cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Endoscopy and the Liver Patient

Portal hypertension due to liver disease can result in several endoscopic findings in the GI tract, all of which are similar in that they do not cause symptoms except for GI bleeding, which can sometimes be acute and severe. Endoscopic screening for esophageal varices is recommended and primary prophylaxis is indicated with either nonselective beta-blocker (NSBB) or endoscopic banding for select cirrhotics depending on the severity of underlying liver disease and endoscopic features of the varices. Acute esophageal variceal bleeding can be life-threatening and requires inpatient management with resuscitation with judicious use of IV fluids and blood transfusions, vasoactive drugs such as somatostatin, antibiotics, and endoscopic evaluation and/or therapy within 12 h of presentation. Secondary prophylaxis after bleeding is controlled includes both NSBB and endoscopic therapy. Refractory bleeding may require temporizing measures such as a covered esophageal stent or balloon tamponade as a bridge to definitive therapy, usually transhepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS). Gastric variceal bleeding is more difficult to control endoscopically but tissue adhesives such as cyanoacrylate have an emerging role; TIPS is still often required. Portal hypertensive gastropathy/colopathy may cause chronic GI blood loss and rarely requires treatment but NSBB and endoscopic ablation along with iron supplementation are usually effective.
Enhanced forest cover mapping using spectral unmixing and object-based classification of multi-temporal Landsat imagery

Abstract Spatially-explicit tree species distribution maps are increasingly valuable to forest managers and researchers in light of the effects of climate change and invasive pests on forest resources. Traditional forest classifications are limited to broad classes of forest types with variable accuracy. Advanced remote sensing techniques, such as spectral unmixing and object-based image analysis, offer novel forest mapping approaches by quantifying proportional species composition at the pixel level and utilizing ancillary environmental data for forest classifications. This is particularly useful in the Northeastern region of the United States where species composition is often mixed. Here we employed a hierarchical forest mapping approach using spectral unmixing of multi-temporal Landsat imagery to quantify percent basal area for ten common tree species/genera across northern New York and Vermont. Basal area maps were then refined using an object-based ruleset to produce a thematic forest classification. Validation with 50 field inventory plots covering a range of species compositions indicated that the quality of percent basal area mapping largely reflected the number of “pure” (> 80% BA) endmember plots available for calibration, with more common species mapped at a higher accuracy (i.e. Acer saccharum, adj. r2 = 0.44, compared to Populus sp., adj. r2 = 0.24). The resulting thematic forest classification mapped 15 forest classes (nine species/genus level and six common species assemblages) with overall accuracy = 42%, KHAT = 33%, fuzzy accuracy = 86% at the pixel level, and 38%, KHAT = 29%, fuzzy accuracy = 84% at the object level. Using the validation plots to compare existing forest classification products, this hierarchical approach provided more class detail (11 represented classes) and higher accuracy than the National Forest Type Map (six represented classes, overall accuracy 18%, fuzzy accuracy 70%), LANDFIRE (five represented classes, overall accuracy 28%, fuzzy accuracy 80%) and National Land Cover Database (three represented classes, overall accuracy = 56%). These results show that more detailed and accurate forest mapping is possible using a combination of multi-temporal imagery, spectral unmixing, and rule-based classification techniques. Improved large-scale forest mapping has important implications for natural resource management and other modeling applications.
Object-Oriented Modeling: Tools and Techniques for Capturing Properties of Physical Systems in Computer Code 1

Abstract Mathematical modeling means the formal encoding of knowledge about a dynamical system. Knowledge can be grouped into behavioral knowledge and structural knowledge. Behavioral knowledge is local knowledge relating to a particular experiment applied to a system or model. Behavioral knowledge is what is generated in a real-world experiment or during a simulation run. Structural knowledge is global knowledge relating to a system or model, irrespective of the experiment that is performed. A model is a formal encoding of structural knowledge of a system. Structural knowledge can be further decomposed into functional knowledge, coupling knowledge, decomposition knowledge, and taxonomic knowledge. In this paper, a methodology is presented that helps to organize the structural knowledge about a system to be described. It enables to encode separately and in an organized fashion functional, coupling, decomposition, and taxonomic knowledge about a system. The methodology lends itself to the implementation of automated procedures for deductive as well as inductive model synthesis necessary for the realization of high-autonomy intelligent control systems. A fairly involved example concludes the paper
Hey, Doctor, Leave the PDA Alone.

