cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Satellite Precipitation Data–Driven Hydrological Modeling for Water Resources Management in the Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Meghna Basins

AbstractThe Ganges–Brahmaputra–Meghna (GBM) river basins exhibit extremes in surface water availability at seasonal to annual time scales. However, because of a lack of basinwide hydrological data from in situ platforms, whether they are real time or historical, water management has been quite challenging for the 630 million inhabitants. Under such circumstances, a large-scale and spatially distributed hydrological model, forced with more widely available satellite meteorological data, can be useful for generating high resolution basinwide hydrological state variable data [streamflow, runoff, and evapotranspiration (ET)] and for decision making on water management. The Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) hydrological model was therefore set up for the entire GBM basin at spatial scales ranging from 12.5 to 25 km to generate daily fluxes of surface water availability (runoff and streamflow). Results indicate that, with the selection of representative gridcell size and application of correction factors to ...
The inhibition of autoxidation by aromatic amines

Recent work on the inhibition of autoxidation by aromatic amines is reviewed. The rate controlling step for the inhibition process is abstraction of the amino hydrogen by a peroxy radical. The rate of this reaction is increased by electron donating substituents attached to the aromatic ring. Nitroxide radicals may be produced in the reaction of peroxy radicals with secondary amino radicals. The efficiency of nitroxide formation is greater for tertiary than for secondary peroxy radicals because, in the latter case, the caged nitroxide and alkoxy radical may disproportionate to give a hydroxylamine and a carbonyl compound. Primary aromatic amines do not give nitroxides, presumably because the peroxy radical-amino radical reaction gives an alcohol and a nitroso aromatic. The tertiary amine, N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine is shown to be a catalyst of autoxidation rather than an inhibitor, as has been previously reported. The products of the N-phenyl-2-naphthylamine-peroxy radical reaction have been identified.
Auditory nerve neurophonic produced by the frequency difference of two simultaneously presented tones

When two phase-locked sinusoidal stimuli having frequencies of F1 and F2 are simultaneously introduced to the ear of the gerbil, a difference tone (DT) can be observed (DT = F2-F1, where F2 > F1) in the time-averaged electrical response recorded from the cochlear round window (RW). Tetrodotoxin (TTX), which blocks the axonal firing of the cochlear nerve fiber, greatly attenuates this DT response, suggesting it is primarily neural in origin. Alternating the polarity of a single phase-locked tone cancels out the RW cochlear microphonic (CM) from the time-averaged response, leaving a residual auditory nerve neurophonic (ANN) response if the stimulus frequency is low enough to result in phase-locked firing of cochlear nerve axons. Simultaneous presentation of 1 kHz (F1) and 2 kHz (F2) tones, each being phase-locked with alternating polarity, produces a small ANN in response to the original tones and a large time-averaged ANN in response to the DT. Even when the frequency of the individual tones is too high to support phase-locking, a large DT-ANN can also be measured in response to simultaneously presented tones. A robust time-averaged DT-ANN can be measured when the temporal and intensity relationships between F1 and F2 are varied widely, with the latency (but not amplitude) of the response following the stimulus envelope. The DT-ANN produced by pairs of tones having frequencies ranging from 500 Hz to 3.5 kHz is largest in response to a DT of approximately 700-1100 Hz. This is in contrast to the ANN generated in response to a single tone, which decreases in magnitude as the stimulus frequency increases from 500 to 1500 Hz. Robust DT-ANNs can be measured from the gerbil even when the F2 frequency is greater than 30 kHz.
Misrecognitions and missed opportunities: post‐structuralism and the practice of development

Over the past 20 years post‐structuralist scholars have produced critiques of the field of development. In some circles it is now quite broadly accepted that this approach is futile and that we ought to move into a ‘post‐discourse’ era. By way of counterpoint, this paper argues that such exchanges are based on misrecognitions whose acceptance forecloses possibilities that both critics and their detractors would welcome. The paper is broken into two sections. The first engages problems ascribed to post‐structuralist critiques that seem to have been particularly successful in discouraging further engagement. The second explores three aspects of a single moment of post‐structuralist thought that have been obscured by current debate. Engaging these aspects, while bringing difficulties of its own, may secure conditions necessary for the emergence of the sorts of partnerships often claimed as necessary both by developers and by their post‐structuralist critics.
Stem cells: Current challenges and future promise†

Stem cells have two remarkable properties. They can either renew themselves or they can differentiate into one or more adult cell types. Stem cells derived from a human embryo appear to have an unlimited capacity to self-renew in cell culture, and they are also able to differentiate into hundreds of adult cell types. Human embryonic stem cell lines offer a platform technology that has the potential to elucidate the molecular mechanisms that determine adult cell fate, generate cellular models for discovery of new drugs, and create populations of differentiated cells for novel transplantation therapies. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) has identified some of the rate-limiting steps toward realizing this potential, and has forged funding initiatives to accelerate research progress. Given the remarkable potential, NIH support for research using stem cells is an important priority for the foreseeable future.
Solvent extraction behavior of some metal-1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol chelates

