cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reoperative sentinel lymph node biopsy: a new frontier in the management of ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence.

Breast conservation therapy (BCT) with sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy is a well-established standard of care for primary operable breast cancer; 5–10% of BCT patients will develop local recurrence (LR). The question then arises: How best to manage the axilla in the setting of LR after previous BCT and SLN biopsy or axillary dissection (ALND)? Between 9/96 and 12/04, 117 reoperative SLN were performed for LR after BCT and either SLN biopsy or ALND more than 6 months previously. Because of wide variation in the number of nodes removed at the initial procedure, validation by backup ALND was not feasible in all cases. Reoperative SLN was successful in 64/117 (55%) patients. SLNs were identified by isotope and dye in 28/64 (44%); isotope only in 29/64 (45%); dye only in 4/64 (6%); 3/64 (5%) unknown. Positive reoperative SLN were found in 10/64 (16%) successful cases. Among 54/64 (84%) patients with negative reoperative SLNs, 23 (43%) had additional non-SLN removed concurrently: these were negative in 21/23 cases (91%). In 2/23 (9%), reoperative SLN were falsely negative: one with a positive intramammary node, and the other with a positive non-SLN palpated at surgery. Success of reoperative SLN was inversely related to number of nodes removed previously, and was more likely to be successful after a previous SLN biopsy than a previous ALND (74% vs. 38%, P = 0.0002). Non-axillary drainage was identified by lymphoscintigraphy significantly more often in reoperative SLN than in primary SLN biopsy (30% vs. 6%, P < 0.0001). There were no local or axillary recurrences at a mean follow up of 2.2 years; 6 patients developed systemic recurrence. Reoperative SLN biopsy is feasible in the setting of LR after previous BCT/axillary surgery and deserves further study in this increasingly common clinical scenario. The added benefit of lymphoscintigraphy in identifying sites of non-axillary drainage may be greater in the setting of reoperative SLN than for the initial SLN procedure.
Detection of iron overload through neutron stimulated emission computed tomography: a sensitivity analysis study

Neutron stimulated emission computed tomography (NSECT) is being developed as a non-invasive technique to diagnose iron overload in the liver. It uses inelastic scatter interactions between fast neutrons and iron nuclei to quantify localized distributions of iron within the liver. Preliminary studies have demonstrated the feasibility of iron overload detection through NSECT using a Monte-Carlo simulation model in GEANT4. The work described here uses the GEANT4 simulation model to analyze iron-overload detection sensitivity in NSECT. A simulation of a clinical NSECT system was designed in GEANT4. Simulated models were created for human liver phantoms with concentrations of iron varying from 0.5 mg/g to 20 mg/g (wet). Each liver phantom was scanned with 100 million neutron events to generate gamma spectra showing gamma-lines corresponding to iron in the liver. A background spectrum was obtained using a water phantom of equal mass as the liver phantom and was subtracted from each liver spectrum. The height of the gamma line at 847 keV (corresponding to 56Fe) was used as a measure of the detected iron concentration in each background-corrected spectrum. The variation in detected gamma counts was analyzed and plotted as a function of the liver iron concentration to quantify measurement error. Analysis of the differences between the measured and expected value of iron concentration indicate that NSECT sensitivity for detection of iron in liver tissue may lie in the range of 0.5 mg/g - 1 mg/g, which represents a clinically significant range for iron overload detection in humans.
A general method to quantify quasi-equivalence in icosahedral viruses.

Abstract A quantitative, atom-based, method is described for comparing protein subunit interfaces in icosahedral virus capsids with quasi-equivalent surface lattices. An integrated, normalized value (between 0 and 1) based on equivalent residue contacts ( Q -score) is computed for every pair of subunit interactions and scores that are significantly above zero readily identify interfaces that are quasi-equivalent to each other. The method was applied to all quasi-equivalent capsid structures ( T =3, 4, 7 and 13) in the Protein Data Bank and the Q -scores were interpreted in terms of their structural underpinnings. The analysis allowed classification of T =3 structures into three groups with architectures that resemble different polyhedra with icosahedral symmetry. The preference of subunits to form dimers in the T =4 human Hepatitis B virus capsid (HBV) was clearly reflected in high Q -scores of quasi-equivalent dimers. Interesting differences between the classical T =7 capsid and polyoma-like capsids were also identified. Application of the method to the outer-shell of the T =13 Blue tongue virus core (BTVC) highlighted the modest distortion between the interfaces of the general trimers and the strict trimers of VP7 subunits. Furthermore, the method identified the quasi 2-fold symmetry in the inner capsids of the BTV and reovirus cores. The results show that the Q -scores of various quasi-symmetries represent a “fingerprint” for a particular virus capsid architecture allowing particle classification into groups based on their underlying structural and geometric features.
Potential dropouts in a longitudinal study: Prevalence, stability, and associated characteristics

