cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Homogenization of a Model Problem on Contact Angle Dynamics

In this paper we consider homogenization of oscillating free boundary velocities in periodic media, with general initial data. We prove that there is a unique and stable effective free boundary velocity in the homogenization limit.
Molecular similarity analysis as tool to prioritize research among emerging contaminants in the environment

The very large number of emerging contaminants entering the water supply makes it desirable to assess these chemicals’ environmental fate and behavior without direct measurements. Structure–property prediction models are promising in this regard, and quantitative molecular similarity assessment (QMSA) is one particularly appealing option. This study has two objectives related to QMSA modeling of emerging contaminants: (1) demonstrating that QMSA models can be used to accurately predict an environmental engineering parameter of interest, e.g., in vitro estrogenicity measurements, for highly diverse chemical classes; and (2) assessing the extent to which QMSA approaches can be used to prioritize among unmeasured chemicals and determine which additional measurements will result in maximally increased model accuracy. The results of this study are promising in both regards. QMSA models were found to predict the test parameter, estrogenicity, with cross validation coefficients (q2) as high as 0.84. Results of a paired t-test to evaluate the difference in increased model accuracy associated with QMSA-selection versus random-selection of additional compounds yielded statistically significant P-values < 0.0001. Taken together, the results of this study suggest that QMSA could dramatically reduce the number of laboratory and field measurements required to characterize as-yet unknown environmental fate and behavior parameters for diverse emerging contaminants of regulatory interest. Additional preliminary work points to the promise of QMSA for prediction of fundamental adsorption parameters; e.g., distribution coefficient (Kd) for selected pharmaceuticals onto activated sludge during municipal wastewater treatment.
General optical limiting requirements

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the general unclassified requirements for optical limiting devices and materials that might be used to protect U.S. military personnel and equipment from damaging laser radiation. Many researchers who consider working in this area are not familiar with the basic requirements that the U.S. military have for any material or device that would be fielded. This paper will attempt to set a general guideline for researchers in the field.
Advances in Techniques for Probing Mechanoregulation of Tissue Morphogenesis

Cells process various mechanical cues in the microenvironment to self-organize into high-order architectures during tissue morphogenesis. Impairment of morphogenic processes is the underlying cause of many diseases; as such, understanding the regulatory mechanisms associated with these processes will form the foundation for the development of innovative approaches in cell therapy and tissue engineering. Nevertheless, little is known about how cells collectively respond to mechanical cues in the microenvironment, such as global geometric guidance, local cell-cell interactions, and other physicochemical factors, for the emergence of the structural hierarchy across multiple length scales. To elucidate the mechanoregulation of tissue morphogenesis, numerous approaches based on biochemical, biomaterial, and biophysical techniques have been developed in the past decades. In this review, we summarize techniques and approaches for probing the mechanoregulation of tissue morphogenesis and illustrate their applications in vasculature development. The potential and limitations of these methods are also discussed with a view toward the investigation of a wide spectrum of tissue morphogenic processes.
Eosinophilia in chronic childhood sinusitis.

Objectives: To quantify eosinophilia in sinus tissues obtained from children with chronic sinusitis and to correlate the degree of eosinophilia with history of asthma, allergy, cystic fibrosis, and preoperative computed tomographic (CT) scans. Design: Examination of surgical specimens from children who underwent functional endoscopic sinus surgery and controls. Setting: Tertiary care medical center. Patients: Thirty-four children who underwent functional endoscopic sinus surgery for chronic sinusitis refractory to medical treatment were divided into three groups: 13 with asthma, 11 without asthma, and 10 with cystic fibrosis. Normal sphenoid sinus mucosa was also obtained from six adults undergoing transsphenoidal hypophysectomies. Main Outcome Measures: Number of lamina propria and intraepithelial eosinophils in surgical specimens, allergic status, presence or absence of asthma, and CT scans obtained preoperatively. Results: There were significantly more lamina propria and intraepithelial eosinophils in the tissue of children with chronic sinusitis compared with normal sphenoid sinus mucosa. More eosinophils were counted in the tissues of patients with asthma and cystic fibrosis compared with patients without concomitant disease, but this did not reach statistical significance. Allergy status did not affect the degree of tissue eosinophilia. Eosinophilia did not correlate with severity of mucosal disease as assessed by CT scans. Conclusions: Tissue eosinophilia is a characteristic histologic feature of chronic sinusitis in children, especially those with asthma. The presence of allergy does not predict tissue eosinophilia. Furthermore, the degree of tissue eosinophilia does not correlate with the severity of mucosal thickening seen on CT scans. (Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1995;121:1396-1402)
Impact of Tertiary Treatment Processes on the Effectiveness of Chloramination for Biological Growth Control in Recirculating Cooling Systems Using Treated Municipal Wastewater

