cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Judging by the Cover: On the Relationship Between Media Coverage on Crime and Harshness in Sentencing

Does the mass media affect judicial decisionmaking? This first of its kind empirical study delves into this long-lasting question, and investigates the relationship between media coverage of crime and criminal sentencing. To do so, I construct a novel data set of media reports on crime, which I link to administrative state court sentencing records. The data span five years and more than forty-three thousand sentencing decisions across three jurisdictions that differ in their judicial selection models: Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia. I find that crime coverage increases sentencing harshness. I also find evidence to suggest that this effect is mitigated through a state’s method of judicial selection. The findings go beyond traditional, case-study scholarship on the nexus between the media and the judiciary, offering evidence that the media can affect judicial decisionmaking in broader contexts. These findings hold significant implications for policy and judicial politics and raise questions at the core of the criminal justice system. Particularly, they call for renewed attention to the media as an important factor in the criminal process and a potential obstacle towards achieving the constitutional ideal of fair trials. The Article concludes by suggesting methods for countering such media effects.
Longitudinal atopic dermatitis endotypes: An atopic march paradigm that includes Black children.

BACKGROUND The atopic march has been studied mostly in White populations, biasing our current paradigms. OBJECTIVE We sought to define the atopic march in Black and White children and explore mechanisms for racial differences. METHODS Utilizing the Mechanisms of Progression of Atopic Dermatitis to Asthma in Children (MPAACH) cohort (n = 601), we assessed longitudinal sensitization, food allergy (FA), allergic rhinitis, risk of asthma development (through the Pediatric Asthma Risk Score), Scoring for Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD), transepidermal water loss, skin filaggrin (FLG) expression, exposures, and genetic heritability to define AD progression endotypes in Black and White children. RESULTS White MPAACH children were more likely to be sensitized to aero and food allergens (P = .0001) and over 3 times more likely to develop FA and/or allergic rhinitis (AR) without asthma risk (P < .0001). In contrast, Black children were over 6 times more likely to proceed to high asthma risk without FA, sensitization, or AR (P < .0001). White children had higher lesional and nonlesional transepidermal water loss (both P < .001) as well as decreased nonlesional keratinocyte FLG expression (P = .02). Black children had increased genetic heritability for asthma risk and higher rates of exposures to secondhand smoke and traffic-related air pollution. CONCLUSIONS Black and White children with AD have distinct allergic trajectories defined by different longitudinal endotypes. Black children exhibit higher asthma risk despite a more intact skin barrier and less sensitization, FA, and AR. White children have less asthma risk, despite a more dysfunctional skin barrier, and more FA, AR, and sensitization. The observed racial differences are likely due in part to increased genetic heritability for asthma risk and harmful environmental exposures in Black children. Collectively, our findings provide a new paradigm for an atopic march that is inclusive of Black children.
The Cambridge Introduction to Chekhov

Chekhov is widely acknowledged as one of the most influential literary figures of modern times. Russia's preeminent playwright, he played a significant role in revolutionizing the modern theatre. His impact on prose fiction writing is incalculable: he helped define the modern short story. Beginning with an engaging account of Chekhov's life and cultural context in nineteenth-century Russia, this book introduces the reader to this fascinating and complex personality. Unlike much criticism of Chekhov, it includes detailed discussions of both his fiction and his plays. The Introduction traces his concise, impressionistic prose style from early comic sketches to mature works such as 'Ward No. 6' and 'In the Ravine'. Examining Chekhov's development as a dramatist, the book considers his one-act vaudevilles and early works, while providing a detailed, act-by-act analysis of the masterpieces on which his reputation rests: The Seagull, Uncle Vanya, Three Sisters and The Cherry Orchard.
Abstract 20201: Fibro-Adipocyte Progenitors are a Cell Source of Adipocytes in Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy

Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (AC) is clinically characterized by arrhythmias, heart failure and sudden death and pathologically by replacement of cardiomyocytes by fibro-adipocytes. Mutations in desmosome genes are the main causes of AC. Desmosome proteins are known to be expressed only in cardiac myocytes. Cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) expressing mutant desmosome proteins could differentiate to adipocytes. However, genetic fate-mapping identify CPCs as the source of a fraction of adipocytes in AC. We posit that cardiac cells other than CPCs express desmosome proteins and differentiate to adipocytes in AC. We systematically determined expression of the desmosome proteins in different cardiac cells. Cardiac fibro-adipocyte progenitors (FAPs), marked by expression of platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α (PDGFRA), expressed mRNAs and proteins of major desmosome genes. FAPs isolated from the heart of Nkx2.5Cre:Dsp W/F mice, an established model of AC, showed enhanced adipogenesis associated with suppression of canonical Wnt signaling (reduced Ccnd1, Ctgf and cMyc mRNA levels by 10-, 5- and 3-fold, respectively, N=5, all p<0.001). To determine whether FAPs are a source of adipocytes in AC, we generated lineage tracer mice, utilizing the Pdgfra-Cre deleter, and conditionally deleted one copy of desmoplakin ( Dsp ) while expressing enhanced yellow fluorescence protein (EYFP) in the FAPs. Recombination efficiency (% of PDGFRA+ cells expressing EYFP) was ~75%. Six to 12 months old lineage tracer mice ( Pdgfra-Cre:DspW/F) showed mild cardiac dysfunction (fractional shortening: 57±9%, N=14 vs. 66±7%, N=10 in controls, p< 0.005) and increased adipocytes in the heart (14±9, N=5 vs. 1±1, N=3 in controls, p=0.03). Co-expression of EYFP and C/EBPA adipogenic marker was detected in 54% of adipocytes in the lineage tracer mice, indicating an origin from FAPs. Dsp +/- FAPs showed enhanced differentiation to adipocytes as compared to control FAPs. The Hippo, canonical Wnt and NOTCH1 signaling pathways in mediating differentiation of Dsp +/- FAPs to adipocytes are being delineated. The findings show cardiac FAPs express desmosome proteins and when haplo-insufficient for Dsp differentiate to adipocytes. Thus, FAPs are a source of adipocytes in AC.
Are We Testing Appropriately for Low Testosterone?: Characterization of Tested Men and Compliance with Current Guidelines

