cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of marihuana on the visual autokinetic phenomenon.

THE EFFECTS OF FOUR DOSE LEVELS OF MARIHUANA UPON THE VISUAL AUTOKINETIC PHENOMENON WERE EXAMINED IN 12 SS. THE AMOUNT OF APPARENT MOVEMENT WAS GREATLY INCREASED UNDER THE TWO HIGHEST DOSES. POSSIBLE HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH VEHICLE OPERATION AT NIGHT UNDER MARIHUANA ARE NOTED. /AUTHOR/
Habituation and dishabituation of the heart rate component of the orienting response in brain-damaged patients

Measures of the heart rate (HR) orienting response (OR), its habituation, and its dishabituation were tested in brain-damaged (BD) and nonbrain-damaged (NBD) middle-aged males. The habituation stimulus was an 80-dB pure tone, the dishabituation stimulus was a change in frequency, and a return to the original stimulus provided a test for dishabituation. A “blank” trial was scored 20 sec after the task to provide a special dishabituation stimulus. Another “blank” trial 20 sec before the task provided a measure of natural HR variability during rest. Both the NBD and BD exhibited ORs on Trials 1 and 2 and habituation on later trials. Change in stimulus resulted in dishabituation in the NBD but not in the BD. It is concluded that the response “model” for the OR is less elaborated and more diffuse in the BD than in the NBD S.
Dynamical estimation of neuron and network properties III: network analysis using neuron spike times

Estimating the behavior of a network of neurons requires accurate models of the individual neurons along with accurate characterizations of the connections among them. Whereas for a single cell, measurements of the intracellular voltage are technically feasible and sufficient to characterize a useful model of its behavior, making sufficient numbers of simultaneous intracellular measurements to characterize even small networks is infeasible. This paper builds on prior work on single neurons to explore whether knowledge of the time of spiking of neurons in a network, once the nodes (neurons) have been characterized biophysically, can provide enough information to usefully constrain the functional architecture of the network: the existence of synaptic links among neurons and their strength. Using standardized voltage and synaptic gating variable waveforms associated with a spike, we demonstrate that the functional architecture of a small network of model neurons can be established.
Weights for the Maternal Relatives of Sires

Summary An intraherd selection index for fat-corrected milk was developed both for first records and for all records utilizing the regressed artificial insemination (A.I.) proofs of 126 bulls as the dependent variable, with the independent variables being the cow (dam of the bull), her dam (79), daughters (258), maternal sisters (171), and paternal sisters (5,910). All records of the cows averaged 1,420lb of milk above herd average and first records were 1,847lb above herd average. The weights for the dam and the paternal sisters were negative. Weights for all records of the cow were negative when large numbers of relatives were available. The index using first records was superior to the index using all records in predicting a cow's breeding value when a large and small number of relatives were available. The index using all records was superior when an intermediate number of relatives was available.
A high capacity completely closed-cycle 250 mK 3He refrigeration system based on a pulse tube cooler

Abstract We present the design of a completely closed-cycle refrigeration system. The system consists of four stages; the first two, 40.5 and 2.7 K, are provided by a pulse tube cooler, the third and fourth stages by helium adsorption refrigerators. The adsorption refrigerators use 4 He and 3 He with base temperatures of 700 and 250 mK, respectively. Performance tests including some with the cooler rotated from the vertical showed that with a load of 15 μK, a temperature below 286 mK can be maintained for 72 h.
Cryopyrin and pyrin activate caspase-1, but not NF-kappaB, via ASC oligomerization.

Mutations in cryopyrin and pyrin proteins are responsible for several autoinflammatory disorders in humans, suggesting that these proteins play important roles in regulating inflammation. Using a HEK293 cell-based reconstitution system that stably expresses ASC and procaspase-1 we demonstrated that neither cryopyrin nor pyrin or their corresponding disease-associated mutants could significantly activate NF-κB in this system. However, both cryopyrin and two disease-associated cryopyrin mutants induced ASC oligomerization and ASC-dependent caspase-1 activation, with the disease-associated mutants being more potent than the wild-type (WT) cryopyrin, because of increased self-oligomerization. Contrary to the proposed anti-inflammatory activity of WT pyrin, our results demonstrated that pyrin, like cryopyrin, can also assemble an inflammasome complex with ASC and procaspase-1 leading to ASC oligomerization, caspase-1 activation and interleukin-1β processing. Thus, we propose that pyrin could function as a proinflammatory molecule.
Elastic Properties of Mimetically Synthesized Model Nanoporous Carbon

Activated carbon is widely used for its attractive diffusion, adsorption and reaction properties. However, its mechanical behavior has received much less attention. We present a molecular dynamics simulation study on the elastic properties of activated carbon with nanometer-sized pores. The nanoporous carbon sample is composed of curved and defected graphene sheets, which is synthesized using quench molecular dynamics (QMD) method [1]. One unique feature of the current model is the mechanical stability, thus the bulk modulus, Young’s modulus, shear modulus and Poisson’s ratio can be obtained from simulated mechanical tests. By varying the density of the nanoporous carbon model, it was further found that the bulk modulus vs. density relation follows Gibson-Ashby type power law with exponents of 2.80 at low densities and 1.65 at high densities.
Bovine herpesvirus-1 infection affects the peptide transport activity in bovine cells

