cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multiple central‐place territories in wild young‐of‐the‐year Atlantic salmon Salmo salar†

Summary 1 The space use of central-place foragers, animals that forage from and return to a single central place such as a nest, burrow or sleeping site, is well documented. Limited data, however, exist for multiple central-place foragers that alternate among several central places. 2 The conventional view of stream-dwelling salmonids suggests that they conform to the central-place territorial model (CPTM) by (i) attacking prey and intruders from one primary foraging station, and defending (ii) small (iii) exclusive areas that (iv) increase with body size. 3 Recent studies suggest greater variability in salmonid space-use than would be expected by the CPTM, but tend to focus on the time allocated towards different activities rather than their distribution in space, especially for young-of-the-year (YOY) fish that are hard to tag and monitor in the wild. 4 In this study, the validity of CPTM was tested by mapping the daily space use of 50 YOY Atlantic salmon in a natural stream via repeated observations of tagged fish in diverse habitats, and by comparing these to earlier estimates of territory use in YOY salmonids. 5 The 50 YOY Atlantic salmon were multiple central-place foragers. All fish visited more than one foraging station (median = 12·5 stations), visited most stations (68·5%) repeatedly, showed limited fidelity to a particular station and typically attacked prey only while holding a position at a station. 6 The multiple central-place territories of the 50 fish were large (mean = 0·932 m2) compared to earlier territory size estimates (mean = 0·107 m2) for salmonids of similar size and, surprisingly, did not increase with body size. Focal fish attacked intruders from similar distances as reported earlier for much smaller territories, suggesting that large territories are less exclusively defended at any given time. 7 Overall, this study provides a new view on foraging and territoriality in stream salmonids, and on the small but diverse literature on multiple central-place foragers. Further studies, however, are needed to clarify the evolutionary benefits and population consequences of multiple central-place space-use in mobile animals.
Career Style Interview: A Contextualized Approach to Career Counseling

Clarification of a client's self-concept and its implementation in the world of work remains an overarching goal of career counseling. To date, counselors have largely used objective measures of interests, values, needs, and abilities in their efforts to accomplish this goal. Objective assessments alone offer decontextualized views of the self, often disregarding nuances in individual differences. To address this problem, counselors can use the Career Style Interview (CSI), which forms the assessment as a method for attaining a more comprehensive and personally meaningful representation of the self. A description of the CSI and a case study are presented to promote counselor understanding of this method.
Determination of stripe structures for finite element matrics

Stripe structures were introduced by the author [Parallel Computing, to appear] as a means for the inclusion of the nonzero elements of a sparse matrix into a regular pattern which allows for efficient parallel manipulation. In this paper the stripe structures of stiffness matrices resulting from irregular domains covered by regular grids are analyzed. It is proved that the nonzero elements in these matrices may be covered by very few stripes and that these stripes may be nonoverlapping if the nodes of the grids are numbered appropriately. The exact number of stripes, which is independent of the size of the problem, is derived for different types of grids and different numbering schemes. The stripe structures of some irregular grids are also examined.
Metabolites in Urine of Rats on Diets containing Aldrin or Dieldrin

USING a fly bioassay technique, Kunze and Laug1 reported the presence of toxicant in liver, kidney, abdominal fat and urine of rats fed dieldrin or aldrin. They observed that the toxicant in kidney and urine occurred mainly in males, with traces only in females. This toxicant in male kidney and urine differed from either dieldrin or aldrin because it could be readily destroyed by treatment with 2 per cent alcoholic KOH, a property not shared by the parent substances. Since these observations, a number of investigators2–6 have reported findings which indicate the presence of derivations of dieldrin and aldrin in tissues and urine. These are assumed to be metabolites and can be most readily distinguished from dieldrin and aldrin by their increased hydrophilic properties.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Luminescence Properties of Anthrylpolyamines: An Experiment for an Integrated, Advanced Laboratory Course

A 10-week, open-ended experiment for a junior/senior-level integrated laboratory course is described. The project involves the synthesis and instrumental characterization of two monosubstituted and two disubstituted anthrylpolyamines of varying lengths, as well as a detailed investigation of their photophysical and photochemical properties in the presence of polyanions of biological interest. Depending on the nature of the polyanion, emission quenching of the anthracene chromophore occurs by a template-directed excimer formation, or by an energy-transfer process. A correlation between the charge of the protonated anthrylpolyamines and the degree of emission quenching is also investigated. This project is ideally suited for introducing students to different quenching mechanisms within the context of a research-oriented, integrated laboratory experience.
The serpentine syndrome below ground: ectomycorrhizas and hypogeous fungi associated with conifers.

