cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Understanding intraoperative fluorescent cholangiography: ten steps for an effective and successful procedure.

Common bile duct injuries (BDI) during laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) continue to be the source of morbidity and mortality. The reason for BDI is mostly related to the misidentification of the extrahepatic bile duct structures and the anatomic variability. Near-infrared fluorescent cholangiography (NIFC) has proven to enhance visualization of extrahepatic biliary structures during LCs. The purpose of this study was to describe the most important steps in the performance of NIFC. In accordance to the most current surgical practice of LC at our institution, a consensus was achieved on the most relevant steps to be followed when utilizing NIFC. Dose of indocyanine green (ICG), time of administration, and identification of critical structures were previously determined based on prospective and randomized controlled studies performed at CCF. The ten steps identified as critical when performing NIFC during LC are preoperative administration of ICG, exposure of the hepatoduodenal ligament, initial anatomical evaluation, identification of the cystic duct and common bile duct junction, the cystic duct and its junction to the gallbladder, the CHD, the common bile duct, accessory ducts, cystic artery and, time-out and identification of Calot’s triangle, and evaluation of the liver bed. Routine use of NIFC is a useful diagnostic tool to better visualize the extrahepatic biliary structures during LC. The implementation of specific standardized steps might provide the surgeon with a better algorithm to use this technology and consequently reduce the incidence of BDI.
Numerical Modeling of a Viscous Incompressible Fluid Flow in a Channel with a Step

A stable fourth-order finite difference scheme is applied for solving the problem of steady-state, viscous, incompressible flow through a channel with a step. Results are presented for various step sizes and Reynolds numbers. The method converged for all parameters attempted and the results compared favorably with the literature, from a theoretical, numerical, and experimental standpoint.
More Than One Third of Intubations in Patients Transferred to Burn Centers are Unnecessary: Proposed Guidelines for Appropriate Intubation of the Burn Patient.

Advanced Burn Life Support emphasizes endotracheal intubation for patients with facial burns before transfer to a burn center to prevent airway obstruction. Many patients are intubated before transport and are often extubated shortly after burn center arrival. We hypothesize that many intubations performed before burn center transport are unnecessary. We conducted a retrospective review of all adults who were intubated before burn transfer and survived to discharge from August 2003 to June 2013. Intubations that had 2 or fewer ventilator days (i.e., potentially unnecessary intubations) were compared with those lasting longer than 2 days. Data collected included age, ventilator days, length of stay, % TBSA burn, % second degree, % third degree, % second degree face burn, % third degree face burn, and origin of burns. A total of 416 patient met inclusion criteria. Of these, 129 patients (31.0%) were intubated less than or equal to 1 day, and a total of 171 (40.1%) patients remained intubated for less than or equal to 2 days. Patients who were intubated less than or equal to 2 days differed from those intubated more than 2 days with respect to % TBSA burn (10.2 ± 8.1 vs 30.8 ± 19.7, P < .001), % third degree burn (2.84 ± 5.6 vs 22.5 ± 19.6, P < .001), % third degree face burn (0.14 ± 0.7 vs 0.94 ± 1.9, P < .001), and hospital days (11.7 ± 10.6 vs 50.7 ± 43.7, P < .001). Additionally, patients who were intubated less than or equal to 2 days were more likely to have been intubated in the pre-burn center setting (74.9% vs 51.8%, P < .001) and to have been burned outdoors (42.1% vs 24.9%; P < .001) than those who were intubated more than 2 days. Multivariate analysis revealed that intubation longer than 2 days was independently associated with older age and larger % TBSA burn. There were no reintubations in patients who were intubated 2 days or less. As a burn community, we have emphasized early intubation before transfer for those who have sustained significant burns, inhalational injury, or facial burns. Unfortunately, this has led to many potentially unnecessary intubations that expose patients to unnecessary complications. Although early intubation is a lifesaving intervention for many burn patients, criteria should be developed to determine when intubation is not needed.
Lymphocyte responses to syngeneic antigens: I. Enhancement of the murine autologous mixed lymphocyte response by polyethylene glycol☆

