cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of the pareto front of a multi-objective optimization problem for a fossil fuel power plant

This paper examines the Pareto front of a simple fossil fuel power plant using a common third-order model. This front is first examined analytically. Then the power plant model is transferred over to a steady-state model using a static neural network and the front is estimated using various geometric and heuristic approaches. This paper is the first of the two stages to eliminate the need for a human to construct a single objective cost function from multiple objectives for use in the power plant optimization. To generate the Pareto front of the power plant, three different optimization techniques are explored, normal-boundary intersection utilizing differential equation, multi-objective particle swarm optimization, and multi-objective evolutionary algorithm optimization.
Cell-length-dependent microtubule accumulation during polarization.

Summary Background Breaking cell symmetry, known as polarization, requires dynamic reorganization of microtubules (MTs) and is essential to many cellular processes, including axon formation in neurons. A critical step in polarization is believed to be the "selective stabilization" of MTs, which hypothesizes a spatial and/or temporal shift toward net MT assembly in a preferred direction of growth. Results We now find that a simpler "length-dependent" model, in which MT assembly parameters are spatially and temporally constant, predicts MT accumulation in the direction of growth because of longer mean first passage times in the longer direction. We experimentally tested both models by tracking MT assembly dynamics in polarizing embryonic chick forebrain neurons, and we confirmed that assembly is spatially and temporally constant during axon formation. Conclusion Cell polarization occurs most simply through cell-length-dependent accumulation of MTs without MT stabilization or capture. In this way, F-actin-mediated cell shape and size changes can be read out by dynamic MTs undergoing simple dynamic instability to ultimately break cell symmetry.
Imbalance of tRNAPro isoacceptors induces +1 frameshifting at near-cognate codons

Increased expression of the CCU/CCA/CCG-decoding tRNA(Pr)(o)3 on a multicopy plasmid leads to suppression of several +1 frameshift mutations in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Systematic analysis of the site of frameshifting indicates that excess tRNA(Pr)(o)3 promotes near-cognate decoding at CCC codons. Re-phasing of the reading frame can be achieved by a subsequent slippage of the tRNA onto a cognate codon in the +1 reading frame. Frameshifting appears to be due to an imbalance of CCC-cognate and near-cognate tRNAs, as the effect of excess tRNA(Pr)(o)3 on reading frame maintenance can be reversed by increasing simultaneously the concentration of the cognate tRNA(Pr)(o)2. Finally, the cmo5U modification present at position 34 of tRNA(Pr)(o)3, which allows this tRNA to decode CCU in addition to CCG and CCA, also affects frameshifting, indicating that the ability of the near-cognate tRNA to decode a cognate codon efficiently in the alternative reading frame is important for re-phasing of the reading frame.
Incomplete HIV type 1 antibody evolution and seroreversion in acutely infected individuals treated with early antiretroviral therapy.

Background The diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection by standard tests relies on the formation of HIV-1-specific antibodies. Early treatment of acute HIV-1 infection may have unique immunologic effects on host cellular and humoral responses. Rare cases of HIV-1 seroreversion have been reported for patients with advanced or rapidly progressive disease. Here, we report seroreversion that occurred in subjects with acute HIV-1 infection who initiated early antiretroviral therapy. Methods A total of 150 patients with symptomatic acute or early onset HIV-1 infection that was treated with antiretroviral therapy were observed prospectively by means of monthly clinical and laboratory evaluation, which included serial HIV enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blots, until a fully evolved HIV-1 antibody response was documented. Results Three patients who initiated antiretroviral therapy a mean interval of 8 days (range, 1-16 days) after presentation and were observed for a mean duration of 50.2 months (range, 40.2-55.7 months) did not develop a fully evolved HIV-1 antibody response or demonstrated complete or partial HIV-1 seroreversion, despite maintenance of cytomegalovirus-specific humoral responses. Virologic suppression and seroreversion (complete or partial) occurred a mean duration of 4.1 months (range, 2.3-5.7 months) and 15.5 months (range, 6.7-26.3 months), respectively, after the initiation of therapy. All patients maintained complete virologic suppression while receiving therapy and had an undetectable HIV-1 RNA load at the time of seroreversion. Conclusions Early antiretroviral therapy associated with durable virologic suppression in acute HIV-1 infection may abrogate the formation or detection of HIV-1-specific antibodies. Ongoing antigenic stimulation may be required to maintain HIV-1-specific humoral responses. Incomplete evolution of the HIV-1 antibody response and/or presence of seroreversion (although infrequently observed) underscore the potential unique immunologic effect of early antiretroviral therapy in patients with primary HIV-1 infection.
Temperature gradient spectra and temperature dissipation rate in a turbulent convective flow

