cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Building a model of commitment for Generation Y: An empirical study on e-travel retailers

Abstract The primary goal of this study was to develop a theory-based model of relationship commitment in an online travel context. Leaning on the foundations of marketing literature and the two theories of relationship commitment (organizational commitment theory, and investment model), this study develops a conceptual framework that explains how Generation Y develops commitment to a travel web vendor. Affective commitment and calculative commitment were found to vary in terms of their impact on word-of-mouth communications. The results showed that the affective commitment was most effective for developing and maintaining long-term relationships with Generation Y. In addition, the study suggested that investment size was positively related both to affective commitment and calculative commitment. Finally, satisfaction was found positively related to affective commitment and negatively related to calculative commitment. The theoretical and managerial implications were discussed as well.
Technique for controlling cross-talk noise in volume holography

We study cross-talk noise in holographic memory and estimate storage limits. We examine the effects of reduced angular density and the use of an apodized reconstruction beam on capacity, cross-talk noise, and diffraction efficiency. Experimental Bragg-selectivity curves with and without an apodized reconstruction beam verify the expected reduction in cross talk.
Thermal Ionization of Trapped Electrons

The rate of thermal ionization of an electron trapped on an impurity atom is treated on a quantum mechanical basis. From the standpoint of an adiabatic approximation, the multiphonon transitions are attributed to the dependence of the atomic vibrations on the electronic states. Approximate formulas based on an Einstein model are derived for the total ionization rate by using a generating function which is intimately related to density matrices. It is shown that the rate can be expressed as $256(\frac{m}{M})\ensuremath{\omega}{(\frac{\ensuremath{\rho}}{2})}^{\frac{{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{0}}{\ensuremath{\hbar}\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{-}1}}\mathrm{exp}(\ensuremath{-}\frac{{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{0}}{\mathrm{kT}})$ for low temperatures, where $m$ is the mass of electron, $M$ that of the atom, $\ensuremath{\omega}$ the frequency of atomic vibration, ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{0}$ the energy of ionization, and $\ensuremath{\rho}$ is the fractional difference of the frequencies of atomic vibrations in the trapped and the ionized states, which can be of the order 0.1. For high temperatures we can expect a similar formula to that given by the activated states theory. Generally, we have reasons to expect much greater rates than those given by Goodman, Lawson, and Schiff.
Distribution Pattern of Sonographically Guided Iliopsoas Injections Cadaveric Investigation Using Coned Beam Computed Tomography

Objectives To investigate the distribution pattern of sonographically guided iliopsoas (IP) injections in an unembalmed cadaveric model. Methods A single experienced operator completed 10 sonographically guided IP injections in 5 unembalmed cadaveric pelvic specimens (4 male and 1 female; ages 55-95 years; body mass indices, 15.5-27.5 kg/m(2)) using a previously described in-plane, lateral-to-medial approach short axis to the tendon. Each injection consisted of 7 mL of a 20% dilution of contrast material injected between the IP tendon and the acetabular rim using a 22-gauge, 87.5-mm (3½-in) needle. To facilitate interpretation of contrast patterns, 2 additional injections were performed on single hips: sonographically guided 14 mL contrast-latex IP injection and sonographically guided superficial IP "peritendinous" injection with 7 mL of contrast-latex. Immediately before and after each injection, fluoroscopic images were obtained with a fixed C-arm equipped with coned beam computed tomography. After each injection, radiographic images were evaluated by a board-certified, fellowship-trained musculoskeletal radiologist to determine injectate distribution. Specimens receiving contrast-latex injections were dissected 48 hours after injection to determine the anatomic location of the injectate. Results Nine of 10 IP injections (90%) produced characteristic "U-shaped" flow patterns covering 50% to nearly 100% of the IP tendon circumference and resembling previously published IP bursograms. One injection was excluded because the majority of the latex was within the pectineus muscle, likely due to technical factors. Latex flowed an average of 5.3 cm (range, 0.3-7.9 cm) cephalad and 5.2 cm (range, 1.0-7.5 cm) caudad to the acetabular rim. The large-volume (14-mL) IP injection produced a similar flow pattern to the 7 mL injections, whereas the superficial peritendinous injection produced a contrast pattern consistent with intramuscular flow. Subsequent dissection confirmed bursal flow for the 14-mL injection, whereas the superficial peritendinous injection placed latex within the superficial portion of the IP muscle (ie, intramuscular). Conclusions Sonographically guided IP injections using an in-plane, lateral-to-medial technique place injectate into the IP bursa between the IP tendon and the acetabular rim. Within the limits of this cadaveric investigation, this sonographically guided 7-mL IP "bursa" injection may provide a minimum of 50% circumferential IP tendon coverage and approximately 5 cm of cephalad and caudad flow. There does not appear to be a peritendinous space deep to the IP tendon at the acetabular rim that is both outside the bursa and amenable to sonographically guided injection. Injections into the superficial aspect of the IP using 7-mL volumes may not deliver injectate deep to the IP tendon and therefore may represent a fundamentally different injection.
Photon dose rate in the vicinity of a high-energy proton beam scraper☆

