cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparing the Effects of Design Thinking and A3 Problem-Solving on Resident Attitudes Toward Systems Change.

Background Quality improvement (QI) is a required component of graduate medical education. Many medical educators struggle to foster an improvement mindset within residents. Objective We conducted a mixed-methods study to compare a Design Thinking (DT) approach to QI education with a Lean, A3 problem-solving approach. We hypothesized that a DT approach would better promote a mentality of continuous improvement, measured by residents' resistance to change. Methods Thirty-eight postgraduate year 2 internal medicine residents were divided into 4 cohorts during the 2017-2018 academic year. One cohort participated in an experimental QI curriculum utilizing DT while 3 control cohorts participated in the existing curriculum based on Lean principles. Participants voluntarily completed a quantitative Resistance to Change (RTC) scale pre- and post-curriculum. To inform our understanding of these results, we also conducted semistructured interviews for qualitative thematic analysis. Results The effect size on the overall RTC score (response rate 92%) was trivial in both groups. Three major themes emerged from the qualitative data: factors influencing the QI learning experience, factors influencing creativity, and general attitudes toward QI. Each contained several subthemes with minimal qualitative differences between groups. Conclusions This study found similar results in terms of their effect on attitudes toward systems change, ability to promote creative change agency, and educational experience. Despite positive educational experiences, many residents still did not view systems-based problem-solving as part of their professional identity.
Real-Time Framework for Monitoring Cyber Disruptions in Power Grids

This paper presents a novel real-time attack monitoring framework to locate various attacks and identify post- attack operating conditions using enormous data measured by Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs). Data Mining based online divisive-agglomerative time-series data stream clustering along with data reduction and classification techniques are employed to detect attacks and determine their location by monitoring a minimal number of measuring units. Attack severity and criticality indices are formulated to assess the severity of the attack and identify post-attack critical elements in the system to prevent the attack resulting in a large failure. The proposed methodology is tested on IEEE 24 Bus Reliability Test System (RTS) and 118 Bus test systems using simulated data considering attacks on different system elements under varying operating conditions. Additionally, the robustness and real-time applicability of the proposed attack detection methodology is verified, and its strengths and limitations are discussed.
β-Cyclodextrin-containing Polymer Treatment of Cutaneous Lupus and Influenza Improves Outcomes

Nucleic acid (NA)-containing damage- and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs and PAMPs, respectively) are implicated in numerous pathological conditions from infectious diseases to autoimmune disorders. Nucleic acid-binding polymers, including polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers, have demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties when administered to neutralize DAMPs/PAMPs. The PAMAM G3 variant has been shown to have beneficial effects in a cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) murine model and improve survival of mice challenged with influenza. Unfortunately, the narrow therapeutic window of cationic PAMAM dendrimers makes their clinical development challenging. An alternative nucleic acid-binding polymer that has been evaluated in humans is a linear β-cyclodextrin-containing polymer (CDP). CDP's characteristics prompted us to evaluate its anti-inflammatory potential in CLE autoimmune and influenza infectious disease mouse models. We report that CDP effectively inhibits NA-containing DAMP-mediated activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in cell culture, improves healing in lupus mice, and does not immunocompromise treated animals upon influenza infection but improves survival even when administered 3 days after infection. Finally, as anticipated, we observe limited toxicity in animals treated with CDP compared with PAMAM G3. Thus, CDP is a new anti-inflammatory agent that may be readily translated to the clinic to combat diseases associated with pathological NA-containing DAMPs/PAMPs.
Fulminant Ulcerative Colitis With Toxic Dilation of the Colon Medical and Surgical Management of Eleven Cases With Observations Regarding Etiology

In the course of acute fulminant ulcerative colitis the development of a markedly distended colon, so-called "toxic dilation," has been recognized as an ominous prognostic sign presenting many difficult medical and surgical problems.l-6 This bowel distention is usually associated with a deteriorating clinical picture of fever, prostration, and hemorrhage, and frequently the colon perforates, causing generalized peritonitis and death. A careful review of our experience in managing 11 patients with acute, fulminant ulcerative colitis in whom this complication developed supports the use of ACTH and the adrenal steroid hormones in all phases of therapy, and demonstrates the effectiveness of subtotal colectomy and ileostomy as a definitive form of treatment. In addition, this study suggests that in many instances colonic distention was precipitated by the
Variations in External Parallax Errors

The present astrometric program of the Van Vleck Observatory began in 1967. Since then it has emphasized parallaxes and proper motions of stars of the lower main sequence which are not identified on the basis of proper motion and are therefore not biased towards high space velocity. Later an analysis was made from parallax and proper motion data from 70 stars in the spectral range dK3-M2 (Upgren 1973) which found the average external mean error in parallax to be 8.0 ± 1.7 mas (milliarcseconds). This external error was found to vary little from one parallax to another and to have no correlation with the formal internal errors for the individual parallax determinations. Hanson and Lutz (1983) confirm this result using the parallaxes of 14 members of the Hyades cluster also determined at Van Vleck. They find a mean external parallax error of 94 ± 1.8 mas and suggest that the proximity of the two determinations may be evidence that Van Vleck parallaxes may be characterized by a single external error. Their slightly larger figure may or may not reflect the relatively fewer plates and epochs of observation from which the Hyades parallaxes were determined.
Review article: current management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.

