cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lawless, Jennifer L., and Richard L. Fox, Running from Office: Why Young Americans Are Turned off to Politics

Political experts lament that today's American youth are disengaged from electoral politics. Digging into the possible causes for this phenomenon, Professors Jennifer L. Lawless and Richard L. Fox ...
Annual changes of N,P,K,Ca,and Mg leaf nutrients in triploid Populus tomentosa

Populus tomentosa is the main tree species for afforestation in north China.To maintain its productivity,annual changes in leaf nutrient concentrations of N,P,K,Ca,and Mg with 11 clones of triploid P.tomentosa(S1 through S9,S11,and S12) were studied with diploid P.tomentosa(S10) as a control.The one-year-old seedlings were afforested in 2005,in Pinggu of Beijing,and leaves were gathered respectively in April,July and October of 2006 by representative sampling method with three replications,for determining N,P,K,Ca,and Mg concentrations in leaves.Results showed that(1) for a given nutrient,triploid P.tomentosa leaves had similar seasonal variations,N,P,and K,levels declined during the whole growth period;Ca gradually increased,while Mg increased and then decreased.Also,(2) greater P concentrations in leaves of different clones were highly significant(P 0.01,n = 36)with the greatest being 1.85 g·kg-1 in S5.Additionally,(3) compared to diploid P.tomentosa,throughout the growing season,P concentrations in leaves of triploid P.tomentosa increased for clones S1,S3 through S7,and S12.Finally,(4) during the growing season,for the different clones of P.tomentosa,concentrations of these macro elements were similar with the order and average content(in g·kg-1) of the five nutrients as:N(24.31)K(17.23)Ca(4.36)Mg(1.94)P(1.56).
Management of basal cell carcinoma. Which option is best

Basal cell carcinoma, the most common type of skin cancer, can be treated successfully by a variety of methods. The most commonly employed techniques are curettage with electrodesiccation, scalpel excision, Mohs' chemosurgery, cryosurgery, and radiation therapy, all of which have advantages and disadvantages. The primary care physician needs to be aware of available forms of therapy, problems with recurrent lesions, and the importance of adequate follow-up.
The Immune System and Nonmelanoma Skin Cancers

The high incidence of basal and squamous cell carcinomas is a public health concern especially in light-skinned populations. These nonmelanoma skin cancers are multi-factorial in etiology. Evidence from epidemiologic research, as well as data from in vitro and in vivo studies indicate that the host’s immune system significantly contributes to the development of these malignancies. Alterations in cutaneous immunity as brought about by ultraviolet radiation, chemotherapeutic agents and other immunosuppressive factors result in loss of appropriate immune surveillance mechanisms, leading to nonrecognition of tumor antigens, thereby creating an environment favorable for tumor growth. Likewise immunomodulatory factors from tumor cells and/or surrounding stroma influence the behavior of established lesions and may direct their outcome towards either progression or regression.
Do symbiotic and Vitamin E supplementation have favorite effects in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease? A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

Background: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease in the world. Oral administration of symbiotic and Vitamin E has been proposed as an effective treatment in NAFLD patients. This study was carried out to assess the effects of symbiotic and/or Vitamin E supplementation on liver enzymes, leptin, lipid profile, and some parameters of insulin resistance (IR) in NAFLD patients. Materials and Methods: We randomly assigned sixty NAFLD adult patients to receive (1) symbiotic twice daily + Vitamin E?like placebo capsule; (2) 400 IU/d Vitamin E + symbiotic?like placebo; (3) symbiotic twice daily + 400 IU/d Vitamin E; and (4) symbiotic?like placebo + Vitamin E?like placebo for 8 weeks. Results: Symbiotic plus Vitamin E supplementation led to a significant decrease in concentrations of liver transaminase (P ? 0.05). Mean difference of apolipoprotein A?1 was more significant in symbiotic group compared to control. However, mean difference of apolipoprotein B100/A?1 was only significant in symbiotic group compared to control. At the end of the study, significant differences in total cholesterol (TC) and low?density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL?C) were seen between the symbiotic plus Vitamin E and control groups (P < 0.001). Furthermore, intake of symbiotic plus Vitamin E supplements led to a significant decrease in concentrations of triglycerides (TG) after the intervention. Significant differences in leptin, fasting blood sugar (FBS), and insulin levels were seen between the symbiotic plus Vitamin E and control groups at the end of the study (P < 0.001). In contrast, symbiotic and/or Vitamin E supplementation did not affect high?density lipoprotein cholesterol and homeostasis model assessment for IR levels. Conclusion: In our study, symbiotic plus Vitamin E supplementation was the most effective treatment in lowering liver enzymes, leptin, FBS, insulin, TG, TC, and LDL?C among NAFLD patients. Key words: Leptin, lipid profile, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, symbiotic, Vitamin E
Accurate modeling of capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers in pulse-echo operation

We present a large-signal model of capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers (CMUTs). This model combined with transmit-receive electronics is implemented in an electrical circuit simulator. We investigate optimum biasing scheme to increase output pressure and the amount of nonlinearity generated in transmit. Comparison to experiments shows that the model can be used to estimate the performance of CMUTs in pulse-echo operation.
Nonlinear Quantum Metrology of Many-Body Open Systems

