cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Signal-Sensitive Release of Contents from Liposomes Bearing Surface-Grafted Polyelectrolyte Chains

Therapeutic advantages of signal-sensitive drug delivery are easily imagined. Current dosage methods are most often empirically based, and only rarely reflect the actual time dependence of the patient's therapeutic need. In principle, self-regulated delivery systems would reduce the administered dose to a minimum while maintaining a therapeutically effective concentration of the agent at the target site. In practice, the routine application of self-regulated delivery systems remains relatively remote.
Interleukin-1 beta-converting enzyme-related proteases (IRPs) and mammalian cell death: dissociation of IRP-induced oligonucleosomal endonuclease activity from morphological apoptosis in granulosa cells of the ovarian follicle

The Caenorhabditis elegans death susceptibility gene, ced-3, has a number of homologs in vertebrate species, including interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta)-converting enzyme (ICE), Ich-1long, and CPP32. These genes, which encode a family of related proteases, have been shown to induce apoptosis when transfected into eukaryotic cells. However, it remains to be determined whether these proteases are involved in apoptotic cell death under physiological conditions. The purpose of these studies was to examine the role of ICE-related proteases (IRPs) in apoptosis using a physiologically relevant model system, the ovarian follicle. Somatic granulosa cells within ovarian follicles undergo apoptosis during follicular atresia, a process responsible for the depletion of greater than 95% of the follicles established in the postnatal ovary. To accomplish these studies, we cloned partial rat complementary DNAs encoding ICE, Ich-1, and CPP32 and used these complementary DNAs to examine the gonadotropin regulation of ICE, Ich-...
Trust me, i'm a scientist.

The article discusses the skepticism of the general public regarding science. The author explores why the public chooses not to believe what scientists say. He offers an example of American's belief in the autism-vaccine link despite scientific studies showing no link, notes a survey by the U.S. National Science Foundation that found the public trust scientists, and discusses the paradox of why individuals trust scientists in general, but not when it comes to specific issues, such as autism.
Modulation of motor behavior by dopamine and the D1-like dopamine receptor AmDOP2 in the honey bee

Determining the specific molecular pathways through which dopamine affects behavior has been complicated by the presence of multiple dopamine receptor subtypes that couple to different second messenger pathways. The observation of freely moving adult bees in an arena was used to investigate the role of dopamine signaling in regulating the behavior of the honey bee. Dopamine or the dopamine receptor antagonist flupenthixol was injected into the hemolymph of worker honey bees. Significant differences between treated and control bees were seen for all behaviors (walking, stopped, upside down, grooming, flying and fanning), and behavioral shifts were dependent on drug dosage and time after injection. To examine the role of dopamine signaling through a specific dopamine receptor in the brain, RNA interference was used to reduce expression levels of a D1-like receptor, AmDOP2. Injection of Amdop2 dsRNA into the mushroom bodies reduced the levels of Amdop2 mRNA and produced significant changes in the amount of time honey bees spent performing specific behaviors with reductions in time spent walking offset by increases in grooming or time spent stopped. Taken together these results establish that dopamine plays an important role in regulating motor behavior of the honey bee.
Synthesis of 1-(3-azido-2,3-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexofuranosyl)thymine

Abstract The nucleoside derivative 1-(3-azido-2,3-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexofuranosyl)thymine has been synthesized from 3-0-benzyl-1,2-0-isopropylidene-alpha-D-glucofuranose-5,6-carbonate in an overall yield of 16%. The key step in the synthesis involves the selective deacetylation of a nucleoside derivative having a cyclic carbonate moiety.
Method for Fabricating Supported Bilayer Lipid Membranes on Gold

The paper describes the synthesis of surfaces based on self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of alkanethiolates on gold that were designed to support the adsorption of bilayer lipid membranes, and the feasibility of using these surfaces for making high-density arrays (HDAs) of membranes. The synthesis involved (i) the formation of SAMs of 16-mercaptohexadecanoic acid (MHA) on gold; (ii) the activation of the carboxylic acid groups to interchain anhydrides; (iii) the treatment of the reactive surfaces with Brij-76 (C18H37(OCH2CH2)n-10OH) (1) or Brij-76-amine (2) (C18H37(OCH2CH2)n-10NH2); and (iv) the formation of supported membranes by incubation or printing of the lipids. The oligo(ethylene glycol) moiety of the anchor lipid provides a hydrophilic spacer between the surface and the adsorbed lipid to enable the incorporation of membrane-spanning proteins with extramembrane domains. Data from infrared spectroscopy confirmed the coupling of 2 to the surface through the formation of peptide bonds. Ellipsometric me...
Racial wage differentials among young adults: Evidence from the 1990s

This study seeks to decompose wage differentials between black and white male young adults into those related to labor market discrimination and those resulting from human capital endowments. The importance of testing for significant differences in wage equations before conducting decomposition analysis is emphasized. Study results demonstrate that ignoring correction for the sample selection bias resulting from black-white differences in the probability of being employed would lead to an underestimation of the size of wage differentials. The study also shows that the results of models based on different assumptions regarding the nondiscriminatory wage structure might lead to different conclusions pertinent to the extent of labor market discrimination. Implications for public policy development are discussed.
Open loop characterization of pulse width modulated DC/DC converters by sequential linear analysis

