cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Media as a Vaccine against Critical Thinking

Human communication is of a persuasive character, since the perspective to determine the difference between fact and opinion differ according to sociological and cultural backgrounds. Media sets the ground for building stereotypes by imposing the ideas to the recipients. It makes media a tool for persuasive communication thus producing the effects of what a vaccine injection might do to a human body. As language is one of the most used tools in media, this stealthy persuasion operates on a subtle "antigens" infiltrated in the context of the media text. "Mind vaccinating" recipients by media eventually can lead to stereotyped perceptions and produce prejudice. In this metaphor vaccine antigens offer a persuasive perspective on reality immune to other perspectives but that one that is imposed by media. If a recipient in the communication process understands the threat then the persuasive effects are lessened as is explained in inoculation theory. If the threat is candy wrapped in media content, as is done so by the demand of market and recipients themselves (and imposed by politics and corporation interest), then the threat is no longer understood as a threat by the recipient. The immune system is vaccinated and protected from the disease of free thinking. The disease represents a reality that is not shape shifted by someone else. Shape shifted reality is distributed through the vaccines. Media being the vaccine makes it a powerful tool in the persuasive strategy for shape shifting the reality based on framed and reframed facts and opinions of the majority in democratized media. Media is consciously or unconsciously shape shifting the reality, which makes it a tool of persuasion.
A comparative study of qualitative tests for ketones in urine and serum.

Results are presented of a comparative study of several methods for detection of ketone bodies in urine involving nearly 10,000 tests on urines containing no ketones, naturally occurring ketones, and added acetoacetate. Acetest (a tablet nitroprusside test) and Ketostix (a strip nitroprusside test) are more specific and accurate, and have the proper sensitivity in comparison with test tube Rothera nitroprusside modifications or the ferric chloride test. Both the tablet and strip are also satisfactory for detection of ketones and serum or plasma. The tablet test may be used with whole blood for detection of ketonemia.
Embeddings ofPSL(2, 41) andPSL(2, 49) inE8(C)

We classify embeddings of the finite simple groups PSL(2, 41) andPSL (2, 49) into algebraic groups of type E8in characteristic not dividing the orders of these respective groups. Lie theory and finite group theory point to families of elements in a group of typeE8 over a finite field which might satisfy a presentation for our finite simple group. Techniques from computational representation theory identify all suitable systems of generators. We describe a number of methods of computation in Chevalley groups of type E8.
Barrett's esophagus: Age, prevalence, and extent of columnar epithelium

The development of Barrett's esophagus was studied using data from 51,311 patients undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy between 1976 and 1989. Three hundred seventy-seven patients had greater than or equal to 3-cm columnar epithelium in the esophagus and no carcinoma. The prevalence of Barrett's esophagus increased with age to reach a plateau by the seventh decade. Half of the maximum prevalence was reached by age 40 years, the estimated median age of development of the disorder. Unlike prevalence, the mean length of columnar epithelium did not increase with age. No significant change in length was found in 21 patients followed up for a mean of 7.3 years (mean initial length, 8.29 +/- 0.85 cm; mean final length, 8.33 +/- 0.77 cm). The length of columnar epithelium did not increase in the presence of esophagitis or decrease when esophagitis was absent. Mean age at diagnosis of Barrett's esophagus was 63 years without carcinoma and 64 years in a separate group of patients with adenocarcinoma. The data are consistent with a fairly rapid evolution of Barrett's esophagus to its full length with little subsequent change. Barrett's esophagus may develop more than 20 years before the mean age of clinical recognition or the development of esophageal adenocarcinoma.
Development and Analysis of GIS Tools for the Automatic Implementation of 1D Hydraulic Models Coupled with Distributed Hydrological Models

AbstractThe authors presents a set of automated geographic information system (GIS)-based geoprocessing tools for the implementation of one-dimensional hydrodynamic (1D-HD) models that simulate an unsteady open channel flow through a channel network. The authors’ aim is to determine the degree of automation that is granted in the process of preparing river bathymetry and model parameters for 1D-HD model simulations. The authors present two case implementations to illustrate the use of the geoprocessing tools and to demonstrate how they can simplify some of the preprocessing tasks required for preparing model parameters. The authors present a statistical analysis of the automated algorithms performance for finding bank stations and show that it performs adequately in the authors’ study basins.
Testing the Boundaries of Neurosurgical Innovation … Twice: An Account of One Patient's Unique Intracranial Aneurysm Treatment

Background The treatment of intracranial aneurysms has evolved over the past several decades and has profited by the ingenuity and expertise of generations of innovative neurosurgeons. Case Description A 79-year-old man presented with symptoms related to recurrence of his previously ruptured basilar bifurcation aneurysm 35 years after undergoing the first awake hunterian ligation for the same aneurysm performed by Dr. Charles Drake. Conclusions This report details the treatment strategies applied in the management of the patient's aneurysm then and now, offering us a glimpse into the evolution of neurosurgical treatment for basilar bifurcation aneurysms in a patient who was able to benefit from neurosurgical innovation twice in his lifetime.
The partitioned support network for expert system justification

A knowledge representation used to capture support knowledge necessary for expert system justification, a kind of explanation, is discussed. A system is also presented that is being designed as a preliminary testbed for a technique of expert system explanation called knowledge-based explanation. Previous support knowledge representations in expert systems are reviewed and contrasted to the partitioned support network (PSN) introduced. PSNs are defined both in graphical and nongraphical notation. The significance and importance of the PSN knowledge representation are discussed and examples of its power are given. >
Characteristics through the Melting Layer of Stratiform Clouds.

