cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE STABILITY OF THE SCORE SCALES FOR THE SAT REASONING TEST™ FROM 2005 TO 2010

This study examines the stability of the SAT Reasoning Test™ score scales from 2005 to 2010. A 2005 old form (OF) was administered along with a 2010 new form (NF). A new conversion for OF was derived through direct equipercentile equating. A comparison of the newly derived and the original OF conversions showed that Critical Reading and Mathematics score scales have experienced, at most, a moderate upward scale drift (no greater than 5 points on average), and the drift may be explained by an accumulation of random equating errors. The Writing score scale has experienced a significant upward scale drift (11 points on average), which may be caused by sources other than random equating errors.
Analysis of precursor pool labeling kinetics without pool size measurements: a computer-assisted approach.

Abstract A general method is described which permits the correction of macromolecular radioactive labeling data for precursor pool specific activity variation during a labeling period. Measurement of the precursor pool size is made unnecessary. The method involves: 1. (1) Determination of radioactivity in the precursor pool at various times during an extended labeling period. 2. (2) Derivation of a theoretical equation describing the kinetics of labeling of the precursor pool. 3. (3) Computer-assisted fitting of the theoretical equation to the observed labeling data. 4. (4) Use of the parameters obtained from the curve-fitting to calculate the time course of saturation of the precursor pool with exogenous radioactive precursor . The derived saturation curves may be used to correct macromolecular labeling data, on a relative basis, for precursor pool saturation. The method may also be extended to provide absolute specific activity estimates. The application of the method is shown for the UTP and S -adenosyl methionine pools of cultured lymphocytes.
Varietal differences in salt-induced respiration in barley

Abstract Root respiration, shoot photosynthesis and leaf transpiration were monitored in intact plants of Arivat and California Mariout barley which are, respectively, salt-sensitive and salt-tolerant varieties. Root respiration in Arivat approximately doubled when 10 mM NaCl or KCl was added to the medium. About 6 h were required after removal of the salt for root respiration to return to control levels. Addition of 5 mM K2SO4 increased root respiration by less than 20%. In the salt-tolerant California Mariout, 10 mM NaCl or KCl increased root respiration by only about 50%. Shoot photosynthesis and transpiration did not vary significantly with any of the treatments.
Integrating social analysis into water resources planning: some emerging trends in the corps of engineers

: While federal water resources laws and regulations require social analysis, no one workable formula exists for integrating it into water resources planning. Two primary problems in integrating social analysis into planning are examined; making trade-offs between policy acceptability and theoretical competence, and managing social analysis in planning. For illustration, the article builds on emerging trends within the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. It concludes by observing that creative application of social theory to policy problems along with innovative data gathering techniques are the primary routes to managing these problems.
Spatial frequency discrimination thresholds in different orientations.

Spatial frequency discrimination thresholds were obtained for two observers in horizontal, vertical, and oblique (45°, 135°) meridians. Psychometric discrimination functions derived by a forced-choice procedure were essentially the same for the four meridians at lower spatial frequencies. However, at higher frequencies discrimination thresholds were lower for horizontal and vertical stimuli than for oblique stimuli.
The invariant subspace problem

A fundamental problem is to determine whether every bounded linear transformation in Hilbert space has a nontrivial invariant subspace. A formal proof [1] of the existence of invariant subspaces is given by the theory of square summable power series [2] in its vector formulation [3]. A determination of extreme points of a convex set remains for the justification of the formal argument. A characterization of extreme points which implies the existence of invariant subspaces has been conjectured [4]. New information is obtained from a localization of the theory of square summable power series [5] which allows the formulation of extreme point problems which are closely related because of the Caratheodory-Fejer extension theorem [6]. The conjectured characterization of extreme points is shown to be false. Extreme points need not have the properties required for the construction of invariant subspaces.
Demonstration of pattern transfer into sub-100 nm polysilicon line/space features patterned with extreme ultraviolet lithography

In two separate experiments, we have successfully demonstrated the transfer of dense- and loose-pitch line/space (L/S) photoresist features, patterned with extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography, into an underlying hard mask material. In both experiments, a deep-UV photoresist (∼90 nm thick) was spin cast in bilayer format onto a hard mask (50–90 nm thick) and was subsequently exposed to EUV radiation using a 10× reduction EUV exposure system. The EUV reticle was fabricated at Motorola (Tempe, AZ) using a subtractive process with Ta-based absorbers on Mo/Si multilayer mask blanks. In the first set of experiments, following the EUV exposures, the L/S patterns were transferred first into a SiO2 hard mask (60 nm thick) using a reactive ion etch (RIE), and then into polysilicon (350 nm thick) using a triode-coupled plasma RIE etcher at the University of California, Berkeley, microfabrication facilities. The latter etch process, which produced steep (>85°) sidewalls, employed a HBr/Cl chemistry with a large (>1...
Transnational Identities and the Church: Examining Contemporary Ethnicity and Place