Summary The compound 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol (PAN) has been found to be a sensitive and selective colorimetric reagent for manganese (II), indium, gallium, cadmium, zinc, nickel, mercury, and iron(III) if the pH is suitably controlled.
Topical Mosquito Repellents VII: Alkyl Triethylene Glycol Monoethers

Normal and branched-chain aliphatic monoethers of triethylene glycol are effective topical mosquito repellents. In terms of duration of protection, they are generally superior to the corresponding diethylene glycol analogs and some are superior to diethyltoluamide. The n-heptyl monoether of triethylene glycol affords double the protection time of diethyltoluamide under controlled laboratory conditions and appears to be a useful new mosquito repellent.
Schistosoma mansoni: Immune response to normal and irradiated cercariae or soluble stage-specific surface immunogens

Abstract The effects of a variety of exposure regimens were assessed for their ability to induce optimal, immunologically mediated resistance against subsequent homologous reinfection by Schistosoma mansoni The mechanisms whereby natural infection or artificial immunization lead to the development of optimal protective immunity against reinfection by homologous S. mansoni were investigated. Animals, exposed to normal or irradiated cercariae, demonstrated strong resistance to reinfection by S. mansoni. They also developed a population of T-lymphocytes, which could adoptively transfer resistance to in vivo and specifically interact with immunogen in vitro. Subsequently these animals produced antibody capable of adoptively transferring resistance and possessing a variety of antischistosomal activities. Animals exposed to soluble cercarial immunogen demonstrated moderate resistance upon re-exposure. They failed to produce a significant population of sensitized T-lymphocytes. Moreover, although these animals produced unimpaired levels of cytotoxic, complement-fixing, and hemagglutinating antibody, their sera did not adoptively transfer resistance. Adult worm and egg immunogens were even less effective than cercarial immunogen in stimulating resistance. In addition, these membrane-derived immunogens directly stimulated B-lymphocyte blastogenesis in vitro. These studies suggest that the optimal production of protective immunity requires the stimulation of T-dependent mechanisms by stage-specific immunogens. This stimulation is produced more effectively by the use of immunogens which may be working through relatively T-independent mechanisms. The implication of these studies would suggest that the optimal development of protective immunity will require some form of immunologic process which mirrors closely the natural disease process. The sequential stimulation of relevant T- and B-dependent mechanisms by appropriate stage-specific immunogens appears to be a prerequisite for the development of optimal protective immunity. Thus, programs utilizing immunizations through exposure to irradiated cercariae or heterologous organisms which are non-pathogenic in man would appear promising, since these forms of exposure would efficiently stimulate protective immunity.
Queerness, the Quality Audience, and Comedy Central's Reno 911!

Comedy Central currently attracts the same kind of quality audience that broadcast television networks courted in the 1990s, one that resulted in the sharp increase in gaythemed content on the networks at that time. Yet the parodic mode of address that so permeates the cable network's content makes the different levels of gay cultural competency a heterogeneous viewership brings to a program like Reno 911! an issue of considerable import. A parodic situation-comedy based on reality crime programming, Reno 911! narrativizes an ambiguously gay police detective who, in turn, provides different viewing pleasures for differently situated viewers. As such, the character foregrounds questions about the political consequences of television's use of queer cultural signifiers and the pleasures that viewers take in a parodic representation of queerness on television.
High-level expression of a functional human fibrinogen gamma chain in Escherichia coli

Abstract Human fibrinogen γ chain has been expressed intact at high levels in Escherichia coli The construction of the expression plasmid, p253, is described. Synthesis of the recombinant protein is isopropyl-β- d -thiogalactopyranoside-dependent and is driven by the tac promoter. Western analysis of E. coli lysates demonstrates a novel protein of approx. 45 kDa which cross-reacts with antisera to human fibrinogen γ chains. The protein is not soluble in common E. coli lysis buffers and becomes soluble in 6 M guanidine · HC1 or 6 M urea. Initial insolubility is due to interchain disulfide bond formation and to noncovalent interactions. Induced cells examined by phase-contrast microscopy contain dense inclusion bodies. A known function of the γ chains of human fibrinogen is the clumping of Staphylococcus aureus Newman D 2 C cells [Hawiger et al., Biochemistry (1982) 1407–1413]. We demonstrate that suspensions of recombinant γ chains retain the ability to clump cells from this strain of S. aureus .
Description and Subjective Evaluation of an Objectively Successful Study Improvement Program.

