cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neighborhood Through a Familial Lens: Examining the Intergenerational Transmission of Collective Efficacy

Despite the rich history of empirical research on neighborhood collective efficacy, studies considering the factors that contribute to collective efficacy formation at the individual level have yet to account for family members’ perceptions of collective efficacy. This study examines whether individuals form perceptions of neighborhood collective efficacy through knowledge of their geographic locales or via the intra-familial transmission of perceptions of collective efficacy. This study appends information from the following three distinct samples of adults in the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods (PHDCN): 349 young adult respondents, their primary caregivers (n = 349), and an independent sample of over 8000 adults distributed across 146 neighborhoods. Interviews with respondents (average age 20 years; 53.87% female) and their primary caregivers were conducted from 2000 to 2002. Regression analysis adjusting for clustering and mediation macros was utilized to examine the research questions. At baseline, neighborhood collective efficacy was associated with respondents’ perceptions of collective efficacy. The impact of neighborhood collective efficacy, however, was mediated completely by parents’ perceptions of collective efficacy. Parents’ perceptions of collective efficacy, family support, and concentrated disadvantage were the strongest predictors of respondents’ perceptions of collective efficacy. Findings suggest that neighborhood collective efficacy can be altered through family processes as well as by changing the structural characteristics of broader social settings. Increasing collective efficacy—and social capital more generally—may be best facilitated intergenerationally from parents to their children.
Facilitating faculty knowledge of DNP quality improvement projects: Key elements to promote strong practice partnerships

Enrollment in Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) programs is growing rapidly. This poses a challenge to faculty because there is a gap in knowledge about evidence-based practice and quality improvement DNP projects. Challenged by the growing unavailability of preceptors and mentors in the practice setting, solutions are needed to help students meet the essentials of the degree and competencies for practice. Faculty knowledge of key DNP quality improvement project elements, measuring, monitoring, and sustaining improvement outcomes, may help students design projects to provide value to practice partners. A literature review was conducted to identify gaps in faculty knowledge of potential practice partners' value-added elements of DNP quality improvement projects (measuring, monitoring, and sustainability) to make recommendations for faculty development to improve DNP project mentoring. There is evidence in the literature that faculty feel ill-prepared to mentor DNP projects. Quality improvement content is available for faculty development in the nursing and other health sciences literature. Optimizing faculty knowledge regarding evidence-based practice, quality improvement processes, and mentoring of sustainable DNP projects that improve health care provides value to practice partners and may advance long-term partnerships. Adding structures to support faculty knowledge in these areas contributes to solutions to the challenges of rapidly expanding DNP programs.
Universal income in developing countries: Issues, options, and illustration for India

Abstract This paper discusses two common arguments for the adoption of a universal income support in the form of a uniform cash transfer (UI): that it can be a more effective way of supporting low-income households when existing safety net programs are inefficient, and that it can generate broad support for structural reforms. Using India as an illustration, the paper discusses the trade-offs that need to be recognized in adopting a UI in these contexts. It shows that replacing the 2011 Public Distribution System (PDS) with a UI results in welfare losses for many low-income households, although much of this can be reduced by returning the PDS operational losses and the fiscal savings from excluding the highest-income groups to households as higher individual transfers. In contrast, replacing inefficient energy subsidies—raising energy prices to efficient levels—could simultaneously deliver unambiguous distributional gains, help address fiscal pressures, and improve energy efficiency with associated environmental and health gains. Realizing such measures would, of course, require careful communication and implementation to address political and social barriers to reform.
When a Meningioma Isn't: Endoscopic Endonasal Orbital Decompression and Biopsy of Skull Base Rosai-Dorfman Disease Treated Previously with Empiric Radiation Therapy

Background Rosai-Dorfman disease (RDD) is a rare, benign histiocytosis disorder with only approximately 100 reported central nervous system cases in the literature. Even less common is skull base involvement of RDD, with about 41 reported cases. Radiographically, RDD can appear similar to a meningioma; the true diagnosis is only found with histologic analysis. Although “benign,” RDD can lead to significant neurologic morbidity from the disease or unnecessary surgical and nonsurgical treatment. While rare, intracranial RDD has been treated with chemotherapy or radiotherapy, with surgery playing a limited role to relieve mass effect. Surgical approaches to the skull base are invasive and pose risk, especially for a benign and self-limiting disease like RDD. Case Description Here we present the case of a 63-year-old woman with a presumed spheno-orbital meningioma for which the patient previously underwent radiation therapy. On presentation to our facility, the patient noted pressure headaches and blurry vision, and imaging demonstrated progression of her disease. For these reasons, surgical debulking and biopsy were undertaken. Conclusions This report demonstrates the role of EEA for tissue biopsy and decompression of the affected cranial nerves and orbit. This paradigm seems to provide a safe and effective way to manage patients with compressive symptoms, while also allowing for tissue sampling.
Developing an Interprofessional Simulation with Nursing, Nutrition, and Speech-Language Pathology Students

