cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Whitefringed Beetles: Dichlorvos Applied as a Postharvest Treatment to Protect Wheat

Wheat containing adults and eggs of Graphognathus spp. was treated with a 15 ppm dichlorvos spray as it was conveyed into storage. All adult beetles were killed within 1 day after a 24-hour exposure. The treatment prevented oviposition by the adults but did not kill all the eggs that were in the wheat. Dichlorvos residues on the wheat immediately after application ranged from 1.3 to 6.8 ppm.
A ten-year study of mycotic infections in a Virginia general hospital.

This survey consisted of clinical records, autopsy protocols, and biopsy and culture reports of all patients with mycotic infections from the Medical College of Virginia (1400 beds) during a 10-year period from 1957 to 1966. A total of 134 patients was found to have mycotic infections. Of these, 69 were primary infections (51 %) and 65 were secondary (49%). The most common of the primary infections was histoplasmosis, while in the secondary infections candidiasis was the most common. Two cases of double infection were found. In 14 % of the cases, the disease was generalized. The respiratory system was involved in 58 % of the primary infections and 46% of the secondary infections. In 50% of the cases, the agent was identified in tissue sections. About 25 % of the cases were initially diagnosed by culture of the organism. The patients in both groups combined had a mortality rate of 15%. Among those with secondary fungal disease, 25% died of the initial illness unrelated to the mycotic infection.
Investigation on incidence of influenza and intention of influenza A vaccination in pregnant women during an epidemic of influenza H1N1 in Changchun,China

Objective To investigate the incidence of influenza and intention of influenza A vaccination in pregnant women during an epidemic of influenza H1N1 in Changchun City,Jilin Province,China.Methods A total of 7 080 pregnant women registered in 60 community health service centers of Changchun City for perinatal health care were served as the target population,from whom 32,73 and 75 ones at the first,second and third trimesters of pregnancy were investigated by questionnaire survey on March 15 ～ 18,2010 for onset of acute upper respiratory tract infection,the awareness of free influenza A vaccination policy,intention to vaccination and the reason for unwilling to vaccination.Results The basic information of 179 pregnant women were obtained,of whom 12.85% were willing to be vaccinated.Education background and high risk showed significant effect on the intention to vaccination(P 0.001).The main route to awareness of free vaccination policy was the information by the workers in community health service centers(41.3%).The main reason for unwilling to vaccination was the concern about the safety of vaccine.However,of the pregnant women unwilling to be vaccinated,39.75% were willing to be vaccinated once the next epidemic peak of influenza H1N1 appeared.Conclusion Findings in this investigation are representative,which provided a basis for the targeted intervention measures and intervention channels in future,and a reference for need and budget for vaccination in high risk populations.
Studies on Yield and Quality of Organic Cultivated Rice

Through studies on yield and quality of organic cultivated rice,it was pointed out the yield of organic cultivated rice was quite different among varieties of different nutrient requirements.Under the organic production conditions,the yield of 'Jijing 81' was 6426 kg / hm2,which was 25.2% less than the control,while yield of 'Jijing 88' was only 6370 kg / hm2,which was 41.5 less than the control.Compared with conventional cultivation,the processing quality of the organic cultivation has declined slightly,while the exterior quality improved largely.With the gel consistency promoted and the protein content reduced by organic cultivation,the taste value of rice was improved greatly
Cerebral tissue response to electrode implantation.

Tissue response to platinum electrodes was assessed after an eight-day implantation period. The regions of study included the cortical areas at the opercular gyri and at the sulcus parielo-occipitalis externus, as well as the sub-cortical white matter in these areas. Perivascular and intraparenchymal hemorrhagic lesions as well as edematous changes characterized both by extensive intra and extracellular swelling were noted. Numerous phagocytic elements and degenerative structures were present at the electrode I parenchymal interface. Tissue alterations were asymmetrical as observed both around and at the lip of the implanted electrode. The parenchymal alterations extended from 0.2mm to 3.5mm distance from the electrode path/ parenchymal interface. Greater tissue involvement was found in the subcortical white matter as compared to the adjacent cortical gray matter.
Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation following busulfan and 90 mg/kg of cyclophosphamide

Ten patients with AML or CML aged 40-55 years underwent allogeneic marrow transplantation from HLA-identical siblings following a preparation regimen of busulfan 16 mg/kg and cyclophosphamide (CY) 90 mg/kg. The CY dose was substantially lower than has been previously used in combination with busulfan. All 10 individuals engrafted. Cytogenetic analysis of marrow and peripheral blood cells demonstrated similar patterns of chimerism to those previously described using higher CY doses. This study demonstrates that when administered with busulfan 16 mg/kg a dose of 90 mg/kg CY is adequately immunosuppressive to permit consistent engraftment of marrow from HLA-identical sibling donors.
Computer-Controlled Logic Chip Test