Abstract The normally weak murine T-cell proliferative response against autologous non-T stimulator cells (the autologous mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) was enhanced markedly by inclusion of the hydrophilic polymer, polyethylene glycol (PEG), into the culture medium. Potentiation of the autologous MLC was indicated on the basis of increased [ 3 H]TdR incorporation by responding cells, as well as by the numbers of viable cells recovered from mixed cell cultures. PEG is not a polyclonal activator of T and/or B lymphocytes, since nylon wool nonadherent lymphoid cells (T cell-enriched fraction), nylon wool adherent cells (B cell-enriched fraction) and T cell-deficient “nude” spleen cells were not stimulated into DNA synthesis when cultured separately with PEG. Inclusion of 4% PEG into the culture medium was found to optimally enhance autologous MLC, although concentrations between 2 and 5% also significantly elevated responsiveness. At a responder/stimulator ratio of 1:2, autologous MLC yielded peak [ 3 H]TdR incorporation after 5 days of culture. At lower ratios (1:1 and 2:1), however, Δ cpm of autologous MLC continued to increase over a culture period of 7 days. Enhanced responsiveness in the presence of PEG was observed in strains of mice representing a variety of H-2 haplotypes, indicating that at least the potential for autoreactivity of this type is a naturally occurring and widespread characteristic of murine species. An absolute requirement for purified T responder cells was necessary in the autologous MLC, since unseparated lymphoid cell responder LN or spleen cells demonstrated marked proliferation when cultured alone in medium containing PEG. The proliferation of T cells to autologous non-T cells within the same unseparated lymphoid cell preparation appears to be responsible for this phenomenon. Ia antigens expressed by the stimulator cells are involved in the induction of T-cell response, since anti-Ia sera added directly to the cultures inhibited the autologous MLC, but did not affect other T-cell responses to alloantigens or mitogens. Despite the marked proliferation observed in the autologous MLC performed in the presence of PEG, there was no generation of cytotoxic effector cells. Thus, PEG does not appear to add, or alter determinants on stimulator cells to an extent that they are recognized as foreign by precursor cytotoxic T cells. Although the mechanism of enhancement of autologous MLC by PEG is not totally defined, it appears, at least functionally, to promote cellular interactions that occur normally between T cells, B cells, and macrophages. In this respect, PEG will be a powerful and useful probe to dissect the cellular interactions that take place in autologous responses.
Geographical Information Systems

A geographical information system (GIS) consists of a database of attributes, spatial information, geospatial operators that link the two, user interface, and analytical, statistical and modeling features. GISs have grown rapidly in this century in business, government, and mass consumption markets. Location has become pervasive with mobile devices. By industry, GIS is often applied in natural resources, transportation, utilities, supply chain, agriculture, real estate, newspapers, and banking/finance. The benefits of GIS beyond nonspatial IS are improved accuracy of decision making, recognition of geography in operations and management, improved problem solving through geographic analysis, and ability to geo-design future solutions. Keywords: spatial analysis; business intelligence; spatial statistics; strategy; GIS applications
A Primer on Internet Exchange Points for Policymakers and Non-Engineers

IXPs are becoming a critical part of Internet infrastructure, and the way in which an IXP is managed can impact an entire region’s Internet economy. However, IXPs are not widely understood by policymakers, regulators, and businesspeople. Our paper takes one additional step to help address this gap by discussing IXPs in a way that is approachable to this group — even if doing so through somewhat shallow, non-technical lens. In the end, we conclude that a deeper policy understanding about how different IXPs operate can improve the regional Internet economy, mitigate corrosive sectoral distrust, improve Internet quality, and benefit consumers.
Managing heterogeneous transaction workflows with co-operating agents

Business operations, including sales, marketing, manufacturing, and design, can no longer be done in isolation, but must be done in a global context, i.e., as part of an enterprise. A characteristic of such enterprises is that their information systems are large and complex, and the information is in a variety of forms, locations, and computers. The topology of these systems is dynamic and their content is changing so rapidly that it is difficult for a user or an application program to obtain correct information, or for the enterprise to maintain consistent information.
Broad Clinical Phenotype and Facets of Emotion Regulation in Interpersonal Trauma Survivors.

OBJECTIVE This study examines broad-based psychopathology in a community sample of female survivors of interpersonal trauma. The extent to which facets of emotion regulation predict symptom presentation among this population is examined. Method Hierarchical cluster analysis examining symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, somatization, and alcohol abuse was used to identify symptom clusters in an ethnically diverse sample (N = 205). Results Approximately 17% of the sample fell into a severe symptom group characterized by clinical levels of distress across all four disorders. The largest group (46%) was marked by subclinical distress across all four disorders, while the final group (37%) reported subclinical distress, but with a relative absence of alcohol abuse. Of the 6 emotion regulation subscales from the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (Gratz & Roemer, ), 2 consistently predicted group membership: nonacceptance and impulsivity. Conclusions Cluster analyses revealed symptom clusters that may vary in their appropriateness for current posttrauma interventions. Implications for research and clinical practice are discussed. Language: en
Chronic pediatric tracheotomy: assessment and implications for habilitation of voice, speech and language in young children

The effect of chronic tracheotomy on the acquisition of voice, speech, and language skills was studied. Children with chronological ages of 16 months to 41 months were evaluated for Receptive Communication Age (RCA) and Expressive Communication Age (ECA). Results indicate a consistent deviation of (on the average) 4.8 months delay in RCA and 9 months delay in ECA. An habilitation program for early intervention in voice, speech and language stimulation is described, with follow-up data on 3 children. A progression from non-meaningful, non-vocal communication to more meaningful and functional communication is noted. The evidence indicates that, without therapeutic intervention, children with tracheotomies are at risk for delays in receptive and expressive language development, as well as deficits in oral/vocal speech and voice production.
Fast proximal gradient optimization of the empirical Bayesian Lasso for multiple quantitative trait locus mapping

