cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inoculation of beef with low concentrations of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and examination of factors that interfere with its detection by culture isolation and rapid methods.

Currently used industry testing programs require the ability to detect Escherichia coli O157:H7 in samples of beef trim or ground beef at levels as low as 1 CFU/375 g. We present a reliable protocol for generating a control inoculum for verification testing at this low concentration and evaluate its use. Results show that half of all samples received no cells when 1 CFU was the target concentration and that targets greater than 3 CFU were much more reliable. Detection by culture isolation and two commercial assays, Qualicon BAX-MP and BioControl GDS, detected 94% ± 11%, 92% ± 10%, and 92% ± 7% of samples inoculated with 5.4 CFU (range 1 to 9 CFU), respectively. We also examined the effect of background aerobic plate count (APC) bacteria and fat content effects on the detection of E. coli O157:H7. At APC concentrations below 6 log CFU/g, the rapid methods detected all beef trim samples inoculated with 26 CFU of E. coli O157:H7 per 65 g. At an APC of 6.7 log CFU/g, culture, BAX-MP, and GDS detected 100, 75,...
Physical Properties Under Elastic Shock Compression

In this chapter: nonlinear piezoelectric and dielectric behavior; shock-induced electrical conductance; semiconductors; elastic physical properties.
Effect of a responsive parenting educational intervention on childhood weight outcomes at 3 years of age: The INSIGHT randomized clinical trial

Importance Rapid growth and elevated weight status in early childhood increase risk for later obesity, but interventions that improve growth trajectories are lacking. Objective To examine effects of a responsive parenting intervention designed to promote developmentally appropriate, prompt, and contingent responses to a child’s needs on weight outcomes at 3 years. Design, Setting, and Participants A single-center randomized clinical trial comparing a responsive parenting intervention designed to prevent childhood obesity vs a home safety intervention (control) among 279 primiparous mother-child dyads (responsive parenting group, 140; control group, 139) who enrolled and completed the first home visit from January 2012 through March 2014 with follow-up to age 3 years (completed by April 2017). Interventions Research nurses conducted 4 home visits during infancy and annual research center visits. The responsive parenting curriculum focused on feeding, sleep, interactive play, and emotion regulation. The control curriculum focused on safety. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was body mass index (BMI)zscore at 3 years (zscore of 0 represents the population mean; 1 and −1 represent 1 SD above and below the mean, respectively). BMI percentile at 3 years was designated previously as the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes included the prevalence of overweight (BMI ≥85th percentile and Results Among 291 mother-child dyads randomized, 279 received the first home visit and were included in the primary analysis. 232 mother-child dyads (83.2%) completed the 3-year trial. Mean age of the mothers was 28.7 years; 86% were white and 86% were privately insured. At age 3 years, children in the responsive parenting group had a lower mean BMIzscore (−0.13 in the responsive parenting group vs 0.15 in the control group; absolute difference, −0.28 [95% CI, −0.53 to −0.01];P = .04). Mean BMI percentiles did not differ significantly (47th in the responsive parenting group vs 54th in the control group; reduction in mean BMI percentiles of 6.9 percentile points [95% CI, −14.5 to 0.6];P = .07). Of 116 children in the responsive parenting group, 13 (11.2%) were overweight vs 23 (19.8%) of 116 children in the control group (absolute difference, −8.6% [95% CI, −17.9% to 0.0%]; odds ratio [OR], 0.51 [95% CI, 0.25 to 1.06];P = .07); 3 children (2.6%) in the responsive parenting group were obese vs 9 children (7.8%) in the control group (absolute difference, −5.2% [95% CI, −10.8% to 0.0%]; OR, 0.32 [95% CI, 0.08 to 1.20];P = .09). Conclusions and Relevance Among primiparous mother-child dyads, a responsive parenting intervention initiated in early infancy compared with a control intervention resulted in a modest reduction in BMIzscores at age 3 years, but no significant difference in BMI percentile. Further research is needed to determine the long-term effect of the intervention and assess its efficacy in other settings. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:NCT01167270
Neural convergence of rhythm and language: From trait to state

As a growing literature has shed light on associations between cognitive mechanisms for music and language, an important role of rhythm and timing is emerging for individual differences in language skills in children. In this talk we will address: A) how musical rhythm relates to individual differences in spoken grammar traits in children ages 5 to 8; and B) potential neural synchronization by which an overlap in processing rhythm and language might occur. Results in the current study show strong correlations between musical rhythm perception and spoken grammar production, converging with prior work. In addition, we found that individual differences in neural synchronization to the speech envelope (measured with EEG) during passive listening are associated with performance on prosodic and musical rhythm behavioral task performance. Additional EEG data (during musical rhythm beat perception) has also been collected from N = 50 children with typical language development and N = 13 children with grammatical ...
A novel swine model of abdominal aortic aneurysm

