cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hierarchical world model for an autonomous scout vehicle

This paper describes a world model that combines a variety of sensed inputs and a priori information and is used to generate on-road and off-road autonomous driving behaviors. The system is designed in accordance with the principles of the 4D/RCS architecture. The world model is hierarchical, with the resolution and scope at each level designed to minimize computational resource requirements and to support planning functions for that level of the control hierarchy. The sensory processing system that populates the world model fuses inputs from multiple sensors and extracts feature information, such as terrain elevation, cover, road edges, and obstacles. Feature information from digital maps, such as road networks, elevation, and hydrology, is also incorporated into this rich world model. The various features are maintained in different layers that are registered together to provide maximum flexibility in generation of vehicle plans depending on mission requirements. The paper includes discussion of how the maps are built and how the objects and features of the world are represented. Functions for maintaining the world model are discussed. The world model described herein is being developed for the Army Research Laboratory's Demo III Autonomous Scout Vehicle experiment.
Intrapericardial and intracardiac pressures and the events of the cardiac cycle in Mustelus canis (Mitchill)

Abstract 1. 1. Intrapericardial, ventral aortic and intracardiac pressures were measured in order to determine their magnitudes, the interrelationships of pressures and the events of the cardiac cycle in the pithed smooth dogfish measured when the fish was out of water. 2. 2. Intrapericardial pressure was sub-atmospheric during the entire cardiac cycle. Intracardiac pressures during disastole were significantly related to intrapericardial pressure. 3. 3. Evidence is presented that the atrium is capable of aspiratory activity and that ventricular filling is highly dependent upon atrial systole. 4. 4. The cardiac cycle for each chamber was divided into four phases: isovolumetric contraction, ejection, relaxation and total diastole. 5. 5. The respective durations at 20°C of these phases were 0·10, 0·37, 0·25 and 2·29 sec for the ventricle and 0·07, 0·28, 0·20 and 2·45 sec for the atrium.
Table-Driven Code Generation

This research shows that the systematic organization provided by table-driven methods provides many more benefits than the ad hoc code generation techniques of the past.
Quasisaturation-region operation of n-p-n--n power transistors

A 2-dimensional mathematical model is utilised to predict the internal behaviour of a typical n-p-n--n power transistor operating under steady-state conditions. Results of the analysis for the quasisaturation-region operation indicate the extension of the base region in the n? collector and the presence of appreciable minority charge carriers in the inactive base region under the base contact.
An experimental study of the effects of evaluation upon group behavior

(1960). An experimental study of the effects of evaluation upon group behavior. Quarterly Journal of Speech: Vol. 46, No. 3, pp. 274-283.
Osteotomies for the Treatment of Cervical Kyphosis Caused by Ankylosing Spondylitis: Indications and Techniques

Ankylosing spondylitis is an inflammatory disorder that can produce disabling musculoskeletal conditions. Spinal deformity is among the most common manifestations. Cervical kyphosis can be particularly debilitating to the patient because of interference with forward gaze and activities of daily living. In addition, cervical deformity can lead to both neurologic and respiratory deterioration. For many patients, the only treatment option is surgery. Both the Smith-Petersen osteotomy and the pedicle subtraction osteotomy have been used successfully to manage cervical deformity in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. These procedures are technically difficult and carry significant risk but can produce excellent and safe outcomes.
Bayesian Updating of Fragility Functions Using Hybrid Simulation

AbstractThe accuracy of fragility functions is critical for regional risk and loss estimations. This paper proposes a two-stage approach to generate improved fragility functions for engineering structures using field measurement and experimental data. In the first stage, the linear and nonlinear parameters of the bridge model are calibrated using measured earthquake responses and cyclic testing data; analytical fragilities are then generated with the calibrated model. In the second stage, a Bayesian updating approach is used to further update the derived fragilities using hybrid (analytical-experimental) simulation results. To illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach, fragility functions are generated for the Meloland Road Overcrossing Bridge considering four cases that represent an increasing level of data availability. A comparison of the four sets of fragility functions shows that appropriate calibration of bridge model is critical to the accuracy of the fragilities. In addition, hybrid si...
The influence of persistent pathogens on circulating levels of inflammatory markers: a cross-sectional analysis from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

