cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pediatric Neurogenic Bladder and Bowel Dysfunction: Will My Child Ever Be out of Diapers?

Abstract Context Managing patient and parent expectations regarding urinary and fecal continence is important with congenital conditions that produce neurogenic bladder and bowel dysfunction. Physicians need to be aware of common treatment algorithms and expected outcomes to best counsel these families. Objective To systematically evaluate evidence regarding the utilization and success of various modalities in achieving continence, as well as related outcomes, in children with neurogenic bladder and bowel dysfunction. Evidence acquisition We performed a systematic review of the literature in PubMed/Medline in August 2019. A total of 114 publications were included in the analysis, including 49 for bladder management and 65 for bowel management. Evidence synthesis Children with neurogenic bladder conditions achieved urinary continence 50% of the time, including 44% of children treated with nonsurgical methods and 64% with surgical interventions. Patients with neurogenic bowel problems achieved fecal continence 75% of the time, including 78% of patients treated with nonsurgical methods and 73% with surgical treatment. Surgical complications and need for revisions were high in both categories. Conclusions Approximately half of children with neurogenic bladder dysfunction will achieve urinary continence and about three-quarters of children with neurogenic bowel dysfunction will become fecally continent. Surgical intervention can be successful in patients refractory to nonsurgical management, but the high complication and revision rates support their use as second-line therapy. This is consistent with guidelines issued by the International Children’s Continence Society. Patient summary Approximately half of children with neurogenic bladder dysfunction will achieve urinary continence, and about three-quarters of children with neurogenic bowel dysfunction will become fecally continent. Most children can be managed without surgery. Patients who do not achieve continence with nonsurgical methods frequently have success with operative procedures, but complications and requirements for additional procedures must be expected.
An Improved Dutch Book Theorem for Conditionalization

Lewis proved a Dutch book theorem for Conditionalization. The theorem shows that an agent who follows any credal update rule other than Conditionalization is vulnerable to bets that inflict a sure loss. Lewis’s theorem is tailored to factive formulations of Conditionalization, i.e. formulations on which the conditioning proposition is true. Yet many scientific and philosophical applications of Bayesian decision theory require a non-factive formulation, i.e. a formulation on which the conditioning proposition may be false. I prove a Dutch book theorem tailored to non-factive Conditionalization. I also discuss the theorem’s significance.
Resident Operative Vaginal Delivery Volume after Educational Curriculum Implementation.

Objective The percentage of operative vaginal deliveries (OVDs) in the United States has sharply declined. In May 2016, our institution's obstetrics and gynecology (OB/GYN) residency program implemented a twice-yearly OVD curriculum consisting of didactics and simulation. We sought to evaluate the impact of this curriculum. Study Design We performed a retrospective cohort study of all deliveries at our institution from July 2011 to May 2018. Deliveries were evaluated quarterly for the pre- (July 2011–April 2016) and postcurriculum (July 2016–May 2018) periods. Forceps-assisted vaginal delivery (FAVD), vacuum-assisted vaginal delivery (VAVD), and total OVD percentages, and the ratio of forceps to vacuums were calculated. Pre- and postcurriculum percentages were compared using Wilcoxon's rank-sum test. Cubic regression curves were fit to quarterly percentages to illustrate trends over time. Results The quarterly OVD percentage was unchanged following curriculum implementation (mean 3.2% [Q1–Q3: 2.6–3.5%] pre- vs. 3.1% [2.5–3.8%] post-, p > 0.99). The FAVD percentage was increased (1.2% [0.8–1.5%] vs. 2.0% [1.4–2.6%], p = 0.027) and the VAVD percentage was decreased (2.0% [1.6–2.2%] vs. 1.2% [0.9–1.3%], p Conclusion The implementation of an OVD curriculum in our OB/GYN residency program resulted in an increase in the percentage of FAVD and the ratio of FAVD to VAVD. Key Points
Foundations of the Vanguard: The Origins of Leftist National Liberation Rebel Groups

What explains the emergence of leftist national liberation rebel groups? I present one causal pathway that unfolded in the early-to-mid-20th century and involved out-group individuals uprooting to imperial metropoles for assimilatory education programs. Once there, out-group individuals experienced discrimination by in-group members of the empire. Discriminatory experiences by imperial in-group members, despite out-group expectations of similar privileges, prompted a series of psychological and behavioral responses that made out-group individuals more likely to accept national liberation—independence and social revolution—as a political goal and adopt leftist ideologies while forming cohesive bonds with other out-group individuals and participating in political agitation. The combination of psychological and behavioral responses resulted in a cohesive, experienced and relatively well-equipped vanguard seeking leftist national liberation. Exploiting as-if random variation in educational experiences of rebel leaders in Eritrea’s Independence War, I quantitatively and qualitatively test mechanisms using archival and primary materials and an original dataset. Results are robust to multiple specifications including out-of-sample qualitative tests that include archival data from four countries. The project illustrates the formation of a highly consequential type of insurgency with implications for the formation of revolutionary jihadist groups.
Dual-function oleaginous biocatalysts for non-sterile cultivation and solvent-free biolipid bioextraction to reduce biolipid-based biofuel production costs