Abstract Ethnic identities have been problematic for the construction of local churches since New Testament times. Transnationalism adds a layer of complexity to this circumstance, as migrants hold multiple identities and retain strong ties to places of origin. An examination of the history of anthropology’s study of ethnicity reveals ethnicity’s constructed nature, along with its tendency to demand loyalty as to a family. Given people’s very real need for a place of ultimate belonging, churches have sometimes too easily resolved the tension between Christian identity and ethnic identities by segregating themselves. New Testament churches were assemblies associated with place, not ethnicity, bringing together diverse peoples and requiring them to submit to Christ, as to the head of a household. There is evidence that contemporary attempts to form multi-cultural churches out of a liberal political agenda ironically become enmeshed in power struggles. But those that recognize the centrality of the gospel succeed due to the adoption of a central authority, Christ himself, who relativizes all ethnic and national identities in favor of a common purpose, the spread of the gospel to others who have not heard it.
A LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF AUTHORING USING NOTECARDS

Authoring is a general term that includes the tasks of collecting and organizing notes and ideas, documenting sources, and building information structures to produce a report, article, or book. The Xerox NoteCards system was designed to assist in the authoring process and to develop models of authoring. We employed a history graduate student to use the NoteCards system to write a research paper and studied him closely through observations, interviews, videotapes of his working sessions, and archived versions of his working files. Over a period of seven months he collected and organized his notes and ideas and wrote an outline and first draft of his paper using NoteCards.
The role of ordered block copolymer morphology in the performance of organic/inorganic photovoltaic devices

A triblock copolymer consisting of hole-transport, electron-transport, and nanocluster-binding moieties was used in the fabrication of photovoltaic test devices. Depending on the casting solvent used in the device fabrication process, the morphology of the block copolymer in the devices was either an ordered, perpendicular cylindrical phase or a uniformly mixed homogeneous material. The photovoltaic action spectra of these two device types revealed clearly that the charge collection efficiency was influenced favorably by the microphase separation of the ordered system. Underlying mechanisms for these observations are discussed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 3362–3368, 2004
Incidental finding of right renal venous aneurysm in a patient with symptomatic ipsilateral renal carcinoma: a case report

Abstract Background True venous aneurysms of the renal veins are very uncommon lesions. Diagnosis is incidental, and thrombosed aneurysms may simulate solid renal masses. Methods and Results A case of right renal vein aneurysm incidentally found in a patient with a ispilateral renal carcinoma and abdominal aortic aneurysm is reported. While CT examination suggested a high-flow arteriovenous (A-V) malformation, a selective angiographic study identified two separate and independent pathologic conditions (venous aneurysm and intratumoral, acquired A-V fistulae). Successful preoperative embolization of the renal tumor was obtained and surgical treatment (nephrectomy+aneurysmectomy) was uneventful. Conclusions Although uncommon, venous renal aneurysms require an accurate preoperative diagnosis; this case is interesting because the coexistence of renal tumor with acquired A-V fistulae raised the prospect of a large, high-flow A-V communication with secondary venous enlargement. The integrated imaging studies were basic to differentiate acquired, tumor-induced A-V fistulae found in the lower renal pole from the true venous aneurysm located in the upper pole. To our knowledge, this is the first report of such a condition.
A new thermal assembly design for the directional solidification of transparent alloys

Abstract A modified design of the thermal assembly is presented for the directional solidification of transparent alloys that eliminates the radial temperature gradient and minimizes the curvature of the interface. An additional booster heater is designed, and the position of the heater is shown to be critical in obtaining a flat interface. A full-scale numerical calculation, carried out for succinonitrile-0.5 wt% Salol, shows that the interface concavity can be reduced gradually by placing the booster heater just above the cold end and by adjusting the temperature of the booster heater while keeping the hot and cold zone temperatures fixed. Experimental measurements of temperatures at the wall and at the center have been carried out systematically by using two calibrated thermocouples, and the observed thermal profiles have been shown to strongly support the numerical prediction. When a macroscopically flat interface is obtained, it is shown that columnar growth away from the ampoule wall can be observed and photographed. The effects of thermal gradient and the temperature setting of the booster heater on the planarity of the interface are discussed.
Syrian hamster proopiomelanocortin cDNA cloning and early seasonal changes in testicular expression

Beta-endorphin (β-End) and its precursor, proopiomelanocortin (POMC), are expressed in testis and β-End stimulates testosterone secretion locally. We measured POMC expression in Syrian hamster testis following transfer from long days (LDs) to short days (SDs). We used RT-PCR to amplify partial-length hamster POMC cDNA to generate a probe for Northern analysis. We also used rat β-End antiserum for radioimmunoassay analysis. SD exposure for 2 weeks decreased POMC mRNA and β-End, but not testis weight or testosterone. We conclude that POMC signaling may play a role in seasonal regulation of testicular function.
Low temperature specific heat of some TCNQ compounds