Complex quantitative traits are influenced by many factors including the main effects of many quantitative trait loci (QTLs), the epistatic effects involving more than one QTLs, environmental effects and the effects of gene-environment interactions. We recently developed an empirical Bayesian Lasso (EBlasso) method that employs a high-dimensional sparse regression model to infer the QTL effects from a large set of possible effects. Although EBlasso outperformed other state-of-the-art algorithms in terms of power of detection (PD) and false discovery rate (FDR), it was optimized by a greedy coordinate ascent algorithm that limited its capability and efficiency in handling a relatively large number of possible QTLs. In this paper, we developed a fast proximal gradient optimization algorithm for the EBlasso method. The new algorithm inherits the accuracy of our previously developed coordinate ascent algorithm, and achieves much faster computational speed. Simulation results demonstrated that the proximal gradient algorithm provided better PD with the same FDR as the coordinate ascent algorithm, and computational time was reduced by more than 30%. The proximal gradient algorithm enhanced EBlasso will be a useful tool for multiple QTL mappings especially when there are a large number of possible effects. A C/C++ software implementing the proximal gradient algorithm is freely available upon request.
α-Tocopherol and γ-tocopherol attenuate ethanol-induced changes in membrane fatty acid composition in embryonic chick brains.

Background This project investigated whether or not EtOH-induced reductions in the levels of long-chain polyunsaturated membrane fatty acids could be attenuated by exogenous exposure to either α-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol, or diallyl sulfide (DAS). Methods At 0 days of development, fertile chicken eggs were injected with a single dose of either saline supplemented with various concentrations of EtOH, α- or γ-tocopherol and EtOH, or DAS and EtOH. At 18 days of development, brains were isolated and subjected to membrane analyses. Results When exposed to EtOH, concentrations ranging from 0–60.50 μm/Kg egg, dose-dependent decreases in the levels of brain 18:0, 18:1 (n-9), 18:2 (n-6), 18:3 (n-3), and 20:4 (n-6) were observed. These ethanol–induced changes in membrane fatty acid composition correlated with ethanol-induced reductions in brain mass, brain protein levels, acetylcholine esterase (AChE) activities and correlated with increased lipid hydroperoxide levels. Exposure to either 2.5 μm α-tocopherol/Kg egg and 6.050 mm EtOH/Kg egg, or 2.5 μm α-tocopherol/ Kg egg and 6.050 mm EtOH/Kg egg attenuated EtOH-induced changes in membrane fatty acid composition, brain mass, brain protein levels, AChE activities, and lipid hydroperoxide levels. Embryonic exposure to the cytochrome p450-2E1 inhibitor, diallyl sulfide (DAS), also attenuated EtOH-induced decreases in long-chain, unsaturated membrane fatty acids. However, embryonic exposure to DAS promoted abnormally low brain mass. Conclusion EtOH-induced reductions in the levels of brain long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid are caused by lipid peroxidation. Teratology 62:26–35, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The pericardium exerts constraint on the right ventricle during cardiac surgery

The right ventricle may be particularly susceptible to the effects of pericardial constraint. This study examined the effects of pericardiotomy on right ventricular function. Twenty-four anesthetized patients with coronary artery disease, but without evidence of pericardial pathology, were studied. Anesthesia consisted of fentanyl (100 micrograms.kg-1), diazepam, pancuronium, and 100% oxygen. The American Edwards REF-1 Cardiac Output Computer, rapid-response thermistor pulmonary arterial catheter, and a radial arterial catheter were used to measure hemodynamic variables. Baseline measurements were obtained with the sternum fully retracted. The measurements were then repeated following pericardiotomy by a midline incision. There were significant (P less than 0.05) changes in systolic arterial pressure (+4.5%), mean arterial pressure (+3.7%), systolic pulmonary arterial pressure (+11.8%), cardiac output (+9.1%), stroke volume (+6.9%), right ventricular end-diastolic volume (+7.6%), and right atrial pressure (-8.6%). In the current study, pericardiotomy augmented right ventricular diastolic filling and stroke volume, while the right atrial pressure decreased. These results support the concept of pericardial constraint.
Preventing and Managing Hypotension

Summary Simple maneuvers to prevent dialysis hypotension include measures to help maintain blood volume and to limit interdialytic weight gain. After several years of development, the use of hematocrit sensors and intelligent feedback regulation of the ultrafiltration rate based on blood volume, on-line measurement of cardiac output, or blood pressure, will soon be a reality. The use of acetate is fast becoming obsolete in the United States, because acetate has a number of adverse effects on the cardiovascular system. A preliminary report that acetate dialysis is associated with better solute removal from the body needs to be confirmed. Wider use of cool temperature dialysis is limited by frequent patient discomfort (feeling cold, shivering), and cool dialysis may adversely affect urea removal during dialysis, though this needs to be studied. In patients who experience sudden episodes of hypotension during dialysis, the mechanism may be sudden withdrawal of sympathetic tone. This may be related to generation of adenosine due to tissue ischemia. A rational approach to this type of patient would be to minimize tissue ischemia by increasing the baseline hematocrit if low, and by giving nasal oxygen during the treatment, Predialysis nasal administration of iysine vasopressin may help some patients with refractory dialysis hypotension.
BORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY (BNCT) FOR HIGH-GRADE GLIOMAS OF THE BRAIN: A CAUTIONARY NOTE

