cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Integrating Bioprinted Organs into Our Healthcare System

Bringing bioprinted organs into society thoughtfully has the potential to improve the quality of life and save the lives of hundreds of thousands of people. We need to develop a plan and begin preparations for a new transplant system while maintaining the current one until bioprinting becomes viable, safe, and available. The current framework for organ transplantation in the United States and presence of transitional technologies will help inform policy surrounding bioprinted organs. But implementation will require discussion about altering the National Transplant Act, FDA classification, medical precedents, insurance coverage mandates, patents, and the process of phasing in bioprinted organs while phasing out the transplant waitlist. Proactive alterations to our current organ transplant system will allow for the rapid integration of a new biotechnology into society. This paper covers an overview of the bioprinting process, current companies and research, the legal landscape, and clinical translation. Finally, it provides a vision of how bioprinting could serve in tandem with our current transplant system.
The Immediate Hardship of Unemployment: Evidence from the US Unemployment Insurance System

We examine how the reservation wage varies with the waiting time to apply for unemployment benefits. We find that the waiting time has a negative effect on the reservation wage, suggesting that unemployment generates significant and immediate harm for the unemployed. Our results are unique in that they are based on short-term, incomplete spells of unemployment that are precisely measured in weeks. We address the endogeneity of the waiting time using instrumental variables associated with errors in the unemployment insurance (UI) claim, and note that our estimates are likely a lower bound for the welfare declines experienced by the unemployed.
Pharmacokinetics of Danofloxacin in Pneumonic Cattle

Two-hundred and two head of cross-bred steers and bulls were purchased in southwest Texas and shipped by truck approximately 13 hours to the study site in Manhattan, Kansas. The majority of the calves were freshly weaned and originated from numerous production units. No biologicals or pharmaceuticals were administered prior to or after shipping. Specific clinical criteria were used to select calves with acute respiratory disease. The first 36 calves to meet clinical criteria were injected intramuscularly with danofloxacin* at a dose of 1.25 mg/kg and then sacrificed at one of 6 post-injection sample times. Two cranial-ventral and two caudal-dorsal tissue samples from each lung, as well as a plasma sample, were analyzed for danofloxacin concentration. The presence of bronchopneumonia was confirmed grossly, microbiologically, and histopathologically. A computer generated line of best fit indicated the maximum cranial-ventral pneumonic lung tissue concentration of 1.17 μg/g occurred 1.8 hours after injection. Mean elimination halftime for pneumonic lung tissue was 5.2 hours. A trend towards slightly decreased danofloxacin concentrations in the pneumonic cranial-ventral lung samples, as compared to grossly normal caudal-dorsal lung tissue, was considered clinically insignificant. Spanish and French abstracts on PDF
An Abnormal Echocardiogram and Telemetry Tracing in a Late Preterm Infant.

A neonate is admitted to the NICU for a late preterm birth at 34 6/7 weeks’ gestation. The pregnancy was complicated by premature rupture of membranes and maternal intrapartum fever. The neonate’s initial course is unremarkable except for a requirement of supplemental oxygen by nasal cannula to maintain oxygen saturation above 94% and nasogastric feedings. On the 10th postnatal day, the neonate is noted to have episodic desaturations, with oxygen saturations decreasing to the low 80s. Physical examination findings are notable for a new grade 2/6 soft systolic heart murmur heard best at the apex. Clips of the infant’s echocardiogram are shown in Video 1 and Video 2. The cardiologist is concerned about left ventricular systolic dysfunction with significant regional wall motion abnormalities. The study also shows that the neonate has moderate mitral regurgitation, a large patent ductus arteriosus, and left atrial enlargement. The coronary artery origins are noted to be normal. The neonate is started on a milrinone infusion to manage the cardiac dysfunction. On the following day, he is noted to have multiple episodes of supraventricular tachycardia with heart rates up to 230 beats/min. Because of concerns about cardiac dysfunction, the cardiology team recommends starting digoxin for an antiarrhythmic effect. Two days later, the rhythm shown in Fig 1 is noted on the bedside monitor. Question 1. Based on this information, what is the likely diagnosis in this neonate? 1. Ebstein anomaly 2. Intrauterine viral infection 3. Total anomalous pulmonary venous return 4. Vascular ring 5. Ventricular septal defect Question 2. What is the most appropriate next management step for this neonate? 1. Administer digoxin-specific antibody fragments 2. Feel for a brachial or femoral pulse and if absent, perform emergent defibrillation 3. Feel for a brachial or femoral pulse and if present, perform …
Circadian Rhythms of Granzyme B, Perforin, IFN-γ, and NK Cell Cytolytic Activity in the Spleen: Effects of Chronic Ethanol

