cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exploring Linguistic Science : Language Use, Complexity, and Interaction

Exploring Linguistic Science introduces students to the basic principles of complexity theory and then applies these principles to the scientific study of language. It demonstrates how, at every level of linguistic study, we find evidence of language as a complex system. Designed for undergraduate courses in language and linguistics, this essential textbook brings cutting-edge concepts to bear on the traditional components of general introductions to the study of language, such as phonetics, morphology and grammar. The authors maintain a narrative thread throughout the book of 'interaction and emergence', both of which are key terms from the study of complex systems, a new science currently useful in physics, genetics, evolutionary biology, and economics, but also a perfect fit for the humanities. The application of complexity to language highlights the fact that language is an ever-changing, ever-varied product of human behavior.
Malignant transformation of a chronically infected implantable cardioverter-defibrillator pocket.

Key Teaching Points • Cardiac implantable electronic devices can be chronically infected. • Chronic infection in this patient's device probably led to the development of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma of the pocket. • The possibility of this complication should be anticipated when considering patients, especially the elderly, for implantable cardiac devices.
The time-course of cortical responses to speech revealed by fast optical imaging.

Abstract Recent work has sought to describe the time-course of spoken word recognition, from initial acoustic cue encoding through lexical activation, and identify cortical areas involved in each stage of analysis. However, existing methods are limited in either temporal or spatial resolution, and as a result, have only provided partial answers to the question of how listeners encode acoustic information in speech. We present data from an experiment using a novel neuroimaging method, fast optical imaging, to directly assess the time-course of speech perception, providing non-invasive measurement of speech sound representations, localized to specific cortical areas. We find that listeners encode speech in terms of continuous acoustic cues at early stages of processing (ca. 96 ms post-stimulus onset), and begin activating phonological category representations rapidly (ca. 144 ms post-stimulus). Moreover, cue-based representations are widespread in the brain and overlap in time with graded category-based representations, suggesting that spoken word recognition involves simultaneous activation of both continuous acoustic cues and phonological categories.
High content screen for identifying small-molecule LC3B-localization modulators in a renal cancer cell line

Forms of selective autophagy have now been recognized to regulate flux in many intracellular processes. Specific pathways and functions have been identified for mitophagy, ERphagy, and other selective autophagies; yet there is no consensus in whether and how autophagy regulates protein maintenance in and around the nucleus. Such processes are of interest for potential degradation of DNA and nuclear envelope proteins in various disease states. The mechanistic details of such nucleus-related autophagic processes remain elusive due to the lack of chemical or genetic regulators to manipulate and follow the process in vitro. Here, we describe a high content screen from which we identified small chemical compounds that can modulate the localization of the autophagy marker MAP1LC3B (LC3) in renal carcinoma cells. We also describe a pipeline designed for the execution and analysis of high content screens. The chemical tools discerned from this screen will allow for the deeper exploration of the mechanism, regulation, and molecular targets of nuclear-localized LC3 in perturbed cellular states.
MECHANISMS OF LOCOMOTION OF FLAGELLATES: V. TRYPANOSOMA LEWISI AND T. CRUZI

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the results of experiments conducted to study mechanisms of locomotion of flagellates. Movement was studied by means of high speed microcinematography up to 600 frames per second in Trypanosoma lewisi and T. cruzi. The study discusses that in oxalate media, swimming may occur. In the trypanosomal forms this movement may be very rapid. The flagellum is held forward and beats with a planar sine wave of increasing amplitude that begins at the tip and progresses backward the length of the free flagellum with increasing amplitude and then along the undulating membrane. The wave is observed to be dampened by the body that also undulates posteriorly as far as the kinetoplast. The crithidial form of T. cruzi from cultures were also observed to swim with the flagellum forward, with planar sine waves increasing in amplitude and with a wobbling of the body as it damps the waves.
Counsellor supervision In Zimbabwe: A new direction

This paper examines theneed for a new paradigm of counsellor supervision in Zimbabwe andprovides components for a new paradigm. The article identifiesissues that need to be considered in order to develop counsellorsupervision practice in an appropriate cultural and social contextfor the country. The issues that are examined are: counsellortraining in Zimbabwe; sociohistoric and present racial themes inZimbabwe; the impact of Eurocentric counselling theory, research andpractice in Zimbabwe; and the basic tenets of indigenous culture inZimbabwe that impact on the counsellor supervision process.
Eye movements and an object-based model of heading perception

The movement of an observer through an environment of stationary objects creates a complex set of motions called optical flow. Accurately registering these motions with our mobile eyes and acting upon them underlies the everyday commerce and safety of all animals, particularly human beings whose technological means of conveyance have accelerated both speeds and risks. Optical flow is rich and can be parsed in many ways (e.g., Cutting, 1986; Gibson, 1966; Koenderink & van Doorn, 1975; Regan & Beverley, 1982; see Lappe et al., 1999; and Warren, 1998, for reviews). There are many tasks that depend, at least in part, on optical flow — maintaining balance, detecting potential collisions, and monitoring the course of navigation. In this chapter, we discuss a model of heading perception that underlies navigation. It is based on relative motions of object pairs and on eye movements with which observers seek them out prior to heading judgments.
Rapid 2,2'-bicinchoninic-based xylanase assay compatible with high throughput screening.

