cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conical axicons used as optical polar everters.

Some design equations for conical axicons used as polar everting (radially inverting) prisms are given. Three possibilities are described, one which causes polar eversion and 180/sup 0/ rotation of the field and two which cause polar eversion without field rotation. The treatment is for monochromatic, parallel light only. 3 figures. (RWR)
Suicidal ideation in Veterans misusing alcohol: Relationships with insomnia symptoms and sleep duration

Abstract Objective The aim of this investigation was to assess the relationships between suicidal ideation and insomnia symptoms in Veterans misusing alcohol. Method Data were extracted in this retrospective chart review of Veterans referred from primary care for a behavioral health evaluation (N = 161) based on evidence of heavy drinking, drug use or another behavioral problem. Suicidal ideation (SI) was assessed using the Paykel questionnaire. Insomnia symptoms were assessed with standard diary questions in an interview format and pertained to sleep latency (SL), wake after sleep onset time (WASO), sleep quality (SQ), and habitual sleep duration (HSD). The relations between suicidal ideation and insomnia symptoms were assessed using ordinal regression analyses adjusted for socio-demographic, psychiatric and addiction-related variables. Results Suicidal ideation was reported in 62 (39%) of the Veterans interviewed. In a multivariable model, only inadequate SQ was associated with suicidal ideation. Short sleepers were more likely to endorse suicidal ideation and have attempted suicide in the past year. In addition, older age, inadequate financial status, and the presence of a psychiatric disorder were also significantly associated with suicidal ideation in most of the adjusted models. Conclusion Given their association with suicidal ideation, insomnia symptoms in Veterans misusing alcohol should prompt an assessment of underlying psychiatric and social factors.
Gluonic-bound-state model and X (2. 8)

Gluonic states are discussed using a bound-state equation. We estimate masses and decay widths and point out the absence of a low-mass 0/sup +/ state. Therefore, the easiest way to observe these states is through the ..gamma gamma.. decay mode of the 0/sup -/ particle, whose mass is about 2.8 GeV in our approximation. One candidate for the 0/sup -/ gluonic state is X (2.8), which was observed in a radiative decay of psi (J).
Education and high-technology industry: the case of Silicon Valley

Abstract The links between high-technology industry and educational institutions in California's Santa Clara Valley (Silicon Valley) were explored in interviews with over one hundred officials in firms, colleges and schools. All sectors of higher education, even those constrained by financial limitations, are trying to be responsive to the personnel needs of industry. The links between the industry and elite universities like Stanford are particularly close. However, the public schools, starved for funds and beset by the conflicting demands of many constituent groups, are moving in a direction opposite to the economic trends in the area.
The trifluoroacetylation of insulin.

Abstract A method has been described for the modification of the amino groups of insulin by means of trifluoroacetylation. In this procedure insulin hydrochloride is reacted with ethyl thioltrifluoroacetate in dimethylformamide to yield a product in which the terminal amino groups of the A and B chains and the e-amino group of lysine 29 have been modified with the trifluoroacetyl moiety. The physical and chemical properties of this derivative were studied by DEAE-Sephadex and Sephadex G-50 chromatography, amino acid analysis, deamination and trypsin digestion. The results indicated the formation of a homogeneous tritrifluoroacetylinsulin derivative in high yield possessing 70% of the biological activity of native bovine insulin.
Diterpenes from Chrysoma pauciflosculosa: Effects on Florida sandhill species

Abstract The aerial parts of Chrysoma pauciflosculosa (syn. Solidago pauciflosculosa ) gave the known diterpenes, 17-oxygrindelic acid, 17-oxogrindelic acid and 17-carboxygrindelic acid, as well as the new diterpene, 17-hydroxy-7α,8α-epoxygrindelic acid. 17-Oxogrindelic acid decomposes in the presence of air giving three products. The structural data of the diterpenes as well as those of degradation products and derivatives were elucidated by chemical and spectroscopic methods. 17-Oxygrindelic acid and 17-oxogrindelic acid were tested for their effect on the germination and radicle growth of three Florida sandhill species and Lactuca sativa . At concentrations of 12 to 48 ppm, 17-oxogrindelic acid reduced the germination and radicle growth of Schizachyrium scoparium and Leptochloa dubia , two native sandhill grasses, but had no significant effects on germination and only a slight stimulatory effect on radicle growth of Rudbeckia hirta and Lactuca sativa . Mixtures of 17-oxogrindelic acid with an equimolar mixture of three C. pauciflosculosa sesquiterpenes, (+)-curlone, (+)-sesquiphellandrene and (−)-α- trans -bergamontene, did not enhance activity. 17-Oxygrindelic acid was in general less active in reducing germination and growth than 17-oxogrindelic acid.
TOWARD A STRATEGIC PLAN FOR TRANSPORTATION-AIR QUALITY RESEARCH, 2000-2010