Abstract Introduction Direct‐to‐consumer ads for testosterone replacement therapies have significantly increased over the past several years. Subsequently, testing for low serum testosterone has correspondingly increased. Aims We sought to determine the testing behaviors of practitioners as well as the characteristics of men who are undergoing testing for low testosterone. Methods Men aged 18–85 years were queried from the institutional electronic data warehouse from 2009 to 2012. Men were considered "tested" if their serum total testosterone level had been measured for any purpose. Tested men (TM) were compared with those not tested (NT). Main Outcome Measures The frequency and timing of testing for low testosterone as well as patient demographics and clinical characteristics were compared between TM and NT using multivariable logistic regression models. Results Of the 321,674 total men, 10,133 (3.2%) underwent testing with a serum total testosterone (mean age of 55.2 ± 14.1 years). The frequency of testing increased from 2.5% to 3.6% during the study period ( P P Conclusions The rate of testosterone testing is increasing with most testing practices directed toward a subset of men with comorbidities that are associated with hypogonadism. Compliance of physicians obtaining early morning serum testosterone levels is low. Further education of practitioners is required to appropriately test patients for hypogonadism. Malik RD, Lapin B, Wang CE, Lakeman JC, and Helfand BT. Are we testing appropriately for low testosterone?: Characterization of tested men and compliance with current guidelines. J Sex Med 2015;12:66–75.
Optimizing the continuous production of Candida utilis and Saccharomycopsis fibuliger on potato processing wastewater.

Laboratory studies on optimizing single-cell protein production by studying dilution rate, pH, temperature and dissolved oxygen in aerobic process are described. It was found that a dilution rate of 0.31 per hour gave maximal rates of carbon and reduced sugar consumption and protein production.
Localizing Ground Penetrating RADAR: A Step Toward Robust Autonomous Ground Vehicle Localization

Autonomous ground vehicles navigating on road networks require robust and accurate localization over long-term operation and in a wide range of adverse weather and environmental conditions. GPS/INS inertial navigation system solutions, which are insufficient alone to maintain a vehicle within a lane, can fail because of significant radio frequency noise or jamming, tall buildings, trees, and other blockage or multipath scenarios. LIDAR and camera map-based vehicle localization can fail when optical features become obscured, such as with snow or dust, or with changes to gravel or dirt road surfaces. Localizing ground penetrating radar LGPR is a new mode of a priori map-based vehicle localization designed to complement existing approaches with a low sensitivity to failure modes of LIDAR, camera, and GPS/INS sensors due to its low-frequency RF energy, which couples deep into the ground. Most subsurface features detected are inherently stable over time. Significant research, discussed herein, remains to prove general utility. We have developed a novel low-profile ultra-low power LGPR system and demonstrated real-time operation underneath a passenger vehicle. A correlation maximizing optimization technique was developed to allow real-time localization at 126i¾?Hz. Here we present the detailed design and results from highway testing, which uses a simple heuristic for fusing LGPR estimates with a GPS/INS system. Cross-track localization accuracies of 4.3i¾?cm RMS relative to a "truth" RTK GPS/INS unit at speeds up to 100i¾?km/h 60i¾?mph are demonstrated. These results, if generalizable, introduce a widely scalable real-time localization method with cross-track accuracy as good as or better than current localization methods.
Efficient High Power Amplifiers with Transmission Power Control Function

A new switchless scheme of transmission power control (TPC) function for high power amplifiers (HPAs) is proposed. Ku-band amplifier MMICs that followed this scheme were fabricated and tested. The amplifier MMICs and transmission lines instead of switches were used to construct the HPAwhich has TPC function by switching two amplifiers. Experimental results show that the HPA can achieve significant reduction of dc power at low output power levels under transmission power control.
Modeling of the Transient Particle Velocity Distribution in the Fluidized Bed Combustor (FBC) Riser

ABSTRACT The geometrical distributions of transient particle velocity in a fluidized bed combustor (FBC) riser are critical to FBC design and manufacturing. Particle image velocimetry (PIV) instrumentation was applied to visualize the particle transient movement in the area of interest (AOI) of an experimental cold model (152 mm ID × 610 mm height) of an FBC. Sixteen (16) PIV particle velocity profiles were generated for the AOI in a 1.6-second time period. A ten (columns) × five (rows) grid was set for each profile. Three levels of fluidizing air velocity were set for the experiments at 2.477 m/s, 2.677 m/s, and 2.823 m/s respectively. A knowledge-based regression method was applied to generate the empirical model of the two-dimensional particle transient velocity with the consideration of four independent variables, x (x coordinate), y (y coordinate), Vg (fluidizing air velocity), and t (time). This model had a data fitting accuracy of 88%. In addition, this model had a very good validation performance ...
Comparative Analysis of Regression Output Summary Statistics in Common Statistical Packages

