cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Defining the Electronic and Geometric Structure of One-Electron Oxidized Copper−Bis-phenoxide Complexes

The geometric and electronic structure of an oxidized Cu complex ([CuSal]+; Sal = N,N′-bis(3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylidene)-1,2-cyclohexane-(1R,2R)-diamine) with a non-innocent salen ligand has been investigated both in the solid state and in solution. Integration of information from UV−vis−NIR spectroscopy, magnetic susceptibility, electrochemistry, resonance Raman spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and density functional theory calculations provides critical insights into the nature of the localization/delocalization of the oxidation locus. In contrast to the analogous Ni derivative [NiSal]+ (Storr, T.; et al. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 5198), which exists solely in the Ni(II) ligand-radical form, the locus of oxidation is metal-based for [CuSal]+, affording exclusively a Cu(III) species in the solid state (4−300 K). Variable-temperature solution studies suggest that [CuSal]+ exists in a reversible spin-equilibrium between a ligand-radical species [Cu(II)Sal•]+ (S = ...
Outcomes With Split Liver Transplantation in 106 Recipients: The University of California, San Francisco, Experience From 1993 to 2010

Background Split liver transplantation (SLT) allows for expansion of the deceased donor pool. Objectives To assess outcomes and the impact of splitting technique (in situ vs ex vivo) in SLT recipients. Design Single-center retrospective review (September 18, 1993, to July 1, 2010). Setting University medical center. Patients One hundred six SLT recipients. Main Outcome Measures Postoperative graft and patient survival and postoperative complications. Results In adults, 1-, 5-, and 10-year overall patient survival was 93%, 77%, and 73%, respectively; overall graft survival was 89%, 76%, and 65%, respectively; ex vivo split patient survival was 93%, 85%, and 74%, respectively; and ex vivo graft survival was 86%, 77%, and 63%, respectively. In situ split patient and graft survival was 94% at 1 year and 75% at 5 years. Postoperative complications included biliary (29%), vascular (11%), unplanned reexploratory surgery (11%), incisional hernia (8%), small-for-size syndrome (n = 1), need for shunt at the time of SLT (n = 1), and primary nonfunction (n = 1). In children, 1-, 5-, and 10-year overall patient survival was 84%, 75%, and 69%, respectively; overall graft survival was 77%, 63%, and 57%, respectively; ex vivo split patient survival was 83%, 73%, and 73%, respectively; and ex vivo graft survival was 75%, 59%, and 59%, respectively. In situ split patient and graft survival was 86% at 1 and 5 years. Postoperative complications included biliary (40%), vascular (26%), and primary nonfunction (n = 1). Conclusions Split liver transplantation remains an excellent option for expansion of the deceased donor pool for adult and pediatric populations. Postoperative morbidity remains high; however, this is justifiable owing to limited resources.
On the Ancient History of the Direction of the Motion Aftereffect

Scientists agree that Aristotle in his Parva Naturalia was the first to report a visual illusion known as the motion aftereffect (MAE). But there is less consensus as to who was the first to report the direction of the MAE. According to some, Aristotle only described the phenomenon without saying anything about its direction. Others have defended the position that Aristotle did report a direction, but the wrong one. Therefore, it has been suggested that Lucretius in his poem De Rerum Natura was the first to report the correct direction of the MAE. In this paper it is shown why and how it can be inferred that Aristotle did not write about the direction of the MAE, only about its occurrence. It is also argued that it is indeed likely that Lucretius was the first person to report the direction of the MAE. However, this is not as obvious as it might appear at first sight.
The sources of heat generation in vibrothermography

Abstract Vibrothermography, or sonic IR, is a nondestructive evaluation technique used to find surface and near surface defects—such as cracks and delaminations—through observations of vibration-induced heat generation. This method has significant interest as an industrial inspection method, however, a lack of understanding of the fundamental physics governing the heat generation process has limited its application despite extensive theoretical, numerical simulation, and experimental work. Significant theoretical and numerical simulation work has been performed, but has yet to be rigorously verified experimentally. This paper presents experimental verification of the sources of heat generation in vibrothermography; specifically friction, plasticity, and viscoelasticity. Specific experimental evidence is presented that verifies each of these heat-generating mechanisms.
A rare composite xenolith from Salt Lake Crater, Oahu: high-pressure fractionation and implications for kimberlitic melts in the Hawaiian mantle