Serpentine soils select for unique plant communities, often with sparse vegetation. Mycorrhizal fungi mediate the interaction between plants and soils, yet little is known about the mycorrhizal fun...
Reducing the Intra-Institutional Effects of “Prisonization” A Study of a Therapeutic Community for Drug-Using Inmates

“Prisonization,” or prison socialization, has long been recognized as a process with goals that are antithetical to the reintegration of ex-offenders. That is, it deemphasizes and even denigrates l...
Estradiol Metabolites Inhibit Endothelin Synthesis by an Estrogen Receptor-Independent Mechanism

Estradiol inhibits endothelin-1 synthesis, an effect that may contribute to the cardiovascular protective effects of estradiol. Recent findings that estradiol inhibits neointima formation in mice lacking estrogen receptors suggests that the cardiovascular protective effects of estradiol may be mediated by means of an estrogen receptor-independent mechanism. Because 2-hydroxyestradiol and 2-methoxyestradiol, metabolites of estradiol with little/no affinity for estrogen receptors, are more potent than estradiol in inhibiting vascular smooth muscle cell growth, we investigated whether these metabolites also inhibit endothelin-1 synthesis by means of an receptor-independent mechanism. Treatment of porcine coronary artery endothelial cells for 4 to 24 hours with 0.001 to 1 μmol/L of estradiol, 2-hydroxyestradiol, or 2-methoxyestradiol concentration-dependently inhibited basal as well as serum-induced (2.5%), TNFα-induced (10 ng/mL), angiotensin II–induced (100 nmol/L), and thrombin-induced (4 U/mL) endothelin-1 synthesis. Estradiol, 2-hydroxyestradiol, and 2-methoxyestradiol also inhibited serum-induced mitogen-activated protein kinase activity. As compared with estradiol, its metabolites were more potent in inhibiting endothelin-1 secretion and mitogen activated protein kinase activity. The inhibitory effects of 2-hydroxyestradiol and 2-methoxyestradiol on endothelin-1 release and mitogen-activated protein kinase activity were not blocked by ICI182780 (50 μmol/L), an estrogen receptor antagonist. Our findings indicate that the estradiol metabolites 2-hydroxyestradiol and 2-methoxyestradiol potently inhibit endothelin-1 synthesis by means of an estrogen receptor-independent mechanism. This effect of estradiol metabolites may be mediated by inhibition of mitogen activated protein kinase activity and may contribute to the cardioprotective effects of estradiol.
Myosin II in retinal pigmented epithelial cells: evidence for an association with membranous vesicles

The goal of this study was to further characterize and identify possible functions for a cytoplasmic myosin II protein which we have isolated from retinal pigmented epithelial (RPE) cells. The nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences are highly identical to non-muscle myosin heavy chain II-A (NMMHC II-A). However, this RPE myosin displays characteristics that are atypical of other myosins, including an affinity for carbohydrate and a C-terminal sequence extension, suggesting it may have a specialized function. In this study, reverse transcriptase-PCR using isoform-specific primers demonstrated that the RPE myosin and conventional NMMHC II-A have overlapping but distinguishable tissue expression profiles. To gain clues to function, subcellular distribution was determined in motile RPE cells using indirect immunofluorescence. In addition to subtle differences in localization that appeared to further distinguish this molecule from NMMHC II-A, these studies revealed a colocalization with phagocytosed intracellular vesicles. In vitro experiments suggest that the association in situ was not simply coincidental, because isolated vesicles interacted with the protein in cosedimentation assays. Taken together, our observations suggest the RPE myosin exhibits characteristics different from conventional myosin II-A and may function in intracellular vesicle transport.
USE OF THE CAMBRIDGE NEUROPHYSCHOLOGICAL TESTING AUTOMATED BATTERY (CANTAB) TO ASSESS FRONTOSTRIATAL CIRCUIT DEFICITS IN NICU GRADUATES † 1202

USE OF THE CAMBRIDGE NEUROPHYSCHOLOGICAL TESTING AUTOMATED BATTERY (CANTAB) TO ASSESS FRONTOSTRIATAL CIRCUIT DEFICITS IN NICU GRADUATES † 1202
Voltage tunable hyper-spectral quantum dot infrared photodetector (QDIP

A hyper-spectral quantum dot infrared photodetector (QDIP) based on doublecavity comb filter is reported. The hyperspectral QDIP uses a double cavity comber filter and a novel transparent conductive carbon nanotube (CNT) thin-film network as the electrode. By tuning the bias of the transparent electrode coated on the membrane, the cavity length and corresponding passband of the filter can be changed accordingly with low optical loss. Such MEMS-based hyper-spectral QDIP would also enable quick spectral scan of IR characteristics of chemical and biological materials.
Homitrophs, pollution and optimum population

It is a truism that the human population cannot continue to grow indefinitely in a finite world. Mankind cannot increase beyond its ability to acquire natural resources or to dispose safely of waste materials. We must remember that interactions with other species and other humans may determine the world's optimum populations. When, how, and what laws or principles are employed by the international legal system to reach an optimum population is a matter of grave concern. This paper will discuss the ecological stare decisis doctrine and natural law as sources of principles to guide mankind in determining what ought to be the optimum population for any given nation and for the world as a whole. It will discuss a world society in which the medium of exchange among nations would be based on the homitroph and would be politically implemented through a world environmental authority — a proposed seventh organ of the United Nations. The goal is to check the current inequitable squandering of the planet's resources...
Three-dimensional helical CT of intrahepatic venous structures: comparison of three rendering techniques.