Pulse width modulated (PWM) DC/DC converters, as typified by the transistor switching regulated (TSR) power supply treated in this paper, can be simulated by modeling each diode and/or switching transistor as a two-valued resistance. In this way, the power supply is represented as a sequence of strictly linear circuits, each having the same topology but with its two-valued resistances determined by the corresponding on-off states of its diodes and transistors. We can compute the startup behavior and periodic response of such power supplies in terms of the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of each of these linear circuits in sequence. What is more, we can also obtain directly the overall state transition matrix from which, in turn, we can predict the open loop characteristics of the entire power supply. This information is vital to the design of feedback networks that provide stable regulation.
A methodology for determining average lattice orientation and its application to the characterization of grain substructure

Lattice orientation data often are available at a collection of locations within a grain, and an average of these lattice orientations is useful in data analysis. We define an average orientation based on misorientation angles, which leads to a nonlinear least-squares problem that may be solved numerically. This average orientation then serves as the basis for several related quantities that characterize the misorientation structure within a grain. The spread of a grain in (mis)orientation space is determined, as is a spatial correlation of the misorientation parameters. The method is applied to experimental data from electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) scans and to simulation data from finite-element analyses of the deformation of a polycrystal. The quantities characterizing the grain substructure are found to evolve with strain and to illuminate trends in the microstructural evolution.
A new role for feedback: Facilitating stabilization of perceptual learning after training

Response feedback is often used to inform an observer of his or her accuracy as he or she performs a task. Response feedback exerts beneficial effects on perceptual learning, increasing both the speed of learning and the magnitude of performance gains.1,2 Stabilization of learning occurs in two stages: a short-term stage lasting approximately one hour in which learning is made resistant to interference from new tasks,3-5 and a long-term stage in which learning is consolidated over several cycles of wakefulness and sleep, resulting in improved performance on associated tasks.6-8 What role does response feedback play in the short-term and long-term consolidation of perceptual learning? What effect does feedback have on general learning patterns?
An electrochemical, ellipsometric, and surface science investigation of the PtRu bulk alloy surface

Abstract We describe results of in situ and ex situ characterizations of the surface of a bulk PtRu alloy in sulfuric acid solutions at room temperature. Ellipsometric measurements taken during potential cycling show that a chemisorbed oxygen species forms on the PtRu alloy at potentials as low as +0.25 V vs. RHE. This is found also for Ru electrodes in the same solution. However, the surface oxygen species seems to form more reversibly on the alloy surface. The surface composition of the PtRu alloy appears to be stable up to +1.0 V vs. RHE. Both the in situ and ex situ techniques employed showed partial Ru loss from the surface of the alloy for potential excursions above +1.0 V. Implications of these results for the use of such PtRu alloys as carbon monoxide tolerant anode electrocatalysts in acid fuel cells are discussed.
STUDIES ON THE CIRCULATION IN MAN XII. A STUDY OF INEQUALITIES IN THE BLOOD FLOW IN THE TWO HANDS (OR FEET) DUE TO MECHANICAL CAUSES (EMBOLISM, COMPRESSION OF VESSELS, ETC.) OR TO FUNCTIONAL (VASOMOTOR) CAUSES, WITH A DISCUSSION OF THE CRITERIA BY WHICH THE CONDITIONS ARE DISCRIMINATED.

1. In cases in which great inequalities in the blood flow in the two hands were produced by mechanical causes (ligation or compression of vessels, embolism), the stability of the ratio of the flows, in successive measurements at short intervals, was found to be characteristic. Over long intervals the opening up of collateral circulation or the progressive increase of the block (in a case of multiple embolism with thrombosis) was followed by changes in the ratio of the blood flows in the normal and the affected part. Another criterion of these conditions was found to be that the inequality was not abolished by producing general vasomotor changes; e. g., by altering the external temperature. 2. In certain cases inequalities in the blood flow in the two hands (or feet) were found which were not stable from day to day, and which could be abolished, reduced, increased, or reversed by alterations in the external conditions which bring about general vasomotor changes. These inequalities, not associated with clinically recognizable differences between the parts compared, were interpreted as due to unequal activity of the vasomotor mechanism on the two sides. The condition appeared to be most frequent in certain groups of neurological cases.
Effects of Partial Coherence on Holography with Diffuse Illumination

The process of producing a hologram of an object that is transmitting or reflecting diffuse, partially coherent, quasimonochromatic light is described mathematically. The discussion shows how the degree of coherence between the reference beam and the beam illuminating the object affects the reconstruction. The types of image degradation resulting from the use of partially coherent light are outlined. The application of holography to the measurement of second-order spatial coherence is suggested and a possible experiment is described.
Changes of the Petrov Type of a Space-Time

