cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CFD validation of condensation heat transfer in scaled-down small modular reactor applications, Part 2: Steam and non-condensable gas

This paper presents the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) validation and scaling assessment of the condensation heat transfer (CHT) models in the presence of non-condensable gas for the passive containment cooling system (PCCS) of the small modular reactor (SMR). The STAR-CCM+ software with 3D scaled-down SMR containment geometries was used in CFD simulations with steam and non-condensable gas (NCG). The limitations and approximations of the previous studies were resolved to avoid scaling distortion and uncertainties. Air was used as the NCG gas with steam. The multi-component gas model was used to define the steam-NCG mixture, and the condensation-seed parameter was used as the source term for the fluid film model. Three different turbulence models were used to check the heat flux performances and temperature distributions on the coolant side. The heat flux was estimated from the axial coolant bulk temperature, which was identical to the test data reduction method. An implicit-unsteady numerical solver was applied to the conjugate heat transfer models between the gas, liquid, and solid regions. Detailed simulations were performed, and simulation results were validated with the measured parameters experimentally. The condensation heat transfer performance was quantified using non-dimensional numbers and compared for different scaled geometries to identify the scaling distortions.
Statistical Analysis of Gene Expression Microarray Data

MODEL-BASED ANALYSIS OF OLIGONUCLEOTIDE ARRAYS AND ISSUES IN cDNA MICROARRAY ANALYSIS, Cheng Li, George C. Tseng, and Wing Hung Wong Model-Based Analysis of Oligonucleotide Arrays Issues in cDNA Microarray Analysis Acknowledgments DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF COMPARATIVE MICROARRAY EXPERIMENTS, Yee Hwa Yang and Terry Speed Introduction Experimental Design Two-Sample Comparisons Single-Factor Experiments with more than Two Levels Factorial Experiments Some Topics for Further Research CLASSIFICATION IN MICROARRAY EXPERIMENTS, \ Sandrine Dudoit and Jane Fridlyand Introduction Overview of Different Classifiers General Issues in Classification Performance Assessment Aggregating Predictors Datasets Results Discussion Software and Datasets Acknowledgments CLUSTERING MICROARRAY DATA, Hugh Chipman, Trevor J. Hastie, and Robert Tibshirani An Example Dissimilarity Clustering Methods Partitioning Methods Hierarchical Methods Two-Way Clustering Principal Components, the SVD, and Gene Shaving Other Approaches Software REFERENCES INDEX
Before-Visit Questionnaire: A Tool to Augment Communication and Decrease Provider Documentation Burden in Pediatric Diabetes.

Objective To develop and evaluate an electronic tool that collects interval history and incorporates it into a provider summary note. Methods A parent-facing online before-visit questionnaire (BVQ) collected information from parents and caregivers of pediatric diabetes patients prior to a clinic encounter. This information was related to interval history and perceived self-management barriers. The BVQ generated a summary note that providers could paste in their own documentation. Parents also completed postvisit experience questionnaires. We assessed the BVQs perceived usefulness to parents and providers and compared provider documentation content and length pre- and post-BVQ rollout. We interviewed providers regarding their experiences with the system-generated note. Results Seventy-three parents of diabetic children were recruited and completed the BVQ. A total of 79% of parents stated that the BVQ helped with visit preparation and 80% said it improved perceived quality of visits. All 16 participating providers reviewed BVQs prior to patient encounters and 100% considered the summary beneficial. Most providers (81%) desired summaries less than 1 week old. A total of 69% of providers preferred the prose version of the summary; however, 75% also viewed the bulleted version as preferable for provider review. Analysis of provider notes revealed that BVQs increased provider documentation of patients' adherence and barriers. We observed a 50% reduction in typing by providers to document interval histories. Providers not using summaries typed an average of 137 words (standard deviation [SD]: 74) to document interval history compared with 68 words [SD 47] typed with BVQ use. Discussion Providers and parents of children with diabetes appreciated the use of previsit, parent-completed BVQs that automatically produced provider documentation. Despite the BVQ redistributing work from providers to parents, its use was acceptable to both groups. Conclusion Parent-completed questionnaires on the patient's behalf that generate provider documentation encourage communication between parents and providers regarding disease management and reduce provider workload.
A review of human reliability assessment methods for proposed application in quantitative risk analysis of offshore industries

Abstract Issues related to Human Factors have emerged as the prolific cause for a multitude of offshore incidents. This has led to an increased emphasis on studying and quantifying human elements in this domain. A conventional method applied to evaluate the risk associated with offshore platforms under both drilling and operations is quantitative risk analysis (QRA). Human reliability analysis (HRA) approaches have been developed that incorporate human performance and the resulting human errors in QRA for a more holistic overview of the associated risks with offshore facilities. However, due to the complex socio-technical nature of the offshore industry, the effective integration of HRA in QRA has remained a challenge. In this study, we have reviewed various HRA methods applied in offshore domain along with various QRA methods that facilitate HRA integration. The study revealed that the offshore domain mainly utilizes first-generation HRA methods for QRA of offshore emergency scenarios and second-generation methods for normal design and operation. It was also observed that certain QRA methods were more compatible with specific HRA techniques depending on the nature of the HRA technique.
Changing Social Security to Achieve Long-Term Solvency and Make Other Improvements: Background Factors, Issues, Options