Abstract An important question in applied statistics is whether statistical regression programs output distorted summary statistics (F and R 2) for a no-intercept regression model. Uyar and Erdem recently confirmed this problem using one of the premier statistical packages. This article extends the Uyar-Erdem experiment to eight common statistical and econometric regression packages. Only four of them warn users that the R 2 has been redefined for a model without an explicit intercept. Consequently, the problem Uyar and Erdem identified extends in varying degrees, ranging from mild to severe, to many other regression packages.
Antibodies to the retina N-acetylgalactosaminylphosphotransferase inhibit neurite outgrowth.

The neural retina N-acetylgalactosaminylphospho-transferase (GalNAcPTase) is a cell surface molecule (Balsamo and Lilien, 1980, 1983; Balsamo et al., 1986a) that is tightly associated with, and glycosy-lates, the calcium-dependent, cell-cell adhesion molecule, N-cadherin (Balsamo and Lilien, 1990). N-cad-herin has been implicated in neuronal attachment and neurite outgrowth when at the surface of cels (Bixby et al., 1987, 1988; Matsunaga et al., 1988; Neugebauer et al., 1988; Tomaselli et al., 1988). The intimate association of the GalNAcPTase and N-cadherin prompted us to test the possibility that the GalNAcPTase is also involved in the process of neurite outgrowth. We tested the effect of one polyclonal and two monoclonal anti-GalNAcPTase antibodies in cultures of chick neural retina cells extending neurites on substrates requiring N-cadherin, beta inte-grin receptors, or the chicken homologue of L1, G4. The length and number of neurites produced were dramatically reduced on all of these substrates by the polyclonal and one of the monoclonal anti-GalNAcPTase antibodies. The second monoclonal antibody bound to the cell surface but was not inhibitory, indicating that it reacts with a different epitope. The mechanism through which the retina cell surface GalNAcPTase may modulate neurite outgrowth on many substrates is discussed.
ACTH, cortisol and β-endorphin response to metyrapone testing during chronic methadone maintenance treatment in humans

Normal responses to metyrapone were observed in most steady-state methadone maintained treatment patients. These preliminary studies suggest that in recently detoxified methadone maintained treatment patients, there may be an exaggerated response of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis to metyrapone.
Search for top and bottom squarks

Searches for the lightest scalar top quark {bar t}{sub 1} and scalar bottom quark {bar b}{sub 1} performed at LEP2 with a center-of-mass energy of up to {radical}s = 209 GeV and at Tevatron using data collected at {radical}s = 1.8 TeV during Run I and at {radical}s = 1.96 TeV during Run II, are discussed. Different possible decay modes were considered and no evidence for any such signal was observed. Exclusion limits were extracted.
Nonlinear theory of the degenerate quantum-beat laser: Lasing without inversion.

We present the nonlinear theory for lasing without population inversion in the degenerate \ensuremath{\Lambda}-type quantum-beam laser by using the density-operator method. The master equation for the degenerate quantum-beat laser is derived, from which the equation of motion for the mean photon number is obtained. The conditions for lasing without population inversion are discussed, which are the same for linear and nonlinear theories. The corresponding Fokker-Planck equation is obtained, and the possibility of diffusion coefficient reduction is discussed.
Graduate studies in underwater acoustics at the University of Washington

The University of Washington through its Departments of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering (College of Engineering), Department of Earth and Space Sciences, and School of Oceanography (College of the Environment), and by way of its Applied Physics Laboratory, which links all four of these academic units, offers a diverse graduate education experience in underwater acoustics. A summary is provided of the research infrastructure, primarily made available through Applied Physics Laboratory, which allows for ocean going and arctic field opportunities, and course options offered through the four units that provide the multi-disciplinary background essential for graduate training in the field of underwater acoustics. Students in underwater acoustics can also mingle in or extend their interests into medical acoustics research. Degrees granted include both the M.S and Ph.D.
Amphetamine-induced in vivo release of dopamine in the striatum is influenced by local pH

Abstract The effect of local pH on the in vivo efflux of endogenous dopamine (DA) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) following administration of d-amphetamine (AMPH) was examined in the striatum of the anesthetized rat using two bilaterally placed push-pull cannulae. At both pH 7.3 and 6.4, the baseline efflux values for DA and DOPAC were approximately 0.2 and 25 pmoles/15 min, respectively. Subcutaneous injection of 2 mg/kg AMPH induced a 3-fold increase of DA release at pH 7.3 and a 21-fold increase of DA release at pH 6.4. In both cases, the maximum was reached at about 30 min after the drug administration. Following the administration of AMPH, the efflux of DOPAC was reduced to the same degree (20% of control values) under both pH conditions. In vitro data showed that the lower pH did not alter the recovery of DA or DOPAC. In addition, release of DA produced by local perfusion with 5 uM AMPH was also greater at the lower pH (50-fold increase over baseline) than at the physiological pH (10-fold increase over baseline). The stimulated DA release produced by local perfusion with 35 mM K+, however, was the same at both pH values. Preliminary experiments also indicated that there was a pH effect for AMPH-induced serotonin (5-HT) release but that the difference in the amount of 5-HT in the two media was not nearly as large as that obtained for DA. The markedly elevated level of extracellular DA at the lower pH might be due to a higher affinity of the DA uptake system for AMPH, thereby producing greater inhibition of DA uptake as well as enhanced DA release. The data also suggest an enhanced affinity of AMPH for 5-HT uptake sites at the lower pH.
Model calculation in the binding energy of 4He