Abstract Calculated results are presented of the photon dose rate from the induced activity in the vicinity of a beam scraper for a 400 GeV proton accelerator. Proton energies of 30 and 400 GeV are considered since 30 GeV protons will be used for beam alignment studies. Results are give at various positions with respect to the scraper and as a function of time after the beam is turned off. In the case of the 30 GeV protons both borated and non-borated concrete have been considered as the material of the accelerator tunnel and the beam scraper shield. In the geometry considered here, the presence of the boron in the concrete has only a small effect on the dose rates.
Factors affecting power of tests for multiple binary outcomes.

Frequently in clinical studies a primary outcome is formulated from a vector of binary events. Several methods exist to assess treatment effects on multiple correlated binary outcomes, including comparing groups on the occurrence of at least one among the outcomes ('collapsed composite'), on the count of outcomes observed per subject, on individual outcomes adjusting for multiplicity, or with multivariate tests postulating either common or distinct effects across outcomes. We focus on a 1-df distinct effects test in which the estimated outcome-specific treatment effects from a GEE model are simply averaged, and compare it with other methods on clinical and statistical grounds. Using a flexible method to simulate multivariate binary data, we show that the relative efficiencies of the assessed tests depend in a complex way on the magnitudes and variabilities of component incidences and treatment effects, as well as correlations among component events. While other tests are easily 'driven' by high-frequency components, the average effect GEE test is not, since it averages the log odds ratios unweighted by the component frequencies. Thus, the average effect test is relatively more powerful than other tests when lower frequency components have stronger associations with a treatment or other predictor, but less powerful when higher frequency components are more strongly associated. In studies when relative effects are at least as important as absolute effects, or when lower frequency components are clinically most important, this test may be preferred. Two clinical trials are discussed and analyzed, and recommendations for practice are made. Sons, Ltd.
Unintended consequences of technology improvement

Technological improvements in ventilator design may confound the diagnosis of brain death. We describe a series of patients clinically perceived to be breathing spontaneously even though they satisfied the criteria for brain death. The misdiagnosis of cerebral function in these patients delayed the diagnosis of brain death and subsequent organ donation. Resource utilization, patient/family suffering, and staff morale are all negatively impacted when this occurs.
The self as memory processing.

Different areas of theoretical investigation are briefly discussed in relation to competing paradigms and a theory of self. Clarification of these areas is taken to be contingent on resolution of two theoretical issues. Is the self to be treated as a “caused” or as a “causing” event? What is the nature of the storage and retrieval processes related to the enactment of different self-relevant behaviors? In regard to the issue of cause, interpretations in terms of two major theoretical paradigms, mechanism and contextualism, are briefly outlined and the validity of contextual theory is discussed. In regard to the issue of storage, examination of current theories of memory lead to a consideration of self-representation as involving both generic and episodic memory structures that possess a number of organizational properties relevant to an understanding of consistency and variability in a person's enactment of self-relevant behavior. In light of these considerations, the advantages of contextual formulations of self-theory are reconsidered and current, related research is noted.
An assessment of health needs in selected Nigeria villages.

The extended family structure in rural Nigeria is of vital importance for understanding rural health problems. 255 heads of households in Iyekuselu District Bendel State Nigeria were interviewed in 1981. 15 villages were randomly selected from the 107 villages that make up the district. The distribution of sample by gender was 62% male and 38% female. The findings indicate that tuberculosis and tetanus had a low % but since there is a reported high morbidity rate of the 2 illnesses in the district underreporting must have occurred. Malaria and sinus trouble had the highest morbidity with 75% each followed by dysentery yellow fever diarrhea and measles parasites and worms and pneumonia. The majority of the subjects reported their desire to see a physician in their home for about 30 minutes free of charge to ask about the causes of todays diseases. Approximately 27% of these subjects practice some form of self-help. Bad headaches constituted the most frequently reported condition. The least reported frequency was that of blood in urine. The 65-and-over age group had the highest % of reported incidence of illness while the 15-24 year old group had the lowest % of reported incidence of most of the conditions. A majority of the subjects interviewed felt medical costs were too high. The most frequently given reason for not seeing a physician was high fees. More males than females indicated they had all but 2 of the illnesses questioned about. Several factors call for health education intervention including high morbidity service availability and accessibility and the use of self-help.
The Role of Fine-Needle Aspiration in the Diagnosis of Breast Lesions

