cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 8 – Bubbles

Publisher Summary The immense number of microbubbles per unit volume that have been identified in the ocean are a major factor in near-surface sound propagation. They have also proved to be a unique tool in the study of near-surface ocean characteristics. Most of the bubbles found near the surface of the open sea appear to be continually generated by spilling or plunging breakers or during rainfall. Particularly in coastal regions, the sources of ocean bubbles also include those entrained by continental aerosols that drop into the sea, generated by photosynthesis of marine plants, life processes of marine animals, the decomposition of organic material, or released from gas hydrates on or below the ocean floor. The principal practical techniques for bubble identification and counting at sea have proved to be inversions of linear acoustical measurements. Determinations of bubble densities have been based on acoustic backscatter, excess attenuation, and differential sound speed, as well as on nonlinear behavior and acoustic Doppler shift. The acoustical techniques have also included passive listening at sea to the sound under breaking waves, or during rainfall, to determine the number of newly created bubbles.
Feasibility, face validity, and sensitivity of a web-based simulation tool for assessing genetic counseling communication.

We conducted a test of concept study to explore feasibility, face validity, and sensitivity of an interactive web-based video tool designed to assess communication practices of genetic counselors in response to standardized video prompts. A convenience sample of genetic counselors was recruited from the National Society of Genetic Counselors to respond verbally to a set of brief standardized video prompts from a virtual client in a prenatal genetic counseling session and a cancer genetic counseling session, embedded in an interactive online platform. Participant verbal responses to prompts were captured through a secure voicemail service. A total of 89 participants attempted to use the online tool and 51 (57%) successfully completed the simulation and produced an audio record of their responses. The average length of recordings was 12.2 min. Face validity was high; participants rated the virtual client as similar to clients seen in practice (75% agree; 12% strongly agree, 7% neutral, 6% disagree) and rated their own responses to the virtual client prompts as similar to those in practice (63% agree; 19% strongly agree; 12% neutral, 6% disagree). Feasibility was assessed by ratings of ease of use (57% agreed, 24% strongly agreed, 17% were neutral, and none disagreed). Content checklists showed that the tool was sensitive enough to detect variation in frequency of certain topics discussed by participants that was similar to previous descriptive studies. The test of concept demonstrated feasibility, face validity, and sensitivity of this communication tool with possible applications in research, training, and program evaluation.
Kirby's Rule of 20: the veterinary nurse's critical patient checklist part 1

Kirby's Rule of 20 is a patient checklist including 20 parameters that should be checked daily in the critically ill patient. It reviews the established evidence-based information regarding patient...
The Creative Therapist: The Art of Awakening a Session

In The Creative Therapist, Bradford Keeney makes the case that "creativity is the most essential aspect of vibrant, meaningful, and successful therapy." No matter what therapeutic orientation one practices, it must be awakened by creativity in order for the session to come alive. This book presents a theoretical framework that provides an understanding of how to go outside habituated ways of therapy in order to bring forth new and innovative possibilities. A basic structure for creative therapy, based on the outline of a three-part theatrical play, is also set forth. With these frameworks, practical guidelines detail how to initiate and implement creative contributions to any therapeutic situation.
ORCA: Outlier detection and Robust Clustering for Attributed graphs

A framework is proposed to simultaneously cluster objects and detect anomalies in attributed graph data. Our objective function along with the carefully constructed constraints promotes interpretability of both the clustering and anomaly detection components, as well as scalability of our method. In addition, we developed an algorithm called Outlier detection and Robust Clustering for Attributed graphs (ORCA) within this framework. ORCA is fast and convergent under mild conditions, produces high quality clustering results, and discovers anomalies that can be mapped back naturally to the features of the input data. The efficacy and efficiency of ORCA is demonstrated on real world datasets against multiple state-of-the-art techniques.
On the road from phenotypic plasticity to stem cell therapy

In 1981, I published a paper in the first issue of the Journal of Neuroscience with my postdoctoral mentor, Dr. Richard Bunge. At that time, the long-standing belief that each neuron expressed only one neurotransmitter, known as Dale’s Principle (Dale, 1935), was being hotly debated following a report by French embryologist Nicole Le Douarin showing that neural crest cells destined for one transmitter phenotype could express characteristics of another if transplanted to alternate sites in the developing embryo (LeDouarin, 1980). In the Bunge lab, we were able to more directly test the question of phenotypic plasticity in the controlled environment of the tissue culture dish. Thus, in our paper, we grew autonomic catecholaminergic neurons in culture under conditions which promoted the acquisition of cholinergic traits and showed that cells did not abandon their inherited phenotype in order to adopt a new one but instead were capable of dual transmitter expression. In this Progressions article, I detail the path that led to these findings and how this study impacted the direction I followed for the next 40 years. This is my journey from phenotypic plasticity to the promise of a stem cell therapy.
Leveraging dilemmas as a pedagogical tool for novice youth worker learning

