cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Statistics of intermediate duration averages of atmospheric scintillation

Los Alamos National LaboratoryMail Stop F607Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545E-mail: stroud@lanl.govAbstract. An extensive set of measurements of the scintillation of alaser propagated over long horizontal paths through atmospheric turbu-lence, at altitudes spanning the tropopause was recently obtained.These measurements were made over sequences of parallel but dis-placed paths, like the rungs of a ladder. It is shown here that the intensityreductions caused by scintillation of two parallel paths separated by 35.6m are partially correlated. Further, the correlations between paths withdiscrete experimental separations are used to construct the correlationfunctions for arbitrary path displacement. The variance in continuousmoving averages of the relative intensity is then found in terms of thecorrelation functions, parameterized by the distance the propagationpath is swept through the turbulence. An empirical formulation is devel-oped for use in assessing the expected distribution of intensity reduc-tions in various laser systems. This analysis recovers the statistics ofatmospheric scintillation for the important regime in between the twoextremes of a snapshot and a long time average. © 1996 Society ofPhoto-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.
Rupture of Papillary Muscles: Occurrence of Rupture of the Posterior Muscle in Posterior Myocardial Infarction

Rupture of a papillary muscle of the heart has been considered an unusual complication of myocardial infarction. Although first recognized as early as 1803, only 56 cases have been reported to date. The literature was reviewed by Davison’ in 1948. He added three cases to 26 previously reported. Other instances have been described by Glendy and White; Payne and Hardy; Askey ;2 Smith, Schwartz and Canelli; Hope and Askey ;3 Craddock and Mahe ;4 Briggs; Ritama and Heino ;5 Segall and Sharp ;6 Oeser ;7 and Reuter.8 Our main purpose in presenting five more cases is to emphasize the typical combination of rupture of the posterior papillary muscle following simultaneous infarction of that muscle and of the posterior wall of the left ventricle. We should also like to note that in our experience, rupture of a papillary muscle in general has not been too rare an occurrence. We saw the five cases reported here in a relatively short period of time, and we know of an additional five cases which were not included because of insufficient clinical data.
L'écriture Des Choses à L'épreuve Du Soleil: à Propos Du Soleil Placé En Abîme De Francis Ponge

This article examines how the French poet Francis Ponge, in writing a series of texts devoted to the sun (1948-54), inaugurates an ars poetica called "l'objeu." The sun represents a real threat—both empirical and philosophical—to the author's earthbound and stony sensitivity. The notion of l'objeu, which is indissociable from the text Le Soleil place en abime, can thus be understood as the invention of a poetical program that challenges the brightness of the sun with the help of science. As he transforms the sun into l'objeu by using the power of his own signature, Ponge takes part in the glorification of a new form of textual transcendence: henceforth the poem is converted into a baroque parasol, whose goal eventually consists in allowing each terrestrial object to be put in the spotlight.
Stochastic voltage model and experimental measurement of ocean-scattered GPS signal statistics

Information about the roughness of the ocean surface and related geophysical parameters, such as wind speed, is present in the shape of the code-correlation waveform of forward-scattered Global Positioning System (GPS) signals. A model is developed for the statistics of this waveform to be used in designing retrieval algorithms and predicting their accuracy in the estimation of geophysical parameters. One potential application of this model is to assess the feasibility of bistatic GPS measurements from satellite orbits. Time and frequency domain models for the complex "voltage" correlation waveform are developed and compared against experimental results. The voltage model can be applied to determine the upper limit for predetection integration time. The resulting temporal and spatial correlation function has a form similar to the van Cittert-Zernike theorem in that it can be expressed in terms of two-dimensional Fourier transform. The fast Fourier transform is, thus, used for efficient computation. Waveforms were generated from measurements of reflected GPS signals recorded in 1999 from an airborne receiver at an altitude of 3200 m during a flight near Puerto Rico. Complex voltage correlations were produced using the coarse-acquisition code with a 1-ms integration time over a range of code delay "bins". The Doppler compensation frequency was set equal to the Doppler frequency obtained by tracking the direct line-of-sight GPS signal. The resulting spectra and derived correlation times of the voltage signal time series in each delay bin were compared with the predictions of the model. The model agreed well with the experimental data, near the specular point, showing correlation times between 4-6 ms.
Biosynthesis, structure, and biological activities of envelope protein gp65 of murine coronavirus

