period reduces 17β-estradiol's effectiveness in elevating CA1 apical dendritic spine density. Results showed that two injections of 10 µg 17β-estradiol (72 and 48 h prior to testing and timed to maximize CA1 apical spine density at behavioral assessment) corresponded to improved spatial memory performance on object placement. In contrast, two injections of 5 µg 17β-estradiol facilitated spatial learning on the water maze compared to rats given two injections of 10 µg 17β-estradiol or the sesame oil vehicle. Neither 17β-estradiol dose altered Y-maze performance. As expected, the intermittent two-pulse injection protocol increased CA1 apical spine density, but 10 weeks of OVX without estradiol treatment decreased the effectiveness of 10 µg 17β-estradiol to increase CA1 apical spine density. Moreover, two pulses of 5 µg 17β-estradiol injected intermittently failed to alter CA1 apical spine density and decreased basal spine density. These results demonstrate that extended time without ovarian hormones reduces 17β-estradiol's effectiveness to increase CA1 apical spine density. Collectively, these findings highlight the complex interactions among estradiol, CA1 spine density/morphology, and task requirements, all of which contribute to behavioral outcomes.
Skin Conductance Response Conditioning with High CS Intensities: Additional Evidence with New Controls

In an effort to determine whether or not conditioning is possible when CS intensity is at least as high as US intensity, nine groups of human subjects were employed in a skin conductance conditioning study. White noise CS and US intensities of 95- and 115-dB were varied orthogonally in the experimental groups, while control groups were incorporated to control for overall signal frequency and differences in habituation rates attributable to differences in intertrial interval. By conventional contrasts first interval response (FIR) conditioning was observed, but when controls for differential habituation rates were incorporated in the contrasts there was no evidence of FIR conditioning. Second interval response (SIR) conditioning was obtained, but it was manifest as an anticipatory response to the higher of two US intensities rather than in conventional conditioning vs control group comparisons. It was also shown that high CS intensities induce suppression of SIR levels, with greater suppression associated with the higher intensity. Several conclusions were made: 1) in a simple trace conditioning paradigm with skin conductance responding as the measure, it is not clear that what we have typically called a conditioning effect is separable from an habituation effect; 2) conditioning is possible even when CS intensity is as high as or higher than US intensity; and 3) the use of time sample measurement in the absence of signals provides a useful baseline for determining overall increases and decreases in SIR level.
Comparison of Parasitic Mites in Russian-Hybrid and Italian Honey Bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Colonies across Three Different Locations in North Carolina

Abstract The most economically important parasites of honey bee, Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae), colonies are the parasitic mites Varroa destructor Anderson & Trueman and Acarapis woodi (Rennie). Research has shown that mite-tolerant stocks are effective means to reduce mite infestations within colonies, but it is unclear whether the stocks available commercially are viable means of mite control because they are likely to be genetic hybrids. We compared colonies of a standard commercial stock (“Italian”) with those of a commercially purchased mite-tolerant stock (“Russian”) for their levels of varroa and “tracheal” mites (A. woodi) over the course of 2 yr in three different geographic locations. We were unable to detect significant infestations of tracheal mites; thus, we were unable to adequately compare the stocks for their tolerance. In contrast, we found significant differences in the levels of varroa mites within and among colonies located across the three different study sites for both year...
MERAV: a tool for comparing gene expression across human tissues and cell types

The oncogenic transformation of normal cells into malignant, rapidly proliferating cells requires major alterations in cell physiology. For example, the transformed cells remodel their metabolic processes to supply the additional demand for cellular building blocks. We have recently demonstrated essential metabolic processes in tumor progression through the development of a methodological analysis of gene expression. Here, we present the Metabolic gEne RApid Visualizer (MERAV, http://merav.wi.mit.edu), a web-based tool that can query a database comprising ∼4300 microarrays, representing human gene expression in normal tissues, cancer cell lines and primary tumors. MERAV has been designed as a powerful tool for whole genome analysis which offers multiple advantages: one can search many genes in parallel; compare gene expression among different tissue types as well as between normal and cancer cells; download raw data; and generate heatmaps; and finally, use its internal statistical tool. Most importantly, MERAV has been designed as a unique tool for analyzing metabolic processes as it includes matrixes specifically focused on metabolic genes and is linked to the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway search.
Classification and generalization of pseudo-random number generators

Abstract In this paper we give a classification of pseudo-random number generators up to a certain group action by giving a complete invariant for the action. A realization theory is developed based on this invariant.
Influence of time of ingestion of essential amino acids upon maintenance of nitrogen balance.

