cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Empirical support for the United States Supreme Court's protection of the psychotherapist-patient privilege.

This study explored relations between willingness to disclose in 5 psychotherapy scenarios and 2 independent variables (privilege condition and previous therapy experience). Scenarios involved suicidal, gravely disabled, physically abusive, and sexually abusive patients, and a police officer patient who shot a suspect. For each of the 5 scenarios, participants in the privilege condition had significantly higher willingness-to-disclose scores than participants in the non-privilege condition. There were no significant differences between willingness-to-disclose scores of participants with and without therapy experience; neither was there a significant interaction between privilege condition and therapy experience. Privilege condition was more predictive of willingness to disclose than personal characteristics or therapy experience. Results provide empirical support for the U.S. Supreme Court's recognition of the psychotherapist-patient privilege in Jaffee v. Redmond (1996).
T lymphocyte-dependent effector mechanisms of immunity to Toxoplasma gondii.

Immunity to the opportunistic pathogen, Toxoplasma gondii, is highly dependent upon the effector activity of IFN-γ-producing T lymphocytes. While IFN-γ is required to survive infection, an understanding of its function remains incomplete. During infection, T. gondii simultaneously induces downregulatory antiinflammatory cytokines, thereby avoiding major host pathology mediated by proinflammatory cytokines such as IFN-γ. The ability to induce the correct balance between these two opposing host responses likely accounts for the success of this organism as a parasite.
Singular PCV2a or PCV2b infection results in apoptosis of hepatocytes in clinically affected gnotobiotic pigs

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is clinically associated with respiratory disease, failure-to-thrive, hepatitis, and diarrhea; however, the precise pathogenesis of PCV2-associated disease and in particular its involvement in apoptosis is still controversial. The objectives of this study were (1) to determine whether PCV2 is associated with apoptosis by examining and comparing hepatic tissues from clinically affected or unaffected gnotobiotic pigs that were experimentally infected with PCV2, (2) to determine if there are differences between PCV2a and PCV2b in inducing hepatocyte apoptosis, and (3) to determine if there are differences between apoptosis detection systems. Forty-eight gnotobiotic pigs were separated into five groups based on inoculation status and development of clinical disease: (1) sham-inoculated, clinically-unaffected (n=4), (2) inoculated with PCV2a, clinically-unaffected (n=10), (3) inoculated with PCV2a, clinically-affected (n=6), (4) inoculated with PCV2b, clinically-unaffected, (n=13) and (5) inoculated with PCV2b, clinically-affected (n=15). Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections of liver from all pigs were analyzed for signs of apoptosis [presence of single strand DNA breaks in the nucleus by the terminal transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay or presence of intra-nuclear cleaved caspase 3 (CCasp3) demonstrated by CCasp3 immunohistochemistry (IHC)]. In addition, the liver tissues were also tested for presence of cytoplasmic and intra-nuclear PCV2 antigen by an IHC assay. Specific CCasp3 and TUNEL labeling was detected in the nucleus of hepatocytes in PCV2a and PCV2b infected pigs with significantly (P<0.05) higher levels of apoptotic cells in clinically-affected pigs. Regardless of PCV2 subtype (PCV2a; PCV2b), there were higher levels of PCV2 antigen in clinically-affected pigs compared to clinically-unaffected pigs. There was no significant difference in detection rate of apoptotic cells between the TUNEL assay and CCasp3 IHC. When high amounts of PCV2 antigen were present, the incidence of CCasp3 and TUNEL staining also increased regardless of the PCV2 genotype. This suggests that PCV2-induced apoptosis of hepatocytes is important in the pathogenesis of PCV2-associated lesions and disease.
Selectivity among monoamine oxidase inhibitors and its possible importance for development of antidepressant drugs

Abstract 1. 1. Inhibitors of monoamine oxidase (MAO) may show a high degree of selectivity toward various MAO forms or toward the enzyme in specific tissues or cells. The combination of selective inhibitors with other drugs or with amines or amine precursors may further enhance their selectivity. 2. 2. Most MAO inhibitors in clinical use were introduced before this selectivity and its bases were well understood, and little systematic effort appears to have been directed toward development of MAO inhibitors with optimum therapeutic benefit and minimum side effects based on selective actions. The potentials of MAO inhibitors in the treatment of mental depression and other disorders may need to be re-assessed in light of current knowledge.
Impact of public reporting on quality of postacute care.

