cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Methodological considerations in the study of toxic waste hazards

Abstract According to Deehon Ferris, a member of the EPA's Environmental Justice Advisory Panel, “The failure to recognize the inextricable link between the legacy of poverty and racism leads to [the] development of mono-dimensional solutions” (BNA National Environment Daily, May 5, 1995). Ferris's statement is indicative of how the dialogue in environmental justice is one of framing issues in the context of an existing debate: race versus class. Building on an earlier empirical study, this article reframes the “race versus class” debate in the context of methodological considerations. By including two different indicators of toxic hazards, I demonstrate that some research designs may not properly assess environmental injustice (in this case environmental racism). I conclude that the “race versus class” debate must be elaborated in light of the appropriateness of different toxic indicators.
Learning Styles of Interior Design Students as Assessed by the Gregorc Style Delineator

The purpose of this study was to determine the preferred learning style of undergraduate students majoring in interior design. The Gregorc Style Delineator, a self-report instrument to determine learning style, was administered to 147 undergraduate interior design students enrolled in Foundation for Interior Design Education Research (FIDER) accredited programs located within the Southwest Region of the United States. To determine the dominant learning style of undergraduate interior design students, frequency distributions were compiled. Overall, the most important finding in this study was the diversity of learning styles among interior design students. Not only were all learning styles represented in the sample, but 49% of students exhibited dominance in more than one style—unlike the results of previous studies with non interior design students. The most common learning styles found among interior design students are a logical and hands-on learning style, known as Concrete Sequential, and a combination of experimental, imaginative, and people-oriented learning styles, known as Concrete Random/Abstract Random. Diversity in student learning styles supports the argument for the need for instructors to have a repertoire of teaching methods. Instructors should be knowledgeable in learning style theory, should know their own learning style, and should be able to teach using a variety of styles.
Moral distress: the face of workplace bullying.

This narrative symposium illuminates the problem of clinician moral distress. NIB editorial staff and narrative symposium editors, Cynda Rushton, PhD, RN, FAAN and Renee Boss, MD, MHS, developed a call for stories, which was sent to several list serves and posted on Narrative Inquiry in Bioethics’ website. The request for personal stories from inter–professional healthcare providers asked them to: identify specifi c clinical situations that give rise to moral distress; discuss the sources of this distress; refl ect on how they experienced moral distress—physically, psychologically, socially, or spiritually; assess how they managed their situations; and offer suggestions for avoiding future problems of a similar nature. Twelve stories are found in the print version of the journal and an additional eight supplemental stories are published online only through Project MUSE. The clinicians describe a wide range of experiences with patients, other clinicians, and their own professional and personal identities. Embedded in each of the narratives are deeply felt emotions that accompany their experiences of moral distress. Katherine Brown-Saltzman (a nurse), Alisa Carse (a philosopher), Zhanna Bagdasarov and Shane Connelly (industrial–organizational psychologists), and Nancy Berlinger (a bioethicist) provided commentaries.
Characterization of the pigment xanthomonadin in the bacterial genus Xanthomonas using micro- and resonance Raman spectroscopy

We used micro- and resonance Raman spectroscopy with 785 nm and 514.5 nm laser excitation, respectively, to characterize a plant pathogenic bacteria, Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. dieffenbachiae D150. The bacterial genus Xathomonas is closely related to bacterial genus Stenotrophomonas that causes an infection in humans. This study has identified for the first time the unique Raman spectra of the carotenoid-like pigment xanthomonadin of the Xanthomonas strain. Xanthomonadin is a brominated aryl-polyene pigment molecule similar to carotenoids. Further studies were conducted using resonance Raman spectroscopy with 514.5 nm laser excitation on several strains of the bacterial genus Xanthomonas isolated from numerous plants from various geographical locations. The current study revealed that the Raman bands representing the vibrations (v1, v2, v3) of the polyene chain of xanthomonadin are 1003-1005 (v3), 1135-1138 (v2), and 1530 (v1). Overtone bands representing xanthomonadin were identified as 2264-2275 (2v2), and combinational bands at 2653-2662 (v1+ v2). The findings from this study validate our previous finding that the Raman fingerprints of xanthomonadin are unique for the genus Xanthomonas. This facilitates rapid identification (~5 minutes) of Xanthomonas spp. from bacterial culture plates. The xanthomonadin marker is different from Raman markers of many other bacterial genus including Agrobacterium, Bacillus, Clavibacter, Enterobacter, Erwinia, Microbacterium, Paenibacillus, and Ralstonia. This study also identified Xanthomonas spp. from bacterial strains isolated from a diseased wheat sample on a culture plate.© (2012) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Problem-Based (Group) Teaching: A Cognitive Science Approach to Using Available Knowledge.

