cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phase-Transition-FET exhibiting steep switching slope of 8mV/decade and 36% enhanced ON current

Vanadium dioxide (VO 2 ), which exhibits electrically induced abrupt insulator-to-metal phase transition (IMT), is monolithically integrated with Silicon MOSFET to demonstrate a steep-slope (sub-kT/q) Phase-Transition FET (Phase-FET). The Phase-FET exhibits switching-slope (SS) of 8mV/decade leading to 36% increase in ON current (I ON ) over baseline MOSFET. We analyze the electrical characteristics of several threshold-switching materials with enhanced resistivity ratios (>105) beyond VO 2 and harness them to enhance the performance of 14nm node FinFETs. Our analysis shows that up to 2.9× increase in I ON , and 1.86× reduction in energy at (iso-delay) for an 11 stage ring oscillator (RO) is achievable with Phase FETs using Cu-doped HfO 2 threshold switches.
Understanding and combating resistance to online learning.

Resistance to change is an easy thing for human beings to understand. It is at the heart of our desire to find comfort with the familiar such as family, friends and our homes. We create homes that ...
Enolate Ions as Intermediates

In the presence of strong bases, carbonyl compounds form enolate ions that may be employed as nucleophilic reagents to attack alkyl halides or other suitably electron-deficient substrates giving carbon–carbon bonds. In this chapter, several methods for the carbethoxylation of cyclic ketones via their enolates have been described. The methods differ primarily in the nature of the acylating agent employed. Thus, diethyl oxalate, diethyl carbonate, and ethyl diethoxyphosphinyl react with cycloalkanone enolates under suitable conditions to give acylated products. On treatment with a strong base such as sodium hydride or sodium amide, dimethyl sulfoxide yields a proton to form the methylsulfinyl carbanion, which is a strong basic agent. Reaction of dimsyl ion with triphenylalkylphosphonium halides provides a convenient route to ylides, and with triphenylmethane the reagent affords a high concentration of triphenylmethyl carbanion. The chapter also describes that when a solution of magnesium methoxide is saturated with carbon dioxide, an active carboxylating agent, magnesium methyl carbonate, is produced.
Criminal Immigrants: Their Numbers, Demographics, and Countries of Origin

In his first week in office, President Donald Trump issued an executive order directing the Department of Homeland Security to deport most illegal immigrants who come in contact with law enforcement. His order is based on the widespread perception that illegal immigrants are a significant source of crime in the United States. This brief uses American Community Survey data to analyze incarcerated immigrants according to their citizenship and legal status. All immigrants are less likely to be incarcerated than natives relative to their shares of the population. Even illegal immigrants are less likely to be incarcerated than native-born Americans.
Phase I/II dose expansion of a trial investigating bendamustine and pomalidomide with dexamethasone (BPd) in patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma.

8008Background: The combination of bendamustine, pomalidomide, and dexamethasone (BPd) displays promising activity in heavily pretreated RRMM. In the Phase I portion, MTD was 120 mg/m2bendamustine/...
Smooth Muscle Differentiation Control Comes Full Circle: The Circular Noncoding RNA, circActa2, Functions as a miRNA Sponge to Fine-Tune α-SMA Expression.

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease that progresses to complex, unstable arterial lesions.1 Restenosis is an acute inflammatory vascular disease and a major limitation of percutaneous angioplasty procedures.2 Both are characterized by dedifferentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) resulting in neointimal hyperplasia and vessel occlusion. Differentiated SMCs are highly specialized cells whose primary role is to maintain vessel homeostasis, vessel tone, blood pressure, and blood flow distribution.3 This function is driven through expression of SMC-specific contractile and contractile-related proteins, including SMMHC (smooth muscle myosin heavy chain/ Myh11 ), α-SMA (α-smooth muscle actin/ Acta2 ), SM22α ( Tagln1 ), and calponin ( Cnn1 ), among others. Unlike terminally differentiated cardiac and skeletal muscle, SMCs retain a significant degree of phenotypic plasticity, exhibiting the ability to undergo extensive changes in phenotype in response to specific stimuli (ie, dedifferentiated SMC). SMC dedifferentiation is associated with a transition to a highly proliferative, inflammatory phenotype characterized by downregulation of SMC-specific genes and increased production of multiple inflammatory and matrix-associated mediators. Thus, SMCs are major contributors to vascular disease progression, and defining molecular mechanisms regulating SMC phenotypic transitions is critical to define novel therapeutics for the treatment of vascular disease. Article, see p 628 Regulation of SMC differentiation is complex, involving multiple signaling pathways and transcriptional regulators. Most SMC-specific genes are under transcriptional control by the transcription factor, serum response factor (SRF), and its cardiac and SMC-specific cofactor, myocardin, the SRF–myocardin axis.3–5 SRF binds the serum response element or CArG box, in which one or more are present within promoter and intronic regions of SMC-specific genes.3,4 In contrast, myocardin does not directly bind DNA, but transactivates SMC-specific genes through its interaction with SRF.5 Although the SRF–myocardin axis is central to transcriptional regulation of SMC genes, additional factors and mechanisms have been …
Reliability and damage