Recent evidence about the poor quality of health care delivered in the United States (Kohn, Corrigan, and Donaldson 1999; Institute of Medicine 2001; McGlynn et al. 2003;) has caused an outcry among health care consumers, providers, and policymakers. In an effort to improve quality of care, policymakers have turned to market-based reforms across the health care system. For example, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) have begun reporting health care quality through their websites, such as Nursing Home Compare, which publicly rates the performance of nursing homes on certain quality measures. Public reporting is designed to improve health care quality in two ways. First, public reporting may motivate improvements in the quality of individual providers, increasing provider-specific quality of care. Second, public reporting may increase the likelihood that patients select high-quality providers, thus increasing the number of patients receiving high-quality care. If either of these effects is realized, quality of care will improve on average. Because public reporting has tremendous face validity, it has been widely adopted in many health care settings (Fung et al. 2008). Yet there is mixed evidence on whether these efforts truly improve quality of care and, if quality does improve, the mechanism by which this occurs—provider-driven quality improvement efforts or consumer use of the information to choose high-quality providers (Werner and Asch 2005; Fung et al. 2008;). In addition, there remains concern that observed improvements in quality under public reporting may not represent “true” quality improvement but, rather, are the result of providers selecting healthier patients under public reporting so that they appear to have improved quality outcomes (Werner and Asch 2005). Our objective in this paper is to test whether public reporting in the setting of postacute care in skilled nursing facilities (SNFs) stimulates provider-driven quality improvement while controlling for changes in market share and changes in patients' health risk.
Economic injury levels for Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) in cotton: impact of crop price, control costs, and efficacy of control

Abstract Field studies were conducted during 1993 and 1994 in the Imperial Valley, California and Maricopa, Arizona to examine relationships between densities of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) populations and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) yields, and to estimate economic injury levels (EILs) for pest management application. Populations of B. tabaci were manipulated by applying different numbers of insecticide applications in replicated plots. Resulting insect populations and cotton lint yields were used to develop damage functions and to estimate EILs for all life stages in relation to variable cotton prices, insecticide costs, and pest control efficacy. Economic injury levels declined with increasing cotton prices and increased as the cost of control increased, however, these changes were relatively small, based on typical ranges in price and control costs. In contrast, the efficacy of control provided by insecticide applications had a large influence on EILs, with lower efficacies being associated with higher injury levels. We developed a multiple regression model that accounted for the dynamic changes in the EIL in relation to crop price, control costs, control efficacy, and potential yield. Based on average prices and reasonable control costs and efficacy, EILs ranged from 5.9–15.2 adults/leaf, 6.1–19.8 eggs cm−2, and 1.7–4.7 nymphs cm−2 of leaf area. Additional research is needed to more closely relate the costs of control to the suppression of insect populations, and to define economic thresholds that will enable pest managers to maintain pest populations below EILs.
Rocket measurements of the solar spectral irradiance during solar minimum, 1972–1977

Five sounding rocket experiments conducted between December 1972 and March 1977, a period spanning solar minimum between cycles 20 and 21, provide full disc solar irradiance data in the spectral range 120-190 nm. The five measurements have been combined to give a solar minimum reference table. This spectrum is compared with other measurements obtained during the same time period. A table of intensities for the strong emission lines at wavelengths between 120 and 190 nm is presented.
Stokes polarimetry of a hybrid vector beam from a spun elliptical core optical fiber

A hybrid vector polarization beam with a donut like intensity profile is produced at the output of a spun elliptical core optical fiber by coupling an off-axis TEM 00 laser mode at the input. The local polarization states of the fiber output are analyzed using Stokes polarimetry. The Stokes parameters are measured using a combination of quarter wave plate and linear polarizer. A detailed polarization map of the hybrid beam's cylindrically symmetric and varying elliptical polarization state around the beam axis is also numerically discussed.
Effect of thermal decomposition on biodiesel viscosity and cold flow property

Abstract Thermal stressing experiments were performed in batch reactors at 250–425 °C for 3–63 min to evaluate the influence of thermal decomposition on biodiesel viscosity and cold flow properties. Dynamic viscosity was measured by a micro viscometer, and cold flow properties were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The crystallization onset temperature determined by DSC correlates with cold flow properties. Results showed that the cis – trans isomerization reactions had a minimal effect on both viscosity and cold flow properties of biodiesel, but polymerization and pyrolysis reactions had significant influence on both properties. Polymerization reactions resulted in increases in both viscosity and the crystallization onset temperature, while pyrolysis reactions showed the opposite effect. The current study suggests that polymerization reactions should be avoided or minimized during high-temperature non-catalytic homogeneous transesterification reactions for biodiesel production.
Predictors of pregnancy and discontinuation of infertility services among women who received medical help to become pregnant, National Survey of Family Growth, 2002.

Objective To determine demographic characteristics associated with pregnancy and, separately, discontinuation of infertility services when unsuccessful at achieving pregnancy, among a national sample of women who received infertility services. Design Using a log-linear regression model, we examined associations with becoming pregnant among women who had received infertility services; and using a Cox proportional hazards model, we examined associations with earlier infertility service discontinuation. Setting 2002 National Survey of Family Growth, Cycle 6. Participant(s) A total of 530 women aged 18–44 years in the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth who had received infertility services. Intervention(s) None. Main Outcome Measure(s) Relative risks for predictors of pregnancy after receiving infertility services; median time to discontinuation of infertility services; hazard ratios for predictors of earlier discontinuation of services. Result(s) Fifty-nine percent of respondents became pregnant while receiving infertility services, and 32% reported discontinuing infertility services before establishing a pregnancy. Women received infertility services for a median of 8 months; among those who discontinued services, more than half did so within 1 month. Among women who received infertility services, those who were white, nonsmokers, nulliparous, had insurance coverage, and received more than advice had a higher likelihood of pregnancy. Non-whites, parous women, and smokers discontinued infertility services earlier than others. Conclusion(s) Patients should be adequately counseled regarding modifiable behaviors and the range of services available before making decisions regarding their infertility.
Isofenphos induced metabolic changes in K562 myeloid blast cells.

