cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of target-background luminance contrast on binocular depth discrimination at photopic levels of illumination

Abstract Data are presented on binocular depth-discrimination thresholds for stationary and oscillating black or self-illuminated targets which are presented against a large illuminated background. The stereoscopic threshold angle, ηAD is measured at target-background contrast values ranging from0 to ± 100 per cent at five fixed levels of target or background retinal illuminances (−1.22, −0.57, 1.02, 1.57, and 2.06 log td). The results show that for target-background contrasts greater than some critical near-zero value, the magnitude of ηAD is determined by the prevailing retinal illuminance of that component, either target or background, which has the higher illumination level. The data for the target-varied and for the background-varied conditions were essentially identical, suggesting the absence of any areal effects. An analysis of the corresponding constant errors of the equidistance settings, ηΔR is also presented, and the results for ηΔR are similar to those for ηAD, but somewhat more variable. A schematic representation which predicts the results of contrast effects greater than near-zero values is presented, based on the relationship between stereoscopic threshold and target or background illumination level under 100 per cent contrast conditions.
Technology Makes a Difference in Community College Mathematics Teaching.

This study examines the influence of graphing calculators on a teacher's assessment practices in a college algebra course. The researcher focused on three techniques of alternative assessment: oral discourse, teacher observations, and problem‐solving investigations. The teacher's assessment practices were revealed during 6 weeks of classroom observations. The researcher examined the teacher's assessment practices before and after the teacher used graphing calculators as tools for teaching and learning mathematics. The use of the graphing calculators enhanced the teacher's assessment practices as related to oral discourse, classroom observations, and problem‐solving investigations. The results of the study indicate the potential for technological tools to influence teachers’ practices of alternative assessment in the mathematics classroom.
A protective monoclonal antibody that reacts with a novel antigen of pneumococcal teichoic acid.

Abstract D3114/63 is a hybridoma cell line producing a monoclonal antibody that appears to recognize a common antigenic determinant associated with the teichoic acids of Streptococcus pneumoniae. This hybridoma was produced in a fusion of splenic lymphocytes from an X-linked immunodeficient (xid) male (CBA/NxBALB/c)F1 mouse hyperimmunized with a heat-killed type 6A strain EF-3114. Treatment of EF-3114 with periodate, but not with protease, destroyed its ability to bind D 3114 63 . The specificity of D 3114 63 for teichoic acids was suggested by the ability of both C-polysaccharide and F-antigen to inhibit its binding to EF-3114. Inhibition studies indicated that D 3114 63 does not bind the PC determinant of teichoic acids. As in the case with anti-PC antibodies, the presence of an intact pneumococcal capsule significantly reduced the binding of D 3114 63 to viable pneumococci. By means of a colony immunoblot procedure, it was determined that D 3114 63 bound to all 97 pneumococcal strains tested including representatives of 24 different serotypes. Both D 3114 63 and anti-PC antibodies were able to detect pneumococcal antigen in spinal fluids of 3 out of 4 patients with pneumococcal meningitis. D 3114 63 protected mice from fatal infection with type 3 strain WU2 pneumococci but not from type 5 strain DBL5 or type 6A strain EF-3114.
Subversive Pleasures, Losing Games: Basque Soccer Madness

ABSTRACT The following article addresses the socio-cultural significance of a unique recruiting philosophy in the first division Spanish soccer Liga: the Basque-only policy of Athletic Bilbao. The Basque club is one of three clubs (besides Real Madrid FC and Barcelona FC) in Spain that have never been relegated to the second division throughout their centenarian history. Athletic contributed to Spanish soccer history in three ways: by importing the game from England through Bilbao's commercial relations; through the numerous records, victories and world-class players it has produced; and by maintaining a unique recruiting philosophy. The article discusses the various characteristics, consequences and impasses of ethnicised recruitment in a globalised competition that thrives on athlete migration. First, it situates the Basque club within the socio-political matrix of 20th-century Spain, Basque Country and Bilbao. Second, it describes the Basque-only philosophy of the club, and how conceptions of Basque id...
Nanopost Arrays Indicate that GPIb-VWf Interactions Play a Role in Platelet Contractility Independent of Integrin αIIbβ3

The first step of hemostasis involves recognition of von Willebrand factor (VWF) by platelets. These cells bind to domains of VWF using GPIb-IV-X and αIIbβ3 receptors. Because platelets must contract to shrink and stabilize the hemostatic clot, we investigated the contribution of each of these receptors in supporting platelet forces. For this, we developed a new tool using E-beam lithography to fabricate nanoposts for force measurements (Fig A). VWF was adsorbed to the tips of these posts to allow for platelet adhesion (Fig B). Nanoposts were fluorescently labeled to track deflections created by individual platelets (Fig C). Our results show that platelets treated with antibodies 7E3 and AK2, which inhibit αIIbβ3 and GPIb respectively, exerted significantly lower forces. To confirm that GPIb-VWF interaction can support platelet contraction, we used the recombinant GPIb-IX-V binding region of VWF (A1 domain) (Fig D). Platelets were unable to generate force on A1 domain in the presence of soluble GPIb, or using bovine serum albumin and Pluronic F-127 as a substrate. Together, these results indicate that platelets are able to transmit cytoskeletal contractile forces in an integrin-independent manner.View Large Image | View Hi-Res Image | Download PowerPoint Slide
Development of an 8-cm engineering model thruster system