Background: Systemic inflammation is linked to cardiovascular risk, but the influence of persistent pathogens, which are conventionally dichotomously categorized, on circulating levels of inflammatory markers is not clear. Antibody levels of pathogens have not been examined in relation to inflammation. Methods: Using data from a subsample of the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, we examined circulating levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP) and fibrinogen in relation to five common persistent pathogens: cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus-1, Hepatitis A virus, Helicobacter pylori and Chlamydia pneumoniae. We tested the hypothesis that the number of seropositive pathogens (based on conventional cut-off points) would not be as sensitive a marker of inflammation as immune response measured by antibody levels to pathogens. Results: High antibody response to multiple pathogens showed graded and significant associations with IL-6 (p < 0.001), CRP (p = 0.04) and fibrinogen (p = 0.001), whereas seropositive pathogen burden did not. In multiple linear regression models, high antibody response to multiple pathogens maintained a positive association only with IL-6 (4.4% per pathogen exhibiting high antibody response, 95% CI 0.0-8.9). Conclusions: High antibody response to pathogens was a more consistent marker of inflammatory outcomes compared to seropositivity alone and high antibody response to multiple pathogens was a stronger marker compared to any single pathogen.
Identifying sites of protein modification by using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry and on-line membrane preconcentration-capillary electrophoresis-tandem mass spectrometry

A strategy for rapidly identifying the number and sites of chemical or posttranslational modification of proteins is described. The use of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry to determine the molecular weight of the adducted protein as well as map the proteolytic digest of peptides offers a rapid method to screen for the possible site of adduction. To unequivocally determine the amino acid sequence of the peptide bearing the adduct as well as structurally characteize the covalent modification, the peptide mixture is subjected to membrane preconcentration-capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry (mPC-CE-MS/MS). The high resolving separation capability of capillary electrophoresis (CE) afford a chromatograhic step that lends itself to separation of complex mixtures of peptides with minimal sample loss. The membrane preconcentration-CE cartridge allows sample loading volumes 10,000-fold greater than conventional CE. In this work the binding site of the fluorescent label acrylodan to the intestinal fatty binding protein is characterized and shown to be covalently bound at lysine-27, by using mPC-CE-MS/MS.
Abstract 5015: Ablation of a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 10 (ADAM 10) induces significant pancreatic tumor heterogeneity and blocks cancer metastasis.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is the 4th leading cause of cancer related death in the U.S. This disease has a poor prognosis due to late detection and rapid progression to metastasis. ADAM10 is a membrane bound metalloproteinase responsible for shedding bioactive molecules and inducing regulated intra-membrane proteolysis of cell surface proteins such as Notch. Both ADAM10 and Notch are highly expressed in patients with PDA, with the latter being implicated in PDA progression. We have found that genetic ablation of ADAM10 in the KrasG12D/+;Ptf1aCre/+ mouse PDA model altered tumor character to favor a cystic phenotype, mixed with low grade pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) and PDA. Though ADAM10 knockout mice retain the ability to form locally invasive cancer, they live 50% longer than control mice, essentially to a full 2-year life span. The phenotypes we observe closely mimic Notch-2 knockout mice, consistent with ADAM10’s role as the primary Notch activating proteinase. Further examination revealed that ADAM10 knockout mice did not show significant liver metastasis compared to control, despite their local invasiveness. The mechanism through which ADAM 10 controls a cancer cell's ability to establish distant metastases will be explored. Citation Format: Jason C. Hall, Howard C. Crawford. Ablation of a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 10 (ADAM 10) induces significant pancreatic tumor heterogeneity and blocks cancer metastasis. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5015. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-5015
The effects of methamphetamine exposure during preadolescence on male and female rats in the water maze.

Abstract Exposure to methamphetamine early in life can have lasting effects on cognitive processes. The maturation of neurotransmitter systems targeted by methamphetamine differs by gender during childhood and preadolescence, which could lead to differential long-term effects of early drug exposure. Therefore, the current study assessed whether preadolescent exposure to methamphetamine has gender specific long-term effects on adult spatial memory in rodents. Male and female rats were given 1 daily injection of 0 or 2 mg/kg methamphetamine or not handled from PD21–35 and then tested as adults (PD95) in the Morris water maze. In general, male rats performed better than female rats in the water maze task regardless of treatment group. Female rats exposed to methamphetamine from PD21–35 had shorter latencies and took more direct paths to the hidden platform compared to control females during the 4 days of acquisition training and when the hidden platform was moved each day on matching to place trials. Male rats exposed to methamphetamine swam a shorter distance to the hidden platform on the first day of acquisition training, similar to the methamphetamine exposed females. However, the methamphetamine exposed males performed more poorly compared to control males in the matching to place trials. Overall, the current study found that methamphetamine exposure during preadolescence has long-term effects on spatial memory in a gender specific manner. These findings may contribute to our general understanding of the long-term effects of psychostimulant exposure at early developmental stages.
On stationary strategies in Borel dynamic programming

We consider a discrete time Markov decision model with Borel state and action spaces. It is proved that the supremum of the expected total rewards under all randomized stationary strategies is equal to the supremum of these rewards under all nonrandomized stationary strategies.
Autonomic Interactions in the Control of Heart Rate in the Monkey

