cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stability of the Kirkhoff plate with nonlinear dissipative feedback acting as a bending moment

The author considers the Kirkhoff plate model defined on a bounded domain Omega in R/sup 2/ with nonlinear dissipation occurring in the bending moment acting on the boundary Gamma . Specifically, an analysis is made of the asymptotic stability of the solutions to the classical equation of a thin, isotropic, homogeneous plate with nonlinear dissipation occurring on a portion of the edge of the plate. Under certain geometric conditions imposed on Omega , the author proves that the solutions decay to zero, when t to infinity , in the natural energy norm. >
High-resolution spectra of the 6300-Å region of Comet P/Halley

Abstract A series of high resolution spectra of the 6300-A region of Comet P/Halley were taken with the echelle/reticon system on the 61-in. telescope at the Harvard-Smithsonian Oak Ridge Observatory from 23 October 1985 through 5 January 1986. Relative contributions of various rotational lines within the (0,8,0) band of NH2 and of the cometary and airglow contributions of O(1D) were clearly spectrally separated. Measurements were taken both centered on the nucleus as well as offset by various displacements in different directions. A number of important implications have resulted from the analysis of these data. (1) The relative fluxes of different rotational members of the NH2 (0,8,0) band vary not only from day-to-day, as previously reported, but also with radial distance within the coma. Indications are that the vib-rotational structure of the band could be useful as a diagnostic for coma temperatures and/or outflow kinematics. (2) Deviations from circular symmetry were negligible for NH2 but detectable for O(1D), having only a small (0–10%) average sunward asymmetry. (3) The inner radial brightness distribution for O(1D) is consistent with its production from the photodissociation of its parent (H2O). (4) The inner radial brightness distributions for NH2 were reasonably consistent with previously published results found for Halley and other comets. (5) Some inconsistencies were found in the comparison of the cometary NH2 line wavelengths with the standard laboratory values.
Wittgenstein on Meaning and Use

Dans le cadre du colloque consacre a l'essai de Wittgenstein sur «La certitude», organise par H. E. Mason a l'universite du Minnesota en octobre 1996, l'A. etudie la conception du non-sens developpee par Wittgenstein en reponse a la refutation du scepticisme entreprise par Moore. Soulignant l'incompatibilite de la proposition et du contexte de son utilisation, et examinant l'interpretation proposee par M. McGinn, l'A. montre que le probleme souleve dans «La certitude» releve de la definition de la signification chez Frege, d'une part, et montre comment la philosophie tardive de Wittgenstein realise une generalisation du principe fregeen du contexte a l'ensemble des jeux de langage, d'autre part
Design and implementation of a home-based exercise program post-hip fracture: the Baltimore hip studies experience.

Objective The objectives are to describe for the first time a home-based exercise intervention for frail elderly hip fracture patients and to describe the feasibility of this exercise program. Design A home-based exercise program was used in a randomized controlled trial in which the authors investigated exercise intervention versus no exercise intervention in patients after hip fracture. Setting This program was implemented at the patients' own home or place of residence after discharge. Participants Women 65 years of age or older were recruited within 15 days of hip fracture. Eligible patients were those with a nonpathologic fracture who were admitted within 72 hours of injury, had surgical repair of the hip fracture, and met medical inclusion criteria. Participants initially were randomized to exercise groups and then assigned to exercise trainers. Intervention The exercise contained strength training and aerobic components. Participants were expected to exercise 5 days per week by performing a combination of supervised and independently performed exercise sessions. Intensity and duration were increased gradually by trainers in a standardized way. The frequency of the supervised sessions decreased as participants became more independent. Treatment fidelity visits ensured that the intervention was being delivered as intended across trainers and across participants. Main Outcome Measurement This work describes the feasibility and challenges of administering an intensive home-based exercise program in this population of older adults. Results Of those patients randomized to exercise, 82% were followed by a trainer and almost all advanced to higher levels in both aerobic and strength programs. Overall, participants received an average of 44 (78.5%) of the prescribed visits by the trainer. Conclusions This study showed that it was possible to engage a frail older population of post-hip fracture patients in a program of aerobic and strength training exercise with a high rate of participation.
Increased expression of transforming growth factor alpha precursors in acute experimental colitis in rats.

Background and aim—Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and transforming growth factor α (TGF-α), members of the EGF family of growth factors, protect rat gastric and colonic mucosa against injury. Having shown previously that exogenously applied EGF protects rat colonic mucosa against injury, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the endogenously expressed ligand mediating the protective effect of EGF/TGF-α in vivo. Methods—In an experimental model of trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS)/ ethanol induced colitis in rats EGF and TGF-α expression was evaluated using a ribonuclease protection assay, northern blot analysis, western blot analysis, and immunohistochemistry. Results—TGF-α mRNA increased 3-4 times at 4-8 hours after induction of colitis and returned to control levels within 24 hours. TGF-α immunoreactive protein with a molecular size of about 28kDa representing TGF-α precursors increased markedly after induction of colitis with a peak at 8-12 hours. No fully processed 5.6 kDa TGF-α protein was detected in normal or inflamed colon tissue. Only a weak signal for EGF mRNA expression was detected in the rat colon and no EGF protein was observed by immunohistochemistry or western blot analysis. Conclusions—TGF-α precursors are the main ligands for the EGF receptor in acute colitis. It is hypothesised that TGF-α precursors convey the biological activity of endogenous TGF-α peptides during mucosal defence and repair. Keywords: transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-α); epidermal growth factor (EGF); precursor molecules; colitis; rat
Building Bones in Babies: Can and Should We Exceed the Human Milk‐Fed Infant's Rate of Bone Calcium Accretion?

