cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Role and extent of lymphadenectomy for early breast cancer.

A better understanding of the locoregional and systemic approaches to breast cancer over the past decade and one-half has altered the perspective on surgical management of the axilla. An increased awareness of the importance of early diagnosis and appropriate staging has focused further attention on the extent of resection of axillary lymph nodes. Examined here are the anatomy and physiology of the axillary lymph nodes, their clinical evaluation, the significance of histologic evaluation, a discussion of the procudure's role in staging and therapy, and a presentation of the complications of axillary lymph node dissection. It is in this light that we discuss the extent of axillary lymphadenectomy in early diagnosis of breast cancer. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Is the universe operating at a self-organized critical state?

Abstract We present a simple “toy” model of interacting ballistic particles, which evolves to a self-organized critical state with dimension D≈1.6 in two and three dimensions. The model may belong to the same universality class as the “game of life”, and provide insight to the emergence of scale-free behavior in extended dynamical systems such as the universe.
Model dependence of the matrix elements of the ΔB = 2 six-quark operators in neutron-antineutron transitions

Abstract To investigate their model dependence, the matrix elements of the six independent ΔB = 2 six-quark operators, which enter in neutron-antineutron transitions, were evaluated using the neutron wave functions in the relativistic potential model and in the harmonic oscillator shell model. The results were compared with the corresponding values previously calculated in the MIT bag model and the matrix elements were found to be very sensitive to the model used for the neutron wave function, some differing not only by more than an order of magnitude but also in sign.
Pial Microcirculation in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Microsurgical and microscopic methods were employed in guinea pigs to expose, observe, and measure response characteristics of cerebral cortical pial microvessels and microcirculation to traumatic and nontraumatic experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage. Bleeding produced by vascular micropuncture was associated with a 44.3% arteriolar constriction. Topical application of homologous blood alone produced a 33.2% vasoconstriction. Observed microcirculatory flow characteristics subsequent to such microvascular changes were consistent with those known to be associated with cerebral cortical infarction. These changes could be prevented or reversed by topical application of the alpha adrenergic blocker, phenoxybenzamine. Topical pretreatment with the beta adrenergic blocker, propranolol, prevented blood-induced spasm, but did not reverse such spasm once it had been established. A chemo-mechanical mechanism is suggested as underlying the vasoconstriction associated with rupture of pial microvessels. It is thought that consideration of such microvascular characteristics, in conjunction with those known to be associated with larger intracranial vessels, adds to current knowledge of the pathophysiology of subarachnoid hemorrhage and may be extrapolated to bear future clinical import.
The degree hierarchy of undecidable problems of formal grammars

After a brief discussion of historical matters in §1, twenty-seven predicates of formal grammers are introduced in §2. The next two sections discuss recursively enumerable predicates and nonrecursively enumerable predicates, respectively. These results show that the degree of unsolvability of a predicate is determined by its domain of definition. The paper concludes with a degree diagram and suggestions for further development. From a more comprehensive point of view these results complement the computational complexity classification of solvable problems and extend that classification to unsolvable problems based on their degree of unsolvability.
B2B eMarketplaces and small- and medium-sized enterprises

Since February 2000, we have seen numerous announcements from large companies such as General Motors, Boeing, Ford and British Airways saying they are creating or participating in Business-to-Business (B2B) eMarketplaces. Clearly, these companies believe they are going to derive benefits in supply chains from these trading exchanges. In analyzing the situation, the potential benefits to large organizations are obvious. However, the benefits to suppliers, who are usually SMEs, are less obvious. This paper draws on the author's experience in working with Boeing to build an aerospace hub in Asia, and addresses the problems that face SMEs when they are asked to participate in exchanges. The paper includes an outline for a realistic business case that includes supplier considerations, and ends with a proposal for creating an exchange environment that makes it easier for SMEs to participate.
SMRTe, a silencing mediator for retinoid and thyroid hormone receptors-extended isoform that is more related to the nuclear receptor corepressor

SMRT (silencing mediator for retinoid and thyroid hormone receptors) and N-CoR (nuclear receptor copressor) mediate transcriptional repression of important regulators that are involved in many signaling pathways. SMRT and N-CoR are related proteins that form complexes with mSin3A/B and histone deacetylases to induce local chromatin condensation and transcriptional repression. However, SMRT is substantially smaller than N-CoR, lacking an N-terminal domain of approximately 1,000 aa that are present in N-CoR. Here, we report the identification of SMRT-extended (SMRTe), which contains an N-terminal sequence that shows striking similarity with N-CoR. As in N-CoR, this SMRTe-N-terminal domain also represses basal transcription. We find that SMRTe expression is regulated during cell cycle progression and SMRTe transcripts are present in many embryonic tissues. These data redefine a structurally and functionally more related nuclear receptor corepressor family and suggest an additional role for SMRTe in the regulation of cycle-specific gene expression in diverse signaling pathways.
Successful Endovascular Treatment of Bleeding Aortoenteric Fistula: A Case Report