AbstractAdequate biocide addition is the key to control biological growth-related problems in recirculating cooling systems of thermoelectric power plants. The use of monochloramine (MCA) as the primary biocide is as effective as the use of free-chlorine in cooling systems using secondary-treated municipal wastewater (MWW) as the sole makeup water source. However, severe scaling caused by the secondary effluent necessitates incorporation of an additional treatment of secondary effluent (i.e., tertiary treatment) prior to use as makeup water for recirculating cooling systems. In the research reported in this paper, the effectiveness of MCA as a cooling-system biocide was evaluated for three types of tertiary-treated MWW, as follows: (1) acidification, (2) nitrification and sand filtration, and (3) nitrification, sand filtration, and granular activated-carbon adsorption. The impact of these tertiary treatment processes on chloramination was studied in both laboratory and pilot-scale experiments. For the thi...
Review: Drugs for urgency urinary incontinence improve continence in women

Source Citation Shamliyan T, Wyman JF, Ramakrishnan R, Sainfort F, Kane RL. Benefits and harms of pharmacologic treatment for urinary incontinence in women: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med. 201...
New multicomponent distillation configurations with simultaneous heat and mass integration

In this work, well known Brugma's configurations are shown to be only a subset of a much larger proposed set of simultaneously heat and mass integrated configurations. Furthermore, a systematic classification that allows the exploration of the entire set of simultaneously heat and mass integrated distillation configurations is described. The classification can be used as an underlying principle of any synthesis algorithm and helps identify several novel simultaneously heat and mass integrated distillation configurations for separating a multicomponent feed. A hitherto unknown class of simultaneously heat and mass integrated configurations characterized by strategic side-stream withdrawals is also described. These new configurations provide an array of novel energy efficient options for the nonazeotropic distillation processes. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 272–282, 2013
Measurement of cardiopulmonary function in ventilated neonates with respiratory distress syndrome using rebreathing methodology

The feasibility of using a multiple gas rebreathing technique to evaluate cardiopulmonary function in the ventilated neonate was assessed by measuring functional residual capacity, diffusing capacity of lung for carbon monoxide, and effective pulmonary capillary blood flow in 10 neonates with respiratory distress syndrome. Measurements were first made on the level of positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) selected by the clinicians caring for the infants ("clinical" PEEP, mean of 4.4 +/- 0.3 cm H2O). To evaluate the effect of PEEP on cardiopulmonary function, PEEP was then changed above (mean of 6.7 +/- 0.4 cm H2O) and below (mean of 1.9 +/- 0.3 cm H2O) this level and measurements were repeated. Mean functional residual capacity on clinical PEEP (10.8 +/- 1.6 ml/kg) was far below the predicted normal and varied directly with changes in PEEP (mean change of 1.2 ml/kg/cm H2O). Diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide on clinical PEEP was 0.04 +/- 0.01 ml/min/mm Hg/kg and did not change significantly with changes in PEEP. Mean effective pulmonary capillary blood flow was highest (70 ml/min/kg) at the lowest level of PEEP. However, the effect of increasing PEEP on effective pulmonary capillary blood flow in individual infants varied. Increasing PEEP increased arterial oxygen tension but did not cause changes in systemic arterial pressure or heart rate. We conclude that infants with respiratory distress syndrome have severe lung injury with decreased functional residual capacity and diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide, and that lung volume improves with the use of PEEP.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Inhibition of deoxythymidine kinase by beryllium.

Abstract Deoxythymidine kinase, partially purified from 24 hr regenerating rat liver, is markedly inhibited by BeSO 4 . The inhibition is competitive with the cofactor, magnesium. The 50 per cent inhibitory level of BeSO 4 was 2.2 mM when 2.5 mM MgCl 2 was included in the assay system. The K m for magnesium-enzyme was 7.5 × 10 −4 M; the K i was 9.5 × 10 −5 M.
The Gender Earnings Gap for US Physicians: Has Equality been Achieved?

Recent work examining a constructed hourly wage measure indicates gender earnings equality among US physicians. Yet, physicians are not typically paid by the hour and the constructed measure fails to capture the true influence of hours worked and presents a fallacy of composition. When the earnings specification replaces the constructed wage measure with annual earnings or is modified to properly include hours worked, earnings equality vanishes and large gender differentials reappear.
Development of new correlations for the Nusselt number and the friction factor under turbulent flow of nanofluids in flat tubes

Abstract A three-dimensional turbulent flow and heat transfer of two different nanofluids, containing aluminum oxide (Al2O3) and copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles, dispersed in ethylene glycol and water mixture (EG/W) in the flat tubes of an automotive radiator have been numerically studied to evaluate their performance. Computations have been carried out for nanoparticles volumetric concentrations up to 6% and over a Reynolds number range typically encountered in automobile radiators. Appropriate correlations for density, viscosity, specific heat and thermal conductivity of nanofluids as a function of particle volume concentration and temperature, developed from experiments have been used in this study. Numerical results have been first validated for the flow of single phase liquids, such as water and EG/W by comparing the computed values of Nusselt number and friction factor with those given by accurate correlations available in the literature. Inside the flat tube continuous reductions in the local heat transfer coefficient and wall shear stress are observed around the periphery of the flat tube, starting from the mid-point of the flat-wall and proceeding to the center of the curved wall. For the same Reynolds number, computations with nanofluids show an increase of friction factor and heat transfer coefficient with an increase in the particle volume concentration. The study reveals that under the basis of equal pumping power, Al2O3 and CuO nanofluids up to 3% and 2% particle volumetric concentrations respectively provide higher heat transfer coefficients than that of the base fluid. From the present study, several new correlations to determine the Nusselt number and friction factor for the nanofluids flowing in the flat tubes of a radiator have been proposed for the entrance as well as the fully developed regions.
Absence of biologically related Raman lines in cultures of Bacillus megaterium

