cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What is the importance of vasopressin in memory processes

Abstract Vasopressin, a nonapeptide synthesized by neurons in the hypothalamus, has well-defined peripheral actions in regulating fluid and electrolyte balance. Vasopressin is the antidiuretic hormone which permits water resorption in the long collecting tubules of the kidney and, at high physiological titers in the blood, has a significant pressor activity. Based on their studies with rats, DeWied and his associates 5,17 have developed the thesis that vasopressin also plays a major role in the central nervous system's mediation of memory processes. They propose that vasopressin exerts long-term effects on the maintenance of learned responses by facilitating memory consolidation, storage and retrieval. In Hegelian fashion, work from other laboratories has suggested the antithesis; namely, that memory processes are unaffected by vasopressin. The present communication examines recent studies on this controversy and suggests that there is a transition towards a conceptual synthesis regarding our understanding of the role of vasopressin in behavior.
SAFE SEATS, MARGINAL SEATS, AND PARTY PLATFORMS: THE LOGIC OF PLATFORM DIFFERENTIATION*

This paper analyzes a spatial model of two-party competition where parties are not monolithic decision makers but collections of self-motivated officeholders. Party platforms are chosen collectively by incumbent officeholders. The main result is that in a stable equilibrium party platforms do not converge to the same point. Instead, the parties choose platforms so that voters can distinguish between them, and these platforms divide the set of legislative districts cleanly along party lines. All incumbents prefer this situation to one where the platforms converge, because it improves their own chances of reelection.
Platinum-Functionalized Chiral Molecular Squares as Light-Emitting Materials

A family of new chiral metallocycles based on Pt (II) diimine metallocornors and bis(acetylene) bridging ligands have been synthesized, and characterized by a variety of techniques including 1H and 13C NMR, UV-visible, luminescence, infrared, and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopies, and mass spectrometry. All metallocycles exhibit very strong phosphorescence with quantum yields of 8.3 to 15.7%. Chiral Pt(II)-based molecular squares were used as the light-emitting layer in multiplayer devices, and a maximum brightness of 5470 cd/m2 with a maximum luminous efficiency of 0.93 cd/A was achieved.
The effect of antipyretics on the erythrocytic sedimentation rate of rats

It has been demonstrated that even excessive doses of three different types of antipyretics (salicylates, pyrazalones, and aniline derivatives) do not significantly affect the normal erythrocytic sedimentation rate of rats. This might be regarded as evidence for the reliability of the normal sedimentation rate obtained while administering the antipyretics.
Optimal Weighted Ancestry Relationships

A solution method is given for a class of practical optimization problems requiring the determination of a consistent partial ordering for sets of objects, events, preferences, and the like. These problems are characterized by the existence of “noisy” or contradictory links of varying strengths. The origin of this class of problems is an anthropological study in which it is desired to specify a global chronological ordering of ancient cemetery data. A mathematical formulation is given which results in a minimum weight feedback model. A heuristic is developed similar to the Greedy algorithm for minimum weight spanning trees which requires only one pass through the network.
On rotations in fringe-balanced binary trees

We employ a Polya urn to model rotations in a random fringe-balanced binary search tree. We show that asymptotically the number of rotations to construct a tree of size n has a normal distribution with mean 27n and variance 66637n. Exact results for mean and variance are developed in the process.
236 METABOLIC STUDIES DURING EARLY FETAL LIFE

Previous studies of fetal metabolism were confined to the last 20% of gestation. This report presents data on 11 fetal lambs chronically catheterized at 71-81 days (mid-gestation). Mean fetal weight was 210 ± 20 g. Umbilical and uterine blood flows, and the AV differences of substrates were determined. Oxygen (VO2) glucose (G.U.) and lactate (L.U.) uptakes by the fetus were calculated. VO2 was slightly higher (%) on a wet weight basis than at term. But this represented a 250% increase expressed on a dry weight basis. Fetal G.U. was also increased relative to the term fetus but L.U. was decreased. At mid-gestation placental weight is significantly greater than at term (486 ± 22 vs 302 ± 12 g). Nevertheless, the rates of placental oxygen and glucose metabolism were significantly less than in late pregnancy and placental lactate production was also reduced. Developmental aspects of fetal metabolism and physiology can now be studied under unstressed steady-state conditions.
Examining the pros and cons of shopping mall culture as a leisure phenomenon

Extant literature associates globalization with economic liberalization. According to Fernandes (2000), globalization in contemporary India has unfolded in the “context of specific economic conditi...
The Endogenous Eyeblink and Hypnotic Susceptibility in a Real-Simulator Design

This study investigated the relationship between hypnotic susceptibility and the endogenous eyeblink with 27 subjects who were assigned to groups of high susceptibles, low susceptibles and simulators on the basis of cutoff scores from the Harvard Group Scales of Hypnotic Susceptibility: Form A and the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scales: Form C. Using a repeated-measures design, oculomotor data were collected during two separate conditions, waking and hypnotized, while subjects performed a visual task requiring the discrimination of short light flashes (200 ms) from long light flashes (400 ms). Although results partially replicated previous studies, with high susceptibles blinking significantly less than low susceptibles across both conditions, no effect was found for the hypnotic state. Failure of the simulating group to meet assumptions in the waking condition allowed no conclusions regarding impact of task demands on the endogenous eyeblink.
Collaborative architecture design and evaluation