Abstract This article presents an example of how simulation can be used at the undergraduate level to foster collaboration and communication among members of health care teams by first gaining an understand of the roles of each discipline involved. Results demonstrate that an interprofessional simulation among nursing, nutrition, and speech-language pathology students may be an effective strategy for increasing understanding of the roles of health care professionals and medical nutrition therapy knowledge for nutrition students.
TO CLOSE OR NOT TO CLOSE!! A CASE OF PDA ENDARTERITIS

The clinical presentation of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) may vary from asymptomatic/incidental finding to advanced heart failure with pulmonary vascular disease. We present a rare case of PDA endarteritis and discuss indication for closure to prevent this potentially fatal complication. A 51-
The Development and Future of Privacy Law in Maine

In the United States, privacy law has traditionally developed in concert with intrusions created by newfangled technologies. This pattern has held true in Maine. Beginning in the late 1960s, the state has experienced three eras of privacy reform that track the technological advances of the mid-century, the internet era, and the new era of social media and big data. This Article details these three eras of reform and advances several proposals for responding to the challenges posed by the era that we are living through today. Indeed, at the beginning of the 2020s, there is much work on the horizon to ensure that Maine’s privacy laws keep up with new technological and social developments. The coronavirus pandemic looms large over all facets of society and privacy law is no exception. The pandemic had made us even more reliant on online services that collect, use, and share previously unfathomable quantities of data, leaving residents’ personal information vulnerable to misuse. Increased attention to racial injustice and over-policing in the wake of George Floyd’s tragic murder have likewise highlighted privacy issues with which Maine must continue to grapple. Finally, Northeastern University recently opened the Roux Institute in Portland, offering various graduate-level degrees pertaining to the practical application of artificial intelligence and machine learning in the digital and life sciences. This development offers exciting educational and economic opportunities for the state, but also indicates that regulating AI and machine-learning technologies will be important to preserving Mainers’ privacy rights in the near future. All of these recent challenges, moreover, have emerged against the backdrop of the existing privacy threats posed by social media, big data, mass surveillance, and more. This Article is thus well-timed to inform those who will be tasked with shaping Maine privacy law in the coming years and decades. In Part I of the Article, I detail the three eras of reform highlighted above. In Part II, I propose that Maine enact a general consumer privacy law endowing Mainers with certain rights to their personal information, vesting consumer privacy rulemaking authority in a state agency, regulating automated decision-making technologies, and more. After proposing the general consumer privacy law, I identify four privacy threats that warrant additional attention from the legislature: facial recognition technology; biometric information; smart-home devices; data brokers; and the Maine Information and Analysis Center. Part III briefly concludes the Article.
A 15-year-old Girl with Syncope.

1. Talha Niaz, MBBS* 2. Kelsey Klaas, MD* 1. *Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN A 15-year-old girl presents to the clinic with frequent episodes of syncope and chronic symptoms of headaches, fatigue, body aches, and abdominal discomfort. She sustained fractures of her fourth through sixth cervical vertebra due to a gymnastics injury 4 years ago, resulting in 3 months of bed rest. During recovery, she developed new onset dizziness, palpitations, and “blacking out” of her vision on standing that were later followed by syncope. Her symptoms gradually worsened over the last 4 years. Recently, she had frequent syncopal events usually associated with upright posture with episodes characterized by brief loss of consciousness for 5 to 10 seconds and then spontaneous recovery with no convulsions, postictal state, or incontinence. Spells have occurred after, but never during, exercise. She has nonrestorative sleep, low energy, and progressive tiredness throughout the day. She has diffuse body aches and occasional knee pain on activity without joint swelling, redness, or morning stiffness. She recently developed a daily headache, which is bilateral, 4/10 in intensity, pounding or throbbing, and associated with nausea without vomiting. She also has intermittent abdominal discomfort with no diarrhea or constipation. She has had normal growth and no weight loss. On examination, she has a supine heart rate of 64 beats/min that increases to 102 beats/min after standing for 3 minutes associated with some dizziness but no significant hypotension. She has a dark red to purple discoloration of her feet on standing. She has a Beighton (hypermobility) score of 4/9. The rest of her examination, including cardiac and neurologic, is normal. She has a normal electrocardiogram, head magnetic resonance imaging, and laboratory work except for serum ferritin …
Surgical rotator cuff muscle biopsies: are they representative of overall muscle quality?