The challenge of jointly addressing transportation and air quality concerns has been the subject of research for some time, but it reached its apex after passage of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 and the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991. Since that time, the legislative and regulatory context that prompted extensive research has been in continual flux, leading to ever-new areas even as the original agenda set in the early 1990s has yet to be completed. Critical relationships between transportation behavior and air quality impacts have yet to be clarified, and more data and better analytical tools will be necessary before greater understanding is achieved. The advent of new strategies related to telecommuting, e-commerce, vehicle insurance, car sharing, and "sustainability" poses serious questions for the research community. Concurrently, new challenges abound spawned from current and future developments. New air quality standards have redefined the meaning of "clean" air. Air...
Pictorial knowledge representation using pictorial semantic networks

Classifications of pictures and pictorial knowledge are presented. Pictorial knowledge is divided into three classes – angular pictorial knowledge, side pictorial knowledge, and angular and side pictorial knowledge. A block diagram of these three pictorial knowledge classes and a pictorial knowledge transformation module is also presented with illustrative examples. Pictorial semantic networks which in terms of pictorial nodes, property nodes, “is a” links, “has property” links, and “if and only if” links are introduced. Transitivity, generalization, specialization, inheritance hierarchy, and knowledge transformation properties are stated and illustrated by examples. Triangular, quadrangular, and polygonal knowledge representation using pictorial semantic networks are presented. The concepts of deducible property nodes are also presented with illustrative examples. Additional facts can be established from pictorial semantic networks. Thus, pictorial semantic networks are a useful way to represent pictorial knowledge in domains that use well-established taxonomies to simplify problem solving in pictorial information systems. Pictorial semantic networks offer what appears to be a fertile field for future study. The results may have useful applications in knowledge representation, expert systems, artificial intelligence, knowledge - based systems, pictorial information systems and related areas.
PERFORMANCE OF BREAKAWAY CABLE AND MODIFIED ECCENTRIC LOADER TERMINALS IN IOWA AND NORTH CAROLINA: IN-SERVICE EVALUATION

Developing safe and effective guardrail terminals has been a high priority for roadside safety researchers for several decades. Numerous full-scale crash tests have been performed, and many new types of terminals have been developed. Results are presented of an in-service performance evaluation of two popular guardrail terminals—the breakaway cable terminal and the modified eccentric loader terminal. The data were collected in parts of Iowa and North Carolina during a 24-month period from 1997 to 1999. The collision characteristics, occupant injuries, and barrier damage were evaluated to determine collision performance.
Numerical simulation of injection mold filling

This paper illustrates a numerical simulation of polymer flow as applied to the injection molding fill process. The simulation model considers heat conduction and viscous heat generation along with the temperature dependence of the flow parameters to predict fill lengths and fill times of thin constant crossection cavities. This simulation is designed for molding situations where fill is difficult, such as thin cavity sections, long flow length requirements, or difficult-to-process materials. The simulation sensitivity is explored by performing experimental molding trials with two different cavity thicknesses. The thinner cavity illustrated a short shot in all cases with the thick cavity completely filling. The simulation accurately distinguishes between the short shot and fill conditions, although significant error is noted for the length prediction of the short shot and the time-to-fill of the full shot condition.
Physico-chemical analysis of the isolated mitotic apparatus.

1. 1. The effects of various agents on the dissolution of the “alcohol-digitonin” isolated mitotic apparatus are reported. 2. 2. Two sulfhydryl reagents, salyrgan and p-chloromercuribenzoate are very effective in dissolving the mitotic apparatus; the critical concentration for dissolution is 2 × 10−3 M. 3. 3. The salyrgan-solubilized mitotic apparatus subjected to Tiselius electrophoresis, show the presence of two peaks, a major, slower moving component and a minor, faster moving component. 4. 4. Analytical ultracentrifugal analysis of the dissolved mitotic apparatus indicates that there are two molecular components. The major, slower sedimenting, component has an S20 of 3.7; the minor, faster sedimenting, component has an S20 of 8.6. 5. 5. The molecular weight of the salyrgan-dissolved mitotic apparatus by the technique involving the “approach to sedimentation equilibrium” was found to be 315,000 ± 20,000. 6. 6. Total nucleotide analysis of the isolated mitotic apparatus indicates that the mitotic apparatus contains between 5 and 6 per cent ribonucleic acid by weight. 7. 7. The mean nucleotide composition of the RNA was found to be 23.9 per cent adenylic, 33.8 per cent guanylic, 24.4 per cent cytidylic and 17.9 per cent uridylic acids. 8. 8. The biochemical and structural composition of the mitotic apparatus are discussed with relation to its cellular activities.
Small‐angle light scattering from a distribution of spherulite sizes

Depolarized small-angle light scattering from spherulites in semicrystalline polymers gives rise to a characteristic cloverleaf pattern. For scattering from a single spherulite, the position of the maximum in scattered intensity is readily related to the spherulite radius. For a distribution of spherulites, the maximum should be related to some characteristic measure of the distribution. It is shown for a wide variety of distributions that this characteristic radius is a ratio of high moments of the size distribution, specifically R* ≈ 〈R7〉/〈R6〉. The shape of the light-scattering profile should in principal be related to the nature of the spherulite distribution. Calculations of scattering profiles from a variety of distributions fail to demonstrate this, owing to the strong dependence of scattering power on spherulite size. Exceptions are noted for the case of certain bimodal distributions.
Circumferential decompression of the foramen magnum for the treatment of syringomyelia associated with basilar invagination

