cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Periodontal and restorative aspects of molar uprighting

Summary Tipped molars usually exhibit a significant periodontal defect on the mesial aspect. Orthodontic therapy can be utilized to upright these teeth. Uprighting of a mesial tipped mandibular molar can improve the periodontal profile of the patient, and fabrication of a fixed partial denture can be eased by improving the axial inclination.
Thrombin adsorption and possible relations to thrombus formation

In the circulation, adherent thrombi are most likely formed by nucleation and growth processes. The adsorption of an anchoring layer must be followed by further constituent interactions; these by crosslinking introduce cooperative effects which affect nucleation and growth rates. Adsorption of thrombin to nonpolar surfaces has been examined using a clotting time assay. Assay discrimination was determined by coefficients of variation: of the assay itself (0.6%), of reproducing diluted thrombin sources (0.37%) and of reproducing sets of dotting tubes containing fibrinogen (1.5%). Adsorptions are 0.54 mg/m2 at the solution–air interface, 0.77 mg/m2 at the solution–clean wall interface, and 0.04 mg/m2 to walls previously treated with thrombin. Average distance between thrombin molecules is 89 A, the minimum adsorption energy is −11.7 kcal/mole and estimated thrombus adhesive strength 10kg/cm2. Thrombin can be the anchoring layer for a thrombus which contains thrombin, fibrin and platelets since all constituents interact with each other. The thrombin–fibrin intersection energy is about −7 kcal/mole. The platelet can, at least on interaction with thrombin, undergo structural changes which increase interaction. A variety of interactions and cooperative effects are possible. A problem is to develop protocols and assays which will permit specification of the anchoring layer and characteristics of subsequent interactions.
Batch scheduling in optical networks with feedback/feed-forward fiber delay lines

Batch scheduling has been extensively studied in the context of Job-machine scheduling, where a group of time-constrained tasks are scheduled to run over a limited number of servers, with the goal of maximizing the overall revenue from successfully scheduled tasks. Depending on whether buffers are employed, batch scheduling can be in the form of a pure-loss system or system with buffers. In optical burst/packet switching networks, bursts/packets (i.e., tasks) that simultaneously arrive or locate within the same time window can be treated as a batch, and scheduled over a limited number of available wavelengths (i.e., servers). Due to the unavailability of Random Access Memory in optical networks, buffering is generally achieved with Fiber Delay Lines, which can only offer discrete and predefined duration of buffering. The discrete feature of FDLs hence leads to a new Job-machine scheduling with Discrete-time Buffers (JDB) problem, which can be shown to be NP-Complete. In this work, we study how to optimally co-schedule FDLs and wavelengths in the batch scheduling process over two types of FDL architectures, namely feed-forward and feedback FDLs. We mathematically model the JDB problem over both feed-forward and feedback FDLs, and propose a heuristic algorithm to enable fast on-line scheduling. The performance of proposed schemes over feed-forward and feedback FDLs are simulated and compared.
Solar electric low-thrust Mercury orbiter missions.

Results of a preliminary study of unmanned Mercury orbiter missions which might be flown in the early 1980s. Five different levels of orbiter size and complexity are considered, ranging from a small orbiter carrying 22 kg of low data-rate instruments to a dual satellite mission employing 110 kg of science instruments emphasizing regional and local scale surface imagery. An Intermediate-20 class launch vehicle is required to deliver a minimal surface-imaging science package into Mercury orbit using a ballistic mission mode. Employment of a 15 kW solar electric low-thrust stage permits delivery of the more capable dual satellite package with a Titan IIID (5)/Centaur.
Relativistic Magnetic Moment of a Charged Particle

Formulas are derived for the magnetic moment of a particle moving rapidly in a central field of force. Possible nuclear applications, particularly to the problem of the deuteron, are discussed. In view of the greatly increased accuracy in the measurement of magnetic moments, the relativity effect appears to be of measurable magnitude.
Prevention and Treatment of Venous Thromboembolism in Patients with Acute Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary emboli are common preventable causes of morbidity and mortality in patients with acute intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). The frequency of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in patients with acute ICH ranges from 0.5 to 13% in scant reports. The dilemma in the prevention and treatment of these complications is to reduce the morbidity of VTE without increasing the risk of intracranial rebleeding. There is a paucity of information about this issue, and the applicability of the recommendations for patients with ischemic stroke to those with ICH is unclear. From the available literature, the recommendations for prevention of VTE in patients with ICH are early mobilization, adequate hydration, pneumatic compression stockings, and (in stable patients) low-dose subcutaneous heparins. Considering the treatment of VTE in patients with ICH, placement of an inferior vena caval filter is the most frequent expert recommendation. While existing data are sparse and not sufficient to recommend modifications to current options, the way is open for randomized trials to test early use of antithrombotic agents for VTE in acute ICH patients.
Three new Arizona types isolated from normal reptiles