Background Current research on human rotator cuff pathology relies on superficial biopsy specimens. It is unclear whether these biopsies are representative of overall muscle quality. The purpose of this study is to use magnetic resonance imaging with iterative decomposition of echoes of asymmetric length sequencing to investigate variability of fatty infiltration within the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscle. Methods We retrospectively identified 45 patients who underwent arthroscopic rotator cuff repair with preoperative iterative decomposition of echoes of asymmetric length imaging completed. The supraspinatus and infraspinatus were segmented on 4 consecutive slices, including the scapular Y, 2 slices medial, and 1 slice lateral. Intramuscular fat was measured in multiple regions for both supraspinatus (whole muscle, anterior, posterior, superficial band, anterior band, and posterior band) and infraspinatus (whole muscle, superior, inferior, superficial band, superior band, and inferior band). Comparisons of intramuscular fat were determined with Wilcoxon sign-rank tests. Analysis of variance was used to compare between the 4 consecutive slices. Significance was defined as P Results Magnetic resonance imaging showed 31 full-thickness supraspinatus tears, 10 partial-thickness supraspinatus tears, and 4 intact supraspinatus tendons and 3 full-thickness infraspinatus tears, 2 partial-thickness infraspinatus tears, and 40 intact infraspinatus tendons. The anterior supraspinatus contained significantly higher fat content than the posterior supraspinatus (7.4% ± 7.4% vs. 5.4% ± 5.7%, P = .003). The superior and inferior halves of the infraspinatus were not different from each other (P = .11). The superficial band did not differ from the whole muscle in both supraspinatus (P = .14) and infraspinatus (P = .20). However, the anterior band of the supraspinatus had significantly more fat than the posterior band (8.2% ± 9.3% vs. 5.0% ± 5.7%, respectively, P Conclusion Fat fractions within the supraspinatus and infraspinatus demonstrate significant spatial variability that may influence interpretation of local biopsy samples. Future biopsy studies may benefit from multiple samples between different specific locations.
Body image, physical activity and psychological health in older female cancer survivors.

Abstract Objectives To determine the association of physical activity and body image with psychological health outcomes and whether body image mediates the association of physical activity with psychological health among older female cancer survivors. Materials and Methods Data from the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) Life and Longevity after Cancer (LILAC) Study were used. Surveys assessed body image (appearance, attractiveness, scars), moderate-strenuous physical activity (min/week), and psychological health (depression, anxiety, distress). A mediation analysis was conducted to estimate the percentage of the total effect of physical activity on psychological health mediated by body image concerns. Results Among 4567 female cancer survivors aged 66–98 years, the average time since cancer diagnosis was 9.2 years. Approximately 50% reported no moderate-strenuous physical activity; 15% reported depressive symptoms, 6% reported anxiety, and 5% reported psychological distress; 3% had concerns with appearance, 20% had concerns with attractiveness, and 21% had concerns with scars. When unadjusted for body image concerns, every 30 min/week increase in physical activity was associated with lower risk of depressive symptoms (RR = 0.93, 95%CI: 0.90–0.96), anxiety (RR = 0.92, 95%CI: 0.87–0.97), and distress (RR = 0.92, 95%CI: 0.87–0.98). Body image concerns with appearance mediated 7%, 8.8%, and 14.5% of the association between physical activity and depressive symptoms, anxiety, and distress, respectively. Conclusion Older female cancer survivors reported body image concerns, which were associated with both physical activity and psychological health. Our findings suggest that interventions designed to address body image concerns in older female cancer survivors could serve to improve the benefit of physical activity on psychological health.
Effects of Correlation Length and Lamination Direction on CO2 Residual Trapping Ability for Different Sandstone Types

To better understand what factors affect CO2 residual trapping is essential for CO2 geologic storage purposes. In this study, nine CO2/water coreflooding experiments have been conducted at reservoir conditions on five different types of sandstone core samples to investigate whether correlation length and lamination direction have a significant influence on CO2 residual trapping ability. Using a medical CT scanner, accurate voxel-level porosity and CO2 saturation map can be extracted. By fitting a theoretical variogram model to the directional experimental variogram, one can then obtain an estimate of the correlation length for the core porosity field. Then by correlating the correlation length parameter to the linear trapping coefficient for the nine experiments, we can evaluate whether correlation length affects residual trapping. By comparing the CO2 residual trapping measurements obtained from one set of Berea core samples with lamination direction parallel to the flow and another set of Berea core samples with lamination direction perpendicular to the flow, we can evaluate lamination direction’s influence on residual trapping. Experimental results from this study show that while correlation length and lamination direction significantly affect post-drainage CO2 saturation distribution, their influence is much weaker on post-imbibition CO2 saturation distributions. Consequently, for laminations of the spatial scale examined here, CO2 residual trapping ability is unaffected by correlation length and lamination direction.
Control Theory for Agricultural Production

Control theory and methods have been developed and used for agriculture policy analysis in agricultural economics. However, in agricultural engineering, applications of control theory and methods have been still limited in variable-rate spray application control, agricultural vehicle control, greenhouse control, and aeroponic system control. In agricultural cybernetics the control objects are more complex, and the scales may vary from a field, a farm, a region, a nation, and even global as a system operation.
Understanding barriers and facilitators to implementation of psychosocial care within orthopedic trauma centers: a qualitative study with multidisciplinary stakeholders from geographically diverse settings.