An important objective in education generally, and tertiary education in particular, is the imparting of the ability to use acquired knowledge when solving problems. Both within tertiary education itself and in society, however, the complaint is frequently heard that it is precisely in this respect that the training of students is deficient. An alternative to conventional methods of teaching how to apply knowledge is to use explicitly problem-based teaching. Using a theoretical perspective derived from both an action-oriented and an information-processing perspective, it is shown that the problem-based approach has more potential. Maximizing this potential requires cognizance of the various types of problem-based approach, whose variants depend on the problem, the extent of pre-structuring and the roles assigned to individuals in a group. Also important is the systemic position of problem-based teaching in a curriculum.
TU-C-214-09: Single-Scan Scatter Correction for Volumetric CT Using a Stationary Beam Blocker: Phantom Studies

Purpose: Although volumetric CT (VCT) is widely used nowadays, its imaging performance is greatly hindered by the inferior image quality mainly owing to large x‐ray scatter signals, which lead to CT number inaccuracy and image contrast loss. Among existing algorithms, measurement‐based scatter correction methods efficiently obtain accurate scatter estimation without prior knowledge on the object. However, with a beam blocker in the field to attenuate primary, it is generally believed that the acquired data in scatter measurement projections are not complete for an accurate reconstruction. Thus an extra scan or moving the blocker during the scan is typically required. In this work, we propose a new measurement‐ based scatter correction algorithm without primary compensation. An accurate reconstruction is achieved with one single scan and a stationary x‐ ray beam blocker, two seemingly incompatible features. Methods: The blocked areas are distributed over the projection where primary signals are redundant using a new beam blocker with a “crossing finger” shape. Scatter is then accurately estimated by interpolation and scatter‐corrected CTimages are obtained using an FDK‐based reconstruction. Three blockers with different strip gaps are manufactured for optimal strip gap selection. Results: The proposed method is evaluated using two phantom studies on our tabletop CBCT system. On the Catphan©600 phantom, our approach reduces the reconstruction error from 207 to 9 Hounsfield unit (HU) in the selected ROI, and improves the image contrast by a factor of 2 in the high‐ contrast regions. On an anthropomorphic head phantom, the reconstruction error is reduced from 154 to 3 HU in the soft‐tissue region. A blocker with a strip gap of 20mm achieves optimal image quality. Conclusions: Our method inherits the main advantages of measurement‐based methods while avoiding their shortcomings. It has the potential to become a practical scatter correction solution widely implementable on different VCT systems.
Teratogenicity of cocaine in humans.

To study teratogenicity of cocaine in humans, we studied three groups of pregnant women and their offspring: group 1, 50 women who abused cocaine only; group 2, 110 women who were polydrug abusers; and group 3, 340 who were drug free. All three groups were similar for socioeconomic status, cigarette smoking, and ethnicity. Maternal age of group 1 was similar to that of group 3, but group 2 mothers were significantly older. Gravidity was significantly higher in groups 1 and 2 compared with group 3. No statistical difference was found in spontaneous abortion rate among the three groups, but the stillbirth rate was significantly higher in group 1 (ξ 2 =6.89, P≤0.01). All stillbirths were related to abruptio placentae. Birth weight, length, and head circumference were significantly decreased in infants in groups 1 and 2 compared with group 3 (P≤0.0001), but no statistical difference was found between groups 1 and 2. The congenital malformation rate was significantly higher in group 1 compared with group 3 (ξ 2 =7.07, P≤0.01). We conclude that cocaine abuse in humans significantly reduces weight of the fetus, increases the stillbirth rate related to abruptio placentae, and is associated with a higher malformation rate.
Tossing the baby out with the bathwater after a brief rinse? The potential downside of dismissing food addiction based on limited data

A recent Perspective article that provided a critical analysis of the food addiction model as it relates to obesity stated that the model is “misleading”, with supporting evidence described as “inconsistent and weak” (Obesity and the brain: how convincing is the addiction model? Nature Rev. Neurosci. 13, 279–286 (2012))1. Whether non-drug-related addictions exist has been debated, with recent proposals for the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) giving the concept greater credence2, 3, 4. The timely article by Ziauddeen et al.1 raised important points, including differences in findings across studies of obesity. Although we agree that not all obese individuals exhibit food addiction, we believe it is premature to reject the concept of food addiction. The extent to which food addiction applies to individuals with obesity, or subgroups thereof, deserves further research, particularly as such studies may help to better define clinically relevant subgroups who respond differently to specific prevention and treatment strategies5. Rejection of a model on the basis of limited data could be deleterious.
Pharmacological Evidence for Involvement of Presynaptic Alpha2 Adrenoceptors in Norepinephrinergic Neurotransmission Triggering the Release of Melanin-dispersing Hormone in the Fiddler Crab Uca Pugilator