A theoretical study is made of the "evolution" of a space-time of one Petrov type into another. The word "evolution" is used to mean that change of type which a point observer would consider his local space-time had experienced as a discontinuous front swept over him. The study is motivated by a desire to better understand the Petrov classification and thus improve its use as a tool to deal with solutions in general relativity. An algorithm is developed that may in principle be used to test the evolution of any closed-form solution known. A flow diagram is found which shows the routes that each Petrov type may use and the Petrov type of the discontinuity causing each change. During this development some results of the study of discontinuous hypersurfaces are found essentially equivalent to Trautman's information approach to waves, thus yielding further motivation for the use of the latter. The Weyl technique is understood as an important method for at least partially separating the coordinate and physical behaviors.
Glucose Enhancement of Insulin Action: Elevated Glucose Levels Increase Insulin Stimulation of 2-Deoxyglucose Uptake in Cultured Human Fibroblasts

Insulin stimulation of 2-deoxyglucose uptake in cultured human skin fibroblasts has been examined in the presence of varying concentrations of extracellular glucose. When cell monolayers were preincubated in glucose-free medium, insulin stimulation of hexose transport was small. Increasing glucose levels from 2.7 to 16.7 mM in the preincubation mediumenhanced insulin-stimulated 2-deoxyglucose uptake (18-65% ofbasal uptake). Insulin stimulation of hexose transport in the presence of glucose was the result of an increase in the Vmax without a significant change in the Km of transport. Maximum enhancement of insulin action was achieved 18–24 h after glucose exposure. After 24 h, the insulin response decreased. Glucose did not influence the concentration of insulin required for halfmaximal stimulation. Growth conditions also altered the magnitude of insulin stimulation of 2-deoxyglucose uptake; the response was maximal in confluent cells (5–10 days of culture) and decreased during senescence. These data demon...
Marketing in the Government Sector: A Public Policy Model

Public agencies show increasing interest in marketing strategies. Although a marketing approach to service delivery can be useful, public agencies need to reformulate business marketing principles ...
BILIARY AND HEPATIC CARCINOMAS IN BEARS AT THE SAN DIEGO ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS.

OPPORTUNITIES for investigating, within narrow ecological limits, the natural occurrence of cancer in animals are not often available due to infrequency of disease, lack of diagnosis and environmental variation. A unique situation without these inadequacies has been observed at the San Diego Zoological Gardens. Since 1956 one grizzly bear (Ursus horribilis) and four sloth bears (Melursus ursinus) have been afflicted with carcinoma of the biliary tract and liver. These five bears were confined to the same grotto for long periods of their lives. This grotto, indicated as No. 5, is one of eight bear grottoes at the Zoo (Fig. 1). Since 1931 the only other bears to occupy this grotto were a male grizzly named ‘Alec’, which revealed no tumour on autopsy, and five cubs which died soon after birth. Consequently, five of the six mature bears housed in this grotto during the 31-year period (1931–62) have developed a similar tumour.
Adolescent Parenting: Outcomes and Maternal Perceptions

Objective To describe selected outcomes and maternal perceptions of adolescent parenting. Design Qualitative and quantitative methods, interview, and two standardized instruments were combined in this follow‐up study of adolescents who received perinatal services between 1985 and 1988. Setting Data were collected in the mothers' homes. Participants Mothers who were randomly selected for an earlier chart outcome audit ( N = 98) and could be located ( n = 19). Main outcome measures Subsequent pregnancies; school completion; children's development, indicated by the Developmental Profile II (DPII); parental attitudes, indicated by the Adult‐Adolescent Parenting Inventory (AAPI); and maternal perceptions. Results Responses revealed irregular use of contraceptives as one reason for the initial pregnancy and for subsequent unplanned pregnancies. Sixteen mothers completed high school, and 18 intend to complete postsecondary programs. The DPII indicated age‐appropriate development of the children. AAPI scores for 84% of the mothers indicated nonnurturing attitudes. Mothers described family support, motherhood, and their children. Conclusions Research is needed with larger samples and to test interventions to promote regular use of contraception. Findings support the need for research‐based programs to educate and promote the development of adolescent mothers and their children.
The spread of computer control in steel mills

The application of digital computers in the metals industry has experienced an extremely rapid growth over the past five years, both in this country and in Europe. Indicative of this trend is the fact that the six new continuous hot strip mills most recently built, or being built, in the United States were all designed for and purchased with process computer control. The typical functions in such systems include reheat furnace control, slab tracking, roughing and finishing mill setup, finishing and coiling temperature control, and production logging. Other more recent applications have been made in the steel making and primary mills area, both of which have found ready acceptance. Results from early applications now available indicate that projected economic justification in terms of quality improvement is valid. Several in-service installations are described and the results obtained are discussed. Examination of the steel industry processes leads to a belief that, over the next decade, almost all parts of the steel plant will be computer-controlled. This continuing growth will be limited only by our ability to understand and rationalize the process to be controlled. Presently on the horizon is overall control of the steel plant from customer order to product shipment. Multiple computers, both business and process control, will be linked together to achieve integrated production control throughout the production cycle. The results will be improved efficiency of operation and shortened delivery cycle time.
Platinum (II) Porphyrin-Containing Thermoresponsive Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Copolymer as Fluorescence Dual Oxygen and Temperature Sensor