Abstract The organophosphate pesticide, isofenphos, is associated with human myeloid leukemia. In this study we describe metabolic changes in K562 myeloid blast cells from exposure to varying concentrations of isofenphos using the stable [1,2-13C2]glucose isotope as the single tracer and biological mass spectrometry. Isofenphos (1, 10, 100 μg/ml/72 h) treated K562 cells showed increases of 10.7, 33.8 and 39.7% in lactate production as well as a 14.2% increase (1 μg/ml/72 h) in 13C incorporation into nucleic acid ribose from glucose. Concomitantly, we observed a decrease in glucose oxidation and the synthesis of glutamate, palmitate and stearate from glucose. Our results demonstrate that this organophosphate pesticide exerts a leukemogenic effect by the recruitment of glucose carbons for nucleic acid synthesis thus promoting proliferation simultaneous with poor differentiation. The imbalanced metabolic phenotype with a severe defect in glucose oxidation, lipid and amino acid synthesis concurrent with de novo synthesis of nucleic acids in response to isofenphos treatment conforms to the invasive proliferating phenotype observed in TGF-β treated lung epithelial carcinoma cells.
Comment on “size distribution of sea-salt emissions as a function of relative humidity”

Zhang et al. (2005) present a parameterization for what they term the "growthfactor" of a sea salt aerosol particle relative to its formation diameter, which they assert"is a function of relative humidity alone" and independent of an arbitrary referencerelative humidity. Here we note that this growth factor implicitly assumes an arbitraryreference relative humidity through the salinity of the seawater from which the particle isproduced and thus that the diameter at formation does not uniquely represent the amountof solute mass contained in a sea salt aerosol particle, in contrast to the equivalent dryradius (or diameter) or to the radius (or diameter) of the particle in equilibrium at a givenrelative humidity, typically used for this purpose. We present an alternativeparameterization for the RH growth factor of sea salt aerosol particles that is physicallybased, of more general applicability, more accurate, and valid at higher relative humidity.The dependence of the size of sea salt aerosol particles on relative humidity isimportant to numerous processes of interest: light scattering, gas-liquid exchange ofwater and trace gases, dry deposition, particle sampling, and the like, the accuratedescription of which requires accurate knowledge and representation of this dependence.Zhang et al. present a parameterization of the growth factor, which they define as theratio of the diameter of a sea salt aerosol particle at formation from seawater havingsalinity 35, D
Coordination chemistry of bis-thiohydroxamic acids: synthesis and characterization of their lead(II) complexes and stability constant determination

Abstract The synthesis of a number of bis-thiohydroxamic acids with linking groups of varying lengths and rigidities are reported as potential Pb2+-specific chelating agents. In contrast to the predictions of CaChe® and CAVAET© molecular mechanics programs, the most rigid ligands of this series do not form discreet Pb2+ complexes, but rather polymers. The less rigid aliphatic linking groups do form discreet complexes with Pb2+, which are characterized by 1H, 13C and 207Pb NMR. The synthesis and X-ray crystal structure of the first water-soluble bis-thiohydroxamic acid, N-hydroxy-3{2-[2-(hydroxy-methyl-thio-carbamoyl)ethoxy]ethoxy}-N-methy thiopropionamide (11) is described. The structure of 11 shows that the thiohydroxamic groups in the molecule adopt a Z configuration and form weak intermolecular hydrogen bonds resulting in a chain structure in the solid state. The formation constant of 11 with Pb2+ in 50% methanol/water is found to be 1012.53.
Elemental Abundances in Five Stars in M54, A Globular Cluster Associated with the Sagittarius Galaxy

Chemical abundances in five stars in M54, a globular cluster associated with the Sagittarius dwarf galaxy, have been determined using high-resolution echelle spectra. We find the cluster to have [Fe/H] = -1.55 and possibly halo-normal abundance patterns, although the [O/Fe] and [α/Fe] ratios lie between solar and the normal halo values. One star shows the combination of low oxygen and enhanced Na and Al, symptomatic of deep mixing of ON-cycle and other proton-capture products; a second star shows a lesser degree of O depletion unaccompanied by Na and Al excesses. In the cluster Eu is also enhanced, indicating that about 30% of the Ba in the cluster is due to the r-process. In general, M54 is similar to globulars of comparable metallicity in the inner Galactic halo, despite its clear association with the Sagittarius dwarf spheroidal.
Gene silencing: Trans -histone regulatory pathway in chromatin

