cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mortality After Adolescent Firearm Injury: Effect of Trauma Center Designation

Abstract Purpose To determine the incidence and outcomes of firearm injuries in adolescents and the effect of trauma center (TC) designation on their mortality. Methods The National Trauma Data Bank (2010–2016) was queried for all encounters involving adolescents aged 13–16 years with firearm injuries. Multivariable logistic regression was employed to determine the association of covariates with mortality (α = .05). Propensity score matching was also used to explore the relationship between TC designation and mortality. Results A total of 9,029 adolescents met inclusion criteria. Patients aged 15 and 16 years compromised 77.8% of the cohort and were more often male (87.9% vs. 80.6%, p Conclusions Variability exists in outcomes for adolescents after firearm injuries. Understanding and identifying the potential differences between pediatric and adult TCs managing adolescent firearm victims may improve survival in all treatment venues, but these data support patients being treated at the closest available TC.
G130(P) Evaluation of a year of debriefs in a tertiary children’s hospital as part of a new framework of staff support

Aims After a series of difficult resuscitations and serious incidents, we developed a new debrief pathway as part of a broader staff support programme.1 We report 12 month evaluation of this pathway. Methods The debrief pathway includes: an immediate huddle after the event, a personal ‘check in’ within 48 hrs with a supervisor/line manager, and a debrief facilitated by a senior psychologist 1–3 weeks later. 71 debriefs were held over a year (52 group, 19 individual), the majority (67) delivered by the same psychologist. After each debrief, participants completed a semi-structured questionnaire and the Miller (2007) group outcomes scales. Results Feedback from over 200 participants representing the full range of the MDT was collated. The overwhelming majority valued debriefs as demonstrated by the percentage of high scores (scoring 8, 9 or 10 on a scale 0–10) on Miller group outcomes: 90% rated debriefs overall highly; 86%, 89% and 95% rated highly respectively on Goals, Approach and Relationship with group/facilitator. If the immediate huddle and 48 hour follow up occurred, the debrief flowed more smoothly. Additionally, attendees appeared better adjusted and there were fewer requests for individual support. Themes that emerged from the qualitative feedback include the importance of talking in a safe space, listening to different perspectives and that sharing emotional reactions improved their psychological wellbeing. Other themes include that debriefs help staff to recognise existing support and consider offering support to colleagues. Many staff reported debriefs had helped them remain in work or return to work after incidents. The analysis identified ‘the protective power of staff support’ - knowing that management sanctioned debriefs made people feel cared for by the hospital, and that debriefs improve working practice by providing the space to reflect on situations. Conclusion Staff value debriefs following incidents. We found a staged approach to holding debriefs useful. This fits with a recent review reporting significant benefits from early trauma interventions when part of a wider package of support (Richins et al., 2019). We conclude that our debrief pathway, where debriefs are normalised and routine, plays an important role in the psychological wellbeing of our staff. Reference The development of the staff support programme is discussed in more detail in another presentation.
Cadmium halide coordination complexes of serpentine pentadentate ligands

Abstract A series of morphologically distinct cadmium halide complexes were obtained from potentially pentadentate, serpentine ligands 2,6-bis([(2-pyridylmethyl)oxy]methyl)-pyridine (L) and 2,6-bis([(2-pyridylmethyl)thio]methyl)pyridine (L*). Methods were developed to isolate crystalline materials ranging from mononuclear [CdLCl2] (1) to zig-zag one-dimensional polymer {[CdL(μ-Cl)]2(CdCl4)}n·n(CH3CN) (2) for L and from one-dimensional helical polymers [CdL*Cl2]n (3) and [CdL*Br2]n (4) to dinuclear [CdL*(μ-Br)(CdBr3)]2 (toluene solvate 5a, ether solvate 5b) or three-dimensional polymer [((Cd(μ-Cl)2)2L*)2]n (6) for L*. Compounds 1 and 2 had pentagonal bipyramidal metal centers with L in a pseudo-planar spiral, pentadentate mode. In contrast, the complexes of L* had octahedral metal centers with a bis-N,S metal-bridging ligand binding mode linking Cd(halogen)2 units in polymeric complexes 3, 4, and 6, but a pentadentate Λ2/Δ2 ligand conformation in dinuclear complexes 5a and 5b. Interactions involved in supramolecular aggregation included offset π-π stacking interactions and edge-to-face σ-π interactions, as well as anion-π(pyridine) interactions, chalcogen–chalcogen interactions, halogen-chalcogen interactions and C H⋯X–Cd halide hydrogen bonds. Additional characterizations of the complexes included elemental analysis, solution 1H NMR spectroscopy, FTIR, TGA and PXRD.
Provably Secure Sequential Obfuscation for IC Metering and Piracy Avoidance

Editor’s note: This article introduces formal security proofs in the context of integrated circuits obfuscability. — Rosario Cammarota, Intel Labs — Francesco Regazzoni, University of Amsterdam and Universita della Svizzera Italiana
Anesthesia for Endoscopic Skull Base Surgery

