cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Family Child Care Support and Implementation: Current Challenges and Strategies from the Perspectives of Providers

Quality early childhood education (ECE) sets the foundation for children’s healthy development. Families make choices regarding the ECE options available to them, and families who desire smaller, more personal, flexible, and less expensive options, often select family child care (FCC) providers over center-based care. In addition, trending research in the United States indicates that there is a decline of FCC providers leading to a gap in the available resources for families. This study explored the experiences of family child care providers regarding the challenges and benefits of their profession. Two focus groups (N = 27) comprised of licensed and unlicensed FCC providers were conducted to understand their perspectives on the perceived challenges and benefits of their work. Using Bromer and Korfmacher’s conceptual model of high-quality support, we conducted a thematic analysis and found providers identified several challenges including: feeling uncomfortable in their home, payment and scheduling issues, frustration with parents, limited resources, and role conflicts. Providers also described strategies for managing their family childcare program including utilizing critical early childhood education learning strategies with children, separating personal and work spaces, using contracts, and the importance of networking with other professionals. Providers also shared benefits of FCC for the children in their care, themselves, and their own families. The findings align with Bromer and Korfmacher’s (2017) conceptual model and suggest a need for networking opportunities to provide information and support amongst FCC providers, improved resource sharing, more accessible funding opportunities, and the need for business training tools.
Towards Business Sustainability via an Automated Gaps Closure Approach

To ensure organization business and resources sustainability, it is required to establish Business Continuity Management System (BCMS). A key component of BCMS is conducting drills, which enables the organization to assess its readiness, sustainability and resiliency with an adequate planning for business continuation of unforeseen circumstances. The testing of the business services and processes is crucial and failing to conduct drills would lead to improper response and recovery strategies which will result in major financial loses. The drills aim to evaluate IT organization response, IT services recovery, identify observations, lessons learned and areas of improvement. As a result, identified observations are shared with service owners and tracked by BCMS to ensure closing all observations. However, tracking observations in a traditional manual approach is always associated with several challenges. This paper presents our experience in planning, executing, and validating the process of drills, by illustrating how an organization could overcome manual approach challenges with an automated observation tracking system. Additionally, we present our solution results in terms of time management and cost saving.
Confronting Historical White Supremacy in Social Work Education and Practice: A Way Forward

Oftentimes, social work education is in denial of its seductive and pervasive relationship with White Supremacy, as if it is exempt in power relations rooted in racial formation. The present paper investigates the historical legacy of racial formation within the United States context and its inception in the field of social work. This paper provides comprehensive definitions of the key terms used in teaching social work practice from an anti-racist social justice lens. Whiteness theory is used to highlight the way social work has perpetuated White Supremacy in the evolution of the profession and Black feminist standpoint is used to examine the experiences of non-White women as they interface with racist and oppressive social systems. I advocate for the use of a social justice pedagogy in social work education to help students think critically and reflectively about their future practice to better understand the oppressive power structures in many of today’s agencies, organizations, and institutions.
Environmental risk in an age of biotic impoverishment

Summary The science underpinning biodiversity’s importance to human well-being seems to be taken up little by environmental decision makers. Since the 1950s, ecological, evolutionary and environmental research has pointed to the importance of biodiversity as a significant factor influencing the stability and functioning of population, community, eco- and Earth-systems and the environmental services they provide. Despite its prominence and the tremendous contributions to our understanding of the natural world, this field of research, which we term ‘bio-functional ecology’, seems not to have had the impact it should. Biotic impoverishment, the loss of biodiversity across all scales and across all taxa, continues to worsen. We suggest that redirecting ecology’s emphasis on ecological stability to a focus on environmental risk could help bring bio-functional ecology research more into the environmental arena. Rather than managing biodiversity as an agent of ecological stability, biodiversity could be managed as a natural capital asset in a portfolio of social, human, produced and financial capital assets. This would allow using portfolio theory to identify options for minimizing environmental risk while ensuring human well-being. In this essay, we argue that environmental risk more accurately captures people’s motivation to preserve and manage biodiversity than does ecological stability. This redirection from stability to risk may provide greater clarity for decision makers and people in general as to why biodiversity is fundamentally linked to human well-being. In doing so, we can help curb the currently unabated spread of biotic impoverishment across the biosphere.
Portable Shell Programming: An Extensive Collection of Bourne Shell Examples

1. Shell Syntax. 2. Shell Variables. 3. Shell Functions and Built-in Commands. 4. Using Files. 5. The Environment. 6. Parsing Command Line Parameters. 7. Using Filters. 8. Shell Utilities. 9. Examples of Shell Functions. 10. Examples of Shell Scripts. 11. Debugging. 12. Portability. 13. Common Questions and Problems. Appendix A. Comparison of UNIX Shells. Appendix B. Syntax Summary.
Approach to Microstaging of Primary Melanoma and Evaluation of Prognostic Variables

While the identification of a radial growth phase indicates a tumor that in most cases will be curable by surgical treatment, the identification of the vertical growth phase indicates a tumor has the capacity to proliferate in the dermis and to metastasize, the behavior of which is determined on the basis of the prognostic factors elaborated in this chapter. These include growth phase, level of invasion, Breslow thickness, ulceration, mitotic rate, microscopic satellites, host response, regression, and vascular invasion. Differences between the 2001 and the recommended 2009 version of the American Joint Committee on Cancer melanoma staging system will be outlined.
The growth of the gaming industry: the survival of greyhound racing in the state of Florida.