A composite xenolith of olivine-bearing garnet clinopyroxenite wall rock intruded by two spinels + garnet veins is described. Vein minerals exhibit textural evidence of a reaction relationship with the mineral phases in the wall rock. Wall rock clinopyroxene contains exsolved blebby garnet and very fine lamellar exsolution of orthopyroxene, indicating that this xenolith had undergone considerable subsolidus cooling. Garnet–clinopyroxene thermometry suggests that the xenolith last equilibrated in the mantle at a temperature of about 1,060 (±25 °C). The spinels in the veins are of two kinds: pleonaste (that occurs with vein garnet) and a high-Mg, high-Al titanomagnetite (MAT spinels). Intriguingly, the MAT spinels are chemically very similar to the spinels found as groundmass in kimberlites, are moderately subhedral to euhedral, have a weakly developed cumulate texture, and, at places, show a reaction relation with the pleonaste + garnet (cumulate?) assemblage in the vein. Based on petrographic, chemical, and phase equilibrium considerations, we propose the following evolutionary history of this composite xenolith. (1) In the first stage the olivine-bearing garnet clinopyroxenite formed as crystal extracts (cumulates) as a result of high pressure fractionation of an alkaline melt in the deepest levels of Hawaiian lithosphere/uppermost asthenosphere (100–110 km). (2) In the second stage, igneous veining (the melt composition of this vein is not precisely known but could be kimberlitic) occurs in the already existing wall rock resulting in the precipitation of pleonaste + garnet. A reaction relation between the igneous veins and the wall rock also characterizes this stage. (3) The last igneous episode in this xenolith is recorded by MAT spinels in the wall rock and their precipitation close to the previous pleonaste + garnet veins. The last igneous stage could well be due again to high pressure fractionation of a kimberlitic melt (the residual melt after precipitation of pleonaste + garnet). The time relationship between exsolution and the later igneous veining stages is not known. The MAT spinels are not a result of sub-solidus solvus processes as partial reaction (melt present) between the pleonaste + garnet (from the second igneous stage) and MAT spinel exists, pointing to the igneous nature of the MAT spinel. Based on striking similarity between the MAT spinels in our xenolith and those found as groundmass in kimberlites, we propose that the veining stages could well have been kimberlitic. Thus, even though kimberlitic melts are not seen on the Koolau shield, this particular xenolith clearly shows the existence of such melts at great depths beneath Hawaii. We also propose that the initial wall rock, which represents crystal extracts (even though it does not exhibit definitive cumulate texture) as a result of high-pressure fractionation of an alkaline melt and subsequent veining episodes, are of pre-Koolau age. This implies that the Koolau shield volcano may have had a pre-shield alkalic stage.
SpaceOps 2012 Plus 2: Social Tools to Simplify ISS Flight Control Communications and Log Keeping

A paper written for the SpaceOps 2012 Conference (Simplify ISS Flight Control Communications and Log Keeping via Social Tools and Techniques) identified three innovative concepts for real time flight control communications tools based on social mechanisms: a) Console Log Tool (CoLT) - A log keeping application at Marshall Space Flight Center's (MSFC) Payload Operations Integration Center (POIC) that provides "anywhere" access, comment and notifications features similar to those found in Social Networking Systems (SNS), b) Cross-Log Communication via Social Techniques - A concept from Johnsson Space Center's (JSC) Mission Control Center Houston (MCC-H) that would use microblogging's @tag and #tag protocols to make information/requests visible and/or discoverable in logs owned by @Destination addressees, and c) Communications Dashboard (CommDash) - A MSFC concept for a Facebook-like interface to visually integrate and manage basic console log content, text chat streams analogous to voice loops, text chat streams dedicated to particular conversations, generic and position-specific status displays/streams, and a graphically based hailing display. CoLT was deployed operationally at nearly the same time as SpaceOps 2012, the Cross- Log Communications idea is currently waiting for a champion to carry it forward, and CommDash was approved as a NASA Iinformation Technoloby (IT) Labs project. This paper discusses lessons learned from two years of actual CoLT operations, updates CommDash prototype development status, and discusses potential for using Cross-Log Communications in both MCC-H and/or POIC environments, and considers other ways for synergizing console applcations.
Looking Back: The History of Psychiatry in the 21st Century

A historian of psychiatry looking back on the 21st century is most impressed by those unanticipated events that shaped the course of the profession. At the end of the 20th century there was a strong consensus that we were about to unravel the pathophysiology of the major psychiatric disorders that were then endemic—schizophrenia, depression, bipolar disease, obsessive-compulsive disorder, Alzheimer’s disease—and that we would develop both new diagnostic methods and useful and effective treatments. However, even as these treatments were being developed it became clear that they would be of little public health importance. Few had imagined this to be possible (even though, in retrospect, one might think that the 20th century experience with infectious diseases such as smallpox or polio might have offered a clue).
Anomalous Behavior in Blends of a Polychlorinated Biphenyl with Polystyrene Oligomer Investigated by Mechanical and Dielectric Spectroscopy

Dynamic mechanical and dielectric spectroscopy measurements on a polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB54), an oligomeric polystyrene (PS590), and their blend revealed various anomalies: (i) The mechanical relaxation times were always smaller (faster relaxation) than the relaxation times extracted from the dielectric modulus. (ii) The fragility (Tg-normalized temperature dependence of the relaxation times) for the two neat materials was the same, even though the shapes of the corresponding relaxation functions were quite different. Such a result is at odds with the well-established correlation between these quantities. (iii) The addition of PS590 speeds up dielectric relaxation of the PCB54, even though the former has a higher glass transition temperature. However, the mechanical response is normal; that is, the relaxation times of the mixture are intermediate between those of the pure components. A brief discussion of these anomalies is given.
Planar microphone based on piezoelectric electrospun poly(γ-benzyl-α,L-glutamate) nanofibers