Three new Arizona serotypes (5∶29∶30; 16∶22∶34; and 20∶29∶25) are described. All were isolated from the feces of apparently normal snakes in a zoo. The 16∶22∶34 type produced indol and the 20∶29∶25 type failed to liquefy gelatin. Otherwise, the cultures possessed biochemical characteristics typical of the Arizona group. The details of the serologic reactions of the cultures are described.
Fourier series for zeta function via Sinc

Abstract In this paper we derive some Fourier series and Fourier polynomial approximations to a function F which has the same zeros as the zeta function, ζ(z) on the strip { z ∈ C : 0 R z 1 } . These approximations depend on an arbritrary positive parameter h, and which for arbitrary e ∈ ( 0 , 1 / 2 ) , converge uniformly to ζ(z) on the rectangle { z ∈ C : e R z 1 - e , - π / h I z π / h } .
Urogenital Morphology of Dipnoans, With Comparisons to Other Fishes and to Amphibians

The morphology of the urogenital system of extant dipnoans is compared among the three genera, and to that of other fishes and amphibians. Analysis is based on dissections, sectioned material, and the literature. Urogenital system morphology provides no support for the hypothesis of a sister-group relationship between dipnoans and amphibians, for virtually all shared characters are primitive, and most characters shared with other fishes are also primitive. Urogenital morphology is useful at the familial level of analysis, however, and synapomorphies support the inclusion of Lepidosiren and Protopterus in the family Lepidosirenidae separate from Neoceratodus of the family Ceratodontidae.
A theory of amorphous solids undergoing large deformations, with application to polymeric glasses

Abstract This paper develops a continuum theory for the elastic–viscoplastic deformation of amorphous solids such as polymeric and metallic glasses. Introducing an internal-state variable that represents the local free-volume associated with certain metastable states, we are able to capture the highly non-linear stress–strain behavior that precedes the yield-peak and gives rise to post-yield strain softening. Our theory explicitly accounts for the dependence of the Helmholtz free energy on the plastic deformation in a thermodynamically consistent manner. This dependence leads directly to a backstress in the underlying flow rule, and allows us to model the rapid strain-hardening response after the initial yield-drop in monotonic deformations, as well as the Bauschinger-type reverse-yielding phenomena typically observed in amorphous polymeric solids upon unloading after large plastic deformations. We have implemented a special set of constitutive equations resulting from the general theory in a finite-element computer program. Using this finite-element program, we apply the specialized equations to model the large-deformation response of the amorphous polymeric solid polycarbonate, at ambient temperature and pressure. We show numerical results to some representative problems, and compare them against corresponding results from physical experiments.
Progress in supersonic cruise technology

It is reported that nine years of NASA research have yielded significant design solutions in such matters pertaining to large supersonic cruise vehicles as aerodynamics, structures, propulsion, noise reduction, takeoff and landing procedures, and advanced configuration concepts. Attention is given to the incremental performance gains achieved over the years (with the Concorde SST as baseline reference), arrow wing planform performance potential, superplastic forming/diffusion bonding of titanium alloy primary structures, advanced engine cycles, twin-fuselage high-capacity configurations, and the potential military payoff of SST research. It is concluded that the greatest promise for future research and development lies in fiber-reinforced, high-temperature metal structures and the twin-fuselage configuration.
Cardiac carnitine deficiency and altered carnitine transport in cardiomyopathic hamsters

The Bio 14.6 hamster has a well-documented cardiomyopathy which leads to congestive heart failure. Previous work demonstrated that hearts from these hamsters have depressed fatty acid oxidation and depressed carnitine concentrations compared to those of normal hamsters. Analyses of tissue carnitine concentrations from 40 to 464 days of age demonstrate that the cardiomyopathic hamsters have a cardiac carnitine deficiency throughout life. Therefore, the carnitine deficiency is not a secondary effect of an advanced stage of the cardiomyopathy. Both the observation that other tissues of the cardiomyopathic hamster have normal or markedly elevated carnitine concentrations and the observation that oral carnitine treatment could not increase the cardiac carnitine concentrations to those of normal hamsters are consistent with the hypothesis that the cardiac carnitine deficiency is the result of a defective cardiac transport mechanism. Cardiac carnitine-binding protein (which may function in the cardiac carnitine transport mechanism) prepared from hearts of cardiomyopathic hamsters had a lower maximal carnitine binding and an increased dissociation constant for carnitine compared to the cardiac carnitine-binding protein prepared from normal hamsters. Thus, several types of data indicate that the cardiomyopathic hamster has an altered cardiac carnitine transport mechanism.
Properties of transition metal-metalloid ferromagnetic thin films

It has been possible to deposit by r.f. sputtering amorphous ferromagnetic thin films for metalloid content from 0 to 40 atom percent; the properties of these films are comparable to those of bulk ribbons obtained by rapid quenching from the melt. FeSi and FeB sputtered thin films are amorphous for alloys containing respectively 26 and 16 atom per cent metalloid, and films are still magnetic for metalloid content of 40 atom per cent. Their resistivity, 100-200 μΩ-cm, is characteristic of most amorphous metallic alloys. The magnetostriction of these alloys is very high and positive and decreases with increasing silicon or boron concentration. The as-deposited films show perpendicular anisotropy, but soft magnetic properties have been obtained after a short annealing procedure at temperature below the crystallization temperature.
A performance-based method of student evaluation.