Abstract Youth workers are educators who play an essential role in the social, emotional, and academic development of youth in afterschool contexts (Fusco and Gannett, 2012; Pozzoboni and Kirshner, 2016). They build expertise on the job, learning implicit know-how through contextualized and relationally constructed practice and reflection (Polanyi, 1966; Taylor, 2007). The field, however, has under conceptualized how to foster implicit knowledge development in youth workers. Most youth workers learn experientially throughout their time in-service as they gain the skills and knowledge necessary to navigate complex dilemmas that arise in the field. I build on other scholars of youth work to argue that dilemmas crack open for the learner – who in the case of this paper are novice youth workers – tensions that exist at the nexus of their personal and professional identities. Structuring learning around “dilemmas” offers us a key pedagogical move that affords the field a framework from which to build novice youth workers' implicit skills. I take a case study approach to present how and what four novice youth workers learned in their experience with dilemmas of practice, which were leveraged as a pedagogical in a higher education course called Adolescent Development and Educational Psychology (ADEP).
Improving the investigative approach to polycythaemia vera: a critical assessment of current evidence and vision for the future.

Summary Polycythaemia vera is a challenging disease to study given its low prevalence and prolonged time-to-event for important clinical endpoints such as thrombosis, progression, and mortality. Although researchers in this space often rise to meet these challenges, there is considerable room for improvement in the analysis of retrospective data, the development of risk-stratification tools, and the design of randomised controlled trials. In this Viewpoint, we review the evidence behind the contemporary approach to risk stratification and treatment of polycythaemia vera. Frameworks for using data more efficiently, constructing more nuanced prognostic models, and overcoming challenges in clinical trial design are discussed.
Spin Control and the High-Profile Client - Should the Attorney-Client Privlege Extend to Communications with Public Relations Consultants?

The use of public relations consultants in connection with high-profi le cases is a relatively new development. Public relations firms are advertising that their advice is necessary when celebrities face criminal charges. It is beyond speculation that such advice may be helpful, but should such advice be protected from disclosure under the attorney-client privilege? Privileges are to be recognized 'only within the narrowest limits required by principle.' Public relations consultants transmit information to the public. The communications are not meant to be confi dential. These communications do not fall within the purposes or the history of the attorney-client privilege.
NASA/DoD Aerospace Knowledge Diffusion Research Project. Paper Thirty Two. A New Era in International Technical Communication: American-Russian Collaboration

Until the recent dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Communist Party exerted a strict control of access to and dissemination of scientific and technical information (STI). This article presents models of the Soviet-style information society and the Western-style information society and discusses the effects of centralized governmental control of information on Russian technical communication practices. The effects of political control on technical communication are then used to interpret the results of a survey of Russian and U.S. aerospace engineers and scientists concerning the time devoted to technical communication, their collaborative writing practices and their attitudes toward collaboration, the kinds of technical documents they produce and use, their views regarding the appropriate content for an undergraduate technical communication course, and their use of computer technology. Finally, the implications of these findings for future collaboration between Russian and U.S. engineers and scientists are examined.
Spectral Sequences on Combinatorial Simplicial Complexes

The goal of this paper is twofold. First, we give an elementary introduction to the usage of spectral sequences in the combinatorial setting. Second we list a number of applications. In the first group of applications the simplicial complex is the nerve of a posets we consider general posets and lattices, as well as partition-type posets. Our last application is of a different nature: the {\cal S}_n-quotient of the complex of directed forests is a simplicial complex whose cell structure is defined combinatorially.
Information Security: Is Scilence Golden?

Investments to protect against known vulnerabilities are necessary but not sufficient to assure a firm’s information security. New threats are continuously being designed and deployed to exploit vulnerabilities that defending firms have not yet discovered. Extant literature has identified the advantages for firms to share information about vulnerabilities, attacks and damages from breaches. Yet firms are hesitant to share information. I seek to understand that paradox. First I explicate the relationship between firm IT strategy and risk exposure. Next I delineate between known and unknown threats to explain organizational learning required to manage exposure. Finally I propose a relationship between risk exposure and security information exchange.
A comprehensive model for semiconductor lasers actively modelocked with frequency limiting elements and picosecond pulse compression

Short pulses with a nearly transform limited time-bandwidth product play important roles in communications and photonics. Actively modelocking a semiconductor laser in an external cavity with frequency limiting mechanisms combined with pulse compression provides a convenient way to generate such pulses at high repetition rates. To understand the physics of this process and therefore provide guidance to future experiments and better laser design, we have developed a theoretical model to simulate the traveling wave electric fields in these lasers. Our work differs from previous results in that it includes all of the important physical effects: frequency chirp, pulse compression, strong active current modulation, frequency filtering, spontaneous emission noise, gain compression, and dynamic cavity detuning. >
Risk of sinonasal-cutaneous fistula after treatment for advanced sinonasal cancer.

