cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Novel potent and efficacious nonpeptidic urotensin II receptor agonists

Six different series of nonpeptidic urotensin II receptor agonists have been synthesized and evaluated for their agonistic activity in a cell-based assay (R-SAT). The compounds are ring-opened analogues of the isochromanone-based agonist AC-7954 with different functionalities constituting the linker between the two aromatic ring moieties. Several of the compounds are highly potent and efficacious, with N-[1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(dimethylamino)-propyl]-4-phenylbenzamide oxalate (5d) being the most potent. The pure enantiomers of 5d were obtained from the corresponding diastereomeric amides. It was shown by a combination of X-ray crystallography and chemical correlation that the activity resides in the S-enantiomer of 5d (pEC50 7.49).
Histochemical and immunohistochemical studies on the origin of the blue marlin heater cell phenotype

The superior rectus muscle fibers of marlins, swordfish, sailfish and spearfish are modified for heat production at the expense of contractile ability. Although 'heater cells' are a muscle derivative (Block, 1986, 1991), the myoblast origin and developmental pathway of these thermogenic cells is unknown. To gain insight into heater cell origins, we characterized blue marlin superior rectus muscle and its heater tissue derivative with histochemical and immunological techniques. We specifically employed myosin ATPase and succinate dehydrogenase histochemical assays, and myosin heavy chain immunohistochemistry. Results revealed that marlin superior rectus muscles contain at least six distinct fiber types, and suggested the presence of both twitch and tonic fibers. Immunological results indicate that myosin is present within the thermogenic cells but not in myofibrillar lattices. The antibodies that recognized myosin in heater cells also labeled myosin in the twitch fibers of swimming muscle. In contrast, antibodies that labeled histologically defined tonic fibers did not label heater cells. These results suggest that heater cells and twitch fibers express the same myosin isoform, and establish a phenotypic connection between heater cells and twitch fibers. This conclusion is discussed in the context of the muscle-to-heater trajectory and the muscle fiber-type origin of heater cells.
Nimboran position class morphology

The verbal morphemes in the Papuan language Nimboran are rigidly ordered; moreover, morphemes with identical ordering properties are in complementary distribution. This suggests that verbal morphemes belong to position classes, each permitting at most one member to surface. Certain morphemes belong simultaneously to more than one position class, with corresponding blocking of all morphemes in the relevant classes. A striking generalization is that position classes blocked in this joint fashion must be contiguous. The problem is that linear order and blocking diagnose two incompatible orderings for the position classes. The solution rests in reinterpreting verbalpositions as levels in a fixed morphological hierarchy; we resolve the ordering paradox by exploiting the distinction between dominance and precedence available in a hierarchical structure. This paper adduces new support for the theory of level-ordering and offers a formal theory of position class morphology, a well-known phenomenon which deserves attention in morphological theory. It also covers a large corpus of data — and certain phenomena — not previously discussed in the generative literature.
The effect of fabrication methods on the mechanical and thermal properties of poly(lactide‐co‐glycolide) scaffolds

The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effects of the fabrication method, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) molecular weight, and PEG concentration on the mechanical and thermal properties of blended poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA)/PEG scaffolds. The manufacturing process was the dominant factor. The tested fabrication processes were compression, heat molding, and solvent casting/vacuum drying. The scaffolds produced by compression were strong and brittle with mechanical properties [compressive modulus (E) ∼ 400 N/mm2] comparable to those of trabecular bone. The heat-molded scaffolds were weaker and more ductile (E ∼ 45 N/mm2) than the compressed scaffolds, so they were more applicable to non-load-bearing applications. The vacuum-dried scaffolds completely lacked compressive strength (E ∼ 5 N/mm2) and were considered unsuitable for scaffolding applications. The miscibilities of the blends were also affected by the processing method and were evaluated on the basis of the melting-point depression of crystalline PEG. The miscibility of PLGA in PEG was greatest with vacuum drying (6–13%), followed by heat molding (0.4–1.5%) and then compression (0.2–0.8%). The application of heat and solvent to the blend successfully altered the miscibility of the two polymers. Overall, this study demonstrates the ability to fabricate scaffolds with distinct thermal and mechanical characteristics by the manipulation of the fabrication method. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 104: 944–949, 2007
Immediate Warning of Local Overheating in Electric Machines by the Detection of Pyrolysis Products

A device employing an ion chamber has been developed for the sensitive, reliable, and very rapid detection of local ovetheatingin a gas-cooled electric machine before extensive damage can result. The device detects the presence of pyrolysis products generated by the thermal decomposition of organic materials such as insulations and polymers. The pyrolysis products include particles of the size of condensation nuclei (about 0.001 to 0.1 microns), and smaller, which have such a pronounced effect on the ion current in the ion chamber that a definite signal is obtained from a hot spot as small as one square inch in area in a large hydrogen-cooled generator. A considerable amount of test and operating experience has been acquired.
Spacecraft launched for close‐up rendezvous with comets

