cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nitrogen resorption efficiency in autumn leaves correlated with chlorophyll resorption, not with anthocyanin production

Abstract A prominent hypothesis for the adaptive value of anthocyanin production in the autumn leaves of some species of trees is that anthocyanins protect leaves from photooxidative stress at low temperatures, allowing a better resorption of nutrients – in particular, nitrogen – before leaf fall. While there is evidence that anthocyanins enable photoprotection, it is not clear whether this translates to improved nitrogen resorption and how this can explain inter-specific variation in autumn colours. A recent comparative analysis showed no correlation between temperature and anthocyanin production across species but did not analyse nitrogen content and nitrogen resorption efficiency. Here we provide this comparison by comparing the nitrogen content of mature and senescent leaves and their autumn colours in 55 species of trees. We find no correlation between the presence of anthocyanins and the efficiency of nitrogen resorption. We find, instead, that nitrogen resorption is more efficient in species with yellow autumn colours, pointing to chlorophyll resorption, rather than anthocyanin synthesis, as the main determinant of nitrogen resorption efficiency. Hence our results do not corroborate the photoprotection hypothesis as an explanation for the evolution of autumn colours.
RNAscope CSF1 Chromogenic in situ Hybridization: A Potentially Useful Tool in the Differential Diagnosis of Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumors

Summary Colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF1) upregulation and CSF1/colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) signaling pathway is central to the tumorigenesis of tenosynovial giant cell tumors (TGCT) of both localized (LTGCT) and diffuse (DTGCT) types, and has been demonstrated in a small number of malignant tumors (MTGCT) as well. In situ hybridization for CSF1 mRNA has been shown to be potentially useful in the diagnosis of TGCT, although only a relatively small number of cases have been studied. We studied CSF1 mRNA expression using RNAscope chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH) in standard tissue sections from 31 TGCT and 26 non-TGCT, and in tumor microarray slides (Pantomics normal MN0341, Pantomics tumor MTU391, Pantomics melanoma MEL961). Among normal tissues, CSF1 mRNA expression was invariably present in synovium (10/10, 100%) and absent in all other normal tissues. All LTGCT and DTGCT were positive (24/24, 100%), exclusively in large, eosinophilic synoviocytes. MTGCT contained large clusters of CSF1-positive malignant synoviocytes (8/8, 100%); malignant spindled cells were also positive. Among non-TGCT, CSF1 CISH was less often positive with high specificity (90%). CSF1-positive cases included leiomyosarcoma, giant cell tumor of bone and of soft parts, pulmonary carcinoma and others. The sensitivity and specificity of RNAscope CSF1 mRNA CISH for the diagnosis of TGCT were 100% and 90%, respectively. We conclude that RNAscope CSF1 CISH may be a valuable adjunct for the diagnosis of TGCT of all types, especially those with atypical or malignant morphologic features. Detection of CSF1 mRNA expression may also have predictive significance in cases where use of the CSF1 inhibitor pexidartinib is considered.
Random Measures, Smoothing and Scattering

Null arrays of random measures, weak and strong Poisson convergence, compound Poisson approximation, dissipative scattering, strong equivalence and tightness, thinning limits, Cox criterion, 0−∞ laws, weak and strong averaging, asymptotically invariant smoothing and scattering, convolution powers, constant-velocity transforms, independence and Cox property, line and flat processes, spanning and density criteria, cluster dichotomy, truncation and Palm tree criteria.
Atypical Antipsychotics in the Treatment of Bipolar Disorder

Atypical antipsychotics are characterised by a low propensity for causing acute and tardive extrapyramidal symptoms and an increased efficacy against positive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia. A growing literature suggests clozapine and other atypical antipsychotics, including olanzapine, risperidone, and possibly quetiapine and ziprasidone, are also effective in the treatment of bipolar disorder, particularly the manic phase. Symptoms that are refractory to other drugs may respond to these agents. However, antipsychotic treatment can be associated with serious adverse effects, and caution needs to be exercised in the prescription of these agents.
GABA-A Inhibition Shapes the Spatial and Temporal Response Properties of Purkinje Cells in the Macaque Cerebellum

Data from in vitro and anesthetized preparations indicate that inhibition plays a major role in cerebellar cortex function. We investigated the role of GABA-A inhibition in the macaque cerebellar ventral-paraflocculus while animals performed oculomotor behaviors that are known to engage the circuit. We recorded Purkinje cell responses to these behaviors with and without application of gabazine, a GABA-A receptor antagonist, near the recorded neuron. Gabazine increased the neuronal responsiveness to saccades in all directions and the neuronal gain to VOR cancellation and pursuit, most significantly the eye and head velocity sensitivity. L-glutamate application indicated that these changes were not the consequence of increases in baseline firing rate. Importantly, gabazine did not affect behavior or efference copy, suggesting that only local computations were disrupted. Our data, collected while the cerebellum performs behaviorally relevant computations, indicate that inhibition is a potent regulatory mechanism for the control of input-output gain and spatial tuning in the cerebellar cortex.
A sensor network test-bed for an integrated target surveillance experiment