Abstract Objective: To show that using a combination of clinical impression, mammogram, and fine-needle aspiration (FNA), an accurate diagnosis of breast lesions can be made in a gynecologic office setting. Study design: All patients requiring FNA between January 1987, to February 1990, had a clinical and mammographic impression recorded as to whether the lesion was benign or malignant. All lesions in which a FNA diagnosis was given were evaluated. Results: One hundred one patients met the criteria for inclusion into the study. There were two false-positives and one false-negative aspiration for carcinoma in the study. However, in all three of these patients, the clinical impression, or the mammogram, did not agree with the aspiration results. There were no false-negative or positive results when all three criteria were used. Conclusions: Although a larger study is needed to confirm this study, FNA in combination with clinical impression and mammogram can be used reliably to diagnose a breast lesion.
An algorithm for analysis of polymer filling of molds

A numerical implementation of the Volume of Fluid (VOF) free surface technique, applied to a filling process governed by a potential flow, is introduced. The implementation is based on a finite element control volume space discretization and uses an implicit time integration. This allows for the accurate tracking of the filling front using large simulation time steps in molds with complex geometries. The approach is validated on comparision with the analytical solution for filling a one-dimensional tube and with two-dimensional results obtained with previously-presented filling algorithms. Examples of the application of the approach in the analysis of structural resin transfer molding (SRTM) are presented. The capability of the method is demonstrated on predicting “race tracking” and “dry spotting” phenomena. The CPU requirement for a typical analysis is on the order of 1 to 20 s on pesonal computers.
THE PREVALENCE OF MENTAL DISORDERS IN ITALY.

S TATISTICS on the prevalence of mental disease cannot prove any theory of causation, but they suggest where to look for cause and they can disprove erroneous ideas. Comparative statistics for different countries are even more valuable since they allow detection of cultural variation in the manifestation of illnesses and in their identification.
Competitive Metagenomic DNA Hybridization Identifies Host-Specific Microbial Genetic Markers in Cow Fecal Samples†

Several PCR methods have recently been developed to identify fecal contamination in surface waters. In all cases, researchers have relied on one gene or one microorganism for selection of host-specific markers. Here we describe the application of a genome fragment enrichment (GFE) method to identify host-specific genetic markers from fecal microbial community DNA. As a proof of concept, bovine fecal DNA was challenged against a porcine fecal DNA background to select for bovine-specific DNA sequences. Bioinformatic analyses of 380 bovine enriched metagenomic sequences indicated a preponderance of Bacteroidales-like regions predicted to encode membrane-associated and secreted proteins. Oligonucleotide primers capable of annealing to select Bacteroidales-like bovine GFE sequences exhibited extremely high specificity (>99%) in PCR assays with total fecal DNAs from 279 different animal sources. These primers also demonstrated a broad distribution of corresponding genetic markers (81% positive) among 148 different bovine sources. These data demonstrate that direct metagenomic DNA analysis by the competitive solution hybridization approach described is an efficient method for identifying potentially useful fecal genetic markers and for characterizing differences between environmental microbial communities.
On the Consider Kalman Filter

Parameter errors in dynamic and measurement models of dynamic systems can result in poor state estimates when using a traditional Kalman fllter structure. In dealing with these parameter errors it is possible to: 1) Ignore them completely; 2) Add the parameters as additional states to be estimated; or 3) \Consider" the error in the state covariance matrix by introducing additional parameter covariance matrices. This paper analyzes the efiect of using all three of these types of fllters on a simple asteroid rendezvous scenario to determine the applicability of each. Two types of consider Kalman fllters are explored, namely an Augmented Measurement Consider Kalman Filter and a Minimum Variance Consider Kalman Filter. This paper flnds that a Minimum Variance Consider Kalman Filter can provide not only improved state estimates to a traditional Kalman fllter, but also produces consistent results from a statistical perspective.
A new approach to study electron and hole charge separation at the semiconductor-insulator interface

The charge transport and trapping properties of insulating films on semiconductors are related to reliability problems in MOSFETs and memory properties of nonvolatile memory devices. Physically based device models require delineation of electron and hole processes. Until recently, electron and hole charge separation at the semiconductor-insulator interface had been restricted to one gate bias polarity because of minority-carrier recombination-generation at the silicon surface. It is shown that a dual-channel transistor accomplishes electron and hole charge separation on the same microstructure for both gate polarities, obviating the need for complementary transistors and assumptions of identical dielectric and interface properties for a transistor pair. This approach is applied to the study of scaled dielectric oxide-nitride-oxide (ONO) memory devices, and their charge trapping characteristics are discussed. >
Nonaqueous emulsion copolymerization of ethyl methacrylate/lauryl methacrylate in propylene glycol. II. Adsorption of poly(ethylene oxide)–polystyrene–poly(ethylene oxide) triblock copolymer on latex particles