We have previously shown that gp65 (E3) is a virion structural protein which varies widely in quantity among different strains of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV). In this study, the biosynthetic pathway and possible biological activities of this protein were examined. The glycosylation of gp65 in virus-infected cells was inhibited by tunicamycin but not by monensin, suggesting that it contains an N-glycosidic linkage. Glycosylation is cotranslational and appears to be complete before the glycoprotein reaches the Golgi complex. Pulse-chase experiments showed that this protein decreased in size after 30 min of chase, suggesting that the carbohydrate chains of gp65 undergo trimming during its transport across the Golgi. This interpretation is supported by the endoglycosidase treatment of gp65, which showed that the peptide backbone of gp65 did not decrease in size after pulse-chase periods. This maturation pathway is distinct from that of the E1 or E2 glycoproteins. Partial endoglycosidase treatment indicated that gp65 contains 9 to 10 carbohydrate side chains; thus, almost all of the potential glycosylation sites of gp65 were glycosylated. In vitro translation studies coupled with protease digestion suggest that gp65 is an integral membrane protein. The presence of gp65 in the virion is correlated with the presence of an acetylesterase activity. No hemagglutinin activity was detected.
The contribution of alveolar macrophages to hyperreactive airway disease

Thus, there is substantial evidence that favors a role for macrophages in subjects with atopic asthma. The precise manner in which these cells participate and the relative degree to which these cells contribute to, or orchestrate, events remains to be delineated. Research on the potential role of macrophages in asthma syndromes remains in its infancy. In time we will discover new roles for mononuclear phagocyte-derived mediators and many more new mediators that will play a role in the complex immunologic events ongoing in the airways of patients with asthma. Also, future research will continue to explore what promises to be a productive area of research, namely, cell-cell interactions and the manner in which many cells participate together in the pathophysiology of asthma. If macrophages can be demonstrated to influence airway inflammation associated with atopic disease, they may be appropriate targets for therapeutic intervention.
Complex pattern matching in complex structures: The XSeq approach

There is much current interest in applications of complex event processing over data streams and of complex pattern matching over stored sequences. While some applications use streams of flat records, XML and various semi-structured information formats are preferred by many others-in particular, applications that deal with domain science, social networks, RSS feeds, and finance. XSeq and its system improve complex pattern matching technology significantly, both in terms of expressive power and efficient implementation. XSeq achieves higher expressiveness through an extension of XPath based on Kleene-* pattern constructs, and achieves very efficient execution, on both stored and streaming data, using Visibly Pushdown Automata (VPA). In our demo, we will (i) show examples of XSeq in different application domains, (ii) explain its compilation/query optimization techniques and show the speed-ups they deliver, and (iii) demonstrate how powerful and efficient application-specific languages were implemented by superimposing simple `skins' on XSeq and its system.
Lessons learned from blog muse: audience-based inspiration for bloggers

Blogging in the enterprise is increasingly popular and recent research has shown that there are numerous benefits for both individuals and the organization, e.g. developing reputation or sharing knowledge. However, participation is very low, blogs are often abandoned and few users realize those benefits. We have designed and implemented a novel system -- called Blog Muse -- whose goal is to inspire potential blog writers by connecting them with their audience through a topic-suggestion system. We describe our system design and report results from a 4-week study with 1004 users who installed our tool. Our data indicate that topics requested by users are effective at inspiring bloggers to write and lead to more social interactions around the resulting entries.
The marriage of oncogenes and anti-oncogenes

One of the more gratifying trends in oncogene/growth factor research has been the recent convergence of many initially unconnected investi- gations. Studies of retroviral onco- genes and cellular growth factors have merged as many of these onco- genes have been found to be homolo- gous with genes for growth factors or growth factor receptors. Similarly, analyses of structurally unrelated oncoproteins and cellular factors have come together, as physical inter- actions between these proteins have been discovered: polyoma middle T antigen has been found to interact with the cellular s~ gene product I, and the cellular fos protein, which is synthesized in response to mitogenic stimuli 2, associates with the AP-I transcription factor a, which mediates the cellular response to phorbul esters 4's and is itself a homolog of the jun oncoprotein e. Indeed, the charac- terization of protein complexes in- volving oncogene products has led to the identification of other cellular growth regulators, such as p53 (Refs 7, 8). The formation of these com- plexes suggests that oncoproteins may alter ceil growth indirectly, by interacting with, and modifying the behavior of, critical cellular regulat- ory molecules. Now added to this list of onco- protein complexes are those involv- ing the product of the retinoblastoma gene
Tribological coatings deposited by red-hot rod target sputtering☆

Abstract Tribological properties of high purity adherent and coherent refractory metal and compound coatings applied to bearing surfaces were studied under dry and minimal lubrication conditions. All the thin film coatings were prepared by r.f. red-hot rod target sputtering, which allows complex precision mechanical parts to be coated without distortion. The film thickness was in the range 10–40 microin. In almost every case some improvement in wear resistance was noted but further work is required to determine the exact influence of base material composition and original surface finish. In no case was the performance of a material combination diminished.
Measurements and calculations of detonation propulsion performance in helium

Previously obtained results are extended to helium ambient gas to help in the assessment of performance in the atmospheres of the major planets. Measurements confirm benefits derived form detonating propellant over conventional chemical rocket propulsion. Benefits however, are reduced at high pressures in low molecular weight gas. Numerical calculations by means of a monodimensional hydrodynamic code follow the different trends obtained experimentally for high and low molecular weight gas and also offer new insights on the time behavior of the process.
Algebraic grid generation

