cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A heat transfer correlation for condensation inside horizontal smooth tubes using the population balance approach

Abstract Population balance model with homogeneous flow assumption is applied for forced convective condensation inside smooth horizontal tubes. The purpose of the paper is to examine the applicability of the homogeneous flow assumption for in-tube condensation although the common observation is that annular flow is physically more realistic [Soliman and Azer, ASHRAE Trans. 77(1), 210–224 (1971); Stoecker and DeGrush, Oak Ridge National Laboratory 81-7762/6 and 01 (1987); Taitel and Dukler, A.I.Ch.E.J. 22, 47–55 (1976)]. Lin's model [Lin, Ph.D. Dissertation (1979)] is applied suitably for the smooth tube conditions. Differences between Lin's model [Lin, Ph.D. Dissertation (1979)] and the present approach are clearly stated in the text. A correlation for the local heat transfer coefficient is obtained involving fewer parameters but with an additional constant and is applicable for oil-refrigerant mixtures also. Experimental data over a wide range of mass flux rates and condensing temperatures are used in obtaining the correlation. The predicted values of local Nu, compared with the experimental data indicate that 90% of the predictions are within ±20% of the experimental data, with a mean deviation of 13.2%.
Polymer-Drug Conjugates: Recent Development in Clinical Oncology

Targeted drug delivery aims to increase the therapeutic index by making more drug molecules available at the diseased sites while reducing systemic drug exposure. In this update, we provide an overview of polymer-drug conjugates that have advanced into clinical trials. These systems use synthetic water-soluble polymers as the drug carriers. The preclinical pharmacology and recent data in clinical trials with poly(l-glutamic acid)-paclitaxel (PG-TXL) are discussed. This is followed by a summary of a variety of polymeric conjugates with chemotherapeutic agents. Results from early clinical trials of these polymer-drug conjugates have demonstrated several advantages over the corresponding parent drugs, including fewer side effects, enhanced therapeutic efficacy, ease of drug administration, and improved patient compliance. Collectively, these data warrant further clinical development of polymer-drug conjugates as a new class of anticancer agents.
THYROID HORMONE IN BLOOD AND TISSUES IN RELATION TO BASAL METABOLIC RATE11

THE STUDY of thyroid hormone was begun 10 years ago (1) and in collaboration with J. W. Cavett it was observed that thyroglobulin was purified by re peated solution and reprecipitation (2). The results of this paper together with the second of the series (3) tended to show that thyroxin is built up within the thyroglobulin molecule, since the number of molecules of tyrosineediiodotyrosineethy roxin was constant within experimental error while the thyroxin content was increasing from 0.005 t 0 0.35%. (Schmidt, (4), expressed the same view of the formation of other proteins.) The senior author took these thyroglobulins to Svedberg's laboratory and found them to be polydisperse in comparison with thyroglobulin forced out of living thyroid glands by centrifugal force (5). Hektoen, Carlson and Schulhof by precipitation reaction found thyroglobulin in the blood of the thyroid vein but not in other locations in dogs not fed thyroid (6).
HIGH FIELD TORQUE MEASUREMENTS ON DILUTE SINGLE CRYSTAL Y2-xNdxFe14B

Determination de l'energie d'anisotropie magnetocristalline et des reorientations de spin pour Y 1,8 Nd 0,2 Fe 14 B et Y 1,5 Nd 0,1 Fe 14 B dans les plans (100) et (110) en fonction de la temperature entre 10 K et 300 K. Comparaison des resultats avec un modele base sur la theorie du champ cristallin
Temperature-Controlled Flow Switching in Nanocapillary Array Membranes Mediated by Poly( N -isopropylacrylamide) Polymer Brushes Grafted by Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization †

We report actively controlled transport that is thermally switchable and size-selective in a nanocapillary array membrane (NCAM) prepared by grafting poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) brushes onto the exterior surface of a Au-coated polycarbonate track-etched membrane. A smooth Au layer on the membrane surface, which is key to obtaining a uniform polymer film, was prepared by thermal evaporation of ∼50 nm Au on both exterior surfaces. After evaporation, the inner diameter of the pore is reduced slightly, but the NCAM retains a narrow pore size distribution. PNIPPAm brushes with 10−30 nm (dry film) thickness were grafted onto the Au surface through surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) using a disulfide initiator, (BrC(CH3)2COO(CH2)11S)2. Molecular transport through the PNIPAAm polymer brush-modified NCAMs was investigated by real-time fluorescence measurements using fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled dextrans ranging from 4.4 to 282 kDa in membranes with variable initial...
Development of a knowledge-based system for dynamic scheduling

SUMMARY In this paper we develop an interactive, real time, knowledge-based approach for dynamic scheduling. Blackboard concept has been utilized to organize and maintain the dynamic data base. The major knowledge representation schemes used in the system include frame structures, relational tables, and production rules. The system design is highly modular in nature thereby providing the ease for further development and enhancement. Based on this system, a design philosophy of an AI/OR integrated approach is also presented.
Anhydrobiosis in nematodes: Control of the synthesis of trehalose during induction

