cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ionic character of polar crystals: An extended Mulliken scheme for electronegativities

The total energy of an atom can be expressed in terms of the charge $q$ on the atom as $E(q)=E(0)+\ensuremath{\alpha}q+\ensuremath{\beta}{q}^{2}+\ensuremath{\gamma}{q}^{3}$. It is shown that the expected charge transfer q, which brings the intra-atomic energy of the atoms to a minimum, between otherwise isolated noninteracting atoms, is proportional to the difference in the $\ensuremath{\alpha}$'s of the constituent elements, i.e., $q=c \ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\alpha}$. Thus $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ provides a well-defined electronegativity scale, and if the third-order term $\ensuremath{\gamma}{q}^{3}$ may be neglected, then $\ensuremath{\alpha}={\ensuremath{\Phi}}_{m}$, which is the original Mulliken scale. The quadratic term $\ensuremath{\beta}{q}^{2}$ acts to oppose charge transfer, and therefore the coefficient $c$, relating $q$ to $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\alpha}$, depends on what elements are involved and on their relative concentration in a well-defined manner. This implies an asymmetry in charge transfer with concentration. Spectroscopic data indicate that $\ensuremath{\gamma}$, though small, is not negligible and, in such a case ${\ensuremath{\Phi}}_{m}$ is not a proper electronegativity. The extended Mulliken scheme, involving $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ and $\ensuremath{\beta}$, is relevant to the energetics of charge transfer and hence to the ionic character of insulating and semiconducting compounds. It allows simple baseline estimates to be made of such character. Other factors contribute to charge transfer and some of the complications associated with transition-metal compound formation are explored.
New directions for innovation

Abstract The current dimensions of technological innovation are analysed to provide a summary of the state of knowledge of innovation, which is then taken as a basis for recommending sensible management practices for nourishing it. Particularly important are organization, management approach and timing, with new roles for the customer, R&D laboratories and career development in the innovation management process.
Spherical Functions for Finite Upper Half Planes with Characteristic 2

Let GF(q) be a field of q elements. Let G denote the group of matrices M(x, y) = formula] over GF(q) with y ? 0. Fix an irreducible polynomial u2 + tu + n ? GF(q)u]. For each a ? GF(q), let Xa be the graph whose vertices are the q2 ? q elements of G, with two vertices M(x, y), M(v, w) joined by an edge iff (x ? v)2 + t(x ? v) (y ? w) + n(y ? w)2 = wya. The graphs Xa with a ? {0, t2 ? 4n} are (q + 1)-regular connected graphs. These Xa are known to be Ramanujan graphs for odd q, largely by the work of Katz, Soto-Andrade, and Terras. Using representation theory for GL(2, q) and recent character sum estimates of Katz, we show that these Xa are Ramanujan graphs for even q as well. This settles the beautiful conjecture of Terras that all (q + 1)-regular finite upper half plane graphs Xa are Ramanujan graphs. Further, let L(G) denote the Hilbert space of functions mapping G into the complex numbers, with inner product (f, h) = ?g?Gf(g)h(g). We give q2 ? q character sums which comprise a common basis in L(G) of mutually orthogonal eigenfunctions for the ajacency operators of all the connected graphs Xa.
Beyond abstinence-only: relationships between abstinence education and comprehensive topic instruction

In the United States, a debate exists as to whether abstinence-only or comprehensive sexuality education strategies are most beneficial for school-age youth. Despite abstinence being a fundamental component of comprehensive education, the two are often characterized as polar opposites. Few studies have examined overlaps between the approaches. The purpose of this study was to examine relationships between abstinence education and comprehensive topic instruction among sexuality education teachers. Data came from public school teachers (n = 199) in Florida. Abstinence instruction was measured using the Section 510 A–H guidelines. Comprehensive topic instruction was measured using the Sexuality Information and Education Council of the United States' guidelines. Logistic regression analyses measured relationships between abstinence and comprehensive topic instruction. Nearly one-half of teachers taught all eight A–H guidelines, and the majority taught most comprehensive sexuality education topics. The odds of...
History of childhood maltreatment in Intermittent Explosive Disorder and suicidal behavior

Intermittent Explosive Disorder (IED) is a relatively common disorder of impulsive aggression that typically emerges by adulthood. Maltreatment in childhood (CM) may contribute to the development of IED, but little is known about the association between CM and IED, including about how subtypes of CM may specifically relate to IED. This study aimed to test the association between CM and IED diagnosis. A second aim was to examine history of CM in suicide attempters, and to explore whether impulsivity and aggression account for the relationship between CM and suicide attempt (SA). Adults with Intermittent Explosive Disorder (IED; n = 264), with non-IED psychiatric (Axis I or II) disorders (psychiatric controls; PC; n = 199), and with no psychiatric disorder (healthy control subjects; HC; n = 185) were assessed for history of childhood maltreatment, aggression, impulsivity, and history of SA. IED subjects reported significantly greater CM compared to PC and HC subjects, and suicide attempters (n = 62) reported greater CM compared to non-attempters (n = 586). Physical abuse in childhood was independently associated with IED, while sexual abuse and emotional abuse were independently associated with SA. Impulsivity and aggression were potential mediators of the relationship between physical abuse and IED and emotional abuse and SA, but sexual abuse was associated with SA independently of aggression and impulsivity. The results suggest pathways by which environmental factors may influence impulsivity and aggression and, in turn, clinically significant self- and other-directed aggression.
Different Paths to Universal Access: The Impact of Policy and Regulation on Broadband Diffusion in The Developed and Developing Worlds