We describe a distributed sensor network test-bed and a surveillance experiment to demonstrate the integration of distributed tracking algorithms with strategies for location estimation, energy management and mobility management of sensor nodes. The test-bed consists of real sensor nodes augmented with a simulated environment. Data from real world tracking is provided to the simulated environment, where it is used to self-organize the sensor network in an energy-efficient way. Results from the simulation are then fed back to the real world to enable the sensor network to reorganize for reinforced tracking.
The role of dissipation in the evolution of ocean swell

[1] Dissipation of ocean swell, inferred from published oceanographic data, is investigated to determine if laboratory results on the dissipative stabilization of narrow-banded wave trains are applicable to ocean swell. Three issues are addressed. (i) Dimensional decay rates of ocean swell are about a million times smaller than typical decay rates of laboratory waves. Nevertheless, when decay rates are nondimensionalized using scales of dispersive and nonlinear effects, the dimensionless decay rates of ocean swell are comparable to those of laboratory waves, indicating that dissipation and nonlinear effects can influence ocean swell on the same time scale. (ii) The stability of ocean swell to small perturbations is examined within the theoretical framework of nonlinear Schrodinger-type models that either do or do not include dissipation. As in laboratory experiments, for swell with small enough nonlinearity, dissipation can inhibit and eventually stop the growth of small perturbations before nonlinearity becomes important. And as in laboratory experiments, we document herein an example of ocean swell with stronger nonlinearity that exhibits frequency downshifting, which is not predicted by any nonlinear Schrodinger-type model, including higher-order models, with or without dissipation. (iii) Given that dissipation can influence the evolution of ocean swell, we compare the predicted decay rates of four (published) dissipative models with observed decay rates, both in the ocean and in a laboratory wave tank. The model that presupposes an inextensible film on the free surface agrees best with measured rates of dissipation of ocean swell.
Escape tectonics in the Los Angeles metropolitan region and implications for seismic risk

Recent damaging earthquakes in California, including the 1971 San Fernando1, 1983 Coalinga2, 1987 Whittier Narrows3 and 1994 Northridge4 events, have drawn attention to thrust faults as both potentially hazardous seismic sources and as a mechanism for accommodating shortening in many regions of southern California. Consequently, many geological studies5,6 have concluded that thrust faults in Southern California pose the greatest seismic hazard, and also account for most of the estimated 5–7 mm yr−1 of contraction across the greater Los Angeles metropolitan area7,8 indicated by Global Positioning System geodetic measurements9. Our study demonstrates, however, that less than 50% of the geodetically observed contraction is accommodated on the principal thrust systems across the Los Angeles region. We integrate the most recent geological, geodetic and seismological data to assess the spatial distribution of strain across the Los Angeles metropolitan region. We then demonstrate that a significant component of seismic moment release and shortening in this region is accommodated by east–west crustal escape ‘extrusion’ along known strike-slip and oblique-slip faults.
First Assessment of the Sex Ratio for an East Pacific Green Sea Turtle Foraging Aggregation: Validation and Application of a Testosterone ELISA

Determining sex ratios of endangered populations is important for wildlife management, particularly species subject to sex-specific threats or that exhibit temperature-dependent sex determination. Sea turtle sex is determined by incubation temperature and individuals lack external sex-based traits until sexual maturity. Previous research utilized serum/plasma testosterone radioimmunoassays (RIA) to determine sex in immature/juvenile sea turtles. However, there has been a growing application of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for wildlife endocrinology studies, but no study on sea turtles has compared the results of ELISA and RIA. This study provides the first sex ratio for a threatened East Pacific green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas) foraging aggregation, a critical step for future management of this species. Here, we validate a testosterone ELISA and compare results between RIA and ELISA of duplicate samples. The ELISA demonstrated excellent correspondence with the RIA for providing testosterone concentrations for sex determination. Neither assay proved reliable for predicting the sex of reproductively active females with increased testosterone production. We then applied ELISA to examine the sex ratio of 69 green turtles foraging in San Diego Bay, California. Of 45 immature turtles sampled, sex could not be determined for three turtles because testosterone concentrations fell between the ranges for either sex (females: 4.1-113.1 pg/mL, males: 198.4-2,613.0 pg/mL) and these turtles were not subsequently recaptured to enable sex determination; using a Bayesian model to predict probabilities of turtle sex we predicted all three 'unknowns' were female (> 0.86). Additionally, the model assigned all turtles with their correct sex (if determined at recapture) with 100% accuracy. Results indicated a female bias (2.83F:1M) among all turtles in the aggregation; when focusing only on putative immature turtles the sex ratio was 3.5F:1M. With appropriate validation, ELISA sexing could be applied to other sea turtle species, and serve as a crucial conservation tool.
The social milieu of burn injury and recovery: using "social capital" as a framework for evaluating sex differences