For years those responsible for Social Security and policy analysts have acknowledged that the present statutory framework for determining and financing program benefits is unsustainable. Nonetheless, despite the work of Presidential commissions, countless Congressional hearings, proposals for reform advanced by individuals and groups across the political spectrum, changes to Social Security that would restore its fiscal balance into the foreseeable future have repeatedly been deferred or deflected by the nation’s law-makers. This paper aims to assist analysis of and reflection on the range of options for ensuring Social Security’s future while not adding yet another solvency proposal to the already ample supply. It begins with several background observations. These are followed by a discussion of personal (or private) accounts to which former President George W. Bush gave salience and which continue to be included among the talking points of politicians hostile to Social Security’s fundamental structure. Next the paper reviews the more likely program changes that would (unlike personal accounts) directly address Social Security’s long-term "deficit." That section is followed by one sketching possible revisions in the program’s benefit structure designed to achieve ends other than reducing Social Security expenditures. The paper concludes with some observations on the role that framing has played in past debates over Social Security’s future. Finally, there is an appendix explaining the central terms and components of the current program. It is provided for readers who might otherwise be unclear about the meaning or implications of changing Social Security’s "Primary Insurance Amount" formula or its "Full Retirement Age."
A Microsoft FORTRAN 77 Program for Pooling Subgroup Correlation Coefficients

An interactive FORTRAN 77 program is presented that computes the pooled correlation from independent subgroups via the formulae provided by Charter and Alexander. In addition, the means and standard deviations for each variable are also provided for the composite group.
Regulation of arterial venous stem cell differentiation on PEG hydrogels using immobilized and soluble developmental signals

Vascular endothelial cells differentiated from pluripotent stem cells have potential in a variety of therapeutic areas such as tissue engineered vascular grafts and revascularization of ischemic tissues. However, there remain limitations in the control of stem cell differentiation into the desired functional phenotypes with current methods. During vascular development, it has been demonstrated that the early arterial-venous cell fate is genetically programmed, with the expression of transmembrane proteins ephrinB2 and EphB4 as the first distinction, prior to hemodynamic cues [1]. Here, we hypothesize that arterial venous differentiation is influenced, not only from the Notch activation pathway, but also from the bidirectional signaling of these transmembrane ligand-receptor proteins. Our results show ephrinB2/EphB4 immobilized signaling in combination with soluble factors can influence arterial venous differentiation in mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs).
Anatomical location dictating major surgical complications for intradural extramedullary spinal tumors: a 10-year single-institutional experience.

Object Intradural extramedullary (IDEM) neoplasms are uncommon lesions that can pose a challenge for resection. Numerous factors affect the resectability and ultimately the outcome of these lesions. The authors report their 10-year institutional experience with the resection of IDEM neoplasms, focusing on the effect of location on surgical outcomes. Methods The authors performed a retrospective review of 96 consecutive patients who presented with a cervical and/or thoracic IDEM tumor that was resected between February 2000 and July 2009. All patients underwent MRI, and the axial location of the tumor was categorized as anterior, posterior, or lateral. Postoperative complications were assessed, as was neurological status at the patient's last follow-up clinic visit. Major complications assessed included CSF leakage requiring lumbar drainage, reexploration for epidural hematoma, and major postoperative neurological deficits. Results The mean ± SD age at presentation was 51.16 ± 17.87 years. Major surgical a...
Two-level multi-area TTC calculation by updating power transfer distribution factors

This paper presents a method of calculating the total transfer capability (TTC) in a multi-area power system, where control areas do not share their network data amongst them. A quadratic approximation is developed for the nonlinear power transfer distribution factors (PTDFs) by using the Taylor series expansion. This approximation is used to update PTDFs, which are then used to calculate nonlinear TTC in each control, area while a central entity coordinates these results to determine the final system-wide TTC value. The developed procedure is successfully applied to calculate the TTC for the IEEE 118 bus test system. Comparative numerical results obtained by using the integrated and the multi-area procedure are presented to validate the proposed method.
Joins on interval data type columns in relational databases

Time intervals used in conjunction with the Timestamp data type as implemented in the SQL-92 standard provide a useful technique for referencing periods of time. One of the important differences between scalar data types and the interval data type is that the interval data type has a much wider set of comparison operations, which are central to the INNER JOIN operation. An example is presented to demonstrate the care that must be exercised in constructing INNER JOINs that involve interval-valued attributes, and examples are presented to demonstrate how to do INNER JOINs correctly.
Multifidelity approaches for optimization under uncertainty