Recent studies show that alterations in the body’s biological rhythms can lead to serious pathologies, including cancer. Acute and chronic ethanol consumption impairs the immune system by causing specific defects in the cellular components of the innate immune response and by creating increased risk and susceptibility to infections and cancer. NK cells are critical for immune surveillance against infected and malignant cells. To assess whether NK cell function follows a circadian trend and to determine ethanol effects on this rhythm, we measured, over a 24-h period, mRNA and protein levels of granzyme B, perforin, and the cytokine IFN-γ, as well as NK cell activity, in the splenocytes of ad libitum-fed, pair-fed, and ethanol-fed Sprague Dawley male rats. Circadian rhythms were found in mRNA and protein levels of granzyme B, perforin, and IFN-γ. A circadian pattern was also detected in NK cell cytolytic activity. Our data further demonstrated how chronic ethanol suppressed NK cell activity by directly disrupting the circadian rhythms of granzyme B, perforin, and IFN-γ. These findings identify the circadian functions of splenic NK cells and show the vulnerability of these rhythms to chronic ethanol.
Capitalist Financial Processes and the Instability of Capitalism

(1980). Capitalist Financial Processes and the Instability of Capitalism. Journal of Economic Issues: Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 505-523.
Global Sourcing Strategy and Sustainability of Core Competencies

The “economic miracles” of the East and Southeast Asian countries have shifted the pendulum of international trade from cross-Atlantic to cross-Pacific in the last decade. Although the recent stock market turmoil and the subsequent depreciation of the foreign exchange rates of many Asian countries may set back their economic progress temporarily, the fundamental economic forces are likely to remain intact. Companies from the United States and Japan, in particular, have also been helping shape the nature of the cross-Pacific bilateral and multilateral trade and investment.
Familial risk and ADHD-specific neural activity revealed by case-control, discordant twin pair design

Individuals with ADHD, as well as their family members who do not meet clinical criteria, have shown deficits in executive function. However, it remains unclear whether underlying neural alterations are familial or ADHD-specific. To investigate this issue, neural activation underlying executive function was assessed using functional magnetic resonance imaging during performance of a Stroop task in three groups of individuals: 20 young adults who were diagnosed with ADHD in childhood, their 20 dizygotic co-twins without ADHD in childhood, and 20 unrelated controls selected from dizygotic twin pairs in which neither twin had ADHD in childhood (total n=60). Implicating the frontoparietal network as a location of effects specific to ADHD, activation in the superior frontal (Brodmann's Area - BA 6) and parietal regions (BA 40) was significantly reduced in twins with childhood ADHD compared to both their control co-twins and unrelated control twins. Consistent with familial influences, activity in the anterior cingulate and insula was significantly reduced in both the twins with ADHD and their co-twins compared to the unrelated controls. These results show that both ADHD-specific and familial influences related to an ADHD diagnosis impact neural systems underlying executive function.
Activity of Microorganisms in Acid Mine Water I. Influence of Acid Water on Aerobic Heterotrophs of a Normal Stream

Comparison of microbial content of acid-contaminated and nonacid-contaminated streams from the same geographical area indicated that nonacid streams contained relatively low numbers of acid-tolerant heterotrophic microorganisms. The acid-tolerant aerobes survived when acid entered the stream and actually increased in number to about 2 × 103 per ml until the pH approached 3.0. The organisms then represented the heterotrophic aerobic microflora of the streams comprised of a mixture of mine drainage and nonacid water. A stream which was entirely acid drainage did not have a similar microflora. Most gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria died out very rapidly in acidic water, and they comprised a very small percentage of the microbial population of the streams examined. Iron- and sulfur-oxidizing autotrophic bacteria were present wherever mine water entered a stream system. The sulfur-oxidizing bacteria predominated over iron oxidizers. Ecological data from the field were verified by laboratory experiments designed to simulate stream conditions.
Synthesis of linear-aperture distributions by pattern sampling

The classical Woodward method for synthetising linear-aperture distributions by pattern sampling is shown here to give a hybrid form of edge behaviour, in which the aperture distribution for the even part terminates in a pedestal (edge exponent α = 0), while that for the odd part approaches zero linearly (α = 1). Hence the Woodward sampling functions are not the proper functions to use for representing an arbitrary aperture-limited function of either the order α = 0 or α = 1. Instead, a new set of sampling functions is constructed, for each order α = 0 and 1 separately, that is capable of representing exactly an arbitrary pattern space factor of that particular order.
Neuropsychological outcome of infant heart transplant recipients.

Objective To assess long-term neuropsychological outcomes of infant heart transplant recipients. Study design Fifty-five children (mean age, 6.4 years) with a primary diagnosis of hypoplastic left heart syndrome or other cardiac disorders participated in the study. Six areas of risk were assessed (birth; preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative status; long-term medical complications; and socioeconomic factors). Neuropsychological evaluations included the following: Wechsler Scales of Intelligence, Wechsler Individual Achievement Test, Berry Visual Motor Integration Scale, Comprehensive Evaluation of Language Function, and Achenbach Child Behavioral Checklist. Results Intellectual functioning scores revealed a mean full-scale IQ of 81 ± 19. Intraoperative and postoperative variables (bypass time, hospital course, and lowest posttransplant pH), long-term medical complications (serious infections and posttransplant surgical procedures), and socioeconomic factors were associated with cognitive functioning. Visual-motor functioning was also related to bypass and total support time. Conclusions Long-term outcomes reveal low-average neuropsychological functioning and are related to intrasurgical-postsurgical, long-term medical, and socioeconomic factors. The neuropsychological and psychosocial functioning of infant heart transplant recipients will be important to address as they mature during adolescence and adulthood.
Helminths of Emoia caeruleocauda (Squamata: Scincidae) from the Northern Mariana Islands, Micronesia