Abstract We apply the method of 9-dimensional harmonics to a calculation of the binding energy of the symmetric-boson 4-body system as a model of the α-particle. Square-well 2-body potentials fitted to nuclear parameters are used.
A performace evaluation of three supercomputers, Fujitsu VP-200, Hitachi S810/20 and the Cray X-MP/24

The Los Alamos benchmark set has been executed on two Japanese supercomputers, Fujitsu's VP-200 and Hitachi's S810/20, as well as on the American-made CRAY X-MP/24. The benchmark set is a collection of CPU intensive codes that approach benchmarking at three levels: (1) Timing of elementary vector operations whose analysis provides basic data about the vector architecture and compiler (2) Timing of characteristic code excerpts (1000 to 3000 FORTRAN lines). These codes vary from linear equation solvers to physics simulations of particle transport and hydrodynamics. (3) Timing of characteristic real codes (10,000 to 20,000 lines of FORTRAN), some of which have been partitioned for execution on multiprocessor architectures. These codes were not used in this benchmark. The time alloted to the evaluations was one week per machine. The codes were run in two modes: (1) original mode in which only changes necessary to execute the codes correctly were allowed and (2) ''tuned'' mode in which minor FORTRAN changes or compiler directives were allowed. All the benchmarks (even the CRAY X-MP/24) were single processor tests. No I/O or throughput measurements were made. The results of the benchmarks can be analyzed in terms of scalar speed, raw vector speed, and, finally, overall performance. The scalar speed of the VP-200 and X-MP/24 were roughly comparable. Scalar timings differed by, at most, 30 percent, and we concluded that differences of this magnitude could be overcome by a couple of versions of compiler changes. Hitachi's S810/20, however, was a factor of 2 slower in scalar performance. The vector speed of the machines are viewed at two different ranges of vector length. The VP-200 and CRAY X-MP performed equally on short vectors (vector length 10), while the S810 was 50 percent slower. On long vectors (1000 length), the Japanese machines outperformed the X-MP by a factor of 2 or 3. Final conclusions about the machines, however, are based on the overall performance of codes that contain a mixture of scalar and vector modes. In this regime, Amdahl's Law applies and raw vector speed is rarely the determining factor. On the majority of our benchmark set and, particularly, on the more important codes, the VP-200 and an X-MP/24 single processor performed comparably. The Hitachi S810/20 was generally a factor of 2 slower.
Cognitive-behavioral therapy with lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth

The purpose of the present paper is to sensitize cognitive-behavior therapists to issues that are faced by many lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth. Little information is available to cognitive-behavioral therapists about same-sex sexual attractions in lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth, or how to incorporate these concerns into one's functional analysis and treatment plan. However, lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth may be at risk for a variety of clinical problems amenable to cognitive-behavioral therapy. We provide necessary information for the incorporation of issues concerning same-sex sexuality into one's case formulations when working with lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth, illustrated by case examples and clinical vignettes.
Infectious primate type-C virus shed by healthy gibbons.

MANY captive gibbons are naturally exposed to infectious type-C virus based on the prevalence of animals with humoral antibodies reactive to the virus1,2 and isolation of virus from tissue of leukaemic3,4 and normal gibbons5. A closely related infectious type-C virus has also been isolated from a woolly monkey with a spontaneous fibrosarcoma6,7 which implies that a common virus could infect unrelated non-human primates. Several reports recently have identified infectious primate type-C virus8,9, viral components10 and humoral antibody reactive to this virus in leukaemic11 and normal humans12 suggesting that man also may be susceptible to infection by a related virus. In an attempt to identify a possible source for infectious primate type-C virus that might infect primates as well as other animals, we decided to investigate whether healthy captive gibbons were shedding viruss ince this non-human primate is frequently displayed at zoos or kept as pets. This report presents evidence that gibbons can have long term viraemia with type-C virus without detectable immune response. These viraemic animals actively shed infectious virus in urine and faeces.
Controlled Copolymerization of n-Butyl Acrylate with Nonpolar 1-Alkenes Using Activators Regenerated by Electron Transfer for Atom-Transfer Radical Polymerization

Controlled copolymerization of n-butyl acrylate with 1-octene was achieved by ARGET (activators regenerated by electron transfer) ATRP (atom transfer radical polymerization) in anisole. When a normal ATRP of n-butyl acrylate and 1-octene was conducted, the polymerization resulted in relatively low conversion (<50%), limited control over the polymerization process, and high polydispersity (PDI = 1.6). This was due to formation of a dormant species by reaction of 1-octene radicals with Cu(II) deactivator that could not be reactivated. However, in ARGET ATRP with 10 ppm amounts of Cu-based catalyst, higher yields and a better controlled copolymerization were obtained because the low concentration of Cu(II) deactivator reduced the frequency of producing the nonreactive dormant species. When n-butyl acrylate and 1-octene were copolymerized with 10 ppm of CuCl2/TPMA vs monomer and 10 mol % of Sn(EH)2 vs initiator, a copolymer was prepared in higher yield and with low polydispersity (PDI < 1.4).
Ultrahigh-speed optical links and signal processing using ultrafast semiconductor diode lasers