This article describes the process of selecting and training the group leaders, the specific goals for each session, and subjective evaluations from each session of the Study Improvement Program.
Electron kinematics in a plasma focus

The results of numerical integrations of the three‐dimensional relativistic equations of motion of electrons subject to given electric and magnetic fields are presented. Fields due to two different models are studied: (i) a circular distribution of current filaments, and (ii) a uniform current distribution; both the collapse and the current reduction phases are studied in each model. Decreasing current in the uniform current model yields 100 keV electrons accelerated toward the anode and, as for earlier ion computations, provides general agreement with experimental results.
An automated tool for three types of saturated hydraulic conductivity laboratory measurements

Acquisition of porous media saturated hydraulic conductivity data in the laboratory is usually time consuming and costly because of the manual labor associated with the currently available techniques. Lately, there has been increased interest in automating hydraulic conductivity laboratory techniques to reduce analysis time and improve data consistency. A new apparatus was developed that is able to measure hydraulic conductivity values with the constant-flux, constant-head, and falling-head methods in a fully automated fashion. The apparatus can be used for both packed columns and undisturbed field cores. The column design is such that water is forced to flow in a nominally one-dimensional manner through the porous medium. An analysis is initiated with a "smart search," yielding an estimate of the saturated hydraulic conductivity. The operator can use this estimated value to obtain conductivity values using one, two, or all three methods. Besides installing and removing the columns, no manual efforts are required. Hydraulic conductivity data for standard laboratory sands showed that application of the three methods resulted in similar results, indicating that external flow resistance was small. A comparison with literature data for the same sands, obtained with a constant-flux method, showed differences <9%.
On characterizing the set of possible effective tensors of composites: The variational method and the translation method

A general algebraic framework is developed for characterizing the set of possible effective tensors of composites. A transformation to the polarization-problem simplifies the derivation of the Hashin-Shtrikman variational principles and simplifies the calculation of the effective tensors of laminate materials. A general connection is established between two methods for bounding effective tensors of composites. The first method is based on the variational principles of Hashin and Shtrikman. The second method, due to Tartar, Murat, Lurie, and Cherkaev, uses translation operators or, equivalently, quadratic quasiconvex functions. A correspondence is established between these translation operators and bounding operators on the relevant non-local projection operator, T1. An important class of bounds, namely trace bounds on the effective tensors of two-component media, are given a geometrical interpretation: after a suitable fractional linear transformation of the tensor space each bound corresponds to a tangent plane to the set of possible tensors. A wide class of translation operators that generate these bounds is found. The extremal translation operators in this class incorporate projections onto spaces of antisymmetric tensors. These extremal translations generate attainable trace bounds even when the tensors of the two-components are not well ordered. In particular, they generate the bounds of Walpole on the effective bulk modulus. The variational principles of Gibiansky and Cherkaev for bounding complex effective tensors are reviewed and used to derive some rigorous bounds that generalize the bounds conjectured by Golden and Papanicolaou. An isomorphism is shown to underlie their variational principles. This isomorphism is used to obtain Dirichlet-type variational principles and bounds for the effective tensors of general non-selfadjoint problems. It is anticipated that these variational principles, which stem from the work of Gibiansky and Cherkaev, will have applications in many fields of science.
Electromagnetic Scattering from an Unbonded Retangular Wire Mesh Located near the Air-Ground Interface

Using an earlier numerical formulation, we present results for the reflection characteristics of the wire mesh located just above the air/ground interface. The influence of the various parameters, such as angle of incidence, interwire spacing, wire radii, height of wire mesh, and ground conductivity is investigated. Both square and rectangular meshes are considered. An important finding is that the reflecting efficacy is only slightly degraded when the mesh is moved from, say a height of six wire radii down to a height equal to one wire radius. Farfield radiation patterns for source dipoles of various orientation, located over the mesh, are also calculated. These are compared with the corresponding patterns for a ground surface with no mesh present. The major differences occur at grazing angles, as expected. Also in this region, some of the approximate formulations, such as those based on the average boundary condition techniques used by the Soviets, break down.
Chain Length Dependence of the Striped Phases of Alkanethiol Monolayers Self-Assembled on Au(111): An Atomic Beam Diffraction Study

Low-energy helium atom diffraction measurements of the surface structure of n-alkanethiol films deposited from a molecular beam on to the (111) face of gold single crystals (at an impingement rate ...
Preparation of photo-affinity probes for the insulin receptor site in adipose and liver cell membranes

Abstract The amino groups of insulin have been shown to react under mild conditions with 4-fluoro-3-nitrophenyl azide to yield several derivatives which were isolated in pure form by DEAE-Sephadex chromatography and characterized by amino acid analysis, ultraviolet and visible spectroscopy, deamination, trypsin digestion and by nitrogen evolution upon photolysis. These products were subsequently iodinated with Na 125 I and chloramine T to afford several insulin receptor photoaffinity probes of high specific activity. These products have been shown to retain high biological activity as assayed by their effects on glucose oxidation in isolated fat cells and by radioimmunoassay.
Nuclear transfer into mouse zygotes.

