cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Metal enhanced soot and PAH formation

Abstract Iron and manganese have been added to laminar, sooting, premixed ethylene/oxygen/nitrogen flames with fuel equivalence ratios ranging from 2.22 to 2.49. The iron concentration was 200 ppm in the fuel, while the manganese concentration was 140 ppm in the fuel (mole basis). The additives increased the amount of soot formed under all conditions, up to a factor of 3. The iron additive also caused up to a sixfold increase in the fluorescence coefficient, while the manganese additive had little effect on fluorescence. The fluorescence coefficient was approximately proportional to the total tar concentration. The additives did not cause a detectable change in the concentration of any of the C 1 C 4 species, and did not have a measurable effect on soot particle inception or soot particle collision rates. At high temperatures, equilibrium predicts both iron and manganese were present in the gas phase, predominantly as free metal atoms. As the flame temperature decreased, iron was predicted to precipitate out of the gas phase as metallic iron, while manganese was predicted to form solid MnO. Metallic iron on the surface of the growing soot particles was hypothesized to catalyze the addition of acetylene to soot. A reaction probability between acetylene and an iron site of about 0.023 fit the measurements reasonably well. Predictions of the fraction of the particle surface covered by iron ranged from about 0.5%–3%. Metallic iron on the surface of the soot was also hypothesized to catalyze the formation of PAH from acetylene.
Head-up tilt lowers IOP and improves RGC dysfunction in glaucomatous DBA/2J mice

Abstract The inbred DBA/2J (D2) mouse strain is a well established model of spontaneously elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), progressive glaucomatous loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), and early damage of RGC axons at the level of optic nerve head. Pattern electroretinogram (PERG) studies have shown that surviving RGCs in mice 6–12-month-old may be dysfunctional. RGC dysfunction seems to be IOP-dependent, since it may be exacerbated by means of acute IOP elevation with head-down body tilt. Here we test the hypothesis that head-up body posture lowers IOP, resulting in improvement of PERG amplitude in aged D2 mice with glaucoma. We show that head-up body tilt induces age-independent IOP lowering whose magnitude increases with the angle of tilt. For a fixed angle (−60°) of head-up tilt, IOP progressively decreases with a time constant of about 5 min and stabilizes at a value lower by about 5–6 mm Hg compared to the baseline. Head-up tilt also results in an improvement of PERG amplitude in older D2 mice with glaucoma but not in younger D2 mice without glaucoma. Improvement of PERG amplitude in aged D2 mice upon head-up-induced IOP lowering is consistent with the idea that RGCs undergo a stage of IOP-dependent, reversible dysfunction before death. The head-up IOP/PERG protocol may represent a non-invasive way to probe the potential for recovery of RGC dysfunction in D2 mice.
112 THE AGE DEPENDENCY OF MYOCARDIAL EXCITATION CONTRACTION COUPLING

Mechanisms of excitation-contraction coupling in mammalian ventricle may be age dependent. Accordingly, sucrose gap voltage clamp techniques were developed to control membrane potential while simultaneously measuring membrane current and developed tension in right ventricular pappilary muscles to compare newborn (NB) (less than 10 days of age) and adult (A) New Zealand white rabbits. Steady state net membrane currents generated by voltage clamp steps of varying amplitude were similar in the two age groups. However, clamp step induced tension in NB heart developed continously to a steady state level maintained for the length of the clamp step. Tension was a monotomically increasing function of membrane potential at all clamp durations. In contrast, clamp step induced tension in A heart developed an early peak and relaxed to a lower steady state level. Early phasic tension increased with increasing clamp potential from -60 to 0 mV and then declined with increasing clamp amplitude, while steady state tension increased monotonically with membrane potential. Since the characteristics of steady state tension and current are similar in the two age groups, we suggest the latter tension is generated by transport of calcium across the sarcolema by a mechanism present at birth, whereas the process of phasic tension matures with age, probably reflecting advancing formation and function of the sarcoplastic reticulum. It is clear that a developmental approach to cellular cardiac physiology is required to create a valid framework from which to view cardiac function and its therapeutic manipulation in the clinical setting.
An experimental evaluation of scalar replacement on scientific benchmarks

This paper describes our experiments comparing multiple scalar replacement algorithms to evaluate their effectiveness on entire scientific application benchmarks within the context of a production-level compiler. We investigate at what point aggressive scalar replacement becomes detrimental and which dependence tests are necessary to give scalar replacement enough information to be effective. As many commercial optimizing compilers may include some version of scalar replacement as an optimization, it is important to determine how aggressive these algorithms need to be.Previously, no study has examined 'how much' scalar replacement is sufficient and effective within the context of an existing highly optimizing compiler. Our experiments show that, on whole programs, simple algorithms and simple dependence analysis capture nearly all opportunities for scalar replacement found in scientific application benchmarks. While additional aggressiveness may lead to some performance gain in some individual loops, it also leads to performance degradation too often to be worth the risk when considering entire applications. Algorithms restricted to value reuse over at most one loop iteration and to fully redundant array references give the best results.Our experiment further shows that scalar replacement is not only an effective optimization, but also a feasible one for commercial optimizers since the simple algorithms are not computationally expensive. Based upon our findings, we conclude that scalar replacement ought to be a part of any highly optimizing compiler because of its low cost and significant potential gain.
Characterization of the Human Transcobalamin II Promoter A PROXIMAL GC/GT BOX IS A DOMINANT NEGATIVE ELEMENT

