cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Learning Approach with Programmable Data Plane towards IoT Security

Security threats arising in massively connected Internet of Things (IoT) devices have attracted wide attention. It is necessary to equip IoT gateways with firewalls to prevent hacked devices from infecting a larger amount of network nodes. The match-and-action mechanism of Software Defined Networking (SDN) provides the means to differentiate malicious traffic flows from normal ones, which mirrors the past firewall mechanisms but with a new flexible and dynamically reconfigurable twist. However, vulnerabilities of IoT devices and heterogeneous protocols coexisting in the same network challenge the extension of SDN into the IoT domain. To overcome these challenges, we leverage the high level of data plane programmability brought by the P4 language and design a novel two-stage deep learning method for attack detection tailored to that particular language. Our method is able to generate flow rules that match a small number of header fields from arbitrary protocols while maintaining high performance of attack detection. Evaluations using network traces of different IoT protocols show significant benefits in accuracy, efficiency and universality over state-of-the-art methods.
Health Literacy, Knowledge, and Risk Factors for Fatty Liver Disease among Asian American and Pacific Islanders and Latinos in Los Angeles.

Background: Fatty liver disease (FLD) is associated with increased risk for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and is associated with rising rates of diabetes and obesity. The prevalence of FLD is rising among Asian American and Pacific Islanders (AAPIs) and Latinos. This study examined health literacy, knowledge, and risk factors for FLD among AAPIs and Latinos in Los Angeles. Methods: Data from in-person interviews and clinical measures (body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage, and blood pressure) were obtained from adults aged 18-82 years at four health fairs from November 2018 to March 2019. Interviews assessed knowledge about FLD, access to health resources, and satisfaction with current physician. Correct responses to knowledge questions were summed to generate a FLD knowledge score. Linear regression models were used to examine the association between knowledge score and age, sex, and race/ethnicity. Results: A total of 102 subjects were AAPI and 33 were Latino. Over 65% of participants had heard of FLD but demonstrated limited knowledge about FLD. Only 24% of subjects reported receiving FLD resources in their preferred language. Most subjects failed to identify several risk factors and key symptoms of FLD. Mean knowledge score for subjects who had heard of FLD was 7.58 (95% CI 7.15-8.01) out of a possible 16 points, and for those who had not who had not heard of FLD it was 5.71 (5.00-6.42) (p <0.0001). Conclusions: A lack of culturally competent resources and effective communication strategies between physicians and patients regarding FLD contributes to a lower awareness about the increased risk of FLD among AAPIs and Latinos. Future studies should investigate optimal methods to educate these communities about FLD and its associations with HCC.
Education research - Understanding the factors involved in inpatient communication for orthopedic trainees

Abstract Background “Interpersonal and communication skills” (ICS) is a core competency set forth by the ACGME. No structured curriculum exists to train orthopedics residents in ICS. Methods Twenty-four out of 35 orthopedics residents completed the survey (69%). The survey had the following domains: [1] Demographics, [2] Communication Needs/Goals, and [3] Communication Barriers. Results Eighty-three percent of respondents wanted to improve their communication skills and their patient's experience. Interns-PGY4s wanted to improve on similar specific communication skills. All residents desired training in conflict management. Conclusion There is a need among orthopedics residents for a communication skills curriculum early in residency training, specifically in conflict management.
Variation in Additional Breast Imaging Orders and Impact on Surgical Wait Times at a Comprehensive Cancer Center.

In the multidisciplinary care model, breast imagers frequently provide second-opinion reviews of imaging studies performed at outside institutions. However, the need for additional imaging and timeliness of obtaining these studies has yet to be established. We sought to evaluate the frequency of additional imaging orders by breast surgeons and to evaluate the impact of this supplementary imaging on timeliness of surgery. We identified 2489 consecutive women with breast cancer who underwent first definitive surgery (FDS) at our comprehensive cancer center between 2011 and 2013. The number of breast-specific imaging studies performed for each patient between initial consultation and FDS was obtained. χ 2 tests were used to quantify the proportion of patients undergoing additional imaging by surgeon. Interval time between initial consultation and additional imaging and/or biopsy was calculated. The delay of additional imaging on time to FDS was assessed by t test. Of 2489 patients, 615 (24.7 %) had at least one additional breast-specific imaging study performed between initial consultation and FDS, with 222 patients undergoing additional biopsies (8.9 %). The proportion of patients receiving imaging tests by breast surgeon ranged from 15 to 39 % (p < 0.0001). Patients receiving additional imaging had statistically longer wait times to FDS for BCT (21.4–28.5 days, p < 0.0001). Substantial variability exists in the utilization of additional breast-specific imaging and in the timeliness of obtaining these tests among breast surgeons. Further research is warranted to assess the sources and impact of this variation on patient care, cost, and outcomes.
Radiation Damage in Silicon Surface Barrier Detectors