One hundred and ninety-eight Emoia caeruleocauda from nine of the Northern Mariana Islands, Micronesia were surveyed for helminths. Samples from Agrigan, Almagen, Anatahan, Asuncion, Pagan, Rota, Saipan, Sarigan and Tinian were examined. The helminth fauna was greatly depauperate: one species of Cestoda, Cylindrotaenia hickmani, one species of Nematoda, Skrjabinodon sheai and acanthocephalan cystacanths were found. Three of the larger islands, Agrigan, Rota and Saipan, contained two species of helminths. No helminths were found in E. caeruleocauda from Anatahan, Asuncion, Pagan and Tinian Islands.
Development of cardiac sympathetic and adrenal-medullary responses in borderline hypertensive rats

Borderline hypertensive (BHR) rats are the first generation offspring of a cross of spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) normotensive rats. In adulthood, BHRs have systolic blood pressures in the 140-160 mm Hg range. If subjected to chronic stress paradigms, however, BHRs develop sustained and permanent elevations in systolic blood pressure (180-200 mm Hg). In the present study, we examined the functional development of cardiac and adrenal medullary responses to reflex activation of the sympathetic nervous system in preweanling BHR and WKY rats. Pups of the two groups were injected with insulin or saline at 4, 8, 12, or 16 days of age and sacrificed 3 h later. Insulin produces an acute lowering of blood glucose which is attended by a centrally mediated increase in sympathetic activity. The induction of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity in heart and the depletion of epinephrine from the adrenal medulla were biochemical indicators of functional sympathetic neurotransmission. WKY and BHR pups had similar levels of cardiac ODC activity under basal conditions and following administration of insulin. In contrast, BHRs had higher amounts of adrenal norepinephrine and epinephrine from 4 to 16 days of age and greater depletion of adrenal epinephrine following insulin administration at 8, 12 and 16 days of age. These findings indicate that BHRs have a greater capacity for catecholamine biosynthesis, storage and release in the adrenal medulla during the preweanling period compared to age-matched normotensive WKY controls. This alteration in the adrenal medulla during the preweanling period may contribute to the susceptibility of adult BHR rats to stress-induced hypertension.
Addressing New Media with Conventional Media Planning

AbstractAccepted industry wisdom is that many new, and particularly Internet, media cannot be addressed through conventional media planning procedures. This paper takes a contrary position. It not only argues that new media can be addressed through conventional planning procedures, but it contends that they should be. Increasingly, all media compete for the same budget. Furthermore, they play critical roles in the same integrated marketing communications programs. To suggest that they should be treated differently argues against truly integrated media planning. While this paper does not suggest a comprehensive integrated planning solution, it does outline the directions such a solution should take. Most important, it shows how all media selections can be addressed through a common evaluative process.
Suicide and unemployment in Japan: Evidence from municipal level suicide rates and age-specific suicide rates

Abstract Most previous studies on the relationship between unemployment and suicide use either individual level data or large unit aggregate level data. The former typically fail to distinguish the observed association from the causal link, and the latter often produce inconsistent findings on the unemployment-suicide relationship, making it difficult to draw policy implications. The present study contributes to this line of research by using two semi-aggregate level data in Japan. The results show that unemployment is significantly associated with male suicide rates, especially those of prime age working men, while the results are not straightforward for female suicide rates.
Regulation of in vitro Transcription of the Tryptophan Operon by Purified RNA Polymerase in the Presence of Partially Purified Repressor and Tryptophan

Purified RNA polymerase initiates transcription on trp Operon DNA at or near the correct initiation site. Addition of partially purified trp repressor and tryptophan blocks this transcription.
Antenatal dexamethasone administration inhibits smooth-muscle-cell DNA synthesis in pulmonary-arterial media in nitrofen-induced congenital diaphragmatic hernia in rats

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of antenatal glucocorticoid therapy on smooth-muscle-cell (SMC) DNA synthesis in the pulmonary arteries (PA) in a nitrofen-induced congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) rat model following nitrofen administration on day 9.5 of gestation. Antenatal dexamethasone (DEX) was given intraperitoneally on days 18.5 and 19.5 of gestation. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) was injected via a jugular vein into the dam 1 h before the fetuses were killed by cesarean section at term. The fetuses were divided into three groups: group I (n = 10): normal controls; group II (n = 10): nitrofen-induced CDH; group III (n = 10): nitrofen-induced CDH with antenatal DEX treatment. Immunostaining of the lungs with anti-BrdU antibody was obtained by a standard avidin-biotin complex method. The number of immunopositive cells in the PA media and adventitia were counted using an image analyzer and analyzed statistically. The number of BrdU-immunopositive cells in the media was significantly increased in group II (16.83 +/- 3.01) compared to groups I (9.16 +/- 2.20) and III (6.83 +/- 1.70) (P < 0.01). There was no significant difference between groups I and III. The number of BrdU-immunopositive cells in the adventitia was not significantly different between the three groups. Antenatal DEX treatment inhibits SMC DNA synthesis in PA media in CDH lungs. This may be a possible mechanism by which antenatal DEX prevents structural PA changes in nitrofen-induced CDH in rats.
Perceived pay communication, justice and pay satisfaction

