cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neural Modeling: The State of the Art

We have seen in the pages of this book that a considerable amount of neural modeling activity exists and that many valuable accomplishments and contributions have been made. We have seen the establishment of physical theories which describe the essential physicochemical basis of neuroelectric activity. Such physical theories exist for both passive and active neuroelectric events. A general quantitative theory has been established to describe the spatial distribution and propagation of electrical potentials in neurons. Quantitative physically-based models for synaptic processes and receptor action are available. We have seen the establishment of general quantitative techniques and tools for simulating passive and active activity in neurons of arbitrary morphological configuration with a wide range of physiological characteristics. Generalized techniques for analyzing and displaying the characteristics of single and simultaneously recorded trains of action potentials exist, and a variety of workable quantitative tools are available for simulating and studying the dynamic activity of neuronal networks with optional degrees of verisimiltude. Thus, many basic neurophysiological mechanisms are understood with various degrees of certainty and are describable quantitatively, and many powerful and general quantitative tools are available for use in the study of their characteristics and ramifications.
Age-related differences in intestinal microvascular responses to low-flow states in adult and suckling rats

We used in vivo videomicroscopic techniques to compare the intestinal microvascular responses of 8- to 12-wk-old adult rats with those observed in 8- to 12-day-old suckling rats. Changes in intestinal microarteriolar diameters and blood flow were measured during hemorrhage (5 and 10 ml/kg), hypoxia (10% O2 breathing environment), and hypothermia (surface cooling to 34 degrees C and 31 degrees C). Intestinal blood flow (as measured by optical Doppler velocimetry) was decreased by a similar amount in both adult and suckling rats during all three periods of stress. Large arteriolar diameter changes were also similar in adult and suckling rats. In contrast, there were substantial differences in the responses of the small premucosal arterioles. These premucosal arterioles selectively dilated in adult rats, suggesting a redistribution of blood flow toward the mucosa during each of the three periods of stress. These same microvessels failed to dilate in the suckling rats during each of the three periods of stress, suggesting that the intestinal microvasculature in the immature rat lacks vasodilator mechanisms that are active in the adult rat. We propose that altered microvascular control could make the developing intestine prone to mucosal damage during periods of decreased perfusion.
Russian Economic Report No. 17

After a decade of high growth, the Russian economy is experiencing a slowdown in the wake of the global financial crisis. While Russia’s strong short-term macroeconomic fundamentals make it better prepared than many emerging economies to deal with the crisis, its underlying structural weaknesses and high dependence on the price of a single commodity make its impact more pronounced than otherwise. But the crisis also presents an opportunity to address the medium- to longer term challenges of competitiveness, economic diversification, and financial sector modernization which are necessary to boost growth and living standards.
Explaining Political Representation in Latin America: Effects of Party System Institutionalization, Electoral Rules, and Economic Factors

The purpose of this paper is to examine the extent to which party system institutionalization, electoral rules, and national economic performance affect political representation in Latin America. Political representation is measured by the citizen-representative congruence in two issues: support for democracy and political ideology. The general assumption is that higher / lower levels of political representation correspond to higher/lower levels of institutionalization, less/more permissive electoral rules, and better/worse economic performance. Countries included in the study are Mexico, Chile, Argentina, El Salvador, Bolivia, Honduras, Colombia, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Guatemala, Paraguay, Ecuador, Dominican Republic, Peru, Uruguay, and Panama. According to the results, the citizen-representative congruence in support for democracy model was not significant. However, the same factors included in such model did have something to do with the citizen-representative correspondence in political ideology, although two variables, gender quota and ballot structure, were not statistically significant.
Predictors of Mortality from Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy in 356,222 Men Screened for the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial

Possible predictors of mortality from idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy were studied in 356,222 men who were screened as part of the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. The vital status of each member of this cohort was ascertained through 1986. Death certificates were obtained from state health departments and coded by a trained nosologist. Individuals with a history of myocardial infarction were excluded. A total of 206 deaths due to idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy occurred in the cohort of 356,222 men after an average of 12 years of follow-up. The age-specific rates of mortality from idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy increased from 0.10 per 10,000 person-years among men aged 35-39 years to 1.16 per 10,000 person-years among men aged 55-57 years. The proportional hazards model was used to obtain adjusted estimates of relative risks. Statistically significant, independent associations were observed with cigarettes smoked per day (p < 0.001), diastolic blood pressure (p < 0.001), and diabetes mellitus (relative risk (RR) = 2.97, p < 0.001). Black race was also associated with an increased risk of death from idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (RR = 1.59 and p = 0.045 without adjustment for income; RR = 1.58 and p = 0.058 with adjustment for income). No association was found with serum cholesterol or income. The information about possible risk factors obtained in this study may contribute to future preventive programs for idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy.
Investigation and analysis on the inapparent infection of HFMD pathogens in healthy population in Anyang in 2010 and 2011

