cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Two-dimensional high-resolution stepper image monitor

A two-dimensional image monitor with high resolution has been implemented on a deep-UV 0.6 NA stepper. The aerial intensity sensor uses a photodiode which is integrated in the wafer chuck and a chromium coated quartz wafer with an array of 0.2 (im pinholes. The aerial image is scanned by the sensor which is positioned by the stepper stage. The image monitor is suitable for stepper setup and a performance characterization. The two-dimensional measurement makes possible the detection of lens aberrations. The aberrations may be determined in type and magnitude by slicing the image at various focus levels. The image monitor has shown significant capability for experimental investigation of a great variety of issues for lithographic projection printers
Experiment and Theory of Fuel Cell Catalysis: Methanol and Formic Acid Decomposition on Nanoparticle Pt/Ru

This study seeks to explore the effects of the electronic structure of Pt/Ru alloy nanoparticles on reactivity of small organic molecules of relevance to fuel cell applications through the combined use of synchrotron radiation photoelectron spectroscopy and electrochemistry. Platinum core-level binding energies were found to increase linearly with the addition of ruthenium. This effect is a product of lattice strain and charge transfer, and is explained in terms of the d-band center theory proposed by Norskov and co-workers (Hammer, B.; Norskov, J. K. Surf. Sci. 1995, 343, 211). In the course of the study of electrooxidation of methanol we have found that it is very difficult, if not impossible, to separate the effects of the bifunctional mechanism and the electronic structure effects that might play a role in the activity. However, data for electrooxidation of formic acid, when studied at a short reaction time (where the indirect reaction pathways and poisoning intermediates are assumed to play a negligi...
PAMELA, FGST and sub-TeV dark matter

Abstract PAMELA's observation that the cosmic ray positron fraction increases rapidly with energy implies the presence of primary sources of energetic electron–positron pairs. Of particular interest is the possibility that dark matter annihilations in the halo of the Milky Way provide this anomalous flux of antimatter. The recent measurement of the cosmic ray electron spectrum by the Fermi Gamma Ray Space Telescope, however, can be used to constrain the nature of any such dark matter particle. In particular, it has been argued that in order to accommodate the observations of Fermi and provide the PAMELA positron excess, annihilating dark matter particles must be as massive as ∼1 TeV or heavier. In this Letter, we revisit Fermi's electron spectrum measurement within the context of annihilating dark matter, focusing on masses in the range of 100–1000 GeV, and considering effects such as variations in the astrophysical backgrounds from the presence of local cosmic ray accelerators, and the finite energy resolution of the Fermi Gamma Ray Space Telescope. When these factors are taken into account, we find that dark matter particles as light as ∼300 GeV can be capable of generating the positron fraction observed by PAMELA.
Arterio-venous Differences in Plasma Calcium Concentration in the Shell Gland of the Laying Hen during Shell Formation

ABSTRACT THE site of shell mineralization in the bird has been established to be the oviduct shell gland or uterus. Eggs laid via a fistula posterior to the shell gland are completely calcified, whereas those laid via a fistula anterior to this organ lack shell mineralization; partial resection of the shell gland leads to a proportionate decrease in the quantity of mineral deposited in the shell (Asmundson and Jervis, 1933). Richardson (1935) has shown that the shell gland epithelium does not appear to function as a calcium storage organ. He attributes the calcium excretion associated with shell formation to increased circulation in the shell gland in conjunction with the increased calcium concentration of the circulating blood. However, a thickening of the surface layer of the shell gland cells was observed during shell formation, indicating some associated tissue changes. Descriptions of the shell gland structure are available (Bradley and Grahame, 1950; Romanoff . . .
Characterization of room-temperature damping in aluminum-indium alloys

Damping of aluminum-indium alloys with up to 16 wt pct indium was studied at fixed frequencies between 0.1 and 5.0 Hz. In the strain amplitude-independent regime, the damping initially decreased with the addition of indium and reached a minimum at 10 wt pct. The frequency-dependent damping was modeled for these alloys using a diffusion-controlled dis- location relaxation model for the high-temperature background, and an expression for multi- phase materials was given. At indium concentrations greater than 10 wt pct, a relaxation peak at 25 °C and 1.0 Hz was observed. This peak was associated with the indium inclusions, and an activation energy of 0.6 ± 0.2 eV was experimentally determined. It was suggested that a critical indium inclusion size is necessary before the relaxation peak becomes appreciable and that this damping mechanism is analogous to that observed for graphite in gray cast irons.
Semiparallel microelectronic implementation of neural network models using CCD technology

A new generic architecture for realising the basic functions of neural networks is described. In the proposed configuration the N × N interconnectivity problem is accomplished by a simultaneous combination of horizontal and vertical shifting of CCD arrays. The proposed devices can be implemented with present-day technologies.
X-ray crystal structure of aristolochene synthase from Aspergillus terreus and evolution of templates for the cyclization of farnesyl diphosphate.