The adsorption behavior of various poly(ethylene oxide)–polystyrene–poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO-PS-PEO) triblock copolymer (TBC) s on acrylic latex particles in propylene glycol was studied. The composition of the PEO-PS-PEO triblock polymers varied from 41 to 106 in each PEO block length and from 18 to 41 in the PS block length. The location of the PEO-PS-PEO TBC was determined by analyzing for the physically adsorbed amount on the latex surface, the anchored mount on the surface, the entrapped amount inside the particle, and the “free” PEO-PS-PEO TBCs in the propylene glycol. A contour graph technique was applied to analyze the experimental data, which showed that a minimum existed for the physically adsorbed portion at a PS block length of about 30 units. When the PS block length was less than 30 units, the adsorption decreased with increasing PS block length, indicating rearrangement of mixed PEO brush and adsorbed PS block. When the PS block was greater than 30 units, the adsorption increased with increasing block length because of the poor solvency of the PS block in the propylene glycol medium, resulting in a collapse of the PS chain. Considering the binding energy between the PS block and the latex particle surface, which governs adsorption, it was hypothesized that a lower block length limit exists, below which no adsorption takes place. The solubility of the PS block in propylene glycol guides the important upper block length limit. The anchored fraction of the block copolymer increased continuously with increasing PS block length in the entire region investigated. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 80: 1963–1975, 2001
Evolution of the Isotopic Composition of Uranium and Thorium in Soil Profiles

Mass-spectrometric and alpha-spectrometric analyses for the isotopic composition of U 238 , U 235 , U 234 , Th 232 , and Th 230 have been made on several soils and soil profiles in glacial-derived parent material, volcanic rock, and shale. Three deep profiles from Minnesota represent typical well-developed soils on till and loess of Wisconsin age continuously sampled to depths of 6, 7, and 10 feet, respectively. Results on individual soil horizons, in these three profiles, show similar trends in the variation of U 234 /U 238 and Th 230 /U 238 ratios, the predominant features being excess Th 230 and deficient U 234 compared to U 238 . The other soils and soil profiles have different variations which can be correlated by use of a model to describe uranium migration. The data collected provided information for interpreting the causes of uranium migration in soils and for constructing a tentative model to explain the isotopic evolution of uranium and thorium in soil profiles. The proposed model indicates that (1) uranium was leached at depth in the profile, (2) preferential leaching of U 234 was continuous in the soil, and (3) upward capillary migration of a fraction of the uranium with above-normal U 234 /U 238 ratio tended to make uranium of high U 234 ratio available for isotopic exchange in upper soil horizons and for assimilation in organic complexes in surface soils which are rich in organic matter. Thus some of the organic-rich surface soils, which have had considerable time to develop, contain uranium with excess U 234 compared to U 238 . Interpretations from this model suggest that remixing of radioisotopes by geochemical processes contributes significantly, along with the usual physical processes of radioactive growth and decay, toward producing an isotopic composition near radioactive equilibrium.
Src-Class Kinases Act within the Agrin/MuSK Pathway to Regulate Acetylcholine Receptor Phosphorylation, Cytoskeletal Anchoring, and Clustering

Synaptogenesis at the neuromuscular junction requires agrin-induced stable localization of acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) at the endplate. The effects of agrin are transduced by the muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (MuSK). This study provides evidence that Src-class protein tyrosine kinases mediate the effects of agrin-activated MuSK to regulate clustering and anchoring of AChRs in skeletal muscle. MuSK was complexed with both Src and Fyn in the C2 mouse muscle cell line. These associations were enhanced by agrin and by increasing protein tyrosine phosphorylation with pervanadate. Coupling between MuSK and the Src-class kinases in vivo appeared to be caused by a phosphotyrosine–SH2 domain interaction because binding of MuSK to the SH2 domains of Fyn and Src in vitro was specific, enhanced by phosphorylation, and dependent on MuSK autophosphorylation. In addition, Src and Fyn phosphorylated MuSK. AChR phosphorylation, stimulated by agrin or pervanadate, was inhibited by blocking Src-class kinases with PP1. Furthermore, agrin-induced clustering and cytoskeletal anchoring of AChRs was dependent on Src-family kinases. These data support the conclusion that Fyn and Src act downstream of MuSK to regulate the stable localization of AChRs at the neuromuscular endplate during agrin-induced synaptogenesis.
Depressive Symptoms During Pregnancy and the Concentration of Fatty Acids in Breast Milk