The fundamental unit of eukaryotic chromatin, the nucleosome, consists of genomic DNA wrapped around the conserved histone proteins H3, H2B, H2A and H4, all of which are variously modified at their amino- and carboxy-terminal tails to influence the dynamics of chromatin structure and function -- for example, conjugation of histone H2B with ubiquitin controls the outcome of methylation at a specific lysine residue (Lys 4) on histone H3, which regulates gene silencing in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Here we show that ubiquitination of H2B is also necessary for the methylation of Lys 79 in H3, the only modification known to occur away from the histone tails, but that not all methylated lysines in H3 are regulated by this 'trans-histone' pathway because the methylation of Lys 36 in H3 is unaffected. Given that gene silencing is regulated by the methylation of Lys 4 and Lys 79 in histone H3, we suggest that H2B ubiquitination acts as a master switch that controls the site-selective histone methylation patterns responsible for this silencing.
Activity and properties of CTP: Cholinephosphate cytidylyltransferase in adult and fetal rat lung

Cholinephosphate cytidylyltransferase (CTP : cholinephosphate cytidylyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.15) is located in both the microsomal and supernatant fractions of adult lung when the tissue is homogenized in 0.145 M NaCl. The activity is located predominantly in the supernatant fraction in fetal lung. Cholinephosphate cytidylyltransferase in the supernatant from fetal lung is stimulated 4- to 6-fold by the additions of total lung lipid. Serine phosphoglycerides and inositol phosphoglycerides specifically caused stimulation whereas choline phosphoglycerides and ethanolamine phosphoglycerides produced no stimulation. Lysophosphatidylcholine cause some stimulation, but only at high concentrations. A number of detergents were investigated. All produced inhibition except for the ampholytic detergent, miranol H2M which was not inhibitory. None of the detergents produced any stimulation of activity. Cytidylyltransferase activity in fetal lung when assayed in the absence of lipid is about 25% of the adult. The activity when assayed in the presence of lipid is equal or slightly higher than adult levels. The activity, measured without added phospholipid, increases 5- to 6-fold within 12 h after birth, to values higher than in the adult. The activity, measured in the presence of phospholipid, increased almost linearly from -2 day until +1 day. There is an inverse relationship between the concentration of phospholipid in the fetal lung supernatant and the degree of lipid stimulation. Chromatographic experiments with Biogel A 1.5 columns have shown that cytidylyltransferase can exist in two molecular sizes, a small molecular size that requires phospholipid for activity, and a larger molecular weight species which does not require the addition of phospholipid for activity. Fetal lung has a higher proportion of the low molecular weight form than adult lung. The small molecular weight species can be converted to the larger molecular weight form by the addition of phospholipids.
INCORPORATING VEGETATION VALUES IN THE COMMUNITY MASTER PLAN

Summary The authors postulate that vegetation—forests, fields, and crops— typically receives too little consideration in planning for urban development. One reason for this is that planners have lacked a method for placing a monetary value on such vegetation, in a system which makes development/non-development decisions with monetary value as a dominant criterion. The report proposes a simple, relatively inexpensive method for carrying out a systematic analysis and valuation of changes in vegetative patterns as open countryside is replaced by urban uses. This method should be incorporated into established planning procedures that analyse and value the net benefits of transportation, housing, total value of property for tax purposes, and other factors in order to choose among alternative development plans. The method was tested in Kennett Square, an urbanising township of Chester County, Pennsylvania. Assuming a tripling of the current 1,500 dwellings on a land area of 9,900 acres (4,006 hectares), and var...
Comparison of background ozone estimates over the western United States based on two separate model methodologies

Two separate air quality model methodologies for estimating background ozone levels over the western U.S. are compared in this analysis. The first approach is a direct sensitivity modeling approach that considers the ozone levels that would remain after certain emissions are entirely removed (i.e., zero-out modeling). The second approach is based on an instrumented air quality model which tracks the formation of ozone within the simulation and assigns the source of that ozone to pre-identified categories (i.e., source apportionment modeling). This analysis focuses on a definition of background referred to as U.S. background (USB) which is designed to represent the influence of all sources other than U.S. anthropogenic emissions. Two separate modeling simulations were completed for an April–October 2007 period, both focused on isolating the influence of sources other than domestic manmade emissions. The zero-out modeling was conducted with the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model and the source apportionment modeling was completed with the Comprehensive Air Quality Model with Extensions (CAMx). Our analysis shows that the zero-out and source apportionment techniques provide relatively similar estimates of the magnitude of seasonal mean daily 8-h maximum U.S. background ozone at locations in the western U.S. when base case model ozone biases are considered. The largest differences between the two sets of USB estimates occur in urban areas where interactions with local NOx emissions can be important, especially when ozone levels are relatively low. Both methodologies conclude that seasonal mean daily 8-h maximum U.S. background ozone levels can be as high as 40–45 ppb over rural portions of the western U.S. Background fractions tend to decrease as modeled total ozone concentrations increase, with typical fractions of 75–100 percent on the lowest ozone days (<25 ppb) and typical fractions between 30 and 50% on days with ozone above 75 ppb. The finding that estimates of background ozone are not strongly dependent on the technique applied lends credibility to this and earlier modeling work.
Conversion of the LIN-1 ETS Protein of Caenorhabditis elegans from a Sumoylated Transcriptional Repressor to a Phosphorylated Transcriptional Activator