Abstract Objective Few large-animal models exist for the study of aortic aneurysms. β-Aminopropionitrile (BAPN) is a compound known to cause aortic aneurysms by inhibiting lysyl oxidase, a collagen cross-linking enzyme. It is hypothesized that BAPN plus aneurysm induction surgery would result in significant aneurysm formation in swine with biologic properties similar to human disease. Methods Initial experiments were performed in uncastrated male swine not treated with BAPN (surgery alone). Subsequently, uncastrated male swine were fed BAPN (0.15 g/kg) for 7 days before undergoing surgery; the infrarenal aorta was circumferentially dissected and measured, balloon dilated, and perfused with elastase (500 units) and type I collagenase (8000 units), with extraluminal elastase application. In the BAPN groups, daily BAPN feedings continued until swine harvest at postoperative days 7, 14, and 28. Results Swine undergoing surgery alone (n = 12) had significantly less dilation at 28 days compared with BAPN + surgery swine (51.9% ± 29.2% [0%-100%] vs 113.5% ± 30.2% [52.9%-146.2%]; P Conclusions BAPN plus surgery resulted in significantly larger aortic aneurysms than surgery alone and was critical to aneurysm formation in this novel swine model. Hallmarks of human disease, such as elastin fragmentation, smooth muscle cell depletion, macrophage infiltration, matrix metalloproteinase activation, and proinflammatory cytokine expression, were observed in BAPN-treated swine. This model better parallels many of the characteristics of human AAAs and may be suitable for prehuman drug trials.
DC and RF performances of InAs FinFET and GAA MOSFET on insulator

Abstract This paper presents a benchmarking comparison between InAs FinFET and gate-all-around (GAA) MOSFET by a 3-D TCAD simulation. The complete FinFET fabrication process is demonstrated followed by a TCAD simulation platform based on the experimental data. Both DC and RF simulation results are shown here. Further optimizations are explored for InAs FinFET/GAA MOSFET through TCAD simulations. It is found that with optimizations in materials, device geometry and fabrication, significant enhancement in DC/RF performances is possible with these devices. In addition, GAA MOSFET shows a better potential for future RF application.
A Clinical Approach to Diagnosing Encephalopathy

Encephalopathy refers to dysfunction of the level or contents of consciousness due to brain dysfunction and can result from global brain insults or focal lesions. The underlying causes of encephalopathy include both primary neurologic and systemic conditions. This article discusses the differential diagnosis of encephalopathy, with a focus on primary neurologic causes. A practical schema for organizing the differential diagnosis is to group etiologies by their pace of onset and evolution (eg, sudden, acute, subacute, chronic).
Links between Shared Reading and Play, Parent Psychosocial Functioning, and Child Behavior: Evidence from a Randomized Controlled Trial.

Objective To investigate pathways by which interventions that promote shared reading and play help prevent child behavior problems. We examined whether family processes associated with the family investment pathway (eg, parental cognitive stimulation) and the family stress pathway (eg, mothers' psychosocial functioning) mediated impacts of a pediatric-based preventive intervention on child behavior. Study design The sample included 362 low-income mothers and their children who participated in a randomized controlled trial of the Video Interaction Project, a pediatrics-based preventive intervention that promotes parent-child interactions in the context of shared reading and play. Parent-child dyads were randomly assigned to group at birth. Three mediators—parental cognitive stimulation, maternal stress about the parent-child relationship, and maternal depressive symptoms—were assessed at child ages 6 and 36 months. The outcome, child externalizing behaviors, was assessed at 36 months. We used a series of path analytic models to examine how these family processes, separately or together, mediated the impacts of the Video Interaction Project on child behavioral outcomes. Results Intervention impacts on child behavior were mediated by enhancements in cognitive stimulation and by improvements in mothers' psychosocial functioning. A sequential mediation model showed that Video Interaction Project impacts on cognitive stimulation at 6 months were associated with later decreases in mothers' stress about the parent-child relationship and that this pathway mediated intervention impacts on child behavioral outcomes at 3 years of age (P = .023). Conclusions Using an experimental design, this study identifies pathways by which parent-child interactions in shared reading and play can improve child behavioral outcomes. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov : NCT00212576 .
Parroting patriots: interspecies trauma and becoming-well-together

At a Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center in West Los Angeles, traumatised parrots and former soldiers participate in an experimental therapy programme aimed at overcoming the wounds of war and abandonment. Drawing on the work of Giorgio Agamben and Peter Sloterdijk, this article uses the VA parrot therapy programme to develop an interspecies account of trauma in and beyond language that emphasises the dangers of isolation and denaturalisation. Looking after parrots, veterans reacclimate themselves to an alternative mode of existence centred around care for the other. This article reflects on the possibilities for therapeutic encounter-value in processes such as this, where humans and non-humans are 'becoming-well-together'. At stake in these multispecies encounters is a form of care critical for a world filled with too many traumatised beings.
Robust Methods for High-Dimensional Regression and Covariance Matrix Estimation

