cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electronic and other new media technology interventions for HIV care and prevention: a systematic review

Introduction Electronic and other new media technologies (eHealth) can facilitate large-scale dissemination of information and effective delivery of interventions for HIV care and prevention. There is a need to both monitor a rapidly changing pipeline of technology-based care and prevention methods and to assess whether the interventions are appropriately diversified. We systematically review and critically appraise the research pipeline of eHealth interventions for HIV care and prevention, including published studies and other funded projects. Methods Two peer-reviewed literature databases were searched for studies describing the development, trial testing or implementation of new technology interventions, published from September 2014 to September 2018. The National Institutes of Health database of grants was searched for interventions still in development. Interventions were included if eHealth was utilized and an outcome directly related to HIV treatment or prevention was targeted. We summarized each intervention including the stage of development, eHealth mode of delivery, target population and stage of the HIV care and prevention continua targeted. Results and discussion Of 2178 articles in the published literature, 113 were included with 84 unique interventions described. The interventions utilize a variety of eHealth technologies and target various points on the prevention and care continua, with greater emphasis on education, behaviour change and testing than linkage to medical care. There were a variety of interventions for HIV care support but none for PrEP care. Most interventions were developed for populations in high income countries. An additional 62 interventions with funding were found in the development pipeline, with greater emphasis on managing HIV and PrEP care. Conclusions Our systematic review found a robust collection of eHealth interventions in the published literature as well as unpublished interventions still in development. In the published literature, there is an imbalance of interventions favouring education and behaviour change over linkage to care, retention in care, and adherence, especially for PrEP. The next generation of interventions already in the pipeline might address these neglected areas of care and prevention, but the development process is slow. Researchers need new methods for more efficient and expedited intervention development so that current and future needs are addressed.
LEFTY1 Is a Dual-SMAD Inhibitor that Promotes Mammary Progenitor Growth and Tumorigenesis

SMAD pathways govern epithelial proliferation, and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β and BMP signaling through SMAD members has distinct effects on mammary development and homeostasis. Here, we show that LEFTY1, a secreted inhibitor of NODAL/SMAD2 signaling, is produced by mammary progenitor cells and, concomitantly, suppresses SMAD2 and SMAD5 signaling to promote long-term proliferation of normal and malignant mammary epithelial cells. In contrast, BMP7, a NODAL antagonist with context-dependent functions, is produced by basal cells and restrains progenitor cell proliferation. In normal mouse epithelium, LEFTY1 expression in a subset of luminal cells and rare basal cells opposes BMP7 to promote ductal branching. LEFTY1 binds BMPR2 to suppress BMP7-induced activation of SMAD5, and this LEFTY1-BMPR2 interaction is specific to tumor-initiating cells in triple-negative breast cancer xenografts that rely on LEFTY1 for growth. These results suggest that LEFTY1 is an endogenous dual-SMAD inhibitor and that suppressing its function may represent a therapeutic vulnerability in breast cancer.
Women’s Athletics: The Orthopedic Surgeon’s Viewpoint

Generally, athletic injuries are more sports-specific than sex-specific. Nevertheless, there are some injuries that occur with a slightly greater frequency in one sex than the other. The particular problems discussed in this article include overuse syndromes of the knee and other conditions of the knee, shoulder, ankle, and foot. Stress fractures are also considered.
Why Syria Matters

Syria’s pivotal nature stems from its enduring history and civilization, and its susceptibility to engender and synthesize diverse and often contradictory, streams in civilization, religion and politics. In nurturing three great religions—Judaism, Christianity and Islam—Syria’s contribution to world civilization is incomparable. At the same time, in a repetition of history, the civil war has made Syria the septic focus of a failed international system. The outcome of the civil war will determine the future contours of the system. This chapter focuses on Syria’s multiple dimensions, alluded to in the introduction, highlighting its contribution to regional and international stability. An understanding of the unique character of the country and its people becomes crucial to visualizing the outcome of the civil war.
Where will telemedicine go from here

The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the adoption of telemedicine internationally. The reproductive clinics that thrived in this tumultuous time had access to fully electronic medical records with user-friendly telehealth platforms and remote support staff for physicians. However, complete transition from in-person visits to telehealth uncovered many opportunities for innovation. At-home semen testing is not yet widely recognized, and patients still require an in-person visit for ultrasounds, procedures, and physical examinations. Although emergency policies and waivers have made it easier for providers to legally practice across state borders and receive payments from insurance companies, they vary from state to state and have not been cemented into law. Finally, clinical training for medical students, residents, and fellows has been affected by decreased clinical and surgical volume. However, trainees have also proven to be the most adaptable, quickly shifting to remote learning practices through social media, online surgical atlases, and wide distribution of "virtual visiting professor" lectures. As countries have eased physical distancing guidelines, patients ultimately benefit from having the option of a telehealth appointment. Although there is still much work to be done to improve telehealth, the COVID-19 pandemic has at least proven that it is a safe method of patient care and teaching.
Imaging Algorithm and Measurement Error Impact on Retrievals from the Microwave Single Pixel Imager (MSPI)