Algebraic grid generation is the direct expression of a physical coordinate system as a function of a uniform grid in a rectangular computational coordinate system. Algebraic grid generation is based on mathematical interpolation and is presented in general terms of multivariate transfinite interpolation. The multisurface method and the two-boundary technique are described as univariate procedures that can be applied within the context of transfinite interpolation. A technique for grid clustering is described. Problems that are commonly encountered in three-dimensional grid generation are discussed and approaches for dealing with complex physical domains using multiple computational grid blocks are presented.
Relaxing the problem-size bound for out-of-core columnsort

Previous implementations of out-of-core columnsort limit the problem size to N ≤(M/P)3/2, where N is the number of records to sort, P is the number of processors, and M is the total number of records that the entire system can hold in its memory. We implemented two variations to out-of-core columnsort that relax this restriction. Subblock columnsort is based on an algorithmic modification of the underlying columnsort algorithm, and it improves the problem-size bound to N ≤(M/P)5/3 / 42/3 but at the cost of additional disk I/O. M-columnsort changes the notion of the column size in columnsort, improving the maximum problem size to N ≤M3 / 2 but at the cost of additional computation and communication. Experimental results on a Beowulf cluster show that both subblock columnsort and M-columnsort run well but that M-columnsort is faster. A further advantage of M-columnsort is that it handles a wider range of problem sizes than subblock columnsort.
Low self-esteem and positive beliefs about smoking: a destructive combination for male college students.

Introduction Men exhibit higher rates of smoking relative to women (CDC, 2014). Given the associated health and socio-economic consequences, it would be valuable to explore the psychological factors underlying this variance. We contend that positive beliefs about smoking influence this difference, and that self-esteem moderates these beliefs.
Discovering and using groups to improve personalized search

Personalized Web search takes advantage of information about an individual to identify the most relevant results for that person. A challenge for personalization lies in collecting user profiles that are rich enough to do this successfully. One way an individual's profile can be augmented is by using data from other people. To better understand whether groups of people can be used to benefit personalized search, we explore the similarity of query selection, desktop information, and explicit relevance judgments across people grouped in different ways. The groupings we explore fall along two dimensions: the longevity of the group members' relationship, and how explicitly the group is formed. We find that some groupings provide valuable insight into what members consider relevant to queries related to the group focus, but that it can be difficult to identify valuable groups implicitly. Building on these findings, we explore an algorithm to "groupize" (versus "personalize") Web search results that leads to a significant improvement in result ranking on group-relevant queries.
In-situ RHEED studies of YBCO-film growth during pulsed laser deposition

In-situ reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) measurements during laser ablation of YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7-x/ (YBCO) on SrTiO/sub 3/[100], [305] and on SrTiO/sub 3/[100] misoriented 2 degrees and 3 degrees towards [110] were performed. The specularly reflected electron intensity oscillation is modulated by the laser pulse deposition frequency. The crystallization of the deposited material is directly monitored by an exponential intensity rise of the specular intensity. From the time constant the critical laser repetition frequency can be estimated. Oscillations were not observed during the growth on 3 degrees vicinal SrTiO/sub 3/[100] and on SrTiO/sub 3/[305] substrates. For these substrates well-aligned steps parallel to the [100] direction exist due to growth by step movement. From this a mean diffusion length between 7.5 nm and 11 nm at 720 degrees C was determined. >
A Janus-Headed Model of Ethical Theory: Looking Two Ways at Business/Society Issues

This paper offers an alternative to the traditional model of ethical theory, which presents utilitarianism and formalism (deontology) as antagonistic, mutually exclusive methods. By viewing the ethical relation between business and society as a process rather than merely as a confrontation, the model proposed here asserts that they are complementary. This new model allows for a new classification of business/society issues by pointing out their often dual nature.
Mobile robot navigation using sensory feedback

Sensor-based algorithms to navigate a mobile robot from one geographical location to another as fast as possible without using vision are discussed. The environment is completely unknown a priori, but certain assumptions are made about the environment. An algorithm to navigate a robot in a manufacturing environment without chemical paths or tracks using a minimum amount of a priori information is described. Solid-state color sensors, ultrasonic and infrared sensors are used for path planning and recalibration to improve the bandwidth of the operation. The algorithm has fast and slow modes. Fast motions can be achieved through appropriate switching between these modes. The algorithm was implemented on research robot. >
Blink: managing server clusters on intermittent power

Reducing the energy footprint of data centers continues to receive significant attention due to both its financial and environmental impact. There are numerous methods that limit the impact of both factors, such as expanding the use of renewable energy or participating in automated demand-response programs. To take advantage of these methods, servers and applications must gracefully handle intermittent constraints in their power supply. In this paper, we propose blinking---metered transitions between a high-power active state and a low-power inactive state---as the primary abstraction for conforming to intermittent power constraints. We design Blink, an application-independent hardware-software platform for developing and evaluating blinking applications, and define multiple types of blinking policies. We then use Blink to design BlinkCache, a blinking version of memcached, to demonstrate the effect of blinking on an example application. Our results show that a load-proportional blinking policy combines the advantages of both activation and synchronous blinking for realistic Zipf-like popularity distributions and wind/solar power signals by achieving near optimal hit rates (within 15% of an activation policy), while also providing fairer access to the cache (within 2% of a syn- chronous policy) for equally popular objects.
The use of cognitive reappraisal and humour as coping strategies for bullied nurses.

