cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neutrinos from optically quiet births of neutron stars

Abstract Accretion of matter onto the surface of a white dwarf in a binary system can push it over the Chandrasekhar mass limit and may cause it to collapse into a naked or nearly naked neutron star without detectable optical emission 1–3 . Such optically quiet neutron star births should be accompanied by neutrino bursts which could be detected with underground neutrino detectors if the collapse took place in our own Galaxy or in very close nearby galaxies 4 . However, the frequency of such collapses is not known. It has been shown that the neutrino burst from gravitational core collapse produces, through neutrino-antineutrino annihilation outside the neutron star, an enormous burst of electron-positron pairs and gamma rays 5,6 . Here we show that if the mass surrounding the newly formed neutron star is less than about 3 × 10 −4 M ⊙ , the resultant gamma ray burst can be observed out to distances of at least 300 Mpc, and, consequently, that the observed rate of gamma ray bursts 7 limits the birthrate of such nearly naked neutron stars to about 1 per 10 3 years in galaxies similar to ours. Additional limits are set by the observed flux of 0.511 MeV Galactic annihilation radiation 8 and by the cosmic ray data. These rates are too small to contribute significantly to the birthrate of pulsars. They also imply that it is very unlikely that a neutrino burst unaccompanied by optical emission will be detected in the near future by underground detectors.
Linking zircon U–Pb and garnet Sm–Nd ages to date loading and metamorphism in the lower crust of a Cretaceous magmatic arc, Swakane Gneiss, WA, USA

Abstract Synorogenic basin development and subsequent collapse and loading provide important constraints on the Late Cretaceous crustal structure of the North America Cordillera. High grade metasedimentary rocks of the Swakane Gneiss in the North Cascades have been interpreted to include ca. 73 Ma detrital zircon that requires a protolith age considerably younger than metamorphic ages of adjacent terranes. This detrital interpretation requires rapid loading rates of 7–8 mm/yr, heating to 750 °C in Garnet preserves compositional evidence for growth during high pressure amphibolite-facies metamorphism and little subsequent modification. New garnet–rock Sm–Nd isochrons of 73.5 ± 1.2, 71.3 ± 2.8, and 65.8 ± 0.7 Ma, tightly constrain the timing of garnet growth. Swakane Gneiss zircons preserve complex magmatic, detrital, and metamorphic histories. Most zircons have distinct cores and homogeneous overgrowths. Detrital zircon cores include significant Proterozoic and Mesozoic components with low U/Th ratios. Homogeneous metamorphic zircon rims have high U/Th (> 5) and define an array of concordant U–Pb dates from 75 to 63 Ma. The new zircon U–Pb and garnet Sm–Nd ages establish that the youngest regional metamorphism was diachronous and occurred between 75 and 63 Ma. Our dataset precludes post 73 Ma deposition and instead suggests that sedimentation occurred after ca. 91 Ma and ended before ca. 75 Ma. Using these age constraints for deposition and metamorphism, we propose new loading rates of 1–3 mm/yr and conclude that the Swakane Gneiss protolith was likely deposited in a small, short-lived, intra-arc basin that subsided, filled in, and collapsed quickly due to overthrusting of arc crust.
A recombinant attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium vaccine encoding Eimeria acervulina antigen offers protection against E. acervulina challenge.

Coccidiosis is a ubiquitous disease caused by intestinal protozoan parasites belonging to several distinct species of the genus Eimeria. Cell-mediated immunity (CMI) is critically important for protection against Eimeria; thus, our approach utilizes the bacterial type III secretion system (TTSS) to deliver an antigen directly into the cell cytoplasm of the immunized host and into the major histocompatibility complex class I antigen-processing pathway for induction of CMI and antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses in particular. To accomplish this goal, Eimeria genes encoding the sporozoite antigen EASZ240 and the merozoite antigen EAMZ250 were fused to the Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium effector protein gene sptP in the parental pYA3653 vector, yielding pYA3657 and pYA3658, respectively. SptP protein is secreted by the TTSS of Salmonella and translocated into the cytoplasm of immunized host cells. The host strain chromosomal copy of the sptP gene was deleted and replaced by a reporter gene, xylE. The newly constructed vectors pYA3657 and pYA3658 were introduced into host strain χ8879 (ΔphoP233 ΔsptP1033::xylEΔ asdA16). This strain is an attenuated derivative of the highly virulent strain UK-1. When strain χ8879(pYA3653) as the vector control and strain χ8879 harboring pYA3657 or pYA3658 were used to orally immunize day-of-hatch chicks, colonization of the bursa, spleen, and liver was observed, with peak titers 6 to 9 days postimmunization. In vitro experiments show that the EASZ240 antigen is secreted into the culture supernatant via the TTSS and that it is delivered into the cytoplasm of Int-407 cells by the TTSS. In vivo experiments indicate that both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses are induced in chickens vaccinated with a recombinant attenuated Salmonella serovar Typhimurium vaccine, which leads to significant protection against Eimeria challenge.
Postexercise Electrocardiogram in Screening for Latent Ischemic Heart Disease* A Study with Clinical Follow-up Observation