Summary A method of medical education has been developed which emphasizes audit of student performance in terms of behavioural traits (thoroughness, reliability, analytic sense, and efficiency) rather than in terms of memorized knowledge. This method is dependent upon the Problem-Oriented Medical Record. The tools developed for the audit and some preliminary results are presented.
Effect of an Integrated Public Health Curriculum in an Emergency Medicine Residency

Background: Emergency departments (EDs) serve as a central point of interaction between the public and the medical system. Emergency physicians need education in public health in order to optimize their clinical care and their ability to evaluate potential public health interventions in the ED. Methods: As part of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Association of American Medical College's (AAMC) national initiative for “Regional Medicine-Public Health Education Centers-Graduate Medical Education”, we designed and implemented a new public health curriculum for the emergency medicine residents. Over four sessions during regular didactic time, we used a modular approach to link a basic public health principle, such as environmental hazard assessment, to a relevant clinical topic, such as violent patients and ED safety. Each session emphasized resident involvement, including small group work and role-plays. Journal clubs and quality assurance projects supplemented the curriculum. We sought resident feedback through focus groups and anonymous online pre- and post-tests for each session. Assessment: Both before and after the curriculum, 76% of responders felt it was important for physicians to receive training in public health. The program appeared to have a positive effect on residents’ comfort level with various public health topics, and felt the residency program had taught them the skills necessary to implement public health principles in clinical practice (23.8%, versus 11.5% before; p<0.05). Conclusions: Integration of public health principles into existing clinical curricula in emergency medicine may increase resident interest and knowledge. Combining public health and emergency medicine topics in regular didactic conferences facilitates public health education for residents.
The Kadison–Singer problem in discrepancy theory

Abstract We give a combinatorial form of the Kadison–Singer problem, a famous problem in C ∗ -algebra. This combinatorial problem, which has several minor variations, is a discrepancy question about vectors in C n . Some partial results can be easily deduced from known facts in discrepancy theory.
Generalized Langevin equation versus the equation-of-motion method for an interacting many-electron system.

Mori's formalism [Prog. Theor. Phys. 33, 413 (1965)] as applied to an interacting many-electron system is shown to lead to the random-phase-approximation (RPA) form of the dynamic susceptibility in the limit of small momentum transfer where RPA is a valid theory.
Long-term induction of immune tolerance after blockade of CD40-CD40L interaction in a mouse model of hemophilia A

A factor VIII–deficient knockout mouse was used as a model for severe hemophilia A to characterize the immune response to recombinant human factor VIII (fVIII) and to study new approaches for induction of immune tolerance to fVIII. Mice initially received periodic injections of fVIII in doses similar to those used for the treatment of human hemophilia A. To induce immune tolerance, a hamster monoclonal antibody specific for murine CD40 ligand (CD40L or CD154) was injected with fVIII. Control mice received fVIII alone or fVIII and hamster immunoglobulin G. After treatment, humoral and cellular immune responses were evaluated. Ninety-five percent of anti-CD40L–treated mice had lower titers of anti-fVIII antibody (less than 1 μg/mL) compared with fVIII-injected control mice (mean, 18 μg/mL). To determine whether anti-CD40L treatment induces long-term immune tolerance, mice were rechallenged 3 times with fVIII alone. At 150 days after treatment, 12 of 22 anti-CD40L–treated mice remained tolerant to fVIII (anti-fVIII antibody titers less than 1 μg/mL). However, tolerant mice immunized with tetanus toxoid (TT) developed high anti-TT antibody, demonstrating that tolerance is fVIII specific. T cells from tolerant mice showed impaired proliferative responses after stimulation with fVIII in vitro and lack of production of the cytokines interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-4, interferon γ, and IL-10. These results demonstrate that long-term immune tolerance to fVIII was effectively induced after early blockade of CD40-CD40L interaction. In addition, the lack of tolerance in this model was associated with the expression of a Th2 phenotype.
The Mitsubishi case: another view

In Mitsubishi Motors Corp v. Soler Chrysler-Plymouth, Inc, decided in July, 1985,[1][1] the United States Supreme Court held (five votes to three) that if an international contract contained an agreement to arbitrate, that agreement would normally be given effect to include even submission to arbitration of a claim or defence arising under the US antitrust laws. In the preceding issue of this journal, [2][2] Professor Thomas F. Carbonneau strongly criticised the decision, deploring the Court's ‘failure to acknowledge logical, sensible, and necessary restraints’ on the use of arbitration to settle international controversies. In this comment, Professor Lowenfeld, an American arbitrator experienced in international cases, takes a quite different view, essentially agreeing with the majority of the Court, and putting forth some suggestions for dealing with problems that might arise as a result of the decision. (General Editor's Note.) [1]: #fn-1 [2]: #fn-2
Theory of non-stationary, time-dependent emission and its application to ultrafast processes

