cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diversifying Rural Economies with Natural Resources: The Difference Between Local and Regional OHV Trail Destinations

With an estimated forty-four million riders, Off-Highway Vehicle (OHV) usage is one of the fastest growing forms of recreation in the United States. The National Survey on Recreation and the Environment suggests that this recreation and growth is largely occurring on public lands, most of which are situated in rural areas. OHV riders have been reported to have a consumer surplus ranging from US$ 25.51 to US$ 131.58 for recreational day trips, creating a potential lucrative market for rural communities wishing to diversify their economy. However, research has also found that OHV use can negatively impact natural resources and the experience of other non-OHV visitors. Given the potential positive economic impact, as well as the potential negative environmental and social impacts, it is important to identify which factors are most important for attracting OHV users that maximize positive outcomes and reduce negative outcomes. Additionally, for destinations seeking to establish or expand OHV opportunities to attract substantial users, information is needed on the differences between trail systems that attract only local markets, versus regional or national markets. Results suggest that the primary factor distinguishing between local and regional trails systems is the number of miles of trail, with secondary considerations being trail design and management policies. Keywords: Off Highway Vehicles (OHV), motorized recreation, rural natural resources, trail characteristics
Reflecting on Multiple Intelligences: Choice or Chance?

Thanks to the work of Howard Gardner, the notion of multiple intelligences is better understood. Instead of thinking primarily of IQ, the other intelligences have been well articulated and given greater status in contemporary thinking. These intelligences all are reflected by activities within our structures. The more we are aware of and to some extent understand these multiple intelligences, the more choices we have. Because we behave consistent with our structures, we also behave consistent with those intelligences within our structures. Intelligences can be modified.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Tourette's Syndrome.

Obsessive-compulsive behavior (OCB) or full-blown obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) afflict more than 50% of patients with Tourette’s syndrome (TS) and often are more debilitating than the tic disorder itself. Medications for OCD, including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), help patients with TS and OCD, particularly in combination with low-dose antipsychotic drugs, but seldom eliminate OCD entirely. Behavioral therapies are more effective as medications for the treatment of OCD. A combination of cognitive behavioral therapy and medication is the treatment of choice for most patients with TS and OCD.
Novel Compounds Inhibit Calmodulin Deficient RyR2 Activity and Arrhythmias in a CPVT Mouse Model

The cardiac ryanodine receptor (RyR2) plays a key role in excitation-contraction (EC) coupling. Mutations in RyR2 are known to be linked to the arrhythmogenic disorder, catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT), a deadly disease which is characterized by a leak of calcium from sarcoplasmic reticulum and a decrease in calmodulin (CaM) binding. A novel drug, 84-F2, is shown to inhibit arrhythmias in RyR2-R176Q heterozygous CPVT mouse hearts (2.5 μg/kg), decrease spark frequency in cells derived from CPVT mice (IC50 = 35nM), and inhibit RyR2 single channel activity at low nanomolar concentrations (IC50 = 11nM). When CaM is added back, 84-F2's ability to inhibit channel activity is suppressed ∼100 fold. We propose that this new drug decreases arrhythmias by binding to the CaM deficient RyR2, but does not affect normal EC coupling because of the presence of CaM. This work shows for the first time a class of drugs whose inhibitory effects are dependent upon the removal of CaM from RyR2. Supported by NIH 2R42HL114206 and R41-HL129570 to Elex Biotech, LLC.
Evaluation on health economics of HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment projects in Shimenn County in 2003-2012

Objective To conduct an health economic assessment of HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment projects in Shimen County, and to provide references for reasonable allocation of health resources. Methods Health economic evaluation method was used to analyze the data on domestic related researches, and the effects of HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment projects in Shimen County during 2003 to 2012 were assessed. Results CNY 4.629 million were invested in the AIDS projects in Shimen County. The financial investment ratio of state to county was 2.86:1. The input of recent 5 years was less than the work demands. The indirect cost-benefit analysis(CBA)of input and output was 1:4.60, and the direct CBA of input and output was 1:11.24. The cost utility analysis(CUA)was 847.1 Yuan of a DALY, namely, it cost 847.1 Yuan to save a DALY. The projects prevented 264 individuals from infecting HIV, avoided HIV transmission from mother-to-child, and saved AIDS patients with HARRT for the average survival of 3.4 years. Conclusions It is a new management mode of controlling the disease that carries out the project of AIDS prevention and treatment. It aims at separating the targets and arranging the resources effectively so as to improve the work efficiency. Health economic evaluation on AIDS prevention and treatment in Shimen County during 2003 to 2012 indicates that the input of AIDS prevention and treatment has produced obvious social and economic benefits.
Developing an affordable and portable control systems laboratory kit with a Raspberry Pi

