cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Numerical computation of transient shocked chemically reactive flows

SUMMARY Using the ability of the method of characteristics to evaluate shock fronts in an accurate manner, a formulation is presented which incorporates the effect of rapid exothermic chemical reactions in the flow. The formulation is applied to the computation of the unsteady reactive flow field behind a cylindrical expanding blast wave propagating in a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen. Details of the computational procedure are described. Results are presented for a sample problem and compared with those for the non-reactive case to illustrate the influence of chemical reactions. In the computation of compressible flows governed by systems of hyperbolic equations, the method of characteristics possesses certain advantages, especially in the presence of transient shock wave interactions.' This stems from the inherent ability of the characteristics method to accurately track discontinuities in flow parameters propagated as shock waves, and discontinuities in derivatives travelling as compression or rarefaction waves. Finite difference methods, on the other hand, employ some form of artificial viscosity,' which tends to smear out the shock front over a number of grid points. Furthermore, in the proximity of travelling waves, it has been shown by Vichnevetsky3 that all finite difference, finite element and method of lines schemes generate spurious numerical oscillations which can, under certain conditions, overwhelm the signal wave unless special measures are instituted to reduce their influence. Even in the steady state case, finite difference shock wave calculations with area changes have been shown to introduce significant error^.^ The ability of the method of characteristics to provide physical insight into the nature of the wave phenomena occurring in the flow has been demonstrated by a number of application^.^-' Shin and Valentin5 employ approximations to the compatibility relations written in integral form along four bicharacteristics and a streamline to study the problem of a plane acoustic wave diffracting from a 90" sharp corner. A particle path formulation of the characteristic equations has been used by McLaughlin6 to investigate the unsteady one-dimensional expansion of a uniform property gas into a non-uniform low density atmosphere. Flow field computations in supersonic mixed-compression aircraft inlets operating at an angle of attack have been performed by Vadyak et a1.' using a three dimensional, discrete shock wave fitting procedure and a steady three dimensional bicharacteristic formulation of the quasilinear differential equations. Cline* has also 0271-209 1/84/1OO971-17$01.70 0 1984 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation of reagents for the determination of fumonisin B1 by flow-injection immunoanalysis

Abstract Methods for the synthesis of fumonisin B1 (FmB1) immunoconjugates and for the preparation of FmB1-tagged liposomes were developed and studied. Keyhole limpet hemocyanin-fumonisin B1 (KLH-FmB1) was synthesized using both the classical glutaraldehyde (GA) protocol and a modified 2-step GA protocol. The immunoconjugate was then used to raise polyclonal antibodies in Rambouilet sheep. The covalent coupling of FmB1 to the outer surface of the liposomes involved the derivatization of the FmB1 with a maleimide group which was allowed to react with a sulfhydryl group on the liposome surface. The maleimide group was introduced into the FmB1 via a hetero-bifunctional reagent sulfosuccinimidyl 4-[N-maleimidomethyl] cyclohexane-1-carboxylate (sulfo-SMCC). The sulfhydryl group was generated by the deacetylation of an acetylthioacetate group that was incorporated into the lipid bilayer after the interaction of dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl ethanolamine (DPPE) with N-succinimidyl-S-acetylthioacetate (SATA). The sheep anti-FmB1 polyclonal antibodies as well as sulforhodamine B (SRB) dye-encapsulating, FmB1-tagged liposomes were used subsequently in the development of a Flow-Injection Liposome ImmunoAnalysis (FILIA) system for the detection of FmB1 in food.
Chemical and Biological Studies on the Yellow Organic Acids of Lake Water1

In Lower Linsley Pond, Connecticut, chemical tests indicated a phenolic or enolic character with probable unsaturation. Elemental analyses showed 1.4% ash, no halogens or sulfur, and resulted in an empirical formula of (C/sub 50/H/sub 62/O/sub 27/N)/sub n/. The nitrogen was believed to be an impurity, resulting in an empirical formula of C/sub 21/H/sub 26/O/sub 11/ on the basis of the detemined mean molecular weight of 456. The mean equivalent weight of the mixture was 228. The salts of the acids were dialysable and the acids were amorphous as shown by x-ray diffraction. Infra-red spectroscopy of various derivatives indicated a mixture of hydroxy carboxylic acids and admitted the possibility of unsaturation and aromaticity, although the indications are that if aromaticity exists it is relatively inconsequential. The materials were very resistant to chemical oxidation. Lower Linsley Pond surface water contained between 4.5 and 9.0 milligrams of acids per liter, of which about 40% was estimated to be yellow. Raising the pH from 3 to 11 increased the color by 50%. Solutions of the salts obeyed Beer's Law in the range studied from 5 to 70 mg/l. The materials may affect organisms through alteration of light and by their buffering action. They were more » reasonably stable to biological decomposition over a period of 4 1/2 months. Concentrations of up to 50 mg/l had no effect on pure cultures of Chlamydomonas reinhardi, but Hematococcus pluvialis and Scenedesmus quadricauda were stimulated in their growth by concentrations of between 5 and 50 mg/l. The materials were able to retain iron in a filterable state at pH values up to 13.2. Eleven lakes showed very similar chromatographic patterns on the same date and on different dates. Some of the numerous colored fractions may be different salts of a small number of acids, or may result from soil decomposition. The name humolimnic acids is suggested. « less
Shareholder Proposals in the New Millennium: Shareholder Support, Board Response, and Market Reaction