We examine the broadband digital divide by analyzing the impact of policy and regulation on broadband Internet diffusion. Our multiple regression analysis shows that factors that determine broadband diffusion in technologically developed countries do not necessarily have the same impact in less developed countries. We show that in technological developed countries, there is greater broadband diffusion in countries that make a higher financial investment in information and communication technologies and have effective governing practices at the national level. In technologically developing nations, however, a competitive telecommunications sector also lead to greater broadband diffusion and higher investment in ICTs has even a larger impact than in the developed world, but the presence of a national telecommunications regulatory authority has a negative impact. In addition, stronger democratic political institutions increases diffusion in the developed world, but more effective governance has no effect. These results suggest that the path to widespread availability and use of broadband requires different strategies depending on a nation’s level of technological development.
Generalized Local Cohomology and the Canonical Element Conjecture

Abstract We study a generalization of the Canonical Element Conjecture. In particular we show that given a nonregular local ring ( A , m ) and an i > 0 , there exist finitely generated A -modules M such that the canonical map from Ext A i ( M / m M , Syz i ( M / m M ) ) to H m i ( M , Syz i ( M / m M ) ) is nonzero. Moreover, we show that even when M has an infinite projective dimension and i > dim ( A ) , studying these maps sheds light on the Canonical Element Conjecture.
Ferromagnetic and spin glass orderings in amorphous Fe-Sb alloys

Abstract We have studied the magnetic properties of amorphous Fe-Sb alloys over a wide composition range with 1.4 K≤ T ≤400 K and 0 kG≤ H ≤50 kG. The magnetic phase diagram reveals ferromagnetic and spin glass phases as well as re-entrant transitions.
Future needs for inelastic analysis in design of high-temperature nuclear plant components

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to describe the role that inelastic analyses play in the design of high-temperature nuclear plant components and to identify the problem areas and needs. The design methodology, which explicitly accounts for nonlinear material deformation and time-dependent failure modes, requires a significant level of realism in the prediction of structural response. Thus, material deformation and failure modeling are, along with computational procedures, key parts of the methodology. Each of these is briefly discussed along with validation by comparisons with benchmark structural tests, and problem areas and needs are discussed for each.
Hypoxia/reoxygenation stress signals an increase in organic anion transporting polypeptide 1a4 (Oatp1a4) at the blood-brain barrier: relevance to CNS drug delivery.

Cerebral hypoxia and subsequent reoxygenation stress (H/R) is a component of several diseases. One approach that may enable neural tissue rescue after H/R is central nervous system (CNS) delivery of drugs with brain protective effects such as 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (i.e., statins). Our present in vivo data show that atorvastatin, a commonly prescribed statin, attenuates poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage in the brain after H/R, suggesting neuroprotective efficacy. However, atorvastatin use as a CNS therapeutic is limited by poor blood–brain barrier (BBB) penetration. Therefore, we examined regulation and functional expression of the known statin transporter organic anion transporting polypeptide 1a4 (Oatp1a4) at the BBB under H/R conditions. In rat brain microvessels, H/R (6% O2, 60 minutes followed by 21% O2, 10 minutes) increased Oatp1a4 expression. Brain uptake of taurocholate (i.e., Oap1a4 probe substrate) and atorvastatin were reduced by Oatp inhibitors (i.e., estrone-3-sulfate and fexofenadine), suggesting involvement of Oatp1a4 in brain drug delivery. Pharmacological inhibition of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)/activin receptor-like kinase 5 (ALK5) signaling with the selective inhibitor SB431542 increased Oatp1a4 functional expression, suggesting a role for TGF-β/ALK5 signaling in Oatp1a4 regulation. Taken together, our novel data show that targeting an endogenous BBB drug uptake transporter (i.e., Oatp1a4) may be a viable approach for optimizing CNS drug delivery for treatment of diseases with an H/R component.
Video Taping and Abnormal Psychology: Dramatized Clinical Interviews

(1984). Video Taping and Abnormal Psychology: Dramatized Clinical Interviews. Teaching of Psychology: Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 41-42.
EVALUATION OF SOIL APPLIED AND SEED TREATMENT INSECTICIDES ON CORN FOR CONTROL OF SOIL INSECT PESTS, 1999