Objective To realize the suitation and characteristic about the health people with inapparent infection of enterovirus in Anyang city,and compare the differences of the test results of different types of sample and PCR methods.Methods A natural village in Hua county was selected as an example.A total of 100 people from various age groups were involved in the survey.One feces sample and one throat swabs sample were collected from each to detect the types of enterovirus using real time-PCR and RT-PCR respectively.Results Thirty-six people were confirmed to be infected with enterovirus and the infection rate was 36.00% in 2010 and 35 persons were confirmed to be infected with enterovirus and the infection rate was 35.00% in 2011.Other types of enterovirus,neither EV71 nor CA16,accounted for the most,the second was the EV71 type.The group under 5 years old had the highest infection rate.Feces samples had higher positive rate than throat swabs samples,and real time-PCR was more sensitive than common RT-PCR.Conclusion It is a new challenge to the prevention and control of HFMD that the high inapparent infection rate of enterovirus exists in health people.Real time-PCR and feces samples should be recommended in the test of enterovirus and more correct test results could be available.
Bibliotherapy: using fiction to help children in two populations discuss feelings.

PURPOSE To identify whether bibliotherapy will help children with short stature and diabetes discuss their feelings and to explore themes that may help children cope with short stature and diabetes. METHOD Twenty-seven children, referred to a pediatric endocrinologist, aged 7-16 years, participated in interviews after reading a work of fiction. A semi-structured interview guide was used in both groups to elicit feelings about the work of fiction, feelings of self-esteem, and attitudes toward the condition. FINDINGS Children freely discussed their feelings about school experiences and condition-related issues. Several themes emerged from data analysis including the child's development of compensatory attributes, responses to teasing, and management of diabetes. CONCLUSION This study confirmed that bibliotherapy is an effective nursing intervention in children with short stature and diabetes. Bibliotherapy can be used by nurses to facilitate open discussion between nurses, children, and families.
Dumbbell-like PtPd–Fe3O4 Nanoparticles for Enhanced Electrochemical Detection of H2O2

Dumbbell-like PtxPd100–x–Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized and studied for electrocatalytic reduction and sensing of H2O2. In 0.1 M phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution, the 4–10 nm PtxPd100–x–Fe3O4 NPs showed the Pt/Pd composition-dependent catalysis with Pt48Pd52–Fe3O4 NPs having the best activity. The Pt48Pd52–Fe3O4 NPs were tested for H2O2 detection, and their H2O2 detection limit reached 5 nM, which was suitable for monitoring H2O2 generated from Raw 264.7 cells. These dumbbell-like PtPd–Fe3O4 NPs are the most sensitive probe ever reported and can be used to achieve real-time quantitative detection of H2O2 in biological environment for biological and biomedical applications.
Similarity Recoverable, Format-Preserving String Encryption

Format-preserving encryption (FPE) encrypts a plaintext of some specified format into a ciphertext of identical format. In this paper, we consider FPE on string data, and design new FPE algorithms that preserve the string similarity for a large number of string metrics. The experiments show that our encryption algorithm is efficient and robust against the frequency analysis attack.
Characterizing X-ray Attenuation of Containerized Cargo

X-ray inspection systems can be used to detect radiological and nuclear threats in imported cargo. In order to better understand performance of these systems, the attenuation characteristics of imported cargo need to be determined. This project focused on developing image processing algorithms for segmenting cargo and using x-ray attenuation to quantify equivalent steel thickness to determine cargo density. These algorithms were applied to over 450 cargo radiographs. The results are summarized in this report.
Using Community Engagement to Develop a Web-Based Intervention for Latinos about the HPV Vaccine.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is pervasive among sexually active women and men, and Hispanic women are at particularly high risk as they have higher rates of invasive cervical cancer compared to other racial or ethnic groups in the United States. There is a need for interventions to increase HPV vaccination among this high-risk population. This study investigated how to modify a previously developed web-based intervention that provided individually tailored information about HPV to improve its use among the Latino population. A community-oriented modification approach incorporated feedback from a community advisory committee, and focus groups among the Latino population, to modify the intervention. Several themes emerged including a need for basic information about HPV and HPV vaccination, changes to make the intervention appear less clinical, and incorporation of information addressing barriers specific to the Latino community. This work was done in preparation for a randomized trial to assess the...
Frank A. Abbott, The Body or the Soul? Religion and Culture in a Quebec Parish, 1736–1901

The built landscape of rural Quebec has led to many inferences about its population’s religiosity. The impressive churches that anchor small towns and villages seem to tell of French Canadians’ zea...
Abstract 330: Testicular Vein Thrombosis Etiology and Outcomes

Background: Testicular vein thrombosis (TVT) is not currently well-described in the literature. A better understanding of the natural history of TVT will allow for development of optimal management...
Computational approaches to predict the effect of shear during processing of lubricated pharmaceutical blends