Control of the synthesis of trehalose during the induction of anhydrobiosis was examined. Kinetic parameters for TPS did not change during the induction, indicating that there was no de novo synthesis of an isozyme. TPS activity doubled in the presence of a mixture of Na+, K+, Mg++, and Ca++ at concentrations normally found in the worms during induction. The concentration of glucose-6-phosphate increased from about 2 mM in wet worms to about 12 mM at the end of induction, and the concentration of UDPG increased from about 1 mM in wet worms to about 9 mM at the end of induction. The concentration of UDPG was found to be rate limiting. Trehalase activity decreased by half during the induction period. The significance of these data as related to the control of the synthesis of trehalose was discussed.
Exit and voice after mass privatization: The case of Russia

Abstract Mass privatization programs attempt to effect a global transformation of the economic and political environment. Since specific designs of such programs are shaped by the necessity to generate ex ante political support for a massive ownership transformation, they may result in allocating control rights to agents who have incentives to oppose, rather than to effect, reallocation of resources within and across firms. Exemplifying this political exigency of the reform process, the Russian mass privatization program gave to enterprise insiders majority ownership in as many as 70% of Russian companies. The largest outside owners to emerge in the overwhelming majority of the companies in the insider-dominated Russian economy were the ‘voucher privatization funds’. In this paper we attempt to shed some light on the corporate governance role and strategies of this group of outside investors. We focus on two particular strategies of funds' activities: shareholder activism (‘voice’) and trading (‘exit’), each of which has different costs and benefits in postcommunist transition economies than in advanced market systems. The econometric analysis is based on data collected in an empirical survey of 148 voucher investment funds in 28 different regions of Russia. The funds surveyed held stakes in 4,000 to 5,000 privatized companies, thus offering a genuine ‘window’ on the world of Russian firms and their new institutional shareholders.
Developing Guidelines for On-Stream Mechanical Cleaning of a Complex Pipeline Network

On-stream pipeline cleaning is essential to pipeline operations in terms of maintaining both pipeline efficiency, as well as integrity. Running effective brush cleaning pigs through pipelines will remove accumulated solid debris as well as smoothen the pipe wall. This will reduce pipeline pressure as well as increase product flow. A pig with sealing discs will push out accumulated condensates in gas pipelines and will prevent internal corrosion. The concept is simple, but the implementation is challenging for a complex pipeline network such as the one covered in this paper. The network consists of different types of services both upstream and downstream including oil, gas, and refined products. The pipeline sizes range from 3″ to 56″. The age of pipes vary from 50 years old to new installations and accordingly, their conditions and cleanliness vary. Although pigging is largely based on experience and it is more of an art than a defined science, the complexity of the network needed a systematic approach to develop meaningful and useful guidelines. The approach included conducting gap analysis of current pigging practices in the company, interviews with the senior Operators and subject matter experts, and reviewing the latest literature including manufacturer brochures. The developed guidelines include selection criteria, design, material, as well as measurement effectiveness. The objective of the paper is to present the approach taken to develop the guidelines, as well as to give an overview of the guidelines themselves.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Deficits in auditory, cognitive, and motor processing following reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice

Middle cerebral artery occlusion(1) (MCAO) is a widely used experimental technique in rodents to model both the short-term pathological events and longer term neuroanatomical and functional damage associated with focal ischemia. Various neurobehavioral tasks have been developed to assess the motor and cognitive dysfunctions associated with MCAO in rodents, and these studies have revealed deficits related to long-term sensorimotor function, as well as retention of spatial memory. Assessment of auditory processing in a MCAO model has not been undertaken, despite findings suggesting an auditory processing deficit in humans with stroke induced-aphasia, a common post-stroke deficit. Using a modified pre-pulse inhibition paradigm, and other behavioral tasks thought to tap "language-related processing", adult male C57Bl/6 mice were subjected to 60 minute MCAO or Sham surgery and were behaviorally assessed from P58 to P124 (2 to 65 days post-surgery). Tasks were selected based on evidence that rapid auditory processing(2) (RAP) skills are associated with language processing indices in clinical populations. Cognitive and sensorimotor ability was evaluated using the Morris water maze, non-spatial water maze, and a post-injury rotarod task administered over multiple days (motor learning). Combined behavioral results from post-MCAO mice provide evidence of a RAP deficit as well as deficits in spatial, non-spatial, and motor learning. Overall results support a fuller characterization of behavioral deficits in auditory processing after MCAO.
Effect of aminophyllin and dexamethasone on secretion of pulmonary surfactant in fetal rabbits.