Abstract The increase in the number of gaming facilities, sports betting, and online betting services could worsen the decline in financial performance of greyhound racing in the state of Florida. The premise of this study was to link how the presence of the state lottery and casinos has had an effect on the number of fans and the handle at greyhound tracks and other pari-mutuel facilities. The increased online betting and sports betting may have an additional effect on attendance and survival of these facilities. The findings suggest that an increase in the growth of other gaming venues along with sports betting and online betting services could have an increasing negative effect on the number of fans and the amount of the handle in the greyhound tracks of Florida.
Control of fungal development. I. The effects of two regulatory genes on growth in Schizophyllum commune.

Abstract In Schizophyllum the various events comprising the transition from the homokaryotic to the dikaryotic stage of the life cycle are triggered by two sets of developmental regulatory genes known as the A and B incompatability factors. This paper defines the effects of these genes on growth of surface colonies by establishing the growth curves of dikaryons, comon- A heterokaryons, and strains that morphologically mimic dikaryons or heterokaryons because of constitutive mutations in A and/or B . Like homokaryons, all these developmental stages and genetic mimics have triphasic growth curves with definite exponential phases. Growth curves of dikaryons and common- A heterokaryons are indistinguishable from those of their corresponding genetic mimics. However, the growth rate during exponential phase and the timing of the entire curve are dependent upon developmental type, with the consequence that colonies of different developmental stages harvested either at equal times or at equal weights are not necessarily in the same phase of colonial growth. Data presented allow choice of harvesting times such that colonies of the different developmental types will be within the same growth phase. Biochemical differences between homokaryons and dikaryons must be due to differentiation since the two stages have virtually the same growth rate.
Mitochondria-focused gene expression profile reveals common pathways and CPT1B dysregulation in both rodent stress model and human subjects with PTSD

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a trauma-related mental disorder, is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction in the brain. However, the biologic approach to identifying the mitochondria-focused genes underlying the pathogenesis of PTSD is still in its infancy. Previous research, using a human mitochondria-focused cDNA microarray (hMitChip3) found dysregulated mitochondria-focused genes present in postmortem brains of PTSD patients, indicating that those genes might be PTSD-related biomarkers. To further test this idea, this research examines profiles of mitochondria-focused gene expression in the stressed-rodent model (inescapable tail shock in rats), which shows characteristics of PTSD-like behaviors and also in the blood of subjects with PTSD. This study found that 34 mitochondria-focused genes being upregulated in stressed-rat amygdala. Ten common pathways, including fatty acid metabolism and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) pathways were dysregulated in the amygdala of the stressed rats. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B (CPT1B), an enzyme in the fatty acid metabolism and PPAR pathways, was significantly over-expressed in the amygdala (P<0.007) and in the blood (P<0.01) of stressed rats compared with non-stressed controls. In human subjects with (n=28) or without PTSD (n=31), significant over-expression of CPT1B in PTSD was also observed in the two common dysregulated pathways: fatty acid metabolism (P=0.0027, false discovery rate (FDR)=0.043) and PPAR (P=0.006, FDR=0.08). Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction validated the microarray findings and the CPT1B result. These findings indicate that blood can be used as a specimen in the search for PTSD biomarkers in fatty acid metabolism and PPAR pathways, and, in addition, that CPT1B may contribute to the pathology of PTSD.
Immunosenescence and Immune Response in Organ Transplantation

The immune system undergoes a complex and continuous remodeling with aging. Immunosenescence results into both quantitative and qualitative changes of specific cellular subpopulations that have major impact on allorecognition and alloresponse, and consequently on graft rejection and tolerance. Here, we are going to review the immunological changes associated with the aging process relevant for transplantation. Interventions to selectively target changes associated with the senescence process seem promising therapeutic strategies to improve transplantation outcome.
Description of a medical writing rotation for a postgraduate pharmacy residency program.

