cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Histopathologic Changes Induced by Cellophane Wrapping of the Pancreas Are Unaffected by Cigarette Smoke Exposure in Hamsters

This study tests whether exposure to cigarette smoke alone or combined with cellophane wrapping of the pancreas increases the development of microscopic abnormalities in the pancreas of Syrian golden hamsters. Ninety hamsters were randomly divided into 4 groups. Thirty-five hamsters were exposed to 3 continuous hours of cigarette smoke daily for 3 months following celiotomy to cellophane wrap the gastric lobe of the pancreas (group 1). Thirty-two hamsters were not exposed to continuous cigarette smoke and had the wrap surgery alone (group 2). Twelve hamsters were exposed to cigarette smoke and had no surgery (group 3). Eleven hamsters had no exposure to cigarette smoke and no surgery (group 4). All of the hamsters were sacrificed after 3 months. The gastric (wrapped) and splenic (unwrapped) lobes of the pancreas were reviewed grossly and histologically. In all 4 groups, there were no gross abnormalities in either lobe of the pancreas. Histopathologic evaluation of the gastric lobes from group 1 showed that 13 of 35 lobes (37%) had pancreatitis (11 chronic, 1 acute, and 1 both). In group 2, 12 of 32 (38%) gastric lobes had pancreatitis (10 chronic, 2 acute). The incidence of pancreatitis in groups 1 and 2 was significantly higher than in groups 3 (0/12; p < 0.04) and 4 (0/11; p < 0.03), respectively. A significantly lower incidence of pancreatitis was found in the splenic lobes of all 4 groups when compared to gastric lobes in groups 1 and 2. Three of the 67 cellophane-wrapped glands had ductal hyperplasia. The effects of cellophane wrapping of the pancreas, both in the wrapped and unwrapped areas, induced changes of pancreatitis and hyperplasia that may be preneoplastic. Cigarette smoking, alone or combined with cellophane wrapping, did not cause these changes. Longer exposure to cigarette smoke may be needed to cause premalignant changes in the hamster pancreas.
Ultrasonic Duplex Scanning in the Evaluation of Arterial Grafts and Dilatations

Summary The progressive decline in patency of arterial bypasses and dilatations with time mandates a protocol of noninvasive testing for surveillance. The majority of patients requiring revision are asymptomatic and, therefore, screening with angiography is not warranted. With the development of the duplex scanner, a method is available that provides both anatomical and physiological information of arterial reconstructions. The technique permits a quantitative evaluation of the velocity waveform in arterial grafts and dilatations. Flow velocity in grafts can be calculated and used as a prognostic indicator of patency. A low graft flow velocity (peak systoloic velocity &< 45 cm/sec) indicates that graft patency is threatened and should prompt a complete evaluation. The ability to image the arterial system from the abdominal aorta to the tibial arteries permits precise localization of disease, detection of correctable graft lesions, and better selection of patients for arteriography. Approximately 5% of patent lower limb bypasses per year will be identified to have a hemodynamic abnormality that warrants correction. Duplex scanning is also ideally suited for the evaluation of transluminal angioplasty sites. Vessel patency and stenosis severity can be assessed based on the velocity spectra. Careful surveillance of arterial grafts and dilatations is rewarded by improved patency and the continued relief of limb ischemia.
Importance of intrahepatic mechanisms to gluconeogenesis from alanine during exercise and recovery.

These studies were performed to assess the importance of intrahepatic mechanisms to gluconeogenesis in the dog during 150 min of treadmill exercise and 90 min of recovery. Sampling catheters were implanted in an artery and portal and hepatic veins 16 days before experimentation. Infusions of [U-14C]alanine, [3-3H]glucose, and indocyanine green were used to assess gluconeogenesis. During exercise, a decline in arterial and portal vein plasma alanine and in hepatic blood flow led to a decrease in hepatic alanine delivery. During recovery, hepatic blood flow was restored to basal, causing an increase in hepatic alanine delivery beyond exercise rates but still below resting rates. Hepatic fractional alanine extraction increased from 0.26 +/- 0.02 at rest to 0.64 +/- 0.03 during exercise and remained elevated during recovery. Net hepatic alanine uptake was 2.5 +/- 0.2 mumol.kg-1.min-1 at rest and remained unchanged during exercise but was increased during recovery. The conversion rate of [14C]alanine to glucose had increased by 248 +/- 38% by 150 min of exercise and had increased further during recovery. The efficiency with which alanine was channeled into glucose in the liver was accelerated to a rate of 338 +/- 55% above basal by 150 min of exercise but declined slightly during recovery. In conclusion, 1) gluconeogenesis from alanine is accelerated during exercise, due to an increase in the hepatic fractional extraction of the amino acid and through intrahepatic mechanisms that more efficiently channel it into glucose.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Nevada: A new genus for Smelowskia holmgrenii (Brassicaceae)