We review some basic ideas of the robust statistics literature and define tools that allows us to construct robust statistical procedures. We show how these ideas, originally developed for fixed dimensional settings, can also be applied to high-dimensional problems where the number of unknown parameters can be larger than the sample size. In particular, we build on the theory of M-estimators and adapt it to handle the problems of high-dimensional regression and covariance matrix estimation via regularization. For the former problem we show that penalized M-estimators for high-dimensional generalized linear models can lead to estimators that are consistent when the data is nice and contains no contaminated observations, while importantly remaining stable in the presence of a small fraction of outliers. For the problem of covariance estimation we show that M-estimators be used to significantly weaken the typical requirement of having sub-Gaussian distributions to assuming only a few finite moments. This relaxation cannot be achieved by regularizing the sample covariance as in classical fixed dimensional regimes.
Influence of Energy on Internal Reporting

Several departments use energy data in their work within an organization. Unfortunately, each department analyzes a different subset of energy data and uses the results to support differing purposes. These issues can originate from any level of a corporate hierarchy and affect the entire organization, from ESG strategy to utility bills to green purchasing policies. To act as the translator, the energy strategist needs to understand the problem that an energy-related report was intended to answer, the different goals of each department, and the functional tools they have at their disposal. By doing so, the energy strategist becomes a nexus of information, helping the board manage the intersections of energy and corporate strategy.
Contraction Artifacts on Biceps Tissue Bioimpedance Collected using Stepped-Sine Excitations

In this study, bioimpedance measurements were collected from the biceps tissue of a participant during a series of rest and exercise intervals while acceleration data was used to quantify the magnitude of movement during each interval. During the exercise intervals, which displayed greater variations in acceleration magnitude than the rest intervals, the tissue resistance and reactance both showed differences up to $6.75\,\omega$ and $1.8\,\omega$, respectively. These contraction artifacts significantly impact the interpretation of the localized bioimpedance measurements and support the need for further data to determine the context of the measurements during their application outside of laboratory-controlled conditions.
Precise electronic control of redox reactions inside Escherichia coli using a genetic module

Microorganisms regulate the redox state of different biomolecules to precisely control biological processes. These processes can be modulated by electrochemically coupling intracellular biomolecules to an external electrode, but current approaches afford only limited control and specificity. Here we describe specific electrochemical control of the reduction of intracellular biomolecules in Escherichia coli through introduction of a heterologous electron transfer pathway. E. coli expressing mtrCAB from Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 consumed electrons directly from a cathode when fumarate or nitrate, both intracellular electron acceptors, were present. The fumarate-triggered current consumption occurred only when fumarate reductase was present, indicating all the electrons passed through this enzyme. Moreover, MtrCAB-expressing E. coli used current to stoichiometrically produce ammonia. Thus, our work introduces a modular genetic tool to reduce a specific intracellular redox molecule with an electrode, opening the possibility of electronically controlling biological processes such as biosynthesis and growth in any microorganism.
Did I Agree to This? Silent Tracking Through Beacons.

Users’ personally identifiable information (PII) collection is a primary revenue model for the app-economy, and consequently user tracking has become increasingly invasive and ubiquitous. Smart and IoT devices provide even more access to users’ personal information by utilizing their exact location and default device settings. Although users in most cases must grant permission before their personal information is collected and shared with third-parties, this is not the case when user tracking happens through email or just by owning and using Bluetooth dependent devices. In any case, the average user is willing to accept the terms of the often unread “Privacy Policy” in order to receive the advertised “better user experience”, without really being aware of the consequences of this decision. In this work, we investigate the latest popular technologies for user tracking through mobile and web applications and demonstrate how much information about users can be gathered without user awareness or acknowledgment as well as in which cases and how we were able to limit this tracking. Finally, in our work, we attempt to create unified user profiles by combining our findings from the different tracking techniques against targeted users. We hope that our extensive analysis of beacon tracking will lead to greater awareness of the privacy risks involved with web beacons and Bluetooth tracking and motivate the deployment of stricter regulations and a more effective notification mechanism when such tracking is in place.
Relativistic configuration-interaction and many-body-perturbation-theory calculations of U i hyperfine constants