Posterior fossa decompression utilizing suboccipital craniectomy and duraplasty remains the standard surgical treatment for Chiari-associated syringomyelia. In the presence of basilar invagination, anterior decompression, typically transoral odontoidectomy, or posterior decompression may be performed. We report two cases in which anterior and posterior (circumferential) decompression of the foramen magnum was used to treat cervical syringomyelia successfully. These cases demonstrate that circumferential decompression of the foramen magnum may be necessary in some cases of cervical syringomyelia associated with basilar invagination and Chiari malformation.
The olfactory glomerulus: A cortical module with specific functions

The axons of many olfactory receptor cells converge on an individual glomerulus in the olfactory bulb, where they make contacts with the distal dendrites of mitral and tufted cells. Each glomerulus is targeted by olfactory receptor neurons expressing a single type of olfactory receptor protein. The glomerulus provides a unique model in which the function of a cortical module can be unambiguously established. Here we review the increasing evidence that a key functional operation of the glomerulus is to act as a signal-to-noise enhancing device in the processing of sensory input and that this function is critical across vertebrate and invertebrate species for the ability to detect specific odor stimuli within “noisy” odor environments and to carry out discriminations between odor molecules that are structurally closely related.
Nonlocality in medium energy proton scattering

The microscopic optical model potential is investigated in its full form starting from the nonlocal two-body effective force. It is found that the nonlocality causes an effective repulsion in the nuclear interior which produces a so called wine-bottle shape which characterizes the optical model potential at intermediate energy. Its relationship to the relativistic approaches based on the Dirac equation is discussed.
Bayesian source separation for reference function determination in fMRI.

In analyzing fMRI results, identification of significant activation in voxels is a crucial task. A standard method selects a “known” reference function and performs a regression of the time courses on it and a linear trend. Once the linear trend is found, the correlation between the assumed to be known reference function and the detrended observed time-course in each voxel is computed. But the most important question is: How does one choose the reference function? Here, a Bayesian source separation approach to determining the underlying reference function is described and applied to real fMRI data. This underlying reference function is the unobserved response due to the presentation of the experimental stimulus. Magn Reson Med 46:374–378, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Formal Total Synthesis of Ipomeamarone via the [2+3] Dihydrofuran Annulation

Abstract A formal synthesis of (2R-cis)-4-methyl-1-(2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-5-methyl-[2,3′-bifuran]-2-pentanone, or ipomeamarone (1) [494-23-5] was accomplished from 3-furaldehyde 5 and ethyl-2-bromocrotonate 4. The key step involved the formation of the dihydrofuran ring in 2 via a vinyloxirane rearrangement of 3 in the [2+3] dihydrofuran annulation. Mechanistic duality of reactions of those tetrahydrofurans possessing acidic hydrogens adjacent to the ring is addressed.
Digital Age Discoverability: A Collaborative Organizational Approach

AbstractThe tumultuous changes in the scholarly communications ecosystem have disrupted traditional library assumptions and established new workflows and user expectations. In response, the Auraria Library at the University of Colorado Denver initiated a collaborative design (co-design) initiative to re-invent structures, processes, services, and roles throughout the entire organization. Fostered by appreciative inquiry, enabled by social learning, and furthered by shared leadership, redesign initiated sustainable information exchange, reflective dialog, and knowledge creation practices.The case study highlights accomplishments of technical services staff members who successfully engaged co-workers in selection, implementation, and enhancement of a Web-scale discovery service. Continuing support of the full discovery layer lifecycle illustrates evolving information practices and workplace outcomes at the Auraria Library. Concluding reflections offer transferable insights to other organizations aspiring to...
Positioning a medical school for modern biomedical research: the department of genome sciences at the University of Washington School of Medicine.

AbstractThe availability of genome sequences from a multitude of organisms, which began about a decade ago, has had enormous impact throughout the biomedical sciences. These sequence data have changed the way research studies are carried out and have led to the explosive growth of computational biol
A National Survey of Primary Care Practice-Based Research Networks

PURPOSE Increasing numbers of primary care practice-based research networks (PBRNs) are being developed in the United States to perform research relevant to everyday practice. To assess the current status and potential value of this resource, we surveyed US primary care PBRNs in operation from late 2003 to early 2004. METHODS We performed a Web-based survey and structured interviews with PBRN directors and administrative officers, assessing PBRNs’ history, size, location, organization, resources, operations, and productivity (funding obtained, studies performed, and articles published). RESULTS Of 111 primary care PBRNs identified, 89 (80%) responded to the survey. The 86 (77%) meeting the criteria for primary care PBRNs contained 1,871 practices, 12,957 physicians (mean 152 per PBRN, median 100), and 14.7 million patients (mean 229,880 per PBRN, median 105,000). Minority and underinsured patients were overrepresented. The average PBRN was young (4.4 ± 5.7 years): one-half had performed 3 or fewer studies. Three-quarters were affiliated with universities. Common research foci included prevention, diabetes, cardiovascular risk factors, and mental health. Respondent PBRNs had published more than 600 articles in peer-reviewed journals. PBRNs studying questions posed by outside researchers had more federal funding (84% vs 27%, P=.006). PBRNs citing funding as a weakness relied more on local resources to fund research projects (70% vs 40%, P=.036). CONCLUSIONS American primary care PBRNs are mainly young, diverse, and pursuing a variety of research foci. Most have university links and provide a dynamic town-gown relationship that could be a vital national resource for improving primary care, translating research into practice, and meeting the National Institutes of Health Roadmap goals. PBRNs merit further attention from both private and public funding agencies and researchers interested in studying the delivery of primary care.
Hazards of new media: youth's exposure to tobacco Ads/promotions.

