cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sexual harassment as unethical behavior: the role of moral intensity

Abstract This article examines sexual harassment phenomena from an ethical perspective. Specifically, it argues that sexual harassment may occur less frequently if actors are encouraged to regard sexually harassing behavior as involving a moral component. Jones' work on moral intensity is used to describe reasons why, given the nature of sexual harassment phenomena, actors often may not recognize the moral aspects of harassing behavior. Finally, the implications of this perspective for the prevention of sexual harassment are discussed.
713 AGE OF INTRODUCTION OF SOLID FOODS (<2 MONTHS) AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH ENERGY INTAKE AND ADIPOSITY DURING THE FIRST 3 YEARS OF LIFE

The age of introduction of solid foods and its effect on energy intake, growth and adiposity during the first 3 years of life were studied in 92 healthy male infants from the Greater Philadelphia area. The first solid foods introduced to infant diets were cereals (70%), fruits (4%), and a combination of cereals and fruits (26%). Solids were started by 2 months of age in 48% of infants, by 4 months in 89% and by 6 months in 99%. The age of introduction to solids was decided with basis on physicians' recommendation (39%), mothers' decision (38%), relatives' advice (11%), and other factors (12%). Infants introduced to solids by 2 months of age as compared to others introduced to solid foods after 2 months had: 1) higher but not statistically significant energy intake at 6, 12 and 18 months of age; 2) higher energy intake at 36 months (mean ± SEM 1585 ± 93 vs. 1375 ± 95 Kcal/day, p < 0.1); 3) greater triceps (8.2 ± 0.4 vs. 7.4 ± 1.1, p<0.05) and sum of 5 skinfold thickness (27.9 ± 0.3 vs. 25.3 ± 1.5 mm, p< 0.05 at 36 months. Fat cell diameter measured during the first year of life and other anthropometries (weight, height, head circumference, weight/height) measured at 6, 12, 18, and 36 months of age were not influenced by the age of introduction of solids. This study reveals that early initiation of solids (< 2 months) is associated with higher energy intake and greater adiposity at 3 years of age and that the present AAP recommendation for late initiation of solids into infants' diets needs to be more effectively reinforced by health professionals.
Effects of fear and causal attribution about alcoholism on drinking and related attitudes among heavy and moderate social drinkers

Based on the fear appeal literature, it was predicted that a fear-arousing message opposing alcohol abuse would be more effective when it attributed alcoholism to maladaptive learning than when alcoholism was attributed to an incurable disease, while with a low fear message these causal attributions might have opposite effects. While this prediction was supported for adaptive attitudes and intentions to reduce drinking, especially for heavy social drinkers, none of the experimental messages produced any reduction in actual daily drinking among either heavy or moderate drinkers, the two groups included in this experiment. It was also found that the high fear messages, and to a lesser extent the low fear messages, greatly reduced the normally positive correlation (observed in the control group) between intentions to reduce drinking and actual drinking reduction (throughout a 1-month follow-up period). The possibility that the fear messages may have undermined subjects' expectations about coping with the danger of alcoholism, and the practical implications of these findings are discussed.
Delay to Reconstruction of the Adolescent Anterior Cruciate Ligament: The Socioeconomic Impact on Treatment.

Background:A delay in pediatric and adolescent anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is associated with an increase in the number of concomitant meniscal and chondral injuries. Factors th...
Full-text indexing for optimizing selection operations in large-scale data analytics

MapReduce, especially the Hadoop open-source implementation, has recently emerged as a popular framework for large-scale data analytics. Given the explosion of unstructured data begotten by social media and other web-based applications, we take the position that any modern analytics platform must support operations on free-text fields as first-class citizens. Toward this end, this paper addresses one inefficient aspect of Hadoop-based processing: the need to perform a full scan of the entire dataset, even in cases where it is clearly not necessary to do so. We show that it is possible to leverage a full-text index to optimize selection operations on text fields within records. The idea is simple and intuitive: the full-text index informs the Hadoop execution engine which compressed data blocks contain query terms of interest, and only those data blocks are decompressed and scanned. Experiments with a proof of concept show moderate improvements in end-to-end query running times and substantial savings in terms of cumulative processing time at the worker nodes. We present an analytical model and discuss a number of interesting challenges: some operational, others research in nature.
Public health assessment of hexachlorobenzene

Recently, hexachlorobenzene (HCB) was proposed for inclusion in the system of toxicity equivalency factors (TEFs) currently used for dioxin-like compounds. In this paper, we explore the practical implications of the proposition to the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) programs by comparing respective health guidance values for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and HCB (expressed as total toxicity equivalents [TEQs]), reviewing possible interactions between HCB and dioxin-like chemicals, and by providing information on actual co-existence of HCB and dioxin-like chemicals at hazardous waste sites. We found a good correlation between the TEF-adjusted oral exposure guidance values for HCB and guidance values for TCDD. The combination of HCB and other dioxin-like compounds was not found in soil, air, or water media at hazardous waste sites. Based on this fact, it is not necessary to include HCB in the total TEQ count at hazardous waste sites at this time.
The Association between Non-Medical Prescription Drug Use and Suicidal Behavior among United States Adolescents