Aristolochene synthase from Aspergillus terreus catalyzes the cyclization of the universal sesquiterpene precursor, farnesyl diphosphate, to form the bicyclic hydrocarbon aristolochene. The 2.2 A resolution X-ray crystal structure of aristolochene synthase reveals a tetrameric quaternary structure in which each subunit adopts the α-helical class I terpene synthase fold with the active site in the “open”, solvent-exposed conformation. Intriguingly, the 2.15 A resolution crystal structure of the complex with Mg2+3-pyrophosphate reveals ligand binding only to tetramer subunit D, which is stabilized in the “closed” conformation required for catalysis. Tetramer assembly may hinder conformational changes required for the transition from the inactive open conformation to the active closed conformation, thereby accounting for the attenuation of catalytic activity with an increase in enzyme concentration. In both conformations, but especially in the closed conformation, the active site contour is highly complement...
A statistical method for the relative comparison of automotive paint colours using digital imaging analysis

Relative colour comparisons were performed using digital imaging techniques and analysis. A statistical method was used to quantify how well a test colour matched a colour standard. Colour histogram comparisons were performed by incorporating a combination of control limits (based on prediction intervals) and threshold limits that were calculated for each curve set. Test colours were imaged and compared to colour standards by calculating the per cent match for each of the RGB curves. Colours that did not show a per cent match of 60 per cent or greater in all three colour curves were considered failures. Some colour families, e.g. reds, required larger control limits to account for colour variability.
Strategies for developing general systems theories

General systems theories differ from conventional scientific theories in that they have greater unifying power, isomorphism, and heuristic value. To develop general systems theories (living or nonliving system theories) having unifying power, seven strategies are suggested showing how integration of existing theories can be achieved. To achieve isomorphic value, two strategies (the empirico-inductive and rational-deductive approaches) are suggested. To construct a general systems theory having high heuristic value, a strategy involving balance between “openness” and “closedness” of theories is suggested.
Determined to conform: Disbelief in free will increases conformity

Does disbelief in free will reduce people's willingness to exert the effort needed for autonomous thought and action rather than simply conforming to group norms? Three studies tested the hypothesis that disbelief in free will would be associated with greater conformity than a belief in free will. In Study 1 (correlational), participants who expressed a greater belief in free will reported that they were less likely to conform in a variety of situations than participants who expressed greater disbelief in free will. In Study 2 (experimental), participants who were induced to disbelieve in free will conformed significantly more to the opinions of ostensible other participants when judging paintings than participants in free will and control conditions. In Study 3 (experimental), participants who were induced to disbelieve in free will conformed significantly more to experimenter-provided examples than participants in a meaning-threat control condition, as well as more than those encouraged to believe in free will. These findings suggest that belief in free will contributes to autonomous action and resisting temptations and pressures to conform.
Is justification easy or impossible? Getting acquainted with a middle road

Can a belief source confer justification when we lack antecedent justification for believing that it’s reliable? A negative answer quickly leads to skepticism. A positive answer, however, seems to commit one to allowing pernicious reasoning known as “epistemic bootstrapping.” Puzzles surrounding bootstrapping arise because we illicitly assume either that justification requires doxastic awareness of a source’s epistemic credentials or that there is no requirement that a subject be aware of these credentials. We can resolve the puzzle by splitting the horns and requiring a non-conceptual awareness of, or direct acquaintance with, a source’s legitimacy. Requiring non-conceptual as opposed to doxastic awareness halts the regress and avoids the skeptical results. On the other hand, requiring non-conceptual awareness also guarantees that we are aware of evidence for a source’s reliability prior to using that source to form justified beliefs; we thereby avoid the problem of allowing epistemic bootstrapping to generate the illicit gains in justification.
Editor's Introduction Chronic Illness and Current Perspectives: What Are the Problems for Patients, Families, and Other Care Givers?

Having a chronic illness is in some ways similar to being held prisoner with no definite release date. (Greenhut, 1995)
Optimizing diabetes management through glucose profiling: A case-based approach

It is well documented that tight glucose control prevents the microvascular complications of diabetes, and many studies suggest that postprandial hyperglycemia may be associated with macrovascular complications. Maintaining target glucose values is challenging, as therapies are often not targeted to individual glucose excursion patterns. Postprandial SMBG values may be more tightly correlated to HbA1c than are fasting values. Studies of patients with pregnancies complicated by diabetes demonstrate that using SMBG around meals significantly improves glucose control and pregnancy outcomes. Adopting this model in type 2 diabetes may help achieve better glycemic control.
The impact of welfare on wage rate, market work hours and income—an empirical study

Numerous contemporary empirical studies have ascertained the relationship and the effects of welfare and welfare systems on wage rates, workers income and market work hours. However, these explorat...
Single-Case Design in Psychophysiological Research: Part II: Statistical Analytic Approaches