SummaryThe normal adult rat is unable to derive adequate nutritional value from an incomplete essential amino acids mixture which is supplemented 12 hours later by the missing amino acids even when attention is paid to strict equalization of the intakes of all food constituents.
The Effect of Microphone Placement on Interaural Level Differences and Sound Localization Across the Horizontal Plane in Bilateral Cochlear Implant Users.

OBJECTIVE This study examined the effect of microphone placement on the interaural level differences (ILDs) available to bilateral cochlear implant (BiCI) users, and the subsequent effects on horizontal-plane sound localization. DESIGN Virtual acoustic stimuli for sound localization testing were created individually for eight BiCI users by making acoustic transfer function measurements for microphones placed in the ear (ITE), behind the ear (BTE), and on the shoulders (SHD). The ILDs across source locations were calculated for each placement to analyze their effect on sound localization performance. Sound localization was tested using a repeated-measures, within-participant design for the three microphone placements. RESULTS The ITE microphone placement provided significantly larger ILDs compared to BTE and SHD placements, which correlated with overall localization errors. However, differences in localization errors across the microphone conditions were small. CONCLUSIONS The BTE microphones worn by many BiCI users in everyday life do not capture the full range of acoustic ILDs available, and also reduce the change in cue magnitudes for sound sources across the horizontal plane. Acute testing with an ITE placement reduced sound localization errors along the horizontal plane compared to the other placements in some patients. Larger improvements may be observed if patients had more experience with the new ILD cues provided by an ITE placement.
Loupes-Only Microsurgery is a Safe Alternative to the Operating Microscope: An Analysis of 1,649 Consecutive Free Flap Breast Reconstructions

Background Loupes-only microsurgery challenges the paradigm that free flap surgery requires an operating microscope. We describe our loupes-only microsurgery experience with an emphasis on rates of intraoperative anastomotic revision and total flap loss. Methods We identified all patients having breast reconstruction with muscle-sparing transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (ms-TRAM) or deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flaps over 7 years. We examined rates of intraoperative anastomotic revision and total flap loss as markers of technical quality. For one high-volume surgeon who started loupes-only microsurgery while at our institution, we examined rates of intraoperative anastomotic revision and total flap loss rates over time to evaluate for a learning curve. Results We performed 1,649 ms-TRAM or DIEP flaps in 1,063 patients. For 1,649 flaps, the rate of artery anastomotic revision was 2.2% (36 arteries) and venous anastomotic revision was 2.2% (37 veins). Any microvascular revision was performed in 3.5% (58 flaps). Total flap loss rate was 1.2% (20 flaps). For the “learning curve” analysis, there were no clinically relevant differences in rates of any intraoperative anastomotic revision or total flap loss during the first 60 months after loupes-only microsurgery was adopted. Total flap loss during this surgeon's first 60 months of loupes-only microsurgery was 1.6% (10 of 638 flaps). Conclusions Loupes-only microsurgery is a safe alternative to the operating microscope for free flap breast reconstruction using the deep inferior epigastric system. Our total flap loss rate of 1.2% in 1,649 flaps is at the low end of published flap loss rates.
Integrating: A Managerial Practice that Enables Implementation in Fragmented Health Care Environments

How some organizations improve while others remain stagnant is a key question in health care research. Studies identifying how organizations can implement improvement despite barriers are needed, particularly in primary care. This inductive qualitative study examines primary care clinics implementing improvement efforts in order to identify mechanisms that enable implementation despite common barriers, such as lack of time and fragmentation across stakeholder groups. Using an embedded multiple case study design, we leverage a longitudinal data set of field notes, meeting minutes, and interviews from 16 primary care clinics implementing improvement over 15 months. We segment clinics into those that implemented more versus those that implemented less, comparing similarities and differences. We identify interpersonal mechanisms promoting implementation, develop a conceptual model of our key findings, and test the relationship with performance using patient surveys conducted pre-/post-implementation. Nine clinics implemented more successfully over the study period, whereas seven implemented less. Successfully implementing clinics exhibited the managerial practice of integrating, which we define as achieving unity of effort among stakeholder groups in the pursuit of a shared and mutually developed goal. We theorize that integrating is critical in improvement implementation because of the fragmentation observed in health care settings, and we extend theory about clinic managers’ role in implementation. We identify four integrating mechanisms that clinic managers enacted: engaging groups, bridging communication, sensemaking, and negotiating. The mean patient survey results for integrating clinics improved by 0.07 units over time, whereas the other clinics’ survey scores declined by 0.08 units on a scale of 5 (p = .02). Our research explores an understudied element of how clinics can implement improvement despite barriers: integrating stakeholders within and outside the clinic into the process. It provides clinic managers with an actionable path for implementing improvement.
Conclusion: Soviet Policy Towards South Africa

