cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Writing on Rayleigh faded dirt: a computable upper bound to the outage capacity

A transmitter may have non-causal knowledge of the interference signal being transmitted by another user. Recently, Tarokh and others have raised the possibility of exploiting this knowledge to increase the data rates of a cognitive radio. However, there is a difference between knowing the signal transmitted by the primary and the actual interference at our receiver since there is a wireless channel between these two points. This raises the interesting problem of finding the achievable rates for a compound Gel'fand-Pinsker channel. The problem was addressed recently in the work by Mitran et al, where the authors gave some upper and lower bounds to the achievable rates, with an emphasis on fading channels. But the upper bounds in that work are sometimes non-computable. In this work, we derive computable upper bounds on the outage capacity for a channel where the primary signal can be Rayleigh faded at our receiver.
Nutritional status and morbidity on an irrigation project in Turkana District, Kenya.

The research reported on here was undertaken to identify the most important contributors to continuing high mortality on a small-scale irrigation project at Nakwamoru in Turkana District, Kenya. The health status of project settlers had not been assessed prior to the present study, which was undertaken in 1978–79, a decade after the project was started. The purpose of the study was to estimate the nutritional status of project children and the major causes of morbidity in the Nakwamoru area. Nutritional status was derived from cross-sectional anthropometric measurements, including weights, heights, triceps skinfolds, and upper arm circumferences, taken on approximately 60% of project children (n = 236) aged 1–10 years. The major causes of morbidity in project settlers of all ages for the period 1973–78 were estimated from outpatient records from the local primary care facility. Age/sex patterns of clinic use were obtained through interviews. Stunting was found to be prevalent, especially in children aged 1–4, while wasting was only observed in a small proportion of the sample, indicating a seasonal pattern of malnutrition. Derived cross-sectional areas of upper arm muscle and fat were found to be low by comparison with U.S. standards, suggesting both energy and protein deficits in project children. Malaria and acute respiratory infections were found to be the major causes of illness in the local population, and both are likely to have contributed to the generally poor nutritional status of project children. Despite free biomedical care, 15% of the local population in general and 23% of adult females had never used clinic services.
Rapid analysis of total sulphur in soils and plant material

The Leco high-frequency induction furnace technique was adapted for rapid titrimetric analysis of total S in soils and plant material. Accuracy and precision were tested by standardizing soils and plant material and by measuring recovery of known amounts of inorganic and organic sulphur standards from these. Recovery ranged from 86 to 90 per cent and differed between soils, depending on organic matter and N content.
Review of Imagining China: the view from Europe: 1550–1700 (curated by Timothy Billings with Jim Kuhn; video curator Alexander C.Y. Huang) at the Folger Shakespeare Library, 18 September 2009–9 January 2010

According to current scholarly understanding, Shakespeare's drama was first performed in Asia when the employees of the Dutch East Indies Company presented Hamlet in Jayakarta, Indonesia in 1619 (I...
Address management and connection control for multicast communication applications

An architecture and associated protocols are presented for managing multicast addresses and performing connection control for multicast communication applications. A scheme to partition the multicast address space on the basis of the network number is proposed (an underlying IP-based internetworking environment is assumed), and its performance and scaling characteristics are discussed. A protocol is then developed to provide for dynamic allocation and release of multicast addresses, as well as maintaining state information for a connection. The protocol is independent of the address partitioning scheme; it is also shown to be robust and efficient. Finally, we describe two different mechanisms that enable the use of a common port number by all session participants.
How plants manipulate the scatter-hoarding behaviour of seed-dispersing animals

Some plants that are dispersed by scatter-hoarding animals appear to have evolved the ability to manipulate the behaviour of those animals to increase the likelihood that seeds and nuts will be stored and that a portion of those items will not be recovered. Plants have achieved this in at least four ways. First, by producing large, nutritious seeds and nuts that are attractive to animals and that stimulate hoarding behaviour. Second, by imposing handling costs that cause animals to hoard rather than to eat items immediately. These handling costs can take one of two forms: physical barriers (e.g. hard seed coats) that take time to remove and secondary chemicals (e.g. tannins) that impose metabolic costs. Third, by masting, where a population of plants synchronizes reproductive effort, producing large nut crops at intervals of several years. Mast crops not only satiate seed predators, but also increase the amount of seed dispersal because scatter-hoarding animals are not easily satiated during caching (causing animals to store more food than they can consume) but are satiated during cache recovery. And fourth, by producing seeds that do not emit strong odours so that buried seeds are less likely to be discovered. These, and perhaps other, traits have increased the relative success of plant species with seeds dispersed by scatter-hoarding animals.
THE WINTER‐SPRING DIATOM FLOWERING IN NARRAGANSETT BAY1