Nevada A new genus for Smelowskia holmgrenii (Brassicaceae). Brittonia 56: 238–244. 2004.—Nevada holmgrenii was originally described by Rollins as a Smelowskia, but based on phenetic similarities it appears to be more closely related to the arctic/alpine genera Braya and Eutrema. It is, however, sufficiently distinct from these genera to be placed in a monotypic genus, Nevada.
Consuming Eroticism: Gender Performances and Presentations in Pornographic Establishments

This ethnographic study examines how women and men negotiate their public presentations and gender performances in the context of an adult novelty shop. Building on Goffman’s perspective of impress...
A Low-Power Ultrawideband CMOS Power Detector With an Embedded Amplifier

A self-biased low-power CMOS power detector (PD) is proposed and demonstrated in this paper. The detector utilizes the nonlinear characteristics of short-channel MOS devices operating in either a saturation or subthreshold regime to generate a dc current that is proportional to the input RF signal power. The operating regimes of MOS devices depend on input RF power levels. A quasi-T-coil matching network providing 50- matching from 0.5 to 20 GHz is designed and analyzed. An embedded amplifier is added to enhance the sensitivity of the PD when the input power level is low. The circuit that is implemented in a 0.13- CMOS process occupies an active area of 0.085 . In the matched frequency range, the measured input dynamic range is 47 dB with an overall sensitivity of 26.8 mV/dB. The output dc voltage response is nearly frequency-independent in the linear operating range, varying by less than 1.9 dB for a given input RF power level, as the RF frequency is swept across the operating frequency range. With a standard 1.2-V supply, the static power consumption is about 0.1 mW, which decreases to with a 0.5-V supply, while the operating frequency remains unchanged.
Visual deictic reference in a collaborative virtual environment

This paper evaluates the use of Visual Deictic Reference (VDR) in Collaborative Virtual Environments (CVEs). A simple CVE capable of hosting two (or more) participants simultaneously immersed in the same virtual environment is used as the testbed. One participant's VDR, obtained by tracking the participant's gaze, is projected to co-participants' environments in real-time as a colored lightspot. We compare the VDR lightspot when it is eye-slaved to when it is head-slaved and show that an eye-slaved VDR helps disambiguate the deictic point of reference, especially during conditions when the user's line of sight is decoupled from their head direction.
Marijuana Use Among Latino Adolescents: Gender Differences in Protective Familial Factors

Given the important contextual function of family dynamics and traditional gender roles in Latino cultures, parental influences on substance use among Latino adolescents may differ across genders. This study examined associations between family factors (parental monitoring, parent–child communication, family cohesion, and familism) and marijuana use among 1,369 Latino adolescents in Southern California. Students from seven schools completed surveys in 9th and 11th grades. Longitudinal hierarchical linear regression analyses evaluated the associations between family factors in 9th grade and lifetime marijuana use in 11th grade, as well as gender differences in these associations. Girls reported higher levels of parental monitoring, parental communication, and familism than boys did, but there were no gender differences in family cohesiveness. In a regression model controlling for covariates and previous marijuana use, parent–child communication and family cohesion in 9th grade were each uniquely predictive...
Identifying Drivers of Collective Action for the Co-management of Coastal Marine Fisheries in the Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica

Small-scale fisheries are important for preventing poverty, sustaining local economies, and rural livelihoods, but tend to be negatively impacted by traditional forms of management and overexploitation among other factors. Marine Areas for Responsible Fishing (Areas Marinas de Pesca Responsable, AMPR) have emerged as a new model for the co-management of small-scale fisheries in Costa Rica, one that involves collaboration between fishers, government agencies, and NGOs. The primary objective of this paper is to elucidate some of the key variables that influence collective action among small-scale fishers in Tarcoles, a community in the Gulf of Nicoya. We examined collective action for the formation of a local marketing cooperative and participation in management through the AMPR. We apply the social-ecological framework as a diagnostic and organizational tool in the analysis of several types of qualitative data, including interviews with key informants, informal interviews, legal documents, and gray literature. Findings illustrate the importance of socio-economic community attributes (e.g., group size, homogeneity, previous cooperation), as well as that of social (e.g., equity) and ecological (e.g., improved stocks) outcomes perceived as favorable by actors. In addition, our work demonstrates the importance of certain kinds of external NGOs for facilitating and sustaining collective action.
Tuning Charge Transfer in Ion-Surface Collisions at Hyperthermal Energies.

Charge exchange in ion-surface collisions may be influenced by surface adsorbates to alter the charge state of the scattered projectiles. We show here that the positive ion yield, observed during ion scattering on metal surfaces at low incident energies, is greatly enhanced by adsorbing electronegative species onto the surface. Specifically, when beams of N^+ and O^+ ions are scattered off on clean Au surfaces at hyperthermal energies, no positive ions are observed exiting. Partial adsorption of F atoms on the Au surface, however, leads to the appearance of positively charged primary ions scattering off Au, a direct result of the increase in the Au work function. The inelastic energy losses for positive ion exits are slightly larger than the corresponding ionization energies of the respective N and O atoms, which suggests that the detected positive ions are formed from surface re-ionization during the hard collision event.
Recognition of Small Bowel Entrapment in the Pubic Symphysis Following Combat-Related Traumatic Pelvic Fracture: A Case Report and Literature Review.

