cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tooth Loss in 100 Treated Patients With Periodontal Disease: A Long-Term Study

A population of 100 patients with periodontal disease who had been treated and maintained for 15 years or longer was studied for tooth loss. The patients averaged 43.8 years of age and consisted of 59 females and 41 males. Patients were examined and their dental records were reviewed. On the basis of response to therapy and tooth loss, the patients were classified as Well-Maintained (77), Downhill (15), or Extreme Downhill (8). At the completion of initial treatment, 2,627 teeth were present. Of this number, during the maintenance period, 259 teeth (9.8%) were lost due to periodontal disease, while 40 teeth (1.5%) were lost due to other causes. Evaluation was made as to patterns of tooth loss, loss of questionable teeth, loss of teeth with furcations, surgical vs. nonsurgical therapy, and presence of fixed or removable prostheses. Considerable variation occurred between response groups. Periodontal disease appears to be bilaterally symmetrical and tooth loss response emulated this pattern with greatest loss of maxillary second molars and least loss of mandibular cuspids.
Richard Lower: Anatomist and Physiologist

A student of Thomas Willis, Richard Lower was part of a revival of the Oxford school of physiology in the mid-1600s. Among his many accomplishments were performing the first-ever blood transfusion ...
Damping behavior of incramute modified by the addition of erbium to eliminate room temperature aging

Incramute is a high damping alloy with a nominal composition (weight percent) of 45 Mn-53Cu-2Al. This alloy exhibits a specific damping capacity as high as 68% where the SDC is defined as the ratio of the energy lost to the maximum vibrational energy stored per cycle per unit volume. This paper discusses how the high damping character of Incramute is formed by a solution heat treatment and aging sequence which develops a chemically modulated microstructure with Mn-rich regions.
Depth Habitats of Pelagic Foraminifera during the Pleistocene

PLANKTONIC foraminifera, numbering about thirty modern species, have been found alive not only near the surface but as deep as 2,000 m (ref. 1). Emiliani2 analysed the O18/O16 composition of the shells of several species and concluded that different species occupy different depth habitats, with Globigerinoides ruber and G. sacculifera living very close to the ocean surface, Globigerina spp. living somewhat deeper and Globorotalia spp. occupying the deepest habitats down to about 200 m for population averages. Whereas O18/O16 analysis of the carbonate shells can only establish the depth at which average shell deposition takes place, not only for individual shells but for entire populations, recent work by Jones3, using opening and closing plankton nets, has shown that the conclusions reached by Emiliani2 are essentially correct. It therefore seems that the average depths of shell deposition are also the average depths at which the different species live.
Simultaneous ground moving target tracking and identification using wavelets features from HRR data

An algorithm for simultaneous ground moving target tracking and identification (ID) using both Ground Moving Target Indication (GMTI) radar reports and High Resolution Range (HRR) radar profiles is presented in this paper. The GMTI data provide target kinematics information and the HRR profiles deliver target ID information. Wavelet coefficients are first extracted from HRR profiles and then processed by a state-of-the-art wavelets-based statistical signal processing technique: wavelets domain hidden Markov trees (HMT). A probabilistic approach is adopted to effectively track and identify ground moving targets in confusing scenarios.
Serum angiotensin converting enzyme activity in patients with psoriasis

Serum angiotensin converting enzyme activity is frequently increased in patients with active sarcoidosis. In spite of a reported association between sarcoidosis and psoriasis, serum angiotensin converting enzyme activities have not been reported for patients with psoriasis. We found the mean (SD) angiotensin-converting enzyme activity for 51 healthy subjects was 18.6 (5.8) kU/l, but for 52 patients with psoriasis without coexisting sarcoidosis, it was 28.3 (6.7) kU/l. There is a significant difference between these means (p < 0.01). Forty-two percent (22/52) of the psoriasis patients had an increased serum angiotensin converting activity. Other diseases sometimes associated with an increased serum angiotensin converting enzyme activity were excluded as possible causes of a elevated activity in our patients with psoriasis. We conclude that almost half of the patients with psoriasis will have an elevated serum angiotensin converting enzyme activity, even when coexisting sarcoidosis is absent.
The effect of penicillin on fatty acid synthesis and excretion inStreptococcus mutans BHT

Treatment of exponentially growing cultures ofStreptococcus mutans BHT with growth-inhibitory concentrations (0.2 μg/ml) of benzylpenicillin stimulates the incorporation of [2-14C] acetate into lipids excreted by the cells by as much as 69-fold, but does not change the amount of14C incorporated into intracellular lipids. At this concentration of penicillin cellular lysis does not occur. The radioactive label is incorporated exclusively into the fatty acid moieties of the glycerolipids. The increase in the radioactive content of the extracellular lipids reflects an actual net increase in the total fatty acid content as determined by a chemical assay. During a 4-hr incubation in the presence of penicillin, the extracellular fatty acid ester concentration (per mg cell dry weight) increases 1.5 fold, even though there is no growth or cellular lysis. No change is observed in the intracellular fatty acid ester content.
Intravaginal and intrarectal screening of antimitotic drugs for topical effectiveness.

