cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Geometry and Inverse Optimality in Global Attitude Stabilization

Theproblemofgloballystabilizingtheattitudeofarigidbodyisconsidered.Topologicalandgeometricproperties of the space of rotations relevant to the stabilization problem are discussed. Chevalley' s exponential coordinates for a Lie group are used to represent points in this space. An appropriate attitude error is formulated and used for control design. A control Lyapunov function approach is used to design globally stabilizing feedback laws that have desirable optimality properties. Their performance is compared to the performance of previously developed proportional-derivative-typecontrol laws. Thenew control laws achievethe sameorgreaterstabilization ratewith lesscontroleffort. SpecialissuesintheLyapunov stabilityproofsrelated to thetopology ofthespaceof rotationsare identie ed and resolved. The simplerproblem of stabilization on thespace of planarrotationsis treated throughout the paper to provide insight. HE problem of controlling the orientation of a rigid body is central to the control of aircraft and spacecraft. Large-angle maneuvers long have been of interest for satellite control and more recently have become relevant for agile aircraft and missiles. We address the attitude control of a rigid body subject only to torques due to its own inertia and to control effectors, either thrusters or momentum wheels, but much of the discussion and results also are extendable to a rigid body subject to gravitational and aerodynamic torques. We assume that the controls can be continuously varied; the results are thus applicable to control by proportional thrusters, momentum wheels, or on off thrusters operated in a pulse-width, pulse-frequency modulation mode. The particular control problem that we consider is the global feedback stabilization of a specie ed inertialpointing direction. The stabilizationproblemprovides asuf- e ciently rich contextforthepointsthatwe wishtomake,though our discussion and results could be extended to the global asymptotic tracking problem. There aretwo featuresofthe globalattitudestabilization problem that motivate our study. First, the statespaceis amanifold that is not equivalent to a linear vector space. The dynamics of the orientation of a rigid body evolve on the tangent bundle to the rotation group SO.3/. SO.3/is a compactmanifold withoutboundary. This topol- ogy has profound implications for control design. We approach the formulation and solution of the global stabilization problem from a geometric perspectiveof SO.3/asboth aRiemannian manifold and a Lie group. Chevalley' s canonical coordinates for a Lie group are used to represent points in SO.3/. The coordinates themselves are notnew; they arethe elements ofwhat usually is called the principal rotation vector. 1 The geometric perspective is prominent in the ap- proaches to attitude control by Meyer, 2 Crouch, 3 Koditschek, 4 Wen and Kreutz-Delgado, 5 Paielli and Bach, 6 and Bullo and Murray. 7
The use of lymphoscintigraphy and PET in the management of head and neck melanoma

Abstract Objectives: Lymphoscintigraphy with sentinel node dissection and 18 fluoro-2-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography (PET) are being used independently in the management of many intermediate and thick melanomas of the head and neck. We report a series of patients with melanoma of the head and neck with Breslow depths greater than 1.0 mm and clinically negative regional nodes that were evaluated prospectively with PET and lymphoscintigraphy. Study Design and Setting: Between July 1, 1998 and December 30, 2000 PET scans were obtained preoperatively on 18 patients undergoing resection of head and neck melanoma. Lymphoscintigraphy and sentinel node dissection was performed. Resection of the primary lesion was then carried out with adequate margins and the defects were reconstructed. Results: Sentinel node(s) were found in 17/18 patients (94.4%); 5/18 (27.8%) of cases had metastases. PET detected nodal metastasis preoperatively in 3 patients (16.7%), one of which had a positive sentinel node dissection. Conclusion: PET and lymphoscintigraphy offer complimentary ways of evaluation for metastatic melanoma. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2001;125:213-20.)
Adjuvant formulations possess differing efficacy in the potentiation of antibody and cell mediated responses to a human malaria vaccine under selective immune genes knockout environment.

Abstract Infections and chronic diseases can alter the host's immunological balance or result in immunodeficiencies. We hypothesize that this may also affect the performance of vaccine adjuvants. Accordingly, the potency and adjuvanticity of eight adjuvant formulations based on Montanide ISA720, MF59, monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL), QS21 (saponin derivative), MPL-SE (stable emulsion of a MPL derivative), and MPL-AF (MPL in aqueous formulation) were studied in immune gene knockout mice, IFN-γ −/−, IL-4 −/−, and STAT6 −/−, using the P. falciparum MSP1 vaccine, P30P2MSP1-19 as a model immunogen. The adjuvants showed preferential requirements for the immune mediators to induce immune responses to MSP1-19, and the effects were formulation-specific. While emulsion-type adjuvants were highly effective in mice, their potency was more readily suppressed by immune knockouts; and additions of immunomodulators were required to restore efficacy. Formulated adjuvants had characteristics distinct from their individual components, and multi-components formulations were not necessarily superior. We conclude that perturbation of immune environments will have measurable impact on adjuvants' potency. Evaluation of adjuvants in immune knockout models may be a supplementary approach to measure and compare adjuvants' efficacy, and to further unveil their distinct biological activities.
Gerard and Kant: Influence and Opposition

