cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Papa et pecunia: Innocent III’s combination of reform and fiscal policy to finance crusades

This article examines the fiscal policies of Pope Innocent III throughout his pontificate, culminating in the canons of the Fourth Lateran Council. The aim of this analysis is to illustrate that not only was Innocent more fiscally minded than his predecessors, but that he also attempted to utilize fiscal policy as a tool for facilitating the crusade movement. Innocent adapted the fiscal tools of his predecessors while inventing several of his own. These tools included streamlined census-taking, income taxation, crusader vow redemptions/commutations, expanding crusade indulgences, the collection of alms, trade embargoes, clerical reform and more. These tools were designed to aid crusade endeavours, either directly or indirectly, and through crusading achieve the salvation of Christian souls.
Structural Connections of Functionally Defined Human Insular Subdivisions

The organization of the human insular cortex has traditionally been considered as an anterior-posterior dichotomy, where anterior and posterior subdivisions have unique structural and functional connections. However, recent functional neuroimaging research proposes a tripartite organization where insular subdivisions have both unique and overlapping functional profiles. Studies examining unique profiles show that the dorsal anterior insula (dAI) has connections with frontal areas supporting higher-level cognitive processes, the ventral anterior insula (vAI) has connections with limbic areas supporting affective processes, and the posterior insula (PI) has connections with sensorimotor areas supporting interoceptive processes. Studies examining overlapping profiles demonstrate that all 3 subdivisions can also have similar functional profiles. The structural organization supporting a functional tripartite insula organization presenting with overlapping and unique connections is currently unknown. We used a large HARDI diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) dataset (n = 199) to demonstrate novel visualizations of insula white matter tracts supporting a tripartite structure-function insula organization. Overlapping connections of all 3 insula subdivisions consisted of association pathways (inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, uncinate fasciculus, arcuate fasciculus) while unique connections included the corona radiata, subcortical-cortical tracts, and horizontal and u-shaped tracts. These results generally support a tripartite structure-function organization of the insular cortex, with subdivisions that exhibit both overlapping and unique connectivity profiles.
Going against the Flow: The Effects of Dynamic Sensorimotor Experiences on Consumer Choice

Sensorimotor experiences of going against the flow can affect the choices consumers make. Eight experiments show that consumers who experience the sensation of going against the flow pick alternatives that are normatively not preferred (experiments 1a and 1b). These effects are evident only when the sensations are dynamic and self-experienced (experiments 2a and 2b), subjective feelings are elicited (experiments 4a and 4b), and no other objective, external norm information is supplied (experiment 5). Experiences of going against the flow typically involve both movement and direction and are represented in memory schematically. Re-experiencing these sensations leads to the activation of this schematic representation and elicits a feeling-based behavioral disposition to do something different, or to go against one’s initial inclination (experiment 3), leading participants to pick an option that is normatively not preferred.
Homer2 within the central nucleus of the amygdala modulates withdrawal-induced anxiety in a mouse model of binge-drinking.

A history of binge-drinking decreases protein expression of the glutamate-related scaffolding protein Homer2 within the central nucleus of the amygdala (CEA), coinciding with behavioral signs of negative affect. To assess the functional relevance of this protein change for withdrawal-induced hyper-anxiety, adult (PND 56) and adolescent (PND 28) male C57BL/6J mice were administered an intra-CEA infusion of an adeno-associated viral vector (AAV) carrying either cDNA to express Homer2 (H2-cDNA) or GFP as control. Mice underwent 14 days of binge-drinking under multi-bottle, limited-access conditions and were assayed for behavioral signs of negative affect during withdrawal using the light-dark box, marble burying, and forced swim tests (FST). Following behavioral testing, all animals experienced 5 days of drinking to evaluate the effects of prior alcohol experience and Homer2 manipulation on subsequent alcohol consumption. During protracted (4 weeks) withdrawal, adolescent alcohol-experienced GFP controls showed increased signs of negative affect across all 3 assays, compared to water-drinking GFP animals, and also showed elevated alcohol consumption during the subsequent drinking period. Homer2-cDNA infusion in adolescent-onset alcohol-drinking animals was anxiolytic and reduced subsequent alcohol consumption. Conversely, Homer2-cDNA was anxiogenic and increased drinking in water-drinking adolescents. Unfortunately, the data from adult-onset alcohol-drinking animals were confounded by low alcohol consumption and negligible behavioral signs of anxiety. Nevertheless, the present results provide novel cause-effect evidence supporting a role for CEA Homer2 in the regulation of both basal anxiety and the time-dependent intensification of negative affective states in individuals with a history of binge-drinking during adolescence.
Revisiting Technology Resistance: Current Insights and Future Directions

Nuance conceptualization of technology resistance is needed due to the different conceptualizations that exist in the extant literature. This paper calls for information systems (IS) researchers to begin exploring technology resistance using novel perspectives. The paper also provides a guideline for conceptualizing technology resistance away from the common existing conceptualization that is shaped through theories of adoption and resistance-to-change. The goal is to encourage future research to conceptualize technology resistance beyond the typical findings available in the literature and provide more insights in light of the provided arguments and suggestions.
The search for biomarkers of hepatocellular carcinoma and the impact on patient outcome

