cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Education and the Creation of Capital: or What I have Learned From Following the Money

In the Fall of 1840, twenty-four-year-old Clarissa Pengra journeyed from a small town in western New York to the growing city of Syracuse to take up a new teaching position. She began by heading north by carriage on a plank road to Rochester, where she would catch a canal boat east. Arriving in Rochester in the evening, after what she described as “an unpleasant ride,” she decided to spend the night at a boarding establishment rather than at the home of a family friend, “in order to be convenient for the boat in the morning.” While in the city, she finished her “shopping,” a term she had never used in the context of her rural hometown. Already, Clarissa had traveled a social and psychological distance. In the hours, weeks, and months that followed, her sense of dislocation would continue. At 6 a.m. on the morning after she arrived in Rochester, she boarded the canal boat for a trip that would take 24 hours, ending in Syracuse the following day “before daylight.” On the boat, Clarissa encountered whist-players, whiskey drinkers, and a follower of the Calvinist evangelist, Charles Finney, each in his own way somewhat at odds with her own principles and ideas. With respect to the trip as a whole, she expressed a sense of adventure, tempered by a hint of anxiety. “I have left home and friend,” she wrote in her journal, “and for the present must learn to depend upon myself.”
Low cost sensorless switched reluctance motor drives for automotive applications

The switched reluctance motor can be viable for various applications in the hostile environment of the automotive. The absence of shoot-through problems and simple unipolar power converter requirements give SRMs a definite edge over other type of motors. The absence of cogging torque in SRM is also a definite plus. A simple SRM drive system that can be used in automotive applications is presented. An indirect position sensing scheme that eliminates the need for discrete position sensors is the basis of this drive system. A frequency modulated (FM) encoder is developed to convert the inductance variation into a frequency encoded signal which is further processed in a microcontroller to generate the converter gating pulses. >
The Origins of Judicial Review

This paper argues that judicial review usually emerges in response to a nation’s need for an umpire to resolve federalism or separation of powers boundary line disputes. Once such an umpire is established, judicial review tends to expand to protect individual rights as well as umpiring among different levels and branches of government. We consider and reject Professor Ran Hirschl’s hegemonic preservation theory, as set out in Towards Juristocracy, and instead focus on the emergence of judicial review in France, Germany, Canada, Australia, India, the United Kingdom, and the European Union. We believe that these very populous and economically prosperous jurisdictions are more revealing of the origins of judicial review as an institution than are the four small jurisdictions that Professor Hirschl focused on. One implication of our study is that it may be important for courts to continue to hear and decide federalism and separation of powers boundary line disputes because doing so legitimates judicial action in individual rights Bill of Rights cases.
Basal ganglia inflammation in children with neuropsychiatric symptoms

306 Objectives Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections is associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder and motor tics following group-A β-hemolytic streptococcal infections. However, this disorder remains controversial and many still consider it as a part of Tourette syndrome (TS) spectrum. We applied PET scanning with 11C-[R]-PK11195 (PK) to detect potential neuroinflammation in children with clinically-diagnosed PANDAS and TS. Methods Seventeen children with PANDAS (mean age: 11.4±2.6 years; 13 males), 12 with TS (mean age: 11.0±3.0 years; 10 males) and 15 normal adults (mean age: 28.7±7.9 years; 8 males) underwent dynamic PK-PET imaging and binding potential (BP), a measure of ligand-TSPO receptor (expressed by activated microglia) binding, was calculated for basal ganglia and thalamus, using reference tissue model and cluster analysis. Results BP values were found to be increased in bilateral caudate (p=0.004 for left and 0.03 for right side) and bilateral lentiform nucleus (p=0.09 (a trend) and 0.002 for the left and right lentiform nucleus, respectively) in PANDAS group and in bilateral caudate nuclei only (p=0.06 (a trend) and 0.03 in the left and right caudate, respectively) in the TS group, compared to control group. BP values for bilateral basal ganglia and thalamus, except for left caudate, was found to be inversely related to the duration of illness in the PANDAS group (decreasing BP values with increasing duration); on the other hand, BP values appeared to be directly related to the duration of illness in the TS group (increasing BP values with increasing duration of illness) [Figure]. Conclusions Our findings suggest increased activated microglial cells, suggesting underlying neuroinflammation, in bilateral caudate nuclei in children with PANDAS and TS and in bilateral lentiform nuclei in PANDAS patients only. These differences in the pattern and extent of neuroinflammation signify a possible difference in pathophysiological etiology between PANDAS and TS. Research Support The study was supported by grants/funding from 9Mental Illness Research Association (MIRA)9 and 9Baiardi Family Foundation, Inc9.
Applying Human Rights Norms to Climate Change: The Elusive Remedy

