cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Environmental interventions to enhance student adjustment: implications for prevention.

School settings, often the sites for the prevention of adverse outcomes or the promotion of adjustment, are usually not the actual targets of such interventions. However, some interventions focus on modifying the school or classroom environments themselves. This review examines such approaches, and considers how school regularities that might undermine student adjustment are addressed. The environmental interventions are clustered in terms of focus: on student–student interactions, on teacher and peer influences, and on organizational function and structure. Reasons for the paucity of environmental change efforts and the inherent difficulties are discussed, and recommendations for creating ways to undertake future environmental interventions in schools are offered.
Construction Engineering Research: Integration and Innovation

AbstractConstruction engineers play a major role in the built environment by designing construction facilities and field operations and supplying materials. This paper summarizes and synthesizes th...
Developing Software for Microcontrollers

This project is the development of a data acquisition device, based on the XMOS startKIT microcontroller, capable of reading and saving analog values at a high rate. The project development consisted of two phases; for use by the Carthage College RockSat-C team in an experiment which is looking at the effect of electromagnetic radiation emitted from lightning on the atmosphere, and a means for large bodies of data created during a test to be observable during the test. The project is based on code developed by; M. Hernandez, T. Shannon as part of 2015 â€“ 2016 Carthage College RockSat-X team.
Analysis of messenger RNA within virions of IBV.

The presence of subgenomic mRNAs (sgRNAs) in virions of infectious bronchitis virus was examined by probing Northern blots of RNA extracted from vinons using as a probe a cDNA of the 3’-terminal nucleocapsid protein (N) gene. The sgRNAs were readily detected even after extensive purification of virions and after RNase A treatment of virions. The molar ratio of gRNA to each sgRNA was in the range 25 to 400 for IBV-M41 and 10 to 30 for IBV-Beaudette. After comparison with the molar ratios of genomic to intracellular viral sgRNAs it was estimated that the efficiency of incorporation of gRNA into virions was approximately 100 to 500-fold greater than for sgRNAs in the case of M41 and 20 to 100-fold for Beaudette, depending on the sgRNA species. It is concluded that sgRNAs can be present within IBV virions. Approximately 1 in 3 Beaudette virions and 1 in 20 M41 particles might contain a single copy of one sgRNA.
Systemic Disease and Long-term Intraocular Pressure Mean, Peak, and Variability in Nonglaucomatous Eyes.

Purpose Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is a well-known risk factor in glaucoma development and progression. As most glaucoma risk factors are not modifiable, IOP remains the sole focus of medical and surgical therapy. Identifying modifiable factors and their effects on IOP, such as systemic diseases, is therefore of interest. The objective is to assess the long-term, longitudinal relationship between systemic diseases and IOP mean, peak, and variability, including diabetes, hypertension, body mass index (BMI), and smoking status. Design Secondary analysis of randomized clinical trial data. Methods Longitudinal IOP and systemic disease data from the Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS), a randomized clinical trial of high-dose antioxidants, was analyzed. Study Population : A total of 3909 older participants without a reported diagnosis of glaucoma or glaucoma treatment during AREDS with up to 12 years of annual IOP and systemic disease data. Main Outcome Measures : Independent systemic disease risk factors associated with IOP. Results Univariate analysis identified numerous systemic disease factors associated with IOP mean, peak, and variability. Longitudinal adjusted models identified diabetes, obesity, and systolic hypertension as significantly associated with increased IOP, while systemic beta-blocker use was inversely associated. Conclusions Results demonstrate a relationship between multiple systemic diseases and IOP; moreover, they demonstrate that systemic diseases influence additional parameters beyond mean IOP, such as IOP peak and variability. Although only to be taken within the context of IOP, these population-level trends reveal potentially modifiable factors in IOP control, and are particularly important in the context of increasing obesity and diabetes prevalence rates in American adults.
Strengthening the Criminal Defendant's Right to Counsel

This article argues that the courts should recognize that defense counsel's role is pivotal in criminal cases and take specific steps to strengthen the defendant's right to counsel. The article first examines the courts' view of the criminal defendant's role in four situations: when addressing questions of competency to stand trial, when addressing the propriety of excluding the defendant from various proceedings, when considering the allocation of decision-making authority between the defendant and counsel, and when discussing the responsibility of the pro se defendant. In each of these contexts, the courts generally ascribe a limited role to the represented defendant, relying on counsel to protect and enforce the defendant's rights. The article then argues that the courts should take four steps to strengthen the defendant's right to counsel. First, the courts should recognize a constitutionally protected interest in continuity of representation. Second, the courts should be more receptive to motions for substitute counsel. Third, courts should assure that the defendant is present at all discussions related to whether counsel will continue in the case. Finally, the courts should recognize the unusual responsibility assumed by a pro se defendant and enforce rules disfavoring the decision to proceed pro se. These procedural changes would enhance the fairness of the criminal process by strengthening the defendant's right to counsel.
Adaptiveness of a rare male mating advantage under heterosis.