Increasing calcium absorption and bone calcium accretion to levels above those achieved by human milk-fed, full-term infants is possible with infant formulas. However, no data support such a goal or suggest that it is beneficial to short- or long-term bone health. Small differences in the bioavailability of calcium between infant formulas are unlikely to have long-term consequences. Long-term studies of the effects of infant feeding type on ultimate bone mass are needed. For now, the vitamin-replete breast-fed infant's rate of calcium accretion during the first year of life should be the standard targeted for infant formulas.
Low-frequency neuronal oscillations as instruments of sensory selection

Neuroelectric oscillations reflect rhythmic shifting of neuronal ensembles between high and low excitability states. In natural settings, important stimuli often occur in rhythmic streams, and when oscillations entrain to an input rhythm their high excitability phases coincide with events in the stream, effectively amplifying neuronal input responses. When operating in a ‘rhythmic mode’, attention can use these differential excitability states as a mechanism of selection by simply enforcing oscillatory entrainment to a task-relevant input stream. When there is no low-frequency rhythm that oscillations can entrain to, attention operates in a ‘continuous mode’, characterized by extended increase in gamma synchrony. We review the evidence for early sensory selection by oscillatory phase-amplitude modulations, its mechanisms and its perceptual and behavioral consequences.
Effect of high fat-diet and obesity on gastrointestinal motility

Obesity is highly prevalent worldwide and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The focus of this review is to delineate the changes in gastrointestinal motility observed in obesity. A systematic review of the published literature on obesity and gastrointestinal motility was performed. Here, we describe the current understanding of the changes in obesity in the esophagus, stomach, small intestine and colon. Major findings include supportive evidence for increased gastroesophageal reflux disease and esophageal motility disorders in obesity, and a rapid gastric emptying time seen in obese individuals. The proximal small intestinal transit seems to be increased in obesity and this may be secondary to efficient nutrient absorption and subsequent lack of nutrient-induced satiety signals conveyed from the small intestine. In obesity, there is some evidence for delayed colonic transit as well as a reduction in colonic serotonin availability. The molecular mechanisms underlying altered motility in obesity could be secondary to reduced cannabinoids or its receptor cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) expression as well as due to loss of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) neurons. The interactions of diet and obesity and the alteration of microbiota in this setting are just being explored and may offer novel insights into the changes of gastrointestinal motility in obesity.
Weak Discernibility For Quanta, The Right Way

Muller and Saunders purport to demonstrate that, surprisingly, bosons and fermions are discernible; this paper disputes their arguments, then derives a similar conclusion in a more satisfactory fashion. After briefly explicating their proof, and indicating how it escapes earlier indiscernibility results, we note that the observables which Muller and Saunders argue discern particles are (i) non-symmetric in the case of bosons and (ii) trivial multiples of the identity in the case of fermions. Both problems undermine the claim that they have shown particles to be physically discernible. We then prove two results concerning observables that truly are physical: one showing when particles are discernible and one showing when they are not (categorically) discernible. Along the way we clarify some frequently misunderstood issues concerning the interpretation of quantum observables.
Advances in Silicon Carbide Single Photon Detectors

We present overview of achieved results on 4H-SiC avalanche photodiodes (APDs) and arrays. Cost-effective solar-blind optical filter allows achieving high solar photon rejection ratio of more than 106 in combination with more than 40% single photon detection efficiency at 266nm. Three iterations of devices were fabricated and evaluated to compare their optical and electrical properties. Dark count rates and single photon detection efficiencies are the main characteristics compared for these three iterations of device designs.
Is It Possible? A Different Approach to Creating a Universal Influenza Vaccine

The best way to combat influenza virus infection is to prevent it. However, the continual evolution of circulating influenza virus strains and the constant threat of newly emerging viruses forces the public health community to annually update seasonal influenza vaccines while stockpiling potential pandemic virus vaccines. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop a "universal" influenza vaccine that affords protection against all strains. In their recent article, L. M. Schwartzman et al. (mBio 6:e01044-15, 2015, doi:10.1128/mBio.01044-15) demonstrated that intranasal immunization of mice with a cocktail of viral-like particles (VLPs) expressing distinct influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) proteins can broadly protect against infection not only with the same viral strains but also with unrelated strains. These findings suggest a promising strategy for developing a broadly protective "universal" influenza vaccine.
A 1-DOF Wind Tunnel Experiment in Adaptive Flow Control