In his notes and lectures on anthropology, Kant explicitly refers to Alexander Gerard's 1774 Essay on Genius, and his own position that genius is necessary for art but not for science is clearly a response to Gerard. Kant does not explicitly mention Gerard's 1759 Essay on Taste, but it was probably an influence on his own conception of free play, and in any case a comparison of the two theories of aesthetic response is instructive. Gerard's development of a version of the theory of free play without Kant's assumptions that aesthetic judgments must be independent of concepts and yet always intersubjectively valid allows him to accommodate a variety of facts about aesthetic experience in general and our experience of the fine arts in particular more readily and more fully than Kant can, especially those concerning the affective dimension of our experience of art.
The characterization of the dynamic arc-anode interaction and using plasma deposition of nanocomposites to tailor materials properties

Summary form only given, as follows. The first part of this lecture is concerned with characterizing the instabilities which are observed with an arc attachment to its anode under the conditions of a superimposed gas flow. A three dimensional, time dependent model has been formulated and used to simulate the movement of the anode attachment on the wall of a Cu nozzle. A good correlation has been obtained between calculated and experimental voltage traces. The results show the importance of the non-equilibrium in the anode boundary layer region. Conclusions from these simulations were compared with results from experiments where the arc attachment on a cold Cu anode was exposed to cold gas flow parallel to the anode surface. Langmuir probe and Thomson scattering measurements allowed determination of 3-D distributions of electron densities and temperatures. Distributions of electric fields could be derived from these measurements using the law of charge continuity. This allowed us to see how the anode instabilities are initiated through electric field inhomogeneities caused by asymmetric cooling of the arc. In the second part, the use of arc plasmas is described for depositing nanophase coatings with specific properties. Film properties can be tailored to a certain degree by having nanocrystallites imbedded in an amorphous matrix. As an example for a process of creating such nanocomposite films, an experiment is described where nano-sized particles are formed in a supersonic nozzle and accelerated towards a substrate. Additional vapor deposition can give an amorphous matrix. The focus of these experiments has been on generating superhard materials, but the concept should be applicable to modifying other materials properties. [Full paper was not published in this proceedings].
ADAAPT: Amgen's data access, analysis, and prediction tools

The Amgenȁ9s Data Access Analysis Prediction Tools (ADAAPT) system is a desktop decision support tool developed to provide flexible access and analysis of chemical and biological data. The system is platform independent, adaptable, easily deployed, and scalable. It consists of four main modules: access, analysis, prediction, and tools. The access module contains numerous user interfaces designed to retrieve data easily. The analysis module provides standard computational tools to perform property calculation, QSAR/QSPR, and statistical analyses. The prediction module contains in-house models to calculate a drug-likeness score and absorption index. Finally, the tools module provides a wide array of features that are of general interest to our scientists.
Developmental restriction of mobility of concanavalin a receptors

Trypsinized cells from embryonic chick neural retina redistributed concanavalin A receptors to patches and caps. Between 12 and 16 days of development, the ability to redistribute concanavalin A receptors declined. This restriction in mobility of the receptors was accompanied by changes in susceptibility to the capping-inhibitory drugs colchicine and cytochalasin B.
Inhibition by dietary hydroquinone of acetylaminofluorene induction of initiation of rat liver carcinogenesis

Abstract Monocyclic phenolics (MPs) occur widely in foods, both naturally and as synthetic antioxidant additives. Several have been shown to inhibit the carcinogenicity of a variety of genotoxic carcinogens in various tissues. Hydroquinone (HQ), one of the simplest of the MPs, which occurs naturally as the glucose conjugate arbutin, was studied for its ability, at low dietary levels, to inhibit the initiating effects in the rat liver of the DNA-reactive carcinogen 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF). Male Fischer 344 rats (F344), 8 weeks old at the start of the study, were allocated to six groups. HQ was fed daily ad libitum in PMI certified diet at either 0.05% (≈25 mg/kg bw/d) or 0.2% (≈100 mg/kg bw/d) for 13 weeks, starting one week before AAF administration was initiated, and at the same doses to two groups not receiving AAF. AAF was given intragastrically three times a week for 12 weeks at doses of 3 mg/kg bw in 0.5% carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) to a basal diet group and two of the groups receiving HQ in the diet. Vehicle controls were fed basal diet and administered 0.5% CMC intragastrically three times a week. The rats were observed daily and body weights were taken before initial dosing and at weekly intervals thereafter. Body weight gain over time, terminal body weights and absolute (mg) and relative liver weights (relative to body weight) were measured. At the end of the study (13 weeks), DNA adducts (32P-postlabeling), cell proliferation (PCNA immunohistochemistry) and preneoplastic hepatocellular altered foci (HAF) (glutathione S-transferase-placental type immuno-histochemistry) were measured. No significant differences were observed in body weight gains or liver weights. AAF produced liver DNA adducts and at the low dose of HQ adduct levels were 90% of that for AAF alone, whereas at the high dose adducts were reduced by 33% (p Thus, under the conditions of this experiment, HQ at both 0.05% and 0.2% in the diet diminished AAF-induced cancer initiating effects in rat liver.
Population pressures and agricultural development in developing countries: A conceptual framework and recent evidence