It is shown that minority mating advantages, so commonly observed inDrosophila, would be selectively advantageous in a heterotic system. When an allele is below the equilibrium frequency maintained by heterosis, females mating with that homozygote produce offspring of highest mean fitness.
Microsurgical Treatment of Cerebral Aneurysms After Previous Endovascular Therapy: Single-Center Series and Systematic Review.

Background Since its introduction in the early 1990s, endovascular treatment of cerebral aneurysms has had a steady upward trend and is the primary mode of treatment for most intracranial aneurysms. Concurrently, the need for retreatment of aneurysms after previous endovascular treatment has continued to increase, some of which can only be treated with microsurgical techniques. The factors that dictate outcomes in this group of patients are incompletely understood. Objective To study factors contributing to patient outcomes after microsurgical treatment of aneurysms with previous endovascular treatment. Methods The records of the senior author (D.L.B.) since 2002 were retrospectively reviewed for aneurysms treated after previous endovascular treatment. Demographics, treatment details, and imaging were reviewed for all patients. A systematic review of the literature on microsurgical treatment of aneurysms previously treated by endovascular therapy was also conducted. Results A total of 91 patients were identified from the retrospective review. Mean age at the time of initial treatment was 49 ± 12.68 years. Most patients initially presented with subarachnoid hemorrhage before initial endovascular treatment, with only 11 patients (12%) presenting with incidentally discovered lesions. Modified Rankin Scale score at discharge after initial treatment was good (0–3) in 81.4% of cases. Functional outcomes at the last known follow-up showed a modified Rankin Scale score of 0–3 in 77 patients (84.6%). Only aneurysm neck size was found to be a significant predictor of surgical complications (Wald χ2 = 10.79; P = 0.0010) with an odds ratio of 2.32 (95% confidence interval, 1.40–3.83) for a 2-mm increase in neck size. Systematic review identified 37 studies who were used to pool data on 370 patients. Although type of surgery was identified as a predictor of poor outcomes, this was significantly confounded by Hunt and Hess grade in the systematic review. Conclusions Favorable outcomes can be obtained even for highly complex cerebral aneurysms that have failed endovascular treatment at high-volume cerebrovascular centers. Initial presentation grade and aneurysm size are important predictors of final patient outcomes.
The Presence of Transforming Growth Factor-α in the Suckling Rat Small Intestine and Pancreas and the Absence in Rat Milk

Immunoreactive rat transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha) was measured in rat milk, in the mucosa and lumen of the small intestine, and in the pancreas of suckling and adult rats with a homologous RIA. In contrast to epidermal growth factor, where the main source of epidermal growth factor for sucklings is rat milk, the presence of TGF-alpha was not detectable in rat milk. The concentrations of TGF-alpha in the small intestine exhibited similar values in suckling and adult rats, whereas epidermal growth factor levels in the small intestine were several times higher in suckling rats than adults. Overnight fasting in suckling rats resulted in minimal changes in the luminal and mucosal TGF-alpha content. A positive correlation was established in suckling rats between the TGF-alpha content in the intestinal lumen (but not mucosa) and the TGF-alpha content in pancreas. Despite many structural and functional similarities between TGF-alpha and epidermal growth factor, our present data indicate significant differences in the origin and distribution of these two growth factors in the tract of the small intestine of developing rats.
The individual and synergistic impacts of feedstock characteristics and reaction conditions on the aqueous co-product from hydrothermal liquefaction

Abstract We examined the individual and synergistic impacts of reaction conditions and microalgal feedstock characteristics, including previously unreported combinations of variables, on the yield and properties of aqueous co-product (ACP) from hydrothermal liquefaction. Explicitly, we measured the effects of temperature (150 to 350∘C), reaction time (1 to 100min), slurry concentration (30 and 120 g Lrxn−1), biochemical composition (5.2 to 28.5 wt.% lipid, 14.7 to 50.9 wt.% protein), and species identity (Nannochloropsis, Chlorella, and Spirulina) on ACP characteristics. Measured properties included gravimetric yield, elemental (CHNSOP) recoveries, NH4+-N and PO43−-P recoveries, and pH. The impacts of slurry concentration and species identity on the properties of ACP produced from microalgae are examined in-depth for novel combinations of reaction variables, with all probed variables affecting ACP yield and composition. Temperature exhibited the most influence, followed by time (at 200∘C) and biochemical composition (at 300∘C). Lower slurry concentration led to increased ACP yields and recovery of NH4+-N, total nitrogen, PO43−-P, total phosphorus, and sulfur; in fact, the data suggested that increased slurry concentration promotes Maillard reactions that inhibit NH4+-N recovery in the ACP and promote N recovery in the biocrude. High-lipid, 30 g Lrxn−1 slurries reacted at 200∘C for 31.6 min are a potential “win-win” set of conditions for both maximizing key ACP-recyclability metrics while limiting N and S recovery in the biocrude to
Dasan Jeong Yak-yong: A Synthesizer of Korean Confucianism