Much has been written about the growing impact of Global Climate Change on human rights as diverse as life, health, property and culture. This article addresses the broad question of the extent to which international human rights norms may be asserted to protect current and future generations from the effects of global climate change. Part II of the article considers potentially applicable norms in both treaty and customary international law. Part III explores the procedures for asserting these rights in the United States' national courts and the substantive and procedural hurdles in doing so. The principal focus of this exploration will be claims in federal courts under the Alien Tort Statute and under the general federal question statutory grant. The possibility of raising these international human rights norms in state courts will also be considered. Finally, Part V discusses raising such claims in a regional or international forum, in particular the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. The article concludes that while such claims may not be entirely foreclosed, they are unlikely to succeed until the international norms are clearer and more universally accepted.
Recovery, Survival and Transfer of Bacteria on Restaurant Menus

The objectives of this study were to detect bacteria on restaurant menus, to determine the bacterial transfer from menus to consumers' hands and to determine the survival of bacteria on menu surfaces. Local restaurant menus were sampled at different periods of operation. The average total plate count (TPC) was 28 (0-210) cfu/15cm menu sampling area during "busy" periods and 15 (0-85) cfu/15cm menu sampling area during "less busy" periods. The staphylococcal count averaged 6 (0-83) cfu/15cm during busy periods and 2 (0-25) cfu/15 cm menu sampling area during less busy periods. Escherichia coli was transferred to menus at 11.17% of the hand population with a high variability between subjects (10.45% standard deviation). Survival of bacteria in menus was 1.40% after 24h and 1.34% after 48h, respectively. Bacterial populations found on randomly sampled menus were low; however, bacteria survived and were transferred from menus to a consumer's hands. Practical Applications: While many food-contact surfaces are routinely cleaned and sanitized to minimize the presence of contamination, some surfaces such as restaurant menus are not and thus may be a potential contamination risk. The current study revealed that in the relatively small sample size of menus examined, there were some that were contaminated. Furthermore, there was measurable transfer of bacteria present on menus to consumer's hands and bacteria survived on menus at least 2 days. Therefore, to reduce the chance of illness from menus that are touched by many different people, especially food service workers, menus may be considered to be included as part of a standard sanitation operating procedure.
Single operation earliness—tardiness scheduling with machine activation costs

We consider a static, single operation, non-pre-emptive, deterministic scheduling problem in which a set of n jobs is to be processed on k identical machines. Jobs assigned to each machine have a common due date. The number of machines (k) is unknown. Activating a machine will require additional costs to be incurred. The objective is to find an optimal sequence, the optimal number of machines (k), and the respective due dates to minimize the weighted sum of earliness, tardiness, and machine activation costs. We propose a polynomial time algorithm to solve the problem.
Weather and climate extremes: Pacemakers of adaptation?

Abstract Weather and climate extremes might propel adaptation both to a stable climate and its characteristic extremes, as well as to underlying changes, if they reveal vulnerabilities, cause damage, and make slow change more noticeable. In theory, extremes act as focusing events that overcome barriers to adaptation and accelerate policy responses. This pace-making might be attenuated by uncertainty in interpreting trends, and extremes might also miscue decision makers, perhaps pointing in the wrong direction or evoking over-adaptation. Cases from a data-base of the most costly weather and climate extremes in the United States over the past three decades are employed to develop a propositional typology of such pace-making effects. Some adaptations in response to extremes result in reduced vulnerability, while other cases yield little effective adaptation or hint at mal-adaptation. Even the most-extreme events do not necessarily yield significant adaptation, despite calls for change and explicit attribution to climate change.
Predicting Straw Yield of Hard Red Spring Wheat

Accurate estimates of straw production for spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) are important in the Great Plains for conservation planning, nutrient cycling, and fertilizer recommendations. Frequently, these estimates arebased on grain yield and the assumption of a constant ratio between straw and grain. This approach may not always be accurate because straw/grain ratios can vary greatly across environments and genotypes. Spring wheat studies were conducted to contrast straw/grain ratios over diverse water and N environments and to determine if plant height and grain protein at maturity, in addition to grain yield, would significantly improve predictions of straw production. A 3-yr field study consisting of four cultivars, three water regimes, and a wide range of N levels served as a database for this analysis. Straw/grain ratios ranged from 0.91 to 2.37 and were affected by water, N, and cultivar selection. Extended periods of water stress during grain fill and/or vegetative growth and improved N fertility generally resulted in wider ratios. Stability of straw/grain ratios over the diverse environments improved as cultivar height decreased. Straw yield models that considered only grain yield provided a modest fit to the data (R 2 = 0.66, SE = 701 kg ha - 1 ). Prediction models that included terms for plant height and plant N status (straw N or grain protein) in addition to grain yield provided a considerably better fit to the experimental data (R 2 = 0.88, SE = 425). Observations from validation data sets confirmed that inclusion of plant height (two of two data sets) and grain protein (one of two data sets) improved accuracy of straw yield predictions.
Of men; why not mice?