The LIN-1 ETS transcription factor plays a pivotal role in controlling cell fate decisions during development of the Caenorhabditis elegans vulva. Prior to activation of the RTK/Ras/ERK-signaling pathway, LIN-1 functions as a SUMOylated transcriptional repressor that inhibits vulval cell fate. Here we demonstrate using the yeast two-hybrid system that SUMOylation of LIN-1 mediates interactions with a protein predicted to be involved in transcriptional repression: the RAD-26 Mi-2β/CHD4 component of the nucleosome remodeling and histone deacetylation (NuRD) transcriptional repression complex. Genetic studies indicated that rad-26 functions to inhibit vulval cell fates in worms. Using the yeast two-hybrid system, we showed that the EGL-27/MTA1 component of the NuRD complex binds the carboxy-terminus of LIN-1 independently of LIN-1 SUMOylation. EGL-27 also binds UBC-9, an enzyme involved in SUMOylation, and MEP-1, a zinc-finger protein previously shown to bind LIN-1. Genetic studies indicate that egl-27 inhibits vulval cell fates in worms. These results suggest that LIN-1 recruits multiple proteins that repress transcription via both the SUMOylated amino-terminus and the unSUMOylated carboxy-terminus. Assays in cultured cells showed that the carboxy-terminus of LIN-1 was converted to a potent transcriptional activator in response to active ERK. We propose a model in which LIN-1 recruits multiple transcriptional repressors to inhibit the 1° vulval cell fate, and phosphorylation by ERK converts LIN-1 to a transcriptional activator that promotes the 1° vulval cell fate.
Costs and Benefits of Increasing Access to a Traditional Agricultural Economics Course

Favorable press and impressive statistics about the recent growth of higher education by means of distance learning put pressure on universities to offer distance learning courses (e.g., Cox, Gubernick and Ebeling). If university faculty can package existing on-campus courses to offer via distance learning, fixed costs of faculty and university facilities might be spread over larger numbers of students, thereby increasing university revenues. However, little is known about the costs and benefits of repackaging existing courses for distance learning. Schurle noted the large time requirements associated with using technology for distance education and suggested that, in some cases, incurring these costs might damage faculty careers. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the costs and benefits associated with offering an existing on-campus undergraduate university course via distance learning. The analysis is focused on benefits, costs, and implications for two types of decision makers: individual university faculty and university administrators. The partial empirical analysis is a case study of AGEC 308, an undergraduate Farm and Ranch Management course taught at Kansas State University (KSU). Information about this course is available from Burton et al., Burton and Kurdieh, and the web page http:/ /www.dce.ksu.edu/dce/as/farm.html.
Collisional History of Gaspra

Abstract Interpretation of the impact record on Asteroid 951 Gaspra requires understanding of the effects of collisions on a target body of Gaspra's size and shape. Recent hydrocode models show that major impacts on Gaspra may leave craters larger than previously thought possible and that they can create substantial regolith and produce global jolting capable of erasing many smaller craters. A Gaspra-size body has a mean lifetime of about 10 9 years and is likely to have several impact craters of 4 km diameter or larger, which is consistent with the number of observed concavities on Gaspra. The steep size distribution of small craters on Gaspra implies an even steeper distribution for small asteroids, and the relative paucity of kilometer-size craters seems to require a twice-in-a-Gaspra-lifetime impact to have occurred about 50 myr ago. All of these considerations consistently point to a scenario in which several of the very large concavities (>4 km diameter) on Gaspra are probably impact craters.
Treatment issues with substance use disorder clients who have mood or anxiety disorders

Background: Co-occurring substance use and mental health disorders may complicate the impact of treatment. Oftentimes, substance treatment practitioners are not prepared to deal with both issues and may focus primarily on substance use disorders while the untreated mental health issues dilute treatment effectiveness. Research has yet to identify an effective treatment approach for clients with more severe substance use and less severe mental health problems. Aims: To review the treatment literature and uncover the evidence base for clients who have more severe substance use and less severe mental health problems. Method: The research literature was reviewed for studies that evaluated treatment or services for clients with substance use disorders and mood or anxiety disorders. The focus was on studies of clients with more severe substance use and less severe mental health problems. Results: We identified 45 studies that met our criteria for inclusion and reviewed them for common themes and variations. Conc...
Semduramicin and two desmethyl analogs: 13C NMR and FAB mass spectral correlations