Infection of cattle with bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) impairs the cell-mediated immune response (CMI) of the affected host. We investigated the location of interference of BHV-1 with the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I antigen presentation pathway by employing an assay that allows assessment of the peptide transport activity of the Transporter associated with Antigen Presentation (TAP) from the cytoplasm into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). We found a considerable down-regulation of the peptide transport activity in bovine epithelial cells, taking place as early as 2 h after virus infection. This down-regulation was also dose-dependent, and, at high multiplicities of infection (moi), led to an almost complete shutdown of TAP. By inhibiting peptide transport into the ER, the virus impairs loading of MHC class I molecules and their subsequent egress from the ER to the cell surface. This may lead to defective priming of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Thus, BHV-1 is yet another member of its family Herpesviridae that selectively interferes with the host's antigen presentation machinery to evade the host's immune response in vivo.
An ontology-supported information agent shell for ubiquitous services

The paper proposed and developed a core component an “information agent shell,” IAS, to apply in the general Web systems and investigate the related problems with the extension in a wide variety of application areas. The shell contains the four main components: OntoCrawler, OntoExtractor, OntoClassifier, and OntoRecommender, which are responsible for information searching, information extracting, information classifying, and information representing/ranking, respectively. Inside the shell, it would introduce the ubiquitous interface agent more to explore the related problems of the ontology-supported information agent shell in ubiquitous environments. The preliminary experimental outcomes can also show forth on basic efficiencies of related sub-systems.
Studies on the immunological relationship of ragweed pollen antigens E and Ra.3

Abstract This study compares the allergenic and antigenic activities of ragweed pollen antigens Ra.3 and E using the human leukocyte histamine release assay. Leukocytes from 23 antigen E-sensitive patients were challenged separately with varying concentrations of Ra.3 and E. Six were unresponsive to Ra.3, although the same cells released 60 to 100 per cent histamine on challenge with antigen E. The leukocytes of 16 patients gave maximal release of 50 to 100 per cent with Ra.3. Leukocyte sensitivity to Ra.3 relative to E ranged from 0.1 to 10 4 and demonstrated little or no allergenic cross-reaction between the 2 antigens. Skin tests on an additional 19 patients confirmed this pattern. Leukocytes were challenged separately with mixtures of each allergen and dilutions of human antisera to antigen E (α-AgE) and water-soluble ragweed (α-AgWSR). Whereas α-AgWSR and α-AgE were equally inhibitory to E-induced histamine release, only AgWSR effectively inhibited Ra.3-induced release. Rabbit antiserum to Ra.3 and AgE in most patients inhibited the homologous allergen and demonstrated little or no cross-reactivity. In 2 patients, however, anti-AgE inhibited Ra.3-mediated histamine release while the homologous antiserum was inactive. We conclude that antigens Ra.3 and E are antigenically and allergenically distinct.
Limit theorems for nonparametric sample entropy estimators

Abstract We obtain, for the first time in the literature, the central limit theorem for nonparametric sample entropy estimators in its full generality together with maximum likelihood entropy estimators. Also we provide a new proof of the consistency of the estimators to correct some problems in Vasicek's original proof as pointed out by Zhu et al. (J. Statist. Plann. Inference 45 (1995) 373–385).
Studies of internal tide generation at a slope with nonlinear and linearized simulations: Dynamics and implications for ocean acoustics

Under the framework of a project to model submesoscale processes in support of underwater acoustic predictions, flow fields within an across-shelf section of continental shelf and slope have been modeled with the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS). The model has been run with several versions of ocean dynamics in order to deduce the effects of various dynamical processes. The findings are that momentum advection causes nonlinear effects to occur in the formation of internal tides (internal waves) from barotropic surface tides, not unexpectedly. The nonlinear nature of the process is quantified. This study differs from many prior computational studies of internal tide generation at sloping bathymetry by having a very high resolution, by having very low background eddy viscosity and diffusivity, and by admitting the majority of mixing through a turbulent mixing closure scheme. The initial new results shown here appear in the nonlinear simulations. Zones of nonlinear wave-wave interactions are mapped with bispectrum and bicoherence analysis. The net result of the nonlinearity and weak background eddy mixing is a broadband internal wave spectrum. Technical aspects of using information from internal tide generation models such as this to initialize coastal internal wave models for use with acoustic propagation models are discussed.
Ecdysteroid binding activity in embryos of drosophila melanogaster

Ecdysteroid binding proteins have been found in nuclei of Drosophila melanogaster embryos. Comparison of results derived from Scatchard analysis, analogue binding competition, and sucrose gradient centrifugation has revealed no significant differences between the properties of the putative embryonic receptor and those of the receptor found in imaginal disks or Kc cells.
A three-dimensional analysis of natural convection in a toroidal loop—the effect of Grashof number

