cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Protecting moving targets with multiple mobile resources

In recent years, Stackelberg Security Games have been successfully applied to solve resource allocation and scheduling problems in several security domains. However, previous work has mostly assumed that the targets are stationary relative to the defender and the attacker, leading to discrete game models with finite numbers of pure strategies. This paper in contrast focuses on protecting mobile targets that leads to a continuous set of strategies for the players. The problem is motivated by several real-world domains including protecting ferries with escort boats and protecting refugee supply lines. Our contributions include: (i) A new game model for multiple mobile defender resources and moving targets with a discretized strategy space for the defender and a continuous strategy space for the attacker. (ii) An efficient linear-programming-based solution that uses a compact representation for the defender's mixed strategy, while accurately modeling the attacker's continuous strategy using a novel sub-interval analysis method. (iii) Discussion and analysis of multiple heuristic methods for equilibrium refinement to improve robustness of defender's mixed strategy. (iv) Discussion of approaches to sample actual defender schedules from the defender's mixed strategy. (iv) Detailed experimental analysis of our algorithms in the ferry protection domain.
Timed restricted feeding restores the rhythms of expression of the clock protein, Period2, in the oval nucleus of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and central nucleus of the amygdala in adrenalectomized rats

Feeding schedules that limit food availability to a set time of day are powerful synchronizers of the rhythms of expression of the circadian clock protein Period 2 (PER2) in the limbic forebrain in rats. Little is known, however, about the mechanisms that mediate the effect of such timed restricted feeding (TRF) schedules on the expression of PER2. Adrenal glucocorticoids have been implicated in the circadian regulation of clock genes expression in peripheral tissues as well as in the control of the rhythms of expression of PER2 in certain limbic forebrain regions, such as the oval nucleus of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNSTov) and central nucleus of the amygdala (CEA) in rats. To study the possible involvement of glucocorticoids in the regulation of PER2 expression by TRF, we assessed the effect of adrenalectomy on TRF-entrained PER2 rhythms in the limbic forebrain in rats. Adrenalectomy selectively abolished the rhythms of PER2 in the BNSTov and CEA in normally fed rats, as previously shown, but had no effect on TRF-entrained PER2 rhythms in the same structures. These findings show that the effect of TRF on PER2 rhythms in the limbic forebrain is independent of adrenal glucocorticoids and demonstrate that the involvement of glucocorticoids in the regulation PER2 rhythms in the limbic forebrain is not only region specific, as previously shown, but also state dependent.
Hierarchical process modeling of submarine command and control systems

It is shown how a recently developed methodology called hierarchical process modeling (HPM) can be utilized to improve the reliability of submarine command and control systems (CCSs). In HPM the subsystems under study are represented by verbs, and the flows between them are represented by nouns. The model is made up of a series of diagrams, all of which carry the CCS label and a number identifying its position in the model hierarchy. The diagrams also give the date the diagram was completed and the revision number for this particular figure. Two types of diagrams are included in the model: a context diagram and an internal structure diagram. The context diagram that defines the relationships between the CCS system and its environment. The latter includes all activities that are outside CCS but relevant to its activities. The internal structure diagram provides a detailed description of the inner workings of the CCS. The methodology is useful for analyzing and improving current systems and for designing future systems. >
Long-term population and community patterns of benthic macroinvertebrates and fishes in Northern California Mediterranean-climate streams

Long-term studies can document temporal patterns in freshwater ecosystems, and this is particularly important in mediterranean-climate (med-climate) regions because of strong interannual variation in precipitation amounts and consequently stream flow. We review long-term studies of populations and communities of benthic macroinvertebrate and fishes from sites throughout the med-climate region of California and develop generalities that may apply broadly to med-climate streams worldwide. Severe drought may result in community shifts, and alter age-structure in both macroinvertebrates and fishes. Within-year seasonal patterns in macroinvertebrate communities can be influenced by annual variability in flow regimes. Macroinvertebrate biological-monitoring metrics with consistently low intra-annual variability may be especially applicable in med-climate streams, as is the use of different temporal windows to describe reference periods to reduce influence of interannual variability on impact detection. Long-term data can be used to develop macroinvertebrate-based metrics that can either show or be independent of climate-change effects. Most macroinvertebrate species are temporally rare in their annual occurrence. Multiple components of natural flow regimes can favor native over invasive fishes. Long-term, quantitative information from med-climate streams is generally lacking, which is a hindrance to both management practices and development of appropriate ecological constructs.
The Nonfiction Novel as Psychiatric Casebook: Truman Capote's In Cold Blood

