cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Counting square discriminants

Abstract Counting integral binary quadratic forms with certain restrictions is a classical problem. In this paper, we count binary quadratic forms of fixed discriminant given restrictions on the size of their coefficients. We accomplish this by investigating the analytic properties of a certain double Dirichlet series, which is a shifted convolution sum of certain classical automorphic forms.
GluT4: A central player in hippocampal memory and brain insulin resistance

Insulin is now well-established as playing multiple roles within the brain, and specifically as regulating hippocampal cognitive processes and metabolism. Impairments to insulin signaling, such as those seen in type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer's disease, are associated with brain hypometabolism and cognitive impairment, but the mechanisms of insulin's central effects are not determined. Several lines of research converge to suggest that the insulin-responsive glucose transporter GluT4 plays a central role in hippocampal memory processes, and that reduced activation of this transporter may underpin the cognitive impairments seen as a consequence of insulin resistance.
Predicting effective thermal and elastic properties of cementitious composites containing polydispersed hollow and core-shell micro-particles

Abstract Micro- and nano-sized hollow and core-shell particles (CSPs) have attracted tremendous interests in developing functional cementitious composites and concretes. In this paper, a general method is developed to predict the thermal and elastic properties of cementitious composites containing core-shell and hollow micro-particles. The model follows a two-stage homogenization process – CSP inclusions together with their surrounding interfacial transition zone (ITZ) are first treated as equivalent solid particles, and then the homogenized properties of the composite system are obtained using numerical (i.e., finite element) or analytical (Mori-Tanaka) approaches. Compared with other homogenization methods, the proposed model is easy-to-use and versatile. The numerical model, validated by experimental results, is then used to guide the design of functional cementitious composites. The results show that CSP particle size (or relative shell thickness), volume fraction, shell property, and the size of the ITZ have significant impacts on the effective thermal and elastic properties of cementitious composites; whereas the particle size distribution pattern has relatively minor influence. In addition, the effective property of the composite is more sensitive to the particle property change when CSP inclusions are much stiffer or more thermally conductive than the matrix. Lastly, a scoping study is conducted to elucidate the relationship between the effective thermal conductivity and effective elastic moduli for cementitious composites containing CSP additives with different shell materials, particle sizes, and volume concentrations etc.
Associations of abdominal muscle area and density with coronary artery calcium volume and density: The multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis.

Abstract Background Due to the opposing cardiovascular risk profiles of CAC volume and density, we tested the hypothesis that increased abdominal muscle area (AMA) and density (AMD) were significantly associated with lower coronary arterial calcium (CAC) volume and higher CAC density. Methods Using data from 787 participants from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, Ancillary Body Composition Study, we analyzed abdominal and chest computed tomography (CT) scans. Abdominal scans were scored for muscle area, muscle density (attenuation) and visceral and subcutaneous fat. Chest scans were scored for CAC volume and Agatston values, which were used to derive CAC density scores. Results The mean (SD) age and BMI of the participants was 67.8 (9.0) years and 27.9 (4.8) kg/m2, respectively. Forty-one percent were female, 46% were Caucasian, 60% had hypertension, 17% had diabetes, and 46% had dyslipidemia. AMA was positively associated with CAC volume (p Conclusion AMA and AMD had differing associations with CAC volume and density, with AMA significantly associated with a higher risk CAC profile (high volume, low density) and AMD not significantly associated with CAC volume or density. Future research needs to account for the unique components of both muscle composition and CAC.
Systematically altering the lipophilicity of rhenium(I) tricarbonyl anticancer agents to tune the rate at which they induce cell death

Rhenium-based anticancer agents have arisen as promising alternatives to conventional platinum-based drugs. Based on previous studies demonstrating how increasing lipophilicity improves drug uptake within the cell, we sought to investigate the effects of lipophilicity on the anticancer activity of a series of six rhenium(I) tricarbonyl complexes. These six rhenium(I) tricarbonyl structures, called Re-Chains, bear pyridyl imine ligands with different alkyl chains ranging in length from two to twelve carbons. The cytotoxicities of these compounds were measured in HeLa cells. At long timepoints (48 h), all compounds are equally cytotoxic. At shorter time points, however, the compounds with longer alkyl chains are significantly more active than those with smaller chains. Cellular uptake studies of these compounds show that they are taken up via both passive and active pathways. Collectively, these studies show how lipophilicity affects the rate at which these Re compounds induce their biological activities.
With Frenemies Like These: Social Networks Ties and Interpersonal Citizenship Behaviors

This study examines the relationship between the type of social network tie shared between two individuals—positive, negative, or ambivalent multiplex (both positive and negative tie components)—an...
Income Tax and Inequality: What Constitutes Welfare State Expenditure?

