cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Algebras and Modules

This chapter is an introduction to k-algebras and their modules, where k is an algebraically closed field. Since every algebra is a ring, we will often use certain notions from ring theory, like ideals and radicals. We introduce these notions in the first section. In the second and the third section we define k-algebras and their modules and present examples and basic properties. In the fourth section, we study the direct sum decomposition of a k-algebra (as a module over itself) determined by a choice of a complete set of primitive orthogonal idempotents \(e_{1},\ldots,e_{n}\). For the path algebra of a quiver Q, we are already familiar with this construction, namely the idempotent e i corresponds to the constant path at the vertex i in Q and the direct sum decomposition of the algebra corresponds to the direct sum of all indecomposable projective representations P(i). In the fifth section, we prove a useful criterion for the indecomposability of a module M. In fact, we show that M is indecomposable if and only if the algebra of all endomorphisms of M is a local algebra.
Time-Optimal Robotic Manipulator Task Planning

A method is presented which finds the minimum time motions for manipulators. The method considers the full nonlinear manipulator dynamics, actuator characteristics, and accounts for obstacles in the work space and restrictions on the motions of the manipulator’s joints. It is computationally practical and has been implemented in a Computer Aided Design (CAD) software package, OPTARM II, which facilitates its use. Examples of its application are presented and show that the technique yields substantial improvements in system performance.
Isolated Intraventricular Hemorrhage Associated with Cerebral Vasospasm and Delayed Cerebral Ischemia following Arteriovenous Malformation Rupture.

Background: Although it is well characterized in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, vasospasm is exceedingly rare following cerebral arteriovenous malformation (AVM) rupture. Subsequently, this complication is poorly characterized with regard to delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI). We review cases of ruptured AVM to assess the frequency and severity of vasospasm on cerebral angiography, and DCI. Summary: We reviewed our institutional database of acute intracranial hemorrhages between 2005 and 2014. We identified patients with cerebral AVM rupture and evidence of vasospasm, which was confirmed with digital subtraction angiography (DSA). Cerebral angiograms were evaluated by 2 blinded neurointerventionalists for vasospasm. Statistical analyses were conducted on the angiographic results and variables of interest to determine predictors and associations of vasospasm and DCI. Thirty-six patients with acute intracranial hemorrhage due to ruptured cerebral AVM subsequently underwent cerebral angiography. The interrater reliability for vasospasm was 0.81. The incidence of vasospasm was 13.9% and the incidence of subsequent DCI was 11.1%. A significant relationship existed between isolated intraventricular hemorrhage and vasospasm ( p = 0.001) and subsequent DCI ( p = 0.006). Radiographic vasospasm was associated with DCI in 80% of the patients ( p < 0.0001). No statistical significance existed between subarachnoid hemorrhage and the development of vasospasm or DCI ( p = 1.000 and p = 0.626, respectively). All differences were significant at a 99% level of significance. Key Message: In cases of ruptured AVM, isolated intraventricular hemorrhage appears to be an independent risk factor for vasospasm and DCI. Vasospasm must be considered during late neurological deterioration following AVM hemorrhage, especially in the setting of isolated intraventricular hemorrhage.
Acrylamide neuropathy in rats. An electron microscopic study of degeneration and regeneration.

Sciatic nerves of rats with acrylamide neuropathy were studied by light and electron microscopy. In early stages, in adult animals, massive accumulation of neurofilaments and invaginations of the axolemma were prominent findings, as observed by Prineas in the cat (1969). In later stages, Wallerian degeneration of affected nerves was observed. In the recovering stage, numerous small axonal sprouts were observed in Schwann cells and eventually clusters of numerous small myelinated fibers replaced pre-existing single myelinated fibers. In suckling rats, degeneration of myelin and axons were prominent in an earlier stage of the neuropathy, but even during the period of acrylamide injection, regenerating axonal sprouts and degenerating axons were often found in the same Schwann cells; these findings indicate that younger rats are able to regenerate myelinated nerve fibers at a more intense rate than adult rats.
Digraph Fourier Transform via Spectral Dispersion Minimization

We address the problem of constructing a graph Fourier transform (GFT) for both undirected and directed graphs (digraphs), which decomposes graph signals into different modes of variation with respect to the underlying network. Accordingly, we seek orthonormal bases that yield maximally-spread frequency components in the graph spectral domain to better capture low, medium and high frequencies. To that end, we advocate a two-step design whereby we: (i) find the maximum directed variation (i.e., frequency on a digraph) a candidate basis vector can attain; and (ii) minimize a smooth spectral dispersion function over the achievable frequency range to obtain the desired spread GFT basis. Both steps involve non-convex, orthonormality-constrained optimization problems, which are efficiently tackled via a provably convergent, feasible optimization method on the Stiefel manifold. We illustrate the effectiveness of the novel GFT construction algorithm through numerical tests on synthetic and real-world graphs.
Online Dating in Singapore: The Desire to Have Children

Low fertility has been a concern in Singapore. While there are studies examining the causes, few studies have used online dating services as a source of data to examine the desire of Singaporeans to have children. Yet, research on mate and date selection using online personals is prolific, arguing that online personals are a valuable source of information for social analysis. Using a data set that was collected in 2007 and in 2015 from a website for Singapore online dating, we examined the factors influencing whether Singaporeans expressed wanting children in their personals. We find that preference for a committed relationship is the strongest predictor for the desire to have children. The age effects are as expected. Women are less likely to express they want children in these personals.
Longus Capitis Reconstruction of the Soft Palate.