This article explores the repercussions of workplace bullying on nurses and the health-care profession as a whole. I discuss the nature of workplace bullying and draw upon prior studies to explore some of the barriers that prevent witnesses to bullying from intervening, as well as barriers faced by targets in taking action to stop the bullying. As overt forms of resistance are often not feasible in situations where nurses occupy subordinate positions to their bullies, I propose that cognitive reappraisal can be an effective coping strategy, and situate this perspective within the research on humour, hope and optimism. Language: en
A cost-effectiveness analysis of sinecatechins in the treatment of external genital warts.

AbstractObjective: To evaluate the cost-effectiveness and treatment-cost impact of sinecatechins (Veregen) as first-line therapy against its principal comparator, imiquimod (Aldara), in the treatment of external genital warts (EGWs).Method: A two-stage decision model is proposed to compare sinecatechins with its principal comparator, imiquimod, as a first-line topical therapy in the treatment of EGWs. The model utilizes estimates of sustained clearance from two pivotal sinecatechins trials and from a systematic literature review for imiquimod. Resource inputs are: (1) trial-based estimates of average drug utilization and (2) CPT (Current Procedural Terminology) codes describing anticipated office visits and utilization of second-line ablative procedures.The analysis considers: (1) comparative costs of achieving a successful outcome with sinecatechins versus imiquimod, and (2) comparative cost–consequences of sinecatechins versus imiquimod. As a modeled approach to evaluating comparative product effectiven...
Paranormal beliefs and identity achievement

In a study of paranormal beliefs of high school students, Tobacyk, Miller, and Jones (1984) speculated that achievement of identity may be related to paranormal beliefs. Students who have achieved identity may have a more stable set of values with which to evaluate critically evidence for the paranormal, while those who have not yet achieved identiry (without such a stable set of values) might be less apt to evaluate critically and reject paranormal beliefs. This hypothesis assumes that normative achievement of identity in students from this "Bible Belt" region is generally associated with internalization of values inconsis:ent with many paranormal beliefs. To test this hypothesis, 98 introductory college students (M age = 20.2 yr., SD = 4.3 for 53 men and 46 women) were given the Paranormal Belief Scale (Tobacyk & Milford, 1983) and the Identity Achievement Scale (Simmons, 1970). It was hypothesized that Ideotity Achievement Scale scores would be inversely correlated with paranormal beliefs such as Psi, Witchcraft, Superstition, Spiritualism, and Extraordinary Life Forms. No support was found for this hypothesis since these nonsignificant Pearson correlations were obtained between Identity Achievement Scale scores (M = 14.0, SD = 2.7) and Paranormal Belief Subscale scores: Traditional Religious Belief, M = 4.4, SD = 0.7, + = -.15; Psi Belief, M = 2.8. SD = 0.9, r = .lo; Witchcraft, M = 2.4, SD = 0.9, 7 = .I2; Superstition, M = l.G, SD = 0.6, r = .11; Spiritualism, M = 2.4, SD = 0.8, r = .04; Extraordinary Life Forms, M = 2.5, SD = 0.9, + = .05; and Precognition. M = 3.4, SD = 0.8, r = .09. It is clear that achievement of identiry, as measured by Simmons's scale in this college student sample, is not significantly related to paranormal beliefs. It may be, even in chis relatively value-homogeneous sample, that personal identity may be built upon varying values, some of which may be supportive of paranormal beliefs. Further, achievement of identity may be relatively independent of logical problem-solving ability.
The local minima of fractionally-spaced CMA blind equalizer cost function in the presence of channel noise

We study the local minima relocation of the fractionally spaced constant modulus algorithm (FSE-CMA) cost function in the presence of noise. Local minima move in a particular direction as the noise power increases and their number may be eventually reduced. In such cases the performance of FSE-CMA may fail to adequately reduce intersymbol interference (ISI), but achieve an approximated MMSE by reducing its equalizer noise gain under certain constraints. We analyze the mechanism of relocation of the FSE-CMA cost function local minima in terms of the auto-correlation matrix of the sub-channel convolution matrix and its eigenvectors.
Porcine Vas Deferens Luminal pH Is Acutely Increased by Systemic Xylazine Administration