Adolescence represents a vulnerable time for the development of both drug use/abuse and mental illness. Although previous research has substantiated a relationship between drug use and suicidal behavior, little research has examined this relationship with non-medical prescription drug use. Given the growing prevalence of non-medical prescription drug use (NMPDU) among adolescents, this study explored the association between NMPDU and suicidal behavior. Nationally representative data were derived from 16, 410 adolescents who completed the 2009 National Youth Risk Behavior Survey. Approximately 19.8% of participants reported lifetime NMPDU. NMPDU was associated with significantly increased odds of suicidal behavior (P < 0.01), with seriously considering attempting suicide and making a plan about attempting suicide representing the strongest correlates for males and females. Results suggest the importance of 1) continued reinforcement of drug education programs in high school begun at earlier ages and 2) mental health care and screenings among adolescents.
Nature and transport of the iodinated substances of the blood of normal subjects and of patients with thyroid disease.

FOR many years various observers, notably Plummer (1), have entertained the attractive idea that abnormal compounds of iodine might account for some of the features of Graves' disease and of the thyrotoxicosis of nodular goiter. The term “dysthyroidism” has been used to convey this idea. Thyroxine is well known to be the dominant iodinated component of the blood of the normal subject (2, 3, 4). Recently 3-5-3′- triiodothyronine has also been demonstrated in the peripheral blood of normal subjects (5). However, no other iodinated compound has been identified in the blood of man, except after heavy radiation. The iodinated organic components of the blood are closely associated with plasma protein. They are precipitated with the protein and may readily be extracted from plasma with butanol. In addition, blood contains a small amount of inorganic iodide. Gordon, Gross, O'Connor and Pitt-Rivers (6) fractionated the proteins of serum by the method of paper electrophoresis and demonstrated not only that thyroxin...
Sub-Diffraction Limit Three Dimensional Particle Tracking Velocimetry

Here we present an optical measurement technique and image analysis process capable of tracking particles in three dimensions with a single point of view. In addition to single view 3D-PTV, the optical system is capable of tracking individual particles even at particle-particle spacings that are closer then the diffraction limit of the base imaging system.The measurement system, termed Bessel Beam Microscopy (BBM), functions as an attachment for a microscope that fits between the microscope base and camera. The addition of the BBM attachment transforms the point spread function (PSF) of the microscope allowing two unique functions: single image superresolution imaging, and the extraction of three dimension location information of particles without calibration.The result is a fluid characterization tool with unique capabilities for velocimetry and characterization of the dynamics of dense fluid-particle suspensions.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Structural Changes and Transitional Behavior Studied from Both Micro- and Macroscale in the High-Energy Electron-Irradiated Poly(vinylidene fluoride−trifluoroethylene) Copolymer

The microstructural changes in high-energy electron-irradiated poly(vinylidene fluoride−trifluoroethylene) 68/32 mol % copolymer have been studied by X-ray diffraction, FTIR spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry. The macroscopic polarization response in these materials was investigated by examining the dielectric and polarization behavior in a broad temperature and frequency range. It was found that besides reducing crystallinity in the copolymer film, irradiation produces significant changes in the ferroelectric-to-paraelectric phase transition behavior. The irradiation leads to a reduction in the polar domain size to below a critical size (a few nanometers), resulting in the instability of the macroscopic ferroelectric state and transforming the structure of the crystalline region in the copolymer from a polar all-trans ferroelectric to a nonpolar state represented by a trans−gauche conformation. However, a reentrant polarization hysteresis was observed in the copolymers irradiated with hi...
Infrared thermal measurements of laser soft tissue ablation as a function of air/water coolant for Nd:YAG and diode lasers

The purpose of this investigation was to measure the maximum temperature at the Nd:YAG and Diode lasers fiberoptic tips as a function of air/water coolant, during soft tissue ablation in pig jaws. A pulsed Nd:YAG laser (1064nm) and a Diode laser (800-830 nm) were used varying parameters of power, conditioning or not of the fiber tip, under 4 settings of air/water coolant. The maximum temperature at the fiber tip was measured using an infra-red camera and the interaction of the fiber with the porcine soft tissue was evaluated. A two-factor ANOVA was used for statistical analysis (p≤0.05). Nd:YAG laser interaction with soft tissues produced temperatures levels directly proportional to power increase, but the conditioning of the fiber tip did not influence the temperature rise. On the other hand, conditioning of the fiber tip did influence the temperature rise for Diode laser. The addition of air/water coolant, for both lasers, did not promote temperature rise consistent with cutting and coagulation of porcine soft tissue. Laser parameters affect the fiberoptic surface temperature, and the addition of air/water coolant significantly lowered surface temperature on the fiberoptic tip for all lasers and parameters tested.
NADP-Specific glutamate dehydrogenase in Metridium senile (L.)