Neutral uranium (U i) is a very difficult atom for theoretical calculations due to a large number (six) of valence electrons, strong valence-valence and valence-core correlations, high density of states, and relativistic effects. Configuration-interaction many-body perturbation theory (CI-MBPT) can efficiently treat valence-core correlations and relativistic effects, but because the formalism was developed for a Dirac-Hartree-Fock (DHF) starting potential that does not contain valence electrons, quite large CI space is needed to compensate for the $+6$ charge of such a potential. Much more efficient is the relativistic configuration-interaction (RCI) approach, which uses a relatively accurate starting DHF potential that includes some valence electrons to make the valence-electron Hamiltonian diagonally dominated for some states. Here we report calculations of U i hyperfine constants of several low-energy states using the RCI method with the starting potential that includes four $f$ valence electrons. With this starting potential, it is possible to use the single-configuration approximation or small basis sets to obtain quite accurate results for hyperfine-structure constants. In fact, by scaling the nuclear magnetic moment, the agreement for five levels was within 5% and a new magnetic moment can be recommended, 0.43(2). When two states are mixed, it is difficult to predict the exact mixing fractions, so in this case we proposed a method in which the mixing fraction is found by optimization of one parameter in the MBPT correction to obtain correct $g$ factors. The resulting hyperfine constants are significantly improved. Finally, the CI-MBPT approach was also tested, with some success for low-energy states, with the limited basis set. The methods investigated here can be further developed to include more extensive data sets to improve accuracy and can be applied to other atoms and for calculations of other properties, for example, relevant to fundamental symmetry tests.
Response inhibition is driven by top-down network mechanisms and enhanced with focused ultrasound

Response inhibition is necessary for humans to safeguard against undesirable action consequences. Inhibitory control consistently recruits the prefrontal right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG) and pre-supplementary motor area. Yet, whether inhibitory control is a defining function of rIFG, distinct from attentional orienting, remains widely debated. The issue emerges from previous studies reporting inhibitory and attentional demands both elicit rIFG activation. Here, we address this issue based on the proposition that inhibitory and attentional control are predicated on different network mechanisms. We derived and causally tested network mechanisms using EEG, dynamic causal modeling (DCM) and focused ultrasound stimulation in humans performing a Stop-Signal task. rIFG stimulation increased inhibitory performance and speed. DCM of evoked responses linked behavioral inhibition to rIFG top-down gain modulation of pre-SMA inhibitory populations. These results reconcile competing accounts of prefrontal cognitive control function, by identifying rIFG-based inhibitory mechanisms as distinct from other top-down cognitive control processes.
Precision tests of General Relativity with Matter Waves

We review the physics of atoms and clocks in weakly curved space-time, and how each may be used to test the Einstein equivalence principle (EEP) in the context of the minimal standard model extension. We find that conventional clocks and matter-wave interferometers are sensitive to the same kinds of EEP-violating physics. We show that the analogy between matter waves and clocks remains true for systems beyond the semiclassical limit. We quantitatively compare the experimentally observable signals for EEP violation in matter-wave experiments. We find that comparisons of 6Li and 7Li are particularly sensitive to such anomalies. Tests involving unstable isotopes, for which matter-wave interferometers are well suited, may further improve the sensitivity of EEP tests.
The effect of wavelength on the variability of the flash visual evoked potential P2: A potential biomarker for mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's dementia.

Abstract As the number of individuals diagnosed with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and Alzheimer's dementia (AD) increases, a need exists for early detection and treatment of the disorders. A recent review of the literature conducted by Arruda et al. (2020) revealed that the latency of the flash visual-evoked potential-P2 (FVEP-P2) may possess pathognomic information that may assist in the early detection and treatment of each disease. Unfortunately, while group differences in latency are robust, the ability to discriminate between individuals remains difficult due to the natural variability associated with the FVEP-P2 latency. In the current investigation, we examine the role of wavelength of light in the production of the FVEP-P2, with the goal of reducing the variability associated with the FVEP-P2 latency and improving the diagnostic accuracy of the FVEP-P2 evaluation. Method Twenty-four healthy individuals (11 males and 13 females), ages 18 to 36 years (M = 25.00, SD = 5.60), participated in this investigation. Each participant experienced five blocks of 100 strobe flashes (or trials) under two different light conditions (blue filtered light and polychromatic white light) with their eyes closed. The FVEP-P2 associated with each trial was identified and the latency and amplitude of each component was calculated. Result The results of several repeated measures analysis of variance revealed no statistically significant differences in intra- and inter-individual variability associated with the P2 latency or amplitude. However, there was a significant difference in the amplitude of the P2 produced by the two lights, with blue filtered light producing significantly lower amplitudes than the polychromatic white light. Conclusion The results of the present investigation suggest that while imperfect, the current practice of employing polychromatic white light in the production of the FVEP-P2 remains the gold standard and that additional methods of reducing the natural variability of the P2 need to be developed if the FVEP-P2 latency is to be used as a biomarker.
One-Year Survival Worse for Lung Retransplants Relative to Primary Lung Transplants.