Data are accumulating to demonstrate that pH regulation in the male reproductive tract has a vital role in modulating sperm cell fertilizing capacity, and therefore male fertility. Bicarbonate uptake by sperm cells is required for the achievement of motility levels required for fertilization. Vas deferens epithelial cells can carry out measurable bicarbonate secretion, but the available literature to date reports that the vas deferens luminal content is typically acidic. This study aimed to determine pH in the boar vas deferens lumen and whether modulatory mechanisms exist for regulation of pH in this compartment of the male reproductive tract. A fiberoptic pH probe was used to assess pH in the vas deferens of anesthetized adult boars. The mean pH, derived from multiple measurements at variable positions along the vas deferens lumen, was 7.39 ± 0.09. Furthermore, administration of xylazine, an alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonist rapidly (<10 min) alkalinized the vas deferens lumen in most cases. Because the duct was transected proximal to the site of measurements, the observations rule out the possibility that alkalinization resulted from secretion in more proximal portions of the duct. These results indicate that the boar vas deferens lumen can be alkaline, and they suggest that porcine vas deferens epithelia increase net bicarbonate secretion in vivo after systemic alpha-2 adrenergic stimulation. This secretory response greatly changes the luminal environment to which sperm cells are exposed, which will initiate or enhance motility, and is expected to modulate male fertility.
Syntheses of carbon‐13 and carbon‐14 labeled (methylenecyclopropyl)acetyl‐CoA

Methylenecyclopropyllithium reacts with [sup 13]C- or [sup 14]C-oxirane to give labeled 2-(methylenecyclopropyl)ethanol, which may be converted in three steps to the corresponding coenzyme A thioesters of (methylenecyclopropyl)acetic acid. (Author).
Preschool children's attention to environmental messages about groups: social categorization and the origins of intergroup bias.

This study was designed to examine the effects of adults' labeling and use of social groups on preschool children's intergroup attitudes. Children (N=87, aged 3–5) attending day care were given measures of classification skill and self-esteem and assigned to membership in a novel (“red” or “blue”) social group. In experimental classrooms, teachers used the color groups to label children and organize the classroom. In control classrooms, teachers ignored the color groups. After 3 weeks, children completed multiple measures of intergroup attitudes. Results indicated that children in both types of classrooms developed ingroup-biased attitudes. As expected, children in experimental classrooms showed greater ingroup bias on some measures than children in control classrooms.
Prospects for polymer-based thermoelectrics: state of the art and theoretical analysis

This perspective discusses theories of polymer thermoelectrics, identifying combinations of electronic charge carrier energies and thermal conductivity mechanisms that could lead to the highest efficiencies. Structures, electrical conductivities, Seebeck coefficients, and figures of merit are summarized for some recently devised polymer-based thermoelectric materials. Foundational equations that define these quantities are presented, and are related to thermal conductivities as well. Finally, approaches to polymer composite design that optimize thermoelectric performance in light of the theoretical models are proposed.
A duplication growth model of gene expression networks

Motivation: There has been considerable interest in developing computational techniques for inferring genetic regulatory networks from whole-genome expression profiles. When expression time series data sets are available, dynamic models can, in principle, be used to infer correlative relationships between gene expression levels, which may be causal. However, because of the range of detectable expression levels and the current quality of the data, the predictive nature of such inferred, quantitative models is questionable. Network models derived from simple rate laws offer an intermediate level analysis, going beyond simple statistical analysis, but falling short of a fully quantitative description. This work shows how such network models can be constructed and describes the global properties of the networks derived from such a model. These global properties are statistically robust and provide insights into the design of the underlying network. Results: Several whole-genome expression time series data sets from yeast microarray experiments were analyzed using a Markov-modeling method (Dewey and Galas, Func. Integr. Genomics, 1, 269‐278, 2001) to infer an approximation to the underlying genetic network. We found that the global statistical properties of all the resulting networks are similar. The overall structure of these biological networks is distinctly different from that of other recently studied networks such as the Internet or social networks. These biological networks show hierarchical, hub-like structures that have some properties similar to a class of graphs known as small world graphs. Small world networks exhibit local cliquishness while exhibiting strong global connectivity. In addition to the small world properties, the biological networks show a power law or scale free distribution of connectivities. An inverse power law, N(k) ∼ k −3/2 , for the number of vertices (genes) with k connections was observed for three different data sets from yeast. We propose network growth models based on gene duplication events. Simulations of these models yield networks with the same combination of global graphical
Using the shape-matching method to compute sea-surface velocities from AVHRR satellite images

The idea of shape matching is applied to track edge features automatically in a pair of AVHRR IR satellite images. The centroid and radius weighted mean are chosen as shape-specific points of the edges in two sequential images. Through the correspondence of these two shape-specific points, the whole edge's properties of rotation, translation, and scaling could be obtained. Also, a better correspondence in the second image is chosen according to the similarity comparison. After that, the total velocities of the points in the pattern can be computed. Velocity components in normal and tangential directions for certain points on the edge are also computed through a simple trial-and-error procedure and vector decomposition. >
How Social Movements Do Culture

While much social science literature has analyzed the cultural bases of social movement, activity, and the content of cultural production by social movements, relatively little has been written about the concrete social relations within which social movements do culture. This paper addresses the issue of what social movements are doing when they produce culture. Four dimensions of social relations within which culture is enacted are identified: the division of labor, the relations of power, tuning in, and embeddedness. A contrast between the how the People's Songsters Movement of the 1930s and 1940s and the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s used American folk music illustrates how variation in these dimensions affects the effects that cultural production had on social movement outcomes.
Phonological Knowledge Guides 2-Year-Olds' and Adults' Interpretation of Salient Pitch Contours in Word Learning.