Summary Background Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome. Aim To assess the epidemiological impact and the current management of patients with NAFLD. Methods Published peer-reviewed literature and abstracts concerning NAFLD and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) were reviewed. Articles specifically related to epidemiology, diagnosis and current treatment strategies for NAFLD and NASH are summarized. Results NAFLD is strongly associated with the epidemic of obesity and type-2 diabetes mellitus, and is estimated to affect about 20–30% of the population in the US. From the spectrum of NAFLD, only patients with biopsy-proven NASH (estimated prevalence in the US population is about 3–5%) have been convincingly shown to progress to cirrhosis, liver failure and hepatocellular carcinoma. The clinical manifestation of NAFLD is usually absent or subtle, with abnormal aminotransferases or incidental radiographic findings of fatty liver. The pathogenesis of NAFLD is attributed to a multi-hit process involving insulin resistance, oxidative stress, apoptotic pathways, and adipocytokines. In 2008, there is no established treatment for NAFLD. Weight loss and treatment for each component of metabolic syndrome. Nevertheless, a large number of agents are being considered in clinical trials of patients with NASH. Conclusions Awareness of the tremendous impact of NAFLD as an important cause of chronic liver disease is increasing along with a great deal of information about its pathogenesis. Future, well-designed clinical trials that target specific pathways involved in the pathogenesis of NASH are urgently needed.
Abstract 2871: Correlation between number and sites of metastases and differential pretreated EBV DNA load profiles and their effects on outcomes in patients with metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Background: To investigate the relationship between pretreatment plasma EBV DNA copy number and sites and numbers of metastases in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Methods: One hundred and thirty-three patients with metastatic NPC were treated at outpatient department. Their plasma EBV DNA concentrations were determined by real-time quantitative PCR. Results: The overall patient response rate after 3-6 months of treatment was 48.1%. Pretreatment plasma EBV DNA concentrations were lower in patients with solitary nodule (≤5,000 copies/mL, 18/25 [72%] vs. multiple nodules, 49/128 [45.4%], P=0.025) or pure lung metastases (≤5,000 copies/mL, 19/21 [90.5%] vs. not lung metastases alone 48/112 [42.9%], P 5,000 copies/mL, median OS, 26 vs. 10 months; HR, 2.852; P Conclusions: Pretreatment plasma EBV DNA copy number correlated with number and sites of metastases and with OS in patients with metastatic NPC. Citation Format: Hung-Ming Wang, Kai-Ping Chang, Tung-Liang Lin, Shiang-Fu Huang, Ngan-Ming Tsang, Sheng-Chieh Chan, Cheng-Lung Hsu. Correlation between number and sites of metastases and differential pretreated EBV DNA load profiles and their effects on outcomes in patients with metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 2871. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-2871
E-commerce interface design

This chapter is meant to serve as a resource to human-computer interaction (HCI) practitioners and researchers who wish to understand the existing body of research in the area of e-commerce systems as it applies to HCI. In particular, we report on research that will be useful to designers of interactive e-commerce systems. We identify issues that are unique to e-commerce systems design, which HCI practitioners need to understand. We attempt to answer the question, What do HCI practitioners need to do differently for e-commerce systems design?We look at the design of these systems as a two-actor system, with the role of the customer and the marketer being the two primary roles. The chapter is not a primer on marketing, Internet marketing, e-commerce systems, or HCI methods. Our goal is to identify issues in the design of e-commerce systems that are important for HCI practitioners to understand and to provide valuable references to existing research that will inform the activities of e-commerce systems interface designers. Additionally, we identify interesting research opporttmities for HCI practitioners in the area of e-commerce interface design. Please see chapter 36, The World Wide Web, by Jonathan Lazar for more general, Web-related HCI issues.
Autonomous Decentralized System Identification by Markov Parameter Estimation Using Distributed Smart Wireless Sensor Networks

Decentralized data processing has the benefit of improving wireless monitoring system scalability, reducing the amount of wire- less communications, and reducing overall power consumption. In this study, a system identification strategy for single-input multi-output (SIMO) subspace system identification is proposed based on Markov parameters. The method is specifically customized for embedment within the decentralized computational framework of a wireless sensor network. By using the computational resources of wireless sensors, individual sensor nodes perform local data processing to identify the Markov parameters of a structural system. The data storage and wireless communication requirements of Markov parameters are significantly less than that required by the original raw data, resulting in the preservation of scarce system resources such as communication bandwidth and battery power. Then, the estimated Markov parameters are wirelessly communicated to a wireless sensor network base station where the global structural properties are assembled by execution of the eigensystem realization algorithm, an indirect subspace system identification method. The proposed strategy is evaluated using input-output and output-only data recorded during dynamic testing of a cantilevered balcony in a historic building (Hill Auditorium, Ann Arbor, MI). DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0000359. © 2012 American Society of Civil Engineers. CE Database subject headings: Parameters; Markov process; Identification; Probe instruments; Structural dynamics. Author keywords: Markov parameters; Subspace identification; Wireless sensor network; Smart structures; Structural dynamics.
1600 METABOLIC CHANGES IN ENRICHED PROXIMAL TUBULES AFTER ISCHEMIC INJURY