In this chapter, we introduce the issues of design life, a background to structural reliability and some possible tools that can be useful when we go from concept to reality in our designs for habitats on the Moon. Reliability can be interpreted as the probability that the designed object will function within the design guidelines for the design life. A reliability design often includes an estimate of a rate of failure, perhaps as a function of time. A corollary of reliability is durability, which is a quantitative assessment of how an object ages over time and is still able to operate within the design guidelines. For mechanical components, aging occurs due to high-cycle fatigue, corrosion, other forms of wear, design stress exceedances, impacts, and friction effects, for example.
The Islamic Welfare State

Saudi Arabia has an Islamic welfare state, this needs to be stated simply and in some respects it works in ways similar to other welfare systems. Like people in other economies, Saudis are increasingly worried about job security and the cost of living. In the past, the labor market and welfare state largely insulated them from any long-term economic impacts, as the state threw money at the people and allowed extended families to afford to support their relatives comfortably without jobs. In December 2015, there was a rude awakening for the citizens of Saudi when the government announced a tight budget, raised electricity rates for the largest consumers and ordered higher fuel, gas and water prices for everyone (https://www.kapsarc.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/KS-2017-DP018-Reforming-Industrial-Fuel-and-Residential-Electricity-Prices-in-Saudi-Arabia.pdf. The objective is to move closer toward parity with international standards, see https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-09-18/saudis-said-to-weigh-raising-gasoline-prices-by-end-of-november). The following year, in September, austerity went deeper when the government cut public sector pay (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-saudi-economy/saudi-arabia-slashes-ministers-pay-cuts-public-sector-bonuses-idUSKCN11W1VS). However, in a popular move in April 2017, King Salman rescinded the public sector pay cuts by royal decree and backdated pay to October 2016, thus restoring the cuts made in the first place. This was the first reversal in two years of such austerity measures. To date it appears austerity measures have been accepted, especially with the added sweetener of reversals, but Saudis I have spoken to about the changes remain deeply worried about the future impact of these recent policies and what changes may lie ahead. As one Saudi executive told me it is more than just the money it is also the social fabric, which he explained in terms of family relationships. When inviting extended family to visit, it is customary to lay on quite a spread, including sacrificing a goat for all the family to share. This can be expensive but is now becoming more demanding on the household budget with less family gatherings likely to become the norm; to which he added, if it gets even worse, they might be lucky to buy a KFC chicken family bucket to share! He may have put it amusingly, but there is obvious concern about these types of budget changes, though one should put this into the context that such worries are commonplace in most economies, so it is perhaps more of a case that Saudis simply need to learn to deal with the plethora of bills and charges that people are used to in other economies. The concern is not, however, just the increased cost but the changes in welfare provision and the sense of security the welfare system allowed which is now undermined.
Copyright in the Health Sciences Literature: A Narrative Review

Health science educators, researchers, and clinicians are regularly faced with challenges surrounding copyright and fair use. However, little is known about how copyright is addressed in the professional literature. In order to identify themes and gaps, the authors undertook a narrative review of articles published in health sciences literature between 2000-2016. Only 154 articles were identified on the topic, which attempted to address areas of concern for educators, researchers, and clinicians across all health science disciplines. Overarching issues were identified including prevalence of misinformation or misunderstandings, particularly around fair use, and the continued need for authoritative copyright education and definition of best practices.
Cancer of unknown primary origin – Utility of 18F-FDG PET/CT

1109 Learning Objectives 1. Provide a concise overview regarding the clinical problem of cancer of unknown primary origin. 2. Briefly review non-imaging and imaging techniques usually employed for the evaluation of unknown primary tumors. 3. Summarize and discuss the current data on the utility of 18F-FDG PET in the investigation of patients who present with cancer of unknown primary origin (highlighting possible differences in patients with cervical lymph node metastasis versus other types of localization). 4. Provide illustrative figures of 18F-FDG PET in this patient population. Summary: Patients presenting with metastatic carcinoma of unknown origin represent a distinct clinical challenge. If a primary tumor is identified, appropriate, cancer specific treatments could be administered. Although a search for the primary tumor by various non-imaging and imaging procedures is usually undertaken, it reveals a primary lesion only in the minority of patients. Recently published recommendations from an expert panel state that 18F-FDG PET should routinely be used in the evaluation of patients with unknown primary cancer since it may be able to detect primary lesions not identified by conventional work-up. Our presentation will not only provide an up-to-date overview of the current evidence regarding the use of FDG PET in patients with unknown primary cancer, but also discuss remaining questions and potential directions for future research.
Detection of Extra-Solar System Planets

Stimulated by a proposal of Wm. Hayden Smith and co-workers to detect planets on nearby stars by high resolution imaging, we speculate on the appropriate data analysis method, making use of probability theory to perform the optimal deconvolution of the point-spread function.
Effect of Substitutionally Doped Graphene on the Activity of Metal Nanoparticle Catalysts for the Hydrogen Oxidation Reaction