There are Cubans and Russians in Angola and Mozambique. Why? What is it they want here?(Interview from Barbara Villet’s Blood River)
Relational Turbulence Model

The relational turbulence model is focused on the transformations that surround movement from one relationship state to another. The theory posits that transitions in relationships correspond with increases in relational uncertainty and maladaptive patterns of interdependence. These relationship states complicate interpersonal relating by exacerbating negative emotions, promoting negative cognitions, and undermining people's ability to express and process messages. In its initial conception, the relational turbulence model focused on one particular relationship transition: the escalation of romantic relationships from casual dating to serious, mutually committed involvement. Subsequently, the scope of the theory was broadened to include transitions that might occur within more established relationships, such as marriage, when circumstances internal or external to relational dyads render previous perceptions of the relationship and patterns of interaction obsolete. Keywords: interpersonal communication; interpersonal theory; relational communication
Dual interaction of the Hsp70 J-protein cochaperone Zuotin with the 40S and 60S ribosomal subunits

Ribosome-associated J protein-Hsp70 chaperones promote nascent-polypeptide folding and normal translational fidelity. The J protein Zuo1 is known to span the ribosomal subunits, but understanding of its function is limited. Here we present new structural and cross-linking data allowing more precise positioning of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Zuo1 near the 60S polypeptide-exit site and suggesting interactions of Zuo1 with the ribosomal protein eL31 and 25S rRNA helix 24. The junction between the 60S-interacting and subunit-spanning helices is a hinge that positions Zuo1 on the 40S yet accommodates subunit rotation. Interaction between the Zuo1 C terminus and 40S occurs via 18S rRNA expansion segment 12 (ES12) of helix 44, which originates at the decoding site. Deletions in either ES12 or the Zuo1 C terminus alter readthrough of stop codons and -1 frameshifting. Our study offers insight into how this cotranslational chaperone system may monitor decoding-site activity and nascent-polypeptide transit, thereby coordinating protein translation and folding.
Tonometer validation and intraocular pressure reference values in the normal chinchilla ( Chinchilla lanigera)

OBJECTIVES To determine accuracy and precision of three commonly used tonometers (TonoVet® and TonoLab® (ICare Oy, Finland)-rebound tonometers, and Tono-Pen VET™ (Reichert, NY)-applanation tonometer) in normal chinchillas, and to establish a normal intraocular pressure (IOP) reference range in this species. METHODS The anterior chambers of three chinchilla eyes were cannulated ex vivo and readings obtained at manometric IOPs from 5 to 80 mmHg, using each of the three tonometers in random order. Data were analyzed by linear regression, ANOVA, and Bland-Altman plots. Tonometry was performed in both eyes of 60 chinchillas (age 8 weeks-16.2 years) using the TonoVet® and relationship between age and IOP analyzed using linear regression. For all statistical tests, P < 0.05 was significant. RESULTS Intraocular pressure values obtained using the Tono-Pen VET™ and TonoVet® (in dog calibration mode;'d') showed strong linear correlation with manometry within the physiologic and clinically relevant range of IOP (0-50 mmHg). The TonoVet® 'd' setting displayed significantly greater precision over the full range of IOP evaluated than the Tono-Pen VET™, and both TonoVet and Tono-Pen VET™ were significantly more accurate than the TonoLab® tonometer. Mean ± SD IOP (TonoVet® 'd') in chinchillas was 9.7 ± 2.5 mmHg, and the 95% reference interval was 4.7-14.7 mmHg. CONCLUSIONS Both the Tono-Pen VET™ and TonoVet® provided clinically acceptable estimates of IOP in chinchillas. The TonoVet® provides accurate and precise IOP values, while Tono-Pen VET™ derived measurements showed greater variability. Values obtained either with the TonoLab® or TonoVet® used in the 'unspecified' calibration setting were inaccurate in this species.
Novel surgical needle design and manufacturing for vibratory-assisted insertion in medical applications