High energy protons and associated heavy particles including neutrons are expected to be the major cause of radiation damage in silicon detectors considered for use in high energy physics experiments. Device effects to be expected are energy resolution degradation due to carrier trapping by radiation introduced defects and leakage current increase from increased generation-regeneration of carriers through the defect levels.
MEMS smart variable-geometry flexible flight control surfaces: distributed control and high-fidelity modeling

Distributed embedded control is a key methodology to design networked large-scale microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) that integrate micromachined transducers (actuators and sensors) and computing-processing- controlling and amplifying ICs. These MEMS allow one to design highly versatile robust, fault-tolerant, high-performance systems with the desired redundancy. Synthesis of distributed systems is a very complex problem due to complexity of networked MEMS to be controlled as well as rigid performance and functional requirements imposed on software (flexibility, robustness, autonomy, real-time capabilities, computing, interfacing, execution time, fault tolerance, etc.). Furthermore, control of networked MEMS must be accomplished within multi-objective goals, complex tasks, nonlinear dynamic behavior, constraints, delays, uncertainties, parameter variations, disturbances, etc. Systems design, explicit mathematical representations (accurate mathematical models), coherent control, adaptive networking and robust hardware-software co-design can dramatically improve performance. These problems are addressed and examined in this paper, except hardware- software co-design and software development. Enhanced functional and computing capabilities of ICs may ensure real-time implementation of complex controllers. This paper illustrates that it is possible to design and implement cognitive high-performance systems for networked large-scale MEMS to control smart variable-geometry flexible control surfaces. The reported results are directly applicable to deformable mirrors, smart lenses, membranes, vibro-acoustic cavities, smart skins, etc. This paper develops a modular platform formulating and solving a spectrum of complex problems for networked actuators, sensors and ICs. The application of MEMS guarantees exceptional flexibility, functionality, robustness, survivability as well as optimal adaptive (reconfigurable) dynamic behavior thereby ensuring superior overall performance in rapidly-changing dynamic environments under uncertainties.
Precision Neutrino Counting

In the framework of the standard, hot big bang cosmological model the dynamics of the early evolution of the universe is controlled by the energy density of relativistic particles, among which neutrinos play an important role. In equilibrium, the energy density contributed by one flavor of relativistic neutrinos is 7/8 of that of the cosmic background radiation (CBR) photons. As the universe expands and cools, neutrinos decouple and their subsequent contribution to the energy density is modified by the relative heating of the CBR photons when electron-positron pairs annihilate. The small corrections to the post-annihilation energy density of the standard model neutrinos due to incomplete decoupling and finite-temperature QED effects are reviewed (correcting an error in the literature) and extended to account for possible additional relativistic degrees of freedom whose presence might modify the predictions of primordial nucleosynthesis and of the predicted CBR anisotropies.
Immigration and the Changing Status of Asian Americans

Mass immigration over the past four decades has changed the racial and ethnic composition of United States by ushering in millions of Asians and Latinos whose arrival has not only challenged the traditional black-white color line, but has also changed perceptions about race. Focusing on Asian Americans, I show how contemporary immigration has changed the racial status of this group; once considered “unassimilable” and “undesirable immigrants,” Asian Americans now exhibit the highest rates of intermarriage, the lowest rates of residential segregation, and the highest median household incomes of all US racial groups. By highlighting the changing selectivity of Asian immigration after the passage of the 1965 Immigration and Nationality Act, I illustrate how their hyper-selectivity has not only affected their patterns of incorporation, but also produced positive stereotypes of contemporary Asian Americans. This, in turn, has resulted in a social psychological process that I refer to as stereotype promise—the promise of being viewed through the lens of a positive stereotype that leads one to perform in such a way that confirms the positive stereotype, thereby enhancing performance and outcomes. By introducing research in social psychology to the fields of immigration and race, I provide a better understanding of the ways in which immigration is changing the meaning of race for Asian Americans in twenty-first century America. Keywords: immigration; race; Asian Americans; stereotypes; stereotype promise
Triangulating Methods to Assess the Performance of International Bureaucracies: An Analysis of EU Institutions Through Case Studies and Surveys