Increasing the activity of non-noble catalysts for hydrogen oxidation is crucial in enhancing the efficiency of hydroxide exchange membrane fuel cells. Herein, we study the impact of graphene and nitrogen- and boron-doped graphene supports on the hydrogen oxidation reaction occurring on Ni, Cu, and Ag nanoparticles using first-principles calculations and published experimental data. We find that doping of graphene leads to a stronger interaction between the nanoparticle and the support, consequently weakening hydrogen adsorption. This leads to increased activity of supported Ni nanoparticles, but decreased activity of supported Cu and Ag nanoparticles. The dopant-induced changes in the hydrogen adsorption energies are quantitatively as important as the adsorption site. To describe adsorption energies for each supported nanoparticle, principal component analysis is introduced to systematically identify molecular descriptors of adsorption energy. Finally, a size-dependent activity model is formulated to clo...
Management of flatheaded appletree borer (Chrysobothris femorata Olivier) in woody ornamental nursery production with a winter cover crop.

Background The flatheaded appletree borer (Chrysobothris femorata Olivier) (FHAB) is a native pest of fruit, shade and nut trees throughout the United States. Use of cover crops is an effective pest management tool for some key insect pests in vegetable and cereal production systems, but its impact in woody ornamental production systems has not been investigated. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a winter cover crop for management of FHAB in nursery production. Red maple trees (Acer rubrum L.) grown under four treatment regimes (cover crop, cover crop + insecticide, bare row and bare row + insecticide) were evaluated for damage by FHAB and impact on tree growth parameters. Results The cover crop reduced FHAB damage, with results equivalent to standard imidacloprid treatments. The reduction in FHAB attacks in cover crop treatments may be due to microclimate changes at preferred oviposition sites, trunk camouflage or interference with access to oviposition sites. Tree growth was reduced in the cover crop treatments due to competition for resources. Conclusion Physical blockage of oviposition sites by cover crops and subsequent microclimate changes protected against FHAB damage. Therefore, cover crops can be an alternative to chemical insecticides. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
The Information Environment

The author presents an overview of information as an input and output in the economy and discusses the emergence of an information society and the drivers of change. Thirteen key characteristics of the new information economy are then identified. These include: extreme economies of scale; network effects; divergent cost trends in the value chain; excess supply; price deflation; non-normal distribution of success; importance of intangible assets; the presence of non-maximizers of profit; public good characteristics; high government involvement; and more. The author then draws out the managerial implications.
A spectral analysis and network science approach to identify influential diseases based on disease-gene associations

We model a disease-disease network as an undirected graph of diseases (vertices) wherein two vertices are connected with an edge if the corresponding diseases have one or more common associated genes (the number of common genes is the weight of the edge). In such a weighted graph, a disease with a larger number of common genes with several other diseases is more likely to incur a higher eigenvector centrality (EVC). Our hypothesis is that a person with a higher EVC disease is more likely to acquire other related diseases compared to a person with a lower EVC disease. We tested our hypothesis on the disease-disease network constructed from the results of the disease-gene association studies reported in the NIH GWAS catalogue and OMIM database. The disease EVC values exhibited a Pareto distribution (80-20 rule): around 18 % of the diseases have larger and significantly different EVC values and the remaining 82% of the diseases had lower and similar EVC values. This implies that around 18% of the diseases in humans are more likely to have a larger likelihood of leading to other diseases.
Knowledge is power—Rational design of cancer immunotherapy

Discussion on how our increasing knowledge on tumor immunity and host defense mechanisms has drastically changed our ability to improve cancer outcomes through the rational design of immunotherapies.
An outline of a pedagogical rhetorical interactional methodology – researching teachers’ responsibility for supporting students’ desire to learn as well as their actual learning

Educational research in higher education needs a methodology for how to think and act in relation to how pedagogical interactions support learning. A methodology that can identify how pedagogical r...
Use of Data-Driven Methods to Predict Long-term Patterns of Health Care Spending for Medicare Patients.