EVALUATION OF SOIL APPLIED AND SEED TREATMENT INSECTICIDES ON CORN FOR CONTROL OF SOIL INSECT PESTS, 1999: Corn (Dekalb 668 hybrid) was planted on 23 Feb near Boling, TX, in a silty clay loam soil (8% sand, 64% silt, 28% clay) classified as Norwood loam. The soil contained 1.5% organic matter and the pH was 8.1. Soil moisture at planting was excellent and soil temperature was 58°F. The test was planted at 25,000 kernels per acre (12.75 lb/acre) with a John Deere 8row model 1700 air planter and rows were spaced on 36-inch centers. Corn had been planted in the test site for at least the 4 previous years. Fertilizer applied was 98-0-0+4S+Zn and herbicide applied at-planting was Prowl (1.2 pt/acre) + Atrazine (1.0 lb/acre) + 2, 4-D (1 qt/acre). Plots were 8 rows wide x 900 ft (average harvested length) with 3 replications arranged in a RCB design. Granular insecticides were applied into the seed furrow using the John Deere equipment. Regent 8WG (fipronil) was applied as a a liquid through microtubes (RHS Flomax Unit) into the open seed furrow and calibrated to deliver 2 gpa total volume at a pressure of 32 psi and 6 mph speed. Kernel Guard was mixed with the planting seed. Treatment effects were assessed by (1) counting plants on 4 Apr in 14.5 ft row at 4 locations in the center 2 rows of each plot, (2) conducting visual plant damage ratings on 1 and 16 Apr (average of the two ratings was analyzed) where 1=rapidly growing, dark green plants with no obvious stunting and 5=uneven, reduced growth vigor or yellowing of plants, 3=extracting 6 plants approximately 30 paces apart from the center 2 rows of each plot on 14 May for root damage rating using the Iowa State University 1-6 rating scale, and 4=harvesting 8 rows x 900 ft of each plot with a commercial machine on 4 Aug. Due to the effects of a large tree in the test field, 125 ft less was harvested in 5 plots. Grain weights were corrected to a 15% moisture standard. Dollar returns for insecticides were based on numerical difference between insecticide treatments compared with the untreated corn.
TH-C-ValB-02: Clinical Implementation of Cone-Beam CT for Image-Guided Radiation Therapy

Purpose: A linear accelerator equipped with cone‐beam CT(CBCT) was commissioned for image‐guidedradiation therapy in an IMPAC's Multi‐Access environment. The purpose of this work is to report our experience of clinical implementation of CBCT in a multi‐vendor environment. Method and Materials: The mechanical accuracy of the system was tested using a stereotactic method to verify the imaging isocenter congruent with the therapy isocenter of the accelerator (Trilogy, Varian). Image qualities, including the high contrast resolution (HCR) and low contrast resolution (LCR), were evaluated and compared with the conventional CT (Catphan 600). Imagingdoses were measured using TLDs in several anthropomorphic phantoms for the intended treatment sites (head, chest, and pelvis). There are connectivity issues with current vendor provided software, the clinical implementation of CBCT relies on in‐house CT‐assisted targeting (CAT) software, which is used for aligning CBCTimages to the planning CT to determine daily setup shifts. The alignment uncertainties and its dependence on imagingdose were verified in phantom with various known couch shifts. Results: The imaging isocenter was found to within 1 mm of the therapy isocenter. The CBCT HCR is similar to the conventional CT, approximately 6∼7 lp/cm, while the LCR is inferior. The CBCT LCR with bow‐tie appears better than without. With bow‐tie, the average imagingdoses using built‐in protocols were 7.1, 6.7 and 4.3 cGy in head, chest, and pelvis phantoms, respectively; without bow‐tie, doses were 5.4 and 2.4 cGy for head and pelvic phantoms. Workflow was implemented to use the in‐house CAT software with vendor supplied CBCT acquisition software. The CAT software can predict overall sub‐millimeter accuracy in a phantom experiment with many known couch shifts. Conclusion: We have successfully implemented CBCT for clinical use. Major challenges included various component testing, connectivity, and in‐house software implementations.
Rethinking conditions necessary for pseudotachylyte formation: Observations from the Otago schists, South Island, New Zealand

Abstract Pseudotachylytes and two distinct types of cataclasite in the Otago Schist at Tucker Hill, South Island, New Zealand, provide evidence for both seismic slip and aseismic creep on a normal fault zone during regional crustal extension in late Cretaceous time. Regional geologic evidence suggests that the fault had its present low-angle dip (ca. 10°) at the time it was active. ‘Type A’ cataclasites, presumably aseismic, can be recognized by bi-fractal grain size distributions, monomict composition, angular clasts of uniform textural maturity, and a crude fabric defined by oriented grains and transgranular fractures. ‘Type B’ cataclasites, possibly cosesimic, have characteristics consistent with fluidized grain flow, including heterogeneous clast shapes and types, a bimodal grain size distribution, intrusive relationships with other rocks, and the absence of any fabric or transecting fractures. Pseudotachylyte, which occurs as fault veins, injection veins and more complex types of intrusive structures, consistently cuts across and invades Type A cataclasites but is both intrusive into and included as clasts in Type B cataclasites. These relationships are consistent with a fault evolution model in which the development of a damage zone through aseismic cataclasis (Type A) facilitates the formation of pseudotachylyte in a subsequent seismic event by providing a permeable matrix through which fluids can drain in the early stages of slip, thereby maintaining frictional contact between rock surfaces. The formation of pseudotachylyte, in turn, may seal the fault zone and lead to thermal pressurization in a later seismic cycle, forming fluidized (Type B) cataclasites. Seismic slip on the low-angle normal fault zone at Tucker Hill may have occurred by two distinct modes of dynamic weakening — melt lubrication and thermal pressurization — in successive seismic events. Although there is a perception among geologists that pseudotachylyte is most likely to form in intact, crystalline rocks, geophysical models of fault zones clearly demonstrate that pseudotachylyte formation is actually suppressed in low-permeability rock because any fluids present would be unable to escape the fault zone and thermal pressurization would rapidly reduce frictional resistance. The paradigmatic occurrences of pseudotachylyte in otherwise pristine crystalline rocks probably represent somewhat exceptional circumstances (single rupture events at very high effective stress in dry rock). Coseismic frictional melts may actually be more common in hydrated rocks like the schist at Tucker Hill, but harder to recognize and also vulnerable to overprinting as a fault zone matures. In such rocks, pseudotachylyte may represent an intermediate stage in the evolution of a fault zone, the period between the formation of a high-permeability damage zone and the development of a low-permeability fault core.
Pointer Ownership Model