ABSTRACTThis paper presents a novel design of solid surgical needle featured by its 4-bevel tip and shaft slots with the aim to further explore the potential of vibratory needle insertion for medical applications. The design philosophy was discussed, and a new way of using electric discharging machining (EDM) is introduced for fabricating the new needle design. Two sets of needle prototypes with different geometry parameters were fabricated and used for insertion into porcine skin with ultrasonic vibration. Modal analysis was conducted for the needles under the given vibration condition. The results showed that the needle design could reduce the puncture force by 14.5% at maximum than the 12.2% of control. The reduction of puncture force was found to be related to the axial displacement or the combination of axial and transverse displacement. The effects of geometry parameters on transverse displacement were also discussed. The presented new design and manufacturing techniques can be used for surgical too...
Complete Genome Sequence of a Livestock-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Sequence Type 5 Isolate from the United States.

ABSTRACT Livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) may be the largest MRSA reservoir outside the hospital setting. One concern with LA-MRSA is the acquisition of novel mobile genetic elements by these isolates. Here, we report the complete genome sequence of a swine LA-MRSA sequence type 5 isolate from the United States.
Damage-free peripheral nerve stimulation by 12-ns pulsed electric field.

Modern technologies enable deep tissue focusing of nanosecond pulsed electric field (nsPEF) for non-invasive nerve and muscle stimulation. However, it is not known if PEF orders of magnitude shorter than the activation time of voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSC) would evoke action potentials (APs). One plausible scenario requires the loss of membrane integrity (electroporation) and resulting depolarization as an intermediate step. We report, for the first time, that the excitation of a peripheral nerve can be accomplished by 12-ns PEF without electroporation. 12-ns stimuli at 4.1–11 kV (3.3–8.8 kV/cm) evoked APs similarly to conventional stimuli (100–250 μs, 1–5 V, 103–515 V/m), except for having higher selectivity for the faster nerve fibers. Nerves sustained repeated tetanic stimulations (50 Hz or 100 Hz for 1 min) alternately by 12-ns PEF and by conventional pulses. Such tetani caused a modest AP decrease, to a similar extent for both types of stimuli. Nerve refractory properties were not affected. The lack of cumulative damages even from tens of thousands of 12-ns stimuli and the similarities with the conventional stimulation prove VGSC activation by nsPEF without nerve membrane damage.
Optimal Gear Shift Schedule Design for Automated Vehicles: Hybrid System Based Analytical Approach

In this paper, we present a systematic design framework for gear shift schedule using hybrid system theory primarily intended for automated vehicles. The longitudinal motion of the vehicle is regulated by a PI controller that determines the required axle torque. The longitudinal dynamics of the vehicle with a gear box is modeled as a hybrid system, and an optimization-based gear shift schedule design is introduced. This guarantees that the propulsion requirements are delivered while minimizing fuel consumption. The resulting dynamics is proven to be stable in the presence of constraints. We apply our framework to heavy-duty vehicle gear shift schedule design and evaluate the performance of the controller using numerical simulations.
Centers of Power, Regime Strength, and Opposition Beliefs

A central concept underpinning the theory and analytic narratives is the notion that centers of power—the regime’s institutional, social, and foreign bases of support—are fundamental to regime stability. The chapter explores the concept of centers of power and the relationship of centers of power to regime stability, with specific attention to the empirical application of this concept. In this chapter, Buttorff also discusses the set of common centers of powers that we observe in the Arab world, such as the military and Western powers. She then identifies the centers of powers in Jordan and Algeria that will be used in the case studies to explain opposition beliefs in the stability of the regime and the impact of these beliefs on electoral strategies over time.
PACT or no PACT are tourists willing to contribute to the Protected Areas Conservation Trust in order to enhance marine resource conservation in Belize