Drugs with known antimitotic properties were screened for these properties on mouse vaginal and rectal mucosa by intravaginal and intrarectal testing. Intravaginal screening seems preferable to intrarectal screening. The system may have usefulness in identifying drug candidates for topical usage in man. Data on the two drugs daunomycin and BCNU suggest these drugs may selectively affect vaginal mucosal cells and not rectal mucosa cells.
A numerical and experimental study of the response of selected compression-loaded composite shells with cutouts

A summary of results from a numerical and experimental study of the response of compression-loaded laboratory scale composite cylindrical shells with rectangular cutouts is presented. The numerical results are obtained using a geometrically nonlinear finite element analysis code. The effects of varying cutout size and laminate properties on the response of compressionloaded shells are described. A detailed finite element model of a selected test specimen is used to provide a more accurate representation of the actual experiment. The detailed model includes measured initial geometric imperfections, nonuniform load introduction, boundary condition nonuniformities, shell thickness variations, and material property variations. Results indicate that the nonlinear interaction between the out-ofplane deformations and in-plane stress resultants near the cutout can significantly influence the structural response of the shell. The results also indicate that these local displacements and internal load distributions can be affected by the size of the cutout and the material properties of the shell.
Picosecond optical sampling of GaAs integrated circuits

Direct electrooptic sampling is a noncontact optical-probing technique for measuring with picosecond time resolution the voltage waveforms at internal nodes within GaAs integrated circuits. The factors contributing to system bandwidth, sensitivity, spatial resolution, and circuit perturbation are discussed, as are the circuit requirements for realistic testing of analog and digital devices. Measurements of high-speed GaAs integrated circuits are presented, including time-domain waveform and timing measurements of digital and analog circuits and frequency-domain transfer function measurements of microwave circuits and transmission structures. >
Cigarette smoking practices among American college students: review and future directions.

Cigarette smoking among college students is a critical public health problem. In this article, the authors review available research on cigarette smoking practices among college students and suggest directions for future research. Studies show that smoking by college students is associated with being White, living in housing where smoking is permitted, using alcohol and other substances, and having a lower psychological sense of well-being. Depression, life satisfaction, and coping style are also related to college smoking, but the causal relationship remains unclear. Although a large proportion of college students have made an attempt to quit smoking, only a minority actually succeed. Most study designs examining college smoking have been cross-sectional, descriptive, or both. Thus, conclusions regarding predictors of smoking onset, maintenance, and cessation cannot be made. Future studies should use longitudinal designs that can identify psychological and socioenvironmental determinants of smoking among...
A Shock Tube Study of Benzylamine Decomposition: Overall Rate Coefficient and Heat of Formation of the Benzyl Radical

The decomposition rate of benzylamine (C6H5CH2NH2) and the heat of formation of the benzyl radical (C6H5CH2) were determined in shock tube experiments combined with RRKM calculations. To obtain the decomposition rate of benzylamine, the NH2 mole fraction was measured using frequency-modulation absorption spectroscopy behind reflected shock waves. The initial slope of the NH2 concentration is directly proportional to the decomposition rate and the initial concentration of benzylamine. The rate expression for the decomposition reaction for the temperature range 1225−1599 K and the pressure range 1.19−1.47 bar is k1 = (5.49 × 1014)e-33110/[T(K)] s-1 with an uncertainty of ±15%. To obtain the high-pressure-limit rate expression for benzylamine decomposition, we performed RRKM calculations using the parameters obtained from the experimental data of this study and those of the VLPP study of Golden et al.4 The resulting high-pressure-limit rate for the temperature range 1000−1600 K is k∞ = (1.07 × 1016.0)e-36470...
Enzyme histochemical changes after transection or hemisection of the spinal cord of the rat.

Abstract The spinal cords of 84 young adult female rats were transected or hemisected at T7 to T8 and the animals autopsied at intervals from 6 h to 14 months postoperatively. Frozen sections of the unfixed spinal cord on either side of the lesion were prepared for enzyme histochemistry, immunocytochemistry, and histology. The most striking enzymatic alterations and their physiological implications were: (i) (Na+K+)-activated ATPase activity decreased in axons of the gray and white matter within 6 h after spinal transection and did not return subsequently, whereas the decrease in activity that occurred contralateral to a hemisection was transient. The decreased activity occurred so promptly as to suggest possible roles in the genesis of the initial flaccid paralysis (spinal shock) in the spinal animal and in the temporary paraplegia seen after subtotal spinal injury. (ii) During the first week postoperatively, many axons in the white matter developed large swellings or small varicosities that reacted strongly only for enzymes normally present in the neuronal perikaryon (e.g., AChE, acid phosphatase, NADH-diaphorase, and G6PDH). This histopathological reaction gradually spread rostrally and caudally from the site of injury, but it disappeared as axonal degeneration supervened. (iii) Within 7 days after spinal transection, many neuronal perikarya were chromatolytic and exhibited decreased AChE activity but normal or increased NADH-diaphorase activity. This response is similar to that seen in the cell bodies of regenerating peripheral axons where anabolic processes are favored over neurotransmission-related functions. (iv) Increased cellularity of the spinal parenchyma adjacent to the lesion resulted largely from the proliferation and hypertrophy of astrocytes. These hypertrophied cells, whose identity was confirmed by GFAP immunocytochemistry, reacted with marked intensity for NADH-diaphorase, G6PDH, and Gly3PDH. Such enzyme changes, characteristic of increased protein turnover, indicate that experimental attempts to control gliosis (e.g., by reducing protein turnover or by other means) could be effectively monitored by enzyme histochemistry.
Immunochemical measurement of myelin basic protein in developing rat brain: an index of myelin synthesis.

