cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Seasonal variation in toxic steroidal alkaloids of foothill death camas (Zigadenus paniculatus)

Death camas (Zigadenus spp.) is a common poisonous plant in North America with plants occurring in a wide variety of habitats with species of toxic concern occurring primarily in meadows, grasslands, shrublands, and mountains. The toxicity of Zigadenus species has been attributed to a series of steroidal alkaloids. The objective of this study was to evaluate zygacine and total steroidal alkaloid concentrations in different plant tissues of Zigadenus paniculatus as a function of plant maturity. Death camas plants were collected at two locations at different developmental growth stages representing vegetative, flower, seed pod, and shattered seed pod stages. Zygacine represented greater than 50% of the total steroidal alkaloids at all developmental stages. In bulbs, total steroidal alkaloid and zygacine concentrations did not change significantly as a function of plant phenology, and concentrations were lower than what were observed in above ground plant parts. Total steroidal alkaloid and zygacine concentrations in above ground parts were highest at early vegetative growth stages and decreased over the growing season. In plant reproductive parts, total steroidal alkaloid and zygacine concentrations increased until maturity and then decreased as the plant senesced. The concentrations of steroidal alkaloids reported here suggest that the toxic risk associated with death camas is greatest in the early vegetative growth stages followed by the flower and pod stages. There is a toxic risk to livestock as long as the plant is present, and caution should be taken when grazing livestock in areas with death camas until the plant senesces.
Transplant-Related Disorders in the Liver and Spleen

The liver is one of the most commonly transplanted solid organs, but it is also affected in many ways by other transplantation procedures. Transplant patients are at risk of numerous drug reactions, including drug-induced liver injury by their necessary immunosuppressants. Non-hepatotropic viruses and other infections have an increased incidence in immunosuppressed post-transplant patients. Hepatotropic viruses present with histological features that are unlike those of native liver infections. The understanding of immune-mediated processes like graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), T cell-mediated rejection, and antibody-mediated rejection is ever-evolving.
Self-Directed Learning Online: An Opportunity to Binge:

The online classroom is self-directed, where students decide when and how often they access their course material. Even in the traditional classroom, students have shown a propensity to shift their...
Comparison of linear and torsional SMA actuators for morphing applications

Multifunctional capabilities of Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) and, more specifically, their inherent characteristic of producing and recovering transformation strain under thermal stimulus, render them ideal for actuator appli- cations. In fact, SMA actuators are widely used in various fields including but not limited to robotics, medical, civil, and aerospace engineering. Moreover, they are also able to be formed in a wide range of shapes that includes, but is not limited to, wires, ribbons, bars, torque tubes and various spring types. This fact combined with their high-energy density, the noise-less, spark-free, and debris-less operation and their compactness renders them ideal for aerospace morphing structures where weight, volume, energy consumption, and other operational specifications have to be strictly met. In this study, two SMA actuator forms, one linear, i.e., wires of circular cross-section, and one torsional, i.e., torque tubes, are compared in terms of weight/volume, stroke capabilities, developed stresses, cooling requirements, power consumption and overall operation under predefined conditions. The actuators are intended for use in parts of an articulated shape adaptive mechanism envisioned for altering locally the outer mold line of a civil supersonic aircraft. The morphing system is placed on the lower part of the fuselage in order to alter the aerodynamic profile and reduce the sonic boom created during supersonic flight over inhabited areas. The specifications for the design of the actuators are provided and finite element analysis is used to verify the overall response of the SMAs.
Novel data support model linking floral resources and honey bee competition with bumble bee abundances in coastal scrub

Growing evidence supports that many bee populations are declining, with potentially serious consequences for pollination services. Mechanistic models that predict bee abundances from drivers like floral resource availability can be a powerful way to understand and address declines, but remain rare and largely unvalidated. I used temporally and spatially novel data to validate previous analyses linking bumble bee ( Bombus spp.) declines in California coastal scrub with loss of floral resources, mediated by drought and competition with non-native honey bees ( Apis mellifera ). New observations from 2015-2018 were combined with data from 1999-2014 to further test these mechanistic hypotheses and evaluate predictions of a statistical model for Bombus abundances. As predicted, positive associations between spring rainfall and floral abundances and between Bombus and key forage plants were consistent between time periods. Increased A. mellifera abundance corresponded with reduced Bombus use of the most abundant forage plant and lower Bombus abundances in the following year. Quantitative predictions from the Bombus statistical model previously developed for 1999-2014 were relatively unbiased and strongly rank correlated with either spatially or temporally novel data. However, the model consistently underpredicted Bombus abundances when both flower patch and time period were novel. Overall, four new years of data further strengthen evidence that loss of floral resources due to drought and competition with feral Apis mellifera is an important cause of Bombus decline in this habitat. These findings reinforce the value of even simple models that are mechanistically framed, both in understanding past patterns of change and for qualitative prediction.
Abstract 1789: Triggering anti-tumor immunity by overexpressing of MAVS in combination with PD-L1 ICB in immune insensitive colorectal cancers