The aim of the present study was to examine the association between depressive symptoms in pregnancy and the concentration of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) in breast milk. Women (n = 287) enrolled in the Pregnancy, Infection, and Nutrition Study completed the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale in pregnancy (< 20 and 24-29 weeks) and had LCPUFAs measured in breast milk (4 months postpartum). Multiple linear regression was used to examine associations between depressive symptoms and breast milk LCPUFAs. Increasing depressive symptoms at < 20 weeks were associated with lower docosahexaenoic acid concentrations (adjusted β = -1.15, 95% confidence interval = -2.12, -0.19). No similar associations were observed with other fatty acids nor between symptoms at 24-29 weeks and LCPUFAs. Depressive symptoms, even in the subclinical range, early in pregnancy are inversely associated with breast milk docosahexaenoic acid. This may have implications for the timing of screening and interventions for perinatal depression and the nutritional value of breast milk.
Increased cardiovascular risk associated with non-cardiac chest pain in patients with a prior psychiatric hospitalization: an opportunity and challenge for both the psychiatrist and the cardiologist

This editorial refers to ‘Prior psychiatric hospitalization is associated with excess mortality in patients hospitalized with non-cardiac chest pain: a data linkage study based on the full Scottish population (1991–2006)’[†][1], by M. Gillies et al. , on page 760 The evaluation of patients with chest pain is a common problem for every cardiologist and one of the most frequent reasons for presentation to the emergency room. After diagnostic evaluation, only 15–25% of patients with chest pain are found to have an acute coronary artery syndrome (ACS).1,2 Improved strategies for stress testing, myocardial imaging, and the availability of sensitive biomarkers for myocardial damage such as high sensitivity troponin have reduced the risk of missing the diagnosis of an ACS. Once coronary artery disease, myocardial ischaemia, and/or injury are ruled out, both the patient and the physician often feel relieved. A specific diagnosis such as oesophageal reflux, peptic ulcer disease, herpes zoster, costochondritis, pulmonary embolism, or panic disorder often leads to specific therapy and pain relief. However, in many instances, despite intensive evaluation and reassurance as to the usually benign nature of non-cardiac chest pain (NCCP), the cause of the pain remains uncertain and/or the pain may reoccur with consequent patient frustration and distress. In these instances, the patient may be prescribed an antidepressant and/or enrolled in pain coping skills training (CST). For example, in a recent study, Keefe et al .3 randomized patients with a diagnosis of NCCP to one of four treatments: (i) CST plus the antidepressant sertraline; (ii) CST plus placebo; (iii) sertraline alone; or (iv) placebo alone. CST and sertraline either alone or in combination were found to reduce pain intensity and pain unpleasantness significantly. The authors suggest that the combination of CST and sertraline may have the greatest promise in … [1]: #fn-2
Justice for Sale? Campaign Contributions and Judicial Decision Making

While federal judges are selected by appointment, many state judges are selected through competitive elections. As state judicial campaigns become progressively more costly and political, judicial candidates have turned increasingly to lawyers and law firms as a source of campaign funds. Given that contributing lawyers frequently appear in court, it is natural to wonder whether judges are more likely to rule in favor of attorneys who offered financial support to their campaign. Looking at cases from the Supreme Court of Georgia's 2003 term, I show that campaign contributions are indeed correlated with judges' decisions. Further, using a two-stage probit least squares estimator to address questions of causality, I show that the campaign contributions directly affect judicial decision making.
How to reduce unemployment: A new policy proposal

This paper uses a model with a continuum of equilibrium steady state unemployment rates to explore the effectiveness of fiscal policy. The existence of multiple steady state equilibria is explained by the presence of search and recruiting costs. I use the model to explain the current financial crisis as a shift to a high unemployment equilibrium, induced by the self-fulfilling beliefs of market participants about asset prices. I ask two questions. (1) Can fiscal policy help us out of the crisis? (2) Is there an alternative to fiscal policy that is less costly and more effective? The answer to both questions is yes.
The TET Family of Proteins: Functions and Roles in Disease

Translocated in liposarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma and TATA-binding protein-associated factor 15 constitute an interesting and important family of proteins known as the TET proteins. The proteins function in several aspects of cell growth control, including multiple different steps in gene expression, and they are also found mutated in a number of specific diseases. For example, all contain domains for binding nucleic acids and have been shown to function in both RNA polymerase II-mediated transcription and pre-mRNA splicing, possibly connecting these two processes. Chromosomal translocations in human sarcomas result in a fusion of the amino terminus of these proteins, which contains a transcription activation domain, to the DNA-binding domain of a transcription factor. Although the fusion proteins have been characterized in a clinical environment, the function of the cognate full-length protein in normal cells is a more recent topic of study. The first part of this review will describe the TET proteins, followed by detailed descriptions of their multiple roles in cells. The final sections will examine changes that occur in gene regulation in cells expressing the fusion proteins. The clinical implications and treatment of sarcomas will not be addressed but have recently been reviewed.
HIV testing sites' communication about adolescent confidentiality: potential barriers and facilitators to testing.