This paper presents an adaptive control approach for pitch control of a one degree-of- freedom wing using imbedded flow control actuators. Such actuators offer a unique opportunity for rapid maneuvering and gust rejection with low power consumption. The proposed adaptive non-model based control approach is motivated by the difficulty in constructing a reasonably accurate physical model of active flow control actuators. In addition, during dynamic maneuvers, possible interactions between unsteady fluid dynamics and vehicle dynamics introduce additional uncertainty. The control architecture employs a neural network based adaptive element that permits adaptation to both parametric uncertainty and unmodeled dynamics. Wind tunnel experimental results and controller implementation details are presented.
Covariance Matching Collaborative Optimization for Uncertainty-based Multidisciplinary Aircraft Design

Uncertainty-based multidisciplinary design optimization (UMDO) often relies on propagation of uncertainties across several disciplines. If the several disciplines cannot be tightly integrated, then it is helpful to use a UMDO method that conducts uncertainty propagation in each discipline and combines their results into a system level uncertainty. Existing methods such as moment-matching collaborative optimization (MM-CO) use this strategy, preserving some disciplinary autonomy in uncertainty propagation. However, they do not capture dependence in coupling variables, which can lead to less accurate results in the system level uncertainty. Covariance-matching collaborative optimization (CMCO) builds on MM-CO by posing target correlations of coupling variables to guide discipline-level uncertainty propagation. The method is demonstrated on an algebraic test problem and a multidisciplinary aircraft conceptual design problem.
Effect of meal on the physiological and physicochemical actions of potassium citrate.

AbstractThe effect of meals on the physiological and physicochemical actions of potassium citrate was examined in 8 patients with nephrolithiasis maintained on a constant metabolic dietary regimen. Potassium citrate (20mEq. 3 times per day), whether given with food or on an empty stomach, significantly increased urinary pH, citrate and potassium, and decreased urinary calcium and ammonium. Moreover, potassium citrate decreased urinary saturation of calcium oxalate and uric acid, although it slightly increased that of brushite. However, there was no significant difference in these measures when the drug was given with meals from the time when it was given on an empty stomach. Thus, the effect of potassium citrate on urinary risk factors is unaffected by food.
Factors associated with increased academic productivity among US academic radiation oncology faculty

Abstract Objectives Publication productivity metrics can help evaluate academic faculty for hiring, promotion, grants, and awards; however, limited benchmarking data exist, which makes intra- and interdepartmental comparisons difficult. Therefore, we sought to evaluate the scholarly activity of physician faculty at academic radiation oncology (RO) departments and establish factors associated with increased academic productivity. Methods and materials Citation database searches were performed for all physician-faculty in US residency-affiliated academic RO departments. Demographics, National Institutes of Health (NIH) funding, and bibliometrics (number of publications, Hirsch-[h]-index, and m-index [Hirsch index divided by the number of years since first publication]) were collected and stratified by academic rank. Senior academic rank was defined as full professor, professor, and/or chair. Junior academic rank was defined as all others. Logistic regression was performed to determine the association of academic rank and other factors with h- and m-indices. Results A total of 1191 academic RO physician faculty from 75 institutions were included in the analysis. The mean (standard deviation) number of publications and h- and m-indices were 48.2 (71.2), 14.5 (15), and 0.86 (0.83), respectively. The median (interquartile range) number of publications and h- and m-indices were 20 (6-61), 9 (4-20), and 0.69 (0.38-1.10), respectively. Recursive partitioning analysis revealed a statistically significant numeric h-index threshold of 21 between junior and senior faculty (LogWorth 114; receiver operating characteristic, 0.828). Senior faculty status, receipt of NIH funding, and a larger department size were associated with increased h- and m-indices. Conclusions Current academic RO departments have relatively high objective metrics of scholastic productivity compared with prior benchmarking analyses of RO departments and compared with published metrics from other academic medicine subspecialties. An h-index of 21 or greater was associated with senior faculty status. Additionally, receipt of NIH funding and greater departmental size were associated with a higher h-index. These data may be of interest to faculty preparing for promotion or award applications as well as institutional leadership evaluating their departments.
Metal-Organic Framework Thin Films as Stationary Phases in Microfabricated Gas-Chromatography Columns.

The overarching goal of this project is to integrate Sandia's microfabricated gas-chromatography ( GC) columns with a stationary phase material that is capable of retaining high-volatility chemicals and permanent gases. The successful integration of such a material with GCs would dramatically expand the repertoire of detectable compounds for Sandia's various microanalysis systems. One such promising class of candidate materials is metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). In this report we detail our methods for controlled deposition of HKUST-1 MOF stationary phases within GC columns. We demonstrate: the chromatographic separation of natural gas; a method for determining MOF film thickness from chromatography alone; and the first-reported GC x GC separation of natural gas -- in general -- let alone for two disparate MOF stationary phases. In addition we determine the fundamental thermodynamic constant for mass sorption, the partition coefficient, for HKUST-1 and several light hydrocarbons and select toxic industrial chemicals.
Modeling Efficiency Gains from Diverging Departures at Atlanta Hartsfield-Jackson