To define the advantages and disadvantages of various rendering techniques to obtain three-dimensional (3D) displays of intrahepatic venous structures with helical CT data. After rapid preprocessing segmentation of the liver, helical CT data (8 mm slice thickness overlapped every 4 mm) from 10 patients were reconstructed using maximum intensity projection (MIP), volume rendering, and surface rendering algorithms. Three-dimensional imaging was evaluated blindly and independently by three observers for presence of artifacts and overall quality. Three-dimensional displays showed the hepatic veins and fifth order portal branches with the volume and MIP rendering techniques. Best overall quality in the 3D representation of the liver was achieved with the MIP technique (p < 0.05). Small details in venous anatomy and portal involvement by tumor were better imaged with the MIP technique. {open_quotes}Stair-step{close_quotes} artifacts markedly degraded the 3D displays obtained with the surface rendering technique, making it inappropriate for imaging the intrahepatic venous structures. Maximum intensity projection appears to be an adequate technique to perform 3D imaging of intrahepatic venous structures with helical CT data when 8 mm slice thicknesses overlapping every 4 mm are used. However, optimization of imaging protocols needs to be done and compared in a larger series. 19 refs., 2more » figs., 1 tab.« less
The Political Economy of Attitudes toward Peace among Palestinians and Israelis

This study evaluates the degree to which economic evaluations help to explain attitudes toward peace among Palestinians and Israelis in the years following the 1993 Oslo accords. It first applies insights from political science and economics to the Israeli-Palestinian context, deriving hypotheses that are then tested using survey data from Israel and Palestine (West Bank and Gaza) collected between 1996 and 2001. Findings show that economic orientations have both a direct and indirect impact on attitudes toward negotiations and compromise. On one hand, economic evaluations are directly related to foreign policy attitudes through what appear to be cost-benefit calculations regarding the expected economic consequences of peace. Economic judgments also influence attitudes toward peace indirectly by contributing to levels of confidence in political leaders, which in turn influence the way that citizens assess the peace negotiations in which their leaders are engaged. The Arab-Israeli dispute has played a critical role in shaping the political landscape of the Middle East and has been the focus of considerable social science research. Only a small portion of this research has explored the determinants of popular attitudes toward the conflict, however, and the factors that shape Palestinian public opinion have been particularly neglected. The present study responds to this gap by investigating factors that influence how ordinary Palestinian and Israeli citizens think about the conflict. Understanding popular attitudes toward issues of war and peace may be approached from different theoretical perspectives. The political culture approach, for instance, is prevalent among scholars who argue that shared norms and values are the basis of political attitudes. In the context of the Middle East, this approach often regards religion and religiosity as critical influences on views about conflict, and it often links strong religious attachments to aggressiveness, militancy, and opposition to compromise. We have pursued this approach elsewhere in some detail, focusing on the influence of Islamic orientations and finding that religious piety has little explanatory power among Muslims in Palestine and four other Arab countries (Tessler and Nachtwey 1998).
The C-Terminal Domain of Rpb1 Functions on Other RNA Polymerase II Subunits

The C-terminal domain (CTD) of Rpb1, the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RNApII), coordinates recruitment of RNA- and chromatin-modifying factors to transcription complexes. It is unclear whether the CTD communicates with the catalytic core region of Rpb1 and thus must be physically connected, or instead can function as an independent domain. To address this question, CTD was transferred to other RNApII subunits. Fusions to Rpb4 or Rpb6, two RNApII subunits located near the original position of CTD, support viability in a strain carrying a truncated Rpb1. In contrast, CTD fusion to Rpb9 on the other side of RNApII does not. Rpb4-CTD and Rpb6-CTD proteins are functional for phosphorylation and recruitment of various factors, albeit with some restrictions and minor defects. Normal CTD functions are not transferred to RNApI or RNApIII by Rbp6-CTD. These results show that, with some spatial constraints, CTD can function even when disconnected from Rpb1.
Phytogeomorphic Influence of Stone Covers and Boulders on Plant Distribution and Slope Processes in High-Mountain Areas

This study reviews several effects stones have on slope geomorphic processes and plant distribution at high elevations, with emphasis on low-latitude mountains and volcanic environments and rosette plants. It begins by considering how vegetation becomes established on relatively stable footslopes and the principal influences that outcrops and isolated boulders have on slope movement and vegetation development, moves to a comparison of the principal geomorphic processes affecting stone-covered slopes and the disturbance agents influencing fine-sediment zones that are devoid of clasts. The significance of stones for plant survival in areas subjected to frost activity, the strategies displayed by plants growing in unstable talus zones and the impacts stones have on plant development and slope dynamics are also considered. The study concludes by examining the role stones play in providing safe sites for plant development and the expansion of ecological niches, and with some speculations on possible future research directions.
Comparative pharmacokinetic interaction profiles of pravastatin, simvastatin, and atorvastatin when coadministered with cytochrome P450 inhibitors.