We utilize a novel hybrid wavelength division multiplexed, optical time division multiplexed (WDM-OTDM) modelocked semiconductor laser for applications in ultrahigh data rate communication links, computer interconnects, and optical sampling applications. The key philosophy behind using a hybrid approach is that state-of-the-art system performance can be achieve without the necessity of operating at the limits of either a pure WDM or OTDM technology platform.
A Proposed Federal Role: Education of Gifted Children

Should the federal government work actively to improve education for gifted and talented children? If so, what type and degree of involvement is appropriate? The author describes and defends a five component catalytic program designed to support and enhance education for the gifted and talented.
Optical and infrared study of individual reacting metallocene catalyst particles

Polymer particle agglomeration and melting causing sheet formation in fluidized bed reactors have been reported to occur during olefin polymerization. The cause of this deleterious sheet formation has not yet been established. Infrared and optical imaging were used to study the temporal temperature and size during polymerization of individual commercially active catalyst particles supported on a nylon mesh. Experiments conducted at 2100 kPa confirmed theoretical predictions that the temporal temperature rapidly attains a maximum after the start of the reaction. The magnitude of the temperature rise increases upon an increase of either reactor temperature, initial catalyst particle diameter, catalyst loading, or addition of hydrogen to the feed. The maximum transient temperature rise of single commercial catalyst particle during ethylene polymerization (7.5°C) is lower than that which can lead to local melting and polymer sheet formation. The temperature rise of particle clusters is much higher than that of individual particles, as the cluster acts as a particle with an effective diameter much larger than that of an individual particle. Thus, to circumvent polymer melting it is essential to avoid catalyst particles clustering, which may be caused by electrostatic attraction. The addition of hydrogen to the feed, often used to control polymer properties, significantly increased the initial particle temperature rise (almost double in some cases). © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
Neutrons from the proton bombardment of Li6, Li7, Be9, B11 and O18

Abstract The total neutron yield from proton bombardment has been measured for Li 6 from threshold to 14 MeV; for Li 7 , Be 9 and B 11 from 4 to 14 MeV; and for O 18 from 3.5 to 10 MeV. The Li 6 (p, n)Be 6 reaction Q value measured in this experiment is −5.05±0.05 MeV, giving a Be 6 mass excess of 18.36±0.05 MeV. The neutron yield from Li 7 at higher energies cannot be explained on the basis of the (p, n) reaction alone and is ascribed in part to multi-particle breakup. An anomaly in the Be 9 +p neutron yield curve is ascribed to a threshold for production of neutrons by a state in B 9 at 4.04 MeV. The B 11 (p, n)C 11 reaction results confirm previous level structure in C 12 and a new “level” at E p = 11.85 MeV (energy of excitation in C 12 of 26.81 MeV.) The O 18 +p neutron yield shows 21 “resonant” peaks (energy of excitation 11.4 to 16.8 MeV).
Reversible resistance induced by FLT3 inhibition: a novel resistance mechanism in mutant FLT3-expressing cells.

Objectives Clinical responses achieved with FLT3 kinase inhibitors in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are typically transient and partial. Thus, there is a need for identification of molecular mechanisms of clinical resistance to these drugs. In response, we characterized MOLM13 AML cell lines made resistant to two structurally-independent FLT3 inhibitors. Methods MOLM13 cells were made drug resistant via prolonged exposure to midostaurin and HG-7-85-01, respectively. Cell proliferation was determined by Trypan blue exclusion. Protein expression was assessed by immunoblotting, immunoprecipitation, and flow cytometry. Cycloheximide was used to determine protein half-life. RT-PCR was performed to determine FLT3 mRNA levels, and FISH analysis was performed to determine FLT3 gene expression. Results and Conclusions We found that MOLM13 cells readily developed cross-resistance when exposed to either midostaurin or HG-7-85-01. Resistance in both lines was associated with dramatically elevated levels of cell surface FLT3 and elevated levels of phosphor-MAPK, but not phospho-STAT5. The increase in FLT3-ITD expression was at least in part due to reduced turnover of the receptor, with prolonged half-life. Importantly, the drug-resistant phenotype could be rapidly reversed upon withdrawal of either inhibitor. Consistent with this phenotype, no significant evidence of FLT3 gene amplification, kinase domain mutations, or elevated levels of mRNA was observed, suggesting that protein turnover may be part of an auto-regulatory pathway initiated by FLT3 kinase activity. Interestingly, FLT3 inhibitor resistance also correlated with resistance to cytosine arabinoside. Over-expression of FLT3 protein in response to kinase inhibitors may be part of a novel mechanism that could contribute to clinical resistance.
High-resolution P-T-t paths from δ18O zoning in titanite: A snapshot of late-orogenic collapse in the Grenville of New York