Determining mixing coefficients in oceanographic flows relies on the form of temperature gradient spectra in turbulent water flows at large wavenumbers. Several recent investigations concluded that these spectra are best described by the functional form proposed by Kraichnan rather than by the Batchelor form, more commonly used in oceanography. In this study, we provide additional support for this conclusion using laboratory measurements of the temperature gradient spectra in a Rayleigh–Benard convective cell, in order to avoid difficulties inherent in oceanographic field measurements. The range of Rayleigh numbers in experiments is between Ra = 3×107 and Ra = 5×109. In addition to a traditional method of traversing thermistors, a novel optical technique recently introduced for oceanic measurements was used to obtain the spectra; comparison between these two methods serves as a validation test for the new optical technique. The temperature measurements were also augmented by 2D particle image velocimetry ...
Pollen interception by linyphiid spiders in a corn agroecosystem: implications for dietary diversification and risk-assessment

Dietary diversification, including consumption of plant tissues such as pollen, can enhance the fecundity of generalist predators, resulting in improved control of pest prey. Supplemental pollen feeding has been observed in many natural enemies, including sheet-web spiders (Araneae: Linyphiidae), which represent a major component of food webs in agroecosystems. Their horizontal, ground-based webs have the potential to intercept pollen grains during anthesis of crop plants, providing the opportunity for consumption of pollen to occur. In laboratory feeding trials, Frontinella communis and Tennesseellum formicum (Araneae: Linyphiidae) readily fed on pollen grains dusted on their webs, with 82 and 92% of spiders consuming pollen within the 210 min trial. These results revealed a strong potential for dietary supplementation with pollen in ground-based sheet-web spiders, indicating that pollen feeding may be an important component of the feeding biology of linyphiids. To measure pollen and prey interception in simulated linyphiid webs, a 20 m × 20 m grid of miniature sticky traps was established within and downwind of a corn agroecosystem. Traps were exposed for 24 h, all intercepted material was transferred to the laboratory for subsequent identification, and replaced with additional traps for 28 consecutive days in July and August 2008, to encompass periods before, during and after anthesis. Over 150,000 corn pollen grains and 5,000 prey items (dominated by Collembola and Hemiptera) were intercepted at simulated web-sites. Dates of peak anthesis resulted in pollen counts as high as 4,000 grains per web-site in the interior of the cornfield. Spatial Analysis by Distance Indices (SADIE) indicated significant temporal and spatial variability in pollen interception within and outside the corn field, but interestingly there was no significant spatial association between pollen and prey. Furthermore, transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis corn expresses insecticidal proteins in pollen, posing an exposure risk to non-target arthropods. Consumption of corn pollen may be a route to transgenic protein exposure in this important taxon of generalist predators.
Process-induced residual stresses in compression molded UHMWPE

Non-isothermal cooling during processing causes the development of residual stresses, which are analyzed for compression molded UHMWPE, and affects the dimensional stability. The development of thermal residual stresses was predicted using an incremental stress analysis that included temperature-dependent material properties. Strain gauges were used to measure the residual stresses as layers were removed from a molded disk using a Process Simulated Laminate (PSL) approach. The PSL technique has not previously been applied to a compression molded neat polymer. For initial surface cooling rates of ∼ 11°C/min, the model predicted a compressive stress at the bottom surface of 14 MPa and a tensile stress near the center of 2.5 MPa and matched the experimental distribution well. Because the compressive residual stress was 70% of the yield strength (∼20 MPa), a lower cooling rate was also tested (2.6°C/min). The maximum tensile and compressive stresses for this cooling rate were, 0.91 MPa and 2.5 MPa, respectively. The model demonstrated its use for predicting thermal residual stresses in compression molded parts, instead of trial-and-error experimentation. UHMWPE is shown to develop residual stresses continually from ∼ 120°C to 23°C.
Environmental and Economic Assessment of Electrothermal Swing Adsorption of Air Emissions from Sheet-Foam Production Compared to Conventional Abatement Techniques

A life-cycle assessment (LCA) and cost analysis are presented comparing the environmental and economic impacts of using regenerative thermal oxidizer (RTO), granular activated carbon (GAC), and activated carbon fiber cloth (ACFC) systems to treat gaseous emissions from sheet-foam production. The ACFC system has the lowest operational energy consumption (i.e., 19.2, 8.7, and 3.4 TJ/year at a full-scale facility for RTO, GAC, and ACFC systems, respectively). The GAC system has the smallest environmental impacts across most impact categories for the use of electricity from select states in the United States that produce sheet foam. Monte Carlo simulations indicate the GAC and ACFC systems perform similarly (within one standard deviation) for seven of nine environmental impact categories considered and have lower impacts than the RTO for every category for the use of natural gas to produce electricity. The GAC and ACFC systems recover adequate isobutane to pay for themselves through chemical-consumption offsets, whereas the net present value of the RTO is $4.1 M (20 years, $0.001/m(3) treated). The adsorption systems are more environmentally and economically competitive than the RTO due to recovered isobutane for the production process and are recommended for resource recovery from (and treatment of) sheet-foam-production exhaust gas. Research targets for these adsorption systems should focus on increasing adsorptive capacity and saturation of GAC systems and decreasing electricity and N2 consumption of ACFC systems.
Characterizing common workplace communication skills for disorders associated with traumatic brain injury: A qualitative study