This paper presents the beginning stages of a project based on two fundamental questions: 1) why do features of international organizations vary - their internal structure, external networks, bureaucratic quality, and organizational capacity? 2) how does this variation impact international policy agendas and outcomes? Relying on existing survey research on domestic bureaucracies and policy domains, we construct a means of measuring variations in bureaucratic, organizational and relational features of international organizations. We then utilize the survey to describe, define, and compare international bureaucracies and policy domains, triangulating survey results with our qualitative case study research. Overall, this paper has three goals. First, we argue that the “organizations” in international organizations are worthy objects of study. In our case study research, we have discovered wide variations in bureaucratic structures, state-society relations, and policy outcomes at the international level. This is a theoretical puzzle because often, delegated authority or power does not explain outcomes in international policymaking and agenda setting. Second, we attempt to measure these varying dimensions of organizations using existing surveys measuring domestic bureaucratic quality as an appropriate starting point. However, we have modified prior measures and constructs in an attempt to incorporate the broader concepts of bureaucratic and organizational quality. Third, we attempt to link the theoretical and empirical foundations of this literature to the phenomenon of international bureaucracies in general.
Reliable prediction of three-body intermolecular interactions using dispersion-corrected second-order Møller-Plesset perturbation theory

Three-body and higher intermolecular interactions can play an important role in molecular condensed phases. Recent benchmark calculations found problematic behavior for many widely used density functional approximations in treating 3-body intermolecular interactions. Here, we demonstrate that the combination of second-order Moller-Plesset (MP2) perturbation theory plus short-range damped Axilrod-Teller-Muto (ATM) dispersion accurately describes 3-body interactions with reasonable computational cost. The empirical damping function used in the ATM dispersion term compensates both for the absence of higher-order dispersion contributions beyond the triple-dipole ATM term and non-additive short-range exchange terms which arise in third-order perturbation theory and beyond. Empirical damping enables this simple model to out-perform a non-expanded coupled Kohn-Sham dispersion correction for 3-body intermolecular dispersion. The MP2 plus ATM dispersion model approaches the accuracy of O(N(6)) methods like MP2.5 or even spin-component-scaled coupled cluster models for 3-body intermolecular interactions with only O(N(5)) computational cost.
Perceptions of Weight and Health Practices in Hispanic Children: A Mixed-Methods Study

Background. Perception of weight by parents of obese children may be associated with willingness to engage in behavior change. The relationship between parents' perception of their child's weight and their health beliefs and practices is poorly understood, especially among the Hispanic population which experiences disparities in childhood obesity. This study sought to explore the relationship between perceptions of weight and health beliefs and practices in a Hispanic population. Methods. A cross-sectional, mixed-methods approach was used with semistructured interviews conducted with parent-child (2-5 years old) dyads in a primarily Hispanic, low-income population. Parents were queried on their perceptions of their child's health, health practices, activities, behaviors, and beliefs. A grounded theory approach was used to analyze participants' discussion of health practices and behaviors. Results. Forty parent-child dyads completed the interview. Most (58%) of the parents of overweight and obese children misclassified their child's weight status. The qualitative analysis showed that accurate perception of weight was associated with internal motivation and more concrete ideas of what healthy meant for their child. Conclusions. The qualitative data suggest there may be populations at different stages of readiness for change among parents of overweight and obese children, incorporating this understanding should be considered for interventions.
Is Performance Feedback for Educators an Evidence-Based Practice? A Systematic Review and Evaluation Based on Single-Case Research

Optimal levels of treatment fidelity, a critical moderator of intervention effectiveness, are often difficult to sustain in applied settings. It is unknown whether performance feedback, a widely researched method for increasing educators’ treatment fidelity, is an evidence-based practice. The purpose of this review was to evaluate the current research on performance feedback as a strategy to promote the implementation of school-based practices. Studies were evaluated according to What Works Clearinghouse (WWC; Kratochwill et al., 2010) technical guidelines for single-case design, utilizing both the design and evidence standards to determine whether studies provided sufficient evidence for the effectiveness of performance feedback. Results indicate that performance feedback can be termed an evidence-based intervention based on criteria set by the WWC. Implications for future research are described.
De regreso a la fuente del platonismo en la filosofía de las matemáticas: la critica de Aristóteles a los números eidéticos.