1. 1. An NADP-specitic glutamate dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.4.1.4) of mitochondrial origin has been detected in M. senile, a sea anemone. 2. 2. Substrate specificity and starch gel electrophoresis experiments indicated an absence of the NAD(P) glutamate dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.4.1.3). 3. 3. This NADP specific GDH activity appears to be the sole GDH activity in species of the animal phylum Coelenterata.
An experimental and numerical study on the global and detailed kinetics of premixed and nonpremixed flames of chloromethane, methane, oxygen and nitrogen

A comprehensive experimental and numerical study has been conducted on the global flame characteristics and detailed oxidation kinetics of both premixed and nonpremixed flames of chloromethane, methane, oxygen and nitrogen. The experimental phase involves the determination of the laminar burning velocities of premixed flames and of the extinction stretch rates of nonpremixed flames in the counterflow configuration. The experimental results demonstrate and quantify the significant reduction in the burning intensities of these flames with increasing chlorine content. Together with those in the literature, they are then compared with the numerically calculated values obtained with detailed kinetic schemes and transport descriptions. These comparisons, while being fair in most situations, also indicate inadequacies in the existing chlorine-related kinetic sub-mechanisms and/or transport descriptions. As such, the calculated results show a weaker burning intensity than observed and the peaking of the laminar burning velocity on the rich instead of the lean side of stoichiometry. The calculated species profiles within the flame structure allow further identification of the role of the chlorinated species in the flame response, including an increase in the formation of higher-order hydrocarbons indicating a strong tendency to form soot. Finally, based on a one-step overall reaction interpretation, the influences of chlorine content on the responses of premixed and nonpremixed flames are found to be similar.
Experimental Investigation of Pion Electroproduction

Measurements of the totel cross section for the processes e + p yields e' + n + pi /sup +/ and e + p yields e' + p + pi /sup 0/ are reported for a wide range of center-of-mass energies and momentum transfers extending above the first pionnucleon resonance and to momentum transfers of 20 F/sup -2/. Only the final electron is observed in this experiment. Results are analyzed in terms of nucleon form factors using experimental pion-nucleon phase shifts and the theory of Fubini, Nambu, and Wataghin. In general, the data seem consistent with current picture of nucleon structure, except for a preference for a negative rather than positive neutron-electric form factor, G/sub En/. It is demonstrated from the electron angular distribution for constant momentum transfer and constant center-of-mass energy that pion electroproduction does in fact occur primarily through transverse currents. The general form of the separation into transverse and scalar photons for inelastic or elastic electron scattering is discussed. In addition, an approximate formula for the background process of wide-angle bremsstrahlung is quoted which appears to be accurate to 1--2% over a very wide range of electron and photon energies when compared to a numerical computation bymore » a digital computer. (auth)« less
AC-DC difference measurements on thermal voltage converters at NRC

Two measurement systems are used at the National Research Council (NRC) of Canada to compare the ac-dc transfer differences δ of thermal voltage converters (TVC's). One comparator operates from 25 Hz to 1 MHz, and the other from 50 kHz to 100 MHz. The standards for measurement of δ are groups of multijunction TVC's at low frequency and a calorimetrie TVC at high frequency.
Deuterated organic compounds XXV synthesis of certain deuterated n-undecanes and n-dodecanes

The synthesis of the following n-undecanes and n-dodecanes deuterated in specific positions is described: CH3(CH2)10CD3, CD3(CH2)10CD3, CH3(CD2)10CH3, [CD3(CD2)4)CH2]2, [CD3(CD2)4]2CH2, CD3(CD2)3(CH2)3 (CD2)3CD3, and CD3(CD2)3CH2 CD2CH2(CD2)3CD3. The following new intermediates were prepared in the course of these syntheses: CCl3CD2CD = CDCD2CN, CCl3CD2CD = CDCD2CO2H, CCl3CD2CD = CDCD2CO2C2H5, CCl3(CD2)4CO2C2H5, CH3(CD2)4CO2C2H5, CD3(CD2)4CO2C2H5, CH3(CD2)4CO2C2H5, CH3(CD2)4CD2OH, CH3(CD)4C2D2Br, CD3(CD2)4CO2D, [CD3(CD2)4]2CO, [CD3(CD2)4]2CHOH, [CD3(CD2)4]2CHBr, [CD3(CD2)3CH2]2CO, [CD3(CD2)3CH2]2CDOH, [CD3(CD2)3CH2]2CDBr, [CD3(CD2)3CH2]2CHOH, [CD3(CD2)3CH2]2CHBr.
Novel regulation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 24-hydroxylase (24(OH)ase) transcription by glucocorticoids: Cooperative effects of the glucocorticoid receptor, C/EBPβ, and the vitamin D receptor in 24(OH)ase transcription