This paper examines 1981 taxation returns for the Province of Saskatchewan and Canada as a whole. The analysis examined the extent to which legal tax breaks benefit the rich and act to reinforce income inequality. The question of what constitutes government social spending is also raised. It is argued that tax breaks are a form of social expenditure that result in a tremendous drain on government revenue. The findings show that if progressive taxation was enforced, even for the few very rich Canadians (those earning over $200,000 a year), governments in 1981 would have an extra 1.1 billion dollars available for other social programs.
Redemption for All? An Exploration of Racial Bias in ESPN.com’s Framing of Two Domestic Abuse Cases

Domestic violence/abuse is a well-known issue in both society and the sporting world. Sport news coverage on this topic varies depending upon the race of the athlete who committed the transgression...
A heterochromatin inducing protein differentially recognizes self versus foreign genomes.

Kruppel-associated box-domain zinc finger protein (KRAB-ZFP) transcriptional repressors recruit TRIM28/KAP1 to heterochromatinize the mammalian genome while also guarding the host by silencing invading foreign genomes. However, how a KRAB-ZFP recognizes target sequences in the natural context of its own or foreign genomes is unclear. Our studies on B-lymphocytes permanently harboring the cancer-causing Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) have shown that SZF1, a KRAB-ZFP, binds to several lytic/replicative phase genes to silence them, thereby promoting the latent/quiescent phase of the virus. As a result, unless SZF1 and its binding partners are displaced from target regions on the viral genome, EBV remains dormant, i.e. refractory to lytic phase-inducing triggers. As SZF1 also heterochromatinizes the cellular genome, we performed in situ footprint mapping on both viral and host genomes in physically separated B-lymphocytes bearing latent or replicative/active EBV genomes. By analyzing footprints, we learned that SZF1 recognizes the host genome through a repeat sequence-bearing motif near centromeres. Remarkably, SZF1 does not use this motif to recognize the EBV genome. Instead, it uses distinct binding sites that lack obvious similarities to each other or the above motif, to silence the viral genome. Virus mutagenesis studies show that these distinct binding sites are not only key to maintaining the established latent phase but also silencing the lytic phase in newly-infected cells, thus enabling the virus to establish latency and transform cells. Notably, these binding sites on the viral genome, when also present on the human genome, are not used by SZF1 to silence host genes during latency. This differential approach towards target site recognition may reflect a strategy by which the host silences and regulates genomes of persistent invaders without jeopardizing its own homeostasis.
Recent Challenges for Haptic Interface and Control for Robotic Assisted Surgical Training System: A Review

Enhancement in the efficiency of surgical proficiency training system requires a continuous effort in surgical care atmosphere without any risk factor and it is known as a complex and challenging task nowadays. The process is exclusively relevant in training of technical skills specific to modern Minimally Invasive System (MIS) based procedures like keyhole surgery. However, modern surgical training systems are more intensive on the improvement of technical skills for dexterity, imagining and accurateness of the surgeons which are lacking in aspects of context-awareness and intra-operative real-time supervision. Context-aware intelligent training systems interpret the modern surgical condition and help surgeons to train on surgical tasks. Motivated by the development aspects and needs, this paper presents in depth review and highlights of the major challenging factors for haptic control interfacing, which are required to overcome in the future development of intelligent and highly integrated surgical training system for robotic surgery.
Inactivation of HIV-1 in Polarized Infant Tonsil Epithelial Cells by Human Beta-Defensins 2 and 3 Tagged with the Protein Transduction Domain of HIV-1 Tat

Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV-1 may occur during pregnancy, labor, and breastfeeding; however, the molecular mechanism of MTCT of virus remains poorly understood. Infant tonsil mucosal epithelium may sequester HIV-1, serving as a transient reservoir, and may play a critical role in MTCT. Innate immune proteins human beta-defensins 2 (hBD-2) and -3 may inactivate intravesicular virions. To establish delivery of hBD-2 and -3 into vesicles containing HIV-1, we tagged hBDs with the protein transduction domain (PTD) of HIV-1 Tat, which facilitates an efficient translocation of proteins across cell membranes. Our new findings showed that hBD-2 and -3 proteins tagged with PTD efficiently penetrated polarized tonsil epithelial cells by endocytosis and direct penetration. PTD-initiated internalization of hBD-2 and -3 proteins into epithelial cells led to their subsequent penetration of multivesicular bodies (MVB) and vacuoles containing HIV-1. Furthermore, PTD played a role in the fusion of vesicles containing HIV-1 with lysosomes, where virus was inactivated. PTD-initiated internalization of hBD-2 and -3 proteins into ex vivo tonsil tissue explants reduced the spread of virus from epithelial cells to CD4+ T lymphocytes, CD68+ macrophages, and CD1c+ dendritic cells, suggesting that this approach may serve as an antiviral strategy for inactivating intraepithelial HIV-1 and reducing viral MTCT.
Steller Sea Lion (Eumetopias jubatus) Response to Non-lethal Hazing at Bonneville Dam