While the use of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has gained significant traction as a viable therapy for cancers, many more cancers remain refractory to these immunotherapies due to their highly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). From both the earlier published report and our analysis of clinical cohorts of colorectal cancer, we found that the expression of MAVS (Mitochondrial Antiviral Signaling Protein) was significantly reduced. Because MAVS are known to play a key role in the initiation of anti-viral innate immunity, we hypothesized that MAVS may be critical in anti-tumor immune response and tumor cells are under evolutionary pressure to reduce MAVS expression. As such, the stimulation of the MAVS pathway in tumor cells may be a necessary precursor to trigger anti-tumor immune response and reverse local immunosuppressive TME. To circumvent issues associated with intracellular double stranded RNA ligand stimulation, we exploited the ability of MAVS to constitutively polymerize and elicit broad downstream interferon signaling through an overexpression strategy. This approach provided a novel genetic mean to elicit ligand free innate immune signaling in the TME, which we found to elicit robust stimulation of multiple interferon genes. Overexpression of MAVS in colorectal cell lines stimulated significant anti-tumors responses in vivo, which we found to be primarily mediated through the induction of tumor antigen-specific adaptive immunity. Utilizing viral vectors overexpressing MAVS, we demonstrate significant induction of interferon responses among different types of tumor cells and different types of cells in the tumor microenvironment. Intra-lesional injection of tumors using these vectors elicited profound anti-tumor responses against primary tumors, as well as, an abscopal effect against syngeneic implanted tumors. Overexpression of MAVS also stimulated the expression of PD-L1 as an immunosuppressive feedback mechanism due to stimulation of the MAVS pathway. As such, we tested the combination of MAVS overexpression and PD-L1 ICB in colorectal cancers and found that this combination allowed for significantly improved anti-tumor immunity. In conclusion, our findings suggest that a combination of MAVS cancer gene therapy and ICB may offer an alternative approach to activate immunity in "immunologically cold" tumors. Citation Format: Bin-Jin Hwang. Triggering anti-tumor immunity by overexpressing of MAVS in combination with PD-L1 ICB in immune insensitive colorectal cancers [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 1789.
Immune checkpoint inhibitors for cancer and venous thromboembolic events.

Background Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are widely used cancer treatments. There are limited data on the risk for developing venous thromboembolism (VTE) among patients on an ICI. Methods This was a retrospective study of 2854 patients who received ICIs at a single academic centre. VTE events, defined as a composite of deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism, were identified by individual chart review and blindly adjudicated using standard imaging criteria. A self-controlled risk-interval design was applied with an 'at-risk period' defined as the two-year period after and the 'control period', defined as the two-year before treatment. The hazard ratio (HR) was calculated using a fixed-effect proportional hazards model. Results Of the 2854 patients, 1640 (57.5%) were men; the mean age was 64 ± 13 years. The risk for VTE was 7.4% at 6 months and 13.8% at 1 year after starting an ICI. The rate of VTE was > 4-fold higher after starting an ICI (HR 4.98, 95% CI 3.65-8.59, p Conclusions The rate of VTE among patients on an ICI is high and increases after starting an ICI.
Differential patterns of cortical reorganization following constraint-induced movement therapy during early and late period after stroke: A preliminary study.

OBJECTIVE Constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) leads to improvement in upper extremity movement and cortical reorganization after stroke. Direct comparison of the differential degree of cortical reorganization according to chronicity in stroke subjects receiving CIMT has not been performed and was the purpose of this study. We hypothesized that a higher degree of cortical reorganization would occur in the early (less than 9 months post-stroke) compared to the late group (more than 12 months post-stroke).
Research and Development in Front-End Electronics for Future Linear Collider Detectors

To probe physics of interest a decade after the LHC begins to take data, the Linear Collider will need to have the capability of performing precision measurements of masses and couplings. We discuss the demands that this places on its associated detectors, and the status of and plans for continued R&D in front-end electronics that is necessary to meet these demands.
Characterization of Closed Head Impact Injury in Rat.

The closed head impact (CHI) rat models are commonly used for studying the traumatic brain injury. The impact parameters vary considerably among different laboratories, making the comparison of research findings difficult. In this work, numerical CHI experiments were conducted to investigate the sensitivities of intracranial responses to various impact parameters (e.g., impact depth, velocity, and position; impactor diameter, material, and shape). A three-dimensional finite element rat head model with anatomical details was subjected to impact loadings. Results revealed that impact depth and impactor shape were the two leading factors affecting intracranial responses. The influence of impactor diameter was region-specific and an increase in impactor diameter could substantially increase tissue strains in the region which located directly beneath the impactor. The lateral impact could induce higher strains in the brain than the central impact. An indentation depth instead of impact depth would be appropriate to characterize the influence of a large deformed rubber impactor. The experimentally observed velocity-dependent injury severity could be attributed to the “overshoot” phenomenon. This work could be used to better design or compare CHI experiments.
High bandwidth scientific data management using storage area networking: lessons learned at the Starfire Optical Range