Triacylglycerols (TAGs) are starting materials for the production of biolipid-based fuels such as biodiesel and biojet fuel. While various microorganisms can produce TAGs from renewable resources, the cultivation of TAG-producing microorganisms under sterilization conditions to avoid microbial contamination and application of solvent to extract TAGs from the TAG-filled microorganisms are costly. To overcome these challenges, this study reports the feasibility of a non-sterile cultivation of an oleaginous bacterium Rhodococcus opacus PD631SpAHB under saline conditions, followed by the use of a solvent-free, phage-lysis-protein-based bioextraction approach for TAGs release. The engineered strain PD631SpAHB was developed by introducing a recombinant plasmid carrying a phage lytic gene cassette (pAHB) into Rhodococcus opacus PD631 via transformation, followed by adaptive evolution under saline conditions. This newly developed strain is a salt-tolerant strain with the inducible plasmid pAHB to enable TAGs release into the supernatant upon induction. Cell lysis of PD631SpAHB was confirmed by the decrease of the optical density of cell suspension, by the loss of cell membrane integrity, and by the detection of TAGs in the culture medium. Up to 38% of the total TAGs accumulated in PD631SpAHB was released into supernatant after the expression of the lytic genes. PD631SpAHB strain is a promising candidate to produce TAGs from non-sterile growth medium and release of its TAGs without solvent extraction - a new approach to reduce the overall cost of biolipid-based biofuel production.
Implementing an Iterative and Collaborative Approach to Inclusive First-Semester General Chemistry Laboratory Redesign

General chemistry laboratory curriculum reform is underway at a midsized state university through a collaborative, inclusive, and iterative approach. Using a backward design approach, faculty collaborated to actualize a shared vision, define laboratory learning objectives, and outline considerations for inclusivity during summer workshops that guided the process of curriculum design. With support from an instructional designer from the Center for Innovative Teaching and Learning, as well as faculty development support through an HHMI Inclusive Excellence grant, the faculty have designed and implemented the new curriculum, assessed the implementation, and continue to make iterative change based on student data and reflection. The goal of this report is not to provide a new set of chemistry laboratories, rather, we share our framework to provide an example of how to implement a collaborative and inclusive laboratory redesign.
The C. elegans Notch proteins LIN-12 and GLP-1 are tuned to lower force thresholds for activation than Drosophila Notch

Abstract The conserved transmembrane receptor Notch mediates cell fate decisions in all animals. In the absence of ligand, a Negative Regulatory Region (NRR) in the Notch ectodomain adopts an autoinhibited confirmation, masking an ADAM protease cleavage site [1, 2]; ligand binding makes the cleavage site accessible, leading to shedding of the Notch ectodomain as the first step of signal transduction [3, 4]. In Drosophila and vertebrates, the ligands are all single-pass transmembrane Delta/Serrate/LAG-2 (DSL) proteins; the endocytic adaptor Epsin binds to the ubiquitinated intracellular domain, and the resulting Clathrin-mediated endocytosis exerts a “pulling force” that exposes the cleavage site in the NRR [4–6]. However, in C. elegans, the presence of natural secreted DSL proteins [7] and other observations suggested that Epsin-mediated endocytosis may not be required to activate the Notch proteins LIN-12 and GLP-1. Here, we confirm that neither Epsin nor the cytosolic domains of DSL proteins are required for Notch signaling in C. elegans. Furthermore, we provide evidence that the NRRs of LIN-12 and GLP-1 are tuned to a lower force level than the NRR of Drosophila Notch. Finally, we show that adding a Leucine “plug” that occludes the cleavage site in vertebrate and Drosophila Notch proteins but is absent in the C. elegans Notch proteins [1, 2] renders the LIN-12 and GLP-1 NRRs dependent on Epsin-mediated ligand endocytosis, indicating that greater force is now required to expose the cleavage site. Thus, the NRRs of LIN-12 and GLP-1 appear to be tuned to a lower force threshold, accounting for the different requirements for signaling in C. elegans.
Sorry if! On Conditional Apologies

Usually, apologies are made by using non-conditional utterances: “I apologize for ruining your evening!” Very little, if any, attention has been given so far to conditional apologies which typically use utterances such as “If I have ruined your evening, I apologize!” This paper argues that such conditional utterances can constitute genuine apologies and play important moral roles in situations of uncertainty. It also proposes a closer analysis of such conditional apologies (rejecting some alternative accounts) and contrasts them with unconditional apologies.
Hot deformation behavior of extruded Mg–Zn–Y–Zr alloy