Soft palate (SP) reconstruction remains a challenge for the head and neck reconstructive surgeon. One favorable local flap option is the longus capitis muscle (LCM), a deep neck flexor with redunda...
Lipids of Soybean Inoculated with Microsymbionts

In many soils, especially tropical lateritic soils, crop productivity is limited by low N and P availability. The growth of legumes can be improved substantially by the presence of both symbiotic N2-fixing bacteria and endomycorrhizal fungi. In most experiments with these microsymbionts, nodulated or mycorrhizal hosts are compared to N- or P-deficient controls. Many of the physiological differences between these plants are derived from nutritional differences. In this study non-symbiotic controls were given N and/or P fertilizer at rates designed to produce equal plant growth in all treatments.
Stable dropwise condensation observed on a hierarchically structured superhydrophobic surface incorporating micro-domes

Abstract With global temperatures increasing and air conditioning becoming more prevalent, the need to limit its electricity consumption and improve its efficiency is greatly increased. However, air conditioning heat transfer is often impeded by condensed atmospheric water accumulating on cooling coils, potentially leading to degraded cooling performance and the growth of pathogens that may endanger human health. In order to improve air conditioning heat transfer performance, surfaces with superior dropwise condensation and more rapid condensate-shedding capability are desirable. Inspired by the exceptional droplet shedding performance of natural plant leaf surfaces, we have developed a fabrication process to create hierarchical surfaces composed of arrays of micro-domes or -pillars that are then coated with a nanoporous, fluorosilanized zinc oxide film. In this paper, we characterize the performance of these surfaces when exposed to supersaturated moist air. We found that the most desirable condensation performance was provided by one specific surface, which featured a micro-dome array with diameters and spacings of 30 μm. This surface repeatably offered stable dropwise condensation over 30-min experimental durations. Surfaces with other dome separations, surfaces with square-tipped micropillars, and flat surfaces with only the nanoporous coating all showed less stable dropwise condensation and tended to become flooded with condensate as time progressed. The fabrication, testing and image analysis techniques described here could help in the development of optimized surfaces for heat exchangers operating in moist air.
Macroeconomic Content of Characteristics-Based Asset Pricing Models: A Machine Learning Analysis

We explore whether the empirical success of seven characteristics-based asset pricing models can be explained by their ability to identify macroeconomic risks. We find that although the stochastic discount factors (SDFs) of some models are weakly related to macroeconomic shocks, the SDFs' non-market components are totally unrelated to them. The result also holds for macroeconomic news and real-time macroeconomic shocks. Our analysis involves a comprehensive set of more than 100 macroeconomic indicators and uses machine learning techniques to mitigate the overfitting problem caused by a large number of explanatory variables. Our paper illustrates how machine learning can be used for analyzing the explainability of one variable by many others.
The Convergent Procedure: A Unique Multidisciplinary Hybrid Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation

The convergent procedure is a hybrid ablation treatment for atrial fibrillation. It is increasingly considered as a management option for patients with persistent and long-standing atrial fibrillation. It consists of surgical ablation of the posterior left atrium through a minimally invasive closed-chest approach followed by endocardial catheter ablation. It is increasingly performed with concurrent epicardial occlusion of the left atrial appendage with a video-assisted thoracoscopic technique to physically and electrically isolate the left atrial appendage. This article provides an overview of a multidisciplinary approach to the convergent procedure, with concurrent thoracoscopic closure of the left atrial appendage, with an emphasis on perioperative management at a single institution. It provides a literature review of procedural outcomes, current data limitations, and future considerations.
Voting Lines, Equal Treatment, and Early Voting Check-In Times in Florida

Lines at the polls raise the cost of voting and can precipitate unequal treatment of voters. Research on voting lines is nonetheless hampered by a fundamental measurement problem: little is known a...
Nutrient Pollution and Predation Differentially Affect Innate Immune Pathways in the Coral Porites porites