Abstract Thermodynamic and hydrometeor measurements from an aircraft flown through the melting layer of stratiform clouds over the California Valley are discussed and are compared with radar observations. An isothermal layer ∼200 m thick existed at 0°C, and radar bright bands up to 36 dB(Ze) were measured. The largest concentrations of ice particles occurred near −5°C and snowflakes melted by ∼2°C. Aggregation, and possibly ice multiplication, contributed to the characteristics of the radar bright band.
Hormonal regulation of nuptial pads and tail fins in the female red-spotted newt

Abstract The effects of exogenous mammalian hormones on the induction of nuptial pads and on stimulation of growth by the tail fin have been observed in female red-spotted newts. Nuptial pads similar to those of the male newt formed on the thighs of female newts after treatment with prolactin in combination with testosterone, but neither prolactin alone nor testosterone alone nor prolactin given in combination with estradiol produced that effect. Typical female cloacal and toe pads were formed consistently in both intact and castrated female newts after treatment with prolactin in combination with testosterone and, less frequently, in animals treated with prolactin and estradiol. Prolactin alone induced the formation of cloacal pads in nearly three-fourths of intact newts but not in ovariectomized animals. Used alone, neither testosterone nor estradiol promoted the formation of nuptial pads. Although the height of the caudal fin of the female newt undergoes little or no annual cyclic variation, it, like that of the male, was stimulated to growth in a dose-dependent fashion by the administration of ovine prolactin. Exogenous bovine growth hormone was only about half as effective. Testosterone also had a stimulatory effect, but estradiol did not.
Absorption Spectrum and Magnetic Properties of Ytterbium Chloride

The absorption spectrum of YbCl3·6H2O has two sharp lines near 9700 A which are interpreted as the transitions from the M=5/2 Stark component of the 2F7/2 level of the Yb+++ ion to the M=3/2 and 5/2 levels of the other doublet component 2F5/2. The Zeeman splittings of the two lines were investigated at 4°K as a function of the orientation of the crystal. They can be interpreted by assuming that the crystal field has a pronounced magnetic symmetry axis (probably sixfold) perpendicular to the twofold symmetry axis of the crystal. The magnetic ellipsoid is degenerate into a pair of planes perpendicular to this axis. The direction of the magnetic axis is slightly different for the three observed states and bears no relation to the optic axes of the crystal.
Calculation of the heavy-quark potential at large separation on a hypercube parallel computer.

The static {ital q{bar q}} potential is measured on 24{sup 3}{times}10, 24{sup 3}{times}12, 12{sup 3}{times}24, and 16{sup 3}{times}24 lattices at {beta}=6.0 with high statistics. Using Wilson line operator-operator correlations, we find {radical}{sigma} /{Lambda}{sub {ital L}}{congruent}77 and {alpha}{congruent}0.58. This new result compares favorably with that obtained from charmonium experimental data, but is significantly different from many previous lattice calculations. Our calculations use a hypercube parallel computer which in its full configuration performs at 0.6 gigaflops on this application.
John Marshall's Achievement: Law, Politics, and Constitutional Interpretations

Preface Introduction Judicial Decision The Marshall Court and the Making of Constitutional Democracy Federal Union, Property, and the Contract Clause: John Marshall's Thought in Light of Sturges v. Crowninshield and Ogden v. Saunders John Marshall and His Court: Applied Behavioral Jurisprudence Political Theory John Marshall as Republican: Order and Conflict in American Political History John Marshall on History, Virtue, and Legality Marshall v. Jefferson: Beyond "Sanctimonious Reverence" for a "Sacred" Law Interpretive Practice McCulloch and "The Dilemmas of Liberal Constitutionalism" Political Epistemology: John Marshall's Propositions for Modern Constitutional Law John Marshall and the Interpretation of the Constitution Epistemology and Hermeneutics in the Constitutional Jurisprudence of John Marshall Select Bibliography Index
Nitrogen plasma source ion implantation of AISI S1 tool steel

Abstract Significant economic savings can be achieved by improving the wear lifetime of precision manufacturing tools through nitrogen-ion implantation. This near-ambient temperature, surface modification process preserves dimensional integrity and surface finish while eliminating delamination problems that are often associated with overlay coatings. Conventional ion implantation is a line-of-sight process which requires elaborate manipulation and masking to uniformly implant components of complex shapes. A recently developed process, plasma source ion implantation (PSII), circumvents this line-of-sight restriction and makes ion implantation more attractive economically. In this article, the effects of PSII of nitrogen at a target bias of 50 kV, to a dose of 0.3 × 10 18 atoms/cm 2 on the surface microstructure and mechanicalproperties of AISI S1 tool steel are presented.
Evaluation of Robotic-Assisted Laparoscopic and Open Pyeloplasty in Children: Single-Surgeon Experience