Instructional laboratories are common in engineering programs. Instructional laboratories should evolve with technology and support the changes in higher education, like the increased popularity of online courses. In this study, an affordable and portable laboratory kit was designed to replace the expensive on-campus equipment for two control systems courses. The complete kit costs under $135 and weighs under 0.68 kilograms. It is comprised of off-the-shelf components (e.g., Raspberry Pi, DC motor) and 3D printed parts. The kit has two different configurations. The first (base) configuration is a DC motor system with a position and speed sensor. The second configuration adds a Furuta inverted pendulum attachment with another position sensor. These configurations replicate most of the student learning outcomes for the two control systems courses for which they were designed.
Progresses of the Past Decade on Factors Contributing to Skeletal MuscleGlycogen Synthase Regulation

Glycogen is the primary storage form of glucose, which is metabolized actively in the liver and skeletal muscle of mammals. The skeletal muscle glycogen is used intracellularly to provide starting substrate for glycolysis, whereas liver glycogen is used mainly for the maintenance of blood glucose homeostasis. The conversion of glucose to glycogen is an ordered process, in which the enzyme glycogen synthase plays an essential role. The key events in the synthesis of glycogen have been elucidated in both the liver and muscle. The process of understanding the regulatory mechanism of glycogen synthase activity has led to the discoveries of many important players in cellular metabolism. Research in identifying factors modulating muscle glycogen synthesis has been of popular interest within the past decade. The goal of this review is to summarize potential factors affecting skeletal muscle glycogen synthase expression level and activity in literatures published for the past decade.
Epilogue Napoleon and the Revolutionary Tradition

For no other historical figure are the ironies and paradoxes of unintended consequences so striking. Napoleon was the heir of the French Revolution yet abhorred some of its most profound hopes, notably democracy. He compromised equality by reintroducing hierarchy and hereditary titles, albeit based on service. He so narrowly described liberty that those who saw him as the gravedigger of the Revolution have a case: there was virtually no political life during the Empire except that emanating from Napoleon, no freedom of the press, assembly, or expression, France’s literary life has been accurately described as a desert, and an active and intrusive police monitored French citizens. The rule of law was frequently violated by Napoleon himself. Despite such serious incursions much of the work and the spirit of the French Revolution was preserved and survived not only Napoleon’s rule but his fall.
Extending the boundaries between scheduling and dispatching: hedging and rescheduling techniques

While deterministic scheduling models have been well studied, the use of these models is not well documented in manufacturing environments. Previous research has indicated that deterministic scheduling approaches quickly lose their advantage compared to dispatching rules when processing time uncertainty is present. This research presents the case of a Printed Wiring Board Manufacturer’s drilling operation, which is a group of unrelated parallel machines. The manufacturer wishes to minimise makespan, number of late jobs, total overtime, average machine finishing time and machine utilisation when stochastic uncertainty is present. While deterministic scheduling has been shown to be a good solution approach when processing time variability is low, this research attempts to extend the boundaries in which scheduling is useful by investigating job and machine hedges as well as periodic and event driven rescheduling policies. The success of the approach is evaluated using a simulation model to evaluate the perfo...
Republication: Financial analysis techniques in clinical practice: From “Micro” to “Macro”

Improved methods of clinical data collection, storage, and processing are changing the way critical care practitioners examine and utilize the wealth of patient-related information available in the modern Intensive Care Unit (ICU). The author of this report previously outlined general methods and principles of a proposed new biomedical parameter analysis system based on well-established financial analysis (FA) methods. The new system helps to define, confirm, and potentially predict trends, and trend reversals in a number of traditional biomedical variables (vital signs, laboratory parameters, various catheter-derived pressure measurements, oximetry, temperature, and input/output variables). To examine the behavior of FA parameters and indicators across different temporal scales (i.e., minutes, hours, days, weeks), the author analyzed trends in various biomedical parameters using different time scales and a standardized set of FA techniques, including: (1) the stochastic oscillator, (2) the relative strength index (RSI) tool, (3) moving average, (4) moving average convergence-divergence, and (5) price envelope analysis. Randomly chosen and anonymized laboratory, urinary output, hemodynamic, and intracranial pressure datasets of patients who spent at least 21 days in the ICU were retrospectively examined. Variables were entered into specialized FA software (MetaStock, Equis International, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA) and subjected to computerized processing methods. Analyses of the above clinical parameters demonstrate that laboratory, input/output, oximetry, and transduced pressure-based data can be successfully “trended” using simple FA techniques. The data were easy to examine when displayed in FA fashion. In addition, some trends that were not easily apparent on the examination of raw numeric data or basic non-FA graphs became more apparent after the application of FA methods. These findings suggest that biomedical parameters can be subjected to the same manipulations as financial market data. In addition, FA tools appear to provide the interpreting physician with means to examine biomedical parameters across different temporal scales and resolutions (from minutes to weeks per each measurement epoch). In fact, biomedical parameters tend to display similar trends regardless of whether the data are collected on the scale of minutes, hours, days, weeks, or months. The following core competencies are addressed in this article: Medical knowledge, Patient Care, Practice based learning and improvement, Systems based practice. Republished with permission from: Stawicki SP. Financial analysis techniques in clinical practice: From 'micro' to 'macro'. OPUS 12 Scientist 2008;2(3):3-9.
Vision, Lamentation and Nineteenth-century Representations of the End of al-Andalus