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the 5th most common cancer, but the 3rd leading cause of cancer death globally with approximately 700,000 fatalities annually. The severity of this cancer arises from its difficulty to detect and treat. The major etiologies of HCC are liver fibrosis or cirrhosis from chronic viral infections, as well as metabolic conditions. Since most cases arise from prior pathologies, biomarker surveillance in high-risk individuals is an essential approach for early detection and improved patient outcome. While many molecular biomarkers have been associated with HCC, there are few that have made clinical impact for this disease. Here we review some major approaches used for HCC biomarker discovery-proteomics and glycomics-and describe new methodologies being tested for biomarker development.
Incorporation of Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acids into Phospholipid Signaling Pathways

Phosphatidylinositol (PI) and phosphatidylcholine (PC), two major membrane phospholipids (PLs), participate in cell signaling. Their hydrolysis by activated phospholipases produces second messengers, one of which is diacylglycerol (DAG), an activator of protein kinase C which is involved in a variety of cellular responses (1–5).
Implementation challenges of area-based management tools (ABMTs) for biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction (BBNJ)

Abstract Area-based management tools (ABMTs), including marine protected areas (MPAs) are widely recognized as a key mechanism for conserving and restoring biodiversity. The developing international legally-binding instrument (ILBI) on biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction (BBNJ) is considering a range of approaches to ABMTs. While the process is still in early stages, this paper looks ahead to anticipate implementation challenges for ABMTs, given previous experiences with regional fisheries management organizations (RFMOs) and high seas MPAs. Drawing on the implementation of MPAs under the OSPAR Convention and the Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Living Marine Resources (CCAMLR), key suggestions revolve around: (1) improving the evidence basis for protecting BBNJ, (2) designing effective compliance and enforcement mechanisms, and (3) engaging adequately with relevant stakeholders. In addition to the case studies, which are primarily marine pollution and fishing-oriented, considerations related to mitigating the effects of deep sea mining and the harvesting of marine genetic resources are also touched upon.
Numerical Study of the Failure Mechanism of Ceramics during Low Velocity Impact Used in Protective Systems

The rapid advancement of computing power and recent advances in numerical techniques and material models have resulted in accurate simulation of ballistic impacts into multi-layer armor configurations. For both transparent and opaque protective systems, low velocity impact damage can also compromise structural integrity (Fig. 61.1). Drop-tower experimentation is used to assess the damage of low velocity impact of ceramics. Modeling and simulation of material impact by various threat types has proven to be a significant analysis tool in the identification of damage mechanisms and the failure process. Impact can be numerically studied by various available commercial packages. However, each package has its own limitations and the accuracy of result duplication differs. The commercial software packages AUTODYN (ANSYS/AUTODYN Vol 14.5 October 2012, Manual) and ANSYS/WORKBENCH (https://www.ansys.com/about-ansys/news-center/01-27-16-ansys-unveils-release-17-0) were used for the numerical analysis of the low velocity impact during the drop-tower experimentation. AUTODYN has been successfully implemented for the modeling of the medium to high velocity impact. ANSYS/WORKBENCH has been used successfully to model systems of complex geometry. Both software packages showed similar simulated damage results in alumina targets caused by an indenter dropped at various heights. However, ANSYS/WORKBENCH due its superior preprocessing capabilities can be a valuable tool for fast assessment of the failure prediction of ceramics at low impact velocity.
Dual-Gate Organic Field-Effect Transistor for pH Sensors with Tunable Sensitivity

R.P. and A.M.F. contributed equally to this work. R.P. acknowledges support from the Marie Curie Cofund, Beatriu de Pinos Fellowship (AGAUR 2014 BP‐A 00094). A.M.F. acknowledges a postdoctoral fellowship support from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada. This project was supported by the Stanford Catalyst for Collaborative Solutions Program and the Beijing Institute of Collaborative Innovation (BICI).
Abstract WP220: Developing a Telestroke State Mapping Tool to Improve Stroke Outcomes in Rural Populations

Background: Telestroke improves care to geographically isolated populations. The “Stroke Belt”, defined by stroke mortality and hospitalization data, persists across large rural parts of southern U...
The crisis of higher education and the rhetorical vicissitudes of the common good

Over the course of this essay, I advance four interrelated claims. One, today's crisis in the humanities is real. Two, today's crisis in the humanities is also manufactured. Three, a jettisoned arc...
Mapping Glutathione Utilization in the Developing Zebrafish (Danio Rerio) Embryo

