cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hoping to Enhance a Local Funding Relationship: Exploring Private Sector Business Preferences When Contributing to Nonprofit Organizations

ABSTRACT Nonprofit organizations want relationships with private sector businesses because nonprofits rely on fundraising to generate income, a portion of which is provided through the charitable giving of the private sector. Who the private sector contributes to, why they give, and what variables positively influence more giving, are all questions nonprofit organizations continuously want answers to. The answers though are often arbitrary, reflecting subjective criteria based on individual business preferences, the economic status of the marketplace, the community context, and the credibility of the nonprofit program. Because the relationship is dynamic and the answers may continue to change, nonprofits must continue to ask. This article discusses an exploratory effort to identify the funding attitudes and behaviors of private sector businesses who contribute to their local nonprofit organizations. The results showed the majority of private sector businesses who responded said they support their local no...
Operative Management of Rib Fractures in the Setting of Flail Chest: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background Flail chest (FC) results in paradoxical chest wall movement, altered respiratory mechanics, and frequently respiratory failure. Despite advances in ventilatory management, FC remains associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Operative fixation of the flail segment has been advocated as an adjunct to supportive care, but no definitive clinical trial exists to delineate the role of surgery.
Metabolic regulator LKB1 is crucial for Schwann cell-mediated axon maintenance

Schwann cells (SCs) promote axonal integrity independently of myelination by poorly understood mechanisms. Current models suggest that SC metabolism is critical for this support function and that SC metabolic deficits may lead to axonal demise. The LKB1-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) kinase pathway targets several downstream effectors, including mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and is a key metabolic regulator implicated in metabolic diseases. We found through molecular, structural and behavioral characterization of SC-specific mutant mice that LKB1 activity is central to axon stability, whereas AMPK and mTOR in SCs are largely dispensable. The degeneration of axons in LKB1 mutants was most dramatic in unmyelinated small sensory fibers, whereas motor axons were comparatively spared. LKB1 deletion in SCs led to abnormalities in nerve energy and lipid homeostasis and to increased lactate release. The latter acts in a compensatory manner to support distressed axons. LKB1 signaling is essential for SC-mediated axon support, a function that may be dysregulated in diabetic neuropathy.
Experimental interrogation of the multidimensional He+ICl(E,v † ) and He+ICl(β,v † ) intermolecular potential energy surfaces

Resonant two-photon excitation of the T-shaped and linear He⋯IC35l(X,v″=0) complexes is used to access the intermolecular vibrational levels bound within the He+ICl(β,v†=0–2) and He+ICl(E,v†=11,12) intermolecular potentials. The excitation utilizes different metastable intermolecular vibrational levels within the He+ICl(A,v′=15) and He+ICl(B,v′=2,3) potentials to access levels with varying intermolecular vibrational excitation in the ion-pair states. In addition to providing data revealing properties of the He+ICl(E,v†) and He+ICl(β,v†) potentials, the transition energies of the observed features permit the relative binding energies of the T-shaped and linear ground-state He⋯ICl(X,v″=0) conformers to be accurately measured. The binding energies of the T-shaped and linear He⋯IC35l(X,v″=0) conformers are 16.6(3) and 22.0(2) cm−1, respectively. These values and the observed transition energies are then used to set the binding energies of the T-shaped He⋯IC35l complexes in the He+ICl(A,v′=15), He+ICl(B,v′=3),...
The Role of Presupposed and Focal Information in Integrating Sentences

Two experiments explored the linguistic processes that underlie the integration of two sentences. We propose that the linguistic markings of both the direct antecedent and its anaphor are important in comprehension. The integrative process involves identifying a candidate antecedent from a context sentence and relating an appropriately marked anaphor from a target sentence back to the candidate. The candidate antecedent is ideally marked as focal (new) in the context, whereas the anaphor is linguistically presupposed (old) in the target. Two comprehension time experiments tested this notion. Subjects read sentence pairs in which the linguistic markings of a repeated noun phrase varied across the sentences. Context sentences incorporated the noun phrase as either presupposed (P) or focal (F), and the target repetition appeared as either presupposed (P) or focal (F). Comprehension time was fastest for FP combinations, intermediate for FF and PP pairs, and slowest for PF combinations. These results obtained when the proximity of the repeated phrase was controlled (Experiment I) and also when target sentences were in the active and passive voices (Experiment II).
Antisense Oligodeoxynucleotides as Clinical Therapeutic Agents

(1996). New Drugs: Antisense Oligodeoxynucleotides as Clinical Therapeutic Agents. Cancer Investigation: Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 54-65.
The temperature and density dependences of the electronic specific heat

Abstract The specific heat of an electron fluid is determined for low but nonzero temperature and for high density based on the first- and second-order exchange graphs and the ring diagrams. The specific heat constant γ is found to increase at lower temperatures for r s of order 2 or 3. The specific-heat effective mass determined by experiments should increase accordingly. For very small r s the specific heat is below the ideal-gas value. For r s = 2, the deviation from a straight line of the specific-heat curve plotted against temperature is expected to start at around 2 K and increases at low temperatures. The temperature dependence is characterized by logarithmic terms.
Diabetes Alters Contraction-Induced Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase Activation in the Rat Soleus and Plantaris