Weekly observations of phosphate, nitrate, silicate, and phytoplankton over a 4%-year period are analyzed to explain year-to-year variations in the time of inception and magnitude of the winter-spring diatom flowering in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island. The population during this period (November-June) is dominated by Skeletonemu costatum. The start of growth does not appear to be related to stability, temperature, or incident radiation; Martin ( 1965) has shown that it is triggered by the release of zooplankton grazing pressure. The diatom maximum is independent of temperature and incident radiation, and it is regulated by the concentrations of nitrate and silicate at the beginning of logarithmic growth, which also influences the magnitude of that part of the flowering that follows the winter maximum. In most years, considerable growth takes place after the exhaustion of nitrate, whereas growth was never observed to continue after silicate depletion. The relative importance and interplay of silicate and nitrogen as limiting factors are discussed. Since the flowering is greater the earlier it begins, its success is to some degree predetermined by zooplankton activity in the fall.
Obstacle avoidance with ultrasonic sensors

A mobile robot system, capable of performing various tasks for the physically disabled, has been developed. To avoid collision with unexpected obstacles, the mobile robot uses ultrasonic range finders for detection and mapping. The obstacle avoidance strategy used for this robot is described. Since this strategy depends heavily on the performance of the ultrasonic range finders, these sensors and the effect of their limitations on the obstacle avoidance algorithm are discussed in detail. >
Emergency Department utilization among Deaf American Sign Language users

Abstract Background Deaf American Sign Language (ASL) users comprise a linguistic minority population with poor health care access due to communication barriers and low health literacy. Potentially, these health care barriers could increase Emergency Department (ED) use. Objective To compare ED use between deaf and non-deaf patients. Method A retrospective cohort from medical records. The sample was derived from 400 randomly selected charts (200 deaf ASL users and 200 hearing English speakers) from an outpatient primary care health center with a high volume of deaf patients. Abstracted data included patient demographics, insurance, health behavior, and ED use in the past 36 months. Results Deaf patients were more likely to be never smokers and be insured through Medicaid. In an adjusted analysis, deaf individuals were significantly more likely to use the ED (odds ratio [OR], 1.97; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.11–3.51) over the prior 36 months. Conclusion Deaf American Sign Language users appear to be at greater odds for elevated ED utilization when compared to the general hearing population. Efforts to further understand the drivers for increased ED utilization among deaf ASL users are much needed.
The biliary tract: imaging for the 1990s.

I i1p I This paper is the result of a panel of experts convened. at . As the right and left hepatic ducts join to form the common the annual meeting of the Society of Gastrointestinal RadiolJ hepatic duct, they arch anteriorly over the portal vein. The o ists in Hawaii, January 14-19, 1990, to discuss the current . common hepatic duct, portal vein, and hepatic artery all lie status of diagnostic radiology of the biliary tract and biliary within the hepatoduodenal ligament (Fig. 1). Although the intervention. The focus of discussion was to update and touch normal intrahepatic bile ducts are not seen on CT, the cornon the highlights of each area rather than to provide a corn-f , mon hepatic duct can readily be distinguished from the adjaprehensive review. . J #{149} cent contrast-enhanced blood vessels. An oblique sonograrn,
“I Couldn’t go Anywhere” Contextualizing Violence and Drug Abuse: A Social Network Study

The authors examine the narratives of 24 substance-addicted welfare recipients to understand how their neighborhoods provide a particular context for substance abuse, violence, and social isolation. The authors also examine the relationships among substance abuse, violence, and social isolation. Overall, these narratives indicate that place of residence influences one’s social networks and exposure to drugs, which subsequently influence women’s experiences with substance abuse and domestic violence. The authors suggest a cohesive framework for understanding women’s experiences, that of structural violence as experienced through neighborhood living conditions, which fosters social isolation and vulnerability to long-term drug use and domestic violence.
Engineering blood vessels using stem cells: innovative approaches to treat vascular disorders.

Vascular disease is the leading cause of mortality in the USA, providing the impetus for new treatments and technologies. Current therapies rely on the implantation of stents or grafts to treat injured blood vessels. However, these therapies may be immunogenic or may incompletely recover the functional integrity of the vasculature. In light of these shortcomings, cell-based therapies provide new treatment options to heal damaged areas with more suitable substitutes. Current clinical trials employing stem cell-based therapies involve the transfusion of harvested endothelial progenitor cells. While the results from these trials have been encouraging, utilizing tissue-engineered approaches could yield technologically advanced solutions. This article discusses engineered stem cell-based therapies from three angles: the differentiation of adult stem cells, such as mesenchymal stem cells and endothelial progenitor cells, into vascular lineages; investigation of human embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent...
Coarse-Grained Simulations of Macromolecules: From DNA to Nanocomposites

This review discusses multiscale modeling and simulations of macromolecules and macromolecular systems in the context of two specific examples. In the first, recent attempts to develop coarse-grained representations of DNA are reviewed, and a discussion of recent predictions of such models is presented, particularly in the context of DNA melting and rehybridization. The second example considers polymer nanocomposites; a review of recent simulations is presented, with an emphasis on the description of entanglements in such systems and new methods for the study of the segregation of nanoparticles that arises in copolymers, in which composition heterogeneity can be used to control nanoparticle position and develop an increased understanding of nanoparticle-polymer interactions.
The Fidelity of Initial Acquisition of Mutans Streptococci by Infants from Their Mothers