Background: A gap in knowledge exists about the youth’s exposure to protobacco campaigns via new electronic media outlets. In response, we use national data to delineate the associations between tobacco ads/promotions delivered through new media outlets (i.e., social network sites and text messages) and youth attitudes/beliefs about tobacco and intent to use (among youth who had not yet used tobacco).
Molecular Orbital Calculations of Carbonyl Compounds of Ni and Cu

Ab initio RHF-MO calculations are made for the linear NiCO and CuCO clusters. The ground states of them involve Ni 3d94s1 and Cu3d104s1 electron configurations, respectively. The orbital energies of the CO like levels in both clusters are closely similar to each other. The CO 5σ-like level shifts toward the CO lπ-like level due to the bonding interaction of the 5σ with metal 4s and 3dZ 2. The results are discussed in relation to the difference of the 3d-level positions and the similarity of 4s levels of Ni and Cu. For NiCO both the 4s and 3d orbitals contribute to the metal-CO binding while for CuCO only the 4s otbital contributes to it. The extended Huckel MO calculations are also performed for Ni (CO)n and Cu(CO)n (n=l–4). It is concluded that the absense of experimental observation of Cu(CO)4 is related to deeper position of Cu3d level than that of Ni3d.
Crafts, Capitalism, and Women: The Potters of La Chamba, Colombia

Crafts, Capitalism, and Women: The Potters of La Chamba, Colombia. Ronald J. Duncan. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2000. 253 pp.
Radiothérapie postopératoire des sarcomes des tissus mous des extrémités. Étude dosimétrique préliminaire comparative de la radiothérapie conformationnelle avec la tomothérapie hélicoïdale

Resume Objectif de l’etude Evaluer les gains dosimetriques apportes par la tomotherapie helicoidale pour le traitement des sarcomes des tissus mous de la cuisse. Patients et methodes Les donnees anatomiques et dosimetriques de trois patients recemment traites par irradiation conformationnelle postoperatoire ont servi de reference. Ces patients etaient atteints d’un sarcome de la loge posterieure, anterieure ou des adducteurs. Pour chacun des traitements, la dosimetrie de reference de la radiotherapie conformationnelle reellement delivree a ete comparee a une dosimetrie de RCMI en mode dynamique avec le meme accelerateur lineaire et a trois dosimetries de tomotherapie selon le mode de blocage (sans blocage, blocage unidirectionnel ou complet du membre controlateral). Resultats La tomotherapie ameliorait la couverture du volume cible previsionnel (PTV) ainsi que son homogeneite de dose, quelle que soit la modalite de planification. En effet, la D95 % (dose representant 95 % de la dose prescrite) moyenne etait de 97,6 % en tomotherapie et de 94,8 % en radiotherapie conformationnelle et l’homogeneite de la dose, evaluee par l’ecart-type de l’histogramme dose-volume differentiel du PTV, etait meilleure d’au moins un facteur 2 qu’en radiotherapie conformationnelle et toujours meilleure qu’en RCMI. Le volume des loges musculaires voisines recevant la totalite de la dose prescrite et les points chauds mesures par la D2 % etaient aussi diminues avec la tomotherapie. Cependant, la protection des autres organes a risque (peau, femur et gonades) etait variable selon la localisation tumorale traitee et n’etait pas amelioree par la tomotherapie. Conclusions La tomotherapie permet d’augmenter la couverture et l’homogeneite de dose du PTV tout en diminuant les fortes doses recues par les loges musculaires voisines. Neanmoins, il n’y a pas de benefice en termes de protection des autres organes a risque sauf contrainte particuliere (comme par exemple, une zone cutanee ou une zone osteoperiostee). D’autres etudes dosimetriques sont necessaires, suivies d’etudes prospectives, pour determiner si les gains dosimetriques peuvent se traduire en terme de benefices cliniques.
The Heat Shock Protein Ssa2p Is Required for Import of Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphatase into Vid Vesicles

