cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
'Humanitarianism That Harms': A Critique of NGO Charity in Southern Sudan

The proliferation of intra‐state conflicts is challenging those international agencies which, directly or indirectly, offer assistance to people affected by disasters. International interventions in intra‐state conflicts have become more complex, and the humanitarian mandate of such agencies has expanded beyond emergency relief interventions. Some agencies now insist, not only they must do something to relieve the effects of armed conflicts, but that they must also build the capacity of the local communities. This is a challenge, not only for the relief and development community, but also for a growing number of nongovernmental organisations (NGOs) which offer assistance in the field generically referred to as grassroots community‐based programmes. NGOs, consistent with globalisation, have emerged and filled the vacuum as viable institutions for humanitarian relief aid. However, the notion that NGOs are particularly well equipped and perhaps better equipped than donor governments and International Organis...
Some Initial Steps Toward Improving the Measurement of Ethical Evaluations of Marketing Activities

This study reports on the development of scale items derived from the pluralistic moral philosophy literature. In addition, the manner in which individuals combine aspects of the different philosophies in making ethical evaluations was explored.
Speech — the heart of the core curriculum

(1940). Speech — the heart of the core curriculum. Quarterly Journal of Speech: Vol. 26, No. 3, pp. 367-377.
Synthetic biomimetic hydrogels incorporated with ephrin-A1 for therapeutic angiogenesis.

Eph receptors and ephrin ligands are essential for vascular development and angiogenic remodeling. In this work, we developed biomimetic poly(ethylene glycol)-diacrylate hydrogels incorporated with ephrin-A1 and examined their angiogenic properties. Ephrin-A1 was covalently immobilized on the surface of hydrogels by chemical modification and photopolymerization. Ephrin-A1 immobilized on hydrogels was found to retain its capacity to stimulate endothelial cell adhesion in a dose-dependent manner as similar findings were observed on polystyrene culture wells pre-adsorbed with ephrin-A1. Cell adhesion stimulated by ephrin-A1 was abolished by treatment with soluble RGDS and anti-aνβ3 integrin but not anti-aνβ5 integrin antibodies, suggesting that ephrin-A1 activates cell adhesion through aνβ3 integrins. Also, surface immobilized ephrin-A1 was found to induce endothelial tubule formation with luminal diameters ranging 5−30 μm on hydrogels. The results of these studies demonstrate that pro-angiogenic properties ...
Esophageal Dysmotility in Patients Who Have Eosinophilic Esophagitis

The understanding of esophageal motility alterations in patients who have eosinophilic esophagitis (EE) is in its infancy despite the common presenting complaint of dysphagia. A diversity of motility disorders has been reported in patients who have EE including achalasia, diffuse esophageal spasm, nutcracker esophagus, and nonspecific motility alterations including high-amplitude esophageal body contractions, tertiary contractions, abnormalities in lower esophageal sphincter pressure, and other peristaltic problems. Some evidence suggests that treatment of EE will improve motility. Technological advances such as high-resolution manometry and combined manometry with impedance may provide new insight into more subtle motility abnormalities.
Cytokine-based therapies for Crohn's disease--new paradigms.

Crohn's disease is one of two idiopathic inflammatory bowel diseases that affect approximately 1 million people in North America. Despite important advances in diagnosis and treatment in recent years, the underlying cause of the disease remains unclear. As a result, the available therapies are not curative and may pose a substantial risk of side effects. A current theory regarding the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease suggests that there is an overly aggressive immune response against commensal bacteria in a genetically predisposed person. In this context, the activation of lymphocytes and the overexpression of inflammatory cytokines represent a common effector mechanism leading . . .
Effects of growth in family conflict in adolescence on adult depressive symptoms: mediating and moderating effects of stress and school bonding.

Abstract Purpose To (1) examine growth in family conflict during adolescence as a predictor of depressive symptoms in early adulthood, (2) examine adult stressful life events as a possible mechanism linking prior family conflict with depressive symptoms, and (3) examine adolescent school bonding as a possible moderator of family conflict and stressful life events in relation to later depression. Methods Analyses used a latent variable growth curve modeling approach to examine longitudinal patterns in data from the Seattle Social Development Project. Assessments of a gender-balanced and ethnically diverse sample of 754 participants were conducted from age 10 to age 27. Results Results show an increase in conflict each year between ages 14 and 18 for participating youth. High initial levels and growth in family conflict predicted adult stressful life events, which, in turn, predicted adult depressive symptoms, controlling for earlier risks of poverty and internalizing problems. Bonding to school in mid-adolescence did not significantly change the associations among the variables in the model. Conclusions Inhibiting the growth in family conflict over the course of adolescence may reduce the risk for some life stresses linked to depression in early adulthood. Although a test of the protective influence of school bonding during mid-adolescence was not significant, the study offers an example of how longitudinal patterns and protective factors can be analyzed.
Who adopts improved fuels and cookstoves? A systematic review.