Double Master's exercise tests were performed in the course of general or periodic examinations on 1,375 patients without angina pectoris. These patients were either asymptomatic or had nonspecific chest pain, and patients with angina pectoris or previous myocardial infarction were specifically excluded. Initial tests were negative in 1,269 (92 percent) and positive in 106 (8 percent). Follow-up information (average duration 30 months) was obtained from clinical reexamination in 833 patients. Of 763 patients with negative tests, 740 (97 percent) were well at last follow-up, 16 (2 percent) had developed clinical signs of ischemic heart disease and seven (1 percent) were dead. Of 70 patients with positive exercise tests, only 21 (30 percent) were living and well at last follow-up, while 42 (60 percent) had signs of ischemic heart disease and seven (10 percent) were dead. It appeared that the double Master's exercise test may have been a valuable adjunct in screening essentially asymptomatic patients for ischemic heart disease. A negative exercise test in such patients seemed to be associated with low rate of development of clinical ischemic heart disease in immediate future months, while a positive exercise test frequently seemed to presage clinical disease in this group of patients.
Gastrointestinal Transit-Times in Normal and Bluecomb Diseased Turkeys

Abstract INFORMATION on the rate of passage of materials through the gastrointestinal (GI) tract was used in the present study to indicate the presence and character of GI motility. This information could not be found for either young normal or bluecomb diseased turkeys. Bluecomb disease is a problem of significant economic importance to the turkey industry (Jungherr and Pomeroy, 1965). Results of physiologic studies of bluecomb infected turkeys indicate that many of the signs observed during the disease result from anorexia (Dziuk et al., 1969), such as, general depression, reduced body temperature, weight loss, and wet droppings. Additionally, at necropsy diseased turkeys have abnormal ingesta and very thin intestinal walls. Therefore, the alimentary tract appears to be affected by the disease. Few other distinct lesions have been found in infected turkeys (Jungherr and Pomeroy, 1965). A suitable vaccine has not been developed. Thus studies of GI function in bluecomb diseased turkeys…
Emotional Stroop Performance in Older Adults: Effects of Habitual Worry

Objective In clinically anxious individuals, selective attention to negative cues in the environment may perpetuate a vicious cycle of emotional dysfunction. However, very little is known regarding the role of negative attentional bias in anxious older adults. There is evidence that in older adults without clinical anxiety, the opposite bias (toward positive, and away from negative, emotional material) is present. We explored how these age-related changes in emotional processing interact with anxiety. Method Sixty older adults (age 60+) completed the emotional Stroop (eStroop) task, a widely used measure of attentional bias, which requires rapid identification of the color in which neutral and emotional words are printed. Participants were stratified into high-, mid-, and low-worry groups on the basis of a self-report measure, the Penn State Worry Questionnaire. Results The high-worry group exhibited a bias toward threat-related words whereas the low- and mid-worry groups showed a bias away from threat-related words. By contrast, the low- and mid-worry groups showed a bias toward positive words, potentially consistent with an established positivity effect in older adults whereas the high-worry group showed a bias away from positive items. Conclusion Older adults who worry frequently exhibit a pattern of eStroop performance that is broadly consistent with the younger adult literature, suggesting that selective attention toward threat-related information may be seen as a relevant factor in older, as in younger, anxiety.
Modular code generation from hybrid automata based on data dependency

Model-based automatic code generation is a process of converting abstract models into concrete implementations in the form of a program written in a high-level programming language. The process consists of two steps, first translating the primitives of the model into (approximately) equivalent implementations, and then scheduling the implementations of primitives according to the data dependency inherent in the model. When the model is based on hybrid automata that combine continuous dynamics with a finite state machine, the data dependency must be viewed in two aspects: continuous and discrete. Continuous data dependency is present between mathematical equations modeling time-continuous behavior of the system. On the other hand, discrete data dependency is present between guarded transitions that instantaneously change the continuous behavior of the system. While discrete data dependency has been studied in the context of code generation from modeling languages with synchronous semantics (e.g., ESTEREL), there has been no prior work that addresses both kinds of dependency in a single framework. In this paper we propose a code generation framework for hybrid automata which deals with continuous and discrete data dependency. We also propose techniques for generating modular code that retains modularity of the original model. The framework has been implemented based on the hybrid system modeling language CHARON, and experimented with Sony's robot platform AIBO.
Neural signal-detection noise benefits based on error probability