Abstract Low temperature specific heat measurements on a series of TCNQ compounds are reported. Ionic binding is shown to be of primary importance. In the highly conducting (NMP)+(TCNQ)− and Q+(TCNQ)2− salts, an extra contribution to crystal binding is observed.
The stiffness tensor for composites with curved discontinuous fibers

Abstract In this paper, we propose a new method for calculating the stiffness tensor for a composite material containing curved discontinuous fibers. We introduce a new concept of configuration for a single curved fiber defined by five dimensionless parameters. An ensemble of curved fibers within a composite material is then described by a configuration probability density function. The proposed stiffness tensor requires three tensors of fourth-order describing the material microstructure and a set of elastic constants. We introduce the concept of configuration averaging and present an analytical method for estimating elastic constants for materials containing curved fibers. We demonstrate that for materials containing only straight fibers, fiber configuration and configuration averaging reduces to standard fiber orientation and orientation averaging. Comparison of stiffness measurements using X-ray digital image correlation against the stiffness calculated with fiber geometry obtained by X-ray tomography shows that accounting for fiber curvature provides better estimate of stiffness.
Intracavity Helium-Neon Laser Photothermal Deflection as a Sensitive Technique for Trace Gas Analysis

A novel, compact, ultrasensitive, and inexpensive He-Ne laser intracavity photothermal deflection spectrometer has been developed. In this apparatus a gas sample is placed inside a cavity of the He-Ne laser, which serves as a probe laser. A CO2 excitation laser coaxially overlaps with the He-Ne laser beam inside the sample cell. The detection limit for ethanol vapor in air at 1 atm excited with 1.5 W of CO2 laser chopped at 13.3 Hz is estimated to be 2.5 ppb.
Invited review: Detoxifying endotoxin: time, place and person:

Animals that cannot sense endotoxin may die if they are infected by Gram-negative bacteria. Animals that sense endotoxin and respond too vigorously may also die, victims of their own inflammatory reactions. The outcome of Gram-negative bacterial infection is thus determined not only by an individual's ability to sense endotoxin and respond to its presence, but also by numerous phenomena that inactivate endotoxin and/or prevent harmful reactions to it. Endotoxin sensing requires the MD-2/TLR4 recognition complex and occurs principally in local tissues and the liver. This review highlights the known detoxification mechanisms, which include: (i) proteins that facilitate LPS sequestration by plasma lipoproteins, prevent interactions between the bioactive lipid A moiety and MD-2/TLR4, or promote cellular uptake via non-signaling pathway(s); (ii) enzymes that deacylate or dephosphorylate lipid A; (iii) mechanisms that remove LPS and Gram-negative bacteria from the bloodstream; and (iv) neuroendocrine adaptation...
A Method for Determining Crystallization Kinetic Parameters from one Nonisothermal Calorimetric Experiment

A new equation was developed for evaluating kinetic parameters in the isokinetic range of a phase transformation using nonisothermal calorimetric techniques. The Johnson–Mehl–Avrami equation was extended by considering that the transformation rate in an isothermal process can be translated into the nonisothermal transformation in an isokinetic range. The Avrami exponent, n, activation energy, E, and frequency factor, K0, were calculated from only one nonisothermal experiment by using the new kinetic equation for amorphous Se (a-Se), polysilane/polycarbosilane (PS/PCS), and lithium disilicate (LiO2 · 2SiO2 or LS2) samples with nucleation site saturation. The values of E and K0 calculated using the new kinetic equation agree well with those obtained by the Kissinger equation for the prenucleated a-Se, PS/PCS, and LS2 samples. The values of n indicate that volume crystallization is dominant in the bulk a-Se and LS2 samples, whereas surface crystallization is dominant in the powdered PS/PCS sample. These results for a-Se were confirmed by scanning and transmission electronic microscopy.
Alfvén waves and the aurora

Magnetic storms at Earth are associated with radio communication disturbances and brilliant auroral displays that are seen at unusually low latitudes, often as far south as southern California. Two researchers, Bruce T. Tsurutani (Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif.) and Walter D. Gonzalez (Brazilian Institute for Space Research (INPE), San Jose dos Campos), by using data from the joint National Aeronautics and Space Administration/European Space Agency International Sun-Earth Explorer 3 interplanetary satellite (ISEE 3) have recently been studying the causes of magnetic storms. In a recent presentation at the 1987 AGU Spring Meeting at Baltimore, Md., they demonstrated a quantitative requirement for the minimum intensity of the interplanetary electric field necessary to create large magnetic storms. Furthermore, their study shows that the long-held belief that the very intense aurora seen days to weeks after the s t o rm onset are part of the decay of the storm is incorrect.
A multiproxy reconstruction of biological productivity and oceanography in the eastern equatorial Pacific for the past 30,000 years