Three-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme-A reductase inhibitors (statins) are first-line treatments for hypercholesterolemia. Although exceedingly well tolerated, treatment with statins incurs a small risk of myopathy or potentially fatal rhabdomyolysis, particularly when coadministered with medications that increase their systemic exposure. Studies compared the multiple-dose pharmacokinetic interaction profiles of pravastatin, simvastatin, and atorvastatin when coadministered with 4 inhibitors of cytochrome P450-3A4 isoenzymes in healthy subjects. Compared with pravastatin alone, coadministration of verapamil, mibefradil, or itraconazole with pravastatin was associated with no significant changes in pravastatin pharmacokinetics. However, concomitant verapamil increased the simvastatin area under the concentration:time curve (AUC) approximately fourfold, the maximum serum concentration (C max ) fivefold, and the active metabolite simvastatin acid AUC and C max approximately four- and threefold, respectively (all comparisons p 60% increase in the serum half-life (p = 0.03) of atorvastatin were observed when coadministered with mibefradil. The half-life of atorvastatin also increased by ≈60% (p = 0.052) when coadministered with itraconazole, which elicited a 2.4-fold increase in the C max of atorvastatin and a 47% increase in the AUC (p max and AUC). Clarithromycin significantly (p max ) of all 3 statins, most markedly simvastatin (∼10-fold increase in AUC) and simvastatin acid (12-fold), followed by atorvastatin (greater than fourfold) and then pravastatin (almost twofold). Pravastatin has a neutral drug interaction profile relative to cytochrome P450-3A4 inhibitors, but these substrates markedly increase systemic exposure to simvastatin and atorvastatin.
Organic Mastery: An Activity for the Undergraduate Classroom.

A group activity for use in the classroom or recitation section of an organic chemistry course is described. This activity, a board game using trivia and concepts from the course material, can be used periodically throughout the semester to introduce or reinforce content knowledge. Alternate versions can be easily constructed for other courses.
The Effect of Genetic Drift On Mating Propensity, Courtship Behaviour, and Postmating Fitness in Drosophila Simulans

Mating propensity, courtship behaviour, and components of postmating fitness were measured in two lines (C and M) of Drosophila simulans which had undergone genetic drift and in the highly outcrossed Base line (B) from which they were derived. B females had higher mating propensity and higher productivity than C or M females, while the drift line females were courted more than B females. B males had higher mating propensity, greater virility (number of females inseminated), and lower productivity (number of offspring) than C or M males; the amount of courtship by B and C males was equal, and greater than that by M males. Thus, mating success was determined by the quantity and quality of male courtship and by the intrinsic propensity of females to mate. The negative correlation between male mating success and postmating fitness disproves for Drosophila HUXLEY'S (1938) hypothesis than intersexual selection does not occur.
Downstream Amplification and Formation of Monsoon Disturbances

Abstract In this paper we present many examples (based on 43 years of data) of a phenomenon of downstream amplification over the monsoonal belt. The specific finding here is the following sequence of events: 1) During northern summer pressure drops in the vicinity of the North Vietnam coast (near 20°N) as a typhoon or a tropical storm arrives; 2) during the ensuing week pressure rises over Indochina and Burma by some 5–7 mb; and 3) during the following week a monsoon disturbance forms near the northern part of the Bay of Bengal. On an x-t (or Hovmoller) diagram this sequence of low-high-low formation is similar to the downstream amplification phenomenon of the middle latitudes. The following are some interesting differences: over the middle latitudes the eastward propagating phase velocity is of the order of 10° longitude day−1, while the eastward propagating group velocity (the speed of propagation of the amplification) is around 30° longitude day−1. The tropical counterparts are westward propagating, an...
Anti-Aβ Therapeutics in Alzheimer's Disease: The Need for a Paradigm Shift

Most current Alzheimer's disease (AD) therapies in advanced phases of development target amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) production, aggregation, or accumulation. Translational models suggest that anti-Aβ therapies may be highly effective if tested as agents to prevent or delay development of the disease or as therapies for asymptomatic patients with very early signs of AD pathology. However, anti-Aβ therapeutics are currently being tested in symptomatic patients where they are likely to be much less effective or ineffective. The lack of alignment between human clinical studies and preclinical studies, together with predictions about optimal trial design based on our understanding of the initiating role of Aβ aggregates in AD, has created a treatment versus prevention dilemma. In this perspective, we discuss why it is imperative to resolve this dilemma and suggest ways for moving forward in the hopes of enhancing the development of truly effective AD therapeutics.
Teaching public policy advocacy by combining academic knowledge and professional wisdom