The prescription of anaerobic exercise has recently been advocated for the management of diabetes; however exercise-induced signaling in diabetic muscle remains largely unexplored. Evidence from exercise studies in nondiabetics suggests that the extracellular-signal-regulated kinases (Erk1/2), p38, and c-JUN NH2-terminal kinase (Jnk) mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are important regulators of muscle adaptation. Here, we compare the basal and the in situ contraction-induced phosphorylation of Erk1/2- p38- and Jnk-MAPK and their downstream targets (p90rsk and MAPKAP-K2) in the plantaris and soleus muscles of normal and obese (fa/fa) Zucker rats. Compared to lean animals, the time course and magnitude of Erk1/2, p90rsk and p38 phosphorylation to a single bout of contractile stimuli were greater in the plantaris of obese animals. Jnk phosphorylation in response to contractile stimuli was muscle-type dependent with greater increases in the plantaris than the soleus. These results suggest that diabetes alters intramuscular signaling processes in response to a contractile stimulus.
Response to Letter Regarding Article, “High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol, Size, Particle Number, and Residual Vascular Risk After Potent Statin Therapy”

We appreciate Dr Egom’s interest in our study.1 We agree that high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles have multiple functions, including cholesterol efflux, anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, antioxidative, and endothelial protective properties, among others.2 Given the extreme heterogeneity of HDL function and structure, measuring only the cholesterol content of HDL will at best only partially reflect the potential role of HDL in cardiovascular risk assessment and therapeutic drug development.3 In this regard, our study found that the number of HDL particles may be a better marker of residual vascular risk after potent statin therapy in the Justification for …
APPARATUS FOR MEASURING INTEREST PATTERNS BY ELECTRO-OCULOGRAPHIC INDICES.

We describe below an apparatus for presenting to human Ss pairs of visual sti~nuli which compete for S's attention on each of a series of discrete trial presentations. An appropriate electro-oculographic method for recording and analyzing S's visual choice behavior to s~lch stim~~li~s pairs is also described. This system can be used for assessing interest hierarchies, courses of adaptation and recovery of interest, and patterns of stimulus avoidance. The apparatus lends itself well to the generation of c~~mulative response curves and to paired-comparison scaling and evaluation of response to visual stimuli. With minor modification it can be usefully adapted for animal research.
Influence of calcium chloride on systemic acid-base status and calcium metabolism in dairy heifers.

Twenty heifers (12 Holsteins and 8 Jerseys) ranging from 15 to 22 mo of age (SD = 2.2 mo) and weighing 271 to 486 kg (SD = 72 kg) were offered diets containing 0, .5, 1, and 1.5% CaCl2 for 3 wk followed by a 1-wk readjustment period to evaluate the effect of CaCl2 on acid-base status, diuresis, and Ca metabolism. These evaluations were conducted under conditions simulating changes in dietary cation-anion balance that potentially can be utilized as prophylaxis for parturient paresis during transition from dry cow period to lactation. Free proton concentration in blood increased and blood bicarbonate decreased with increasing dietary CaCl2. Plasma protein and blood hematocrit were unaffected by dietary CaCl2. Plasma Ca and urinary hydroxyproline excretion also were unaffected, but urinary Ca excretion rose with increasing dietary CaCl2, possibly reflecting either increased bone mobilization or intestinal absorption of Ca. Elevating dietary Cl increased both plasma Cl and urinary Cl excretion. During the readjustment period, all differences caused by CaCl2 disappeared. Based on the responses of acid-base status and Ca metabolism to the different dietary concentrations of CaCl2, we suggest that feeding 1% CaCl2 to dry cows for 3 wk prepartum could be a suitable method to prevent parturient paresis without causing detrimental acid-base disturbances.
Extended-x-ray-absorption-fine-structure study of small Fe molecules isolated in solid neon

We have used rare gas matrix isolation techniques in combination with extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) to study the variation in interatomic distances for small Fe molecules in solid neon. A considerable contraction in the interatomic distances was observed for the metal molecules. An Fe-Fe distance of 2.02 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.02 \AA{} for the lowest concentration of metal was observed. This is in good agreement with early EXAFS measurements in ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}$-Ar. We also carried out a careful study of the x-ray-absorption near-edge structure (XANES), and observed the appearance of considerable structure for a 1.5-at.% Fe sample. The XANES spectra were analyzed in terms of $1s$-to-($3d,4s$) and $1s$-to-$4p$ transitions.
The Impact of Prejudice On Female Candidates: An Experimental Look at Voter Inference

Current research suggests that gender prejudice no longer impedes women from winning top-level political positions. Nevertheless, the number of women in all levels of political office remains startlingly low— meriting a closer look at the role of gender prejudice. This study takes an experimental look at how voters respond to female candidates pushing unambiguous, tough policy stands. Interestingly, voters seem to infer that women possess traditional "feminine" strengths even when they emit a clear "masculine" message. Therefore, female candidates should not fear visceral reactions from voters if they assume an aggressive campaign posture. Rather, this "masculine" approach may be the optimal campaign strategy for women seeking top-level or administrative positions.
Anastomosis of transplanted fetal rat intestine to the normal intestine of the host.