Abstract Glutathione (GSH), the most abundant vertebrate endogenous redox buffer, plays key roles in organogenesis and embryonic development, however, organ-specific GSH utilization during development remains understudied. Monochlorobimane (MCB), a dye conjugated with GSH by glutathione-s-transferase (GST) to form a fluorescent adduct, was used to visualize organ-specific GSH utilization in live developing zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. Embryos were incubated in 20 μM MCB for 1 h and imaged on an epifluorescence microscope. GSH conjugation with MCB was high during early organogenesis, decreasing as embryos aged. The heart had fluorescence 21-fold above autofluorescence at 24 hpf, dropping to 8.5-fold by 48 hpf; this increased again by 72 hpf to 23.5-fold, and stayed high till 96 hpf (18-fold). The brain had lower fluorescence (10-fold) at 24 and 48 hpf, steadily increasing to 30-fold by 96 hpf. The sensitivity and specificity of MCB staining was then tested with known GSH modulators. A 10-min treatment at 48 hpf with 750 μM tert-butylhydroperoxide, caused organ-specific reductions in staining, with the heart losing 30% fluorescence, and, the brain ventricle losing 47% fluorescence. A 24 h treatment from 24-48 hpf with 100 μM of N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) resulted in significantly increased fluorescence, with the brain ventricle and heart showing 312% and 240% increases respectively, these were abolished upon co-treatment with 5 μM BSO, an inhibitor of the enzyme that utilizes NAC to synthesize GSH. A 60 min 100 μM treatment with ethacrynic acid, a specific GST inhibitor, caused 30% reduction in fluorescence across all measured structures. MCB staining was then applied to test for GSH disruptions caused by the toxicants perfluorooctanesulfonic acid and mono-(2-ethyl-hexyl)phthalate; MCB fluorescence responded in a dose, structure and age-dependent manner. MCB staining is a robust, sensitive method to detect spatiotemporal changes in GSH utilization, and, can be applied to identify sensitive target tissues of toxicants.
Patterns of incarceration among youth after detention: A 16-year longitudinal study

Abstract Purpose Little is known about demographic differences in patterns of incarceration among delinquent youth as they age. This study examines gender and racial/ethnic differences in patterns of incarceration in a sample of youth after they leave detention. Methods Participants were 1829 youth detained in Chicago, IL between 1995 and 1998. Lifetime dates and locations of incarcerations were gathered from state and county correctional records. We used cluster analysis to identify distinct groups based on the number of incarcerations, length of each stay, and setting. Results By young adulthood, nearly all youth had multiple incarcerations. We identified five distinct groups among men, ranging from those incarcerated only as juveniles to men with long prison stays. Among women, we identified four groups, ranging from women with one juvenile incarceration to women who had been incarcerated in prison. Overall, men were incarcerated more frequently and for longer periods of time when compared with women. Racial/ethnic minorities were highly likely to be included in groups with the most extensive incarceration histories. Conclusions Men and people of color are at high risk for re-incarceration as they age. Policymakers should expand policies promoting alternatives to incarceration to avoid entrenchment in the justice system.
Career Satisfaction of Military Medical Officers.

INTRODUCTION Having a mentor is associated with higher job satisfaction among U.S. physicians. The objective of this study was to assess satisfaction among military medical officers and to assess if mentorship and job satisfaction are associated with intention to continue military service. MATERIALS AND METHODS This is a cross-sectional study using voluntary, anonymous data from 2018 Uniformed Services Academy of Family Physicians Annual Meeting registered attendees who completed an online Omnibus Survey. Outcome measures: satisfaction with work hours and workload; voice in organizational decision-making; amount of teaching, research, and other administrative tasks; being and having a mentor; and likelihood of remaining in the military beyond current service obligation. Statistical analysis: descriptive statistics, chi-square, and logistic regression. RESULTS There was a 66% response rate (310/568) among registered attendees. Respondents reported being satisfied with work hours-workload (53.3%), voice in organizational decision-making (47.4%), and amount of teaching-research-other administrative tasks (55.7%). About 64.6% of respondents reported being a mentor, and 80.7% reported having a mentor. About 53.4% reported being likely/very likely to continue military service beyond their current service obligation. Adjustment for demographic and occupational factors, with significance defined as P ≤ 0.05, revealed that higher percent time in clinical care was negatively associated with satisfaction with voice in organizational decision-making; being a mentor and working in an academic practice setting were positively associated with satisfaction in amount of time with teaching, research, and administrative tasks; and having a mentor was the only factor associated with being likely/very likely to continue military service beyond current service obligation (odd ratio 3.9, 95% confidence interval 1.2-12.1). CONCLUSIONS Having a mentor was the only factor associated with intention to remain in the military among 2018 Uniformed Services Academy of Family Physicians Omnibus Survey respondents. These results support enhancing mentorship among military medical officers.
GLUTATHIONE DEFICIENCY AND OXIDATIVE STRESS IN AGING: METABOLIC MECHANISM AND TARGETED INTERVENTION