This article is Part 2 of a two-part series on the conceptual and methodological applications of single-case design research in psychophysiological research (Gustafson, Nassar, & Waddell, 2011). Part 1 in this series presented the context, structure, and fundamentals of single-case design in relation to psychophysiology. Part 2 introduces four statistical analyses that are utilized in single-case research design and are broadly applicable to a wide range of research questions or clinical outcome studies. These techniques are reviewed in sufficient detail so that clinicians and researchers may apply them in real-world contexts. The following analyses—(a) Percentage of Non-overlapping Data Points and Percentage of All Non-overlapping Data, (b) Split-Middle and Percentage of Data Points Exceeding the Median, (c) Improvement Rate Difference, and (d) Hierarchical Linear Modeling—were chosen for their suitability with psychophysiological data. Although these analyses may be unfamiliar, their calculations are qu...
Accountable Care Organizations May Have Difficulty Avoiding The Failures Of Integrated Delivery Networks Of The 1990s

Accountable care organizations are intended to improve the quality and lower the cost of health care through several mechanisms, such as disease management programs, care coordination, and aligning financial incentives for hospitals and physicians. Providers employed several of these mechanisms in forming the integrated delivery networks of the 1990s. The networks failed, however, because of heavy financial losses stemming from hospitals’ purchase of physician practices and their inability to align incentives, garner capitated contracts, and develop the infrastructure to manage risk. Although the current mechanisms underlying accountable care organizations continue to evolve, whether and how they will have an impact on quality and costs remains open to question. Care coordination and information technology are proving more complicated and expensive to implement than anticipated, providers may lack the ability to implement these mechanisms, and primary care providers are in short supply. As in the 1990s, s...
Focus group methodology Part 1: Considerations for design

There is a strong tradition of quantitative research in the health sciences, but qualitative research designs are now being used more frequently to investigate certain areas of rehabilitation, such as patients' views of health care services, and how clinicians make decisions during evaluations and treatment. Many qualitative approaches are available for conducting these types of inquiries, such as interviews, participant observation, and focus groups. Focus groups are unique because they combine interviewing, participant observation, and group interaction. Focus groups are therefore particularly useful when the researcher wants to investigate people's thoughts because the interaction between participants can elicit data and ideas that might not be uncovered in one-on-one questioning. To optimize the data obtained from focus groups, careful attention must be paid to the composition and number of groups, as well as the selection and training of the moderator, and the development of the question route. This ...
Impact of silicon nitride thickness on the infrared sensitivity of silicon nitride-aluminum microcantilevers

Abstract This paper investigates how silicon nitride thickness impacts the performance of silicon nitride–aluminum bimaterial cantilever infrared sensors. A model predicts cantilever behavior by considering heat transfer within and from the cantilever, cantilever optical properties, cantilever bending mechanics, and thermomechanical noise. Silicon nitride–aluminum bimaterial cantilevers of different thicknesses were designed and fabricated. Cantilever sensitivity and noise were measured when exposed to infrared laser radiation. For cantilever thickness up to 1200 nm, thicker silicon nitride results in improved signal to noise ratio due to increased absorptivity and decreased noise. The best cantilever had an incident flux sensitivity of 2.1 × 10 −3 V W −1 m 2 and an incident flux signal to noise ratio of 406 Hz 1/2 W −1 m 2 , which is more than an order of magnitude improvement compared to the best commercial cantilever.
The Segregation of American Teachers

Data from a unique new survey of over 1,000 teachers in K-12 public schools across the country show that our teaching force is largely segregated. Using this new dataset, I find that teachers of different races are teaching students of very different racial composition, adding an extra dimension to growing student racial segregation. White teachers comprise an overwhelming majority of the nation's teachers. Yet at the same time, they were the least likely to have had much experience with racial diversity and remain remarkably isolated. The typical African American teacher teaches in a school were nearly three-fifths of students are from low-income families while the average white teacher has only 35% of low-income students. Latino and Asian teachers are in schools that educate more than twice the proportion of English language learners as schools of white teachers. Nonwhite teachers and teachers who teach in schools with high percentages of minority or poor students are more likely to report that they are contemplating switching schools or careers. The article concludes with recommendations for diversifying the teaching force and ensuring that schools serving students of all backgrounds have a racially integrated, highly qualified faculty.
Dynamic Lung Morphology of Methacholine-Induced Heterogeneous Bronchoconstriction