Abstract Fetal intestine was transplanted to the subcutaneous space of inbred rats. It became vascularized and grew with the host. Attempts were made to place the fetal transplants in continuity with the gastrointestinal tract of the recipient. Long-term survivors were obtained. The possible clinical implications are discussed.
Infrared spectra of CD3I isolated in an argon matrix

Abstract Infrared spectra of CD3I isolated in an argon matrix at about 18°K have been measured. The wavenumbers of all the fundamentals and those of a number of overtones and combinations have been determined with an absolute precision of ca. 0.1 cm−1 and values of some of the anharmonic constants, x88', have been estimated. These are compared with the corresponding quantities for the molecule in the gas phase. Similar data have been taken on the pure solid CD3I at 77°K.
Characterizing and defending against divide-conquer-scanning worms

Internet worms are a significant security threat. Divide-conquer scanning is a simple yet effective technique that can potentially be exploited for future Internet epidemics. Therefore, it is imperative that defenders understand the characteristics of divide-conquer-scanning worms and study the effective countermeasures. In this work, we first examine the divide-conquer-scanning worm and its potential to spread faster and stealthier than a traditional random-scanning worm. We then characterize the relationship between the propagation speed of divide-conquer-scanning worms and the distribution of vulnerable hosts through mathematical analysis and simulations. Specifically, we find that if vulnerable hosts follow a non-uniform distribution such as the Witty-worm victim distribution, divide-conquer scanning can spread a worm much faster than random scanning. We also empirically study the effect of important parameters on the spread of divide-conquer-scanning worms and a worm variant that can potentially enhance the infection ability at the late stage of worm propagation. Furthermore, to counteract such attacks, we discuss the weaknesses of divide-conquer scanning and study two defense mechanisms: infected-host removal and active honeynets. We find that although the infected-host removal strategy can greatly reduce the number of final infected hosts, active honeynets (especially uniformly distributed active honeynets) are more practical and effective to defend against divide-conquer-scanning worms.
Substrate- and Isoform-Specific Proteome Stability in Normal and Stressed Cardiac Mitochondria

Rationale:Mitochondrial protein homeostasis is an essential component of the functions and oxidative stress responses of the heart. Objective:To determine the specificity and efficiency of proteome turnover of the cardiac mitochondria by endogenous and exogenous proteolytic mechanisms. Methods and Results:Proteolytic degradation of the murine cardiac mitochondria was assessed by 2-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Mitochondrial proteases demonstrated a substrate preference for basic protein variants, which indicates a possible recognition mechanism based on protein modifications. Endogenous mitochondrial proteases and the cytosolic 20S proteasome exhibited different substrate specificities. Conclusions:The cardiac mitochondrial proteome contains low amounts of proteases and is remarkably stable in isolation. Oxidative damage lowers the proteolytic capacity of cardiac mitochondria and reduces substrate availability for mitochondrial proteases. ...
Aortic slimgraft : Ex vivo and in vivo study

In this article we describe a method for assembling an endovascular graft within the aorta with a graft and then a stent introduced sequentially over a guidewire as separate components. In the ex vivo study, an endovascular graft that was 25 mm in diameter was introduced through a 9F introducer. In the in vivo study, smaller endovascular grafts were placed in the aortas of four healthy pigs and five pigs with aortic aneurysms. Our data suggest that this very low profile system may have significant clinical implications because it converts aortic repair into a percutaneous procedure.
Detection of eyeshine by flashlight fishes of the family anomalopidae

Abstract Flashlight fishes of the family Anomalopidae live in clear tropical waters and are nocturnally active. They have luminescent organs located just below the pupils of their eyes. The relation of the luminescent organ to the pupil of the anomalopid eye is similar to that of the illumination and pupil system of the ophthalmoscope and identical to that of some photoretinoscopes. Indeed, one species of flashlight fish, Anomalops katoptron, actually moves its luminous organ away from its pupils in the process of occluding its light organ, making a retinoscopic-Iike movement. By photographing the eyeshine of a number of fishes with a photoretinoscope and by analyzing the optics of light organs of fish of the family Anomalopidae as well as the optics of reflecting eyes, we show under what light conditions and ranges flashlight fishes may reasonably be able to detect eyeshine from other fishes in the environment. Further, we suggest that flashlight fishes may be able to communicate with each other by altering the accommodation of their eyes. In such a communication system, the sender radiates no energy and communicates only with the interrogating receiver of the information. To our knowledge, this utilization of eyeshine, both for detection and for communication, is unique in the animal kingdom.
EFFECT OF DIETHYLSTILBESTROL ON THE BINDING OF THYROXINE IN SERUM

An apparent paradox in thyroidal economy is presented by the normally pregnant woman. Thus, there occurs during pregnancy thyroidal hyperplasia, augmentation of the thyroidal accumulation of radioiodine, and an increase in the concentration of circulating thyroid hormone (1–5). These changes, ordinarily associated with the thyrotoxic state, are not accompanied during pregancy by symptomatic stigmata of thyrotoxicity nor by increases in basal oxygen consumption beyond those which have been attributed to fetal needs (6).
Surface profile measurement with a scanning differential ac interferometer.