HEMOSTASIS, THROMBOSIS, AND VASCULAR BIOLOGY Platelet glycoprotein (GP) VI and integrin α2β1 cooperate to mediate effective adhesion of platelets to collagens. When platelets engage collagen, it is thought that GPVI predominantly mediates outside-in signaling leading to activation of α2β1 that
Infinite Patterns that can be Avoided by Measure

A set A of real numbers is called universal (in measure) if every measurable set of positive measure necessarily contains an affine copy of A . All finite sets are universal, but no infinite universal sets are known. Here we prove some results related to a conjecture of Erdős that there is no infinite universal set. For every infinite set A , there is a set E of positive measure such that ( x + tA )⊆ E fails for almost all (Lebesgue) pairs ( x , t ). Also, the exceptional set of pairs ( x , t ) (for which ( x + tA )⊆ E ) can be taken to project to a null set on the t -axis. Finally, if the set A contains large subsets whose minimum gap is large (in a scale-invariant way), then there is E ⊆ R of positive measure which contains no affine copy of A .
Failure of LH and/or prolactin to prevent PGF2α-induced luteolysis of ovine corpora lutea

Abstract Infusions of phosphate buffered saline, LH (4 μg/min or 14 μg/min), prolactin (42 μg/min) or LH (4 μg/min) plus prolactin (42 μg/min) for 12 hr did not prevent luteolysis following intramuscular injections of prostaglandin F 2 α-tham salt two and six hr after beginning the infusion. Likewise, these treatments did not delay luteolysis since a similar rate of decline in peripheral plasma progesterone occurred in all groups. It was concluded that elevation of serum concentrations of LH and prolactin to high levels had no effect on PGF 2 α-induced luteolysis on day 8 following induced ovulation.
The roles of plant hormones in style and stigma growth in Gaillardia grandiflora (Asteraceae)

Style and stigma elongation and stigma unfolding, and the roles of plant hormones in these processes in Gaillardia grandiflora Van Houtte were investigated. Style and stigma elongation in vivo began just after anthesis, and style elongation was accompanied by epidermal cell elongation (greatest near the stigma) and a fresh weight increase, but not by cell division or a dry weight increase. The stigma unfolded after the style and stigma elongated. Style-stigma units excised from young disc flowers of this composite were measured as they responded to plant growth regulators applied singly, as well as in sequential and simultaneous combinations, in vitro. Style elongation was promoted by auxin, was inhibited by gibberellins and ethylene, and was unaffected by other growth regulators. Stigma elongation followed a similar pattern of response. Endogenous auxin levels and ethylene production showed parallel variation and endogenous gibberellin levels showed inverse variation with style and stigma elongation. Stigma unfolding was more sensitive to auxin applications and was promoted by applied ethylene. Ethylene production showed parallel variation and endogenous auxin levels showed inverse variation with stigma unfolding. AVG and Co2+ applications decreased auxin-induced style elongation and fusicoccin promoted all of the growth responses of style-stigma units in vitro. A gibberellin-auxin-ethylene-acid growth interaction mode of control is proposed for these three
BLOOD SUGAR STUDIES I. RAPID ALTERATIONS IN THE BLOOD SUGAR LEVEL OF RABBITS AS RESULT OF INTRAVENOUS INJECTIONS OF KILLED BACTERIA OF VARIOUS TYPES.

A rapid rise in the blood sugar level of rabbits was produced by intravenous injections of killed Bacillus proteus, Bacillus coli, and Bacillus paratyphosus B, which returned to nearly the previous level in a few hours time. A less pronounced rise in blood sugar was produced by killed Bacillus paratyphosus A and Bacillus enteritidis.
Modification of fibrosarcomas and squamous cell carcinomas of mouse skin using various tissue extracts.

RECENT attention has focused on the possibility of utilising (or mimicking) aspects of mitotic processes in the control of cancer. Bullough, Rytomaa and others used preparations of mitosis inhibiting proteins (chalones) to produce remissions (total in some cases) in a number of tumour tissues1–3. These chalone preparations were shown to be tissue specific. Only epidermal chalone worked on epidermal tumours. Liver extracts prepared in the manner of epidermal chalone extracts gave no remissions in epidermal tumours4. Melanocyte chalone was necessary for remissions in melanomata5 and granulocyte chalone was successful in the treatment of chloroleukaemia6. We report here remissions resulting from the treatment of chemically-induced fibrosarcomas and squamous cell carcinomas of the skin in mice using extracts of various mouse tissues. We also report the presence of mitosis-inhibiting protein in these extracts.
Active and passive euthanasia.