The free-radical theory of aging suggests that age-related functional decline is mediated by increases in free-radical induced oxidative-stress. Cells normally depend on antioxidants for protection against oxidative-stress. Glutathione is the most abundant endogenous intracellular antioxidant protein composed of 3 amino-acids, cysteine, glycine and glutamic-acid, and is known to be deficient in older-humans. We investigated Glutathione kinetics in older humans using a stable-isotope tracer-based approach, and found that compared to younger humans, older-humans had severe Glutathione deficiency as a result of decreased synthesis caused by limited availability of glycine and cysteine, and associated with elevated oxidative-stress. Orally supplementing glycine and cysteine (provided as N-acetylcysteine) at doses of 1.33mmol/kg/d and 0.81mmol/kg/d respectively for 2-weeks corrected their intracellular deficiency, normalized Glutathione synthesis rates and lowered oxidative-stress to levels in younger controls. These results suggest that short-term supplementation of GlyNAC at these doses can successfully correct intracellular Glutathione deficiency in older-humans.
Psychophysical changes in temporal processing in chinchillas with noise-induced hearing loss: A literature review

It is well-established that excessive noise exposure can systematically shift audiometric thresholds (i.e., noise-induced hearing loss, NIHL) making sounds at the lower end of the dynamic range difficult to detect. An often overlooked symptom of NIHL is the degraded ability to resolve temporal fluctuations in supra-threshold signals. Given that the temporal properties of speech are highly dynamic, it is not surprising that NIHL greatly reduces one's ability to clearly decipher spoken language. However, systematic characterization of noise-induced impairments on supra-threshold signals in humans is difficult given the variability in noise exposure among individuals. Fortunately, the chinchilla is audiometrically similar to humans, making it an ideal animal model to investigate noise-induced supra-threshold deficits. Through a series of studies using the chinchilla, the authors have elucidated several noise-induced deficits in temporal processing that occur at supra-threshold levels. These experiments highlight the importance of the chinchilla model in developing an understanding of noise-induced deficits in temporal processing.
Nanoconfinement-mediated cancer theranostics.

Despite various therapeutic or diagnostic developments, cancer is still one of the most lethal diseases due to insufficiently adequate treatments and the delay of the early stage of disease detection. An image-guided drug delivery system (IGDDS), as a real-time noninvasive imaging assessment of therapeutic response, has the strong potential to improve the diagnosis and treatment of cancer because its imaging property offers the quantification of nanomedicine at the intended disease sites, the possible assurance of adequate treatment and elimination of undesirable delay of early-stage diagnosis due to low resolution. One of potential modality that overcomes these challenges could be the nanoconfinement of gold (Au) nanoparticles within other nanoparticles called "Particle-in-Particle (PIP)", which is a strong candidate of cancer treatment because of its "theranostic (therapy + diagnostics)" advantages including imaging (e.g., CT) and therapeutic hyperthermia application. In this review, we will elaborate on the current application of theranostic by nanoconfinement. Then, we will narrow down the gold nanoparticle-mediated theranostic application and its nanoconfinement advantages. Finally, the future direction for maximum nanoconfinement mediated cancer therapy will be included.
Synthesis and characterization of stable lead (II) orthophosphate nanoparticle suspensions.

There is great interest in producing nanoparticles for various applications. The objective of this work was to develop a procedure for reproducibly creating stable lead (Pb) phosphate nanoparticle ...
Cross Diffusion and Internal Heat Generation Effects on Mixed Convection of Non-Newtonian Fluids Flow Adjacent to a Vertical VHF/VMF Wedge in Porous Media: the Entire Regime

The problem of cross diffusion (Soret/Dufour) and internal heat generation effects on combined convection flow of non-Newtonian fluids flow over the vertical wedge in a saturated porous medium with the entire regime is solved numerically. The internal heat generation is assumed to be an exponential decaying form. The power law model of Ostwald-de-Waele for non-Newtonian fluids is considered here. The entire regime of the combined convection is included, as the combined convection parameter varies from 0 (pure free convection) to 1 (pure forced convection). The transformed equations are obtained by using a suitable coordinate transformation and then Keller box method (KBM) is utilized to solve the non-similar equations for the variable heat flux and variable mass flux (VHF/VMF) conditions. Comparisons with the previously published article are performed and the good agreement is achieved. The main numerical results for the dimensionless temperature and concentration distributions, the local Nusselt and Sherwood numbers are obtained.
Structural Anharmonicity: A New Outlook into the Vibrational Frequency Shifts of a Hydrogen-Bonded Antiferroelectric Material

Antiferroelectric materials provide great promise in energy storage applications. We established anharmonic contributions explain the vibrational peak shifts and do not correspond to any changes in the electrostatics of TFMBI.
Examining the Effects of Race/Ethnicity and Race Relations on Public Opinion about the Overrepresentation of Black People in U.S. Prisons

The purpose of this study was to determine whether persons of different racial/ethnic backgrounds differ in their perceptions of the role racial discrimination plays in the overrepresentation of Bl...
The Self-Surveillance Failures of Wearable Communication:

By discursively analyzing blogs and popular press articles written by people who discontinued using Fitbit, this article reveals the incongruities between the tracking of our bodily information, th...
Reasons and Representations

The theories in this chapter take a different approach to business communication than those in the other chapters. The theories presented here mainly focus on why we should undertake business communication rather than how we do business communication. The theories also present meta-views of business communication in that some present an overarching view of how we should do business communication research.
Cash is Queen: Female CEOs’ Propensity to Hoard Cash

We examine the relationship between CEO gender and firms’ cash policy. Female-led firms hold 17% more cash and have a speed of adjustment half-life for cash deficits of 0.68 years compared to 1.92 years for male-led firms. Female CEOs have significantly higher probability of increasing dividends with excess cash, but equal probability of increasing debt repayment or investments. However, for a given dividend payout ratio they still hold substantially more cash. Finally, cash held by female CEOs has greater marginal value, suggesting a dividend-clientele effect. Collectively, these results suggest that gender-based differences in corporate policies are driven by female risk-avoidance.
Impact of emergency diesel generator reliability on microgrids and building-tied systems

Abstract Microgrids are an emerging alternative as an energy backup system for critical electric loads and have improved performance compared to the traditional architecture where a single emergency diesel generator is tied to an individual building. Both architectures are dependent on the reliability of their individual generators and a quantitative and realistic comparison of the overall system reliability of the two architectures is lacking. Using recently published work on emergency diesel generator finite reliability, a quantitative methodology is presented to compare the reliability of a microgrid architecture based on centralized emergency diesel generators to the traditional approach of generators tied to individual buildings. Three system reliability performance metrics are calculated as a function of outage duration: (1) probability to meet 100% of the critical load; (2) expected fraction of lost load; and (3) probability to meet the highest priority critical loads. It is shown that stand-alone building-tied emergency diesel generators systems, even when two emergency diesel generators are used per building, cannot provide the reliability required to sustain critical loads for a grid outage lasting multiple days. Due to their network configuration and ability to share load, diesel generator-based microgrid configurations are estimated to have ≥ 93% probability of powering all buildings for a 2-week outage there the individual building-tied emergency diesel generator architecture has a ≤20% probability. Microgrids do present other susceptibilities that are site specific and should be considered including vulnerabilities associated with the on-campus distribution system and cybersecurity.
Trends in the sequence of initiation of alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana use among adolescents in Argentina and Chile from 2001 to 2017

Abstract Background Variation in drug policies, norms, and substance use over time and across countries may affect the normative sequences of adolescent substance use initiation. We estimated relative and absolute time-varying associations between prior alcohol and tobacco use and adolescent marijuana initiation in Argentina and Chile. Relative measures quantify the magnitude of the associations, whereas absolute measures quantify excess risk. Methods We analyzed repeated, cross-sectional survey data from the National Surveys on Drug Use Among Secondary School Students in Argentina (2001–2014) and Chile (2001–2017). Participants included 8th, 10th, and 12th grade students (N = 680,156). Linear regression models described trends over time in the average age of first use of alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana. Logistic regression models were used to estimate time-varying risk ratios and risk differences of the associations between prior alcohol and tobacco use and current-year marijuana initiation. Results Average age of marijuana initiation increased and then decreased in Argentina and declined in Chile. In both countries, the relative associations between prior tobacco use and marijuana initiation weakened amid declining rates of tobacco use; e.g., in Argentina, the risk ratio was 19.9 (95% CI: 9.0–30.8) in 2001 and 11.6 (95% CI: 9.0–13.2) in 2014. The relative association between prior alcohol use and marijuana initiation weakened Chile, but not in Argentina. On the contrary, risk differences (RD) increased substantially across both relationships and countries, e.g., in Argentina, the RD for tobacco was 3% (95% CI: 0.02–0.03) in 2001 and 12% (95% CI: 0.11–0.13) in 2014. Conclusion Diverging trends in risk ratios and risk differences highlight the utility of examining multiple measures of association. Variation in the strength of the associations over time and place suggests the influence of environmental factors. Increasing risk differences indicate alcohol and tobacco use may be important targets for interventions to reduce adolescent marijuana use.
Physical Education's Role in General Education

(1954). Physical Education's Role in General Education. Journal of the American Association for Health, Physical Education, and Recreation: Vol. 25, No. 5, pp. 37-55.
Nuclear Spin Ordering of Solid 3He in a Magnetic Field

The effect of an external magnetic field on the nuclear spin ordering in solid 3He has been observed for fields up to 1.2 T. For B ≲ 0.42 T the ordering is similar to the zero field transition reported by Halperin, et al. and the transition temperature is depressed by the field. In higher fields, however, the ordering region is broadened and moves to significantly higher temperatures with increasing fields.
Tabletop: an emergent, stochastic computer model of analogy-making