Importance Current approaches to predicting health care costs generally rely on a single composite value of spending and focus on short time horizons. By contrast, examining patients’ spending patterns using dynamic measures applied over longer periods may better identify patients with different spending and help target interventions to those with the greatest need. Objective To classify patients by their long-term, dynamic health care spending patterns using a data-driven approach and assess the ability to predict spending patterns, particularly using characteristics that are potentially modifiable through intervention. Design, Setting, and Participants This cohort study used a retrospective cohort design from a random nationwide sample of Medicare fee-for-service administrative claims data to identify beneficiaries aged 65 years or older with continuous eligibility from 2011 to 2013. Statistical analysis was performed from August 2018 to December 2019. Main Outcomes and Measures Group-based trajectory modeling was applied to the claims data to classify the Medicare beneficiaries by their total health care spending patterns over a 2-year period. The ability to predict membership in each trajectory spending group was assessed using generalized boosted regression, a data mining approach to model building and prediction, with split-sample validation. Models were estimated using (1) prior-year predictors and (2) prior-year predictors potentially modifiable through intervention measured in the claims data. These models were evaluated using validated C-statistics. The relative influence of individual predictors in the models was evaluated. Results Among the 329 476 beneficiaries, the mean (SD) age was 76.0 (7.2) years and 190 346 (57.8%) were female. This final 5-group model included a minimal-user group (group 1, 37 572 individuals [11.4%]), a low-cost group (group 2, 48 575 individuals [14.7%]), a rising-cost group (group 3, 24 736 individuals [7.5%]), a moderate-cost group (group 4, 83 338 individuals [25.3%]), and a high-cost group (group 5, 135 255 individuals [41.2%]). Potentially modifiable characteristics strongly predicted these patterns (C-statistics range: 0.68-0.94). For groups with progressively increasing spending in particular, the most influential factors were number of medications (relative influence: 29.2), number of office visits (relative influence: 30.3), and mean medication adherence (relative influence: 33.6). Conclusions and Relevance Using a data-driven approach, distinct spending patterns were identified with high accuracy. The potentially modifiable predictors of membership in the rising-cost group represent important levers for early interventions that may prevent later spending increases. This approach could be adapted by organizations to target quality improvement interventions, particularly because numerous health care organizations are increasingly using these routinely collected data.
Abstract P485: Association of Hypertension With the Gut Microbiome and Serum Short-chain Fatty Acids

Background: Murine models indicate that gut microbiota, and the short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) they produce from fermentation of fiber, play a role in blood pressure (BP) regulation. However, few ...
Factors associated with self-management independence and quality of life for adolescents and young adults with spina bifida engaged in a guideline-based transition clinic.

PURPOSE To determine characteristics associated with self-management independence and quality of life (QOL) among adolescents and young adults with spina bifida (AYASB) engaged in a spina bifida (SB) health care transition clinic. METHODS During SB transition visits, Eighty-eight AYASB ages 14-20 completed the Adolescent/Young Adult Self-management and Independence Scale II Self-Report/SB (AMIS II-SR/SB), scores ranging from 1-7 with 7 indicating full independence in activities, and the QUAlity of Life Assessment in Spina bifida for Teens (QUALAS-T), which has two subscales, family/independence (QFI) and bowel/bladder (QBB), with scores ranging from 0-100 with 100 indicating maximal QOL score. Demographic and clinical variables were collected from the electronic medical record. RESULTS The baseline AMIS II-SR/SB score was 3.3 (SD 1.0). Baseline scores for QUALAS-T QFI and QBB subscales were 73.8 (SD 19.9) and 63.8 (SD 25.8). Older age was associated with a higher baseline AMIS II-SR/SB score (p = 0.017). Over time, AMIS II-SR/SB total significantly improved (p < 0.001), but QFI and QBB did not. AYASB not on chronic intermittent catheterization (CIC) and those using urethral CIC significantly improved in AMIS II-SR/SB total scores (p = 0.001), but those using abdominal channel CIC did not. CONCLUSION Baseline bladder management method was associated with self-management improvement for AYASB engaged in a SB-specific transition clinic.
The Zombie Attack on Computationalism

Consider PERI, the robot shown in Figure 5.1. This creature is located in Bringsjord’s laboratory, and is designed (in accordance with a brand of AI — Psychometric AI — described in the final chapter) to perform at the level of a human on all sorts of tests for human intelligence and creativity.
Human Nongastric H,K-ATPase: Current View On Structure And Functional Properties

The P-type ATPases comprise a large number of highly diverse transport ATPases that are predominantly involved in the active transport of cations across biological membranes. All of these ion pumps share a common feature: formation of a phosphorylated intermediate during the reaction cycle (26,39). Different K+-dependent animal ATPases (X,K-ATPases) are the most closely related among various P-type ATPases. All of the known X,K-ATPases function as cation exchangers that pump K+ into the cell and Na+ or H+ out of the cell. X,K-ATPases exhibit a much higher level of sequence homology between their catalytic α-subunits than with other P-ATPases, and contain a second component, a s-subunit which is absent in other P-ATPases (26,39,53). The catalytic α-subunits are large polytopic proteins (~110 kDa) with 10 transmembrane segments and contain most of the ATPase functional domains such as the ATP-hydrolyzing center and the binding sites for cations and specific inhibitors (8,26,53). The glycosylated s-subunits (core protein ~ 30–35 kDa) have a relatively short cytoplasmic N-terminal domain, a single transmembrane segment, and a large ectodomain containing three conserved disulfide bridges and several carbohydrate chains (11,19). The X,K-ATPase family combines three distinct groups of ion pumps. Two groups, one consisting of the Na,K-ATPase isozymes formed by four α three s isoforms and the second which includes the gastric H,K-ATPase, have long been known and studied extensively (26,53). The recently discovered catalytic a-subunits of nongastric H,K-ATPases encoded by the human ATP1 AL1 (alternative name ATP12A) gene and its animal homologues represent the third distinct group (23,27,36).
Dissemination of an Evidence-Based Multicomponent Fall Risk-Assessment and -Management Strategy Throughout a Geographic Area