Protected Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) aggregate at Bonneville Dam on the Columbia River and prey upon multiple species of endangered salmon ascending the river. For more than 40 years, hazing has been employed to deter sea lions from such predation, but the response of sea lions is hazing through time is not well documented. We observed the behavior of Steller sea lions in periods with and without hazing during two spring Chinook salmon passage seasons to evaluate: 1) what effect hazing had on the number of animals present and their foraging behavior, and 2) whether they habituated to hazing. We found that hazing temporarily reduced the number of Steller sea lions, but only when actively hazed. During hazing, Steller sea lions were more likely to move away from hazers on the dam, decreased their foraging, and increased their time investigating the environment. However, these effects were temporary; their behavior returned to initial observation levels once hazing ceased. Furthermore, their responsiveness to hazing declined throughout the season, indicating habituation and raising concern for the application and long-term efficacy of hazing in managing predation on endangered salmon.
Chapter 6 – Damage and plasticity in metals

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the development of a constitutive model for anisotropic continuum damage mechanics using finite strain plasticity. The formulation is given in spatial coordinates, and incorporates both isotropic and kinematic hardening. The von Mises yield criterion is modified to include the effects of damage through the use of the hypothesis of elastic energy equivalence. A modified elasto-plastic stiffness tensor that includes the effects of damage is derived within the framework of the proposed model. This chapter explains how the model can be used in conjunction with other damage-related yield functions. In particular, Gurson's yield function is incorporated in the theory proposed in the chapter. This yield function is derived based on the presence of spherical voids in the material. Numerical implementation of the proposed model includes the finite element formulation where an updated Lagrangian description is used. The problem of crack initiation is solved for a thin elasto-plastic plate with a center crack that is subjected to inplane tension.
Why Can't Developing Countries Borrow from Abroad in Their Currency?

This paper analyzes the different implications of denominating foreign debt in a tradable or in a nontradable good, analogous to foreign currency and a local price index respectively. While the price of tradables is exogenous to a small open economy, the price of nontradables reacts to the shocks it experiences, being high (low) following a good (bad) shock. Since defaults are correlated with large real depreciations, debt denominated in the tradable good will have a relatively higher face-value in those states. If there are large deviations from strict creditor seniority enforcement, a nontradable denominated debt holder's claim on a borrower's bankrupt firm can be expropriated through additional borrowing denominated in the tradable good. This dilution mechanism is an inefficient expropriation technology, whose cost is borne by the borrower in equilibrium. That discourages the use of nontradable denominated instruments, even though they can improve international risk sharing and help prevent financial crises.
Enabling quality management systems in the maquiladoras: An empirical analysis

Purpose – The maquiladora industry is a manufacturing system that utilizes the Mexican workforce and foreign investment and technology on the border region between the USA and Mexico. This study seeks to explore managerial support and employee involvement as well as quality processes (internal enablers) and supplier selection criteria (external factors) in the maquiladora industry with respect to ISO 9000 certification.Design/methodology/approach – The enablers of ISO certification were studied through a survey instrument and extensive field interviews with experts of maquiladora plants in El Paso, Texas and Juarez, Mexico. Based on a 78 percent response rate (171 usable questionnaires) and 11 in‐depth interviews of quality experts in eight industries, statistical analyses including reliability and validity analyses, factor analyses, tests of hypothesis, and ANOVA were performed.Findings – The four hypotheses developed were verified. Based on the analyses, ISO‐certified companies exemplified better and lo...
Identification of surface protective antigen (spa) types in Erysipelothrix reference strains and diagnostic samples by spa multiplex real-time and conventional PCR assays.

Aim: To develop spa multiplex real-time and conventional PCR assays to detect and differentiate between spaA, spaB and spaC genes within Erysipelothrix spp. Methods and Results: For evaluation of the assays, 28 Erysipelothrix spp. reference strains, 25 tissues from pigs inoculated with reference strains of serotypes 1, 2, 5, 10 or 18, and 15 diagnostic samples were used. SpaA was found to be present in Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae serotypes 1a, 1b, 2, 5, 9, 12, 15, 16, 17, 23 and N; spaB was detected in E. rhusiopathiae serotypes 4, 6, 8, 11, 19 and 21 and spaC was detected in E. sp. strain 2 serotype 18. Spa-related genes were not detected in E. tonsillarum strains (serotypes 3, 7, 10, 14, 20, 22, 24, 25, 26) or E. sp. strain 1 (serotype 13). With the spa multiplex real-time PCR assay, it was also possible to further differentiate spaB into spaB1 (serotypes 4, 6, 8, 19 and 21) and spaB2 (serotype 11). Overall, spaA was detected in seven experimental tissue samples and six diagnostic tissue samples, and spaC in two experimental tissue samples. The detection limits were determined to be five colony-forming units (CFU) per reaction for the spa multiplex real-time PCR assay and 4000 CFU per reaction for the conventional PCR assay. Conclusions: Both spa PCR assays were specific and reproducible in the identification of spa types in Erysipelothrix spp. Significance and Impact of the Study: The described spa PCR assays may be useful tools for investigating spa prevalence among strains isolated from field tissues and to determine the role of the Spa proteins in vaccine protection and pathogenesis.
Phosphorylation of Cytosolic Phospholipase A2 and the Release of Arachidonic Acid in Human Neutrophils