Summary: Aminophyllin, dexamethasone, or saline was injected into 27.5-day fetal rabbits 2.5 hr before sacrifice, after which static pressure-volume curves with air were performed. In further similar experiments the lungs were lavaged with physiologic saline which was analyzed for total phospholipid content. There were no changes in total lung capacity (TLC) induced with either aminophyllin or dexamethasone. The lungs of fetal rabbits injected with saline retained 44% TLC (±3 SE) after deflation to 10 cm H2O trans-pulmonary pressure compared with 48% TLC (±3 SE) in those injected with dexamethasone, a difference which was not statistically significant. In contrast, the lungs of fetal rabbits injected with aminophyllin retained 53% TLC (±2 SE) after deflation to 10 cm H2O pressure, a significant increase when compared with saline controls (P < 0.01). There were no changes in lung weight or lung water. These results were interpreted to mean that aminophyllin decreased surface tension and augmented secretion of pulmonary surfactant. This was supported by finding significantly increased total phospholipid recovered in the lung lavage fluid of fetal rabbits injected with aminophyllin, 62 μg/g dry lung weight (±6 SE) compared with 32 μg/g dry lung weight (±3 SE) in saline controls (P < 0.05). Phospholipid recovered from dexamethasone-injected fetal rabbits was not significantly increased, 38 μg/g dry lung weight (±4 SE). Speculation: Although other explanations cannot be excluded, the effect of aminophyllin in promoting secretion of surfactant is consistent with proposals that the secretory process is under control of cAMP.
The killer app: how to make millions with ground-breaking software

I've been a programmer for over 30 years, often at the leading edge, never in a classic IT shop. I've worked with several vendors' mainframes, midis and micros, for big firms, small firms, central government, educational establishments, and for myself; in colleges, universities, laboratories and classrooms; in England, in Europe, and in the USA. I've been involved in some total flops, but in one or two real successes too. I could never tell from the outset which it was going to be. The more I see of the software industry, the less I feel I know anything about it. Giving a talk like this is sticking my neck out.But plus ca change… plus ca la meme chose. I think I've seen enough by now, and maybe my experience will interest somebody. We've all dreamed of writing the APL program which will make our fortunes. I've had to launder my examples, to protect the guilty along with the innocent. But where I name names, what I have to say is already in the public domain. I've omitted a detailed reference --- this will have to await the book. Most of the principles I've discerned I'm going to present as the experience of two fictitious, companies, Company A, Company B.Company A is not just based on one particular company I've known. Nor is Company B. I bought a honeycomb once. It said on the back 'Produce of more than one country'. I thought, what a marvellous thing --- the dear little bees had actually co-operated in an International Honeycomb! A lesson to us all. But my fictitious companies really are a blend. Not an International Beehive. (Not even IBM was like that.)
Power Dynamics in Teaching and Learning Practices: An Examination of Two Adult Education Classrooms.

The purpose of this research was to determine the ways in which power relations that exist in the wider social context are played out in the teaching and learning dynamics of adult education classr...
Geometry of the simian virus 40 large tumor antigen-DNA complex as probed by protease digestion.

Abstract I have mapped the regions of simian virus 40 (SV40)-encoded large tumor (T) antigen that remained associated with origin-containing SV40 DNA after digestion with various concentrations of Pronase E, a nonspecific protease. Immunoaffinity-purified, labeled T antigen was bound to SV40 DNA-cellulose and treated with Pronase E. A "core" region representing amino acids 140 to about 281 was identified by peptide mapping in the fraction that remained bound to the DNA-cellulose after treatment with a high (135 micrograms/ml) concentration of enzyme. This region corresponds to the DNA-binding domain of the protein molecule. After treatment with Pronase E at 66 micrograms/ml, the bound fraction consisted of the DNA-binding domain and a region that extends to residue 371. This larger protein segment binds more stably to the viral DNA than does the core by itself. At lower concentrations of Pronase E, additional sequences from the NH2-terminal region of T antigen and from the COOH-half of the molecule were observed in the bound fractions. Linear maps of resistant regions, generated for each concentration of protease used, provide information about the geometry of the protein molecule associated with the DNA. I suggest that regions that are easily cleaved by the protease are exposed in the DNA-protein complex, whereas those that remain bound to the DNA at increasing concentrations of the enzyme represent segments that are in progressively closer proximity to the viral DNA origin.
Primate Abundance in an Unhunted Region of the Northern Peruvian Amazon and the Influence of Seismic Oil Exploration