The key notion underlying the research presented in this dissertation is my conviction that the cognitive mechanisms giving rise to human analogy-making form the very basis of intelligence. Our ability to perceive and create analogies is made possible by the same mechanisms that drive our ability to categorize, to generalize, and to compare different situations. A theory of concepts and analogy-making, and a computer model of that theory--"Tabletop"--are presented. The computer model operates in a microworld that was carefully designed to be rich enough to allow the mechanisms posited by the theory to be put to the test, yet not so complex that the program would be overwhelmed by irrelevant details typical of real-world situations. This work can be considered midway between traditional symbolic and the more recent connectionist approaches to the modeling of intelligence. The architecture of the program relies on a context-sensitive concept network modeling long-term memory, in which concepts gain, lose, and spread activation. This network continually interacts with a workspace modeling short-term memory, in which structures are dynamically built, modified and destroyed. All of the work of the program is done by a large number of competing, semi-independent, local agents. Nondeterminism in the form of biased probabilistic decision-making permeates every level of the program. Nonetheless, robust coherent behavior, in the form of high-level representation-building and analogy-making, emerges as a statistical result of the myriad decisions made during processing. The details of Tabletop's behavior are shown by watching the program's progress as it solves a single problem. In addition, the program's "personality" is revealed by statistics summarizing key features of large numbers of runs on several families of systematically related analogy problems.
CHAPTER 29 – Feature-Matching Axial Averaging Method for Enhancing Signal-to-Noise Ratio of Images Generated by New Generation PET Scanners

This chapter presents a processing method to reduce the image noise without causing much loss in spatial resolution. Reduced per-plane detection efficiency of the new generation positron emission tomography (PET) scanners increases the noise level of the reconstructed tomographic images. Axial smoothing of image values across planes can compensate for the efficiency reduction, but the image spatial resolution is usually degraded. A new axial averaging method that can reduce noise level with a minimal resolution loss is therefore developed and evaluated in this study. The new method uses elastic image mapping to track the image features across planes. Following the path along the matched features, the image values can be filtered to reduce noise without causing much loss in image resolution. The new method is evaluated with computer simulated images of brain fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) studies. The simulated images are generated from realistic 3D digital phantoms. As compared to the conventional method that uses the same filter to smooth the image values along the direction parallel to the z -axis, the new method is shown to have a lower spatial resolution loss but with comparable noise reduction. Alternatively, using the new method, images of comparable spatial resolution can be obtained as those by the conventional method but of lower noise levels. The new method is also applied to real PET images from a new generation PET scanner to show the signal-to-noise ratio improvement.
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Patients' Experience With Skilled Home Health Care Services.

Racial and ethnic disparities are found in many health care settings; however, there is little prior research on such disparities among patients receiving home health care services. This study used 2012 Home Health Care CAHPS® data to identify any overall patient-level disparities in self-reported experience of care and to decompose these disparities according to whether they result from within-agency versus between-agency differences. Although patient experience of care ratings were high across all groups, the study identified consistently lower ratings for all minority groups on two of three Home Health Care CAHPS measures, with Asians reporting the greatest disparities. Three quarters of disparities were found to be within-agency disparities, which were primarily related to care processes and provider/patient communications rather than to specific health care services received. Despite high ratings in general, home health agencies may need to focus on cultural competency initiatives to address racial a...
General Equilibrium Analysis of Impacts of NAFTA and WTO on U.S. Forest Products Industries

This study assesses the impacts of the North America Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the World Trade Organization (WTO) negotiations on the U.S. forest products industries using a computable general equilibrium model. A global trade model consisting of ten sectors and ten regions was developed. Several scenarios were designed to simulate the tariff reductions proposed in the NAFTA and WTO negotiations. The effects of NAFTA and WTO on output, trade balance, welfare, and factor income were examined. The results indicate that NAFTA liberalizations will benefit the U.S. lumber sector, but reduce the output and trade balance of the paper and pulp and forestry sectors. The WTO will improve the trade balance of the U.S. forest products industries. In general, free trade will be beneficial to the U.S. economy as well as the forest products industries.
Effects of Long-Term Dietary Manganese and Copper Deficiency on Rat Skeleton

Experiments were designed to produce biochemical changes in both serum and bone in rats by long-term dietary deficiencies of manganese (Mn) and copper (Cu). Weanling rats were fed one of three diets: 1) normal Mn and Cu (N), 2) low Mn and Cu (L) and 3) depleted Mn and normal Cu (D). After 12 mo, serum Ca and P were significantly greater in the D rats than the N rats (134, 50 mg/L and 103, 39 mg/L, respectively). Serum and femur Mn levels were lower in D rats than in normal rats. Serum and femur Cu levels were lower in L rats than N rats. Femur Ca concentrations were significantly lower in D rats than in N rats (180 and 272 mg/g, respectively). Radiographic differences could be detected in some rats fed the L and D diets. In the two deficient groups, increased serum Ca was negatively correlated with bone Ca (r = -0.69; P less than 0.01). This biochemical association may represent alterations in regulatory control of Ca at the level of the bone (decreased mineralization) combined with an increase in bone resorption. The effect of long-term dietary deficiencies in Mn and Cu should be considered in human bone metabolism.
Ionosphere geomagnetic field: Comparison of IGRF model prediction and satellite measurements 1991-2010