Abstract The Mg–Zn–Y–Zr alloys, which exhibit high strength and high elongation, have great potential for applications in many fields, such as automotive, aircraft, and aerospace industries. However, plastic deformation behavior under hot compression is still not fully understood. Hot compression tests of extruded Mg–Zn–Y–Zr alloy were performed at temperatures from 250 °C to 450 °C and strain rates from 0.001 s−1 to 1 s−1. A constitutive equation and processing map were developed to describe the flow characteristics. In addition, isothermal forging tests were conducted to verify the optimal deformation parameters. The results show that the strain rate and deformation temperature exert remarkable influences on the flow stress. The average activation energy and the stress exponent of deformation were determined as 137.400 kJ/mol and 3.707, respectively. The efficiency of power dissipation was high for all deformation conditions compared to the cast Mg–Zn–Y–Zr alloy, and the processing map exhibited four domains with high efficiency of power dissipation. The optimal deformation temperatures and strain rates for extruded Mg–Zn–Y–Zr alloy were 350–400 °C and 0.001–0.1 s−1, respectively. Components were prepared successfully according to the optimal deformation temperature and strain rate, which exhibited good surface quality and no deformation defect. The component after aging treatment exhibited an ultimate tensile strength of 396 MPa, a yield strength of 356 MPa and an elongation of 5.2%.
Modelling the Development of Fire in a Forest Environment

This paper describes the stages of fire development of a free-burning fire in a forest environment and some of the models that have been developed for predicting fire behaviour in forest fuels that exist on or near the surface of the forest floor.
Biology of simian virus 40 (SV40) transplantation antigen (TrAg): VI. Mechanism of induction of SV40 transplantation immunity in mice by purified SV40 T antigen (D2 protein)

Abstract Simian virus 40 large T antigen (D2 protein), purified to homogeneity from HeLa cells infected with adenovirus 2-SV40 hybrid virus (Ad2+D2), was tested for the presence of SV40 transplantation rejection antigenic sites by the in vivo transplantation rejection assay and by the in vitro lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity assay. The results show that the D2 protein immunized BALB/c mice against a challenge of syngeneic SV40 tumor cells. The D2 protein, upon injection into C57B1/6 mice, also induced the generation of thymus-derived cytotoxic lymphocytes which specifically lysed SV40-transformed C57B1/6 mouse embryo fibroblasts. These results suggest that a product(s) coded by the early SV40 genome is present at the surface of SV40-transformed cells and acts as the transplantation rejection antigen.
Glutamate receptor-induced 45Ca2+ accumulation in cortical cell culture correlates with subsequent neuronal degeneration.

Murine neuronal and glial cell cultures exposed briefly to glutamate accumulated large amounts of 45Ca2+ from the extracellular medium during the exposure. Most of the accumulation likely reflected influx into neurons, as little accumulation was observed in similarly treated glial cultures. When the concentration of glutamate was varied between 10 and 1000 microM, or exposure duration was varied between 0 and 10 min, the amount of 45Ca2+ accumulation correlated closely with the amount of neuronal death 24 hr later. Both 45Ca2+ accumulation and cell death could be attenuated in a dose-dependent manner by the competitive NMDA antagonist D-aminophosphonovalerate or the noncompetitive antagonist dextrorphan, with IC50 values of approximately 100 microM and 15 microM, respectively. In contrast, neither 45Ca2+ accumulation nor cell death was blocked by the alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4- isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA)/kainate antagonist 6-cyano-7- nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX) in the presence of high glycine. With brief exposure, high concentrations of AMPA, kainate, or K+ produced much less death or 45Ca2+ accumulation than produced by glutamate, especially if 10 microM MK-801 was included in the exposure medium to block NMDA receptor activation. Kainate- or AMPA-induced 45Ca2+ accumulation or neuronal cell death was blocked with CNQX. However, high K(+)-triggered 45Ca2+ accumulation was only partially blocked with CNQX plus MK-801, consistent with mediation by voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. In addition to measuring the accumulation of 45Ca2+ occurring during agonist exposure, we also assessed accumulation during the 30 min immediately following completion of a 3–5 min exposure to 500 microM NMDA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
APPLICATION OF SOLAR TECHNOLOGY TO FUEL PPODUCTION CHEMICAL PROCESSING, AND THERMOCHEMICAL ENERGY TRANSPORT: STATUS AND FUTURE

ABSTRACT A number of research efforts in the United States, Germany, Israel, Australia, Russia, Spain and Switzerland are pursuing the possibility of applying solar thermal technology to chemical processes. Potential applications include thermochemical energy transport, hydrogen production, oil shale retorting, coal gasification, destruction of hazardous wastes, solar-pumped lasers for production of exotic chemicals, carbothermic reduction of metal oxides, and the pyrolysis of biomass. These efforts and their relationships to the various national programs are discussed. The concept of a direct catalytic absorption receiver (DCAR) for application to solar-driven chemical processes is also presented. The future of non-electric applications of solar thermal technology appears to be bright.
Towards a system architecture supporting contextualized learning

We have developed a conceptual framework and a demonstration system that contextualize (or situate) learning in the context of real-world work situations. The conceptual framework is based on the following requirements: the choice of tasks and goals must be under the control of the user, not the system. The environment must be able to situate learning, allow situations to "talk back," support reflection-in-action, identify the instructional information relevant for tasks at hand, and tum breakdowns from disasters into opportunities for learning. Learning must not disrupt or interfere with solving a problem, and new information to be learned must help to accomplish the task at hand. Our demonstration system JANUS (developed for the domain of architectural design) is built on an integrated architecture: a knowledge-based construction component, a hypermedia-based argumentation component, a set of critics, and a catalog of precedent solutions. Contextualized learning is supported by the critics that link construction and argumentation, and precedent solutions from the catalog that situate argumentation. Evaluation of JANUS and the underlying conceptual framework have shown that this approach combines some of the best features of open-ended learning environments and tutoring systems.
Introduction to Amici Curiae Brief in Young V. United Parcel Service, Inc.

