cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 5 – The Chemical Potential and Equilibrium

This chapter focuses on the chemical potential as the driving force that causes the flow of mass in a chemical process. Chemical potential is the rate of change of an energy quantity associated with a mass change when the process takes place under a specific set of reaction conditions. For a pure substance, the chemical potential is a measure of its molar Gibbs free energy. Under certain pressure and temperature conditions, a system can contain two or more phases in equilibrium. One of such cases is the temperature and pressure where solid and liquid are in equilibrium. One refers to this condition as (solid + liquid) equilibrium, and the temperature as the melting temperature. This temperature changes with pressure and with composition. The melting temperature when the pressure is exactly one atmosphere is known as the normal melting temperature. Liquid and vapor are in equilibrium when the pressure of the vapor phase is the vapor pressure. When the equilibrium mixture is exposed to the atmosphere, the mixture will boil at a temperature where the vapor pressure equals the external pressure. This temperature is known as the boiling temperature.
Response: Habits of Improvisation: Towards a Freedom to Intelligently and Artfully Engage in an Uncertain World

Why might jazz be an apt metaphor for education? It seems the reason is not so much that, loosely speaking, education is an art and so is jazz. Rather, the parallel between jazz and education, as the author of “Indeterminateness and ‘Going Beyond’: Education, Dewey, and the Blues” suggests, lies in the fact that jazz is an example of the emancipatory power of learning to think critically and creatively about society’s beliefs and customs. Jazz breaks free from habitual ways of conceiving, hearing, and doing music. It is also a form that invites a continual deconstruction and reconstruction of the form of music. Ideally, as the author puts forth, education should be something like this too.
Civic Associationalism and Voter Turnout in Transitional Democracies

This paper analyzes voter turnout in the context of the more recent elections in sub-Saharan Africa. The paper examines the following question: What are the effects of pre-transition civil society strength and post-transition NGO density on voter turnout in the several waves of Africa’s democratizing elections? Using data from several sources, I conduct empirical analyses and ﬁnd that pre-democratic transition civil society strength exhibits a slight negative effect on post-democratic transition voter turnout. This is contrary with much of the literature that suggests that civil society fosters increased political participation. I also ﬁnd that several institutional variables are still relevant when controlling for civil society and ethnic fraction-alization. Last, I determine that NGO density is not a good predictor of voter turnout at the macro level in the recent waves of African elections.
Continuous Visibility Feature

In this work, we propose a new type of visibility measurement named Continuous Visibility Feature (CVF). We say that a point q on the mesh is continuously visible from another point p if there exists a geodesic path connecting p and q that is entirely visible by p. In order to efficiently estimate the continuous visibility for all the vertices in a model, we propose two approaches that use specific CVF properties to avoid exhaustive visibility tests. CVF is then measured as the area of the continuously visible region. With this stronger visibility measure, we show that CVF better encodes the surface and part information of mesh than the tradition line-of-sight based visibility. For example, we show that existing segmentation algorithms can generate better segmentation results using CVF and its variants than using other visibility-based shape descriptors, such as shape diameter function. Similar to visibility and other mesh surface features, continuous visibility would have many applications.
Underwork, Work‐Hour Insecurity, and A New Approach to Wage and Hour Regulation

When it was passed in 1938, the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) sought to address the “evils” of underpay and overwork by establishing an hourly minimum wage and requiring premium overtime pay. However, today's low-wage, hourly workers more often face underwork than overwork, as well as fluctuating, unstable schedules, neither of which is addressed by the FLSA. This paper presents and assesses the effectiveness of an alternative approach to wage and hour regulation, the “reporting pay” guarantee. We begin by examining the problem of work-hour insecurity, particularly employers’ practice of sending workers home early from scheduled shifts. We then move to a detailed assessment of state laws that require reporting pay, as well as reporting pay guarantees in union contracts and private-employer practices that attempt to address the problem of work-hour insecurity. We conclude by considering paths for strengthening such protections in law
Structure and Magnetism of Neutral and Anionic Palladium Clusters

The properties of neutral and anionic ${\mathrm{Pd}}_{N}$ clusters were investigated with spin-density-functional calculations. The ground-state structures are three dimensional for $Ng3$ and they are magnetic with a spin triplet for $2\ensuremath{\le}N\ensuremath{\le}7$ and a spin nonet for $N\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}13$ neutral clusters. Structural and spin isomers were determined and an anomalous increase of the magnetic moment with temperature is predicted for a ${\mathrm{Pd}}_{7}$ ensemble. Vertical electron detachment and ionization energies were calculated and the former agrees well with measured values for ${\mathrm{Pd}}_{N}^{\ensuremath{-}}$.
Stoner–Wohlfarth model applied to ferromagnetic particle aggregates rotated in fixed magnetic fields