In this paper we describe a collaborative environment created to support distributed evaluation of a complex system architecture. The approach couples an interactive architecture browser with collaborative walkthroughs of an evolving architectural representation. The collaborative architecture browser was created to facilitate involvement of project stakeholders from geographically dispersed, heterogeneous organizations. The paper provides a rationale for the approach, describes the system created to facilitate distributed-collaborative architecture evaluation, and reports on evaluation results from an ongoing, very-large scale application integration project with the United States Marine Corps. The paper contributes to research on early architecture requirements engineering, architecture evaluation, and software tools to support distributed-collaborative design.
732-2 Extra-cardiac Conduit Total Cavopulmonary Anastamosis: Early and Mid Term Results of Further Modification of Fontan Procedure

Lateral tunnel modification of Fontan procedure (LTF) is widely practiced based on the advantages of better hydrodynamics and fewer atrial complications. We have routinely employed extra-cardiac conduit Fontan (ECCF) because of the following potential advantages: 1) it avoids the atrium completely in the Fontan path, 2) it can be performed on a perfused beating heart without cross clamping the aorta thereby completely avoiding ischemic insult to the myocardium, and 3) it provides improved laminar flow. From 7/92 to 8/94, 35 patients (pts) aged 1.7 to 44.2 years (median 6.52 years) underwent ECCF, including revision of a failing Fontan to ECCF in 7 pts. Principal diagnoses were tricuspid atresia (n: 14), double inlet ventricle (n: 10), corrected transposition of the great arteries (SLL) with left atrioventricular valve atresia (n:4) and other forms of single ventricle in the rest (n:7). An avenge of 2.3 previous operations were done per patient. Surgical procedure included extracardiac total cavopulmonary anastomosis using a ePTFE conduit (16 to 22 mm) or a nonvalved aortic homograft conduit (18 to 25 mm). Pop off fenestration between the conduit and the atrium was provided by a 4 - 5 mm ePTFE tube graft (n:20) or a side to side anastomosis with the atrium In:4). Additional surgical procedures included ligation of systemic shunts (n: 17), pulmonary arterioplasty (n:15), enlargement of bulboventricular foramen (n:4), mitral valve repair (n:1), and cryoablation of junctional ectopic focus (n:1). The only early death in the series was a pt of a failing Fontan with chronic massive ascites, pleural effusions, and cachexia who was not a candidate for heart transplant due to social reasons. Early complications included prolonged pleural and/or pericardial effusion in 6/34 pts (18%) and transient arrythmias in 6 pts. Permanent pacemaker was implanted in 4 pts: 2 pts with pre-existing CHB and 1 pt following VSD enlargement and 1 pt with SLL. At a folloW-up of 1 to 22 months (median 11) there were no significant new arrythmias, one pt required reoperation for thrombosis of left pulmonary artery and 3 pts required pericardioperitoneal window for effusion, and one pt died following re-do sternotomy. ECCF is an excellent alternative to LTF with good early and midterm results. However, late follow up is essential to evaluate its potential advantages.
Estrogenic regulation of uterine cyclic AMP metabolism.

Abstract Ovariectomized and ovariectomized, estrogen-treated (48 h) rats were injected intravenously with increasing doses of epinephrine. Uteri were frozen in situ 30 s later. Estrogen pre-treatment significantly increased the sensitivity of both cyclic AMP and phosphorylase to epinephrine. The cyclic AMP response to intravenous injection of the pure β-agonist, isoproterenol, was enhanced by estrogen pre-treatment (48 h) and the cyclic AMP response of isolated uteri treated with epinephrine in vitro was also enhanced by in vivo estrogen pre-treatment (48 h). Other groups of ovariectomized rats were treated with estrogen and cyclic AMP levels were estimated at various times after estrogen treatment. 6 h after intraperitoneal injection and 48 h after subcutaneous injection, estrogen caused 20 and 30% increases in cyclic AMP. Estrogen had no effect on cyclic AMP 30 s after intravenous injection or 15 min after intraperitoneal injection. The was also no change in uterine catecholamine sensitivity 30 s after intravenous estrogen injection. The uterine site(s) at which estrogen acts to alter uterine cyclic AMP metabolism could be uterine β-adrenergic receptors, adenyl cyclase, and/or phosphodiesterase.
Earthquake seasonality before the 1906 San Francisco earthquake

Since 1855, 40 earthquakes of magnitude ⩾5.5 have occurred on the San Andreas Fault (SAF) system in coastal central California, between latitudes 36°30′ N and 39°30′ N (Table 1)1. Of the included 27 ‘independent’ earthquakes, which occurred more than 1yr after or 1 geocentric degree distant from a previous ⩾5.5 mag earthquake, 3 occurred in summer, 7 in autumn, 4 in winter and 13 in spring. All of the spring earthquakes occurred during the 25-yr interval that culminated with the great San Francisco earthquake (8.25 mag) in the spring of 1906 (Fig. 1a, b). I report here that the observed frequency of the spring earthquakes before 1906 significantly exceeds (binomial P = 0.002) seasonal frequencies expected from random variation in the earthquake rate, and thus invites serious inquiry into the subject of earthquake seasonality. More importantly, the time-clustering of spring earthquakes before 1906 raises the question of whether accelerated seasonal seismicity may herald the end of the ‘seismic cycle’ suspected1 to modulate the long-term pattern of seismicity on the northern segment of the SAF system.
A distributed parameter model of the inertially loaded human spine.