Previous cross-sectional studies using bacteriocin profiles, serotyping, or genotyping suggest that mothers are the principle source of mutans streptococci (MS) to their infants. This study determined the commonality of MS genotypes between mothers and their infants at the time of initial acquisition. Oral bacteria of mothers and their infants were monitored from birth for approximately 3 years at three-month intervals. Genotypes of MS in infants appeared identical to those present in mothers in approximately 71% of 34 mother-infant pairs studied. Interestingly, female infants acquired MS genotypes identical to their mothers' with significantly greater fidelity than male infants (88% vs. 53%). Homology of genotypes between mothers and their infants at initial acquisition strongly suggests that MS strains were transmitted from mother to infant and that this transfer exhibited gender specificity. In no instance did we observe homology of genotypes between fathers and infants or fathers and mothers, further supporting the notion that acquisition of MS in humans follows maternal lines. Although the prevalence of dental caries was low in this young child population (11/34; 32%), we observed that male children who harbored the same genotype as their mothers had a 13 times greater likelihood of having caries than female children who acquired their mothers' strain; this difference was statistically significant (p < 0.01). Although we do not know the biological mechanisms governing fidelity of acquisition between a mother and her infant, our data suggest that caries outcome may be, in part, determined by both the source of MS and the presence of a specific genotype of MS.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Woven Fabric-Based Electrical Circuits: Part II: Yarn and Fabric Structures to Reduce Crosstalk Noise in Woven Fabric-Based Circuits

One important problem in electronic textiles is crosstalk and lack of signal integrity between conductive lines. Two significant advantages of electronic textiles over tradi tional circuit boards a...
Accuracy limitations and the measurement of errors in the stochastic simulation of chemically reacting systems

This paper introduces the concept of distribution distance for the measurement of errors in exact and approximate methods for stochastic simulation of chemically reacting systems. Two types of distance are discussed: the Kolmogorov distance and the histogram distance. The self-distance, an important property of Monte-Carlo methods that quantifies the accuracy limitation at a given resolution for a given number of realizations, is defined and studied. Estimation formulas are established for the histogram and the Kolmogorov self-distance. These formulas do not depend on the distribution of the samples, and thus show a property of the Monte-Carlo method itself. Numerical results demonstrate that the formulas are very accurate. Application of these results to two problems of current interest in the simulation of biochemical systems is discussed.
Nonleptonic weak interactions in hypernuclei

Abstract The nonmesonic reaction: Λ N → NN, is discussed as an example of a nonleptonic weak process. Calculations of the reaction rate for this process have been reported using various effective weak Hamiltonians. These predictions are compared with the results of a new investigation of this interaction at the AGS in the context of weak hypernuclear decay. Measurements of hypernuclear lifetimes and neutron stimulated fractions for nonmesonic decay are reported for 12 Λ C and 11 Λ B.
Building credible input models

Most discrete-event simulation models have stochastic elements that mimic the probabilistic nature of the system under consideration. A close match between the input model and the true underlying probabilistic mechanism associated with the system is required for successful input modeling. The general question considered here is how to model an element (e.g., arrival process, service times) in a discrete-event simulation given a data set collected on the element of interest. For brevity, it is assumed that data is available on the aspect of the simulation of interest. It is also assumed that raw data is available, as opposed to censored data, grouped data, or summary statistics. This example-driven tutorial examines introductory techniques for input modeling. Most simulation texts (e.g., Law and Kelton 2000, Fishman 2001) have a broader treatment of input modeling than presented here. Nelson and Yamnitsky (1998) survey advanced techniques.
Multi-Vehicle Flocking: Scalability of Cooperative Control Algorithms using Pairwise Potentials

In this paper, we study cooperative control algorithms using pairwise interactions, for the purpose of controlling flocks of unmanned vehicles. An important issue is the role the potential plays in the stability and possible collapse of the group as agent number increases. We model a set of interacting Dubins vehicles with fixed turning angle and speed. We perform simulations for a large number of agents and we show experimental realizations of the model on a testbed with a small number of vehicles. In both cases, critical thresholds exist between coherent, stable, and scalable flocking and dispersed or collapsing motion of the group.
Gold Catalyzed Synthesis of Substituted Furan by Intermolecular Cascade Reaction of Propargyl Alcohol and Alkyne

Using a combination of triazole-gold (TA-Au) and copper catalysts, the substituted furan was achieved in one pot through a three-step reaction cascade. The reaction tolerates a large substrate scope with simple starting materials. The desired di-, tri-, and tetrasubstituted furans were prepared in good to excellent yields.
Glycated Serum Albumin and AGE Receptors