Endoscopic skull base surgery is a minimally invasive technique used with increasing frequency to resect, debulk or biopsy midline intracranial tumors. In the absence of extenuating circumstances, general endotracheal anesthesia is the preferred technique. An arterial line is required for close hemodynamic monitoring. A large bore intravenous access should be placed in the unlikely event of significant hemorrhage. Neurophysiologic monitoring is performed for large tumors requiring extensive resections. Some patients with hormone secreting tumors might have unanticipated difficult airways requiring video-laryngoscopy or even a fiberscope for intubation. This review provides the reader a global perspective of the procedure and discusses the anesthetic management in greater detail. Several pitfalls are mentioned and the authors include insights from personal experiences.
Why Not Go All-In with Artificial Intelligence?

Despite decades of research and significant current investment, AI-based applications in education have not gotten traction at scale in a way that transforms learning. The most common learning and assessment applications are intelligent tutoring systems that adjust content based on a student profile and automated essay scoring systems that apply “learned” models of scoring to score written assignments. Among the challenges facing these applications in achieving classroom implementation are: trust, existing systems of teacher and student roles and responsibilities, and fairness. This paper discusses these issues and then examines a case study of the use and subsequent removal of artificial intelligence in Khan Academy offerings.
Impedance control network resonant dc-dc converter for wide-range high-efficiency operation

This paper introduces a new resonant converter architecture that utilizes multiple inverters and a lossless impedance control network (ICN) to maintain zero voltage switching (ZVS) and near zero current switching (ZCS) across wide operating ranges. Hence, the ICN converter is able to operate at fixed frequency and maintain high efficiency across wide ranges in input and output voltages and output power. The ICN converter architecture enables increase in switching frequency (hence reducing size and mass) while achieving very high efficiency. A prototype 200 W, 500 kHz ICN resonant converter designed to operate over an input voltage range of 25 V to 40 V and output voltage range of 250 V to 400 V is built and tested. The prototype ICN converter achieves a peak efficiency of 97.2%, maintains greater than 96.2% full power efficiency at 250 V output voltage across the nearly 2∶1 input voltage range, and maintains full power efficiency above 94.6% across its full input and output voltage range. It also maintains efficiency above 93.4% over a 10∶1 output power range across its full input and output voltage range owing to the use of burst-mode control.
Memory-like Responses of Natural Killer Cells

Natural killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes with the capacity to produce cytokines and kill target cells upon activation. NK cells have long been categorized as members of the innate immune system and as such have been thought to follow the 'rules' of innate immunity, including the principle that they have no immunologic memory, a property thought to be strictly limited to adaptive immunity. However, recent studies have suggested that NK cells have the capacity to alter their behavior based on prior activation. This property is analogous to adaptive immune memory; however, some NK cell memory-like functions are not strictly antigen dependent and can be demonstrated following cytokine stimulation. Here, we discuss the recent evidence that NK cells can exhibit properties of immunologic memory, focusing on the ability of cytokines to non-specifically induce memory-like NK cells with enhanced responses to restimulation.
The addition and release of magnesium in the phosphoglucomutase reaction. I. Evidence for a random order of addition.

Abstract The order of addition of magnesium and glucose 1-phosphate to the phosphoenzyme (monophosphate phase) and of magnesium and glucose 1,6-diphosphate to the dephosphoenzyme (diphosphate phase) was investigated via substrate-velocity and equilibrium-isotope exchange experiments. All pathways ordered in both phases of the reaction were ruled out leaving only pathways random in one or both phases of the reaction; indicative evidence suggests that the pathway is actually random in both phases. The variations in maximum velocity and in the Michaelis constant for magnesium are described as a function of pH; the maximum velocity in the forward reaction is independent of pH from 6.5 to 8.3 while the Michaelis constant for magnesium depends on the basic form of two groups with pKa values in the range of 7.0 to 8.5.
Online estimation of operating variables for stepped automatic transmissions

This paper presents the development of a model-based estimator to provide real-time information about important, but unmeasurable, operating variables in stepped automatic transmissions. Specifically, model-based estimation of the transmission output shaft torque and the clutch pressure for each clutch involved in the gear shifting process is presented. Knowledge of clutch pressures and output shaft torque can be used for online diagnostics or development of closed-loop control in order to improve shift quality. In the approach described here, only speed measurements are used, viz, transmission input and output speeds and the wheel speed. The estimation technique used in this paper is based on the sliding mode observer. The performance of the estimation scheme is evaluated by simulation. Analysis of the accuracy and robustness of the proposed schemes is also presented.
Leptospirosis: A new perspective on an old disease