Abstract A derivation is given for a one-dimensional continuum model of the spine considered as a curved homogeneous beam-column and subject to a distributed eccentric inertial loading of the human torso. A reduction to a small strain, large deflection model is made. The resulting system of a second order nonlinear partial differential equations is reduced to a first order system, and the centered finite difference method is then applied to solve these equations with the associated initial and boundary conditions. Nonlinearities in these equations are handled by iteration techniques. The resulting system of linearized equations has a band form and is solved by means of an efficient algorithm. The model predicts the configuration history, the axial force, shear force, bending moment and effective stress distributions along the spine given the inertial and material properties as well as the time dependent loading conditions. The results given emphasize the pilot ejection problem although any acceleration pulse applied in the midsagittal plane is acceptable. The results generated for a 10g trapezoidal +Gz acceleration were used to study the dynamic response of the torso. The effective stress patterns developed in this unconstrained model appear to agree with pilot ejection injury data, suggesting that vertebral fractures had already taken place prior to a substantial activation of the restraint system. Thus, the restraint system is believed to be principally useful in preventing secondary collisions.
Dual analysis for mycobacteria and propionibacteria in sarcoidosis BAL.

Purpose Sarcoidosis is a non-caseating granulomatous disease for which a role for infectious antigens continues to strengthen. Recent studies have reported molecular evidence of mycobacteria or propionibacteria. We assessed for immune responses against mycobacterial and propionibacterial antigens in sarcoidosis bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) using flow cytometry, and localized signals consistent with microbial antigens with sarcoidosis specimens, using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI-IMS).
Alkali-labile sites are prevalent in kidney tissue DNA

Abstract Inherent DNA damage in the form of single strand breaks and alkali labile sites is generated by essential intracellular processes, such as DNA replication and repair. Utilizing the in situ DNA unwinding assay and the comet assay (single cell gel), we have observed high levels of alkali induced DNA strand breaks in cells isolated from mouse kidney tissue homogenate. Kidney cell DNA demonstrated a 7.4 × increase in nucleoid expansion and a 7 × increase in comet length compared to negative control cells (thymocytes and splenocytes) in the two assay systems, comparable to epididymal sperm cells which have previously been demonstrated to contain abundant alkali-labile sites. These results argue for the existence of prevalent alkali-labile sites in kidney cell DNA.
When to consider endoscopic ablation therapy for Barrett's esophagus

Purpose of reviewTo evaluate timing and patient selection for endoscopic ablative therapy in Barrett's esophagus.Recent findingsThere has been an explosion in the literature describing ablative therapy in Barrett's esophagus. Most recent data describe radiofrequency ablation (RFA), but other data pe
D-C machine with solid-state commutation

Three inherent functions necessary to the commutation of a d-c machine are: field position detection, switch selection, and the switching arrangement itself. Various means of performing these functions without using conventional commutators and brushes are analyzed and compared, and an experimental machine is discussed to demonstrate the use of solid-state devices to perform the function of commutation on a d-c machine
Pour une approche interactive des savoirs locaux : l’ethno-éthologie

Cet article presente une approche alternative des savoirs locaux : l’ethno-ethologie. Pronant le relativisme ontologique comme precepte, cette demarche recontextualise l’etude des modes de connaissance dans la complexite interactive liant les hommes au monde vivant afin d’isoler l’incidence qu’exercent les comportements specifiques et interspecifiques des non-humains sur la constitution des savoirs.
What Is It Like to Be a Patient with Apperceptive Agnosia

Neuropsychological deficits have been widely used to elucidate normal cognitive functioning. Can patients with such deficits also be used to understand conscious visual experience? In this paper, we ask what it would be like to be a patient with apperceptive agnosia (a deficit in object recognition). Philosophical analyses of such questions have suggested that subjectively experiencing what another person experiences would be impossible. Although such roadblocks into the conscious experience of others exist, the experimental study of both patients and neurologically normal subjects can be used to understand visual processing mechanisms. In order to understand the visual processes damaged in apperceptive agnosia, we first review this syndrome and present a case study of one such patient, patient J.W. We then review several theoretical accounts of apperceptive agnosia, and we conclude that studies of the patients themselves may not allow us to discriminate between the various explanations of the syndrome. To test these accounts, we have simulated apperceptive agnosia in neurologically normal subjects. The implications of our results for understanding both apperceptive agnosia and normal visual processing are discussed.
A study of reactions amongst (Bi,Pb)2Sr2CaCu2Ox and phases on the line between CaO and CuO to form if(Bi,Pb)2Sr2CaCu2Ox

