cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The dirty-block index

On-chip caches maintain multiple pieces of metadata about each cached block---e.g., dirty bit, coherence information, ECC. Traditionally, such metadata for each block is stored in the corresponding tag entry in the tag store. While this approach is simple to implement and scalable, it necessitates a full tag store lookup for any metadata query---resulting in high latency and energy consumption. We find that this approach is inefficient and inhibits several cache optimizations.In this work, we propose a new way of organizing the dirty bit information that enables simpler and more efficient implementations of several optimizations. In our proposed approach, we remove the dirty bits from the tag store and organize it differently in a separate structure, which we call the Dirty-Block Index (DBI). The organization of DBI is simple: it consists of multiple entries, each corresponding to some row in DRAM. A bit vector in each entry tracks whether or not each block in the corresponding DRAM row is dirtyWe demonstrate the benfits of DBI by using it to simultaneously and efficiently implement three optimizations proposed by prior work: 1) Aggressive DRAM-aware writeback, 2) Bypassing cache lookups, and 3) Heterogeneous ECC for clean/dirty blocks. DBI, with all three optimizations enabled, improves performance by 31% compared to the baseline (by 6% compared to the best previous mechanism) while reducing overall cache area cost by 8% compared to prior approaches.
Quasi‐rational and ex ante price expectations in commodity supply models: an empirical analysis of the US broiler market

A statistically optimal inference about agents' ex ante price expectations within the US broiler market is derived using futures prices of related commodities along with a quasi-rational forecasting regression equation. The modelling approach, which builds on a Hamilton-type framework, includes endogenous production and allows expected cash price to be decomposed into anticipated and unanticipated components. We therefore infer the relative importance of various informational sources in expectation formation. Results show that, in addition to the quasi-rational forecast, the true supply shock, future prices, and ex post commodity price forecast errors have, at times, been influential in broiler producers' price expectations. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dosimetric Impact of Angular Deviations in Positioning for Spinal Radiosurgery

Purpose During image-guided radiosurgery, it is common to account only for translational shifts while leaving rotational deviations uncorrected. The aim of this study is to investigate the rotational setup deviations and estimate the dosimetric impact in spinal radiosurgery. Materials and methods Stereoscopic image registrations of 711 spine radiosurgery procedures (546 patients) were retrospectively reviewed and classified to cervical (C), thoracic (T), and lumbar (L) spines. The probability of rotational deviations were estimated in three orthogonal axis. In order to investigate the dosimetric impact, the original simulation CT images were rotated in the range of ±5 deg in each axis. Then, the dosimetric changes were recorded; including the coverage (V90) and minimum dose (Dmin) to the target, and the dose of 10% volume (D10) and maximum dose (Dmax) to the spinal cord. Results Target rotations of >5 deg and >3 deg occurred respectively in 1% and 8% of cases. The mean rotations were small (|μ|<0.6 deg) with no axis and site dependent trends. The standard deviations (σ) of different sites and axes ranged from 1.4 to 2.0 deg (mean σ=1.7 deg). The overall dosimetric changes of the target coverage(V90) and cord D10 were small. Five degree rotation resulted in a target V90 decrease of 1±1%, 2±2% and 3±1%, respectively in the lateral, vertical, and longitudinal axes. The corresponding cord D10 increased by 3±6%, 2±2%, and 6±5%. The changes in cord Dmax ranged from 92% to 138% of the original reference spinal cord. Corresponding changes in target Dmin were 59~106%. Conclusion Large target rotations occurred in a small percentage of patients. The overall dosimetric impact on target coverage and cord D10 was small. However larger effects were observed on the target Dmin and cord Dmax. Special care must be taken for targets of elongated shapes involving multiple vertebrae.
Boat-building and its social context in early Egypt : interpretations from the First Dynasty boat-grave cemetery at Abydos

The boat-grave cemetery at Abydos has provided the world's oldest sewn planked hulls, and vivid evidence for the way early Egyptian wooden boats were built. As well as sailing on the Nile, they were designed to be dismantled for carriage over land to the Red Sea. By the mid-fourth millennium BC the ship was a major technical force in the Egyptian political economy as well as an iconic force in ceremonial burial.
Fossil records of volcanism

Greenland glacial ice contains a fossil record of volcanic emissions transported in the stratosphere. C. V. Hammer, H. B. Clausen and W. Dansgaard (Nature, 288, 230, 1980) and M. W. Herron (Journal of Geophysical Research, 87, 3052, 1982) noted peaks of relatively high acidity in the Greenland glacial stratigraphic record that are assumed to be due to precipitation of sulfuric acid aerosols after major volcanic eruptions. R. B. Stothers and M. R. Rampino of the Goddard Institute for Space Studies in New York recently did a search of historical records and found an unexpected correlation of European volcano activity in the period 1500 B.C. to A.D. 1500 with dated acid maxima in Greenland ice (Science, 222, 411–412, 1983). Stothers and Rampino's soon-to-be-reported search (Journal of Geophysical Research, in press) included examination of “about one quarter of a million pages of modern English test” (Science). In their analysis they took into account the statistical uncertainty of the icecore dates and the time lags that would be expected to delay the arrival of acid rain from distant European volcano sources. Of course the problem of the analysis is that whereas there are extensive records of European volcanos, there is precious little information on volcano activity that must have occurred during the same period in the western Pacific and in the western hemisphere. Beginning with the volcano in Thera, Greece, set at about 1450 B.C. (the volcano date having been determined from “archeology and legend”) and its Greenland ice acid peak date set at about 1390 B.C. (± 50, by radiocarbon methods), Stothers and Rampino correlate historical data through Vesuvius (217–216 B.C), Etna (44 B.C.), and others. There seems to be an acid peak to correlate in each instance in the data of Hammer et al.
Inhibition of transferrin iron release increases in vitro drug carrier efficacy