Background: The global focus on improved cookstoves (ICSs) and clean fuels has increased because of their potential for delivering triple dividends: household health, local environmental quality, and regional climate benefits. However, ICS and clean fuel dissemination programs have met with low rates of adoption. Objectives: We reviewed empirical studies on ICSs and fuel choice to describe the literature, examine determinants of fuel and stove choice, and identify knowledge gaps. Methods: We conducted a systematic review of the literature on the adoption of ICSs or cleaner fuels by households in developing countries. Results are synthesized through a simple vote-counting meta-analysis. Results: We identified 32 research studies that reported 146 separate regression analyses of ICS adoption (11 analyses) or fuel choice (135 analyses) from Asia (60%), Africa (27%), and Latin America (19%). Most studies apply multivariate regression methods to consider 7–13 determinants of choice. Income, education, and urban location were positively associated with adoption in most but not all studies. However, the influence of fuel availability and prices, household size and composition, and sex is unclear. Potentially important drivers such as credit, supply-chain strengthening, and social marketing have been ignored. Conclusions: Adoption studies of ICSs or clean energy are scarce, scattered, and of differential quality, even though global distribution programs are quickly expanding. Future research should examine an expanded set of contextual variables to improve implementation of stove programs that can realize the “win-win-win” of health, local environmental quality, and climate associated with these technologies.
The effect of li on the high temperature oxidation of Fe-25 Cr alloy

Abstract Controlled additions of 0·1 and 0·5 wt% Li were made to an Fe-25 wt% Cr alloy by melting under argon pressurized to several atmospheres. Although the Li was primarily present at grain boundaries, the alloys were quite ductile. Over the range 1000 to 1360°C, the oxidation resistance of the alloys was markedly improved by the Li. Up through 1200°C, two-stage oxidation kinetics were observed; at 1300 and 1360°C, modified parabolic kinetics resulted. The oxide scales were dense, compact, and non-spalling.
Morphodynamics and pathology of blood vessels II. Morphodynamic study of constriction of umbilical blood vessels and its application to coronary artery disease

The morphodynamic changes of the umbilical artery from full distension to total occlusion within 45 seconds of delivery is very striking. On gross examination, the constricted artery shows a small, round, outer contour and reduced external diameter. On microscopic examination, it shows a small, compressed or completely obliterated lumen with an irregular wavy luminal outline, plump endothelial cells with ovoid nuclei, remodeling of the inner muscle layer with smooth muscle cells reoriented towards the luminal center, wrinkled elastic fibrils dispersed in the inner muscle layer and/or wrinkled thick internal elastic lamina, contracted smooth muscle cells with plump cellular outline and squeezed nuclear deformity, and thickened muscle bundles. A total occlusion of the umbilical arterial lumen is accomplished by maximal contraction of smooth muscle cells in the outer muscle layer. This contraction creates thick muscle bundles, generates a constrictive force to reduce the outer circumference and external diameter, and then causes the inward projection of the inner muscle layer to obliterate the lumen. The morphological changes of smooth muscle cells and the remodeling of the arterial wall by muscle contraction and constriction can also be found in the coronary arteries of patients who died of occlusive coronary artery disease. Coronary artery constriction or spasm can cause (1) remodeling of soft atheromatous plaques, resulting in nonthrombotic occlusion; (2) volcano-like eruption of soft atheromatous plaques, resulting in thrombus formation; and (3) tearing of the nonatherosclerotic arterial wall, resulting in dissection and compressive hematoma in the arterial wall.
All plane domains are Banach-Stein

In this short note we show, by using the $$\tfrac{1}{4}$$ -Theorem of Koebe-Bieberbach, that every domain in ℂ is Banach-Stein in the sense of G. Fischer and, as a consequence, a holomorphic fiber bundle over a Stein space whose fiber is an open subset of ℂ is Stein.
Structural Characterization of Clusters Formed from Alkyl Nitriles and the Methyl Cation

Cluster ions composed of the alkyl nitriles, acetonitrile (CH3CN) and butyronitrile (C3H7CN), and the methyl cation (CH3+) have been examined in an effort to study methyl cation affinities and the intrinsic nucleophilicity of these bases. Structural characterization of the gas-phase dimeric adduct ions was achieved via multiple stage mass spectrometry (MSn) experiments and by quantum mechanical calculations. The kinetic method was used as a diagnostic tool in determining the structure of the dimeric adduct: the results of tandem mass spectrometry (MS2) experiments are found to provide ratios which exclude loosely bonded dimers based on the thermochemistry of the constituent monomers, and which are consistent with a mixture of noninterconverting covalently bonded structures predicted by ab initio calculations. These clusters are bound such that one nitrile is N-methylated and the second nitrile is bound covalently to the carbon of the methylated cyano group. Collision-induced dissociation of this cluster ...
Comparative survival following permanent ventricular and dual-chamber pacing for patients with chronic symptomatic sinus node dysfunction with and without congestive heart failure