The study of tubular segments, in vitro, allows an evaluation of cellular and metabolic changes after acute renal failure (ARF). Previous investigators have subjected proximal tubules obtained from non-injured control animals, to in vitro hypoxia as a model of ischemic ARF. Since in vitro hypoxia may not accurately simulate in vivo ischemia, we have developed a method to obtain viable and stable suspensions of enriched proximal tubules (EPT) from kidneys of rats after 45 min of ischemia and 15 min reflow. In EPT obtained from non-injured control kidneys: the baseline rate of respirations (RR) was 40.8±3 nMO2/mg protein/min; nystatin (NYS) stimulated RR by 40% to 56.2±4 (P<0.01); ATP levels were 7.3±1 nM/mg protein; and there was minimal histologic evidence of cellular injury with intact mitochrondria and brush borders. EPT obtained from ischemic kidneys had a significant reduction in baseline RR, 23.3±2 (P<0.01); decreased NYS stimulated RR, 33.5±2 (P<0.01); diminished ATP levels, 0.9±0.3 (P < 0.01) and histomorphic changes characteristic of ischemic injury (sloughing of brush border, apical vacuoles and swollen mitochondria). EPT subjected to anoxia, in vitro, demonstrated condensation of mitochrondria but did not develop features of ischemic injury. These data demonstrate that: 1) EPT can be obtained from kidneys after ischemic injury; 2) cellular metabolic parameters are depressed in injured EPT which develop histologic alterations of ischemia and 3) EPT subjected to in vitro anoxia do not have morphologic features of ischemic ARF.
Population Demographic History Can Cause the Appearance of Recombination Hotspots

Although the prevailing view among geneticists suggests that recombination hotspots exist ubiquitously across the human genome, there is only limited experimental evidence from a few genomic regions to support the generality of this claim. A small number of true recombination hotspots are well supported experimentally, but the vast majority of hotspots have been identified on the basis of population genetic inferences from the patterns of linkage disequilibrium (LD) seen in the human population. These inferences are made assuming a particular model of human history, and one of the assumptions of that model is that the effective population size of humans has remained constant throughout our history. Our results show that relaxation of the constant population size assumption can create LD and variation patterns that are qualitatively and quantitatively similar to human populations without any need to invoke localized hotspots of recombination. In other words, apparent recombination hotspots could be an artifact of variable population size over time. Several lines of evidence suggest that the vast majority of hotspots identified on the basis of LD information are unlikely to have elevated recombination rates.
Electromyography of back muscles during quadrupedal and bipedal walking in primates

Despite the extensive electromyographic research that has addressed limb muscle function during primate quadrupedalism, the role of the back muscles in this locomotor behavior has remained undocumented. We report here the results of an electromyographic (EMG) analysis of three intrinsic back muscles (multifidus, longissimus, and iliocostalis) in the baboon (Papio anubis), chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), and orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) during quadrupedal walking. The recruitment patterns of these three back muscles are compared to those reported for the same muscles during nonprimate quadrupedalism. In addition, the function of the back muscles during quadrupedalism and bipedalism in the two hominoids is compared. Results indicate that the back muscles restrict trunk movements during quadrupedalism by contracting with the touchdown of one or both feet, with more consistent activity associated with touchdown of the contralateral foot. Moreover, despite reported differences in their gait preferences and forelimb muscle EMG patterns, primates and nonprimate mammals recruit their back muscles in an essentially similar fashion during quadrupedal walking. These quadrupedal EMG patterns also resemble those reported for chimpanzees, gibbons and humans (but not orangutans) walking bipedally. The fundamental similarity in back muscle function across species and locomotor behaviors is consistent with other data pointing to conservatism in the evolution of the neural control of tetrapod limb movement, but does not preclude the suggestion (based on forelimb muscle EMG and spinal lesion studies) that some aspects of primate neural circuitry are unique. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Airborne Electromagnetic Sounding of Sea Ice Thickness and Sub-Ice Bathymetry,

Abstract A study was made in May 1985 to determine the feasibility of using an airborne electromagnetic sounding system for profiling sea ice thickness and the sub-ice water depth and conductivity. The study was made in the area of Prudhoe Bay, Alaska. The multifrequency airborne electromagnetic sounding system consisted of control and recording electronics and an antenna. The electronics module was installed in a helicopter, and the 7 m long tubular antenna was towed beneath the helicopter at about 35 m above the ice surface. For this electromagnetic system, both first-year and second-year sea ice could be profiled, but the resolution of ice thickness decreased as the ice became rough. This decrease was associated with the large footprint of the system, which effectively smoothed out the sea ice relief. Under-ice water depth was determined, as was seawater conductivity. The results of the feasibility study were encouraging, and further system development is therefore warranted.
4 × 4 matrix formalism applied to internal conical refraction

The 4 × 4 matrix formalism is a powerful mathematical tool for dealing with a variety of problems involving the behavior of polarized light in birefringent materials. We present an example of this formalism as applied to the problem of internal conical refraction.
Multielectron redox chemistry of iron porphyrinogens.