Reef-building corals face a multitude of threats not only from global climate change but also local stressors such as nutrient pollution. Nutrient enrichment can amplify the negative effects of predation on corals by facilitating dysbiosis in the coral microbiome that leads to coral mortality. These patterns suggest that nutrient pollution might suppress the capacity of the coral immune system to respond to microbial infections that follow mechanical injury from predation. Here, we measured the impact of nutrient enrichment and predation on tyrosinase-type and laccase-type phenoloxidase (PO) activities, which are key components of immune defense pathway involved in melanin synthesis and wound healing in corals. Corals were exposed in situ to either ambient or enriched nutrient levels in combination with either no damage, mechanical damage, or predation damage from parrotfishes. The activity of PO enzymes in response to both tyrosinase-type substrates significantly decreased under nutrient enrichment, suggesting that corals became immune-compromised. Predation damage also increased laccase activity, implicating it in tissue repair and potentially defense from pathogens. Our findings highlight the need to mitigate nutrient pollution on coral reefs, as higher nutrient levels suppress important coral immune pathways and likely contribute to patterns of increased coral disease and subsequent mortality on reefs plagued by nutrient enrichment.
Structure and Characterization of an Americium Bis( O,O'-diethyl)dithiophosphate Complex

A facile synthesis of an americium complex with a sulfur-donor ligand has been developed, allowing characterization of americium bonding from multiple perspectives via several techniques. Reaction of 243Am with S2P(OEt)2- yields the tetrakis complex [Am(S2P(OEt)2)4]- that can be crystallized as the tetraphenylarsonium salt. Structures obtained from single crystal X-ray diffraction show bond length discrepancies from the neodymium analogue consistent with the soft-donor bond enhancement common to actinides. Solid state optical spectroscopy confirms interaction of the ligand with 5f orbitals. 31P nuclear magnetic reflects the minor paramagnetism of Am(III). Computational investigations through CASSCF calculations, ligand-field density functional theory, and quantum chemical topological analysis allow a quantification of covalency or orbital interaction effects via total energy density and nephelauxetic parameters, both of which indicate greater covalency in the americium species than in the neodymium analogue or the americium aquo complex.
Assessment and Classification in Institutional Corrections

This chapter concerns assessment and classification in the context of institutional corrections. Institutional assessment is more concerned with security issues when classifying inmates than are probation and parole officers. The chapter begins with a historical overview of inmate classification, including discussion of how prison classification and risk and needs assessment have evolved over time. We also discuss how false positives and false negatives can negatively influence both offenders’ behaviors and public safety. Next, we present a number of tests used during the inmate classification process, such as the General Aptitude Test Batter, the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, and the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. The chapter concludes with discussions of the National Institute of Corrections’ Model for Custody and Need and the Adult Internal Management System (AIMS)—two risk and needs models commonly used in the United States; both of these models are presented in their entirety in the appendices.
CHANDRA DETECTION OF THE AM CANUM VENATICORUM BINARY ES CETI (KUV 01584-0939)

We report on Chandra ACIS observations of the ultracompact AM CVn binary ES Cet. This object has a 10.3 minute binary period and is the most compact of the confirmed AM CVn systems. We have, for the first time, unambiguously detected the X-ray counterpart to ES Cet. In a 20 ks ACIS-S image a point-like X-ray source is found within 1'' of the cataloged optical position. The mean count rate in ACIS-S is 0.013 s-1, and there is no strong evidence for variability. We folded the X-ray data using the optical ephemeris of Warner & Woudt, but did not detect any significant modulation. If a ~100% modulation similar to those seen in the ultracompact candidates V407 Vul and RX J0806.3+1527 were present, then we would have detected it. The upper limit (3 σ) to any modulation at the putative orbital period is ~15% (rms). We extract the first X-ray spectrum from ES Cet, and find that it is not well described by simple continuum models. We find suggestive evidence for discrete spectral components at ~470 and 890 eV that can be modeled as Gaussian emission lines. In comparison with recent X-ray detections of nitrogen and neon in another AM CVn system (GP Com), it appears possible that these features may represent emission lines from these same elements; however, deeper spectroscopy will be required to confirm this. Our best spectral model includes a blackbody continuum with kT = 0.8 keV along with the Gaussian lines. The unabsorbed 0.2-5 keV X-ray flux was ~7 × 10-14 ergs cm-2 s-1. The observed luminosity in the hard component is a small fraction of the total expected accretion luminosity, most of which should be radiated below 0.1 keV at the expected mass accretion rate for this orbital period. We discuss the implications of our results for the nature of ES Cet.
How Not to Eat: Vegetarian Polemics in Victorian India