In scanning systems for surface profile measurement, e.g., stylus systems, the profile of a surface is generally determined by measuring the distance of the surface relative to a reference plane. This can be either a plane defined by a moving stage under a rigid stylus or a plane defined by a moving stylus if a fixed stage is used. In both cases, the measurement precision is limited by the straightness of a linear motion. This paper presents a new interferometric profile measurement technique based on using a rigid differential interferometer probing the test object which is moved by a stage. Information on the surface profile is obtained by scanning the surface with two laser spots simultaneously and measuring the optical path difference between the reflected light beams. This makes the profile measurement largely insensitive to flatness errors of the mechanical stage and enables extremely precise measurements. Data processing is done digitally using a storage scope and a microprocessor. The suitability of this method for measuring the profiles of magnetic sliders and SIMS sputter craters has been investigated. The experimental work includes long- and short-term repeatability tests and an extensive investigation of the temperature dependent behavior of the measuring instrument.
Strain Gradient Elasticity for Antiplane Shear Cracks: A Hypersingular Integrodifferential Equation Approach

We consider Casal's strain gradient elasticity with two material lengths $\ell,{\ell}'$ associated with volumetric and surface energies, respectively. For a Mode III finite crack we formulate a hypersingular integrodifferential equation for the crack slope supplemented with the natural crack-tip conditions. The full-field solution is then expressed in terms of the crack profile and the Green function, which is obtained explicitly. For ${\ell}'=0$, we obtain a closed form solution for the crack profile. The case of small ${\ell}'$ is shown to be a regular perturbation. The question of convergence, as $\ell,{\ell}' \to 0$, is studied in detail both analytically and numerically.
Evidence for Platinum(II) Oxo Intermediates in Reactions of (Diphosphine)platinum(II) Carbonate Complexes.

[Bis(diphenylphosphino)propane]platinum(II) carbonate, (dppp)Pt(CO3), and related complexes undergo a number of reactions in the presence of L (L = PR3, CO, CNR), including *CO2 and CS2 exchange and oxidation of L to give (dppp)Pt(L)2 and LO, that are consistent with the intermediacy of platinum(II) oxo species, (dppp)(L)Pt+−O-.
Resource taxation and sustainability: A CGE model of the Czech Republic

Resource use by a country is considered in the context of a production relationship. Resources include natural, produced, and human capital. The taxation of each of these resource groups has an impact on the efficient use of these inputs through changes in the relative prices. A computable general equilibrium model (CGE) of the Czech Republic is used to evaluate the impact that various revenue neutral tax structures have on the allocation of economic activity throughout the economy. A Hicksian welfare measure is used to determine the impact on society’s welfare of revenue neutral shifts in taxes. The results demonstrate that the change in the tax structure will result in a welfare improvement by as much as 5% for the Czech Republic. The results provide insight into the role that “getting the prices right” has on sustainability.
On the properties and utility of a membrane filter assay in the study of isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase.

Abstract The effects of several variables on an assay which utilizes nitrocellulose filters to detect the binding of ligands to proteins are explored and the utility of this assay is illustrated for two cases: ( a ) the combination of two macromolecules, tRNA Ile and isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase (IRS), and ( b ) the formation of the isoleucyl adenylate adduct of IRS. The standard thermodynamic quantities for the tRNA binding reaction were determined to be ΔF = −11.4 kcal/mole, ΔH = −1.8 kcal/mole, and ΔS = 33 cal/mole-degree at 17°C. Using the filter method to measure IRS(ile-AMP), one can follow transfer of the ile moiety to tRNA Ile ; the kinetics suggest that the breakdown of IRS(ile-AMP) upon exposure of the complex to tRNA Ile is not a result of failure of a normal step in the aminoacyl transfer reaction sequence.
Jakobsonian Library Science? A Response to Jonathan Tuttle's Article “The Aphasia of Modern Subject Access”

This article responds to Jonathan Tuttle's article “The Aphasia of Modern Subject Access” in which Roman Jakobson's semiology of “shared codes” consisting of preexisting signs is offered as the explanation for two redundant linguistic tools associated with cataloging: LCSH and LCC. The article criticizes Tuttle's terminology, his semiology, and his argument that selection and combination are both necessary for the operation of language but each are associated with only one of these tools. “The Aphasia of Modern Subject Access” by Jonathan Tuttle appears in Cataloging & Classification Quarterly, Vol. 50, Issue 4, 2012, pp. 263—275. doi: 10.1080/01639374.2011.641199. Jonathan Tuttle's “Jakobsonian Library Science? A Response to David Bade” appears in Cataloging & Classification Quarterly, Vol. 51, Issue 4, 2013, pp. 439—440. doi: 10.1080/01639374.2013.763321.
Lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma of the urinary bladder

