cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How grossed out are you? The neural bases of emotion regulation from childhood to adolescence

The ability to regulate one's emotions is critical to mental health and well-being, and is impaired in a wide range of psychopathologies, some of which initially manifest in childhood or adolescence. Cognitive reappraisal is a particular approach to emotion regulation frequently utilized in behavioral psychotherapies. Despite a wealth of research on cognitive reappraisal in adults, little is known about the developmental trajectory of brain mechanisms subserving this form of emotion regulation in children. In this functional magnetic resonance imaging study, we asked children and adolescents to up-and down-regulate their response to disgusting images, as the experience of disgust has been linked to anxiety disorders. We demonstrate distinct patterns of brain activation during successful up- and down-regulation of emotion, as well as an inverse correlation between activity in ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and limbic structures during down-regulation, suggestive of a potential regulatory role for vmPFC. Further, we show age-related effects on activity in PFC and amygdala. These findings have important clinical implications for the understanding of cognitive-based therapies in anxiety disorders in childhood and adolescence.
THE EFFECT OF EGOCENTRIC VS. GRAVITATIONAL INSTRUCTIONS ON THE ROD‐AND‐FRAME TEST

It has previously been shown that a tilted frame induces a shift in perceived body position opposite in direction to the frame tilt. If this illusion of self-tilt is involved in rod-and-frame test performance, then instructions to adjust the rod to the body midline (egocentric instructions) should result in less rod adjustment error than the standard instructions for the rod-and-frame test to adjust the rod to the gravitational vertical. In effect, egocentric instructions should subtract the gravitational component from the total rod-and-frame effect. Nine relatively field-dependent subjects made rod adjustments under both instructional conditions and while seated in erect and tilted positions. Significant differences between instructional conditions were found, as expected. Other rod-and-frame studies are discussed in view of these findings.
Plant-Wide Waste Management. 1. Synthesis and Multiobjective Design

Combinatorial process synthesis is a novel paradigm for flow sheet synthesis. Its two-staged synthesis algorithm generates all feasible operational alternatives followed by rigorous optimization of structurally superior flowsheets. In the conventional practice, process synthesis aims at minimizing total annualized cost. However, designs with maximum economic performance may cause unbalanced environmental impact. It should not be surprising that subsequent cleanup and waste treatment efforts often compound actual process overhead unaccounted for in the traditional design philosophy. Therefore, environmental considerations should be accommodated alongside economic performance. In this first paper of a triple series, we will introduce the concept of combinatorial process synthesis for developing plant-wide recovery and treatment policies for batch manufacturing sites. The flow sheet generation step combined with multiobjective optimization will render operating policies with optimal trade-off among the confl...
Simplified method for the isolation of thermally labile drug-DNA adducts: Characterization of chlorambucil and carzinophilin/azinomycin B alkylation products

Abstract A simple and rapid method has been developed for the isolation of thermally labile DNA alkylation products. Use of calf thymus DNA in combination with size exclusion filtration provides good yields >40% of chlorambucil-guanine adducts. Application of this method to the isolation of alkylation products of carzinophilin/azinomycin B affords material consistent with guanine monoalkylation.
A non-invasive method for reconstructing the relative mortality rates of trees in mixed-age, mixed-species forests

Abstract The death of overstory trees drives changes throughout forest ecosystems. Knowledge of mortality rates for these larger trees provides a long-term perspective on forest development and forest health. Tree mortality rates are typically determined by repeated censusing of trees over extended time intervals. We describe a method of reconstructing relative mortality rates that does not require injuring live trees on the study plots. To determine when trees died, we used cross-dating (matching tree-ring patterns of dead and live trees), identification of sapling releases, and assessment of tree decomposition. Dead trees were identified to genus or sub-genus by microscopic examination of wood. We reconstructed live tree community structure so that mortality could be relativized on a taxonomic-group- and tree-size-specific basis by the tree densities existing when mortality occurred. We modified a forest development model to operate backwards in time and validated this model by comparing past tree stem diameters predicted by the model with past stem diameters known from tree-ring measurements. All tree-ring measurements from live trees were obtained off the study plots. We report data for all trees ≥20 cm diameter at breast height (DBH) from seven oak-hickory forest sites in Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio, USA. Total plot area was 6.7 ha. Mortality rates were determined for the past 20 years by genus or sub-genus, DBH, and decade. The average mortality rate was 0.60% per year. The accuracy of the reconstructed mortality rates approaches that of mortality rates obtained by repeated censusing. While this mortality reconstruction method does not yield data for individual species, and may involve some compromise in accuracy, the method offers substantial benefits: long-term mortality data may be obtained from a short-term study, mortality rates may be obtained for the past, and because this reconstruction method is non-invasive, future mortality rates can be measured on the same plots.
Effect of ultrasonics on thromboplastinase-labile component and toxicity of injected thromboplastin.