The distinction between active and passive euthanasia is thought to be crucial for medical ethics. The idea is that it is permissible, at least in some cases, to withhold treatment and allow a patient to die, but it is never permissible to take any direct action designed to kill the patient. This doctrine seems to be accepted by most doctors, and is endorsed in a statement adopted by the House of Delegates of the American Medical Association on December 4, 1973: The intentional termination of the life of one human being by another—mercy killing—is contrary to that for which the medical profession stands and is contrary to the policy of the American Medical Association. The cessation of the employment of extraordinary means to prolong the life of the body when there is irrefutable evidence that biological death is imminent is the decision of the patient and/or his immediate family. The advice and judgment of the physician should be freely available to the patient and/or his immediate family.
Particular solutions to the problem of horizontal flow of water and air through porous media near a water table

Particular solutions to the problem of horizontal flow of water and air through porous media near a water table are derived and regularity properties of the solutions are presented. It is found that a singularity occurs in the solutions at the water table and the water table can be interpreted as an acceleration wave of the nth order in terms of either air or water flow where n is a positive integer. Effects of air flow on water flow are discussed.
X-inactivation and the dynamic maintenance of gene silencing

X-inactivation has long been a topic of fascination for educators, researchers, and clinicians alike. From complex patterns of inheritance to phenotypic variation among females with X-linked traits, a myriad of hypothesis and interpretations exist. Once thought to be random yet complete, X-inactivation has proven itself the poster child of the exception rather than the rule. Indeed, patterns of X-inactivation are all too often non-random, and many X-linked genes are capable of escaping X-inactivation. Similarly, X-inactivation is well-known for being stably maintained for life, but some previously inactivated X-linked genes reactivate with increasing age. Moreover, recent papers illustrate that X-inactivation can be challenged in other ways, thereby rendering the stability of X-inactivation compromised. This review describes factors involved in the maintenance of X-inactivation as we know it and discusses these emerging data that suggest a more dynamic model of the maintenance of X-inactivation may be in order.
Methylene Blue Enhanced Photorelaxation in Aorta, Pulmonary Artery and Corpus Cavernosum

Segments of endothelium-denuded pulmonary arterial and aortic rings and strips of corpus cavernosum from rabbits were superfused with Krebs solution alone and then Krebs medium containing 0.1-0.5 mM N omega-Nitro-L-Arginine. Photorelaxation in response to ultraviolet light (366 nm) was significantly enhanced by 50 microM methylene blue in all preparations; 25 microM methylene blue also increased photorelaxation in corpus cavernosum and pulmonary artery. Enhanced photorelaxation was associated with increased tissue cGMP. This effect was significantly attenuated by 10 microM hemoglobin and was associated with decreased tissue cGMP but was unaffected by superoxide dismutase. We speculate that UV-generated free radicals convert the phenothiazine moiety of methylene blue to a phenyl radical which activates guanylate cyclase and thus enhances smooth muscle relaxation.
Resonant Electromagnetic Power Deposition in Man and Animals

Strongest power deposition for biological bodies is found for fields polarized along the longest dimension for frequencies such that the major length is about one-half wavelength of radiation. Peak absorption, in the presence of ground effects, is observed at frequencies one half as much as for bodies isolated in free space. Power distribution under conditions of resonance is determined. At resonance, an effective absorption area of 2.5 to 3.5 times the shadow cross section is measured.
Shape space of achiral simplexes

We examine the general dimensional relation between the shape space of then-simplexes and the subspace of their achiral sets. It is found that the only simplexes that can be partitioned into “left-handed” and “right-handed” classes are the triangles in Euclidean 2-space.
Toxoplasma ranae sp. n. from the Leopard Frog Rana pipiens Linnaeus

SYNOPSIS. Toxoplasma ranae sp. n. is described from the brain of a leopard frog, Rana pipiens, probably from Mexico. Its pseudocysts were 72(55-106) × 48(29-70) μm in fixed sections. They contained an average of ∼ 4,000 slightly curved elongate zoites measuring 4–5 × 0.5 μm, with a central, spherical, vesicular nucleus.
MODERN LANGUAGE OBJECTIVES1

Author's summary.— A discussion of the merits and faults of the Oral and Reading Objectives.
Fissurectomy with superficial midline sphincterotomy: A viable alternative for the surgical correction of chronic fissure/ulcer-in-ano

A series of 121 patients with chronic fissure-in-ano who underwent fissurectomy with superficial midline sphincterotomy was studied. The mean follow-up was 8.1 years. Minor problems with anal competence occurred after the operation in 30 patients (25 per cent). Within two months, this problem had resolved in all patients. One patient (0.8 per cent) had a true recurrence. Five patients (4.1 per cent) had recurrent acute anal abrasions as the result of passage of a hard stool. These healed spontaneously. Twelve patients (9.9 per cent) had fragile scars, but this was a significant problem in only five (4.1 per cent). No patient had significant stricture formation, keyhole deformities, or major persistent problems with anal competence. The patients graded their operations with regard to satisfaction: 118 (97.5 per cent) reported satisfactory results and three (2.5 per cent) reported unsatisfactory results. This study shows that fissurectomy with superficial midline sphincterotomy is a viable approach to the surgical management of chronic fissure-in-ano.
Faunal Changes and Bottomland Hardwood Forest Loss in the Tensas Watershed, Louisiana

We attempted to associate diJferences in faunal populations in the Tensas watershed with differences in bot- tomland hardwood forest area using existing data sets. The Tensas watershed was part of the original range of several
An experimental study of the pitch characteristics of the voice during the expression of emotion