In vivo modification of proteins by molecules with reactive carbonyl groups leads to intermediate and advanced glycation end products (AGE). Glucose is a significant glycation reagent due to its high physiological concentration and poorly controlled diabetics show increased albumin glycation. Increased levels of glycated and AGE-modified albumin have been linked to diabetic complications, neurodegeneration, and vascular disease. This review discusses glycated albumin formation, structural consequences of albumin glycation on drug binding, removal of circulating AGE by several scavenger receptors, as well as AGE-induced proinflammatory signaling through activation of the receptor for AGE. Analytical methods for quantitative detection of protein glycation and AGE formation are compared. Finally, the use of glycated albumin as a novel clinical marker to monitor glycemic control is discussed and compared to glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) as long-term indicator of glycemic status.
Climate change in the American mind: Americans’ global warming beliefs and attitudes in April, 2013

This report is based on findings from a nationally representative survey – Climate Change in the American Mind – conducted by the Yale Project on Climate Change Communication and the George Mason University Center for Climate Change Communication. Interview dates: April 8-15. Interviews: 1,045 Adults (18+). Total average margin of error: +/- 3 percentage points at the 95% confidence level. Key findings include:• Nearly two in three Americans (63%) believe global warming is happening. Relatively few – only 16 percent – believe it is not. However, since Fall 2012, the percentage of Americans who believe global warming is real has dropped 7 points to 63%, likely influenced by the relatively cold winter of 2012-13 (compared to the prior year) and an unusually cold March just before the survey was conducted. !In March of 2012, after an unusually warm winter, 66 percent of Americans believed global warming was happening; thus, seasonal effects may account for at least some of the change we observe.• Those who believe global warming is happening are more certain of their convictions than those who do not. Of the 63% of Americans who believe global warming is happening, most say they are “very” (33%) or “extremely sure” (27%). By contrast, of the unconvinced, fewer are very (28%) or extremely sure of their view (18%).• About half of Americans (49%) believe global warming – if it is happening – is caused mostly by human activities, a decrease of 5 points since Fall 2012, but similar to levels stretching back several years.• More Americans believe that “most scientists think global warming is happening” than believe there is widespread disagreement among scientists (42% versus 33%, respectively). One in five Americans (20%) continue to feel they “don’t know enough to say” and fewer than one in 20 (4%) believe that “most scientists think global warming is not happening.”• About half of Americans (51%) say they are “somewhat” or “very worried” about global warming, a 7 percentage-point decline in worry since Fall 2012.• At least four out of ten Americans say global warming will harm people in their community (45%), their family (44%), or themselves (42%). Though Americans today, compared to Fall 2012, are slightly less likely to perceive these threats of harm, they are much more likely to do so today than they were a year ago.• Global warming is also perceived as a threat to people in developing countries (55%, down 9 points since September 2012, but similar to March 2012), in other modern industrialized countries (53%, down 4 points since September, but up 4 points since March 2012), and in the United States (52%, down 5 points since September, but up 6 points since March 2012).• Today, four in ten Americans say people around the world are being harmed right now by climate change (38%), while 34 percent say global warming is currently harming people in the United States.
Design of potent and highly selective inhibitors for human β-secretase 2 (memapsin 1), a target for type 2 diabetes

Design, synthesis and evaluation of very potent and selective β-secretase 2 (memapsin 1, BACE 2) inhibitors are described. The inhibitors were designed specifically to interact with the S2′-site of β-secretase 2 to provide >170000-fold selectivity over β-secretase (BACE 1) and >15000-fold selectivity over cathepsin D. BACE 2 is implicated in type 2 diabetes. The studies serve as an important guide to selective BACE 2 inhibitors.
The Importance of Identifiers in the New Web Environment and Using the Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) in Subfield Zero ($0): A Small Step That Is Actually a Big Step

While the future of library bibliographic description is currently in a state of flux, libraries have a number of opportunities to begin embedding and leveraging linked data concepts within their existing MARC-centric systems. Through the embedding of dereferenceable Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs) into existing MARC data, libraries can begin to lay the foundation for the eventual shift to a data model that is more linked data friendly and begin to produce actionable metadata for consumption by services outside of the library community. This article will discuss a pilot project at the George Washington University Libraries to embed URIs into the local integrated library system and the toolset, MARCNext, which was utilized to simplify the entification of the Libraries’ legacy metadata records.
342 ADRENAL ANDROGENS AND PUBERTY

To evaluate the possibility that adrenal androgens effect hypothalamic-pituitary maturation and the onset of puberty, several groups of patients have been studied who had increased or decreased adrenal androgens for age: 1/40 female patients with premature adrenarche were followed; 15% progressed to sexual precocity; in the other 85% the mean age ± SD of the onset of breast development and menarche was available for 21 (9.7 ± 1.3) and 17 (10.7 ± 1.4) subjects respectively. 2/The mean age of the onset of puberty among 5 male patients with Addison's disease who were well-nourished and adequately treated was 12.3 ± 0.3 years. 3/Mean levels of 24 hr integrated concentrations (ng/100 ml) of testosterone (T), androstenedione (Δ), 17-hydroxy progesterone (170HP), progesterone (P) and dehydroepiandroster-one (DHA) in 3 patients with Addison's disease, agonadal males, normal pubertal males were: Hence, the data suggest that adrenal androgens accelerate hypothalamic-pituitary maturation as shown by somewhat early development in female patients with premature adrenarche. However, this effect is not obligatory because puberty occurred normally in male Addisonian patients despite low levels of adrenal steroids.
A NEW OSCILLATORY FLOW TUNNEL FOR USE IN SEDIMENT TRANSPORT EXPERIMENTS