High-throughput screening requires simple assays that give reliable quantitative results. A microplate assay was developed for reducing sugar analysis that uses a 2,2′-bicinchoninic-based protein reagent. Endo-1,4-β-d-xylanase activity against oat spelt xylan was detected at activities of 0.002 to 0.011 IU ml−1. The assay is linear for sugar concentrations from 0 to 86 μg ml−1 and can also be used to assay protein concentrations (0 to 143 μg ml−1) on the same plate. A variety of temperatures and pH conditions can be used and, after incubation, the assay requires only one detection reagent and one heating step.
The effect of repeated testing of pharmacy calculations and drug knowledge to improve knowledge retention in pharmacy students

Abstract Background and purpose Repeated testing has been shown to improve knowledge retention in students. However, there is limited literature on the effect of repeated testing in pharmacy students. Our objective was to determine if repeated testing improved retention of pharmacy calculations and drug knowledge. Educational activity and setting Second, third, and fourth year pharmacy students were invited to participate in this voluntary study. Participants were divided into GPA categories and randomly assigned to a control or study group. Seven quizzes were given to the study group over one academic year. No quizzes were given to the control group. Both groups had access to the question bank from which the quizzes were constructed. A final exam and survey were given to both groups at the end of the study. Findings We did not find an effect of repeated testing on knowledge retention for the study group compared to the control group in the study. However, when fourth year students were excluded from the analysis, we observed a benefit of repeated testing for lower-performing students. Over 90% of survey respondents agreed that repeated testing promoted long term knowledge and that students should test themselves repeatedly. However, approximately 60% of students admitted to not testing themselves repeatedly. Nearly 85% of survey respondents agreed that the school should implement a repeated testing program. Summary Overall, students believe repeated testing is beneficial, but few do it on their own. Repeated testing showed a benefit in at-risk students. Implementing a program of repeated testing can help low-performing students succeed academically.
Integration of Local Geometry and Metric Information in Sampling-Based Motion Planning

The efficiency of sampling-based motion planning algorithms is dependent on how well a steering procedure is capable of capturing both system dynamics and configuration space geometry to connect sample configurations. This paper considers how metrics describing local system dynamics may be combined with convex subsets of the free space to describe the local behavior of a steering function for sampling-based planners. Subsequently, a framework for using these subsets to extend the steering procedure to incorporate this information is introduced. To demonstrate our framework, three specific metrics are considered: the LQR cost-to-go function, a Gram matrix derived from system linearization, and the Mahalanobis distance of a linear-Gaussian system. Finally, numerical tests are conducted for a second-order linear system, a kinematic unicycle, and a linear-Gaussian system to demonstrate that our framework increases the connectivity of sampling-based planners and allows them to better explore the free space.
CRISPR mutagenesis screening of mice.

Functional genetic screening of mice and other mammals is exceedingly challenging. A CRISPR-based mutagenesis screen in mice has successfully revealed amino acids vital for protein function of the DND1 gene, missense mutations of which lead to defects in primordial germ cell development.
25th Anniversary Retrospective: Growing up global: economic restructuring and children’s everyday lives

Growing Up Global hones in on the work of social reproduction as the site where people create everyday life, culture, and possibilities for the future through material practices. It offers an exten...
Potentiation of serotonin signaling protects against intestinal ischemia and reperfusion injury in mice

Background Knock-out of serotonin re-uptake transporters (SERT) or use of selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) potentiates enteric serotonin (5-HT) signaling and stimulates enterocyte proliferation. We hypothesized that increased serotonin signaling would mitigate epithelial injury from intestinal ischemia and reperfusion (I/R). Methods Mice lacking SERT (SERTKO mice) and wild-type littermates (WTLM) were subjected to intestinal ischemia by superior mesenteric artery (SMA) occlusion. At intervals post-laparotomy with or without ischemia, ileum was harvested and prepared for staining. A WTLM subgroup treated with SSRI after SMA occlusion followed by reperfusion was also sacrificed and analyzed. Mucosal injury was scored, percentage of injured villi calculated, and enterocyte proliferation measured. Lastly, staining for enterocytes, enteroendocrine cells, and goblet cells, villus epithelial cellular make-up was investigated at baseline and 14 days after injury. Measurements were compared between groups using t test and chi-squared test. Key results Mucosal injury after I/R was significantly decreased in SERTKO and SSRI-treated mice compared to WTLM at all intervals except baseline. Enterocyte proliferation was greater in SERTKO and SSRI-treated mice without alteration in cellular composition along villi (P > 0.05). Conclusions and inferences Potentiation of 5-HT signaling is associated with mucosal protection from intestinal I/R injury without alterations in villus cell distribution, possibly via increased rates of enterocyte renewal.
Bioengineering the innate vasculature of complex organs: what have we learned so far.

