cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Telehealth in Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation: A Narrative Review

Telehealth refers to health care interactions that leverage telecommunication devices to provide medical care outside the traditional face-to-face, in-person medical encounter. Technology advances and research have expanded use of telehealth in health care delivery. Physical medicine and rehabilitation providers may use telehealth to deliver care to populations with neurologic and musculoskeletal conditions, commonly treated in both acute care and outpatient settings. Patients with impaired mobility and those living in locations with reduced access to care may particularly benefit. Video-teleconferencing has been shown to be effective for management of burn patients during acute rehabilitation, including reduced health care use expenses and less disruptions to care. Telehealth can facilitate developing interprofessional care plans. Patients with neurologic conditions including stroke, spinal cord injury, traumatic brain injury, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis may use telehealth to monitor symptoms and response to treatment. Telehealth also may facilitate occupational and physical therapy programs as well as improve weight management and skin care in patients with chronic conditions. Other applications include imaging review in sports medicine, symptom management and counseling in concussion, traumatic brain injury, and pain management programs. Limitations of telehealth include barriers in establishing relationship between medical provider and patient, ability to perform limited physical examination, and differences in payment models and liability coverage. The expansion of telehealth services is expected to grow and has potential to improve patient satisfaction by delivering high quality and value of care.
Multistep inference for generalized linear spiking models curbs runaway excitation

Generalized linear models (GLMs) are useful tools to capture the characteristic features of spiking neurons; however, the long-term prediction of an autoregressive GLM inferred through maximum likelihood (ML) can be subject to runway self-excitation. We explain here that this runaway excitation is a consequence of the one-step-ahead ML inference used in estimating the parameters of the GLM. Alternatively, inference techniques that incorporate the likelihood of spiking multiple steps ahead in the future can alleviate this instability. We formulate a multi-step log-likelihood (MSLL) as an alternative objective for fitting spiking data. We maximize MSLL to infer an autoregressive GLM for individual spiking neurons recorded from the lateral intraparietal (LIP) area of monkeys during a perceptual decision-making task. While ML inference is shown to produce a GLM with poor fits of the neuron's interspike intervals and autocorrelation, in addition to its runaway excitation, MSLL fit models show a substantial improvement in interval statistics and stable spiking.
Transoral Odontoidectomy and C1-2 Posterior Fusion Complication

Atlantoaxial instability results from the loss of the structural integrity of the C1–C2 articulation. Loss of alignment of the C1–C2 joint puts the neurovascular structures—the spinal cord at the cervicomedullary junction and the vertebral arteries—at risk for injury. Treatment is focused on restoring proper alignment, decompressing the neural elements, and stabilizing the joint with instrumentation so that bony fusion can occur. The case presented here is of a 67-year-old osteoporotic male with a traumatic dens fracture and C1–C2 subluxation, resulting in spinal cord compression, and vertebral artery dissection. Halo traction was initially pursued to realign the C1–C2 joint, but the patient had a skull fracture from the halo fixation pins. The patient’s halo was repositioned, and he underwent a posterior occipital-cervical instrumentation. He then underwent a transoral odontoidectomy which was complicated by durotomy. Strategies for surgical management and the spectrum of surgical complications are presented.
Collaboration and Care in an Art and Special Education Course

ACONUNDRUM IN EDUCATION today involves art teacher candidates receiving too little instruction focusing on inclusive teaching practices, and special education teacher candidates receiving too littl...
Standby Me:Self-Representation and Standby Counsel in aCapital Case

University of Tennessee at Knoxville, May 2002. The author would like to thank Professor Roger Groot, Kristen F. Grunewald for her editing and patience, the “journal side” for their aid, assistance and stress reduction, and the rest of the Virginia Capital Case Clearinghouse. The author would also like to thank Andrew Gunnoe, Carmel Morgan, my friends and the rest of my family for their encouragement and support throughout all aspects of my life and, most relevant here, law school. 1. Jon Frank & Kate Wiltrout, Muhammad Defends Himself; Arguing His Own Case; Sniper Suspect’s Surprise Move Begins Day of Drama, THE VIRGINIAN-PILOT, Oct. 21, 2003, at A1, available at 2003 WL 60261836. 2. Id. 3. See id. at A15 (describing the defense counsel sitting next to Muhammad as he made “bizarre references” to the jury). 4. See id. (describing “hushed conversations” that drew protest from the prosecution). 5. US Sniper Suspect Re-instates Lawyers, (Oct. 22, 2003), at http://archives.tcm.ie/breaking news/2003/10/22/story118439.asp (on file with author). 6. U.S. CONST. amend. VI (“In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury . . . and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence.”); U. S. CONST. amend. XIV (“No State shall . . . deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.”). The Sixth Amendment right to self-representation was made applicable to the states via the Fourteenth Amendment. See Faretta v. California, 422 U.S. 806, 807 (1975) (stating that a state may not constitutionally hale a person into criminal court and
Resonant Photoemission in Polymers