Transferrin (Tf) conjugates of CRM107 are currently being tested in clinical trials for treatment of malignant gliomas. However, the rapid cellular recycling of Tf limits its efficiency as a drug carrier. We have developed a mathematical model of the Tf/TfR trafficking cycle and have identified the Tf iron release rate as a previously unreported factor governing the degree of Tf cellular association. The release of iron from Tf is inhibited by replacing the synergistic carbonate anion with oxalate. Trafficking patterns for oxalate Tf and native Tf are compared by measuring their cellular association with HeLa cells. The amount of Tf associated with the cells is an average of 51% greater for oxalate Tf than for native Tf over a two hour period at Tf concentrations of 0.1 nM and 1 nM. Importantly, diphtheria toxin (DT) conjugates of oxalate Tf are more cytotoxic against HeLa cells than conjugates of native Tf. Conjugate IC50 values were determined to be 0.06 nM for the oxalate Tf conjugate vs. 0.22 nM for the native Tf conjugate. Thus, we show that inhibition of Tf iron release improves the efficacy of Tf as a drug carrier through increased association with cells expressing TfR.
War Makes the State, but Not as It Pleases: Homeland Security and American Anti-Statism

The shock of war is thought to be closely associated with the growth of the state, in the United States and elsewhere. Yet each proposal to significantly expand state power in the United States since September 11 has been resisted, restrained, or even rejected outright. This outcome—theoretically unexpected and contrary to conventional wisdom—is the result of enduring aspects of America's domestic political structure: the separation of powers at the federal level between three co-equal and overlapping branches, the relative ease with which interest groups access the policy-making process, and the intensity with which executive-branch bureaucracies guard their organizational turf. These persistent aspects of u.s. political life, designed by the nation's founders to impede the concentration of state power, have substantially shaped the means by which contemporary guardians of the American state pursue “homeland security.” War does make the state, but not as it pleases. Theoretical approaches to state buildi...
Structure of rutile TiO2 (1 1 0) in water and 1 molal Rb+ at pH 12: Inter-relationship among surface charge, interfacial hydration structure, and substrate structural displacements

The rutile (1 1 0)–aqueous solution interface structure was measured in deionized water (DIW) and 1 molal (m) RbCl + RbOH solution (pH 12) at 25 � C with the X-ray crystal truncation rod method. The rutile surface in both solutions consists of a stoichiometric (1 · 1) surface unit mesh with the surface terminated by bridging oxygen (BO) and terminal oxygen (TO) sites, with a mixture of water molecules and hydroxyl groups (OH � ) occupying the TO sites. An additional hydration layer is observed above the TO site, with three distinct water adsorption sites each having well-defined vertical and lateral locations. Rb + specifically adsorbs at the tetradentate site between the TO and BO sites, replacing one of the adsorbed water molecules at the interface. There is no further ordered water structure observed above the hydration layer. Structural displacements of atoms at the oxide surface are sensitive to the solution composition. Ti
Fatigue failure in denture base polymers

Abstract Although well-fitting dentures of adequate thickness seldom exhibit fatigue failure in service, a very small percentage of the millions of denture wearers have well-fiting dentures. Fatigue failure is a very real problem in these dentures, in the well-fitting single upper denture occluding against natural lower teeth, and in all dentures with soft liners. We can make dentures more resistant to fatigue failure by using a few precautions. First, the heat-curing resins are much more resistant to this failure; therefore, use of a heat-curing acrylic resin is indicated. Second, fine-polymer beads increase fatigue strength many times, so a fine-grained polymer should be used. Finally, stress concentrators should be avoided. Most important would be the elimination of sharp surface contours, such as deep notches for low frenum attachments, and prominent rugae patterns. A prominent frenum attachment has little function and is not beneficial to the completely edentulous individual. It is a simple procedure to eliminate the frenum at the time of extraction of the anterior teeth. Any particle acts as a stress concentrator; therefore, acrylic dentures should be fabricated in a relatively dust-free atmosphere such as that used for porcelain work. Fibers and the surface defects that they produce act as stress concentrators, and this should be recognized if a material with fibers is used. Rayon or nylon fibers are used commercially. 20 The use of acrylic fibers should correct this weakness.
CD151-α3β1 integrin complexes suppress ovarian tumor growth by repressing slug-mediated EMT and canonical Wnt signaling