Purpose:To provide a description of a pharmacy residency rotation dedicated to medical writing developed at a tertiary care academic medical center.Summary:Contribution to the medical literature is...
Enumeration of matrices of given rank with submatrices of given rank

Abstract The authors determine the number of ( n + m )× t matrices A ∗ of rank r + v , over a finite field GF ( q ), whose last m rows are those of a given matrix A of rank r + v over GF ( q ) and whose first n rows have a given rank u .
Beyond Invisibility: Psychosocial Reflections on How President Obama's Image Can Affect Young African American Males

A new chapter in U. S. history has been written, an African American man accomplished that which seemed impossible: Barrack Obama became the forty-fourth president of the United States. Arguably, this inspired positive feelings in many Americans irrespective of racial, cultural, and status. For young African American men, however, I believe this victory may symbolize a new beginning filled with infinite possibilities, which can minimize feelings of invisibility. Thus, this article focuses on how President Obama's image can emerge as a role model for young African American men who are confronted with stereotypic representations of themselves. My scholarship, my therapeutic work with young African American men, and the reality of having an African American president have inspired me to write this article.
The efficacy of error mitigation techniques for DRAM retention failures: a comparative experimental study

As DRAM cells continue to shrink, they become more susceptible to retention failures. DRAM cells that permanently exhibit short retention times are fairly easy to identify and repair through the use of memory tests and row and column redundancy. However, the retention time of many cells may vary over time due to a property called Variable Retention Time (VRT). Since these cells intermittently transition between failing and non-failing states, they are particularly difficult to identify through memory tests alone. In addition, the high temperature packaging process may aggravate this problem as the susceptibility of cells to VRT increases after the assembly of DRAM chips. A promising alternative to manufacture-time testing is to detect and mitigate retention failures after the system has become operational. Such a system would require mechanisms to detect and mitigate retention failures in the field, but would be responsive to retention failures introduced after system assembly and could dramatically reduce the cost of testing, enabling much longer tests than are practical with manufacturer testing equipment.In this paper, we analyze the efficacy of three common error mitigation techniques (memory tests, guardbands, and error correcting codes (ECC)) in real DRAM chips exhibiting both intermittent and permanent retention failures. Our analysis allows us to quantify the efficacy of recent system-level error mitigation mechanisms that build upon these techniques. We revisit prior works in the context of the experimental data we present, showing that our measured results significantly impact these works' conclusions. We find that mitigation techniques that rely on run-time testing alone [38, 27, 50, 26] are unable to ensure reliable operation even after many months of testing. Techniques that incorporate ECC[4, 52], however, can ensure reliable DRAM operation after only a few hours of testing. For example, VS-ECC[4], which couples testing with variable strength codes to allocate the strongest codes to the most error-prone memory regions, can ensure reliable operation for 10 years after only 19 minutes of testing. We conclude that the viability of these mitigation techniques depend on efficient online profiling of DRAM performed without disrupting system operation.
Physicians' nonverbal rapport building and patients' talk about the subjective component of illness

Physicians' nonverbal communication has sometimes been found to be associated with patients' affective satisfaction. Too little attention has been given, however, to the impact of these caregiver behaviors on patients' self-disclosure. This paper examines the relationship between physicians' nonverbal rapport building and patients' disclosure of information related to the subjective component of illness. Twelve third-year residents at a large teaching hospital were videotaped during interactions with patients (N = 34). These physicians' nonverbal communication behaviors were coded in the introduction and diagnosis segments of the interactions. Patients' verbal communication behaviors related to disclosure of information about the subjective component of their illnesses were coded across the same segments. Correlation analysis revealed significant relationships between physicians' use of some types of nonverbal behaviors and patients' subjective disclosure, as well as physicians' avoidance of negative facial behaviors and patients' disclosure about life beyond symptoms and structural barriers to wellness. Implications for understanding the role of physicians' nonverbal communication on health care outcomes are considered.
Uric acid storage and excretion by accessory sex glands of male cockroaches.

Abstract Large amounts of uric acid are stored in the utriculi majores of the accessory sex glands of males of Blattella germanica, Blattella vaga, Onychostylus notulatus, Lophoblatta n. sp., Xestoblatta immaculata, Cariblatta minima, Epilampra columbiana , and Audreia gatunae . Most of this uric acid is poured over the spermatophore during copulation. The accessory sex gland complex of male cockroaches serves a reproductive function by secreting substances which form the sperm capsule. But in the above species, the utriculi majores serve as storage excretory organs of uric acid between matings and as active excretory organs during copulation. Uric acid was not detected in the male reproductive systems of thirty-two other species of Blattaria. The known distribution of uricose glands in the Blattaria indicates that these organs were present in the blattellid-blaberid stock and have been lost in some blattellids and most blaberids.
Oviposition Preference of the Bollworm for Species of Early-Season Host Plants in the Delta of Mississippi

On the basis of the numbers of eggs deposited by the bollworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie) in oviposition cages, on bouquets of species of plants comprising the early-season host plant complex in the Delta of Mississippi, crimson clover Trifolium incarnatum L., Geranium dissectum L., G. carolinianum L., black medic Medicago lupulina L., and early tasseling field com, Zea mays L., were most preferred. However, the order of preference changed as a preferred host matured and/or as another host advanced into a more attractive stage of development.
Age-Related Changes in Serum Undercarboxylated Osteocalcin and its Relationships with Bone Density, Bone Quality, and Hip Fracture