The incorrect use of pointers in the C and C++ programming languages is a common source of bugs and vulnerabilities. Most languages that are newer than C eliminate pointers or severely restrict their capabilities. Nonetheless, many C and C++ programmers work with pointers safely by maintaining a mental model of when memory accessed through pointers should be allocated and subsequently freed. This mental model is seldom documented outside of the evidence of its application in the source code. The Pointer Ownership Model (POM) improves the ability of developers to statically analyze C programs for errors involving dynamic memory. To make a program comply with POM, a developer must identify the program's "responsible" pointers, whose objects must be explicitly freed before the pointers themselves may be destroyed. Any program that complies with POM can be statically analyzed to ensure that the design is consistent and secure and that the code correctly implements the design. Consequently, POM can be used to diagnose and eliminate many dynamic memory errors from C programs.
The Utopia Basin revisited: Regional slope and shorelines from MOLA profiles

MOLA profiles indicate that Utopia Planitia, including the Utopia Basin, has been tilted northward by ∼0.025°since formation of the basin but no later than mid-Late Hesperian. This tilt could be a relic of the endogenic formation of the global dichotomy in late Noachian to early Hesperian by a process involving subcrustal erosion in the lowland. The Utopia Basin survives as a deep, circular depression within Utopia Planitia. Along its south flank are several horizontal or near horizontal terraces and benches that may be shorelines of an extensive northern lowland ocean and a more restricted lake within the Utopia Basin. The large size (up to 200 km wide) of these putative shorelines represents a major geomorphic problem to be solved.
Anelastic deformation of boron fibers

The flexural deformation behavior of vapor-deposited boron fibers is investigated in the temperature range from 100 to 1100 K by stress-relaxation and internal friction methods. Strong thermally-activated anelasticity is uniquely observed, and no evidence of plasticity is found up to surface strains of 0.006. The parameters governing the relaxation processes within the anelastic spectra of untreated and annealed fibers are determined and correlated with the results of X-ray structural studies to develop preliminary models for the possible causes of boron's anelasticity. The large relaxation strengths of the dominant Ia processes together with their relaxation times and energies are shown to suggest a sliding mechanism between certain basic structural subunits common to both the beta-rhombohedral and vapor-deposited boron structures.
Protein Concentration Dependence of Palmitate Binding to β-Lactoglobulin

Abstract The binding of palmitate to β -lactoglobulin at protein concentrations ranging from 1 to 200 μM was determined using an ultrafiltration method with [ 14 C]palmitate. Fit of the data to theoretical models required the assumption of two independent sets of binding sites; however, binding characteristics were dependent on the protein concentration. A model assuming one set of sites on the protein monomer and another on the dimer was consistent with the data. The analysis suggests that 2mol of palmitate are bound/mol of dimer and that the binding constant is of the order of 10 5 M –1 ; a larger number of palmitate molecules are bound per mole of monomer with a smaller binding constant of the order of 10 4 M –1 . Apparently, formation of the dimer, by hydrophobic interactions at the monomer contact site, eliminated palmitate binding sites on the monomer but formed a higher affinity pocket for binding to the dimer.
Subsets of neurotensin-immunoreactive neurons in the rat striatal complex following antagonism of the dopamine D2 receptor: An immunohistochemical double-labeling study using antibodies against Fos

Abstract A study was done to determine if the Fos and neurotensin immunoreactivities elicited in the rat striatal complex by the selective dopamine D 2 receptor antagonist, S(−)-eticlopride hydrochloride are co-localized in the same neurons. Following injections of eticlopride, Fos and neurotensin immunoreactivity were both non-uniformly distributed among the striatal compartments and subterritories. Fos was co-localized in a significant number of small, lightly neurotensin-immunoreactive neurons, but not in a larger subset of neurons with significantly greater median diameter that exhibited intense neurotensin immunoreactivity extending well into the dendritic arbor. It is proposed that neurotensin-immunoreactive neurons lacking Fos immunoreactivity are prominent following selective blockade of the dopamine D 2 receptor and represent a subset of striatal neurotensin-immunoreactive neurons. Neurotensin-immunoreactive cells containing Fos nuclei represent a distinct subset, possibly the one that is dominant following administration of reserpine [Zahm (1992) Neuroscience 46 , 335–350]. Insofar as Fos expression has been reported to accompany activation of striatonigral and striatopallidal neurons, the absence of Fos in the subset of neurotensin neurons displayed following D 2 receptor blockade may be at odds with activation and perhaps is more consistent with inactivation and accompanying decreased release of neurotensin [see Frey et al. (1988) Neurochem. Int. 12 , 33–38, and Bean et al. (1989) J. Neurosci. 9 , 4430–4438] as a mechanism underlying the accumulation of neurotensin in that subset of striatal neurons.
Modulation of adrenal cell functions by cadmium salts: 3. Sites affected by CdCl2 during stimulated steroid synthesis