The Comet Nucleus Tour (or CONTOUR), a NASA Discovery mission, is on its way to having close encounters with two and possibly three comets of the estimated 1 million million comets in our Solar System. Launched on 3 July from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida, the $159-million CONTOUR mission will use a series of Earth-gravity assist maneuvers to gain up-close images of the comets Encke and Schwassmann-Wachman 3. In addition, mission plans include sufficient flexibility to possibly include a rendezvous with a third comet if the opportunity arises and the scientific payoff is considered great enough.
Bands observed in Ru 102 using the incomplete fusion reaction

The result of the study of the high-spin states of the $^{102}\mathrm{Ru}$ using the incomplete fusion reaction of $^{100}\mathrm{Mo}$${(}^{7}$Li,[p,d,t]xn\ensuremath{\gamma}) at 49 MeV is presented. The experimental data are the result of particle\char21{}\ensuremath{\gamma}-\ensuremath{\gamma} coincidence and in-plane out-of-plane anisotropy measurements. The ground state band is extended up to ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{x}}$=5.719 MeV (${\mathit{J}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\pi}}}$=${16}^{+}$), and two other negative parity bands are also extended to higher spins up to ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{x}}$=4.707 (${\mathit{J}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\pi}}}$=${13}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$) and ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{x}}$=4.615 MeV. Shape coexistence in $^{102}\mathrm{Ru}$ at lower excitation energies was investigated using a two-band mixing model. The high-spin features of $^{102}\mathrm{Ru}$ are compared with the prediction of the cranked Nilsson model.
Anesthetic-induced variations in the cardiac rate of the teleost, Salmo gairdneri*

Abstract 1. Anesthesia induced by tricaine methanesulfonate (MS 222), quinaldine and urethane in the rainbow trout ( Salmo gairdneri ) produces cardioacceleration followed by prolonged bradycardia. 2. The response to anesthesia was investigated with suitably timed injections of atropine, dichloroisoproterenol, acetylcholine and epinephrine. Cardioacceleration was found to be due to catecholamine release caused by the stress of anesthesia, and bradycardia was found to be produced by an increase in vagal tone caused by anoxia. 3. Telemetric studies indicate all cardiac rates return to normal in 8 hours after removal from the anesthetic. 4. Of the three anesthetics MS 222 provided the most consistent and least harmful cardiac and respiratory side effects.
Getting to Greece: Uncertainty, Misfortune, and the Origins of Political Disorder

Political economists usually study small states to understand the secrets behind their success. This article examines the reasons for their failure. Greece is the most obvious example of a small state that has not managed to navigate the global economic and financial crisis successfully. But Greece is hardly alone. Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Latvia, and Portugal have also struggled in the crisis although they have little in common with Greece. Meanwhile, countries that share many Greek characteristics, such as Italy, managed to hold out much longer. This suggests that the explanation for small country failure is structural rather than country-specific. The implication is that all countries are potentially at risk.
Irish Migration to Rural Eastern Australia: a Preliminary Investigation

Australia, regarded by many as housing a largely undifferentiated Anglo-Celtic composite culture, received a great many Irish immigrants in the nineteenth century, amounting to over one-fourth of the total population of United Kingdom births by 1901. Testing the thesis of an homogeneous Australia, we reconstruct specific Irish source-to-Australian destination migration flows, in large part through an analysis of graveyard epitaphs. We identify foci of emigration, particularly in Munster, and link them to four major Australian destination clusters along the axis of the Great Dividing Range. Our findings, though preliminary, question the validity of a culturally monolithic Australia and lead us to speculate concerning regionalized Irish cultural imprints.
Mesoprefrontal Dopamine Neurons and Schizophrenia: Role of Developmental Abnormalities

Schizophrenia is characterized by a complex array of symptoms that include hallucinations, delusions, abnormal affect, and cognitive deficits. It is becoming increasingly apparent that the symptoms of the disorder are paralleled by equally complex functional and structural abnormalities in brain regions such as the temporal lobe, prefrontal cortex, and thalamus. In addition, the delayed onset of symptoms in late adolescence/early adulthood suggests that abnormal development of the nervous system may ultimately contribute to the neurobiology of the disorder. The present review focuses on clinical and basic research that, together, suggests abnormal development of the dopamine (DA) innervation of prefrontal cortex plays a role in the cognitive deficits of schizophrenia.
Social and Psychological Correlates of Achievement: Spanish at Temple University.

frequently associate differences in achievement among foreign language (FL) students with such factors as teaching methods, techniques of instruction, and student aptitude and intelligence. Such associations allow meaningful, and occasionally controversial, generalizations to be made. Another perspective on FL learning is obtained by examining social and psychological factors, in particular the backgrounds and attitudes students bring with them to the task of language learning. Clear associations have been established between social and psychological factors, on the one hand, and success or failure in language learning or acquisition on the other, in the work of Carroll (1; 2), Schumann (12; 13), Lambert (9; 10), Gardner (3; 4), Krashen (6; 8), Terrell, and many others. Underscored in the present study is the critical nature of such concerns for achievement in
Role of ultrasound in urinary incontinence evaluation