Resonant photoemission, the decay processes following the resonant excitation of a core level electron to an unoccupied state, has been studied for various metallic and non-metallic materials1,2. Generally, strong enhancement in valence band photoemission due to the large photoabsorption cross section has been observed. Resonant photoemission from small organic molecules has been successfully interpreted as the superposition of “participator” decay and “spectator” decay. It has been shown that organic molecules which have π* unoccupied states show strong participator decay as well as spectator decay 3–7, whereas molecules with no π* unoccupied states showed only spectator decay5.
Dynamic Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Connectivity Tensor Decomposition: A New Approach to Analyze and Interpret Dynamic Brain Connectivity

There is a growing interest in using so-called dynamic functional connectivity, as the conventional static brain connectivity models are being questioned. Brain network analyses yield complex network data that are difficult to analyze and interpret. To deal with the complex structures, decomposition/factorization techniques that simplify the data are often used. For dynamic network analyses, data simplification is of even greater importance, as dynamic connectivity analyses result in a time series of complex networks. A new challenge that must be faced when using these decomposition/factorization techniques is how to interpret the resulting connectivity patterns. Connectivity patterns resulting from decomposition analyses are often visualized as networks in brain space, in the same way that pairwise correlation networks are visualized. This elevates the risk of conflating connections between nodes that represent correlations between nodes' time series with connections between nodes that result from decomposition analyses. Moreover, dynamic connectivity data may be represented with three-dimensional or four-dimensional (4D) tensors and decomposition results require unique interpretations. Thus, the primary goal of this article is to (1) address the issues that must be considered when interpreting the connectivity patterns from decomposition techniques and (2) show how the data structure and decomposition method interact to affect this interpretation. The outcome of our analyses is summarized as follows. (1) The edge strength in decomposition connectivity patterns represents complex relationships not pairwise interactions between the nodes. (2) The structure of the data significantly alters the connectivity patterns, for example, 4D data result in connectivity patterns with higher regional connections. (3) Orthogonal decomposition methods outperform in feature reduction applications, whereas nonorthogonal decomposition methods are better for mechanistic interpretation.
‘Dear Aunt Jane’: Agatha Christie’s Miss Marple and Jane Austen

Readers have long wondered whether Agatha Christie’s keen-eyed, amateur spinster detective Miss Jane Marple was based, at least in part, upon Jane Austen. This chapter explores the common ground between Christie’s sleuth and Austen through consideration of Christie’s reading tastes, reading practices, and book ownership, as evident in both published and archival sources, as well as her claims to be a lover of Austen’s writings. I further examine questions of feminine professionalism, expertise, and genius, as present in Christie’s discussions of her own authorship, in her portrayal of Miss Marple, and in Austen biography and myths. In addition to illuminating the Christie/Austen connection, I aim to offer a model of how Austen scholars might productively pursue other apparently slender threads connecting Austen’s successor authors to her, especially those links that cross the canonical divide between ‘popular’ and ‘literary’ fiction.
Trait-level emotion regulation and emotional awareness predictors of empathic accuracy

Empathic accuracy (or how accurately a person perceives another’s emotions) has important implications for how individuals navigate their social world. We examined the role of two emotion-related traits (emotion regulation and emotional awareness) in predicting empathic accuracy and how these relationships may vary across racial groups. Undergraduate participants (N = 98) watched videos of European-American, Asian-American, and African-American targets playing a frustrating game and made continuous ratings of the target’s emotion. To assess empathic accuracy, these ratings were compared to targets’ self-reported emotion. We found mixed support for our initial hypotheses, such that individual differences in reappraisal and attention to emotions predicted accuracy under certain conditions. Exploratory analyses suggested suppression and emotional clarity have an interactive effect in predicting accuracy. This study provides evidence for the importance of individual differences in attention to and regulation of one’s own emotions for interpersonal sensitivity, as well as the importance of context for these emotion-related traits.
Synthesis of Phenanthro[9,10-c]thiophenes by 2,3-Dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ)-Promoted Cyclo-Oxidation.

A new method to prepare phenanthro[9,10-c]thiophenes has been developed. In the presence of triflic acid, 3,4-diaryl thiophenes undergo 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ)-promoted cyclo-oxidation. NMR and computational studies indicate that protonation of the thiophene plays a key role in this reaction. The reaction can be used to prepare phenanthro[9,10-c]thiophene, as well as derivatives with alkyl, bromo, and methoxy substituents. However, the yields and selectivity of the reaction depend on both the nature and location of the substituents. Bis(3-methoxyphenyl)thiophene reacts under these conditions to give the desired product in 57 % yield, while bis(4-methoxyphenyl)thiophene gives no product. Bis(3-bromophenyl)thiophene did not react, but cyclo-oxidation of bis(4-bromophenyl)thiophene provides the desired product in 34 % yield.
Two Brothers with Unexplained Cardiomegaly Initial Clues to the Molecular Basis of a Hereditary Cardiac Disease