Electric propulsion has been shown to offer major advantages over the techniques currently employed for the control of earth satellites. For a user to realize these advantages, however, requires the availability of a proven, operationally flight-ready propulsion system. Currently an Engineering Model of an 8-cm ion thruster propulsion system is under development. The system includes the thruster unit with its associated reservoir, thruster gimbaling subsystem, and power processing unit. This paper describes the EM System with special emphasis on hardware design and system performance.
Probe size effects on the microrheology of associating polymer solutions

Diffusing wave spectroscopy has been used to investigate the thermally driven displacement of colloidal particles dispersed in solutions of associating polymers (APs). The effect of varying colloidal probe size on the measured particle displacements is studied in particular. Recent theories of microrheology are examined in light of the observed effects. The associating polymer used in this research was a linear polyethylene oxide (PEO) chain (molecular weight 35 000 g/mole) with a Cl14 aliphatic group appended to each end of the PEO. Above a critical concentration, the associating polymers display linear viscoelasticity consistent with the Maxwell model. The concentration of aqueous AP solutions was varied from 0.25 to 4.0 wt. %. At low concentration of APs, the mean square displacement of the colloidal beads was indistinguishable from simple Brownian diffusion in the aqueous solvent. However, at concentrations greater than 0.5 wt. %, the mean square displacement differed from simple diffusion in a way that was found to be consistent with the Maxwell model linear viscoelasticity (LVE) of the AP solutions. Significantly, for the most concentrated solutions, as the probe particle size was varied from 0.3 to 2.2 microm, the observed mean square displacement deviated substantially from the generalized Stokes-Einstein behavior predicted by microrheological theories. Our experiments showed that these deviations could not be attributed to specific physicochemical interactions at the probe-matrix interface, since observed mean square displacements were independent of different probe surface chemistries studied. Moreover, this particle size effect was not observed in semidilute, high molecular weight PEO solutions (molecular weight 4.0 x 10(6) g/mole). We concluded that possible effects of AP network compressibility and AP depletion at the probe surface could not account for the observed particle size effects. We examined recent reports of the structural heterogeneity in AP solutions for their possible connection to our observation of the breakdown of the generalized Stokes-Einstein equation for this system. Numerical conversion of the microscopic results to the linear viscoelastic moduli, G'(omega) and G"(omega), by means of a constrained regularization method (CONTIN), demonstrates that the experiments with larger probe particles are most consistent with the single-mode Maxwell model LVE observed by macroscopic mechanical rheology.
Novel packet architecture for all-optical ultrafast packet-switching networks

Header recognition and packet detection in all-optical networks using on/off optical ultrafast signalling at a fixed wavelength can be implemented by means of recently demonstrated optical sampling AND gates. A novel packet structure in which the header is spread in a TDM fashion over the optical packet allows the number of such AND gates to be minimised in the routing and receiving blocks thereby best exploiting the required electronics.
An analysis of immediate serial recall performance in a macaque

There has been considerable research into the ability of nonhuman primates to process sequential information, a topic that is of interest in part because of the extensive involvement of sequence processing in human language use. Surprisingly, no previous study has unambiguously tested the ability of nonhuman primates to encode and immediately reproduce a novel temporal sequence of perceptual events, the ability tapped in the immediate serial recall (ISR) task extensively studied in humans. We report here the performance of a rhesus macaque on a spatial ISR task, closely resembling tasks widely used in human memory research. Detailed analysis of the monkey’s recall performance indicates a number of important parallels with human ISR, consistent with the idea that a single mechanism for short-term serial order memory may be shared across species.
Teardrop Reflector-Assisted Unidirectional Hybrid Silicon Microring Lasers

We study directional bistability in hybrid silicon microring lasers and demonstrate a unidirectional laser. Unidirectional emission is achieved by integrating a passive reflector that feeds laser emission back into the laser cavity to introduce an extra unidirectional gain. We show that the length of the passive reflector is a critical parameter in determining the lasing behavior.
Humoral immunity to heterotopic corneal allografts in the rat.