Practitioners of vegetarianism and advocates for animal welfare have long had a mixed reputation in the global north and in its colonies, especially India. Such practices were mocked quite frequently as unnatural, obsessive, effeminising, and pathologically sentimental in extending sympathy to nonhuman creatures. In the nineteenth century, such notions of vegetarian weakness or sentimentality came to be supplemented by the idea of vegetarian cruelty. There is a large bibliography of nineteenth-century Anglo-Indian and British writing on India that testifies to the paradoxical cruelty of vegetarian populations that combine the conservation of animal life with a callousness about animal suffering, and about how in fact they produce or prolong animal suffering as a consequence of their ostensibly benevolent practices towards animals. However, these Anglo-Indian (and British) criticisms of Indian treatment of animals, whether in the form of dietary practices or their distinctly non-modern forms of animal protection, did not pass without dissension among their Indian subjects. The nineteenth century saw the emergence of a distinct category of Indian vegetarian polemics; these criticised what many identified as the unremitting carnivory of Britons, North Americans, and Christians. This chapter examines four key texts among these documents of vegetarian witnessing: Dayanand Saraswati’s Gokarunanidhi (Ocean of Compassion for the Cow, 1881); Labhshankar Laxmidas’s exchanges with the Bishop of Calcutta (1900); Behramji Malabari’s The Indian Eye on English Life: Rambles of a Pilgrim Reformer (1893); and Pandita Ramabai’s Pandita Ramabai’s American Encounter: The Peoples of the United States (1889).
When Social-Recognition Trumps Financial Incentives as Desired Currency: An Abstract

The ability to create user-generated content (UGC), provides consumers with enormous power in the marketplace. However, a fundamental question for a UGC site is: how can the UGC site motivate users to (1) commence participation (i.e., initiate voluntary contribution of new content) and (2) maintain participation (i.e., repeated voluntary contribution of new content) over time? Specifically, this research attempts to answer the following research question via an extended technology acceptance model (Davis 1989): what is the role of extrinsic & intrinsic motivation in the UGC context? While intrinsic motivations have been extensively studied in prior UGC research such as (1) self-enhancement (Angelis et al. 2012; Fiske 2002), (2) innovativeness and opinion leadership (Sun et al. 2006), (3) ability and self-efficacy (Gruen et al. 2006; Huang et al. 2009), (4) individuation, (Ho and Dempsey 2010), (5) neuroticism (Picazo-Vela et al. 2010), and (6) altruism (Hennig-Thurau et al. 2004). This research disembarks from prior research by (a) investigating and disentangling extrinsic motivations (financial motivation (FM) and social-recognition motivation (SRM)) associated with participation on a UGC site, (b) including perceived enjoyment as an intrinsic motivation, and (c) incorporating both extrinsic and intrinsic motivations into a robust & parsimonious model to explain continued participation on a UGC site.
Phylogenetic Comparative Methods: A User's Guide for Paleontologists

Recent advances in statistical approaches called phylogenetic comparative methods (PCMs) have provided paleontologists with a powerful set of analytical tools for investigating evolutionary tempo and mode in fossil lineages. However, attempts to integrate PCMs with fossil data often present workers with practical challenges or unfamiliar literature. This Element presents guides to the theory behind and the application of PCMs with fossil taxa. Based on an empirical dataset of Paleozoic crinoids, example analyses are presented to illustrate common applications of PCMs to fossil data, including investigating patterns of correlated trait evolution and macroevolutionary models of morphological change. The authors emphasize the importance of accounting for sources of uncertainty and discuss how to evaluate model fit and adequacy. Finally, the authors discuss several promising methods for modeling heterogeneous evolutionary dynamics with fossil phylogenies. Integrating phylogeny-based approaches with the fossil record provides a rigorous, quantitative perspective on understanding key patterns in the history of life.
Feasibility of a Virtual Nutrition Intervention for Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorder

Objectives Adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are at an increased risk of obesity and unhealthy eating behaviors. This study examined the feasibility of a virtual implementation of a nutrition intervention for adolescents with ASD, as well as feasibility of virtually assessing outcome measures, including anthropometric measures, dietary intake, and psychosocial determinants of dietary intake.
On the Horns of a Dilemma: Let the Northern White Rhino Vanish or Intervene?

Two females, Nadine and Fatu, are the sole surviving Northern White Rhinos (NWR). The subspecies is functionally extinct. Hope for NWR now lies in emerging reproductive and genetic technologies, which could potentially produce NWR from induced pluripotent stem cells. What is the rationale for this project? This question raises almost every philosophical issue facing conservation science today. I argue that NWR recovery is hard to justify via many traditional paths (e.g., historical fidelity, ecosystem health, biodiversity), but if we orient our focus on white rhinos in general or even mammals then clear benefits emerge.
Complement activation fragments are increased in critically ill pediatric patients with severe acute kidney injury