Hyperpolarized (HP) 3 helium ( 3 He) dynamic MRI was used to investigate airway response in rats following intravenous (i.v.) bolus administration of a contractile agent, methacholine (MCh). The method provides direct visualization of the ventilated regions within the lung. Heterogeneous bronchoconstriction following the i.v. MCh injection was evident using this technique. These 3 He dynamic lung images revealed that the inspired fresh air was shunted to the less-constricted regions after the MCh challenge in a similar manner as described by Laplace’s relationship for the stability between adjacent alveoli. The airways in the more-constricted regions became nearly closed, resulting in air trapping, while the airways in the lessconstricted regions remained effectively open, leading to overinflation. These data suggest a lung model of airway constriction partitioned into ventilated and nonventilated regions. These nonventilated regions are heterogeneously distributed in the lung and this distribution cannot be deduced from spirometric measurement of the whole lung. We demonstrate that a combination of functional 3 He images and anatomical 1 H images provide an effective method to diagnose regional lung abnormalities in rats. Magn Reson Med 52:1080 –1086, 2004. © 2004
Ecosystems As Natural Assets

It is now standard in economics to model natural resources as a special form of capital that can be depleted or accumulated. The following review shows how such an approach can be extended to ecosystems, implying that they are a form of natural asset that produces a flow of beneficial goods and services over time. The review includes a discussion of valuing ecosystem services, focusing on the problem of benefits that vary spatially across landscapes and illustrated with the example of coastal ecosystems. The starting point of the basic natural asset model is the assumption that any ecological landscape that is conserved must compete with other assets in the portfolio of wealth owners in the economy. The model shows the importance of valuing ecosystem services to the optimal allocation of landscape among competing uses. It includes the possibility of an ecological transition, when it becomes technologically feasible to restore developed land as ecological landscape. The basic model is then extended to allow for the value of an ecosystem service and the costs of maintaining this service to vary with the spatial distance across the natural landscape; for the implications when the economy is opened to trade; and finally, for examining the effects of the risk of ecological collapse.
Multi-conductor: an onscreen polymetrical conducting and notation display system

This software tool, developed in Max/MSP, presents performers with image files consisting of traditional notation as well as conducting in the form of video playback. The impetus for this work was the desire to allow the musical material for each performer of a given piece to differ with regard to content and tempo.
Self-similar solution of distributed linear and nonlinear networks

The method of "self-similar solution of partial differential equations" is introduced and applied to the distributed RGC network. For linear networks convolution integrals, V(x,t) = V_{\delta} \times V_{source} and V(x,t) = V_{\delta'} \times I_{source} are obtained where V_\delta and V_\delta' are, respectively, the responses to the \delta function voltage and current sources found and from the self-similar analysis, and V_source and I_{source} \propto \partial V_{source}/\partial x are arbitrary voltage and current sources. For certain sources, these integrals have been performed and the results will be presented. The technique is also successfully applied to nonlinear networks which are useful in modeling various microelectronic circuit components.
Cannibalism, food limitation, intraspecific competition, and the regulation of spider populations

Cannibalism among generalist predators has implications for the dynamics of terrestrial food webs. Spiders are common, ubiquitous arthropod generalist predators in most natural and managed terrestrial ecosystems. Thus, the relationship of spider cannibalism to food limitation, competition, and population regulation has direct bearing on basic ecological theory and applications such as biological control. This review first briefly treats the different types of spider cannibalism and then focuses in more depth on evidence relating cannibalism to population dynamics and food web interactions to address the following questions: Is cannibalism in spiders a foraging strategy that helps to overcome the effects of a limited supply of calories and/or nutrients? Does cannibalism in spiders reduce competition for prey? Is cannibalism a significant density-dependent factor in spider population dynamics? Does cannibalism dampen spider-initiated trophic cascades?
Mentoring in Action: The Interplay Among Professional Assistance, Emotional Support, and Evaluation

The growing emphasis on teacher accountability has led to increased integration of teacher evaluation and new teacher mentoring. This study examined professional and emotional mentoring supports within an urban school district that centered its induction program on structured teacher evaluation. Five mentors and 16 new special educators participated in this study. Data included evaluation reports for the 2009–2010 school year, mentor time allocation charts, and new teacher interviews. Results indicated the following: (a) Evaluation provided guidance for mentors’ feedback; (b) emotional supports and professional supports were interrelated, wherein emotional supports occurred within the context of professional supports; and (c) the majority of the new teachers did not indicate that the evaluation adversely affected their mentoring experience.
Coupling of surge and waves for an Ivan‐like hurricane impacting the Tampa Bay, Florida region

[1] The interactions between waves and storm surge are investigated using an unstructured grid, coupled wave-surge model forced by a hypothetical Ivan-like hurricane impacting the Tampa Bay, Florida region. The waves derived from the unstructured version of the third-generation wave model simulating waves nearshore. The surge derives from the unstructured Finite-Volume Coastal Ocean Model, to which wave-induced forces (based on radiation stress theory) are added to the traditional forces by winds and atmospheric pressure. Dependent upon complex bathymetry and geometry, the wave-induced forces result in an additional 0.3∼0.5 m of surge relative to an uncoupled, surge-only simulation, and the increase in coastal sea level by the storm surge adds some 1.0∼1.5 m to the significant wave heights nearshore. Such strong interactions through coupling suggest that waves should not be omitted in hurricane storm surge simulations, especially because the forces by waves on coastal structures are perhaps the most damaging of the hurricane related forces.
Post-cardiac surgery mechanical support: a tool for decision making.