Abstract 13 C NMR and FAB mass spectral study of semduramicin and two desmothyl structural analogs reveals the sites of the missing methyl groups, and further clarifies the mass spectral fragmentation of this molecule.
Weaving Curricular Standards into the Language Classroom: An Action Research Study

Absteact.This action research study examines the perspectives and voices of students in a post-secondary Japanese class through an authentic project — a pen pal letter exchange. The project's effects on student motivation and learning are analyzed through the lens of the five goals of the national standards: communication, cultures, connections, comparisons, and communities. The study describes how a project-based unit with a focus on meaning can promote the developmental and creative aspects of second language acquisition. Moreover, it illustrates how a classroom activity can embody the national standards in a way that is relevant and meaningful for students acquiring language and cultural literacy skills in a second language.
Learning takes place in rats with deafferentation of the medial basal hypothalamus

The present experiments were designed primarily to determine whether or not the neural connections of the hypophysiotrophic region of the hypothalamus are essential for learning (habituation, acquisition, retention, and extinction) in the male rat. The paradigms employed measured learning of a food-related habit, inhibitory and passive shock avoidance, and swim escape. In addition, measurements were made of body weights throughout the entire experimental period, of open field activity, of deposition of fecal boli, and of male sexual behavior. The results showed that learning took place approximately to the same extent in rats whether or not the hypophysiotrophic region was isolated from the rest of the brain. Thus, if the operation of the hypophysiotrophic region is essential at all for learning, humoral communication to and from the isolated region may be sufficient to maintain the required processes at a normal level. When placed on an ad libitum food intake, the hypothalamic island animals became obese. Impairment in male sexual function also was noted. In the feeding paradigm and five of seven measurements made in the other behavioral studies, the variabilities (standard deviations) were less among the animals with hypothalamic islands than in the operated controls. In measurements of the feeding habit, the variability in response rates among individual rats in the hypothalamic island group was significantly lower than among sham-operated animals during the times when high response rates were observed. One of the roles of the hypothalamus is to help maintain homeostatic constancy. It is suggested that another role, largely mediated by the activities of the hypophysiotrophic region, might be to emit neural and humoral signals that increase the number of behavioral options available to an individual organism, concomitantly increasing the variability among individuals, viz., the hypophysiotrophic region may be viewed as a variability generator. Increases in behavioral variability among members of a particular species in response to increasing environmental exigencies may enhance the ability of that species to survive.
Scene map on wireless mobile platform

Mobile devices equipped with GPS provide powerful tools for location-aware applications. Adding views to locations further augments users' perception of spaces. This work proposes a systematic approach to establish scene maps of a city with local, route, and object panoramas. The scene map is an ideal digest to access spatial information. We design comprehensive visual indexes for virtual travel and real guidance of an area based on PDAs. The extended fields of view of various panoramas enhance the understanding of spaces on small mobile devices. Densely embedded indexes from views allow free transitions and exploration in the urban area.
Linguistic disparities in health care access and health status among older adults.

BACKGROUND: English proficiency may be important in explaining disparities in health and health care access among older adults.
Helminthiasis and culture change among the Cofán of Ecuador.

Blood and fecal samples and lifestyle interviews were obtained in August 1996 from two Cofan villages in Ecuador, Dureno and Zabalo, that are experiencing different degrees of acculturation. Dureno's territory has been divided by roads and encroached upon by oil companies and colonists, whereas Zabalo, 95 km downriver from Dureno, is located in the Cuyabeno Fauna Reserve, a protected area. This study examines how culture change affects the prevalence of parasitic infections. Fecal samples were examined for helminth eggs to determine helminthiasis in each village sample. Seventy-four samples were collected (Dureno n = 50; Zabalo n = 24), representing 20% of the population in each village. Hemoglobin (Hb) levels and eosinophil counts were determined for all adult participants (Dureno n = 39; Zabalo n = 13). Microscopic examination of prepared samples revealed ova from two parasitic nematodes: roundworm (Ascaris lumbercoides) and hookworm (Ancylostoma duodenale or Necator americanus). Roundworm and hookworm infections were higher in Dureno (44% positive) compared to Zabalo (17% positive), with infected adults from both villages showing eosinophilia. Hb levels were not significantly correlated with the prevalence of helminth infections. It appears that the transmission and prevalence of parasitic infections within each community is associated with the interaction of biological, cultural, and environmental factors. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 12:465-477, 2000. Copyright 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Unmasking the Trend Sought by Jonckheere-Type Tests for Right-Censored Data

Medical and epidemiological studies often involve groups of subjects associated with increasing levels of exposure to a risk factor. Survival of the groups is expected to follow the same order as the level of exposure. Formal tests for this trend fall into the regression framework if one knows what function of exposure to use as a covariate. When unknown, a linear function of exposure level is often used. Jonckheere-type tests for trend have generated continued interest largely because they do not require specification of a covariate. This paper shows that the Jonckheere-type test statistics are special cases of a generalized linear rank statistic with time-dependent covariates which unfortunately depend on the initial group sizes and censoring distributions. Using asymptotic relative efficiency calculations, the Jonckheere tests are compared to standard linear rank tests based on a linear covariate over a spectrum of shapes for the true trend.
Comment on “A note on the Hotelling principle of minimum differentiation: Imitation and crowd”

Abstract We argue that the minimum differentiation firm location equilibrium and the pure strategy pricing equilibrium in Di Cintio’s [Di Cintio, M., 2007. A note on the Hotelling principle of minimum differentiation: Imitation and crowd. Research in Economics 61 (3), 122–129] “Note” need not exist under the conditions claimed.
Relaxin acts on stromal cells to promote epithelial and stromal proliferation and inhibit apoptosis in the mouse cervix and vagina.