Abstract Surface ocean biological productivity was reconstructed for oxygen isotope stages 1 and 2 in 5 cores from the eastern equatorial Pacific using a newly developed proxy based on assemblages of benthic foraminifera. Along the equator and in the South Equatorial Current there was a drop in productivity during the early to mid-Holocene, a peak during the later stages of the glacial-interglacial transition, and full glacial values lower than those of the present. There was a decrease in biological productivity (new production) on the order of 25% along the equator during the last full glacial. The west to east productivity gradient in the east equatorial Pacific was maintained in glacial times, but was reduced compared to the present. In contrast, values to the south and north of the equatorial belt of high productivity may have increased modestly during the glacial. The equatorial decrease in surface ocean biological productivity during the Ice Age was tested using multispecies benthic foraminiferal carbon isotope data and carbonate preservation indices. These tests support the faunal interpretations. The paleoproductivity results presented here conflict with those based on the record of organic carbon in deep sea sediments. The nature of this conflict and reasons for it are examined. Finally, the results here may be compatible with geochemical reconstructions of surface water nutrient concentrations, nutrient utilization, paleo-pH estimates and CO2 efflux in the eastern equatorial Pacific. However, the nutrient reconstructions are not supported by planktonic foraminiferal multispecies carbon isotope values, and an alternative model of glacial age circulation and plankton communities may be needed to account for all the data.
Laminins in Peripheral Nerve Development and Muscular Dystrophy

Laminins are extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins that play an important role in cellular function and tissue morphogenesis. In the peripheral nervous system (PNS), laminins are expressed in Schwann cells and participate in their development. Mutations in laminin subunits expressed in the PNS and in skeleton muscle may cause peripheral neuropathies and muscular dystrophy in both humans and mice. Recent studies using gene knockout technology, such as cell-type specific gene targeting techniques, revealed that laminins and their receptors mediate Schwann cell and axon interactions. Schwann cells with disrupted laminin expression exhibit impaired proliferation and differentiation and also undergo apoptosis. In this review, we focus on the potential molecular mechanisms by which laminins participate in the development of Schwann cells.
Organized labor and electoral participation in American national elections

I consider the role of unions in fostering electoral participation in the U.S. Using aggregate and individual data, I argue that turnout varies directly with the organizational strength of unions, not only through their ability to mobilize their own members per se, but also, and more importantly, through their ability to affect the rate of participation of voters in general. My results imply that unionization helps explain much of the post-1960 decline in voter turnout. The magnitude of the relationship is demonstrated to rival that of more conventional determinants of voter turnout such as education.
Development of an Ion Store/Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer for the Analysis of Volatile Compounds in Air

A time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOF-MS) that incorporates an ion storage trap as a pulsed extraction source and sample preconcentrator has been developed for air monitoring. This new instrument configuration is designed for real-time monitoring of changes in trace volatile and semivolatile compound concentrations in air. Typically, detection limits are in the low parts per billion (v/v) range. This ion store/TOF-MS configuration permits a relatively large volume air flux to be drawn directly into the ion trap cavity, creating a local pressure that exceeds 10-4 Torr. Operating the ion trap at this pressure increases the extent of chemical ionization with the abundant N2+ and O2+ that are formed by electron impact. The air background also serves as a suitable collisional damping matrix, helping to compress the ion cloud to the center of the trap, which is ideal for TOF-MS analysis. Ions are typically accumulated in the trap for 400 ms, at which point they are extracted through the exit end cap and analy...
Tetrathienoanthracene-Based Copolymers for Efficient Solar Cells

A series of semiconducting copolymers (PTAT-x) containing extended π-conjugated tetrathienoanthracene units have been synthesized. It was shown that the extended conjugation system enhanced the π−π stacking in the polymer/PC61BM blend films and facilitated the charge transport in heterojunction solar cell devices. After structural fine-tuning, the polymer with bulky 2-butyloctyl side chains (PTAT-3) exhibited a PCE of 5.6% when it was blended with PC61BM.
Development of a Continuous Lactulose Process: Separation and Purification

We developed a continuous pilot plant process to produce lactulose from lactose using boric acid to boost the conversion to about 75%. The process consists of three reactors (two continuous stirred tank reactors followed by a tubular reactor), pH adjustment, a crystallizer-filter-evaporator recycle initial separation section, and a chromatographic purification system to produce lactulose containing less than 1-5 ppm of boric acid. The continuous process operates at 0.53 kg/min (20% solids) through the reactors and about 0.3 kg/min (55% solids) out of the initial separation section. The chromatographic separation is at the prep scale with a flow rate of 2.0 mL/min. The final product is a 55% solids syrup containing no detectable boric acid.
DIETARY FIBRE AND DIABETES