Background:Critically ill children with acute kidney injury (AKI) suffer from high morbidity and mortality rates, and lack treatment options. Emerging evidence implicates the role of complement activation in AKI pathogenesis, which could potentially be treated with complement inhibitors. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the association between complement activation fragments and severity of AKI in critically ill children. Methods:A biorepository of critically ill children from a prior multi-site study was leveraged to identify children with stage 3 AKI and matched to patients without AKI based on PELOD-2 (illness severity) scores. Specimens were analyzed for plasma and urine complement activation fragments of factor B, C3a, C4a, and sC5b-9. The primary outcomes were MAKE30 and severe AKI rates. Results:14 patients with stage 3 AKI (5 requiring renal replacement therapy [RRT]) were matched to 14 patients without AKI. Urine factor Ba and plasma C4a levels increased stepwise as severity of AKI increased, from no AKI to stage 3 AKI, to stage 3 AKI with RRT need. Plasma C4a levels were independently associated with increased risk of MAKE30 outcomes (OR 3.2; IQR 1.1-8.9), and urine Ba and plasma Bb, C4a, and C3a were independently associated with risk of severe stage 2-3 AKI on day 3 of admission. Conclusions:Multiple complement fragments increase as magnitude of AKI severity increases. Very high levels of urine Ba or plasma C4a may identify patients at risk for severe AKI, hemodialysis, and MAKE30 outcomes. The fragments may be useful as a functional biomarker of complement activation and may identify those patients to study complement inhibition to treat or prevent AKI in critically ill children. These findings suggest the need for further specific investigations of the role of complement activation in critically ill children at risk of AKI.
Airway management of ruptured pulmonary artery “Rasmussen” aneurysm and massive hemoptysis

Pulmonary tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and its manifestations may include parenchymal, airway, vascular, pleural, mediastinal and chest wall lesions. Hemoptysis is a common complication of the disease. Massive hemoptysis occurs in about 8 % of cases; with associated mortality ranging from 5 to 25 % Massive hemoptysis secondary to pulmonary artery aneurysm rupture is a rare phenomenon presenting unique challenges in airway management and stabilization of oxygenation, ventilation and blood pressure. We present a case of a patient with necrotizing pulmonary tuberculosis complicated by a ruptured pulmonary artery “Rasmussen” aneurysm requiring emergent intubation and embolization. Massive hemoptysis should be treated as a medical emergency requiring the coordinated care of multiple specialists including intensivists, interventional radiologists, anesthesiologists, and surgeons. Airway management and stabilization of cardiorespiratory status should be the highest priority, followed by timely diagnostic procedures to localize the site and cause of the bleeding.
Analysis as a Method of Discovery During the Scientific Revolution

This conference addresses the philosophical problem: Is there a logic of discovery? My paper deals with the following historical problems: Did scientists at the time of the Scientific Revolution believe there was a logic of discovery? If so, what was it? How, if at all, did it influence their scientific practice?
Hip instability: a case report demonstrating a diagnostic radiographic test

Hip instability following joint arthroplasty is relatively a common postoperative complication and is now second to aseptic loosening as a cause of revision surgery. Multifactorial in etiology, the exact cause should be identified before revision surgery to avoid disastrous complications and prevent repetitive dislocations. This case report illustrates and describes a new method of diagnosing hip instability with plain radiographs of the hip done in traction and abduction.
Implementation Vulnerability Associated with OAuth 2.0 -- A Case Study on Dropbox

Drop box is a cloud based file storage service used by more than 200 million users. Its ability to seamlessly provide cloud storage with minimal user complexity is the key for its wide spread popularity. Despite of its high usability, Drop box has been recently criticized for loose ends in security. Security and usability is not always mutually exclusive, and we believe there is still a lot of room to improve Drop box's security without affecting the unique user experience. In this paper, we present a RAM analysis based method to extract the key security token for account access. In addition, we describe a new technique to bypass authentication and gain unauthorized access to Drop box accounts by using the new tray login feature on the most current Drop box client (v2.4.x). Through these exploits, we demonstrate that most of these security issues are at the level of implementation, rather than design. Finally, we describe potential resolutions that can improve Drop box's security without affecting its high usability.
The welfare effects of intergovernmental grants in an economy with distortionary local taxes: A simple general equilibrium analysis

This paper examines the welfare impact of intergovernmental transfers when recipient governments use distortionary taxes. Both lump-sum and matching grants are investigated. A ‘distortionary factor’ depending on local demand and supply elasticities and the local tax rate on the taxed commodity determines the real income change to a jurisdiction per dollar transferred. Matching grants are dominated by lump-sum grants when these can be set optimally for each recipient. If grant policy must be uniform, positive (or negative) matching rates are desired if equity-adjusted distortionary factors are positively (negatively) correlated with local public service levels.
Quinacrine sterilization: an assessment of risks for ectopic pregnancy birth defects and cancer.

Quinacrine sterilization (QS) involves transcervical insertion of quinacrine pellets using a modified Copper TIUD inserter. Pellets are placed at the fundus in the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle. Efficacy is presently estimated at 1 pregnancy failure per 100 women at 2 years. Early complications are lower for QS than surgical sterilization and this is also true for risk of ectopic pregnancy with newer insertion protocols. The risk of birth defects is very low, when estimated from a model with reasonable assumptions for probability of insertion in a pregnant uterus or within 30 days of conception, probability of such exposed pregnancy being carried to term, and probability of quinacrine exposure to the fetus causing a birth defect. Although quinacrine is a mutagen it is unlikely to be a carcinogen. Concentrations of quinacrine in the uterus after transcervical insertion are higher than for oral administration for only a matter of a few hours, although this brief exposure is adequate to cause injury to the tubal epithelium, leading to inflammation and an occluding scar. Oral administration of quinacrine is accepted as non-carcinogenic. Each site of use of QS must make its own risk/benefit assessment. The benefits of any contraceptive that can raise contraceptive prevalence is greatest for developing countries.
Is VACTERL a laterality defect