Each of 5 monkeys (Macaca mulatta) was operantly conditioned to raise and to lower heart rate consistently and reliably. Following such training the animals were tested using autonomic blocking agents (methyl-atropine bromide and 1-propranolol) to characterize the autonomic mechanisms mediating such control. The results were: 1) In the undrugged animal the extent to which it decreases its heart rate over a 2048-sec period is a linear function of the baseline heart rate; 2) A linear relationship between baseline heart rate and heart rate decrease also is present within the first 128 sec; 3) There is a less consistent relationship between baseline heart rate and change in heart rate when animals must increase heart rate; 4) Vagal blockade significantly attenuates the ability of most animals to increase heart rate, primarily by reducing their ability to produce large, relatively rapid increases; 5) Sympathetic blockade significantly attenuates the ability of most animals to increase heart rate both in terms of overall changes and in terms of large, relatively rapid responses; 6) Vagal blockade very significantly attenuates the ability of all animals to slow heart rate; 7) Sympathetic blockade facilitates the ability of most animals to slow heart rate. These findings show that both branches of the autonomic nervous system participate in the operant control of heart rate. The relative role of one branch or the other in a given experiment will depend upon the baseline conditions at the time of testing, and upon the requirements—i.e., raising or lowering of heart rate.
Effects of 6 weeks of quercetin supplementation on energy, fatigue, and sleep in ROTC cadets

ABSTRACTPurpose: To investigate the effects of 6 weeks of quercetin supplementation on energy, fatigue, and sleep quality in young persons conducting military physical training. Methods: Using a randomized, double-blind, repeated-measures, placebo-controlled design, 58 healthy, moderately trained men and women were assigned to quercetin group and placebo group. Energy, fatigue, and sleep quality were evaluated before, in the middle, at the end, and 2 weeks following 42 to 54 days of supplementation with 1 g/day of quercetin in a soft chew or a placebo. Results: Changes in energy and fatigue, assessed by the Profile of Mood States-Brief and the Mental and Physical State Energy and Fatigue Scales, and changes in sleep quality, measured by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index were not significantly different (p > 0.05) in quercetin and placebo groups. Conclusion: Six weeks of quercetin supplementation in young persons conducting military physical training does not influence energy, fatigue, or sleep quality.
APS Participatory Network Case Study Review

The goal of this project was to establish the feasibility of linking a practice-based research network of Adult Protective Service (APS) workers to an academic institution. To determine whether this newly formed APS research network was feasible, a qualitative research project was attempted with network members who had e-mail. An e-mailed single case study with three questions sent to the 356 network members yielded a 31% return rate. APS workers suggested 73 different ideal and actual services for the case study abuse victim. Half of the respondents were unable to implement the ideal service. Barriers were predominantly financial, victim and daughter cooperation, and availability of resources. It is realistic and feasible to establish an adult protective service research network with an interdisciplinary academic research team.
Increased effort requirements and risk sensitivity: a comparison of delay and magnitude manipulations.

Abstract Reward magnitude and delay to reward were independently manipulated in two separate experiments examining risk-sensitive choice in rats. A dual-running wheel apparatus was used and the tangential force resistance required to displace both wheels was low (50 g) for half of the subjects, and high (120 g) for the remaining subjects. Concurrent FI30-s and FI60-s schedules delivered equivalent amounts of food reward per unit time (i.e. 5 and 10 pellets of food, respectively), and these conditions served as the baseline treatment for all subjects. Variability, either in reward magnitude or delay, was introduced on the long-delay (60 s) schedule during the second phase. All subjects were returned to the baseline condition in the third phase, and variability was introduced on the short-delay (30 s) interval schedule during phase four. The subjects were again returned to the baseline condition in the fifth and final phase, ultimately yielding a five-phase ABACA design. Original baseline performance was characterized by a slight short-delay interval preference, and this pattern of performance was recovered with each subsequent presentation of the baseline condition. Overall, the data obtained from the reward magnitude and delay-to-reward manipulations were indistinguishable; subjects experiencing low-response effort requirement behaved in a risk-indifferent manner and subjects experiencing high-response effort requirement preferred the variable schedule. Implications for the daily energy budget rule on risk-sensitive foraging are discussed in light of these findings.
Engineering Solution in Monitoring Nanoparticle-Fluid Flow During Nanocomposites Processing

New generation composites using nanoparticle-filled matrices have been significantly broadened to encompass a large variety of one-, two-, and three-dimensional systems made of distinctly dissimilar components mixed at the nanometer scale. Nevertheless, during the fabrication process of these novel composites, many problems potentially could arise. One such problem is the clogging of the channels of the microfiber matrix used due to strong interactions between the nanoparticle additives and the matrix walls. In this paper, a two-dimensional simulation model based on Lagrangian multiphase approach for nanoparticle-filled fluid, which flows around an aligned microfiber matrix, is introduced to investigate and predict the nanoparticles trajectories and their interactions with fluid flow and microfiber walls. An energy “imbalance” technique has been applied between the fluid and the microfiber walls to prevent any potential sticking of the nanoparticle additives on the microfiber walls. The trajectory of the nanoparticle has been predicted by integrating the force balance on it in a Lagrangian reference frame. The governing integral equations for the conservation of mass, momentum and energy have been solved in a segregated numerical fashion by a Control-Volume-Based Finite-Element Method.
Effective 3D action recognition using EigenJoints