On March 25, 2015, the U.S. Supreme Court issued its decision in Young v. United Parcel Service, Inc., the most important pregnancy discrimination case before the Court in nearly a quarter century. The Court ruled for Peggy Young in a decision that will chart the path of pregnancy discrimination litigation for years to come. Our brief, published here with a short introduction, lays out our theory for why an employer’s refusal to accommodate pregnancy with light-duty assignments on the same terms as other medical conditions similarly affecting work violates Title VII and the Pregnancy Discrimination Act. The brief was filed on Sept. 10, 2014, on behalf of women’s and civil rights organizations and twenty-nine law professors with expertise in pregnancy discrimination. It weaves together insights from recent legal scholarship on pregnancy and maternity to construct a coherent theory of pregnancy discrimination and its centrality to women’s inequality. We hope that the brief will help illuminate the scope of the victory in Young, contributing to a better understanding of the theory behind the PDA.
ENERGY REQUIREMENTS FOR COOKING BEEF RIB ROASTS

Microwave cooking was the most energy sparing of four methods of cooking beef rib roasts ranging from 2.2–2.6 kg in weight. The mean energy consumption for this method was 473 W-hr/kg. The greatest amount of energy was required for roasting in an oven-broiler appliance set for slow-heat (838 W-hr/kg) and a high-temperature (260°C) interrupted method (839 W-hr/kg). Conventional roasting (163°C) was intermediate in its energy requirement (648 W-hr/kg).
Boundary Conditions for Iteratively Realized Sequential Circuits

A more compact and structured way of obtaining the boundary conditions for iteratively realized sequential circuits is presented. The notion of a ``predecessor tree'' is used.
Cardiopulmonary bypass as an adjunct to pulmonary surgery

Although performance of concomitant open heart and pulmonary operations has been described, there is general reluctance to perform pulmonary procedures in patients receiving cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Reasons for this include fear of excess bleeding caused by systemic heparinization, limited exposure afforded by median sternotomy, and alterations in the immune system caused by CPB that might lead to dissemination of lung cancer or infection. We have used CPB to facilitate operations on the lung in four patients who did not require concomitant cardiac surgery. In each case, lesions involving central pulmonary vessels precluded safe operation by conventional techniques. There were no complications related to the use of CPB. We believe that CPB can be a valuable adjunct in the surgical treatment of selected tumors and vascular malformations that involve large or central pulmonary vessels.
Abstract IA22: PI3K and cancer metabolism

Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase (PI3K) is a central enzyme in a signaling pathway that mediates cellular responses to growth factors. The signaling pathway downstream of PI3K is highly conserved from worms and flies to humans and genetic analysis of the pathway has revealed a conserved role in regulating glucose metabolism and cell growth. Mutational events that lead to hyperactivation of the PI3K pathway result in hamartoma syndromes and cancers. Activating mutations in PIK3CA, encoding the p110alpha catalytic subunit of PI3K or inactivating mutations in PTEN, a phosphoinositide 3-phosphatases that reverses the effects of PI3K, are among the most common events in solid tumors. Drugs that target PI3K are in clinical trials for a variety of cancers. It is likely that PI3K pathway inhibitors will need to be combined with other drugs to be broadly effective. We have employed genetically engineered mouse models that develop cancers due to mutations in genes in the PI3K pathway and are using these models to explore the efficacy of PI3K pathway inhibitors as single agents or in combination with other drugs. The role of PI3K inhibitors for treating cancers in these mouse models and in human trials will be discussed. Citation Format: Lewis C. Cantley. PI3K and cancer metabolism. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Third AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Basic Cancer Research; Sep 18-22, 2013; National Harbor, MD. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(19 Suppl):Abstract nr IA22.
Architecture of the remote routing validation tool for BGP anomaly detection

The Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is an Inter-domain routing protocol that has gradually evolved over the past few decades. The main functionality of BGP is to exchange Network Layer Reachability Information (NLRI) between ASes so that a BGP speaker can find a better path to the destination of packets. However, BGP is highly vulnerable to a variety of attacks such as IP hijacking, masquerade, and Denial of Service (DOS). In order to protect BGP, there is a plethora of research on BGP security, such as Secure BGP (S-BGP), Secure Origin BGP (SO-BGP), Pretty Secure BGP (psBGP), Pretty Good BGP (pgBGP), and so on. In this paper, we propose Architecture of the Remote Routing Validation Tool (RRVT) which provides a communication channel between ordinary BGP routers and BGP-SRx server so that the ordinary BGP routers can validate BGP messages. BGP-SRx server, developed by NIST, offers the interface to the RPKI/ROA validation Cache using the RPKI.
Immunohistochemical demonstration of neuron-specific enolase and microtubule-associated protein 2 in reactive astrocytes after injury in the adult forebrain