Abstract Reactions amongst (Bi,Pb) 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O x and combinations of phases on the line between CaO and CuO were studied. (Sr,Ca) 2 CuO 3 and CuO formed in phase assemblages that initially contained CaCuO 2 , or CaO plus CuO, or Ca 2 CuO 3 plus CuO. The results showed that the phase assemblage composed of (Bi,Pb) 2 Sr 2 rmCaCu 2 O x , Ca 2 CuO 3 , and CuO was the best of those studied to form (Bi,Pb) 2 Sr 2 CaCu 3 O x .
Package size and price discrimination in the paper towel market

Estimates from a structural model of consumer behavior and firm conduct are used to decompose the extent to which quantity discounts for paper towels are consistent with second degree price discrimination as opposed to cost differences across sizes. Counterfactual exercises assuming that firms offer only one package size or charge uniform prices across sizes indicate that competition in the multi-roll package size segment results in increased consumer surplus and lower prices for all consumers.
Diffusion of cosmogenic3He in olivine and quartz: implications for surface exposure dating

Abstract Thein situ production of3He in surface rocks by cosmic ray induced nuclear reactions offers an important geochronological tool. To evaluate helium loss problems in this technique, cosmogenic3He diffusivities were measured in quartz and olivine by incremental heating at 150–600°C. Arrhenius temperature dependences were observed in both minerals with similar activation energies (Ea = 25 ± 4 kcal/mole, logD0 = −3.7 ± 0.9 in olivine andEa = 25.2 ± 0.9, logD0 = +0.2 ± 0.4 in quartz) and imply very low diffusivities when extrapolated to environmental temperatures (less than 10−18 cm2/s in quartz and 10−22 cm2/s in olivine at 20°C). These low diffusivities suggest helium loss will not significantly affect cosmogenic helium exposure dating for time scales on the order of 106 years in quartz and 109 years in olivine, provided large (2 mm) sample grains are used. Exposure ages obtained with smaller grains need to be corrected for diffusive helium loss and equations are provided for this purpose. Cosmogenic3He diffuses more than 100 times faster than trapped magmatic3He in olivine or radiogenic4He in quartz. The mechanisms responsible for these differences have yet to be determined, but may involve both trapping processes at mineral defects and enhanced mobility associated with spallation produced crystal damage. Therefore, it is possible that helium diffusivities may depend on a sample's cosmic ray exposure or radiogenic production history. Whatever the precise mechanism, the higher mobility of3He suggests that incremental heating will be useful in separating cosmogenic helium from magmatic or radiogenic helium in future studies. Comparison of the diffusivity results with total cosmogenic3He contents of different quartz size fractions for an Antarctic quartzite suggests that He loss may have occurred more rapidly than predicted by the laboratory measurements. Nonetheless, retention of cosmogenic3He is quite high (equivalent to more than a million years of exposure) and cosmogenic3He geochronology is feasible in this and other quartz-containing rocks.
Combinatorial RNAi: a method for evaluating the functions of gene families in Drosophila

Individual members of gene families often have partially redundant functions during nervous system development, making conventional genetic analysis problematic. Here we review experiments showing that several genes can be silenced together by injection of double-stranded RNAs into wild-type Drosophila embryos. By dye-labeling single neuroblasts in injected embryos, the effects of multigene silencing on individual CNS axon pathways can now be examined.
Mn-mediated coupling of alkyl iodides and chiral N-acylhydrazones: optimization, scope, and evidence for a radical mechanism.

Stereoselective radical additions have excellent potential as mild, nonbasic carbon−carbon bond constructions for direct asymmetric amine synthesis. Efficient intermolecular radical addition to CN bonds with acyclic stereocontrol has previously been limited mainly to secondary and tertiary radicals, a serious limitation from the perspective of synthetic applications. Here, we provide full details of the use of photolysis with manganese carbonyl to mediate stereoselective intermolecular radical addition to N-acylhydrazones. Photolysis (300 nm) of alkyl halides and hydrazones in the presence of Mn2(CO)10 and InCl3 as a Lewis acid led to reductive radical addition; diastereomer ratios ranged from 93:7 to 98:2 at ca. 35 °C. The reaction tolerates additional functionality in either reactant, enabling subsequent transformations as shown in an efficient asymmetric synthesis of coniine. A series of hydrazones bearing different substituents on the oxazolidinone auxiliary were compared; consistently high diastereoc...
Overfeeding and underfeeding have detrimental effects on oocyte quality measured by in vitro fertilization and early embryonic development in sheep