[1] The geomagnetic field is an important parameter in space physics. The International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF) is a model of the Earth’s main field. Current sources in the ionosphere, the interplanetary magnetic field, annual and diurnal variation, and other sporadic and unmodeled effects may alter the actual B field distribution. We investigate whether the model is nevertheless sufficiently accurate for computing ionospheric effects on radio frequency signals. Detailed analysis of scalar intensity is presented based on direct measurements of the magnetic field taken from UARS, SAC‐C, Orsted, and CHAMP, all satellites with magnetometers orbiting between 200 and 1000 km altitude. Our results indicate that the IGRF model is within 1% accuracy of the measured ionosphere B field, 92.80% of the time. Quality control issues associated with the scalar data are also discussed. Citation: Matteo, N. A., and Y. T. Morton (2011), Ionosphere geomagnetic field: Comparison of IGRF model prediction and satellite measurements 1991–2010, Radio Sci., 46, RS4003, doi:10.1029/2010RS004529.
Weak bisimilarity coalgebraically

We argue that weak bisimilarity of processes can be conveniently captured in a semantic domain by a combination of traces and coalgebraic finality, in such a way that important process algebra aspects such as parallel composition and recursion can be represented compositionally. We illustrate the usefulness of our approach by providing a fully-abstract denotational semantics for CCS under weak bisimilarity.
Accounting Conservatism and Cost of Debt: An Empirical Test of Efficient Contracting

This study provides evidence on the role of accounting conservatism in mitigating bondholder/shareholder conflicts over dividend policy. In particular, we document that firms that face more severe conflicts over dividend policy tend to use more conservative accounting. Furthermore, we also document that there is a tradeoff between conservatism and the cost of debt. Firms that choose more conservative accounting have a lower cost of debt after controlling for other determinants of the cost of debt. Taken together, the evidence is consistent with the notion that accounting conservatism plays an important role in efficient contracting.
2008 F.W. Wickwire Memorial Lecture: Executive Branch Lawyers in a Time of Terror

The subject of this lecture is the ethical responsibilities of the lawyers who advise executive branch officials on the lawfulness of actions taken in the name of national security. To even talk about this subject assumes that there is some distinction between a government that does all within its power to protect its citizens, and one that does all within its lawful power. If there are good normative reasons to care about maintaining this distinction, then we have the key to understanding the ethical responsibilities of government lawyers. The Bush administration took the position that the role of lawyers is to get out of the way in circumstances of a threat to national security, and not do anything to interfere with the most aggressive possible government response. The argument of this lecture is not based on the horribleness of torture as an ordinary moral matter. In fact, one of the arguments here is that supporters of the administration's policies have made a conceptual mistake by attempting to establish the moral permissibility of torture in some cases, those resembling the hypothetical "ticking bomb" scenario. The problem with this argument is not only that the ticking bomb case is wildly unrealistic, but that the legality of torture is distinct from the morality of torture, and it is the job of lawyers to advise in the former, not the latter.
Indications for and Outcomes of Repeat Penetrating Keratoplasty

We reviewed data on 150 repeat corneal transplants performed between 1983 and 1988 at Wills Eye Hospital. Minimal postoperative follow-up was six months. The most common diagnoses before regraft were pseudophakic bullous keratopathy (29 of 150), aphakic bullous keratopathy (28 of 150), Fuchs' dystrophy (21 of 150), failed graft (17 of 150), and keratoconus (14 of 150). Herpes simplex keratitis, interstitial keratitis, chemical burns, traumatic scars, and corneal dystrophies accounted for most of the remaining regrafts. Of the 150 regrafts, 39 (26%) failed during the study period. Almost half of the regraft failures occurred within six months, and over four fifths occurred within 18 months. Of the 111 eyes with clear grafts, final visual acuity data were available for 68 eyes (minimal follow-up, two years; mean, 3.3 years). A best-corrected visual acuity of 20/20 to 20/40 (22 of 68) or 20/50 to 20/100 (27 of 68) was achieved in most patients.
Role of murine NK cells and their receptors in hybrid resistance

Hybrid resistance refers to the rejection of parental strain bone marrow cells by natural killer cells of mice that are F1 hybrids derived from two inbred parental strains. This pattern of rejection is not seen in solid organ transplants. Progress in understanding this exception to the laws of transplantation genetics has occurred with the recent discovery of negative signaling receptors for MHC class I molecules. In the last year the discovery of natural killer cell subsets with non-overlapping inhibitory receptors for parental class I molecules has provided an explanation for hybrid resistance. In some instances, however, positive rather than negative signaling seems to be the basis for rejection of allogeneic as well as parental marrow cell grafts.
Factors Affecting the Academic Choices of Academically Talented Middle School Students