The performance of the imaging algorithm for a single pixel imaging microwave radiometer is discussed in terms of the pixel-by-pixel errors in the retrieved images. There are two limiting factors - the achievable performance of the compressive sensing imaging algorithm itself, and the impact of noisy measurements that feed the algorithm. The limits of the currently used algorithm, in the absence of measurement noise, are provided for four different simulated scenes. Significant improvement is possible through inclusion of a priori information, and is quantified. The key terms for the error budget are discussed and are used to determine an expected value for the noise on measurements with the current configuration. The imaging errors in the presence of this noise are given. Averaging multiple images can reduce the error, and values for averaged images are also given.
Abstract 2293: Role of phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase IIIα in chemokine signaling

The CXCR4-CXCL12 chemokine signaling axis plays a key role in migration and bone metastasis in prostate cancer (PC). Androgens regulate CXCR4 expression and its receptor activation in lipid-raft micro domains of PC cells, resulting in higher protease expression and invasion. In order to identify some novel CXCR4 co-regulators associated within the lipid-raft, a SILAC (Stable isotope labeling using amino acid in cell culture)-based proteomic analysis was performed with PC3 stable cell-lines over-expressing or knocking-down CXCR4. Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase III alpha (PI4KIIIα or PI4KA) and SAC1 lipid phosphatase were identified as candidate proteins enriched in CXCR4 expressing cells. PI4KA is an evolutionarily conserved mammalian kinase that converts PI to PI4P; and SAC1 dephosphorylates PI4P to PI. PI4K is required for the maintenance and functioning of the plasma-membrane and vesicular trafficking in the Golgi apparatus. PI4KA is also needed to maintain a steady pool of PI(4,5)P2 in the plasma-membrane, to be utilized in various signaling pathways. We show that CXCR4 interacts with PI4KA through its adaptor proteins EFR3B and TTC7B, recruiting it to the plasma-membrane for PI4P generation. Similarly PI4KA was closely linked to CXCR4 induced PC cell invasion, and knockdown of PI4KA in CXCR4 over-expressing PC3 cell lines reduced cell invasion. Also localized productions of PI4P was evident in invasive projections of CXCR4 over-expressing cell lines through immunofluorescence microscopy. PC tumor microarray data show increased PI4K expression in metastatic PC tissue vs localized or normal adjacent tissue. These data suggest a novel interaction between PI4KA and CXCR4, promoting tumor cell invasion and metastasis. Pharmacological targeting of PI4KA, its adaptor proteins or its signaling-related proteins might prove therapeutically beneficial and enhance survival in PC patients. Citation Format: Barani Govindarajan, Sreenivasa Chinni, Diego Sbrissa. Role of phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase IIIα in chemokine signaling [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 2293.
Dissemination and Implementation Science in Cardiothoracic Surgery: A Review and Case Study.

Abstract Dissemination and implementation (D&I) science is the practice of taking evidence-based interventions (EBI) and sustainably incorporating them in routine clinical practice. As a relatively young field, D&I techniques are underutilized in cardiothoracic surgery. This review offers an overview of D&I science from the context of the cardiothoracic surgeon. First, we provide a general introduction to D&I science and basic terminology that is used in the field. Second, to illustrate D&I techniques in a real-world example, we discuss a case study for implementing lung protective management (LPM) strategies for lung donor optimization nationally. Finally, we discuss challenges to successful implementation that are unique to cardiothoracic surgery and give several examples of EBIs that have been poorly implemented into surgical practice. We also provide examples of successful D&I interventions – including de-implementation strategies – from other surgical subspecialties. We hope that this review offers additional tools for cardiothoracic surgeons to explore when introducing EBIs into routine practice.
Latent, sex-specific metabolic health effects in CD-1 mouse offspring exposed to PFOA or HFPO-DA (GenX) during gestation

Abstract Background Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is an environmental contaminant associated with adverse metabolic outcomes in developmentally exposed human populations and mouse models. Hexafluoropropylene oxide-dimer acid (HFPO-DA, commonly called GenX) has replaced PFOA in many industrial applications in the U.S. and Europe and has been measured in global water systems from Objective Determine the effects of gestational exposure to GenX on offspring weight gain trajectory, adult metabolic health, liver pathology and key adipose gene pathways in male and female CD-1 mice. Methods Daily oral doses of GenX (0.2, 1.0, 2.0 mg/kg), PFOA (0.1, 1.0 mg/kg), or vehicle control were administered to pregnant mice (gestation days 1.5–17.5). Offspring were fed a high- or low-fat diet (HFD or LFD) at weaning until necropsy at 6 or 18 weeks, and metabolic endpoints were measured over time. PFOA and GenX serum and urine concentrations, weight gain, serum lipid parameters, body mass composition, glucose tolerance, white adipose tissue gene expression, and liver histopathology were evaluated. Results Prenatal exposure to GenX led to its accumulation in the serum and urine of 5-day old pups (P = 0.007, P Conclusions Prenatal exposure to 1 mg/kg GenX and 1 mg/kg PFOA induces adverse metabolic outcomes in adult mice that are diet- and sex-dependent. GenX also accumulated in pup serum, suggesting that placental and potentially lactational transfer are important exposure routes for GenX.
Ameloblastin promotes polarization of ameloblast cell lines in a 3-D cell culture system.