Abstract Background Outcomes after lung retransplantation (LRT) remain inferior compared with primary lung transplantation (PLT). This study examined the impact of center volume on 1-year survival after LRT. Methods Using the United Network for Organ Sharing database, the study abstracted patients undergoing PLT and LRT between January 2006 and December 2017, excluding combined heart-lung transplants and multiple retransplants. One-year survival rates after PLT and LRT were compared using propensity score matching. In the LRT cohort, multivariable Cox models with and without time-dependent coefficients were fitted to examine association between transplant center volume and 1-year survival. Center volume was categorized on the basis of inspection of restricted cubic splines. Results A total of 20,675 recipients (PLT 19,853 [96.0%] vs LRT 822 [4.0%]) were included. One-year survival was lower for LRT recipients in the matched cohort (PLT 84.8% vs LRT 76.7%). There was steady improvement in 1-year survival after LRT (2006 to 2009 72.1% vs 2010 to 2013 76.6% vs 2014 to 2017 80.1%). Higher center volume was associated with better 1-year survival after LRT. This survival difference was noted in the initial 30 days after transplantation (intermediate vs low volume hazard ratio, 0.282 [95% confidence interval, 0.151 to 0.526]; high vs low volume hazard ratio, 0.406 [95% confidence interval, 0.224 to 0.737]), but it became insignificant after 30 days. Conclusions Superior 1-year survival after LRT at higher-volume centers is predominantly the result of better 30-day outcomes. This finding suggests that LRT candidates may be referred to higher-volume centers for surgery.
Scolytinae in Nursery and Fruit Crops of Western Kentucky and Seasonal Population Patterns of Four Invasive Ambrosia Beetles

Ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) inoculate species specific symbiotic fungi into the sapwood of their hosts. Some fungi are innocuous, but others are pathogenic and can kill plants in a short time. The main objectives of this study were to identify ambrosia beetle species found in wholesale and retail nurseries and an apple orchard in western Kentucky and monitor population abundance and phenology of the more common invasive ambrosia beetles. Baker traps baited with ultra-high or standard release ethanol were deployed in late February or March and removed in either fall (2016 and 2017) or August (2018). Sixteen ambrosia beetle species were captured, and eight of them were invasive. The invasive species Cnestus mutilatus (Blandford), Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Motschulsky), Xylosandrus germanus (Blandford), and Xyleborinus saxesenii (Ratzeburg) were the most common and abundant species. The highest counts of these invasive species were recorded from April to May. In addition, we are reporting 13 bark beetle species captured in this study; among them, Phloeotribus dentrifrons (Blackman) and Thysanoes fimbricornis LeConte are reported for the first time for Kentucky, whereas Scolytus multistriatus (Marsham) was the only invasive bark beetle collected.
Utilization of a Directly Supervised Telehealth-Based Exercise Training Program in Patients With Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis: Feasibility Study.

Background: Most patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are physically inactive despite the well-known benefits of physical activity. Telehealth offers promise as a novel way to deliver an exercise training program and increase physical activity. However, the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of telehealth-based exercise programs is unknown in patients with NAFLD. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the feasibility of a directly supervised exercise training program delivered exclusively with telehealth to patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), the progressive form of NAFLD. Methods: In response to COVID-19 research restrictions, we adapted an existing clinical trial and delivered 20 weeks of moderate-intensity aerobic training 5 days a week under real-time direct supervision using an audio–visual telehealth platform. Aerobic training was completed by walking outdoors or using a home treadmill. Fitness activity trackers with heart rate monitors ensured exercise was completed at the prescribed intensity with real-time feedback from an exercise physiologist. Results: Three female patients with biopsy-proven NASH were enrolled with a mean age of 52 (SD 14) years. The mean body mass index was 31.9 (SD 5.1) kg/m2. All patients had metabolic syndrome. All patients completed over 80% of exercise sessions (mean 84% [SD 3%]) and no adverse events occurred. Body weight (mean –5.1% [SD 3.7%]), body fat (mean –4.4% [SD 2.3%]), and waist circumference (mean –1.3 in. [SD 1.6 in.]) all improved with exercise. The mean relative reduction in magnetic resonance imaging-proton density fat fraction (MRI-PDFF) was 35.1% (SD 8.8%). Mean reductions in hemoglobin A1c and Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance were also observed (–0.5% [SD 0.2%] and –4.0 [SD 1.2], respectively). The mean peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) improved by 9.9 (SD 6.6) mL/kg/min. Conclusions: This proof-of-concept study found that supervised exercise training delivered via telehealth is feasible and safe in patients with NASH. Telehealth-based exercise training also appears to be highly efficacious in patients with NASH, but this will need to be confirmed by future large-scale trials. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03518294; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03518294
Unmasking First-Generation College Students and Professionals

This reflective piece draws on the experiences of first-generation professionals who identify as immigrants or children of immigrants. Three different narratives are shared in order to illustrate t...
Pharmacokinetics and metabolic disposition of a potent and selective kynurenine monooxygenase inhibitor, CHDI-340246, in laboratory animals.