This study quantifies the prevalence and associated characteristics of subjects in a longitudinal study who are difficult to schedule and thus may become potential study dropouts. Although subject attrition over three years remained extremely low, many families were difficult to schedule for their assessments and this remained rather constant over time. Intercorrelations between the measures of scheduling difficulty were high, indicating good internal validity of the constructs. Stability of these measures from year to year was low, making it difficult to predict which families required more staff effort or were at risk for dropping out of the study in any one year. Race appeared to be associated with several measures of scheduling difficulty, while psychiatric characteristics of the sample were less so.
Early development of the brain and spinal cord in dysraphic mice

The development and closure of the neural folds was studied in C57BL/6J and loop-tail (Lp) mutant mice by means of scanning electron microscopy on a series of embryos ranging in age from 7.5 to 9.0 days of gestation. The normal embryos (C57BL/6J; +/+; Lp/+) showed a transitional zone of flattened cells lying between the surface ectoderm and neuroepithelial cells at the apices of the neural folds in the presumptive hindbrain and spinal cord, and ruffles occurred at the boundary between the flattened cells and surface ectoderm in regions of the folds which were about to fuse. In the abnormal loop-tail homozygotes (Lp/Lp) which exhibit dysraphism, the ruffles were arranged erratically along the zone of flattened cells. Moreover, at the stage when the folds became apposed and fused in the normal embryos, the abnormals showed ruffles extending the entire length of the unfused folds, thereby distinguishing the abnormals from retarded n normal embryos. Within the neural groove of the hindbrain region, the lateral neuroepithelial cells of the abnormal dysraphic embryos exhibited more flattened surfaces and fewer villous projections than in the normal embryos. The abnormal embryos also lagged behind their normal littermates in converting the body axis from the initial V-shape to the C-shaped configuration.
Temporal association between alterations in proton extrusion and low pH adaptation

Cells which have been adapted to growth at low extracellular pH (pHe) typically develop both an upregulation of steady state intracellular pH (pHi) and an ability to develop thermotolerance to 42d`C hyperthermia. These properties were acquired at different times, however. Days were required at pHe = 6.70 for two cell lines to adapt to low pHe by the thermotolerance criterion, but both had elevated steady state pHi values after only 4 hours at pHe = 6.70. A better correlation with adaptation to low pHe (as defined by hyperthermia) was found with changes in proton extrusion and the rate of pHi recovery after cytosolic acidification.
Rapid effects of diverse toxic water pollutants on chlorophyll a fluorescence: Variable responses among freshwater microalgae

Chlorophyll a fluorescence of microalgae is a compelling indicator of toxicity of dissolved water contaminants, because it is easily measured and responds rapidly. While different chl a fluorescence parameters have been examined, most studies have focused on single species and/or a narrow range of toxins. We assessed the utility of one chl a fluorescence parameter, the maximum quantum yield of PSII (F(v)/F(m)), for detecting effects of nine environmental pollutants from a range of toxin classes on 5 commonly found freshwater algal species, as well as the USEPA model species, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. F(v)/F(m) declined rapidly over <20 min in response to low concentrations of photosynthesis-specific herbicides Diuron(®) and metribuzin (both <40 nM), atrazine (<460 nM) and terbuthylazine (<400 nM). However, F(v)/F(m) also responded rapidly and in a dose-dependent way to toxins glyphosate (<90 μM), and KCN (<1 mM) which have modes of action not specific to photosynthesis. F(v)/F(m) was insensitive to 30-40 μM insecticides methyl parathion, carbofuran and malathion. Algal species varied in their sensitivity to toxins. No single species was the most sensitive to all nine toxins, but for six toxins to which algal F(v)/F(m) responded significantly, the model species P. subcapitata was less sensitive than other taxa. In terms of suppression of F(v)/F(m) within 80 min, patterns of concentration-dependence differed among toxins; most showed Michaelis-Menten saturation kinetics, with half-saturation constant (K(m)) values for the PSII inhibitors ranging from 0.14 μM for Diuron(®) to 6.6 μM for terbuthylazine, compared with a K(m) of 330 μM for KCN. Percent suppression of F(v)/F(m) by glyphosate increased exponentially with concentration. F(v)/F(m) provides a sensitive and easily-measured parameter for rapid and cost-effective detection of effects of many dissolved toxins. Field-portable fluorometers will facilitate field testing, however distinct responses between different species may complicate net F(v)/F(m) signal from a community.
Identifiability of Spurious Factors Using Linear Factor Analysis with Binary Items