Disease causing Leptospira can be placed in one of two broad categories for common domesticated mammals: They are either hostadapted or incidental strains. The four incidental serovars of Leptospira that are pathogenic to cattle are: L. pomona, L. grippotyphosa, L. canicola and L. icterhemmorhagiae. They are transmitted to cattle from other carrier animals that act as hosts for these strains. The strains are found in chronically infected rats, dogs, deer, or even pigs and are transmitted to cattle though urine-contaminated water. When the incidental strains of Leptospira are introduced into an unvaccinated, susceptible herd of cattle, they commonly cause an outbreak of abortions in the midto late-term pregnant cows. Commercial five-way Leptospiral vaccines are effective in preventing the abortion storms associated with the incidental strains of Leptospira, but ineffective to the most common serovar found in cattle (hardjo-bovis). Pfizer Animal Health recently received USDA approval to market the first effective L. hardjo vaccine, known as Spirovac®, in the United States.
Accounting for design in the analysis of spatial data

The fundamental objective of geostatistical data analysis is to estimate the continuous spatial process μ(s) over a domain of interest D. Estimation is based on measurements y1, . . . , yn taken at locations s1, . . . , sn. It is typically assumed that the measurement locations are fixed when conducting the analysis. However, in some situations this assumption is untenable. For example, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) maintains a nationwide network of measurement stations to monitor ambient air quality. The locations of these stations were not selected at random. They were selected to best achieve the EPA’s scientific objectives, including to intensely monitor regions that may be out of compliance with EPA air quality standards and to monitor air quality in areas with high population density. In both cases, monitors are placed in locations where the process of interest is likely to be high, and areas with good air quality are under-represented in this sample. This may result in a positive bias when interpolating from the measurement locations to locations without monitors. While there is a vast literature on methods for designing networks to best meet the scientific objectives of a spatial analysis (e.g., Muller 2007), there has until recently been little work on accounting for these design factors in
Between the Occident & the Orient: The Imperial World in the Mind of Sidney Gulick 1900-1935

This project involves the complexities of perceptions between Japanese and American cultures during the early 20th century, primarily through the eyes of Sidney Gulick, an American missionary who worked and lived in Japan for decades of his life. The goal was to bring a more modern understanding of the relationships and tears between Japan and the western world during that period and explore how even the greatest minds of a generation may still fall prey to some biases of their enironment. This has been done through analysis of primary texts predominantly by American author Sidney Gulick, who was considered exceptionally familiar with Japanese cultural practices. How he described his observations and interactions with the Japanese people during different events within the early 201h century gives enlightening examples of world attitudes during that time.
A Broad Fe-Kalpha Emission Line in the X-Ray Spectrum of the Quasar 3C 273

The Fe-K line, an important physical diagnostic in the X-ray spectra of AGN, has been notoriously difficult to measure in the high-luminosity, radio-loud quasar 3C 273 (z=0.158). On the few occasions that it has been detected its intrinsic width has been thought to be narrow (FWHM < 10,000 km/s) with an equivalent width (EW) of a few tens of eV.This was consistent with the general trend that as one goes from low to high luminosity AGNs the Fe-K line goes from being strong (EW ~200-300 eV) and broad (FWHM ~ 100,000 km/s) to being weak and narrow, or absent altogether. Here we present the results of new ASCA and RXTE observations, together with archival ASCA data, and show for the first time that the Fe-K line in 3C 273 is as broad as that seen in Seyfert 1. The line is resolved in two of the observations, with a mean Gaussian width of 0.8 +/- 0.3 keV, or FWHM of 0.3 +/- 0.1c. The smallest and largest EW measured is 43 +/- 34 eV, and 133 (+52,-53) eV respectively (quasar frame). The Compton-reflection continuum is less than 10% of that expected from a centrally illuminated semi-infinite, face-on, Compton-thick disk, confirming previous studies that Compton reflection is negligible in 3C 273. The largest values of the Fe-K line EW are under-predicted if the line originates in the disk, unless a time lag longer than several days between line and continuum and/or an over-abundance of Fe is invoked. We cannot unambiguously constrain the disk inclination angle. About 60 deg is preferred for a cold disk, while a face-on disk is allowed if the ionization state of Fe is H-like.
Helicobacter pylori modulates host cell survival regulation through the serine-threonine kinase, 3-phosphoinositide dependent kinase 1 (PDK-1)

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection affects cell survival signaling pathways including cell apoptosis and proliferation, which are considered risk factors for the development of gastric cancer when unregulated. In the present study, we investigated the effect of H. pylori infection on the phosphorylation state of 3-phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 (PDK-1), a master kinase that regulates phosphorylation of Akt (also known as protein kinase B, PKB) and cell survival. The activity of PDK-1 was examined in human gastric epithelial cells incubated in the presence or absence of different H. pylori strains. In addition, the role of H. pylori type IV secretion system and the mechanism of H. pylori effect on PDK-1 activity was examined. In the presence of H. pylori, phosphorylation of the activation loop (serine 241) PDK-1 was rapidly lost suggesting that dephosphorylation of PDK-1 is a target for H. pylori to modulate cell survival. The extent of dephosphorylation was strain dependent with H. pylori 60190 being the most effective. H. pylori infection of gastric epithelial cells resulted in altered phosphorylation and degradation of Akt, suggesting that PDK-1 dephosphorylation affects cell survival pathways and thereby may contribute to disease pathogenesis. We propose that dephosphorylation of PDK-1 and the resulting changes to Akt phosphorylation is one of the mechanisms by which infection with H. pylori alter the balance between apoptosis and cell proliferation and identify a host molecular mechanism regulated by H. pylori that ultimately contributes to carcinogenesis. Our studies therefore provide insights into one of the mechanisms by which H. pylori infection contributes to gastric cancer by regulating the activity of a cell survival signaling pathway.
Hubble Space Telescope Paschen α survey of the Galactic Centre: data reduction and products