The western Amazon, a relatively remote and unstudied region, is experiencing unprecedented levels of oil and gas exploration. Despite the widespread use of seismic reflection technology for oil and gas exploration, no studies have investigated the response of primate populations to this disturbance in the Amazon. We conducted distance sampling along transects in pristine, unhunted lowland rain forest inside a large oil concession (Block 39) in the northern Peruvian Amazon with ongoing 2D seismic exploration. We aimed to investigate seismic exploration effects on local primate abundance, with a particular focus on the region’s most endangered primates, lowland woolly monkeys (Lagothrix poeppigii) and white-bellied spider monkeys (Ateles belzebuth). We sampled transects before the arrival of exploration crews (control) and during the seismic operation (disturbance) and compared primate counts using mixed-effect models. We confirmed the presence of nine species of primates along sampled transects. Abundance of primate groups (species pooled) was not different between the control and disturbance period, yet abundance of primate individuals was significantly lower in the disturbance period. Although we encountered groups of Ateles belzebuth equally often during the control and disturbance periods, overall counts of individuals of this species were lower during the disturbance period owing to lower subgroup sizes. This suggests this species may have responded, at least temporarily, with localized spatial avoidance, and that it may be particularly sensitive to human disturbance regardless of hunting pressure. Our overall density estimate for Lagothrix poeppigii (30.6/km2) approaches the highest reported for the species. Although the relatively temporary nature of 2D seismic exploration may limit its effect on primate species, our data indicate some species may respond more negatively than others.
Application of secondary ion mass spectrometry to the determination of Mg/Ca in rare, delicate, or altered planktonic foraminifera : examples from the Holocene, Paleogene, and Cretaceous

[1] Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) is useful for measuring Mg/Ca in both primary calcite and diagenetic minerals in planktonic foraminifera. The excellent spatial resolution (<10 μm) and small amount of material removed (<2 ng) makes it easy to avoid targets that include obvious embedding material and encrusting or infilling minerals such as secondary calcite and authigenic clays in diagenetically altered samples. Because analyses can be performed on individuals, SIMS is also a viable technique for generating Mg/Ca values from sediment samples in which foraminifera are rare or have low mass. For clean primary calcite samples, Mg/Ca ratios from SIMS compare well to those obtained using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), while maintaining information regarding the true variability of elemental ratios within individual tests. For samples with secondary calcite or stubbornly adhering clays, SIMS enables us to accurately measure primary calcite compositions and to assess and reconcile contamination problems in bulk samples analyzed by solution-based ICP-MS. We have observed that SIMS is an invaluable and reliable tool for the identification and avoidance of problems of diagenesis and the analysis of rare or delicate planktonic foraminifera. However, because of operator time required to properly target delicate (thin-walled) or contaminated planktonic foraminifera, SIMS may not be feasible for Mg/Ca studies where large numbers (hundreds) of samples must be processed and bulk measurements on multiple individuals will suffice.
Atmospheric Formaldehyde Monitoring in the Greater Houston Area in 2002

A laser spectrometer based on difference frequency generation (DFG) was deployed for real-time long-term monitoring of HCHO concentrations at an environmental monitoring site located at Deer Park, Texas, in the Greater Houston area. Three HCHO concentration measurements were made during the periods of July 20-31 (period I), August 2-14 (period II), and August 24-September 25 (period III), 2002. In periods I and II, differences in HCHO concentrations are apparent between day and night measurements, with elevated concentrations during daylight hours. Most of the HCHO peak values are less than 20 ppbV except for two intense peaks on August 02 (~25 ppbV) and August 04 (~30 ppbV). The formaldehyde concentration levels in ambient air at the measurement site are produced mainly by the photochemical oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) caused by intense sunlight during periods I and II. This observation was made based on a comparison with the ozone concentration, solar radiation, temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed data obtained from the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ). During period III, data collected by a time-integrating wet-chemical technique are compared to the data collected by the spectroscopic instrument.
Effects of correlation in modeling clustered binary data

A simulation study is conducted to determine the effects of varying correlation structures on two estimation procedures used to model clustered binary data; a parametric model, the beta-binomial, and a non-parametric model, the exchangeable binary. The simulations detected bias in estimation of the mean response parameter and the correlation parameter when assuming a parametric model. In addition it was found that variance parameters can be severely underestimated if the correlation structure is considered strictly a nuisance parameter.
Internal photoemission of holes and electrons into KN3

Abstract Holes and electrons have been photoinjected into single crystals of KN 3 from both gold and silver electrodes. For gold the injection thresholds for electrons and holes were 4.4 ± 0.1 and 3.92 ± 0.15 eV respectively and for silver electrodes 4.0 ± 0.1 eV and 4.44 ± 0.15 eV. From these values a band gap of 8.44 ± 0.25 eV is obtained for KN 3 . The μτ product for electrons at room temperature was found to be (1.8 ± 0.2) × 10 −4 cm 2 /V. For holes μτ ≈ (6±2) × 10 −5 cm 2 /V.
Academic Elite in Anthropology, 1982–1995

The most highly rated doctoral programs in anthropology in 1982 maintained their highly rated positions in 1995. These “elite” groups showed little or no change in hiring faculty from among their o...
Expression of retinoic acid receptor genes in fetal and newborn rat lung.