To determine whether survival following permanent ventricular demand pacing differs from survival following permanent dual-chamber pacing in patients with symptomatic sinus node dysfunction (unexplained sinus bradycardia, subsidiary rhythms, sinus arrest, sinoatrial block, or the bradycardia/tachycardia syndrome), we followed 79 patients who received a VVI pacemaker (group 1) and 49 patients who received a DVI or DDD pacemaker (group 2) for 1 to 5 years. There was no significant difference in sex distribution, mean age, or the incidence of coronary heart disease, hypertension, valvular heart disease, diabetes mellitus, stroke, or renal failure between groups 1 and 2. Overall, the predicted cumulative survival rates at 1, 3, and 5 years were 89%, 82%, and 74%, respectively, for group 1 and 94%, 86%, and 78%, respectively, for group 2. In patients with preexistent congestive heart failure (CHF), predicted cumulative survival rates at 1, 3, and 5 years were 78%, 69%, and 57%, respectively, for group 1 (n = 23) and 90%, 83%, and 75%, respectively, for group 2 (n = 16). Five-year predicted cumulative survival was significantly lower in group 1 patients with CHF than in group 2 patients with CHF (p less than 0.03). There was no significant difference in 5-year cumulative survival rates between groups 1 and 2 in patients without CHF. The results suggest that permanent dual-chamber pacing enhances survival to a greater extent than permanent ventricular demand pacing in patients with chronic symptomatic sinus node dysfunction and CHF.
Habits of the Home: Spatial Hegemony and the Structuration of House and Society in Brazil

This article examines the relation between spatial structure and social practice in a Brazilian fishing town. The sociospatial division of the Brazilian house into rooms with distinct social functions and role relationships helps to define the domestic practices of the family members and socializes them into a conception of social interaction that influences their economic and public practices outside the home. However, the hegemony of this domestic sociospatial structure is not autonomous, but rather stands in dynamic interaction with the public and economic dimensions of the household's reproduction in society. A comparison between canoe fishermen and boat fishermen demonstrates that their different involvement in the economic and public domains of the town affects their interpretation of the architectural structure of the house and differentiates their domestic practices.
Energy loss and straggling measurements of ions in solid absorbers

Abstract Measurements of the transmitted energy straggling and energy loss are made for 7 and 14 MeV hydrogen, 21 and 28 MeV lithium and 42 and 49 MeV carbon ion beams incident on C, Al, Ti, Ni, Ag, W and Au foils using a silicon surface barrier detector. Film thicknesses ranged from a few to hundreds of microns. The energy and Z2 dependence of the stopping power is investigated for each ion species. The experimental straggling widths are plotted as a function of the energy loss and compared to theoretical predictions.
Targeted cytotoxic luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (lh-rh) analogs inhibit growth of estrogen independent Mxt mouse mammary cancers in vivo by decreasing cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis

Tumor inhibitory action and the optimal dosage regimens of highly potent targeted cytotoxic luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LH-RH) analogs containing doxorubicin (DOX) or 2-pyrrolino-DOX (AN-201) were tested in female BDF mice bearing estrogen independent MXT mouse mammary cancers. The effects were compared to those obtained with the cytotoxic radicals DOX or AN-201 alone. Analog AN-207, formed by linking 2-pyrrolino-DOX to [D-Lys6]LH-RH, and analog AN-152, produced by conjugation of DOX to the same carrier, given i.p. as a single injection or repeatedly 2 days apart at their maximum tolerated doses (MTDs) resulted in a 89-93% inhibition of tumor growth. Equimolar amounts of the cytotoxic radicals were toxic. AN-207 and AN-152 likewise had stronger tumor inhibitory effects than their respective cytotoxic radicals AN-201 or DOX alone, when compared at the lower doses corresponding to MTDs of the radicals. Histological evaluation indicated that decreased cell proliferation (shown by mitotic index and AgNOR counts) as well as increased apoptosis (demonstrated by histological and biochemical methods) both contributed to tumor suppression caused by the cytotoxic hormone analogs. Specific, high-affinity LH-RH receptors were present on MXT tumor samples of control untreated mice, but no binding sites for LH-RH could be found on tumor membranes after treatment with the cytotoxic LH-RH analogs. The results suggest that these powerful targeted cytotoxic LH-RH analogs could be considered for treatment of human mammary cancers having receptors for LH-RH.
Central nervous system mediation of positive and negative reinforcement in neonatal albino rats.