Abstract The primary objective of this paper is to determine whether tourists are willing to pay (WTP) fees to support conservation in Belize and, if so, to determine their maximum willingness to pay. This is an important issue for Belize and for all countries that heavily rely on the quality of their environmental resources to attract tourists. From 1996 to 2017, the Protected Areas Conservation Trust (PACT) has charged a $3.75US conservation fee to all tourists upon their departure from Belize. In April of 2017, this fee was raised to $20.00US, but not without controversy. In May 2012, February 2013, and again in May 2014 almost 400 tourists were surveyed to determine if raising the fee was possible and by how much. Results suggest a significant percentage of tourists are willing to pay for conservation in Belize; many in excess of the current fee of $20.00US. So far, the increased fee does appear to have had any impact on tourism arrivals. This empirical observation, combined with the results of this paper, are important pieces of information as it relates to conservation finance in Belize and has potential implications for conservation finance in other tropical destinations.
Immediate Dental Implantation in Oncologic Jaw Reconstruction: Workflow Optimization to Decrease Time to Full Dental Rehabilitation.

Dental restoration following segmental mandibulectomy for tumor ablation is germane to head and neck reconstruction and should be the goal for every patient. Nonetheless, despite advances in adjuvant treatments and reconstructive techniques, many patients do not complete dental rehabilitation.1 Recognizing this deficiency, we have adopted an innovative workflow to increase the number of patients receiving dental restoration, irrespective of pathology, or need for radiotherapy. Immediate placement of endosseous implants was pioneered by Urken et al.2 to reduce the time required for dental rehabilitation and ensure early aesthetic restoration of the mandible. Levine3 popularized the “Jaw In A Day” surgery, which places dental implants into the fibula flap concurrently following tumor ablation, mainly in the setting of benign tumors (eg, ameloblastoma). In contrast, for malignancies, concern has been raised about the potential for bone loss around the implants from radiation or compromise of the flap skin island needed for oral lining replacement; therefore, many institutions have elected to delay implant placement until a secondary procedure or after radiation.4,5 The drawback of the latter approach is the protracted dental rehabilitation time, unpredictable nature of osseointegration following radiation, and increased risk for osteonecrosis of the jaw when placing implants into irradiated oral tissues.6,7 At our cancer center, a paradigm shift has occurred, due in part to the use of virtual surgical planning, toward immediate endosseous dental implantation at the time of fibula flap for mandibular or maxillary reconstruction. This approach has not only increased the number of patients completing dental rehabilitation but also dramatically reduced the time to full functional recovery. Herein, a novel workflow is presented (Fig. ​(Fig.1)1) along with technical pearls for successful execution. Open in a separate window Fig. 1. Workflow and timeline for dental rehabilitation in oncologic osseous jaw reconstruction. CAD-CAM, computer-aided design and computer-aided modeling; PRS, plastic and reconstructive surgery.
Endothelialization following Flow Diversion for Intracranial Aneurysms: A Systematic Review

BACKGROUND: The underlying mechanism of action of flow diverters is believed to be the induction of aneurysm thrombosis and simultaneous endothelial cell growth along the device struts, thereby facilitating aneurysm exclusion from the circulation. Although extensive attention has been paid to the role of altered cerebrovascular hemodynamics using computational fluid dynamics analyses, relatively less emphasis has been placed on the role of the vascular endothelium in promoting aneurysm healing. PURPOSE: Our aim was to systematically review all available literature investigating the mechanism of action of flow diverters in both human patients and preclinical models. DATA SOURCES: A systematic search of PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Web of Science electronic data bases was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. STUDY SELECTION: We selected articles assessing the role of endothelialization in flow-diverter treatment of cerebral aneurysms, including both preclinical and clinical studies. DATA ANALYSIS: Ten articles were eligible for inclusion in this review. Two assessed endothelialization in human patients, while the other 8 used preclinical models (either rabbits or pigs). DATA SYNTHESIS: Methods used to assess endothelialization included optical coherence tomography and scanning electron microscopy. LIMITATIONS: A limitation was the heterogeneity of studies. CONCLUSIONS: Current data regarding the temporal relationship to flow-diverter placement has largely been derived from work in preclinical animal models. Whether these cells along the device struts originate from adjacent endothelial cells or are the result of homing of circulating endothelial progenitor cells is equivocal.
The Uncertain Future of a 'New Type' of US-China Relationship 不透明な「新型」米中関係の未来

