cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impact-driven ice loss in outer Solar System satellites: Consequences for the Late Heavy Bombardment

Abstract We use recent hydrodynamical results (Kraus, R.G., Senft, L.G., Stewart, S.S. [2011]. Icarus, 214, 724–738) for the production of water vapor by hypervelocity impacts on ice targets to assess which present-day major satellites of Jupiter, Saturn, and Uranus would have lost mass due to impact vaporization during an era of massive bombardment similar to the Late Heavy Bombardment in the inner Solar System. Using impactor populations suggested by recent work (Charnoz, S., Morbidelli, A., Dones, L., Salmon, J. [2009]. Icarus, 199, 413–428; Barr, A.C., Canup, R.M. [2010]. Nat. Geosci., 3, 164–167), we find that several satellites would have lost all their H 2 O ; we suggest that the most likely resolution of this paradox is that either the LHB delivered ≈10 times less mass to the outer Solar System than predicted by the standard Nice Model, or that the inner satellites formed after the LHB.
Monopsony power and relative wages in the labor market for nurses

This paper examines the thesis that monopsony power is an important determinant of wages in nursing labor markets. Using data from the 1985-93 Current Population Surveys, measures of relative nurse/non-nurse wage rates for 252 labor markets are constructed. Contrary to predictions from the monopsony model, no positive relationship exists between relative nursing wages and hospital density or market size. Nor is support found for the presence of monopsony power based on evidence on union wage premiums, slopes of experience profiles, or the mix of RN to total hospital employment.
Enantioselective Total Synthesis of Brevetoxin A: Unified Strategy for the B, E, G, and J Subunits

Brevetoxin A is a decacyclic ladder toxin that possesses 5-, 6-, 7-, 8-, and 9-membered oxacycles, as well as 22 tetrahedral stereocenters. Herein, we describe a unified approach to the B, E, G, and J rings based upon a ring-closing metathesis strategy from the corresponding dienes. The enolate technologies developed in our laboratory allowed access to the precursor acyclic dienes for the B, E, and G medium-ring ethers. The strategies developed for the syntheses of these four monocycles ultimately provided multigram quantities of each of the rings, supporting our efforts toward the completion of a convergent synthesis of brevetoxin A.
A distribution dependent refinement of Pinsker's inequality

Given two probability distributions Q and P, let /spl par/Q-P/spl par//sub 1/ and D(Q/spl par/P), respectively, denote the L/sub 1/ distance and divergence between Q and P. We derive a refinement of Pinsker's inequality of the form D(Q/spl par/P)/spl ges/c(P)/spl par/Q-P/spl par//sub 1//sup 2/ and characterize the best P-dependent factor c(P). We apply the refined inequality to large deviations and measure concentration.
Education-driven research in CAD

We argue for a new research category, named Education-Driven Research (abbreviated EDR), which fills the gap between traditional field-specific Research that is not concerned with educational objectives and Research in Education that focuses on fundamental teaching and learning principles and possibly on their customization to broad areas (such as mathematics or physics), but not to specific disciplines (such as CAD). The objective of EDR is to simplify the formulation of the underlying theoretical foundations and of specific tools and solutions in a specialized domain, so as to make them easy to understand and internalize. As such, EDR is a difficult and genuine research activity, which requires a deep understanding of the specific field and can rarely be carried out by generalists with primary expertise in broad education principles. We illustrate the concept of EDR with three examples in CAD: (1) the SplitT (2) the construction of a topological partition of a plane induced by an arbitrary arrangement of edges; and (3) a romantic definition of the minimal and Hausdorff distances. These examples demonstrate the value of using analogies, of introducing evocative terminology, and of synthesizing the simplest fundamental building blocks. The intuitive understanding provided by EDR enables the students (and even the instructor) to better appreciate the limitations of a particular solution and to explore alternatives. In particular, in these examples, EDR has allowed the author to: (1) reduce the cost of evaluating a cubic B-spline curve; (2) develop a new subdivision curve that is better approximated by its control polygon than either a cubic B-spline or an interpolating 4-point subdivision curve; (3) discover how a circuit inclusion tree may be used for identifying the faces in an arrangement; and (4) rectify a common misconception about the computation of the Hausdorff error between triangle meshes. We invite the scientific community to encourage the development of EDR by publishing its results as genuine Research contributions in peer-reviewed professional journals.
Rapid estimation of recharge potential in ephemeral-stream channels using electromagnetic methods, and measurements of channel and vegetation characteristics