Phonology provides a system by which a limited number of types of phonetic variation can signal communicative intentions at multiple levels of linguistic analysis. Because phonologies vary from language to language, acquiring the phonology of a language demands learning to attribute phonetic variation appropriately. Here, we studied the case of pitch-contour variation. In English, pitch contour does not differentiate words, but serves other functions, like marking yes/no questions and conveying emotions. We show that, in accordance with their phonology, English-speaking adults and two-year-olds do not interpret salient pitch contours as inherent to novel words. We taught participants a new word with consistent segmental and pitch characteristics, and then tested word recognition for trained and deviant pronunciations using an eyegaze-based procedure. Vowel-quality mispronunciations impaired recognition, but large changes in pitch contour did not. By age two, children already apply their knowledge of English phonology to interpret phonetic consistencies in their experience with words.
The Fathers of the Towns: Leadership and Community Structure in Eighteenth-Century New England

Seeking to integrate recent literature on community life and on the political ethos in colonial New England, Edward M. Cook, Jr., examines elite recruitment and community structure in the four New England colonies between 1700 and 1785. In a massive sample of seventy widely dispersed towns, lists of towns, lists of town and provincial officeholders, biographical data, church records, town meeting records, and tax lists provide a core of material for analysis.
Carbon storage and sequestration by trees in urban and community areas of the United States

Carbon storage and sequestration by urban trees in the United States was quantified to assess the magnitude and role of urban forests in relation to climate change. Urban tree field data from 28 cities and 6 states were used to determine the average carbon density per unit of tree cover. These data were applied to statewide urban tree cover measurements to determine total urban forest carbon storage and annual sequestration by state and nationally. Urban whole tree carbon storage densities average 7.69 kg C m � 2 of tree cover and sequestration densities average 0.28 kg C m � 2 of tree cover per year. Total tree carbon storage in U.S. urban areas (c. 2005) is estimated at 643 million tonnes ($50.5 billion value; 95% CI ¼ 597 million and 690 million tonnes) and annual sequestration is estimated at 25.6 million tonnes ($2.0 billion value; 95% CI ¼ 23.7 million to 27.4 million tonnes). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Does Local Government Fragmentation Affect Local Spending

This study uses multiple measures of fragmentation and decentralization to assess the effects of these conditions on total local spending in 126 metropolitan regions and 538 counties in the same regions in 2002. The measures are derived from a recognized scheme that distinguishes among total, horizontal, and vertical dimensions of these conditions, and the models control for other causes of total local spending, including sprawl and interlocal spending. The study finds support for the claim that total spending by local governments is higher in regions and counties with more single purpose governments (vertical fragmentation), but also jurisdictions where a greater percentage of spending is done by counties (centralization). Findings also vary by unit of analysis and type of special purpose government, which suggests that the effects of governing structure are not as straightforward as theory suggests.
One-to-many interprocess communication in the V-system

Interprocess communication (IPC) normally allows one process to communicate with only one other process at a time. One-to-many IPC allows one process to communicate simultaneously with a group of processes., possibly of unknown membership. While the broadcast and multicast facilities of local networks support efficient one-to-many communication between hosts, its use between processes has been limited by the lack of support in the distributed operating system. This paper describes the integration of one-to-many communication into V interprocess communication system. We discuss the different models of use and the reliability and present some initial applications.
Comparative toxicity and dosimetric profile of whole-pelvis versus prostate bed-only intensity-modulated radiation therapy after prostatectomy.