HighlightsEffective method to recognize human actions using 3D skeleton joints.New action feature descriptor, EigenJoints, for action recognition.Accumulated Motion Energy (AME) method to perform informative frames selection.Our proposed approach significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art methods on three public datasets. In this paper, we propose an effective method to recognize human actions using 3D skeleton joints recovered from 3D depth data of RGBD cameras. We design a new action feature descriptor for action recognition based on differences of skeleton joints, i.e., EigenJoints which combine action information including static posture, motion property, and overall dynamics. Accumulated Motion Energy (AME) is then proposed to perform informative frame selection, which is able to remove noisy frames and reduce computational cost. We employ non-parametric Naive-Bayes-Nearest-Neighbor (NBNN) to classify multiple actions. The experimental results on several challenging datasets demonstrate that our approach outperforms the state-of-the-art methods. In addition, we investigate how many frames are necessary for our method to perform classification in the scenario of online action recognition. We observe that the first 30-40% frames are sufficient to achieve comparable results to that using the entire video sequences on the MSR Action3D dataset.
Analysis of single-event effects in continuous-time Delta-Sigma Modulators

Behavioral simulations are carried out for characterizing single-event effects in continuous-time Delta-Sigma modulators, the core subsystem of an oversampling analog-to-digital converter. The performed study shows that some topologies are less immune than others to single-event hits and that by appropriately choosing the order and oversampling ratio of the modulators one can reduce the radiation effects.
The axonal cytoskeleton: its role in generating and maintaining cell form

Each neuron must attain and maintain its appropriate configuration in order to contribute to the synaptic circuitry of the nervous system. There is enormous diversity in neuronal shape, and some processes are at least a meter long in the human, and ten meters long in the whale! How is this extraordinary geometry achieved and then main- tained throughout life? The key players in the cell that are responsible for these processes belong to the cytoskeleton cast: microtubules, neurofilaments and actin microfilaments. Many other cell types of the body have shown us that these players are involved in both changing and maintaining cell shape and in motile processes: recall the mitotic spindle, cilia and flagella constructed of microtubules and the ruffling membrane filled with actin. Since axonal processes lack synthetic capacity, components must be trans- ported from the perikaryon. It has been recognized since the classic experi- ments of Weiss and Hiscoe in 1948 that there is a constant slow movement of cytoplasmic material along the axon throughout the life of the neuron, and not only during growth. This view has not changed but the concept is now far more complicated: instead of 'bulk' axoplasmic flow, there are diverse molecules and organelles being trans- ported at different rates (some very rapid) and in different directions along the axon. An important aspect of generation and maintenance of neu- ronal cell form is the continual, appropriate and directed provision of supplies to the axon. There are a number of aspects that must be understood to appreciate how the cytoskeleton generates and main- tains cell shape. What is the cyto-
Manipulator Configurations Based on Rotary-Linear (R-L) Actuators and Their Direct and Inverse Kinematics

Conception d'un actionneur permettant un mouvement de translation et de rotation combinees. Application a un manipulateur. Problemes cinematiques directs et inverses
Response of a tubular heterogeneous catalytic reactor to a step increase in flow rate

The vapor phase dehydration of ethanol to diethyl ether, as catalyzed by ion exchange resin, has been studied experimentally and theoretically for the transient state period following a step increase in flow rate. A mathematical model is developed to account quantitatively for the effects of adsorption and surface reaction on the product distribution in the effluent of a tubular reactor. The solution of the model is in good agreement with the experimentally observed behavior.
Phytoplankton growth and light absorption as regulated by light, temperature, and nutrients