Abstract The purpose of this paper are (a) to develop a more comprehensive conceptual approach for investigating the responses to increases in rural population density in developing countries; and (b) to present recent empirical evidence illustrating these responses. The variety of responses is empirically illustrated for broad regions in developing countries, including increases in arable land, land intensification, out-migration, and fertility decline, though the focus is on the economic changes. Viewing the economic changes both across countries and over time suggests wide scope for further increases in agricultural output, even with existing technology. Nevertheless, prospects for raising living standards in the developing countries are better with slower rates of population growth.
The Janet/Busch Oscillator: A Multivibratory Dissipative Structure Relevant to Dynamo Theories of Geomagnetic Flux Reversals

A dynamo model of geomagnetism displaying multivibratory flux reversals is presented. This model employs a little-known but century-old motor/ generator system; it can be obtained from Bullard's original series dynamo model by replacing his short-circuit with a virtual loaded capacitor, realized by a separately-excited motor. This resulting system furnishes a dissipative structure whose symmetry-breaking instability corresponds precisely to that of the Rayleigh/Van der Pol relaxation oscillator. Motor field strength determines the vibratory frequency. If the field varies, so does the frequency, yielding an infinite reversal period for a field becoming sufficiently weak.
Coatings for strain compliance in plastic packages: Opportunities and realities☆

Abstract The mechanical factors important in the design of polymer coatings for strain compliance in molded plastic packages are considered. Influence of the key variables is investigated using the analytical modeling technique of finite element analysis, verified in part by direct strain measurement. Results indicate important potential performance and reliability trade-offs of elastic modulus, adhesion and film thickness depending on the configurational aspects of the application.
Processing of multiport CCD video signals at very high frame rates

Rates exceeding 1000 frames/s can be achieved with multiport CCD state-of-art video sensors. In order to provide sufficient spatial resolution, sensor configurations of 512 X 512 pixels are typical. Image area is divided into segments with individual video ports. Each port includes a photocharge sensitive amplifier, typically comprising sample/hold and charge reset circuits. Some amplifiers are even provided with a double correlated sample circuit for improving the signal/noise ratio. Frame rates are proportional to the number of ports, since the individual sensor segments are run in parallel. Unfortunately, the amount of external circuitry required for signal processing increases accordingly, 16-port sensors are a quite common configuration. Cameras with even higher number of ports are prohibitively expensive. Therefore, in order to achieve very high frame readout rates with a moderate number of ports, the sensor's charge transport clock frequencies must be increased to the limit. Horizontal charge transfer frequencies exceeding 30 MHz have been achieved. The quality of the video signal deteriorates with frequency due to bandwidth limitation of the photocharge detecting amplifier. Its sample/hold and double correlated sample circuits are useless at such rates. Methods and circuits for the processing of video signals under such conditions are described. The circuits include wide bandwidth video buffer amplifiers/level translator/line drivers, fast peak stretchers, 10-bit resolution (or more) A/D converters and fiber optic data links to a remote mass digital data storage and processors. Also, the circuits must satisfy a number of practical conditions (size, power dissipation, cost) in order to make such camera useful in applications where space is limited and multiple head high frame rate cameras are required.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Teachers' classroom practices and children's rejection by their peers.

Using a classroom-level, prospective design, we examined the role of classroom context in children's peer relationships, specifically, whether learner-centered practices used by teachers predicted less peer rejection by children, as well as more positive attitudes and behaviors hypothesized to lead to rejection. Learner-centered practices involve individualization of instruction, encouragement of child autonomy, and focus on positive relationships in the classroom. Observers, teachers, and children reported on learner-centered qualities of the instructional environment in 14 first-grade classrooms. After controlling for between-classroom differences in children's interpersonal behavior problems at school entry, greater use of learner-centered practices was predictive of (1) children's report of less anger and more empathy toward a hypothetical disruptive peer, (2) fewer children with interpersonal behavior problems in the spring, and (3) lower classroom rates of peer rejection in the spring. Further, children's behavior problems in the spring partially mediated the relationship between observed teacher practices in the fall and rejection by peers in the spring.
Stent thrombosis in a patient receiving chemotherapy.