Despite the dominant practice in contemporary Korean academia since 1936 to define Dasan’s philosophy and Practical Learning (Silhak: 實學) as intellectual defiance against neo-Confucianism and neo-Confucian society, some scholarly efforts that have sought to disprove this understanding attract the unremitting attention of many modern skeptics. These efforts revolve around one point: they are not separated from neo-Confucianism philosophically, politically, and historically. In this view, these “new” intellectual trends are perceived as redemption of the ideal Confucian statecraft commonly cherished by all types of Confucians, and a natural development consequent on the expansion of neo-Confucian interest in Confucian classical texts. In stark contrast to the prevailing perspective on Dasan’s philosophy and Practical Learning, which sees them as estranged from their neo-Confucian predecessors probably with hope of positioning them closer to modernity, the opposition insists continuity exists between the two Confucian traditions, somewhat provoking disconnection of all Joseon intelligentsia from modernity.
Correction to: Recent advances in the identification and management of inherited hyperoxalurias.

The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake. On page 84, the dose for oral potassium citrate is incorrectly written as "0.1 mg/kg/day divided BID-QID for children, 30-60 mg per day divided BID-QID for adults".
The extended eyebrow approach a cadaveric stepwise dissection

The eyebrow incision supraorbital approach is limited by the lack of exposure of the sylvian fissure exposure. By extending the skin incision 15 mm posteriorly and the supraorbital craniotomy beneath the superior temporal line, proximal sylvian dissection is achievable, and the surgical exposure is drastically improved. Throughout a cadaveric stepwise dissection and a pertinent anatomical analysis, we describe in detail the surgical technique of the extended eyebrow approach (xEBA). We additionally highlight main anatomical elements involved in this approach and provide technical nuances to avoid complications. xEBA is a versatile technique that uses the pretemporal, transylvian, and subfrontal corridor to enhance surgical exposure around the anterior cranial fossa.
Multiple Paternity in a Reintroduced Rookery of Kemp's Ridley Sea Turtles on South Padre Island, Texas

Multiple mating is common in Sea Turtles, and previous studies have suggested that levels of multiple paternity are higher in larger rookeries compared with smaller rookeries. As a result, smaller rookeries may be more vulnerable to the loss of genetic variation than would larger rookeries. The critically endangered Kemp's Ridley Sea Turtle (Lepidochelys kempii) has a single high-density rookery (∼5,000 females) in Rancho Nuevo, Mexico, where high levels of multiple paternity were reported (81% of nests). A secondary nesting colony was re-established on Padre Island National Seashore, Texas, USA, in the early 1980s and, by 2010, 140 nests were found along the entire Texas coast. The relatively small size of the Texas rookery led us to predict low levels of multiple paternity compared with Rancho Nuevo, and we tested our hypothesis by genotyping 158 hatchling tissue samples from 25 nests on South Padre Island (SPI) at 14 microsatellite loci. Full sibship reconstruction indicated that multiple paternity occurred in 47.6% of nests, a value that is significantly lower than the 81% of nests in Rancho Nuevo. Genetic diversity on SPI was high (HO = 0.80) and similar to Rancho Nuevo, although there was a genetic signal of a population bottleneck at SPI. Multiple paternity, small geographic range, and extensive movements by individuals probably act to maintain high genetic variation in this species, despite severe population declines.
P4NFV: P4 Enabled NFV Systems with SmartNICs

Software Defined Networking (SDN) and Network Function Virtualization (NFV) are transforming Data Center (DC), Telecom, and enterprise networking. The programmability offered by P4 enables SDN to be more protocol-independent and flexible. Data Centers are increasingly adopting SmartNICs (sNICs) to accelerate packet processing that can be leveraged to support packet processing pipelines and custom Network Functions (NFs). However, there are several challenges in integrating and deploying P4 based SDN control as well as host and sNIC-based programmable NFs. These include configuration and management of the data plane components (Host and sNIC P4 switches) for the SDN control plane and effective utilization of data plane resources. P4NFV addresses these concerns and provides a unified P4 switch abstraction framework to simplify the SDN control plane, reducing management complexities, and leveraging a host-local SDN Agent to improve the overall resource utilization. The SDN agent considers the network-wide, host, and sNIC specific capabilities and constraints. Based on workload and traffic characteristics, P4NFV determines the partitioning of the P4 tables and optimal placement of NFs (P4 actions) to minimize the overall delay and maximize resource utilization. P4NFV uses Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) based optimization formulation and achieves up to 2. 5X increase in system capacity while minimizing the delay experienced by flows. P4NFV considers the number of packet exchanges, flow size, and state dependency to minimize the delay imposed by data transmission over PCI Express interface.
Upregulated tumor necrosis factor-α transcriptome and proteome in adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells from pigs with metabolic syndrome