Purpose. This study sought to evaluate HIV testing locations in New York City in terms of staff communication of confidentiality policies for adolescent clients. Method. Using the New York State Di...
Interactions between the Indian River Lagoon blue crab fishery and the bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus

Anecdotal reports from blue crab fishermen in the Indian River Lagoon (IRL), Florida suggested that bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) followed their boats, and stole bait fish from crab pots soon after they were deployed. To investigate these reports, we made biweekly observations from IRL commercial crab boats from January 1998 to January 1999 (670 h). Only 2.8% of the 18,891 crab pots surveyed revealed evidence of dolphin/crab pot interaction. Dolphin interactions included: (1) begging at boats, (2) feeding on discarded bait fish, (3) engaging in crab pot tipping behavior, and (4) dolphin mortality from crab pot float line entanglement. Overall, 16.6% of the 1,296 dolphins sighted interacted with fishing boats. Seasonal trends were evident, with fishery interactions peaking in the summer. Crab pot interactions ranged from 0% to 36% of the traps checked daily. Different methods of securing the bait-well door and the role of trap locality were tested using a replicated experimental design. Results showed significant differences in successful bait removal by dolphins, among the degrees of door security (P < 0.001) and between trap location (P < 0.01). Thus, increased door security may help to reduce the negative impacts to the fishery and dolphins involved.
Preferential loss of dorsal-hippocampus synapses underlies memory impairments provoked by short, multimodal stress

The cognitive effects of stress are profound, yet it is unknown if the consequences of concurrent multiple stresses on learning and memory differ from those of a single stress of equal intensity and duration. We compared the effects on hippocampus-dependent memory of concurrent, hours-long light, loud noise, jostling and restraint (multimodal stress) with those of restraint or of loud noise alone. We then examined if differences in memory impairment following these two stress types might derive from their differential impact on hippocampal synapses, distinguishing dorsal and ventral hippocampus. Mice exposed to hours-long restraint or loud noise were modestly or minimally impaired in novel object recognition, whereas similar-duration multimodal stress provoked severe deficits. Differences in memory were not explained by differences in plasma corticosterone levels or numbers of Fos-labeled neurons in stress-sensitive hypothalamic neurons. However, although synapses in hippocampal CA3 were impacted by both restraint and multimodal stress, multimodal stress alone reduced synapse numbers severely in dorsal CA1, a region crucial for hippocampus-dependent memory. Ventral CA1 synapses were not significantly affected by either stress modality. Probing the basis of the preferential loss of dorsal synapses after multimodal stress, we found differential patterns of neuronal activation by the two stress types. Cross-correlation matrices, reflecting functional connectivity among activated regions, demonstrated that multimodal stress reduced hippocampal correlations with septum and thalamus and increased correlations with amygdala and BST. Thus, despite similar effects on plasma corticosterone and on hypothalamic stress-sensitive cells, multimodal and restraint stress differ in their activation of brain networks and in their impact on hippocampal synapses. Both of these processes might contribute to amplified memory impairments following short, multimodal stress.
Premature chromosome condensation and cell cycle analysis.

The application of the phenomenon of premature chromosome condensation for cell cycle analysis in HeLa and CHO cells has been examined. Random populations of HeLa and CHO cells pulse labelled with H3-TdR were separately fused with mitotic HeLa cells using U.V. inactivated Sendai virus. The resulting prematurely condensed chromosomes (PCC) were scored and classified into G1, S and G2-PCC on the basis of both morphological and autoradiographic data, The results of this study indicated that the G1, S and G2 phase cells are equally susceptible to virus-induced fusion with mitotic cells and subsequent induction into PCC. Hence the PCC method for cell cycle analysis is both practical and accurate. This study also revealed that the process of chromosome decondensation initiated during the telophase of mitosis continues throughout the G1 period reaching an ultimate state of decondensation by the end of G1, at which point the fusion of such cells with those in mitosis yield PCC with the most diffused morphology instead of the discrete single stranded structures characteristic of early G1-PCC. Thus, the decondensation of chromatin during G1 appears to be a prerequisite for the subsequent initiation of DNA synthesis.
The Trouble with Too Much Board Oversight

The high-profile scandals of the late 1990s have transformed the corporate governance landscape and increased the oversight duties of independent directors. New mandates, such as the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, have had substantial effects on corporate boards. For one thing, they dramatically increased the workload of directors serving on audit, compensation and nominating committees. In addition, the number of independent directors serving on multiple committees has expanded greatly, from 48% in 2000 to 61% in 2011.The shift toward increased monitoring raises two important questions. First, has the increased focus on board oversight helped to improve the quality of board monitoring? Second, can board oversight become excessive and ultimately detrimental to desirable objectives?This article focuses on three distinct aspects of oversight responsibility: design and implementation of suitable executive compensation packages; removal of underperforming CEOs; and disclosure of earnings that reflect the company’s true financial conditions. In a study of S&P 1500 companies, boards were able to perform these functions most effectively when they devoted significant resources to managerial oversight. Board oversight improved when independent directors devoted the time and resources envisaged by the new regulatory regime.However, the most favorable conditions for innovation occurred when the board did not monitor the CEO intensely but focused on strategic advising, thereby encouraging the CEO to pursue valuable but high-risk innovation projects. Conversely, corporate innovation suffered when the board monitored intensely. Companies with such boards invested less in R&D, received fewer patents overall and received fewer influential patents as measured by the frequency of citations of the patents they received. In addition, company value was lower when the board devoted greater time to oversight.
Factors Related to Saving Behavior among Low-Income Households in the 1995-2007 Survey of Consumer Finances