To the best of our knowledge, this report is the first documented case of small bowel entrapment in the pubic symphysis following closed reduction of an APC-III pelvic fracture as a result of a high-energy blast during combat. Our patient is a marine in the United States Marine Corps who had been on a dismounted foot patrol in Afghanistan when he had sustained a substantial blast injury. He had received multiple lifesaving measures downrange, including an exploratory laparotomy with a diverting sigmoid colostomy, pelvic packing, and pelvic external fixation with unsuccessful attempts at closed reduction. A revision of the pelvic external fixation was performed at the final echelon of care with the successful closed reduction of a 4 to 5-cm pubic symphysis diastasis. Repeat exploration of the laparotomy revealed incarcerated small bowel within the pubic symphysis, which required small bowel resection and anastomosis. Fortunately, this case had a favorable outcome with no deficit in small bowel function. Stubbart and Merkley1 have reviewed nineteen cases of various entrapments within the pelvic ring following traumatic injuries, but none have documented small bowel entrapment in the pubic symphysis. Our case describes this rare complication and discusses the implications that associated disruption of the anterior peritoneal wall has on the risk of entrapping small bowel within the pubic symphysis during closed reduction of pelvic fracture. Orthopaedic trauma surgeons should consider direct visualization of the fracture reduction when the integrity of peritoneal injury repair is unknown. The patient was informed that data concerning his case would be submitted for publication, and he provided consent. A twenty-one-year-old active-duty marine in the United States Marine Corps had sustained a devastating blast injury while on foot patrol in support of Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan. Arriving at the Forward Operating Base aid station, the patient’s systolic blood …
Linking capabilities to functionings: adapting narrative forms from role-playing games to education

This paper explores science, technology, engineering, and mathematics education in the context of inequality of opportunity by examining educational systems through two lenses: curricular mode and system scale. Curricular mode classifies learning experiences as addressing knowing, acting, or being, while system scale captures how learning experiences are aggregated into credentials. The paper argues that the curricular mode of being can be better implemented and credentialed within educational institutions if students learn to develop a self-narrative through navigating a multiplicity of learning experiences. Since narrative is implicit rather than explicit in existing university structures, the paper develops a speculative model based on role-playing games that integrates narrative and allows new forms of personalized credentials. The goal of the paper is to initiate a conversation around alternative curricular structures that allow emergent self-narratives within disciplinary structures.
Abstract 3090: Inhibition of p53 DNA binding function by the MDM2 acidic domain

MDM2 is an important regulator of p53, acting in part by promoting p53 ubiquitination. However, MDM2 has also been implicated in regulation of p53 through ubiquitination-independent mechanisms. Here we show that MDM2 inhibits p53 DNA binding activity in vitro and in vivo. MDM2 binding promotes p53 to adopt a mutant-like conformation, losing reactivity to antibody Pab1620, while exposing the Pab240 epitope. The acidic domain of MDM2 is required to induce p53 conformational change and inhibit p53 DNA binding, possibly by interacting with the p53 DNA binding domain. ARF binding to the MDM2 acidic domain restores p53 wild type conformation and rescues DNA binding activity. Furthermore, histone methyl transferase SUV39H1 binding to the MDM2 acidic domain also restores p53 wild type conformation and allows p53-MDM2-SUV39H1 complex to bind DNA. These results provide further evidence for an ubiquitination-independent mechanism of p53 regulation by MDM2, and reveal how MDM2-interacting repressors gain access to p53 target promoters and repress transcription. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3090. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3090
Metabolic effects of exercise. I. Effect of exercise on serum lipids and lipogenesis in rats.

SummaryTo evaluate the metabolic effects of exercise, three groups of exercised male rats were compared to their sedentary controls at the end of 10 wk of voluntary exercise in rodent activity cages. Exercised rats consumed more food than sedentary rats but had greater weight gain only at the higher levels of activity. Exercised rats had significantly lower serum triglycerides and higher values of adipose tissue α-glycero-phosphate dehydrogenase activity. At higher levels of physical activity, the exercised rats exhibited larger adrenal glands and lower values of hepatic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. It is concluded that specific levels of voluntary exercise are needed to achieve specific metabolic effects.
Upper Auriculo-Ventricular Rhythm (Coronary Sinus Rhythm) Experimentally Produced.∗

ConclusionWarming of the area of the coronary sinus in the dog heart in situ, after opening of the right auricle does not cause coronary sinus rhythm.This rhythm may be readily elicited if the coronary extension of the a-v node is warmed through the wall of coronary vein.
Studies in myasthenia gravis: cellular hypersensitivity to skeletal muscle.