Abstract Deletion and mutagenesis of the 5′-flanking region of the human transcobalamin II (TC II) transfected in human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells have revealed that TC II promoter activity is: (a) very weak; (b) restricted to a core region (−29 to −163) that contained multiple transcription initiation sites; (c) not dependent on other potential elements, such as a distally localized CCAAT box, a CF1, a HIP1 binding motif and a MED-1 element; (d) modulated weakly by a positive-acting GC box (−568-GAGGCGGTGC) and strongly by a proximal GC/GT overlapping box (−179 CCCCCGCCCCACCCC). Gel shift and immunosupershift analyses demonstrated that both the positive-acting GC box and the negative-acting GC/GT box were recognized by Sp1 and Sp3. Co-transfection studies using Sp1 and/or Sp3 expression plasmids revealed that while Sp1 stimulated, Sp3 repressed Sp1-mediated transactivation of TC II transcription. The proximal GC/GT box also acted as a negative element in human chronic myelogenous leukemia K-562 and HeLa cells. These results suggest that tissue/cell specific expression of the TC II gene may be controlled by the relative ratios of Sp1 and Sp3 that bind to the GC/GT box and the weak promoter activity of TC II is due to the transcriptional repression caused by the binding of Sp3 to the proximal GC/GT box.
Detection and clearance of prostate cells subsequent to ultrasound-guided needle biopsy as determined by multiplex nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay

Objectives. To determine if circulating prostate cells are detectable subsequent to transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-guided biopsy, and if so, whether cells remain in circulation for up to 4 weeks. Methods. Blood samples were drawn from 90 patients with elevated serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels and/or abnormal digital rectal examination. Two samples were drawn from all patients immediately prior to TRUS and 30 minutes postbiopsy. Blood samples were also obtained 1 week postbiopsy from 83 patients, and 1 month postbiopsy from 61 patients. Multiplex nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay (RT-PCR) for PSA and prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSM) was performed on total ribonucleic acid (RNA) from each sample. Results were reported as positive if at least one of the targets was detected. Results. Of 45 patients with biopsy-proven adenocarcinoma, 22 were RT-PCR positive prebiopsy and all remained positive 30 minutes postbiopsy. Of 23 patients with adenocarcinoma who were RT-PCR negative prebiopsy, 5 (22%) converted to positive 30 minutes postbiopsy (P < 0.001). Four of these 5 patients returned to negative after 1 week or 1 month. Of 45 patients without cancer at biopsy, 32 were RT-PCR negative prebiopsy and 6 (19%) converted to positive 30 minutes postbiopsy (P < 0.001). Although four of six available samples were still positive at 1 week, all four samples available 1 month postbiopsy were negative. Conclusions. Detection of circulating prostate cells subsequent to biopsy occurred in 11 of 55 (20%) previously RT-PCR negative patients, a proportion twice that reported in the literature. We attribute this higher proportion to the simultaneous detection of PSA and PSM mRNA in our multiplex assay. Conversion rates were similar in patients regardless of biopsy result. Testing of serial postbiopsy blood demonstrates clearing of these cells by 4 weeks in most patients.
Ethical parenting of sexually active youth: ensuring safety while enabling development

The protection of children from harm is commonly accepted as the cardinal duty of parents. In the USA, where young people's sexuality is often regarded with anxiety, attempts to restrict adolescent sexual behaviour are seen as ethically justified and even required of ‘good’ parents. Running counter to popular anxiety surrounding young people's sexuality is a mounting argument that a degree of sexual experimentation can benefit young people's current psychological and sexual well-being and is essential to their future competence in the sexual and romantic domains. Thus, parents' unilateral restriction of sexual behaviour may constitute a violation of young people's developmental rights insofar as it impedes their progress towards autonomy and competence. However, protecting young people from sexual harm need not be mutually exclusive of supporting their freedom to sexual exploration and expression. In fact, critical analysis of conventional wisdom regarding young people's sexuality and its presumed dangers...
Productivity, technological change and international competitiveness

Abstract Contrary to widespread skepticism in industry and in many governmental agencies, research on innovational processes can be of major practical value for policy guidance in both sectors of decision-making. By way of illustration, this paper will briefly review our studies in the U.S., Western Europe and Japan covering three problem areas which have generated increasing domestic concern in recent years: productivity, technological change and international competitiveness. These studies have continued since their initiation 15 years ago; the National Science Foundation has supported some of the projects in each of these problem areas. In each case, attention will be given first to outlining some of the basic needs for research and then to summarizing some of our findings.
Terahertz, infrared and Raman vibrational assignments of [FeFe]-hydrogenase model compounds

Abstract Using Raman, terahertz (THz), and mid-infrared (IR) spectroscopies, the vibrational spectra of two chromophore models of hydrogen-producing [FeFe]-hydrogenase, Fe 2 (μ-S 2 C 3 H 6 )(CO) 6 and Fe 2 (μ-S 2 C 2 H 4 )(CO) 6 , have been assigned. The combination of absorption and scattering techniques, along with DFT calculations, allows for assignments to be made without traditional isotopic substitution methods.
Design of flight software for the KySat CubeSat bus