Abstract In the production of pharmaceutical tablets and capsules, a lubricant such as magnesium stearate is often added to the powder blend or granulation in order to reduce friction and, in some cases, minimize sticking to the manufacturing equipment surfaces. If the lubricated blend is exposed to excessive shear during the processing steps prior to tableting or encapsulation, adverse effects on quality attributes of the final dosage form may be observed. These could include an increase in wetting contact angle, a slowdown in disintegration and/or dissolution, and a reduction in the tensile strength of compacts. In this work, two different computational modeling approaches are proposed to predict the effect of shear during the processing of lubricated pharmaceutical blends on drug product quality attributes. In this case study, an agitated powder feed system is examined, but the approach could be readily extended to other powder processing operations. First, a framework for the prediction of lubrication-based tensile strength reduction using the discrete element method (DEM) is proposed. This approach utilizes a companion study in a lab-scale, high-shear mixer to map the DEM predictions of extent of shear to an experimentally relevant tensile strength prediction. Second, a compartment model (CM) approach is proposed to model the powder flow and lubrication in the feed system. The tensile strength predictions from these two different approaches both compare favorably to experimental measurements of tensile strength.
Applied Anatomy and Electrodiagnosis of Brachial Plexopathies

This article reviews the anatomic and electrodiagnostic fundaments that are important in evaluating brachial plexopathies. This article is organized following pathophysiologic principles and a regional anatomic approach, which is most practical to the diagnostician. The reader is directed toward several comprehensive reviews, some of which use an etiologic approach to brachial plexopathies.
Association between continuing education and job satisfaction of nurses employed in long-term care facilities.

BACKGROUND The purpose of this descriptive, correlational study was to investigate the relationship between continuing education and job satisfaction among RNs and licensed practical nurses (LPNs) employed in long-term care facilities. METHOD Herzberg's Motivational-Hygiene Theory was used as a framework to guide the design of the study. The Professional Educational Activities Scale and the McCloskey/Mueller Satisfaction Scale were completed by 110 nurses employed in long-term care facilities. RESULTS No difference was found between type of employment status (full-time versus part-time) on the level of professional educational activities. However, RNs participated in more continuing education activities than LPNs. Nurses who reported higher family incomes also had greater participation in educational activities. Registered nurses reported greater job satisfaction than LPNs. No significant difference was found between the degree of job satisfaction for Black and White nurses. The results of this study indicated nurses who participated in more continuing education activities scored higher on the job satisfaction scale. CONCLUSION As the elderly population increases, a critical need exists for nurses to be knowledgeable about current research-based information, including the economic and psychosocial effects of illness in later life. To provide the most effective care for the elderly population, nurses in long-term care must be knowledgeable about the complexity and specific characteristics of chronic illnesses. Continuing education activities are an important way to access this information.
Nonfermented Oriental Soyfoods

There are four major fermented soyfoods (soy paste, soy sauce, tempeh, and natto) and two minor fermented soyfoods (sufu and soy nuggets). As shown in Table 4.2, these foods vary greatly in preparation methods, microorganisms involved, and utilization. Although it takes less than a week to prepare tempeh and natto, preparation of the remaining types of fermented soyfoods generally requires several months to complete. Except for natto, which results from bacterial fermentation, all others are fermented mainly by fungi. In terms of utilization, tempeh and natto are consumed as a part of a main meal, thus they contribute protein and oil to the diet in addition to their characteristic flavor. All other types are generally served as seasonings for dishes or soups. They contribute more in flavor than in nutrition to the diet. The approximate chemical composition of selected Oriental soyfoods is listed in Table 5.1.
Cell culture of Peyronie's disease plaque and normal penile tissue

Cell cultures derived from Peyronie's disease plaque and normal penile tissue were characterized morphologically and examined by immunofluorescence for actin cable formation, and their growth properties were compared. Relative to normal penile cell cultures which grew as contact inhibited, poorly refractile fibroblast-like cells, plaque derived cell cultures consisted of round and spindle shaped cells that were more refractile and exhibited random crisscross growth patterns. Scanning electron microscopy of plaque derived cell cultures revealed changes in cell surface topography characterized by the appearance of surface membrane blebs amd microvilli. Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated cells containing organized cytoplasmic microfilament bundles and nuclear indentations which resembled myofibroblasts. Such alterations were less extensive or absent in normal penile cell cultures. The amount and extent of actin cable formation was increased in plaque derived compared to normal penile cell cultures. Plaque derived cells also exhibited differences in growth properties and grew to higher saturation densities than their normal counterparts. These results demonstrate that cells derived from Peyronie's disease plaque can be grown in vitro and that these cells are morphologically altered and have an enhanced proliferative capacity. The availability of these cell cultures will permit studies directed at understanding the etiology and pathogenesis of Peyronie's disease.
Using Bayes model averaging to leverage both gene main effects and G × E interactions to identify genomic regions in genome-wide association studies.

