cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Universal log structures on semi-stable varieties

Given a morphism of schemes which is flat, proper, and "fiber-by-fiber semi-stable'', we study the problem of extending the morphism to a morphism of fine log schemes, which is log smooth, integral, and vertical. The problem is rephrased in terms of a functor on the category of fine log schemes over the base, and the main result of the paper is that this functor is representable by a fine log scheme whose underlying scheme maps naturally to the base by a monomorphism of finite type. In the course of the proof, we also generalize results of Kato on the existence of log structures of embedding and semi-stable type.
Use of human tissue specimens obtained by directional atherectomy to study restenosis.

Abstract Directional atherectomy has provided the opportunity to study the pathology of restenosis in human tissue specimens from live patients. The restenosis lesion is characterized by two distinctive features: a focus of hypercellularity, comprised of cells with phenotypic features of proliferative vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs), and a rich, loose extracellular matrix (ECM). Analysis of restenosis lesions by in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, and cell culture has disclosed evidence of activated SMCs, and in many cases—particularly lesions from the peripheral vasculature—ongoing cellular proliferation. The ECM of restenosis lesions is biglycan rich and decorin poor, a finding that is associated with increased expression of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β). While certain restenosis lesions contain foci of microangiogenesis, the pathogenetic significance of this feature remains uncertain.
Disclosure of Child Sexual Abuse Among Adult Male Survivors

Men who were sexually abused during childhood are a stigmatized, under-studied, and marginalized population that is at risk for long-term mental health problems. However, many mental health practitioners feel under-prepared and ill-equipped to effectively treat male survivors of child sexual abuse. Furthermore, little is known about factors that may impact the mental health of male survivors such as disclosure of the sexual abuse. The purpose of this study was to (a) describe the disclosure process of male survivors using a lifespan approach, (b) identify disclosure differences based on age and type of abuser, and (c) explore relationships between disclosure attributes and current mental health. Using a large, purposive sample of male survivors (N = 487), the study found that, on average, men delayed telling (M = 21.38 years) and discussing the abuse (M = 28.23 years) for many years. Older age and being abused by a family member (i.e., incest) were both related to delays in disclosure. Most participants who told someone during childhood did not receive emotionally supportive or protective responses and the helpfulness of responses across the lifespan was mixed. Several variables (e.g., timing of disclosure, discussing with a spouse, response to disclosure) were related to current mental health problems. These findings are helpful for clinical social workers who practice with clients from this population. Specific suggestions for improving clinical practice (e.g., assessment, treatment, professional training) are discussed.
Fully scaled 0.5 μm MOS circuits by synchrotron radiation X-ray lithography: Devices fabrication and overlay evaluation

Abstract Functional NMOS and CMOS circuits with fully-scaled 0.5 μm ground rules have been fabricated using synchroton radiation X-ray lithography for all device levels. The exposures were done at the VUV storage ring of the National Synchrotron Light Source at Brookhaven National Laboratory using a mask/wafer aligner developed at IBM Research. The performance of the aligner on both test wafers and device wafers is discussed, with emphasis on overlay. Characteristics of the fabricated circuits are also presented.
Organizational Structure, Board Composition, and Risk Taking in the U.S. Property Casualty Insurance Industry

This study examines the impact of organizational structure and board composition on risk taking in the U.S. property casualty insurance industry, addressing different risk-taking behaviors from different perspectives. The risk-taking measures include total risk, underwriting risk, investment risk, and leverage risk. The evidence shows that mutual insurers have lower total risk, underwriting risk, and investment risk than stock insurers. In terms of board composition variables, we find that some board composition variables not only have impact on risk-taking behaviors but also affect different risk measures differently. Thus, using different risk measures is better than using one risk measure to assess risk-taking behavior. Finally, we conclude that an insurer can control its total risk through management of underwriting, investment, and leverage risks that determine an insurer's risk profile.
Incidental Exposure to Rotating Warnings on Alcoholic Beverage Labels

No previous research has been published specifically aimed at determining the effectiveness of rotating warnings (as is required in the government-mandated cigarette warnings). This issue has become relevant because decisions may be made with respect to rotating warnings in print and broadcast alcoholic beverage advertisements, and perhaps for labels and ads for other products as well. The present study used 80 participants in a controlled incidental-exposure laboratory experiment. The effect of the current government warning label for alcoholic beverages was compared to a 5-warning and a 10-warning rotating scheme as well as a no-warning control condition. The study was disguised as marketing research where participants were incidentally exposed to the warnings while evaluating a set of alcoholic beverage labels. The dependent measure was performance on a test of alcohol facts and hazards. Findings show that the present single government warning label is inadequate compared to multiple (rotated) warnings...
Pediatric cervical spine injuries: defining the disease.