Numerous studies of the growth of phytoplankton in the laboratory have demonstrated the dependence of cellular pigment concentration and growth rate upon light intensity, photoperiod, temperature, and nutrient supply. These same environmental parameters vary with season in the polar seas and presumably affect the growth rate and cellular pigment concentration of the phytoplankton crop. Unfortunately, there has not been a complete mathematical description of the interaction of all four environmental parameters. This study presents an approach to describing these interactions. It can reasonably be assumed that the gross specific growth rate, g, is a function of the specific rate of light absorption. The dependent variables in this equation are g, the gross specific growth rate, ?, the maximum carbon-specific photosynthetic rate, and, ?, the ratio of carbon to chlorophyll. The value of all three dependent variables is constrained. The independent variables are E?, the light intensity (assumed constant during the photoperiod), and ?, the photoperiod (as a fraction of 24 hours) that the cells are illuminated, ? is the instantaneous capacity of the dark reactions to assimilate electrons, while the product ap?max E?/? is the instantaneous capacity of the light reactions to supply electrons. If the capacity for photochemistry exceeds the capacity for assimilation, dissipative processes occur, and the quantum yield is low. We have applied this equation to the analysis of the growth and light absorption by Skeletonema costatum cultured under light, temperature, and nutrient limitation. Decreases in nutrient supply and temperature cause decreases in ? and increases in ?; thus both the capacity for electron supply and utilisation decrease. However, decreases in temperature decrease the capacity for electron assimilation more rapidly than the capacity for supply; quantum yield drops. Decreases in nutrient supply cause the capacity for supply and assimilation to drop in parallel; quantum yeield is maintained. Decreases in day length cause decreases in ? and increases in ?. The capacity to assimilate electrons and the capacity to supply electrons increase in parallel; quantum yield is maintained. Decreases in light intensity cause decreases in both ? and the capacity to supply electrons. Although the changes in ? with light intensity arc difficult to assess, the capacity to assimilate electrons appears to be little changed by light limitation. Quantum yields increase with decreasing light levels.
Patrick Henry: First Among Patriots. By Thomas S. Kidd. (New York, NY: Basic Books, 2011. Pp. xiii, 291. $28.00.)

This new biography of Patrick Henry will find a wide readership. Writing for a popular audience, Thomas S. Kidd provides a sketch of Henry's life and an overview of the revolutionary conflict with ...
Flight controller design for uncertain and nonlinear plants with pilot compensation

Nonlinear quantitative feedback theory (QFT) is used to design a flight control system for the nonlinear model of the YF-16 aircraft (A/C) with C* as the controlled output. The resulting closed loop stability augmentation system (SAS), Pe(S), becomes part of the outer loop containing the pilot. The Neal-Smith pilot model for a compensatory tracking task is used to develop a technique which allows the designer to synthesize compensation in the outer loop, which includes a free compensator Fp(S). The latter is chosen to minimize pilot workload, increase system bandwidth, and improve handling qualities ratings as per the Neal–Smith criteria, for the tracking task. The available pilot compensation abilities are then available for further increasing of system bandwidth to improve overall capabilities. This approach can be used at the early stages of flight control design, thus saving time and money over the current practice. Simulations in the time and frequency domains demonstrate that the desired performance is attained.
Age-dependent changes in myogenic precursor cell compartment sizes. Evidence for the existence of a stem cell.

Abstract Individual myogenic cells were isolated from the pectoralis muscles of chick embryos from days 8–14 of embryogenesis. When separately cloned, these cells produced three types of colonies in culture: (1) Positive: all cells in the clone were terminally differentiated muscle cells; (2) negative: no cells in the clone were terminally differentiated muscle; (3) mixed: some cells in the clone were terminally differentiated muscle. Positive clones from all ages tended to contain 2 n cells ( n = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4). Negative clones were found in all sizes and did not cluster around powers of 2 in cell number. Mixed clones were, by far, the most common type among those clones larger than 2 4 in cell number. Estimates of cell numbers in embryonic muscle tissue revealed that, while the numbers of cells in all myogenic compartments increased steadily with embryonic age, the number and percentage of precursor cells that produced large mixed clones increased dramatically. Subclones, prepared from populations of cells equivalent to large mixed clones, yielded both small positive and large mixed colonies. This indicated that the precursors to the large mixed clones were also precursors to the smaller positive clones. These observations suggest a model for the myogenic lineage in which there exists a stem cell that can generate, by a series of asymmetric divisions, cohorts of terminally differentiated muscle cells. The model can explain the asynchrony of production of terminally differentiated muscle cells both in vitro and in vivo.
Responsible investing: challenges and opportunities for sustainable strategic management in the global context

This paper examines the emerging relationship between responsible investment and sustainable strategic management. It argues that responsible investment has a mixed track record in accelerating the business sector generally and the banking and financial services sector specifically toward greater sustainable strategic management practices and that the future 'success' of responsible investment in the global context is likely to depend on what degree it is able to become mainstreamed as a business concept in the emerging and developing economies.
Modeling frequency encoding in the cricket cercal sensory system

Abstract The cercal sensory system of the cricket mediates the detection and analysis of low velocity air currents. Sensory stimuli are encoded as spatiotemporal patterns of activity within an afferent map that provides inputs to primary sensory interneurons. We have developed biophysically based interneuron models with synaptic inputs that are derived from a dynamic model of the afferent map activity. Using these models, we have studied the possible mechanisms for the frequency tuning of one type of interneuron in this system. Our results indicate that frequency preferences are primarily due to the passive electrotonic structure of the dendritic arbor and the dynamic sensitivity of the spike initiation zone.
Depth dependence of soil carbonate accumulation based on cosmogenic 36Cl dating