The details of a new oscillatory flow tunnel at Scripps Institution of Oceanography are discussed. The flow tunnel has a large crosssection and large water excursion distance. The piston motion is programmable. The test bed can be tilted. These, and other aspects, make the facility useful to a wide variety of oscillatory flow sediment transport experiments.
Incidence of adverse reactions caused by first-line anti-tuberculosis drugs and the effect on further treatment

[Objective]To understand the incidence of adverse reactions in tuberculosis patients who received the free anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy in Tuberculosis Department of Huairou Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Beijing,provide a scientific basis for preventing and reducing the adverse reactions.[Methods]Doctors in Tuberculosis Department reviewed case data from 2006-2010,including medical record,duration,medication record and laboratory examination,and the incidence of adverse reactions caused by anti-tuberculosis drugs were analyzed retrospectively.[Results]183 cases of adverse drug reactions were reported,which accounted for 35.1% of total cases.There were 75 cases of mild reaction,101 cases of moderate reaction and 7 cases of severe reaction.The adverse reactions of 95% patients occurred within 2 months of medication.79 patients stopped(changed) medicine because of adverse events,and 2 cases died.[Conclusion]The incidence of adverse reactions caused by anti-tuberculosis drugs is relatively high,which has certain influence on treatment of tuberculosis.It is necessary to actively monitor and correctly treat the adverse reactions,so as to help patients complete the treatment,and avoid serious consequences.
Anxiety and Depression of Male Patients Suffering from Venereal Diseases and the Effect of Psychological Help on Treatment Compliance

Objective To investigate the anxiety and depression of clinical male patients suffering from venereal diseases and observe the effect of psychological help on treatment compliance. Method One hundred and seventeen male patients were assessed by HAMA and HAMD to investigate their anxieties and depressions and compared with 100 normal subjects;and then randomized to receive additional or no psychological help to medical treatment and their treatment compliances compared. Results The psychological condition showed significant difference between patients and normal subjects.Patients received psychological help showed better compliance in treatment. Conclusion The male venereal disease patients are anxious and depressed,that may prevent them from receiving medical examination and continuous therapy.Psychological help can improve their treatment compliances.
95 EARLY OUTCOMES OF HEALTHY STEPS PROGRAM AMONG LOW-INCOME LATINO FAMILIES

Purpose Healthy Steps embeds a developmental specialist in medical primary care offices, offering information, screening, and a helping relationship for families with children aged 0 to 3 years. The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of Healthy Steps on early parenting outcomes in a clinic population. Methods Healthy Steps participants surveyed during well-child office visits around child9s age of 2 months. Identical survey administered during well-child office visit to comparison group of infants not enrolled in Healthy Steps, but seen in the same pediatric clinic. Survey was orally administered in either Spanish or English, and assessed demographic information in addition to outcome variables. Outcomes included parent report of safety practices, feeding practices, practices that promote development, and Emergency Room usage. Results Healthy Steps participants (n=40) and comparison infants (n=25), all less than 4 months old, were largely Latino with low levels of income, education, and marriage. Healthy Steps participants were significantly more likely to be first-born babies and to have foreign-born mothers. There was a trend toward more babies being put to sleep on their backs and less exposure to cigarette smoke in the Healthy Steps group. Healthy Steps babies were more likely to have initiated breastfeeding, and among those who had ceased breastfeeding, it had lasted an average of one week longer in the Healthy Steps group. However, they were no more likely to be breastfeeding by the time of the survey. Healthy Steps infants were less likely to have already received water, juice, and cereal. Those who had received cereal did so an average of 7 weeks later in the Healthy Steps group. There were no differences in the frequency of reading to, talking to, or cuddling baby; very high percentages in both groups did these things very frequently. Healthy Steps infants were far less likely to have been to a hospital emergency department. Conclusions The Healthy Steps program appears to have modest effects on some indicators of infant well-being. Small changes early in life have great potential to improve lives of those most in need.
Quantification of Trace Gold in Ores by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry with P_(350) Micro Chromatographic Column Online Separation and Enrichment

Using aqua regia as the medium,trace gold was separated from ores by a self-designed micro chromatographic column online separation and enrichment system,and measured by flame atomic absorption spectrometry.The condition of the gold and enrichment with the P350 micro chromatographic column in the process of atomic absorption spectrometry absorbing and effusing solution were optimized.The fast adsorption and elution technology was taken with HCl solution as leacheate and Na2SO3 solution as the eluent.The quantification of a sample,including separation and measurement,only took one minute and overcame the defect of low sensitivity of the flame atomic absorption spectrometry.Relative standard deviation(RSD) of the method was less than 3.2% and the detection limit was 0.078 μg/g.Compared with the method of existing off-line separation and enrichment,this method shows the advantages of higher efficiency,decreased time,and lower cost.Results for the practical sample test are satisfactory.
The Pronator Quadratus and Distal Anterior Interosseous Nerve: A Cadaveric Study.