The direct leukocyte migration inhibition technic was used to investigate cell-mediated immunity to skeletal muscle components in patients with myasthenia gravis. Significant migration inhibition was observed in 14 of the 21 patients studied using crude skeletal muscle as antigen. Myosin-containing muscle fractions demonstrated similar or increased inhibitory activities. A strong positive correlation was found between presence and titer of circulating antiskeletal muscle antibodies (demonstrable by indirect immunofluorescence) and significant leukocyte migration inhibition. These findings indicate that patients with myasthenia gravis may demonstrate both humoral and cellular sensitization to skeletal muscle.
Analysis on student reported incidence of tuberculosis in Hubei Province during 2007-2012

Objective To understand the epidemic situation of student tuberculosis,in order to provide feasible suggestions of tuberculosis prevention and control for schools. Methods The prevalence of students' tuberculosis in Hubei during 2007-2012 was analyzed. Results During 2007-2012,the student reported incidence rate of tuberculosis in Hubei dropped to 4.2 /105 from 7.73 /105,decreased by 45.61%. The number of student reported incidence cases was the highest in every March and April, and the lowest in February. There was a difference in the reported incidence rate between different cities,and mountain areas reported the highest rate. Conclusion The epidemic situation of student tuberculosis shows a remarkable downward trend. It is important to take measures for school tuberculosis prevention,strengthening the tuberculosis knowledge education for schools,strengthening high school and college freshmen tuberculosis medical examination and early detection of tuberculosis cases.
Thinking about the implementation of new rules of athletic Taekwondo——With 2008 National Taekwondo Championship as an example

With 2008 National Taekwondo Championship as an example,through the analysis of the old and the new rules of comparative Taekwondo,it combined with trial status of the new rules in the championship,adjusted to the forthcoming and application of new rules for Taekwondo,researched on the changes and the impact of issues of the skills and tactics and executive conference aspects of China's Taekwondo,aimed at making China's Taekwondo faster to adapt to the new rules in the international competitions for improving the competitive level.
3 Failed Alternatives

Sorensen reads the despairing conclusion of D’Arcy McNickle’s The Surrounded, in which the protagonist is arrested for a crime he did not commit, as a sign that the novel’s protagonist’s quest for an alternative way of living on the reservation has failed. Despite this negative ending, Sorensen finds fleeting moments of untimeliness in scenes of dancing and storytelling interspersed through the narrative. These scenes offer glimpses of an unfulfilled potential that neither the text nor the characters can fully actualize. Ultimately, the success of McNickle’s formal strategy only further emphasizes the failure of the protagonist’s attempt to imagine and live out an alternative plot.
Navigating in natural environments: a virtual environment training transfer study

The ability to use virtual environments as either an abstraction of a space, similar to a map, or as a simulation of the space itself has suggested to many that it would be a useful tool in terrain familiarization of unknown environments. Up to this point, all research in this area has focused on building interiors and urban environments which are significantly different from natural environments in terms of navigation cues and useful wayfinding techniques. The experiment we present uses a virtual environment, as compared to a map only or real-world conditions on navigation tasks in a natural environment. We show that navigation ability is more important to performance than the training method, with the virtual environment being most effective for intermediate orienteers as compared to advanced or beginner orienteers.
Dual Screening During Presidential Debates: Political Nonverbals and the Volume and Valence of Online Expression

The impact of presidential debates on candidate evaluations remains an open topic. Research has long sought to identify the factors that matter most in citizens’ responses to debate content, includ...
Entrepreneurial firms and financial attractiveness for securing debt capital: a Bayesian analysis

AbstractUsing theoretical arguments grounded in venture financing literature and signaling theory, we examine the impact of both intended and unintended signals on the venture’s financial attractiveness perceived by external lenders. We develop two concepts, the venture’s (i) emergent volatility associated with operations and (ii) deliberate diversity of its financing portfolio, and assess their signaling impact on the firm’s overall financial attractiveness for securing debt. Using Bayesian inference on a large sample of growth-oriented entrepreneurial ventures in the United States, we obtain results that explain the ways in which emergent volatility and deliberate diversity act as unintended versus intended signals, respectively, thus affecting the venture’s financial attractiveness for securing debt capital from external lenders.
Use of the Apollo detachable-tip microcatheter for endovascular embolization of arteriovenous malformations and arteriovenous fistulas.