Abstract The classic Stoner–Wohlfarth model for ferromagnetic particle aggregates is extended to the magnetization-vector ( M ) behavior of samples rotated in fixed magnetic fields ( H ). The predicted behavior depends critically on the size of H relative to HK, the effective anisotropy field of each constituent particle. For H⩽HK, M has a rotational component M R , which turns synchronously with the sample, plus a component parallel to H , which grows with increasing H. For H K K , M turns initially until it reaches and remains (as M F ) at a fixed frictional angle relative to H , while the sample continues to rotate; the frictional angle diminishes to zero at H=2HK. This frictional behavior derives directly from the abrupt orientational changes of the particle magnetizations that occur over this range of H. Corresponding rotational M vector experiments were carried out on a sample disk cut from a commercial magnetic memory material. The results reveal a coexistence of rotational M R and frictional M F components, but M R is predominant at low H and M F becomes increasingly predominant at higher H. The gradual changes with H seen experimentally indicate a fairly broad distribution in the values of HK for the different particles. The average value of HK deduced from the rotational data agrees closely with the average value indicated by a measured hysteresis loop that also suggests that HK has a broad range of values.
Multicritical multi-cut matrix models

Abstract We study matrix model critical phenomena occuring when the endpoints of two or more eigenvalue cuts collide. We construct multicritical potentials for hermitian matrix models whose eigenvalue distribution has support on two or more cuts. In the double scaling limit the two-cut models are proven to be in the same universality class as the unitary matrix models. We show how the isomonodromic deformation formalism emerges naturally from the double scaling limit. Models with more cuts are obtained by an “orbifold procedure”. We perform the double scaling limit for the simplest such model, which involves four cuts.
Baroclinic and barotropic aspects of the wind-driven ocean circulation☆

Abstract The double-gyre circulation induced by a symmetric wind-stress pattern in a quasi-geostrophic model of the mid-latitude ocean is studied analytically and numerically. The model is discretized vertically by projection onto normal modes of the mean stratification. Within its horizontally rectangular domain, the numerical model captures the wind-driven circulation’s three dynamic regimes: (1) a basin-scale double-gyre circulation, cyclonic in the basin’s northern part and anticyclonic in the south, which is dominated by Sverdrup balance; (2) a swift western boundary current in either gyre, with dissipation most important near the coast and inertial balance further out; and (3) a strong recirculating dipole near the intersection of the western boundary with the symmetry line of zero wind-stress curl. The flow inside this stationary dipole is highly nonlinear, and equivalent-barotropic. An analytical solution to the potential vorticity equation with variable stratification describes the dipole, and fits well the full numerical model’s steady-state solutions. Changes in the numerical model’s solutions are investigated systematically as a function of changes in the strength of the wind stress τ and the Rossby radius of deformation LR. The main changes occur in the recirculation region, while the basin-scale gyres and the western boundary currents are affected but little. A unique symmetric dipole is observed for small τ, and agrees in its properties with the analytical solution. As τ increases, multiple asymmetric equilibria arise due to pitchfork bifurcation and are stable for large enough LR. The numerically obtained asymmetric equilibria also agree in their main properties with the analytical ones, as well as with the corresponding solutions of a shallow-water model. Increasing τ further results in two successive Hopf bifurcations, that lead to limit cycles with periods near 10 and 1 years, respectively. Both oscillatory instabilities have a strong baroclinic component. Above a certain threshold in τ the solutions become chaotic. Flow pattern evolution in this chaotic regime resembles qualitatively the circulation found in the Gulf Stream and Kuroshio current systems after their separation from the continent.
A longitudinal study of the effects of social support on the psychological adjustment of divorced mothers.

Social support has been frequently hypothesized as a significant moderating influence on the adverse consequences of marital disruption. This exploratory longitudinal study examined the impact of social support on the psychological adjustment of divorced mothers. Divorced mothers provided social network information and psychological adjustment profiles at two months and six months following divorce. Results indicate that there were major changes in the structural and interactional characteristics of the participants' social networks over time. Some types of social support were related to well-being and several structural and interactional characteristics of the social network were related to adjustment.
Developing a Summer Intensive Course at a Commuter Campus

In an attempt to rebuild our severely reduced summer program, our Spanish faculty has created an intensive course, tailored especially to meet the needs of urban university students. The course has proven to be highly successful. Our summer enrollments have more than doubled and the students' accomplishments have been equal to or, in many cases, superior to those achieved by students in the normal two-year sequence of courses. The article discusses specifically how this course evolved, what materials were used, and how the course, which satisfies the two-year language requirement, differs from the regular courses. The advantages and disadvantages of the course are focused upon from the students' point of view as well as that of the teachers.
Effect of Projectile Materials on Foreign Object Damage of a Gas-Turbine Grade Silicon Nitride