De acuerdo con la asi llamada concepcion platonista de la naturaleza de las entidades matematicas, las afirmaciones matematicas son analogas a las afirmaciones acerca de objetos fisicos reales y sus relaciones, con la diferencia decisiva de que las entidades matematicas no son ni fisicas ni espacio temporalmente individuales, y, por tanto, no son percibidas sensorialmente. El platonismo matematico es, por lo tanto, de la misma indole que el platonismo en general, el cual postula la tesis de un mundo ideal de entidades –eidē– que a la vez estan separadas (chōriston) y son el fundamento cognitivo y ontologico del mundo real de cosas fisicas que poseen propiedades espacio-temporales. Mientras que la no-identidad entre la concepcion platonista de las entidades matematicas y el platonismo del Platon “historico” es frecuentemente reconocida tacita o explicitamente tanto por sus defensores como por sus criticos, su conexion conla critica del Aristoteles “historico” a la filosofia de Platon frecuentemente no es reconocida. Este articulo llama la atencion sobre la conexion de Aristoteles con el asi llamado platonismo tradicionalmente concebido y reconstruye un aspecto crucial de su critica a la tesis originaria del chōrismos platonico que se pierde de vista a menos que se reconozca el objetivo verdadero de su critica, la descripcion platonica igualmente originaria de los numeros eideticos. --- “The Source of Platonism in the Philosophy of Mathematics Revisited: Aristotle’s Critique of Eidetic Numbers”. According to the so-called Platonistic conception of the nature of mathematical entities, mathematical statements are analogous to statements about real physical objects and their relations, with the one decisive difference that mathematical entities are neither physical nor individuated spatio-temporally and, thus, not perceived sensuously. Mathematical Platonism is therefore of a piece with Platonism in general, which posits the thesis of an ideal world of entities –eidē– that are both separate (chōriston) from and the cognitive and ontological foundations of the real world of physical things possessing spatio-temporal properties. While the non-identity of the Platonistic conception of mathematical entities with the Platonism of the “historical” Plato is usually either tacitly or explicitly acknowledged by its defenders and critics alike, its connection with the “historical” Aristotle’s critique of Plato’s philosophy usually goes unacknowledged. This paper both calls attention to Aristotle’s connection with the so-called Platonism traditionally conceived and reconstructs a crucial aspect of his critique of the original Platonic chōrismos thesis, an aspect that is missed unless the true target of this critique, the equally original Platonic account of eidetic numbers, is recognized.
Liver-Directed Therapies in Patients With Advanced Neuroendocrine Tumors

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are increasing in incidence. Incidental NETs that may have little clinical significance, such as gastric and rectal primaries, are often identified because of increased screening efforts and advanced imaging modalities. Although NETs are biologically indolent cancers, many patients present with incurable metastatic disease to the liver at initial diagnosis. Some literature suggests a delay averaging almost 5 years in making the correct diagnosis based on clinical symptoms. Although surgical resection offers the only potentially curative therapy, liver-directed therapies, such as embolization and ablation, offer effective alternatives to control symptoms and potentially impact overall survival. This article reviews the latest liver-directed approaches to the management of advanced NETs.
Streaming While Teaching: The Legality of Using Personal Streaming Video Accounts for the Classroom

Educators are constantly seeking new sources of relevant material to illustrate doctrinal and practice topics. With the growing understanding of students’ different learning styles, as well as the expansion of high-speed network connections and large displays in the classroom, streaming video has begun gaining popularity as an educational tool. Films, television programs, and real-time and archived legislative and court sessions may provide examples (both positive and negative) to enhance pedagogy. One increasingly common source for streaming content is a commercial video provider such as Netflix, Amazon, and Hulu. Even where such providers do not offer educational or institutional services, educators may have personal accounts with the service to which they can connect from the classroom in order to show movies and television shows to students. The benefits are clear: little or no cost to either the school or the students, an ever-growing catalog of titles, and avoiding the delay of ordering and obtaining desired titles on DVD or VHS.The ease and low cost of streaming services, however, do not necessarily translate into permissibility; faculty use of personal Netflix or similar streaming accounts in the classroom may not be legal. While certain provisions within U.S. copyright law (notably 17 U.S.C. § 110(1)) permit display of otherwise protected works in a not-for-profit classroom setting, the statutory exceptions, and the contracts underlying the service membership, may operate to prohibit this use of personal streaming accounts. The author explores using streaming technology in the classroom from the legal, ethical, and institutional policy perspectives.
Recent advances in the synthetic and mechanistic aspects of the ruthenium-catalyzed carbon–heteroatom bond forming reactions of alkenes and alkynes

The group's recent advances in catalytic carbon-to-heteroatom bond forming reactions of alkenes and alkynes are described. For the C-O bond formation reaction, a well-defined bifunctional ruthenium-amido catalyst has been successfully employed for the conjugate addition of alcohols to acrylic compounds. The ruthenium-hydride complex (PCy(3))(2)(CO)RuHCl was found to be a highly effective catalyst for the regioselective alkyne-to-carboxylic acid coupling reaction in yielding synthetically useful enol ester products. Cationic ruthenium-hydride catalyst generated in-situ from (PCy(3))(2)(CO)RuHCl/HBF(4)·OEt(2) was successfully utilized for both the hydroamination and related C-N bond forming reactions of alkenes. For the C-Si bond formation reaction, regio- and stereoselective dehydrosilylation of alkenes and hydrosilylation of alkynes have been developed by using a well-defined ruthenium-hydride catalyst. Scope and mechanistic aspects of these carbon-to-heteroatom bond-forming reactions are discussed.
The Great Condom Adventure: Analyzing College Students' Narratives of Buying Condoms