Velocity and pressure microphones composed of piezoelectric poly(γ-benzyl-α,L-glutamate) (PBLG) nanofibers were produced by adhering a single layer of PBLG film to a Mylar diaphragm. The device exhibited a sensitivity of −60 dBV/Pa in air, and both pressure and velocity response showed a broad frequency response that was primarily controlled by the stiffness of the supporting diaphragm. The pressure microphone response was ±3 dB between 200 Hz and 4 kHz when measured in a semi-anechoic chamber. Thermal stability, easy fabrication, and simple design make this single element transducer ideal for various applications including those for underwater and high temperature use.
Impact of a severe influenza vaccine shortage on primary care practice.

Background Because of influenza vaccine shortages during the 2004–2005 influenza season, vaccine was targeted for high-risk priority groups. Objectives To assess among primary care physicians: (1) ability to identify priority patients; (2) extent of shortages; and (3) effects of shortages on vaccine redistribution, patient referral and future plans for vaccine delivery. Methods Mailed surveys of pediatric (Peds), family medicine (FM), and general internal medicine (GIM) physicians randomly selected from the American Medical Association master file. Results Response rate was 37% and the study population included 377 Peds, 319 FM, and 251 GIM physicians. Seventy-five percent of Peds, 58% of FM and 60% of GIM had some method to identify priority patients, although only 39%, 21%, and 18%, respectively, had a computerized method. Forty-five percent of Peds, 73% of FM, and 75% of GIM experienced shortages, for a median of 2–3 months. Approximately 48%–50% of Peds, FM, and GIM obtained additional influenza doses; among these, 53% received vaccine from a public health entity. Fifty-one percent of Peds, 79% of FM, and 80% of GIM referred high-risk patients for immunization, 94% of the time to a public health clinic. More than 95% planned to administer influenza vaccine next season. Conclusions The majority of physicians experienced influenza vaccine shortages for prioritized patients, especially those providers caring for adults. There was significant vaccine redistribution and patient referral, primarily involving the public health system. Enhancing methods of targeting priority patients and increasing cooperation with public health entities should be priorities in dealing with future influenza vaccine shortages.
Digging beneath the surface: incipient nest characteristics across three species of harvester ant that differ in colony founding strategy.

Ants exhibit a size-associated colony founding trait that is characterized by the degree to which foundresses rely on internal reserves to raise their first brood of workers (claustrality). The reliance on stored reserves is positively correlated with degree of claustrality (claustral > facultative > semi-claustral) and is variable across species of Pogonomyrmex harvester ants. Three species of harvester ant foundresses that differ in degree of claustrality were observed initiating nests under laboratory conditions over 2 years. P. rugosus is fully claustral, P. salinus is facultative, and P. californicus is semi-claustral. Across species, degree of claustrality was positively associated with mean digging rate and nest depth over the first 3 days of nest initiation, total nest depth, and degree of nest closure. Branching and abundance of peripheral nodes were higher in semi-claustral and facultative nests than in claustral nests. The facultative species dug for the longest time and achieved the greatest tunnel length. Within each species, there were trends associating mass with digging rate, but these were not consistent in all species. There were no intraspecific trends of mass with nest depth. Also within species, a foundress’s mass did not affect her tendency to open or close her nest. These results reveal degree of claustrality is correlated across species with several nest initiation characteristics that together may represent different colony founding syndromes.
Comment on the Origin of the Equant papers by Evans, Swerdlow, and Jones

1. determined the apparent value of 2e, the distance between the Earth and the center of uniform motion around the zodiac, corresponding to the zodiacal anomaly. One can use a trio of oppositions, some other procedure based on oppositions (e.g. Evans), or in principle, any synodic phenomenon, but in practice oppositions would be the clear observable of choice. 2. determined the apparent value of e , the distance between the earth and the center of the planet’s deferent, by looking at some observable near both apogee and perigee: Evans and Swerdlow use the width of retrograde arcs, Jones uses the time interval between longitude passings at the longitude of the opposition. For both kinds of observables, the pattern of variation with zodiacal longitude is found to be grossly incompatible with the predictions of a simple eccentric model. Indeed, all three find that the eccentricity e is about half the value of 2e determined in the first step. 3. reconciled these different apparent eccentricities with the invention of the equant, which by construction places the center of uniform motion twice as far from Earth as the center of the planet’s deferent.
Convergence of filiform pollen morphologies in seagrasses: Functional mechanisms