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ro bustness of some linear factor analytic techniques to violations of the linearity assumption by factoring product-moment correlations computed from data con forming to an extended, three-parameter logistic model of item responding. Three factors were crossed to yield 81 subcases: the number of underlying dimen sions (0, 1, or 2), the number of items (10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, or 50), and the number of subjects (100, 250, or 500). The mean eigenvalues for the sub cases were evaluated using parallel analysis and the scree technique. The mean eigenvectors were visually inspected. For almost all subcases with one or two un derlying dimensions, a single spurious factor was able to be identified using parallel analysis. However, in comparison with the nonspurious factors, it was small in magnitude and, in practice, factors of this relative size might be interpreted as trivial. It was concluded that researchers may have some confidence in inter preting linea...
Spectroscopy of excited yellow exciton states in Cu 2 O by forbidden resonant Raman scattering

The Raman-scattering spectrum of ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{2}$O at ${4}^{\mathrm{o}}$K was measured with a tunable cw dye laser as the exciting source. The dye laser was tuned to several hundred frequencies in the range 17 135-17 600 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ which spans the range of the excited states of the yellow exciton series. At each laser frequency, the cross section for normally forbidden Raman scattering from the strongest odd-parity phonons ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{12}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ (109 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$) and ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{15}^{\ensuremath{-}(1)}$ (LO, 154.5 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$) was determined. The ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{12}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ cross section increases dramatically when either the laser or the scattered light is resonant with excited $S$ or ${D}_{1}$ yellow exciton states. The location and polarization of these peaks in the cross section is entirely consistent with the quadrupole-dipole Raman-scattering mechanism which has previously been observed when the laser is resonant with the lowest $1S$ yellow exciton state. The dependence of the ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{12}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ cross section on incident laser frequency thus provides a new spectroscopic technique for locating dipole-forbidden but quadrupole-permitted excitonic states without the application of symmetry-breaking perturbations such as electric fields. Interpretation of the resonance enhancement of the ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{15}^{\ensuremath{-}(1)}$ phonon feature is considerably more complicated. Extremely large enhancement of the LO (but not the TO) component was observed when the laser was tuned close to states previously identified as $3{D}_{2}$ and $4{D}_{2}$. We ascribe these resonances to an intraband double resonance mediated by the Fr\"ohlich exciton-lattice interaction. We consider two potential microscopic models for those resonances: (i) optical quadrupole, dipole Fr\"ohlich, optical dipole; (ii) optical dipole, quadrupole Fr\"ohlich, optical dipole. The predicted behavior of these two models is compared with polarization measurements, and with the dependence of the Raman intensity on scattering angle, electric field, and laser frequency. It is found that neither model is consistent with all of the data.
Compensated optimal grids for elliptic boundary-value problems

A method is proposed which allows to efficiently treat elliptic problems on unbounded domains in two and three spatial dimensions in which one is only interested in obtaining accurate solutions at the domain boundary. The method is an extension of the optimal grid approach for elliptic problems, based on optimal rational approximation of the associated Neumann-to-Dirichlet map in Fourier space. It is shown that, using certain types of boundary discretization, one can go from second-order accurate schemes to essentially spectrally accurate schemes in two-dimensional problems, and to fourth-order accurate schemes in three-dimensional problems without any increase in the computational complexity. The main idea of the method is to modify the impedance function being approximated to compensate for the numerical dispersion introduced by a small finite-difference stencil discretizing the differential operator on the boundary. We illustrate how the method can be efficiently applied to nonlinear problems arising in modeling of cell communication.
Growth and characteristics of epitaxial nanowires on a lattice-mismatched substrate

Critical diameter of nanowires (NWs) grown on a lattice-mismatched substrate by MOCVD was experimentally determined to be inversely dependent on mismatch. Quantization effect is observed with narrow and blue-shifted micro-photoluminescence for InP NWs on Si.
Inhibitory Control as a Contributor to Conscience in Childhood: From Toddler to Early School Age.

In this article we report a longitudinal extension of previous findings about the critical role of temperamental inhibitory or effortful control as the contributor to developing conscience in young children. A comprehensive observational battery, highly internally consistent, was developed to measure inhibitory control in 83 children at early school age who had been followed since toddlerhood and had been assessed using similar batteries at toddler and preschool age. We again confirmed the findings of robust longitudinal stability of inhibitory or effortful control, now from toddler to early school age, the increase with age, and gender differences, with girls outperforming boys. We also reaffirmed strong links, both contemporaneous and in the longitudinal sense, between inhibitory control and multiple, diverse measures of children's conscience at early school age, including observations of moral conduct, moral cognition, and moral self. The findings are discussed in view of the increasingly appreciated importance of temperament for critical aspects of socialization.
Limitations Of Exposure Reduction During Fluoroscopy By Image Storage

Disc recorders and image storage tubes are now being used with fluoroscopic television systems as a means for reducing patient ex-posure to x-rays. Electronic image storage systems also permit a number of methods for image processing and new techniques have been developed for absorption edge imaging, catheter placement, electronic spot-filming and pulsed fluoroscopy. In many cases, the image storage device may be credited with a reduction of patient exposure because the original system was not optimized. While storage devices do permit reductions of patient exposure, first consideration must be given to proper design and operation of the original system.© (1974) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The sunrise and sunset variation of ClO in the lower stratosphere