* Abbreviations: PDA — : patent ductus arteriosus VLBW — : very low birth weight At a meeting of the Section of Pediatrics of the Royal Society of Medicine in October 1958, Dr Burnard1 reported the first observation that prematurity is associated with persistence of the murmur of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), and that the latter is associated with dyspnea. Reinforced by subsequent confirmation, the concept developed that prolonged ductal patency in preterm infants is pathologic and therefore requires treatment. The hypothesis that left-to-right ductal shunting associated with persistent PDA is a direct cause of the various adverse outcomes overrepresented in preterm infants with PDA has become deeply ingrained in theory and practice, despite absence of supporting evidence. Randomized controlled trials over 4 decades have demonstrated that early, routine intervention to close the PDA in preterm infants fails to ameliorate risk of those outcomes, casting doubt on this hypothesis.2 The pervasive conviction that it is correct, however, resulted in open-label treatment of at least some control subjects in most treatment trials and in nearly all recent case series of observational management. The available data, … Address correspondence to William E. Benitz, MD, Division of Neonatal and Developmental Medicine, Stanford University, 750 Welch Rd, Suite 315, Palo Alto, CA 94304. E-mail: benitzwe{at}stanford.edu
Health and Recreation Perceptions of Adults with Developmental Disabilities

Because of the high rates of obesity among people with developmental disabilities (DD) and our limited knowledge about their perceptions of what it means to live a healthy lifestyle, it is imperative that we conduct research to expand our understanding of their attitudes towards and engagement in active recreation and healthy eating practices. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to explore (a) adults’ with DD attitudes toward healthy eating and active recreation; (b) adults’ with DD intentions and interests for active recreation; and (c) barriers to active recreation and healthy eating. Eighteen adults with DD (16 of whom were overweight) completed an interview. The analysis of the results was guided by Social Cognitive Theory and revealed that the participants with disabilities require additional education about what foods and activities are healthy. The participants also named several major barriers to participating in active recreation. The findings suggested a need for leisure education to focus on healthy lifestyle choices among people with DD and their social circle, including caretakers and family. Subscribe to TRJ
Can Divine Intervention Aid in Domestic Violence Prevention? An Analysis of Bystanders' Advertising Attitudes and Reporting Intentions in India

The research explores how religious symbols can be used in advertising to encourage bystander intervention in the context of domestic violence. Using symbolic interactionism as the theoretical fram...
Engendering Macroeconomic Theory and Policy

Over the last 20 years, macroeconomists have increasingly given attention to the role of gender in the macroeconomy and the implications of macro-level policies for gender equality. This paper reviews the salient findings of that literature. Research shows that gender gaps in education, health, unpaid labor, employment, and wages affect the macroeconomy, influencing the rate of per capita GDP growth. The effects are transmitted via both the supply side of the economy, principally through labor productivity, and the demand side, through business spending, exports, saving, and the balance of payments. Theoretical perspectives influence which gender gaps are incorporated into models as well as how. For example, heterodox economists emphasize the demand and supply side in the short and long run, while neoclassical economists tend to focus on long-run supply-side effects. There is widespread agreement in the literature that greater gender equality in education and employment (proxied by labor force participation rates) stimulates long-run per capita growth. Improving women’s relative productivity through educational investments and facilitating their participation in paid labor serves several purposes. For example, assuming talent is equally distributed across men and women, a narrowing of gender gaps in education and employment contributes to higher average educational attainment and a more efficient allocation of labor. As educational attainment rises and women gain greater access to paid work, the opportunity cost of having additional children also rises, leading to a decline in fertility rates. Women’s bargaining power within the household rises at the same time. This increases their ability to allocate household spending in ways that benefit children, and as a result, economy-wide labor productivity growth. The weak link in this chain is that aggregate demand may be insufficient to absorb an increase in women’s relative labor supply. Demand-stimulating policies as well as other policy measures may be necessary to ensure women’s relative employment rate rises. Full employment policies can help to narrow the employment gap and well-targeted physical and social infrastructure investments have been found to promote women’s access to paid work. Finally, traditional monetary policy—that is, the use of interest rates to manage demand and by extension, inflation, has gender-related employment effects, and exchange rate policy also influences the gender wage gap. This area of policymaking has received much less attention than fiscal policy as a tool for promoting gender equality. The paper concludes with a discussion of areas for future research.
Diaquo(1,2-dimethoxyethane)lithium tetraphenylborate

The structure of diaquo(1,2-dimethoxyethane)lithium tetraphenylborate, [Li(CH3OCH2-CH2OCH3)(H2O)2][BPh4], has been determined at 293 K. The compound crystallizes in the trigonal P3(1)21 space group (a = b = 9.9760(14), c = 23.662(5)). Both the lithium and the boron sit on a twofold rotation axis. The lithium is coordinated to two water oxygens and both ether oxygens of the 1,2-dimethoxyethane group. The coordination geometry is significantly distorted from a tetrahedron by the twisting of the plane containing the two water oxygens and the lithium relative to that containing the two 1,2-dimethoxyethane oxygens and the lithium. The five-membered chelate ring formed by chelation of the 1,2-dimethoxyethane to the lithium is a twist envelope consistent with the twofold rotation axis passing through the lithium and the center of the carbon–carbon bond of the 1,2-dimethoxyethane. Hydrogen bonding between each water hydrogen and a phenyl group of the tetraphenylborate is observed and results in a linear polymeric structure.
A field guide for teaching evolution in the social sciences