We present several necessary and sufficient conditions and a learning algorithm for noise benefits in threshold neural signal detection using error probabilities. The first condition ensures noise benefits in threshold detection of discrete binary signals and applies to noise types from scale families. The condition also gives an easy way to compute optimal noise values for closed-form scale-family noise densities. A related condition ensures noise benefits in threshold detection of signals that have absolutely continuous distributions. This condition reduces to a simple weighted-derivative comparison of the signal densities at the detection threshold when the signal densities are continuously differentiable and when the additive noise is either zero-mean discrete bipolar or finite-variance symmetric scale-family noise. A gradient-ascent learning algorithm can find the optimal noise value for thick-tailed stable densities and many other noise probability densities that do not have a closed form.
Design Considerations for Future RF Circuits

The RF design paradigm will change significantly as CMOS technology scales and integration levels rise to accommodate multi-band, multi-mode transceivers and baseband processors. This paper describes technology scaling issues such as low supply voltages, high gate leakage currents, and low transistor output impedances. Also, design techniques for low-voltage mixers are presented, and stacked and nested inductors are proposed to achieve compact layouts for multi-band systems.
"A Safe Way to Explore": Reframing Risk on the Internet Amidst Young Gay Men's Search for Identity

Internet use provides a vital opportunity for sexual minority youth to learn about sexual desires and pursue partnerships otherwise publically stigmatized. Researchers, however, have portrayed the Internet as an inherently risky venue for HIV/STI transmission among young gay men (YGM). We therefore investigated how YGM use the Internet during adolescence and emerging adulthood. In the course of 34 in-depth, semi-structured interviews with a sample of self-identified YGM, 18-24 years of age, we inquired about initial experiences of online dating. We found that YGM benefit online through exploration of their sexual identities, while simultaneously encountering and negotiating sources of risk. In examining YGM's perceptions of risk, we hope to reach a greater understanding of the opportunities for HIV prevention and health promotion among YGM.
Ambient and excess mantle temperatures, olivine thermometry, and active vs. passive upwelling

Abstract Mantle temperatures provide a key test of the mantle plume hypothesis, and olivine-liquid equilibria provide perhaps the most certain means of estimating mantle temperatures. Here, we review mantle temperature estimates and olivine thermometers, and calculate a new convective geotherm for the upper mantle. The convective geotherm is determined from estimates of sub-mid-ocean ridge (MOR) mantle potential temperatures ( T p is the T the mantle would have if it rose adiabatically without melting, and provides a reference for measuring excess temperatures at volcanic hot spots; T ex = T p hot spot − T p MOR ). The Siqueiros Transform has high MgO glass compositions that have been affected only by olivine fractionation, and yields T p Siqueiros = 1441 ± 63 °C. Most mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB) have slightly higher FeO liq than at Siqueiros; if Fo max (= 91.5) and Fe 2+ –Mg exchange at Siqueiros apply globally, then upper mantle T p is closer to1466 ± 59 °C. Since our global MORB database was not filtered for hot spots besides Iceland, Siqueiros may in fact be representative of ambient mantle, so we average these estimates to obtain T p MOR = 1454 ± 81 °C; this value is used to calculate T ex . Global MORB variations in FeO liq indicate that 95% of the sub-MORB mantle has a global T range of ± 140 °C; 68% of this range (1 σ ) exhibits temperature variations of ± 34 °C. Our estimate for T p MOR defines the convective mantle geotherm; this estimate is consistent with T estimates from sea floor bathymetry, and overlaps within 1 σ estimates derived from phase transitions at the 410 km and 670 km seismic discontinuities. Mantle potential temperatures at Hawaii and Samoa are identical at 1722 °C and at Iceland is 1616 °C; hence T ex is ≈ 268 °C at Hawaii and Samoa and 162 °C at Iceland. Furthermore, T p estimates at Hawaii and Samoa exceed maximum T p estimates at MORs by > 100 °C. Our T ex estimates agree with estimates based on excess topography and dynamic models of mantle flow and melt generation. Rayleigh number calculations further show that if our values for T ex extend to depths as small as 135 km, thermally driven, active upwellings will ensue. Hawaii, Samoa and Iceland thus almost assuredly result from thermally driven active upwellings, or mantle plumes. Estimates of T ex account for generalized differences in H 2 O contents between ocean islands and MORs, and are robust against variations in CO 2 , and major element components, and thus cannot be explained away by the presence of volatiles or more fusible source materials. However, our temperature variations at MORs do not account for H 2 O variations within the MORB source region.
DEPEVAL(summ): Dependency-based Evaluation for Automatic Summaries

This paper presents DEPEVAL(summ), a dependency-based metric for automatic evaluation of summaries. Using a reranking parser and a Lexical-Functional Grammar (LFG) annotation, we produce a set of dependency triples for each summary. The dependency set for each candidate summary is then automatically compared against dependencies generated from model summaries. We examine a number of variations of the method, including the addition of WordNet, partial matching, or removing relation labels from the dependencies. In a test on TAC 2008 and DUC 2007 data, DEPEVAL(summ) achieves comparable or higher correlations with human judgments than the popular evaluation metrics ROUGE and Basic Elements (BE).
Transgenic Mouse Models Resistant to Diet-Induced Metabolic Disease: Is Energy Balance the Key?