This project analyzes college students’ narratives buying condoms. Research suggests young persons do not consistently use condoms, and this study will provide an in-depth analysis to students affect toward condoms. We analyzed narratives written by 115 undergraduate students of their condom buying experiences. The vast majority of the students’ narratives about their condom buying experience fit a common framework, with elements including: preplanning, walking in the store, looking inconspicuous while wandering, finding the “hidden” condom location, making their selection, carrying and hiding the condoms, selecting a cashier and rushing through checkout, anticipating ridicule, and walking out of the store. Research indicates that the majority of college-aged persons are sexually active and do not always use protection. We speculate that the negative emotions associated with buying condoms, as repeated in their narratives, may contribute to young people inconsistent use of
Femininity, Bulimia, and Distress in College Women

This study investigated differences in the scores on perceived Distress and Bulimia among college women with varying scores on the Behavioral Self-report of Femininity. Distress was assessed using The Psychological Distress Inventory and Bulimia was measured using the Bulimia Cognitive Distortions Scale. Women who reported low numbers of stereotypic feminine behaviors scored lower on the Bulimia Cognitive Distortions Scale than women reporting moderate to high numbers of stereotypic feminine behaviors. Distress scores were not significantly different between women scoring high and low on Bulimic Cognitive Distortions, and Bulimic Cognitive Distortion scores did not vary as a function of scores on Distress and Femininity. A multiple regression indicated that one factor of the Behavioral Self-report of Femininity, Social Connectedness, made a significant contribution to the prediction of Bulimia scores.
Effects of crop rotation of soybean with corn on severity of sudden death syndrome and population densities of Heterodera glycines in naturally infested soil

Abstract Sudden death syndrome, caused by Fusarium virguliforme , and the soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines , combined cause the highest yield losses in soybean. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of corn rotated annually with soybean on reducing severity of sudden death syndrome (SDS) and if such crop rotation is beneficial to soybean root health and thus improves disease management strategies. Experiments were conducted from 2003 to 2006 through two cycles of a corn–soybean rotation on two commercial fields in Indiana. With one exception, the rotation of soybean with corn did not provide yield benefits compared to monoculture of soybean. Severity of foliar and root symptoms of SDS in rotation plots were never less than in soybean monoculture plots. At one location, soybean monoculture resulted in suppression of SDS compared to the corn–soybean rotation, while H. glycines reproduced freely. At the other location, monoculture of soybean resulted in suppressiveness against H. glycines , while SDS was limited in all treatments . The data suggest that soil suppressiveness can independently impact the pathogens that are important in SDS development. Because H. glycines can increase SDS symptoms, its suppression may also reduce severity of SDS. Current production systems consisting of yearly rotation of soybean with corn are highly vulnerable to the development of severe soil-borne disease complexes. The simple year-to-year rotation of corn and soybean is not considered sustainable. While monoculture of soybean resulted in some disease suppression in these trials, reliance on monoculture may be detrimental due to other environmental considerations beyond the scope of these trials. Including other crops may be beneficial in improving the sustainability of soybean and corn production systems.
Ethnographic study of collaborative knowledge work

We present an ethnographic study in which we examine the ways collaborative knowledge work gets done in a process-oriented environment. The purpose of the study is to identify the kinds of support that knowledge workers could benefit from and to make recommendations for tools that might provide such support. The participants in this study, knowledge workers in various business domains, work in a collaborative environment; their skills are in their areas of expertise rather than computer science and programming. The data we collected are based on field interviews, on observation sessions, and on validation sessions using prototypes. We analyzed the field data using selected principles from grounded theory, and the results of each cycle were used to guide the research in subsequent cycles. In our findings we describe how knowledge workers develop their own strategies and techniques for getting their work done in complex, dynamic environments in which prescribed work processes serve only as reference models. By presenting instances of such environments from our study data, we illustrate how such individualized work processes are created and demonstrate the need for new supporting technologies and tools.
Bleeding esophageal varices.

Bleeding esophageal varices remain a major problem which has not been solved despite the number of ingenious and imaginative efforts to control and prevent hemorrhage through a variety of surgical, radiologic, pharmacologic, and endoscopic techniques.
IN TRIBUTE TO THINGS FALL APART

In 1958, when Chinua Achebe published Things Fall Apart, African literature could not be said to have existed as a discipline. This, despite the fact that there had been hundreds of years of oral t...
Educational Strategies for Helping Abused Women

Editor's Note: The following is an excerpt from Empowering Survivors of Abuse: Health Care, Battered Women and Their Children, by Jacquelin Campbell, PhD, RN, FAAN
Rapid restitution of the rat pancreas following acinar cell necrosis subsequent to ethionine.

ONLY rarely has the suggestion been made that the pancreas, human1 or animal2, possesses the faculty of complete regeneration. Ethionine, a metabolic analogue of methionine, produces acinar cell necrosis of the pancreas3. Rats show within one to two weeks after pancreatic acinar cell necrosis a relatively complete restitution of the organ.
The adenosine dimethyltransferase KsgA recognizes a specific conformational state of the 30S ribosomal subunit.