Genome-wide association studies typically search for marginal associations between a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and a disease trait while gene-environment (G × E) interactions remain generally unexplored. More powerful methods beyond the simple case-control (CC) approach leverage either marginal effects or CC ascertainment to increase power. However, these potential gains depend on assumptions whose aptness is often unclear a priori. Here, we review G × E methods and use simulations to highlight performance as a function of main and interaction effects and the association of the two factors in the source population. Substantial variation in performance between methods leads to uncertainty as to which approach is most appropriate for any given analysis. We present a framework that (a) balances the robustness of a CC approach with the power of the case-only (CO) approach; (b) incorporates main SNP effects; (c) allows for incorporation of prior information; and (d) allows the data to determine the most appropriate model. Our framework is based on Bayes model averaging, which provides a principled statistical method for incorporating model uncertainty. We average over inclusion of parameters corresponding to the main and G × E interaction effects and the G-E association in controls. The resulting method exploits the joint evidence for main and interaction effects while gaining power from a CO equivalent analysis. Through simulations, we demonstrate that our approach detects SNPs within a wide range of scenarios with increased power over current methods. We illustrate the approach on a gene-environment scan in the USC Children's Health Study.
Fermi Level and Electrostatic Screening Factor in Degenerate Semiconductors and Metal Alloys

An analytical solution has been found for the calculation of the Fermi level and the electrostatic screening factor for semiconductors and metal alloys in the degenerate limit using non-parabolic energy bands and Fermi statistics. The solution yields a more accurate determination of Fermi levels than methods that assume parabolic energy bands and a more accurate determination of screening factors than the Thomas–Fermi formula, which also assumes parabolic bands and thus predicts screening that is too weak relative to self-consistent field screening in highly degenerate systems, including metal alloys. Mobility and resistivity calculations using this analytical solution yield results that are closer to experimental data than traditional formulas derived assuming parabolic bands.
Aversive Affect Versus Racism as Predictors of Racial Discrimination in Helping

We examined aversive affect and racism as predictors of differences in helping White versus Black targets. According to aversive racism theory, Whites may express egalitarian attitudes but experien...
Existence of solution of an infinite system of generalized fractional differential equations by Darbo’s fixed point theorem

Abstract In our manuscript, the existence of solution of an infinite system of three point boundary value problem of generalized fractional derivative in the Caputo sense has been discussed in the linear space C ( [ 0 , 1 ] , c 0 ) . We obtain existence result by employing Darbo fixed point theorem using the Hausdorff measure of noncompactness.
Cartilage Restoration in the Patellofemoral Joint: Techniques and Outcomes

Focal chondral defects are common in the patellofemoral joint, particularly in young and active patients, and can significantly impair quality of life. The pathomechanism of cartilage lesions in the patellofemoral joint are multifactorial and can be divided into chronic repetitive microtrauma due to patellar maltracking and acute macrotrauma such as patellar dislocation. Numerous risk factors for patellar instability have been reported including trochlear dysplasia, patella alta, chronic lateral patellar static position, excessive lateral position of the tibial tuberosity, excessive internal rotation of femur/external rotation of tibia, and patholaxity of the medial patellofemoral ligament. Patients with patellofemoral chondral lesions typically present with anterior knee pain that is exacerbated by activity, patellar instability, and/or loss of motion. This is often accompanied by effusion, soft tissue swelling, giving way, crepitance, and loose body sensation. If conservative treatment fails, various surgical treatment options are available ranging from palliative (chondroplasty), over reparative (marrow stimulation techniques) to restorative (autologous chondrocyte implantation and particulated juvenile allograft cartilage), and reconstructive procedures (osteochondral transplantation). A thorough physical and imaging evaluation of the patient is crucial to detect concomitant pathologies and to eventually allow planning a comprehensive individual treatment approach for each patient that addresses both the chondral lesion and any associated pathology. Also, setting realistic expectations and elucidating patient's goals are important parts of a successful treatment. Following these principles, favorable outcomes and high satisfaction rates can be achieved after cartilage restoration in the PFJ.
Case Studies for General Chemistry: Teaching with a Newsworthy Story

Science education research has shown that solving case studies helps students to develop higher-order analytical skills while discovering the usefulness of conceptual knowledge in solving real-worl...
An Adaptive Boosting Strategy for GLCM-CNN Model in Differentiating the Malignant from Benign Polyps