ABSTRACT 1. The specific alpha2 adrenoceptor agonist B-HT 933 significantly reduced the rate of melanin dispersion in crabs transferred from a white to a black background. 2. The specific alpha2 adrenoceptor blockers rauwolscine and yohimbine significantly increased the rate of melanin dispersion in crabs transferred from a white to a black background. 3. Rauwolscine and yohimbine, but not the alpha, adrenoceptor blocker indoramin, antagonized B-HT 933. 4. In crabs pretreated with the catecholaminergic neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine, which inhibits melanin dispersion, B-HT 933 did not produce further significant inhibition in the rate of melanin dispersion. 5. None of the drugs has been found to affect melanin migration in melanophores of isolated legs. 6. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that presynaptic adrenoceptors very similar to alpha2 adrenoceptors of mammals regulate impulse-mediated norepinephrinergic neurotransmission in the fiddler crab Uca pugilator, norepinephrine triggering release of a melanin-dispersing hormone.
Nest site characteristics of eastern meadowlarks and grasshopper sparrows in tallgrass prairie at the Fort Riley military installation, Kansas

Abstract Knowledge of nest site characteristics and nest success of grassland birds is important in the conservation and preservation of species such as the eastern meadowlark (Sturnella magna) and grasshopper sparrow (Ammodramus savannarum). We documented nest site characteristics of these two species and compared each nest site to a paired random site. We also compared the eastern meadowlark nest sites to the grasshopper sparrow nest sites. Eastern meadowlark nests were significantly further from an edge than random (P=0.049). Grasshopper sparrow nests were significantly further from a shrub/tree (P=0.042) and a perch (P=0.004) than random. Eastern meadowlarks selected sites further from a bare ground patch (≥1 m2; P=0.007), with more litter depth (P=<0.001), smaller bare ground percent (P=0.083) and higher visual obstruction readings (VOR) (P=0.037) than grasshopper sparrows. Military training, conducted before the current breeding season, did not appear to affect the location and success of EAME and G...
Crosa-Sectional Study Examining the Relationship Between Fetal Urine Production and the Amniotic Fluid Index at 38-43 Weeks of Gestation

The purpose of this study was to determine if a relationship existed between amniotic fluid volume and fetal urine output in 134 uncomplicated pregnancies at 38-43 weeks of gestation. The semiquantitative amniotic fluid index was used as a clinical estimate of amniotic fluid volume, and fetal urine output was determined by measuring the fetal bladder volume every 3-5 min for approximately 20-30 min. No correlation was found between the hourly fetal urine production rate and the amniotic fluid index (P = 0.34)- However, a statistically significant (P = 0.006) relationship was found between a urine production rate ≤30 ml/hr, which was approximately the lower tenth percentile in this study population, and a diagnosis of oligohydramnios. Nevertheless, of the 51 patients with a fluid index ≤8 cm, only 12 (24%) had an hourly fetal urine production rate at or below 30 ml/hr. Conclusions: (1) There appears to be no significant relationship, in general, between single measurements of the amniotic fluid index and t...
Differentiating Reinforcement Priorities of Junior High School Students

Two hundred seventh grade Ss were administered a paired comparison scale for the purpose of predicting reinforcer effectiveness of fifteen stimuli. These stimuli were selected from three categories of reinforcement: 1.) verbal and social, 2.) tangible and manipulatable, and 3.) knowledge of progress. Results of the study indicated that the paired comparison scale of determining reinforcing preferences was moderately reliable. On the validation task, Ss performed equally well for the most and least preferred reinforcers. This finding suggests that a S, when selecting from several reinforcers, cannot choose the stimulus which would be most effective in increasing his performance.
Self-Referencing Raman Probes for Quantitative Analysis

Diamond is evaluated as an internal reference for remote Raman spectroscopy using three different fiber-optic probe designs. The three probe designs include (1) a six-around-one fiber-optic probe with a flat diamond window; (2) a six-around-one fiber-optic probe with a quartz lens window with an embedded diamond particle, and (3) a filtered probe design with a flat diamond window. It is found that the second probe design provides a compact and inexpensive probe head which allows quantitative measurements of Raman-active analytes independent of changes in the incident laser power and independent of changes in the refractive index of the solution. In addition, the second probe design minimizes the glass Raman background from the fiber optics without the use of filters.
MOLECULAR STATICS CALCULATIONS OF PROTON BINDING TO GOETHITE SURFACES : THERMODYNAMIC MODELING OF THE SURFACE CHARGING AND PROTONATION OF GOETHITE IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION

Abstract Molecular statics calculations of proton binding at the hydroxylated faces of goethite are used to guide the development of a thermodynamic model which describes the surface charging properties of goethite in electrolyte solutions. The molecular statics calculations combined with a linear free energy relation between the energies of the hydroxylated surface and the aqueous solvated surface predict that the acidity constants for most singly (aqua or hydroxo), doubly (μ-hydroxo), and triply (μ3-hydroxo or μ3-oxo) coordinated surface sites all have similar values. This model which binds protons to the goethite 110 and 021 faces satisfactorily describes the surface charging behavior of goethite, if pair formation between bulk electrolyte species, i.e., Na+, Cl−, and NO3−, is included in the model. Inclusion of minor species of quite different charging behavior (designed to describe the possible presence of defect species) did not improve our predictions of surface charge since the protonation of the major surface sites changed when these minor species were introduced into the calculations thereby negating the effect of small amounts of defect species on the overall charging behavior. The final thermodynamic model is shown to be consistent with the surface charging properties of goethite over a range of pH values, NaNO3, and NaCl concentrations.
Analysis of Drosophila motor neuron activity patterns with neural analogs