To determine effects of maternal diet on in vitro fertilization (IVF) and early embryonic development, ewes (n 48) were divided into control, overfed (ad libitum feeding), and underfed (60% of control) nutritional planes for 8 wk before oocyte collection. Follicular development was induced by twice-daily injections of FSH on days 13 and 14 of the estrous cycle, and ovaries and blood samples were collected on day 15 of the estrous cycle. During the 8-wk experiment, for control ewes BW and BCS did not change, but for overfed ewes mean ( SEM) BW and BCS increased (11.8 1.1 kg and 2.0 0.1, respectively) and for underfed ewes decreased (14.2 0.9 kg and 0.7 0.1, respectively). The number of follicles was determined; oocytes were collected and subjected to in vitro maturation and fertilization. After IVF, developing embryos were evaluated throughout the 8-d culture period. The proportion of cleaved oocytes after IVF and developing morula and blastocyst were less (P 0.0001) in overfed and underfed ewes than in control ewes. However, number of visible follicles, total number of oocytes, number of healthy oocytes, and percentage of healthy oocytes were similar for control, overfed, and underfed ewes. Serum insulin concentration was greater (P 0.05) in overfed ewes than in underfed ewes, estradiol 17- (E2) concentration was greater (P 0.05) in underfed ewes than in overfed ewes, but triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) concentrations were similar in all treatment groups. These data show that inadequate feeding has a negative effect on oocyte quality which results in lower oocyte cleavage after IVF and morula and blastocyst formation; overfeeding increased serum insulin and underfeeding increased serum E2 but not T3 or T4. These data emphasize the importance of diet for reproductive and metabolic functions. Furthermore, the mechanisms through which enhanced or decreased energy in diet affect oocyte quality and serum insulin and E2 concentrations remain to be elucidated. © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
The Effect of Intermittent and Continuous Heating of Soybean Oil at Frying Temperature on the Formation of 4-Hydroxy-2-trans-nonenal and Other α-, β-Unsaturated Hydroxyaldehydes.

4-Hydroxy-2-trans-nonenal (HNE) is a cytotoxic secondary lipid peroxidation product of linoleic acid. Previous investigations in this laboratory showed that HNE is formed in thermally oxidized soybean oil, which is high in linoleic acid. Continuous exposure of the oil to frying temperature (185°C) for up to 6 h graduallyincreased the formation of HNE and other polar lipophilic aldehydes. Additional investigations in this laboratory showed that HNE is absorbed into food fried in thermally oxidized oil in the same concentration as was found in the oil. In the present experiment, the effect of intermittent heating on the formation of HNE in soybean oil was compared with continuous heating. Soybean oil samples were heated either for 1 h each day for five sequential days or for 5 h continuously at 185±5°C. The thermally oxidized soybean oil samples were analyzed by HPLC for the presence of HNE and three other polar lipophilic α-,β-unsaturated hydroxyaldehydes: 4-hydroxy-2-trans-hexanal, 4-hydroxy-2-trans-octenal, and 4-hydroxy-2-trans-decenal. Under intermittent and continuous heating over a total of 5 h, the concentration of these compounds increased similarly. These results indicate that the formation of HNE and other hydroxyaldehydes at frying temperature is a cumulative result of oxidation of PUFA over time.
Regioselectivity and equilibrium thermodynamics for addition of Rh-OH to olefins in water.

Rhodium(III) tetra(p-sulfonato phenyl) porphyrin ((TSPP)Rh) aquo and hydroxo complexes react with a series of olefins in water to form β-hydroxyalkyl complexes. Addition reactions of (TSPP)Rh−OH to unactivated terminal alkenes invariably occur with both kinetic and thermodynamic preferences to place rhodium on the terminal carbon to form (TSPP)Rh−CH2CH(OH)R complexes. Acrylic and styrenic olefins initially react to place rhodium on the terminal carbon to form Rh−CH2CH(OH)X as the kinetically preferred isomer but subsequently proceed to an equilibrium distribution of regioisomers where Rh−CH(CH2OH)X is the predominant thermodynamic product. Equilibrium constants for reactions of the diaquo rhodium(III) compound ([(TSPP)RhIII(H2O)2]-3) in water with a series of terminal olefins that form β-hydroxyalkyl complexes were directly evaluated and used in deriving thermodynamic values for addition of the Rh−OH unit to olefins. The ΔG° for reactions of the Rh−OH unit with olefins in water is approximately 3 kcal mol...
The postcranial skeleton of the ornithopod dinosaur Tenontosaurus tilletti

Tenontosaurus tilletti is a moderate-sized ornithopod dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous (Aptian–Albian) Cloverly Formation in Montana and Wyoming. Tenontosaurus remains are abundant. The vertebral...
Fluid film thickness measurement with moiré fringes.

A mathematical analysis of the application of moire fringe contouring to fluid film thickness measurement is made. Two special cases are treated. The first considers the generation of contours with a collimated light source and distant observer. The second analyzes the fringe patterns viewed by an observer near the grid when there is a point source of light. Geometrical restrictions imposed on the experimental setup are detailed. Experimental results are included.
Preparation of enantiomerically‐active deuterium‐labelled ibuprofen

The chemoenzymatic preparation of optically-active [3,3,3-2H3]-ibuprofen and [2-2H]-ibuprofen are described.
Signal group based alignment in K-user MIMO Y channel

In this paper, we consider a K-user MIMO (multiple input multiple output) Y channel consisting of K, K ≥3, users and a relay. Each user has K - 1 independent messages for all the other K-1 users. With the deployment of multiple antennas at both end users and the relay, K(K - 1) messages can be conveyed to their desired receivers within two time slots for a network operating in a half-duplex mode. A signal group based alignment scheme is proposed which divide all K(K - 1) signals into K groups when K is odd and K - 1 groups when K is even. Then the signals in each group are aligned into a smaller subspace at the relay. If each user is equipped with M antennas and the relay is equipped with N antennas, we show that in order to exchange K(K - 1) messages, the requirements on M and N are KM ≥ N +K - 1 and N ≥ (K - 1)2 for even K and (K - 1)M ≥ N +1 and N ≥ K(K - 2) for odd K. In our proposed approach we significantly decrease the minimum M at the expense of higher N for a given number of users K, compared to an existing approach.
Liquid water fade margin requirements for infrared and millimeter wave runway imaging sensors in fog