Advances in sensor technology, electronic devices, digital processing hardware, and computation systems have vastly increased the volume of data available for collection at scientific research sites. The Starfire Optical Range of the Air Force Research Laboratory Directed Energy Directorate is responsible for the research and development of advanced techniques for atmospheric compensation for large telescopes. Recent experiments have been completed which encompassed more that 100TB of collected data. The collection, processing, archival, and analysis of these data required an entirely new approach for the facility staff. This paper presents the architecture, hardware and software components, integration difficulties, and performance results in a "lessons learned" format focused on specific implementation choices, interoperability lessons and issues, and results and capabilities.
On assuaging positive bias in environmental value elicitation

Abstract Research has consistently shown that the process of eliciting environmental values is fraught with potential pitfalls that can produce biased estimates. The present research focused on how to preclude one such pitfall, overvaluation of a focal environmental entity, in light of the psychological processes that have been recently shown to underlie this bias. Analysis of a survey of respondents’ valuations of environmental entities demonstrated focal entity overvaluation, and that specifying alternatives to a focal entity was not sufficient to preclude positive bias. Only when respondents were required to provide valuations of multiple entities were much more moderate, less biased, valuations obtained. The implication of this research is that when the value of an environmental entity is assessed, respondents should be asked to provide valuations of the target entity as well as other intra-category alternatives so that positive bias is ameliorated.
High-resolution polarization analysis study of long-range magnetic order in cuprates

We demonstrate how x-ray nonresonant magnetic scattering can be successfully used to study long-range-ordered spin-(1/2) moments in cuprates. We studied the antiferromagnetic state characterized by q{sub AF}=(1/2,1/2,0), in high-quality single crystals of yttrium barium copper oxides, YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 6+x} (x{approx}0.14 and {approx}0.20). We found magnetic correlation lengths of at least {approx}1000 A in all directions. The polarization analysis and momentum dependence of magnetic Bragg peaks are consistent with the magnetic scattering cross section. No detectable magnetic scattering corresponding to (1/2,1/2,1/2) was observed.
Kinetic energy release in unimolecular reactions of the type CH3XH+ → CH2X+ + H2

Abstract Kinetic energy release data on metastable vicinyl H 2 loss from CH 3 XH + is reported for X = NH 2 , OH, F, SH and Cl. The energy release - E t is a strong function of X and varies from 1.75 eV for X = NH 2 to 0.12 eV for F. Metastable loss of HX from CH 3 XH + is observed only for X = OH and F. In both cases - E t is extremely small (≈0.003 meV).
Early recognition and management of Lyme carditis

A 20-year-old man presented to the emergency department with 2 weeks of migratory arthralgias and several macular blanching rashes. A photograph taken by the patient upon initial eruption of the rash was presented during evaluation (Fig. 1). The lesions were suspicious for erythema migrans (Fig. 2). Upon review of systems, the patient earlier reported a brief episode of palpitations. Electrocardiogram revealed first-degree atrioventricular (AV) block (PR interval 320 ms). He was admitted for telemetry monitoring and intravenous ceftriaxone. Fig. 1 Mobile phone image of erythema migrans at time of initial eruption Fig. 2 Erythema migrans rash at time of presentation to the emergency department He developed asymptomatic Wenckebach which progressed to a high-grade second-degree AV block (Fig. 3). Echocardiography showed global ventricular dysfunction (ejection fraction of 35%). Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed inflammation around the AV node (Fig. 4). Lyme carditis was confirmed after Western blot revealed Borrelia burgdorferi antibodies. The patient had resolution of symptoms 4 weeks after intravenous ceftriaxone treatment. Follow-up echocardiography, 5 months later, revealed normal left ventricular function (ejection fraction of 55%). Fig. 3 EKG showing high-grade second-degree AV block Fig. 4 Cardiac MRI reveals increased T2-weighted signal in the septum and anterior wall and a small focus of delayed enhancement in the apical septum consistent with inflammation and edema involving the AV node (arrows) Patients with PR intervals greater than 300 ms are at risk for developing high-grade heart block [1, 2]. They can progress from first-degree heart block into complete heart block within minutes [1, 2]. Cardiac monitoring and intravenous ceftriaxone or penicillin G should be strongly considered in these patients [2]. As much as one third of Lyme carditis patients may require temporary pacing, but almost all will have complete recovery following treatment [1, 3].
CURRENT FALL PREVENTION ACTIVITIES AT THE US CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION

Background Falls are the leading cause of both fatal and nonfatal injuries among adults aged ≥65 years. In the US in 2009, older adult falls resulted in 20 422 deaths and 2.2 million emergency department visits. Fortunately, research has identified a number of effective falls interventions. Aims/Objectives/Purpose To better understand how to encourage widespread adoption of evidence-based fall prevention programmes. Method The National Center for Injury Prevention and Control (NCIPC) at the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is addressing falls using a four-step public health model. Current work focuses on step four, translating effective interventions into community-based programmes for widespread adoption. To clarify this process, a pilot project was conducted in which four state health departments implemented two evidence-based effective programmes: Tai chi: Moving for Better Balance and Stepping On. Results/Outcomes The pilot project revealed that older adults with differing functional levels need a choice of community programmes, and that community programmes must be linked to clinical practice. CDC is incorporating these lessons into our current activities, which include disseminating newly developed healthcare provider resources to link clinical practice with three community programmes: Tai chi: Moving for Better Balance, Stepping On, and the Otago Exercise Programme . Significance/Contribution to the Field People aged ≥65 years are the fastest growing segment of the US population and are particularly vulnerable to falls and fall injuries. To reduce falls, we need a comprehensive approach that incorporates fall prevention into routine clinical practice and links health care practice to community-based fall prevention programmes.
Efficient Twin Arginine Translocation (Tat) Pathway Transport of a Precursor Protein Covalently Anchored to Its Initial cpTatC Binding Site

The thylakoid twin arginine protein translocation (Tat) system operates by a cyclical mechanism in which precursors bind to a cpTatC-Hcf106 receptor complex, which then recruits Tha4 to form the translocase. After translocation, the translocase disassembles. Here, we fine-mapped initial interactions between precursors and the components of the receptor complex. Precursors with (Tmd)Phe substitutions in the signal peptide and early mature domain were bound to thylakoids and photo-cross-linked to components. cpTatC and Hcf106 were found to interact with different regions of the signal peptide. cpTatC cross-linked strongly to residues in the immediate vicinity of the twin arginine motif. Hcf106 cross-linked less strongly to residues in the hydrophobic core and the early mature domain. To determine whether precursors must leave their initial sites of interaction during translocation, cross-linked precursors were subjected to protein transport conditions. tOE17 cross-linked to cpTatC was efficiently translocated, indicating that the mature domain of the precursor can be translocated while the signal peptide remains anchored to the receptor complex.
Synthesis, characterization, and nanoindentation response of single crystal Fe–Cr–Ni alloys with FCC and BCC structures

Abstract Fe-based alloys are used extensively in many structural applications including under irradiation conditions in the nuclear industry. In this study, model Fe–Cr, Fe–Ni and Fe–Cr–Ni alloys that are the basis of many structural steels were synthesized as single crystals and characterized. The compositions investigated were Fe–15Cr, Fe–30Cr, Fe–30Ni and Fe–15Cr–15Ni (at%). Several key mechanical properties were determined which will be useful in further studies of irradiation/deformation-induced defects. Incipient plasticity and slip characteristics were investigated by nanoindentation on (001) and ( 1 ¯ 10 ) surfaces, and hardness, modulus, pop-in behavior and theoretical strength were determined. The slip trace patterns after microindentation were imaged in a microscope. A novel slip trace analysis was developed and the underlying deformation mechanisms identified. The analysis shows that under both (001) and ( 1 ¯ 10 ) indentations, the activated slip system for the BCC alloys is {112}〈111〉; for the FCC alloys the activated slip plane is {111}. These results were confirmed with finite element simulations using a slip-based crystal-plasticity model. Finally, the effects of heterogeneous pop-in mechanisms are discussed in the context of incipient plasticity in the four different alloys.
The Orbits of Three Stone-Dropping Meteors: Tilden, Paragould, and Archie*

The elements of the orbits of the bodies that dropped stony meteorites (aerolites) at Tilden, Illinois, in 1927; at Paragould, Arkansas, in 1930; and at Archie, Missouri, in 1932, are presented and briefly discussed. All 3 orbits were direct, with moderate eccentricities and inclinations, not unlike those of some of the asteroids.
The reticular formation and avoidance conditioning.

Abstract Cats which were trained to make a double grill box shock avoidance response with direct electrical stimulation of the inferior colliculus serving as a CS showed near perfect transfer of the response when the stimulation was delivered to an untrained electrode site in the mesencephalic reticular formation. Other animals trained with reticular stimulation as a CS failed to show any transfer of the avoidance response when tested with electrical stimulation of the inferior colliculus. Avoidance responses acquired with stimulation of the inferior colliculus as the CS failed to transfer to either the superior colliculus or to area A I of the cortex. These results were interpreted as suggesting that the mesencephalic reticular formation is involved in some aspect of the conditioning process.
Symmetric charge transfer to multiply charged ions.