Intravascular stents are successfully used during coronary revascularization. Subacute stent thrombosis is a rare complication, associated with a 40–60% risk of myocardial infarction, and occurs 5–10 days after implantation. We describe a case of late stent thrombosis potentially due to delayed endothelialization from cancer chemotherapy. Cathet. Cardiovasc. Diagn. 40:383–386, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A continuous and one-to-one coloring scheme for misorientations

Abstract Grain boundaries and their networks have profound influence over properties and structure evolution in every class of polycrystalline materials. Despite recent advances in characterization techniques, there remain fundamental problems in representing grain boundary network information; existing methods neglect the full complexity of misorientation information and often rely on boundary classification schemes of dubious physical significance. This situation has arisen in part because grain boundary misorientations have no known mapping to a simple Euclidean space; conventional wisdom suggests that the misorientation space is equivalent to the rotation space, which is known to require five variables for a continuous one-to-one mapping. In this paper, we show that, contrary to this expectation, the misorientation spaces for homophase misorientations for the 432 point group can indeed be mapped to three-dimensional Euclidean space. With this advance, we show that grain boundary networks can now be “colored”, with every color uniquely reflecting the full misorientation information of every boundary in the network.
Isolation of a protein fraction from Bordetella pertussis that facilitates entry of the calmodulin-sensitive adenylate cyclase into animal cells.

Abstract Bordetella pertussis, the pathogen responsible for whooping cough, releases a soluble calmodulin-sensitive adenylate cyclase into its culture medium. Several investigators have shown that the partially purified adenylate cyclase is capable of entering animal cells and elevating intracellular cAMP levels [Confer, D. L., & Eaton, J. W. (1982) Science 217, 948-950; Shattuck, R. L., & Storm, D. R. (1985) Biochemistry 24,6323-6328]. However, the mechanism for entry of the catalytic subunit of the adenylate cyclase into animal cells is unknown. Recently, it was determined that the purified catalytic subunit of the enzyme is unable to enter animal cells [Masure, H. R., Oldenburg, D. J., Donovan, M. G., Shattuck, R. L., & Storm, D. R. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 6933-6940]. On the basis of these data and other observations, we hypothesized that the culture medium of B. pertussis contains one or more additional polypeptides which facilitate entry of the adenylate cyclase catalytic subunit into animal cells. In this study, we report that a cell-invasive preparation of B. pertussis adenylate cyclase was rendered noninvasive after passage through a wheat germ lectin-agarose column. A fraction was eluted from the wheat germ lectin-agarose column with N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. This fraction, when combined with the noninvasive adenylate cyclase, was able to restore the ability of the adenylate cyclase preparation to enter neuroblastoma cells and increase intracellular cAMP levels. Furthermore, the fraction eluted from the wheat germ lectin-agarose column was found to be trypsin and chymotrypsin sensitive, suggesting that this material was proteinaceous.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Design of 3D nanomagnetic logic circuits: a full-adder case study

Nanomagnetic logic (NML) is a "beyond-CMOS" technology that combines logic and memory capabilities through field-coupled interactions between nanoscale magnets. NML is intrinsically non-volatile, low-power, and radiation-hard when compared to CMOS equivalents. Moreover, there have been numerous demonstrations of NML circuit functionality within the last decade. These fabricated structures typically employ devices with in-plane magnetization to move and process data. However, in-plane layouts imply circuits and interconnects in only two dimensions (2D), which makes signal routing -- and hence circuits -- more complex. In this paper, we introduce NML circuits that move and process data in three dimensions (3D). We employ devices with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) (i.e., out-of-plane magnetization states) and discuss their behavior when utilized in 3D designs. Furthermore, we provide a systematic design approach for 3D NML circuits using a threshold full adder as a case study. We compare our 3D adder to 2D adders to highlight the benefits of 3D NML circuits, which include simpler signal routing and a smaller area footprint.
CREATINE KINASE TRANSCRIPT ACCUMULATION : EFFECT OF NERVE DURING MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT

To determine the role of the nerve in regulating the accumulation of cytoplasmic creatine kinase (CK) mRNAs in hindleg muscles of the developing mouse, the lumbosacral spinal cords of 14-day gestation mice (E14) were laser ablated, and the accumulation of muscle CK (MCK) and brain CK (BCK) mRNAs was evaluated just prior to birth with in situ hybridization. Numbers of molecules of each of these transcripts/ng total RNA in the soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles were determined with competitive PCR and compared to transcripts found in innervated crural muscles. Data suggest that: 1) the level of BCK mRNA accumulation in innervated hindlimb muscles peaks at E16.5 and remains at fetal levels until the second month postnatal, when it falls to the level found in the adult. Given that MCK transcripts meet or exceed adult levels by day 28 postnatal, the “down-regulation” of the BCK gene and the “up-regulation” of the MCK gene are not tightly coupled; 2) the developmental switch from BCK to MCK, as the dominant cytoplasmic CK mRNA, occurs in innervated and aneural leg muscles between E14 and E16.5, indicating this switch is not nerve dependent; 3) the absence of innervation has no effect on BCK mRNA accumulation. MCK transcripts/ng total RNA continue to increase in aneural muscle throughout the late fetal period, but from E16.5–E19.5 the MCK transcript levels in aneural muscles become progressively lower than in age-matched innervated muscles. Thus, the accumulation of the muscle specific cytoplasmic CK, but not BCK, transcripts is affected by the absence of innervation during the fetal period. Dev Dyn1999;215:285–296. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Long-term change and spatial pattern in a late-successional hemlock-northern hardwood forest