We have previously reported a novel nuclear-transfer technique to clone mice from adult somatic cells1, 2 and late-passage embryonic stem cells3. The method entails the injection of a somatic-cell nucleus into an enucleated, unfertilized oocyte using a piezo-electrically driven micromanipulator. Embryonic development is activated by incubation with strontium chloride one to six hours after nuclear transfer.
Algebraic decoding of the ternary (37, 18, 11) quadratic residue code

The algebraic decoding of binary quadratic residue codes can be performed using the Peterson or the Berlekamp-Massey algorithm once certain unknown syndromes are determined. In this work, the technique of determining unknown syndromes is extended to the ternary case to decode the expurgated ternary quadratic residue code of length 37.
Reference Values for the Marx Activity Rating Scale in a Young Athletic Population: History of Knee Ligament Injury Is Associated With Higher Scores

Background:Activity-related patient-reported outcome measures are an important component of assessment after knee ligament injury in young and physically active patients; however, normative data for most activity scales are limited.Objective:To present reference values by sex for the Marx Activity Rating Scale (MARS) within a young and physically active population while accounting for knee ligament injury history and sex.Study Design:Cross-sectional study.Level of Evidence:Level 2.Methods:All incoming freshman entering a US Service Academy in June of 2011 were recruited to participate in this study. MARS was administered to 1169 incoming freshmen (203 women) who consented to participate within the first week of matriculation. All subjects were deemed healthy and medically fit for military service on admission. Subjects also completed a baseline questionnaire that asked for basic demographic information and injury history. We calculated means with standard deviations, medians with interquartile ranges, and...
Atomic-level robustness of the Si(100)-2×1: H surface following liquid phase chemical treatments in atmospheric pressure environments

The UHV-prepared Si(100)-2×1:H surface is studied at atomic resolution following liquid phase chemical processing under atmospheric pressure conditions. A custom experimental setup, consisting of an UHV scanning tunneling microscope (STM) chamber that is directly interfaced to an inert atmosphere glovebox, facilitates liquid phase chemical processing without exposing the pristine H-passivated surface to ambient air. While in the inert atmosphere, the Si(100)-2×1:H surface is treated with a variety of organic and aqueous solvents. Atomic resolution STM images reveal that the hydrogen passivation remains largely intact after treatments in toluene and dichloromethane. In addition, by minimizing oxygen levels during processing, perturbation to the Si(100)-2×1:H surface can be significantly reduced following exposure to water. These results are potentially useful in the fields of microelectronics and molecular-beam epitaxy, where liquid phase chemical processing is often avoided in an effort to preserve atomically pristine Si(100) surfaces. Furthermore, this study delineates the conditions under which various organic and biological molecules can be delivered to nanopatterned Si(100)-2×1:H surfaces via liquid phase solvents.The UHV-prepared Si(100)-2×1:H surface is studied at atomic resolution following liquid phase chemical processing under atmospheric pressure conditions. A custom experimental setup, consisting of an UHV scanning tunneling microscope (STM) chamber that is directly interfaced to an inert atmosphere glovebox, facilitates liquid phase chemical processing without exposing the pristine H-passivated surface to ambient air. While in the inert atmosphere, the Si(100)-2×1:H surface is treated with a variety of organic and aqueous solvents. Atomic resolution STM images reveal that the hydrogen passivation remains largely intact after treatments in toluene and dichloromethane. In addition, by minimizing oxygen levels during processing, perturbation to the Si(100)-2×1:H surface can be significantly reduced following exposure to water. These results are potentially useful in the fields of microelectronics and molecular-beam epitaxy, where liquid phase chemical processing is often avoided in an effort to preserve atomic...
Genetic and amino-acid analysis of two maize threonine-overproducing, lysine-insensitive aspartate kinase mutants

The aspartate-derived amino-acid pathway leads to the production of the essential amino-acids lysine, methionine, threonine and isoleucine. Aspartate kinase (AK) is the first enzyme in this pathway and exists in isoforms that are feedback inhibited by lysine and threonine. Two maize (Zea mays L.) threonine-overproducing, lysine-insensitive AK mutants (Ask1-LT19 and Ask2-LT20) were previously isolated. The present study was conducted to determine the map location of Ask2 and to examine the amino-acid profiles of the Ask mutants. The threonine-overproducing trait conferred by Ask2-LT20 was mapped to the long arm of chromosome 2. Both mutants exhibited increased free threonine concentrations (nmol/mg dry weight) over wild-type. The percent free threonine increased from approximately 2% in wild-type kernels to 37–54% of the total free amino-acid pool in homozygous mutant kernels. Free methionine concentrations also increased significantly in homozygous mutants. Free lysine concentrations were increased but to a much lesser extent than threonine or methionine. In contrast to previous studies, free aspartate concentrations were observed to decrease, indicating a possible limiting factor in threonine synthesis. Total (free plus protein-bound) amino-acid analyses demonstrated a consistent, significant increase in threonine, methionine and lysine concentrations in the homozygous mutants. Significant increases in protein-bound (total minus free) threonine, methionine and lysine were observed in the Ask mutants, indicating adequate protein sinks to incorporate the increased free amino-acid concentrations. Total amino-acid contents (nmol/kernel) were approximately the same for mutant and wild-type kernels. In five inbred lines both Ask mutations conferred the threonine-overproducing phenotype, indicating high expressivity in different genetic backgrounds. These analyses are discussed in the context of the regulation of the aspartate-derived amino-acid pathway.
Diabetic nephropathy: natural history and declining incidence in diabetic children.