A network of reciprocally inhibitory motorneurons has been previously postulated to account for the firing patterns of motor units during dipteran flight. Possible activity patterns of such a network were analyzed by means of appropriately interconnected neuromimes. This theoretical analysis showed that the proposed network can account for many aspects of dipteran motor unit activity patterns including firing in specific sequences, stability, and resetting of the firing pattern by antidromic spikes. In addition, the analysis showed that one aspect of physiological activity, motor unit phase locking, can not be explained simply on the basis of network properties alone; evidently specific membrane properties of the dipteran motor units also play an essential role in establishing the activity pattern.
Liberalism of College Students and General Public on the Thumin Conservatism-Liberalism Scale

The Thumin Conservatism-Liberalism Scale was administered to 30 students and to 30 non-students. As in Thumin's original sample, the students obtained a mean score very close to the scale's absolute center. However, the non-student group made significantly more conservative scores. These findings suggest that students are liberal on a relative basis and that identifying the center of the Thumin scale with the middle of the political spectrum may be unjustified.
Closed-form solution of absolute orientation using orthonormal matrices

Finding the relationship between two coordinate systems by using pairs of measurements of the coordinates of a number of points in both systems is a classic photogrammetric task. The solution has applications in stereophotogrammetry and in robotics. We present here a closed-form solution to the least-squares problem for three or more points. Currently, various empirical, graphical, and numerical iterative methods are in use. Derivation of a closed-form solution can be simplified by using unit quaternions to represent rotation, as was shown in an earlier paper [ J. Opt. Soc. Am. A4, 629 ( 1987)]. Since orthonormal matrices are used more widely to represent rotation, we now present a solution in which 3 × 3 matrices are used. Our method requires the computation of the square root of a symmetric matrix. We compare the new result with that obtained by an alternative method in which orthonormality is not directly enforced. In this other method a best-fit linear transformation is found, and then the nearest orthonormal matrix is chosen for the rotation. We note that the best translational offset is the difference between the centroid of the coordinates in one system and the rotated and scaled centroid of the coordinates in the other system. The best scale is equal to the ratio of the root-mean-square deviations of the coordinates in the two systems from their respective centroids. These exact results are to be preferred to approximate methods based on measurements of a few selected points.
Early detection of fronto-temporal degeneration by clinical evaluation

Although Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is the most common degenerative dementia, other neuropathological processes are well known to cause dementia syndromes. Fronto-temporal degeneration (FTD) is one such entity, and often produces a clinical presentation distinct from that of AD. Some FTD cases are shown at autopsy to be classic Pick's Disease, but others defy precise classification at this point because they lack characteristic Pick bodies. We describe a case of putative FTD in a 54-year-old man with personality change and complete Kluver-Bucy syndrome. Neuropsychological evaluation disclosed evidence of extensive frontal system dysfunction, with lesser problems in memory, language, and visuospatial skills. Magnetic resonance imaging studies after 17 months of the illness were largely nonspecific, but a follow-up scan 16 months later revealed bifrontal and bitemporal atrophy with ventricular enlargement. Neuromorphometric analysis suggested an increase in cortical atrophy and ventricular dilation over time. This case emphasizes the value of careful clinical evaluation in unusual non-AD degenerative dementias and suggests that neuroimaging studies may be less sensitive in the early diagnosis of such cases.
DNA damage recognition and repair by 3‐methyladenine DNA glycosylase I (TAG)

DNA glycosylases help maintain the genome by excising chemically modified bases from DNA. Escherichia coli 3-methyladenine DNA glycosylase I (TAG) specifically catalyzes the removal of the cytotoxic lesion 3-methyladenine (3mA). The molecular basis for the enzymatic recognition and removal of 3mA from DNA is currently a matter of speculation, in part owing to the lack of a structure of a 3mA-specific glycosylase bound to damaged DNA. Here, high-resolution crystal structures of Salmonella typhi TAG in the unliganded form and in a ternary product complex with abasic DNA and 3mA nucleobase are presented. Despite its structural similarity to the helix–hairpin–helix superfamily of DNA glycosylases, TAG has evolved a modified strategy for engaging damaged DNA. In contrast to other glycosylase-DNA structures, the abasic ribose is not flipped into the TAG active site. This is the first structural demonstration that conformational relaxation must occur in the DNA upon base hydrolysis. Together with mutational studies of TAG enzymatic activity, these data provide a model for the specific recognition and hydrolysis of 3mA from DNA.
HYDROMAGNETIC STAGNATION-POINT FLOW FOR SMALL RM