As proposed in the classic work by Hervey Cleckley, M.D.—The Mask of Sanity—a psychopath typically meets sixteen diagnostic criteria. Every one of them applies to Richard Hickock as he is revealed by Truman Capote's In Cold Blood, a nonfiction novel about the murder of Kansas farmer Herbert W. Clutter and his family forty years ago. It transcends the boundaries of traditional journalism by closely examining the entire constellation of antisocial personality traits that Hickock exhibits. Drawn in large part from jailhouse interviews, Capote's portrait of Hickock breathes life into the psychiatric literature, thus rendering intelligible the mental evaluation provided by the physician who examined the accused in preparation for his upcoming trial. In so doing, Capote's best-selling masterpiece serves as a case study of a psychopath, one that conforms to established medical authority while maintaining its popular appeal.
Unintended Thermal Injuries from Radiofrequency Ablation: Organ Protection with an Angioplasty Balloon Catheter in an Animal Model

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate a novel approach of using a balloon catheter as a protective device to separate liver from the diaphragm or nearby bowel during radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of hepatic dome tumors in an animal model. Materials and Methods: All experimental procedures were approved by animal Institutional Review Board. Using a 3 cm RF needle electrode, 70 hepatic ablation zones were created using ultrasound in 7 pigs. 50 lesions were created using balloon interposition between liver and diaphragm; 20 lesions were created using the balloon device interposed posteriorly between liver and bowel. Additional 21 control lesions were performed. Animals were sacrificed immediately; diaphragm and bowel were then visually inspected and sectioned. Diaphragmatic and bowel injury was then classified according to the depth of thickness. Results: Control lesions caused full thickness injury, either to diaphragm or bowel. During ablation of lesions with balloon interposition, there was significantly less diaphragmatic injury, P P Conclusion: Using balloon interposition as a protective device has advantages over previous saline infusion or CO 2 insufflation, providing a safe way to expand percutaneous RFA of liver tumors located on the undersurface of the diaphragm. In addition, this method may be used in protection of other organs adjacent to areas being ablated.
Who are these guys?: The online challenge to the notion of journalistic professionalism

The people who claim membership in a profession and delineate its attributes do so at least in part to justify inequality of status, as well as to limit and control access to that status. The key role of the professional can be fulfilled only by people with particular training, skills and judgment, and it is crucial that the distinction between practitioner and layperson be clearly recognized by all parties. This paper suggests that online news workers fundamentally challenge the already-disputed concept of journalists as professionals. It identifies and explores key aspects of that challenge across the cognitive, normative and evaluative dimensions of the sociological construct of professionalism, with the goal of laying the groundwork for empirical investigation into the issues raised.
Interaction between Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Swine Influenza Virus

An experimental respiratory model was used to investigate the interaction between Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and swine influenza virus (SIV) in the induction of pneumonia in susceptible swine. Previous studies demonstrated that M. hyopneumoniae, which produces a chronic bronchopneumonia in swine, potentiates a viral pneumonia induced by the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). In this study, pigs were inoculated with M. hyopneumoniae 21 days prior to inoculation with SIV. Clinical disease as characterized by the severity of cough and fever was evaluated daily. Percentages of lung tissue with visual lesions and microscopic lesions were assessed upon necropsy at 3, 7, 14, and 21 days following SIV inoculation. Clinical observations revealed that pigs infected with both SIV and M. hyopneumoniae coughed significantly more than pigs inoculated with a single agent. Macroscopic pneumonia on necropsy at days 3 and 7 was greatest in both SIV-infected groups, with minimal levels of pneumonia in the M. hyopneumoniae-only-infected pigs. At 14 days post-SIV inoculation, pneumonia was significantly more severe in pigs infected with both pathogens. However, by 21 days postinoculation, the level of pneumonia in the dual-infected pigs was similar to that of the M. hyopneumoniae-only-infected group, and the pneumonia in the pigs inoculated with only SIV was nearly resolved. Microscopically, there was no apparent increase in the severity of pneumonia in pigs infected with both agents compared to that of single-agent-challenged pigs. The results of this study found that while pigs infected with both agents exhibited more severe clinical disease, the relationship between the two pathogens lacked the profound potentiation found with dual infection with M. hyopneumoniae and PRRSV. These findings demonstrate that the relationship between mycoplasmas and viruses varies with the individual agent.
Anthranilimide based glycogen phosphorylase inhibitors for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Part 3: X-ray crystallographic characterization, core and urea optimization and in vivo efficacy

Key binding interactions of the anthranilimide based glycogen phosphorylase a (GPa) inhibitor 2 from X-ray crystallography studies are described. This series of compounds bind to the AMP site of GP. Using the binding information the core and the phenyl urea moieties were optimized. This work culminated in the identification of compounds with single nanomolar potency as well as in vivo efficacy in a diabetic model.
First line erlotinib for NSCLC patients not selected by EGFR mutation: keep carrying the TORCH or time to let the flame die?