Abstract This communication presents a theoretical treatment of femtosecond time-resolved emission spectroscopy. An application of the theoretical results to the observed time-resolved emission spectra of a dye molecule in water is reported.
SELECTING A BETTER SUPPLIER BY TESTING PROCESS CAPABILITY INDICES

Process capability indices Cp, CPU, and CPL have been widely used to provide measures of process performance. In this article tests on comparing the capability of two processes are presented. Critical values are given to determine which process is more ..
World economic integration and the revolution in information technology

Abstract Growth in world commerce has entailed an evolutionary change in the composition of economic flows, leading to increased economic interaction. One can distinguish five layers of integration: natural resources, manufactured goods, direct investment, portfolio investment, information services and telecommunications. Government policy has responded along two dimensions: subject matter regulation and expanded geographic scope of policy. For the first half of the 20th century, the dominant policy theme was protection. Beginning in the 1960s, a new theme emerged, especially in East Asia, that could be termed managed export-oriented growth. More recently, a new theme of total elimination of barriers and the widest possible scope for competitive forces among designated partner nations is taking integration a step further. Information services and telecommunications permeate and facilitate all layers of world commerce but give promise of revolutionizing world commerce. Advances in productivity powered by information technology will send shock waves through labor forces all over the world and stimulate new government policy responses. Labor content in a large array of fields will be reduced, skill requirements will be selectively reduced, but new industries and new jobs will be created. Downward pressure on wages in the lower quartile of jobs resulting from “dumbing down” will be accompanied by increased competition among well paid professionals from counterparts in India, China, and elsewhere. The challenge for policy makers to respond in ways that capitalize on opportunities for growth rather than seek to protect what ultimately be unprotectable will be enormous.
ANABOLIC RESPONSES OF EMBRYONIC DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA TO NERVE GROWTH FACTOR, INSULIN, CONCANAVALIN A OR SERUM IN VITRO

—Intact and dissociated dorsal root ganglia from 8-day chick embryos were examined for their ability to incorporate radio-precursors into RNA and protein in unsupplemented medium or in medium supplemented with Nerve Growth Factor, insulin, Concanavalin A, fetal calf serum, or several combinations of such agents. In the absence of any agent, incorporation into RNA and protein declined with time. All four agents maintained or improved the initial incorporation rates, and optimal doses were determined in each case. Different combinations of two agents led to potentiated, full or partially additive, or inhibited effects; in particular, NGF promoted incorporation even in conjunction with insulin (additive) or serum (potentiating). Several differences were noted between the responses of intact and of dissociated ganglia.
Multiple-stage vector excitation coding of speech waveforms

An approach to vector-excitation-coding (VXC) speech compression utilizing multiple-stage vector quantization (VQ) is considered. Called multiple-stage VXC (MSVXC), this technique facilitates the use of high-dimensional excitation vectors at medium-band rates without substantially increasing computation. The basic approach consists of successively approximating the input speech vector in several cascaded VQ stages, where the input vector for each stage is the quantization error vector from the preceding stage. It is shown that if a number of VQ stages is increased sufficiently, MSVXC can be expressed as a form of transform coding, in which the computationally intensive excitation codebook search is completely eliminated. >
Toxic effects of methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) on activated macrophages from chickens.

Adherent peritoneal exudate cells rich in macrophages were harvested from Cornell K-strain chickens. Glass-adherent monolayers were obtained on coverslips and subjected to in vitro exposure to methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) at various doses for 1 hr. Solvent and sham exposures were also performed. At selected times after exposure, the macrophages were analyzed for cell viability, adherence, DNA damage, and functional activity. Although MMS doses of 5 {times} 10{sup {minus}3} M and 1 {times} 10{sup {minus}3} M concentrations resulted in significant cytoxicity, 2 {times} 10{sup {minus}4} M had no significant cytotoxic effect. However, this exposure resulted in DNA damage as measured by alkaline elution. Concomitant with the DNA damage was a significant decreases in the phagocytic activity of macrophages. Repair of MMS-induced DNA lesions in macrophages was indicated by a normal DNA alkaline elution profile 10 hr postrecovery. Functional activity of cells also return to normal levels. However, bactericidal ability of MMS-treated macrophages for unopsonized Escherichia coli was significantly depressed. These results suggest that the avian macrophage is a useful target cell for examining possible relationships between genotoxic and immunotoxic effects of environmental mutagens.
An Investigation of Applicability of Transporting Water Mist for Cooling Turbine Vanes