Despite adequate anticoagulation, the patient suffered multiple cerebrovascular accidents over the next few years, ultimately leading to right-sided hemiplegia and aphasia. During the last few months of life, the patient developed significant congestive heart failure requiring digitalis and diuretics. In May 1959, the patient expired and a postmortem examination was performed, which was most notable for the cardiac findings. The heart was enlarged, weighing 680 g, and displayed dilatation of all four chambers. The right ventricular myocardium was grossly normal, whereas the left ventricle was thickened with an apical thickness of 10 mm, the middle h-ee wall measuring 14 mm. The inter
Strategic Disclosure and CEO Media Visibility

Prior research indicates that CEO media visibility significantly impacts firm value and CEO career outcomes. We investigate whether and how CEOs strategically use disclosures to influence media cov...
Nephron-sparing surgery for renal angiomyolipoma.

Abstract Objectives. Angiomyolipoma (AML) is a benign renal tumor that may require treatment because of associated local complications. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of nephron-sparing surgery (NSS) in the management of renal AML, with respect to the long-term preservation of renal function and absence of tumor recurrence. Methods. From 1980 to 1997, 27 patients underwent NSS for treatment of renal AML. The clinical presentation, surgical approach, and outcome in these patients were analyzed. Surgical treatment for renal AML was indicated because of associated symptoms, size of 4.5 cm or greater, and/or suspicion of renal malignancy. Results. In symptomatic patients (52%) the most common presenting signs or symptoms were pain (50%), retroperitoneal hemorrhage or shock (43%), hematuria (36%), hypertension (7%), palpable mass (7%), and anemia (7%). Two patients had tuberous sclerosis. Fifteen patients had a solitary functioning kidney (group I), 6 patients had an impaired contralateral kidney (group II), and 6 patients had a normal contralateral kidney (group III). All operations were performed in situ. There were no operative deaths. All operated kidneys functioned postoperatively, and no patient required dialysis. The mean postoperative serum creatinine level in groups I, II, and III was 1.81, 0.98, and 0.97 mg/dL, respectively. No patients have developed recurrent AML, related symptoms, or required dialysis with follow-up to 177 months (median 39). Conclusions. When surgical treatment for renal AML is indicated, NSS can be performed with a high success rate even in patients with a very large tumor involving a solitary kidney.
Treatment of pediatric cerebral venous sinus thromboses: the role of anticoagulation

Cerebral venous sinus thromboses (CVST) occur in children with a variety of etiologies. However, no standard treatment paradigm is established. We sought to identify what treatments have been applied, their outcomes, and the role of anticoagulation in pediatric patients with CVST. A systematic review was conducted exploring all treatments of pediatric CVSTs using PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Cochrane Library and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Studies meeting inclusion criteria were reviewed in full and analyzed for study design, aim, population, interventions, and outcomes. Of 2946 resultant articles, 51 full-text articles were included. Management of infectious CVST included broad-spectrum antibiotics, surgery, and anticoagulation. Neoplastic and traumatic CVST treatment included anticoagulation. Treatment of CVSTs associated with metabolic abnormalities centered on correction of metabolic derangements, or supplementation where appropriate, and anticoagulation. Autoimmune, congenital, and thrombotic pathway CVSTs were treated with anticoagulation and treatment of the underlying disorder. Unfractionated heparin and low molecular weight heparin were most commonly used and seen to be effective and safe. Uncommonly, endovascular interventions including venous thrombectomy and intravenous injection of thrombolytic therapy were used with varying success. While conservative, medical, thombolytic, endovascular, and surgical treatment all have a role in in the treatment of pediatric CVSTs, anticoagulation is commonly applied and found to be safe and effective in pediatrics. Risks and benefits of anticoagulation must be considered on an individual basis as no randomized trials have established a standard of care. Based on our findings, we propose an approach to CVST treatment and look to future study aimed at more clearly delineating treatment dose, duration, and timing of re-evaluation in these patients.
The Hitchhiker's Guide to Successful Remote Sensing Deployments in Mongolia

The health hazard of air pollution in developing countries poses a significant threat of cardiovascular, respiratory, and other diseases. Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia is among cities with the worst polluted air in the world due to the use of coal as the primary heating source in the traditional Mongolian gers where most of the local population resides. Humanitarian groups are looking for ways to improve air quality, but are unable to measure the effects of their solutions. We build a low-cost air quality sensor that can upload data in real-time in remote locations. This newly developed sensor allows for real-time air quality monitoring and tracking that was not possible before in such locations. We present the implementation and deployment of this system and share experiences and lessons learned from deploying the sensors in such a unique location.
Quantifying the Degree of Bruise Visibility Observed Under White Light and an Alternate Light Source.