In experiment 1 the truth tables of several logic chips were determined. Although the procedure used to test these chips is relatively simple, it would not be feasible to use it if a large number of chips were to be tested; the process of hand-testing each chip would rapidly become too tedious for even the most patient worker! Because computers never become bored, small computers are frequently used to perform repetitious tasks of this nature; thus the computer-controlled test of logic gates provides an ideal example for the first interface experiment. Other common applications which will be included in later experiments include high-speed data acquisition, manipulation, and presentation; signal recovery by averaging methods; and the simultaneous control or coordination of several different experiments.
Yeast PAH1-encoded phosphatidate phosphatase controls the expression of CHO1-encoded phosphatidylserine synthase for membrane phospholipid synthesis

The PAH1-encoded phosphatidate phosphatase (PAP), which catalyzes the committed step for the synthesis of triacylglycerol in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, exerts a negative regulatory effect on the level of phosphatidate used for the de novo synthesis of membrane phospholipids. This raises the question whether PAP thereby affects the expression and activity of enzymes involved in phospholipid synthesis. Here, we examined the PAP-mediated regulation of CHO1-encoded phosphatidylserine synthase (PSS), which catalyzes the committed step for the synthesis of major phospholipids via the CDP–diacylglycerol pathway. The lack of PAP in the pah1Δ mutant highly elevated PSS activity, exhibiting a growth-dependent up-regulation from the exponential to the stationary phase of growth. Immunoblot analysis showed that the elevation of PSS activity results from an increase in the level of the enzyme encoded by CHO1. Truncation analysis and site-directed mutagenesis of the CHO1 promoter indicated that Cho1 expression in the pah1Δ mutant is induced through the inositol-sensitive upstream activation sequence (UASINO), a cis-acting element for the phosphatidate-controlled Henry (Ino2–Ino4/Opi1) regulatory circuit. The abrogation of Cho1 induction and PSS activity by a CHO1 UASINO mutation suppressed pah1Δ effects on lipid synthesis, nuclear/endoplasmic reticulum membrane morphology, and lipid droplet formation, but not on growth at elevated temperature. Loss of the DGK1-encoded diacylglycerol kinase, which converts diacylglycerol to phosphatidate, partially suppressed the pah1Δ-mediated induction of Cho1 and PSS activity. Collectively, these data showed that PAP activity controls the expression of PSS for membrane phospholipid synthesis.
Development of the Community College Internationalization Index

To address the shortage of skilled workers in the 21st century, shifting demographics, competition for education funding, and the need to better serve underrepresented student populations, colleges...
Alignment and Orientation Measurements in He+-He and He+-H2 Collisions

The polarizations of the radiation emitted in excitation processes in ion-atom and ion-molecule collision provide information about the relative populations of magnetic substates. Measurement of this polarized radiation in coincidence with the scattered projectile provides even more information. Specifically, for P states, the quantum mechanical phase differences between magnetic substates can be determined as a function of the collision impact parameter, which in turn provide rigorous tests for various collision models. New insights of the inelastic processes involving ion-molecule collisions is beginning to emerge from this type of polarization measurement.
Leukocyte Cell-Derived Chemotaxin-2 Amyloidosis (ALECT2) in a Patient With Lung Adenocarcinoma: An Autopsy Report and Literature Review

Amyloidosis caused by deposition of leukocyte cell-derived chemotaxin-2 amyloidosis (ALECT2) is the most recently described form of systemic amyloidosis and has quickly emerged as a common and possibly underdiagnosed cause of slowly declining renal function, particularly in patients of Hispanic ancestry. We describe the autopsy findings in a 70-year-old Hispanic woman who died of metastatic lung adenocarcinoma and was incidentally found to have extensive amyloid deposition in the kidneys, liver, spleen, adrenal glands, small intestine, gallbladder, lungs, bilateral ovaries, and uterus. The type of amyloid was confirmed to be ALECT2 by mass spectrometry. The pattern of amyloid deposition in the kidneys and the liver was typical for what has been described for ALECT2. In addition, a unique pattern of amyloid deposition was observed in spleen, adrenal glands, small intestine, gallbladder, lungs, ovaries, and uterus. The pattern of amyloid deposition in ALECT2 is distinct from amyloid A and amyloid light-chain and needs to be recognized to avoid misdiagnosis as amyloid light-chain or amyloid A amyloidosis. After recognition, an accurate diagnosis by mass spectrometry and/or immunohistochemical staining is essential to guide treatment and avoid toxic therapies.
Measuring organization: Performance in environmental agencies

State environmental agencies have been organized independently with a variety of structural schemes, and are responsible for the bulk of administration of federal environmental policy, such as the Clean Air Act. Using statistical models of air quality outcomes, this research compares three competing typologies for capturing agency differences: Ringquist (1993b), Lester (1990), and Wilson (1989). The findings indicate the most commonly used measure of organization, Ringquist (1993b), may be the weakest in comparison. Additionally, both Lester (1990) and Wilson (1989) show interesting advantages in comparison to each other. The findings provide some interesting insights into the difficult task of measuring organization.
Myocardial Disorders in the Neonate