The abundances of ClO have been measured, in situ, in the lower stratosphere during sunrise and sunset. Measurements were made with an instrument mounted on the NASA ER-2 aircraft, which was flown at an altitude of 20 km and latitudes between 35 and 47 deg N during a morning and an evening flight. The abundances of ClO were observed over a dynamic range of 20 from a detection threshold of 1 part per trillion volume (pptv). These data confirm the sunrise variation of the photolysis of chlorine nitrate that is predicted by a zero-dimensional photochemical model. They also suggest that the absolute photolysis and termolecular formation of chlorine nitrate occur at rates consistent with nominal ClONO2 and NO2 concentrations.
Improving Interpersonal Job Skills by Applying Cross-Cultural Training.

This paper presents an experimental study that examined the effects of cross‐cultural instruction on the interpersonal job skills of students in secondary vocational programs. The findings indicated that students receiving the cross‐cultural instruction had significantly higher generalizable interpersonal relations skills achievement than students not receiving the instruction. It was recommended that cross‐cultural instruction be integrated into vocational and industrial training curriculum, including instructor training. Trainers should assist trainees in associating cultural awareness to their personal and professional success. A model is offered as a guide for developing generalizable interpersonal skills training materials for a diverse workplace. The model defines culture broadly, including gender and age. Examination of cultures within which the trainees are most familiar may assist in the understanding of more diverse differences between ethnic groups.
Objectively mapping HF radar-derived surface current data using measured and idealized data covariance matrices

[1] Surface currents measured by high-frequency radars are objectively mapped using covariance matrices computed from hourly surface current vectors spanning two years. Since retrievals of surface radial velocities are inherently gappy in space and time, the irregular density of surface current data leads to negative eigenvalues in the sample covariance matrix. The number and the magnitude of the negative eigenvalues depend on the degree of data continuity used in the matrix computation. In a region of 90% data coverage, the negative eigenvalues of the sample covariance matrix are small enough to be removed by adding a noise term to the diagonal of the matrix. The mapping is extended to regions of poorer data coverage by applying a smoothed covariance matrix obtained by spatially averaging the sample covariance matrix. This approach estimates a stable covariance matrix of surface currents for regions with the intermittent radar coverage. An additional benefit is the removal of baseline errors that often exist between two radar sites. The covariance matrices and the correlation functions of the surface currents are exponential in space rather than Gaussian, as is often assumed in the objective mapping of oceanographic data sets. Patterns in the decorrelation length scale provide the variabilities of surface currents and the insights on the influence of topographic features (bathymetry and headlands). The objective mapping approach presented herein lends itself to various applications, including the Lagrangian transport estimates, dynamic analysis through divergence and vorticity of current vectors, and statistical models of surface currents.
Piezo-electric control of nonlinear modal interaction in stiffened structures

With the objective of unraveling the issues involved in the piezo-electric control of the structures afflicted by nonlinearities, two examples are studied, viz. the problem of an axially compressed imperfect column resting on a softening elastic foundation and an imperfect stiffened plate with coincident local and overall critical loads. It is shown that the buckling capacity (the maximum static load, P s ) of these structures can be increased by piezo-electric patches actuated by feedback voltage proportional to the extreme fiber strains. In particular, in the case of stiffened plate piezo-electric patches conveniently located at the top and bottom tips of the stiffener can adequately perform this task. Next the control of these structures set into motion by a sudden application of a lateral load is investigated. The ensuing vibrations are controlled by voltages proportional to the strain rates sensed at the same locations. The control is feasible as long as the axial compression < P d , the dynamic instability load. The optimality of the 'velocity control' is studied by appropriately varying the feedback gain. In the case of stiffened plate, stabilizing the stiffener has the effect of mitigating the local buckling displacements and amplitudes of the plate thus counteracting the adverse effects of interaction. However, it is shown that local buckling oscillations can be scotched by adding a thin longitudinal piezo-electric patch on the surfaces of the plate panel. While the control within the benchmark values of P s and P d in the static and dynamic cases is facile, any increase beyond these values are fraught with steeply increasing demand of electric field strength and consumption of energy.
COMPLEMENTARITY BETWEEN EPSILON AND PHI SEQUENCES IN PREGENOMIC RNA INFLUENCES HEPATITIS B VIRUS REPLICATION EFFICIENCY

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication requires the viral polymerase to reverse transcribe the 3.5-kb pregenomic viral RNA within the nucleocapsid. It has been proposed that a sequence element designated phi (phi), which is located 32 nucleotides upstream of the 3' DR1 pregenomic RNA sequence and is complementary to epsilon, is required for efficient minus-strand synthesis because it may mediate the translocation of the viral polymerase plus the three nucleotide primer from epsilon to DR1. A mutation in phi has been identified which can be compensated for with a complementary mutation in epsilon. This observation supports the suggestion that epsilon and phi base pair during the process of polymerase translocation from epsilon to DR1. However, additional mutations in phi were not complemented by the corresponding mutations in epsilon indicating that the functional recognition of epsilon and epsilon/phi stem-loop structures by polymerase probably requires both sequence- and structure-specific information.
Homosexuality in Hollywood films: A contemporary paradox