Our Hubble Space Telescope/Near-Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer (HST/NICMOS) Paschen α survey of the Galactic Centre, first introduced by Wang et al., provides a uniform, panoramic, high-resolution map of stars and an ionized diffuse gas in the central 416 arcmin^2 of the Galaxy. This survey was carried out with 144 HST orbits using two narrow-band filters at 1.87 and 1.90 μm in NICMOS Camera 3. In this paper, we describe in detail the data reduction and mosaicking procedures followed, including background level matching and astrometric corrections. We have detected ~570 000 near-infrared (near-IR) sources using the ‘starfinder’ software and are able to quantify photometric uncertainties of the detections. The source detection limit varies across the survey field, but the typical 50 per cent completion limit is ~17th magnitude (Vega system) in the 1.90 μm band. A comparison with the expected stellar magnitude distribution shows that these sources are primarily main-sequence massive stars (≳7 M_⊙) and evolved lower mass stars at the distance of the Galactic Centre. In particular, the observed source magnitude distribution exhibits a prominent peak, which could represent the red clump (RC) stars within the Galactic Centre. The observed magnitude and colour of these RC stars support a steep extinction curve in the near-IR towards the Galactic Centre. The flux ratios of our detected sources in the two bands also allow for an adaptive and statistical estimate of extinction across the field. With the subtraction of the extinction-corrected continuum, we construct a net Paschen α emission map and identify a set of Paschen α emitting sources, which should mostly be evolved massive stars with strong stellar winds. The majority of the identified Paschen α point sources are located within the three known massive Galactic Centre stellar clusters. However, a significant fraction of our Paschen α emitting sources are located outside the clusters and may represent a new class of ‘field’ massive stars, many of which may have formed in isolation and/or in small groups. The maps and source catalogues presented here are available electronically.
Splenectomy in plasma cell dyscrasias: a review of the clinical practice.

Plasma cell dyscrasias are a group of clinically and biochemically diverse disorders of unknown etiology, characterized by the disproportionate proliferation of one or more clones of B cells, and the presence of a structurally and electrophoretically homogeneous (monoclonal) immunoglobulin or polypeptide subunit in serum or urine. The role of splenectomy in the management of plasma cell dyscrasias has not been well defined. Using MEDLINE, the authors searched the English-language published literature from the year 1970 through September 2005 to determine the indications for splenectomy in plasma cell dyscrasias. A review of the literature in humans and animals supported the idea that the spleen provides a special microenvironment favorable for homing or differentiation of IgM producing B cells, and splenectomy can, at times, lead to remission in Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia. The other reported reasons for splenectomy in plasma cell dyscrasias are hypersplenism-related pancytopenia, control of splenic plasmacytomas, and management of a splenic abscess. Splenic infiltration in primary amyloidosis can be an indication for splenectomy, where removal of a large spleen can also reverse an acquired factor X deficiency. Thus, the spleen can be considered a potential target organ for management of plasma cell dyscrasias, and therapeutic success has been achieved with removal of this organ. However, splenectomy can be a potentially morbid procedure in patients with plasma cell dyscrasias, and major postoperative complications include infection, hemorrhage, and thrombosis.
A Spectral Analysis for Self-Adjoint Operators Generated by a Class of Second Order Difference Equations

Abstract A qualitative spectral analysis for a class of second order difference equations is given. Central to the analysis of equations in this class is the observation that real-valued solutions exhibit a type of stable asymptotic behavior for certain real values of the spectral parameter. This asymptotic behavior leads to the characterization of the limit point and limit circle nature of these equations, and is used to show that a strong nonsubordinacy criterion is satisfied on subintervals of R for equations of limit point type. These subintervals are part of the absolutely continuous spectrum of the self-adjoint realization of these equations. By other means, the nature of the discrete spectrum for these self-adjoint realizations is also discussed.
Retirement: what happens to the marriage.