OBJECTIVELiquid embolic agents have revolutionized endovascular management of arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) and arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs). Nonetheless, since 2005, the US FDA has received more than 100 reports of microcatheter breakage or entrapment related to Onyx embolization, including 9 deaths. In 2014, the Apollo detachable-tip microcatheter became the first of its kind available in the US. Since then, few reports on its safety have been published.METHODSThe authors conducted a retrospective review of endovascular cases by searching the patient databases at 2 tertiary cerebrovascular centers (Barrow Neurological Institute and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center). Patients who underwent endovascular embolization of an AVM or AVF using the Apollo microcatheter were identified. Patient demographics and lesion characteristics were collected. The authors analyzed Apollo-specific endovascular variables, such as number of microcatheterizations, sessions, and pedicles embolized; microcatheter ti...
Giving hints is complicated: understanding the challenges of an automated hint system based on frequent wrong answers

Formative feedback is important for learning. Code-tracing is a vital skill in computer science learning. We set out to deliver formative feedback to students on code-tracing, constructed-response assessments by building a student error model using insights gained from inspecting the assessment's frequent wrong answers. Moreover, we compared two different kinds of hints: reteaching and knowledge integration. We found wrong answer co-occurrence provides useful information for our model. However, we were unable to find evidence in our intervention experiment that our hints improved student outcomes on post-test questions. Therefore, we also report here our results on a retrospective, exploratory analysis to understand potential reasons why our results are null.
Gods and Monsters: A Solastalgic Examination of Detroit’s Ruins and Representation

This article appropriates philosopher Glenn Albrecht’s neologism solastalgia, originally coined to refer to the sensation of existential anguish during environmental crisis, to refer to the city of Detroit, the phenomenon of “ruin porn” and the effect this media has on its residents. Ruin porn creates a cyclical consciousness of trauma for residents as it continually perpetuates images of Detroit as a ruined wasteland incapable of self-governance or improvement beyond the assistance of the white, elite establishment. This paper will utilize Albrecht’s work in tandem with urban studies to explore how ruin porn affects Detroit residents and the representation of the city at large.
How to Find an Academic Position After Residency: Who, What, When, Where, Why, and How

Introduction Transitioning from trainee to practicing physician is a process that is not frequently discussed during postgraduate training, but such a discussion is necessary if the number of acade...
TWO-DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS OF CHEMICAL OSCILLATORS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the two-dimensional analysis of chemical oscillators. Common to all biological systems is a complexity in structure and function, which exceeds that of most physical and engineering systems by several orders of magnitude. As a consequence, the mathematical tools that are available for the study of the dynamics of such systems are far from adequate. The dynamical behavior of homogeneous chemical systems in which all constituents are in one phase is determined by a generalized form of the law of mass action. Such systems are describable by a set of first order ordinary differential equations whose right hand sides are polynominals with the system constituents as variables. The total number of equations is equal to the number of constituents involved in the elementary reactions. The main problem in the analytical study of these equations arises from the fact that no explicit solution other than numerically by digital computer is obtainable.
Individual and marital therapy based on a hierarchy of needs.

This article is a pragmatic utilization of the hierarchy of needs as a framework for personal and marital counseling. This system identifies unmet needs as etiologic agents of impaired mental health and gives the therapist and the patient or couple a tangible tool for use in repairing or compensating deficits.
Molecular Regulation of the State of Embryonic Stem Cells

Pluripotency is a defining feature of embryonic stem cells (ESCs). A mechanistic understanding of pluripotency should shed light on fundamental aspects of development. In this chapter, we review the extrinsic factors, protein, and gene regulatory networks and epigenetics of ESCs. With the availability of human ESCs and the capacity to reprogram somatic cells to a pluripotent state, we hope that a comprehensive description of the control of pluripotency in ESCs will contribute to the use of these cells in regenerative medicine.
Immunosuppression in Simultaneous Pancreas-Kidney Transplantation: Progress to Date

Simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation (SPKT) is the treatment of choice for patients with end-stage renal failure due to type 1 diabetes mellitus. With advances in surgical techniques and immunosuppression management, outcomes have improved, with current 1- and 10-year pancreas graft survival rates of 86% and 53%, respectively. Induction therapy with either alemtuzumab or rabbit antithymocyte globulin (rATG) in combination with a calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) or sirolimus appears to be safe and effective in the setting of rapid steroid withdrawal (RSW), with excellent graft survival and low rejection rates. There are no large randomized trials between alemtuzumab and rATG to determine whether one is better than the other. Anti-interleukin (IL)-2 receptor antibody induction and no induction in combination with a CNI, MMF or sirolimus, and prednisone have demonstrated excellent graft survival rates but are associated with a higher incidence of acute rejection. The efficacy of anti-IL-2 receptor antibodies or no induction in the setting of RSW is unproven. Both of the CNIs, ciclosporin and tacrolimus, are effective in preventing acute rejection in SPKT recipients; however, pancreas allograft survival may be better with tacrolimus. MMF is more effective than azathioprine in preventing acute rejection. Sirolimus appears to be effective in preventing acute rejection, but the combination of sirolimus with a CNI may accentuate the nephrotoxicity of the CNI. RSW with induction therapy is safe and effective in SPKT recipients, but longer follow-up data on outcomes are needed. Recent analysis of registry data shows that most transplant centres are using an induction agent followed by a combination of tacrolimus, MMF and corticosteroids in SPKT recipients.
Antitrust Analysis of Joint Ventures: An Overview