Liquid water content and particle size distribution at each ten meters in the vertical for a deep advection fog and a shallow radiation fog are analyzed to determine the liquid water loss at millimeter and infrared wavelengths. The liquid water fade margin is calculated along a three degree glideslope in each fog from the current height above the runway to the touchdown point. Millimeter wave fade margin requirements are calculated from the vertical distribution of bulk liquid water content and infrared fade margin requirements are predicted from the vertical distribution of dropsize. Fog dropsize distributions for both fog layers are well fitted to a gamma distribution with a median drop diameter of approximately 9 microns. Millimeter wave imaging sensors operating in a shallow radiation fog are shown to require less than 1 dB of one-way liquid water fade margin. In the deep advection fog, one-way liquid water fade margin requirements at 8.6 mm, 6.8 mm, and 3.2 mm are predicted to be 1, 2, and 6.7 dB respectively. In comparison, the one-way liquid water fade margin requirements at near, middle, and far infrared wavelengths are two orders of magnitude greater than at millimeter wavelengths and indicate the fog layers are opaque to infrared imaging sensors even near the touchdown point. The specific attenuations predicted in the two fogs are consistent with previously reported values.
What "Stage" Can You Use as a Platform to Teach End of Life?

Recently, W;t [sic] came to the Medical College of Wisconsin (MCW) for a live performance for medical students and staff. The auditorium was full, with additional students asking if they could attend even if “they hadn’t signed up for the lunch”—an unheard of phenomenon among medical students. After the performance, the actors and selected health care professionals participated in a panel discussion, which focused on communication (or lack there of) between health professionals, between health care providers and patients, and the various roles of health professionals (the fellow, the nurse, the senior attending). It was a lively and emotional discussion with the actors seeking clarification regarding why the audience laughed when “biochemistry” was alluded to in the dialogue—a phenomenon that did not occur during the public performances and more indepth and personal issues regarding end-of-life. One of the most powerful and candid comments came from a pediatric oncologist in the audience who spoke about her ongoing struggle to balance the need to “distance” herself from her patients in order to maintain her clinical judgment and her desire to care deeply for each of her young patients. After this 3-hour session, a second-year medical student came up to me and asked, “Why don’t we have more of these kinds of activities in our medical education curriculum? This is really what medicine is about, not just biochemistry!” Indeed, health professions education must include the art as well as the science within its curriculum. How do we achieve that goal? I suggest you read Daniel Sulmasy’s article, “At Wit’s End—Forgiveness, Dignity and the Care of the Dying Patient,1 and Cindy Jones’ description below of sociodrama as an instructional strategy for end-of-life education. Then consider how you can add sociodrama to your instructional repertoire as an end-of-life educator.
The Nod2 Sensor Promotes Intestinal Pathogen Eradication via the Chemokine CCL2-Dependent Recruitment of Inflammatory Monocytes

The intracellular sensor Nod2 is activated in response to bacteria, and the impairment of this response is linked to Crohn's disease. However, the function of Nod2 in host defense remains poorly understood. We found that Nod2-/- mice exhibited impaired intestinal clearance of Citrobacter rodentium, an enteric bacterium that models human infection by pathogenic Escherichia coli. The increased bacterial burden was preceded by reduced CCL2 chemokine production, inflammatory monocyte recruitment, and Th1 cell responses in the intestine. Colonic stromal cells, but not epithelial cells or resident CD11b+ phagocytic cells, produced CCL2 in response to C. rodentium in a Nod2-dependent manner. Unlike resident phagocytic cells, inflammatory monocytes produced IL-12, a cytokine that induces adaptive immunity required for pathogen clearance. Adoptive transfer of Ly6C(hi) monocytes restored the clearance of the pathogen in infected Ccr2-/- mice. Thus, Nod2 mediates CCL2-CCR2-dependent recruitment of inflammatory monocytes, which is important in promoting bacterial eradication in the intestine.
Impact of human error on lumber yield in rough mills

Abstract Rough sawn, kiln-dried lumber contains characteristics such as knots and bark pockets that are considered by most people to be defects. When using boards to produce furniture components, these defects are removed to produce clear, defect-free parts. Currently, human operators identify and locate the unusable board areas containing defects. Errors in determining a defect and its location, known as operator error, lead to lower lumber yield and increased product cost. Technology exists that would alleviate these problems and is a viable option to avoid wasting lumber because of human error. This study was performed in a rough mill collecting data on the errors made by humans when marking defects. Computer-based simulation tools were used to assess the significance of these errors. It was found that three-quarters of the decisions made by human operators are erroneous in some way resulting in an absolute yield loss of approximately 16.1%. Thus, automated defect detection systems that perform more accurately than do humans could have a payback period of 1 year or less.
Status of R&D on neutrino factories and muon colliders