Summary To classify recharge potential (RCP) in ephemeral-stream channels, a method was developed that incorporates information about channel geometry, vegetation characteristics, and bed-sediment apparent electrical conductivity (σa). Recharge potential is not independently measurable, but is instead formulated as a site-specific, qualitative parameter. We used data from 259 transects across two ephemeral-stream channels near Sierra Vista, Arizona, a location with a semiarid climate. Seven data types were collected: σa averaged over two depth intervals (0–3 m, and 0–6 m), channel incision depth and width, diameter-at-breast-height of the largest tree, woody-plant and grass density. A two-tiered system was used to classify a transect’s RCP. In the first tier, transects were categorized by estimates of near-surface-sediment hydraulic permeability as low, moderate, or high using measurements of 0–3 m-depth σa. Each of these categories was subdivided into low, medium, or high RCP classes using the remaining six data types, thus yielding a total of nine RCP designations. Six sites in the study area were used to compare RCP and σa with previously measured surrogates for hydraulic permeability. Borehole-averaged percent fines showed a moderate correlation with both shallow and deep σa measurements, however, correlation of point measurements of saturated hydraulic conductivity, percent fines, and cylinder infiltrometer measurements with σa and RCP was generally poor. The poor correlation was probably caused by the relatively large measurement volume and spatial averaging of σa compared with the spatially-limited point measurements. Because of the comparatively large spatial extent of measurement transects and variety of data types collected, RCP estimates can give a more complete picture of the major factors affecting recharge at a site than is possible through point or borehole-averaged estimates of hydraulic permeability alone.
Confinement Higgs transition in a disordered gauge theory and the accuracy threshold for quantum memory

We study the ±J random-plaquette Z_2 gauge model (RPGM) in three spatial dimensions, a three-dimensional analog of the two-dimensional ±J random-bond Ising model (RBIM). The model is a pure Z_2 gauge theory in which randomly chosen plaquettes (occurring with concentration p) have couplings with the “wrong sign” so that magnetic flux is energetically favored on these plaquettes. Excitations of the model are one-dimensional “flux tubes” that terminate at “magnetic monopoles” located inside lattice cubes that contain an odd number of wrong-sign plaquettes. Electric confinement can be driven by thermal fluctuations of the flux tubes, by the quenched background of magnetic monopoles, or by a combination of the two. Like the RBIM, the RPGM has enhanced symmetry along a “Nishimori line” in the p–T plane (where T is the temperature). The critical concentration p_c of wrong-sign plaquettes at the confinement-Higgs phase transition along the Nishimori line can be identified with the accuracy threshold for robust storage of quantum information using topological error-correcting codes: if qubit phase errors, qubit bit-flip errors, and errors in the measurement of local check operators all occur at rates below p_c, then encoded quantum information can be protected perfectly from damage in the limit of a large code block. Through Monte-Carlo simulations, we measure p_(c0), the critical concentration along the T=0 axis (a lower bound on p_c), finding p_(c0)=.0293±.0002. We also measure the critical concentration of antiferromagnetic bonds in the two-dimensional RBIM on the T=0 axis, finding p_(c0)=.1031±.0001. Our value of p_(c0) is incompatible with the value of p_c=.1093±.0002 found in earlier numerical studies of the RBIM, in disagreement with the conjecture that the phase boundary of the RBIM is vertical (parallel to the T axis) below the Nishimori line. The model can be generalized to a rank-r antisymmetric tensor field in d dimensions, in the presence of quenched disorder.
PROJECTIVE SPECTRUM IN BANACH ALGEBRAS

For a tuple A = (A1, A2, …, An) of elements in a unital algebra over ℂ, its projective spectrumP(A) or p(A) is the collection of z ∈ ℂn, or respectively z ∈ ℙn-1 such that A(z) = z1A1 + z2A2 + ⋯ + znAn is not invertible in . In finite dimensional case, projective spectrum is a projective hypersurface. When A is commuting, P(A) looks like a bundle over the Taylor spectrum of A. In the case is reflexive or is a C*-algebra, the projective resolvent setPc(A) := ℂn \ P(A) is shown to be a disjoint union of domains of holomorphy. -valued 1-form A-1(z)dA(z) reveals the topology of Pc(A), and a Chern–Weil type homomorphism from invariant multilinear functionals to the de Rham cohomology is established.
Three-dimensional reconstruction from projections: a review of algorithms.

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of three-dimensional reconstruction from projections. The chapter reviews the algorithms that have been proposed to solve the reconstruction problem. The known reconstruction algorithms are classified into four categories—summation, the use of Fourier transform, analytic solution of the integral equations, and series expansion approaches. For each class of algorithms several points need to be considered—a general intuitive description, a precise mathematical description of a typical reconstruction method of the class, and a brief description of other methods in the class. All algorithms for reconstruction take as input the projection data, and all produce as output an estimate of the original structure based on the available data. The estimate varies from method to method. The relative performance of the various methods depends on the object and how the data are collected. The simplest algorithm for reconstruction is to estimate the density at a point by adding all the ray sums of the rays through that point. The Fourier method depends on transforming the projections into the Fourier space, where they define part of the Fourier transform of the whole object. Each projection may be shown to yield values on a central section of the Fourier space, which is a line or plane through the origin at an angle corresponding to the direction of the projection in real space.
Pph13 and Orthodenticle define a dual regulatory pathway for photoreceptor cell morphogenesis and function