Glucocorticoid-induced bone loss has been proposed to involve direct effects on bone cells as well as alterations in calcium absorption and excretion. Since vitamin D is important for the maintenance of calcium homeostasis, in the present study the effects of glucocorticoids on vitamin D metabolism through the expression of 24(OH)ase, an enzyme involved in the catabolism of 1,25(OH)2D3, were examined. Injection of vitamin D replete mice with dexamethasone (dex) resulted in a significant induction in 24(OH)ase mRNA in kidney, indicating a regulatory effect of glucocorticoids on vitamin D metabolism. Whether glucocorticoids can affect 24(OH)ase transcription is not known. Here we demonstrate for the first time a glucocorticoid receptor (GR) dependent enhancement of 1,25(OH)2D3-induced 24(OH)ase transcription. Dex treatment of GR and vitamin D receptor (VDR) transfected COS-7 cells and dex treatment of osteoblastic cells (in which VDR and GR are present endogenously) potentiated 1,25(OH)2D3-induced 24(OH)ase transcription. In addition, GR was found to cooperate with C/EBPβ to enhance VDR-mediated 24(OH)ase transcription. Using the rat 24(OH)ase promoter with the C/EBP site mutated, GR-mediated potentiation of 1,25(OH)2D3-induced 24(OH)ase transcription was inhibited. Immunoprecipitation indicated that that GR can interact with C/EBPβ and ChIP/re-ChIP analysis showed that C/EBPβ and GR bind simultaneously to the 24(OH)ase promoter. These findings indicate a novel mechanism whereby glucocorticoids can alter VDR-mediated 24(OH)ase transcription through functional cooperation between C/EBPβ and GR that results in an enhanced ability of C/EBPβ to cooperate with VDR in the regulation of 24(OH)ase. J. Cell. Biochem. 110: 1314–1323, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Menazon as a systemic insecticide in cattle.

Menazon® (S-(4,6-diamino- s -triazin-2-yl) methyl O,O -dimethyl phosphorodithioate) induced high levels of cattle grub control through systemic action. Lower limits of the effective dosage range were not established. Six successive daily rations of Menazon-fortified feed at dosage levels of 10 mg./kg./day gave complete control of larvae prior to encystment in three 350-pound Hereford calves. Topical applications of 1.5% spray to three similar animals were equally effective. Single oral doses of 25 mg./kg. and above proved toxic in young dairy calves while doses of 15 mg./kg. had no effect other than marked depression of erythrocyte cholinesterase activity. Topical application of Menazon in concentrations as high as 5% produced no side effects other than cholinesterase depression. When fed at the level of 10 mg./kg./day toxic reactions were not observed until after 4 to 5 days in young dairy calves and did not appear at all after six daily treatments of three 350-pound beef calves.
Lower Thoracic Spinal Cord Stimulation to Restore Cough in Patients With Spinal Cord Injury: Results of a National Institutes of Health-Sponsored Clinical Trial. Part II: Clinical Outcomes

Abstract DiMarco AF, Kowalski KE, Geertman RT, Hromyak DR, Frost FS, Creasey GH, Nemunaitis GA. Lower thoracic spinal cord stimulation to restore cough in patients with spinal cord injury: results of a National Institutes of Health–sponsored clinical trial. Part II: clinical outcomes. Objective To evaluate the clinical effects of spinal cord stimulation (SCS) to restore cough in subjects with cervical spinal cord injury. Design Clinical trial assessing the clinical outcomes and side effects associated with the cough system. Setting Outpatient hospital or residence. Participants Subjects (N=9; 8 men, 1 woman) with cervical spinal cord injury. Interventions SCS was performed at home by either the subjects themselves or caregivers on a chronic basis and as needed for secretion management. Main Outcome Measures Ease in raising secretions, requirement for trained caregiver support related to secretion management, and incidence of acute respiratory tract infections. Results The degree of difficulty in raising secretions improved markedly, and the need for alternative methods of secretion removal was virtually eliminated. Subject life quality related to respiratory care improved, with subjects reporting greater control of breathing problems and enhanced mobility. The incidence of acute respiratory tract infections fell from 2.0±0.5 to 0.7±0.4 events/subject year ( P P Conclusions Restoration of cough via SCS is safe and efficacious. This method improves life quality and has the potential to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with recurrent respiratory tract infections in this patient population.
Drosophila mitochondrial DNA: conserved sequences in the A + T-rich region and supporting evidence for a secondary structure model of the small ribosomal RNA.

The sequence of a segment of theDrosophila virilis mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) molecule that contains the A+T-rich region, the small rRNA gene, the tRNAf-met, tRNAgln, and tRNAile genes, and portions of the ND2 and tRNAval genes is presented and compared with the corresponding segment of theD. yakuba mtDNA molecule. The A+T-rich regions ofD. virilis andD. yakuba contain two correspondingly located sequences of 49 and 276/274 nucleotides that appear to have been conserved during evolution. In each species the replication origin of the mtDNA molecule is calculated to lie within a region that overlaps the larger conserved sequence, and within this overlap is found a potential hairpin structure. Substitutions between the larger conserved sequences of the A+T-rich regions, the small mt-rRNA genes, and the ND2 genes are biased in favor of transversions, 71–97% of which are A↮T changes. There is a 13.8 times higher frequency of nucleotide differences between the 5′ halves than between the 3′ halves of theD. virilis andD. yakuba small mt-rRNA genes. Considerations of the effects of observed substitutions and deletion/insertions on possible nucleotide pairing within the small mt-rRNA genes ofD. virilis andD. yakuba strongly support the secondary structure model for theDrosophila small mt-rRNA that we previously proposed.
Multiphonon absorption in ionic crystals