Background Psychosocial factors are pivotal in recovery after acute orthopedic traumatic injuries. Addressing psychosocial factors is an important opportunity for preventing persistent pain and disability. We aim to identify barriers and facilitators to the implementation of psychosocial care within outpatient orthopedic trauma settings using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) and Proctor's taxonomy of implementation outcomes, and to provide implementation strategies derived from qualitative data and supplemented by the Expert Recommendations for Implementing Change. Methods We conducted live video qualitative focus groups, exit interviews and individual interviews with stakeholders within 3 geographically diverse level 1 trauma settings (N = 79; 20 attendings, 28 residents, 10 nurses, 13 medical assistants, 5 physical therapists/social workers, and 3 fellows) at 3 trauma centers in Texas, Kentucky, and Massachusetts. We used directed and conventional content analyses to derive information on barriers, facilitators, and implementation strategies within 26 CFIR constructs nested within 3 relevant Proctor outcomes of acceptability, appropriateness, and feasibility. Results Stakeholders noted that implementing psychosocial care within their practice can be acceptable, appropriate, and feasible. Many perceived integrated psychosocial care as crucial for preventing persistent pain and reducing provider burden, noting they lack the time and specialized training to address patients' psychosocial needs. Providers suggested strategies for integrating psychosocial care within orthopedic settings, including obtaining buy-in from leadership, providing concise and data-driven education to providers, bypassing stigma, and flexibly adapting to fast-paced clinics. Conclusions Results provide a blueprint for successful implementation of psychosocial care in orthopedic trauma settings, with important implications for prevention of persistent pain and disability.
A Review of Principles and Applications of Medicolegal Alcohol Determination

This book is a translation of the original German monograph by Widmark published in 1932. The book covers three aspects of ethanol: (1) determination of ethanol, (2) distribution and pharmacokinetics, and (3) case histories.
The role of MCP-1 in disease

Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), also known as monocyte chemotactic and activating factor (MCAF), is a CC chemokine that exerts its effects specifically on monocytes, memory T lymphocytes, NK cells, and basophils. Originally cloned as the murine JE gene on the basis of its growth factor-inducible expression [1, 2], the protein was later purified as a monocyte-specific chemoattractant [3–5]. While most chemokines bind to multiple receptors, suggesting that the chemokine system may be plagued by biological redundancy, the sole receptor for MCP-1 identified to date is CCR2 [6]. Like other chemokine receptors, CCR2 is a seven trans-membrane spanning receptor coupled predominantly to Gia, although there is evidence for coupling to other G protein subtypes as well [7].
Operating Personnel-Intensive Programs

This chapter discusses the macro level of managing people in functioning programs. It considers two significant categories of security employment—security officers and investigators—and the programs that make them productive and efficient. Consequently, the optimally performing manager will seek to assure that security functions are achieved with the minimum number of people required. Proprietary and contract security services both have advantages therefore, managers sometimes plan to employ both in large operations. Software programs specifically written for security applications have improved accountability and decreased costs since their introduction. A request for proposal (RFP) is a bureaucratic, costly, and burdensome means of selecting a security services vendor. However, the process sets out a fair basis for identifying the best security company for the client and also helps to determine the most favorable arrangements for the client. The alarm monitoring and installation business is an important part of the security industry. Some of the typical aspects to an alarm monitoring contract include: terms of agreement, notification for termination, and ownership of the security system.
Gap-junction channels inhibit transverse propagation in cardiac muscle.

The effect of adding many gap-junctions (g-j) channels between contiguous cells in a linear chain on transverse propagation between parallel chains was examined in a 5 × 5 model (5 parallel chains of 5 cells each) for cardiac muscle. The action potential upstrokes were simulated using the PSpice program for circuit analysis. Either a single cell was stimulated (cell A1) or the entire chain was stimulated simultaneously (A-chain). Transverse velocity was calculated from the total propagation time (TPT) from when the first AP crossed a Vm of -20 mV and the last AP crossed -20 mV. The number of g-j channels per junction was varied from zero to 100, 1,000 and 10,000 (Rgj of ∞, 100 MΩ, 10 MΩ, 1.0 MΩ, respectively). The longitudinal resistance of the interstitial fluid (ISF) space between the parallel chains (Rol2) was varied between 200 KΩ (standard value) and 1.0, 5.0, and 10 MΩ. The higher the Rol2 value, the tighter the packing of the chains. It was found that adding many g-j channels inhibited transverse propagation by blocking activation of all 5 chains, unless Rol2 was greatly increased above the standard value of 200 KΩ. This was true for either method of stimulation. This was explained by, when there is strong longitudinal coupling between all 5 cells of a chain awaiting excitation, there must be more transfer energy (i.e., more current) to simultaneously excite all 5 cells of a chain.
Mitochondrial diversity and the reversal test