Myocardial disorders in the neonate could be a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. The neonatal myocardium is immature and undergoes several changes after birth. These include changes in the size of the myocardium, cellular transport of calcium, and utilization for fatty acid and glucose metabolism. Neonatal myocardium relies heavily on the heart rate to improve cardiac output. Myocardial disorders in the neonate can be classified as primary and secondary. Primary myocardial disorders have an inherent abnormality in the cardiac muscle and can be further subclassified based on the morphology and presentation. These include hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy, and restrictive cardiomyopathy. Secondary myocardial disorders are usually caused by a systemic disorder that affects the cardiac muscle and function. These include inborn errors of metabolism, neuromuscular disorders, and mitochondrial disorders. The diagnosis and management of cardiomyopathy is very specific to the type of cardiomyopathy or underlying disorders. A team approach, including neonatology, genetics and metabolism, and cardiology and cardiac transplantation, is essential in managing these cases.
Violence exposure and social deprivation is associated with cortisol reactivity in urban adolescents.

Abstract The present study tested how two different dimensions of childhood adversity, violence exposure and social deprivation, were associated with the cortisol response to the Socially Evaluated Cold-Pressor task in a sample of 222 adolescents (n = 117 girls, n = 167 African American). Participants were part of the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, a probability sample of births in large US cities (>200,000) between 1998 and 2000. Our subsample includes births in three cities: Detroit, Toledo, and Chicago. The study design called for an oversampling of births to unmarried parents (3:1) which led to a large number of minority and economically disadvantaged adolescents. When children were ages 3, 5, and 9, mothers reported on exposures to violence and social deprivation that occurred in the past year. Exposures from the three waves were averaged to reflect violence exposure and social deprivation during childhood. Greater levels of violence exposure from ages 3 to 9 were associated with a blunted cortisol response to stress at age 15, even after controlling for social deprivation and other factors known to influence cortisol reactivity. Social deprivation from ages 3 to 9 was not associated with the cortisol response to stress; though in an exploratory analysis, social deprivation moderated the association between violence exposure and cortisol peak activation. In line with the Dimensional Model of Adversity and Psychopathology, these findings suggest that experiences of violence, but not social deprivation, during childhood may contribute to cortisol blunting that has been previously reported in samples with high levels of social deprivation. Findings from the present longitudinal study on a relatively large sample of under-represented minority youth provide insight into the ways two different dimensions of childhood adversity impact the cortisol response to stress.
Compositional Testing of Internet Protocols

We introduce a methodology of Network-centric Compositional Testing (NCT) to develop formal wire specifications of Internet protocols and to test protocol implementations for compliance to a common standard. We use formal specifications to generate automated testers for implementations of the protocol, based on randomized constraint solving using an SMT solver. This makes it possible to resolve ambiguities in informal standards documents using knowledge inherent in the implementations, while at the same time testing the implementations for compliance to the developing formal specification. Because the testing is compositional, it allows us to detect cases when the specification is either too weak or too strong, and to refine the specification accordingly. We apply the methodology to QUIC, a new Internet secure transport protocol currently in the process of IETF standardization and intended as a replacement for the TLS/TCP stack and a foundation for HTTP/3. In the process of specifying QUIC, we discovered numerous errors in implementations, as well as issues in the standard itself. These include an off-path denial of service attack and an information leak similar to the "heartbleed" vulnerability in OpenSSL. The paper describes the formal foundations of the methodology, and summarizes its specific application to QUIC.
Neurocysticercosis Presenting as an Isolated Suprasellar Lesion.

Background Although extraparenchymal neurocysticercosis (NCC) is well established, presentation in the suprasellar space is rare. When presenting in the suprasellar space, the imaging characteristics may mimic more common lesions including craniopharyngioma and Rathke cleft cyst depending on the life cycle of the parasite. Although antiparasitic medical therapy may be effective for viable NCC, it is not routinely employed for calcified NCC. Case Description This report presents a 39-year-old male patient who presented with profound visual decline secondary to a partially calcified suprasellar NCC. Suprasellar NCC was presumed based on specific radiologic findings, which are discussed. Medical therapy was not offered because of the proximity to the optic chiasm and the partial calcification of the lesion leading to the presumption that the mass was nonviable. The patient underwent successful endoscopic endonasal resection of the suprasellar NCC and experienced significant improvement in vision. Despite the calcification, pathological evaluation revealed that a portion remained viable. Conclusions Regardless of the life cycle stage, endonasal resection offers a minimally invasive approach for suprasellar NCC; treatment can be tailored to the patient's presentation and stage of infection.
Intraplacental Leiomyoma in a Case of Second-Trimester Intrauterine Fetal Demise.

Intraplacental leiomyomas are extremely rare and are generally incidental findings in term placentas. We present the first reported case of a placental leiomyoma associated with preterm intrauterin...
Sudden cardiac death in patients with aortic stenosis: maybe it is not the valve?