Abstract The initial time and rate of myelin basic protein synthesis in neural tissues of the rat have been measured from birth to 120 days. The protein was quantitated by a radioimmunoassay directly applied to unfractionated cerebrum, cerebellum, olfactory bulb, midbrain, brain stem, optic and trigeminal nerve, and areas of the spinal cord. Because the protein is a specific myelin constituent and its appearance correlates precisely with the synthesis of myelin lipids, the data in this report can be interpreted in terms of myelin synthesis and oligodendrocyte activity. The results show striking heterogeneity in the initial time and rate of myelin synthesis in neural tissue.
Inverse relation of substance P-like immunoreactivity in dorsal raphe nucleus to serotonin levels in pons-medulla following administration of cocaine and 5-hydroxytryptophan

Abstract Changes in levels of substance P-like immunoreactivity (SPLI) were observed in the rat dorsal raphe nucleus after cocaine treatment and were compared with concurrent cocaine-induced changes in 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) content in the pons-medulla (PM). Acute administration of cocaine (15–30 mg/kg) consistently resulted in increases of SPLI, specifically in the area of the dorsal raphe nucleus, which were accompanied by significant decreases of PM 5-HT levels. Treatment of rats with 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), the 5-HT precursor, along with RO4-4602, the decarboxylase inhibitor, caused increments in PM 5-HT content with concurrent decreases in dorsal raphe nucleus SPLI. When cocaine and 5-HTP were administered simultaneously the changes in serotonin and SPLI were attenuated, suggesting that each substance antagonized the effect of the other. These data suggest a specific interaction between substance P and 5-HT in the dorsal raphe nucleus area.
The site at which rhodopsin bleaching raises the scotopic threshold.

Abstract Preadapting bleaches were delivered to the human eye through gratings of 30 min period. Using stabilized retinal imagery dark-adaptation curves were determined for a thin line placed on bleached and unbleached areas. Early in the scotopic phase of dark-adaptation a tenfold difference was found between thresholds on and off the bleached stripes. This seriously changes the meaning of the results of non-homogeneous bleaching experiments: pooled signals may control threshold, but it is not equally elevated at all positions.
Policing Urban America: A New Look at the Politics of Agency Size*

Objectives. This article analyzes competing explanations for variation in the relative size of contemporary police forces in larger U.S. cities. The featured explanation is conflict theory, which previously provided much evidence for a racial threat thesis but limited evidence that racial insurgency affected police mobilization in the 1960s and 1970s. Methods. The study sample consists of the 66 cities with a population of at least 250,000 in 2000. Aggregate data from the Bureau of Justice Statistics, Congressional Quarterly's America Votes, and the U.S. Census Bureau are combined with a content analysis using the Lexis-Nexis regional news database to generate the data set. OLS regression modeling is applied to the analysis of this cross-sectional data set. Results. This analysis shows that the size of contemporary police forces is substantially shaped not only by the legacy of the 1960–1970 wave of racial unrest in the United States, but also by reaction to racial disorders in the 1980s and 1990s and by the prevalence of racial minorities in the current population. Conclusions. Police departments' relative force size in 2000 is not only a result of incremental growth from the size attained by 1980, but also is dramatically shaped by whether the city experienced a race riot from 1980–2000 and, to a lesser extent, the size of the minority population and the violent crime rate. City wealth is a less robust indicator; and there is no evidence that either community ideology or the degree of uptake of community policing matters.
Implied ARCH models from options prices

Abstract This paper estimates the implied stochastic process of the volatility of an asset from the prices of options written on the asset. The Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (GARCH) model is used to parameterize the process. Then the GARCH model implied by the option market is estimated by a generalized simulation minimization method from option price data. The persistence of volatility shocks implied by options on the Standard & Poor's 500 is found to be similar to that estimated from historical data on the index itself. However, the implied persistence after the meltdown in October 19, 1987 was much weaker.We use post October 19, 1987 data on the cash market prices to verify the correctness of the option markets' use of the less persistent model.
Stress and acid-base balance in chickens