Abstract The theory of evolution by natural selection has begun to revolutionize our understanding of perception, cognition, language, social behavior, and cultural practices. Despite the centrality of evolutionary theory to the social sciences, many students, teachers, and even scientists struggle to understand how natural selection works. Our goal is to provide a field guide for social scientists on teaching evolution, based on research in cognitive psychology, developmental psychology, and education. We synthesize what is known about the psychological obstacles to understanding evolution, methods for assessing evolution understanding, and pedagogical strategies for improving evolution understanding. We review what is known about teaching evolution about nonhuman species and then explore implications of these findings for the teaching of evolution about humans. By leveraging our knowledge of how to teach evolution in general, we hope to motivate and equip social scientists to begin teaching evolution in the context of their own field.
Hardware design of a 1.7 kV SiC MOSFET based MMC for medium voltage motor drives

This paper presents the hardware design of a 7 kV dc bus, 1 MVA, 0–1,000 Hz, 1.7 kV SiC MOSFET based medium voltage variable speed drive (MVVSD)1. The system is based on a 7-level three-phase modular multilevel converter (MMC). The full in-depth design, development, and testing of this prototype are provided, including MMC submodule development, arm inductor design, control hardware realization, system integration and thermal analysis. Finally, experimental results demonstrate the excellent performance of the 1.7 kV SiC MOSFET based submodule and the 1 MW, 7 kV MVVSD as a unity in various operation modes.
EFFECT OF BAFFLES ON SLOSHING MODULATED FORCES AND TORQUES DISTURBANCES REACTED TO GRAVITY GRADIENT DOMINATED ACCELERATIONS

The behavior of sloshing dynamics modulated fluid systems driven by the orbital accelerations including gravity gradient and jitter accelerations have been studied. Partially liquid-filled rotating...
On the non-linear motions of the heart: Fractals, chaos and cardiac dynamics

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the nonlinear motions of the heart, namely, the fractals, chaos, and cardiac dynamics. It describes some applications of nonlinear dynamics to cardiac physiology and to cell-to-cell signaling in circulatory control. The fractal concept may be applied to understanding the mechanism of physiologic heart rate variability, that is to say, fluctuations in the beat to beat sinus node rate. Under physiologic conditions, the heart rate is regulated by the firing of the pacemaker cells in the sinus node. This sinus rhythm mechanism, in turn, is controlled by signals from the involuntary branch of the nervous system. The heart rate in healthy subjects at rest is not strictly regular or periodic. Instead, the heart rate in sinus rhythm fluctuates is an apparently erratic fashion with a time series representation consistent with chaos. The spectrum of this healthy variability is broadband, with a l/ f -like distribution. The nonlinear dynamics of the heart rate can be viewed as epiphenomenal as they are under the influence of neural control.
A Comparative Study of Constant Power Operation Techniques for Low Inductance Machines

In traditional electric machines, it is usually possible to achieve constant power high-speed operation by employing field weakening through the injection of a negative d-axis current component. However, in machines with low armature inductance, such as high power density permanent magnet synchronous machines, and more specifically, coreless machines, which are gaining increasing attention because of their high specific torque, the extended speed range obtained using this method is very narrow. This paper summarizes the performance characteristics of existing approaches for obtaining constant power operation and proposes two new techniques, specially applicable to coreless axial flux permanent magnet machine namely, current weakening and relative winding rotation.
Judicious Imprisonment: Does Current Sentencing for Non-Violent Offenses Promote Political Legitimacy?

Starting August 21, 2018, Americans incarcerated across the United States have been striking back — non-violently. Inmates with jobs are protesting slave-like wages through worker strikes and sit-ins. Inmates also call for an end to racial disparities and an increase in rehabilitation programs. Even more surprisingly, many inmates have begun hunger strikes. Inmates are protesting the numerous ills of prisons: overcrowding, inadequate health care, abysmal mental health care contributing to inmate suicide, violence, disenfranchisement of inmates, and more. While recent reforms have slightly decreased mass incarceration, the current White House administration could likely reverse this trend. President Donald Trump’s and Attorney General Jeff Sessions’s statements and policies that call for increased mandatory sentences, cracking down on illegal immigrants, and aggressively enforcing drug laws might be the iron fist that breaks the back of an already collapsing criminal justice system. Many, including judges currently sitting on the bench, believe that numerous unjust laws and their unjust penalties have brought the United States penal system to this breaking point. To those Americans outside of prison that think they will never be jailed, Tenth Circuit Court Judge Alex Kozinski warns them, “You’re (probably) a federal criminal.” Due to the proliferation of criminal laws, the criminal “justice” system subjects virtually all Americans to the possibility of imprisonment for conduct that does not even come close to meriting imprisonment. Amid this chaos, a deep and fundamental question brews: Can the state justifiably coerce an individual to comply with its unjust laws? Even if the penalties for breaking unjust laws are life in prison or death? If not, then society’s stability is threatened. This article negotiates a middle position. The government is justified in enforcing unjust laws only if these laws are democratically enacted and are almost-just. How much almost-just is depends on the kind of law at issue. Thus, lawmakers, prosecutors, and judges need to carefully distinguish crimes that directly affect only oneself, crimes that are violent, crimes that are primarily monetary-based, regulatory crimes, and others. To implement reforms, this article proposes new affirmative defenses for crimes, enhanced prosecutorial discretion, and more robust judicial review as viable mechanisms to invalidate laws and penalties that are not almost-just.
Evolution of Antigenic Variation in African Trypanosomes: Variant Surface Glycoprotein Expression, Structure, and Function