The objective of this study was to determine whether stromal and/or epithelial relaxin receptor (LGR7) is required for relaxin to promote proliferation and inhibit apoptosis of stromal and epithelial cells in the mouse cervix and vagina. Tissue recombinants were prepared with stroma (St) and epithelium (Ep) from wild-type (wt) and LGR7 knockout (ko) mice: wt-St+wt-Ep, wt-St+ko-Ep, ko-St+wt-Ep, and ko-St+ko-Ep. Tissue recombinants were grafted under the renal capsule of intact syngeneic female mice. After 3 wk of transplant growth, hosts were ovariectomized and fitted with silicon implants containing progesterone and estradiol-17β (designated d 1 of treatment). Animals were injected sc with relaxin or relaxin vehicle PBS at 6-h intervals from 0600 h on d 8 through 0600 h on d 10 of treatment. To evaluate cell proliferation, 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine was injected sc 10 h before cervices and vaginas were collected at 1000 h on d 10. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine 5′-triphosphate ni...
Abstract IA11: Promises and challenges of applying molecular profiles to lung cancer treatment and early diagnosis.

The field of lung cancer molecular pathology is rapidly changing due to advances in our understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of tumors. In the past ten years, the identification of new molecular targets has provided unique opportunities to attack cancer with targeted therapies in a personalized manner. Recent advances in expanding the available non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) targeted therapies require the analysis of a broad panel of molecular abnormalities in tumor specimens, including gene mutations, amplifications, fusions and expression by applying different methodologies to frequently small tumor tissue (biopsy) and cell (cytology) samples. In addition, there is growing consensus that tumor tissue specimens must represent the setting of the disease to be treated, and increasingly, more tissue samples are being obtained for molecular testing of advanced, metastatic and chemo-refractory NSCLC tumors (e.g., MD Anderson BATTLE Lung Cancer Program). Currently available methodologies and technologies, including microarrays and next-generation sequencing, have variable applicability for the molecular and genomic analysis of these small specimens. Thus, the role of the pathologist is becoming increasingly important to adequately integrate routine histopathology assessments and molecular testing with clinical pathology for the most accurate tumor diagnosis and subsequent selection of the most appropriate therapy. In addition, applying high-throughput molecular methodologies currently used in studying established tumors to epithelial cell samples obtained from the airway of high-risk individuals and lung cancer patients is expanding our understanding of the early pathogenesis of lung cancer. Earlier studies have highlighted a field cancerization phenomenon in which histologically normal-appearing tissue adjacent to neoplastic and preneoplastic lesions display molecular abnormalities some of which are in common with those in the tumors. There is consensus that advances in the understanding of this field phenomenon will help to the development of biomarkers for early detection of and personalized chemoprevention of lung cancer. Citation Format: Ignacio I. Wistuba. Promises and challenges of applying molecular profiles to lung cancer treatment and early diagnosis. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-IASLC Joint Conference on Molecular Origins of Lung Cancer; 2014 Jan 6-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2014;20(2Suppl):Abstract nr IA11.
The Need to Improve Remote Access to Online Library Resources: Filling the Gap betweeen Commercial Vendor and Academic User Practice

Research reveals that academic libraries are not meeting user needs and expectations for easy access to online library resources. Remote users are particularly dissatisfied. Survey results indicate that the technologies currently deployed to support off-campus users are inadequate and problematic for both users and libraries. A new approach is required to improve service quality. The Internet2 Shibboleth software offers a viable alternative. A ccess to the Internet has precipitated new information-seeking behaviors and expectations. To provide quality customer service, libraries must support these behaviors and meet these expectations. The situation is particularly challeng- ing for academic libraries. Fulfilling their mission to support teaching, learning, and research is now tied to their support of these new information-seeking behaviors and expectations. Several recent studies show that students and faculty go online first when they need information. If they use the library, they often use it remotely, from outside of a physical library facility. They inextricably link good customer service with conve- nient, easy access to information and easy-to-use online tools and resources. The results of these studies indicate significant gaps between user needs and expectations and what libraries are providing. The results also indicate that these gaps are in high priority areas for users, which makes them high priority areas for academic libraries, strategic to providing quality customer service. The following bullets, extracted from seven studies conducted 2001-2002, illustrate the crisis libraries are reaching in customer service.
Identification of Aeromonas hydrophila Cytotoxic Enterotoxin-induced Genes in Macrophages Using Microarrays