The prevalence and economic burden of obesity and type 2 diabetes is a driving force for the discovery of molecular targets to improve insulin sensitivity and glycemic control. Here, we review several transgenic mouse models that identify promising targets, ranging from proteins involved in the insulin signaling pathway, alterations of genes affecting energy metabolism, and transcriptional metabolic regulators. Despite the diverse endpoints in each model, a common thread that emerges is the necessity for maintenance of energy balance, suggesting pharmacotherapy must target the development of drugs that decrease energy intake, accelerate energy expenditure in a well controlled manner, or augment natural compensatory responses to positive energy balance.
Links Between Biomarkers and Mortality

A biomarker is an objectively measured indicator of a physiological state. Biomarkers include indicators of genotype, normal biological processes, pathogenic processes, and pharmacologic responses to a therapeutic intervention (Biomarkers Definitions Working Group 2001; National Heart Lung and Blood Institute 2007). Biomarkers can serve as objective indicators of health status within a sample, indicators of health change over time, and, with comparable measurement, indicators of differences across populations. They signal disease status, early physiological dysregulation preceding disease, or change in organ reserve or functioning. And they can clarify how the social, psychological, and behavioral factors traditionally examined in social science research get under the skin to influence biology and subsequent health outcomes (Crimmins and Seeman 2001, 2004; Crimmins et al. 2008a; Seeman and Crimmins 2001).
5' coding region of the follicular epithelium yolk polypeptide 2 cDNA in the moth, Plodia interpunctella, contains an extended coding region.

The 5′region of YP2 cDNA, a follicular epithelium yolk protein subunit in the moth, Plodia interpunctella, shows that the polypeptide contains an extended internal coding region. Partial cDNA clones for YP2 were isolated from a pharate adult female ovarian cDNA expression library in Lambda Zap II by screening with antigen selected YP2 antiserum. The 5′ sequence of the YP2 transcript was determined by 5′ RACE PCR of ovarian mRNA using YP2 sequence-specific nested primers. The combined cDNA and 5′ RACE sequencing showed the YP2 transcript to be 1971 bp in length up to the poly(A) tail with a single open reading frame for a predicted polypeptide of 616 amino acids. Northern analysis showed a single YP2 transcript to be present in ovarian RNA that was approximately 2 kb in length. The predicted amino acid sequence for YP2 from P. interpunctella is most closely related to egg specific protein (ESP) from Bombyx mori and the partial YP2 sequence from Galleria mellonella. YP2 from P. interpunctella also is similar to vertebrate lipases and contains a conserved lipid binding region. However, the 5′ coding region of YP2 from P. interpunctella contains an in-frame insert of approximately 438 bp that had replaced an approximately 270-bp region as compared with ESP from B. mori and YP2 of G. mellonella. This suggests that the insert occurred by a recombinational event internal to the YP2 structural gene of P. interpunctella. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 39:98–108, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Correlates of sprinting, jumping and parachuting performance in the butterfly lizard, Leiolepis belliani

Leiolepis belliani, a cursorial, beach-dwelling lizard, moves by running and jumping. The lizards' ability to flatten dorsoventrally, thereby increasing surface area and decreasing wing loading, may also confer parachuting ability. We measured locomotor performance of three ecologically relevant tasks: running, jumping and parachuting. In addition, we investigated whether, with the effect of size removed, locomotor performance capabilities are correlated, and whether they correlate with morphological features. Larger lizards fell and ran faster and jumped further. Lizards that were experimentally prevented from flattening fell faster than control lizards. When the effects of size were removed, limb length was uncorrelated with jumping and running performance; performance measures also were not correlated amongst themselves. The scant natural historical data available for this species suggests that lizards do not use their parachuting capability, and that dorsoventral flattening may have evolved for some other purpose. Leiolepis might serve as a useful model in understanding the evolution of gliding lizards (e.g. Draco).
N‐Mixture Models for Estimating Population Size from Spatially Replicated Counts

Spatial replication is a common theme in count surveys of animals. Such surveys often generate sparse count data from which it is difficult to estimate population size while formally accounting for detection probability. In this article, I describe a class of models (N-mixture models) which allow for estimation of population size from such data. The key idea is to view site-specific population sizes, N, as independent random variables distributed according to some mixing distribution (e.g., Poisson). Prior parameters are estimated from the marginal likelihood of the data, having integrated over the prior distribution for N. Carroll and Lombard (1985, Journal of American Statistical Association 80, 423-426) proposed a class of estimators based on mixing over a prior distribution for detection probability. Their estimator can be applied in limited settings, but is sensitive to prior parameter values that are fixed a priori. Spatial replication provides additional information regarding the parameters of the prior distribution on N that is exploited by the N-mixture models and which leads to reasonable estimates of abundance from sparse data. A simulation study demonstrates superior operating characteristics (bias, confidence interval coverage) of the N-mixture estimator compared to the Caroll and Lombard estimator. Both estimators are applied to point count data on six species of birds illustrating the sensitivity to choice of prior on p and substantially different estimates of abundance as a consequence.
Connections of coalgebra and semantic modeling

The aim of this tutorial is to present the area of coalgebra to people interested in the kinds of semantic modeling that is prominent at TARK. Coalgebra is a general study of a great many kinds of models, and these include type spaces and Kripke models, and many others. But the theory is not overly general, it is not a theory of absolutely everything. The tutorial is designed to be a short introduction to a substantial technical field, bearing in mind that this is nearly impossible. It is also intended to bring together literatures from theoretical computer science and game theory.
Homologous radioimmunoassay for human epidermal growth factor (urogastrone).