Foreign object damage (FOD) behavior of AS800 silicon nitride was determined using four different projectile materials at ambient temperature. The target test specimens rigidly supported were impacted at their centers by spherical projectiles with a diameter of 1.59 mm. Four different types of projectiles were used including hardened steel balls, annealed steel balls, silicon nitride balls, and brass balls. Post-impact strength of each target specimen impacted was determined as a function of impact velocity to better understand the severity of local impact damage. The critical impact velocity where target specimens fail upon impact was highest with brass balls, lowest with ceramic ball, and intermediate with annealed and hardened steel balls. Degree of strength degradation upon impact followed the same order as in the critical impact velocity with respect to projectile materials. For steel balls, hardened projectiles yielded more significant impact damage than annealed counterparts. The most important material parameter affecting FOD was identified as hardness of projectiles and was correlated in terms of critical impact velocity, impact deformation, and impact load.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
THE INFLUENCE OF SOME OF THE DUCTLESS GLANDS ON METABOLIC PROCESSES1

THE CHEMICAL structures of the hormones of the ductless glands show them to be quite unrelated except those of the gonads and the adrenal cortex, and the symptoms of deficiency which are produced by the removal of each gland are apparently unrelated. Further inquiry into the chemical changes which are influenced, however, indicates a closely interrelated sys-tern which modifies the rate, direction and extent of the chemical processes which are involved in the metabolism of foodstuff and minerals. Thyroxine has a high molecular weight and when attached to a protein would furnish a large, stable molecule which, through its active phenolic group, would be slightly dissociated as a negative ion. The structure is so stable and its effect is exerted for such a long time that it probably functions without destruction or alteration of the molecule. Today we do not know how thyroxine modifies chemical changes within the cells but it has been shown to increase both anabolic and catabolic processes depending on the ...
Why auction the spectrum

Abstract Of the alternative spectrum allocation methods — administrative process, lottery, first come first served, and auction — economic theory, as well as various countries' experiences, show that auctioning works best. As well as raising revenue, an auction assigns licenses to the firms best able to use them. Also the auction can be designed to advance public policy goals such as avoiding monopoly and directing licenses to minority-owned firms.
An X-ray diffraction study of superlattice ordering in lead magnesium niobate

We report a direct observation of the superlattice diffraction peaks, indicating a doubling of unit cell, from lead magnesium niobate (PMN) single crystal using X-ray diffraction technique. The broad width of the superlattice diffraction peaks indicates that the superlattice ordering in PMN is of short range. In the temperature range studied (from 10 K to 355 K) the peak width shows no temperature dependence. The intensity distribution among the observed superlattice peaks suggests that the doubling of unit cell in the superlattice regions involves significant ionic displacements in addition to a chemical ordering.
Experience with the development and use of a CAD/CAM system

Abstract Systrid is a CAD/CAM (Computer Aided Design/Computer Aided Manufacturing) software package that is used today by about a dozen European companies. It is mainly used in the design, analysis and machining of complex-surfaced parts. Development of Systrid is currently being carried out by the Geneva, Switzerland Division and the Columbus, U.S.A. Division of the Battelle Memorial Institute making if now available to companies in the U.S.A. as well. This paper is divided into four sections which together give a full description of how the system has been developed and how it is used. The first section covers some of the mathematical background to the system and shows how this is related to design and manufacturing requirements. The second section describes how, from the computer point of view, the Systrid software package is developed and maintained to run on several different computers and graphic screens. The third section shows how the system is seen by the users, and covers topics such as history, applications, training, documentation, user interface and so on. The final section describes future developments of Systrid.
Development of a School Nursing Research Agenda in Florida: A Delphi Study:

Research is important to the image, visibility, and viability of school nursing. Each state school nursing association should evaluate member commitment to school nursing research based on their unique set of financial, educational, and organizational resources. A 3-round Delphi study was conducted in which Florida school nurses identified research priorities. The 10 priority research topics were (a) obesity/nutrition, (b) role of the school nurse, (c) legal/ethical issues, (d) emergencies, (e) health education, (f) absenteeism/attendance, (g) diabetes and insulin, (h) injuries, (i) health services, and (j) asthma. These topics form the state research agenda and will be used to guide the development of multisite school nursing studies.
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone: regulation of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate in ovarian granulosa cells

The antigonadal effects of gonadotropin-releasing hormone in ovarian granulosa cells are due to attenuation of the adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) response to follicle-stimulating hormone. Agonists of gonadotropin-releasing hormone progressively inhibit adenylate cyclase and stimulate phosphodiesterase activities in cultured granulosa cells, indicating that blockade of gonadotropin action is attributable to the combined effects of decreased production and increased degradation of cyclic AMP.
A simple, cost-effective multispecies toxicity test using organisms with a cosmopolitan distribution.