Abstract Muon storage rings offer the possibility of intense neutrino beams to measure neutrino oscillation parameters. Muon colliders could be the best way to discover and study Higgs bosons in supersymmetry. The ultimate goal is a multi-TeV μ + μ − collider. Recent and on-going progress in research and development on neutrino factories and muon colliders in the U.S. will be summarized, including targetry and ring coolers.
Theory of Photoproduction in the Region of the Second Resonance

Exploiting the virtual effects of $\ensuremath{\rho}$ production in the $\ensuremath{\pi}N$ ${D}_{13}$ and ${D}_{33}$ waves, and using vector dominance, we study single-pion photoproduction. We show that the dominant features of photoproduction in the second-resonance region can be explained by these mechanisms.
Carbohydrate dynamics at a micellar surface: GD1a headgroup transformations revealed by NMR spectroscopy

The conformational dynamics of the carbohydrate headgroup of ganglioside GD1a, NeuAc alpha 2-->3Gal beta 1-->3GalNAc beta 1-->4[NeuAc alpha 2-->3]Gal beta 1-->4Glc beta 1-->1Cer, anchored in a perdeuterated dodecylphosphocholine micelle in aqueous solution, were probed by high resolution NMR spectroscopy. The observed 1H/1H NOE interactions revealed conformational averaging of the terminal NeuAc alpha 2-->3Gal and Gal beta 1-->3GalNAc glycosidic linkages. The pronounced flexibility of this trisaccharide moiety was substantiated further by two-dimensional proton-detected 13C T1, T1 rho and 1H/13C NOE measurements. The anchoring effect of the micelle allowed the detection of conformational fluctuations of the headgroup on the time scale of a few hundred picoseconds. NMR experiments performed on the GD1a/DPC micelles in H2O at low temperatures permitted the observation of hydroxyl proton resonances, contributing valuable conformational information.
Soil cages for studying how organic amendments affect nematode-trapping fungi

Abstract Soil cages were used to study how an organic amendment affected nematode-trapping fungi in the field. A cage consisted of PVC pipe sealed at both ends with mesh and containing 80 cm3 of soil, which was amended or not with 360 mg dried grape leaves (0.3% w/w; C:N 28:30). In 2000 and again in 2001, cages were buried in two vineyards, periodically recovered, and destructively sampled. In addition to reducing the heterogeneity of organic matter distribution, the use of cages also permitted assay of fungal activity in undisturbed soil, i.e. the soil within each cage. In one vineyard, which contained no detectable trapping fungi, two pellets (2.1 mm diameter) of the nematode-trapping fungus Dactylellina haptotyla also were added to each cage. Addition of leaves enhanced D. haptotyla population density and trapping activity in 2001, but not in 2000. In the second vineyard, leaves enhanced the population density but not the activity of resident trapping fungi (largely Arthrobotrys oligospora and A. eudermata) in 2000, but not in 2001. Because soil cages were used, patchy distribution of the organic amendment was eliminated as a cause of the inconsistency between years.
Planning for manufacturing technology

Abstract It is charged that many U.S. and European manufacturers have neglected to invest in new manufacturing technology. Consequently, these manufacturers have sacrificed their long-range competitiveness. This problem has occurred partly due to the lack of a normal planning process for investment in manufacturing technology that can alert managers to the need for the modernization of manufacturing technology before it is overdue. This article recommends the use of a new approach for manufacturing technology planning based on a process that monitors the deterioration of manufacturing technology over time.
The Xhosa Cattle-Killing and Post-Apartheid South Africa: Sindiwe Magona's Mother to Mother and Zakes Mda's The Heart of Redness

In his 2002 article ‘The Republic of Letters after the Mandela Republic’, Lewis Nkosi contends that during the apartheid era, black South African writers did not often look to the past but were dee...
Gammaretroviral vector encoding a fluorescent marker to facilitate detection of reprogrammed human fibroblasts during iPSC generation

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are becoming mainstream tools to study mechanisms of development and disease. They have a broad range of applications in understanding disease processes, in vitro testing of novel therapies, and potential utility in regenerative medicine. Although the techniques for generating iPSCs are becoming more straightforward, scientists can expend considerable resources and time to establish this technology. A major hurdle is the accurate determination of valid iPSC-like colonies that can be selected for further cloning and characterization. In this study, we describe the use of a gammaretroviral vector encoding a fluorescent marker, mRFP1, to not only monitor the efficiency of initial transduction but also to identify putative iPSC colonies through silencing of mRFP1 gene as a consequence of successful reprogramming.
Revisiting IT Governance in the Light of Institutional Theory

IT governance research has been largely normative and has provided a great deal of useful insight into what effective IT governance should be. What has received less attention is an understanding of what really happens as organizations struggle to achieve effective IT governance. We argue that the time has come to supplement the important research on what IT governance should be with research on how IT governance is actually accomplished. Before moving forward we take a step back. We trace the evolution of IT governance research and the shared theoretical base. We then suggest institutional theory as a promising alternative for answering three questions yet to be fully addressed in the literature: (1) How is IT governance actually done?; (2) What are the links between IT governance and performance?; and (3) How does IT governance change over time?
Regulation of Mouse Follicle Development by Follicle-Stimulating Hormone in a Three-Dimensional In Vitro Culture System Is Dependent on Follicle Stage and Dose