Epidermal growth factor (EGF), a polypeptide hormone originally discovered in the mouse submaxillary gland, stimulates growth in a variety of tissues in several species. This hormone has recently been identified in human urine. A homologous RIA for human EGF (RIA-hEGF) has been developed. In general, levels were similar to those recently reported using a heterologous RIA system. Twenty-four-hour urinary excretion of RIA-hEGF by normal adult males and females was 63.0 ± 3.0 and 52.0 ± 3.5 (mean ± SE) μg/total vol, or 29.7 ± 1.1 and 39.8 ± 1.7 μg/g creatinine, respectively. Excretion by females taking oral contraceptives was significantly greater (60.1 ± 2.7 μg/g creatinine; P < 0.01) than that by females who were not. Recent evidence suggests the probable identity of hEGF and β-urogastrone, a potent inhibitor of gastric acid secretion. Adult males with active peptic ulcer disease appeared to have lower urinary RIA-hEGF excretion (22.9 ± 2.6 μg/g creatinine) than normal men, but this was not significant (P ...
Blood flow after exercise-induced muscle damage.

Context: The most common modality used to address acute inflammation is cryotherapy. Whereas pain decreases with cryotherapy, evidence that changes occur in perfusion of skeletal muscle is limited. We do not know whether ice attenuates the increases in perfusion associated with acute inflammation. Objective: To examine the effects of repeated applications of ice bags on perfusion of the gastrocnemius muscle after an eccentric exercise protocol. Design: Controlled laboratory study. Setting: Laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Eighteen healthy participants (3 men, 15 women; age = 22.2 ± 2.2 years, height = 166.0 ± 11.9 cm, mass = 69.4 ± 25.0 kg). Intervention(s): To induce eccentric muscle damage, participants performed 100 unilateral heel-lowering exercises off a step to the beat of a metronome. A randomized intervention (cryotherapy, sham, control) was applied to the exercised lower extremity immediately after the protocol and again at 10, 24, and 34 hours after the protocol. Main Outcome Measure(...
The potential effect of iron defortification on iron-deficiency anaemia in the US population.

Department of Food Science,Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USASubmitted 8 May 2006: Accepted 8 January 2007: First published online 24 April 2007AbstractObjective: To quantify the potential effect of iron defortiﬁcation in the USA on iron-deﬁciency anaemia (IDA).Methods: Monte Carlo models were built to simulate iron nutrition in the USpopulation. A hypothetical cohort of 15000 persons from the general population wasused in 15-year simulations to compare the prevalence of IDA with and withoutfortiﬁcation.Results: With iron fortiﬁcation, the prevalence of IDAwas 2.4% for children aged 3–5years, 5.4% for women aged 20–49 years, and 0.14% for men aged 20–49 years. Thecorresponding IDA estimates under iron defortiﬁcation were 4.5%, 8.2% and 0.46%,respectively. Defortiﬁcation had little effect on the distribution of iron indicators at orabove the 50th percentile within each of these three groups and little effect on thedistributions of iron indicators among adult men.Conclusion: Iron defortiﬁcation is likely to increase IDA among children and womenof reproductive age, but is not likely to have meaningful effects on the iron status ofmen or the majority of women and children.KeywordsIron-deﬁciency anaemiaFortiﬁcationSimulationIron deﬁciency and anaemia, which affect mainly youngchildrenandwomenofchildbearingage,arelongstandingpublic health issues in the USA. According to the ThirdNational Health and Nutrition Examination Survey(NHANES III), iron deﬁciency anaemia (IDA) per seaffected 3% of children aged 3–5 years and 2–5% ofadolescent girls and women
Clifford Case: The Unknown Maverick of the Vietnam War