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase) is targeted to the vacuole for degradation when Saccharomyces cerevisiae are shifted from low to high glucose. Before vacuolar import, however, FBPase is sequestered inside a novel type of vesicle, the vacuole import and degradation (Vid) vesicles. Here, we reconstitute import of FBPase into isolated Vid vesicles. FBPase sequestration into Vid vesicles required ATP and cytosol, but was inhibited if ATP binding proteins were depleted from the cytosol. The heat shock protein Ssa2p was identified as one of the ATP binding proteins involved in FBPase import. A Deltassa2 strain exhibited a significant decrease in the rate of FBPase degradation in vivo as compared with Deltassa1, Deltassa3, or Deltassa4 strains. Likewise, in vitro import was impaired for the Deltassa2 strain, but not for the other Deltassa strains. The cytosol was identified as the site of the Deltassa2 defect; Deltassa2 cytosol did not stimulate FBPase import into import competent Vid vesicles, but wild-type cytosol supported FBPase import into competent Deltassa2 vesicles. The addition of purified recombinant Ssa2p stimulated FBPase import into Deltassa2 Vid vesicles, providing Deltassa2 cytosol was present. Thus, Ssa2p, as well as other undefined cytosolic proteins are required for the import of FBPase into vesicles.
Polymerization of acrylates by atom transfer radical polymerization. Homopolymerization of glycidyl acrylate

Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) was applied to the homopolymerization of glycidyl acrylate (GA). This functionalized monomer can be polymerized to high conversions and high molecular weights using halogenated initiators and CuBr/4,4'-bis(5-nonyl)-2,2'-bipyridine (dNbipy) as the catalyst. The polymerizations exhibit first order kinetics and molecular weights increase linearly with conversion. The M n of the products is controlled by the ratio Δ[M] 0 /[I] 0 . The polymers obtained showed narrow molecular weight distributions, M w /M n = 1.25.
Brownian Ratchets: Molecular Separations in Lipid Bilayers Supported on Patterned Arrays

Brownian ratchets use a time-varying asymmetric potential that can be applied to separate diffusing particles or molecules. A new type of Brownian ratchet, a geometrical Brownian ratchet, has been realized. Charged, fluorescently labeled phospholipids in a two-dimensional fluid bilayer were driven in one direction by an electric field through a two-dimensional periodic array of asymmetric barriers to lateral diffusion fabricated from titanium oxide on silica. Diffusion spreads the phospholipid molecules in the orthogonal direction, and the asymmetric barriers rectify the Brownian motion, causing a directional transport of molecules. The geometrical ratchet can be used as a continuous molecular sieve to separate mixtures of membrane-associated molecules that differ in electrophoretic mobility and diffusion coefficient.
Use of paracentesis in hospitalized patients with decompensated cirrhosis and ascites: Opportunities for quality improvement

To the Editor: Ascites is the most common complication of cirrhosis leading to hospital admission.1 Approximately 12% of hospitalized patients who present with decompensated cirrhosis and ascites have spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP); half of these do not present with abdominal pain, fever, nausea, or vomiting.2 Guidelines published by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD) recommend paracentesis for all hospitalized patients with cirrhosis and ascites and also recommend long-term antibiotic prophylaxis for survivors of an SBP episode.3 Despite evidence that in-hospital mortality is reduced in those patients who receive paracentesis in a timely manner,4, 5 only 40–60% of eligible patients receive paracentesis.4, 6, 7 We aimed to describe clinical predictors of paracentesis and use of antibiotics following an episode of SBP in patients with decompensated cirrhosis and ascites.
Regulation of hippocampal progenitor cell survival, proliferation and dendritic development by BDNF

Environmental enrichment (EE) is known to enhance BDNF levels and neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus. To examine the role of BDNF in modulating EE-mediated adult hippocampal neurogenesis, we conditionally ablated BDNF expression in the hippocampus (cKO mice) and have assessed proliferation, survival, differentiation and dendritic development of hippocampal progenitors. We show that while the extent of cell proliferation and neuronal fate differentiation in the hippocampus of cKO mice is not different from wild-type (WT) littermates maintained in either standard or enriched conditions, reduced BDNF levels significantly impaired the survival of newborn cells in both housing conditions. In addition, while highly active enriched WT mice exhibited a robust increase in progenitor cell proliferation, highly active cKO mice showed a modest increase in cell proliferation compared to standard housed or underactive cKO mice. There results argue that while BDNF plays a role in exercise-induced cell proliferation, other factors must contribute to this phenomenon. We also show that dendritic development was impaired in cKO mice maintained in standard housing conditions, and that EE rescued this phenotype.
Improving the iMM904 S. cerevisiae metabolic model using essentiality and synthetic lethality data

Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the first eukaryotic organism for which a multi-compartment genome-scale metabolic model was constructed. Since then a sequence of improved metabolic reconstructions for yeast has been introduced. These metabolic models have been extensively used to elucidate the organizational principles of yeast metabolism and drive yeast strain engineering strategies for targeted overproductions. They have also served as a starting point and a benchmark for the reconstruction of genome-scale metabolic models for other eukaryotic organisms. In spite of the successive improvements in the details of the described metabolic processes, even the recent yeast model (i.e., i MM904) remains significantly less predictive than the latest E. coli model (i.e., i AF1260). This is manifested by its significantly lower specificity in predicting the outcome of grow/no grow experiments in comparison to the E. coli model. In this paper we make use of the automated GrowMatch procedure for restoring consistency with single gene deletion experiments in yeast and extend the procedure to make use of synthetic lethality data using the genome-scale model i MM904 as a basis. We identified and vetted using literature sources 120 distinct model modifications including various regulatory constraints for minimal and YP media. The incorporation of the suggested modifications led to a substantial increase in the fraction of correctly predicted lethal knockouts (i.e., specificity) from 38.84% (87 out of 224) to 53.57% (120 out of 224) for the minimal medium and from 24.73% (45 out of 182) to 40.11% (73 out of 182) for the YP medium. Synthetic lethality predictions improved from 12.03% (16 out of 133) to 23.31% (31 out of 133) for the minimal medium and from 6.96% (8 out of 115) to 13.04% (15 out of 115) for the YP medium. Overall, this study provides a roadmap for the computationally driven correction of multi-compartment genome-scale metabolic models and demonstrates the value of synthetic lethals as curation agents.
Feedback relations and causal orders between sea surface temperature and convection within the western Pacific warm pool

Analysis of time series of standardized anomalies of sea surface temperature and outgoing longwave radiation from the western Pacific warm pool revealed two distinct modes of atmosphere-ocean interaction. A statistically binding positive feedback relationship between convection and ocean temperature exists over the equatorial region surrounding the international date line. Here, the contemporaneous feedback between these two variables is not statistically significant. A causal order from the ocean temperature to outgoing longwave radiation is detected in a region of the Southwest Pacific, where ocean patches with temperatures greater than or equal to 29.75°C form most frequently. Dynamical implications associated with the aforementioned feedback relationship and causal order are illustrated by estimating the impact of a sudden transient increase in convection on future values of sea surface temperature and vice versa.
On-Line Measurement of Gas Production Rates

Gas evolution rates represent an important variable to track in biological and certain electrochemical processes. Accurate gas flow rate sensors exist for gas streams possessing a pressure head, such as when pressurized air or oxygen is delivered to a fermentation process. However, these devices impose pressure heads that can inhibit gas production and, therefore, yield false measurements. Examples of effected processes would include electrochemical production of a gas at the electrode (e.g., electrolysis) or anaerobic fermentation (e.g., anaerobic production of methane). In this work, we present an on-line gas measurement technique that measures on-line gas production from an anaerobic microbial process that is continuously fed simulated food waste over a 6-month period. Commentary is given on the sensor's accuracy and ease of use within the context of long-term operation, ability to measure both low and high gas production rates, as well as its potential for process control and system-health monitoring.
Dark application communities

In considering new security paradigms, it is often worthwhile to anticipate the direction and nature of future attack paradigms. We identify a class of attacks based on the idea of a "Dark" Application Community (DAC) - a collection of bots and zombie machines that actively performs binary-level supervision of applications to help an attacker automate the process of finding vulnerabilities. A collection of such hosts can observe and attempt to influence the behavior of automatic defense systems. An attacker can use the DAC as both a test platform for subverting security applications and as a reconnaissance network for exploiting commonly deployed automatic update and early warning systems.An instance of this type of Application Community can host what we call an automorphic worm. An automorphic worm is application-agnostic and vulnerability-generic. Such a worm attempts to remain stealthy by cycling through the portfolio of vulnerabilities that the DAC has identified. We examine the underlying principles of a DAC, which are based on the existing paradigm of using security tools to help violate security.
SOA formation from the atmospheric oxidation of 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol and its implications for PM 2.5

Abstract. The formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) generated by irradiating 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol (MBO) in the presence and/or absence of NOx, H2O2, and/or SO2 was examined. Experiments were conducted in smog chambers operated in either dynamic or static mode. A filter/denuder sampling system was used for simultaneously collecting gas- and particle-phase products. The structural characterization of gas and particulate products was investigated using BSTFA, BSTFA + PFBHA, and DNPH derivatization techniques followed by GC-MS and liquid chromatography analysis. This analysis showed the occurrence of more than 68 oxygenated organic compounds in the gas and particle phases, 28 of which were tentatively identified. The major components observed include 2,3-dihydroxyisopentanol (DHIP), 2-hydroxy-2-oxoisopentanol, 2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutanal, 2,3-dihydroxy-2-methylsuccinic acid, 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanedioic acid, acetone, glyoxal, methylglyoxal, glycolaldehyde, and formaldehyde. Most of these oxygenated compounds were detected for the first time in this study. While measurements of the gas-phase photooxidation products have been made, the focus of this work has been an examination of the particle phase. SOA from some experiments was analyzed for the organic mass to organic carbon ratio (OM/OC), the effective enthalpy of vaporization (ΔHvapeff), and the aerosol yield. Additionally, aerosol size, volume, and number concentrations were measured by a Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer coupled to a Condensation Particle Counter system. The OM/OC ratio was 2.1 in the MBO/H2O2 system. The ΔHvapeff was 41 kJ mol−1, a value similar to that of isoprene SOA. The laboratory SOA yield measured in this study was 0.7% in MBO/H2O2 for an aerosol mass of 33 μg m−3. Secondary organic aerosol was found to be negligible under conditions with oxides of nitrogen (NOx) present. Time profiles and proposed reaction schemes are provided for selected compounds. The contribution of SOA products from MBO oxidation to ambient PM2.5 was investigated by analyzing a series of ambient PM2.5 samples collected in several places around the United States. In addition to the occurrence of several organic compounds in both field and laboratory samples, DHIP was found to originate only from the oxidation of MBO, and therefore this compound could potentially serve as a tracer for MBO SOA. Initial attempts have been made to quantify the concentrations of DHIP and other compounds based on surrogate compound calibrations. The average concentrations of DHIP in ambient PM2.5 samples from Duke Forest in North Carolina ranged from zero during cold seasons to approximately 1 ng m−3 during warm seasons. This appears to be the first time that DHIP has been detected in ambient PM2.5 samples. The occurrence of several other compounds in both laboratory and field samples suggests that SOA originating from MBO can contribute under selected ambient conditions to the ambient aerosol mainly in areas where MBO emissions are high.
Ubi Jus, Ibi Remedium: The Fundamental Right to a Remedy Under Due Process