Calculations of the frequency and temperature dependence of infrared multiphonon absorption for the alkali halides and alkaline-earth flourides are compared with previously published data and some new results. The temperature dependence of the infrared absorption of pure crystals of NaF, NaCl, and KCl at 10.6 \ensuremath{\mu}m from room temperature to close to the melting point are reported. The calculations are based upon a simple approach involving and interatomic Morse-potential function in which lattice dispersion is introduced via a multiphonon frequency distribution. Good agreement between experiment and theory is obtained in which the "observed" lattice density-of-states and thermal-expansion-coefficient data (which determine the degree of anharmonicity) are the principal input to the calculations. Some structure in the multiphonon spectrum is predicted for some compounds at low temperatures, which has not yet been observed expermentally. Since the Morse potential has an exact quantum-mechanical solution, the anharmonicity is contained in the calculations without resorting to perturbation theory.
Chemical mechanism of the fructose-6-phosphate,2-kinase reaction from the pH dependence of kinetic parameters of site-directed mutants of active site basic residues

A bifunctional enzyme, fructose-6-phosphate 2-kinase−fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase, catalyzes synthesis and degradation of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate. Mutants of basic residues, including Lys51, Arg78, Arg79, Arg136, Lys172, and Arg193, immediately around the active site of rat testis fructose 6-P,2-kinase were constructed, and their steady state kinetics, ATP binding, and the effect of pH on the kinetics were characterized. All mutants showed a several-fold increase in KMgATP, much larger increases in KFru 6-P, and decreased V compared to those of the wild type enzyme (WT). Replacement of Lys172 and Arg193 with Ala and Leu, respectively, also produced mutants with large KFru 6-P values. Substitution of Lys51, which is located in a Walker-A motif (GXXGXGKT, amino acids 45−52), with Ala or His resulted in enzymes with increased KMgATP values and unable to bind Fru 6-P. The dissociation constants for 2‘(3‘)-O-(N-methylanthraniloyl)-ATP (mantATP) and ATP of all these mutants except Lys51 were similar. Lys51 mut...
Evolutionary convergence on sleep loss in cavefish populations

Summary Patterns of sleep vary widely among species [1–4], but the functional and evolutionary principles responsible for this diversity remain unknown. The characin fish, Astyanax mexicanus , has eyed surface and numerous blind cave populations [5]. The cave populations are largely independent in their origins, and the species is ideal for studying the genetic bases of convergent evolution [5–7]. Here we show that this system is also uniquely valuable for the investigation of variability in patterns of sleep. We find that a clearly defined change in ecological conditions, from surface to cave, is correlated with a dramatic reduction in sleep in three independently derived cave populations of A. mexicanus . Analyses of surface × cave hybrids show that the alleles for reduced sleep in the Pachon and Tinaja cave populations are dominant in effect to the surface alleles. Genetic analysis of hybrids between surface and Pachon cavefish suggests that only a small number of loci with dominant effects are involved. Our results demonstrate that sleep is an evolutionarily labile phenotype, highly responsive to changes in ecological conditions. To our knowledge, this is the first example of a single species with a convergence on sleep loss exhibited by several independently evolved populations correlated with population-specific ecologies.
Regionalization of global electromagnetic induction data: a theoretical model

Abstract Systematic differences are noted between those global response functions (Q = I1/E1; W = Z/H ) derived from single observatories and those derived from global averages. Using a simple first-order model to simulate global scale lateral heterogeneities, we argue that reasonable differences in the depth to the conductosphere (d (average) = 400 km in one hemisphere, 600 km in the other) result in significant differences in the response functions at single observatories. These differences appear to be easily resolvable within the expected error-bars of actual observations. At this point it is believed that regional differences in global response parameters can indeed be used to infer large-scale differences in the depth to the conductosphere, providing that systematic biases introduced in data processing and interpretation are minimized.
Phenotype expression time of mutagen-induced 6-thioguanine resistance in Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO/HGPRT system)

Abstract Mutation induction at the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT) locus in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells (referred to as the CHO/HGPRT system) can be quantitated by selection for the phenotype of resistance to 6-thioguanine (TG) under stringently defined conditions. The phenotypic expression time, that is, the time interval after mutagen treatment which is necessary befor all mutant cells are able to express the TG-resistant phenotype, has been found to be 7–9 days in this CHO/HGPRT system when the cells are subcultured every 48 h. Subculture in medium with or without hypoxanthine (HX) utilizing trypsin, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), or ethylene glycol bis( β -aminoethyl ether)- N , N , N ′, N ′-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) for cell removal yields identical results. When subculture at intervals greater than 48 h is employed, a slight lengthening of the expression time is observed. An alternative method to regular subculture has also been achieved by maintaining the cells in a viable, non-dividing state in serum-free medium. This procedure yields a similar time course of phenotypic expression and thus shows that continued cell division is not essential to this expression process. In addition, this observation offers methodology which can significantly reduce the investment of time and money for mutation induction determinations in this mammalian cell gene mutation assay.
Axisymmetric scrape-off plasma transport

The two-dimensional flow of a collision dominated hydrogen scrape-off plasma in an axisymmetric tokamak is examined. This flow is described by a set of equations which contain the dominant terms in a maximal ordering appropriate to high density experimental divertors and reactor scrape-off plasmas. Comparison of the theory to estimates of scrape-off parameters in the Doublet III expanded boundary plasmas suggests that analysis of classical and neoclassical processes alone may be sufficient to predict plasma transport in high density scrape-off plasmas of practical importance.
An expanded binding model for Cys2His2 zinc finger protein–DNA interfaces