Two trials were conducted to study the effects of continuous infusion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) on acid-base balance in broiler chickens. Osmotic pumps delivered 8 IU of ACTH in saline/kg of BW/d for 7 d or the same saline volume as used in ACTH at 1 microL/h for 7 d. Blood samples were taken on d 0 (baseline values) and on d 4, 7, and 14 after onset of the infusions. The ACTH treatment increased the hematocrit, partial pressure of CO2, anion gap, corticosterone, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, the blood concentrations of hemoglobin and HCO3-, and reduced the partial pressure of O2, plasma concentrations of Na+, K+, and Cl-. Blood pH values and plasma concentrations of Ca2+ were unaffected by ACTH treatment. The ACTH infusion also resulted in a significant increase in plasma glucose, cholesterone, high-density lipoprotein, and triglyceride. There were no differences in any of the blood constituents measured from control groups. Results indicate that infusion of ACTH resulted in changes in plasma acid-base status along with changes in other blood metabolic variables. However, the ACTH treatment did not prevent homeostatic regulation of acid-base balance, as indicated by constant blood pH. There was, however, an increased need for O2 to support gluconeogenic energy production; the birds responded by increased erythropoiesis. This adaptive response provided greater numbers of erythrocytes and thus a higher amount of circulating hemoglobin to deliver O2 for metabolism.
The role of personal relationships in inter-firm alliances: Benefits, dysfunctions, and some suggestions

Abstract Strategic alliances have become an important means for developing and improving a firm's level of competitiveness. Although attractive, alliances are risky and difficult to manage. One crucial mechanism in managing and reducing alliance risk is reliance on personal relationships between managers in partnering firms. Personal ties are beneficial in that they can form the basis for developing trust between partners, and aid joint decision-making and information sharing, thereby reducing some of the risks inherent in alliances. Despite their usefulness, however, personal relationships may have drawbacks. For example, strong interpersonal ties in alliances can sometimes prevent dissolution of faltering arrangements, as feelings may prevent the making of difficult, yet prudent, termination decisions. In order to combat this possibility, firms can reduce the downside of personal relationships by carefully managing the role of performance managers across the life of the relationship.
Silencing RyR3 Eliminates Parajunctional Feet and Ca Sparks in Zebra Fish Tail Myotomes

All skeletal muscles express similar levels of RyR1, but the level or RyR3 expression varies greatly. Anatomically, this correlates with two types of “feet” (= RyR): junctional feet (JF), located in the triad gap of all muscles, and parajunctional feet (PJF), located on the sides of the jSR cisternae and present only in RyR3-expressing muscles. Physiologically, frog fibers (with a high content of RyR3 and PJF) have readily-detected Ca sparks, while adult mouse fibers (with a very low or nil RyR3 and PJF content) do not. Fast fibers in zebrafish tail display abundant PJF. We explored the role of RyR3 by injecting zebrafish oocytes with a splicing blocker morpholino designed to bind to RyR3 pre-mRNA. Tails from several fish at 72 hpf (hours post fertilization) were pooled for western blotting. A pan-RyR antibody (34C) reveals three bands, presumably representing RyR3 and RyR1a and b. The slowest band specifically disappears after morpholino injection. Tails from ∼50 larvae at 72 hpf were collected for enzymatic dissociation of single muscle fibers. Intact 48 and 72 hpf tails and some dissociated fibers were fixed for EM. The PJF/JF ratio in EM images of fast fibers in control larvae at 72 hpf was 0.79±0.14, mean±SD (7 fish, 70 fibers, 310 triads; 3 experiments) and decreased to 0.03±0.03 (10 fish, 100 fibers, 420 triads; 4 experiments) in injected larvae. To measure Ca sparks, dissociated fibers were adhered to coverslips by matrigel, loaded with Fluo-4, and imaged confocally. 0.3 mM caffeine was used to stimulate sparks, which were readily detected in normal cells but almost absent in morpholino-treated cells. These data identify PJF as RyR3 and indicate that RyR3 activity is required for the ready-detection of sparks.
Multiloculated chronic posttraumatic aneurysm of the thoracic aorta with late acute rupture

A highly unusual case of a multiloculated chronic posttraumatic aneurysm of the thoracic aorta is presented. Angiographically, there was marked enlargement over a 7-year interval, resulting in acute rupture. The initial trauma had occurred over 30 years previously, emphasizing the need for a careful history in such patients.
Fundamental challenges to methane recovery from gas hydrates

The growing use of natural gas, cleanest of all available fossils fuels, is already raising concern regarding the long-term supply of this precious resource. The amount of methane in gas hydrates is much greater than all other presently known sources of methane. This paper describes some fundamental challenges, the location, magnitude, and feasibility of recovery, which must be addressed to recover methane from dispersed hydrate sources. For methane recovery, we briefly describe kinetic models of methane hydrate decomposition for temperature and pressure conditions that mimic in situ methane hydrate stability. We also propose the catalytic role of sediment impurities, if any, in inducing nucleation sites for hydrate formation. The availability of plentiful methane is important to avoid future energy crises, such as that which crippled the world economy three decades ago.
A Lagrangian community