Abstract Studies on animal models with mutations in ameloblastin gene have suggested that the extracellular matrix protein ameloblastin (AMBN) plays important roles in controlling cell-matrix adhesion and ameloblast polarization during amelogenesis. In order to examine the function of AMBN in cell polarization and morphology, we developed an in vitro 3D cell culture model to examine the effect of AMBN and amelogenin (AMEL) addition on ameloblast cell line ALC. We further used high resolution confocal microscopy to detect expression of polarization markers in response to AMBN addition. Addition of AMBN to the 3D culture matrix resulted in the clustering and elongation (higher aspect ratio) of ALC in a dose dependent manner. The molar concentration of AMEL required to exact this response from ALC was 2.75- times greater than that of AMBN. This polarization effect of ameloblastin was attributable directly to an evolutionary conserved domain within its exon 5-encoded region. The exon 6-encoded region also influenced AMBN-cell interactions but to a lesser extent. The clusters formed with AMBN were polarized with expression of E-cadherin, Par3 and Cldn1 assembly at the nascent cell-cell junctions. The elongation effect was specific to epithelial cells of ameloblastic lineage ALC and LS8 cells. Our data suggest that AMBN may play critical signaling roles in the initiation of cell polarity by acting as a communicator between cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. Our investigation has important implications for understanding the function of ameloblastin in enamel-cell matrix adhesion and the outcomes may contribute to efforts to develop strategies for enamel tissue regeneration.
An Examination of the Effects of Repeated Readings with Secondary Students

Reading is a fundamental skill for success in school and as an adult. However, many children and adults experience difficulties reading. Previous research has demonstrated that repeated readings is an effective intervention for increasing both fluency and comprehension for elementary age readers of all skill levels. However, the impact of repeated readings on fluency and comprehension has not been examined with secondary students with reading deficits. The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of repeated readings for increasing four secondary student's fluency on passages at their instructional level, at the ninth grade level, and on generalization passages from their school curriculum. Furthermore, the effects on comprehension were also explored. A comparison group of average readers served as an estimate for how fluently secondary students read. The results of this study demonstrated that fluency improvements were achieved for all of the participants with just ten additional hours of practice. Effects on comprehension were not as clear. Limitations and future directions for research are discussed.
Dynamic Data Structures

The primary aims of the chapter are to introduce the facilities offered by Fortran 95 for the construction and use of dynamic data types. These additional features enable us to solve a much wider range of problems using simple and straightforward algorithms. Examples include the use of pointers in user defined data types, in particular: singly linked lists; trees; using singly linked lists to store sparse vectors. The secondary aims are to provide a summary of what can be achieved with the correct choice of data structures and algorithms, and the bibliography contains details sources of data structures and algorithms.
A numerical slipline field for the sliding cylinder problem

Abstract This paper presents a slipline field solution for a rigid cylindrical asperity sliding across an initially plane surface of a softer material. The numerical development of the model is described. The friction and strain pattern predictions of the model are tested against the results of experiments and finite element analysis. It is shown that the friction predictions of the model developed are in good agreement with the chord approximation model proposed by Challen and Oxley [J.M. Challen, P.L.B. Oxley, Slipline fields for explaining the mechanics of polishing and related processes, Int. J. Mech. Sci. 26 (6–8) (1983), 403–418]. Thus, it can predict well the friction coefficients measured from tests when a cylinder, whose trailing edge has been removed, slides across an aluminium alloy, as shown experimentally in Busquet and Torrance [M. Busquet, A.A. Torrance, Investigation of surface deformation and damage when hard cylindrical asperity slides over a soft smooth surface, Proc. 25th. Leeds-Lyon Symp. Tribol. (1998)]. However, this model is not suitable for predicting the friction coefficients when a full cylinder slides on aluminium. This has already been explained partly by the fact that the slipline field theory neglects elastic effects and also by the presence of detached particles trapped in the contact. The strain pattern calculated by the model presented here is much closer than the chord model of Challen and Oxley [J.M. Challen, P.L.B. Oxley, Slipline fields for explaining the mechanics of polishing and related processes, Int. J. Mech. Sci. 26 (6–8) (1983) 403–418] to visioplastic measurements of strain patterns produced by wedge-shaped asperities [Y. Yang, The prediction of the wear rates of ductile materials through their surface strains, PhD thesis, Trinity College, University of Dublin, September 1997], and this without strain-hardening. Furthermore, the morphology of the debris produced during wedge experiments has been explained to some extent by the model presented here without involving elastic effects.
Reproducibility of various properties of small carbon clusters using model potential functions