Transrectal ultrasound was used to assess anatomic support of the urethrovesical junction (UVJ) in continent and stress incontinent women. UVJ drop on straining of less than 1 cm as assessed by transrectal ultrasound correlated well with good support to the UVJ. Drop of UVJ of more than 1 cm on straining correlated with poor support to bladder neck and stress urinary incontinence. The transrectal technique is quick and easy to perform and interpret.
A Gaussian Mixture Model Approach to Forecast Verification

Abstract Verification methods for high-resolution forecasts have been based either on filtering or on objects created by thresholding the images. The filtering methods do not easily permit the use of deformation while identifying objects based on thresholds can be problematic. In this paper, a new approach is introduced in which the observed and forecast fields are broken down into a mixture of Gaussians, and the parameters of the Gaussian mixture model fit are examined to identify translation, rotation, and scaling errors. The advantages of this method are discussed in terms of the traditional filtering or object-based methods and the resulting scores are interpreted on a standard verification dataset.
Sex Differences in Social Interaction in Rats: Role of the Immediate-Early Gene zif268

Given both the high prevalence of anxiety disorders in women and the fact that little is known about the mechanisms of gender differences in anxiety, our primary aim in this study was to investigate the neurobiological mechanisms underlying sex differences in social anxiety-like behavior in rats. Through the use of zif268 antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (zif ASO), we induced a temporary downregulation of zif268 expression in the medial prefrontal cortex of male and female rats and found that zif268 ASO male rats show more social anxiety-like behaviors when compared with control male rats in the social interaction test. In fact, zif268 ASO males displayed social anxiety-like behaviors, which were similar to control females, thus downregulation of zif268 expression in the mPFC of male rats eliminated sex differences previously found in the social anxiety-like behavior tests. Interestingly, zif268 ASO in female rats had no effect on their social interaction. Our novel findings have led us to ascertain that sexually dimorphic zif268 expression in the mPFC is a key molecular factor in mediating sex-specific anxiety-like behavior in the social interaction test.
OF FISH, BIRDS, CATS, MICE, SPIDERS, FLIES, PIGS, AND CHIMPANZEES: HOW CHANCE CASTS THE HISTORIC ACTION PHOTOGRAPH INTO DOUBT

The role of chance in producing a picture by snapping a shutter release before a complex and quickly changing scene weakens the bond between the historic action photograph and the meanings it is routinely asked to bear. To appreciate this problem and to understand the array of popular notions that have been marshaled to finesse or suppress the role of chance in photographic production, I consider the case of Joe Rosenthal's 1945 photograph of American servicemen raising a flag on Iwo Jima. The analysis pushes the production of this famous photograph through a series of zoological analogies: Is it like a fisherman reeling in a trophy catch? Like a cat pouncing on a mouse or a spider setting a trap for a fly? Like a pig pushing its snout through the dirt? Like chimpanzees banging at typewriters? These analogies are playful but also serious. We need new models for understanding the production of the historic action photograph because the predominant modern and postmodern approaches to that production have suppressed the role of chance. Whereas the modern regime tends to understand the historic action photograph as an inspired flash of history, the postmodern regime tends to understand it as a discursive effect. Entertaining the notion that such a photograph is instead a stochastic result leads to a new conception of photography and its relationship to history. Chance emerges as a third kind of photographic madness, alongside the industrial madness decried by Charles Baudelaire and the indexical madness that moved Roland Barthes.
Metabolism of [13N]ammonia in rat lung.

Abstract Bolus injection of [13N]ammonia into the femoral vein of pentobarbital-anesthetized rats was followed by rapid clearance from the blood and first-pass extraction of nearly 30% by the lungs. Of the label present in the lungs at 6 s after injection (about 27% of the dose), more than 20% was in metabolized form. Of the label present in the lungs at 2 min after injection (about 10% of the dose), 18–25% was in ammonia, about 75% was in glutamine (amide) and less than 1% was in glutamate and aspartate. Thus, despite the presence of significant amounts of glutamate dehydrogenase, the overwhelming route for metabolism of ammonia entering the rat lung in vivo was the glutamine synthetase reaction. Lung tissue that was removed 6 s after intravenous injection of [13N]ammonia and incubated in Krebs–Ringer glucose medium at 37 °C for 20 min, showed a significant increase (more than one-third), compared to unincubated lung tissue in the quantity of label in glutamine. Between 6 s and 2 min after injection, during which time the total 13N content of the lungs decreased by more than 60%, the maintenance of a quasi-steady state in the concentration of labeled glutamine suggested a short-term balance between formation from extracted ammonia and loss of glutamine into the circulation. Our data support the concept that the lungs are a source of circulating glutamine in the rat. Despite the large fractional extraction of blood-borne [13N]ammonia by the lungs, only minute amounts of tracer (0.2–0.6 ppm of the injected dose) were detected in the expired air within the first 5 min after administration of [13N]ammonia to anesthetized rats, so that pulmonary excretion was not a significant pathway of ammonia elimination. The present findings emphasize the importance of the lungs in the maintenance of whole-body nitrogen homeostasis and suggest the use of [13N]ammonia and 13N-labeled amino acids as non-invasive probes in the study of normal and diseased lung metabolism.
The early days of transplantation.