The focus of this descriptive study was to examine what happens to the marriage at retirement. The data were to serve as a basis for further investigation toward the creation of a marital enhancement program at retirement. Purposeful sampling was used to identify the 10 couples who were involved in the study. Findings from this study indicated that an effective marital enhancement program at retirement would consider the following factors: changes in roles and identity were significant stressors during this time; the communication of thoughts was more frequent than the communication of feelings; spouses became increasingly aware of their partners' faults during retirement; men appeared to be more satisfied in retirement than their wives; hobbies and time spent together did not change following retirement; children served as important topics of conversation and sources of pride and thought; time spent with children following retirement did not increase; and children were often unaware of the challenges and...
Singular ( k,n − k ) boundary value problems between conjugate and right focal

Abstract For 1 ⩽k⩽n − 1 and 0 ⩽q⩽k − 1, solutions are obtained for the boundary value problem, (−1)n−k = f(x,y), y(i)=0, 0⩽i⩽k − 1, and y(i) = 0, q⩽j⩽n − k + q − 1, where f(x,y) is singular at y = 0. An application is made of a fixed point theorem for operators that are decreasing with respect to a cone.
Father Absence and Youth Incarceration

This study measured the likelihood of youth incarceration among adolescent males from father-absent households, using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (N=34,031 person-years). At baseline, the adolescents ranged from 14 to 17 years, and the incarceration outcome measure spanned ages 15 to 30 years. This study tested whether risk factors concentrated in father-absent households explained the apparent effects of father absence. Results from longitudinal event-history analysis showed that although a sizable portion of the risk that appeared to be due to father absence could actually be attributed to other factors, such as teen motherhood, low parent education, racial inequalities, and poverty, adolescents in father-absent households still faced elevated incarceration risks. The adolescents who faced the highest incarceration risks, however, were those in stepparent families, including father–stepmother families. Coresidential grandparents may help attenuate this risk, although remarriage and residential instability increased it. Social policies to support children should broaden beyond an emphasis on marriage to address the risks faced by adolescents living in stepfamilies as well.
Implantation of vascular grafts lined with genetically modified endothelial cells

The possibility of using the vascular endothelial cell as a target for gene replacement therapy was explored. Recombinant retroviruses were used to transduce the lacZ gene into endothelial cells harvested from mongrel dogs. Prosthetic vascular grafts seeded with the genetically modified cells were implanted as carotid interposition grafts into the dogs from which the original cells were harvested. Analysis of the graft 5 weeks after implantation revealed genetically modified endothelial cells lining the luminal surface of the graft. This technology could be used in the treatment of atherosclerosis disease and the design of new drug delivery systems.
Gravitational stress and lignification in aerial vs. submerged shoots of Hippuris vulgaris

Hippuris vulgaris L. is a heterophyllic aquatic plant that grows naturally under the different degrees of gravitational stress that are associated with submerged and aerial environments. This characteristic of H. vulgaris was exploited in order to study the interaction of gravitational stress with lignification processes. Lignin content was found to be 4.1% of aerial stem dry weight and 2.6% of submerged stem dry weight. The activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (E.C. 4.3.1.5), an enzyme early in the lignin biosynthetic pathway, paralleled lignin content and was about 5 times higher in aerial than in submerged stems. Another lignin biosynthetic enzyme, peroxidase (E.C. 1.11.1.7), was studied, and although definite conclusions could not be drawn from measurements of total peroxidase activity, different isozyme patterns were observed in aerial and submerged-type shoots. Abscisic acid, which can induce the aerial-type shoot morphology on submerged shoots, probably is not involved in mediating changes in the lignin content of H. vulgaris. These results support the hypothesis that lignin biosynthesis is regulated by gravity.
Rho participates in chemoreceptor-induced changes in morphology to hair bundle mechanoreceptors of the sea anemone, Nematostella vectensis.

Adjustable hair bundle mechanoreceptors located on anemone tentacles detect movements of nearby, swimming prey. The hair bundles are formed by numerous actin-based stereocilia that converge onto a single, central kinocilium. Interestingly, morphological and functional changes to the hair bundles are induced by activating chemoreceptors that bind prey-derived N-acetylated sugars and proline, respectively. Morphological changes to the hair bundles involve alterations to the actin cytoskeleton of stereocilia. A pharmacological activation of Rho induces hair bundles to elongate to lengths comparable to those normally induced by exposure to N-acetylneuraminic acid (NANA) and prevents shortening of hair bundles normally induced by proline. Rho inhibition prevents NANA-induced elongation, but does not prevent proline-induced shortening of hair bundles. Western blots feature a band similar in mass to that predicted for a Rho homolog in the genome of Nematostella. Immunocytochemistry localizes Rho in stereocilia of the hair bundle. Anemone hair bundles arise from multicellular complexes. Data from experiments using heptanol, a gap junction uncoupler, indicate that cell–cell communication is required in order for activated chemoreceptors to induce morphological changes to the hair bundles.
Deformation behaviour of shales

In this investigation, a high pressure multi-axial device has been modified for testing shale samples from two locations in Ohio. Samples were recovered in a relatively unweathered state and categorized as grey shales. The grey shales were tested in an in situ state. Accuracy and reproducibility of test results have been attained by accurate fabrication of the apparatus and careful attention to air release during test preparations. It is concluded from the results that the transverse isotropy with five elastic constants is an appropriate model to simulate the stress-strain relations of these shales. The compliance values obtained were compatible with those values reported previously in literature. Unweathered grey shales exhibit high strength. However, these shales deteriorate rapidly upon exposure to the atmosphere. So, the stable or unstable performance of a cut slope in grey shales during and after construction depends on its total exposed surface. (TRRL)
Hybrid MC-DFT method for studying multidimensional entropic forces.