Indurated pedogenic carbonate layers (calcretes) are common in soils on stable surfaces in arid to semiarid climates. The morphology and composition of calcretes provide important information on the geomorphic and climatic histories of the regions where they are formed, but they have proved difficult to date with conventional radiometric methods. We report cosmogenic [sup 36]Cl-buildup ages from three fractions (leachable Cl, carbonate, silicate) of a calcrete from the surface of an alluvial slope below the Ajo Mountains in southern Arizona. All three fractions give reasonably concordant ages, ranging from 700 ka at the base of the calcrete horizon to 200 ka at its top. These ages are in good agreement both with estimates of age based on correlation with similar, independently dated, soils in the region and with [sup 36]Cl-buildup ages on surficial boulders. These results support the ideas that calcretes accumulate upward with time and that water movement through the carbonate matrix is very limited after induration. 19 refs., 2 figs., 1 tab.
Microheterogeneous dispersion electrolysis with nanoscale electrode-modified zeolites

Abstract This study demonstrates the utility of supported nanoscale Pt or RuO 2 particles as ensembles of ultramicroelectrodes for controlled potential electrolyses, including implications for their use in practical electrosyntheses. Microheterogeneous dispersions of nanoelectrode-modified aluminosilicate zeolites (M-Z) increase the effective electrode area of conventional large surface electrodes in electrolytes of customary ionic strength ( μ ≥0.1 M). For [Fe(CN) 6 ] 3− solutions (in pH 6.86 phosphate buffer), the time for total reduction of the iron complex using a dilute 2.5 mg/ml suspension density of 1 wt.% Pt–NaY was 67% less than that for the same solution with no electrode-modified zeolite added. The use of Pt–NaY dispersed in solutions of low electrolyte content (650 μ M) exploits the nanoelectrode nature of the Pt particles and enables effective electron transfer to be conducted at applied potentials similar to those applied in high ionic strength electrolyte. In the absence of dispersed nanoelectrodes, no electrolysis can be sustained under these conditions of high resistance. Divorcing the electrocatalyst from the reactor electrodes allows inexpensive large area feeder electrodes to be used while the dispersed nanoscale electrodes can be a small mass of a high cost electrocatalyst. These studies demonstrate that heterogeneous dispersion electrolyses using electrode-modified zeolites can overcome the difficulties normally associated with industrial applications of electrosynthetic schemes: slow reaction times, difficult electrolyte separations, and high electrode costs.
Factors affecting lateral differentiation in the human newborn.

Abstract The effect of asymmetry of muscle tonus and of prior somesthetic stimulation on responsiveness to subsequent somesthetic perioral stimulation was examined. Infants were subjected to; asymmetry of tonus ( n = 14), somesthetic stimulation of the right cheek ( n = 14) or the left cheek ( n = 15), or a control condition in which both types of asymmetry were eliminated ( n = 13). All experimental treatments significantly increased responsiveness to both right and left stimulation. Since asymmetry of tonus and prestimulation of the right cheek produced significantly more responses to right than to left stimulation, it is likely that both factors contribute to the normally occurring lateral differences in responsiveness. Somesthetic priming of the two sides did not have opposite effects, indicating additional determinants of lateral differentiation.
The effects of orthophenylphenol, tris(2,3-dichloropropyl) phosphate, and cyclophosphamide on the immune system and host susceptibility of mice following subchronic exposure

Abstract The effects of orthophenylphenol (OPP) and tris(2,3-dichloropropyl)phosphate (Fyrol FR2) on immunological functions and host susceptibility to infectious agents were examined following subchronic exposure to nontoxic levels in adult mice. Also included in these studies as a positive control were mice treated with cyclophosphamide (CY), a known immunosuppressant and cytoreductive drug. Exposure to relatively high doses of OPP (up to 200 mg/kg body wt per day for 10 days) failed to alter immune functions or host susceptibility. Fyrol FR2 treatment induced minimal changes in immune functions and host susceptibility only at the highest dose tested (25 mg/kg per day for 4 days) as indicated by decreased lymphoproliferative responses to mitogens and increased tumor takes following tumor cell challenge. In contrast, CY treatment resulted in marked alterations in both immunological functions and host susceptibility.
Rapid parallel genome indexing with MapReduce