Abstract Introduction Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have endogenous reparative properties, and may constitute an exogenous therapeutic intervention in patients with chronic kidney disease. The microenvironment of metabolic syndrome (MetS) induces fat inflammation, with abundant expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. MetS may also alter the content of adipose tissue-derived MSCs, and we hypothesized that the inflammatory profile of MetS manifests via upregulating MSC mRNAs and proteins of the TNF-α pathway. Methods: Domestic pigs were fed a 16-week Lean or MetS diet (n = 4 each). MSCs were harvested from abdominal subcutaneous fat, and their extracellular vesicles (EVs) isolated. Expression profiles of mRNAs and proteins in MSCs and EVs were obtained by high-throughput sequencing and proteomics. Nuclear translocation of the pro-inflammatory transcription factor (NF)-kB was evaluated in MSC and in pig renal tubular cells (TEC) co-incubated with EVs. Results: We found 13 mRNAs and 4 proteins in the TNF-α pathway upregulated in MetS- vs. Lean-MSCs (fold-change > 1.4, p Conclusions: MetS upregulates the TNF-α transcriptome and proteome in swine adipose tissue-derived MSCs, which are partly transmitted to their EV progeny, and are associated with activation of NF-kB in target cells. Hence, the MetS milieu may affect the profile of endogenous MSCs and their paracrine vectors and limit their use as an exogenous regenerative therapy. Anti-inflammatory strategies targeting the TNF-α pathway might be a novel strategy to restore MSC phenotype, and in turn function.
Scholarly Publishing at a Crossroads: Scholarly Perspectives on Open Access

The cost of access to scholarly research creates inequity for readers with varying resources. Open access publishing is an avenue to address this inequity. This research employed a survey of scholars to discover what they know and think about open access. The survey elicited both faculty and doctoral student perspectives. Data were analyzed according to rank and discipline. Although the majority of scholars across disciplines agreed that their work should be freely available to all readers, there were significant differences between disciplines regarding whether scholars had distributed their publications through open access. The survey instrument was examined through Exploratory Factor Analysis.
Early Childhood Pediatric Sleep Concerns for Parents: Cosleeping

Of all the sleep-related challenges in infancy and early childhood, none has generated the attention and controversy as cosleeping has. Rates of cosleeping vary across countries and cultures. While cosleeping is associated with poorer child sleep (measured by overall sleep time, night wakings, etc.), in some studies, recent data derived from a large multinational sample suggest that the earlier observations linking cosleeping with poorer child sleep may not have adequately accounted for the level of parental intervention at bedtime, which significantly impacts child sleep outcome. Cosleeping has also been studied from the perspective of possible sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) association/infant mortality risk, breastfeeding facilitation, and psychological perspectives. The most recent American Academy of Pediatrics Task Force on Infant Positioning and SIDS recommends against bed sharing. Evidence indicates that while cosleeping is less prevalent in the United States compared to predominantly Asian countries, it is increasing, especially among some groups.
Altered transcriptome and disease-related phenotype emerge only after fibroblasts harvested from patients with age-related macular degeneration are differentiated into retinal pigment epithelium.

Abstract We have reported previously that retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) differentiated from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) generated from fibroblasts of patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) exhibit a retinal degenerative disease phenotype and a distinct transcriptome compared to age-matched controls. Since the genetic composition of the iPSC and RPE are inherited from fibroblasts, we investigated whether differential behavior was present in the parental fibroblasts and iPSC prior to differentiation of the cell lines into RPE. Principal component analyses revealed significant overlap (essentially no differences) in the transcriptome of fibroblasts between AMD and controls. After reprogramming, there was no significant difference in the transcriptome of iPSC generated from AMD versus normal donors. In contrast, the transcriptome of RPE derived from iPSC segregated into two distinct clusters of AMD-derived cells versus controls. Interestingly, mitochondrial dysfunction in AMD-derived RPE was evident after approximately two months in culture. Moreover, these differences in mitochondrial dysfunction were not evident in the parental fibroblasts and iPSC. This study demonstrates an altered transcriptome and impaired mitochondrial function in RPE derived from AMD patients versus controls, and demonstrates these differences are not present in the original fibroblasts or iPSC. These results suggest that pathology in AMD is triggered upon differentiation of parent cells into RPE. More study of this phenomenon could advance the current understandings of the etiology of AMD and the development of novel therapeutic targets.
Association of Low-Value Care Exposure With Health Care Experience Ratings Among Patient Panels