This retrospective review describes differences in social and demographic factors of women and men hospitalized for acute burns. These differences are examined using the framework of social capital to assess burn injury outcomes. Our TRACS-ABA registry was used to identify adult women admitted for the treatment of acute burns from 1998 to 2002. Each woman was matched by age (+/-5 years), %TBSA (+/-5%), and inhalation injury to a man hospitalized during the same period. Patient medical records were reviewed for sociodemographic data, burn etiology, hospital course, and discharge information. One hundred forty-five adult women hospitalized for burn injury during the study period were successfully matched by age, burn size, and inhalation injury to 145 men. The mean age of study patients was 46.4 +/- 18 years. The mean %TBSA burned was 13.0 +/- 18, and 15.5% had inhalation injury. There were no sex-related differences in any clinical outcomes evaluated. A surprising finding was that women were admitted to the hospital significantly later than men after injury (3.7 vs 1.2 days; P < .05). Days from admit to injury negatively correlated with %TBSA in women, but not in men. Women also differed from men in a number of sociodemographic factors. Social and demographic differences exist between men and women admitted for treatment of acute burn injury. These differences influence admission after burn injury. Additional efforts are needed to better measure and evaluate the role of social capital in burn injury epidemiology, management, and outcomes.
The Road Less Traveled: Non-traditional Ways of Communicating Astronomy with the Public

In an age of media saturation, how can astronomers succeed in grabbing the public's attention to increase awareness and understanding of astronomy? Here I discuss some creative alternatives to press releases, public lectures, television programs, books, magazine articles, and other traditional ways of bringing astronomy to a wide audience. By thinking outside the box and employing novel tools - from truly terrible sci-fi movies, to modern Stonehenges, to music from the stars - astronomers are finding effective new ways of communicating the wonders of the universe to people of all ages.
Nanoparticles for drug delivery to the lungs.

The lungs are an attractive route for non-invasive drug delivery with advantages for both systemic and local applications. Incorporating therapeutics with polymeric nanoparticles offers additional degrees of manipulation for delivery systems, providing sustained release and the ability to target specific cells and organs. However, nanoparticle delivery to the lungs has many challenges including formulation instability due to particle–particle interactions and poor delivery efficiency due to exhalation of low-inertia nanoparticles. Thus, novel methods formulating nanoparticles into the form of micron-scale dry powders have been developed. These carrier particles exhibit improved handling and delivery, while releasing nanoparticles upon deposition in the lungs. This review covers the development of nanoparticle formulations for pulmonary delivery as both individual nanoparticles and encapsulated within carrier particles.
OCLC records for federal depository documents: A preliminary investigation

Abstract A representative sample of 300 printed monographs and analyzed serials distributed to depository libraries was searched in the OCLC online system to determine when, how, and by whom depository documents are likely to be cataloged. Particular attention was paid to differences between dates of distribution and cataloging for sales publications, for all titles cataloged by the Government Printing Office, and for those cataloged by the Library of Congress. Patterns relating to document distribution as well as to cataloging practices were discernible from survey results and are presented here. Major findings may be summarized as follows: 1) not all depository monographs are cataloged by the Government Printing Office; 2) sales publications are cataloged quickly, often before distribution by GPO; 3) the quality of cataloging records for depository documents available on OCLC is generally high; 4) the Library of Congress catalogs relatively few depository documents and is comparatively slow to do so; and 5) many different types of OCLC member libraries catalog federal depository documents, often before GPO does. The article concludes with a discussion of implications for future changes in documents cataloging policies among depository libraries, and argues for greater inclusion of documents records in the many online, public-access catalogs currently being planned or used.
Formation of metastable hydrogen atoms by charge exchange of fast protons in magnesium and barium vapors

The cross sections for the formation of H(2s) metastable atoms in H/sup +/ collisions with Mg and Ba alkaline-earth-metal vapors have been measured over the energy range 1.5--90 keV. The absolute value of the cross sections has been obtained by normalizing the present results to the cross section for H(2s) formation in Ar gas at 30 keV. In Ba, the cross section reaches a maximum value of 5.6 x 10/sup -16/ cm/sup 2/ at 3 keV. In Mg, the maximum value is 3.2 x 10/sup -16/ cm/sup 2/ and occurs at 7 keV. The measured cross sections exhibit structure at high energies which is attributed to inner-shell capture. A comparison of the present results with previous n = 6 electron-capture data in Mg indicates that the n/sup -3/ capture law is not obeyed. An analysis based on data available for 16 different collisions between H/sup +/ ions and ns/sup 1/ and ns/sup 2/ targets shows that the scaling law for the velocity v/sub m/ at which the single-electron-capture cross section is a maximum is not consistent with the Massey adiabatic criterion. Instead, the data are consistent with the relation v/sub m/proportional vertical-bar ..delta..E/sub infinity/ vertical-bar /sup 1/2/ where vertical-bar ..delta..E/submore » infinity/ vertical-bar /sup 1/2/ is the energy defect of the collision. The fraction of the neutral beam in the 2s state formed by collisions of H/sup +/ ions with thin targets of Mg and Ba is also reported. In Ba, the fraction is equal to 0.25 +- 0.05 at 2.0 keV and is rising at low energies. In Mg, the maximum value of the fraction is 0.13 +- 0.03 and occurs at approx. 7 keV.« less
The influence of temporal spacing on time-place discrimination.