Abstract The methyltransferase KsgA modifies two adjacent adenosines in 16S rRNA by adding two methyl groups to the N6 position of each nucleotide. Unlike nearly all other rRNA modifications, these modifications and the responsible enzyme are highly conserved phylogenetically, suggesting that the modification system has an important role in ribosome biogenesis. It has been known for some time that KsgA recognizes a complex pre-30S substrate in vitro, but there is disagreement in the literature as to what that substrate can be. That disagreement is resolved in this report; KsgA is unable to methylate 30S subunits in the translationally active conformation, but rather can modify 30S when in an experimentally well established translationally inactive conformation. Recent 30S crystal structures provide some basis for explaining why it is impossible for KsgA to methylate 30S in the translationally active conformation. Previous work identified one set of ribosomal proteins important for efficient methylation by KsgA and another set refractory methylation. With the exception of S21 the recent crystal structures of 30S also instructs that the proteins important for KsgA activity all exert their influence indirectly. Unfortunately, S21, which is inhibitory to KsgA activity, has not had its position determined by X-ray crystallography. A reevaluation of published biophysical data on the location also suggests that the refractory nature of S21 is also indirect. Therefore, it appears that KsgA solely senses the conformation 16S rRNA when carrying out its enzymatic activity.
Quantitative approaches for assessment of white matter hyperintensities in elderly populations

White matter hyperintensities (WMH) are areas of increased signal on T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), including fluid attenuated inverse recovery sequences. Total and regional WMH burden (i.e., volume or severity) has been associated with myriad cognitive, neurological, and psychiatric conditions among older adults. In the current report, we illustrate two approaches to quantify periventricular, deep, and total WMH and examine their reliability and criterion validity among 28 elderly patients enrolled in a depression treatment trial. The first approach, an operator-driven quantitative approach, involves visual inspection of individual MRI scans and manual labeling using a three-step series of procedures. The second approach, a fully automated quantitative approach, uses a processing stream that involves image segmentation, voxel intensity thresholding, and seed growing to label WMH and calculate their volume automatically. There was good agreement in WMH quantification between the two approaches (Cronbach's alpha values from 0.835 to 0.968). Further, severity of WMH was significantly associated with worse depression and increased age, and these associations did not differ significantly between the two quantification approaches. We provide evidence for good reliability and criterion validity for two approaches for WMH volume determination. The operator-driven approach may be better suited for smaller studies with highly trained raters, whereas the fully automated quantitative approach may be more appropriate for larger, high-throughput studies.
Planetary science with Space Telescope.

The capabilities of the Space Telescope observatory which will comprise a 2.4 m primary mirror scheduled for launch into low earth orbit in late 1983 by the Shuttle are discussed. Attention is given to the first generation of science instruments, including two imaging systems, two complementary spectrographs, a high-speed photometer, and a fine guidance/astrometry system. A specific observing program, an intercomparison of Uranus and Neptune, is examined in detail.
Synthesis and X-ray Crystallography of Rh(I) Carbonyl Complexes of Amethyrin

The synthesis and characterization of two rhodium(I)dicarbonyl amethyrin complexes (mono and bis) are presented. X-ray structural results reveal that the amethyrin ligand undergoes significant distortion from planarity as the result of metal complexation and that, in the case of the bis-rhodium complex, the two metal centers lie on the same side of the mean ligand plane.
Remote sensing of atmospheric optical depth using a smartphone sun photometer.

In recent years, smart phones have been explored for making a variety of mobile measurements. Smart phones feature many advanced sensors such as cameras, GPS capability, and accelerometers within a handheld device that is portable, inexpensive, and consistently located with an end user. In this work, a smartphone was used as a sun photometer for the remote sensing of atmospheric optical depth. The top-of-the-atmosphere (TOA) irradiance was estimated through the construction of Langley plots on days when the sky was cloudless and clear. Changes in optical depth were monitored on a different day when clouds intermittently blocked the sun. The device demonstrated a measurement precision of 1.2% relative standard deviation for replicate photograph measurements (38 trials, 134 datum). However, when the accuracy of the method was assessed through using optical filters of known transmittance, a more substantial uncertainty was apparent in the data. Roughly 95% of replicate smart phone measured transmittances are expected to lie within ±11.6% of the true transmittance value. This uncertainty in transmission corresponds to an optical depth of approx. ±0.12–0.13 suggesting the smartphone sun photometer would be useful only in polluted areas that experience significant optical depths. The device can be used as a tool in the classroom to present how aerosols and gases effect atmospheric transmission. If improvements in measurement precision can be achieved, future work may allow monitoring networks to be developed in which citizen scientists submit acquired data from a variety of locations.
Management of Giant Congenital Pulmonary Airway Malformations Requiring Pneumonectomy