Background and Objectives To determine the rate and the risk factors for sinonasal-cutaneous fistula formation after treatment for sinonasal malignancy. Methods Between 1991 and 2002, 99 patients with advanced sinonasal malignancy received radiation therapy +/− surgery. Primary site was maxillary sinus in 30, ethmoid sinus in 19, nasal cavity in 32, nasopharynx in 3, and sphenoid sinus in 15 patients. Eighty-two percent of patients had T4 disease. Sixty-eight percent of patients had undergone surgical resection. Median follow-up was 70.6 months. Results Eight patients developed ≥ grade 3 sinonasal-cutaneous fistulas at a median time of 3.8 months after radiation. The overall rates of developing ≥ grade 3 fistulas in the entire group at 2 and 5 years were 6% and 10%, respectively. The fistulas were in the medial canthus in seven patients and in the infraorbital region in one patient. Fistulas developed exclusively along the transfacial incision scar and in patients whose tumors extended to the subcutaneous tissues. In univariate analysis, squamous cell carcinoma histology (P = 0.008), ≤ T4a primary tumor category (P = 0.02), and transfacial incision (P = 0.02) were associated with increased risk of fistula formation. Conclusions Histologic subtype, T category, and quality of the skin and the underlying supporting tissues after transfacial incision are risk factors for sinonasal-cutaneous fistula formation. J. Surg. Oncol. 2012; 105:261–265. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Electronic and structural properties of the selectively wet-oxidized AlAs-GaAs interface

Summary form only given. Vertical-cavity laser thresholds have recently been greatly reduced by replacing proton implantation with selective "wet oxidation" of the AlAs layers. At present, little has been reported about the structure or electronic properties of the oxide and its interface with the remaining semiconductor. In this paper, by measuring time-resolved photoluminescence at the GaAs band edge, we study the interface recombination at the GaAs/oxide interface. We also investigate the structural properties of the oxide using TEM diffraction.
Rhythms, rhymes, and reasons—spectral oscillations in neural cardiovascular control

Cardiovascular neural regulation is an integrated response to a continuous interaction of inhibitory and excitatory stimuli. Neural control of the circulation appears to be coded simultaneously in different modalities as amplitude (strength of signal or tonic activity) and frequency (oscillatory or phasic activity). Changes in tonic activity appear to be accompanied by tightly linked modulations in oscillatory characteristics. This is true within a narrow range of physiologic conditions, and the relationship is eliminated in extreme cardiovascular pathophysiology. Nevertheless, the oscillatory patterns in cardiovascular neural control appear to be widespread so that low and high frequency oscillatory patterns are evident even in sympathetic traffic to skin (Cogliati et al., 2000). Thus, it is likely that there is a functional significance to these oscillations. Recent data from Nafz et al. (1999) suggest that the presence of LF oscillatory characteristics in renal perfusion may attenuate renin-angiotensin activation during renal hypotension. These findings may have direct relevance to poorer outcomes observed in heart failure patients in whom an absence of LF oscillatory power was observed in RR interval and sympathetic traffic (Van de Borne et al., 1997a).
ESR studies of free radicals in solution. II. Alkoxy radicals generated by hydrogen transfer in hydroxy thiols

Abstract Ceric ion oxidation of thiols in solution leads to a variety of free radical signals, ascribable to at least seven different species. Some of them, like the thiyl (RS·) free radical at g = 2.0106 ± 0.0002 have been conclusively identified, while others have been only tentatively assigned. One of these free radicals, arising upon the oxidation of mercaptoethanol, yields a 1:2:1 triplet signal with a C 1 H of 4.0 gauss and 1.4 gauss line width. Evidence is presented on the nature of this species as the alkoxy (RO·) free radical formed in an intramolecular hydrogen transfer reaction. Other thiols, including 1,3-dimercaptopropanol-2, 1,4-dithioerythritol, and 1,4-dithiothreitol, examined in this system, exhibit the expected 1:1 doublet for the RO· free radical and support this assignment. ESR spectral characteristics of the several short lived free radical species generated from these and other hydroxy thiols are described and interpreted. The influence of conformational factors on the hydrogen transfer reaction and their significance in relation to the mechanisms of radioprotective action are discussed.
Experimental microwave radiometry of a sonoluminescing bubble