Purpose of reviewEngineering vasculature that meets an organ's specific physiology and function is a fundamental step in organ bioengineering. In this article, we review approaches for engineering functional vasculature for organ bioengineering, with an emphasis on the engineering of organ-specific
Lack of Overt Retinal Degeneration in a K42E Dhdds Knock-In Mouse Model of RP59

Dehydrodolichyl diphosphate synthase (DHDDS) is required for protein N-glycosylation in eukaryotic cells. A K42E point mutation in the DHDDS gene causes an autosomal recessive form of retinitis pigmentosa (RP59), which has been classified as a congenital disease of glycosylation (CDG). We generated K42E Dhdds knock-in mice as a potential model for RP59. Mice heterozygous for the Dhdds K42E mutation were generated using CRISPR/Cas9 technology and crossed to generate DhddsK42E/K42E homozygous mice. Spectral domain-optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) was performed to assess retinal structure, relative to age-matched wild type (WT) controls. Immunohistochemistry against glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and opsin (1D4 epitope) was performed on retinal frozen sections to monitor gliosis and opsin localization, respectively, while lectin cytochemistry, plus and minus PNGase-F treatment, was performed to assess protein glycosylation status. Retinas of DhddsK42E/K42E mice exhibited grossly normal histological organization from 1 to 12 months of age. Anti-GFAP immunoreactivity was markedly increased in DhddsK42E/K42E mice, relative to controls. However, opsin immunolocalization, ConA labeling and PNGase-F sensitivity were comparable in mutant and control retinas. Hence, retinas of DhddsK42E/K42E mice exhibited no overt signs of degeneration, yet were markedly gliotic, but without evidence of compromised protein N-glycosylation. These results challenge the notion of RP59 as a DHDDS loss-of-function CDG and highlight the need to investigate unexplored RP59 disease mechanisms.
Design Space Exploration of an OpenCL Based SAXPY Kernel Implementation on FPGAs

High-performance computing researchers are trying to find new options, tools to satisfy the performance criteria of a hardware design. FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) is one of the accelerators which is widely used for power-efficient applications due to its reconfigurability and high performance. Traditionally FPGA can be programmed using Hardware Description Language (HDL). Using HDL, for any FPGA hardware architecture design, the designer needs to be very knowledgeable about the hardware and the Register Transfer Level Language (RTL) programming. While designing hardware architecture, it was always desired to reduce design complexity and developing time. FPGA can be programmed by a software programmer using High-Level Synthesis (HLS) tools like OpenCL, Vivado while avoiding design complexity and reducing the developing time. OpenCL is an HLS tool where a designer can write the code like the software and design the hardware. An OpenCL design can be done using many data partitions and task parallelism techniques. The SAXPY, a level 1 Basic Linear Algebra (BLAS) routine is widely used for many scientific applications. This level 1, BLAS routine which involves vector-vector operations, can be implemented in various ways like using the n-dimensional range (NDRange) or single work item, using global memory or local memory, choosing the option to reuse the local storage, and tuning the design knobs such as block size, work item, bank width, number of memory banks and loop unrolling factor. This paper is presenting a Design Space Exploration (DSE) of OpenCL-based implementation for SAXPY kernel on FPGAs. From our investigation, we have found that the NDRange kernel is more throughput efficient for SAXPY kernel operations.
Composition, crystallography, and oxygen vacancy ordering impacts on the oxygen ion conductivity of lanthanum strontium ferrite

This work presents a comprehensive computational study showing how aliovalent doping, crystal structure, and oxygen vacancy interactions impact the oxygen vacancy conductivity of lanthanum strontium ferrite (LSF) as a function of temperature in air. First, density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed to obtain the oxygen vacancy migration barriers and understand the oxidation state changes on neighboring Fe atoms during oxygen vacancy migration. The oxygen migration barrier energy and the corresponding diffusion coefficient were then combined with previously determined mobile oxygen vacancy concentrations to predict the overall oxygen vacancy conductivity and compare it with experimentally measured values. More importantly, the impact of phase changes, the La/Sr ratio, and the oxygen non-stoichiometry on the mobile oxygen vacancy concentration, diffusivity, and conductivity were analyzed. It was found that stabilizing rhombohedral LSF or cubic SFO (through doping or other means), such that oxygen-vacancy-ordering-induced phase transitions are prevented, leads to high oxygen conductivity under solid oxide fuel cell operating conditions.
The Allen Mouse Brain Common Coordinate Framework: A 3D Reference Atlas.