This essay analyzes homosexual expression in five 1982 Hollywood motion pictures: Victor/Victoria, Making Love, Personal Best, Deathtrap, and Partners. The study shows that, as a group, the films work through paradox in carrying their message to the viewers. One paradox the films generate contrasts the homosexual as inferior with the homosexual as a healthy cog in society's mainstream; the second portrays the conflict between acceptance into society alongside its other members versus maintaining one's distinct identity as lesbian or gay. The study concludes that paradox can enrich audiences by urging them to view concepts in new and thought‐demanding ways.
Interpretation of longitudinal‐acoustical‐mode spectra of polymers

The influence of temperature, frequency, and straight-chain-length distribution on the low-frequency Raman-active longitudinal-acoustical-mode (LAM) bands of polymers is discussed. Specifically, the effect of these factors on the intensity of LAM-1, on the ratio of intensities of LAM-1 to LAM-k, and on peak position is computed or estimated. Band halfwidth and chain-length-distribution halfwidth are found not to be simply related. It is shown that the integrated intensity of LAM-1 is very nearly proportional to the total length of straight chains.
Decision Problems with Multiple Probabilistic Models

This paper discusses stochastic multi-agent team problems wherein the decision makers have different probabilistic models of the underlying decision process. A suitable equilibrium solution concept is introduced for such decision problems which exhibit probabilistic multi-modeling, and the existence, uniqueness and stability properties of this equilibrium solution are studied under static information patterns. The special case of Gaussian distributions is studied in some depth, and some explicit equilibrium policies are derived for both discrete and continuous-time team problems.
LADD syndrome: report of new cases and review of the clinical spectrum

The lacrimo-auriculo-dento-digital or LADD syndrome is a true multiple congenital anomalies (MCA) syndrome characterized by hypoplasias, aplasias or atresias in the lacrimal system; anomalies of the ears and hearing loss; hypoplasias, aplasias or atresias in the region of the salivary system; dental anomalies; and digital malformations. The syndrome is thought to be an autosomal dominant trait with variable expressivity. It seems to be rare. Two new cases are reported and the clinical spectrum of the syndrome is reviewed. The paediatrician who is responsible for the child as a whole individual should know the LADD syndrome. Its early recognition may be important.
SHOCK MELTING AND VAPORIZATION OF METALS.

The effect of initial porosity on shock induction of melting and vaporization is investigated for Ba, Sr, Li, Fe, Al, U, and Th. For the less compressible of these metals, it is found that for a given strong shock‐generation system (explosive in contact, or flyer‐plate impact) an optimum initial specific volume exists such that the total entropy production, and hence the amount of metal liquid or vapor, is a maximum. Initial volumes from 1.4 to 2.0 times crystal volumes, depending on the metal sample and shock‐inducing system, will result in optimum postshock entropies.
Race and Workplace Integration: A Politically Mediated Process?

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 stands as one of the greatest achievements in U.S. history. Although the law made discrimination illegal, its effectiveness, especially Title VII covering the employment domain, remains highly contested. The authors argue that legal shifts produce workplace racial integration only to the extent that there are additional political pressures on firms to desegregate. They examine fluctuating national political pressure to enforce equal employment opportunity law and affirmative action mandates as key influences on the pace of workplace racial desegregation and explore trajectories of Black-White integration in U.S. workplaces since 1966. Their results show that although federal and state equal employment opportunity pressures had initial successes in reducing racial segregation in workplaces, little progress has been made since the early 1980s. They conclude that racial desegregation is an ongoing politically mediated process, not a natural or inevitable outcome of early civil ri...
State health department employees, policy advocacy, and political campaigns: protections and limits under the law.

This article examines the laws and agency rules for how state health department employees can participate in policy development and campaign activities outside of their official capacity. With this information, agency leaders and other public sector employees can be supported in maximizing their contributions to advancing public health policies.
Propensities to Invest in Schooling in the South and Non-South