Recently, deep learning such as Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) has shown its superior for the task of image classification. However, it faces great challenges in the medical imaging field, especially for tumor classification in computer-aided diagnosis, because there are many uncertainties of lesions including their size, scaling factor, rotation, shapes, etc. Hence, texture pattern is an option to be fed into the CNN model and among the texture patterns, gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) can be chosen as the texture pattern for its several good properties such as uniform size, shape invariance, posture robustness, scaling invariance. For a 3D volume sample, instead of studying on the raw images, 13 independent GLCMs could be extracted based on the 13 digital distinct directions, and different sampling displacements have been recorded accordingly. Therefore, considering this multi-scale sampling is hypothesized to be optimal compared to without considering the multi-scale nature, we proposed an adaptive boosting learning (ABL) to examine the proposed multi-scale hypothesis. Following the multi-scale nature, the 13 directions can be grouped as three by different sampling displacements, and the ABL is applied to learn the best classification performance from the 3 subgroups. By comparing our ABL with and without the multi-scale nature, our experiments obtained a gain of 0.5~3.7% in terms of AUC (area under the ROC curve) for polyp classification, eventually reaching AUC of 91.13% for a small database of 63 samples with pathological reports. The gains reveal that the multi-scale GLCM-CNN model with ABL strategy can reduce the challenges for classification of limited number of tumors in medical imaging field.
Retrospective research of rice blast development in Krasnodar region

Today, rice blast remains the most dangerous disease, therefore, along with breeding developments, it is necessary to study the dependence of the pathogen’s behavior on agroclimatic conditions. In addition, an understanding of the dynamics of blast development in the non-growing season is necessary. The studies conducted are aimed at establishing agroclimatic patterns that contribute to the development of the disease in the pre-growing and growing periods by analyzing the results of the implementation of the mathematical model. As a result of research, the dependence of the intensity of damage to rice crops on the intensity of environmental influences in the pre-growing season was established, which suggests that it is necessary to apply agrotechnological measures before sowing to reduce the phytosanitary load on plants and the environment.
Los restos: renacimiento y resiliencia del pueblo q’eqchi’ en Petén The Leftovers: Q’eqchi’ Revival and Resilience in Petén

En este articulo, producto de investigacion aplicada y comprometida, ofrece un panorama actual de la situacion sociedad civil de los q’eqchi’es en Peten y su influencia en el renacimiento y reforma de una cultura q’eqchi’- petenera. Como protagonista, figura la creciente Asociacion de Comunidades Campesinas Indigenas para el Desarrollo Integral de Peten (ACDIP), que cuenta con un profundo y arraigado poder de convocatoria, debida a una base social de 156 comunidades, de las cuales 35 ya son declaradas como comunidades autonomas indigenas, con otras 78 en proceso. Tal como su sombrilla internacional, Via Campesina, ACDIP, ha evolucionado en los tiempos de paz de una sencilla federacion campesina de etnicidad mixta, hacia un movimiento dinamico y resiliente para la autonomia indigena. Ante el desplazamiento que ha sufrido por la expansion de la ganaderia y las empresas palmeras, actualmente ACDIP incluye no solamente una mision reivindicativa de derecho agrario del pueblo q’eqchi’ de Peten, sino tambien de lucha por derechos humanos, transformacion agroecologica, soberaniaalimentaria, rescate de conocimientos ancestrales, justicia ambiental, y quizas de la reforestacion y restauracion ecologica a una escala masiva si las autoridades de la conservacion lograran respetar los valores tradicionales de la cosmovision q’eqchi’ sobre el bosque y sus propias formas de organizacion.
Who’s Hiding in the Shadows? Organized Crime and Informal Entrepreneurship in 39 Economies

Informal entrepreneurship represents a common mode of business formation globally and entails starting and operating a business without registering it with legal authorities. Despite the size of th...
Carpet Neurons and the Bottom Line.

> As he reviewed our division's quarterly report, > > my eyes drifted downward > > captivated by the patterns in his carpet.
PrivacyGuard: Enhancing Smart Home User Privacy

The Internet of Things (IoT) devices have been increasingly deployed in smart homes and smart buildings to monitor and control their environments. The Internet traffic data produced by these IoT devices are collected by Internet Service Providers (ISPs) and IoT device manufacturers, and often shared with third-parties to maintain and enhance user services. Unfortunately, extensive recent research has shown that on-path adversaries can infer and fingerprint users' sensitive privacy information such as occupancy and user in-home activities by analyzing IoT network traffic traces. Most recent approaches that aim at defending against these malicious IoT traffic analytics can not sufficiently protect user privacy with reasonable traffic overhead. In particular, many approaches did not consider practical limitations, e.g., network bandwidth, maximum package injection rate or actual user in-home behavior in their design. To address this problem, we design a new low-cost, open-source user "tunable" defense system---PrivacyGuard that enables users to significantly reduce the private information leaked through IoT device network traffic data, while still permitting sophisticated data analytics or control that is necessary in smart home management. In essence, our approach employs intelligent deep convolutional generative adversarial networks (DCGANs)-based IoT device traffic signature learning, long short-term memory (LSTM)-based artificial traffic signature injection, and partial traffic reshaping to obfuscate private information that can be observed in IoT device traffic traces. We evaluate PrivacyGuard using IoT network traffic traces of 31 IoT devices from 5 smart homes. We find that PrivacyGuard can effectively prevent a wide range of state-of-the-art machine learning-based and deep learning-based occupancy and other 9 user in-home activity detection attacks. We release the source code and datasets of PrivacyGuard to IoT research community.
Causes of death in five hundred thirty-three fatal cases of toxemia of pregnancy.