The disposition of a novel kynurenine monooxygenase inhibitor, CHDI-340246, was investigated in vitro and in animals.In vitro, there was minimal metabolic turnover of CHDI-340246 in all species. The protein binding was higher in human plasma (99.7%) relative to other species.In all species, blood clearance was low ( 60%) in all species.In rats, [14C]CHDI-340246 showed wide distribution of radioactivity in all tissues except brain and testes. In rats, the parent drug was the major circulating moiety with minor amounts of a sulphate conjugate of an O-dealkylated metabolite. The elimination occurred via the urinary route and to a lesser extent by biliary route, but mostly as metabolites. In cynomolgus monkeys, the parent drug predominated in plasma with only trace amounts of metabolites detected.Acyl glucuronide conjugate of CHDI-340246 was not detected in plasma of rats or monkeys.Overall, the ADME profile of CHDI-340246 was favourable in rats and monkeys for potential evaluation of KMO inhibition in humans.
Traditionslinien gering qualifizierter Arbeit

Michael Vester (1998) unterscheidet das traditionslose Arbeitermilieu von den Milieus der Facharbeit und praktischen Intelligenz. Wahrend sich letztere aus den untergehenden standischen Handwerksmilieus rekrutieren und aufgrund ihrer Qualifikation eine hohere Entlohnung und somit bessere Lebensumstande aufweisen, setzt sich das traditionslose Arbeitermilieu aus den landlichen und stadtischen Unterschichten zusammen. Das erste Kapitel wirft einen kursorischen Blick auf die Ubergangszeit zwischen der vorindustriellen und der industriellen Gesellschaft, in deren Folge sich die ungelernte Arbeiterschaft aus den unteren Schichten der peasant society herausbildete. Die Zeit zwischen 1750 und 1850 ist jene „Sattelzeit“ (Koselleck), in der die traditionellen soziookonomischen Ordnungsvorstellungen und Wertesysteme endgultig abgelost werden durch die entstehende kapitalistische Gesellschaft, die im Zusammenspiel mit den neuen Prinzipien der personlichen Freiheit und Rechtsgleichheit den Ubergang zur Moderne markiert (Hippel 1995: 2, Kocka 1990a: 25). Die Ausfuhrungen richten sich dabei vor allem auf die angelernte Arbeiterschaft und deren sozialstrukturelle und lebensweltliche Verortung.
Total synthesis of pro-resolving and tissue-regenerative Protectin sulfido-conjugates

Abstract The stereospecific total synthesis of the pro-resolving and tissue-regenerative Protectin sulfido-conjugates: 16R,17S-PCTR1, 16R,17S-PCTR2, and 16R,17S-PCTR3, derived from docosahexaenoic acid, has been achieved. The key intermediate 16S,17S-epoxy-Protectin methyl ester was synthesized using the Sharpless catalytic asymmetric epoxidation to generate the chiral centers at C16 and C17. A Cs2CO3 promoted coupling provided the skipped diyne intermediate. Wittig reactions and epoxide opening with glutathione, l -cysteinylglycine, and l -cysteine methyl ester hydrochloride, respectively, were the key steps in the synthesis.
A Typed Foundation for Directional Logic Programming

A long standing problem in logic programming is how to impose directionality on programs in a safe fashion. The benefits of directionality include freedom from explicit sequential control, the ability to reason about algorithmic properties of programs (such as termination, complexity and deadlock-freedom) and controlling concurrency. By using Girard's linear logic, we are able to devise a type system that combines types and modes into a unified framework, and enables one to express directionality declaratively. The rich power of the type system allows outputs to be embedded in inputs and vice versa. Type checking guarantees that values have unique producers, but multiple consumers are still possible. From a theoretical point of view, this work provides a “logic programming interpretation” of (the proofs of) linear logic, adding to the concurrency and functional programming interpretations that are already known. It also brings logic programming into the broader world of typed languages and types-as-propositions paradigm, enriching it with static scoping and higher-order features.
Society of Neurological Surgeons boot camp courses: Knowledge retention and relevance of hands-on learning after 6 months of postgraduate year 1 training

Object In July 2010, the Society of Neurological Surgeons (SNS) introduced regional courses to promote patient safety and teach fundamental skills and knowledge to all postgraduate Year 1 (PGY1) trainees entering Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME)–accredited US neurosurgery residency programs. Data from these courses demonstrated significant didactic learning and high faculty and resident satisfaction with hands-on training. Here, the authors evaluated the durability of learning from and the relevance of participation in SNS PGY1 courses as measured midway through PGY1 training. Methods Resident participants were resurveyed 6 months after boot camp course attendance to assess knowledge retention and course effectiveness. Exposure to relevant hands-on experiences during PGY1 training and the subjective value of pre-residency simulated training in the courses were assessed. Results Ninety-four percent of all residents entering US PGY1 neurosurgical training participated in the 2010...
Signal-to-Noise Enhancement of a Nanospring Redox-Based Sensor by Lock-in Amplification

A significant improvement of the response characteristics of a redox chemical gas sensor (chemiresistor) constructed with a single ZnO coated silica nanospring has been achieved with the technique of lock-in signal amplification. The comparison of DC and analog lock-in amplifier (LIA) AC measurements of the electrical sensor response to toluene vapor, at the ppm level, has been conducted. When operated in the DC detection mode, the sensor exhibits a relatively high sensitivity to the analyte vapor, as well as a low detection limit at the 10 ppm level. However, at 10 ppm the signal-to-noise ratio is 5 dB, which is less than desirable. When operated in the analog LIA mode, the signal-to-noise ratio at 10 ppm increases by 30 dB and extends the detection limit to the ppb range.
Good nutrition is the issue.