Cys(2)His(2) zinc finger (C2H2-ZF) proteins comprise the largest class of eukaryotic transcription factors. The 'canonical model' for C2H2-ZF protein-DNA interaction consists of only four amino acid-nucleotide contacts per zinc finger domain, and this model has been the basis for several efforts for computationally predicting and experimentally designing protein-DNA interfaces. Here, we perform a systematic analysis of structural and experimental binding data and find that, in addition to the canonical contacts, several other amino acid and base pair combinations frequently play a role in C2H2-ZF protein-DNA binding. We suggest an expansion of the canonical C2H2-ZF model to include one to three additional contacts, and show that computational approaches including these additional contacts improve predictions of DNA targets of zinc finger proteins.
Efficient and safe-for-space closure conversion

Modern compilers often implement function calls (or returns) in two steps: first, a “closure” environment is properly installed to provide access for free variables in the target program fragment; second, the control is transferred to the target by a “jump with arguments (for results).” Closure conversion—which decides where and how to represent closures at runtime—is a crucial step in the compilation of functional languages. This paper presents a new algorithm that exploits the use of compile-time control and data-flow information to optimize funtion calls. By extensive closure sharing and allocation by 36% and memory fetches for local and global variables by 43%; and improves the already efficient code generated by an earlier version of the Standard ML of New Jersey compiler by about 17% on a DECstation 5000. Moreover, unlike most other approaches, our new closure-allocation scheme the strong safe-for-space-complexity rule, thus achieving good asymptotic space usage.
Congestion Probability and Traffic Volatility

The primary purpose of this study is to understand better the roadway performance and the conditions that trigger congestion. Incidents of recurrent congestion were encountered at a location on New Hampshire Interstate 93 northbound, where radar measurements of speed were continuously recorded from April through November 2010. The root cause for the onset of congestion, both recurrent and nonrecurrent, is impossible to discern and explain by using exploratory data analyses alone; the data are too noisy. A time series modeling approach suggests that the magnitude of traffic flow and volatility, measured as the second (variance) and third (skewness) moments of flow residuals, can explain the triggering of congestion events for a highly variable environment that changes time by the time and day. The approach includes two types of mathematical models: generalized additive binomial probability models for roadway congestion that use functions of traffic flow and volatility as explanatory variables and functiona...
SURFACE AND BULK CARBURIZATION OF TUNGSTEN SINGLE CRYSTALS.

Abstract The initial phases of high temperature ( T >2000°K) carburization of oriented tungsten single crystals by hydrocarbons at low pressures (10 −8 −10 −2 torr) is examined with LEED, X-ray diffraction and optical microscopy. Results utilizing a variety of single crystal orientations (and a polycrystalline foil sample) confirm the main result of a preliminary report: all surfaces are initially quite reactive toward the decomposition of the hydrocarbons used (methane, cyclopropane), but only the two most densely packed faces, W(110) and W(100), form stable surface structures which are extremely resistant to further bulk corrosion. The stable carburized surface structures on the (100) and (110) surfaces are interpreted as coincidence lattices with the densely packed basal plane of α-ditungsten carbide parallel to the original W( hkl ) surface. X-ray diffraction measurements from bulk W 2 C formed on these surfaces at the highest pressures (10 −3 −10 −2 torr) indicate that in the bulk W 2 C, the predominant orientation is a relatively “open” plane, W 2 C(10.1), exactly parallel to the original W( hkl ). Optical microscopy reveals that eventually a roughly constant density of 5−10 × 10 5 crystallites cm 2 of the bulk corrosion product, W 2 C, forms on all surfaces (including a polycrystalline foil) except the two stable surfaces, W(100) and W(110). The difference in reactivity of the carburized surface structures on the W(100) and W(110) versus all other samples is attributed to a very incomplete thermal accommodation of the incoming hydrocarbon molecules by the former structures.
FLOW REGIME CHARACTERISTICS IN COCURRENT BUBBLE COLUMN REACTORS

In bubble column reactors, flow regime characteristics significantly influence hydrodynamic and transport phenomena. It is shown that the boundary between the bubble flow and the churn turbulent flow regimes can be predicted analytically. Analytical solutions for both coalescing and non-coalescing liquids are presented. The validity of the analytical expressions is illustrated by comparing the calculated values of the transition velocities to the observed ones in the literature. Finally, the limitations of this technique are pointed out.
Nanolayer Reinforcement of Elastomeric Polyurethane

The first examples of thermoset polyurethane−clay nanocomposites have been prepared by curing a polyurethane network in the presence of alkylammonium-exchanged forms of montmorillonite. A unique stress−strain behavior was observed for the elastomeric nanocomposites. The reinforcement effects of the silicate nanolayers not only greatly improved the tensile properties of the matrix but the strain-at-break also increased with increasing clay loading. Thus, nanocomposite formation both strengthens and toughens the elastomeric matrix compared to the pristine polymer.
Equilibrium electrostatic effects on the behavior of polyions in solution: polyion-mobile ion interaction