In “Imposing Genetic Diversity,” Robert Sparrow (2015) offers a means to assess the value of genetic diversity. He proposes a number of thought experiments that draw on a particular argumentative s...
Using Low-Cost Workstations to Investigate Computer Networks and Distributed Systems

A quality education in contemporary computer science requires that students gain experience with realistic systems. Many efforts at bringing empirical computer science to undergraduates focus on rather old technologies, for example, building a compiler or simulating a disk scheduler. Although efforts are being made to use some newer technologies, the efforts are concentrating on teaching traditional material in a new medium. However, the medium itself -- networked workstations in a server environment -- is worthy of exploration by undergraduate students in a laboratory setting. At Dartmouth, we developed a Computer Network Laboratory to let students experiment with computer networks, protocols and distributed systems. Through this article, we wish to share our experiences in the design of the laboratory and give an example of how the laboratory was used in a computer network course.
An accurate and efficient experimental approach for characterization of the complex oral microbiota

Currently, taxonomic interrogation of microbiota is based on amplification of 16S rRNA gene sequences in clinical and scientific settings. Accurate evaluation of the microbiota depends heavily on the primers used, and genus/species resolution bias can arise with amplification of non-representative genomic regions. The latest Illumina MiSeq sequencing chemistry has extended the read length to 300 bp, enabling deep profiling of large number of samples in a single paired-end reaction at a fraction of the cost. An increasingly large number of researchers have adopted this technology for various microbiome studies targeting the 16S rRNA V3–V4 hypervariable region. To expand the applicability of this powerful platform for further descriptive and functional microbiome studies, we standardized and tested an efficient, reliable, and straightforward workflow for the amplification, library construction, and sequencing of the 16S V1–V3 hypervariable region using the new 2 × 300 MiSeq platform. Our analysis involved 11 subgingival plaque samples from diabetic and non-diabetic human subjects suffering from periodontitis. The efficiency and reliability of our experimental protocol was compared to 16S V3–V4 sequencing data from the same samples. Comparisons were based on measures of observed taxonomic richness and species evenness, along with Procrustes analyses using beta(β)-diversity distance metrics. As an experimental control, we also analyzed a total of eight technical replicates for the V1–V3 and V3–V4 regions from a synthetic community with known bacterial species operon counts. We show that our experimental protocol accurately measures true bacterial community composition. Procrustes analyses based on unweighted UniFrac β-diversity metrics depicted significant correlation between oral bacterial composition for the V1–V3 and V3–V4 regions. However, measures of phylotype richness were higher for the V1–V3 region, suggesting that V1–V3 offers a deeper assessment of population diversity and community ecology for the complex oral microbiota. This study provides researchers with valuable experimental evidence for the selection of appropriate 16S amplicons for future human oral microbiome studies. We expect that the tested 16S V1–V3 framework will be widely applicable to other types of microbiota, allowing robust, time-efficient, and inexpensive examination of thousands of samples for population, phylogenetic, and functional crossectional and longitutidal studies.
Assembly of bacteriophage into functional materials.

: For the last decade, the fabrication of ordered structures of phage has been of great interest as a means of utilizing the outstanding biochemical properties of phage in developing useful materials. Combined with other organic/inorganic substances, it has been demonstrated that phage is a superior building block for fabricating various functional devices, such as the electrode in lithium-ion batteries, photovoltaic cells, sensors, and cell-culture supports. Although previous research has expanded the utility of phage when combined with genetic engineering, most improvements in device functionality have relied upon increases in efficiency owing to the compact, more densely packable unit size of phage rather than on the unique properties of the ordered nanostructures themselves. Recently, self-templating methods, which control both thermodynamic and kinetic factors during the deposition process, have opened up new routes to exploiting the ordered structural properties of hierarchically organized phage architectures. In addition, ordered phage films have exhibited unexpected functional properties, such as structural color and optical filtering. Structural colors or optical filtering from phage films can be used for optical phage-based sensors, which combine the structural properties of phage with target-specific binding motifs on the phage-coat proteins. This self-templating method may contribute not only to practical applications, but also provide insight into the fundamental study of biomacromolecule assembly in in vivo systems under complicated and dynamic conditions.
Category representation for classification and feature inference.

This research’s purpose was to contrast the representations resulting from learning of the same categories by either classifying instances or inferring instance features. Prior inference learning research, particularly T. Yamauchi and A. B. Markman (1998), has suggested that feature inference learning fosters prototype representation, whereas classification learning encourages exemplar representation. Experiment 1 supported this hypothesis. Averaged and individual participant data from transfer after inference training were better fit by a prototype than by an exemplar model. However, Experiment 2, with contrasting inference learning conditions, indicated that the prototype model was mimicking a set of label-based bidirectional rules, as determined by the inference learning task demands in Experiment 1. Only the set of rules model accounted for all the inference learning conditions in these experiments.
The trivalent symmetric graphs of girth at most six