(1939). An experimental study of the pitch characteristics of the voice during the expression of emotion. Speech Monographs: Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 87-104.
Bilayer Segmentation of Webcam Videos Using Tree-Based Classifiers

This paper presents an automatic segmentation algorithm for video frames captured by a (monocular) webcam that closely approximates depth segmentation from a stereo camera. The frames are segmented into foreground and background layers that comprise a subject (participant) and other objects and individuals. The algorithm produces correct segmentations even in the presence of large background motion with a nearly stationary foreground. This research makes three key contributions: First, we introduce a novel motion representation, referred to as “motons,” inspired by research in object recognition. Second, we propose estimating the segmentation likelihood from the spatial context of motion. The estimation is efficiently learned by random forests. Third, we introduce a general taxonomy of tree-based classifiers that facilitates both theoretical and experimental comparisons of several known classification algorithms and generates new ones. In our bilayer segmentation algorithm, diverse visual cues such as motion, motion context, color, contrast, and spatial priors are fused by means of a conditional random field (CRF) model. Segmentation is then achieved by binary min-cut. Experiments on many sequences of our videochat application demonstrate that our algorithm, which requires no initialization, is effective in a variety of scenes, and the segmentation results are comparable to those obtained by stereo systems.
Experimental studies of “Hard Wall Radar imaging” of objects shielded from line-of-sight

The technology of “Through-the-Wall Radar imaging” (TWRI) enables us to see through the walls by reconstructing the image based on the backscattered waves passing through the opaque dielectric wall. However, when the electromagnetic waves cannot penetrate the walls (such as metallic walls), a new problem called “Hard-Wall Radar Imaging” (HWRI) emerges as we have discussed in our previous papers. Because in this problem the objects are located in the shadow region, where only diffracted field around edges can be reflected back, the conventional imaging techniques are not applicable.
Testing the Reliability and Validity of an Interviewing Skills Evaluation Tool for Use in Practicum

This study investigated the reliability and validity of a rating checklist for student process-recorded interviews in an effort to provide field education with an empirically sound feedback and eva...
Anisotropy of the thermodynamic response along the a and b axes of the 1:2:3 compounds.

High-resolution specific-heat data as a function of temperature and applied magnetic field have been obtained on an untwinned ${\mathrm{LuBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{y}}$ single crystal near its normal-superconducting transition. The magnitude of the specific-heat anomaly has been found to depend on the magnetic-field strength and the orientation of magnetic field relative to all three crystallographic axes. The implications of this anisotropy, specifically along the a and b axes, will be discussed.
Predicting cotton boll maturation period using degree days and other climatic factors

Degree days are often used for cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) growth monitoring and management. The objectives of this research are to determine if 15.5°C is an accurate lower-threshold temperature to monitor the boll maturation period (BMAP) for cotton in the northern, rainfed region of the U.S. Cotton Belt, to investigate other climatic factors in this cotton region that may improve the accuracy of the current degree day system for cotton, and to evaluate degree day models that include both an upper- and lower-threshold temperature. Cotton was planted at three different timings in 2001 and 2002 to provide different climatic regimes during the BMAP. On 10 typical plants per plot, all first-position flowers were individually tagged with date of flower opening and were then harvested at full maturity. Daily weather data consisted of maximum, minimum, and average air temperature; maximum and average soil temperature; average soil moisture; maximum and average solar radiation; and maximum and average photosynthetically active radiation. The 17°C degree day model, which used 17°C as the lower threshold, provided the best adjusted r 2 (0.2715) of all the single-variable models; the degree day 15.5°C model had an adjusted r 2 of 0.2276. The best model using both upper and lower temperature thresholds was DD3017, using 30 and 17°C as the thresholds, and had an adjusted r 2 of 0.2452. Adding average, minimum, and maximum air temperatures to the DD15.5, DD17, and DD3017 models reduced coefficient of variation and mean square error and increased adjusted r 2 values.
Habitat Associations of Grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae) in the Heterogeneous Cedar Glade Landscape of the Central Basin of Tennessee

Grasshopper communities were sampled in three associated habitats of the Central Basin of Tennesee: cedar glades, xeric limestone prairies, and cedar hardwood forest. Twenty-five grasshopper species were collected across all three habitats. Eleven species were found in the cedar glades, 12 species were collected in the xeric limestone prairies, and six species were collected from the cedar-hardwood forests. A Principal Component Analysis of the resulting species lists indicated that grasshopper community composition differed significantly between each habitat. Four new state records for Tennessee were documented during this survey. An annotated species list is presented.
Stories about the Birth of Modern Science