House Resolution (HR) 999 is the stimulus for this commentary. HR 999 would give block grants to states to provide nutritional assistance to economically disadvantaged individuals and families. As a result of this proposal, fifty different nutritional programs will emerge. It is stated within the bill that each state will be permitted maximum flexibility. Chaos will ensue if each state makes its own criteria for nutrition, and each state will probably re-invent the wheel. Finances aside for the moment, the issue is good nutrition for the country9s children, regardless of the economic status of the individual. Nutritional requirements for children cannot be influenced by the individual preferences or prejudices of each state.
Soil conservation and consumption risk in a model of low-income agriculture

This paper investigates the influence of consumptionrisk on incentives for soil conservation. A dynamicmodel is developed to show how investments in soilconservation affect consumption risk on small farmsand how these risks influence incentives for soilconservation. Model predictions are compared withobserved patterns of soil conservation adoption in thePhilippines. Results show that on small farms the riskof consumption shortfall generates inefficientpatterns of soil conservation adoption. Observedadoption patterns reflect risk characteristics of thesoil conservation method, differences in risk exposureamong farms, and differences in farm size.
Abstract 16279: Traumatic Brain Injury-Induced Increased Pial Venular Permeability is Ameliorated With Endothelial Progenitor Cells and the Stromal Vascular Fraction Cells in Mice

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a devastating public health problem worldwide. It is accompanied with an increased cerebrovascular permeability to blood proteins. It is suggested that impairment in endothelial cell properties can be a main cause of enhanced vascular permeability, and thus vasculo-neuronal degeneration. We tested the hypothesis that TBI-induced an increase in cerebrovascular permeability can be ameliorated by repairing vascular endothelium via increasing number of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) or injecting the stromal vascular fraction cells (SVFCs) based on their capacity of self-regeneration. Permeability of pial venules in pericontusional area was studied in C57BL/6J mice brain after mild TBI. Mouse bone marrow-derived cells were grown on tissue culture plates to confluence and Flk-1+/Sca-1+ (markers of endothelial and stem cell phenotype, respectively) EPCs were isolated by flow cytometry sorting. SVFCs from mouse adipose tissue were collected via enzymatic tissue dissociation. After induction of mild TBI, mice were infused with EPCs or with SVFCs (~106 cells) suspended in 100 μl of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) or with PBS alone (control group) through the tail vein. After 10-14 days, pial venular permeability in these mice was assessed by measuring the extravascular accumulation of fluorescently-labeled bovine serum albumin (BSA) using an intravital fluorescence microscope. The protein leakage to interstitium was analyzed by changes in the ratio of fluorescence intensity in the interstitium to that inside the respective vascular segment. The measurements were done 1 hour after injection of BSA and were expressed as a percent of baseline (10 minutes after BSA injection). Cerebrovascular leakage was lesser in mice infused with EPCs (136 ± 4 % of baseline) and with SVFCs (131 ± 3 %) compared to that in mice infused with PBS alone (186 ± 6 %). These results suggest that TBI-induced increased cerebrovascular permeability can be reversed by enhancing the number of EPCs and with SVFCs, which can restore impaired property of vascular endothelium or cerebral microvascular network in pericontusional area. Our data indicate a novel functional role of EPCs and SVFCs in post-TBI treatment of cerebrovascular pathology.
Quality Improvement in Nursing: Administrative Mandate or Professional Responsibility?

For professionals, providing quality service and striving for excellence are ethical responsibilities. In many hospitals in the United States, however, there is evidence indicating that current quality improvement (QI) involving nurses is not always driven by their professional accountability and professional values. QI has become more an administrative mandate than an ethical standard for nurses. In this paper, the tension between QI as nurses' professional ethics and an administrative mandate will be described, and the implicit ideal-reality gap of QI will be examined. The threat to professional nursing posed by the current approach to QI will be examined, and ways to incorporate nursing professional values in a practical QI effort will be explored.
Bench-to-bedside review: Genetics and proteomics: deciphering gene association studies in critical illness

There is considerable interest in understanding genetic determinants of critical illness to improve current risk stratification models, provide individualized therapies, and improve our current understanding of disease mechanisms. This review provides a broad overview of genetic nomenclature, different study designs, and problems unique to each of these study designs in critical illnesses. Well designed genetic studies with careful attention to these issues during the planning phase, use of rigorous statistical methods during analysis, and replication of these results in different cohorts will lead to more robust results and improved understanding of genetics of critical care.
Nutrient Composition of Fortified Complementary Foods: Should Age-Specific Micronutrient Content and Ration Sizes Be Recommended?