Abstract The effects of the polyion-mobile ion electrostatic interaction on the dynamic behavior of the polyions is qualitatively determined for dilute polyelectrolytic solutions at thermodynamic equilibrium. We describe the motion of the polyions using a modified form of the Langevin equation to include the effects of the electrostatic field. The polyion diffusion coefficient is shown to be increased by this interaction and rough calculations indicate that this increase may be significant (≈10%). A computer simulation technique, similar to the molecular dynamics method, is proposed for a quantitative study of this effect.
Stability of a class of lumped-distributed systems☆

Abstract Conditions for bounded input-bounded output stability are determined for lumped-distributed systems whose transfer functions are functions of s, √s, and e√Ts. Several interesting results are obtained. First, it is shown that the single-valued case is merely a special case of the multivalued transfer function. We also show that it is not suitable to consider stability in terms of poles and residues in the s-plane when the transfer function is multivalued; only when the transfer function is single-valued. In the multivalued case one must consider the poles and zeros in the √s plane. It is illustrated that the root-locus for the multivalued case is usually easier to plot in the √s plane. Finally, an interesting relationship is given between the transient response of lumped systems with transfer function B(s) and the transient response of distributed systems with transfer function B(√s).
Preservation of stability under system perturbations in nonlinear control: a simple characterization

Abstract A simple characterization of the perturbations a nonlinear closed-loop control system can tolerate before losing its stability is derived. The characterization is given in purely algebraic terms, with the topological aspects being automatically incorporated through the theory of fraction representations of nonlinear systems. The implications of system perturbations on internal stability are also discussed. The presentation is for the case of discrete-time nonlinear systems.
Synthesis of carbon with bimodal porosity by simultaneous polymerization of furfuryl alcohol and phloroglucinol

Abstract Carbon materials with bimodal porosity have shown enhanced performance in a wide variety of applications including catalysis, energy storage and fluid separation. Presence of mesoporosity is essential to lower the mass transfer limitation imposed by the microporous nature of the carbons. The synthesis approaches used to prepare bimodal carbons with controlled micro/mesopore size and narrow pore size distribution, usually involve multi step processes and the use of harsh chemicals and solvents. Herein, we present a simple one step method that can be used to synthesize carbon with bimodal pore size distribution. Simultaneous polymerization of furfuryl alcohol and phloroglucinol-formaldehyde in the presence of a structure-directing agent (Pluronic F-127) was carried out and the resultant polymer was pyrolyzed to yield the bimodal carbon. Effect of polymerization conditions such as concentrations of monomer, initiator and surfactant on the bimodal pore size distribution of the carbon was studied in detail. Pyrolyzed precursors form carbons with narrow mean micropore size of 0.5 nm and mean mesopores ranging from 3.5 to 6 nm. The range of the mesopore size could be altered by varying the polymerization parameters (acid and surfactant concentration) as well as selective oxidation using CO 2 gas.
Self-esteem stability, cynical hostility, and cardiovascular reactivity to challenge

Abstract This study investigated the contribution of unstable self-esteem as a predictor of cardiovascular reactivity (CVR) during a challenging and ego-threatening task. A sample of male and female adults monitored self-esteem perceptions multiple times daily to provide self-esteem stability scores. Participants also engaged in a competitive task that involved the rapid mental calculation of complex addition/ subtraction problems. The task was made more stressful through a manipulation in which participants were made aware that their performance was being monitored and evaluated. Self-esteem stability scores and cynicism scores were used as predictors of systolic and diastolic blood pressure increases and heart rate increases. Results obtained through multiple regression analyses revealed that for men, but not for women, self-esteem instability, relative to cynicism, was a better predictor of increases in systolic blood pressure and heart rate. Neither of these predictors accounted for reactivity in our sample of women, despite the fact that women displayed near equivalent levels of reactivity and equivalent degrees of self-esteem instability. Results suggest that, for men, self-esteem instability may play an important role in the prediction of cardiovascular reactivity to threat that is more dramatic than the contribution of cynicism. Results are also discussed relative to the observed gender differences.
The role of the beta chemokines in experimental obliterative bronchiolitis.

Abstract Beta chemokines have been implicated in cardiac and renal allograft rejection. This study determined if antibody antagonization of beta chemokines conferred protection against the development of experimental obliterative bronchiolitis (OB) in a heterotopic rat tracheal allograft model. Rat tracheas were transplanted from Brown-Norway or Lewis donors into Lewis recipients. Rats received 200 μg/day of either anti-RANTES or anti-MCP-1 antibody for 14 days. Luminal obstruction and epithelial loss were calculated. Northern blots for MCP-1 and RANTES mRNA expression were performed, and immunohistochemistry for chemokine protein localization. There was a significant increase in airway obstruction in allografts compared to isografts ( P P P
Mixed V states

Abstract For many molecules (e.g., N2, O2, C2H4) V states (ionic large-Re high-energy states of large dissociation energy) of two kinds, Vσ and Vπ (σσ* and ππ*) are predicted. Observed is a mixed Vσ, Vπ state of valence-shell character, in contrast to the expected Rydberg character for Vσ and Vπ separately.
Resources and restructuring in the international solid wood products industry