President Xi Jinping's call for a "new type of great-power relationship" in meetings in 2013 with President Obama raises important questions about the future of US-China relations. On the surface, it appeared that the two leaders were on the same page. At the June summit, Obama agreed with Xi that "working together cooperatively" and bringing US-China relations "to a new level" were sound ideas. When the G-20 countries convened at St. Petersburg in September, Obama said of Xi's proposed new model: "we agreed to continue to build a new model of great power relations based on practical cooperation and constructively managing our differences." But he added that "significant differences and sources of tension" remain with China, implying that China's "playing a stable and prosperous and peaceful role" in world affairsremained a matter of US concern.
In vivo model of human post-traumatic heterotopic ossification demonstrates early fibroproliferative signature

The relationship between the tissue injury healing response and development of heterotopic ossification (HO) is poorly understood. Here we compare a rat blast model and human traumatized muscle from a blast injury to study the early signatures of osteogenesis and fibrosis during the formation of HO. Rat and human tissues were characterized using histology, scanning electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry, as well as gene and protein expression analysis. Additionally, animals and humans were assessed radiographically for HO formation following injury. Markers of bone formation were dramatically increased in tissue samples from both humans and rats, and both displayed increased fibroproliferative regions within the injured tissues and elevated expression of markers of tissue fibrosis such as TGF-β1, Fibronectin, SMAD3 and PAI-1. Markers of inflammation and fibrosis (ACTA, TNFα, BMP1 and BMP3) were elevated at the RNA level in both rat and human samples. By day 42, bone formation in the rat blast model appeared similar in radiographs compared to human patients who progressed to develop post-traumatic HO. Our data demonstrates that a similar early fibrotic response is evident in both the rat blast model and the human tissues following a traumatic injury and demonstrates the relevance of this animal model for future translational studies.
Horizontal Trust Networks in the Nazi Bureaucracy

This chapter discusses the concept of horizontal trust—the trust that works to foster trades between subordinates in a bureaucracy that are primarily inefficient in that they impede fulfillment of the superiors’ objectives. The amount of horizontal trust within an organization determines the capacity for inefficient behavior in the organization, which, in turn, negatively affects the productivity of subordinates. Indicators of horizontal trust networks are provided by associations between subordinates of more-or-less equal rank that work to benefit those in the network. Examples of horizontal trust networks provided here include the plot to assassinate Adolf Hitler, the “Blood for Goods” plan to rescue Hungary’s Jews, and the story of “Schindler’s List,” or Oskar Schindler’s effort to save 1100 of Europe’s Jews from Auschwitz.
Lnk Constrains Oncogenic JAK2-Induced Myeloproliferative Disease in Mice.

Abstract 1437 Poster Board I-460 Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) homeostasis and self-renewal are regulated by intrinsic cytokine signaling pathways. One important signaling axis for HSC is the cell surface receptor, Mpl, and its ligand, thrombopoietin (Tpo). Upon Tpo stimulation, Mpl activates Janus Kinase (JAK2), which in turn triggers a cascade of downstream signal transduction pathways that regulate key aspects of cell development. Mice that lack the inhibitory adaptor protein Lnk harbor a vastly expanded HSC pool with enhanced self-renewal. We previously demonstrated that Lnk controls HSC self-renewal predominantly through the Mpl/JAK2 pathway. Lnk binds directly to phosphorylated tyrosine 813 in JAK2 upon Tpo stimulation. Moreover, Lnk-deficient HSCs display potentiated JAK2 activation. Dysregulation of cytokine receptor signaling pathways frequently lead to hematological malignancies. Abnormal activation of JAK2 by a chromosomal translocation between the transcription factor Tel and JAK2 (Tel/JAK2) was shown to cause atypical Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (aCML) in human patients. Moreover, the JAK2 V617F mutation has been observed at high frequency in several myeloproliferative diseases (MPDs). The JAK2V617F retains Lnk binding, suggesting that alterations in Lnk could influence MPD development. Indeed, we found that loss of Lnk accelerates and exacerbates oncogenic JAK2-induced MPD in mouse transplant models. Specifically, Lnk deficiency enhanced cytokine signaling, thereby augmenting the ability of oncogenic JAK2 to expand myeloid progenitors. To test whether the interaction between Lnk and JAK2V617F directly constrains MPD development in mice, we transplanted wild-type bone marrow cells expressing the JAK2V617F/Y813F double mutant that does not interact with Lnk (WT;JAK2VF/YF). WT;JAK2VF/YF engrafted mice exhibited increased myeloid expansion when compared to WT;JAK2VF mice, and conferred accelerated polycythemia vera development in secondary transplants. In summary, we identified Lnk as a physiological negative regulator of JAK2 in stem cells that may constrain leukemic transformation conferred by oncogenic JAK2. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Second Language Learners’ Use of Writing Resources in Writing Assessment