The process of antigenic variation in parasitic African trypanosomes is a remarkable mechanism for outwitting the immune system of the mammalian host, but it requires a delicate balancing act for the monoallelic expression, folding and transport of a single variant surface glycoprotein (VSG). Only one of hundreds of VSG genes is expressed at time, and this from just one of ≈15 dedicated expression sites. By switching expression of VSGs the parasite presents a continuously shifting antigenic facade leading to prolonged chronic infections lasting months to years. The basics of VSG structure and switching have been known for several decades, but recent studies have brought higher resolution to many aspects this process. New VSG structures, in silico modeling of infections, studies of VSG codon usage, and experimental ablation of VSG expression provide insights that inform how this remarkable system may have evolved.
Clinically indicated electrical stimulation strategies to treat patients with medically refractory epilepsy

Focal epilepsies represent approximately half of all diagnoses, and more than one-third of these patients are refractory to pharmacologic treatment. Although resection can result in seizure freedom, many patients do not meet surgical criteria, as seizures may be multifocal in origin or have a focus in an eloquent region of the brain. For these individuals, several U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved electrical stimulation paradigms serve as alternative options, including vagus nerve stimulation, responsive neurostimulation, and stimulation of the anterior nucleus of the thalamus. All of these are safe, flexible, and lead to progressive seizure control over time when used as an adjunctive therapy to antiepileptic drugs. Focal epilepsies frequently involve significant comorbidities such as cognitive decline. Similar to antiepilepsy medications and surgical resection, current stimulation targets and parameters have yet to address cognitive impairments directly, with patients reporting persistent comorbidities associated with focal epilepsy despite a significant reduction in the number of their seizures. Although low-frequency theta oscillations of the septohippocampal network are critical for modulating cellular activity and, in turn, cognitive processing, the coordination of neural excitability is also imperative for preventing seizures. In this review, we summarize current FDA-approved electrical stimulation paradigms and propose that theta oscillations of the medial septal nucleus represent a novel neuromodulation target for concurrent seizure reduction and cognitive improvement in epilepsy. Ultimately, further advancements in clinical neurostimulation strategies will allow for the efficient treatment of both seizures and comorbidities, thereby improving overall quality of life for patients with epilepsy.
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) predict cognitive outcomes in children after cardiac transplantation (P4.195)

Objective: To evaluate brain metabolism of pediatric patients by reviewing Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy done prior to heart transplantation. To determine the predictive value of MRS metabolite ratios in determining long-term cognitive outcomes years after transplantation. Background: Evaluation of brain metabolism by MRS can be useful in predicting the risk for poor neuropsychological outcomes. Follow-up studies on heart transplant recipients were previously done up to 3 years post-transplant. In this study, neuropsychological testing was done in patients 5–13 years post-transplant, a period when these children have likely achieved maximum recovery. Design/Methods: Pediatric patients who underwent cardiac transplantation at Loma Linda University (LLU) Children’s Hospital from 1999–2014 and those who had MRS pre-transplant were included in the study. Single Voxel MRS in mid-occipital gray matter was used to evaluate N-acetylaspartate (NAA), creatine (Cr), choline (CHO), myo-inositol (Ins), and lactate (Lac). Metabolite ratios (NAA/Cre, NAA/Cho, Cho/Cre, Ins/Cre and the presence or absence of lactate were determined. Neuropsychological testing was done on patients whose parents consented to testing. MRS findings were correlated with the neuropsychological testing results. Results: We reviewed the records of 24 patients and compared their MRS findings to age-matched controls. Neuropsychological evaluations were done on 11 of the 21 surviving patients whose parents consented to testing. Five of the 11 have completed testing (between 5–14 years of age) and there were strong correlations between metabolite ratios (NAA/Cre and NAA/Cho) and Verbal Intelligence Quotient (VIQ) and Full Scale IQ from the Wechsler Intelligence Scores. Correlations ran between 0.8 to 0.9. Conclusions: The metabolite ratios NAA/Cre and NAA/Cho were highly predictive of cognitive outcomes 5–13 years after transplantation. Lower cognitive performance appears to be associated with pre-transplant clinical comorbidities which can affect the brain metabolic environment. Decreased NAA levels may be a marker for neuronal injury in this population. Disclosure: Dr. Pichon has nothing to disclose. Dr. Holshouser has nothing to disclose. Dr. Krishnamurthy has nothing to disclose. Dr. Ashwal has nothing to disclose. Dr. Chinnock has nothing to disclose. Dr. Freier has nothing to disclose.
A Systematic Review of Interventions that Promote Frequent HIV Testing