Although the fantasy of performing tissue and limb transplantation can be traced to antiquity, not until this century was the possibility of engrafting vital organs broached. The attempt began with failed kidney xenograft trials in Europe,1 followed by the first recorded attempt at a renal allograft in 1936 by the Russian physician Y. Y. Voronoy. The modern era of transplantation truly began in 1944, when Peter Medawar demonstrated that allograft rejection is an immunologic process.
The Decline of Smoking Among Female Birth Cohorts in China in the 20th Century: A Case of Arrested Diffusion?

The smoking prevalence by age of women in China is distinct from most other countries in showing more frequent smoking among older women than younger. Using newly developed birth cohort histories of smoking, the authors demonstrate that although over one quarter of women born 1908–1912 smoked, levels of smoking declined across successive cohorts. This occurred despite high rates of smoking by men and the wide availability of cigarettes. The analysis shows how this pattern is counter to that predicted by the leading theoretical perspectives on the diffusion of smoking and suggests that it arose out of a mix of Confucian traditions relating to gender and the socio-economic and political events early in the twentieth century which placed emerging women’s identities in conflict with national identities. That a similar pattern of smoking is evident in Japan and Korea, two countries with strong cultural affinities to China, is used to buttress the argument.
Contactless Conductivity Detector for Microchip Capillary Electrophoresis: Fast Measurements of Explosives and Explosive Residues

INTRODUCTION Improvised explosives have been used in recent terrorist bombing activities. These home-made explosives generates significant amount of inorganic ions, such as ammonium, methylammonium, potassium, sodium, perchlorate, chloride or nitrate. Such explosives and explosive residues are frequently analyzed using ion-chromatography (IC) or capillary electrophoresis (CE) systems. However, these laboratory-based methods are not field portable, nor can they analyze relevant samples within extremely short (<30 sec) time scales. Therefore, fast-responding field-deployable analytical systems are desired for monitoring ionic (“low-energy”) explosives at the sample source. Lab-on-a-chip technology offers great possibility for obtaining the desired forensic information in a faster, simpler, and cheaper manner compared to traditional laboratory-based instruments. This paper describes a microchip capillary electrophoresis with an integrated contactless conductivity detection system in connection to a low-energy explosives detection. The new contactless conductivity microchip detector is based on placing two planar sensing aluminum-film electrodes on the outer side of a microchip (without contacting the solution) and measuring the impedance of the solution in the separation channel. The contactless route obviates problems (i.e., fouling, unwanted reactions) associated with the electrode-solution contact, offers isolation of the detection system from high separation fields, and greatly simplifies the detector fabrication. Relevant experimental variables, such as the frequency and amplitude of the applied ac voltage were examined and optimized. The detector performance was illustrated by the separation of low-explosive ionic components, such as the potassium, sodium, ammonium and methylammonium cations and the nitrate, perchlorate and chloride anions.
Identification of Pathogenicity-Related Genes in the Vascular Wilt Fungus Verticillium dahliae by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-Mediated T-DNA Insertional Mutagenesis

Verticillium dahliae is the causal agent of vascular wilt in many economically important crops worldwide. Identification of genes that control pathogenicity or virulence may suggest targets for alternative control methods for this fungus. In this study, Agrobacteriumtumefaciens-mediated transformation (ATMT) was applied for insertional mutagenesis of V. dahliae conidia. Southern blot analysis indicated that T-DNAs were inserted randomly into the V. dahliae genome and that 69% of the transformants were the result of single copy T-DNA insertion. DNA sequences flanking T-DNA insertion were isolated through inverse PCR (iPCR), and these sequences were aligned to the genome sequence to identify the genomic position of insertion. V. dahliae mutants of particular interest selected based on culture phenotypes included those that had lost the ability to form microsclerotia and subsequently used for virulence assay. Based on the virulence assay of 181 transformants, we identified several mutant strains of V. dahliae that did not cause symptoms on lettuce plants. Among these mutants, T-DNA was inserted in genes encoding an endoglucanase 1 (VdEg-1), a hydroxyl-methyl glutaryl-CoA synthase (VdHMGS), a major facilitator superfamily 1 (VdMFS1), and a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) mannosyltransferase 3 (VdGPIM3). These results suggest that ATMT can effectively be used to identify genes associated with pathogenicity and other functions in V. dahliae.
Pyk2 Inhibition of p53 as an Adaptive and Intrinsic Mechanism Facilitating Cell Proliferation and Survival