IntroductionRobotic-assisted laparoscopic pyeloplasty (RALP), the most commonly undertaken paediatric robotic urologic surgery, has not been compared against open pyeloplasty (OPN) by a single surgeon. Here, we describe our experience and outcomes. MethodsChildren undergoing RALP or OPN from 2007 to 2013 were reviewed. Clinical success was defined as resolution of presenting symptoms and improved/stable hydronephrosis on ultrasound. ResultsRALP and OPN cohorts comprised 52 and 40 patients, respectively. RALP patients were significantly older (6.8 vs 1.2 years, p<0.01) and heavier (28.4 vs 8.4 kg, p<0.01). Operative times for RALP were longer (203.3 vs 135.0 min, p<0.01), but decreased significantly with increasing experience (r2=0.42, p<0.01). Seven type-IIIb Clavien–Dindo complications occurred in RALP patients compared with two in OPN cases. There were no differences in postoperative narcotic administration (p=0.92) or duration of stay in hospital (DOSH) (p=0.93). A total of 11/40 (28%) OPN patients req...
Experimental studies on the system Fe-MgO-SiO2-O2 and their bearing on the petrology of chondritic meteorites

Abstract Experimental data are given which provide a thermodynamic basis for predicting and understanding the distribution of Fe between metal, olivine and pyroxene as a function of both pO2 and T. The composition of the run products was determined first by X-ray and refractive index measurements and then by electron microprobe analysis. From the experimental results, an expression is derived which relates pO2, T and olivine composition: 1 2 log pO 2 = log N(FeSi 0.5 O 2 ) − 14,540/T + 3.6 . The distribution coefficient (KD) of Fe and Mg between olivine and pyroxene according to the relation K D = N(FeSi 0.5 O 2 )N(MgSiO 3 ) N(MgSi 0.5 O 2 )N(FeSiO 3 is found to be independent of temperature over the range 1100–1300°C. However, KD is dependent on composition at these temperatures. Comparison of the experimental results with microprobe analysis of chondritic material indicates that the meteorites have consistently larger KD values than those determined by experiment. Inasmuch as a slight temperature dependence cannot be ruled out, this comparison shows that most, possibly all, chondrites either have equilibrated at temperatures below 1100°C or have not equilibrated at all. Carbon and hydrogen reduction processes are examined quantitatively. Several lines of evidence suggest that the bulk oxidation state was established at the time of accumulation. Large scale carbon or hydrogen reduction after consolidation cannot produce the observed degree of reduction. The bulk oxidation state must have been determined sometime prior to accretion while the dispersed material was in contact with a hydrogen rich environment.
Demonstration of an Alternative Mechanism for G-to-G Cross-Link Formation

The cross-link dG-to-dG is an important product of DNA nitrosation. Its formation has commonly been attributed to nucleophilic substitution of N2 in a guaninediazonium ion by guanine, while recent studies suggest guanine addition to a cyanoamine derivative formed after dediazoniation, deprotonation, and pyrimidine ring-opening. The chemical viability of the latter mechanism is supported here by the experimental demonstration of rG-to-aG formation via rG addition to a synthetic cyanoamine derivative. Thus, all known products of nitrosative guanine deamination are consistent with the postulate of pyrimidine ring-opening. This postulated mechanism not only explains what is already known but also suggests that other products and other cross-links also might be formed in DNA deamination. The study suggests one possible new product: the structure isomer aG(N1)-to-rG(C2) of the classical G(N2)-to-G(C2) cross-link. While the formation of aG(N2)-to-rG(C2) has been established by chemical synthesis, the structure ...
Photonic band-gap evolution from polycrystalline to amorphous photonic structures

We map out a transition from polycrystalline to amorphous photonic structures with decreasing short-range order. The photonic band gap decreases once the individual domains of ordered structure become too small for the gap formation.
Myotonic Muscular Dystrophy, RNA Toxicity, and the Brain: Trouble Making the Connection?

The study of rare genetic diseases is complicated by the inaccessibility of relevant cells and tissues, especially for neurologic disorders. In this issue of Cell Stem Cell, Marteyn et al. (2011) use human embryonic stem cells to identify deficits in neuritic outgrowth in myotonic dystrophy type 1.
Synoptic Control of Heavy-Rain-Producing Convective Training Episodes

AbstractThis study examines the degree to which the downscale cascade of information from synoptic-scale motions constrains error growth in simulations of a particular type of heavy-rain-producing mesoscale convective system known as training lines. A total of 21 cases of training convection over a 7-yr period from 2000 to 2006 that produced extreme rainfall were dynamically downscaled from reanalysis data using a high-resolution convection-permitting configuration of the Weather Research and Forecasting Model. The NCEP/Department of Energy (DOE)-II and Interim ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim), representing lower- and higher-resolution datasets, respectively, were used for this purpose. In most cases the model simulations were able to reproduce qualitative aspects of observed storm structure, including subjectively classified mesoscale convective system archetype and training characteristics, despite the absence of mesoscale features in the reanalysis datasets used to provide initial conditions and lateral...
The defective gene in X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency encodes a shared interleukin receptor subunit: implications for cytokine pleiotropy and redundancy.