Difficulties in making accurate, ecosystem-level predictions of environmental effects of chemicals, mixtures, and effluents based solely on the results of tests on single species have necessitated the development of more environmentally realistic, predictive testing methods. This paper describes a multispecies, community-level toxicity test based on the colonization of artificial substrates by microbial species. Tests examined the colonization of initially barren polyurethane foam artificial substrates by Protozoa from a species source colonized in a natural system. Differences in colonization were examined in microecosystems amended with low levels of cadmium, a very toxic heavy metal, and TFM, an organic biocide used against larval sea lamprey. Tests examined differences in colonization over 28 days. For cadmium, effect levels were estimated to be near 1 μg 1−1, in the low range of effect levels determined from chronic single species tests. For TFM, effect levels were estimated to be between 1 and 10 ppm, overlapping the concentrations used in environmental applications. The colonization response, which depends on naked microbial cells reproducing and migrating through toxicant amended water to new substrates, is very sensitive. Tests based on colonization can be adapted to use species from a target receiving system or can use species from a designated natural source. Field validation of these tests can employ nearly identical methods to those used in laboratory studies to assess the accuracy of predictions based on test system data.
Effects of rainfall and cover on soil temperatures of an isohyperthermic temperature regime, Panama

Abstract Data from an experiment conducted in Santiago, Panama, measuring temperatures at 0-, 10- and 20-cm depths in bare and irrigated-bare plots and in plots covered with natural grass, cassava and Cajanus cajan residues, respectively, were used to analyze spatial and temporal variations of soil temperature in an isohyperthermic environment. Measured temperatures were then used to estimate heat flow and heat balance in the soil during selected periods of the rainy and dry seasons. Measured temperatures were also put into a model to predict soil temperatures. Night temperatures in the rooting zone (0–20 cm) were lower than 25°C for at least 8 hours during the dry season (January–April); day temperatures never rose above 33°C. In the rainy season (May–December), however, night temperatures were higher than 25°C and day temperatures were 1° or 2°C greater than night temperatures. Surface residues effectively lowered temperatures during the dry season but were less effective during the rainy season. Little downward heat flow occurred in the bare plot during the dry season. In contrast, irrigation promoted downward heat flow. Upward heat flow prevailed on rainy days in the bare and irrigatedbare plots but was effectively slowed under surface residues. Overall, heat gains during the rainy season were greater than heat losses. Predicted soil temperatures, using a model from the temperate zone, were consistently lower than measured temperatures. The differences between measured and predicted temperatures decreased when the soil was either irrigated or mulched. The differences, however, were within ranges reported for soil temperature predictions in temperate regions.
HUMAN EYE COLOR AND REACTION TIME

Response latencies to a visual stimulus were determined for 44 male and 82 female Caucasians. Those with dark eyes had significantly shorter simple (one stimulus) reaction times. Complex (one of four stimuli) reaction times showed a similar, but nonsignificant, trend. Data from an additional 206 male Caucasians on a one-trial non-practiced reaction task followed the same nonsignificant trend. Darker iris pigmentation apparently correlates with shorter reaction times but more strongly on practiced tasks and on those which do not involve accuracy.
3M Mayneord Memorial Lecture: Functional brain imaging — an overview

Several methods can detect or infer the disruption of basic brain physiology; these methods include the techniques of computerized axial tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, single photon emission computed tomography, electroencephalography, magnetoencephalography, and magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Until recently any information on the actual function of the brain has been restricted to that deduced from the clinical examination, as most imaging methods have been limited to providing only anatomical references. In the past 10 years magnetic resonance has become a standard part of many neuroradiological practices. Tremendous advances in computed tomography have resulted in dramatic improvement in both image resolution and imaging times. During the 1990s, as interest shifts toward the analysis of brain function or dysfunction, the focus on the brain's electrical activity has resurged. Functional evaluation techniques, such as magnetoencephalography, began in the 1960s and early 1970s; sophistication in the technology has led to much shorter examination and analysis times, leading to further clinical utility. Magnetoencephalography, when combined with magnetic resonance images, forms a functional image of the brain, or magnetic source image. The advent of such methods for evaluating actual functional activity of the brain has resulted in new clinical applications for previous methods of brain imaging and the arrival of new clinical imaging modalities.
Does transvaginal sonographic measurement of cervical length before 14 weeks predict preterm delivery in high-risk pregnancies?