Abstract A three-dimensional, numerical analysis of natural convection in a closed, toroidal loop has been performed. The results show that the flow is strongly three-dimensional, and that streamwise flow reversal and cross-stream secondary motion exist; similar flow phenomena have been experimentally observed. The strengths of the flow reversals and secondary motion are shown to increase with increasing Grashof number. The impact which these three-dimensional effects have on the friction factor, the Nusselt number, the buoyancy force, and the average axial velocity, are discussed.
Air-broadened line widths of methane at atmospheric temperatures

Abstract Air-broadened half-widths of lines R(0), R(1) and R(2) in the ν3-fundamental of 12CH4 have been measured at 200°K, 250°K and 300°K.
Ferroelectric properties of [110], [001] and [111] poled relaxor single crystals: measurements and modeling

Abstract A combination of modeling and experimental work has led to the identification of a crystal cut of PZN-4.5%PT with enhanced piezoelectric coefficients for bending mode applications d 31 =690 pC/N, d 32 =−1670 pC/N and direct evidence of a rhombohedral-orthorhombic phase transformation under [110] electric field loading. A crystal variant model enables the calculation of the physical properties of the single crystals with an engineered domain state (the piezoelectric, elastic, and dielectric coefficients) from the properties of the single domain [111] poled rhombohedral phase. This work focuses on the piezoelectric coefficients. Not all of the [111] piezoelectric coefficients have been measured. The modeling approach is used to compute the missing coefficients, d 15 and d 16 of the [111] poled crystal from the [001] and [110] properties. Criteria for variant and phase evolution in the model reproduce the observed hysteresis loops, remanent strain and remanent polarization.
Influence of 2-deoxy-D-glucose upon growth and invertase activity of carrot (Daucus carota L. ) cell suspension cultures

Carrot (Daucus carota L.) cell suspension cultures grew well when provided with glucose, fructose, sucrose or raffinose. Galactose and melibiose supported less growth unless supplemented with glucose or fructose. In combination with ten different sugar mixtures, 2-deoxy-D-glucose (dGlc) inhibited culture growth. Inhibitory effects of dGlc were more marked with fructose, melibiose, raffinose or mixtures of these sugars in the culture medium. The presence of glucose or galactose reduced the inhibitory effects of dGlc on culture growth. Experiments with radioactive labelled sugars demonstrated that dGLc uptake was greater in the presence of fructose than glucose, and that growth inhibition of dGlc coincided with its uptake. Reduced protein content was also associated with the inhibitory effects of dGlc. Cultured cells contained lower levels of invertase (EC 3.2.1.26) activity during the active phase of culture growth (up to 25 days after subculture) than when growth had peaked and subsequently declined. Acid and alkaline invertase activities were not greatly reduced by exogenous hexoses. Invertase activity was greatest during periods of low protein content in all cultures and was inhibited by dGlc during the latter phases of the culture period. Free intracellular sugars throughout the culture period consisted mainly of glucose and fructose.
Analytical families of two-component anisotropic polytropes and their relativistic extensions

In this paper, we study a family of two-component anisotropic polytropes which model a wide range of spherically symmetric astrophysical systems such as early-type baryonic galaxies. This family is found to contain a large class of models such as the hypervirial family (which satisfy the virial theorem locally), the Plummer and Hernquist models and Navarro-Frenk-White (NFW)-like models. The potential--density pair for these models are derived, as well as their velocity dispersions and anisotropy parameters. The projected quantities are computed and found to reduce to analytical expressions in some cases. The first section of this paper presents an extension of the two-term anisotropic polytropes to encompass a very wide range of potential-density pairs. In the next section, we present the general relativistic extension of the potential-density pair, and calculate the stress-energy tensor, the relativistic anisotropy parameter, the velocity of circular orbits and the angular momentum. Remarkably, for the case of the hypervirial family, the relativistic pressure in the Newtonian limit and the relativistic anisotropy parameter are found to coincide with the corresponding Newtonian expressions. The weak, dominant and strong energy conditions are found to be satisfied only for a certain range of the free parameters. We show that the relativistic hypervirial family also has a finite total mass like its Newtonian counterpart. In the first appendix, a relativistic extension of a different hypervirial family of models is studied, and the relativistic anisotropy parameter is found to coincide with the Newtonian one. Finally, we present a family of models obtained from our distribution function that are similar to the Ossipkov-Merritt models; by computing their anisotropy parameters, we show that they model systems with isotropic cores and radially anisotropic exteriors.
Inability of Low Levels of Sorbitol and Mannitol to Support Caries Activity in Rats

Under the conditions of this experimental environment, 5 or 10% sorbitol or mannitol in diets containing 62 or 57% corn starch, respectively, was not capable of supporting caries activity in rats at a more rapid rate than starch.
Diffraction isosbestic points and structural systematics in the SixSe1 − x glass system*