Atlanta Hartsfield-Jackson International Airport (ATL) implemented Area Navigation (RNAV) standard terminal arrival routes (STARs) and standard instrument departures (SIDs) in early 2005. Revisions to the RNAV SIDs implemented in April 2006 include diverging departure courses when ATL is in east flow operational configuration. The diverging departure courses can be expected to allow Air Traffic Control (ATC) to separate departing aircraft more efficiently, reduce delays, and provide significant benefits to operators. The MITRE Corporation's Center for Advanced Aviation System Development (CAASD) has been tasked by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to measure the benefits associated with RNAV implementation at several high complexity/high traffic sites across the NAS, and has developed Monte-Carlo simulation modeling tools to assist in RNAV benefits analysis. This paper presents model estimates of the benefits for both the current implementation of ATL RNAV procedures as well as a planned future implementation at ATL.
Videotape Representations of Self and Others

Mirrors are unique surfaces since they reflect one’s image and provide one-to-one correspondence between one’s action and the image. In the last chapter, it was clearly demonstrated that children under two years of age are able to recognize themselves in mirrors. Visual self recognition was defined as self-directed behavior toward a mark on the nose and toward other parts of the body. Although infants did not exhibit mark-directed behavior prior to 15 months of age, they did exhibit body-directed behavior at earlier ages. Moreover, they directed more of it in the marked than in the unmarked condition, thus demonstrating some awareness of the mark as early as 9 months of age, even though mark recognition per se did not occur until later.
Seven Is the New Ten - Comprehensive Quality Improvement Project to Adopt Restrictive Transfusion Strategies in a Community Hospital

Introduction: An estimated 13,785,000 units of packed red blood cells (PRBC) were transfused in the US in 2011 of which an estimated 57.9% were found to be from the medical service. Risks of blood transfusion include infections and transfusion reactions. In 2012, the American Association of Blood Banks released new guidelines for PRBC transfusion in hospitalized, hemodynamically stable patients. These guidelines set a threshold Hb of ≤7 g/dL in critically-ill patients, and a Hb ≤8 g/dL for surgical patients, for patients with pre-existing cardiovascular disease, or for patients with symptoms (tachycardia, chest pain or hypotension not corrected by crystalloids). Methods: An IRB-approved retrospective study of inpatient PRBC transfusions at New Hanover Regional Medical Center in Wilmington, NC was conducted in 2013. The average pre-treatment Hb was noted to be 7.42 ± 0.92 (p=0.0009) and average number of units transfused were 1.78 ± 0.58 (p=0.1133). The average number of units transfused were =1.5, and 31% of the time 1 unit was given. This data prompted a quality improvement initiative to improve in hospital transfusion strategies. The PDSA cycle included the following interventions: Hospital administration created a "Transfusion Safety Officer." A transfusion committee championed by the Blood Bank Director was formed. In addition, a series of hospital wide didactics centered on restrictive transfusion practices were held, targeting nursing and physicians of all disciplines. A public relations campaign was launched by the hospital involving posters, newsletters, bulletins, and emails centered around slogans "7 is the new 10" and "1 is better than 2." Four months after this, a new computerized physician order set was created by the Transfusion Committee and instituted in September 2014. The order set specifically separated out chronic anemia from acute blood loss anemia. Under the chronic anemia tab, practitioners can select the reason for PRBC transfusion based off of AABB guidelines, but are restricted to only transfusing 1 unit of PRBC at a time. Finally a new "My Report" has been built within EPIC EMR to allow a physician to see their transfusion average Hb and number of units ordered. An IRB-exempt review of PRBC transfusions after the quality improvement impact and post CPOE go-live date was conducted. A total of 493 PRBC transfusions in non-acute blood loss patients were given between 9/11/14-11/1/14. The average pre-treatment Hb 7.0 of which 59% of the time 1 unit was PRBC was ordered. Discussion: A comprehensive, interdisciplinary QI project can successfully reduce unnecessary PRBC transfusions. By applying the PDSA cycle and harnessing the power of the EMR, we can improve the rapidity with which physicians adopt new evidence based guidelines. The success of a hospital-wide QI project of this magnitude hinges on a motivated project management team able to engage all necessary stake-holders, to include the hospital C-Suite. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
The contact process

In this chapter, we prove that, similarly to the other invasion models introduced in this textbook, the contact process exhibits a phase transition: There is a critical birth parameter above which the process starting with one individual survives with positive probability but below which it goes extinct eventually with probability one.
Dimethyl Fumarate Ameliorates Myoclonus Stemming From Protein Misfolding In Oligodendrocytes

