cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Integrating Unsupervised and Supervised Learning in Neural Networks for Fault Diagnosis

Recently, there has been considerable interest in the use of neural networks for fault diagnosis applications. To overcome the main limitations of the neural networks approach, improvements are sought mainly in two respects: (a) a better understanding of the nature of decision boundaries (b) determining the network structure without the usual arbitrary trial and error schemes. In this perspective, we have compared different neural network paradigms and developed an appropriate integrated approach. A feedforward network with ellipsoidal units has been shown to be superior to other architectures. Two different types of learning strategies are compared for training neural networks: unsupervised and supervised learning. Their relative merits and demerits are discussed and a combination has been proposed to develop a network that meets our diagnosis requirements. Unsupervised learning component serves to identify the features and establish the network structure. Supervised learning serves to finetune the resulting network. We present results from a reactor-distillation column case study to demonstrate the structure of the measurement pattern distribution and the suitability of ellipsoidal units approach. By considering the transient behavior in the diagnosis framework, we point out that the problem of fault diagnosis can be treated on the same footing for both batch and continuous processes.
NEIGHBORHOOD SOCIAL COHESION AND WALKING LIMITATIONS IN ETHNICALLY DIVERSE LATINOS IN THE UNITED STATES.

Walking is the most common form of physical activity and socially cohesive neighborhoods may provide the context for racially/ethnically diverse groups to maintain an active lifestyle, particularly at older ages. Among Latinos, the association between neighborhood cohesion and walking behaviors may additionally differ by Latino group. We examined the association between neighborhood social cohesion and walking limitations among Latinos overall and by specific Latino groups. We combined data from the 2013 to 2016 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) and selected adults aged =60 years (n= 3,716). Walking limitations were assessed based on responses to the “experienced difficulty walking” survey question. Social cohesion was measured using four NHIS questions regarding neighborhood social cohesion. Logistic regression models were stratified by Latino subgroup. Mexican Americans represented the largest proportion of the sample (55%). Cubans had the highest proportion of individuals reporting high neighborhood social cohesion (51%), while Dominicans had the lowest proportion (29%). In the total sample, those with high and medium neighborhood social cohesion reported lower odds of walking limitations. Although tests for interaction were not statistically significant, stratified analyses showed that all Latino groups had lower odds of walking limitations if they lived in a high social cohesion neighborhood compared with low social cohesion neighborhoods. Our results suggest that neighborhood social cohesion is associated with walking limitations among diverse groups of older Latinos.
VENTRICULAR PSEUDOANEURYSM: THE COMPANY IT KEEPS

Ventricular pseudoaneurysm (PSA) is an uncommon complication of Myocardial Infarction (MI). It happens after a small rupture of the left ventricle (LV), and is contained by overlying pericardium. Timely diagnosis is important as it carries high mortality. 64Y female presented to Emergency Room with
Thrombectomy of the Posterior Circulation: Tips and Tricks

Posterior circulation (PC) strokes account for 20–25% of all ischemic strokes. Acute symptomatology of PC ischemia has a wide range of presentations since it is an area of the cerebrovasculature rich in potential collateral support. To date, evidence has shown that mechanical thrombectomy (MT) using self-expanding stentrievers and aspiration catheters leads to high rate of recanalization and improved functional outcome in anterior circulation strokes. However, there is limited data available for clinical efficacy of use of such devices in the PC, and mostly current practice is based on small case series findings. In this chapter, we discuss in a case basis some of the existing evidence regarding MT of the PC and provide some procedural tips and tricks useful on daily neurointerventional practice.
Self-consistent solution of Schrödinger---Poisson equations in a reverse biased nano-scale p-n junction based on Si/Si 0.04 Ge/Si 0.06 quantum well

In this paper, the quantum mechanical behavior of a reverse biased nano-scale $$p$$p-$$n$$n junction based on $$\hbox {Si/Si}_{0.4}\hbox {Ge}_{0.6}/\hbox {Si}$$Si/Si0.4Ge0.6/Si quantum well has been studied by obtaining the self-consistent solution of coupled Schrodinger and Poisson equations. The carrier confinement within the said quantum well structure has been investigated by analyzing the special variations of electron and hole densities throughout the device structure obtained from the self-consistent solution of coupled Schrodinger and Poisson equations for different widths of the quantum well. The tunnel current across the junction has also been calculated for the heterostructure for different applied reverse bias voltages. Results show that, due to the greater depth of the quantum well in conduction band as compared to that in valance band of $$\hbox {Si/Si}_{0.4}\hbox {Ge}_{0.6}/\hbox {Si}$$Si/Si0.4Ge0.6/Si heterostructure, the quantum confinement effect is more pronounced for electrons in conduction band as compared to that for holes in valance band. Finally the current-voltage characteristics of the heterostructure under consideration have been investigated for different widths of the quantum well. It is observed that the modulation of tunnel current may be achieved by varying the width of the quantum well. The present study is the groundwork for investigating the optoelectronic properties of nano-scale photodetectors based on $$\hbox {Si/Si}_{1-x}\hbox {Ge}_{x}/\hbox {Si}$$Si/Si1-xGex/Si material system capable of detecting longer wavelengths around 1.30 and 1.55 $$\upmu \hbox {m}$$μm.
From the land to socio-ecological systems: the continuing influence of Aldo Leopold