BACKGROUND Documentation of injuries associated with abuse and assault has pivotal impacts on clinical and legal outcomes. Before this study, no reliable and valid tools to consistently document the clinical visibility of bruises existed. The purpose of this study was to systematically evaluate reliability and validity of the Bruise Visibility Scale for documenting bruises visualized in normal (white) light and the Absorption Visibility Scale for documenting bruises visualized using an alternate light source (ALS). METHODS Bruises were induced using a paintball on the upper arms of 157 participants stratified into six skin color categories. Bruises were visualized 21 times over 4 weeks under white light and 10 ALS wavelength/goggle color combinations. Bruise size was measured using a metric ruler; bruise color was measured using a spectrophotometer. Interrater reliability was calculated using kappa and intraclass correlations coefficients. Construct validity was evaluated using generalized linear mixed modeling of associations between bruise size and color with both visibility scales. RESULTS Interrater agreement for bruise detection was over 90% for all but two ALS wavelength/goggle combinations. Kappa values indicated adequate interrater agreement under white light (κ = 0.76) and ALS (κ = 0.78). The visibility scale intraclass correlation coefficients were .91 for normal light and .93 for ALS. Statistical modeling showed greater bruise size was associated with higher visibility using either scale, and greater contrast in color or lightness was associated with higher Bruise Visibility Scale values. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Both visibility scales showed satisfactory reliability and validity. Forensic nurses can use the scales to consistently document bruises.
REVISE: A Tool for Measuring and Mitigating Bias in Visual Datasets

Machine learning models are known to perpetuate and even amplify the biases present in the data. However, these data biases frequently do not become apparent until after the models are deployed. To tackle this issue and to enable the preemptive analysis of large-scale dataset, we present our tool. REVISE (REvealing VIsual biaSEs) is a tool that assists in the investigation of a visual dataset, surfacing potential biases currently along three dimensions: (1) object-based, (2) gender-based, and (3) geography-based. Object-based biases relate to size, context, or diversity of object representation. Gender-based metrics aim to reveal the stereotypical portrayal of people of different genders. Geography-based analyses consider the representation of different geographic locations. REVISE sheds light on the dataset al.ong these dimensions; the responsibility then lies with the user to consider the cultural and historical context, and to determine which of the revealed biases may be problematic. The tool then further assists the user by suggesting actionable steps that may be taken to mitigate the revealed biases. Overall, the key aim of our work is to tackle the machine learning bias problem early in the pipeline. REVISE is available at https://github.com/princetonvisualai/revise-tool.
LIBOR's poker

Abstract The recent LIBOR and ISDAfix manipulation scandals have inspired discussions about survey-based financial benchmarks. I investigate surveys as the statistical inference problem plagued by the principal-agent frictions between benchmark administrators and banks. Without knowing the distribution of private signals, an administrator can implement a sufficient expected quadratic penalty through random audits and post-audit fines to minimize reporting errors and induce a distribution-free expected benchmark bias. Sufficiently frequent random audits that discipline the bank with maximum borrowing cost can mitigate the impact of constraints on post-audit fines. Finally, delaying the release of bank reports may not be effective in fighting collusion.
Exploring the Relationship Between Fiction Reading and Emotion Recognition

Fiction reading experience affects emotion recognition abilities, yet the causal link remains underspecified. Current theory suggests fiction reading promotes the simulation of fictional minds, which supports emotion recognition skills. We examine the extent to which contextualized statistical experience with emotion category labels in language is associated with emotion recognition. Using corpus analyses, we demonstrate fiction texts reliably use emotion category labels in an emotive sense (e.g., cry of relief), whereas other genres often use alternative senses (e.g., hurricane relief fund). Furthermore, fiction texts were shown to be a particularly reliable source of information about complex emotions. The extent to which these patterns affect human emotion concepts was analyzed in two behavioral experiments. In experiment 1 (n = 134), experience with fiction text predicted recognition of emotions employed in an emotive sense in fiction texts. In experiment 2 (n = 387), fiction reading experience predicted emotion recognition abilities, overall. These results suggest that long-term language experience, and fiction reading, in particular, supports emotion concepts through exposure to these emotions in context.
RobotAR: An Augmented Reality Compatible Teleconsulting Robotics Toolkit for Augmented Makerspace Experiences

Distance learning is facing a critical moment finding a balance between high quality education for remote students and engaging them in hands-on learning. This is particularly relevant for project-based classrooms and makerspaces, which typically require extensive trouble-shooting and example demonstrations from instructors. We present RobotAR, a teleconsulting robotics toolkit for creating Augmented Reality (AR) makerspaces. We present the hardware and software for an AR-compatible robot, which behaves as a student’s voice assistant and can be embodied by the instructor for teleconsultation. As a desktop-based teleconsulting agent, the instructor has control of the robot’s joints and position to better focus on areas of interest inside the workspace. Similarly, the instructor has access to the student’s virtual environment and the capability to create AR content to aid the student with problem-solving. We also performed a user study which compares current techniques for distance hands-on learning and an implementation of our toolkit.
Cloud condensation nuclei characteristics at the Southern Great Plains site: role of particle size distribution and aerosol hygroscopicity