OBJECTIVES: To report on the penetration of, and identified barriers to and facilitators of, efforts to incorporate evidence-based fall risk assessment and management into clinical practice throughout a defined geographic area. DESIGN: Dissemination project. SETTING: North central Connecticut. PARTICIPANTS: Hospitals, home care agencies, primary care providers, and outpatient rehabilitation facilities. INTERVENTION: Multiple professional behavior-change strategies were used to encourage providers to incorporate evidence-based fall assessment and management into their practices. MEASUREMENTS: Penetration of dissemination efforts over 36 months; barriers and facilitators identified by provider working groups during the first 2 years of the project. RESULTS: All seven hospitals and 26 home care agencies in the area, 119 of 130 rehabilitation facilities, and 138 of 212 primary care offices participated. Most provider working groups expressed similar barriers and facilitating factors. Reported barriers specific to fall risk management included lack of awareness of fall morbidity and preventability, perceived lack of expertise and Medicare coverage, inadequate referral patterns among providers, and lack of a federal mandate for physicians. Facilitating factors specific to falls included the opportunity to market new services and to develop new networks of professional relationships across disciplines and the Medicare mandate that home care agencies focus on functional outcomes. CONCLUSION: Dissemination efforts showed notable successes as well as challenges. Although many of the barriers were general to diffusing new practices, several were specific to fall assessment and management that span disciplines and sites. Project results have implications for efforts to diffuse evidence-based practices for multifactorial geriatric conditions such as falls.
Non-linear mixing effects on mass-47 CO2 clumped isotope thermometry: Patterns and implications.

RATIONALE: Mass-47 CO2 clumped isotope thermometry requires relatively large (similar to 20 mg) samples of carbonate minerals due to detection limits and shot noise in gas source isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS). However, it is unreasonable to assume that natural geologic materials are homogenous on the scale required for sampling. We show that sample heterogeneities can cause offsets from equilibrium Delta(47) values that are controlled solely by end member mixing and are independent of equilibrium temperatures.METHODS: A numerical model was built to simulate and quantify the effects of end member mixing on Delta(47). The model was run in multiple possible configurations to produce a dataset of mixing effects. We verified that the model accurately simulated real phenomena by comparing two artificial laboratory mixtures measured using IRMS to model output.RESULTS: Mixing effects were found to be dependent on end member isotopic composition in delta C-13 and delta O-18 values, and independent of end member Delta(47) values. Both positive and negative offsets from equilibrium Delta(47) can occur, and the sign is dependent on the interaction between end member isotopic compositions. The overall magnitude of mixing offsets is controlled by the amount of variability within a sample; the larger the disparity between end member compositions, the larger the mixing offset.CONCLUSIONS: Samples varying by less than 2 % in both delta C-13 and delta O-18 values have mixing offsets below current IRMS detection limits. We recommend the use of isotopic subsampling for delta C-13 and delta O-18 values to determine sample heterogeneity, and to evaluate any potential mixing effects in samples suspected of being heterogonous. Copyright (C) 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Do foreign owners favour short-term profit? Evidence from Germany

Comparing domestic- and foreign-owned firms in Germany, this paper finds that foreign-owned firms are more likely to focus on short-term profit. This influence is particularly strong if the local managers of the German subsidiary are not sent from the foreign parent company. Moreover, the physical distance between the foreign parent company and its German subsidiary increases the probability of focusing on short-term profit. These findings conform to the hypothesis that foreign owners facing an information disadvantage concerning the local conditions of their subsidiaries are more likely to favor short-term profit. However, we do not identify differences in short- termism between investors from Anglo-Saxon and other foreign countries; rather, results point in the direction of more general features of international business investment.
DO INTERNATIONAL REMITTANCES AFFECT THE LEVEL AND THE VOLATILITY OF GOVERNMENT TAX REVENUES

This paper examines whether international remittance inflows expand fiscal space in receiving through their positive effects on the level and the stability of government tax revenues. It investigates whether these effects of remittances are conditional on the presence of a value added tax (VAT). Using a large sample of countries, and even after factoring in the endogeneity of remittances and the VAT adoption, this study highlights that remittance inflows increase the level and the stability of government tax revenue ratio in presence of a VAT. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of XPS for the quantitative determination of surface coverages: fluoride adsorption on hydrous ferric oxide particles