Objective To determine whether high-risk patients manifest cervical length < 25 mm on transvaginal ultrasound before 14 weeks of gestation, and if this finding is predictive of preterm delivery. Methods Asymptomatic pregnancies at high risk for preterm birth were followed prospectively from 10 + 0 weeks to 13 + 6 weeks with transvaginal sonographic measurement of the cervix. A cervical length < 25 mm was considered a short cervix at this gestational age and at the follow-up ultrasound examinations, performed between 14 and 24 weeks. The primary outcome was preterm birth at < 35 weeks of gestation. Results One hundred and eighty-three pregnancies met the study criteria and were included in the analysis. Only 10 (5%) patients had a cervix < 25 mm before 14 weeks. The sensitivity, specificity and positive and negative predictive values of a short cervix were 14%, 97%, 50%, and 82%, respectively (relative risk, 2.8; 95% confidence interval, 1.4–5.6). The mean transvaginal sonographic cervical length before 14 weeks of gestation was 33.7 ± 6.9 mm in pregnancies which delivered preterm (n = 36), and 35.0 ± 6.8 mm in those delivering at term (n = 147) (P = 0.3). Follow-up transvaginal ultrasound examination of the cervix to 24 weeks revealed that the average gestational age at which a short cervix was detected was 18.7 ± 2.9 weeks. Conclusion A cervical length < 25 mm on transvaginal sonographic assessment rarely occurs before 14 weeks even in high-risk patients destined to deliver preterm; in these patients cervical changes predictive of preterm birth develop mostly after this gestational age. Copyright © 2003 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Procoagulant synthesis by cultured fibroblasts triggered by cell adhesion.

SYNTHESIS of a potent procoagulant by cells in tissue culture has been demonstrated but its identity is obscure1. Activity is low at the beginning of culture of normal human fibroblasts and increases several hundred-fold after 12–24 h of incubation at 37° C. This increase is readily detected by the one-stage assay for factor VIII (antihaemophilic globulin) but can also be demonstrated by the two-stage factor VIII assay based on the thromboplastin generation test. Studies in progress to characterize this procoagulant have demonstrated a marked increase of factor XI as well as factor VIII activity and evolution of factor XI activity during contact activation with celite. Increase in activity detectable in the one-stage assay for factor IX and XII was much less. The procoagulant was incapable of clotting a fibrinogen solution and no change in assays for factor V and VII was observed during culture.
Ignition on the National Ignition Facility: a path towards inertial fusion energy

The National Ignition Facility (NIF), the world's largest and most powerful laser system for inertial confinement fusion (ICF) and experiments studying high-energy-density (HED) science, is nearing completion at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). NIF, a 192-beam Nd-glass laser facility, will produce 1.8 MJ, 500 TW of light at the third-harmonic, ultraviolet light of 351 nm. The NIF project is scheduled for completion in March 2009. Currently, all 192 beams have been operationally qualified and have produced over 4.0 MJ of light at the fundamental wavelength of 1053 nm, making NIF the world's first megajoule laser. The principal goal of NIF is to achieve ignition of a deuterium–tritium (DT) fuel capsule and provide access to HED physics regimes needed for experiments related to national security, fusion energy and for broader scientific applications.The plan is to begin 96-beam symmetric indirect-drive ICF experiments early in FY2009. These first experiments represent the next phase of the National Ignition Campaign (NIC). This national effort to achieve fusion ignition is coordinated through a detailed plan that includes the science, technology and equipment such as diagnostics, cryogenic target manipulator and user optics required for ignition experiments. Participants in this effort include LLNL, General Atomics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratory and the University of Rochester Laboratory for Energetics (LLE). The primary goal for NIC is to have all of the equipment operational and integrated into the facility soon after project completion and to conduct a credible ignition campaign in 2010. When the NIF is complete, the long-sought goal of achieving self-sustaining nuclear fusion and energy gain in the laboratory will be much closer to realization.Successful demonstration of ignition and net energy gain on NIF will be a major step towards demonstrating the feasibility of inertial fusion energy (IFE) and will likely focus the world's attention on the possibility of an ICF energy option. NIF experiments to demonstrate ignition and gain will use central-hot-spot (CHS) ignition, where a spherical fuel capsule is simultaneously compressed and ignited. The scientific basis for CHS has been intensively developed (Lindl 1998 Inertial Confinement Fusion: the Quest for Ignition and Energy Gain Using Indirect Drive (New York: American Institute of Physics)) and has a high probability of success. Achieving ignition with CHS will open the door for other advanced concepts, such as the use of high-yield pulses of visible wavelength rather than ultraviolet and fast ignition concepts (Tabak et al 1994 Phys. Plasmas 1 1626–34, Tabak et al 2005 Phys. Plasmas 12 057305). Moreover, NIF will have important scientific applications in such diverse fields as astrophysics, nuclear physics and materials science.This paper summarizes the design, performance and status of NIF, experimental plans for NIC, and will present laser inertial confinement fusion–fission energy (LIFE) as a path to achieve carbon-free sustainable energy.
Designing Bioactive Delivery Systems for Tissue Regeneration

