cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Larger Social Network Enhances Novel Object Location Memory and Reduces Hippocampal Microgliosis in Aged Mice

The mammalian hippocampus shows marked decline in function with aging across many species, including humans and laboratory rodent models. This decline frequently manifests in memory impairments that occur even in the absence of dementia pathology. In humans, a number of factors correlate with preserved hippocampal memory in aging, such as exercise, cognitive stimulation and number of social ties. While interventional studies and animal models clearly indicate that exercise and cognitive stimulation lead to hippocampal preservation, there is relatively little research on whether a decline in social ties leads to cognitive decline or vice versa. Even in animal studies of environmental enrichment in aging, the focus typically falls on physical enrichment such as a rotating cast of toys, rather than the role of social interactions. The present studies investigated the hypothesis that a greater number of social ties in aging mice would lead to improved hippocampal function. Aged, female C57/Bl6 mice were housed for 3 months in pairs or large groups (7 mice per cage). Group-housed mice showed greater novel object location memory and stronger preference for a spatial navigation strategy in the Barnes maze, though no difference in escape latency, compared to pair-housed mice. Group-housed mice did not differ from pair-housed mice in basal corticosterone levels or adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Group-housed mice did, however, show reduced numbers of Iba1/CD68+ microglia in the hippocampus. These findings suggest that group housing led to better memory function and reduced markers of neuroinflammation in aged mice. More broadly, they support a causative link between social ties and hippocampal function, suggesting that merely having a larger social network can positively influence the aging brain. Future research should address the molecular mechanisms by which a greater number of social ties alters hippocampal function.
An Empirical Analysis of Law-Psychology Journals: Who’s Publishing and on What?

An examination of publication patterns in scholarly journals is one way of gauging what is going on in a particular field. The present study examined 7 years of articles in three leading law-psychology journals (Psychology, Crime & Law; Psychology, Public Policy, & Law; Legal & Criminological Psychology) to determine the substantive topics and types of articles that they publish, as well as author characteristics. The most common research area was prisoners and offending (including risk assessment), followed by “other” and jury decision making. Authors were most likely to be women and/or associated with American psychology departments. There were also differences across journals. The implications for law-psychology researchers and the field as a whole are discussed.
The Paleobiogeography of Pennsylvanian Crinoids and Blastoids

Historically, Pennsylvanian crinoid and blastoid paleogeography has been poorly constrained. Recent discoveries of Pennsylvanian faunas from Queensland (eastern Australia), Algeria, Western China, and Iran contribute to a worldwide data set that permits a more complete analysis of Pennsylvanian echinoderm paleogeography. Cluster analysis of generic occurrence groups from North America, China, the UK/Ireland, and Russia define a paleogeographic group based on cladid domination of the echinoderm communities. In contrast, many echinoderm communities in the Paleo-Tethyan realm show increased contributions from camerates and blastoids. Crinoids are noted for being endemic, rarely occurring on more than one tectonic block. Approximately 60% of Pennsylvanian crinoid genera occur on a single block. Crinoid clades differ in their patterns of endemism. Cladids are the most endemic (60%), followed by the flexibles, the disparids, and the camerates, each of which have approximately 50% endemic genera. Among genera found in a single geographic area, North America contains the most endemic faunas (64%), followed by Russia (40%) and Australia (30%). Other geographic regions show significantly lower rates of endemism ranging from 0 to 16%. North American endemics are predominantly cladids, a pattern not seen in the other areas. Although poorly known until recently, these Pennsylvanian Paleo-Tethyan echinoderm communities were the precursors to the well-studied, but still enigmatic, Permian echinoderm communities from Southeast Asia, particularly Timor.
Parallel Information Retrieval

Parallel architectures are often described based on the number of instruction and data streams, namely single and multiple data and instruction streams. A complete taxonomy of different combinations of instruction streams and data was given in [Flynn, 1972]. To evaluate the performance delivered by these architectures on a given computation, speedup is defined as \(\frac{{{{T}_{s}}}}{{{{T}_{p}}}}\), where T s is the time taken by the best sequential algorithm, and T p is the time taken by the parallel algorithm under consideration. The higher the speedup, the better the performance The motivation for measuring speedup is that it indicates whether or not an algorithm scales. An algorithm that has near linear speedup on sixteen processors may not exhibit similar speedup on hundreds of processors. However, an algorithm that delivers very little or no speedup on only two processors will certainly not scale to large numbers of processors.
Bioarchaeology of Individuals: Identity, Social Theory, and Skeletal Analysis

There are many methods for the analysis of human remains that are regularly used by bioarchaeologists and forensic anthropologists. Standard analytical procedures involve the assignment of age at death and sex, the diagnosis of diseases, the reconstruction of height and body robusticity, and the determination of antemortem (premortem) and perimortem trauma. These basic analyses provide the identity of individuals. More importantly however is the use of these empirically based bone attributes to be used in the service of answering questions about human behavior. Social theory can be used to frame interesting questions that can be answered using bone data.
Metabolism of Natural and Unnatural Sialic Acid