Incompressible hydromagnetic flow near a plane stagnation point is considered, when the electrical conductivity is small and the applied magnetic field at an arbitrary angle to the surface. First, inviscid flow is treated, and the precise nature of the singular perturbation in the magnetic Reynolds number determined [thus explaining the logarithmic singularity in vorticity at the surface of an arbitrary body found by Ludford and Murray (1960)]. Then viscous forces are included, causing a gross redistribution of the intrinsically non-uniform vorticity outside the boundary layer. This dominant algebraic effect (amongst others) is lacking in similarity solutions, which are thereby quite exceptional. The principal functions of the present exact solution are tabulated. Es wird eine inkompressible hydromagnetische Stromung in der Nahe eines ebenen Staupunktes betrachtet, wenn die elektrische Leitfahigkeit klein ist und das angelegte Magnetfeld einen beliebigen Winkel mit der Oberflache bildet. Zuerst wird eine reibungsfreie Stromung behandelt und die genaue Beschaffenheit der singularen Storung bezuglich der magnetischen Reynolds-Zahl bestimmt (und so die logarithmische Singularitat der Wirbelstarke erklart, die von Ludford und Murray (1960) an der Oberflache eines beliebigen Korpers gefunden wurde). Dann werden Zahigkeitskrafte mit berucksichtigt, die eine starke Verteilungsanderung der eigentlich nicht gleichformigen Wirbelstarke auserhalb der Grenzschicht bewirken. Dieser beherrschende rechnerische Effekt fehlt (unter anderem) bei den ahnlichen Losungen, die daher ausergewohnlich sind. Die Hauptfunktionen der vorliegenden exakten Losung sind tabelliert.
malB region in Escherichia coli K-12: characterization of new mutations

Phenotypic characterization and mapping of more than 50 Mal(-) mutations located in the malB region lead one to divide the site for Mal(-)lambdas mutations (formerly called gene malB) in that region, into two adjacent genetic segments malJ and malK. malJ and malK are both involved in maltose permeation. It is suggested that (i) malK and lamB, the only known gene specifically involved in phage lambda adsorption (20), constitute an operon of polarity malK lamB. (ii) malJ and malK correspond to two different genes, and (iii) a promoter for the malK lamB operon is located between malJ and malK. Since lambda receptors and maltose permease are inducible by maltose and absent in malT mutants, it is likely that the expression of the malK lamB operon is controlled by the product of gene malT, the positive regulatory gene of the maltose system.
Lasers in electrophotography

We review the recent advances in the use of laser sources in the field of electrophotography. New experimental investigations of the photogeneration and transport processes utilized in electrophotography are now possible because of the short pulse duration, high peak power, high collimation, monochromaticity, and/or coherence of a laser source. Also, the increasing availability of reliable and inexpensive lasers has resulted in many new technological uses of lasers in electrophotographic applications. In addition to the continued use of HeNe and HeCd lasers, new products have been configured with GaAs lasers.
The Composition of Mark 4:1–8:26

Mark 4:1–8:26 is a compositional unit whose external boundaries are determined by its internal structure. Because neither this structure nor the unit it defines has been observed previously I shall concentrate on them, dealing with other views of Mark's composition only when they are relevant to my argument. My purpose is to identify the compositional structure of Mark 4:1–8:26, and to point to some of the hermeneutical implications of the structure. The method to be followed is composition-critical to the extent that it is concerned both with the segmentation of the narrative into its constituent units and with their arrangement as a key to their significance in their Markan literary context. I acknowledge that most of these units originated in pre-Markan traditions, some of which may have been accessible to Mark in the form of collections, and that Mark's dependence upon such material determines the hermeneutical problem of his narrative. This problem can be expressed either as the question of the author's investment in his material or as the question of the literary significance of the once preliterary material. Because the answer to the former question is necessarily an inference from the answer to the latter, my orientation is to the latter, namely, to the question of the relevance of the compositional structure of Mark 4:1–8:26 for understanding the compositional significance of its parts.
Emerging Adulthood: What Is It, and What Is It Good For?

ABSTRACT—This article asserts that the theory of emerging adulthood is a useful way of conceptualizing the lives of people from their late teens to their mid- to late 20s in industrialized societies. The place of emerging adulthood within the adult life course is discussed. The weaknesses of previous terms for this age period are examined, and emerging adulthood is argued to be preferable as a new term for a new phenomenon. With respect to the question of whether emerging adulthood is experienced positively or negatively by most people, it is argued that it is positive for most people but entails developmental challenges that may be difficult and there is great heterogeneity, with some emerging adults experiencing serious problems. With respect to the question of whether or not emerging adulthood is good for society, it is argued that claims of the dangers of emerging adulthood are overblown, but emerging adulthood is probably a mixed blessing for society.
Widespread gas hydrate instability on the upper U.S. Beaufort margin