Abstract Transformation of normal resting astrocytes to reactive astrocytes in the adult brain after injury has been well documented. Using double immunofluorescent labeling methods, we report that astrocytes in both the ischemically damaged and the retrogradely/ anterogradely degenerating forebrain nuclei express not only the glial cell markers glial fibrillary acidic protein and vimentin, but also the neuronal markers neuron-specific enolase and microtubule-associated protein 2. Since these neuronal markers are expressed in glial precursor cells, these results suggest that one of the characteristic responses of astrocytes in the adult brain after injury may be re-expression of fetal trait(s) of early differentiating glial cells/neurons.
Spectroscopic and ab initio structure of the heterocyclic ring tetrahydrothiophen-3-one

Abstract Microwave spectroscopy of tetrahydrothiophen-3-one 34S and 13C isotopic species was used to determine the puckering conformation of the five-membered heterocyclic ring. Kraitchman and least-squares-fit analyses of the moments of inertia describe an envelope ring conformation with C(5) puckered out of the plane established by the remaining heavy atoms. The C(5)-envelope conformation was also found to be the lowest energy structure by ab initio (MP2/6-31G∗∗) optimizations of the structure.
CLONINGER'S TEMPERAMENT AND CHARACTER INVENTORY AND THE NEO FIVE-FACTOR INVENTORY

Szrmmary.-A principal axis factor analysis was jointly for che seven Temperament and Character Inventory scales and the five NEO Five-Factor Inventory scales, using 95 male and 109 female introductory psychology studencs. The five Factors obtained were similar to the five major personality factors of Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness, and supported the cornprehensiveness of the five-factor model of personality. In recent years, there has been a great deal of research interest in the five-factor model of personahty, which consists of Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness as the five major factors. The five-factor model of personality is based on the lexical hypothesis that basic individual differences are represented in the natural language in terms of trait descriptive adjectives and that the five-factor model provides a comprehensive framework for describing the personahty structure underlying peer ratings as well as self-ratings (Digman, 1990). McCrae (1991) has proposed the five-factor model as a universal and comprehensive framework for describing personabty and also for interpreting different personahty systems. Costa and McCrae (1985, 1992) developed the NEO Personabty Inventory to provide scales for measuring the five major personality factors. Costa and McCrae (1992) asserted that the NEO Personahty Inventory would be useful in clinical diagnosis because it measures emotional, interpersonal, and motivational styles relevant for dagnosis of a wide range of personality disorders. There is some empirical evidence supporting the utility of the five-factor model for understanding the structure of personality disorders. For example, Wiggins and Picus (1989) performed a principal components analysis for the personality disorder scales from the MMPI Personabty Disorder scales (Morey, Waugh, & Blashfield, 1985) and the Personahty Adjective Chechst scales (Strack, 1987) along with the NEO Personality Inventory (Costa & McCrae, 1985) domain scales. Results indicated five factors whch were interpreted as the five major personality factors. In another study, Schroeder, Wormworth, and Livesley (1992) conducted a factor analysis for the personality disorder scales from the Dimensional Attribution of Pathology-Basic
Should physicians be Bayesian agents

Because physicians use scientific inference for the generalizations of individual observations and the application of general knowledge to particular situations, the Bayesian probability solution to the problem of induction has been proposed and frequently utilized. Several problems with the Bayesian approach are introduced and discussed. These include: subjectivity, the favoring of a weak hypothesis, the problem of the false hypothesis, the old evidence/new theory problem and the observation that physicians are not currently Bayesians. To the complaint that the prior probability is subjective, Bayesians reply that there will be ultimate convergence, but the rebuttal to this is that there will not be uniform convergence. Secondly, since the Bayesian scheme favors a weak hypothesis, theories turn out to be a gratuitous risk. The problem with the false hypothesis comes out in the denominator of the theorem, revealing that a factor which is not a theory at all is being considered in the reasoning. On the old evidence/new theory problem old evidence cannot confirm a new theory so that the posterior probability will equal the prior probability. Finally, empiric studies have shown that current physicians are not Bayesians. But on consideration of Bayesian inference as a system of inference, it can be reasoned that physicians should be Bayesians. However, the problem of physicians' and patients' own subjectivity continue to plague this system of medical decision making.
Computation of subsonic and transonic flow about lifting rotor blades

An inviscid, nonconservative, three-dimensional potential flow code has been developed for computing the quasi-steady flow about an isolated lifting rotor blade. Calculations from the code were compared with chordwise pressure measurements obtained in a wind tunnel on a nonlifting rotor at transonic tip speeds at advance ratios from 0.40 to 0.55. The overall agreement between theoretical calculations and experiment was good. To illustrate the early capability of the program, the flow about a hypothetical lifting rotor blade having twist, airfoil thickness taper, and a 20 deg sweptback tip was analyzed at azimuthal positions of 60, 90, and 120 deg for an advance ratio of 0.342. A typical run on a CDC 7600 computer required about 5 min for one rotor position at transonic tip speeds.
A comparative computational/experimental investigation of Mach 2 flow over a rearward-facing step