Abstract In this study, three model functions, developed recently for carbon species, were analyzed comparatively. All three functions are based on two-body and angle-dependent three-body interactions, and have been parametrized to reproduce various properties of graphite and diamond crystals. Limitations and capabilities of these functions in reproducing ground state configurations, binding energies and fundamental frequencies of small carbon clusters, C n (with n
The variation of α of 92U235 with energy in the intermediate-energy range

Abstract Recent experiments have made possible a new evaluation of resonance parameters for some of the low-energy levels of 92U235. The data permit a numerical calculation of the variation of α of 92U235 with energy in the range 100-10,000 eV in accordance with a method proposed by WIGNER . We examined the effects of fitting the experimental data with several different distributions. The results are: 1. 1. The variation of α (U235) with energy from 100 eV to 10,000 eV is a slow one, no matter which of several distributions is assumed to hold for the fission and neutron widths. 2. 2. The values of a obtained by means of WIGNER'S theory are in good agreement with results of the KAPL integral experiments. 3. 3. The calculated values of sigma; (n, f) agree reasonably well with the experimental values. 4. 4. The theory can be applied with confidence to fissionable materials other than U235 for which comparable information about low-energy resonances is available.
New Synthetic Routes to Tris(pentaalkylcyclopentadienyl)lanthanide Complexes Including the X-ray Crystal Structure of (C5Me4Et)3Sm1

The synthetic chemistry leading to tris(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)samarium complexes has been examined to determine why some routes fail and to develop routes superior to the first synthesis from...
Three Types of Condensed Cluster Phases of Rare-Earth Metal Iodides with Transition Metal Interstitials: Pr4I5Ni, Pr3I3Os, Pr2INi2, and La2IZ2☆

Abstract Syntheses of the title compounds result from appropriate reactions of the elements and RI 3 ( R =La, Pr) in sealed Nb containers at, variously, 800–990°C. The structures of three were detailed by single crystal X-ray diffraction: Pr 4 I 5 Ni, Pmmn , Z =2, R ( F )/ R w =3.6/5.3%; Pr 3 I 3 Os, P 2 1 / m , Z =2, R / R w 2.4/2.8%; Pr 2 INi 2 , P 6 3 / mmc , Z =2, R / R w =2.2/3.6. The new compounds La 2 I Z 2 , Z =Fe, Co, Ru, Os, were shown to be isostructural with Pr 2 INi 2 (Gd 2 IFe 2 ) by Guinier powder diffraction. Pr 4 I 5 Ni, the first orthorhombic example among the R 4 I 5 Z series, consists of R 6 Z octahedra condensed into chains. The new example contains the most extreme R : Z size proportions and clearly lacks the strong dπ – dπ bonding between Z and apical R seen within other members. Pr 3 I 3 Os, previously known only with a cubic Gd 3 Cl 3 C-(Ca 3 I 3 P-)-type structure, also occurs as a relatively undistorted member of the monoclinic Pr 3 I 3 Ru (double chain) family. Apical Pr–Os π -bonding appears significant, with Pr–Os distances that are 0.24 A shorter than the average within the waist of the parent octahedra. The R 2 I Z 2 phases expand the number of examples of the unusual Gd 2 IFe 2 structure, which contains AlB 2 -like slabs; namely, graphite-like Z 2 nets between eclipsed pairs of R layers that are in turn separated by single iodine layers. Notable distances in Pr 2 INi 2 are Ni–Ni, 2.36 A, and Pr–Ni, 2.98 A. Charge-consistent, extended Huckel band calculations in La 2 IFe 2 (in contrast with results reported for Gd 2 IFe 2 ) demonstrate a strong mixing of La–Fe and Fe–Fe bonding in a partially filled band, the Fe states on balance falling only slightly below those of La.
A highly substituted glucuronoarabinoxylan from developing maize coleoptiles

Abstract A glucuronoarabinoxylan in which about six of every seven xylosyl residues were substituted with terminal arabinofuranosyl and glucosyluronic groups was extracted from developing maize coleoptiles with dilute alkali and purified by gel-permeation chromatography. Terminal arabinofuranosyl groups attached mostly to O-3 of the xylan backbone constituted most of the substitution. Indirect double-methylation analysis of mild acid-hydrolyzed xylan, direct methylation analyses of carbodiimide-activated, NaBH 4 -reduced uronic acid groups, and isolation of the glucosyluronic-xylose aldobiouronic acids followed by 2-D COSY 1 H-n.m.r. spectroscopy indicated that most, if not all, of the d -glucosyluronic groups were α-(1→2)-linked to the xylan. Smith degradation indicated that at least a portion of this highly substituted xylan may have a repeating-unit structure.
Control of food influx by temporal subcastes in the fire ant, Solenopsis invicta