The peculiar filiform pollen morphology and ability to pollinate in an aquatic medium have evolved convergently in the marine angiosperms or ‘seagrasses’. A comparison of these systems with freshwater ones, reveals that reproductive strategy alone does not provide sufficient information to understand this convergence. Several models have, however, been proposed to explain the function and evolution of seagrass pollen morphologies. The first is a mathematical model, random search theory, which requires pollen to travel both ‘randomly’ and perpendicularly to its path. It is elegant conceptually, but does not hold up to physical and empirical scrutiny. Conversely, a biophysical model, which requires pollen to obey the fluid dynamic principles of boundary-layer flow, may be complicated conceptually, but it is consistent with mathematics and nature. The correct modelling of pollination mechanisms in seagrasses provides an understanding of contemporary adaptations as well as the processes that selected them.
Evaluation of pulsed-stirring voltammetry

Abstract The technique of pulsed-stirring voltammetry at a stationary electrode, in which a current difference is measured between two degrees of stirring is described. The response of this technique is characterized with respect to concentration dependence, reproducibility, response tune, modulation frequency, detection limit, and other variables. Ascorbic acid, epinephrine, hexacyanoferrate(II), and dopamine were used as test systems. Calibration plots of current vs. concentration are linear. For ascorbic acid, the sensitivity is near 30 nA μM-1. For hexacyanoferrate(II), the detection limit is near 0.24 μM. detection limit is near 0.24 μM.
A study of replanning frequencies in a material requirements planning system

Abstract A simulation model is used to examine the effects of different replanning intervals in a material requirements planning (MRP) system. Replanning frequencies of monthly, twice monthly, weekly, twice weekly, daily, and twice daily are simulated in an MRP environment in which timing changes can occur in the master production schedule. The replanning frequencies are evaluated on the basis of end-item service rate, inventory value, and the number of open order change notices. The results suggest that inventory may increase with more frequent MRP replanning and that the widely-accepted practice of making weekly MRP runs may not always be the best alternative.
Separation of α-Fetoprotein and IgG by a Miniaturized Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) Column

Abstract We report a miniature separator for medical microdevices. The separator uses a size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) mini-column in liquid chromatography (LC). The mini-column is fabricated on a glass slide with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) for structure. Polydivinlybenzene nanobeads (5–20 µm in diameter, 100-nm pore size) were used. The SEC mini-column successfully separates α-fetoprotein (AFP) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) at 5 and 9 min, respectively, with 0.86 resolution and 0.06-mm plate height. The mini-column shows potential for use in onboard sample preparation in a total analysis system (µTAS) for a point-of-care testing (POCT) device that could be used effectively in cancer screening, diagnosis, and prognosis.
Exchange rate volatility and trade flows: evidence from the European Union

The paper investigates the issue of whether exchange rate volatility has any significant adverse effects on the trade volume between several European Union countries and Germany over the 1979–1998 period. The measure for exchange rate volatility is obtained from an Exponentially Generalized Auto–Regressive Conditionally Heteroskedastic (EGARCH) model. The results indicated that short–run volatility did not have any deleterious effects on the volume of bilateral trade despite the former's noticeable increase or, at least, persistence for most of the exchange rates. Further, the findings suggested that Spain's and Portugal's participation in, and the exits of the United Kingdom and Italy from, the ERM have not exerted any (statistically) significant negative effects on the trade flows.
Paraprojects as new modes of international development assistance

Abstract Much as paraprofessionals are intended to accomplish things that professionals cannot or will not do, donor agencies should consider supporting paraprojects. These are oriented to making developmental contributions where conventional projects cannot or do not reach, and in more sustainable, cost-effective ways. It appears that the effectiveness and efficiency with which donor resources are presently being put to use are declining and that, other things being equal, there are diminishing returns to project size. This article explores alternative modes of development assistance which are brought together and illuminated by the paraproject concept.
Efficient production of multiexcitons from single photons in semiconductor nanocrystals for low-cost, high efficiency photovoltaics

Solar cells represent a clean source of renewable energy. However, in order to make them competitive with traditional energy sources, the efficiency-to-cost ratio must be increased appreciably. Increases in power conversion efficiency have typically relied on iterative improvements in material quality (for both Si and non-Si systems) and/or device engineering aspects including, e.g., the use of tandem architectures. There exist, however, approaches that can potentially lead to leaps in photovoltaic performance through the use of new principles for conversion of solar energy into electricity. Proposed methods include the development of impurity band and intermediate band devices, hot electron extraction, and carrier multiplication.
False positive dobutamine stress echocardiograms: characterization of clinical, echocardiographic and angiographic findings.