Abstract Two classes of affective behaviors served as assays for central opioid mediation of affect during development. On the positive side, we found that 5-day-old rats came to prefer a novel odor that predicted the delivery of morphine intracerebroventricularly, thereby replicating previous findings with peripheral morphine. Moreover, central naltrexone blocked the odor preference formation associated with peripheral morphine. In examining responses to pain and stress, we found that central morphine decreased sensitivity to pain, as measured by paw withdrawal to heat and decreased ultrasonic vocalizations during isolation. Conversely, naltrexone delivered intracerebrally increased sensitivity to a painful stimulus and markedy increased distress vocalizations relative to untreated isolates. Thus, the present results imply that central opioid systems are functional behaviorally in neonatal rats mediating affective responses.
The SCF ubiquitin ligase: insights into a molecular machine

Ubiquitin ligases are well suited to regulate molecular networks that operate on a post-translational timescale. The F-box family of proteins - which are the substrate-recognition components of the Skp1-Cul1-F-box-protein (SCF) ubiquitin ligase - are important players in many mammalian functions. Here we explore a unifying and structurally detailed view of SCF-mediated proteolytic control of cellular processes that has been revealed by recent studies.
Effect of weave tightness and structure on the in-plane and through-plane air permeability of woven carbon fibers for gas diffusion layers

In this study, woven gas diffusion layers (GDLs) with varying weave type and tightness are investigated. Plain and twill weave patterns were manufactured in-house. The in-plane and through-plane air permeability of the woven samples were tested, and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) tests were performed to study the pore structure. It was found that the twill weave has a higher permeability than the plain weave, which is consistent with literature. Like non-woven carbon papers, woven GDLs have higher in-plane permeability than through-plane permeability; however it has been shown that it is possible to manufacture a GDL with higher through-plane permeability than in-plane permeability. It was also concluded that the percentage of macropores in the weave is the driving factor in determining the through-plane air permeability. This work lays the groundwork for future studies to attempt to characterize the relationship between the weave structure and the air permeability in woven GDLs.
A Comprehensive Study of the Relation Between Serum Concentrations, Concentration Ratios, and Level/Dose Ratios of Carbamazepine and Its Metabolites with Age, Weight, Dose, and Clearances in Epileptic Children

Summary: We made a comprehensive study of the relation between age, weight, carbamazepine (CBZ) dose, total clearance (TC), and intrinsic clearance (IC) and concentrations, concentration ratios, and level/dose ratios of CBZ, carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide (CBZ-E) and trans-10,11-dihydroxy-10,11-dihydro-carbamazepine (CBZ-H) in a group of epileptic children receiving CBZ monotherapy. Body weight and age showed negative correlations with TC, IC, CBZ dose, and CBZ-E/CBZ and CBZ-HI CBZ concentration ratios, and had positive relation with CBZ, CBZ-E, and CBZ-H level/dose ratios. These results indicate decreased CBZ metabolism with patient maturity. Correlations between CBZ dose with TC, IC, and the concentration ratios of CBZ-E/CBZ, CBZ-H/CBZ-E, and CBZ-H/CBZ were positive. CBZ dose also had negative associations with CBZ and CBZ-E level/dose ratios, indicating dose-dependent autoinduction of CBZ metabolism. Our data suggest that weight, age, and CBZ dose have less influence on epoxidehydrolase activities than on epoxidase activities. The CBZ-E/CBZ concentration ratio can be used as an indicator of the degree of autoinduction of CBZ metdbohn, even in patients receiving CBZ monotherapy.
An entanglement model for the dependence of fracture surface energy on molecular weight

Over the last decade, empirical evidence has indicated that the effective surface energy γ associated with the fracture of noncrystalline is a linear function of the reciprocal of the viscosity–average molecular weight: . For poly(methyl methacrylate), data of J. P. Berry, G. C. Berry and Fox show that gamma; ∼ 0 at about the same value of Mv that corresponds to the polymer chain-entanglement length. From this fact, we have developed an entanglement network model for fracture, that bears a resemblance to F. Bueche's entanglement model for the melt viscosity of bulk polymers. Our model allows for the expression of the previously empirical constants, γ∞ and b, in terms of molecular parameters: and where Mn and Mf are the number-average molecular weights of the polymer and of the free chain ends, Mv is the viscosity-average molecular weight, γs is the average fracture-energy per entanglement in the craze volume, As is the average cross-sectional area of the polymer chain, Zc and ρc are the thickness and density of crazed material on the fracture surface, respectively; Ms is the average strand molecular weight between entanglements, and NA is AvogadrO's number.
CPP-VPO, dynamic light scattering, and transient electric birefringence studies of reverse micellar aggregates of the separated p-tert-OPEn(n = 5, 7, and 9) components of Triton X-100 in cyclohexane

Reverse micelles and w/o microemulsions of three of the individual separated polyoxyethylene p-tert-octylphenyl ether (OPEn, n = 5, 7, and 9) components of Triton X-100 are investigated in cyclohexane by controlled partial pressure−vapor pressure osmometry (CPP−VPO), dynamic light scattering, and transient electric birefringence methods. The mean aggregation number N, apparent hydrodynamic diameter Dh and the probable shape of the aggregates are determined as a function of water content wo, temperature, and the concentrations of the surfactant and a cosurfactant (n-hexanol), if added. The effects of the length of the hydrophilic chain of the surfactant and the presence of a cosurfactant (n-hexanol) on the equilibrium properties and dynamic behavior of the aggregates are discussed.
The ex utero intrapartum treatment procedure for a large fetal neck mass in a twin gestation.