The BR.21 study evaluated the efficacy of erlotinib in an unselected population after progression on one or two prior chemotherapy regimens (1). The study demonstrated an improvement in median overall survival from 4.7 to 6.7 months, demonstrating the activity of erlotinib. Subsequently, the IPASS trial compared first line therapy with gefitinib or carboplatin-paclitaxel in the first line (2).
Shadow Detection and Sun Direction in Photo Collections

Modeling the appearance of outdoor scenes from photo collections is challenging because of appearance variation, especially due to illumination. In this paper we present a simple and robust algorithm for estimating illumination properties-shadows and sun direction-from photo collections. These properties are key to a variety of scene modeling applications, including outdoor intrinsic images, realistic 3D scene rendering, and temporally varying (4D) reconstruction. Our shadow detection method uses illumination ratios to analyze lighting independent of camera effects, and determines shadow labels for each 3D point in a reconstruction. These shadow labels can then be used to detect shadow boundaries and estimate sun direction, as well as to compute dense shadow labels in pixel space. We demonstrate our method on large Internet photo collections of scenes, and show that it outperforms prior multi-image shadow detection and sun direction estimation methods.
Temporal response of ectopic activity in guinea pig ventricular myocardium in response to isoproterenol and acetylcholine

Both beta adrenergic and muscarinic receptor stimulation independently potentiate arrhythmogenesis. However, the effect of simultaneous stimulation on arrhythmogenesis is not well known. The purpose of this study was to determine the temporal response of arrhythmia risk to individual and combined autonomic agonists. Guinea pig hearts were excised and Langendorff-perfused. The beta adrenergic receptor and muscarinic receptor agonists were isoproterenol(ISO,0.6μM) and acetylcholine(ACh,10μM) respectively. All measurements with agonists occurred over 21 minutes. ISO induced ectopic activity for the first 8 minutes. ISO also transiently shortened and then prolonged R-R interval over a similar time course. ACh added after ISO transiently induced ectopic activity for 12 minutes, while R-R interval invariantly prolonged. ACh alone produced few ectopic beats, while invariantly prolonging R-R interval. In contrast to ISO alone, ISO following ACh significantly increased ectopic activity and shortened R-R interval for the duration of the experiment. Animals aged 17-19 months exhibited sustained arrhythmogenesis while those aged 11-14 did not. When ACh was removed in older hearts while ISO perfused, a transient increase in ectopic activity and decreased R-R interval was observed, similar to ISO alone. These data suggest that pre-treating with and maintaining ACh perfusion sustains ISO sensitivity, in contrast to ISO perfusion alone.
The Post Dodd-Frank Act Evolution of the Private Fund Industry: Comparative Evidence from 2012 and 2015

This comparative survey study examines the private fund industry’s reactions and adjustments to a rapidly evolving regulatory framework, three years after the first application of mandatory registration and disclosure rules for private fund advisers under the Dodd-Frank Act. Using two datasets (2012: N = 94; 2015: N = 69) for a population of 1267 registered investment advisers to add an historical time series perspective, the author analyzes and compares survey respondents’ short- and long-term estimations of industry effects. The data suggest that immediate and short-term concerns have given way to adaptation to the changes.
Synthetic cannabinoid use in cannabis smokers

Aims: Nonmedical use of prescription opioids is a major public health problem in the United States. Furthermore, several studies suggest sex-related differences in prescription opioid responses. As prescription opioid misuse has risen amongst women, it is necessary to better understand the behavioral consequences of oxycodone in females. Previously, we have characterized behavioral effects of oxycodone by the conditioned place preference assay in adult malemice, but we have not investigated oxycodoneinduced reward in females. Methods: We studied 5 groups of adult female C57BL/6J mice (n=7–8) with multiple doses of oxycodone (0, 0.3, 1, 3, and 10mg/kg; IP) in a conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm. In the pre-conditioning session, mice were given free access to all chambers for 30min. During the conditioning sessions, oxycodone or saline injections were paired with black or white conditioning chambers. The post-conditioning session was identical to the preconditioning session. Locomotor activity during conditioning sessions was assessed as number of crosses from one end of the chamber to the other. CPP was calculated as the difference in time spent on the oxycodone-paired side between preand postconditioning sessions. Results: One-way ANOVA showed a significant preference for the oxycodone-paired side at doses of 1 and 3mg/kg, p<0.05 and p<0.05, respectively. Two-way ANOVA (Dose× Session) with repeated measures on the 2nd factor showed a dose-dependent increase in locomotor activity (p<0.0001) and increased locomotor activity across conditioning sessions (p<0.005). Conclusions: In the present study of female mice, we found that oxycodone induced CPP at 1 and 3mg/kg, but not at 0.3 or 10mg/kg. Oxycodone produced a dose-dependent increase in locomotor activity and mice showed sensitization to oxycodone’s locomotor-activating effects at the doses studied. Financial support: This work was supported by NIH 1R01DA029147 (YZ), the Adelson Medical Research Foundation (MJK), and the David Rockefeller Graduate Program (DTC).
Records of the Spotted Bat from California and Arizona

Specimens of the little-known spotted bat, Euderma maculata (J. A. Allen) are still so few in number that the following notes on two recently acquired specimens in the collections of the Los Angeles County Museum are considered worthy of record. On January 24, 1956, Mr. Darwin Tieman of the Naval Ordnance Test Station at China Lake, California, discovered a mummified but well-preserved specimen of Euderma maculata near a pile of rocks at the …
MYCOPLASMA (PPLO) FROM COVERTLY CONTAMINATED TISSUE CULTURES: DIFFERENCES IN ARGININE DEGRADATION BETWEEN STRAINS.