Background Interpersonal skill deficits are the primary reason for workplace separation after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Communication is integral to interpersonal skills, but workplace communication demands are inadequately described in the rehabilitation literature. Objective This study describes inter-stakeholder examples of workplace communication behaviors for a level of employment to which people with TBI commonly attempt to return. Methods Setting: Mid-level workplaces.Design: Semi-structured interviews were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim, then analyzed using thematic content analysis. Findings were linked to common communication deficits in persons with TBI.Participants: A volunteer sample of twenty healthy individuals employed in the mid-level workplaces, ten employees and ten supervisors.Main Outcome Measure(s): Taxonomy of communication skill deficits common in persons with TBI and associated with mid-level workplaces. Results Interviews revealed seven communication-related skills associated with mid-level employment: 1) spoken language processing; 2) verbal memory; 3) reading and writing; 4) verbal reasoning; 5) expressive pragmatics; 6) multi-tasking; and 7) social cognition. Conclusion Workers and supervisors from an assortment of mid-level jobs with differing job contents all identified similarly common and important cross-occupational communication-related skills. Findings provide a preliminary guide to assess and treat communication skills for patients who have work re-entry as a goal.
Adhering grains and surface features on two Itokawa particles

We investigated the surface texture and chemical compositions of two ~40-μm particles returned from the surface regolith of asteroid Itokawa (RB-DQ04-0062 and RB-DQ04-0091) by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency’s Hayabusa mission. We identified splash melts, surface blistering, and many small adhering particles. Seven focused ion beam sections were extracted from both Itokawa particles, targeting one splash melt and ten adhering particles to investigate their composition and provenance and the role of micrometeoroid impacts on Itokawa’s surface. Based on the particle’s structure, mineralogy, and interface between the adhering particle and host grain, we identified lithic fragments and particles deposited by impact. These have morphologies and compositions consistent with impact-generated deposits: two have morphologies and compositions that are consistent with impact-generated silica glass, and one was a Ni-free, metallic Fe, and S-rich assemblage that was likely generated by vapor recondensation during a micrometeoroid impact. This study shows that, even though its regolith is young, micrometeoroid impacts have altered the regolith of asteroid Itokawa.
Optimal shortening velocities for in situ power production of rat soleus and plantaris muscles

Force-velocity (FV) relationships have been used previously to calculate maximal power production and to identify an optimal velocity of shortening (V(opt)-fv) to produce such power in skeletal muscle. The cyclical nature of muscle position during locomotion for muscles such as the soleus and plantaris is such that either constant force or velocity is rarely attained. In the present study, the work loop technique, a technique developed to measure maximal attainable power output from muscles undergoing cyclic length changes, was undertaken to determine whether simulating in vivo function alters the power-velocity relationship of the soleus and plantaris and, in particular, the velocity of shortening that produces maximal power (V(opt)-wl). FV relationships were determined for both soleus (n = 4) and plantaris (n = 4) muscles in situ from adult female Sprague-Dawley rats by measuring shortening velocities during afterloaded isotonic contractions. The velocity that produced maximal power using FV relationships, V(opt)-fv, was 54.6 +/- 0.7 mm/s for the plantaris vs. 20.2 +/- 1.2 mm/s for the soleus. Then, the work loop technique was employed to measure net power from these same muscles at multiple cycling frequencies (1.5 to 4.0 Hz for the soleus; 4.0 to 8.0 Hz for the plantaris). Multiple power-velocity curves were generated (one at each cycle frequency) by varying the strain (1-8 mm). Thus, at each cycle frequency, V(opt)-wl could be identified. For both the plantaris and soleus, V(opt)-wl at each cycle frequency was not different from their respective V(opt)-fv value. Thus both fast and slow skeletal muscles have inherent optimal shortening velocities, identifiable with FV relationships, that dictate their respective maximal attainable mechanical power production using the work loop technique.
Parallels Between Chicano and Jewish-American Writing

Daniel Walden: Ramon Saldivar exemplified very well the changes in Chicano writing as seen in the novels of Tomas Rivera and the others from the beginning right into the present, into the mid-70s and right up through to the beginning of the 1980s, now. It occurs to me, of course, that this is also what we have seen in other ethnic literatures. In Jewish literature, for example, too, there has been a succession of generations of writers, starting with Abraham Cahan, writing from 1895 to about 1917, when he wrote The Rise of David Levinsky, which was what Saldivar calls "reflectionist." Then there was the period through the 1920s and 1930s, sort of a middle generation of Jewish writing-and then into the post-World War II writing, and now we are still changing more too. I'll get back to that in a minute because I want to make a point about the other two presentations. Carlotta Dwyer made a very interesting point in not projecting into the 1980s by saying that a writer, in imagining, will move ahead, but that a critic quite properly should really dwell on the past, rather than projecting into the future. But, at the same time, it seems to me that another very important point was made, as she does in dealing with Tomas Rivera and Rolando Hinojosa-that what all major American writers write about really does not have to do with what the great classicists in the past dwelt on. You don't have to deal with princes and kings, but just write about what is near you. So it's just as valid to write about the Puritans in New England or whaling people in New England or people in a small Mississippi village or the Jews in New York or the Chicanos in the Southwest. One is as valid as the next. I assume that all of us in this room have seen how difficult it was in the
Developments in accounting regulation: A synthesis and annotated bibliography of evidence and commentary in the 2011 academic literature