We introduce general bounds for the parameter estimation error in nonlinear quantum metrology of many-body open systems in the Markovian limit. Given a k-body Hamiltonian and p-body Lindblad operators, the estimation error of a Hamiltonian parameter using a Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger state as a probe is shown to scale as N^{-[k-(p/2)]}, surpassing the shot-noise limit for 2k>p+1. Metrology equivalence between initial product states and maximally entangled states is established for p≥1. We further show that one can estimate the system-environment coupling parameter with precision N^{-(p/2)}, while many-body decoherence enhances the precision to N^{-k} in the noise-amplitude estimation of a fluctuating k-body Hamiltonian. For the long-range Ising model, we show that the precision of this parameter beats the shot-noise limit when the range of interactions is below a threshold value.
Impact of tool design on defect detection sensitivity for EUV actinic blank inspection

In this paper, we discuss the impact of various tool design perspectives on defect detection sensitivity for dark-field based EUV actinic blank inspection. We consider the impact from optical resolution (pixel size), EUV source type, and photon collection efficiency on critical defect SNR performance. The results show that as the pixel size approaches the target defect image size, defect SNR increases, and that pixel size also determines the dominant noise source in the inspection system. Moreover, the choice of the EUV source affects the optimal NA and illumination settings. For plasma-discharged sources, more photons provided by larger partial coherent illumination can improve the defect SNR, while coherent illumination is needed to get a higher defect SNR for synchrotron-based source. In the end, we show that simply increasing the photon collection efficiency by using high NA optics or increasing the source power cannot always improve the defect SNR. In a speckle noise dominated situation, larger outer NA includes more noise than defect signal, thus results in a lower SNR. The impact of source power also saturates at certain level as the system becomes speckle noise limited compared to photon noise limited.
PLURAIS IRREGULARES DO PORTUGUÊS BRASILEIRO: EFEITOS DE FREQUÊNCIA

Este artigo discute tres grupos de plurais do portugues brasileiro ( doravante PB): palavras terminadas em –ao (“avi ao ”/“avi oes ”), em –l (“ane l ”/“ane is ”), e em ditongo em –u (“chape u ”/“chape us ”). Como foco teorico, adotamos o Modelo de Redes (BYBEE, 1995; 2001; 2010). Nosso objetivo e analisar se a frequencia (de tipo ou de ocorrencia) pode justificar variacoes nessas classes de plurais. Experimentos psicolinguisticos foram realizados para analisar como os falantes do PB pluralizam tais itens. Como resultado, conclui-se que efeitos de frequencia podem interferir nas variacoes linguisticas registradas nesses grupos de palavras.
ON THE MECHANISM OF OXYGEN INSERTION CATALYZED BY CYTOCHROME P-450. HYDROXYLATION WITH PARTIAL ALLYLIC REARRANGEMENT

The cumene hydroperoxide dependent oxidation of cyclohexene catalyzed cytochrome P-450 produced cyclohexene oxide and cyclohexenol. Catalytic Systems containing chlorotetraphenyl-porphinatoiron(III)-iodosylbenzene and chlorotetraphenylpor-phinatochromium (III)-iodosylbenzene gave the same products. The oxidation of 1,2-dideuterocyclohexene by these systems gave cyclohexenol with various degrees of allylic rearrangement. With the chromium catalyst nearly complete, allylic scrambling was observed whereas the iron catalyst and cytochrome P-450 gave only partial equilibration. A mechanism involving caged radical intermediates is presented to account for these results.
Pancreaticobiliary cytopathology: an update

Abstract Cytopathology plays a pivotal role in the diagnosis of solid and cystic lesions of the pancreas and of biliary strictures. For making an accurate cytologic diagnosis, the findings need to be interpreted in the context of clinical and imaging findings and ancillary studies such as cyst fluid biochemistry, immunohistochemistry and mutational analysis. This article provides an updated review of these aspects of solid and cystic lesions of the pancreas along with their management, newer techniques for tissue acquisition, and cytologic reporting scheme. Bile duct brushing cytology is also discussed along with its diagnostic challenges and the application of ancillary studies.
Do Vaccines Cause Seizures