Abstract The interleukin-2 receptor plays a pivotal role in the regulation of the normal T cell immune response to foreign antigen. The IL-2 receptor γ-chain is one component of this receptor, and is encoded by the gene that is defective in X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency. The clinical manifestations of this disease led to the hypothesis and subsequent confirmation that the γ-chain was in fact a subunit shared by multiple cytokine receptors, including those for IL-2, IL-4, and IL-7.
Survival Motor Neuron (SMN) Protein Interacts with Transcription Corepressor mSin3A

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is the leading genetic cause of infant mortality. SMA results from loss of survival motor neuron (SMN) expression and subsequent death of motor neuron cells. To study SMN-associated proteins that may be involved in transcriptional regulation, we carried out immunoprecipitation experiments and found that the transcription corepressor mSin3A associates with SMN protein. Deletional analysis localized the mSin3A-interacting domain to the exon 6 region of SMN. When targeted to a promoter, wild-type SMN was able to repress transcription of a downstream luciferase reporter gene. This repression was relieved by treatment with the histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A in a dose-dependent manner, and deletion of exon 6 abolished the ability of SMN to repress the reporter gene. Analysis of SMN missense mutations within the exon 6 region implicated the SMA-associated mutation Y272C with impairment of the mSin3A-interaction. Gel filtration experiments revealed that wild-type SMN, via the exon 6 region, forms protein supra-complexes exceeding 40,000 kDa in size, whereas the Y272C mutation may affect higher order protein assembly, as the mutant SMN was more abundant in smaller complexes. Together, these findings provide a potential mechanism by which lack of fully functional SMN protein is detrimental to motor neuron survival.
Hypo-metabolism of the rostral anterior cingulate cortex associated with working memory impairment in 18 cases of schizophrenia

Working memory (Work-Mem), the capacity to hold and manipulate information, activates the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), especially its caudal subregion. Impaired Work-Mem and structural and functional abnormalities of the ACC are reported in schizophrenia. This study aims to elucidate the pathogenesis of Work-Mem dysfunction in schizophrenia by comparing metabolite concentrations across ACC subregions. This retrospective study of 18 schizophrenia cases and 10 matched controls used proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (1H-MRSI, TR/TE = 1800/35 ms, 0.5 cm3 spatial resolution) to test whether the Work-Mem Index of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, third edition is associated with differences in the rostral to caudal ACC ratios of N-acetylaspartate (NAA) and creatine (Cr). Higher caudal:rostral ACC Cr (but not NAA) concentrations were associated with decreased Work-Mem Index in cases (r = -0.6, p = 0.02), with a similar trend in controls (r = -0.56, p = 0.10), although caudal:rostral ACC Cr correlated with NAA in cases and controls (r = 0.67 and 0.62, p < 0.05 for both). NAA and Cr ratios did not correlate with myo-inositol, excluding gliosis as the underlying process. Subjects’ sex and age had no effects on these relationships. The findings suggest that rostral ACC energy hypo-metabolism, possibly arising from neurodevelopmental processes, is associated with working memory impairment in schizophrenia. Changes in the rostral (not the expected caudal) subregion underscore the interconnections between the ACC subregions and may offer laboratory markers for treatment trials, etiology studies, and perhaps even enhanced identification of prodromal “at risk” subjects.
Third-order non-linear optical suceptibilities by laser self-trapping and degenerate four-wave mixing in oligothienyldicyanovinylene solutions☆

Abstract The solution third-order non-linear optical susceptibility χ(3) values, measured by laser self-trapping at 514.5 nm for chloroform solutions of bis(dicyanovinyl)thiophene 4 (2.9 × 10−7 esu), bis- (dicyanovinyl)dithienyl 5 (1.1 × 10−4esu), bis(dicyanovinyl)trithienyl 6 (1.1 × 10−5 esu), values are effected by resonance and solution heating effects. χ(3) (-ω; ω, ω, -ω) was measured by degenerate four-wave mixing at 1064 nm for chloroform (C) and pyridine (P) solutions of dicyanovinylthiophene 1, dicyanovinyldithienyl 2, dicyanovinylterthienyl 3, and bis(dicyanovinyl)-thiophene 4. The molecular second-order hyperpolarizabilities are γ / esu = 8.7 × 10 −33) ( 1 , C), - 63 × 10 −33 ( 1 , P ), 2.2 × 10 −33 ( 2 , C ), 3.7 × 10 −31 ( 3 , C ), 6.1 × 10 −32 esu ( 3 , P ), 2.8 × 10 −31 ( 4 , P ) .
The Effects of Particle Size on Contrast Improvement by Polarization Discrimination for Underwater Targets

Luminous flux was measured from an underwater target illuminated by circularly polarized lamp. Backscatter was measured with and without a circular analyzer on the telephotometer. Turbidity of the water was controlled by adding polystyrene spheres of relative refractive index m = 1.20. Contrasts were determined as a function of particle diameter and concentration for spheres ranging from 0.126 μ to 1.099 μ and for three size distributions from 6 μ to 100 μ. A ratio comparison of the contrasts showed a definite improvement for scatterers of diameters < 1 μ. Contrast degraded for CP illuminated scattering from spheres in the 1–100-μ diam range. Considering the ocean’s scatterer-size distributions, circular polarization will probably most improve contrast in the vertical region from the lower euphotic zone to a few meters above bottom.
Correlation of Allergy and Severity of Sinus Disease

Allergy is an important consideration in the evaluation of patients with rhinosinusitis. Several studies have addressed staging systems for rhinosinusitis based on the extent of disease present on ...
2'-O-[2-[(N,N-dimethylamino)oxy]ethyl]-modified oligonucleotides inhibit expression of mRNA in vitro and in vivo.

