cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Corpues enconding standard: SGML guidelines for encoding linguistic corpora.

The Corpus Encoding Standard (CES) is an application of SGML (ISO 8879:1986, Information Processing--Text and Office Systems--Standard Generalized Markup Language), conformant to the TEI Guidelines for Electronic Text Encoding and Interchange (Sperberg-McQueen and Burnard, 1994). It provides encoding conventions for linguistic corpora designed to be optimally suited for use in language engineering and to serve as a widely accepted set of encoding standards for corpus-based work. The CES identifies a minimal encoding level that corpora must achieve to be considered standardized in terms of descriptive representation (marking of structural and linguistic information). It also provides encoding conventions for more extensive encoding and for linguistic annotation, as well as general architecture for representing corpora annotated for linguistic features. The CES has been developed taking into account several practical realities surrounding the encoding of corpora intended for use in language engineering research and applications. Full documentation of the standard is available on the World Wide Web at http://www.cs.vassar.edu/CES/.
Memory: Synaptic Mechanisms

The dominant theory of how memory is stored in the brain, proposed by Santiago Ramon y Cajal at the turn of the twentieth century, is that information is encoded in the changing strength of synaptic connections between neurons. Here we briefly review the development of this idea and the evolution in the twentieth century of several mechanistic distinctions between different forms of memory and synaptic plasticity. We next discuss specific molecular mechanisms of plasticity in selected model systems. A small family of mechanisms appears to be shared at different synapses both in the mammalian brain and in invertebrates such as Aplysia, despite the fact that these different synapses are neuroanatomically distinct and are involved in distinct forms of memory. Finally, we discuss the difficulties and progress in experimentally testing the hypothesis that synaptic plasticity critically underlies the formation of memory.
Analysis of Control Strategies for Autonomous Motorcycles Stabilization and Trajectories Tracking

Autonomous vehicles—defined as vehicles with carrying capacity of persons or property without the use of a human driver—are an interesting and recent problem, with increasing studies in the last 20 years. Regarding this type of vehicles, a less explored option is the motorcycle: apart from the difficulties inherent in making a vehicle move independently, autonomous motorcycles have to be able to remain stable at any speed and trajectory. This work’s main object of study is a small-scale electric motorcycle; represented by a linear model through a multibody approach: its four rigid bodies—wheels, chassis, handlebar and fork—have separately a characteristic behavior and together they influence the dynamics of each other. This approach results in lower order models, easier to simulate and to apply classical or modern control strategies. The two-wheeled vehicle is considered an inverted pendulum with a mobile base and other simplifications are proposed, as constant displacement speed or small steering and yaw angles. Since this vehicle is naturally unstable, to ensure a follow-up course without overturning it is necessary to apply an adjusted control signal; once the autonomous system studied will not have the presence of a mechanical counterbalance, there remains only the steering as a control strategy. Thus, this work analyzes the dynamic characteristics of the zero track vehicles and verifies the validity of different stability and path tracking control strategies of a motorcycle using as input only the steering of the handlebar.
Introduction: Lacanian praxis and social intervention

Jacques Lacan’s pronouncement that psychoanalysis is a praxis extends the relevance of psychoanalytic thinking and practice far beyond the confines of the clinic into the realm of the political. This introduction to the special issue on “Lacanian Psychoanalysis: Interventions into Culture and Politics” highlights a series of crucial Lacanian concepts and interventions within the political. Key concepts for a Lacanian social and political theory touched upon here include the notions of the act; the gaze; the lamella; jouissance; object petit a; and the sinthome. Crucial domains of political struggle and intervention addressed include the areas of race and racism (inclusive of questions of African American history and identity); the Trans movement; the ongoing political relevance of Frantz Fanon; and the re-conceptualization of post-traumatic forms of political subjectivity.
Association of antepartum blood pressure levels and angiogenic profile among women with chronic hypertension.

Abstract Background Angiogenic factors have been implicated in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. This pilot study explored the association between antenatal blood pressure levels and angiogenic biomarkers (sFlt1 and PlGF) among women with chronic hypertension (cHTN). Methods Blood samples were collected from women with cHTN (with/without superimposed preeclampsia) within 96 h prior to delivery. Subjects were stratified by mean outpatient BP as controlled (cBP Results Data from seventy-eight women were analyzed, of which 58 (74.4%) were African American. Fifty-six (71.8%) had cBP and 22 (28.2%) had uBP. Use of antepartum outpatient antihypertensive medications was more frequent in patients with uBP (46.4% vs. 13.6%, p = 0.01). Compared to women with cBP, women with uBP had higher levels of pre-delivery sFlt1 and sFlt1/PlGF ratio (sFlt: 4218.5 vs. 3056.0 pg/ml, p = 0.046; sFlt/PlGF: 62.5 vs. 25.0, p = 0.04). Additionally, more uBP patients had superimposed preeclampsia with severe features (54.6% vs. 25.0%; p = 0.01) and preterm delivery (defined as a gestational age Conclusion In women with cHTN, elevated antepartum BP is associated with worsened outcomes and may be associated with abnormal angiogenic profile at delivery. Larger studies are needed to confirm these findings.
Evaluation of Copan FecalSwab™ preserved stool specimens with the BD MAX™ Enteric Bacterial Panel and the BD MAX™ Extended Enteric Bacterial Panel.