Summary Recent large-scale collaborations are generating major surveys of cell types and connections in the mouse brain, collecting large amounts of data across modalities, spatial scales, and brain areas. Successful integration of these data requires a standard 3D reference atlas. Here, we present the Allen Mouse Brain Common Coordinate Framework (CCFv3) as such a resource. We constructed an average template brain at 10 μm voxel resolution by interpolating high resolution in-plane serial two-photon tomography images with 100 μm z-sampling from 1,675 young adult C57BL/6J mice. Then, using multimodal reference data, we parcellated the entire brain directly in 3D, labeling every voxel with a brain structure spanning 43 isocortical areas and their layers, 329 subcortical gray matter structures, 81 fiber tracts, and 8 ventricular structures. CCFv3 can be used to analyze, visualize, and integrate multimodal and multiscale datasets in 3D and is openly accessible ( https://atlas.brain-map.org/ ).
Programmable CRISPR‐Cas transcriptional activation in bacteria

Programmable gene activation enables fine-tuned regulation of endogenous and synthetic gene circuits to control cellular behavior. While CRISPR-Cas-mediated gene activation has been extensively developed for eukaryotic systems, similar strategies have been difficult to implement in bacteria. Here, we present a generalizable platform for screening and selection of functional bacterial CRISPR-Cas transcription activators. Using this platform, we identified a novel CRISPR activator, dCas9-AsiA, that could activate gene expression by more than 200-fold across genomic and plasmid targets with diverse promoters after directed evolution. The evolved dCas9-AsiA can simultaneously mediate activation and repression of bacterial regulons in E. coli. We further identified hundreds of promoters with varying basal expression that could be induced by dCas9-AsiA, which provides a rich resource of genetic parts for inducible gene activation. Finally, we show that dCas9-AsiA can be ported to other bacteria of clinical and bioindustrial relevance, thus enabling bacterial CRISPRa in more application areas. This work expands the toolbox for programmable gene regulation in bacteria and provides a useful resource for future engineering of other bacterial CRISPR-based gene regulators.
Photophobia: shared pathophysiology underlying dry eye disease, migraine and traumatic brain injury leading to central neuroplasticity of the trigeminothalamic pathway

Background Photophobia is a potentially debilitating symptom often found in dry eye disease (DE), migraine and traumatic brain injury (TBI). Methods We conducted a review of the literature via a PubMed search of English language articles with a focus on how photophobia may relate to a shared pathophysiology across DE, migraine and TBI. Results DE, migraine and TBI are common conditions in the general population, are often comorbid, and share photophobia as a symptom. Across the three conditions, neural dysregulation of peripheral and central nervous system components is implicated in photophobia in various animal models and in humans. Enhanced activity of the neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is closely linked to photophobia. Current therapies for photophobia include glasses which shield the eyes from specific wavelengths, botulinum toxin, and inhibition of CGRP and its receptor. Many individuals have persistent photophobia despite the use of these therapies, and thus, development of new therapies is needed. Conclusions The presence of photophobia in DE, migraine and TBI suggests shared trigeminothalamic pathophysiologic mechanisms, as explained by central neuroplasticity and hypersensitivity mediated by neuropeptide CGRP. Treatment strategies which target neural pathways (ie, oral neuromodulators, transcutaneous nerve stimulation) should be considered in patients with persistent photophobia, specifically in individuals with DE whose symptoms are not controlled with traditional therapies.
Premalignant Nf1,Trp53-null Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells Become Stalled in a Heterogeneous State of Replication Stress Before Gliomagenesis

Cancer evolves from premalignant clones that accumulate mutations and adopt unusual cell states to achieve transformation. Previously, we pinpointed the oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) as a cell-of-origin for glioma, but the early changes of mutant OPCs during premalignancy remained unknown. Using mice engineered for inducible Nf1-Trp53 loss in OPCs, we acutely isolated labeled mutant OPCs by laser-capture microdissection and determined gene-expression changes by bulk RNA sequencing and a fluctuation analysis, called stochastic profiling, which uses RNA-sequencing measurements from random pools of 10 mutant cells. At 12 days after Nf1-Trp53 deletion, while bulk differences were mostly limited to mitotic hallmarks and genes for ribosome biosynthesis, stochastic profiling revealed a spectrum of stem-progenitor (Axl, Aldh1a1), proneural, and mesenchymal states as potential starting points for gliomagenesis. At 90 days, bulk sequencing detected very few differentially expressed transcripts, whereas stochastic profiling revealed cell states for neurons and mural cells that do not give rise to glial tumors, suggesting cellular dead-ends for gliomagenesis. Importantly, we identified mutant OPCs that strongly expressed key effectors of nonsense-mediated decay (Upf3b) and homology-dependent DNA repair (Rad51c, Slx1b, Ercc4) along with DNA-damage markers suggesting transcription-associated replication stress. Analysis of 10-cell transcriptomes at 90 days identified a locus of elevated gene expression containing an additional repair endonuclease (Mus81) and Rin1, a Ras-Raf antagonist and possible counterbalance to Nf1 loss. At 150 days, Rin1 was microdeleted in some gliomas and downregulated in all others. Replication stress may pose a considerable bottleneck that must be resolved for gliomas to initiate.
Role of the thymus in spontaneous development of a multi-organ autoimmune disease in human immune system mice