The conditions under which circadian and interval-timing mechanisms are used in time-place discrimination were investigated. Rats earned the first daily meal by pressing a lever beginning 3.5 h after the start of the session and a second daily meal by pressing another lever. The second meal started 3.5 or 7 h (Experiment 1) or 0.75 or 1.75 h (Experiment 2) after the start of the first meal, using independent groups. In Experiment 1, approximately half of the rats used an interval-timing mechanism, and the other half used a circadian mechanism. In Experiment 2, the rats timed two intervals, one from the start of the session until the first meal and the other from the first to the second meal. A circadian mechanism is relevant to timing intervals in the range of 1.75–3.5 h, and an interval-timing mechanism can be used to time intervals from 0.75–7 h.
Linking of amino-capped quinonediimines by divalent transition metal ions: Synthesis, characterization, and comparison to electronic structure calculations

Abstract Quantum mechanical density functional theory (DFT) calculations are reported for novel, self-assembled transition metal linked dimers of N , N ′-bis (3′-carboxy,4′-aminophenyl)-1,4-quinonediimine, with the metals manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper and zinc each in the +2 oxidation state. Infrared spectroscopy detected systematic changes in the carbon–nitrogen double bond involving the imine nitrogen atoms, from 1457 cm −1 for manganese complex to 1622 cm −1 for the iron complexes. The calculated electronic band gaps of the complexes compare favorably to those for the uncomplexed quinonediimines. The synthesis of the compounds demonstrates a feasible route to the design of a tunable architecture of linear molecular wires derived from properly derivatized quinonediimines.
GRG2: an all FORTRAN general purpose nonlinear optimizer

GRG2 solves nonlinear optimization problems in which the objective and constraint functions can have nonlinearities of any form but should be differentiable. Both single and double precision versions are available for computers of all major vendors.
CURRENT CONCEPTS IN THE TREATMENT OF TRAUMATIC INJURY TO THE POSTERIOR SEGMENT

Posterior segment injury involves the vitreous, retina, choroid, and posterior sclera during ocular injury. The nature of industrial and sports-related trauma frequently causes posterior segment injury, 14 which can manifest in a variety of ways. The diverse spectrum of posterior injuries includes a foveal scar from photic exposure, an intraocular foreign body from hammering, intraocular injection of hydraulic fluid from high-pressure lines, chronic retinal detachment due to an unrecognized retinal dialysis, and complete globe disorganization caused by a golf ball injury. It is well recognized and accepted that almost all sport- and work-related ocular injuries can be prevented by the use of appropriate protective eye gear. 39,48 Despite this knowledge, these injuries continue to be the one of the leading causes of visual loss, especially in the younger age group. The visual prognosis after ocular trauma depends on a number of factors. 15 A large proportion of eyes with severe and irreversible visual loss due to trauma almost always exhibit posterior segment injuries. These injuries lead to vitreoretinal complications that may occur immediately, days, weeks, or even years after the initial trauma. 12 Recent advances in microsurgical techniques, as well as an improved understanding of the pathophysiology of these vitreoretinal complications, may minimize the visual loss, even in the more severely affected eyes. Therefore, although prevention remains the ultimate goal, the diagnosis and management of posterior segment injuries are important factors in reducing the magnitude of visual loss in injured eyes.
Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography at 1.3 um wavelength with 19-kHz A-line acquisition rate

We demonstrate spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) with A-line acquisition rate of 19 kHz with sensitivity of >105 dB over 2-mm depth range, using InGaAs line-scan camera and broadband source at 1.31 µm wavelength.
A note on new estimates of the mortality of the extreme aged

This note reports on the utilization of the “extinct generation” method, a procedure that permits a reconstruction of “extinct” population cohorts from the death statistics for a series of years and provides alternative estimates of the mortality of the extreme aged population (persons 85 years of age and over) in the United States during the period 1951–1965. Remarkably close correspondence was found between the annual mortality rates thus derived and figures published by the National Center for Health Statistics. It was concluded that the quality of the mortality rates produced was superior to the official figures but not markedly so. An advantage of the method is the ability to produce rates in detail, such as for five-year age groups, not ordinarily published for the 85 and over population.
Toward a Linear Prediction Model of Marital Happiness