Fever is a common symptom of many natural infections, including bacteria such as diphtheria, pertussis, meningococcus and pneumococcus, and viruses such as hepatitis A, hepatitis B, influenza, measles mumps, rubella, polio, rotavirus and varicella. Fever is associated with febrile seizures in infants. Thus, many vaccines prevent fever and febrile seizures by protecting against natural infections. However, all vaccines that cause fever in young children also have a small inherent risk of causing febrile seizures. The first dose of measles-containing vaccines can rarely cause febrile seizures in infants and young children 7-10 days after vaccination, at an estimated rate of 26.4 per 1000 person-years after MMR and 84.6 per 1,000 person-years after MMRV (ProQuad®). Influenza and pneumococcal conjugate vaccines when administered separately can very rarely cause febrile seizures in infants and young children in the 24 hours after vaccination, at an estimated rate of 5 events per 100,000 doses in the U.S. The risk of febrile seizures is increased when influenza and pneumococcal conjugate vaccines are given simultaneously, to an estimated rate of 17.5 per 100,000 doses. The DTaP-IPV-Hib combination vaccine in use in Denmark can very rarely cause febrile seizures in infants and young children, at an estimated rate of less than 4 per 100,000 doses. Whole-cell DTP vaccine did cause febrile seizures, but is no longer used in the United States. Vaccines currently routinely recommended to the general population in the U.S. have not been shown to cause persistent epilepsy or infantile spasms. Febrile seizures are a common and typically benign childhood condition, occurring in 2-5% of children at some point during their first five years of life. Febrile seizures have an estimated background incidence of 240–480 per 100,000 person-years in children under five years, although this varies considerably by age, genetics, co-morbidities and environmental risk factors. There are no long-term effects of simple febrile seizures, with the possible exception of an increased risk of recurrence. Considering the benign nature of simple febrile seizures, the rarity of vaccine-induced febrile seizures and the relative frequency of fever related to natural infection particularly among young children, the benefits of vaccination greatly outweigh the minimal risk of vaccine complications.
Single dose phenobarbital in addition to symptom-triggered lorazepam in alcohol withdrawal.

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a single parenteral dose of phenobarbital in addition to symptom-triggered lorazepam for the acute management of alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS). Methods This was a retrospective chart review of adult patients who presented to the Emergency Department with moderate or severe symptoms of alcohol withdrawal. Patients were included if they received at least 4 mg of lorazepam through the hospital's Alcohol Withdrawal Order Set on hospital day one. Patients who received a single parenteral dose of phenobarbital on hospital day one were compared to those who did not. Results Forty patients received phenobarbital and 38 patients received lorazepam only. Median daily lorazepam requirements, disposition, hospital length of stay, and median maximum daily CIWA-Ar scores were not statistically significant different between the groups. Significantly more patients in the phenobarbital group were discharged within three days in comparison to the lorazepam only group (9 patients vs. 2 patients, respectively, p Conclusions More patients were discharged within three days if they received a single parenteral dose of phenobarbital on hospital day one, in addition to symptom-triggered lorazepam for the acute management of AWS. Emergency Medicine physicians should consider ordering one parenteral phenobarbital dose on hospital day one to patients presenting with AWS.
Nonlinear Spectroscopy of Narrow Gap Semiconductors in High Magnetic Fields

The realm of linear optical spectroscopy (including magneto-optical studies) has proven to be one of the most scientifically interesting and yet very important for characterizing semiconductors. Semiconductor properties such as energy band structure, excitons, impurities, carrier lifetimes, symmetries, absorption coefficients, etc., can be investigated and determined. A new frontier now exists for studying and characterizing semiconductors using the nonlinear optical interaction of laser light with matter. Bloembergen has concluded that “the field of linear spectroscopy is more than a century old and still flourishing. It may therefore be predicted with some confidence that nonlinear spectroscopy, which can augment linear spectroscopy in significant and non-trivial ways, will have a long and useful life.”1 In this paper, we concentrate on two-photon magnetospectroscopy (TPMS) and emphasize the following topics: (1) a review of past work on semiconductors and (2) a demonstration of the utility of TPNS with specific new results on InSb.
Timing of Lumbar Spinal Fusion Affects Total Hip Arthroplasty Outcomes

Many patients are affected by concurrent disease of the hip and spine, undergoing both total hip arthroplasty (THA) and lumbar spinal fusion (LSF). Recent literature demonstrates increased prosthetic dislocation rates in patients with THA done after LSF. Evidence is lacking on which surgery to do first to minimize complications. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of timing between the two procedures on postoperative outcomes. Methods We queried the Medicare standard analytics files between 2005 and 2014. Four groups were identified and matched by age and sex: THA with previous LSF, LSF with previous THA, THA with spine pathology without fusion, and THA without spine pathology. Revision THA or LSF and bilateral THA were excluded. Comorbidities and Charlson Comorbidity Index were identified. Postoperative complications at 90 days and 2 years were calculated after the most recent surgery. Four-way chi-squared and standard descriptive statistics were calculated. Results Thirteen thousand one hundred two patients had THA after LSF, 10,482 patients had LSF after THA, 104,820 had THA with spine pathology, and 492,654 had THA without spine pathology. There was no difference in the Charlson Comorbidity Index score between the THA after LSF and LSF after THA groups. There was a statistically significant difference in THA dislocation rate, with LSF after THA at 1.7%, THA without spine pathology at 2.3%, THA with spine pathology at 3.3%, and THA after LSF at 4.6%. There was a statistically significant difference in THA revision rate, with THA without spine pathology at 3.3%, LSF after THA at 3.7%, THA with spine pathology at 4.2%, and THA after LSF at 5.7%. Conclusion LSF after THA is associated with a reduced dislocation rate compared with THA after LSF. Reasons may include decreasing pelvic mobility in a stable, well-healed THA or early postoperative spine precautions after LSF restricting positions of dislocation.
The Impact of Sickle Cell Disease on Cognitive Functioning and Learning

Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) refers to a complex group of hereditary hematologic disorders that are most common in people of African descent (Sickle Cell Disease Guideline Panel, 1993). Although most ...
Quantizing Multiple Sources to a Common Cluster Center: An Asymptotic Analysis.