Aortoenteric fistula (AEF) is an infrequent but disastrous complication of open abdominal aortic repair. Left untreated, it has a 100% fatality rate. The traditional approaches to the repair of secondary AEF (SAEF) are associated with average mortality rates of 21-59% and numerous major complications. Here, we report a case of acute gastrointestinal bleeding due to SAEF, successfully treated with endovascular stent graft repair. At 1-year follow-up, the patient was doing well without any signs of recurrent fistula. Endovascular treatment of AEF provides another treatment option that may be particularly valuable in patients whose comorbidities would preclude open repair.
Evaluation of technician audiovisual scanning of ambulatory electrocardiograph recordings utilizing the rapid oscillographic printout technique of validation

Summary: The accuracy of technician audiovisual scanning of ambulatory electrocardiographic recordings, coupled with physician review of demonstrative rhythm strips, was validated using the rapid oscillographic printout technique. Seventy-five patients underwent 24-h ambulatory electrocardiographic recordings which were routinely evaluated by audiovisual scanning for the highest hourly grades of ventricular ectopic activity (VEA). Printouts of three random hours per 24-hours were then obtained (one hour per 8-hour period). The total beat oscillographic printouts, written at 120 × real time, were then graded by at least two authors and compared to the results of audiovisual scanning. Hourly VEA grades were: 0 = no ventricular ectopy; 1 = ≤ 10 unifocals; 2 = > 10 unifocals; 3 = ≤ 10 multifocals; 3A = > 10 multifocals; 4 = couplets; 5 = triplets or salvos. VEA grades were further grouped into high grade (2, 3A, 4 or 5) and low grade (0, 1, or 3) categories. The comparison of rapid oscillographic total beat printout to technician audiovisual scanning coupled with physician review of ambulatory electrocardiographic data produced the following conclusions: (1) The highest hourly VEA grade was exactly identified 65% (146/225) of the time, or was closely approximated (identified within one grade of the highest VEA grade) 80% (181/225) of the time. Excluding errors that were secondary to overlooking rare electrical events, technicians successfully identified 88% (199/225) of hours for the highest VEA grade; (2) patients with high grade and low grade VEA were identified with an accuracy of 91% (51/55) and 95% (19/20), respectively; (3) technician reports which combined each of the three random hours per patient were more predictably accurate when positive for high grade VEA (98% of patients, 50/51) than for low grade VEA (79% of patients, 19/24); p < 0.05); (4) “underreading” errors in audiovisual scanning were almost six times more frequent as those of “overreading” (67 vs. 12 instances, respectively), with a failure to recognize low frequency electrocardiographic events as the most prevalent type of error. This study demonstrates the use of the rapid oscillographic printout technique for the display of ambulatory electrocardiographic data in hard copy compressed form which was successfully used to validate technician performance in the audiovisual scanning of ambulatory ECG recordings.
1088 HEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE PNEUMONIA: A PROSPECTIVE STUDY DEMONSTRATING THE UTILITY OF LATEX AGGLUTINATION FOR DIAGNOSIS

Hemophilus Influenzae type b (HIB) as an etiology of childhood pneumonia has been reported with increased frequency, but culture diagnosis is often difficult. To rapidly diagnose and to better characterize the clinical spectrum of HIB pneumonia, we evaluated a latex particle agglutination test (LPA) to detect HIB antigen in serum, urine and concentrated urine (5fold) from children with pneumonia. In addition to cultures and LPA, acute and convalescent serum were assayed for HIB antibody rises. We evaluated during 5 months, 52 children who presented to our clinic with pneumonia and who were age 1 month to 9 years, had x-ray evidence of infiltrate and had symptoms for ≤7 days. Eight (16%) had HIB antigen detected in body fluids at the time of initial visit (Serum-5 patients, urine-5, concentrated urine-8). Four had culture confirmation of HIB (blood-3 patients, sputum-2, pleural fluid-1). HIB antibody rise (≥2fold) was shown in 5 patients with antigen. The others were <18 months of age. All pneumonia patients without HIB antigen had negative HIB cultures and no HIB antibody change. Children with HIB pneumonia were 2 months to 8 years of age (median 2 yrs.). 75% were subsequently hospitalized. The LPA test is a sensitive rapid diagnostic technique for establishing the diagnosis of HIB pneumonia, even when blood cultures are negative. HIB antigen was most readily detected in concentrated urine specimens.
Integrating sustainability in higher education: a generic matrix

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to develop a framework in the form of a generic matrix of options for integrating sustainability in higher education (SHE) so that university faculty and administrators can make more appropriate and strategic choices with respect to SHE.Design/methodology/approach – This original matrix draws from and extends previous empirical and conceptual research on integrating SHE. The paper addresses the needs and weaknesses stated in earlier literature on SHE.Findings – The matrix includes four different options or scenarios for integrating SHE; these options are based on delivery of SHE and focus of SHE. Advantages and disadvantages of each option are discussed, as well as rationales for choosing each option. In addition, suggestions for future research are included.Practical implications – The matrix can provide a platform from which to launch discussions about SHE, as well as a template with respect to “how to” integrate SHE.Originality/value – This original matrix contrib...
TESTOSTERONE PRODUCTION IN POORLY CONTROLLED ADOLESCENT DIABETIC MALES