The emergence of linked socio-ecological systems as an organizing concept over the last two decades casts the legacy of Aldo Leopold in a new light, allowing us to view him as a key forerunner in this interdisciplinary field. Leopold regarded “land” as the nexus of human and natural systems and framed his “land ethic” as a guide to appropriate human thought and action within them. Our understanding of Leopold’s legacy, and of the land ethic itself, continues to evolve in response to rapidly changing social and ecological conditions.
Phase transitions and conductivities of Floquet fluids

We investigate the phase structure and conductivity of a relativistic fluid in a circulating electric field with a transverse magnetic field. This system exhibits behavior similar to other driven systems such as strongly coupled driven CFTs [1] or a simple anharmonic oscillator. We identify distinct regions of fluid behavior as a function of driving frequency, and argue that a “phase” transition will occur. Such a transition could be measurable in graphene, and may be characterized by sudden discontinuous increase in the Hall conductivity. The presence of the discontinuity depends on how the boundary is approached as the frequency or amplitude is dialed. In the region where two solution exists the measured conductivity will depend on how the system is prepared.
The Rural-Urban Divide and Intergenerational Educational Mobility in a Developing Country

This paper provides an analysis of the rural-urban divide in intergenerational educational mobility in Indonesia with two distinguishing features. First, the estimating equations are derived from theory incorporating rural-urban differences in returns to education and school quality, and possible complementarity between parent's education and financial investment. Second, data allow us to tackle the biases from sample truncation due to coresidency and omitted cognitive ability heterogeneity. The evidence rejects the workhorse linear intergenerational educational persistence equation in favor of a convex relation, both in rural and urban Indonesia. The rural-urban relative mobility curves cross, with the children of low educated fathers enjoying higher relative mobility in rural areas, while the pattern flips in favor of the urban children when the father has more than 9 years of schooling. The rural children, however, face lower absolute mobility across the whole distribution of father's schooling. Estimates from the investment equation suggest that, in urban areas, children's peers are complementary to financial investment by parents, while the adult role models are substitutes. In contrast, separability holds in villages. Peers and role models are not responsible for the convexity in both rural and urban areas, suggesting more efficient investment by educated parents as a likely mechanism, consistent with Becker et al. (2015, 2018). The theoretical relation between the intercepts of the mobility and investment equations help us understand whether school quality is complementary to or substitutes of parental financial investment. We find evidence of substitutability, implying that public investment to improve the quality of rural schools is desirable on both equity and efficiency grounds.
C. elegans: a sensible model for sensory biology

From Sydney Brenner's backyard to hundreds of labs across the globe, inspiring six Nobel Prize winners along the way, Caenorhabditis elegans research has come far in the past half century. The journey is not over. The virtues of C. elegans research are numerous and have been recounted extensively. Here, we focus on the remarkable progress made in sensory neurobiology research in C. elegans. This nematode continues to amaze researchers as we are still adding new discoveries to the already rich repertoire of sensory capabilities of this deceptively simple animal. Worms possess the sense of taste, smell, touch, light, temperature and proprioception, each of which is being studied in genetic, molecular, cellular and systems-level detail. This impressive organism can even detect less commonly recognized sensory cues such as magnetic fields and humidity.
Monitors as responses to questions: determining competence

This paper discusses the application of a propositional temporal logic to determining the competence of a monitor offer as an extended response by a question-answering system. Determining monitor competence involves reasoning about the possibility of some future state given a description of the current state and possible transitions.
A PARALLEL-PROPAGATING ALFVÉNIC ION-BEAM INSTABILITY IN THE HIGH-BETA SOLAR WIND

We investigate the conditions under which parallel-propagating Alfv?n/ion-cyclotron waves are driven unstable by an isotropic (T ?? = T ??) population of alpha particles drifting parallel to the magnetic field at an average speed U ? with respect to the protons. We derive an approximate analytic condition for the minimum value of U ? needed to excite this instability and refine this result using numerical solutions to the hot-plasma dispersion relation. When the alpha-particle number density is 5% of the proton number density and the two species have similar thermal speeds, the instability requires that ?p 1, where ?p is the ratio of the proton pressure to the magnetic pressure. For 1 ?p 12, the minimum U ? needed to excite this instability ranges from 0.7v A to 0.9v A, where v A is the Alfv?n speed. This threshold is smaller than the threshold of 1.2v A for the parallel magnetosonic instability, which was previously thought to have the lowest threshold of the alpha-particle beam instabilities at ?p 0.5. We discuss the role of the parallel Alfv?nic drift instability for the evolution of the alpha-particle drift speed in the solar wind. We also analyze measurements from the Wind spacecraft's Faraday cups and show that the U ? values measured in solar-wind streams with T ?? T ?? are approximately bounded from above by the threshold of the parallel Alfv?nic instability.
Measuring packing length in simulations for different polymer architectures