This paper1 2 describes the design, implementation and testing of flight software for KySat-1 a picosatellite scheduled to launch in 2009. The paper also discusses the challenges of developing dependable software in an academic environment and the development of dependable software for commercial off the shelf (COTS) hardware in space applications. Techniques employed to design for reuse and examples of software reuse in recent sub-orbital and near-space missions are also described. The software architecture, software engineering practices, and testing techniques developed for KySat-1 will serve as the basis for a series of future Kentucky Space Consortium missions.
EUS-guided pancreatic duct intervention: outcomes of a single tertiary-care referral center experience

Background EUS can provide access to the main pancreatic duct (MPD) for therapeutic intervention. The long-term clinical success of EUS-guided MPD interventions is unknown. Objective To determine technical and clinical success rates, predictors of success, and long-term outcomes of EUS-guided MPD intervention. Design Retrospective, single-center study. Setting Tertiary-care referral center. Patients Forty-five patients. Intervention EUS-guided MPD stent retrieval or placement. Main Outcome Measurements Technical and clinical success rates, adverse events, and long-term clinical outcomes. Results Among the 45 patients, 37 had undergone failed ERCP, and 29 had surgically altered anatomy. Median follow-up after initial EUS-guided intervention was 23 months. Two patients underwent EUS for stent removal, and EUS-guided MPD stent placement was attempted in 43 patients. Technical success was achieved in 32 of 43 patients (74%) with antegrade (n = 18) or retrograde (n = 14) stent insertion. Serious adverse events occurred in 3 patients (6%). Patients underwent a median of 2 (range 1-6) follow-up procedures for revision or removal of stents, without adverse events. Complete symptom resolution occurred in 24 of 29 patients (83%) while stents were in place, including all 6 with nondilated ducts. Stents were removed in 23 patients, who were then followed for an additional median of 32 months; 4 patients had recurrent symptoms. Among the 11 failed cases, most had persistent symptoms or required surgery. Limitations Retrospective study design, individualized patient management. Conclusion EUS-guided MPD intervention is feasible and safe, with long-term clinical success in the majority of patients. EUS provides important treatment options, particularly in patients who would otherwise undergo surgery.
The effect of intravitreal anti-VEGF agents on peripheral wound healing in a rabbit model

PURPOSE To investigate the effect of intravitreal pegaptanib, bevacizumab, and ranibizumab on blood-vessel formation during cutaneous wound healing in a rabbit model and to compare this effect to placebo controls. METHODS Forty New Zealand albino rabbits underwent full thickness cutaneous wounds using 6-mm dermatologic punch biopsies. The rabbits were assigned to four groups of ten, each receiving intravitreal injections of pegaptanib, bevacizumab, ranibizumab, or no injection (untreated controls). Five rabbits from each group underwent wound harvesting on day 7 and five from each group on day 14. The skin samples were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE), Masson's trichrome (MT), and CD34 for vascular endothelial cells. Semiquantitative evaluation of HE- and MT-stained slides was performed by one pathologist. Quantitative assessment of mean neovascularization (MNV) scores was obtained from five contiguous biopsy margin 400× fields of CD34-stained sections by four independent observers. RESULTS Week 1 MNV scores in CD-34 stained sections were: untreated controls: 11.51 ± 4.36; bevacizumab: 7.41 ± 2.82 (P = 0.013); ranibizumab: 8.71 ± 4.08 (P = 0.071); and pegaptanib: 10.15 ± 5.59 (P = 0.378). Week 2 MNV data were: untreated controls: 6.14 ± 2.25; bevacizumab: 7.25 ± 2.75 (P = 0.471); ranibizumab: 4.53 ± 3.12 (P = 0.297); and, pegaptanib: 6.35 ± 3.09 (P = 0.892). Interobserver variability using intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.961. CONCLUSIONS At week 1, all three anti-VEGF agents had suppressed MNV scores compared to controls. Although not statistically significant, there was an inhibitory trend, particularly with bevacizumab and ranibizumab. These effects were diminished at 2 weeks, reflecting a transition between the proliferative and remodeling phases of wound healing.
A perspective on cost-effectiveness of greenhouse gas reduction solutions in water distribution systems

Water distribution systems (WDSs) face great challenges as aging infrastructures require significant investments in rehabilitation, replacement, and expansion. Reducing environmental impacts as WDSs develop is essential for utility managers and policy makers. This study quantifies the existing greenhouse gas (GHG) footprint of common WDS elements using life-cycle assessment (LCA) while identifying the greatest opportunities for emission reduction. This study addresses oversights of the related literature, which fails to capture several WDS elements and to provide detailed life-cycle inventories. The life-cycle inventory results for a US case study utility reveal that 81% of GHGs are from pumping energy, where a large portion of these emissions are a result of distribution leaks, which account for 270 billion l of water losses daily in the United States. Pipe replacement scheduling is analyzed from an environmental perspective where, through incorporating leak impacts, a tool reveals that optimal replacement is no more than 20 years, which is in contrast to the US average of 200 years. Carbon abatement costs (CACs) are calculated for different leak reduction scenarios for the case utility that range from −$130 to $35 t−1 CO2(eq). Including life-cycle modeling in evaluating pipe materials identified polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and cement-lined ductile iron (DICL) as the Pareto efficient options, however; utilizing PVC presents human health risks. The model developed for the case utility is applied to California and Texas to determine the CACs of reducing leaks to 5% of distributed water. For California, annual GHG savings from reducing leaks alone (3.4 million tons of CO2(eq)) are found to exceed California Air Resources Board’s estimate for energy efficiency improvements in the state’s water infrastructure.
Aromatase inhibitors: past, present and future in breast cancer therapy