Background The pronator quadratus (PQ) muscle is an important and commonly encountered structure in surgery of the wrist. A thorough understanding of the anatomy of the PQ and the anterior interosseous nerve (AIN), which innervates the PQ, is important, particularly during distal radius fracture osteosynthesis and distal AIN transfer to deep branch of the ulnar nerve. Furthermore, there is a paucity of literature regarding sex differences in the morphology of these structures. We describe the morphology of the PQ and AIN and compare PQ and AIN findings in male and female specimens. Methods Twenty-five cadaveric upper extremities underwent loupe-aided dissection of the volar forearm with identification of the AIN and PQ. A digital photograph taken perpendicular to the volar surface of the forearm was used to measure the PQ and assess AIN morphology using ImageJ (National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, MD). Comparisons between male and female specimens were performed. Results Of the 25 specimens, 84% appeared as a single trapezoidal muscle bundle, with the remaining 16% demonstrating a double-bundle morphology. The PQ was a mean 3.8 ± 0.5 cm in radial-ulnar width and 4.6 ± 0.7 cm in proximal-distal length with a mean thickness, area, and volume of 0.6 ± 0.2 cm, 18.2 ± 4.8 cm(2), and 10.5 ± 3.7 cm(3), respectively. The PQ branch of the AIN was a mean 3.8 ± 1.1 cm long and had a mean diameter of 1.4 ± 0.2 mm. Male specimens demonstrated significantly greater radial-ulnar width (p = 0.005), area (p = 0.006), and volume (p = 0.033) of the PQ, as well as a greater distance from the radial styloid to the distal arborization of the AIN (p = 0.005) compared with female specimens. Conclusions The current study informs hand surgeons of the morphologic variability and sexual dimorphism of the PQ and AIN and may help guide operative planning.
Changes in Cell-mediated Cytotoxicity during the Clinical Course of Patients with Bladder Carcinoma

AbstractThe conventional cell-mediated cytotoxicity assay was modified so that more useful estimates of cell-mediated immunity to transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary tract could be obtained. With this modified assay changes in the levels of cell-mediated immunity in transitional cell carcinoma patients to transitional cell carcinoma target cells were measured during the clinical course. Initial results from a small number of patients with invasive and non-invasive tumors showed that anti-transitional cell carcinoma cell-mediated immunity increased after the tumor was removed and during administration of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin.
Gigahertz Acoustic Vibrations of Elastically Anisotropic Indium–Tin-Oxide Nanorod Arrays

Active control of light is important for photonic integrated circuits, optical switches, and telecommunications. Coupling light with acoustic vibrations in nanoscale optical resonators offers optical modulation capabilities with high bandwidth and small footprint. Instead of using noble metals, here we introduce indium–tin-oxide nanorod arrays (ITO-NRAs) as the operating media and demonstrate optical modulation covering the visible spectral range (from 360 to 700 nm) with ∼20 GHz bandwidth through the excitation of coherent acoustic vibrations in ITO-NRAs. This broadband modulation results from the collective optical diffraction by the dielectric ITO-NRAs, and a high differential transmission modulation up to 10% is achieved through efficient near-infrared, on-plasmon-resonance pumping. By combining the frequency signatures of the vibrational modes with finite-element simulations, we further determine the anisotropic elastic constants for single-crystalline ITO, which are not known for the bulk phase. Thi...
Ice-like water supports hydration forces and eases sliding friction

The nature of interfacial water is critical in several natural processes, including the aggregation of lipids into the bilayer, protein folding, lubrication of synovial joints, and underwater gecko adhesion. The nanometer-thin water layer trapped between two surfaces has been identified to have properties that are very different from those of bulk water, but the molecular cause of such discrepancy is often undetermined. Using surface-sensitive sum frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy, we discover a strongly coordinated water layer confined between two charged surfaces, formed by the adsorption of a cationic surfactant on the hydrophobic surfaces. By varying the adsorbed surfactant coverage and hence the surface charge density, we observe a progressively evolving water structure that minimizes the sliding friction only beyond the surfactant concentration needed for monolayer formation. At complete surfactant coverage, the strongly coordinated confined water results in hydration forces, sustains confinement and sliding pressures, and reduces dynamic friction. Observing SFG signals requires breakdown in centrosymmetry, and the SFG signal from two oppositely oriented surfactant monolayers cancels out due to symmetry. Surprisingly, we observe the SFG signal for the water confined between the two charged surfactant monolayers, suggesting that this interfacial water layer is noncentrosymmetric. The structure of molecules under confinement and its macroscopic manifestation on adhesion and friction have significance in many complicated interfacial processes prevalent in biology, chemistry, and engineering.
Details of Low Latitude Medium Range Numerical Weather Prediction Using a Global Spectral Model: Part II. Effects of Orography and Physical Initialization@@@II.地形及び物理過程を考慮したイニシャリゼーションの効果