SummaryThe effects of ultrasonic treatment on human brain thromboplastic suspensions have been presented. Although causing a loss in clotting potency, ultrasonic treatment does not affect the toxicity of intravenous tissue thromboplastin nor has it destroyed the TPase-labile component. The results are discussed and possible implications presented.
Calculating Centroids in Constrained Mixture Experiments

In constrained mixture experiments the centroid of a constraint region has traditionally been defined as the average of all extreme vertices of the region. This differs from the classical physics definition of a centroid as the center of mass (or volume) of a region. An algorithm for calculating a centroid based on the center of mass definition is discussed and illustrated with an example. This centroid calculation technique can be used to calculate centroids of various dimensional faces and edges of the constraint region as well as of the overall centroid. Results of the center-of-mass and averaged-extreme-vertices centroid computation techniques are compared using examples from the literature.
The use of the preperitoneal approach for the simultaneous repair of inguinal hernia during surgery on the bladder and prostate

Repair of a hernia can be performed safely and expeditiously during a radical pelvic operation by the preperitoneal approach through a median longitudinal incision. We present the results of 41 preperitoneal herniorrhaphies performed simultaneously with 343 radical retropubic prostatectomies and 26 radical cystoprostatectomies. There was no evidence of hernial recurrence after a mean of 28 months and no complications attributable to the hernial repairs. We illustrate the preperitoneal anatomy, and the technique, which allows the safe and efficacious performance of a hernial repair during a urologic procedure.
Degradable, pH-sensitive, membrane-destabilizing, comb-like polymers for intracellular delivery of nucleic acids.

Abstract This report describes the design and synthesis of a new series of degradable, pH-sensitive, membrane-destabilizing, comb-like polymers that can enhance the intracellular delivery of therapeutic nucleic acids. These comb-like polymers are based on a diblock polymer backbone where the first block is a copolymer of pH-sensitive ethyl acrylic acid (EAA) monomers and hydrophobic butyl methacrylate (BMA) or hexyl methacrylate monomers. The second block is a homopolymer of N-acryloxy succinimide (NASI) or s-benzyl l -aspartate N-carboxy-anhydride (BLA-NCA) monomers, which are functionalized to allow controlled grafting of hydrophobic HMA and cationic trimethyl aminoethyl methacrylate (TMAEMA) copolymers via acid-labile hydrazone linkages. These comb-like polymers displayed high hemolytic activity in acidic solutions, which increased with the increase in polymer concentration. All comb-like polymers degraded into small fragments upon incubation in an acidic solution (pH 5.8) due to hydrolysis of the hydrazone linkages connecting the hydrophobic/cationic grafts to the polymer backbone. Comb-like polymers successfully complexed anti-GAPDH siRNA molecules into serum- and nuclease-stable particles, which successfully silenced GAPDH expression at both the mRNA and protein levels. These results collectively indicate the potential of these new comb-like polymers to serve as vehicles for effective intracellular delivery of therapeutic nucleic acids.
Construction of genetic linkage maps and QTL mapping for X-disease resistance in tetraploid chokecherry ( Prunus virginiana L.) using SSR and AFLP markers

Chokecherry (Prunus virginiana L.) (2n = 4x = 32) is a unique Prunus species for both genetics and disease resistance research due to its tetraploid nature and known variations in X-disease resistance. X-disease is a destructive disease of stone fruit trees, causing yield loss and poor fruit quality. However, genetic and genomic information on chokecherry is limited. In this study, simple sequence repeat (SSR) and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers were used to construct genetic linkage maps and to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with X-disease resistance in chokecherry. A segregating population (101 progenies) was developed by crossing an X-disease-resistant chokecherry line (RC) with a susceptible chokecherry line (SC). A total of 498 DNA markers (257 SSR and 241 AFLP markers) were mapped on the two genetic maps of the two parental lines (RC and SC). The map of RC contains 302 markers assigned to 14 linkage groups covering 2,089 cM of the genome. The map of SC has 259 markers assigned to 16 linkage groups covering 1,562.4 cM of the genome. The average distance between two markers was 6.9 cM for the RC map and 6.0 cM for the SC map. One QTL located on linkage group 15 on the map of SC was found to be associated with X-disease resistance. Genetic linkage maps and the identified QTL linked to X-disease resistance will further facilitate genetic research and breeding of X-disease resistance in chokecherry and other Prunus species.
Teacher Questioning to Promote Justification and Generalization in Mathematics: What Research Practice Has Taught Us

Abstract This article explores the teacher's role in classroom environments that center on learning through student exploration, and reinvention, of important mathematics. In such environments, teachers will often work to create situations where students are invited to express their thinking, most especially to peers. How is this done? In the work reported here, both teacher questioning and teacher listening will play important parts, as does the teacher's background understanding of the mathematics and the children. This study focuses especially on teacher questioning in third- and fourth-grade classrooms associated with a longitudinal study now in its eleventh year. Analyses of videotaped data indicate a strong relationship between (1) careful monitoring of students' constructions leading to a problem solution, and (2) the posing of a timely question which can challenge learners to advance their understanding. What a teacher needs to know in order to work well with student explorations has important implications.
Consumption and Environmental Degradation: A Cross-National Analysis of the Ecological Footprint