Purpose – Although some research shows that positive outcomes occur when workers understand how their pay is determined, little is known about the dynamics of how pay communication affects pay satisfaction. This research proposes that the relationships between pay communication and pay satisfaction exist because justice perceptions mediate them. Pay communication is of particular interest to managers of public sector organizations, where many aspects of the pay system are in the public domain, and without adequate communication, may be easily misunderstood by workers. The purpose of this paper is to discuss these issues.Design/methodology/approach – The study consists of a sample of 384 employees of a Midwestern public university in the USA who completed two questionnaires. Structural equation modeling is used.Findings – Pay communication has both direct and mediated relationships with pay satisfaction (satisfaction with pay level, benefits, pay raise, and pay administration). Distributive justice account...
Concurrent validity of a weight-bearing activity questionnaire in prepubertal and pubertal girls and boys.

Objective : The purpose of this study was to evaluate the current validity of an interviewer-administered physical activity questionnaire against measurement of physical activity from vertical body accelerometer movements in prepubertal and pubertal children. Methods : The Weight Bearing Activity Questionnaire for Kids (WBAQK) is an interviewer-administered questionnaire with a recall over 7 days and developed to assess weight-bearing activity in pre-pubertal and pubertal children. The Caltrac TM accelerometer was worn for 4-5 days (including 1 weekend day). Thirty-seven schoolgirls and 35 schoolboys participated, with a mean age of 11.2 &#45 0.3 years and 12.1 &#45 0.2 years, respectively. Results : Weight-Bearing Score (WBS) and Metabolic Score (MS) derived from the WBAQK were significantly and positively related to the score of the Caltrac TM. Weight-Bearing Score showed higher correlations in both boys (0.59) and girls (0.53) and slightly better compared to MS (0.54 and 0.35). The classification of bo...
Intrathoracic gastric balloon: Radiographic recognition of esophageal perforation

Perforation of the esophagus is an uncommon but life-threatening complication of balloon tamponade for bleeding esophageal varices. We report 2 cases in which the inflated gastric balloon was seen in the chest on radiographs. This finding strongly suggests esophageal perforation, and prompt intervention is required.
Dictionary learning and sparse coding for unsupervised clustering

A clustering framework within the sparse modeling and dictionary learning setting is introduced in this work. Instead of searching for the set of centroid that best fit the data, as in k-means type of approaches that model the data as distributions around discrete points, we optimize for a set of dictionaries, one for each cluster, for which the signals are best reconstructed in a sparse coding manner. Thereby, we are modeling the data as the of union of learned low dimensional subspaces, and data points associated to subspaces spanned by just a few atoms of the same learned dictionary are clustered together. Using learned dictionaries makes this method robust and well suited to handle large datasets. The proposed clustering algorithm uses a novel measurement for the quality of the sparse representation, inspired by the robustness of the l 1 regularization term in sparse coding. We first illustrate this measurement with examples on standard image and speech datasets in the supervised classification setting, showing with a simple approach its discriminative power and obtaining results comparable to the state-of-the-art. We then conclude with experiments for fully unsupervised clustering on extended standard datasets and texture images, obtaining excellent performance.
Constructing deterministic finite-state automata in recurrent neural networks

Recurrent neural networks that are trained to behave like deterministic finite-state automata (DFAs) can show deteriorating performance when tested on long strings. This deteriorating performance can be attributed to the instability of the internal representation of the learned DFA states. The use of a sigmoidel discriminant function together with the recurrent structure contribute to this instability. We prove that a simple algorithm can construct second-order recurrent neural networks with a sparse interconnection topology and sigmoidal discriminant function such that the internal DFA state representations are stable, that is, the constructed network correctly classifies strings of arbitrary length. The algorithm is based on encoding strengths of weights directly into the neural network. We derive a relationship between the weight strength and the number of DFA states for robust string classification. For a DFA with n state and minput alphabet symbols, the constructive algorithm generates a “programmed” neural network with O(n) neurons and O(mn) weights. We compare our algorithm to other methods proposed in the literature.
Electrophoresis of human red-cell stroma.