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is considered a primary autoimmune disease; however, this view is increasingly being challenged in basic and clinical science arenas because of the growing body of clinical trials' data showing that exclusion of immune cells from the CNS only modestly slows disease progression to disability. Accordingly, there is significant need for expanding the scope of potential disease mechanisms to understand the etiology of MS. Concomitantly, the use of a broader range of pre-clinical animal models for characterizing existing efficacious clinical treatments may elucidate additional or unexpected mechanisms of action for these drugs that augment insight into MS etiology. Herein, we explore the in vivo mechanism of action of dimethyl fumarate, which has been shown to suppress oxidative stress and immune cell responses in psoriasis and MS. Rather than studying this compound in the context of an experimental autoimmune-induced attack on the CNS, we have used a genetic model of hypomyelination, male rumpshaker (rsh) mice, which exhibit oligodendrocyte metabolic stress and startle-induced subcortical myoclonus during development and into adulthood. We find that myoclonus is reduced 30-50% in treated mutants but we do not detect substantial changes in metabolic or oxidative stress response pathways, cytokine modulation, or myelin thickness (assessed by anova). All procedures involving vertebrate animals in this study were reviewed and approved by the IACUC committee at Wayne State University.
Congruent population structure across paralogous and nonparalogous loci in Salish Sea chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta)

Whole-genome duplications are major evolutionary events with a lasting impact on genome structure. Duplication events complicate genetic analyses as paralogous sequences are difficult to distinguish; consequently, paralogs are often excluded from studies. The effects of an ancient whole-genome duplication (approximately 88 MYA) are still evident in salmonids through the persistence of numerous paralogous gene sequences and partial tetrasomic inheritance. We use restriction site-associated DNA sequencing on 10 collections of chum salmon from the Salish Sea in the USA and Canada to investigate genetic diversity and population structure in both tetrasomic and rediploidized regions of the genome. We use a pedigree and high-density linkage map to identify paralogous loci and to investigate genetic variation across the genome. By applying multivariate statistical methods, we show that it is possible to characterize paralogous loci and that they display similar patterns of population structure as the diploidized portion of the genome. We find genetic associations with the adaptively important trait of run-timing in both sets of loci. By including paralogous loci in genome scans, we can observe evolutionary signals in genomic regions that have routinely been excluded from population genetic studies in other polyploid-derived species.
Indirect Production and Intertemporal Budgeting

This chapter focuses on indirect production. Like the more familiar idea of indirect utility, the idea is to introduce a budget constraint into the model. Instead of thinking of inputs as given, we instead think of the decision-maker as being confronted with a fixed budget which they may use to purchase inputs, at given input prices, i.e., inputs become choice variables rather than being treated as given. This type of model is useful in a variety of contexts. Perhaps the most obvious would be a government unit that receives an annual budget which they allocate and use to provide services.
Time-resolved luminescence of electron-hole pairs in CdSxSe1-x graded semiconductors

Time-resolved photoluminescence (PL) from graded CdS{sub x}Se{sub 1-x} samples that exhibit spatially resolved PL has been used to study the dynamics of nonequilibrium distributions of electron-hole pairs in air at 295 K. Samples have been studied with the band gap increasing both toward the surface (CdSe/S) and toward the bulk (CdS/Se). Decay times (1/e) in PL spectra for CdS/Se and CdSe/S samples, measured between {approx} 500 and 740 nm, occur over roughly 100-400 ps and are strongly dependent on detection wavelength, reflecting carrier dynamics. The decay traces show a nonmonotonic dependence on detection wavelength.
Protestant Education in Russia and the Former Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc

This chapter examines the historical growth and challenges faced by Protestant Christianity in Russia and nations that formerly belonged to the Soviet-dominated Eastern bloc of countries. The chapter first examines the challenges believers faced from the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917 until the second half of Gorbachev’s administration, including varying degrees of persecution. The chapter discusses Lenin and Stalin’s embracing of the Deweyian paradigm of education and the hurdles this presented for Protestant education. The chapter examines how governments all across the Eastern bloc of countries shut down churches and the schools associated with them. In the 1950s when Khrushchev came to power, he declared that he desired to establish a fully Communist society by 1980 and “he would show the last Christian on television.” The chapter then examines that since the fall of Communism in the late 1980s that Protestant Christianity in the Soviet bloc has boomed. The Eastern bloc nations now host one of the greatest Christian revivals in the history of humanity and some of the largest congregations in the world. The chapter addresses the implications this has for Protestant education.
NF-kappaB and the immune response.

One of the primary physiological roles of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) is in the immune system. In particular, NF-κB family members control the transcription of cytokines and antimicrobial effectors as well as genes that regulate cellular differentiation, survival and proliferation, thereby regulating various aspects of innate and adaptive immune responses. In addition, NF-κB also contributes to the development and survival of the cells and tissues that carry out immune responses in mammals. This review, therefore, describes the role of the NF-κB pathway in the development and functioning of the immune system.
Developmental Origins of Diabetes: The Role of Epigenetics