We characterize oxygen isotope zoning within single titanite crystals from the Carthage-Colton mylonite zone (CCMZ), Adirondack Mountains (New York State, United States), by ion microprobe. Smooth gradients of δ 18 O, up to 0.6‰ over 90 μm, resulted from diffusive exchange of oxygen during cooling from peak metamorphic temperatures of 650–700 °C. Modeling of the observed profile indicates punctuated cooling rates of 30–60 °C/m.y. along the CCMZ, set within long periods of much slower cooling. These results indicate a previously unrecognized period of rapid cooling along the CCMZ that is interpreted to result from the post-Ottawan collapse of the Grenville mountain belt and exhumation of the central Adirondack Highlands at ca. 1050 Ma.
Management of prenatally diagnosed lung lesions

Prenatal diagnosis provides insight into the in utero evolution of fetal thoracic lesions such as congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation (CCAM), bronchopulmonary sequestration (BPS), or hybrid lesions. Serial sonographic study of fetuses with thoracic lesions has helped define the natural history of these lesions, determine the pathophysiologic features that affect clinical outcome, and formulate in utero and postnatal management based on prognosis.
Impact of puberty on family relations: Effects of pubertal status and pubertal timing.

Etude de l'influence de l'etat et du timing pubertaire sur les relations familiales de 204 adolescents âges de 10 a 15 ans, notamment sous l'angle de la proximite, des conflits et de l'autonomie
Specific assay of hydroxyproline by gas chromatography

Abstract A quantitative gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) assay of hydroxyproline was developed. Sample analysis was readily achieved by adding blood serum or urine acid hydrolyzate into a micro-vial containing a known amount of an internal standard for the direct formation of N-trifluoroacetyl, n-butyl ester derivatives and GLC injection without laborious cleanup. Specificity (using the nitrogen detection system), sensitivity (detection in the nanogram range), and speed (less than 30 min) of the developed procedure can be used for the rapid determination of hydroxyproline in physiological fluids. An accelerated hydrolysis method (145° for 4 h) was evaluated for the determination of total urinary hydroxyproline. A low hydroxyproline yield resulting from incomplete hydrolysis of some segments of the collagen peptides present in the urine by the “overnight” hydrolysis process was demonstrated. Recovery of hydroxyproline added to various urine samples and analyzed after acid hydrolysis exceeded 90%.
3'-deoxy-3'-[18F]fluorothymidine positron emission tomography is a sensitive method for imaging the response of BRAF-dependent tumors to MEK inhibition.

Activating mutations of BRAF occur in ∼7% of all human tumors and in the majority of melanomas. These tumors are very sensitive to pharmacologic inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase (MEK), which causes loss of D-cyclin expression, hypophosphorylation of Rb, and G1 arrest. Growth arrest is followed by differentiation or senescence and, in a subset of BRAF mutant tumors, by apoptosis. The former effects result in so-called “stable disease” and, in patients with cancer, can be difficult to distinguish from indolent tumor growth. The profound G1 arrest induced by MEK inhibition in BRAF mutant tumors is associated with a marked decline in thymidine uptake and is therefore potentially detectable in vivo by noninvasive 3′-deoxy-3′-[18F]fluorothymidine ([18F]FLT) positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. In SKMEL-28 tumor xenografts, MEK inhibition completely inhibited tumor growth and induced differentiation with only modest tumor regression. MEK inhibition also resulted in a rapid decline in the [18F]FLT signal in V600E BRAF mutant SKMEL-28 xenografts but not in BRAF wild-type BT-474 xenografts. The data suggest that [18F]FLT PET can effectively image induction of G1 arrest by MEK inhibitors in mutant BRAF tumors and may be a useful noninvasive method for assessing the early biological response to this class of drugs. [Cancer Res 2007;67(23):11463–9]
Seasonal, diurnal and rehydration‐induced variation of pressure‐volume relationships in Pseudotsuga menziesii

Seasonal and diurnal variation and rehydration effects of pressure-volume parameters in Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco from a plantation in central Pennsylvania, USA, were evaluated during May-September, 1989. Predawn elastic modulus was lowest in overwintering and newly expanded shoots in May and June, respectively, whereas predawn osmotic potentials at full and zero turgor were lowest in May and in early September, following an August drought. Seasonal variation in predawn relative water content at zero turgor was highly correlated with increases and decreases in elastic modulus and osmotic potential. Diurnal osmotic adjustment resulted in nearly constant turgor pressure, despite decreases in bulk shoot water potential. Elastic modulus decreased diurnally on 1 August and increased on 3 September. Decreases in osmotic potential and/or elastic modulus on 24 June and 1 August lowered the relative water content at zero turgor. Plateaus in pressure-volume data caused by excess apoplastic water, were present in 67% of naturally rehydrated shoots and in all of the shoots artificially rehydrated for 3, 6, 12 and 24 h, and they increased in volume with rehydration time. Plateaus represented 80–95% of the excess apoplastic water lost during pressure-volume analysis. Correcting for plateaus via linear regression had no significant effect on osmotic potential at full turgor; however, uncorrected elastic modulus and relative water content at zero turgor were often significantly lower than the plateau-corrected values, particularly in artificially rehydrated shoots. Plateau-corrected osmotic potential at full turgor and osmotic potential at zero turgor were significantly higher in most artificially rehydrated shoots than in those naturally rehydrated as the result of loss of symplastic solutes. Corrected elastic modulus decreased following 12 and 24 h of rehydration and corrected relative water content at zero turgor increased in as little as 3 h of rehydration. These results indicate that seasonal and diurnal patterns of tissue-water parameters in Pseudotsuga menziesii vary with plant phenology and drought conditions, and that the length of rehydration period is an important consideration for pressure-volume studies.
Di­chloro­{methyl 4-[(1,4,7,10-tetra­aza­cyclo­dodec-1-yl)­methyl]­benzoate}­cobalt(III) methylsulfate