The packing length p figures prominently in scaling predictions of the entanglement length and bulk modulus for polymer melts and solutions. p has been argued to scale as the ratio of chain displaced volume V and mean square end-to-end distance R2. This scaling works for several cases; however, it is not obvious how to apply it to chains with side groups, and the scaling must fail for sufficiently thin, stiff chains. In this work, we measure the packing length in simulations, without making any scaling assumptions, as the typical distance of closest approach of two polymer strands in a simulated bead-spring melt. We use the intermolecular correlation function to measure the distance up to which a given polymer strand dominates the local volume fraction. Using our measured packing length, we find good agreement of entanglement properties with Lin–Noolandi scaling for flexible polymers of different architectures.
The many roles of glutamate in metabolism

The amino acid glutamate is a major metabolic hub in many organisms and as such is involved in diverse processes in addition to its role in protein synthesis. Nitrogen assimilation, nucleotide, amino acid, and cofactor biosynthesis, as well as secondary natural product formation all utilize glutamate in some manner. Glutamate also plays a role in the catabolism of certain amines. Understanding glutamate's role in these various processes can aid in genome mining for novel metabolic pathways or the engineering of pathways for bioremediation or chemical production of valuable compounds.
Access Marries Archive: BioMed Central/PubMed Central: An Open Access Partnership

BioMed Central, an independent publisher, and PubMed Central, the U.S. National Library of Medicine's digital archive of life sciences journal literature, have formed a partnership to provide secure open access to the full text of peer-reviewed scientific journals. BioMed Central's model of pay-to-publish vs. subscription is controversial, but offers promise in a movement away from expensive institutional subscriptions, copyright release, and restricted access. Librarians can contribute to this Open Access movement by becoming educated on the issues and by advocating for change at their institutions.
A Linear Time Algorithm for Finding All Maximal Scoring Subsequences

Given a sequence of real numbers ("scores"), we present a practical linear time algorithm to find those nonoverlapping, contiguous subsequences having greatest total scores. This improves on the best previously known algorithm, which requires quadratic time in the worst case. The problem arises in biological sequence analysis, where the high-scoring subsequences correspond to regions of unusual composition in a nucleic acid or protein sequence. For instance, Altschul, Karlin, and others have used this approach to identify transmembrane regions, DNA binding domains, and regions of high charge in proteins.
The Wildcard Option in Transacting Mutual-Fund Shares

This study documents high-frequency (daily) mutual fund return autocorrelations and examines the causes and consequences. We assert the cause to be nonsynchronous trading in the underlying assets of the fund, which presents investors with an option to (indirectly) trade those assets at stale prices. We refer to this option as the mutual-fund wildcard option. We show that investors who exploit this option can make abnormal returns of about 1.20% with only four (roundtrip) trades in fund shares. Approximately 45% of the equity fund universe allow this frequency of transacting without load or transaction fees. Using data on the daily flow into and out of individual mutual funds, we find some evidence that investors exploit this wildcard option.
A Generalized Max-Algebra Model for Performance Analysis of Timed and Untimed Discrete Event Systems

The class of Discrete Event Systems which can be modelled as timed event graphs may be described by linear equations in a non-traditional algebraic systems called a dioid or max-algebra. This paper extends the dioid algebra approach to a broader class of systems including both timed and untimed models, time-varying systems, and decision-making systems. We introduce an algebraic structure called a dioid vector space which allows any number of continuous functions to be included in the system description.
Integrin α8β1 mediates adhesion to LAP-TGFβ1

The development of fibrosis is a common response to a variety of injuries and results in the net accumulation of matrix proteins and impairment of normal organ function. We previously reported that the integrinα 8β1 is expressed by alveolar interstitial cells in normal lung and is upregulated during the development of fibrosis. TGFβ1 is an important mediator of the inflammatory response in pulmonary fibrosis. TGFβ1 is secreted as a latent protein that is non-covalently associated with latency-associated peptide (LAP) and requires activation to exert its effects. LAP-TGFβ1 and LAP-TGFβ3 contain the tripeptide sequence, arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD), a known integrin recognition motif. The integrin α8β1 binds to several ligands such as fibronectin and vitronectin through the RGD sequence. Recent reports demonstrate that the integrins αvβ1, αvβ6 and αvβ8 adhere to LAP-TGFβ1 through the RGD site. Therefore, we asked whether LAP-TGFβ1 might be a ligand for α8β1 and whether this may be important in the development of fibrosis. We found that cell lines transfected with α8 subunit were able to spread on and adhere to recombinant LAP-TGFβ1 significantly better than mock transfected cell lines.α 8-transfected cells were also able to adhere to LAP-TGFβ3 significantly better than mock transfected cells. Adhesion to LAP-TGFβ1 was enhanced by activation of α8β1 by Mn 2+ , or 8A2, an integrin β1 activating antibody. Furthermore, cell adhesion was abolished when we used a recombinant LAP-TGFβ1 protein in which the RGD site was mutated to RGE. α8β1 binding to LAP-TGFβ1 increased cell proliferation and phosphorylation of FAK and ERK, but did not activate of TGFβ1. These data strongly suggest that LAP-TGFβ1 is a ligand ofα 8β1 and interaction of α8β1 with LAP-TGFβ1 may influence cell behavior.
Main Sequence Angular Momentum Loss in Low-Mass Stars