Abstract Purpose/Objective : Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is a method of treating high-grade gliomas of the brain that involves incorporating 10B into the tumor using appropriate phamacological agents and then irradiating the tumor with thermal or epithermal neutron beams. To date, over 120 patients have been treated in this manner by Japanese investigators using a thermal beam from a nuclear reactor. Favorable reports on outcome have motivated considerable current research in BNCT. The purpose of this study is to provide an independent analysis of the Japanese data by identifying the subset of patients from the United States who received this treatment in Japan and comparing their outcomes relative to a matched cohort who received conventional therapy in various Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) studies. Methods and Materials : The principal referral sources of patients to Japan for BNCT were identified and the names of patients sent for treatment obtained. The treating physicians in Japan were also contacted to see if additional patients from the United States had been treated. Either the patients or their next of kin were contacted, and permission was obtained to retrieve medical records including tumor pathology for central review. Prognostic variables according to an analysis of the RTOG brain tumor database by Curran et al. were determined from these records and used to construct a matched cohort of patients treated conventionally. Results : A total of 14 patients were identified who had traveled to Japan for BNCT treatment between July, 1987 and June, 1994. In the case of one patient (deceased), it was not possible to contact the next of kin. Material was obtained on the other 13 patients and review of the pathology indicated that 1 patient had a central nervous system lymphoma rather than a high-grade glioma. Survival data was analyzed for the other 12 patients on an actuarial basis, and this showed no difference compared to survival data for a matched set of patients constructed according to the classification schema of Curran et al. Median survivals were 10.5 months for both groups: survival at 3 years was 22% for the BNCT group compared to 13% for the conventionally treated group (p = NS). The only long-term survivors in the BNCT group had anaplastic astrocytomas and favorable prognostic criteria (Classes I and II of Curran et al.). The actuarial survival curves for the patients for the patients with glioblastoma multiforme (strict histological criteria) who received BNCT and their counterparts who received conventional therapy are virtually superimposable. The respective 2-year survivals are 20 v. 10% (p = NS). Patterns of failure, toxicity, and analysis of the results according to histology are discussed. Conclusions : Analysis of patients from the United States who received BNCT treatment in Japan does not support a clinically meaningful improvement in survival attributable to this form of therapy. The implications of this for future BNCT research directions are discussed.
Long-term outcome of home dipstick testing for hematuria

The most common symptom of bladder cancer (BC) is hematuria and microhematuria will occur in virtually all patients with BC if one tests for it frequently enough. However, hematuria even when caused by serious disease, often is intermittent, and once above some threshold the degree of microhematuria is unrelated to the seriousness of its underlying cause. Based on these principles a BC screening study was conducted to determine if repetitive hematuria testing can detect BC early and whether this resulted in reduced BC mortality, in long-term follow-up compared with disease related outcomes of a contemporary unscreened population similar to the one taking part in screening. The study and the long-term outcomes are reviewed. At 14 years minimum follow-up, none of the 21 men diagnosed with BC by hematuria screening have died of the disease; 12 were still alive and 9 had died of diseases other than BC, with a median survival of 8.8 years. The lower overall mortality in screenees with BC was primarily because of the reduced mortality from BC in that group. Screening had effected a shift of the high grade tumors to earlier (more superficial) stages at diagnosis.
Hybridizing with Engine Power Reduction

Although many studies that use vehicle simulation models to estimate fuel economy gains for a range of hybrid vehicles have attempted to control for the comparability of performance between conventional and hybrid vehicles, different rules and simulation models have been used. The fuel economy gain estimates versus performance change for a set of those studies are reviewed, and causes for the wide range in estimates of fuel economy gain when hybridizing a gasoline-fueled vehicle are examined. Data are compiled, and relationships are discussed in detail for 18 cases: three studies of four or more cases each. The data are used to develop statistical models to evaluate the causes of variation in fuel economy gain within and across the studies. Three studies (each evaluating one case only) that predict lower fuel economy gains than the first three are also examined. Explanations and adjustments are provided to illustrate that the differences across the studies are less than a cursory reading would imply. Most notably, potential fuel economy gain via hybridization increases as the 0-to-60-mph times of the compared vehicle pairs drop (and power-to-weight ratios increase). Also a reduction in engine power is necessary to obtain large benefits. The most complex statistical model developed indicates that an increase in electric motor power relative to engine power improves the fuel economy of hybrids, up to a point. Finally, results indicate that continuous top-speed and grade-climbing ability will drop if a less powerful engine is used.
Research on Language Education Through Programmes of Study and Residence Abroad: Recent Publications

Equal Measures: Ethnic Minority and Bilingual Pupils in Secondary Schools. P. Travers, G. Klein (eds). Stoke on Trent, UK: Trentham Books. 2004. Pp. ix/125. ISBN-10: 1-85856-303-8 (pbk): $29.95
Proteolytic enzymes and altered glycosylation modulate dystroglycan function in carcinoma cells.