In spite of substantial research in single-bubble sonoluminescence this decade, the electromagnetic emission mechanism is still not sufficiently understood. Current models of the mechanism are based on experimentally measured spectra in the visible and near-visible region. An experimental arrangement used to measure the microwave emission is described. For a xenon-doped bubble, which emits the greatest amount of light, no microwave radiation is observed at or above the minimum detectable power of the apparatus, which corresponds to a bubble radiating approximately 1 nW in a 1-GHz bandwidth at 2 GHz. Any theory of single-bubble sonoluminescence when extended to the microwave region must be consistent with this upper limit for the radiation.
A Bayesian model for sparse functional data

We propose a method for analyzing data which consist of curves on multiple individuals, i.e., longitudinal or functional data. We use a Bayesian model where curves are expressed as linear combinations of B-splines with random coefficients. The curves are estimated as posterior means obtained via Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods, which automatically select the local level of smoothing. The method is applicable to situations where curves are sampled sparsely and/or at irregular time points. We construct posterior credible intervals for the mean curve and for the individual curves. This methodology provides unified, efficient, and flexible means for smoothing functional data.
A review of constraint-handling techniques for evolution strategies

Evolution strategies are successful global optimization methods. In many practical numerical problems constraints are not explicitly given. Evolution strategies have to incorporate techniques to optimize in restricted solution spaces. Famous constraint-handling techniques are penalty and multiobjective approaches. Past work has shown that in particular an ill-conditioned alignment between the coordinate system of Gaussian mutation and the constraint boundaries leads to premature convergence. Covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategies offer a solution to this alignment problem. Last, metamodeling of the constraint boundary leads to significant savings of constraint function calls and to a speedup by repairing infeasible solutions. This work gives a brief overview over constraint-handling methods for evolution strategies by demonstrating the approaches experimentally on two exemplary constrained problems.
Laminar Burning Velocities of Chlorinated Hydrocarbon-Methane-Air Flames

Abstract Laminar burning velocities of chlorinated methanes, trichloroethylene, and chloro-benzene in mixtures with methane and air were measured using the Bunsen cone method. The effects of mixture composition and precombustion temperature on the measured flame velocities were determined.
Regeneration of fungiform taste buds: Temporal and spatial characteristics

The gross morphology of the tongue of the Mongolian gerbil Meriones unguiculatus), the location of papillae and taste buds, and the normal innervation pattern of the tongue and taste buds were determined. The chorda tympani nerve was interrupted to produce degeneration of fungiform taste buds. Regenerating chorda tympani axons followed the original nerve pathways in the tongue en route to the fungiform papillae in the epithelium where they initiated the regeneration of taste buds. The spatial distribution of reinnervated fungiform papillae and reformed taste buds was examined 7 to 19 days following surgery. Beginning at eight days following chorda tympani interruption there was a progressive increase, first, in the proportion of fungiform papillae that were reinnervated, and later in the number of reformed taste buds. On the basis of these measures it was concluded that a taste bud is reformed one to two days after reinnervation of its papilla. From the time course of reinnervation of the fungiform papillae it was calculated that some fibers regenerated at rates in excess of 2 mm/day. Regeneration was precise and systematic. The regenerating chorda tympani fibers accurately returned to the fungiform papillae; they did not follow the pathways of lingual nerve axons. In the initial stages of recovery both reinnervated papillae and reformed taste buds were preferentially located toward the front of the tongue; the reinnervation of posterior fungiform papillae was delayed.
Viscous flow behavior of selenium

Abstract The viscosity of 99.99% pure selenium has been determined over the available range of temperature where crystallization could be avoided. A bending beam viscosimeter was used to obtain data in the high viscosity region, and a rotating cylinder instrument was employed for the low viscosity range. Also determined was the stress dependence of the viscosity at temperatures of 31.5 and 29.6°C. The critical stress for non-Newtonian flow was found to lie in the range of hundreds of psi, which is appreciably smaller than that for oxide liquids in a similar range of viscosity.
Minimizing inbreeding in tetraploids derived through sexual polyploidization

Diploid (2n = 2× = 24) potato (Solarium) species that produce 2n gametes are being utilized in potato breeding programs. Three breeding schemes involving these diploids are presently used by potato breeders to transfer this genetic material from diploid parents to their tetraploid offspring. Derived tetraploids may arise through tetraploid × diploid, tetraploid × haploid-species, or diploid × diploid hybridizations. The inbreeding coefficient of derived tetraploids is a complex function of the coancestry of the parents, the inbreeding of the parents, the coefficient of double reduction in the tetraploid parent, and the frequency of single exchange tetrads in the diploid parent(s), and it depends on the mechanism of 2n gamete formation. For the two breeding strategies involving tetraploid female parents, there is less inbreeding in the derived tetraploid from a diploid parent producing 2n pollen by first division restitution than 2n pollen by second division restitution when the frequency of single exchange tetrads in the diploid is less than 2/3. In bilateral sexual polyploidization, the inbreeding coefficient of a derived tetraploid for a given set of parents from a first division × first division restitution cross is less than the inbreeding coefficient of a second division × first division restitution cross which is less than the inbreeding coefficient of a second division × second division cross when the frequency of single exchange tetrads is less than 2/3.
Predictors of prenatal substance use and birth weight during outpatient treatment