Although the owners of publicly traded companies have had the right to offer shareholder proposals using Rule 14a-8 for several decades, the effectiveness of the rule has been frequently questioned because few of these proposals received substantial support from other shareholders and even fewer have been implemented by boards. Using new data from the 2002-2004 proxy seasons, we analyze shareholder voting patterns on these proposals, board reactions to them, and market responses. We find some big changes from earlier periods: many more proposals are receiving majority shareholder support during our sample period relative to earlier studies, and this support has translated into directors implementing more of the actions called for by shareholders. In particular, boards are increasingly willing to remove important anti-takeover defenses, such as the classified board and poison pill, in response to shareholders' requests, something rarely seen in the past. Despite the increase in support for shareholder proposals and board action in response, we find small and insignificant stock market reaction. We conclude that shareholder proposals under Rule 14a-8 have an emerging role in reducing agency costs by increasing director responsiveness to shareholder concerns to open the market more fully to corporate control.
Characterization of surface carbon formed during the conversion of methane to benzene over Mo/H-ZSM-5 catalysts

During the conversion of methane to benzene in the absence of oxygen over a 2 wt% Mo/H-ZSM-5 catalyst at 700°C, three different types of surface carbon have been observed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy: adventitious or graphitic-like C (284.6 eV), carbidic-like C (282.7 eV), and hydrogen-poor sp-type C (283.2 eV), where the C 1s binding energies for the respective forms of carbon are given in parentheses. Pretreatment of the catalyst at 700°C in CO also resulted in a strong signal at 283.2 eV; thus, the species responsible for this signal appears to be different from the usual aromatic-type coke. The coke with dominantly sp hybridization is concentrated on the external surface of the zeolite and is responsible for the gradual deactivation of the catalyst.
Clinical classification schemes for predicting hemorrhage: Results from the National Registry of Atrial Fibrillation (NRAF)

Background Although warfarin and other anticoagulants can prevent ischemic events, they can cause hemorrhage. Quantifying the rate of hemorrhage is crucial for determining the risks and net benefits of prescribing antithrombotic therapy. Our objective was to find a bleeding classification scheme that could quantify the risk of hemorrhage in elderly patients with atrial fibrillation. Methods We combined bleeding risk factors from existing classification schemes into a new scheme, HEMORR 2 HAGES, and validated all bleeding classification schemes. We scored HEMORR 2 HAGES by adding 2 points for a prior bleed and 1 point for each of the other risk factors: h epatic or renal disease, e thanol abuse, m alignancy, older (age > 75 years), r educed platelet count or function, h ypertension (uncontrolled), a nemia, g enetic factors, e xcessive fall risk, and s troke. We used data from quality improvement organizations representing 7 states to assemble a registry of 3791 Medicare beneficiaries with atrial fibrillation. Results There were 162 hospital admissions with an International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification code for hemorrhage. With each additional point, the rate of bleeding per 100 patient-years of warfarin increased: 1.9 for 0, 2.5 for 1, 5.3 for 2, 8.4 for 3, 10.4 for 4, and 12.3 for ≥5 points. In patients prescribed warfarin, HEMORR 2 HAGES had greater predictive accuracy ( c statistic 0.67) than other bleed prediction schemes ( P Conclusions Adaptations of existing classification schemes, especially a new bleeding risk scheme, HEMORR 2 HAGES, can quantify the risk of hemorrhage and aid in the management of antithrombotic therapy.
Tuning schemes for transmission zeros of continuous-time filters

New techniques for tuning of a continuous time second-order notch filter are given and compared with conventional methods. An application of such a self-tuned notch filter in the realization of monolithic filters is illustrated.
Underdiagnosis of Peripheral Neuropathy in Type 2 Diabetes

Diabetic peripheral neuropathy and its late sequelae cost >$4 billion annually in the U.S. (1). Improved glycemic control, early detection, and preventive care can prevent or delay adverse outcomes (2–4). An annual foot exam, which may include monofilament testing, is recommended by the American Diabetes Association (5). Unfortunately, neuropathy screening is underutilized in primary care practice (6,7). The GOAL A1C (Glycemic Optimization with Algorithms and Labs At Po1nt of Care) study assessed methods of A1C testing and insulin titration monitoring strategies in a large nationwide sample of predominantly primary care patients with type 2 diabetes. At baseline, physician perception of the presence of neuropathy was assessed via a survey before monofilament testing. A comparison between physician perception and monofilament testing is reported. GOAL A1C was a randomized, open-label, parallel, four-arm study that compared the impact of point of care versus laboratory A1C testing and weekly versus less frequent insulin titration monitoring on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes adding insulin glargine to existing oral antidiabetic therapy. Eligible patients were aged ≥18 years, inadequately controlled on oral antidiabetic agents (A1C >7.0%), and candidates for insulin. All signed informed consent …
Spatial Ecology of Raccoons Related to Cattle and Bovine Tuberculosis in Northeastern Michigan

