cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of Gait in Childhood. Part I: Method

SUMMARY An assessment of methods by which to study the development of independent locomotion in the child was made. Changes in the position of the hip and knee were measured directly from film frames and these measurements were compared with those obtained electro-goniometrically. Electrogoniometry appeared to be the more accurate method. Step and stride length were measured from the film frames and compared with ink placement markings. Stride measurements were significantly comparable for the two methods as determined by percentage of error and correlation coefficient. Step measurements were similar in both cases, although accuracy was somewhat less when measuring the film frames. RESUME Developpement de la demarche chez l'enfant: Iere Partie Une definition des methodes permettant l'etude du developpement d'une locomotion independante chez l'enfant a eteetablie. Des modifications dans la position de la hanche et du genou ont ete mesurees directement a partir d'enregistrements filmes et les mesures ont ete comparees a celles obtenues par electro-goniometrie. L'electro-goniometrie est apparue la methode la plus precise. Les longueurs du pas et de l'enjambee ont ete mesurees par films et comparees au placement de marques encrees sur le sol. Les mesures d'enjambees etaient significativement comparables avec les deux techniques, par le pourcentage d'erreur et le coefficient de correlation. Les mesures du pas etaient egalement semblables dans les deux methodes avec cependant une precision un peu moindre pour les donnees filmees. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Die Entwicklung des Gehens in der Kindheit: Teil I Es wurden Methoden ausgearbeitet, die Entwicklung der unabhangigen Fortbewegung beim Kind zu untersuchen. Es wurden die Veranderungen in der Haltung der Huften und Knie von Filmaufnahmen direkt gemessen und mit denjenigen verglichen, die elektrogoniometrisch gewonnen wurden. Die Elektrogoniometrie schien die genauere Methode zu sein. Die Tritt- und Schrittlange wurde auf Filmaufnahmen gemessen und mit Tintenmarkierungen verglichen. Die Schrittmase waren fur beide Methoden signifikant vergleichbar hinsichtlich der Standard-abweichung und dem Korrelationskoeffizienten. Die Trittmase waren in beiden Fallen ahnlich, obwohl die Messung mit Filmstreifen etwas weniger genau war.
Nanostructures versus solid solutions: Low lattice thermal conductivity and enhanced thermoelectric figure of merit in Pb9.6Sb 0.2Te10-xSex bulk materials

The series of Pb9.6Sb0.2Te10-xSex compounds with different Se content (x) were prepared, and their structure was investigated at the atomic and nanosized regime level. Thermoelectric properties were measured in the temperature range from 300 to 700 K. The Pb9.6Sb0.2Te10-xSex series was designed after the refinement of the single-crystal structure of Pb3.82Sb0.12Te4 (Pb9.6Sb0.3Te10; S.G. Pm3m) by substituting isoelectronically in anion positions Te by Se. The Pb9.6Sb0.2Te10-xSex compounds show significantly lower lattice thermal conductivity (κL) compared to the well-known PbTe1-xSex solid solutions. For Pb9.6Sb0.2Te3Se7 (x = 7), a κL value as low as 0.40 W/m·K was determined at 700 K. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy of several Pb9.6Sb0.2Te10-xSex samples showed widely distributed Sb-rich nanocrystals in the samples which is the key feature for the strong reduction of the lattice thermal conductivity. The reduction of κL results in a significantly enhanced thermoelectric figure of merit o...
Delays in protease inhibitor use in clinical practice.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the clinical factors associated with delayed protease inhibitor initiation. DESIGN: Chart review and telephone survey. SETTING: General medicine practice at an academic medical center in Boston, Mass. PATIENTS: One hundred ninety patients living with HIV and a viral load of more than 10,000 copies/ml. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The main outcome measurement was time to first protease inhibitor prescription after first elevated HIV viral load (>10,000 copies/ml). In this cohort, 190 patients had an elevated viral load (median age 39; 87% male; 12% history of injection drug use; 63% AIDS; 53% with depression; 17% history of pneumocystis pneumonia; 54% CD4 500; 95% CI 2.63, 25.0), higher viral load (HR 0.43 for each 10-fold increase; 95% CI 0.31, 0.59), injection drug use (HR 2.08; 95% CI 1.05, 4.17), AIDS (HR 0.24; 95% CI 0.15, 0.36), and history of pneumocystis pneumonia (HR 0.32; 95% CI 0.21, 0.49). In multivariate models adjusted for secular trends in protease inhibitor use, factors significantly associated with delay of protease inhibitor initiation (p 500, HR 11.11; 95% CI 3.57, 33.33), higher viral load (HR 0.66 for each 10-fold increase; 95% CI 0.45, 0.98), history of pneumocystis pneumonia (HR 0.57; 95% CI 0.37, 0.90), history of depression (HR 1.49; 95% CI 1.03, 2.13), and history of injection drug use (HR 2.70; 95% CI 1.35, 5.56). CONCLUSIONS: HIV-infected patients with higher CD4 cell counts or a history of depression or history of injection drug use have significant and lengthy delays of protease inhibitor therapy. Although some delays may be clinically appropriate, enhancement of provider and patient education might prove beneficial. Further research should examine reasons for delays in protease inhibitor initiation and their appropriateness.
Elastic and inelastic scattering of 30.8 MeV protons from Ni60 and Pb208