Abstract The graphs described in the title are determined. A method for constructing a symmetric graph from a suitable presentation of its automorphism group is described. The classification of the possible presentations leads to the classification of the graphs.
The Impact of Surfactants on FeIII–TAML-Catalyzed Oxidations by Peroxides: Accelerations, Decelerations, and Loss of Activity

Iron(III) complexes of tetraamidato macrocyclic ligands (TAMLs), [Fe{4-XC(6)H(3)-1,2-(NCOCMe(2)NCO)(2)CR(2)}(OH(2))](-), 1 (1 a: X = H, R = Me; 1 b: X = COOH, R = Me); 1 c: X = CONH(CH(2))(2)COOH, R = Me; 1 d: CONH(CH(2))(2)NMe(2), R = Me; 1 e: X = CONH(CH(2))(2)NMe(3) (+), R = Me; 1 f: X = H, R = F), have been tested as catalysts for the oxidative decolorization of Orange II and Sudan III dyes by hydrogen peroxide and tert-butyl hydroperoxide in the presence of micelles that are neutral (Triton X-100), positively charged (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, CTAB), and negatively charged (sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS). The previously reported mechanism of catalysis involves the formation of an oxidized intermediate from 1 and ROOH (k(I)) followed by dye bleaching (k(II)). The micellar effects on k(I) and k(II) have been separately studied and analyzed by using the Berezin pseudophase model of micellar catalysis. The largest micellar acceleration in terms of k(I) occurs for the 1 a-tBuOOH-CTAB system. At pH 9.0-10.5 the rate constant k(I) increased by approximately five times with increasing CTAB concentration and then gradually decreased. There was no acceleration at higher pH, presumably owing to the deprotonation of the axial water ligand of 1 a in this pH range. The k(I) value was only slightly affected by SDS (in the oxidation of Orange II), but was strongly decelerated by Triton X-100. No oxidation of the water-insoluble, hydrophobic dye Sudan III was observed in the presence of the SDS micelles. The k(II) value was accelerated by cationic CTAB micelles when the hydrophobic primary oxidant tert-butyl hydroperoxide was used. It is hypothesized that tBuOOH may affect the CTAB micelles and increase the binding of the oxidized catalysts. The tBuOOH-CTAB combination accelerated both of the catalysis steps k(I) and k(II).
CONTEXT EFFECTS IN PERSON PERCEPTION AS A FUNCTION OF DOGMATISM

Summary.48 Ss each judged 6 test photographs of adult males which had been previously judged to be neutral on the tense-relaxed dimension. Four Ss were assigned to each cell of the 2 x 3 x 2 experimental design, which included sex of S, level of dogmatism (high, middle, and low), and nature of the 6 anchor photographs which preceded the test photographs (tense or relaxed anchors). The neutral photos were judged to be more relaxed when preceded by the tense anchors and were judged more tense when preceded by the relaxed anchors. Dogmatism was not a significant source of variance. Female Ss tended to respond more strongly to the tense anchor and to judge the neutral photos as being mote relaxed than did the male Ss. It is by now a well-known fact that the judgment of stimuli on a large number of dimensions is affected by the context in which the stimuli appear. The effect is especially apparent when anchor stimuli outside the range of the series stimuli being judged are introduced. Hunt (1941) showed that the judgment of affective value of colors, esthetic value of ivory carvings and modern paintings, intelligence of children as inferred from their photographs, and seriousness of crimes, were all to some extent influenced by the introduction of an anchor. Helson (e.g., 1964) has dealt explicitly with anchor effects in his Adaptation-Level Theory (AL), and a large number of anchoring studies have been generated by his analysis. Studies of context effects in the judgment of stimulus-persons (SPs) have been of two sorts. First, when S forms an impression of a SP that is based on information about several different attributes of SP, context effects may occur in that the pooled impression of the SP depends upon such factors as the order with which che information is presented to S and whether or not discrepant bits of information are presented (e.g., Asch, 1946; Berkowitz, 1960; Anderson, 1968; Wyer & Dermer, 1968). Second, when S is judging a series of SPs on one or more dimensions, context effects may be demonstrated by showing that the judgment of a given SP depends upon the values on the dimension of other SPs in the series being judged. The latter type of context effect is the concern of this paper. Several studies have shown that SPs are judged relative to the context of SPs in which they appear. Levy (1960) found that ratings of neutral photographs on the dimensions of safe-dangerous and tense-relaxed were influenced by the presence of photographs previously raced as extreme on the dimensions. Ss made dichotomous judgments, and the effect reported was one of contrast, with
Management of dental fear, anxiety and phobia

Patients are often fearful, anxious or even phobic about visiting the dentist. This can be approached in a number of ways and patients should be assessed to find the most suitable option. If dental anxiety is managed, patient outcomes can be greatly improved
A review of the effects of dopaminergic agents on humans, animals, and drug-seeking behavior, and its implications for medication development