Synthesis and antisense activity of oligonucleotides modified with 2′-O-[2-[(N,N-dimethylamino)oxy] ethyl] (2′-O-DMAOE) are described. The 2′-O-DMAOE-modified oligonucleotides showed superior metabolic stability in mice. The phosphorothioate oligonucleotide ‘gapmers’, with 2′-O-DMAOE- modified nucleoside residues at the ends and 2′-deoxy nucleosides residues in the central region, showed dose-dependent inhibition of mRNA expression in cell culture for two targets. ‘Gapmer’ oligonucleotides have one or two 2′-O-modified regions and a 2′-deoxyoligonucleotide phosphorothioate region that allows RNase H digestion of target mRNA. To determine the in vivo potency and efficacy, BalbC mice were treated with 2′-O-DMAOE gapmers and a dose-dependent reduction in the targeted C-raf mRNA expression was observed. Oligonucleotides with 2′-O-DMAOE modifications throughout the sequences reduced the intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) protein expression very efficiently in HUVEC cells with an IC50 of 1.8 nM. The inhibition of ICAM-1 protein expression by these uniformly modified 2′-O-DMAOE oligonucleotides may be due to selective interference with the formation of the translational initiation complex. These results demonstrate that 2′-O-DMAOE- modified oligonucleotides are useful for antisense-based therapeutics when either RNase H-dependent or RNase H-independent target reduction mechanisms are employed.
EEG spectra during a long-term compensatory tracking task

Seven subjects were tested in a prolonged (1-h 15-min) compensatory manual tracking task with monopolar EEG (01, C3, and FP1) and EOG recorded. Five of the seven subjects displayed a performance decrement between the first and the fifth 15-min periods of the task. For those five subjects, significant positive correlations were observed between performance and EEG activity at 01 in the 5.7- to 7.6-Hz frequency band. For the same subjects, performance was also inversely correlated with EEG activity at 01 in the high alpha band (9.6-11.5 Hz). Similar changes were observed in high-frequency activity at C3. A single significant correlation was observed between performance and EEG (3.8-5.7 Hz) at the frontal lead. This pattern is congruent with the hypothesis that EEG signs of activation are related to performance in a prolonged manual control task.
In Pursuit of Equal Liberty: George Bryan and the Revolution in Pennsylvania

George Bryan's life spanned nearly forty years of Pennsylvania history, embracing the colonial, revolutionary, and postwar periods, an era that witnessed the transformation of the colony into a state and into one of the leading centers of the discussion of liberty and republicanism. Bryan's story is truly that of the American Revolution. Active in the resistance movement, he emerged out of the ranks of revolutionary politics to become one of the leading provincial and national figures during the war and into the postwar period. Bryan, a young, middle-class, Irish immigrant, arrived in Philadelphia in 1752 to pursue a career as a merchant. From 1756 to 1771 his mercantile business prospered, but a volatile market forced him into bankruptcy. At that point Bryan became heavily involved in the Presbyterian Church, which was embroiled in the controversy between Old Side and New Side factions in the wake of the Great Awakening. In this way he became involved in Philadelphia politics, as the Presbyterians were a viable political faction. The height of his public career came during the Revolution, when he served as President of the Commonwealth in 1778 and, thereafter, when he headed the Constitutionalist Party. Not since Burton Konkle's 1922 biography has anyone attempted to restore Bryan to his rightful place in American history. By working with many collections of primary source material beyond the extant Bryan papers, Joseph Foster has not only created the most complete portrait of Bryan possible; he has also placed Bryan in his historical context.
Producing Quality Cotton by Conventional Breeding, Marker Assisted Selection, and Transgenic Methods

Abstract New cotton seeds capable of producing fiber with the properties needed by yarn and textile industries in the process of technological advance are needed to maintain market share for Nature's renewable fiber resource. Conventional breeding, marker-assisted selection, and transgenic technologies are possible strategies to achieve improved fiber properties. Breeding has a documented record of improving fiber length and strength to benefit ring yarn manufacture. Open-end yarn manufacturing is supplanting older ring spinning systems and is demanding improved fiber strength, along with finer fiber, and less short and immature fiber. Breeding can achieve these goals, but may be supplemented by marker-assisted selection and transgenic technologies. Marker assisted selection would have particular application to the simultaneous improvement of yield and fiber quality. For modification of fiber traits with narrow sense heritability of 0.5 or higher (0-1.0 scale), marker assisted selection would likely not r...
Photon echoes and coherence of luminescent molecules

In this paper, the origin of molecular optical coherence is discussed. Special emphasis is given to the detection of this optical coherence in gases and solids using emission spectroscopy. Finally, we briefly discuss a theory for dephasing in condensed phases that relates optical T_1 and T_2 to molecular processes.
Effects of gelation on morphology of spinodal decomposition and viscous fingering