Lung differentiation and development are affected by vitamin A and its metabolites. One mechanism through which retinoids might exert their effects is through nuclear retinoic acid receptors (RAR). The gene expression profile of the RAR family (α, β, γ) has previously been determined in both the developing mouse embryo to 14.5 days gestation,28–30 and in the adult The purpose of this study was to determine the expression of the RAR genes during the period of gestation that results in the formation of the saccular lung stage. Total RNA was extracted from fetal lungs of Sprague-Dawley rats at gestational days 17, 19,20, 21, and 22, and from 12-hour-old newborns for Northern hybridization. Two transcripts of RAR α mRNA (3.7 and 2.7 kb) were found at each time point. At day 17, the 2.7 kb RAR α mRNA was increased two-fold or more than at any other time studied. At days 19–22 the levels of the 3.7 kb RAR α species were also lower than day 17 and newborn levels. One RAR p mRNA transcript (3.4 kb), present at all time points, was significantly higher in the newborn than on days 17–22. Expression of RAR γ mRNA could only be demonstrated by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. We speculate that the higher RAR (Y species at day 17 indicates a role for RAR α in the maintenance of the columnar epithelial cells of the glandular phase of lung development. The significant rise at birth of RAR β expression, after being low from days 17–22, suggests its relationship to completion of terminal saccule formation and preparation for subsequent alveolarization. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1994; 17:234–238. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Photocatalytic Disinfection with Titanium Dioxide Coated Multi-Wall Carbon Nanotubes

TiO 2 photocatalysis is currently being investigated as a viable technology to combat biological warfare agents such as anthrax spores. The current challenge in the use of photocatalysis for degradation of bacterial endospores is the time (in hours, as compared to minutes for bacteria) required for disinfection. The rate of disinfection can be increased by changing the rate of recombination of photon-generated electron-hole pairs and the rate of generation of reactive species. Modified photocatalysts has been synthesized by coating titanium dioxide, in anatase polymorph, on multi-wall carbon nanotubes (around 20 nm in diameter and 2–4 microns in length), for increasing the disinfection rate of bacterial endospores. Anatase coated multi-wall carbon nanotubes were tested for disinfection of Bacillus cereus spores (used as surrogate for anthrax spores) and the disinfection rate was shown to be twice as compared to the commercial titanium dioxide nanopowders, Degussa P25 (primary particle size of around 25 nm). These modified photocatalysts can also be used for selective disinfection of microorganisms depending on the surface morphology of the bacterial cell wall and the shape of the photocatalysts.
Male capacity as related to sperm production, pregnancy initiation and sperm competition in deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus)

Limitations on male capacity may be important to the evolution of mating strategies and behavior. Sperm counts in successive ejaculates of deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) decreased progressively through six ejaculations and remained depressed the following day. Males were as effective in inseminating females in cycling estrus with their second two ejaculates as with their first two and as effective in inseminating postpartum females with their fifth as with their first. In sperm competition situations males competed with rested males as effectively with their fourth, fifth, and sixth ejaculates as with their first. Thus, although sperm counts decrease in successive ejaculates, males suffer no apparent functional deficiency as long as they continue ejaculating. It is not clear whether or not deer mice are “honest salesmen” but they appear to be “honest ejaculators” and usually are “honest intromitters.”
IMPROVING RESIDENTS CONFIDENCE IN USING PSYCHOSOCIAL SKILLS

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate an intensive training program’s effects on residents’ confidence in their ability in, anticipation of positive outcomes from, and personal commitment to psychosocial behaviors. DESIGN: Controlled randomized study. SETTING: A university- and community-based primary care residency training program. PARTICIPANTS: 26 first-year residents in internal medicine and family practice. INTERVENTION: The residents were randomly assigned to a control group or to one-month intensive training centered on psychosocial skills needed in primary care. MEASUREMENTS: Questionnaires measuring knowledge of psychosocial medicine, and self-confidence in, anticipation of positive outcomes from, and personal commitment to five skill areas: psychological sensitivity, emotional sensitivity, management of somatization, and directive and nondirective facilitation of patient communication. RESULTS: The trained residents expressed higher self-confidence in all five areas of psychosocial skill (p<0.03 for all tests), anticipated more positive outcomes for emotional sensitivity (p=0.05), managing somatization (p=0.03), and nondirectively facilitating patient communication (p=0.02), and were more strongly committed to being emotionally sensitive (p=0.055) and managing somatization (p=0.056), compared with the untrained residents. The trained residents also evidenced more knowledge of psychosocial medicine than did the untrained residents (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Intensive psychosocial training improves residents’ self-confidence in their ability regarding key psychosocial behaviors and increases their knowledge of psychosocial medicine. Training also increases anticipation of positive outcomes from and personal commitment to some, but not all, psychosocial skills.
The effects of a prematurity prevention program on births to adolescents.