Purpose To assess whether whole-pelvis (WP) intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) for prostate cancer (PCa) after prostatectomy is associated with increased toxicity compared to prostate-bed only (PB) IMRT. Methods and Materials All patients ( n = 67) undergoing postprostatectomy IMRT to 70.2 Gy at our institution from January 2006 to January 2009 with minimum 12-month follow-up were divided into WP ( n = 36) and PB ( n = 31) comparison groups. WP patients received initial pelvic nodal IMRT to 45 Gy. Pretreatment demographics, bladder and rectal dose-volume histograms, and maximum genitourinary (GU) and gastrointestinal (GI) toxicities were compared. Logistic regression models evaluated uni- and multivariate associations between pretreatment demographics and toxicities. Results Pretreatment demographics including age and comorbidities were similar between groups. WP patients had higher Gleason scores, T stages, and preoperative prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels, and more WP patients underwent androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). WP minimum (Dmin) and mean bladder doses, bladder volumes receiving more than 5 Gy (V5) and V20, rectal Dmin, and PB bladder and rectal V65 were significantly increased. Maximum acute GI toxicity was Grade 2 and was increased for WP (61%) vs . PB (29%) patients ( p = 0.001); there was no significant difference in acute Grade ≥2 GU toxicity (22% WP vs . 10% PB; p = 0.193), late Grade ≥2 GI toxicity (3% WP vs . 0% PB; p = 0.678), or late Grade ≥2 GU toxicity (28% WP vs . 19% PB; p = 0.274) with 25-month median follow-up (range, 12–44 months). On multivariate analysis, long-term ADT use was associated with Grade ≥2 late GU toxicity ( p = 0.02). Conclusion Despite dosimetric differences in irradiated bowel, bladder, and rectum, WP IMRT resulted only in clinically significant increased acute GI toxicity in comparison to that with PB IMRT, with no differences in GU or late GI toxicity.
Knight at the Museum: Learning History with Museums.

This article presents an approach that teachers can use to strengthen students’ ability to make sense of the past at museums. Specifically, we propose a photography exercise to help students to lea...
Generation, Function, and Disposition of Chemical Mediators of the Mast Cell in Immediate Hypersensitivity

The selective binding of IgE to tissue mast cells and circulating basophils prepares them for direct (antigen-induced) or reversed (anti-IgE-mediated) immunologic activation that leads to the appearance intracellularly of unstored mediators and external secretion of both preformed and newly generated mediators of immediate hypersensitivity (Austen et al., 1974, 1975). The preferential distribution of mast cells in respiratory, dermal, and GI connective tissue with a perivenular localization beneath and within mucous membrane and cutaneous surfaces (Riley, 1959; Brink-man, 1968) and even intraepithelially (Feltkamp-Vroom et al., 1975) makes them readily available for interaction with environmental antigens. Since mast cells possess IgE receptors of great affinity (Ishizaka et al., 1972) and IgE-complex-activatable pathways of diverse mediator formation and secretion, antigenic challenge establishes local concentrations of chemical mediators in the primary target tissues. Mast cells appear to have an extended life span without granule turnover (Padawer, 1974), yet they may accumulate in secretions of a target area (Shioda and Mishima, 1966). Basophils can be prominent at sites of tumor invasion (Dvorak et al., 1973), and have been shown to exhibit directed migration in vitro to diverse chemotactic factors, including fragments of complement components and products of stimulated lymphocytes (Kay and Austen, 1972).
Reforming Elementary Science Teacher Preparation: What About Extant Teaching Beliefs?

A common maxim in the educational profession is that one teaches the way one is taught. Indications are that preservice teachers' beliefs, attitudes, and practices may be linked to previous experiences. Calderhead & Robson (1991) underscored this concern by asserting that teachers use good teachers as models for developing their own images as teachers. Others have argued that the images held by teachers are used as frames of reference for their own teaching practices. In this article, preservice teachers' perceptions of themselves as science teachers are examined. The assertion is made that a long history of stereotypical science learning experiences — in elementary school, high school, and college — powerfully impacts the way in which elementary preservice teachers understand the nature of science and come to believe science should be taught. In the current study, the images and perceptions preservice teachers bring to science methods courses (as evidenced in drawings of themselves as science teachers at work) are identified and ways these images and perceptions may have been formed and how they can be reinforced or modified during a science methods course are discussed.
The surgical treatment of cloaca

Similar to other anorectal malformations, cloaca also represents a spectrum of defects that goes from "benign" cloaca with a good functional prognosis that can be repaired with a relatively simple surgical technique, to very complex malformations with many anatomic variations that require different surgical maneuvers to be able to successfully reconstruct those patients. The group of patients born with a "benign" type of cloaca will have bowel and urinary control, will become sexually active and may get pregnant and deliver by cesarean section. All this is possible, provided the malformation is repaired with a meticulous and delicate technique. Fortunately this represents more than 50% of all cloacas. Our belief is that the surgical technique to repair this group of defects is reproducible and can be taught to pediatric surgical trainees. On the other hand, complex cloaca with a common channel longer than 3 cm should be repaired by surgeons fully dedicated to repair these malformations. The experience reported in this paper is based on 570 patients with cloaca operated by Dr. Alberto Pena and the author in the last 8 years.
Disclosure Reform - The SEC Is Riding off in Two Directions at Once