Forty years after its conclusion, the war in Vietnam remains fresh in the memory of many Americans. Tens of thousands of young men never returned home; many more returned wounded, disabled, or with permanent psychological damage. The war caused some politicians to completely alter their views of foreign policy, becoming either anti-war, or pro-war. These changes continue to reverberate today. Political scientists, historians, politicians, and people who directly witnessed or were somehow affected by the events of this war, have tried to make sense of what happened fifty years ago abroad, at home, in politics, and in the minds of people. Countless books have been written about presidents, generals, and members of administrations; however, there has been surprisingly little written about a very important member of the United States Senate, the distinguished Senator from New Jersey, Clifford P. Case II. Case also took an early leading role in the debate over Vietnam War. Yet, the point is not merely that Case was an important participant in the debate over the Vietnam War, but also that his positions regarding the war were complex and have not been well understood. In scholarly literature on the American political history of the Vietnam era, there is very little discussion of Case, and what does exist is inadequate to fully grasp the complexities of Case’s positions on the issue of U.S. intervention in Vietnam. Based primarily on examining a substantial amount of Case’s documents from the 1950s into the early 1970s, this paper will shed light on and develop a more complex, sophisticated and nuanced understanding of Clifford Case’s positions at different moments in the debate over U.S. intervention in Vietnam. A supporter of the war at first, Case took an increasingly somber view of American involvement in Vietnam as the war progressed.
Low- and high-spin excited states in 139Pr.

The level structure of the N=80 nucleus $^{139}\mathrm{Pr}$ has been studied in-beam by the $^{140}\mathrm{Ce}$(p,2n\ensuremath{\gamma}${)}^{139}$Pr reaction using a 25-MeV p beam and by the $^{139}\mathrm{La}$(\ensuremath{\alpha},4n\ensuremath{\gamma}${)}^{139}$Pr reaction using a 47-MeV \ensuremath{\alpha} beam. \ensuremath{\gamma}-ray singles, \ensuremath{\gamma}-\ensuremath{\gamma} coincidence (prompt and delayed), and \ensuremath{\gamma}-ray angular distribution experiments were performed. We have assigned 41 \ensuremath{\gamma} rays deexciting 24 states in $^{139}\mathrm{Pr}$ from the (p,2n\ensuremath{\gamma}) reaction and 43 \ensuremath{\gamma} rays deexciting 31 (generally higher-spin) states from the (\ensuremath{\alpha},4n\ensuremath{\gamma}) reaction, for a total of 43 different states. These in-beam experiments, taken together with results from $^{139}\mathrm{Nd}^{\mathrm{m}+\mathrm{g}}$ decay and the $^{141}\mathrm{Pr}$(p,t${)}^{139}$Pr reaction, allowed ${J}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}$ assignments to be made for most of the states and allowed us to deduce the intrinsic configurations for many of them. These are discussed in terms of single-quasiparticle shell-model states and triaxial weak-coupled collective states and are compared with systematics for this nuclear region.
The Value of the History and Physical for Patients with Newly Diagnosed Brain Metastases Considering Radiosurgery

Background: For patients with brain metastases, systemic disease burden has historically been accepted as a major determinant of overall survival (OS). However, less research has focused on specific history and physical findings made by clinicians and how such findings pertain to patient outcomes at a given time point. The aim of this study is to determine how the initial clinical assessment of patients with brain metastases, as part of the history and physical at the time of consultation, correlates with patient prognosis. Methods: We evaluated a prospective, multi-institutional database of 1523 brain metastases in 507 patients who were treated with radiosurgery (Gamma Knife or CyberKnife) from 2001-2014. Relevant history of present illness (HPI) and past medical history (PMH) variables included comorbidities, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status, and seizure history. Physical exam findings included a sensory exam, motor exam, and cognitive function. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were used to identify predictors of OS. Results: 294 patients were included in the final analysis with a median OS of 10.8 months (95% C.I., 7.8-13.7 months). On univariate analysis, significant HPI predictors of OS included age, primary diagnosis, performance status, extracranial metastases, systemic disease status, and history of surgery. Significant predictors of OS from the PMH included cardiac, vascular, and infectious comorbidities. On a physical exam, findings consistent with cognitive deficits were predictive of worse OS. However, motor deficits or changes in vision were not predictive of worse OS. In the multivariate Cox regression analysis, predictors of worse OS were primary diagnosis (p=0.002), ECOG performance status (OR 1.73, p<0.001), and presence of extracranial metastases (OR 1.22, p=0.009). Conclusion: Neurologic deficits and systemic comorbidities noted at presentation are not associated with worse overall prognosis for patients with brain metastases undergoing radiosurgery. When encountering new patients with brain metastases, the most informative patient-related characteristics that determine prognosis remain performance status, primary diagnosis, and extent of extracranial disease.
Innovative Evaluation of Two Materials Science Education Enrichment Programs