Objectives. This study was designed to characterize the clinical, echocardiographic and angiographic findings in patients who have regional wall motion abnormalities predictive of coronary artery disease on dobutamine stress echocardiograms, although coronary angiography reveals no critical stenoses. Background. The specificity of dobutamine stress echocardiography has been reported to be lower than its sensitivity; the sources of false positive findings on dobutamine stress echocardiograms have not been previously defined. Methods. Clinical and echocardiographic characteristics were retrospectively reviewed for patients who had both a dobutamine stress echocardiogram indicate of coronary artery disease on the basis of wall motion abnormalities and <50% stenoses reported on coronary angiography performed within 6 weeks of the echocardiogram. A 16-segment model was used to perform wall motion scoring. Angiograms were independently reviewed, and stenosis severity was quantified with the use of digital calipers. Results. Thirty-nine (11.4%) of 342 studies met criteria for false positive test results, which occurred predominantly in women (72%, p < 0.601). Regional wall motion abnormalities were evident more often in the posterior circulation (62%), and 65% of them were limited to the basal segments. Twelve (28%) of 43 wall motion abnormalities were associated with coronary stenoses of at least intermediate grade (lumen diameter 40.3% to 68.1%). Abnormalities confined to basal segments of the posterior circulation were unlikely to have associated coronary lesions (p = 0.03). Conclusions. False positive findings on dobutamine stress echocardiograms tend to involve small wall motion abnormalities that are frequently located in basal segments of the posterior myocardial circulation. Approximately one third of false positive results occurred in patients with intermediate-grade coronary stenoses, and these studies may reflect true inducible ischemia. Additional sources of false positive study results may include poor endocardial visualization and abnormal motion dye to tethering to the fibrous skeleton of the heart. Altered echocardiographic diagnostic criteria may be appropriate for small wall motion abnormalities confined to basal segments of the posterior circulation.
Morphologically abnormal cells, somatic mutations and loss of reproductive integrity in irradiated Tradescantia stamen hairs*

Abstract Inflorescences of Tradescantia clone 02, a diploid clone heterozygous for flower color (stamen hair color), were exposed to 69, 180 and 282 R of 137 Cs gamma rays at an exposure rate of 23·5 R/min. Stamen hairs were observed for 20 days after irradiation in order to record the numbers of stunted hairs (composed of fewer cells than normal), morphologically abnormal cells and somatic mutation (blue to pink or colorless). The periods of maximum sensitivity varied with exposure and the position of hairs on the stamen. Somatic pink mutations were induced at a rate of 9·11 × 10 −4 pink mutant events per meristematic hair cell per R. Colorless mutant events were induced at much higher rates (1·3–3·0 times more colorless events than pink events). However, some of the colorless cells were considered to be genotypically pink cells or those derived secondarily from pink mutant events. The frequencies of the hairs which had suffered complete or partial loss of reproductive integrity (LRI) were determined for each exposure, utilizing induced somatic mutations as markers. Complete LRI and losses greater and less than 50 per cent occurred in 0·7, 2·1 and 3·6 per cent of stamen hairs, respectively, after 69 R, and 27·9, 27·7 and 15·9 per cent of hairs, respectively, after 282 R. It was concluded also that the irradiation evidently induced lengthened cell cycle times as well as complete (immediate) and delayed LRI. The lengthened cell cycle time and delayed LRI can explain the occurrence of hairs with partial LRI. The occurrence of morphologically abnormal cells was found to be positively correlated with the LRI but a variable fraction of stunted hairs had no apparent abnormality in the apical cell.
Steepest descent perturbation theory for a non-linear schrödinger equation describing the solvent-molecule interaction

Abstract A steepest descent optimization of an appropriate energy functional is used to construct a perturbation theory for a non-linear Schrodinger equation of the type (Ĥ+α 〈φ> B >φ> B )> φ= E >φo>describing the solvent-molecule interaction in the dipole approximation. One step of this procedure results in an upper bound to the total energy which can be easily computed for most practical applications. Some special cases of this approach are discussed and a numerical example is given. The new method provides better results than the Surjan-Angyan perturbation theory.
Clinical usefulness of urinary growth hormone measurement in short children.

Growth hormone GH) levels in nocturnal urine were measured in 96 short children and 73 children of normal height in order to investigate whether urinary CH levels reflect spontaneous GH secretion and whether they might be used to screen short children for GH treatment. GH levels in 24-hour urine samples were significantly correlated with urinary albumin and β2-microglobulin levels in normal children, demonstrating an influence of renal function on urinary GH measurements. Nocturnal urinary GH levels showed significant positive correlations with mean serum GH levels during 3 hours of sleep (r= 0.26. p < 0.05) and plasma insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-I) levels, reflecting physiological GH secretion. Urinary GH levels were significantly lower in the eight children with complete GH deficiency (3.1 ± 2.3 ng/g creatinine) than in the normal children (13.8 ± 11.2 ng/g creatinine). Urinary GH levels in three other groups of short children, partial CH deficiency (11.1 ± 16.9 ng/g creatinine), impaired GH secretion during sleep (10.4 ± 12.6 ng/g creatinine) and non-endocrine short stature (18.8 ± 19.5 ng/g creatinine), were not significantly different from those in the normal children. However, when the cut-off point for defining GH insufficiency was set at 5 ng/g creatinine, 87.5% (21 out of 24) of the short children with low urinary GH levels were suitable subjects for GH treatment (i.e. had complete GH deficiency, partial GH deficiency or impaired GH secretion during sleep). It is concluded that urinary GH measurement, though influenced by renal function, is potentially a simple, non-invasive and clinically useful method for screening short children for GH insufficiency. Further refinements of the technique are required before it can be widely applied.
Laser-Ultrasonic Characterization of the Microstructure of Aluminium