Abstract Background: Large fetal neck masses can make it difficult or impossible to secure airways at birth, with associated risks of hypoxia, brain injury, and death. Based on a MEDLINE search from 1966 to June 1998, using the keywords EXIT procedure, placental support, twins, and neck mass, we report the first ex utero intrapartum treatment procedure performed in a twin gestation complicated by a large fetal neck mass. Case: A giant fetal cervical mass was diagnosed in one fetus of a 20-week twin gestation by sonography and magnetic resonance imaging. At 35 weeks’ gestation, the ex utero intrapartum treatment procedure was performed successfully for delivery of the normal twin, followed by intrapartum airway access of the twin with the neck mass. Conclusion: Even in twin gestations, the ex utero intrapartum treatment procedure is the delivery method of choice for fetuses with giant neck masses.
Electrodynamics of a layered electron gas. I. Single layer

Abstract The electrodynamics of a compressible charged layer placed in a uniform rigid neutralizing background is studied with a hydrodynamic description. The resulting plasma oscillations and screening differ considerably from those in bulk media. The induced charge density and scalar potential are evaluated both for a harmonic perturbation and for a uniformly moving charge, which also yields the corresponding power loss of the test charge. Retardation is shown to be significant only at long wavelengths, where other effects (for example, the presence of adjacent layers) are likely to predominate.
REGULATION OF THE POSTBURN WOUND INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE BY γδ T-CELLS

Healing of the burn injury site is a critical component of the patient's successful recovery from this form of trauma. Previous studies from our laboratory have demonstrated that gammadelta T-cells via the production of growth factors are important in burn wound healing. Nonetheless, the role of these cells in burn wound inflammation remains unknown. To study this, wild-type (WT) and gammadelta T-cell receptor-deficient (delta TCR) C57BL/6 male mice were subjected to burn injury or sham procedure. Wound cells were collected by implantation of polyvinyl alcohol sponges beneath the burn site in injured mice or beneath uninjured skin in sham mice. At 3 days after injury, infiltrating cells, wound fluid, and skin were collected for analysis. Burn injury markedly increased skin tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 levels. In WT mice, the numbers of infiltrating cells were similar between nonburn wounds and burn wounds. In contrast, deltaTCRmice displayed a 6-fold reduction in the cellular infiltrate. Burn injury in WT mice caused a marked increase in burn wound TNF-alpha, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, and interleukin 6 content as compared with nonburn wounds, whereas in delta TCRmice, the burn-induced increase of TNF-alpha and interleukin 6 was not observed. The wound cell infiltrate at 3 days postinjury was devoid of gammadelta T-cells in WT mice. It was predominately of myeloid origin expressing high levels of CD11b and F4/80. In conclusion, these findings suggest that resident gammadelta T-cells are important in the recruitment of inflammatory cells and regulation of the inflammatory response at the wound site after thermal injury.
Socinians, John Toland, and the Anglican Rationalists

The late seventeenth century in England is, theologically, a critical period, a time when old forms of thought and traditional methodologies were being challenged. Two theological events of the 1690s stand out as true signs of the changing times: the appearance of a number of collections of Socinian tracts, in which, in fact, the term “Unitarian” is first used in English literature. Also, in 1696, John Toland published his short but challenging Christianity Not Mysterious. In the following essay, I an interested in showing the methodological similarities and discontinuities between the Socinians and Toland, especially in regard to their scriptural interpretation and mutual insistence on the inadmissability of the concept of mystery to Christian theology.
Democratic Accountability and Diversionary Force Regime Types and the Use of Benevolent and Hostile Military Force

Agreement on which democratic regime types are prone to use diversionary force has yet to materialize in the embryonic empirical literature on the subject. Nor has consensus emerged on the theoreti...
Magnetic moments of low-energy neutron resonances in 161Dy

Abstract A low-energy neutron beam and polarized 161 Dy target at the Weapons Neutron Research Facility in Los Alamos have been used to determine magnetic moments of 7 neutron resonances. The ferromagnetic dyspromium metal was cooled by a 3 He– 4 He dilution refrigerator to 35 mK. With a time-of-flight setup the total cross section was measured at temperatures of 4 K and 35 mK. The magnetic moments are derived from the shift of the resonance energy. Results obtained with a random orientation of the ferromagnetic domains agree well with a previous experiment. The target was also magnetized in a field of 6 T. In this case, the degree of nuclear polarization could be derived from the change of the resonance shape.
Long-Term Outcomes of the Neobladder in Pediatric Continent Urinary Reconstruction