Despite indications that humoral immune responses may be involved in corneal allograft rejection, few definitive reports of such responses exist, and the antigens responsible for evoking and targeting these responses remain unknown. We report the development of donor-specific humoral immunity in PVG (RT1c) rats given fully allogeneic ACI (RT1a) corneal grafts heterotopically. PVG anti-ACI cornea serum lysed ACI, but not PVG, target cells in complement-dependent cytotoxic assays. Target cells from PVG.1A or PVG.R1 congenic rats, which respectively share the entire rat major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region (i.e., RT1) or only class I MHC antigens (RT1.A region) with ACI (on PVG backgrounds) were also lysed by this serum. Lysis of PVG.1A targets was significantly more extensive than lysis of PVG.R1 cells, indicating that both RT1.A and non-RT1.A antigens act as targets for cell lysis. Levels of PVG.1A and ACI target lysis were equivalent, suggesting that minor transplantation antigens were not significantly involved in this humoral response.
A TEM00 short-pulse HF oscillator

Abstract A TEM 00 mode HF chemical laser oscillator with a pulse of less than 5 nsec fwhm and a peak output of greater than 0.1 MW (0.65 mJ) has been built and evaluated. A helical pin laser and a flowing gas mixture of SF 6 /CH 4 were used to produce a stable output. The beam divergence was 1.4 times the diffraction limit while lasing on the four dominant lines, P 2 (4)—P 2 (7), at a total pressure of 190 torr.
Residual stresses and distortions in welded structures: a perspective for engineering applications

AbstractIn this paper, some of the historical developments and recent advances in understanding welding induced residual stresses and distortions are discussed in the context of their impact on today's engineering applications. With recent rapid advances in computational simulation techniques, the complex thermomechanical phenomena associated with typical welding processes can be effectively dissected into solvable problem sets for both fundamental understanding and specific engineering applications. Although a great deal of research is currently still ongoing to advance our fundamental understanding of the complex thermophysical and thermomechanical phenomena, an engineering perspective is provided to demonstrate how an engineer can make use of the current state of knowledge to derive effective practical solutions when dealing with day to day problems in the areas of residual stresses and distortions in welded structures. First, some of the fundamental mechanical considerations associated with residual s...
The circadian blood pressure pattern in ambulatory normal subjects

Abstract Ambulatory blood pressure (BP) monitoring using a portable noninvasive device capable of automatically measuring and recording BP every 7.5 minutes during a 24-hour study period was performed in 34 normal volunteers on 2 separate occasions, 2 to 8 weeks apart, to test the consistency of the whole-day blood pressure pattern. The average of all systolic BPs measured during the second study day was within 10 mm Hg of that measured during the first study day in 79% of the subjects, and the respective diastolic BP averages were within 5 mm Hg of each other in 65 % of the subjects; 53 % satisfied both of these criteria. The reproducibility of the circadian pattern of the BP was tested by dividing the 24-hour day into 12 consecutive 2-hour BP averages. When the corresponding 2-hour periods on the 2 study days were matched, there were strong correlations (r > 0.70) within most subjects for both the systolic and diastolic BP averages of the 2-hour periods (76% and 68% of subjects) and for the relative rank values of the periods (62% and 56%). Moreover, there were no significant differences between the averages (for all subjects together) on the 2 study days of the highest and lowest systolic and diastolic 2-hour BP values; similarly, the times at which these extreme values occurred on the 2 study days corresponded closely. Thus, in normal subjects there is a strong tendency for the circadian pattern and the actual levels of BP to be consistent between 24-hour study periods.
Biventricular Repair With the Yasui Operation (Norwood/Rastelli) for Systemic Outflow Tract Obstruction With Two Adequate Ventricles

Background The Yasui procedure is employed in neonates with interrupted aortic arch and left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (IAA/LVOTO) or aortic atresia-severe stenosis with ventricular septal defect (AA/VSD) and 2 adequate-sized ventricles. This combines a Norwood arch reconstruction with a Rastelli operation establishing a biventricular repair. Methods From 2002 to 2011, 21 neonates aged 3 to 55 days (mean 12.2 days, median 7 days) had IAA/LVOTO (n = 13), AA/VSD (n = 7), or AA/IAA with aortopulmonary window (n = 1); ten (48%) had genetic abnormalities (8 with DiGeorge syndrome). Based on clinical characteristics and surgeon preference, 6 had a primary Yasui repair (4 AA/VSD, 2 IAA/LVOTO); 15 were staged with an initial Norwood repair (3 AA/VSD, 12 IAA) followed by Yasui completion in 13 (2 await completion) 4.3 to 26.6 months later (median 6.9 months). Results Early mortality was zero with no interstage deaths in the staged patients. One patient died 2 months after staged repair. Since biventricular repair, 8 survivors (44%) had reoperation for conduit replacement (n = 6), recurrent LVOTO (n = 1), or a residual VSD (n = 1). No patient requires a pacemaker. There were 3 late deaths after biventricular repair, all in patients with genetic syndromes and IAA/LVOTO. Actuarial survival after initial operation was 100% at 1 year and 75% at 5 years. Actuarial freedom from reoperation or death after biventricular repair was 14% at 5 years. Conclusions The Yasui operation is effective for patients with IAA/LVOTO and AA/VSD. Primary and staged repair have comparable results. Reoperation after biventricular repair seems inevitable, mostly for conduit replacement. Genetic factors may affect long-term survival.
Changes in a Primary Resistance Parameter of Lodgepole Pine to Bark Beetle Attack One Year Following Fertilization and Thinning