Summary 1 Tree populations were monitored for six decades on a grid of 140 permanent plots in old-growth mesic (hemlock-northern hardwood) forests in northern Michigan, USA. Multiple remeasurements allow assessment of stability of late-successional forests and analysis of spatial patterns and environmental linkages. 2 This forest is not compositionally stable. Betula alleghaniensis has declined with little regeneration, suggesting dependence on episodic canopy disruption for persistence. Tsuga canadensis and Fagus grandifolia have increased in dominance in all size classes independently of major disturbances. Acer saccharum populations have remained little changed overall. Dynamics appear to be successional in nature, even though there has been no major disturbance for at least 400 years. Different areas in the stand may have experienced different histories. 3 Fagus grandifolia has invaded the stand recently through range expansion, and has come to dominate regeneration in some parts of the stand. 4 Canonical correspondence analysis suggests that soil texture, chemistry, and drainage influence successional dynamics, producing strong spatial pattern. Fagus grandifolia has invaded only on relatively fine-textured soils with impeded drainage. 5 Trends suggest that Fagus, Tsuga, and perhaps Acer saccharum would, in different parts of the stand, achieve near-total dominance in the absence of large-scale disturbance, but only after elapsed time of a millennium or more. Estimated return times for major disturbance in this region are of similar magnitude.
Wisconsin’s Last Decade of Lynching, 1881–91: Law and Violence in the Postbellum Midwest

Historians have devoted much analysis to the lynchings that occurred in late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in the southern United States, and some to the lynchings that occurred in western states and territories. By comparison, the lesser but nonetheless significant amount of mob violence that occurred in the Midwest has gone relatively unexamined. This essay explores the lynching violence that occurred in the late nineteenth century in the upper midwestern state of Wisconsin, suggesting that the violence flowed from a contentious cultural conflict over criminal justice that pitted rural and working class advocates of ‘rough justice’ against urban and middle class supporters of due process. The essay argues that factors of ethnicity and capitalist and legal transformation prevented Wisconsin’s lynching violence from reaching the levels that occurred in the lower Midwest, the South, and the West, and helped to end the practice in the state by the last decade of the nineteenth century.
The Evaluation of Scholarly Activity in Computer-Assisted Language Learning

The current study provides guidance for both junior computer-assisted language learning (CALL) researchers as they decide on the most appropriate forms and placement of scholarly activity and also for decision makers attempting to evaluate the scholarly activity of these CALL researchers in their quest for promotion and tenure. In this study, data from 35 online surveys from established CALL researchers were examined to determine their expert opinions on the quality of CALL-specific and general applied linguistics journals. These scholars were also asked to list the criteria they used to rank these journals and comment on the types of scholarly activity most beneficial to junior CALL scholars. Results suggest that the single most important element in the scholarly dossier of a CALL researcher is a series of refereed scholarly articles in highly ranked, peer-reviewed journals. A clear qualitative hierarchy of both CALL-specific and general applied linguistics journals emerged from the data. The data also show that scholars agree that the “best” journals for CALL research are those that reflect the highest quality of relevant articles and those that make a significant contribution to the field. Markedly less important to these CALL experts in determining journal quality are those more “objective” measures of quality such as acceptance rate, impact factor, and circulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Pay-for-performance as a quality improvement tool: Perceptions and policy recommendations of physicians and program leaders

BACKGROUND Although pay-for-performance (P4P) compensation is widespread, questions have arisen about its efficacy in improving health care quality and consequences for vulnerable patients. OBJECTIVE To assess perceptions of general internists and P4P program leaders regarding how to implement fair and effective P4P. METHODS Qualitative investigation using in-depth interviews with P4P program leaders and focus groups with general internists. RESULTS Internists emphasized a gradual and cautious approach to P4P implementation. They strongly recommended improving P4P measure validity and had detailed suggestions regarding how. Program leaders saw a need to implement perhaps imperfect programs but with continual improvement. Both groups advocated protecting vulnerable populations and made overlapping recommendations: improving measure validity; adjusting for patient characteristics; measuring improvements in quality (vs cutpoints); and providing incentives to physicians of vulnerable populations. Internists tended to favor explicit protections, while program leaders felt that P4P might inherently protect vulnerable patients by improving overall quality. DISCUSSION Internists favored gradual P4P implementation, while P4P leaders saw an immediate need for implementation with iterative improvement. Both groups recommended specific measures to protect vulnerable populations such as improving measure validity, assessing improvements in quality, and providing special incentives to physicians of vulnerable populations.
Comparative Study of Semi-Analytical Methods for the Stability Analysis of Delay Differential Equations