The report by Hernandez et al1 in the present issue of Circulation is timely and important. Compiled from the Society of Thoracic Surgeons voluntary database, it comprises an analysis of the largest series of patients treated with mechanical support to date. The authors have reviewed outcomes of 5735 patients who had a ventricular assist device (VAD) placed for low cardiac output after having undergone a cardiac surgical procedure. Remarkably, this represents <0.5% of all cardiac operations. The authors observed significant improvement in outcome for these patients over a recent 10-year study period. Survival improved from 38.5% to 59.2%. Similarly, during the same time period, there was a reduction in major assist-device morbidity of bleeding, stroke, and renal failure. These results are in keeping with those from smaller, single-institution reports.2–4 Article p 606 The authors attribute the improved results to advances in technology and more standardized postoperative care protocols. This has encouraged …
A Dynamic Directional Model for Effective Brain Connectivity Using Electrocorticographic (ECoG) Time Series

We introduce a dynamic directional model (DDM) for studying brain effective connectivity based on intracranial electrocorticographic (ECoG) time series. The DDM consists of two parts: a set of differential equations describing neuronal activity of brain components (state equations), and observation equations linking the underlying neuronal states to observed data. When applied to functional MRI or EEG data, DDMs usually have complex formulations and thus can accommodate only a few regions, due to limitations in spatial resolution and/or temporal resolution of these imaging modalities. In contrast, we formulate our model in the context of ECoG data. The combined high temporal and spatial resolution of ECoG data result in a much simpler DDM, allowing investigation of complex connections between many regions. To identify functionally segregated subnetworks, a form of biologically economical brain networks, we propose the Potts model for the DDM parameters. The neuronal states of brain components are represen...
A coplanar waveguide broadside end-coupled band-pass filter

A new broadside end-coupled bandpass filter using a coplanar waveguide (CPW), suitable for wideband microwave and millimeter-wave integrated circuits, has been developed. The shielded CPW and broadside CPW, employed in the filter, were analyzed using the quasi-static spectral-domain method. An X-band (8-12-GHz) three-resonator bandpass filter has been built and tested with a good agreement between the measured and calculated results. >
Thyroid functional disease: an under-recognized cardiovascular risk factor in kidney disease patients

Thyroid functional disease, and in particular hypothyroidism, is highly prevalent among chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. In the general population, hypothyroidism is associated with impaired cardiac contractility, endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis and possibly higher cardiovascular mortality. It has been hypothesized that hypothyroidism is an under-recognized, modifiable risk factor for the enormous burden of cardiovascular disease and death in CKD and ESRD, but this has been difficult to test due to the challenge of accurate thyroid functional assessment in uremia. Low thyroid hormone levels (i.e. triiodothyronine) have been associated with adverse cardiovascular sequelae in CKD and ESRD patients, but these metrics are confounded by malnutrition, inflammation and comorbid states, and hence may signify nonthyroidal illness (i.e. thyroid functional test derangements associated with underlying ill health in the absence of thyroid pathology). Thyrotropin is considered a sensitive and specific thyroid function measure that may more accurately classify hypothyroidism, but few studies have examined the clinical significance of thyrotropin-defined hypothyroidism in CKD and ESRD. Of even greater uncertainty are the risks and benefits of thyroid hormone replacement, which bear a narrow therapeutic-to-toxic window and are frequently prescribed to CKD and ESRD patients. In this review, we discuss mechanisms by which hypothyroidism adversely affects cardiovascular health; examine the prognostic implications of hypothyroidism, thyroid hormone alterations and exogenous thyroid hormone replacement in CKD and ESRD; and identify areas of uncertainty related to the interplay between hypothyroidism, cardiovascular disease and kidney disease requiring further investigation.
Responsiveness and Somatotopic Organization of Anterior Parietal Field 3b and Adjoining Cortex in Newborn and Infant Monkeys

Microelectrodes were used to record from somatosensory areas 3b and adjoining areas 3a and 1 in newborn monkeys. At birth, area 3b was responsive to cutaneous stimuli and had an adult-like somatotopic organization in marmosets and one squirrel monkey, while areas 1 and 3a had only limited responsiveness. In newborn macaque monkeys, cortex was unresponsive to cutaneous stimuli; however, by 1 month, areas 3b and 1 appeared to be adult-like in responsiveness and somatotopic organization.
Receipt of Clinical Preventive Medical Services Among Psychiatric Patients