Abstract In 1995, Mycobacterium bovis, the causative bacterium of bovine tuberculosis (bTB), was detected in 5 beef cattle operations in Alcona County, Michigan, USA. In accordance with Federal law, the operations were depopulated to prevent the spread of bTB. Subsequent wildlife surveillance programs identified high prevalence of M. bovis in mesocarnivores, including raccoons (Procyon lotor), which suggested that raccoons may be complicit in vectoring the pathogen among livestock operations. Our goal was to develop an empirical basis for generating hypotheses about the likelihood for raccoons to mediate the transmission of bTB to livestock. We found intersexual differences in scale-dependent resource selection and probability of spatial interaction that, under certain circumstances, may form the foundation for a sex-bias in disease transmission. Spatial dispersion of mixed-forest patches facilitated overlap of adjacent males, whereas female overlap zones included pastures. Within overlap zones, probabili...
Re-evaluation of the Cancridae Latreille, 1802 (Decapoda: Brachyura) including three new genera and three new species

New fossils referable to the Cancridae Latreille, 1802 extend the known stratigraphic range of the family into the middle Eocene and the geographic range into South America. Each genus within the family has been reevaluated within the context of the new material. A suite of diagnostic characters for each cancrid genus makes it possible to assign both extant and fossil specimens to genera and the two cancrid subfamilies, the Cancrinae Latreille, 1802, and Lobocarcininae Beurlen, 1930, based solely upon dorsal carapace morphology. Cheliped morphology is useful in assigning genera to the family but is significantly less useful at the subfamily and generic level. Each of the four subgenera sensu Nations (1975), Cancer Linnaeus, 1758, Glebocarcinus Nations, 1975, Metacarcinus A. Milne Edwards, 1862, and Romaleon Gistl, 1848, are elevated to full generic status. Additionally, three new genera and three new species accommodate the new, as well as some previously described taxa, and include Anatolikos new genus, Anisospinos berglundi new genus and species, and Notocarcinus sulcatus new genus and species and several new combinations. Recognition of new genera and reassignment of several species within the Cancrinae indicates that that subfamily may have arisen in the southern hemisphere, contrary to the previous interpretation of the subfamily as a primarily North Pacific or Tethyan group. The Lobocarcininae was primarily a Tethyan group.
A Survey of Green Energy Technology and Policy

With many current scientific studies pointing to global warming and climate changes caused by greenhouse gases, there is an ever increasing societal push for renewable environmentally friendly green technologies to help reduce greenhouse gas emissions resulting from fossil fuel consumption. Government policy plays a key role in the development and wide-scale implementation of green technology. Many research and industry groups are pursuing research in alternative green energy sources and production. A survey of renewable and green technologies is conducted in this paper; from this survey, it is apparent that much more research, education, and continued support are needed to further promote and improve existing and new renewable technologies to meet the goals and emission standards set by international agreements and governments.
InGaAs/InP OEIC's for optical computing

Techniques for optically controlling the latching capabilities of the light amplifying optical switch (LAOS) are described. It is shown that the latching can be controlled by reducing either the voltage or the current of the latching element. The operation and design of functional blocks that implement set/reset flip flops, gated latches, and inverting logic are discussed. >
Effect of Interelectrode Distance on the Bipolar Strength-Interval Relationship and Ventricular Effective Refractory Period in Humans

Effect of Interlectrode Spacing The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of interelectrode distaices of 1 cm and 0.5 cm on the ventricular effective refractory period (VERP) and the strength-interval relationship during bipolar cathodal pacing. A quadripolar electrode catheter with an interelectrode spacing of 0.5 cm was positioned at the right ventricular apex in 30 subjects, and the VERP was measured in 2-msec steps at twice the late diastolic threshold using bipolar cathodal pacing, first with an electrode spacing of I cm, then 0.5 cm. With the technique used in this study, there was up to 4 msec of variability in the measured VERP. Therefore, a change in the VERP of at least 6 msec was required before concluding that the interelectrode distance had affected the measured VERP In 15 subjects (group 1), the VERP was not affected by a change in electrode spacing; in nine subjects (group 2) the VERP was 6–10 msec longer with the 0.5 cm spacing than with the 1-cm spacing, and in six subjects (group 3) the VERP was 6–12 msec longer with the 1.0-cm spacing than with the 0.5-cm spacing. Determination of unipolar strength-interval curves in ten other subjects demonstrated that anodal curves can be distinguished from cathodal curves by the presence of an early diastolic dip and by the occurrence of the ascent of the curve at a longer extrastimulus coupling interval. These features were used as markers of an anodal contribution to the bipolar strength-interval curves in groups 1, 2, and 3. In subjects in whom there was a difference in the VERP with the two electrode spacings, an anodal contribution to the bipolar strength interval curve was always identifiable in the curve generated with the electrode spacing that had yielded the longer VERP With the bipolar configuration that yielded the longer VERP, the unipolar stimulation threshold at the anode was always 1.6 mA and was always lower than the anodal threshold of the bipolar configuration that yielded the shorter VERP. In conclusion, the VERP may either lengthen or shorten by up to 10–12 msec when the interelectrode distance is changed from 1 to 0.5 cm during bipolar cathodal pacing. The effect of electrode spacing on the measured VERP is attributable to position-dependent effects on the unipolar anodal stimulation threshold. A lower anodal threshold may result in a greater degree of anodal contribution during bipolar pacing, manifest by the occurrence of the ascent of the strength-interval curve later in diastole and a corresponding increase in the VERP measured at a current strength of twice the late diastolic threshold. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 1. pp. 103–115, April 1990)
Infant mortality trends in a region of Belarus, 1980–2000