Abstract The angular distributions of 30.8 MeV protons scattered elastically from Ni60 and Pb208 targets were obtained at angles ranging from ≈ 6° to ≈ 155° in the centre-of-mass system and the data fitted by an optical model calculation which included both volume and surface absorption. Angular distributions of protons scattered inelastically from the 1.33 MeV (2+) level in Ni60 and from the 2.62 MeV (3−) level in Pb208 were measured and compared with the results of the inelastic diffraction scattering model of Blair.
The role of mGrb10alpha in insulin-like growth factor I-mediated growth

Several isoforms of Grb10 are known to interact with either the insulin receptor or the insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) receptor, or both. Inasmuch as the data in the literature on the function of Grb10 are not always concordant, we have investigated the role of one of these isoforms, mGrb10alpha, in cell proliferation. For this purpose, a plasmid expressing mGrb10alpha was stably transfected into p6 cells and other mouse embryo fibroblast cell lines. An overexpressed mGrb10alpha inhibits IGF-I-mediated growth, causes a delay in the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle, and partially reverses the transformed phenotype. In contrast, it has no effect on insulin stimulation of cell proliferation. These studies indicate that this isoform of Grb10 has an inhibitory effect on IGF-I signaling of cell proliferation.
Regulating Agricultural Groundwater Contamination: A Comment

Abstract This comment argues that the model specification used by Wetzstein and Centner in a recent paper is not an appropriate representation of the problem of groundwater contamination from agricultural chemicals and that their conclusions regarding the efficiency of alternative liability rules are incorrect. In particular, the modified strict liability rule proposed by the authors will not lead to efficiency for what we argue is the correct model specification. Likewise, a pure negligence rule, which they argue is inefficient, is in fact efficient.
Oxidant stress in asthma.

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the respiratory tract of unknown aetiology. In severe asthma airway diathesis is profound, and thus apparent. Recently, however, evidence has indicated that specific inflammatory abnormalities exist even in the airways of subjects with mild disease. As inflammation is often associated with an increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the biochemical environment in the asthmatic airways is favourable for free radical mediated reactions, it is rational to surmise that an oxidant stress could be mechanistically important in asthma. The inflammatory cells recruited to the asthmatic airways have an exceptional capability for producing ROS. Activated eosinophils, neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages can generate superoxide (O2 –) via the membrane associated NADPH-dependent complex. Subsequently, dismutation of O2 – gives hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). O2 – and H2O2 per se are moderate oxidants; however, both species are critical for the formation of potent cytotoxic radicals in biological systems through their interaction with other molecules. For example, hydroxyl radical (•OH), a powerful and indiscriminate oxidant, can be produced from O2 – and hypohalous acids (HOCl or HOBr). The latter component can be formed from H2O2 and a halide (Cl– or Br–) in a reaction catalysed by myeloperoxidase (MPO) provided by neutrophils and monocytes,1 or eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) from eosinophils.2 MPO preferably utilises Cl– as a halide, whereas EPO uniquely prefers Br–. Moreover, a recent study has shown that MPO and EPO can use nitrite (a major end product of nitric oxide (•NO) metabolism) and H2O2 as substrates to promote formation of reactive nitrating intermediates.3 The oxidative injury caused by eosinophils can be substantial because the cells possess several times greater capacity to …
Changes in Connexin Expression and Distribution During Chick Lens Development

Gap junctions are composed of the connexins, a family of proteins which have been shown to be the structural and functional building blocks of gap junctional intercellular channels. In the chick lens, three members of the connexin (Cx) family have been characterized: Cx 43 has been shown to be a component of interepithelial cell gap junctions, and Cx 45.6 and Cx 56 have been shown to be part of fiber-to-fiber junctions. Early in chick development, gap junctional communication between differentiating lens fibers in the chick loses its sensitivity to blockade by elevated carbon dioxide (CO2). The lens epithelial cells, however, remain CO2-sensitive throughout development. A possible explanation for the change in CO2 sensitivity is that the lens fibers express differentiation-specific connexins with different physiological properties. Using specific antibodies for each of the three lens connexins, we show here that the lens fibers began to express Cx 45.6, and Cx 56 at the developmental stage when lens fibers acquired CO2-insensitivity. However, electron microscopic immunocytochemistry revealed that both Cx 45.6 and Cx 56 were found in interepithelial cell gap junctions, in addition to Cx 43. Conductances between paired Xenopus oocytes injected with Cx 43, Cx 45.6 and Cx 56 mRNAs revealed that all three connexins were CO2-sensitive in this expression system. Taken together, these data ruled out the possibility that the change in CO2 sensitivity observed in vivo could be explained on the basis of the distribution of connexins alone; other parameters of cellular context, such as post-translational processing, must be involved in the observed developmental changes in physiology.
Effect of cyclophosphamide pretreatment on the short-term disposition and biliary excretion of adriamycin metabolites in rat

The effect of pretreatment with cyclophosphamide 180 mg/kg upon the short-term disposition of adriamycin in anesthetized rat 4 days later was studied. There was a significant decrease in plasma adriamycin clearance, from 125 to 48 ml/min/kg, and a significant decrease in the apparent volume of the peripheral compartment of adriamycin distribution, from 51.7 to 25.6 l/kg, in cyclophosphamide-pretreated as against control rats. Biliary excretion of adriamycin over 2.5 h was increased significantly by 114% in cyclophosphamide-pretreated rats and there was a small but nonsignificant increase in biliary adriamycinol excretion and a decrease in excretion of adriamycin aglycones. Cyclophosphamide pretreatment was associated with an 83% increase in bile flow. Cyclophosphamide pretreatment had no significant effect upon the utilization of adriamycin or upon the formation of adriamycin metabolites by rat isolated hepatocytes. The results suggest that NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase, which is decreased 40% by cyclophosphamide pretreatment, is not rate-limiting in elimination of adriamycin. Biliary excretion of adriamycin is increased when plasma adriamycin clearance is decreased, suggesting that cyclophosphamide pretreatment affects a pathway besides biliary excretion that is responsible for the short-term removal of adriamycin from plasma.
The photochemistry of 6‐phenanthridinecarbonitrile I. Product analysis

When 6-phenanthridinecarbonitrile (3) is irradiated at 2537 A in neutral 9:1 2-propanol/water, three major products are formed. These are dimethyl-(6-phenanthridinyl)methanol (4), phenanthridine (5) and 6,6′-biphenanthridine (6). When benzophenone is present in the reaction mixture, diphenyl-(6-phenanthridinyl)-methanol is also formed. 6-Phenanthridinyl radical which is common to the formation of all these products, is formed by a monophotonic process involving hydrogen atom abstraction from an alcohol molecule by an excited state of 3. Unlike what is generally found with other nitrogen-heterocycles, the photochemistry of 3 appears to involve only a π,π* singlet state. The fluorescence of 3 is quenched with the triplet quencher cis/trans-piperylene as a function of the concentration of the diene without the accompaniment of an exci-plex emission.
Need for implementation of nondestructive evaluation

The safety of constructed facilities is determined by the condition of the materials and the total system. Deterioration has been occurring at a faster rate than the repair and retrofit activities to remedy the situation. One of the methods to evaluate the existing conditions of a structure is the use of nondestructive testing equipment. There are many types of equipment which require standards for their adoption by the industry as a commercial product. It is imperative that researchers and industry representatives cooperate to prepare and promulgate the required standards.
Specific heat measurement on UAl4

Abstract UAl 4 is one of the few binary compounds for which published data on specific heat measurements do not yet exist. We have filled this gap for the temperature range from 1.5 to 12 K. The determined value of the Sommerfeld constant γ is 46 mJ mol −1 K −2 ; the Debye temperature Θ D is 360 K. The measured sample was prepared in an arc melter, annealed and X-ray tested for phase purity. Measurements of susceptibility and magnetization vs . field were also made.
Raman Spectral Imaging of a Carbon Nanotube Intramolecular Junction

Confocal Raman spectral imaging results are presented for a metal-to-semiconductor intramolecular junction (IMJ) on an isolated carbon nanotube. Spectra observed at the junction are consistent with the symmetry lowering expected from the occurrence of pentagon-heptagon defects to produce the chirality shift. The IMJ transition zone is sharp and preserves the nanotube diameter. These results have significant implications for the future use of IMJs as electronic devices, including how prevalent these structures are and how their growth may be rationally targeted. Raman imaging has been demonstrated to be a powerful tool for IMJ studies and provides a more accessible method for further studies of IMJ structure and growth.
3-(2-Aminoethyl)pyridine analogs as α4β2 nicotinic cholinergic receptor ligands

Abstract An examination of several 3-(2-aminoethyl)pyridine analogs suggests that they likely orient at α4β2 nicotinic cholinergic receptors in a different fashion than their correspondingly substituted nicotine analogs.
Radio immunoassay employing gel filtration.

Abstract A method of radioimmunoassay is described employing gel filtration for the resolution of antigen and the antigen-antibody complex. The method has proved useful in measuring quantitatively the reaction between univalent and bivalent antibody and its protein antigen, and also between anti-serum and a small polypeptide antigen.
New estimates of the demand for non-gold reserves under floating exchange rates

Abstract The demand for non-gold reserves in per cent of imports is found to depend on fundamental factors, such as real imports, and on disturbance factors, including changes in exchange rates and in the terms of trade, in a way that differs between groups of countries. These reserve percentages, and not just import prices, are raised through faster M2 growth in the United States than in other industrial countries. Conversely, a higher US unemployment rate, associated with global slack, generally depresses reserve percentages, giving US policy significant influence over the evolution of international reserves.
Adult children's attachment and helping behavior to elderly parents: A path model.

Based on attachment theory, a path model was constructed in which adult children 'sfeelings of attachment lead to their attachment behaviors and in turn to their present helping behaviors and commitment to provide future help. Also included in the model were filial obligation, dependency, interpersonal conflict, and negative feelings resulting from helping behaviors. Field survey data were obtained from 148 adult children with living elderly mothers. Results indicated that present helping behaviors, attachment behaviors, and feelings of attachment had the strongest influence on commitment to provide future help. Filial obligation had an indirect influence mediated by attachment behaviors.
Immunofluorescent localization of Tamm-Horsfall mucoprotein.

Das Vorkommen vonTamm-Hors-fall Mucoprotein in Distalkanalchen und Sammelkanalchen nichtfixierter Nierenschnitte kann durch Immunofluoreszenzmethoden gezeigt werden. Die fluoreszierenden Kanalchen in Schnitten verschiedenen Ursprungs sind einheitlich mit Antikorper markiert.
Dipole-dipole-interaction-induced line narrowing in thin-film vibrational-mode spectra.

Under certain circumstances the electric dipole interaction can reduce or eliminate the effects of spectral inhomogeneous broadening on an infrared absorption line of a thin film. The oscillating electric dipole moment must be oriented perpendicular to the film surface, and the dipole interaction, as measured by the frequency shift that it induces, must be larger than the width of the inhomogeneous frequency distribution. An example of this interaction-induced line narrowing is presented for a vibrational mode of a KRe${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ film, and the relevance of this mechanism to two-dimensional electron-gas subband transitions and adsorbate vibrational modes is considered.
TRADEMARK SALES, ENTRY, AND THE VALUE OF REPUTATION*

We develop an infinite-horizon, overlapping-generations model of reputation in which consumers base willingness to pay for agent services on past performance summarized by a trademark. We show that when trademarks can be sold, successful firms capture the full value of their reputations upon sale but receive smaller premia for good performance while active as service providers. With discounting, all agents are worse off with trademark trade. Taking entry cost into account, we show that trademark trade typically reduces entry. When entry costs are high, welfare is increased by prohibiting such trade.
Adsorption and dissociation of methanol on the fully oxidized and partially reduced (111) cerium oxide surface : Dependence on the configuration of the cerium 4f electrons

Abstract The adsorption and dissociation of methanol on the fully oxidized and partially reduced (1 1 1) cerium oxide surface is studied using the PW91 functional as well as the PW91 + U scheme. We investigate the influence of the detailed electronic structure of the Ce 4f band on the chemistry of methanol on the surface. For the partially reduced surface we obtain a spin delocalized, a ferromagnetic, and an anti-ferromagnetic solution. We find that the qualitative conclusions are independent of the spin state. Methanol adsorption is exothermic on the fully oxidized as well as on the partially reduced surface. The dissociation of methanol on the surface is enhanced by the presence of a vacancy. We localize an on-top methoxy species, where the methoxy oxygen binds to a second layer cerium atom, as a dissociation product on the fully oxidized surface. On the partially reduced surface the dissociation product is a triply bridged methoxy species, where the methoxy oxygen partly fills the oxygen vacancy in the surface. Adsorption energies are influenced by the introduction of the Hubbard (U) term. On the other hand, energy differences between surface species such as dissociation energies on the surface are less sensitive.
A Structure Preserving Model for Power System Stability Analysis

A new model for the study of power system stability via Lyapunov functions is proposed. The key feature of the model is an assumption of frequency-dependent load power, rather than the usual impedance loads which are subsequently absorbed into a reduced network. The original network topology is explicitly represented. This approach has the important advantage of rigorously accounting for real power loads in the Lyapunov functions. This compares favorably with existing methods involving approximations to allow for the significant transfer conductances in reduced network models. The preservation of network topology can be exploited in stability analysis, with the concepts of critical and vulnerable cutsets playing central roles in dynamic and transient stability evaluation respectively. Of fundamental importance is the feature that the Lyapunov functions give a true representation of the spatial distribution of stored energy in the system
Regulation of apoptosis during mammary involution by the p53 tumor suppressor gene.

Regulation and functions of the p53 tumor suppressor gene have been studied extensively with respect to its critical role in maintaining the stability of genomic DNA following genotoxic insults. However, p53 is also induced by physiologic stimuli resulting in cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. In other situations, the activity of p53 must be repressed to prevent inappropriate removal of cells. The mammary gland provides a valuable system in which to study the mechanisms by which the expression and biological responses to p53 can be regulated under a variety of physiological circumstances. The pro-apoptotic role of p53 in the secretory mammary epithelium may be especially relevant to lactation in livestock. We have utilized p53-deficient mice to establish the molecular targets of p53 in the mammary gland and biological consequences when it is absent. The p21/WAF1 gene (Cdkn1a) is a transcriptional target gene of the p53 protein that responds to elevated levels of p53 during milk stasis providing an endogenous reporter of p53 activity. Abrogation of p53 resulted in delayed involution of the mammary epithelium, demonstrating the physiological role of p53 in regulating involution. Though delayed, stromal proteases were induced in the mammary gland by 5 d postweaning, providing a p53-independent mechanism that resulted in removal of the residual secretory epithelium. These processes can be interrupted by treatment with hydrocortisone. These data establish p53 as a physiological regulator of involution that acts to rapidly initiate apoptosis in the secretory epithelium in response to stress signals, but also indicate the presence of compensatory pathways to effect involution. Additional mechanisms involving intracellular stress signaling pathways (e.g., Stat3) and stromal-mediated pathways have been identified and, together with p53 pathways, may be used to identify animals with greater persistency of lactation.
Thromboxane and prostacyclin differentially regulate murine extracellular matrix gene expression.

Thromboxane and prostacyclin differentially regulate murine extracellular matrix gene expression. Alterations in the arachidonic acid metabolites thromboxane and prostacyclin are known to contribute to hemodynamic changes observed in certain models of acute and chronic renal failure. We have previously shown that thromboxane may have an important role in mediating glomerulosclerosis by stimulating the expression of certain extracellular matrix proteins. In the present study, we compared the effects of thromboxane and prostacyclin on the expression of genes encoding basement membrane proteins using a murine teratocarcinoma cell line, that when differentiated to an endodermal phenotype synthesizes abundant extracellular matrix. Incubation of these cells with stable analogs of thromboxane and prostacyclin for four hours resulted in changes in basement membrane gene expression. Thromboxane increased steady-state mRNA levels for all three laminin chains, type IV collagen, and fibronectin, but decreased the level of mRNA for heparan sulfate proteoglycan. In contrast, incubation with carbo-prostacyclin, a stable analog of prostacyclin, decreased the steady-state mRNA level for the laminin A and B1 chains, type IV collagen and fibronectin, and increased the mRNA level for heparan sulfate proteoglycan and laminin B2. Carbo-prostacyclin did not affect cellular proliferation or thymidine incorporation. These results indicate that eicosanoids directly modulate matrix gene expression independently of hemodynamic influence, and independently of effects mediated by platelets, or mitogenesis. Furthermore, these findings suggest that the alterations in renal eicosanoid metabolism may directly participate in the pathogenesis of glomerulosclerosis and thus provide a rationale for therapy directed toward the specific inhibition of thromboxane in the treatment of progressive glomerular sclerosis.
The heat precipitation of Bence-Jones proteins. I. Optimum conditions.

Abstract The heat precipitation of Bence-Jones proteins has been studied with respect to the type of protein, protein concentration, temperature, and electrolyte concentration and composition. A set of conditions for heating was established which resulted in the heavy precipitation of a wide variety of Bence-Jones proteins but not of normal serum proteins. On this basis, a simplified heat test for the detection of Bence-Jones protein in urine is proposed.
Effect of a Principal's Expectations on Test Performance of Elementary-School Children

A 17-classroom experiment shows that a (male) principal's comments conveying positive expectations to boys on a first test are followed by improved performance on a second test. No effect of commen...
Quantitation of Metal Content in the Silver-Assisted Growth of Gold Nanorods

The seed-mediated approach to making gold nanorods in aqueous surfactant solutions has become tremendously popular in recent years. Unlike the use of strong chemical reductants to make spherical gold nanoparticles, the growth of gold nanorods requires weak reducing conditions, leading to an unknown degree of gold reduction. The metal content of gold nanorods, made in high yield in the presence of silver ion, is determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. Through the use of the known gold concentration in nanorods, molar extinction coefficients are calculated for nanorods of varying aspect ratios from 2.0 to 4.5. The extinction coefficients at the longitudinal plasmon band peak maxima for these nanorods vary from 2.5 × 109 to 5.5 × 109 M-1 cm-1, respectively, on a per-particle basis. Many of the gold ions present in the growth solution remain unreacted; insights into the growth mechanism of gold nanorods are discussed.
Valuing ecosystem and economic services across land-use scenarios in the Prairie Pothole Region of the Dakotas, USA

Abstract This study uses biophysical values derived for the Prairie Pothole Region (PPR) of North and South Dakota, in conjunction with value transfer methods, to assess environmental and economic tradeoffs under different policy-relevant land-use scenarios over a 20-year period. The ecosystem service valuation is carried out by comparing the biophysical and economic values of three focal services (i.e. carbon sequestration, reduction in sedimentation, and waterfowl production) across three focal land uses in the region [i.e. native prairie grasslands, lands enrolled in the Conservation Reserve and Wetlands Reserve Programs (CRP/WRP), and cropland]. This study finds that CRP/WRP lands cannot mitigate (hectare for hectare) the loss of native prairie from a social welfare standpoint. Land use scenarios where native prairie loss was minimized, and CRP/WRP lands were increased, provided the most societal benefit. The scenario modeling projected native prairie conversion to cropland over the next 20 years would result in a social welfare loss valued at over $4 billion when considering the study's three ecosystem services, and a net loss of about $3.4 billion when reductions in commodity production are accounted for.
Effect of SO2 on the chain reaction of hydrogen oxidation: Intermittent flames

The effect of SO2 on the chain reaction of hydrogen oxidation in the autoignition region (T = 470–510°C and p < 200 torr) is studied. In the absence of SO2 under flow conditions, the process occurs in a low-temperature flame mode with a characteristic pale blue glow. With the addition of sulfur dioxide, SO2 is transformed to elemental sulfur and a new phenomenon is observed. At a small contact time (less than 4–5 s), the process enters the mode of intermittent flames. Dependences of the rate and intensity of light flashes on pressure, temperature, and contact time are studied. An interpretation of the observed phenomenon is given.
The Prodrome and Clinical Risk for Psychotic Disorders

The psychosis prodrome offers great promise for identifying neural mechanisms involved in psychotic disorders and offers an opportunity to implement empirical interventions to delay, and ultimately ameliorate, illness onset. This article summarizes the literature on individuals in the putatively prodromal phase of psychosis/deemed at clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis onset. Standardized measurement and manifestation of the CHR syndromes are discussed, followed by empirical findings that highlight the psychological deficits and biological abnormalities seen in CHR syndromes and psychotic disorders. Current controversies surrounding the diagnosis of CHR syndromes and issues related to the treatment of CHR individuals are also presented.
Localization system for outdoor wireless sensor networks

We demonstrate a localization system, called Spotlight [1], for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). The system, developed at the University of Virginia, has been tested in an outdoor, realistic, environment and has shown a very high accuracy (e.g., tens of centimeters). Our contribution to the area of localization in WSNs is two-fold: develop a novel scheme for localizing sensor nodes, and implement the system on real sensor nodes and common-off-the-shelf (COTS) hardware.
Granuloma annulare: direct immunofluorescence study

Direct immunofluorescence studies were carried out in eleven specimens of granuloma annulare. The results (in all cases) indicate the presence of focal deposition of fibrin, localized primarily in the intervascular portion of the dermis, corresponding to the granulomatous and necrobiotic areas. These findings implicate the cellular mechanism of delayed hypersensitivity with focal involvement of the clotting system in the development of granuloma annulare lesion.
Can Precision Measurements of Slepton Masses Probe Right Handed Neutrinos

In a supersymmetric model, the presence of a right handed neutrino with a large Yukawa coupling f{sub {nu}} would affect slepton masses via its contribution to the renormalization group evolution between the grand unification and weak scales. Assuming a hierarchichal pattern of neutrino masses, these effects are large for only the third generation of sleptons. We construct mass combinations to isolate the effect of f{sub {nu}} from mass corrections already expected from tau Yukawa couplings. We then analyze the size of these effects, assuming that the Super-Kamiokande data constrain 0.033 eV{approx}<m{sub {nu}{sub {tau}}}{approx}<0.1 eV and that neutrino masses arise via a seesaw mechanism. We also explore whether these effects might be detectable in experiments at future e{sup +}e{sup -} linear colliders. We find that m{sub {nu}{sub {tau}}} needs to be measured with a precision of about 2--3% to measure the effect of f{sub {nu}} if the neutrino and top Yukawa couplings unify at the grand unification scale. In a simple case study, we find a precision of only 6--10% might be attainable after several years of operation. If the neutrino Yukawa coupling is larger, or in more complicated models of neutrino masses, a determination of {tilde {tau}}{sub 1} and {tildemore » {nu}}{sub {tau}} masses might provide a signal of a Yukawa interaction of neutrinos.« less
Meridional Asymmetries in Forced Beta-Plane Turbulence

Forced geostrophic turbulence on the surface of a rotating sphere (so called β-plane turbulence) is simulated trough the use of the β-SQG+1 numerical model. Domain occupied by the fluid has a channel geometry with 512 by 256 grid points, periodic boundary conditions in x-direction and rigid boundaries in y-direction. Random forcing is applied at high wave-numbers in the spectral space. To better understand eddies dynamics we simulate both regimes, with and without stochastic forcing, starting from identical initial conditions. Direct numerical simulations exhibit different dynamical properties in different regimes. In the freely evolving case, a wave term that competes with inertia on large-scales (added as a result of the β-effect) produces high meridional asymmetries in the eddies spatial and time scales. This asymmetry is added to the standard for the β-plane turbulence zonal asymmetry. In the forced regime there is not only anisotropy in the eddies deformation radius, but also in their orientation. The preferred direction for the warm anomalies elongation is north-western, while for the cold anomalies is north-eastern. These results may explain the observed meridional meandering of the mid-latitude zonal jets.
Contribution of ventricular diastolic dysfunction to pulmonary hypertension complicating chronic systolic heart failure.

Objectives The aim of the study is to clarify the clinical role of Doppler-echocardiographic parameters of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) as determinants of pulmonary hypertension in patients experiencing left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD) with and without the presence of functional mitral valve regurgitation (FMR). Background Pulmonary hypertension (pulmonary venous or mixed pulmonary venous-arterial hypertension) complicating LVSD is associated with poor outcomes beyond that of LVSD alone. The view of the contribution of LVDD as a determinant of pulmonary hypertension is controversial and not well defined as a tool in clinical practice. Methods Data from patients with LVEF ≤40% undergoing Doppler-echocardiography evaluations during the period from August 2001 to December 2004 were analyzed. Pulmonary systolic pressure (PSP), parameters of diastolic function (mitral valve [MV] transmitral flow velocity [E]/mitral annular diastolic velocity [e′] ratio, MV deceleration time [DT]), quantitated effective regurgitant orifice area (EROA) of FMR, and clinical characteristics were evaluated. Pulmonary hypertension was defined as an estimated PSP ≥45 mm Hg. Results Criteria were met in 1,541 patients; one-third (n = 533) demonstrating PSP ≥45 mm Hg (58 ± 10 mm Hg, range 45 to 102 mm Hg). Patients with pulmonary hypertension were older with higher E/e′ ratio, EROA, and lower DT and LVEF. In multivariate analysis, pulmonary hypertension was independently predicted not only by severity of FMR (EROA ≥20 mm2, odds ratio: 3.8, p Conclusions Patients with LVSD commonly have secondary pulmonary hypertension, which is largely determined by the severity of LVDD even with adjustment for FMR and low LVEF. Thus, measures of LVDD in routine clinical practice where PSP may not be estimated are important physiologic descriptors of hemodynamic status and are cumulatively linked in the prediction of pulmonary hypertension.
Poisoning of mixed matrix membranes by fermentation components in pervaporation of ethanol

ABSTRACT Pervaporation is an alternative to distillation for recovering ethanol produced by fermentation of grains and biomass. Ethanol-selective mixed matrix membranes of the hydrophobic zeolite ZSM-5 in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) have superior performance compared to pure PDMS membranes in pervaporation of clean ethanol/water solutions, but are susceptible to performance reduction when pervaporating fermentation broths. The effects of pervaporating a variety of solutions with 60 wt% ZSM-5/PDMS membranes were studied. Corn dry-grind fermentation broth, thin stillage, and a synthetic syngas fermentation broth rapidly and significantly degraded mixed matrix membrane performance. Broths treated to remove corn oil and fatty acids were much more benign. Oleic acid, as a representative fatty acid, was identified as a significant performance reducer.
Church Participation and Political Participation: The Spillover Effect

The spillover effect postulates that participation in nonpolitical realms of people's lives will affect their political orientations and behavior. Data from the 1987 NORC General Social Survey are used to test these expectations with respect to participation in religious organizations. Results indicate that greater involvement in churches goes with more conservatism and somewhat greater politicization, although there are some variations by race, sex, and denomination.
Identifying reactive intermediates in the Ullmann coupling reaction by scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy

We present an atomic-scale study of substituent effects in the Ullmann coupling reaction on Cu{111} using low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy. We have observed fluorophenyl intermediates and phenyl intermediates as well as biphenyl products on Cu{111} after exposure to 4-fluoro-1-bromobenzene (p-FC6H4Br) and bromobenzene (C6H5Br), respectively. When p-FC6H4Br dissociatively chemisorbs at 298 K on Cu{111}, the relatively weakly bound Br dissociates, and fluorophenyl intermediates are formed. These intermediates couple to form 4,4′-difluorobiphenyl and desorb at temperatures below 370 K. However, by cooling the substrate to low temperature (4 K), we have observed unreacted fluorophenyl intermediates distributed randomly on terraces and at step edges of the Cu{111} surface. Alternatively, at similar coverages of C6H5Br, we have observed biphenyl distributed on terraces and step edges. In each case, Br adatoms were randomly distributed on the surface. Chemical identification of fluo...
Sneaky fish use suction for stealthy hunting

![][1] Imagine you are a small crustacean. You might be minding your own business, until suddenly you feel it: a wave of water signaling the approach of a predatory fish. Luckily, your escape response is incredibly fast. All you need is that brief warning wave to scoot away in the
Technical and management notes

The political factors that are affecting R & D are a significant input to the flow model of idea generation in the creativity process, and at times they are a decisive and dominant parameter in the determination of “needs.”
Efficient workstation based 3D model for optical alignment simulation

A new workstation-based rigorous 3D model for simulation of light scattering by alignment structures is introduced. The model extends a successful 2D lithography model, and has been applied to the simulation of periodic 3D alignment marks on a resist covered silicon substrate. The theory behind the new model is presented, and examples are given of the model's results and computational efficiency.
The surface composition of hydroxylapatite derived from solution behavior of aqueous suspensions

Successive extracts of a precipitated hydroxylapatite were made with water and each extract was analyzed for calcium, phosphate, sulfate, and pH. The sulfate impurity rapidly decreased to a non-detectable quantity. Calcium and phosphate were released in concentrations decreasing with successive extracts and in a mole ratio that depended on the proportion of solid and water used (slurry density) and the number of water extracts. The total ions in the water extracts was expressed as the fraction of the hydroxylapatite contained in the boundary layer and this fraction never exceeded a monolayer of 1 unit cell depth. The results are compatible with the formation of a surface complex having the composition Ca2(HPO4) (OH)2, this being a product of hydrolysis of the boundary planes of hydroxylapatite. The complex has a small solubility that yields Ca, HPO4, and OH ions in the water extracts and a value for pKc has been calculated.
Universal homoclinic bifurcations and chaos near double resonances

We study the dynamics near the intersection of a weaker and a stronger resonance inn-degree-of-freedom, nearly integrable Hamiltonian systems. For a truncated normal form we show the existence of (n−2)-dimensional hyperbolic invariant tori whose whiskers intersect inmultipulse homoclinic orbits with large splitting angles. The homoclinic obits are doubly asymptotic to solutions that “diffuse” across the weak resonance along the strong resonance. We derive a universalhomoclinic tree that describes the bifurcations of these orbits, which are shown to survive in the full normal form. We illustrate our results on a three-degree-of-freedom mechanical system.
Forecasting Multiple Time Series with Little Prior Information