Abstract Quantitative XPS approaches for homogeneous materials can be adapted for use with heterogeneous substrates having chemically modified surfaces. Several methods have been proposed for the XPS determination of adsorbate surface coverages on non-planar samples such as high surface area particles with overlayers. This paper evaluates various quantitative approaches through a study of the pH-dependent adsorption of fluoride on high surface area hydrous ferric oxide (HFO) particles. A fluoride ion selective electrode (ISE) determines fluoride concentration remaining in solution, allowing for the estimation of fluoride surface coverages in the monolayer range on the HFO particles. Analysis of XPS measurements of fluoride adsorbed on the HFO surface are compared with the ISE results. This comparison shows that if the substrate and overlayer photopeaks are close together in binding energy, several different quantitative methods provide reasonable results. However, if there is a large binding energy difference between the photopeaks, only a three-layer exponential attenuation model taking adventitious carbon into account provides results that agree well with ISE-based calculations.
Populism and Nationalism: a Comment on D.A. Low's “The Advent of Populism in Buganda”

Anthony Low is surely right in urging students of modern African politics to probe deeper into African society and culture than they have been accustomed to do. In part because of the speed with which political events have unfolded during the past decade – making it difficult enough just to keep up with day-to-day events – and in part because of the disjunction between traditional socio-cultural groupings and modern political boundaries – making it easy to believe that the former are irrelevant to the latter – much recent writing on African affairs, even when “well informed”, has been exceedingly superficial. Low's work on Buganda, including especially his sensitive study of Ganda-British relations during the early years of the Protectorate, stands as an admirable exception. Both in the earlier studies and in his present analysis of populism, twentieth-century Baganda are shown to act in ways, and out of sentiments, that are understandably related both to contemporary circumstances and to the Ganda past.
Effect of the diglyceride lipase inhibitor, RG80267, on epithelial chloride secretion induced by various agents

Abstract We previously reported that a diglyceride lipase inhibitor, RG80267, inhibits chloride secretion stimulated by adenosine agonists, stimuli whose effects appear unrelated to cAMP, cGMP or cytosolic calcium. Here, the effect of RG80267 on Cl − secretory responses to agents which do utilize these messengers was examined. RG80267 inhibited responses to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, forskolin (cAMP-dependent) and E. coli heat stable enterotoxin (cGMP-dependent), but not to prostaglandin E 1 or cholera toxin (cAMP-dependent). RG80267 enhanced responses to histamine (calcium-dependent). The inhibitory effect of RG80267 was not due to inhibition of cAMP accumulation. Arachidonic acid release may participate in chloride secretion. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, but not prostaglandin E 1 , released radiolabel from cells preloaded with [ 3 H]arachidonic acid. There may thus be differences between mechanisms of various cyclic nucleotide-dependent chloride secretory responses. Arachidonic acid release may modulate the extent of secretion elicited by some secretagogues.
THE USE OF ANISOTROPY OF MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY IN THE ESTIMATION OF SEDIMENTARY FABRIC1

SUMMARY The feasibility is discussed of using anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility to find preferred directions of grain orientation and current directions in sediments, and it is concluded that it should be possible to find these directions in silts and sands containing between 0.01 and 1% of magnetite. Some examples are given of the use of the method under controlled conditions, and it is shown to give the same result as optical grain orientation determination in one example and to predict the same current direction as macroscopic indications in two others. Some of the limitations of the method are suggested by examples in which the results would have been misleading if accepted unconditionally.
Opioids and efflux transporters. Part 2: P-glycoprotein substrate activity of 3- and 6-substituted morphine analogs.

Continuing our studies investigating opioids with reduced P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate activity, a series of known 3- and 6-hydroxy, -methoxy, and -desoxymorphine analogs was synthesized and analyzed for P-gp substrate activity and opioid binding affinity. 6-Desoxymorphine (7) showed high affinity for opioid receptors and did not induce P-gp-mediated ATP hydrolysis. Additionally, 7 demonstrated morphine-like antinociceptive potency in mice, indicating this compound as an ideal lead to further evaluate the role of P-gp in opioid analgesic tolerance development.
METHODOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS IN GEOPHYSICAL ASSIMILATION MODELING

[1] This work presents recent methodological developments in geophysical assimilation research. We revisit the meaning of the term “solution” of a mathematical model representing a geophysical system, and we examine its operational formulations. We argue that an assimilation solution based on epistemic cognition (which assumes that the model describes incomplete knowledge about nature and focuses on conceptual mechanisms of scientific thinking) could lead to more realistic representations of the geophysical situation than a conventional ontologic assimilation solution (which assumes that the model describes nature as is and focuses on form manipulations). Conceptually, the two approaches are fundamentally different. Unlike the reasoning structure of conventional assimilation modeling that is based mainly on ad hoc technical schemes, the epistemic cognition approach is based on teleologic criteria and stochastic adaptation principles. In this way some key ideas are introduced that could open new areas of geophysical assimilation to detailed understanding in an integrated manner. A knowledge synthesis framework can provide the rational means for assimilating a variety of knowledge bases (general and site specific) that are relevant to the geophysical system of interest. Epistemic cognition-based assimilation techniques can produce a realistic representation of the geophysical system, provide a rigorous assessment of the uncertainty sources, and generate informative predictions across space-time. The mathematics of epistemic assimilation involves a powerful and versatile spatiotemporal random field theory that imposes no restriction on the shape of the probability distributions or the form of the predictors (non-Gaussian distributions, multiple-point statistics, and nonlinear models are automatically incorporated) and accounts rigorously for the uncertainty features of the geophysical system. In the epistemic cognition context the assimilation concept may be used to investigate critical issues related to knowledge reliability, such as uncertainty due to model structure error (conceptual uncertainty).
Young for one׳s grade: A risk factor for psychotic experiences among adults in the National Comorbidity Survey-Replication