Abstract We have studied the kinetics of spinodal decomposition in a gelatin—water—methanol mixture which undergoes a sol—gel transition simultaneously with phase separation, using light scattering and video-microscopy techniques. We found that the kinetics of phase separation depends very strongly on temperature; and for deep quenches where the rates of phase separation and gelation are comparable, the phase separation process does not go to completion. For deep quenches after the onset of gelation, the wavevector at maximum scattered intensity km remains unchanged with time, while the peak intensity exhibits a slow growth. Micrographs of the phase separated domains reveal a connected structure on length scales of hundred microns superimposed on an underlying finer network structure due to gelation. Similarly gelation pins down viscous fingering patterns when a poor solvent is injected into gelatin.
Influence of Turbulence Modeling On Aftbody Surface Heating Prediction For A Hypersonic Entry Capsule

A densely populated aerothermal database based on CFD is needed for the design of a hypersonic entry capsule. Traditionally, this has required the use of low fidelity turbulence models in order to make the computational effort for the large number of CFD runs more tractable. This compromise in accuracy is generally acceptable for the majority of the database. However, comparisons with experimental data have shown that the aftbody heating prediction accuracy is poor for high angle of attack cases. The presence of a large flow separation region appears to be the culprit due to the breakdown of the turbulence modeling assumptions in the region. The presented research investigates the importance of the turbulence modeling in the aftbody heating prediction for high angle of attack cases. The current practice of a simple RANS model is compared with the more sophisticated DES turbulence modeling. The models are investigated for accuracy (compared to experimental data) and for computational cost.
A novel method of generating prostate cancer metastases from orthotopic implants

BACKGROUND Spontaneous metastasis following implantation at the orthotopic site is a highly desired feature in prostate cancer (CaP) models, since it would enable studies of mechanisms associated with tumor cell dissemination. METHODS LuCaP 23.8 and LuCaP 35, hormone-sensitive CaP xenografts that express PSA and the wild-type androgen receptor, were grown orthotopically in SCID mice. When tumor volumes reached ∼250–500 mg, primary tumors were removed to allow micrometastases to grow. RESULTS Using this procedure we generated macroscopic metastases (>20 mg) in 71% (LuCaP 23.8) and 100% (LuCaP 35) of animals, respectively. CONCLUSIONS These models may be used to evaluate new treatment modalities and study mechanisms associated with development of metastases. Prostate 56: 110–114, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Developing a Weibull Model Extension to Estimate Cancer Latency

The mathematical model discussed in this paper presents a technique to estimate the length of the cancer’s silent growth period. The methodology described utilizes information obtained from observed cancer incidence to reconstruct what is cautiously believed to be the period of time from malignant cancer initiation to diagnosis. Analyses show a decreasing hazard for cancer indicating that the longer a patient survives, the more likely they are to reach the upper limit of their natural lifespan. Based on previous research, the Weibull distribution has been used to describe the mechanisms of cancer development. In contrast to the memoryless exponential distribution which assumes a constant failure rate, the shape of the Weibull distribution is dependent on past events and preserves a memory of prior survival. This provides a simple but powerful way to characterize how the unobserved experience of cancer relates to the observed as a function to estimate the time between onset and diagnosis. The results indicate a window of opportunity for early intervention when cancer is most treatable. The method presented provides useful information to identify cancers with high mortality and prolonged periods of undetected growth to distinguish types of dire public health concern.
Striatal responses to decortication. I. Dopaminergic and astrocytic activities.

Abstract Unilateral ablation of the frontal cortex induced 30%–50% decrease of dopamine (DA) concentration in the ipsilateral striatum at 10 and 27 days after lesioning. There were increased ratios of dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC): DA and homovanillic acid (HVA): DA by 20%–60% at 10 days post-lesioning, which suggest compensatory increases of DA metabolism. While no change in total striatal tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) polypeptide concentration was found at any post-lesion time, TH catalytic activity was decreased slightly (−25%) at 10 days. Among individual rats, at 3, 10 and 27 days post-lesioning, striatal DA concentration was inversely related to striatal glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) concentration, a marker of astrocytic activity. The loss of DA was observed whether or not DA was normalized to striatal protein, which suggests that DA loss cannot be simply attributed to increased astrocytic proteins. These data suggest reciprocal relationships between the extent of astrocytic reactions after cortical deafferentation and striatal DA loss, which could involve local remodelling without primary damage to the nigro-striatal terminals.
Endoluminal stent placement and coil embolization for the management of carotid artery pseudoaneurysms

Purpose:To present a series of carotid artery pseudoaneurysms treated successfully using an endovascular approach.Methods:From April 1995 to November 1999, 5 patients with neurological symptoms not explained by computed tomography of the head were identified by carotid angiography as having internal carotid artery (ICA) pseudoaneurysms. Three patients had sustained blunt trauma, and 2 had previous elective carotid endarterectomies for atherosclerotic disease. The time between injury and treatment ranged from 3 days to 10 years. The patients were treated with endovascular stent placement for exclusion of the pseudoaneurysm, followed by filling of the cavity with multiple detachable coils. Patients were maintained on oral antiplatelet agents or anticoagulant therapy after the procedure.Results:Primary technical success was 100%. No patient suffered permanent neurological sequelae. Postprocedure angiography demonstrated a patent ICA in all cases, with complete obliteration of the pseudoaneurysm. At a mean 8....
The intrafraction motion induced dosimetric impacts in breast 3D radiation treatment: A 4DCT based study