The direct infusion of macromolecules into defect sites generally does not impart adequate physiological responses. Without the protection of delivery systems, inductive molecules may likely redistribute away from their desired locale and are vulnerable to degradation. In order to achieve efficacy, large doses supplied at interval time periods are necessary, often at great expense and ensuing detrimental side effects. The selection of a delivery system plays an important role in the rate of re-growth and functionality of regenerating tissue: not only do the release kinetics of inductive molecules and their consequent bioactivities need to be considered, but also how the delivery system interacts and integrates with its surrounding host environment. In the current review, we describe the means of release of macromolecules from hydrogels, polymeric microspheres, and porous scaffolds along with the selection and utilization of bioactive delivery systems in a variety of tissue-engineering strategies.
Magnetic instabilities in invar

Abstract A theory of magnetic instabilities which qualitatively explains the anomalous thermal properties of invar is presented. Fixed-spin-moment band calculations are used to show the existence of two-spin-states similar to Weiss's 2γ-state model. The two spin-states are connected by magnetic instabilities which are shown to occur near the equilibrium volume in the Fe-Ni invar alloy with approximately 8.6 valence electrons/atom. The consequences of lattice vibrations on the thermal occupation of the two states are examined and it is shown that the low temperature expansion is dominated by a high-spin state, while the high temperature expansion results from a composite occupation of a high-spin and a low-spin state. The initial negative thermal expansion is shown to result from an antiferromagnetic state.
A Unique Epithelial Basement Membrane Antigen Defined by a Monoclonal Antibody (KF-1)

The basement membrane zone (BMZ) of human skin is a complex structure which contains several well-defined components including bullous pemphigoid antigen, laminin, type IV collagen, and proteoglycan. Characterization of additional basement membrane (BM) constituents has been limited by their relative inaccessibility, insolubility, and low tissue concentration. We have produced a murine monoclonal antibody that has enabled us to define a unique constituent of the BMZ of human stratified squamous epithelia. The monoclonal antibody (KF-1) was raised by standard techniques using suction blister-derived trypsinized human epidermal cells as the antigen. Indirect immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase staining of human and rhesus monkey tissues with KF-1 produced linear BMZ staining of stratified squamous epithelia. Glandular and vascular BMs were not stained. Immunoelectron microscopic studies of normal human skin and esophagus showed specific binding of KF-1 to the lamina densa of the BMZ, a localization identical to that of type LV collagen. However, unlike type IV collagen, which is not species specific and is found in all BMs, the antigen defined by KF-1 is collagenase-resistant and is specific for primate stratified squamous epithelia. These findings confirm the existence of regional variation in BM composition, and demonstrate for the first time that the lamina densa of stratified squamous epithelial BMs contains a constituent other than type IV collagen.
Construct validity of a short, self report instrument assessing emotional dysregulation

There is a need for a brief measure of emotion dysregulation that can be used in large-scale studies. This study evaluated the construct validity of a short, self-report instrument of emotion dysregulation. Subjects (N=2197) were recruited from primary care clinics of an urban public hospital as part of a study of trauma-related risk and resilience. Emotion dysregulation was measured using the Emotion Dysregulation Scale, short version (EDS-short), a12-item self-report measure assessing emotional experiencing, cognition, and behavior. EDS-short was first compared with the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS). Then, the construct validity of the EDS-short in predicting depression, posttraumatic stress, substance abuse, borderline pathology, suicide attempts, psychiatric hospitalizations, positive affect, and resiliency was assessed. We found a significant positive correlation between EDS-short and DERS. The EDS-short was significantly predictive of higher reported depressive, posttraumatic stress, substance abuse, and borderline symptoms, and lower reported positive affect and resiliency, over and above demographic characteristics and negative affect. Our results demonstrate that the EDS-short is a useful instrument for measuring emotion dysregulation in traumatized populations. A brief measure of emotion dysregulation is critical as the field moves forward in studying the wide ranging negative effects of emotion dysregulation across psychiatric disorders and outcomes.
SURFACE COATING OF CONCRETE MATERIALS BY DEPOSITION PROCESS

A deposition process for coating concrete surface was presented in this study. This can be accomplished by feeding a weak direct current between the steel in a concrete and an electrode located in the external solution. The test was conducted using reinforced concrete prism specimens of 10 × 10 × 40 cm. Cracked specimens were immersed in an electrolyte magnesium acetate solution, and were applied with a constant current for 14 days. The results indicate that deposit materials are capable of coating the concrete surface and that this technique is effective for the improvement of the impermeability of concrete materials.
Synthesis of a series of glucosyl triazole derivatives and their self-assembling properties

We report the synthesis and self-assembling properties of a new class of glucosyl triazole derivatives from glucose. The compounds are synthesized by a Cu(I) catalyzed azide/alkyne cycloaddition reaction, or the ‘click’ reaction. Several efficient low molecular weight organogelators were obtained in this study. We found that triazole analogs containing long alkyl hydroxyl groups and phenyl groups typically are effective in forming supramolecular gels.
Reliability and performance of 808-nm single emitter multi-mode laser diodes