Kinases mediating phosphorylation and activation of cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) in intact cells remain to be fully characterized. Platelet-activating factor stimulation of human neutrophils increases cPLA2 phosphorylation. This increase is inhibited by PD 98059, a mitogen-activated protein (MAP)/extracellular signal-regulating kinase (erk) 1 inhibitor, but not by SB 203580, a p38 MAP kinase inhibitor, indicating that this action is mediated through activation of the p42 MAP kinase (erk2). However, platelet-activating factor-induced arachidonic acid release is inhibited by both PD 98059 and SB 203580. Stimulation by TNF-α increases cPLA2 phosphorylation, which is inhibited by SB 203580, but not PD 98059, suggesting a role for p38 MAP kinase. LPS increases cPLA2 phosphorylation and arachidonic acid release. However, neither of these actions is inhibited by either PD 98059 or SB 203580. PMA increases cPLA2 phosphorylation. This action is inhibited by PD 98059 but not SB 203580. Finally, FMLP increases cPLA2 phosphorylation and arachidonic acid release. Interestingly, while the FMLP-induced phosphorylation of cPLA2 is not affected by the inhibitors of the p38 MAP kinase or erk cascades, both inhibitors significantly decrease arachidonic acid release stimulated by FMLP. SB 203580 or PD 98059 has no inhibitory effects on the activity of coenzyme A-independent transacylase.
Radiofrequency Heating Models and Measurements

Radiofrequency (RF) heating in high and ultrahigh field MRI is a safety concern. The chapter reviews the current state of the art, limitations, and future opportunities of the numerical and experimental models and MR thermometry to simulate and measure RF heating in order to better understand safety. Keywords: MRI; high field; ultrahigh field; temperature; RF heating; bioheat; Pennes' bioheat transfer equation; generic bioheat transfer model (GBHTM); RF safety; SAR
Cusp gun TE/sub 21/ second-harmonic gyro-TWT amplifier

A second harmonic cusp-gun TE/sub 21/ gyro-TWT amplifier is being constructed at UCD that is predicted to generate 50 kW at 30 GHz with 20% efficiency, 30 dB saturated gain and 3% bandwidth. The device is to be driven by a 70 kV, 3.5 A axis-encircling electron beam from a Northrop Grumman cusp gun. The device takes advantage of the concept that harmonic gyro-TWT's are more stable and can produce higher power than at the fundamental-harmonic, because their weaker interaction yields a higher threshold electron current for the absolute instability at the cutoff of the operating mode.
An efficient two-layer irregular-channel router

An efficient two-layer irregular-channel router is presented which is suitable for both regular and irregular channels. The router uses a heuristic approach to determine all of the subnet-weights for a given channel. It constructs the maximum subnet-weight path in order to determine the best set of subnets for each track. For a given irregular channel, the obstacles are treated as subnets with a highest weight, which reduces the irregular channel-routing to a regular channel-routing. Also, user intervention is permitted by the router for generating a minimum wire length for the specified net. In addition, since this router uses restricted doglegging, the likelihood for it to process a cyclic routing channel is reduced. By using an intermediate routing format, the CF router can easily be used in conjunction with the CF mask generator to generate masks. The CFR router is shown to be very effective in generating acceptable results quickly for both regular and irregular channels. >
A simple procedure for event marking when filming with one or two cameras.

Abstract A researcher who has access to one motor-driven 16mm high speed camera containing internal timing lights may find circumstances when some part of an event cannot be in the camera's filming zone. When using devices such as a force platform, electrogoniometer, electromyograph, or other measurement tools the researcher must in some way identify the start and often the completion of an event synchronously with all devices and cameras. In an effort to resolve these problems, a series of experiments was conducted using one or two electronic flash units (operated either AC or by battery) to identify the event on film for the 16mm camera.
Magnesian anorthositic granulites in lunar meteorites Allan Hills A81005 and Dhofar 309: Geochemistry and global significance

Abstract– Fragments of magnesian anorthositic granulite are found in the lunar highlands meteorites Allan Hills (ALH) A81005 and Dhofar (Dho) 309. Five analyzed clasts of meteoritic magnesian anorthositic granulite have Mg′ [molar Mg/(Mg + Fe)] = 81–87; FeO ≈ 5% wt; Al2O3 ≈ 22% wt; rare earth elements abundances ≈ 0.5–2 × CI (except Eu ≈ 10 × CI); and low Ni and Co in a non-chondritic ratio. The clasts have nearly identical chemical compositions, even though their host meteorites formed at different places on the Moon. These magnesian anorthositic granulites are distinct from other highlands materials in their unique combination of mineral proportions, Mg′, REE abundances and patterns, Ti/Sm ratio, and Sc/Sm ratio. Their Mg′ is too high for a close relationship to ferroan anorthosites, or to have formed as flotation cumulates from the lunar magma ocean. Compositions of these magnesian anorthositic granulites cannot be modeled as mixtures of, or fractionates from, known lunar rocks. However, compositions of lunar highlands meteorites can be represented as mixtures of magnesian anorthositic granulite, ferroan anorthosite, mare basalt, and KREEP. Meteoritic magnesian anorthositic granulite is a good candidate for the magnesian highlands component inferred from Apollo highland impactites: magnesian, feldspathic, and REE-poor. Bulk compositions of meteorite magnesian anorthositic granulites are comparable to those inferred for parts of the lunar farside (the Feldspathic Highlands Terrane): ∼4.5 wt% FeO; ∼28 wt% Al2O3; and Th <1 ppm. Thus, magnesian anorthositic granulite may be a widespread and abundant component of the lunar highlands.
Epitope analysis of capsid and matrix proteins of North American ovine lentivirus field isolates.