Abstract A random copolymer, poly(NIPAAm- co -PtPorphyrin), consisting of N -isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm) and platinum (II) porphyrin units, behaves as an optical dual sensor for oxygen and temperature. The dual sensor is designed by incorporating an oxygen-sensitive platinum (II) porphyrin ( M1 ) into a temperature-sensitive polymer (PNIPAAm). The polymer exhibited low critical solution temperature (LCST) property at 31.5 °C. This LCST affected the polymer's aggregation status, which in turn affected the nanostructures, fluorescence intensities, and responses to dissolved oxygen. This enables the polymer to functionalize as a dual temperature and dissolved oxygen sensor. Oxygen response of the platinum (II) porphyrin probes in the polymer followed a two-site Stern–Volmer model, indicating the nonuniform distribution of the probes. The copolymer was used to preliminarily monitor the oxygen consumption of Escherichia coli ( E. coli ) bacteria. The results indicate a potential application of the polymer in biological fields.
Soft Error Studies using a Scanning Source

A system was developed to investigate the alpha particle noise burst susceptibility of individual circuit nodes. The data are generated by scanning the circuit with both a focused laser spot and a micro-capillary collimated alpha particle beam. The laser is used in a rapid scan, coarse raster, to identify sensitive nodes. The collimated alpha source is used to investigate the soft error susceptibility in the vicinity of these nodes. Correlation between maps using both laser and alpha sources is generally good. Sensitivity maps of both special test structures and commercial dynamic RAMs are given as examples of the technique.
Characteristics of “state of the art” leaders: Productive narcissism versus emotional intelligence and Level 5 capabilities

Abstract Articles appearing in the Harvard Business Review over the past few years have suggested contrasting sets of characteristics associated with effective leadership. The purpose of this study was to investigate “state of the art” leaders to determine which of these sets tends to be most prevalent in their leadership style and behaviors—those reflective of emotional intelligence and Level 5 or those indicative of productive narcissism. Results showed that our sample of 15 executives possessed characteristics of each set.
Nonconvulsive status epilepticus in patients with brain tumors

Abstract Purpose The prevalence of nonconvulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) in brain tumor patients is unknown. Since NCSE has been associated with significant mortality and morbidity, early identification is essential. This study describes the clinical and EEG characteristics, treatment, and outcome in brain tumor patients with NCSE. Method All patients admitted to Mount Sinai Hospital from 2009 to 2012 with an ICD-9 brain tumor code were cross-referenced with the epilepsy department's database. EEGs from matching patients were reviewed for NCSE. Relevant information from the medical records of the patients with NCSE was extracted. Results 1101 brain tumor patients were identified, of which 259 (24%) had an EEG and 24 (2%) had NCSE. The vast majority of seizures captured were subclinical with 13 patients (54%) having only subclinical seizures. Treatment resolved the NCSE in 22 patients (92%) with accompanying clinical improvement in 18 (75%) of those patients. Tumor recurrence or progression on MRI was associated with decreased 2-month survival (75% mortality, p =0.035) compared to stable tumors (20% mortality). Patients with metastatic disease had median survival from tumor diagnosis of 1.2 months. Conclusion NCSE in brain tumor patients may be under diagnosed due to the frequent lack of outward manifestations and highly treatable with improvement in the majority of patients. NCSE patients with progressing brain lesions, tumor recurrence, or metastatic disease are at serious risk of mortality within 2 months. Continuous EEG monitoring in brain tumor patients with recent clinical seizures and/or a depressed level of consciousness may be critical in providing appropriate care.
Impedance spectroscopy: An efficient tool to determine the non‐steady‐state chloride diffusion coefficient in building materials

One of the most important problems of reinforced steel concrete in marine environments is the corrosion of the reinforcing bars. Most of the times, this corrosion is a consequence of the local destruction of the passive layer formed on the surface of the embedded steel, due to the arrival of chlorides present in the environment. Many efforts have been made to determine the chloride diffusion coefficient in concrete structures, both using natural diffusion methods, and accelerated migration methods. This coefficient determines the velocity of ingress of chlorides, and as a consequence the life time of the structures. In this work it is presented the possibility of using the technique of impedance spectroscopy, that is, very simple to use and requires no chemical or conductivity measurement, to determine the value of the non-steady-state diffusion coefficient. This technique, together with the equivalent circuits proposed for the interpretation of the measurements, allows the determination of the chloride saturation of a concrete or mortar sample. Pores of the material that are initially filled with water have high resistivity, and as the chlorides penetrate into the sample the value of the resistivity decreases. This diminution can be determined in situ, and permits the calculation of the diffusion coefficient saving experimental time and efforts. The results have been obtained both with concrete and mortar samples, and using different cement types.
Malignancy-induced secondary achalasia.