There are suggestions of an impairment in testosterone synthesis and/or testosterone secretion in diabetic animals and humans. The kinetics of human chorionic gonadotropin-induced steroidogenic response of the human testis was evaluated by administration of hCG to six normal adolescent controls (N) and six insulin-dependent adolescent diabetic males during a period of poor diabetic control (DPC) and repeated three months later after obtaining good control (DGC) by multiple daily insulin injections. HCG was administered in a single injection of 6,000 UI (Pregnyl, Organon Lab) at 9:00 a.m. and bloods were drawn at 0,1,2,4,6,12,24 and 48 hr for plasma testosterone levels, determined by RIA. Hg A1C was N 5.0%±1.4, DPC 13.2%±1.9, DGC 7.5%±1 (p<0.01). Plasma testosterone levels mean ± SE (ng/ml) in DPC was at 0 452±115; 1 hr 448±110; 2 hr 591±151; 4 hr 569±120; 6 hr 581±127; 8 hr 502±124; 12 hr 620±153; 24 hr 932±239 and 48 hr 1345±364. In DGC was at 0 723±87; 1 hr 743±39; 2 hr 860±51; 4 hr 953±137; 6 hr 856±142; 8 hr 970±127; 12 hr 1116±200; 24 hr 1566±298 and 48 hr 1896±231. Plasma testosterone in DGC were not different from N. Juvenile diabetics in poor control had low basal and post hCG plasma testosterone levels than during a period of good diabetic control. This study suggests impaired androgen production in male adolescent diabetics in poor control. Low testosterone production may be related to sexual dysfunction, growth retardation, and atherosclerosis in adolescent diabetics. (Supported by NIH grant RR-318).
Pediculosis and the Pediatrician

Head lice commonly evoke feelings of disgust, revulsion, anger, and shame among parents and patients. There should, however, be no great cause for such alarm if a physician suspects pediculosis capitis. The recent introduction of several new pediculicidal drugs now allows a choice among four distinct therapeutic agents, which should substantially improve control of isolated cases and epidemics. Physicians must be aware that consumer groups are pressing public health authorities and drug manufacturers to establish proper treatment standards and safety warnings for the use of these agents. In addition, some controversy surrounds the use of lindane in children. This paper reviews the epidemiology and clinical appearance of pediculosis capitis in children, with emphasis on these recent developments. Pubic lice (Phthirus pubis) and body lice (Pediculus humanus corporis), both of which are much less common pediatric infestations, are mentioned only briefly.
Cardiac temperature gradients during profound hypothermia with extracorporeal perfusion.

SummaryDuring the production and reversion of profound hypothermia with extracorporeal perfusion temperatures were recorded from various sites throughout the heart. In all animals studied thermal gradients were observed. In some instances during cooling temperature variations as marked as 10°C were recorded. During rewarming similar differences were noted. From these studies it is concluded that thermal gradients alone are not responsible for hypothermic ventricular fibrillation.
Dopamine D2 receptor autoradiography with [su3H]-YM 09151-2 reflects brain and behavioral ontogeny

Abstract 1. 1. Striatal D 2 receptor concentration (as determined by [ 3 H]-spiperone binding to brain tissue homogenates) has been correlated, in F344 rats, with a number of locomotor behaviors (e.g. response latency on conditioned avoidance and decreased open field locomotion with apomorphine administration). 2. 2. These data suggest that striatal D 2 receptor concentration may likewise correlate with spontaneous open field locomotor activity since previous work has shown lower rates of locomotor activity in 21-day old versus 30-day old F344 rats. 3. 3. Using the technique of in vitro receptor autoradiography to slide-mounted, coronal brain sections, the authors studied the suitability of [ 3 H]-YM-09151-2 as a ligand for labeling D2 receptors in 21-day old and adult F344 rats. 4. 4. Specific [ 3 H]-YM-09151-2 saturation binding accounted for 70–80% of the total bound ligand ( K d = 348 pM). Displacement experiments corroborated previous findings using homogenates that [ 3 H]-YM 09151-2 binds specifically to the D 2 receptor. 5. 5. Autoradiograms from 21-day old and adult brain sections demonstrated high grain densities in the caudate-putamen, accumbens and olfactory tubercle. Diffuse specific binding was also observed in the cortex. Analysis of grain densities from areas corresponding to these brain regions revealed significantly less specific binding in 21-day old versus adult F344 rats. 6. 6. These autoradiographic data are consistent with the expected increase in brain D 2 receptor concentration during maturation and parallel observed changes in open-field locomotor activity. Thus, [ 3 H]-YM 09151-2 appears to be a suitable ligand for autoradiographic labeling of the D 2 receptor.
The aetiology and pathogenesis of trismus

The word trismus, from the Greek 'trismos', is defined as a prolonged, tetanic spasm of the jaw muscles by which the normal opening of the mouth is restricted (locked jaw). The designation was originally used only in tetanus, but as inability to open the mouth may be seen in a variety of conditions, the term is currently used in restricted jaw movement regardless of aetiology. As the literature on the subject mainly consists of case reports, the authors have reviewed the pathogenesis, aetiology and management of trismus.
Effect of an intense wheelchair propulsion task on quantitative ultrasound of shoulder tendons.