Ultrasonic velocity and attenuation measurements are powerful tools to infer much information about the microstructure and properties of aluminum and its alloys. Laser-ultrasonics is a technology that enables doing these measurements remotely, in-situ or inline and in a fraction of a second. Therefore, it is possible to characterize the thermomechanical processing of aluminum alloys with unprecedented time resolution. This paper reviews the physical principles that allow relating velocity and attenuation measurements to various materials properties and microstructural features such as elastic moduli, crystallographic distribution orientation (texture), residual stresses, recrystallization and dislocations. In-situ (in laboratory furnaces) and in-line measurement examples from the Industrial Materials Institute research group are reviewed and presented.
Protein Level and Pteroylglutamic Acid Intake on Growth Rate and Hemoglobin Level in the Rat

SummaryAnemia was produced in growing rats by feeding a ration containing 5% casein and 2% sulfathalidine, to which no pteroylglutamic acid was added. This anemia was prevented either by the addition of pteroylglutamic acid to the diet or by increasing the casein to 20%.There was no improvement in growth when PGA was added to the 5% casein diet, while 30% casein gave normal growth.
Pre-Grenvillian history of the Adirondacks as an anorogenic, bimodal caldera complex of mid-Proterozoic age

The Adirondack highlands are characterized by the coexistence of a distinctive trinity of metaigneous rocks indicative of anorogenic or mild rift-related magmatism: (1) anorthosites and anorthositic gabbros; (2) mangerites, charnockites, and hornblende granites; and (3) alaskitic gneisses. This association, which is referred to as the AMCAL suite, is characterized by high FeO/(FeO + MgO) ratios, chemical trends that range from mildly alkaline to subalkaline and peraluminous, and high concentrations of halogens and rare-earth elements (REE) together with anhydrous assemblages. Outcrop patterns show that the least silicic members of the AMCAL suite tend to occur at structurally low positions, such as anticlinal cores, whereas more silicic members occupy structurally higher positions, such as the flanks of anticlines. It is inferred that this configuration is inherited from relatively high-level, zoned, and bimodal magma chambers cored by mafic rocks successively enveloped by mangeritic, chamockitic, and granitic magmas. Alaskitic gneisses are believed to represent metamorphosed rhyolitic ash-flow tuffs and their subvolcanic equivalents. Geochronologic data suggest an emplacement age of about 1300 Ma for the AMCAL suite and support the inference that prior to the Grenville orogeny, the Adirondacks evolved as part of the belt of mid-Proterozoic, anorogenic and rift-related magmatism that traverses North America and extends into northern Europe.
Optimization of Magnetic Lenses for Waveguide Portion of a Proton Linac

A discussion of factors affecting the radial confinement of the beam in a waveguide proton linac is given. Simple analytic expressions are developed which check with computer results. Consideration of radial acceptance, tolerance to errors, cost, length, and complexity, seems to indicate that doublet magnetic lenses are preferable to triplets.
Rational Strategic Management and the Normative Solution

The aim of this paper is threefold: (1) to show that the first-order problem of strategic management is fundamentally a normative problem that cannot be simply assumed away, (2) to introduce the notion of ‘normative fit’ as a concept to aid managers in rationally solving the normative problem, and (3) to argue that achieving normative fit is a rational and necessary approach to solving the normative problem. I outline the logic of appropriateness as a normative framework of rational decision making and argue that rational strategic management begins with the need to construct a cognitive representation of the strategic problem space by rationally determining the appropriate parameters by which a strategic decision will be made and evaluated. Then, I propose a ‘normative solution’ to this problem predicated on achieving normative fit according to the logic of appropriateness. It is rational because it adheres closely with the logic of appropriateness and necessary due to the interaction effects among the v...
Cognitive behavioral and supportive group treatments for partner-violent men*

The study examined the relative efficacy of cognitive-behavioral group therapy (CBT) and supportive group therapy (ST) for partner-violent men at a community agency. Eighty-six men were assigned and exposed to ST or CBT. Outcome analyses, based on participant reports at pre- and posttreatment, collateral partner reports at pre, post, and 6-month follow-up, and criminal justice data gathered 2 to 3 years after treatment, revealed no significant differences between ST and CBT on the primary outcomes of partner aggression and arrests. Across conditions, clients showed significant decreases in physical assault, psychological aggression, and injuries, significant increases in self-esteem and self-efficacy for abstaining from partner aggression, and significant movement on stage-of-change scales. ST clients had significantly greater increases than CBT clients on two secondary outcome variables: negotiation tactics and self-efficacy for abstaining from verbal aggression. Neither partner reports of criminal recidivism nor criminal data revealed significant treatment condition differences. The findings failed to demonstrate an added benefit of behavioral group interventions over the effects of a supportive group treatment experience for partner-violent men.
Quantitative Case Study: Use of Pharmacy Patient Information Systems to Improve Operational Efficiency