We report the cases of 11 patients who were treated for undifferentiated carcinoma of the urinary bladder with a prominent lymphoid stroma (lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma [LELC]). The chief complaint of all 11 patients was hematuria. Their ages ranged from 52 to 79 years (mean of 67). All tumors except one invaded the muscle wall and showed the typical syncytial growth pattern of undifferentiated cells with ill-defined cytoplasmic borders, prominent nucleoli, and numerous mitoses. A significant lymphocytic reaction was an essential component of all these tumors. There were three pure LELC tumors without concurrent invasive transitional-cell carcinoma (TCC) or TCC in situ; these cases morphologically simulated large-cell lymphoma. The remainder were mixed TCC and LELC (five predominant and three focal LELC). The tumor cells were immunoreactive for keratin and showed negative results for leukocyte common antigen. The lymphoid population was an admixture of T cells and B cells with a predominance of T cells. Seven patients (four with predominant and three with focal LELC) were treated with various therapeutic methods. Four patients (three with pure and one with predominantly LELC) received only chemotherapy after transurethral resection of the tumor, and follow-up found no evidence of disease for 9-72 months (mean of 38 months). Awareness of an LELC component in a urinary bladder tumor is also important in order to avoid misinterpreting these tumors as malignant lymphoma or severe chronic cystitis. Our data suggest that the pure LELC tumor appears to be morphologically and clinically different from TCC and that it merits recognition as a separate clinicopathologic entity. In addition, there is strong suggestive evidence that it responds to chemotherapy and therefore there is the potential of salvaging bladder function.
Histology of islets of langerhans of the obese-hyperglycemic (ob/ob) mouse and changes with alloxan and streptozotocin

The islets of Langerhans in the obese homozygous mutant (ob/ob) saline-control mice were markedly increased in the size and total cell numbers over those of lean controls. There was marked degranulation of B-cells, but with still present β-granules in some cells, enlarged swollen mitochondria, vesicular endoplasmic reticulum, dilated Golgi, and the presence of many tightly-bound secretory granules. There were many lysosomes and much osmiophilic material (probably lipid) in many B-cells. A-cells showed slight degranulation and dilated endoplasmic reticulum. Six weeks after a single dose ofalloxan, there was degranulation and increased numbers of tightly-bound granules, swollen mitochondria, minimal dilatation of endoplasmic reticulum, and many lipid bodies and lysosomes in B-cells. Six weeks after administration ofstreptozotocin, there was marked degranulation of many cells, with some persisting β-granules, markedly vesiculated and dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum, swollen degenerating mitochondria, and many tightly-bound granules in B-cells. Degenerative changes were present in occasional A-cells, characterized by empty vacuoles and dilated endoplasmic reticulum. The presence of numerous membrane-bound vesicles, many immature β-granules and proliferations of Golgi and endoplasmic reticulum indicate attempt at recovery of function in the streptozotocin-treated obese mouse. However, the association of numerous empty endoplasmic cysts and vesicles and the persisting significantly fewer B-cells, as compared with saline- or alloxan-treated obese mice (p⩽0.05), points to lack of recovery from the toxic insult after six weeks. Islet hyperplasia and degranulation, accompanied by evidence of accelerated formation of secretion products of B-cells, as well as enlarged bizarre mitochondria, are anatomic support for accelerated insulin turnover as a response of the islets of Langerhans of the obese mouse to an insulin stimulatory factor. A-cell changes were probably secondary to hyperglycemia.
Individual Differences in the Effect of Orthographic/Phonological Conflict on Rhyme and Spelling Decisions

In typical readers, orthographic knowledge has been shown to influence phonological decisions. In the present study, we used visual rhyme and spelling tasks to investigate the interaction of orthographic and phonological information in adults with varying reading skill. Word pairs that shared both orthography and phonology (e.g., throat/boat), differed in both orthography and phonology (e.g., snow/arm), shared only orthography (e.g., farm/warm), and shared only phonology (e.g., vote/boat) were visually presented to university students who varied in reading ability. For rhyme judgment, participants were slower and less accurate to accept rhyming pairs when words were spelled differently and to reject non-rhyming pairs when words were spelled similarly. Similarly, for spelling judgments, participants were slower and less accurate when indicating that word endings were spelled differently when words rhymed, and slower and less accurate when indicating that words were spelled similarly when words did not rhyme. Crucially, while these effects were clear at the group level, there were large individual differences in the extent to which participants were impacted by conflict. In two separate samples, reading skill was associated with the extent to which orthographic conflict impacted rhyme decisions such that individuals with better nonword reading performance were less impacted by orthographic conflict. Thus, university students with poorer reading skills may differ from their peers either in the reading strategies they use or in the degree to which they automatically access word form information. Understanding these relationships is important for understanding the roles that reading processes play in readers of different skill.
Role of Ia antigen in the induction of adoptively transferred acute and chronic relapsing demyelinating disease in mice.