It is important to design robust and reliable systems by accounting for uncertainty and variability in the design process. However, performing optimization in this setting can be computationally expensive, requiring many evaluations of the numerical model to compute statistics of the system performance at every optimization iteration. This paper proposes a multifidelity approach to optimization under uncertainty that makes use of inexpensive, low-fidelity models to provide approximate information about the expensive, high-fidelity model. The multifidelity estimator is developed based on the control variate method to reduce the computational cost of achieving a specified mean square error in the statistic estimate. The method optimally allocates the computational load between the two models based on their relative evaluation cost and the strength of the correlation between them. This paper also develops an information reuse estimator that exploits the autocorrelation structure of the high-fidelity model in the design space to reduce the cost of repeatedly estimating statistics during the course of optimization. Finally, a combined estimator incorporates the features of both the multifidelity estimator and the information reuse estimator. The methods demonstrate 90% computational savings in an acoustic horn robust optimization example and practical design turnaround time in a robust wing optimization problem. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Follow-up of children with rhinitis and cough associated with milk allergy

Young children sensitized with foods may develop early respiratory symptoms including nasal symptoms and cough, but not clinical manifestations in the skin or gastrointestinal tract. The long-term outcome of these patients is largely unknown. We studied 36 children sensitized with cow's milk and three different age-matched control groups. The patients were followed from 12 to 18 months of age for at least 5 yr with repeat skin testing and oral food challenge. After 2(1/2) yr, 63.9% (n = 23) of those in the mild allergy group lost sensitivity to foods; after 5 yr, the number was 86.1% (n = 31). However, during the study period of 5 yr, 69.4% (n = 25) simultaneously developed a sensitivity to common indoor airborne allergens. A similar trend was found only in the egg allergy control group. A positive family history and a history of parental smoking significantly increased the relative risk (RR) of sustaining nasal allergy symptoms (RR = 3.33 and 1.79, respectively). We concluded that allergy march from food sensitivity to sensitivity to airborne allergens may occur in a subset of children before 4 yr of age. Genetics and environmental factors might independently contribute to the continuation of these respiratory symptoms.
Electrodeposition of Copper on Oxidized Ruthenium

Ruthenium is an alternative liner material for copper metallization. We report on the nucleation and growth of copper on ruthenium in acidified copper sulfate solution and explore the influence of the PEG-Cl-SPS additive system. We show that the physical vapor deposition ruthenium has an oxide layer approximately 1 nm thick. The additives and copper concentration have a relatively small influence on island density but a significant influence on the island morphology. Without additives, both randomly oriented hemispherical islands and disk-shaped islands with a (111) orientation are observed. The distribution of islands is dependent on potential. In the presence of additives, the islands are irregular in shape due to renucleation that becomes more pronounced at higher concentrations and lower overpotentials. Analysis of the island size distributions implies that nucleation is fast in comparison to growth. The island density is exponentially dependent on potential increasing from 10 7 cm -2 at low overpotentials to almost 10 11 cm -2 at larger overpotentials. The distribution of islands at the surface is shown to be consistent with complete spatial randomness.
Surface environmental effects in electrochemical kinetics: Outer-sphere chromium(III) reductions at mercury, gallium, lead, and thallium surfaces

Electrochemical rate parameters for the outer-sphere reductions of several Cr(III) aquo and ammine complexes and also for V(OH2)63+ and Eu(OH2)n3+ are compared at aqueous-metal interfaces formed with mercury, liquid gallium, lead, and underpotential deposited (upd) lead and thallium monolayers on silver. For reactants containing aquo ligands, substantial (up to 103-fold) decreases in the rate constants, both before and after electrostatic double-layer corrections, were observed at a given electrode potential when substituting mercury by the other surfaces, especially lead and gallium. The rate alterations are accompanied by marked decreases in the apparent activation entropies, although offset by corresponding decreases in the measured activation enthalpies. These results are interpreted in terms of the varying influence of these metal surfaces on the interfacial solvent structure. The observed substrate dependence Hg>upd Pb∼upd Tl≳Pb>Ga is consistent with the anticipated differences in surface hydrophilicity. The likely influence of nonadiabatic reaction pathways is also considered. Smaller rate variations were observed for Cr(NH3)63+ and Cr(en)33+ reduction (en = ethylenediamine), although the activation parameters are more sensitive to the metal substrate. The relatively small influence exerted by mercury surfaces upon the outer-sphere reaction energetics is also consistent with the reasonable agreement seen between the experimental and theoretical rate parameters for Cr(OH2)63+ reduction at this surface.
Subcutaneous Fat Necrosis of the Newborn and Hypercalcemia: Case Report and Review of the Literature

Subcutaneous fat necrosis of the newborn (SCFN) alone is an uncommon condition. Its association with hypercalcemia has been reported in 19 neonates since 1926. The two occur in full-term to postterm newborns with perinatal complications associated with delivery. Erythematous to violaceous, firm, subcutaneous nodules appear approximately 1 to 4 weeks after delivery, preceding the development of signs and symptoms of hypercalcemia. Although SCFN and hypercalcemia are rare complications in neonates with perinatal problems, death due to the sequelae of hypercalcemia occurred in 3 of the 19 patients. A neonate who develops skin lesions consistent with SCFN should be followed for possible onset of hypercalcemia and treated in a timely fashion.
Modifications of Culture Media used in the Isolation and Differentiation of Typhoid, Dysentery, and Allied Bacilli.