Objective To investigate acute ultrasound changes of biceps and supraspinatus tendon appearance after an intense wheelchair propulsion task, and how these changes relate to demographic and biomechanical risk factors. Design A survey. Setting Research laboratory and research space at the National Veterans Wheelchair Games. Participants A convenience sample of 60 manual wheelchair users were recruited through research registries and rehabilitation clinics as well as from participants at the 2007 and 2008 National Veterans Wheelchair Games. The subjects were between 18 and 65 years of age at least 1 year after injury and did not have progressive disabilities. Main Outcome Measures Quantitative ultrasound (QUS) measures of biceps and supraspinatus tendon appearance, stroke frequency, resultant force, tendinopathy score, and duration of wheelchair use. Results Biceps tendon appearance after an intense propulsion task was significantly related to chronic biceps tendinopathy, duration of wheelchair use, stroke frequency, and resultant force. The subjects with a higher stroke frequency or resultant force tended to have a brighter, more organized tendon appearance compared with the prepropulsion imaging session (baseline). The subjects with tendinopathy or a longer duration of wheelchair use were more likely to have a darker, diffuse tendon appearance immediately after the propulsion task. Supraspinatus tendon appearance after propulsion was only significantly predicted by baseline QUS measures. Conclusions QUS has proven to be sensitive to risk factors for tendon pathology. Future studies can apply grayscale-based QUS to study the development and prevention of repetitive strain injuries, particularly on an individual basis.
A Union of Conflicting Modes of Understanding

Organizational development and design are focused on bringing about a coherence between decision areas, and the reasoning that either development or design is right or wrong is postulated. Both can be seen as complementing approaches to organizational improvement.
Ammonium and Nitrate Distribution in Soil Using Drip and Microsprinkler Irrigation for Citrus Production

Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 78:645–654 doi:10.2136/sssaj2013.07.0319 Received 31 July 2013. *Corresponding author (dkadyampakeni@ufl.edu). © Soil Science Society of America, 5585 Guilford Rd., Madison WI 53711 USA All rights reserved. No part of this periodical may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permission for printing and for reprinting the material contained herein has been obtained by the publisher. Ammonium and Nitrate Distribution in Soil Using Drip and Microsprinkler Irrigation for Citrus Production Nutrient Management & Soil & Plant Analysis
Risk factor analysis among men referred for possible acquired immune deficiency syndrome

Responses to a lifestyle questionnaire among 13 patients with Kaposi's sarcoma and 18 with an opportunistic infection were compared with those of 29 symptom-free referred individuals. Odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence limits were calculated as an estimate of risk. Significantly elevated odds ratios (P less than 0.05) were found for cigarette smoking (OR = 3.4), marijuana use (OR = 3.7), nitrite use (OR = 5.5), frequenting bathhouses (OR = 7.6), prior syphilis (OR = 3.4), and fist-rectal sexual practices (OR = 3.5). A response gradient for the risk estimates was found for marijuana use (OR = 2.7 for occasional, OR = 4.3 for frequent use); nitrites (OR = 4.0 for occasional; OR = 6.3 for frequent use); and prior syphilis (OR = 2.9 for one to two previous infections and 9.0 for three or more). We believe the evidence is now sufficient to recommend preventive practices which may reduce the male homosexual's risk for developing acquired immune deficiency syndrome, Kaposi's sarcoma, and/or opportunistic infections. These include cessation of cigarette smoking, marijuana use, and nitrite inhalation; reduction in number of anonymous sexual partners to decrease risk of sexually transmitted diseases; and avoidance of fisting.
Nine Species of Coleoptera (Insecta) newly recorded in Ulleungdo Island, Korea

This study was conducted to investigate the Coleopterous fauna as a part of association survey of Korean Biodiversity Consortium in Ulleungdo Island in 2012. As a result, Total of 32 species and 13 families of Coleoptera were identified and among them, 9 species are reported for the first time in Ulleungdo Island.
Cuticular lipids of insects—VII Cuticular hydrocarbons of the crickets Achet a domesticus, gryllus pennsylvanicus and Nemobius fasciatus

Abstract 1. 1. The cuticular hydrocarbons of the crickets Acheta domesticus, Gryllus pennsylvanicus , and Nemobius fasciatus were characterized by gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectral analysis. n -Alkanes and 2-methylalkanes are present in all three species, and internally branched monomethyl-and dimethylalkanes are present in significant quantities in A. domesticus and G. pennsylvanicus . 2. 2. The n -alkanes are primarily of odd chain lengths from 21 to 33 carbons and comprise 7 +, 31 +, and 78 +% of the cuticular hydrocarbons of A. domesticus, G. pennsylvanicus , and N. fasciatus . The 2-methylalkanes are an unusual component of insect cuticular lipids and comprise 30+, 26+ and 20 + % of the cuticular hydrocarbons of these three insects. The internally branched monomethylalkanes and dimethylalkanes range from 30 to 39 carbons and comprise 34 + and 8 +% and 26 + and 34 −% of the cuticular hydrocarbons of A. domesticus and G. pennsylvanicus . Odd chain length components with methyl branches on odd numbered carbons predominate. 3. 3. The hydrocarbon composition of these crickets are compared to those from other insect groups, with interesting correlations among the methyl branched components noted.
Defining Active Catalyst Structure and Reaction Pathways from ab Initio Molecular Dynamics and Operando XAFS: Dehydrogenation of Dimethylaminoborane by Rhodium Clusters