IN an attempt to provide a chemical basis for an understanding of the morphological appearance of human red cells and of the changes in red-cell morphology in various haematological disorders, we have fractionated red-cell stroma preparations by electrophoresis. Three lipid-containing protein fractions have been separated, two of which migrate readily in veronal buffer at pH 8.6 (µ = 0.1). Red-cell stroma was prepared initially in the manner described by us1, but in addition was washed twice with 0.1 M potassium dihydrogen phosphate and three times with distilled water. A stromal extract obtained with 0.2 M ammonium hydroxide and containing 18 µgm. of tyrosine equivalents of protein2 was then subjected to paper electrophoresis3.
Hypocenter-velocity structure coupling in local earthquake tomography

Abstract Local earthquake tomography involves the use of seismic-wave arrival times from earthquake sources with uncertain locations for the inference of three-dimensional variations in seismic velocity. Formally, this inverse problem contains explicit coupling between the earthquake hypocenters and the velocity structure. However, many studies fail to treat the hypocenter-velocity structure coupling explicitly. An examination of previous studies provides evidence that this failure can lead to significant bias in the resulting velocity model. A set of simple hypothetical test cases clearly demonstrates the seriousness of the potential bias when coupling is neglected, producing models that underestimate the actual velocity perturbations by about a factor of four. Under the same conditions, strict simultaneous inversion and simultaneous inversion with parameter separation both produce accurate inverted models. The use of appropriate station corrections and iteration of the solution can improve the results when the coupling is ignored, but velocity anomalies will still be underestimated by about a factor of two at best.
EGF receptor affinity is regulated by intracellular calcium and protein kinase C

Phorbol esters specifically reduce the binding of epidermal growth factor to surface receptors in intact cells, but not when added directly to isolated membranes. We show that after treatment of intact cells with phorbol myristate acetate, 125I-EGF binding is reduced in membranes prepared subsequently. High-affinity binding of 125I-EGF is modulated by an intracellular calcium-dependent regulatory process. Preventing calcium entry with EGTA or enhancing intracellular calcium with A23187 in intact cells modulates EGF receptor affinity in membranes isolated subsequently. Also, EGTA attenuates the usual inhibition of EGF binding caused by phorbol esters. Membrane preparations do not respond to phorbol ester treatment because the calcium- and phospholipid-dependent protein kinase C is removed or inactivated during membrane isolation. Reconstitution of unresponsive membranes with purified C kinase alters phosphorylation of the EGF receptor and restores the inhibitory effect of phorbol esters on 125I-EGF binding previously observed only in intact cells. Thus, activation of the Ca++-dependent enzyme, C kinase, modulates EGF receptor affinity, possibly via altered receptor phosphorylation.
Age-related changes in calbindin D-28k and calretinin immunoreactivity in the inferior colliculus of CBA/CaJ and C57Bl/6 mice

This study examines calbindin D-28k and calretinin immunoreactivity in the inferior colliculus (IC) of young and old mice of two strains. The CBA/CaJ mouse maintains good hearing until very late in life, whereas the C57Bl/6 strain exhibits severe sensorineural hearing loss at an early age. Young and old mice of both strains were selected with matching auditory brainstem response audiograms and gap detection thresholds. Brain sections were reacted with anti-calbindin D-28k (CB) and anti-calretinin (CR). Staining patterns were characterized and cell counts performed. CB immunoreactivity was high only in the nucleus of the commissure (NCO); counts revealed a 22.3% decrease in the number of CB+ cells in old CBA mice and a 25.1% decrease in old C57 mice. Calretinin immunoreactivity was high in the pericentral regions of the IC, but the central nucleus was devoid of CR+ cells. The dorsal cortex, lateral nucleus, and NCO showed increases of 42.3, 49.0, and 61%, respectively, in the number of CR+ cells, but only in the old CBA mice. No significant change was observed in the old C57 mice. Whereas decreases in CB immunoreactivity are common with age, this study is the first to report an age-related increase in CR immunoreactivity in the auditory system. The increase in CR+ cells is a possible compensatory adaptation to the decrease in CB+ cells. That the number of CR+ cells remains constant with age in C57 mice suggests this compensation may depend upon stimulus-driven activity, but this requires further study.
Naturalistic Inquiry in Washington and Whitehall

Aaron Wildavsky’s many projects showed that discovering the extraordinariness of the ordinary depends on trying to relate how people live and how they think. Aaron and his coauthors always did many interviews, but listening to what people said they were doing could never suffice. When the analytic effort paid off, Aaron brought to light the formulative patterns that helped one predict how people might behave in many other particular circumstances. To exaggerate, Whitehall was an institutional machine for generating complacency among insiders; Washington was a machine for generating distrust on all sides. In Washington, elective political careers are handcrafted by political entrepreneurs who carve out their own personal niches in local districts and Congress. Their personal prospects have nothing to do with becoming aspiring members of an executive team. By contrast, high-level civil servants in Washington face a regime of diffused responsibility.
symbolic dialects and generations of women: variation in the meaning of post‐divorce downward mobility