In previous studies cadmium chloride (CdCl2) nonlethally inhibited Y-1 mouse adrenal tumor cell 20-dihydroxyprogesterone (20DHP) secretion, affecting unstimulated and stimulated steroidogenic pathway sites differently. In addition, dibutyryl cAMP-stimulated 20DHP secretion was unaffected by CdCl2, while the site of the unstimulated effect was indirectly shown to involve steps between endogenous cholesterol utilization and 20-hydroxycholesterol association with mitochondrial cytochrome P450 side-chain cleavage enzyme. In the present study we determined CdCl2 effects on plasma membrane sites preceding pre-dbcAMP-stimulation of 20DHP secretion. Y-1 cells were incubated 0.5 h in medium with or without cadmium (using the concentration that inhibited adrenocorticotropin- (ACTH)-stimulated steroid secretion by 50%) together with exogenously added maximally stimulating concentrations of ACTH, cholera toxin, forskolin, or adenosine triphosphate Cholera toxin, forskolin and ATP bypass specific plasma membrane sites involved in the synthesis of intracellular cAMP and activate the steroid hormone biosynthetic pathway. Cadmium effects on ACTH-stimulated endogenous cAMP secretion were also examined. CdCl2 significantly reduced Y-1 cell 20DHP secretion following exposure to ACTH, cholera toxin, forskolin, and ATP; it also significantly decreased endogenous cAMP secretion into culture medium. These data may be interpreted to suggest that CdCl2 altered Y-1 cell regulation of adenyl cyclase activity, which reduced cAMP-activated cholesterol uptake by mitochondria as a consequence.
Zinc chloride mediated degradation of cellulose at 200 °C and identification of the products

The effect of ZnCl(2) on the degradation of cellulose was studied to develop conditions to produce useful feedstock chemicals directly from cellulosic biomass. Cellulose containing 0.5 mol of ZnCl(2)/mol of glucose unit of cellulose was found to degrade at 200 degrees C when heated for more than 60 s in air. The major non-gaseous products of the degradation were identified as furfural, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and levulinic acid. The maximum yields for furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural are 8% and 9%, respectively, based on glucose unit of cellulose. These yields are reached after 150 s of heating at 200 degrees C. A cellulose sample containing 0.5 mol of ZnCl(2)/mol of glucose unit of cellulose and 5.6 equivalents of water when heated for 150 s at 200 degrees C produced levulinic acid as the only product in 6% yield. The ZnCl(2) mediated controlled degradation of cellulose at 200 degrees C is shown to produce useful feedstock chemicals in low yield.
On the neglect of strain dependence of tunneling matrix elements in OH--alkali-halide systems

Abstract In calculating the reorientation rates of paraelectric and paraelastic defects it is customary to neglect strain dependence of tunneling matrix elements. It is shown that the observed temperature and field dependence of reorientation rates of OH - ions in alkali-halide crystals at low temperatures provides evidence in support of this assumption.
Asymptotic method for the water wave equation.

By an asymptotic procedure, the complete water wave equation is shown to have a reflected wave after overtaking collisions of two solitary waves [C.-H. Su and Q. S. Zou, Phys. Rev. A 35, 4738 (1987)]. This is a result of a nonlocal behavior of the solution. Using the asymptotic procedure to a model equation of water waves, which is shown to be solvable by the inverse scattering method [D.J. Kaup, Progr. Theor. Phys. 54, 396 (1975)], we show that the solution to the model equation does not have such a nonlocal behavior. Hence the asymptotic method is consistent with the inverse scattering method. It provides a complementary way to check complete integrability for some systems in addition to the inverse scattering method and the Painlev\'e analysis, etc.
Stereoselective stimulus effects of 3-methylflunitrazepam and pentobarbital

Abstract Rats trained to discriminate 3.0 mg/kg of diazepam from saline in a two-lever operant choice task were challenged with the racemic mixture and optical isomers of 3-methylflunitrazepam or pentobarbital. Generalization of the diazepam stimulus was found to occur to (±)- and S (+)-3- methylflunitrazepam , with the S (+)- isomer being twice as active as the racemate. Diazepam stimulus generalization also occured to (±)-, S(−)-, and R (+)- pentobarbital , with the S (−)- isomer being approximately twice as active as (±)- or R (+)- pentobarbital . In addition, the administration of the imidazobenzodiazepine Ro 15-1788, a selective benzodiazepine receptor antagonist, prior to benzodiazepine or barbiturate administration competitively antagonized the discriminative stimulus properties of the benzodiazepines but was completely ineffective in attenuating the discriminative stimulus effect of the barbiturates. The results of this study suggest that benzodiazepines exert their stimulus effects by a stereoselective interaction at a benzodiazepine receptor and that stereochemical factors are important in evaluating the stimulus properties of benzodiazepines or or barbiturates.
Predestination and divine foreknowledge in the sermons of Pope Leo the Great