Abstract Analysis of 1,500 maternal deaths which occurred in North Carolina during the period of six and one-half years revealed that toxemia was directly responsible for 393 fatalities, and contributed to an additional 140. Clinically it appeared that cerebral disturbances, pulmonary edema. or renal suppression was the immediate cause of death in almost all cases. Autopsies performed in 21 cases revealed focal necrosis and hemorrhage in many organs, but principally in the liver, kidneys, lung, heart, and brain. These findings emphasize the complexity of toxemia and indicate the need for consideration of the patient as a whole in the treatment of this condition.
Successful Treatment of Electrographic Status Epilepticus of Sleep With Felbamate in a Patient With SLC9A6 Mutation.

Abstract Background Mutations of SLC9A6 may cause an X-linked clinical syndrome first described by Christianson in 1999 in which affected males exhibited profound intellectual disability, autism, drug-resistant epilepsy, ophthalmoplegia, mild craniofacial dysmorphism, microcephaly, and ataxia. Methods We describe a child with an SLC9A6 mutation and an electroencephalographic pattern consistent with electrographic status epilepticus of sleep. Results Our patient's electrographic status epilepticus of sleep resolved after treatment with felbamate. Following treatment, he remained seizure-free but did not make significant or lasting gains in language. Conclusion Our report extends the clinical epilepsy phenotype in children with SLC9A6 mutations to include electrographic status epilepticus of sleep. In addition, felbamate was an effective treatment for electrographic status epilepticus of sleep in our patient.
Creating Modern Venture Capital: Institutional Design and Performance in the Early Years

This paper presents a range of new evidence on the development of the US venture capital industry in the 3 to 4 decades following World War II, the period in which modern-style venture capital was created. The paper reveals details of supply and demand for venture capital services and underscores the critical roles that individual entrepreneurs played in creating a viable venture capital industry in the United States: On the supply side, entrepreneurial financiers like Georges Doriot, William Elfers, and the many founders of SBICs; on the demand side, the pool of qualified and interested entrepreneurs that appeared in the aftermath of World War II. The paper also provides new measures of the aggregate supply of and demand for venture capital finance in the era before large-scale databases were collected. In addition, by examining the personal papers of Georges Doriot, the driving force behind the first public venture capital company, as well as the recollections of a few venture capitalists of the 1960s vintage, the paper provides some qualitative corroboration to the quantitative results. The paper also offers new results on comparative performance of firms backed by early venture capitalists, ARD, Greylock, and the publicly traded SBICs. The findings suggest strong performance among venture-backed firms overall, even at this early stage of the learning process, with common stock returns consistently outperforming those of the broader market (SP so higher returns, as expected, came with a cost. Indeed, for the narrower time frame of the 1960s and 70s, Greylock firms performed below the ARD and SBIC-backed firms on average, but they also grew more rapidly over that period.
Biotechnology in Weed Control

Biotechnology can be used to enhance the management of weeds in several ways. Crops have been made resistant to herbicides by inserting transgenes that impart herbicide resistance into the plant genome. Glyphosate- and glufosinate-resistant crops are commercialized in North America and crops made resistant to 2,4-D, dicamba, and hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase-inhibiting herbicides will soon be grown. This technology has been highly successful in transforming weed management in several major crops. Selection for mutations that impart herbicide resistance to crops has also been successfully used to generate herbicide-resistant crops. There are several living microbial products for the biocontrol of weeds. These agents have not been very successful, but research is being conducted to improve them with biotechnology methods. The use of crops that produce their own herbicides (allelopathy) has been even less successful. Biotechnological approaches are being used to generate crops that are toxic to weeds with less or without synthetic chemical inputs. Research on natural phytotoxins from plants (allelochemicals) has also provided lead compounds for herbicide discovery. Keywords: allelopathy; biocontrol; biotechnology; glufosinate; glyphosate; herbicide-resistant crop; transgene
Futurenaut Training Program 1966

Futurenaut Training Program 1966 Projected: A Film-Strip of the Sunshine State ca. 1974 Special Commander Lawrence: "Filmed sunshine in '74 was an aspect of your love. But these faded and mellow rays overexposed you, Futurenauts, and there you disappeared, leaving these bottles of tanning oil on the beach at Daytona beside your cellophane soft-packs of Winstons, which even more than our latest technology hold their decades inside.
A Two-Tiered Approach to I/O Quality of Service in Docker Containers