Abstract This study evaluates the effectiveness of the North Carolina Prematurity Prevention Program in reducing lowbirthweight births among adolescents seeking prenatal care at the New Hanover Memorial Hospital obstetric clinic. Modeled on programs developed by Papiemik and Creasy, the program includes three components: staff education, patient identification, and patient education. Thirteen percent of the clinic population is 13–17 years old. The same prematurity prevention protocol is used for both adults and adolescents. Overall, 12% of the 847 women who delivered prior to the program had a lowbirthweight infant. Among the 748 women who delivered during the program, the number of low-birthweight infants declined to 9.5%. For mothers 13–17 years old, 14% of the preprogram group had a low-birthweight infant, as did 14% of those in the program. A logistic regression model, controlling for certain risk factors, suggests that the program was not effective in reducing lowbirthweight births among these adolescents (OR = 0.9; 95% CI = 0.2, 1.8).
Inactivation of NAD-dependent dehydrogenases from shallow- and deep-living fishes by hydrostatic pressure and proteolysis.

Abstract Cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenase (( l )-malate: NAD+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.37) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase ( d -glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate: NAD+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.2.1.12) homologues from two shallow-living and three deep-living fishes were examined for the effects of hydrostatic pressure on enzyme activity and susceptibility to inactivation by proteinases. These studies were done to determine whether malate dehydrogenase and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase homologues show similar patterns of adaptation to hydrostatic pressure as seen in lactate dehydrogenase ( l -lactate: NAD+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.27) homologues from the same species (Hennessey, J.P., Jr. and Siebenaller, J.F. (1987) J. Exp. Zool. 241, 9–15). Fish malate dehydrogenase and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase homologues are much less susceptible to inactivation by hydrostatic pressure than are lactate dehydrogenase homologues from the same species. This difference in susceptibility to inactivation by hydrostatic pressure may be due to the decreased number of intersubunit contacts in malate dehydrogenase and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase homologues relative to lactate dehydrogenase homologues. Inactivation of malate dehydrogenase and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase homologues by proteinases, both at atmospheric pressure and at elevated hydrostatic pressure, is less than for lactate dehydrogenase homologues from the same species. This suggests that the structural chracteristics and conformational perturbations that are responsible for the susceptibility of lactate dehydrogenase to proteolytic inactivation are not found in malate dehydrogenase and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase homologues of the same species.
Dual-scope endoscopic deep dissection of proximal gastric tumors (with video).

Subepithelial lesions in the antrum, body, or fundus canbe treated with laparoscopic wedge resection. Gastro-esophageal junction (GEJ) masses often are removed byopen resection, including esophagectomy, because thelocation is technically challenging for laparoscopy andmay lead to esophageal stenosis or reﬂux.
Possible memory storage differences among mice reared in environments varying in complexity.

Male littermate mice reared in enriched, social, and isolated environments were examined for differential responses to time of posttrial metrazol administration (12.5 mg/kg) in a discrimination task and distribution of practice on a Lashley III maze. While there were no drug-related differences in discrimination learning, maze data indicated that socially reared animals perform as well as enriched mice with spaced practice, but fall to the poorer performance level of the isolates when training is massed. This may indicate differenes in capacity for information storage in the differentially reared groups.
Potentiometric enzyme electrode for urea based on electrochemically prepared polypyrrole membranes

Potentiometric enzyme electrodes for urea were prepared by the covalent attachment of urease to a functionalized polypyrrole film. In particular, a polypyrrole film was first deposited on the surface of a glassy-carbon electrode and then functionalized to incorporate nitro groups that were later electrochemically reduced to amine groups. The enzyme urease was attached to the film's amino groups through its carboxyl functionalities (i.e., C-terminus, aspartic and glutamic acid residues) by a carbodiimide reaction. The pH response of the polypyrrole film after incorporation of the enzyme was evaluated potentiometrically, resulting in a slope of —54±1 mV/pH. Urease catalyzes the hydrolysis of urea, which causes a change in pH that can be detected by the polypyrrole film. The film containing the immobilized enzyme was tested for response to urea, typically showing detection limits of 1.4 × 10−4 ± 1 × 10−5 M (n = 3). Interference studies withN-methylurea and hydroxyurea were also conducted. The electrodes exhibited no response to the non-competitive inhibitorN-methylurea. The response characteristics of the electrodes towards urea remained unaffected afterN-methylurea additions. In the case of hydroxyurea, the electrodes responded slightly, but urea response was not restored afterwards.
‘You still need that face-to-face communication’: drawing implications from preservice teachers’ perceptions of wikis as a collaborative tool

This study involved 78 preservice teachers who were enrolled in a core technology course. It examined their (1) prior experiences with wiki technology, (2) enactments of the reader, writer, and editor roles in a wiki community, and (3) perceptions of the wiki as a tool for collaboration. The data revealed that participants’ prior experience with wikis outside of using Wikipedia to access information was rare. The preservice teachers reported comfort with the software, yet they did not regularly (weekly) read, post, or modify information. Modifications were limited primarily to format, grammar, and aesthetics. Failure to modify the narrative sections was attributed to discomfort in editing the work of others. They agreed that the use of wiki technology promoted collaboration between members, although the depth of that collaboration varied within wiki communities. The reasons cited were the lack of comfort with communicating online with someone they did not know and the inconsistent participation of some me...
Retarded, Normal and Superior Subjects' Learning of Paired Associates by Whole and Parts Methods.