Angular momentum loss for main sequence stars is sedate compared to the phenomena seen in young clusters. We believe we understand the basic processes that are responsible, yet rather few observations of good quality exist to delineate the rotation-age relation. The available data are here reviewed, including the existence of a rotation-age relation, its possible form, the statistics of rotation among solar-type stars, and other topics such as differential rotation and the relation of rotation to activity cycles. Finally, an observing program is outlined that could lead to significantly better understanding of angular momentum loss over the next few years.
THE NONDISCRIMINATING ZONE OF DIRECTIONALLY SELECTIVE RETINAL GANGLION CELLS : COMPARISON WITH DENDRITIC STRUCTURE AND IMPLICATIONS FOR MECHANISM

We have studied, at high resolution, the sizes and pattern of dendrites of directionally selective retinal ganglion cells in the rabbit. The dendrites had a distinctive pattern of branching. The major dendritic trunks were relatively thick, beginning at ∼1 μm and tapering to ∼0.5 μm in diameter. Higher order dendrites exiting from them generally stepped abruptly to a diameter of 0.4–0.6 μm, which they maintained throughout their length. Recording confirmed the existence of a zone within the receptive field, usually occupying 20–25% of its area, where direction of movement was only weakly discriminated. The dendritic arbors of cells, injected with Lucifer yellow after recording, revealed no difference in dendritic structure between the discriminating and nondiscriminating zones. The nondiscriminating zone was located on the preferred side of the receptive field (the side from which movement in the preferred direction originates). This is consistent with a mechanism of direction selectivity based on inhibition generated by movement in the null direction but not with feedforward excitation, as occurs in flies and is postulated in some models of mammalian direction selectivity.
Test of physical fitness knowledge: construction, administration and norms.

Abstract Two forms of the Test of Physical-Fitness Knowledge were constructed to measure the physical fitness knowledge of senior physical education major students. One hundred and eighty-four experimental test items, the contents of which were based on 60 physical fitness facts secured from recent physical education literature and on the opinions of 73 members of the Research Council of AAHPER, were administered to 1,360 physical education major students enrolled in 35 collegiate institutions in the United States. As a result of item analysis data, two parallel forms of the test were constructed. For the purpose of obtaining validity and reliability data and establishing national norms, the two final test forms were administered to 4,167 students enrolled in 150 collegiate institutions in the United States. The two final test forms were found to be valid, relatively parallel, and reliable measures of knowledge of physical fitness.
Computer-aided detection of polyps in CT colonography with pixel-based machine learning techniques

Pixel/voxel-based machine-learning techniques have been developed for classification between polyp regions of interest (ROIs) and non-polyp ROIs in computer-aided detection (CADe) of polyps in CT colonography (CTC). Although 2D/3D ROIs can be high-dimensional, they may reside in a lower dimensional manifold. We investigated the manifold structure of 2D CTC ROIs by use of the Laplacian eigenmaps technique. We compared a support vector machine (SVM) classifier with the Laplacian eigenmaps-based dimensionality-reduced ROIs with massive-training support vector regression (MTSVR) in reduction of false positive (FP) detections. The Laplacian eigenmaps-based SVM classifier removed 16.0% (78/489) of FPs without any loss of polyps in a leave-one-lesion-out cross-validation test, whereas the MTSVR removed 49.9% (244/489); thus, yielded a 96.6% by-polyp sensitivity at an FP rate of 2.4 (254/106) per patient.
A Tutorial on Simulation of Queueing Models

In spite of the important role simulation plays in modern scientific investigation and the books and monographs on simulation, the idea of simulation is intimidating to a beginner. There is a need for a short, simple tutorial for a beginner. This paper meets that need and presents a simple procedure for simulating queuing systems.
Proton NMR relaxation study of the CsHSO4 solid acid system

Abstract At 141 °C the solid acid CsHSO 4 is known to undergo transition to a superprotonic phase that is characterized by dramatic (several-order-of-magnitude) increases in hydrogen ion conductivity. Proton NMR spin–spin relaxation time T 2 measurements reported here for CsHSO 4 also reveal substantial increases (factors of 20–30) in the vicinity of the transition temperature. In the temperature range just below the transition (70–136 °C), T 2 increases by a factor of order 10 relative to the rigid-lattice regime, suggesting motional narrowing of the NMR resonance line. In the regime of motional narrowing, the activation energy barrier to diffusion is 0.40 eV, as determined from the present T 2 results. NMR spin–lattice relaxation T 1 measurements also show behavior consistent with transition to a regime of rapid hydrogen motion. In particular, proton T 1 's decrease with temperature (from 80 to 120 °C), and then drop sharply near the transition temperature. Above the transition temperature, T 1 exhibits a minimum in which the correlation time is found to be ∼2 ns.
Palladium-assisted route to carbocyclic nucleosides: a formal synthesis of (±)-aristeromycin