Abstract This report reviews data regarding diabetic nephropathy and proliferative retinopathy (PR) that were derived from three inception cohorts of insulin dependent diabetics (IDDM) under the age of 21 years at the onset of diabetes mellitus in the index years 1939, 1949, and 1959. Nephropathy occurred in only a subsegment of this population and was age dependent rather than dependent on the duration of diabetes. It occured earlier and was more aggressive in those with poorer control of the diabetes. The cumulative incidence of nephropathy decreased significantly between 1939 and the 1949 and 1959 cohorts. Possible reasons for this decline are discussed. Similarities and differences between the occurrence of nephropathy and PR are reviewed. The findings suggest that different etiologic factors are involved in the pathogenesis of these two microvascular complications.
A two-scale mixing formulation for the atmospheric boundary layer

This study compares different simple mixing schemes for one-dimensional models and then focuses on the two-scale mixing approach. Two-scale mixing consists of local diffusion between adjacent grid levels and nonlocal mixing over the bulk of the boundary layer (nonlocal mixing). The latter represents nonlocal mixing by the boundary-layer scale eddies. A common example of two-scale mixing is the formulation of the turbulent heat transport in terms of an eddy diffusivity to represent small-scale diffusion and a “countergradient correction” to represent boundary-layer scale transport. Most existing two-scale approaches are applied to heat and moisture transport while momentum transport is simultaneously parameterized only in terms of a local diffusivity without nonlocal mixing. This study attempts to correct this inconsistency.
Synthesis and Self-Assembly of New Poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(ester-sulfide) Dendrimers

The design and synthesis of novel copolymers which consist of a linear methoxypoly(ethylene glycol) block and a dendrimeric poly(ester-sulfide) block with potential applications in drug delivery are described. The copolymers bear hydroxyl or alkene functional groups and were prepared via a divergent approach using readily available methoxypoly(ethylene glycol) (mPEG), 4-pentenoyl chloride and 3-mercapto-1,2-propanediol as building blocks. One copolymer (G3.5) with alkene chain ends was functionalized with N-acetyl-L-cysteine. The compounds prepared in this work were characterized by NMR spectroscopy and MALDI-TOF. In the preparation of these dendrimers no repetitive protection-deprotection cycles were necessary, and the purification steps consisted of only washing the reaction mixture with aqueous solutions and precipitation of the product in diethyl ether, allowing easy access to these polymers. Micelle formation for polymers of generations 3.0 and 3.5 was investigated by encapsulation of the fluorescent...
Managerial Strategies and the Worker: a Marxist Analysis of Bureaucracy*

Systematic study of the sociology of organizations is almost absent in both the classical and modern Marxist traditions. Although some recent studies in the Marxist tradition show considerable prom...
Teaching as a Transformational Experience

This article examines how to engage students in making transformative change through reflective practice. Transformational learning is a term that describes the process by which a person ponders on what they are learning. This leads them to contemplate their belief systems from personal experience, critical reflection, and rational discourse that help them to identify, assess, and reformulate key assumptions on which their perspectives are constructed. Reflective practice can help a person to expand existing points of view, establish new points of view, transform a point of view, or become aware of the impact that bias can have on one's view of groups unlike oneself.
Electronic excitations and the compressibility of deuterium

We propose an explanation of the large compressibility of deuterium observed in recent laser shock experiments, as inferred from large-scale first-principles simulations. Contrary to usual assumptions about dynamical compression of matter, we found that electronic excitations can occur during shock propagation in fluid deuterium. Their origin is traceable to nonadiabatic processes caused by transitions through avoided crossings near the Fermi level as the liquid is impacted by the shock front. Our results indicate that the observed large compressibility is determined by shock-induced electronic excitations and does not arise from new equilibrium properties of hydrogen in the liquid state.
NATIONWIDE TRENDS IN HEALTHCARE ASSOCIATED PNEUMONIA IN ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION HOSPITALIZATIONS 2004-2011

Patients hospitalized for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) are at high risk of health-care associated pneumonia (HCAP). We sought to study trends in the incidence, clinical and economic outcomes of AMI hospitalizations with a secondary diagnosis of HCAP. We used the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (
Effect of environment, conformation, sequence and base substituents on the imino proton exchange rates in guanine and inosine-containing DNA, RNA, and DNA-RNA duplexes.