Alterations in the basement membrane receptor dystroglycan (DG) are evident in muscular dystrophies and carcinoma cells and characterized by a selective loss or modification of the extracellular α-DG subunit. Defects in posttranslational modifications of DG have been identified in some muscular dystrophies, but the underlying modifications in carcinoma cells have not yet been defined. We reveal here multiple posttranslational modifications that modulate the composition and function of DG in normal epithelial cells and carcinoma cells. We show that α-DG is shed from the cell surface of normal and tumorigenic epithelial cells through a proteolytic mechanism that does not require direct cleavage of either α- or β-DG. Shedding is dependent on metalloprotease activity and the proprotein convertase furin. Surprisingly, furin is also found to directly process α-DG as a proprotein substrate, changing the existing model of DG composition. We also show that the glycosylation of α-DG is altered in invasive carcinoma cells, and this modification causes complete loss of laminin binding properties. Together, these data elucidate several novel events regulating the functional composition of DG and reveal defects that arise during cancer progression, providing direction for efforts to restore this link with the basement membrane in carcinoma cells.
Free-electron laser nonlinear spectroscopy of doubly resonant (5.5-3.0um and 4.1-2.1 um)InGaAs/AlGaAs asymmetric quantum wells

Conduction band intersubband absorption and second harmonic generation (SHG) are demonstrated in doubly resonant asymmetric step high indium content quantum wells (QW) grown on a GaAs substrate. Intersubband absorption peaks at 5.51 micrometers and 3.05 micrometers corresponding to the 1 to 2 and 1 to 3 transitions are measured. The susceptibility of SHG from the QW, (Chi) QW(2), is measured using a free electron laser by interference between the SHG fields generated from the QW and the GaAs substrate. A large asymmetry in the SHG power with rotation angle of the sample arising from (Chi) QW(2) is observed. The magnitude and phase of (Chi) QW(2) is measured in the 4.6 - 6.3 micrometers pump wavelength range. (Chi) QW(2) is of maximum amplitude at 6.0 micrometers with a value of 145 +/- 20 nm/V. A change in the sign of the phase of (Chi) QW(2) within the SHG resonance is demonstrated for the first time. Agreement of both the linear and nonlinear properties to a simple model assuming Lorentzian linewidths is discussed. SHG of 2.0 micrometers light is also demonstrated in coupled In0.60Ga0.40As/AlAs quantum wells.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Associative memories via artificial neural networks

Several design techniques that can be used for continuous-time and discrete-time neural networks to realize associative memories are presented. Associative memory is discussed, and neural network models are presented. Some stability concepts are outlined. The applicability of these techniques is demonstrated by means of specific examples that illustrate strengths and weaknesses. >
Disposition and toxicity of methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl in the rat

Abstract The disposition and toxicity of methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT) was studied in Sprague-Dawley rats after subcutaneous administration at a dose of 4 mg/kg. Blood, lung, liver and kidney Mn levels were increased between 1.5 and 96 h after MMT injection, with peak organ levels occurring at 3–6 h. At this time the MMT-derived Mn concentration in lung, liver and kidney averaged 13-, 4- and 4-fold higher, respectively, than in the blood, indicating the accumulation and retention of MMT (or metabolite) in these tissues. Maximal pulmonary toxicity, as assessed by pulmonary lavage protein levels, occurred 24–48 h after injection. Plasma urea and sorbitol dehydrogenase levels were not increased at any time after MMT, suggesting minimal or no hepatic or renal injury. That maximal pulmonary toxicity occurred after peak Mn accumulation, and that the organ-specific toxicity of MMT correlated with its accumulation and retention, suggests a causal relationship between tissue Mn accumulation and MMT-induced toxicity.
Coherent beam-beam interaction with four colliding beams.

The coherent beam-beam interaction in the absence of Landau damping is studied with a computer simulation of four space-charge-compensated colliding beams. Results are presented for the modes, phase space structures, widths, and growth rates of coherent beam-beam resonances. These results are compared with solutions of the Vlasov equation, and with measurements made at the Dispositif de Collisions dans l'Igloo (DCI) storage ring in Orsay, France, which operated with space-charge-compensated colliding beams.
Emissions of levoglucosan, methoxy phenols, and organic acids from prescribed burns, laboratory combustion of wildland fuels, and residential wood combustion.

Biomass combustion emissions make a significant contribution to the overall particulate pollution in the troposphere. Wildland or prescribed burns and residential wood combustion emissions can vary due to differences in fuel, season, time of day, and the nature of the combustion. Inadequate understanding of the relevance of these biomass combustion emissions is due to the lack of characterization of open combustion emissions and the limited understanding of the differences between these and residential wood combustion. To provide new insight to biomass combustion emissions, sampling was conducted in several types of conditions. Semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOC) were collected during four separate prescribed burns in three different ecosystems, Mariposa Sequoia Grove within Yosemite National Park, CA, desert brushes of central rural Nevada, and Toiyabye National Forest near Lake Tahoe, NV. SVOC samples were also collected under controlled conditions for several wildland fuels, including conifer needle...
THERMAL EFFECT ON LEUCOCYTE GLYCOLYSIS BY REGULATION OF REDUCED DIPHOSPHOPYRIDINE NUCLEOTIDE UTILIZATION.

Abstract When exposed to elevated temperatures for brief periods, leucocytes, predominantly neutrophils, from the rat peritoneal cavity produce increased amounts of lactic acid when returned to 38°C. The temperature effect was most apparent with an excess of substrate. Cells preincubated at a lower temperature utilized DPNH at approximately the same rate as those at a higher temperature, but the latter cells utilized the DPNH for lactate production while the former cells did not. It was concluded that the elevated temperature inactivated a system utilizing DPNH and pyruvate but not producing lactate, thereby making more DPNH available for lactate production. The possible role of this phenomenon in lysis of cell granules and TPNH oxidation in inflammatory reactions is mentioned.
Serotonin upregulates low- and high-threshold tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium channels in the same subpopulation of rat nociceptors

The modulation by serotonin (5-HT) of low- and high-threshold tetrodotoxin- (TTX) resistant Na(+) currents was studied in small-diameter (approximately 25 microm) acutely-isolated rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells. Each DRG cell included in the study was classified as type 2 or non-type 2, based on expression of a low-threshold A-type K(+) current. When cells of either type were recorded from using a CsF based internal solution and a holding potential (HP) of -80 mV, the apparent threshold for activation of TTX-resistant Na(+) currents ranged from -75 to -60 mV. A 500 ms prepulse to -60 mV greatly suppressed currents evoked by test potentials (TPs) to -75 through -35 mV. A similar scenario was observed when the CsF based internal solution was changed for one that contained CsCl, except that the apparent threshold of activation was shifted by about +25 mV, and currents evoked by TPs to -55 to -35 mV in the absence of a prepulse were much smaller than their counterparts observed with the CsF internal. These data suggest two types of TTX-resistant Na(+) currents; one with a low-threshold for activation that is enhanced by the presence of fluoride inside the cell and is inactivated by holding at -60 mV, and one with a higher threshold for activation that is not inactivated by holding at -60 mV. In type 2 DRG cells, 10 microM 5-HT upregulated low-threshold currents evoked by TPs to -55 to -35 mV from HP -80 mV, as well as high-threshold currents evoked by more depolarized TPs from HP -60 mV. However, when cells were held at -60 mV, 5-HT did not upregulate currents evoked by TPs to -35 or -30 mV, suggesting that the low-threshold current was nearly completely inactivated. Previous studies have suggested that type 2 DRG cells are nociceptor cell bodies. If 5-HT produces similar effects in type 2 DRG cell peripheral receptors, the upregulation of the low-threshold currents may serve to lower the threshold for nociception, while the upregulation of the high-threshold current may strengthen nociceptive signals.
A quantum-dynamics study of the prototropic tautomerism of guanine and its contribution to spontaneous point mutations in Escherichia coli

High-level quantum-chemical and quantum-dynamics calculations are reported on the tautomerization equilibrium and rate constants of guanine and its complexes with one and two water molecules. The results are used to estimate the fraction of guanine present in the cell during DNA synthesis as the unwanted tautomer that forms an irregular base pair with thymine, thus giving rise to a spontaneous GC → AT point mutation. A comparison of the estimated mutation frequency with the observed frequency in Escherichia coli is used to analyze two proposed mechanisms, differing in the extent of equilibration reached in the tautomerization reaction. In the absence of water, the equilibrium concentration of tautomeric forms is relatively large, but the barrier to their formation is high. If water is present, tautomeric forms are less favored, but water molecules may serve as efficient proton conduits causing rapid tautomerization. It is tentatively concluded that the mechanism in which a high tautomerization barrier keeps the tautomeric transformation far from a state of equilibrium is more likely than a mechanism in which water and/or polymerases produce a low equilibrium concentration of the tautomeric forms.
Combining coal gasification and natural gas reforming for efficient polygeneration

Abstract A techno-economic analysis of several process systems to convert coal and natural gas to electricity, methanol, diesel, and gasoline is presented. For these polygeneration systems, a wide range of product portfolios and market conditions are considered, including the implementation of a CO 2 emissions tax policy and optional carbon capture and sequestration technology. A new strategy is proposed in which natural gas reforming is used to cool the gasifier, rather than steam generation. Simulations along with economic analyses show that this strategy provides increased energy efficiency and can be the optimal design choice in many market scenarios.
Effects of different lipid sources in total parenteral nutrition on whole body protein kinetics and tumor growth.