Abstract The objectives of this study were to assess the ideal volume of Copan FecalSwab™ (FS) preserved stool sample to use with the BD MAX™ Enteric Bacterial Panel and the Extended Enteric Bacterial Panel (BDM GIP) and to compare the performance of FS to the recommended Meridian Para-Pak Cary-Blair medium (PP) for the BDM GIP. Three different input volumes (10, 25, and 50 μL) of stool inoculated with American Type Culture Collection strains representing the targets detected by BDM GIP were tested. Additionally, 144 unpreserved stool samples submitted for gastrointestinal (GI) testing were transferred to PP and FS media and tested by the BDM GIP using 10 μL of PP and 50 μL of FS media. A 100% agreement was observed between PP and FS results. The performance of 50 μL of FS stool preserved sample was equivalent to 10 μL of traditional Cary-Blair PP preserved specimens for GI pathogens detection using the BDM GIP.
Model uncertainty, political contestation, and public trust in science: Evidence from the COVID-19 pandemic

While scientific uncertainty always invites the risk of politicization and raises questions of how to communicate about science, this risk is magnified for COVID-19. The limited data and accelerated research timelines mean that some prominent models or findings inevitably will be overturned or retracted. In this research, we examine the attitudes of more than 6000 Americans across five different survey experiments to understand how the cue giver and cue given about scientific uncertainty regarding COVID-19 affect public trust in science and support for science-based policy. Criticism from Democratic political elites undermines trust more than criticism from Republicans. Emphasizing uncertainty in projections can erode public trust in some contexts. Downplaying uncertainty can raise support in the short term, but reversals in projections may temper these effects or even reduce scientific trust. Careful science communication is critical to maintaining public support for science-based policies as the scientific consensus shifts over time.
Utility of optical coherence tomography angiography in pregnancy-associated central serous chorioretinopathy.

Abstract Purpose To describe a case of pregnancy-related central serous chorioretinopathy (pCSCR) and the utility of monitoring with optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography (OCTA). Observations A 34-year-old female in her third trimester of pregnancy presented with symptomatic visual disturbances of the right eye. Medical history was otherwise unremarkable. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) disclosed a serous retinal detachment with trace subretinal fibrin and elevation of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). OCT angiography (OCTA) demonstrated absence of choroidal neovascular membrane (CNV). It was decided to monitor with weekly OCTs until delivery, after which the patient had full resolution of symptoms and subretinal fluid. Conclusions and Importance Pregnancy-related CSCR may be complicated by fibrin deposition and RPE changes suspicious for CNV. This provides evidence of the utility of OCT for monitoring pCSCR progression and of OCTA to non-invasively assess presence of CNV.
Detecting Adversarial Patches with Class Conditional Reconstruction Networks.

Defending against physical adversarial attacks is a rapidly growing topic in deep learning and computer vision. Prominent forms of physical adversarial attacks, such as overlaid adversarial patches and objects, share similarities with digital attacks, but are easy for humans to notice. This leads us to explore the hypothesis that adversarial detection methods, which have been shown to be ineffective against adaptive digital adversarial examples, can be effective against these physical attacks. We use one such detection method based on autoencoder architectures, and perform adversarial patching experiments on MNIST, SVHN, and CIFAR10 against a CNN architecture and two CapsNet architectures. We also propose two modifications to the EM-Routed CapsNet architecture, Affine Voting and Matrix Capsule Dropout, to improve its classification performance. Our investigation shows that the detector retains some of its effectiveness even against adaptive adversarial patch attacks. In addition, detection performance tends to decrease among all the architectures with the increase of dataset complexity.
Electroenzymatic choline sensing at near the theoretical performance limit

A high performance, electroenzymatic microsensor for choline based on choline oxidase (ChOx) immobilized on Pt coated with permselective polymer layers has been created that exhibits sensitivity approaching the theoretical performance limit. Sensor construction was guided by simulations performed with a detailed mathematical model. Implantable microsensors with an array of electroenzymatic sensing sites provide a means to record concentration changes of choline, an effective surrogate for acetylcholine due to its very rapid turnover in the brain, and other neurochemicals in vivo. However, electroenzymatic sensors generally have insufficient sensitivity and response time to monitor neurotransmitter signaling on the millisecond timescale with cellular-level spatial resolution. Model simulations suggested that choline sensor performance can be improved significantly by optimizing immobilized ChOx layer thickness and minimizing the thicknesses of permselective polymer coatings as well. Electroenzymatic choline sensors constructed with a ∼5 μm-thick crosslinked ChOx layer atop 200 nm-thick permselective films (poly(m-phenylenediamine) and Nafion) exhibited unprecedented sensitivity and response time of 660 ± 40 nA μM-1 cm-2 at 37 °C and 0.36 ± 0.05 s, respectively, while maintaining excellent selectivity. Such performance characteristics provide greater flexibility in the design of microelectrode array (MEA) probes with near cellular-scale sensing sites arranged in more dense arrays. Also, faster response times enable better resolution of transient acetylcholine signals and better correlation of these events with electrophysiological recordings so as to advance study of brain function.
Influence of patient characteristics and immunosuppressant management on mortality in kidney transplant recipients hospitalized with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