In symptomatic patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS), there is no question that aortic valve replacement (AVR) relieves symptoms and prolongs life. In asymptomatic patients, clinical decision making is less clear because of the need to balance the risks of intervention and a prosthetic valve against the risks of continued watchful waiting. On the other hand, symptom onset is inevitable in patients with severe AS—the decision is not whether but rather when to replace the valve. The primary rationale for deferring AVR until a later date is the lack of evidence that AVR before symptom onset would improve longevity. In addition, the risks, discomfort and disability associated with a surgical or transcatheter procedure are postponed until a later date. Furthermore, if a mechanical AVR is chosen, delaying intervention reduces the length of time the patient is exposed to the risks and inconvenience of warfarin anticoagulation. If a bioprosthetic AVR is chosen, implantation later in life increases the likelihood that the valve will not deteriorate to the point of reintervention during the patient’s lifetime. Unfortunately, patients with AS do not have the option of a normal aortic valve; instead the diseased native valve is replaced with an imperfect prosthetic valve. On the other hand, accumulating evidence from advanced imaging studies shows that aortic valve obstruction is associated with adverse changes in left ventricular (LV) structure and function, even in the absence of symptoms, which may not resolve after AVR.1 In addition, observational studies suggest that there may be an increased risk of sudden cardiac death in apparently asymptomatic patients with severe AS, although the magnitude and predictors of risk remain unclear. In order to provide clarity about the risk of sudden death in asymptomatic adults with AS, Minners and colleagues examined the data from the Simvastatin and Ezetimibe in Aortic …
WRITING AN ACCOUNTING OR BUSINESS HISTORY: NOTES TOWARD A METHODOLOGY

Historical research in accounting and business includes many subject areas, including the writing of histories of accounting and business firms. Each subject area of historical research must be undertaken by utilizing appropriate research methodology. In this article, a research methodology is presented to assist those interested in writing an accounting or business history.
Sentence repetition with bilinguals with and without DLD: Differential effects of memory, vocabulary, and exposure

Though previous research has shown that sentence repetition (SR) is an informative tool for identifying developmental language disorder (DLD) in bilinguals, little is understood about the skills that underlie children's performance on the task. With a population of 136 school-age Spanish–English bilinguals, the present study explores the contribution of verbal short-term memory, vocabulary, and language exposure on two SR tasks developed in English and Spanish. Results indicate that these skills may differentially underlie SR in typical versus disordered populations. Whereas the strongest predictors of English SR performance for typical bilingual children were expressive vocabulary and language exposure, bilingual children with DLD relied most heavily on verbal short-term memory. ROC curves to determine the classification accuracy of SR were conducted. Classification accuracy was excellent, with area under the curve reaching .92 for the English SR task and .87 for Spanish SR.
Impact of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ haplotypes on sprout emergence and growth from infected seed tubers

Abstract ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ (Lso), which is transmitted by the potato psyllid (Bactericera cockerelli), is the putative causal agent of potato zebra chip. Two haplotypes of the bacterial agent (A & B) are currently widely detected in US potato production regions. This study was aimed at determining the relative impacts of the two haplotypes on plant emergence and agronomic characteristics of emerged plants. Greenhouse experiments were conducted using tubers infected with known haplotypes (A, B or AB mix), collected from two separate locations. Collected tubers were planted in replicated pots and plant emergence was monitored daily. Thirty-five days after planting, emerged plants were harvested and individual plant biomass, height, stem diameter, and leaf area were determined. For both locations, tubers infected with Lso B had lower plant emergence compared to uninfected controls. However, there was no difference in plant emergence between tubers infected with Lso A and Lso B. Emergence of plants from tubers infected with Lso B was slower compared to that of uninfected tubers but there was no difference in time of plant emergence between tubers infected with Lso A and the uninfected controls. Biomass of plants which emerged from uninfected tubers was greater than that from all Lso-infected tubers, regardless of haplotype, and plants which emerged from tubers infected with Lso A had greater biomass than those from tubers infected with Lso B. Differences in height, stem diameter, and leaf area among emerged plants followed similar patterns for both locations (uninfected control the highest and Lso B the lowest) except those from tubers infected with AB, which were inconsistent.
Combined Sequential Heart-Liver Transplantation

Many single ventricle patients palliated with the Fontan operation suffer from Fontan failure and progressive liver disease. Combined heart-liver transplantation is a rarely utilized and complex transplant strategy available for select Fontan patients. At the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, all Fontan patients deemed eligible for a heart transplantation undergo a combined sequential dual organ transplantation with same-donor organs. This article describes the techniques utilized as well as current results.
Contemporary outcomes of the Foker process and evolution of treatment algorithms for long-gap esophageal atresia.