School-related difficulties have received relatively little attention as environmental risk factors for psychotic experiences (PEs), despite being characterized by marginalization and social defeat during critical periods of psychological development. This study examined both childhood age relative to one's classmates and school mobility as risk factors for adult psychotic experiences in the National Comorbidity Survey-Replication (NCS-R). Weighted logistic regression models were used to explore the hypotheses that lifetime psychotic experiences reported on the World Health Organization psychosis screen would be more prevalent among those younger than their classmates during childhood and for those with frequent school mobility. Younger perceived relative age (odds ratio (OR) ¼2.05, 95% confidence interval¼1.43–2.95) was independently associated with psychotic experiences in the fully adjusted model, but school mobility was not. School-related risk factors for psychosis provide promising points for community-level intervention, and support the claim that environmental factors characterized by disadvantage and marginalization contribute to psychosis etiology.
Inseguridad alimentaria en latinos de California: observaciones de grupos focales

OBJETIVO: Estudiar la percepcion y la experiencia sobre inseguridad alimentaria entre latinoamericanos de California, asi como su interpretacion de los insumos incluidos en la Escala de Seguridad Alimentaria. MATERIAL Y METODOS: Entre noviembre y diciembre de 2000, en los condados californianos de Solano y San Joaquin, se efectuaron cuatro grupos focales, con 30 adultos de origen latinoamericano residentes alli. Los comentarios de los participantes fueron codificados por dos investigadores para determinar los temas principales, y fueron confrontados para verificar su convergencia. RESULTADOS: Las preguntas fueron bien comprendidas, no percibiendose como ofensivas. El marco conceptual se confirmo como "proceso manejado" con diferentes niveles de severidad. Las causas de inseguridad alimentaria identificadas fueron: desempleo, alto costo de algunos alimentos y falta de informacion nutricional. La necesidad de educacion nutricional fue una constante. CONCLUSIONES: Para interpretar datos nacionales de inseguridad alimentaria en latinoamericanos es esencial considerar su percepcion particular de ese fenomeno.
Autologous Tissue Reconstruction of Ventral Hernias in Morbidly Obese Patients

Hypothesis Separation of components is a safe and effective technique for abdominal wall reconstruction in morbidly obese patients. Design Review of a prospectively accumulated database. Setting University tertiary care medical center. Patients Thirty morbidly obese patients who underwent ventral hernia repair using the separation of components technique between August 1, 2001, and August 31, 2005. Intervention Ventral hernia repair using the separation of components technique. Main Outcome Measures Postoperative complications and hernia recurrence. Results Thirty morbidly obese patients (mean body mass index [calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared], 61; range, 35-93) underwent ventral hernia repair by the separation of components technique (mean width of defect, 12.8 cm; mean length, 17.6 cm). Twenty-five patients (83%) had comorbidities. Twelve (40%) had undergone previous repairs (9 had undergone multiple repairs; mean, 2.4 repairs per patient; range, 2-4 repairs) and 6 (20%) had infected mesh. Sixteen patients (53%) underwent simultaneous panniculectomies and 6 (20%) underwent simultaneous bariatric procedures (Roux-en-Y gastric bypass). Postoperatively, cellulitis developed in 2 patients (7%), which was treated with antibiotics; wound infections occurred in 2 patients (7%), which were managed with local wound care; and a seroma developed in 1 patient (3%), which resolved spontaneously. The lone recurrent hernia (3%) was repaired with mesh. The mean length of follow-up was 44 months. Conclusions These results show that (1) separation of components is a safe and effective technique for repairing primary and recurrent ventral hernias in morbidly obese patients; (2) performance of a simultaneous panniculectomy or bariatric procedure does not affect the outcome; and (3) comorbidities do not compromise the results.
Ethics and Public Health Emergencies: Rationing Vaccines

There are three broad ethical issues related to handling public health emergencies. They are the three R's-rationing, restrictions and responsibilities. Recently, a severe shortage of annual influenza vaccine in the US, combined with the threat of pandemic flu, has provided an opportunity for policy makers to think about rationing in very concrete terms. Some lessons from annual flu vaccination likely will apply to pandemic vaccine distribution, but many preparatory decisions must be based on very rough estimates. What ethical principles should guide rationing decisions, what data should inform these decisions, how to revise decisions as new data emerge, and how to implement rationing decisions on the ground are all important considerations. In addition, ethicists might be able to help policy makers think through the importance of international cooperation in surmounting global rationing dilemmas and to accept the inevitable responsibilities of government in making and implementing rationing decisions.
Assessment of drowsiness based on ocular parameters detected by infrared reflectance oculography.