A total of 267 patients who were receiving care for psychiatric and substance use disorders at a university medical center completed a self-report instrument assessing their previous receipt of clinical preventive services. High rates of mammography and Pap tests within the past year were observed (76 and 77 percent). Rates of immunization (hepatitis B and tetanus vaccines) varied from 11 percent to 78 percent. Rates of preventive counseling for sexual practices, diet, and avoidance of alcohol were lower than 25 percent in all groups. Only 6 percent of all patients reported having been screened for gun ownership, despite the high risk of suicide among gun owners.
Coding gain of Reed-Solomon codes on disk memories

The read channel of a typical Winchester disk is considered. The primary concern is with the performance of the decoder for the Reed-Solomon error-correcting code. Decreasing the signal-to-noise ratio of a disk increases its error rate. Use of an error-correcting code reduces this error rate. For a fixed error rate, then, the use of a particular error-correcting code can be balanced by a certain reduction in signal-to-noise ratio. This reduction is usually referred to as the coding gain of the code. The author calculates the coding gain of various Reed-Solomon error-correcting codes. The intent is to determine how low a signal-to-noise ratio can be supported by a particular error-correcting code. The results show that coding gains of 3-4 dB are achievable with codes of modest implementation cost. >
Screen-printed dopant paste interdigitated back contact solar cells

We report on progress made with an all-screen-printed interdigitated back contact (IBC) solar cell process. The rear side interdigitated doping pattern is defined using screen printed boron and phosphorus dopant pastes with thermal drive-in. High printing and doping fidelity as well as high wafer bulk lifetime are demonstrated. Screen printed fire-through metal pastes are also used for contacts. We present pilot line data for n-type CZ silicon, 156 mm pseudo-square cells achieving a 21.3% champion efficiency and 21% median efficiency. Improvements to the boron emitter metal contact are highlighted as a path to achieve 22% efficiency.
Role of Viruses in Chronic Neurological Diseases

Viruses play unique roles in a variety of chronic neurological diseases. The prototype slow infections of sheep (scrapie and visna) and the five established slow infections of man [kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, and progressive rubella panencephalitis] all are manifest primarily as neurological diseases. In those due to the spongiform encephalopathy agents, scrapie, kuru, and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, infectivity is found in many organs, but clinical and pathological abnormalities are confined to the CNS. In the slow infections associated with conventional viruses, infection may be generalized or limited to brain and spinal cord.
Molecular Guided Surgery - Quantitative Immunologic Guidance with Optical Imaging

Molecular guided surgery is just now reaching substantial clinical trials stage, with multiple imaging systems, and a groundswell of GMP fluorescent molecular probes. Quantifying receptor expression is one potential way to guide cancer surgery.
Comparing dynamical systems concepts and techniques for biomechanical analysis

Traditional biomechanical analyses of human movement are generally derived from linear mathematics. While these methods can be useful in many situations, they do not describe behaviors in human systems that are predominately nonlinear. For this reason, nonlinear analysis methods based on a dynamical systems approach have become more prevalent in recent literature. These analysis techniques have provided new insights into how systems (1) maintain pattern stability, (2) transition into new states, and (3) are governed by short- and long-term (fractal) correlational processes at different spatio-temporal scales. These different aspects of system dynamics are typically investigated using concepts related to variability, stability, complexity, and adaptability. The purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast these different concepts and demonstrate that, although related, these terms represent fundamentally different aspects of system dynamics. In particular, we argue that variability should not uniformly be equated with stability or complexity of movement. In addition, current dynamic stability measures based on nonlinear analysis methods (such as the finite maximal Lyapunov exponent) can reveal local instabilities in movement dynamics, but the degree to which these local instabilities relate to global postural and gait stability and the ability to resist external perturbations remains to be explored. Finally, systematic studies are needed to relate observed reductions in complexity with aging and disease to the adaptive capabilities of the movement system and how complexity changes as a function of different task constraints.
Stress And The Emerging Legal Liability Through Workers Compensation: Some Suggestions For Management Action

In this paper we reviewed the significant court cases which laid the foundation for the compensation of stress-related problems under Workers Compensation Laws of various states in the country. The significance of the court rulings are discussed in relation to routine personnel decisions. The last part of the paper is devoted to discussing certain recommendations to corporate management.
Regional Competition in the International Market for Services: A Shift-Share Analysis

ABSTRACTThe volume of services marketed across national borders in recent years has dramatically risen due to increased liberalization and market globalization, on the one hand, and rapid advances in telecommunications and information technology, on the other. The author analyzes the competition among the seven regions of the world for a share in this expanding sector of the international market, doing so over a 15-year period from 1997 to 2012. A shift-share analysis was carried out to identify the winners and the losers in the market during the study period. Results show that six of the seven regions gained some market share. However, the lead winner was the region of Europe and Central Asia that saw its 1997 share grew more than 7-fold by 2012! On the other hand, the North America region, the only loser of all, lost three-fourths of its 1997 market share by 2012. Policy implications of these results for the regions are discussed.
Microscopic and Molecular Biology of Human Compact Bone: An Anthropological Perspective