As businesses become more active in global markets, many are considering strategic alliances with other companies as a means of becoming more efficient and more vigorous competitors. Companies are also becoming more creative in the types of alliances which they are forming. The purpose of this article is to present an overview of the impact of government antitrust policy on business choices regarding joint ventures and other strategic alliances. The article will provide an overview of how U.S. antitrust enforcement agencies assess the competitive impact of such alliances and will highlight the antitrust issues that businesses face when considering such options.
Antiviral Therapies for Herpesviruses: Current Agents and New Directions.

Abstract Purpose The objective of this review was to summarize the recent literature describing the current burden of disease due to herpesviruses in the antiviral and transplant era; describe mechanisms of action of antiviral agents and the development of resistance; summarize the literature of recent antiviral agents brought to market as well as agents under development; and to present literature on future strategies for herpesvirus therapeutics. Methods An extensive search of the medical literature related to antiherpesviral therapy was conducted to compose this narrative review. Literature searches were performed via PubMed and ultimately 137 articles were included as most relevant to the scope of this article. Findings Herpesviruses are a family of DNA viruses that are ubiquitous throughout human populations and share the feature of establishing lifelong infections in a latent phase with the potential of periodic reactivation. With the exception of herpes simplex virus, varicella zoster virus, and Epstein-Barr virus, which have a significant disease burden in individuals with normal immune function, the morbidity and mortality of the remaining viruses are primarily associated with the immunocompromised host. Over the last half-century, several agents have been tested in large randomized, placebo-controlled trials that have resulted in safe and effective antiviral agents for the treatment of many of these infections. Implications With increasing use of antiherpesviral agents for extended periods, particularly in immunocompromised hosts, the emergence of resistant viruses has necessitated the development of newer agents with novel targets and better side-effect profiles.
Aggravating effects of alcohol outlet types on street robbery and aggravated assault in New York City

The present study uses Risk Terrain Modeling (RTM) to analyze how nine different alcohol outlet types differentially influence the likelihood of aggravated assault and street robbery at micro-level...
City-Wide Signal Strength Maps: Prediction with Random Forests

Signal strength maps are of great importance to cellular providers for network planning and operation, however they are expensive to obtain and possibly limited or inaccurate in some locations. In this paper, we develop a prediction framework based on random forests to improve signal strength maps from limited measurements. First, we propose a random forests (RFs)-based predictor, with a rich set of features including location as well as time, cell ID, device hardware and other features. We show that our RFs-based predictor can significantly improve the tradeoff between prediction error and number of measurements needed compared to state-of-the-art data-driven predictors, i.e., requiring 80% less measurements for the same prediction accuracy, or reduces the relative error by 17% for the same number of measurements. Second, we leverage two types of real-world LTE RSRP datasets to evaluate into the performance of different prediction methods: (i) a small but dense Campus dataset, collected on a university campus and (ii) several large but sparser NYC and LA datasets, provided by a mobile data analytics company.
Taming the Information Beast: Content Customization and Its Impact on Media Enjoyment for Online Consumers

As technologies continue to evolve, customized online environments are becoming evermore popular with consumers as they help manage information flow in the online space while limiting exposure to advertising. This study examines the effect of customization, desire for control, and information overload on media enjoyment. Level of customization has a positive impact on a consumer‟s media enjoyment regardless of their desire for control or feelings of information overload. High desire for control subjects exposed to keyword advertising had the greatest media enjoyment. Non-intrusive keyword advertising did not impede media enjoyment while the presence of banner advertising did effect media enjoyment.
The Public's Perception of Interventions for Migraine Headache Disorders: A Crowdsourcing Population-Based Study.

Background Migraine disorders are a leading cause of morbidity and decreased economic productivity in the United States among both men and women. As such, it is important to consider patient opinions, and have an accurate representation of the burden and sentiment toward currently available interventions among those suffering from migraines. Objectives The aim of the study was to assess patient options regarding adverse outcomes of the various treatment options available for migraine headaches. Methods A prospective cross-sectional study of volunteers recruited through an internet crowdsourcing service, Amazon Mechanical Turk©, was conducted. Surveys were administered to collect patient-reported opinions regarding adverse outcomes of both surgical and nonsurgical treatment options for migraine headaches. Results The prevalence of migraine headache across all study participants was 15.6% and varied slightly across participant demographics. Individuals ages 35-44 (2.73 migraines per month) experienced the fewest migraine and with the lowest severity. Those individuals ages 45+ experienced the most severe headaches (Visual Analog Scale = 44.23 mm). Additionally, the greatest migraine frequency and severity existed among those households with yearly income of $75,000-$100,000. The lowest injection therapy utility scores were obtained for adverse outcomes of hematoma (47.60 mm) and vertigo (54.40 mm). Conclusions Migraine headaches remains a significant problem among the US population, with an overall prevalence of 15.6% (approximately 50 million Americans). Additionally, physicians interesting in offering minimally invasive or surgical treatment for migraine headaches should focus on mitigating patient fears regarding clinical outcomes and cost of care.
A Switched Capacitor Multiple Input Single Output Energy Harvester (Solar + Piezo) Achieving 74.6% Efficiency With Simultaneous MPPT