Human ovarian cancer is diagnosed in the late, metastatic stages but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. We report a surprising functional link between CD151-α3β1 integrin complexes and the malignancy of serous-type ovarian cancer. Analyses of clinical specimens indicate that CD151 expression is significantly reduced or diminished in 90% of metastatic lesions, while it remains detectable in 58% of primary tumors. These observations suggest a putative tumorsuppressing role of CD151 in ovarian cancer. Indeed, our analyses show that knocking down CD151 or α3 integrin enhances tumor cell proliferation, growth and ascites production in nude mice. These changes are accompanied by impaired cell-cell contacts and aberrant expression of E-cadherin, Mucin 5AC and fibronectin, largely reminiscent of an epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT)-like change. Importantly, Slug, a master regulator of EMT, is markedly elevated. Knocking down Slug partially restores CD151-α3β1 integrin complex-dependent suppression of cell proliferation. Moreover, disruption of these adhesion protein complexes is accompanied by a concomitant activation of canonical Wnt signaling, including elevated levels of β-catenin and Axin-2 as well as resistance to the inhibition in β-catenin-dependent transcriptional complexes. Together, our study demonstrates that CD151-α3β1 integrin complexes regulate ovarian tumor growth by repressing Slug-mediated EMT and Wnt signaling.
Evidence of change in a low-elevation forest bird community of Hawai'i since 1979

We evaluated the abundance and distribution of low-elevation forest birds on windward Hawai'i Island during August 1993-February 1994, and present evidence of changes in the species composition of the forest bird community since 1979. Endemic Hawaiian birds occurred in native-dominated forests as low as 120 m elevation. Non-native species were detected at all survey locations. We observed non-native Saffron Finch Sicalis flaveola , previously unrecorded in Puna. Variable circular plot surveys of Kahauale'a Natural Area Reserve indicated the disappearance of two native species ('I'iwi Vestiaria coccinea and 'O'u Psittitostra psittacea ), and two non-native additions (Red-billed Leiothrix Leiothrix lutea and Kalij Pheasant Lophura leucomelana ) to the study area since the Hawai'i Forest Bird Survey conducted in 1979. We present evidence that native 'Elepaio Chasiempsis sandwichensis has experienced a decrease in population density and an elevational range contraction since 1979. Surveys indicate Puna's forest bird community has had increasing aliens and declining native species since 1979. The persistence of some native bird species within the range of avian disease vectors such as Culex quinquefasciatus in forests below 1,000 m elevation presents an important enigma that requires additional study.
Reward and punishment act as distinct factors in guiding behavior

Behavior rests on the experience of reinforcement and punishment. It has been unclear whether reinforcement and punishment act as oppositely valenced components of a single behavioral factor, or whether these two kinds of outcomes play fundamentally distinct behavioral roles. To this end, we varied the magnitude of a reward or a penalty experienced following a choice using monetary tokens. The outcome of each trial was independent of the outcome of the previous trial, which enabled us to isolate and study the effect on behavior of each outcome magnitude in single trials. We found that a reward led to a repetition of the previous choice, whereas a penalty led to an avoidance of the previous choice. Surprisingly, the effects of the reward magnitude and the penalty magnitude revealed a pronounced asymmetry. The choice repetition effect of a reward scaled with the magnitude of the reward. In a marked contrast, the avoidance effect of a penalty was flat, not influenced by the magnitude of the penalty. These effects were mechanistically described using a reinforcement learning model after the model was updated to account for the penalty-based asymmetry. The asymmetry in the effects of the reward magnitude and the punishment magnitude was so striking that it is difficult to conceive that one factor is just a weighted or transformed form of the other factor. Instead, the data suggest that rewards and penalties are fundamentally distinct factors in governing behavior.
Mecyclothorax kavanaughi sp. n. (Coleoptera: Carabidae) from the Finisterre Range, Papua New Guinea

Mecyclothorax Sharp, 1903 comprises species distributed across Australia, New Guinea, Java, Borneo, St. Paul’s and Amsterdam Islands, Lord Howe and Norfolk Islands, New Caledonia, and the Society and Hawaiian Islands (Baehr 2008, Liebherr 2008). Though the Society Islands’ and Hawaiian Islands’ radiations are most diverse, with 67 species described from the former (Perrault 1992) and 125 from the latter (Britton 1948, Liebherr 2005, 2006, 2008), the greatest morphological disparity and greatest number of generalized species, characterized by macroptery, occur in Australia (Moore 1984). As presently constituted, Mecyclothorax contains the bulk of the species comprising the tribe Mecyclothoracini; part of the subfamily Psydrinae as classified by Moore (1963). Knowledge of the New Guinea Mecyclothorax fauna has been developed by sequential descriptions of species, often known from only single specimens, with each species known from only single or nearby localities (summarized in Baehr 2008). This highly allopatric, indeed disjunct array of species localities is consistent with our extremely incomplete knowledge of the New Guinea fauna. In this paper I describe a species discovered in the Finisterre Range, Papua New Guinea by D. H. Kavanaugh, California Academy of Sciences. This species’ adelphotaxon is distributed far away on Puncak Trikora, Papua, Indonesia. Criteria supporting the recognition of the Finisterre Range as a distinct area of endemism are reviewed, with the geological history of this portion of New Guinea used to establish an age of origin for the clade comprising the new species and its adelphotaxon, M. toxopei Darlington.
An Analysis of the Landfall of Hurricane Nora (1997)