The three media as modified—Endo medium, neutral red-brilliant green, and the lead acetate Russell double sugar—have proved in our hands the best combination for the isolation and rapid differentiation of the various organisms belonging to the typhoid-dysentery group of bacilli.
Cerebellar degeneration-related antigen: a highly conserved neuroectodermal marker mapped to chromosomes X in human and mouse.

Abstract Cerebellar degeneration-related antigen (designated CDR34) was previously cloned by antibody screening of a cDNA library and was shown to be one of the target molecules recognized by autoantibodies in patients with paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration. This molecule is distinctive in that it contains a tandem hexapeptide repetitive structure, presumably the basis for its high immunogenicity. In this study, we cloned the human CDR34 gene and proved that the entire repetitive sequence is encoded by a single exon without introns. We also showed that the nucleotide repeats are preserved only in the protein-coding sequences, suggesting evolutionary constraint in this region of the gene. Corresponding mouse cDNA clones were also isolated, which encoded a larger molecule with very similar hexapeptide repeating units. Comparison of the human and mouse repeats revealed a highly conserved Glu-Asp core in each unit, implicating the functional significance of this motif. Chromosomal mapping by somatic cell hybrid analysis mapped CDR34 to both human and mouse chromosomes X, and in situ hybridization further assigned CDR34 to human Xq24-q27.
The influence of glucose concentration and hypoxia on VEGF secretion by cultured retinal cells.

Purpose: To study the relationship of oxygen level and glucose concentration on the secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mRNA and protein in several types of cultured retinal cells.Materials and Methods: Several types of human and bovine retinal cells were cultured in medium without glucose, or containing 5 mM or 25 mM D-glucose or 5 mM D-glucose and 20 mM D-galactose. Cells were cultured in 20% O2 (“normoxia”) or in 1% O2 (“hypoxia”). After being cultured for 8–96 hr, we measured VEGF protein in the medium and VEGF mRNA in the cell layer, as well as the concentrations of glucose, lactate, and pyruvate in the medium.Results: Hypoxia increased VEGF mRNA and protein in these cells. In normoxia, culture in high glucose medium had no significant effect on basal VEGF production in normal glucose. However, culture in hypoxia and high glucose significantly blunted hypoxic VEGF up-regulation. Culture in normoxia, with no glucose in the medium, significantly increased VEGF. Culture in high galact...
Report of a Pilot Study in Girlfriending: An Ethnographic Investigation of a Women's Poker Group

This report describes a pilot study of a group of women who play poker. Included in the report are arguments for the ethnography of a women's poker group, a substantive report of the findings, a discussion of the defining characteristics of this group's social reality, and methodological considerations. Dark secrets and the honest, private talk of women are the inherent issues of the investigation.
Electronic relaxation in rare-gas solids: Ejection of atoms by fast charged particles

Abstract Recent experiments show that the sputtering yields for condensed-gas solids bombarded by fast ions are large, even after allowance for the small surface binding energies. These yields are related to the electronic excitation produced by the incident ions in constrast to yields for metals and semiconductors. To understand the measured yields for condensed rare-gas solids we examine the conversion of electronic energy to lattice, nuclear motion. Thermal-spike models indicate that about 10–20% of the electronic energy deposited must be converted to nuclear motion in the vicinity of the ion track within 10−11 s to account for the observed yields. It is the theme of the present article to point out that results and data from recent spectroscopic and luminescence studies show that this is indeed the case. On electronic excitation of these closed-shell, van der Waals solids, new covalent bonds form. These bonds cause significant lattice displacements and thus provide a mechanism for the electronic recombination. Relaxation to low-lying electronic states then occurs via repulsive potentials, by which means sufficient electronic energy is converted to nuclear motion to account for the observed ejection (sputtering) from these solids by fast light ions.
Student evaluation of teaching effectiveness: an unresolved dilemma