Designing a fortified complementary food that meets the nutrient needs of all breast-fed children 6-24 mo of age is a challenge because of variability in the amounts of complementary foods consumed and the very high nutrient requirements of children < 12 mo of age. A single formulation targeted for infants 6-8 mo of age will result in excessive intakes of certain nutrients (e.g., calcium, iron and zinc) if consumed by children 12-23 mo of age (up to six times the recommended daily allowance (RDA) for iron), whereas a formulation targeted for children 12-23 mo of age will provide insufficient levels of nutrients for infants 6-8 mo of age (e.g., only 4-44% of the RDA for iron). Options for resolving this dilemma include developing 1). two or more different formulations for different age groups, 2). a high nutrient-density product but specifying a maximum ration per day or 3). a lower nutrient-density product and using a combination of approaches (e.g., a separate iron supplement) to reach the higher levels needed by infants. More information is needed on efficacy, costs and feasibility of these options.
Direct detection laser vibrometry with an amplitude modulated ladar

The Army Research Laboratory (ARL) has developed a three dimensional (3D) imaging ladar based on an amplitude modulated laser for which the frequency of the amplitude modulation (AM) is linearly increased and/or decreased with time (i.e., chirped). The frequency chirped waveform is a standard radar and coherent ladar waveform for high resolution ranging and Doppler frequency shift measurement. ARL first demonstrated the use of this waveform with laser amplitude modulation and optical direct detection for high range resolution 3D imaging ladar. The Doppler frequency shift measurement capability of the AM direct detection ladar had been known previously, but had not been demonstrated until recently. This paper contains the first report of an experimental demonstration of the capability of an AM direct detection ladar to measure the frequency and amplitude of surface vibrations via the phase/frequency modulation induced on the return waveform by the surface motion. In addition, we present data demonstrating the measurement of line-of-sight translational velocities via the Doppler shift of the chirped AM waveform using the same apparatus. We first briefly describe the operating principles of ARL's chirped AM ladar for range and translational Doppler measurement with references to previous papers. We then present the classic theory for vibration induced phase/frequency modulation to explain the operating principles of the AM direct detection ladar vibrometer. We then describe the experimental demonstration of the AM direct detection ladar vibrometer, including descriptions of the experimental setup, data processing and analysis methods, and results.
Screening methods in policy analysis

Abstract A classification of screening methods is proposed into those based upon dominance and those based upon decision criteria. Examples from each class are described but the main point of the paper is to show that this classification has important implications for how the screened subset of decision options can be used in the policy-making context.
Nucleocytoplasmic shuttling and the control of NF-AT signaling.

The nuclear factors of activated T cells (NF-ATs) constitute a family of transcription factors that transduce calcium signals in the immune, cardiac, muscular and nervous systems. Like their distant relatives of the Rel family, including NF-κB, NF-ATs are cytoplasmic in resting cells and activated by means of induced nuclear import. Unlike NF-κB, however, NF-ATs show highly dynamic nuclear shuttling properties that have important implications for graded signaling by these molecules. This review focuses on recent advances in deciphering mechanisms by which calcium signaling regulates the nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling and therefore transactivation functions of the NF-ATs. These discoveries highlight the interplay between nuclear import and export signals on NF-ATs, and the roles of the calcium-activated phosphatase calcineurin and NF-AT kinases in controlling the activity of these signals. They also reveal that NF-ATs, as well as other transcription factors controlled at the level of nuclear import, face the very real prospect of futile cycling across the nuclear envelope as a consequence of conflicting nuclear import and export signals. We discuss the molecular mechanisms by which calcineurin suppresses futile cycling, as well as the major challenges to our understanding of NF-AT signaling in diverse biological systems.
THE PHYSICAL BASIS OF LUMINOSITY CLASSIFICATION IN THE LATE A-, F-, AND EARLY G-TYPE STARS. II. BASIC PARAMETERS OF PROGRAM STARS AND THE ROLE OF MICROTURBULENCE

Paper I of this series presented precise MK spectral types for 372 late A-, F-, and early G-type stars with the aim of understanding the nature of luminosity classification on the MK spectral classification system for this range of spectral types. In this paper, a multidimensional downhill simplex technique is introduced to determine the basic parameters of the program stars from fits of synthetic spectra and fluxes with observed spectra and fluxes from Stromgren uvby photometry. This exercise yields useful calibrations of the MK spectral classification system but, most importantly, gives insight into the physical nature of luminosity classification on the MK spectral classification system. In particular, we find that in this range of spectral types, microturbulence appears to be at least as important as gravity in determining the MK luminosity type.
Dr. Robert S. Harris: Nutritionist, Oral Science Researcher, and Visionary MIT Educator

Efforts in dental research and training have received the contribution of individuals who had no formal training in dentistry, yet they understood the dental field and the educational needs of those who would be engaged in dental research, teaching, and service in industry and academia. Dr. Robert S. Harris (1904-1983) was such a man. What follows is a personal remembrance of his character, his research accomplishments, and his successful educational endeavors in the dental field.