Secondary achalasia refers to the development of clinical, radiographic, and manometric findings of achalasia as a result of (i.e., secondary to) another underlying disorder. A variety of malignancies have been associated with secondary achalasia. Adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction accounts for the majority of cases of malignancy-induced achalasia, however, noncontiguous tumors may also cause this disorder. Although rare, malignancy-induced achalasia will occasionally be encountered by gastroenterologists and gastrointestinal radiologists who see patients with dysphagia and/or achalasia. Since treatment is aimed at the underlying neoplasm, it is important to recognize this disorder. Three clinical features suggest the possibility of malignancy as a cause of achalasia: 1) short duration of dysphagia ( 15 pounds); and 3) age > 55 years. The presence of any of these should at least raise a suspicion of malignancy. Diagnosis may not be evident on routine esophagrams and endoscopy, and requires clinical suspicion for further evaluation with thoraco-abdominal CT scanning and endoscopic ultrasonography.
Bangladeshi American Response to the 1998 Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA): An Assessment*

Abstract Following the devastating flood in 1998, the U.S. government proposed a Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA) to the Bangladesh government. Accepting the 1998 SOFA would have allowed entry of U.S. troops in Bangladesh without passports or visas and without requiring declaration of military hardware. This would have facilitated American forces support for relief operations and rehabilitation of disaster victims in the shortest possible time. Unfortunately, the Bangladesh government rejected the U.S. terms outlined in the 1998 proposal. A sample survey was conducted among Bangladeshi Americans to examine their opinions regarding the 1998 SOFA. Survey data reveals that slightly over 58 percent of the respondents supported signing the SOFA. Reasons for their support or opposition to the U.S. proposal are also presented. Statistical analyses suggest that whether respondents have studied or are currently studying in the United States emerged as the most significant factor associated with approval or disapp...
Guillain-Barré syndrome associated with Rocky Mountain spotted fever: case report and review

We report a case of Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) associated with Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF). The patient initially presented with fever, rash, and an altered mental status, and he responded to therapy with intravenous doxycycline; serological data confirmed RMSF. Concurrent physical findings and results of cerebrospinal fluid analysis and nerve conduction studies were compatible with GBS. Although neurological complications of RMSF are common, no known associations between RMSF and GBS were found in the literature. An association between possible infection with Rickettsia conorii and GBS was reported in a French study in 1968. To our knowledge, this is the first reported association between RMSF and GBS.
Permanent and removable implants for the brachytherapy of brain tumors

Abstract Thirty-seven patients harboring primary or metastatic brain tumors were treated with 40 implantations of radioactive sources ( 192 Ir, 198 Au, or 125 I) using stereotactic neurosurgical techniques. Most tumors had recurred after surgery, whole brain irradiation, and treatment with all feasible chemotherapeutic agents. Sixteen of the 40 implants were permanent; 24 were mounted in plastic catheters for removal after the desired dose had been delivered. One or more sources were placed in each tumor to deliver 3500–7350 rad to the tumor's periphery for 198 Au, 4,000–12,000 rad for 192 Ir, and 3,000–20,000 rad for 125 I. Three of the six patients treated with 192 Ir had objective responses for 2, 4, and 12 months, and two stabilized for 8 and 11 months. Seven of the 11 patients treated with 198 Au were evaluable: three responded for 3, 5, and 37 + months, one deteriorating patient with a recurrent tumor stabilized for 6 months, and two deteriorated despite treatment. One patient received an interstitial "boost" dose with 198 Au, after whole brain irradiation and stabilized for 15 months before developing spinal metastases. Six patients received permanent implants with low activity 125 I. Three of these patients had glioblastomas or anaplastic astrocytomas; all continued to deteriorate despite the interstitial irradiation, presumably because the does rate was too low. One patient with a low-grade astrocytoma (optic chiasm) responded dramatically to permanent, low activity 125 I implants (11 + months). Another (hypothalamic glioma) had a permanent 125 I implant, responded, and was stable at 9 months when external irradiation was administered. One patient with a suprasellar "teratoid" tumor stabilized for 10 months. Seventeen removable high activity 125 I sources were implanted in 15 patients who had recurrent malignant primary or metastatic tumors. Twelve of these patients are currently evaluable; eight patients responded for 4 to 8 months, three patients stabilized for 3,7, and I1 months, and one patient harboring a metastatic melanoma failed to improve despite two implants 8 weeks apart.
Influence of Spartina and Juncus on saltmarsh sediments. II. Trace element geochemistry