Diabetes mellitus is a disease with a long recorded history. There are surviving medical texts which show that for centuries physicians have noted the characteristic sweetness of the urine passed by some of their patients. We now know that the disease reflects a failure of the pancreas to secrete adequate amounts of insulin, the hormone which normally maintains the concentration of glucose in the blood within fine limits. In diabetes, the excessive level of sugar in the bloodstream can give rise to metabolic disorders, abnormal losses of sugar and fluid in the urine, and chronic complications caused by damage to the blood vessels. The primary aim in the treatment of the disease is to assist, or even take over the role of the patient's malfunctioning pancreas, and thus hold the concentration of blood glucose as close as possible to the normal range. This can be achieved in mild diabetes by means of a carefully controlled diet, but in many cases this measure has to be coupled with the use of drugs, or with regular injections of insulin.
Teaching history - In all its splendid messiness - To students with LD: Contemporary research

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Abstract 201: The combination treatment of TNF-α and poly (dA:dT) preactivated hMSCs with doxorubicin enhances antitumorigenic activity

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Our recent study showed that human mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (hMSCs) were activated to express TRAIL by exposure to TNF-α. These TRAIL expressing hMSCs effectively induced apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 (MDA) cells in vitro and in vivo. TRAIL was further up-regulated by RNA released by dead MDA cells in a TLR3-dependent manner. Here, we show that the further increase of TRAIL in hMSCs was also mediated by feed-forward stimulation of AIM2 or IFIH1 by DNA and RNA released from dead MDA cells. Poly(dA:dT), a synthetic ligand for AIM2, most effectively activated hMSCs to express TRAIL and increased the killing efficacy of hMSCs in MDA cells compared to TNF-α or poly(I:C), a synthetic ligand for TLR3 or IFIH1. Furthermore, weekly infusions of hMSCs pre-activated with TNF-α and poly(dA:dT) effectively inhibited the progression of lung tumor formation in mice, compared to TNF-α pre-activated hMSCs. Such anti-tumorigenic effect of hMSCs upon activation with TNF-α and poly(dA:dT) was enhanced when combined with chemotherapeutic drug, doxorubicin and thereby, this combination treatment significantly reduced the size of tumor burden in mice compared to TNF-α pre-activated hMSC treatment. These results suggest that treatment of pre-activated hMSCs combined with doxorubicin enhances their tumor-suppressive properties and may provide a potential novel therapy for cancer treatment. Citation Format: Nara Yoon, Min Sung Park, Grant Peltier, John C. Reneau, Darwin J. Prockop, Darwin J. Prockop, Ryang Hwa Lee. The combination treatment of TNF-α and poly (dA:dT) preactivated hMSCs with doxorubicin enhances antitumorigenic activity. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 201. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-201
Evaluation of seismic performance of an electric substation using event tree/fault tree technique

In this study, we use the event tree/fault tree technique to evaluate the performance of an electric substation in the event of an earthquake. The substation is considered as a combination of components (equipment and structures), and the event trees and fault trees are established to delineate the interrelationships of these components. Using the fragility data of individual components in the event trees and fault trees, the probabilities that the substation as a whole fails at various levels of ground shaking can be determined and displayed as substation fragility curves. Furthermore, using the minimum cut set technique, the most critical and vulnerable component in the substation can be identified. Substation 21, a key electric power supplier to several major hospitals in downtown Memphis, is selected to illustrate this technique.
Graft Copolymers by a Combination of ATRP and Two Different Consecutive Click Reactions

The epoxide ring in glycidyl butyrate (model compound) and in well-defined copolymers of glycidyl methacrylate (<40 mol %) and methyl methacrylate prepared by ATRP was efficiently opened with sodium azide in the presence of ammonium chloride in DMF at 50 °C. This click-type reaction led to the formation of the corresponding 1-hydroxy-2-azido compounds in high yields. The prepared azide-containing copolymers were functionalized in a second click reaction, the room temperature CuBr/N,N,N‘,N‘ ‘,N‘ ‘-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition, of poly(ethylene oxide) methyl ether pentynoate to yield loosely grafted polymeric brushes with hydrophilic PEO side chains.
Analyzing the energy-efficiency of dense linear algebra kernels by power-profiling a hybrid CPU/FPGA system

It has been shown that FPGA accelerators can outperform pure CPU systems for highly parallel applications and they are considered as a power-efficient alternative to software programmable processors. However, when using FPGA accelerator cards in a server environment multiple sources of power consumption have to get taken into account in order to rate the systems energy-efficiency. In this paper we study the energy-efficiency of a hybrid CPU/FPGA system for a dense linear algebra kernel. We present an FPGA GEMM accelerator architecture that can be tailored to various data types. The performance and energy consumption is compared against tuned, multi-threaded GEMM functions running on the host CPU. We measure the power consumption with internal current/voltage sensors and break down the power draw to the systems components in order to classify the energy consumed by the processor cores, the memory, the I/O bus system and the FPGA card. Our experimental results show that the FPGA-accelerated DGEMM is less energy-efficient than a multi-threaded software implementation with respect to the full systems power consumption, but the most efficient choice when only the dynamic parts of the power are factored in.
HANS BETHE'S CONTRIBUTIONS TO SOLID-STATE PHYSICS