In recent years, many US hospitals embarked on "lean" projects to reduce waste. One advantage of the lean operational improvement methodology is that it relies on process observation by the workers, and requires relatively little data. However, as more operational data becomes available, hospitals may be able to prospectively evaluate and implement redesigns resulting in even more significant waste reductions. We provide one example of such a re-design in this case of a data-driven waste reduction project in an in-hospital pharmacy. A relatively simple mathematical model of the medication prepared and delivered by the pharmacy is used to estimate the savings from several potential approaches (rescheduling the start of production, scheduling multiple batches, or reordering production) as well the impact of some information system enhancements. We find that relatively small process changes, if implemented nationally, have the potential to save tens of millions of dollars annually.
Multivariate analysis of the effect of learning and forgetting on product quality

The impact of alternate periods of learning and forgetting on product quality in a manufacturing system is discussed in this paper. Factors that may precipitate forgetting are often recognized as interruptions in the production process. Interruptions can occur at scheduled times or randomly. The approach presented here addresses the mixed effect of learning and forgetting. The resultant output of the worker is compared with the expected output without interruption. A case model is used as an illustrative model for the proposed methodology. The approach extends the conventional univariate learning curve to a multivariate model and incorporates a forget model. Multivariate analysis facilitates the inclusion of other important factors in manufacturing productivity analysis. The inclusion of a forget model creates a realistic representation of the effects of learning and forgetting on worker output and product quality.
Surface science: View from the edge

Bombarding a material with an ion beam provides valuable information about its surface composition. Ion guns that fire polyatomic ions can reveal more detailed information and cause less damage to the sample.
Isoprene emission fluxes determined by an atmospheric tracer techniquE

Abstract Sulfur hexafluoride tracer was used in a series of experiments to simulate isoprene emissions from an isolated oak grove. The measured tracer release rate and ambient concentrations of isoprene and SF 6 observed along downwind sample lines were combined to determine the mass flux of isoprene from the forest. The fluxes determined from the tracer data increased exponentially with temperature and were in close agreement with estimates determined from emission rates measured in a series of branch enclosure samples. The results of this field study demonstrate the feasibility and usefulness of simulating forest emissions as a tool for investigating turbulent transport in forested areas. Isoprene emission fluxes that can be applied in regional models are reported.
A Java-based approach for teaching principles of adaptive and evolvable software

Abstract The ability to adapt a software artifact is essential toward handling evolving stakeholder requirements. Adaptation is also vital in many areas where software is required to adjust to changing environment conditions (e.g., the growing presence of embedded systems). Current techniques for supporting adaptability and evolvability can be categorized as static (happening at compile-time or design-time), or dynamic (adaptation during the actual execution of the system). This paper describes a special-topics software engineering course that uses Java as a foundation for teaching concepts of static and dynamic adaptation. The course surveys Java-related research in the areas of meta-programming and reflection, aspect-oriented software development, model-driven computing, and adaptive middleware.
The Effects of Domestic Violence on Women’s Employment

This article presents some results of a random household survey that examined the effects of domestic violence on the labor force participation of 824 women living in a low-income neighborhood. It also uses data from twenty-four long interviews. Eighteen percent of the respondents reported having experienced physical aggression in the past twelve months, and 11.9% reported more severe physical violence. Women who reported abuse were more likely to have experienced unemployment and held more jobs and to report more health problems. They also had lower personal incomes, and were significantly more likely to receive public assistance. At the same time, women who reported abuse were employed in roughly the same numbers as those who did not. Thus, it appears that domestic violence may depress women’s socioeconomic and occupational status attainment over time, but does not affect employment status per se. The article concludes with comments about the implications of the findings for the redesign of public assistance and job training programs.
The Association of Third-Generation Cephalosporin Use and Invasive Candidiasis in Extremely Low Birth-Weight Infants

OBJECTIVES. Previous studies have shown that incidence of invasive candidiasis varies substantially among centers, and previous use of broad-spectrum antibiotics is a risk factor for candidiasis in extremely low birth-weight infants. Differences in center practices, such as antibiotic strategies and the effects of these strategies on center incidence of candidiasis, are not reflected in assessments of an individual9s risk of candidiasis. We evaluated the relationship between empirical antibiotic practices for extremely low birth-weight infants and center incidence of candidiasis. METHODS. We studied a cohort of extremely low birth-weight infants who survived ≥72 hours and were admitted to 1 of 12 tertiary centers between 1998 and 2001. Multivariable logistic regression was used to validate previous broad-spectrum antibiotics use as a risk factor for subsequent candidiasis in individual infants. We calculated correlation coefficients to assess the relationship between center incidence of candidiasis with antibiotic practice patterns. RESULTS. There were 3702 infants from 12 centers included, and 284 (7.7%) developed invasive candidiasis. Broad-spectrum antibiotics use was associated with candidiasis for individual infants. Center candidiasis incidence ranged from 2.4% to 20.4%. Center incidence of candidiasis was correlated with average broad-spectrum antibiotics use per infant and average use of broad-spectrum antibiotics with negative cultures per infant. CONCLUSIONS. Center incidences of invasive candidiasis differ substantially, and antibiotic practice differences are possible contributors to center variation in candidiasis risk.
DNase I Hypersensitive Site II of the Human Growth Hormone Locus Control Region Mediates an Essential and Distinct Long-range Enhancer Function