Temporal subcastes in the fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren were selectively starved to determine if foragers could assess the nutritional status of their nestmates and respond accordingly. We found that starved foragers increase the honey entering the colony (Fig. 1). When nurses are starved more oil and liquid egg yolk enters the colony (Figs. 2, 3) and when both reserves and nurses are starved, more egg yolk powder is brought in by the foragers (Fig. 4). When queens are starved, more liquid egg yolk and oil enters the colony (Figs. 2, 3). Starved larvae increase the oil in the colony (Fig. 2) and when held with nurses for 24h before feeding, increase the egg yolk powder brought in and receive significantly more of it than other subcaste members (Fig. 5). We conclude that foragers can respond to the nutritional needs of their nestmates. Based on our behavioural observations, the quantity of food brought in by the foragers is regulated via discriminatory solicitation by reserves in response to the nutritional needs of the nurses.
Pediatrics: Diagnosis of Neuroblastoma

Neuroblastoma is the most common pediatric extracranial soft-tissue tumor, accounting for approximately 8% of childhood malignancies. Its prognosis is widely variable, ranging from spontaneous regression to fatal disease despite multimodality therapy. Multiple imaging and clinical tests are needed to accurately assess patient risk with risk groups based on disease stage, patient age, and biological tumor factors. Approximately 60% of patients with neuroblastoma have metastatic disease, most commonly involving bone marrow or cortical bone. Metaiodobenzylguanidine (mIBG) scintigraphy plays an important role in the assessment of neuroblastoma, allowing whole-body disease assessment. mIBG is used to define extent of disease at diagnosis, assess disease response during therapy, and detect residual and recurrent disease during follow-up. mIBG is highly sensitive and specific for neuroblastoma, concentrating in >90% of tumors. mIBG was initially labeled with 131 I, but 123 I-mIBG yields higher quality images at a lower patient radiation dose. 123 I-mIBG (AdreView; GE Healthcare, Arlington Heights, IL) was approved for clinical use in children by the Food and Drug Administration in 2008 and is now commercially available throughout the United States. The use of single-photon emission computed tomography and single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography in 123 I-mIBG imaging has improved certainty of lesion detection and localization. Fluorodeoxyglucose positron-emission tomography has recently been compared with mIBG and found to be most useful in neuroblastomas which fail to or weakly accumulate mIBG.
The influence of blood flow and arterial blood pressure during cardiopulmonary bypass on deltoid muscle gas tensions and body temperature after bypass

The results of this study demonstrate that skeletal muscle perfusion during bypass requires high flows and mean arterial pressures and that use of vasopressors during bypass impairs skeletal muscle blood flow. Our findings also indicate that skeletal muscle perfusion during bypass decreases metabolic acidosis after operation and prevents decreases in body temperature and poor skeletal muscle blood flow in the post-bypass and early postoperative periods. Our results suggest that perfusing to maintain normal\(Pm_{O_2 } \) during extracorporeal circulation is superior to more conventional techniques of conducting bypass.
Using viral-mediated gene delivery to model Parkinson's disease: Do nonhuman primate investigations expand our understanding?

In this review, we consider the use of nonhuman primate (NHP) models of Parkinson's disease (PD) produced using viral-mediated gene delivery and information they provide in comparison to other model systems in rodents and NHPs. To date, rodent and NHP PD models have found it difficult to fully recapitulate the human disorder and, therefore, provide little actual insight into disease progression. The viral-mediated gene delivery method for α-synuclein has been shown to produce a parkinsonian rodent and NHP. This novel viral-mediated gene transfer model in the NHP appears to provide a significant advance beyond neurotoxicant models, by more closely mimicking the more chronic time course of developed behavioral deterioration and neuropathology. Although we agree that the use of these novel methods inducing parkinsonian NHPs may provide relevant treatment insights, beyond those of more standard PD models, we remain cautious as to the preclinical models' ability to predict outcomes in human trials. In specific cases of certain novel medical therapeutics, therefore, we also consider the phase 0 clinical trial as offering an alternative to the currently non-predictive preclinical models, including those in the NHP.
Gain from your own (moving) perspective.

Single-unit recording in primate cortical area MT shows surprising sensitivity to depth defined by dynamical perspective cues. Depth might then be computed through recurrent circuits involving signals downstream of MT.
Do family dinners reduce the risk for early adolescent substance use? A propensity score analysis

The risks of early adolescent substance use on health and well-being are well documented. In recent years, several experts have claimed that a simple preventive measure for these behaviors is for families to share evening meals. In this study, we use data from the 1997 National Longitudinal Study of Youth (n = 5,419) to estimate propensity score models designed to match on a set of covariates and predict early adolescent substance use frequency and initiation. The results indicate that family dinners are not generally associated with alcohol or cigarette use or with drug use initiation. However, a continuous measure of family dinners is modestly associated with marijuana frequency, thus suggesting a potential causal impact. These results show that family dinners may help prevent one form of substance use in the short term but do not generally affect substance use initiation or alcohol and cigarette use.
High fat diet differentially regulates the expression of olfactory receptors in the duodenum of obesity-prone and obesity-resistant rats.