Abstract In this article, we synthesize in annotated bibliography form, recent regulation-related findings and commentaries in the academic literature. This annotated bibliography is one in a series of bibliographies that summarizes regulation-related academic research. We reviewed academic outlets such as The Accounting Review, Journal of Accounting Research, Journal of Accounting and Economics, Contemporary Accounting Research, Accounting Horizons, The Journal of Accounting, Auditing & Finance, Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, Journal of Business, Finance & Accounting, Auditing: A Journal of Practice and Theory , and Research in Accounting Regulation . We annotate results of regulation-related research studies and key points from regulation-related commentaries.
Postnatal maturation of potassium transport in rabbit cortical collecting duct

Clearance studies in newborns demonstrate low rates of urinary excretion of potassium, suggesting that the neonatal kidney contributes to the conservation of potassium necessary for growth. Because the cortical collecting duct (CCD) is a primary site for potassium secretion in the adult, we sought to examine the transport capacity of this segment for potassium during postnatal maturation. CCDs isolated from rabbits of various ages (5-6 animals/age group) were microperfused in vitro with solutions simulating plasma. The concentrations of potassium in samples of collected fluid, measured by helium glow photometry, were used to calculate net transport. At a flow rate of approximately 1.6 nl.min-1 x mm-1 net potassium secretion was absent at birth, first became evident at 4 wk of age (-11.08 +/- 2.39 pmol.min-1 x mm-1), and increased sharply thereafter to reach mature rates (-23.08 +/- 3.47 pmol.min-1 x mm-1; P or = 6 wk of age, potassium secretion showed a significant linear correlation with flow rate (y = -10.0x - 7.45; r = 0.87; n = 12).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Environmental Impacts of the U.S. Health Care System and Effects on Public Health

The U.S. health care sector is highly interconnected with industrial activities that emit much of the nation’s pollution to air, water, and soils. We estimate emissions directly and indirectly attributable to the health care sector, and potential harmful effects on public health. Negative environmental and public health outcomes were estimated through economic input-output life cycle assessment (EIOLCA) modeling using National Health Expenditures (NHE) for the decade 2003–2013 and compared to national totals. In 2013, the health care sector was also responsible for significant fractions of national air pollution emissions and impacts, including acid rain (12%), greenhouse gas emissions (10%), smog formation (10%) criteria air pollutants (9%), stratospheric ozone depletion (1%), and carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic air toxics (1–2%). The largest contributors to impacts are discussed from both the supply side (EIOLCA economic sectors) and demand side (NHE categories), as are trends over the study period. Health damages from these pollutants are estimated at 470,000 DALYs lost from pollution-related disease, or 405,000 DALYs when adjusted for recent shifts in power generation sector emissions. These indirect health burdens are commensurate with the 44,000–98,000 people who die in hospitals each year in the U.S. as a result of preventable medical errors, but are currently not attributed to our health system. Concerted efforts to improve environmental performance of health care could reduce expenditures directly through waste reduction and energy savings, and indirectly through reducing pollution burden on public health, and ought to be included in efforts to improve health care quality and safety.
Honoring the “Face Behind the Mask”: Interrogating Masculine Performatives as Counter-Hegemonic Action

Patriarchal systems and hegemonic masculinity have consequences for all genders. One result is men’s submersion of authentic inclinations in favor of performing a socially constructed and rewarded “mask of masculinity.” Getting behind the mask can create space between self and system where dogmatic standards can be (re)examined toward authentic authorship. Similar to hooks’ (Yale Journal of Law & Feminism 4: 1–12, 1991) conception of theory as liberatory practice, a framework for understanding masculine performativity is offered and concepts related to intersectionality and queer authorship proposed as strategies for creating space for counter-hegemonic praxis.
Comparative Genomic Analysis of the 5′-Upstream Sequences of von Willebrand Factor and 27 Other Endothelial-Specific Genes Identifies Conserved Noncoding Sequences That Are DNase Hypersensitive.