We consider quantizing an $Ld$-dimensional sample, which is obtained by concatenating $L$ vectors from datasets of $d$-dimensional vectors, to a $d$-dimensional cluster center. The distortion measure is the weighted sum of $r$th powers of the distances between the cluster center and the samples. For $L=1$, one recovers the ordinary center based clustering formulation. The general case $L>1$ appears when one wishes to cluster a dataset through $L$ noisy observations of each of its members. We find a formula for the average distortion performance in the asymptotic regime where the number of cluster centers are large. We also provide an algorithm to numerically optimize the cluster centers and verify our analytical results on real and artificial datasets. In terms of faithfulness to the original (noiseless) dataset, our clustering approach outperforms the naive approach that relies on quantizing the $Ld$-dimensional noisy observation vectors to $Ld$-dimensional centers.
Mono- and Dinuclear α-Diimine Nickel(II) and Palladium(II) Complexes in C–S Cross-Coupling

The usefulness of transition metal catalytic systems in C–S cross-coupling reactions is significantly reduced by air and moisture sensitivity, as well as harsh reaction conditions. Herein, we repor...
The Importance of the Mechanisms by Which Insulin Regulates Meal-Associated Liver Glucose Uptake in the Dog.

Hepatic glucose uptake (HGU) is critical for maintaining normal postprandial glucose metabolism. Insulin is clearly a key regulator of HGU, but the physiologic mechanisms by which it acts have yet to be established. This study sought to determine the mechanisms by which insulin regulates liver glucose uptake under postprandial-like conditions (hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, and a positive portal vein-to-arterial glucose gradient). Portal vein insulin infusion increased hepatic insulin levels fivefold in healthy dogs. In one group (n = 7), the physiologic response was allowed to fully occur, while in another (n = 7), insulin’s indirect hepatic effects, occurring secondary to its actions on adipose tissue, pancreas, and brain, were blocked. This was accomplished by infusing triglyceride (intravenous), glucagon (portal vein), and inhibitors of brain insulin action (intracerebroventricular) to prevent decreases in plasma free fatty acids or glucagon, while blocking increased hypothalamic insulin signaling for 4 h. In contrast to the indirect hepatic effects of insulin, which were previously shown capable of independently generating a half-maximal stimulation of HGU, direct hepatic insulin action was by itself able to fully stimulate HGU. This suggests that under hyperinsulinemic/hyperglycemic conditions insulin’s indirect effects are redundant to direct engagement of hepatocyte insulin receptors.
Drug delivery systems

Goals After reading this chapter the student should understand the following. The fundamentals and importance of drug delivery systems. How various different types of controlled drug delivery systems work. Therapeutic drugs play a significant role in the therapy of almost all medical problems. From the treatment of common ailments such as headaches, and colds, to the reduction of fever, fighting infection, reducing cholesterol and blood pressure, and treating cancer, drugs play a major role in medicine. The systems used for delivering drugs take on a variety of forms. These include simple oral systems such as tablets, capsules, and syrups, transdermal systems like ointments and patches, and intravenous delivery using suspensions or nanoparticles. In order for a drug to provide a therapeutic effect, the concentration of the drug in the blood plasma has to be above the minimum effective level and below the level that may be toxic. The difference between the minimum effective level and the toxic level is called the therapeutic index. As shown in Figure 12.1a, when the drug is conventionally administered as a single dose and is metabolized quickly inside the body, the level of drug in the blood plasma immediately increases followed by an exponential decrease. In such a conventional administration of the drug, the time frame over which the drug concentration is above the minimum effective level may not be long enough to produce a significant therapeutic effect in a single dose. Although this situation can be improved by increasing the amount of dose, this quickly raises the drug level to the toxic region. The alternative is to administer doses at regular intervals (Figure 12.1b). However, this method too has limitations, such as: the drug level in blood plasma is irregular and fluctuates with a high ratio of peak-tovalley concentrations, and the patient compliance is often poor.
Alteration of volcanic ash glass chemistry due to lightning

Abstract Volcanic lightning generates high temperatures (>1500 °C) that melt volcanic ash particles, which re-solidify into lightning-induced volcanic spherules (LIVS). These LIVS have been documented within several ashfall deposits from multiple explosive volcanic eruptions. While several studies have analyzed the morphology and formation processes of LIVS, there is limited research on the chemical composition of these glassy particles. High-current (7 and 25 kA) impulse experiments were performed on very fine volcanic ash (
A machine learning model to estimate ground-level ozone concentrations in California using TROPOMI data and high-resolution meteorology.