The function and integrity of photoreceptor cells are dependent upon the creation and maintenance of specialized apical structures: membrane discs/outer segments in vertebrates and rhabdomeres in insects. We performed a molecular and morphological comparison of Drosophila Pph13 and orthodenticle (otd) mutants to investigate the transcriptional network controlling the late stages of rhabdomeric photoreceptor cell development and function. Although Otd and Pph13 have been implicated in rhabdomere morphogenesis, we demonstrate that it is necessary to remove both factors to completely eliminate rhabdomere formation. Rhabdomere absence is not the result of degeneration or a failure of initiation, but rather the inability of the apical membrane to transform and elaborate into a rhabdomere. Transcriptional profiling revealed that Pph13 plays an integral role in promoting rhabdomeric photoreceptor cell function. Pph13 regulates Rh2 and Rh6, and other phototransduction genes, demonstrating that Pph13 and Otd control a distinct subset of Rhodopsin-encoding genes in adult visual systems. Bioinformatic, DNA binding and transcriptional reporter assays showed that Pph13 can bind and activate transcription via a perfect Pax6 homeodomain palindromic binding site and the Rhodopsin core sequence I (RCSI) found upstream of Drosophila Rhodopsin genes. In vivo studies indicate that Pph13 is necessary and sufficient to mediate the expression of a multimerized RCSI reporter, a marker of photoreceptor cell specificity previously suggested to be regulated by Pax6. Our studies define a key transcriptional regulatory pathway that is necessary for late Drosophila photoreceptor development and will serve as a basis for better understanding rhabdomeric photoreceptor cell development and function.
Trends in sterilization since the introduction of Essure hysteroscopic sterilization.

Abstract Study Objective To investigate trends in sterilization in women at the Detroit Medical Center, Michigan (DMC), since the introduction of Essure hysteroscopic sterilization. Design Retrospective study (Canadian Task Force classification II-2). Setting Outpatient surgery center and university teaching hospitals. Patients Women who underwent interval sterilization procedures at the DMC (Hutzel Women's Hospital, Sinai-Grace Hospital, and the Berry Center) and postpartum sterilization procedures at Hutzel Women's Hospital between January 1, 2002, and December 31, 2007. Interventions Permanent sterilization procedures including minilaparotomy tubal ligation, laparoscopic sterilization, Essure hysteroscopic sterilization, and postpartum tubal ligation performed at the time of cesarean section or after vaginal delivery. Measurements and Main Results In all, 5509 permanent sterilization procedures were performed in the 6 years between January 1, 2002, and December 31, 2007, at the DMC facilities analyzed: 2484 interval sterilization procedures at Hutzel Women's Hospital, Sinai-Grace Hospital, and the Berry Center, and 3025 postpartum tubal ligations at Hutzel Women's Hospital. From 2002 through 2007, the decrease in laparoscopic sterilizations from 97.9% to 48.5% of all interval sterilization procedures corresponded significantly with the increase in Essure hysteroscopic sterilizations from 0.0% to 51.3% (p Conclusion At the DMC facilities analyzed from January 1, 2002, through December 31, 2007, a significant decrease occurred in the percentage of laparoscopic sterilizations and postpartum tubal ligations performed after vaginal delivery. Of the interval sterilizations performed, the percentage of Essure hysteroscopic sterilizations increased significantly from 0.0% to 51.3% of all procedures. Since the approval of Essure hysteroscopic sterilization in November 2002, this minimally invasive method of hysteroscopic sterilization has increased in popularity at the DMC.
Clinical Assessment of Otolith Function

Abstract The otolith organs (the saccule and utricle) are located in the inner ear and sense linear acceleration, head tilt, and gravity. Recently, the vestibular evoked myogenic potential (VEMP) and the subjective visual vertical (SVV) have been described as clinical tests for otolith function. VEMPs are short latency electromyograms (EMG) evoked by high-level acoustic and vibratory stimuli recorded from surface electrodes over the tonically contracted SCM muscles (cervical VEMP) or extra-ocular muscles (ocular VEMP). The SVV is a psychophysical measure of the angle between perceptual vertical and true (gravitational) vertical and can be measured during unilateral centrifugation (off-axis eccentric rotation). The purpose of this paper is to discuss the clinical use and recent developments of the cervical VEMP, ocular VEMP, and SVV as tests of saccular and utricular function.
Collisional drift waves in stellarator plasmas

A computational study of resistive drift waves in the edge plasma of a stellarator with an helical magnetic axis is presented. Three coupled field equations, describing the collisional drift-wave dynamics in the linear approximation, are solved as an initial-value problem along the magnetic field line. The magnetohydrodynamic equilibrium is obtained from a three-dimensional local equilibrium model. The use of a local magnetohydrodynamic equilibrium model allows for a computationally efficient systematic study of the impact of the magnetic field structure on drift-wave stability. PACS Nos.: 52.35.Kt, 52.30.Jb, 52.35.Ra
Ex vivo induction and expansion of natural killer T cells by CD1d1-Ig coated artificial antigen presenting cells.