Importance Patient reviews of health care experiences are increasingly used for public reporting and alternative payment models. Critics have argued that this incentivizes physicians to provide more care, including low-value care, undermining efforts to reduce wasteful practices. Objective To assess associations between rates of low-value service provision to a primary care professional (PCP) patient panel and patients’ ratings of their health care experiences. Design, Setting, and Participants This quality improvement study used Medicare fee-for-service claims from January 1, 2007, to December 31, 2014, for a random 20% sample of beneficiaries to identify beneficiaries for whom each of 8 low-value services could be ordered but would be considered unnecessary. The study also used health care experience reports from independently sampled beneficiaries who responded to the 2010-2015 Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (CAHPS) Medicare fee-for-service survey. Statistical analysis was performed from January 1, 2019, to December 9, 2020. Main Outcomes and Measures The main outcomes were health care experience ratings from Medicare beneficiaries who responded to the CAHPS survey from 2 domains, namely “Your Health Care in the Last 6 Months” (overall health care, office wait time, timely access to nonurgent care, and timely access to urgent care) and “Your Personal Doctor” (overall personal physician and a composite score for interactions with personal physician). Beneficiaries in both samples were attributed to the PCP with whom they had the most spending. For each PCP, a composite score of low-value service exposure was constructed using the 20% sample; this score represented the adjusted relative propensity of the PCP patient panel to receive low-value care. The association between low-value service exposure and health care experience ratings reported by the CAHPS respondents in the PCP patient panel was estimated using regression analysis. Results The final sample had 100 743 PCPs, with a mean of approximately 258 patients per PCP. Only 1 notable association was found; more low-value care exposure was associated with more frequent reports of having to wait more than 15 minutes after the scheduled time of an appointment (a mean of 0.448 points lower CAHPS score on a 10-point scale for PCP patient panels who received the most low-value care vs the least low-value care). Although some other associations were statistically significant, their magnitudes were substantially smaller than those typically considered meaningful in other CAHPS literature and were inconsistent in direction across levels of low-value service exposure. Conclusions and Relevance This quality improvement study found that more low-value care exposure for a PCP patient panel was not associated with more favorable patient ratings of their health care experiences.
Coastal-Oceanic planktonic distribution of natantia shrimps in the Florida Keys, U.S.A.

As part of the Southeast Florida and Caribbean Recruitment Project (SEFCAR) the taxonomic composition and horizontal distribution of the larval natantia decapods and micronektonic shrimps from the coastal shelf water near Looe Key, Florida was quantitatively described. Plankton samples were collected May 28 and June 1-2, 1989, during cruise CA8906 of the RN Calanus (Lee el al. 1992). The transect off Looe Key was repeated on both legs of the cruise (Yeung and McGowan 1991). The stations were placed across the shelf between 1.7 and 30.6 km from the coast (Fig. 1). Stations 38-40 were made at the same location during a single 24 h period. A multiple opening-closing net, MOCNESS, sampled from the surface to near the bottom with discrete oblique tows at 25 m depth intervals. Five 25 ml aliquots of the total sample were analyzed and the mean of these standardized to n/m2.
Consumerism and the Emergence of the Middle Class in Colonial America

Preface: vivent les revolutions 1. Introduction 2. Consuming contexts 3. Living spaces 4. At table 5. Keeping the shop 6. Legacies of the genteel revolution.
Training Manual on Transport and Fluids

This book presents elementary models of transport in continuous media and a corresponding body of mathematical technique. Physical topics include convection and diffusion as the simplest models of transport; local conservation laws with sources as the general framework of continuum mechanics; ideal fluid as the simplest model of a medium with mass; momentum and energy transport; and finally, free surface waves, in particular, shallow water theory. There is a strong emphasis on dimensional analysis and scaling. Some topics, such as physical similarity and similarity solutions, are traditional. In addition, there are reductions based on scaling, such as incompressible flow as a limit of compressible flow, and shallow water theory derived asymptotically from the full equations of free surface waves. More and deeper examples are presented as problems, including a series of problems that model a tsunami approaching the shore. The problems form an embedded subtext to the book. Each problem is followed by a detailed solution emphasizing process and craftsmanship. The problems express the practice of applied mathematics as the examination and re-examination of simple but essential ideas in many interrelated examples.
Orthotic Use in the Management of Epicondylitis: What is the Evidence?

Management of lateral epicondylitis remains a controversial topic. Use of immobilization for treatment and symptom control is not a new concept. Morris described the primary etiology and symptoms of “tennis elbow” in 1882. He also recognized the importance of immobilizing the arm. Splinting remains a key component of most treatment protocols. Literature on the efficacy of orthotic use alone is difficult to analyze because studies rarely investigate an isolated treatment modality but rather the efficacy of a comprehensive treatment program. With multiple treatment variables to consider, a precise determination of a particular modality is difficult. Therefore, current recommendations for splint use are predominantly based on traditional beliefs and anecdotal experience.
The Life of a Case, State and Federal Court Systems, and Jurisdiction

This document is the revised and updated Chapter 3 of Murray and DeSanctis, Legal Writing and Analysis 2d, scheduled for release in March 2015. Legal Writing and Analysis is an introductory text on legal analysis, reasoning, and objective-predictive legal writing designed for first semester students in JD and LL.M. programs. Chapter 3 introduces students to the progress of civil litigation in the American system from complaint to appeal. It goes on to cover state and federal court systems in the United States, and introduces the concept of the hierarchy of judicial authority relating to the doctrine of precedent. Last, it covers the three uses of the term "jurisdiction" in American law, as a place, as power over persons, and as power over subject matter.
Identification and observation of alkyl proton resonances of the amino-terminal residues of bovine neurophysins. Evidence for conformational differences between neurophysin-I and neurophysin-II.