Abstract Cultures of Bacillus megaterium have been examined with laser-Raman spectroscopy in the 20–300 and 800–1800 cm −1 ranges. No lines were detected in the 20–300 cm −1 range, and evidence is presented that sporadic lines observed in the other range can be ascribed to experimental artifacts.
Programming CD8+ T cells for effective immunotherapy.

The differentiation state of CD8+ T cells has emerged as a crucial determinant of their ability to respond to tumor and infection. Signals from T-cell receptors, co-stimulatory molecules and cytokine receptors direct the differentiation process. These signals ‘program’ sustained and heritable gene expression patterns that govern progressive differentiation and lineage commitment. The epigenetic mechanisms by which T cells are programmed are just beginning to be elucidated. Understanding the mechanisms that control CD8+ T-cell differentiation is important in the development of novel immunotherapy strategies.
I. Role of the Pineal Gland in Multiple Sclerosis: A Hypothesis

Despite intensive research over the past several decades, the etiology and pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) remain elusive. The last 20 years have seen only meager advances in the treatment of the disease in part because too much attention has been devoted to the process of demyelination and its relationship to the neurologic symptoms and recovery of the disease. A host of biological phenomena associated with the disease involving interactions among genetic, environmental, immunologic, and hormonal factors, cannot be explained on the basis of demyelination and, therefore, require refocusing attention on alternative explanations, one of which implicates the pineal gland as the pivotal mover of the disease. This review summarizes the evidence linking dysfunction of the pineal gland with the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and course of the disease. The pineal hypothesis of MS also provided the impetus for the development of a novel and highly effective therapeutic modality, one t...
Pediatric intracranial aneurysms: current national trends in patient management and treatment

Pediatric intracranial aneurysms constitute a medical disease process with many unique features that present unique challenges in orchestrating their treatment. Conflicts exist in pediatric aneurysm literature as to whether endovascular therapy is equivalent to surgical therapy in assuring durable aneurysm obliteration in this population. The national Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) Kid’s Inpatient Dataset was queried using the HCUPnet system. Overall trends in length of stay (LOS), associated charges, and in-hospital deaths were analyzed for both subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and nonruptured aneurysms from 2000 to 2009. Trends in the type of procedure, associated LOS, and charges were analyzed for SAH from 2003 to 2009. A p value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Mean LOS for SAH patients was an additional 7–10 days compared to patients discharged with nonruptured aneurysms. Costs of surgery showed a slight increase, while endovascular procedures also rose 50 % from 2006 to 2009. Interestingly, mean length of stay increased for endovascular procedures from 16.5 to 17.2 days and decreased for surgical procedures from 20.4 to 14.7 days (p < 0.001). First, in-hospital mortality and hospital length of stay for pediatric subarachnoid hemorrhage have not significantly declined since 1997. Second, in-hospital charges for the management of both ruptured and nonruptured aneurysms rose by over 200 % from 2000 to 2009. Surgical procedures saw a 6 % increase in price, while endovascular procedures sharply rose in costs by 50 %. Finally, endovascular therapy has increased in utilization, while the frequency of surgical therapy has not changed significantly since 2003.
Adding fun and games to training programs

CITES is the central IT organization at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. The CITES Help Desk is a constantly changing environment and keeping our students up to date is a challenge. We want a fun way to reinforce our training program, provide new information on existing services, and foster better teamwork among our staff. To solve this dilemma, the Help Desk develops web-based learning games. Our presentation will showcase the development of these games and highlight the lessons learned from two divergent types of games.The Dockside Mystery was played in late 2005 and featured a fully integrated storyline with interactive characters, 3D environments, and an automated testing and grading system. Prizes were awarded to the students who earned a top score. With our spring 2006 game, Stump the Chump, we took a dissimilar approach. Players relied on their peers to answer work and non-work related quiz questions in a game-show atmosphere in which the students were pitted against the full-time staff. Contestants competed for bragging rights only.Home-grown learning games are a possibility for any group which has the creativity, drive, and means to develop them. Our newest titles illustrate the wide range of approaches that can be taken to meet the challenge of teaching through fun.
Pottery uniformity in a stratified society: An ethnoarchaeological perspective from the Gamo of southwest Ethiopia.