This paper describes and compares the zeroth-order semi-discretization, spectral element, and Legendre collocation methods. Each method is a technique for solving delay differential equations (DDEs) as well as determining regions of stability in the DDE parameter space. We present the necessary concepts, assumptions, and equations required to implement each method. To compare the relative performance between the methods, the convergence rate achieved and computing time required by each method are determined in two numerical studies consisting of a ship stability example and the delayed damped Mathieu equation. For each study, we present a stability diagram in parameter space and a convergence plot. The spectral element method is demonstrated to have the quickest convergence rate while the Legendre collocation method requires the least computing time. The zeroth-order semi-discretization method on the other hand has both the slowest convergence rate and requires the most computing time.© 2011 ASME
NMR studies of combined lanthanide shift and relaxation agents for differential characterization of 23Na in a two-compartment model system

Spin relaxation and chemical shifts by lanthanide chelate complexes are used to distinguish 23Na singnals in a simulated two-compartment model. Both effects are significant in EDTA, DTPA, and TPP complexes of Gd and in the TPP complex of Dy. The simultaneous measurement of these properties is illustrated and represents a promising method for monitoring sodium concentrations and fluxes including fast transport components. © 1986 Academic Press, Inc.
Selling On, Not Out, the Internet

The way a new communication medium develops and evolves is a complex process that includes technological, social, economic, and regulatory forces. These forces interact, pushing and pulling an innovation into obsolescence or maturity. In the United States, this interaction is strongly influenced by a media philosophy which favors private ownership and commercial exploitation. The development of U.S. media, therefore, is not completely unpredictable, as the process is controlled by profit-driven entities with predictable objectives and desires. Although individual media are unique and their fate not ultimately predetermined, this reliance upon commercialization and privatization helps direct U.S. media down a very specific path. Computer-mediated communication is the latest communication medium to enter this process of development.
The wave maps equation

The wave maps equation has become a very popular topic in recent years. The aim of these expository notes is to present a non-technical survey of the ideas and methods which have proved useful in the study of wave maps, leading up to the latest results. The remaining open problems are also stated and explained.
In vitro mutational spectrum of cyclopenta[cd]pyrene in the human HPRT gene

Cyclopenta[cd]pyrene (CPP) is a widely distributed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon with potent mutagenic and carcinogenic activity. In order to acquire an understanding of the mutagenic pathways of CPP, we studied mutations induced by this chemical in human cells. Four independent cultures of a human cell line expressing cytochrome P450 CYP1A1 (cell line MCL-5) were treated with CPP, and mutants at the hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) locus were selected en masse by 6-thioguanine (6TG) resistance. The kinds and positions of the mutations were analyzed using the combination of high-fidelity polymerase chain reaction (hifi-PCR) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). The third exon of the HPRT gene was amplified from the 6TG-resistant cells using the hifi-PCR and the amplified fragment was subsequently analyzed by DGGE to separate mutant sequences from the wild-type sequence. Mutant bands were excised from the gel, amplified using PCR and sequenced. Sixteen different mutations were identified and consisted mostly of the G to T and A to T transversions. Other mutations identified included G to A and A to G transitions, a G to C transversion, and a single G deletion. Of these mutations, six occurred within a run of six guanines. The predominance of transversions involving a guanine or an adenine observed with CPP is similar to the data previously reported for the racemic mixtures of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), suggesting that the mechanisms of mutation induced by CPP may be similar to those induced by B[a]P.
Defining human diabetic nephropathy on the molecular level: Integration of transcriptomic profiles with biological knowledge

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the most common cause for end stage renal disease (ESRD). Next to environmental factors, genetic predispositions determine the susceptibility for DN and its rate of progression to ESRD. With the availability of genome wide expression profiling we have the opportunity to define relevant pathways activated in the individual diabetic patient, integrating both environmental exposure and genetic background. In this review we summarize current understanding of how to link comprehensive gene expression data sets with biomedical knowledge and present strategies to build a transcriptional network of DN. Information about the individual disease processes of DN might allow the implementation of a personalized molecular medicine approach with mechanism-based patient management. Web based search engines like Nephromine are essential tools to facilitate access to molecular data of genomics, proteomics and metabolomics of DN.
Money, inflation, and causality (a look at the empirical evidence for the U.S., 1974–1983)