Both Robert Hooke and Isaac Newton contributed greatly to the early Royal Society of London. Their exchange of letters during the 1670s played a part in Newton's formulation of the universal law of gravity. So it is not unusual to speak of them in the same breath. But the affinities between Aughton's and Jardine's subjects do not end there. Both authors are writing histories of the 'scientific revolution' for non-specialists. Since Dava Sobel's hugelysuccessful account of the development of accurate instruments to measure longitude,1 we have seen many well-written biographies of early modern thinkers, which have also served as introductions to early modern science. Driven by the increasing popularity of this genre, publishers have commissioned writers to develop stories that can be easily digested by readers unfamiliar with the history of natural philosophy. To attract and satisfy this market, writers have reverted to a technique that simplifies the intellectual, political, and cultural concerns of their biographical subjects presenting them as so-called 'fathers of modern science'. Jardine's and Aughton's works sit comfortably in this genre. In his Prologue, Aughton expresses his hope that, by understanding Newton's genius, he can discover the roots of modern knowledge: 'There are times,' Aughton declares, 'when we must
Specific uptake of serotonin by murine macrophages

In view of the reported immunomodulatory properties of the monoaminergic neurotransmitter, serotonin (5HT), this study aimed to assess whether 5HT specifically associates with immunocompetent cells. Although murine splenocytes appear to lack high-affinity membrane binding sites for 5HT, they do possess a specific, active, 5HT uptake system similar in affinity (Km = 40 nM) to that described in platelets. This uptake system appears to be confined to macrophages. Further, macrophages rapidly metabolize 5HT to its 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid metabolite. Specific uptake of serotonin by macrophages may thus constitute an important mechanism whereby this amine is able to regulate immune function.
Effect of AT1 receptor blockade on intermittent hypoxia-induced endothelial dysfunction.

Chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) raises arterial pressure, impairs vasodilator responsiveness, and increases circulating angiotensin II (Ang II); however, the role of Ang II in CIH-induced vascular dysfunction is unknown. Rats were exposed to CIH or room air (NORM), and a subset of these animals was treated with losartan (Los) during the exposure period. After 28 days, vasodilatory responses to acetylcholine or nitroprusside were measured in isolated gracilis arteries. Superoxide levels and Ang II receptor protein expression were measured in saphenous arteries. After 28 days, arterial pressure was increased and acetylcholine-induced vasodilation was blunted in CIH vs. NORM, and this was prevented by Los. Responses to nitroprusside and superoxide levels did not differ between CIH and NORM. Expression of AT2R was decreased and the AT1R:AT2R ratio was increased in CIH vs. NORM, but this was unaffected by Los. These results indicate that the blood pressure elevation and endothelial dysfunction associated with CIH is dependent, at least in part, on RAS signaling.
Risk factors in pigeons genetically selected for increased atherosclerosis susceptibility

Abstract A strain of genetically selected White Carneau pigeons (WC-2) with increased atherosclerosis at similar plasma cholesterol concentrations as randomly bred (RBWC) pigeons was studied to evaluate the commonly known risk factors for atherosclerosis. Indicators for the presence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, “stress”, hyperuricemia and hypothyroidism were determined. In pigeons fed the atherogenic diet, major differences in atherosclerosis were seen between WC-2 and RBWC. WC-2 pigeons had more aortic surface covered with plaque and greater concentrations of aortic nonesterified cholesterol, esterified cholesterol, uronic acid, and hydroxyproline, as well as a greater prevalence and severity of coronary artery atherosclerosis. For WC-2 and RBWC pigeons we found similar levels of hypercholesterolemia, mean blood pressure, plasma triglyceride and glucose concentrations. .In addition, several other physiological variables such as plasma uric acid, calcium and phosphorus concentrations, adrenal and thyroid weights which have been implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis were similar. The findings indicate that the differences in extent and severity of atherosclerosis between WC-2 and RBWC cannot be explained by differences in the risk factors studied. Possible genetic regulation of atherosclerosis by mechanisms operable in the arterial wall of WC-2 pigeons is suggested.
Our generation is opening its eyes: hip-hop and youth identity in contemporary Mongolia

This study examines the development of popular music in Mongolia over roughly four decades, focusing in particular on the emergence of globally inspired hip-hop and rap music. This is the period in which Mongolian popular musicians found their own voice within a rapidly expanding cultural mainstream. Hip-hop emerged within this mainstream as both a product of these developments and the result of the rise of a new generation of young people who defined themselves as distinct from the older, ‘socialist-era’ generations and used this music to declare this. The story of hip-hop's development provides us with a window onto the changing social, political and economic landscape of post-socialist Mongolia.
KID versus KED : What's in a name

In this issue Caceres-Rios et al present an exhaustive review of the uncommon but clinically distinctive KID (keratitis, ichthyosis, deafness) syndrome and propose, on the basis of their analysis of the clinical phenotype, a change of name to KED (keratodermatous ectodermal dysplasia) syndrome. Implicit in the proposed name is a recategorization of KID syndrome as an ectodermal dysplasia. Before we actively or passively jump on the namechanging bandwagon and restructure our classification schemes, it seems reasonable to consider the implications of the proposed revision. The authors find the cutaneous phenotype inconsistent with disorders classified under the umbrella of ichthyosis because scaling is not the main clinical feature, and prefer to describe the typical changes as an erythrokeratoderma. Although they offer no definition, the term erythrokeratoderma is used in a context that seems to denote hyperkeratosis without prominent scaling, and with underlying erythema. Since ichthyoses are also characterized by hyperkeratosis, often in conjunction with erythema, the essence of the difference seems to boil down to whether visible scale is present or not. Without debating whether or not the fixed verrucous plaques so typical of KID syndrome could be considered nonscaling, is it legitimate to limit the ichthyosis appellation only to those generalized hyperkeratotic disorders that also display prominent scale? Are hyperkeratosis and scaliness reliably distinguishable from a clinical point of view? Don't they overlap at both the gross and microscopic levels?
A survey of attitudes among drug user treatment providers toward the treatment of inhalant users.