Abstract The carbocyclic nucleoside aristeromycin ( 1 ) has been formally synthesized from cyclopentadiene monoepoxide ( 4 ) via the sequential generation of cationic (π-allyl)palladium complexes.
Accelerated discovery via a whole-cell model

To test the promise of whole-cell modeling to facilitate scientific inquiry, we compared growth rates simulated in a whole-cell model with experimental measurements for all viable single-gene disruption Mycoplasma genitalium strains. Discrepancies between simulations and experiments led to predictions about kinetic parameters of specific enzymes that we subsequently validated. These findings represent, to our knowledge, the first application of whole-cell modeling to accelerate biological discovery.
Observations and Interpretation of Hawaiian Volcanism and Seismicity 1779–1955

Active volcanos and their associated earthquakes are by far the most dramatic elements of Hawaii's natural history heritage. Indeed, the islands owe their very existence to these forces of nature, so it is not surprising that a host of scientists, journalists, and an even wider variety of citizen observers have, over the years, created a rich and diverse written record of their findings. This volume is the result of an exhaustive effort to gather and distill information from all available references on volcanism and seismicity for the period 1779–1955, a task of enormous proportions.
Anesthetic Efficacy of 4% Articaine with 1:100,000 Epinephrine versus 4% Articaine with 1:200,000 Epinephrine as a Primary Buccal Infiltration in the Mandibular First Molar

Abstract Introduction No study has compared 4% articaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine with 4% articaine with 1:200,000 epinephrine in a mandibular buccal infiltration of the first molar. The authors conducted a prospective, randomized, double-blind, crossover study comparing the degree of pulpal anesthesia obtained with 4% articaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine and 4% articaine with 1:200,000 epinephrine as a primary infiltration in the mandibular first molar. Methods Eighty-six asymptomatic adult subjects randomly received a primary mandibular buccal first molar infiltration of a cartridge of 4% articaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine and a cartridge of 4% articaine with 1:200,000 epinephrine in 2 separate appointments. The authors used an electric pulp tester to test the first molar for anesthesia in 3-minute cycles for 60 minutes after the injections. Results The two 4% articaine formulations showed no statistically significant difference when comparing anesthetic success, onset of anesthesia, or incidence of pulpal anesthesia. Conclusions The anesthetic efficacy of 4% articaine with 1:200,000 epinephrine is comparable to 4% articaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine in a primary mandibular buccal infiltration of the first molar.
Molecular evidence and the evolution of maize.

In this review, the contributions of isozyme and chloroplast DNA studies to questions surrounding the evolution of maize are summarized. These methods of analysis provide generally strong support for the hierarchical system of classification of Zea proposed by Iltis and Doebley (1980). Molecular evidence is fully congruent with the theory that teosinte is ancestral to maize and suggests thatZ. mays subsp.parviglumis was the ancestral teosinte taxon. Further, these data show that only those populations from the central region of the range of subsp. parviglumis resemble maize in both isozymic and chloroplast DNA constitution. Presuming no major changes in the distribution of subsp. parviglumis since the domestication of maize, these data would place the origin of maize in the Balsas River drainage southwest of Mexico City. Molecular systematic evidence provides no support for theories that maize was domesticated independently several times; however, this type of data can not disprove such theories. Analyses of isozyme and chloroplast DNA diversity in Zea provide evidence of limited gene flow between maize and teosinte, but are not consistent with models that postulate extensive genetic interchange between these taxa. Isozyme studies have added substantially to the understanding of evolutionary relationships among extant races of maize and suggest that there are a small number of major racial complexes in Meso- and North America which have often evolved in response to environmental constraints associated with altitude. Ultimately, molecular genetic studies may allow a resolution of the controversy surrounding the morphological evolution of the maize ear.
Log-quadratic models for the analysis of Guttman scales and their status correlates

This paper introduces a distinct log-linear approach to the analysis of correlates of Guttman-scale positions. I introduce new models, which are referred to as the log-quadratic models. The models are obtained by imposing certain structural constraints on specific quasi-independence models used by Goodman for the Guttman-scale analysis. The derivation of the models owes in part to early studies of Guttman and Suchman on the intensity of attitudes as a structural component of the Guttman scale. The log-quadratic models employ three important structural parameters that characterize (1) the extent of scalability, (2) the mean Guttman-scale position, and (3) the extent of polarization of scale-type response patterns. The third parameter may also be interpreted in certain cases as a measure of attitudinal intensity. These parameters can be used efficiently as dependent variables for a multinomial logit analysis with status covariates. An application examines the effects of region, occupational status, marital status, age cohort and sex on the patterns of responses to a set of questions about mistreatment by tax authorities. A comparison of results with the application of Schwartz's latent-class models to the same data is also made.
Acute leukemia following a malignant teratoma in a child with klinefelter's syndrome. Case report and review of secondary leukemias in children following treatment of a primary neoplasm