Pyk2 is a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase related to focal adhesion kinase (FAK). Compensatory Pyk2 expression occurs upon FAK loss in mice. However, the impact of Pyk2 up-regulation remains unclear. Previous studies showed that nuclear-localized FAK promotes cell proliferation and survival through FAK FERM domain-enhanced p53 tumor suppressor degradation (Lim, S. T., Chen, X. L., Lim, Y., Hanson, D. A., Vo, T. T., Howerton, K., Larocque, N., Fisher, S. J., Schlaepfer, D. D., and Ilic, D. (2008) Mol. Cell 29, 9–22). Here, we show that FAK knockdown triggered p53 activation and G1 cell cycle arrest in human umbilical vein endothelial cells after 4 days. However, by 7 days elevated Pyk2 expression occurred with a reduction in p53 levels and the release of the G1 block under conditions of continued FAK knockdown. To determine whether Pyk2 regulates p53, experiments were performed in FAK−/−p21−/− mouse embryo fibroblasts expressing endogenous Pyk2 and in ID8 ovarian carcinoma cells expressing both Pyk2 and FAK. In both cell lines, Pyk2 knockdown increased p53 levels and inhibited cell proliferation associated with G1 cell cycle arrest. Pyk2 FERM domain re-expression was sufficient to reduce p53 levels and promote increased BrdUrd incorporation. Pyk2 FERM promoted Mdm2-dependent p53 ubiquitination. Pyk2 FERM effects on p53 were blocked by proteasomal inhibition or mutational-inactivation of Pyk2 FERM nuclear localization. Staurosporine stress of ID8 cells promoted endogenous Pyk2 nuclear accumulation and enhanced Pyk2 binding to p53. Pyk2 knockdown potentiated ID8 cell death upon staurosporine addition. Moreover, Pyk2 FERM expression in human fibroblasts upon FAK knockdown prevented cisplatin-mediated apoptosis. Our studies demonstrate that nuclear Pyk2 functions to limit p53 levels, thus facilitating cell growth and survival in a kinase-independent manner.
Lithium intercalation in Li x Mo 6 Se 8 : A model mean-field lattice gas

We show that lithium intercalation in ${\mathrm{Li}}_{x}{\mathrm{Mo}}_{6}{\mathrm{Se}}_{8}$ is described accurately by mean-field solutions to a single-parameter lattice-gas model. We present mean-field fits to the inverse derivative $\frac{\mathrm{dx}}{\mathrm{dV}}$ of the voltage $V$ of $\frac{\mathrm{Li}}{{\mathrm{Li}}_{x}{\mathrm{Mo}}_{6}{\mathrm{Se}}_{8}}$ cells at several temperatures. This is apparently the first fully quantitative description of $\frac{\mathrm{dx}}{\mathrm{dV}}$ for an intercalation system and the first realization of a three-dimensional mean-field lattice gas.
R & D spending and product pricing

An optimal control model is developed that combines cost reduction through R & D with pricing. Price and R & D spending level are control variables and unit cost is a state variable. Analysis of the model reveals that if a firm has a positive discount rate, optimal R & D spending on cost reduction may grow to a peak before eventually declining. If the firm has a zero discount rate, optimal R & D spending declines monotonically across time. Optimal price declines monotonically in either case, in a direct relationship with unit cost.
Immunotoxicity in C57BL/6 mice exposed to benzene and Aroclor 1254.

Abstract Benzene-induced hematotoxicity is believed to result from the reaction of benzene metabolites with hemopoietic cells. The effect of acute benzene exposure on splenic lymphocyte function in mice was examined before and after induction of hepatic metabolism with Aroclor 1254. Mice were given single, ip injections of benzene (44–660 mg/kg) for 3 consecutive days. Spleen cells were harvested on the fourth day and evaluated for their ability to proliferate after mitogen stimulation and to mature into antibody-producing cells. Mice also were pretreated 4 days prior to benzene administration with 550 mg/kg Aroclor 1254 to induce hepatic metabolism. The results showed that benzene inhibited T- and B-lymphocyte mitogenesis and inhibited the ability of antigen-reactive precursors to produce plaque-forming cells (PFC) against sheep red cells. Aroclor pretreatment ameliorated benzene-induced leukopenia and suppression of mitogenesis, but did not prevent the reduction in PFC. Aroclor alone caused a dose-dependent reduction in PFC frequency. These results indicate that Aroclor 1254 can preferentially inhibit the generation of antibody-producing cells and also suggest that hepatic metabolism of benzene results in toxicity to lymphocyte function.
Abstract 4775: Compound S2AMN: A potential non-toxic anti-cancer therapy