Background The gastrointestinal tract is important in the regulation of food intake, nutrient sensing and nutrient absorption. Obesity-prone Osborne-Mendel (OM) rats are less sensitive to the satiating effects of a duodenal infusion of fatty acids than obesity-resistant S5B/Pl (S5B) rats, suggesting that the gastrointestinal tract differentially senses the presence of fat in these two strains. A microarray analysis was conducted to identify genes that were differentially expressed in the duodenal enterocytes of OM and S5B rats.
Structure, Affinity, and Availability of Estrogen Receptor Complexes in the Cellular Environment

Abstract An ability to measure the biochemical parameters and structures of protein complexes at defined locations within the cellular environment would improve our understanding of cellular function. We describe widely applicable, calibrated Forster resonance energy transfer methods that quantify structural and biochemical parameters for interaction of the human estrogen receptor α-isoform (ERα) with the receptor interacting domains (RIDs) of three cofactors (SRC1, SRC2, SRC3) in living cells. The interactions of ERα with all three SRC-RIDs, measured throughout the cell nucleus, transitioned from structurally similar, high affinity complexes containing two ERαs at low free SRC-RID concentrations (<2 nm) to lower affinity complexes with an ERα monomer at higher SRC-RID concentrations (∼10 nm). The methods also showed that only a subpopulation of ERα was available to form complexes with the SRC-RIDs in the cell. These methods represent a template for extracting unprecedented details of the biochemistry and structure of any complex that is capable of being measured by Forster resonance energy transfer in the cellular environment.
Determinants of crime in a developing country: a regression model

Recent years have witnessed a sharp rise in crime levels in most of the societies across the world. Apart from the increasing direct costs involved in the containment/control of crime, the subject societies also bear considerable psychic costs (results of fear of crime or the after effects of crime). These costs of crime are perceived to be higher in developing economies. Economists consider crime to be rational behaviour under specific scenarios is sparse. In this paper, we characterize the rising-crime scenarios in terms of several demographic and economic variables. Regression models relating different types of crime to these societal variables are fitted, using crime data from Malaysia (from published records of the Government of Malaysia). The model fit is found to be extremely good with most of these observational data.
Modelling the impacts of bioenergy markets on the forest industry in the southern United States

The main objective of this article was to analyse the impacts of emerging bioenergy markets on traditional forest product sector markets in the USA. An econometric model was developed to obtain the equilibrium estimates for the bioenergy and traditional forest markets. The results from the econometric model, using data-set for the state of Florida, suggested that biomass for bioenergy and pulpwood and biomass for bioenergy and sawtimber act as substitutes while sawtimber and pulpwood act as complements to each other. A price subsidy policy scenario was considered to simulate a 30% increase in the demand for biomass for bioenergy. The simulation results suggested that inclusion of this policy scenario might generate additional benefits to forest landowners and bioenergy sector, while sawmill and pulpmill sectors might face adverse financial impacts.
Heart rate variability analysis in full-term infants: spectral indices for study of neonatal cardiorespiratory control.

Heart Rate Variability Analysis in Full-Term Infants: Spectral Indices for Study of Neonatal Cardiorespiratory Control
The semantics of race

Abstract I argue that the concept of race assumes specific meanings relative to prevailing historical conditions and discourses in given societies. In analysing these changes in significance, I focus on contemporary cultural conceptions of race. Here, I argue against the prevailing wisdom, that racial reference does not necessarily invoke underlying biological reference. From this I derive a general conception of race as virtually vacuous, reflective of dominant social discourses, forging self‐ and other‐ascriptive identities of anonymity, but at the same time defining inclusions and exclusions in respect of the body politic. The transformations in the spatio‐temporal significance of race reveal the concept to be an inherently political one, assuming significance as it orders membership in and exclusions from the body politic. I conclude by indicating some implications of the analysis for resisting a racialized status quo.
Interpersonal communication and self‐actualization

The Interpersonal Communication Report, a scale to measure dimensions of interpersonal communication relevant to psychological health, was developed using factor analysis. Subjects' scores for the three factors of expressiveness, self‐disclosure, and understanding were positively and significantly correlated with scores on the Personal Orientation Inventory, a measure of self‐actualization. It is tentatively concluded that this study provides a useful measure of three important interpersonal communication variables and a bit of specific data regarding their relationship to self‐actualization.
Fetal skin organ culture.

The fetal response to cutaneous injury has been investigated in a variety of models; most have studied the differences between fetal and adult healing mechanisms in vivo and in cell culture. Further disclosure of the cellular and biochemical events requires a model that can be manipulated to study single factors influencing fetal tissue repair without the complex interactions that occur in vivo, but in a system that more closely approximates normal skin than cell culture models. This paper presents a method for the organ culture of fetal skin and its advantages as a model to help elucidate fetal healing mechanisms. Skin sections (1 × 1 cm) excised from the backs of fetuses of New Zealand white rabbits on day 27 gestation (term = 31 days) were placed eccentrically in 65-mm culture dishes and fed daily with 2.5 mL of DMEM containing 10% fetal calf serum, antibiotics, and 10 mM ascorbic acid. A separate group, treated similarly, received 4-mm punch wounds to assess the in vitro response to wounding. Thespeci...
Simulating History to Understand International Politics