Content analysis techniques were used to analyse the criteria used for student evaluation of teaching effectiveness in college and university home economics programmes. Student evaluation forms were obtained from 29 state institutions representing 21 states. The evaluation forms varied in length from seven to 36 objective items. Most provided for flexibility. including such options as add-on items, open-ended response format, and choice of forms. The evaluation criteria fell into six categories: course organization and content, course requirements, evaluation procedures, student participation, teaching skills, and global value of course. All of the institutions included items related to teaching skills. This was also the most heavily weighted factor, accounting for nearly 40% of the total evaluation. This is a significant finding, given that many college and university faculty have limited opportunities to develop teaching skills prior to beginning an academic career. Home economics administrators might use the results of the study to design faculty development programmes to help both novice and experienced faculty acquire or improve the skills on which they are being evaluated.
In-beam electron ionization and mass analyzed ion kinetic energy studies on choline and several long chain aliphatic quaternary ammonium salts

In-beam electron ionization (EI) and mass analyzed ion kinetic energy (MIKE) spectrometric techniques were used to study the EI-induced fragmentation of choline iodide, choline chloride, hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide, ethylhexadecyldimethylammonium bromide, and methyltricaprylammonium chloride. The in-beam EI and MIKE spectra of these compounds are presented. The in-beam EI spectra exhibit intact quaternary ammonium cations as well as thermally and EI-induced fragment ions. The fragmentation pathways arising from the intact cations in the in-beam EI spectra were defined by using the MIKE technique. The general fragmentation processes are similar to those of simple tetraalkylammonium cations previously reported. The inbeam EI spectra of a sample of tricaprylmethylammonium chloride exhibit abundant ions that are due to lower and higher homologous cations, indicating that the sample is a mixture of at least three homologs.
Local Characterization Of Solids By Electron Energy Loss Spectrometry

SUMMARY A survey of instrumentation for electron energy loss spectrometry and applications of this technique to the local characterization of solids is presented. The use of plasmon losses and core excitation losses are compared. The statistics that determine elemental detection limits for core losses are discussed and areas for future developments in the use of electron energy loss spectrometry are emphasized.
History, features, and commentary on FORMAC

The purpose of this paper is to summarize significant characteristics and features of the FORMAC system. FORMAC (FORmula MAnipulation Compiler), an extension of IBM 7090/94 FORTRAN IV, permits algebraic manipulation of mathematical expressions. The FORMAC system provides such capabilities as symbolic differentiation, substitution, evaluation, expansion, and finding coefficients.This paper comments on the project formation, FORMAC capability and language, overall approach to implementation, application problems for which the system has proved of value, and the results of an experimental venture to develop a time-sharing FORMAC algebraic desk calculator.
Mast Cells Are Critical for Protection against Peptic Ulcers Induced by the NSAID Piroxicam

Many commonly used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) also cause gastrointestinal toxicity, including the development of life-threatening peptic ulcers. We report that mast cell-deficient mice have an extremely high incidence of severe peptic ulceration when exposed to the NSAID piroxicam. This enhanced ulcer susceptibility can be reversed by reconstitution with mast cells. Furthermore, wild type mice treated with diphenhydramine hydrochloride, a commonly used antihistamine that blocks histamine H1 receptors, develop a similarly high incidence of peptic ulcers following piroxicam exposure. The protective effect of mast cells is independent of TNF, blockade of H2 receptors, or acid secretion. These data indicate a critical role for mast cells and the histamine that they produce in prevention and/or repair of piroxicam-induced gastric mucosal injury. Additional studies will be required to determine whether this represents a NSAID class effect that can be exploited to develop novel therapeutic strategies to limit the incidence of NSAID-induced side effects in humans.
Molecular and Morphological Study of Species-Level Questions Within the Dragonfly Genus Sympetrum (Odonata: Libellulidae)

This study combines morphological and molecular data to address several questions of species validity within the dragonfly genus Sympetrum. We compared morphological characters (genitalia and other putatively diagnostic characters) and DNA sequences from mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) and nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions between these disputed taxa and their close relatives. Specimens of Sympetrum nigrescens Lucas shared COI haplotypes with Sympetrum striolatum (Charpentier), and no morphological characters consistently diagnosed S. nigrescens, which therefore becomes a junior synonym of S. striolatum. Similarly, Sympetrum occidentale Bartenev shared identical COI and ITS sequences with Sympetrum semicinctum (Say), and the supposed diagnostic morphological characters overlapped with the intraspecific variation within S. semicinctum. Sympetrum occidentale becomes a junior synonym of S. semicinctum. In a third case, the genetic distance between Sympetrum signiferum Cannings & Garrison and Sympetrum vicinum (Hagen) was lower than that found between most undisputed species. However, the morphological characters that distinguish S. signiferum from S. vicinum were distinct and consistent, and they supported the retention of S. signiferum as a valid species. In the fourth case, neither morphological nor genetic data were able to distinguish Sympetrum janeae Carle consistently from Sympetrum internum Montgomery, or Sympetrum rubicundulum (Say); in addition, genetic distances between individuals of S. internum and S. rubicundulum were small or nonexistent. Further studies are necessary to test the species status of S. janeae and its close relatives.
Failure to escape shock following repeated exposure to inescapable shock