A case of Klinefelter's syndrome with the development of a mediastinal teratocarcinoma is reported suggesting that the association of a gonadotropin-secreting tumor with the XXY chromosomal abnormality may be more than coincidental. Whereas this child appeared to survive the effects of the teratocarcinoma, he succumbed to acute leukemia two years later. This prompted a review of secondary leukemias in children following chemotherapy/radiotherapy for another primary malignancy. These patients responded poorly to treatment of the secondary leukemia with a median survival of about four months. The incidence of secondary leukemias might be expected to be on the rise as increasing numbers of pediatric cancer patients are surviving longer after treatment with agents that are potentially leukemogenic or carcinogenic themselves. Children who have survived cancer and its therapy present special problems and it will be necessary for the pediatrician and practitioner to monitor these children. Cancer 50:684–689, 1982.
Europe's other democracy problem: The challenge of protecting democracy and the rule of law within EU member states

Recent events in Hungary have exposed another ‘democratic deficit’ in the EU, writes Jan-Werner Muller. To defend liberal democracy throughout the Union, European institutions need more effective means of checking undemocratic behaviour among its member states than just the idle threat of suspension.
The temperature profile of a microprobe

Abstract A method is developed for calculating upper and lower limits to the temperature profile of a target bombarded by a proton microprobe. Some sample results for wooden and metal targets are given.
The 12/15-lipoxygenase as an emerging therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative condition characterized by progressive memory loss. Mutations in genes involved in the production of amyloid-β (Aβ) are linked to the early-onset variant of AD. However, the most common form, sporadic AD, is considered to be the result of an interaction between environmental risk factors and various genes. Among them, recent work has highlighted the potential role that the 12/15-lipoxygenase (12/15LO) pathway may play in AD pathogenesis. 12/15LO is widely distributed in the central nervous system, and its levels are upregulated in patients with AD or mild cognitive impairments. Studies using animal models have implicated 12/15LO in the molecular pathology of AD, including the metabolism of Aβ and tau, synaptic integrity, and cognitive functions. We provide an overview of this pathway and its relevance to AD pathogenesis, discuss the mechanism(s) involved, and provide an assessment of how targeting 12/15LO could lead to novel AD therapeutics.
Trade-off in object versus spatial visualization abilities: restriction in the development of visual-processing resources.

Previous research indicates relative independence between the ventral and dorsal visual pathways, associated with object and spatial visual processing, respectively. The present research shows that, at the individualdifferences level, there is a trade-off, rather than independence, between object and spatial visualization abilities. Across five different age groups with different professional specializations, participants with above-average object visualization abilities (artists) had below-average spatial visualization abilities, and the inverse was true for those with above-average spatial visualization abilities (scientists). No groups showed both above-average object and above-average spatial visualization abilities. Furthermore, while total object and spatial visualization resources increase with age and experience, the trade-off relationship between object and spatial visualization abilities does not. These results suggest that the trade-off originates through a bottleneck that restricts the development of overall visualization resources, rather than through preferential experience in one type of visualization.
Antioxidative activity of derivatives of vitamin B6 and structurally related compounds

Fat-soluble derivatives of vitamin B6 including ethylN-pyridoxyl-p-aminobenzoate, pyridoxal isonicotinoylhydrazone, and pyridoxine 5-monopalmitate showed little or no antioxidative activity for lard as well as for vitamin A at 37°C. The structurally related compounds, ethylN-vanillyl-p-aminobenzoate, vanillin isonicotinoylhydrazone, and the nicotinoylhydrazone were found to be antioxidants although free vanillin was inactive. The removal of the electron-withdrawing nature at the formyl group in a vanillin molecule might be functional in the development of antioxygenic properties.
Japan's Agro-Food Sector: The Politics and Economics of Excess Protection

Introduction - analysing Japan's agro-food sector agricultural development until land reform of 1946 social and economic change in Japan's postwar agriculture agricultural market and product policies international implications the future of Japan's agro food sector.
Le pilotage de l’EPR : mode T

L'article presente les principes du mode T, nouveau mode de pilotage pour l'EPR completement automatique et assurant des performances elevees aussi bien en termes de manoeuvrabilite que de minimisation d'effluents. En particulier, la repartition des grappes en 2 groupes de pilotage (Pbank pour la temperature et Hbank pour la distribution de puissance) est decrite. Les mouvements typiques de ces groupes lors de variations de puissance sont egalement presentes.
Thoughts on the Occasion of the Second Transformation in Materials Science

The discipline of Materials Science is, we believe, in the midst of the second transformation. The research and education of most of the Materials Science and Engineering departments in the United States have traditionally emphasized hard materials. The recent surge in research of soft materials and our perceptions that the Materials Science Methodology (both experimental and numerical) holds the advantage in the research of the soft materials prompt us to expand the area of soft materials at the expense of hard materials. Clearly the struggle between the two types of materials will continue for some time to come. The current struggle in weighting will be described in an historical fashion comparing it to the struggle in the first transformation that took place in the 1950's and 1960's.
The impact of heart failure severity at time of listing for cardiac transplantation on survival in pediatric cardiomyopathy.