The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) is being buffeted by diametrically opposing forces with regard to disclosure policy rulemaking. The Dodd-Frank Act of 2010 required the SEC to pass rules to compel public companies to make disclosures about conflict minerals, mine safety and certain payments to foreign governments, all for the purpose of advancing societal goals. Proponents of sustainability metrics have been urging the SEC to adopt standards relating to environmental and other similar matters, and a petition on disclosure of corporate contributions and lobbying expenses by public companies would involve the SEC in another political quagmire. Yet, the SEC is also being pressured by forces that would deregulate disclosure mandates and some such deregulatory measures were included in the JOBS Act of 2012. Also, the SEC has embarked on its own initiative for streamlining disclosure obligations. This article discusses these conflicting disclosure initiatives and some of the current academic papers and theories with regard to SEC disclosure policy. I suggest a few possible ways for the SEC to move forward, including scaled and tiered disclosure.
Neosentient Architecture Generator

This paper outlines an approach to a series of "open" purpose "architecture" generators and related systems. The word "architecture" is here defined in the broadest of linguistic manners. This paper outlines the long-term goals for the facilitation of the functional components of this 'system of systems', although the system will be designed to be extensible as a large-scale open source project. Three major components make up the system: 1) one or more databases, 2) a means to generate intelligent queries, and 3) a virtual media space to display media elements and processes as derived from the queries/interaction. I will begin by discussing precursors and historical problems related to computational creativity and symbiotic creative systems. Given the non-linear nature of the subject matter, the following text will progress in a modular manner, where much of the paper could we read in differing orders. Thus, it will not unfold in the linear manner of other more traditional IEEE papers, and should be explored with this intentionality by the reader. The project takes a multi-perspective approach to the subject matter in which no overarching hierarchy can be given, suggesting the need for such a form. Thus I will draw on the IEEE formatting related to "Component Heads" -- "components of your paper and are not topically subordinate to each other." This structure also mirrors the functionality of the system itself which seeks to explore dynamic heterarchical combinatorics as its overarching methodology as an intelligent system. Thus the reader may need to work harder at making the creative jumps that enable this analogue "system" to function by reading each of these different component heads in relation to each other and articulating their own connections between the components. This is a Koestler-like bisociational approach[1]. Thus the paper itself becomes an analogue combinatoric "architecture" used to discuss this project.
Two dimensional OH radical measurements in argon plasma-assisted combustion flame of premixed and nonpremixed methane/air mixtures using cavity ringdown spectroscopy

We report a comparative study of plasma-assisted combustion (PAC) flames of the premixed and nonpremixed methane/air mixtures using a suite of optical diagnostic tools including imaging, optical emission spectroscopy (OES), and cavity ringdown spectroscopy (CRDS). Image study showed that the premixed PAC flame had a jet-shape but was split into two branches whereas the nonpremixed PAC flame had a paper-clip-shape. The OES spectra of the premixed PAC flame were characterized by emissions from OH A-X only. However, the nonpremixed PAC flame featured with emissions from the CH A-X band and the C2 swan band, in addition to the OH A-X band. Spectral simulations of OES spectra showed a higher temperature in the nonpremixed PAC flame than in the premixed PAC flame. Furthermore, two-dimensional (2-D) number densities of the ground state OH(X) in different locations in the premixed and nonpremixed PAC flames were measured by CRDS. Results showed that different OH(X) number density profiles exist among separate regions in the same type of flame and that OH(X) number density patterns differ between the premixed PAC flame and the nonpremixed PAC flame.
Dihydrogen Complexes of Iridium and Rhodium

A series of iridium and rhodium pincer complexes have been synthesized and characterized: [(POCOP)Ir(H)(H2)] [BArf4] (1-H3), (POCOP)Rh(H2) (2-H2), [(PONOP)Ir(C2H4)] [BArf4] (3-C2H4), [(PONOP)Ir(H)2)] [BArf4] (3-H2), [(PONOP)Rh(C2H4)] [BArf4] (4-C2H4) and [(PONOP)Rh(H2)] [BArf4] (4-H2) (POCOP = κ3-C6H3-2,6-[OP(tBu)2]2; PONOP = 2,6-(tBu2PO)2C5H3N; BArf4 = tetrakis(3,5-trifluoromethylphenyl)borate). The nature of the dihydrogen–metal interaction was probed using NMR spectroscopic studies. Complexes 1-H3, 2-H2, and 4-H2 retain the H–H bond and are classified as η2-dihydrogen adducts. In contrast, complex 3-H2 is best described as a classical dihydride system. The presence of bound dihydrogen was determined using both T1 and 1JHD coupling values: T1 = 14 ms, 1JHD = 33 Hz for the dihydrogen ligand in 1-H3, T1(min) = 23 ms, 1JHD = 32 Hz for 2-H2, T1(min) = 873 ms for 3-H2, T1(min) = 33 ms, 1JHD = 30.1 Hz for 4-H2.
Making Your Instruments Work for You

Objective measures are alluring owing to the apparent robustness of data generated. However, there are numerous validity, reliability, cost, and logistics issues that can affect a study involving objective instruments. Using an ongoing study on patient chair design, this article highlights some of the important issues that an investigator must address, including repeatability, sensitivity and specificity, generalizability, integration, installation, budget, outcome, and time.