IT seems that it may be economically feasible, within the limits of the technology of this decade, to establish at one of the Lagrange libration points of the Earth-Moon system (called here L5) a habitat capable of supporting and maintaining some 10,000 people. Projections indicate that this habitat, using free solar energy and the rich mineral resources of the lunar surface, could construct a still larger habitat, in a progression leading, possibly within 30 yr from now, to communities of from 105 to 107 people. These communities could be as comfortable as the most desirable parts of the Earth, with natural sunshine, controlled weater, normal air, apparent gravity and complete freedom from pollution. Replication of these communities could lead to the exponential growth of new land area, with a growth rate more rapid than that of the total human population. A technically possible time-development is shown in Fig. 1, not as a prediction but as an illustration of the power of the technique.
The Challenge of Globalization to American Public Law Scholarship

American public law scholarship views law as a purposive instrument for the achievement of democratic purposes. It has analyzed how this instrument can best be employed within the historical context of the legal institutions and traditions of particular nation-states. Emerging forms of international law, articulated by international tribunals, challenge these fundamental premises of American public law scholarship. Much international law does not reflect the will of an indentifiable demos, and it is articulated through innovative legal institutions that combine the procedures and organizational forms of many distinct states and legal cultures. Attempting to omprehend the sources and limitations of the legitimacy of this kind of international law will force American public law scholarship to re-examine deep and implicit presuppositions, inherited from legal realism, about the inherent normativity of the rule of law. The author speculates about possible effects of this re-examination on the substantive and methodological agenda of American public law scholarship.
Some Applications of the EM Algorithm to Analyzing Incomplete Time Series Data

One may encounter incompletely specified time series data in several distinct forms: (1) observations in time or space may be irregularly observed or (2) the underlying time series model may be incompletely observed, as in the case where one observes only the sum of a signal and a noise process. Maximum likelihood estimators for parameters in these missing data problems can be developed in a simple, heuristically appealing form by utilizing the EM (expectation-maximization) algorithm proposed by Dempster, et al. (1977) and others. Furthermore, the conditional expectations computed as a by-product of applying the algorithm are the empirical Bayes (in the sense of Efron and Morris (1973), (1975)) estimators for the unobserved components. The EM algorithm is reviewed here within the time series context and applied to (i) the parameter estimation and smoothing problem for missing data state-space models and (ii) linear estimation (deconvolution) in a frequency domain regression model.
Beyond Cold Conceptual Change: The Role of Motivational Beliefs and Classroom Contextual Factors in the Process of Conceptual Change

Conceptual change models of student learning are useful for explicating the role of prior knowledge in students’ learning and are very popular in the research on learning in the subject areas. This article presents an analysis of a conceptual change model for describing student learning by applying research on student motivation to the process of conceptual change. Four general motivational constructs (goals, values, self-efficacy, and control beliefs) are suggested as potential mediators of the process of conceptual change. In addition, there is a discussion of the role of classroom contextual factors as moderators of the relations between student motivation and conceptual change. The article highlights the theoretical difficulties of a cold, or overly rational, model of conceptual change that focuses only on student cognition without considering the ways in which students’ motivational beliefs about themselves as learners and the roles of individuals in a classroom learning community can facilitate or h...
P300 Event-Related Potential Amplitude as an Endophenotype of Alcoholism – Evidence from the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism

There is substantial information supporting the role of genetic factors in the susceptibility for alcohol dependence. However, the identification of specific genes that contribute to this predisposition has proven elusive, although several theoretically relevant candidates, e.g. DRD2 or 5-HT1B, have been considered. The difficulty in identifying specific genes may be related to the clinical heterogeneity of the disorder resulting in a poorly defined phenotype for genetic analysis. An alternative approach to the use of a diagnostic phenotype for identifying alcoholism susceptibility genes may lie in the examination of the neurobiological correlates of the disorder, the so-called endophenotypes. One possible endophenotype of alcohol dependence may be related to the P300 waveform of the event-related brain potential (ERP). Using data obtained from the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA), a multi-site family-based study, the utility of P300 amplitude as an endophentype was examined. Differences in P300 amplitude were found between alcoholics and nonalcoholics, between unaffected relatives of alcoholics and relatives of controls, as well as between unaffected offspring of alcoholic fathers and offspring of controls. A genetic analysis indicated that attributes of the P3 ERP waveform are heritable, and a quantitative trait locus analysis found linkage to several chromosomal regions. These data provide significant support for P300 as an endophenotype for alcohol dependence.
Calibration of Rogowski coils at power frequencies using digital sampling