Weiss, Glazer, and Pohorecky (1975) reported that repeated sessions of uncontrollable stressors fail to produce an escape learning deficit in the rat. This finding is unexpected in view of the often reported learned helplessness findings where a deficit in escape learning is found following a single session of uncontrollable shock. The discrepancy between these two sets of results may be due to procedural differences. The present experiment tests whether the usual parameters for producing learned helplessness in the rat produce escape deficits after repeated sessions. The results showed that an escape learning deficit is obtained, as expected, after repeated exposure to inescapable shock. The phenomenon reported by Weiss et al. (1975) appears to be different in kind from learned helplessness.
Prevalence of Ca2+-ATPase-Mediated Carbonate Dissolution among Cyanobacterial Euendoliths

Recent physiological work has shown that the filamentous euendolithic cyanobacterium Mastigocoleus testarum (strain BC008) is able to bore into solid carbonates using Ca2+-ATPases to take up Ca2+ from the medium at the excavation front, promoting dissolution of CaCO3 there. It is not known, however, if this is a widespread mechanism or, rather, a unique capability of this model strain. To test this, we undertook a survey of multispecies euendolithic microbial assemblages infesting natural carbonate substrates in marine coastal waters of the Caribbean, Mediterranean, South Pacific, and Sea of Cortez. Microscopic examination revealed the presence of complex assemblages of euendoliths, encompassing 3 out of the 5 major cyanobacterial orders. 16S rRNA gene clone libraries detected even greater diversity, particularly among the thin-filamentous forms, and allowed us to categorize the endoliths in our samples into 8 distinct phylogenetic clades. Using real-time Ca2+ imaging under a confocal laser scanning microscope, we could show that all communities displayed light-dependent formation of Ca2+-supersaturated zones in and around boreholes, a staple of actively boring phototrophs. In 3 out of 4 samples, boring activity was sensitive to at least one of two inhibitors of Ca2+-ATPase transporters (thapsigargin or tert-butylhydroquinone), indicating that the Ca2+-ATPase mechanism is widespread among cyanobacterial euendoliths but perhaps not universal. Function-community structure correlations point to one particular clade of baeocyte-forming euendoliths as the potential exception.
High-resolution stratigraphy with strontium isotopes

The isotopic ratio of strontium-87 to strontium-86 shows no detectable variation in present-day ocean water but changes slowly over millions of years. The strontium contained in carbonate shells of marine organisms records the ratio of strontium-87 to strontium-86 of the oceans at the time that the shells form. Sedimentary rocks composed of accumulated fossil carbonate shells can be dated and correlated with the use of high precision measurements of the ratio of strontium-87 to strontium-86 with a resolution that is similar to that of other techniques used in age correlation. This method may prove valuable for many geological, paleontological, paleooceanographic, and geochemical problems.
Photoinitiated reactions of 2,4,6 TCP on Degussa p25 formulation TiO2: Wavelength-sensitive decomposition

The photoinitiated oxidative reactions of 2,4,6 trichlorophenol (2,4,6 TCP) and 2,4,5 trichlorophenol (2,4,5 TCP) are studied on the titania photocatalyst Degussa P25. On this catalyst 2,4,6 TCP is used to confirm two distinct oxidative mechanisms that are triggered at different light-excitation wavelengths. A charge-transfer mechanism occurs at sub-bandgap energies of the photocatalyst leading to a phenoxyl radical product and an oxidative mechanism occurs at the bandgap leading to a semiquinone radical product. The wavelength dependence of these two mechanisms is discussed.
Mixed Integer Linear Programming in Process Scheduling: Modeling, Algorithms, and Applications

This paper reviews the advances of mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) based approaches for the scheduling of chemical processing systems. We focus on the short-term scheduling of general network represented processes. First, the various mathematical models that have been proposed in the literature are classified mainly based on the time representation. Discrete-time and continuous-time models are presented along with their strengths and limitations. Several classes of approaches for improving the computational efficiency in the solution of MILP problems are discussed. Furthermore, a summary of computational experiences and applications is provided. The paper concludes with perspectives on future research directions for MILP based process scheduling technologies.
Black Criminals and White Officers: The Effects of Racially Misrepresenting Law Breakers and Law Defenders on Television News

Participants were exposed to a crime story embedded in a newscast in a 3 (Officer Race—Black, White, or Race Unidentified) × 3 (Perpetrator Race—Black, White, or Race Unidentified) × 2 (Prior News Viewing—Heavy, Light) factorial design. Afterward, participants were asked the likelihood that the depicted officer and perpetrator were either White or Black. In addition, participants were asked how positively they viewed the officer who was featured in the story. Results revealed that race unidentified perpetrators were rated as having a high likelihood of being Black. In addition, heavy news viewers were more likely than light news viewers to express a high likelihood that the unidentified officer was White. Finally, heavy news viewers were more likely than light news viewers to have positive perceptions of unidentified officers, but not of Black officers featured in a newscast. The theoretical implications of these findings are discussed in light of cultivation and chronic activation.
Physics and technical aspects of myocardial perfusion single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)