This paper presents a numerical study to investigate the feasibility of transporting mist through the internal cooling channel in high-pressure turbine vanes for film cooling over the vane’s surface. The idea of using mist film cooling to enhance conventional air cooling has been proven to be a feasible technique in the laboratory conditions and by computational simulations. However, there is a challenge to this technique to prove that the water mist can survive in the very hot environment inside the gas turbine casings and internal air passages and be delivered to the film injection holes. Both a zero-dimensional mist evaporation analytical model and 3-D computational fluid dynamic (CFD) scheme are employed for analysis. In the CFD simulation, the Lagrangian /Eulerian method is used along with the discrete phase model (DPM) to track the evaporation process of water droplets. The high-pressure water mist is injected into the stream of cooling air extracted from the compressor through the outer gas turbine casing near the vane before it reaches the vane internal cooling cavity. Using the mist equivalent of 10% of the cooling air mass flow rate, the results show that, when the liquid droplets are atomized to 30 μm in diameter initially, the droplets can survive inside the internal cooling passages and be delivered to the film cooling injection hole location with droplets of 20 μm in diameter; and alternatively, an initially 20 μm droplet can be delivered at 12μm in diameter, which is sufficiently large for completing the required external film cooling task.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
ENaC Plays a Role in Regulated Antibody Secretion by Hybridomas

Hybridomas are fused immortal lymphocytes that typically secrete monoclonal antibodies to a known antigen. Hybridomas express two ionic conductances that have properties consistent with epithelial ...
High‐performance liquid chromatographic determination of verapamil in plasma by fluorescence detection

A rapid and highly sensitive method is reported for the quantitative determination of verapamil in plasma. Verapamil and its internal standard are extracted from alkalinized plasma with heptane and then back-extracted into dilute sulfuric acid. An aliquot is injected directly into a high-performance liquid chromatograph, separated by reversed-phase chromatography, and quantified by a fluorescence detector. The procedure is suitable for the routine determination of verapamil in plasma in concentrations as low as 1 ng/ml.
Fluoroscopic Demonstration of Femoroacetabular Impingement During Hip Arthroscopy

Femoroacetabular impingement is a cause of hip pain that in selected cases can be treated by removal of impinging bone (osteoplasty). No absolute parameters for osteoplasty exist. We present a technique for dynamic evaluation of bony impingement and control of arthroscopic osteoplasty using intraoperative fluoroscopy. With the patient supine on a fracture table, the C-arm is positioned between the legs. Femoral anteversion is measured with the C-arm vertical and the hip flexed 90° (Dunn view). The C-arm is then tilted back 25° from vertical to create a profile view of the anterior rim, and the hip is flexed under fluoroscopy to find the location of maximum head/neck deformity. Because the distance between rim and neck is apparent, a spot view in that position is used to plan the osteoplasties. Impingement is demonstrated by forced internal rotation and is obvious as bony contact, movement of the pelvis, or joint subluxation. Osteoplasty of the neck is performed with the hip extended and the C-arm tilted to reproduce the view of the maximum neck deformity. The dynamic examination is repeated to confirm adequacy of the osteoplasty and improvement in internal rotation. Hip deformities could be efficiently identified and individually corrected.
Re-Examining Extreme Violence: Historical Reconstruction and Ethnic Consciousness in Warriors of the Rainbow: Seediq Bale

This article hinges on the ideological divide of extreme violence represented in Warriors of the Rainbow: Seediq Bale with an aim to explore the cultural and political dimensions of the Wushe Incident. The first part of the article accounts for the historical setting of the film and the trope of beheading in the traditional Seediq culture. The second part discusses how Wei Te-sheng’s film sheds a new light on localized spectacles of decapitation and further tackles varied forms of violence caused by inner and outer conflicts within the Seediq tribes in face of Aboriginal traditions and colonial hegemony. The final section brings into focus the issue of how the extremism of the film engages the global flows of violence in cinema and facilitates Aboriginal glory and consciousness in defiance of the continued symbolic oppression in twenty-first-century Taiwan.
Nausea and vomiting after surgery: it is not just postoperative.

Purpose of review The purpose of this review is to highlight postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), to discuss why it occurs, how it might be prevented and then how it can be treated. Recent findings PONV/postdischarge nausea and vomiting (PDNV) is a problem that patients identify as one of the worst, if not the worst problem that can occur after surgery. Therapy is not perfect, yet there are anaesthesia techniques that can help minimize the problem and drugs that can be used both to prevent and also treat the problem once it occurs. There is a genetic basis for why some people experience PONV/PDNV more than others and also why treatment for some is better than others. Summary It is easy to turn the vapourizer dial, but that is a part of the problem. Not everyone reacts the same to drugs. Although PDNV is not as well characterized as PONV, at the very least, avoid an anaesthetic that may make PONV/PDNV worse and be aggressive in treating the problem.
Histologic probe position in treated and untreated human periodontal tissues

This study was designed to histologically determine the relationship of the periodontal probe tip to the periodontal tissues during probing of untreated periodontal pockets and periodontal pockets treated with oral hygiene and root planing. Human, condemned, single rooted teeth with buccal probing pocket depth at least 6 mm were used. Two groups of specimens were included: 12 untreated teeth from six patients and 15 treated teeth from 10 patients. In the treated group, the effects of therapy were monitored clinically every 2 weeks until maximum improvement had taken place. A periodontal probe tip was then inserted on the buccal aspect of the tooth using 0.50 N pressure, and block section biopsies were taken. The histologic examination of the untreated teeth showed that the probe tip penetrated beyond the apical termination of the junctional epithelium and into the subjacent connective tissue by a mean of 0.45 +/- 0.34 mm, whereas in the treated specimens the probe stopped coronally to this landmark by a mean of 0.73 +/- 0.80 mm. This study demonstrated that the probe tip most often does not reach the base of the junctional epithelium in pockets treated by plaque control and root planing, and that clinical measurements of attachment levels are not reliable in determining the true histologic level of connective tissue attachment.
Prevention of postextubation laryngeal oedema