Sialic acids are a class of negatively charged nine-carbon sugars produced by many species, including both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Variations in biosynthesis and modifications result in at least 50 variants of sialic acid occurring in nature. Sialic acids are typically found at the nonreducing terminus of glycoconjugates, a position that enables them to regulate a variety of extracellular recognition events. This chapter describes metabolic pathways for sialic acid biosynthesis and degradation, noting differences among species. The sialic acid biosynthetic pathway has also been exploited to enable metabolic production of unnatural sialic acid analogs that have nonnative functional groups, including bioorthogonal and photocrosslinking moieties. This chapter also describes these metabolic glycoengineering approaches and highlights some applications.
THE VITAMIN D ENDOCRINE SYSTEM: PLEIOTROPIC INTERACTIONS WHICH CONTRIBUTE TO CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS

Publisher Summary This chapter elaborates why vitamin D is essential for the maintenance of calcium homeostasis, its primary function being to maintain normal serum calcium and phosphate levels through a direct stimulation of intestinal transport and mobilization of mineral from bone. The genomic action of 1,25(OH)2D3-receptor complex involves binding to specific DNA sequences of calbindin-D28K gene, but this remains to be experimentally determined. Vitamin D plays a physiological role in pancreatic function and particularly in insulin secretion. In the model for calcium transport in intestinal epithelial ceils, calcium is internalized at the brush border membrane in endocytic vesicles that subsequently fuse with lysosomes. Calcium-bearing lysosomes are then transported to the basal lateral membrane along microtubules, where exocytosis of the vesicular contents completes the transport process. 1,25(OH)2D3 from Bone Marrow Macrophages (BMM) and Pulmonary Alveolar Macrophages (PAM) may be effective locally in a paracrine sense because both bone marrow cells and activated lymphocytes have been recognized as target cells for 1,25(OH)2D3. The 1,25(OH)2D3 produced in the bone marrow may influence myeloid stem cell differentiation toward mature macrophages.
Multifunctional Glucose-6-phosphatase of Endoplasmic Reticulum and Nuclear Membrane

Work beginning in 1963 in our laboratory (Nordlie and Arion, 1964) and that of Stetten (Stetten and Taft, 1964) has shown glucose-6-phosphatase to be a multifunctional enzyme capable of synthesis of glucose-6-P via potent phosphotransferase activities [reaction (1)] as well as glucose-6-P hydrolysis [reaction (2)]. Since that time a major emphasis has been placed upon PP i and carbamyl-P as phosphoryl donors (RP) and glucose as acceptor, although other compounds also will function as substrates.
Feeling left out and losing control: The interactive effect of social exclusion and gender on brand attitude

Abstract Social exclusion is pervasive in our daily lives. Prior research has documented the impact of social exclusion on product choices, information processing, prosocial behavior and switching behavior. However, there is limited research on how gender moderates the impact of social exclusion on consumer attitudes towards a company. Drawing from previous research demonstrating gender as a proxy for agentic-communal orientation, we show that the effect of social exclusion on negative emotions and sense of control is more pronounced among females (vs. males). We further demonstrate that negative emotions and sense of control are the underlying mechanisms for the impact of social exclusion among females. Hospitality practitioners may want to minimize instances that might make consumers feel socially excluded, and this is particularly true for female consumers.
DrugCentral 2018: an update

DrugCentral is a drug information resource (http://drugcentral.org) open to the public since 2016 and previously described in the 2017 Nucleic Acids Research Database issue. Since the 2016 release, 103 new approved drugs were updated. The following new data sources have been included: Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS), FDA Orange Book information, L1000 gene perturbation profile distance/similarity matrices and estimated protonation constants. New and existing entries have been updated with the latest information from scientific literature, drug labels and external databases. The web interface has been updated to display and query new data. The full database dump and data files are available for download from the DrugCentral website.
Fighting Housing Discrimination in Europe

ABSTRACTThere is no exact European equivalent to the U.S. Fair Housing Act. The member states of the European Union (EU) have transposed into law the EU Racial Equality Directive of 2000 that prohi...
Superconducting Magnet Performance for the LCLS-II Project

The new LCLS-II Superconducting Linear Accelerator Cryomodules are under construction at Fermilab. Installed inside each Super Conducting Radio Frequency (SCRF) Cryomodule is a superconducting magnet package to focus and steer an electron beam. The iron-dominated magnet package has conductively cooled racetrack-type coils with both quadrupole and dipole windings. For ease of installation, the magnet is splittable in the vertical plane. To confirm magnet specifications, we performed a quality acceptance in a liquid helium bath for quench testing, and we performed high-precision magnetic field measurements. The magnetic and mechanical center alignment was investigated using the vibrating wire technique. Several prototypes and all production units have been tested. This paper summarizes the magnetic measurements and quench test results of all tested units, including comparison of performance and repeatability between different units.
APPENDIX 3E Silanizing Glassware