Abstract Background/Purpose: Pediatric cervical spine injuries are uncommon. Most previous studies have been hampered by the small number of patients available for evaluation. The purpose of this study is to determine the incidence and characteristics of pediatric cervical spine injury utilizing a multiinstitutional pediatric trauma database, and to assess the impact of age and level of spine injury on mortality rate. Methods: All children with cervical spine injury entered into the National Pediatric Trauma Registry over a consecutive 10-year period were identified. Patients were stratified by age, mortality, presence or absence of bony injury, level of cervical spine injury, and presence of neurologic deficit. Data were analyzed utilizing Student's t test for continuous variables and χ 2 analysis for categorical variables. Statistical significance was accepted at the P less than.05 level. Results: From a database of 75,172 injured children, 1,098 were identified with cervical spine injury, overall incidence 1.5%. The mean age of the study group was 11 ± 5 years, and 61% were boys. Nine hundred eight children (83%) had bony spine injury. Distribution of bony injury among upper cervical spine, lower cervical spine, or both was 52%, 28%, and 7%, respectively. The remaining 13% comprised unspecified levels of injury. Upper cervical spine injuries were prevalent among all age groups (42%, age ≤ 8; 58%, age > 8), whereas lower spine injuries predominated in older children (85%, age > 8). One third of children in the study group had neurologic injury, and half of these had no radiographic evidence of bony injury. Ninety-four children (24%) had a complete cord injury, and the remaining 76% had an incomplete spinal cord injury. One hundred eleven children (23%) with upper spine injury died compared with 11 children (4%) with lower spine injury. Mortality rate was highest (48%) in those with atlanto-occipital dislocation. Conclusions: From this, the largest experience with pediatric cervical spine injury, several conclusions can be drawn. (1) Cervical spine injury occurs in 1.5% of injured children. (2) Upper cervical spine injuries are not limited to younger children but are equally prevalent in both age groups. (3) Associated mortality rate is nearly 6-fold higher in patients with upper cervical injury. (4) Seventeen percent of children with cervical spine trauma show no radiologic anomaly, yet 50% of children with cervical spinal cord injury have no initial radiologic abnormalities. (5) Of those in whom cervical spine injury is associated with a neurologic deficit, the deficit is complete in 24% of children. J Pediatr Surg 36:373-376. Copyright © 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company.
An international perspective on assessing baccalaureate program outcomes

Articles should deal with topics applicable to the broad field of program evaluation. Implications for practicing evaluators should be clearly identified. Examples of contributions include but are not limited to reviews of new developments in evaluation and descriptions of a current evaluation effort, research problem, or technique. Manuscripts should include appropriate references and not exceed 10 double- spaced typewritten pages in length.
A Comparison of “Popular Music Pedagogy” Discourses:

The purpose of this study was to interrogate discourses of “popular music pedagogy” in order to better understand music education practices generally and specifically those in the United States. Employing a conceptual framework based on the work of Jan Blommaert (2005), a content analysis was conducted on a sample of 81 articles related to popular music and music education according to the variables of journal and nationality. Results suggest that international differences in discourse existed. American-based authors focused on issues of legitimacy and quality (repertoire and teaching), whereas non-American-based authors focused on matters of utility and efficacy, with an emphasis on the quality of learning and pedagogical relationship. The lack of awareness (national and international) of discourse features and functions may be limiting the effectiveness of both communication and practice.
Microstructure and mechanical properties of as-cast quasibinary NiTi–Nb eutectic alloy

Abstract Ni 40 Ti 40 Nb 20 is reported in the literature as a eutectic composition in the quasi-binary NiTi–Nb system. Eutectic and near-eutectic alloys find applications in various fields, including hydrogen permeation, energy damping, and liquid phase bonding of NiTi structures. In this study, we examine a cast Ni–Ti–Nb alloy with the above eutectic composition. Prealloyed, near-stoichiometric NiTi powders and pure Nb powders are blended and heated above the eutectic temperature to create a melt with the eutectic composition. After solidification, the ingot shows some elemental segregation at its top and bottom, but a large middle region exists with a homogeneous eutectic structure. The eutectic has average composition of Ti–40.1Ni–19.6Nb at% and consists of Nb-rich lamellae (Nb–19Ti–10Ni) dispersed within a NiTi-rich matrix (Ti–41Ni–15Nb). Under monotonic compressive deformation, the eutectic alloy yields at 630 MPa, and then shows a linear hardening region, where both plastic and superplastic deformation are active, until a stress of 1080 MPa is reached at an applied strain of 14.7%. On unloading, some superelastic strain is recovered. Upon unloading during compressive load–unload cycling, the eutectic alloy exhibits approximately twice as much superelastic recovery as elastic strain recovery, regardless of the maximum cycle strain.
Distinct hippocampal time cell sequences represent odor memories in immobilized rats.