The “thrifty phenotype” hypothesis proposes that the fetus adapts to an adverse intrauterine milieu by optimizing the use of a reduced nutrient supply to ensure survival, but, by favoring the development of certain organs over that of others, this strategy leads to persistent alterations in the growth and function of developing tissues. This concept has been somewhat controversial, however, as recent epidemiological, clinical, and animal studies provide support for the developmental origins of disease hypothesis. Underlying mechanisms include reprogramming of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, islet development, and insulin signaling pathways. Emerging data suggest that oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction may also play critical roles in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes in individuals who were growth retarded at birth. Epigenetic modifications may be one mechanism by which exposure to an altered intrauterine milieu or metabolic perturbation may influence the phenotype of the organism much later in life. Epigenetic modifications of the genome provide a mechanism that allows the stable propagation of gene expression from one generation of cells to the next. This review highlights our current knowledge of epigenetic gene regulation and the evidence that chromatin remodeling and histone modifications play key roles in adipogenesis and the development of obesity. Epigenetic modifications affecting processes important to glucose regulation and insulin secretion have been described in the pancreatic β-cells and muscle of the intrauterine growth retarded (IUGR) offspring, characteristics essential to the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Epigenetic regulation of gene expression contributes to both adipocyte determination and differentiation in in vitro models. The contributions of histone acetylation, histone methylation, and DNA methylation to the process of adipogenesis in vivo remain to be evaluated.
Capsaicin and the Urinary Bladder

The urinary bladder is a muscular hollow sac that sits on the floor of the pelvis and stores urine. A layer of epithelial cells lines the internal wall of the bladder. Since these cells are constantly exposed to numerous carcinogens prior to disposal through urine; cigarette smoking and occupational exposure to carcinogens increases the risk of developing bladder cancer. Another common human health issue related to the bladder is the sudden involuntary contraction of the bladder muscle that causes overactive bladder. It is an exceedingly common problem affecting men and women of all age groups. Two major discoveries have propelled expectations regarding the use of capsaicin as a potential therapeutic agent for bladder related diseases; (i) that capsaicin functions through the transient vanilloid receptor and (ii) vanilloid receptor has been shown to be present in the urinary tract. While capsaicin has been used to reduce bladder overactivity in people, its use in cancer therapy is still in preclinical stages. In this chapter we examine the pathology and molecular mechanisms of these two bladder diseases, the current treatment strategies and discuss the potential use of capsaicin as a therapeutic agent. In conclusion, we anticipate that development of capsaicin, as an intravesical agent for recurrent bladder cancer, will happen sooner rather than later.
Accounting for Government Interventions in the Corporate Sector Consolidation to be revisited

Zusammenfassung Der Artikel analysiert die Rechnungslegung des Staates in Zusammenhang mit der Globalen Finanzkrise. Im Zentrum stehen die Behandlung von Finanzinstrumenten, die Konsolidierung von Einheiten sowie die Gewahrung von Garantien. Die gangigen Standards bieten eine solide Basis fur Finanzinstrumente und Garantien. Dagegen ist die Konsolidierung von staatlich beherrschten Einheiten ein ungelostes Problem. Ein Losungsansatz ist die gleichzeitige Publikation des Einzelabschlusses und der Konzernrechnung. Resume L'article analyse la comptabilite de l'Etat dans le contexte de la crise mondiale financiere. Particulierement difficiles a mettre en oeuvre sont les instruments financiers, la consolidation des comptes et les garanties. Les normes courantes donnent des reponses pour les instruments financiers et les garanties, mais pas pour la consolidation des entites controlees par l'Etat. Une solution envisageable est la presentation conjointe des comptes au niveau de l'entite et du groupe consolide.
Solvatothermal Syntheses and Structural Characterizations of Polyoxoalkoxometalates: The Heptanuclear [{Fe(OH)(CH3CN)2} Fe6OCl6{(OCH2)3CCH2OH}4], the Decanuclear [Fe10O2Cl8{(OCH2)3CCH2CH3}6], and the Bimetallic [(VO)2Fe8O2Cl6{(OCH2)3CCH2CH3}6]

Solvatothermal syntheses have been exploited to effect the isolation of three novel polyoxoalkoxometalate clusters, [{Fe(OH)(CH3CN)2} Fe6OCl6{(OCH2)3CCH2OH}4] (1), [Fe10O2Cl8{(OCH2)3CCH2CH3}6] (2), and [(VO)2Fe8O2Cl6{(OCH2)3CCH2CH3}6] (3). The structure of 1 may be described as a hexametalate core {Fe6OCl6}10+, consisting of a octahedral arrangement of chloride ligands encasing an octahedron of six Fe(III) sites, with a central oxo group. The remaining four coordination sites at each octahedral iron center are occupied by doubly bridging oxygen donors from the trisalkoxo ligands. One triangular face of this substructure, defined by three oxygen atoms, from three adjacent trisalkoxo ligands, is capped by the {Fe(OH)(CH3CN)2}2+ subunit. The structure of 2 is based on the decametalate core of edge-sharing octahedra. The eight peripheral Fe(III) sites of the cluster bond to four oxygen donors from the trisalkoxo ligands, a terminal Cl− ligand, and one of the μ6-oxo groups. The two central iron sites are linked to four oxygen donors from the trisalkoxo ligands and to both of the μ6-oxo groups. Cluster 3 is structurally related to 2 with two {FeCl}2+ units replaced by {VO}2+ groups.
Translating Human Cancer Sequences Into Personalized Porcine Cancer Models.