Medication development for cocaine abuse has focused on potential mechanisms of action related to the abuse of cocaine. The hypothesis that mesolimbic dopamine (DA) is the key neurochemical mediator of cocaine’s addictive and reinforcing effects is well supported by a wide variety of data from animal studies. On the other hand, medications that increase DA or block its actions in humans can produce effects that appear incompatible with this hypothesis. This article reviews these incompatibilities between animal and human data with a focus on the DAergic actions of drugs, including DA reuptake inhibitors, direct DA agonists, DA increasers, and DA antagonists. Possible reasons for these discrepancies are discussed, and the potential role of high-affinity DA uptake inhibitors, such as GBR12909, for pharmacotherapeutic application to treat cocaine abuse is discussed. Since progress in developing pharmacotherapies for treating cocaine addiction in humans is likely to come from understanding its mechanisms of action, it is clear that further research on the effects of cocaine in humans and animals will be critical to the medication development effort.
Scaling properties and charge dependence of particle ratio fluctuations at RHIC

It has been suggested that the existence of a QCD phase transition would cause an increase and divergence of fluctuations. Thus event-by-event particle ratio fluctuations could be used to study strangeness and baryon number fluctuations near the critical point in the QCD phase diagram. In this paper, we present dynamical K/π, p/π, and K/p ratio fluctuations from Au+Au collisions at \(\sqrt {s_{NN} } \) = 7.7 to 200 GeV. Charge dependent results as well as multiplicity scaling properties of these fluctuation results are discussed. The STAR data are compared to different theoretical model predictions and previous experimental results.
Memory for noun pairs in the same or different underlying strings.

A number of studies have shown that children learn noun pairs faster when they have been presented in a noun-verb-noun context than when they are presented in a noun-conjunction-noun context. Suzuki and Rohwer (1969) hypothesized that the underlying strings of sentences correspond to memory units, making it easier to recall two nouns from the same underlying string than from two different underlying strings. They reported that data from ftfth graders supported this hypothesis but that data from college students did not. The experiments reported here were done to determine whether the hypothesis would be supported (a) if the test rate were faster than that used by Suzuki and Rohwer or (b) if sentences longer and more complex than those used by them were employed. The recall data accorded with some predictions derived from the hypothesis. However, data from Ss' posttraining reports on how they learned the pairs suggest that Ss, particularly adults, often made up their own strings rather than using those provided, and raise the question of the adequacy of Suzuki and Rohwer's procedure for testing this hypothesis, particularly in adults. A number of experiments (Rohwer, 1967; Rohwer & Lynch, 1967) have shown that two nouns connected by a verb are learned faster as a pair than are two nouns connected by a conjunction. To account for this "verb facilitation effect," Suzuki and Rohwer (1969) proposed the deep-structure hypothesis, which asserts that the underlying strings of sentences correspond to the functional units of memory storage. Thus, two nouns in the same memory unit (e.g., when connected by a verb) will be learned more easily than two nouns in different memory units (e.g., when connected by a conjunction) because of a simpler retrieval process. In an experiment to evaluate this explanation, Suzuki and Rohwer (1969) used both simple and complex strings. On study trials, Ss saw each noun pair capitalized and underlined in a syntactical context; on test trials, the first noun of each pair was presented alone and S was instructed to provide the missing noun. Suzuki and Rohwer reported that with both simple and complex strings, fifth graders performed better when the two nouns were connected by a verb (same underlying string condition) than when connected by a conjunction (different underlying string condition), thus supporting the hypothesis. For college students, however, Ss in the
Weak interaction mediated by regge particles

Under the assumption that the weak interaction is mediated by Regge type particles, the cross section for nu + n yields p + e/sup -/ is given. This cross section is remarkably different from that given by the usual weak interaction, if the spin of this particle is one and the slope of the Regge trajectory is comparatively as large as for the strongly interacting particles. Finally the cross sections for weak interactions and strong interactions are compared at high energy when the weak interaction does not have a Regge behavior. (auth)
Food resource partitioning by the pufferfishes Sphoeroides spengleri and S. testudineus from Biscayne Bay, Florida

Partitioning of the food resources by two coexisting pufferfishes (Sphoeroides spengleri and S. testudineus) from Biscayne Bay, Florida, USA, was investigated. Gut contents from 453 bandtail and 339 checkered puffers were analyzed. The diets of both species consisted of a variety of benthic prey, but only crustaceans and molluscs were important prey groups. While differences were found in the proportions of general prey categories eaten by these fishes, both species consumed substantial quantities of brachyuran crabs, bivalves, and gastropods. Specific identification of the prey items within these three food categories revealed additional differences in prey between the two puffer species. This partitioning of the food resources by bandtail and checkered puffers was found between both species overall, between overlapping size ranges, and between both species' most abundant size group. Differences in food habits between these two fishes illustrate that congeners with virtually identical mouth structure and complete spatial overlap can significantly partition the food resources.
Optimum Patterns for Endfire Arrays