This unit provides a protocol for silanizing (siliconizing) glassware to prevent adsorption of solute to the glass surface and to increase the hydrophobicity of the surface. This is particularly important when dealing with low concentrations of particularly “sticky” solutes such as single-stranded nucleic acids or proteins or cells.
Vitamin C in Human Health and Disease: Effects, Mechanisms of Action, and New Guidance on Intake

W.J. Lee Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer Nature BV, 2019, 184 pages, $169.99 Vitamin C is an antioxidant and very important in maintaining our life and a healthy body. It is produced in the liver and excreted through the proximal tubules of the kidneys. It can be transported through several
Virtual Impedance Shaping for low voltage Microgrids

AC Microgrids, in presence of highly non-linear loads, require a tighter regulation of line voltage to maintain power quality. This article proposes an outer virtual impedance loop to shape the output voltage in such microgrids. In order to achieve this, a virtual impedance extracting and shaping filter is first proposed to extract and weigh selected frequency components of the line current. Secondly, design of impedances to weigh the extracted frequency components is obtained in order to achieve harmonic current sharing and reducing total harmonic distortion (THD) even in scenarios of asymmetric sharing of highly non-linear loads. An isochronous voltage-active power half droop architecture is also employed to achieve active, reactive power sharing and to keep circulating currents minimum in the low-voltage microgrid. Analytical results on designing virtual impedances and their dependence on network line parameters are obtained. Finally, MATLAB/SIMULINK-based simulations are performed on a 4.4 kVA microgrid and implemented on a low-cost controller in a controller-hardware-in-the-loop (CHIL) setup to validate the viability of implementation and efficacy of the proposed virtual impedance shaping method.
Controlled Stochastic Differential Equations

In this chapter, we introduce the stochastic control problem and discuss various classes of controls, approximations to these classes and questions concerning the existence of an optimal control. We work with one particular type of cost functional for simplicity in the development. In Section 1, ordinary admissible controls are introduced and it is shown why they might not be adequate for our needs. Section 2 introduces the notion of “relaxed control” for deterministic problems and shows how to use them to prove the existence of an optimal control. It is also shown that these “generalized” or relaxed controls can be approximated by piecewise constant ordinary controls.
PPP2R2D suppresses IL-2 production and Treg function

Protein phosphatase 2A is a ubiquitously expressed serine/threonine phosphatase which comprises a scaffold, a catalytic and multiple regulatory subunits and has been shown to be important in the expression of autoimmunity. We considered that a distinct subunit may account for the decreased production of interleukin-2 (IL-2) in people and mice with systemic autoimmunity. We show that the regulatory subunit PPP2R2D is increased in T cells from people with systemic lupus erythematosus and regulates IL-2 production. Mice lacking PPP2R2D only in T cells produce more IL-2 because the IL-2 gene and genes coding for IL-2 enhancing transcription factors remain open and the levels of the enhancer phosphorylated CREB are high. Mice with T cell-specific PPP2R2D deficiency display less systemic autoimmunity when exposed to a TLR7 stimulator. While genes related to regulatory T cell function do not change in the absence of PPP2R2D, regulatory T cells exhibit high suppressive function in vitro and in vivo. Because the ubiquitous expression of protein phosphatase 2A cannot permit systemic therapeutic manipulation, the identification of regulatory subunits able to control specific T cell functions opens the way for the development of novel, function-specific drugs.
Decreasing 30-day Readmissions for Pleural Effusions after Lung Transplant

Purpose Pleural effusions (PEF) after lung transplant (LT) are a common cause of early readmissions, leading to patient suffering and increased cost. We conducted a quality improvement intervention to reduce 30-day readmissions for PEF after LT by 50% over six months. Methods We determined the baseline conditions of 30-day readmissions for PEF among patients transplanted in 2018 and 2019 at our institution. Then, we analyzed clinical, laboratory, and radiological data and interviewed LT providers to identify root causes. Finally, we explored countermeasures, implemented targeted interventions from March to September 2020, and tracked monthly performance. Results At baseline, 16/115 (14%) patients were readmitted within 30 days, 7/16 (44%) for PEF. CT scans at week 2 and 4 after LT were done in 108 (93%) patients. At week 2, 75 (69%) had small PEF and 1 (1%) had moderate PEF. At week 4, 70 (65%) had small PEF and 9 (8%) had moderate or large PEF. PEF enlarged in 5/7 (71%) patients readmitted for PEF compared to 1/9 (11%) patients readmitted for other causes, and 3/92 (3%) not readmitted. We identified enlarging PEF as a root cause for readmissions. We implemented an ultrasound intervention to assess PEF size at discharge, volume status, feasibility of increasing diuresis, and need for PEF drainage. During the intervention, 30/42 discharged patients (71%) had ultrasound. Monthly ultrasound performance increased from 57% to 75-100%. Ultrasound prompted PEF drainage before discharge in one patient. PEF enlargement was detected in 2/38 patients (5%) in CT scans. Four patients had ultrasound to reassess PEF after discharge. Seven patients (16%) were readmitted within 30 days, one (14%) for PEF. Two patients had small PEF on ultrasound and CT scan but were not the cause of their readmissions. Conclusion Small PEF are common after LT, yet only a subset enlarge and lead to 30-day readmissions. While better understanding of PEF development after LT is needed, ultrasound at discharge is feasible and allows timely interventions to decrease readmissions.
Laptops and Politics II: Microtargeting and the Relationship between Collegiate Consumer Technology Choices and Parental Partisanship