A new high-accuracy system for power-frequency calibration of Rogowski coils is described in this paper. The calibration system is based on nonsynchronous digital sampling. An automated prototype of the calibration system operates at currents of up to 2000 A. A semiautomated system is capable of operating at currents of up to 60 000 A. The best uncertainty (k = 2) of the calibration system is estimated to be better than 50 muA/A for magnitude and 50 murad for phase.
Racial Redistricting's Alleged Perverse Effects: Theory, Data, and “Reality”

In this rejoinder I address Lublin and Voss's theoretical and empirical critique (in this issue) of my analysis of racial redistricting. I first show that their theoretical critique simply consists of unsubstantiated assertions. Moreover, Lublin and Voss fail to recognize that their unproven assertions are directly contradicted by previously published theoretical analysis. I then turn to Lublin and Voss's empirical critique and demonstrate that the research design underlying their claims is fundamentally flawed. Thus, Lublin and Voss provide no compelling reason to question my conclusion that racial redistricting for the U.S. House of Representatives promotes liberal policy outcomes.
Peruvian Democracy Under Economic Stress: An Account of the Belaunde Administration, 1963-1968

As economic adviser and manager of the Central Reserve Bank of Peru, Pedro-Pablo Kuczynski observed at first hand the crisis that preceded the overthrow of the Belaunde administration on October 3, 1968. His role in the economic policies of that era enables him to provide an insider's view and analysis of the financial and economic problems besetting a democratic regime in a developing country. The author pays particular attention to the reasons for the difficulties of the administration after a promising beginning. He considers the main actors during the period 1966-1968, their central motives, the role of the opposition-controlled Congress, the government's efforts to cope with economic and financial problems, and the role of U.S. foreign policy. The initial successes of the administration in areas such as social participation depended on the initiative of a few key figures-a dependence that contributed to the crisis of 1966-1968. Originally published in 1977. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.
DNA-templated synthesis in organic solvents.

DNA-templated organic synthesis (DTS) enables new modes of controlling chemical reactivity and allows evolutionary principles to be applied to the discovery of synthetic small molecules, synthetic polymers, and new chemical reactions. The structures that can be accessed in a DNA-templated format thus far have been limited to those that can be generated in aqueous solvents. Here we report efficient and sequence-specific DTS in a variety of organic solvents with low or minimal water content. These methods expand the scope of DTS by providing access to reagents that are insoluble in water as well as reactions in which the participation of water inhibits product formation. Previous studies by Okahata and others suggest that quaternary ammonium salts can associate with DNA phosphates to form complexes that are soluble in organic solvents. We hypothesized that short (10–30 bp) DNA duplexes formed in aqueous solution and then transferred to an organic solvent containing low concentrations (mM) of quaternary ammonium salts might retain their double-stranded structure and mediate DNA-templated organic synthesis. Although we found that DNA-templated chemistry could indeed take place efficiently and sequence-specifically in organic solvents in the presence of alkyl ammonium salts (see Supporting Information), we further speculated that at the extremely low concentrations required for DTS (nM), alkyl ammonium salts might not be necessary for the solubilization of duplexes preformed in aqueous solution (Figure 1A). To evaluate the ability of preformed duplexes to support DTS in primarily organic solvents, we first investigated three known DNA-templated chemistries in four distinct contexts (Figure 1B): i) in a simple end-of-helix architecture with juxtaposed reactants (E1), ii) in a long-distance end-of-helix architecture with ten intervening nucleotides between the hybridized reactants (E10), iii) in the “omega” architecture with a five-base loop (W5), and iv) with reactants linked to noncomplementary (mismatched) oligonucleotides. Products were characterized both by denaturing PAGE analysis and by MALDI mass spectrometry (see Table 1 and Supporting Information for details). DNA-templated amine acylation mediated by 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethyl carbodiimide (EDC) and N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide (sNHS) has been well characterized in aqueous solution and is known to take place efficiently even when reactive groups are separated by many intervening nucleotides. To carry out DNA-templated amine acylation in organic solvent, template and reagent oligonucleotides (Table 1) were prehybridized in a small volume of aqueous 70 mM NaCl. Amine acylation was initiated by the addition of organic solvent containing
INCREASING WORK LIFE: THE ROLE OF THE EMPLOYER

As life expectancy increases, a larger proportion of older workers may desire to postpone full retirement by continuing to work either at their career jobs or by shifting to bridge jobs. This paper examines reasons why employers might adopt policies to facilitate the extension of work life or limit the ability of workers to remain on the job until older ages. Employers may be concerned about potential higher costs, lower productivity, and a suboptimal age structure of their labor force if retirement age, on average, is delayed. Employer responses will likely vary across sectors of the economy and over time with changes in economic and regulatory condition. Employer responses to the desire for older retirement ages may include redefining job conditions, levels of responsibility, and compensation for older workers to modify and reduce any negative effects of delayed retirement. Employment policies such as phased retirement and modifications of job titles and span of responsibilities can reduce negative effects on the promotional opportunities for younger workers; however age discrimination policies may restrict such changes.
Persistent Fos protein expression after orofacial deep or cutaneous tissue inflammation in rats: implications for persistent orofacial pain.