Abstract Background Esophageal growth using the Foker process (FP) for long-gap esophageal atresia (LGEA) has evolved over time. Methods Contemporary LGEA patients treated from 2014–2020 were compared to historical controls (2005 to Results 102 contemporary LGEA patients (type A 50%, B 18%, C 32%; 36% prior anastomotic attempt; 20 with esophagostomy) underwent either primary repair (n=23), jejunal interposition (JI; n = 14), or Foker process (FP; n = 65; 49 primary [p], 16 rescue [r]). The contemporary p-FP cohort experienced significantly fewer leaks on traction (4% vs 22%), bone fractures (2% vs 22%), anastomotic leak (12% vs 37%), and Foker failure (FP→JI; 0% vs 15%), when compared to historical p-FP patients (n = 27), all p ≤ 0.01. Patients who underwent a completely (n = 11) or partially (n = 11) minimally invasive FP experienced fewer median days paralyzed (0 vs 8 vs 17) and intubated (9 vs 15 vs 25) compared to open FP patients, respectively (all p ≤ 0.03), with equivalent leak rates (18% vs 9% vs 26%, p = 0.47). At one-year post-FP, most patients (62%) are predominantly orally fed. Conclusion With continued experience and technical refinements, the Foker process has evolved with improved outcomes, less morbidity and maximal esophageal preservation.
Confronting Normative Uncertainty: Deciding Cases When You Don’t Know How to Decide

The intellectually honest and humble judge faces a very serious problem about which little has been said. It is this: how to decide what she ought to do when, despite knowing all the relevant facts, laws, and theories of adjudication about how she ought to decide, she remains uncertain. Drawing from emerging debates in moral theory, I call this problem the problem of “normative uncertainty.” In this Article, I explain the problem, distinguish it from related debates in the legal literature, and show that the obvious solution—engage in some legal reasoning to figure it out—is a nonstarter. Judges ought not simply muddle through, following whichever theory of adjudication they find most plausible. Sometimes, like in Brown v. Board of Education or Google v. Oracle, they ought not follow their preferred theory but do what another theory suggests instead. Developing a full solution will be difficult. To show why, I sketch a solution and apply it to Brown I. I do not defend it. Instead, I use it to illustrate why developing a solution to normative uncertainty is considerably more difficult than developing solutions to other kinds of uncertainty. I then apply it to Google to show how, even without a solution, recognizing the problem changes how we evaluate judging. Specifically, we can consistently maintain both that a court erred legally, and that a court acted rationally given its uncertainty. Importantly, these two critiques are against different benchmarks—jurisprudence and practical rationality—and so going forward, we need to be clear which critique we are making.
The Dynamical Equations of Cosmology

The Einstein equations applied to the FLRW metric give basic dynamical equations for cosmology, specifically for the scale factor. The dynamical equations depend on the physical properties of the constituents of the cosmic fluid, which we take to be vacuum or dark energy, cold matter, radiation, and an effective curvature. Together with the behavior of the constituents the dynamical equations lead to what we here call the Friedmann master equation for the scale factor of the universe; it is remarkably useful.
Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis as an Atypical Cause of Deep Motor Branch Neuropathy.

Objectives Compression of the ulnar nerve in Guyon's canal results in ulnar tunnel syndrome (UTS). The patient may present with sensory and motor deficits (zone 1), motor deficit (zone 2), or sensory deficit (zone 3). The most common causes of UTS include ganglion cysts, idiopathic ulnar nerve compression, occupational pressure neuritis (repetitive compression), prolonged compression, hook of hamate fractures, and arterial thrombus or aneurysm. Case report We report an atypical cause of UTS involving pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS) with a review of the literature. Surgical decompression of the ulnar nerve at Guyon's canal has resulted in resolving motor weakness and improved interosseous strength at latest follow-up. Conclusion The most common causes of UTS are ganglion, occupational neuritis, prolonged compression, and ulnar artery thrombi/aneurysms. However, other more rare causes such as PVNS should be considered in the appropriate patient.
Synergistic cytotoxicity of bromoacetic acid and three emerging bromophenolic disinfection byproducts against human intestinal and neuronal cells

Abstract Halogenated disinfection byproducts (halo-DBPs) are drinking water contaminants of great public health concern. Nine haloaliphatic DBPs have been regulated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and various halophenolic compounds have been identified as emerging DBPs. In this study, we evaluated the cytotoxic interactions of the regulated bromoacetic acid and three emerging bromophenolic DBPs, i.e., 2,4,6-tribromophenol, 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoic acid, and 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde. Cytotoxicity was measured for each DBP individually as well as each of their mixtures using in vitro human epithelial colorectal adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) and neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cells. Concentration addition (CA) model and isobolographic analysis were employed to characterize the interactions among the DBPs. Our results show that the cytotoxicity of four bromo-DBPs against both cell-types followed the descending rank order of bromoacetic acid > 2,4,6-tribromophenol > 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde > 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoic acid. Compared with the toxicity data in literature, our finding that bromoacetic acid showed higher cytotoxicity than bromophenolic DBPs was consistent with the results from Chinese hamster ovary cells (a commonly used in vitro model of DBP toxicological studies); but different from the results obtained from in vivo biological models. Significantly, with CA model prediction, we found that mixtures of four bromo-DBPs exhibited synergistic cytotoxic effects on both human cell types. Isobolographic analysis of binary DBP mixtures revealed that, for Caco-2 cells, bromoacetic acid, 2,4,6-tribromophenol, and 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoic acid induced synergism; for SH-SY5Y cells, bromoacetic acid induced synergism with all three bromophenolic DBPs. The production of reactive oxidative species (ROS) induced by DBP mixtures could be an important reason for the synergistic cytotoxicity.
Metallic fuel cladding degradation model development and evaluation for BISON