Consumption and concomitant environmental degradation are among the most pressing global issues confronting us today. This research argues that these problems are embedded within the context of hierarchical inter-state relationships and intra-national characteristics in the modern world-system. Using cross-national comparisons among 208 countries, I construct a recursive indirect effects model to estimate the direct, indirect, and total effects of world-system position, domestic inequality, urbanization, and literacy rates on a comprehensive indicator of per capita consumption of natural resources: the ecological footprint. I find that world-system position has the strongest positive total effect on per capita consumption, followed by urbanization and literacy rates. Domestic inequality, by contrast, has a strong negative total effect on per capita consumption. In a second analysis, I examine the extent to which cross-national variation of consumption levels occurs within different zones of the world-system. I find and discuss two outliers in the core and one in the periphery, and a relatively high level of variation in the semiperiphery.
A rapid and reliable method for the quantitation of tricyclic antidepressants in serum using HPLC-MS/MS.

Abstract Objective Here we describe a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the detection of tricyclic antidepressant drugs (amitriptyline, desipramine, imipramine, and nortriptyline) in serum. Design and methods Following a protein precipitation from serum and dilution of supernatant with water, these analytes and their internal standards (deuterated versions of each drug) were injected, separated, and eluted from a Hypersil Gold C-18 (50 × 2.1 mm) analytical column with a gradient of water and acetonitrile each with 0.1% formic acid. Analytes were then ionized and detected over a 3.5 minute analysis time by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry with multiple reaction monitoring. Matrix effects were characterized using three methods: post-column infusion, pre- and post-extraction addition of analyte to matrix, and comparison of neet to serum preparations. Results The inter-day and intra-day coefficients of variation for all compounds were ≤ 12%. The limit of detection for all drugs was Conclusion We have developed a specific and sensitive method for rapid quantitation of tricyclic antidepressants in serum, suitable for use in the clinical laboratory.
Active Learning within a Lecture: Assessing the Impact of Short, In-Class Writing Exercises.

Students in 2 large sections of an introduction to psychology course responded in writing during class to questions regarding material recently presented in lecture. After writing, they shared and discussed their responses with others. The exercises motivated attendance, and students generally reacted positively to the technique. There was some evidence that completing the exercises facilitated learning, although the exercises did not appear to stimulate intellectual activity outside of class. The technique is an easy and effective way to enhance a lecture and stimulate active learning during class.
Crystal Structure of Silicon Pyrophosphate (Form I) from Powder Diffraction Data

Abstract The crystal structure of silicon pyrophosphate (Form I) was solved from X-ray powder data and refined by the Rietveld method. The crystals belong to the hexagonal space group P63 with a = 4.7158(3) A and c = 11.917(1) A. There are two SiP2O7 traits in the unit cell. Both the P atoms and the Si atom are located on threefold axes. The silicon atoms are situated in the ab plane at z = 0 and 1 2 . One of the P atoms of the pyrophosphate group is located slightly above the plane at z = 0 while the other is slightly below the plane at z = 1 2 . Thus, the structure resembles the layer structure of α-zirconium phosphate. The layers in the present case, however, are held together by the P-O-P bonds. The relationship between this structure and those of the other pyrophosphates and the layered M(HPO4)2 phases is discussed.
Self-organizing maps: stationary states, metastability and convergence rate

We investigate the effect of various types of neighborhood function on the convergence rates and the presence or absence of metastable stationary states of Kohonen's self-organizing feature map algorithm in one dimension. We demonstrate that the time necessary to form a topographic representation of the unit interval [0, 1] may vary over several orders of magnitude depending on the range and also the shape of the neighborhood function, by which the weight changes of the neurons in the neighborhood of the winning neuron are scaled. We will prove that for neighborhood functions which are convex on an interval given by the length of the Kohonen chain there exist no metastable states. For all other neighborhood functions, metastable states are present and may trap the algorithm during the learning process. For the widely-used Gaussian function there exists a threshold for the width above which metastable states cannot exist. Due to the presence or absence of metastable states, convergence time is very sensitive to slight changes in the shape of the neighborhood function. Fastest convergence is achieved using neighborhood functions which are "convex" over a large range around the winner neuron and yet have large differences in value at neighboring neurons.
The cultural construction of gendered bodies: Biology and metaphors of production and destruction*

(1989). The cultural construction of gendered bodies: Biology and metaphors of production and destruction. Ethnos: Vol. 54, No. 3-4, pp. 143-160.
Glutaric aciduria type 1: a clinician's view of progress.