Retarded, normal, and superior Ss used whole-, pure-parts, and progressive-parts methods in learning CVC trigram-numeral pairs. Groups equated for MA did not differ in rote learning; groups equated for CA did differ: the superior group exceeded the others and the normal group exceeded the retarded. The groups did not react differentially to the three methods. In all groups, Ss using the whole-method responded most adequately while those using the pure- and progressive-parts-methods responded with similar adequacy to the learning task.
Major Adverse Cardiac Events at Follow-Up After Bare-Metal Stenting Versus Drug-Eluting Stenting in ST-Elevated Myocardial Infarction

After thrombolytic therapy with tenecteplase for ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction, 376 patients were transferred from their hospital to Westchester Medical Center for percutaneous coronary intervention with stenting. Of 376 patients, 102 (27%) received bare-metal stents and 274 (73%) received drug-eluting stents with sirolimus-eluting or paclitaxel-eluting stents. At 43 months of follow-up, major adverse cardiac events occurred in 25 (25%) of 102 patients treated with bare-metal stents versus 40 (15%) of 274 patients treated with drug-eluting stents (p = 0.024). Cox regression analysis showed that significant independent prognostic factors for major adverse cardiac events were previous coronary artery bypass surgery (hazard ratio 2.2, p = 0.019), width of stent (hazard ratio 0.44, p = 0.006), and bare-metal stent (hazard ratio 1.8, p = 0.019). In conclusion, patients with bare-metal stents had a 1.8 times greater risk of developing major adverse cardiac events than did those using drug-eluting stents after controlling the confounding effects of previous coronary artery bypass surgery and stent width.
Optimization of InAs/GaSb type-II superlattices for high performance of photodetectors

The optimum growth conditions and strain balancing processes have been studied using molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) grown 51 A InAs/40 A GaSb type-II Superlittices (SLs) designed to have cut-off wavelength of 10 μm. Themost dominant factor in reducing the defect level in the SL structure was buffer growth temperature evidenced by transmission electron microscopy, In the study of the strain balancing process, the SLs could be lattice matched to the GaSb substrate by increasing the thickness of the InSb interfaces (IFs) from a nominal value of 1.0 to 1.4 ML, however, the structural quality degraded dramatically when the thickness of IFs reached beyond ∼1.0 ML. By optimizing the growth condition and MBE shutter sequences, micron thick InAs/Gasb SLs with a reduced lattice mismatch were routinely obtained with the full-width half-maximum of 18 arcsec, and the root mean square values of surface roughness of 2 A in 5 μm area scan of atomic force microscopy demonstrating high quality. Correlation between material quality and photoresponse signal strength in photoconductivity measurements was made on SL samples with cut-off wavelength on the order of 10 μm.
Determination of deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin) by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection.

A rapid method for the analysis of deoxynivalenol (DON) was developed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with reductive electrochemical detection (ED). Deoxynivalenol produced by Fusarium roseum growing on solid cornmeal and rice substrates and from naturally contaminated wheat was extracted and quantitated via ED. DON levels in wheat were verified by gas chromatography and structurally confirmed by mass spectrometry. DON was optimally resolved by HPLC employing a radially compressed octadecylsilane column and a mobile phase of deoxygenated methanol-40 mM borate buffer (35:65) at a flow-rate of 1.0 ml/min. Under these conditions DON exhibited an average retention time of 3.6 min. Reductive ED (-1.4 V) allowed a 12-fold increase in sensitivity and greater selectivity than classical UV absorption at 224 nm. A detection limit for DON of 25 pg/microliter was achieved under these conditions. The determination of DON in crude grain extracts was hindered by extractable interfering substances, whereas ED was more functional-group selective (i.e. reduction of the carbonyl moiety). ED permits a direct quantitation of DON from crude grain extracts and may facilitate the determination of this agent and associated metabolites in biological samples.
Static Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry and X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Deuterium- and Methyl-Substituted Polystyrene

Deuteration in polystyrene (PS) and the differences between PS, poly(4-methyl styrene) (P4MS), and poly(α-methyl styrene) (PAMS) were examined with static secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Only the effects of methyl substitution could be distinguished by XPS on the basis of the valence band spectra. However, it was demonstrated that both deuterium and methyl substitution effects could be clearly distinguished by static SIMS. Additionally, the effect of these substitutions could be explained in a manner analogous to that used for electron impact (EI) mass spectrometry. By the use of deuterium-labeled polymers, H scrambling was observed during secondary ion formation from PS. The validity of previously postulated secondary ion structures was confirmed on the basis of the fragmentation patterns of both the deuterium and methyl-substituted PS.
Diffraction effects on broadband radiation: formulation for computing total irradiance