The asymptotic theory of symmetric charge transfer is adapted to apply to ion-ion collisions through allowance for curved nuclear trajectories. The theory compares well with {ital ab} {ital initio} quantum calculations on He{sup 2+}-He{sup +} collisions and is applied to five members from each of the Li-like and Na-like sequences.
Review of Symposium on Deep‐Seated Rocks and Geothermometry

This Special Session was organized and chaired by Orson L. Anderson for the Fifty-Fifth Annual Meeting of the American Geophysical Union, held in April 1974. Five invited papers were presented, four dealing with the mantle of the earth and the fifth with samples of the core. The first paper, 'The Mantle Sample From the Kimberlites and an Estimated Geotherm,' was by F.R. Boyd, Jr., of the Geophysical Laboratory. Some of the results have been published previously [Boyd, 1973a, b]. Basically, Boyd compared the compositions of pyroxenes in ultramafic nodules in kimberlites with compositions of pyroxenes synthesized under known pressures and temperatures to establish what he interprets as a fossil (Cretaceous) geotherm beneath Lesotho (Africa) and elsewhere, for example, beneath Montana [Hearn and Boyd, 1973] (see Figure 1). In these instances, the high-pressure (deep) leg of the geotherm is inflected to higher temperatures. The rocks that plot on the lowtemperature, shallower segment of the geotherm have a ‘normal’ granular texture, but those on the deep (high-temperature) segment are sheared. Boyd suggests that movement of the Cretaceous lithospheric plates sheared the underlying deepseated mantle rocks, concomitantly heating them above their predrift temperatures. Eruption of the kimberlites at about this time quenched in the high-temperature, high-pressure compositions of the pyroxenes, thus preserving a record of the perturbed geotherm.
Surgical results of intracranial ruptured aneurysms in the acute stage.

To evaluate the operative mortality and morbidity of definitive intracranial microsurgical aneurysm obliteration as a function of timing of early operative intervention and as a function of clinical condition at the acute stage, we retrospectively review 164 consecutive patients who underwent surgery within 72 hours following haemorrhage. The series was divided into four operation periods (0–6, 6–12, 12–24, 24–72 hours), and patients were graded according to five clinical conditions described by Hunt and Hess. The mortality of the individual clinical condition at each operation period was to great extent independent of the timing of operation, and there was a distinct correlation between the surgical results and the form of bleeding visualized by C. T. In poor condition (grade 3, 4, and 5) patients, satisfactory surgical results were obtained in patients in whom cisternal blood clots, intracerebral haematoma, and subdural haematoma had been shown by C.T. The optimum operation times for each group were suggested.
Safety and Immunogenicity of Diphthteria-Tetanus-Acellular Pertussis Vaccine adsorbed (DTaP-MA), Connaught Diphthteria-Tetanus-Acellular Pertussis Vaccine adsorbed (DTaP-Conn), and Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine absorbed (DTP-MA) in 2,4 and 6 month old infants † 689

Two hundred thirty-four infants were randomly assigned to receive either DTaP-MA, DTaP-Conn, or DTP-MA vaccine by intramuscular injection in the anterolateral thigh at 2,4, and 6 months of age. DTaP-MA vaccine contained 25μg of tetranitromethane inactivated pertussis toxoid (PT) and 3 μg of formalin inactivated filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA); DTaP-Conn contained 25μg each of formaldehyde inactivated PT and FHA. Study personnel were blinded only to the Mass DTaP and DTP vaccines. Subjects received a Hib conjugate vaccine (Mass Hib-T) in the opposite thigh during the same visits. Local reactions (any injection site redness, swelling, pain/tenderness) and systemic symptoms (sleepiness, fussiness, crying more than usual, persistent crying, vomiting, eating less than usual) were monitored for up to 72 hours following each immunization. Analyses used Chi-square or Fisher's Exact test. Serum was obtained one month after the third immunization for measurements of antibody to PT by direct IgG class ELISA and by CHO cell neutralization and to FHA by direct IgG class ELISA. There were no differences in local reactions after each dose, except between DTaP-Conn and DTP-MA at 4 months (p=.001). The same can be said for systemic symptoms except between each DTaP and DTP-MA at 2 months (p<.01). Geometric mean titers (GM in μg/ml) for PT and FHA were significantly greater after DTaP-Conn than DTaP-MA (p<.05) as shown below: Table When given as the primary series to infants at 2,4, and 6 months of age, these acellular vaccines induced fewer systemic symptoms in 2 month old infants compared with DTP-MA and both DTaPs induced antibodies to PT and FHA. (Funded by Univ. of MA Biological Laboratories)
Differences in health and cultural beliefs by stage of mammography screening adoption in African American women

Behavioral studies show that women's stage of readiness to adopt mammography screening affects their screening rates and that beliefs about breast cancer and screening affect stages of screening. The purposes of this study were to determine, first, the relationship between particular health and cultural beliefs and stage of mammography screening adoption in urban African American women, and second, whether demographic and experiential characteristics differed by stage. Data were analyzed from 344 low-income African American women nonadherent to mammography screening who participated in a 21-month trial to increase screening. At baseline, these women were randomized into 1 of 3 groups: tailored interactive computer instruction, targeted video, or usual care. Participants were categorized by stage of mammography screening adoption at 6 months as precontemplators (not planning to have a mammogram), contemplators (planning to have a mammogram), or actors (had received a mammogram). Although demographic and experiential variables did not differentiate stages of screening adoption at 6 months postintervention, some health and cultural beliefs were significantly different among groups. Actors were more preventive-health-oriented than precontemplators and had fewer barriers to screening than did contemplators. Precontemplators had more barriers, less self-efficacy, and greater discomfort with the mammography screening environment than did contemplators or actors. These results will be useful, not to change cultural beliefs, but to guide the design of health education messages appropriate to an individual's culture and health belief system. Cancer 2007. (c) 2006 American Cancer Society.
The Essence of Cooking Shows: How the Food Network Constructs Consumer Fantasies