L'attention est portee, a travers plusieurs experiences de prevision numerique a moyen terme, sur l'impact de l'initialisation diabatique et de l'orographie enveloppe dans la region a mousson. L'orographie enveloppe (envelope orography, Wallace et al. 1983) inclut une mesure de la variabilite haute resolution des montagnes au sein des mailles du modele de prevision de grande echelle; des montagnes comme l'Himalaya, les Ghats occidentales, les montagnes au Sumatra ou en Ethiopie repondent mieux a la definition de cette orographie qu'a celle d'orographie normale, communement utilisee dans les modeles. Deux experiences de prevision, relatives a la cyclogenese tropicale sont decrites; l'une a trait a la formation du vortex initiateur (onset vortex) et l'autre, a la formation d'une depression de mousson. Le resultat principal de l'etude est le succes de la prevision des composantes stationnaires du champ d'ecoulement, grâce a une parametrisation physique amelioree
Caribbean Interorality: A Brief Introduction

“Interorality” is a terminological neologism I have created following Julia Kristeva’s “intertextuality”.1 It emphasizes a new and overlooked approach concerning the Caribbean culture of “the spoken word” inasmuch as it provides a critical spotlight on Caribbean epistemology and philosophy. It offers fundamental insights as to the seminal and philosophical importance of language and of “the word” or “ pawol ” in the formation and articulation of what can be called Caribbean psychology and Caribbean philosophy, hence my attempt to pinpoint its hermeneutics. Interorality translates the complex phenomenological and epistemological process by which pre-existing oral texts are transmuted into new ones whose symbolic meaning and significance are intrinsically independent. It is a literary process whose mode is transposition, and at the same time, a philosophical approach to meaning, aesthetic, ethics and speech production in the Caribbean. Interorality critically distinguishes and specifies Caribbean orality. As a concept, it is a revealing indicator of Caribbean axiology and ontology. It encapsulates critical factors for examining, comprehending and establishing what can be termed, the metaphysics of Caribbean “pawol.” I define the Creole term “pawol,” which means “uttered word,” “speech” or “statement”, as the product of the long and constant epistemological and ethical struggle of the African enslaved in the Caribbean to proffer speech whose meaning, significance and purpose are outside of the unethical and a-human terms of the enslaver’s paradigm of thought and speech. It is an intelligible discourse characterized by historical, cultural, psychological, and philosophical factors, and brought about by ethical values.
Post-concussion return to boxing protocol

Background: Concussion is a complex pathophysiological process affecting the brain, induced by traumatic biomechanical forces. Immediately following a concussion, an athlete is usually advised physical and cognitive rest until post-concussion symptoms abate. The athlete then enters a stepwise return-to-play protocol. Premature return to play risks a second concussion, second impact syndrome, exacerbation and persistence of post-concussive symptoms. Various sports governing organisations such as the National Football League have developed post-concussion return to play protocols. Discussion: Professional boxing is a popular contact sport in which concussions are common. Professional boxing currently lacks a standardised post-concussion return to boxing protocol. Professional boxers are arbitrarily suspended for periods ranging from 30 to 90 days after suffering a technical knockout (TKO) due to multiple head and body shots or after a knockout (KO). For some boxers a neurology clearance is requested prior to their return to boxing. Conclusion: Developing and implementing a post-concussion return to the boxing protocol will standardise a return to boxing decision-making process and help to protect a boxer’s health. This paper proposes a post-concussion return to boxing protocol with the recommendation that the proposed protocol be debated vigorously by the scientific community and evidence-based guidelines be developed by the medical community in conjunction with the professional boxing governing bodies.
Atypical meningioma mimicking high-grade glioma.

A 52-year-old man presented following a motor vehicle collision. Examination revealed a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 15, with right lower extremity paresis. Noncontrast CT demonstrated a left frontal lesion. MRI further characterized the mass within the left superior frontal gyrus, suspicious for high-grade glioma (figure 1). Intraoperatively, the mass exhibited invasive margins, gross hypervascularity, and hemorrhage, without apparent dural attachment. Preliminary diagnosis was glial neoplasm. Final pathology was consistent with meningioma with focal brain invasion and rhabdoid differentiation, without anaplastic features, World Health Organization (WHO) grade II (figure 2). Outcome is correlated with WHO grade.1 Brain invasion is a new WHO diagnostic criterion of atypical meningioma.2 Acknowledgment: The authors thank Glenn Tung, MD, for his preparation of the neuroimaging in this report.
A New Species of Casimiroa (Rutaceae) from Nicaragua and Costa Rica