This study explored saving behavior among low-income households through the institutional theory of saving behavior by (1) determining asset differences between saving and non-saving households, (2) exploring factors related to saving behavior, and (3) identifying differences between two saving measures: a broad measure and a narrow measure. Based on the narrow measure, 43% of households under 300% of the poverty threshold saved, but 75% of these households saved based on the broad measure. Most of the multivariate results were consistent with hypotheses based on the institutional theory of savings, with the most important result that was not consistent was that racial/ethnic groups other than white were more likely to be savers under the broad measure than otherwise similar white households.
Detecting Incorrect Uses of Combining Algorithms in XACML 3.0 Policies

With the increasing complexity of software, new access control methods have emerged to deal with attribute-based authorization. As a standard language for specifying attribute-based access control ...
Population science is science only if you know the population.

BACKGROUND Cancer control efforts have had limited effect in reducing the inequities for minorities and the medically underserved. One factor is the lack of theory-based conceptualization of the terms used to define race, ethnicity, and culture. METHOD Guidelines are provided to develop more accurate use of the terms race, ethnicity, and culture to determine standards of comparability across studies of cancer incidence, survival, and quality of life in diverse populations rather than stereotypes. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Our ability to use theoretically based criteria to differentiate groups of people could increase our ability to more effectively eliminate these disparities.
Herbaria of the United States

lines". Certainly if the misfit, the mentally ill person, is "one whose disposition is not capitalized in his culture", (Ruth Benedict) then analysis of the culture along with analysis of the patient's own depths may be needed to furnish the key to his problems. The wide scope of the schizophrenia chapter has commended it to leading representatives of both psychological and physiological schools. John W. Whitehorn comments upon its "remarkably lucid perspective over current and recent investigation". Winfred Overholser of St. Elizabeth's describes it as "a sound and progressive as well as inclusive presentation of the accomplishments and prospects in the field". Herbert H. Jasper of the Montreal Neurological Institute describes it as "a most comprehensive review of all the important approaches to the understanding of the working of the brain in health and disease". On the interesting question of the relation between psychological and physiological work, Jasper ventured the view that if Freud (whose early work was in neurology) "were alive today, he would be thrilled with the opportunities afforded by the newer methods of investigation and would like again to tackle the more basic physiology of the brain in his attempt to understand the workings of the mind".
The Contradictory Logics of Financialization: Bringing Together Hyman Minsky and Karl Polanyi*

This introduction explains the logic of bringing together the perspectives of Hyman Minsky and Karl Polanyi to analyze processes of financialization. Although Minsky and Polanyi have very different...
Estimation of aircraft operations at airports using nontraditional statistical approaches

The FAA annually invests approximately $3B in small commercial and general aviation airports, with additional infrastructure investments appropriated at the state level. Accurate airport operations counts are critical for fair and efficient allocation of federal and state funds for airport development and improvement. Of the 3,331 airports in the United States that constitute the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems, however, only slightly more than 500 have either full-or part-time air traffic control facilities and associated personnel who are available to manually register those counts. There are several methods used to count aircraft operations at airports lacking full-time personnel; these are generally based on traditional statistical sampling techniques. Sample data is typically obtained by employing short-term contract staff to deploy acoustic and pneumatic counting devices and to provide human observations. The sample sizes associated with these methods are inherently small due to financial constraints. Small sample sizes create difficulties in terms of estimation of the population mean and variance from the sample parameters because the normality assumption of the distribution of the sample means may not hold. Two modifications to the estimation procedure are suggested here. The first employs a Frequentist model based on sampling without replacement from a discrete, finite, uniformly-distributed population. The second involves a Monte Carlo simulation and associated Bayesian hierarchical model using a Poisson likelihood function, which incorporates the inherent Poisson nature of the underlying arrival process and assumes uncertainties in the registration of operations counts. The latter approach is shown to improve substantially the accuracy of both the traditional, unmodified predictor and the Frequentist modification.
How Early Life Religious Exposure Relates to the Timing of First Birth