All personal choices by individuals, what they drink, what kind of products they buy, what kind of candy they consume can reveal the type of political ideologies those individuals hold. “Campaigns have entered the era of „Big Data‟ - they target voters based on scraps of information they gather from unlikely places” (Wadhwa 2012). Campaigns utilize this available data to their advantage and are able to combine all of this information to learn about voters and what they like to increase their chances at getting elected. Extant studies of microtargeting and consumer behavior have indicated relationships between drink preference, candy preference (and other consumer choices) and political preferences. Such studies have revealed a link between Democrats and light-colored spirits and more moderate political thinkers and their choice Butter Fingers as their favorite candy. In spite of critiques of the usefulness of microtargeting (Hersh 2015) and earlier work by two of us (Woolf and Twombly 2014) finding little to no relationship between consumer electronics choices and partisanship or political preference, we extend the body of research by looking to the next level of purchaser. In the initial Woolf and Twombly (2014) study, the purchasing and political preferences of college freshmen were examined. The authors themselves, as well as conference discussants, noted that at the time of purchase the actual purchasers may well be the students‟ parents. In this study we examine that relationship; the one between the parental partisanship and purchase of electronic device. Yet, in rerunning the original tests with tests better suited to the data, we find support for the original hypothesis as well. The data is from the same survey of college freshmen entering a small liberal arts college in south central New York State in the fall of 2014. The survey included questions regarding the students‟ perceptions of their parents‟ political preferences. We still seek to determine if such consumer preferences tell us anything more about the differences, particularly in thought processes, between Democrats and Republicans, and can that knowledge aid in attempts to bridge our political divide?
The Impact of Training Method on Skill Acquisition and Transfer

Technology, such as simulations and virtual reality (VR), can be used for training students and employees. Using these tools may have implications for skills development and retention, specifically related to individual differences and technology’s effectiveness as a learning tool. To explore this issue, a pilot study was used to evaluate how an individual’s performance on a task (i.e., the building an electrical circuit), differs depending on the physical fidelity of the learning environment. In addition, this study examined the effects of cognitive ability and goal orientation on task performance. Specifically this study investigated different methods for practicing the building of electrical circuits using a 2D breadboard simulation, a 3D virtual breadboard, and a physical breadboard. The preliminary results of this pilot study found that physical fidelity of learning environment was a significant predictor of construction time and circuit accuracy. Cognitive ability and learning goal orientation were ...
Anti-inflammatory Effect of Allyl Isothiocyanate and Curcumin in Combination

Accumulating evidence indicated that certain dietary components may have anti-inflammatory effects. Allyl isothiocyanate (AIT, from brassica vegetables) and curcumin (CUR, from turmeric) have been ...
The Geography of an American Icon: An Analysis of the Circulation of the Saturday Evening Post, 1911–1944

Abstract This article argues that regional variations in audiences have played an important and generally unexplored role in journalism history. Its geographic analysis of the reading patterns of the Saturday Evening Post in 1911, 1920, 1928, 1935, and 1944 finds strong areas of readership in the Western United States and low readership in the South. The pattern of the Post closely resembles that of another Curtis Publishing Company magazine, the Ladies' Home Journal, during a similar time period. Post readership also showed a correlation with such demographic areas as literacy rates, race, family size, income, and ownership of household appliances. The article argues that a consistent geographic and demographic pattern of readership over more than three decades suggests a deeper, more complex relationship between the Post and its audience than one created solely by editorial content. It reinforces the idea of Post readers as well-to-do white urbanites. Yet it shows that Post readership was far more compl...
A Further Comment on Stare Decisis and the Overruling of National League of Cities.