Abstract Previous research has shown that there are many factors, such as vessel type, size, and function, producer skill, and market systems, that can influence pottery standardization/uniformity. In this paper, I use ethnoarchaeology to explore how the social and economic organization of the Gamo living in southwestern Ethiopia affects uniformity of pottery form and decoration. I compare uniformity at the community level to test our assumptions regarding potter specialization associated with potters who are full-time craft specialists living in a complex and highly stratified, caste society. In conclusion, I argue that distribution (i.e., market and patron-client) impacts the uniformity of pottery morphology and decoration.
Carbon-nitrogen bond formation involving well-defined aryl-copper(III) complexes

Carbon−heteroatom bond formation from copper(III) is commonly invoked as a key step in catalytic reactions, including the century-old Ullmann reactions. Well-defined examples of such reactions have never been observed. Here, we demonstrate that a well-defined Cu(III)−aryl species reacts with a variety nitrogen nucleophiles to undergo facile carbon−nitrogen bond formation.
The refundable tax credit: A cubist policy analysis

A cubist policy analysis sets forth several interacting realities about a policy proposal in order to arrive at an optimum reconciliation of their demands. In relation to the proposal of a refundable tax credit, one must consider the political climate in 1984 and 1985 with respect to income taxes, the effect on families that are poor or have marginally middle-class or middle-class income, of relatively small increments or reductions of money, trends with respect to income for such families, and the manner in which established income transfer mechanisms respond and are able to respond to problems that emerge. Taking all this together, we are led to a proposal to replace the personal exemption in income taxes with a tax credit of $400 per person, reduced by 5 percent of household Adjusted Gross Income in excess of $10,000 a year. Costs and benefits and alternative designs for a refundable tax credit (including one that a taxpayer may choose or decline) are provided.
Immunogenetic Studies on Low-Density Lipoprotein Allotypes in Chickens (Lcp1 and Lcp2)

Two blood plasma lipoprotein allotypes are described. Specific antiallotypic reagents were obtained from alloimmune precipitating sera produced against normal plasma and subsequently against lipoprotein fraction of d less than 1.072 g/ml. Identification studies by means of centrifugation and specific staining show that Lcp1 and Lcp2 are markers of the low-density lipoprotein class, 1.006 less than d less than 1.063 g/ml. Serological and genetic studies indicate that the two alloantigens behave as products of allelic genes, each occurring with varying frequencies in 20 lines studies. The Lcp1 antigen is always accompanied by Lcp2; however, the latter was also found to occur in plasma of birds lacking the Lcp1 marker.
Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of Tubular Materials With Hydraulic Bulge Test for Superconducting Radio Frequency (SRF) Cavities

The plastic constitutive equation of tubular materials under hydraulic pressure needs to be determined for the successful application of hydroforming technique to the seamless fabrication of multicell superconducting radiofrequency cavities. This paper provides the empirical constitutive properties of tubular material determined by tensile and hydraulic bulge tests. During an experimental bulge test, the internal pressure, bulge height and wall thickness were continuously measured. Based on this data, the flow stress curves were calculated using an analytical model. From the obtained flow stress curves, numerical simulations were performed, and the resulting bulge heights and wall thicknesses obtained were compared with the experimental results to verify the procedure.
Effect of subfornical organ lesion on the development of mineralocorticoid-salt hypertension.

Abstract Accumulating evidence suggests that structures within the lamina terminalis; the organum vasculosm of the lamina terminalis (OVLT), the median preoptic nucleus (MnPO) and/or the subfornical organ (SFO); are required for the development of DOCA-salt hypertension. Lesion of the anteroventral tissue lining the third ventricle (AV3V), which destroys cell bodies in the OVLT and MnPO, as well as efferent projections from the SFO to the OVLT and MnPO, abolishes DOCA-salt hypertension in the rat. However, the individual contribution of these structures to DOCA-salt hypertension is unknown. The present study was designed to determine whether an intact SFO is required for hypertension development in the DOCA-salt model. In uninephrectomized SFO lesioned (SFOx; n = 6) and SHAM (n = 8) Sprague-Dawley rats, 24-h mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were continuously recorded telemetrically 4 days before and 36 days after DOCA implantation (100 mg/rat; s.c.); 24-h sodium and water balances were measured throughout the protocol. No differences in control MAP, HR, sodium and water balances were observed between groups. Following DOCA implantation, the magnitude of the elevation of MAP was similar between groups (∼ 40 mm Hg) so that by Day 40, MAP was 148 ± 5 mm Hg in SFOx and 145 ± 4 mm Hg in SHAM rats. The magnitude of decrease in HR from control values was similar in both groups. Differences in sodium and water balances were not observed between groups. We conclude that the SFO alone does not play a significant role in the development of mineralocorticoid-salt hypertension.
Public Opinion in the American States: New Perspectives Using National Survey Data