Abstract High-resolution 1H nuclear magnetic resonance in H2O has been used to study the effect of sequence, conformation, environmental factors and base substituents on the exchange behavior of the hydrogen-bonded imino protons of guainine · cytosine and inosine · cytosine base-pairs in DNA, RNA and DNA-RNA duplexes. The exchange rates were determined by measurement of the spin-lattice relaxation rates of the imino protons as a function of temperature. The exchange was not altered by the presence of high concentrations of salt, and the inability of phosphate to catalyze the exchange indicates that the exchange is limited by formation of a solvent-accessible “open” state. The exchange behavior depends on the duplex conformation and sequence. Exchange from the Z form polymers was orders of magnitude slower than the corresponding duplexes in the B conformation, and the A form RNA duplexes exchanged more slowly than the B form DNA polymers with the same sequence. The exchange behavior of the DNA-RNA hybrids was dependent on whether the purine or the pyrimidine strand contained the deoxyribose sugar. For both the guanine and inosine-containing duplexes, the homopolymer duplexes exchange more slowly than the more stable alternating copolymers. For the alternating duplexes, substitution of cytosine with 5-bromo- or 5-methylcytosine slowed the exchange and increased the activation energy for exchange. The inosine-containing duplexes exchanged more rapidly than the guanosine-containing duplexes, but both showed similar changes in exchange behavior in response to changes in sequence and base substituents. The activation energies for base-pair opening in B form DNA are correlated with the van der Waals contribution to the base-base interaction energy, suggesting that the purine base is partially unstacked in the open state. Using the relaxation measurements to set an upper limit on the exchange rate in poly(dG-dC) and the tritium exchange behavior at low temperature, we find that even though Z-DNA exchanges very slowly, the activation energy is similar to that observed in the A and B form duplexes, suggesting that exchange occurs from a similar open state.
Chemical electrode surface plasmon resonance sensor

The first experimental results are presented for a device that combines a surface plasmon resonance sensor with the technique of anodic stripping voltammetry. Concentrations of 10 ppm Cu and 13.76 ppm Pb are selectively detected by the surface plasmon resonance sensor in a 0.05 M acetate buffer solution. Standard current versus voltage electrochemical measurements are presented for comparison with the surface plasmon resonance data. The potential advantages and limitations of using surface plasmon resonance electrochemical sensors are discussed.
Caudal epidural blockade for major orthopedic hip surgery in adolescents.

Background: There continues to be a significant focus on the value of regional and neuraxial anesthesia techniques for adjunctive use when combined with general anesthesia. The reported advantages include decreased patient opiate exposure, decreased medication-related adverse effects, decreased postanesthesia recovery room time and hospital stay, and increased patient satisfaction. Materials and Methods: The authors present a case-controlled series evaluating the use of a single caudal epidural injection prior to incision as an adjunct to general anesthesia for the open repair of slipped capital femoral epiphysis. Opiate consumption, pain scores, and hospital stay were compared between the two cohorts of 16 adolescent patients. All patients received a demand-only patient-controlled opiate delivery system. Results: Although the failed block rate was high (31%), there was decreased opioid use in the perioperative arena as well as during the first 24 postoperative hours in patients who had a successful caudal epidural block. Furthermore, discharge home was possible in 27% of patients who received a caudal epidural block compared to 0% of patients who did not receive a caudal block. Conclusion: The potential utility of caudal epidural block as an adjunct to general anesthesia during major hip surgery in adolescents is presented. Factors resulting in a failed block in this patient population as well as the use of the ultrasound as an added modality to increase block success are reviewed.
Strategies for Reforming Metropolitan Schools

Seventeen years after Coleman there is new information and strategy for the improvement of the performance of city schools.
Binding of water and solute to DNA

Abstract Suitable modification of a simple theory of solvent and solute binding by biopolymers previously published has been made to accomodate an isopiestic study of DNA. The water and solute binding by DNA in the presence of solute concentrations in excess of 1 m have been made for LiCl, NaCl, KCl, CsCl, MgCl 2 , NaBr, NaI, NaClO 4 , NaCNS, Na 2 SO 4 , urea, and sucrose. LiCl dehydrates DNA almost completely whereas Na 2 SO 4 greatly increases the hydration of DNA. In presence of high concentrations of NaCl, KCl and CsCl, a nucleotide of DNA is able to bind respectively 6, 5, and 3 molecules of water. The number of H 2 O molecules bound per nucleotide ranges from 2 to 4, in presence of NaCNS, NaBr, NaI, and NaClO 4 . The water binding to DNA seems to be least affected in presence of urea. With the exception of MgCl 2 , the mean moles of solute bound to DNA polyion are indeed very small. The contribution of DNA to the vapor pressure has been estimated from the measurement of swelling pressure of DNA gel in presence of various solutes used.
Electrical, Optical and Thermofluidic Chip I/O Interconnections

This paper describes microscale fluidic chip I/O interconnects to enable the delivery of a coolant from substratelevel fluidic channels to a CMOS chip with an integrated silicon microchannel heat sink. It is shown that the fluidic I/Os are flip-chip compatible and can be assembled simultaneously with C4 bumps. The cooling of >300 W/cm 2 is demonstrated using the microfluidic chip I/Os. Their compatibility with optical I/Os and the mechanical compliance characterization of the optical I/Os are also described. Experimental research is reported in the fabrication, assembly, and testing of a chip with electrical and fluidic I/O interconnects.
Career Involvement and Job Satisfaction as Related to Job Strain and Marital Satisfaction of Teachers and Their Spouses.