Willie Nelson's refrain was written with the human cycle of courtship and separation in mind, but it applies equally well to the Supreme Court's stormy romance with state sovereignty. As I noted in the last issue of this journal,' in 1968 the Supreme Court upheld federal regulation of the wages of state employees, rejecting the argument that the Constitution provides states with immunity from federal regulation adopted pursuant to Congress's power to regulate commerce.2 Eight years later, in National League of Cities v. Usery, a Supreme Court with four new members overruled the 1968 decision by a five-to-four vote and held that states are constitutionally immune from federal regulation that "directly displace[s] the States' freedom to structure integral operations in areas of traditional governmental functions. "3 Another eight years later, the Court set Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority for reargument and sua sponte requested the parties to discuss whether National League of Cities should be reconsidered.4 It was the burden of my last essay to demonstrate that princi-
Medicaid at 50: Marking a Milestone for Women's Health

When Medicaid was enacted 50 years ago, no one could have imagined that this relatively modest program would become the backbone of coverage for millions of low-income women. Today, Medicaid provides health and long-term coverage to more than 1 in 10 women. For women inparticular, the program has served as a critical safety net by providing coverage for a wide spectrum of services that other government programs and private insurance did not, from contraceptives and pregnancy-related care to longterm care services and supports. Medicaid’s 50th anniversary is an opportune time to look back at some of the program’s achievements as they have affected women and to take stock of the challenges the program will continue to face in the coming years.
Cloning of a new low-molecular-weight spore-specific protein gene from Bacillus megaterium.

Three EcoRI fragments of Bacillus megaterium DNA hybridized only under nonrestrictive conditions on Southern blots to a probe containing the previously cloned gene for protein C, a small, acid-soluble spore protein (SASP) from B. megaterium. All three fragments were cloned in Escherichia coli cells in plasmid pBR325, and after being transferred to an E. coli expression vector, one of the fragments (C-3) directed the synthesis of a new small, acid-soluble spore protein (termed C-3) immunologically related to protein C. As previously observed with the protein C gene, protein C-3 gene expression in E. coli required an external promoter and suppression of termination of transcription. Protein C-3 was purified from induced E. coli cells, and its immunological properties, electrophoretic mobility, amino acid composition, and amino-terminal sequence were determined. These data indicated that protein C-3 was related, but not identical, to either protein C or the closely related protein A--two of the major small, acid-soluble spore proteins of B. megaterium. Detailed examination of acid extracts of B. megaterium spores showed that they contained a minor protein which comigrated with C-3 on acrylamide gel electrophoresis at low pH and reacted immunologically like C-3. Images
Integrality of the monopole number in SU(2) Yang-Mills-Higgs theory on ℝ3

We prove that in classical SU(2) Yang-Mills-Higgs theories on ℝ3 with a Higgs field in the adjoint representation, an integer-valued monopole number (magnetic charge) is canonically defined for any finite-actionL1,loc2 configuration. In particular the result is true for smooth configurations. The monopole number is shown to decompose the configuration space into path components.
A Variable Step Size LMS Algorithm Using Fuzzy Logic

A new variable step size least mean squares LMS algorithm using fuzzy logic FVSS-LMS is presented. The change of the step size at each iteration, which increases or decreases according to the degree of misadaption, is computed by a proportional fuzzy logic controller. As a result the algorithm has very good convergence speed while preserving low misadjustment. The norm of the cross correlation between the estimation error and input data is used as a measure of misadaption. Simulation results are presented to verify the performance of the proposed algorithm.
International tourists' souvenir purchasing behavior

x CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 Background 1 Purpose 3 Objectives 4 Definitions 4 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 6 Organization Framework 6 Souvenirs 9 Endogenous Variables 10 Intention to Purchase Souvenirs 10 Attitude toward Souvenirs 11 Evaluative Criteria 11 Perception of Product Attributes 14 Travel Motivations 15 Dimensions of Travel Motivations 15 Novelty 18 Authenticity Seeking 18 Travel Benefits Segmentation 19 Motivation-Behavior Linkage 20 Tourism Styles 21 Exogenous Variables 26 Cultural Values 26 Individualism vs. Collectivism 27 Masculinity vs. Femininity 29 Uncertainty Avoidance 29 Personal Values 30 Attitude toward Other Cultures 31 Consumer Etiinocentrism 31 Worid-Mindedness 32 Knowledge of the Host Culture 33 Statement of Hypotheses 34 CHPATER3: METHODS 36 Instrument Development 36 Stimuli Development 36 Questionnaire Development 39 Travel in Mexico 39 Travel Motivations 39 Tourism Styles 39 Attitude toward Souvenirs 40
Party Autonomy and Interim Measures in International Commercial Arbitration