The systcmatics of neutron diffraction data are analyzed in the Si x Se 1 − x 0.0 ⩽ x ⩽ 0.40 glass system. Linear changes in structure as a function of composition lead to the novel observation of Diffraction Isosbestic Points. The local structure is consistent with a chemically ordered picture. A rapid increase in edge-sharing of Si(Se 1/2 ) 4 tetrahedra is observed at about x = 0.33. Central compositions within the composition range x ⩽ 0.40 correspond to x = 0.20–0.25 and x = 0.33. Structural systcmatics for the Se-rich x = 0.0 to 0.17 glasses suggest a clustered unit model.
Feature-extracted joint transform correlation

A new technique for real-time optical character recognition that uses a joint transform correlator is proposed. This technique employs feature-extracted patterns for the reference image to detect a wide range of characters in one step. The proposed technique significantly enhances the processing speed when compared with the presently available joint transform correlator architectures and shows feasibility for multichannel joint transform correlation.
Changes in type II procollagen isoform expression during chondrogenesis by disruption of an alternative 5′ splice site within Col2a1 exon 2 ☆

Abstract This study describes a new mechanism controlling the production of alternatively spliced isoforms of type II procollagen (Col2a1) in vivo. During chondrogenesis, precursor chondrocytes predominantly produce isoforms containing alternatively spliced exon 2 (type IIA and IID) while Col2a1 mRNA devoid of exon 2 (type IIB) is the major isoform produced by differentiated chondrocytes. We previously identified an additional Col2a1 isoform containing a truncated exon 2 and premature termination codons in exon 6 (type IIC). This transcript is produced by utilization of another 5′ splice site present in exon 2. To determine the role of this IIC splicing event in vivo, we generated transgenic mice containing silent knock-in mutations at the IIC 5′ splice site (Col2a1-mIIC), thereby inhibiting production of IIC transcripts. Heterozygous and homozygous knock-in mice were viable and display no overt skeletal phenotype to date. However, RNA expression profiles revealed that chondrocytes in cartilage from an age range of Col2a1-mIIC mice produced higher levels of IIA and IID mRNAs and decreased levels of IIB mRNAs throughout pre-natal and post-natal development, when compared to chondrocytes from littermate control mice. Immunofluorescence analyses showed a clear increase in expression of embryonic type II collagen protein isoforms (i.e. containing the exon 2-encoded cysteine-rich (CR) protein domain) in cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM). Interestingly, at P14, P28 and P56, expression of embryonic Col2a1 isoforms in Col2a1-mIIC mice persisted in the pericellular domain of the ECM in articular and growth plate cartilage. We also show that persistent expression of the exon 2-encoded CR domain in the ECM of post-natal cartilage tissue may be due, in part, to the embryonic form of type XI collagen (the α3 chain of which is also encoded by the Col2a1 gene). In conclusion, expression of the Col2a1 IIC splice form may have a regulatory function in controlling alternative splicing of exon 2 to generate defined proportions of IIA, IID and IIB procollagen isoforms during cartilage development. Future studies will involve ultrastructural and biomechanical analysis of the collagen ECM to determine the effects of persistent mis-expression of embryonic collagen isoforms in mature cartilage tissue.
Assimilation but Little Contrast in the 1976 U.S. Presidential Election

Summary Fifteen potential generalizations were extracted from published findings on 1972 survey data on attitudes and attributions to candidates. Data from 1976 were used to test the generalizability of these findings. Nine of the 15 earlier findings on assimilation and contrast effects were either completely or partially replicated.
Novel, mechanism-based therapies for cystic fibrosis.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cystic fibrosis results from disruption of the biosynthesis or function of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator. Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator plays a critical role in the regulation of epithelial ion transport. Restoration of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator function should improve the cystic fibrosis phenotype. RECENT FINDINGS Recent investigations affording a better understanding of the mechanism of dysfunction of mutant cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulators, as well as the roles of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator in regulating epithelial ion transport, have led to development of therapeutic strategies based on repair or bypass of mutant cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator dysfunction. The former strategy, coined 'protein repair therapy,' is aimed at improving or restoring the function of mutant cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulators, whereas the latter approach aims to augment epithelial ion transport to compensate for the absent function mutant cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator. SUMMARY Strategies to improve mutant cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator function or to bypass mutant cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator function hold great promise for development of novel therapies aimed at correcting the underlying pathophysiology of cystic fibrosis.
Role of interstitial cells of Cajal in motility disorders of the bowel