Abstract Estimating ground-level ozone concentrations is crucial to study the adverse health effects of ozone exposure and better understand the impacts of ground-level ozone on biodiversity and vegetation. However, few studies have attempted to use satellite retrieved ozone as an indicator given their low sensitivity in the boundary layer. Using the Troposphere Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI)'s total ozone column together with the ozone profile information retrieved by the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI), as TROPOMI ozone profile product has not been released, we developed a machine learning model to estimate daily maximum 8-hour average ground-level ozone concentration at 10 km spatial resolution in California. In addition to satellite parameters, we included meteorological fields from the High-Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR) system at 3 km resolution and land-use information as predictors. Our model achieved an overall 10-fold cross-validation (CV) R 2 of 0.84 with root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.0059 ppm, indicating a good agreement between model predictions and observations. Model predictions showed that the suburb of Los Angeles Metropolitan area had the highest ozone levels, while the Bay Area and the Pacific coast had the lowest. High ozone levels are also seen in Southern California and along the east side of the Central Valley. TROPOMI data improved the estimate of extreme values when compared to a similar model without it. Our study demonstrates the feasibility and value of using TROPOMI data in the spatiotemporal characterization of ground-level ozone concentration.
Chapter 11 Risk Judgment, Risk Communication and Conflict Management

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the application of social judgment theory (SJT) to the understanding of risk judgment and to the improvement of hazard management. It develops an approach to understand and manage the psychological impacts of hazards by linking three concepts adapted from SJT: risk judgment, risk communication and risk conflict management. In risk judgment, an individual uses information about a hazard to make inferences about the hazard or about its attributes. Risk judgment is applied also to judgments of other hazard attributes such as benefits and costs. The hazard information used by individuals to form risk judgments is derived either from personal experience or, more frequently, from other persons or sources of information. Risk communication is the social process in which the transmission of information affects the establishment or modification of risk judgments. The social context in which risk communication occurs may be simple or complex. In simple contexts, the participants are similar to one another in their conceptions of risk and how it should be managed. In complex contexts, the participants are different from one another. Risk conflict management is applied when needed to the resolution of risk communication problems occurring in complex contexts.
Econometric Theory and Practice: Nonlinear IV Panel Unit Root Tests

INTRODUCTION Nonstationary panels have recently drawn much attention in theoretical and empirical research. This is largely due to the availability of panel data sets covering relatively long time periods and the growing use of cross-country and cross-regional data over time to investigate many important economic interrelationships – especially those involving convergence and divergence of economic variables. Various statistics for testing unit roots in panel models have been proposed and frequently used for testing growth theories and purchasing-power-parity hypotheses. Panel models are also used to study the long-run relationships between migration flows and income and unemployment differentials across regions and among macroeconomic and international financial series, including exchange rates and spot and future interest rates. Panel-data-based tests also appeared attractive to many empirical researchers because they offer alternatives to the tests based only on individual time series observations that are known to have low discriminatory power. The earlier contributors in theoretical research on the subject include Levin, Lin, and Chu (2002); Quah (1994); Im, Pesaran, and Shin (2003); and Maddala and Wu (1999). Phillips and Moon (2000) and Baltagi and Kao (2000) provide surveys on the recent developments in testing for unit roots in panels. In general, panels are intrinsically heterogeneous and dependent across cross-sections, and these very properties contribute to the inferential difficulties in testing for unit roots. The cross-sectional dependency, in particular, is very hard to deal with in nonstationary panels.
Prenatal Viral Infection Leads to Pyramidal Cell Atrophy and Macrocephaly in Adulthood: Implications for Genesis of Autism and Schizophrenia

We investigated the role of maternal exposure to human influenza virus (H1N1) in C57BL/6 mice on Day 9 of pregnancy on pyramidal and nonpyramidal cell density, pyramidal nuclear area, and overall brain size in Day 0 neonates and 14-week-old progeny and compared them to sham-infected cohorts. Pyramidal cell density increased significantly (p < 0.0038) by 170% in Day 0 infected mice vs. controls. Nonpyramidal cell density decreased by 33% in Day 0 infected progeny vs. controls albeit, nonsignificantly. Pyramidal cell nuclear size decreased significantly (p < 0.0465) by 29% in exposed newborn mice vs. controls. Fourteen-week-old exposed mice continued to show significant increases in both pyramidal and nonpyramidal cell density values vs. controls respectively (p < 0.0085 E1 (exposed group 1), p < 0.0279 E2 (exposed group 2) pyramidal cell density; p < 0.0092 E1, p < 0.0252 E2, nonpyramidal cell density). By the same token, pyramidal cell nuclear size exhibited 37–43% reductions when compared to control values; these were statistically significant vs. controls (p < 0.04 E1, p < 0.0259 E2). Brain and ventricular area measurements in adult exposed mice also showed significant increases and decreases respectively vs. controls. Ventricular brain ratios exhibited 38–50% decreases in exposed mice vs. controls. While the rate of pyramidal cell proliferation per unit area decreased from birth to adulthood in both control and exposed groups, nonpyramidal cell growth rate increased only in the exposed adult mice. These data show for the first time that prenatal exposure of pregnant mice on Day 9 of pregnancy to a sublethal intranasal administration of influenza virus has both short-term and long-lasting deleterious effects on developing brain structure in the progeny as evident by altered pyramidal and nonpyramidal cell density values; atrophy of pyramidal cells despite normal cell proliferation rate and final enlargement of brain. Moreover, abnormal corticogenesis is associated with development of abnormal behavior in the exposed adult mice.
Multiagent-Based Dynamic Deployment Planning in RTLS-Enabled Automotive Shipment Yard