SummaryThe lytic reaction of LS178Y cell cultures to certain mycoplasma strains is associated with the release into the medium of arginine degrading enzymes. Mycoplasma isolated from covertly contaminated tissue cultures include strains that degrade arginine and strains that do not. These two types of strains can be distinguished by inoculation into L5178Y cell cultures. The use of biochemical markers, such as arginine degradation, for routine detection of mycoplasma is critically discussed.
Abstract 4233: Wnt pathway antagonist ipafricept (FZD8-Fc, OMP-54F28) inhibits tumor growth and reduces tumor-initiating cell frequency in ovarian patient-derived xenograft models

Ovarian cancer is the deadliest gynecologic malignancy and the fifth leading cause of death from cancer in women in the U.S. The Wnt/beta-catenin pathway, which signals through the Frizzled (FZD) receptor family and several co-receptors, has long been implicated in cancer. We have developed ipafricept (FZD8-Fc, OMP-54F28), a recombinant fusion protein consisting of the ligand-binding domain of FZD8 and a human IgG1 Fc fragment. This fusion protein blocks Wnt signaling induced by multiple Wnt family members by binding and sequestering WNT. Using minimally passaged ovarian patient-derived xenograft tumors (PDX), we demonstrate that ipafricept is efficacious in combination with chemotherapy in four of eight ovarian cancer PDX tumors examined. Utilizing an in vivo serial transplantation assay, we quantified a reduction of the tumor initiating cell frequency by ipafricept in combination with paclitaxel. Additionally, we have discovered that pre-treatment with ipafricept several days prior to paclitaxel therapy enhances the activity of both agents when compared to delivering the drugs simultaneously. The anti-tumor effect observed is directly associated with a modulation of Wnt pathway gene sets. In responsive tumors, we discovered that a large number of WNT target genes were significantly down-regulated by ipafricept (e.g, AXIN2, LRP5/6, and FZD8). Conversely, in non-responsive tumors, these genes were either unchanged or up-regulated by the combination therapy. Histologic analysis revealed that total beta-catenin protein levels were reduced by ipafricept alone and in combination with paclitaxel in responsive tumors but were unchanged in non-responsive tumors. We are using these tumors to develop biomarkers that can be used clinically. Our data demonstrates the potential therapeutic benefit of targeting Wnt signaling in ovarian cancer. A Phase 1b clinical trial is currently examining ipafricept in combination with paclitaxel and carboplatin in patients with recurrent platinum-sensitive ovarian cancer. Citation Format: Marcus M. Fischer, Wan-Ching Yen, Chun Zheng, Randall Henner, Fiore Cattaruzza, Tracy Tang, Pete Yeung, Tanuka Biswas, John Lewicki, Austin Gurney, Ann M. Kapoun, Timothy Hoey. Wnt pathway antagonist ipafricept (FZD8-Fc, OMP-54F28) inhibits tumor growth and reduces tumor-initiating cell frequency in ovarian patient-derived xenograft models. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 4233. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-4233
A Review of: “Disciplines as Frameworks for Student Learning”

Disciplines as Frameworks for Student Learning, edited by Tim Riordan and James Roth, is a collection of essays written by faculty members and one former student at Alverno College. Alverno is a pr...
Get the most out of blow hormones: validation of sampling materials, field storage and extraction techniques for whale respiratory vapour samples

Studies are progressively showing that vital physiological data may be contained in the respiratory vapour (blow) of cetaceans. Nonetheless, fundamental methodological issues need to be addressed before hormone analysis of blow can become a reliable technique. In this study, we performed controlled experiments in a laboratory setting, using known doses of pure parent hormones, to validate several technical factors that may play a crucial role in hormone analyses. We evaluated the following factors: (i) practical field storage of samples on small boats during daylong trips; (ii) efficiency of hormone extraction methods; and (iii) assay interference of different sampler types (i.e. veil nylon, nitex nylon mesh and polystyrene dish). Sampling materials were dosed with mock blow samples of known mixed hormone concentrations (progesterone, 17β-estradiol, testosterone, cortisol, aldosterone and triiodothyronine), designed to mimic endocrine profiles characteristic of pregnant females, adult males, an adrenal glucocorticoid response or a zero-hormone control (distilled H2O). Results showed that storage of samples in a cooler on ice preserved hormone integrity for at least 6 h (P = 0.18). All sampling materials and extraction methods yielded the correct relative patterns for all six hormones. However, veil and nitex mesh produced detectable assay interference (mean 0.22 ± 0.04 and 0.18 ± 0.03 ng/ml, respectively), possibly caused by some nylon-based component affecting antibody binding. Polystyrene dishes were the most efficacious sampler for accuracy and precision (P < 0.001), but required an ethanol rinse for improved progesterone recovery (increased 81%; P < 0.001). Awareness of assay interference from exogenous materials is crucial to future studies. This study establishes critical groundwork to help ensure that hormones can be measured accurately in samples obtained from field collections of whale blow.
Continuous-Space Language Processing: Beyond Word Embeddings

Spoken and written language processing has seen a dramatic shift in recent years to increased use of continuous-space representations of language via neural networks and other distributional methods. In particular, word embeddings are used in many applications. This paper looks at the advantages of the continuous-space approach and limitations of word embeddings, reviewing recent work that attempts to model more of the structure in language. In addition, we discuss how current models characterize the exceptions in language and opportunities for advances by integrating traditional and continuous approaches.
The Influence of Hemophilia on Wound Healing.