Television has a history of creating stories that invite viewers to engage in fantasy. But the most commonly analyzed television programs have been fiction. This article examines the nonfiction programming aired on the Food Networkto discover the fantasy food consumer worlds it creates through production conventions and narrative. This nonfiction media relies on a similarly fictitious construction of consumer realities in an attempt to build a viewer base beyond the traditional cooking show audience. The network offers the possibility of pleasure through creating the fantasy of an intimate connection to viewers and the promise of satisfaction through consumption. It is argued that the networkisan important element in the intricate web of discourses that sustain consumer culture as viewers are told their dreams should be realized through the acquisition and use of particular goods.
Reactive Hot Pressing of ZrB2–SiC Composites

A ZrB 2 -SiC composite was prepared from a mixture of zirconium, silicon, and B 4 C via reactive hot pressing. The three-point bending strength was 506 ± 43 MPa, and the fracture toughness was 4.0 MPa.m 1/2 . The microstructure of the composite was observed via scanning electron microscopy; the in-situ-formed ZrB 2 and SiC were found in agglomerates with a size that was in the particle-size ranges of the zirconium and silicon starting powders, respectively. A model of the microstructure formation mechanism of the composite was proposed, to explain the features of the phase distributions. It is considered that, in the reactive hot-pressing process, the B and C atoms in B 4 C will diffuse into the Zr and Si sites and form ZrB 2 and SiC in situ, respectively. Because the diffusion of Zr and Si atoms is slow, the microstructure (phase distributions) of the obtained composite shows the features of the zirconium and silicon starting powders.
Manipulating the metazoan mitochondrial genome with targeted restriction enzymes.

High copy number and random segregation confound genetic analysis of the mitochondrial genome. We developed an efficient selection for heritable mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) mutations in Drosophila, thereby enhancing a metazoan model for study of mitochondrial genetics and mutations causing human mitochondrial disease. Targeting a restriction enzyme to mitochondria in the germline compromised fertility, but escaper progeny carried homoplasmic mtDNA mutations lacking the cleavage site. Among mutations eliminating a site in the cytochrome c oxidase gene, mt:CoIA302T was healthy, mt:CoIR301L was male sterile but otherwise healthy, and mt:CoIR301S exhibited a wide range of defects, including growth retardation, neurodegeneration, muscular atrophy, male sterility, and reduced life span. Thus, germline expression of mitochondrial restriction enzymes creates a powerful selection and has allowed direct isolation of mitochondrial mutants in a metazoan.
Theory of Ferromagnetic Resonance in Rare Earth Garnets. I. g Values

Ferromagnetic resonance phenomena in rare earth iron garnets (except Gd iron garnet) are dominated at room temperature and above by the rapid spin relaxation of the rare earth ions. The rare earth ion relaxation controls the $g$ values and the line widths, as well as the temperature dependence of these quantities. It is shown that in the appropriate limit the $g$ value of the microwave spin resonance line satisfies the relation $g=\frac{{g}_{A}({M}_{A}+{M}_{B})}{{M}_{A}}$, where ${g}_{A}$ and ${M}_{A}$ refer to the ferric lattice and ${M}_{A}+{M}_{B}$ is the net saturation magnetization of the crystal. This relation obtains essentially when the $B$ lattice relaxation frequency is high in comparison with the $\mathrm{AB}$ exchange frequency and relaxation frequency of the $A$ lattice. The theory accounts quite well, with no disposable parameters, for the sequence and temperature variation of the $g$ values reported for Dy, Ho, Er, Yb, and Sm iron garnets. When at low temperatures the $B$ relaxation frequency becomes sufficiently low, the $g$ value should approach the usual result for two coupled undamped lattices, in the absence of anisotropy effects on the $B$ lattice. The theory predicts further that at ordinary temperatures the exchange frequency resonance will occur at the usual position and its width will be proportional to the damping constant of the $B$ lattice.
Interaction between Chronic Inflammation and Oral HPV Infection in the Etiology of Head and Neck Cancers

Incidences of oral tongue, base of the tongue, and tonsil cancers have been increasing steadily in many parts of the world in spite of declining rates of tobacco use over the last four decades. A better understanding of the etiology, interactions between risk factors, and new approaches to prevention and treatment are necessary to change this course. This paper will present evidence supporting a potential role of chronic inflammation in the etiologies of oral human papillomavirus infection and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, and it will discuss the implications for prevention and treatment.
The Tullock-Bastiat hypothesis and Rawlsian distribution strategies