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL S2AMN is a natural compound; garlic, onion and green pepper extracts that demonstrate apoptotic potential against a variety of cancer cell lines. In this study, we examined specifically whether treatment with S2AMN would affect the viability of several human cell lines, including Burkitt's lymphoma (Raji cell), melanoma cell lines (MDA-MB-435), human breast adenocarcinoma cell line (MCF-7) and human colon carcinoma (HT29). It was determined by flow cytometry that S2AMN works by arresting cell-cycle progression in the G1 phase. Using RT-PCR, the p53 gene was shown to be up regulated in the cells during G1 phase, suggesting that S2AMN is p53 dependent. Using DNA extraction and agarose gel electrophoresis the DNA of cells treated with S2AMN was found partially degraded after 24 hours and completely degraded after 48 hours. Viability analysis showed a dose-dependent growth curve; 24 hours after treatment there was a marked decrease in viability and within 48 hours there was complete cell death (control viability > 94%). Results from viability analyses supported the same conclusion as the DNA electrophoresis data, namely that within 48 hours there was complete DNA degradation and apoptosis. We also examined the proliferation rate at 24 and 48 hours, and found that proliferation decreased at 24 hours and completely stopped at 48 hours. One of the more striking characteristics of S2AMN is its cancer-specific cytotoxicity. After treating human lymphocytes induced with PHA (normal cells) with the same concentrations of S2AMN as shown above, cell viability, proliferation, cell cycle flow cytometry, and RT-PCR experiments were performed. Results showed that there was no significant change between treatment and control cells. In conclusion, S2AMN seems to be selectively cytotoxic by inducing apoptosis in cancer cells but not in normal cells. S2AMN could potentially be used as a non-toxic anti-cancer therapy, though more research is necessary. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4775. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4775
Production of η mesons in double Pomeron exchange

We estimate the production cross section for {eta}{sub c} and {eta}{sub b} mesons via Pomeron-Pomeron fusion in peripheral heavy-ion collisions. Total and elastic PP cross sections are calculated in an equivalent Pomeron approximation. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
I Still Remember America: Senior African-Americans Talk About Segregation

This paper identifies the survival and coping strategies senior African Americans adopted during segregation in the southern USA. Describing how they maintained positive outlooks on life, our respondents discussed family unity, community strength, the contestation of African American inferiority, religious faith, fighting physical aggression, and downplaying the impact of segregation. They consistently mentioned differential treatment, violence, and their inability to access most public spaces. Respondents depicted segregation as a group, rather than an individual, experience. The findings reveal the significance of lived experience and collective memory in processes of identity formation for African Americans, and they have implications for contemporary race relations in the USA.
Family closeness of young schizophrenics: Patterns of closeness in the families of schizophrenic, neurotic, and normal adolescents

Abstract Families of 12 schizophrenic (S), 10 neurotic (N), and 12 community (C) adolescents were interviewed about closeness preferences of the offspring generation. The N families described attachments to the mother beyond those reported by S and C families, except in the case of schizophrenic patients, who surpassed both next-of-age siblings and comparable C or N offspring in their closeness to mother. The N family emerged as one where intensities, splits or coalitions affected a number of children in a somewhat similar pattern, while the S family was characterized by differences in the closeness of the schizophrenic compared to his/her siblings.
A COMPUTER LANGUAGE FOR REDUCING ACTIVATION ANALYSIS DATA

A program, written in FORTRAN, is described that defines a language for reducing activation analysis data. Communications are effected through commands, and these can be given in almost any order. Consistency checks are done and diagnostic messages are printed automatically to guard against the incorrect use of the commands. Default options on the commands allow instructions to be expressed concisely while providing a capability to specify details for the data reduction process. The program has been implemented on a UNIVAC 1108 computer.
Contrasting patterns of phylogeographic relationships in sympatric sister species of ironclad beetles (Zopheridae: Phloeodes spp.) in California's Transverse Ranges

Comparative phylogeography of sympatric sibling species provides an opportunity to isolate the effects of geography and demographics on the evolutionary history of two lineages over the same, known time scale. In the current study, we investigated the phylogeographic structure of two zopherid beetle species, Phloeodes diabolicus and P. plicatus, where their ranges overlap in California's Transverse Ranges. Although P. diabolicus and P. plicatus share similar habitats with largely overlapping distributions, the results of this study revealed different evolutionary histories for each species since divergence from their most recent common ancestor. In general, P. plicatus had higher genetic diversity, and more among population isolation than P. diabolicus. The mismatch distributions indicated that one major difference between the two species was the timing of population expansion. This result was consistent with genetic patterns revealed by the Φst values and genetic diversity. Lastly, there were no parallel genetic breaks at similar geographic barriers between the species. Our data revealed that differential demographics rather than geography were responsible for the genetic patterns of the two species.
Computer Techniques For The Representation Of Three-Dimensional Data On A Two-Dimensional Display

We discuss computer techniques fordisplaying three-dimensional (3D) data using a two-dimensional (2D) display screen, with special emphasis on the representation of the data. Since our expertise is in medical imaging, we restrict our attention to techniques that have been found useful in that area. The first section gives a classification of methods that have appeared in the literature. The remaining two sections deal with specific topics which are of current interest to us: one with techniques of fast display with hidden surface removal and the other with a new approach to the representation and manipulation of three-dimensional scenes.
The utilization of the double-bubble aortic configuration to seal infra-renal aortic aneurysms: a case report and review of literature

An 80-year-old Caucasian female with a symptomatic pararenal aortic aneurysm (AAA) presented with severe abdominal pain radiating to the back, which was associated with a significantly tender pulsating abdominal mass. The patient was deemed unfit for open repair, secondary to her significant multiple comorbidities. Her preoperative computed tomography (CT) angiography showed a 6 cm pararenal AAA with a short hostile neck; however, her aneurysm had a double-bubble sign, which we utilized as an adjunct for sealing zones. A 36-mm Cook Zenith device was deployed with complete exclusion of the AAA. The patient recovered uneventfully with complete resolution of her abdominal pain. On her 2-month follow-up CT angiography, there was no migration or endoleak, with a decrease in the aneurysm sac size. This case report highlights the benefit of having such an aortic configuration as an adjunct tool for proximal sealing zones and demonstrates that certain anatomy may be beneficial in selected patients.
Ecology and evolution of long-lived semelparous plants.