Lobbying is a well-established occupation and has attained a professional status in the United States and other democracies in the world that can be taught in the university setting. This article discusses what lobbying skills can be learned in a university setting, and second what subjects are and should be included in the curriculum of public affairs and lobbying courses. From over 20 years’ experience at American University’s Public Affairs and Advocacy Institute (PAAI) in Washington DC and for the last 12 years in the European Public Affairs and Advocacy Institute (EPAAI) in Brussels, we know ethical lobbying skills and knowledge can be taught effectively in a university setting. With the help of professional lobbyists, we have taught technical skills, professional norms and ethics, and strategies and tactics of advocacy to over 1000 students, since the founding of PAAI in 1992. Effective lobbying strategies, tactics and ethics can be taught and learned with a combination of rigorous academic research and applied/practical wisdom from professional advocates. From our program we have launched hundreds of PAAI graduates into successful advocacy careers. The underlying approach in PAAI is ‘The Campaign Mindset’, an operational theory of change in advocacy and the policy process. Our curriculum instructionally mirrors the content and process that a comprehensive advocacy campaign would embrace, from conception through implementation, to conclusion. Specifically, our curriculum content is organized into six general interrelated and at times overlapping modules. The modules reflect the conceptual building blocks that are typically used in a major advocacy campaign. However, many important topics and tools critical to advocacy action plans are also discussed within each module. The PAAI Modules are: Political Environment Assessment for Strategy and Action Plan Development and Management; Direct Lobbying; Communications Strategy, Message Development and Execution; Coalition Building; Building and Using Grassroots and Grasstops Support; and Understanding and Operating Within the Ethical Laws, Rules and Norms Pertaining to all Aspects of Advocacy. We have integrated professional lobbyist mentors into PAAI who have helped keep the curriculum up-to-date (for example, especially social media) and essential in placing our students in the advocacy profession.
Similar effects of an enkephalin analog on mesolimbic dopamine release and hyperactivity in rats

The effect of the metabolically stable enkephalin pentapeptide analog, D-Ala2-D-Pro5-enkephalinamide monoacetate (DAP) (WY 42, 186) was studied on amphetamine-induced hyperactive behavior and on dopamine release from tuberculum olfactorium in male, Sprague-Dawley rats. The behavioral results showed that D-Ala2-D-Pro5-enkephalinamide monoacetate did not significantly alter hyperactivity, the mesolimbic component of amphetamine-induced stereotypy. In vivo electrochemical evidence, derived from catecholamine sensitive electrodes, showed that the D-Ala2-D-Pro5-enkephalinamide monoacetate did not significantly alter dopamine release from the tuberculum olfactorium, a mesolimbic terminal brain region. The similarity in the behavioral and biochemical responses of dopamine to the enkephalinamide analog suggests that the behavior and biochemistry may be subserved by similar underlying neural mechanisms.
Sedimentology and climatic environment of alluvial fans in the martian Saheki crater and a comparison with terrestrial fans in the Atacama Desert

Abstract The deflated surfaces of the alluvial fans in Saheki crater reveal the most detailed record of fan stratigraphy and evolution found, to date, on Mars. During deposition of at least the uppermost 100 m of fan deposits, discharges from the source basin consisted of channelized flows transporting sediment (which we infer to be primarily sand- and gravel-sized) as bedload coupled with extensive overbank mud-rich flows depositing planar beds of sand-sized or finer sediment. Flow events are inferred to have been of modest magnitude (probably less than ∼60 m3/s), of short duration, and probably occupied only a few distributaries during any individual flow event. Occasional channel avulsions resulted in the distribution of sediment across the entire fan. A comparison with fine-grained alluvial fans in Chile’s Atacama Desert provides insights into the processes responsible for constructing the Saheki crater fans: sediment is deposited by channelized flows (transporting sand through boulder-sized material) and overbank mudflows (sand size and finer) and wind erosion leaves channels expressed in inverted topographic relief. The most likely source of water was snowmelt released after annual or epochal accumulation of snow in the headwater source basin on the interior crater rim during the Hesperian to Amazonian periods. We infer the Saheki fans to have been constructed by many hundreds of separate flow events, and accumulation of the necessary snow and release of meltwater may have required favorable orbital configurations or transient global warming.
Effect of light intensity upon salt marsh benthic microalgal photosynthesis

The rate of photosynthesis was measured in the field with in-situ populations of benthic microalgae during both summer and winter in three distinct areas of the salt marshes adjacent to Sapelo Island, Georgia, USA. In the vegetated portions of the marsh, maximum rates of photosynthesis occurred at light intensities higher than the average light intensities beneath the canopy. In the bare creek-bank areas, maximum rates occurred at less than the full sunlight intensities to which the algae are exposed on a clear day. There was a significant seasonal acclimatization to the higher light intensities during the summer months in all three areas. Photoinhibition usually occurred at full light intensities.
Effect of network organization on alliance formation: A study of the Japanese automobile ancillary industry