SUBSTANTIAL differences exist between the Southl and non-South in public schooling expenditures per pupil. One issue of concern is whether the difference arises only from lower income in the South or whether the South also invests less than the non-South in formal schooling out of a given income. Other issues of interest are whether states with a higher proportion of rural or of nonwhite populations have a lower willingness to invest in education, other things equal, and whether federal programs to finance education distribute funds among states progressively or regressively. These issues are examined in this article. The null hypotheses are that (a) the propensities to invest in formal schooling out of a given income are equal in the South and non-South; (b) racial composition does influence per pupil schooling expenditures; (c) urbanization does not influence per pupil schooling expenditures; and (d) federal assistance to education is distributed regressively; i.e., it rises with state income. These null hypotheses are tested with multiple regression analysis, using cross-sectional data for the school year 1967-68 from the 48 coterminous states. Current expenditures per pupil in average daily attendance in elementary and secondary schools are used as the level of expenditures for schooling. Per capita personal income in 1967 is used as the measure of the ability to finance elementary and secondary schooling. Schooling expenditures in 1967-68, per capita income in 1967, and data on the percentage of school revenue received from federal, state, and local sources are taken from the Digest of Educational Statistics, 1968. Since data on percent nonwhite and percent urban are not readily available for 1967, census data for 1960 are used for these two variables.
Information Technology Project Management and Project Success

One of the most important issues for organizations and information technology professionals is the success of information technology IT projects. This study reviews a survey of financial executives and examines their views on aspects of project management and project success. First, it was found that overall systems development projects are viewed as being successful by organizations. Next, a series of analyses were performed to assess several variables' impact on IT project success. Skilled project measurement was found to result in higher IT project success. Restrictions on IT application development were found to correlate to lower IT project success. The most important project consideration did not affect project success. Finally, a significant positive relationship was found between the IT project success and overall IT returns. The implications, limitations, and conclusions of these findings are discussed. The study can be used as a basis for further exploration on project management success, influencing variables, and motivators. The findings can also be used to guide management teams in project management decisions to maximize returns to their organizations. The paper studies a large secondary data sample set, which empirically reviews corporations' experiences with project management. In addition, it explores variables influencing overall project management success perception.
Prediction of Accurate Anharmonic Experimental Vibrational Frequencies for Water Clusters, (H2O)n, n = 2−5

Accurate anharmonic experimental vibrational frequencies for water clusters consisting of 2-5 water molecules have been predicted on the basis of comparing different methods with MP2/aug-cc-pVTZ calculated and experimental anharmonic frequencies. The combination of using HF/6-31G* scaled frequencies for intramolecular modes and anharmonic frequencies for intermolecular modes gives excellent agreement with experiment for the water dimer and trimer and are as good as the expensive anharmonic MP2 calculations. The water trimer, the cyclic Ci and S4 tetramers, and the cyclic pentamer all have unique peaks in the infrared spectrum between 500 and 800 cm-1 and between 3400 and 3700 cm-1. Under the right experimental conditions these different clusters can be uniquely identified using high-resolution IR spectroscopy.
The Effect of Kidney Morcellation on Operative Time, Incision Complications, and Postoperative Analgesia after Laparoscopic Nephrectomy

INTRODUCTION: Compare the outcomes between kidney morcellation and two types of open specimen extraction incisions, several covariates need to be taken into consideration that have not yet been studied. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 153 consecutive patients who underwent laparoscopic nephrectomy at our institution, 107 who underwent specimen morcellation and 46 with intact specimen removal, either those with connected port sites with a muscle-cutting incision and those with a remote, muscle-splitting incision. Operative time, postoperative analgesia requirements, and incisional complications were evaluated using univariate and multivariate analysis, comparing variables such as patient age, gender, body mass index (BMI), laterality, benign versus cancerous renal conditions, estimated blood loss, specimen weight, overall complications, and length of stay. RESULTS: There was no significant difference for operative time between the 2 treatment groups (p = 0.65). Incision related complications occurred in 2 patients (4.4%) from the intact specimen group but none in the morcellation group (p = 0.03). Overall narcotic requirement was lower in patients with morcellated (41 mg) compared to intact specimen retrieval (66 mg) on univariate (p = 0.03) and multivariate analysis (p = 0.049). Upon further stratification, however, there was no significant difference in mean narcotic requirement between the morcellation and muscle-splitting incision subgroup (p = 0.14). CONCLUSION: Morcellation does not extend operative time, and is associated with significantly less postoperative pain compared to intact specimen retrieval overall, although this is not statistically significant if a remote, muscle-splitting incision is made. Morcellation markedly reduces the risk of incisional-related complications.
Actinomycosis of the temporal bone with labyrinthine and facial nerve involvement.

Objectives: To demonstrate the clinical, radiologic, and pathologic findings of actinomycosis of the temporal bone. Study Design: Case report and literature review. Methods: Analysis of a case through medical records and literature review. Results: Actinomycosis is a rare cause of subacute-chronic suppurative infection of the temporal bone. We present an 11-year-old male with a history of ciliary dyskinesia presenting with a 6-week history of right-sided otorrhea, otalgia, and a 1-week history of progressive facial weakness. Final histopathology revealed a diagnosis of actinomycosis. A review of the literature showed 25 cases of temporal bone actinomycosis. This is the first reported case of actinomycosis causing facial nerve palsy and labyrinthine invasion. Effective treatment includes aggressive surgical debridement followed by long-term administration of appropriate antibiotic. Conclusions: Actinomycosis can be a cause for bone erosive lesions of the temporal bone and can result in significant morbidities. Prompt tissue diagnosis with suspicion for nonmalignant causes of bone erosive disease can help in implementing appropriate treatment.
Low-Density Lipoprotein Particle Size Loci in Familial Combined Hyperlipidemia Evidence for Multiple Loci From a Genome Scan