Analysis of the 220 MHz proton magnetic resonance spectra of bovine neurophysins-I and -II and of the effects of pH and succinylation of these spectra has allowed identification of the -CH3 proton resonances of the amino-terminal alanine of both proteins and of the -CH3 resonances of methionine-2 of neurophysin-II. The alanine -CH3 resonance of neurophysin-I is a sharp doublet at all pH values between 1 and 10.5 indicating relatively few restrictions on its mobility. By contrast, the -CH3 resonances of the amino-terminal alanine and methionine-2 of neurophysin-II undergo pH-dependent changes in broadening compatible with the formation of an intramolecular salt-bridge at neutral pH between the protonated alpha-amino and an unprotonated side chain carboxyl. The results suggest that differeces in the properties of the two proteins are partially mediated by conformational differences involving their amino-terminal sequences. The potential usefulness of the amino-terminal resonances as n.m.r. 'reporter' signals is additionally demonstrated by studies of the effects of spin labels on the neurophysin-I amino-terminal alanine resonance; these studies place the amino-terminus of neurophysin-I approximately 14 A from residue 3 of peptides bound to the strong neurophysin hormone-binding site.
A Smith-Purcell radiation bunch length diagnostic

We present the design of a Smith-Purcell radiation diagnostic to measure the micro bunch length of a 20MeV, 17 GHz electron bunch train. The bunch length can be determined by measuring the frequency and angular distribution of the emitted radiation as proposed by Nguyen (1997) and demonstrated by Doucas et al. (2002). The beam is produced by a 17 GHz, 50 MeV/m traveling wave (TW) accelerator built by Haimson Research Corporation (HRC). The high operating frequency of this accelerator allows for the production of ultrashort bunches of about 180 femtoseconds. We present detailed calculations of the optimization of the experimental system and of the expected bunch length resolution.
Reversible Inactivation of Thiaminase I of Bacillus thiaminolyticus by Its Primary Substrate, Thiamine

Thiaminase I of Bacillus thiaminolyticus is reversibly inactivated when it is incubated with its primary substrate, thiamine, or with one of several structural analogues of thiamine in the absence of an acceptor base. The inactivation reaction is pH and temperature dependent and is stochiometric with respect to thiamine and thiaminase I concentrations. One molecule of thiamine is cleaved for each molecule of enzyme inactivated. Inactivation is prevented or reversed by sulfhydryl-reducing agents. Active or reactivated thiaminase I migrate as a single band in polyacrylamide electrophoresis gels. Inactive thiaminase I appears to migrate as two separate bands. Active, inactive, and reactivated thiaminase I are immunologically similar. A possible mechanism for the inactivation of thiaminase I by its substrate is discussed.
Stem Cells from Early Mammalian Embryos

Early mammalian embryonic development is characterized by the existence of pluripotent or multipotent cell populations that are present for limited periods of time during lineage specification and cellular differentiation. In addition to the pluripotent embryonic stem cell lines that can be derived from the epiblast lineage of the inner cell mass of the blastocyst, stem cell lines have now been derived from the trophectoderm layer, the primitive endoderm, and the postimplantation epiblast, as well as from the primordial germ cells. These stem cell lines generally have the developmental potential and characteristics corresponding to their tissue of origin and the conditions for their derivation reflect the intrinsic genetic programs of lineage specification and differentiation. The extensive investigation of mouse embryo-derived stem cell lines has paved the way for therapeutic applications of stem cells. The derivation of pluripotent stem cells from human embryos as well as the development of induced pluripotent stem cell lines from non-embryo sources brings widespread application of stem cell-based therapies closer to reality.
Chronic Ulcerative Jejunitis: Report of a case and discussion of classification

Recurring ulceration and strictures of the upper jejunum were accompanied by a malabsorption syndrome in this patient. Resection of strictures on two occasions resulted in clinical remissions and survival thus far of 7 years. Previous reports of this syndrome have classified it in two ways—chronic ulcerative jejunitis with secondary malabsorption and celiac sprue with intestinal ulceration. Since it may be impossible to document celiac sprue once ulceration has occurred, it is very difficult to separate these two classifications. We would suggest a single classification of "chronic ulcerative jejunitis." This patient's course is unusual in the development of multiple strictures, the good response to surgical excision, and the long survival.
Rapid Dendritic Morphogenesis in CA1 Hippocampal Dendrites Induced by Synaptic Activity

Activity shapes the structure of neurons and their circuits. Two-photon imaging of CA1 neurons expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein in developing hippocampal slices from rat brains was used to characterize dendritic morphogenesis in response to synaptic activity. High-frequency focal synaptic stimulation induced a period (longer than 30 minutes) of enhanced growth of small filopodia-like protrusions (typically less than 5 micrometers long). Synaptically evoked growth was long-lasting and localized to dendritic regions close (less than 50 micrometers) to the stimulating electrode and was prevented by blockade of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. Thus, synaptic activation can produce rapid input-specific changes in dendritic structure. Such persistent structural changes could contribute to the development of neural circuitry.
Acute harm: unplanned extubations and cardiopulmonary resuscitation in children and neonates