Bone biology at the microscopic and molecular level offers a potential source of data on a variety of anthropological problems. However, research on these problems must be conducted against a background of basic knowledge of calcified tissue biology. Bone tissue must support both the structural and physiological requirements of the body. The morphology of bone at all levels of structure, from the molecular to the gross, reflects these requirements. Human calcified tissue is also dynamic. It is constantly being renewed and is continuously involved in body metabolism. Because of this, bone morphology is influenced by conditions that affect the total organism such as biological aging and general health. In the following report, I review the biology of human calcified tissue, present some original findings on the effect of aging and health on bone (osteon) remodeling and histology, and speculate on the potential use of bone microstructure in studying several biological parameters in the skeletons of anthropological specimens.
Community Psychology Perspectives on Delinquency An Introduction to the Special Issue

This introduction to the special issue first outlines the principal concepts of the community psychology perspective on social problems and service delivery. Next, an overview is provided of the articles included in the special issue, which apply this perspective to various aspects of delinquency and juvenile justice. Finally, noteworthy issues meriting attention in future research and salient themes highlighted by the articles are discussed.
mTORC1 is necessary but mTORC2 and GSK3β are inhibitory for AKT3-induced axon regeneration in the central nervous system

Injured mature CNS axons do not regenerate in mammals. Deletion of PTEN, the negative regulator of PI3K, induces CNS axon regeneration through the activation of PI3K-mTOR signaling. We have conducted an extensive molecular dissection of the cross-regulating mechanisms in axon regeneration that involve the downstream effectors of PI3K, AKT and the two mTOR complexes (mTORC1 and mTORC2). We found that the predominant AKT isoform in CNS, AKT3, induces much more robust axon regeneration than AKT1 and that activation of mTORC1 and inhibition of GSK3β are two critical parallel pathways for AKT-induced axon regeneration. Surprisingly, phosphorylation of T308 and S473 of AKT play opposite roles in GSK3β phosphorylation and inhibition, by which mTORC2 and pAKT-S473 negatively regulate axon regeneration. Thus, our study revealed a complex neuron-intrinsic balancing mechanism involving AKT as the nodal point of PI3K, mTORC1/2 and GSK3β that coordinates both positive and negative cues to regulate adult CNS axon regeneration.
Characterization of a Forced Two-Dimensional, Weakly- Compressible Shear Layer

Experimental data are presented consisting of fluid mechanic and optical measurements made in a forced, two-dimensional, weakly-compressible subsonic shear layer. The measurements were made in the University of Notre Dame’s compressible shear-layer facility that mixes highand low-speed flows with speeds up to M = 1.0. The forcing was performed using voice-coil actuators mounted at the trailing edge of the splitter plate separating the highand low-speed flows at the inlet to the mixing section. Numerical results were also computed using a discrete-vortex, weakly-compressible computer code, and are used to interpret the experimental data. The experimental and numerical results are used to develop a simple yet effective feedforward adaptive-optic correction strategy for the optical aberrations imposed by the shear layer on a traversing laser beam.
Development of a Hausdorff distance based 3D quantification technique to evaluate the CT imaging system impact on depiction of lesion morphology

The purpose of this study was to develop a 3D quantification technique to assess the impact of imaging system on depiction of lesion morphology. Regional Hausdorff Distance (RHD) was computed from two 3D volumes: virtual mesh models of synthetic nodules or “virtual nodules” and CT images of physical nodules or “physical nodules”. The method can be described in following steps. First, the synthetic nodule was inserted into anthropomorphic Kyoto thorax phantom and scanned in a Siemens scanner (Flash). Then, nodule was segmented from the image. Second, in order to match the orientation of the nodule, the digital models of the “virtual” and “physical” nodules were both geometrically translated to the origin. Then, the “physical” was gradually rotated at incremental 10 degrees. Third, the Hausdorff Distance was calculated from each pair of “virtual” and “physical” nodules. The minimum HD value represented the most matching pair. Finally, the 3D RHD map and the distribution of RHD were computed for the matched pair. The technique was scalarized using the FWHM of the RHD distribution. The analysis was conducted for various shapes (spherical, lobular, elliptical, and speculated) of nodules. The calculated FWHM values of RHD distribution for the 8-mm spherical, lobular, elliptical, and speculated “virtual” and “physical” nodules were 0.23, 0.42, 0.33, and 0.49, respectively.
Example Based Single-frame Image Super-resolution by Support Vector Regression