Natural killer T (NKT) cells play a pivotal role in maintaining immune homostasis. They recognize lipid antigen in the context of CD1d molecules and subsequently produce cytokines that activate cells of both the innate and adaptive immune responses. Many studies examining patients with autoimmune disease or cancer have shown that there is a reduction in both NKT cell number and function. Due to the complexities of manipulating NKT cells in vivo, ex vivo expanded effector NKT cells would be an excellent therapeutic modality. To date, immunotherapy utilizing the NKT/CD1d system has been dependent on the use of autologous DC in the presence or absence of a synthetic glycolipid, α-galactocylceramide. Here we report a novel technique that facilitates the growth and analysis of NKT cells through the use of CD1d-expressing aAPC. CD1d-based aAPC can effectively propagate both canonical (iNKT cells) and noncanonical (Vα14−) NKT cells. Importantly, CD1d-Ig aAPC can expand NKT cells from cancer patients. Thus, CD1d-expressing aAPC will enhance our knowledge of NKT cell biology and could potentially be used as a novel tool in adoptive immunotherapeutic strategies.
Potential Biomarker of Metformin Action

Metformin is a first-line, anti-diabetic agent prescribed to over 150 million people worldwide. The main effect of metformin is to suppress glucose production in the liver; however, there is no reliable biomarker to assess the effectiveness of metformin administration. Our previous studies have shown that phosphorylation of CBP at S436 is important for the regulation of hepatic glucose production by metformin. In current study, we found that CBP could be phosphorylated in white blood cells (WBCs), and CBP phosphorylation in the liver and in WBCs of mice had a similar pattern of change during a fasting time course experiment. These data suggests that CBP phosphorylation in WBCs may be used as a biomarker of metformin action in the liver.
Conjugacy growth in polycyclic groups

In this paper, we consider the conjugacy growth function of a group, which counts the number of conjugacy classes which intersect a ball of radius n centered at the identity. We prove that in the case of virtually polycyclic groups, this function is either exponential or polynomially bounded, and is polynomially bounded exactly when the group is virtually nilpotent. The proof is fairly short, and makes use of the fact that any polycyclic group has a subgroup of finite index which can be embedded as a lattice in a Lie group, as well as exponential radical of Lie groups and Dirichlet’s approximation theorem.
Advanced operational techniques and pn-pn-pn structures for high-power silicon carbide gate turn-off thyristors

SiC GTO thyristors may soon be the best available choice for very high-power switching. At this time, the authors have developed new operational techniques, growth requirements and pn-pn-pn type structures to address the issues of high on-state voltage, poor turn-off gain, and inability to reach predicted breakover voltages. They present these findings using experimental measurements and numerical simulations.
Z‐Selective Cross Metathesis with Ruthenium Catalysts: Synthetic Applications and Mechanistic Implications

Olefin cross metathesis is a particularly powerful transformation that has been exploited extensively for the formation of complex products. Until recently, however, constructing Z-olefins using this methodology was not possible. With the discovery and development of three families of ruthenium-based Z-selective catalysts, the formation of Z-olefins using metathesis is now not only possible but becoming increasingly prevalent in the literature. In particular, ruthenium complexes containing cyclometalated NHC architectures developed in our group have been shown to catalyze various cross metathesis reactions with high activity and, in most cases, near perfect selectivity for the Z-isomer. The types of cross metathesis reactions investigated thus far are presented here and explored in depth.
Orthogonal Cu- and Pd-Based Catalyst Systems for the O-and N-Arylation of Aminophenols

O- or N-arylated aminophenol products constitute a common structural motif in various potentially useful therapeutic agents and/or drug candidates. We have developed a complementary set of Cu- and Pd-based catalyst systems for the selective O- and N-arylation of unprotected aminophenols using aryl halides. Selective O-arylation of 3- and 4-aminophenols is achieved with copper-catalyzed methods employing picolinic acid or CyDMEDA, trans-N,N′-dimethyl-1,2-cyclohexanediamine, respectively, as the ligand. The selective formation of N-arylated products of 3- and 4-aminophenols can be obtained with BrettPhos precatalyst, a biarylmonophosphine-based palladium catalyst. 2-Aminophenol can be selectively N-arylated with CuI, although no system for the selective O-arylation could be found. Coupling partners with diverse electronic properties and a variety of functional groups can be selectively transformed under these conditions.
Two regimes of asymmetry-induced transport in non-neutral plasmas