Dear Editor, Invasive mechanical ventilation is a common therapy used for children and infants in the intensive care unit (ICU). The impact of unplanned extubation (UE) on morbidity and mortality in adults is well described [1, 2]. There remains a paucity of data related to the cardiovascular morbidity associated with UE events in children. Following review and approval by the institutional review board in accordance and compliance with international ethics standards, we performed a retrospective database review of all UE events in patients admitted to the neonatal, pediatric or cardiac ICU at our institution between July 2011 and December 2012. UE was defined as the removal of an endotracheal tube in a mechanically ventilated patient which was not directed or ordered by a licenced independent practitioner. Cardiovascular collapse was defined as the need for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (e.g., external chest compressions) or circulatory dysfunction immediately following the UE event. Patients with tracheostomies were excluded from our analysis. Preliminary data were presented at the Pediatric Academic Societies’ and Asian Society for Pediatric Research Joint Meeting in Denver, Colorado in 2011 [3]. There were 119 UE events involving 95 unique patients, and the UE rate (events/100 ventilator days) was 0.5. Cardiovascular collapse occurred in 24 events (20 %), of which 20 involved initiation of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Four events were characterized by circulatory dysfunction requiring immediate re-intubation without initiation of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. There was no immediate mortality associated with these events. We compared UE event characteristics stratified by presence or absence of cardiovascular collapse (Table 1). Immediate re-intubation was performed in 75 (63 %) events and was more likely in patients with cardiovascular collapse (p = 0.01). Cardiovascular collapse was more likely in younger patients (p = 0.048). It has been recognized for some time that UE carries with it significant morbidity increasing the risk of nosocomial infection and length of mechanical ventilation and ICU stay [1]. This is the first study that we are aware of that assesses the frequency of cardiovascular morbidity associated with UE in children. While much of the cardiovascular morbidity occurred in our neonatal population, our data suggest that unplanned extubations in critically ill children and neonates can lead to previously unrecognized morbidity. Despite recent advances in cardiopulmonary resuscitation and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, in-hospital cardiac arrest portends poor outcomes with survival to discharge rates hovering around 25 % [4]. Our study is limited by the lack of long-term followup data to assess the impact of UE on mortality. However, our data do suggest there is potential for increased mortality associated with UE events. In conclusion, the frequency of cardiovascular morbidity in children
high power double magnetic resonance investigation of collagen backbone motion in fibrils and in solution

Abstract 13 C 1 H high power double magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to investigate the mobility of the collagen peptide backbone. [1-13C]- and [2-13C]-glycine-labeled collagen samples (with >50% enrichment in 13C) were prepared via chick calvaria culture. 13C n.m.r. † spectra of labeled reconstituted collagen fibrils, of labeled helical collagen in solution, and of unlabeled bovine Achilles tendon collagen were obtained with scalar decoupling and with dipolar decoupling of protons. Proton-enhanced spectra were also obtained using cross-polarization techniques. n.m.r. parameters (linewidths, lineshapes, T1 values, nuclear Overhauser enhancements, and cross polarization enhancements) were measured for the labeled samples and for collagen in natural abundance. Comparison of 13C n.m.r. parameters for bovine Achilles tendon fibrils and for reconstituted chick calvaria collagen fibrils established that chick calvaria collagen is a good model for the molecular dynamics of collagen in vivo. Spin-lattice relaxation times and nuclear Overhauser enhancements for [1-13C]- and [2-13C]glycine-labeled collagen indicated that R1 ~2 × 107 s−1 in solution, where R1 is the diffusion constant for reorientation about the long axis of the molecule. A substantially smaller value for R1 (2.6 × 106 s−1) was calculated for an axially symmetric ellipsoid of revolution having dimensions appropriate to the collagen helix. The discrepancy between the rigid ellipsoid and n.m.r. values of R1 suggests that the collagen molecule undergoes torsional reorientation, as well as rod-like reorientation, about its long axis. The T1 and NOE values measured in the glycine-labeled fibrils show that rapid axial motion (R1 ~ 107 s−1) persists in the fibrillar state. In the collagen fibril the full width of the glycyl carbonyl powder pattern is 103 p.p.m. This value is substantially smaller than the rigid lattice value, 144 p.p.m., which provides further evidence for motion in the fibril. The observed powder pattern is axially asymmetric, which shows that certain azimuthal orientations are energetically preferred in the fibril. Taken together, the n.m.r. data provide strong evidence that rapid reorientation of the helix backbone occurs in the fibrils. This result shows that formation of a fibrillar structure does not require the existence of a unique set of intermolecular interactions at the helical surfaces.
Classically Radiationless Motions and Possible Implications for Quantum Theory

A simple general criterion is developed, using the retarded potentials of classical electromagnetic theory, for absence of radiation from arbitrary time-periodic charge-current distributions. The criterion is applied to rigid finitely extended distributions of charge which may undergo orbital motion with period $T$. It is found that, for this type of distribution, the condition for no radiation is that the extent $b$ of the distribution be an integer multiple of $\mathrm{cT}$. Some of these distributions may spin while orbiting. There exists at least one asymmetric spinning distribution which doesn't radiate under this condition; for this distribution, the (constant) spin angular velocity must be proportional to an integer \ensuremath{\ge}0 times $\frac{c}{b}$. This leads to the result that that part of the total (electromagnetic) angular momentum which is associated with the spin angular velocity must be an integer \ensuremath{\ge}0 times $\frac{{e}^{2}}{c}$ times a numerical constant whose value depends on the details of the distribution. It is shown that, when such nonradiating distributions are considered as stable particles, there exists an intrinsic uncertainty relation of the same form and with almost the same meaning as that of quantum theory.
N Retention in Urbanizing Headwater Catchments