During the fifth century of our common era the Latin church fathers struggled to explain how we humans are saved and why it seems that not all humans are saved. Most of these attempts pivoted on the writings of Augustine of Hippo. The fathers either borrowed from Augustine's thought, adapted it, or reacted to it. Beginning with the generation of theologians who thrived at the end of Augustine's life and just following his death, there arose a tendency in the western church to moderate his more extreme positions concerning grace and predestination by realigning them with accepted church tradition. This tradition includes those Christian doctrines which were held and promoted most widely by theologians—up to, but not including, Augustine himself—whom the early church accepted as orthodox.
The Use of Discriminant Analyses to Determine Subject Attrition Bias in Field Research

Differences in subjects who remained with or dropped out of a research project were evaluated using discriminant analyses. Subjects were 79 factory employees who received ten different questionnair...
An Environmental Analysis of Machining

This paper presents a system-level environmental analysis of machining. The analysis presented here considers not only the environmental impact of the material removal process itself, but also the impact of associated processes such as material preparation and cutting fluid preparation. This larger system view results in a more complete assessment of machining. Energy analyses show that the energy requirements of actual material removal can be quite small when compared to the total energy associated with machine tool operation. Also, depending on the energy intensity of the materials being machined, the energy of material production can, in some cases, far exceed the energy required for machine tool operation.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Inducible IL-12-producing B cells regulate Th2-mediated intestinal inflammation.

Background & Aims: Our previous studies have identified a B-cell subset that is induced under inflammatory conditions in T-cell receptor α knockout (TCRαKO) mice and contributes to the attenuation of colitis by producing interleukin (IL)-10. However, it is unclear whether IL-10-producing B cells directly or indirectly regulate inflammation. Methods: Cytokine production of purified mesenteric lymph node (MLN) B cells was examined by flow cytometric analysis, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and RNase protection assay. To investigate the functional role of IL-12p70 in the pathogenesis of colitis in TCRαKO mice, IL-12p35-deficient TCRα double knockout mice were generated. Results: In the absence of B cells or IL-10, IL-12p35 expression was significantly down-regulated in the MLN of TCRαKO mice. The expression of IL-12p35 was restored in the recipient B-cell-deficient TCRα double knockout (αμDKO) mice by the transfer of B cells capable of producing IL-10. Notably, B cells predominantly produced IL-12p35 in the MLN through the help of IL-10-producing B cells. Functionally, IL-12 is involved in the regulation of the T-helper (Th) 2-mediated inflammation as indicated by the development of much more severe colitis in IL-12p35-deficient TCRα double knockout (αp35DKO) mice compared with TCRαKO mice. In addition, transfer of MLN B cells from TCRαKO mice but not from αp35DKO mice suppressed colitis in recipient αμDKO mice. Conclusions: These studies have identified a novel IL-12-producing regulatory B-cell subset that develops under Th2-mediated intestinal inflammatory conditions and in the presence of IL-10 and is involved in the regulation of intestinal inflammation.
Ultrafine Pt nanoparticle induced doping/strain of single layer graphene: experimental corroboration between conduction and Raman characteristics

The doping/strain induced by ultrafine sputtered Pt nanoparticles (NPs) of different sizes on single layer graphene is studied through conduction channel modification of graphene-based field-effect transistors and subsequent Raman characterization. For sub-nm (0.5 nm) sized Pt NPs, a substantial Dirac point shift is observed in the I–V characteristics, suggestive of n-type doping of the large area single layer graphene through the process of charge transfer and chemical interaction. Conversely, for larger (1.1 nm) Pt NPs, minimal Dirac point shift is observed, indicating lack of the charge transfer induced doping effect. The representative Raman signatures corroborate with the electrical characterization results and indicate while charge transfer dominates Raman peak shift for the 0.5 nm Pt NP decorated graphene, strain effect dominates in case of the larger 1.1 nm Pt NP.
The short-term effects of Dexon and nylon sutures in experimental microvascular surgery--a quantitative comparison.

Acute inflammatory responses to 10-0 Dexon and nylon were compared 2 weeks after experimental microvascular surgery in Sprague-Dawley rats. Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences, but the strength, long-term results, and minimal surrounding tissue reaction make Dexon a viable alternative to nylon. The main disadvantage of Dexon is its opaque blue-green color, which makes it nearly invisible in the operating field.
Basophil reactivity, wheal size, and immunoglobulin levels distinguish degrees of cow's milk tolerance

Background In our previous study about 75% of children with cow's milk allergy tolerated baked milk products, which improved their prognosis and quality of life. Objective We sought to identify biomarkers of varying degrees of clinical tolerance among a cohort of children with cow's milk allergy. Methods One hundred thirty-two subjects were initially classified as baked milk–reactive, baked milk–tolerant, or having "outgrown milk allergy" based on the results of oral food challenges. The baked milk–tolerant group was then divided into 3 groups based on the amount and degree of heat-denatured milk protein that they could tolerate. Serum was analyzed for allergen-specific IgE and IgG 4 levels, basophil reactivity was assessed in whole blood stimulated with serial 10-fold dilutions of milk protein, and skin prick tests (SPTs) were performed to commercial milk extract. Activated basophils were defined by using flow cytometry as CD63 bright CD203c + CD123 + HLA-DR dim/− CD41a − lineage − . Data were analyzed by using the Jonckheere-Terpstra test. Results Significant differences across the 5 clinical groups were seen for median casein- and milk-specific IgE levels, casein-specific IgG 4 levels, and casein IgE/IgG 4 ratios; milk-specific to nonspecific basophil activation ratio, median basophil reactivity, and spontaneous basophil activation (CD203c expression after stimulation with RPMI); and milk SPT wheal diameters. Casein- and milk-specific IgE level, milk-specific basophil reactivity, and milk SPT wheal diameter are all significantly greater among patients with milk allergy who react to baked milk than among those who tolerate it. Conclusions The majority of patients with milk allergy are able to tolerate some forms of baked milk in their diets. Different phenotypes of children with cow's milk allergy can be distinguished by casein- and milk-specific IgE levels, milk-specific basophil reactivity, and milk SPT mean wheal diameters. Spontaneous basophil activation is greater among patients with more severe clinical milk reactivity.
SWR-C and INO80 Chromatin Remodelers Recognize Nucleosome-free Regions Near +1 Nucleosomes