1 Dickstein K, Kjekshus J; OPTIMAAL Steering Committee of the OPTIMAAL Study Group. Eff ects of losartan and captopril on mortality and morbidity in high-risk patients after acute myocardial infarction: the OPTIMAAL randomised trial. Lancet 2002; 360: 752–60. 2 Pfeff er MA, McMurray JJ, Velazquez EJ, et al; Valsartan in Acute Myocardial Infarction Trial Investigators. Valsartan, captopril, or both in myocardial infarction complicated by heart failure, left ventricular dysfunction, or both. N Engl J Med 2003; 349: 1893–906. 3 Demers C, McMurray JJ, Swedberg K, et al; CHARM Investigators. Impact of candesartan on nonfatal myocardial infarction and cardiovascular death in patients with heart failure. JAMA 2005; 294: 1794–98. 4 Pourdjabbar A, Lapointe N, Rouleau JL. Angiotensin receptor blockers: powerful evidence with cardiovascular outcomes? Can J Cardiol 2002; 18 (suppl A): 7A–14A.
Do Voters Perceive Negative Campaigns as Informative Campaigns

We argue that citizens distinguish the tone of a campaign from the quality of information that it provides and that evaluations on each dimension respond differently to positive and negative political advertising. We test these claims using survey and advertising data from the 2000 presidential campaign and two 1998 gubernatorial races. In each race, citizens separate judgments about the tone of a campaign from judgments about the quality of information they have received. Furthermore, negative campaigning affects the former, but not the latter, set of evaluations. These results have implications for the debate over the impact of negative advertising and for how citizens perceive campaigns as political processes.
Nomenclatural Transfers in the Pantropical Genus Myrsine (Myrsinaceae)

Abstract. The names of 14 taxa of Rapanea Aubl. are transferred to Myrsine L. (Myrsinaceae). The 14 new combinations include: M. acutiloba (Mez) Ricketson & Pipoly [≡ R. acutiloba Mez]; M. amischocarpa (A. C. Sm.) Ricketson & Pipoly [≡ R. amischocarpa A. C. Sm.]; M. boivinii (Mez) Ricketson & Pipoly [≡ R. boivinii Mez]; M. comorensis (Mez) Ricketson & Pipoly [≡ R. comorensis Mez]; M. courboniana (Mez) Ricketson & Pipoly [≡ R. courboniana Mez]; M. crassiramea (A. C. Sm.) Ricketson & Pipoly [≡ R. crassiramea A. C. Sm.]; M. daphnoides (Mez) Ricketson & Pipoly [≡ R. daphnoides Mez]; M. forbesii (Mez) Ricketson & Pipoly [≡ R. forbesii Mez]; M. griffithiana (Mez) Ricketson & Pipoly [≡ R. griffithiana Mez]; M. hadrocarpa (A. C. Sm.) Ricketson & Pipoly [≡ R. hadrocarpa A. C. Sm.]; M. longipes (A. C. Sm.) Ricketson & Pipoly [≡ R. longipes A. C. Sm.]; M. polyantha (A. C. Sm.) Ricketson & Pipoly [≡ R. polyantha A. C. Sm.; M. seychellarum (Mez) Ricketson & Pipoly [≡ R. seychellarum Mez]; and M. striata (Mez) Rickets...
Comprehensive Census of Bacteria in Clean Rooms by Using DNA Microarray and Cloning Methods

A census of clean room surface-associated bacterial populations was derived from the results of both the cloning and sequencing of 16S rRNA genes and DNA microarray (PhyloChip) analyses. Samples from the Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Multiple Testing Facility (LMA-MTF), the Kennedy Space Center Payload Hazard and Servicing Facility (KSC-PHSF), and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory Spacecraft Assembly Facility (JPL-SAF) clean rooms were collected during the various assembly phases of the Phoenix and Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) spacecraft. Clone library-derived analyses detected a larger bacterial diversity prior to the arrival of spacecraft hardware in these clean room facilities. PhyloChip results were in agreement with this trend but also unveiled the presence of anywhere from 9- to 70-fold more bacterial taxa than cloning approaches. Among the facilities sampled, the JPL-SAF (MSL mission) housed a significantly less diverse bacterial population than either the LMA-MTF or KSC-PHSF (Phoenix mission). Bacterial taxa known to thrive in arid conditions were frequently detected in MSL-associated JPL-SAF samples, whereas proteobacterial lineages dominated Phoenix-associated KSC-PHSF samples. Comprehensive bacterial censuses, such as that reported here, will help space-faring nations preemptively identify contaminant biomatter that may compromise extraterrestrial life detection experiments. The robust nature and high sensitivity of DNA microarray technologies should prove beneficial to a wide range of scientific, electronic, homeland security, medical, and pharmaceutical applications and to any other ventures with a vested interest in monitoring and controlling contamination in exceptionally clean environments.
The Case for Comparable Worth