General measures of ideology and partisanship derived from national survey data concatenated to the state level have been extremely important in understanding policy and political processes in the states. However, due to the lack of uniform survey data covering a broad array of survey questions, we know little about how specific state-level opinion relates to specific policies or processes. Using the General Social Survey (GSS) disaggregated to the state level, we develop and rigorously test specific measures of state-level opinion on tolerance, racial integration, abortion, religiosity, homosexuality, feminism, capital punishment, welfare, and the environment. To illustrate the utility of these measures, we compare the explanatory power of each to that of a general ideology measure. We use a simulation to clarify conditions under which a national sample frame can produce representative state samples. We offer these measures to advance the study of the role public opinion plays in state politics and policy. The public opinion-policy linkage is a crucial topic for democratic theorists and has preoccupied students of state government and politics for years. Without survey data at the state level, pioneering studies employed surrogates derived from demographic variables or simu? lations to judge the responsiveness of state policymaking to public prefer? ences (Plotnick and Winters 1985; Weber and Shaffer 1972). Some ingenious studies also explore the causes and consequences of public opinion using national survey data disaggregated to subnational units (Gibson 1989,1992,1995; Miller and Stokes 1963; Norrander 2000). Wright, Erikson, and Mclver's research (1985) significantly advanced our understanding of the state public opinion and policy linkage by pooling 1976 through 1988 CBS/New York Times polls and disaggregating them to the state level to create reliable, stable, and valid measures of state ideology and partisanship (Erikson, Wright, and Mclver 1993). A host of influential studies employ these measures (e.g., Hill and Hinton-Anderson 1995) to illustrate fundamental linkages between general mass political at? titudes and the general choices of state policy makers. Yet, they represent only a first step in gauging the effects of opinion on state policy. The gen? eral nature of the ideology measure developed by Erikson, Wright, and Mclver leaves open many remaining questions about how specific attitudes may influence specific political outcomes and processes in the states.
The effect of wavelet-based filtering and data set length on the fractal scaling of cardiorespiratory variability

The effect of filtering and data set length on the accuracy of the quantification of fractal characteristics of cardiorespiratory activity remains unclear. Breath-to-breath interval (BBI) and heartbeat-to-heartbeat interval (RRI) were recorded from 8 healthy human subjects during a quiet seated posture. Movement artifact was filtered from the raw respiratory data using a simple low-pass (LP) or a wavelet-based (WB) filter. The RRI data was segmented into three sets of 256, 512, and 1024 sequential data points. BBI and RRI fractal scaling was quantified using detrended fluctuation analysis and a wavelet-based estimation of fractal dimension. No significant difference in the calculation of fractal behavior of BBI was identified after using a LP or a WB filter. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in fractal measurements among the different RRI data set lengths. In conclusion, filtering of physiologic data with standard LP or WB techniques or data set length, between 256 and 1024 sequential points, does not significantly affect the calculation of fractal behavior.
Cocaine-seeking behavior after extended cocaine-free periods in rats: role of conditioned stimuli

Cocaine abstinence symptoms and conditioned stimuli (CSs) previously associated with cocaine administration are postulated to contribute to relapse to drug taking in humans. The present study assessed the role of both non-contingent CS presentation and experimenter-imposed extended cocaine-free periods on cocaine-seeking behavior in rats. A fixed interval (FI) second-order schedule of intravenous cocaine (0.5 mg/infusion) reinforcement of the type FI 15 min (fixed ratio 8:S) was used. Non-contingent CS presentation before exposure to a cocaine binge had no effect on responding under the second-order schedule of reinforcement for cocaine after 23 h of no access to cocaine. By contrast, six non-contingent presentations of the CS during a 1-min period before the test session increased the number of responses in both no-binge (daily 2-h sessions, five infusions) and binge (two 12-h overnight sessions; maximum 48 infusions) exposed rats on day 7 of the cocaine-free period compared to no-binge- and binge-exposed rats that were not presented with the CSs. On day 30 of the cocaine-free period, only binge-exposed rats presented with the CSs exhibited a tendency for increased level of responding. The results indicated that non-contingent CS presentation had no effect after 23 h of no access to cocaine, increased drug-seeking behavior on day 7 of the cocaine-free period independent of binge exposure, and a strong tendency to increase drug-seeking behavior only in binge-exposed rats, on day 30 of the cocaine-free period, illustrating the interactive effects of conditioned stimuli with the extended cocaine-free period.
Flash Fluorescence With Indocyanine Green Videoangiography to Identify the Recipient Artery for Bypass With Distal Middle Cerebral Artery Aneurysms: Operative Technique