This study examined the short-term effects of three total parenteral nutrition solutions, each containing a different lipid source, on host and tumor protein metabolism in a rat cancer model. Each diet contained 220 kcal/kg per day, including 2 g of nitrogen/kg per day and 50% of nonprotein calories as either a structured lipid of medium-chain triglycerides and fish oil, a physical mix of medium-chain triglycerides and fish oil, or Liposyn II, a long-chain triglyceride. A 3-day intravenous feeding infusion began on day 7 after tumor implantation. Tumor growth rate, nitrogen balance, energy expenditure, and plasma albumin, glucose, and free fatty acids were measured, and whole body protein kinetics and fractional synthetic rates in liver, muscle, and tumor tissues were assessed using a constant infusion of 14C-leucine. The results revealed that tumor growth rate was slowed in structured lipid-fed animals (p = .06, one-way analysis of variance) with significant increases in rates of tumor protein synthesis and tumor protein breakdown (p < .001, one-way analysis of variance). Although muscle fractional synthetic rates were significantly decreased in tumor-bearing animals (p < .05, two-way analysis of variance), the rates in structured lipid-fed animals were restored. Nitrogen balance improved significantly in structured lipid-fed animals. The results demonstrate that the source of lipid in total parenteral nutrition solutions can influence tumor and host protein metabolism, and that a structured lipid composed of medium-chain triglycerides and fish oil seems to improve protein metabolism in host tissue without stimulating tumor growth.
Anthropomorphism as a conservation tool

Anthropomorphism has the potential to aid conservation biologist conserve target species by developing empathy among the public, effectively promoting considerate practice. There is a stigma associated with anthropomorphism in research because it often precludes unbiased data and compromises fact based results. However, I propose that anthropomorphism can be a means to accomplish the goals of conservation and management. Developing public support has been notoriously difficult, but encouraging anthropomorphism (i.e., attributing human characteristics to nonhuman animals) could help conservation biologists develop more empathy toward target species. Highlighting research that promotes animals as being similar to humans could cause the public to exhibit more conservation considerate practices. Therefore, anthropomorphism should be encouraged when appropriate.
A change in the internal aldimine lysine (K42) in O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase to alanine indicates its importance in transimination and as a general base catalyst

O-Acetylserine sulfhydrylase (OASS) is a pyridoxal 5'-phosphate dependent enzyme that catalyzes a beta-replacement reaction forming L-cysteine and acetate from O-acetyl-L-serine (OAS) and sulfide. The pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) is bound at the active site in Schiff base linkage with a lysine. In the present study, the Schiff base lysine was identified as lysine 42, and its role in the OASS reaction was determined by changing it to alanine using site-directed mutagenesis. K42A-OASS is isolated as an external aldimine with methionine or leucine and shows no reaction with the natural substrates. Apo-K42A-OASS can be reconstituted with PLP, suggesting that K42 is not necessary for cofactor binding and formation of the external Schiff base. The apo-K42A-OASS, reconstituted with PLP, shows slow formation of the external aldimine but does not form the alpha-aminoacrylate intermediate on addition of OAS, suggesting that K42 is involved in the abstraction of the alpha-proton in the beta-elimination reaction. The external aldimines formed upon addition of L-Ala or L-Ser are stable and represent a tautomer that absorbs maximally at 420 nm, while L-Cys gives a tautomeric form of the external aldimine that absorbs at 330 nm, and is also seen in the overall reaction after addition of primary amines to the assay system. The use of a small primary amine such as ethylamine or bromoethylamine in the assay system leads to the initial formation of an internal (gamma-thialysine) or external (ethylamine) aldimine followed by the slow formation of the alpha-aminoacrylate intermediate on addition of OAS. Activity could not be fully recovered, and only a single turnover is observed. Data suggest a significant rate enhancement resulting from the presence of K42 for transimination and general base catalysis.
Reproductive Tourism in the Age of Globalization

Although reproduction involves deeply private choices among individuals, state actors have long intervened in shaping their citizens' procreative choices through regulations, incentives, technologies, and services. Reproductive tourism has emerged as a phenomenon in which people go abroad for assisted reproductive technology services, demonstrating the globalization of procreation and childbearing. While some people engage in reproductive tourism to access cheaper, more efficient, or a wider range of services, others do so to bypass regulations and laws in their home countries. This paper examines the tensions between national regulations and the global marketplace for assisted fertility services, paying attention to the patchwork of national policies regarding reproductive technologies in the face of multilateral trade agreements, regional confederations, technological development, the forces of global capital, and consumer desire. A pesar de que la reproduccion implica profundas preferencias privadas en...
Construct validation of a cost-effective vessel ligation benchtop simulator.

Objective Many benchtop surgical simulators assess laparoscopic proficiency, yet few address core open surgical skills. The purpose of this study is to describe a cost-effective benchtop vessel ligation simulator and provide construct validation. Design A prospective comparison of blinded proficiency assessments among participants performing a benchtop vessel ligation simulation task. Evaluations were performed using Objective Structured Assessments of Technical Skills. Setting This study took place at the University of Virginia, School of Medicine: a large academic medical institution. Participants The participants included fourth-year medical students participating in a focused surgical elective course ( n = 16), postgraduate year 2 to 3 surgery residents ( n = 6), and surgical faculty ( n = 5). Results The total fixed costs of the vessel ligation simulator was $30. Flexible costs of operation were less than $0.20 per attempt. The median task-specific checklist scores among the medical students, residents, and faculty were 4.83, 7.33, and 7.67, respectively. Median global rating scores across the 3 groups were 2.29, 4.43, and 4.76, respectively. Significant proficiency differences were noted between the students and the residents/faculty for both the metrics (p Conclusions A cost-effective benchtop simulator can effectively measure proficiency with basic open surgical techniques such as vessel ligation. Among the junior surgical trainees, this tool can identify learning gaps and improve operative skills in a preclinical setting.
The Joint Relationship of Conscientiousness and Ability with Performance: Test of the Interaction Hypothesis