The global incidence of cancer is rapidly rising, and despite an improved understanding of cancer molecular biology, immune landscapes, and advancements in cytotoxic, biologic, and immunologic anti-cancer therapeutics, cancer remains a leading cause of death worldwide. Cancer is caused by the accumulation of a series of gene mutations called driver mutations that confer selective growth advantages to tumor cells. As cancer therapies move towards personalized medicine, predictive modeling of the role driver mutations play in tumorigenesis and therapeutic susceptibility will become essential. The development of next-generation sequencing technology has made the evaluation of mutated genes possible in clinical practice, allowing for identification of driver mutations underlying cancer development in individual patients. This, combined with recent advances in gene editing technologies such as CRISPR-Cas9 enables development of personalized tumor models for prediction of treatment responses for mutational profiles observed clinically. Pigs represent an ideal animal model for development of personalized tumor models due to their similar size, anatomy, physiology, metabolism, immunity, and genetics compared to humans. Such models would support new initiatives in precision medicine, provide approaches to create disease site tumor models with designated spatial and temporal clinical outcomes, and create standardized tumor models analogous to human tumors to enable therapeutic studies. In this review, we discuss the process of utilizing genomic sequencing approaches, gene editing technologies, and transgenic porcine cancer models to develop clinically relevant, personalized large animal cancer models for use in co-clinical trials, ultimately improving treatment stratification and translation of novel therapeutic approaches to clinical practice.
The children of Harvey Milk: How LGBTQ politicians changed the world

Queer history is often neglected in many textbooks and classrooms which may lead some to seek resources to fill this gap in education. Andrew Reynolds’ book “The Children of Harvey Milk: How LGBTQ ...
Anti-Libel Injunctions and the Criminal Libel Connection

An injunction against libel, which carries the threat of prosecution for criminal contempt, is like a miniature criminal libel law -- just for a particular defendant, and just for statements about a particular plaintiff. That is its virtue. That is its danger. And that is the key to identifying how both the First Amendment and equitable principles should constrain such injunctions. Properly crafted anti-libel injunctions, I argue, are constitutional. But most existing injunctions are not properly crafted, and thus threaten criminal contempt punishment for libel without offering the protections that even criminal libel provides -- not just trial by jury, but also proof beyond a reasonable doubt and the availability of a criminal defense lawyer. Courts should therefore change the way they word and implement these injunctions; and courts should also be attentive to how the injunctions interact with state executive and legislative decisions, even apart from First Amendment concerns.
Treatment of Older Patients With CHF Associated With Normal LVEF.

CHF with a normal LVEF should be treated with a low salt diet, cautious use of loop diuretics, and A -blockers. If CHF persists despite the use of diuretics and A -blockers, ACE inhibitors should be administered. If the patient cannot tolerate ACE inhibitors because of cough, rash, or altered taste sensation, angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonists should be given. If CHF persists despite treatment with diuretics, A -blockers, and ACE inhibitors, isosorbide dinitrate plus hydralazine should be given. If the patient cannot tolerate A -blockers, ACE inhibitors, and angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonists, isosorbide dinitrate plus hydralazine should be administered. If CHF persists despite the use of diuretics and the patient is unable to tolerate A -blockers, ACE inhibitors, and isosorbide dinitrate plus hydralazine, calcium channel blockers are preferred. Digoxin should be avoided if sinus rhythm is present.
Using Embedded Xinu and the Raspberry Pi 3 to Teach Operating Systems

Multicore processors have become the standard in modern computing platforms. Such complex hardware enables faster execution of the programs it runs, but this is only true if its programmer has the knowledge and ability to make it so. Thus, there is a great need to prepare computing students by establishing robust educational tools. Existing tools often include abstract learning environments such as a virtual machine. While such platforms are widely available and convenient, they are unable to expose students to concurrency on real hardware.This paper presents multicore Embedded Xinu, an educational operating system used to teach concurrency concepts at the university level. The latest port of Embedded Xinu to the four-core, ARM-based Raspberry Pi 3 B+ enabled an operating systems curriculum in which students build their own concurrency-oriented kernel and execute it on a real machine. Assignments that have been run in the course include concepts of synchronization, scheduling, and memory allocation on a multicore platform. Upon completing the course, students are capable of solving problems commonly found in the field of parallel computing.
Hypercoagulability in Vestibular Schwannoma Surgery.

Objective Patients with vestibular schwannoma who harbor a genetic predisposition for venous thromboembolism require special consideration when determining optimal therapeutic management. The primary objective of the current study was to provide recommendations on treatment of hypercoagulable patients with vestibular schwannoma through a case series and review of the literature. Patients Two patients who underwent resection of vestibular schwannomas. Interventions Surgical resection and diagnostic testing. Main outcome measures Postoperative venous thromboses. Results One patient who underwent resection of vestibular schwannoma and suffered several postoperative thrombotic complications consistent with a clinical thrombophilia. One patient with known Factor V Leiden deficiency who underwent resection of vestibular schwannoma followed by postoperative chemoprophylaxis with a direct factor Xa inhibitor and experienced an uneventful postoperative course. Conclusions In patients with a known propensity for venous thromboembolism, the skull base surgeon should consider nonsurgical management. If the patient undergoes surgical resection, we recommend careful effort to minimize trauma to the sigmoid sinus. In addition, the surgeon may consider retrosigmoid or middle fossa approaches. Best practice recommendations include the use of pneumatic compression devices, early ambulation, and consideration of postoperative prophylactic anticoagulation in patients with a known genetic predisposition.
The era of #MeToo and what managers should do about it

Abstract #MeToo has become a global phenomenon since 2017, when many famous women came forward with allegations of sexual harassment (SH) against many famous men. Our purpose here is to help managers of both sexes understand their role in the wake of the #MeToo movement. We reviewed recent research on SH and #MeToo from both academic and practitioner outlets to get a pulse on what is currently being written on these topics. We also studied data we collected on current attitudes and behaviors men and women are experiencing in the wake of #MeToo, as well as examined one of the newer forms of harassment, namely online SH. We use our data and research to explore actions managers can take to prevent SH and respond to it when it occurs. In doing so, we provide new insights for business practice that both managers and scholars need to be aware of, and act upon, in the wake #MeToo.
Abstract 029: Menopause Alters The Gut Microbiome In Hispanic/Latina Women Of The Hispanic Community Health Study/Study Of Latinos (HCHS/SOL), With Implications For Metabolic Syndrome

Introduction: During menopause, women experience an increase in cardiometabolic risk factors, thought to relate to aging and loss of endogenous estrogen. Menopause may also influence the gut microb...
The Anterolateral Thigh Flap

The anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap was first described by Sing et al. in 1984 and is a perforator fasciocutaneous flap. In recent decades, it has become the most commonly performed flap for reconstruction of the head and neck, extremity, trunk, and even perineum. Its popularity is mainly due to its long pedicle, versatility in flap design, reliable blood supply, and its relative standardization of operative technique. In our practice, it has become the workhorse flap when a free tissue transfer is needed for reconstruction of defects of the lower third of the leg. Its close proximity to other flaps and its unique vascular anatomy allows it to be harvested with muscle (tensor fascia lata or vastus lateralis) or tendon (iliotibial band). Furthermore, it can be used as a flow-through flap when distal revascularization is needed. Finally, the ALT flap can be used as a neurotized flap and provide sensation in critical areas (such as the heel of the foot) using the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve. The ALT flap can be harvested in a suprafascial or subfascial fashion, depending on the reconstructive needs and the surgeon’s experience. The ALT flap may be small or large, depending on the reconstructive needs. While some flaps may be thick, they can safely be thinned. When this is done, we prefer to thin the flap in situ, with the pedicle dissected but not ligated and under the guidance of real-time fluorescence imaging to assist with safe debridement. The donor site can sometimes be primarily closed; however, often, a split thickness skin graft is needed. The donor site may be cosmetically unacceptable for female patients and some degree of paresthesias in the lateral thigh can be encountered.
Are pediatric surgery clinics LGBTQ+ inclusive?

Abstract Purpose Creating inclusive LGBTQ+ environments is important in the provision of inclusive care. This cross sectional study assessed whether patient intake forms in pediatric surgery departments were LGBTQ+ inclusive (L-I). Methods North American pediatric surgery departments affiliated with pediatric surgery fellowships or general surgery residencies were contacted to retrieve patient intake forms. Forms were assessed for LGBTQ+ inclusivity using a novel L -I scoring system consisting of 6 criteria: preferred name, pronouns, preferred language, gender identity, sex assigned at birth, and l -I guardianship. Institutions without intake forms were invited to comment on their use of l -I intake questions. Results 59/125 programs responded to our query, 10 of which provided intake forms. Median l -I score was 2/6 points (range 1–4). l -I guardianship was the most common question asked. No intake form asked for pronouns. Of the 49 institutions without forms, 30.5% reported asking l -I questions during initial visits. Narratives from these institutions varied widely. Some institutions supported routine l -I questions while others stated l -I questions were unnecessary, irrelevant, and/or offensive. Conclusions Few North American pediatric surgery departments consistently ask l -I questions during the intake process. Comments questioning the appropriateness and necessity of l -I questions highlight the need for LGBTQ+ education. Level of evidence Level III. Type of study Cross sectional study.
Psycho-educatie over trauma

Psycho-educatie is een van de belangrijkste modules van TF-CBT. Er wordt meteen aan het begin van de behandeling met psycho-educatie gestart, en die gaat tijdens de gehele therapie door, zowel voor het kind als voor de ouder. Psycho-educatie is voornamelijk bedoeld om de reacties van kind en ouder op de traumatische gebeurtenissen te normaliseren, informatie te verschaffen over typische psychologische en fysiologische reacties op trauma’s en juiste cognities over het gebeurde te bekrachtigen. Deze doelen zijn van cruciaal belang, gezien de vaak pijnlijke en verwarrende gevoelens waaraan kinderen en ouders na een trauma zijn overgeleverd.