To date the etiology of the association called VACTERL remains a mystery. Interestingly, clues as to the origin of this collection of defects may reside in an old hypothesis concerning the midline as a developmental field as postulated by Dr. John Opitz. This theory suggested that the midline was not a separate entity, but could be influenced by other developmental signals. With new information concerning the origin of the left-right axis (laterality) and the importance of communications between this axis and the cranio-caudal (anterior-posterior) axis for normal development, it has become clear that coordination of the molecular signals responsible for specification of these domains is essential for normal development. In fact, if the signals regulating laterality are disrupted, then midline and other defects can occur as has been observed in cases of heterotaxy, presumably because of a disruption in this coordinated signaling effort. Thus, the origins of the defects commonly observed in the VACTERL association may be due to altered signaling responsible for establishing the left-right axis.
Intellectual Legacy: Cooperation and Competition

Perhaps Morton Deutsch’s greatest legacy is his theory of social interdependence. Based on the previous theorizing of Kurt Koffka and Kurt Lewin, Deutsch’s formulation of the theory of cooperation and competition brought conceptual clarity to an area full of confusion and contradictions. It is well-formulated, summarizing complex observations in abstract, logically-related propositions that explain causal relationships. Deutsch could not have taken on a much more difficult task, focusing on dynamic, relationship variables that apply across all levels of human interaction. He formulated a middle-range theory that subsumes many other social psychological theories. His social interdependence theory, furthermore, is an example of how psychological theorizing and research have resulted in valuable practical applications and how theory, research, and practice interact in ways that enhance all three. Social interdependence theory has generated hundreds of research studies that validated its basic propositions and considerably expanded its scope. Finally, it is a useful theory, have served as a basis for the creation of cooperative learning and the structuring teams in business, industry, and other settings. This combination of theory, research, and practice makes social interdependence theory somewhat unique and one of the most important aspects of Morton Deutsch’s legacy.
Integration of speech and vision using mutual information

We are developing a system which learns words from co-occurring spoken and visual input. The goal is to automatically segment continuous speech at word boundaries without a lexicon, and to form visual categories which correspond to spoken words. Mutual information is used to integrate acoustic and visual distance metrics in order to extract an audio-visual lexicon from raw input. We report results of experiments with a corpus of infant-directed speech and images.
VISUAL AFTER-IMAGES AS A SOURCE OF INFORMATION.

Abstract : The report is one of 3 evaluations of differently proposed methods for increasing the ability of individuals to report the contents of briefly exposed visual displays. In this case concern was with the ability of observers to extract data from induced retinal after-images as a means of increasing the display exposure time in single glimpse situations. It was found that observers can use after-image data, and that the gain in reporting to be expected will be greatest for those situations where, without after-images, reporting is most difficult, that is, under conditions of high display load or very short exposure time. The benefit demonstrated was associated primarily with the positive after-image; however, the negative after-image was not ruled out as a persistent data source. (Author)
Mohs Micrographic Surgery in the Treatment of Microcystic Adnexal Carcinoma

Microcystic adnexal carcinoma is a rare neoplasm with a propensity for slow growth and extensive local invasion. Pathology is characterized by multiple islands of basaloid epithelial cells, ductal structures, and keratinizing cysts, located intradermally but often extending deep as thin strands of tumor cells intercalating between collagen bundles. Perineural and intramuscular invasion are common. Treatment with Mohs surgery allows for fewer procedures with increased likelihood of long-term cure and tissue conservation.
Commodifying state crime: Accounting and “extraordinary rendition”

Abstract In 2001, the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) set up an “extraordinary rendition” program in which supposed al Qaeda agents were secretly kidnapped and rendered to countries known for torturing prisoners, or to CIA controlled black sites where “enhanced interrogation techniques” were employed. In 2009, two of the subcontractors for the CIA's privatized rendition fights, Richmor and Sportsflight, went to court over a contract dispute. Based on the testimony and evidence in the case, this paper examines the role accounting played in transforming a state crime into a commodity that could be costed and argued about. Accounting did so by elevating profit, performance, minutia and normal business routines as important, and kidnapping and torture as irrelevant. However, the court case also demonstrated the absolute mendacity of accounting in that the federal government did not intervene even though state secrets would be revealed through the invoices entered into evidence.
Radiative and non-radiative energy transfers in Yb3+-doped sesquioxide and garnet laser crystals from a combinatorial approach based on gradient concentration fibers