Iron octamethylporphyrinogens were prepared and structurally characterized in three different oxidation states in the absence of axial ligands and with sodium or tetrafluoroborate as the only counterions. Under these conditions, the iron- and ligand-based redox chemistry of iron porphyrinogens can be defined. The iron center is easily oxidized by a single electron (E1/2 = −0.57 V vs NHE in CH3CN) when confined within the fully reduced macrocycle. The porphyrinogen ligand also undergoes oxidation but in a single four-electron step (Ep = +0.77 V vs NHE in CH3CN); one of the ligand-based electrons is intercepted for the reduction of Fe(III) to Fe(II) to result in an overall three-electron oxidation process. The oxidation equivalents in the macrocycle are stored in Cα−Cα bonds of spirocyclopropane rings, formed between adjacent pyrroles. EPR, magnetic and Mossbauer measurements, and DFT computations of the redox states of the iron porphyrinogens reveal that the reduced ligand gives rise to iron in intermediat...
Cytostatic antibody and SV40 tumour immunity in hamsters.

Ambrose et al. propose a likely scheme for the course of tumour development, as a failure of the host immune system.
Solution of the mean spherical approximation for the density profile of a hard-sphere fluid near a wall

We investigate the density profile of a fluid of hard spheres in the vicinity of a (container) wall. Our analysis is based on the solution of an integral equation satisfied by this density profile in the Lebowitz-Percus mean spherical approximation or its generalization. The latter leads to a density profile in very good agreement with machine computations.
Destruction of Myc by ubiquitin‐mediated proteolysis: cancer‐associated and transforming mutations stabilize Myc

The human proto-oncogene c-myc encodes a highly unstable transcription factor that promotes cell proliferation. Although the extreme instability of Myc plays an important role in preventing its accumulation in normal cells, little is known about how Myc is targeted for rapid destruction. Here, we have investigated mechanisms regulating the stability of Myc. We show that Myc is destroyed by ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, and define two elements in Myc that oppositely regulate its stability: a transcriptional activation domain that promotes Myc destruction, and a region required for association with the POZ domain protein Miz-1 that stabilizes Myc. We also show that Myc is stabilized by cancer-associated and transforming mutations within its transcriptional activation domain. Our data reveal a complex network of interactions regulating Myc destruction, and imply that enhanced protein stability contributes to oncogenic transformation by mutant Myc proteins.
A TEST OF NONVERBAL RECEIVING ABILITY: PRELIMINARY STUDIES

This paper describes the development and preliminary studies of a test of the ability to decode affect in others. Items are videotaped sequences showing spontaneous unposed facial expressions and gestures of college student “senders” to emotionally-loaded color slides. Subjects make judgments about what kind of slide elicited the affect and how pleasant or unpleasant the sender's subjective response was. Satisfactory test-retest reliability was demonstrated for the former kind of judgment but not the latter. There was evidence that females are slightly better receivers than males, and business and fine arts majors are relatively good receivers while science majors are relatively poor.
A review of non-hermetic optoelectronic packaging

This paper is a summary of a literature survey done on non-hermetic optoelectronic packages focusing on the cost and reliability aspects. The development of reliable non-hermetic lasers would not only lead to the elimination of the costs specifically associated with hermetic packaging but also lead the way for possible revolutionary low-cost optoelectronic packaging technologies. The paper starts with an introduction to the concept of hermeticity in optoelectronic packages, followed by a detailed review of the reliability issues and failure mechanisms observed in non-hermetic packages when compared to their hermetic counter parts. A hermetic seal in electronic packages is used to prevent the entry of air, foreign gases, contaminants, and most importantly moisture. To seal a package hermetically is particularly challenging and expensive. There are various techniques that have been investigated, to improve the reliability of non-hermetic packages. A few are discussed here such as facet passivation type, choosing a better optical glass and encapsulation techniques. Also accelerated testing is discussed. Some of the most common and important failure mechanisms like popcorn failure, adhesive degradation, laser misalignment and epoxy swelling are discussed.
Morphology and Herpetology: How and Why They Interact