An attempt was made to replicate Howard and Dawes' (1976) find ing that marital happiness is linearly related to the difference between frequency of sexual intercourse and frequency of arguments. Their finding was confirmed. However, in contrast to the Howard and Dawes results, the present results further suggest that either frequency variable can by it self serve as a predictor of marital happiness.
Confirmatory factor analysis under violations of distributional and structural assumptions

This simulation study evaluated CFA model results under violations of both distributional and structural assumptions using maximum likelihood (ML), robust maximum likelihood (RML), and weighted least square (WLS) estimation methods. Design factors included model complexity, the degree of non-normality of factor and error scores, sample sizes, and model misspecifications. In total, 72 conditions were used for data generation. Results were evaluated by rejection rate based on the model chi-square tests, fit function, CFI, RMSEA, and parameter estimates. Findings from the simulation study suggested that CFA results were robust to moderate violation of the non-normality of both factor and error scores under ML and RML methods, however, the degree of non-normality of factor scores impacted both overall model fit indices and loading estimates under WLS, particularly when the models were mis-specified. In addition, correctly specified and mis-specified models were likely detected by combining results from multiple estimation methods.
Zygotically active genes that affect the spatial expression of the fushi tarazu segmentation gene during early Drosophila embryogenesis

The establishment of the segmental body pattern of Drosophila requires the coordinated functions of three classes of zygotically active genes early in development. We have examined the effects of mutations in these genes on the spatial expression of the fushi tarazu (ftz) pair-rule segmentation gene. Mutations in four gap loci and in three pair-rule loci dramatically affect the initial pattern of transverse stripes of ftz-containing nuclei. Five other pair-rule genes and several other loci that affect the larval cuticular pattern do not detectably affect ftz expression. No simple regulatory relationships can be deduced. Rather, expression of the ftz gene depends upon the interactions among the different segmentation genes active at each position along the anterior-posterior axis of the early embryo.
Dark incoherent soliton splitting and ``phase-memory'' effects: Theory and experiment

We report on an experimental observation of dark incoherent soliton Y splitting. The effects of incoherence on the evolution of incoherent dark soliton doublets are investigated both theoretically and experimentally. We show that the dynamics of these incoherent self-trapped entities are associated with strong ``phase-memory'' effects that are otherwise absent in the linear regime.
Meeting Academic Needs for Information: A Customer Service Approach

Should academic libraries seek to improve general satisfaction with their services, or are some services more important than others? This article asserts that faculty and students mainly want information resources. The research analyzes LibQUAL+ TM data to determine which other library resources contribute to information satisfaction among users. The conclusion is that access mechanisms are very important predictors of information resource satisfaction, but library facilities and library staff are negligible predictors. This is true across different groups of users.
Synthesis of C13–C22 of amphidinolide T2 via nickel-catalyzed reductive coupling of an alkyne and a terminal epoxide

Abstract Several stereoselective routes to the synthesis of (1S,3R)-t-butyldimethyl-(1-methyl-3-oxiranyl-propoxy)-silane ( 13a ) were explored, and the use of Jacobsen's hydrolytic kinetic resolution to separate a mixture of diastereomeric epoxides was a key step in the shortest of these. As part of an approach to the total synthesis of amphidinolide T2 ( 2 ), this epoxide, corresponding to C17–C22 of the natural product, was successfully joined with an alkyne (C13–C16) by way of a nickel-catalyzed reductive coupling reaction.
Spring bloom dynamics and zooplankton biomass response on the US Northeast Continental Shelf

Abstract The spring phytoplankton bloom on the US Northeast Continental Shelf is a feature of the ecosystem production cycle that varies annually in timing, spatial extent, and magnitude. To quantify this variability, we analyzed remotely-sensed ocean color data at two spatial scales, one based on ecologically defined sub-units of the ecosystem (production units) and the other on a regular grid (0.5°). Five units were defined: Gulf of Maine East and West, Georges Bank, and Middle Atlantic Bight North and South. The units averaged 47×103 km2 in size. The initiation and termination of the spring bloom were determined using change-point analysis with constraints on what was identified as a bloom based on climatological bloom patterns. A discrete spring bloom was detected in most years over much of the western Gulf of Maine production unit. However, bloom frequency declined in the eastern Gulf of Maine and transitioned to frequencies as low as 50% along the southern flank of the Georges Bank production unit. Detectable spring blooms were episodic in the Middle Atlantic Bight production units. In the western Gulf of Maine, bloom duration was inversely related to bloom start day; thus, early blooms tended to be longer lasting and larger magnitude blooms. We view this as a phenological mismatch between bloom timing and the “top-down” grazing pressure that terminates a bloom. Estimates of secondary production were available from plankton surveys that provided spring indices of zooplankton biovolume. Winter chlorophyll biomass had little effect on spring zooplankton biovolume, whereas spring chlorophyll biomass had mixed effects on biovolume. There was evidence of a “bottom up” response seen on Georges Bank where spring zooplankton biovolume was positively correlated with the concentration of chlorophyll. However, in the western Gulf of Maine, biovolume was uncorrelated with chlorophyll concentration, but was positively correlated with bloom start and negatively correlated with magnitude. This observation is consistent with both a “top-down” mechanism of control of the bloom and a “bottom-up” effect of bloom timing on zooplankton grazing. Our inability to form a consistent model of these relationships across adjacent systems underscores the need for further research.
Critical Assessment of the Statistical Significance of Simulated Motions in Myosin V