Glutaric aciduria type 1 (GA1) arises from an enzymatic block in the common degradation pathway for lysine and tryptophan. It is a cause of crippling striatal necrosis during infancy (Strauss et al ., 2003). Clinical experience teaches us two things about GA1. First, predicting precisely when and if basal ganglia injury will occur in an individual is presently difficult, if not impossible. Second, when such injuries ensue, we have no therapeutic instruments to stop them. Thus, to prevent injuries we need prediction, and there is ample clinical evidence that plasma and urine organic acid measurements are inadequate for this purpose (Strauss et al ., 2003). Real progress in the treatment of GA1 requires a deeper understanding of the premorbid state—the set of physiological adaptations entrained by abnormal organic acid metabolism in the brain. For this knowledge to be applied physiological changes that precede the catastrophic event must be defined, anatomical or biochemical abnormalities causatively can be linked to brain injury so that monitored in the clinical setting. Such a picture does not readily emerge from in vitro experiments, which generally use isolated single cell types from a variety of non-human species assayed under non-physiological conditions (see Kolker et al ., 2004, for review), Nevertheless, these results cannot be reproduced consistently (Freudenberg et al ., 2004), and are difficult to reconcile with the complex conditions that prevail in a living patient. Careful post-mortem studies are an invaluable tool for understanding physiological derangements that occur in life. In this issue of Brain , Dr Funk and colleagues report on six post-mortem brains from aboriginal Ojibway–Cree GA1 patients of Northern Canada to, in their words, ‘offer additional insight into the pathogenesis of the disorder … [to] help us develop an intervention strategy that could prevent the episode associated with acute striatal …
Sustainable agriculture is humane, humane agriculture is sustainable

Procedures that increase the sustainability of agriculture often result in animals being treated more humanely:both livestock in animal and mixed farming and wildlife in arable farming. Equally, procedures ensuring humane treatment of farm animals often increase sustainability, for example in disease control and manure management. This overlap between sustainability and humaneness is not coincidental. Both approaches can be said to be animal centered, to be based on the fact that animal production is primarily a biological process. Proponents of both will gain from recognition of commonality and development of cooperation. A collaborative approach to humane sustainable agriculture will benefit animals, people, and the environment.
An Artistic Perspective On The Continuity Of Space And The Origin Of Modern Geologic Thought

The western European rediscovery of geometric perspective during the fourteenth century revolutionized the understanding of spatial relationships in general, and the structure of nature in particular. Renaissance artists-naturalists wrought this revolution, and the roots of the earth sciences can be traced to achievements such as Leonardo da Vinci's oldest known work of art, a drawing of the hills of Tuscany. A perspectival analysis of it reveals a distinct sequence of laterally continuous, horizontal strata which scaffold the Tuscan hills the way that bones give structure to the flayed human body in ecorche images that Renaissance anatomists such as Vesalius as well as da Vinci produced. The drawing depicts original horizontality. superposition, and lateral continuity nearly two hundred years before Steno defined them in words in his Prodromus. Steno was educated in mathematics and anatomy, and his Prodromus is clearly an attempt to apply the geometric principles he had learned to further advance the Ren...
Discriminative-stimulus effects of second generation synthetic cathinones in methamphetamine-trained rats

Abstract Background Synthetic cathinones are beta-ketophenethylamine analogs manufactured to avoid legal restrictions placed on illicit stimulants like methamphetamine. Regulating these “emerging” designer drugs require scientific evidence of abuse potential. Methods The present study evaluated the discriminative-stimulus effects of three synthetic cathinones, recently identified in commercial and confiscated products, in male Sprague-Dawley rats trained to discriminate methamphetamine (1.0 mg/kg) from saline under a fixed-ratio (FR) 20 schedule of food delivery. Three synthetic cathinones, 4-methyl-N-ethylcathinone (4-MEC; 1.0–8.0 mg/kg), 4-methyl-alpha-pyrrolidinopropiophenone (4-MePPP; 4.0–16.0 mg/kg), and alpha-pyrrolidinopentiophenone (alpha-PVP; 0.25–2.0 mg/kg) were tested for their ability to substitute for methamphetamine. Results Full substitution for the training dose of methamphetamine occurred at the highest doses for both 4-MePPP and alpha-PVP, and 4-MEC did not substitute at any dose tested. Conclusions The present findings show that two synthetic cathinones, 4-MePPP and alpha-PVP, produced subjective effects similar to those of methamphetamine. The synthetic cathinone, 4-MEC, did not produce subjective effects similar to those of methamphetamine with the parameters used in the current experiment. Based on findings here and by others, these three compounds warrant further tests of abuse potential.
Determination of Drugs in Dosage Forms by Difference Spectrophotometry

The technique of difference spectrophotometry was applied to the rapid assay of numerous pharmaceuticals, without prior separation from other materials. Contributions to absorbance by interferences were automatically canceled; characteristic isosbestic points provided proof of this. Factors affecting selection of optimum pH were investigated, and reactions such as hydrolysis or formation of Schiff bases were utilized to produce spectral shifts. These and other aspects of the technique are discussed in detail.
On the 27-plet unitary symmetry operator