This study was designed to systematically examine the effects of persistent orofacial tissue injury on prolonged neuronal activation in the trigeminal nociceptive pathways by directly comparing the effects of orofacial deep vs. cutaneous tissue inflammation on brainstem Fos protein expression, a marker of neuronal activation. Complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) was injected unilaterally into the rat temporomandibular joint (TMJ) or perioral (PO) skin to produce inflammation in deep or cutaneous tissues, respectively. Rats were perfused 2 hours, 24 hours, 3 days, or 10 days following CFA injection. The TMJ and PO inflammation-induced Fos expression paralleled the intensity and course of inflammation over the 10-day observation period, suggesting that the increase in intensities and persistence of Fos protein expression may be associated with a maintained increase in peripheral input. Compared to PO CFA injection, the injection of CFA into the TMJ produced a significantly stronger inflammation associated with a greater Fos expression. In TMJ- but not in PO-inflamed rats, Fos-like immunoreactivity (LI) spread from superficial to deep upper cervical dorsal horn as the inflammation persisted and there was a dominant ipsilateral Fos-labeling in the paratrigeminal nucleus. Common to TMJ and PO inflammation, Fos-LI was induced in the trigeminal subnuclei interpolaris and caudalis, C1-2 dorsal horn, and other medullary nuclei. Substantial bilateral Fos-LI was found in the interpolaris-caudalis trigeminal transition zone. Further analysis revealed that Fos-LI in the ventral transition zone was equivalent bilaterally, whereas Fos-LI in the dorsal transition zone was predominantly ipsilateral to the inflammation. The differential induction of Fos expression suggests that an increase in TMJ C-fiber input after inflammation and robust central neuronal hyperexcitability contribute to persistent pain associated with temporomandibular disorders.
Role Of Pip2 On Ca2+-Dependent Desensitization of Trpv2

TRPV2 is a member of the transient receptor potential superfamily of ion channels involved in chemical and thermal pain transduction. Unlike the related TRPV1 channel, TRPV2 does not appear to bind either calmodulin or ATP in its N-terminal ankyrin repeat domain. In addition, it does not contain a calmodulin-binding site in the distal C-terminal region, as has been proposed for TRPV1. Importantly, though, we have found that TRPV2 undergoes Ca2+-dependent desensitization similar to TRPV1, suggesting that the mechanism of desensitization may be conserved in the two channels. To elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying Ca2+-dependent desensitization in TRPV2 we used whole-cell recordings of F-11 cells transiently transfected with TRPV2. We found that prolonged applications of the TRPV2 agonist 2-APB led to nearly complete desensitization of the channel in the presence of extracellular Ca2+. In contrast, no desensitization was observed in the absence of Ca2+. TRPV2 desensitization was not altered in whole-cell recordings in the presence of calmodulin inhibitors or upon co-expression of mutant calmodulin, suggesting that CaM does not play a major role in Ca2+-dependent desensitization of TRPV2. Interestingly, simultaneous confocal imaging and electrophysiological recording of whole cells expressing TRPV2 and a fluorescent PI(4,5)P2 binding probe showed a high degree of temporal correlation between the Ca2+ induced desensitization and depletion of PI(4,5)P2. Thus, Ca2+ influx through TRPV2 is sufficient to trigger a dramatic decrease in PI(4,5)P2 levels, presumably by activating PLC. We propose that the decrease in PI(4,5)P2 levels upon channel activation underlies at least a major component of Ca2+-dependent desensitization of TRPV2.
Sense-Through-Wall Channel Modeling Using UWB Noise Radar

Sensing-through-wall will benefit various applica- tions such as emergence rescues and military operations. In order to add more signal processing functionality, it is vital to understand the characterization of sense-through-wall channel. In this paper, we propose a statistical channel model on a basis of real experimental data using UWB noise radar. We employ CLEAN algorithm to obtain the multipath channel impulse response (CIR) and observe that the channel amplitude at each path can be accurately characterized as T location-scale distribution. We also analyze that the multipath contributions arrive at the receiver are grouped into clusters. The time of arrival of clusters can be modeled as a Poisson arrival process, while within each cluster, subsequent multipath contributions or rays also arrive according to a Poisson process. However, these arrival rates are much smaller than those of indoor UWB channels.
Efficient segmentation using feature-based graph partitioning active contours

Graph partitioning active contours (GPAC) is a recently introduced approach that elegantly embeds the graph-based image segmentation problem within a continuous optimization framework. GPAC can be used within parametric snake-based or implicit level set-based active contour continuous paradigms for image partitioning. However, GPAC similar to many other graph-based approaches has quadratic memory requirements which severely limits the scalability of the algorithm to practical problem domains. An N×N image requires O(N4) computation and memory to create and store the full graph of pixel inter-relationships even before the start of the contour optimization process. For example, an 1024×1024 grayscale image needs over one terabyte of memory. Approximations using tile/block-based or superpixel-based multiscale grouping of the pixels reduces this complexity by trading off accuracy. This paper describes a new algorithm that implements the exact GPAC algorithm using a constant memory requirement of a few kilobytes, independent of image size.
Disability and the Social Importance of Appearance