Abstract Objective Idiopathic intestinal pseudo-obstruction is characterized by the failure of the intestinal tract to propel its contents appropriately. This leads to signs and symptoms of bowel obstruction and, in the absence of an associated systemic disorder or the administration of drugs known to result in bowel dysmotility, is termed chronic idiopathic intestinal pseudo-obstruction (CIIP). Histopathologically, patients with CIIP can be characterized as having either myopathic or neuropathic forms, but the large majority of patients do not show any specific histological changes. Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) have been shown to be the pacemaker cells of the bowel and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of CIIP. The aim of this study was to compare the number and distribution patterns of c-kit+ ICC in CIIP in patients with mechanical bowel obstruction, other bowel motility disorders, and normal controls. Methods Six patients with CIIP, six age-matched normal controls, nine patients with mechanical bowel obstruction, and 18 patients with other motility disorders (non-CIIP), including 10 with secondary intestinal pseudo-obstruction, were studied. Toluidine blue, Masson’s trichrome, and S-100 immunostaining were performed in all subjects. The ICC were identified by an indirect immunoperoxidase method using a polyclonal c-kit antibody. Results All six patients with CIIP showed total absence of c-kit+ ICC. A subject with neonatal meconium ileus in the non-CIIP group showed patchy areas devoid of c-kit+ ICC amid normal areas. The c-kit+ ICC had a normal number and distribution pattern in all patients with mechanical obstruction and in the remaining 17 non-CIIP subjects. Conclusions It seems that CIIP is characterized by a total loss of c-kit+ ICC. ICC may play an important role in the etiopathogenesis of CIIP and transient neonatal meconium syndrome, and staining for c-kit receptor may be very useful in the evaluation of motility disorders of the bowel.
A yeast estrogen screen without extraction provides fast, reliable measures of estrogenic activity.

Yeast estrogen screen (YES) has been used since 1996 as a bioassay to quantify activity in wastewater. Here we present a modification of YES to measure estrogenic activity in water. This modification, called yeast estrogen screen no extraction (YESne), is faster and easier than the common method. The modified method can detect 17β-estradiol equivalent concentrations down to 1.1 ng/L. The median effective concentration value (EC50) is 1.2E-10. It detected average influent concentrations of 16.4 and 17.5 ng/L of 17β-estradiol equivalent at four Lehigh Valley, Pennsylvania, USA, wastewater treatment plants on September 18 and October 23, 2008, respectively, and average effluent concentrations of 5.1 and 8.1 ng/L of 17β-estradiol equivalent at the same plants on the two dates, respectively. Reduction in 17β-estradiol equivalent activity for the four wastewater treatment plants averaged 67.8 and 52.3%, respectively, for the September 18 and October 23 samples. The YESne is a simple, quick method for quantifying estrogenic activity that has been used successfully in nonmajor undergraduate classes and could be adapted by wastewater treatment plant laboratory technicians to measure influent and effluent estrogenicity on a regular basis. This practice will greatly increase our knowledge base of estrogenicity in wastewater before and after treatment. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011;30:2261–2269. © 2011 SETAC
Thoracotomy in the management of gestational choriocarcinoma. A clinicopathologic study

Background. Pulmonary metastases occur frequently in patients with gestational choriocarcinoma and most of these patients achieve remission with chemotherapy alone. Thus, the indications for surgical intervention are limited, but in appropriately selected patients, resection of a chemotherapy-resistant lung lesion can be curative. Methods. Nine patients with choriocarcinoma metastatic to the lung underwent 11 thoracotomies. The procedure was done in two patients for diagnosis and in seven to remove a resistant focus of tumor in the lung. The excised resistant tumors in six patients were studied histopathoiogically, immunohistochemically, and by electron microscopic examination (one patient). Results. Six (66.6%) patients achieved complete remission for periods ranging from 3 months to 18 years, and three patients died of their disease. The residual lung nodules in these patients with chemotherapy-resistant tumors were characterized by the presence of large mononucleated tumor cells that showed features intermediate between those of cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts but lacking ultrastructural and immunohistochemical features of the intermediate trophoblasts seen in placental site tumors. Conclusions. A major role for operative treatment of chemotherapy-resistant choriocarcinoma in the lung is suggested by the observation that some of the resistant tumors contain a unique variant of trophoblastic cells that show a decreased sensitivity to chemotherapy but are amenable to surgical resection.
XSSmon: A Perl based IDS for the detection of potential XSS attacks

Recent years have seen an explosion in the number of cross site scripting (XSS) incidents effecting Web sites and Web applications. As such, an intrusion detection system (IDS) capable of detecting potential cross site scripting attacks is demonstrated. The IDS involves the capturing of potential client side executable content on a Web page and the hashing of that content. At a future point in time, the Web page is reprocessed for client side executable content and the content rehashed, with any differences in the hash values indicative of a potential XSS attack. It is believed that the described IDS technique would be particularly useful for Web forums and other user content driven site, since the IDS only considers content recognized as potentially executable and not normal text content, such as that which would be typically enclosed in paragraph or heading tags.
Two formats for eliciting retrospective reports of child sexual and physical abuse: effects on apparent prevalence and relationships to adjustment.