The purpose of this research was to study dual-employed couples examining the relation ship between the variables of job strain, job satisfaction, and marital satisfaction, controlling for different employment orientations (work vs. career). Seventy-nine married couples from a random sample of 200 Wisconsin home economics teachers and their spouses provided the self-report data for analysis. No significant differences were found between teachers and spouses who are highly involved in their careers and those who are work oriented on the variables of job strain, job satisfaction, and marital satisfaction. Analysis did reveal a signif icant positive relationship between job satisfaction and marital satisfaction and a significant negative relationship between job strain and job satisfaction for the couples in this study.
Discovery of drugs that possess activity against feline leukemia virus

Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) is a gammaretrovirus that is a significant cause of neoplastic-related disorders affecting cats worldwide. Treatment options for FeLV are limited, associated with serious side effects, and can be cost-prohibitive. The development of drugs used to treat a related retrovirus, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), has been rapid, leading to the approval of five drug classes. Although structural differences affect the susceptibility of gammaretroviruses to anti-HIV drugs, the similarities in mechanism of replication suggest that some anti-HIV-1 drugs may also inhibit FeLV. This study demonstrates the anti-FeLV activity of four drugs approved by the US FDA (Food and Drug Administration) at non-toxic concentrations. Of these, tenofovir and raltegravir are anti-HIV-1 drugs, while decitabine and gemcitabine are approved to treat myelodysplastic syndromes and pancreatic cancer, respectively, but also have anti-HIV-1 activity in cell culture. Our results indicate that these drugs may be useful for FeLV treatment and should be investigated for mechanism of action and suitability for veterinary use.
Gamma-carboxyglutamate in normal and pathological human middle ear bones.

The presence of the amino acid γ-carboxyglutamate (GLA) was established in human middle ear bones. Proteins containing GLA have been described as being associated with normal as well as pathological calcifications. The GLA content of human incus, malleus, and stapes with 1–2 nmol/mg bone is in the range previously reported for a variety of bone. A limited number of samples with middle ear pathology, including otosclerosis, did not show altered GLA levels.
Motion deblurring using hybrid imaging

Motion blur due to camera motion can significantly degrade the quality of an image. Since the path of the camera motion can be arbitrary, deblurring of motion blurred images is a hard problem. Previous methods to deal with this problem have included blind restoration of motion blurred images, optical correction using stabilized lenses, and special CMOS sensors that limit the exposure time in the presence of motion. In this paper, we exploit the fundamental tradeoff between spatial resolution and temporal resolution to construct a hybrid camera that can measure its own motion during image integration. The acquired motion information is used to compute a point spread function (PSF) that represents the path of the camera during integration. This PSF is then used to deblur the image. To verify the feasibility of hybrid imaging for motion deblurring, we have implemented a prototype hybrid camera. This prototype system was evaluated in different indoor and outdoor scenes using long exposures and complex camera motion paths. The results show that, with minimal resources, hybrid imaging outperforms previous approaches to the motion blur problem.
Relationship between field resistance to Phytophthora ramorum and constitutive phenolic chemistry of coast live oak

Sudden oak death, caused by Phytophthora ramorum, has resulted in high levels of coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia Nee (CLO) mortality. However, some CLO survive in areas with high disease pressure and may thus be resistant. We tested the hypothesis that such field resistant trees contain constitutively higher levels of phenolics than susceptible trees. Phloem was sampled from the trunks of two groups of trees (one previously inoculated, one naturally infected with P. ramorum) categorized over the course of several years as putatively resistant (PR, no symptoms), in remission (IR, showed symptoms but then recovered), and symptomatic (S). Individual and total soluble phenolics from these trees were quantified. There were no significant differences in individual or total soluble phenolics between groups of naturally infected trees. However, inoculated PR and IR trees were characterized by higher constitutive levels of total phenolics, as well as ellagic acid and tyrosol hexoside pentoside, than S trees. Threshold concentrations that predicted an individual tree’s response to inoculation with P. ramorum were determined using logistic regression analysis for ellagic acid, tyrosol hexoside pentoside, and total phenolics. The identification of low molecular weight compounds (biomarkers) associated with resistance may lead to minimally invasive assays for assessing the response of individual coast live oaks or populations to P. ramorum. The ability to identify resistant trees prior to the arrival of the pathogen increases the options for managing threatened forests, e.g., by protecting highly resistant stands from logging, fire, and development.
Electrostatically Driven Creep in Viscoelastic Dielectric Elastomers