This paper presents evaluation results of a CSAP-funded case management project associated with an outpatient substance abuse treatment (SAT) program for women and their children. Key findings are: (a) case management and threat of child protective services encourage retention in SAT during pregnancy, (b) retention in SAT has a positive effect on reducing illicit substance use, (c) receiving methadone during pregnancy has a negative effect on reducing illicit substance use, and (d) reduction in illicit substance use has a positive effect on birth weight. These findings indicate retention in SAT and decreased illicit drug use are associated with improved infant birth weight, which is associated with other improvements, such as decreased infant mortality and morbidity. The finding of a relationship between methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) and illicit drug use creates a dilemma for practice: to what extent should the dose of methadone be decreased during pregnancy, given the fact that women may then increase illicit use of drugs.
AN IMMUNOLOGICAL STUDY OF BACILLUS INFLUENZAE.

Influenza bacilli isolated from various pathological processes in man differ widely in pathogenic power for animals, especially rabbits. While the cultures derived from the leptomeninges and blood, and rarely from the pneumonic lung are pathogenic, those generally derived from the respiratory tract exhibit little or no virulence for rabbits. The two types of cultures as indicated by virulence for animals do not differ in kind, but only in degree, in relation to the serological tests of agglutination, complement deviation, and opsonification. The two types of cultures do, however, differ with respect to their ability to undergo autolysis. While the virulent cultures autolyze almost completely, yielding a turbid supernatant fluid and little sediment, the non-virulent cultures give rise to an abundant sediment and a clear supernatant fluid. The non-virulent cultures incite far less antibody production in rabbits. Hence, rabbits inoculated with non-virulent strains yield sera possessing low antibody content. Conversely, rabbits inoculated with virulent strains yield sera possessing a higher content of antibody. In keeping with and possibly because of the low antibody content of the sera of rabbits inoculated with the non-pathogenic strains, the rabbits so treated are not, as a rule, protected against subsequent inoculation with virulent strains. . Influenza bacilli therefore vary in pathogenic effect both for man and animals, but they are not distinguishable by means of serological reactions into different types. Apparently all influenza bacilli belong to one class or race irrespective of origin or virulence.
Female mate choice in the carpenter bee Xylocopa varipuncta (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae)

Females of the carpenter bee Xylocopa (Neoxylocopa) varipuncta Patton exhibit highly active mate choice. During the spring in central Arizona, males of this species hover at shrubs and trees on or near ridgelines in late afternoons. Occasionally, females fly to and closely approach pheromone-releasing males on their territories, but in 65 of 85 approaches the female left without copulating. Some females visited several males in a few minutes. Copulation only occurred when the female landed on a spot that the resident male rubbed with his body upon the female's arrival. Males did not attempt to disrupt courtship or copulation by other males. In 1988 one creosote bush proved especially attractive to males, as measured by the frequency with which the site was occupied simultaneously by more than one male. The majority of close approaches by females occurred in this one bush. Simultaneous occupation of hovering sites was very rare in 1989. In this year, there was a weak but significant correlation between the frequency with which different sites were visited by intruder males and by females. These results support the hypothesis that males are able to identify locations most likely to attract potential mates.
Evaluation of a mental health information and referral service

This paper reports on the application of a method for evaluating public health programs to a mental health intake and referral service of a suburban county of a midwestern state. The method involves measurement of program objectives and subobjectives in order to ascertain program effectiveness. Evaluation provided useful information with regard to the agencies using the service, the flow of patients through the program, and the subsequent flow, through a hospital outpatient clinic, of a majority of patients referred for diagnosis or treatment. The effect of treatment was not included in the evaluation.
Geography and map libraries subsection International Federation of library associations