Previous studies have revealed the existence of hippocampal “time cells,” principal neurons in CA1 that fire at specific moments in temporally organized experiences. However, in all these studies, animals were in motion; and so, temporal modulation might be due, at least in part, to concurrent or planned movement through space or self-generated movement (path integration). Here the activity of hippocampal CA1 neurons was recorded in head-fixed and immobile rats while they remembered odor stimuli across a delay period. Many neurons selectively and reliably activated at brief moments during the delay, as confirmed by several analyses of temporal modulation, during a strong ongoing θ rhythm. Furthermore, each odor memory was represented by a temporally organized ensemble of time cells composed mostly of neurons that were unique to each memory and some that fired at the same or different moments among multiple memories. These results indicate that ongoing or intended movement through space is not necessary for temporal representations in the hippocampus, and highlight the potential role of time cells as a mechanism for representing the flow of time in distinct memories.
Understanding the performance of TCP pacing

Many researchers have observed that TCP's congestion control mechanisms can lead to bursty traffic flows on modern high-speed networks, with a negative impact on overall network efficiency. A proposed solution to this problem is to evenly space, or "pace", data sent into the network over an entire round-trip time, so that data is not sent in a burst. In this paper, we quantitatively evaluate this approach. Pacing offers better fairness, throughput, and lower drop rates in some situations. However, we show that contrary to intuition, pacing often has significantly worse throughput than regular TCP because it is susceptible to synchronized losses and it delays congestion signals. We propose and evaluate approaches for eliminating this effect.
Coarse-Clast Ridge Complexes of the Caribbean: A Preliminary Basis for Distinguishing Tsunami and Storm-Wave Origins

Abstract Coastal gravel-ridge complexes deposited on islands in the Caribbean Sea are recorders of past extreme-wave events that could be associated with either tsunamis or hurricanes. The ridge complexes of Bonaire, Jamaica, Puerto Rico (Isla de Mona), and Guadeloupe consist of polymodal clasts ranging in size from sand to coarse boulders that are derived from the adjacent coral reefs or subjacent rock platforms. Ridge-complex morphologies and crest elevations are largely controlled by availability of sediments, clast sizes, and heights of wave runup. The ridge complexes are internally organized, display textural sorting and a broad range of ages including historical events. Some display seaward-dipping beds and ridge-and-swale topography, and some terminate in fans or steep avalanche slopes. Together, the morphologic, sedimentologic, lithostratigraphic, and chronostratigraphic evidence indicates that shore-parallel ridge complexes composed of gravel and sand that are tens of meters wide and several meters thick are primarily storm-constructed features that have accumulated for a few centuries or millennia as a result of multiple high-frequency intense-wave events. They are not entirely the result of one or a few tsunamis as recently reported. Tsunami deposition may account for some of the lateral ridge-complex accretion or boulder fields and isolated blocks that are associated with the ridge complexes.
Adrenocortical Cancer Update

Although preoperative clinical, biochemical, and radiologic features can aid in the diagnosis of adrenocortical cancer (ACC), uncertainty often remains. This diagnostic ambiguity and the subsequent potential for an inadequate surgical resection have likely contributed to the currently dismal disease-free survival, although unsettlingly high rates of locoregional recurrences still persist even in the setting of a supposedly R0 resection. Refinements in both diagnostic criteria and surgical techniques, as well as the increasing use and study of novel multimodality therapies for ACC, have provided advances in the treatment of these patients, and renewed hope for meaningful improvements in patient outcomes.
Pelvic muscle and acetabular contact forces during gait.

Locations, magnitudes, and directions of pelvic muscle and acetabular contact forces are important to model the effects of abnormal conditions (e.g., deformity, surgery) of the hip accurately. Such data have not been reported previously. We computed the three-dimensional locations of all pelvic muscle and acetabular contact forces during level gait. The approach first required computation of the intersegmental joint resultant forces and moments using limb displacement history, foot-floor forces, and estimated limb inertial properties from one subject. The intersegmental resultant moments were then distributed to the muscles using a 47-element muscle model and a non-linear optimization scheme. Muscle forces were vectorally subtracted from the intersegmental resultants to compute the acetabular contact forces. While the peak joint force magnitudes are similar to those reported previously for the femur, the directions of pelvic contact forces and muscle forces varied considerably over the gait cycle. These variations in contact force directions and three-dimensional forces could be as important as the contact force magnitudes in performing experimental or theoretical studies of loads and stresses in the periacetabular region.
Robustness of Topological Supertree Methods for Reconciling Dense Incompatible Data

Given a collection of rooted phylogenetic trees with overlapping sets of leaves, a compatible supertree $S$ is a single tree whose set of leaves is the union of the input sets of leaves and such that $S$ agrees with each input tree when restricted to the leaves of the input tree. Typically with trees from real data, no compatible supertree exists, and various methods may be utilized to reconcile the incompatibilities in the input trees. This paper focuses on a measure of robustness of a supertree method called its ``radius" $R$. The larger the value of $R$ is, the further the data set can be from a natural correct tree $T$ and yet the method will still output $T$. It is shown that the maximal possible radius for a method is $R = 1/2$. Many familiar methods, both for supertrees and consensus trees, are shown to have $R = 0$, indicating that they need not output a tree $T$ that would seem to be the natural correct answer. A polynomial-time method Normalized Triplet Supertree (NTS) with the maximal possible $R = 1/2$ is defined. A geometric interpretion is given, and NTS is shown to solve an optimization problem. Additional properties of NTS are described.
Making the unfamiliar personal: arts-based ethnographies as public-engaged ethnographies