As of 2017, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) HIV testing guidelines recommend that those at increased risk for HIV are tested two to four times per year. Evidence-based interventions that promote frequent and repeated testing remain sparse. We conducted a systematic review to: (1) identify frequent testing interventions; and (2) determine which were successful in increasing frequent testing rates. We searched PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science, Embase, and CINAHL for peer-reviewed articles published between January 1, 2010 and September 30, 2017. Ten studies met inclusion criteria. Operationalization of frequent HIV testing varied widely across studies. Four interventions involved text message reminders for HIV testing, three involved community-based testing, two self-testing, and one rapid testing. Text message reminder interventions were most successful in increasing rates of frequent HIV testing. Future research should standardize frequent testing measurement to allow for more robust comparisons of intervention efficacy.
Molecular mechanisms and pathobiology of oncogenic fusion transcripts in epithelial tumors

Recurrent fusion transcripts, which are one of the characteristic hallmarks of cancer, arise either from chromosomal rearrangements or from transcriptional errors in splicing. DNA rearrangements include intrachromosomal or interchromosomal translocation, tandem duplication, deletion, inversion, or result from chromothripsis, which causes complex rearrangements. In addition, fusion proteins can be created through transcriptional read-through. Fusion genes can be transcribed to fusion transcripts and translated to chimeric proteins, with many having demonstrated transforming activities through multiple mechanisms in cells. Fusion proteins represent novel therapeutic targets and diagnostic biomarkers of diagnosis, disease status, or progression. This review focuses on the mechanisms underlying the formation of oncogenic fusion genes and transcripts and their impact on the pathobiology of epithelial tumors.
Management of Thrombocytopenia in Patients with Chronic Liver Disease

Thrombocytopenia is the most common hematologic complication associated with chronic liver disease (CLD) with important clinical implications. While the mechanisms for thrombocytopenia are multifactorial, platelet sequestration in the spleen and decreased thrombopoietin (TPO) production are the main mechanisms in patients with CLD. This review outlines the current treatment options for thrombocytopenia in patients with CLD, explores their limitations, and proposes a revised treatment algorithm for the management of thrombocytopenia in this patient group. A PubMed search of the literature was undertaken with search terms focused on CLD and thrombocytopenia. Until now, the standard-of-care treatment in these patients has been the use of platelet transfusions either prophylactically or periprocedurally to control bleeding. Treatment options, such as splenic artery embolization and splenectomy, are invasive, and their utility is limited by significant complications. The US Food and Drug Administration recently approved 2 s-generation TPO-receptor agonists, avatrombopag and lusutrombopag, as safe and effective therapies for the treatment of thrombocytopenia in patients with CLD scheduled to undergo a procedure. The addition of avatrombopag and lusutrombopag offers physicians an alternative to platelet transfusions in patients with CLD who have to undergo medical/dental procedures that could potentially put them at an increased risk of bleeding. There are several other drugs in the research pipeline at various stages of development, including a new class of monoclonal antibodies that can bind to and activate TPO-receptor agonists. The outlook for treatment choices for thrombocytopenia in patients with liver disease is promising.
Cell-edge Interferometry: Reliable Detection of Unknown Cell-edge Users via Canonical Correlation Analysis

A key challenge in 4G and emerging 5G systems is that of reliably detecting the uplink transmissions of users close to the edge between cells. These users are subject to significant signal attenuation due to path loss, and frequent hand-off from one cell to the other, making channel estimation very challenging. Even multiuser detection using base station cooperation often fails to detect such users, due to channel estimation errors and the sensitivity of multiuser detection to near-far power imbalance. Is it even possible to reliably decode the cell-edge users' signals under these circumstances? This paper shows, perhaps surprisingly, that with a suitable base station ‘interferometry’ strategy, the cell-edge users' signals can be reliably decoded at low SNR under mild conditions. Exploiting the fact that cell-edge users' signals are weak but common to both base stations, while users close to a base station are unique to that base station, reliable detection is enabled by Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA) - a machine learning technique that reliably estimates a common subspace, even in the presence of strong individual interference. Free from cell-center interference, the resulting mixture of cell-edge signals can then be unraveled using well-known algebraic signal processing techniques. Simulations demonstrate that the proposed detector achieves order of magnitude BER improvement compared to an ‘oracle’ zero-forcing with successive interference cancellation that assumes perfect knowledge of all channels. The paper also includes proof of common subspace identifiability for the assumed generative model, which was curiously missing from the machine learning / CCA literature.
Overparenting and Perfectionistic Concerns Predict Academic Entitlement in Young Adults