Abstract In the 1980s, the U.S. solid wood products industry (SWPI) has undergone a significant restructuring, characterized by changes in product and process technology, the employment relation, the structure of markets, and industry geography. Concomitantly, the international SWPI has seen major shifts in the geography of production and trade, particularly in the Pacific Rim where Southeast Asian countries are increasing their share of processed exports and Japan has become a major importer of unprocessed raw materials from the U.S. Although the SWPI is a resource-oriented industry, industrial geographers and other industry analysts have largely ignored the ways in which the forest resource base has affected the restructuring of the SWPI. We attempt to rectify this omission, situating our analysis of the relationship between resources and industrial change within an explicitly nondeterministic epistemology that acknowledges the role of every social and natural process in constituting every other. This allows us to analyse the multidimensional impact of resources on the restructuring of the SWPI without resorting to environmental determinism or to the dilute reductionism of multicausal explanation. The emphasis on resources also allows us to identify ways to intervene in both industrial and natural processes to promote the retention of jobs in the U.S. SWPI and to retard or reverse the process of environmental degradation currently associated with the SWPI in Third World countries.
SUBUNIT STRUCTURE AND KINETIC PROPERTIES OF 4‐AMINOBUTYRATE‐2‐KETOGLUTARATE TRANSAMINASE PURIFIED FROM MOUSE BRAIN

— The effects of divalent metal ions, sulfhydryl reagents, carbonyl trapping reagents, substrate analogs, and organic solvents on purified mouse brain 4-aminobutyrate-2-ketoglutarate transaminase (EC 2.6.1.19) and the subunit structure of this enzyme were studied. Of the metal ions tested, Hg2+ was found to be the most potent inhibitor inhibiting the enzyme 50 percent at a concentration of 0-7 μM. The order of decreasing inhibitory potency for the divalent metal ions was: Hg2+± Cd2+± Zn2+± Cu2+± Co2+± Ba2+± Sr2+± Ni2+± Mn2+± Ca2+± Mg2+. p-Chloromercuribenzoale was the most potent inhibitor among the sulfhydryl reagents tested inhibiting the enzyme to the extent of 50 per cent at 0-5 μM 3-Mercaptopropionic acid was found to be a competitive inhibitor for GABA and non-competitive for 2-ketoglutarate. The Ki, value was estimated to be 13 μM. Aminooxyacetic acid was the most potent inhibitor of the carbonyl trapping agents with a K, value of 0-06 μM. being competitive with GABA and non-competitive with 2-ketoglutarate. Hydroxylamine and hydrazine were the next most potent compounds in this group. Of a series of substrate analogs and metabolites tested, only acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, glutamic acid, adipic acid, pimelic acid and 2-ketoadipic acid inhibited the enzyme to a significant extent. Dioxan inhibited the enzyme 50 per cent at a concentration of 5 per cent (v/v) whereas methanol and ethanol only inhibited 5-10 per cent at 10 per cent (v/v) concentration. A spectrum of the native enzyme at pH 7-2 showed maxima at 278 nm. 330 nm and 411 nm. Treatment of the enzyme with aminooxyacetic acid or 3-mercaptopropionic acid caused the maximum at 411 nm to disappear. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the enzyme revealed two protein bands. The molecular weights of these two subunits were determined to be 53.000 and 58,000, respectively.
Modal Balancing of a Multi-Mass Flexible Rotor Without Trial Weights

In this paper, a procedure is presented to determine the unbalance distribution in a multi-mass flexible rotor system without requiring that trial weights be placed upon the shaft to first determine the influence coefficient matrix of the various balance planes. A modified Nyquist plotting procedure is presented to generate a polar plot of proximity probe measurements for determination of the 90-deg phase shift position of the modal eccentricity. By knowing the rotor modal mass and mode shape, a modal balancing distribution can be calculated. This relationship provides a quick procedure in estimating a first mode balance correction weight in both magnitude and angular location. An application is presented for a steam turbine during the startup of a hydrogen gas compression train. Higher order modal unbalance corrections are shown to be calculable in a similar manner.Copyright © 1982 by ASME
Modulation of Ca2+ Activity in Cardiomyocytes through Caveolae-Gαq Interactions

Cardiomyocytes have a complex Ca2+ behavior and changes in this behavior may underlie certain disease states. Intracellular Ca2+ activity can be regulated by the phospholipase Cβ–Gαq pathway localized on the plasma membrane. The plasma membranes of cardiomycoytes are rich in caveolae domains organized by caveolin proteins. Caveolae may indirectly affect cell signals by entrapping and localizing specific proteins. Recently, we found that caveolin may specifically interact with activated Gαq, which could affect Ca2+ signals. Here, using fluorescence imaging and correlation techniques we show that Gαq-Gβγ subunits localize to caveolae in adult ventricular canine cardiomyoctyes. Carbachol stimulation releases Gβγ subunits from caveolae with a concurrent stabilization of activated Gαq by caveolin-3 (Cav3). These cells show oscillating Ca2+ waves that are not seen in neonatal cells that do not contain Cav3. Microinjection of a peptide that disrupts Cav3-Gαq association, but not a control peptide, extinguishes the waves. Furthermore, these waves are unchanged with rynaodine treatment, but not seen with treatment of a phospholipase C inhibitor, implying that Cav3-Gαq is responsible for this Ca2+ activity. Taken together, these studies show that caveolae play a direct and active role in regulating basal Ca2+ activity in cardiomyocytes.