Real-time vehicle location information enables to facilitate more efficient decision-making in dynamic automotive shipment yard environment. This paper proposes a multiagent-based decentralized decision-making model for the vehicle deployment planning in a shipment yard. A multiagent architecture is designed to facilitate decentralized algorithms and coordinate different agents dynamically. The results of computational experiments show that the proposed deployment model outperforms a current deployment practice with respect to the deployment performance measures.
Trust and Distrust in Work Relationships: A Grounded Approach

Most research on trust and distrust has proceeded from theorizing about the nature of trust, and deducing the key definitions of the phenomena, key components of the definitions, and important contributors to trust-building or distrust-building processes. While these approaches are conceptually appealing and appear to have face validity, little research on trust and distrust has evolved by beginning with layperson descriptions of actual trust and distrust events. The purpose of this study was to examine detailed descriptions of trust and distrust events and determine the most appropriate categories to distinguish within and between these events. Stories of trust and distrust were solicited, and a grounded theory approach was used to develop codes of these stories. Codes distinguished trust and distrust stories within and across the following dimensions: types of trust, how knowledge about the other is derived (the role of reputation), relationship between trustor and trustee, the role of time in trust-inducing and distrust-creating events, and the role of volition. Implications of these findings for trust theorizing, trust measurement and trust development are discussed.
Soil Fertility: Phosphorus in Soils

Abstract Phosphorus (P) is essential for the growth of agricultural crops and thus efficient management of soil P, and inputs of P as fertilizers and manures, is critical to providing an adequate food supply to a growing world population. Mitigating the environmental impacts of P on water quality, from nonpoint source pollution (erosion, runoff, leaching) has become a global concern, as we; and is vital to sustain the ecological health of our rivers, lakes, estuaries, and coastal oceans. Managing soil P requires an understanding of the forms and transformations of P in soils, as affected by soil properties, crop management practices, hydrology, climate, and the characteristics of P sources (inorganic and organic fertilizers) used to maintain soil P fertility. Preventing soil P buildup to excessive levels and wise use of soil conservation practices are key components of strategies to minimize the environmental impacts of P on water quality. New research provides innovative options to manage soil P fertility, and model P transformations in soils and transport to waters. This should lead to holistic systems of P management that contribute to global food security while protecting and improving water quality.
Dephasing-induced nonlinear vibrational spectroscopy

Advances in infrared laser technology have made it possible, for the first time, to perform nonlinear optical experiments directly on IR-active molecular vibrational modes. As a result, we are only just beginning to appreciate the profound difference between the nonlinear-optical behavior of electronic states and of vibrational states. The authors present an analysis of IR nonlinear optical experiments that predicts a wealth of new, dephasing-induced signals that provide unique information about the interactions between molecular vibrations and their surroundings. They also make a connection between their predictions and echo phenomena observed in anharmonically-coupled classical oscillators. >
I concerti per clarinetto e orchestra di Carl Maria von Weber: testimoni, edizione ed esecuzione. I Parte: Storia dei testimoni, problemi d'edizione e loro conseguenze sul piano dell'esecuzione dei concerti per clarinetto di Weber

Sin dalla loro composizione e prima esecuzione, avvenute nel 1811, i concerti per clarinetto di Carl Maria von Weber (No. 1 in Fa minore, No. 2 in Mib maggiore) hanno goduto di un’ininterrotta tradizione esecutiva. Questa larga fortuna ha determinato un’ampia discrepanza fra l’originale versione d’autore e le successive edizioni approntate per gli esecutori. In rapporto alla storia e allo sviluppo della prassi esecutiva e necessario affrontare il problema dell’autenticita. Esiste una volonta definitiva nel genere del concerto ottocentesco o e la natura stessa del genere a permettere una certa flessibilita di approccio esecutivo da parte dei musicisti? Fino a che punto un testo musicale rappresenta una versione “autentica” di un’opera? Come editore di queste musiche per la Carl Maria von Weber Gesamtausgabe (WeGA), illustrero la complessa storia della tradizione che intercorre fra la composizione dei concerti e la loro prima edizione a stampa. Cio impone un esame critico dei testimoni, con particolare attenzione verso gli aspetti concernenti la prassi esecutiva e le soluzione adottate in sede della loro pubblicazione critica. Presentero infine le mie riflessioni sul concetto di “testo” musicale e sul suo significato storico in relazione alle edizioni pratiche e critiche, in modo da esplicitare il dualismo fra autenticita “oggettiva” contrapposto a espressione “soggettiva” come mezzo per l’analisi performativa.
Genes, language, and culture: an example from the tarim basin