Hans Bethe's doctoral research was primarily in solid-state physics. During the late 1920's and early 1930's he played a major role in developing the new quantum theory of solids. Though nuclear physics became his main interest in the mid 1930's, he continued to write papers in solid-state physics into the late 1940's, and remained interested in the subject all his life.
Evaluation of Atkins’ model of ductile machining including the material separation component

Abstract This paper provides data along with experimental evidence of ductile material separation that supports the Atkins’ model of machining, which includes the energy needed for material separation along with shear and frictional dissipation. This model proposed earlier explicitly includes the energy needed for material separation in addition to that needed for shear and friction. However, no experimental evidence for material separation via ductile tearing or fracture was provided. In this work, orthogonal cutting is performed on oxygen-free high conductivity (OFHC) copper, a highly ductile metal, at very low speeds and low uncut chip thickness where size-effect is observed. The chip–workpiece interface is observed under a scanning electron microscope to find evidence of material separation via ductile fracture. For values of fracture toughness and shear yield stress, that are of the same order of magnitude as that reported in literature for OFHC copper, the Atkins model captures the trend and the predictions are seen to be comparable to experimental data.
Best Practices for Procuring Commissioning Services

Owners are increasingly recognizing building commissioning as an effective means of ensuring quality and maximizing energy performance. The demand for commissioning new construction projects has increased substantially over a short period of time with the growing demand for leadership in energy and environmental design certified buildings. However, the pool of experienced commissioning providers hasn’t increased at the same rate. Many owners are procuring commissioning services for the first time and don’t know how to best procure these services. The objective of the research described in this paper was to identify best practices for procuring commissioning services for new construction projects and to compare them with current practices. Issues that were evaluated include the timing of the commissioning provider involvement, the independence of the commissioning provider, certification of the commissioning provider, selection criteria, and the importance of a clear definition of the scope of work. Resear...
Isotropic susceptibility shift under MAS: The origin of the split water resonances in 1H MAS NMR spectra of cell suspensions

Bulk susceptibility variations in a multiphase system such as cultured cells and tissue have two manifestations: a dipolar field component outside the regular heterogenous region which introduces linebroadening, and an isotropic field part which results in a frequency shift. Previous NMR studies have emphasized the utility of magic angle spinning for averaging the dipolar component, particularly if the spins of interest are limited to one phase of a multiphase system such as a sample of liquid with air pockets or glass beads. However, in analyzing spectra from complex multiphase systems, such as cell suspensions and tissues, etc., the isotropic part is often neglected, leading to questionable interpretation of experimental results. The present study demonstrates that under magic angle spinning, the water resonance in NMR experiments of cell suspensions is split into two resolved peaks due to the isotropic susceptibility shift. These two peaks are assigned to a central core of cell free water and an outer cylindrical ring of tightly packed cells in close association with water. A comprehensive theory for this splitting is provided based on a coaxis cylinder model with different susceptibilities. The frequency difference is shown to be dependent on the susceptibility difference and also on the angle of the rotor in the magnetic field. The splitting distance of the two water peaks can be used to measure the susceptibility difference of water in these two phases. The susceptibility difference was measured for three different cell types: 3T3 F442A preadipocyte cells, mouse embryonic stem cells, and human red blood cells.
Hypertensive posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome causing posterior fossa edema and hydrocephalus

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is a well characterized entity resulting from the inability of cerebral autoregulation to adequately protect the brain from uncontrolled hypertension. It primarily affects the occipital lobes, but can also involve the structures in the posterior fossa including the brainstem and cerebellum. Treatment usually consists of strict blood pressure control, but more aggressive management may be indicated with acutely worsening neurological status. We present a patient with hypertensive encephalopathy that resulted in hydrocephalus and brainstem compression necessitating surgical decompression requiring ventriculostomy and suboccipital craniectomy. In rare cases, PRES can present with severe brainstem compression requiring emergent posterior fossa decompression. When brainstem signs are present on exam, emergent posterior fossa decompression may be safer than ventriculostomy alone.
The F1 and V subunit vaccine protects against plague in the absence of IL-4 driven immune responses.