The Chernobyl disaster in 1986 and the breakup of the former Soviet Union (FSU) in 1991 challenged the public health infrastructure in the former Soviet republic of Belarus. Because infant mortality is regarded as a sensitive measure of the overall health of a population, patterns of neonatal and postneonatal deaths were examined within the Mogilev region of Belarus between 1980 and 2000. Employing administrative death files, this study utilized a regional cohort design that included all infant deaths occurring among persons residing within the Mogilev oblast of Belarus between 1980 and 2000. Patterns of death and death rates were examined across 3 intervals: 1980–1985 (pre-Chernobyl), 1986–1991 (post-Chernobyl & pre-FSU breakup), and 1992–2000 (post-Chernobyl & post-FSU breakup). Annual infant mortality rates declined during the 1980s, increased during the early 1990s, and have remained stable thereafter. While infant mortality rates in Mogilev have decreased since the period 1980–1985 among both males and females, this decrement appears due to decreases in postneonatal mortality. Rates of postneonatal mortality in Mogilev have decreased since the period 1980–1985 among both males and females. Analyses of trends for infant mortality and neonatal mortality demonstrated continuous decreases between 1990, followed by a bell-shaped excess in the 1990's. Compared to rates of infant mortality for other countries, rates in the Mogilev region are generally higher than rates for the United States, but lower than rates in Russia. During the 1990s, rates for both neonatal and postneonatal mortality in Mogilev were two times the comparable rates for East and West Germany. While neonatal mortality rates in Mogilev have remained stable, rates for postneonatal mortality have decreased among both males and females during the period examined. Infant mortality rates in the Mogilev region of Belarus remain elevated compared to rates for other western countries, but lower than rates in Russia. The public health infrastructure might attempt to assure that prenatal, maternal, and postnatal care is maximized.
Effects of aqueous complexation on reductive precipitation of uranium by Shewanella putrefaciens

We have examined the effects of aqueous complexation on rates of dissimilatory reductive precipitation of uranium by Shewanella putrefaciens. Uranium(VI) was supplied as sole terminal electron acceptor to Shewanella putrefaciens (strain 200R) in defined laboratory media under strictly anaerobic conditions. Media were amended with different multidentate organic acids, and experiments were performed at different U(VI) and ligand concentrations. Organic acids used as complexing agents were oxalic, malonic, succinic, glutaric, adipic, pimelic, maleic, citric, and nitrilotriacetic acids, tiron, EDTA, and Aldrich humic acid. Reductive precipitation of U(VI), resulting in removal of insoluble amorphous UO2 from solution, was measured as a function of time by determination of total dissolved U. Reductive precipitation was measured, rather than net U(VI) reduction to U(IV), to assess overall U removal rates from solution, which may be used to gauge the influence of chelation on microbial U mineralization. Initial linear rates of U reductive precipitation were found to correlate with stability constants of 1:1 aqueous U(VI):ligand and U(IV):ligand complexes. In the presence of strongly complexing ligands (e.g., NTA, Tiron, EDTA), UO2 precipitation did not occur. Our results are consistent with ligand-retarded precipitation of UO2, which is analogous to ligand-assisted solid phase dissolution but in reverse: ligand exchange with the U4+ aquo cation acts as a rate-limiting reaction moderating coordination of water molecules with U4+, which is a necessary step in UO2 precipitation. Ligand exchange kinetics governing dissociation rates of ligands from U(VI)-organic complexes may also influence overall UO2 production rates, although the magnitude of this effect is unclear relative to the effects of U(IV)-organic complexation. Our results indicate that natural microbial-aqueous systems containing abundant organic matter can inhibit the formation of biogenic amorphous UO2.
Energy Dependence of Inclusive Spectra at X = 0 and x = 0

We present an analysis of experimental data to show that the inclusive spectra at X (Feynman variable) =0 and x (log rc tan O) =0 follow the same power dependence of the incident energy EP, where ris. the Lorentz factor of the c.m. system. The results are compared with the prediction of the usual scaling hypothesis and the emission model. The implications are discussed. There have been extensive studies on the experimental and theoretical aspects of the inclusive reactions in connection with the Feynman scaling1> and the concept of limiting fragmentation. 2> While the energy (incident energy EP) independent of the invariant inclusive spectra in Feynman variable X has been established in the fragmentation region, the behavior in the central region is by no means clear. The multiperipheral model predicts the same energy independent characteristics and this implies a logarithmic growth for the mean multiplicity,3h 4> i.e., it d 8(J - a-s = j(X, P,) (JI p and therefore the average multiplicity becomes < n)=_!_ ff!(X~P,) dP
Branching Process Models for the Exponentially Increasing Portions of Cascading Failure Blackouts