This study examines the factors that influence the couise choices of gifted middle school students who participated in a summer academic program. Specifically, we studied factors that influence the choices between math, science, and verbal oriented courses. The factors included gender, race, ability, previous educational experiences, interests, and parental attitudes. Results show that there was a gender difference favoring males for selection of math and science courses over verbal ones. Parental attitudes and previous educational experiences influenced the selection of a math class over a verbal course. Parental attitudes and race influenced the selection of a science course over a verbal course. The importance that parents place on mathematics and science for the child's future had the most powerful influence over a student's selections compared to other variables and appears to offset negative attitudes that might prevent females from selecting math courses.
Adsorption of SO2 on activated carbons: The effect of nitrogen functionality and pore sizes

Activated carbons of different origins were studied as sulfur dioxide adsorbents. The materials were characterized using adsorption of nitrogen, titration, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and thermal analysis. The investigation was focused on the role of nitrogen functionality and pore sizes in the process of SO2 adsorption/oxidation. The results showed that quaternary and pyridinic type nitrogen significantly enhance the adsorption capacity. It happens when catalytic centers are located in the small pores, which is likely to help in achieving high dispersion of these centers. Besides an oxidation effect due to the formation of active oxygen radicals, the nitrogen-containing centers attract the SO42- ions causing the gradual pore filling which is the most effective usage of the carbon pore space.
A note on activity monitoring as a supplement to estrus detection methods for dairy goats

Abstract The objective of the following study was to investigate estrous-related changes in the motor activity of female dairy goats. Subjects were 23 female dairy goats of varying breeds, parities and ages. Each doe was equipped with an activity meter (pedometer) in a protective plastic housing attached to her neck-chain. At 12-h intervals (08.00 and 20.00 h), activity scores were recorded and does were exposed to a penis-deviated buck to determine sexual receptivity. Mean estrous and diestrous activity were calculated for day, nighttime and 24-h periods. Significant estrous-related increases in activity were noted during day, night and 24-h periods, with the greatest increases occurring during the hours of darkness. Activity monitoring represents an additional tool for detecting estrus in female dairy goats.
Differential Renal Function Studies During Mannitol Diuresis in Hypertension

Differential renal function studies during mannitol diuresis were performed in patients with essential hypertension and hypertension secondary to main renal artery stenosis. Brisk urine flow rates with reproducible flow ratios between the two kidneys were obtained in most studies. Functional differences of more than 15% between the kidneys were demonstrated in 56% of the patients with essential hypertension. Nevertheless, the mean differences for urine flow, osmolality, osmolal clearance, total solute excretion, creatinine and sodium concentrations in urine, sodium and potassium excretion rates, and tubular rejection fraction of sodium were significantly less than those seen in renal artery hypertension. All the latter patients showed excessive water and sodium reabsorption by the ischemic kidney and were sharply differentiated from patients with essential hypertension.
Lymphocytes and the immune response. I.

(First of Two Parts) PRESENT clinical and experimental data are consistent with a dual component lymphoid system consisting of marrow-derived stem cells that, under direct or hormonal influence of either the thymus or the "bursal equivalent," are programmed to respond to antigenic stimulation with cell-mediated or humoral responses, respectively. Although these functions are separable in various experimental and clinical situations, under normal circumstances immune expression by the lymphatic system after antigenic stimulation results in an interplay of these components and other parts of the reticuloendothelial system. It should be remembered that the immune response to most pathogenic antigens (e.g., bacterial, . . .
Molecular oxygen-sensitive fluorescent lipobeads for intracellular oxygen measurements in murine macrophages.

Intracellular oxygen concentration is of primary importance in determining numerous physiological and pathological processes in biological systems. This paper describes the development and application of micrometer-sized oxygen-sensitive fluorescence lipobeads for intracellular measurements of molecular oxygen in J774 murine macrophages. A ruthenium diimine complex [Ru(bpy-pyr)(bpy)2]Cl2 (bpy = 2,2‘-bipyridine, bpy-pyr = 4-(1‘ ‘-pyrenyl)-2,2‘-bipyridine) is used as the oxygen indicator. The indicator exhibits high chemical and photostability and high sensitivity to oxygen. The indicator molecules are immobilized in a phospholipid membrane that coats polystyrene microparticles. The fluorescence of the lipobeads is effectively quenched by molecular oxygen. The fluorescence intensity of the oxygen-sensitive lipobeads is 3 times higher in a nitrogenated solution than in an oxygenated solution. The lipobeads are internalized by murine macrophages through phagocytosis. They maintain their spectral properties fo...
Healthy vending: a cooperative pilot research program to stimulate good health in the marketplace.

Abstract A cooperative pilot program between the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and the National Automated Merchandisers Association investigated the impact of nutrition information on the sale of regular and lower calorie vending items. Using a multiple time series design, nutrition information displays along with low-calorie items were sequentially introduced in several vending machine locations. The results indicate that the sale of lower-calorie items was influenced far more by their availability than the presence of attractive nutrition education materials.