Estrogen has been implicated in promoting breast cancer in a majority of women. Endocrine therapy controlling estrogen production has been the guiding principle in treating breast cancer for more than a century. A greater understanding of this disease at a molecular level has led to the development of molecules that inhibit estrogen production by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, that is the primary source of estrogen in postmenopausal women. This review examines the evolution of aromatase inhibitor (AI) based therapies over the past three decades. The third generation aromatase inhibitors (anastrozole, letrozole and exemestane), which have been found to be extremely specific and effective in an adjuvant/neoadjuvant/extended adjuvant setting are discussed from a biochemical and clinical perspective. A comprehensive discussion of the past, present, and future of aromatase inhibitors is conducted in this review.
Weighting Information from Outside Sources: A Biased Process

How do people utilize information from outside sources in their decisions? Participants observed a signal-plus-noise or noise-alone event and then made a yes–no decision about whether a signal had occurred. Participants were provided with two information sources to aid decision making. Each source consisted of four components that provided estimates of signal likelihood. In Experiment 1, the two sources had equal overall accuracy but differed in the expertise and internal correlation of their components. A regression analysis indicated that participants overweighed the high-expertise-high-correlation source. This bias occurred on trials when the aggregate opinions of the sources disagreed. In Experiment 2, both the overall accuracy of the source and its components were manipulated. Participants overweighed information from the higher accuracy source. These biases reflect people's sensitivity to across-trial and within-trial differences in the accuracy and internal consistency of information sources. Experiment 3 provided additional evidence supporting these conclusions. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cemented femoral stems: What matters most

Since Charnley hip arthroplasty was introduced to North America over 30 years ago, the popularity of cemented femoral components has waxed and waned. During this time, much has been learned about factors that contribute to cemented stem success and failure. The most important factors that influence arthroplasty success with a cemented femoral stem are patient selection, intramedullary implant geometry, implant surface finish, implant design above the femoral neck resection level, and surgical technique.
Osteoarthritic lesions: involvement of three different collagenases.

Objective. To assess the presence of fibroblast collagenase (MMP-1), neutrophil collagenase (MMP-8), and collagenase 3 (MMP-13) in osteoarthritic (OA) cartilage, with particular emphasis on areas of macroscopic cartilage erosion. Methods. Messenger RNA (mRNA) levels were assessed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), in situ hybridization, and Northern blot analysis. Results. MMP-1 and MMP-13 were expressed at higher levels by OA chondrocytes than by normal chondrocytes. In addition, mRNA for MMP-8 was present in OA cartilage but not normal cartilage by PCR and Northern blot analyses. Chondrocytes from areas surrounding the OA lesion expressed greater quantities of MMP-1 and MMP-13 compared with normal chondrocytes, suggesting local modulation by mechanical and inflammatory factors. Tumor necrosis factor α stimulated the expression of all 3 collagenases. Retinoic acid, an agent which induces autodigestion of cartilage in vitro, stimulated only the expression of MMP-13. Conclusion. These findings suggest a key role of MMP-13 and MMP-8, as well as MMP-1 in osteoarthritis.
Characterization and stability of chromium hydroxide sols of narrow size distributions

Abstract The experimental conditions are described which lead to the formation of chromium hydroxide sols of narrow size distributions. This can be accomplished by aging of chromium salt solutions at elevated temperatures in the presence of sulfate or phosphate ions. The stability of the sols so prepared was studied in the presence of various electrolytes. The sols as originally prepared are positively charged but can be recharged by addition of base. The size distribution of the stable negatively charged sols so obtained remained the same as it was for the original sol. Light scattering analysis was utilized in the determination of particle size distributions.
Response discrepancy versus attitude similarity-dissimilarity as determinants of attraction

In a previous investigation Nelson found that with proportion of similar attitudes experimentally controlled, subject-stranger response discrepancy has a significant effect on attraction. He hypothesized that if discrepancy were held constant, attraction would not vary as a function of similarity-dissimilarity. With new data involving 31 Ss and old data based on 120 Ss, proportion of similar attitudes significantly influenced attraction even though response discrepancy was controlled. It appears that attraction is a joint function of these two partially independent stimulus dimensions.
Propagation of errors in review articles.