We introduce branching process models in discrete and continuous time for the exponentially increasing phase of cascading blackouts. Cumulative line trips from real blackout data have portions consistent with these branching process models. Some initial calculations identifying parameters and using a branching process model to estimate blackout probabilities during and after the blackout are illustrated.
Arabidopsis thaliana mutants reveal a role for CSP41a and CSP41b, two ribosome-associated endonucleases, in chloroplast ribosomal RNA metabolism

A proteomic analysis of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii 70S ribosomes identified two proteins, RAP38 and RAP41, which associate in stoichiometric amounts with intact ribosomes. In this work we show results that suggest the Arabidopsis thaliana homologs, CSP41b and CSP41a, participate in ribosomal RNA metabolism. Csp41a-1 and csp41b-1 single mutants show little phenotype, while the loss of both proteins is lethal. Plants homozygous for the csp41b-1 mutation and heterozygous for the csp41a-1 mutation (csp41b-1/csp41a-1*) fail to accumulate CSP41b and show a marked reduction in the levels of CSP41a. These mutants have reduced chlorophyll content, grow slower and over-accumulate 23S precursor rRNAs compared to their wild-type (WT) siblings, whereas other rRNAs or mRNAs are unaffected. Chloroplast polysome assembly is reduced in csp41b-1/csp41a-1* mutants, which also contain increased amounts of pre-ribosomal particles compared to mature 70S ribosomes. Our results also indicate that CSP41b associates with pre-ribosomal particles in vivo. In vitro, the pattern of 23S precursors and mature rRNAs is altered upon incubation with recombinant CSP41a and CSP41b. Taken together, these results suggest that CSP41a and CSP41b have a role in chloroplast ribosomal RNA metabolism, most likely acting in the final steps of 23S rRNA maturation.
Public Tolerance to Defoliation and Flower Distortion in a Public Horticulture Garden

Abstract Surveys of visitor and grower perception of live potted plant quality were conducted in various locations in a large public display garden. Canna lily, Canna × generalis L.H.Bailey, was used to examine effects of defoliation by Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman, on public perception. Chrysanthemums, Chrysanthemum × morifolium Ramat., were used to identify visitor and grower tolerance to flower distortion caused by western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), on single and multiple flowered plants. On average, the maximum amount of defoliation or flower distortion tolerated by any respondent was low (≤10% for canna and ≤25% for chrysanthemum). The level of acceptable injury was influenced by factors intrinsic to both the respondents and the plants themselves. Tolerance to injury was negatively associated with the risk aversion of the respondents. Visitors were less tolerant of injury on plants they considered for purchase than those that they would view at the garden. Simi...
What Arabian coral reefs can teach us about the past, the future, and the management of the word’s coral reefs

Arabian coral reefs are a window into the past and the future. Absence of well-developed frameworks in the southern Arabian Gulf indicates a long-term stressful, historical environmental regime. This contrasts with the northern Arabian Gulf, where better environmental conditions allowed reefs to progress further in geological succession. Since the late 1990s, thermal bleaching of corals has occurred with the highest frequency observed anywhere in the world. The Arabian Gulf now has a thermal regime that is predicted to occur across the tropical oceans in 2100 and studies of Gulf reefs today allow us to draw inferences on future pathways of stress and changes in coral assemblages across the world. Arabian Gulf coral communities are made up by three major groups of competitors (Acropora-merulinids-poritids) that converge upon a stable equilibrium, where they co-exist but Acropora dominates. Less tolerance to temperature and greater susceptibility to diseases makes Acropora vulnerable to dieback in extreme years, which allows slower-growing massive corals (faviids, poritids) to persist and even expand. Over the past two decades, dieback episodes occurred five times as frequently as in the early 20th century, causing significant changes in coral communities. Acropora death and availability as settlement substratum changes a competitive network from stable into unstable. But during very frequent and severe annually recurring disturbances, also poritids and merulinids die back, and now can positively influence populations via settling space on denuded colonies, therefore the competitive network is unstable. Trajectories are hard to predict and depend on local fertility or connectivity. Therefore, Gulf coral communities are not arranged orderly along environmental gradients, but are patchy and variable. Global change will continue to cause mortality and stability of competitive networks in many other regions will be degraded with hardly predictable outcomes. Lessons for the management of Gulf coral reefs, however, are clear: - No species must be lost. Otherwise trajectories of even the best-managed reefs will be unpredictable. - Threatened Acropora should be given special protection to safeguard remaining populations. - Maximum connectivity must be maintained between different reef regions, to allow recolonization of degraded reefs. - Networks of large marine protected areas are required - Impacts in the coastal zone must be reduced since coral larvae must traverse also reef-free zones.
Instar Differences in Marmara gulosa (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)