I present the installation Geographies of the Imagination, an arts-based ethnography about long-term exile, as a form of public ethnography that unveils the acquisition and transmission of ethnographic knowledge as interactive, emergent, and creative. I will show how the methods of collaboration and art making created bodily forms of knowledge among the participants and the audience at the exhibition of the installation that have the potential for stimulating new thinking. The use of these methods advanced the acquisition of ethnographic knowledge, and heightened the development of empathy among the participants and the researcher. Furthermore, the public exhibition of this installation allowed the participants to exercise social justice, and created a setting for socially experiencing embodied knowledge.
Identification of surfactants as toxicants in a primary effluent

A partial toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) was conducted with a publicly owned treatment works (POTW) effluent that received no secondary treatment. The effluent was consistently acutely toxic to fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) and the cladoceran Ceriodaphnia dubia. Initial Phase I toxicity characterization and Phase II identification work with Ceriodaphnia dubia suggested that surfactants were responsible for a significant portion of the toxicity of the effluent. Subsequent experiments concerning the behavior of various mixtures of surfactants in Phase I and Phase II TIE procedures provided additional evidence that these compounds were important determinants of toxicity of the POTW effluent. Finally, measurement of two general classes of surfactants in the test effluent (anionic, nonionic) indicated that there were sufficient concentrations of these compounds to be of toxicological concern. The identification of surfactants as potentially important toxicants in a primary effluent is not particularly surprising in light of their concentrations in untreated or inadequately treated wastewater.
Abolish runtime systems: operating systems should control the execution

Singularity [1] is a research project in Microsoft Research that started with a question: what would a software platform look like if it was designed from scratch with the primary goal of dependability? Singularity is working to answer this question by building on advances in programming languages and tools to develop a new system architecture and operating system (named Singularity), with the aim of producing a more robust and dependable software platform.Singularity made some design decisions that distinguish it from other systems. First, Singularity is written, for the most part, in safe, managed code and it will only run verifiably safe programs. Second, the system is the runtime; there is no separate JVM or CLR. Third, each process's execution environment is independent, with its own, distinct runtime, garbage collector, and libraries. As a consequence, Singularity uses control of the execution environment as a mechanism to enforce system policy and enhance system dependability.This talk will describe Singularity and then explain why conventional runtime systems, such as the JVM and CLR, should go away, like punch cards, teletypes, time sharing, etc.
Individual Propensity for Arterial Thrombosis

Arterial thrombophilia independent of vascular pathology has not been previously defined either experimentally or epidemiologically. To address the existence of an individual propensity to arterial thrombosis, we exploited a previously developed procedure entailing traumatic (crush) injury of paired porcine carotid arteries for generating platelet-rich thrombi. Porcine carotid arteries were injured bilaterally by serial hemostat crushes. Thrombus generation was monitored by local accumulation of autologous 111In-labeled platelets and Doppler blood flow. Within this cohort of animals of similar age and size, the lowest to the highest responders in thrombus mass spanned a 7-fold range, showing no correlation with shear, platelet or leukocyte count, or plasma concentrations of fibrinogen or von Willebrand factor. However, there was strong intra-individual correlation (r2=0.80; P<0.001) of thrombus deposition between carotid artery pairs. The wide variation in thrombotic response to a standardized stimulus, not accounted for by shear stress or typical hematological variables, appears to be an intrinsic propensity of the individual. The experimental system for thrombus generation is sufficiently quantitative for assessment of variables determining this propensity.
Reperfusion-induced changes in capillary perfusion and filtration: effects of hypercholesterolemia

Fluid filtration rate (J v/S) and red blood cell velocity (V RBC) in individual mesenteric capillaries of normocholesterolemic (NC) and hypercholesterolemic (HC) rats were measured before and after...
Active-site monovalent cations revealed in a 1.55-Å-resolution hammerhead ribozyme structure.