Elastic Network Models (ENM) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) on Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations are well-established computational methods that identify protein motions. Both methods have limitations in sampling conformational diversity. We employ an alternative method that more efficiently samples conformations by performing a rigidity analysis of myosin V using Floppy Inclusions and Rigid Substructure Topography (FIRST). We then generate trajectories of conformations using the Framework Rigidity Optimized Dynamics Algorithm (FRODA) that is approximately four orders of magnitude faster than MD. PCA analysis of the alpha carbon positions on three initial conformational states from X-ray crystal structures is performed. The modes with greatest variance qualitatively agree with the slowest ENM modes, indicating a PCA analysis on the FIRST/FRODA ensemble of conformations produce consistent predictions. However, in order to determine a statistically significant interpretation of the PCA modes, a negative control was performed that replaces a biologically relevant displacement vector with a random displacement vector (decoy). Surprisingly, the decoys produce similar high correlation to the same few greatest variance PCA modes. Our results put serious question on the soundness of the common interpretation of high overlap between a conformational displacement vector and a mode. Further analysis shows that biologically relevant motions found in myosin V require many modes. As such, inferring specific mechanisms based on a single mode is generally difficult to impossible. To facilitate a quantitative justification in identifying a biologically relevant pathway, the protein motion is decomposed further by projecting PCA modes into structural domains, and correlated motions are identified via mode-coupling. We present a critical comparison to recent predictions for the conformational pathways in myosin V, where statistical significance is monitored. This work is supported by NIH grant 1R21HL093531.
Formoterol, a long-acting β2 adrenergic agonist, improves cognitive function and promotes dendritic complexity in a mouse model of Down syndrome.

Background Down syndrome is associated with significant failure in cognitive function. Our previous investigation revealed age-dependent degeneration of locus coeruleus, a major player in contextual learning, in the Ts65Dn mouse model of Down syndrome. We studied whether drugs already available for use in humans can be used to improve cognitive function in these mice. Methods We studied the status of β adrenergic signaling in the dentate gyrus of the Ts65Dn mouse model of Down syndrome. Furthermore, we used fear conditioning to study learning and memory in these mice. Postmortem analyses included the analysis of synaptic density, dendritic arborization, and neurogenesis. Results We found significant atrophy of dentate gyrus and failure of β adrenergic signaling in the hippocampus of Ts65Dn mice. Our behavioral analyses revealed that formoterol, a long-acting β2 adrenergic receptor agonist, caused significant improvement in the cognitive function in Ts65Dn mice. Postmortem analyses revealed that the use of formoterol was associated with a significant improvement in the synaptic density and increased complexity of newly born dentate granule neurons in the hippocampus of Ts65Dn mice. Conclusions Our data suggest that targeting β2 adrenergic receptors is an effective strategy for restoring synaptic plasticity and cognitive function in these mice. Considering its widespread use in humans and positive effects on cognition in Ts65Dn mice, formoterol or similar β2 adrenergic receptor agonists with ability to cross the blood brain barrier might be attractive candidates for clinical trials to improve cognitive function in individuals with Down syndrome.
Insect antifeedant elemanolide lactones from Vernonia amygdalina

Abstract Chemical investigation of insect antifeedants from the bitter tasting leaves of Vernonia amygdalina by the application of semi-preparative reversed
Sequential choice of an optimal dose: A prediction intervals approach

SUMMARY Let Y(x) be the toxicity associated with some dosage level x. Let the conditional distribution of Y be normal with mean linear in x. The optimal dosage is defined to be the largest value of x such that the probability that Y(x) does not exceed -1 is at least y, where -j is some threshold toxicity level and y is some specified tolerance probability. Recently, Eichhorn and Zacks have introduced the problem of sequentially and consistently estimating the optimal dosage at the same time controlling the probability that a dose does exceed the optimal dose. In this paper sequential search procedures are defined which control the probability that the toxicity exceeds -q, the threshold value. Two models are considered corresponding to two different variance functions.
Mathematical Model of the Cooling of a Plastic, Thermoformed Part