We evaluated the role of the thymus in development of multi-organ autoimmunity in human immune system (HIS) mice. T cells were essential for disease development and the same T cell clones with varying phenotypes infiltrated multiple tissues. De novo-generated hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)-derived T cells were the major disease drivers, though thymocytes pre-existing in grafted human thymi contributed if not first depleted. HIS mice with a native mouse thymus developed disease earlier than thymectomized mice with a thymocyte-depleted human thymus graft. Defective structure in the native mouse thymus was associated with impaired negative selection of thymocytes expressing a transgenic TCR recognizing a self-antigen. Disease developed without direct recognition of antigens on recipient mouse MHC. While human thymus grafts had normal structure and negative selection, failure to tolerize human T cells recognizing mouse antigens presented on HLA molecules may explain eventual disease development. These new insights have implications for human autoimmunity and suggest methods of avoiding autoimmunity in next-generation HIS mice.
Differences in Inpatient Insertable Cardiac Monitor Placement after Ischemic Stroke.

Background and purpose Cryptogenic stroke accounts for 30% of ischemic stroke and in such patients, cardiac monitoring leads to increased detection of AF, increased utilization of anticoagulation, and decreased risk of recurrent stroke. We aim to identify differences in inpatient utilization of implantable cardiac monitors (ICMs) in patients with ischemic stroke. Methods This is an analysis of the National Inpatient Sample. We included all ischemic stroke hospitalizations nation-wide between Jan 1st 2016 and Dec 31st 2018. We excluded patients with history of atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter. We compared survey weighted baseline demographics and characteristics between patients who received an inpatient ICM versus those who didn't using logistic regression models. Results We identified a weighted total 1,069,395 patients who met the inclusion criteria; 2.2% received an inpatient ICM. In multivariable analyses, factors associated with decreased odds of inpatient ICM placement including Black race (OR 0.76 95% CI 0.68 - 0.84, p Conclusions There are important differences in inpatient ICM placement in patients with ischemic stroke highlighting disparities in inpatient care for patients hospitalized with ischemic stroke. More studies are needed to validate our findings.
Inviscid, Incompressible Flow Past Circular Cylinders and Joukowski Airfoils

In two-dimensions, the obstacles are cylinders of various cross sections, whose axis is perpendicular to the plane in which the flow is taking place.
In vivo dynamics of anti-viral CD8 T cell responses to different epitopes. An evaluation of bystander activation in primary and secondary responses to viral infection

Viral infections induce extensive T cell proliferation in vivo. However, only a small fraction (1–5%) of the activated T cells have been shown to be virus specific leading to the prevailing notion that most of the T cell expansion represents cytokine-mediated bystander activation and/or cross reactive stimulation of non specific cells. To re-examine this issue we quantitated antigen specific CD8 T cells during acute LCMV infection of mice using three sensitive techniques: (i) intracellular cytokine production, (ii) single cell ELISPOT and (iii) direct visualization of antigen specific CD8 T cells by staining with MHC class I tetramers + peptide. In contrast to previous estimates, we found that 50–70% of the activated CD8 T cells were LCMV specific. This represented ≥ 10,000-fold increase (~2 × 107 virus specific cells/spleen) in 8 days with the peak expansion occurring between day 3 and 5 during which period virus specific CD8 T cells had an estimated division time of ~8 hours. Following viral clearance, the number of antigen specific CD8 T cells dropped to 1 × 106 per spleen and were maintained at this level for the life of the mouse. Upon rechallenge with LCMV, memory CD8 T cells rapidly proliferated and again comprised >50% of the total CD8 T cells. In contrast, upon challenge with a heterologous virus such as vaccinia, there was no change in the number of LCMV specific memory CTL, despite a substantial increase in the number of activated CD8 T cells. Taken together, these results show that much of the CD8 T cell expansion seen during viral infection represents antigen specific cells.
Plasma and red blood cell fatty acids in peroxisomal disorders

The demonstration of abnormal levels of fatty acids or plasmalogens in plasma or red blood cells is key to the diagnosis of peroxisomal disorders. We report the levels of 62 fatty acids and plasmalogens in patients with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD), Zellweger syndrome (ZS), neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy (NALD), and infantile Refsum disease (IRD), both at baseline and after dietary interventions. "Lorenzo's Oil" therapy in X-ALD normalizes the levels of saturated very long chain fatty acids in plasma, but leads to reduced levels of omega 6 and other omega 3 fatty acids, and requires monitoring and appropriate dietary supplements. Patients with ZS, NALD and IRD have reduced levels of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA) which can be normalized by the oral administration of microencapsulated DHA and AA.
Life and death of lymphocytes: a role in immunesenescence.