Sequence alignment is one of the most important applications in computational biology, and is used for such diverse tasks as identifying homologous proteins, analyzing gene expression, mapping variations between individuals, or assembling de novo the genome of organism. Except for trivial cases involving just a small number of short sequences, virtually all other sequence alignment tasks rely on a precomputed index of the sequence to accelerate the alignment. Two of the most important index structures are the suffix array, which consists of the lexicographically sorted list of suffixes of a genome, and the closely related Burrows-Wheeler Transform (BWT), which is a permutation of the genome based on the suffix array. Constructing these structures on large sequences, such as the human genome, requires several hours of serial computation and must be performed for each genome, or genome assembly, to be analyzed. Here we present a novel parallel algorithm for constructing the suffix array and the BWT of a sequence leveraging the unique features of the MapReduce parallel programming model. We demonstrate the performance of the algorithm by greatly accelerating suffix array and BWT construction on five significant genomes using as many as 120 cores leased from the Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2), reducing the end-to-end runtime from hours to mere minutes. The source code is available under an open source GPL License at: http://code.google.com/p/genome-indexing/
Combustion instability sustained by unsteady vortex combustion

The determination of an internal feedback mechanism which leads to combustion instability inside a small scale laboratory combustor is presented in this paper. During combustion instability, the experimental findings show that a large vortical structure is formed at an acoustic resonant mode of the system. The subsequent unsteady burning, within the vortex as it is convected downstream, feeds energy into the acoustic field and sustains the large resonant oscillations. These vortices are formed when the acoustic velocity fluctuation at the flameholder is a large fraction of the mean flow velocity. The propagation of these vortices is not a strong function of the mean flow speed and appears to be dependent upon the frequency of the instability. Continued existence of large vortical structures which characterize unstable operation depends upon the fuel-air ratio, system acoustics, and fuel type.
The efficiency of inverted index and cluster searches

The processing time and disk space requirements of an inverted index and top-down cluster search are compared. The cluster search is shown to use both more time and more disk space, mostly due to the large number of cluster centroids needed by the search. When shorter centroids are used, the efficiency of the cluster search improves, but the inverted index search remains more efficient.
Evaluation of the IQA Delay Estimation Method

The Incremental Queue Accumulation (IQA) method is the new delay estimation method for signalized intersections adopted for the Highway Capacity Manual 2010. Using a signalized intersection and a remote data collection facility, the IQA method was evaluated for its accuracy and for potential challenges that practitioners may encounter as they use the new method. The results were compared with delays obtained by the delay estimation models included in the Highway Capacity Manual 2000. It was found that the IQA method was promising and theoretically more robust than the current delay estimation model, but field data collection could be challenging. © 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
The maternal‐to‐zygotic transition: An asynchronous split

The early cell cycles of preimplantation embryo development are unique in the scheme of mitotic cell proliferation as cell division is not coupled to cell growth, leading to a halving of blastomere volume with each cleavage event. Among the early mouse embryonic divisions, the fi rst two are particularly different, lasting almost twice as long as subsequent divisions. The third cell cycle is marked by the transition of a four-cell embryo into an eight-cell embryo, and represents the fi rst complete cell cycle occurring after activation of the zygotic genome. The G2/M phase of the third cell cycle is highly variable, lasting between 2–5 hours, and heterogeneity between blastomeres within the same embryo may occur as a part of normal development. The embryo in this image is actively undergoing cleavage from the four- to the eight-cell stage, and blastomeres are captured in multiple phases of the cell cycle, as visualized by chromatin structure (DNA, blue) and microtubule staining (α-tubulin, green). Two blastomeres sit in interphase with decondensed chromatin masses and a mesh-like microtubule network, while the remaining blastomeres are actively undergoing mitosis. Of the latter, one is in metaphase, one in early anaphase, and the last in late anaphase. All together, the diversity in cell cycle stages reveals the inherit asynchrony existent within individual blastomeres of a cleavage stage embryo. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 80: 1–1, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fellowship and Citizenship as Models of National Community: United Church Women's Fellowship in Ranongga, Solomon Islands

From humble beginnings in the 1960s, the United Church Women's Fellowship (UCWF) is now viewed as one of the most effective organizations on the island of Ranongga (Western Province, Solomon Islands). This essay considersreasons for the success of women's fellowship in Ranongga, focusing on the distinctive position of women in gendered local and translocal forms of social organization. Far from being isolated from the outside world, Ranonggan women have long been engaged in drawing outsiders into local communities. I explore this theme in narratives of Christian conversion and of the beginning of women's fellowship; I also consider the practices of local and national women's fellowship groups that work to constitute unified communities out of diverse groups of people. My discussion of Ranonggan women's fellowship illustrates local dynamics of community-making that do not map easily on to dominant models of nation-states and ethnic groups. I ask whether the UCWF provides an alternative model for thinking about larger-scale political formations, particularly in the Solomons. This question is especially relevant considering the significant contribution that women's Christian organizations have made in efforts to reconstitute a national community in the context of the ongoing political crisis in Solomon Islands.
Mediators and moderators of change in cognitive therapy of depression

This article reviews the theoretical and empirical literature associated with the mediators and moderators of change in cognitive therapy (CT) of depression. Covariation between change in cognition and change in depression, specific effects for cognitive versus behavioral components of CT, specific effects for CT versus other treatments, moderating influence of nonspecific and technical aspects of the therapeutic environment, and moderating influence of client characteristics are reviewed. The clinical implications of prior research and suggestions for future research on identifying the critical ingredients of change in CT of depression are discussed.
A pendulum swings awry: seeking the middle ground on opioid prescribing for chronic non-cancer pain.