Science has done an excellent job of sensitizing us to issues of fabricated data. Nevertheless, there is a related issue that also deserves discussion: sham publication in the secondary literature. It is important because scientists rely on the authors of reviews to gather and analyze the unwieldy
Ascribing monstrosity: judicial categorization of a juvenile sex offender

Employing a conversation analytic approach to the study of discourse, this article examines the relationship between categorization work and the practical accomplishment of legal objectives. Using transcription of a sentencing hearing for a juvenile sex offender tried in adult criminal court, attention is focused on how the judgment is socially constructed, in and through courtroom discourse, as an accountable one. The analysis traces contested identities ascribed to the defendant and the moral judgments they embed. During the hearing, sex offender membership categories of sexual predator and paedophile are imported from commonsense understandings into the courtroom proceedings where they are given legal significance superseding any authority of the clinical expert who testifies. These identity-categories are reconstructed with monster status, and deployed by the judge as grounds for a sentence that will advance law’s purposes to manage ‘dangerousness’ and control the ‘monstrous’.
A parallel interior point decomposition algorithm for block angular semidefinite programs

We present a two phase interior point decomposition framework for solving semidefinite (SDP) relaxations of sparse maxcut, stable set, and box constrained quadratic programs. In phase 1, we suitably modify the matrix completion scheme of Fukuda et al. (SIAM J. Optim. 11:647---674, 2000) to preprocess an existing SDP into an equivalent SDP in the block-angular form. In phase 2, we solve the resulting block-angular SDP using a regularized interior point decomposition algorithm, in an iterative fashion between a master problem (a quadratic program); and decomposed and distributed subproblems (smaller SDPs) in a parallel and distributed high performance computing environment. We compare our MPI (Message Passing Interface) implementation of the decomposition algorithm on the distributed Henry2 cluster with the OpenMP version of CSDP (Borchers and Young in Comput. Optim. Appl. 37:355---369, 2007) on the IBM Power5 shared memory system at NC State University. Our computational results indicate that the decomposition algorithm (a) solves large SDPs to 2---3 digits of accuracy where CSDP runs out of memory; (b) returns competitive solution times with the OpenMP version of CSDP, and (c) attains a good parallel scalability. Comparing our results with Fujisawa et al. (Optim. Methods Softw. 21:17---39, 2006), we also show that a suitable modification of the matrix completion scheme can be used in the solution of larger SDPs than was previously possible.
Decision Support Systems for Marketing Managers

In the past 10 years, a new technology has emerged for assisting and improving marketing decision making. We define a marketing decision support system as a coordinated collection of data, models, ...
An anonymous Zij in hebrew for 1400 a.d.: a preliminary report

Astronomers in the Middle Ages produced many sets of tables, for which the term 4 zij' (from the Arabic zij ; plural: zij at) is now commonly used, regardless of the language of composition. In Arabic there are more than 200 known zijes, and in Hebrew perhaps some 30 survive. Of those in Hebrew, the earliest is by Abraham bar Hiyya (twelfth century, Barcelona), and among the prominent examples that have been described in the secondary literature are the zijes of Levi ben Gerson of Orange (d. 1344); Immanuel Bonfils of Tarascon (fi. 1350); Jacob ben David Bonjorn of Catalonia, also known as ha-Poel (fl. 1360); Judah ben Verga of Lisbon (fl. 1455-1480); and Abraham Zacut of Salamanca (d. 15 15).1 Vatican, MS Heb. 384 contains a number of texts, including a lengthy unpublished zij by Judah ben Asher of Burgos (d. 1391) on folios 284a-384b, and an anonymous zij uniquely preserved on folios 263a-278b that will be the focus of our attention here. This anonymous zij is separately paginated in Hebrew alphabetic numerals, beginning with T (f. 263a) and ending with '27' (f. 276b), generally in the upper right corner of the page. For the second page (and a few others) the page number is not visible in the microfilm copy, but this is probably due to the poor state of preservation of the manuscript as well as modern attempts to repair it. This pagination indicates that this zij is distinct from the rest of the items in the codex.
In vivo regulation of the poliovirus RNA polymerase.

Abstract The viral polypeptide isolated with the poliovirus replication complex appears to be an essential component of the poliovirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. This viral polypeptide is synthesized early in the infectious cycle, is directly proportional to viral RNA synthesis throughout most of the replicative cycle, and is functionally stable. However, the level of functioning polymerase molecules within the infected cell represents only a small fraction of the potential polymerase polypeptides synthesized during poliovirus replication. This disparity indicates that this viral polypeptide, while necessary, is not sufficient for viral RNA synthesis. We suggest that an additional factor must restrict the level of functioning viral polymerases within the infected cell.
AWS Figure of Merit (FOM) Developed Parameters from Static, Transonic Model Tests

This paper provides an approach to answer the question of whether one can rely solely on static data taken during a transonic model test to provide the certainty needed that a new aircraft will or will not have Abrupt Wing Stall (AWS) events during its flight operations. By comparing traditional- and alternate-static-Figures of Merit (FOMs) with the Free-To-Roll (FTR) response data, a rational basis for assessing the merits of using standard testing techniques for the prediction of AWS events has been established. Using the FTR response data as a standard, since these results compare well with flight, the conclusion from this study is that neither traditional nor alternate FOMs can be trusted to provide an indication as to whether a configuration will or will not have AWS tendencies. Even though these FOMs may flag features which have a high degree of correlation with the FTR response data, there are as many or more of these FOM flagged features which do not correlate. Thus, one needs to use the FTR rig to assess AWS tendencies on new configurations.
Construction and properties of a herpes simplex virus 2 dl5-29 vaccine candidate strain encoding an HSV-1 virion host shutoff protein