Abstract One of the more dramatic life histories in the natural world is that characterized by a single, massive, fatal reproductive episode (‘semelparity'). A wealth of increasingly sophisticated theoretical models on differential life history evolution have been produced over the last two decades. In recent years, empirical studies of the ecology of semelparous plants (and their iteroparous relatives) have begun to address many aspects of the biology of these species, and to test the assumptions and predictions of theoretical models. Semelparity in long-lived plants is one of the few natural phenomena that has yielded specific quantitative tests of mathematical evolutionary theory.
Hepatitis Risk: A Clinical Perspective

Clinical guidelines are outlined that will minimize the risk of professional personnel treating patients with hepatitis B. Following these procedures is emphasized as the history of the patient is not are liable tool in screening this disease.
Gender Differences in Family Dinnertime Conversations

Family dinnertime conversations are key settings where children learn behavior regulation, narrative skills, and knowledge about the world. In this context, parents may also model and socialize gender differences in language. The present study quantitatively examines gendered language use across a family dinnertime recorded with 37 broadly middle-class, racially diverse parents, a child between 9 and 12 years old, and their siblings. Conversations were parsed according to topic (behavior regulation, narrative talk, or general knowledge), and utterances were coded as either affiliative or assertive. Overall, mothers contributed more utterances to the conversations, but this effect was moderated by topic. Mothers talked more than fathers in conversations about behavior and narrative, whereas mothers and fathers spoke equally as often about general knowledge, suggesting that differences are modulated by topic in theoretically informative ways. Relations in language use between parents and children were evide...
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neurons Coexpress Orexin 1 Receptor Immunoreactivity and Receive Direct Contacts by Orexin Fibers

The orexins are produced in neurons of the lateral hypothalamic area and implicated in the regulation of both feeding and reproductive function. Orexins stimulate LH secretion in steroid-primed ovariectomized female rats and suppress LH secretion in nonprimed ovariectomized rats. The aim of the present study was to characterize the neuroanatomical pathway by which orexin might modulate LH secretion in the rat. Using double- and triple-label immunofluorescence coupled with confocal microscopy, we found that 75-85% of GnRH neurons were contacted by orexin fibers, and triple labeling with synaptophysin provided additional confirmation of close contacts. Furthermore, about 85% of GnRH neurons were colocalized with the orexin receptor 1 (OX-R1), and the OX-R1-expressing GnRH neurons were contacted by orexin terminals, providing the basis for a functional neuroanatomical pathway. GnRH nerve terminals in the median eminence, however, do not express OX-R1. An additional study investigated the coexpression of neuropeptide Y Y4-like receptors and orexin fibers in relation to GnRH neurons. There is evidence that Y4 receptor stimulation results in LH release, and studies from our laboratory show Y4-like immunoreactivity in the majority of orexin cell bodies in the lateral hypothalamic area and some orexin fibers scattered throughout the hypothalamus. The present study found that, although Y4-positive orexin fibers are in present in the area of GnRH neurons, they never come in close contact with GnRH neurons. Together, these data suggest that Y4 receptor modulation of LH release is likely to be indirect through orexin cell bodies and that orexin modulates GnRH neurons directly via OX-R1.
Heat transfer by mixed convection in a vertical flow undergoing transition

Abstract Heat transfer, for aiding mixed convection from vertical, uniform flux surfaces and for small forced convection effects, is considered here. Simple relations have been proposed to correlate the new experimental data which were obtained in a flow undergoing transition from a laminar regime toward turbulence. Experiments were performed in air at pressures ranging from 4.4 to about 8 bar. The correlation based on experimental data for laminar flow for Pr = 0.7 has been extended to other Prandtl numbers through numerical integration of the transport equations. It is shown that, for both laminar and turbulent mixed convection, the Nusselt number may be successfully correlated, employing suitable combinations of the corresponding heat transfer correlations for forced and for natural convection. The parameter characterizing the mixed convection effect was found to be different in laminar and turbulent flow. However, in each of these regions, the relevant parameter is proportional to the ratio of the applicable characteristic forced and natural convection velocity scales.
Buoyancy Effect on Fuel Containment in a Gas-Core Nuclear Rocket