Abstract The structure, sizes, and shapes of amphibians and reptiles almost defy imagination; their morphology has long been investigated. However, attitudes about the nature of the contribution of morphology to herpetology and to science in general have changed as research has become more specialized and as new tools, techniques, and theories have been developed. Now, as integration of specialties is of interest to answer complex questions in biology, the contribution of morphology is being clarified. I explore the practice of herpetological morphology over time, with emphasis on research on caecilians, highlighting many of the changes and advances that have occurred. From its beginnings in ancient Greece to current investigations in such areas as systematics, “evo-devo,” and biomechanics, morphology has been highly relevant to understanding biology, and the discipline continues to make major contributions.
Minimal-order experimental component mode synthesis - New results and challenges

An experimental component mode synthesis procedure is presented that consists of an objective substructure-level modal identification, a minimum-order substructure realization expressed in terms of physical displacement and residual modal coordinates, and a global synthesis that exploits the physical form of the substructure realizations. The present experimental procedure is analogous to and approaches in its asymptotic limit to the well-known Craig-Bampton analytical component mode synthesis but is motivated by the physical form of the minimal-order mass and stiffness representation. The procedure is illustrated in a step-by-step manner via a numerical example and then demonstrated by applying it to an experimental component mode synthesis of assembling two truss structures into a global structure.
Endometrial cancer in women with HNPCC

Hereditary Non-Polyposis Colorectal Cancer Syndrome (HNPCC) is a cancer susceptibility syndrome. Germline mutations in mismatch repair genes (MLH1, MSH2, or MSH6) account for a majority of families with HNPCC. With the availability of clinical genetic testing, the estimates of cancer risk have become more precise. Women with HNPCC have a 40–60% lifetime risk for endometrial cancer and a 40–60% lifetime risk for colon cancer. In two recent studies, risk of endometrial cancer exceeded risk of colon cancer(1,2). While much is known about HNPCC-associated colon cancer, considerably less is known about HNPCC-associated endometrial cancer. Earlier studies have suggested that HNPCC-associated endometrial cancers are predominantly low grade and of endometrioid histology. However, these data were obtained from women who fulfilled clinical criteria for HNPCC, prior to the availability of genetic testing. A recent study examined a small series of endometrial cancers from patients with known germline mutations in MLH1 or MSH2 and reported an association with poorly differentiated tumors and lymphangioinvasive growth(3). We are currently conducting a pathologic review of a larger series of endometrial cancers in known mutation carriers and preliminarily note a wide spectrum of endometrial cancers including papillary serous and clear cell tumors. Of 47 tumors that were reviewed, 7 (14%) were nonendometrioid. Of the 40 tumors with endometrioid histology, 17 (42.5%) were Grade 1, 16 (40%) were Grade 2, and 7 (17.5%) were Grade 3. In our studies as well as others, tumor loss of staining by immunohistochemistry of MLH1 or MSH2 correlates well with the patient's known germline mutation. However, microsatellite instability patterns differ between HNPCC-associated endometrial and colon cancers, with HNPCC-associated endometrial cancers having a lower proportion of unstable loci than HNPCC-associated colon cancers. It is unclear whether HNPCC-associated endometrial cancers progress through a step-wise progression from normal endometrium to complex atypical hyperplasia to endometrial cancer. Clearly, understanding the natural history of HNPCC-associated endometrial cancer is necessary in order to formulate reasonable screening and prevention programs. Current screening guidelines include an annual transvaginal ultrasound and endometrial biopsy. We are currently conducting an NCI funded chemoprevention trial for this cohort, examining both Depo-Provera and the oral contraceptive. A secondary endpoint of this study is to establish the point estimate of endometrial abnormalities in asymptomatic women with HNPCC. Of 20 women enrolled thus far, 2 have had complex atypical hyperplasia on baseline endometrial biopsy despite normal ultrasound evaluation of their endometrial lining. Both have chosen to undergo hysterectomy, and both had complex atypical hyperplasia admixed with Grade 1 cancer on final pathology. Clearly endometrial cancer screening and prevention recommendations for women with HNPCC will continue to evolve as more information on the natural history of this disease develops.
Modeling "Dog Bone" Gate Geometry n-Channel MOSFETs

Accurately modeling the current-voltage characteristics of MOSFETs designed with irregular gate geometries is critical to developing hardened-by-design (HBD) circuits. In this paper, the "dog bone" (DB) irregular gate geometry is investigated. The most accurate model for determining the effective widths (Weff) and lengths (Leff) for a DB gate applies conformal mapping techniques, but less complex techniques are applicable.
Theory of Poole-Frenkel conduction in low-mobility semiconductors

Abstract A new expression is derived for the current produced by a high electric field in a low-mobility semiconductor, taking into account the mechanism of Poole-Frenkel emission from a Coulombic trap, the mobility of the carrier after emission into the conduction band, and the zero-field statistical distribution of carriers between conduction band, donor states and compensating acceptor states. Differences between these and earlier formulae are examined, and arguments presented for the different regimes of applicability. Recent data on amorphous germanium are considered, using the various formulae, and it is concluded that high-field transport measurements alone are insufficient to define uniquely the parameters of such theories.
Importance of cloud motion on cigarette smoke deposition in lung airways.