We have obtained a 1.55-A crystal structure of a hammerhead ribozyme derived from Schistosoma mansoni under conditions that permit detailed observations of Na(+) ion binding in the ribozyme's active site. At least two such Na(+) ions are observed. The first Na(+) ion binds to the N7 of G10.1 and the adjacent A9 phosphate in a manner identical with that previously observed for divalent cations. A second Na(+) ion binds to the Hoogsteen face of G12, the general base in the hammerhead cleavage reaction, thereby potentially dissipating the negative charge of the catalytically active enolate form of the nucleotide base. A potential but more ambiguous third site bridges the A9 and scissile phosphates in a manner consistent with that of previous predictions. Hammerhead ribozymes have been observed to be active in the presence of high concentrations of monovalent cations, including Na(+), but the mechanism by which monovalent cations substitute for divalent cations in hammerhead catalysis remains unclear. Our results enable us to suggest that Na(+) directly and specifically substitutes for divalent cations in the hammerhead active site. The detailed geometry of the pre-catalytic active-site complex is also revealed with a new level of precision, thanks to the quality of the electron density maps obtained from what is currently the highest-resolution ribozyme structure in the Protein Data Bank.
The relationship between Mitzner's ILDC and Michaeli's equivalent currents

Michaeli recently derived a set of equivalent edge currents for scattering directions not on the Keller cone. Some years ago, Mitzner developed his incremental length diffraction coefficient (ILDC) for the same purpose. It is shown that Michaeli's results relate to Mitzner's for arbitrary directions in identically the way Keller's relate to Ufimtsev's for directions on the Keller cone.
Host location behavior in a parasitoid of imported fire ants

Female parasitoids use a hierarchy of cues to locate suitable hosts. We conducted a series of field observations and experiments to examine host location behavior in Pseudacteon tricuspis Borgmeier, a phorid parasitoid of Solenopsis invicta Buren worker ants. The parasitoids were frequently attracted to host workers at disturbed colonies, but were almost never attracted to host workers foraging at baits. When conspecific nonnestmate workers were introduced to baits, resulting in aggressive interactions, parasitoids appeared at the majority of baits. Moreover, larger numbers of parasitoids appeared at baits to which greater numbers of nonnestmate workers had been added. Addition of nonnestmate workers to disturbed colonies resulted in increased numbers of parasitoids attracted. Pseudacteon tricuspis did not display a pattern of uniform distribution at disturbed colonies but often was very abundant at some colony locations while absent or rare at nearby colony locations. Solenopsis invicta workers release alarm pheromones in aggressive interactions with nonnestmates, and this substance is likely an important chemical cue that attracts P. tricuspis flies to host workers from a distance.
Cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa in patients presenting with atrophie blanche.

SummaryBackground The term ‘atrophie blanche’ is used both as a descriptive term denoting ivory-white stellate scars on the lower limbs as well as a diagnostic label synonymous with livedoid vasculitis, an ill-defined entity. Medium-sized vasculitides, such as polyarteritis nodosa (PAN), occasionally present with ulceration resulting in ivory-white stellate scarring on the lower limbs and may potentially be misdiagnosed as livedoid vasculitis. Objectives To assess the occurrence, clinical and immunopathological features of medium-sized vasculitis in patients presenting with atrophie blanche without clinical and/or compression duplex ultrasonographic evidence of venous insufficiency. Methods We retrospectively evaluated patients presenting with atrophie blanche at the Department of Dermatology of Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, from April 1996 until April 2002, following the diagnostic guidelines for leg ulcers of the Division of Immunodermatology. Deep and multiple skin biopsies were performed for histology. Investigations for underlying vasculitis, thrombophilia, nerve conduction studies and compression duplex ultrasonography of the lower extremities were performed in all patients. Results Of 29 consecutive patients presenting with atrophie blanche, six had underlying medium-sized vasculitis consistent with PAN, three of whom had previously been diagnosed to have segmental hyalinizing vasculitis/vasculopathy (livedoid vasculitis/vasculopathy) on superficial biopsies. All six patients with cutaneous PAN were women with a median age of 36·5 years (range 34–46) and with a median duration of the disease prior to diagnosis of 18 years (range 3–30). Of the six cutaneous PAN patients, four had neurological involvement evidenced by clinical symptoms and nerve conduction studies. No evidence of any other extracutaneous involvement was found. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate and tests for vasculitis and thrombophilic were normal in all six patients. None had evidence of venous insufficiency. Immunosuppressive therapy was effective in controlling PAN-associated cutaneous and neurological disease. Of the remaining 23 patients, two had antiphospholipid syndrome and one had homocystineaemia; all three also had evidence of venous insufficiency. One patient had multiple myeloma-associated type I cryoglobulinaemia and 19 patients had venous insufficiency alone. None of the non-PAN patients had abnormalities in the nerve conduction studies. Conclusions In patients presenting with atrophie blanche without evidence of venous insufficiency and thrombophilia, PAN should be excluded, particularly in the presence of mononeuritis multiplex. Repeated and deep biopsies are often necessary to reveal the accurate underlying pathology of necrotizing medium-sized vasculitis in the reticular dermis and the subcutis, especially in the setting of atrophie blanche lesions. Immunosuppressive therapy was effective in controlling the PAN-associated clinical manifestations.
Medical statistics − a commonsense approach

Medical statistics − a commonsense approach , 3rd edn, M J Campbell. 203 pp. John Wiley, 1999. £16.99, paperback. ISBN 0 471 98721 2. ★★★★ This book outlines the principles and uses of medical statistics and their applications in analysing epidemiological and clinical studies. The initial text describes the different kinds of study designs, the methods for describing and presenting data, and …
Surveillance for transmission and antibiotic adverse events among neonates and adults exposed to a healthcare worker with pertussis.