Abstract Competition in global industries is shifting increasingly from interfirm rivalry to rivalry between networks of firms. Strategies of individual firms are thus contingent on the degree of interdependence that exists between them and the core firm in the network. The present study examines the effect of network affiliation on a member firm's decision to enter a foreign market and international strategic alliance formation. Affiliate firms have two options available to them: (1) enter into competitive strategic alliance with a competitor or (2) enter into a symbiotic strategic alliance with the core firm of the network organization. We tested this assertion using archival sources data on sixty-five Japanese automobile suppliers that had set up strategic alliances in the United States and that belonged to various interorganizational networks known throughout the Japanese automobile industry as keiretsu . Results indicate that when affiliate firms are dependent on the core firm, they prefer to form symbiotic strategic alliances. Conversely, affiliate firms prefer competitive strategic alliances with competitors when they are dependent on the core firm.
Two paths for dissemination of Herpes simplex virus from infected trigeminal ganglion to the murine cornea.

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV) was introduced into the mouse trigeminal ganglion by stereotaxic injection. We examined the form in which the virus was transported anterograde within axons and the spread of virus to glial and endoneurial cells of the nerve using EM immunocytochemistry. Our results indicate that viral dissemination in the trigeminal nerve may occur both within the axon and in the extracellular space of the endoneurium. HSV is intraaxonally transported at least in part as a nucleocapsid, i.e., with neither viral envelope nor additional cellular membranes. Schwann cells are infected as a result of spread in the endoneurium, as well as by nearby axons.
Sensitivity enhancement by exchange mediated magnetization transfer of the xenon biosensor signal.

Hyperpolarized xenon associated with ligand derivitized cryptophane-A cages has been developed as a NMR based biosensor. To optimize the detection sensitivity we describe use of xenon exchange between the caged and bulk dissolved xenon as an effective signal amplifier. This approach, somewhat analogous to 'remote detection' described recently, uses the chemical exchange to repeatedly transfer spectroscopic information from caged to bulk xenon, effectively integrating the caged signal. After an optimized integration period, the signal is read out by observation of the bulk magnetization. The spectrum of the caged xenon is reconstructed through use of a variable evolution period before transfer and Fourier analysis of the bulk signal as a function of the evolution time.
Has the BMJ discovered an end to ageing

EDITOR—Having deliberated over using the word “ageing” or “aging” in a manuscript,1 I was interested to see that the BMJ preferred to use the spelling without the “e” in their “aging issue” (25 October 1997). Given that the Concise Oxford Dictionary 2 gives credence to both spellings, I wished to establish if a consensus existed within …
Impact of anticipated competitive entry and cost experience on optimal strategic pricing of technological innovations

Abstract The optimal pricing policies for a new product over time are derived for a monopolist in the absence and presence of cost experience effects. The main results for a myopic monopolist facing a demand function previously employed by Bass [1. J. Business 53 . 551–567 (1980)] suggest the following: — When competitive entry is anticipated, optimum prices and optimum profits are lower than their counterparts had it not been anticipated. — When cost experience is present, optimum prices are lower and optimum profits are higher than their counterparts had it not been present. For a monopolist maximizing the discounted profits over the planning horizon, the research shows that: — Optimal long-term prices arc equal to optimal myopic prices in the absence of cost experience. — Optimal long-term prices are lower than myopic prices in the presence of cost experience.
A direct variational method for non-conservative system stability

Abstract Hamilton's principle is applied to analyze the problem of the stability of equilibrium of a discrete, holonomic, and scleronomic mechanical system under conservative and non-conservative (position and/or velocity dependent) forces. At the stability limit, the vanishing of the second order terms (in the deviations from equilibrium) of the total action change functional leads to the condition that the matrix of a certain quadratic form be singular; this yields the eigenvalue (frequency-load) curve. The flutter loads follow by setting the frequency derivative of the determinant of this matrix equal to zero; the energetic interpretation of this latter is also given. When the non-conservative forces go to zero it is shown that one recovers the well-known discrete conservative system stability criterion. An application follows, and finally in an Appendix various relevant time-integral equalities are summarized and interpreted.
Molecular analysis of antigen presentation machinery in circulating tumor cells from renal cell carcinoma and prostate cancer

Meeting abstracts Aberrant expression of antigen presentation machinery (APM) has been closely associated with more aggressive tumors and may inhibit the therapeutic response to T-cell based immunotherapies. Furthermore, the selective pressure of immunotherapies may select for resistant clones that
Modeling the strength and ductility of magnesium alloys containing nanotwins