This paper reports on a study of 30 white, middle-class American women who have suffered severe losses in household income as the result of divorce. It argues that subjective interpretations of “downward mobility” following divorce differ for women from two different cohorts or generations. These differences are explained in terms of the dynamics of the domestic cycle that distinguish the two cohorts and in terms of variations in symbolic systems each group maintains as a result of historically specific experiences. The concept of symbolic dialects is developed to analyze these variations. The paper also identifies different adaptive strategies of adjustment to income loss and the ways these affect relations between children and divorced mothers. [American culture, symbolic analysis, income loss, life cycle, divorce, women's studies]
Evaluation of Half-Mask Gas Collection for Metabolic Measurement in the Work Place:

Metabolic measurement is often important in job design and research. Metabolic measurement via indirect spirometry has traditionally used a mouth-piece nose-clip headgear (MNH) method of collecting expired gases. MNH is often uncomfortable, prohibits oral communication, may fail because of loss of nose-clip, and may interfere with or alter some work tasks because of the awkwardness of the headgear. Gas collection masks (MASK) offer the possibility of partially or totally alleviating the problems of MNH but increase the possibility of erroneous measure due to leakage. This study compared the measurement of performance and subject's subjective ratings of a typical MNH vs. MASK (Hans Rudolph model 8900 series) over a range of work loads from light to maximal in 20 well-trained subjects (M=12, F=8). Ventilation (Ve), oxygen uptake (VO2), and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) were collected with a Sensormedics MMC-1, and heart rate (HR) with a Polar Heartwatch. Comfort was assessed with a Likert questionnaire. ...
Role of protein kinase C in the prolactin-induced responses in mouse mammary gland explants.

Abstract Recently, the protein kinase C (PKC) activator 12- O -tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) was found to have prolactin (PRL)-like actions on specific metabolic processes in mouse mammary gland explants. Since TPA is known to stimulate PKC, these observations suggest that PKC may have a role in the PRL stimulation of lactogenic processes. The present studies provide further evidence for this by demonstrating a transient, time-dependent translocation of PKC to the particulate fraction in response to PRL. Particulate-associated PKC reached a maximum between 15–30 min and returned to control values within 1–2 h after PRL treatment. PRL treatment for 16 h also induced a down-regulation of total cellular PKC. Inhibition of PKC function, either by a 30 h pretreatment with TPA (PKC down-regulation) or 2 h with 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine dihydrochloride (H7), resulted in an attenuation of PRL-stimulated effects on ornithine decarboxylase activity and synthesis of RNA, caseins, and lipids.
Shugoshin and PP2A: Collaborating to Keep Chromosomes Connected

Timely release of sister chromatid cohesion is essential for accurate chromosome segregation during cell division. Shugoshin forms a complex with the phosphatase PP2A that has been proposed to dephosphorylate cohesin proteins to prevent premature loss of centromeric cohesion. A recent study in Molecular Cell by Xu et al. presents the structure of Shugoshin bound to PP2A and provides evidence that this interaction is required for cohesion protection.
MODIFICATION OF THE CHOLINE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME IN THE RAT BY SOMATOTROPHIN AND HYDROCORTISONE

Immature rats 21–23 days of age and weighing less than 45 gm. characteristically develop degenerative changes and hemorrhagic necrosis of the renal cortex and fatty infiltration of the liver when maintained for a few days on a diet deficient in choline (Griffith and Wade, 1939; Griffith, 1941). The renal changes are only observed to occur in very young rats of the above age and weight, and it seems probable that this is because of the relatively rapid growth which occurs at this period of life. Inasmuch as the 11-oxygenated adrenal steroids exert profound effects on metabolism and upon growth rate in particular it seemed likely that the specific lesions of choline deficiency might be modified by simultaneous treatment with these hormones. It has been found that both cortisone (Sellers et al., 1950) and Upjohn Lipo-Cortex Extract (Hurd et al., 1953) protect rats against the renal changes,
Periosteal new bone formation in a canine neuropathic model of osteoarthritis.

Objective. To characterize, for the first time, periosteal new bone formation in a well-established canine model of accelerated osteoarthritis (OA) with features of neuropathic arthropathy. Methods. Seven dogs underwent left L4-S1 dorsal root ganglionectomy (DRG), followed 3 weeks later by transection of the anterior cruciate ligament of the ipsilateral knee (ACLT). Eight weeks thereafter, a postmortem examination was performed to assess the severity of cartilage changes of OA and the formation of new bone on the distal femur and proximal tibia in the cruciate-deficient limb. Results. As described previously, extensive fullthickness ulceration of the articular cartilage was present in the unstable knee of every dog. The femoral shaft immediately proximal to the condyles in the unstable limb was consistently wider (mean ± SD diameter 22.4 ± 2.2 mm) than that in the contralateral limb (19.9 ± 1.3 mm; P = 0.01). Xeroradiography and histologic examination of the distal femur revealed extensive formation of woven bone on the periosteal surfaces of the medial, lateral, and anterior aspects of the femoral shaft in the OA limb of every dog. These bony changes were not seen in radiographs of dogs that underwent DRG with the cruciate ligament left intact (n = 8) or of neurologically intact dogs that underwent ACLT (n = 7) and were examined 24 weeks after surgery. Conclusion. Formation of new periosteal bone on the distal femur and tibia is a feature of this model of accelerated OA that is not seen in the conventional ACLT model of OA in the neurologically intact dog. This observation suggests that interruption of sensory input from the limb may affect the regulation of osteogenesis in the mechanically unstable joint.
The use of protoveratrine in the treatment of hypertensive vascular disease.