Many of the forest soils in the Intermountain West are deficient in several nutrients, including nitrogen (N), potassium (K), sulfur (S) and boron (B) and these deficiencies may impact tree resistance to insect attack. Two potential techniques for manipulating tree resistance are fertilization and thinning. We examined fertilization (both alone and in conjunction with stand thinning). Conifer resistance to bark beetles involves a three-step response, the first stage of which is resin flow. Rapid resin flow can prevent the colonization of bark beetles within a tree. Fertilization with low levels of N resulted in an increase in resin flow while high levels of N did not significantly increase resin flow in treated trees. Thinning did not result in higher concentrations of foliar K or B but did result in higher concentrations of foliar N and S. The highest concentrations of foliar N and S consistently occurred in the trees from thinned treatments, regardless of fertilization. There was a negative correlation between tree growth and resin flow one year following treatments. Increasing available nutrient levels to trees (either through fertilization or stand density management) may result in modified resistance parameters that must be considered when making management decisions.
Hydrogenation and H, D Exchange studies of ethylidyne (CCH3) on Rh(111) crystal surfaces at 1 atm pressure using high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy

Abstract We have combined high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS) with a high-pressure/low-pressure (HPLP) system to study the behavior of the monolayer structure of stable hydrocarbon species that form on single-crystal metal surfaces during catalytic reactions at atmospheric pressure. We find that a monolayer of adsorbed ethylidyne (CCH 3 ) on Rh(111) at 310 K does not hydrogenate to ethylene or ethane in one atmosphere of static D 2 . The methyl group hydrogens exchange with deuterium is a slow process. The amount of exchange depends strongly on the amount of uncovered, bare-metal surface, but little on the hydrogen pressure. A mechanism for H, D exchange involving ethylidene (CHCH 3 ) as an intermediate is proposed.
Management of a broken anesthetic injection needle in the maxilla

The implications of a broken needle in the posterior part of the maxilla are discussed in the context of a case report. Preventive measures and treatment suggestions also are outlined for the practitioner.
Inverse relationship between calcium and ATP in renal tissue of magnesium-deficient rats: a correction.

SummaryIt has been shown that calcium phosphate present in extracts of rat kidneys and in standard solutions decreases the assayable ATP. This effect may be avoided by utilizing EDTA to prevent the formation of a calcium phosphate-ATP complex, and by avoidance of boiling the solutions containing calcium and phosphate.
Accurate record bases for jaw relation procedures.

Abstract A brief account of the need and the requirements for an ideal record base was presented. A technique for construction of a record base that is a combination of rigid and resilient acrylic resin was described.
The re-emergence of thalidomide: results of a scientific conference.

Background The use of thalidomide during the 1950s resulted in teratogenic effects in thousands of infants. Although thalidomide is currently approved for the treatment of a complication of leprosy, it is commercially available to treat other diseases through a controlled distribution system. This article presents a summary of a scientific conference organized to assess clinical research on thalidomide, its new clinical applications, and the social and ethical implications for its use. Methods Summaries of 10 presentations and two panel discussions were developed from the authors's, oral presentations, conference slides, responses to questions, and supporting literature. Results Thalidomide shows promise in treating several diseases, including HIV/AIDS, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, and multiple myeloma. The STEPS™ (System for Thalidomide Education and Prescribing Safety) Program has been developed by Celgene, the commercial manufacturer of thalidomide, to ensure compliance with prescription and usage protocols. A surveillance system is also in place to monitor and report compliance patterns. Conclusions Despite the tragic past associated with thalidomide, the drug shows promise as a treatment for many clinical disorders. The challenge is to answer lingering questions of risks and benefits through clinical trials and discovery, to monitor participation and compliance with protocols developed to avoid use of the drug during pregnancy, and to continue to search for safer and more effective treatment options. Teratology 62:432–435, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Scatter rejection and low-contrast performance of a slot-scan digital chest radiography system with electronic aft-collimation: A chest phantom study

Anti-scatter grids have been widely used to reject scatter and increase the perceptibility of low-contrast object in chest radiography; however they also attenuate the primary x-rays, resulting in a substantial degradation of primary information. Compensation for this degradation requires the use of higher exposure technique hence higher dose to the patient. A more efficient approach to reject scatter is the slot-scan imaging technique which employs a narrow scanning x-ray fan beam in conjunction with a slit or slot shaped solid state detector or an area detector used with an aft-collimator. With this approach, scatter can be rejected effectively without the need to attenuate primary x-rays. This paper demonstrates an electronic aft-collimation method, referred to as the alternate line erasure and readout (ALER) technique, for implementing the slot-scan digital radiography with a modern flat-panel detector. With this technique, instead of first exposing the detector and then reading the image line by line, the image line on the leading edge of the scanning fan beam is reset to erase the scatter accumulated prior to the arrival of the fan beam x-rays, while the image line on the trailing edge of the scanning fan beam is read out to acquire the image signals following the fan-beam exposure. These reset and readout processes are alternated and repeated as the x-ray fan beam scans across the detector. An anthropomorphic chest phantom was imaged to evaluate the scatter rejection ability and the low-contrast performance for the ALER technique and compare them with those for the anti-scatter grid method in full-field chest imaging. With a projected beam width of 16 mm , the slot-scan/ALER technique resulted in an average reduction of the scatter-to-primary ratios by 81%, 84%, 82%, and 86% versus 65%, 73%, 74%, and 73% with the anti-scatter grid method in the lungs, mediastinum, retrocardium, and subdiaphragm, respectively. The average CNR for the slot-scan/ALER technique was found to improve by 135%, 133%, 176%, and 87% versus 15%, 15%, 38%, and − 11 % with the anti-scatter grid method in the mediastinum, retrocardium, subdiaphragm, and lungs, respectively. These results demonstrated that the slot-scan/ALER technique can be used to achieve equally effective scatter rejection but substantially higher low-contrast performance than the anti-scatter grid method.
Cysteine-rich intestinal protein binds zinc during transmucosal zinc transport