The Princeton Center for Complex Materials (PCCM) is an NSF-funded Materials Science and Research Center (MRSEC) at Princeton. PCCM currently has four Interdisciplinary Research Groups (IRGs) and several seed projects. PCCM runs a variety of education outreach programs that include: Research Experience for Undergraduates, Research Experience for Teachers, Materials Camp for Teachers, Middle School Science and Engineering Expo (SEE) for 1200 students, and Princeton University Materials Academy (PUMA), for inner city high school students. In this paper we focus on new evaluation efforts for the PUMA and the Science and Engineering Expo. We will discuss first PUMA the SEE and elaborate on the new evaluation efforts for each program. Created in 2002 by PCCM, PUMA has an inquiry based materials science curriculum designed to work at the high school level. PUMA's activities are paired with an inquiry based evaluation of scientific ability and attitude change. An evaluation of high school students' ability to formulate scientific questions as a result of their participation in this summer program based was developed based on similar studies of college students questioning ability in inquiry learning environments. Created in 2004 by PCCM and partners in Molecular Biology, SEE is run once per year in the spring. It is a day dedicated to capturing the imaginations of young students through science demonstrations and direct interaction with materials scientists and engineers. 1000 middle school students from local schools come to Princeton University to interact with Princeton scientists and engineers and explore science with the help of demonstrations and hands-on activities. Throughout the day, they explore a wide range research from Princeton that is at the cutting edge of science and engineering to generate excitement about science and engineering. In addition to studying over 5000's student written essays we have constructed a pre and post test for student attitudes administered to over 500 students in 2009 to determine the impact of the SEE on students' attitudes about materials science and STEM fields. This large scale attitude assessment and student written statements help to establish the impact of this one day program.
On justifying one’s acceptance of divine command theory

It has been alleged against divine command theory (DCT) that we cannot justify our acceptance of it without giving it up. For if we provide moral reasons for our acceptance of God’s commands, then those reasons, and not God’s commands, must be our ultimate moral standard. Kai Nielsen has offered the most forceful version of this objection in his book, Ethics Without God. My principal aim is to show that Nielsen’s charge does not succeed. His argument crucially relies upon the assumption that the moral judgments one employs to justify acceptance of a normative theory are more fundamental to one’s moral outlook than the theory itself. I argue that this assumption presupposes a questionable foundationalist view of theory justification, and if we instead adopt a coherentist reflective equilibrium stance, we can thoughtfully evaluate DCT without abandoning it.
Gasification of Wood in a Pilot Scale Spouted Bed Gasifier

A pilot scale biomass gasification unit, known as the Spouted Bed Gasifier (SBG), has been set up to demonstrate and characterize a novel approach to reactor design. The SBG couples indirect radiant heating with a spouted bed reactor configuration. This paper describes the design of the 0.25 tonne per day pilot plant which is an intermediate step in the development of a 1+ meter diameter commercial module.
Estimating Decadal Predictability for the Southern Ocean Using the GFDL CM2.1 Model

AbstractThis study explores the potential predictability of the Southern Ocean (SO) climate on decadal time scales as represented in the GFDL CM2.1 model using prognostic methods. Perfect model predictability experiments are conducted starting from 10 different initial states, showing potentially predictable variations of Antarctic bottom water (AABW) formation rates on time scales as long as 20 years. The associated Weddell Sea (WS) subsurface temperatures and Antarctic sea ice have potential predictability comparable to that of the AABW cell. The predictability of sea surface temperature (SST) variations over the WS and the SO is somewhat smaller, with predictable scales out to a decade. This reduced predictability is likely associated with stronger damping from air–sea interaction. As a complement to this perfect predictability study, the authors also make hindcasts of SO decadal variability using the GFDL CM2.1 decadal prediction system. Significant predictive skill for SO SST on multiyear time scales...
3D-printed lens for structure-borne wave focusing and energy harvesting

In this paper, we explore 3D-printed Gradient-Index Phononic Crystal Lens (GRIN-PCL) for structure-borne focusing both numerically and experimentally. The proposed lens consists of an array of nylon stubs with different heights which is fabricated by 3D printing the PA2200 nylon. The orientation and height of the stubs are determined according to the hyperbolic secant gradient distribution of refractive index which is guided by finite-element simulations of the lowest asymmetric mode Lamb wave band diagrams. The fabricated lens is then bonded to an aluminum plate to focus the wave energy in the structure. The wave focusing performance is simulated in COMSOL Multiphysics® under plane wave excitation from a line source indicating that the focal points are consistent with the analytical beam trajectory results. Experiments are conducted with a scanning laser vibrometer and experimentally measured wave field successfully validates the numerical simulation of wave focusing within the 3D-printed GRIN-PCL domain. With a piezoelectric energy harvester disk located at the focal region of the GRIN-PCL larger power output is obtained as compared to the baseline case of energy harvesting without the GRIN-PCL on the uniform plate counterpart for the same incident plane wave excitation.
Exploring sense of community in a relocated sports fan group

Geographical relocation may create a number of adjustment issues for individuals including isolation and loneliness. For some, cheering for a team and being part of a fan group may be one way to address these issues and development a sense of community (SOC). The development of SOC, however, may be complicated when individuals no longer live near the team they root for. Though sport fan groups often exist outside of the area of the team, it is unclear if and how SOC develops in these groups, and further, how participation in the group influences views of the current residence. This paper addresses this gap by exploring SOC in one such ‘relocated’ sports fan group. Findings suggest elements of two prominent theories of SOC, and also extend that research by showing the process through which SOC develops, and how group participation impacts feelings towards the current residence.
Endoscopic endonasal resection of a medullary cavernoma: a novel case.