The Alhambra, the Nasrid palatial fortress complex of Granada, Spain, has often been represented in paintings, engravings, and literature as the site of a glorious zenith of al-Andalus and as the s...
Al-doped Li7La3Zr2O12 synthesized by a polymerized complex method

Abstract Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12 electrolytes doped with different amounts of Al (0, 0.2, 0.7, 1.2, and 2.5 wt.%) were prepared by a polymerized complex (Pechini) method. The influence of aluminum on the structure and conductivity of Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12 were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), impedance spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermal dilatometry. It was found that even a small amount of Al (e.g. 0.2 wt.%) added to Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12 can greatly accelerate densification during the sintering process. SEM micrographs showed the existence of a liquid phase introduced by Al additions which led to the enhanced sintering rate. The addition of Al also stabilized the higher conductivity cubic form of Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12 rather than the less conductive tetragonal form. The combination of these two beneficial effects of Al enabled greatly reduced sintering times for preparation of highly conductive Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12 electrolyte. With optimal additions of Al (e.g. 1.2 wt.%), Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12 electrolyte sintered at 1200 °C for only 6 h showed an ionic conductivity of 2.0 × 10 −4 S cm −1 at room temperature.
Rationalizing Socrates’ daimonion

That Socrates took himself to possess a divine sign is well attested by ancient sources. Both Plato and Xenophon mention Socrates’ daimonion on numerous occasions. What is problematic for contempor...
Developing a Mobile Health Intervention for Low-Income, Urban Caregivers of Children with Asthma: A Pilot Study.

Objective: This pilot study explored the initial feasibility and efficacy of providing feedback to low-income, urban caregivers of children with persistent asthma about their daily experiences reported via ecological momentary assessment (EMA) on caregiver emotional health (quality of life, perceived stress, and positive affect). Methods: Data were collected from 28 caregivers and their children (7-12 years). Caregivers completed a baseline session, 14 days of EMA surveys via smartphone, and were randomized to intervention or control groups. The intervention group received individualized EMA feedback regarding areas of daily life that may be making it harder to manage child asthma. The control group received information on general child health. Caregivers completed assessments 4 weeks and 4 months postintervention. Results: In the EMA group, caregivers experienced an increase in perceived stress from baseline to postintervention, but a decrease in perceived stress from postintervention to follow-up. There were no significant changes in outcome measures for the control group. Conclusion: Preliminary findings suggest that providing caregivers with feedback from daily assessments may reduce stress, which could be targeted in future mobile health interventions for low-income, urban families of children with asthma.
Competing for the diaspora's influence at home: party structure and transnational campaign activity in El Salvador

How do parties in migrant-sending countries engage with the diaspora? Migrants exercise an increasingly important voice in electoral politics in their home countries, though they often either canno...
Regulation and perceived compliance: Nonpoint pollution reduction programs in four states

Examining nonpoint-source water pollution programs in foresty is one way of looking at the complicated policy questions of striking a balance between voluntary and regulatory approaches to forest management on private lands. States have developed a variety of approaches in this area from completely voluntary to highly regulatory to archeive compliance. This article looks at several aspects: federal requirements, program types, predictive behavior theories, and specific state programs (Ohio, West Virginia, Maryland, Massachusetts). The study results indicate a significant difference in preceived compliance based on program type: as stringency increases, perceived compliance increases. The authors suggest that successful forestry nonpoint source water pollution reduction plans should combine regulatory and educational elements. 16 refs., 3 tabs.
Cookies and Sessions: A Study of What They Are, How They Work and How They Can Be Stolen

We discuss cookies, a vital and relevant piece of technology that is used by many on the Internet today. Specifically, we talk about what a cookie is, how they work and how a cookie may be stolen from an end user to gain illegitimate access to accounts. A lab, utilized for both testing and demonstration consists of an attacker and a victim. Finally, we discuss mitigation techniques for end users.
Strangulated bowel as an unusual complication of neonatal congenital diaphragmatic hernia A case report and literature review

Strangulation of bowel in utero causing infarction has been rarely reported in neonates. We report a case of congenital diaphragmatic hernia with bowel incarceration, requiring substantial resection of necrotic bowel. Despite a prolonged hospitalization, the patient had a good outcome and was discharged home nippling full enteral feeds. Three previous cases with a similar diagnosis were identified through a literature review and suggest a similar pattern of initial patient presentation.
Primary Versus Secondary Disorder in the Context of Internet Gaming Disorder

Purpose of Review We consider the evidence for Internet gaming disorder as a primary or a secondary disorder.
Analyzing the Curricularization of Language in Two-Way Immersion Education: Restating Two Cautionary Notes.