Myocardial perfusion single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) consists of imaging the three-dimensional distribution of a radioactive perfusion agent in the myocardium using a gamma camera. The technical steps necessary to do so can be classified as acquisition, processing and quantification of the data.
Assessment of iron(II) binding by a cryptoendolithic bacterial community: Implications for iron cycling in the Jurassic Navajo Sandstone

Abstract Previous work showed the cryptoendolithic microbial communities of the Colorado Plateau act to harden the surfaces of Jurassic Navajo Sandstone outcrops via the production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). It is our hypothesis that EPS produced in these systems serve to trap ions and maintain hydration. EPS isolated from in vitro and in vivo biofilms bind 200–600 nmol of ferrous iron per 10 g of biofilm sample. Initial characterizations of the EPS used preparations from two distinct microbial cultures grown in semi-submerged conditions with EPS harvested from approximately one-half of each culture immediately, the remaining biofilm was allowed to dry before the EPS was harvested. Analysis of ferrous iron binding of the four preparations showed that the culture dominated with non-filamentous cells only produced a chelating moiety after desiccation. Conversely, the second culture dominated by filamentous cells produced a ferrous iron binding activity when semi-submerged. Biochemical characterization showed that the extracted EPS was acidic, containing 37% uronic acid. Neither the EPS nor the biofilms had the ability to retain water though an increase in the rate of water loss was noted. We conclude that EPS produced by these communities are involved in nutrient capture as well as stabilization.
The uptake of non-metabolizable amino acids as an index of cell viability in vitro.

Abstract Uptake of α-aminoisubutyric acid (A1B) by cells of three hepatoma strains and by hepatocytes from freshly-dispersed rat liver was studied in populations maintained in monolayer, suspension and filter-well culture, and the results compared with the ability of the cells to exclude vital dyes under a variety of conditions. With populations of less than 5 × 106 hepatoma cells, amino acid uptake increased with decreasing cell number; with cell numbers in excess of 5 × 106 a steady concentration gradient was achieved, which was unaffected by population density, glucose concentration or cell multiplication. The ability of the populations to concentrate the non-metabolizable amino acid correlated closely with exclusion of trypan blue from the cells. Survival of the cells in filter-well culture and recovery on subsequent transfer to monolayer and suspension culture, was reflected by parallel changes in amino acid uptake and entrance of trypan blue into the cells. In filter-wells hepatocytes from freshly dispersed liver maintained an amino acid concentration gradient of A1B and cycloleucine only as long as dye was excluded from the cytoplasm of the cells. It is concluded that in the cells studied maintenance of an amino acid concentration gradient is a reliable index of cell viability.
El enigma de China

Junto al crecimiento material de China, ha habido un cambio gradual pero persistente en su mentalidad de gobierno. Este articulo busca mostrar un aspecto crucial de tal cambio, el cual ha venido oc...
Quasi-analytical solutions for APSIDAL motion in the three-body problem: Sun—minor planet—Jupiter

This paper deals with the effect of a third body on the apsidal motion of two bodies. The specific case involves a third body-planet Jupiter and the apsidal line motion of a minor planet that orbits the Sun and has its apsidal line go through the major axis of an ellipse. The third body (Jupiter) which satisfies the Langrangian solution will affect the apsidal line motion and therefore affects the ascending and descending motions of the minor planet. In this case no analytical solutions can be obtained, and therefore specific assumptions are made along with numerical solutions. For convenience, we adopt the Lagrangian solution in the three-body problem and obtain quasi-analytical results, which are used to evaluate the effect of the planet on the dΩ/dt (Ω ascending node) of each minor planet. This method is beneficial for improving our knowledge of the orbital elements of the asteroids, and perhaps even much smaller effects such as the effects of the planets on the interplanetary dust complex. Information on the latter may be provided by using this method to investigate Jupiter’s effect on the inclination of the symmetry surface of the zodiacal dust cloud.
MODIS and MERIS detection of dinoflagellates blooms using the RBD technique

Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) can lead to severe economical and ecological impacts particularly in the coastal areas and can threaten human and marine health. About three-quarter of these toxic blooms are caused by dinoflagellates species which are well known to migrate vertically. During the day, they migrate up to the surface for photosynthesis, and consequently, their dense aggregations produce strong bio-optical signals that are detectable by space borne optical satellite sensors. In this study we use our recently developed low backscattering bloom detection technique, the Red Band Difference (RBD), to detect various dinoflagellates blooms using both MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) and MERIS (Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer) data and present the results which confirm the potentials of the RBD technique. Here we present examples of bloom detection in waters off Gulf of Mexico, Monterey Bay, South Africa, and East China Sea.
Medical Oncology as a Discipline