Magnesium alloys have been receiving much attention recently as potential lightweight alternatives to steel for automotive and other applications, but the poor formability of these alloys at low temperatures has limited their widespread adoption for automotive applications. Recent work with face centered cubic (FCC) materials has shown that introduction of twins at the nanometer scale in ultra-fine grained FCC polycrystals can provide significant increase in strength with a simultaneous improvement in ductility. This objective of this work is to explore the feasibility of extending this concept to hexagonal close packed (HCP) materials, with particular focus on using this approach to increase both strength and ductility of magnesium alloys. A crystal plasticity based finite element (CPFE) model is used to study the effect of varying the crystallographic texture and the spacing between the nanoscale twins on the strength and ductility of HCP polycrystals. Deformation of the material is assumed to occur by crystallographic slip, and in addition to the basal and prismatic slip systems, slip is also assumed to occur on the {1 0 $\bar 1$ 1} planes that are associated with compression twins in these materials. The slip system strength of the pyramidal systems containing the nanotwins is assumed to be much lower than the strength of the other systems, which is assumed to scale with the spacing between the nanotwins. The CPFE model is used to compute the stress-strain response for different microstrucrutral parameters, and a criterion based on a critical slip system shear strain and a critical hydrostatic stress is used to compute the limiting strength and ductility, with the ultimate goal of identifying the texture and nanotwin spacing that can lead to the optimum values for these parameters.
Age-related changes in interferon-α/β receptor expression, binding, and induction of apoptosis in natural killer cells from C57BL/6 mice

Natural killer (NK) cells are a critical first line of defense against viral infections and tumors. We showed previously that basal NK cytotoxicity was comparable in adult (6 month) and aged (24 month) C57BL/6 (B6) mice. However, NK activity was significantly higher in adult compared with aged B6 mice after either in vitro or in vivo stimulation with IFN-alpha/beta. The present study explored whether age-related decreases in inducible NK activity after stimulation with IFN-alpha/beta were due to differences in (1) IFN-alpha/beta receptor expression or IFN-alpha/beta binding to NK cells or (2) apoptosis of NK cells. Flow cytometry revealed that, despite significantly higher IFN-alpha/beta receptor expression (P</=0.03) on NK cells of aged mice, IFN-alpha/beta binding to NK cells was comparable between adult and aged mice. In addition, IFN-alpha/beta treatment significantly increased Fas (CD95) expression (P</=0.05) on NK cells from both adult and aged mice. However, after IFN-alpha/beta stimulation, NK cells from aged mice demonstrated significantly higher CD95 expression (P</=0.03) and percent apoptosis (P</=0.05) relative to adult mice. These results suggest possible mechanisms for age-associated decreases in inducible NK cytotoxicity after IFN-alpha/beta stimulation may include altered IFN-alpha/beta receptors and/or increased percentages of NK cells undergoing apoptosis.
On Making an Effort

Abstract This aper is in the main a critical study of Robert Kane's account of the nature of Free Choice. I begin by briefly describing Kane's theory. I then consider four questions about a concept that is central to his account—viz., the concept of an Effort of Will. I argue that Kane's position affords satisfactory answers to three of these questions. Reflection on the fourth and final question, however, reveals a problem for Kanean Libertarianism. The problem, in brief, is this. It can be shown that the plausibility of Kanean Libertarianism is inversely proportional to the plausibility of a certain principle of agency. The latter is at least fairly plausible, so the former is at best fairly implausible. This is a strike against Kanean Libertarianism. I conclude by drawing two general lessons from the preceding discussion.
ON THE MALE CONCEPTACLES OF TWO TERETE SPECCIES OF GRACILARIA(RHODOPHYTA, GIGGARTINALES)FROM NORTH CAROLINA1

Inspired by the description of the spermatangial conceptacles in Gracilaria blodgettii Harvey from the Asian Paacific as a continuum form the Textorii-type of the Verruccosa-type, a reinvestiagation of male plants of that species from North Carolina reveals unifform Textorii-type con cepptacles. A male specimen of what has been called G. verrucosa (Hudson) Papenffuss i North Carolina does, however, shour a continuum between the two morphological types. Other ccharacteristics are given and questions are raised concerning the use of the specific epithet. G. blodgettii, in areas outside of the western Atlantic.
Particle Chromatography Using Naphthalene as a Host

Abstract Separation of metal and charcoal particulate mixtures suspended in naphthalene has been studied by accelerated directional solidification of the naphthalene, using the vertical Bridgman (VB) technique and tilt rotation zone melting (TRZM). In VB the separation was limited to monolayers of particles resting on the interface. An extent of separation ranging up to 68% was obtained by a single TRZM pass. However, the near-perfect separations thought to be possible were not obtained because of catastrophic trapping of particles in irregular mixed bands. Trapping, and perhaps separation as well, is enhanced by the presence of a large gas bubble sweeping the freezing interface (due to tube rotation)
Aggression in Children and Adolescents with ASD: Prevalence and Risk Factors