In an earlier article we, with David Sollars, examined the Tullock-Bastiat hypothesis that there is a 'natural' distribution of income, one which may be altered by governmental policy only to a very limited extent (Vedder, Gallaway and Sollars, 1988). In this essay we will explore some further implications of this finding within the context of John Rawls' analytical framework for dealing with the distributional issue (Rawls, 1971). Rawls has suggested an interesting approach to the problem of what constitutes a 'just' distributional system within a modern society. His conceptualization of an appropriate method of approaching this question is to pose the query, 'What set of outcomes would be preferred by people if, a priori, they had no knowledge of their relative position in the resultant distribution?' This has the effect of drawing a 'veil of ignorance' across the final outcomes of the distributive process, thus shifting the emphasis in people's decision making away from their own special situation towards some consideration of what would be regarded, before the fact, as a 'fair' or 'just' system of distribution. In order to give additional precision to this analysis, Rawls postulates certain principles of justice that he feels would govern people's actions behind the 'veil of ignorance.' Especially important in this respect is his notion that, '... the general conception of justice requires that all primary social goods be distributed equally unless an unequal distribution would be to everyone's advantage.' (Rawls, 1971: 150). Such a proposition implies that departures from a regime of perfect equality can only be justified if the outcome is a positive sum game. Rawls illustrates this precept with discussions of the relationship between the outcome for the most advantaged in society compared to the outcome for the least advantaged. We will approach the subject within that general framework while, at the same time, integrating into the Rawlsian analysis the results of our exploration of the Tullock-Bastiat hypothesis. Obviously, our emphasis will be on the economic dimensions of Rawls' argument, namely, the pattern of income distribution within the society. We be-
Cytomorphologic appearance of follicular dendritic-cell tumor: A case report

Follicular dendritic-cell (FDC) tumors are extremely rare, recently described neoplasms. Only one report currently exists in the cytology literature. We present a case of FDC tumor with emphasis on its cytomorphology and its correlation with histology, immunohistochemistry, and ultrastructure.
Quantitative genetics of butterfly wing color patterns

Developmental processes exert their influence on the evolution of complex morphologies through the genetic correlations they engender between traits. Butterfly wing color patterns provide a model system to examine this connection between development and evolution. In butterflies, the nymphalid groundplan is a framework used to decompose complex wing patterns into their component pattern elements. The first goal of this work has been to determine whether the components of the nymphalid groundplan are the products of independent developmental processes. To test this hypothesis, the genetic correlation matrices for two species of butterflies, Precis coenia and Precis evarete, were estimated for 27 wing pattern characters. The second purpose was to test the hypothesis that the differentiation of serial homologs lowers their genetic correlations. The “eyespots” found serially repeated across the fore- and hindwing and on the dorsal and ventral wing surfaces provided an opportunity to test this hypothesis. The genetic correlation matrices of both species were very similar. The pattern of genetic correlation measured between the different types of pattern elements and between the homologous repeats of a pattern element supported the first hypothesis of developmental independence among the elements of the groundplan. The correlation pattern among the differentiated serial homologs was similarly found to support the second hypothesis: pairs of eyespots that had differentiated had lower genetic correlations than pairs that were similar in morphology. The implications of this study are twofold: First, the apparent developmental independence among the distinct elements of wing pattern has facilitated the vast diversification in morphology found in butterflies. Second, the lower genetic correlations betweendifferentiated homologs demonstrates that developmental constraints can in fact be broken. The extent to which genetic correlations readily change, however, remains unknown. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
DNA Guanine Adducts from 3-Methyl-1,2,3-oxadiazolinium Ions

The reaction of 3-methyl-1,2,3-oxadiazolinium tosylate 10, a close model for a putative reactive intermediate in the carcinogenic activation of ethanol nitrosamines such as (2-hydroxyethyl)methylnitrosamine 1, with various guanine derivatives, including acycloguanosine 12, deoxyguanosine, deoxyguanosine monophosphate, and cyclic guanosine monophosphate, various DNA oligomers, and calf-thymus DNA has been examined to determine whether this compound methylates and hydroxyethylates guanine residues as proposed. In all of the transformations, 7-(2-(methylnitrosamino)ethyl)guanine (14) is the major product, following acidic hydrolysis, and exceeds the formation of 7-methylguanine by ratios ranging from 4:1 to 48:1, depending upon the guanine bearing substrate. O6-(2-(Methylnitrosamino)ethyl)deoxyguanosine (20) was prepared from the Mitsunobu coupling of 1 and a protected deoxyguanosine derivative. 20 is not produced in the reaction of 10 and deoxyguanosine and decomposes to 1 and guanine upon mild acid treatme...
Interview: glycolipid antigen presentation by CD1d and the therapeutic potential of NKT cell activation.