Summary. The Tarim Basin ‘mummies’ of western China continue to fascinate scholars and the general public alike due to their ‘Caucasoid’ features, wellpreserved material culture, and putative ‘European’ origins. However, there have been some uncritical efforts to link these archaeological cultures to those of other ancient Eurasian groups (e.g. the Celts) by applying syllogistic reasoning to multi-disciplinary evidence. In an attempt to provide a more cautious synthesis of the prehistory of the Tarim Basin, this paper will briefly summarize the archaeological, physical, and linguistic evidence that has been used to model human settlement of this region. These data will then be related to recent molecular anthropology research on modern populations of Central Asia, focusing especially on the Uighur in relation to their neighbours. While the genetic history of the modern peoples of a particular region is not necessarily related to their prehistoric antecedents, it is argued that the Tarim Basin experienced a surprising cultural and biological continuity despite immigration from both east and west into Xinjiang Province. This conclusion has a number of possible political ramifications in the present day that must be addressed in future literature on the subject.
Investigation of static structure factor in dense suspensions by use of multiply scattered light

Near-infrared, frequency-domain photon migration measurements of phase shift are used to derive accurate values of isotropic scattering coefficients in concentrated, interacting suspensions of aqueous polystyrene microspheres with volume concentrations ranging from 1% to 45% by solids and mean diameters ranging from 135 to 500 nm. Under conditions of high ionic strength, the isotropic scattering coefficient can be quantitatively predicted by the Percus–Yevick model for hard-sphere interactions and Mie theory. In addition, the attractive interactions between scatterers arising from the addition of soluble poly(ethylene glycol) with molecular weights of 100 and 600 K cause hindered scattering. The increases in static structure and decreases in isotropic scattering coefficient agree with that predicted by Mie theory and the depletion interaction model developed by Asakura and Oosawa [J. Chem. Phys.22, 1255 (1954)]. These results demonstrate the success of monitoring interaction between particles by use of multiple-scattered light and the necessity of incorporating models for these interactions when predicting scattering of dense, concentrated suspensions.
On linear transformations preserving rank one matrices over commutative rings

We show that over any cummutative ring R,the combinations, of 2 × 2 minors are the only quadratic forms vanishing on the matrices of rank 1. Hence any invertible linear transformation on matrices that preserves the rank-1 set over R will automatically do the same over all extensions of R. Similarly, the linear combinations of 4 × 4 Paffians are the only quadratic forms vanishing on the alternating matrices of rank 2. Hence again any invertible transformation preserving that set over R will do so formally. This fact allows us to determine the collection of such transformations
Influence of preceding liquid on stop-consonant perception

Certain attributes of a syllable-final liquid can influence the perceived place of articulation of a following stop consonant. To demonstrate this perceptual context effect, the CV portions of natural tokens of [al-da], [al-ga], [ar-da], [ar-ga] were excised and replaced with closely matched synthetic stimuli drawn from a [da]-[ga] continuum. The resulting hybrid disyllables were then presented to listeners who labeled both liquids and stops. The natural CV portions had two different effects on perception of the synthetic CVs. First, there was an effect of liquid category: Listeners perceived “g” more often in the context of [al] than in that of [ar]. Second, there was an effect due to tokens of [al] and [ar] having been produced before [da] or [ga]: More “g” percepts occurred when stops followed liquids that had been produced before [g]. A hypothesis that each of these perceptual effects finds a parallel in speech production is supported by spectrograms of the original utterances. Here, it seems, is another instance in which findings in speech perception reflect compensation for coarticulation during speech production.
Role of Cysteinyl Residues in Sensing Pb(II), Cd(II), and Zn(II) by the Plasmid pI258 CadC Repressor

The cadCA operon ofStaphylococcus aureus plasmid pI258 confers resistance to salts of the soft metals lead, cadmium, and zinc. The operon is regulated by CadC, a member of the ArsR family of metal-responsive transcriptional repressors. In this study the role of the five cysteine residues of CadC in soft metal ion sensing was investigated. Cys-7, Cys-11, Cys-52, Cys-58, and Cys-60 were changed individually to glycine or serine residues. The effect of the cadC mutations was examined in Escherichia coli using a green fluorescent protein reporter system. None of the mutations affected the ability of CadC to repress gfp expression. Neither Cys-11 nor Cys-52 was required for in vivo response to Pb(II), Zn(II), or Cd(II). Cys-7, Cys-58, or Cys-60 mutations each reduced or eliminated soft metal sensing. Wild-type and mutant CadC proteins were purified, and the effect of the substitutions on DNA binding was determined using a restriction enzyme protection assay. Binding of wild-type CadC protected cad operator DNA from digestion at the singleSspI site, and the addition of Pb(II), Zn(II), or Cd(II) resulted in deprotection. Chemical modification of the cysteine residues in CadC had no effect on protection but eliminated deprotection. C11G and C52G proteins exhibited wild-type propertiesin vitro. C7G, C58S, and C60G proteins were able to be protected from SspI digestion but had reduced responses to soft metal ions. The results indicate that Cys-7, Cys-58, and Cys-60 are involved in sensing those soft metals and suggest that they are ligands to Pb(II), Zn(II), and Cd(II).
Think globally, manage locally: The importance of steady-state forest features for a declining songbird