Von Willebrand factor (VWF), a key blood clotting protein, is a standard histologic marker for endothelial origin. Previously published studies characterizing tissue-specific regulatory elements have concentrated on the proximal promoter region (between −2,645 and the end of murine Vwf intron 1). Transgenic mouse models using these sequences have found elements needed for VWF expression in some, but not all, populations of endothelial cells. To identify potential novel VWF distal regulatory elements, as well as sequences contributing to the more general endothelial-specific expression program, we aligned human and mouse orthologous genomic sequences from VWF and 27 other endothelial-specific genes, extending from the start of transcription to the neighboring 5′-upstream gene (up to 100 kb of sequence), excluding the core promoter, and including intron 1. We analyzed the resulting 262 endothelial cell-specific gene conserved noncoding sequences (EC-CNSs) using a specific quantitative PCR assay for DNase I hypersensitive sites, an indicator of an open chromatin state which suggests the presence of a transcription regulatory complex. 33% of the EC-CNSs (including 6 of 9 upstream of VWF ) were hypersensitive (HS) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), while only 16% were HS in control human fibroblast cells. 20% of the EC-CNSs were HS in HUVECs only, suggesting that they may identify novel endothelial-specific transcriptional elements. When the 262 EC-CNSs were compared to CNSs from non-endothelial genes, a single motif, AGGAA(A/G), was identified as overrepresented in EC-CNSs. This association was replicated in an independent set of 28 additional genes with high HUVEC expression. The motif was also overrepresented in the subset of HS EC-CNSs. The AGGAA(A/G) motif includes the core binding sequence [GGA(A/T)] of the Ets family of transcription factors, which contains several members implicated in tissue-specific gene expression. These results suggest that the AGGAA(A/G) motif may represent the target sequence for a specific Ets family member critical for determining the endothelial-specific gene expression program. We are currently testing this hypothesis by analyzing this motif in Vwf BAC transgenic mice containing 177 kb of upstream sequence, including all ten identified EC-CNSs. Additionally, we have expanded our analysis of the VWF genomic region to include over 700 kb of sequence surrounding and including the gene, searching for additional EC-CNSs conserved across eleven mammalian species. This comparative genomic approach, coupled with functional analysis of putative regulatory elements, should provide new insight into the endothelial cell gene expression program and the more general problem of tissue-specific gene regulation.
Obesity and Female Infertility: Potential Mediators of Obesity's Impact

The worldwide upward trend in obesity has been dramatic, now affecting more than 20% of American women of reproductive age. Obesity is associated with many adverse maternal and fetal effects prenatally, but it also exerts a negative influence on female fertility. Obese women are more likely to have ovulatory dysfunction due to dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis. Women with polycystic ovarian syndrome who are also obese demonstrate a more severe metabolic and reproductive phenotype. Obese women have reduced fecundity even when eumenorrheic and demonstrate poorer outcomes with the use of in vitro fertilization. Obesity appears to affect the oocyte and the preimplantation embryo, with disrupted meiotic spindle formation and mitochondrial dynamics. Excess free fatty acids may have a toxic effect in reproductive tissues, leading to cellular damage and a chronic low-grade inflammatory state. Altered levels of adipokines, such as leptin, in the obese state can affect steroidogenesis and directly affect the developing embryo. The endometrium is also susceptible, with evidence of impaired stromal decidualization in obese women. This may explain subfecundity due to impaired receptivity, and may lead to placental abnormalities as manifested by higher rates of miscarriage, stillbirth, and preeclampsia in the obese population. Many interventions have been explored to mitigate the effect of obesity on infertility, including weight loss, physical activity, dietary factors, and bariatric surgery. These data are largely mixed, with few high quality studies to guide us. As we improve our understanding of the pathophysiology of obesity in human reproduction we hope to identify novel treatment strategies.
Critical Diagnoses in Forensic Pathology: Ethics of Disclosure:

A complex set of systems exists in the United States to manage and regulate the practice of medicine, and forensic pathologists (FPs) are bound by the associated ethical guidelines and associated s...
Beyond the one-shot: Intensive workshops as a platform for engaging the library in digital humanities

This article explores how librarian participation as instructors in week-long intensive classes—a common workshop format in digital humanities (DH)—can advance a variety of library objectives, while also uniquely supporting the DH community. Intensive workshops fall between the one-shot session and credit course formats more commonly found in library instruction. Drawing on case studies from Geographic Information Systems (GIS) instruction at DH institutes at the University of California Berkeley and Purdue University, the authors explore the origins of librarian involvement, course topics, pedagogy, and library services. Based on their instruction experiences in the DH summer institutes and student surveys, the authors argue that intensive instruction workshops provide a good potential platform for library involvement in DH.
The Street Arcade: Creating Social Justice Videogames as a Platform for Community Dialogue

Over the summer of 2015, the Plug-In Studio (a new media art collective that we founded) collaborated with a group of African American teen artists from Chicago's South Side on a series of art vide...
Prehospital thrombolysis for suspected myocardial infarction decreased 30-day cardiac death

Source Citation The European Myocardial Infarction Project Group. Prehospital thrombolytic therapy in patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 1993 Aug 5;329:383-9.
Sirtuins at the crossroads of stemness, aging, and cancer