This paper presents research into the mechanism involved in the cooling of a plastic thermoformed part after it is formed onto a mold. The intent of this research is to develop a simple and practical mathematical model useful to small thermoforming companies without a large engineering staff that describes the transient heat conduction of the cooling process. The model should also be able to predict the temperature distribution within the thickness of the part during the cooling. This mathematical model, which began with simplified boundary conditions, was then compared to experimental cooling data and modified accordingly to properly fit that data and the actual boundary conditions of the cooling part. The research began by examining the cooling of a series of high molecular weight polyethylene thermoformed side panels for plastic, portable restrooms. These parts where chosen for this preliminary research because of their very simple, flat geometric shape that lends them to being modeled as simple plane walls in transient conduction. The shape of the parts also leads to near constant thickness over the vast majority of the part. Using the model of a plane wall in transient conduction, the governing partial differential equation was solved for two possible boundary conditions on the mold side of the part: constant imposed surface temperature and constant imposed surface heat flux. These two solutions were then compared to experimental data gathered on the temperature profile of the free surface of the part during a production environment. After the experimental data and simple mathematical models were compared the necessary changes to the assumed mold side boundary condition was made to adjust the mathematical model to the experimental data. The research found that the use of simple boundary conditions at the mold side of the part is incorrect. Neither the constant imposed surface temperature nor the imposed surface heat flux boundary conditions fit the data. Initial analysis of the experimental data showed that a time of 30 seconds into the cooling cycle an apparent change in that boundary condition occurs for the part and mold used to gather the data. Further analysis showed that the boundary condition begins as a constant surface heat flux and then changes to an imposed surface temperature that decays exponentially to the initial mold surface temperature. Using this boundary condition, a revised mathematical was developed that match the experimental data very well. The error of the new model compared to the experimental was less than 1.5% for all times during the cooling cycle.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
A three-dimensional virtual environment for modeling mechanical cardiopulmonary interactions

We have developed a real-time computer system for modeling mechanical physiological behavior in an interactive, 3-D virtual environment. Such an environment can be used to facilitate exploration of cardiopulmonary physiology, particularly in situations that are difficult to reproduce clinically. We integrate 3-D deformable body dynamics with new, formal models of (scalar) cardiorespiratory physiology, associating the scalar physiological variables and parameters with the corresponding 3-D anatomy. Our framework enables us to drive a high-dimensional system (the 3-D anatomical models) from one with fewer parameters (the scalar physiological models) because of the nature of the domain and our intended application. Our approach is amenable to modeling patient-specific circumstances in two ways. First, using CT scan data, we apply semi-automatic methods for extracting and reconstructing the anatomy to use in our simulations. Second, our scalar physiological models are defined in terms of clinically measurable, patient-specific parameters. This paper describes our approach, problems we have encountered and a sample of results showing normal breathing and acute effects of pneumothoraces.
The inefficiency of least squares

SUMMARY Two criteria are set up to judge the relative performance of the least squares estimator and the best linear unbiased estimator of , in the linear model y = X/, + u, where E(u) = 0, E(uu') = F. The matrices X and r are found so that the relative performance of least squares is worst. Both criteria give the same least favourable situation: when X(X) is any one of the 2k manifolds (Y1 +? Yn, ***., Yk ? Yn-k+l), where Fyi = fiyi andf1 < ... < fn are fixed, ,/(. ) denoting the subspace spanned by the columns of the relevant matrix. The case where allfi may be chosen in a preassigned interval is also discussed. The practical implications of the various results are mentioned.
A New Trend in Language Study

Author's summary.— Intensive and extensive study of modern languages may be expected in the United States.)
Neuroblastoma invading the kidney

Renal invasion by neuroblastoma is probably more common than is generally recognized. In this study, the incidence of renal parenchymal tumor invasion was 20.4% (10 patients) among 49 cases of abdominal neuroblastoma. Generally, the renoinfiltrative neuroblastomas were extensive and had unfavorable histological features as well as lymph node involvement; they were either stage III or IV. Tumor invasion occurred by direct penetration through the renal capsule and/or lymphatic perivascular spread. Imaging studies had 100% sensitivity and 94.9% specificity for detecting renal invasion of neuroblastoma. Surgery/pathology was the standard of reference. Two instances of misdiagnoses of renal invasion were attributed to inadequate resolution of older computed tomography films, partial volume effects, and renal distortion by tumor compression.
Mutual interference between communication satellites and terrestrial line-of-sight radio-relay systems

The paper examines the mutual interference to be expected between the satellites of broadband frequency-modulated satellite communication systems and high-capacity terrestrial line-of-sight radio-relay systems in the event of their sharing the 4 and 6 Gc/s communication bands. By comparing the resulting interference noise power in a 3.1 kc/s audio channel of a telephony system with the internationally agreed total noise power for such a channel, maximum permissible values are derived for the power flux arriving at the Earth's surface from a satellite and for the effective radiated power of a terrestrial transmitter, which, if observed, would ensure that this interference is kept within acceptable bounds.
Increased heart failure risk in normal-weight people with metabolic syndrome compared with metabolically healthy obese individuals.