The question remains regarding the dosimetric impact of intrafraction motion in 3D breast treatment. This study was conducted to investigate this issue utilizing the 4DCT scan. The 4D and helical CT scan sets were acquired for 12 breast cancer patients. For each of these patients, based on the helical CT scan, a conventional 3D conformal plan was generated. The breast treatment was then simulated based on the 4DCT scan. In each phase of the 4DCT scan, dose distribution was generated with the same beam parameters as the conventional plan. A software package was developed to compute the cumulative dose distribution from all the phases. Since the intrafraction organ motion is reflected by the 4DCT images, the cumulative dose computed based on the 4DCT images should be closer to what the patient received during treatment. Various dosimetric parameters were obtained from the plan and 4D cumulative dose distribution for the target volume and heart, and were compared to deduce the motion-induced impacts. The studies were performed for both whole breast and partial breast treatment. In the whole breast treatment, the average intrafraction motion induced changes in D95, D90, V100, V95, and V90 of the target volume were -5.4%, -3.1%, -13.4%, -5.1%, and -3.2%, respectively, with the largest values at -26.2%, -14.1%, -91.0%, -15.1%, and -9.0%, respectively. Motion had little impact on the Dmax of the target volume, but its impact on the Dmin of the target volume was significant. For left breast treatment, the motion-induced Dmax change to the heart could be negative or positive, with the largest increase at about 6 Gy. In partial breast treatment, the only non-insignificant impact was in the Dmin of the CTV (ranging from -15.2% to 11.7%). The results showed that the intrafraction motion may compromise target dose coverage in breast treatments and the degree of that compromise was correlated with motion magnitude. However, the dosimetric impact of the motion on the heart dose may be limited.
The input/output complexity of sorting and related problems

We provide tight upper and lower bounds, up to a constant factor, for the number of inputs and outputs (I/OS) between internal memory and secondary storage required for five sorting-related problems: sorting, the fast Fourier transform (FFT), permutation networks, permuting, and matrix transposition. The bounds hold both in the worst case and in the average case, and in several situations the constant factors match. Secondary storage is modeled as a magnetic disk capable of transferring P blocks each containing B records in a single time unit; the records in each block must be input from or output to B contiguous locations on the disk. We give two optimal algorithms for the problems, which are variants of merge sorting and distribution sorting. In particular we show for P = 1 that the standard merge sorting algorithm is an optimal external sorting method, up to a constant factor in the number of I/Os. Our sorting algorithms use the same number of I/Os as does the permutation phase of key sorting, except when the internal memory size is extremely small, thus affirming the popular adage that key sorting is not faster. We also give a simpler and more direct derivation of Hong and Kung's lower bound for the FFT for the special case B = P = O(1).
P4-04-01: Identification of a Unique Mammary Cell Type Expressing Mesenchymal Markers, but Capable of Multilineage Epithelial Differentiation.

We have identified a previously uncharacterized cell population within the epithelial compartment of the post-pubertal mouse mammary gland. These cells can be found as singlets or as like pairs in both the cap and body cell layer of terminal end buds (TEB) of developing ducts, and are ultimately localized in a suprabasal position distributed throughout the mature mammary ductal tree. In differentiated ducts, these cells typically extend long processes that contact multiple surrounding luminal epithelial and myoepithelial cells suggesting a function in cell-cell communication. In younger animals, identified cells do not express epithelial markers including the major cytokeratins (CK) 5, 6, 8, and 14, or E-cadherin, nor do they express myoepithelial cell markers such as smooth muscle actin or p63. However, in 20 week old non-parous females, these cells can give rise to epithelial cell types expressing CK 5, 6, 8, or 14. In transplantation assays, epithelial fragment and whole mammary gland transplantation did not indicate a major role in regenerative growth of mammary ducts. Transplantation of dissociated epithelial cells and wound-healing assays are in progress. Taken together, these observations suggest that this unique cell population possess stem cell-like features in that they are capable of self-renewal, and of giving rise to all major differentiated cell types within the mouse mammary gland. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2011;71(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-04-01.
Phytotoxicity of Discula destructiva Culture Filtrates to Cornus spp. and the Relationship to Disease Symptomology.

ABSTRACT Discula destructiva culture filtrates and partially purified culture filtrates (PPCF) inhibited radish (Raphanus sativus) and dogwood (Cornus) species in a seedling root bioassay. Noninoculated potato-dextrose broth (PDB) extracted and separated in a similar manner also inhibited seedling growth. Reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography separated this inhibitory activity into two fractions, with one associated with the inhibitory action observed with PDB controls. The active fraction without interference with PDB, determined by bioassays, was extracted from cultures grown on Murishige-Skoog (MS) medium, which had no inhibitory activity associated with noninoculated controls. The active fraction was tested in a leaf overlay technique using 10 Cornus spp. All dogwood species were sensitive to the fraction and exhibited necrotic lesions bounded by a red margin, typical of dogwood anthracnose. The active fraction was translocated in Cornus alba to the leaf margin. C. canadensis showed min...
Determinants of faculty research productivity in information systems: An empirical analysis of the impact of academic origin and academic affiliation