Many second language (L2) learners utilize writing resources (e.g., linguistic tools that help check their language, search engines, and websites) when writing in their L2. Nevertheless, these tool...
“我也是”：作为集体行动的公共舆论运动 ('Me Too': Public Opinion Movement as Collective Action)

Chinese Abstract: 本文是计划中一系列两篇文章的上篇，旨在对MeToo运动质疑者的各种常见观点及论述加以较为全面系统的辨析及回应。第一节以美国与中国为例，梳理反性侵扰运动的地方脉络，及在各自脉络中发展出的问题意识与面临的挑战；在此基础上，总结MeToo运动追责、赋能与促变之三重诉求，并将质疑者的论调归纳为三大类型：“群氓批判”、“弱女子批判”与“道学家批判”。第二至四节针对“群氓批判”的不同版本做出回应，第五节着力批驳“弱女子批判”，至于“道学家批判”则留待系列的下篇再行讨论。 具体而言，第二、三两节分别澄清质疑者对“无罪推定”与“舆论审判”概念的滥用与误用，指出为何质疑者将MeToo运动（以及其它公共舆论运动）视为践踏法治的群氓狂欢，乃是基于对法治原则的错误理解、以及对历史经验的错位应激。第四节与第五节各自通过对质疑者“虚假指控论”与“自我受害者化论”的剖析，包括对相关经验研究的总结讨论、以及对此类论述中概念与逻辑的抽丝剥茧，揭示性别偏见如何隐蔽而深入地扭曲着我们在性侵扰问题上的认知。恰恰是由于这种扭曲的系统性，导致我们无法以散兵游勇的方式有效反对性侵扰，而必须动员起MeToo这样的公共舆论运动，以集体行动的方式促成社会文化观念的变革，并在此基础上建设起新的救济制度。 English Abstract: This article is the first in a two-paper series, which offers a comprehensive and systematic review of, and response to, various anti-MeToo arguments made by MeToo skeptics. Taking the U.S. and China as examples, the first section overviews the local contexts of anti-sexual-assault/harassment movements, and the respective issues and challenges they each confront. It then summarizes the three primary objectives of the MeToo movement (accountability, empowerment and reform) and the three ideal-typical critiques advanced by MeToo skeptics (the Mobs Critique, the Damsels-in-Distress Critique, and the Puritans Critique). The second through fourth sections will address various versions of the Mobs Critique and the fifth section the Damsels-in-Distress Critique, whereas the Puritans Critique will be left for the forthcoming second article in the series. More specifically, the second and third sections of this article discuss how MeToo skeptics misappropriate the notions of “presumption of innocence” and “trial by public opinion” respectively. As it turns out, the caricature of the MeToo movement (as well as other movements aiming at swaying the public opinion) as the tyranny of mobs jeopardizing the rule of law reflects nothing but the skeptics’ own misconceptions of what the rule of law is and what we should learn from our historical experiences. The fourth and fifth sections respond, respectively, to the “argument from false accusations” and the “argument from self-victimization.” By reviewing conclusions of existing empirical researches and analyzing the conceptual and normative confusions underlying those arguments, I show how sex and gender biases distort implicitly yet systematically our cognitions of sexual assault and harassment. Because of the systematicity of such distortions, isolated resistances cannot effectively address the problems of sexual assault and harassment; by contrast, public opinion movements, such as MeToo, are exactly the kind of collective action crucial to the transformation of sociocultural ideas, and to the development of new institutions of effective remedy.
Full-Speed Testing of Silicon Photonic Electro-Optic Modulators from Picowatt-Level Scattered Light

We demonstrate a technique for measuring the full-speed performance of integrated modulators from ultraweak surface-coupled and scattered light. This can enable rapid characterization of unpackaged, high-speed wafer-scale integrated photonics without test ports or special fabrication.
Biocontrol of Listeria on cantaloupes with lactic acid bacteria