We present the results of a detailed operando XAFS and density functional theory (DFT)-based ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) investigation of a proposed mechanism of the dehydrogenation of dimethylaminoborane (DMAB) by a homogeneous Rh4 cluster catalyst. Our AIMD simulations reveal that previously proposed Rh structures, based on XAFS measurements, are highly fluxional, exhibiting both metal cluster and ligand isomerizations and dissociation that can only be accounted for by examining a finite temperature ensemble. It is found that a fluxional species Rh4(H2BNMe2)82+ is fully compatible with operando XAFS measurements, suggesting that this species may be the observed catalyst resting state. On the basis of this assignment, we propose a mechanism for catalytic DMAB dehydrogenation that exhibits an energy barrier of approximately 28 kcal/mol.
Pathogenesis of Drechslera sorokiniana leaf spot on progressively older leaves of Poa pratensis as influenced by photoperiod and light quality

Abstract Drechslera sorokiniana leaf spot on Poa pratensis was investigated relative to photoperiod, light quality and sequential leaf development and senescence. Leaf spot expression was enhanced on each older leaf when subjected to blue-biased, far-red-rich light irrespective of photoperiod and when subjected to “balanced” light in combination with a short photoperiod (10 h). Leaf spot expression on progressively older leaves subjected to “balanced” light in combination with a long photoperiod (14 h) was inhibited. Leaf spot expression on progressively older leaves in response to orange-red-biased light in combination with a long photoperiod (14 h) was similar to that of “balanced” light, but orange-red-biased light uniquely promoted leaf spot expression on younger leaves in combination with a short photoperiod (10 h). The relationship between the calculated and projected phytochrome photoequilibrium (φ) and disease expression suggests that pathogenesis on progressively older leaves can be influenced by a light-phytochrome-pathogen interaction. Spectral and photoperiodic conditions associated with retardation or stimulation of leaf sensescence also seem to retard or stimulate pathogenesis, especially on progressively older leaves.
Age-related differences in the incorporation of 3H-arginine into vasopressin in Fischer 344 rats.

Abstract We studied the effect of aging on the incorporation of 3H-arginine into vasopressin (VP) molecule in the hypothalamus (HT) and the rate of its transport into the neurohypophysis (NH) of male Fischer 344 rats of different ages: 2–3 months (young, n = 28), 11–13 months (adult, n = 30) and 30 months (old, n = 27). 3H-arginine was injected in a single dose through a permanent cannula into the lateral ventricle of an awake animal. The rats were decapitated 1, 6, and 24 h after the injection. VP was extracted from individual HTs and NHs (without pars intermedia), purified in a chromatography column and determined by RIA. Hypothalamus: One hour after the injection the 3H-activity was highest in the young, lower in the age groups, reflecting endogenous VP content to be highest in the young, lower in the adult and lowest in the old rats. In the young rats both activities decreased 6 and 24 h after the injection. The adult rats also exhibited declining activities, whereas in the old rats the activities remained unchanged from 1 to 24 h after the injection. Neurohypophys: One hour after the injection of radioactive label 3H-activity and specific activity were significantly lower in the NH of the old than in those of young and adult rats. The activities increased 6 h after the injection in all agegroups with the lowest values in the old rats. After 6 h, both activities in the old rats reached only the 1-h values of the young and adult rats suggesting a delay of at least 6 h in the axonal transport of newly synthetized VP in aged rats. Twenty-four hours after the injection both activities increased in all age groups exhibiting no difference among the age groups, indicating a decreased release of the newly synthetized VP from the NH of aged rats. These data demonstrate an age-related decrease in the rate of corporation of 3H-arginine into VP, in the rate of its axonal transport and in the release of newly synthetized VP from the NH of Fischer 344 rats.
Two new species and new records of Cheyletidae (Acari) in Hawaii with a key to the species

Abstract Two new species of Cheyletidae, Bak elongatus and Cheletomimus citrosinensis, are described from specimens collected in the Hawaiian Islands. Additionally, 10 previously described species are reported for the first time from the Hawaiian Islands.
Chloroplast gene expression in Chlamydomonas reinhardi

The transcriptional activities of the chloroplast genome of Chlamydomonas reinhardi during the synchronous cell cycle and at various stages of the greening process have been characterized by hybridization of pulse labeled RNA to separated fragments of chloroplast DNA digested with EcoRI endonuclease. The results demonstrate that the EcoRI-chloroplast DNA fragments can be divided into three classes with respect to gene expression: (1) fragments in which gene expression occurs stage specifically, (2) fragments in which gene expression occurs continously, and (3) fragments in which gene expression is absent. A typical example of class 1 DNA fragments are those which contain chloroplast rRNA genes. Several other fragments containing mRNA species are also transcribed stage specifically. The DNA fragment containing the mRNA gene for the large subunit of RuBP-carboxylase appears to belong to class 2. Three EcoRI fragments (19, 20, 22) are not transcribed at all. These fragments were not expressed even when the chloroplast DNA was transcribed in vitro by E. coli RNA polymerase. The buoyant density analysis of DNA fragments shows a distinct base composition hetereogeneity. The three silent fragments have an extremely low bouyant density and are localized in a cluster on the physical map of Rochaix (1978). Four high density regions can be recognized on the map, two of which involve genes for chloroplast rRNAs and one for mRNA for the large RuBP-carboxylase subunit.
Position paper: boundary-scan: built to last?