The mechanism of zinc absorption has not been delineated, but kinetic studies show that both passive and carrier-mediated processes are involved. We have identified a low molecular mass zinc-binding protein in the soluble fraction of rat intestinal mucosa that could function as an intracellular zinc carrier. The protein was not detected in liver or pancreas, suggesting a role specific to the intestine. The protein binds zinc during transmucosal zinc transport and shows signs of saturation at higher luminal zinc concentrations, characteristics consistent with a role in carrier-mediated zinc absorption. Microsequence analysis of the protein purified by gel-filtration HPLC and SDS/PAGE showed complete identity within the first 41 N-terminal amino acids with the deduced protein sequence of cysteine-rich intestinal protein [Birkenmeier, E. H. & Gordon, J. I. (1986) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83, 2516-2520]. These investigators showed that the gene for this protein is developmentally regulated in neonates during the suckling period, conserved in many vertebrate species, and predominantly expressed in the small intestine. Cysteine-rich intestinal protein contains a recently identified conserved sequence of histidine and cysteine residues, the LIM motif, which our results suggest confers metal-binding properties that are important for zinc transport and/or functions of this micronutrient.
Continuous compact protein domains

The coefficient of compactness was recently introduced and used to locate domains in lysozyme and ribonuclease (Zehfus and Rose: Biochemistry 25:5759-5765, 1986). Nineteen additional proteins now have been analyzed by using this measure. Complete listings of compact units and plots showing their hierarchic organization are presented for all twenty-one proteins. Large compact units correspond well to protein domains; however, many smaller compact structures of equal or better compactness are also found. Since small compact units could represent subdomains or protein-folding intermediates, their structural composition is further examined.
Development of a Point-of-Care HIV/Aids Medication Dosing Support System Using the Android Mobile Platform

Medication dosing errors can greatly reduce HIV treatment effectiveness as incorrect dosing leads to drug resistance and non-adherence. In order to dose correctly, HIV therapy providers must balance several patient characteristics such as renal functions and weight. In developing countries and other resource-limited settings, dosing errors are more likely because treatment is provided by mid-level providers with only basic training in HIV therapy. These providers also typically lack electronic tools informing medical decisions. Widespread adoption of mobile phones in developing nations offers an opportunity to implement a point-of-care system to help providers reduce dosing errors. We discuss the development of the mHIV-Dr system prototype using the new Android mobile platform. mHIV-Dr is being designed to provide dosing recommendations for front-line providers in developing countries. We also discuss the additional challenges in the implementation of the mHIV-Dr system in a resource limited setting.
A Measurement of the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect in the Coma Cluster of Galaxies

This thesis presents a measurement of the Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect in the Coma cluster of galaxies. The observed effect is ΔT[subscript 0,obs] = -302.1±48μK, and was measured at a frequency of 32GHz with the 5.5m telescope at the Owens Valley Radio Observatory. Interpreted in the context of existing X-ray models, I derive a peak central SZ effect of ΔT[subscript 0,peak] = -495.3±78.7µK. With this interpretation, I also calculate a value of H[subscript 0] = 74.2±27.9kms[superscript -1]Mpc[superscript -1] for the Hubble constant. This is the first successful measurement of the SZ effect in a nearby cluster, an important advance because of the much better potential for its astronomical and cosmological interpretation.
Inference Based on Estimating Functions in the Presence of Nuisance Parameters

In many studies, the scientific objective can be formulated in terms of a statistical model indexed by parameters, only some of which are of scientific interest. The other "nuisance parameters" are required to complete the specification of the probability mechanism but are not of intrinsic value in themselves. It is well known that nuisance parameters can have a profound im- pact on inference. Many approaches have been proposed to eliminate or reduce their impact. In this paper, we consider two situations: where the likelihood is completely specified; and where only a part of the ran- dom mechanism can be reasonably assumed. In either case, we examine methods for dealing with nuisance parameters from the vantage point of parameter estimating functions. To establish a context, we begin with a review of the basic concepts and limitations of optimal estimating func- tions. We introduce a hierarchy of orthogonality conditions for estimat- ing functions that helps to characterize the sensitivity of inferences to nuisance parameters. It applies to both the fully and partly parametric cases. Throughout the paper, we rely on examples to illustrate the main
Personal reflections on the origins of culture and the meaning of children.