This study assessed the attitudes of drug user treatment program directors towards the problem of inhalant “abuse.” In 2000, surveys were mailed to directors asking about treatment success and prognosis for inhalant users, level of neurological damage incurred by users, availability of treatment resources, their program's policies toward admission of users, and staff training needs for inhalant use. Two open-ended questions queried their assessment of barriers to treatment and subjective feelings about the topic of inhalant use. Five hundred and fifty responses were received. Findings show that program directors perceive a great deal of neurological damage incurred through inhalant use and have a general pessimism about treatment effectiveness and recovery. The respondents also felt that there were insufficient resources for inhalant user treatment and that special staff training in the area was needed. The majority of the directors indicated that they have or would treat inhalant users. Implications for ...
Coupling factor B affects the morphology of mitochondria

Ectopic expression of coupling factor B in animal cells resulted in altered mitochondrial morphology. Cells expressing factor B fused to green fluorescent protein (GFP) contained fragmented, balloon-shaped or thinned, filamentous mitochondria, terminating at one end with balloon-like structures. Ultrastructural analysis using transmission electron microscopy revealed changes in the organization of mitochondrial cristae in cells expressing factor B-GFP fusion protein.
Retrospectives The Law of Diminishing Returns

From introductory economics to theoretical papers, the law of diminishing returns is a part of every economist's tool kit. But the evolution of this law in the history of economic analysis reveals more complexity than is perhaps generally understood. Even among those most responsible for its evolution, the law has been loosely defined, and many so-called "proofs" of the law have been weak and incomplete. Moreover, those who expounded the law and its economic implications rarely offered empirical evidence to support it. In fact, economists have offered alternative explanations for rising short-run marginal cost curves and other implications of the law of diminishing returns. This last point raises an interesting question: Have economists used the law of diminishing returns simply for convenience, or is the law fundamental to economic analysis?
Depolarization potentiates endothelin-induced effects on cytosolic calcium in bovine adrenal chromaffin cells

The effects of endothelin on intracellular calcium concentrations ([Ca2+i]) in primary cultures of bovine adrenal chromaffin cells (BAM) were measured using Fura 2. Endothelin had minimal effects on [Ca2+i] over a broad dose range (1 nM to 1 microM). However, in conjunction with K+ depolarization there was a synergistic increase in [Ca2+i]. This effect was dependent on extracellular calcium as was the response to KCl alone. A partial synergistic effect was evident with endothelin and nicotinic stimulation. The effects of endothelin and angiotensin II on [Ca2+i] are only additive. Blockade of voltage sensitive calcium channels failed to alter the synergistic effects. Our results indicate that endothelin influences BAM calcium mobilization through sites regulated by membrane depolarization but differing from traditional voltage sensitive calcium channels.
Effect of systemic glutathione depletion by buthionine sulfoximine on sensitivity of murine bladder cancer to cytotoxic agents

Abstract The effect of systemic glutathione (GSH) depletion on sensitization of bladder cancer cells to various antineoplastic agents was investigated using murine model, MBT-2. Subcutaneous injection(s) of buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) significantly depleted the GSH content in the tumor and organs. BSO pretreatment produced significant enhancement in the antitumor effect of cyclophosphamide (CY), though it failed to sensitize the tumors to doxorubicin hydrochloride (Adriamycin), cisplatin, mitomycin C, JM-8, methotrexate, vinblastine, and tumor necrosis factor. Mice tolerated cytotoxic agents alone and in combination with BSO except for cisplatin in combination with BSO. A 29 percent ( 4 14 ) mortality rate was observed in mice treated with BSO and divided schedule of cisplatin.
Ultrafiltration of salt solutions by ion‐excluding and ion‐selective membrances