Human aging is associated with progressive decline in immune functions, increased frequency of infections. Among immune functions, a decline in T cell functions during aging predominates. In this review, we will discuss the molecular signaling in two major pathways of apoptosis, namely death receptor pathway and mitochondrial pathway, and their alterations in both T and B lymphocytes in human aging with a special emphasis on naive and different memory subsets of CD8+ T cells. We will also discuss a possible role of lymphocyte apoptosis in immune senescence.
Thoraco-abdominal deflection responses of post mortem human surrogates in side impacts

The objective of the present study was to determine the thorax and abdomen deflections sustained by post mortem human surrogate (PMHS) in oblique side impact sled tests and compare the responses and injuries with pure lateral tests. Oblique impact tests were conducted using modular and non-modular load-wall designs, with the former capable of accommodating varying anthropometry. Tests were conducted at 6.7 m/s velocity. Deflection responses from chestbands were analyzed from 15 PMHS tests: five each from modular load-wall oblique, non-modular load-wall oblique and non-modular load- wall pure lateral impacts. The thorax and abdomen peak deflections were greater in non-modular load-wall oblique than pure lateral tests. Peak abdomen deflections were statistically significantly different while the upper thorax deflections demonstrated a trend towards significance. Deflection angulations were statistically significantly different between pure lateral and oblique tests at all regions indicating that it is important to characterize not only the amplitude but also the angle of the vector. Injuries were confined to skeletal regions in pure lateral tests and this was in contrast to the occurrence of both skeletal and soft tissue/organ injury in oblique loading tests, again emphasizing the role of obliqueness in side impacts. Furthermore, injuries in oblique tests were primarily unilateral, paralleling real-world trauma and confirming the applicability of the experimental design to field environments. Potential injury mechanisms are discussed based on anatomical considerations. These findings, albeit from a limited sample size, underscore the need for additional studies to derive human injury tolerance and criteria in oblique side impacts.
Passively mode-locked monolithic semiconductor diode lasers incorporating dispersion compensation

The effect of integrating a chirped mirror at one end of the monolithic semiconductor lasers to act as a group delay mirror was considered. A multi-layered mirror can be fabricated by etching air slots into the waveguide structure. The system is examined numerically using a time domain travelling wave method. The multi-layer mirror is modelled using a transfer matrix method. The parameters chosen correspond to a GaAs-InGaAsP-InP multiple quantum well laser operating at a wavelength 1.55 /spl mu/m. The effect of dispersion compensation on the pulse duration and on the time band-width product of the pulses. Suitable multi-layer mirror elements are suggested, taking fabrication tolerances into account.
Racial differences in incidence of juvenile-onset Type 1 diabetes: epidemiologic studies in southern California

We have studied the epidemiologic characteristics of insulin-dependent (Type 1) diabetic patients aged 0–19 in a city (San Diego, southern California, USA) characterized by an impressive racial diversity and especially mild and constant climatic conditions. Ascertainment was through retrospective review of medical records in 19 hospitals. For the 3 years 1978–1981 the mean annual incidence of diabetes was 7.3 cases/100,000, with no statistical difference between the sexes. The observed incidence rates in the various ethnic groups was significantly different from expected (p<0.03), with an excess of cases among Caucasians and fewer than expected cases among Mexicans, Blacks and Orientals. There was no identifiable seasonal trend. Some of the clinical char acteristics at diagnosis differed between the sexes: males were slightly older (9.3±5.2 years versus 8.8±3.9 for females), had a shorter duration of diabetes-related symptoms and a higher frequency of infections both at the time of diabetes diagnosis and in preceding months. Females tended to have a higher frequency of Type 1 diabetes in first-degree relatives. This study documents for the first time that, among multiple racial groups living in the same environment, Caucasians are at the highest risk of developing juvenile-onset Type 1 diabetes.
Occam's Razor Applied to Hormonology (Are Cytokinins Produced by Plants?).

"One wonders if cytokinins may be important generally in associations between higher plants and microorganisms" (Miller, 1968). Cytokinins are a class of compounds that are defined by their ability to stimulate cell division in plants. They are found throughout the plant, but are most abundant in actively growing tissues. Their isolation from corn (Letham, 1963; Miller, 1965), following the discovery of their effect on plant cells in culture (Miller et al., 1955), led to the assumption that cytokinins are endogenously produced plant-growth regulators. This assumption gained the status of fact, although it was never proven. Conversely, cytokinin production by plant-associated microorganisms is well documented. This Scienitific Correspondence examines the assumption that plants produce cytokinins and presents an alternative hypothesis: cytokinins are produced exclusively by the microbial symbionts of plants.
Identification of parameters of a block diagram dynamic model

This paper introduces a method for determining the parameters of a dynamic model represented in block diagram form using experimental test data. The problem is formulated as a curve fitting problem: determine the parameters of the model such that the response of the model matches the experimental response. A least square estimation approach is adapted for the solution. >
Plastic packaging stress induced failures in TiW/Al-Si metal to silicide contacts