Objective— Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) size is associated with vascular disease and with familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCHL). Methods and Results— We used logarithm of odds (lod) score and Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) linkage analysis methods to perform a 10-cM genome scan of LDL size, measured as peak particle diameter (PPD) and adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, and triglycerides in 4 large families with FCHL (n=185). We identified significant evidence of linkage to a chromosome 9p locus (multipoint lod max =3.70; MCMC intensity ratio [IR]=21) in a single family, and across all 4 families to chromosomes 16q23 (lod max =3.00; IR=43) near cholesteryl ester transfer protein ( CETP ) and to 11q22 (lod max =3.71; IR=120). Chromosome 14q24-31, a region with previous suggestive LDL PPD linkage evidence, yielded an IR of 71 but an lod max =1.79 in the combined families. Conclusions— These results of significant evidence of linkage to 3 regions (9p, 16q, and 11q) and confirmatory support of previous reported linkage to 14q in large FCHL pedigrees demonstrate that LDL size is a trait influenced by multiple loci and illustrate the complementary use of lod score and MCMC methods in analysis of a complex trait.
A note on some mathematical studies on elastohydrodynamic lubrication

Abstract The Reynolds-Hertz equations for elastohydrodynamic lubrication with an undetermined boundary of the contact region are formulated in the framework of a nonlinear varational inequality due to the constraint that the pressure must be nonnegative. The present study shows that the operator of the variational inequality is bounded, coercive, pseudomonotone and continuous. Then the existence of solutions to the variational inequality is proved and it is shown that the solutions are the weak solutions of the Reynolds-Hertz equations. The variational inequality is regularized by a penalty method and the penalty method is proved to be convergent. A detailed study shows that there exists classical solutions of one-dimensional line contact problems. To show the potential of penalty method, an additional study shows the convergence of sequences of finite-dimensional approximations. A priori error estimates for finite element solutions are derived. Numerical experiments confirm the predicted rates of convergence for a range of applied loads.
State Conducted Lotteries: History, Problems, and Promises

Lotteries have played an important role in American finance through much of this Nation's history. This paper begins with an account of the abuses that led to the prohibition of the privately run lottery during the nineteenth century. It then goes on to analyze the promise and performance of the state run lotteries that have been created during the last decade. The paper argues that the lotteries have failed to fulfill the promises of their proponents, either in raising revenue or in fighting organized crime, and that they constitute a regressive and inefficient form of taxation. It also argues that the promotion of gambling serves to tarnish the image of state government.
Extended OCL for Goal Monitoring

Monitoring human-computer interaction aids the analysis for understanding how well software meets its purpose. In particular, monitoring human-computer interactions with respect to a user's goal model helps to determine user satisfaction. By formalizing a goal model, runtime monitors can be automatically derived. The REQMON system monitors the satisfaction of goal models. Recently, an OCL compiler was developed for REQMON. The OCL was extended slightly to address temporal and real-time constraints. Now, goal models can be represented in the extended OCL, from which runtime monitors can be compiled. The resulting REQMON system appears to be easier to use comes the abstract.
Hydrogen Local Vibrational Modes in Compound Semiconductors

Local vibrational mode (LVM) spectroscopy of hydrogen and deuterium in GaP, AlSb, ZnSe, and GaN has provided important information about the structures of dopanthydrogen complexes and their interaction with the host lattice. In GaN:Mg, for example, hydrogen binds to a host nitrogen which is adjacent to the magnesium acceptor. In GaP and ZnSe, it has been demonstrated that the temperature dependent shifts of LVM’s are proportional to the lattice thermal energy, a consequence of the anharmonic coupling of the local mode to acoustical phonons. Large hydrostatic pressures have been applied to semiconductors to probe the vibrational properties of hydrogen-related complexes. In GaAs, the pressure dependent shifts of the 12C-H and 13C-H stretch modes have positive curvatures, while the shift of the S-H stretch mode has a negative curvature. This may be related to the fact that in the bond-centered C-H complex, the hydrogen is compressed between the carbon acceptor and one gallium host atom, whereas in the S-H complex, the hydrogen occupies an interstitial position and is not crowded by neighboring atoms. If these trends are general, then hydrostatic pressure may be a powerful tool in determining the position of the hydrogen atom(s) in a complex. In AISb. pressure was utilized to resolve a mystery as to why the Se-D complex gives rise to one stretch mode peak while the Se-H stretch mode splits into three peaks. This anomalous splitting is explained in terms of a new resonant interaction between the stretch mode and combination modes involving a wag mode harmonic and extended lattice phonons. The interaction gives rise to vibrational modes with both localized and extended components. When the temperature or hydrostatic pressure is varied, the modes exhibit anti-crossing behavior.
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria Testing by Flow Cytometry Evaluation of the REDQUANT and CELLQUANT Kits