The activation ability of aerosols as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) is crucial in climate and hydrological cycle studies, but their properties are not well known. We investigated the long-term measurements of atmospheric aerosol properties, CCN concentrations (NCCN) at supersaturation (SS = 0.1-1.0%), and hygroscopicity at the Department of Energy's Southern Great Plains (SGP) site to illustrate the dependence of NCCN on aerosol properties and transport pathways. Cluster analysis was applied to the back trajectories of air masses to investigate their respective source regions. The results showed that aged biomass burning aerosols from Central America were characterized by higher accumulation mode particles (Naccu; median value 805 cm-3) and relatively high aerosol hygroscopicity (κ; median value ~0.25) values that result in the higher CCN activation and relatively high NCCN (median value 258-1578 cm-3 at a SS of 0.1-1.0%). Aerosols from the Gulf of Mexico were characterized by higher Naccu (~35%), and NCCN (230-1721 cm-3 at a SS of 0.1-1.0%) with the lowest κ (~0.17). In contrast, relatively high nucleation mode particles (Nnucl; ~20%) and low NCCN (128-1553 cm-3 at a SS of 0.1-1.0%) with higher κ (~0.30) values were observed on the aerosols associated with a westerly wind. The results indicate particle size as the most critical factor influencing the ability of aerosols to activate, whereas the effect of chemical composition was secondary. Our CCN closure analysis suggests that chemical composition and mixing state information are more crucial at lower SS, whereas at higher SS, most particles become activated regardless of their chemical composition and size. This study affirms that soluble organic fraction information is required at higher SS for better NCCN prediction, but both the soluble organics fraction and mixing state are vital to reduce the NCCN prediction uncertainty at lower SS.
Insulinlike growth factors and binding proteins in colon cancer

Abstract Insulinlike growth factors (IGFs) express anabolic and mitogenic activity on a wide variety of cells. Besides endocrine effects, IGFs have major autocrine and paracrine effects on many cellular functions. Two factors that significantly affect the extent of cellular response to IGFs include the membrane receptors for IGFs and the soluble binding proteins (BPs), which modulate the action of IGFs at the receptor level. IGFs, IGF receptors, and IGFs and their BPs (IGF-BPs) thus constitute three components of the IGF system. A role of IGFs in the transformation and proliferation of cancer cells has become increasingly evident in the past few years. Studies from several laboratories show that all three components of the IGF system may play an important role in the proliferation of colon cancers. It was recently shown that the relative expression of IGFs and IGF/BPs may critically control the metastatic potential of colon cancers. The purpose of this article is to summarize our current knowledge of the IGF system and to present support for a significant role of IGFs in the initiation and growth of colon cancers. The expression and structural aspects of IGFs, their receptors, and BPs are outlined first, followed by a discussion of the role of IGFs in gastrointestinal functions and in colon cancers.
Prolonged Sodium Channel Inactivation Contributes to Dendritic Action Potential Attenuation in Hippocampal Pyramidal Neurons

During low-frequency firing, action potentials actively invade the dendrites of CA1 pyramidal neurons. At higher firing rates, however, activity-dependent processes result in the attenuation of back-propagating action potentials, and propagation failures occur at some dendritic branch points. We tested two major hypotheses related to this activity-dependent attenuation of back-propagating action potentials: (1) that it is mediated by a prolonged form of sodium channel inactivation and (2) that it is mediated by a persistent dendritic shunt activated by back-propagating action potentials. We found no evidence for a persistent shunt, but we did find that cumulative, prolonged inactivation of sodium channels develops during repetitive action potential firing. This inactivation is significant after a single action potential and continues to develop during several action potentials thereafter, until a steady-state sodium current is established. Recovery from this form of inactivation is much slower than its induction, but recovery can be accelerated by hyperpolarization. The similarity of these properties to the time and voltage dependence of attenuation and recovery of dendritic action potentials suggests that dendritic sodium channel inactivation contributes to the activity dependence of action potential back-propagation in CA1 neurons. Hence, the biophysical properties of dendritic sodium channels will be important determinants of action potential-mediated effects on synaptic integration and plasticity in hippocampal neurons.
Immediate Feedback Assessment Technique Promotes Learning and Corrects Inaccurate first Responses