The developmental requirements of ovarian follicles are dependent on the maturation stage of the follicle; in particular, elegant studies with genetic models have indicated that FSH is required for antral, but not preantral, follicle growth and maturation. To elucidate further the role of FSH and other regulatory molecules in preantral follicle development, in vitro culture systems are needed. We employed a biomaterials-based approach to follicle culture, in which follicles were encapsulated within matrices that were tailored to the specific developmental needs of the follicle. This three-dimensional system was used to examine the impact of increasing doses of FSH on follicle development for two-layered secondary (100-130 microm; two layers of granulosa cells surrounding the oocyte) and multilayered secondary (150-180 microm, several layers of granulosa cells surrounding the oocyte) follicles isolated from mice. Two-layered secondary follicles were FSH responsive when cultured in alginate-collagen I matrices, exhibiting FSH dose-dependent increases in follicle growth, lactate production, and steroid secretion. Multilayered secondary follicles were FSH dependent, with follicle survival, growth, steroid secretion, metabolism, and oocyte maturation all regulated by FSH. However, doses greater than 25 mIU/ml of FSH negatively impacted multilayered secondary follicle development (reduced follicle survival). The present results indicate that the hormonal and environmental needs of the follicular complex change during the maturation process. The culture system can be adapted to each stage of development, which will be especially critical for translation to human follicles that have a longer developmental period.
Cooperative AUV Navigation using a Single Maneuvering Surface Craft

In this paper we describe the experimental implementation of an online algorithm for cooperative localization of submerged autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) supported by an autonomous surface craft. Maintaining accurate localization of an AUV is difficult because electronic signals, such as GPS, are highly attenuated by water. The usual solution to the problem is to utilize expensive navigation sensors to slow the rate of dead-reckoning divergence. We investigate an alternative approach that utilizes the position information of a surface vehicle to bound the error and uncertainty of the on-board position estimates of a low-cost AUV. This approach uses the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) acoustic modem to exchange vehicle location estimates while simultaneously estimating inter-vehicle range. A study of the system observability is presented so as to motivate both the choice of filtering approach and surface vehicle path planning. The first contribution of this paper is to the presentation of an experiment in which an extended Kalman filter (EKF) implementation of the concept ran online on-board an OceanServer Iver2 AUV while supported by an autonomous surface vehicle moving adaptively. The second contribution of this paper is to provide a quantitative performance comparison of three estimators: particle filtering (PF), non-linear least-squares optimization (NLS), and the EKF for a mission using three autonomous surface craft (two operating in the AUV role). Our results indicate that the PF and NLS estimators outperform the EKF, with NLS providing the best performance.
The Local Structure of a Bipartite Distance-regular Graph

In this paper, we consider a bipartite distance-regular graph ?= (X, E) with diameter d? 3. We investigate the local structure of? , focusing on those vertices with distance at most 2 from a given vertex x. To do this, we consider a subalgebra R=R(x) ofMat0307a0x.gif X(C), where 0307a1x.gifX denotes the set of vertices in X at distance 2 from x. R is generated by matrices A, 0307a2x.gif J, and 0307a3x.gif D defined as follows. For all y, z? 0307a4x.gif X, the (y,z )-entry of A is 1 if y, z are at distance 2, and 0 otherwise. The (y, z)-entry of 0307a5x.gif J equals 1, and the (y,z )-entry of 0307a6x.gif D equals the number of vertices of X adjacent to each ofx , y, and z. We show that R is commutative and semisimple, with dimension at least 2. We assume thatdimR is one of 2, 3, or 4, and explore the combinatorial implications of this. We are motivated by the fact that if ? has a Q-polynomial structure, thendimR? 4.
The Birth of Molecular Biology: An Essay in the Rhetorical Criticism of Scientific Discourse.

(1984). The birth of molecular biology: An essay in the rhetorical criticism of scientific discourse. Rhetoric Review: Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 70-83.
Induction of reactive oxygen species in chlamydomonas reinhardtii in response to contrasting trace metal exposures

The toxicity of metals to organisms is, in-part, related to the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells and subsequent oxidative stress. ROS are by-products of normal respiration and photosynthesis processes in organisms, but environmental factors, like metal exposure, can stimulate excess production. Metals involved in several different mechanisms such as Haber-Weiss cycling and Fenton-type reactions can produce ROS. Some metals, such as Cd, may contribute to oxidative stress indirectly by depleting cellular antioxidants. We investigated the measurement of ROS as a sensitive biomarker of metal toxicity (that could possibly be implemented in a biotic ligand model for algae) and we compared ROS induction in response to several contrasting transition metals (Cu, V, Ni, Zn, and Cd). We also compared the ROS response to glutathione and growth toxicity endpoints measured in a previous study. The cell-permeable dye, 2′7′dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate, was used as a probe to detect formation of ROS in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells. Metal-exposed cells were incubated with the fluorescent dye in a 96-well plate and monitored over 5.5 h. A dose-response of ROS formation was observed with Cu exposure in the range of 20–500 nM. Cu produced more ROS compared with either Zn or Cd (both nonredox active metals). The redox-active metal V produced increased ROS with increased concentration. The measurement of ROS may be a useful indicator of Cu toxicity, but the signal to noise ratio was better for the glutathione endpoint assay. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 28: 516–523, 2013.