Sirtuins are stress-responsive proteins that direct various post-translational modifications (PTMs) and as a result, are considered to be master regulators of several cellular processes. They are known to both extend lifespan and regulate spontaneous tumor development. As both aging and cancer are associated with altered stem cell function, the possibility that the involvement of sirtuins in these events is mediated by their roles in stem cells is worthy of investigation. Research to date suggests that the individual sirtuin family members can differentially regulate embryonic, hematopoietic as well as other adult stem cells in a tissue- and cell type-specific context. Sirtuin-driven regulation of both cell differentiation and signaling pathways previously involved in stem cell maintenance has been described where downstream effectors involved determine the biological outcome. Similarly, diverse roles have been reported in cancer stem cells (CSCs), depending on the tissue of origin. This review highlights the current knowledge which places sirtuins at the intersection of stem cells, aging, and cancer. By outlining the plethora of stem cell-related roles for individual sirtuins in various contexts, our purpose was to provide an indication of their significance in relation to cancer and aging, as well as to generate a clearer picture of their therapeutic potential. Finally, we propose future directions which will contribute to the better understanding of sirtuins, thereby further unraveling the full repertoire of sirtuin functions in both normal stem cells and CSCs.
Creating Space for a Place: The River Street Archaeology Project

Community-based public archaeology projects seek to reclaim aspects of the past while addressing the needs and concerns of local communities. Sometimes this work forces archaeologists to tack between the desire to conduct original research and the need to simultaneously navigate complex economic, social, and political conditions. The River Street Archaeology Project in Boise, Idaho is a perfect example of how archaeologists, historic preservationists, archaeology advocates, and a constellation of educational and government organizations collaborated in an attempt to reclaim the unwritten past of a multi-racial neighborhood. The 2015 field school is a case study in how archaeological data and history production can empower a community to reclaim its heritage.
The Long-term Effects of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill on Women’s Depression and Mental Distress

ObjectiveThe purpose of the study is to describe changes in mental health among women following an oil spill and to examine their association with the Deepwater Horizon oil spill (DHOS).MethodsThe Women and Their Children’s Health study followed 2038 women in Louisiana after the DHOS. Subjects were interviewed in 2012-2014 and 2014-2016. Oil spill exposure was characterized using survey items about economic and physical exposures. Outcomes were depressive symptoms and mental distress.ResultsAfter adjustment for relevant demographics, depressive symptoms increased over 2 time points following the DHOS, whereas symptoms of mental distress decreased. For every year increase in time since the DHOS, the rate ratio for depressive symptoms increased by a factor of 1.08. In contrast, the rate ratio for mental distress decreased by a factor of 0.97. In addition, initial associations between economic and physical exposure to the DHOS persisted up to 6 years after the spill; women who were more highly exposed experienced higher levels of depressive symptoms (rate ratios ranged from 1.08 to 1.11) and mental distress (rate ratios from 1.05 to 1.11) at each time point than women who were less exposed.ConclusionA better understanding of recovery patterns following an oil spill can help direct critical mental health response efforts. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2019;13:183–190)
A cross-sectional study of learning styles among continuing medical education participants.

AbstractPurpose: Experiential learning has been suggested as a framework for planning continuing medical education (CME). We aimed to (1) determine participants’ learning styles at traditional CME courses and (2) explore associations between learning styles and participant characteristics.Materials and methods: Cross-sectional study of all participants (n = 393) at two Mayo Clinic CME courses who completed the Kolb Learning Style Inventory and provided demographic data.Results: A total of 393 participants returned 241 surveys (response rate, 61.3%). Among the 143 participants (36.4%) who supplied complete demographic and Kolb data, Kolb learning styles included diverging (45; 31.5%), assimilating (56; 39.2%), converging (8; 5.6%), and accommodating (34; 23.8%). Associations existed between learning style and gender (p = 0.02). For most men, learning styles were diverging (23 of 63; 36.5%) and assimilating (30 of 63; 47.6%); for most women, diverging (22 of 80; 27.5%), assimilating (26 of 80; 32.5%), and a...
Micro/Nanotribology and Micro/Nanomechanics

The micro/nanotribological and micro/nanomechanics studies are needed to develop fundamental understanding of interfacial phenomena on a small scale, and to study interfacial phenomena in micro- and nanostructures used in magnetic storage systems, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), and other industrial applications (Bhushan, 1995a, 1995b, 1995c; Bhushan et al., 1995e, 1995f). Atomic force microscopes/friction force microscopes (AFMs/ FFMs) are used for these studies. In this chapter, we first present origins and significance of micro/nanotribology. Next we describe the AFM/FFM used for study of engineering surfaces in dry and lubricated conditions. Finally, we present examples of micro/nanotribological studies to conduct surface roughness, friction, adhesion, scratching, wear, indentation, detection of material transfer and lubrication studies, and the use of AFMs for nanofabrication/ nanomachining purposes.
Interaction of CH4, CH3Cl, CH2Cl2, CHCl3, and CCl4 with O-Terminated FeO(111)

Well-ordered FeO(111) thin films are epitaxially grown on a Pt(111) substrate. A series of molecules including CH4, CH3Cl, CH2Cl2, CHCl3, and CCl4 are used as probes to test the chemical reactivity of the FeO(111) surface. The temperature-programmed desorption spectra show no evidence of dissociative adsorption or chemical reaction between the substrate and the adsorbates. The desorption kinetics studies reveal that all the molecules are physisorbed and have desorption kinetics with an order between 0 and 1. Kinetic analysis is conducted, assuming both zero- and first-order desorption, and shows that an uncertainty in the desorption order introduces an error in determination of the terrace site desorption energies (θ = 0.5 ML) of only ∼2%. The desorption energies for the series of molecules increase with the number of chlorine atoms in the molecule. The increase of desorption energies is not linear with the molecular polarizability, and the deviations from linearity are attributed to the permanent dipole ...
Role of Lipid Peroxidation in Myocardial Ischemic Injury