Abstract The laser heated pedestal growth (LHPG) method allows us to grow Yb 3+ -doped oxide single crystal fiber with no Yb segregation. We have choosen Y 3 Al 5 O 12 (YAG) Yttrium aluminum garnet and Y 2 O 3 yttria sesquioxide as Yb 3+ -doped host crystals, which are considered to be among the best laser crystals due to unusual combination of favorable properties. A combinatorial chemistry approach has been applied by growing concentration gradient crystal fibers allowing the study of the excited state dynamics by the measurement of two important features in laser crystals: the intrinsic radiative lifetime and the analysis of radiative and non-radiative energy transfers which occur in the Yb 3+ concentration quenching processes.
Rearing and Injection of Manduca sexta Larvae to Assess Bacterial Virulence

Manduca sexta, commonly known as the tobacco hornworm, is considered a significant agricultural pest, feeding on solanaceous plants including tobacco and tomato. The susceptibility of M. sexta larvae to a variety of entomopathogenic bacterial species1-5, as well as the wealth of information available regarding the insect's immune system6-8, and the pending genome sequence9 make it a good model organism for use in studying host-microbe interactions during pathogenesis. In addition, M. sexta larvae are relatively large and easy to manipulate and maintain in the laboratory relative to other susceptible insect species. Their large size also facilitates efficient tissue/hemolymph extraction for analysis of the host response to infection. The method presented here describes the direct injection of bacteria into the hemocoel (blood cavity) of M. sexta larvae. This approach can be used to analyze and compare the virulence characteristics of various bacterial species, strains, or mutants by simply monitoring the time to insect death after injection. This method was developed to study the pathogenicity of Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus species, which typically associate with nematode vectors as a means to gain entry into the insect. Entomopathogenic nematodes typically infect larvae via natural digestive or respiratory openings, and release their symbiotic bacterial contents into the insect hemolymph (blood) shortly thereafter10. The injection method described here bypasses the need for a nematode vector, thus uncoupling the effects of bacteria and nematode on the insect. This method allows for accurate enumeration of infectious material (cells or protein) within the inoculum, which is not possible using other existing methods for analyzing entomopathogenesis, including nicking11 and oral toxicity assays12. Also, oral toxicity assays address the virulence of secreted toxins introduced into the digestive system of larvae, whereas the direct injection method addresses the virulence of whole-cell inocula. The utility of the direct injection method as described here is to analyze bacterial pathogenesis by monitoring insect mortality. However, this method can easily be expanded for use in studying the effects of infection on the M. sexta immune system. The insect responds to infection via both humoral and cellular responses. The humoral response includes recognition of bacterial-associated patterns and subsequent production of various antimicrobial peptides7; the expression of genes encoding these peptides can be monitored subsequent to direct infection via RNA extraction and quantitative PCR13. The cellular response to infection involves nodulation, encapsulation, and phagocytosis of infectious agents by hemocytes6. To analyze these responses, injected insects can be dissected and visualized by microscopy13, 14.
Immigration in the Balance

Espiritu, Yen, and Paul Ong. 1994. "Class Constraints on Racial Solidarity among Asian Americans." In The New Asian Immigration in Los Angeles and Global Restructuring, edited by Paul Ong, Edna Bonacich, and Lucie Cheng. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press. Hamilton, Nora, and Norma Stoltz Chinchilla. 2001. Seeking Community in a Global City: e jivar re inds researchers that i acro context a fect everyday s a ong i migrants. For instance, l i obtaining legal status restricts ts' choice of jobs, residence, and iage partners. A change in laws i criteria for obtaining gr en cards Guatemalans and Salvadorans in Los Angeles. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press. Mahler, Sarah. 1995. American Dreaming: Immigrant Life on the Margins. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Pessar, Patricia R. 1999. "The Role of Gender, Households, and Social Networks in the Migration Process: A Review and Appraisal." In The Handbook of International Migration: The American Experience, edited by Charles Hirschman, Philip Kasinitz, and Josh DeWind. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. Portes, Alejandro, and Ruben G. Rumbaut. 1996. Immigrant America: A Portrait. 2nd ed. Berkeley: University of California Press. Portes, Alejandro, and Julia Sensenbrenner. 1998. "Embeddedness and Immigration: Notes on the Social Determinants of Economic Action." In
Absorption and scattering by bispheres, quadspheres, and circular rings of spheres and their equivalent coated spheres

This study demonstrates that the absorption and scattering cross sections and asymmetry factor of randomly oriented and optically soft bispheres, quadspheres, and circular rings of spheres, with either monodisperse or polydisperse monomers, can be approximated by an equivalent coated sphere with identical volume and average projected area. This approximation could also apply to the angle-dependent scattering matrix elements for monomer size parameter less than 0.1. However, it quickly deteriorated with increasing monomer number and/or size parameter. It was shown to be superior to previously proposed approximations considering a volume equivalent homogeneous sphere and a coated sphere with identical volume and surface area. These results provide a rapid and accurate way of predicting the radiation characteristics of bispheres, quadspheres, and rings of spheres representative of various unicellular and multicellular cyanobacteria considered for producing food supplements, biofuels, and fertilizers. They could also be used in inverse methods for retrieving the monomers' optical properties, morphology, and/or concentration.
Task performance and contrast polarity on hard copy and video displays