Abstract A numerical study of the Mach 2 flow over a rearward-facing step was performed using the SPARK Navier-Stokes code as a companion to a comprehensive experimental investigation conducted at the University of Virginia using Laser-Induced Iodine Fluorescence (LIIF) and Laser Doppler Anemometry (LDA) techniques. Turbulence was modeled with the Baldwin-Lomax turbulence model. First, calculations of the Mach 2 nozzle were performed and excellent agreement was obtained between the calculated and measured velocity profiles one step height upstream of the step. Secondly, comparisons were made between the calculations and measurements obtained with both planar and pointwise fluorescence techniques for the rearward-facing step flow field. This study represents the first comparison between in-stream static temperature measurements and CFD calculations for supersonic flow over a rearward-facing step. Agreement between the planar measurements and the calculations was observed regarding the position of the prominent flow features: the expansion fan, the shear layer, and the reattachment shock. Significantly lower temperature measurements were observed in low-momentum regions of the flow field. Comparisons between the pointwise measurements and the calculations exhibited very good quantitative agreement. The calculated and measured pressures, temperatures and velocities agreed within 5% at approx. 85% of the experimental locations.
A virtual prototyping approach to product disassembly reasoning

Abstract An important aspect of Design for the Life Cycle is assessing the disassemblability of products. After an artifact has completed its useful life, it must be disassembled then recycled, remanufactured or scrapped. Disassemblability of a product can be evaluated by performing disassembly activities on prototypes. Virtual prototyping (VP) is an alternative to hardware prototyping in which analysis of designs can be done without manufacturing physical samples. In recent years, disassembly processes have been generated either by using interactive or automated approaches, but these approaches have limitations. Interactive approaches require extensive user input usually in the form of answering questions, whereas automated approaches can only be used to generate disassembly processes for products with simple component configuration and geometry. In this paper automated and interactive techniques are combined, using VP, to generate complete disassembly processes of a product design. To support generation of disassembly processes of a product, a virtual environment and VP method were developed that will support disassembly activities performed by a designer. The product model of the virtual prototype is generated from the CAD model. The disassembly process model for the prototype is generated using automated reasoning techniques and is completed by interactively disassembling the product in the virtual environment. Extensions to automatic reasoning techniques to compute ranges of feasible directions of component removal were developed to facilitate the generation of the disassembly process. A scheme to represent the disassembly process for disassemblability evaluation was developed and implemented. In this paper a Chrysler LHS center console has been used to illustrate our approach of generating disassembly processes via VP.
Modelling Cooperative Advertising Decisions in Franchising

Advertising fee decisions in franchise systems are a frequent source of conflict between franchisors and franchisees. Such disagreements persist because the win-win potential of vertical cooperative advertising is not well appreciated. Our paper introduces a formal normative approach for analyzing, understanding and subsequently making these vertical cooperative advertising decisions within a franchising context in a manner that results in optimal system-wide returns. The model demonstrates that cooperative determination of franchisor's and franchisee's advertising contributions may yield superior payoffs for both exchange partners than the total payoff if the franchisor and franchisee seek to optimize their individual objective functions. Three types of models are developed and evaluated (i.e. deterministic, stochastic and under conditions of differing perceptions of the sales response functions to advertising). Conclusions hold under all three model variants. Industry implications are also presented.
Capacity-Speed Relationships in Prefrontal Cortex

Working memory (WM) capacity and WM processing speed are simple cognitive measures that underlie human performance in complex processes such as reasoning and language comprehension. These cognitive measures have shown to be interrelated in behavioral studies, yet the neural mechanism behind this interdependence has not been elucidated. We have carried out two functional MRI studies to separately identify brain regions involved in capacity and speed. Experiment 1, using a block-design WM verbal task, identified increased WM capacity with increased activity in right prefrontal regions, and Experiment 2, using a single-trial WM verbal task, identified increased WM processing speed with increased activity in similar regions. Our results suggest that right prefrontal areas may be a common region interlinking these two cognitive measures. Moreover, an overlap analysis with regions associated with binding or chunking suggest that this strategic memory consolidation process may be the mechanism interlinking WM capacity and WM speed.
Purification and initial characterization of a potential plant vacuolar targeting receptor.