Abstract Acute and chronic relapsing forms of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) can be induced in SJL/J mice following transfer of myelin basic protein (MBP)-sensitized T cells which have been challenged in vitro with MBP. In this study, addition of specific anti I-A antibody during the culture blocked the antigen-specific proliferation of T cells and inhibited the transfer of both acute and relapsing EAE. Treatment of T cell recipients with anti I-A 5 antibody daily for 10 days suppressed the induction of acute EAE. Further treatment of mice with anti I-A 5 antibody reduced the number of relapses and improved their conditions. We conclude that MBP-sensitized T cells interact with Ia positive cells, both in vitro and in vivo , to induce acute and chronic relapsing EAE, respectively. The mechanism of this interaction and its role in the disease process are discussed.
Slow toxins, biologic markers, and long‐latency neurodegenerative disease in the western Pacific region

The western Pacific parkinsonism-dementia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis complex is a prototypical neurodegenerative disorder found among inhabitants of Guam, New Guinea (Irian Jaya, Indonesia) and Japan (Kii Peninsula, Honshu). Nonviral environmental factors peculiar to the affected populations seem to play a prominent etiologic role. Although cause-effect relationships cannot be established by epidemiologic studies alone, we have shown in all three affected population groups that individuals develop the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis variant of this disorder after heavy exposure to the raw or incompletely detoxified seed of neurotoxic cycad plants. Since long periods may elapse between cycad exposure and the appearance of neurological disease in humans, cycads may harbor a "slow toxin" that causes the postmitotic neuron to undergo slow irreversible degeneration. Two cycad neurotoxins are recognized, one of which (cycasin) is known to have long-latency effects (tumorigenesis) on mitotic neurons and replicating cells in other tissues. This paper explores the possible relationship between tumorigenesis and long-latency neurotoxicity, and discusses possible biologic markers of cycad exposure and subclinical neurodegenerative disease.
Atmospheric propagation effects on pattern recognition by neural networks

Smart electro-optical systems of the future will need to be adaptive and robust to function in different environments. In 1989 the authors reported how atmospheric losses in contrast, resolution, edge detail, and signal to noise adversely affect image-based classification using linear matched filters and how the atmosphere alters features such as gray-level moments. They also showed that the performance changes with atmospheric path radiance and transmittance are predictable, however, and that some effects can be mitigated automatically by including the atmosphere as a separate training class. This paper extends that analysis to atmospheric effects on pattern recognition by neural network classifiers. The neural net pattern recognition methods considered here are single- and multi-layer perceptron networks trained with back-propagation. Image classifier performance under different atmospheric propagation conditions is shown to be easily predicted for simple single-layer neural nets. This leads to a specific training strategy to minimize the impact of propagation losses by including the atmosphere as a separate training class. This same strategy also improves the performance of multi-layer neural networks. Examples are given of classification of a vehicle partly obscured by highly scattering white smoke and highly absorptive black smoke. Other methods are being investigated that affect the performance and training convergence properties of neural net pattern recognition in atmospheres.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Systems of systems engineering: prospects and challenges for the emerging field

System of systems engineering (SoSE) is a field that remains in the embryonic stages of development. The work presented in this volume provides a methodological approach, grounded in foundations of systems theory, to perform SoSE. However, further development of the field must be predicated on understanding critical distinctions emerging and bring focus to the challenges and prospects for further development. The purpose of this paper is to develop a perspective of the state of the SoSE field and identify challenges for future evolution. To achieve this purpose, the paper is organised to explore four primary areas. First, the literature is reviewed to provide an account of the current state of the field. Second, an organising framework is presented to structure understanding of field development. Third, a set of challenges to forward movement of the field is offered. Fourth, the paper concludes with reflections on the SoSE methodology presented in this volume and implications for further development of the SoSE field.
Adaptation of the proximal femur to skeletal reloading after long-duration spaceflight.

