cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Systematics of Λ0 and θ0 decay

Systematic observations on 528 Λ0-θ0 production events in propane have yielded the following information: 1) There exists a neutral Λ0 decay; Λ0→π0 + n and the fraction of Λ0’s decaying in this mode is .32±.05. 2) The θ10 component has a neutral decay mode, very probably θ10→θ0+π0. The θ0 therefore very probably has even spin. The fractionP(θ10 → π0 + π0) /P(θ10 → 2π) is .14±.06. The branching ratioP(Λ0 → π0 + n) /P(Λ0 → π− + n) is in good agreement with theI = 1/2 selection rule; the branching ratioP(θ0 → 2π0) /P(θ0 → π+ + π−) seems to be in disagreement. 3) (51±7.5)%, or just one half of the θ0 mesons escape the chamber and are to be identified with the θ20-meson proposed byGell-Mann andPais (4). The question of the existence of additional (parity doublet) decay modes is discussed. 4) The decays Λ0 → μ− + p + ν / e− + p + ν are not observed and the fraction of such decays is less than 2%. 5) The 3 particle decay modes of the θ10 have not been observed and are therefore very unlikely to exceed 2% of all θ10 decays. 6) Preliminary measurements yield lifetimesτθ10=(.95 ± .08) · 10−10 s andτΔ0=(2.8 ± .2)·10−10 s. 7) For the θ20 we obtain a lower limit of the lifetime, which together with the results ofLandeet al. (5) brackets the θ20 lifetime (3 < θ20 < 10)·10−8 s.
Intratumoral delivery of CD154 homolog (Ad-ISF35) induces tumor regression: analysis of vector biodistribution, persistence and gene expression

Intratumoral delivery of CD154 homolog (Ad-ISF35) induces tumor regression: analysis of vector biodistribution, persistence and gene expression
Classification Approaches in Neighborhood Research: Introduction and Review

COMPLEXITY, THRESHOLDS AND CATEGORIES IN NEIGHBORHOOD RESEARCHThe majority of theoretical questions in neighborhood research center on categorical or interval constructs—phenomena that at least implicitly have distinct interval thresholds and/or boundaries between classes. Such constructs include temporally cross-sectional phenomena such as urban blight, ethnic or other subpopulation enclaves, territories of the underclass, and local niches of particular economic activities as well as dynamic processes such as gentrification, abandonment, and group transitions. The problem this presents to urban scholars is to set boundaries for these intervals and categories when the measures used are predominantly continuous. Formally, the challenge is to properly define and oper-ationalize thresholds: to correctly convert scales of measurement from continuous to ordi-nal or interval, in ways that conform to theory. Even the simplest case, in which boundaries must be drawn for the values of a single variable, is in fact far from simple. Because urban reality is messy, however, combinations of characteristics often define constructs and functional areas, so that the category or interval thresholds must be defined in multivariate data space. This is not a major obstacle to simple threshold treatment as long as the set of variables is a vector and as long as the outliers in multivariate space are not theoretically interesting. For example, one may reasonably construct a weighted index of urban blight from the number or density of broken windows, graffiti, and abandoned cars; this index can be collapsed into intervals of the degree of blight. But what if the theo-retically meaningful categories are complex multivariate permutations? What if we need to empirically distinguish wealthy Black suburbs from both wealthy White suburbs and moderate-income Black suburbs? Such situations require multivariate classification tech-niques rather than a vector of continuous variables or a single, continuous index statistic to distinguish meaningful types of variation among local areas. The evolution of cities in late capitalism has contributed greatly to the complexity of urban processes and phenomena in ways that make multivariate category and interval per-mutations in variation, and hence the need for classification techniques, more important than before. Whereas enclave formation for a given group was a simple, one-directional proposition in the 1920s and 1030s, a group’s enclaves in a single city may now be vari-ously growing, disappearing, or changing hands today. Whereas the rise of suburbs in the 1950s was a straightforward process of new low-density peripheral development outside
Thoughts on Sensitivity Analysis and Uncertainty Propagation Methods with Respect to the Prompt Fission Neutron Spectrum Impact on Critical Assemblies

Abstract The prompt fission neutron spectrum (PFNS) uncertainties in the n+ 239 Pu fission reaction are used to study the impact on several fast critical assemblies modeled in the MCNP6.1 code. The newly developed sensitivity capability in MCNP6.1 is used to compute the k eff sensitivity coefficients with respect to the PFNS. In comparison, the covariance matrix given in the ENDF/B-VII.1 library is decomposed and randomly sampled realizations of the PFNS are propagated through the criticality calculation, preserving the PFNS covariance matrix. The information gathered from both approaches, including the overall k eff uncertainty, is statistically analyzed. Overall, the forward and backward approaches agree as expected. The results from a new method appear to be limited by the process used to evaluate the PFNS and is not necessarily a flaw of the method itself. Final thoughts and directions for future work are suggested.
Charged lepton flavour violation at the CMS experiment

Abstract Charged lepton flavour violation (CLVF) processes can be directly related to neutrino masses and mixing and anomalous muon magnetic moment and therefore are very promising to find evidence for physics beyond the Standard Model (BSM). At CMS several searches for flavour violation have been performed in different channels and final state topologies. In particular they focussed on narrow resonances in same-sign dilepton mass spectra analyses, on heavy neutrinos with and without additional right-handed W bosons and on leptonic R-parity violating (RPV) supersymmetry (SUSY) searches. In none of these cases evidence of new physics BSM has been found and the relative exclusion limits on the cross-sections of these new processes have been placed.
LD Teachers' Self-Ratings on Mathematics Education Competencies.