The current study examined the relationships among overparenting, personality, and academic attitudes to better understand the factors related to students’ academic entitlement and academic dishonesty. Three hundred and forty-three undergraduate students, from a mostly White and female sample, completed questionnaires online to measure the extent to which students felt that other people expected perfect performance from them (i.e., socially prescribed perfectionism), the extent to which parents used overparenting practices, a broad personality measure, and their attitudes about academic dishonesty and entitlement. The relationship between overparenting and academic entitlement as mediated through socially prescribed perfectionism was statistically significant. This mediated relationship was moderated by neuroticism with a stronger positive relationship between overparenting and academic entitlement for individuals with higher levels of neuroticism. Only gender was significantly related to academic dishonesty. Students with overbearing parents and anxious personality traits are at increased risk of alienating professors with entitled attitudes and behaviors. Our results may help higher education administrators and professors to more fully understand the dynamics underlying students’ academic entitlement.
Nutritive value of carinata meal and cold-pressed canola expellers for pigs

Abstract Carinata meal, a co-product from carinata seed oil extraction plants, is available for livestock feeding. Also, cold-pressed canola expellers (Cold-pressed CME), a co-product from canola seed oil extraction plants, is available for livestock feeding. The nutritive value of carinata meal for pigs has not been reported. Also, there is limited information on the nutritive value of cold-pressed CME for pigs. The objective of this study was to determine standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) and net energy value of carinata meal and Cold-pressed CME for growing pigs. Eight ileal-cannulated barrows (initial body weight = 32.7 ± 1.46 kg) were fed 3 diets a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design in combination with a 3 × 2 Youden square design, to give 8 replicates/diet. The diets were cornstarch-based, containing Cold-pressed CME or carinata meal as sole protein source, and N-free. Digestibility of AA in feedstuffs was determined by the direct method. Energy digestibility in Cold-pressed CME and carinata meal was determined by difference from the N-free diet. On dry matter basis (DM), Cold-pressed CME and carinata meal contained 396 and 502 g/kg crude protein, 207 and 268 g/kg neutral detergent fiber, 160 and 8.8 g/kg ether extract, 23.2 and 18.2 g/kg lysine, 7.4 and 9.6 g/kg methionine, 16.3 and 18.9 g/kg threonine, and 5.0 and 6.4 g/kg tryptophan, respectively. The Cold-pressed CME compared with carinata meal, had greater (P
Rapid high-fidelity contour shaping of titanium mesh implants for cranioplasty defects using patient-specific molds created with low-cost 3D printing: A case series.

Background Cranioplasty is a neurosurgical procedure to repair skull defects. Sometimes, the patients' bone flap cannot be used for various reasons. Alternatives include a custom polyether ether ketone (PEEK) implant or titanium mesh; both incur an additional cost. We present a technique that uses a 3D printer to create a patient- specific 3D model used to mold a titanium mesh preoperatively. Case description We included three patients whose bone flap could not be used. We collected the patients' demographics, cost, and time data for implants and the 3D printer. The patients' computed tomography DICOM images were used for 3D reconstruction of the cranial defect. A 3D printer (Flashforge, CA) was used to print a custom mold of the defect, which was used to shape the titanium mesh. All patients had excellent cosmetic results with no complications. The time required to print a 3D model was ~ 6 h and 45 min for preoperative shaping of the titanium implant. The intraoperative molding (IOM) of a titanium mesh needed an average of 60 min additional operative room time which incurred $4000. The average cost for PEEK and flat titanium mesh is $12,600 and $6750. Our method resulted in $4000 and $5500 cost reduction in comparison to flat mesh with IOM and PEEK implant. Conclusion 3D printing technology can create a custom model to shape a titanium mesh preoperatively for cranioplasty. It can result in excellent cosmetic results and significant cost reduction in comparison to other cranioplasty options.
Eugenic Aesthetics: Literature as Evolutionary Instrument in the Early Twentieth Century

Eugenics emerged as a site of struggle over the definition and delineation of nature and nurture. I argue that a biopolitics frame reveals how literature was itself often understood to play a direct role in upwardly evolving the population in the early twentieth century. Eugenic plots not only advocate for so-called “better breeding” through representation on the page. Eugenic plots also seek to directly improve the biological material of its readers, in the flesh, in keeping with the Lamarckian paradigm. Eugenic plots reveal that biopolitics does not merely transform the biological into the substance and source of power. Biopolitics delineates the realms of the biological and cultural, the scientific and the literary in the first place and seeks to regulate their interaction.
IMPACT OF PARK-AND-RIDE ON PUBLIC TRANSIT RIDERSHIP

We examine the relative impact of increased housing vs. increased parking availability on ridership of public transit. The approach sheds...
Multi-scale pseudoelasticity of NiTi alloys fabricated by laser additive manufacturing