The relationship between geographers and libraries is long and honorable. The roots of this association may, in fact, be traced to 240 B.C. when Eratosthenes, a learned astronomer and geographer, was appointed director of the famed Alexandrian Library. Since Eratosthenes’ time no professionally-trained geographer has, to my knowledge, served as administrative head of a major library. There are, however, numerous examples of geographers who have directed, and continue to direct, the programs and activities of geography and map departments in large libraries. In most instances geographers ventured into librarianship because, until quite recently, professional librarians gave low priority to carto@aphic reference materials. To fill this vacuum, and because of their interest in and dependence upon maps, geographers took the initiative, in large part, in assembling and organizing cartographic libraries. This domination of map collections by geographers has been both an advantage and a deterrent for the growth and development of map libraries and map librarianship. One limitation has been the small number of professionally-trained librarians who, until recent years, have been employed in map libraries. This accounts, in part at least, for the lack of standardization in cataloging and classification procedures. Happily, some progress has been made, during the past quarter century, toward promoting greater cooperation between geographers and librarians in geography and map libraries. In the United States this co-operation has been nurtured within the Special Libraries Association’s Geography and Map Division. Similar professional associations, concerned with the mutual interests of these two professions in collecting and organizing geographical and cartographical reference materials, are active in other countries.
Solubility Advantage of Amorphous Pharmaceuticals: II. Application of Quantitative Thermodynamic Relationships for Prediction of Solubility Enhancement in Structurally Diverse Insoluble Pharmaceuticals

To quantitatively assess the solubility advantage of amorphous forms of nine insoluble drugs with a wide range of physico-chemical properties utilizing a previously reported thermodynamic approach. Thermal properties of amorphous and crystalline forms of drugs were measured using modulated differential calorimetry. Equilibrium moisture sorption uptake by amorphous drugs was measured by a gravimetric moisture sorption analyzer, and ionization constants were determined from the pH-solubility profiles. Solubilities of crystalline and amorphous forms of drugs were measured in de-ionized water at 25°C. Polarized microscopy was used to provide qualitative information about the crystallization of amorphous drug in solution during solubility measurement. For three out the nine compounds, the estimated solubility based on thermodynamic considerations was within two-fold of the experimental measurement. For one compound, estimated solubility enhancement was lower than experimental value, likely due to extensive ionization in solution and hence its sensitivity to error in pKa measurement. For the remaining five compounds, estimated solubility was about 4- to 53-fold higher than experimental results. In all cases where the theoretical solubility estimates were significantly higher, it was observed that the amorphous drug crystallized rapidly during the experimental determination of solubility, thus preventing an accurate experimental assessment of solubility advantage. It has been demonstrated that the theoretical approach does provide an accurate estimate of the maximum solubility enhancement by an amorphous drug relative to its crystalline form for structurally diverse insoluble drugs when recrystallization during dissolution is minimal.
Impact ionization in silicon

The electron dynamics for electron energies up to 5 eV has been studied by soft x‐ray photoemission spectroscopy. Monte Carlo simulations have been performed to derive the energy dependence of the pair‐production rate using these results in combination with published data on the ionization coefficient and on the quantum yield for pair production. The obtained ionization rate shows a very soft threshold at 1.2 eV, approaching the results by Kane [Phys. Rev. 159, 624 (1967)] at higher energies. Several published models have been found to be inconsistent with the full set of experimental data we have considered.
Gonadotropin subunit and gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor gene expression are regulated by alterations in the frequency of calcium pulsatile signals.

Previously, we have shown that intermittent calcium (Ca2+) stimuli increase α, LHβ, and FSHβ messenger RNAs (mRNAs), and only LHβ mRNA was increased by continuous Ca2+. As gonadotropin subunit and GnRH receptor (GnRH-R) mRNAs are differentially regulated by alterations in GnRH pulse interval, we aimed to determine whether changes in the frequency of Ca2+ signals play a role in this effect. Cultured adult female rat pituitary cells in perifusion were given pulses of the Ca2+ channel activator BayK 8644 (10 μm; with 10 mm KCl in the injectate), at intervals of 16, 60, or 180 min for 24 h (vehicle pulses or 100 pm GnRH to controls). Pulsatile Ca2+ influx stimulated a rise in all mRNAs examined (P < 0.05 vs. vehicle controls); however, optimal pulse intervals differed. α and LHβ mRNAs were maximally stimulated by 16- or 60-min pulses (57% and 74% increases, respectively), with 180-min pulses being less effective. In contrast, FSHβ and GnRH-R mRNAs were selectively stimulated by 180-min pulses (51% and 41% inc...
Time-resolved spectroscopy of MOVPE-grown III-Mn-V ferromagnetic semiconductors

In this work we investigate carrier dynamics of narrow gap ferromagnetic alloys grown by MOVPE. We determine the intraband and interband relaxation times in these material systems where the samples are excited with photon energies above the band gap of InMnAs and InMnSb films. Our results are important for understanding the electronic states and the relaxation mechanisms in these ferromagnetic materials.
Disparithelphusa pecki, a new genus and species of fresh-water crab from Mexico (Brachyura: Pseudothelphusidae)

ABSTRACT A new fresh-water crab, Disparithelphusa pecki, of the tribe Pseudothelphusini, distinguished by the presence of approximately 380 distinctive setae born on the apex of the male gonopod, is described from the State of Oaxaca, Mexico.
Polarized infrared attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy of the Ca2+-ATPase of sarcoplasmic reticulum