Background The survival benefit of heart transplantation in adult heart failure is greatest for the sickest patients and negligible for patients not requiring inotropic or mechanical support. We hypothesized a similar survival benefit of heart transplantation for childhood cardiomyopathies with heart failure. Methods A merged data set of children registered in both the Pediatric Cardiomyopathy Registry and the Pediatric Heart Transplant Study was used to assess differences in mortality before and after transplant in patients with different levels of heart failure severity. Severity was scored 2 if mechanical ventilatory or circulatory support was required, 1 if intravenous inotropes were required, or 0 if no support was required. Results For 332 eligible children, 12-month mortality after listing was 9% for those with a severity score of 0 ( n = 105), 16% with a score of 1 ( n = 118), and 26% with a score of 2 ( n = 109; p = 0.002) with a 3%, 8%, and 20% mortality with severity scores at listing of 0, 1, and 2, respectively, occurring before transplant. Patients listed with a score of 0 frequently deteriorated: 50% received an allograft or died before transplant with severity scores of 1 or 2. The risk of deterioration increased with previous surgery (relative risk, 3.84; p = 0.03) in the short-term and with lower left ventricular mass z -score at time of presentation (relative risk, 1.74; p = 0.003) in the longer-term. Conclusion Pediatric cardiomyopathy patients who require high levels of support receive a survival benefit from heart transplantation that is not shared by patients not requiring intravenous inotropic or mechanical support.
Galvanically isolated SpaceWire

The physical signaling layer for SpaceWire is specified in ECSS-E-ST-50-12C as LVDS per ANSI/TIA/EIA-644. LVDS is a current mode, differential interface that offers several benefits over other types of physical interfaces particularly in the areas of noise rejection, electromagnetic noise generation, and power supply decoupling. While LVDS offers a marginal immunity to common mode voltage differences of about 1.2V, systems with physical separation, separate power supplies or a non-common ground reference can exceed this limit. Galvanic isolation, using transformer coupling similar to that implemented by standard Ethernet interfaces, can AC couple the interface and reduce the sensitivity to common mode imparting an increased level of reliability to the overall system. Unfortunately, standard SpaceWire does not readily support such isolation. Ideally, an AC coupled interface has a near 50% bit transition density to keep the reference near the midpoint of the voltage span. The encoding of data and the clock recovery scheme of SpaceWire data on a transformer coupled physical layer presents a reference offset problem since its data is neither randomized nor encoded use a leveling code such as 8B/10B. Worse yet, with SpaceWire's clock recovery encoding, a high transition density on the data line can result in a subsequent low transition density on the strobe line. This paper describes the development and execution of a galvanically isolated SpaceWire network using a transformer isolation approach. The problems encountered, analysis performed, and techniques used to implement a reliable galvanically isolated SpaceWire network are presented and discussed.
Serosurvey of Small Carnivores in the Bolivian Chaco

Five species of Bolivian carnivores, including nine Geoffroy's cats (Oncifelis geoffroyi), ten ocelots (Leopardus pardalis), one jaguarundi (Herpailurus yaguarondi), nine pampas foxes (Pseudalopex gymnocercus), and five crab-eating foxes (Cerdocyon thous) were sampled between March 2001 and April 2005 and tested for antibodies to common pathogens of domestic carnivores. Carnivores were trapped in three areas: a village, the region between human settlements and a protected area, and within Kaa-Iya National Park, Bolivia. Antibodies to canine distemper virus were detected in ocelots and pampas foxes. Antibodies to canine parvovirus were detected in pampas foxes and crab-eating foxes. Geoffroy's cats and all of the ocelots tested positive for antibodies to feline calicivirus (FCV), while fewer than half of Geoffroy's cats and no ocelots had antibodies to feline panleukopenia (FPV). These results confirm that these species of Bolivian carnivores are not naive to common pathogens of domestic carnivores, and seropositive animals were found in villages as well as in the national park.
Understanding pharmacokinetics to improve tuberculosis treatment outcome

Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) remains the leading cause of death from a curable infectious disease; drug-resistant TB threatens to dismantle all prior gains in global control. Suboptimal circulating anti-TB drug concentrations can lead to lack of cure and acquired drug resistance. Areas covered: This review will introduce pharmacokinetic parameters for key anti-TB drugs, as well as the indications and limitations of measuring these parameters in clinical practice. Current and novel methodologies for delivering anti-TB pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic data are highlighted and gaps in operational research described. Expert opinion: Individual pharmacokinetic variability is commonplace, underappreciated and difficult to predict without therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM). Pharmacokinetic thresholds associated with poor TB treatment outcome in drug-susceptible TB have recently been described and may now guide the application of TDM, but require validation in a variety of settings and comorbidities. Dried blood...
Six Unimolecular Rectifiers and What Lies Ahead