Abstract Pseudoelasticity behaviors have been found in the NiTi alloys fabricated by laser additive manufacturing (LAM) processes. Reported investigations of pseudoelasticity in LAM fabricated NiTi alloys mainly focus on the effects of laser input energy and post-heat treatments on phase transformation behaviors. The pseudoelasticity behaviors can be affected by the significantly different load-contact conditions in various industrial applications. However, there are no reported investigations of pseudoelasticity behaviors of NiTi alloys fabricated by LAM in different load-contact conditions. For the first time, multi-scale indentation tests at three scales (nanoscale, microscale, and macroscale) are conducted to evaluate and compare the pseudoelasticity behaviors of the NiTi alloys fabricated by LAM in this investigation. In addition, the effects of microstructural features and phase constituents on pseudoelasticity are discussed. Overall, pseudoelasticity at the nanoscale is the best in terms of the smallest remnant depth ratios, followed by that at the macroscale and that at the microscale. Moreover, pseudoelasticity at the nanoscale improves with the increase of load or the number of cycles. As a comparison, pseudoelasticity at the microscale stays steady with the increase of load and decreases with cycling, and pseudoelasticity at the macroscale stays steady with the increase of load or the number of cycles. It is also found that the improvement in pseudoelasticity leads to decreases in apparent hardness and Young's modulus.
Can International Technological Diffusion Substitute for Coordinated Global Policies to Mitigate Climate Change

In short, yes. I use a multi-region integrated assessment model with fuel-specific endogenous technical change to examine the impact of Europe and China reducing emissions to zero by mid-century. Without international technological diffusion this is insufficient to avoid catastrophic climate change. But when innovation can diffuse overseas, long-run temperature increases are limited to 3 degrees. This occurs because policy not only encourages green innovations but also dissuades dirty innovations which would otherwise spread. The most effective policy package in emissions-reducing regions is a research subsidy funded by a carbon tax, driven in the short term by the direct effect of the carbon tax on the composition of energy, and later by innovation induced by research subsidies. Green production subsidies are ineffective because they undermine incentives for innovation.
Animals, Households, and Communities in Bronze and Iron Age Central Eurasia

This chapter presents a synthesis of current research on mobility and subsistence practices in the Bronze and Iron Ages of Semirech’ye, Kazakhstan, and explores the implications of this research for understanding social and political organization during those time periods. Previously, Bronze Age society in the region had been understood as egalitarian and organized around mobile pastoralism, while the Iron Age was thought to be more hierarchical and organized around sedentary agro-pastoralism. However, new faunal and botanical data demonstrate that people in the Bronze Age were more sedentary than expected and were engaged in agro-pastoral production. The long-term continuity in mobility and subsistence practices requires us to reevaluate social and political structures as well. I evaluate the possibility that the Iron Age was more egalitarian than previous models suggest, and discuss what a sustainable egalitarian society would have meant for people and their animals. I also evaluate the likelihood that the Bronze Age was more hierarchical than previous models suggest, and discuss the implications of extending hierarchy in the region back in time. Ultimately, we do not yet have the archaeological data to resolve questions of social and political structure for either time period in Semirech’ye. Thus, I end with a call for future research that focuses on investigating relationships within and between households during the Bronze and Iron Ages.
Direct application of ropivacaine-soaked gauze to sciatic nerve after necrotizing fasciitis exposes underlying muscles and nerves:

Background:Necrotizing fasciitis is a rapidly progressive infection of the subcutaneous tissue and fascia with significant morbidity and mortality. There is a paucity of literature published on the...
The impact of upper gastrointestinal surgical volume on short term pancreaticoduodenectomy outcomes for pancreatic adenocarcinoma in the SEER-Medicare population

Abstract Background Patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) at low volume PD hospitals with high volume for other complex operations have comparable outcomes to high volume PD centers. We evaluated the impact of upper gastrointestinal operations (UGI) hospital volume on the outcomes of elderly, high risk patients undergoing PD. Methods Patients >65 years old who underwent PD for pancreatic adenocarcinoma were identified from SEER-Medicare (2008–2015). Four volume cohorts were created using PD tertiles and UGI median: low (1st tertile PD), mixed-low (2nd tertile PD, low UGI), mixed-high (2nd tertile PD, high UGI) and high (3rd tertile PD). Multivariable logistic and negative binomial regression assessed short-term complications. Results In total, 2717 patients were identified with a median age of 74.5 years. Patients treated at low, mixed-low and mixed-high volume hospitals, versus high volume, had higher risk of short-term complications, including major complications (low: OR 1.441, 95%CI 1.165–1.783; mixed-low: OR 1.374, 95%CI 1.085–1.740; mixed-high: OR 1.418, 95%CI 1.098–1.832) and 90-day mortality (low: OR 2.16, 95%CI 1.454–3.209; mixed-low: OR 2.068, 95%CI 1.347–3.175; mixed-high: OR 1.96, 95%CI 1.245–3.086). Discussion Patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma who are older and more medically complex benefit from undergoing surgery at high volume PD centers, independent of the operative experience of that center.
Explant methods for epidermal cell culture.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the explant methods for epidermal cell culture. Full-thickness human skin is composed of epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue. Dermal components such as fibroblasts have been useful in studies on somatic cell genetics, cellular aging, and transformation. Keratinocytes are more pertinent because of the differentiation process they undergo and because the majority of human cancers arise from epithelial cells. The extent of drying of the explant on the dish prior to the addition of medium is critical, but is unfortunately a subjective measurement that varies from one skin to another. Sufficient drying is required for good adhesion to the dish, but further drying appears to affect the dermal part of the block and can effectively inhibit fibroblast outgrowth. Microscopic examination of human skin explants has shown that epithelial cells begin to grow out from the tissue block within several days after explanation. The use of a lethally irradiated 3T3 feeder layer may be considered under the category of growth factors, because the improved growth seen in many systems appears to be due to a labile factor given off by the 3T3 cells.
Exploiting the Spatio-Temporal Coherence of Ocean Ambient Noise for Passive Tomography