Background Congenital pulmonary airway malformation (CPAM) is a rare congenital anomaly that occurs sporadically throughout fetal development. CPAM is usually a lobar process, but involvement of an entire lung is exceedingly rare. We present a small series of patients with multilobar CPAM who, to the best of our knowledge, are the first reported cases of giant CPAMs treated with pneumonectomy at birth. Methods After institutional review board approval, 93 medical records were reviewed for infants 0 to 12 months with congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation (CCAM) from 1990 to 2011. Three patients with entire lung involvement were included. Results Two patients were identified prenatally by ultrasonography and 1 was diagnosed at birth. Prenatally, the 2 patients exhibited mediastinal shift and steroids were administered. A pericardial effusion and decreased movement developed in 1 patient, requiring an emergent cesarean section at 31 weeks' gestation. All 3 patients underwent immediate newborn resection. One infant went into cardiac arrest on delivery and was resuscitated and taken for emergent resection. The 2 patients delivered vaginally at term tolerated spontaneous ventilation without positive pressure. All 3 patients underwent an emergent pneumonectomy on the first day of life. The premature infant died intraoperatively after CPAM removal from severe pulmonary hypertension (HTN) and contralateral lung hypoplasia. The hospital course for these patients was characterized by prolonged stays in the intensive care unit (ICU), pneumonia, ventilator dependence, and pulmonary HTN. Bronchoscopy revealed tracheomalacia in 1 patient that was relieved by aortopexy; the other patient had bronchomalacia requiring tracheotomy. Conclusions Emergent total pneumonectomy can be lifesaving, although significant pulmonary HTN can be expected. Management options may include fetal surgical intervention, ex utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT), and expectant management. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), a prolonged ICU course, and symptomatic tracheomalacia/bronchomalacia may be anticipated. Families can be counseled that survival is achievable with adequate contralateral lung development.
Single molecule spectroscopy of organic dye nanoparticles.

Organic dye nanoparticles 1−13 nm in height and 10−45 nm in width were prepared by the reprecipitation method. With single-molecule/nanoparticle spectroscopy, two distinct types of nanoparticles were found: particles with blue emission and particles with red emission. The difference in spectral characteristics is attributed to the presence of two morphological types of particles in the samples. The presence of two types of nanoparticles in the samples was further corroborated by our ability to separate blue nanoparticles from red nanoparticles by centrifugation.
Light Harvesting Arrays of Polypyridine Ruthenium(II) Chromophores Prepared by Reversible Addition–Fragmentation Chain Transfer Polymerization

Polystyrene-based polymers that feature pendant Ru(II) polypyridine chromophores have been prepared by using reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization combined with the azide–alkyne click reaction. RAFT polymerization was effected using 4-chloromethylstyrene to afford functional polymers with Mn values of 3300 and 8600 g/mol with low polydispersity. Reaction of the resulting poly(4-chloromethylstyrene)s with azide ion afforded the corresponding poly(4-azidomethylstyrene)s, which were further reacted in an azide–alkyne click reaction with (5-ethynyl-1,10-phenanthroline)-bis(2,2-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) to afford the chromophore loaded polymers. The reactions were followed by using nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectroscopy, and the results suggest that the click reactions lead to nearly quantitative functionalization of the azidomethyl functional polymers. The photophysical and electrochemical properties of the Ru functional polymers were characterized in solution. Em...
Protein hydration dynamics and molecular mechanism of coupled water-protein fluctuations

Protein surface hydration is fundamental to its structural stability and flexibility, and water-protein fluctuations are essential to biological function. Here, we report a systematic global mapping of water motions in the hydration layer around a model protein of apomyoglobin in both native and molten globule states. With site-directed mutagenesis, we use intrinsic tryptophan as a local optical probe to scan the protein surface one at a time with single-site specificity. With femtosecond resolution, we examined 16 mutants in two states and observed two types of water-network relaxation with distinct energy and time distributions. The first water motion results from the local collective hydrogen-bond network relaxation and occurs in a few picoseconds. The initial hindered motions, observed in bulk water in femtoseconds, are highly suppressed and drastically slow down due to structured water-network collectivity in the layer. The second water-network relaxation unambiguously results from the lateral cooperative rearrangements in the inner hydration shell and occurs in tens to hundreds of picoseconds. Significantly, this longtime dynamics is the coupled interfacial water-protein motions and is the direct measurement of such cooperative fluctuations. These local protein motions, although highly constrained, are necessary to assist the longtime water-network relaxation. A series of correlations of hydrating water dynamics and coupled fluctuations with local protein's chemical and structural properties were observed. These results are significant and reveal various water behaviors in the hydration layer with wide heterogeneity. We defined a solvation speed and an angular speed to quantify the water-network rigidity and local protein flexibility, respectively. We also observed that the dynamic hydration layer extends to more than 10 A. Finally, from native to molten globule states, the hydration water networks loosen up, and the protein locally becomes more flexible with larger global plasticity and partial unfolding.
Neurobehavioral outcome in persons with violent or nonviolent traumatic brain injury.