Abstract SCI-21 Hemostasis is considered to be the first phase of wound healing, followed by inflammation, proliferation and remodeling of the reconstituted tissue. However, very little has been written on the overall effect of impaired hemostatic function on wound healing. Our group has studied the effects of hemophilia B and some other coagulation impairments on healing in a mouse skin punch biopsy model. In this model, a defect of the epidermis and dermis must be replaced. Normally a platelet and fibrin clot fills the defect and forms a framework for the repair process. In addition, growth factors and cytokines are released during hemostasis that influence cellular activities necessary for healing. However, hemophilia and other hemostatic defects delay healing and alter the histology of the process. In our punch biopsy model, the epidermal defect is closed in 8 days in wild type mice, and 10 days in hemophilia B (HB) mice. Histologically, the influx of neutrophils and monocytes is delayed and reduced in HB. This finding supports a key role for thrombin and/or fibrin in mediating the inflammatory response. While the ingrowth of fibroblasts and endothelial sprouts (angiogenesis) appears normal in tempo and histology in HB mice, there are greater numbers of new vessels in the granulation tissue iand much greater microvascular bleeding in HB mice. In addition, hematomas are found adjacent to the vessels from which angiogenic vessels sprout. While reconsitution of thrombin generation at the time of wounding restored clot structure and the initial inflammatory influx, it did not prevent later bleeding into the granulation tissue and hematoma formation. In the mouse model, 5 days of hemostatic therapy (replacement or bypassing) were needed to restore normal healing. Thus, we conclude that adequate hemostatic function is required for an extended period of time to assure normal wound healing. Angiogenesis during healing predisposes to bleeding which can lead to a cycle of inflammation, enhanced angiogenesis and recurrent bleeding. A better understanding of the roles played by hemostasis in the subsequent response to injury holds the promise of improving the management of patients with hemophilia, as well as improving tissue recovery after trauma or surgery. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Effectiveness and Safety of Tigecycline Compared with Other Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobials in Abdominal Solid Organ Transplant Recipients with Polymicrobial Intraabdominal Infections.

tudy Objective As patients with abdominal solid organ transplants (SOT) are at increased risk of polymicrobial intraabdominal infections (IAIs) following transplantation, the objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness and adverse event profile of tigecycline with those of other broad-spectrum therapies for polymicrobial IAIs in this population. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Large academic medical center with multiple outpatient clinics. Patients A total of 81 adult SOT recipients were included who were treated for confirmed or suspected polymicrobial IAIs from 2007–2012; of these patients, 27 received tigecycline and 54 received comparator therapy with a broad-spectrum β-lactam (e.g., piperacillin-tazobactam, cefepime, or meropenem) with or without glycopeptide or lipopeptide gram-positive therapy (vancomycin or daptomycin) (comparator group). Patients in the comparator group were matched to tigecycline-treated patients based on transplant type (kidney, combined kidney-pancreas, combined kidney-liver, or solitary pancreas) in a 1:2 ratio (tigecycline:other broad-spectrum antibiotics). Measurements And Main Results Data on patient demographics, comorbidities, and clinical variables were collected and compared by using bivariate analyses. Clinical outcomes—clinical cure, improvement, or failure, and disease recurrence—as well as death within 1 year were analyzed by bivariate analyses and logistic regression. Clinical cure was lower in the tigecycline group versus the comparator group (40.7% vs 72.2%, p=0.008), but cure combined with improvement was similar between the two groups (85.2% vs 88.9%, p=0.724). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that treatment with comparator antibiotics increased the odds of cure (odds ratio [OR] 1.37, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.15–12.27) and reduced the odds of treatment failure (OR 0.59, 95% CI 0.07-4.55) and death within 1 year (OR 0.79, 95% CI 0.22–2.86); however, patients receiving comparator antibiotics were more likely to have disease recurrence (OR 1.45, 95% CI 0.33–6.36). Patients receiving tigecycline experienced a higher rate of adverse events than those receiving comparator antibiotics (29.6% vs 9.3%, p=0.026). Conclusion Patients receiving tigecycline were less likely to achieve optimal clinical outcomes and had more adverse events. Alternative regimens should be selected over tigecycline for treatment of polymicrobial IAIs in abdominal SOT recipients until additional studies are completed to examine its role in this population. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Estimation of Reconnection Flux Using Post-eruption Arcades and Its Relevance to Magnetic Clouds at 1 AU