Abstract Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) directed against two phenotypically distinct ovine lentivirus (OvLV) strains were generated by fusion of BALB/c SP2/0-Ag 14 myeloma cells with spleen cells from mice immunized with purified OvLV. Hybridomas were selected by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and analysis of reactivity on immunoblots. The majority (17 of 21) of the MAbs recognized the gag-encoded capsid protein, CA p27, of both strains. Four other MAbs recognized a smaller structural protein, presumably a matrix protein, MA p17. Three distinct epitopes on CA p27 and one on MA p17 were distinguished by the MAbs with competition ELISA. MAbs from each epitope group were able to recognize 17 North American field isolates of OvLV and the closely related caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV). Analysis of the data indicated that these epitopes were highly conserved among naturally occurring isolates. A representative MAb from each epitope group of anti-CA p27 MAbs reacted with four field strains of OvLV and CAEV on immunoblots. An anti-MA p17 MAb recognized the same OvLV strains on immunoblots but failed to recognize CAEV. MAbs which recognize conserved epitopes of gag-encoded lentivirus proteins (CA p27 and MA p17) are valuable tools. These MAbs can be used to develop sensitive diagnostic assays and to study the pathogenesis of lentivirus infections in sheep and goats.
Multifocal, extranodal sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy: An overview

Abstract Context.—This article provides an overview of the major pathologic manifestations of sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy, including patient characteristics and current knowledge about its pathogenesis, with an emphasis on multifocal and extranodal presentation. Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy is a rare, nonneoplastic, idiopathic, proliferative histiocytic disorder; recognition of this disorder is important to avoid misinterpretation and subsequent unnecessary treatment. This is especially true for primary extranodal manifestation of this rare disorder. Although accurate diagnosis of this entity requires a correlation of clinical, radiologic, laboratory, and pathologic studies in most cases, it remains a disorder primarily defined by its histopathologic features and pathologic manifestations, which are key to the diagnosis. Objective.—To summarize the scientific literature, provide a concise review, and emphasize the diagnostic histopathologic features of extranodal s...
The genetic code after the excitement.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the various approaches used to decipher the code and evaluates the validity of present codon assignments both in vitro and in vivo. Special attention is devoted to the progress made in elucidating the nature of the signals for initiation and termination of protein synthesis. The coding ambiguity observed in vitro have a significant in vivo role during protein synthesis. Therefore, the effect of the various components involved in protein synthesis on the fidelity of the coding process is examined. The most challenging problem after the deciphering of the genetic code has been presented by the discovery that a transfer RNA species can recognize more than one codon for the same amino acid. Various experiments designed to test the validity and implications of a proposed mechanism for multiple codon recognition are discussed, along with investigations explaining the anticodon and its role in synthetase recognition. The concepts of universality and evolution of the genetic code are re-evaluated in the light of these developments. The need for establishing a direct stereochemical relationship between an amino acid and its coding triplet is obviated by the formulation of the adaptor hypothesis.
The measurement of the material damping of high polymers over ten decades of frequency and its interpretation

This paper describes a number of experimental methods that have been used to measure the internal energy loss that occurs in many solids, especially high polymers, when they are taken around deformation cycles. This loss can be measured directly, but when its magnitude is small and when the response is linear, it is found to be proportional to four other quantities: namely, the logarithmic decrement of free oscillations of systems where the material is used as a restoring elastic element, the sharpness of resonance of forced oscillations of such systems, the angle by which the strain lags behind the stress in sinusoidal oscillations, and the attenuation coefficient of sinusoidal waves propagated through the material. The magnitude of this mechanical loss is found to vary with the frequency of the oscillations, and these variations can be correlated to microscopic processes taking place in the solid. A variety of experimental techniques have to be used to cover the large ranges of frequency that are needed in order to study such correlations and it is highly desirable that all the measurements be for the same type of mechanical deformation (for example, shear). The results of measurements extending over about ten decades of frequency are reviewed, and the interpretation of these in terms of the various microscopic processes in the material are discussed.
Do Politically Non-conservative Whites “Bend Over Backwards” to Show Preferences for Black Politicians?