Perhaps at no time in history has the field of pain medicine experienced a crisis as overwhelming as the current one regarding the prescription of opioid analgesics for noncancer pain. Physicians and observers ⇓ have noted the dramatic swing from the overprescription of opioid analgesics in the 1990s and the early years of this millennium to a rash …
Wavefront sampling in holography

Image formation from sampled wavefronts is shown to be a special case of Monte Carlo integral evaluation. Simulation of the sampling-degraded image by a spatial filtering technique demonstrates the great superiority of Monte Carlo importance sampling to the usual uniformly spaced sampling.
On the zeros of polynomials orthogonal on the semicircle

It is shown that the polynomials $\pi _n ( \cdot ;w)$ orthogonal in the sense of [W. Gautschi, H. J. Landau, and G. V. Milovanovie, Constr. Approx., 3 (1987), pp. 389–404] on the unit upper semicircle need not necessarily have all their zeros in the interior of the unit upper semidisc, not even for weight functions w that are symmetric, $w( - z) = w(z)$. A symmetric weight function $w_a$ (depending on a parameter a) is exhibited, which has the property that $\pi _n ( \cdot ;w_a )$ for any fixed even n has a zero on the imaginary axis with imaginary part greater than one, provided a is large enough. Similarly, a weight function $w^a $ is constructed for which the analogous property holds for $\pi _n ( \cdot ;w^a )$, n odd.
16(R)-hydroxy-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid, a new arachidonate metabolite in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes

Intact human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) incubated with substimulatory amounts of arachidonic acid in the absence of a calcium ionophore formed four metabolites that were isolated by reverse-phase HPLC and characterized structurally by GC/MS. A major metabolite eluting as the most abundant peak of radioactivity lacked UV chromophores above 215 nm, and its formation was sensitive to 2-diethylaminoethyl-2,2-diphenylvalerate hydrochloride (SKF525A) but not 3-amino-1-[m(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-2-pyrazoline (BW755C), suggesting that it was likely to be a product of cytochrome P450. The GC/MS analysis revealed the presence of two components: 20-hydroxy-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) and 16-hydroxy-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (16-HETE) in an approximate ratio of 4:1. The minor metabolites were identified as 15-HETE and 5-HETE. Although 20-HETE has been observed previously as a product of arachidonic acid metabolism in PMNL, the occurrence of 16-HETE was a novel finding. The stereochemistry of the hydroxyl group in PMNL-derived 16-HETE was established by analysis of 1-pentafluorobenzyl-16-naphthoyl derivatives on a chiral-phase chromatographic column and comparison with authentic synthetic stereoisomers. The PMNL-derived radioactive metabolite co-eluted with the synthetic 16(R)-HETE stereoisomer. Analysis of the total lipid extracts from intact PMNL followed by mild alkaline hydrolysis resulted in detectable amounts of 16-HETE (108+/-26 pg/10(8) cells) and 20-HETE (341+/-69 pg/10(8) cells), which suggested that these HETEs were formed from endogenous arachidonic acid and esterified within PMNL lipids. Thus, in contrast to calcium ionophore-stimulated neutrophils that generate large amounts of 5-lipoxygenase products, the intact PMNL generate 20-HETE and 16(R)-HETE via a cytochrome P450 omega- and omega-4 oxygenase(s).
Spectral reflectance change and luminescence of selected salts during 2–10 KeV proton bombardment: Implications for Io

Radiation damage and luminescence caused by magnetospheric charged particles have been suggested by several investigators as mechanisms that are capable of explaining some of the peculiar spectral/albedo features of Io. In the present paper, this possibility is pursued by measuring the UV-visual spectral reflectance and luminescent efficiency of several proposed Io surface constituents during 2 to 10 keV proton irradiation at room and low temperatures. The luminescence efficiencies of pure samples, studied in the laboratory, suggest that charged-particle induced luminescence from Io's surface might be observable by spacecraft such as Voyager when viewing Io's dark side.
A family of dioxo-molybdenum(VI) complexes of N2X heteroscorpionate ligands of relevance to molybdoenzymes.

Four new Mo(VI)−dioxo complexes of a family of N2X heteroscorpionate ligands are reported which, together with data already available for (TpR)-, provide a unique example of a comprehensive set of isostructural, isoelectronic complexes differing only in one biologically relevant donor atom. A study of these complexes allows for a direct comparison of structural, spectroscopic, and oxygen atom transfer reactivity properties of the Mo(VI)−dioxo center (of relevance to various families of molybdoenzymes) as a function of donor atom identity.