The effects of long-term temperature/humidity stress on a TiW/Al-Si-TiSi/sub 2/ metal contact system were investigated. Plastic packaged DRAM test sites were subjected to conventional unbiased humidity testing procedures which induced electrical opens. Failure analysis showed these opens to occur in the contact region. The nature of this phenomenon was studied. It was found that plastic-package-induced shear stress causes plastic deformation of Al-Si and forces it into the contact hole. The mass built up inside the contact hole increases, causing an alloy formation, and can eventually lift the metal from the diffusion surface, causing the electrical open circuit to occur. One proposed solution is to enhance the protective overcoat's ability to absorb this stress and thus minimize its transmittal to the metallization system. >
Social Networks and Physical Activity Behaviors Among Cancer Survivors: Data From the 2005 Health Information National Trends Survey

The study examined the relation between social networks and physical activity behaviors among cancer survivors. The authors examined 873 cancer survivors (596 women, 277 men) 50 years of age or older who participated in the 2005 Health Information National Trends Survey. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that survivors who talked about health with friends/family were more likely to pay attention to new physical activity recommendations (OR = 2.89, CI [1.01, 8.33]). Female survivors were more likely to pay attention to new physical activity recommendations (OR = 2.65, CI [1.55, 4.53]) and more likely to have seen, heard, or read physical activity/exercise and cancer information within the past 12 months (OR = 2.09, CI [1.13, 3.85]) compared with their male counterparts. For male survivors, those who were a member of at least one community organization were more likely to pay attention to new physical activity/exercise recommendations (OR = 5.31, CI [1.32, 21.22]) than the men who were not me...
Ecosystem Consequences of Microbial Diversity and Community Structure

Biodiversity has become a major theme in ecological research and environmental policy (Schulze and Mooney 1993). This concern has arisen because people value diversity both for its own sake and because diversity may control important ecosystem services (food, fiber, animal production, tourism). While the first rationale for concern over biodiversity should apply to microbes, they lack charisma. I therefore doubt that arguments about microbial biodiversity for its own sake will carry much weight for most people, and our concerns with the issue will rest primarily on the implications of their diversity for ecosystem function. While several papers have discussed the effect of functional diversity on ecosystem processes (Meyer 1993; Beare et al. 1994), they basically conclude that microbes carry out many processes that are important to ecosystem function and that their interactions are complex. Formulating meaningful conclusions about the importance of diversity within functional groups, however, has been difficult.
Controlled growth of SiNPs by plasma synthesis

Abstract Quantum confined silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs) may allow for the fabrication of an all silicon multiple junction photovoltaic cell, or novel photovoltaic cells that surpasses the single junction limitations. One method of growing SiNPs is by PECVD where the plasma is confined to a quartz tube. To further understand this technique, computational fluid dynamic calculation were coupled with experimental growths, which allows for the development of a phase diagram based around the reactor pressure, and gas flow. SiNP size and crystallinity were evaluated using a combination of Raman scattering, X-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), these results were used to further the develop the phase diagram. For residence times less than 1 ms, SiNPs were produced a band gap of >1.6 eV, but very low crystallinity. By maintaining a constant low gas flow (100 sccm) and increasing reactor pressure, crystallinity and size of the SiNPs were improved and increased, respectively. For SiNPs grown with a constant residence time (~2 ms), we observe a reduction in the crystallinity with increased gas flow. Closer inspection by TEM showed a significant amount of a-Si with the SiNPs. Using this growth technique we can reliably grow SiNPs with diameters from 3 nm to 8 nm, relating to a photoluminescence peak position from 1.6 eV to 1.3 eV. This range is ideal for the development of an all silicon tandem photovoltaic cell.
Low-energy electron diffraction study of multilayer relaxation on a Pb\{110\} surface

On effectue une experience de diffraction des electrons lents sur une surface Pb{110} a −140 o C. Les analyses d'intensite, qualitatives, confirment la contraction substantielle du premier espacement intercouche que d'autres travaux avaient revelee
Novel surfactant mixtures for NMR spectroscopy of encapsulated proteins dissolved in low‐viscosity fluids

NMR spectroscopy of encapsulated proteins dissolved in low-viscosity fluids is emerging as a tool for biophysical studies of proteins in atomic detail in a variety of otherwise inaccessible contexts. The central element of the approach is the encapsulation of the protein of interest within the aqueous core of a reverse micelle with high structural fidelity. The process of encapsulation is highly dependent upon the nature of the surfactant(s) employed. Here we describe novel mixtures of surfactants that are capable of successfully encapsulating a range of types of proteins under a variety of conditions.
Strong additivity of metric isosceles orthogonality

It is known that the property of additivity of isosceles orthogonality characterizes real inner product spaces among normed linear spaces. In the present paper it is shown that suitably metrized concepts of additivity of metric isosceles orthogonality characterize euclidean or hyperbolic spaces among complete, convex, externally convex metric spaces.
Entropy-bounded discontinuous Galerkin scheme for Euler equations