We report on a new method to compute the flare reconnection (RC) flux from post-eruption arcades (PEAs) and the underlying photospheric magnetic fields. In previous works, the RC flux has been computed using the cumulative flare ribbon area. Here we obtain the RC flux as the flux in half of the area underlying the PEA in EUV imaged after the flare maximum. We apply this method to a set of 21 eruptions that originated near the solar disk center in Solar Cycle 23. We find that the RC flux from the arcade method (\(\Phi_{\mathrm{rA}}\)) has excellent agreement with the flux from the flare-ribbon method (\(\Phi_{\mathrm{rR}}\)) according to \(\Phi_{\mathrm{rA}} = 1.24(\Phi_{\mathrm{rR}})^{0.99}\). We also find \(\Phi_{\mathrm{rA}}\) to be correlated with the poloidal flux (\(\Phi_{\mathrm{P}}\)) of the associated magnetic cloud at 1 AU: \(\Phi_{\mathrm{P}} = 1.20(\Phi_{\mathrm{rA}})^{0.85}\). This relation is nearly identical to that obtained by Qiu et al. (Astrophys. J. 659, 758, 2007) using a set of only 9 eruptions. Our result supports the idea that flare reconnection results in the formation of the flux rope and PEA as a common process.
Abstract 161: Prediction of Thrombolysis-induced Parenchymal Hemorrhage in Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke: Use of MR Perfusion and Diffusion Biomarkers

Purpose: Ischemic stroke patients with low cerebral blood volume (CBV), low apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and increased microvascular permeability (K2) have increased risk of parenchymal hem...
Ultrafast Optical Spectroscopy and Optical Control

A pedagogical review of optical spectroscopy and control at the “impulsive” limit, defined as a time scale faster than the fundamental vibrational or molecular motion under examination, is presented. Optical absorption and stimulated Raman scattering in this limit are seen to result in coherent vibrational motion in molecules and materials. A theoretical description of impulsive absorption and stimulated Raman scattering is followed by a survey of illustrative examples in which time-resolved observations of molecular and collective vibrational excitations are recorded. The topic then turns to optical control, beginning with a discussion of femtosecond pulse shaping through which complex ultrafast optical waveforms needed for many control objectives are produced. Theoretical formulations for optical control are reviewed, and a series of examples illustrating optical control over molecules and materials is presented.
An improved method for measuring hip abduction in spica after surgical reduction for developmental dysplasia of the hip.

AbstractPurposeExcessive in-spica abduction is a risk factor for oste-onecrosis after surgical reduction for developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH). The traditional method for radiographically measuring hip abduction using axial imaging does not reflect the true angle, which usually lies in an oblique plane. The purpose of this study was to describe a novel method for measuring true hip position using advanced imaging.MethodsA trigonometric model was derived to define hip position based upon the femoral axis angular deviation from midline as measured on axial and coronal sequences of MRI studies. In-spica MRIs of 28 hips having undergone surgery for DDH were reviewed. On two separate occasions, the same three raters measured the femoral axis deviation from mid-line on axial and coronal imaging. Abduction was estimated using the traditional method of measurement and our novel method. Intra- and inter-rater reliability were assessed.ResultsThe methods yielded different estimates (p < 0.001). Inter- and in...
Normative Pluralism Worthy of the Name is False

Normative pluralism is the view that practical reason consists in an irreducible plurality of normative domains, that these domains sometimes issue conflicting recommendations and that, when this happens, there is never any one thing that one ought simpliciter to do. Here I argue against this view, noting that normative pluralism must be either unrestricted or restricted. Unrestricted pluralism maintains that all coherent standards are reason-generating normative domains, whereas restricted pluralism maintains that only some are. Unrestricted pluralism, depending on how it is cashed out, is either nihilism about practical reason or else it is subjectivism. Neither view is consistent with normative pluralism; hence, pluralism must be restricted. Restricted pluralism, however, faces two problems. The first stems from the question: “Why is it that some standards are normative domains while others are not?” The question seems to demand an answer, but it is hard to give any answer without appealing to considerations that imply facts about what we ought simpliciter to do. Second, restricted pluralism has difficulty accounting for our intuitions about cases in which one option is optimal in all domains, but not better than each alternative in any one domain. The unique option that is optimal in every domain seems better than its competitors, though it isn’t better within any domain. This is different than the widely discussed argument from notable-nominal comparisons. So I conclude that we have good reason to reject restricted pluralism, the only form of normative pluralism really worthy of that name.
PKM2 is not required for colon cancer initiated by APC loss