Study Objectives:Numerous ocular parameters have been proposed as reliable physiological markers of drowsiness. A device that measures many of these parameters and then combines them into a single ...
The ionic basis for the action potential in the flight muscle of the fly,Sarcophaga bullata

Ionic mechanisms of the action potential of longitudinal flight muscle fiber were studied in the fly,Sarcophaga bullata. Depolarization of the fiber membrane initiates the fast spikes which may be followed by a plateau response. The fast spike is a graded response in normal saline, but is converted to an all-or-none response in TEA solutions. It is eliminated in Ca-free media, suppressed by 12 mM Co++, and the overshoot increases with an increasing Ca++ concentration. Both the spikes and the plateau are TTX insensitive. Although the fast spike is produced in Na-free media, the rate of rise and overshoot of the spike are reduced. However, Na+ will not support spikes in the absence of Ca++. Plateau responses in normal saline are about 12 s in duration with a potential level of about −25 mV. Both the plateau potential and duration increase with an increasing Na+concentration, and the plateaus are eliminated in Na-free media.
Magnetic relaxation effects in YBa2Cu3O7−δ thin films

Abstract The time relaxation of the magnetization of YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7−δ thin films has been investigated. The slow nonexponential decay rates measured in the field-cooled (FC) and zero-field-cooled (ZFC) conditions show the same temperature dependence and vanish at T c . Our data suggest that flux creep is important below 60 K and might be dominated by glass effects close to T c .
Achievement in Math and Science: Do Mothers' Beliefs Matter 12 Years Later?.

Past research has indicated an association between parents' beliefs and adolescent children's self-perceptions of ability and has shown the importance of accounting for parents' gender-stereotyped beliefs when examining boys' and girls' self-perceptions of math-science ability. The current study extends these findings by examining the longitudinal relations between mothers' earlier gender stereotypes and perceptions and adolescents' later math-science achievement beliefs and career choices. As predicted, mothers' earlier perceptions of their adolescents' abilities were related to adolescents' math-science self-efficacy 2 years after high school, with adolescents' self-perceptions of math ability during 10th grade mediating the relation with mothers' perceptions. Moreover, mothers' earlier predictions of their children's abilities to succeed in math careers were significantly related to later career choices.
Exploring the low-temperature electrical relaxation of crystalline oxygen-ion and protonic conductors

Abstract In order to better understand the dielectric behavior known as NCL (‘nearly constant loss’) which occurs for complex materials, e.g. glasses and highly doped crystals, at low temperatures and/or high frequencies, we examine various dilute crystalline materials in the same temperature/frequency range. These include Gd 3+ and Y 3+ -doped CeO 2 and Al 3+ doped CaTiO 3 , both of which are oxygen-ion conductors, and Nd 3+ doped BaCeO 3 , which is a proton conductor. In all cases, one or more discrete dielectric loss peaks are observed, all with low activation energies (∼0.2 eV). For each of the oxygen-ion conductors, we find peak broadening with increasing concentration, eventually smearing out into true NCL behavior. In the case of the BaCeO 3 treated in H 2 O vapor, a peak appears which shows non-Arrhenius behavior, strongly suggestive of proton tunneling. These various relaxation peaks are due to collective motions of relatively large ionic configurations that have gone off-symmetry, involving small displacements and low activation barriers. The fact that such relaxations are so prevalent suggests the need for a wider use of low-temperature dielectric spectroscopy.
Don't have a stemmer?: be un+concern+ed

The choice of indexing terms used to represent documents crucially determines how e ective subsequent retrieval will be. IR systems commonly use rule-based stemmers to normalize surface word forms to combat the problem of not finding documents that contain words related to query terms by inflectional or derivational morphology. But such stemmers are not available in all languages. In this paper we explore the effectiveness of unsupervised morphological segmentation as an alternative to stemming using test sets in thirteen European languages. We find that unsupervised segmentation is significantly better than unnormalized words, in several cases by more than 20%. However, rule-based stemming, if available, is better in low complexity languages. We also compare these methods to the use of character n-grams, finding that on average n-grams yield the best performance.
Linearly compact rings and modules

We assume familiarity with the definitions and basic properties of linearly compact rings and modules as contained in [6] or [3, Exercises 14 20, pp. 108-111]. In § 1 we show that every linearly compact topology on a module is weaker than a unique, maximal linearly compact topology. In § 2 we apply the results of§ 1 to a discussion of the circumstances under which the following statements about a linearly compact topological module E over a linearly compact ring A with radical r are equivalent: (1) the topology of E is stronger than the r-adic topology; (2) rZE is open; (3) rE is open and finitely generated; (4) r--E is open and finitely generated. Our results, applied to linearly compact rings, yield improvements of known theorems, even in the compact case. In §3 we give conditions under which a module, linearly compact for the discrete topology, is necessarily noetherian. In particular, we show that if 0 r "= (0) where r is the radical of a (not necessarily commutative)