Brainstem cavernomas can present very challenging operative problems. Endoscopic endonasal approaches to these lesions in the mesencephalon and pons have been described. In this article the authors...
Latino Immigrant Home-Country Media Use and Participation in U.S. Politics

This article examines the ways in which Latino immigrants’ use of news media from their home countries influences their likelihood of participating in politics in the United States. Using data from the 2015 Latino National Health and Immigration Survey of 1,005 Latino adults in the United States, I run a set of multivariate analyses to determine whether home-country media use affects the likelihood that Latino immigrants, 52% of whom use home-country media at least a few times per week, will vote, participate in political protests, attend meetings, sign a petition, or make a donation to political causes. I find that home-country media use has a significant, independent effect on the likelihood of protesting and signing petitions. This article bridges our understanding of media effects on participation for Latino immigrants and the importance of transnational political behavior to civic participation and incorporation of immigrants in the United States.
Measuring and evaluating ecological flows from streams to regions: Steps towards national coverage

Living aquatic communities are largely determined and maintained by the volume and quality of flowing waters, both within lotic systems and in receiving waters of coastal systems. However, flow is one of the most frequently and extensively altered features of rivers and streams; alteration effects are likely to be exacerbated by climate change. Lotic systems vary and different fish species need different environmental conditions, and distinct problems are evident at various spatial scales. New synoptic flow and biological information now make it possible to evaluate the effects of altered flows throughout the Great Lakes Region at scales from the stream reach to the Region. We used estimates of river and streamflow and observed fish abundances to develop tools that specify the response of fish to alterations in those flows. We fit the logistic model to a cumulative fish abundance curve as a function of yield providing an empirical means to develop models of the response of cumulative fish abundance to flows. Response zones of yield for each species in each system type (based on size and thermal class) illustrate how criteria may be developed that can be used in decision‐making for management of flows. In our example application, we evaluate both the general response of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) abundances (and fish diversity) to changes in flows and assess the sensitivity of each stream fish community to flow alteration. Mapping stream sensitivity to flow alteration throughout the US Great Lakes Region with a multiscale spatial framework showed how regional variability in sensitivity for any fish species or assemblage may be evaluated and provides managers with information to help determine where the best opportunities for protection or restoration of streamflows and associated communities exist. These results provide valuable tools and critical information to managers responsible for balancing water uses and maintaining high quality lotic ecosystems. These methods may be applied to any geographic region and can be extended nationally or globally, where flow, temperature, fish and landscape data are available.
Educational Expectations in African American Families: Assessing the Importance of Immediate Performance Requirements

Prior research has shown that parents’ educational expectations contribute positively to several student academic outcomes, including grades in school, standardized test scores, and school completion. These expectations are typically conceptualized as long-term educational attainment beliefs, and consequently, it remains unclear how parents’ short-term expectations for performance (i.e., grades in school) impact their children’s academic success. It is conceivable, for example, that the greater immediacy and actionability of short-term performance expectations make them highly important to student achievement as well. Moreover, previous research on parents’ expectations of any type has rarely considered African American families specifically. In response, the present study uses hierarchical regression modeling with an intra-racially diverse longitudinal sample of African American families to examine the degree to which African American parents’ short- and long-term educational expectations simultaneously impact their children’s academic achievement. Results suggest that independent of prior performance and social background, African American parents’ short-term requirements for performance are more important to their children’s grades in school than are expectations for long-term attainment. This finding was likely obfuscated in prior research by a lack of simultaneous consideration of short- and long-term expectations, particularly in the African American family context. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Modeling Uncertainty: Some Conceptual Thoughts

The place of random experiments and stochastic models in experimental sciences is discussed first. Models of uncertainty are necessarily based on prior decisions about the randomization of either the unknown itself and/or its estimate and, as such, cannot claim to any objectivity. A safeguard for building such models is to charge them maximally with data deemed relevant to the “unknown” at hand.
Harnack’s Inequalities for Operators

In this paper, alternative versions of Harnack’s inequalities are established for operators.
Role of Kv7 and Cav3 Ion Channels in Pain

Pain sensation is encoded in the firing patterns of a variety of neurons throughout the body, and much of this signaling is dependent on the complement of expressed ion channel proteins. Ion channels, therefore, present excellent molecular targets for designing new therapeutic molecules to manage pain. In this review we discuss two classes of channels which are currently of interest to the pharmaceutical community in this area. The first are Kv7 potassium channels which encode the M-current. Opening of these channels tends to dampen neuronal excitability and pain signaling; therefore, agonists are of potential interest to treat pain. The second class is Cav3 calcium channels which encode T-type calcium currents. The opening of these channels typically promotes neuronal excitability and inhibitors could also be useful to treat various types of pain. The following review discusses the properties of theses two channel types along with recent advances in the identification of small molecule modulators.