The current study examined whether politically non-conservative (i.e., liberal and moderate) Whites demonstrate an explicit bias in favor of Black versus White politicians on measures of political support and whether these assessments are influenced by implicit racial bias against Blacks. To address this, 671 non-conservative Whites were presented with political speeches paired with a photograph of either a Black or a White politician implied to have given the speech and were then asked to read the speech and evaluate the politician on a number of dimensions. Results showed that participants rated Black politicians more favorably than White politicians on measures of political support, including a willingness to vote for, donate money to, and report confidence in the politician. Importantly, the favorability bias observed on these measures was not influenced by implicit racial biases. When evaluating Black politicians’ intelligence, however, an explicit favorability bias (higher overall ratings of Black compared to White politicians) was moderated by implicit racial bias. Implicit pro-White/anti-Black racial bias was associated with lower ratings of perceived intelligence of Black politicians, but not White politicians, such that the favorability bias was effectively eliminated for intelligence ratings. Our findings are consistent with previous research suggesting that although White non-conservatives may go out of their way to demonstrate outward support for Blacks, deep-rooted negative attitudes about Blacks may remain, which can potentially undermine true support for Blacks in politics.
A watershed at a watershed: the potential for environmentally sensitive area protection in the upper San Pedro Drainage Basin (Mexico and USA)

The watershed is advocated as an appropriate unit for ecological planning. Watersheds, or river drainage basins, can be understood through an ecological chorography. The upper San Pedro River basin of southern Arizona (USA) and northern Sonora (Mexico) is used as an example. This watershed is currently facing significant growth pressures. Rapid urbanization, cattle ranching, and irrigated agricultural pumping in the drainage basin are having negative environmental consequences, including water quality and supply problems, increased soil erosion, threats to wildlife habitats, and degradation of scenic resources. Copper mining, just outside the watershed, potentially impacts groundwater and the San Pedro riparian system. The protection of environmentally sensitive areas would help to maintain the biological integrity of the region. This paper focuses on the design of a framework for the identification of environmentally sensitive areas in the watershed and an analysis of existing government plans to protect such areas. The proposed framework can coordinate local, state, and federal efforts to achieve their protection objectives.
Potentiometric and spectrophotometric determination of stabilities of the 1-hydroxy-2-pyridinone complexes of trivalent and divalent metal ions

Abstract The stability constants of complexes formed by 1-hydroxy-2-pyridinone (1H2P) with the divalent metal ions, Cu 2+ , Ni 2+ , Zn 2+ and Co 2+ , and with the trivalent metal ions, Fe 3+ , Ga 3+ , Al 3+ and In 3+ , are reported. The relative orders of stabilities of divalent and trivalent metal complexes are Cu(II)>Ni(II)≥Zn(II)>Co(II), and Fe(III)>Ga(III)>Al(III)>In(III). The complexes formed, and their stabilities, are compared with the properties of complexes formed by related ligands, such as acetohydroxamic acid (AHA), 1,4-dihydroxy-2-pyridinone (DH2P), 1-methyl-3-hydroxy-2-pyridinone (MH2P) and 1,2-dimethyl-3-hydroxy-4-pyridinone (DMHP). 1H2P and AHA exhibit similar complexation behavior toward metal ions, reflected by a linear relationship between log K M-H2P and log K M-AHA . The relative effectiveness of these ligands for metal ion binding is discussed, indicating that 1- hydroxy-2-pyridinone is probably the most effective bidentate chelating agent of this class of ligands because of its relatively strong acidity. If structurally similar ligands (1H2P and DH2P) are compared, DH2P has higher basicity and lower stability.
Differences in Level of Aspiration and Performance as a Function of Whether a Task is Perceived as an Ability Test

It was hypothesized that, when 73 college students were presented with two digit-symbol tasks and asked to estimate their score before each one, (1) they would make a second estimate that was highe...
Ionization, Extinction, and Spiral Structure in the Inner Disk of NGC 1068*

We present our analysis of Hubble Space Telescope/Planetary Camera narrow-bandpass and broadband imagery of the inner 3 kpc region of NGC 1068. Our analysis of F160BW and F547M broadband continuum imagery suggests that roughly 40% of the scattered active galactic nucleus (AGN) continuum emission originates from an unobscured single cloud complex largely free from dust with total number densities typical of diffuse clouds in our own Milky Way. The net emission-line fluxes are extracted from continuum-subtracted narrow-bandpass imagery for Ha + [N ], Hβ, S II λλ6717, 6731, and [O III] λ5007. Although the [O ]/(Hα + [N ]) flux ratio shows a sharp drop-off at distances beyond ~4'' northeast of the nucleus, the [O ]/Hb ratio indicates no such decrease. This implies that the ionization of these species is not strongly influenced by shocks associated with the expanding radio lobes as inferred from a previous study. The sharp drop-off seen in the [O ]/(Ha + [N ]) appears to be due to high interstellar reddening immediately beyond the scattering bright clouds near the nucleus, as further evidenced by the high Ha/Hb ratio in this region. The presence of a faint inner spiral arm interior to the sharply defined star formation ring, possibly driven by an outer-inner Linblad resonance, may provide a means of fueling the central AGN, as recently suggested by Yuan and Kuo. Because IR observations do not support the presence of a true AGN torus in NGC 1068, we present a qualitative model in which the radio ejecta has carved out an ionization cone in the high concentration of dense molecular clouds surrounding the nucleus. This picture also implies that the extended conical emission region to the northeast of the nucleus lies near the galactic plane and is surrounded by lower density ambient gas than that surrounding the highly ionized gas southwest of the nucleus.
Nickel(II) complexes of some aromatic amine oxides