Abstract This paper uses two Wiener-Granger causality tests, the Granger direct and the Sims lagged dependent variable tests. These tests evaluate the null hypothesis of a lack of Wiener-Granger causality from the percentage changes in each of three monetary aggregates, M1, M2, and MB (monetary base), to the percentage change in consumer and producer prices for the U.S. during the sample period May-1974 to December-1983. The results of the two tests are mixed regarding the one-way causal nature of the pairwise relationships investigated. Overall, the results of the two tests have important implications for the composition of the information sets upon which optimal inflationary expectations would have been conditioned for the time period analyzed. The results also illustrate the potential problem inherent in basing causal inferences on the findings of just one causality test in finite samples.
Structure and diversity in mammalian accessory olfactory bulb

The accessory olfactory bulb (AOB) is the first neural integrative center for the olfactory-like vomeronasal sensory system. In this article, we first briefly present an overview of vomeronasal system organization and review the history of the discovery of mammalian AOB. Next, we briefly review the evolution of the vomeronasal system in vertebrates, in particular the reptiles. Following these introductory aspects, the structure of the rodent AOB, as typical of the well-developed mammalian AOB, is presented, detailing laminar organization and cell types as well as aspects of the homology with the main olfactory bulb. Then, the evolutionary origin and diversity of the AOB in mammalian orders and species is discussed, describing structural, phylogenetic, and species-specific variation in the AOB location, shape, and size and morphologic differentiation and development. The AOB is believed to be absent in fishes but present in terrestrial tetrapods including amphibians; among the reptiles AOB is absent in crocodiles, present in turtles, snakes, and some lizards where it may be as large or larger than the main bulb. The AOB is absent in bird and in the aquatic mammals (whales, porpoises, manatees). Among other mammals, AOB is present in the monotremes and marsupials, edentates, and in the majority of the placental mammals like carnivores, herbivores, as well as rodents and lagomorphs. Most bat species do not have an AOB and among those where one is found, it shows marked variation in size and morphologic development. Among insectivores and primates, AOB shows marked variation in occurrence, size, and morphologic development. It is small in shrews and moles, large in hedgehogs and prosimians; AOB continues to persist in New World monkeys but is not found in the adults of the higher primates such as the Old World monkeys, apes, and humans. In many species where AOB is absent in the adult, it often develops in the embryo and fetus but regresses in later stages of development. Finally, new areas in vomeronasal system research such as the diversity of receptor molecules and the regional variation in receptor neuron type as well as in the output neurons of the AOB and their projection pathways are briefly discussed. In view of the pronounced diversity of size, morphologic differentiation, and phylogenetic development, the need to explore new functions for the vomeronasal system in areas other than sexual and reproductive behaviors is emphasized.
A syn conformation for inosine, the wobble nucleoside in some tRNA's.

Abstract The crystal structure of an orthorhombic form of inosine was determined from three-dimensional X-ray diffraction data. There are two crystallographically independent inosine molecules, both of which assume a syn conformation that is different from the conformations found in other crystalline forms of inosine. Apparently, inosine has considerable conformational freedom, a property that may be required at the “wobble” position of anticodon triplets.
SENSORY EVALUATION OF MICROWAVE TREATED MACARONI AND CHEESE

A pilot-scale 915 MHz Microwave-Circulation Water Combination (MCWC) sterilization system was used to treat macaroni and cheese entrees prepared according to recipes selected to minimize treatment effects on sensory quality. Modifications to the traditional commercial boxed macaroni and cheese recipe included the selection of a noodle better suited for applications requiring prolonged heat treatments and the addition of twice the amount of cheese sauce to optimize heating uniformity. The MCWC system provided desired sterility (with a F o value of 7 min) within one fourth of the time required by conventional retort methods to produce shelf-stable products. Descriptive analysis was used to identify the quality attributes most significantly affected by MCWC processing. Formulation changes, such as noodle type and amount of cheese sauce present, affected the overall quality of MCWC treated macaroni and cheese entrees. Durum semolina noodles were superior to box-type noodles (a blend of durum and common wheat) in applications involving heat treatment. A consumer panel rated microwave treated macaroni and cheese as being acceptable when compared to freshly cooked controls.
Dark matter line search using a joint analysis of dwarf galaxies with the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope

We perform a joint analysis of dwarf galaxy data from the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope in search of dark matter annihilation into a gamma-ray line. We employ a novel statistical method that takes into account the spatial and spectral information of individual photon events from a sample of seven dwarf galaxies. Dwarf galaxies show no evidence of a gamma-ray line between 10 GeV and 1 TeV. The subsequent upper limit on the annihilation cross section to a two-photon final state is ${3.9}_{\ensuremath{-}3.7}^{+7.1}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}26}\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{cm}}^{3}\text{ }{\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ at 130 GeV, where the errors reflect the systematic uncertainty in the distribution of dark matter within the dwarf galaxies.
Alternaria leaf spot of tobacco. II. Independent segregation of morphological and virulence traits in conidial populations of Alternaria tenuis Nees.

