cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Colony and Individual Forager Responses to Food Quality in the New World Bumble Bee, Bombus occidentalis

The ability of a successful forager to activate colony foraging allows colonies to rapidly exploit ephemeral resources and is an important innovation in the evolution of sociality. We tested the ability of the species, Bombus occidentalis, to stimulate colony foraging for food varying in quality. We then analyzed the behavior of successful foragers inside the nest to learn more about potential foraging activation movements. The number of bees entering a foraging arena was positively correlated with food sucrose concentration (0.5, 1.0, and 2.5 M sucrose, equal to 16–65% w/w). Foragers spent significantly more time imbibing higher concentration solutions. Foragers then returned to the nest where they moved in elaborate paths at variable speeds. There was no significant effect of sucrose concentration on average forager velocity or time spent inside the nest. However, the length of a forager’s path inside the nest (total of all distances moved each 0.1 s) significantly increased with sucrose concentration. On average, individuals foraging on 2.5 M and 1.0 M solution walked paths respectively 1.6 fold and 1.4 longer than the paths of individuals foraging on 0.5 M solution. These longer paths could result in a greater number of nestmate contacts, a factor shown to be important in the activation of B. impatiens foragers and also reported in B. terrestris foragers.
The observation of a transverse voltage at the superconducting transition of thin films

The authors have observed the occurrence of a nonHall transverse voltage in the absence of any externally applied magnetic field as a film is brought through its superconducting transition either by changing temperature or current. This voltage goes from zero to a maximum and then back to zero as the transition is traversed in either direction. A model that accounts for these observations has been published by L.I. Glazman (1986). The experimental functional dependence of V/sub T/ is in good qualitative agreement with Glazman's theoretical predictions. This suggests that vortex-antivortex interactions, present in the mixed state of all superconductors, may be the cause for the observed nonzero V/sub T/. An orientational effect consistent with flux guiding which affects the amplitude of the observed peak and provides all explanation for the variation in amplitude has been observed. It is suggested that reports of anomalous Hall effect and resistance anomalies in the literature may be related to this effect.
The relationship between capital investment and R&D spending: a panel cointegration analysis

Previous research has shown inconsistent results pertaining to the relationship between capital investment in property, plant and equity and research and development spending (R&D). This study re-examines that relationship between capital investment and R&D in a panel of 36 pharmaceutical firms. This study uses short- and long-run causality methods to capture the connection between the two variables. The short-run causality evidence confirms the research by Mairesse and Siu (1984) documenting that capital investment does not Granger-cause R&D and vice versa. On the other hand, the long-run causality test suggest that R&D and capital investment are cointegrated and the causality runs in both directions. These results imply that capital investment depends on the success of the R&D effort over time. The implementation of breakthroughs created by R&D may require additional capital investment, e.g. facilities and equipment. Moreover, thriving investment activity in one period may stimulate R&D efforts the next...
Apoptosis Induction by Caspase-8 Is Amplified through the Mitochondrial Release of Cytochrome c

Apoptosis often involves the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, leading to caspase activation. However, in apoptosis mediated by CD95 (Fas/APO-1), caspase-8 (FLICE/MACH/Mch5) is immediately activated and, in principle, could process other caspases directly. To investigate whether caspase-8 could also act through mitochondria, we added active caspase-8 to aXenopus cell-free system requiring these organelles. Caspase-8 rapidly promoted the apoptotic program, culminating in fragmentation of chromatin and the nuclear membrane. In extracts devoid of mitochondria, caspase-8 produced DNA degradation, but left nuclear membranes intact. Thus, mitochondria were required for complete engagement of the apoptotic machinery. In the absence of mitochondria, high concentrations of caspase-8 were required to activate downstream caspases. However, when mitochondria were present, the effects of low concentrations of caspase-8 were vastly amplified through cytochromec-dependent caspase activation. Caspase-8 promoted cytochrome c release indirectly, by cleaving at least one cytosolic substrate. Bcl-2 blocked apoptosis only at the lowest caspase-8 concentrations, potentially explaining why CD95-induced apoptosis can often evade inhibition by Bcl-2.
Social dialogue revival or ‘PR corporatism’? Negotiating anti-crisis measures in Poland and Bulgaria1

Despite earlier pessimistic assessments of social dialogue performance in central and eastern Europe, the 2008–2010 downturn in the economy brought an increase in tripartite activity in most new EU...
Analysis of the conjugate gradient matched filter

We consider the conjugate gradient (CG) algorithm for the calculation of the weight vector of the optimum matched filter (MF). As an iterative algorithm, it produces a series of approximations to the optimum MF weight vector, each of which can be used to filter the test signal and form a test statistic. This effectively leads to a family of detectors, referred to as the CG-MF detectors, which are indexed by k the number of iterations incurred. We first consider a general case involving an arbitrary covariance matrix of the disturbance (including interference, noise, etc.) and show that all CG-MF detectors attain constant false alarm rate (CFAR) and, furthermore, are optimum in the sense that the k-th CG-MF detector yields the highest output signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio (SINR) among all linear detectors within the k-th Krylov subspace. We then consider a structured case frequently encountered in practice, where the covariance matrix of the disturbance contains a low-rank component (rank-r) due to dominant interference sources, a scaled identity due to the presence of a white noise, and a perturbation component containing the residual interference and/or due to the estimation error. We show that the (r + 1)-st CG-MF detector achieves CFAR and an output SINR nearly identical to that of the optimum MF detector which requires complete iterations of the CG algorithm till reaching convergence. Hence, the (r + 1)-st CG-MF detector can be used in place of the MF detector for significant computational saving when r is small.
Tibialis Anterior or Posterior Allograft Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Versus Hamstring Autograft Reconstruction: An Economic Analysis in a Hospital-Based Outpatient Setting

Purpose To analyze and compare the direct costs, reimbursement rates, gross contribution margins, and operating room and recovery room times for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstructions with the use of soft-tissue allografts and autografts. We aimed to determine the financial impact of using allograft tissue for ACL reconstruction in a hospital-based outpatient setting. Methods Financial data from the facility billing database and operating room (OR) reports from the electronic medical record were queried to identify all patients undergoing arthroscopic ACL reconstruction during a 12-month period. A subset of patients who had isolated ACL reconstruction with or without simple meniscectomy or chondral debridement was identified as the study group. We compared 46 ACL reconstructions using tibialis anterior or posterior allografts and 50 ACL reconstructions using hamstring autografts. Facility direct cost, reimbursement rates, gross contribution margin, OR times, and other variables were compared. Results The facility mean direct cost for ACL reconstruction using allografts was $4,587, with a mean OR time of 92 minutes. The mean direct cost and OR time for ACL reconstruction using autografts were $3,849 and 125 minutes, respectively. Allograft ACL reconstructions were $738 more costly, and reimbursement was also higher. Allograft ACL reconstruction produced a 41.5% margin with a gross contribution margin of $3,248, whereas autografts had a reimbursement rate with a 45% margin with a gross contribution margin of $3,156. Conclusions In this study the cost of allograft tissue used in ACL reconstruction was not offset by the savings realized from shorter OR and recovery room times. However, in a hospital-based outpatient setting, reimbursement covered the cost of the allograft, offsetting the additional expense. Level of Evidence Level III, retrospective comparative study for economic analysis.
A Collaborative Approach to Experiential Learning in University Newswriting and Editing Classes A Case Study

This case study examines a creative approach by two journalism professors to enhance experiential learning in separate skills-based newswriting and editing courses by collaborating to produce a live online news report from campus each week on a four-hour deadline. The study builds on previous research into how innovative classroom structures that engage students in practical, published journalistic work affect learning and students’ response to their experiences.
Algorithms and applications for answering ranked queries using ranked views

Ranked queries return the top objects of a database according to a preference function. We present and evaluate (experimentally and theoretically) a core algorithm that answers ranked queries in an efficient pipelined manner using materialized ranked views. We use and extend the core algorithm in the described PREFER and MERGE systems. PREFER precomputes a set of materialized views that provide guaranteed query performance. We present an algorithm that selects a near optimal set of views under space constraints. We also describe multiple optimizations and implementation aspects of the downloadable version of PREFER. Then we discuss MERGE, which operates at a metabroker and answers ranked queries by retrieving a minimal number of objects from sources that offer ranked queries. A speculative version of the pipelining algorithm is described.
Capacity scaling in OFDM based spatial multiplexing systems

The capacity of multiple input multiple output (MIMO) systems increases linearly with the number of transmit and receive antennas. The asymptotic growth rate of capacity with the number of transmit and receive antennas has been derived for the flat fading channel (see Chuah, C. et al., IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, vol.48, p.637-50, 2002). We show that for OFDM based spatial multiplexing systems over the frequency selective fading channel, the capacity growth is also linear in the number of transmit and receive antennas. We consider both the independent and correlated fading cases. We adopt the MIMO correlated fading model of H. Bolcskei et al. (see IEEE Trans. Commun., vol.50, p.225-34, 2002). We investigate the influence of the physical parameters (such as antenna spacing, cluster angle spread, and total angle spread) on the capacity scaling of the MIMO OFDM systems.
Analytic optimization of ion-driven hohlraums

An analytic model of ion beam driven hohlraums is presented which is used to determine the optimal hohlraum design parameters. It is shown that the radiation intensity within the hohlraum can exceed the average ion intensity driving the hohlraum. This greenhouse effect significantly lowers ion beam intensity requirements for driving a fusion microexplosion.
Issues for microbial regulation: Aeromonas as a model

The decision by public health agencies to regulate specific microorganisms that may be found in drinking water can only be made if specific criteria find that a microorganism poses a health risk. These criteria should include: (1) there is a clinical history of an organism causing disease from the ingestion of drinking water; (2) there is epidemiological evidence that drinking water rather than food or other vectors is a major source of disease; (3) there is sufficient evidence that the target organism, if found in water, possesses virulence factors capable of causing disease in humans; (4) there is sufficient evidence that the target organism is not readily removed or inactivated by multi-barrier conventional water treatment process (e.g., coagulation-filtration-disinfection); (5) there is sufficient evidence that the target organism, if surviving conventional treatment, will be viable, virulent, and present in sufficient numbers to cause disease; (6) there are robust analytical methods for the target organism which have acceptable sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility to measure accurately the presence of the target organism in treated water; and (7) the performance criteria of analytical method(s) for the target organism have been certified by the appropriate public health agency, and there is intra-laboratory field-test performance data to base this certification.
Role of students in global health delivery

What role do students have in global health activities? On one hand, students have much to offer, including
A longitudinal study of communication in research: Technical and managerial influences

A number of variables were examined with respect to technical communication patterns in a research and development laboratory in the authors' initial investigation. Observed changes in technical assignment and administrative control were noted in three of the groups studied. Generally, the immediate response of a group of engineers to administrative change was to retain the communication patterns prior to the change. Changed technical missions resulted in less communication for a change group than for stable groups. Project teams depended upon links with the functional groups to which the engineers were previously assigned. A second study, eighteen months later, provides important data regarding the effects of change on technical communication patterns. The time lapse was sufficient for the administrative change groups to restructure their technical information patterns into self-contained entities.
Toward an automatic method for extracting cancer-and other disease-related point mutations from the biomedical literature

Motivation: A major goal of biomedical research in personalized medicine is to find relationships between mutations and their corresponding disease phenotypes. However, most of the disease-related mutational data are currently buried in the biomedical literature in textual form and lack the necessary structure to allow easy retrieval and visualization. We introduce a high-throughput computational method for the identification of relevant disease mutations in PubMed abstracts applied to prostate (PCa) and breast cancer (BCa) mutations. Results: We developed the extractor of mutations (EMU) tool to identify mutations and their associated genes. We benchmarked EMU against MutationFinder—a tool to extract point mutations from text. Our results show that both methods achieve comparable performance on two manually curated datasets. We also benchmarked EMU's performance for extracting the complete mutational information and phenotype. Remarkably, we show that one of the steps in our approach, a filter based on sequence analysis, increases the precision for that task from 0.34 to 0.59 (PCa) and from 0.39 to 0.61 (BCa). We also show that this high-throughput approach can be extended to other diseases. Discussion: Our method improves the current status of disease-mutation databases by significantly increasing the number of annotated mutations. We found 51 and 128 mutations manually verified to be related to PCa and Bca, respectively, that are not currently annotated for these cancer types in the OMIM or Swiss-Prot databases. EMU's retrieval performance represents a 2-fold improvement in the number of annotated mutations for PCa and BCa. We further show that our method can benefit from full-text analysis once there is an increase in Open Access availability of full-text articles. Availability: Freely available at: http://bioinf.umbc.edu/EMU/ftp. Contact: [email protected] Supplementary information:Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Neural correlates of categories and concepts

Abstract The ability to readily adapt to novel situations requires something beyond storing specific stimulus–response associations. Instead, many animals can detect basic characteristics of events and store them as generalized classes. Because these representations are abstracted beyond specific details of sensory inputs and motor outputs, they can be easily generalized and adapted to new circumstances. Explorations of neural mechanisms of sensory processing and motor output have progressed to the point where studies can begin to address the neural basis of abstract, categorical representations. Recent studies have revealed their neural correlates in various cortical areas of the non-human primate brain.
Two supervised learning approaches for name disambiguation in author citations

Due to name abbreviations, identical names, name misspellings, and pseudonyms in publications or bibliographies (citations), an author may have multiple names and multiple authors may share the same name. Such name ambiguity affects the performance of document retrieval, Web search, database integration, and may cause improper attribution to authors. We investigate two supervised learning approaches to disambiguate authors in the citations. One approach uses the naive Bayes probability model, a generative model; the other uses support vector machines (SVMs) [V. Vapnik (1995)] and the vector space representation of citations, a discriminative model. Both approaches utilize three types of citation attributes: coauthor names, the title of the paper, and the title of the journal or proceeding. We illustrate these two approaches on two types of data, one collected from the Web, mainly publication lists from homepages, the other collected from the DBLP citation databases.
On Compressibility and Chemical Inhomogeneity in the Earth's Core

Summary A critical examination has been made of features of the writer's formula η=dk/dp-g-1dφ/dz (i) for estimating density gradients in chemically inhomogeneous regions of the Earth's deep interior, where k and p denote the incompressibility and pressure at depth z, and φ is a function of the P and S seismic velocities. In particular, implications of the variation of k with composition, and of the deviation of dk/dp from (δk/δp)n, have been examined in some detail and some important new relations derived. (The subscripts n and p denote constant composition and constant pressure, respectively; other symbols are defined in the text.) One relation expresses η in terms of dφ/dz, (δk/δp)n and the function ψ, where ψ= 1- φ-1 (δk/δp)p. A second relation connects the seismically determined quantity dφ/dz with ψdn/dz, where n is a variable representing the chemical composition. Attention is drawn to the significance of the variable ψ in estimating values of η and dp/dz. If ρ could be adequately estimated from experimental data, it would be possible to narrow the uncertainties in the determination of density gradients in the Earth's deep interior. The variable ψ is important in another way. Should it become small compared with unity for a range of values of ρ, certain difficulties could arise in estimating η. In a region where the P and S seismic velocity gradients are “normal”, the inference of approximate chemical homogeneity could be open to question. In a region where the velocity gradients are not normal, unexpectedly large differences between dk/dp and (δk/δp)n could arise, but these would be accompanied by abnormally high density gradients. Specimen numerical calculations suggest that these difficulties are probably not serious for the materials of the Earth's deep interior, and that while cautions are needed in applying (i), the results of earlier applications of (i) are unlikely to be inaccurate beyond the stated uncertainties. The theory also indicates how estimates of the effective variation of the representative atomic number with depth in the core might be arrived at from knowledge of values of the seismic function dφ/dz. It is likely that various equations developed in the theory will be of general value, even where numerical inferences cannot be drawn with precision at present.
The Role of Qualitative Methods in Tourism QOL Research: A Critique and Future Agenda

Qualitative research methods can sometimes generate rich and useful data. This chapter reviews existing tourism literature and finds nine tourism quality-of-life (QOL) studies that use qualitative approaches. Of the nine, five focus on tourism’s impact on host community QOL, and the remainder address tourism’s influence on various facets of the traveler’s QOL perceptions. The authors of this chapter then go on to posit that future qualitative extensions can provide further insight into the roles of the five forms of capital surrounding tourism’s influence on community QOL. Qualitative approaches can also be utilized to delve deeper into the goal valence, goal expectancy, goal implementation, and goal attainment dimensions of Sirgy’s (J Travel Res 46(2):246–260, 2010) QOL goal theory of leisure travel satisfaction. In the assessment of the authors, three qualitative methods that hold particular promise in exploring these topic areas are photo elicitation interviews, childhood memory elicitation, and sentence completion tasks.
Da Gesù al cristianesimo, Mauro Pesce : book review

Pesce's work consists of two parts that exhibit respectively a reconstruction of the historical Jesus and the origin of Christianity based upon a critical dialogue with Kasemann, Dupont and Allison among other European lines of interpretation. Pesce's book portrays a presentation (5-10), two parts with five chapters each, bibliography (227-257), an index of names (259-263), and a general index (265-267).
Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) after bariatric surgery—a potential consequence associated with rapid withdrawal of antihypertensive medications

A 61-year-old woman with a medical history of intracerebral haemorrhage, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia and carotid stenosis presented to the emergency department with altered mental status 3 weeks after undergoing a vertical sleeve gastrectomy for severe obesity. She presented with a hypertensive emergency and a National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale of 4. CT of the head was unrevealing. MRI showed an abnormal signal within the bilateral posterior border-zone areas, with several foci in the parietal and occipital lobes, and thalami, suggestive of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES). The patient was initially placed on a labetalol drip and her preoperative antihypertensive medications--amlodipine, captopril, triamterene and hydrochlorothiazide--were gradually reintroduced. She returned to her baseline and was stable on discharge. Rapid withdrawal of antihypertensive medications in the early postoperative period of bariatric surgery was the aetiology of PRES in this patient. This case report discusses postoperative care of bariatric surgery patients having hypertension.
Medical Judgments Across the Range of Reported Pain Severity: Clinician and Lay Perspectives.

Background. While increasing evidence suggests that observers discount high-severity chronic pain, factors that occasion such discounting are poorly understood, particularly regarding health provider vs lay perspectives. Objective. This study examined the effects of supporting medical evidence and comorbid psychological distress (pain behavior) on medical student and lay clinical judgments of increasingly severe patient pain reports. Design. In a 2 × 2 × 2 × (7) mixed between- and within-subject design, participants (medical students vs lay) made clinical judgments after reading vignettes describing a hypothetical patient that varied in levels of medical evidence and pain behavior (low vs high) and pain severity (4/10–10/10). Subjects. Fourth-year medical students (N = 115) and lay persons in the community (N = 300) participated in this research. Results. While both medical student and lay judgments plateaued at high levels of pain severity, judgments regarding cause (medical vs psychological), treatment (opioid prescription), and disability showed growing divergence as levels of reported pain severity increased. Divergence relative to medical and psychological causes of pain was found irrespective of the level of supporting medical evidence; divergence relative to opioid treatment and support for a disability claim was found when supporting medical evidence was low. Conclusions. The results indicate differing expectations of chronic pain treatment for health care providers relative to the lay public that could impact clinical care, especially at high pain severity levels, where lay expectations diverge significantly from those of health professionals.
Most New Businesses Fail, but Mine Won’t…Right?

Building on expectancy theory, we study why entrepreneurs form positive beliefs about, and subsequent commitments to, entrepreneurial actions despite the negative mean outcome observed in the histo...
A Generalized Model on the Effects of Nanoparticles on Fluorophore Fluorescence in Solution

Nanoparticles (NP) can modify fluorophore fluorescence in solution through multiple pathways that include fluorescence inner filter effect (IFE), dynamic and static quenching, surface enhancement, and fluorophore quantum yield variation associated with structural and conformational modifications induced by NP binding. The combined contribution of the latter three effects is termed the collective near-field effect because (1) they affect only fluorophore fluorescence in molecules close to the NPs, and (2) it is impossible to differentiate these effects with steady-state fluorescence measurements. A generalized model (F0corr/FNPcorr = (1 + K[NP])/(1 + K[NP]S) was developed for the determination of the NP collective near-field effect S on the fluorophore fluorescence in the surface-adsorbed molecules. The popular Stern–Volmer equation (F0corr/FNPcorr = (1 + K[NP]) used in current fluorescence studies of NP interfacial interactions is a special case of this generalized model, valid only under situations in wh...
A NEW SPECIES OF PYXIDIOPHORA AND ITS THAXTERIOLA ANAMORPH

Nine genera of minute nonmycelial fungi characterized by a thallus of one to 15 cells in linear arrangement, a usually darkened holdfast, and often endospores cut off in succession are known from arthropod hosts. The taxonomic relationship of these minute fungi, including Thaxteriola, has been the subject of speculation, and morphological comparisons have been made to the Laboulbeniales. One genus has been synonymized with Pyxidiophora in the Hypocreales. The discovery of a new species of Pyxidiophora with a Thaxteriola anamorph on mites associated with the southern pine beetle gives new evidence of relationships and points out the importance of a mycological curiosity as a dispersal stage. This anamorph is nonmycelial, highly specialized, and unlike any known for an ascomycete.
Paralimbic and lateral prefrontal encoding of reward value during intertemporal choice in attempted suicide

BACKGROUND: Alongside impulsive suicide attempts, clinicians encounter highly premeditated suicidal acts, particularly in older adults. We have previously found that in contrast to the more impulsive suicide attempters' inability to delay gratification, serious and highly planned suicide attempts were associated with greater willingness to wait for larger rewards. This study examined neural underpinnings of intertemporal preference in suicide attempters. We expected that impulsivity and suicide attempts, particularly poorly planned ones, would predict altered paralimbic subjective value representations. We also examined lateral prefrontal and paralimbic correlates of premeditation in suicidal behavior. METHOD: A total of 48 participants aged 46-90 years underwent extensive clinical and cognitive characterization and completed the delay discounting task in the scanner: 26 individuals with major depression (13 with and 13 without history of suicide attempts) and 22 healthy controls. RESULTS: More impulsive individuals displayed greater activation in the precuneus/posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) to value difference favoring the delayed option. Suicide attempts, particularly better-planned ones, were associated with deactivation of the lateral prefrontal cortex (lPFC) in response to value difference favoring the immediate option. FINDINGS were robust to medication exposure, depression severity and possible brain damage from suicide attempts, among other confounders. Finally, in suicide attempters longer reward delays were associated with diminished parahippocampal responses. CONCLUSIONS: Impulsivity was associated with an altered paralimbic (precuneus/PCC) encoding of value difference during intertemporal choice. By contrast, better-planned suicidal acts were associated with altered lPFC representations of value difference. The study provides preliminary evidence of impaired decision processes in both impulsive and premeditated suicidal behavior. Language: en
Absence of hypoglycemia and hypophosphatemia following initial dosages of phenethylbiguanide (D.B.I.).

Summary and Conclusion1. Phenethylbiguanide (D.B.I.) in a single dose of 150 mg failed to induce a decrease in blood sugar or in serum inorganic phosphorus during succeeding 5 hour period in diabetic patients previously controlled with or without insulin. 2. This amount did not affect blood sugar and serum inorganic phosphorus changes during glucose tolerance tests and insulin tolerance tests in the same subjects. 3. Since these amounts of D.B.I, when continued on daily dosage do induce hypoglycemia, it is evident that such responses result either from accumulation of the drug in body fluids and tissues, represent acquired responsiveness upon continued exposure, or both.
Quantum Information Theory and Quantum Mechanics-Based Biological Modeling and Biological Channel Capacity Calculation

The quantum biological channel models suitable for the study of quantum information transfer from DNA to proteins have been described based on codon transition probabilities. The sources of genetic noise and genetic errors have been described as well. The quantum genetic noise has been described in terms of tautomeric nucleic base-pair formation. Various sources of genetic errors and genetic noise have also been described using quantum-mechanical formalism. The quantum biological channel capacity evaluation has been further described. The next part of the chapter is devoted to the use of quantum-mechanical concepts to describe the bird navigation compass. Finally, the quantum-mechanical aspects of photosynthesis have been discussed.
Reducing Prejudice Within Community-Based Organizations

ABSTRACTEfforts to help community-based organizations (CBOs) develop interventions that reduce prejudice within the workplace and during service provision can be informed by social psychological prejudice reduction techniques, which tend to be successful in controlled laboratory settings but have limitations that inhibit utility in applied settings. Alternatively, the use of diversity training to reduce prejudice has increased within the for-profit sector, but is rarely applied to CBOs. This article discusses the overlap between the basic and applied literatures, and how community practitioners can use the information gained from both to support CBOs who encounter challenges with diversity.
Methods: Demonstration of the L. E. Cell without Use of Anticoagulants

Abstract "L. E." cells and rosettes were demonstrated in the blood of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus without the use of anticoagulants. Concentration technics using defibrinated blood and unmodified blood in silicone coated tubes were employed.
An Application of ETS Modeling

The previous chapters have developed a combined econometric-time series analytic approach to market response modeling. Since the integration of these techniques is fairly new, few published market response models have been built using ETS. Instead, we typically find applications of either econometric or time series techniques in market response models, as evidenced by the articles on sales response and competition surveyed in chapter 6.
Justifications for the insanity defence in Great Britain and the United States: the conflicting rationales of morality and compassion.

The law of excuses is a deeply entrenched concept in Anglo-American jurisprudence which has persisted since the Middle Ages.' The excusing conditions of necessity, mistake, duress and diminished mental capacity all embrace the unitary principle that a person is not culpable, and cannot be held criminally responsible, if he had no control over his behavior.~ All the excusing conditions, then, involve a state of involuntariness. They are jurisprudential reflections of the intuitive moral statement, "I couldn't help myself." An excuse is based on the assumption that the actor's behavior is damaging and is to be deplored, but external or internal conditions which influence the act deprive the actor of choice; this negates or mitigates penal liability.; Diminished mental capacity is the most personal of all excuses. It is difficult for us to accept because it says nothing about the performance of the act itself and its attendant circumstances. Rather, it is justified by the state of awareness and cognition of the actor. The determination is whether the actor had sufficient inner understanding of the act and its consequences to justify holding him responsible. The excuse is thus inherently more difficult to observe or to reliably identify. I Diminished mental capacity may result from factors which originate outside of the body, such as with intoxication, or with automatism induced by a blow on the head, a bee sting or an emotional shock. This form of impaired cognitive volition is comparable to other excusing conditions; to the extent that the incapacity originates from outside the boundaries of the actor, it is subject to observation and, for limited purposes, can be measured. Other forms of diminished mental capacity are caused by physiological responses of the body which physically deprive the actor of choice. These physiological phenomena have an identifiable etiology and symptomatology for example, automatism induced by an epileptic seizure, a sneezing fit or a hypoglycemic episode. Science can explain such autonomic reactions and can validly identify the physical cause of volitional impairment. An excuse based on insanity, however, has a unique combination of factors none of which are subject to observation or validation: the justification for the excuse originates and remains wholly within the charac-
Internal Physiological Disorders and Nutritional and Compositional Factors that Affect Market Quality

Publisher Summary This chapter attempts to identify key biological and molecular changes that accompany the establishment of certain internal physiological disorders in potatoes used for crisp (chip) and French fry production. An effort will be made to look for possible biological traits peculiar to resistant cultivars to aid in the selection of plants with superior genotypes and/or with which existing genotypes can be enhanced for improved tolerance. Secondarily, gross tuber compositional and nutritional elements that have a major effect on post-harvest market quality of potatoes will be discussed along with a description of a commercially used method to manage the “chemical maturity” of potatoes from harvest through storage. Owing to the vast amount of literature on some of the above topics, appropriate reviews are cited for the sake of brevity. By minimizing the harvest of chemically immature or stressed potatoes and with a careful assessment of their sugar concentration in storage, the quality of fried products can be controlled with a minimum loss of raw material. CMM has not eliminated all the color problems that the industry faces in maintaining the post-harvest quality of processing potatoes, but it has helped the industry to fine-tune its efforts to minimize the detrimental effects that RS levels have on final color quality. Although the qualities of tubers are preset by their genetic limits, their final compositional and nutritional value is influenced by variables such as fertility, soil type and agronomic practices, as well as by environmental conditions experienced during growth and development in the field.
1995-1996 SAEM emergency medicine faculty salary/benefits survey.

. Objective: The Society for Academic Emergency Medicine (SAEM) commissioned an emergency medicine (EM) faculty salary and benefit survey for all 1995 Residency Review Committee in Emergency Medicine (RRC-EM)-accredited programs using the SAEM third-generation survey instrument. Responses were collected by SAEM and blinded from the investigators. Population: Seventy-six of 112 (68%) accredited programs responded, yielding data for 1,032 full-time faculty among the four Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) regions. Methods: Blinded program and individual faculty data were entered into a customized version of Filemaker Pro, a relational database program with a built-in statistical package. Salary data were sorted by 115 separate criteria such as program regions, faculty title, American Board of Emergency Medicine (ABEM) certification, academic rank, years postresidency, program size, and whether data were reported to AAMC. Demographic data from 132 categories were analyzed and included number of staff and residents per shift, number of intensive care unit (ICU) beds, obstacles to hiring new staff, and specific type and value of fringe benefits offered. Data were compared with those from the 1990 and 1992 SAEM and the 1995-96 AAMC studies. Results: Mean salaries were reported as follows: all faculty, $158,100; first-year faculty, $131,074; programs reporting data to AAMC, $152,198; programs not reporting data to AAMC, $169,251. Mean salaries as reported by AAMC region: northeast, $155,909; south, $155,403; midwest, $172,260; west, $139,930. Mean salaries as reported by program financial source: community, $175,599; university, $152,878; municipal, $141,566. Conclusions: Reported salaries for full-time EM residency faculty continue to rise. Salaries in programs reporting data to the AAMC are considerably lower than those not reporting. The gap between ABEM-certified and non-ABEM-certified faculty continues to widen. Residency-trained faculty are now shown to earn more than non-residency-trained faculty. Significant regional differences in salaries have been present in all three SAEM surveys.
Power Conditioning and Control of Fuel Cell Systems

The development of Fuel Cell technology, an alternative energy source, involves direct conversion of chemical energy to electrical energy through a controlled chemical reaction. This has attracted attention due to the following attributes: This is inherently clean (water and CO2 byproducts) Absence of moving parts makes the system inherently reliable Also very quiet as there is no combustion All fuel cells are based on hydrogen, which is an abundant natural resource
Predicting Subsequent High-Frequency, Low-Acuity Utilization of the Pediatric Emergency Department

Abstract Objective To derive and test a predictive model for high-frequency (4 or more visits per year), low-acuity (emergency severity index 4 or 5) utilization of the pediatric emergency department. Methods The study sample used 3 years of data (2012–2014) from a single tertiary-care children's hospital for patients Results There were 90,972 visits in 2013, of which 61,430 were first (index) visits. A total of 590 (1%) had 4 or more triage level 4 or 5 visits in the following year (2014). The final model included site of primary care, age, acuity, previous utilization, race, and insurance, and had an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.84. Conclusions Data available to the emergency department provider at the time of initial visit triage can predict utilization for low-acuity complaints in the subsequent year. Future work should focus on validation and refinement of the model in additional settings, and electronic calculation of risk status for targeted intervention to improve appropriate utilization of health care services.
Japanese Business Strategy Derived from Karate Principles: Controlling Western Advances

While military science offers a novel perspective for assessing competitive marketing situations, the Japanese martial art of karate may generate further insight for Western decision-makers in mark...
Berberine as a chemical and pharmacokinetic marker of the butanol-extracted Food Allergy Herbal Formula-2.

Abstract Rationale Food Allergy Herbal Formula-2 (FAHF-2) provided protection against peanut anaphylaxis in a murine model and induced beneficial immune-modulation in humans. Butanol-refined FAHF-2, B-FAHF-2, retained safety and efficacy in the peanut allergic murine model at only 1/5 of FAHF-2 dosage. One compound, berberine, was isolated and identified in vitro as a bioactive component present in FAHF-2 and B-FAHF-2. The aim of this study was to investigate berberine as a chemical and pharmacokinetic marker of B-FAHF-2. Methods The consistency of constituents between B-FAHF-2 and FAHF-2 was tested. Peanut allergic C3H/HeJ mice were orally administered with 1 mg of berberine or B-FAHF-2 containing an equivalent amount of berberine, and the ability to protect against peanut anaphylaxis and pharmacokinetic parameters were determined. Human intestinal epithelial cells (Caco-2) were cultured with berberine with or without the nine individual herbal constituents in B-FAHF-2, and the absorbed berberine levels were determined. Results Berberine is one of the major components in B-FAHF-2 and FAHF-2 formula. In a peanut allergic mouse model, B-FAHF-2, but not berberine, protected mice from anaphylaxis reactions. Pharmacokinetic profiles showed that the C max of B-FAHF-2 fed mice was 289.30 ± 185.40 ng/mL; whereas berberine alone showed very low bioavailability with C max value of 35.13 ± 47.90 ng/mL. Caco-2 cells influx assay showed that 7 of 9 herbal constituents in B-FAHF-2 increased berberine absorption at rates ranging from 18 to 205%. Conclusions B-FAHF-2 remarkably increased the bioavailability of berberine. Berberine can be used as chemical and pharmacokinetic marker of B-FAHF-2. Other herbal components in B-FAHF-2 may facilitate the absorption of berberine.
Active learning intrusion detection using k-means clustering selection

Intrusion detection is an important method for identifying attacks and compromises of computer systems, but it is complicated by rapid changes in technology, the increasing interconnectedness of devices on the internet, the growing use of cyberattacks, and more sophisticated and automated attack methods and tools used by adversaries. The challenge of intrusion detection is further complicated because, as advances are made in the ability to detect attacks, similar advances are made by adversaries to thwart those detective measures. Although numerous machine learning algorithms and approaches have proven effective in detecting cyberattacks, these algorithms have limitations, especially in dealing with adversarial environments. This study addresses the problem that there is not an effective machine learning algorithm that minimizes human interaction to train and evolve the learner to adapt to changing cyberattacks and evasive tactics. This research concludes that selective sampling of unlabeled data for classification by a human expert can result in more efficient labeling for large datasets and demonstrates a more resilient approach to machine learning that utilizes active learning to interact with human subject matter experts and that adapts to changing data, thus addressing issues related to data tampering and evasion.
Why Outcome Measures in Dermatology Are Becoming Patient Centric

Many “validated” treatment outcome assessments in clinical trials fail to include outcomes important to patients. This review will focus on recent efforts to revise and make patient-centric clinical trial outcomes used in psoriasis, acne vulgaris, atopic dermatitis, and hidradenitis suppurativa. Over recent years, international coalitions have been formed to revise the investigator-oriented “validated” measures (e.g., PASI, IGA) in order to incorporate outcomes important to patients These not only include quality of life (QoL) assessments but also the anatomic location, physical discomfort, and appearance. This review discusses work underway to include patients in formatting revised outcome assessments. Historically, outcome measures have been developed by clinicians and pharmaceutical companies for use in clinical trials. Nonetheless, a movement is underway supported by regulatory agencies, government officials, and patient advocacy groups to include patients in the process of redesigning clinical trial outcome measures.
Improving Min Hash via the Containment Index with applications to Metagenomic Analysis

Min hash is a probabilistic method for estimating the similarity of two sets in terms of their Jaccard index, defined as the ration of the size of their intersection to their union. We demonstrate that this method performs best when the sets under consideration are of similar size and the performance degrades considerably when the sets are of very different size. We introduce a new and efficient approach, called the containment min hash approach, that is more suitable for estimating the Jaccard index of sets of very different size. We accomplish this by leveraging another probabilistic method (in particular, Bloom filters) for fast membership queries. We derive bounds on the probability of estimate errors for the containment min hash approach and show it significantly improves upon the classical min hash approach. We also show significant improvements in terms of time and space complexity. As an application, we use this method to detect the presence/absence of organisms in a metagenomic data set, showing that it can detect the presence of very small, low abundance microorganisms.
Cancer Risks from Arsenic in Drinking Water: Implications for Drinking Water Standards

Publisher Summary The current drinking water standard for arsenic (As) in the United States and much of the world is 50 μg/L. The WHO has recommended lowering permissible concentrations to 10μg/L and the U.S. EPA to μg/L, in each case based on extrapolation of skin cancer risks from population in Taiwan with high levels of As in their drinking water. Since such high cancer risks are unacceptable by any yardstick, it might be thought that the drinking water standard should be drastically reduced, even to lower concentrations than the 2 μg/L suggested by the U.S. E.P.A. However natural food sources become the predominant source of Asi ingestion once water As concentrations are reduced to about 10 μg/L and below. It is concluded that although much more research on As is needed, the need for such research should not be used as an excuse to delay implementation of an Asi drinking water standard considerably lower than the current 50 μg/L.
Color-Neutral Disaggregation? Principals' Practices around Disaggregating Data from Three School Districts.

Purpose: We explored the practices and understandings around using disaggregated data to inform instruction of 18 principals from three Midwestern school districts. Research Method: This qualitativ...
Laboratory Induction of Nonspeech Action Errors

There is a continuum of views on the uniqueness of language as a cognitive function, ranging from the linguist’s view that language involves a special-purpose “mental organ,” to the behaviorist’s view that the same principles shape all behavior. Clearly, there are both similarities and differences between speech production and other actions, such as typing, manipulating objects, and driving a car. An intermediate view is that different action systems have unique, domain-specific constraints, but all action systems are influenced by certain general processing constraints.