A cytotoxic enterotoxin (Act) of Aeromonas hydrophila possesses several biological activities, and it induces an inflammatory response in the host. In this study, we used microarrays to gain a global and molecular view of the cellular transcriptional responses to Act and to identify important genes up-regulated by this toxin. Total RNA was isolated at 0, 2, and 12 h from Act-treated macrophages and applied to Affymetrix MGU74 arrays, and the data were processed using a multi-analysis approach to identify genes that might be critical in the inflammatory process evoked by Act. Seventy-six genes were significantly and consistently up-regulated. Many of these genes were immune-related, and several were transcription factors, adhesion molecules, and cytokines. Additionally, we identified several apoptosis-associated genes that were significantly up-regulated in Act-treated macrophages. Act-induced apoptosis of macrophages was confirmed by annexin V staining and DNA laddering. Quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to verify increased expression of some inflammatory and apoptosis-associated genes identified by the microarray analysis. To further confirm Act-induced increases in gene expression, real-time RT-PCR was also used for selected genes. Taken together, the array data provided for the first time a global view of Act-mediated signal transduction and clearly demonstrated an inflammatory response and apoptosis mediated by this toxin in host cells at the molecular level.
The Time- and Age-dependent Effects of the Juvenile Hormone Analog Pesticide, Pyriproxyfen on Daphnia magna Reproduction

Pyriproxyfen is an insecticidal juvenile hormone analog that perturbs insect and tick development. Pyriproxyfen also alters parthenogenic reproduction in non-target cladoceran species as it induces male production that can lead to a decrease in fecundity, a reduction in population density, and subsequent ecological effects. In this study, we investigate the impacts of pyriproxyfen on Daphnia magna reproduction using a series of male production screening assays. These assays demonstrate that pyriproxyfen increases male production in a concentration-dependent fashion with an EC50 of 156pM (50.24ngL(-1)); a concentration considered environmentally relevant. Furthermore, pyriproxyfen decreases overall fecundity at all ages tested (7, 14, 21-d old female parthenogenic daphnids). Juvenile (3-d old) and reproductively mature (10-d old) female daphnids were also exposed to 155pM pyriproxyfen for 2-12d and reproduction measured for 16d to compare the effects of short-term and prolonged exposures, and determine the potential for recovery. Results indicate that longer pyriproxyfen exposures (8-12d) extend male production and decrease reproduction; however, daphnids exposed for only 2-4d recover and produce a relatively normal abundance of neonates. In addition, juvenile daphnids are also very sensitive to pyriproxyfen, but the primary effect on juvenile daphnids is reduced reproduction and protracted development not male production. Taken together, continued use of pyriproxyfen around water bodies needs due caution because of its potential adverse effects with significant developmental delays and male production compounded by prolonged exposure.
Lookup Performance Deficiencies in the KAD Network

The KAD network is one of the largest distributed hash tables (DHT) deployed in the real world. DHT is designed to provide scalable peer-to-peer lookup service. Its real-world lookup performance, however, is recognized as inefficient. We ran wide-range measurements on the KAD network to evaluate this inefficiency by examining peer behaviors in publishing and retrieving information using routing tables and publishing tables. Our measurements show that even though routing tables are well maintained, the current refreshment scheme of publishing tables and lack of effective incentive policy cause lookup performance deficiency. Based on our findings, we propose three improvement schemes, analyze their strengths, and give suggestions to implementations.
Analysis and design optimization of electrooptic interferometric modulators for microphotonics applications

Scaling the electrode layout (electrode gap, electrode length) down to microscale dimensions extends the application of electrooptic (EO) modulators to microphotonics. In this paper, design criteria are set up to minimize the switching voltage of microscale EO Mach-Zehnder interferometric modulators. Mach-Zehnder interferometric modulators under different directions of electric field with respect to the optic axis are analyzed. Three expressions of the intensity output characteristics are presented for various crystal classes and compared in terms of conditions of validity and design applications. The analysis in this paper suggests that the switching voltage is strongly related with the direction of the electric field relative to the optic axis. For the 4-mm BaTiO/sub 3/ (r/sub 33/=28 pm/V,r/sub 51/=820 pm/V) Mach-Zehnder modulators, r/sub 51/ is utilized when the electric field is applied normal to the optic axis. In this configuration, the thermal stability and polarization insensitivity improve but the extinction ratio becomes a function of the electrode length. The phase-retardation expression is useful to find a suitable modulator length and maximize the extinction ratio. Some of the discussions also apply to Fabry-Pe/spl acute/rot interferometric modulators.
The influence of architecture in product families

Productiveness is an issue when it comes to manufacturing. This paper discusses the advantages of using a system architecture approach within the context of product design and development. It shows how the philosophy behind the theory of systems architecting can induce lower costs and shorter schedules, without affecting the specification of the product under development. This also leads to the concept of product families.