Abstract Sequential sediment extractions are used to assess the partitioning of Fe, Mn, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb, as a function of depth, in the sediments of two pairs of saltmarsh sites, chosen to represent a gradient of macrophyte and macrofaunal density. One pair is located adjacent to a large tidal creek, and includes a nearly unvegetated site and a site densely vegetated by tall-form Spartina alterniflora . The other two sites, located higher in the marsh, are densely vegetated by Juncus roemarianus and sparsely vegetated by short-form S. alterniflora . At each site, trace element distributions among four operationally-defined solid fractions (exchangeable, carbonate, reducible and oxidizable) were measured at 4–5 cm intervals from the sediment water interface to a depth of up to 50 cm. The operationally-defined extractions suggest that in suboxic sediments, Fe, Mn, Cr, Ni, Co and Zn occur in association with Fe and Mn oxyhydroxides. In sulfidic sediments, Fe, Co and Ni probably occur mostly in pyrite, Mn is likely pyritized and may also form rhodochrosite at two of the sites, Cr is likely bound mostly to organic matter, and Zn, Cu and Pb are inferred to occur in association with both sulfides and organic matter. The depth- and site-dependent trace element distributions are in surprisingly good agreement with variations in redox geochemistry inferred from pore water data in a companion study [Koretsky, C.M., Haveman, M., Cuellar, A., Beuving, L., Shattuck, T., Wagner, M., 2008. Influence of Spartina and Juncus on saltmarsh sediments. I. Pore water geochemistry. Chemical Geology ]. This demonstrates that, in spite of their inherently operational nature, sequential sediment extractions can yield useful insights into metal speciation, especially when measured in conjunction with pore water geochemistry. Furthermore, these data demonstrate that lateral and vertical variations in saltmarsh pore water chemistry lead to distinct variability in solid phase trace metal distributions.
Association of physical activity with sleep-disordered breathing.

This study was performed to determine whether there is a protective association between participation in vigorous or vigorous/moderately vigorous physical activity and the prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB). Polysomnographic and questionnaire data from the baseline examination of 4,275 participants in the Sleep Heart Health Study (SHHS) were analyzed in relation to information on amount of physical activity and other potentially relevant factors collected from five SHHS parent cohorts (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study, Cardiovascular Health Study, Framingham Heart Study, Strong Heart Study, and Tucson Epidemiologic Study of Airways Obstructive Diseases). Logistic regression models were fitted to determine if amount and strenuousness of physical activity was associated with the presence of SDB. At least 3 h per week of vigorous physical activity reduced the odds of SDB, defined as a respiratory disturbance index (RDI) of at least 15 apneas/hypopneas per hour (Adjusted OR, 0.68; 95%CI, 0.51–0.91). A qualitatively similar but slightly weaker association was observed when SDB was defined as a RDI ≥ 10 per hour (Adjusted OR, 0.81; 95%CI, 0.64–1.02). These findings remained after adjustment for sleepiness and restricting analyses to participants with good health. Three or more hours of moderately vigorous or vigorous physical activity also appeared to confer some protection against SDB, but these associations were weaker. Gender- and obesity-stratified analyses suggested that the protective association between physical activity and SDB occurred primarily in men and those who were obese. A program of regular vigorous physical activity of at least 3 h per week may be a useful adjunctive treatment modality for SDB, but this association needs confirmation with a prospective clinical trial.
Small Molecules: Big Changes in the Cancer Treatment Paradigm

Small molecules, a growing class of targeted therapies, have flourished over the last decade. With increased knowledge on molecular cell signaling, targeted therapy has been refined to targeting mo...
A Comparison of the Polycation Receptors of Paramecium tetraurelia and Tetrahymena thermophila

Chemorepellents are compounds that cause ciliated protozoans to reorient their swimming direction. A number of chemorepellents have been studied in the ciliated protozoans, Paramecium and Tetrahymena. Chemorepellents, such as polycations, cause the organism to exhibit "avoidance behavior," a swimming behavior characterized by jerky movements and other deviations from normal forward swimming, which result from ciliary reversal. One well-characterized chemorepellent pathway in Tetrahymena is that of the proposed polycation receptor that is activated by lysozyme and pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP). In this study, we compare the response of Paramecium to the chemorepellents lysozyme, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and PACAP to the previously studied polycation response in Tetrahymena. Our results indicate that lysozyme, VIP, and PACAP are all chemorepellents in Paramecium, just as they are in Tetrahymena. However, the signaling pathways involved appear to be different. While previous pharmacological characterization indicates that G-proteins are involved in polycation signaling in Tetrahymena, we present evidence that similar reception in Paramecium involves activation of a tyrosine kinase pathway in order for lysozyme avoidance to occur. Polycation responses of both organisms are inhibited by neomycin sulfate. While PACAP is the most effective of the three chemorepellents in Tetrahymena, lysozyme is the most effective chemorepellent in Paramecium.
Eye-hand coupling during closed-loop drawing: evidence of shared motor planning?