The effect of the degree of carboxylation of osteocalcin (OC) on the properties of bone is unclear. The aim of this study was to relate serum concentrations of total OC (tOC) and undercarboxylated OC (ucOC), measured with a two-site immunoassay, to bone mineral density (BMD) at the femoral neck and ultrasonic transmitted velocity (UTV) at the os calcis in 257 women aged 60–99 years, 22 of whom had sustained a hip fracture. There was an increase in tOC (r = 0.19, P= 0.003) and ucOC (r = 0.20, P= 0.002) with age. No significant difference in tOC or ucOC between subjects with and without hip fracture was found. Serum tOC was negatively correlated with femoral neck BMD (r =−0.23, P= 0.0001) and os calcis UTV (r =−0.29, P= 0.0001) and partial correlations indicated that these relationships were independent of age. Serum ucOC also correlated negatively with os calcis UTV (r =−0.21, P= 0.001) and less strongly with femoral neck BMD (r =−0.13, P= 0.052). After adjusting for age, only the relationship between ucOC and os calcis UTV remained significant (r =−0.16, P= 0.017). It is concluded that in women over 60 years, the increase in tOC reflects an age-related rise in bone remodeling, whereas the increase in ucOC reflects an age-related fall in vitamin K status. The stronger relationship of ucOC with UTV than BMD suggests that the rise in ucOC may perhaps relate more to changes in bone quality than mineral content. Higher serum ucOC concentrations in subjects with a history of hip fracture could not be confirmed.
Intestinal anisakidosis (anisakiosis)

A case of intestinal anisakidosis in a 42-year-old man in Japan is presented. His chief complaint was an acute onset of severe abdominal pain. Approximately 12 hours before the onset of this symptom, he had eaten sliced raw mackerel ("sashimi"). Upper endoscopy was unremarkable. At exploratory laparotomy, an edematous, diffusely thickened segment of jejunum was observed, which was resected. The postoperative course was uneventful. The segment of small intestine showed a granular indurated area on the mucosal surface, and microscopically, a helminthic larva penetrating the intestinal wall, which was surrounded by a cuff of numerous neutrophils and eosinophils, as well as diffuse acute serositis. A cross section of the larva revealed the internal structures, pathognomonic of Anisakis simplex. Although anisakidosis is rare in the United States, with the increasing popularity of Japanese cuisine, the incidence is expected to increase, and pathologists should be familiar with this disease.
Disruption of light He companions in accreting neutron star binaries

An old neutron star, being spun up to become a radio pulsar by accretion from a very low-mass He secondary, will ultimately tidally disrupt the secondary before the latter's mass reaches 0.004 solar mass. Even if angular momentum loss from the binary is carried away only by gravitational radiation, the formation of an isolated rapidly spinning pulsar in this way will take less than 10 to the 10th yr.
The distribution of smooth muscle in the cat ovary with a note on its adrenergic innervation.

Smooth muscle in the ovaries of estrus and anestrus cats was studied with the TP-Levanol Fast Cyanine 5 RN technique and adrenergic nerves were visualized with the Falck-Hillarp fluorescence procedure. Numerous bundles of smooth muscle fibers were observed in the mesovarium, and the hilar, medullary, and cortical regions of the estrus ovary. Also, theca externa of large vesicular follicles contained many smooth muscle fibers. Adrenergic nerves with varicosities were present in ovarian perifollicular tissue. Anestrus animals had a reduced number of cortical and perifollicular muscle fibers and the intensity and density of fluorescent nerves was reduced. It is suggested that contraction of ovarian smooth muscle facilitates ovulation. These contractions may be, at least partially, under local neural control.
Disordered syn-anti hydrogen-bonded chains in 3-(ferrocenylcarbonyl)propionic acid.

The title compound, [Fe(C 5 H 5 )(C 9 H 9 O 3 )], has Fe-centroid distances of 1.6551 (11) and 1.6445 (11) A to the cyclopentadienyl rings. The carboxyl group forms hydrogen bonds in the extremely rare syn-anti chain motif, with O...O distances of 2.667 (3) and 2.655 (3) A. The carboxyl group and the hydrogen-bonded chains are disordered.
Age and peritoneal fluid cellular distribution in women 20–40 years of age

Cytologic aspiration specimens of peritoneal fluid revealed that mesothelial cell proportions were significantly reduced 19.2% in women between 26 and 35 years of age. Possibly, mesothelial cell renewal was decreased in women of the older age groups.
Flexible colonoscopy in mice to evaluate the severity of colitis and colorectal tumors using a validated endoscopic scoring system.