Multiple-choice testing procedures that do not provide corrective feedback facilitate neither learning nor retention. In Studies 1 and 2, the performance of participants evaluated with the Immediate Feedback Assessment Technique (IF AT), a testing method providing immediate feedback and enabling participants to answer until correct, was compared to that of participants responding to identical tests with Scantron answer sheets. Performance on initial tests did not differ, but when retested after delays of 1 day or 1 week, participants evaluated with the IF AT demonstrated higher scores and correctly answered more questions that had been initially answered incorrectly than did participants evaluated with Scantron forms. In Study 3, immediate feedback and answering until correct was available to all participants using either the IF AT or a computerized testing system on initial tests, with the final test completed by all participants using Scantron forms. Participants initially evaluated with the IF AT demonstrated increased retention and correctly responded to more items that had initially been answered incorrectly. Active involvement in the assessment process plays a crucial role in the acquisition of information, the incorporation of accurate information into cognitive processing mechanisms, and the retrieval of correct answers during retention tests. Results of Studies 1-3 converge to indicate that the IF AT method actively engages learners in the discovery process and that this engagement promotes retention and the correction of initially inaccurate response strategies.
Experimental characterization of QoS in commercial Ethernet switches for statistically bounded latency in aircraft networks

Aircraft networks are used to service mission-critical avionics systems as well as cabin systems such as in-flight entertainment. These networks require that the switches used offer line-rate switching as well as bounded latency and jitter. Gigabit Ethernet offers an interesting replacement to traditional proprietary networks because of its high performance and low cost. We develop a framework for analyzing the abilities of Gigabit Ethernet switches to provide probabilistic guarantees for reliably low latency using quality of service (QoS) controls. From the perspective of control capabilities, management complexity, and implementation success we compare the strengths and weaknesses of three modern Ethernet switches. These switches exhibit a broad range of configuration options and are representative of the different levels of QoS implementation available today. We use the performance metrics of latency, jitter, and packet loss to characterize the success of a service policy. The results from a variety of network, load, and traffic scenarios are presented in terms of these metrics. Through the results, we are able to gain insight into the individual switch implementations of QoS.
Vacancy in Justice: Analyzing the Impact of Overburdened Judges on Sentencing Decisions

Policymakers and scholars repeatedly warn that frequent and persistent judicial vacancies pose one of the greatest threats to the federal judiciary by overburdening judges. Scholars, in turn, are divided as to whether pressure on judges results in more lenient punishment. Despite such concerns, the effect of vacancies is rarely tested directly and related studies generally fail to account for issues of endogeneity related to vacancies and caseloads. We address both concerns by using an innovative instrumental variables strategy and unique data, consisting of over 400,000 cases to test vacancies’ effects on federal district court judges’ sentencing decisions. We find that overburdened judges take shortcuts, such as using focal points and cues, resulting in harsher sentences. The analysis has significant implications for those concerned with civil liberties and taxpayers who must shoulder the financial costs of incarceration.
ERA: effective rate adaptation for WLANs

Rate adaptation consists of using the optimal rate for a given channel quality: the poorer the channel quality, the lower the rate should be. Multiple rate adaptation schemes were proposed and studied so far. The first generation rate adaptation schemes perform well in collision free environments and manage quite well strict channel degradation. Under a congestion dominated environment, these schemes poorly perform because they do not differentiate losses due to channel degradation from those due to collisions and unnecessarily decrease the rate in response to collisions. A second generation rate adaptation schemes overcome this limitation. However, these most recent schemes usually require RTS/CTS control frames that are not in general used because they constitute an overhead that may heavily lower network performance especially when frame size is small. This work proposes an effective and practical rate adaptation scheme (ERA) that does not require RTS/CTS control frames. ERA judiciously uses fragmentation in compliance with IEEE 802.11 standard to diagnose the cause of frame loss and to promptly recover from frame losses. Through extensive simulations on ns-2, ERA exhibits a significant throughput improvement over other rate adaptation schemes.
The Dominican Grassroots Movement and the Organized Left, 1978-1986

Abstract Through their struggles for better services, grassroots movements played a large role in the process of democratization and construction of social citizenship in the Dominican Republic. The modern grassroots movement, especially in relation to the uprising of April 1984, challenged the government's neoliberal policies and opened the way for the emergence of an independent movement that confronted both left-wing parties and organized labor. However, because the gains from expanding social citizenship remained limited in the face of the Dominican state's inability to formulate socio-economic policies, the movements at best posed a worthwhile goal that Dominican society may revisit in the near future.
We thought trouble was coming

Chris Funk explains how his group last year forecast the drought in Somalia that is now turning into famine — and how that warning wasn't enough.
The effect of thiocyanate concentration on thiocyanate distribution and excretion.