The title compound, [CoCl2(C17H28N4O2)](CH3O4S), is formed from the esterification of the parent benzoic acid complex in refluxing methanol/sulfuric acid. The coordination around cobalt is distorted octahedral, with cis chloride ligands.
An addition scheme of heat capacities of linear macromolecules. Carbon backbone polymers

It is shown that heat capacities of linear macromolecules consisting of all-carbon single-bonded backbones can be calculated from the appropriate contributions of substituted carbon atoms to a precision of about − 0.2±2.5% (155 data points), which is similar to the experimental precision. Heat capacity contributions of 42 groups are given over the full range of measurement and reasonable extrapolation. The quality of the addition scheme is tested on 16 series of measurements on homopolymers, copolymers and blends. The addition scheme works for all these different states of aggregation of the constituent groups. The basis of the addition scheme is discussed.
Formation and Patterning of Self-Assembled Monolayers Derived from Long-Chain Organosilicon Amphiphiles and Their Use as Templates in Materials Microfabrication

Thin films of docosyltrichlorosilane (DTS) were deposited by contact printing on the native oxide surface of a Si(100) single-crystal substrate. The nature of these thin-film layers, as characterized via ellipsometry, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and reflection−absorption infrared spectroscopy, show both similarities to and differences from the extensively studied monolayers derived from octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS). The structure of these films was found to be close packed and highly oriented for all mass coverages investigated. Taken together, the data indicate that the DTS films grow via the nucleation, expansion, and eventual coalescence of islands on the substrate. The patterning abilities of DTS were also investigated by scanning electron and atomic force microscopy. These studies showed little spreading of the DTS in films patterned by microcontact printing either by edge diffusion or by island formation in the nonprinted regions. These ...
Interaction of CRP L124 with cAMP affects CRP cAMP binding constants, cAMP binding cooperativity, and CRP allostery.

A cyclic nucleotide-binding pocket of the CRP dimer is composed of amino acid residues contributed by both subunits. Leucine (L) 124 of one subunit packs against the adenine ring of cAMP bound to the opposing subunit. We have undertaken a study designed to evaluate the role of L124 in CRP allostery. Wild-type (WT) apo-CRP is a 47 kDa protease-resistant dimer composed of identical subunits that exhibits a biphasic isotherm in cAMP titration studies. The WT CRP−cAMP complex is a protease-sensitive dimer degraded by protease to a dimer core that ranges between 26.5 and 30.5 kDa. Substitution of L124 with isoleucine (I), valine (V), cysteine (C), or alanine (A) generated a series of CRP variants that exhibited unique differences in apo-CRP resistance to protease, the mass of the core fragments generated in protease digestion reactions, cAMP-mediated allostery, and CRP−cAMP complex functionality. Differences in the affinity of the position 124 CRP variants for cAMP were observed. The binding constants that dri...
βIII-Tubulin Regulates Breast Cancer Metastases to the Brain

Brain metastases occur in about 10% to 30% of breast cancer patients, which culminates in a poor prognosis. It is, therefore, critical to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying brain metastatic processes to identify relevant targets. We hypothesized that breast cancer cells must express brain-associated markers that would enable their invasion and survival in the brain microenvironment. We assessed a panel of brain-predominant markers and found an elevation of several neuronal markers (βIII-tubulin, Nestin, and AchE) in brain metastatic breast cancer cells. Among these neuronal predominant markers, in silico analysis revealed overexpression of βIII-tubulin (TUBB3) in breast cancer brain metastases (BCBM) and its expression was significantly associated with distant metastases. TUBB3 knockdown studies were conducted in breast cancer models (MDA-Br, GLIM2, and MDA-MB-468), which revealed significant reduction in their invasive capabilities. MDA-Br cells with suppressed TUBB3 also demonstrated loss of key signaling molecules such as β3 integrin, pFAK, and pSrc in vitro. Furthermore, TUBB3 knockdown in a brain metastatic breast cancer cell line compromised its metastatic ability in vivo, and significantly improved survival in a brain metastasis model. These results implicate a critical role of TUBB3 in conferring brain metastatic potential to breast cancer cells.
Imaging an Adapted Dentoalveolar Complex

Adaptation of a rat dentoalveolar complex was illustrated using various imaging modalities. Micro-X-ray computed tomography for 3D modeling, combined with complementary techniques, including image processing, scanning electron microscopy, fluorochrome labeling, conventional histology (H&E, TRAP), and immunohistochemistry (RANKL, OPN) elucidated the dynamic nature of bone, the periodontal ligament-space, and cementum in the rat periodontium. Tomography and electron microscopy illustrated structural adaptation of calcified tissues at a higher resolution. Ongoing biomineralization was analyzed using fluorochrome labeling, and by evaluating attenuation profiles using virtual sections from 3D tomographies. Osteoclastic distribution as a function of anatomical location was illustrated by combining histology, immunohistochemistry, and tomography. While tomography and SEM provided past resorption-related events, future adaptive changes were deduced by identifying matrix biomolecules using immunohistochemistry. Thus, a dynamic picture of the dentoalveolar complex in rats was illustrated.
Getting Carried Away: How Rhetorical Transport Gets Judgment Going