The use of modern endoscopy for research purposes has greatly facilitated our understanding of gastrointestinal pathologies. In particular, experimental endoscopy has been highly useful for studies that require repeated assessments in a single laboratory animal, such as those evaluating mechanisms of chronic inflammatory bowel disease and the progression of colorectal cancer. However, the methods used across studies are highly variable. At least three endoscopic scoring systems have been published for murine colitis and published protocols for the assessment of colorectal tumors fail to address the presence of concomitant colonic inflammation. This study develops and validates a reproducible endoscopic scoring system that integrates evaluation of both inflammation and tumors simultaneously. This novel scoring system has three major components: 1) assessment of the extent and severity of colorectal inflammation (based on perianal findings, transparency of the wall, mucosal bleeding, and focal lesions), 2) quantitative recording of tumor lesions (grid map and bar graph), and 3) numerical sorting of clinical cases by their pathological and research relevance based on decimal units with assigned categories of observed lesions and endoscopic complications (decimal identifiers). The video and manuscript presented herein were prepared, following IACUC-approved protocols, to allow investigators to score their own experimental mice using a well-validated and highly reproducible endoscopic methodology, with the system option to differentiate distal from proximal endoscopic colitis (D-PECS).
The role of conspecifics in habitat settlement in a territorial grasshopper

Conspecifics may play a positive, neutral or negative role in the habitat choices of prospective settlers. I investigated the effect of conspecifics on habitat choice in a territorial grasshopper, Ligurotettix coquilletti, in three field experiments using both broadcast calls and live males as stimuli. In a two-bush choice experiment, males chose bushes from which conspecific calls were broadcast over either silent bushes or bushes broadcasting calls of another grasshopper species. When presented with a choice between broad-cast calls and a live conspecific male, however, males preferred bushes that contained a live male. In the third experiment, males were more strongly attracted to bushes occupied by a single territorial male than to unoccupied bushes, but had a lower probability of remaining on occupied bushes over an extended period. Despite the lower overall probability of remaining on a bush, males remained clustered on the occupied bushes at the end of this experiment because of their high initial attraction to occupied bushes. Copyright 1998 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour
The temperature dependence of quantum mechanical tunneling effects in the nmr spectrum of a methyl group

Abstract NMR line shapes have been obtained for CH3CD2I in CD3CD2I from 4.2 to 127°K. At 4.2°K tunneling is evident, at 87°K neither tunneling nor classical rotation can be detected, and at 127°K there is rapid, thermally activated rotation. The apparent tunneling frequency is found to decrease with increasing temperature.
Forbidden subgraphs that imply k -ordered and k -ordered Hamiltonian

For a positive integer k, a graph G is k-ordered if for every ordered sequence of k vertices, there is a cycle that encounters the vertices in the sequence in the given order. If the cycle is also a hamiltonian cycle, then G is said to be k-ordered hamiltonian. Forbidden connected subgraphs and forbidden pairs of connected subgraphs that imply that a 2-connected graph is hamiltonian have been characterized. Each of these forbidden subgraph conditions will be investigated to determine if it implies more than just hamiltonicity, but in fact it implies k-ordered or k-ordered hamiltonian in the presence of the appropriate connectivity on the graph. More general classes of forbidden subgraphs that imply k-ordered and k-ordered hamiltonian will also be considered.
An n→π* interaction reduces the electrophilicity of the acceptor carbonyl group

Carbonyl–carbonyl (CO⋯C′O′) interactions are ubiquitous in both small and large molecular systems. This interaction involves delocalization of a lone pair (n) of a donor oxygen into the antibonding orbital (π*) of an acceptor carbonyl group. Analyses of high-resolution protein structures suggest that these carbonyl–carbonyl interactions prefer to occur in pairs, that is, one donor per acceptor. Here, the reluctance of the acceptor carbonyl group (C′O′) to engage in more than one n→π* electron delocalization is probed using imidazolidine-based model systems with one acceptor carbonyl group and two equivalent donor carbonyl groups. The data indicate that the electrophilicity of the acceptor carbonyl group is reduced when it engages in n→π* electron delocalization. This diminished electrophilicity discourages a second n→π* interaction with the acceptor carbonyl group.
Vesta and the HED meteorites: Mid‐infrared modeling of minerals and their abundances

We demonstrate that the use of an established spectral deconvolution algorithm with midinfrared spectral libraries of mineral separates of varying grain sizes is capable of identifying the known mineral compositions and abundances of a selection of howardite, eucrite, and diogenite (HED) meteorite samples. In addition, we apply the same technique to mid-infrared spectral emissivity measurements of Vesta that have been obtained from Cornells Mid-Infrared Asteroid Spectroscopy (MIDAS) Survey and the Infrared Space Observatory (ISO). Each Vesta measurement was made over a different range of longitudes. Our spectral deconvolution results to the Vesta spectra corroborate that Vestas surface is howardite or eucrite-like in composition and heterogeneous across its surface. The spectral fits produced by the linear deconvolution algorithm yields good results for the HED samples of known composition, thus giving us a high degree of confidence that our results for Vesta are valid.
The economic impact of incorporating flexible endoscopy into a community general surgery practice.