Entropic force has been a focus of many recent theoretical studies because of its fundamental importance in solution thermodynamics and its close relevance to a broad range of practical applications. Whereas previous investigations are mostly concerned with the potential energy as a one-dimensional function of the separation, here we propose a hybrid method for studying multidimensional systems by combining Monte Carlo simulation for the microscopic configurations of the solvent and the density functional theory for the free energy. We demonstrate that the hybrid method predicts the potential of mean force between a test particle and various concave objects in a hard-sphere solvent in excellent agreement with the results from alternative but more expensive computational methods. In particular, the hybrid method captures the entropic force between asymmetric particles and its dependence on the particle size and shape that underlies the “lock and key” interactions. Because the same molecular model is used f...
Identification of cGMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Anchoring Proteins (GKAPs)

To promote both efficiency and selectivity, many protein kinases and phosphatases are maintained in specific subcellular microenvironments through their association with anchoring proteins. In this study, we describe a new class of proteins, called GKAPS, that specifically bind the Type II cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG). GKAPs were detected in rat aorta, brain, and intestine using a protein overlay technique. The PKG binding proteins were distinct from AKAPs, proteins known to bind the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA). Furthermore, a synthetic peptide that blocks association of PKA with AKAPs did not affect the PKG-GKAP interaction. Deletion mutagenesis was used to map the GKAP binding determinants within PKG to the N-terminal regulatory region. While most GKAPs were tissue-specific, a ubiquitous PKG-binding protein was detected and identified as myosin. Analysis of myosin fragments revealed that PKG binds within Subfragment 2. The results define a novel class of anchoring proteins that may target PKG for specific functional roles.
Axoplasmic transport in cat dorsal root ganglion cells: As studied with [3H]-L-leucine

Summary Axoplasmic transport was studied in the dorsal root ganglion cells of adult cats by analyzing the movement of [ 3 H]- l -leucine in the central and peripheral processes of these cells. In order to selectively label the ganglion cell perikarya, the [ 3 H]leucine was injected in solution directly into the L 7 dorsal root ganglion. Radioautographic analysis coupled with liquid scintillation counting indicated that the [ 3 H]leucine is incorporated into axoplasmic protein primarily at the level of the ganglion cell perikaryon. Incorporation to a much smaller extent at the level of the axon was not ruled out. Very little of the label was found in the connective tissue elements of the peripheral nerve at distances more than 7 mm from the injection site, suggesting that very little of the label was carried into the nerve by diffusion in the endoneurial spaces. The results indicate that the incorporated leucine is transported somatofugally in the axon in at least two sectors of the axoplasm; (1) a slowly moving sector of the axoplasm which is transported somatofugally at approximately 1.3 mm/day and (2) a mobile sector of the axoplasm in which axoplasmic components are transported somatofugally at rates in excess of 500 mm/day. The net somatofugal transport of incorporated leucine appeared to be less in the central process of the ganglion cell than in the distal process.
A characterization of $${\square(\kappa^{+})}$$ in extender models

We prove that, in any fine structural extender model with Jensen's ?-indexing, there is a $${\square(\kappa^{+})}$$ -sequence if and only if there is a pair of stationary subsets of $${\kappa^{+} \cap {\rm {cof}}( < \kappa)}$$ without common reflection point of cofinality $${ < \kappa}$$ which, in turn, is equivalent to the existence of a family of size $${ < \kappa}$$ of stationary subsets of $${\kappa^{+} \cap {\rm {cof}}( < \kappa)}$$ without common reflection point of cofinality $${ < \kappa}$$ . By a result of Burke/Jensen, $${\square_\kappa}$$ fails whenever $${\kappa}$$ is a subcompact cardinal. Our result shows that in extender models, it is still possible to construct a canonical $${\square(\kappa^{+})}$$ -sequence where $${\kappa}$$ is the first subcompact.
Chemisorption of CNH2 and HCNH on the Ni(111) surface

Abstract The chemisorption of CNH2 and HCNH on Ni(111) is studied using an ab initio configuration interaction embedding theory. Both CNH2 and HCNH strongly bind to the Ni(111) surface with HCNH more stable by 31.7 kcal/mol. CNH2 is adsorbed at a bridge site via the C atom. Both C and N atoms in HCNH are involved in bonding to the surface with the C-N bond parallel to the surface. The calculated CN stretching frequencies and bond lengths are 1335 cm−1 and 1.32 A for CNH2 and 1457 cm−1 and 1.32 A for HCNH, respectively.
A survey on multi-net global routing for integrated circuits