Deposition patterns of mainstream cigarette smoke were studied in casts of human extrathoracic and lung airways. The laboratory tests were designed to simulate smoking (i.e., the behavior of undiluted cigarette smoke in smokers' lungs), not secondary exposures to non-smokers. The experimental data revealed concentrated deposits at well-defined sites, particularly at bifurcations (most notably at inclusive carinal ridges) and certain segments of tubular airways. The measurements suggest the occurrence of cloud motion wherein particles are not deposited by their individual characteristics but behave as an entity. The observed behavior is consistent with the theory of Martonen (1992), where it was predicted that cigarette smoke could behave aerodynamically as a large cloud (e.g., 20 microns diameter) rather than as submicrometer constituent particles. The effects of cloud motion on deposition are pronounced. For example, an aerosol with a mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) of 0.443 micron and geometric standard deviation (GSD) of 1.44 (i.e., published cigarette smoke values) will have the following deposition fractions: lung (TB + P) = 0.14, tracheobronchial (TB) = 0.03, and pulmonary (P) = 0.11. When cloud motion is simulated, total deposition increases to 0.99 and is concentrated in the TB compartment, especially the upper bronchi; pulmonary deposition is negligible. Cloud motion produces heterogeneous deposition resulting in increased exposures of underlying airway cells to toxic and carcinogenic substances. The deposition sites correlated with incidence of cancers in vivo. At present, cloud motion concentration effects per se are not addressed in federal regulatory standards. The experimental and theoretical data suggest that concentrations of particulate matter may be an important factor to be integrated into U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) risk assessment protocols.
Antisense oligonucleotide treatment reveals a physiologically relevant role for adrenomedullin gene products in sodium intake

Adrenomedullin (AM), a potent hypotensive peptide, is produced in numerous tissues including adrenal gland, kidney, brain and pituitary gland, where it acts to modify sodium homeostasis. Central AM administration dose-dependently inhibits sodium appetite. AM antisense oligonucleotide treatment significantly lowered peptide content in the hypothalamic paraventricular (PVN) nucleus and exaggerated the consumption of sodium. These results support a physiologic role for adrenomedullin gene products in the central regulation of sodium homeostasis.
On Throughput Maximization for a Multi-hop MIMO Network

There has been a growing interest to employ the so-called degree-of-freedom (DoF) based models to study multihop MIMO networks. Existing DoF-based models differ in their interference cancelation (IC) behavior and suffer from either loss of solution space or possible infeasible solutions. Recently, a DoF model based on a novel node-ordering concept was proposed to overcome the limitations of the exiting DoF models. In this paper, we apply this new DoF model to study a throughput maximization problem in a multi-hop network. The problem formulation jointly considers half duplex, node ordering, DoF consumption constraints and flow routing and is in the form of a mixed integer linear program (MILP). Our main contribution is the development of an efficient polynomial time algorithm that offers a competitive solution to the MILP through a series of linear programs (LPs). The key idea in the algorithm is to explore (i) the impact of node ordering on DoF consumption for IC at a node, and (ii) route diversity in the network while ensuring DoF constraints are satisfied at each node throughout the iterations. Simulation results show that our solutions by the proposed algorithm are competitive and feasible.
Viscosity of associated liquids.

EXISTING theories of the viscosity of liquids fail to give a satisfactory account of the temperature variation of the viscosity of certain associated liquids. The X-ray diffraction patterns of liquids show that the inter-atomic distances vary about a mean; the variability increasing with increasing temperature. In addition, for the silicate glasses and for water, it is concluded that the structure is a random three-dimensional network of atomic bonds. This network is continuous throughout the liquid and in this sense glasses and water are associated liquids. In glasses the network is built up of Si—O bonds and in water of O—H bonds, the silicon atoms being surrounded by four oxygen atoms, and in water, the oxygen atoms by four hydrogen atoms.
The ARF/p53 pathway.

The ARF tumor suppressor connects pathways regulated by the retinoblastoma protein and p53. ARF inactivation reduces p53-dependent apoptosis induced by oncogenic signals. Nucleolar relocalization of Mdm2 by ARF connotes a novel mechanism for preventing p53 turnover and provides a framework for understanding how stress signals cooperate to regulate p53 function.
Electrostatic Deflection Studies of Alpha-Particles; the Alphas from Li 6 ( p , α ) He 3

A technique is described for studying nuclear reactions in which short range alpha-particles are produced with a yield that is too small for the direct application of the electrostatic deflector. In preliminary experiments a strong polonium source is used to supply alpha-particles to the deflector, and a group of these alphas, homogeneous in energy, passes through the deflector and enters a variable pressure absorption cell and ionization chamber. Cut-off pressures determined for various alpha-particle energies result in a calibrated cell which can then be used to determine the alpha-particle energies in nuclear disintegrations. Application of this method to ${\mathrm{Li}}^{6}(p,\ensuremath{\alpha}){\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ results in a $Q$ value of 3.94\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.08 Mev. The calibration, extending in alpha-particle energy from 1 to 1.8 Mev, is also used to determine the slope of the range energy curve. The average value of the slope found for this region is 200 kv per mm range.
Kinetic Studies of Hydralazine Reaction with Acetaldehyde