SWR-C/SWR1 and INO80 are multisubunit complexes that catalyze the deposition and removal, respectively, of histone variant H2A.Z from the first nucleosome at the start of genes. How they target and engage these +1 nucleosomes is unclear. Using ChIP-exo, we identified the subnucleosomal placement of 20 of their subunits across the yeast genome. The Swc2 subunit of SWR-C bound a narrowly defined region in the adjacent nucleosome-free region (NFR), where it positioned the Swr1 subunit over one of two sites of H2A.Z deposition at +1. The genomic binding maps suggest that many subunits have a rather plastic organization that allows subunits to exchange between the two complexes. One outcome of promoting H2A/H2A.Z exchange was an enhanced turnover of entire nucleosomes, thereby creating dynamic chromatin at the start of genes. Our findings provide unifying concepts on how these two opposing chromatin remodeling complexes function selectively at the +1 nucleosome of nearly all genes.
An Exploratory Study of Financial Reporting Structures: A Graph Similarity Approach Using XBRL

Financial reporting information is crucial to both investors and regulators for their decision-making purposes as it reveals corporate financial position and performance over a period of time. This study proposes a quantitative method to identify companies who opt for different financial statement reporting structures from their industry peers. We first introduce a graph similarity measure to quantify structural differences of financial disclosures chosen by firms, and then we conduct two experiments focusing on reported balance sheets as examples to validate effectiveness of our proposed method in identifying discrepancies between reporting structures. The first experiment shows the proposed method is sensitive to changes made on balance sheets and helps capture major structural differences. The second experiment shows this method is able to cluster more than 92% of firms under study from 2011 to 2014 correctly into their respective industries based on their common reporting structures. We also show that the “misaligned” firms are true outliers who either opted for different reporting structures than their industrial peers or simply made technical errors. The novel approach presented in this paper provides an automated means to identify unique financial disclosure structural patterns and therefore offers a potential method to help information users to identify distinct business strategies or financial fraud.
Direct Repression of FLIP Expression by c-myc Is a Major Determinant of TRAIL Sensitivity

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a member of the TNF-α family of death receptor ligands and holds great therapeutic potential as a tumor cell-specific cytotoxic agent. Using a panel of established tumor cell lines and normal cells, we found a significant difference between the number of TRAIL-sensitive cells expressing high levels of c-myc and TRAIL-resistant cells expressing low levels of c-myc (P < 0.05, n = 19). We also found a direct linear correlation between c-myc levels and TRAIL sensitivity in TRAIL-sensitive cell lines (r = 0.94, n = 6). Overexpression of c-myc or activation of a myc-estrogen receptor (ER) fusion sensitized TRAIL-resistant cells to TRAIL. Conversely, small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown of c-myc significantly reduced both c-myc expression and TRAIL-induced apoptosis. The gene encoding the inhibitor of caspase activation, FLICE inhibitory protein (FLIP), appears to be a direct target of c-myc-mediated transcriptional repression. Overexpression of c-myc or activation of myc-estrogen receptor (ER) decreased FLIP levels both in cell culture and in mouse models of c-myc-induced tumorigenesis, while knocking down c-myc using siRNA increased FLIP expression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and luciferase reporter analyses showed that c-myc binds and represses the human FLIP promoter. c-myc expression enhanced TRAIL-induced caspase 8 cleavage and FLIP cleavage at the death-inducing signaling complex. Combined siRNA-mediated knockdown of FLIP and c-myc resensitized cells to TRAIL. Therefore, c-myc down-regulation of FLIP expression provides a universal mechanism to explain the ability of c-myc to sensitize cells to death receptor stimuli. In addition, identification of c-myc as a major determinant of TRAIL sensitivity provides a potentially important screening tool for identification of TRAIL-sensitive tumors.
Refugee Status: Tracing the Global Flows of M.I.A.