A subunit vaccine for plague utilising the F1 and V antigens of Yersinia pestis has been shown to be highly protective in a mouse model. Protection against aerosol and parenteral infection has been found to correlate with the production of large amounts of IgG1. In this study the effect of a genetic mutation in the immune system on protection was studied. IL-4T mice which are unable to synthesize the Th2 cytokine IL-4, and so should have reduced IgG1 responses, were utilised to determine whether an immune system biased towards the Th1 axis could mount an effective response to the vaccine. Antibody isotype profiles generated in IL-4T mice differed from the intact parent C57 BL/6 strain, although total IgG levels were similar between the two strains. Immune cell and serum transfers from IL-4T and C57 BL/6 mice to naive μMT strain mice were performed and recipient mice challenged with virulent Y. pestis. μMT were fully protected by passive transfer of antibody from either donor strain immunized with F1 +V or with F1 only. However, protection was only partial in μMT receiving IL-4T serum with specificity for the V antigen only. Actively immunized IL-4T mice mounted a vigorous response to the vaccine and were resistant to challenge. These results suggest that even in an altered immune system the F1 and V subunit vaccine is capable of eliciting a protective immune response.
Ability of the Behavioral Model to Predict Utilization of Five Services by Individuals Suffering from Severe Mental Illness and Homelessness

This study examined the ability of the behavioral model to predict utilization of five specific services in a sample of individuals who suffered from severe mental illness and who were homeless at ...
X-ray-scattering determination of the Cu(110)-(2×3)N structure

The structure of Cu(110)-(2[times]3)N has been investigated with x-ray reflectivity measurements of nine independent surface rods. Observed reflectivities ranging over five orders of magnitude were compared with calculations based on structural models. A pseudo-(100) reconstruction consisting of four [1[bar 1]0] copper rows in the outermost layer for every three of the bulk is favored both by symmetry and by an [ital R]-factor analysis. An excellent fit, with an [ital R] factor of 0.0051, is obtained for this model by including a large expansion of the interlayer spacing (57% greater than bulk) and large corrugation amplitude (50% of the bulk interlayer spacing) in the outermost layer. These values can be understood by considering a hard-sphere model of the surface structure. The corrugation results in two raised and two lowered rows of copper atoms in the outermost layer and extends to several layers into the substrate (amplitudes from 9% to 22% of the bulk interlayer spacing). Vibrational amplitudes in the reconstructed layer are anisotropically enhanced by a factor of 2.8 normal to the surface and by 1.3 within the surface plane over bulk values. Nitrogen atoms are located 0.75 A above the copper layer, and form a nearly ([radical]2 [times] [radical]2 )more » [ital R]45[degree] structure with respect to the reconstructed copper. This model is shown to be consistent with most previous experimental observations.« less
Obesity and the combined oral contraceptive pill: efficacy and effects

The prevalence of obesity, defined as a BMI ≥30 kg/m2, has been rising precipitously in the USA [1]. In 2008, 34% of women aged 20–39 years were obese, compared with 28% of women of the same age gr...
Geometric Properties and Nonblowup of 3D Incompressible Euler Flow

By exploring a local geometric property of the vorticity field along a vortex filament, we establish a sharp relationship between the geometric properties of the vorticity field and the maximum vortex stretching. This new understanding leads to an improved result of the global existence of the 3D Euler equation under mild assumptions.
Bovine papilloma virus plasmids replicate randomly in mouse fibroblasts throughout S phase of the cell cycle

Bovine papilloma virus (BPV) replicates as a multicopy nuclear plasmid in mouse fibroblasts. Using fluorescence activated cell sorting and mitotic selection procedures, we show that the replication of BPV occurs throughout S phase of the cell cycle and that replication is confined to S phase. After one round of chromosomal DNA replication, almost one quarter of BPV plasmids have replicated more than once, while a similar number of plasmids have not replicated at all. While multiple forms of BPV exist in the cell, all forms show the same pattern of replication. These results are consistent with a model in which BPV plasmids are chosen at random for replication throughout, and only during, S phase and support the view that the completion of S phase is a specifically activated event in the cell cycle rather than simply the end of one round of chromosomal DNA replication.
Isotopic evidence for organic matter oxidation by manganese reduction in the formation of stratiform manganese carbonate ore

Abstract Unlike other marine-sedimentary manganese ore deposits, which are largely composed of manganese oxides, the primary ore at Molango (Hidalgo State, Mexico) is exclusively manganese carbonate (rhodochrosite, Mn-calcite, kutnahorite). Stable isotope studies of the carbonates from Molango provide critical new information relevant to the controversy over syngenetic and diagenetic models of stratiform manganese deposit formation. Negative δ 13 C values for carbonates from mineralized zones at Molango are strongly correlated with manganese content both on a whole rock scale and by mineral species. Whole rock δ 13 C data fall into three groups: high-grade ore = −16.4 to −11.5%.; manganese-rich, sub-ore-grade = −5.2 to 0%.; and unmineralized carbonates = 0 to +2.5%. (PDB). δ 18 O data show considerable overlap in values among the three groups: +4.8 to −2.8, −5.4 to −0.3%., and −7.4 to +6.2 (PDB), respectively. Isotopic data for individual co-existing minerals suggest a similar separation of δ 13 C values: δ 13 C values from calcite range from −1.1 to +0.7%. (PDB), whereas values from rhodochrosite are very negative, −12.9 to −5.5%., and values from kutnahorite or Mn-calcite are intermediate between calcite and rhodochrosite. 13 C data are interpreted to indicate that calcite ( i.e . unmineralized carbonate) formed from a normal marine carbon reservoir. However, 13 C data for the manganese-bearing carbonates suggest a mixed seawater and organic source of carbon. The presence of only trace amounts of pyrite suggests sulfate reduction may have played a minor part in oxidizing organic matter. It is possible that manganese reduction was the predominant reaction that oxidized organic matter and that it released organic-derived CO 2 to produce negative δ 13 C values and manganese carbonate mineralization.
Simulation of large networks: propagation of uncertainty in a simulation-based maritime risk assessment model utilizing Bayesian simulation techniques