This essay is part of the 2003 Remedies Forum symposium comprised of international remedies scholars addressing the topic of equitable relief in the fifty years since Brown v. Board of Education. It may be true as other scholars have argued that since the time of Brown, institutional defendants have won at the expense of plaintiffs. Defendants have learned that delay and defiance work. The U.S. Supreme Court has adopted a standard for ordering equitable relief that significantly defers to defendant wrongdoers at the plaintiffs' expense. Epithets of activist courts and judicial legislation have colored the existing scholarship and portrayed remedial action as illegitimate and excessive judicial power. And the recent barrage of school funding cases demonstrates the same resistance to court-ordered conduct as seen in Brown. This essay attempts to swing the pendulum in the other direction by suggesting that remedial action like that of Brown and its progeny is not only acceptable, but indeed, required judicial action. It argues that a remedy is more than a legal maxim. Rather, this essay argues that the right to a meaningful remedy is a fundamental right protected by the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Stated simply: Ubi jus, ibi remedium. Where there's a right, there must be a remedy. The article traces the history of the remedy as a fundamental concept of our ordered liberty from Blackstone to the Federalists to Marbury v. Madison. It argues not only that the right to a remedy has been recognized historically as a fundamental right, but that it should appropriately be considered a fundamental interest under the law. Remedies perform two critical functions in the law: they define abstract rights and enforce otherwise intangible rights. Rights standing alone are simply expressions of social values. It is the remedy that defines the right by making the value real and tangible by providing specificity and concreteness to otherwise abstract guarantees. Relying upon U.S. Supreme Court precedent in cases involving punitive damages and tax remedies, the essay argues that the Court has implicitly recognized the minimum right to a meaningful remedy.
Multifunctional Hybrid Nanopatches of Graphene Oxide and Gold Nanostars for Ultraefficient Photothermal Cancer Therapy

Multifunctional hybrid nanomaterials with enhanced therapeutic efficiency at physiologically safe dosages for externally triggered, image-guided therapy are highly attractive for nanomedicine. Here, we demonstrate a novel class of multifunctional hybrid nanopatches comprised of graphene oxide (GO) and gold nanostars for enhanced photothermal effect and image-guided therapy. The hybrid nanopatches with tunable localized surface plasmon resonance into the near-infrared therapeutic window (650–900 nm) were realized using a biofriendly method that obviates the need for toxic shape-directing agents. Internalization of the intact nanopatches into epithelial breast cancer cells was confirmed by Raman imaging, transmission electron microscopy, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. It appears that the amphipathic nature and the large surface area of the graphene oxide enable it to serve as a soft, flexible, and biocompatible intracellular carrier for the in situ grown plasmonic nanostructures and provi...
Pyrolysis, ignition, and thermal analyses of ethylene-propylene terpolymers (EPDM)

EPDM has been used as insulation material in various solid rocket motors. It is important to understand its thermal pyrolysis behavior when subjected to a hightemperature environment. Therefore, the pyrolysis and ignition characteristics and thermal behavior of EPDM were studied experimentally using 8; high.power CO 2 laser ig~ nition system and several conventional thermal analysis facilities. The pyrolyzed gaseous products were also identified by mass spectrometric analysis. Thermal analysis revealed an unusual behavior: an exothermic decomposition reaction occurred before an endothermic reaction. Under laser heating, EPDM could even ignite and sustain a decomposition flame. The ignition delay versus time curve had a slope of -1.6 on a log-log-law plot. When subjected to high laser heat flux (~ 560W/cm2 ), a large amount of C2 H2 was found in the decomposition products of EPDM.
Kinetic and thermodynamic selectivity of intermolecular C-H activation at [Tp'Rh(PMe3)]. How does the ancillary ligand affect the metal-carbon bond strength?