We studied the effect of re-exposure to Earth's gravity on the proximal femoral BMD and structure of astronauts 1 year after missions lasting 4–6 months. We observed that the readaptation of the proximal femur to Earth's gravity entailed an increase in bone size and an incomplete recovery of volumetric BMD. Introduction: Bone loss is a well-known result of skeletal unloading in long-duration spaceflight, with the most severe losses occurring in the proximal femur. However, there is little information about the recovery of bone loss after mission completion and no information about effect of reloading on the structure of load-bearing bone. To address these questions, we carried out a study of the effect of re-exposure to Earth's gravity on the BMD and structure of the proximal femur 1 year after missions lasting 4–6 months. Materials and Methods: In 16 crew members of the International Space Station (ISS) making flights of 4.5–6 months, we used QCT imaging to measure the total, trabecular, and cortical volumetric BMD (vBMD) of the proximal femur. In addition to vBMD, we also quantified BMC, bone volume, femoral neck cross-sectional area (CSA), and femoral neck indices of compressive and bending strength at three time-points: preflight, postflight, and 1 year after mission. Results: Proximal femoral bone mass was substantially recovered in the year after spaceflight, but measures of vBMD and estimated bone strength showed only partial recovery. The recovery of BMC, in the absence of a comparable increase in vBMD, was explained by increases in bone volume and CSA during the year after spaceflight. Conclusions: Adaptation of the proximal femur to reloading entailed an increase in bone size and an incomplete recovery of vBMD. The data indicate that recovery of skeletal density after long-duration space missions may exceed 1 year and supports the evidence in the aging literature for periosteal apposition as a compensatory response for bone loss. The extent to which this compensatory effect protects against fracture remains to be seen.
Cancer Among Blacks in Newark, New Jersey, 1970–1976 A National and International Comparison

Newark black men had age-adjusted cancer rates comparable to those of Washington, D. C., but lower than the other three American city blacks. Rates for Newark black women were generally similar to other American black women. American blacks, like those of Newark, had cancer rates higher than the African blacks in three out of four countries studied. Only blacks of Rhodesia had cancer experience like that of American blacks. Except for cancer of the cervix, the African blacks had generally lower rates compared to the American blacks for the ten sites investigated. However, high rates did occur for certain sites, e.g., esophagus and bladder cancers in Bulawayo, Rhodesia. Newark blacks also had higher rates for certain sites (prostate, lung, breast and cervix) compared to Washington, D. C., and certain other U. S. cities. Thus, the total risk of malignancies to develop among Newark blacks was no greater than that expected, based upon the four U. S. cities' experience. Cancer 50:180–186, 1982.
Interest rates and bank portfolio adjustments

Abstract We test empirically to determine if the relation between banks' portfolio of assets and liabilities and interest rate is stable. Several possible causes of instability are considered. The econometric techniques employed allow for continuous change in the structure of the empirical model. In all cases, stability of the model is strongly rejected. We find that the portfolio-interest rate relationship depends on the level of interest rates and exogenous assets, as well as their rate and direction of change.
The metabolic syndrome in older individuals: Prevalence and prediction of cardiovascular events: The cardiovascular health study

OBJECTIVE — The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome, a potent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), has not been adequately explored in older individuals. Moreover, two sets of criteria have been proposed for the definition of metabolic syndrome, one by the World Health Organization (WHO) and one by the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATPIII). We therefore investigated the prevalence of this syndrome in a subgroup of older participants from the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) who were free of CVD at baseline. We also compared the prognostic significance of the two definitions of the metabolic syndrome. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS — A total of 2,175 subjects from the CHS who were free of CVD at baseline and not taking antihypertensive or lipid-lowering medications were studied. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was assessed with both the WHO and ATPIII criteria. The incidence of coronary or cerebrovascular disease was ascertained during a median follow-up time of 4.1 years. RESULTS — Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was 28.1% by ATPIII criteria and 21.0% by WHO criteria. The two sets of criteria provided concordant classification for 80.6% of participants. Multivariate Cox propotional hazard models showed that the metabolic syndrome defined with the ATPIII criteria, but not with the WHO criteria, was an independent predictor of coronary or cerebrovascular events and was associated with a 38% increased risk (hazard ratio 1.38 [95% CI 1.06 –1.79], P 0.01). CONCLUSIONS — Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in older individuals is21–28% (depending on the definition used). The two sets of criteria have 80% concordance in classifying subjects. As defined by the ATPIII criteria, the metabolic syndrome yields independent prognostic information, even after adjusting for traditional cardiovascular risk factors and the individual domains of the metabolic syndrome.
Motivations for Choice The Salience of Relative Gains in International Politics

Realists assume that individuals are obsessed with relative gains and that cooperation is the exception rather than the norm in international relations. In contrast, liberal institutionalists assum...
The effect of chlorpromazine on the peak shift in the albino rat

Five groups of rats were given discrimination training between two different floor positions. Following mastery of the discrimination task, each group was tested for generalization along the floor tilt dimension. For half the Ss, Test 1 followed an injection of one of five dose levels, depending on the group, of chlorpromazine, followed by a second test with a saline control injection. The remaining Ss were tested in the reverse order, i.e., the saline test was first followed by the chlorpromazine test. The results indicate that the chlorpromazine reduced or eliminated the peak shift and reduced the area shift, but had little or no effect on discrimination performance. There was a strong dose-dependent effect.
Pre- and post-detection correction of turbulence-induced space-variant blur