Legal regimes differ on the authority of courts and arbitrators to grant interim measures in support of arbitration proceedings. Some arbitration laws authorize both courts and arbitrators to award interim relief (based on the parties’ agreement or otherwise); some laws deny arbitrators such authority, limiting it to the courts; some laws deny the courts such authority once the arbitrators have been selected; while others are unclear whether and under what circumstances courts may make such orders. The fundamental question is an institutional one: Which is the appropriate party to grant interim measures—the court, the arbitration panel, or both?This paper argues that the principle of party autonomy should determine who has the authority to award interim relief. The argument is twofold. First, empirical examination of contracting practices—what parties actually agree to in their arbitration agreements concerning interim measures—may provide important insights into how authority over interim measures should be allocated. Second, in translating those insights into statutory provisions, drafters and legislators should preserve party autonomy by permitting parties to contract around the statutory provisions, in other words, by making those provisions default rules rather than mandatory rules.
Synthesis and characterization of cyclic peptides that are β‐helical in trifluoroethanol

We show that three designed cyclic d,l-peptides are β-helical in TFE—a solvent in which the archetypal β-helical peptide, gA, is unstructured. This result represents an advance in the field of β-helical peptide foldamers and a step toward achieving β-helical structure under a broad range of solvent conditions. We synthesized two of the three peptides examined using an improved variant of our original CBC strategy. Here, we began with a commercially available PEG–PS composite resin prefunctionalized with the alkanesulfonamide ‘SCL’ linker and preloaded with glycine. Our new conditions avoided C-terminal epimerization during the CBC step and simplified purification. In addition, we present results to define the scope and limitations of our CBC strategy. These methods and observations will prove useful in designing additional cyclic β-helical peptides for applications ranging from transmembrane ion channels to ligands for macromolecular targets. Published 2014. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Can Compulsory Licensing Improve Access to Essential Medicines

This manuscript addresses how developing countries can maximize access to essential medicines and minimize unwanted side-effects within the legal environment of a compulsory license regime. This paper offers various solutions that developing nations can implement that would improve consumer access without costly expenditures or foreign aid. This paper concludes that, while compulsory licensing can play a role in improving public health, external social and political conditions must be considered in order to make licensing an effective practice.
Design of multi-band uniplanar MIMO antenna for mobile devices with LTE/WLAN operation

A multi-band uniplanar MIMO antenna for mobile devices, covering Long Term Evolution (LTE) and Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) bands is proposed. The antenna features two radiating elements composed of direct-fed and couple-fed monopoles with parasitic structures to allow wideband coverage. The MIMO design features four main operating bands, 695–963, 1790–2650, 3520–3702, and 5565–6348 MHz. The dimensions of the proposed MIMO antenna are 115mm × 55mm × 0.8mm with simple geometries that can easily be integrated into 4G LTE mobile devices.
Distributed Java Virtual Machine for message passing architectures

This paper introduces a distributed shared memory Java Virtual Machine architecture. This project is targeted for any distributed message-passing architecture, and specifically for networks of workstations. The whole system is implemented in user space which offers portability and flexibility. The memory consistency is provided by one of four protocols implementing release consistency. The novelty of the consistency protocols presented is that access faults are avoided by replicating objects ahead-of-time where necessary. The relative performance of these protocols is evaluated for three benchmark applications. Our experimental results indicate that, in the majority of cases, update protocols outperform invalidate protocols.
SEPARATION VECTOR: A NEW METHOD TO REPRESENT AND MEASURE SEPARATION

Abstract A new separation system representation by its stream separation vector is proposed. The separation characteristics of a separation system can be clearly discerned by the geometrical properties of the separation vectors. We have formulated the geometrical as well as the algebraic (in metric tensor terms) foundation of the separation manifold. A series of separation indices are formulated with the metric tensor from the separation vectors. These separation indices can provide an exhaustive characterization of a general separation system in ways that were not previously possible. The properties of these new indices are illustrated with two examples and the usage of the separation vector representation and these indices is presented with three potential application examples.
Duration of thawing on post thaw acrosome morphology and motility of boar spermatozoa frozen in 5-ml maxi-straws.

Abstract Ejaculates from six boars were frozen in 5-ml maxi-straws and stored in liquid nitrogen. Maxi-straws were thawed by submersion in a 52°C circulating waterbath for 28, 34, 40, 46, 52, or 58 sec. The post thaw percentages of motile sperm and acrosomes with a normal apical ridge (NAR) at the initial microscopic examination were significantly higher (P
Marked Differences between Two Isoforms of Human Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase

Abstract Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) isoforms 2 and 3 were produced via co-expression with the chaperonins GroEL and GroES and purified with high specific activities in affinity tag-free forms. By using human components, we have evaluated how binding to the lipoyl domains of the dihydrolipoyl acetyltransferase (E2) produces the predominant changes in the rates of phosphorylation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1) component by PDK2 and PDK3. E2 assembles as a 60-mer via its C-terminal domain and has mobile connections to an E1-binding domain and then two lipoyl domains, L2 and L1 at the N terminus. PDK3 was activated 17-fold by E2; the majority of this activation was facilitated by the free L2 domain (half-maximal activation at 3.3 μm L2). The direct activation of PDK3 by the L2 domain resulted in a 12.8-fold increase in k catalong with about a 2-fold decrease in the K m of PDK3 for E1. PDK3 was poorly inhibited by pyruvate or dichloroacetate (DCA). PDK3 activity was stimulated upon reductive acetylation of L1 and L2 when full activation of PDK3 by E2 was avoided (e.g.using free lipoyl domains or ADP-inhibited E2-activated PDK3). In marked contrast, PDK2 was not responsive to free lipoyl domains, but the E2–60-mer enhanced PDK2 activity by 10-fold. E2 activation of PDK2 resulted in a greatly enhanced sensitivity to inhibition by pyruvate or DCA; pyruvate was effective at significantly lower levels than DCA. E2-activated PDK2 activity was stimulated ≥3-fold by reductive acetylation of E2; stimulated PDK2 retained high sensitivity to inhibition by ADP and DCA. Thus, PDK3 is directly activated by the L2 domain, and fully activated PDK3 is relatively insensitive to feed-forward (pyruvate) and feed-back (acetylating) effectors. PDK2 was activated only by assembled E2, and this activated state beget high responsiveness to those effectors.
Egg Production Models for Molted Flocks

Abstract Three nonlinear models of poultry flock egg production (Adams-Bell, compartmental, and logistic-curvilinear or modified compartmental) were compared using weekly egg production data from 47 molted commercial flocks. Models were fitted to all data and to the first 20 wk of data using a nonlinear least squares procedure. Predictive ability of the models and of linear regression from the peak of production to the 20th wk was tested by extrapolating to the rest of the egg production period. Analysis of variance was used to compare goodness of fit of the nonlinear models and predictive performance of the nonlinear and linear models, with orthogonal contrasts to separate means. The mean R2 values of the Adams-Bell model for fits to all data and to 20 wk of data were higher (P
Congenital bicuspid aortic valve and an aneurysm of the ascending aorta.

Background A congenital bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) in adults is known to be associated with aortopathy, specifically with aneurysms of the ascending aorta (AA). Materials and methods Ten (16.7%) patients with congenital BAV had an aneurysm of the AA. Aortic valve replacement was performed in 58 patients, repair in two. Aneurysms were repaired by a vertical reduction (tailoring) aortoplasty (VRA) with or without external synthetic grafting (wrapping, wrap) in nine patients, replaced in one. Results There were no operative deaths. One patient died 87 months after the operation due to a noncardiac cause. Fifty-four patients are alive and well, without the evidence of recurrence of an aneurysm. Conclusions A VRA with or without external synthetic wrapping appears to be a satisfactory alternative to replacement procedures for the AA aneurysm in older patients with BAV, and those with comorbid conditions.
Phonological skills of children with specific expressive language impairment (SLI-E): outcome at age 3.

Naturalistic speech samples of 29 3-year-olds diagnosed with specific expressive language delay (SLI-E) were compared to those produced by 19 age-matched normally developing peers in order to deter...
Using "Prosurfactants" to Enhance Rates of Delivery of Surfactants

A strategy for accelerating the rate of transport of surfactant within a system by delivering the surfactant as a precursor to the surface-active state (“prosurfactant”) and subsequently transforming it to a functional form (surfactant) is reported. An increase in the overall rate of transport of a redox-active surfactant across a polycarbonate membrane containing pores with a diameter of 10 nm is demonstrated. This redox-active molecule, which is molecularly dispersed in aqueous solutions in its oxidized state (prosurfactant), but assembles into globular micellar aggregates (Rh = 5 nm) in its reduced state (surfactant), was rapidly transported across the membrane in its oxidized state to a concentration of 0.2 mM. Subsequent delivery of ascorbic acid (a reducing agent) by diffusion through the same membrane led to reduction of the oxidized precursor and formation of surfactant and micelles. The sequential delivery of the prosurfactant and then transforming agent resulted in a greater than sixfold increase in the overall rate of delivery of surfactant as compared to a procedure in which the surfactant was diffused across the membrane. These observations are compared to calculations based on hindered diffusion through cylindrical pores. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 708–714, 2004
Lagrangian conditional statistics, acceleration and local relative motion in numerically simulated isotropic turbulence

Lagrangian statistics of fluid-particle velocity and acceleration conditioned on fluctuations of dissipation, enstrophy and pseudo-dissipation representing different characteristics of local relative motion are extracted from a direct numerical simulation database of stationary (forced) homogeneous isotropic turbulence. The grid resolution in the simulations is up to 2048 3 , and the Taylor-scale Reynolds number ranges from about 40 to 650, where characteristics of small-scale intermittency in the Eulerian flow field are well developed. A key joint statistic of the conditioning variables is the dissipation-enstrophy cross-correlation, which is asymmetric, but becomes less so at high Reynolds number. Conditional velocity autocorrelations are consistent with rapid changes in the velocity of fluid particles moving in regions of large velocity gradients. Examination of statistics conditioned upon enstrophy, especially in a local coordinate frame moving with the vorticity vector, and of the centripetal acceleration suggests the presence of vortex-trapping effects which persist for several Kolmogorov time scales. Further results on acceleration statistics and joint velocity-acceleration autocorrelations are also presented to help characterize in detail the properties of a joint stochastic process of velocity, acceleration and the pseudo-dissipation. Together with recent work on Eulerian conditional acceleration and Reynolds-number dependence of basic Lagrangian quantities, the present results are directly useful for the development of a new stochastic model formulated to account for intermittency and Reynolds-number effects as described in detail in a companion paper.
Numerical Simulations of Magnetic Flow Control in Hypersonic Chemically Reacting Flows