An entropy-bounded Discontinuous Galerkin (EBDG) scheme is proposed in which the solution is regularized by constraining the entropy. The resulting scheme is able to stabilize the solution in the vicinity of discontinuities and retains the optimal accuracy for smooth solutions. The properties of the limiting operator according to the entropy-minimum principle are proofed, and an optimal CFL-criterion is derived. We provide a rigorous description for locally imposing entropy constraints to capture multiple discontinuities. Significant advantages of the EBDG-scheme are the general applicability to arbitrary high-order elements and its simple implementation for multi-dimensional configurations. Numerical tests confirm the properties of the scheme, and particular focus is attributed to the robustness in treating discontinuities on arbitrary meshes.
The prehistory of noun incorporation in Hindi

Abstract The Indo-Aryan language Hindi has numerous conjunct verbs, consisting of sequences of the shape noun (N) + verb (V). Similar N + V collocations in languages generally are treated by Mithun (1984) as prerequisite to the diachronic development of noun incorporation (NI). This is a pattern in which N elements become morphosyntactically bound to V elements, as in the English expression ‘chicken-pluck’ (in contrast with ‘pluck chickens’). In Hindi conjunct verbs, the morphosyntactic bonding of N and V has not yet achieved the closeness which characterizes true NI; yet as will be demonstrated, Hindi conjunct verbs exhibit, incipiently, behaviors ordinarily characteristic of advanced stages in the diachronic development of NI, as projected in Mithun's model. On this ground, it is proposed that the model be supplemented by a productivity metric pinpointing the degree of productivity of NI behaviors which ensures the achievement of a given stage of NI evolutionary development. This approach allows for the possibility of incipient and nonproductive behaviors of a given NI developmental stage occurring before NI has envolved to that extent, or before the language advances on the path of NI development at all, as obtains in Hindi - a language where advanced stage NI behaviors are already evinced while the language remains in the prestages rather than the full bloom of NI evolution.
The Quality and Impact of Relationships between Elementary School Students and Teachers

The purpose of the present study was to begin to examine, from the expectancy-value framework, several cognitive and motivational variables believed to affect the development of the student/teacher relationship and, in turn, classroom success. Guided by the expectancy-value framework, three student variables are viewed as essential in guiding the success of the student/teacher relationship: (1) their social self-concept beliefs, (2) the value they place on developing a positive relationship with their primary teacher, and (3) their nonverbal communication skills. Eighty-two fourth- and fifth-grade students participated in the study. Variation in the students' perceptions of the quality of their relationship with their primary teacher and their classroom achievement were examined. In general, results suggest students develop schemas, their social self-concept beliefs, about their relationships with teachers that are consistent with their nonverbal communication skills. Furthermore, results suggest that for both positive perceptions of the relationship and academic achievement, valuing the relationship with the primary teacher may compensate for nonverbal difficulties.
BonJour's a priori justification of induction

Laurence BonJour has recently attempted to formulate an a priori justification of induction (in In Defense of Pure Reason). He maintains that we can know a priori that the truth of an inductive inference's conclusion constitutes the best explanation of the inference's inductive premise. Though BonJour's discussion raises a host of interesting issues, I think that his defense of induction rests upon a number of controversial assumptions.
Modified Carter's Coefficient

Analytical models of electric machinery often utilize Carter's coefficient to account for the increased airgap reluctance due to flux entering the sides of the stator teeth. In this letter, a modified coefficient is proposed to account for wide stator slots, wherein a component of flux directly enters the stator backiron. The proposed coefficient is implemented in an analytical model of a wound rotor synchronous machine and is validated using two-dimensional (2-D) finite element analysis.
Effects of various ionic media on extraction of soluble nuclear proteins and on nuclear ultrastructure.

Abstract Isolated liver nuclei were extracted 3 times at pH 7.2 with solutions containing either (1) monovalent cations, (2) both mono- and divalent cations, or (3) sucrose solutions containing only divalent cations. The extracted proteins were analysed by two-dimensional acrylamide gel electrophoresis and the ultrastructural alterations of the treated nuclei were examined by electron microscopy. The solutions containing Na+ or K+ monovalent and Ca2+ and Mg2+ divalent ions extracted the same amount (18–22 %) of the nuclear proteins. The two-dimensional gel electrophoretic patterns of these extracts were nearly identical and the structures of the nuclear components were well preserved even after 3 times repeated extractions. The solution containing only Na+ extracted less protein (14–15 %) than the solutions containing both mono- and divalent cations. Extraction with isotonic NaCl solution altered the nuclear and nucleolar morphology; unlike the other solutions employed, this solution extracted some DNA and histones. The isotonic sucrose solution containing only divalent cations extracted less protein than the other solutions (9–11 %) and produced marked condensation of the chromatin. These analytical and electron microscopic studies showed that mono- and divalent cations play a role in structural organization of chromatin.