Space-variant blur occurs when imaging through volume turbulence over sufficiently large fields of view. Space- variant effects are particularly severe in horizontal-path imaging, slant-path (air-to-ground or ground-to-air) geometries, and ground-based imaging of low-elevation satellites or astronomical objects. In these geometries, the isoplanatic angle can be comparable to or even smaller than the diffraction-limited resolution angle. Clearly, space-invariant methods used in conjunction with mosaicing will fail in this regime. Our approach to this problem has been to generalize the method of Phase-diverse Speckle (PDS) by using a physically motivated distributed phase-screen model to accomplish both pre- and post-detection correction. Previously reported simulation results have demonstrated the reconstruction of near diffraction-limited imagery using imagery which was severely degraded by space-variant blur. In this paper, we present a novel adaptation of the space- variant PDS scheme for use as a beacon-less wavefront sensor in a multi-conjugate AO system when imaging extended scenes. We then present results of simulation experiments demonstrating that this multi-conjugate AO-compensation scheme is very effective in improving the quality and resolution of collected imagery.
Statistical analysis of reaction rate data of liquid phase synthesis of dimethyl ether from methanol

Abstract The liquid phase catalytic dehydration of methanol to dimethyl ether (DME) is a key reaction step in the single-step synthesis of DME from CO-rich syngas in a slurry reactor. The effect of process variables including temperature, pressure, impeller speed, and feed methanol flow rate on DME synthesis rate has been studied by a systematic 24 full factorial experimental design with single replicate. The significant effects and interactions have been quantified by F-tests. The estimates of significant effects have been obtained by Yates' algorithm. Residual probability and normal probability dots have been obtained to test model adequacy. Finally, a computational model has been developed to predict the DME synthesis rate alt various values of process variables. The model has excellent interpolational predictive capability as evidenced by parity plots.
Design issues for next generation interfaces (NGI)

The information explosion that has accompanied the technological age has created a world where people are expected to deal with vast quantities of data quickly and interact with others through technology on a daily basis. Facilitating the ability to effectively communicate and use this data requires a radical change in the way human computer interface (HCI) dialogues are provided. This tutorial will introduce new ideas, strategies, and techniques being developed around the world that can be used to create a new generation of interfaces. The characteristics, needs, and issues of NGIs will be identified. The tutorial will focus on three key areas: physical interactions, social interactions, and ambient interactions. New concepts about interaction will be introduced and illustrated by examples. Hands-on exercises will be used to assist participants' awareness and knowledge about how to apply strategies and techniques that can be used to design and think about NGIs. Emphasis will be given to efficient use of sharing interactively distributed resources including people and data in context of people performing activities as part of a small group.
High-performance operating system controlled memory compression

This article describes a new software-based on-line memory compression algorithm for embedded systems and presents a method of adaptively managing the uncompressed and compressed memory regions during application execution. The primary goal of this work is to save memory in disk-less embedded systems, resulting in greater functionality, smaller size, and lower overall cost, without modifying applications or hardware. In comparison with algorithms that are commonly used in on-line memory compression, our new algorithm has a comparable compression ratio but is twice as fast. The adaptive memory management scheme effectively responds to the predicted needs of applications and prevents on-line memory compression deadlock, permitting reliable and efficient compression for a wide range of applications. We have evaluated our technique on an embedded portable device and have found that the memory available to applications can be increased by 150%, allowing the execution of applications with larger working data sets, or allowing existing applications to run with less physical memory.
Susan Bates, M.D., and Antonio “Tito” Fojo, M.D., Ph.D.: Thirty Years of Research, Discovery, Service, and Mentorship at the National Cancer Institute

The authors pay tribute to Dr. Susan Bates's and Dr. Antonio “Tito” Fojo's careers of more than 30 years with the National Cancer Institute.
A Model of the Impact of Reimbursement Schemes on Health Plan Choice

Flat capitation (uniform prospective payments) makes enrolling healthy enrollees profitable to health plans. Plans with relatively generous benefits may attract the sick and fail through a premium spiral. We simulate a model of idealized managed competition to explore the effect on market performance of alternatives to flat capitation such as severity-adjusted capitation and reduced supply-side cost-sharing. In our model flat capitation causes severe market problems. Severity adjustment and to a lesser extent reduced supply-side cost-sharing improve market performance, but outcomes are efficient only in cases in which people bear the marginal costs of their choices.
Influence of atmosphere on crystallization of zirconia from a zirconium alkoxide

Dibutoxybis (acetylacetonato) zirconium, a difunctional zirconium alkoxide, was polymerized at 130 °C for 5 h in vacuo to produce oligomers that could be pyrolyzed to form a tetragonal zirconia (t-ZrO2), metastable at room temperature. This metastable phase was retained considerably below the equilibrium transformation temperature (∼1200 °C) without the use of dopants. Comparative pyrolysis of the oligomers between 600 and 900 °C in either flowing O2 or N2 for processing times under 12 h indicated t-ZrO2 nucleated first. Pyrolysis in oxygen facilitated transformation to the monoclinic symmetry, whereas pyrolysis in nitrogen demonstrated retention of the tetragonal phase. The formation of oxygen vacancies during pyrolysis, their role in stabilizing the metastable tetragonal phase, and contributions of O2 and crystallite size in the polymorphic transformation are discussed.