Background Distal middle cerebral artery (MCA) aneurysms frequently have nonsaccular morphology that necessitates trapping and bypass. Bypasses can be difficult because efferent arteries lie deep in the opercular cleft and may not be easily identifiable. Objective We introduce the "flash fluorescence" technique, which uses videoangiography with indocyanine green (ICG) dye to identify an appropriate recipient artery on the cortical surface for the bypass, enabling a more superficial and easier anastomosis. Methods Flash fluorescence requires 3 steps: (1) temporary clip occlusion of the involved afferent artery; (2) videoangiography demonstrating fluorescence in uninvolved arteries on the cortical surface; and (3) removal of the temporary clip with flash fluorescence in the involved efferent arteries on the cortical surface, thereby identifying a recipient. Alternatively, temporary clips can occlude uninvolved arteries, and videoangiography will demonstrate initial fluorescence in efferent arteries during temporary occlusion and flash fluorescence in uninvolved arteries during reperfusion. Results From a consecutive series of 604 MCA aneurysms treated microsurgically, 22 (3.6%) were distal aneurysms and 11 required a bypass. The flash fluorescence technique was used in 3 patients to select the recipient artery for 2 superficial temporal artery-to-MCA bypasses and 1 MCA-MCA bypass. The correct recipient was selected in all cases. Conclusion The flash fluorescence technique provides quick, reliable localization of an appropriate recipient artery for bypass when revascularization is needed for a distal MCA aneurysm. This technique eliminates the need for extensive dissection of the efferent artery and enables a superficial recipient site that makes the anastomosis safer, faster, and less demanding.
“Blood at the Root”: Lynching, Memory, and Freudian Group Psychology

The replacement of the crime of lynching with juridical models of criminality has enabled forgetting of its collectivity. Popular discourse about lynching seems to remember it as a hate crime in anti-racist narratives or legal execution in racist narratives. Neither substitution captures the collectivity of the crimes. The juridical language of these substitutions cannot explain the collective appeal for the bloodthirsty crowds of lynchings. Using lynching photography from James Allen's Without Sanctuary: Lynching Photography in America, my paper reconstructs the collective nature of lynching as a site for psychoanalytic and cultural analysis. Freud's articulation of the sublimated violence in social groups provides a theoretical framework for my argument.
Specific adaptation by Mycosphaerella graminicola to a resistant wheat cultivar

Three cultivars of winter bread wheat (Gene, Madsen and Stephens) were each inoculated as seedlings in the greenhouse with seven or eight individual isolates of Mycosphaerella graminicola collected in 1997 from each of the same cultivars in the field. Isolates collected from Gene were virulent to all three cultivars, while isolates obtained from Madsen and Stephens were virulent to those two cultivars and, in all but one case, avirulent to Gene. At its release in 1992, Gene was resistant to M. graminicola, as indicated by both field observations and greenhouse tests, but by 1995 its resistance had substantially deteriorated. This indicated that its resistance was vertical (sensu Vanderplank) or race-specific, and that commercial cultivation of Gene rapidly selected for strains in the local M. graminicola population that were specifically adapted to overcome its resistance.
Environmental and social implications of integrated seawater agriculture systems producing Salicornia bigelovii for biofuel

Background: This article examines environmental and social sustainability of integrated seawater agriculture systems growing Salicornia bigelovii for biofuel. Case studies in Eritrea and Mexico are evaluated using Roundtable on Sustainable Biofuels criteria. Results: Producer claims versus accomplishments centered on desirable environmental and socioeconomic outcomes are discussed. Operations ceased due to political instability, mismanagement and community opposition. Conclusion: Dialogue promoting sustainable biofuel suggests producers utilize marginal land; however, marginal land may contain sites of ecological or cultural significance. Implementation efforts, however well intentioned, may involve tradeoffs and political maneuvering that can derail projects. In these case studies, conflicting narratives and limited transparency further compounded technical and social complexity. Free, prior and informed consent as well as independent environmental monitoring could reduce risk of project failure.
A streptococcal enzyme that acts specifically upon diphosphopyridine nucleotide: characterization of the enzyme and its separation from streptolysin O.

All enzyme that destroys DPN has been found in fractionated and highly concentrated streptococcal preparations that also contain streptolysin O. The enzyme—streptococcal DPNase—was shown by electrophoretic separation and by other means to be distinct from streptolysin O. It is non-dialyzable, heat-labile, and has optimal activity in the pH range 7.2 to 7.8. The enzyme has a high degree of specificity for DPN, which it splits at the nicotinamide-ribose linkage.
Physically-based models of low-power wireless links using signal power simulation

We propose deriving wireless simulation models from experimental traces of radio signal strength. Because experimental traces have holes due to packet losses, we explore two algorithms for filling the gaps in lossy experimental traces. Using completed traces, we apply the closest-fit pattern matching (CPM) algorithm, originally designed for modeling external interference, to model signal strength. We compare the observed link behavior using our models with that of the experimental packet trace. Our approach results in more accurate packet reception ratios (PRR) than current simulation methods, reducing the absolute error in PRR by up to about 0.3 in the experiments we present. We also find that using CPM for signal strength improves simulation of packet burstiness, reducing the Kantorovich-Wasserstein (KW) distance of conditional packet delivery functions (CPDFs) by a factor of about three for intermediate links. Our model reduces the factor of error in the number of parent changes in the standard TinyOS collection protocol (CTP) by an order of magnitude or more as compared to a real signal power trace in two simple test scenarios. We show that our methods are robust to the sampling frequency of the learning deployment and are thus generally applicable for simulating arbitrary applications without a pre-determined packet transmission frequency. These improvements give low-power wireless network simulators a better capability to capture real-world dynamics and edge conditions that protocol designers typically must wait until deployment to detect.
Designing Nanolayered Metamaterials with Hyperbolic Dispersion