Abstract Fuel cladding chemical interaction (FCCI) and coolant cladding chemical interaction (CCCI), both consume stainless-steel cladding in sodium-cooled fast reactors (SFRs), and effectively degrade cladding mechanical performance through thickness reduction. Therefore, FCCI/CCCI and corresponding cladding degradation models are essential for advanced fuel performance codes, such as BISON, to reliably predict cladding behavior in SFRs. Here, we report the development and implementation efforts for BISON’s FCCI/CCCI correlations and cladding degradation models based on U.S. legacy metallic fuel data. The models were evaluated using Integral Fast Reactor (IFR) program X447/A experiment data supported by the ongoing integration project enabling coordinated application of BISON and EBR-II fuel irradiation and physics database (FIPD). The implemented models were demonstrated to improve BISON’s capabilities of predicting cladding damage and degradation behavior that is more consistent with post-irradiation examination observations. Additionally, some limitations of current BISON modules are identified, which are to be overcome through the BISON-FIPD integration efforts.
The Origins and Geological Histories of Deimos and Phobos: Hypotheses and Open Questions

Quantitative measurements and photographic imaging of the moons of Mars set limits on several key geological conclusions-such as the orbits of the moons. Other examples include their estimated bulk densities where Phobos has a density of ∼1.876 g/cm3 and Deimos has a lower and less certain density of ∼1.48 g/cm3. Imaging data reveals a low albedo of both moons – Phobos: ∼0.07; Deimos: ∼0.08. Also, Phobos manifests distinct redder and bluer units, whereas the surface of Deimos is globally comparable to the Phobos redder units with localized streaks of brighter material. Further, the libration of Phobos suggests interior density distributions potentially ranging from a generally homogeneous interior to a slightly heterogeneous composition, whereas Deimos lacks sufficient evidence to estimate its interior density distribution. Both moons are mantled in a global equivalent of dozens to hundreds of meters of regolith deposits, yet they differ in their surface characteristics. Other than scattered boulders and an underabundance of fresh craters, the surface of Deimos is generally smooth with most observable impact craters filled with regolith. Conversely, thousands of boulders are observed on Phobos, and the moon is heavily modified by larger craters that are crosscut by grooves and mantled with regolith deposits and smaller generally fresh and unfilled craters. Yet models that focus on many key questions are inadequately supported by definitive evidence, or lack definitive evidence altogether – and these questions must be considered open. For example, how were Deimos and Phobos produced? Where are their geological histories similar, and where do they diverge? Why are the global densities of Deimos and Phobos different from each other, and why are these densities less than typical rocky bodies? What are their present-day geochemical compositions, density distributions, and deeper interior structures? What are the natures of the Phobos red and blue surface units? When did the Stickney Crater ( $D \sim 9$ km) impact take place on Phobos and how did the Stickney impact alter the surface and interior of Phobos? How and when were the Phobos grooves produced? Do large impact craters on Mars emplace observable deposits of martian ejecta on the martian moons? Finally, how might we collect definitive evidence to address these open questions?
High-performance conjugate-gradient benchmark

We describe a new high-performance conjugate-gradient HPCG benchmark. HPCG is composed of computations and data-access patterns commonly found in scientific applications. HPCG strives for a better correlation to existing codes from the computational science domain and to be representative of their performance. HPCG is meant to help drive the computer system design and implementation in directions that will better impact future performance improvement.
Moral hazard: Economic meaning of the conditions justifying the first-order approach

Abstract It is shown that the condition justifying the use of the agent's first-order condition to describe his optimal action in a principal-agent situation with pure moral hazard is related to, but not the same as, diminishing returns to effort. Examples are provided to illustrate the joint implications for the production function, the nature of the underlying uncertainty, and the disutility of effort.
A signal sequence is not required for protein export in prlA mutants of Escherichia coli.