Extensive studies show that myocardial ischemia and reperfusion is associated with increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, the contribution of oxidative stress to ischemic injury has not been fully assessed and the mechanisms by which ROS or their secondary products cause myocardial injury and dysfunction remain unclear. Although ROS could affect several cell constituents, unsaturated lipids appear to be their most vulnerable targets, therefore, oxidative injury in the ischemic heart may be, in part, due to the generation of toxic end products of lipid peroxidation. Because they are more stable than their radical precursors, the lipid peroxidation products could amplify oxidative injury and extend the duration of the pathological consequences of increased free radical generation in the heart. These products, particularly the unsaturated aldehydes, are highly toxic and disrupt several myocardial processes, including surface excitability and ATP generation. Moreover, the lipid-derived aldehydes form covalent adducts with phospholipids, proteins and DNA and hence may be responsible for the long-term dysfunction of the post-ischemic heart. Our studies show that global ischemia in isolated perfused rat hearts is associated with the appearance of several proteins with increased immunoreactivity to antibodies raised against protein adducts of 4-hydroxy trans-2-nonenal (HNE) which is the major cytotoxic aldehyde generated during lipid peroxidation. These studies provide unambiguous evidence that ischemia increases myocardial lipid peroxidation. To delineate the contribution of lipid-derived aldehydes to ischemic injury, we examined the biochemical pathways involved in the myocardial metabolism and detoxification of HNE. Our results suggest that aldose reductase, aldehyde dehydrogenase, and glutathione-S-transferases catalyze the major biochemical transformations of HNE in the heart. Because they regulate the effective concentration of aldehydes in the heart, these metabolic pathways are likely to be key determinants of ischemic injury and may represent an integral component of antioxidant defense against secondary products of oxidative stress.
Consumer Numeracy and Insurance Design Decisions: An Examination of Inflation Protection Take-Up Among Private Long-Term Care Insurance Policy Holders:

Given the rising cost of long-term care (LTC) services, the selection of a private long-term care insurance (LTCi) policy with inflation protection has critical implications for the ability of this coverage to protect against potentially catastrophic LTC expenses. This study examines the effect of consumers' numeric abilities on the decision to add inflation protection to private LTCi policies. Over 40% of current LTCi policies lack inflation protection. Higher scores on a three-question numeracy scale are associated with increases in the probability of choosing inflation protection at the time of policy purchase, with households answering all three questions correctly being 12 percentage points more likely to have this benefit type relative to those with a numeracy score of 0 (p = .002). Market reforms that simplify the task of evaluating LTCi plans and assessing the value of indexed benefits may be needed to ensure that LTCi policy purchasers are selecting adequate protection against future LTC costs.
Use of Immersive Learning and Simulation Techniques to Teach and Research Opioid Prescribing Practices.

Introduction Unsafe opioid prescribing practices to treat acute and chronic pain continue to contribute to the opioid overdose crisis in the United States, a growing public health emergency that harms patients and their communities. Poor opioid prescribing practices stem in part from a lack of education and skills training surrounding pain and opioid management. Methods As part of the Clinical Pain Medicine Fellowship at Stanford University, physicians were given the opportunity to participate in a pilot program to practice opioid management in a live, simulated interaction. Twenty-seven physician trainees participated in the simulation with a live, standardized patient actor. Before beginning the simulation, participants were given a detailed patient history that included the patient's risk for opioid abuse. They were also provided with relevant risk evaluation and mitigation (REM) tools. All simulation interactions were video-recorded and coded by two independent reviewers. A detailed coding scheme was developed before video analysis, and an inter-rater reliability score showed substantial agreement between reviewers. Results Contrary to expectations, many of the observed performances by trainees contained aspects of unsafe opioid prescribing, given the patient history. Many trainees did not discuss their patient's aberrant behaviors related to opioids or the patient's risk for opioid abuse. Marked disparities were also observed between the trainees' active patient interactions and their written progress notes. Discussion This simulation addresses a pressing need to further educate, train, and provide point-of-care tools for providers prescribing opioids. We present our experience and preliminary findings.
Varicella zoster virus differentially alters morphology and suppresses proinflammatory cytokines in primary human spinal cord and hippocampal astrocytes