Abstract Previous paradigms have used reaching movements to study coupling of eye–hand kinematics. In the present study, we investigated eye–hand kinematics as curved trajectories were drawn at normal speeds. Eye and hand movements were tracked as a monkey traced ellipses and circles with the hand in free space while viewing the hand’s position on a computer monitor. The results demonstrate that the movement of the hand was smooth and obeyed the 2/3 power law. Eye position, however, was restricted to 2–3 clusters along the hand’s trajectory and fixed approximately 80% of the time in one of these clusters. The eye remained stationary as the hand moved away from the fixation for up to 200 ms and saccaded ahead of the hand position to the next fixation along the trajectory. The movement from one fixation cluster to another consistently occurred just after the tangential hand velocity had reached a local minimum, but before the next segment of the hand’s trajectory began. The next fixation point was close to an area of high curvature along the hand’s trajectory even though the hand had not reached that point along the path. A visuo-motor illusion of hand movement demonstrated that the eye movement was influenced by hand movement and not simply by visual input. During the task, neural activity of pre-motor cortex (area F4) was recorded using extracellular electrodes and used to construct a population vector of the hand’s trajectory. The results suggest that the saccade onset is correlated in time with maximum curvature in the population vector trajectory for the hand movement. We hypothesize that eye and arm movements may have common, or shared, information in forming their motor plans.
Construction and analysis of compact muscle-specific promoters for AAV vectors

Adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors have been broadly used for gene transfer in vivo for various applications. However, AAV precludes the use of most of the original large-sized tissue-specific promoters for expression of transgenes. Efforts are made to develop highly compact, active and yet tissue-specific promoters for use in AAV vectors. In this study, we further abbreviated the muscle creatine kinase (MCK) promoter by ligating a double or triple tandem of MCK enhancer (206-bp) to its 87-bp basal promoter, generating the dMCK (509-bp) and tMCK (720-bp) promoters. The dMCK promoter is shorter but stronger than some previously developed MCK-based promoters such as the enh358MCK (584-bp) and CK6 (589-bp) in vitro in C2C12 myotubes and in vivo in skeletal muscles. The tMCK promoter is the strongest that we tested here, more active than the promiscuous cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter. Furthermore, both the dMCK and tMCK promoters are essentially inactive in nonmuscle cell lines as well as in the mouse liver (>200-fold weaker than the CMV promoter). The dMCK promoter was further tested in a few lines of transgenic mice. Expression of LacZ or minidystrophin gene was detected in skeletal muscles throughout the body, but was weak in the diaphragm, and undetectable in the heart and other tissues. Similar to other miniature MCK promoters, the dMCK promoter also shows preference for fast-twitch myofibers. As a result, we further examined a short, synthetic muscle promoter C5-12 (312-bp). It is active in both skeletal and cardiac muscles but lacks apparent preference on myofiber types. Combination of a MCK enhancer to promoter C5-12 has increased its strength in muscle by two- to threefold. The above-mentioned compact muscle-specific promoters are well suited for AAV vectors in muscle-directed gene therapy studies.
Ethnomethodology as Technocratic Ideology: Policing Epistemic Boundaries

In a world in which science and technology play an increasingly problematic role, it is curious that Michael Lynch wishes to preserve a distinctively "technical" discipline for sociology of scientific knowledge (SSK) analysis, postponing the day of application until the field is good and ready. Like Lynch's colleague Jeff Coulter, a distinctively technical discipline of ethnomethodological work receives special dispensation from the normatively laden aspects of all other discourse (Coulter 1989; W. T. Lynch forthcoming). Our primary aim was to demonstrate that Marx (not his followers) had a set of analytic tools for understanding science as constitutively social without eliminating the possibility of addressing normative issues. Social "interests" can be seen as enabling (rather than merely constraining) certain insights (W. T. Lynch 1991). Lynch appears to be a disappointed foundationalist in confusing neutrality with objectivity and concluding that the failure of the social sciences to achieve consensus invalidates any normative claims that might be made. The fact that natural scientific consensus might itself be a carefully managed phenomenon, obscuring real and possible disagreements, is our starting point (Gilbert and Mulkay 1984). Existing practices are not the only possible form of dividing up technical work and for that reason alone can be subject to reconsideration. Lynch's creative misreading of our argument leads him to assimilate our proposal to promote criticism by "nearby disciplines" to criticism by a management class.1 We suggested nothing of the kind; rather, we suggested that greater mutual criticism within the natural sciences themselves might prove fruitful in overcoming the increasing proliferation of isolated approaches. Our aim is to expand science evaluation, allowing evolutionary biologists to criticize sociobiologists (Lyne and Howe forthcoming) or the wider public to criticize the processes and products of science, not to
Dielectric and anharmonic behaviour of mixed alkali halides

In the present paper an analysis of the dielectric behaviour and anharmonic contribution to the dielectric constants has been made of KCl−KBr mixed ionic crystals. The temperature and volume derivatives of static (e0), electronic (e∞) dielectric constants and energy gap parameter (Eg) have been calculated using the Szigeti and Havinga and Bosman dielectric theories. The anharmonic contributions have been estimated in terms of temperature derivatives of dielectric constants at constant volumes. The modified form of Clausius-Mossotti theory of dielectric polarization has been used for the mixed crystal under study. The calculated quantities have been compared with the available experimental data. A good agreement has been obtained.
Structural differences in the hinge region of human gamma A myeloma proteins of different subclasses.