Confinement of charged particles in cylindrical Penning-Malmberg traps depends strongly on cross-magnetic-field transport induced by electric and/or magnetic asymmetries. New measurements in pure-electron plasmas demonstrate two separate transport regimes depending on the particle bounce-to-rotation ratio, or rigidity, R identical withf(b)/f(E). For R<10, the transport scales as V(a)R-2, where V(a) is the strength of an applied electrostatic asymmetry. For R greater, similar10-20, this " R-2 transport" ceases abruptly, leaving " B-independent" transport which scales as V(2)(a) and does not depend directly on the rigidity.
Revitalizing Accounting Ethics Research in the Neo-Kohlbergian Framework: Putting the DIT into Perspective

ABSTRACT: The authors briefly review neo-Kohlbergian theory and provide an updated, contemporary view of the DIT. With this background, they present a framework for research using the DIT, drawing on Rest’s (1986) Four-Component Model. They note the existence of recent developments, including “intermediate concepts” that decision-makers normally invoke before falling back upon the “bedrock schema” that the DIT measures. Metrics available from the DIT, but generally neglected, are discussed, including the Utilizer score (reflecting reliance upon ethical factors versus competing factors) and Consolidation Transition Type (indicating whether an individual relies upon a clear schema or is torn between competing schemas). Using this framework, they review the status of some well-known controversies in the accounting and auditing literature and suggest a number of research areas and approaches for future work. As such, the work complements and extends existing review articles that have included DIT-based litera...
Climate Shocks and Exports

This paper uses international trade data to examine the effects of climate shocks on economic activity. We examine panel models relating the annual growth rate of a country's exports in a particular product category to the country's weather in that year. We find that a poor country being 1 degree Celsius warmer in a given year reduces the growth rate of that country's exports by between 2.0 and 5.7 percentage points, with no detectable effects in rich countries. We find negative effects of temperature on exports of both agricultural products and light manufacturing products, with little apparent effects on heavy industry or raw materials. The results confirm large negative effects of temperature on poor countries' economies and suggest that temperature affects a much wider range of economic activity than conventionally thought.
Modeling Small Change: A Review Article ∗

Abstract In The Big Problem of Small Change, Sargent and Velde apply a cash-in-advance model to the history of coinage and to contemporary thought about coinage. They assert that their model accounts for puzzling observations involving the depreciation and disappearance of small coins. I question its usefulness for that purpose and for other issues pertaining to coinage. My main concern is that their model does not depict the problems usually associated with full-bodied coinage systems—problems that stem from the technological difficulties of having a full-bodied coinage system in which money is portable, divisible, durable, and recognizable.
A game-theoretic analysis of rank-order mechanisms for user-generated content

Abstract We investigate the widely-used rank-order mechanism for displaying user-generated content, where contributions are displayed on a webpage in decreasing order of their ratings, in a game-theoretic model where strategic contributors benefit from attention and have a cost to quality. We show that the lowest quality elicited by this rank-order mechanism in any mixed-strategy equilibrium becomes optimal as the available attention diverges. Additionally, these equilibrium qualities are higher, with probability tending to 1 in the limit of diverging attention, than those elicited by a more equitable proportional mechanism which distributes attention in proportion to the positive ratings a contribution receives, but the proportional mechanism elicits a greater number of contributions than the rank-order mechanism.
Generalized *-products, Wilson lines and the solution of the Seiberg-Witten equations

Higher order terms in the effective action of non-commutative gauge theories exhibit generalizations of the star-product (e.g. star' and star3). These terms do not manifestly respect the non-commutative gauge invariance of the tree level action. In U(1) gauge theories, we note that these generalized star-products occur in the expansion of some quantities that are invariant under non-commutative gauge transformations, but contain an infinite number of powers of the non-commutative gauge field. One example is an open Wilson line. Another is the expression for a commutative field strength tensor Fab in terms of the non-commutative gauge field hat Aa. Seiberg and Witten derived differential equations that relate commutative and non-commutative gauge transformations, gauge fields and field strengths. In the U(1) case we solve these equations neglecting terms of fourth order in hat A but keeping all orders in the non-commutative parameter θkl.
Financial crises and the multilateral response: What the historical record shows

Abstract We provide a synoptic description of financial crises and the multilateral response over the course of the last four decades. We present both indicators of economic performance around crisis dates and a comprehensive description of multilateral rescue efforts. While emergency lending has grown, reliance on debt restructuring, broadly speaking, has declined. This leads us to ask what can be done to rebalance the management of debt problems toward a better mix of emergency lending and private sector burden sharing. In particular, we explore the idea of sovereign cocos, contingent debt securities that automatically reduce payment obligations in the event of debt-sustainability problems.
Composition−Structure Relationships in Polar Intermetallics: Experimental and Theoretical Studies of LaNi1+xAl6-x (x = 0.44)