The most climate-sensitive methane hydrate deposits occur on upper continental slopes at depths close to the minimum pressure and maximum temperature for gas hydrate stability. At these water depths, small perturbations in intermediate ocean water temperatures can lead to gas hydrate dissociation. The Arctic Ocean has experienced more dramatic warming than lower latitudes, but observational data have not been used to study the interplay between upper slope gas hydrates and warming ocean waters. Here we use (a) legacy seismic data that constrain upper slope gas hydrate distributions on the U.S. Beaufort Sea margin, (b) Alaskan North Slope borehole data and offshore thermal gradients determined from gas hydrate stability zone thickness to infer regional heat flow, and (c) 1088 direct measurements to characterize multidecadal intermediate ocean warming in the U.S. Beaufort Sea. Combining these data with a three-dimensional thermal model shows that the observed gas hydrate stability zone is too deep by 100 to 250 m. The disparity can be partially attributed to several processes, but the most important is the reequilibration (thinning) of gas hydrates in response to significant (~0.5°C at 2σ certainty) warming of intermediate ocean temperatures over 39 years in a depth range that brackets the upper slope extent of the gas hydrate stability zone. Even in the absence of additional ocean warming, 0.44 to 2.2 Gt of methane could be released from reequilibrating gas hydrates into the sediments underlying an area of ~5–7.5 × 103 km2 on the U.S. Beaufort Sea upper slope during the next century.
Design of a communications system for multiple telemetry data channels operating simultaneously with a coherent turn-around ranging channel

A simple technique to design a phase-modulated (PM) residual carrier communications link for optimum performance is presented. The emphasis is on two data channels which are operated simultaneously with a ranging signal. The data channels use PCM/PM and PCM/PSK/PM modulation schemes for high and low data rate channels, respectively. The technique proposed selects the optimum subcarrier frequency to minimize the interference between the two data channels, and modulation indices for optimum balance of power between the two telemetry data channels and the coherent turnaround ranging channel. The selected set of optimum modulation indices will allow for the specified bit error rate (BER) degradations in the two data channels. Although this technique is proposed to optimize the performance degradation for two data channels, generalizations can be made for more than two data channels. >
Learning to be Bayesian without Supervision

Bayesian estimators are defined in terms of the posterior distribution. Typically, this is written as the product of the likelihood function and a prior probability density, both of which are assumed to be known. But in many situations, the prior density is not known, and is difficult to learn from data since one does not have access to uncorrupted samples of the variable being estimated. We show that for a wide variety of observation models, the Bayes least squares (BLS) estimator may be formulated without explicit reference to the prior. Specifically, we derive a direct expression for the estimator, and a related expression for the mean squared estimation error, both in terms of the density of the observed measurements. Each of these prior-free formulations allows us to approximate the estimator given a sufficient amount of observed data. We use the first form to develop practical nonparametric approximations of BLS estimators for several different observation processes, and the second form to develop a parametric family of estimators for use in the additive Gaussian noise case. We examine the empirical performance of these estimators as a function of the amount of observed data.
FPLD implementation of a PN-matched filter correlator

Typical spread-spectrum receivers use a sliding correlator to achieve synchronization with a received direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) signal. A faster approach (lower latency) to synchronization that uses much shorter synchronization preambles is to use a parallel or tapped delay line correlator to implement a pseudorandom noise (PN) matched filter. Surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices, charge coupled devices (CCD) and digital signal processing (DSP) components are commonly used to implement PN-matched filters. An analysis of a tapped delay line implementation of a PN-matched filter using field programmable logic devices (FPLD) is presented. A pipelined architecture is used to accelerate the calculations and improve the speed of the matched filter. The analysis and simulations show that using standard FPLDs a 16-chip PN-matched filter with a 4-bit, soft-decision input can be implemented with a sampling rate in excess of 100 MHz. If 2X over sampling is used in the absence of chip synchronization, this translates to a chip rate over 50 Mcps and a data rate in excess of 3 Mbps. Therefore, this filter is feasible and even advantageous for moderate speed wireless networks, particularly those with small packet lengths or requiring low latency.
Structure of decay-accelerating factor bound to echovirus 7: A virus-receptor complex

Echoviruses are enteroviruses that belong to Picornaviridae. Many echoviruses use decay-accelerating factor (DAF) as their cellular receptor. DAF is a glycosylphosphatidyl inositol-anchored complement regulatory protein found on most cell surfaces. It functions to protect cells from complement attack. The cryo-electron microscopy reconstructions of echovirus 7 complexed with DAF show that the DAF-binding regions are located close to the icosahedral twofold axes, in contrast to other enterovirus complexes where the viral canyon is the receptor binding site. This novel receptor binding position suggests that DAF is important for the attachment of viral particles to host cells, but probably not for initiating viral uncoating, as is the case with canyon-binding receptors. Thus, a different cell entry mechanism must be used for enteroviruses that bind DAF.
Visualization of Rotor Endwall, Tip Gap, and Outer Casing Surface Flows In a Rotating Axial Turbine Rig