Performance, lifetest data, as well as failure modes from two different device structures will be discussed in this paper, with emitting wavelengths from 780nm to 800nm. The first structure, designed for high temperature operation, has demonstrated good reliability on various packages with output power up to 10W from a 200μm emitting area. The device structure can be operated up to 60°C heatsink temperatures under CW conditions. Then a high efficiency structure is shown with further improvement on operation power and reliability, for room temperature operation. With ongoing lifetest at 12A and 50°C heatsink temperature, <1000 FIT has been achieved for 6.5W and 33°C operation, on both designs. MTT10%F at 10W and 25°C operation is estimated to be more than 20,000 hours. Devices retain more than 20W rollover power under CW conditions, when re-tested after several thousand hours of accelerated lifetest. Paths for reliability improvement will also be discussed based on observed lifetest failure modes from these two structures.
Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection and value of preoperative testing and treatment in patients undergoing laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass.

Abstract Background Previous studies have reported a high prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in patients undergoing Roux-en- Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and a greater incidence of anastomotic ulcer in patients positive for H. pylori , leading to recommendations for routine preoperative screening. Our hypotheses were that the prevalence of H. pylori in patients undergoing RYGB is similar to that of the general population and that preoperative H. pylori testing and treatment does not decrease the incidence of anastomotic ulcer or pouch gastritis. Methods A retrospective analysis of H. pylori serology, preoperative and postoperative endoscopy findings, and the development of anastomotic ulcer or erosive pouch gastritis was performed. All patients positive for H. pylori received treatment. Univariate parametric and nonparametric statistical tests, as well as multiple logistic regression analyses, were performed. Results A total of 422 LRYGB patients were included in the study. Of these patients, 259 (61.4%) were tested for H. pylori and 163 (38.6%) were not. Of the 259 patients, 58 (22.4%) tested positive for H. pylori , 197 (76.1%) tested negative, and 4 (1.5%) had an equivocal result. Postoperatively, 53 patients (12.6%) underwent upper endoscopy. Of these 53 patients, 19 (4.5%) had positive endoscopy findings for anastomotic ulcer (n = 16) or erosive pouch gastritis (n = 3). Five patients underwent biopsy at endoscopy; all biopsies were negative for H. pylori . No difference was found in the rate of positive endoscopy between patients tested preoperatively for H. pylori (5%) and patients not tested (3.7%). Conclusion The results of our study have shown that the prevalence of H. pylori infection in patients undergoing RYGB is similar to that of the general population. Our study has shown that H. pylori testing does not lower the risk of anastomotic ulcer or pouch gastritis.
Surveillance of nuclear power plant components

Abstract An approach to the development of a systematic program for surveillance of nuclear reactor pressure vessels and other nuclear power plant components is described. The approach is based on a proposal developed for the LaCrosse Boiling Water Reactor (LACBWR). Specific areas treated are: the irradiation effects surveillance program; the temperature monitoring program; the inspection program; the corrosion program.
Dot‐Elisa for the rapid detection of gentamicin in milk

A dipstick dot-ELISA for the detection of gentamicin in milk of dairy cattle is reported for the first time. The test is based on a sandwich ELISA using high affinity monoclonal antibodies to gentamicin. Antibodies were adsorbed to nitrocellulose filters, blocked, dried, and stored for several weeks before use. The dipstick ELISA detected gentamicin at a concentration of 0.1 microgram/ml and produced strongly positive results at 0.2 microgram-0.3 microgram/ml. This ELISA is highly specific and no false positives were detected when tested against various aminoglycoside analogs including streptomycin, kanamycin, bekanamycin, amikacin, neomycin, and tobramycin. Further, the elimination in cow milk of gentamicin residues following intramammary administration of the drug was studied in two dairy cattle using dot-ELISA. Milk gentamicin levels were detected at post injection hours up to 120 hr in each of the two dairy cattle. It therefore, appears that gentamicin residues can still be detected in milk after 5 days using dot-ELISA. Based on the simplicity of performance and the economical nature of the test system, dipstick is recommended as a suitable method for wide scale use in field studies and diagnostic laboratories.
Non-unity molecular heritability demonstrated by continuous evolution in vitro

INTRODUCTION: When catalytic RNA is evolved in vitro, the molecule's chemical reactivity is usually the desired selection target. Sometimes the phenotype of a particular RNA molecule cannot be unambiguously determined from its genotype, however. This can occur if a nucleotide sequence can adopt multiple folded states, an example of non-unity heritability (i.e. one genotype gives rise to more than one phenotype). In these cases, more rounds of selection are required to achieve a phenotypic shift. We tested the influence of non-unity heritability at the molecular level by selecting for variants of a ligase ribozyme via continuous evolution. RESULTS: During 20 bursts of continuous evolution of a 152-nucleotide ligase ribozyme in which the Mg2+ concentration was periodically lowered, a nine-error variant of the starting 'wild-type' molecule became dominant in the last eight bursts. This variant appears to be more active than the wild type. Kinetic analyses of the mutant suggest that it may not possess a higher first-order catalytic rate constant, however. Examination of the multiple RNA conformations present under the continuous evolution conditions suggests that the mutant is superior to the wild type because it is less likely to misfold into inactive conformers. CONCLUSIONS: The evolution of genotypes that are more likely to exhibit a particular phenotype is an epiphenomenon usually ascribed only to complex living systems. We show that this can occur at the molecular level, demonstrating that in vitro systems may have more life-like characteristics than previously thought, and providing additional support for an RNA world.
Peripheral nerve graft with immunosuppression modifies gene expression in axotomized CNS neurons.