This article focuses on two-way immersion (TWI) education and restates two previously expressed cautionary notes about the unexpected costs of such programs for the Latino community and for childre...
Mechanisms of Muscle Contraction and Relaxation

Abstract This chapter will discuss our understanding regarding the function and interactions of the protein machinery that comprise the contractile apparatus. An emphasis will be placed on the roles these proteins play in the extent and duration of skeletal muscle contraction and relaxation. Special emphasis will be placed on four essential components required for muscle contraction: (1) the motor; (2) the road; (3) the signal; and (4) the sensor. The overriding theme of the chapter will revolve around the idea that the function and regulation of the protein machinery has a profound influence on muscle performance.
Concurrent Earnings Announcements and Analysts' Information Production

ABSTRACT We examine whether financial analysts are subject to limited attention. We find that when analysts have another firm in their coverage portfolio announcing earnings on the same day as the ...
Learning from failure

This issue of the Journal of Responsible Innovation brings readers along a multi-level arc of governance sites that engages with academic ‘cultures of disengagement’ (Cech 2014), introduces an anti...
Risk factors for complications and return to the emergency department after interscalene block using liposomal bupivacaine for shoulder surgery.

Background Exparel (liposomal bupivacaine) has recently gained favor for use in interscalene regional blocks for shoulder surgery. While effective for pain relief, this does have adverse effects that can lead to postoperative emergency department (ED) visits. This study aimed to identify any patient risk factors that are associated with complications leading to ED return visits owing to interscalene blocks using Exparel before shoulder surgery. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed for all patients undergoing shoulder surgery with an Exparel interscalene block in an 8-month period. For each patient, demographic information, comorbidities, type of block, postoperative complications, ED return visits, and readmissions were recorded. The 5-factor modified Frailty Index score and the Charlson Comorbidity Index score were calculated. Univariate and multivariate logistic regressions were conducted to identify risk factors associated with increased complications and return to the ED. Results Overall, 352 patients were included; most patients were men, were aged between 51 and 70 years, and had a body mass index of 25.0-35.0. Postoperative complications related to the Exparel interscalene block occurred in 58 patients (16.5%), including 37 minor complications (10.5%) and 21 major complications (6.0%) that led to return ED visits. Univariate analysis yielded American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score (P = .03) as a significant predictor of minor complications. Multivariate logistic regression analysis yielded ASA score (P = .096; odds ratio, 1.64) as trending toward being a significant risk factor for minor complications. Univariate analysis yielded age (P = .006), ASA score (P = .009), and Charlson Comorbidity Index score (P = .002) as significant predictors of major complications. Multivariate logistic regression analysis yielded ASA score (P = .049; odds ratio, 2.25) as the only significant risk factor for major complications. Conclusion Surgeons and anesthesiologists should strongly consider a patient's ASA score, in addition to his or her pulmonary and cardiac history, when deciding whether the patient is an appropriate candidate for an interscalene regional block using Exparel for shoulder surgery.
Factors associated with awareness and use of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) among Black men who have sex with men with a recent STI diagnosis.

Black men who have sex with men (BMSM) with a recent STI diagnosis are at particularly high risk for HIV infection and, as such, are a population for whom we must focus our antiretroviral pre-expos...
Association of HIV Education with HIV Testing and Sexual Risk Behaviors Among US Youth, 2009-2017: Disparities Between Sexual Minority and Sexual Majority Youth.

HIV remains a serious concern among youth, particularly among sexual minority youth (SMY). Risk behaviors including low rates of HIV testing and inconsistent condom use as well as use of substances before sex contribute to these disparities. Therefore, HIV education in schools may be a valuable tool for reducing HIV-related risk behaviors. Using a large, pooled sample of youth (N = 169,468) from the 2009–2017 Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS), we conducted the first population-level assessment of associations between HIV education and risk behavior prevalence among high school–aged youth by sexual behavior (i.e., sex of sexual partner [s]) in the USA. Results demonstrated that racial/ethnic minority youth and SMY were less likely to have received HIV education than White or heterosexual peers. HIV education was associated with less substance use at last sex. Among males, HIV education was associated with increased condom use and HIV testing, emphasizing its promise as a potential intervention for risk behavior reduction. Results are discussed in light of current literature with future recommendations.
Abstract 2341: Predictive analysis of gynecologic cancer risk factors using decision tree analysis