To understand world politics, one must appreciate the context in which international systems develop and operate. Pedagogy studies demonstrate that the more active students are in their learning, the more they learn. As such, using computer simulations can complement and enhance classroom instruction. CIVILIZATION is a computer simulation game that allows players to build a civilization, competing against other civilizations. As players manage resources to develop their civilizations, establish diplomatic relations with other civilizations, strengthen trade relations, and engage in military and peace alliances, they become immersed in a simulated international system. This article explores the value of using CIVILIZATION as an active learning approach to teach international relations, focusing on the many ways in which students can better understand and appreciate the defining concepts, as well as the complexities, of international politics through playing a computer game.
Gaussian process regression using Laplace approximations under localization uncertainty

In this paper, we formulate Gaussian process regression with observations under the localization uncertainty. In our formulation, effects of observations, measurement noise, localization uncertainty and prior distributions are all correctly incorporated in the posterior predictive statistics. The analytically intractable posterior predictive statistics are proposed to be approximated by Laplace approximations in different degrees of complexity. Such approximations have been carefully tailored to our problems and their approximation errors and complexity are analyzed. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed approaches perform much better than approaches without considering the localization uncertainty correctly.
Sticky molecules in not-so-sticky cells

Abstract The assignment of specific roles to cell-surface proteins by standard methods can be a major problem. In the technique described below, Schneider-2 (S2) cells, an established Drosophila cell line, have been used in cell transfection and aggregation experiments. As such, they have proved to be a useful tool for the functional characterization of putative cell-adhesion molecules.
HIV in Africa: Challenges and Directions for the Next Decade.

Africa carries a disproportionate burden of the global HIV endemic, accounting for two thirds of the global 33.3 million people living with HIV. While tremendous advances have been made in addressing the HIV epidemic in Africa, considerable challenges remain. Testing for HIV increased by 86% from 2007 to 2009 but more than 75% of people 15–49 years remain unaware of their HIV status. CD4 count at diagnosis tends to be low and linkage to care and treatment is suboptimal. The scale-up of antiretroviral therapy is ongoing but is hampered by the lack of diagnostic capability to monitor response to therapy and a substantial healthcare workforce shortage. Prevention strategies such as male circumcision, pre-exposure prophylaxis, and antiretroviral therapy for prevention have generated great excitement but cost and healthcare infrastructure deficiencies may limit their widespread applicability. Operational research to validate and inform treatment decisions, health care policies, and prevention strategies is sorely needed.
Decreased placental oxygenation capacity in pre-eclampsia: clinical application of a novel index of placental function preformed at the time of delivery.

Objective: We have previously described placental oxygenation capacity as an index of placental function. The aim of this study was to utilize this test to evaluate placental gas exchange capacity in pre-eclampsia and fetal growth restriction (FGR).
Women, Art, and Culture in the New Grenada

Can straw, fiber, and wood, the basic raw materials of Caribbean arts and crafts, be reshaped to reflect the new consciousness that distinguishes 110,000 Grenadians from most other Caribbean peoples? During my visit to Grenada in July 1983, the answer to this question became apparent as I began to view and understand the role of art in relationship to history and the more recent social changes that have taken place in Grenada since their March 13, 1979, revolution. Yvonne Palmer, the director of Grencraft and the Grenadian National Handicrafts Institute (GNHI), and Jacob Ross, a director of cultural programs within the Ministry of Culture, were my two principal informants. During our long discussions I realized how the arts became an effective arm of the people's revolutionary struggle, inspiring new form and content for the media of straw, fiber, and wood, as well as dance, poetry, and music. The art media now reflect the developing consciousness and pride of the people or worker-artists in their future. I also visited, interviewed, sketched, and photographed the teachers and students of GNHI and people of St. George's (the capital) and Gouyave, Sauteurs, and Grenville, who shared with me some of the daily aspects of their lives as well as future aspirations. As exemplified by Jacob Ross's statement that "We are in the process of rewriting our history. It wasn't Columbus who discovered Grenada in 1498, but the Carib Indians who found Columbus standing on their shores," the "new Grenadians" are seeking to redefine themselves as a people and a nation free from their past colonial domination and the corrupt Eric Gairy dictatorship that followed.
Experimental examination of the gravitational inverse square law

IN a previous paper1 we pointed out that earlier data on the measurement of the gravitational constant suggest a systematic shift in the value with the separation of the masses. This laboratory has been examining this question for about a year, and the early data gave a discrepancy of 0.4%. New, intensive experiments have given 92 data points, with a resulting discrepancy of 0.37%.
Synthesis of PbS nanorods and other ionic nanocrystals of complex morphology by sequential cation exchange reactions.