The number of feeding instars of Marmara gulosa Guillen & Davis (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), a pest on citrus in the southwestern United States, was investigated from laboratory and field samples. Larvae passed through four to seven feeding instars before the final transitional and spinning instars. An influence of temperature on the number of feeding instars was observed, with low temperatures increasing the proportion of larvae with a higher number of instars. Characterization of instars by the width of the larval head capsule was attempted, and major differences in head capsule width were observed between the same instars of larvae passing through four, five, and six feeding instars. Growth ratios of head capsule width between successive instars were higher for larvae with fewer instars than for those with a higher number, and last feeding instars for each group reached a similar final size.
Evaluation of an Air-Gap-Insulated Piston in a Divided-Chamber Diesel Engine

Evaluation des performances d'un moteur diesel a chambre partagee avec un piston dont la tete est isolee du corps par un espace vide
Prenatal diet, nutrient intake and pregnancy outcome in urban Ecuadorian primiparas.

A nutritional survey was conducted in an urban public maternity hospital, Hospital Gineco-Obstetrico Isidro Ayora (HGOIA), located in Quito, Ecuador. Seventy-four primiparas in the third trimester of pregnancy were recruited to assess the influence of sociedemographic factors on food patterns and nutrient intake, and the interrelationship between prenatal nutrient intake, maternal weight gain and pregnancy outcome. Results of the regression analysis indicated that maternal education was the factor most strongly associated with nutrient intake, followed by monthly per capita income. Maternal nutrient intake was next analyzed and compared with the WHO (1974, 1985) and NRC (1980) recommended daily allowances. Results also indicated the average daily intake of energy, protein, phosphorus, vitamins C and A, thiamine, riboflavin, and niacin met or exceeded the recommended daily allowances. Dietary calcium and iron intake, however, were below recommendations. Sodium and fat intake were both relatively high. Higher dietary fat intake was associated with increased birth weight, while lower protein intake was associated with increased risk of delivering a low-birth weight baby. Maternal weight gain during the third trimester predicted baby birth weight and height but not head circumference.
Size effect of nanoparticle on specific heat in a ternary nitrate (LiNO3–NaNO3–KNO3) salt eutectic for thermal energy storage

Abstract In this study we investigate the effect of nanoparticles on the specific heat of ternary nitrate salt eutectic doped with nanoparticles. Four different sizes of SiO2 nanoparticles were tested: 5 nm, 10 nm, 30 nm, and 60 nm. They were doped into ternary nitrate salt eutectic (LiNO3–NaNO3–KNO3) at 1% concentration by weight. Ternary nitrate salt eutectic has been considered as advanced thermal energy storage material due to its lower melting point and high thermal stability. Enhancing the specific heat of ternary nitrate salt eutectic can greatly increase its thermal storage density. This can not only reduce the material cost but also the size of pipe and storage tanks and, therefore, energy storage cost can be significantly reduced. A modulated differential scanning calorimeter was employed to measure the specific heat of ternary nitrate salt eutectic before and after doping with nanoparticles. According to the conventional specific heat model (density weighted rule), the specific heat of ternary nitrate salt eutectic should slightly decrease after doping with nanoparticles since the concentration of nanoparticles is very small (∼1% by weight) and the specific heat of nanoparticles is lower than that of ternary nitrate salt eutectic. However, the specific heat of the mixture was measured to be enhanced by 13–16% and no significant variation in specific heat was observed with nanoparticle size. From subsequent material characterization study, we observed a large amount of nanometer-sized structure formed by the salt compound around nanoparticles. Nanostructure has extremely large specific surface area. This can amplify the effect of surface energy on the effective specific heat (which was often negligible on a macroscale) and can be primarily responsible for the enhanced specific heat with doping nanoparticles.
Development of a Cost-Effective Oxygen Carrier from Red Mud for Coal-Fueled Chemical-Looping Combustion

Coal-fueled chemical-looping combustion (CF-CLC) is an advanced process for highly efficient coal combustion with in situ CO2 capture. The feasibility of applying CF-CLC is heavily dependent on the suitability of the oxygen carrier (OC). In this study, the abundant red mud bauxite waste produced from Bayer’s alumina production process is proposed as a cost-effective oxygen carrier using a direct granulation method. A screening test was carried out to select the best OC from samples prepared at various calcination temperatures. The regeneration and reduction behavior of red mud OCs were extensively investigated in a simulated CLC process while considering the influence of water vapor and reaction temperature. A synthetic iron-based OC was used as a reference to evaluate the performance of the red mud OCs. The fresh and used OC particles were characterized by XRD, SEM, and BET analyses to interpret the behavior of the solid particles. The leaching behavior of the raw red mud and the OC samples was tested us...
Present Status and Future Development Trend of China Museum of Natural History

This paper overviewed the quantity,categories,distribution and rapid development status of comprehensive natural history museums,and analyzed their design concept,broadcasting functions,specimen collection and management,etc.
Identification of a second protein product of the gene encoding a human epidermal autoantigen