Visualization of surface flows in a large-scale, low speed, axial turbine rig was conducted using a visualization mixture of oil and pigment. Rotor endwall flows were visualized by applying a film of visualization material on the endwall. Tip surface flows were visualized by applying paint dots and oil film to the blade pressure surface. The visualization material is carried up on the blade surface due to rotation and some of the material seeps into the tip gap. The paint dot technique was used on blades with gap heights of 1.40% blade height and 0.72% blade height. Oil film visualization was used on blades with gap heights, as percent blade height, of 0.72%, 0.81%, 1.2%, and 1.40%. Outer casing boundary layer characteristics were also visualized by the oil film technique. Surface streamlines on the rotor endwall identify features such as saddle point, horseshoe vortex system, and skewed passage boundary layer. Tip surface streamlines indicate the presence of chord-wise flow on the tip surface, along with a distinct reattachment region. Variation of surface streamlines characteristics is correlated to the gap height. Outer casing surface streamlines show the variation in wall shear stress vector orientation through the rotor.
Phase-state identification bypass method for three-phase thermal compositional simulation

In this paper, we propose a strategy to bypass the phase identification of fluid mixtures that can form three, or more, phases. The strategy is used for reservoir simulation of multicomponent, three-phase, thermal compositional displacement processes. Since the solution path in compositional space is determined by a limited number of “key” tie-simplexes, the proposed “bypass” method uses information from the parameterized tie-simplexes and their extensions. The tie-simplex parameterization is performed in the discrete phase-fraction space. Once the phase-fraction space is discretized, a conventional three-phase flash is used adaptively to compute the phase states at the discretization nodes. If all discretization vertices of a given discrete cell, in phase-fraction space, have the same phase state, then this state is assigned to the entire cell and expensive flash calculations are bypassed. We demonstrate the robustness and efficiency of our phase identification bypassing strategy for several cases with three-phase flow, including a six-component ES-SAGD (enhanced solvent SAGD) model.
A Study of Expert Theory Formation: The Role of Different Model Types and Domain Frameworks

If we want to improve science education, it is important to understand how scientists actually go about constructing their theories and models to make sense of the world. In order to understand this process, I conducted an empirical study of three expert scientists and an historian trying to construct theories to address a set of four difficult problems posed to them. This was an exploratory study where the four experts recorded their thinking and made notes to represent their current theories. It was designed to identify the strategies and concepts they were using to construct their theories. To analyze the data, I read through the recorded comments and analyzed the notes to determine the most salient concepts and strategies they were using to construct their theories. While the concepts and strategies used clearly depended on the particular experts and problems, the protocols were very revealing as to the processes that scientists use to construct their theories.
Political Regime Change: Structure and Process-Driven Explanations?

The Faces of Fraternalism: Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Imperial Japan. By Paul Brooker. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991. 397p. $69.00. To Craft Democracies: An Essay on Democratic Transitions. By Guiseppe Di Palma. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990. 248p. $35.00 cloth. $11.95 paper. The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century. By Samuel P. Huntington. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991. 366p. $24.95. Liberalism, Fascism, or Social Democracy: Social Classes and the Political Origins of Regimes in Interwar Europe. By Gregory M. Luebbert. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991. 416p. $49.95 cloth, $19.95 paper. Capitalist Development and Democracy. By Dietrich Rueschemeyer, Evelyne Huber Stephens, and John D. Stephens. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992. 387p. $45.00 cloth, $19.95 paper.
Three's a Crowd: A Proposal to Abolish Joint Representation

This Article confronts the profession's use of joint representation, whereby one lawyer simultaneously represents two or more clients in a particular matter. It is very common for an attorney to undertake joint representation; opportunities arise in virtually every area of legal practice - civil and criminal, transactional work and litigation, and regardless of whether the clients are corporations, partnerships, or individuals. The lawyer's motivation to undertake joint representation is great. It results in increased revenue, and because joint representation is often suggested by the clients themselves, it presents an opportunity to please both clients. However, despite the benefits that may initially be anticipated by both lawyer and client, clients' interests often are not, in fact, completely aligned. Regularly, joint clients' interests become sufficiently divergent so as to require the lawyer to obtain additional client waivers or to withdraw from the representation. Even when the lawyer is not required to withdraw, joint representation dilutes the lawyer's duty of loyalty, which is the lawyer's ultimate responsibility to a client.In evaluating the benefits and risks involved in joint representation, it becomes clear that the risks of this practice - to the clients, to the attorney, and to society - far outweigh the benefits. Joint representation necessarily divides an attorney's loyalties, and the requirement of informed consent provides merely illusory protection to clients. Lawyers are often unaware of psychological or economic pressures upon clients to proceed with joint representation, and lawyers have a vested self-interest in persuading clients to waive any conflict. The inherent dangers of joint representation resemble those found in several other situations, such as the representation of opposite sides in litigation, where the ethical rules impose an absolute prohibition. This Article concludes that the legal profession should similarly modify its ethical rules to prohibit joint representation.
Application of the wavelet transform to nanoscale thermal transport