Abstract Clathrin-coated vesicles are known to be involved in the transport of proteins from the Golgi to the vacuole in plant cells. The mechanisms by which proteins are directed into this pathway are not known. Here we identify an integral membrane protein of approximately 80 kDa, extracted from clathrin-coated vesicles of developing pea (Pisum sativum L.) cotyledons, that bound at neutral pH to an affinity column prepared with the N-terminal targeting determinant of the vacuolar thiol protease, proaleurain, and eluted when the pH was lowered to 4. The protein was not retained on a control column prepared with the N-terminal sequence of a homologous, secreted thiol protease, endopeptidase B. The 80-kDa protein also accumulated in a membrane fraction that is less dense than clathrin-coated vesicles. In vitro studies demonstrated a binding constant of 37 nM between the approximately 80 kDa protein and the proaleurain targeting determinant. A peptide with a vacuolar targeting determinant from prosporamin weakly competed for binding to the approximately-80 kDa protein, while a peptide carrying a single amino acid substitution known to abolish prosporamin vacuolar targeting had no measurable binding affinity for the protein. The binding protein is a glycoprotein with a transmembrane orientation in which the C terminus is exposed to the cytoplasm. The binding domain is located in the N-terminal luminal portion of the protein. These properties of the binding protein are consistent with the function of a receptor that would select proteins in the trans-Golgi for sorting to clathrin-coated vesicles and delivery to the vacuole.
Formaldehyde yields from methanol electrochemical oxidation on carbon-supported platinum catalysts

The formation of formaldehyde during methanol electrochemical oxidation on supported Pt and Pt-Ru catalysts was investigated. While on solid platinum electrodes, the formaldehyde yields from methanol oxidation are near 30% at low potentials; the yields fall below 2% for methanol electrochemical oxidation on carbon-supported catalysts in Nafion. The lower formaldehyde yields, which result from more complete methanol oxidation, are believed to arise from the ability of partial oxidation products to be transported to an array of active catalyst sites dispersed within the three-dimensional network of the Nafion film.
AN ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY OF PINOCYTOSIS IN AMEBA : I. The Surface Attachment Phase.

The attachment to the surface of the ameba (Chaos chaos L. (Pelomyxa carolinensis, Wilson)) of two proteins, ribonuclease and ferritin, and two colloidal suspensions, thorium dioxide and gold, was studied in the electron microscope. The initial step in the pinocytosis of ferritin and thorium dioxide particles by amebas is shown to be the attachment of these substances to the "hairlike" extensions of the plasmalemma. Ribonuclease caused alterations in the structure of the plasmalemma, but on account of its relative lack of density, it could not be definitely localized. Colloidal gold did not appear to be active with respect to pinocytosis in amebas. Since molecules in solution and particles in suspension are taken up by the same mechanism, the first step of which is their attachment to the cell surface, it is suggested that a single mechanism underlies phagocytosis, pinocytosis, ropheocytosis, cytopempsis, and potocytosis.
In situ Hybridization to Study the Origin and Fate of Identified Neurons

Egg-laying behavior in Aplysia is mediated by a set of peptides, including egg-laying hormone (ELH), which are released by a cluster of identified neurons, the bag cells. A family of neuropeptide genes which includes the gene encoding ELH along with two additional genes encoding the A and B peptides thought to initiate the egg-laying process has been isolated and their nucleotide sequence has been determined. In situ hybridization and immunofluorescence was used to explore the origin and distribution of the neurons that express this family of genes. The ELH genes are expressed, not only in the bag cells, but in an extensive system of neurons distributed in four of the five ganglia of the central nervous system. The genes for ELH are expressed in these cells early in the animal's life cycle. As a result, it was possible to use in situ hybridization to trace the cells expressing ELH to their site of origin. The cells originate outside the central nervous system in the ectoderm of the body wall and appear to migrate to their final locations within the central nervous system by crawling along strands of connective tissue.
Interaction of biphenylimidazole and imidazoleacrylic acid nonpeptide antagonists with valine 108 in TM III of the AT1 angiotensin receptor

Interspecies amino acid exchange, based on pharmacological differences between mammalian AT1 and amphibian xAT angiotensin II receptors, previously demonstrated that Val108 in transmembrane III (ValIII:08) is a critical structural requirement for binding the biphenylimidazole, losartan. Here, we investigated a series of biphenylimidazole and imidazoleacrylic acid nonpeptides to determine the general role of Val108 in nonpeptide recognition. Substitution of Val108 in the rAT1b receptor with Ile, the corresponding residue in xATa, significantly reduced ligand affinities from both nonpeptide classes (Fmut values (mutant IC50/rAT1bIC50): losartan > L-162,389 > L-16,313 > L-162,017 = L-163,491 > SB-203,220 > SK&F-108,566). While distinct molecular requirements exist for biphenylimidazole and imidazoleacrylic acid binding, these results suggest that Val108 is a common structural determinant of nonpeptide recognition on the AT1 receptor.
Surgical Treatment of Dacryocystitis

Dacryocystitis is a common infection of the lacrimal sac. In adults, dacryocystitis results from an obstruction (ie, dacryostenosis) of the nasolacrimal duct. Dacryocystitis can be either an acute or chronic infection, and both forms usually are unilateral in nature. The hallmark symptom of both forms of dacryocystitis is epiphora (ie, excessive tearing). An obstruction of the lacrimal duct also can cause dacryocystitis. This article discusses the surgical treatment of dacryocystitis and provides a case study that illustrates perioperative nursing care of a patient who required surgical treatment of this lacrimal duct disorder.
Method of Solution for a Class of Multidimensional Nonlinear Evolution Equations