The paper discusses a number of IEEE standards for boundary scan. From the number of IEEE standards that have been and continue to be developed based upon the original IEEE 1149.1 architecture, it should be clear that the 1149.1 standard was "built right" and "built to last".
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education (BAMBED)

Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education (BAMBED is a journal that is a publication of the In-ternational Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (IUBMB) and is published by the AmericanSociety of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (ASBMB). BAMBED, as its name indicates, publishesarticles of interest to educators in biochemistry and molecular biology. These include invited reviewson subjects not yet in textbooks, discussions of curricular development, new laboratory exercises,and articles on educational research. BAMBED also publishes Features on Problem-Based Learning(PBL), Biotechnology Education, and Multimedia in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Educati-on. An important aspect of these articles is that their educational eectiveness must be assessed. Ishall discuss in greater detail the types of articles that BAMBED publishes and the criteria used foraccepting them for publication. Conference attendees are encouraged to submit articles to BAMBED.
Mitral Leaflet Billowing and Prolapse: Its Prevalence Around the World

Primary mitral leaflet billowing, or so-called mitral valve prolapse, has become the most common valve anomaly in the United States and is also frequently found throughout the world. Its prevalence varies from less than 1% to 38%, differing not only between countries but also within the same country. The prevalence depends on whether the study is clinical or echocardiographic, based on autopsy or surgical material, or of hospital or non-care-seeking population. Other explanations for the varying prevalence are the age, sex and weight differences of the study population, imprecise terminology, the care with which auscultation and/or echocardiography are carried out and interpreted, and some selection biases. Although prevalent throughout the world, the condition is generally benign and can often be regarded as a normal variant. Among the complications of mitral valve prolapse, progressive mitral regurgitation and infective endocarditis are particularly noteworthy. Primary mitral valve prolapse is currently a leading cause of mitral regurgitation and also of infective endocarditis.
On machine recognition of hand-painted Chinese characters by feature relaxation

Abstract A new relaxation matching method based on features is introduced for the recognition of hand-printed Chinese characters. The types of features are selected carefully to reflect the structural information of characters. Matching probabilities between two features, one from the mask and the other from input, are computed by the relaxation method. A new distance measure between two characters based on these matching probabilities is defined. We demonstrate, through examples, the utility of the new approach in the recognition of hand-printed Chinese characters. It is especially powerful in distinguishing similarly-shaped characters within a cluster produced by preclassification.
The law of the iterated logarithm in C[0,1]

The law of the iterated logarithm is proved for C[0,1] valued random variables under conditions related to those used to establish the central limit theorem.
Influence of physiologic folate deficiency on human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16)-harboring human keratinocytes in vitro and in vivo

Although HPV16 transforms infected epithelial tissues to cancer in the presence of several co-factors, there is insufficient molecular evidence that poor nutrition has any such role. Because physiological folate deficiency led to the intracellular homocysteinylation of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein E1 (hnRNP-E1) and activated a nutrition-sensitive (homocysteine-responsive) posttranscriptional RNA operon that included interaction with HPV16 L2 mRNA, we investigated the functional consequences of folate deficiency on HPV16 in immortalized HPV16-harboring human (BC-1-Ep/SL) keratinocytes and HPV16-organotypic rafts. Although homocysteinylated hnRNP-E1 interacted with HPV16 L2 mRNA cis-element, it also specifically bound another HPV16 57-nucleotide poly(U)-rich cis-element in the early polyadenylation element (upstream of L2L1 genes) with greater affinity. Together, these interactions led to a profound reduction of both L1 and L2 mRNA and proteins without effects on HPV16 E6 and E7 in vitro, and in cultured keratinocyte monolayers and HPV16-low folate-organotypic rafts developed in physiological low folate medium. In addition, HPV16-low folate-organotypic rafts contained fewer HPV16 viral particles, a similar HPV16 DNA viral load, and a much greater extent of integration of HPV16 DNA into genomic DNA when compared with HPV16-high folate-organotypic rafts. Subcutaneous implantation of 18-day old HPV16-low folate-organotypic rafts into folate-replete immunodeficient mice transformed this benign keratinocyte-derived raft tissue into an aggressive HPV16-induced cancer within 12 weeks. Collectively, these studies establish a likely molecular linkage between poor folate nutrition and HPV16 and predict that nutritional folate and/or vitamin-B12 deficiency, which are both common worldwide, will alter the natural history of HPV16 infections and also warrant serious consideration as reversible co-factors in oncogenic transformation of HPV16-infected tissues to cancer.
Fast ion conduction in the defect pyrochlore system KBxW2−xO6(B = Al, Ti and Ta)

