cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An enhanced thermo-compression bonding process to address warpage in 3D integration of large die on organic substrates

In this work, a controlled thermo-compression (TC) bonding process has been developed to address problems caused by interposer and laminate warpage when assembling large three-dimensional (3D) integrated circuit (IC) die on an organic substrate (laminate). By using TC bonding, a thin interposer with through-silicon-vias (TSV) is joined to a top die while being held flat by vacuum and vertical pressure. A vacuum distribution plate is developed and used to mitigate warpage during 3D assembly. A unique set of process parameters has been developed which enables the joining of severely bowed, large area interposers to a semiconductor die without C4 (Controlled Collapse Chip Connection) shorting. The controlled TC bonding method developed in this work offers a huge advantage when joining multiple large warped die in a stack. This evaluation used a large 22 nm CMOS top die with ultra low-K (ULK) back end of the line (BEOL) and copper pillar/SnAg solder bumps at two different pitch sizes, 61 µm and 131 µm. Both the top die and interposer die were larger than 600 mm2 while the organic substrate was 68.5 mm × 68.5 mm. The top die and interposer were bonded with parameters developed for an enhanced TC bonding process. Cross-sectional analysis of the 3D assembly showed that the solder joints along the perimeter of chips exhibited good joining with good solder wettability and no solder bridging. Non-destructive X-ray analysis also confirmed that there were no C4 bump bridging across the entire chip area. The experimental results verified that the enhanced TC bonding process can effectively prevent C4 bump bridging and C4 bump electrical opens for a large die packaged in a 3D configuration with a highly warped large area silicon interposer.
Nested convolutional/turbo codes for the binary Wyner-Ziv problem

We show how concatenated (convolutional) codes can be used to compress close to the Wyner-Ziv limit for binary sources. Focusing on the case of lossy compression of an equiprobable memoryless binary source with side information at the decoder, the approach is based on nested binary linear codes, which is the extension of Wyner's lossless compression scheme to the lossy case proposed by Shamai, Verdu and Zamir. Based on our previous work on lossless compression with concatenated codes, we are able to combine the only two previously suggested nested schemes into a novel turbo scheme with improved performance. Our scheme can come within 0.09 bits from the theoretical limit, which to our knowledge is the first result ever reported for the binary Wyner-Ziv problem.
Light control of plasma membrane recruitment using the Phy-PIF system.

Abstract The ability to control the activity of intracellular signaling processes in live cells would be an extraordinarily powerful tool. Ideally, such an intracellular input would be (i) genetically encoded, (ii) able to be turned on and off in defined temporal or spatial patterns, (iii) fast to switch between on and off states, and (iv) orthogonal to other cellular processes. The light-gated interaction between fragments of two plant proteins—termed Phy and PIF—satisfies each of these constraints. In this system, Phy can be switched between two conformations using red and infrared light, while PIF only binds one of these states. This chapter describes known constraints for designing genetic constructs using Phy and PIF and provides protocols for expressing these constructs in mammalian cells, purifying the small molecule chromophore required for the system's light responsivity, and measuring light-gated binding by microscopy.
An antibody to synaptotagmin I facilitates synaptic transmission.

Proper functioning of the nervous system requires precise control of neurotransmitter release. Synaptotagmin, a synaptic vesicle protein, is crucial for the temporal control of neurotransmitter release. The mechanism of synaptotagmin function is still under debate. To investigate the mechanism by which synaptotagmin controls neurotransmitter release, we injected an antibody of rat synaptotagmin I into a crayfish motor axon. We found that the antibody enhanced synaptic transmission at crayfish neuromuscular junctions by increasing the amplitude of the evoked synaptic response. This effect was antibody-dose dependent. The antibody also reduced the rise time of the synaptic potentials. These effects were accompanied by a reduction in the Hill coefficient for Ca 2+ -dependence of synaptic transmission. Our findings support the hypothesis that synaptotagmin inhibits neurotransmitter release in the absence of Ca 2+ .
SCAI: Enhancing Patient Care Through Quality

A primary objective of the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions is to promote excellence in invasive and interventional cardiovascular medicine through physician education and representation, and the advancement of quality standards to enhance patient care. This focus on quality as it applies to the practice of invasive cardiology is unique to SCAI, and the Society has demonstrated its commitment to quality in several ways. The cornerstone of SCAI’s quality improvement (QI) efforts is the QI Committee that initiates and coordinates SCAI’s local, regional, national, and international QI efforts. Over the past 5 years the QI Committee has been on the forefront of QI efforts worldwide and its role in the Society will expand as cath lab teams increasingly focus on quality. The QI Committee is one of 31 committees or task forces within SCAI. The specific task of the Committee is to provide guidance and recommendations for development of the Society’s policies and positions related to healthcare QI initiatives, with emphasis on quality measures, public reporting of quality measures, pay-for-performance initiatives, interventional cardiology standards development, and radiation issues. It consists of a chairperson, a vice-chairperson, a staff liaison, an 11-member Executive Council, and 6 additional voting members. As with most SCAI committees, general membership is open to any member of the Society. The overall membership of the Committee has increased in recent years to a total of 60 members. The Committee holds monthly conference calls and meets in person during the SCAI Annual Scientific Sessions. The guiding principles of the Committee are best summarized in the two-part position statement by Klein et al. published in 2011 [1,2]. Over the past 4 years, the Committee has developed 5 inter-related QI programs that fulfill the Society’s mission to advance quality standards and improve patient care: 1) the SCAI Quality Improvement Toolkit (SCAI QIT); 2) the Cath Lab Best Practices Consensus Sunil V. Rao James C. Blankenship
An intermediate value theorem for sequences with terms in a finite set

We prove an intermediate value theorem of an arithmetical flavor, involving the consecutive averages of sequences with terms in a given finite set A. For every such set we completely characterize the numbers x ("intermediate values") with the property that the consecutive averages of every sequence with terms in A cannot increase from a value less than x to a value greater than x without taking the value x somewhere in between.
Reliability-based structural design

This paper presents the use of state-of-the-art reliability techniques to develop efficient structural design guidelines for civil engineering structures in a manner that includes overall structural system effects. Probabilistic design is done by explicitly accounting for the uncertainties in the different variables and their influence on structural performance. This approach has been used to develop a set of load and resistance factors instead of just a single safety factor to address all the uncertainties. However, the reliabilities of the individual components, when placed in the overall configuration, may not remain the same as when the components are considered separately. Therefore, this paper proposes that the reliability of the structure be explicitly satisfied at the component level as well as at the system level during design. Two important considerations are addressed in this regard: (i) the influence of system effects on the element reliability, and (ii) formulation of component design to ensure overall system reliability. As a result, system factors are developed for inclusion in structural design.
Application of a Learning Management System for Knowledge Management: Adoption and Cross-cultural Factors

International sales team development and support increasingly require attention to knowledge management processes and cross-cultural factors. Modern technologies for group collaboration and distance learning can be employed for increased efficiency and effectiveness to support traditional methods of classroom instruction and training. This article describes an application of a learning management system (ANGEL) (ANGEL Learning, Indianapolis, IN, USA) in a global professional services and software solutions firm with headquarters in the US and presence in over 70 countries. Data was collected to assess the acceptance and successful application of the new learning management system (LMS) in a wide-scale international environment. For analytical purposes, this study utilized the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) to examine factors that influence employee acceptance of the system. The research questions that were addressed in the investigation included (i) whether an LMS is an effective platform for commercial application as a knowledge management system in an international environment; and (ii) whether the TAM holds up in assessing the acceptance of a knowledge management system in an international context. The results indicated very favorable acceptance and use of the LMS for sales team training and support. Although traditional relationships of the TAM were upheld, results indicated that the relationship between perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness was moderated by whether users were located in the head offices or in various international locations. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A transition mass in the local Tully–Fisher relation

We study the stellar mass Tully-Fisher relation (TFR, stellar mass versus rotation velocity) for a morphologically blind selection of emission line galaxies in the field at redshifts 0.1 $<$ z $<$ 0.375. Kinematics ($\sigma_g$, V$_{rot}$) are measured from emission lines in Keck/DEIMOS spectra and quantitative morphology is measured from V- and I-band Hubble images. We find a transition stellar mass in the TFR, $\log$ M$_*$ = 9.5 M$_{\odot}$. Above this mass, nearly all galaxies are rotation-dominated, on average more morphologically disk-like according to quantitative morphology, and lie on a relatively tight TFR. Below this mass, the TFR has significant scatter to low rotation velocity and galaxies can either be rotation-dominated disks on the TFR or asymmetric or compact galaxies which scatter off. We refer to this transition mass as the "mass of disk formation", M$_{\mathrm{df}}$ because above it all star-forming galaxies form disks (except for a small number of major mergers and highly star-forming systems), whereas below it a galaxy may or may not form a disk.
Linear relationship of phlorizin-binding capacity and hexose uptake during differentiation in a clone of LLC-PK1 cells.

With a clone of (Cl 4) of LLC-PK cells, which develop a high capacity for Na/sup +/-dependent hexose uptake over time (days) in culture, we show that increasing uptake capacity is paralleled by an increase in the number of phlorizin-binding sites in the population. The linear relationship between binding and hexose transport is the same whether the cells differentiate spontaneously or are induced by either methylisobutylxanthine or hexamethylene bisacetamide. The constancy of the relationship suggests that the primary factor in transport development is the number of transporters in the cells rather than other possible factors like a change in membrane potential or decreased efflux. The K/sub d/ for phlorizin binding is .08 +/- .04 ..mu..M, and corresponds to K/sub i/ of 0.10 ..mu..M for transport inhibition. The turnover number of the transporter is estimated to be 170 +/- 40 molecules per second of ..cap alpha..-methyl glucoside.
Research and development needs for advanced vehicle control systems

The technical issues that the Advanced Vehicle Control Systems (AVCS) Committee of the Intelligent Vehicle Highway Society (IVHS) of America has identified as necessary to improve the performance of the surface transportation system are discussed. AVCSs represent the application of sensors, computers, and electromechanical actuators to provide drivers with warnings of hazards, assistance in controlling their vehicles, or fully automated control of vehicle motions. The constraints under which AVCS enabling technologies must be brought to maturity, such as cost, reliability, fault tolerance, and environmental hardening, combined with the basic performance requirements, are outlined. The enabling technologies for AVCS, subdivided into categories of sensors, communication, computation, electromechanical actuators, software and systems technologies, and special tools and facilities, are discussed. AVCS target products are reviewed. >
Favorable Glycemic Response of Type 2 Diabetics to Low-Calorie Cranberry Juice

Fruit and vegetable intake is typically low for type 2 diabetics, possibly due to a perceived adverse effect on glycemic control. Cranberry juice (CBJ) may represent an attractive means for increasing fruit intake and simultaneously affording positive health benefits. This single cross-over design compared metabolic responses of type 2 diabetics (n= 12) to unsweetened low-calorie CBJ (LCCBJ; 19 Cal/240 mL), carbohydrate sweetened normal calorie CBJ (NCCBJ; 120 Cal/240 mL), isocaloric low-calorie sugar water control (LCC), and isocaloric normal calorie sugar water control (NCC) interventions. CBJ flavonols and anthocyanins, and proanthocyanidins were quantified with HPLC, LC-MS, and MALDI-TOF that includes an original characterization of several large oligomeric proanthocyanidins. Blood glucose peaked 30 min postingestion after NCCBJ and NCC at 13.3 +/- 0.5 and 12.8 +/- 0.9 (mmol/L), and these responses were significantly greater than the LCCBJ and LCC peaks of 8.1 +/- 0.5 and 8.7 +/- 0.5, respectively. Differences in glycemic response remained significant 60 min, but not 120 min postingestion. Plasma insulin values 60 min postingestion for NCCBJ and NCC interventions were 140 +/- 19 and 151 +/- 18 (pmol/L), respectively, and significantly greater than the LCCBJ and LCC values of 56 +/- 10 and 54 +/- 10; differences were not significant 120 min postingestion. Metabolic responses within the 2 high and 2 low-calorie beverages were virtually identical; however, exposure to potentially beneficial nutrients was greater with CBJ. Relative to conventionally sweetened preparation, LCCBJ provides a favorable metabolic response and should be useful for promoting increased fruit consumption among type 2 diabetics or others wishing to limit carbohydrate intake.
A Chopper-Stabilized Lateral-BJT-Input Interface in 0.6μm CMOS for Capacitive Accelerometers

We present a prototype lateral-PNP (LPNP) BJT interface IC for an SOI capacitive accelerometer with a measured resolution of 6.3mug/VHz and an output noise floor of -118dBVradicHz for a gain of 204mV/g at extremely low frequencies. The resolution is improved by further reducing the low-frequency Vf noise and offset of the LPNP input interface using a chopper stabilization technique. The interface is designed and fabricated in a 3V 0.6mum CMOS process and interfaced with the accelerometer device with wire-bonds, where the accelerometer is fabricated on an SOI substrate using a simple process that yields high sensitivity in a small die size. The power consumption of the IC is 3.75mW with external clocking.
Mapping radiant energy distributions during laser irradiation of collagen phantoms by photolabeling with tetrabrominated rhodamine

summary, the original light distribution, i, is directly proportional to the observed fluorescence, F, due to affixed TBR. The denominator contains all the factors which scale the relationship.5.4 Conclusion The purpose of this paper was to test the hypothesis that photolabeing could be used tospecify light distributions in a gel phantom. These preliminary experimental results illustrate that indeed the method is feasible. In this Discussion section, we have outlined the basic relationships between measuredfluorescence, F, of TBR affixed by photolabeling and the original light distribution, i.i, thatcaused the labeling (see Eq. 8). However, the unknowns J1a Tex, and Tern are problematicfactors because they involve optical properties. Since our goal was to specify the gel optics, weface the dilemma of depending on optics (Jia, Tex, Tern) to specify optics (Ip?). SPIE Vol. 1646 Laser-Tissue Interaction III (1992) / 225 Downloaded From: http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/ on 04/07/2016 Terms of Use: http://spiedigitallibrary.org/ss/TermsOfUse.aspx
Robustness of narrowband DOA algorithms with respect to signal bandwidth

The purpose of this paper is to determine the domain of validity of spatial covariance-based narrowband DOA algorithms when processing non-narrowband data. By focusing on the case of one source and two equipowered uncorrelated sources of the same bandwidth, we examine order detection and asymptotic bias and covariance w.r.t. the bandwidth and the number of snapshots given by any narrowband algorithm. An order detector scheme, based on numerical analysis arguments introduced in channel order detection, is proposed. Closed-form expressions are given for the asymptotic bias and covariance of the DOA's estimated by the MUSIC algorithm, for which we show the key role that bandwidth plays w.r.t. the demodulation frequency. Furthermore, a common closed-form expression of the Cramer-Rao bound is given for the DOA parameter of a narrowband or wideband source, whose spectrum is symmetric w.r.t. the demodulation frequency, in the case of an arbitrary array. This allows us to prove that the MUSIC atgorithrn retains its efficiency over a large bandwidth range under these conditions.
A Tax and Redistribution Experiment with Subjects that Switch from Risk Aversion to Risk Preference

Benabou and Ok use expected utility to argue the prospect of upward mobility (POUM) may cause majority rejection of redistributive taxes that benefit the majority. They believe the poor are not risk seeking but instead believe they may soon be rich. In paid computerized experiments that allows redistribution the poor are risk seeking and the rich risk averse even though subjects play both roles. Changing risk attitudes with wealth levels is predicted by Kahnemann and Tversky (Econometrica 47(2):263–291, 1979). Rounds that mimic actual middle class decisions produce desired tax rates over 50% suggesting POUM is only a partial explanation for low taxes.
Quantifying tomb geometries in resistivity images using watershed algorithms

Abstract Quantifying the geometries (defined here as width, height and depth of burial) of archeological structures within resistivity models produced as a result of the regularization constraints used in most inversion algorithms is difficult, especially when structures are closely spaced. Here we apply the watershed by simulated immersion method of boundary detection to smooth 2D resistivity images generated for synthetic and field data over 3D targets. The synthetic studies include a single cavity model, a model for two widely spaced cavities (spacing ≫ unit electrode spacing) and a model for two closely spaced cavities (spacing
Effect of photoperiod on the diurnal rhythm of plasma testosterone, dihydrotestosterone and androstenedione in mature male chickens.

Abstract 1. 1. The effects of different photoperiods on the concentrations of plasma androgens, testes weight and on the diurnal rhythm of plasma testosterone (T), dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and androstenedione (A) in mature, single comb White Leghorn male chickens were studied. 2. 2. Birds were exposed to either 14 hr of light (lights on at 0600–2000 hr) or to 24 hr of light per day. 3. 3. Blood samples were collected from birds in both groups at 3-hr intervals and plasma levels of T, DHT and A were measured using radioimmunoassays. Following blood collection, birds were weighed, killed and testis weights were recorded. 4. 4. Under 14 hr of light, there was a diurnal rhythm of T and DHT with hormone concentrations peaking at the end of the dark period. There was no obvious rhythm for A. Exposure to 24 hr of light abolished the diurnal rhythm found under 14 hr of light. 5. 5. There was an increase not only in testis weights but also in body weight and hormone concentrations under 24 hr of light. 6. 6. It was concluded that photoperiod plays an important role in controlling the concentration and rhythm of androgens in mature male chickens.
Integrative Complexity of Public Beliefs Toward Wildfire Management: Development of a Scale

Integrative complexity is a useful tool for examining the complex way people think about dichotomous, highly charged issues. However, the qualitative nature of this research is lengthy and requires much work from respondents and investigators alike. This paper presents the process by which a combination open-ended and fixed-item scale was developed to measure the complexity of thought that is consistent with integrative complexity. We used the controversial issue of wildfire management in developing the scale because it has become a pervasive natural resource concern that has divided the public's perceptions regarding its management. The resulting scale is designed for use in large surveys across any number of natural resource issues.
Modulators of coagulation. A critical appraisal of their role in sepsis.

Widespread intravascular coagulation is common in patients with sepsis. Coagulation abnormalities may result from exposure to endotoxin, from tumor necrosis factor a or interleukin 1 release, or from the actions of a more specific mediator, such as vascular permeability factor. The result is marked activation of the contact and coagulation systems; simultaneously, there is decreased fibrinolysis and depressed levels of the inhibitors of the contact and coagulation systems. Multiple agents are being studied to correct these abnormalities. Antithrombin III holds promise because it inhibits a number of factors important in contact and coagulation activation, not just thrombin. Plasminogen activators may prove helpful in increasing fibrinolysis during sepsis; because they have been associated with rebound thrombin generation, however, plasminogen activators may be most effective if used in conjunction with hirudin or a synthetic hirudin analogue. Bradykinin may offset hypotension in sepsis. Protein C may inhibit thrombin formation and also complex with plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, thereby promoting fibrinolysis. Other agents that may prove effective include α1-antitrypsin Pittsburgh, C1-esterase inhibitor, monoclonal antibodies to contact factors, soybean trypsin inhibitors, thrombomodulin, prostaglandin I2, and aprotinin. There are no data to support the use of heparin or fibronectin, except in limited circumstances. (Arch Intern Med. 1992;152:1381-1389)
Differentiating bipolar disorder from unipolar depression and ADHD: the utility of the general behavior inventory.

Bipolar disorder (BD) is an affective condition that affects approximately 4% of the U.S. population (Merikangas et al., 2007) and is often associated with adverse outcomes, including increased use of health services, difficulty with employment and interpersonal relationships, and high rates of suicide attempts (Dennehey et al., 2011; Judd & Akiskal, 2003; Merikangas et al., 2007; Robins & Regier, 1991; Sanchez-Moreno et al., 2009). Pharmacological and psychosocial treatments can considerably reduce BD symptoms and prevent relapse (see Fountoulakis & Vieta, 2008 for a review). However, diagnostic challenges emerge when differentiating BD from other disorders that have a high degree of shared symptomatology, particularly unipolar depression (UPD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD; Galanter & Leibenluft, 2008; Geller, Zimerman, Williams, Bolhofner, & Craney, 2001; Sala, Axelson, & Birmaher, 2009). Actuarial assessment instruments are thought to increase the objectivity and reliability of predictions, and have been shown to improve diagnostic certainty and identification of appropriate treatment (Dawes, Faust, & Meehl, 1989). The General Behavior Inventory (GBI; Depue, Krauss, Spoont, & Arbisi, 1989) is commonly used to assess BD symptoms and has demonstrated robust psychometric properties relative to other instruments (Miller, Johnson, & Eisner, 2009). However, the utility of the GBI in distinguishing BD from other symptomatically similar disorders remains unclear. The purpose of this study is to examine the diagnostic value of GBI scores in differentiating BD from UPD, as well as ADHD.
Management of microvascular dysfunction and reperfusion injury

The aim of reperfusion therapy for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is to rapidly restore coronary blood flow and myocardial perfusion with the objective of salvaging myocardium. The treatment of AMI for many years has focused on achieving patency of the conduit epicardial artery at the site of plaque rupture and occlusive thrombus. Major advances in interventional techniques and adjunctive pharmacological treatment have made it possible to achieve normal (TIMI grade 3) epicardial flow in approximately 95% of patients.1 This success has also highlighted the limitations of current treatment with regards to the goal of restoring myocardial perfusion. A significant proportion of patients, perhaps as many as 40%, do not regain microvascular and myocardial perfusion despite the restoration of TIMI grade 3 flow.1,2 The major source of these data has been acquired from patients treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), but likely also applies to those receiving thrombolytic therapy. Failure to restore myocardial perfusion is associated with larger myocardial infarcts, increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias, cardiac failure, cardiac rupture, cardiogenic shock, major adverse cardiac events following PCI, and death. In its most extreme form, failure of microvascular perfusion is manifested in the cardiac catheterisation laboratory as the “no reflow” phenomenon; however, “slow reflow” and even more subtle degrees of impaired microvascular flow are more frequent. Longer duration from onset of symptoms and anterior myocardial infarction are risk factors for myocardial malperfusion. In addition, we have observed that diabetes mellitus is an independent predictor of diminished myocardial perfusion.3 This article provides a brief overview of the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of myocardial malperfusion in patients with AMI.
MicroRNA profiling of diverse endothelial cell types

MicroRNAs are ~22-nt long regulatory RNAs that serve as critical modulators of post-transcriptional gene regulation. The diversity of miRNAs in endothelial cells (ECs) and the relationship of this diversity to epithelial and hematologic cells is unknown. We investigated the baseline miRNA signature of human ECs cultured from the aorta (HAEC), coronary artery (HCEC), umbilical vein (HUVEC), pulmonary artery (HPAEC), pulmonary microvasculature (HPMVEC), dermal microvasculature (HDMVEC), and brain microvasculature (HBMVEC) to understand the diversity of miRNA expression in ECs. We identified 166 expressed miRNAs, of which 3 miRNAs (miR-99b, miR-20b and let-7b) differed significantly between EC types and predicted EC clustering. We confirmed the significance of these miRNAs by RT-PCR analysis and in a second data set by Sylamer analysis. We found wide diversity of miRNAs between endothelial, epithelial and hematologic cells with 99 miRNAs shared across cell types and 31 miRNAs unique to ECs. We show polycistronic miRNA chromosomal clusters have common expression levels within a given cell type. EC miRNA expression levels are generally consistent across EC types. Three microRNAs were variable within the dataset indicating potential regulatory changes that could impact on EC phenotypic differences. MiRNA expression in endothelial, epithelial and hematologic cells differentiate these cell types. This data establishes a valuable resource characterizing the diverse miRNA signature of ECs.
Studies of Male Competitiveness in the German Cockroach

Competitiveness tests in B. germanica showed (1) a tendency for males from a laboratory-translocation stock to outcompete those collected as nymphs from a Norfolk based ship and (2) retention of competitiveness by unmated males throughout the 1st mo of adulthood, with a slight peak in aggressiveness at ca. 2 wk. The act of mating is followed by a reduction in competitiveness.
Multi-modal Imaging Cassette for Small Animal Molecular Imaging

One of the challenges inherent with in vivo small animal imaging is the co-registration of sensitive molecular imaging techniques with high resolution anatomical imaging modalities. To overcome this challenge, we designed an imaging cassette to allow multi-modal fusion via non-concurrent registration between modalities. The imaging cassette was designed to allow for rigid registration and to be compatible with all common pre-clinical imaging modalities and with an anesthesia system. The cassette was validated by providing non-concurrent registration between fluorescence molecular tomography and micro-CT (or micro-MRI).
The control of grain boundary structure by ion implantation of solute

The dislocation structures of small and large angle (001) twist boundaries in Fe-S alloys are influenced by the segregation of S to the vicinity of the interface. Since changes in the dislocation structures of (001) twist boundaries due to solute segregation have now been observed in the Fe-Au, Fe-Sb and Fe-S systems, this behavior is believed to represent a widely occurring phenomenon in Fe alloys. This work has also demonstrated that ion implantation can be used to deposit solute in the vicinity of the interface in a bicrystal specimen where the boundary is both parallel, and close to the external surface. The ion implantation technique may be useful for changing boundary structure in order to control boundary properties. The main role of the point defects introduced during ion implantation, in the process that are occurring in the bicrystal, appears to be to help the attainment of the equilibrium distribution of the solute at the interface.
Up Close and Personal with Cancer

Johnson weaves together a memoir of his wife9s illness and his personal investigation into what is and is not known about cancer.
Exploring Alternatives to Channel Change for Improving the Coexistence of IEEE 802.15.4 and IEEE 802.11

The recent increase in the number of technologies operating in the 2.4GHz ISM band has drawn attention towards the impact they can have on each other. In this paper, we have conducted a case study about coexistence of IEEE 802.11and IEEE 802.15.4 which has led us to discover previously unknown interactions. We have performed experiments using real hardware to evaluate the impact of IEEE 802.11 on IEEE 802.15.4and vice versa. More importantly, we have identified IEEE 802.11MAC/PHY layer parameters that could be changed in order to improve the performance of coexisting IEEE 802.15.4 nodes. We have also identified the order in which these adjustments should be made.
Second Language Learner Knowledge of Verb-Argument Constructions: Effects of Language Transfer and Typology.

This article examines second language (L2) learner knowledge of English verb-argument constructions (VACs), for example, the 'V against n' construction. It investigates to what extent constructions underpin L2 learners' linguistic competence, how VAC mental representations in native speakers and learners differ, and whether there are observable effects of the learners' first language. Native speakers of English and advanced learners of 3 different first language backgrounds (Czech, German, Spanish) were asked to generate the first verb that came to mind to fill the gap in 20 sparse VAC frames like 'she ____ against the....' The comparison of learner and native speaker verb responses highlights crosslinguistic transfer effects as well as effects of language typology that impact verb semantics (cf. Talmy, 1985). Our findings suggest that learners whose L1 is, like English, satellite-framed (here Czech and German) produce more target-like verbs than learners whose L1 is verb-framed (here Spanish). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
The case of John: A generation gap in the clinical dyad

The author, a gay male clinician, presents a psychotherapy case of his work with an older gay male patient. Offering excerpts of psychotherapy process, the author highlights ways in which the generation difference between therapist and patient were central to the treatment. The article ends with descriptions of the author's countertransference experience working with this patient.
Plasma acth and cortisol levels in depressed patients: Relation to dexamethasone suppression test

Blood samples collected from normal subjects and newly hospitalized depressed patients at 8 AM on the day before and at 8 AM and 4 PM the day after receiving dexamethasone, 1 mg orally at 11 PM, were analyzed for ACTH and cortisol. The mean plasma ACTH values of these two groups were not significantly different at any of the times, while the cortisol levels of the depressed patients were significantly higher than those of the normal subjects at 8 AM pre-dexamethasone (P<0.001). There was no correlation between plasma ACTH and cortisol values in either group. The cortisol responses to dexamethasone in depressed patients revealed two subgroups. In one subgroup, the cortisol was suppressed as much as in normal subjects, but in the other, cortisol levels were not suppressed. The post-dexamethasone ACTH rebounded at 4 PM in the latter subgroup to higher values than in the subgroup with suppressed cortisol levels and in the normal subjects. After dexamethasone, the ACTH values were negatively correlated with plasma cortisol only in the normal subjects (P<0.01), not in the depressed patients. These results indicate that ACTH levels do not account for the elevated cortisol and the failure of dexamethasone to suppress cortisol levels in some depressed patients.
III-N-V: a novel material system for lasers with good high-temperature characteristics

ABSTRACT We have obtained GaInNAs/GaAs quantum wells with emission at 1.3 im at room temperature. We alsoshow that another novel material InNAsP grown on InP is a viable material for long-wavelength lasers.The maximum temperature of operation for an InNAsP/GaInAsP microdisk laser is 70 °C, which is about 120 °C higher than that of a similar laser fabricated from GaInAsfGaInAsP. The characteristic temperature T0 ofthe former is 97 K, also higher than that ofthe latter.Key words: 111-V compound semiconductors, nitrogen, GaInNAs, InNAsP, microdisk laser 1. INTRODUCTION Long-wavelength lasers emitting at 1.3 and 1.55 pm are important for optical-fiber communications andhave been intensively investigated. These lasers were commonly realized with the GaInAsP-InP materialsystem, but they have poor performance at high temperature (25 °C to 85 °C) and thermoelectric coolers are often required for their use in optical-fiber communication systems. The high-temperatureperformance is described by a characteristic temperature T0 where the temperature dependence of thethreshold current density is proportional to exp (T/T0). Obviously a higher the T0 is desirable. In the caseof the GaInAsP-InP system, T0 is about 60 K, due to the small conduction band offset resulting in poorelectron confinement in the quantum wells (QWs).' The hole confinement is less of a problem because ofheavier effective hole masses. Materials with a larger conduction band offset and a higher T0 have beenreported, e.g., the AlGaInAsfInP system with a T0 of 105-120 K2 and the AlGaInAsfInAsP system with aT0 of 127-143 K.3 In 1995 Kondow Ct a!. proposed a novel material system, GaInNAs/GaAs,4 and theyreported a T of 126 K for a laser emitting at 1.2 .tm5 and recently they also report edge-emitting andvertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) emitting at 1.3 m.6 In this paper we show some resultsfrom our work on GaInNAs/GaAs quantum wells and describe another Al-free material system for long-wavelength lasers at 1.3 and 1.55 tm: InNAsP on InP.7
Social Capital and Knowledge Creation: Diminishing Returns of the Number and Strength of Exchange Relationships

This study analyzed the relationship between social capital and knowledge creation at the individual level. Our limited theory of knowledge creation encompasses the number and strength of the relat...
Autonomous vs. comparative status: Must we be better than others to feel good about ourselves?

Previous research has shown that people's self-esteem and their group-oriented behavior are influenced by their judgments about the status of the groups to which they belong (pride) and assessments of their status within those groups (respect). These findings are important to justice researchers because the key antecedent of such status judgments is typically found to be the assessment of the fairness of group procedures (i.e., procedural justice). Research suggests that (1) procedural justice shapes status and that (2) status shapes self-esteem and group-oriented behavior. The paper reports the results of three studies comparing two different forms of these status judgments. The first form are autonomous judgments of pride and respect that are linked to the characteristics associated with membership in different groups. People link such judgments to inclusion or membership in the group. The second are comparative judgments of pride and respect that are linked to comparisons of one's status to the status of other people or groups. The results indicate that, within groups, people are influenced primarily by autonomous assessments of status based on their internal standards, which develop from the status associated with prototypical characteristics linked to inclusion in a group. People are less strongly influenced by comparisons of their status to the status of external comparison standards. Further, justice-based status inferences are shown to be primarily autonomous, and not comparative, in nature.
Microprocessor-controlled thermogravimetric separations☆

Abstract A microprocessor-controlled thermogravimetric analysis is described from a hardware standpoint. Features include increased automation, accuracy, reliability, speed of operation, and simplicity. Automation capabilities include thermocouple linearization to 0.1°C, multiple-step programming, automatic purge gas switching, temperature autocalibration, abscissa scaling, method storage and recall. Example illustrating the use of the new system include gravimetric separations of volatiles, organics, and fillers in polymer matrices.
Sites of interleukin-6 release in patients with acute coronary syndromes and in patients with congestive heart failure

This study examines the source of elevated interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and congestive heart failure (CHF). IL-6 is elevated in the peripheral blood of patients with ACS and CHF, but it is not known if this proinflammatory cytokine is from a cardiac or extracardiac source. Blood samples were obtained from the femoral artery, femoral vein, left main coronary artery, and coronary sinus in 57 patients during cardiac catheterization. IL-6 levels from 12 patients with ACS and 12 patients with CHF were compared with the IL-6 levels in 33 patients who had neither of these clinical conditions. Median IL-6 levels in the peripheral and coronary circulation were a minimum fivefold higher in patients with ACS or CHF relative to control patients. An elevated transcardiac IL-6 gradient (coronary sinus-left main level) was present in patients with ACS (median 5.2; 25th and 75th percentiles 3.9 and 29.3 pg/ml, respectively) compared with control patients (median 0, -0.7 and 0.5 pg/ml; p < 0.001), but not in patients with CHF (median 0.4, -0.7 and 3.5 pg/ml; p = NS). Elevated IL-6 levels in patients with ACS derive from a cardiac source, presumably from "inflamed" coronary plaques and areas of myocardial necrosis, whereas elevated levels in patients with CHF are most likely the result of extracardiac production.
ADENOVIRUS INFECTIONS AN IMPORTANT CAUSE OF MORBIDITY IN HOSPITALIZED CHILDREN FOLLOWING GASTROINTESTINAL SURGERY

ADENOVIRUS INFECTIONS AN IMPORTANT CAUSE OF MORBIDITY IN HOSPITALIZED CHILDREN FOLLOWING GASTROINTESTINAL SURGERY
Dichloroacetate-induced developmental toxicity and production of reactive oxygen species in zebrafish embryos.

Dichloroacetate (DCA) is one of the toxic by products that are formed during the chlorine disinfection process of drinking water. In this study, the developmental toxicity of DCA has been determined in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. Embryos were exposed to different concentrations (4, 8, 16, and 32 mM) of the compound at the 4 h postfertilization (hpf) stage of development, and were observed for different developmental toxic effects at 8, 24, 32, 55, 80, and 144 hpf. Exposure of embryos to 8–32 mM of DCA resulted in significant increases in the heart rate and blood flow of the 55 and 80 hpf embryos that turned into significant decreases at the 144 hpf time point. At 144 hpf, malformations of mouth structure, notochord bending, yolk sac edema and behavioral effects including perturbed swimming and feeding behaviors were also observed. DCA was also found to produce time- and concentration-dependent increases in embryonic levels of superoxide anion (O) and nitric oxide (NO), at various stages of development. The results of the study suggest that DCA-induced developmental toxic effects in zebrafish embryos are associated with production of reactive oxygen species in those embryos. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 19:52–58, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20051
The ALARA concept in pediatric cardiac catheterization: techniques and tactics for managing radiation dose

The cardiac catheterization laboratory plays an important role in the management of children with congenital heart disease by not only enabling diagnosis but, in many cases, providing definitive therapy. The goal of the ALARA (As Low as Reasonably Achievable) concept as it applies to cardiac catheterization is to provide maximal diagnostic and therapeutic benefit while requiring the lowest possible radiation dose. A number of specific challenges unique to the setting of pediatric cardiac catheterization, such as higher heart rates, smaller cardiovascular structures, smaller body size, and wider variety of unusual anatomic variants with the potential need for relatively lengthy and complex studies, result in relatively high radiation doses (to the patient and, consequently, to laboratory personnel). In addition, the improved survival of patients with complex anatomy (e.g., palliated single ventricle anatomies) implies that many such children with chronic cardiac disease require frequent catheterizations within the first few years of life. These factors, coupled with the increased radiosensitivity of children and a longer lifespan ahead of them in which to possibly develop radiation-related sequelae, converge to create potentially ominous consequences. Attention to basic rules of radiation safety is, therefore, of tremendous importance in the pediatric cardiac catheterization laboratory. This review focuses on the importance of adequate planning of the study, optimizing image formation, management of fluoroscopy and cine angiography parameters, and the use of certain equipment features that might allow the cardiologist to lower the radiation dose without sacrificing image quality.
THE EFFECT OF CROSS-LINKING ON PHOTOCYCLING ACTIVITY OF BACTERIORHODOPSIN

Abstract— Purple membrane preparations from Halobacterium halobium were chemically modified with imidoesters. Dimethyl adipimidate (8.3 A chain length) amidinates about five of the six free lysine residues whereas dimethyl suberimidate (11.3 A) under the same conditions reacts with only 2–3 residues. Gel electrophoresis showed that the shorter chain length imidoesters were less effective than dimethyl suberimidate in oligomer formation. However, dimethyl adipimidate resulted in a more marked inhibition of the photoreaction activity. Monofunctional imidates, methyl acetimidate and methyl butyrimi-date, at comparable degrees of amidination, did not appreciably affect activity indicating that the presence of bulky groups on the exposed lysine residues does not cause the effects observed. Hence, the introduction of molecular mobility constraints by intramolecular cross-linking slows photocycling, and, therefore, inhibits proton pumping activity of bacteriorhodopsin. This indicates that conforma-tional changes of the protein moiety of bacteriorhodopsin occur during photocycling activity.
Mechanisms of Tight Junction Dysregulation in the SAMP1/YitFc Model of Crohn's Disease–like Ileitis

To date, the precise etiology of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) remains largely unknown; however, it is well accepted that IBD results from a dysregulated mucosal immune response to environmental factors in genetically susceptible hosts. The primary defect, in at least a subpopulation of IBD patients, may be due to abnormal intestinal epithelial barrier function. The SAMP1/YitFc (SAMP) mouse strain is a spontaneous model of IBD, closely resembling Crohn's disease for its histologic features and localization to the terminal ileum. Dysregulated epithelial barrier function that precedes histologic evidence of ileitis has been reported to be the primary defect in SAMP mice. Data suggest that barrier dysfunction occurs in the absence of commensal bacteria and is accompanied by aberrant expression of the tight junction proteins claudin-2 and occludin. Further investigation is needed to define the precise role of the intestinal epithelium, as well as the apical junctional complex and its associated proteins, in the pathogenesis of IBD in order to determine the etiology and aid in the development of novel treatment modalities for these devastating diseases.
JAK2 inhibition in murine systemic lupus erythematosus

Evaluation of: Lu LD, Stump KL, Wallace NH et al. Depletion of autoreactive plasma cells and treatment of lupus nephritis in mice using CEP-33779, a novel, orally active, selective inhibitor of JAK2. J. Immunol. 187, 3840–3853 (2011). Systemic lupus erythematosus is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by the presence of myriad autoantibodies, some with pathogenic potential, and diverse clinical manifestations. Involvement of the kidney is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in human lupus patients and in murine models of the disease. It is hoped that more specific inhibition of crucial disease pathways would improve patient response rates, while reducing the considerable rates of drug-related side effects associated with current therapy. IL-6 has a pivotal regulatory role in the development and maturation of long-lived plasma cells, one of the key cell types driving the lupus disease phenotype as the source for the majority of lupus-related autoreactive antibodies. In this study, Lu et al. ta...
Some experimental techniques used in a precision charged particle absolute cross section measurement

Abstract In the course of a recent precision cross-section measurement utilizing solid-state detectors in a gaseous target scattering chamber, many effects which determine the shape and character of observed spectra were investigated experimentally. Data are presented on (1) slit edge scattering, (2) gas target scattering compensation processes, (3) detector efficiency, (4) gas scattering spectrum shape, (5) solid state detector response, and (6) incoming beam energy degradation.