Urbanization can potentially alter watershed nitrogen (N) retention via combined changes in N loading, water runoff, and N processing potential. We examined N export and retention for two headwater catchments ( 4k m 2 ) of contrasting land use (16% vs. 79% urban) in the Plum Island Ecosystem (PIE-LTER) watershed, MA. The study period included a dry year (2001–2002 water year) and a wet year (2002–2003 water year). We generalized results by comparing dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) concentrations from 16 additional headwater catchments (0.6–4.2 km 2 ) across a range of urbanization (6–90%). Water runoff was 25– 40% higher in the urban compared to the forested catchment, corresponding with an increased proportion of impervious surfaces (25% vs. 8%). Estimated N loading was 45% higher and N flux 6.5 times higher in the urban than in the forested catchment. N retention (1 ) measured stream export / estimated loading) was 65–85% in the urban site and 93–97% in the forested site, with lower retention rates during the wetter year. The mechanisms by which N retention stays relatively high in urban systems are poorly known. We show that N retention is related to the amount of impervious surface in a catchment because of associated changes in N loading (maximized at moderate levels of imperviousness), runoff (which continues to increase with imperviousness), and biological processes that retain N. Continued declines in N retention due to urbanization have important negative implications for downstream aquatic systems including the coastal zone.
Gel filtration studies of the rate of dissociation of hemerythrin

Abstract The reaction rate of p -mercuribenzoate with the sulfhydryl groups in hemerythrin was studied and compared with the rate of dissociation of this protein into its subunits by Sephadex gel chromatography. The data indicated that the reaction is more rapid than the dissociation. Therefore, at every step of the reaction some amount of undissociated octameric species must exist whose sulfhydryl groups have been complexed with the mercurial. This finding is not in agreement with the dissociation model previously proposed to explain the “all-or-none” behavior of the sulfhydryl groups in hemerythrin.
Mono- and digalactosyldiacylglycerol composition of dinoflagellates. I. Peridinin-containing taxa

Two glycolipids, monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG), are components of chloroplast membranes. This study addresses the lack of information regarding the major intact forms of these glycolipids in photosynthetic dinoflagellates through the use of a full-scan positive-ion electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry (ESI/MS) survey of MGDG and DGDG in 35 peridinin-containing taxa from the class Dinophyceae. Further analysis using positive-ion electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (ESI/MS/MS) was performed to determine the positional distribution of fatty acids associated with MGDG and DGDG. The dinoflagellates examined were divided into two clusters based on the forms of MGDG and DGDG present. The first possessed 18:5/18:4 MGDG (sn-1/sn-2), 18:5/18:5 MGDG, 18:4/18:4 DGDG, and 18:5/18:4 DGDG as major forms, and the second possessed 20:5/18:4 MGDG, 20:5/18:5 MGDG, 20:5/18:4 DGDG, and 20:5/18:5 DGDG as major forms. The differentiation between C18/C18 an...
Economics of health care reform

Several economic points require consideration when assessing the current cost of health care in the United States and the potential savings from proposed reforms. Most savings projections are based on assumptions and estimates that cannot be accurate under the best of circumstances, and the error in the final results is greatly compounded by even small errors in the initial estimates. Experience with health care programs worldwide, including our own Medicare program, has shown that final costs are usually much larger--often several times larger--than initial estimates. It is even more difficult to predict the behavior of the population under a system that does not yet exist, and it is not clear whether a system such as the Jackson Hole Plan will actually produce savings. The effect of our political system will have on any health system enacted through legislation must also be considered. The political process itself frequently results in more benefits rather than fewer, more regulation rather than less, and the shifting of costs to other sectors of the economy to minimize costs in the health sector. When presented with projections and predictions in health care planning, we must critically examine the initial assumptions, knowing that errors in these assumptions will magnify errors in the final results.
Construction and initial validation of the Marianismo Beliefs Scale

This study reports the development and validation of the Marianismo Beliefs Scale (MBS). The MBS consists of five subscales that assess the extent to which a Latina believes she should enculturate and practice the cultural values that comprise the construct of marianismo. The results support the MBS's validity in the selection of the factors based upon an exploratory factor analysis and discriminant validity through examining the relationship of the factors with other established measures. A confirmatory factor analysis provided evidence that marianismo is a multidimensional construct.
Give me an intron: any intron

In this issue of Blood , Yuan et al provide evidence that processing of the first intronic sequence within the von Willebrand factor (vWF) gene facilitates expression by endothelial cells regardless of the source of the intron, while intron processing is irrelevant for vWF expression by