The mean orientations of the transition dipole moments associated with vibrational modes of the proteins and phospholipids of sarcoplasmic reticulum were determined on dry and hydrated membrane multilayers deposited on germanium or zinc selenide crystals, using polarized infrared attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy (P-IR-ATR). For preservation of the enzymatic activity of the Ca2+-ATPase the films were prepared from solutions containing 0.05 M KCl, 5 mM imidazole (pH 7.4), 0.5 mM MgCl2, 1–10 mM trehalose and dithiothreitol. The anisotropy was highest in dry films containing ⋍ 7.5 μg protein/cm2, and sharply decreased with increasing membrane thickness or hydration. The dichroic ratio of the CH2 vibrations (2923 cm−1) of extracted sarcoplasmic reticulum phospholipids on Ge plate was 1.56, compared with a dichroic ratio of 1.68 obtained on dry films of whole sarcoplasmic reticulum. The dichroic ratios of the amide I band (1650 cm−1) of the Ca2+-ATPase in the Ca2-E1 state and in the EGTA and vanadate stabilized E2-V state were nearly identical (1.60 vs. 1.62). The dichroism of the amide I, amide II and lipid CH2 vibrations was not affected by changes in the concentration of KCl (25–100 mM) or Ca2+ (≃ 10−8−10−4M ) and by the addition of vanadate (1 mM) or P1 (5 mM) in a calcium-free medium containing 0.5 mM EGTA. The dichroic ratio of the C-C (1033 cm−1) or CO stretching band (1046 cm−1) of trehalose incorporated into SR films was 1.2 on Ge plate; this corresponds to a mean angle of ≈ 70° between the plane of the trehalose ring and the normal of the film plane, suggesting that the trehalose molecules are surprisingly well oriented in the polar headgroup region of the phospholipids. The orientation of the trehalose was not affected by the presence of Ca2+-ATPase.
Privacy-preserving distributed k-means clustering over arbitrarily partitioned data

Advances in computer networking and database technologies have enabled the collection and storage of vast quantities of data. Data mining can extract valuable knowledge from this data, and organizations have realized that they can often obtain better results by pooling their data together. However, the collected data may contain sensitive or private information about the organizations or their customers, and privacy concerns are exacerbated if data is shared between multiple organizations.Distributed data mining is concerned with the computation of models from data that is distributed among multiple participants. Privacy-preserving distributed data mining seeks to allow for the cooperative computation of such models without the cooperating parties revealing any of their individual data items. Our paper makes two contributions in privacy-preserving data mining. First, we introduce the concept of arbitrarily partitioned data, which is a generalization of both horizontally and vertically partitioned data. Second, we provide an efficient privacy-preserving protocol for k-means clustering in the setting of arbitrarily partitioned data.
A managed care workstation for support of ambulatory care in Veterans Health Administration medical centers

This paper describes the development of a Managed Care Workstation for implementation in a Department of Veterans Affairs hospital. Each VA hospital information system contains a wealth of information in a comprehensive and well integrated M database, however, a clinician's access to the information is hampered by a lack of usable database tools. The Managed Care Workstation is designed to enhance access to VA databases. The workstation uses M (Mumps) and SQL to present the VA's M hierarchical database as relational tables on the workstation. This work reveals the benefits of using a SQL-M workstation to access data contained in an M based hospital information system and demonstrates how the workstation architecture supports the information model necessary for management of patient care outcomes.
Control of High-Temperature Supersonic Impinging Jets Using Microjets