The commercially available REDQUANT and CELLQUANT kits were evaluated in a clinical flow cytometry laboratory using healthy volunteers and a small series of 5 patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH). Most samples also were tested with a “home brew” antibody panel for CD66b expression on granulocytes and CD14 expression on monocytes. The REDQUANT and CELLQUANT kits in tandem correctly identified all 5 PNH samples with no false-positive results. The 1 PNH sample from a patient with a negative Ham test result also was identified correctly. One marker, CD59 on granulocytes, when considered alone, had a high false-positive rate, and I suggest lowering the fluorescence intensity criteria for identifying decreased antigen expression. The homebrew tube also performed well, identifying all 5 patients, and may serve as a supplement in difficult specimens. The evaluated kits performed well. However, the validation series was small, which is likely to be a problem at any single institution. The provision of a reproducible manufacturer-defined expression level for normal cells adds another degree of confidence that the test correctly identifies patients with this potentially life-threatening disorder while avoiding false-positive
Effect of Dynamic Spectrum Access on Transport Control Protocol Performance

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is the most commonly used transport protocol on the Internet. All indications assure that it will be an integral part of the future internetworks. In this paper, we present how regular TCP which was designed for wired networks is not suitable for dynamic spectrum access networks. We develop an analytical model to estimate the TCP throughput of Dynamic spectrum access networks. Dynamic spectrum access networks deal with opportunistic spectrum access leading to greater utilization of the spectrum. The extent of utilization depends on the primary user's traffic and also on the way the spectrum is accessed by the primary and secondary users. The proposed model considers primary and secondary user traffic in estimating the TCP throughput by modeling the spectrum access using continuous-time Markov chains, thus providing more insight on effect of dynamic spectrum access on TCP performance than the existing models.
Correcting errors beyond the Guruswami-Sudan radius in polynomial time

We introduce a new family of error-correcting codes that have a polynomial-time encoder and a polynomial-time list-decoder, correcting a fraction of adversarial errors up to /spl tau//sub M/ = 1 - /sup M+1//spl radic/(M/sup M/R/sup M/) where R is the rate of the code and M /spl ges/ 1 is an arbitrary integer parameter. This makes it possible to decode beyond the Guruswami-Sudan radius of 1 /spl radic/R for all rates less than 1/16. Stated another way, for any /spl epsiv/ > 0, we can list-decode in polynomial time a fraction of errors up to 1 - /spl epsiv/ with a code of length n and rate /spl Omega/(/spl epsiv//log(1//spl epsiv/)), defined over an alphabet of size n/sup M/ = n/sup O(log(1//spl epsiv/))/. Notably, this error-correction is achieved in the worst-case against adversarial errors: a probabilistic model for the error distribution is neither needed nor assumed. The best results so far for polynomial-time list-decoding of adversarial errors required a rate of O(/spl epsiv//sup 2/) to achieve the correction radius of 1 - /spl epsiv/. Our codes and list-decoders are based on two key ideas. The first is the transition from bivariate polynomial interpolation, pioneered by Sudan and Guruswami-Sudan [1999], to multivariate interpolation decoding. The second idea is to part ways with Reed-Solomon codes, for which numerous prior attempts at breaking the O(/spl epsiv//sup 2/) rate barrier in the worst-case were unsuccessful. Rather than devising a better list-decoder for Reed-Solomon codes, we devise better codes. Standard Reed-Solomon encoders view a message as a polynomial f(X) over a field F/sub q/, and produce the corresponding codeword by evaluating f(X) at n distinct elements of F/sub q/. Herein, given f(X), we first compute one or more related polynomials g/sub 1/(X), g/sub 2/(X), ..., g/sub M-1/(X) and produce the corresponding codeword by evaluating all these polynomials. Correlation between f(X) and g/sub i/(X), carefully designed into our encoder, then provides the additional information we need to recover the encoded message from the output of the multivariate interpolation process.
WRECS: an Improved Cluster Heads Selection Algorithm for WSNs

This article focused on the energy limit property of Wireless Sensor Network, and proposed a residual energy based algorithm WRECS, which is improved on classical routing algorithm LEACH. The algorithm took the normalized residual energy and the cumulative number of the normal nodes supported by the cluster heads as cluster-heads selection parameters. In order to balance the energy consumption of each cluster-head, the algorithm took both the different positions of the base station and the initial energy of the network into consideration, and weighted the two factors to balance the energy consumption between transmission and data fusion. Simulation results show that the algorithm can promote the lifetime of the uneven energy network and does not impair the effects of the LEACH algorithm.