A 230 kDa polypeptide component of the hemidesmosome, an epithelial-cell-connective-tissue attachment device, is thought to be involved in cytoskeleton-cell-surface anchorage. This 230 kDa polypeptide is recognized by bullous pemphigoid auto-antibodies and for this reason is generally termed the bullous pemphigoid antigen (BPA). We have identified two distinct mRNA products of the single BPA gene by RACE (rapid amplification of cDNA ends)/PCR techniques. The first of these mRNAs encodes the 230 kDa protein component of the hemidesmosome. A second mRNA lacks over 1800 bases that encode the C-terminus of the 230 kDa protein. We have raised antibodies against a peptide specific to the predicted protein product of this second mRNA. To our surprise this antibody recognizes a protein that migrates at 280 kDa on SDS/PAGE of extracts of a variety of human epidermal cell lines that also express the 230 kDa BPA. Moreover, we have confirmed the co-expression of the 230 and 280 kDa polypeptides in these cells by immunoblotting analyses using a monoclonal antibody preparation directed against a polypeptide encoded by sequence common to both mRNAs transcribed from the BPA gene. Intriguingly, in one non-epidermal tumour line (a pancreatic cell line termed FG), the 280 kDa polypeptide appears to be the only product of the BPA gene. Furthermore, in FG cells the 280 kDa protein is found in association with the intermediate filament cytoskeleton. We discuss our results in relation to control of BPA gene expression and with regard to potential functions of the domains of the protein products of the BPA gene.
GENETICS, EXPRESSION, AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ISOZYMES IN SOMATIC CELL HYBRIDS

ABSTRACT. Thirty-eight enzymes were examined by gel electrophoresis in proliferating man-rodent somatic cell hybrids. Since chromosomes and enzymes from both species are present and functional in these cell hybrids and since differences occur in the electrophoretic mobility of enzymes between species, cell hybrids are particularly suited for a study of the genetics, expression, and structural characteristics of mammaliam enzymes. Chromosome loss observed in interspecific hybrids offers the possibility of dissecting complex systems and isolating the individual components. Gene assignment is based on concordant loss of an enzyme and a specific chromosome. Following this reasoning, a human gene map of genes coding for enzymes has been compiled and is presented. Seventeen of the 24 human chromosomes have enzyme markers assigned to them. Assignment of the gene coding for human esterase D on chromosome 13 or 16 is presented and utilizing an (Xq-; 9p+) translocation, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase, and phosphoglycerate kinase have been assigned to the long arm of the human X chromosome. The presence of two different mammalian genomes in the same nucleus can influence the expression of a gene as demonstrated by the activation of mouse esterase-2 and the extinction of mouse acid phosphatase in cell hybrids. Aspects of enzyme structure are presented such as the subunit structure of 29 enzymes, the phenotypic change of human adenosine deaminase in cell hybrids, a structural relationship of human hexosaminidase A and B, and the complementation of human enzyme deficiencies.
BK Calcium Sensitive Potassium Channel

Large conductance, voltage- and calcium-activated potassium channels (BK, MaxiK) are ubiquitously distributed in mammals, except in heart, and play important roles in the regulation of neurotransmitter release …
Migration induced by sea-level rise could reshape the US population landscape

Sea-level rise will impact heavily populated coastal areas, necessitating adaptation or migration. This study considers how potential migration away from affected areas will have a broader effect on the US population landscape. Many sea-level rise (SLR) assessments focus on populations presently inhabiting vulnerable coastal communities1,2,3, but to date no studies have attempted to model the destinations of these potentially displaced persons. With millions of potential future migrants in heavily populated coastal communities, SLR scholarship focusing solely on coastal communities characterizes SLR as primarily a coastal issue, obscuring the potential impacts in landlocked communities created by SLR-induced displacement. Here I address this issue by merging projected populations at risk of SLR1 with migration systems simulations to project future destinations of SLR migrants in the United States. I find that unmitigated SLR is expected to reshape the US population distribution, potentially stressing landlocked areas unprepared to accommodate this wave of coastal migrants—even after accounting for potential adaptation. These results provide the first glimpse of how climate change will reshape future population distributions and establish a new foundation for modelling potential migration destinations from climate stressors in an era of global environmental change.
Characterizations of Distributions by Record Values

In this chapter, we will discuss the characterizations of univariate continuous distributions by record values .
Chronic Myelomonocytic Leukemia: Clinical and Pathologic Features

Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia is an “overlap” disease with clinical and pathologic features of both a myelodysplastic and a myeloproliferative neoplasm. By definition, there must be a persistent peripheral blood monocytosis; however, the other features may be quite variable from case to case. Over 90% of cases have identifiable genetic mutations and in the absence of morphologic dysplasia, the presence of one of these mutations can be used to satisfy diagnostic criteria. The most commonly implicated mutations involve the TET2, ASXL1, and SRSF2 genes. However, none of the mutations found in CMML are pathognomonic. These mutations can be seen in other myeloid neoplasms as well as in some phenotypically normal older persons. Some patterns are beginning to emerge with regards to the accumulation of mutations during the course of CMML progression as well as in different subtypes of CMML, namely the “dysplastic” type (WBC < 13 × 109) and the “proliferative” type (WBC ≥ 13 × 109). Mutations in spliceosome machinery and/or epigenetic regulation tend to occur in the “dysplastic” subtype or early in the evolution of the disease whereas mutations involving RUNX1, ASXL1, or signal pathways proteins tend to occur in the proliferative phase or later in the disease chronology. Prognostic and therapeutic implications of the molecular basis of CMML are still evolving and the clinical picture largely drives the treatment decisions and prognostic models. The notable exception is frameshift and nonsense mutations of ASXL1, which have shown independent prognostic significance on multivariate analysis in multiple studies.
Rational expectations theory and macro budgetary decision-making: comparative analysis of Canada, UK, and USA