Abstract : The long-term goal is to develop passive modalities of acoustic ocean monitoring techniques such as acoustic tomography or acoustic thermometry using Cross-correlation processing of ocean ambient noise. Extracting the coherent component of the ambient noise field propagating between a pair of passive receivers provides a means for passive acoustic sensing of the ocean environment. For instance, the arrival-times structure of the ambient noise cross-correlation time-function between a pair of receivers can yield an estimate of the arrival structure (or wavefronts) of the actual time-domain Green s function between these receivers, as if one of the passive receiver acted as an active source. Hence cross-correlation processing of ocean ambient noise has been suggested as a potential means for developing noise-based (or passive) modalities of acoustic ocean monitoring techniques such as acoustic tomography or acoustic thermometry The main objective of this year research was to demonstrate that coherent arrivals can indeed be extracted from cross-correlations of very-low frequency ocean ambient noise (1 Hz f 20 Hz) between pairs of hydrophones of the same hydroacoustic station located in the SOFAR channel of the Indian Ocean. The emergence rate of these coherent arrivals was determined in order to assess the feasibility of ocean basin scale (i.e. long range) passive tomography.
Mutations in the recD gene of Escherichia coli that raise the copy number of certain plasmids

Abstract Chromosomal mutants were isolated in which, for several small plasmids, there was an increased amount of either covalently closed circular plasmid DNA or total plasmid DNA or both. The mutations were mapped to recD, which has been shown to affect exonuclease V activity and a variety of plasmid maintenance and replication functions. Our results suggest that rolling-circle plasmid replication can occur in recD mutants and that site-specific recombination can resolve the resulting linear multimers into covalently closed circular plasmid forms.
Eye‐Tracking Technology for Reading

Technology for measuring eye movements is becoming more affordable, and applied linguistics and second language studies programs are beginning to purchase eye-tracking equipment that they dedicate to second language acquisition and to language testing research. The two main types of eye-tracking technology commonly used for L1 and L2 reading processing research appear to be SR Research's EyeLink 1000 and Tobii Technology's TX300. This chapter reviews what eye movement data are used for, overviews the technology for recording eye movements, outlines what the two systems can and can't do, and presents reasons why these two systems are preferred by reading researchers. The chapter concludes by suggesting ways in which second language testers may capitalize on eye movement research already conducted and ways in which future L2 testing research may be better informed by conducting studies on eye movements. Keywords: Assessment evaluation; Assessment methods; Cognitive psychology; Psycholinguistics
Effect of Food Consumption on 200-Yard Freestyle Swim Performance

Abstract Twelve college and high school varsity male swimmers swam 200 yd. for time once a day for 16 days following the ingestion of a large meal (673 g). Each subject performed under rotating experimental conditions, which involved a post-meal rest interval of ½ hr., 1 hr., 2 hr., or no eating for at least 3 hr. before swimming. A nonsignificant F of .53 was obtained when the data were subjected to a single-factor with repeated measures analysis of variance. It was concluded that swimming performance time was not affected by the time interval between eating and swimming. No stomach cramps were reported; most cases of stomach nausea occurred in the ½-hr. interval group, and scattered minor physical disturbances occurred under the other conditions.
Torpor and Other Physiological Adaptations of the Badger (Taxidea-Taxus) to Cold Environments

Oxygen consumption ($\dot{V}_{O_{2}}$) and heart rate were measured at ambient temperatures between +20 and -40 C. Basal metabolic rate was 0.3 cm³/g·h (65 beats/min), the body temperature was 38 C, the lower critical temperature ($T_lc$) was 10 C, and conductance was 0.01225 cm³/g·h°C. Fat composition of 79 adult badgers captured during the winter showed maximal fat deposition of 31% body weight in November. Fat stores were reduced 37% between November and March. The burrow temperature remained between 0 and 4 C throughout the winter. Badgers in outdoor enclosures during the winter of 1977-1978 reduced their above-ground exposure by 93% from November through February. Two badgers remained below ground for more than 70 consecutive days during the 1978-1979 winter. While below ground, one telemetered badger entered a state of torpor, on 30 occasions, characterized by a 50% reduction in heart rate (from 55 to 25 beats/min) and a 9 C reduction in body temperature (from 38 to 29 C). The torpor cycle lasted an...