Purpose: In rare instances when native bladder tissue is either unsuitable or unavailable a continent neobladder may be an option for pediatric lower urinary tract reconstruction. We report our long-term outcomes and experience in this challenging patient population.Materials and Methods: A retrospective cohort study was performed of all patients who underwent creation of a neobladder at 2 pediatric institutions. Patient demographics, surgical details and clinical outcomes were abstracted from the medical records.Results: A total of 26 patients were identified with a median age of 8.9 years at surgery. Median followup was 8.0 years. Most procedures used a composite of gastric and ileal tissue. All patients were continent of urine and had a stable upper urinary tract. Median bladder capacity was 400 ml. Postoperative complications included reservoir stones (8 patients), febrile urinary tract infection (8), metabolic acidosis (6), small bowel obstruction (4), bladder perforation (4) and pelvic lymphocele (1...
Co-occurrence of motor problems and autistic symptoms in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the relation between parent reports of motor problems and clinically significant autistic symptoms in children with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Method: Subjects were male ( n = 521) and female ( n = 330) twins from an epidemiological study of ADHD, ages 7 to 19 years at assessment using the Child Behavior Checklist and semistructured psychiatric diagnostic interviews. Parent-rated Social Responsiveness Scale questionnaires were returned for 62% of 1,647 individuals who participated in interviews. After exclusion of subjects with incomplete data or evidence of mental retardation, 851 subjects (52%) were available for the present study analysis. Each subject was classified by DSM-IV ADHD subtype and assigned to one of seven population-defined ADHD subtypes based on latent class analysis of DSM-IV ADHD symptoms. Within each ADHD subtype, we examined the relation between Child Behavior Checklist motor problem endorsement and elevated autistic symptoms on the Social Responsiveness Scale. Results: Motor problems and high levels of autistic traits were most common in individuals with combined-type ADHD. Within each of the clinically relevant DSM-IV and latent class ADHD subtypes, individuals with the combination of motor problems and ADHD were more likely to have high levels of autistic traits than those with ADHD alone. Conclusions: Children with the combination of ADHD and parent-reported motor coordination deficits have elevated levels of autistic symptoms. Targeted treatment and prevention interventions may be warranted. The exclusion criteria for DSM-IV ADHD should be revised to reflect these population-based findings.
Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and adherence to oral topotecan in myelodysplastic syndromes: a Cancer and Leukemia Group B study

Objective: To evaluate medication adherence, pharmacokinetics and exposure versus response relationships in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). Methods: Ninety adult patients with MDS received oral topotecan (1.2 mg/m2) either once a day for 10 days or twice a day for 5 days every 21 days for up to six cycles. Dosing histories were collected using electronic monitoring devices fitted to medication vials. Topotecan plasma concentrations were measured, and exposure was determined by a sparse sampling approach and Bayesian estimation methods. Relationships between exposure and clinical response and toxicity were evaluated using logistic regression. Results: Overall adherence was excellent with 90% of patients taking the prescribed number of doses in cycle 1. Adherence did not differ between the two regimens. Topotecan pharmacokinetics were described using a one compartment open model with first order absorption and elimination. Pharmacokinetic parameter estimates did not differ between the once a day and twice a day dosing groups. While topotecan exposure was greater in the twice a day arm compared to the once a day arm due to drug accumulation, exposure did not correlate with clinical response. However, the probability of needing a platelet transfusion in the twice a day arm was significantly increased (by 35%) as a result of greater steady-state plasma topotecan concentrations. Conclusions: Adherence is high in patients with MDS receiving oral topotecan, whether the drug is prescribed once or twice daily. The optimal schedule cannot be determined from this study, as there was no evident relationship between any pharmacokinetic parameter and clinical response.
Lenz-Barlotti I.4 perspectivity groups are abelian

We extend a 1972 result of Kantor and Pankin and give a new elementary proof of the assertion in the title for projective planes of arbitrary order. The main tool appears in the very first book on group theory by Jordan in 1870.
Contact resistance extraction in pentacene thin film transistors

Abstract We report on the contact resistances for pentacene thin film transistors with two different designs: top and bottom contact configurations (referred to as TC and BC TFTs, respectively) for two different contact metals (gold and palladium). The extraction was done based on the dependencies of the channel resistances on the gate length and gate voltage. The extracted gold TC TFT contact resistance depends on VGS, but shows no dependence on the drain bias. The TC TFT contact resistance is comparable to or exceeds the channel resistance for channels shorter than approximately 10 μm. The contact resistance of BC TFTs depends both on gate and drain bias. We propose a circuit simulating the BC TFT contact resistance and verify the circuit applicability by extracting and comparing the TFT channel resistances at different drain voltages. Our results reveal an important role played by contact resistances and provide an accurate model of the contact phenomena suitable for implementation in Spice or other circuit simulators.
Patient proactivity enhancing doctor–patient–family communication in cancer prevention and care among the aged

This paper presents a comprehensive conceptual model of health care communication involving three key health care partners: patients, physicians, and significant family members (health significant other, HSOs). A unique feature of this model is its focus on proactive roles played by elderly patients in information gathering and communication with health care partners regarding both cancer prevention and cancer care. We outline how proactive initiatives by health care consumers and involvement of their HSOs can enhance patient outcomes (satisfaction with physician, adherence to preventive and corrective practice recommendations, and quality of life). Finally, we also note primary antecedents of health care partner communication in terms of both medical care context and patient characteristics. We hope that this testable causal model will inform future research in the field of health communication.
An aspect pointcut for parallelizable loops