T gas-core nuclear rocket is a proposed space propulsion system capable of high specific impulse (1500-5000 sec) and a wide range of thrust. In the latest open-cycle concept, described by Ragsdale, shown in Fig. 1, the heavy uranium fuel vapor fills the central region of an approximately spherical cavity and is surrounded by lighter, faster moving hydrogen propellant. The propellant stream is heated to about 20,000° K by thermal radiation from the fissioning fuel core. The fuel density, pF, is 5-15 times the propellant density, pp. One characteristic of this concept is that some unfissioned fuel is lost because the two gases are in direct contact inside the reactor cavity. Two fuel loss mechanisms that occur are turbulent mixing and a so-called buoyancy effect. Recent experiments by Bennet and Johnson in a coaxial flow cavity have shown that turbulent mixing can be reduced by proper tailoring of the inlet velocity profiles. Fuel volume fractions (VF, a measure of fuel containment) as large as 34 % were obtained with propel!ant~to-fuel mass flow ratios, mP/mF, above 50. In a typical engine the low fuel velocities of about 0.01 fps, coupled with a vehicle acceleration of about g = 0.02 g0 (g0 is the Earth gravity constant), could cause a buoyancy effect which could also reduce the fuel containment in the cavity. These flow conditions could not be simulated in the experiment which had larger velocities at 1.0 #0; however, a significant buoyancy effect was observed. The cavity flow is analyzed here using a Navier-Stokes
Rift Valley fever virus NSs inhibits host transcription independently of the degradation of dsRNA-dependent Protein Kinase PKR

Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) encodes one major virulence factor, the NSs protein. NSs suppresses host general transcription, including interferon (IFN)-β mRNA synthesis, and promotes degradation of the dsRNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR). We generated a novel RVFV mutant (rMP12-NSsR173A) specifically lacking the function to promote PKR degradation. rMP12-NSsR173A infection induces early phosphorylation of eIF2α through PKR activation, while retaining the function to inhibit host general transcription including IFN-β gene inhibition. MP-12 NSs but not R173A NSs binds to wt PKR. R173A NSs formed filamentous structure in nucleus in a mosaic pattern, which was distinct from MP-12 NSs filament pattern. Due to early phosphorylation of eIF2α, rMP12-NSsR173A could not efficiently accumulate viral proteins. Our results suggest that NSs-mediated host general transcription suppression occurs independently of PKR degradation, while the PKR degradation is important to inhibit the phosphorylation of eIF2α in infected cells undergoing host general transcription suppression.
Bond dissociation energy of the phenol OH bond from ab initio calculations

Abstract The phenol O H bond dissociation energy (BDE) is currently disputed, despite its importance in combustion chemistry and in the reactions of antioxidants such as vitamin E. We have studied this BDE using the computational methods G3, G3B3 and CBS-APNO, with bond-isodesmic work reactions. These calculations yield a BDE of 89.0 ± 1.0 kcal mol −1 , which supports other recent calculations [B.J. Costa Cabral, S. Canuto, Chem. Phys. Lett. 406 (2005) 300]. From our BDE we determine the enthalpy of formation of the phenoxy radical to be 13.9 ± 1.0 kcal mol −1 . Comparison of the phenol C H BDE with the vinyl alcohol H CH CHOH BDE reveals the bond in phenol to be around 3 kcal mol −1 stronger than that in vinyl alcohol. Replacement of a H atom with the OH group on benzene or ethylene strengthens the C H bonds on adjacent carbons by 3 to 4 kcal mol −1 .
Hybrid analytical–numerical approach for modeling transient wave propagation in Lorentz media

The advent of ultrawideband, short-pulse sources has recently generated renewed interest in the problem of pulse propagation in dispersive media. When one is trying to numerically simulate transient plane-wave propagation through a dispersive medium, the main difficulties are encountered in trying to transform from the frequency domain to the time domain. We develop an asymptotic-extraction technique wherein asymptotic methods are used in conjunction with a fast Fourier transform (FFT) to overcome the limitations of each method. The basic idea behind the asymptotic-extraction technique is to extract and analytically invert as much of the signal as possible. The remainder of the signal is then transformed by use of a numerical FFT. We demonstrate that it is possible to construct functions that possess analytical inverse transforms and also asymptotically model the low- and high-frequency behavior of a field propagating in a single-resonance Lorentz medium. Extraction of the low- and high-frequency responses from the spectral representation for the waveform in essence preconditions the waveform for application of a FFT, thereby significantly reducing the number of sample points required by the FFT. It is also demonstrated that these two extracted functions, whose inverse Fourier transforms are evaluated analytically in terms of known special functions, provide a good approximation for the transient signal for the case of a square-wave-pulse-modulated source, provided that the carrier frequency resides far enough from the absorption band.
Fiber optics in liquid propellant rocket engine environments

Fiber optics have recently been seen to offer several major benefits in liquid-fuel rocket engine applications. Fiber-optic sensors can provide measurements that cannot be made with conventional techniques. Fiber optics also can reduce harness weight, provide lightning immunity, and increase frequency response. This paper discusses the results of feasibility testing optical fibers in simulated liquid-fuel rocket engine environments. The environments included cryogenic and high temperatures, and high vibration levels.