Introduction: Gynecologic cancer (GYNC) accounts for 6.3% of all cancers and is the fourth leading cause of cancer death for women in the U.S. Autoimmune diseases (AD) are among the top ten leading causes of death among U.S. women age 65 and under. This high mortality rate among women with AD has been linked to cancer and other causes. Considering cancer and AD are the accumulative effect of genetics and lifestyle, and 90-95% of all cancers are linked to lifestyle and environmental factors, a study to investigate the association between patient-level predictors and GYNC among AD patients in the U.S. was imperative. Methods: 2007-2013 data from Florida State Inpatient samples of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project were used. The study population (n=836,717) was restricted to women who had any AD. The outcome variable was diagnosis of GYNC. 36 categorical transformed variables including race/ethnicity, age, insurance type, income level, GYN procedures, and comorbidities were analyzed as predictive variables (PV). Bootstrap Forest (JMP pro13) were was used to create a 10,000-decision tree (DT) model to identify independent predictors of GYNC. Multiple outputs such as confusion matrix, column contribution, and ROC was created for predictive analytics. Results: The analytical model used was confirmed by evaluating criteria such as AUC (0.82), sensitivity (0.68), specificity (0.82), false positive rate (0.18), wrongly predicted value (0.24), and overall accurate prediction (0.76) of the model. Using column contribution and single DT, the PV hysterectomy was the highest predictor of GYNC, followed by PV age;, and comorbidities such as diabetes, and obesity; along with race/ethnicity; and income level. Also, subpopulations of AD patients at risk for GYNC based on unique combinations of risk factors were established, including subpopulations such as women with AD, involved glandular disorders who had hysterectomy, and comorbidities such as diabetes and fluid and electrolyte disorders. Discussion: Both GYNC and AD are major chronic diseases among women. Because of high prevalence of AD among women, more elucidation on the association between GYNC and AD is essential for GYNC management. The unique combinations of characteristics that describe subgroups of patients at risk for GYNC among AD patients can be used as a potential risk assessment, as well as an early detection and/ or prevention tools for GYNC. Citation Format: Zahra Bahrani-Mostafavi, Larissa B. Huber, Wei Sha, Christine Richardson. Predictive analysis of gynecologic cancer risk factors using decision tree analysis [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 2341.
Percutaneous Cryoablation of Symptomatic Abdominal Wall Endometriosis at a Military Treatment Facility

Study Objective To describe a case of symptomatic abdominal wall endometriosis treated with cryoablation Design Case report Setting Academic military hospital Patients or Participants A 31 year-old active duty female with one prior cesarean section reported 7 years of cyclic pain at her cesarean scar that was nonresponsive to trigger point injections or oral contraceptives. The pain resolved with leuprolide, however, it was stopped due to intolerable side effects. She was initially scheduled for excision of her abdominal wall endometriosis (AWE), but the procedure was cancelled due to a year-long military deployment. Interventions Two years later the patient presented to our facility with cyclic pain and enlarging cesarean scar mass. An MRI revealed 5.5 × 3.1cm left rectus muscle AWE. General surgery recommended against surgical excision as rectus resection and reconstruction could impact her military readiness with a high risk of medical discharge. Interventional Radiology was consulted and recommended minimally invasive percutaneous cryoablation. Percutaneous cryoablation was performed outpatient under local and moderate sedation with ultrasound- and CT-guidance. Image-guided hydrodissection was used to protect the skin, abdominal wall, and underlying bowel from ice. Appropriate cytotoxic temperatures were monitored and achieved throughout the mass. Periodic CT evaluation confirmed the ablation margin of ice extended just beyond the tumor margin. The patient tolerated the procedure well and was discharged home same-day. Measurements and Main Results Patient noted complete resolution of pain at 6 weeks post-procedure without residual AWE on follow-up MRI. Norethindrone was continued for endometriosis suppression and physical therapy initiated for core strengthening with continued absence of symptoms at 6 months post-procedure. Conclusion Surgical resection of large AWE may not be feasible given the physical demands of military servicewomen. Percutaneous cryoablation provides a minimally invasive and less morbid treatment option with long-term resolution of pain symptoms in this patient.
Deletion of Arno Reduces Eosinophilic Inflammation and Interleukin-5 Expression in a Murine Model of Rhinitis.

Background:ARF nucleotide-binding site opener (ARNO) is a guanine nucleotide-exchange factor for ADP-ribosylation factor proteins. ARF nucleotide-binding site opener also binds MyD88, and small-mol...
Preschool instructional approaches and age 35 health and well-being.

In this study we sought to explore the association between preschool instructional approach and health and well-being at age 35 for a large sample of low-income children. Participants included 989 low-income, minority children who attended Child-Parent Center preschools as part of the Chicago Longitudinal Study from 1983 to 1985. Preschool curriculum was obtained from teacher reports and validated by program evaluators. These data were categorized by raters as: high teacher-directed and child-initiated; low teacher-directed and child-initiated; low teacher-directed and high child-initiated; or high teacher-directed and low child-initiated. Data on adult outcomes were obtained through surveys and administrative records. Those in preschool classrooms with high teacher-directed and child-initiated instruction had increased odds of having a livable wage (Odds Ratio(OR) = 2.02, p = 0.001), and decreased odds of felony arrest (OR = 0.39; p < 0.001), jail or incarceration (OR = 0.35, p = 0.001), and conviction (OR = 0.52, p = 0.002) at age 35 than those in low teacher-directed and child-initiated classrooms. Participants experiencing low teacher-directed and high child-initiated instruction had increased odds of having a livable wage (OR = 2.01, p = 0.002) and decreased odds of felony arrest (OR = 0.46; p < 0.001), jail or incarceration (OR = 0.53; p = 0.023), and conviction (OR = 0.57, p = 0.01) at age 35. Findings were consistent across many model specifications and adjustments for potential attrition bias. Child-initiated instruction in preschool is a robust predictor of adulthood well-being. Early education prevention efforts to establish a blend of child-initiated and teacher-directed teaching philosophies affords the opportunity for long-term impacts on economic and criminal outcomes in adulthood.
The Natural History of Alcoholism: Causes, Patterns, and Paths to Recovery-the virtues of an interdisciplinary perspective of alcoholism and alcoholism recovery.