In this paper, we describe the design and implementation of a parallelizable loop pointcut for an aspect-oriented compiler. Prior to this study, several prototype solutions existed for loop pointcuts, but the solutions were not very granular. In particular, they were not able to differentiate between loops that are parallelizable and those that are not. Being able to identify parallelizable loops automatically, as part of an aspect-oriented compiler, is particularly important because (1) manually identifying parallelizable loops is known to be a difficult problem and (2) aspectizing parallelized loops can lead to a reduction in code tangling and an increase in separation of concerns. Identifying parallelizable loops is known to be a difficult problem, and as such, this study's parallelizable loop pointcut implements a heuristic solution. Thus, the pointcut identifies many parallelizable loops as being parallelizable, but not all. For two test programs where the pointcut was unable to identify parallelizable loops, the inability to detect parallelizability was, surprisingly, somewhat beneficial. When those programs' loops ran in parallel (as part of a non-aspect-oriented program), their calculated results were slightly different from the known theoretical results, but when run sequentially (with the aspect-oriented compiler), the calculated results matched the known theoretical results.
Subjective states: A more robust model

We study the demand for flexibility and what it reveals about subjective uncertainty. As in Kreps [D. Kreps, 1979. A representation theorem for ‘preference for flexibility’. Econometrica 47, 565–577], Nehring [K. Nehring, 1996. Preference for flexibility and freedom of choice in a Savage framework. UC Davis Working Paper; K. Nehring, 1999. Preference for flexibility in a Savage framework. Econometrica 67, 101–119] and Dekel et al. [E. Dekel, B. Lipman, A. Rustichini, 2001. Representing preferences with a unique subjective state space. Econometrica 69, 891–934], the latter is represented by a subjective state space consisting of possible future preferences over actions to be chosen ex post. One contribution is to provide axiomatic foundations for a range of alternative hypotheses about the nature of these ex post preferences. Secondly, we establish a sense in which the subjective state space is uniquely pinned down by the ex ante ranking of (random) menus. Finally, we demonstrate the tractability of our representation by showing that it can model the two comparative notions “2 desires more flexibility than 1” and “2 is more averse to flexibility-risk than is 1.”
Large-scale stabilized FE computational analysis of nonlinear steady-state transport/reaction systems

Abstract The solution of the governing steady transport equations for momentum, heat and mass transfer in fluids undergoing non-equilibrium chemical reactions can be extremely challenging. The difficulties arise from both the complexity of the nonlinear solution behavior as well as the nonlinear, coupled, non-symmetric nature of the system of algebraic equations that results from spatial discretization of the PDEs. In this paper, we briefly review progress on developing a stabilized finite element (FE) capability for numerical solution of these challenging problems. The discussion considers the stabilized FE formulation for the low Mach number Navier–Stokes equations with heat and mass transport with non-equilibrium chemical reactions, and the solution methods necessary for detailed analysis of these complex systems. The solution algorithms include robust nonlinear and linear solution schemes, parameter continuation methods, and linear stability analysis techniques. Our discussion considers computational efficiency, scalability, and some implementation issues of the solution methods. Computational results are presented for a CFD benchmark problem as well as for a number of large-scale, 2D and 3D, engineering transport/reaction applications.
LENGTHENING SHORTENED PENIS CAUSED BY PEYRONIE'S DISEASE USING CIRCULAR VENOUS GRAFTING AND DAILY STRETCHING WITH A VACUUM ERECTION DEVICE

AbstractPurpose: We evaluated the results of chronic intermittent stretching with a vacuum erection device after circumferential tunical incision and circular venous grafting in 4 patients with penile shortening from severe Peyronie's disease.Materials and Methods: We performed complete circumferential tunical incision and covered the defect with a circular venous graft in 4 patients with shortened penis as a result of Peyronie's disease. Preoperative evaluation included determination of patient and partner expectations, potency status, measurement of penile length after intracavernous injection and color duplex ultrasonography to determine possible vascular communication. Lower saphenous, upper saphenous and deep dorsal veins served as graft materials. We advised patients to use a vacuum device on a daily basis for 6 months starting 1 month surgery. Postoperative evaluations were done at 6 and 18 months postoperatively.Results: At 6-month followup 1 patient who did not use the vacuum device gained 1 inch...
The Problem of Readability of Informed Consent Documents for Clinical Trials of Investigational Drugs and Devices: United States Considerations

Informed consent is a fundamental element in the conduct of ethical clinical trials. An important part of the totality of the consent process is the consent document. This document provides the information upon which patients can base their decision regarding participation in the trial. Written informed consent is a requirement in all but rare cases and the content of the consent document is the subject of regulation. Many studies have shown that consent documents are often written at a level that makes them virtually unreadable by many patients. While a number of approaches to improving readability have been tried, only a few have been shown to have a positive effect. This paper examines the nature of the problem, reviews approaches to the improvement of readability, and offers suggestions for achieving such improvement.
Chapter 5; Diabetes Treatments