This article examines intermediary processes explaining how religious socialization and involvement early in life are related to the timing of first births for women in the United States. The theory of conjunctural action forms the basis for hypotheses for how religious schemas and materials operate to influence birth timing. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data and event history methods, the study finds evidence for expected family size, work–family gender ideology, educational attainment and enrollment, cohabitation, and age at marriage as mediators of associations between early life religious exposure (affiliation and attendance) and the timing of nonmaritally and maritally conceived first births. These findings corroborate other research identifying the long reach of religious socialization and involvement in youth, elucidate some of the pathways for these connections, and motivate further work to understand linkages between religion and family behaviors in the United States.
Overview of Motor Neuron Disease

This overview is concerned with the epidemiology of motor neuron disease (MND) comprised of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), progressive muscular atrophy (PMA), and progressive bulbar palsy (PBP). The mortality and morbidity distribution are described with emphasis on the geographic foci of the Western Pacific. The etiologic hypotheses are reviewed.
New Forms of Employment in Spain after the 2012 Reform: The "Working Time" Factor as a Tool to make "Distance Work" more Flexible

This paper analyses some aspects of the legal regime of new forms of employment in Spain after the 2012 Reform, especially in relation to distance work. One key factor in ensuring flexibility and the reconciliation of professional and family life is working time. The organization of working time is key to adapting work to the legitimate demands of the parties to the contract and meeting expectations of productivity and work-life balance. In this sense, this research is devoted to examining the impact of this “time factor” in distance work in Spain. This analysis is not easy as the Spanish legislator keeps silent on this point and the Article 13 of the Workers’ Statute does not clarify this aspect or the way working hours should be organized. Besides, collective agreements contribute little in terms of working time, so many questions remain unresolved.
Curvature-induced microswarming

Like meridian lines on a globe, two lines on a Gaussian-curved surface cannot be simultaneously straight and parallel everywhere. We find that this inescapable property of Gaussian curvature has important consequences for the clustering and swarming behavior of active matter. Focusing on the case of self-propelled particles confined to the surface of a sphere, we find that for high curvature, particles converge to a common orbit to form symmetry-breaking microswarms. We prove that this microswarm flocking behavior is distinct from other known examples in that it is a result of the curvature, and not incorporated through Vicsek-like alignment rules or collision-induced torques. Additionally, we find that clustering can be either enhanced or hindered as a consequence of both the microswarming behavior and curvature-induced changes to the shape of a cluster's boundary. Furthermore, we demonstrate how surfaces of non-constant curvature lead to behaviors that are not explained by the simple averaging of the total curvature. These observations demonstrate a promising method for engineering the emergent behavior of active matter via the geometry of the environment.
An international analysis of CEO social capital and corporate risk-taking

This study examines the effects of CEO social capital on corporate risk-taking around the world. We document a significant positive relation between CEO social capital and aggregate corporate risk-taking. Further, we find that CEOs with large social capital prefer riskier investment and financial policies. We also determine that the effect of CEO social capital on corporate risk-taking is moderated by the extent of legal protections provided to shareholders, the financial development, and the culture of the country in which a firm is incorporated. Our results are robust to alternative proxies of risk-taking, alternative model specifications, and tests for endogeneity.
News Medium, News, Objectivity — Ontological Questions in Journalism

Often the most obvious questions concerning the nature of journalism are ignored: the metaphysical “why” is seldom investigated. One such question concerns the news media: is a medium which is not solely concerned with news, a news medium? What is the purpose of these media? Why is news as such important? The function of news in society e.g. as a source of information is discussed. The negative side of news is also afforded attention. News not only transforms society, but society, on the other hand, determines what the daily news should be. The individual should also decide what news entails. News is always subordinate to the interpretation of the individual. The truth will always be screened by a measure of subjectivity, even if objectivity is the specific intention. This intention is a subjective decision. True reality can never be equalled by even a comprehensive news report. Journalism and news reportage will always remain a creation of man, designed to suit the interpretation and the needs of the jou...
The Molecular Pathology of Serous Endometrial Cancer

Serous endometrial cancer is a particularly aggressive form of uterine cancer that is associated with a poor prognosis. In the era of precision medicine, defining the molecular alterations that drive tumor development can uncover druggable targets for which molecularly based therapies already exist as well as provide a starting point to develop novel targeted therapies and companion diagnostics. In this chapter, we review the current state of knowledge regarding the molecular pathology of serous endometrial cancer, and discuss how this knowledge is being utilized in the clinical setting.
Development of an electronic homebuilding standardised method

This paper aims at developing a set of standardised electronic business solutions for the homebuilding industry. Specifically, it first develops a strategic value chain model in the electronic homebuilding industry. Secondly, a set of tactical electronic homebuilding management solutions are derived. Thirdly, pattern analysis is conducted on the top dominate homebuilding companies. Finally, discussions as well as managerial implications are presented. The results of this research will help to enhance the electronic business adoptions in the electronic homebuilding industry.