Abstract The unitary spin-tensor operator transforming as the representation [4 2 0] in SU (3) (the 27-plet) is discussed in detail. Using a recent result for the unique (nonarbitrary) splitting of the multiplicity, complete algebraic formulas are determined for the complete 27-plet operator. Symmetry properties of the 27-plet operator are given. Applications to both particle and nuclear physics are discussed.
Consumer's surplus and income redistribution

Abstract In reformulating consumer's surplus analysis, Hicks focused on a single household. The present essay extends the analysis to many households in a manner that seems not yet to have been explored systematically: by integrating consumer's surplus with the social welfare function. This is done in a general, as distinct from the usual partial, equilibrium context. A resulting formula, relating the community's gain from a resource reallocation in a novel way to the associated changes in volume and distribution of income, inclusive of surpluses, may facilitate applications. The analysis may also clarify some recurring issues regarding consumer's surplus.
Melting and Crystallization of Polyethylene of Different Molar Mass by Calorimetry

Crystallization and melting of n-paraffins of chain lengths up to C60H122 can be largely reversible, and practically no supercooling is seen in differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and temperature-modulated DSC (TMDSC). To find the changes with chain length for this effect, polyethylene fractions of oligomers of mass 560, 1150, and 2150 Da and a polymer of mass 15 520 Da were analyzed. The mode of analysis was quasi-isothermal TMDSC with an amplitude of 0.5 K about a fixed series of temperatures. For the oligomer of 560 Da, a mainly reversing melting was seen, similar to the behavior of paraffins of the same molar mass. The oligomer of 2150 Da as well as the polymer shows an irreversible crystallization with a crystallization of more than 5.0 K below the melting temperature, and the oligomer of 1150 Da is intermediate. Typical for polymers, a small amount of reversing material remains in the melting range of the polymer. The 1150 and the 2150 Da oligomers grow to extended-chain crystals, and the polyme...
Who Doesn’t Know Someone in Jail? The Impact of Exposure to Prison on Attitudes Toward Formal and Informal Controls

This paper examines how experience with the criminal justice system contextualizes the relationship between people’s attitudes toward informal and formal social controls. In a survey of residents of Leon County, Florida, we asked respondents whether or not they knew someone who had been incarcerated. We also asked about their assessment of informal controls in their neighborhoods and about public control with questions about police, judges, and the criminal justice system as a whole. We find that knowing someone who has been incarcerated makes people with a low assessment of formal control also have a low opinion of informal control. Blacks are more likely than nonblacks to have a low opinion of informal social control only if they have not been exposed to incarceration. Knowing someone who has been incarcerated makes blacks and nonblacks just as likely to hold a negative assessment of informal social control.
Reprint of "CFD simulations of circulating fluidized bed risers, part II, evaluation of differences between 2D and 3D simulations

Abstract Two-dimensional (2D) numerical simulations have been widely reported in the literature for qualitative, even quantitative, study of the complex gas–solids flow behavior in circulating fluidized bed (CFB) risers. It is generally acknowledged that there exist quantitative differences between 2D and three-dimensional (3D) numerical simulations. However, no detailed study evaluating such differences can be found for simulations of CFB risers. This paper presents 2D and 3D numerical simulations of three different CFB risers. Axial pressure gradients from both 2D and 3D simulations are compared with the experimental data. It has been clearly demonstrated that the 2D simulation cannot satisfactorily reproduce the 3D simulation results. A further comparison of radial profiles of void fraction and solids velocity for an axi-symmetric riser configuration is reported and the quantitative differences between 2D and 3D simulations are analyzed. In conclusion, 2D simulation is only recommended for qualitative evaluation and 3D modeling is recommended for predictive simulations.
Interrelationships of the durophagous stingrays (Batoidea: Myliobatidae)

In the last few years, estimates of the patterns and timing of the evolution of the pelagic, durophagous stingrays (Myliobatidae) have improved through new comparative data from morphology, the fossil record, and DNA sequences. These recent studies are here reviewed and a conservative summary of myliobatid diversification and origins is presented. The interrelationships and morphological evolution of the durophagous stingrays are discussed, including the nature of devil rays as derived myliobatids. An exploration of myliobatid origins includes estimates of the timing of their diversification and an assessment of gymnurids as a possible sister group. The prevailing signal suggests that the most recent common ancestor of extant myliobatids was a Late Cretaceous oscillating swimmer with a pavement-like dentition. The devil ray lineage began the transition to planktivory by at least the Oligocene, with dentition gradually reduced from grinding plates of interlocking elements to long rows of homodont teeth. Finally, the validity of the genera Manta (Bancroft, 1829) and Pteromylaeus (Garman, 1913) are called into question.
Investigation and Refinement of Palladium-Coupling Conditions for the Synthesis of Diarylethyne-Linked Multiporphyrin Arrays