SUMMARY With the aging of the population, physical inactivity, and growing rates of obesity, there has been a dramatic rise in the incidence of diabetes. Diabetes and its treatment is a holistic and dynamic experience, shaping many aspects of a person's life and well-being. Despite the biopsychosocial nature of this chronic disease, medications tend to be the principal intervention among medical professionals. Over the past fifteen years, however, diabetes researchers and clinicians have begun to develop interventions addressing the psycho-social aspects of diabetes. The majority of these interventions fall within the knowledge base and clinical abilities of social work practitioners. This paper systematically reviews psychosocial intervention studies with older adults, identifying and summarizing treatment protocols.
Are Rural Gang Members Similar to their Urban Peers?: Implications for Rural Communities

This study investigated factors associated with gang involvement among rural and urban adolescents. The data were derived from a large self-report survey (N = 2,183) of 7th through 12th grade Nevad...
Intravaginal cytomegalovirus (CMV) challenge elicits maternal viremia and results in congenital transmission in a guinea pig model

The objective of this study was to compare intravaginal (ivg) and subcutaneous (sc) administration of the guinea pig cytomegalovirus (GPCMV) in pregnant and non-pregnant guinea pigs. These studies tested the hypotheses that ivg infection would elicit immune responses, produce maternal viremia, and lead to vertical transmission, with an efficiency similar to the traditionally employed sc route. Four groups of age- and size-matched guinea pigs were studied. Two groups were pregnant, and two groups were not pregnant. Animals received 5x105 plaque-forming units (PFU) of a GPCMV reconstituted from an infectious bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) construct containing the full-length GPCMV genome. Seroconversion was compared by IgG ELISA, and viremia (DNAemia) was monitored by PCR. In both pregnant and non-pregnant animals, sc inoculation resulted in significantly higher serum ELISA titers than ivg inoculation at 8 and 12 weeks post-infection. Patterns of viremia (DNAemia) were similar in animals inoculated by either sc or ivg route. However, in pregnant guinea pigs, animals inoculated by both routes experienced an earlier onset of DNAemia than did non-pregnant animals. Neither the percentage of dead pups nor the percentage of GPCMV positive placentas differed by inoculation route. In the guinea pig model of congenital CMV infection, the ivg route is as efficient at causing congenital infection as the conventional but non-physiologic sc route. This finding could facilitate future experimental evaluation of vaccines and antiviral interventions in this highly relevant animal model.
SOCIOPSYCHOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS OF WOMEN'S BREAST‐FEEDING BEHAVIOR: A Replication and Extension

Women's birth experience, studied in two time periods, had negligible impact on their persistence in breast-feeding, nor did early postpartum experience, type of feeding regimen, or timing of solid food introduction emerge as significant correlates. Women's prenatal intentions were the strongest predictor of breast-feeding success in the first month, and the mother's own history of having been breast-fed as an infant appears to be a predisposing factor. The influence of socioeconomic factors and childbirth preparation classes are examined.
The Concept of Culture

V IRTUALLY all cultural anthropologists take it for granted, no doubt, that culture is the basic and central concept of their science. There is, however, a disturbing lack of agreement as to what they mean by this term. To some, culture is learned behavior. To others, it is not behavior at all, but an abstraction from behavior-whatever that is. Stone axes and pottery bowls are culture to some anthropologists, but no material object can be culture to others. Culture exists only in the mind, according to some; it consists of observable things and events in the external world to others. Some anthropologists think of culture as consisting of ideas, but they are divided upon the question of their locus: some say they are in the minds of the peoples studied, others hold that they are in the minds of ethnologists. We go on to "culture is a psychic defense mechanism," "culture consists of n different social signals correlated with m different responses," "culture is a Rohrschach of a society," and so on, to confusion and bewilderment. One wonders what physics would be like if it had as many and as varied conceptions of energy! There was a time, however, when there was a high degree of uniformity of comprehension and use of the term culture. During the closing decades of the nineteenth century and the early years of the twentieth, the great majority of cultural anthropologists, we believe, held to the conception expressed by E. B. Tylor, in 1871, in the opening lines of Primitive Culture: "Culture ... is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society." Tylor does not make it explicit in this statement that culture is the peculiar possession of man; but it is therein implied, and in other places he makes this point clear and explicit (Tylor 1881:54, 123, where he deals with the "great mental gap between us and the animals"). Culture, to Tylor, was the name of all things and events peculiar to the human species. Specifically, he enumerates beliefs, customs, objects-"hatchet, adze, chisel," and so onand techniques-"wood-chopping, fishing..., shooting and spearing game, fire-making," and so on (Tylor 1913:5-6). The Tylorian conception of culture prevailed in anthropology generally for decades. In 1920, Robert H. Lowie began Primitive Society by quoting "Tylor's famous definition." In recent years, however, conceptions and definitions of culture have multiplied and varied to a great degree. One of the most highly favored of these is that culture is an abstraction. This is the conclusion reached by Kroeber and Kluckhohn in their exhaustive review of the subject: Culture: