cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Model-based fault Diagnosis for IEEE 802.11 wireless LANs

The increasingly deployed IEEE 802.11 wireless LANs (WLANs) challenge traditional network management systems because of the shared open medium and the varying channel conditions. There needs to be an automated tool that can help diagnosing both malicious security faults and benign performance faults. It is often difficult, however, to identify the root causes since the manifesting anomalies from network measurements are highly interrelated. In this paper we present a novel approach, called MOdel-based self-DIagnosis (MODI), for fault detection and localization.
Data mining of aviation data: the search for parallel-offset pairs

We have presented a search problem in the field of aviation that may be cast as a data mining application of spatial/temporal data. Although other formulations are available, we selected cluster analysis to solve the problem. Cluster analysis allowed an ease of conceptualization of the problem, and was available in commercial statistical software packages. Though not intended as a rigorous study of computational complexity, we note that the clustering was 20 times faster than a naive brute-force approach.
Can Religion Account for Early Animal Domestications? A Critical Assessment of the Cultural Geographic Argument, Based on Near Eastern Archaeological Data*

Cultural geographers often ascribe early animal domestications to the spiritual propitiation practices of ancient peoples, an interpretation that is not widely shared. This paper evaluates the sacrifice theory against Near Eastern archaeological data and refutes the idea that ritual sacrifice could have induced the earliest animal domestications of the Near East. The earliest domestications were the outcome of essentially ecological and economic processes which later gave rise to the sacrificial practices referred to by cultural geographers.
Effect of Volcanic Eruptions on the Vertical Temperature Profile in Radiosonde Data and Climate Models

Abstract Both observed and modeled upper-air temperature profiles show the tropospheric cooling and tropical stratospheric warming effects from the three major volcanic eruptions since 1960. Detailed comparisons of vertical profiles of Radiosonde Atmospheric Temperature Products for Assessing Climate (RATPAC) and Hadley Centre Atmospheric Temperatures, version 2 (HadAT2), radiosonde temperatures with output from six coupled GCMs show good overall agreement on the responses to the 1991 Mount Pinatubo and 1982 El Chichon eruptions in the troposphere and stratosphere, with a tendency of the models to underestimate the upper-tropospheric cooling and overestimate the stratospheric warming relative to observations. The cooling effect at the surface in the tropics is amplified with altitude in the troposphere in both observations and models, but this amplification is greater for the observations than for the models. Models and observations show a large disagreement around 100 mb for Mount Pinatubo in the tropics...
Crystal Structure of a Mammalian Voltage-Dependent Shaker Family K + Channel

Voltage-dependent potassium ion (K+) channels (Kv channels) conduct K+ ions across the cell membrane in response to changes in the membrane voltage, thereby regulating neuronal excitability by modulating the shape and frequency of action potentials. Here we report the crystal structure, at a resolution of 2.9 angstroms, of a mammalian Kv channel, Kv1.2, which is a member of the Shaker K+ channel family. This structure is in complex with an oxido-reductase beta subunit of the kind that can regulate mammalian Kv channels in their native cell environment. The activation gate of the pore is open. Large side portals communicate between the pore and the cytoplasm. Electrostatic properties of the side portals and positions of the T1 domain and beta subunit are consistent with electrophysiological studies of inactivation gating and with the possibility of K+ channel regulation by the beta subunit.
Solving a disassembly-to-order system by using genetic algorithm and weighted fuzzy goal programming

In this paper, Genetic Algorithm (GA) is used to solve the disassembly-to-order (DTO) problem. DTO is a system where a variety of returned products are disassembled to fulfill the demand for specified numbers of components and materials. The main objective is to determine the optimal number of take-back EOL (end-of-life) products for the DTO system which satisfy the desirable criteria of the system. We implement the Weighted Fuzzy Goal Programming (WFGP) to calculate the fitness values in GA process. We also consider product deterioration which affects the yield rates (e.g., older products tend to have lower yield rates for usable components) and use heuristic procedure to transform the stochastic disassembly yields into their deterministic equivalents. A numerical example is also considered.
Imposing a k constraint in recording systems employing post-Viterbi error correction

A strategy for imposing a k constraint without any rate penalty is proposed for recording systems that already employ a post-Viterbi error-correction processor. Although the method is general, we focus on the application to perpendicular magnetic recording. This scheme is based on deliberate insertion of a short pattern, which contains one or more transitions and can be detected by an inner error-detection code, in the prolonged absence of magnetic transitions in the data bit pattern. The post-Viterbi processor attempts an error event correction by examining the likelihoods of a list of error events including the one due to the inserted pattern that forces the k constraint. The signal-to-noise ratio loss compared to the ideal system with k=/spl infin/ but perfect timing recovery is negligible at either a fixed bit-error rate or a fixed sector-error rate.
Violence exposure and the development of school-related functioning: Mental health, neurocognition, and learning

The relation between history of violence exposure and the development of academic and mental health problems is explored. Violence exposed children have an increased risk of developing school-related problems including: mental health problems, learning disabilities, language impairments, and other neurocognitive problems. These problems interact to create a complex web of deficits and disabilities where intervention access points are difficult to assess. Often mental health problems and academic problems develop in parallel. Timing of violence exposure and the developmental stage of the child during exposure complicate our understanding of the underlying mechanism. A model is presented that explores pathways linking violence exposure to aspects of school-related functioning, both academically and behaviorally. Early life stress, in the form of violence exposure, is related to neurocognitive deficits, including executive functioning and problems in self-regulation. Deficits in self-regulation at the level of behavior, and cognitive control and executive functioning, at the level of brain processing, are related to both academic and mental health problems, suggesting a possible psychological mechanism. Biological mechanisms are also included in the model to illustrate the contribution of the stress response, neuroendocrine system response, and neuroanatomical structural and functional impairments associated with violence exposure.
Rhodopseudomonas palustris Regulons Detected by Cross-Species Analysis of Alphaproteobacterial Genomes

ABSTRACT Rhodopseudomonas palustris, an α-proteobacterium, carries out three of the chemical reactions that support life on this planet: the conversion of sunlight to chemical-potential energy; the absorption of carbon dioxide, which it converts to cellular material; and the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia. Insight into the transcription-regulatory network that coordinates these processes is fundamental to understanding the biology of this versatile bacterium. With this goal in mind, we predicted regulatory signals genomewide, using a two-step phylogenetic-footprinting and clustering process that we had developed previously. In the first step, 4,963 putative transcription factor binding sites, upstream of 2,044 genes and operons, were identified using cross-species Gibbs sampling. Bayesian motif clustering was then employed to group the cross-species motifs into regulons. We have identified 101 putative regulons in R. palustris, including 8 that are of particular interest: a photosynthetic regulon, a flagellar regulon, an organic hydroperoxide resistance regulon, the LexA regulon, and four regulons related to nitrogen metabolism (FixK2, NnrR, NtrC, and σ54). In some cases, clustering allowed us to assign functions to proteins that previously had been annotated with only putative functions; we have identified RPA0828 as the organic hydroperoxide resistance regulator and RPA1026 as a cell cycle methylase. In addition to predicting regulons, we identified a novel inverted repeat that likely forms a highly conserved stem-loop and that occurs downstream of over 100 genes.
The Scientific Practices of Economics and the Emergence of Behavioral Economics

Behavioral economics emerged in the second half of the 20th century and has become an important social science research area. Some have argued that the emergence of behavioral economics (BE) amounts to a scientific revolution. That is, they argue that BE is becoming or has become the new, superior economic paradigm that will replace the neoclassical economics (NE) paradigm. To appreciate the emergence of BE, it is important to understand how the relationship of economic science to psychology and other social sciences has changed from Adam Smith’s time to the present. Another important part of the story relates to the scientific methods of NE and why behavioral economists (BEs) have been critical of them. Ultimately, the emergence of BE and its different strands is related to the efforts of BEs to create a broader, better economic science, a science that is more realistic, less narrow, less rigid, less intolerant, less mechanical, and less individualistic than NE. This article briefly considers the contributions and character of a number of major strands of BE and based on this provides a tentative assessment concerning whether the emergence of BE can be considered a scientific revolution.
Fiber Optic Oxygen Sensing via Luminescence from Molybdenum Chloride Clusters

The photophysics of metal halide clusters, such as Mo6Cl12, are well suited for oxygen sensing schemes.
Comparative Retinal Pigment Epithelium and Photoreceptor Ultrastructure in Nocturnal and Fossorial Rodents: The Eastern Woodrat, Neotoma floridana, and the Plains Pocket Gopher, Geomys bursarius

In fossorial plains pocket gophers ( Geomys bursarius ) the eyes are extremely small and the cells of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) have extensive, highly developed apical microvilli and numerous melanolysosomes. The neural retina consists of both cone (up to 25%) and rod photoreceptor cells. The cones often are clustered and surrounded by rods. Ultrastructurally, the cones differ from rods in position and appearance of nuclei, overall shape of cell body, disc membrane, and presence of pedicle-type synaptic terminals. By way of comparison, in nocturnal eastern woodrats ( Neotoma floridana ) the RPE cells have poorly developed apical microvilli and relatively few melanolysosomes. The neural retina consists almost entirely (99%) of abundant and densely packed rod photoreceptors characterized by unusually long outer segments with a high number of discs. Numerous significant quantitative differences between RPE and photoreceptors of Neotoma and Geomys serve to underscore further the dissimilarities of the retinas of these rodents. Although G. bursarius and other species of gophers live in dark or semi-dark burrow systems and have eyes that are reduced in size, the RPE and neural retina is characterized by an intermediate (diurnal-nocturnal) structural pattern suggestive of good visual acuity. The lack of any obvious specialization in RPE or photoreceptor morphology is striking and could imply that the generalized eye in gophers is representative of the eyes found in their ancestors. If so, gophers probably evolved from ground-dwelling diurnal species.
Fatty Acid Composition of Sphingomyelin and Lecithin in Normal Human Serum.

SummaryA procedure is described for the isolation and characterization of the fatty acids of lecithin (plus lysolecithin) and sphingomyelin from blood serum. This procedure was employed for analysis of these fatty acids in 10 normal adult humans. The results indicate that serum lecithin is comprised of an approximately equal proportion of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids while sphingomyelin contains a series of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids ranging from 14 to 25 carbon atoms. The major fatty acids of lecithin were 16:0, 18:0, 18:1 and 18:2 while the major sphingomyelin acids were 16:0, 18:0, 22:0, 24:1 and 24:0. There were no apparent age-dependent changes in the fatty acid composition of these lipids (16–56 years). The fatty acids of sphingomyelin appeared to vary in composition from subject to subject more than those of lecithin.
The Pinyon Pitch Nodule Moth in Colorado

Petrova arizonensis (Heinrich) infests new growth of pinyon, Pinus edulis Engelm. Larval activity kills the shoots and disrupts normal tree growth. A pitch nodule forms at the entry point and serves to protect the larva. Infestations are heaviest in the upper portion of the trees. Up to 70% of the shoots were damaged on some trees. Heavily infested trees are deformed but not killed. P. arizonensis has a one-year life cycle, overwintering as larvae inside the pitch nodules. Pupation occurs in the spring, inside the nodules. Adults emerge in midsummer over a period of about one month. Eggs are laid on new shoots, usually on the inner side of the needle sheaths. Larvae begin feeding on needle tissue, then they progress to the new shoot where the pitch nodule is formed. At least 2 species of braconid parasites are associated with P. arizonensis.
Mechanism of chlorpromazine-induced liver nonprotein sulfhydryl depletion.

Summary and ConclusionsCPZ induced a depletion of LNPSH which differed significantly from control levels at 4 hours, but not at ½ 2, 8 and 20 hours after administration. The adrenal cortex, but not the hypophysis are integral components of the depleting mechanism. The release of epinephrine in the presence of corticosteroids may be the mediator of the CPZ-induced LNPSH depletion.
Decrease of tetracycline absorption in man by sodium bicarbonate

Chelation is usually considered to be the mechanism responsible for the decreased absorption of tetracycline in the presence of antacids containing polyvalent cations such as Ca++, Mg++, or Al+++. The present study shows that tetracycline absorption can also be reduced to a similar extent by sodium bicarbonate, an antaCid which contains no polyvalent cations and cannot form chelates with tetracycline. In a crossover study, 8 fasting subjects received a 250 mg. commercial tetracycline hydrochloride capsule and 200 ml. of water with or without 2.0 Gm. of sodium bicarbonate. Each subject receiving sodium bicarbonate showed a significant decrease in absorption. An average reduction in absorption of 50 per cent was observed as determined by the cumulative amount of unchanged tetracycline appearing in the urine at 48 hours (Qu∞). The mean Qu∞ was 114.1 ± 27.0 mg. for tetracycline alone and 52.5 ± 14.0 mg. when given with sodium bicarbonate. When tetracycline was dissolved prior to administration, no differences in Qu∞ were observed with or without concomitant administration of 2.0 Gm. of sodium bicarbonate, indicating that the dissolution rate step is involved in the decreased absorption of tetracycline capsules. These results are consistent with a mechanism of absorption requiring a low gastric pH for complete dissolution of tetracycline and suggest that any substance or condition which significantly increases gastric pH may decrease dissoltltion and, hence, absorption of tetracycline
The Banality of Evil: A Portrayal in 12 Angry Men

Popular culture thrives on a portrayal of evil as murder, mayhem, and violence. Today’s movies try to “outdo” predecessors with gruesome acts committed by egregious monsters.1 Unfortunately, this media depiction of evil has lost its power to explore the much greater evil that humankind faces when societies destroy, impoverish, and enslave on a massive scale as a result of small actions taken by ordinary citizens. Hannah Arendt captured this evil in her phrase “the banality of evil.”2 Ironically, the phrase and its meaning have become banal—too often repeated to form the basis for depictions by the media, which must always strive for the new and different. In 1957, however, a black-and-white film, having virtually no action, and taking place in a locked room, created a portrait that more chillingly reveals the evil around us that, but for constant vigilance, can unleash the worst forms of terror. This film, 12 Angry Men,3 offers a portrayal that allows us to explore the evil of indifference that is far more pervasive and powerful than the evil of monsters common in film but rare in life. 12 Angry Men is best known for its portrayal of a highly charged jury deliberation. It is also recognized for its fine ensemble cast, including Henry Fonda. What it is not known for, however, and which I intend to take as my focus, is its depiction of everyday acts by ordinary men that have the potential to lead to unspeakable evil. The lesson is made more poignant by the setting: our legal system. My intent is to show how indifference, whether through haste, bias, or bore-
Previous Injury and Chronic Pain are Associated with Side of Onset in Parkinson's Disease.

BACKGROUND: Parkinson's disease (PD) motor symptoms are frequently asymmetric and the factors that influence the side of onset are unclear. OBJECTIVE: To explore whether peripheral injury and associated chronic limb pain may influence the side of onset. METHODS: We administered a questionnaire to 128 PD patients in a tertiary movement disorder clinic. Handedness, date and type of limb injury(s) and duration of associated pain, and date and side of onset were ascertained. RESULTS: Sixty-two subjects reported limb injuries prior to the onset of PD symptoms, 30 with and 32 without chronic pain (i.e., ≥ 2 months). There was no association between injury and PD onset side overall (p=0.334). In subjects with chronic pain associated with limb injuries, however, side of injuries was associated with the side of PD symptom onset (p=0.030). CONCLUSIONS: Limb injury with chronic pain may be related to the side of PD symptom onset. Future studies may shed light on the nature of this observation. Language: en
Simplified privacy controls for aggregated services: suspend and resume of personal data

The Internet is moving towards dynamic and ad-hoc service composition. The resulting so-called Web 2.0 sites maintain a unified user-experience while interacting and exchanging personal data with multiple other sites. Since the interaction is dynamic and ad-hoc, existing privacy policy mechanisms are not designed for this scenario. In this article we describe a new lightweight approach towards privacy management. The core idea is to provide a "privacy panel" - a unified and simple entry point at each site that enables consumers to review stored data and manage their privacy. Key aspects were ease-of-use and handling of recursive disclosures of personal data.
Standardization of Human-Computer-Interface for Geo-Fencing in Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems

The use of small unmanned aircraft systems (sUAS) has increased significantly in the past year. Geographic fencing (geo-fencing) is software built into most medium-cost consumer sUAS. This software is typically used to limit the altitude above launch point, the flight distance from the transmitting controller, and/or restrict flight inside a no-fly zone. While the concept of a geo-fence is simplistic, the human-computer-interface (HCI) varies drastically among platforms, and even between software iterations on the same platform. This research examines the HCI of three popular consumer-level sUAS with regard to geo-fencing. The software procedures and human interface for the DJI Inspire-1, 3D Robotics IRIS+, and Yuneec Typhoon Q500+ were evaluated through review of relevant literature, software, and flight-testing. This assessment yielded several recommendations for geo-fencing software for sUAS.
Ultrafiltration in Cardiac Surgery

Ultrafiltration is the removal of plasma water and its soluble components across a microporous membrane. Various ultrafiltration techniques have been developed for use in cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). These techniques can be categorized into two rationales: blood concentration and blood nitration. This chapter introduces the reader to the spectrum of ultrafiltration techniques that can be applied to CPB. Special emphasis is placed on the technical considerations for integrating these techniques into clinical practice and a literature review of the reported outcome measures for each technique.
Enhancing the teaching of introductory economics with a team-based, multi-section competition

ABSTRACTThe authors describe a unique approach to enhancing student learning at the introductory economics level that utilizes a multi-section, team-based competition. The competition is structured to supplement learning throughout the entire introductory course. Student teams are presented with current economic issues, trends, or events, and use economic tools and theories to comprehensively examine the topics. Students present their analyses in their own sections with one team from each section moving on to compete in an inter-section round. Students are judged on technicality, creativity, and applicability of economic concepts. The competition has the potential to advance students' creativity, collaboration, communication, and critical and analytical thinking skills, while enhancing their ability to apply foundational economic concepts to real-world settings.
Crazing and toughness of block copolymers and blends

Glassy polymers of flexible chain molecules with relatively high entanglement molecular weights craze before they undergo general yielding. In unmodified homopolymers such crazing is initiated almost exclusively from surface imperfections which require a relatively high stress to initiate crazes. Under these high stresses, craze matter fracture, initiated from particulate impurities, is rapid and results in generally brittle behavior. To toughen such polymers the best strategy is to initiate a profusion of crazes internally to decrease the craze flow stress to levels below that which produces fracture from particulate impurities. This can be accomplished by compliant particles with good adhesion to the matrix and with a variety of morphologies. Block copolymers are excellent vehicles for achieving the desirable compliant particle morphologies in heterogeneous blends. However, for such particles to be effective craze initiators, they need to be larger than a critical size to provide a stress induced displacement misfit that is equal to the thickness of a mature craze. Additional lowering of the craze flow stress can be achieved by incorporation of a small volume fraction of low molecular weight rubber that either associates itself with the heterogeneous block-copolymer particles or precipitates out as small spherical pools of liquid rubber. This low molecular weight rubber acts as a very potent plasticizing agent on the craze material tufts and on the craze borders that are under substantial levels of deformation induced negative pressure, and provide toughening by controlled solvent crazing.
Multigroup Antiproton Transport and Fission

Antiprotons are negatively charged protons that continuously slow down in matter until they are stopped and captured on the surface of a nucleus by a proton; in which case, both proton and antiproton annihilate into gammas, pions, and other short-lived particles. When an antiproton annihilates at rest on the surface of an actinide nucleus, such as uranium, many fragments and neutrons are also produced, following direct reaction, nuclear evaporation, and fission processes, along with production of high-energy gammas and pions. Collectively, these processes have been termed antiproton fission, for simplicity, because many neutrons are produced as the end result of all reactions. Recent experiments at CERN suggest that as many as 15 to 20 neutrons ar emitted following antiproton annihilation on [sup 238]U, that their distribution is peaked near 5 MeV in energy, and that a sizeable fraction (45 to 75%) of the annihilation energy (1.88 GeV per annihilation) is deposited locally in the [sup 238]U. A fit to the experimental neutron spectrum of Angelopoulos et al. is presented, and the systematics of transporting and annihilating antiprotons in a multigroup representation are investigated for the first time. Applications of antiproton transport and fission in small spherical assemblies are discussed andmore » contrasted, mainly systematics of local and nonlocal antiproton annihilation, criticality, and disassembly.« less
Computer Modeling of Microscopic Failure Processes Under Dynamic Loads

High rate failure of structural materials takes place by rate processes occurring on the microlevel and involving nucleation, growth, and coalescence of voids, cracks, or shear bands. We have constructed computational models describing these processes and have used these models to predict macroscopic failure behavior in many materials under compressive, tensile, and shear loading conditions. This paper reviews the microphenom-enology of dynamic failure, describes the approach used to obtain equations for the rate processes, and indicates the success of the resulting computer models in predicting dynamic failure behavior.
Identifying cis/trans-acting expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL)

Expression Quantitative Trait Loci (eQTL) studies have played an important role in discovering novel susceptibility genes and regulatory mechanisms of human diseases. High-throughput microarray technologies allow to measure thousands of gene expressions at the same time, and the advance enables one to capture the insight of the genetic architecture of gene expression. A number of multivariate methods have been proposed to identify loci associated to gene expression taking into account interactive effects and relationships between the units. However, the large data tend to increase false positives in the studies. We propose a Cis/Trans eQTL Association Mapping (CTAM) method to (a) take co-expressed genes without clustering or partitioning techniques, (b) build a mathematical model for cis- and trans-eQTL based on biological prior knowledge, and (c) identify significant disease-associated genes. The power to detect both joint effect and group effect of SNPs and gene expressions is assessed in the simulation studies. We also applied it to a study of psychiatric disorder diseases data. CTAM detects associations between cis/trans-acting eQTLs and genes.
Does the Feedback Feed Forward? Student Response to and Views of Teacher Feedback in an EFL Academic Writing Class

Effective, timely feedback is a fundamental aspect of formative assessment. The core of formative assessment has been defined as comprising two actions: The student must recognize that a gap exists between the current performance and the desired one; and the student must engage in effective action to close the gap. Student knowledge and action in being aware of and attempting to close the performance gap are seen as pivotal in the feedback process. This chapter, based on a third-year EFL Academic Writing class at a university in Japan, focuses on how students respond to feedback provided on the first draft of a research essay, and also how they feel about the feedback process itself. The report compliments an initial research study (White, 2017) comprised of a teacher self-assessment of the types of feedback provided on 21 essay first drafts. This related report looks at how students responded to the feedback provided in their subsequent final draft. The report com pares the first and final drafts of student essays to make some determination of whether the feedback fed forward into a better final draft. The report also includes a student survey to ascertain student views on the effectiveness of the teacher feedback provided in helping them produce a better final draft for summative assessment. Examples of student writing, the feedback provided, and subsequent changes made are included in the report. The report concludes that, on the whole, student final drafts were stronger, better and more clearly written due to student response to the feedback provided. The feedback survey, completed by 23 students, also showed an overall high level of satisfaction with the feedback framework used in this EFL Academic Writing class.
Post-irradiation pericardial malignant mesothelioma with deletion of p16: a case report.

Malignant mesotheliomas are rather uncommon neoplasms associated primarily with asbestos exposure; however, they may alsoarise as second primary malignancies after radiation therapy, with a latency period of 15–25 years. Numerous studies havereported an association between pleural malignant mesothelioma and chest radiation performed for other malignancies; on theother hand, post-irradiation mesotheliomas of the pericardium have been reported in only a few published cases to date, and nohomozygous deletion of 9p21 has been described in such cases. We report the case of a 48-year-old man with a history ofHodgkin's lymphoma and no prior asbestos exposure who developed pericardial malignant epithelioid mesothelioma. We furtherdiscuss the cytologic, histologic, immunophenotypic, and fluorescence in situ hybridization findings in this case. To ourknowledge, this is the first well-documented case of post-radiation pericardial malignant mesothelioma showing homozygousdeletion of 9p21. Homozygous deletion of 9p21, the locus harboring the p16 gene, is present in post-irradiation pericardialmalignant mesothelioma.
Nail Psoriasis: A Review of Treatment:

Nail psoriasis is a common and disabling manifestation of cutaneous plaque-type psoriasis. Treatment of nail psoriasis is often unsuccessful and frequently requires prolonged and tedious treatment ...
Affordable Course Materials: Electronic Textbooks and Open Educational Resources

Introductory material for this book states that a College Board survey reports a student’s average yearly cost for textbooks is nearly $1300 and that two-thirds of students will skip using a textbo...
Building a Two System Theory of Training Transfer

One hundred years of training research have taught us much about designing training systems to facilitate transfer. However, we do not know much about the actual process of transfer and how trainee...
Ectoparasitic and Protozoan Diseases

Knockdown resistance is related to voltage-gated sodium channels and is increasingly common among lice. Knockdown resistance can often be overcome by prolonged exposure to the pyrethroid. There is lesser resistance to malathion compared to other agents. Malathion efficacy is due, in large part, to the petroleum-based vehicle, which is irritating and flammable. Agents that kill via asphyxiation rather than neurotoxicity offer a better approach to treatment.
Clinical parameters predicting response and outcomes to immunotherapy in metastatic cancers.

e15084Background: Checkpoint inhibitors are approved as effective therapy in a number of malignancies. The response rates range between 20-40% in various cancers. Predictive as well as prognostic c...
The evaluation of gamma irradiation and cold storage for the reduction of Campylobacter jejuni in chicken livers

Abstract Recent outbreaks of Campylobacter mediated disease attributed to undercooked chicken livers have highlighted a continuing need for methods to reduce Campylobacter numbers in these types of food products. In this study, gamma irradiation is evaluated for its effectiveness in reducing Campylobacter jejuni numbers in experimentally contaminated chicken livers. A wide range of radiation doses were evaluated in conjunction with cold storage parameters, before and after irradiation. Storage of chicken livers at −20 °C prior to radiation treatment, as expected, increased C. jejuni radiation resistance. Livers previously stored at −20 °C exhibited D10 values of 0.748 kiloGray (kGy) compared to livers without previous storage that had a significantly lower D10 value of 0.361 kGy. Cold storage conditions post-irradiation at both 4 °C and −20 °C further reduced the C. jejuni numbers over those reduced by the initial irradiation. The largest reduction (3.8 logs) of C. jejuni numbers in livers produced by combining irradiation and cold storage was achieved using 0.8 kGy of radiation followed by 1 week storage at −20 °C. This reduction of 3.8 logs was not determined to be significantly different from the 3.5 log reduction achieved with the same radiation dose (0.8 kGy) after only 48 h of subsequent storage at −20 °C.
Burkholderia mallei and Glanders

Glanders is a zoonotic disease mainly afflicting solipeds and caused by the Gram-negative bacillus Burkholderia mallei. Unlike its evolutionary counterpart, Burkholderia pseudomallei, which can live for extended periods of time outside a host, B. mallei is a host-adapted intracellular bacterium capable of limited survival in the environment. Though humans are considered accidental hosts, its ability to be aerosolized combined with low infectivity dose have contributed to the re-surfaced interest to understand glanders. This pathogen has a long history associated with natural infection, military involvement, and as a biological weapon, B. mallei has been classified as a Tier 1 Select Agent. Despite the eradication of glanders from Northern America and Western Europe, recent outbreaks in endemic areas, including Western Asia, Northern India, and South America have classified this bacteria as a re-emerging pathogen. Its high rate of mortality, antimicrobial resistance, and its role as potential bioweapon threat have prompted recent advancements in understanding its pathogenesis and development of novel therapeutics and prophylactic vaccines for at-risk individuals, including military personnel.
Toward Cyber-Resiliency Metrics for Action Recommendations Against Lateral Movement Attacks

Lateral movement attacks are a serious threat to enterprise security. In these attacks, an attacker compromises a trusted user account to get a foothold into the enterprise network and uses it to attack other trusted users, increasingly gaining higher and higher privileges. Such lateral attacks are very hard to model because of the unwitting role that users play in the attack and even harder to detect and prevent because of their low and slow nature. In this chapter, a theoretical framework is presented for modeling lateral movement attacks and for designing resilient cyber-systems against such attacks. The enterprise is modeled as a tripartite graph capturing the interactions between users, machines, and applications, and a set of procedures is proposed to harden the network by increasing the cost of lateral movement. Strong theoretical guarantees on system resilience are established and experimentally validated for large enterprise networks.
The Umbral Calculus and Identities for Hypergeometric Functions with Special Arguments

We review a little of what is known regarding closed-form expressions for generalized hypergeometric functions with special arguments. Mathematical software is now available, namely, the powerful algorithm “hyper,” for determining whether certain sums can be expressed in closed form, and we illustrate it’s application to some important problems. Next, we show how the umbral calculus can be used to derive identities for hypergeometric functions which, when specialized, also yield closed form expressions for important sums.
Early life adversity decreases fear expression in pre-adolescence by accelerating amygdalar parvalbumin cell development

Resource insecurity (e.g., poverty) can be a significant source of stress. Decreased resources during childhood has been associated with increased risk for developing stress-related disorders, including major depressive disorder and anxiety Although the link between early life adversity and increased risk for psychopathology has been well established, the developmental mechanisms remain unclear. Using a mouse model of poverty-like rearing, limited bedding and nesting materials (LB), we tested the effects of LB on the development of fear learning and of key neuronal structures involved in emotional regulation, the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and basolateral amygdala (BLA). LB delayed the ability of pre-adolescent mice to express, but not form, an auditory conditioned fear memory. LB disrupted typical fear circuit development, accelerating parvalbumin positive (PV+) inhibitory interneuron maturation in the BLA and delaying the maturation of connections between the mPFC and BLA. The decreased fear expression in LB reared mice during early development was rescued through optogenetic inactivation of PV+ cells in the BLA. Together our data demonstrate that LB has profound and deleterious effects on mPFC and BLA development, decreasing threat-associated behavior expression, but not learning, in childhood. The current results provide a model of transiently blunt emotional reactivity in childhood, with fear-associated memories emerging later in adolescence, and possibly contributing to later pathology development.
Conformal Lifshitz Gravity from Holography

We show that holographic renormalization of relativistic gravity in asymptotically Lifshitz spacetimes naturally reproduces the structure of gravity with anisotropic scaling: the holographic counterterms induced near anisotropic infinity take the form of the action for gravity at a Lifshitz point, with the appropriate value of the dynamical critical exponent z. In the particular case of 3 + 1 bulk dimensions and z = 2 asymptotic scaling near infinity, we find a logarithmic counterterm, related to anisotropic Weyl anomaly of the dual CFT, and show that this counterterm reproduces precisely the action of conformal gravity at a z = 2 Lifshitz point in 2 + 1 dimensions, which enjoys anisotropic local Weyl invariance and satisfies the detailed balance condition. We explain how the detailed balance is a consequence of relations among holographic counterterms, and point out that a similar relation holds in the relativistic case of holography in AdS 5. Upon analytic continuation, analogous to the relativistic case studied recently by Maldacena, the action of conformal gravity at the z = 2 Lifshitz point features in the ground-state wavefunction of a gravitational system with an interesting type of spatial anisotropy.
Abstract P446: African American Women Have Lower Functional Performance During Acute Inpatient Rehabilitation After Intracerebral Hemorrhagic Strokes

Introduction: Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), a subtype of stroke, leads to significant long-term disability. Research in stroke recovery and rehabilitation has focused on ischemic strokes. Identif...
Designing Machine Learning Pipeline Toolkit for AutoML Surrogate Modeling Optimization.

The pipeline optimization problem in machine learning requires simultaneous optimization of pipeline structures and parameter adaptation of their elements. Having an elegant way to express these structures can help lessen the complexity in the management and analysis of their performances together with the different choices of optimization strategies. With these issues in mind, we created the AutoMLPipeline (AMLP) toolkit which facilitates the creation and evaluation of complex machine learning pipeline structures using simple expressions. We use AMLP to find optimal pipeline signatures, datamine them, and use these datamined features to speed-up learning and prediction. We formulated a two-stage pipeline optimization with surrogate modeling in AMLP which outperforms other AutoML approaches with a 4-hour time budget in less than 5 minutes of AMLP computation time.
Visualizing Time-Dependent Microstructural and Chemical Evolution during Molten Salt Corrosion of Ni-20Cr Model Alloy using Correlative Quasi In Situ TEM and In Situ Synchrotron X-ray Nanotomography

Abstract In situ monitoring of corrosion processes is important to fundamentally understand the kinetics and evolution of materials in harsh environments. A quasi in situ transmission electron microscopy technique was utilized to study microstructural and chemical evolution of a Ni-20Cr disc sample exposed to molten KCl-MgCl2 salt for 60 s in consecutive 20 s iterations. In situ synchrotron X-ray nanotomography was performed to characterize the morphological evolution of a Ni-20Cr microwire exposed to molten KCl-MgCl2. Both techniques captured key corrosion events and revealed mechanisms at different time and length scales, potentially bringing greater insights and deeper understanding beyond conventional analysis.
Unemployment, disability and life expectancy in the United States: A life course study.