Performance was measured on an editing task which required counting the number of occurrences of an assigned letter in a paragraph of random letters. The task was presented in three different display modes: (a) a video display (VDT) with white characters on a black background, (b) a white-on-black photograph of the VDT display, and (c) a black-on--white photograph of the VDT task display. The viewing conditions for the three display modes were matched. Defocus was introduced by cylindrical lenses (simulated astigmatism) and by plus lenses. Performance was measured by time and accuracy in completing the counting task. There were 19 normally-sighted young adult subjects tested with the task in the three display modes under 6 levels of defocus. For the hard copy displays, performance was significantly faster (on average by 6.6%) for black characters on a white background. Performance with the black background photographs was consistently, but marginally (0.9%), faster than with the VDT displays. Cylindrical defocus of 1.50 diopters substantially impaired efficiency, but low-power plus lenses did not affect performance.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Proteins synthesized by inducer T cells: evidence for a mitogenic peptide shared by inducer molecules that stimulate different cell types

Inducer T lymphocytes synthesize and secrete peptides that stimulate growth and differentiation of many cell types, including lymphocytes and monocytes that kill foreign organisms, B lymphocytes, mast cells and hematopoietic precursor cells. To define these inducer molecules more precisely, we have generated clones of these T cells as a source of homogeneous material for biochemical analysis. These clones synthesize peptides that stimulate T and B cells to divide and that also induce the latter cells to secrete immunoglobulin. Inducer cells synthesize a 14 kilodalton growth polypeptide that stimulates T and B lymphocytes, as well as other cell types, to divide. This 14 kilodalton peptide is normally associated with different, larger peptides that appear to focus its mitogenic activity to one or another target cell.
Correlations among College Students' Grade Point Averages and American College Test Scores

This study examined whether students who did well in high school continued their success in college. For the 42 students who completed the survey, a significant correlation of .62 was found between 4-yr. high school GPA and college GPA and a significant correlation of .63 between American College Test scores and college GPA. Apparently, students who succeeded in high school continue to succeed in college.
DC-link current control scheme for paralleled three-phase current source rectifiers in high efficiency power supply system

Three-phase current source rectifier (CSR) is a promising solution for power supply systems as the buck-type power factor correction converter. By converter paralleling, high power rating and system redundancy can be achieved. However, asymmetrical distribution of load current among converter modules may occur, which can increase power loss or even damage devices. This paper presents the DC-link current control scheme for paralleled current source rectifiers to balance the output currents. Using a master-slave control, the balanced output current distribution and system redundancy are implemented. By correcting zero state duration based on modulation scheme, the circulating current is suppressed without introducing additional power losses, and both positive and negative DC-link currents are balanced.
Hypoxia activates a latent circuit for processing gustatory information in C. elegans

Dedicated neuronal circuits enable animals to engage in specific behavioral responses to environmental stimuli. We found that hypoxic stress enhanced gustatory sensory perception via previously unknown circuitry in Caenorhabditis elegans. The hypoxia-inducible transcription factor HIF-1 upregulated serotonin (5-HT) expression in specific sensory neurons that are not normally required for chemosensation. 5-HT subsequently promoted hypoxia-enhanced sensory perception by signaling through the metabotropic G protein-coupled receptor SER-7 in an unusual peripheral neuron, the M4 motor neuron. M4 relayed this information back into the CNS via the FMRFamide-related neuropeptide FLP-21 and its cognate receptor, NPR-1. Thus, physiological detection of hypoxia results in the activation of an additional, previously unrecognized circuit for processing sensory information that is not required for sensory processing under normoxic conditions.
Architecture design of mobile access coordinated wireless sensor networks

This paper considers architecture design of mobile access coordinated wireless sensor networks (MC-WSN) for reliable and efficient information exchange. In sensor networks with mobile access points (SENMA), the mobile access points collect information directly from individual sensors as they traverse the network, such that no routing is needed in data transmission. While being energy efficient, a major limitation with SENMA is the large delay in data collection, making it undesirable for timesensitive applications. In the proposed MC-WSN architecture, the sensor network is coordinated by powerful mobile access points (MA), such that the number of hops from each sensor to the MA is minimized and limited to a prespecified number through active network deployment and network topology design. Unlike in SENMA, where the data collection delay depends on the physical speed of the MA, in MC-WSN, the delay depends on the number of hops and the electromagnetic wave speed, and is independent of the physical speed of the MA. This innovative architecture is energy efficient, resilient, fast reacting and can actively prolong the lifetime of sensor networks. Our simulations show that the proposed MC-WSN can achieve higher energy-efficiency and orders of magnitude lower delay over SENMA, especially for large-scale networks.