Abstract Changes in historical forest composition and structure may have cascading effects throughout the forest community. Perhaps nowhere is there a better example of current forests that carry a legacy from their past than in eastern North America. The Cerulean Warbler (Dendroica cerulea), a declining Neotropical migratory bird of high conservation concern, is one excellent example of a species that seems to be sensitive to both landscape configuration and subtle features of eastern forests of North America. We used the Cerulean Warbler as a model species to demonstrate how an appreciation of fine-scale structural attributes of forests may improve our ability to conserve late-successional forest species. To do this we evaluated the extent to which multiscale habitat features were associated with density, spatial distribution, and nesting success of Cerulean Warblers in 12 mature forest sites in southeast Ohio, 2004–2006. Results suggest that adjacency of regenerating clear-cuts did not influence density or nesting success of Cerulean Warblers in adjacent mature forest. Instead, variation in demographic parameters was best explained by local habitat features. Density and nesting success were positively associated with canopy openness, numbers of large-diameter trees, and number of grapevines—all of which are typical of heterogeneous steady-state phase forests. Thus, improved management for Cerulean Warblers may require creating features (e.g., large canopy gaps) that mimic old-growth forests. Although fragmentation and habitat loss remain important contributors to population declines of many mature forest species, our work provides evidence that subtle changes in forest structure, particularly to features associated with old forests, warrant additional attention from the conservation community.
Migration, adaptation, and illness: a review.

Abstract The exploration of environmental influences in the broadest sense offers the most promising leads in explaining variations in risk, both between countries and between social and cultural groups for Coronary Heart Disease and Hypertension, for a number of Cancer sites, and for other diseases as well. A body of literature in several disciplines deals with the health of migrants both before and after migration, and includes comparison of migrants with: (1) their genetic kin; (2) with non-related countrymen who stayed at home; (3) with their own progeny; (4) with those whom they share a social or cultural environment but not a social or cultural background; and (5) with those who migrated at different stages in the life cycle. A group of studies dealing with migration and illness are reviewed in the context of competing theories about the selection, motivation and adjustment of different migrant groups, and about the meaning of migration as a social and psychological phenomenon.
Relativistic center-of-mass variables and relativistic corrections to phenomenological Hamiltonians

A new method for obtaining the relativistic internal center-of-mass variables without using the singular Gartenhaus-Schwartz transformation is proposed. We have shown that the relativistic c.m. dynamical variables can be obtained from the nonrelativistic ones by a unitary transformation. A general method for determining the relativistic interaction in terms of a given nonrelativistic phenomenological potential is developed. Many different results obtained previously by various approaches have been reproduced.
An experimental analysis of cycling in an automotive air conditioning system

Abstract In the majority of automotive air conditioning systems, the compressor continuously cycles on and off to meet the steady-state cooling requirements of the passenger compartment. Since the compressor is a belt-driven accessory device coupled to the engine, its cycling rate is directly related to the vehicle speed. The refrigeration system’s losses increase with increasing vehicle speed and thus with increasing compressor cycling. This paper identifies and quantifies individual losses in an automotive vapor-compression refrigeration system during compressor cycling. The second law of thermodynamics, in particular, nondimensional entropy generation, is used to quantify the thermodynamic losses of the refrigeration system’s individual components under steady driving conditions at idle, 48.3 kph (30 mph), and 96.6 kph (60 mph). A passenger vehicle containing a cycling-clutch orifice-tube vapor–compression refrigeration system was instrumented to measure refrigerant temperature and pressure, and air temperature and relative humidity. Data were collected under steady driving conditions at idle, 48.3 kph (30 mph), and 96.6 kph (60 mph). A thermodynamic analysis is presented to determine the refrigeration system’s performance. This analysis shows that the performance of the system degrades with increasing vehicle speed. Thermodynamic losses increase 18% as the vehicle speed changes from idle to 48.3 kph (30 mph) and increase 5% as the vehicle speed changes from 48.3 kph (30 mph) to 96.6 kph (60 mph). The compressor cycling rate increases with increasing vehicle speed, thus increasing the refrigeration system’s losses. The component with the greatest increase in thermodynamic losses as a result of compressor cycling is the compressor itself. Compressor cycling reduces the compressor’s isentropic efficiency, and thus the system’s thermodynamic performance. The individual component losses of the refrigeration system are quantified. The redistribution of these losses is also given as a function of increasing vehicle speed (i.e. increasing compressor cycling). At 96.6 kph (60 mph), the thermodynamic losses, based on the ratio of entropy generation to entropic load, are 0.22, 0.10, 0.07, and 0.02 in the compressor, the condenser, the evaporator-accumulator, and the orifice tube, respectively. The compressor losses dominated the overall system performance. The overall system efficiency could be significantly improved by increasing the compressor’s efficiency. The compressor’s efficiency could be improved by reducing or eliminating cycling, such as could be accomplished by using a variable capacity compressor or by not directly coupling the compressor to the engine. Another way to increase the compressor’s volumetric efficiency during cycling would be to reduce the compressor operating range. This could be accomplished by using two compressors such as is done in two-stage cascade refrigeration systems.