The replication-defective herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) dl5-29 mutant virus strain with deletions in the U(L)5 and U(L)29 genes has been shown to protect mice and guinea pigs against challenge with wild-type (wt) HSV-2 and to protect against ocular disease caused by HSV-1 infection. The dl5-29 strain is currently being prepared for clinical trials as a herpes vaccine candidate. As a possible approach to improve the efficacy of dl5-29 as a genital herpes vaccine, we replaced the U(L)41 gene encoding the virion host shutoff function (vhs) with the U(L)41 gene from HSV-1. While the HSV-2 U(L)41 and HSV-1 U(L)41 gene products have analogous functions, vhs-1 is 40-fold less active than vhs-2. Previously, it was shown that disruption of the U(L)41 gene can increase the efficacy of dl5-29 as a vaccine against HSV-2. These properties led us to hypothesize that replacement of vhs-2 by vhs-1 would decrease cytopathic effects in infected host cells, allowing longer survival of antigen-presenting cells and induction of stronger immune responses. The new recombinant dl5-29-41.1 virus shows nearly the same immunogenicity and protection against HSV-2 challenge as the parental dl5-29 virus or a triply deleted mutant virus, dl5-29-41, in the murine model of infection, and grows to higher titers than the parental strain in complementing cells, which is important for GMP production. The results have implications for the design of future HSV-2 vaccine candidates and mechanisms of induction of protective immunity against genital herpes.
Some methods for analyzing the structure and behavior of human kin groups

Abstract Applications of a multivariate generalization of kin selection theory [Hughes: American Naturalist 122: 181– 190 (1983)] to human social behavior are illustrated. Given estimates of reproductive potential and of relatedness among members of a group, this method can be used to predict the allocation of resources that represents an optimal strategy for cooperative sharing of limited resources. I illustrate application of the method to the apportionment of benefits within social groups and to analysis of action sets.
Observations of a planar jet subjected to large-amplitude, low-frequency disturbances

Low-frequency, subaudible excitation is of interest in applications where higher excitation frequencies may be objectionable. The disturbance frequencies studied extended into the audible range, but the subaudible frequencies (below 20 Hz) are of particular interest.
Theory of the extended x-ray-absorption fine structure

A general theory of the fine structure observed on the high-energy side of the $K$-absorption edge (EXAFS) is presented. The form of the theory presented is useful when the excited atom is not too highly ionized and the potential is approximately spherically symmetric. A critical analysis is made of long-range-order theories of EXAFS and it is shown that the coherent effects of the periodic potential are not the dominant mechanism as assumed previously. The dominant mechanism is the scattering in the vicinity of the absorbing atom, and can most naturally be calculated by considering only the immediate environment surrounding the absorbing atom. Fourier-transforming EXAFS data determines the spatial dependence of a scattering matrix. This scattering matrix is expected to peak at the location of surrounding atoms, locating them, and can give information on the type of surrounding atoms and possibly the surrounding valence electron density. Because the $K$ edges of different atoms are separated, such information can be obtained around each atom type separately, making EXAFS a potentially powerful tool for determining the microscopic structure of condensed matter.
Intracellular pH regulation in the renal proximal tubule of the salamander: Na-H exchange

Using pH-sensitive microelectrodes to measure intracellular pH (pHi) in isolated, perfused proximal tubules of the tiger salamander Ambystoma tigrinum, we have found that when cells are acid-loaded by pretreatment with NH+4 in a nominally HCO3--free Ringer, pHi spontaneously recovers with an exponential time course. This pHi recovery, which is indicative of active (i.e., uphill) transport, is blocked by removal of Na+ from both the luminal and basolateral (i.e., bath) solutions. Re-addition of Na+ to either the lumen or the bath results in a full pHi recovery, but at a lower-than-normal rate; the maximal rate is achieved only with Na+ in both solutions. The diuretic amiloride reversibly inhibits the pHi recovery when present on either the luminal or basolateral sides, and has its maximal effect when present in both solutions. The pHi recovery is insensitive to stilbene derivatives and to Cl- removal. A transient rise of intracellular Na+ activity accompanies the pHi recovery; there is no change of intracellular Cl- activity. These data suggest that these proximal tubule cells have Na-H exchangers in both the luminal and basolateral membranes.
Analysis of Stability Degradation of SRAMs Using a Physics-Based PBTI Model

For the static random access memories (SRAMs) with high-k/metal gate transistors, positive bias temperature instability (PBTI)-induced stability degradation can be significant. In this letter, we analyze the temporal variations of the READ/WRITE operations and static noise margin of a conventional 6T-SRAM cell using a physics-based PBTI model. We show that the dependence of BTI effects on intrinsic variations and the design parameters of SRAM are significant A 10 mV increase in intrinsic variations can lead to double the BTI-induced read failure rate. Furthermore, SRAM is more sensitive to PBTI effects as compared with negative bias temperature instability These results validate that stochastic modeling of PBTI is required for reliable SRAM design.
Fate mapping of Drosophila embryonic mitotic domain 20 reveals that the larval visual system is derived from a subdomain of a few cells.