A new species, Casimiroa dura A. Pool & Coronado, is described from Nicaragua and Costa Rica. The new species is most similar to C. sapota Oerst., but differs in its fruit’s epicarp, which is hard, thick, and brittle.
Robotic Thymectomy: Learning Curve and Associated Perioperative Outcomes

Abstract Introduction: Recently, robotic-assisted thymectomy (RAT) has emerged as an alternative to either, an open transsternal approach or to a video-assisted thoracoscopic approach, for both thymic tumors and benign lesions. We have reviewed our early experience with RAT to assess the associated learning curve as well as the short-term perioperative outcomes. Methods: A prospectively collected database was reviewed for patients who underwent RAT for all causes in the period 2012–2016. Robotic thymectomy cases were stratified and compared according to the number of cases performed by each surgeon (≤15 versus >15 cases). A propensity score matching was done to compare perioperative outcomes in patients undergoing robotic and transsternal resection of thymomas. Results: Seventy patients (47 females) with a median age of 52, underwent RAT. The median operative time was 102 min with 5 conversions to an open approach for local invasion (n = 3) or for complete pleural symphysis (n = 2). There were 2 rib fract...
Extracting Knowledge Claims for Automatic Evidence Synthesis Using Semantic Technology

Systematic review, a form of evidence synthesis that critically appraises existing studies on the same topic and synthesizes study results, helps reduce the evidence gap. However, keeping the systematic review up-to-date is a great challenge partly due to the difficulty in interpreting the conclusion of a systematic review. A promising approach to this challenge is to make semantic representation of the claims made in both the systematic review and the included studies it synthesizes so that it’s possible to automatically predict whether the conclusion of a systematic review changes given a new study. In this dissertation work, we developed a taxonomy to represent knowledge claims both in systematic review and its included studies with the goal of automatically updating a systematic review. We then developed machine learning models to automatically predict a synthesized claim from claims in individual studies.
The Perturbing Question of “Life” in Graham Greene's ACROSS THE BRIDGE

Is Graham Greene's “Across the Bridge”1 a tragedy, comedy, or misrepresentation of facts? It may be all of these or none, and the narrator certainly does not know the answer. The narrator implicate...
Mitigation of Reflector Dish Wet Antenna Effect at 72 and 84 GHz

Millimeter waves in W- and V -band are allocated for high-bandwidth satellite communications in order to achieve higher data transfer rates. However, atmospheric propagation characteristics are not well understood at these frequencies. This work examines the substantial and yet avoidable signal degrading effect, wetness of antenna, on reflector dish antennas at 72 and 84 GHz. Understanding this effect is vital to characterizing the path loss due to environmental conditions. Our measurements include the wet antenna effect on a bare reflector dish antenna, a reflector dish covered with an untreated radome, and lastly a reflector dish covered with a hydrophobic coating applied to the radome. Our research indicates that the wet antenna effect was optimally mitigated with the radome cover treated with a hydrophobic material. This research will guide millimeter-wave communication system designers to avoid the wet antenna effect, thereby increasing their potential link availability.
Anti-gentrification Campaigns and the Fight for Local Control in California Cities

Gentrification is integral to the functioning of global cities: international developers raze old housing and renovate industrial lofts for elite service workers seeking central-city accommodations. In the process, local real estate markets heat up and working-class residents find themselves priced out, displaced more often than not to peripheral sites of the global metropolis. In Californian communities in downtown and the east side of Los Angeles, the Mission in San Francisco, and Barrio Logan in San Diego, however, residents rejected this process of involuntary movement, instead arguing for the value of historically rich, rooted communities. In what appeared to be a wave of anti-global activism beginning in the 1980s, residents worked to regain control over their local communities through a variety of strategies including the deliberate deployment of local culture and arts, and the increasingly savvy use of media and public relations. With these tools, anti-gentrifiers asserted ownership without property titles, housing rights without mortgages, and community buy-in without cash deposits. Anti-gentrification movements thus constituted a direct challenge to the workings of the global city while also feeding into a global movement to restore political power to the grassroots.
International Counterterrorism Laws and Practices: Israel and France in Comparison

This article focuses on the varying approaches to counterterrorism (CT) laws and practices in Israel and France and draws some lessons from these practices. The article looks at each country in the context of their respective legal approaches toward terrorism offenses, their various precharge and/or preventive detention practices, their investigatory and prosecutory approaches, their judicial institutions and frameworks, and, finally, the range of national agencies tasked with CT duties. This article then draws some conclusions regarding similarities and differences between the approaches employed by Israel and France and suggests some questions for future research.
Standard Cell Routing Optimization Using A Genetic Algorithm

A typical approach to cell-based analog design involving resistors is to maintain the standard cell height by using an array of standard resistor legs. As the array becomes larger and more taps are placed on the resistor, random orientation of the resistor legs can lead to routing problems as signals cross back and forth across the cell routing channel. Heuristic optimization of the resistor leg orientation to reduce signal crossing becomes a complex search through a 2n-1 search space, where n is the number of legs to be oriented.