Background: During a hospital obstetric rotation, a medical student demonstrated classic symptoms of pertussis. The diagnosis was confirmed by isolation of Bordetella pertussis. Because this exposure occurred in a high-risk hospital setting, control measures were undertaken to prevent transmission and illness. Objectives: To identify secondary cases of pertussis, to determine compliance with chemoprophylaxis recommendations, and to monitor for adverse events associated with chemoprophylaxis following a hospital exposure to pertussis. Patients: More than 500 individuals were potentially exposed, including 168 neonates; antimicrobial chemoprophylaxis was administered to 281 individuals. Fifty-eight neonates and 194 adults began azithromycin chemoprophylaxis; 18 neonates and 2 adults began erythromycin chemoprophylaxis. Methods: Active surveillance was instituted for (1) secondary cases of pertussis among healthcare coworkers, obstetric patients, their neonates, and labor companions and (2) antibiotic compliance and tolerance. Results: No secondary cases of pertussis were confirmed by laboratory tests; however, 26 suspected cases and 5 clinically compatible cases were identified. Antibiotic courses were completed by 95% of the individuals who initiated therapy. Neonates taking azithromycin had statistically significantly less gastrointestinal distress compared with neonates taking erythromycin (12% vs 50%; P = .002); there were no cases of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. Conclusions: Although it was not possible to assess the effectiveness of the antibiotic regimens, the lack of laboratory-confirmed secondary cases suggests control measures were successful. Data from the 58 neonates who received azithromycin suggest it may be well tolerated in this age group.
How Images of Other Consumers Influence Subsequent Taste Perceptions

Images of food are seemingly everywhere, and yet the influence that such images have on important consumer outcomes is not well understood. The authors propose that the effect that image exposure has on taste perceptions largely depends on the interaction between the type of food (healthy vs. unhealthy) and whether the image shows the food alone (food image) or the food being consumed by a person (consummatory image). Specifically, the authors show that exposure to consummatory images of unhealthy (vs. healthy) foods increases taste perceptions relative to food images. To explain this effect, the authors argue that seeing an image of someone else indulging in an unhealthy food serves as social proof of the appropriateness and acceptability of indulgent consumption. As such, images of consumers eating act as a justification agent for real consumers, thereby reducing the conflict associated with the subsequent indulgent consumption experience and, in effect, increasing taste perceptions. The authors test th...
The association between mild traumatic brain injury history and cognitive control

The influence of multiple mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBIs) on neuroelectric and task performance indices of the cognitive control of action monitoring was assessed in individuals with and without a history of concussion. Participants completed a standard clinical neurocognitive assessment and the error-related negativity of the response-locked event-related brain potential and task performance were measured during a modified flanker task. The findings suggested that those individuals with a history of mTBI demonstrate certain failures in cognitive control, and indicated that a greater number of mTBIs may relate to poorer integrity in the evaluation or signaling for control during instances of conflict. Given that these neuroelectric and behavioral differences exist in the absence of disparities in standard clinical assessment, the findings suggest that measures of cognitive control may be more sensitive to signs of chronic cognitive dysfunction resulting from mTBI.
Gerrymandering Roll-Calls in Congress, 1879-2000

We argue that the standard toolbox used in electoral studies to assess the bias and responsiveness of electoral systems can also be used to assess the bias and responsiveness of legislative systems. We consider which items in the toolbox are the most appropriate for use in the legislative setting, then apply them to estimate levels of bias in the U.S. House from 1879 to 2000. Our results indicate a systematic bias in favor of the majority party over this period, with the strongest bias arising during the period of “czar rule” (51st–60th Congresses, 1889–1910) and during the post-packing era (87th–106th Congresses, 1961–2000). This finding is consistent with the majority party possessing a significant advantage, either in “buying” vote options, in setting the agenda, or both.
Capital Income Taxation with Work Incentives

This paper uses a life-cycle model of heterogeneous agents to study a capital income tax that rewards hard work. We propose a simple mechanism of capital taxation which is negatively correlated with labor supply. It provides a strong work incentive when households possess large assets and high productivity later in the life-cycle, when they otherwise would reduce labor supply. With the ex-post higher after-tax return from assets, the system also adds to the saving motive and all the aggregate variables including capital, labor and consumption will rise. The higher capital-labor ratio increases the wage rate, which benefits households with fewer assets. The increased economic activities expands the tax base and the revenue neutral reform results in the lower average tax rate. The system improves long-run welfare and the majority of current generations would support a transition to the reformed system.
Restoration Map: A Web-based Tool for Spatial and Participatory Adaptive Management of Ecological Restoration Projects