The prlA/secY gene, which codes for an integral membrane protein component of the Escherichia coli protein export machinery, is the locus of the strongest suppressors of signal sequence mutations. We demonstrate that two exported proteins of E.coli, maltose-binding protein and alkaline phosphatase, each lacking its entire signal sequence, are exported to the periplasm in several prlA mutants. The export efficiency can be substantial; in a strain carrying the prlA4 allele, 30% of signal-sequenceless alkaline phosphatase is exported to the periplasm. Other components of the E.coli export machinery, including SecA, are required for this export. SecB is required for the export of signal-sequenceless alkaline phosphatase even though the normal export of alkaline phosphatase does not require this chaperonin. Our findings indicate that signal sequences confer speed and efficiency upon the export process, but that they are not always essential for export. Entry into the export pathway may involve components that so overlap in function that the absence of a signal sequence can be compensated for, or there may exist one or more means of entry that do not require signal sequences at all.
Design of Sampled-Data Compensators based on the Use of Conic Sectors

Given an analog compensator K(s), a new approach to the design of a sampled-data compensator is investigated. The objective is to design a digital transfer function D(z) so that the cone center (1/T) H(s) D(esT)F(s) approximates the analog transfer function K(s). This approach overcomes the ill effects of extra phase lag introduced by the prefilter F(s) and the hold H(s).
Beyond Critique: Global Activism and the Case of Malala Yousafzai

Article for LiCS special issue The New Activism: Composition, Literacy Studies, and Politics.
Peptides with sequences similar to glycine, arginine-rich motifs in proteins interacting with RNA are efficiently recognized by methyltransferase(s) modifying arginine in numerous proteins.

Several proteins that interact with RNA, e.g. the heterogenous ribonucleoprotein particle A and B proteins, fibrillarin and nucleolin, contain the modified amino acid NG,NG-dimethylarginine. Here, we report that two synthetic peptides, Ac-GGRGGFGGRGGFGGRGGFG-NH2 (R3) and GGFGGRGGFG-NH2 (R1), which are based on methylated sequences in fibrillarin and nucleolin, inhibit the methylation of a large majority of the methyl-accepting proteins observed in extracts of adenosine dialdehyde-treated PC12 cells. Concomitantly, the peptides themselves become methylated, suggesting that they compete for the same enzyme that carries out the bulk of N-methylation in PC12 cells. R3 potently inhibits formation of NG,NG-dimethylarginine in PC12 substrates, with a lesser effect on NG-monomethylarginine and NG,N'G-dimethylarginine. Bovine brain contains an activity that methylates PC12 methyl acceptors. After partial purification, the bovine methyltransferase efficiently modifies R3 and R1, yielding half-maximal rates of methylation at approximately 0.2 and approximately 2 microM peptide, respectively. A search of the GenPept database for the FGGRGGF motif revealed 13 candidate methyl acceptors containing arginine and at most two similar substitutions or one mismatch. Of these, 10 are known or presumed to interact with RNA. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that a majority of proteins containing NG,NG-dimethylarginine interact with RNA.
A Declarative Framework for Intrusion Analysis

We consider the problems of computer intrusion analysis and understanding. We begin by presenting a survey of the literature in this area and extrapolate a set of common principles and characteristics present in the most promising techniques. Using these principles, we develop a comprehensive analysis solution based on a variety of system events and the causal dependencies among them. We then present a declarative language that gives a system administrator the facilities required to analyze the event information present in system logs, and we identify the subset of the event information pertinent to an intrusion in a vastly simplified view. Finally, we demonstrate the ability of the language to accurately return a simplified view of the relevant events in a realistic intrusion case study.
Drinking Games as a Venue for Sexual Competition

Based on sexual selection theory, we hypothesized that sex differences in mating effort and social competitiveness-and subsequent sex differences in sexual and competitive motivations for participating in drinking games-are responsible for the well-documented sex differences in college students' drinking game behaviors. Participants in a cross-sectional study were 351 women and 336 men aged 17 to 26. In a mediation model, we tested sex differences in mating effort, social competitiveness, sexual and competitive motivations for participating in drinking games, drinking game behaviors, and alcohol-related problems. Men participated in drinking games more frequently, consumed more alcohol while participating in drinking games, and experienced more problems associated with drinking. These sex differences appeared to be partially mediated by mating effort, social competitiveness, and sexual and competitive motivations for participating in drinking games. Drinking games are a major venue in which college students engage in heavy episodic drinking, which is a risk factor for college students' behavioral and health problems. Thus, the functional perspective we used to analyze them here may help to inform public health and university interventions and enable better identification of at-risk students.
Conversion of dCTP to CTP by isolated nuclei of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells.