This paper presents an inductor-less switched capacitor based energy harvester, which can simultaneously harvest from 2 energy sources (Solar + Piezo). The proposed harvester employs maximum power point tracking algorithm, by changing the conversion ratios of the charge pumps for piezo and solar sources, and output voltage control by varying the switching frequency. The proposed MPPT algorithm can match the input impedance of two sources simultaneously. Implemented in 65nm CMOS, the proposed harvester can generate a fixed output between 1.8 and 2.5 V output while delivering 35 $\mu \text{W}$ to 70 $\mu \text{W}$ power with a peak power conversion efficiency of 74.6%.
CONGENITAL CONSTRICTION BAND SYNDROME

Constriction band syndrome is a fairly common congenital hand disorder. Proposed etiologies for the formation of the anomalies are reviewed in this article and demographics for the syndrome are presented. Varied clinical presentations are addressed and potential treatment options are reviewed.
On Different Ways of Being Equal

The aim of this paper is to present a constructive solution to Frege’s puzzle (largely limited to the mathematical context) based on type theory. Two ways in which an equality statement may be said to have cognitive significance are distinguished. One concerns the mode of presentation of the equality, the other its mode of proof. Frege’s distinction between sense and reference, which emphasizes the former aspect, cannot adequately explain the cognitive significance of equality statements unless a clear identity criterion for senses is provided. It is argued that providing a solution based on proofs is more satisfactory from the standpoint of constructive semantics.
Ocular Complications of Checkpoint Inhibitors and Immunotherapeutic Agents: A Case Series.

Ophthalmologists have a role in assessing immune-related adverse events (IRAE) in oncology patients on immunotherapy. We assessed the utility of a hospital-wide toxicity team in referring patients ...
Integrative Analysis of Spatial and Single-Cell Transcriptomics Reveals Principles of Tissue Organization and Intercellular Communication in Mouse Olfactory Bulb

Abstract Intercellular communication and spatial organization of cells are two critical aspects of a tissue’s function. Understanding these aspects requires integrating data from single-cell RNA-Seq (scRNA-seq) and spatial transcriptomics (ST), the two cutting edge technologies that offer complementary insights into tissue composition, architecture, and function. Integrating these data types is non-trivial since they differ widely in the number of profiled genes and often do not share marker genes for given cell-types. We developed STANN, a neural network model that overcomes these methodological challenges. Given ST and scRNA-seq data of a tissue, STANN models cell-types in the scRNA-seq dataset from the genes that are profiled by both ST and scRNA-seq. The trained STANN model then assigns cell-types to the ST dataset. We apply STANN to assign cell-types in a recent ST dataset (SeqFISH+) of mouse olfactory bulb (MOB). Our analysis of STANN’s assigned cell-types revealed principles of tissue architecture and intercellular communication at unprecedented detail. We find that cell-type compositions are disproportionate in the tissue, yet their relative proportions are spatially consistent within individual morphological layers. Surprisingly, within a morphological layer, there is a high spatial variation in cell-type colocalization patterns and intercellular communication mechanisms. Our analysis suggests that spatially localized gene regulatory networks may account for such variability in intercellular communication mechanisms.
Ocean Turbulence and Mixing Near the Shelf Break South-East of Nova Scotia

Formation of coastal fog was observed near the southern tip of Nova Scotia when warm, humid air was advected towards the shore over an area of colder water. The sea-surface temperature in the colder and higher salinity patch near the coast was below 14 °C compared to that of the surrounding sea of ≈ 17–18 °C. Measurements of stratification, currents, and the dissipation rate of turbulence kinetic energy (e) on the Nova Scotia shelf, shelf break, and continental slope revealed the frequent occurrence of shear instability in the pycnocline. The probability of the gradient Richardson number $$(Ri)$$ being less than a critical value of $$Ri_{cr} = 0.25$$ in the depth range 30–90 m exceeded 50% on the shelf and over the slope, and it was above 75% along the shelf break, while in the open ocean pycnocline the probability of $$Ri < 0.25$$ is below 5%. The cumulative distribution functions of the dissipation rate in the pycnocline south-east of Nova Scotia followed the Burr probability model with median values from $$7.9 \times 10^{ - 9}$$ W kg−1 on the slope to $$1.9 \times 10^{ - 8}$$ W kg−1 at the shelf break. The eddy diffusivity ( $$K_{N}$$ ) estimates follow a generalized extreme value distribution with a high median value of $$\left\langle {K_{N} } \right\rangle = 5.8 \times 10^{ - 5}$$ m2 s−1 at the shelf break. The diffusivity $$K_{N}$$ depended on $$Ri$$ in general agreement with the parametrization previously suggested by Lozovatsky and Fernando (Philos Trans R Soc A 371:20120213, 2013) but with a higher level of mixing at $$Ri > 1$$ . This could be relevant to the nature of turbulence generation near the shelf break by random wave instabilities in the pycnocline at high Richardson and high Reynolds numbers.
Manufacturable Perovskite/Silicon Tandems with Solution-Processed Perovskites on Textured Silicon Bottom Cells