The prevalence of and risk factors for aggression were examined in 1,380 children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Prevalence was high, with parents reporting that 68% had demonstrated aggression to a caregiver and 49% to non-caregivers. Overall, aggression was not associated with clinician observed severity of ASD symptoms, intellectual functioning, gender, marital status, parental educational level, or aspects of communication. Individuals who are younger, come from a higher income family, have more parent reported social/communication problems, or engage in repetitive behaviors were more likely to demonstrate aggression. Given the significant impact of aggression on individual and family outcomes, it is hoped that this knowledge will inform more targeted intervention efforts.
Ethnic violence on South African gold mines

(1992). Ethnic violence on South African gold mines. Journal of Southern African Studies: Vol. 18, Political Violence in Southern Africa, pp. 584-613.
Modified perturbation method for transverse electromagnetic (TEM) coil tuning and evaluation.

A modified perturbation method for tuning and testing volume head coils was developed. The common perturbation method, utilizing the change in resonance frequency of a resonator in response to the presence of a small dielectric or magnetic probe, was modified to modulate the frequency shift due to rotation of a probe. This modification enabled the RF magnetic and electric fields as well as the angular distribution of current in the longitudinal elements of the coil to be mapped. The latter serves as a quick test of magnetic field homogeneity by comparing the measured distribution with the sinusoidal function required for the field to be homogenous. The method was experimentally applied to tune and test a transverse electromagnetic (TEM) head coil.
Telomeres do the (un)twist: helicase actions at chromosome termini

Telomeres play critical roles in protecting genome stability, and their dysfunction contributes to cancer and age-related degenerative diseases. The precise architecture of telomeres, including their single-stranded 3' overhangs, bound proteins, and ability to form unusual secondary structures such as t-loops, is central to their function and thus requires careful processing by diverse factors. Furthermore, telomeres provide unique challenges to the DNA replication and recombination machinery, and are particularly suited for extension by the telomerase reverse transcriptase. Helicases use the energy from NTP hydrolysis to track along DNA and disrupt base pairing. Here we review current findings concerning how helicases modulate several aspects of telomere form and function.
Generalizing the Boussinesq approximation to stratified compressible flow

The simplications required to apply the Boussinesq approximation to compressible ow are compared with those in an incompressible uid. The larger degree of approximation required to describe mass conservation in a stratied compressible uid with the Boussinesq continuity equation has led to the development of several dierent sets of \anelastic" equations that may be regarded as generalizations of the original Boussinesq approximation. These anelastic systems lter sound waves while allowing a more accurate representation of non-acoustic perturbations in compressible ows than can be obtained using the Boussinesq system. The energy conservation properties of several anelastic systems are compared under the assumption that the perturbations of the thermodynamic variables about a hydrostatically balanced reference state are small. The \pseudo-incompressible" system is shown to conserve total kinetic and anelastic dry static energy without requiring modication to any governing equation except the mass continuity equation. In contrast, other energy conservative anelastic systems also require additional approximations in other governing equations. The pseudo-incompressible system includes the eects of temperature changes on the density in the mass conservation equation, whereas this eect is neglected in other anelastic systems. A generalization of the pseudo-incompressible equation is presented and compared with the diagnostic continuity equation for quasi-hydrostatic ow in a transformed coordinate system in which the vertical coordinate is solely a function of pressure.
Adaptive compensation of nonlinear loads in power systems

The objective of this work is to accommodate the effects of the harmonic signals in power distribution systems. Adaptive output predictors are used to estimate the future values of the load currents based on a finite-memory of past input-output values. The unknown time varying magnitudes and phase angles of harmonics are modeled as the adaptively estimated parameters. Having the predicted load current available in advance, its harmonic content can be identified and the compensation can be done at the correct time with minimum amount of mismatch between the load current and the compensated current. Because of the nonlinear nature of the loads, the harmonics vary continuously. Therefore, the future values of the load current are obtained using adaptive prediction with a specified number of time steps ahead that will be sufficient to carry out the needed compensation. Results of simulation with one, two, and three step ahead predictions are presented.
NOTCH Mutations: Multiple Faces in Human Malignancies

NOTCH proteins have been implicated in multiple cellular functions, such as stem cell maintenance and cell fate determination. Initially identified as proto-oncogenes because they promote the development of certain types of leukemia, inactivating mutations of NOTCH were later reported. Together with the potential distinct functions of NOTCH family members, their ligands and associated niches, the precise roles of NOTCH in human cancers, particularly solid tumors, remain unsettled. In oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), mutations of NOTCH1 are found in 10% to 15% tumors from Caucasian patients, mostly inactivating mutations. Recent studies of OSCC from Chinese patients, however, showed mutation rates of NOTCH1 about 50% with a considerable portion of potential activating mutations. These findings add another twist into the already complex picture of NOTCH alterations in human cancers, calling for further investigation to uncover what role exactly these molecules play in cancer initiation and progression to develop strategies targeting NOTCH signaling for cancer prevention and treatment.