Comparable worth is a necessary and feasible remedy for the systematic, sex-related pay inequities found in most contemporary work organizations. It is necessary because discriminatory pay practices of the past were not fully addressed by equal employment opportunity legislation, and their effects have been perpetuated by conventional pay administration practices. It is feasible because it can be assessed and implemented simply, often using data already available, at a relatively small cost to the organization. Arguments against the necessity of comparable worth are based largely on academic studies of pay discrimination, which differ from comparable worth studies in their context, purpose, methods, and results. Arguments against the feasibility of comparable worth center on potential costs and technical criticisms of comparable worth pay policies, objections contradicted by the facts of actual comparable worth implementation.
Bringing Social Analysis Into a Multilateral Environmental Agreement: Social Impact Assessment and the Biosafety Protocol

Negotiations under the UN Convention on Biological Diversity have recently concluded on a protocol governing the safe handling, transport, and use of living modified organisms (LMOs)—the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety. One of the most contentious issues in these negotiations was the inclusion of socioeconomic considerations in the evaluation for import of an LMO. Many countries wanted the protocol to include provisions that enable an import ban or other trade-related measure to be taken if negative socioeconomic impacts are predicted that would have downstream consequences for the conservation and/or sustainable use of biological diversity. Other countries, principally the United States, believed such measures would run counter to national obligations under the World Trade Organization (WTO) agreements. The author considers the rationale for inclusion of socioeconomic considerations in evaluation of LMOs for import and evaluates the arguments that such provisions would not be WTO legal.
Regulation of the adrenal cortex secretory pattern by adrenocorticotropin.

Adrenal gland homogenates from rabbits stimulated for 28 days with adrenocorticotropin have been shown to synthesize cortisol. The total amount of cortisol formed was the same whether progesterone-4-14C or Δ5-pregnenolone-4-14C was used as exogenous substrate. However, when Δ5-pregnenolone substrate was used the specific activity of the isolated cortisol was four times as great as when progesterone was used.
Absence of MDM-2 gene amplification in experimentally induced tumors regardless of p53 status

To assess the generality of the hypothesis that murine double-minute-2 (MDM-2) gene amplification complements the absence of p53 mutation during tumor development, we analyzed 143 murine tumors induced by a variety of carcinogenic agents in two different mouse strains. Only three of 143 tumors showed p53 genetic alterations and none showed MDM-2 amplification, indicating the existence of alternative pathways that permit tumor cells to bypass p53–MDM-2 control. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Leadership in Teams: A Functional Approach to Understanding Leadership Structures and Processes

As the use of teams has increased in organizations, research has begun to focus on the role of leadership in fostering team success. This review sought to summarize this literature and advance research and theory by focusing on leadership processes within a team and describing how team leadership can arise from four distinct sources inside and outside a team. Then, drawing from this inclusive, team-centric view of leadership, the authors describe 15 team leadership functions that help teams satisfy their critical needs and regulate their behavior in the service of goal accomplishment. This integrative view of team leadership enables the summarization of past research and identification of promising areas of future research.
The American-European Consensus Conference on ARDS: Definitions, mechanisms, relevant outcomes, and clinical trial coordination

The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), a process of nonhydrostatic pulmonary edema and hypoxemia associated with a variety of etiologies, carries a high morbidity, mortality (10 to 90%), and financial cost. The reported annual incidence in the United States is 150,000 cases, but this figure has been challenged, and it may be different in Europe. Part of the reason for these uncertainties are the heterogeneity of diseases underlying ARDS and the lack of uniform definitions for ARDS. Thus, those who wish to know the true incidence and outcome of this clinical syndrome are stymied. The American-European Consensus Committee on ARDS was formed to focus on these issues and on the pathophysiologic mechanisms of the process. It was felt that international coordination between North America and Europe in clinical studies of ARDS was becoming increasingly important in order to address the recent plethora of potential therapeutic agents for the prevention and treatment of ARDS.
The Escherichia coli NarL receiver domain regulates transcription through promoter specific functions

Background The Escherichia coli response regulator NarL controls transcription of genes involved in nitrate respiration during anaerobiosis. NarL consists of two domains joined by a linker that wraps around the interdomain interface. Phosphorylation of the NarL N-terminal receiver domain (RD) releases the, otherwise sequestered, C-terminal output domain (OD) that subsequently binds specific DNA promoter sites to repress or activate gene expression. The aim of this study is to investigate the extent to which the NarL OD and RD function independently to regulate transcription, and the affect of the linker on OD function.
Neither Hegemony nor Dominance: Reconsidering German Power in Post Cold-War Europe