Objectives The purpose of this study was to assess whether the metabolically healthy obese phenotype is associated with lower heart failure (HF) risk compared with normal-weight individuals with metabolic syndrome (MetS). Background Obesity and MetS often coexist and are associated with increased HF risk. It is controversial whether obese individuals with normal insulin sensitivity have decreased HF risk. Methods A total of 550 individuals without diabetes or baseline macrovascular complications were studied during a median follow-up of 6 years. Participants were classified by presence (n = 271) or absence (n = 279) of MetS and by body mass index (body mass index: Results Body mass index was not associated with increased HF risk. The presence of MetS conferred a 2.5-fold higher HF risk (hazard ratio [HR]: 2.5, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.68 to 3.40). Overweight and obese individuals without MetS had the lowest 6-year HF risk (HR: 1.12, 95% CI: 0.35 to 0.33 and HR: 0.41, 95% CI: 0.10 to 1.31, respectively) compared with normal-weight individuals with MetS (HR: 2.33, 95% CI: 1.25 to 4.36, p Conclusions In contrast to normal weight insulin-resistant individuals, metabolically healthy obese individuals show decreased HF risk in a 6-year follow-up study.
Head-space analysis in modern gas chromatography

Recent developments and trends in the use of headspace sampling with gas chromatography (GC) are reviewed and discussed. A brief overview of headspace analysis techniques and theory references is provided, followed by publication trend data on the various headspace-analysis techniques. The techniques described include static and dynamic headspace extraction, solid phase micro-extraction (SPME) and several additional techniques now receiving attention. Examples of applications in environmental, clinical, forensic, biological, food, flavor and pharmaceutical analysis are provided. Research in headspace-GC is very active and growing, with new applications being reported continually. # 2002 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Acute Renal Failure in the Neonate

Although the exact prevalence of acute renal failure (ARF) in the neonate is difficult to determine precisely, patients who have mild-to-severe ARF are common in most neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). In most instances, the cause of failure is prerenal, in which cardiac output or renal blood flow are diminished, but intrinsic renal injury or postrenal obstructive processes also occur. By considering normal renal physiology, the mechanisms through which renal failure develops can be understood. This understanding is important in limiting the extent of injury and in developing therapies to control the effects of renal dysfunction on fluid and electrolyte balance, acidosis, and nutrition. Outcome and prognosis depend on comorbidities and the presence of failure in other organs as well as the cause and severity of ARF. Permanent effects may not be apparent until later in childhood, mandating careful follow-up and monitoring.
Recent advances in utilizing acoustics to study surface roughness in agricultural surfaces

Abstract The evaluation of surface roughness in agricultural settings is investigated. Previous work has shown that sound propagating in a direction parallel to a smooth porous ground attenuates more rapidly than in a free space. This attenuation is due to absorption of the sound in the air filled pores in the ground. Previous work has also shown that a comparable attenuation phenomenon exists for propagation over a rough surface, albeit from different attenuation mechanisms. It is proposed that these additional attenuation mechanisms can be used to quantify the surface roughness, even on a porous surface. Attempts to model observed data with an effective impedance or reflection coefficient, in order to quantify the surface roughness, have had some success but have met with some problems for certain propagation geometries and surface configurations. Experimental data and modeling results will be presented and discussed for a variety of surfaces ranging in surface properties from impermeable to loosely packed soil and ranging in surface roughness scales from low sloped perturbations to steeply sloped wedges.
Heart Disease Awareness and Intervention Training: An Alternative to Citizen CPR

Each year in the United States 700,000 people die from the sudden onset of heart attack symptoms. Of these deaths over 350,000 occur in the prehospital setting. Many of these deaths are felt to be avoidable if a greater number of the lay public were trained in Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. In the twenty-five years since Kouwenhoven, et al, suggested that closed chest cardiac compression and mouth-to-mouth artificial ventilation may artificially produce a satisfactory oxygenated systemic blood flow, there have been thousands of published research reports and articles focused upon a broad spectrum of subtopics ranging from the improvement of these techniques to the training of the lay rescuer. Knopp has suggested some parameters within which new CPR techniques must fall. First, any new skill should be applicable to the field setting. Second, the techniques should be simple to apply. And thirdly, any new techniques must be statistically linked with a significant increase in survival rates. Citizen Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) has taken on almost religious connotations. A national strategy has been adopted by the American Heart Association and American Red Cross to train the lay public using a variety of training techniques of varying lengths.
Delight and Outrage in the Performing Arts: A Critical Incidence Analysis

Marketers are being challenged not merely to satisfy customers but to delight them. In order to accomplish (avoid) customer delight (outrage), the factors that create these emotions must first be isolated and identified. The present study uses the critical incident technique to identify the interpersonal and noninterpersonal factors associated with creating delight or outrage in a performing arts setting. Findings provide rich contextualization of important quality factors and illustrate the key role played by employees in managing the co-consumption process. In addition, the identified factors are associated with the commitment measures of word-of-mouth behavior, repatronage intentions, and donation intentions.