Abstract In an attempt to study the fates of cells in the dorsal head region of Drosophila embryos at gastrulation, we used the photoactivated gene expression system to mark small numbers of cells in selected mitotic domains. We found that mitotic domain 20, which is a cluster of approximately 30 cells on the dorsal posterior surface, gives rise to various ectodermal cell types in the head, including dorsal pouch epithelium, the optic lobe, and head sensory organs, including Bolwig's organ, the larval photoreceptor organ. We found that the optic lobe and larval photoreceptors share the same origin of a few adjacent cells near the center of mitotic domain 20, suggesting that within the mitotic domain, there is a subdomain from which the larval visual system is specified. In addition to the components of the larval visual system, this central region of mitotic domain 20 also generates a part of the eye–antennal disc placode; cells that gives rise to the adult visual system. We also observed that a significant amount of cell death occurred within this domain and used cell ablation experiments to determine the ability of the embryo to compensate for cell loss.
New Hymenopterous Parasites of Ants (Chalcidoidea: Eucharidae)

FEMALE. (Fig. 15.) Length 1.7 mm. Head (Fig. 16) in front view subtriangular about as wide as long; in dorsal view, one and one-third times the width of the thorax. Antennae ten-segmented; scape one-fifth the entire length and extending two-thirds the distance to the top of the head; inserted in a wide longitudinal furrow. Flagellum somewhat clavate; segments very short, except the terminal, which is three times as long as the average. Right mandible with two rather stout teeth on the medial border, the left with only one; apices slender, curved, acute. Eyes oval, their length one-third the length of the head and one and onethird the malar space. Ocelli in a triangle; posterior pair about the same distance from the eyes as from the front ocellus but twice as far from each other. Thorax one-third the total length; width five-eighths and height two-thirds its own length. Mesoscutum trilobed, the lobes convex. Scutellum simple. Mesepisterna shallowly punctate in the middle. Metepisterna smooth. Legs very slender. Propodeum steeply sloping. Wings with a submarginal vein; forewings also with a postmarginal and a stump of a stigmal vein. Stigma very feebly developed. Abdomen one-half the total length. Petiole very slender, subcylindrical, five and one-half times as long as wide, and at its attachment to the gaster abruptly enlarged ventrally. Gaster slightly compressed, subcircular in side view, its width three-fourths its length. Six dorsal and five ventral segments visible. Ovipositor (Fig. 19) short, thick, acute, with a dorsal row of eight transverse, blunt ridges towards the apex; sheaths thickened in the middle, curved, very acute. Head with punctations which are deeper on the vertex. Region in front of eyes smooth except along the shallow median furrow. Genae and clypeus smooth. Pronotum unsculptured. Praescutum deeply and coarsely punctate; lateral lobes of the mesoscutum glabrous except for some erratic lines near the mid-dorsal suture. Scutellum with the apex subglabrous, the remainder irregularly striated; bounded posteriorly by a ridge. Metanotum very short. Propodeum with a coarsely punctate, mid-dorsal, longitudinal ridge and lateral smooth areas. Petiole irregularly roughened. Gaster shiny. Coxae faintly striated. Mesepisterna variously punctate; metepisterna smooth. Hairs absent, with the following exceptions: four long hairs on the anterior margin of the clypeus; a few minute hairs on the genitalia; pubescence on the flagellum (except the first joint), the tarsi, and the wings. Head, thorax, and petiole fuscopiceous to piceous with a reddish metallic lustre; gaster uniformly ferrugineous; mandibles, antennae, and femora fuscous; eyes, ocelli, tarsi, tibiae, and genitalia fulvous.
Predicting Objectification: Do Provocative Clothing and Observer Characteristics Matter?

This study provides empirical evidence for the objectification of women and unearths factors that increase objectification. Objectification theory (Fredrickson and Roberts 1997) suggests that women from Western cultures are the targets of male gaze. Although this seems self-evident from a look at the media, little empirical evidence exists to document the phenomenon or unravel underlying processes. Undergraduate female participants (N = 82) from the Midwestern part of the United States rated three photographs of well-known female Olympic athletes shown either provocatively dressed or in sport-appropriate outfits. Results showed that when shown provocatively attired the women were objectified. Furthermore, participants’ own levels of social physique anxiety were significant predictors of objectification. Sexism and trait objectification were not significantly related to ratings.
Relationship Between Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Salmonellosis in 20- to 59-Year-Old Residents of New York City

Among 20- to 59-year-old residents of New York City who have septicemia, gastroenteritis, urinary tract infection, and multiple site infections due to Salmonella, those listed in the New York City AIDS Registry were highly overrepresented. Among the patients listed in the registry, males outnumbered females by 4:1 (septicemia), 9:1 (multiple site infections), 5.6:1 (gastroenteritis), and 2.5:1 (urinary tract infection); among patients not listed, males outnumbered females by 2.7:1 (septicemia), 3:1 (multiple site infections), 1.2:1 (gastroenteritis), and 1.6:1 (urinary tract infection). These results strongly suggest that most nonlisted males with septicemia and multiple site infections, and a minority with gastroenteritis and urinary tract infection, were human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive. Among individuals who were HIV-positive, or likely to be so, Salmonella enteritidis was more competent in causing septicemia and less competent in causing gastroenteritis than was Salmonella typhimurium; among HIV-negative individuals, the reverse was true. The different capacities for infection with and invasiveness of S. enteritidis, S. typhimurium, and other Salmonella serotypes in HIV-positive and HIV-negative individuals and the use of HIV testing for Salmonella-infected individuals are discussed.
Pass-Through Code of Synaptic Integration