Abstract This paper presents a comprehensive survey on global routing research over about the last two decades, with an emphasis on the problems of simultaneously routing multiple nets in VLSI circuits under various design styles. The survey begins with a coverage of traditional approaches such as sequential routing and rip-up-and-reroute, and then discusses multicommodity flow-based methods, which have attracted a good deal of attention recently. The family of hierarchical routing techniques and several of its variants are then overviewed, in addition to other techniques such as move-based heuristics and iterative deletion. While many traditional techniques focus on the conventional objective of managing congestion, newer objectives have come into play with the advances in VLSI technology. Specifically, the focus of global routing has shifted so that it is important to augment the congestion objective with metrics for timing and crosstalk. In the later part of this paper, we summarize the recent progress in these directions. Finally, the survey concludes with a summary of possible future research directions.
Barriers to science in security

In the past year, there has been significant interest in promoting the idea of applying scientific principles to information security. The main point made by information security professionals who brief at conferences seems to be that our field of information security is finally mature enough to begin making significant strides towards applying the scientific approach. Audiences everywhere enthusiastically agree and thrash themselves for bypassing science all along, bemoaning the fact that we could be "so much further along" if we only did science. Of course, after the presentation is over, everyone goes back to the methods that have been used throughout our generation to generate prototypes and tools with no regard for the scientific principles involved.
Dry deposition of sulfate onto surrogate surfaces

Measurements of SO42− fluxes to surrogate surfaces have been conducted as part of the Dry Deposition Intercomparison Study in Champaign, Illinois. Data for Teflon plates without rims and for polycarbonate petri dishes with 1-cm rims have been obtained and compared with data for Teflon sheets and polyethylene dustfall buckets used by other investigators. Results show that deposition velocities for the Teflon plates are in the range of 0.17–0.42 cm/s, while corresponding values for the petri dishes are in the range of 0.18–0.61 cm/s. Comparisons among the four types of surrogate surfaces show deposition velocities which increase in the order Teflon sheets ∼ Teflon plates < petri dishes < dustfall buckets. Differences in collector geometry as well as composition are responsible for these trends. Airborne size distribution data obtained during the study show that much of the SO42− mass is associated with particles of 0.5–1-μm aerodynamic diameter. However, using the size distributions as inputs to dry deposition models in the literature suggests that larger particles are responsible for most of the SO42− mass deposition onto the surrogate surfaces. The calculated values for natural grass surfaces are in reasonable agreement with measured deposition velocities onto the petri dishes. Overall, the results of this study suggest that inertial impaction and sedimentation of supermicron airborne particles are more important than deposition of submicron material in influencing total SO42− mass deposition onto surrogate surfaces and onto natural vegetation at this site.
Motivation and the Organization

Facing motivational problems is nothing new for the manager. The manager has ideas on how employees should behave, but those beliefs are often the source of the manager's trouble. New research shows that often the supervisor is not the key player in the motivational game. This paper examines motivational ideas presently in use and applications of how to use the new research.
Family Size and Schooling in Sub-Saharan African Settings: A Reexamination

Contrary to theory and evidence from many other regions, previous studies in sub-Saharan Africa have found surprisingly weak associations between family size and schooling. It is unclear, however, whether these weak results reflect (spurious) limitations in methodology or (real) differences in context. This study uses schooling histories from Cameroon to test four contending methodological and contextual explanations for these weak results: measurement bias, statistical estimation bias, family buffering, and socioeconomic context. We find the strongest support for the last explanation: the relationship between family size and schooling varies with spatial and historical context. This relationship has strengthened within the country over time, and this raises concern about the implications of current demographic transitions on inequality among children.
Sterol synthesis. Synthesis of 15-oxygenated 5α, 14β-cholest-7-en-3β-ol derivatives

Abstract Treatment of 3β-benzoyloxy-14α, 15α-epoxy-5α-cholest-7-ene with boron trifluoride-etherate gave, in 43% yield, 3β-benzoyloxy-5α, 14β-cholest-7-en-15-one with the unnatural C ring juncture. Reduction of the latter compound with lithium aluminum hydride gave 15α, 14β-cholest-7-en-3β, 15α-diol and 5α, 14β-cholest-7-en-3β, 15β-diol in 9% and 81% yields, respectively.
Development and Testing of the Multidimensional Trust in Health Care Systems Scale

Objective To describe the development and psychometric testing of the Multidimensional Trust in Health Care Systems Scale (MTHCSS).
Lunar swirls: Examining crustal magnetic anomalies and space weathering trends