Abstract K+ ionic conductivity has been measured by the complex impedence method for the defect pyrochlore type compounds of the general formula K(By+xW6+2−x)O6, (x=1/(6−y)) where B=Al3+, Ti4+ and Ta5+. Thermogravimetric analysis showed the compounds to be hydrated at room temperature with from ∽0.2 mole for the Al compound to ∽1 mole of water for the Ta substituted phase. There is a correlation between the lattice parameter and amount of water present in the cavities. The ionic conductivity of 5.2×10−3ω−1cm-1 at 300°C for KAl0.33W1.67O6 is found to be best among known KB2O6 type pyrochlores. High ionic conductivity has been explained on the basis of occupancy of K+ ions in the available sites and polarization of the B2X6 network.
Exact Hybrid Particle/Population Simulation of Rule-Based Models of Biochemical Systems

Detailed modeling and simulation of biochemical systems is complicated by the problem of combinatorial complexity, an explosion in the number of species and reactions due to myriad protein-protein interactions and post-translational modifications. Rule-based modeling overcomes this problem by representing molecules as structured objects and encoding their interactions as pattern-based rules. This greatly simplifies the process of model specification, avoiding the tedious and error prone task of manually enumerating all species and reactions that can potentially exist in a system. From a simulation perspective, rule-based models can be expanded algorithmically into fully-enumerated reaction networks and simulated using a variety of network-based simulation methods, such as ordinary differential equations or Gillespie's algorithm, provided that the network is not exceedingly large. Alternatively, rule-based models can be simulated directly using particle-based kinetic Monte Carlo methods. This “network-free” approach produces exact stochastic trajectories with a computational cost that is independent of network size. However, memory and run time costs increase with the number of particles, limiting the size of system that can be feasibly simulated. Here, we present a hybrid particle/population simulation method that combines the best attributes of both the network-based and network-free approaches. The method takes as input a rule-based model and a user-specified subset of species to treat as population variables rather than as particles. The model is then transformed by a process of “partial network expansion” into a dynamically equivalent form that can be simulated using a population-adapted network-free simulator. The transformation method has been implemented within the open-source rule-based modeling platform BioNetGen, and resulting hybrid models can be simulated using the particle-based simulator NFsim. Performance tests show that significant memory savings can be achieved using the new approach and a monetary cost analysis provides a practical measure of its utility.
Prolongation of the responsiveness of newborn mice to syngeneic IgE by inhibition of IgE synthesis.

Abstract Between the ages of 2 to approximately 11 days mice respond to a challenge with syngenic IgE by producing anti-IgE antibodies; by the age of 2 weeks they are unresponsive. Even adult mice, however, produce high titers of anti-IgE antibodies when immunized with a conjugate of syngeneic IgE and a foreign antigen such as keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), indicating that adult tolerance to unconjugated IgE resides in the T-cell compartment. The loss of responsiveness in 2-week-old mice follows closely after the first appearance of IgE-secreting cells and detectable serum IgE. This suggests that the delayed onset of tolerance is attributable to the delay in synthesis of IgE. Data presented here provide support for this hypothesis. A further delay in the initial synthesis of IgE, induced by neonatal administration of anti-IgM antibodies, caused a corresponding extension of the period after birth during which mice remain responsive to unconjugated IgE.
Using promotional messages to manage the effects of brand and self‐image on brand evaluations

Argues that the degree of congruence (similarity) between a brand’s image and a consumer’s self‐image (self‐concept) can have significant effects on consumers’ brand evaluations and purchase intentions. Results from this research suggest that marketers can manage the effects of brand and self‐image on consumers’ brand evaluations. The effects of brand image can be magnified by using promotional messages that encourage consumers to think about their own self‐image while evaluating a brand. Results also suggest that consumers who have self‐images similar to a brand’s image are more persuaded by advertisements encouraging them to think about their own self‐image, whereas consumers who have self‐images different from a brand’s image are more persuaded by advertisements encouraging them to think about only functional product quality.
STANDARD ERRORS FOR OBLIQUELY ROTATED FACTOR LOADINGS

In a manner similar to that used in the orthogonal case, formulas for the aymptotic standard errors of analytically rotated oblique factor loading estimates are obtained. This is done by finding expressions for the partial derivatives of an oblique rotation algorithm and using previously derived results for unrotated loadings. These include the results of Lawley for maximum likelihood factor analysis and those of Girshick for principal components analysis. Details are given in cases including direct oblimin and direct Crawford-Ferguson rotation. Numerical results for an example involving maximum likelihood estimation with direct quartimin rotation are presented. They include simultaneous tests for significant loading estimates.
The Entrepreneurship Dynamic: Origins of Entrepreneurship and the Evolution of Industries

The article reviews the book “The Entrepreneurship Dynamic: Origins of Entrepreneurship and the Evolution of Industries,” edited by Claudia Bird Schoonhoven and Elaine Romanelli.
Influence of Organophosphate Insecticides on Ascorbic Acid Oxidation in Aqueous Systems

SUMMARY: Aqueous systems at four pH's containing ascorbic acid and various levels of organophosphate insecticides were prepared. The rate of ascorbic acid oxidation was measured polarographically. Organophosphate insecticides tested exhibited antioxidant activity. The antioxidant activity of malathion in the presence of copper ions was lost when EDTA was added. Oxygenated, oxidized and hydrolyzed samples of organophosphates still had antioxidant activity. Experimental evidence indicates that the phosphate moiety of malathion is responsible for this antioxidant activity. It is postulated that the antioxidant activity might be due to the phosphate's ability to chelate metal ions.
Cellular production lines with asymptotically reliable Bernoulli machines: Performance analysis and lead time control