Abstract The changes to the motion and structure of the eastern Pacific Tropical Cyclone Nora (1997) during landfall are investigated. Nora developed south of the Mexican coast, intensified into a hurricane, and made landfall over northwestern Mexico and the southwestern United States. In this study, the authors document the evolution of the structure of Nora from a variety of sources. Observations derived from satellite imagery show the approach of the hurricane to the Baja California peninsula and the development of a localized area of mesoscale convection that intensified while moving over the Gulf of California. The propagation of this convective system became the dominant feature of the landfall and provided heavy precipitation over a region confined to western Arizona. Numerical simulations with the Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model version 5 are used to examine the details of the evolution of the observed area of convection over the gulf. Simulat...
Nutrition and the healthy heart with an exercise boost

In this era of potent medications and major cardiovascular (CV) procedures, the value of nutrition can be forgotten. A healthy diet is essential, regardless of CV risk. Caloric balance is inherent ...
Pristine and intercalated transition metal dichalcogenide superconductors

Abstract Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are quasi-two-dimensional layered compounds that exhibit strongly competing effects of charge-density wave (CDW) formation and superconductivity (SC). The weak van der Waals interlayer bonding between hexagonal layers of octahedral or trigonal prismatic TMD building blocks allows many polytypes to form. In the single layer 1 T polytype materials, one or more CDW states can form, but the pristine TMDs are not superconducting. The 2 H polytypes have two or more Fermi surfaces and saddle bands, allowing for dual orderings, which can be coexisting CDW and SC orderings, two SC gaps as in MgB2, two CDW gaps, and possibly even pseudogaps above the onset T CDW s of CDW orderings. Higher order polytypes allow for multiple CDW gaps and at least one superconducting gap. The CDW transitions T CDW s usually greatly exceed the superconducting transitions at their low T c values, their orbital order parameters (OPs) are generally highly anisotropic and can even contain nodes, and the SC OPs can be greatly affected by their simultaneous presence. The properties of the CDWs ubiquitously seen in TMDs are remarkably similar to those of the pseudogaps seen in the high- T c cuprates. In 2H-NbSe2, for example, the CDW renders its general s-wave SC OP orbital symmetry to be highly anisotropic and strongly reduces its Josephson coupling strength ( I c R n ) with the conventional SC, Pb. Hence, the pristine TMDs are highly “unconventional” in comparison with Pb, but are much more “conventional” than are the ferromagnetic superconductors such as URhGe. Applied pressure and intercalation generally suppress the TMD CDWs, allowing for enhanced SC formation, even in the 1 T polytype materials. The misfit intercalation compound (LaSe)1.14(NbSe2) and many 2 H -TMDs intercalated with organic Lewis base molecules, such as TaS2(pyridine)1/2, have completely incoherent c-axis transport, dimensional-crossover effects, and behave as stacks of intrinsic Josephson junctions. Except for the anomalously large apparent violation of the Pauli limit of the upper critical field of (LaSe)1.14(NbSe2), these normal state and superconducting properties of these intercalation compounds are very similar to those seen in the high- T c superconductor, Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ and in the organic layered superconductor, κ-(ET)2Cu[N(CN)2]Br, where ET is bis(ethylenedithio) tetrathiafulvalene. Electrolytic intercalation of TMDs with water and metallic ions leads to compounds with very similar properties to cobaltates such as Nax CoO 2 · y H2O.
Citizenship education in American schools and its role in developing civic engagement: a review of the research

Few studies provide an overview of citizenship education from the primary to secondary grade levels in American schools. Citizenship education consists of specific teaching practices designed to encourage students to become more involved in their communities. This review critically evaluates three kinds of programmes related to citizenship education: (1) character education programmes, (2) political simulations and, (3) service-learning programmes. Students in the primary grades are mainly exposed to character education programmes, which emphasise the importance of developing ethical values. Political simulations are more common in high school civic courses, where students learn the importance of community-level civic engagement (e.g. volunteering). Service-learning programmes can help students in the secondary grades develop a broader range of civic engagement outcomes that pertain to the school and community-level context. This study reaffirms the importance of increasing students’ exposure to citizensh...
Liquid crystal beam directors for airborne free-space optical communications

Liquid crystal beam directors for airborne free-space optical communications are discussed and compared with several types of purely mechanical beam directors (i.e., gimbals) in terms of performance, size, weight and power (SWaP). Beam director requirements for initial laser pointing and link acquisition are described. The fine and coarse steering capabilities of liquid crystal optical phased arrays and emerging liquid crystal wide-angle steering technologies are discussed, with particular emphasis on agility and tracking smoothness.
Informatics Approaches to Participant Recruitment