Medical oncology has become a major subspecialty discipline of internal medicine within only 25 years. The special skill of oncologists is judgement in matters relating to cancer. This specialty brought the necessary expertise for cancer management into the community, improved care of patients with cancer worldwide, and provided a significant impact on cancer education and cancer research. Current manpower needs have been met but the ultimate in desired services are not apparent. Attempts to merge hematology and oncology are unwarranted. The future for medical oncology will be challenging, especially to meet the expanding needs of geriatric oncology.
Effect of water content in phosphate glasses on slow crack growth rate

Slow crack growth in phosphate glasses with different water contents was measured at 225°C and room temperature under different water vapor pressures using double-cleavage-drilled compression (DCDC) samples. Higher water vapor pressure caused a faster crack growth velocity at a constant temperature for all samples. At 225°C under a constant water vapor pressure, glasses with higher water content exhibited greater crack velocity. However, at room temperature under a constant water vapor pressure, samples with lower water content exhibited a higher crack velocity. This room temperature behavior is probably caused by water uptake by the sample during the crack growth measurement. In support of this hypothesis, weight gain was observed when the glasses were exposed to humid atmosphere at room temperature, with the samples having lower water content exhibiting the greater weight gain.
Inhibition of IFN-γ Signaling by an Epstein-Barr Virus Immediate-Early Protein

Viruses have evolved elaborate mechanisms to target many aspects of the host's immune response. The cytokine IFN-gamma plays a central role in resistance of the host to infection via direct antiviral effects as well as modulation of the immune response. In this study, we demonstrate that the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) immediate-early protein, BZLF1, inhibits the IFN-gamma signaling pathway. BZLF1 decreases the ability of IFN-gamma to activate a variety of important downstream target genes, such as IRF-1, p48, and CIITA, and prevents IFN-gamma-induced class II MHC surface expression. Additionally, BZLF1 inhibits IFN-gamma-induced STAT1 tyrosine phosphorylation and nuclear translocation. Finally, we demonstrate that BZLF1 decreases expression of the IFN-gamma receptor, suggesting a mechanism by which EBV may escape antiviral immune responses during primary infection.
Theatre in Nashville during the civil war

(1957). Theatre in Nashville during the civil war. The Southern Speech Journal: Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 61-72.
Electron-Diffraction Investigation of the Fluorofullerene C60F48

The structure of the fullerene C60F48 has been investigated in the gas phase by electron diffraction from a sample volatilized at 360 °C. The analysis was carried out under two assumptions: (1) the molecules have either D3 or S6 symmetry as suggested by NMR spectroscopy and verified by an X-ray study of the crystal, and only one of these is present in the gas; (2) all carbon−fluorine bonds have the same length. With the named symmetries, the structure of the carbon skeleton may be defined by the positions of 10 atoms forming two pentagons, one near the top of the molecule and one near the equator, and the locations of the fluorine atoms obtained as the resultant of three vectors originating from carbons not involving a double bond. Simultaneous refinement of the large number of geometrical parameters (30 for the carbon skeleton and 17 for the fluorines) either failed to converge or yielded implausible values, but successive refinements of small groups of four or five parameters were successful. Dozens of...
A Latent Changepoint Model Using A Generalized Estimating Equations Approach

We propose a latent changepoint model for the analysis of longitudinal biomarker data in relation to progression or recurrence of disease. A parametric model that contains a random changepoint in the expected biomarker values is considered. In this article, estimation through generalized estimating equations is proposed. The procedure allows estimation of the biomarker trend over time and the changepoint distribution. We provide the details of the estimation procedure. Through a Monte Carlo simulation study, several aspects of the small sample performance of the estimates are investigated.
Ventilatory response to carbon dioxide of infants following chronic prenatal methadone exposure

Nine infants chronically exposed to methadone in utero were studied from birth to 7 weeks of age (66 studies). The maternal dose of methadone/HCl during the third trimester ranged from 14 to 70 mg orally once a day. The mean (range) of serum methadone t1/2 in the neonates was 53 hours (22 to 113). In the first four days of life the methadone-exposed infants had a significantly ( P 2 were not significantly different in the two groups. The depressed ventilatory response to carbon dioxide persisted for an average of 15 days and lasted as long as 31 days in one infant. The time required to achieve a normal slope was not related to the size of the maternal methadone dose, to neonatal serum methadone t1/2, or to the severity of and therapy for methadone withdrawal. If this abnormality in sensitivity to carbon dioxide persists beyond the neonatal period in some infants, it may contribute to the increased incidence of the sudden infant death syndrome among infants exposed to methadone in utero. Measurement of the ventilatory response to carbon dioxide may be clinically useful to determine which of these infants are at risk for SIDS.
Importance of Biopolymer Molecular Flexibility in Ultrafiltration Processes

Ultrafiltration is used extensively for the purification of therapeutic biomolecules, with the behavior of proteins well-described using available hard-sphere models. The objective of this study wa...