The synthesis of diarylethyne-linked multiporphyrin arrays requires Pd-mediated coupling conditions that are performed in dilute solution in the absence of copper and that give reaction mixtures that are easily purified. We previously developed copper-free Pd-mediated coupling conditions (Pd2(dba)3 and AsPh3 in toluene/triethylamine (5:1) at 35 °C) but extensive chromatography was required to remove unidentified porphyrinic byproducts. We have used laser-desorption mass spectrometry (LD-MS) and analytical size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) to assay the products from the coupling reaction of a zinc(II) iodophenylporphyrin (ZnI) and a zinc(II) ethynylphenylporphyrin (ZnU‘). Analysis of the crude reaction mixture revealed the diphenylethyne-linked dimer (Zn2U) as the major product, byproducts plausibly derived from phenyl−aryl exchange processes (a phenylated derivative of ZnU‘, a Ph2As-substituted derivative of ZnI), byproducts believed to originate from direct phenylation processes (a phenylated derivativ...
Challenging models for flow in unsaturated, fractured rock through exploration of small scale processes

Fluid flow in unsaturated, fractured rock is studied with respect to applied environmental problems ranging from remediation of existing contaminated sites to evaluation of potential sites for isolation of hazardous or radioactive wastes. Spatial scales for such problems vary from meters to kilometers with temporal scales from months to tens of thousands of years. Because such scales often preclude direct physical exploration of system response and detailed site characterization, the authors are regularly forced to use their understanding (or misunderstanding) of the underlying physical processes to predict large scale behavior. It is essential that conceptual models used as the basis for prediction be firmly grounded in physical reality. In this paper, they provide examples of how recent advances in understanding of small-scale processes within discrete fractures may influence the behavior of fluid flow in fracture networks and ensembles of matrix blocks sufficiently to impact the formulation of intermediate-scale effective media properties. The authors also explore, by means of a thought experiment, how these same small-scale processes could couple to produce a large-scale system response inconsistent with current conceptual models of flow through unsaturated, fractured rock. 20 refs.
Depository document selection in academic law libraries: A core list of items selected

Abstract This article reports the results of a study done of the item selection patterns of selective federal depositories in academic law libraries. Previously published core lists of documents for law school collections are reviewed, and the issue of a minimum percentage requirement for selection is clarified. The current study proposes a new list, one derived from research using data from the GPO Automated Item Number File. A magnetic tape of the item selections for the 143 law school libraries with depository status as of May 1983 was obtained by the author from the Government Printing Office. The tape was reformatted to show the number of libraries selecting each item. A list was then created of the 200 item numbers that appeared most frequently, and these were matched with SuDocs numbers using the List of Classes. The result is a core list of titles selected by three-fourths or more of the libraries. This list of basic titles is analyzed. Also discussed are the types of documents which appear on a list of 200 infrequently-selected item numbers (selected by 10 or 11 percent of the libraries), though the list is not reproduced here. It was found that over two-thirds of the available item numbers are selected by less than 10 percent of the libraries. Results of this research can serve as a guide to law-related documents perceived to be most useful for law school depository librarians.
P4-05-01: Rab25 Alters Cellular Energetics and Growth Signaling during Breast Oncogenesis.

Background: Conservation and consumption of cellular energy is centrally regulated by growth and metabolism of the whole organism. The cancer cell gains autonomy from this regulation to become an organism with indeterminate growth potential. Plasma membrane receptors including growth factors and nutrient receptors are sensors for microenvironmental cues that dictate the intracellular energetic pathways to recalibrate ATP production based on available resources. So altercations in both growth and metabolic pathways are common features of cancers. A unifying component between receptor mediated growth signaling and metabolic pathways within a cell could be the vesicular trafficking system that imports, transports and exports a wide array of cargo from both these pathways. In fact, derailed endocytosis is a hallmark of cancer. The endocytic pathway, as demonstrated by our laboratory, is a frequent target of genomic aberrations in cancer, and plays a critical role in maintenance of cellular polarity, stem cell fnction, bioenergetics, proliferation, motility, invasion, metastasis, apoptosis and autophagy. The Rab GTPases along with their effectors are critical regulators of this endocytic machinary and can have a huge impact on the cellular iterinary of growth and metabolism. Methods and results: A broad spectrum analysis of distribution of all the Rab family members across 52 breast cancer cell lines reflected a dichotomous distribution of Rab25, with higher mRNA and protein expression in ER+ cell lines. Rab 25 is of immense interest to us because of its unique substitution of leucine for glutamine at position 71which typically decreases the intrinsic GTPase activity, resulting in a dominant, constitutively active protein, akin to a transforming RAS mutation. Using high throughput mRNA data analysis, we report that Rab25 and its effector Rab Coupling Protein (RCP) are frequently coamplified and coordinately elevated in ER +ve breast cancers. Specifically in the luminal B subtypes, they are significantly associated with a markedly worsened outcome. In vitro, in MCF7 cell line, we observe an increased EGFR stability and MAPK signaling in Rab25 overexpressing stable clones which could be reversed with shRNA knockdown of Rab25. Loss of either Rab25 or RCP inhibited survival and growth of MCF7 lines under serum free conditions suggesting that Rab25 can potentially facilitate growth factor independence in cancer cells. Most importantly, we report that Rab25 enhances mitochondrial ATP production in breast and ***ovarian cancer cells and significantly reduces acidification of the ECM. Our ongoing experiments are directed towards understanding the mechanistic link between Rab25 mediated effects on EGFR/pERK signaling and its effects on cellular metabolism. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2011;71(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-05-01.
Effects of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Outbreaks on U.S. Cattle and Beef Prices