In this paper, I use a social view of disability developed by disability activist-scholars to encourage research in the textiles and clothing field. Early research on "clothing for people with special needs" occurred within a socio-political context dominated by a medicalized view of disability. A social view of disability is compatible with textiles and clothing scholarship on appearance and social realities. The paper includes suggestions for research directions that would benefit the disciplines of textiles and clothing and disability studies.
Cortical electrode localization from X-rays and simple mapping for electrocorticographic research: The “Location on Cortex” (LOC) package for MATLAB

Medically refractory epilepsy accounts for more than 30% of the epilepsy population. Scalp EEG electrodes have limited ability to localize seizure onset from deep structures and implantation of subdural electrodes with long term monitoring provides additional information. Apart from clinical application, this patient population provides a unique opportunity for acquiring electrocorticography data in research paradigms. We present a method for rapid localization of electrodes using lateral and anterior-posterior X-rays. Skull landmarks and proportions are used for co-registration with the standardized Talairach coordinate system. This MATLAB-based "Location on Cortex" (LOC) package facilitates rapid visualization of clinical and experimental data in a user-friendly manner.
Intersecting Feminist Theory and Ethnography in the Context of Social Work Research

This article explores the relationships among social work, feminist theory and ethnography in the context of social work research. The discussion reflects my research in the southeastern Caribbean....
New ionic liquids containing an appended hydroxyl functionality from the atom-efficient, one-pot reaction of 1-methylimidazole and acid with propylene oxide

New ionic liquids containing (2-hydroxypropyl)-functionalized imidazolium cations have been synthesized by the atom-efficient, room temperature reaction of 1-methylimidazole with acid and propylene oxide; the acid providing the anionic component of the resultant ionic liquids. The incorporation of the secondary hydroxyl-functionality in the cation causes some interesting modifications to the behavior of these ionic liquids, increasing hydrophilicity and resulting in the unprecedented formation of liquid–liquid biphases with acetone. The single crystal structure of 1-(2-hydroxypropyl)-3-methylimidazolium tetraphenylborate, prepared by metathesis of the corresponding chloride-containing ionic liquid, has also been determined.
Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Milk Synthesis. III. Effects on Milk Lipase, Esterase, Alkaline Phosphatase, and Lactoperoxidase Activities,

Abstract The udders of lactating dairy cows were exposed to Co 60 gamma irradiation in a study designed to elucidate the effect of ionizing radiation on the activity of four milk enzymes. Dose levels ranged from 750 to 1,800 r. Milk lipase and esterase activities were depressed, lactoperoxidase activity unchanged, and alkaline phosphatase activity markedly enhanced. The threshold dose appeared to lie between 500 and 750 r. The discrepancy between dose levels required to produce enzyme inhibition in fresh milk and in milk produced by irradiated mammary tissue is noted and discussed.
An Evaluation of Tornado Proximity Wind and Stability Data

Abstract Over 250 tornado proximity soundings have been closely studied. Emphasis was given to a detailed examination of the wind profiles and stabilities of the soundings. The uncertainties inherent in severe storm reports, and in the positioning of proximity data relative to moving storms, were examined. It was found that the small-scale storm environment cannot be resolved with mean proximity data. On the synoptic scale a very large range of winds and stabilities was found to be associated with confirmed tornadoes. Only slight differences were found between mean tornado proximity soundings, mean soundings associated with destructive tornado outbreaks, and mean soundings associated with outbreaks of non-tornadic severe thunderstorms. Storm relative wind fields were found to be similar for all types of tornado soundings studied. The storm relative flow fields vary dramatically as thunderstorm velocity changes within a given environment.
The challenges of treating patients with multiple diagnoses.

Strategies for designing treatment programs for patients with triple diagnoses—HIV, schizophrenia, and opioid dependence. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Should the Clean Air Act Be Used to Turn Petroleum Addicts into Alcoholics

This article suggests that the corn lobby, aided and abetted by the White House and Congress, has turned a pollution law into a program for subsidized profits. And, unfortunately, ethanol in gasoline is bad for the environment, too. The author concedes that a renewable fuels program should be an important part of a national energy policy. But it must be sustainable, and it should not be based on long-term government subsidies. The danger is that alternative energy programs are supported as a political substitute for programs that might actually reduce the growth of petroleum imports, because programs that might be effective are controversial. For now, Congress has provided billions of dollars for ethanol producers by mandating that gasoline must have a renewable fuel content, robbing the government of the funds it needs to develop far more promising alternative energy sources. The article concludes that this is the reverse of Robin Hood; it robs the average American and gives the proceeds to agribusiness.