In vitro kinetic studies of the reaction of hydralazine with acetaldehyde at physiological concentrations and pH were conducted. This reaction, which leads to the formation of 3-methyl-S-triazolo[3,4-α]phthalazine, may occur in the plasma and may represent an alternative pathway for hydralazine metabolism. The reaction of hydralazine with acetaldehyde followed second-order kinetics with an activation energy of 16.9 kcal/mole. At 37°, the half-life of the reaction for a solution containing 2.3° of acetaldehyde/ml and 1° of hydralazine/ml was 4.5 hr. The rate increased with increasing acetaldehyde concentrations.
Effect of melatonin in the rat tail artery: role of K+ channels and endothelial factors

The role of endothelial factors and potassium channels in the action of the pineal hormone melatonin to potentiate vasoconstrictor responses was investigated in the isolated perfused tail artery of the rat. Melatonin (100 nM) potentiated contractile responses to both adrenergic nerve stimulation and α1-adrenoceptor stimulation by phenylephrine. After removal of the endothelium, melatonin no longer caused potentiation. The potentiating effect of melatonin was also lost when nitric oxide synthase was inhibited with L-NAME (10 nM). Thus potentiating effects depend on the presence of nitric oxide released by the endothelium. However, melatonin did not affect relaxation responses to acetylcholine in endothelium-intact arteries, nor did melatonin modulate relaxing responses to sodium nitroprusside in endothelium-denuded arteries. While melatonin does not appear to modulate agonist-induced release of nitric oxide nor its effect, melatonin may modulate nitric oxide production induced by flow and shear stress. When the Ca2+-activated K+ channel opener, NS 1619 (10 μM), was present, potentiating effects of melatonin were restored in endothelium-denuded vessels. However, addition of the opener of ATP-sensitive K+ channels, cromakalim (3 μM), did not have the same restorative effect. Furthermore, addition of a blocker of Ca2+-activated K+ channels, tetraethylammonium (1 mM), significantly attenuated potentiating effects of melatonin. These findings support the hypothesis that melatonin inhibits the activity of large conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels to produce its potentiating effects. Thus in the rat perfused tail artery, potentiation of constriction by melatonin depends on the activity of both endothelial factors and Ca2+-activated K+ channels. Our findings suggest that melatonin inhibits endothelial K+ channels to decrease flow-induced release of nitric oxide as well as block smooth muscle K+ channels to enhance vascular tone. British Journal of Pharmacology (1998) 123, 1533–1540; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0701761
The occurrence of högbomite in high-grade metamorphic rocks

Hogbomite has generally been considered to be a rare accessory phase in metamorphic rocks. While investigating high-grade peraluminous metamorphites in the Benson Mine District, Adirondack Mountains, New York and the Manitouwadge Massive Sulfide District, Ontario, Canada, we have found several hogbomite occurrences and believe that hogbomite is more widespread in high-grade aluminous rocks than previously recognized. At Benson Mine, an iron-rich hogbomite (Hog) occurs with K-feldspar-magnetite (Mt)-ilmenite (Ilm)-biotite-almandine (Alm)-sillimanite (Sil)-quartz (Qz)-hercynite (Hc)-corundum (Cor)-rutile (Ru). At Manitouwadge, Fe -Zn hogbomite is found with gedrite-cordierite-staurolite-hercynite-magnetite±quartz ±ilmenite±rutile±biotite±cassiterite. Because composition varies with structure type, it is essential to determine the structure of hogbomite utilized in specific reactions. Hogbomite from Benson Mine has an 8H structure type, while that at Manitouwadge has a complex mixed structure. Both are more iron-rich than previously reported hogbomites, and their composition can be approximated by the ideal formula Fe5Al16TiO30(OH)2. Proposed reactions for 8H-hogbomite are Hog=Ilm+Hc+Cor+V, Hog=Ru+Hc+Cor+V, Hog+Ru=Ilm+Cor+V, and Hog+Ilm=Ru+Hc+V. These reactions can be combined with the experimentally determined reactions Alm+Sil=Hc+Qz and Ru+Alm=Ilm+Sil+Qz to derive reactions in the system FeO-Al2O3-TiO2-SiO2-H2O that limit the stability of the assemblages Hog+Alm and Hog+Sil. Oxidation-sulfidation reactions define a wedge-shaped stability field for hogbomite that is closed on the high f S2 side.
Revival of respiration and photosynthesis in dried leaves of Polypodium polypodioides