The flowfield associated with supersonic impinging jets has been of interest to both engineers and researchers for some time due to its wide range of practical applications and its complex nature from a fundamental fluid dynamic point of view. An example of supersonic impinging jets occurs in short takeoff and vertical landing aircraft, for which the highly oscillatory flowfield and the associated acoustic loads are also accompanied by a dramatic loss in lift during hover, severe ground erosion of the landing surface, and hot gas ingestion into the engine inlets. Another characteristic feature of this flowfield is an intensive heat transfer between the jet and the impingement surface. In the past we have examined impinging jets and their control using microjets at cold conditions; the present study is a step toward examining this flowfield and the effectiveness of microjet control at increasingly realistic thermal conditions. An ideally expanded, Mach 1.5 primary jet issuing from an axisymmetric nozzle was heated up to a stagnation temperature of ∼500 K. Mean and unsteady temperature and pressure measurements were obtained on a lift plate representative of the undersurface of an aircraft and on the ground plane over a range of nozzle-to-plate distances (representing aircraft hover conditions). In addition, near-field noise was also measured using a microphone. The velocity field of the impinging jet for both cold and hot conditions was mapped using particle image velocimetry. Our results show that the temperature recovery factor at the stagnation point on the ground plane is strongly dependent on the temperature ratio and nozzle-to-plate distance, similar to observations in subsonic impinging jets. The hover lift loss for hot jets is much higher than for cold jets, nearly 75% of the primary jet thrust at small nozzle-to-plate distances. The pressure fluctuations generated by hot impinging jets are also substantially higher than their cold counterparts. As in cold jets, pressure and noise spectra for hot jets show discrete, high-amplitude acoustic tones (generally known as impinging tones) at frequencies varying with jet temperature. The activation of microjet control shows a substantial reduction in pressure fluctuations both in terms of overall sound pressure levels (up to 20 dB on the ground plane and 15 dB on the lift plate) and the attenuation of discrete, high-amplitude impinging tones (up to 32 dB). High-temperature peaks were observed in the temperature spectra at frequencies corresponding to impingement tones in the pressure and noise spectra; these were also substantially attenuated with microjet control. As much as 50% of the lift loss was recovered by using control for hot jets at smaller nozzle-to-plate distances. In general, the results provide evidence of the feasibility of using this active control approach under increasingly realistic conditions to achieve desired reductions in noise, unsteady pressures, and thermal loads.
Anatomy, metaphysics, and values: The ape brain debate reconsidered

Conventional wisdom teaches that Thomas Huxley discredited Richard Owen in their debate over ape and human brains. This paper reexamines the dispute and uses it as a test case for evaluating the metaphysical realist, internal realist, and social constructivist theories of scientific knowledge. Since Owen worked in the Kantian tradition, his anatomical research illustrates the implications of internal realism for scientific practice. As an avowed Cartesian, Huxley offered a well developed attack on Owen's position from a metaphysical realist perspective. Adrian Desmond's political retrospective on the dispute affords the additional opportunity to contrast internal realism with social constructivism. I argue that since Huxley ultimately based his attack on his valuing Europeans as superior to blacks, his argument illustrates the hazards of accepting the metaphysical realist promise of value free science. Desmond overlooks this racial dimension of the dispute, and his work shows how social constructivism can distract the historian and philosopher from even the social meaning of science. As internal realists like Putnam have argued, values enter science not from without, but from within the very process of science itself.
Existence and oscillation theorems for a class of non-linear second order differential equations

* This paper is taken from the author’s dissertation for the Ph.D. degree from the University of Oklahoma, 1967. The author gratefully acknowledges the advice and assistance of Professor William T. Reid, who directed the writing of the dissertation. This work was supported by the National Science Foundation under a Cooperative Graduate Fellowship and, in part, by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research under grant AF-AFOSR-749-65. * * Present address: Department of Mathematics, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901.
Effect of electroconvulsive shock on monoaminergic receptor binding sites in rat brain.

CHRONIC administration of either tricyclic antidepressant drugs or monoamine oxidase inhibitors, which are effective in the treatment of endogenous depression, has been shown to decrease the sensitivity of nor adrenaline (NA)-stimulated adenylate cyclase1–5 and to decrease the apparent density of β-adrenergic receptor binding sites in rat brain6–10. This alteration in receptor mechanisms by antidepressant drugs seems to be selective, as neither α-adrenergic nor serotonergic receptor binding in rat cortex is altered by the tricyclic drug desipramine7. It is therefore of interest to know whether other forms of antidepressant intervention alter receptor mechanisms in the brain and if so, whether they display a time course and selectivity similar to that of antidepressant drugs. Here, we have investigated the effects of a single and of multiple electroconvulsive shocks (ECS) on rat brain monoaminergic receptor binding sites and report that the density of β-adrenergic receptors is decreased.
CHANGES OF APPARENT IONIC MOBILITIES IN PROTOPLASM : IV. INFLUENCE OF GUAIACOL ON THE EFFECTS OF SODIUM AND POTASSIUM IN NITELLA.

In Nitella, as in Halicystis, guaiacol increases the mobility of Na(+) in the outer protoplasmic surface but leaves the mobility of K(+) unaffected. This differs from the situation in Valonia where the mobility of Na(+) is increased and that of K(+) is decreased. The partition coefficient of Na(+) in the outer protoplasmic surface is increased and that of K(+) left unchanged. Recovery after the action current is delayed in the presence of guaiacol and the action curves are "square topped."
Social dimensions of risk: The need for a sociological paradigm and policy research

The social dimensions of risk have been neglected by the sciences and professions concerned with risk. Recent debates demonstrate deep concern, much disagreement, and misunderstanding within the risk analysis community regarding issues requiring sociological analysis. The “people role” in risk analysis is not simply a matter of individual cognition and perception, important as these are. This paper reviews recent developments bearing on the policy implications of risk analysis which are of special interest to sociologists.