This study compared two common questionnaire formats for eliciting retrospective child abuse reports. Self-defined formats ask participants whether they were abused, using that term. Researcher-defined formats ask about particular abuse-related events, allowing researchers to specify criteria for identifying abuse histories. Adjustment was measured by self-report inventories of depressive and posttraumatic symptoms and global self-esteem. Participants were 542 college women and men. Significantly less abuse was reported on the self- versus researcher-defined formats. Self-defined abuse was more frequent if participants met criteria for researcher- defined sexual or dual abuse versus physical abuse and if they reported relatively frequent childhood physical violence, severe sexual acts, and marginally, sexual perpetrators who were incestuous. Relationships of adjustment with researcher-defined versus self-defined abuse were stronger, and relationships between adjustment and researcher-defined abuse were in...
Origin of stress gradients induced in capped, copper metallization

Stress gradients generated near the top surface of Cu thin films by capping layers, as measured using a combination of conventional and glancing incidence x-ray diffraction, exhibit heterogeneous behavior that is directly related to plastic anisotropy within the Cu grains. A comparison of stress gradients measured from several x-ray reflections to their corresponding Schmid factors yields a consistent, critical resolved shear stress. The results experimentally verify that dislocation-mediated plasticity is responsible for the creation of stress gradients at the Cu film/cap interface. Depth-dependent measurements reveal that the observed gradients are localized to within 200 nm of this interface.
Information marketing in a digital world

This article analyses the role of information in the marketing processes associated with a digital world. The distinctions between information products and goods and services are explored. The unique characteristics of information products may demand a new approach to marketing, defined as information marketing. An analysis of the different levels of product demonstrates that information is often used to augment services or goods, and that it may be difficult to delineate the category “information products”. In marketing communications, digital information can be a rich resource for organisations, consumers and communities. The multi‐faceted role of information in the virtual world has consequences for information producers, consumers and marketers. These groups need to understand the unique features of information marketing.
Impact of Renal Function on Survival in Patients with Implantable Cardioverter‐Defibrillators

Background:Although chronic renal insufficiency (CRI) is associated with increased cardiac and noncardiac mortality, there is limited data on the relationship between CRI and survival in patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs), particularly across a wide range of renal function. Methods:We studied 507 consecutive patients receiving first-time ICDs from 1993–2003 at a single center. Preimplant serum creatinine measurements were used to determine glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and stage of chronic kidney disease (CKD). The primary outcome was time to death. Results:During a mean follow-up of 4 years, all-cause mortality through completion of follow-up increased stepwise by GFR stage (I: 16%, II: 20%, III: 35%; IV: 40%; V: 50%; P < 0.001 for trend). After multivariate adjustment, CRI was independently associated with death (HR = 1.7, P = 0.02), as were a serum creatinine ≥2.0 mg/dL (HR 2.5, P = 0.003) and the presence of end-stage renal disease (HR 6.8; P < 0.001). For every 10-unit decrease in GFR, the adjusted hazard of death increased 12% (P = 0.04). Conclusion:The presence of CRI prior to implant is independently associated with increased mortality in patients receiving ICDs. The risk is proportional to the degree of renal dysfunction and is apparent even when GFR is only mildly reduced. Differences in mortality are observed within the first year of implant, and patients on dialysis are at highest risk. Because randomized trials of ICDs have not included large numbers of patients with moderate or severe renal disease, our findings may have important implications in prognosis and case selection of patients who otherwise meet current indications for ICD implantation.
Off-lattice protein structure prediction with homologous crossover

Ab-initio structure prediction refers to the problem of using only knowledge of the sequence of amino acids in a protein molecule to find spatial arrangements, or conformations, of the amino-acid chain capturing the protein in its biologically-active or native state. This problem is a central challenge in computational biology. It can be posed as an optimization problem, but current top ab-initio protocols employ Monte Carlo sampling rather than evolutionary algorithms (EAs) for conformational search. This paper presents a hybrid EA that incorporates successful strategies used in state-of-the-art ab-initio protocols. Comparison to a top Monte-Carlo-based sampling method shows that the domain-specific enhancements make the proposed hybrid EA competitive. A detailed analysis on the role of crossover operators and a novel implementation of homologous 1-point crossover shows that the use of crossover with mutation is more effective than mutation alone in navigating the protein energy surface.
Densities, Distributions, and Seasonal Movements of Gorillas and Chimpanzees in Swamp Forest in Northern Congo

The conservation of gorillas (Gorilla spp.) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) depends upon knowledge of their densities and distribution throughout their ranges. However, information about ape populations in swamp forests is scarce. Here we build on current knowledge of ape populations by conducting line transect surveys of nests throughout a reserve dominated by swamp forest: the Lac Tele Community Reserve in northern Congo. We estimated gorilla and chimpanzee densities, distributions across habitats, and seasonal changes in abundance. Gorilla density was 2.9 gorillas km−2, but densities varied by habitat (0.3–5.4 gorillas km−2) with highest densities in swamp forest and terra firma mixed forest. Average chimpanzee density is 0.7 chimpanzees km−2 (0.1–1.3 chimpanzees km−2), with highest densities in swamp forest. Habitat was the best predictor of ape nest abundance, as neither the number of human indices nor the distance from the nearest village predicted nest abundance. We recorded significantly greater numbers of apes in terra firma forest during the high-water season than the low-water season, indicating that many gorillas and chimpanzees are at times concentrated in terra firma forest amid a matrix of swamp forest. Seasonally high numbers of apes on terra firma forest islands easily accessible to local people may expose them to substantial hunting pressure. Conversely, the nearly impenetrable nature of swamp forests and their low value for logging makes them promising sites for the conservation of apes.
Reduced ocular glucose transport and increased non-electrolyte permeability in rats with retinal degeneration (RCS).