German unification in 1989 raised the spectre of German hegemony in post-cold war Europe. In this article, I demonstrate that Germany lacks the structural power consistent with European hegemony or dominance; that there is little evidence supporting an appreciable gap between Germany’s structural power and foreign policy ambitions; and that apparent symptoms of German hegemony, particularly the process of institutional emulation in Central and Eastern Europe, reflect other international processes and incentives emanating from the state system itself. This reassessment and downgrading of Germany’s relative and absolute power resolve the paradox of German structural power and German reluctance identified by others. But this alternative narrative raises another more important question: why is Germany treated as a potential or even aspiring hegemon in Europe? The answer to that question is located in the interconnected legacies of Auschwitz and the occupation regime. This joint legacy constitutes an important part of the historical context within which we frame our assessments and judgements of German power; explains the frequently unwarranted exaggeration and suspicion of German power; and demonstrates how the past can function as a powerful prism though which we interpret the intentions, ambitions and capabilities of a state. The first unification of Germany in 1871 produced aWeltpolitik designed to challenge the privileged position of the Anglo-Saxon maritime powers outside the limited compass of Europe, a near hegemonial position in Mitteleuropa as the material basis for that challenge and a European diplomacy conducted in the idioms of preferential trade arrangements, war and territorial annexation. 1 The disastrous German bids for European hegemony in 1914 and 1939 were sorry but inevitable chapters in the evolution of the European state system. The ‘German Question’ ‐ whether Germany could be peacefully and successfully integrated into the European state system on terms acceptable both to Germany and her neighbours ‐ was temporarily put aside with the truncation and division
A software application for multiattribute utility models1

Abstract Rationale and Objectives. A software application for the building of preference-weighted quality of life instruments was constructed. The purpose of this application is to make the process of building such instruments with multiattribute utility (MAU) methods more accessible to physician investigators. Our application, “multiattribute outcomes evaluator” or “MOE,” could facilitate the use of such methods for constructing disease-specific instruments for assessing the cost-effectiveness of new treatments. MOE could also be useful for building outcomes measures that are intended to aid individual decision making, assessment of patient satisfaction with care, or measuring of multiattribute outcomes that do not need to be scaled for cost-effectiveness analysis. Materials and Methods. MOE was programmed in Visual Basic and runs atop a Microsoft Access data base. Data from groups or individuals can be stored, and valuations of health states can be performed using standard gambles and rating scale methods. Solutions to MAU models with multiplicative or additive utility independence are possible with this application. Results. Initial tests of the program algorithms have been successful. Conclusion. We anticipate The MOE approach to MAU modeling will be a useful tool for health services researchers.
Integrate experiential learning to simulate a website design project process

The current literature suggests that experiential learning is a necessary component of formal instruction in higher education. Experiential learning as a formal part of college and university curricula extends across the range of subject areas and disciplines. The purpose of this project is to detail research how to blend experiential learning principles with project management into a real case of website design practice for the new age of electronic learning. Based on the conceptualization in experiential learning and Internet technology development, a teaching and learning project flows in the practice of web design development is designed to facilitate students in this process. A cohort group of students in Web Design class join this experimental scenario to implement the assigned project of creating a new website design. Within the terms of the learning process, students simulate three basic steps of learning models: Experience, Reflect, and Apply. A total of six learning objectives were initiated, evaluated, and interpreted: creativity, skill sets, productivity, team work, deadlines, and client skills.
Recursive maximum likelihood estimation of aircraft position using multiple range and bearing measurements

In this paper an algorithm is presented that recursively computes the maximum likelihood (ML) estimates of an aircraft's position in space. By combining an a priori ML estimate of the aircraft's state vector and its error covariance matrix with multiple range measurements, updated estimates are obtained. This technique is particularly useful in situations where distance measuring equipment coverage or geometry is poor and VHF OMNI range (VOR) signals are available.
Updates on the cytogenetics and molecular genetics of bone and soft tissue tumors: leiomyoma.

Leiomyomas (also known as uterine fibroids or fibromas) are the most common neoplasms of the female genital tract, accounting for approximately 30% of all hysterectomies performed in the United States annually. From a study of serial sections of uteri, it has been estimated that up to 77% of women of reproductive age have leiomyomas [1]. The clinical sequelae of leiomyomas, which may depend on their location within the uterus [2], may be associated with a spectrum of symptoms, including excessive menorrhagia, severe abdominal pain, urinary incontinence, and constipation. Leiomyomas may lead to infertility, spontaneous abortions, premature labor, or dystocia [3]. Progression of leiomyoma to malignant leiomyosarcoma (LMS) is very rare (frequency of 0.1%). Leiomyomas rarely involve deep soft tissue, i.e., somatic soft tissues (primarily extremities) and retroperitoneal-abdominal areas [4]. These can be identified using stringent histologic criteria, as proposed by Billings et al [4]. Leiomyomas may occur at a number of anatomic sites [5,6] and are most common in the uterus; thus, the major part of this Update will be devoted to uterine leiomyomas and the term “leiomyoma” will refer to the uterine tumors unless indicated otherwise.