The influence of patient characteristics and immunosuppression management on COVID-19 outcomes in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) remains uncertain. We performed a single-center, retrospective review of all adult KTRs admitted to the hospital with confirmed COVID-19 between 03/15/2020 and 05/15/2020. Patients were followed from the date of admission up to 1 month following hospital discharge or study conclusion (06/15/2020). Baseline characteristics, laboratory parameters, and immunosuppression were compared between survivors and patients who died to identify predictors of mortality. 38 KTRs with a mean baseline eGFR of 52.5 ml/min/1.73 m2 were hospitalized during the review period. Maintenance immunosuppression included tacrolimus (84.2%), mycophenolate (89.5%), and corticosteroids (81.6%) in the majority of patients. Eleven patients (28.9%) died during the hospitalization. Older age (OR = 2.05; 1.04-4.04), peak D-dimer (OR = 1.20; 1.04-1.39), and peak white blood cell count (OR = 1.11; 1.02-1.21) were all associated with mortality among KTRs hospitalized for COVID-19. Increased mortality was also observed among KTRs with concomitant HIV infection (87.5% vs. 36.1%; p < .01). Conversely, immunosuppression intensity and degree of reduction following COVID-19 diagnosis were not associated with either survival or acute allograft rejection. Our findings potentially support a strategy of individualization of immunosuppression targets based on patient-specific risk factors, rather than universal immunosuppression reduction for KTRs at risk from COVID-19.
Impact of Donor Lung Pathogenic Bacteria on Post-Transplant Outcomes after Lung Transplantation

Purpose Immediate post-transplant complications such as primary graft dysfunction (PGD), acute kidney injury (AKI), infections and acute rejection affect overall graft survival. Our study aims to determine the impact of donor lung pathogenic bacteria on immediate and short-term post-transplant outcomes, including development of AKI, PGD, duration of mechanical ventilation and overall mortality, as, such literature is scarce. Methods We performed a retrospective chart review of patients who underwent lung transplantation between July 2015 and December 2019. All patients above the age of 18 years were included. Multi-organ transplants and re-transplants were excluded. We collected the demographic data, pre and post-transplant clinical variables, donor and recipient cultures. The primary outcome was incidence of AKI with secondary outcomes being the incidence of PGD at 24 hours, length of stay (LOS) and 30- and 90-days mortality. Results Between July 2015 and December 2019, 100 lung transplants were performed, of which 5 were not eligible for the study. 95 patients were analyzed. Of those patients, 66% were male, 91% Caucasian, and the mean transplant age was 56.7 years. 52.6% of patients had interstitial lung disease and 30.5% had an obstructive disease. On cultures, 46% (N=44) had gram positive (GPB) bacteria, 4% (N=4) had gram negative (GNB) bacteria, 12% (N=11) had combined GPB and GNB, 38% (N=36) had no bacterial infection and 26% (N=25) were positive for fungi. 23% (N=22) of patients had AKI. Patients with GNB had the highest incidence of AKI (33.3%) followed by fungal (28%), followed by combined GPB and GNB (27.3%), and the lowest in patients with GPB (23.6%). However, this difference was not statistically significant.12.6% (N=12) had PGD at 24 hours, the highest incidence noted in the cohort with GNB (20%) followed by the combined cohort (18.2%), and the lowest incidence in the fungal cohort (12%). There was no significant difference in the 30- and 90-day mortality between the cohorts. Patients with GNB and GPB had the highest mean hospital LOS (42 days). Conclusion We noticed a trend towards an increase incidence of AKI and PGD in patients with GNB, though it did not reach a statistical significance. Larger studies are required to further assess the impact of donor lung pathogenic bacteria on post-transplant outcomes.
Primary Cultures and Cell Lines for In Vitro Modeling of the Human Adrenal Cortex

The human adrenal cortex is a complex endocrine organ that produces mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids and androgens. These steroids are produced in distinct cell types located within the glomerulosa, fasciculata and reticularis of the adrenal cortex. Abnormal adrenal steroidogenesis leads to a variety of diseases that can cause hypertension, metabolic syndrome, infertility and premature adrenarche. The adrenal cortex can also develop steroid-producing adenomas and rarely adrenocortical carcinomas. In vitro cell culture models provide important tools to study molecular and cellular mechanisms controlling both the physiologic and pathologic conditions of the adrenal cortex. In addition, the presence of multiple steroid-metabolizing enzymes within adrenal cells makes it a model for defining possible endocrine disruptors that might block these enzymes. The regulation and dysregulation of human adrenal steroid production and cell division/tumor growth can be studied using freshly isolated cells but this requires access to human adrenal glands, which are not available to most investigators. Immortalized human adrenocortical cell lines have proven to be of considerable value in studying the molecular and biochemical mechanisms controlling adrenal steroidogenesis and tumorigenesis. Current human adrenal cell lines include the original NCI-H295 and its substrains: H295A, H295R, HAC13, HAC15, HAC50 and H295RA as well as the recently established MUC-1, CU-ACC1 and CU-ACC2. The current review will discuss the use of primary cultures of fetal and adult adrenal cells as well as adrenocortical cell lines as in vitro models for the study of human adrenal physiology and pathophysiology.
In situ Analysis of Mucus Residing Bacterial Community Reveals an Ecological Niche Key for Gut Microbiome Stability

Colonic mucus bacterial communities are critical for determining disease pathology and promoting colonization resistance. Yet the key ecological properties of mucus resident communities that make them crucial for maintaining homeostatic microbiome function remain poorly defined. Using an approach that combine in situ hybridization, laser microdissection and 16s rRNA sequencing of spatially distinct regions of the mouse gut lumen, we discovered that the microbial community embedded in the mucus layer is structurally and compositionally distinct and drives stability of the gut microbiome. Structurally, the mucus residing microbial community had a higher density of bacteria than in the lumen and formed a biofilm-like structure whose integrity was dependent on Gram-positive commensals. Compositionally the dense mucus community excluded bacteria belonging to phylum Proteobacteria. Additionally, the dense bacterial community in the mucus was significantly more diverse and consisted of bacterial species that were unique to it. Upon antibiotic treatment, the species-rich and dense bacterial community in the mucus lost fewer Firmicutes and showed smaller bloom of Proteobacteria compared to the lumen. Taken together our work discloses a crucial role for the mucus layer in promoting stability of the gut microbiome in the perfused intestinal ecosystem by spatially entrenching unique and diverse bacterial species.
Application of Artificial Intelligence in Automation Industry

The advancement of Artificial Intelligence is fast-moving promptly and the amalgamation of Artificial Intelligence with automation has commenced altering the business backcloth. Companies and businesses are centering on applying prevailing Artificial Intelligence with automation progressions to avail the new tops of proficiency and excellence. The paper gives a picture of artificial intelligence and automation, and it stabs to reveal to the audience how both Artificial intelligence and automation are linked and how they may be more operative when they work as one and may offer competitive benefits. Key Words: , , , ,
Longitudinal associations with changes in outdoor recreation area use for physical activity during a community-based intervention

Outdoor recreation areas (ORA) are important resources for physical activity (PA) and health promotion. While past research has identified correlates of ORA use, few studies have examined predictors of longitudinal changes in park- and trail-based PA in community settings. Using data from a 6-month community-based walking intervention study, we examined cross-sectional and longitudinal predictors of PA in ORAs. Data were collected from baseline and 6-month assessments from participants (n=295) in a group walking intervention in South Carolina; participants enrolled from January 2012-May 2013. A decomposition scheme was used to examine the cross-sectional and longitudinal predictors of average group ORA use for PA, including social support, self-efficacy for PA, perceptions of neighborhood environment, and accelerometer-based PA, adjusting for gender. On average, participants were 49.4+13.3years old, 66.1% were Black, and the majority were women. There was a mean increase in group ORA use of 2.1+0.4days/month from baseline to 6months. Cross-sectionally, higher levels of the percentage of time in MVPA, self-efficacy, and social support were associated with greater group-average ORA use. Longitudinally, increased social support from friends and rating of lighter motorized traffic were associated with increased group ORA use. Additionally, longitudinal increases in percentage of MVPA and more favorable rating of the neighborhood as a place to walk were both associated with decreased group ORA use. Better understanding how social and physical environmental characteristics impact ORA use for PA can lead to more effective intervention strategies and warrants greater attention in future research and public health promotion efforts.
Improved Length Bounds for the Shortest Superstring Problem (Extended Abstract)

Given a collection of strings S={s1,...,s n } over an alphabet Σ, a superstring α of S is a string containing each s i as a substring; that is, for each i, 1 ≤ i ≤ n, α contains a block of ¦si¦ consecutive characters that match s i exactly. The shortest superstring problem is the problem of finding a superstring α of minimum length. This problem is NP-hard [6] and has applications in computational biology and data compression. The first O(1)-approximation algorithms were given in [2]. We describe our 2 3/4-approximation algorithm, which is the best known. While our algorithm is not complex, our analysis requires some novel machinery to describe overlapping periodic strings. We then show how to combine our result with that of [11] to obtain a ratio of 2 50/69 ≈ 2.725. We describe an implementation of our algorithm which runs in O(¦S¦+n3) time; this matches the running time of previous O(1)-approximations.
Gene transfer of the CD80 costimulatory molecule into ocular melanoma cells using a novel episomal vector

Purpose. The CD80 (B7.1) molecule, which is a necessary costimulatory signal for T-cell activation and proliferation, is a powerful inducer of antitumor immunity. In this study, primary human ocular melanoma cells were transfected with a novel vector (B45-Neo episomal vector) containing the complementary DNA (cDNA) for human CD80 to determine if this vector system is useful for stimulating CD8 + T cells. Methods. Ocular melanoma cells were transfected with the B45-Neo episomal vector containing the cDNA for human CD80 and were positively selected in medium containing geneticin. The transcription of plasmid cDNA, plasmid copy number, and cell surface expression were determined on transfected tumor cell lines, and cloned tumor cells were obtained by limiting dilution techniques. The stability of CD80 expressed on tumor cells was determined after prolonged culture without geneticin and on irradiated cells. Autologous lymphocytes were restimulated with CD80 + tumor cells in the presence of recombinant interleukin-2 to determine whether CD8 + T cells were stimulated. Results. CD80 was expressed on tumor cells transfected with the B45-Neo vector containing the cDNA for CD80. The level of CD80 expressed on different transfected tumor cell lines was heterogeneous and dependent on the plasmid copy number. High CD80 expression was observed on cloned tumor cells that possessed more than 520 plasmids per cell; intermediate levels were observed on tumor cells with approximately 240 to 520 plasmids. CD80 + ocular melanoma cells maintained a stable CD80 expression even after prolonged culture without geneticin, and on irradiated tumor cells. CD80 expressed on tumor cells was biologically functional and stimulated autologous CD8 + cells. Conclusions. The B45-Neo episomal vector induces stable expression of the CD80 costimulatory molecule on ocular melanoma cells. Our results indicate that this vector is suitable for experiments designed to genetically engineer ocular melanoma cells to stimulate CD8 + T cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1997;38:2531-2539.
Dispositional and stressor-related emotion regulation in the context of a chronic, life-limiting stressor.

In the context of efforts to regulate emotion during chronic stressors, both dispositional response tendencies (affect intensity, negative and positive expressivity) and stressor-related coping through emotional approach (processing and expressing emotions) are relevant to adjustment. In women with metastatic breast cancer (N = 103), contributions of self-reported emotional processing and expression related to cancer, as well as dispositional expressivity to adaptive outcomes across 3 months were examined. In the context of high dispositional expressivity, an increase in emotional expression predicted improvements in depressive symptoms and life satisfaction. Emotional processing at study entry predicted increased depressive symptoms and intrusive thoughts, and declining life satisfaction among highly expressive women. Increasing emotional processing predicted improved depressive symptoms in the context of high expressivity. Increases in emotional approach coping were associated with a more arduous cancer experience. Findings highlight the importance of the person-situation fit in linking emotion-related constructs to adjustment during unremitting stressors.
Endothelin and Renal Ion and Water Transport

Summary The renal tubular epithelial cells produce more endothelin-1 (ET-1) than any other cell type in the body. Moving down the nephron, the amount of ET-1 produced appears fairly consistent until reaching the inner medullary collecting duct, which produces at least 10 times more ET-1 than any other segment. ET-1 inhibits Na + transport in all parts of the nephron through activation of the ET B receptor, and, to a minor extent, the ET A receptor. These effects are most prominent in the collecting duct where ET B -receptor activation inhibits activity of the epithelial Na + channel. Effects in other parts of the nephron include inhibition of Na + /H + exchange in the proximal tubule and the Na + , K + , 2Cl - co-transporter in the thick ascending limb. In general, the renal epithelial ET-1 system is an integral part of the body's response to a high salt intake to maintain homeostasis and normal blood pressure. Loss of ET B -receptor function results in salt-sensitive hypertension. The role of renal ET-1 and how it affects Na + and water transport throughout the nephron is reviewed.
THREE-DIMENSIONAL HYDROELASTIC RESPONSE OF A VERY LARGE FLOATING STRUCTURE

A simplified analysis procedure based on 3-D hydroelasticity, which can be used to determine the motions and intermodule forces of a multi-module, very large floating structure (VLFS), is described. While the procedure is applicable to an arbitrary geometric layout of the modules, the modules are considered rigid, and hence all deformations occur in the module connectors. The procedure is used to analyse the response of a 5-module VLFS in both regular and irregular seas. The effect of fluid and structural coupling of the modules on the response is evaluated.
The Comparative Structure and Scope of Constitutional Rights

This essay surveys, analyzes, and evaluates recent scholarship on issues falling within the general topic of the comparative structure of constitutional rights. It begins by explaining the generality and unity of the topic because this is not (yet) a widely recognized sub-field of comparative constitutional rights jurisprudence and also because issues of constitutional structure are typically categorized as separate and distinct from issues of rights. The essay argues that within comparative constitutional law, it is particularly helpful to distinguish the structure of constitutional rights from their substance. The latter concerns the content and parameters of particular rights that exist in a given constitutional system. By contrast, the structure is the underlying framework – set of concepts, principles, doctrines, and institutions – that applies to, organizes, and characterizes constitutional rights analysis as a whole within that system. The essay illustrates that some of the most interesting and important comparative rights issues are structural in nature by discussing three of them. First, to what extent do general conceptions of a constitutional right – what you have in virtue of having a right – and of limits on such rights differ among contemporary systems of constitutional law? Are there perhaps mostly common conceptions of both? Second, what is the comparative scope of constitutional rights? Given the subjects or beneficiaries of constitutional rights, who or what are their objects? What types of law are governed by constitutional rights, which governmental and non-governmental actors do they bind, and what is their impact in the “private sphere”? Third, in what ways and to what extent do contemporary constitutional systems recognize positive constitutional rights of various types as well as negative ones? The concluding part of the essay is a plea for sub-dividing the field of comparative constitutional rights jurisprudence into its two components of structure and substance. Because protection of basic rights has been a central driving force behind the tremendous growth of constitutionalism and judicial review around the world, the greater range and refinement of analytical and explanatory tools that may result would seem to justify the enterprise. If, for example, it turns out that the structure of constitutional rights tends to be more similar than their content across constitutional systems, this would be an important finding calling for explanation and leading to a deepened understanding of comparative constitutional rights as a whole.
Higher Order Texture Correlation Algorithms for Cell Mechanics

Texture correlation, a modified digital image correlation procedure, utilizes the natural texture of biological tissues to measure displacement fields between two consecutive digital images [1]. This algorithm is based on the assumption that a pixel within an image can be characterized by a unique intensity pattern of a subset of pixels surrounding it. The displacement of the unique subset can be tracked by comparing the reference and deformed image.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Combinational dormancy in seeds of Sicyos angulatus (Cucurbitaceae, tribe Sicyeae)

Seeds with a water-impermeable seed coat and a physiologically dormant embryo are classified as having combinational dormancy. Seeds of Sicyos angulatus (burcucumber) have been clearly shown to have a water-impermeable seed coat (physical dormancy [PY]). The primary aim of the present study was to confirm (or not) that physiological dormancy (PD) is also present in seeds of S. angulatus. The highest germination of scarified fresh (38%) and 3-month dry-stored (36%) seeds occurred at 35/20°C. The rate (speed) of germination was faster in scarified dry-stored seeds than in scarified fresh seeds. Removal of the seed coat, but leaving the membrane surrounding the embryo intact, increased germination of both fresh and dry-stored seeds to > 85% at 35/20°C. Germination (80–100%) of excised embryos (both seed coat and membrane removed) occurred at 15/6, 25/15 and 35/20°C and reached 95–100% after 4 days of incubation at 25/15 and 35/20°C. Dry storage (after-ripening) caused an increase in the germination percentage of scarified and of decoated seeds at 25/15°C and in both germination percentage and rate of excised embryos at 15/6°C. Eight weeks of cold stratification resulted in a significant increase in the germination of scarified seeds at 25/15 and 35/20°C and of decoated seeds at 15/6 and 25/15°C. Based on the results of our study and on information reported in the literature, we conclude that seeds of S. angulatus not only have PY, but also non-deep PD, that is, combinational dormancy (PY + PD).
Accelerated equilibrium core composition search using a new MCNP-based simulator

MocDown is a new Monte Carlo depletion and recycling simulator which couples neutron transport with MCNP and transmutation with ORIGEN. This modular approach to depletion allows for flexible operation by incorporating the accelerated progression of a complex fuel processing scheme towards equilibrium and by allowing for the online coupling of thermo-fluids feedback. MocDown also accounts for the variation of decay heat with fuel isotopics evolution. In typical cases, MocDown requires just over a day to find the equilibrium core composition for a multi-recycling fuel cycle, with a self-consistent thermo-fluids solution–a task that required between one and two weeks using previous Monte Carlo-based approaches.
Effects of Conditional Overexpression of Spermidine/Spermine N 1-Acetyltransferase on Polyamine Pool Dynamics, Cell Growth, and Sensitivity to Polyamine Analogs

Acetylation of polyamines by spermidine/spermine N(1)-acetyltransferase (SSAT) has been implicated in their degradation and/or export out of the cell. The relationship of SSAT to polyamine pool dynamics and cell growth is not yet clearly understood. MCF-7 human breast carcinoma cells were transfected with tetracycline-regulated (Tet-off) SSAT human cDNA or murine gene. Doxycycline removal for >2 days caused a approximately 20-fold increase in SSAT RNA and a approximately 10-fold increase in enzyme activity. After 4 days, intracellular putrescine and spermidine pools were markedly lowered, and cell growth was inhibited. Growth inhibition could not be prevented with exogenous polyamines due to a previously unrecognized ability of SSAT to rapidly acetylate influxing polyamines and thereby prevent restoration of the endogenous pools. Instead, cells accumulated high levels of N(1)-acetylspermidine, N(1)-acetylspermine, and N(1), N(12)-diacetylspermine, a metabolite not previously reported in mammalian cells. Doxycycline deprivation before treatment with N(1), N(11)-diethylnorspermine markedly increased analog induction of SSAT mRNA and activity and enhanced growth sensitivity to the analog by approximately 100-fold. Overall, the findings demonstrate that conditional overexpression of SSAT lowers polyamine pools, inhibits cell growth, and markedly enhances growth sensitivity to certain analogs. The enzyme also plays a remarkably efficient role in maintaining polyamine pool homeostasis during challenges with exogenous polyamines.
Cubic bent functions

Abstract For any Boolean function f on GF(2) m , we define a sequence of ranks r i ( f ), 1 ⩽ i ⩽ m , which are invariant under the action of the general linear group GL( m , 2). If f is a cubic bent function in 2 k variables, we show that when r 3 ( f )⩽ k , f is either obtained from a cubic bent function in 2 k − 2 variables, or is in a well-known family of bent functions. We also determine all cubic bent functions in eight variables.
A lost De Sica film—La porta del cielo/The Gate of Heaven (1945)

(2001). A lost De Sica film—La porta del cielo/The Gate of Heaven (1945) Quarterly Review of Film and Video: Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 361-369.
Regulation of interferon-α/β-stimulated gene expression through the gamma-activated transcriptional element

Abstract Interferons (IFNs) stimulate gene expression to mediate their biological actions. A multimeric transcription factor consisting of STAT1, STAT2 and p48, a DNA binding protein, regulates IFN- α / β stimulated gene expression. Since the cellular level of p48 is also increased by pre-treatment of cells with IFN- γ , it is also known as ISGF3 γ . To understand how IFN-γ regulates the expression of the p48 gene, we have previously isolated and characterized the promoter of murine p48 gene and identified a novel γ-IFN activated transcriptional element (GATE). In this study using several mutant constructs of p48 promoter we have determined that the same element responds to IFN-α/β treatment. Relatively high doses of IFN- α / β compared to IFN-γ are required for the induction of p48 promoter. This ability of IFN- α / β to regulate GATE dependent gene expression is linked to the activation of a factor induced by IFN- α . However, IFN- γ induces the binding of two γ -IFN inducible factors (GIFs) to GATE. The IFN- α inducible GATE binding factor is not recognized by specific antibodies raised against the known IFN-regulated factors. It is likely IFN- γ is a stronger inducer of this gene because it activates two GIFs. GATE-like elements present in hither to undefined IFN-stimulated genes may control IFN-responses in a unique manner.
Analog lasercom for bent-pipe satellite crosslinks

Although much of today's space lasercom development is concentrated in digital communications, there still remain applications where the analog lasercom link is preferred. An analog lasercom link transmits RF or IF carriers instead of decoded bits. The most important application is in commercial bent pipe satellite constellations, where modulated carriers are to be relayed between satellites, avoiding the use of costly and risky onboard demod - remod digital processors. In this paper some basic tradeoffs are reported which aid in scoping the performance, limitations, and shortfalls of an analog crosslink. The analysis assumes fiber based technology at either 1.55 or 1.3 microns for the crosslink hardware, using optical intensity modulation (IM) and direct photodetection. When multiple carriers are used to IM the laser, the inherent nonlinearity of the modulation causes power suppression that limits the available bandwidth (number of carriers) that can be relayed using as single optical wavelength. With single wavelength bandwidth limited, the crosslink capacity can only be improved by the use of multiple wavelengths. This tradeoff of suppression and wavelengths is considered here.
Three-Dimensional Confocal Microscopy of the Lens

A confocal microscopic technique is described to obtain optical sections from the in situ ocular lens of the rabbit and mouse. Optical sections were obtained with blue light through the full thickness of the lens epithelium, and of the anterior lenticular fibers. An image showing the structure of an anterior suture was obtained from the murine lens. A three-dimensional volume visualization of lenticular fibers from the anterior region of the rabbit lens was reconstructed from a stack of optical sections. These in situ microscopic observations of unstained, unfixed specimens correspond to previous studies using electron microscopy.
Getting it together in plant virus movement: cooperative interactions between bipartite geminivirus movement proteins

Abstract To move cell-to-cell and systemically infect the host, plant viruses must cross the barrier posed by the plant cell wall. Plant viruses accomplish this through strategies that alter the architecture of the infected cell, eliminating this barrier through the action of viral-encoded ‘movement proteins'. Detailed studies of a number of cytoplasmically replicating viruses suggest that movement proteins interact with components of the cytoskeleton and transport systems of the plant cell to allow passage of progeny into adjacent cells. Recent work on the two movement proteins encoded by the phloem-restricted geminivirus squash leaf curl virus has defined unique aspects of nuclear transport and protein protein interaction in the movement of this nuclear-replicating virus, and suggests that post-translational phosphorylation may be important in the regulation of movement protein function.
On dispersion of elastic waves in rings

Abstract The governing equations for the vibrations of curved rings is derived with the effects of centerline extensibility and a type of Winkler-Bach effect, associated with the shift in neutral axis due to ring curvature included. The propagation of harmonic waves is considered and the governing dispersion relations derived and illustrated.
Limiting properties of the occurrence/exposure rate and simple risk rate

In this paper, we study the asymptotic distributions of the functions of the occurrence/exposure rates of several groups of patients as well as Berry-Esseen bound on the distribution function of the occurrence/ exposure rate. Asymptotic distributions of functions of the simple risk rates are also derived. The results are useful in not only medical research but also in the area of reliability.
Beyond the Reading Room: Integrating Primary and Secondary Sources in the Library Classroom

Information-literate students should understand the relationships between primary and secondary sources. This article presents a new model for integrating primary and secondary sources into general library instruction. The model is based on collaboration between a Special Collections librarian and an instruction librarian. It emphasizes the use of archival documents to illustrate primary sources and their role in scholarly communication.
Attachment and social adjustment: relationships to suicide attempt and major depressive episode in a prospective study

Abstract Objective To study two aspects of interpersonal function – attachment security and social adjustment – in relation to suicide attempt and major depressive episode (MDE) during naturalistic follow-up of up to one year after presentation with MDE. Method 136 adults who presented with a DSM-IV MDE completed the Adult Attachment Scale and the Social Adjustment Scale-Self Report at study entry. Based on follow-up interviews at three months and one year, we used survival analysis to investigate the relationship of scores on these measures with time to a suicide attempt and time to recurrent MDE. Results Less secure/more avoidant attachment predicted increased risk of suicide attempt during the 1-year follow-up (Wald χ2 = 9.14, df = 1, p = 0.003, HR = 1.16, 95% CI = 1.05 to 1.27). Poorer social adjustment predicted increased risk of recurrent MDE (Wald χ2 = 6.95, df = 1, p = 0.008, HR = 2.36, 95% CI = 1.25 to 4.46), and that in turn increased the risk of a suicide attempt (z = 4.19, df = 1, p Conclusions Avoidant attachment in the setting of major depressive disorder is a potential therapeutic target to prevent suicidal behavior. Enhancing social adjustment may reduce relapse in major depressive disorder and thereby reduce risk of a suicide attempt. Study limitations include small sample size and use of a self-report attachment scale.
Effect on chair‐chair equilibrium of 3‐substituted‐1,3,2‐oxazaphosphorinanes of replacement of Me2N substituent on phosphorus by isoPr2N

The chair-chair conformational equilibria (A ⇌ B) f a series of 1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinanes featuring three-coordinated phosphorus substituted with an isoPr2N group (1–6) have been studied by 1H NMR spectroscopy. Substituents at N(3) included Ph, Me, and isoPr. Compared to the analogous series with an Me2N group on phosphorus, 1–6 populate the chair conformation B with R2N equatorial to a greater extent. This is interpreted to mean that conformer A is more destabilized by the greater steric size of isoPr2N than is conformer B. Thus, the repulsive interactions between equatorial Me2N and the substituent on N3, believed to be responsible for depopulation of B that results in an unexpectedly high population of A with Me2N on phosphorus, is overcome by destabilization of A by the axial isoPr2N. The apparent size effect of substituents on N3 in destabilization of B follows the order Ph > isoPr > Me, as observed earlier for the series with a Me2N group on phosphorus. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
DNA repair abnormalities leading to ataxia: shared neurological phenotypes and risk factors

Since identification of mutations in the ATM gene leading to ataxia-telangiectasia, enormous efforts have been devoted to discovering the roles this protein plays in DNA repair as well as other cellular functions. Even before the identification of ATM mutations, it was clear that other diseases with different genomic loci had very similar neurological symptoms. There has been significant progress in understanding why cancer and immunodeficiency occur in ataxia-telangiectasia even though many details remain to be determined, but the field is no closer to determining why the nervous system requires ATM and other DNA repair genes. Even though rodent disease models have similar DNA repair abnormalities as the human diseases, they have no consistent, robust neuropathological phenotype making it difficult to understand the neurological underpinnings of disease. Therefore, it may be useful to reassess the neurological and neuropathological characteristics of ataxia-telangiectasia in human patients to look for potential commonalities in DNA repair diseases that result in ataxia. In doing so, it is clear that ataxia-telangiectasia and similar diseases share neurological features other than merely ataxia, such as length-dependent motor and sensory neuropathies, and that the neuroanatomical localization for these symptoms is understood. Cells affected in ataxia-telangiectasia and similar diseases are some of the largest single nucleated cells in the body. In addition, a subset of these diseases also has extrapyramidal movements and oculomotor apraxia. These neurological and neuropathological similarities may indicate a common DNA repair related pathogenesis with very large cell size as a critical risk factor.
Macrocycles containing tin. A small, exclusive host for the fluoride ion

Abstract The binding properties of macrobicyclic host 1 in solution were studied by NMR spectroscopy; host 1 maintains structural integrity in the presence of halide anions and binds fluoride ion strongly while it excludes all other halides.
Mothers' and infants' responses to their partners' spontaneous action and vocal/verbal imitation.

Abstract Twenty mother–infant dyads (10 boys, 10 girls) were videotaped longitudinally at ages 10, 13, 17, and 21 months during in-home free play and bath sessions. Mothers’ and infants’ responses to their partners’ naturally occurring action and vocal/verbal imitations were described, and relations to infants’ imitation rates and vocabularies were examined. Mothers’ response rates were consistently high and unrelated to infants’ imitation rates. As early as 10 months, infants responded to the great majority of maternal imitations, especially action imitations, often with actions. Infants’ return imitations to action matching indicated increasing awareness of being imitated. Infants’ responses to mothers’ vocal/verbal imitation were associated with their later vocabulary levels. Children who would be more lexically advanced at 17 and/or 21 months provided more social responses at 10 months, more socially responsive actions and return verbal imitations at 13 months, and more non-imitative socially responsive words at 17 and 21 months.