Abstract The transport kinetics across the plasma-ocular barriers of labeled molecules including urea, d -glucose, 3-0-methyl- d -glucose, l -glucose, and sucrose were studied in adult RCS rats and compared to control albino Sprague-Dawleys (SD). Results indicate that substances that passively cross the plasma-aqueous and plasma-vitreous barriers (urea, sucrose, l -glucose) do so more readily in the RCS rat especially via the trans-retinal route. By contrast, d -glucose, which penetrates the ocular barriers of the control rat by a carrier-mediated mechanism was found to cross the ocular barriers of the RCS rat at a reduced rate. Thus, the ocular barriers of the RCS rat with well developed retinal degeneration demonstrate an increase in passive permeability and a reduction in ability to perform their membrane transport function ( d -glucose). The permeability defect was more pronounced in the blood-vitreous barrier than in the blood-aqueous barrier.
Giant molecular magnetocapacitance.

Capacitance of a nanoscale system is usually thought of having two contributions, a classical electrostatic contribution and a quantum contribution dependent on the density of states and/or molecular orbitals close to the Fermi energy. In this letter we demonstrate that in molecular nano-magnets and other magnetic nanoscale systems, the quantum part of the capacitance becomes spin-dependent, and is tunable by an external magnetic field. This molecular magnetocapacitance can be realized using single molecule nano-magnets and/or other nano-structures that have antiferromagnetic ground states. As a proof of principle, first-principles calculation of the nano-magnet [Mn3O(sao)3(O2CMe)(H2O)(py)3] shows that the charging energy of the high-spin state is 260 meV lower than that of the low-spin state, yielding a 6% difference in capacitance. A magnetic field of ~40T can switch the spin state, thus changing the molecular capacitance. A smaller switching field may be achieved using nanostructures with a larger moment. Molecular magnetocapacitance may lead to revolutionary device designs, e.g., by exploiting the Coulomb blockade magnetoresistance whereby a small change in capacitance can lead to a huge change in resistance.
Flavor twisted boundary conditions and the nucleon axial current

With twisted boundary conditions on the quark fields, we study nucleon matrix elements of the axial current utilizing twisted heavy baryon chiral perturbation theory. One can explore the momentum transfer dependence of the axial form factors more easily than by using ordinary lattice quantized momenta alone. As examples, we derive expressions for the nucleon axial radius and pseudoscalar form factor.
Diffusion and reaction of epoxy and amine in polysulfone-transport modeling and experimental validation

Abstract In this work, a mathematical model for the multi-component diffusion of reacting thermosets into amorphous thermoplastics is presented for the epoxy–amine-polysulfone (PSU) system. The governing Fickian diffusion-reaction equations for the epoxy and amine are strongly coupled through the amine concentration dependence of the epoxy diffusivity and the autocatalytic reaction terms for the epoxy and amine. Expressions for epoxy and amine diffusivity were used to formulate the coupled governing equations for the epoxy and amine, and solved numerically using finite difference methods. The model predictions are coupled with experimental Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) data. It is shown that despite certain simplifying assumptions, relatively good agreement is found for the concentration distributions with time and distance, and the interphase size as a function of processing temperature.
Breaking of charge-conjugation symmetry in trans-polyacetylene: Neutral soliton pair production

Abstract The so called “high energy peak” which was observed several years ago in the photo-induced optical absorption spectrum of trans -polyacetylene has posed a serious challenge to the soliton theory. We show that photo-produced charged soliton pairs will decay rapidly into neutral soliton pairs non-radiatively by a charge-conjugation symmetry breaking mechanism. The presence of neutral soliton pairs can account for the observed high energy peak.
Rethinking neurosurgical subspecialization.