A new ternary aluminide, LaNi 1 + x Al 6 - x (x = 0.44), has been synthesized from La, Ni, and Al in sealed silica tubes. Its structure, determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, is tetragonal P4/mmm (No. 123) with Z= 1 and has the lattice parameters a = 4.200(8) and c = 8.080(8) A. Refinement based on F o 2 yielded R 1 = 0.0197 and wR 2 = 0.020 [l > 2σ(l)]. The compound adopts a structure type previously observed in SrAu 2 Ga 5 and EuAu 2 Ga 5 . The atomic arrangement is closely related to the one in BaAl 4 as well as in other rare-earth gallide compounds such as LaNi 0 . 6 Ga 6 , HoCoGa 5 , Ce 4 Ni 2 Ga 2 0 , Ce 4 Ni 2 Ga 1 7 , Ce 4 NiGa 1 8 , and Ce 3 Ni 2 Ga 1 5 . This structure exhibits a large open cavity which may be filled by a guest atom. Band structure calculations using density functional theory have been carried out to understand the stability of this new compound.
COMPLETE COMPARATIVE STATIC DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Equations having form (1) arise as first-order conditions in microeconomic constrained optimization models, as defining characterizations for general equilibrium and macroeconomic models, and as steady-state solution characterizations for descriptive and optimal growth models. (See Silberberg [12], Hansen [7], Cass and Shell [3], and Brock [l].) If Y :R"' -+ R" is continuously differentiable over a neighborhood of a point (x0, a”) in R n+l for which Y(xO, LX’) = 0 and IY,( x0, or’)] # 0, then the implicit function theorem guarantees the existence of a continuously differentiable function x: N(cr’) + R" over some open neighborhood N(crO) of CX’ in R such that dx z (ix) = YX(X(X), a)-lYJx(a), X), G! E N(cP). (2)
Optical Evaluation of Combustion Noise Source Terms

Theme T physicochemical processes believed to be responsible for noise generation in turbulent combustion have been described in terms of several alternate analytical models. Strahle' adopted the Lighthill-type wave operator formulation to obtain semiempirical expressions for acoustic power based on the wrinkled flame model and the distributed reaction model. Chiu and Summerfield adopted the convected wave equation approach and employed the method of multizones to account for nonhomogeneities and source convection within the flame zone. This latter theory, as a result of its less restrictive approach, contains several source terms not found in the Strahle theory. In the work described herein, measurements have been made to compare the magnitude of one of the additional terms found in the Chiu-Summerfield theory with that of the term found in Strahle theory. It is found that they are of comparable intensity for some flame conditions.
School-Based Interventions for Health Promotion and Weight Control: Not Just Waiting on the World to Change

Controversy persists regarding the utility of school-based interventions for obesity prevention and control and for related health promotion. This article reviews the pertinent evidence, based partly on a recent systematic review and meta-analysis by the author and colleagues. Of 64 relevant papers, 21 papers representing 19 distinct studies met quality criteria; half of these were published since 2000. Despite marked variation in measures, methods, and populations that handicap interpretation of this literature, evidence clearly demonstrated that school-based interventions had significant effects on weight. Thus available research evidence does present a case for school-based interventions. Despite the fact that such evidence is limited to date, the urgency of the obesity and diabetes epidemics cries out for action. Intervention is warranted on the basis of both extant evidence and common sense, with methodologically robust evaluation concomitantly to test our assumptions and verify our intuition.
Total Synthesis of Dermostatin A

An oxo-hexaene macrolide antibiotic, dermostatin A has been synthesized. Key features of the synthesis include the application of cyanohydrin acetonide couplings for the synthesis of the polyol portion, and the convergent introduction of the polyene segment by means of a Stille coupling.
Competing Diels–Alder reactions of activated nitroethylene derivatives and [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangements of the cycloadducts

Diels–Alder reaction of nitroethylene derivatives with cyclohexa-1,3-diene afforded three pericyclic products some of which could be converted to others via a new [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement or via a Claisen rearrangement.
Concurrent cellular VLSI adaptive filter architectures

Previous approaches to high-sampling-rate adaptive filter implementations have been based on word-level pipelined word-parallel (or "block") realizations. In this paper, we show that adaptive filters can be implemented in an area-efficient manner by first using pipelining to the maximum possible extent, and then using block processing in combination with pipelining if further increase in sampling rate is needed. We show that, with the use of a decomposition technique, high-speed realizations can be achieved using pipelining with a logarithmic increase in hardware (the block realizations require a linear increase in hardware). We derive pipelined word-parallel realizations of high-sampling-rate adaptive lattice filters using the techniques of look-ahead computation decomposed state update implementation, and incremental output computation. These three techniques combined make it possible to achieve asymptotically optimal complexity realizations (i.e., the same complexity asymptotically as nonrecursive systems) of high-speed adaptive lattice filters (in both bit-serial and bit-parallel methodologies) and provide a "system solution" to high-speed adaptive filtering. The adaptive lattice filter structures are ideal for high-sampling-rate implementations, since the error residuals of a particular stage are adapted order-recursively based on those of the previous stage, and the coefficient update recursion inside each stage is linear in nature. An example of a normalized stochastic gradient adaptive lattice filter is presented, and its complexity, latency, and implementation methodology tradeoffs are studied.
An Evaluation of Factors Influencing Bayesian Learning Systems