©2014 by the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System. Restoration Map: A Web-based Tool for Spatial and Participatory Adaptive Management of Ecological Restoration Projects William A. Freyman (corresponding author: University and Jepson Herbaria, Department of Integrative Biology, University Of California-Berkeley, 1001 Valley Life Sciences Building #2465, Berkeley, CA, 94720-2465, USA, freyman@ berkeley.edu) and Karen A. Glennemeier (National Audubon Society, 1718 Sherman Ave., Suite 210, Evanston, IL, 60201, kglennemeier@audubon.org)
Elastic and inelastic scattering of 15 MeV polarized deuterons from isotopes of Ca, Cu, Sr, Zr, and Mo

Abstract The elastic and inelastic scattering of 15 MeV polarized deuterons from 48 Ca, 63 Cu, 88 Sr, 90 Zr, 92 Zr, and 92 Mo has been investigated. Angular distributions of the cross section and vector analyzing power iT 11 have been measured for all these nuclei; the tensor analyzing powers T 20 and T 22 have been studied for 92 Zr. Cross sections and vector analyzing powers are generally well explained by the optical model for elastic scattering and by the DWBA with a macroscopic form factor for the inelastic scattering; this is consistent with previous work. Distributions for 48 Ca, however, are poorly fitted. Anomalous behavior of the N = 50 nuclei found in the inelastic scattering of polarized protons is not present for deuterons. Tensor analyzing powers are not well explained by standard procedures: use of approximate folding model optical parameters did not improve the fits. The distribution of iT 11 for the 1 2 − state in 63 Cu is significantly different from the distributions for the 5 2 − and 7 2 − states.
Automated Vascular Geometric Analysis of Aortic Aneurysms

An automated geometric analysis procedure uses volumetric computerized tomography scan data to produce a fully defined analytical model of the patient's arterial geometry with minimal user interaction. This model can be a powerful tool for surgery planning and stent design in addition to providing a basis for computational simulations.
Diagnostic utility of data from adrenal venous sampling for primary aldosteronism despite failed cannulation of the right adrenal vein

Background Adrenal venous sampling is an important lateralization study for primary aldosteronism, but inability to cannulate the right adrenal vein is not uncommon and interpreted as a failed study. We challenged this notion by examining whether data from incomplete left-sided adrenal venous sampling could accurately predict lateralization. Methods Sixty-two adrenal venous sampling studies from 2007 to 2014 at 2 tertiary-care institutions were reviewed. For this analysis, data from the right adrenal vein were excluded. The study variable was the aldosterone:cortisol ratio of the left adrenal vein compared with the inferior vena cava (LAV/IVC). Scatterplot analysis identified high and low LAV/IVC cutoffs that predicted accurately unilateral disease in 1 institutional cohort and validated in the second cohort. Results Thirty-six studies of adrenal venous sampling were evaluated at the first institution and divided into 3 diagnostic categories: unilateral-left ( n = 14), unilateral-right ( n = 12), and bilateral ( n = 10). Cutoff values of the ratios of LAV/IVC of ≥5.5 and ≤0.5 accurately predicted left- and right-sided disease, respectively, and were validated in 26 studies from the second institution (100% PPV). The “5.5–0.5 criteria” salvaged accuracy for predicting lateralization in 50% of cases. Conclusion Even in the setting of failed cannulation of the right adrenal vein, the actual data from the remaining adrenal venous sampling can predict lateralization accurately in many patients. A “failed” adrenal venous sampling study may be of greater predictive utility than believed traditionally.
PUFF-III: A Code for Processing ENDF Uncertainty Data Into Multigroup Covariance Matrices

PUFF-III is an extension of the previous PUFF-II code that was developed in the 1970s and early 1980s. The PUFF codes process the Evaluated Nuclear Data File (ENDF) covariance data and generate multigroup covariance matrices on a user-specified energy grid structure. Unlike its predecessor, PUFF-III can process the new ENDF/B-VI data formats. In particular, PUFF-III has the capability to process the spontaneous fission covariances for fission neutron multiplicity. With regard to the covariance data in File 33 of the ENDF system, PUFF-III has the capability to process short-range variance formats, as well as the lumped reaction covariance data formats that were introduced in ENDF/B-V. In addition to the new ENDF formats, a new directory feature is now available that allows the user to obtain a detailed directory of the uncertainty information in the data files without visually inspecting the ENDF data. Following the correlation matrix calculation, PUFF-III also evaluates the eigenvalues of each correlation matrix and tests each matrix for positive definiteness. Additional new features are discussed in the manual. PUFF-III has been developed for implementation in the AMPX code system, and several modifications were incorporated to improve memory allocation tasks and input/output operations. Consequently, the resulting code has a structure that is similar to other modules in the AMPX code system. With the release of PUFF-III, a new and improved covariance processing code is available to process ENDF covariance formats through Version VI.
Persons with unilateral transfemoral amputation experience larger spinal loads during level-ground walking compared to able-bodied individuals.