Natural Killer T cells (NKT) are critical determinants of the immune response to cancer, regulation of autioimmune disease, clearance of infectious agents, and the development of artheriosclerotic plaques. In this interview, Mitch Kronenberg discusses his laboratory's efforts to understand the mechanism through which NKT cells are activated by glycolipid antigens. Central to these studies is CD1d - the antigen presenting molecule that presents glycolipids to NKT cells. The advent of CD1d tetramer technology, a technique developed by the Kronenberg lab, is critical for the sorting and identification of subsets of specific glycolipid-reactive T cells. Mitch explains how glycolipid agonists are being used as therapeutic agents to activate NKT cells in cancer patients and how CD1d tetramers can be used to assess the state of the NKT cell population in vivo following glycolipid agonist therapy. Current status of ongoing clinical trials using these agonists are discussed as well as Mitch's prediction for areas in the field of immunology that will have emerging importance in the near future.
Role of the N-Terminal PAS Domain of hERG K Channels in Gating, Disease and Rescue

Human ERG (Kv11 or KCNH2) channels are voltage-activated K channels in the eag family of channels. hERG is similar to other eag family member as they are homologous to voltage- activated K channels but also share homology with cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels. hERG shares important structural features with other members of the eag family including an N-terminal PAS domain (Per-Arnt-Sim) and C-terminal cyclic nucleotide-binding homology domain that is similar to the CNB domain of CNG, however eag family channels are not regulated by cyclic nucleotide. We have recently shown several new properties for the hERG PAS domain and CNBHD. Recently, we showed that the PAS domain made a direct interaction with the rest of the channel and markedly regulated slow deactivation, which is a characteristic of wild-type hERG. The CNBHD also plays a role in deactivation gating; it is necessary for regulation of deactivation as channels with the CNBHD deleted lost slow deactivation. Biochemical pull-down interactions and electrophysiology experiments suggest that the PAS domain makes a direct interaction with the CNBHD and that this interaction underlies slow deactivation. Mutations in hERG-PAS that are linked to LQTS disrupt the interaction of the PAS domain with the rest of the channel, indicating that disruption of this interaction may be the mechanism behind some instances of LQTS. The PAS domain itself can be used to fix aberrant gating in channels with PAS domain mutations, as if the recombinant PAS domain substitutes for the covalently attached, but mutated PAS domain. Here we will also discuss new data regarding the regulatory effect of the PAS domain on other gating transitions besides deactivation and the role of the region that connects the PAS domain to the transmembrane domain of the channel.
The need for direct cell contact in "contact" inhibition of cell division in culture.

Non-dividing mouse embryo fibroblasts which grew to a confluent cell density on one side of an ultra-thin filter did not inhibit the active multiplication of the same type of cells growing at low cell density on the other side of the filter directly opposite the confluent side. The close proximity of the cells across the filter was not sufficient to cause inhibition of cell division. The phenomenon of “contact” or “density dependent” inhibition of cell division is therefore probably not mediated by a cellular product which remains concentrated near the cell surface. The degree of contact inhibition of cell division was correlated with the local cell density on the same side of the filter. This relationship was found to be influenced strongly by the surface on which the cells were growing.
A theory on cracked pipe

Based on the conservation law and bending theory, a very simple method is proposed to estimate intensity factors for circumferential cracked pipe. The examples show that the present method can produce the results obtained from complete shell analysis. This method can also be used to analyze the periodic cracked pipe under tension.
A comparison of endometrial ablation using the Nd:YAG laser or electrosurgical techniques

Abstract Study Objective. To compare the results of endometrial ablations performed either with the neodymium:yttriumaluminum-garnet (Nd:YAG) laser or electrosurgically. Study Design. Retrospective study, with 4-year follow-up of 82 of 98 patients. Setting. Gynecology departments of teaching, community, and proprietary hospitals. Patients. One hundred sixty-six women requiring surgical treatment for menorrhagia between March 1986 and October 1992. Interventions. Fifty-eight women were treated with a Nd:YAG laser, 11 with a rollerball electrode, and 97 with a wire loop electrode. Concomitant resection of submucous leiomyomata was performed in 54 (32.5%) of the patients. Measurements and Main Results. The mean operating times, complication rates, mean volume of fluid absorption, concomitant surgery, morbidity, duration of hospital stay, and results of laser and electrosurgical endometrial ablations were similar. Thirty-nine women (69.9%) undergoing laser endometrial ablation became amenorrhetion became amenorrheic, and 10 (90.9%) had satisfactory results. Sixty-one women (70.9%) who underwent wire loop resection became amenorrheic, with 83 (96.5%) attaining satisfactory results. Four years postoperatively, 85.4% of the patients continued to have statisfactory results. Conclusion. Laser and electrosurgical endometrial ablations are similarly effective treatment for patients suffering from chronic menorrhagia. This preliminary study should be followed by a randomized, controlled, prospective study to evaluate the two techniques more fully.
High-resolution optical chirped pulse gating

We describe a system for achieving high-resolution range gating using optically chirped pulses. The technique converts signals from the time domain into signals in the frequency domain through a nonlinear, sum-frequency generation process. The technique is based on similar methods used in microwave radar. We draw analogies between our method and conventional and time-lens imaging processes, and present experimental results demonstrating the method.