Objectives : To examine the influences of situational and model factors on the accuracy of Bayesian learning systems. Design : This study examines the impacts of variations in two situational factors, training sample size and number of attributes, and in two model factors, choice of Bayesian model and criteria for excluding model attributes, on the overall accuracy of Bayesian learning systems. Measurements : The test data were derived from myocardial infarction patients who were admitted to eight hospitals in New Orleans during 1985. The test sample consisted of 339 cases; the training samples included 100, 400, and 800 cases. APACHE II variables were used for the model attributes and patient discharge status as the outcome predicted. Attribute sets were selected in sizes of 4, 8, and 12. The authors varied the Bayesian models (proper and simple) and the attribute exclusion criteria (optimism and pessimism). Results : The simple Bayes model, which assumes conditional independence, consistently equalled or outperformed the proper (maximally dependent) Bayes model, which assumes conditional dependence, across all training sample and attribute set sizes. Not excluding model attributes was found to be preferable to using sample theory as an attribute exclusion criterion in both the simple and the proper models. Conclusion : In the domain tested, the simple Bayes model with optimistic exclusion is more robust than previously assumed and increasing the number of attributes in a model had a greater relative impact on model accuracy than did increasing the number of training sample cases. Assessment of applicability of these findings to other domains will require further study. In addition, other models that are between these two extremes must be investigated. These include models that approximate proper Bayes' conditional dependence computations while requiring fewer training sample cases, attribute exclusion criteria between optimism and pessimism that improve accuracy, and ordering techniques for introducing attributes into Bayes models that optimize the information value associated with the attributes in test-sample cases.
Brane/Flux Annihilation and the String Dual of a Non-Supersymmetric Field Theory

We consider the dynamics of p anti-D3 branes inside the Klebanov-Strassler geometry, the deformed conifold with M units of RR 3-form flux around the S3. We find that for p << M the system relaxes to a nonsupersymmetric NS 5-brane `giant graviton' configuration, which is classically stable, but quantum mechanically can tunnel to a nearby supersymmetric vacuum with M−p D3 branes. This decay mode is exponentially suppressed and proceeds via the nucleation of an NS 5-brane bubble wall. We propose a dual field theory interpretation of the decay as the transition between a nonsupersymmetric `baryonic' branch and a supersymmetric `mesonic' branch of the corresponding SU(2M−p) × SU(M−p) low energy gauge theory. The NS 5-brane tunneling process also provides a simple visualization of the geometric transition by which D3-branes can dissolve into 3-form flux.
The Prolonged Resolution of Troubled Real Estate Lenders During the 1930s

This paper studies how building and loan associations (B&Ls) slowly unwound their obligations following a set of financial shocks during the Great Depression, with a special focus on a group of particularly troubled B&Ls in Newark, NJ. Investors in B&Ls disagreed over whether to realize losses on foreclosed real estate holdings, and those investors favoring liquidation were unable to force action after legal developments nullified statutory withdrawal privileges. In the medium run, a market-based resolution mechanism developed in the form of a secondary market for B&L liabilities. Liability holders barred from withdrawal incurred large losses while liquidating their investments on this market. At the same time, B&Ls used the market to avoid realizing some losses by exchanging foreclosed real estate for their second-hand share liabilities. More formal resolution ultimately took place from 1938 to 1943, first consisting heavily of closures, and then of reorganizations. Reorganizations were spurred by a large scale federal intervention arranging for the creation of bad banks, liquidity injections, and liability insurance.
Low‐Temperature Metal‐Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition of Silicon Nitride

Amorphous silicon nitride films have been deposited on single-crystal silicon from the gas mixture of methylsilazane and ammonia at 873 to 1073 K. The films have been characterized by ellipsometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and Auger electron spectroscopy. The Si-C, Si-H, and C-H bonds in methylsilazane can be effectively cleaved and the associated C and H species removed. The structure and composition of the films do not show any apparent dependence on the deposition temperature.
The Effect of Independence on Decisions concerning Additional Audit Work: A European Perspective

This research examines the importance of previously identified factors (i.e., investor needs, client retention, professional values and obligations, and time budget pressures) on independence in two scenarios. The sample includes 198 auditors from Big 6 auditing firms located in Denmark, Ireland, Italy, Spain, Sweden, The Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. In Case 1 (2), auditor judgment (stockholders' reliance on the thoroughness of the audit) was the primary factor for doing more work prior to signing off on the audit. The second most important factor was fear of losing the client (time‐budget problems). Hofstede's (1980) individualism was associated with auditor judgment, fear of losing the client, and stockholders' reliance on the audit in Case 1 and relying on auditing rules in Case 2. Wingate's (1997) litigation index was higher for countries with reduced perceptions of the importance of auditing rules and the obligation to be an independent representative in Case 2.
Advanced mass spectrometers for hydrogen isotope analyses