Abstract Background Persons with lower limb amputation walk with increased and asymmetric trunk motion; a characteristic that is likely to impose distinct demands on trunk muscles to maintain equilibrium and stability of the spine. However, trunk muscle responses to such changes in net mechanical demands, and the resultant effects on spinal loads, have yet to be determined in this population. Methods Building on a prior study, trunk and pelvic kinematics collected during level-ground walking from 40 males (20 with unilateral transfemoral amputation and 20 matched controls) were used as inputs to a kinematics-driven, nonlinear finite element model of the lower back to estimate forces in 10 global (attached to thorax) and 46 local (attached to lumbar vertebrae) trunk muscles, as well as compression, lateral, and antero-posterior shear forces at all spinal levels. Findings Trunk muscle force and spinal load maxima corresponded with heel strike and toe off events, and among persons with amputation, were respectively 10–40% and 17–95% larger during intact vs. prosthetic stance, as well as 6–80% and 26–60% larger during intact stance relative to controls. Interpretation During gait, larger spinal loads with transfemoral amputation appear to be the result of a complex pattern of trunk muscle recruitment, particularly involving co-activation of antagonistic muscles during intact limb stance; a period when these individuals are confident and likely to use the trunk to assist with forward progression. Given the repetitive nature of walking, repeated exposure to such elevated loading likely increases the risk for low back pain in this population.
Pineal Gland Lymphoma: Case Report and Literature Review

A 65-year-old male presented to our institution with acute-onset headache. Imaging studies demonstrated a mass in the region of the pineal gland, with subsequent histopathology findings being consistent with large B cell lymphoma. The patient was treated with methotrexate, but ultimately did not survive. Primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma rarely involves the pineal gland, but should be considered in the differential diagnosis of pineal gland tumors in the appropriate clinical setting.
Two-dimensional computational fluid dynamical investigation of particle migration in rotating eccentric cylinders using suspension balance model

Abstract Suspension balance and diffusive flux models have been developed to explain the particle migration phenomenon. Herein, we use the suspension balance model (SBM) to provide numerical validation of the particle migration in a concentrated suspension undergoing flow between rotating eccentric cylinders observed in the literatures. This study demonstrates that by implementing the mathematical model developed to explain the particle migration phenomenon, namely SBM into available commercial software such as COMSOL Multiphysics, one can readily explore the behavior of these systems. A two-dimensional finite element model of the SBM has been created in COMSOL Multiphysics. A set of transient conservation equations of bulk and particle-phase mass and momentum that included gravitational force effects were solved using the implicit time-stepping method of backward differentiation. The simulation method was validated using the available analytical solution for suspension in a circular Couette flow. The eccentricity ratio has been defined as e = e /( R o − R i ), where R o is the outer cylinder radius, R i is the inner cylinder radius and e is the distance between the center of the inner and outer cylinders. The eccentricity ratio was analyzed, and it was shown that for the eccentricity ratio, e ϕ = 50%, the maximum concentration occurs along the circumference in the direction of the stationary cylinder. As e increases and when ϕ = 50%, the maximum concentration appears along the horizontal mid-plane of the eccentric bearing in the wide-gap region. Further increases in the eccentricity ratio shift the maximum concentration region towards the rotating cylinder. The simulation results of the concentration distribution and the velocity profile compare well with the experimental data. This study provides a qualitative step forward in the application of computational fluid dynamics to suspension flows in various geometries and serves as a first step towards exploring the realistic three-dimensional modeling of dense suspensions in eccentric bearings as an example of general geometries.
Resonantly suppressed terahertz transmission through a subwavelength aperture surrounded by periodic surface corrugations

In sharp contrast to results obtained at optical frequencies, we demonstrate resonantly suppressed terahertz transmission through a single sub-wavelength aperture surrounded by periodic corrugations. The suppression occurs approximately at the wavelength corresponding to corrugation periodicity.
Residents values in a rational decision-making model: an interest in academics in emergency medicine

Academic physicians train the next generation of doctors. It is important to understand the factors that lead residents to choose an academic career to continue to effectively recruit residents who will join the national medical faculty. A decision-making theory-driven, large scale assessment of this process has not been previously undertaken. To examine the factors that predict an Emergency resident's interest in pursuing an academic career at the conclusion of training. This study employs the ABEM Longitudinal Survey (n = 365). A logistic regression model was estimated using an interest in an academic career in residency as the dependent variable. Independent variables include gender, under-represented minority status, survey cohort, number of dependent children, possession of an advanced degree, ongoing research, publications, and the appeal of science, independence, and clinical work in choosing EM. Logistic regression resulted in a statistically significant model (p < 0.001). Residents who chose EM due to the appeal of science, had peer-reviewed publications and ongoing research were more likely to be interested in an academic career at the end of residency (p < 0.05). An increased number of children (p < 0.05) was negatively associated with an interest in academics. Individual resident career interests, research productivity, and lifestyle can help predict an interest in pursuing an academic career. Recruitment and enrichment of residents who have similar values and behaviors should be considered in programs interested in generating more graduates who enter an academic career.