Tp′Rh(PMe3)(CH3)H was synthesized as a precursor to produce the coordinatively unsaturated fragment [Tp′Rh(PMe3)], which reacts with benzene, mesitylene, 3,3-dimethyl-1-butene, 2-methoxy-2-methylpropane, 2-butyne, acetone, pentane, cyclopentane, trifluoroethane, fluoromethane, dimethyl ether, and difluoromethane at ambient temperature to give only one product in almost quantitative yield in each case. All of the complexes Tp′Rh(PMe3)(R)H were characterized by NMR spectroscopy, and their halogenated derivatives were fully characterized by NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and X-ray crystallography. The active species [Tp′Rh(PMe3)] was also able to activate the alkynyl C–H bond of terminal alkynes to give activation products of the type Tp′Rh(PMe3)(C≡CR)H (R = t-Bu, SiMe3, hexyl, CF3, Ph, p-MeOC6H4, and p-CF3C6H4). The measured relative rhodium–carbon bond strengths display two linear correlations with the corresponding carbon–hydrogen bond strengths, giving a slope of 1.54 for α-unsubstituted hydrocarb...
Evolution of the northwestern margin of the Basin and Range: The geology and extensional history of the Warner Range and environs, northeastern California

Along the northwestern margin of the Basin and Range province, mid-Miocene to Pliocene volcanic rocks cover and obscure much of the earlier history of the region. In northeastern California, however, slip on the Surprise Valley fault has resulted in the uplift of the Warner Range, exposing >4 km of volcaniclastic and volcanic rocks as old as late Eocene. New geologic mapping, combined with geochemistry and geochronology of rocks in the Warner Range and surrounding region, documents a history of volcanism and extension from the Eocene to the present that provides insight into the evolution of this margin. Our work reveals that subduction-related arc volcanism began ca. 40 Ma and continued into the mid-Miocene, despite the nearby impingement of the Yellowstone hotspot and eruptions of flood basalts. Extensional normal faulting began in the mid- to late Miocene in relative isolation from other Basin and Range normal faults. Later Miocene and Pliocene volcanic rocks flowed into low-lying areas produced by mid-Miocene extension. These younger basalts are cut by normal faults, requiring a second episode of extension that began after 3 Ma. Our cross-section reconstructions indicate that 12%–15% extension has been accommodated across the Warner Range region, primarily along the Surprise Valley fault, which has accommodated 8 km of dip-slip motion. A similarly protracted or two-part history of extension has been observed elsewhere in the western Basin and Range. While relatively little extension has been accommodated in the Warner Range region, it continues to the present day. Thus, the Surprise Valley fault appears to have persisted as the westernmost boundary of Basin and Range extension since the mid-Miocene.
Generalized Transmitter Compensation of Frequency Dependent I/Q Imbalance

This paper considers the formulation of a digital pre-distorter to eliminate distortions that are generated by a frequency-dependent imbalance between the analog in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) channels of a direct conversion transmitter. Estimation of the imbalance occurs in the frequency domain, while compensation occurs in the time domain. We demonstrate the efficacy of the approach by estimating and eliminating transmitter distortions whose digital-to-analog converters (DACs) and filters have differing impulse responses, as well as a phase and amplitude imbalance between the local oscillators (LOs). The estimator developed includes a separation of the linear and nonlinear transmitter response, facilitating the application of nonlinear pre-distortion without architectural restriction. Furthermore, the estimator not only compensates for I/Q imbalances, but fully characterizes the frequency response and identifies the source of the imbalance. An interesting outcome of the analysis is that it may not be possible with baseband processing to compensate for an imbalance that occurs after up-conversion but prior to I/Q summing.
DSMC modeling of vibration-translational relaxation of molecular nitrogen in hypersonic reentry flows

The current work has implemented in DSMC discrete vibrational levels of N2 and the transitions between them as well as the dissociation of nitrogen molecules. The formation of NO from different N2 vibrational excited states is also considered. The models assessed include Equilibrium rate model, Schwartz-Slawsky-Herzfeld (SSH), and the recent Bird’s Collisional-Energy Based model. The effect of the model on the flowfield is explored.
Normalized stresses around an elliptic hole in a finite plate of linear material subjected to large uniform in-plane loading

Stress-concentration factors associated with the large deformations of in-plane loaded plates with elliptic holes are presented in a form with which designers are familiar. An analytic expression to obtain the stress-concentration factor is included.
Results Analysis of Individual Dose Monitoring on Radiation Workers in Sanmenxia City from 2006-2010

Objective To understand the external radiation dose of radiation workers in Sanmenxia City during 2006-2010,and evaluate their occupational hazards and protecting effect.[Methods]RGD-3B thermoluminescence dosimeter was adopted for the individual dose monitoring of radiation workers.[Results]The collective dose equivalent was 2.532 person.sv,and per capita dose equivalent was 1.50 MSV/a.The annual dose of intervention workers is relatively high in different types of individual dose level.Municipal hospital is highest for radiation worker's dose equivalent in different levels of hospitals.[Conclusion]Radiation worker's dose equivalent is decreasing annually during 2006-2010 in Sanmenxia City.The workplace with radiation exposure is relatively safe.