Clinical research is essential to the advancement of medical science and is a priority for academic health centers, research funding agencies, and industries working to develop and deploy new treatments. In addition, the growing rate of biomedical discoveries makes conducting high-quality and efficient clinical research increasingly important. Participant recruitment continues to represent a major bottleneck in the successful conduct of human studies. Barriers to clinical research enrollment include patient factors and physician factors, as well as recruitment challenges added by patient privacy regulations such as the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) in the USA. Another major deterrent to enrollment is the challenge of identifying eligible patients, which has traditionally been a labor-intensive procedure. In this chapter, we review the informatics interventions for improving the efficiency and accuracy of eligibility determination and trial recruitment that have been used in the past and that are maturing as the underlying technologies improve, and we summarize the common sociotechnical challenges that need continuous dedicated work in the future.
σ54-dependent regulome in Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough

The σ54 subunit controls a unique class of promoters in bacteria. Such promoters, without exception, require enhancer binding proteins (EBPs) for transcription initiation. Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough, a model bacterium for sulfate reduction studies, has a high number of EBPs, more than most sequenced bacteria. The cellular processes regulated by many of these EBPs remain unknown. To characterize the σ54-dependent regulome of D. vulgaris Hildenborough, we identified EBP binding motifs and regulated genes by a combination of computational and experimental techniques. These predictions were supported by our reconstruction of σ54-dependent promoters by comparative genomics. We reassessed and refined the results of earlier studies on regulation in D. vulgaris Hildenborough and consolidated them with our new findings. It allowed us to reconstruct the σ54 regulome in D. vulgaris Hildenborough. This regulome includes 36 regulons that consist of 201 coding genes and 4 non-coding RNAs, and is involved in nitrogen, carbon and energy metabolism, regulation, transmembrane transport and various extracellular functions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of direct regulation of alanine dehydrogenase, pyruvate metabolism genes and type III secretion system by σ54-dependent regulators. The σ54-dependent regulome is an important component of transcriptional regulatory network in D. vulgaris Hildenborough and related free-living Deltaproteobacteria. Our study provides a representative collection of σ54-dependent regulons that can be used for regulation prediction in Deltaproteobacteria and other taxa.
Suicidal and Self‐Harm Behaviors in Chronic Pain Patients

The objective of this study was to evaluate past suicidal attempt, history of self-harm, and current suicidal ideation in chronic pain patients. Based upon the review of 260 psychological evaluation reports at a university-based multidisciplinary pain center, we found that 25% reported at least one suicidal attempt or self-harming incident. Current suicidal ideation was reported by 23%. The history of childhood abuse was more common in those with a history of self-harm. Current suicidal ideation was associated with current diagnoses of mood and anxiety disorders. The analyses showed suicidal behaviors and self-harm behaviors are differentially associated with the trauma history. The assessment of self-harm as an independent concept for the risk management of chronic pain patients may be important.
Absence of Sleep-Related Growth Hormone Peaks in Aged Normal Subjects and in Acromegaly

Plasma growth hormone (GH) was measured during sleep in 12 normal volunteers of various ages and in 6 patients with acromegaly. Four of the 6 volunteers over 50 yr of age failed to show a sleep-peak of GH. The presence or absence of a GH sleep-peak in the normals was not consistently related to the occurrence of slow-wave sleep. None of the 6 acromegalics showed the usual GH peak early in sleep.
Troglitazone and vascular reactivity: Role of glucose and calcium

We sought to determine whether insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and an insulin-sensitizing agent, troglitazone, have additive vasodilatory effects and the possible involvement of intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) and/or glucose utilization in these effects. Contractile responses to norepinephrine (NE) and potassium chloride (KCl), as well as relaxation to endothelium-dependent (acetylcholine [Ach]) and -independent (sodium nitroprusside [NaNP]) agents, were examined in rat tail artery rings in the presence of insulin/IGF-1 and/or troglitazone. Endothelium-intact tail artery rings stretched to 1 g tension were preincubated with troglitazone (3 micromol/L) and/or insulin/IGF-1 (100 nmol/L) prior to addition of graded doses of NE and KCI. A 90-minute exposure to troglitazone attenuated the maximal contraction to graded doses of NE and KCI (P<.0001). Incubation in glucose-free medium decreased the responses only to NE; troglitazone further attenuated the NE-induced contraction (P = .001). In submaximally precontracted endothelium-intact rings, troglitazone increased the relaxation both to NaNP (P<.0001) and to Ach (P = .001). Contraction experiments in depolarizing KCI (25 mmol/L) or Ca2+ -free buffer showed that troglitazone and insulin have a similar Ca2+ dependency. In conclusion, troglitazone, like insulin/IGF-1, attenuates responses to vasoactive agonists through a Ca2+ -dependent mechanism that may require the presence of glucose but is independent of insulin action and nitric oxide (NO) production.
The Emission of Electrons from Metal Surfaces by Bombardment with Charged and Uncharged Particles (Kinetic Emission)