Situations calling for judgment give impetus to rhetoric's ability to “bring before the eyes” absent or unapparent persons, places, or things. Rhetoricians often attribute this aspect of rhetoric's power to phantasia, the capacity through which images of stimuli past, passing, or to come are generated and made present. This article proposes and pursues a conceptualization of “rhetorical transport” predicated on civic phantasia, a mode of distance collapse whereby rhetors move subjects or objects so as to enable or impede particular judgments. Rhetorical transport abounds in rhetorical practice, but this article focuses on its presence in Gorgias, Cicero, and Thomas Paine.
Intrinsic connections of caudate neurons. Locally evoked intracellular responses.

Abstract The intracellular responses of caudate neurons to local single shocks delivered at a distance of 1.5 mm were investigated in anesthetized, paralyzed cats. The majority of cells did not fire spontaneously either when recorded extracellularly or after impalement. Intrinsic stimulation yielded results which are in general agreement with previous extra- and intracellular responses to extrinsic stimulation in the sense that the usual early response was excitatory after about a 10 msec latency and the later effect was inhibition (IPSP) after a latency of 12–22 msec. In many units extracellular spike responses were suppressed following impalement of the neuron but EPSP remained for several minutes thereafter, even in cells which were damaged irreversibly. We suggested that this finding may partly explain the frequent occurence, in this and previous studies, of large EPSP incapable of generating spikes. We did not rule out the existence of IPSP of earlier onset capable of prematurely curtailing the excitatory component of responses, thus possibley accounting for failure of spike response in many neurons. The low degree of spontaneous activity and the apparent ready accommodation to intracellularly delivered pulses would support previous impressions suggesting that caudate neurons are maintained under conditions of marked quiescence by relatively high resting membrane potentials. Further investigation of the effects of intracellularly applied currents are required however to reinforce this contention.
Stimulation of prostaglandin e2 production by interleukin‐1α and transforming growth factor α in osteoblastic MC3T3‐E1 cells

The mechanism by which interleukin-1 (IL-1) and transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-alpha) regulate prostaglandin synthesis has been examined in the clonal mouse osteoblastic cell line MC3T3-E1. Cells were grown in DMEM containing 10% fetal calf serum. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production was determined by radioimmunoassay or by prelabeling cells with [3H]arachidonic acid, followed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of the labeled products released into the medium. Prostaglandin G/H synthase (PGHS) mRNAs were quantified by northern blot analysis using [32P]labeled cDNA probes. By HPLC, PGE2 was the major prostanoid produced under basal or stimulated conditions. No release of thromboxane or 6-keto-PGF1 alpha into the medium was detected. PGE2 production was stimulated approximately 7- to 14-fold by IL-1 (1 ng/ml) and 3- to 8-fold by TGF-alpha (30 ng/ml) after 24 h. In combination, however, IL-1 and TGF-alpha caused a synergistic 37- to 71-fold increase in PGE2 accumulation. PGHS-1 mRNA levels were maximally increased approximately 2- to 3-fold by IL-1 and 1.5 to 2.5-fold by TGF-alpha after 24 h; the combination of IL-1 and TGF-alpha produced only an additive 3- to 6-fold increase. Western blotting revealed a corresponding 3-fold increase in immunoreactive PGHS-1 protein in response to combined IL-1 and TGF-alpha. PGHS-2 mRNA was increased 1.4-fold by TGF-alpha at 1 h, and the combination of IL-1 and TGF-alpha caused a 1.7-fold increase.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Untersuchungen an referenz- und indikatorelektroden für sulfatische salzschmelzen bei 900°C

Zusammenfassung Im Hinblick auf elektrochemische Korrosionsprufung von Gasturbinenwerkstoffen in sulfatischen Salzschmelzen bei 900°C wurden mehrere Typen von Referenzelektroden untersucht. Dabei standen im Vordergrund eine Pt(O2)/ZrO2(Y2O3)/Elektrode (pO2− Indikatorelektrode) und eine Pt(O2)/Pythagorasmasse/Elektrode. Beide Elektroden gekoppelt erlauben Messungen der Alkalitat einer Salzschmelze. Die Pt(O2)/ZrO2(Y2O3)/Elektrode wurde vornehmlich in der eutektischen (Na2, Mg, Ca)SO4 Schmelze untersucht, welche praxisnaher ist, als die haufig verwendete eutektische Schmelze von (Li, K, Na)2SO4. Die Prufungen umfassten chemische Stabilitat gegen sulfatische Schmelzen, Spannungskonstanz zwischen gleichartigen Elektroden, Ansprechen auf Variation des Sauerstoffpartialdruckes und Reversibilitat.
Going all the way with empowerment

Compares the organization improvement effort in two US companies, one which partially empowered its employees and one which fully empowered them, and concludes that although positive results are possible with partial empowerment they take longer to materialize and are often different from the company’s original objectives. The full empowerment model is superior in terms of achieving overall organization objectives, and is easier and cheaper to implement. Believes that we have dug ourselves into a partial empowerment rut, thereby frustrating our improvement efforts and consequently deriving only partial benefits.