Efficacy of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) Lactobacillus plantarum and Pediococcus pentosaceus for reducing Listeria on cantaloupes was investigated. Cantaloupe surfaces inoculated with Listeria innocua and Listeria monocytogenes in preharvest and postharvest studies, respectively, were treated with or without LAB. Listeria populations were enumerated on days 0, 1, 5, and 7. At the preharvest level, treatment with unwashed LAB (cultures grown in De Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe) significantly reduced L. innocua by 2.1 log and 1.5 log CFU/cm² on cantaloupes harvested on days 5 and 7, respectively. At the postharvest level, both unwashed LAB and washed LAB (cultures resuspended in phosphate buffer saline) significantly reduced L. monocytogenes by >2.0 log CFU/cm² on cantaloupes after 7 days of storage at 25°C; the unwashed LAB treatment exerted higher anti‐Listeria efficacy than the washed LAB. Results suggest that these LAB strains offer potential application for reducing Listeria contamination on cantaloupes at preharvest and postharvest levels. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Listeriosis associated with the consumption of cantaloupes have resulted in 153 illnesses, 148 hospitalizations, and 33 deaths in the United States between 2009 and 2013, which highlight the need for effective interventions to improve cantaloupe safety. Cantaloupes may be contaminated with Listeria at the farm level or during wash step at the packing facility. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) including Lactobacillus plantarum and Pediococcus pentosaceus can be potentially utilized as biocontrol agents on the surface of the cantaloupes at the farm level or during postharvest wash to reduce the populations of Listeria on cantaloupes. Further, LAB may minimize cross‐contamination of Listeria at the postharvest level.
A Successful Quality Improvement Project for Detection and Management of Acute Stroke in Hospitalized Patients.

Background The incidence rate of stroke in hospitalized patients ranges between 2% and 17% of all strokes-a higher rate than in the community. Delays in recognition and management of stroke in hospitalized patients lead to worse outcomes. At our hospital, the existing in-hospital stroke (IHS) code showed low usage and effectiveness. In a quality improvement (QI) project, we aimed to improve the identification of and the quality of care for inpatient strokes. Methods A nurse-driven IHS protocol was implemented, which alerted a specialized stroke team and cleared the computed tomography (CT) scanner. The protocol focused on prioritizing staff education, simplifying the process, empowering staff to activate an IHS code, ensuring adequate support and teamwork, identifying well-defined quality metrics (eg, time to CT and documentation tool use), and providing feedback communication. We analyzed 2 years of postimplementation IHS data for impact on stroke detection and outcomes. Results In the 2 years post QI, there was a more than 10-fold increase in IHS (pre-QI, n = 8; first year post QI, n = 94; second year post QI, n = 123). In the post-QI cohort, after excluding patients with missing information (n = 26), 69 cases had new stroke diagnoses (63 ischemic, 6 hemorrhagic), and 148 were stroke mimics. The mean (SD) time from IHS to CT was 18.7 (7.0) minutes. Of the 63 new ischemic stroke cases, 25 (39.7%) were treated with thrombolytic therapy and/or mechanical thrombectomy. Conclusion The new IHS protocol has led to a marked increase in cases identified, rapid evaluation, and high utilization rate of acute stroke therapies.
Stakeholder Engagement Outcomes

This book uses a process model of organizational actions and the influence of the external environment to consider what can be gained by organizations that embrace stakeholder engagement activities. The external environment contains stakeholders who have varying levels of motivation that push them to provide input and engage in participation activities. Inside the organization’s boundaries, a decision can be made to take action to pull stakeholders into interactions with the organization designed to gather input to inform decisions and enhance the organization’s activities. This happens through facilitated interactions and relationship building. Each of these elements inside and outside of the organization contributes to stakeholder engagement. These activities are a means for the organization to be transparent about participation activities and decisions, gather input while assuring access and representativeness, and be responsive to stakeholders. When the organization’s purposeful interactions with stakeholders provide usable information to guide decision-making, then stakeholder engagement processes increase accountability for economic performance and sustainability when economic and social performance goals are met.
Decision Support and Error Analysis of Difficult Decisions in Clinical Medicine.

This work focuses on supporting difficult decisions in clinical medicine by using the self-regulation model of decision-making. Core shaping factors of instrumental and value rationality and their role in the decision process are discussed. The concept of decision-making difficulty is discussed, and a classification of problems by their difficulty level is suggested. The mobile application Express Decision is used as an instrumental tool when healthcare providers/health professionals need to make quick decisions for difficult problems under uncertainty. The application of Express Decision for shared decision-making in advanced heart failure is demonstrated.