"The Natural History of Alcoholism: Causes, Patterns, and Paths to Recovery" by George E. Vaillant was a pioneering longitudinal study about alcoholism and alcoholism recovery. Published in 1983 amid the competitive professional dynamics underlying a clash of the controlled drinking controversy, The Natural History of Alcoholism is a tacit exemplar of the virtues of an interdisciplinary perspective of alcoholism and alcoholism recovery. The book integrates a medical outlook toward alcoholism and alcoholism recovery with ideas from other academic disciplines; it conveys a multidimensionality of alcoholism and alcoholism recovery that necessitates contributions from an interdisciplinary collective of scientific perspectives. The Natural History of Alcoholism serves as a reminder that scientists and scholars need not approach alcoholism and alcoholism recovery by acclaiming the virtues of their own ideas about these matters while downplaying ideas with which they intellectually or ideologically differ. The Natural History of Alcoholism is a reminder of the virtues of an interdisciplinary perspective of alcoholism and alcoholism recovery.
Family-based training to improve cognitive outcomes for children from lower socioeconomic status backgrounds: emerging themes and challenges

In this brief review, we summarize key principles emerging from studies of family-based training to improve children's cognitive outcomes, especially for children from lower socioeconomic status backgrounds. Available evidence from both developed and developing countries supports the benefit of family-based training for promoting healthy child development, including long-term positive outcomes into adulthood. The biological mechanisms underlying program impact are beginning to be investigated, with current research emphasizing the potential for family-based programs to improve foundational brain systems underlying stress-regulation and self-regulation. As the field moves toward models of family-based interventions that can be adapted for use in different cultures and with diverse families, additional work will be needed to address challenges to large-scale implementation including scalability, assessment, and cultural adaptation.
Catalytic isomerization of allyl functionalities in water by hexaaquaruthenium(II) tosylate

Abstract The water-soluble coordination compound hexaaquaruthenium(II) p-toluene sulfonate (1) catalyzes olefin isomerization that makes it a useful catalyst in unmasking allyl ether and ester protecting groups in water. Allyl ethers of alcohols and acetic acid allyl ester are readily converted to the corresponding alcohols and acid in a catalytic fashion with compound 1 in water (50 °C). A mechanistic investigation on ethylene glycol monoallyl ether reveals the intermediate vinyl ether resulting from olefn isomerization (ΔH‡ = 19.0 (±0.4) kcal/mol). This is followed by hydrolysis to the final ethylene glycol that is promoted by 1. This “one-pot” reaction provides a new useful coordination compound as a deprotection reagent in synthetic organic chemistry.
Alternative Methods for Amplified Nucleic Acid Testing

Molecular pathology is a relatively new division of laboratory medicine that detects, characterizes, and/or quantifies nucleic acids to assist in the diagnosis of human disease. Molecular assays augment classical areas of laboratory medicine by pro– viding additional diagnostic data either in a more expeditious manner or by providing results that would not be obtainable using standard methodologies. For these reasons, molecular pathology is the most rapidly growing area in laboratory medi– cine. Molecular pathology can be categorized into five subdivi– sions that specialize in the diagnosis of diseases or conditions associated with (1) hematology/oncology, (2) solid tumors, (3) genetics, (4) pharmacogenetics, and (5) infectious diseases. Based on test volume, detection, and characterization of infec– tious diseases is currently the dominant subdivision of molecu– lar pathology and is projected to continue to dominate the other areas of molecular pathology for the next several years. Molecular methods used for detecting infectious agents have several advantages when compared to classical microbiology approaches. Molecular methods are highly sensitive and, there– fore, can detect minute amounts of infectious agents. Because these methods generally do not require growth in culture media, various bacteria, viruses, and fungi, which are difficult or impossible to culture, can be readily identified (1–8). In addition, the sensitivity of these methods can allow the analysis of nonviable infectious agents (i.e., permitting the analysis of archived formalin-fixed tissue). The viral load and genotype of certain infectious agents that can facilitate treatment protocols can also be determined. These advantages are some of the rea– sons why infectious diseases are dominating the area of Clinical Molecular Pathology. As a result, these new molecular method– ologies have placed the highest priority on the ability to equally detect and quantify genetic variants of various infectious agents.
Sridhar Venkatapuram: Health justice: an argument from the capabilities approach