Abstract The preparation and properties of the complexes of nickel(II) salts with the ligands: 2-methylpyridine N-oxide (2picNO), 2-ethylpyridine N-oxide (2etpyNO), 2,4-dimethylpyridine N-oxide (2,4LNO), 2-methyl-quinoline N-oxide (2MeQNO), quinoline N-oxide (QNO) and isoquinoline N-oxide (IQNO) are described. The structures of these complexes were determined with the aid of elemental analyses, magnetic and electronic spectral data, infrared data, and conductance data used in conjunction with ligand field theory. Complexes having the following general formulas have been prepared: NiL 6 X 2 .nH 2 O, L = 2etpyNO, X = ClO 4 , L = IQNO, X = NO 3 ; NiL 4 X 2· nH 2 O, L = 2picNO, X = ClO 4 , L = 2etpyNO, 2,4LNO, X = NO 3 . NiL 3 X 2 .nH 2 O, L = QNO, X = NO 3 ; NiLX 2 .nH 2 O, L = all N-oxides, X = Cl and NiL 2 X 2 . nH 2 O, L = 2picNO, 2MeQNO, IQNO, X = NO 3 . All the complexes prepared appear to be six-coordinate.
Low temperature magnetic properties of Metglas 2714A and its potential use as core material for EMI filters

Inductive filters to reduce electromagnetic interference (EMI) are commonly made by winding coils around a magnetic material with high permeability. This permeability should remain high at high frequencies, so that the impedance of the inductor made from it can be large to block off any high frequency EMI signals. Room temperature magnetic material like ferrite loses most of its permeability at low temperatures. Some low temperature materials like Cryoperm-10 are known to have high magnetic permeability. However, the permeability of all of them decreases to a low value at frequencies higher than a few hundred hertz due to eddy current shielding of the magnetic field. We have measured the complex relative permeability of Metglas 2714A (also known as Magnaperm) at 4.2 K, and found that its magnitude is larger than 10,000 at frequencies up to 100 kHz. We also measured the magnetization noise density from this material using a SQUID magnetometer. We find that the noise density agrees well with the predictions of the fluctuation dissipation theorem. This implies that low temperature inductors and transformers with predictable noise characteristics can be designed for applications where the lowest noise is not a limiting factor of performance. For very low noise applications, a common mode filter can be made with this material, where the two input leads to a pre-amplifier are wound as a pair around the material, so that any magnetization noise is cancelled out.
The Future of Evidence in Evidence-based Practice Who Will Answer the Call for Clinical Relevance?

Summary: This article considers factors important to the broad-scale adoption of an evidence-based approach to social work practice (EBP). Elements of the EBP framework, and particularly directions...
The kinetics of embryo drying in Drosophila melanogaster as a function of the steps in permeabilization: Experimental

Previously, we gravimetrically examined the Drosophila embryos' rate of air drying after each step in their permeabilization; namely, (1) dechorionation, (2) isopropanol exposure, and (3) heptane/butanol exposure. Here we describe a physical model characterizing the dehydration and compare the theory with the experimental kinetics. The model is based on those of Eyring. It treats the net flux (Jnet) through the membrane as the sum of two opposing fluxes (air → embryo {a{ and embryo → air {i{. Each flux is the product of a kinetic constant (k), the number of embryos in the sample (n), and the water concentration (C). Thus, Jnet = kanCa −kinCi. The relationship between ki and ka, for embryos in steady state with room humidity, is kika = CaCi. Determining the k values requires the mass and density of the embryo solids, n, Ci, as a function of drying time, and the steady-state value of Ci. Following integration of the flux equation, linear regression was used to determine ki. ka was computed using the previous equation. The resulting values for ka are 3.96, 26.70, 17.40, and 258.00 mn3/embryo·h for untreated embryos and embryos treated with, (1), (l) + (2), (l) + (2) + (3), respectively. The corresponding values for ki (×106) are 484, 3680, 2800, and 47,300 mm3/embryo·h.
Using possibility functions for long-term environmental planning

Abstract Current forecasting methodologies are deficient because they are only reliable for a few years into the future and focus on predicting the future. Serious environmental problems may require planning horizons in excess of 100 years. This article presents a planning method which uses possibility functions. Possibility functions that describe demographic variables can be combined with themselves and with probability functions that describe uncertainty about scientific knowledge. The article illustrates how possibility functions could be used to study the CO 2 problem.
MUTANT GENES REGULATING THE INDUCIBILITY OF KYNURENINE SYNTHESIS.