This study investigated whether conscientiousness and ability interact in the prediction of job performance. Although few studies have directly addressed this issue, there is limited evidence that ability moderates the relationship between conscientiousness and job performance. Specifically, it has been reported that the relationship of conscientiousness to performance is positive for high ability and near zero or negative for low ability. Results in the present study provided no support for the interaction of GMA and conscientiousness. Moderated hierarchical regression analyses for three independent samples of participants (146 managers in sample 1, 103 sales representatives in sample 2, and 121 managers in sample 3), showed that the interaction did not account for unique variance in the prediction of supervisory ratings of job performance beyond that accounted for by GMA and conscientiousness. These findings indicate that ability does not moderate the relationship of conscientiousness to job performance...
Hepatic stellate cells and fibrosis progression in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Background & Aims: Many patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) have a benign clinical course, but a subgroup of patients progress to advanced fibrosis and cirrhosis. However, there are no available clinical tools to predict fibrosis progression in this population. Activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are the source of collagen deposition in the liver. We aimed at determining whether an HSC activation score predicts fibrosis progression in NAFLD patients. Methods: The cohort consisted of 39 untreated patients with NAFLD with paired liver biopsies performed 5–59 months apart (mean, 22 months). Patients were divided into 2 groups on the basis of whether fibrosis progression was noted on their second liver biopsy. Liver tissue was immunostained for α–smooth muscle actin, and the HSC score was determined independently by 2 pathologists in the NAFLD population and in control subjects without liver disease. Results: The HSC activation score was significantly increased in patients with fibrosis progression versus patients in whom no fibrosis progression was observed (4.8 ± 0.5 vs 1.8 ± 0.6, respectively; P
Adaptive estimation of bioreactors: monitoring plasmid instability

Abstract An adaptive state-estimator is presented, for the detection of revertants in a recombinant cell culture. It consists of a Linear Kalman Filter whose parameters are simultaneously identified by a Recursive Prediction Error algorithm. This approach is applied, in simulation, using total biomass and total rate of growth as the measurements. Two predictor structures are tried for parameter identification. The first uses the state-space model, performs well when both cell populations are present and can track time-varying parameters. The second uses a model relating the outputs only and works well whether revertants are present or not, but its tracking ability is poor. Despite these reservations, both lead to state-estimators sufficiently robust and easy to tune for real-time implementation. For monitoring plasmid instability, the second is to be preferred. The generality of this approach is briefly discussed.
Placental expression of HtrA1 in pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia

PREECLAMPSIA FUNMINIYI AJAYI, BRIAN BROST, JEREMY CHIEN, THOMAS GAFFEY, WILLIAM WATSON, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rochester, Minnesota, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Anatomic Pathology, Rochester, Minnesota OBJECTIVE: The placenta has a high rate of cell proliferation and undergoes near continuous remodeling with a balance of cell proliferation and death. A serine protease, HtrA1, has been shown to be involved with apoptosis, cellular differentiation, and invasiveness (marked downregulation in several cancers). Placental HtrA1 expression is noted to increase as pregnancy progresses. Preeclampsia is a disorder associated with increased villous/ extravillous trophoblast apoptosis and abnormal cytotrophoblast invasion. An association with preeclampsia and HtrA1 has not been evaluated. We aimed to establish if the expression of HtrA1 is altered in the placenta of preeclamptic women. STUDY DESIGN: Qualitative expression of HtrA1 was assessed by immunohistochemical techniques in archived third trimester placental tissues using gestational age-matched normotensive (n=9) and severe preeclamptic women (n=9). Women delivered at term with mild preeclampsia (n=3) were also evaluated. Expression of HtrA1 was rated by a Placental Pathologist on a scale of 0 (no expression) and 3 (marked expression). RESULTS: Visually, no difference in HtrA1 staining of cytotrophoblasts was noted in normotensive or mild preeclamptic placentas. HtrA1 staining was noted throughout the placenta with slightly higher levels of staining in the extravillous cytotrophoblasts of placentas obtained from patients with severe preeclampsia. Placentas of women with severe preeclampsia showed marked increased staining of the villous cytotrophoblasts compared to control placentas. Staining was noted mainly in the cytoplasm; some nuclear staining was also noted. CONCLUSION: HtrA1 is significantly upregulated in the villous cytotrophoblasts of severe preeclamptic women. The extravillous trophoblasts show a smaller increase in baseline staining. Increased expression of HtrA1 during pregnancy could impair cytotrophoblast invasion, survival, and differentiation resulting in placental dysfuction and fetal compromise. Further research is needed to characterize the role of HtrA1 in the pathophysiology of preeclampsia.