The optimum design methods of Dolph and Riblet for the broadside array with an odd number of elements have been modified so that a common design procedure may be used. This procedure was then extended to the endfire array with an odd number of elements. A comparison of the optimum and other designs for endfire arrays is then given.
Bu(o)ying Condoms: A Prophylactic Performance of Sexuality (or Performance as Cultural Prophylactic Agency)

This article uses the experience of buying condoms at the grocery store and the free availability of condoms in gay bars as both a literal and figurative analogy for the tensive social issue of negotiating sex and sexuality. It posits the condom both as preventive agent for the spread of disease and as an erotic trigger for the social sexual imaginary. In the process, the project promotes the metaphorical construction of performance as cultural prophylactic agency and calls for a radical performative reflexivity both in performance of everyday life and specifically in academic performative engagement.
The status of Leishmania tarentolae/Trypanosoma platydactyli.

Abstract Taxonomic studies and classification of Leishmania species have developed rapidly in recent years, but controversy still surrounds the relationships between those species infecting lizards and those infecting mammals. Some authorities maintain that the leishmanias o f lizards form a sufficiently distinct group to be ranked as a separate genus - Sauroleishmania 1,2 - while Wallbanks et al. have gone further to suggest that such species might be classified within the genus Trypanosoma 3 . This suggestion followed from work showing that promostigote forms of Trypanosoma platydactyli from a gecko, had similar isoenzyme profiles to Leishmania tarentolae, a well-known species from lizards. In this article however, Larry Simpson and George Holz Jr discuss conflicting evidence, concluding from recent studies of DNA and lipid composition that the lizard leishmanias are more closely related to mammalian leishmanias than to trypanosomes.0
Short wavelength absorption loss due to plasmonic nanoparticles top-coated on thin film solar cells

Nanoplasmonic metal structures in the front end of thin film solar cells are able to enhance light absorption in the band gap region but result in absorption losses at short wavelengths. The particles are designed to resonate near the bandgap (long wavelengths) of the semiconductor, hence they appear electrically large at short wavelengths. Due to their apparently large size, they begin to shadow the semiconductor absorber layer. The shadow effect depends not just on electrical size but also the geometry of the metal nanoparticle. The geometry dependence of light absorption at short wavelengths for a top-coated thin film solar cell is studied in this paper by comparing the short wavelength absorption in thin film solar cells top-coated with metal nanospheres and nanohemispheres. The light absorption at short wavelengths is lower than that of the same model without any nanoparticle coating. Light incident on the metal structures experiences very weak forward scattering at short wavelengths and more light is reflected back into the air.
Understanding the capacity region of the Greedy maximal scheduling algorithm in multihop wireless networks

In this paper, we characterize the performance of an important class of scheduling schemes, called greedy maximal scheduling (GMS), for multihop wireless networks. While a lower bound on the throughput performance of GMS has been well known, empirical observations suggest that it is quite loose and that the performance of GMS is often close to optimal. In this paper, we provide a number of new analytic results characterizing the performance limits of GMS. We first provide an equivalent characterization of the efficiency ratio of GMS through a topological property called the local-pooling factor of the network graph. We then develop an iterative procedure to estimate the local-pooling factor under a large class of network topologies and interference models. We use these results to study the worst-case efficiency ratio of GMS on two classes of network topologies. We show how these results can be applied to tree networks to prove that GMS achieves the full capacity region in tree networks under the K -hop interference model. Then, we show that the worst-case efficiency ratio of GMS in geometric unit-disk graphs is between 1/6 and 1/3.
Genetic differentiation between eastern populations and recent introductions of potato psyllid (Bactericera cockerelli) into western North America

Although tomato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli (Sulc) (Homoptera, Psyllidae), annually causes significant losses in potato and tomato crops in eastern Mexico and the central United States, infestations in western North America have been historically rare. However, substantial populations appeared in 2001 in western North America and caused losses in tomato production exceeding 80%; losses in 2004 reached 50%. To determine if these new outbreaks were the result of a simple range expansion or the evolution of a new B. cockerelli biotype, inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers, as well as mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase I (COI), internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2), and wsp sequence data were used to characterize populations of the psyllid. Western populations from Baja, Mexico, Orange County, and Ventura County were compared with populations from central USA (Colorado and Nebraska) and eastern Mexico (Coahuila). Based on ISSR markers, the psyllid populations clustered into two groups, with one group including populations from western North America and the other group including populations from central USA and eastern Mexico. For COI comparisons, there was one base-pair difference found in the 544 bp-long COI fragments, but the populations again segregated along the same geographic lines. Two strains of Wolbachia were identified, the maximal differences between wsp clones from all populations was 5 bp for strain Bac1 and 23 bp for strain Bac2 out of a 555-bp fragment. The ISSR data, therefore, were consistent in indicating the development of a new psyllid biotype that has adapted to western North America rather than a simple range expansion, but the other genetic data sets were less conclusive.