Cellular lines are production systems consisting of cells comprised of machines performing similar operations. These systems are notorious for having excessively long lead time (LT), often orders of magnitude longer than processing time by all machines in the system. The main goal of this paper is to provide a plausible explanation of this phenomenon and offer methods for LT reduction. To accomplish this, the paper develops a technique for performance analysis of cellular lines with asymptotically reliable Bernoulli machines and uses it to analyze and control LT. It shows, in particular, that robustness of LT is a decreasing function of the number of machines in a cell. Thus, in cells with many machines, small variations in either release rates or machine efficiencies may lead to dramatic increases of LT, if operating points are not selected appropriately. A method for selecting appropriate operating points and, thus, controlling release rates and LT, is provided.
Vortex lattices of bosons in deep rotating optical lattices

We study vortex-lattice phases for a Bose gas trapped in a rotating optical-lattice near the superfluid--Mott-insulator transition. We find a series of abrupt structural phase transitions where vortices are pinned with their cores only on plaquettes or only on sites. We discuss connections between these vortex structures and the Hofstadter-butterfly spectrum of free particles on a rotating lattice.
Adsorption properties of oligo(fluorooxetane)-b-poly(ethylene oxide)-b-oligo(fluorooxetane) triblock copolymers at the air-water interface: Comparison of hydroxyl and acetate end groups

ABA triblock copolymers, where A is an oligo(fluorooxetane) and B is poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), are prepared easily using an α,ω-dihydroxy PEO initiator and cationic, ring-opening polymerization of a fluorinated oxetane monomer. Terminal hydroxyl groups can be converted readily and quantitatively to acetate groups using acetic anhydride. Both types of triblock copolymers are surface active in water. The hydroxyl- and acetate-terminated triblocks exhibit differences in adsorption behavior. Both materials show similar surface tension reduction efficiencies (minimum surface tension at aggregation limit); however, the acetate-terminated triblock copolymer is much more effective (surface tension reduction at a given concentration to the aggregation limit). This behavior is explained by the influence of hydrogen bonding on adsorption properties of the hydroxyl-terminated triblock copolymer compared to the acetate-terminated version.
Precocious appearance of cardiac troponin T pre-mRNAs during early avian embryonic skeletal muscle development in ovo.

Abstract Cardiac troponin T (cTNT), a component of the muscle contractile apparatus, is transiently expressed in skeletal muscle during avian limb development. While cTNT was first detected immunohistochemically in limb buds undergoing overt myogenic differentiation (Hamburger and Hamilton stage 26, about 5 days in ovo ), RNA blot analyses of early, predifferentiated wing buds have revealed the presence of cTNT transcripts in limb buds as early as stage 23 (4 days in ovo ). Steady-state cTNT poly(A) RNAs of stage 22 through stage 37 fore- and hindlimbs were compared using both cTNT cDNA and cTNT intron-specific probes. In the predifferentiated state, two incompletely processed RNAs (3.8 and 2.4 kb) were expressed in the absence of the mature cTNT transcript, while a third pre-mRNA (3.5 kb) appeared concomitantly with the mature mRNA as differentiation and development proceeded. In addition, a population of unique cTNT transcripts were expressed in a proximal to distal manner in wing buds which had undergone initial overt myogenic differentiation (stage 26). Some of the cTNT pre-mRNAs observed in premyogenic limbs appeared to accumulate stably in a tissue-specific manner, based on their absence from the cardiac poly(A) RNA population. These results suggest that the appearance of cardiac troponin T mRNA, as well as the polypeptide, may be regulated at multiple levels including RNA processing, stability, and/or translation during early skeletal muscle myogenesis
Energy–Performance Tunable Logic

We propose a new logic family that enables the user to tune the transistor's effective threshold voltage after fabrication for higher speed or lower power. This technique along with dynamic voltage scaling allows simultaneous optimization of static and dynamic power based on the application/workload requirements. Programmable interconnect from an FPGA was implemented using this logic family on a 90 nm CMOS test chip. Measurements show that this topology provides twice the tuning range in the energy-performance space compared to a conventional interconnect utilizing only supply voltage scaling. For most of the performance range, this circuit consumes 35% less energy compared to a state-of-the-art design. The circuit is an externally static, internally pulse-mode topology which can replace static circuits without requiring significant changes to the system.
VIPER: a VLIW integer microprocessor

This paper describes the design and implementation of a very long instruction word (VLTW) microprocessor. The VLIW integer processor (VIPER) contains four pipelined functional units and can achieve 0.25-cycle-per-instruction performance. The processor is capable of performing multiway branch operations, two load/store operations, or up to four ALU operations in each clock cycle, with full register file access to each functional unit. Designed in twelve months, the processor is integrated with an instruction cache controller and a data cache, requiring 450,000 transistors and a die size of 12.9 mm*9.1 mm in a 1.2- mu m technology. >