Adult central nervous system (CNS) neurons do not regenerate severed axons unaided but may regenerate axons into apposed predegenerated peripheral nerve grafts (PNGs). We examined gene expression by using microarray technology in laser-dissected lateral vestibular (LV) neurons whose axons were severed by a lateral hemisection at C3 (HX) and in lateral vestibular nucleus (LVN) neurons that were hemisected at C3 and that received immunosuppression with cyclosporine A (CsA) and a predegenerated PNG (termed I-PNG) into the lesion site. The results provide an expression analysis of temporal changes that occur in LVN neurons in nonregenerative and potentially regenerative states and over a period of 42 days. Axotomy alone resulted in a prolonged change in regulation of probe sets, with more being upregulated than downregulated. Apposition of a PNG with immunosuppression muted gene expression overall. Axotomized neurons (HX) upregulated genes commonly associated with axonal growth, whereas axotomized neurons whose axons were apposed to the PNG showed diminished expression of many of these genes but greater expression of genes related to energy production. The results suggest that axotomized LVN neurons express many genes thought to be associated with regeneration to a greater extent than LVN neurons that are apposed to a PNG. Thus the LVN neurons remain in a regenerative state following axotomy but the conditions provided by the I-PNG appear to be neuroprotective, preserving or enhancing mitochondrial activity, which may provide required energy for regeneration. We speculate that the graft also enables sufficient axonal synthesis of cytoskeletal components to allow axonal growth without marked increase in expression of genes normally associated with regeneration. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:3433–3455, 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Hemangioma-like clinical appearance of a collar-button melanoma caused by the strangulation effect of Bruch's membrane.

The collar-button or mushroom shape is seen in malignant choroidal melanomas when these tumors perforate Bruch's membrane of the choroid and extend into the subretinal space. In this situation the head of the tumor enlarges. The neck of the tumor connects its choroidal base with the head and supplies this with blood vessels from the choroid. Many observers have stated that the head usually contains larger blood spaces and the blood circulation has been thought to be slug­ gish in this region of these tumors." Clini­ cally, large sinusoidal blood spaces are often recognized in the subretinal portion of col­ lar-button melanomas. Terry and Johns be­ lieved the enlargement of the blood vessels in the head of mushroom-shaped choroidal mel­ anomas might well be due to passive venous congestion caused by the pressure of the growing tumor against the limits of the per­ foration in Bruch's membrane. The exact mechanism by which some malignant mela­ nomas are able to perforate Bruch's mem­ brane while others are confined by it is not clearly understood, but direct pressure, stretching, or lysis have been considered pos­ sible causes. We studied an unusual case of a collarbutton type of choroidal melanoma, the head of which was entirely covered with large and
Dynamic susceptibility contrast magnetic resonance imaging in neuropsychiatry: present utility and future promise

Dynamic susceptibility contrast magnetic resonance imaging (DSC MRI) provides a noninvasive means to create high resolution maps of the regional distribution of cerebral blood volume (CBV). Most DSC MRI studies conducted to date have focused on the evaluation of patients with cerebral neoplasms, ischemia or infarction, and epilepsy. However, preliminary work suggests that DSC MRI may also provide clinically important information for the evaluation of patients with neuropsychiatric disorders, especially dementia and schizophrenia. Additionally, with appropriate modification, DSC MRI may be used to reliably evaluate the effects of pharmacological challenges on cerebral hemodynamics. As pharmacotherapy is an important component in the treatment of a range of psychiatric disorders, the dynamic assessment of changes in cerebral perfusion associated with drug administration may ultimately lead to the development of “brain function tests” for a wide range of disorders.
Increased GABA-gated chloride ion influx in the hypothalamus of low-anxiety rats

While it is generally accepted that y-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA(A))-receptor agonists decrease anxiety by facilitating the neuronal influx of chloride, the site of action within the brain is not clearly delineated. To gain further insight into the locus of anxiolytic action of GABA in the brain, we measured the distribution of GABA-stimulated chloride influx in seven regions of the brain from high- and low-anxiety rats. Our results show a significant increase in GABA-gated chloride influx in the hypothalamus of rats exhibiting low anxiety. The role of the hypothalamus in the regulation of anxiety is briefly discussed.