Background Flexible endoscopy is a vital component of gastrointestinal surgery. It has and will replace many of the surgical procedures now commonly performed. Flexible endoscopy, unfortunately, is not an integral part of surgical residency training based on resident operative experience as reported by the Residency Review Committee. Moreover, general surgeons have deferred the practice of flexible endoscopy to the gastroenterologists because of concerns over turf battles and referral patterns. The purpose of this study was to assess the overall case load and the economic impact of flexible endoscopy on the practice of general surgery in a community hospital setting.
Phosphine selenides: Donor properties toward iodine

Abstract Concentration equilibrium quotients and extinction coefficients have been measured at 5.3, 15.0, 24.7, and 35.3° for charge transfer complexes which form, in chloroform solution, between iodine and four triarylphosphine selenides. Values of the thermodynamic constants, as calculated from these data, were as follows: −ΔH 298 , 9.10–10.45 kcal/mole; −ΔF° 298 , 4.91–5.40 kcal/mole and −ΔS, 13.95–16.94 eu. Among the R 3 PX molecules, where X is a group VI element, the stabilities of the complexes have been found to increase with decreasing electronegativity of X. In addition to the increased donor tendency of X with increase in atomic number, the possible importance of mutually induced polarization as a stabilizing factor is also discussed.
Change Theory as an Evaluation Tool for a Community Action Board of Directors

The dynamics of a board of directors resemble those of other groups. They are either positive or negative in their flow of communication, their dispute resolution style, their problem solving ability and their ability to make decisions. This article discusses a model of change theory that is used in evaluating the effectiveness of a board of directors and assisting it to make changes for the betterment of the organization it serves.
Influence of Landscape Composition and Structure on Antler Size of White‐Tailed Deer

Abstract Cause for spatial variation in phenotypic quality of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) populations is of great interest to wildlife managers. Relating phenotypic variation of populations to large-scale land-use patterns may provide insight into why populations exhibit spatial variation and elucidate how management can influence population phenotype. We used an information-theoretic approach to relate average antler size of 203 deer populations to composition and structure of the habitat occupied by those populations. We used interspersion, edge, and diversity indices to represent habitat structure and percentage of area in vegetation types to represent habitat composition. Landscape composition was a better predictor of deer population antler size than was landscape structure. Percentages of the management unit in agriculture, pasture, and pine forest were variables commonly found in the region-specific set of best models. Model-averaged estimates of agriculture and pasture parameters we...
Stability of Isoflavones during Extrusion Processing of Corn/Soy Mixture

The influence of extrusion processing in the presence of corn on the quantity and quality of genistein, daidzein, and their respective β-glucoside, acetyl glucoside, and malonyl glucoside derivatives was evaluated. Products of 100% soy (textured) and a blend of 20% soy protein concentrate (SPC) and 80% corn meal (direct-expanded) were extruded, with evaluations before and after extrusion. In addition, a 3 × (3 × 3) split-plot factorial experiment investigated the influence of barrel temperature (110, 130, 150 °C), moisture content (22, 24, 26%), and relative residence time (1, 0.8, 0.6) on extruder response and isoflavone profile. The extrusion barrel temperature had the most influence on isoflavone profile, especially decarboxylation of the malonyl β-glucoside, followed by the moisture content. The amount of extractable isoflavones decreased after extrusion for both the SPC and SPC/corn meal blend when extracted with 80% aqueous methanol but remained approximately the same when first hydrated with water ...
Red Raspberry Juice and Wine: Effect of Processing and Storage on Anthocyanin Pigment Composition, Color and Appearance

Red raspberry wine was made from thawed fruit by fermentation of pulp, depectinized juice, and pasteurized depectinized juice. The influences of fining and storage were also investigated. The anthocyanin pigment profiles of the samples were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and additional color indices by spectrophotometry and Hunter colorimetry. Anthocyanin pigments degraded mainly during fermentation, with total losses after storage of at least 50%. Cyanidin-3-glucoside was the most unstable anthocyanin, disappearing completely during fermentation; cyanidin-3-sopho-roside (the major anthocyanin) was the most stable pigment. Pasteurized, depectinized wine that had undergone fining, had the most stable color and best appearance after storage.
Spatially Resolved Heat Transfer Rates in an Impinging Circular Microscale Jet

An experimental study of a submerged 125-μm circular microscale jet impingement is presented. These jets flows are associated with low exit Reynolds number and a correspondingly high, subsonic Mach number. Detailed distributions of heated and adiabatic wall temperature, and local and average Nusselt number variations are presented for five laminar exit Reynolds numbers in the range of 690 to 1770 at three nozzle-to-surface spacings of 2, 4, and 6 times the nozzle diameter. The corresponding jet exit Mach numbers range between 0.26 and 0.63. An infrared radiometer is used in conjunction with a heated-thin-foil technique to measure detailed surface temperatures. Results indicate that the adiabatic surface temperature distribution is relatively insensitive to nozzle-to-surface spacing within the parameter range studied. With an increase in Reynolds number, the adiabatic surface temperature decreases significantly near the stagnation point. The average Nusselt numbers are higher compared to Martin's correlati...
Boxplot-based phase I control charts for time between events