I present a formulation for treating diffraction effects on total irradiance in the case of a Planck source; earlier work generally depended on calculating diffraction effects on spectral irradiance followed by summation over spectral components. The formulation is derived and demonstrated for Fraunhofer diffraction by circular apertures, rectangular apertures and slits, and Fresnel diffraction by circular apertures. The prospects for treating other sources and optical systems are also discussed.
Impact of computers on retailing

My presentation today will be confined to systems in retailing that are either in operation or in the development stage. There is little point in describing retailing as seen through the eyes of a customer since a store is a familiar sight to each of you. Retailing as seen through the eyes of a computer is quite a different picture however. For you and me, who are interested in cybernetics, it is an equally exciting one.
Antibodies of the ABO System and the Metabolism of Human Spermatozoa: Metabolic Changes induced by Cooling and Freezing

ANAEROBIC glycolysis of washed human spermatozoa is inhibited by incubation with ABO isoantibodies when semen donors are of A or B secretor phenotype1. If this differential is related to the fertilizing capacity of affected cells2–3, a bias would be expected in the transmission of the A and B genes in the population. On this basis and on the basis of other data on fertility in the ABO system4–10, a mechanism which could account for the stability of the ABO polymorphism in terms of natural selection against gametes and intrauterine zygotes has been proposed11.
Independent modes of propagation of calcium waves in smooth muscle cells.

The purinergic agonist adenosine triphosphate (ATP) stimulates an initial transient followed by subsequent oscillations in cytosolic calcium ion concentration ([Ca2+]i) in individual porcine aortic smooth muscle cells. Using microinjection of fura-2 covalently coupled to dextran, we have analyzed in detail the spatial and temporal features of the oscillations. We have observed both cytoplasmic calcium waves and gradients within single cells. Single cells can contain multiple loci of initiation of oscillations. Independent oscillations in a single cell can have independent frequencies and these oscillations can propagate without interference across the same region of the cell, suggesting that they arise either from separately regulated stores of Ca2+ or a single Ca2+ store operated by two separate release mechanisms. The shape of the wave front and the manner of the waye9s decay can vary from one oscillation to the next. Ca2+ signaling in individual arterial smooth muscle cells thus displays complex spatial and temporal organization.
Simulation of a cw positron source for cebaf

A positron source for the 6 GeV (and 12 GeV upgrade) recirculating linacs at Jefferson Lab is presented. The proposed 100 nA CW positron source has several unique characteristics; high incident electron beam power (100 kW), 10 MeV/c incident electron beam momentum,CW incident beam and CW production. Positron production with 10 MeV/c electrons has several advantages; the energy is below neutron threshold activation so the production target and the optical system will not become activated during use; CEBAF requires a very low energy spread, so the absolute energy spread is bounded by the low incident energy. These advantages are offset by the large angular distribution of the outgoing positrons. Results of simulations of the positron production and capture are presented. Energy flow, power deposition and thermal management of the elements present a challenge and are included in the simulations.
Update on talar fracture patterns: a large level I trauma center study.

OBJECTIVE. Prior studies of talar fracture patterns are dated and based on radiography only. The purpose of our study was to describe talar fracture patterns and associated injuries in a modern large level 1 trauma center setting using both radiography and CT. MATERIALS AND METHODS. The radiolog and clinical data of patients with acute talar fractures diagnosed over an 18-month period were retrospectively reviewed. Data analysis included descriptive statistics for injury mechanisms and associated injuries. RESULTS. Over the study period, a total of 132 talar fractures were detected in 122 patients. The most common talar fracture location was the body (61%). The most common body fractures were dome compression (26%), lateral process (24%), and posterior tubercle (21%). Of the 132 fractures, 62% were comminuted and 21 (16%) were vertical neck fractures compatible with the Hawkins-Canale classification. Both radiography and CT were used in 91% of cases, with CT providing additional information in 112 (93%) c...
The influence of Agro-terrorism on consumers' preference for locally grown products: a case-study from New Jersey

The economics of agro-terrorism has not been fully developed within the economics literature, yet with increasing concerns about agro-terrorism it is important to understand how consumers will generally respond. This article presents an overview of food safety issues, and develops an economic model that can be used to illustrate and establish hypotheses regarding consumer behaviour and agro-terrorism. We then present sample and econometric results from a survey of 304 New Jersey consumers and explain the characteristics of the 33% that confirmed that they have increased purchases of locally grown produce due to terrorism fears.
Underutilization of Mental Health Services Among College Students: An Examination of System-Related Barriers

Despite the documented benefits of counseling and mental health services on academic performance and degree attainment, only about 10% of psychologically distressed college students ever seek professional help. This investigation examined mental health care system-related barriers that might distinguish help seekers from nonhelp seekers among students demonstrating similar levels of distress. Data analysis was conducted using a binary logistic regression model and yielded significant findings for the model of barriers hypothesized for the study. These findings may offer insight for campus-based practitioners seeking to understand underutilization of mental health care in their settings.