As a sequel to the discussion of “potential emission” of secondary electrons in Chapter 12, the investigations of the “kinetic emission” of secondary electrons from metal surfaces under the bombardment of charged and uncharged particles will be reviewed in this chapter. For the case of bombardment by ions the ejection of electrons by the kinetic emission process occurs whenever eI 2eφ so that there can be a yield γpot of secondary electrons from potential emission by an Auger neutralization process, the yield γkin of secondary electrons produced by kinetic emission starts to contribute significantly to the total yield γ = γpot + γkin when the incident-ion energy exceeds a certain threshold Eth. One notices in Fig. 14.1.a that for the case of A+ ions incident on a clean Mo surface the value of Eth varied between approximately 600 and 700 eV according to the results of Arifov et al. [30a] and Medved et al. [467b]. For the case of incident neutral particles in their ground state, no potential emission of electrons takes place; but above a certain energy threshold Eth, secondary electrons are emitted by the kinetic ejection process. This is demonstrated in Fig. 14.1.a for neutral argon atoms (A0) incident on a clean Mo surface, with Eth ≈ 600–700 eV according to the results of Arifov et al. and Medved et al. For a more detailed discussion of the curves in Fig. 14.1.a, the reader is referred to Section 14.3.1.1.1.
Performance of a low cost interdigitated flow design on a 1 kW class all vanadium mixed acid redox flow battery

Abstract Three flow designs were operated in a 3-cell 1 kW class all vanadium mixed acid redox flow battery. The influence of electrode surface area and flow rate on the coulombic, voltage, and energy efficiency and the pressure drop in the flow circuit will be discussed and correlated to the flow design. Material cost associated with each flow design will also be discussed.
Gods at War: Shotgun Takeovers, Government by Deal and the Private Equity Implosion

Gods at War is about the factors that drive and sustain deal-making, particularly mergers and acquisitions. Gods at War examines these issues through a history of deal-making in the sixth takeover wave and thereafter in the financial crisis. It is about the private equity boom and its implosion, return of the strategic transaction and hostile takeover, material adverse change wars of 2007, failure of the investment banking model, emergence of sovereign wealth funds, government deal-making during the financial crisis, and revolution occurring in the capital markets during this time. Gods at War details how capital market participants construct deals, with a particular focus on the intricacies of deal-making’s legal aspects and deal theory, while placing this deal-making in economic and recent historical context. The downloadable paper includes the Table of Contents and the First Chapter of Gods at War.
Obstetric Complications During Pregnancy

Spontaneous Abortion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Epidemiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Etiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Prevention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
General Linear Model

Every analysis we have studied in this text has been based on a model equation containing terms that are added to obtain the observed scores. All of these are instances of the general linear model. The univariate general linear model is most easily represented in matrix terms as $$X = AP + E $$ (15.1) where X is a vector of N observed scores, P is a vector of m unknown parameters, A is an N × m matrix of coefficients, and E is a vector of N random errors. (In this chapter N is a scalar representing the total number of scores; n represents the number of scores in each group.)
A Multimodal Vocabulary for Augmentative and Alternative Communication from Sound/Image Label Datasets

Existing Augmentative and Alternative Communication vocabularies assign multimodal stimuli to words with multiple meanings. The ambiguity hampers the vocabulary effectiveness when used by people with language disabilities. For example, the noun "a missing letter" may refer to a character or a written message, and each corresponds to a different picture. A vocabulary with images and sounds unambiguously linked to words can better eliminate misunderstanding and assist communication for people with language disorders. We explore a new approach of creating such a vocabulary via automatically assigning semantically unambiguous groups of synonyms to sound and image labels. We propose an un-supervised word sense disambiguation (WSD) voting algorithm, which combines different semantic relatedness measures. Our voting algorithm achieved over 80% accuracy with a sound label dataset, which significantly outperforms WSD with individual measures. We also explore the use of human judgments of evocation between members of concept pairs, in the label disambiguation task. Results show that evocation achieves similar performance to most of the existing relatedness measures.
Digging Deeper to Understand the Challenges of Minimally Invasive Esophagectomy

Minimally invasive esophagectomy approaches are technically challenging with a steep learning curve. Further investigation is needed to gain a deeper understanding of risk factors associated with operative difficulty and postesophagectomy morbidity. Anatomic position of the intrathoracic esophagus may be a previously unrecognized predictor of technical difficulty and short-term outcomes following esophageal resection.
Nanolithography by tip-enchanced laser irradiation

A nanoscale conductive tip under laser irradiation acts both as a receiving antenna to collect the laser energy and as a transmitting antenna to create a field that is largely enhanced under the tip. Tip-enhanced laser irradiation involves various ways in which the laser beam is integrated with a scanning probe microscope (SPM). When an SPM tip is irradiated with a laser beam, the tip undergoes thermal expansion to cause surface nano-indentations and significantly enhances optical field in proximity to the tip apex which can heat the sample surface to result in phase change and chemical reaction. Therefore, nanoscale surface structuring and modification can be achieved by laser-assisted SPM.
Measurement Of Stresses In Thin Films Using Holographic Interferometry: Dependence On Atmospheric Conditions