Hypersonic flows over blunt bodies subject to magnetic fields are numerically investigated. The magnetogasdynamic equations in the high magnetic Reynolds number formulation form an eight-equation system, with density, momentum, magnetic field, and total energy as unknowns. In the low magnetic Reynolds number approximation, the magnetic field induction is ignored, which leads to a five-equation system, where the magnetic interaction is represented by source terms in the momentum and energy equations. A four-stage modified Runge-Kutta scheme with the Davis-Yee symmetric total variation diminishing model as a postprocessing stage is used to solve the magnetogasdynamic equations. High-temperature effects are simulated by equilibrium and nonequilibrium chemistry models. The equilibrium model computes thermodynamic properties by interpolation from experimental data. The nonequilibrium model is a 1-temperature, 5-species, 17-reaction model solved by an implicit flux-vector splitting scheme. A loosely coupled approach is implemented to communicate between the magnetogasdynamic equations and the chemistry models
Thermoelasticity of Stressed Materials and Comparison of Various Elastic Constants

A general theory of the thermoelasticity of stressed materials is presented. The theory is based on the geometry of strain, Newton's second law of motion, the first and second laws of thermodynamics, and the invariance of the internal energy and Helmholtz free energy with respect to an arbitrary finite rigid rotation of the material. Three different sets of physically significant thermoelastic coefficients are discussed. These are (a) the second-order elastic constants, which contain the rotational invariance conditions and always have the Voigt symmetry, (b) the equation-of-motion coefficients, which govern small-displacement wave propagation and have Voigt symmetry only when the stress vanishes, and (c) the coefficients which relate the variation of stress to the variation of strain from the initial (stressed) configuration. Relations between these sets of coefficients are presented for the case of arbitrary initial stress, and also for initial isotropic pressure. In addition, these second-order elastic coefficients for a stressed material are expressed as series in the second-, third-, and fourth-order elastic constants evaluated at zero stress; the expansion parameters in these series are the parameters which measure the strain from the state of zero stress to the stressed state. All of the general relations are illustrated and tabulated for the example of a cubic material under isotropic pressure. A detailed comparison of the present results with previous theories is given. The two types of elastic constants defined by Fuchs and Voigt are generalized to conditions of initial stress, and compared with the three basic sets of elastic coefficients of the present paper. Finally some comments are made regarding the interpretation of thermoelastic measurements on crystals in terms of static and dynamic calculations based on atomic models.
An 8×8 Quasi-Orthogonal STBC form for transmissions over eight or four antennas

An 8times8 two-symbol decodable quasi-orthogonal space-time block code (QO-STBC) is presented which can be transmitted across either 8 or 4 antennas with full rate and the same full diversity order. For the 8-transmit-antenna system, a new expression is developed to identify rotation angles that maximize the diversity (eigenvalue) product. In addition, it is shown that the previously proposed sum-eigenvalue maximization criterion for the design of rotation angles is not relevant/applicable and an alternative minimum eigenvalue maximization criterion is suggested. Finally, new optimal rotation angles are obtained by working directly with a pairwise-error-probability (PEP) upperbound expression. For 4-transmit-antenna systems and correlated channel fading conditions, the PEP-upper-bound is modified accordingly to take into account the channel correlation. Using the new PEP-upper-bound we obtain rotation angles that maximize the diversity product and find, contrary to previous results, that the optimized angles are independent of the correlation coefficient. Simulation studies initiated herein demonstrate the advantage of using the proposed codeword across 4 transmit antennas when compared with other 4times4 QO-STBC transmission schemes. For 8 transmit antennas, the studies compare the three selected rotation angle optimization criteria (diversity product, minimum eigenvalue, PEP-upper-bound).
Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D and prostate cancer risk: The Multiethnic Cohort

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations to prostate cancer within a large multiethnic cohort in Hawaii and California using a nested case-control design. The study included 329 incidents of prostate cancer of African American, Native Hawaiian, Japanese, Latino and White ancestry, and 656 controls matched on age, race/ethnicity, date/time of blood collection and fasting status. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). No association with prostate cancer risk was found in an analysis based on quartiles of 25(OH)D. When clinically defined cutpoints were used, there was no increased risk for the lowest 25(OH)D concentration (OR for