My wonderful niece died of cancer on May 12, 2007. She was 33 years old, the mother of twin boys, nearly 4 years old. She was a wife, a sister, and one of two children, the only daughter of my sist...
Retrospective Accounts of Language and Learning Processes

A group of graduate students in English and language education were given a series of instructor-designed and self-designed reading and writing tasks. They wrote formal papers in response to these tasks and kept retrospective journals describing their reading and writing strategies. The study looks at the nature of introspective accounts and the usefulness of such accounts in studies of the composing process. Several writing tasks are described and analyzed, and three brief case studies are presented. The study concludes that retrospective journal accounts are a rich source of information because they permit consideration of the complex context within which composing occurs.
Stabilizing the Herd: Fixing the Identity of Nonhumans

Supported by scientific modes of representation, wildlife-management agencies commonly adopt policies that subordinate nonhuman species and resubstantiate human–nonhuman hierarchies. In this paper I illustrate the inadequacy of current management policies by drawing upon Deleuzian notions of immanence and movement and applying them to the specific case of Yellowstone bison. Modes of representation that define nonhuman ontology in terms of genetics are shown to be inadequate for they separate essence from experience and facilitate the removal and exclusion of nonhumans. In contrast, a Deleuzian theory of wildlife accentuates the importance of movement, contact, and contingency in the constitution of nonhuman ontology, thus outlining an approach that can also lead to a revision of human–nonhuman relations. In particular, movement provides a physical mechanism to bridge the theoretical gap that separates human from nonhuman, and suggests a means to link together ethical and evolutionary concerns regarding no...
Gabapentin dosing for neuropathic pain: evidence from randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials.

Abstract Background: Pain is one of the most common reasons for seeking medical attention, and neuropathic pain is among the most common types of pain. Despite its prevalence, neuropathic pain is often underrecognized and inadequately treated. Many cases are refractory to the medications traditionally used for pain, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Tricyclic antidepressants are considered first-line agents for neuropathic pain, but their use is limited by unwanted side effects and a risk of cardiovascular mortality. Objectives: The goals of this article were to review data on the efficacy and tolerability of gabapentin in the treatment of neuropathic pain in adults and to determine the optimal dosing schedule. Methods: Randomized controlled studies of gabapentin for neuropathic pain were identified through a search of PubMed and MEDLINE from 1966 to the present using the search terms gabapentin, randomized, placebo , and pain . Abstracts of identified articles were screened for study size (>100 patients per treatment arm) and use of appropriate efficacy measures. A separate review based on information provided by the manufacturer of gabapentinaand clinical trial Web sites was conducted to ascertain whether there had been any other relevant industry- or government-sponsored trials. The manufacturer provided additional unpublshed study data. Results: Data from 5 randomized, placebo-controlled trials were included in the review, 1 of which has not yet been published. Gabapentin was effective in the treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy, postherpetic neuralgia, and other neuropathic pain syndromes. It relieved symptoms of allodynia, burning pain, shooting pain, and hyperesthesia. Adverse effects were typically mild to moderate and usually subsided within ∼10 days from the initiation of treatment. Based on available data, it appears that treatment should be started at a dose of 900 mg/d (300 mg/d on day 1, 600 mg/d on day 2, and 900 mg/d on day 3). Additional titration to 1800 mg/d is recommended for greater efficacy. Doses up to 3600 mg/d may be needed in some patients. The effective dose should be individualized according to patient response and tolerability. Conclusion: At doses of 1800 to 3600 mg/d, gabapentin was effective and well tolerated in the treatment of adults with neuropathic pain.
Correlating structural and resistive changes in Ti:NiO resistive memory elements

Structural and resistive changes in Ti-doped NiO resistive random access memory structures that occur upon electroforming have been investigated using hard x-ray microscopy. Electroforming leads to structural changes in regions of size up to about one micrometer, much larger than the grain size of the structure. Such changes are consistent with a migration of ionic species or defects during electroforming over regions containing many crystalline grains.
The pedicled transverse partial latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap for reconstruction of the radiated partial mastectomy defect

Abstract The pedicled partial latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap based on the transverse branch of the thoracodorsal artery is described as it offers several advantages for reconstruction of radiated partial mastectomy defects. It maintains bulk and vascularity while having a favorable morbidity profile compared to the total flap. Specifically, seroma rates and length of drain use should be reduced. The anatomical location of the transverse branch allows creation of the flap outside the radiated field. Further, the flap preserves the lateral and inferior portions of the latissimus dorsi and the muscle is not detached from its insertion allowing preservation of the posterior axillary fold. Finally, the transversely oriented skin paddle offers favorable scar healing.
Probing the Mechanism of Silica Polymerization at Ambient Temperatures using Monte Carlo Simulations