THE two antigenic subclasses of human γA myeloma proteins that have been identified are γA1 and γA2 (refs. 1-3). H—H interchain disulphide bonds are present in molecules of both subclasses, but H—L interchain disulphide bonds are present only in γA1 proteins and the minor allotype of γA2, Am 2–(ref. 4). Light chains of Am 2+ γA proteins occur as disulphide bonded dimers non-covalently linked to the heavy chains5.
ADDITIONAL EVIDENCE ON RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY FOR THE KHATENA-MORSE MULTITALENT PERCEPTION INVENTORY '

Summary.-The Khatena-Morse Multitalent Perception Inventory has two Forms of 50 items designed to identify leadership, music, art, and creative talent of people of age 10 yr. and over. Most subjects can complete the inventory in 10 to 30 min. Scoring is done by counting affirmative responses; the total serves as a versatility index. Using responses of 6,186 school-age children and 1,617 adults, this paper presents evidence of internal consistency, and alternate forms and test-retest reliability as well as validity indices based on the Khatena-Torrance Creative Perception Inventory and Thinking Creatively with Sounds and Words, the former giving an index of creative perception and the latter a measure of originality requiring processing of information for production. The data suggest the Khatena-Morse Multitalent Perception Inventory is promising as a brief screening device for versatility of talent. The Khatena-Morse Multitalent Perception Inventory (2) is a measure whose rationale is based on self-perceptions of past experiences relative to leadership, visual-performing arts (music and art), and creative talent. The measure is easily administered either individually or in groups to people aged 10 yr. and above, or to younger children with an adult's help. The instrument comes in two alternate forms of 50 items each and typically requires from 10 to 30 min. to complete. Scoring is done by counting affirmative responses to yield a versatility index relative to the talent areas indicated. Reliability
Ameliorating prefrontal cortical dysfunction in mental illness: inhibition of phosphotidyl inositol-protein kinase C signaling

Background Bipolar disorder and schizophrenia are associated with profound dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex (PFC), with bipolar disorder most associated with changes in ventromedial PFC and schizophrenia more associated with changes in dorsolateral PFC.
The semantic interference effect in the picture-word interference paradigm: does the response set matter?

Abstract In three picture-word interference experiments we explore some properties of the semantic interference (SI) effect in the picture-word interference paradigm. In Experiments 1 and 2, we test whether SI may be obtained when the distractor words are not part of the response set and when only one picture per semantic category is included in the experiment. In Experiment 3, we explore if the magnitude of the SI effect depends on whether or not the distractor words are part of the response set. Reliable SI effects were obtained in all three experiments and the magnitude of the effect did not vary as a function of whether or not distractor words are part of the response set. These results are problematic for the selection mechanism in the WEAVER++ lexical access model (Levelt, W. J. M., Roelofs, A., & Meyer, A. S. (1999). A theory of lexical access in speech production. Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 22 , 1–75; Roelofs, A. (1992). A spreading-activation theory of lemma retrieval in speaking. Cognition, 42 , 107–142).
Can Embedded Annotations Help High School Students Perform Problem Solving Tasks Using a Web-Based Historical Document?.

AbstractTwo versions of a Web site on the United States Constitution were used by students in separate high school history classes to solve problems that emerged from four constitutional scenarios. One site contained embedded conceptual scaffolding devices in the form of textual annotations; the other did not. The results of our study demonstrated the situational importance of the annotations as well as the need for instructional Web designers to make their design intentions transparent. A holistic approach to examining annotational content is recommended in which teachers and designers consider how Web-based annotational content might function in instructional settings. An initial topology is also proposed for the annotations on the Web site used in this study.
Comparative studies on the adenosine deaminases of several bivalved molluscs.

Abstract 1. 1. Digestive diverticular adenosine deaminases from three bivalved molluscs, Atrina serrata, Modiolus squamosus and Macrocallista nimbosa , were studied and compared with the enzyme from the bay scallop, Aequipecten irradians . 2. 2. All three enzymes gave elution patterns on Sephadex G-200 identical to the scallop enzyme but showed marked differences in pH stability. 3. 3. Relative substrate specificities varied considerably, but pH dependence and temperature dependence were similar in all enzymes, although the Macrocallista enzyme differed more from the scallop enzyme than did the others. 4. 4. It is probable that some of these differences have phylogenetic significance, but of greater importance are the similarities, which imply the existence of an enzyme-level temperature compensatory mechanism in bivalved molluscs.
Chronic ethanol ingestion and the hepatocarcinogenicity of N-hydroxy-N-2-fluorenylacetamide.

The effect of long-term administration of 10% and 20% ethanol solutions on the hepatocarcinogenicity of N-hydroxy-N-2-fluorenylacetamide in two strains of rats was investigated. In tests with ethanol and carcinogen, started with 4- to 6-week-old Fischer rats the size of the liver and the extent of tumor formation were slightly less with male rats, and slightly more with females, as compared to rats fed only carcinogen. Experiments beginning with 16-week-old males, or with ethanol following carcinogen, were without additional effect. In NIH black rats, less susceptible to carcinogen and with a longer experimental period of 64 weeks, the concurrent intake of 10% ethanol did not affect the liver tumor incidence, although in females there seemed to be fewer cholangiomas and more hepatomas.