Morphologically, conidia ofAlternaria tenuis exhibit dual forms, A and B. Virulent single conidial isolates commonly produce a considerably higher percentage of A-type conidia than B-type conidia. While avirulent isolates produce more B-type than A-type conidia. Genetic factors governing conidial morphology appear to be extranuclear and not genetically linked to virulence. Selection for A-type conidia for six cultural cycles resulted in a rapid and marked segregation of A-type morphology and virulence.
Assessing Knowledge Management System User Acceptance with the Technology Acceptance Model

This article presents the results of a study investigating the applicability of Davisâ€™ Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) to user acceptance of a knowledge management system (KMS) in a modern organizational environment. The study endeavors to expand empirical research of two important and complex research questions: (1) What are the important factors, conditions, and mechanisms that affect peopleâ€™s acceptance and usage of collaborative and interdependent KMS in the modern organizational environment?, and (2) How applicable is the TAM, and the substantial body of information technology (IT) research around this model, to user acceptance and usage of a KMS in a modern organizational environment where collaboration, knowledge sharing, and role based system usage is necessary for the organization to function competitively? The study provides preliminary evidence suggesting previous TAM research may serve as a foundation for research of KMS user acceptance. Relationships among primary TAM constructs found in this study are in substantive agreement with those of previous research. These findings are significant because they suggest that the considerable body of previous TAM related IT research may be usefully applied to the knowledge management (KM) domain where interdependent social processes that require knowledge creation, storage and retrieval, transfer, and application are required for effective organizational functioning.
Analysis and Modeling of Buoyancy Generated Turbulence Using Numerical Data

Rayleigh-Bernard convection offers a unique flow situation in which buoyancy-generated turbulence can be studied in isolation, free of the complicating influence of shear production of turbulence. The objective of this paper is to examine and model important aspects of buoyancy-generated turbulence using direct numerical simulation (DNS) data of Rayleigh-Bernard convection. In particular, we examine the pressure-strain and pressure temperature-gradient correlations, turbulent transport of Reynolds stress, and assumptions pertaining to algebraic modeling of thermal flux and Reynolds stress.
Toward a future wireless classroom paradigm

The use of wireless computers in the classroom has become an increasing trend in the 21st century. This paper explains the roles and effectiveness of computers and the internet in an educational environment, as well as the importance of current technologies used in schools, including Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) and tablet PCs. The use of handheld devices will be a valuable asset to students and teachers alike in future classrooms.
Ageostrophic Stability of Divergent Jets

Abstract The barotropic stability of divergent jets is studied under the condition of small but nonzero Rossby number. Small disturbances to the basic state consist of fast waves of inertio-gravity type and slow waves with speeds comparable to those of the basic current. It is shown that the fast waves are stable and do not amplify. It is also shown, for a velocity profile resembling that of the Gulf Stream, that the slow waves are destabilized by ageostrophic effects in the sense that waves of fixed wavenumber which are neutral for zero Rossby number amplify for nonzero Rossby number. For very shallow jets it is found that the complex wave velocity is small and that disturbances will be neutrally stable unless the jet has a countercurrent.
GMTI MIMO radar

Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) extensions to radar systems enable a number of advantages compared to traditional approaches. These advantages include improved angle estimation and target detection. In this paper, MIMO ground moving target indication (GMTI) radar is addressed. The concept of coherent MIMO radar is introduced. Comparisons are presented comparing MIMO GMTI and traditional radar performance. Simulations and theoretical bounds for MIMO GMTI angle estimation and minimum detectable velocity are presented. The simulations are evaluated in the time domain, enabling waveform design studies. For some applications, these results indicate significant potential improvements in clutter-mitigation SINR loss and reduction in angle-estimation error for slow-moving targets.
Comment on “A Model for Studying Display Methods of Statistical Graphics”

I find Bill Cleveland's paper interesting because it argues in favor of a dichotomous framework for collection of visual information that we can develop to improve methods for graphical data analysis. We would all like to believe in statistical holography; that is, that there is some instrument for "looking at data" (microscope, macroscope, tweezers, telescope ...) that would enable us to reconstruct the whole picture from a fragment or a distorted one, just as a piece of a holographic plate contains (in harder to read, fuzzier form) the whole, or original picture. The instrument we have at hand for casting some useful light on the data is a system formed by a computer screen with several graphical windows: a command window that accesses a statistical toolbox, a keyboard and a mouse in front of which lies the key to the system, and the best neural net available-a brain. It is important to establish how to optimize the whole system, and taking into account interfaces and some things we know about the brain helps. Table look-up and pattern recognition characterize two separate brain functions that I will label, for historical reasons, left-brain and right-brain functions. Although today's picture of the brain is a mixture between patchwork and network, I will use the left-brain/right-brain metaphor-as illustrated in Figure 1-to stress that the brain does two (at least) different things at the same time and in a completely different way: