cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Models of Naming

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on visual confrontation naming and explores different models of naming. Visual confrontation naming is more than a standard clinical tool and research task. It has many virtues that help make it a critical instrument for understanding many aspects of human cognition and their neural basis. The chapter presents an empirical axiomatic approach toward constructing and validating theories in cognitive neuroscience. The reasons to aim for an empirical axiomatic approach are rooted in both the fundamental problem of understanding mental operations and their neural substrates, and in the practical problems of evaluating competing theories. Naming is similar to many other mental processes in that it must be a multistage, dynamic process. Multistage dynamic processes are almost certain to have extremely complex behaviors that are very sensitive to the properties of their internal processes. Naming is known to be the product of relatively specific brain regions, and relatively small ones, so the neural mechanisms involved must be comparatively circumscribed. It is possible to make detailed computational models of a wide range of levels involved in naming, from neural activity to overt behaviors, and determine what consequences such models have for observable behavior and neuroscience measures.
Suppressors of Meiotic Silencing by Unpaired DNA

Meiotic silencing by unpaired DNA (MSUD) is a gene silencing process that occurs within meiotic cells of Neurospora crassa and other fungi. We have previously developed a high-throughput screen to identify suppressors of this silencing pathway. Here, a list of MSUD suppressor candidates from a single pass of the first 84 plates of the Neurospora knockout library is provided.
Core self-evaluations, job complexity, and net worth: An examination of mediating and moderating factors

Abstract Core self-evaluations (CSE) is a higher-order latent variable composed of four lower-order variables—self-esteem, self-efficacy, emotional stability, and locus of control. Relatively little research has examined CSE as a distal predictor of financial success and the mechanisms that lead to financial success. Utilizing data from a longitudinal sample (N = 3364) collected over several decades, it was found that CSE had a positive effect on net worth, and that CSE had an indirect effect on net worth through job complexity. Additionally, job complexity and cognitive ability interacted in predicting net worth. Specifically, the positive association between job complexity and net worth became stronger as cognitive ability increased. Implications for the literature on the complex relationship between CSE and major life outcome variables and directions for future research are discussed.
Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of oral firocoxib in adult, mixed-breed goats

Pharmacokinetic (PK) studies of oral firocoxib in large animal species have been limited to horses, preruminating calves, and adult camels. The aim of this study was to describe pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of firocoxib in adult goats. Ten healthy adult goats were administered 0.5 mg/kg firocoxib intravenously (i.v.) and per os (p.o.) in a randomized, crossover study. Plasma firocoxib concentrations were measured over a 96-hr period for each treatment using HPLC and mass spectrometry, and PK analysis was performed. The p.o. formulation reached mean peak plasma concentration of 139 ng/ml (range: 87-196 ng/ml) in 0.77 hr (0.25-2.00 hr), and half-life was 21.51 hr (10.21-48.32 hr). Mean bioavailability was 71% (51%-82%), indicative of adequate gastrointestinal absorption of firocoxib. There were no negative effects observed in any animal, and all blood work values remained within or very near reference range at the study's conclusion. Results indicate that oral firocoxib is well-absorbed and rapidly reaches peak plasma concentrations, although the concentration also decreased quickly prior to the terminal phase. The prolonged half-life may suggest tissue accumulation and higher plasma concentrations over time, depending on dosing schedule. Further studies to determine tissue residue depletion, pharmacodynamics, and therapeutic concentrations of firocoxib in goats are necessary.
OPTANE: an OPtimal transport algorithm for NEtwork alignment

Networks provide a powerful representation tool for modeling dyadic interactions among interconnected entities in a complex system. For many applications such as social network analysis, it is common for the entities to appear in more than one network. Network alignment (NA) is an important first step towards learning the entities' behavior across multiple networks by finding the correspondence between similar nodes in different networks. However, learning the proper alignment matrix in noisy networks is a challenge due to the difficulty in preserving both the neighborhood topology and feature consistency of the aligned nodes. In this paper, we present OPTANE, a robust unsupervised network alignment framework, inspired from an optimal transport theory perspective. The framework provides a principled way to combine node similarity with topology information to learn the alignment matrix. Experimental results conducted on both synthetic and real-world data attest to the effectiveness of the OPTANE framework compared to other baseline approaches.
Advances in fuel fabrication

Abstract Advances in the nuclear fuel cycle and the introduction of novel fuel forms necessitate advances in fuel fabrication that encompass not only the development of commercially scalable fabrication techniques for novel fuel forms but also innovative synthesis and fabrication methods for conventional reactor fuel. Fuel fabrication can entail several pivotal processes that lead to the implementation of a specific nuclear fuel form. Whether uranium dioxide (UO2) clad in a zirconium-based alloy, such as Zircaloy, or tristructural isotropic (TRISO) particles dispersed in a graphite matrix, the fabrication techniques employed in the manufacturing of each nuclear fuel form are multifaceted. Since this book focuses specifically on the advances of nuclear fuel chemistry, the authors of this chapter narrows the scope of the broader term “fuel fabrication” and details specifically the synthesis techniques for a variety of actinide-bearing nuclear fuels, with little discussion to the cladding and containment aspects specific to each fuel form, unless it proves essential to the synthesis of the fuel itself (e.g., TRISO fuel particles). This chapter will cover the synthesis techniques for a variety of fuel forms starting from uranium metal or stable uranium precursor compounds that result from traditional conversion processes (e.g., UF6, UO3, and elemental uranium). Spanning the breadth of fuel cycle research and development, the chapter begins with a detailed description of conventional UO2 fuel fabrication. The authors then introduce some of the latest techniques for oxide and ceramic fuel fabrication including an extensive discussion of nitride fuel fabrication followed by a brief discussion of the capabilities utilized to fabricate carbide and boride fuels. The latter sections of this chapter will detail techniques used for nonceramic fuel forms, specifically metallic fuel fabrication, and advance reactor fuels (accident tolerant, advanced gas reactor, and molten-salt reactor fuel).
Global Health Law

This chapter introduces the field of global health law as a foundation to prevent disease and promote health in a globalizing world. Recognizing inequalities in public health throughout the world, the Background section considers the extent to which legal capacities and authorities differ across nations, undercutting efforts to achieve equity in global health. To alleviate these global inequities, the Analysis sections (and accompanying Hypothetical Case Studies) look to global health governance as a foundation of global health law, with the World Health Organization (WHO) exercising its legal authorities to prevent the international spread of infectious diseases and the underlying global determinants of NCDs. The Discussion section examines the rising importance of global health law as a basis to realize global health with justice, considering the influence of human rights law as a foundation for dignity in global health and the rise of new initiatives to alleviate global inequity through international conventions. This chapter concludes that engaging with public health law in a globalizing world will require global health law, establishing a foundation for the global practice of public health law.
Western Union and the Creation of the American Corporate Order, 1845-1893

This work chronicles the rise of Western Union Telegraph from its origins in the helter-skelter ferment of antebellum capitalism to its apogee as the first corporation to monopolize an industry on a national scale. The battles that raged over Western Union's monopoly on nineteenth-century American telecommunications - in Congress, in courts, and in the press - illuminate the fierce tensions over the rising power of corporations after the Civil War and the reshaping of American political economy. The telegraph debate reveals that what we understand as the normative relationship between private capital and public interest is the product of a historical process that was neither inevitable nor uncontested. Western Union's monopoly was not the result of market logic or a managerial revolution, but the conscious creation of entrepreneurs protecting their investments. In the process, these entrepreneurs elevated economic liberalism above traditional republican principles of public interest and helped create a new corporate order.
DRP1 IS REQUIRED FOR AGRP NEURONAL ACTIVITY AND FEEDING

The hypothalamic orexigenic Agouti-related peptide (AgRP)-expressing neurons play a pivotal role in the regulation of whole-body energy homeostasis. Here, we show that fasting-induced AgRP neuronal activation is associated with dynamin-related peptide 1 (Drp1)-mediated mitochondrial fission and mitochondrial fatty acid utilization in AgRP neurons. In line with this, mice lacking Drp1 in adult AgRP neurons (Drp1AgRPKO) show decrease in fasting- or ghrelin-induced AgRP neuronal activity and feeding and exhibited a significant decrease in body weight, fat mass, and feeding accompanied by a significant increase in energy expenditure. In support of the role for mitochondrial fission and fatty acids oxidation, Drp1AgRPKO mice showed attenuated palmitic acid-induced mitochondrial respiration. Altogether, our data revealed that mitochondrial dynamics and fatty acids oxidation in hypothalamic AgRP neurons is a critical mechanism for AgRP neuronal function and associated behavior.
Returnable reciprocity: Returnable gifts are more effective than unreturnable gifts at promoting virtuous behaviors

Abstract Increasing virtuous behaviors, such as initiating healthy habits, is an important goal for policymakers and social scientists. To promote compliance with requests to perform virtuous behaviors, we study “returnable reciprocity.” Whereas traditional reciprocity involves giving people unreturnable unsolicited gifts to encourage compliance, returnable reciprocity involves offering opportunities to return the unsolicited gifts if they choose not to comply. Four studies (and two additional supplemental studies) show that returnable reciprocity (compared to traditional reciprocity) leads to higher enrollment in a hypothetical workplace wellness program (Study 1), as well as greater compliance in an incentive-compatible large-scale field experiment (Study 2) and conceptual lab replications (Studies 3 & S1). Returnable reciprocity may be more effective than traditional reciprocity because it induces increased feelings of guilt for non-compliance (Study 3). Though making an unsolicited gift returnable can be inexpensive, it appears to impose psychological costs that negatively affect the tactic’s overall impact on social welfare (Studies 4 & S2).
Radiative properties of Al2O3 nanoparticles enhanced ionic liquids (NEILs) for direct absorption solar collectors

Abstract Nanoparticle Enhanced Ionic Liquids (NEILs) are the new heat transfer fluids for direct absorption solar collectors and are comprised of small vol/wt percentage of nanoparticles in base ionic liquids (ILs). In the present paper, NEILs are synthesized by dispersing Al2O3 nanoparticles in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis{(trifluoromethyl)sulfonylimide ([C4mim][NTf2]) ILs. The radiative properties of NEILs are investigated with different sizes and shapes (one rod-shaped type sized 10 × 100nm and four spherical sizes of 10 nm, 30 nm, 60 nm, and 90 nm) of Al2O3 nanoparticles. Five different concentrations (0.02%, 0.04%, 0.06%, 0.08%, and 0.1% wt) of NEILs were synthesized to investigate the concentration effect on radiative properties. The addition of Al2O3 nanoparticles greatly increased the light absorption capabilities of the ionic liquid [C4mim][NTf2], with at least a 26% decrease in transmittance observed with only 0.02% wt of nanoparticles. Differences in UV–vis absorption were more apparent in smaller concentrations; as much as 20% difference between nanoparticle types and larger concentrations varied in transmittance by as little as 5% between nanoparticle types. Nanofluids made of rod-shaped nanoparticles typically generated higher percentage transmittance values in 0.02%, 0.04%, and 0.06% wt of nanoparticles and were therefore less able to absorb light. Nanofluids made of 10 nm spherical nanoparticles yielded smaller percentage transmittance values at higher concentrations, as little as 2.7% transmission at 0.1% wt, and were therefore better able to absorb light. After completing the nanoparticle size and shape studies, three more NEILs were created from the ideal nanoparticle size and concentration in [C2mim][NTf2], [C6mim][NTf2], and [C10mim][NTf2] ILs. This investigation revealed an increase in percentage transmittance with increasing carbon chain length. [C2mim][NTf2] was determined to be the best-absorbing NEILs transmitting as little as 2.2% of light. Plausible reasons for the experimental results are discussed.
Vitamin D deficiency promotes accumulation of bioactive lipids and increased endocannabinoid tone in zebrafish

Vitamin D is well known for its traditional role in bone mineral homeostasis; however, recent evidence suggests that vitamin D also plays a significant role in metabolic control. This study served to investigate putative linkages between vitamin D deficiency (VDD) and metabolic disruption of bioactive lipids by mass spectrometry imaging (MSI). Our approach employed infrared-matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (IR-MALDESI) MSI for lipid metabolite profiling in 6-month-old zebrafish fed either a vitamin D-deficient (VDD) or a vitamin D-sufficient (VDS) diet. Using a lipidomics pipeline, we found that VDD zebrafish had a greater abundance of bioactive lipids (N-acyls, endocannabinoids (ECs), diacylglycerols/triacylglycerols, bile acids/bile alcohols, and vitamin D derivatives) suggestive of increased endocannabinoid tone compared to VDS zebrafish. Tandem mass spectrometry (MS2) was performed on several differentially expressed metabolites with sufficient ion abundances to aid in structural elucidation and provide additional support for MS1 annotations. To confirm activation of the EC pathways, we subsequently examined expression of genes involved in EC biosynthesis, metabolism, and receptor signaling in adipose tissue and liver from VDD and VDS zebrafish. Gene expression changes were congruent with increased endocannabinoid tone, with VDD zebrafish demonstrating increased synthesis and metabolism of anandamide compared to VDS zebrafish. Taken together, our data suggest that VDD may promote accumulation of bioactive lipids and increased endocannabinoid tone in zebrafish.
The Association Between Immediate Postpartum Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate Use and Postpartum Depressive Symptoms.

Objective While postpartum depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) is a highly effective form of contraception, some data suggest an association with depressive symptoms. Our objective was to evaluate the relationship between receipt of DMPA in the immediate postpartum period and postpartum depressive symptoms. Methods This retrospective cohort study included all women who received prenatal and postpartum care at academic obstetric clinics affiliated with a tertiary care institution between January 1, 2008 and December 31, 2014. All women were counseled on contraception prior to hospital discharge. DMPA was available in the hospital pharmacy, and its utilization was documented in the electronic health record. The Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9) was used to screen for postpartum depression for all women at all postpartum visits. A score of 10 or greater was categorized as positive. Bivariable and multivariable analyses were used to identify the association between immediate postpartum DMPA use and a positive postpartum depression screen. Results Of the 5,073 women who met inclusion criteria, 410 (8.1%) received DMPA prior to hospital discharge. Compared with women who did not receive DMPA, women who received DMPA prior to hospital discharge were younger, more likely to identify as Black race or Latinx ethnicity, and more likely to be publicly insured. Clinical characteristics also differed. Women who received DMPA were more likely to be obese and to have experienced prenatal depressive symptoms, been diagnosed with a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy, delivered preterm, and delivered vaginally. Receipt of immediate postpartum DMPA was not associated with having a positive screen for postpartum depression in bivariable (5.4 vs. 6.0%, p = 0.29) or multivariable (adjusted odds ratio 0.94, confidence interval 0.53-1.68) analyses. Conclusion Receipt of postpartum DMPA is not associated with a positive postpartum PHQ-9 screen. Concerns about precipitating postpartum depression should not preclude the utilization of DMPA as a contraceptive agent. Key points · Contraception is an important issue for obstetricians to address with postpartum patients.. · Concerns have been raised over the relationship between DMPA and depression.. · Our study shows that DMPA is not associated with a positive postpartum depression screen..
Java Programming: An IS Perspective

Introducing Java and the Object-Oriented Paradigm. Running Java. Variables and Data Types. Writing and Using Methods (Part I). Writing Methods (Part II). Inheritance. Event-Driven Programming and the Graphic User Interface. Arrays and Vectors. Containers. Applets. Enhancing the GUI. File I/O and Exception Handling. Images, Animation, and Threads. Glossary. Index.
The Once and Future Library

This article describes CyberStacks(sm), a virtual science and technology full-text reference collection that has utilized the Library of Congress Classification scheme to organize selected resources.
The Crystal Structure of a Riboflavin-Metal Complex RIBOFLAVIN SILVER PERCHLORATE HEMIHYDRATE

A crystalline silver perchlorate complex of riboflavin, a possible model for enzymic metal-flavin interactions, has been prepared and characterized by x-ray techniques. The orange crystals are monoclinic, with symmetry C2, and unit cell constants a = 19.464(10) (figures in parentheses are standard deviations in the least significant figures cited), b = 7.886(4), c = 15.459(8)A, β = 107.34(2)°, Z = 4, ρobs = 1.79 g/cm3, and ρcalc = 1.77 g per cm3 for AgClO4· C17H20N4O6(CO)0.45·½H2O. The crystal structure, refined using 2837 counter-measured reflections, gives an R factor of 6.2% and revealed that about 45% of the riboflavin in the crystal used was formylated in the 5′ position by the formic acid solvent. Each riboflavin molecule bonds fairly strongly to two silver ions: one via N(1) (2.304(5)A), O(2) (2.786(5)A), and O(2′) (2.559(6)A), and the other via N(5) (2.295(5)A) and O(4) (2.521(5)A). These results confirm the existence of two separate chelate sites in the N(3)-protonated, quinoid isoalloxazine ring system, and together with earlier crystal structure studies suggest that both these chelate sites will nearly always be occupied by positive ions or dipoles (such as —OH). Two conformationally preferred forms of riboflavin seem both to have the ribityl chain extending above the isoalloxazine ring when viewed with the benzo ring to the right and N(10) at the top. In one, C(1′)—C(4′) and O(4′) are nearly planar and fully extended; in the other, O(2′) and C(2′)—C(5′).
Private Military Corporations: A Non-State Actor-Nuclear Terror Nexus?

The risk of nuclear terrorism is hyped by some as possible and high consequence (Allison 2006) while others dismiss the strategy as too difficult and too risky for terrorist organizations (Jenkins 2008). However, analysts have no data from which to directly analyze the probability of terrorist acquisition and use. One methodological solution is to extend the range analysis to include analogous cases: private military corporations (PMCs) are one class of non-state actors (NSAs) who may possess the capacity and autonomy to pose a risk of nuclear terrorism for their state masters. I find that the while the technical and military capabilities of PMCs may be greater than those of terrorist organizations with respect to nuclear weapon construction or delivery, they are still be insufficient (and PMCs must also somehow acquire fissile materials). Also, PMCs benefit from agency slack, as demonstrated by Blackwater’s performance in Iraq, but this autonomy does not appear sufficient to carry out an illicit nuclear plot. Therefore, PMCs may be more capable than most terrorist organizations if they sought to acquire nuclear weapons but they are still unlikely to succeed.
A SIMULATED ANNEALING HEURISTIC FOR A CRANE SEQUENCING PROBLEM

When maintenance activities during outages at electric power plants are scheduled using project managemenr software, the locations of the resources required to perform the acrivities are determined such that the total distance the resources travel during the outa ge is minimized . This problem is defined as the dynamic space allocation problem (DSAP). Once the DSAP solution (i.e., assignment of activities and their required resources to workspaces and of idle resources to storage spaces) is obtained, the problem then is to determine the sequence in which the crane moves the resources to their required locations at the beginning of each period (i.e., change in the schedule) such that the total distance the crane travels is mininlized. In this paper, this problem is defined as the crane sequencing problem (CSP), and a simulated annealing heuristic is presented for this problem.
Common Knowledge and Backward Induction: A Solution to the Paradox

There are games which have a solution only if some of the assumptions of the theory of the game are not common knowledge among the players. In particular, assuming that players' rationality is common knowledge among them makes the theory inconsistent at some information set, and therefore the players become unable to use it to predict each other's strategy choices. In this paper I show that (a) common knowledge of rationality need not be assumed for a solution to obtain, and (b) that a richer theory of the game can accomodate common knowledge of rationality. If a theory of the game is modified so as to include a theory of belief revision, it can be shown that inconsistencies do not arise.
A Simple Synthesis of [3]-Rotane

Abstract A convenient procedure for the synthesis of [3]-rotane starting from bicyclopropylidene is described.
Replies to Hough, Baumann and Blaauw

I reply to comments by Gerry Hough, Peter Baumann and Martijn Blaauw on my book Moral Skepticisms. The main issues concern whether modest justifiedness is epistemic and how it is related to extreme justifiedness; how contrastivists can handle crazy contrast classes, indeterminacy and common language; whether Pyrrhonian scepticism leads to paralysis in decision-making or satisfies our desires to evaluate beliefs as justified or not; and how contextualists can respond to my arguments against relevance of contrast classes.
Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin combined with electromotive mitomycin for high-risk superficial bladder cancer.

Intravesical bacillus Calmette–Guerin combined with electromotive mitomycin for high-risk superficial bladder cancer
Metropolitan Microcosms: The Dynamic Spaces of Contemporary Sufi Shrines in India

This paper examines the sacred space of Sufi shrines in India as dynamic sites for multifarious dialogues and relationships. By looking at the various religious, spiritual, political, and socio-cultural acts for which the courtyards of Sufi shrines become venues, I argue for an approach to these sacred spaces as dually transformative: sites that transform those who visit them, and that are in turn changed, appropriated, and co-opted by those who inhabit them. In effect, these Sufi shrines become microcosms of the cities, villages, and nations in which they are situated.
Maximum‐likelihood estimation for the removal method

We prove that the profile log-likelihood function for the removal method of estimating population size is unimodal. The result is obtained by a variation-diminishing property of the Laplace transform. An implication of this result is that the likelihood-ratio confidence region for the population size is always an interval. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a finite maximum-likelihood estimator are presented. We also present evidence that the likelihood-ratio confidence interval for the population size has acceptable small-sample coverage properties.
Magneto‐Optically Measured High‐Speed Switching of Sandwich Thin Film Elements

A technique employing the Kerr magneto-optic effect has been used for measuring switching times as short as 10 nsec in thin ferromagnetic films, both individually and when coupled together in a sandwich structure. The switching speed of individual 1-mm-diam Permalloy bits has been found to be dependent on film thickness, the thicker bits switching more slowly. It was further observed that the time to switch 90% of a film is much more sensitive to film thickness than the time to switch 50% of the same film. When two similar films, magnetized in a head-to-tail fashion, are placed on either side of a drive line strip, the time to switch 50% of the films is essentially the same as for individual bits. However, the time required to switch 90% of the material is considerably shorter for sandwich elements than for the corresponding single bits. These results suggest that the slower switching of thick bits may be attributed to an incoherent rotational mechanism associated with the inhomogeneous demagnetizing field.
Racing and gendering immigration politics: analyzing contemporary immigration enforcement using intersectional analysis

This article examines racialization and gendering processes at work in the proliferation of large-scale immigration raids and military-style roundups that affected disproportionately Latina/o immigrants during the height of the war on terror. These raids which took place in sensitive federal facilities, commercial employment sites, and residences resulted in widespread fear and rapid increases in the apprehension, detention, and deportations of immigrants. Utilizing an intersectional analysis the study dissects three distinct manifestations of race and gender in the raids, each of which highlights a different aspect of recent enforcement practices, while pointing to different applications of race and gender in immigration studies and Political Science: (1) the proliferation of Latina immigrants apprehended and placed in detention; (2) the passage of gendered legislation facilitating the raids; and (3) the invocation of race and gendered discourse within the federal government to justify and defend the rai...
Preparation of tertiary amyl alcohol in a reactive distillation column. 1. Reaction kinetics, chemical equilibrium, and mass-transfer issues

The hydration of isoamylenes to produce 2-methyl-2-butanol (tert-amyl alcohol, or TAA) is strongly limited by chemical equilibrium to olefin conversions of less than 50%. The general goal of this work was to determine whether reactive distillation would be a valid method to enhance the yield of TAA. The first step was to study the reaction kinetics and chemical equilibrium, using a polymeric acid catalyst (Amberlyst-15). Acetone was identified as a suitable medium to enable single liquid phase operation and also to enhance the reaction rate. It was found that the intraparticle mass-transfer resistance is negligible at temperatures below 70 °C. A kinetic expression, based on Langmuir−Hinshelwood formalism, is proposed. The forward and reverse reactions show first-order dependence on isoamylenes and TAA, respectively, while water is essentially an inhibitor of the reaction in both directions. The temperature effect on the forward reaction is quantified with an activation energy of 69.5 kJ/mol.
Intravesical antisense therapy for cystitis using TAT-peptide nucleic acid conjugates.

The present study investigated the potential of intravesical instillation for localized reduction of NGF (nerve growth factor) expression in the urinary bladder. Overexpression of NGF has been linked to the pathogenesis of interstitial cystitis (IC). A minimum free energy algorithm was used to predict suitable regions in mRNA of rat βNGF, which can be targeted for an antisense approach. The candidate antisense oligos were evaluated for their ability to reduce NGF expression in vitro by cotransfecting HEK293 cells with NGF cDNA. A single oligonucleotide ODN sequence was chosen for testing in an acute cystitis model in rat induced by cyclophosphamide. Overexpression of NGF is known to mediate inflammation of bladder in this model. For improved stability, antisense ODN was replaced with antisense peptide nucleic acid (PNA) and its penetration into bladder was facilitated by tethering TAT peptide sequence. Rat bladders were instilled with either antisense or its scrambled control prior to cystitis induction. ...
Macrophage recruitment follows the pattern of inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in a model for carpal tunnel syndrome

Chronic nerve compression (CNC) induces a permeability change in neural vasculature. As recent evidence has shown that an alteration in reactive oxidative species (ROS) is related to neural degradation and regeneration, we evaluated whether inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) plays a role in a rat model for CNC. Semi-quantitative analysis of iNOS mRNA and protein were performed with in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, respectively, at 3, 5, and 9 months post-operatively. At 3 months, iNOS mRNA was up-regulated in the perineurium of the proximal nerve with detectable changes in compressed and distal nerve segments. This expression continued to increase in the perineurium of 5-month proximal and compressed nerve segments with distal nerve demonstrating only a slight up-regulation of iNOS mRNA. At 9 months, iNOS mRNA expression was observed in both compressed and distal nerve. iNOS protein expression followed the same pattern of iNOS mRNA. As the perineurium is the blood-nerve barrier, the dat...
The State as Rational Authority: An Anarchist Justification of Government

-Joseph Raz's defence of government is grounded in his 'normal justification thesis'. This thesis justifies the exercise of state authority in just those cases where subjects are more likely to fulfill their duties by obeying the state than by carrying out their own deliberations. I argue that the assumptions underlying this argument are importantly similar to those made by the Enlightenment anarchist philosopher William Godwin. Raz's arguments can supplement Godwin's political theory, producing an argument which, though grounded in anarchist principles, justifies a limited state authority.
The Contribution of Infections with Bovine Viral Diarrhea Viruses to Bovine Respiratory Disease

The contribution of bovine viral diarrhea viruses (BVDV) to the development of bovine respiratory disease is the sum of several different factors. These factors include the contribution of acute uncomplicated BVDV infections, the high incidence of respiratory disease in animals persistently infected with BVDV, the immunosuppression that accompanies acute BVDV infections and predisposes animals to secondary infections, and the synergy resulting in increased virulence occurring in coinfections of BVDV with other pathogens. Immunosuppression, which is associated with infection with all BVDV, may have the greatest impact of these factors. Control of BVDV infections rests on reducing exposure by removing BVDV persistently infected animals, increasing herd resistance by vaccination, and instituting biocontrol methods that limit the opportunity for introduction of BVDV into herds and management units.
Design rules for application specific dynamical systems

This paper explores different forms of custom dynamical systems for decision making. Curiously, covering and association constraints can be rather easily met, and it can sometimes be guaranteed that all feasible solutions (hence including the optimal solution) exist among the attractors. As yet, no general theory exists for designing such systems, but some titillating special cases can be described. Theorems for the pure differential equation layer can lead to simple and direct electronic implementation of new digital devices. The key strength of the application specific dynamical systems (ASDS) approach lies in the fact that all variables are updated in parallel. Thus ASDS method offers the potential of high speed solutions using modern high density integrated circuits hardware.
Validation of a revised slow-stop flow recirculation method Technical Note

Slow flow/stop flow methods have replaced the three needle technique as methods of choice for measuring recirculation. However, the time delay after reducing blood flow may affect the BUN in the systemic (slow flow/stop flow arterial line) sample and therefore limit the accuracy of this methodology. It has been observed that recirculation does not occur in a properly cannulated access unless the access blood flow rate is less than the dialyzer blood flow rate (BFR). This suggests that the systemic sample could be obtained at a higher than usual blood pump rate. We studied 50 patients and compared a revised slow-stop flow (S/SF) recirculation technique in which the systemic sample was drawn after the blood pump rate was reduced to 120 ml/min for 10 seconds and then stopped, to a non-urea based method that utilized indicator velocity dilution (IVDM). Seven patients were found to have recirculation by IVDM; all had recirculation by S/SF of more than 10% (minimum 16.7%) and an access BFR that was less than the dialyzer BFR. In the 43 patients without recirculation by IVDM, the mean recirculation by S/SF was 1.9 +/- 3.2% (mean +/- SD). Five patients without recirculation by IVDM had more than 5% recirculation by S/SF (range, 5.9 to 8.3%). Although there was a small systematic tendency to overestimate recirculation, this modified urea based method was still able to detect recirculation with good reliability. Single values above 10% are highly likely to indicate the presence of true recirculation. Repeated values over 5%, are also likely to be significant, indicating the presence of true recirculation and its clinical correlate, marginal access blood flow.
Television's Vietnam and historical revisionism in the United States

(1988). Television's Vietnam and historical revisionism in the United States. Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television: Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 253-267.
Information mispurchase in judgment tasks: A task-driven causal mechanism

Abstract Numerous studies of predecisional information purchase indicate that humans are often seriously suboptimal in balancing the costs and benefits of the information they purchase. Underpurchase is reported in some tasks, over-purchase in others, but no convincing account has been offered of the mechanisms producing these patterns of error. The present paper attempts such an account. We first show by computer simulation that simple hill-climbing algorithms reliably reproduce patterns of over-and underpurchase found in earlier studies, and identify the task characteristics that drive this result. We then specify a novel task that should, by this account, yield a new pattern of purchase error and demonstrate that both simulated and real subjects do, in fact, show such error patterns. Implications are drawn both for research strategy in the area and for practical application.
A Computer Program for Age–Length Keys Incorporating Age Assignment to Individual Fish

Abstract We provide a computer program (AGEKEY) that quickly implements an age–length key approach for estimating fish population age structure and mean lengths at age. The program's approach to age assignment differs from previous approaches in that ages are explicitly assigned to individual unaged fish. Because individual age assignment is necessary to describe the variation around estimates of mean catch per effort (CPE) at age and to compare these estimates through standard statistical procedures, the number of fish of a specified age captured in each unit of effort must be known or estimated. Individual age assignment can be confounded by instances of fractionality, where ages cannot be evenly assigned to fish within individual length intervals. Program AGEKEY resolves the problem of fractionality by applying an integer-based approach to age assignment. When we tested the validity of the program with two sample data sets, AGEKEY yielded estimates of age frequency and mean lengths at age that were ver...
Nanoscale oxide patterns on Si(100) surfaces

Ultrathin oxide patterns of a linewidth of 50 A have been created on Si(100)‐2×1 surfaces by a scanning tunneling microscope operating in ultrahigh vacuum. The oxide thickness is estimated to be 4–10 A. The morphology and spectroscopy of the oxide region are obtained. Hydrogen passivation is used as an oxidation mask. The defects caused by oxidation in the passivated region before and after the hydrogen desorption are compared and discussed. The multistep silicon processings by an ultrahigh vacuum scanning tunneling micropscope is thus demonstrated.
Alternatives and Liquidity: Will Spending and Capital Calls Eat Your “Modern” Portfolio?

High allocations to alternative investments by investors, such as foundations and endowments, raise infrequently discussed concerns about liquidity. As the percentage of assets under management invested in alternatives rises, the availability of liquid equities and bonds available to meet spending requirements, capital calls, and margin calls plummets. A series of simulations shows how severe this problem can become in bear markets. The remedy for this problem is to ladder gradually into illiquid assets, so that expected future cash flows from these assets partially or fully offset capital calls and other cash requirements. New and enthusiastic investors in illiquid alternative investments sometimes forget this principle. By adhering to it, an alternatives program can be successful, but not on an unlimited scale. It is also necessary to hold a considerable portion of a portfolio in liquid stocks and bonds.
Organismal stoichiometry and the adaptive advantage of variable nutrient use and production efficiency in Daphnia

Models that describe the ecological stoichiometry of individuals and populations often include a simplifying assumption that nutrient ratios in consumers are constant. However, several experiments suggest that organisms can alter their internal stoichiometry under nutrient poor conditions. These experiments also suggest that the production efficiency (biomass produced per unit ingested) of limiting nutrients increases when food quality is poor. We explored how these two physiological adaptations affected growth and reproduction in Daphnia under low nutrient levels by developing three different dynamic simulation models of an individual daphnid under stoichiometric constraints. All three models were converted into individual-based population models interacting with a process-based algal population model. Calibration of the three individual models demonstrated that the assumption of constant nutrient ratios was unable to replicate experimental observations of Daphnia growth under nutrient limited conditions. The addition of increasing phosphorous production efficiency improved the Daphnia's ability to survive and grow, but still not within reported ranges. The addition of variable stoichiometry in the form of increasing nutrient use efficiency yielded an individual daphnid model that could be calibrated across reported food quantity/quality gradients. Further, the model accurately simulated the demonstrated ability of Daphnia to overcome the limitation of poor food quality and eventually suppress the algal population in a high-energy, low-nutrient system. The model accurately predicted the timing of the peak of the Daphnia population as well as the equilibrium biomass levels for both populations reported in a recent experiment. Explorations of model behavior further demonstrated that the adaptations under consideration increase total system P cycling which increases total system production.
The Tramp, the Jew, and the Kid

This essay explores in particular and historical detail a well‐worn truism of Chaplin criticism: that there was a special affinity between Chaplin and Dickens. That affinity turns out, it argues, to have important implications for Chaplin’s self‐fashioning both as a performer, in film, especially in his first full‐length feature and most personal film, The Kid, and as an autobiographer, in print, not only in My Autobiography but (to some degree) in the disputed and dubious 1916 work Charlie Chaplin’s Own Story. His identification with Dickens, especially the Dickens of Oliver Twist, was deep‐rooted and enabling; it is expressed particularly in his creative relationship to his child self, in his encounter with stereotype, prejudice, and stage ‘Jewishness’, and in his understanding of performance as a kind of self‐making. Besides Dickens himself, several ‘Dickensian’ actors will prove major players in this story, including ‘Dickensian’ ‘impersonator’ Bransby Williams and, above all, Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tre...
A distributed environment for run-time visualization and application steering in computational mechanics

Abstract The VASE software system for run-time visualization and interactive steering of high-performance computing applications is described. The system allows a user to specify interactively during the execution of a large-scale application which data structures are to be visualized and the format of the visualization. Tools are provided to develop and execute network-distributed applications that might involve remote supercomputers, graphics workstations and mass storage facilities. In addition to visualization functions, VASE supports interactive steering of large-scale computing applications. A debugger-like command interpreter allows the user to specify and execute steering operations during program execution. Steering can be used to adjust solution parameters, redefine problem data, control optimization procedures, etc. A distributed supercomputing application based on VASE for shape optimization of structures over variable topologies is presented.
Military Procurement as Rational Myth: Notes on the Social Construction of Weapons Proliferation

This paper outlines four theoretical approaches to the sociology of weapons proliferation: strategic-functional theories, factional theories, geopolitical theories, and institutional theories. Although rarely formulated explicitly, the first three approaches are implicit in the existing literature on proliferation. All three see proliferation as the result of rational decision making, although they differ as to the locus of these decisions, with strategic-functional theories focusing on the nation-state, factional theories on subnational interests, and geopolitical theories on global superpowers. In contrast, the institutional approach disputes the rationality of procurement, arguing instead that weapons purchases are structured and driven by institutionalized normative structures that link advanced weaponry with modernization and sovereignty. The policy implications of this perspective are discussed, and parallels to recent developments in organizational theory are highlighted.
Intentionally recursive: a participatory model for mentoring

Technical Communication as an academic field is complex and in need of well-mentored faculty. This article reports on an initiative to improve mentoring of faculty and practitioners that has been underway for three years. We have focused on listening to needs expressed by women in Technical Communication (#womeninTC), comparing what they expressed about their experiences and needs to literature on mentoring models, and developing resources that do a more comprehensive job of addressing their experiences and needs. Our goals are to improve mentoring in ways that are sustainable for faculty and working technical communicators at the same time as we grow a sturdier field.
Anion transport in sickle red blood cells.

ABSTRACT: Anion transport in sickle cells (SS RBC) mediated by the band 3 membrane protein was evaluated by three different measures in both oxygenated and deoxygenated conditions and compared to normal red cells. First, Cl- self-exchange measured as 36Cl- efflux at 0°C was normal in SS RBC in both Vmax and dependence on extracellular Cl- concentration. There was no effect of deoxygenation on either parameter. Second, stilbene-sensitive 35SO=4:SO=4exchange, measured at 37°C where morphologic sickling occurred, was also unaffected by deoxygenation and was normal compared to normal red cells. Third, conductive Cl- flux was assessed by measuring the rates of Cl−-limited K+ efflux in valinomycin-treated cells at 37°C. Both the stilbene-sensitive and insensitive components of net Cl- flux were similar in SS RBC and normal red cells, and were unaltered by morphologic sickling. Thus, despite dramatic alterations in cation transport in SS RBC and the demonstration of interaction between band 3 protein and sickle cell, anion transport functions appear to be normal in SS RBC and are unaffected by deoxygenation. These data suggest that the majority of the anion exchangers in SS RBC are functionally normal.
Psychosocial experiences in the context of life-threatening illness: the cardiac rehabilitation patient.

Objective One of the most prevalent life-threatening illnesses is heart disease. The initial trauma of being diagnosed with a life-threatening illness or having a cardiac event can begin a psychosocial chain reaction that results in a transformation of the lives of these patients. The goal of our study was to investigate the lived experiences of psychosocial healing in rehabilitation of cardiac patients using a qualitative written interview. Method A purposive sample of 14 cardiac event survivors was recruited. Participants were interviewed after informed consent and screening. We used a qualitative analysis and model-revision approach similar to the procedure outlined by Charmaz (2006). Results Participants consistently mentioned that a heightened awareness of mortality was a motivating factor that led to participants focusing more on their family and relationships, having an enhanced outlook on life, and making healthy lifestyle changes. Significance of results If clinicians are able to employ a measure to better understand the nature of a patient's progression from cardiac event to successful recovery, interventions such as cardiac rehabilitation can be implemented earlier and more effectively during the course of the illness and recovery phases of treatment. Theoretically, this early detection of a patient's progression could reduce the time spent recovering from a cardiac event, and it would allow treatments for these conditions to better alleviate the psychosocial concerns faced by patients.