How do the components of neuronal circuits collaborate to select combinations of synaptic inputs from multiple pathways? In this issue of Neuron, Milstein et al. (2015) uncover mechanisms of synaptic facilitation and dendritic inhibition that cooperate to provide filtering for co-active inputs of distinct origins.
Host-controlled restriction of nodulation by Bradyrhizobium japonicum strains in serogroup 110

We previously reported the identification of a soybean plant introduction (PI) genotype, PI 417566, which restricts nodulation by Bradyrhizobium japonicum MN1-1c (USDA 430), strains in serogroup 129, and USDA 110 (P. B. Cregan, H. H. Keyser, and M. J. Sadowsky, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 55:2532-2536, 1989, and Crop Sci. 29:307-312, 1989). In this study, we further characterized nodulation restriction by PI 417566. Twenty-four serogroup 110 isolates were tested for restricted nodulation on PI 417566. Of the 24 strains examined, 62.5% were restricted in nodulation by the PI genotype. The remainder of the serogroup 110 strains tested (37.5%), however, formed significant numbers of nodules on PI 417566, suggesting that host-controlled restriction of nodulation by members of serogroup 110 is strain dependent. Analysis of allelic variation at seven enzyme-encoding loci by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis indicated that the serogroup 110 isolates can be divided into two major groups. The majority of serogroup 110 isolates which nodulated PI 417566 belonged to the same multilocus enzyme electrophoresis group. B. japonicum USDA 110 and USDA 123 were used as coinoculants in competition-for-nodulation studies using PI 417566. Over 98% of the nodules formed on PI 417566 contained USDA 123, whereas less than 2% contained USDA 110. We also report the isolation of a Tn5 mutant of USDA 110 which has overcome nodulation restriction conditioned by PI 417566. This mutant, D4.2-5, contained a single Tn5 insertion and nodulated PI 417566 to an extent equal to that seen with the unrestricted strain USDA 123. The host range of D4.2-5 on soybean plants and other legumes was unchanged relative to that of USDA 110, except that the mutant nodulated Glycine max cv. Hill more efficiently. While strain USDA 110 has the ability to block nodulation by D4.2-5 on PI 417566, the nodulation-blocking phenomenon was not seen unless strain USDA 110 was inoculated at a 100-fold greater concentration than the mutant strain.
Breathing fresh: Rare stems cells repair injured lung

Patients who survive an acute lung injury are able to recover their lung function, suggesting that adult lungs regenerate to a certain extent. Depending on the cause and severity of the injury, multiple progenitor cells, including alveolar type II cells and distal airway stem cells, have been shown to drive lung tissue regeneration in mice. Now, Vaughan et al. describe another cell type involved in the repair process in mouse models lung damage from influenza virus infection or bleomycin inhalation: the rare lineage-negative epithelial progenitor (LNEP). LNEP cells are quiescently present within normal distal mouse lung and do not express mature lineage markers, such as club cell 10 (CC10) protein and surfactant protein C (SPC). However, the authors demonstrate that these cells are activated to proliferate and migrate to damaged sites and mediate lung remodeling following major injury. Using lineage tracing approaches and cell transplantation, Vaughan et al. showed that LNEP cells, but not mature epithelial lineage cells, were multipotent in their ability to give rise to both club cells and alveolar cells. Interestingly, acute Notch signaling promoted the initial activation of LNEP cells, but persistent Notch activation inhibited subsequent alveolar differentiation, resulting in failed tissue regeneration (characterized by the formation of abnormal honeycomb cysts in the mouse lung). Strikingly, fibrotic lungs from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis or scleroderma show evidence of hyperactive Notch signaling and similar presence of honeycomb cysts, suggesting that dynamic Notch signaling could also regulate the function and differentiation of LNEP-analogous human lung progenitor cells. Modulating Notch signaling and, in turn, LNEP activity may therefore provide beneficial effects on halting the development of lung fibrosis in humans. A. E. Vaughan et al. , Lineage-negative progenitors mobilize to regenerate lung epithelium after major injury. Nature 10.1038/nature14112 (2014). [[Abstract]][1] [1]: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature14112.html
DID THE PROPERTY TAX REVOLT AFFECT LOCAL GOVERNMENT WAGES AND EMPLOYMENT?: EVIDENCE FROM THE STATES

The property tax revolt of the 1970's and 1980's saw many "new" restrictions placed on local government budgets. Most of these restrictions took the form of local tax and expenditure limitations (TELs) which focused on property taxes. The purpose of this study is to examine whether or not local TELs have reduced local government wages and employment. Anticipating the results, the author demonstrates, using a panel data set on local government wages and employment (1972–1992), the following points: TELs decrease local government wages and employment; the stringency of the TEL law matters; and public sector unions neutralise the constraining effects of TELs.