Salt-filtering properties of several polymeric membranes were investigated at 40 atm. applied pressure. The ultrafilters were classified as ion-excluding or ion-selective membranes according to their ohmic resistance to the ions of the sodium chloride test solution. Membranes containing hydrophilic groups which have a high resistance to both cations and anions are classified as ion-excluding. Polyelectrolyte membranes with high resistance to cations only are considered to be ion-selective. In addition to cellulose acetate, which has been investigated previously, cellulose isobutyrate, cellophane-supported polyvinyl methyl ketone, and cellophane-supported polyvinyl acetate were found to be ion-excluding membranes. The amorphous membranes, polyvinyl methyl ketone and polyvinyl acetate, do not reject salt alone; the cellophane appears to provide a supporting matrix which restricts the interchain distances in the interfacial region. Membranes composed of mixtures of the 1:1 copolymer of methyl vinyl ether and maleic anhydride with polyvinyl alcohol were durable, ion-selective salt filters. Baking these membranes reduced swelling and flow rate and increased salt rejection. Those membranes containing high concentrations of the copolymer were flimsy and required bonding to a cellophane supporting membrane in order to obtain high salt rejection. The effects of process variables on the ultrafiltration properties of the ion-selective membranes were also investigated. The salt rejection by either class of membrane depends on both a high concentration of the required functional groups and restricted interchain distances. Despite differences in the mechanism, each class behaves as a filter, in that the smaller the pores, the more effective the separation and the lower the flow rate.
Scale Effects in Media With Periodic and Nearly Periodic Microstructures, Part II: Failure Mechanisms

Using the nonlinearly elastic planar lattice model presented in Part I, the influence of scale (i.e., the size of the representative volume, relative to the size of the unit cell) on the onset offailure in periodic and nearly periodic media is investigated. For this study, the concept of a microfailure surface is introduced-this surface being defined as the locus of first instability points found along radial load paths through macroscopic strain space. The influence ofspecimen size and microstructural imperfections (both geometric and constitutive) on these failure surfaces is investigated. The microfailure surface determined for the infinite model with perfectly periodic microstructure, is found to be a lower bound for the failure surfaces of perfectly periodic, finite models, and an upper bound for the failure surfaces of finite models with microstructural imperfections. The concept of a macrofailure surface is also introduced-this surface being defined as the locus ofpoints corresponding to the loss of ellipticity in the macroscopic (homogenized) moduli of the model. The macrofailure surface is easier to construct than the microfailure surface, because it only requires calculation of the macroscopic properties for the unit cell, at each loading state along the principal equilibrium path. The relation between these two failure surfaces is explored in detail, with attention focused on their regions of coincidence, which are of particular interest due to the possible development of macroscopically localized failure modes.
A Long-Term Evaluation of Trout Habitat Development and Its Relation to Improving Management-Related Research

Abstract Responses of a wild brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) population to instream habitat development in a 0.7 km reach of Lawrence Creek were monitored for 7 years and compared to population data for the 3-year period prior to development. Mean annual biomass of trout, mean annual number of trout over 15 cm (legal size), and annual production increased significantly during the 3 years following development, but more impressive responses were observed during the second 3 years. Maximum number and biomass and number of legal trout did not occur until 5 years after completion of development. The peak number of brook trout over 20 cm was reached the sixth year after development. Where long-term studies of aquatic systems are needed to evaluate effects of environmental perturbations, it may be desirable to deliberately delay collection of posttreatment data. Such a start-pause-finish sequence of research would provide more valid and less costly evaluations and utilize the time of researchers more effici...
Superior cervical ganglionectomy in monkeys: aqueous humor dynamics and their responses to drugs.

The role of sympathetic innervation in regulating the responses of aqueous humor flow, outflow facility and pupillary diameter to timolol and epinephrine was investigated in cynomolgus monkeys following unilateral superior cervical ganglionectomy. Aqueous humor flow was measured fluorophotometrically under pentobarbital anesthesia before the first and after the ninth of twice-daily topical doses of epinephrine, and under ketamine anesthesia before the first and after the ninth of twice-daily topical doses of timolol, 4–19 months after denervation. Baseline aqueous humor flow rates determined 2–4 months following denervation were 40% greater under ketamine than under pentobarbital anesthesia, with no difference between denervated and control eyes. Epinephrine increased aqueous humor flow by up to 50% in a dose-dependent fashion in both eyes, with a non-significant tendency toward slightly greater potency and efficacy in the denervated eyes. Timolol decreased aqueous humor flow by up to 50% in a dose-dependent fashion with equal maximal efficacy in both eyes, but with slightly and statistically significantly greater potency and efficacy in the control eyes at submaximal doses. Early (1–3 months) but not late (23–27 months) after denervation, baseline pupil diameter under ketamine anesthesia was smaller in the denervated eyes than in the controls. The mydriatic response to 600 μ g epinephrine was more sensitive in the denervated than the control eye both early (1–3 months) and later on (23–27 months) after denervation; timolol had no effect on pupil diameter in either eye. No striking differences in intraocular pressure or refraction were observed between the eyes under any of these conditions. Resting outflow facility or resistance and perfusion-induced facility increase or resistance reduction, measured by two-level constant pressure perfusion under pentobarbital anesthesia 1·5–4·5 years after unilateral sympathectomy, did not differ significantly between sympathectomized and control eyes. Facility increased (by up to 30–50% beyond washout) and resistance decreased (by up to 20–30% beyond washout) similarly in control and sympathectomized eyes 10–60 min and 3–4 hr after bolus intracameral epinephrine doses of 0·55 and 5·5 μ g.