Cancer cells express the M2 isoform of the glycolytic enzyme pyruvate kinase (PKM2). PKM2 expression is not required for some cancers, and PKM2 loss can promote cancer progression; however, PKM2 has been reported to be essential in other tumor contexts, including a proposed non-metabolic role in β-catenin nuclear translocation. PKM2 is expressed in colon cancers where loss of the Apc tumor suppressor results in β-catenin nuclear translocation and aberrant activation of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. Whether PKM2 is required in this colon cancer context has not been investigated. Colon tumorigenesis was induced in mice harboring conditional Apc and Pkm2 alleles, and tumor progression was monitored by serial colonoscopy. PKM2 deletion had no effect on overall survival, the number of mice that developed tumors, or the number of tumors that developed per animal. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated PKM2 expression in wild-type tumors and the expected loss of PKM2 expression in tumors from Pkm2 conditional mice. Loss of PKM2 resulted in pyruvate kinase M1 expression but had no effect on nuclear β-catenin staining. These findings are consistent with tumor growth and activated Wnt signaling despite PKM2 loss in this model. We also found a large fraction of human colon cancers had very low or undetectable levels of PKM2 expression. PKM2 is not required for Apc-deficient colon cancer or for nuclear translocation of β-catenin in Apc-null tumor cells. These findings suggest that PKM2 expression is not required for colon tumor formation or progression.
Communicating Uncertainty to Policymakers: The Ineliminable Role of Values

Climate science evaluates hypotheses about the climate using computer simulations and complex models. The models that drive these simulations, moreover, represent the efforts of many different agents, and they arise from a compounding set of methodological choices whose effects are epistemically inscrutable. These facts, I argue in this chapter, make it extremely difficult for climate scientists to estimate the degrees of uncertainty associated with these hypotheses that are free from the influences of past preferences—preferences both with regard to importance of one prediction over another and with regard to avoidance of false positive over false negatives and vice versa. This leaves an imprint of non-epistemic values in the nooks and crannies of climate science.
The Analysis of the Experience of Modern National Scientific Schools in the Field of a Metal Cutting Machines Precision

In work the analysis of the experience of modern national scientific schools studying problems in the field of precision of metal cutting machines is conducted. Information is provided on the directions of the work of schools, on milestones that have found wide circulation. In work the most well-known methods that serve as a basis for subsequent research are considered. The main feature of the reviewed works is the researcher's adherence to one of the fundamental scientific schools of the USSR in the field of scientific principles of precision of machine tools. The article sub-stantiates the role of systematization and integration of the studies studied to bring scientific research to a qualitatively new level.
Harpacticoid Copepods and Biogenic Structures: Implications for Deep-Sea Diversity Maintenance

Although several models have been proposed to explain the maintenance of enhanced diversity in the deep sea, the data do not clearly support a particular view. This paper reports a study of the relationship of harpacticoid copepods of the San Diego Trough (1200 m depth) to biogenic environmental structures. Harpacticoid species are shown to be significantly associated with such structures. The associations appear to be weak, but the sign of the correlation coefficient between particular species and individual structural classes is conserved on the average. These results support Jumars’ grain-matching model and have implications for several of the other models of diversity maintenance.
Aquaculture and the Future: Why Fisheries Economists Should Care

This paper explores the relationship between traditional fisheries, fisheries enhancement (ranching), and aquaculture. It evaluates why they are different and why fisheries economists have largely neglected aquaculture issues, despite the fact that most of the growth in fish supply over the past two decades has been the result of aquaculture development. It is argued that the core difference between aquaculture and traditional fisheries is the degree of control; control of the environment, production, and marketing systems. It is further argued that the degree of control is closely related to the strength of property rights. Three examples are presented to provide empirical support for the propositions. They focus on the salmon, lobster, and shrimp industries.
Local Charge Algebras in Quantum Chiral Models and Gauge Theories

Affine and loop algebras are analogous to local current algebras that occur in many physical field theories. Sugawara’s formulation of the chiral model is a particularly interesting case. If this model is extended by the addition of the Wess-Zumino term, then the quantum algebra of the local charge densities \( [J_0^a(x),J_0^b(y)] \) becomes anomalous and has a central extension. This is the first example of a theory with such an anomaly. In 2 dimensions, the central extension is a c-number, just as for affine algebras. Gauge theories can be reformulated in terms of string variables, i.e. ordered line integrals of the form \( (\exp i\int {_SA - dx)} {}_ + \). With a particular choice of rigid strings {S}, the theory can be rewritten in terms of the “strings” which are group elements rather than the gauge potentials Aμ which are in the algebra. In this formulation the canonical quantization of the theory again is in terms of a local non-Abelian charge algebra analogous to the chiral theory, or affine type algebras in higher dimensions.
Evo-devo as a Trading Zone

Evo-Devo exhibits a plurality of scientific “cultures” of practice and theory. When do these cultures act—individually or collectively—in ways that actually move research forward, empirically, theoretically, and ethically? When do they become imperialistic, in the sense of excluding and subordinating other cultures? This chapter identifies six cultures—three styles (mathematical modeling, mechanism, and history) and three paradigms (adaptationism, structuralism, and cladism). The key assumptions standing behind, under, and within each of these cultures are explored. Characterizing the internal structure of each is necessary for understanding how they collaborate or compete, and how they are fragmented or integrated, in the rich interdisciplinary trading zone (Galison 1997) of Evo-Devo. Evo-Devo is an important example of how science can progress through a radical plurality of perspectives and cultures.
Effect of Psychotropic Medication on Foster Care Experience and Outcomes: A Causal Analysis using Administrative Data