The impact on nanolayered metamaterials with hyperbolic dispersion due to nonlocal effects is investigated. Calculations for Al:ZnO/ZnO and Al/SiO2 metamaterials show strong spectral dependence of dielectric permittivity in visible/near-IR as the number of layers decreases.
Feasibility of coherent X-ray production by X-ray pumping

It is suggested that coherent soft X rays can be produced by inverting the electron population in a suitable target, such as Li, through irradiation with X rays generated by fast electrons traversing an electromagnetic field (as in a storage ring). Conditions to be satisfied by target and radiation parameters are stated, and examples given.
Combining amine metabolomics and quantitative proteomics of cancer cells using derivatization with isobaric tags.

Quantitative metabolomics and proteomics technologies are powerful approaches to explore cellular metabolic regulation. Unfortunately, combining the two technologies typically requires different LC-MS setups for sensitive measurement of metabolites and peptides. One approach to enhance the analysis of certain classes of metabolites is by derivatization with various types of tags to increase ionization and chromatographic efficiency. We demonstrate here that derivatization of amine metabolites with tandem mass tags (TMT), typically used in multiplexed peptide quantitation, facilitates amino acid analysis by standard nanoflow reversed-phase LC-MS setups used for proteomics. We demonstrate that this approach offers the potential to perform experiments at the MS1-level using duplex tags or at the MS2-level using novel 10-plex reporter ion-containing isobaric tags for multiplexed amine metabolite analysis. We also demonstrate absolute quantitative measurements of amino acids conducted in parallel with multiple...
Expression Signature Developed from a Complex Series of Mouse Models Accurately Predicts Human Breast Cancer Survival

Purpose: The capability of microarray platform to interrogate thousands of genes has led to the development of molecular diagnostic tools for cancer patients. Although large-scale comparative studies on clinical samples are often limited by the access of human tissues, expression profiling databases of various human cancer types are publicly available for researchers. Given that mouse models have been instrumental to our current understanding of cancer progression, we aimed to test the hypothesis that novel gene signatures possessing predictability in clinical outcome can be derived by coupling genomic analyses in mouse models of cancer with publicly available human cancer data sets. Experimental Design: We established a complex series of syngeneic metastatic animal models using a murine breast cancer cell line. Tumor RNA was hybridized on Affymetrix MouseGenome-430A2.0 GeneChips. With the use of Venn logic, gene signatures that represent metastatic competency were derived and tested against publicly available human breast and lung cancer data sets. Results: Survival analyses showed that the spontaneous metastasis gene signature was significantly associated with metastasis-free and overall survival ( P Conclusions: Together, our data support that novel gene signature derived from mouse models of cancer can be used for predicting human cancer outcome. Our approaches set precedence that similar strategies may be used to decipher novel gene signatures for clinical utility. Clin Cancer Res; 16(1); 249–59
Knowledge based process scheduling on symmetric multiprocessors

An examination is made of how knowledge about communication among processes can be used to improve task scheduling on symmetric multiprocessors. Two series of experiments have also been conducted on a symmetric multiprocessor to quantify the performance of a knowledge-based scheduler. It is shown that overall system performance is improved with the new approach. >
AMITIES: avatar-mediated interactive training and individualized experience system

This paper presents an architecture to control avatars and virtual characters in remote interaction environments. A human-in-the-loop (interactor) metaphor provides remote control of multiple virtual characters, with support for multiple interactors and multiple observers. Custom animation blending routines and a gesture-based interface provide interactors with an intuitive digital puppetry paradigm. This paradigm reduces the cognitive and physical loads on the interactor while supporting natural bi-directional conversation between a user and the virtual characters or avatar counterparts. A multi-server-client architecture, based on a low-demand network protocol, connects the user environment, interactor station(s) and observer station(s). The associated system affords the delivery of personalized experiences that adapt to the actions and interactions of individual users, while staying true to each virtual character's personality and backstory. This approach has been used to create experiences designed for training, education, rehabilitation, remote presence and other-related applications.
Microscopic effects of self-radiation damage in 244Cm-doped LuPO4 crystals

Microscopic effects of self-radiation damage in 244Cm-doped LuPO4 crystals were examined with transmission electron microscopy. These LuPO4 crystals had been doped with 1 wt% 244Cm and exposed to a radiation dose as high as 5 × 1016 α-decay events/mg over 18 years. The microscopic analysis revealed dense arrays of individual defect clusters and numerous bubbles. Whereas, the defect clusters may be interpreted as residuals of alpha-recoil tracks, the bubbles likely resulted from the α-particles generated during the decay events. The bubbles were found to coalesce under electron beam irradiation. Despite the high accumulated dose over the 18 years, the samples exhibited sharp diffraction patterns and periodic lattice spacings. This finding indicated that the samples remained largely crystalline and that the radiation-induced lattice damage was recovered at a rate comparable to that of damage production. This high recoverability is discussed with respect of various annealing processes that may have occurred in the samples.
Synthesis of polyarylated methanes through cross-coupling of tricarbonylchromium-activated benzyllithiums.