We have developed a model for silica polymerization at ambient temperatures and low densities and have studied this using reactive Monte Carlo simulations. The model focuses on SiO4 coordination with the energetics of hydrolysis and condensation reactions treated via the reaction ensemble. The simplicity of the model makes large system sizes accessible on a modest computation budget, although it is necessary to make additional assumptions in order to use the reactive Monte Carlo method as a simulation of the system dynamics. Excellent agreement for the evolution of the Qn distribution is obtained upon comparing the simulation results to experimental observations. The analysis of simulation trajectories provides mechanistic insight into the polymerization process, showing the following three regimes: oligomerization (0−1 h), ring formation (1−2.6 h), and cluster aggregation (2.6−5.6 h).
The 140 Ce( p, γ) 141 Pr reaction through isobaric analogue resonances in 141 Pr

Abstract The 140Ce(p, γ0)141Pr reaction proceeding through the 2 f 7 2 isobaric analogue state |IA〉 of 141Ce was measured with a 20 cm3 Ge(Li) crystal. A high-energy line of 14.95 MeV was identified as the E1 gamma ray from the 7 2 − IA resonance to the 5 2 + ground state in 141Pr on the basis of the correct gamma energy and resonance behavior. The excitation function for the gamma rays observed at θ0 = 125°, where P2(cos θ0) ≈ 0, displayed a slightly asymmetric resonance cross section superimposed on a smooth background cross section. The excitation function was analysed in terms of two interfering processes through the isobaric analogue and the semidirect giant resonances. The matrix element of the E1 gamma transition 〈mγ〉 = 〈r〉 from the | IA 〉 = (2T 0 ) − 1 2 T − | i 〉 of the 2 f 7 2 ground state |i〉 in 141Ce to the 2 d 5 2 ground state |f〉 in 141Pr was obtained to be |〈f|emγ|IA〉| = (0.063±0.015)e fm. This is smaller than a simple shell model estimates by a factor F 1 2 ≈ 5 . The corresponding first-forbidden beta matrix element |〈 f |ɡ v m β| i 〉| , where ɡ v m β = (ɡ v /e)[e m γ, T − ] , was deduced from the observed gamma matrix element. By use of the 〈 m β〉 = ɡ v 〈 r 〉 and the log ft value, relations between the beta matrix elements 〈σ×r〉, 〈α〉 and 〈r〉 where obtained. Discussions concerning the gamma and beta matrix elements and the (p, γ) reaction mechanism are given in detail.
MAGNETIC FREE ENERGIES OF BREAKOUT CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS

A critical issue in understanding and eventually predicting coronal mass ejections (CMEs) is determining the magnetic free energy that can drive the explosive eruption. We present calculations of this free energy for the breakout CME model, which postulates that the preeruption magnetic topology is a multipolar field with a null point in the corona. Using analytical and numerical methods, we determine the free energies for two broad families of photospheric flux distributions, parameterized by the radius of the coronal null and the degree to which flux is concentrated near the poles and equator. The available CME energy attains a broad maximum for distributions whose potential null resides between about 1.25 and 1.75 solar radii, and falls off toward zero as the null approaches the surface or moves out to infinity. These results may explain the wide range of energies observed for CMEs and their associated flares. We find that concentrating the surface flux to narrower latitude bands near the poles and equator, on the other hand, has little effect on the available energy. Our mathematical approach currently is restricted to spherically axisymmetric systems. Its generalization to fully three-dimensional fields might provide the foundation of a first-principles forecasting technique for solar eruptions.
On Parallel Selection and Searching in Partial Orders

Parallel algorithms for the problems of selection and searching on sorted matrices are formulated. The selection algorithm takesO(lognlog lognlog*n) time withO(n/lognlog*n) processors on an EREW PRAM. This algorithm can be generalized to solve the selection problem on a set of sorted matrices. The searching algorithm takesO(log logn) time withO(n/log logn) processors on a Common CRCW PRAM, which is optimal. We show that no algorithm using at mostnlogcnprocessors,c? 1, can solve the matrix search problem in time faster than ?(log logn) and that ?(logn) steps are needed to solve this problem on any model that does not allow concurrent writes.
A call to ARMS: targeting the PAX3-FOXO1 gene in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma.

Introduction: Expression of fusion oncoproteins generated by recurrent chromosomal translocations represents a major tumorigenic mechanism characteristic of multiple cancers, including one-third of all sarcomas. Oncogenic fusion genes provide novel targets for therapeutic intervention. The PAX3-FOXO1 oncoprotein in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (ARMS) is presented as a paradigm to examine therapeutic strategies for targeting sarcoma-associated fusion genes. Areas covered: This review discusses the role of PAX3-FOXO1 in ARMS tumors. Besides evaluating various approaches to molecularly target PAX3-FOXO1 itself, this review highlights therapeutically attractive downstream genes activated by PAX3-FOXO1. Expert opinion: Oncogenic fusion proteins represent desirable therapeutic targets because their expression is specific to tumor cells, but these fusions generally characterize rare malignancies. Full development and testing of potential drugs targeted to these fusions are complicated by the small numbers of patien...
The specific surface area of γ-Al2O3

Abstract The specific surface area of γ-Al 2 O 3 (Alon) has been determined by three methods: A typical sample was 129 m 2 g by the BET (N 2 adsorption) method, 118 m 2 g by negative adsorption of sodium ion from dilute aqueous solution, and 117 m 2 g by differential capacity. The lack of hysteresis in N 2 -gas adsorption-desorption implies that γ-Al 2 O 3 s essentially non-porous.
Modern Extraction Techniques