It is difficult to do much in the way of prior specification when you have been handed seven series of data with a few-word description on each: series 1 is a price series, series 2 is a price series, series 3 is a quantity series corresponding to series 1, etc. Perhaps the data were generated as the outcome of a laboratory experiment, where a high degree of control on omitted variables was present, or maybe the data were generated as the outcome of a real-world economy where no control was present; finally, perhaps the data are from the real world but the person recording the data made mistakes entering series 3. The amount of prior information which our competition group brings to this task, while meager, is perhaps no less than that brought to many econometric exercises (the experimental group excepted). As the list of possible explanatory variables which have been omitted from studies with secondary data is long, procedures built for summarizing regularities and forecasting are perhaps useful in both settings. Arguably, in both modeling environments "true" structure is unobtainable [as randomization is present in neither case (Rubin)]; demonstration of success (relative success) is obtained by comparing out-of-sample forecasts from alternative models.
Promoting Successful Aging: Problems, Opportunities, and Counseling Guidelines

In this article the author presents an overview of problems, opportunities, and guidelines related to promoting successful aging. We are living longer, but not necessarily with high levels of health or wellness. Counseling interventions prior to the elder years could promote higher levels of health and wellness that would persist well into old age. This would benefit the individual and society. The purpose of this article is to motivate counselors to become more active in helping individuals and society to age more successfully.
Effects of cycloheximide on in vitro testosterone secretion from RANA catesbeiana ovaries.

Abstract 1. 1. A 1hr exposure to 20 μg/ml of the protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide (CHX), essentially abolished secretion of testosterone (T) by bullfrog ovarian fragments during simultaneous administration of homologous pituitary extract and CHX. 2. 2. Removal of CHX from the medium after 4 hr of treatment reversed the inhibition of T secretion, allowing it to attain control levels. 3. 3. Pre-exposure of ovarian fragments to CHX was not required to obtain an inhibition of T secretion. 4. 4. These data supported the hypothesis that protein synthesis is required for acute and chronic gonadotropic stimulation of steroidogenesis by the bullfrog ovary.
Quantum-mechanical study of arrangement channel dependence of V → V energy transfer in collinear collisions of HD molecules

Abstract The arrangement channel dependence of vibrational-to-vibrational (V → V) energy transfer in collinear collisions of two HD molecules is studied by exact quantum-mechanical calculations. Comparison to simple semiclassical theories and the effect of choice of harmonic or Morse oscillator potentials is explored.
Survival after liver transplantation: Is racial disparity inevitable?

Previous analyses have reported that minority patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) have poorer survival than Caucasian recipients. The reason for this disparity is unclear. We examined whether racial differences in survival exist at select academic OLT centers. OLT recipients from 4 academic centers were prospectively enrolled in 2 multicenter databases. Data including demographics, liver disease diagnosis, and post-OLT follow-up were obtained for 2823 (135 African, 2448 Caucasian, and 240 other race) adult patients undergoing primary OLT between 1985 and 2000. The survival of patients and grafts after OLT was compared across race. The Kaplan-Meier estimates for 1-year recipient survival were 90.8% [95% confidence interval (CI): 86.0–95.9] for African Americans, 86.5% (95% CI: 85.1–87.9) for Caucasians, and 84.4% (95% CI: 79.8–89.2) for other races. The 5-year recipient survival probability was 69.2% (95% CI: 60.1–79.7) for African Americans, 72.2% (95% CI: 70.1–74.4) for Caucasians, and 67.5% (95% CI: 60.5–75.3) for other races. The 10-year recipient survival probability for African Americans was 54.4% (95% CI: 41.1–72.1), for Caucasians 50.7% (95% CI: 46.4–55.3), and for other races 55.7% (95% CI: 41.5–74.8). There was no difference in patient survival (P = 0.162) or graft survival (P = 0.582) among racial groups. A multivariable proportional hazards model confirmed the absence of an association between race and post-OLT survival after adjustments for age, gender, total bilirubin, creatinine, prothrombin time, and diagnosis. Conclusion: These data demonstrate that as a proof of principle, minority OLT recipients should not necessarily expect an OLT outcome inferior to that of Caucasians. (HEPATOLOGY 2007.)
Synthesis of ferrocene-functionalized monomers for biodegradable polymer formation

Cyclic carbonate and δ-valerolactone substrates functionalized with ferrocene were synthesized via alkyne–azide “click” cycloaddition. The cyclic carbonates were polymerized using 1,8-diazabicycloundec-7-ene, 1-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-3-cyclohexylthiourea, and benzyl alcohol. The resulting polymers were characterized by GPC, NMR spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry studies. It was found that polycarbonate molecular weights fall in the range of 4.1–5.2 × 103 g mol−1 with polydispersities as low as 1.26. Electrochemistry studies allowed us to identify the monomer/polymer pair with the most desirable redox potential for biological studies.
The effects of competition and corporate political responsiveness on multinational bargaining power

This paper empirically investigates the effects of competition and corporate political responsiveness on multinational bargaining power. The results indicate that the more intense the competition, the weaker the bargaining power of multinationals vis-a-vis that of host governments. Further, higher corporate political responsiveness plays an increasingly important role in safeguarding the bargaining power position of multinationals as competition intensifies. Implications and future research development are suggested.