SummaryIt has been observed in rats that the measured volume of distribution of thiocyanate is decreased by high plasma concentrations of thiocyanate, and that large doses of thiocyanate have a faster rate of disappearance from the plasma than does endogenous thiocyanate at normal concentrations. These observations are interpreted as results of (i) the saturation of thiocyanate-concentrating compartments, and (ii) the inability of the kidney tubule to reabsorb large amounts of filtered thiocyanate.
Tibiofemoral subchondral surface ratio (SSR) is a predictor of osteoarthritis symptoms and radiographic progression: data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI).

summary Objective: Symptomatic knee osteoarthritis (OA) is poorly correlated with radiographic severity, but subchondral bone measures may be useful for risk assessment as bone shape is grossly unaffected at early radiographic stages. We sought to determine whether compartment-specific size mismatch in the naturally asymmetric tibiofemoral joint, measured as tibiofemoral subchondral surface ratio (SSR): (1) predicts incident symptoms, (2) predicts incident or progressive OA, (3) is reproducible and time invariant. Design: OA Initiative participants with baseline MRIs and up to 48-month follow-up (n ¼ 1,338) were analyzed. Logistic regression was used to determine the association between SSR and incident symptoms, incident OA, and progression of OA after adjusting for demographic, radiologic, injury-related, and lifestyle-related factors. Reproducibility was assessed as % coefficient of variation (CV) on repeat MRI studies at baseline and 24 months. Results: Increased medial SSR is protective against incident symptoms at 48 months (per 0.1 increase: OR 0.48 CI 0.30, 0.75; P ¼ 0.001). Increased lateral SSR values are protective against lateral OA incidence (OR 0.23 CI 0.06, 0.77; P ¼ 0.016) or progression (OR 0.66 CI 0.43, 0.99; P ¼ 0.049) at 24 months. Both medial and lateral SSR are stable over time (medial: mean change 0.001 SD 0.016; lateral: mean change 0.000 SD 0.017) and are highly reproducible (3.0% CV medial SSR; 2.7% CV lateral SSR). Conclusions: A larger medial SSR is protective against developing OA-related symptoms. A larger lateral SSR is protective against lateral OA incidence or progression. Finally, lateral and medial SSR are stable over time and are highly reproducible across MRI studies.
Arterial Segmentation of the Human Spleen by Post-Mortem Angiograms and Corrosion-Casts:

In a series of seventy adult human spleens, obtained from embalmed dissecting-room cadavers and post-mortem bodies, the extrasplenic division and intrasplenic architecture of the terminal branches of the splenic artery and of its polar arteries were studied via extrasplenic dissection, angiograms and injection-corrosion casts. The results showed that the splenic artery is divided into two (85.7%), or three (14.3%) primary branches, each of which is subdivided, mostly, into two to four secondary branches. Moreover, a superior polar artery (60.0%) and inferior polar arteries (80.0%) are given from the splenic trunk or from one of its primary branches. The human spleen is divided accordingly into two or three main arterial segments, separated by a definite avascular plane. Also, a rather constant avascular plane separated the polar segments from the remaining of the organ. Each main segment is also subdivided, usually into two to four less constant secondary segments, the architecture of which and the avascular planes between them are very variable. The findings of this study and other relative studies consist the anatomical basis for highly conservative surgical management, as an alternative to splenectomy, in cases of splenic rupture.
Meridional motions of magnetic features in the solar photosphere

We cross-correlate pairs of Mt. Wilson magnetograms spaced at intervals of 24–38 days to investigate the meridional motions of small magnetic features in the photosphere. Our study spans the 26-yr period July 1967–August 1993, and the correlations determine longitude averages of these motions, as functions of latitude and time. The time-average of our results over the entire 26-yr period is, as expected, antisymmetric about the equator. It is poleward between ∼ 10° and ∼ 60°, with a maximum rate of 13 m s−1, but for latitudes below ±10° it is markedly equatorward, and it is weakly equatorward for latitudes above 60°. A running 1-yr average shows that this complex latitude dependence of the long-term time average comes from a pattern of motions that changes dramatically during the course of the activity cycle. At low latitudes the motion is equatorward during the active phase of the cycle. It tends to increase as the zones of activity move toward the equator, but it reverses briefly to become poleward at solar minimum. On the poleward sides of the activity zones the motion is most strongly poleward when the activity is greatest. At high latitudes, where the results are more uncertain, the motion seems to be equatorward except around the times of polar field reversal. The difference-from-average meridional motions pattern is remarkably similar to the pattern of the magnetic rotation torsional oscillations. The correspondence is such that the zones in which the difference-from-average motion is poleward are the zones where the magnetic rotation is slower than average, and the zones in which it is equatorward are the zones where the rotation is faster. Our results suggest the following characterization: there is a constant and generally prevailing motion which is perhaps everywhere poleward and varies smoothly with latitude. On this is superimposed a cycle-dependent pattern of similar amplitude in which the meridional motions of the small magnetic features are directed away from regions of magnetic flux concentration. This is suggestive of simple diffusion, and of the models of Leighton (1964) and Sheeley, Nash, and Wang (1987). The correspondence between the meridional motions pattern and the torsional oscillations pattern in the magnetic rotation suggests that the latter may be an artifact of the combination of meridional motion and differential rotation.
Changes in calls for police service with changes in routine activities and the arrival and passage of weather fronts

Proceeding on the assumptions that the day of the week is the best predictor of the levels of calls for police service, that calls for police service emanate from the pursuit of routine activities, and that weather influences routine activities, this paper examines how the expected change in the level of calls for service for a particular day of the week in Chicago is altered with the arrival and passage of weather fronts. Fronts taking 1 day to pass Chicago have a broader effect on the changes in calls across the days of the week than fronts taking 2 days in passage. On the whole, the 2-day fronts significantly alter calls for service during the weekdays but not on the weekend, while 1-day fronts significantly alter calls on both weekdays and weekends. In general, cold fronts decrease calls for service, and warm fronts increase calls for service.
How do non-physician clinicians respond to advanced cancer patients’ negative expressions of emotions?