Recent studies in the assessment of risk in maritime transportation systems have used simulation-based probabilistic techniques. Amongst them are the San Francisco Bay (SFB) Ferry exposure assessment in 2002, the Washington State Ferry (WFS) Risk Assessment in 1998 and the Prince William Sound (PWS) Risk Assessment in 1996. Representing uncertainty in such simulation models is fundamental to quantifying system risk. This paper illustrates the representation of uncertainty in simulation using Bayesian techniques to model input and output uncertainty. These uncertainty representations describe system randomness as well as lack of knowledge about the system. The study of the impact of proposed ferry service expansions in San Francisco Bay is used as a case study to demonstrate the Bayesian simulation technique. Such characterization of uncertainty in simulation-based analysis provides the user with a greater level of information enabling improved decision making.
FT-IR Transmission Spectroscopy for Quantitation of Ammonium Bisulfate in Fine-Particulate Matter Collected on Teflon® Filters

A quantitative measurement method for the determination of fine-particle bisulfate in ammonium bisulfate collected from the ambient air onto Teflon® filters is described. Infrared absorbance measurements of the Teflon® filters are made before and after particle collection. Subtraction of the two spectra reveals the absorbance spectrum of the particles. The presence of bisulfate is identified by characteristic and unique spectral features including prominent absorption bands at 1050 and 870 cm-1. The integrated band absorbance at 870 cm-1 is used for quantitation. Wet chemical measurements of sulfate and hydrogen ion in synthetically generated ammonium bisulfate standards are used in calibration. The lower limit of detection for the bisulfate ion is 150 nanomoles. This amount corresponds to the ammonium bisulfate which would be collected from an air volume containing 1.2-microgram/m3 samples for 24 hours at 10.0 L/min. This method provides a specific, nondestructive, direct measurement of ammonium bisulfate. As such, the method has distinct advantages over indirect methods for the determination of bisulfate ion.
ATTITUDE CONSTRUCTION: EVALUATION IN CONTEXT

Most theories treat attitudes as enduring evaluative tendencies; the dispositional focus enjoys intuitive appeal because it is compatible with observers' preference for dispositional explanations (aka fundamental attribution error). From the actor's perspective, evaluation stands in the service of action. Any adaptive system of evaluation needs to be highly sensitive to the specifics of the present, turning deplorable “context dependency“ into laudable “context sensitivity.” Attitude construal theories conceptualize the context sensitivity of evaluative judgment and provide a parsimonious account of core findings of the attitude literature without assuming enduring dispositions; their assumptions are compatible with theories of situated cognition.
Learning outcomes of two approaches to multicultural music education

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of multicultural music instruction on classroom learning outcomes. Fifth-grade children (10-11 years of age; N = 170) from four schools were rand...
Review : Topoisomerase I inhibitors: 2. Irinotecan

Purpose. The primary objective of this article is to discuss the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical use, and adverse effects of the approved topoisomer ase I inhibitors. This is the second in a series of two articles and will focus on irinotecan.Data Sources. We reviewed the literature through a MEDLINE search of English language arti cles from 1985 through 1998. Relevant articles cited in the titles obtained from the MEDLINE search were also used. The following terms were used for purpose of conducting the MEDLINE search: topoisomerase inhibitors, irinotecan, topoisomerase I, camptosar, and CPT-11.Data Extraction. We have reviewed the current literature to discuss the pharmacology, pharmacokinet ics, clinical use, toxicity, drug interactions, indications, formulation, dosage and administration, and pharmaceu tical issues surrounding the use of irinotecan.Data Synthesis. The topoisomerase I inhibitors are new antineoplastic agents with a unique mechanism of action. Promising areas of application inc...
Cerebral Asymmetry in Dementia: Effect of Context on Hemi-Attention

The duration of the orienting response toward the left or right hemispace as a function of bright light and noise levels was evaluated in 6 demented elderly patients. Tentative findings of cerebral asymmetry suggest light may differentially activate the left hemisphere.