An exciting opportunity that many advanced industrial democracies faced in the late 1990s was the movement from budgetary deficit to surplus. This came after years of persistent deficits. Traditional decisionmaking theories such as budgetary incrementalism failed to explain this longrun relationship, since it has been inherently a short-run theory. This paper uses rational expectations theory to demonstrate its relationship to budgetary decision-making reforms and the deficit (surplus) for Canada, the UK and the United States. The results demonstrated that there was an intertemporal budget constraint in operation in the three countries, and decision-makers at the macro level used rational expectations in the formulation of their annual budget. In the theory, budget actors strived to balance their budget, but did so over the longrun as opposed to the short-run incrementalist interpretation.
IR duality in 2D N = (0,2) gauge theory with noncompact dynamics

Searching for the simplest non-Abelian 2D gauge theory with N = (0,2) supersymmetry and nontrivial IR physics, we propose a new duality for SU(2) SQCD with N^f = 4 chiral flavors. The chiral algebra of this theory is found to be so(8)_(−2), the same as in 4D N = 2 SU(2) gauge theory with four hypermultiplets.
GM-CSF overexpression after influenza a virus infection prevents mortality and moderates M1-like airway monocyte/macrophage polarization

Influenza A viruses cause life-threatening pneumonia and lung injury in the lower respiratory tract. Application of high GM-CSF levels prior to infection has been shown to reduce morbidity and mortality from pathogenic influenza infection in mice, but the mechanisms of protection and treatment efficacy have not been established. Mice were infected intranasally with influenza A virus (PR8 strain). Supra-physiologic levels of GM-CSF were induced in the airways using the double transgenic GM-CSF (DTGM) or littermate control mice starting on 3 days post-infection (dpi). Assessment of respiratory mechanical parameters was performed using the flexiVent rodent ventilator. RNA sequence analysis was performed on FACS-sorted airway macrophage subsets at 8 dpi. Supra-physiologic levels of GM-CSF conferred a survival benefit, arrested the deterioration of lung mechanics, and reduced the abundance of protein exudates in bronchoalveolar (BAL) fluid to near baseline levels. Transcriptome analysis, and subsequent validation ELISA assays, revealed that excess GM-CSF re-directs macrophages from an “M1-like” to a more “M2-like” activation state as revealed by alterations in the ratios of CXCL9 and CCL17 in BAL fluid, respectively. Ingenuity pathway analysis predicted that GM-CSF surplus during IAV infection elicits expression of anti-inflammatory mediators and moderates M1 macrophage pro-inflammatory signaling by Type II interferon (IFN-γ). Our data indicate that application of high levels of GM-CSF in the lung after influenza A virus infection alters pathogenic “M1-like” macrophage inflammation. These results indicate a possible therapeutic strategy for respiratory virus-associated pneumonia and acute lung injury.
Severe Toxicity in Nonhuman Primates and Piglets Following High-Dose Intravenous Administration of an Adeno-Associated Virus Vector Expressing Human SMN

Neurotropic adeno-associated virus (AAV) serotypes such as AAV9 have been demonstrated to transduce spinal alpha motor neurons when administered intravenously (i.v.) at high doses. This observation led to the recent successful application of i.v. AAV9 delivery to treat infants with spinal muscular atrophy, an inherited deficiency of the survival of motor neuron (SMN) protein characterized by selective death of lower motor neurons. To evaluate the efficiency of motor neuron transduction with an AAV9 variant (AAVhu68) using this approach, three juvenile nonhuman primates (NHPs; aged 14 months) and three piglets (aged 7–30 days) were treated with an i.v. injection of an AAVhu68 vector carrying a human SMN transgene at a dose similar to that employed in the spinal muscular atrophy clinical trial. Administration of 2 × 1014 genome copies per kilogram of body weight resulted in widespread transduction of spinal motor neurons in both species. However, severe toxicity occurred in both NHPs and piglets. All three ...
LONG-TERM THERAPY WITH ELAMIPRETIDE NORMALIZES SIRTUIN-3 PROTEIN LEVELS IN ISOLATED MITOCHONDRIA OF LEFT VENTRICULAR MYOCARDIUM OF DOGS WITH CHRONIC HEART FAILURE

Sirtuins are a highly conserved family of histone/protein deacetylases. In mammalian cells, seven sirtuins (SIRT1-7) modulate distinct metabolic and stress-response pathways, with SIRT3 having been most extensively investigated in the cardiovascular system and is mainly located in the mitochondria.