The direct measurement of stresses in spin-coated thin films is crucial for understanding their end use capabilities. A new technique for measuring the residual biaxial curing stresses in spin coated polymer films has been developed. This technique uses holographic interferometry to observe the modes of vibration of a membrane under biaxial tension. The stress in the film can then be determined by application of the vibrating membrane equation. A great advantage of this technique is that the material constants of the film do not enter into the analysis. The only material parameter needed is the density. In thispaper, we will examine membranes of polyimide and biaxially stretched rubber and latex. It is possible, using this technique to resolve the principal stresses and directions in films with complicated stress states. The stress values obtained in air show a slight decreasing trend with mode of vibration for a given sample. The effect of air on the vibrations of the membranes will be quantified by studying their vibrations under vacuum and partial vacuum conditions. Results of pressure-deflection measurements on the rubber membranes will also be presented. This technique involves inflating the membrane with a very small pressure from behind, and by counting the number of fringes on a hologram of the deformed membrane, determining the maximum displacement. The stress in the film can be determined using this data and the geometry of the membrane. The two methods of measuring stresses in these films are used as a means of confirming our results.
Development and function of marking and sexual behavior in the malagasy prosimian primate,Lemur fulvus

Observations on the development of marking and sexual behavior in captive, adolescentLemur fulvus in social and restricted environments yielded comparative data on marking and sexual behavior and speculations on the function of marking. Marking behavior was differentiated into four types which differed in the results in both onset and frequency for individual animals and between test groups. Components of sexual behavior of the males developed at first in play and were later integrated into the adult sequence of mating. As the adolescents aged, components of sexual behavior were observed less and less in play contexts. Types of sexual behavior are associated with other behavior besides mating as in other primate species. Male and femaleL. fulvus seem to mature sexually at approximately one year of age, but may not become socially mature until a later time.
Development and Use of Polyethylene Passive Samplers To Detect Triclosans and Alkylphenols in an Urban Estuary

To be able to use polyethylene passive samplers (PE) in the field, the partitioning constants between PE and water (KPEw) of the compounds examined must be known. The KPEws of triclosan (TCS), methyl-triclosan (MTCS), n-nonylphenol (n-NP), nonylphenol-technical mix (NP-tech), n-octylphenol (n-OP), and t-octylphenol (t-OP) were measured as a function of pH, temperature, and salinity, and a salt effect was calculated for TCS, n-OP, and t-OP. Log KPEws used for calculating dissolved concentrations were taken from 20 °C studies taking salt into account: 3.42 (TCS), 4.53 (MTCS), 4.20 (n-NP), 3.69 (n-OP), and 2.87 (t-OP). The KPEw of hydroxyl-group containing compounds were strongly affected by pH, whereas MTCS with its methoxy-group was not. Measured KPEws could not be estimated from octanol−water partitioning constants due to the semipolar makeup of the compounds investigated. Instead, a good correlation (KPEw = 0.679 × Khdw + 1.033, r2 = 0.984, p = 0.001) was obtained with hexadecane-water partitioning const...
Review of negative capacitance transistors

A ferroelectric material stores energy from phase transition and in doing so it lends itself to be biased at a state where its capacitance is negative [1,2]. When such a negative capacitance is added in series to the gate of a, subthreshold swing in a Field Effect Transistor (FET), it is possible to reduce the subthreshold swing below 60 mV/decade, without changing the transport physics of the FET. Not having to change the transport physics means that the ON current can be high while the supply voltage can be reduced significantly. Therefore, the negative capacitance effect has the potential to lead to very low voltage yet high performance electronic switches.
Water Permeability across Symmetric and Asymmetric Droplet Interface Bilayers: Interaction of Cholesterol Sulfate with DPhPC.

Cellular membranes employ a variety of strategies for controlling the flow of small molecules into the cytoplasmic space, including incorporation of sterols for modulation of permeability and maintenance of lipid asymmetry to provide both sides of the membrane with differing biophysical properties. The specific case of cholesterol asymmetry, especially, is known to have profound effects in neurological cellular systems. Synthetic membrane models that can readily determine valuable physical parameters, such as water transport rates, for sterol-containing membranes of defined lipid composition remain in demand. We report the use of the droplet interface bilayer (DIB), composed of adherent aqueous droplets surrounded by a lipid monolayer and immersed in a hydrophobic medium, for measurement of water permeability across the membrane, with rapid visualization and ease of experimental setup. We studied droplet bilayer membranes composed of the prototypical synthetic membrane lipid (i.e., the archaeal lipid DPhP...
Factitious Physical Disorders in the Managed Care Setting

Factitious physical disorders are one of the greatest challenges for both primary care physicians and psychiatric consultants (Nordmeyer, 1994). Although factitious disorders may occur with either physical or psychological presentations, the latter is most common in psychiatric settings. This discussion will focus on the conditions most commonly seen in the general medical setting, factitious physical disorders. Patients with these disorders willfully create signs and symptoms of disease. The current DSM-IV criteria are described in Table 1 (American Psychiatric Association, 1994). In some instances, the feigned illness may be a mild one, in others a full-blown medical crisis may be produced.
Procalcitonin-Guided Antibiotic Therapy for Acute Respiratory Infections.