We utilize a nonlinear, dynamic finite element model coupled with a finite deformation viscoelastic constitutive law to study the inhomogeneous deformation and instabilities resulting from the application of a constant voltage to dielectric elastomers. The constant voltage loading is used to study electrostatically driven creep and the resulting electromechanical instabilities for two different cases that have all been experimentally observed, i.e., electromechanical snap-through instability and bursting drops in a dielectric elastomer. We find that in general, increasing the viscoelastic relaxation time leads to an increase in time needed to nucleate the electromechanical instability. However, we find for these two cases that the time needed to nucleate the instability scales with the relaxation time. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4025999]
Imaging remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton in vascular smooth muscle cells after mechanosensitive arteriolar constriction

Experiments were performed to determine whether remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton contributes to arteriolar constriction. Mouse tail arterioles were mounted on cannulae in a myograph and superfu...
Test Methods for Characterizing Air Void Systems in Portland Cement Pervious Concrete

Portland cement pervious concrete is becoming a common tool for stormwater management across the United States. The air void system in pervious concrete is particularly important because of its effect on stormwater infiltration, concrete strength, and long-term durability. However, currently the concrete industry lacks standardized testing techniques for characterizing air void systems in pervious concrete. In this paper a series of air system characterization tests performed during a field placement of pervious concrete is detailed, and the test results are compared. Fresh pervious concrete samples from two delivered mixtures were evaluated using pressure, volumetric, Chace, and air void analyzer air test methods. The hardened concrete samples were tested for water-permeable void content, water permeability, air voids (using ASTM Standard C457 method), and freeze-thaw durability (using ASTM Standard C666A method). Based on the results of the study, determination of air systems for the freeze-thaw protection of pervious concrete is proposed.
Dobutamine-Induced Fever and Isolated Eosinophilic Myocarditis in a 66-Year-Old Male Awaiting Heart Transplantation: A Case Report

A 66-year-old male with non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy who presented for decompensated heart failure and heart transplant evaluation had to be temporarily delisted from the transplant list due to fever. No infectious source was identified and drug fever was suspected. Dobutamine was discontinued and his fever subsequently defervesced. He eventually received an orthotopic heart transplantation without complication. Explanted heart showed eosinophilic myocarditis with pathologic features consistent with a drug-induced pattern of myocarditis. Throughout the hospital course, he did not develop peripheral blood eosinophilia to suggest eosinophilic myocarditis. The importance of this report is to have a greater awareness of dobutamine-induced fever and eosinophilic myocarditis even in patients without peripheral eosinophilia. In febrile patients receiving prolonged dobutamine infusion with no other evidence of infection, consideration should be given to discontinuing dobutamine or switching to an alternative inotrope such as milrinone.
Prevalence and Significance of Spontaneous Thrombolysis in Transmural Myocardial Infarction

To define the prevalence and significance of spontaneous thrombolysis, we studied 36 patients during early transmural myocardial infarction and later after recovery from the acute event. Of the 36 patients studied, 29 demonstrated persistent coronary occlusion. Of these 29 patients, 17 demonstrated persistent occlusion on repeat coronary arteriography and left ventriculography. Twelve of the patients were found to have undergone spontaneous reperfusion. Within the persistent occlusion group there was little improvement in regional function, while the spontaneous reperfusion group frequently demonstrated significant improvement in regional function. This occurred whether the infarction was anterior or inferior. Despite the improvement in regional function, both the persistent occlusion group and spontaneous reperfusion patients demonstrated inconsistent regional performance {i.e., some patients improved despite persistent occlusion while some did not despite demonstrating spontaneous reperfusion). Importantly, even though spontaneous reperfusion was associated with improvement in global and regional function, the measurements at restudy did not yield values that were consistently a major improvement over the persistent occlusion group. This may have occurred because of the relatively small numbers in the study and because the spontaneous reperfusion group frequently demonstrated myocardial infarction (MI) measurements that were more depressed than those of the persistent occlusion group. We conclude that spontaneous recanalisation occurs in approximately 40 per cent of patients who demonstrate total coronary occlusion during the early hours of acute transmural myocardial infarction and that some contractile deficit persists even when spontaneous recanalisation is achieved.
The Negro and Florida Politics, 1944-1954

IN THE EXCITEMENT over the Supreme Court's recent decision against segregation in the public schools another important landmark in the history of the South has been overlooked: 1954 also marked the tenth anniversary of the historic Smitk v. AllwrigktL decision which spelled the beginning of the end for the "white primary." With the current discussion of widespread changes or of violent reaction due to the school decision it is doubly interesting to trace the result of federal court intervention to secure Negro rights in the political sphere.2 This study seeks to show what effect the 1944 court decision has had in one southern state, the role which the Negroes of that state have assumed as voters, and the consequences of these changes on the use of the Negro as a political issue. The choice of Florida as a laboratory for the study of Negro voting is not accidental. Although a comprehensive survey of the whole South would obviously be desirable, Florida is the only state in the South which publishes registration figures broken down by race for each party.3 Without the basic information as to how many Negroes