This manuscript provides guidance to Deans and other academic decision makers in the hiring process and dispels the validity of a widely held assumption commonly used as a decision factor in the selection process. This paper investigates: (a) whether graduates of prestigious information systems (IS) doctoral programs (graduates with high-status academic origins) are more likely to be successful in their academic careers (as measured by research productivity) than graduates of less prestigious programs, (b) whether IS faculty who are employed by esteemed universities (faculty with high-status academic affiliations) are more productive researchers than IS faculty employed by lower-status institutions, and (c) examines faculty productivity in terms of Lotka’s Law [Lotka, 1926]. The findings indicate that in the IS field, productivity does not follow a Lotka distribution. Moreover, our study also shows that academic affiliation is a significant determinant of research productivity in terms of quantity (as measured by publication counts) and quality (as measured by citation counts). Contrary to common expectations, however, the analysis shows that the status of a faculty member’s academic origin is not a significant determinant of research productivity in the field of information systems. Therefore, continued reliance on academic pedigree as a primary criterion for hiring decisions may not be justified in the IS discipline.
Biosynthesis of mannose-containing heteropolymers by cell-free preparations of bovine retina.

Abstract Cell-free preparations of bovine retinas were shown to catalyze the transfer of mannose from the sugar nucleotide, GDP-[ 14 C]mannose to endogenous acceptors. When fractionated by adsorption and affinity chromatography, and gel filtration, relatively little radioactivity was found in visual pigment. A major product synthesized by the retina under these conditions had properties of a large molecular weight oligosaccharide-lipoidal component which may be an intermediate involved in the biosynthesis of visual pigment.
The WISC‐R verbal comprehension, perceptual organization, and freedom from distractibility deviation quotients: Data for practitioners

Utilizing data from the WISC-R standardization sample (Wechsler, 1974), Gutkin (1978) presented formulae to calculate factorially pure verbal comprehension, perceptual organization, and freedom from distractibility deviation quotients. Data are presented concerning standard errors of measurement and the score discrepancies that are required for statistical significance between these WISC-R scores.
Radiation-induced precipitation in fast-neutron irradiated tungsten-rhenium alloys: An atom-probe field-ion microscope study

Abstract The phenomenon of radiation-induced precipitation has been studied in W-10 at.% Re and W-25 at.% Re alloys, utilizing the atom-probe field-ion microscope technique. Specimens of these alloys were irradiated in the Experimental Breeder Reactor II to a fast-neutron fluence of ∼ 4 × 10 26 neutrons m −2 (E > 0.1MeV) at 575, 625 and 675°C. This corresponds to 8.6 dpa and an average displacement rate, for the two year irradiation time, of 1.4 × 10 −7 dpa s −1 . Extrapolation of the solvus lines on the W-Re phase diagram indicates that the 10 at.% Re alloy is subsaturated with respect to the solvus line of the primary solid solution, while the 25 at.% Re alloy is supersaturated, with respect to the same solvus line. In the case of the 10 at % Re alloy coherent, semicoherent and possibly incoherent precipitates with the composition ∼ WRe and a disc-shaped morphology — one or two atomic planes thick — were detected at a number density of ∼10 22 m −3 , and a mean diameter of ∼ 5.7nm. For the 25 at.% Re alloy coherent, semicoherent and incoherent precipitates with the composition ∼ WRe 3 were detected; the precipitate's number density is ∼ 10 23 m −3 with a mean diameter of 4.0 nm. None of the ∼ WRe or the ∼ WRe 3 coherent precipitates were associated with either line or planar defects or with any impurity atoms. Therefore, a true homogeneous radiation-induced precipitation occurs in these alloys. A physical argument is presented for the nucleation of WRe or WRe 3 precipitates in the vicinity of displacement cascades produced by primary knock-on atoms.
Relationships between Water Use Efficiency, Carbon Isotope Discrimination, and Turf Performance in Genotypes of Kentucky Bluegrass during Drought

Carbon-13 discrimination (A) and water use efficiency (WUE) have been largely ignored in turfgrass. Turfgrass performance under drought may be improved by selecting for low A, which has been shown to be negatively correlated with WUE. The objectives of this 2-yr greenhouse study were (i) to compare Δ and WUE in 12 genotypes of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) with evapotranspiration (ET) and rooting for assessing turf performance under drought, and (ii) to determine the relative importance of ET in drought resistance by comparing diverse ET genotypes (6 low and 6 high) during drydown. Clipping dry weight to ET ratio (WUE) was evaluated with sand-filled weighing lysimeters (20-cm diam. by 65-cm depth) during two 4-d periods (Days 1 to 4 and 5 to 8) in 2002 and 2003. Carbon ( 13 C/ 12 C) analysis of leaf clippings was used to derive A values. Time domain reflectometry (TDR) was used to measure changes in volumetric soil moisture content (VSMC) at the 8.25-, 17.5-, 35.0-, and 52.5-cm depths to indicate moisture uptake and rooting activity. Drought resistance was visually assessed as wilt and leaf-firing symptoms. Low- and high-ET genotypes were similar in wilt and leaf firing, suggesting low ET may not be relevant in drought survival. Deep rooting at the 52.5-cm depth and higher ET as soils dried were associated with less leaf firing. The WUE at Days 5 to 8 was comparable in some years with rooting. The A was not always reliable in assessing WUE, but turf performance under drought was correlated with Δ. Low A values were associated with less wilt (r = 0.59, P ≤ 0.05) and leaf firing (r = 0.58, P ≤ 0.05), suggesting that Δ may be a useful selection criterion for superior performance under limiting soil moisture.