Abstract Six unimolecular rectifiers are discussed: γ-hexadecylquinolinium tricyanoquinodimethanide, ( 1 ); 2,6-di[dibutylamino-phenylvinyl]-1-butylpyridinium iodide, ( 2 ); dimethylanilino-aza[C60]-fullerene, ( 3 ); fullerene-bis-[4-diphenylamino-4″-( N -ethyl- N -2‴-ethyl)amino-1,4-diphenyl-1,3-butadiene] malo-nate, ( 4 ); N -(10-nonadecyl)- N -(2-ferrocenyl-ethyl)-pyrenylmethyl)perylene-3,4,9,10-bis(dicarboxy-imide), ( 5 ); and 4,5-dipentyl-5′-methyltetrathiafulvalen-4′-methyloxy 2,4,5-trinitro-9-dicyanomethylene-fluorene-7-(3-sulfonylpropionate), ( 6 ). Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) or Langmuir–Schaefer (LS) monolayers of these molecules show asymmetric electrical conductivity between Au or Al electrodes. When the films are compact (LS of 4 , LB of 5 ), and if there is finite intramolecular charge transfer (ICT, or intervalence transfer, IVT), then the electrical behavior persists for many cycles of measurement. Download full-size image
Treatment of large and giant intracranial aneurysms: cost comparison of flow diversion and traditional embolization strategies.

Objective Flow diversion has emerged as a promising strategy for management of intracranial aneurysms. The purpose of this study was to determine whether treatment of large and giant aneurysms with the pipeline embolization device (PED) is more economical than traditional embolization strategies. Methods We identified 30 consecutive aneurysms larger than 10 mm that were treated with PED at our institution. For each aneurysm treated with PED, theoretical coil embolization was performed by filling volume in a consistent, stepwise fashion until a packing density of 25% was reached. Prices of all equipment and implants were taken from price lists provided by each manufacturer. Results Median aneurysm volume was 0.90 cm 3 . Overall procedure cost was lower with the PED (mean, $23,911) vs. coiling ($30,522, P = .06). Above the median aneurysm volume, PED treatment was significantly less expensive than coiling even if multiple PEDs were used ( P = .006). However, below the median aneurysm volume, PED treatment was significantly more expensive than coiling ( P = .009). Treatment with multiple PEDs was not cost-beneficial compared with coiling, even above the median aneurysm volume. Potential savings associated with the PED were highly dependent on the type of embolic agent used. Conclusions The cost of initial treatment of large and giant aneurysms with PED is economically favorable compared to traditional embolization techniques. However, any potential cost benefit depends on aneurysm volume, coil type, and number of PEDs used. Accordingly, PED therapy is more expensive than coiling in aneurysms 3 or when multiple devices are used.
Course of treatment and rate of successful salvage following the diagnosis of deep infection in patients treated for pilon fractures (AO/OTA: 43).

Background/Aims The purpose of this study is to report the rate of successful salvage and describe typical treatment course for patients with infected pilon fractures.
Form Finding of Sparse Structures with Continuum Topology Optimization

A continuum topology optimization methodology suitable for finding optimal forms of large-scale sparse structures is presented. Since the need to avoid long compressive spans can be critical in determining the optimal form of such structures, a formulation is used wherein the structure is modeled as a linear elastic continuum subjected to design loads, and optimized in form to maximize the minimum critical buckling load. Numerical issues pertinent to accurate solution of the linearized buckling eigenvalue problem and accurate design sensitivity analysis are discussed. The performance of the proposed design formulation is demonstrated on a few problems designed to find optimal forms of a canyon bridge, long-span bridges, and an electrical transmission tower. In all cases, very credible structural forms are obtained with the proposed design formulation. The results of the design examples solved are typically superior structural forms with regard to buckling stability than those obtained to minimize the mean structural compliance.
Responsiveness of Cerebral Osmoreceptors in the Anesthetized Dog

AbstractExperiments were carried out to determine if, in the anesthetized dog undergoing a water diuresis, selective elevation of cerebral osmolality induced an antidiuresis. Bilateral intracarotid infusion of hypertonic sodium chloride in an amount previously shown to increase jugular plasma osmolality by 3% was associated with a significant decline in CH2O. The same volume of hypertonic sodium chloride infused intravenously did not alter CH2O significantly. These experiments do not support the view that anesthesia blocks the response of cerebral osmoreceptors.
Photo-differential scanning calorimetry studies of cationic polymerizations of divinyl ethers

Abstract Photo-differential scanning calorimetry experiments were used to determine effective kinetic constants for propagation and termination for a series of unsteady-state divinyl ether polymerizations at different temperatures and light intensities. For these cationic photopolymerizations the reaction rate and limiting conversion were both found to increase as the reaction temperature was increased. At all temperatures the profile for the propagation rate constant kp exhibited a dramatic increase at the start of the reaction, plateaued at a value between 5 and 301 mol−1 s−1 (depending upon temperature) and then decreased as the reaction reached a limiting conversion owing to trapping of the active centres. The effective termination rate constant kt was very low, with active centre lifetimes approaching 20 min. The overall activation energy for polymerization was found to be 26.5 ± 3.2 kJ mol−1.