The continuous wavelet transform is employed to analyze the dynamics and time-dependent energy distribution of phonon wave-packet propagation and scattering in molecular dynamics simulations. The equations of the one-dimensional continuous wavelet transform are presented and then discretized for implementation. Practical aspects and limitations of the transform are discussed, with attention to its application in the analysis of molecular dynamics simulations. The transform is demonstrated using three examples that are relevant to nanoscale thermal transport. First, a system of wave packets that interfere in both the spatial and Fourier domains are separated by the wavelet transform, allowing the measurement of each packet's contribution to the system energy. Second, the wavelet transform is applied to a multiple wave-packet simulation of a silicon, heavy-silicon interface. The wavelet-based calculation of mode-dependent transmission is validated through comparison to literature results and theoretical predictions. Third, the dynamic scattering of a large amplitude wave packet is studied using the wavelet transform. The transform reveals a transition in the structure of the energy distribution. Unlike current techniques, the wavelet transform can be used to determine how the energy of a simulated system is distributed in time, in space, and among wave numbers, simultaneously. The ability to resolve phonon motion and energy from a vibrating ensemble of atoms in a molecular dynamics simulation makes the wavelet transform a promising technique for probing the physical mechanisms of nanoscale thermal transport.
Abstract PR15: Longitudinal characterization of hypertension in childhood cancer survivors: A report from the St. Jude Lifetime Cohort Study

Objective: Hypertension markedly increases the risk for heart failure and cardiovascular disease in childhood cancer survivors exposed to cardiotoxic treatments (chest radiation, anthracyclines). Characterization of longitudinal patterns of hypertension in aging survivors can inform prevention and control interventions in this high risk group. Materials and Methods: We examined hypertension in 2807 participants (52% male; mean age 32.3 ± 8.4 years) in the St. Jude Lifetime Cohort (SJLIFE), an ongoing longitudinal follow-up study of childhood cancer survivors who were ≥18 years old and had survived at least 10 years after childhood cancer. Resting blood pressure was measured by standardized protocol at each SJLIFE visit and categorized as normal ( Results: The cumulative prevalence of hypertension was 15% by age 30, 44% by age 40, and 78% by age 50, with no statistically significant difference between those exposed and unexposed to cardiotoxic treatments during childhood. The overall prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension was 42% and 29%, respectively. Undiagnosed hypertension was found in 351 (13%) participants. Characteristics significantly associated with undiagnosed hypertension included male sex (OR 3.4, 95% CI 2.6-4.4), black race (1.8, 1.3-2.4), older age (1.4, 1.3-1.5 per 5 years), and receipt of cardiotoxic treatment (0.8, 0.6-1.0). Of 472 participants previously diagnosed with hypertension, 195 (41%) were uncontrolled on SJLIFE evaluation. Uncontrolled hypertension was also associated with male sex (1.5, 1.0-2.2) and black race (2.1, 1.3-3.5). Among survivors with multiple visits, 115 (32%) of the 361 who were identified as prehypertensive at the first visit developed subsequent incident hypertension; 88 of the 115 (77%) were undiagnosed prior to the second visit. Incident hypertension among those with prehypertension was associated with male sex (2.1, 1.3-3.4), and older age (1.3, 1.1-1.5 per five years). Conclusion: The observed high prevalence of hypertension among childhood cancer survivors increases sharply with age. Screening identifies a significant proportion of previously undiagnosed and uncontrolled hypertension. Diagnosis of prehypertension identifies a population of survivors who are at high risk for near-term progression to hypertension and are thus candidates for screening and intervention. This abstract is also presented as Poster A49. Citation Format: Todd M. Gibson, Kirsten K. Ness, Gregory T. Armstrong, Daniel M. Green, Daniel A. Mulrooney, Rohit P. Ojha, Deo Kumar Srivastava, Melissa M. Hudson, Leslie L. Robison. Longitudinal characterization of hypertension in childhood cancer survivors: A report from the St. Jude Lifetime Cohort Study. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Pediatric Cancer Research: From Mechanisms and Models to Treatment and Survivorship; 2015 Nov 9-12; Fort Lauderdale, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(5 Suppl):Abstract nr PR15.
The Role of Nuclear Medicine in the Diagnosis, Differentiation, Management, and Potential Cure of Alzheimer’s Disease

This paper presents an overview of the various studies, techniques, and contributions made in the field of nuclear medicine toward the diagnosis, differentiation, management, and potential cure of Alzheimer’s disease. The definitions, history, clinical symptoms, personal, social, and financial impacts are discussed first. Information on research into the causes and risk factors of the disease is presented, along with medically defined levels of disease prevention as they specifically relate to Alzheimer’s disease. Finally, studies and their results, employing a number of nuclear medicine techniques are presented (including nuclear medicine techniques combined with other imaging modalities, i.e., magnetic resonance imaging), in order to illustrate the progress being made in the association of nuclear medicine with Alzheimer’s disease.
Exploitation and utilization of rice wine lees

Rice wine lees are main byproducts in the brewing process of rice wine,and the average yield of rice wine lees was between 20%~30%,thus there were considerable amount of wine lees generated in rice wine production.Due to the fact that the residual proteins and amino acids in rice wine lees were abundant,rice wine lees has high nutrition and exploitation value.This article introduced the exploitation and utilization of rice wine lees in the production of condiment,special flavor wine,compound amino acids,and serving as renewable resource in brewing,which can provide a reference for the future utilization of rice wine lees.