Sridhar Venkatapuram’s book, Health Justice: An Argument from the Capabilities Approach, is the latest to take a capabilities approach to the increasingly important debates in health and social justice. This work follows on the heels of Jennifer P. Ruger’s Health and Social Justice (2010) [1] and Madison Powers and Ruth Faden’s Social Justice: The Moral Foundations of Public Health and Health Policy (2006) [2], both of which also build on the capabilities paradigm. The focus on human capabilities has taken hold in the health policy world as well. The World Health Organization’s (WHO’s) framework for measuring health, for example, is now titled, ‘‘International Classification of Functioning, Disabilities and Handicaps’’ [3]. The term ‘‘functioning’’ replaced ‘‘impairments’’ in 2001. Venkatapuram’s book enters this space with a bold and well-articulated thesis. He proposes a conception of social justice that considers health to be its ‘‘first priority’’ (p. 72). Venkatapuram builds on the capabilities paradigm, but injects it with a new, more comprehensive understanding of health, and modifies it so as to centralize health as its overarching goal. What he defends is a ‘‘capability to be healthy’’ (CH), which he argues, ‘‘is a person’s ability to achieve or exercise a cluster of basic capabilities and functionings, and each at a level that constitutes a life worthy of equal human dignity in the modern world.’’ And building on Martha Nussbaum’s influential list of ten central human capabilities (CHCs), Venkatapuram argues that ‘‘the CH can be usefully understood as a ‘meta-capability’ to achieve or exercise ten CHCs’’ (p. 143). Such a conception of health justice, he
Arthritis and the earnings of men. An analysis incorporating selection bias.

Abstract Arthritis is a chronic and crippling disease which affects the work effort and earnings of more than 14 million working-age victims. This paper examines the effects of arthritis on the earnings of men aged 18 to 64. Arthritis has large and significant effects on earnings. Most models incorporating selection bias have examined groups with lower labor force participation rates than prime-age males, but significant selection bias is found here. When selection bias is considered, the estimated absolute effects of arthritis are increased and the percentage of the gap between arthritic and non-arthritic males explained by arthritis, as opposed to other factors, increases. This study is unusual in identifying the effects of a single disease on earnings.
We Do Not Enjoy Equal Political Rights: Ghanaian Women's Perceptions on Political Participation in Ghana

This study explores Ghanaian women’s perception and voices about issues of gender equality in terms of exercising their political and decision-making rights in connection with political participation and governance in Ghana. The study uses demographic survey and six different focus group discussions to capture the views of a total of 68 women with different educational, socioeconomical, and occupational backgrounds, in two regions of the Ghana. The findings indicate that even though theoretically the constitution of Ghana gives women equal rights as their male counterparts to actively participate in the governance of their country, in practice, women face issues of gender-based power imbalance and discrimination in addition to other structural, institutional, cultural, and traditional barriers and roadblocks. These barriers expose women as being inferior and second-class citizens compared with their male counterparts in term of participation and inclusion in the governance of their country. The study discusses the social and policy implications of the issues of gender inequality and social exclusion of women in politics and calls for empowerment and organization of women and structural change in the system.
Rh-D hemolytic disease in Negro and white infants: A comparison

Hemolytic disease of the newborn due to Rh-D has had lower morbidity and mortality rates in Negro than in white infants delivered at Temple University Hospital from 1946 to 1962. Negro and white mothers have shown a similar incidence of Rh sensitization and equal ability to produce anti-D antibody. Sixty per cent of affected Negro infants and 26.5 per cent of affected white infants did not require treatment. Neonatal mortality was 2 per cent for Negro, 8.5 per cent for white infants. Fewer Negro mothers have had stillbirths due to hemolytic disease. ABO hemolytic disease has shown equal severity in Negro and white infants.
Women healers and the medical marketplace of 16th-century Lyon

Although women's legal and marital status make them almost invisible in archiva1 documents, what traces remain suggest that women participated in Lyon's medical marketplace in various ways and under various guises. At Lyon's municipally-funded poor hospital, the Hotel-Dieu, widows and wives of surgeons, repentant prostitutes, birth attendants, and .women» cared for the destitute and sick of Lyon, in the capacity of midwives, physicians, surgeons, and barbers. Though the records almost always identify women practitioners simply as «women» or by their first and last name, many of them engaged in the identical tasks as male practitioners. Outside of the hospital, wives acted as barbers or surgeons alongside or in place of their husbands when widowed. In the final analysis, municipal authorities accepted the help of female healers on the basis of their traditional medical knowledge, joint work identity with their practitioner-husbands, and proven skill.
Formalism and Contemporary Economics

Economic formalism crowds out the analysis of change and adjustments to change under capitalism. They style of analytical narrative that was practiced by the first generation of neoclassical economists, in contrast, is more productive of genuine economic understanding. Despite Daniel Hausman's challenging argument to the contrary, I maintain that Joseph Stiglitz's work is formalist at its core. While I agree with Robert Heilbroner's critique of contemporary economics, there is a limited sense in which nonformalist economics can rely on universalistic assumptions. And Thomas Mayer has provided useful guidelines for focusing nonformalist analysis on real-world economic problems.
Vitamin A Status Needed to Maintain Vitamin A Concentrations in Nonhepatic Tissues of the Pregnant Rat