Abstract Isolated nuclei of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells synthesize DNA in vitro using endogenous template and enzymes. Deoxycytidine nucleoside triphosphate (dCTP) is incorporated into acid-insoluble material to a much greater extent than the other substrates, even in the absence of the other triphosphates. Much of the [ 3 H] dCTP is converted to [ 3 H]CTP, some of which is incorporated into RNA, as evidenced by alkali-lability and density on cesium sulfate gradients.
Use of diffusional creep to investigate mass transport in (La, Sr)MnO3

Abstract The steady-state creep rate of La1 − xSrxMnO3 (x = 0.10, 0.15 and 0.25) decreased with increasing Sr content in a regime where diffusional creep is the dominant deformation mechanism. This composition effect when compared to existing point defect models suggested that the rate-controlling species for mass transport in (La, Sr)MnO3 is lattice diffusion of the cations, either lanthanum or manganese. This is in agreement with previous creep (based on an activation energy comparison) and sintering results. Diffusional creep can be used effectively to investigate mass transport in (La, Sr)MnO3.
Stable and unstable phases of a diblock copolymer melt

Using self-consistent field theory, we examine microphases of diblock copolymers and find, in addition to lamellar, hexagonal, and cubic phases, a stable gyroid phase which occurs between the lamellar and hexagonal ones. It terminates at a triple point, with a lamellar to hexagonal transition occurring in the weak-segregation limit. Other phases of experimental interest are studied, and we describe the regions in which they are most nearly stable.
Nonlocal Transverse Dependence of Molecular Reorientation Induced in a Nematic Liquid Crystal by a Guassian Laser Beam

Abstract We present an analytical treatment of the nonlocal transverse dependence of the molecular reorientation induced by a Gaussian laser beam in a nematic liquid crystal. In the limit of small laser beam width compared to the film thickness, the induced molecular reorientation's transverse dependence exhibits broadening effect. These results are significant in opto-optical switching and self-phase modulation bistability.
Similarities and distinctions between murine natural killer cells and lymphokine-activated killer cells☆

Abstract Pretreatment of mice with rabbit anti-asialo GM1 removes both natural killer (NK) effector cells and NK cells responsive to interleukin 2 (IL-2). Spleen cells from these mice do possess normal lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) activity. Young mice (
Management of biliary and duodenal complications of chronic pancreatitis

Biliary stricture and duodenal obstruction have been increasingly recognized as complications of chronic pancreatitis. The anatomical relationship of the distal common bile duct and the duodenum with the head of the pancreas is the main factor for their involvement in chronic pancreatitis. In hospitalized patients with pancreatitis, the incidence of biliary stricture and duodenal obstruction is reported to be about 6% and 1.2%, respectively. For patients requiring an operation for chronic pancreatitis the incidence increases to 35% for biliary stricture and 12% for duodenal obstruction. Fibrosis around the distal common bile duct can cause stenosis with obstruction of bile flow. Clinically, the presentation of these patients ranges from being asymptomatic with elevated alkaline phosphatase or bilirubin, or both, to being septic with cholangitis. Jaundice, cholangitis, hyperbilirubinemia, and persistent elevation of serum alkaline phosphatase occur more frequently in patients with pancreatitis with a biliary stricture. A twofold elevation of alkaline phosphatase is a marker of possible common duct stenosis in patients with chronic pancreatitis. The incidence of both biliary cirrhosis and cholangitis in these patients is about 10%. ERCP reveals a characteristic long, smoothly tapered stricture of the intrapancreatic common bile duct. In duodenal obstruction, the factors that convert self-limiting edema to chronic fibrosis and stricture formation are unknown, but ischemia superimposed on inflammation may be the major cause. These patients present with a prolonged history of nausea and vomiting. Barium studies typically show a long constricting lesion of the duodenum, and endoscopy reveals reactive inflammatory changes in a narrowed duodenum. Operation is indicated in patients with common bile duct strictures secondary to chronic pancreatitis when there is evidence of cholangitis, biliary cirrhosis, common duct stones, progression of stricture, elevation of alkaline phophatase and/or bilirubin for over a month, and an inability to rule out cancer. The operation of choice is either choledochoduodenostomy or choledochojejunostomy. A cholecystoenterostomy is less favored because of its higher failure rate (23%). Endoscopic stenting plays a role in patients who are unfit for surgery, but it is not recommended as definitive therapy. For duodenal obstruction, failure to resolve the obstruction with 1–2 weeks of conservative therapy is an indication for bypass. The operation of choice is a gastrojejunostomy. Not uncommonly, combined obstruction of the pancreatic duct, common bile duct, and duodenum will develop. Combined drainage procedures or resection are used to manage these problems.
Perioperative Patient Safety: A Multisite Qualitative Analysis

ABSTRACT • THIS STUDY WAS UNDERTAKEN to identify specific events that affected patient safety in perioperative service areas during a three-year period. • THE THREE MOST COMMON TYPES of reported incidents were incorrect counts, equipment malfunction, and medication errors. Data revealed significant disparities between health care facilities regarding what types of incidents were reported. • STANDARDIZED LANGUAGE and reporting mechanisms would aid in the consistency and validity of current incident reporting and could help to improve perioperative patient safety.
Treatment of genitourinary tract infections with fluoroquinolones: activity in vitro, pharmacokinetics, and clinical efficacy in urinary tract infections and prostatitis.

Data on the use of fluoroquinolones to treat genitourinary tract infections, considering potency in vitro, pharmacokinetics, and treatment of urinary tract infections: uncomplicated cystitis, uncomplicated pyelonephritis, complicated urinary tract infections and prostatitis