A general method is given for solving certain inverse problems in the plane. The results can be used to construct the solution to the initial-value problems of related nonlinear evolution equations in two spatial and one temporal dimension. The method also allows one to compute lumps, i.e., multidimensional solitons tending to zero in all spatial directions.
The role of hydrogen in the reaction of water with surface carbon to form methane

A recirculating batch reactor system constructed of Pyrex used at moderate pressure and a stainless steel reactor employed at higher pressures were used to study the role of H/sub 2/ in the reaction of water with surface carbon to form CH/sub 4/. Catalysts composed of Ni, Co, or Ru supported on zirconia, silica, Zr-304, or alumina and prepared in various ways were used to catalyze the reaction. The order of reaction with respect to water was determined by adding different amounts of water to samples, and no methane was formed for amounts of water up to 84 mole of H/sub 2/O/g catalyst. Thereafter, the initial rate of CH/sub 4/ formation was first-order dependence upon initial H/sub 2/O concentration. On the basis of catalyst mass, Ni supported on zirconia was the most active for initial production of CH/sub 4/ and H/sub 2/. The data presented furnish evidence for sequential reactions of the formation of H/sub 2/ which then reacts with the surface carbon to form methane by hyrogenation rather than by the direct reaction of water with carbon. (BLM)
Context-Dependent Requirement for dE2F during Oncogenic Proliferation

The Hippo pathway negatively regulates the cell number in epithelial tissue. Upon its inactivation, an excess of cells is produced. These additional cells are generated from an increased rate of cell division, followed by inappropriate proliferation of cells that have failed to exit the cell cycle. We analyzed the consequence of inactivation of the entire E2F family of transcription factors in these two settings. In Drosophila, there is a single activator, dE2F1, and a single repressor, dE2F2, which act antagonistically to each other during development. While the loss of the activator dE2F1 results in a severe impairment in cell proliferation, this defect is rescued by the simultaneous loss of the repressor dE2F2, as cell proliferation occurs relatively normally in the absence of both dE2F proteins. We found that the combined inactivation of dE2F1 and dE2F2 had no significant effect on the increased rate of cell division of Hippo pathway mutant cells. In striking contrast, inappropriate proliferation of cells that failed to exit the cell cycle was efficiently blocked. Furthermore, our data suggest that such inappropriate proliferation was primarily dependent on the activator, de2f1, as loss of de2f2 was inconsequential. Consistently, Hippo pathway mutant cells had elevated E2F activity and induced dE2F1 expression at a point when wild-type cells normally exit the cell cycle. Thus, we uncovered a critical requirement for the dE2F family during inappropriate proliferation of Hippo pathway mutant cells.
Management of ductal carcinoma in situ.

Abstract Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is an early, localized stage of breast carcinoma that has an excellent prognosis when it is properly treated. The significant increase in the frequency of diagnosis of DCIS in recent years is the result of both better recognition of DCIS among pathologists and widespread use of screening mammography. Multicentricity, bilaterality and histologic subtype are important considerations in the management of this disease. The clinical presentation of DCIS is the presence of either a palpable mass or a mammographic abnormality, most frequently in the form of an area of microcalcifications. For several decades, total mastectomy was considered the appropriate treatment for DCIS, and it should still be considered the standard to which more conservative forms of treatment must be compared. Breast conservation surgery has been used with increasing frequency in the treatment of DCIS but the adequacy of this approach remains subject to controversy. Segmental mastectomy alone may be applied with caution in carefully selected patients, while the rest of the patients undergoing breast conservation surgery should be treated with breast irradiation. Axillary node dissection is generally considered unnecessary in the treatment of DCIS. There is no role for adjuvant chemotherapy in the management of this disease. The role of tamoxifen in the treatment of DCIS is not clearly defined and it should be given only to patients enrolled in clinical trials. Ongoing research should clarify the controversies surrounding DCIS and enable us to define the optimal management for this disease.
Public speaking attitudes: does curriculum make a difference?

Summary In light of infamous levels of fear associated with public speaking, businesses are training staff in communication effectiveness and universities are requiring courses in public speaking. A variety of approaches to individual training are available, but few studies have assessed effectiveness of group instruction, as in academic curricula. The specific purpose of this study was to compare changes in scores on measures of self-perceived confidence, competence, and apprehension associated with public speaking after two types of courses: one focused on knowledge of the vocal mechanism and mastering vocal characteristics (pitch, volume, rate, quality), and one addressing general communication theory and public speaking. Seventy-one undergraduate students enrolled in "Voice and Diction" at George Washington University (GWU) and 68 enrolled in "Fundamental Speech" at Florida State University completed questionnaires before and after the courses. Scores on Self-Perceived Communication Competence Scale, Personal Report of Confidence as a Speaker, and Personal Report of Communication Apprehension-24, were compared within subjects (ie, prepost course) and between courses. Significant differences ( p