U.S. trade of beef and live cattle declined substantially after the discoveries of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in Canada and the United States in 2003. In this study, an econometric model is developed to estimate the effects of lifting trade restrictions on U.S. cattle and beef prices. Results show that increases in imports of Canadian cattle and beef would lower prices of slaughter steers, feeder steers, and retail beef, but these negative impacts would be more than negated by the positive effects on prices that would result if beef exports return to near pre-BSE levels.
Acetylation by p300 Regulates Nuclear Localization and Function of the Transcriptional Corepressor CtBP2

CtBP family members, CtBP1 and CtBP2, are unique transcriptional regulators that adapt a metabolic enzyme fold, and their activities are regulated by NAD(H)-binding. CtBP1 is both cytoplasmic and nuclear, and its subcellular localization is regulated by sumoylation, phosphorylation, and binding to a PDZ protein. In contrast, we showed that CtBP2 is exclusively nuclear. CtBP1 and CtBP2 are highly similar, but differ at the N-terminal 20 amino acid region. Substitution of the N-terminal domain of CtBP1 with the corresponding CtBP2 domain confers a dominant nuclear localization pattern to CtBP1. The N-terminal domain of CtBP2 contains three Lys residues. Our results show that these Lys residues are acetylated by the nuclear acetylase p300. Although all three Lys residues of CtBP2 (Lys-6, Lys-8, and Lys-10) appear to be acetylated, acetylation of Lys-10 is critical for nuclear localization. CtBP2 with a single amino acid substitution at Lys-10 (K10R) is predominantly localized in the cytoplasm. The cytoplasmic localization of the K10R mutant is correlated with enhanced nuclear export that is inhibited by leptomycin B. Furthermore, lack of acetylation at Lys-10 renders CtBP2 to be more efficient in repression of the E-cadherin promoter. Our studies have revealed the important roles of acetylation in regulating subcellular localization and transcriptional activity of CtBP2.
Modes of formation of tin fission products

The modes of formation of 121Sn, 123Sn, 125Sn, 127Sn, and 128Sn from thermal-neutron induced fission of 235U have been investigated by separating indium and tin rapidly, in times as short as 4 sec after fission occurred, and measuring the amount of tin isotope formed by beta decay of indium precursors. The results are summarized in the following table. Fraction of Sn nuclide from beta decay of: In(short-lived) In(long-lived) Fraction formed independently 27-hr 121sn 0·82 +0·04 0·18±0·04 <0·14 −0.·13 40-min 123Sn 0·77 +0·06 0·23±0·06 <0·15 −0·14 129-day 123Sn 0·5 9·6-min 125Sn 0·65 +0·10 0·35±0·10 <0·5 −·35 9·6-day 125Sn 0·5 4·4-min 127Sn <0·25 2·1-hr 127Sn 0·06±0·02 59-min 128Sn <0·01 Full-size table Table options View in workspace Download as CSV In addition it was determined that 0·55±0·15 of the short-lived (30-sec) 121In is formed by beta decay of 13-sec 121Cd. The sums of independent yield of the 123Sn isomers and of the 125Sn isomers are considerably greater than those estimated from extrapolated nuclear-charge distribution parameters. This apparent yield enhancement is attributed mainly to the closure of the 50-proton shell.
Physical Organic Chemistry of Transition Metal Carbene Complexes. 21.1 Kinetics and Mechanism of Hydrolysis of (CO)5MC(SR)Ar (M = Cr and W; R = CH3 and CH3CH2CH2; Ar = C6H5 and 3-ClC6H4) in Aqueous Acetonitrile. Important Differences Relative to Complexes with Alkoxy Leaving Groups