To monitor the quality/reliability of a (production) process, it is sometimes advisable to monitor the time between certain events (say occurrence of defects) instead of the number of events, particularly when the events occur rarely. In this case it is common to assume that the times between the events follow an exponential distribution. In this paper, we propose a one- and a two-sided control chart for phase I data from an exponential distribution. The control charts are derived from a modified boxplot procedure. The charting constants are obtained by controlling the overall Type I error rate and are tabulated for some configurations. A numerical example is provided for illustration. The in-control robustness and the out-of-control performance of the proposed charts are examined and compared with those of some existing charts in a simulation study. It is seen that the proposed charts are considerably more in-control robust and have out-control properties comparable to the competing charts. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of aerial parts of Echinacea on the circulating white cell levels and selected immune functions of the aging male Sprague–Dawley rat

Echinacea is one of the most widely used over-the-counter herbal preparations that purport to "improve immune system function", especially when taken as a short course of therapy (6-8 weeks). Since many purchasers are older individuals, a double-blind, placebo-controlled study was performed to investigate whether Echinacea could affect total and differential white cell counts, phagocytic activity and interleukin (IL-2) levels in 12-month-old, healthy, male Sprague-Dawley rats when administered over an 8-week period. Echinacea (50 mg/kg of aerial parts) mixed with peanut butter or peanut butter alone was fed to 16 rats, which were receiving regular food and water ad libitum. Cell counts and immune functions were determined on rat tail vein blood on a weekly basis. Echinacea significantly increased circulating total white cell counts during the first 2 weeks of administration, and IL-2 levels during the final 5 weeks of the study period (p<0.05). Differential counts were altered during the entire 8-week study, with mononuclear cells significantly increased to the detriment of granulocytes (p<0.05). No such changes were observed in animals given peanut butter alone. No difference was observed in phagocytic function between animals given Echinacea or peanut butter alone. These studies suggest that aerial components of Echinacea affect both mononuclear cell levels and circulating IL-2 levels in older animals.
A systematic approach to preliminary polymer process development: modeling and design

Abstract A general and complete methodology is presented to facilitate systematic modeling and design of polymer processes during the early development period. To capture and handle the subjective type of uncertainty, embedded in the preliminary process development, fuzzy theories are used as a basis to model and design the process in the presence of ambiguity and vagueness. Physical membership functions are developed for mapping the relation between process variables and the associated fuzzy uncertainties. Based on the qualitative results generated using our previously proposed “linguistic based preliminary design method,” the process modeling can be followed even in the absence of any process governing equations. The modeling is carried out by establishing an appropriate fuzzy reasoning system which provides a specific functional mapping that relates input process variables to one (or more than one) output performance parameter(s). A reduced yet feasible domain is generated by our qualitative design scheme to constrain the process variables. Now, any optimization routine can then be employed to search for a proper process design. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology by its application to a typical compression molding process.
Are nonconscious processes sufficient to produce false memories

Seamon, Luo, and Gallo (1998) reported evidence that nonconscious processes could produce false recognition in a converging-associates task, whereby subjects falsely remember a nonstudied lure (e.g., sleep) after studying a list of related words (bed, rest, awake...). Zeelenberg, Plomp, and Raaijmakers (2003) failed to observe this false recognition effect when list word recognition was at chance. We critically evaluate the evidence for nonsconscious processing and report the results of a new experiment designed to overcome previous methodological limitations. Consistent with Seamon et al., we found that conscious activation of a related lure during study was not necessary for its subsequent recognition; consistent with Zeelenberg et al., we found no evidence for recognition of related lures under conditions where there was no memory for studied words. It is currently unknown whether conscious recollection of the studied items is necessary for false recognition or if nonconscious activation of the lure is sufficient.
THE ZEEMAN EFFECT IN THE SOBOLEV APPROXIMATION: SPLIT MONOPOLE FIELDS AND THE "HEARTBEAT" STOKES V PROFILE

We calculate the circularly polarized Stokes V (λ) profile for emission lines, formed in hot-star winds threaded with a weak radial magnetic field. For simplicity, the field is treated as a split monopole under the assumptions that it has been radially combed by the wind, and rotation is not playing a central role. Invoking the weak-field approximation, we find that the V (λ) profile has a characteristic “heartbeat” shape exhibiting multiple sign inversions, which might be mistaken for noise in the absence of theoretical guidance. We also conclude that there is a tendency for the V (λ) profile to integrate to zero on each side of the line separately. The overall scale of V (λ)/I (λ )i s set by the ratio of the field strength to the flow speed, B/v, characteristic of the line-forming region, and is of the order of 0.1% for a wind magnetic field B ∼ 100G at depths where the wind speed is v ∼ 100 km s −1 .
On the origin of some mica-lamprophyres: experimental evidence from a mafic minette