The central role of extraction during a chemical analysis compounds a critical review of developments in the field. Thousands of articles annually list “extraction” as a key word (about 2500 articles per year when searching only keywords for English chemistry journal articles). Consequently, narrowing the topic of this review is highly selective since about 10 000 articles survived the initial literature search. Hence, this review focuses on the most significant new developments and advances in the 2006-2009 calendar years, since the previous review (1). Articles focusing on applications were generally not considered in this review. The major trends in the field of extractions for chemical analysis appear to be the use of ionic liquids; development of electrically assisted extractions; alternative phases (including monoliths), quantitative methods, and geometries for sorptive extractions; approaches to membrane-based extractions; and single-drop and related lowvolume microextraction approaches. This represents a change from the trend of developing enhanced methods based on the application of energetics, a field which has perhaps developed to some state of maturity. These new trends represent the bulk of this Review. In addition to development and fundamental research articles, key reviews are highlighted to draw the reader’s attention to other state of the art discussions.
Mice deficient in invariant‐chain and MHC class II exhibit a normal mature B2 cell compartment

The role of the invariant chain (Ii), an MHC class II-associated chaperone, in B cell development is controversial. Ii deficient mice (Ii(-/-) mice) show a defect in B cell development. This defect has been attributed to the absence of a fragment liberated from the Ii by intramembranous proteolysis. It was proposed that this fragment is required for activation of the NF-kappaB pathway as a means of controlling B cell maturation. The opposing view holds that defects in the assembly of MHC class II molecules result in impaired B cell development. Here we demonstrate that a lack of Ii indeed causes defects in B cell development, with fewer mature B cells in the periphery as previously reported, but that in a compound-mutant from which both Ii and all MHC class II subunits are absent, B cell development is normal. We suggest that neither Ii itself, nor the MHC class II products are required for normal B cell development.
Growth rate dispersion in batch crystallization

A method for describing the crystal size distribution of a batch crystallizer in the presence of growth rate dispersion is presented. The analysis is based on the assumption that individual crystals have inherent constant growth rates, but the growth rate may vary from crystal to crystal, resulting in a distribution of growth rates. The method requires the availability of growth rate, growth rate dispersion, and nucleation rate expressions for prediction of the crystal size distribution. These required rate expressions can be recovered by the use of simple linear regressions from the CSD moment data. Prediction of the unsteady-state CSD was demonstrated using rate expressions for the sucrose-water system. Batch fructose experiments were analyzed to demonstrate the recovery of the growth and nucleation rates from the size distribution data.
Evaluation of a method to characterize material inhomogeneity in ferritic steels within the ductile-to-brittle transition regime

Abstract The ASTM “Standard Test Method for Determination of Reference Temperature, To, for Ferritic Steels in the Transition Range,” (ASTM E1921) has been developed to characterize the onset of cleavage cracking in the ductile-to-brittle transition regime for ferritic structural steels. This standard determines To, the reference temperature at which the median fracture toughness of a 25 mm thick specimen is 100 MPa m . Material inhomogeneity has been shown to have a strong effect on To, and suggestions on how to characterize and quantify the effects of inhomogeneity have been developed within a proposed annex for E1921. This study demonstrates that for small data sets neither the current E1921 outlier procedure nor the method in the proposed annex can effectively distinguish between homogeneous and inhomogeneous materials. This study also shows that the bimodal inhomogeneity analysis in the proposed annex only accurately characterizes materials if (1) at least 30 specimens are tested, and (2) the difference between the To values that describe each unique homogeneous population within the inhomogeneous material is greater than 20 °C, and (3) the percentage of the smallest homogeneous material population is greater than 20%.
Mechanisms of nitrate action in patients with severe left ventricular failure: Conceptual problems with the theory of venosequestration

Nitroglycerin and other organic nitrates exert a number of favorable effects on the circulation of patients with severe congestive heart failure, and these effects mediate the short- and long-term hemodynamic and clinical improvement that follows treatment with these drugs. Although these agents are potent dilators of systemic venous capacitance vessels, present evidence indicates that they do not exert their beneficial hemodynamic and clinical effects by decreasing venous return to the heart. Rather, their ability to dilate pulmonary and systemic resistance vessels offsets any decrease in cardiac output that might be expected to occur from a decrease in venous return. Of equal importance, the increase in output of the left side of the heart that results from drug-induced pulmonary and systemic vasodilation prevents any decrease in venous return to the right side of the heart that might be expected to accompany an increase in systemic venous capacitance. The net effect of these two interacting forces is not only to keep cardiac output and venous return constant but also to translocate blood volume from the pulmonary circulation and left ventricle to the systemic vessels. In addition, nitrates also relieve subendocardial ischemia and favorably alter pressure-volume relationships in the left ventricle. These observations support the conclusion that the complex cardiovascular responses to organic nitrates in patients with congestive heart failure cannot be adequately summarized by the single concept of preload reduction.