Integrating perovskites onto textured silicon bottom cells with a scalable solution process is crucial to commercializing perovskite/silicon tandem technology. Here, we propose a new tandem architecture that enables a scalable solution blading process of perovskites on textured silicon. In this tandem architecture, the pyramidal texture is tuned to be less than 1 micron. With this pyramid feature size, the silicon cell surface is rough enough to scatter the light to reduce the reflection loss, but still smooth enough to solution process the perovskite cell. A nitrogen-assisted blading process is then applied to deposit both a conformal hole transport layer and a compact micron-thick perovskite layer to planarize the textured silicon. With additional textured polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) on the tandem as an antireflection layer, we achieve 26%-efficient perovskite/silicon tandem cells on textured silicon by solution processed perovskite layer, with a short-circuit current density of 19.2 mA/cm2.
Standardized Writing Opportunities: A Case Study of Writing Instruction in Inclusive Classrooms:

Background/ContextFor an increasing percentage of students with disabilities, writing instruction is taking place in general education classrooms. The practice of instructing students with disabili...
Ruling Minds: The Media and State Propaganda in British-Ruled Nyasaland, 1945–1964

Relying primarily on archival data, this chapter adopts the ‘contextualised approach’ in the study of the role played by technology, to which the media belongs, in enhancing British colonial rule in Nyasaland (present-day Malawi) during the late colonial era. It highlights the collaboration between the British government, the Federal Government (Central African Federation), and the Nyasaland government, through designated public relations personnel and agencies, to manipulate the mindsets of the colonised peoples against messages disseminated by nationalist movements and privately held local and international media outlets. The chapter argues that while such efforts bore fruit in the early years, the colonial authorities were in the long run, not able to curb the threat posed by the various forces of decolonisation in significant measure because of the agency of the Africans.
Late-cutting lipid-soluble alfalfa extract beneficially modulates the colon microbiota to protect mouse body weight during Citrobacter rodentium challenge

Mouse models allow for detailed preliminary research into the health-promoting effects of novel feed additives to identify candidates for livestock application. Alfalfa is a potential source of health-promoting feed additives, but detailed findings on factors that maximize its benefits are lacking. The study objective was to evaluate the effects of feeding late and early alfalfa as hay, aqueous, and lipid-soluble extracts on the body weight (BW) and colon microbiota of mice before and after pathogen challenge. A total of 98 female 6-week-old C57BL/6J mice were weighed and assigned to 1 of 7 diets consisting of basal diet ± hay (9%), aqueous extract (0.25%), and chloroform extract (0.25%) of late and early cutting alfalfa. After 14d, 6 mice/treatment were euthanized for baseline colon digesta sampling. The remaining animals were orally inoculated with Citrobacter rodentium and 4 mice/ treatment were euthanized for colon digesta collection at 4 and 21d post-inoculation (pi). While observed patterns in BW were not statistically significant, numerical improvements in early and late days post-inoculation (pi) indicated a protective effect of lipid-soluble extracts on BW during bacterial challenge. Corresponding to these observations, late cutting chloroform extracts significantly reduced pathogen abundance in the colon at 4dpi while increasing the abundance of beneficial community members at 21dpi (P = 0.02). These findings in mice support future research into the effects of late-cutting chloroform alfalfa extracts in livestock diets.
Inducible Yeast Two-Hybrid with Quantitative Measures

The yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) assay has long been used to identify new protein-protein interaction pairs and to compare relative interaction strengths. Traditional Y2H formats may be limited, however, by use of constitutive strong promoters if expressed proteins have toxic effects or post-transcriptional expression differences in yeast among a comparison group. As a step toward more quantitative Y2H assays, we modified a common vector to use an inducible CUP1 promoter, which showed quantitative induction of several "bait" proteins with increasing copper concentration. Using mouse Nxf1 (homologous to yeast Mex67p) as a model bait, copper titration achieved levels that bracket levels obtained with the constitutive ADH1 promoter. Using a liquid growth assay for an auxotrophic reporter in multiwell plates allowed log-phase growth rate to be used as a measure of interaction strength. These data demonstrate the potential for quantitative comparisons of protein-protein interactions using the Y2H system.