As many other inverse problems, single-frame image super-resolution is an ill-posed problem. The problem has been approached in the context of machine learning. However, the proposed method in this paper is different from other learning based methods regarding how the input/output are formulated as well as how the learning is done. The assumption behind example based methods is the local similarity across seemingly different images. The assumption is illustrated by examples of image coding. Because of the differences in formulating the input/output and the implementation of Support Vector Regression (SVR), it is shown that the proposed approach outperforms the competing SVR method and the kernel regression method in terms of Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR), objective measurements of image quality. Since example based approaches are based on training, in which we know exactly what the output shall be. Therefore, it is proper to objectively measure the performance since the trained model is expected to “correctly” restore the image rather than to enhance the image, e.g. sharpening.
Inhibitory Activities of Phenols from Toona sinensis Leaves on Key Enzyme Linked to Type 2 Diabetes in vitro

To clarify the postprandial glucose suppression effects of phenols from Toona sinensis leaves, its inhibitory effects against key enzymes(porcine pancreatic α-amylase, rat intestinal sucrase and maltase) linked to type 2 diabetes were investigated. Results showed that the crude extract of Toona sinensis leaves had significant enzyme inhibitory activities. Its IC50 values for the three key enzyme activities were 0.45, 1.29, and 1.41 mg/mL, respectively. The 70% ethanol sub-fraction of the ethyl acetate fraction was mainly responsible for enzymes inhibitory activities, which showed the strongest enzyme inhibitory activities with IC50 values of 0.091, 0.97, and 1.00 mg/mL, respectively, on porcine pancreatic α-amylase, rat intestinal sucrase and maltase. PGG(1, 2, 3, 4, 6-penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucopyranose) and EG(ethyl gallate) isolated from 70% ethanol sub-fraction were identified as the active monomer compounds. PGG exhibited significant enzyme inhibitory activity against α-amylase with IC50 value of 0.069 mg/mL. The EG had inhibitory effects on sucrase and maltase to some extent. Its IC50 value for sucrase and maltase were 0.82 and 0.81 mg/mL, respectively. This study revealed that Toona sinensis leaves may be helpful to develop drug and functional foods for diabetes and related symptoms.
Time-related changes in the plasma concentrations of prolactin, gonadotropins, sex hormone-binding globulin, and certain steroid hormones in female runners after a long-distance race

Running is associated with an increase in plasma concentrations of certain anterior pituitary hormones and adrenal steroids. This study reports such increases after a marathon race. Six trained female runners, 26 to 42 years old, participated in a marathon race. Fasting (resting) blood samples were collected a few weeks before the race (baseline) and immediately (0 hour), 1 hour, and 4 hours after the run. The data were analyzed with the use of two-way analyses of variance (F-test), paired t-test, and Page's test. At 0 hour, compared with baseline, significant increases were observed in the plasma concentrations of testosterone (T), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), cortisol (F), free T index (T/SHBG), and prolactin (PRL). At 1 hour, levels of these steroid hormones and PRL declined, some significantly. At 4 hours, levels of all hormones except DHEA-S returned to baseline. No significant changes were observed in concentrations of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), as evaluated by F-test. Running-associated changes in plasma hormonal concentrations revert to baseline in four hours, although DHEA-S may take a little longer.
Salad production activities in a residence hall foodservice.

Labor is an important factor in foodservice costs. In this study, salad preparation—an important component in food production operations—was studied to learn the relationship between quantity and labor time.
Biologic Evaluation of Diabetes and Local Recurrence in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

A recent multicenter study led by our institution demonstrated that local recurrence of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) was significantly more frequent in patients with diabetes, raising the possibility of different tumor biology in diabetics. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays a key role in local tumor recurrence and metastasis. In the present study, we investigated differences of tumor microenvironment between patients with and without diabetes by examining expression of EMT markers. Seventy-nine NSCLC patients were selected from the cohort of our early multicenter study. These patients were classified into 4 groups: 39 with adenocarcinoma with (n = 19) and without (n = 20) diabetes, and 40 with squamous cell carcinoma with (n = 20) and without (n = 20) diabetes. Immunohistochemical expression of eight EMT markers was analyzed, including transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R), vimentin, E-cadherin, N-cadherin, HtrA1, and beta-catenin. Five markers (E-cadherin, HtrA1, TGF-β, IGF-1R and vimentin) demonstrated significantly higher expression in diabetics than in non-diabetics in both histology types. N-cadherin had higher expression in diabetics, though the difference did not reach statistical significance. EGFR showed a higher expression in diabetics in squamous cell carcinoma only. Beta-catenin was the only marker with no difference in expression between diabetics versus non-diabetics. Our findings suggest that diabetes is associated with enhanced EMT in NSCLC, which may contribute to growth and invasiveness of NSCLC.
Single-pixel terahertz camera speeds measurement

A terahertz camera with a one-pixel detector can be the solution to highspeed imaging in the terahertz region for detecting concealed weapons at airports, locating defects in space shuttle foam, and more.