[1] We have used multispectral images from Clementine and data from Lunar Prospector's magnetometer to conduct a survey of lunar crustal magnetic anomalies, prominent lunar swirls, and lesser known swirl markings to provide new information on the nature of swirls and their association with magnetic anomalies. We find that all swirls and swirl-like albedo patterns are associated with areas of magnetized crust, but not all areas of magnetized crust are colocated with swirl-like albedo anomalies. All observed swirls exhibit spectral characteristics similar to immature material and generally have slightly lower FeO values compared with their surroundings as determined with a multispectral iron-mapping method. We discuss these results in relation to the various hypotheses for swirl formation. The comet impact hypothesis for lunar swirls would not predict a difference in the spectrally determined FeO content between swirls and nearby ordinary surfaces. The compositional difference could be explained as a consequence of (1) magnetic shielding of the surface from the solar wind, which could produce anomalous space weathering (little darkening with limited reddening) and potentially alter the predictions of the multispectral iron-mapping algorithm while the compositional contrast could be enhanced by delivery of lower-FeO ejecta from outside the swirl; and (2) accumulation of fine plagioclase-rich dust moving under the influence of electric fields induced by solar wind interactions with a magnetic anomaly. Therefore, we cannot at present clearly distinguish between the solar wind shielding and electrostatic dust accumulation models for swirl formation. We describe future measurements that could contribute to solution of the puzzle of swirl origin.
The senior-senior team

Cotherapy teams are formed for a variety of reasons by clinicians who vary in their degree of training and experience. Looking at why cotherapy teams are formed provides a basis for understanding the dynamics of the team and how the leadership pairing affects the group. In the case of the collaboration of two seasoned clinicians, cotherapy can enrich the therapeutic opportunities for a group as well as provide the therapists with the experience of working with colleagues who share the same clinical or research interest. It is the unique dynamics of the senior-senior cotherapy team that will be the focus of this paper. For the purpose of discussion, a senior therapist is defined as having formal training in group psychotherapy and at least five years of experience in conducting shortor long-term groups as a solo facilitator.
Transcriptional Anti-repression THYROID HORMONE RECEPTOR β-2 RECRUITS SMRT COREPRESSOR BUT INTERFERES WITH SUBSEQUENT ASSEMBLY OF A FUNCTIONAL COREPRESSOR COMPLEX

Thyroid hormone receptors (T3Rs) are hormone-regulated transcription factors. Different T3R isoforms are expressed in a tissue-specific and developmentally regulated manner. The T3Rα-1, β-0, and β-1 isoforms typically repress target gene expression in the absence of hormone and activate transcription in the presence of hormone. Intriguingly, however, the T3Rβ-2 isoform fails to repress, and instead is able to activate transcription in both the absence and presence of hormone. We investigated the molecular mechanism behind this absence of repression by T3Rβ-2. Repression by T3Rα-1, β-0, and β-1 is mediated by the ability of these isoforms to physically recruit a SMRT/N-CoR corepressor complex. We determined that the unliganded T3Rβ-2 also recruits the SMRT corepressor; in contrast to the α-1, β-0, and β-1 isoforms, however, the T3Rβ-2 protein interacts not only with the C-terminal “receptor-interaction domain” of SMRT, but also makes additional contacts with the N-terminal “silencing domain” of the SMRT corepressor. These additional, T3Rβ-2-specific contacts interfere with the subsequent association of SMRT with mSin3, a crucial second subunit of the corepressor holo-complex. Our results suggest that T3Rβ-2 regulates transcription through a novel anti-repression mechanism, recruiting SMRT, but preventing the subsequent formation of a functional corepressor complex.
False feedback increases detection of low-prevalence targets in visual search

Many critical search tasks, such as airport and medical screening, involve searching for targets that are rarely present. These low-prevalence targets are associated with extremely high miss rates Wolfe, Horowitz, & Kenner (Nature, 435, 439–440, 2005). The inflated miss rates are caused by a criterion shift, likely due to observers attempting to equate the numbers of misses and false alarms. This equalizing strategy results in a neutral criterion at 50 % target prevalence, but leads to a higher proportion of misses for low-prevalence targets. In the present study, we manipulated participants’ perceived number of misses through explicit false feedback. As predicted, the participants in the false-feedback condition committed a higher number of false alarms due to a shifted criterion. Importantly, the participants in this condition were also more successful in detecting targets. These results highlight the importance of perceived prevalence in target search tasks.
Institutional design and legislative conflict

Abstract This article develops a comparative institutional framework for evaluating the new legislatures of the former Soviet Union, and demonstrates that the conventional wisdom about the Russian Federation Supreme Soviet is wrong. It was not a totalitarian, Soviet institution whose omnipotent and malevolent Chair singlehandedly dominated policy outputs and controlled the membership. Rather, the Supreme Soviet's non-partisan, committee-centered design enabled the committees to dominate the legislative process and to virtually exclude conflict, even on such objectively contentious legislative issues as the annual budget. However, the non-partisan design denied the legislature the mechanisms for controlling the Chair on non-legislative, political issues, particularly in relations with the executive branch. On legislative issues, the Supreme Soviet was a well-oiled machine, but on political issues it was out of control, thus leading to the legislature's demise. This article demonstrates the utility of an institutional framework for comparing post-communist legislatures, and the necessity of disaggregating legislative and political issues when evaluating legislative performance.