Vitamin A-depleted pregnant rats were fed diets containing 0, 1, 10 or 100 retinol equivalents (REq)/d during gestation. Maternal tissues of these dams, their placentas and fetuses were assayed for total vitamin A (retinol and its esters) at gestational ages 10, 13, 16 or 19 d. The vitamin A concentrations in placenta and fetuses of dams fed 10 REq/d were significantly different from those of dams fed no vitamin A. This difference was not seen in any of the six other maternal tissues assayed. We suggest that the fetus is at greater risk than other maternal tissues during severe vitamin A deprivation. For vitamin A-deprived dams, linear regression analysis indicated strong relationships between the vitamin A concentrations of nonhepatic tissues and their liver vitamin A concentrations. In contrast, among vitamin A-replete dams, these relationships were not statistically significant. An estimate was made of the minimal vitamin A status corresponding to tissue repletion by solving linear equations described by the data of the depleted dams for the vitamin A concentrations found in tissues of replete dams. This analysis revealed that a maternal vitamin A status of 3 micrograms/g liver was needed to provide the level of vitamin A found in the placenta, whole fetus and maternal tissues of vitamin A-replete dams.
99mTc-human serum albumin: an effective radiotracer for identifying sentinel lymph nodes in melanoma.

Sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy has emerged as a novel approach for identifying patients with melanoma and regional nodal micrometastasis who may benefit from full nodal basin resection. To identify the pattern of tumor lymphatic drainage and the SLN, lymphoscintigraphy has been performed using primarily 99mTc-sulfur colloid (SC). In this study, we compare the efficacy of SLN biopsy using 99mTc-human serum albumin (HSA) with SLN biopsy after SC-based lymphoscintigraphy. Methods: One hundred and six patients with localized cutaneous melanoma were studied. Lymphoscintigraphy was performed after intradermal injection of HSA in 85 patients and SC in 21 patients. Four patients underwent lymphoscintigraphy twice, once with SC and once with HSA. Dynamic images were acquired for up to 1 h, followed by high-count images of the SLN in various projections so that the most likely site was marked on the skin for biopsy. Intraoperatively, blue dye was injected around the primary site. Twenty-four patients underwent SLN dissection directed by preoperative lymphoscintigraphy and vital blue dye mapping; in the remaining 80 patients, a gamma probe was added intraoperatively to the localization procedure. Two patients underwent mapping with gamma probe alone. Results: Draining lymphatic basins and nodes were identified by lymphoscintigraphy in all patients. The SLN was identified in 95% of patients when both blue dye and intraoperative gamma probe were used. When 99mTc-HSA was used for imaging, 98% of the SLNs ultimately identified were radiolabeled, and 82% were both hot and blue. Of the SLN recovered with SC, all the nodes were radiolabeled; however, there was only 58% hot and blue concordance. Greater numbers of SLNs were removed in the SC group (median 2.0 versus 1.0, P = 0.02); however, the incidence of micrometastasis was statistically similar in both HSA and SC cohorts. In the 4 patients examined with both tracers, SLN mapping was similar. Conclusion: Although SC has been the radiotracer of choice for SLN mapping in melanoma, HSA appears to be a suitable alternative, with identical success rates. In fact, the higher concordance between hot and blue nodes using HSA suggests superiority of this tracer for this purpose.
Performance of Particulate Containment at Nanotechnology Workplaces.

The evaluation of engineering controls for the production or use of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) was investigated at two facilities. These control assessments are necessary to evaluate the current status of control performance and to develop proper control strategies for these workplaces. The control systems evaluated in these studies included ventilated enclosures, exterior hoods, and exhaust filtration systems. Activity-based monitoring with direct-reading instruments and filter sampling for microscopy analysis were used to evaluate the effectiveness of control measures at study sites. Our study results showed that weighing CNTs inside the biological safety cabinet can have a 37 % reduction on the particle concentration in the worker’s breathing zone, and produce a 42 % lower area concentration outside the enclosure. The ventilated enclosures used to reduce fugitive emissions from the production furnaces exhibited good containment characteristics when closed, but they failed to contain emissions effectively when opened during product removal/harvesting. The exhaust filtration systems employed for exhausting these ventilated enclosures did not provide promised collection efficiencies for removing engineered nanomaterials from furnace exhaust. The exterior hoods were found to be a challenge for controlling emissions from machining nanocomposites: the downdraft hood effectively contained and removed particles released from the manual cutting process, but using the canopy hood for powered cutting of nanocomposites created 15–20 % higher ultrafine (<500 nm) particle concentrations at the source and at the worker’s breathing zone. The microscopy analysis showed that CNTs can only be found at production sources but not at the worker breathing zones during the tasks monitored.