This article argues that Sri Lankan pop star M.I.A. forms an ideal site for the textual study of globalized identity, particularly amid discourses of state power, terrorism, and violence. Rooted in the literature of media and terrorism and grounded in postcolonial theories of hybridization, this study analyzes M.I.A. and her music as globalized media objects, looking at how they use hip-hop as a cultural form to esthetically engage with discourse of violence in order to launch a critique of state power. The factors that enable this critique (globalized media systems, technologies, and cultural forms) help to create a discursive position from within popular culture where new forms of critique can be enunciated and popularized.
Luca Pacioli: The Father of Accounting

In 1494, the first book on double-entry accounting was published by Luca Pacioli. Since Pacioli was a Franciscan friar, he might be referred to simply as Friar Luca. While Friar Luca is regarded as the "Father of Accounting," he did not invent the system. Instead, he simply described a method used by merchants in Venice during the Italian Renaissance period. His system included most of the accounting cycle as we know it today. The first accounting book actually was one of five sections in Pacioli's mathematics book, titled Summa de Arithmetica, Geometria, Proportioni et Proportionalita (Everything About Arithmetic, Geometry and Proportions). This section on accounting served as the world's only accounting textbook until well into the 16th century. Accounting practitioners in public accounting, industry, and not-for-profit organizations, as well as investors, lending institutions, business firms, and all other users for financial information are indebted to Luca Pacioli for his monumental role in the development of accounting.
What happens when politics discovers bioethics

Bioethics has always been involved in policy issues and the politics surrounding them, and no doubt many of us were attracted to the field in part because of its role in realpolitik and its ability to make a difference in the policy issues of the day. I was. But I sense bioethics faces a field-changing moment--or even that this moment has already passed without our attending to it. Many of the policy debates in which bioethics participated were about sometimes esoteric biomedical conundrums--long on policy but light on politics. We now find ourselves in the midst of heated political debates. Our participation in politics has changed the tenor and quality of our input, and we shouldn't allow these changes to go unexamined. Take any number of recent examples--from the Terri Schiavo case to human embryonic stem cell research--that place bioethics squarely in the middle of the Culture Wars. What should be the role of bioethics in these pitched battles? Art Caplan has written in this space that bioethics' maturation as a field has brought recognition, and that it is time we admitted that with recognition comes power and with power comes politics. (1) Part of the reason that bioethics came to have any power and influence, however, was its reputation for clearheaded analysis. Will we continue to matter in the same way if what we do is equated with politics? Alta Charo is right that we would be better off acknowledging politics rather than hiding from it. (2) But for some scholars working in bioethics, the rough and tumble of political debate has limited attraction and clear pitfalls. Many of us work in academic environments that may applaud but do not obviously reward this sort of public engagement. No matter how nuanced we may think our viewpoints and arguments, they rarely come across that way in public debate. The shades of gray we have been taught (and teach others) to see get distilled into the black and white opinions demanded by the media, and this lack of nuance undermines our scholarly reputations. Once we take a position and begin to advocate on behalf of a specific issue, we risk becoming partisans at the price of our credibility in other areas. This is where the real costs to the field may lie. Instead of judging work in bioethics for the quality of its reasoning and arguments, the inclination will be to search for political commitments and leanings, and the sleights of hand and spin-doctoring that must surely follow. While the moral expertise of bioethicists may well be overstated even under the best circumstances, (3) real or perceived political bias can only increase skepticism about what we do. …
Triple water‐isotopologue record from WAIS Divide, Antarctica: Controls on glacial‐interglacial changes in 17Oexcess of precipitation

Measurements of the 17Oexcess of H2O were obtained from ice cores in West and East Antarctica. Combined with previously published results from East Antarctica, the new data provide the most complete spatial and temporal view of Antarctic 17Oexcess to date. There is a steep spatial gradient of 17Oexcess in present-day precipitation across Antarctica, with higher values in marine-influenced regions and lower values in the East Antarctic interior. There is also a spatial pattern to the change in 17Oexcess between the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and Holocene periods. At coastal locations, there is no significant change in 17Oexcess. At both the West Antarctic Ice Sheet Divide site and at Vostok, East Antarctica, the LGM to Early Holocene change in 17Oexcess is about 20 per meg. Atmospheric general circulation model (GCM) experiments show that both the observed spatial gradient of 17Oexcess in modern precipitation, and the spatial pattern of LGM to Early Holocene change, can be explained by kinetic isotope effects during snow formation under supersaturated conditions, requiring a high sensitivity of supersaturation to temperature. The results suggest that fractionation during snow formation is the primary control on 17Oexcess in Antarctic precipitation. Variations in moisture source relative humidity play a negligible role in determining the glacial-interglacial 17Oexcess changes observed in Antarctic ice cores. Additional GCM experiments show that sea ice expansion increases the area over which supersaturating conditions occur, amplifying the effect of colder temperatures. Temperature and sea ice changes alone are sufficient to explain the observed 17Oexcess glacial-interglacial changes across Antarctica.
Reverse End Diastolic Flow Velocity: Reassuring Biophysical Profile and Acute Fetal Demise

Reverse end diastolic velocity represents the most extreme alteration of the umbilical artery waveform. It has been associated with a high incidence of catastrophic pregnancy outcomes with a stillbirth rate of 33%. We report a case of sudden fetal death within 48 h of a reassuring biophysical profile in a triplet gestation at 31 weeks in which reverse end diastolic velocity was noted in the fetus which died. The postmortem finding of in utero congestive heart failure in this case supports the hypothesis that the alarming rate of stillbirths found in fetuses with absent reverse end diastolic velocity are not necessarily due to asphyxia. This experience illustrates a potential problem with following the fetus who exhibits reverse diastolic flow by traditional markers of fetal well-being such as the biophysical profile.