Polyarylated methanes are attracting considerable attention due to their growing importance in developing medicinal agents for cancer[1] and vascular disease,[2, 3] as well as in leuco dye precursors,[4, 5] photochromic agents, and applications in materials science.[6, 7] Most syntheses of polyarylmethanes involve Friedel-Crafts-type (F-C) electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions,[5,6, 8–13] although there are some limited exceptions.[4, 14, 15] Recently, modified F-C processes,[9, 16] including a novel copper-catalyzed aza-Friedel-Crafts variant,[17] have been used in the preparation of differentially substituted triarylmethanes. The F-C approach, however, is limited by both reactivity and selectivity: the nucleophile must be electron-rich and unhindered for adequate reactivity and the selectivity is controlled by the relative directing abilities of the substituents. Thus, triarylmethanes with certain electron withdrawing groups and those with meta substitution, are largely inaccessible. A complementary and general route to polyarylated methanes that enables the synthesis of currently inaccessible members of this important structural class is needed.
Quality of life: an approach integrating opportunities, human needs, and subjective well-being

Enhancing Quality of Life (QOL) has long been an explicit or implicit goal for individuals, communities, nations, and the world. But defining QOL and measuring progress toward meeting this goal have been elusive. Diverse "objective" and "subjective" indicators across a range of disciplines and scales, and recent work on subjective well-being (SWB) surveys and the psychology of happiness have spurred interest. Drawing from multiple disciplines, we present an integrative definition of QOL that combines measures of human needs with subjective well-being or happiness. QOL is proposed as a multi-scale, multi-dimensional concept that contains interacting objective and subjective elements. We relate QOL to the opportunities that are provided to meet human needs in the forms of built, human, social and natural capital (in addition to time) and the policy options that are available to enhance these opportunities. Issues related to defining, measuring, and scaling these concepts are discussed, and a research agenda is elaborated. Policy implications include strategies for investing in opportunities to maximize QOL enhancement at the individual, community, and national scales.
Influence of multimodality therapy on the management of pancreas carcinoma

Carcinoma of the pancreas has an especially grim prognosis. Only 1-3% of patients survive for 5 years. Radical pancreaticoduodenectomy, especially for minimal disease, is currently the only chance for cure. While radiation therapy does not improve overall survival, it may improve local control following radical resection and decrease pain in locally advanced cancers. Although chemotherapy has led to significant improvements in survival in patients with locally advanced disease, the overall effect is small. When surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy are administered to localized carcinomas in randomized, prospective trials, survival is significantly lengthened. Similar trials in locally advanced, unresectable pancreatic cancer also confirm the concept of synergistic interaction between therapies. Thus, pancreas carcinoma is one neoplasm where multimodality therapy has had a demonstrable, although small effect.
Array-of-arrays architecture for parallel floating point multiplication

This paper presents a new architecture style for the design of a parallel floating point multiplier. The proposed architecture is a synergy of trees and arrays. Architectural models were designed to implement the 53-bit mantissa path of the IEEE standard 754 for floating point multiplication, and tested for functionality in Verilog. The design, which was done in dual-rail domino, simulated in HSpice with estimated capacitive load models in a 1 /spl mu/m CMOS technology. Multiplication latency of 10 ns (23.3 FO4) at 4.3 V supply and 120/spl deg/C can be achieved with the best topology of the array-of-arrays architecture. The estimated multiplier area is 3 mm/spl times/6 mm.
Ventricular fibrillation in King County, Washington: a 30-year perspective.

Summary Aim We determined the effect of four major program changes over a 30-year period on survival from witnessed cardiac arrest (CA) with ventricular fibrillation (VF) as the rhythm causing collapse. Methods We conducted an investigation of emergency medical services (EMS)-treated CA occurring between 1978 and 2007. Data were obtained from a registry maintained by the King County Emergency Medical Services Division. Using Utstein style definitions, we measured changes in patient survival in light of four programs that were implemented during the span of the study: defibrillation by emergency medical technicians (EMTs), dispatcher-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), public access defibrillation, and a CPR–defibrillation protocol that replaced delivery of three sequential shocks with administration of one shock followed by 2 min of CPR. Results Overall survival from witnessed VF during the study period was 34%. While demographic characteristics of patients in CA remained constant, we observed greater rates of survival in the years following the program changes, 1983–2006, compared to survival in the period before the changes, 1977–1982. The greatest increase in survival occurred following the CPR–defibrillation protocol change in 2005. Conclusion Despite adverse temporal trends, the four program changes appear to have contributed to increasing survival rates from out-of-hospital cardiac arrests in King County.