A procalcitonin-guided antibiotic therapy algorithm should be used to decrease antibiotic use in adults with acute respiratory infections. The use of a procalcitonin-guided therapy algorithm reduces antibiotic use by 3.47 days without increasing morbidity or mortality in adults with acute respiratory infections.
SiGe Heterojunction Bipolar Transistors: The First Ten Years

This paper presents a review of the developments and accomplishments in SiGe Heterojunction Bipolar Transistor technology, and looks forward to the applications in the next two years, thus describing the first ten years of this new Si-based heterojunction technology. With the first report of basic HBT operation as recent as 1987, followed by a clear performance potential demonstration at the device level in 1990, and recent circuit applications and integration capability with CMOS, these events are evidence of one of the most rapid new material introductions in Si technology. The basic material effects, heterojunction operation and key leverage, and its application to bipolar transistor and circuit optimization is explained first. The technology integration and design challenges of the application to mixed signal circuitry is described next, and followed by an assessment of the potential for high speed communication circuits. It is concluded that there is a very high probability that SiGe HBT may find commercial application within 10 years after its introduction.
J.-B. Oudry’s Royal Hunts and Louis XV’s hunting park at Compiègne: landscapes of power, prosperity and peace

Contemporary accounts describe the chateau and park of Compiegne in terms that evoke summer camp — and no wonder. On 4 June 1728, the eighteen-year-old Louis XV made his first visit to the royal ch...
THE BLUE YEARS: An Ethnography of a Prison Archive

This article is an ethnographic account of an archive of prison letters written by three generations of female kin. Based on long-term ethnographic research in rural New Mexico, it describes the context in which the letters were written, as well as the desires, preoccupations, and practices that transformed them into an archive. I have placed a particular focus on how dislocation and connection manifest in the letters and shape the kinds of narratives the archive tells. Themes of isolation, loss, and memory are explored within the wider context of colonial history and the acceleration of the carceral state. This article seeks to integrate these registers analytically, while elucidating the role of archiving for a subject's present life.
Hospital-Based Analysis of Trends and Outcomes for Patients Undergoing Pyelolithotomy.

Abstract Objective: To determine trends in pyelolithotomy, evaluate risk factors for complications, and evaluate the difference in outcomes and charges between open and minimally invasive (MI) techniques. Patients and Methods: We used the Nationwide Inpatient Sample to identify patients with a diagnosis of having nephrolithiasis undergoing pyelolithotomy from 2008 to 2012. Total charges were inflation-adjusted to U.S. dollars in 2012. Patient demographics, hospital characteristics, and outcomes were reported and compared between open and MI groups after survey weighting. Results: We included a survey-weighted population of 17,294 patients, of whom 841 (4.9%) had MI pyelolithotomy. The proportion of MI cases increased by 2.57% annually (r2 = 0.921, p = 0.01), although total pyelolithotomy cases remained stable. Simultaneous pyeloplasty occurred in 6.6% of all patients. Patients receiving open surgery experienced longer length of stay (3.9 days vs 2.7 days; p < 0.001), but accrued equivalent inflation-adjus...
Coated-platelets predict stroke at 30 days following TIA

Objective: To examine the potential for coated-platelets, a subset of highly procoagulant platelets observed on dual agonist stimulation with collagen and thrombin, for predicting stroke at 30 days in patients with TIA. Methods: Consecutive patients with TIA were enrolled and followed up prospectively. ABCD2 scores were obtained for each patient. Coated-platelet levels, reported as percent of cells converted to coated-platelets, were determined at baseline. The primary endpoint was the occurrence of stroke at 30 days. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to calculate area under the curve (AUC) values for a model including coated-platelets to predict incident stroke at 30 days. Results: A total of 171 patients with TIA were enrolled, and 10 strokes were observed at 30 days. A cutoff of 51.1% for coated-platelet levels yielded a sensitivity of 0.80 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.55–1.0), specificity of 0.73 (95% CI 0.66–0.80), positive predictive value of 0.16 (95% CI 0.06–0.26), and negative predictive value of 0.98 (95% CI 0.96–1.0). The adjusted hazard ratio of incident stroke in patients with coated-platelet levels ≥51.1% was 10.72 compared to those with levels p = 0.01). Conclusions: These findings suggest a role for coated-platelets in risk stratification for stroke at 30 days after TIA.
Channel card architecture for multimode board test systems

This paper will describe innovations in board test channel card design that improve the price-performance and flexibility of board test systems. We will discuss a new channel multiplexing scheme and show how this scheme can be used efficiently to configure a variety of multiplexing ratios depending on user requirements and applications.