Abstract The purpose of this report is to present out experience with the use of protoveratrine in one hundred patients with hypertensive vascular disease. It is not possible to give a final answer as to the effect of this drug as a treatment of patients with hypertension. We cannot do this because the evaluation of any treatment of a chronic disease is hazardous and difficult unless the treatment is curative or unless improvement is prompt and sustained. This is particularly true of a disease such as hypertensive vascular disease which persists for a decade or more in a high proportion of patients and has a variable course. The natural history of hypertensive vascular disease has not been well delineated and the number of drugs and treatments which have been used in the past fifty years, only to be abandoned, is large. It is recognized that the final evaluation of any treatment of a chronic disease requires ten or more years and a large number of patients with adequate control study.
New developments in the use of simulations and games for learning

Business games for instruction have continued to grow in their use. While the basic structure of these games has largely remained the same, the technical support provided to both players and game administrators has changed substantially.
Efficient optimization of diffractive optical elements based on rigorous diffraction models.

An efficient optimization strategy for the design of diffractive optical elements that is based on rigorous diffraction theory is described. The optimization algorithm combines diffraction models of different degrees of accuracy and computational complexity. A fast design algorithm for diffractive optical elements is used to yield estimates of the optimum surface profile based on paraxial diffraction theory. These estimates are subsequently evaluated with a rigorous diffraction model. This scheme allows one to minimize the need to compute diffraction effects rigorously, while providing accurate design. We discuss potential applications of this scheme as well as details of an implementation based on a modified Gerchberg–Saxton algorithm and the finite-difference time-domain method. Illustrative examples are provided in which we use the algorithm to design Fourier array illuminators.
Effects of surface-normal motion for adsorbed 4 He films

We investigate the effects of motion normal to the substrate on condensed phases of $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ adsorbed on graphite. We find that normal motion has small effects on the ground-state energy and critical temperature for first-layer adsorbed $^{4}\mathrm{He}$, but that the second layer suffers substantial decreases in both these quantities. Calculated results for $\ensuremath{\Delta}{T}_{c}$ compare favorably with experiment.
Suicide over 60: the San Diego study.

Objectives: To see if selected clinical factors characterize suicides over the age of 60 differently from younger suicides and to ascertain if those factors characterize female and male suicides over the age of 60 differently. Design: A group of consecutive suicides aged 60–88 was compared with groups of consecutive suicides aged 31–59 and 16–30. The female suicides aged 60–88 were also compared with the male suicides in that age group. Data were gathered from a variety of informants using a structured interview format. Setting: The sample was gathered in San Diego County, California, between November, 1981 and September 1982. Participants: The sample consisted of 204 consecutive suicides. These included 49 cases aged 60–88, 94 cases aged 31–59, and 61 cases aged 16–30. The older group consisted of 20 females and 29 males. Measurements: Comparisons were made in demographic, diagnostic, and other clinical characteristics. Results: There were no significant differences between female and male suicides over age 60 on any of the variables examined. Only minor differences were found among the groups in patterns of mental disorders diagnosed. Older suicides were significantly more likely to be married or, if not married, widowed than either of the two younger groups. They were also significantly more likely to be stressed by medical illness. They were significantly less likely to have financial problems as stressors. They were significantly less likely to have talked about suicide or made prior suicide attempts than either of the two younger groups. Conclusions: Patterns of certain characteristics of suicides are very similar regardless of age. However, specific age-related differences occur that need to be considered when assessing suicide risk. Older suicides may be harder for clinicians to predict and, therefore, prevent.
Treatment of hypertonicity in muscles of lip retraction

An EMG biofeedback program was developed for a 56-year-old Parkinsonism patient who exhibited pathological lip hypertonia and retraction. The program was designed to achieve the following goals: (1) to demonstrate a reduction in postural lip hypertonicity and (2) to demonstrate a reduction in lip hypertonicity during a series of increasingly complex speech activities. To achieve the first goal, contrastive tasks of full contraction and relaxation were utilized. Each posture was sustained while voltage measurements were made at specifici intervals. Procedures to modify lip retraction during speech included five tasks in which the patient was to monitor the audio feedback signal. The tasks involved: prolongation of a neutral vowel, consonant-vowel combinations, monosyllabic words, sentences, and a paragraph-reading task. Data collected over six biofeedback sessions are presented. Trend analyses showed consistent muscular reduction within each task. The following explanations for the decrease in the patient's hypertonicity were discussed: (1) reduction of anisometric contraction, (2) reduction of isometric contraction, (3) relearning of agonistic-antagonistic muscle balance.
A response to Bernstein Ratner (2005)

Abstract This letter seeks to clarify statements made by Bernstein Ratner in her article, “Evidence-based practice in stuttering: Some questions to consider” (JFD, 2005).
Transformation of rat small lymphocytes with pokeweed mitogen (PWM).