OBJECTIVE: To broaden the investigation of those injured violently by examining neuropsychological and psychosocial outcomes in relation to circumstances of traumatic brain injury and preinjury factors. DESIGN: A prospective, longitudinal study. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 752 adults with traumatic brain injury was grouped into those injured by violent or nonviolent circumstances and followed to 1-year post injury. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Circumstance groups were compared on demographics, preexisting conditions, brain injury severity, and neuropsychological and psychosocial outcomes. RESULTS: The results indicate significant differences between the groups on demographics, preexisting conditions, and head injury severity. Neuropsychological and psychosocial outcome did not differ between the circumstance groups when all other factors were taken into account. CONCLUSIONS: Injury severity and characteristics of the person that predate the injury were important to outcome rather than the circumstances of the injury itself. Language: en
Seasonal Abundance and Vertical Migrations of Lucilia caesar Linn, and other Insects in an artificial Grove.

During the spring of 1922, working under the direction of Dr. C. L. Metcalf, I undertook the study of certain insects common in the forestry plot on the campus of the University of Illinois. This grove of trees, comprising about twenty acres of land, was planted in 1871, and contained samples of trees of various kinds, planted in rows, and spaced several yards apart. The undergrowth in the plot was mowed each year, and the grove was kept much as a park might be. On the east and north it was bordered by the residence section of the city and on the west and south by the ornamental gardens and experimental fields of the University farm. The whole neighborhood was kept reasonably free from all garbage and carrion which might serve as breeding places for flies, with the possible exception of the manure used as fertilizer on the campus farms and gardens.
Assessing motivation for physicians to prevent antimicrobial resistance in hospitalized children using the Health Belief Model as a framework.

Background Antimicrobial resistance (AR) is a threat to hospitalized children, and more information is needed to motivate physicians to adopt evidence-based practices such as those in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) Campaign to Prevent Antimicrobial Resistance. Methods The framework of the Health Belief Model (HBM) was used to assess personal perceptions and cues to action related to the prevention of AR in 3 national focus groups in August 2003. Results Twenty-five physicians who treat hospitalized children participated; all reported that they had cared for a patient with an antimicrobial-resistant organism. Physicians perceived that AR was more of a problem nationally (92%) than in their institution (76%) or practice (60%) and reported that issues such as nursing shortage, cost of health care, and lack of specialty services presented more of a challenge to the care of hospitalized children than AR. Reported preferences of cues to action included journal articles (80%), infectious disease experts (76%), and colleagues (52%). Conclusions The HBM provides insight into physicians' perceptions about AR and preferred cues to action, which yield valuable information concerning the modes, methods, and messengers to intervene on problems such as antimicrobial resistance in hospitalized children.
Designing tensile ductility in metallic glasses

Metallic glasses are normally stronger than their crystalline counterparts, but not good at deforming under tensile stress. Sarac and Schroers test the ductility of metallic glasses in a precisely engineered microsystem and identify an ideal heterostructure with maximized strength and toughness.
The association between 'faint-positive' amniotic fluid acetylcholinesterase and fetal malformations.

The finding of a ‘faint-positive’ acetylcholinesterase band in amniotic fluid samples of women at 15 weeks' gestation or above is associated with an increased risk of fetal abnormalities, most commonly gastroschisis. This finding warrants a targeted sonographic evaluation, in order to rule out significant fetal malformations.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder and tic syndromes.

Interconnected cortico-striato-pallido-thalamic (CSPT) circuitry long has been implicated in the regulation of movement, thought, and affect; abnormalities within this circuitry have been proposed to contribute to the pathophysiology of many neuropsychiatric disorders. The motor loops of CSPT circuitry are known to be the locus of pathology in primary movement disorders, such as Huntington's disease, 79 Parkinson's disease, 38 and hemiballism, 57 and the limbic CSPT loops have been proposed as the source of pathology in schizophrenia, 103 depression, 103 Tourette Syndrome (TS), 95 obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), 7,89 attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), 13 substance abuse disorders, 60 temporal lobe epilepsy, 111 and many other seemingly disparate forms of psychopathology. Overlapping anatomic models for these disorders have been accompanied by blurred boundaries at a clinical level, with commonalities identified in symptoms and treatment responsivity among many of these disorders. OCD and TS are perhaps the two most closely connected among the disorders associated with CSPT pathology. OCD and TS are linked by overlapping symptoms, frequent comorbidity, and cosegregation in families. Clinically, there are important similarities and differences between these two disorders (Table 1).