Two advanced mass spectrometers for accurate hydrogen isotope analyses were evaluated at the Savannah River Laboratory. One is a double-focusing instrument with a resolution of 2,000 at mass 4. The second is a stigmatic-focusing instrument with exceptionally high ion intensities for high signal-to-noise ratios. Both instruments are computer controlled. A containment facility permits testing with tritium mixtures. A recovery system prevents the release of tritium to the environment. The performance of the mass spectrometers was essentially equal under simulated process control conditions. Precision and accuracy for the D/T ratio was <0.5% (rel 2σ limits).
OBSERVATION OF SINGLE TOP QUARK PRODUCTION AT THE TEVATRON COLLIDER

On March 4, 2009, the DO and CDF collaborations at Fermilab's Tevatron Collider submitted papers to Physical Review Letters announcing observation of single top quark production.1,2 This review paper describes the successful searches carried out independently by the two collaborations, allowing the reader to see the similarities and differences that led to the simultaneous discoveries. Both collaborations measured a cross section $\sigma(p\bar{p}\to tb+X,tqb+X)$ consistent with the standard model prediction at 5.0 standard deviation significance, and set a lower limit on the quark mixing matrix element |Vtb| without assuming matrix unitarity with three quark generations.
A Spectral Learning Approach to Range-Only SLAM

We present a novel spectral learning algorithm for simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) from range data with known correspondences. This algorithm is an instance of a general spectral system identification framework, from which it inherits several desirable properties, including statistical consistency and no local optima. Compared with popular batch optimization or multiple-hypothesis tracking (MHT) methods for range-only SLAM, our spectral approach offers guaranteed low computational requirements and good tracking performance. Compared with MHT and with popular extended Kalman filter (EKF) or extended information filter (EIF) approaches, our approach does not need to linearize a transition or measurement model. We provide a theoretical analysis of our method, including finite-sample error bounds. Finally, we demonstrate on a real-world robotic SLAM problem that our algorithm is not only theoretically justified, but works well in practice: in a comparison of multiple methods, the lowest errors come from a combination of our algorithm with batch optimization, but our method alone produces nearly as good a result at far lower computational cost.
Child Labor and School Achievement in Latin America

Child labors effect on academic achievement is estimated using unique data on third and fourth graders in nine Latin American countries. Cross country variation in truancy regulations provides an exogenous shift in the ages of children normally in these grades, providing exogenous variation in the opportunity cost of children's time. Least squares estimates suggest that child labor lowers test scores, but those estimates are biased toward zero. Corrected estimates are still negative and statistically significant. Children working 1 standard deviation above the mean have average scores that are 16 percent lower on mathematics examinations and 11 percent lower on language examinations, consistent with the estimates of the adverse impact of child labor on returns to schooling.
Continuous-time cross-phase modulation and quantum computation

The weak nonlinear Kerr interaction between single photons and intense laser fields has been recently proposed as a basis for distributed optics-based solutions to few-qubit applications in quantum communication and computation. Here, we analyse the above Kerr interaction by employing a continuous-time multi-mode model for the input/output fields to/from the nonlinear medium. In contrast to previous single-mode treatments of this problem, our analysis takes into account the full temporal content of the free-field input beams as well as the non-instantaneous response of the medium. The main implication of this model, in which the cross-Kerr phase shift on one input is proportional to the photon flux of the other input, is the existence of phase noise terms at the output. We show that these phase noise terms will preclude satisfactory performance of the parity gate proposed by Munro et al (2005 New J. Phys. 7 137).
Bundling and Licensing of Genes in Agricultural Biotechnology

We examine the strategic incentive for gene holders to vertically integrate with seed companies and chemical input companies. With homogeneous conventional seeds, we find that a pure bundling strategy (produce the genetically modified seed only) is dominant. When the gene holder and breeder are, respectively, the monopolistic producers of genetically modified and conventional seeds, they may commit to mixed bundling (supply both genetically modified and conventional seed) to deter potential entry to the conventional seed market. A vertical merger may solve the credibility issue of the mixed bundling commitment through third party licensing agreements in the conventional seed market. Copyright 2009, Oxford University Press.
Kobe earthquake: An urban disaster

The January 17,1995, Hyogo-ken Nanbu earthquake was the most damaging to strike Japan since the great Kanto earthquake destroyed large areas of Tokyo and Yokohama and killed 143,000 people in 1923. As of January 30, the toll from the earthquake in Kobe and adjacent cities had reached 5,096 dead, 13 missing, and 26,797 injured. One-fifth of the city's 1.5 million population was left homeless and more than 103,521 buildings were destroyed. The Hyogo Prefectural Government estimated the cost of restoring basic functions to be about $100 billion dollars; the total losses including losses of privately owned property and reduction in business activity may be twice this amount, which would be 10 times higher than losses resulting from the 1994 Northridge, Calif., earthquake.