When lymphoid cells from the thoracic duct lymph, blood, lymph node, spleen and thymus of the rat were exposed to pokeweed mitogen (PWM), large primitive cells appeared after 24–30 hours of culture. This response was not limited to tissues of adult animals but was also demonstrated in cultures of cells from the thymus glands, lymph nodes and spleens of newborn, 48 hour and three-day-old rats, respectively. The transformed rat cells, in contrast to the cells observed in human PWM cultures (Chessin, Bőrjeson, Welch, Douglas and Cooper, '67), could not be divided into two populations on the basis of cytoplasmic basophilia, PAS positive granules or alcian blue staining. In addition, the thoracic duct lymphocytes from rats thymectomized within 24 hours of birth showed a marked deficiency in transformation, characterized by decreased numbers of enlarged cells and minimal cytoplasmic basophilia, when compared to similar cells from non-operated or sham-thymectomized controls. In the thymus cultures, some of the small lymphocytes served as precursors of the transformed cells without undergoing division. Subsequently, these enlarged cells proliferated giving rise to small lymphocytes and additional transformed elements. Exposing lymphoid cells to PWM for up to 14 days did not result in the development of plasma cells.
Recognition of pyrrolysine tRNA by the Desulfitobacterium hafniense pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase

Pyrrolysine (Pyl), the 22nd co-translationally inserted amino acid, is incorporated in response to a UAG amber stop codon. Pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase (PylRS) attaches Pyl to its cognate tRNA, the special amber suppressor tRNAPyl. The genes for tRNAPyl (pylT) and PylRS (pylS) are found in all members of the archaeal family Methanosarcinaceae, and in Desulfitobacterium hafniense. The activation and aminoacylation properties of D. hafniense PylRS and the nature of the tRNAPyl identity elements were determined by measuring the ability of 24 mutant tRNAPyl species to be aminoacylated with the pyrrolysine analog N-e-cyclopentyloxycarbonyl-l-lysine. The discriminator base G73 and the first base pair (G1·C72) in the acceptor stem were found to be major identity elements. Footprinting analysis showed that PylRS binds tRNAPyl predominantly along the phosphate backbone of the T-loop, the D-stem and the acceptor stem. Significant contacts with the anticodon arm were not observed. The tRNAPyl structure contains the highly conserved T-loop contact U54·A58 and position 57 is conserved as a purine, but the canonical T- to D-loop contact between positions 18 and 56 was not present. Unlike most tRNAs, the tRNAPyl anticodon was shown not to be important for recognition by bacterial PylRS.
Anionic Residue in the α-Subunit of the Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Contributing to Subunit Assembly and Ligand Binding

To ascertain the anionic sites on the nicotinic receptor to which acetylcholine and other quaternary ammonium ligands bind, we have examined the role of an aspartyl residue (Asp-152) in the α-subunit. Prior photolytic labeling with agonist analogues of the neighboring residues Trp-149 and Tyr-151 suggests that their side chains reside on the binding face (also termed the (+)- or counterclockwise face) of the α-subunit. Asp-152 presents an anionic charge in the vicinity of these aromatic residues. Modification of the aspartate to asparagine (D152N) creates a glycosylation signal (Asn-152-Gly-Ser), and we find, on the basis of altered electrophoretic migration, that glycosylation occurs at this position upon cotransfection of the mutant α-subunit with β-, γ-, and δ-subunits. Glycosylation results in a reduction in the capacity of the receptor to assemble; this reduction is manifest in the initial step of dimer formation between the αγ- and αδ-subunits. The α-subunit mutant receptor reaching the assembled pentamer exhibits an altered selectivity for certain ligands. Little reduction in α-bungarotoxin binding is observed, whereas affinities for agonists and competitive alkaloid antagonists are reduced substantially. Separation of the contributions of charge removal and glycosylation addition shows that both factors affect agonist affinity, with the charge influence being far more predominant. These findings raise the possibility that a component of the coulombic attraction stabilizing the binding of agonists comes from the aspartyl residue at position 152 in the α-subunit.
Metabolic basis of platelet phagocytosis

Abstract The metabolic basis of platelet phagocytosis was studied by determining aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis in human platelet suspensions to which polystyrene-Latex particles of small size were added. These are known to be rapidly phagocytosed by the platelets. Aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis were measured from the 14CO2 production and the [14C]lactate accumulation using glucose labeled at different carbon atoms. Results demonstrated that the addition of Latex particles to the platelet suspensions produced an increase in both lactate and CO2 production, i. e. an increase in aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis. Particularly striking, however, was the increase in CO2 production which was solely due to oxidation of [6-14C]glucose, i. e. to increased activity of the citric acid cycle, while activity of the hexose monophosphate shunt was not increased. The metabolic response of platelets to phagocytosis is, therefore, different from that of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. These are known to utilize mainly the hexose monophosphate shunt in their metabolic burst accompanying phagocytosis, while the platelets depend upon mitochondrial electron transfer for this phenomenon.