Abstract In this article, the authors trace the evolution of subspecialty development in the relatively young specialty of neurosurgery. The current categorization of neurosurgical subspecialties represents an incongruent group of “areas of interest” whose origins are historical in their development and whose boundaries are indistinct, artificial, and often fail to share a common theme. While subspecialty development has undoubtedly improved the quality of care of patients with neurosurgical disease in these respective areas, the authors present important questions invoked by the artificial boundaries. The current move towards formalization of subspecialty training and accreditation, with ultimate certification, poses both intended and unintended consequences. The implications of these trends in neurosurgery are discussed.
Charges and generators of symmetry transformations in quantum field theory

Within the Wightman approach to quantum field theory, we review and clarify the properties of formal charges, defined as space integrals for the fourth component of a local current. The conditions for a formal charge to determine an operator (generator) are discussed, in connection with the well-known theorems of Goldstone and of Coleman. The symmetry transformations generated by this operator---given its existence---are also studied in some detail. For generators in a scattering theory, we prove their additivity and thus provide a simple way to characterize them from their matrix elements between one-particle states. This characterization allows an immediate construction of the unitary operators implementing the symmetry transformations, and implies that all internal symmetry groups are necessarily compact. We also indicate how to construct interacting fields having definite internal quantum numbers. The present status of the proof of Noether's theorem and of its converse is discussed in the light of the rather delicate properties of formal charges.
The Bottom Line: Saving Youth Means Saving Our Future

With multicultural issues becoming such a front‐running issue in many libraries around the country, Ramiro Salazar writes about the children of a large urban population and especially the importance of reaching out with library service to Latino children for whom English is often a second language. His personal case examples provide clear, concise examples of how multicultural service can benefit both library users and librarians, themselves.
MPCR: an efficient and flexible chains of recurrences server

MPCR is a stand-alone, flexible, and efficient implementation of the Chains of Recurrences (CR) method. It can be used interactively, as a network-based server, or as a library. Using the CR method, MPCR evaluates closed-form expressions over regular grids with great efficiency --- often hundreds of times faster than comparable programs. MPCR also features an MP (Multi Protocol) interface for data exchange, conditional CR simplification, use of intermediate evaluation arrays and generation of C source code. Evaluation timings are given and compared with other programs, and the algorithms which result in the high efficiency of MPCR are discussed.
Baculovirus data suggest a common but multifaceted pathway for sorting proteins to the inner nuclear membrane.

Multiple unique protein markers sorted to the inner nuclear membrane (INM) from the Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus occlusion-derived virus (ODV) envelope were used to decipher common elements of the sorting pathway of integral membrane proteins from their site of insertion into the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) through their transit to the INM. The data show that during viral infection, the viral protein FP25K is a partner for all known ODV envelope proteins and that BV/ODV-E26 (designated E26) is a partner for some, but not all, such proteins. The association with the ER membrane of FP25K, E26, and the cellular INM-sorting protein importin-α-16 is not static; rather, these sorting proteins are actively recruited to the ER membrane based upon requirements of the proteins in transit to the INM. Colocalization analysis using an ODV envelope protein and importin-α-16 shows that during viral infection, importin-α-16 translocates across the pore membrane to the INM and then is incorporated into the virus-induced intranuclear membranes. Thus, the association of importin-α-16 and INM-directed proteins appears to remain at least through protein translocation across the pore membrane to the INM. Overall, the data suggest that multiple levels of regulation facilitate INM-directed protein trafficking, and that proteins participating in this sorting pathway have a dynamic relationship with each other and the membrane of the ER.
A class of high-rate N/(N + 1) low-complexity error-detecting RLL codes

We present a new methodology for the construction of high-rate channel modulation run-length-limited RLL(0, k) codes. Simple modulation encoders and decoders are constructed, with low error propagation during decoding. They combine partial error detection capability (PED) to boost the performance of a concatenated outer Error Correction Code (ECC) (Blaum, 1991). Moreover, current systems are using low redundancy ECC, and the overall rate is mainly determined by the inner modulation code rate, which critically is to be maintained high. Code rates Rc = N/(N + 1), for example, 16/17, 24/25 and higher are achievable, with efficiency exceeding 0.94 and 0.96, respectively. The proposed fixed length block decodable codes, are generalized schemes of the type N/(N + 1) (d = 0, k = [N/2]) for N ≥ 5.
LBSN 2011 Workshop Report: the Third ACM SIGSPATIAL International Workshop on Location-Based Social Networks (LBSN 2011): (Chicago, Illinois - November 1, 2011)

Social networks have been prevalent on the Internet, attracting many professionals from a variety of fields. By adding a location dimension, we can bring online social networks back to the physical world and share our real-life experiences in the virtual world conveniently. In Location Based Social Networks (LBSN), people cannot only track and share location-related information with each other via either mobile devices or desktop computers, but also leverage collaborative social knowledge learned from user-generated and location-related contents. As location is one of the most important properties in people's daily lives, LBSN will bridge the gap between online societies and the physical world and enable a lot of novel applications changing the way we live, such as travel planning, location/friend recommendations, community discovery, human mobility modeling and user activity analysis. The technology derived from LBSN, e.g., location trajectory mining and retrieval, can also be applied to a multitude of other research areas including biology, sociology, geography, and climatology, etc. The objective of this workshop is to provide professionals, researchers, and technologists with a single forum where they can discuss and share the state-of-the-art of LBSN development and applications, present their ideas and contributions, and set future directions in emerging innovative research for location based social networks.