A kinetic study of the hydrolysis of (CO)5MC(SMe)Ph (M = Cr and W) in 50% MeCN−50% water (v/v) at 25 °C over a pH range from 1.7 to 14.2 is reported. The reaction occurs in two stages: the first is formation of (CO)5MC(O-)Ph or (CO)5MC(OH)Ph while the second stage leads to the formation of PhCHO and (CO)5MOH-. This paper is concerned with the first stage. The rate−pH profiles are complex and consistent with a mechanism (Scheme 1) that involves water/OH- addition to the substrate to form a tetrahedral intermediate ( ), followed by product formation via five potential pathways whose relative importance depends on the pH. A more limited study of the reactions of (CO)5MC(SCH2CH2CH3)Ph (M = Cr and W) and (CO)5MC(SMe)C6H4-3-Cl (M = Cr and W) with OH- is also reported. The main focus of the discussion is aimed at understanding the reactivity differences between (CO)5MC(SMe)Ph and the corresponding methoxy analogues studied earlier. This understanding is in large measure based on an analysis of how the intrinsic...
Successful treatment of a coronary cameral fistula secondary to elective sirolimus-eluting stent implantation

Coronary cameral fistulae, communications between the coronary tree and the chambers of the heart, are a rare complication of percutaneous coronary intervention. The functional significance and management of these fistulae remain uncertain. We report such a case in a patient undergoing elective sirolimus-eluting stent implantation and provide a review of the literature.
Diagnosis of Breast Cancer Using Optical Spectroscopy

Summary Fluorescence and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy have shown great promise in diagnosing cancer at a number of organ sites, including the cervix, bronchus, and colon. Recent research has also found that similar techniques, when applied to the breast, can provide fast, accurate diagnosis of breast cancer. An additional avenue of research has focused on investigating the biological basis of spectroscopic differences seen in tissue. This manuscript serves as a review of these recent studies, as well as providing an outline of future work yet to be accomplished to further the use of these techniques as a clinical tool.
Upper versus lower Colorado River sub-basin streamflow: characteristics, runoff estimation and model simulation

Streamflow in the upper Colorado River in the western USA is always snowmelt dominated, whereas the lower river's perennial streamflows are snowmelt dominated only 50% of the time. The magnitude and timing of peak flows is important for water resources management. In the upper basin the annual maximum daily discharge usually occurs in May or June, and in the lower basin this peak is observed to occur in any month except May or June. The timing of one-half of the specific runoff is used as a second measure of the variability in timing and magnitude of streamflows. For the upper basin, nine watersheds are used to illustrate streamflow trends, with the Yampa River used as a sample sub-basin. For the lower basin, five watersheds are used, of which Salt River is used as sample sub-basin. The differences in monthly flow variation over 20-year time periods (1920-1939, 1940-1959, 1960-1979, and 1980-1999) are substantial for the Salt River but not for the Yampa River. Three model types were used to estimate streamflow characteristics. An autocorrelation model was used to generate winter specific runoffs, which were more reasonable for the Yampa River than the Salt River. A regression between snow water equivalent (SWE) and winter specific runoff showed a good correlation for the two sub-basins. A weaker relationship exists between SWE and non-winter flows for the sample lower basin watershed. Streamflow was simulated relatively well using the Precipitation Runoff Modeling System hydrological model.
Recent progresses on real-time 3D shape measurement using digital fringe projection techniques

Over the past few years, we have been developing techniques for high-speed 3D shape measurement using digital fringe projection and phase-shifting techniques: various algorithms have been developed to improve the phase computation speed, parallel programming has been employed to further increase the processing speed, and advanced hardware technologies have been adopted to boost the speed of coordinate calculations and 3D geometry rendering. We have successfully achieved simultaneous 3D absolute shape acquisition, reconstruction, and display at a speed of 30 frames/s with 300 K points per frame. This paper presents the principles of the real-time 3D shape measurement techniques that we developed, summarizes the most recent progresses that have been made in this field, and discusses the challenges for advancing this technology further.
Determinants of U.S. Exports to China

Abstract This paper examines U.S. goods trade with China, focusing on the performance of exports. Throughout the analysis, we explore whether U.S. trade is unusual by contrasting it with trade from Japan and the EU-15.1 The issue is examined from three perspectives: the commodity composition of exports, the role of multinational corporations (MNCs), and the determinants of trade as specified in a formal “gravity model.” As an initial point of departure, we show that the commodity composition of U.S. exports to China is similar to the pattern of exports to the world as a whole, and that the operations of U.S. MNCs have only minor implications for trade with China. Consequently, we emphasize the estimation of a set of “gravity equations” that explore the role of market size and distance from the United States. Distance exerts a surprisingly large effect on trade. Finally, although exports to China may be a small share of U.S. GDP, they are relatively substantial compared to U.S. exports to other countries. ...
On the Use of GPP and JXTA for Developing a Multiagent System for Robot Control

Communication between different agents always relies on the platform on which they are developed. Depending on the chosen platform a series of advantages and disadvantages are obtained which must be addressed when developing a system. That is why in the following the GPP platform for development of agents is presented, which was integrated with the network protocol provided by the JXTA project, thus giving a peer-to-peer network architecture between the containers involved. Finally, a multi-agent system was developed using this platform, which by using webcams and Lego robots operated by agents enabled the user, through another agent, to perform actions over the robots, abstracting the network created by the containers for organizing the physical network.