The leaves of the epiphytic fern Polypodium polypodioides, which lives on the branches of trees, are very similar to those of most higher plants except for the presence of scales on the dorsal side of the leaves. The structure of the cells of the chloroplasts and the mitochondria is the same as that of other higher plants. The only obvious difference found was that the contents of the central vacuole solidified when dehydrated. P. polypodioides was not damaged by loss of 97% of its normal water content and photosynthetic activity was found to be proportional to water content between 20 and 100% water content. When a dried leaf was immersed in liquid water, almost all of the original photosynthetic activity reappeared in the first 30 min of rehydration, provided incisions had been made into the leaf before drying.The rate of water uptake by intact (uncut) leaves was strongly inhibited by anaerobic conditions. This inhibition could be relieved by cutting the leaves, by supplying oxygen, or by removing the scales.Since in P. polypodioides the photosynthetic apparatus is not damaged by severe dehydration its quick revival does not depend on a special repair mechanism. Therefore, P. polypodioides should be a suitable object for a number of studies on the mechanism of photosynthesis.
Percutaneous Nonvascular Abdominal Interventions: Reflections on the Past and Ideas for the Future

s presented were devoted to nonvascular abdominal procedures. This pessimism is unwarranted. The precept that percutaneous procedures can be performed with greater safety and less discomfort than equivalent surgery still applies today; rapid advances in imaging technology and medical instrumentation will continue to energize interventional radiologists to devise new useful therapeutic procedures.
On Text Clustering with Side Information

Text clustering has become an increasingly important problem in recent years because of the tremendous amount of unstructured data which is available in various forms in online forums such as the web, social networks, and other information networks. In most cases, the data is not purely available in text form. A lot of side-information is available along with the text documents. Such side-information may be of different kinds, such as the links in the document, user-access behavior from web logs, or other non-textual attributes which are embedded into the text document. Such attributes may contain a tremendous amount of information for clustering purposes. However, the relative importance of this side-information may be difficult to estimate, especially when some of the information is noisy. In such cases, it can be risky to incorporate side-information into the clustering process, because it can either improve the quality of the representation for clustering, or can add noise to the process. Therefore, we need a principled way to perform the clustering process, so as to maximize the advantages from using this side information. In this paper, we design an algorithm which combines classical partitioning algorithms with probabilistic models in order to create an effective clustering approach. We present experimental results on a number of real data sets in order to illustrate the advantages of using such an approach.
Individualized computer-aided education in mammography based on user modeling: concept and preliminary experiments.

Purpose: The authors propose the framework for an individualized adaptive computer-aided educational system in mammography that is based on user modeling. The underlying hypothesis is that user models can be developed to capture the individual error making patterns of radiologists-in-training. In this pilot study, the authors test the above hypothesis for the task of breast cancer diagnosis in mammograms. Methods: The concept of a user model was formalized as the function that relates image features to the likelihood/extent of the diagnostic error made by a radiologist-in-training and therefore to the level of difficulty that a case will pose to the radiologist-in-training (or “user”). Then, machine learning algorithms were implemented to build such user models. Specifically, the authors explored k -nearest neighbor, artificial neural networks, and multiple regression for the task of building the model using observer data collected from ten Radiology residents at Duke University Medical Center for the problem of breast mass diagnosis in mammograms. For each resident, a user-specific model was constructed that predicts the user’s expected level of difficulty for each presented case based on two BI-RADS image features. In the experiments, leave-one-out data handling scheme was applied to assign each case to a low-predicted-difficulty or a high-predicted-difficulty group for each resident based on each of the three user models. To evaluate whether the user model is useful in predicting difficulty, the authors performed statistical tests using the generalized estimating equations approach to determine whether the mean actual error is the same or not between the low-predicted-difficulty group and the high-predicted-difficulty group. Results: When the results for all observers were pulled together, the actual errors made by residents were statistically significantly higher for cases in the high-predicted-difficulty group than for cases in the low-predicted-difficulty group for all modeling algorithms ( p ≤ 0.002 for all methods). This indicates that the user models were able to accurately predict difficulty level of the analyzed cases. Furthermore, the authors determined that among the two BI-RADS features that were used in this study, mass margin was the most useful in predicting individual user errors. Conclusions: The pilot study shows promise for developing individual user models that can accurately predict the level of difficulty that each case will pose to the radiologist-in-training. These models could allow for constructing adaptive computer-aided educational systems in mammography.
Micro-concentrated silicon heterojunction solar cells: Basic concept, device simulation, and system modeling

We propose a micro-concentrated silicon heterojunction silicon (MC-SHJ) solar cell design that integrates a microlens array into the traditional heterojunction solar cell structure. Device simulation shows that the photocurrent increases in the wavelength region of 1000–1200 nm. With superb infrared light harvesting and enhanced photocurrent gain, MC-SHJ cells are promising to improve the performance of silicon-based solar cells under normally incident light. However, system modeling shows that inefficient collection of diffuse radiation is a big challenge for real-world application. Several approaches to overcome this difficulty are briefly discussed.