Purpose Patients with advanced cancer often experience negative emotion; clinicians’ empathic responses can alleviate patient distress. Much is known about how physicians respond to patient emotion; less is known about non-physician clinicians. Given that oncology care is increasingly provided by an interdisciplinary team, it is important to know more about how patients with advanced cancer express emotions to non-physician clinicians (NPCs) and how NPCs respond to those empathic opportunities.
Maturation of replicating simian virus 40 DNA molecules in isolated nuclei by continued bidirectional replication to the normal termination region

Abstract Mature SV40 DNA synthesized for different periods of time either in isolated nuclei or in intact cells was highly purified and then digested with restriction endonucleases in order to relate the time of synthesis of newly replicated viral DNA to its location in the genome. Replication in nuclei supplemented with a cytosol fraction from uninfected cells was a faithful continuation of the bidirectional process observed in intact cells, but did not exhibit significant initiation of new replicons. SV40 DNA replication in cells at 37°C proceeded at about 145 nucleotides/min per replication fork. In the absence of cytosol, when DNA synthesis was limited and joining of Okazaki fragments was retarded, bidirectional SV40 DNA replication continued into the normal region where separation yielded circular duplex DNA molecules containing one or more interruptions in the nascent DNA strands. In the presence of cytosol, this type of viral DNA was shown to be a precursor of covalently closed, superhelical SV40 DNA, the mature from of viral DNA.
Clinicopathologic correlate of a fresh eyelid pigment implantation.

• An eyelid with freshly applied black eyeliner pigment was examined histologically. X-ray microanalysis of the pigment suspension from the manufacturer's vial indicated that its composition was 98% iron and 2% titanium. Transmission electron microscopic examination disclosed that particles were in the extracellular matrix; intracellular particles were not seen. By light microscopy, implant material was detected in various levels of the dermis and was found in dermal lymphatics as well as within and surrounding a hair follicle. Our study suggests that systemic exposure to the implant material is possible and offers explanations for permanent eyelash loss, which we have seen following this procedure.
The Long Run Determinants of the U.S. Trade Balance: A Reexamination Using Bi & Multivariate Cointegration Approach

This paper extends our understanding of the long-run determinants of the U.S. current account and trade balances. Earlier studies have recognized the long-run effects of fiscal, monetary, and commercial policy variables on the external account balances. But none of them reported the interest rate measures to be cointegrated with the external account balances. This study provides strong evidence to suggest that the various interest rate measures are also the long-run determinants of the U.S. current account and trade balances.
Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL): Initial Reliability and Validity Data

ABSTRACT Objective To describe the psychometric properties of the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime version (K-SADS-PL) interview, which surveys additional disorders not assessed in prior K-SADS, contains improved probes and anchor points, includes diagnosis-specific impairment ratings, generates DSM-III-R and DSM-IV diagnoses, and divides symptoms surveyed into a screening interview and five diagnostic supplements. Method Subjects were 55 psychiatric outpatients and 11 normal controls (aged 7 through 17 years). Both parents and children were used as informants. Concurrent validity of the screen criteria and the K-SADS-PL diagnoses was assessed against standard self-report scales. Interrater ( n = 15) and test-retest ( n = 20) reliability data were also collected (mean retest interval: 18 days; range: 2 to 38 days). Results Rating scale data support the concurrent validity of screens and K-SADS-PL diagnoses. Interrater agreement in scoring screens and diagnoses was high (range: 93% to 100%). Test-retest reliability κ coefficients were in the excellent range for present and/or lifetime diagnoses of major depression, any bipolar, generalized anxiety, conduct, and oppositional defiant disorder (.77 to 1.00) and in the good range for present diagnoses of posttraumatic stress disorder and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (.63 to .67). Conclusion Results suggest the K-SADS-PL generates reliable and valid child psychiatric diagnoses. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry , 1997, 36(7): 980–988.
Stabilization of microtubules by lithium ion

Abstract Lithium ion, in concentrations of 0.2 – 1.0 mM, promotes tubulin polymerization, provided small concentrations of Mg ++ ion are present. This effect of lithium on polymerization, at suboptimal concentration of magnesium, is additive for the two metal ions. Both Li + and Mg ++ protect microtubules against the depolymerizing effects of colchicine or vinblastine.