Linux containers allow applications to run in complete isolation from one another without the extra overhead of running entirely separate operating systems. This approach eliminates memory overheads associated with virtualization and virtual machines and helps businesses run their day-today applications. Unfortunately, multiple applications sharing the same resources can result in substantial resource contention among the applications in the containers and substantial performance loss. One way to mitigate this loss in performance is by ensuring quality of service (QoS) guaranteeing that the application of interest meets the performance requirements. Existing work targets ways of managing CPU, network, and memory contention, however, no solutions exist for managing contention associated with I/O. To address the I/O contention challenge in containers, we propose a two-tiered approach (i.e., at both the cluster and node levels) that extends Docker and Docker Swarm, making both capable of monitoring and controlling the I/O of Dockers containers. We demonstrate how our two-tiered approach has the potential for higher resource utilization without the effects of contention.
Fallout of uranium isotopes from the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens

A marked increase in the concentration of238U in rain was observed at Fayetteville (36 °N, 94 °W), Arkansas, after the 18 May 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens. The fallout of natural uranium observed during the summer months of 1980 can be attributed to the 18 May 1980 events, which ejected an amount of ash material on the order of 4 km3 or about 8·1015 grams into the atmosphere.234U and235U were found to be highly enriched relative to238U in several rain samples collected at Fayetteville, Arkansas, prior to the volcanic eruption. The anomalous uranium seems to have originated from the Soviet satellite Cosmos-954, which fell over Canada, on 24 January 1978. The effect of the 25th Chinese nuclear test, which occurred on 16 October 1980, on the concentrations of uranium isotopes in rain appears to have been insignificant.
The Reconstruction of Merit Post-Proposition 209.

This research addresses how Proposition 209 has altered access to University of California (UC), as represented by the changing profiles of admitted undergraduate students at three UC campuses. This research provides an analysis of changes that have occurred in undergraduate applicant and admit characteristics based on individual data from UC Los Angeles, UC Davis, and UC Riverside postaffirmative action. This study utilizes logistic regression to assess the likelihood of admission and employs temporal interactions across a consistent set of academic achievement and socioeconomic predictors. The quantitative findings illustrate admission based almost entirely on academic index, despite nominal changes and expansion of admissions criteria. Although the concepts of merit and equity remain loosely defined in public policy arenas, this research further examines the key admission factors that constitute merit in a post-209 environment and the implications of these altered standards for contributing to the soci...
Response to Sputa and Paulson's "Birth order and family size: influences on adolescents' achievement and related parenting behaviors".

Summary.-Lack of several controls in work by Sputa and Paulson hits the interpretability of some interesting information regarding influence of birth order and family size on children's achievement and on parenting behaviors. Sputa and Paulson wrote an interesting article (1995) which investigated whether there were birth-order or family-size Merences in achievement or parenting behavior. "Birth-order and family-size differences were found in adolescents' achievement and perceptions of parenting style and parental involvement but not in parents' perceptions of parenting" (Sputa & Paulson, p. 43). These authors discussed their results by noting that: Researchers should examine what actually may be influencing achievement when varied with birth order and family size. Some unexplained variable must account for why first- and second-born adolescents and adolescents in moderate-sized families achieve higher than third-born adolescents and adolescents from either small or large families (Sputa & Paulson, 1995, p. 48). Critical reviews of birth order research may clarh which variables could account for these results (see Ernst & Angst, 1983; Shulman & Mosak, 1977, 1988; Steelman & Powell, 1985; Watkins, 1992). Watluns (1992) summarized this research and concluded that the most important variables to control in research on birth order are "psychological position," subjects' sex, siblings' sex composition, family size, age spacing, and socioeconomic status. Watkins also noted that birth-order effects may vary by race or ethnicity. Critical reviews of research on birth order suggest that lack of control for these variables could account for the inconsistencies reported in the literature. The study by Sputa and Paulson did attempt to control several of these variables deemed significant, i.e., socioeconomic status and family size. In addition, the authors recognized the importance of controhg age spacing, as described by Toman (1976) but suggested it was not a problem in the study. They did not make clear how age spacing was addressed, since no mention was included in the description of the subjects.
Notch Inhibitors for Cancer Treatment

Notch signaling is an evolutionarily conserved cell signaling pathway involved in cell fate during development, stem cell renewal and differentiation in postnatal tissues. Roles for Notch in carcinogenesis, in the biology of cancer stem cells and tumor angiogenesis have been reported. These features identify Notch as a potential therapeutic target in oncology. Based on the molecular structure of Notch receptor, Notch ligands and Notch activators, a set of Notch pathway inhibitors have been developed. Most of these inhibitors had shown anti-tumor effects in preclinical studies. At the same time, the combinatorial effect of these inhibitors with current chemotherapeutical drugs is still under study in different clinical trials. In this review, we describe the basics of Notch signaling and the role of Notch in normal and cancer stem cells as a logic way to develop different Notch inhibitors and their current stage of progress for cancer patient's treatment.
Patient perceptions of reproductive health counseling at the time of cancer diagnosis: a qualitative study of female California cancer survivors.