Alterations in the cellular synthesis of kynurenine in the larval fatbody of Drosophila melanogaster may be obtained by feeding the precursor tryptophan or by changing the genotype. In the wild type Ore-R strain, autofluorescent kynurenine globules normally occur in the cells in the anterior regions of the fatbody designated as regions 1, 2, and 3. When tryptophan is included in the larval diet, kynurenine will develop throughout the entire fatbody, thus extending to the cells in regions 4, 5, and 6. In the fatbodies of both the sepia mutant strain and the mutant combinations of the suppressible vermilion alleles with the suppressor gene (su2-s, v1 and su2-s, v2), kynurenine is found in the cells from region 1 through region 4. This involvement of additional cells in the synthesis of kynurenine occurs under the usual culture conditions for Drosophila. When sepia larvae are fed tryptophan, kynurenine appears in all of the cells of the fatbody. However, dietary tryptophan does not induce kynurenine production in cells in regions 5 and 6 in the mutant combination su2-s, v1 or su2-s, v2. In the latter strains, an increase in the quantity of kynurenine in the fatbody is detected, but this increase remains limited to the same cells in which kynurenine production is found under normal feeding conditions. When the v36f allele is combined with the su2-s allele, an extremely faint autofluorescence characteristic of kynurenine is found in some of the anteriormost fat cells of regions 1 and 2. This autofluorescence becomes intensified when tryptophan is fed to su2-s, v36f larvae. The genetic control of kynurenine synthesis in the cells of the fatbody of Drosophila melanogaster has been previously demonstrated. The present observations establish genetic regulation of the ability to induce kynurenine production within a cell through the administration of the inducer tryptophan. Kynurenine production has been considered as a unit function of the cell as a whole rather than of the enzyme alone, and it has been concluded that even though cells in different parts of the body perform this same function (kynurenine production), the gene loci regulating this function may be different for cells in different regions of the body. A phenomenon of overlapping domains of gene actions at the cellular level offers a genetic and cellular basis for developmental and physiological homeostasis.
A Comparison of Input—Output Structures and Multipliers: MRIO and Survey Models for West Virginia and Kansas

Input–output tables have been used extensively in regional analysis. The cost of constructing survey-based models, however, often forces the practitioner to use models based upon secondary information. This paper attempts to determine the seriousness of using a state table from the multiregional input–output (MRIO) model for the USA in lieu of a survey-based model. By means of data for West Virginia and Kansas, input and supply coefficients and output and supply multipliers are examined. The comparisons indicate that the structures embodied within the MRIO models differ significantly from those within the survey-based models.
Experimental studies in magnetic separation of ultrafine hematite

Magnetic filtration of submicron hematite particles passed in aqueous solution through a ball matrix filter has been investigated under conditions of constant flow rate (3 cm/min) and controlled solution pH. The particulates were spherical, with nominal diameters of 0.06 and 0.12 microns. Filtering efficiency in larger fields was better for the smaller particulates, but in fields below several hundred Oe this trend reversed. A reduction from pH=11 to pH=10 resulted in a 10% decrease in removal of 0.06-micron particulates at high fields, and a commensurate increase in low fields. >
Ruptured capsule of the elbow joint of a draught horse

Summary A cyst filled with fluid was found to be the cause of an enlarged antebrachium in a horse. Communication between the cyst and the elbow joint was demonstrated by: 1) finding, during radiographic examination of the elbow, radiopaque contrast solution instilled into elbow joint within the cyst; 2) finding cytological values in fluid aspirated from the cyst that were similar to those in fluid aspirated from the elbow joint; and 3) finding hyperechoic foci, assumed to be air bubbles, during ultrasonographic examination of the cyst after administration of air into the elbow joint. Communication of the cyst with the elbow joint was confirmed during post mortem examination of the affected limb.
Distribution of Perkinsus marinus in gulf coast oyster populations

Prevalence (percent of oysters infected) ofPerkinsus marinus and infection intensity were measured in oysters from 49 sites in the Gulf of Mexico. Prevalence was less than 50% at only one site. Both prevalence and infection intensity were correlated with condition index, salinity, and a measure of local agricultural activity. The regional distribution ofP. marinus was patchy on spatial scales of 300 km or less and 1,500 km or more. Three regional foci of infection could be distinguished: the north central coast of Texas, central Louisiana west of the Mississippi River, and the southwestern coast of Florida. Lowest infection levels were recorded along the north central and northeastern Gulf, particularly east of the Mississippi River. The spatial distribution of infection varied with the salinity regime; however, other factors also explained part of the regional patterns observed. These included factors associated with man’s activities such as agricultural and industrial activity and the average annual temperature regime.
AIDS drug trials in Thailand and Uganda.

To the editor—I would like to point out a factual error in your editorial "Uganda gives lessons in stemming the AIDS epidemic" in the September issue of Nature Medicine. The third paragraph states that the HIVNET 012 trial showed that a regimen of nevirapine "is almost twice as effective at reducing vertical transmission as the AZT regimen tested in Thailand last year...."
Edge density and independence ratio in triangle-free graphs with maximum degree three

Abstract A simple polynomial-time algorithm is presented which computes independent sets of guaranteed size in connected triangle-free noncubic graphs with maximum degree 3. Let n and m denote the number of vertices and edges, respectively, and let c = m/n denote the edge density where c c
Police employee organizations

Police employee organizations and unions have been identified as obstacles to police management as well as to policy implementation. While much has been made of the behavior of these organizations, little empirical work has addressed the nature of these organizations in terms of their structure, membership, and perspectives on police labor relationships. These organizations have mainly been examined by the use of police chief perspectives, or case studies of large police unions. This article addresses these issues using a national sample of police employee organizations and unions.