Children in foster care experienced abuse, neglect, or dependency, and for the safety and well-being of the child, must be taken out of their biological home. Not surprisingly, children in foster care have higher rates of serious emotional and behavioral problems. Although pharmacological treatments can be an important component of the treatment plan, there seems to be a higher rate of use than would be expected. An estimated 13-25% of foster children are prescribed mind- and mood-altering medication vs. 4% in the general population. Children in foster care are considered a vulnerable population and research involving these children justifiably requires additional measures to ensure their protection. As a result, studies on the use of psychotropic medication among youth in foster care have relied primarily on secondary data‚ typically administrative data. This study used linked administrative datasets to rigorously examine the effect of psychotropic medication on foster care experiences and outcomes among children who entered foster care in North Carolina between March 2006 and June 2012. The dataset was constructed by linking the North Carolina’s child welfare administrative records (also known as the Services Information System [SIS]) with the Medicaid claims database (also known as the Eligibility Information System [EIS]) for medical and mental health services received by the foster youth. Inverse probability of treatment weighting was calculated and applied to mimic a randomized study. Results revealed that children on medication stayed in care longer, less likely to experience placement disruption, and more likely to exit to adoption.
‘Mere chips from his workshop’: Gotthard Deutsch’s monumental card index of Jewish history:

Gotthard Deutsch (1859–1921) taught at Hebrew Union College in Cincinnati from 1891 until his death, where he produced a card index of 70,000 ‘facts’ of Jewish history. This article explores the bi...
The effects of a financial literacy intervention on the financial and economic knowledge of high school students

AbstractThe authors taught financial concepts to students in 12th-grade economics classes, where one treatment was intensive in money management (MM) topics and the other was intensive in financial...
A Constructivist Approach to Second Grade Mathematics

Our overall objective in this paper is to share a few observations made and insights gained while conducting a recently completed teaching experiment. The experiment had a strong pragmatic emphasis in that we were responsible for the mathematics instruction of a second grade class (7 year-olds) for the entire school year. Thus, we had to accommodate a variety of institutionalized constraints. As an example, we agreed to address all of the school corporation’s objectives for second grade mathematics instruction. In addition, we were well aware that the school corporation administrators evaluated the project primarily in terms of mean gains on standardized achievement tests. Further, we had to be sensitive to parents’ concerns, particularly as their children’s participation in the project was entirely voluntary. Not surprising, these constraints profoundly influenced the ways in which we attempted to translate constructivism as a theory of knowing into practice. We were fortunate in that the classroom teacher, who had taught second grade mathematics “straight by the book” for the previous sixteen years, was a member of the project staff. Her practical wisdom and insights proved to be invaluable. It appears that we have had some success in satisfying the institutional constraints. The achievement test scores did rise satisfactorily, the parents were all universally supportive by the middle of the school year, and the administrators developed a positive opinion of what they saw. As a consequence, we are currently working with 18 teachers from the same school system. In general, we hope that our on-going work constitutes the beginnings of a response to Brophy’s (1986) challenge that “to demonstrate the relevance and practical value of this point of view for improving school mathematics instruction, they [constructivists] will need to undertake programmatic development and research – the development of specific instructional guidelines (and materials if necessary) for accomplishing specific instructional objectives in typical classroom settings” (p. 366). Thus, we concur with Carpenter’s (1983) observation that “If we are unable or unwilling to provide more direction for instruction, we are in danger of conceding the curriculum to those whose basic epistemology allows them to be more directive” (p. 109). Constructivism as an epistemology is, for us, a general way of interpreting and making sense of a variety of phenomena. It constitutes a framework within which to address situations of complexity, uniqueness, and uncertainty that Schon (1985) calls
Pilot Study of an Online Self-Directed Learning Module for Medical Decision-Making Capacity

This study assessed the impact of an online, self-directed learning module on medical student knowledge and attitudes regarding decision-making capacity. The authors created a 15-min didactic video on decision-making capacity and sorted medical students on the psychiatry clerkship to teaching as usual or teaching as usual plus watching the video. The authors assessed student knowledge about and attitudes toward decisional capacity assessment using a pre/posttest design. Thirty-eight students completed the study (24% of all psychiatry clerkship students in one academic year). Students who watched the video (n = 14) achieved higher scores on the posttest compared with students who did not watch the video (n = 24) (90% vs 84% on general knowledge and case examples), though this difference was small and not statistically significant. The degree of improvement from pretest to posttest was higher for students who watched the video but did not reach statistical significance. Overall, students found the online teaching module to be a helpful augmentation strategy for learning decisional capacity assessment. The authors incorporated student feedback and additional review to create an enhanced video, which is available on ADMSEP’s Clinical Simulation Initiative website.