We sought to determine what women recall about reproductive health risks (RHR) from cancer therapy at the time of cancer diagnosis in order to identify barriers to reproductive health counseling (RHC) and fertility preservation (FP). Data were obtained by surveying 1,041 female cancer survivors from the California Cancer Registry. Inclusion criteria included women age 18–40 with a diagnosis of leukemia, Hodgkin’s disease, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, breast or GI cancer diagnosed between 1993 and 2007. Women were asked to respond to an open-ended question: “what did your doctor tell you about how cancer treatment could affect your ability to get pregnant?” Framework analysis was used to identify themes surrounding patient perceptions of RHC. Of the patients, 51.8 % (361 out of 697) recalled receiving reproductive health counseling and 12.2 % (85 out of 697) recalled receiving FP counseling. Of the patients, 45.3 % (277 out of 612) reported that uncertain prognosis, risk of recurrence or vertical transmission, age, parity, or uncertain desire may have prevented them from receiving timely and essential information on RHRs. Communication barriers included omission of information, failure to disclose RHRs, and presentation of incorrect information on FP. In a sample of women diagnosed with cancer of reproductive age, almost half did not recall counseling on RHRs and few recalled FP counseling. Communication barriers between physicians and patients regarding fertility may lead to uninformed (reproductive health) RH decisions. Many women may not receive adequate information about RHRs or FP at the time of cancer diagnosis. Advancements in reproductive technology and emerging organizations that cover financial costs of FP have dramatically changed what options women have to preserve their fertility. Routine and thoughtful RHR and FP counseling, as well as collaborative cancer care will help ensure that women diagnosed with cancer are provided with the services and information they need to make an informed choice about their reproductive future.
Decreased plasma adiponectin concentrations are closely related to hepatic fat content and hepatic insulin resistance in pioglitazone-treated type 2 diabetic patients.

The effect of pioglitazone (PIO) on plasma adiponectin concentration, endogenous glucose production (EGP), and hepatic fat content (HFC) was studied in 11 type 2 diabetic patients (age, 52 ± 2 yr; body mass index, 29.6 ± 1.1 kg/m2; HbA1c, 7.8 ± 0.4%). HFC (magnetic resonance spectroscopy) and basal plasma adiponectin concentration were quantitated before and after PIO (45 mg/d) for 16 wk. Subjects received a 3-h euglycemic insulin (100 mU/m2·min) clamp combined with 3-[3H] glucose infusion to determine rates of EGP and tissue glucose disappearance (Rd) before and after PIO. PIO reduced fasting plasma glucose (10.0 ± 0.7 to 7.2 ± 0.6 mmol/liter, P < 0.01) and HbA1c (7.8 ± 0.4 to 6.5 ± 0.3%, P < 0.01) despite increased body weight (83.0 ± 3.0 to 86.4 ± 3.0 kg, P < 0.01). PIO improved Rd (6.6 ± 0.6 vs. 5.2 ± 0.5 mg/kg·min, P < 0.005) and reduced EGP (0.23 ± 0.04 to 0.05 ± 0.02 mg/kg·min, P < 0.01) during the 3-h insulin clamp. After PIO treatment, HFC decreased from 21.3 ± 4.2 to 11.0 ± 2.4% (P < 0.01), and ...
Stereospecific syntheses of new manganese(I) isocyanide derivatives

Abstract Three series of cationic manganese(I) carbonyls are reported: [Mn(CO) 5-n (CNMe) n (CNPh)]PF 6 (n = 1 → 4), [Mn(CO) 5-n (CNMe)(CNPh) n ]PF 6 (n = 1 → 4), and [Mn(dpe)(CO) 4-n (CNMe) n ]PF 6 (n = 1 → 4). Most of these compounds were prepared from a substituted metal carbonyl halide by replacement of halide ion by an added ligand (CNR or CO), such reactions requiring an added halide ion acceptor (Ag + or AlCl 3 ). The added ligand enters the site of departing halide ion. It was possible to prepare isomers of many compounds reported, taking advantage of this stereospecificity. Structures of the products were defined, often unequivocally, by infrared and nmr spectroscopic data. Cyclic voltammetry showed that these compounds undergo one electron oxidations, the ease of oxidation determined by the nature of the ligand groups and the stereochemistry.
The use of bone morphogenetic protein gene therapy in craniofacial bone repair

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are capable of inducing endochondral bone formation when applied on biologic carriers in numerous mammalian in vivo assay systems. Bone morphogenetic protein gene therapy is also currently being developed to promote osteogenesis for clinical indications such as spinal fusions, craniofacial bone loss, and osteoporosis. In this study, critical-sized mandibular defects were treated with a control adenoviral vector (Ad-beta-gal), a BMP-2 adenoviral vector (Ad-BMP-2), or a BMP-9 adenoviral vector (Ad-BMP-9). Gross tissue examination, radiographic analysis, and histologic analysis demonstrated significant bony healing in the BMP treated groups compared to controls. Osteogenesis was limited to the bony defect, without extension into the surrounding soft tissues. The study suggests that with further development, BMP gene therapy may be potentially useful for repair of bony defects in the craniofacial region.