Experimental melting relationships for a mafic minette (mica-lamprophyre) from Buell Park, Arizona were determined under fO2 conditions equivalent to the ironwustite-graphite and quartz-fayalite-magnetite buffers, at pressures of 10–20 kbar. A comparison between experimental products and phenocrysts in the most primitive minettes indicates that those lavas preserve a near-liquidus assemblage of olivine, diopside and Ti-rich phlogopite crystallized in the upper mantle under fO2≥QFM and in the presence of an H2O-bearing fluid phase. It is suggested that micalamprophyric (minette) magmas may originate from a metasomatized, garnet-bearing peridotitic source at deeper levels in the mantle (P≥20 kbar) but can also be in equilibrium with a phlogopite-bearing wehrlite (±opx) source at pressures of 17–20 kbar, under reducing or oxidizing mantle conditions. Owing to their rapid crystallization rate and high liquidus temperatures, a series of potassic daughter melts (potassic latites and felsic minettes) can be formed by segregation from mafic minette parents during their ascent through the cooler continental crust. The preservation of olivine in equilibrium with phlogopite phenocrysts in primitive minettes precludes a petrogenetic process dominated by assimilation/fractional crystallization in a shallow magma chamber and supports a model by which some lamprophyric magmas are brought to near surface conditions at temperatures in the range of 1,000–1,200° C and chilled rapidly.
How process and power plant changes can increase industrial cogeneration: The case of kraft pulp mills

Abstract Industrial cogeneration can be substantially increased in energy intensive process industries, such as pulp and paper, by making process and operating changes such as reducing water use, minimizing effluent discharge, generating chemicals on-site and drying biomass fuels. The economic benefits of cogeneration are demonstrated by comparing three cases. The first is the no generation case in which steam is generated for process use and electric power is purchased from the utility. The second is the thermal match case in which steam is generated at a pressure substantially higher than needed for process and passed through a turbine to generate electric power before being used to meet the plant's thermal demands. In the third case, the minimum cogeneration case, more steam is produced than required by the plant. The additional steam is expanded through the turbine-generator to a condenser and generates additional electricity which can be sold. The study is based upon the conceptual design of a hypothetical 1000 tons/day bleached kraft pulp mill scheduled to begin operation in the United States in 1985, but the general approach and conclusions are applicable to a wide variety of industries with high energy demands.
Role of nitric oxide in the regulation of oxygen consumption in conscious dogs.

The role of nitric oxide (NO) in the regulation of O2 consumption was studied in chronically instrumented conscious dogs. A specific NO synthesis inhibitor, nitro-L-arginine (NLA, 30 mg/kg i.v.), significantly increased mean arterial pressure from 100 +/- 4 to 134 +/- 5 mm Hg (mean +/- SEM) and total peripheral resistance by 157 +/- 16% and reduced cardiac output by 47 +/- 3% and heart rate by 34 +/- 6% after 120 minutes. Changes in arterial blood gases were not observed. There were significant changes in PO2 (-14 +/- 2 mm Hg), O2 saturation (-21 +/- 2%), the percentage of hemoglobin as oxyhemoglobin (-21 +/- 2%), and O2 content (-3.0 +/- 0.9 vol%) and a significant increase in percent reduced hemoglobin (21 +/- 1%) in mixed venous blood, associated with an increase in O2 extraction (5.1 +/- 0.2 vol%) (all P < .01). O2 consumption was increased from 124 +/- 6 to 155 +/- 9 mL/min (P < .05). Methoxamine, titrated to have hemodynamic effects similar to those of NLA (eg, mean arterial pressure increased from 97 +/- 4 to 131 +/- 5 mm Hg), had much smaller effects on venous blood gases, hemoglobin, and O2 extraction (2.3 +/- 0.7 vol%) and no significant effect on O2 consumption. NLA also caused an increase in O2 consumption of 37 +/- 8% (P < .01) in quietly resting conscious dogs that had undergone pretreatment with hexamethonium and atropine, but no significant change in O2 consumption in dogs anesthetized with barbiturate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
CO-OPERATION BY INTERNIST AND SURGEON IN THE TREATMENT OF GRAVES’ DISEASE

It is generally recognized that exophthalmic goitre is by no means an uncommon malady. It is likewise known that patients suffering from this hyperthyroid activity are distressed by many disagreeable and disabling symptoms. These are sufficiently unpleasant even in mild cases, but may progress to a state of such severity that life itself becomes endangered. It is also known that proper treatment is oft attended by brilliant cure, and in the majority of instances, at least, by striking amelioration of symptoms. It is the purpose of this article to consider briefly by what method of treatment or combination of methods, this consummation may best be realized. In a general sort of way, treatment may be divided into: 1. Operative procedures; 2. Medical measures, including Roentgen radiation; 3. A judicious combination of 1 and 2. 1. Treatment by Operation: At the outset it must be frankly admitted that the most rapid, permanent and spectacular results are achieved by surgery. There can be no question of such a...