Locus control regions (LCRs) comprise sets of DNA elements capable of establishing autonomous chromatin domains that support robust and physiologically appropriate expression of target genes, often working over extensive distances. Human growth hormone (hGH-N) expression in the pituitary is under the regulation of a well characterized LCR containing four DNase I hypersensitive sites (HSs). The two pituitary-specific HS, HSI and HSII, are located 14.5 and 15.5 kb 5′ to the hGH-N promoter. HSI is essential for activation of hGH-N during pituitary development and for sustaining robust activity in the adult. To determine whether the closely linked HSII has a role in hGH-N expression, it was deleted from a previously validated hGH/P1 transgene. Analysis of three independent hGH/P1(ΔHSII) transgenic mouse lines revealed that this deletion had no adverse effect on the formation of HSI, yet resulted in a substantial loss (70%) in hGH-N mRNA expression. This loss of expression was accompanied by a corresponding reduction in recruitment of the pituitary-specific transcription factor Pit-1 to the hGH-N promoter and a selective decrease in promoter occupancy of the elongation-linked isoform of RNA polymerase II. Sufficiency of HSI and HSII in LCR activity was explored by establishing two additional sets of mouse transgenic lines in which DNA segments containing these HS were positioned within the λ phage genome. In this “neutral” DNA context, HSII was required for the recruitment of HAT activity. These data establish HSII as a nonredundant component of the hGH LCR essential for establishment of robust levels of hGH-N gene expression.
Interlinking cross language metadata using heterogeneous graphs and Wikipedia

Cross-language metadata are essential in helping users overcome language barriers in information discovery and recommendation. The construction of cross-language vocabulary, however, is usually costly and intellectually laborious. This paper addresses these problems by proposing a Cross-Language Metadata Network (CLMN) approach, which uses Wikipedia as the intermediary for cross-language metadata linking. We conducted a proof-of-concept experiment with key metadata in two digital libraries and in two different languages without using machine translation. The experiment result is encouraging and suggests that the CLMN approach has the potential not only to interlink metadata in different languages with reasonable rate of precision and quality but also to construct cross-language metadata vocabulary. Limitations and further research are also discussed.
The Effect of Supplemental Glutamine on Growth Performance, Development of the Gastrointestinal Tract, and Humoral Immune Response of Broilers

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of supplemental Gln on growth performance, development of the gastrointestinal tract, and humoral immune response of broilers. Immediately after hatch 6 replicate pens of 6 chicks were randomly assigned to 1 of 7 (experiment 1) or 5 (experiment 2) dietary treatments for 21 d. On d 4, 7, 14, and 21, twelve chicks per treatment (2 chicks/pen) were killed for thymus, spleen, bursa, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, bile, and blood sample collections and weights. In experiment 1, the effect of 1 or 4% Gln addition to the feed, water, or both was compared with a corn-soybean meal (SBM) control diet. All diets were formulated to be isocaloric and isonitrogenous. Weight gain improved significantly (P < 0.05) when chicks were fed diets with 1% Gln as compared with chicks fed the control diet (11% average improvement). The addition of 4% Gln to the diet or water depressed (P < 0.05) growth performance. Based on the results from experiment 1, 1% Gln supplementation to the diet was determined to be ample and most practical. Thus in experiment 2, diets supplemented with 1% Gln were fed for 4, 7, 14, or 21 d after which time chicks were fed the corn-SBM control diet until the experiment was terminated at 21 d. Weight gain improved significantly (P < 0.05) when chicks were fed diets supplemented with 1% Gln throughout the 21-d study. In both experiments, chicks fed diets supplemented with 1% Gln for 21 d had higher concentrations of bile, intestinal, and sera IgA and sera IgG (P < 0.05). Chicks fed diets with 1% Gln had heavier intestinal relative weights and longer intestinal villi (P < 0.05) as compared with the chicks fed the corn-SBM diet. Our results indicate that the addition of 1% Gln to the diet of broiler chicks improves growth performance and may stimulate development of the gastrointestinal tract and humoral immune response.
A logical DES approach to the design of hybrid control systems

Hybrid control systems, that is, systems which contain both continuous dynamics and discrete event dynamics are studied in this paper. First, a model is introduced that describes the continuous plant and discrete event controller along with an interface which connects them. A Discrete Event System (DES) automaton description is employed to describe the plant together with the interface and it is used to analyze the hybrid control system. Controllability is defined for hybrid control systems, enhancing existing DES control concepts. It is then used to obtain a controller design method for hybrid control systems.