Abstract Background Unemployment may be associated with health through factors including stress, depression, unhealthy behaviors, reduced health care, and loss of social networks. Little is known about associations of total lifetime unemployment with disability and life expectancy. Hypothesis People with high unemployment (≥the median) will live shorter lives with more disability than those with less unemployment. Methods Data were nationally representative of African Americans and non-Hispanic whites, from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (37 waves 1968–2011, n = 7,970, mean work years = 24.7). Seven waves (1999–2011, 58,268 person-years) measured disability in activities of daily living. We estimated monthly probabilities of disability and death associated with unemployment using multinomial logistic Markov models adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, health status at baseline and throughout work life, and social support. We used the probabilities to create large populations with microsimulation, each individual having known monthly disability status, age 40 to death. We analyzed the populations to measure outcomes. Results Respectively for African American and white women and African American and white men, life expectancies (with 95% confidence intervals) from age 40 with low unemployment were ages: 77.1 (75.0–78.3), 80.6 (78.4–81.4), 71.4 (69.6–72.5), and 76.9 (74.9–77.9). Corresponding high unemployment results were: 73.7 (71.7–75.0), 77.5 (75.1–78.0), 68.4 (66.8–69.0), and 73.7 (71.5–74.3). The percentage of life disabled from age 40 was greater with high unemployment for the same groups, by 23.9%, 21.0%, 21.3%, and 21.1% (all p Conclusions High lifetime unemployment may be associated with a larger proportion of later life with disability and lower life expectancy.
Goldilocks and TPACK: Is the Construct ‘Just Right?’

AbstractIn the education community, the Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) framework has become a popular construct for examining the types of teacher knowledge needed to achieve technology integration. In accordance with Katz and Raths’s ’Goldilocks Principlen’ (cited in Kagan, 1990), TPACK, with its seven knowledge domains, may be too large (vague or ambiguous) of a construct to enable reasonable application. In this article, we provide a critical review of the TPACK construct and address the development, verification, usefulness, application, and appropriateness of TPACK as a way to explain the teacher cognition needed for effective technology integration. We make suggestions for returning to a simpler conceptualization to refocus our efforts on what teachers need to achieve meaningful technology-enabled learning.
Chemical Perspective on Neurotransmission and Drug Discovery for the Central Nervous System

In this chapter, we review the evolution of approaches that have influenced the drug discovery and medicinal chemistry of agents active in the central nervous system (CNS). While Ehrlich's century-old concept of the magic bullet governed the theory of discovery, the reality was driven for decades by what might be termed exploited serendipity. This changed markedly when, first, radioreceptor assays became widely available, and soon thereafter, when molecular biology gave the field first cloned receptors, and later the whole-genome. Although of immense scientific use, these advances did not yield a pipeline flooded with novel drugs. They have, however, provided the tools needed for truly innovative drug discovery. Several newer concepts have now been shown to offer future directions for drug discovery. First, it is clear that drugs that target several receptors (magic shotguns) can sometimes provide CNS clinical profiles not achievable by magic bullets. Second, the use of allosteric ligands that target sites of receptors or proteins distant from the binding site of their endogenous ligands or substrates has opened new horizons for modulation, activation, or blockade of difficult targets. Finally, the definitions of agonist or antagonist have become complicated by the concept of functional selectivity, the phenomenon where a single ligand acting at the same molecular target can differentially affect the signaling pathways mediated by the receptor. These newer ideas make the importance of collaboration between biologist and chemist even more crucial, and while complicating our concepts of drug action, provide a future richness of discovery opportunity. Keywords: allosteric ligands; cotransmission; functional selectivity; multitargeting drugs; receptor function; screening approaches
Spontaneous spinal epidural abscess in patients 50 years of age and older: a 15-year institutional perspective and review of the literature: clinical article.

Object A spinal epidural abscess (SEA) is a rare but severe infection requiring prompt recognition and management. The incidence of SEA has doubled in the past decade, owing to an aging population and to increased use of spinal instrumentation and vascular access. The optimal management of SEAs in patients 50 years of age and older remains a matter of considerable debate. In an older patient population with multiple comorbidities, whether intravenous antibiotics alone or in combination with surgery lead to superior outcomes remains unknown. The present study retrospectively analyzes cases of SEAs, in patients 50 years of age and older, treated at Duke University Medical Center over the past 15 years. Methods Eighty-two patients underwent treatment for a spinal epidural abscess between 1999 and 2013. There were 46 men and 36 women, whose overall mean age (± SD) was 65 ± 8.58 years (range 50–82 years). The mean duration of clinical follow-up was 41.38 ± 86.48 weeks. Thirty patients (37%) underwent surgery f...
The kidney bridge procedure for bilateral ureteral loss

Bilateral ureteral loss is an uncommon occurrence that challenges the usual reconstructive approaches. We developed a novel procedure, using autotransplantation of one kidney to bridge the ureteral deficit of the contralateral kidney. A 61-year-old woman developed long bilateral mid and distal ureteral strictures from idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis. The left kidney was autotransplanted to the right iliac fossa and the right ureter was anastomosed to the autotransplanted kidney's pelvis, followed by ureteroneocystostomy, all over a stent. This provided an intestine-free, physiologically normal system for draining both kidneys into the bladder. She had a stable creatinine of 1.7 mg/dL at 18 months postoperatively.