Varicella zoster virus (VZV) is a ubiquitous alphaherpesvirus that produces varicella and zoster. VZV can infect multiple cell types in the spinal cord and brain, including astrocytes, producing myelopathy and encephalopathy. While studies of VZV-astrocyte interactions are sparse, a recent report showed that quiescent primary human spinal cord astrocytes (qHA-sps) did not appear activated morphologically during VZV infection. Since astrocytes play a critical role in host defenses during viral infections of the central nervous system, we examined the cytokine responses of qHA-sps and quiescent primary human hippocampal astrocytes (qHA-hps) to VZV infection in vitro, as well as the ability of conditioned supernatant to recruit immune cells. At 3 days post-infection, mock- and VZV-infected qHA-sps and qHA-hps were examined for morphological changes by immunofluorescence antibody assay using antibodies directed against glial fibrillary acidic protein and VZV. Conditioned supernatants were analyzed for proinflammatory cytokines [interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, interferon-gamma, and tumor necrosis factor-α] using the Meso Scale Discovery multiplex ELISA platform. Finally, the ability of conditioned supernatants to attract peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was determined using a chemotaxis assay. Quiescent primary human perineurial cells (qHPNCs) served as a control for VZV-induced cytokine production and PBMC migration. To confirm that the astrocytes have the ability to increase cytokine secretion, qHA-sps and qHA-hps were treated with IL-1β and examined for morphological changes and IL-6 secretion. VZV-infected qHA-sps displayed extensive cellular processes, whereas VZV-infected qHA-hps became swollen and clustered together. Astrocytes had the capacity to secrete IL-6 in response to IL-1β. Compared to mock-infected cells, VZV-infected qHA-sps showed significantly reduced secretion of IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-12p70, and IL-13, while VZV-infected qHA-hps showed significantly reduced IL-8 secretion. In contrast, levels of all 10 cytokines examined were significantly increased in VZV-infected qHPNCs. Consistent with these results, conditioned supernatant from VZV-infected qHPNCs, but not that from VZV-infected qHA-sps and qHA-hps, recruited PBMCs. VZV-infected qHA-sps and qHA-hps have distinct morphological alterations and patterns of proinflammatory cytokine suppression that could contribute to ineffective viral clearance in VZV myelopathy and encephalopathy, respectively.
Resident Exposure to Pediatric Orthopaedic Procedures During Orthopaedic Residency

Background: The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) annually reports surgical resident case log data, which seek to demonstrate surgical experience during training. The objective of this study was to assess the ACGME case log data for trends in orthopaedic resident exposure to pediatric orthopaedic procedures. Methods: ACGME surgical case logs from 2008 to 2013 for graduating orthopaedic surgery residents were queried. The national averages of pediatric orthopaedic …
Hydraulic city: water and the infrastructures of citizenship in Mumbai

The anthropology of infrastructure has emerged as a vibrant area of inquiry, as recent ethnographies of roads, electricity networks, canals, oil pipelines, and water supply systems have provided a ...
Implementation of Teledermatology: Theory and Practice

Multiple factors influence the success and failure of teledermatology programs. We evaluate the current teledermatology literature using the Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance (RE-AIM) framework developed for implementation research. We introduce this framework to encourage a thorough examination of teledermatology’s implementation including its sustainability. In this way, programs can better realize teledermatology’s promise for enhancing patients’ access to expert dermatologic care in real-world healthcare settings. While teledermatology continues to expand throughout the world, barriers continue to exist. Many evaluations of teledermatology focus on the effectiveness of the programs, without examining other factors that underlie success. The use of implementation science enables researchers to better assess different factors influencing a program’s success or failure. Implementation science offers theories, frameworks, and methodologies to study and improve teledermatology’s impact.
Fixed Boundary PDE Model Output

The numerical and graphical output from execution of the R routines in Chap. 2 (fixed tumor outer boundary) is discussed in this chapter. Specifically, five cases are considered: (1) no cancer vaccine (CV), no immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI), (2) CV added, no ICI, (3) no CV, ICI added, (4) CV, ICI added, (5) CV, ICI added, higher dosage. Of particular interest in the output is the density (concentration) of cancer cells. For cases (1) to (4), the cancer cells remain for increasing time. For case (5) a cancer-free condition evolves for increasing time, thus indicating that increasing the CV-ICI dosages above the base level of case (4) gives an effective cancer therapy.
trans-N-(Heterocyclic Carbene) Platinum(II) Acetylide Chromophores as Phosphors for OLED Applications

A family of complexes of the type trans-(NHC)2Pt(C≡C–Ar)2 (NHC = N-heterocyclic carbene and Ar = substituted phenyl or 4-pyridyl) exhibits blue or blue-green phosphorescence. The photoluminescence ...
1 – Adenovirus Structure

This chapter presents a synopsis of our current understanding of adenovirus structure. Structures of the isolated forms of the major capsid proteins, hexon, penton base, fiber, and adenovirus protease are reviewed. Information derived from cryo-electron microscopy and X-ray crystallography on the molecular architecture of the intact adenovirus virion is summarized including alternate assignments for the four-helix coiled coil at the facet edges. In the most recent refined X-ray structure of adenovirus, the four-helix bundle is assigned to protein IIIa. The N-terminal domain of protein IX forms triskelions between hexons on the exterior of capsid and density is not resolved for the C-terminal domain of protein IX. On the inner capsid surface, a portion of core protein V is found to interact with proteins VI and VIII below the peripentonal hexons. Additional copies of proteins VI and VIII interact below the hexons at the icosahedral twofold axis.