We show that nanocrystals (NCs) with well-established synthetic protocols for high shape and size monodispersity can be used as templates to independently control the NC composition through successive cation exchange reactions. Chemical transformations like cation exchange reactions overcome a limitation in traditional colloidal synthesis, where the NC shape often reflects the inherent symmetry of the underlying lattice. Specifically we show that full or partial interconversion between wurtzite CdS, chalcocite Cu2S, and rock salt PbS NCs can occur while preserving anisotropic shapes unique to the as-synthesized materials. The exchange reactions are driven by disparate solubilites between the two cations by using ligands that preferentially coordinate to either monovalent or divalent transition metals. Starting with CdS, highly anisotropic PbS nanorods are created, which serve as an important material for studying strong two-dimensional quantum confinement, as well as for optoelectronic applications. In NC...
Variability of trace metal concentrations in Jeffrey pine ( Pinus jeffreyi ) tree rings from the Tahoe Basin, California, USA

Trace metal accumulation in tree rings of Jeffrey pines (Pinus jeffreyi) from the Lake Tahoe basin (Sierra Nevada, CA, USA) was determined using high resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HR-ICP–MS). The objectives of this study were (1) to establish baseline values for aluminium (Al), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), strontium (Sr), cadmium (Cd), barium (Ba), and lead (Pb); (2) to investigate the intra-tree and inter-tree variability of these trace metals, and (3) to assess differences in metal concentrations related to automobile traffic. Two field collection sites were selected with similar ecologic attributes, one proximal to a heavily traveled highway, and the other isolated from any local source of auto emissions. At each site two trees with similar features were selected, and two increment cores collected from each tree. Cores were cross-dated, cleaned of contamination, dissected into 5-year increments, ashed, and acid digested, before analysis by HR-ICP–MS. Time series spanning 191–326 years were developed for the 12 trace metals. Variability was high within and between trees, most likely because of physiologic mechanisms for element sequestration and allocation. The best intra-tree correlation was found for Ba, Sr, Mn, and Co; of these elements, Co showed an overall increase over time, whereas Sr and Ba displayed an opposite trend, and Mn fluctuated over time. Mean Co concentration at the near-highway site was higher, whereas mean Sr, Ba, and Mn concentrations were lower, than at the control site.
Design of a high-pressure ebulliometer, with vapor-liquid equilibrium results for the systems CHF 2 Cl + CF 3 CH 3 and CF 3 CH 2 F + CH 2 F 2

We describe the design and operation of a new high-pressure metal ebulliometer which can operate at pressures to at least 3 MPa in the range 220–400 K. Infinite-dilution activity coefficients are presented for the system CHF2Cl + CF3-CH, at 275 K and for the system CF3-CH2F + CH2F2, at 260, 230, and 300 K. The Wilson activity coellicient model and a virial coefficient model are applied to these systems, and the phase equilibrium conditions are calculated. The results are shown to agree well with predicted and with published measured values. The excess enthalpy is calculated and compared with results from a Peng Robinson equation of state. Vapor densities on the dew curves are given.
Comorbidity of major depression and panic disorder.

Panic disorder and major depression frequently coexist in the clinical setting. Patients with overlapping symptoms of depression and panic disorder may have more severe symptoms, may require earlier treatment, earlier and more frequent hospitalization, and may have worse outcomes. In addition, such patients are at greater risk for suicide than those having either disorder alone. In light of the importance of these clinical consequences, the authors will review the available literature on the prevalence and prognosis of comorbid depression and panic disorder and will highlight the major clinical characteristics of panic disorder in depressed patients and the treatment strategies most often used. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol 54: 201–210, 1998.
Metal-Stabilized Rare Tautomers of Nucleobases. 6. Imino Tautomer of Adenine in a Mixed-Nucleobase Complex of Mercury(II).

(1,3-Dimethyluracil-5-yl)mercury(II), (1,3-DimeU-C5)HgII, reacts with the model nucleobase 9-methyladenine (9-MeA) to give the mixed-nucleobase complex [Hg(1,3-DimeU-C5)(9-MeA-N6)]NO3·H2O. Hg(II) binds to the adenine via the N6 position with N1 being protonated. The neutral adenine nucleobase is therefore present in its imino form, which represents the rare tautomer form of this nucleobase. The X-ray crystal structure analysis reveals an anti orientation of the (1,3-DimeU-C5)HgII entity with respect to N1 of 9-MeA and substantial differences in nucleobase geometry as compared to the amino tautomer form of 9-MeA. These differences refer to both the pyrimidine and the imidazole rings of the purine base. The possible relevance of this compound with regard to nucleobase cross-linking in DNA and nucleobase mispairing is discussed. Attempts to demonstrate mispairing between the metalated rare tautomer and “the wrong” bases 1-methylcytosine (1-MeC) and 9-ethylguanine (9-EtGH) in DMSO-d6 proved unsuccessful due t...
GSR amplitude instead of GSR magnitude: Caveat emptor!

Size of GSR made by 300 Ss to 20 repetitions of a visual stimulus is presented as mean magnitude and mean amplitude, illustrating that the amplitude method (averaging only those responses which are greater than zero) is susceptible to distortion resulting from a systematic elimination of Ss who initially make small responses. From trial to trial, the amplitude function comes more and more to be due to the behavior of Ss who initially make large responses. Even though the latter Ss’ responses actually reduce across trials, the amplitude function rises. Magnitude (including zeroes) docs not suffer from this distortion. It is suggested that the definition of a zero response is the source of the problem.