A sample of teachers of learning disabled students were surveyed to determine the competency levels they perceived themselves as having in the area of mathematics. The items in the survey were taken from the DCLD publication Code of Ethics and List of Competencies of Teachers of Learning Disabled Youth. The teachers responded to the survey voluntarily. The results indicated that, in general, teachers perceived themselves as having weaknesses in certain areas of content, assessment, and methodology. No significant correlation between number of credit hours in mathematics and/or mathematics education and number of stated competencies was found. In 1978 the Division for Children with Learning Disabilities (DCLD) published a Code of Ethics and Competencies for Teachers of Learning Disabled Children and Youth. The publication was seen as an "attempt to respond to the stated needs of the educational community as to what professional standards are necessary in order to insure that the services rendered to learning disabled students are of optimal quality" (p. 4). In the preface to the publication it is further stated: The standards for competency should do much to alleviate current confusion regarding the skills and abilities needed by the learning disabilities specialist ... The competency statements must be operationalized to provide: (1) a clear delineation of the abilities that are required for specific occupational roles in the field of Learning Disabilities; (2) a determination of the level of proficiency in each competency area that is necessary for successful performance in specific positions; and (3) compilation of realistic methods of ascertaining competence in each area. Much experimental and empirical investigation will be necessary to accomplish these ambitious tasks. (p. 5) The present study represents a first step in such experimentation. Its immediate goal was that of ascertaining individual teachers' perceptions of their own competencies in each of the areas listed under mathematics.
S-Adenosylmethionine (SAMe) attenuates acetaminophen hepatotoxicity in C57BL/6 mice

Hepatic toxicity is associated with excessive dosages of the over the counter analgesic, acetaminophen (APAP). The aim of this study was to explore protection by the nutritional agent S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) on APAP hepatotoxicity. Male C57BL/6 mice were injected intraperitoneal (i.p.) with 500 mg/kg (15 ml/kg) APAP or water vehicle (VEH). SAMe was injected i.p. at a dose of either 1000 mg/kg (5 ml/kg) just prior or 500 mg/kg SAMe 15 min prior to administration of VEH or APAP. Comparison of groups showed that SAMe reduced APAP toxicity. Plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were increased 2 and 4 h after APAP administration when compared to vehicle (VEH) controls. Liver weight was increased relative to the VEH group within 4 h after APAP treatment. Histological examination by light microscopy confirmed small changes in morphology within 2 h after APAP injection and marked centrilobular necrosis within 4 h in the APAP group. In contrast, when APAP was administered to SAMe pretreated mice, ALT and liver weights were comparable to the VEH and SAMe groups. Histological examination also showed that SAMe produced a marked protection in APAP mediated centrilobular necrosis at 4 h after APAP injection. APAP administration depressed hepatic glutathione levels when monitored at 2 and 4 h. Lipid peroxidation was induced above VEH values 2 and 4 h after APAP injection. Consistent with the SAMe protection of APAP hepatic toxicity, the expected depletion of hepatic glutathione (GSH) levels by APAP was prevented by SAMe pretreatment. SAMe pretreatment also prevented the induction of lipid peroxidation at 2 and 4 h post-APAP administration. In conclusion, SAMe provides protection from APAP hepatic toxicity at 2 and 4 h post-APAP injection. SAMe pretreatment prevented APAP associated depletion in hepatic glutathione and induction of lipid peroxidation as part of its mechanism of protection.
Dust to planetesimals: Settling and coagulation in the solar nebula

The behavior of solid particles in a low-mass solar nebula during settling to the central plane and the formation of planetesimals is discussed. The gravitational instability in a dust layer and collisional accretion are examined as possible mechanisms of planetesimal formation. The shear between the gas and a dust layer is considered along with the differences in the planetesimal formation mechanisms between the inner and outer nebula. A numerical model for computing simultaneous coagulation and settling is described.
Neonatal risk factors in preterm infants

This paper highlights the research literature on neonatal risk factors and explores the paradox that these factors present. Clinical and retrospective studies indicate that children who have developmental problems have had birth complications. On the other hand, birth complications do not predict developmental problems. Data from a longitudinal study of preterm infants are presented. A group of 59 preterm infants from English Speaking homes was assessed repeatedly from birth to age 5. A significant percentage of the children performed within the normal range or above, at each assessment period. Obstetrical and postnatal complications were not significantly related to developmental performance at any assessment period yet sickness was not to be dismissed as a risk factor. At age five, all of the children who performed poorly had experienced complications in the neonatal period. Responsive caregiving appeared to be an important factor in modifying and supporting cognitive development.
Regulation of Alternative Pathway Activation and C3a Production by Adipose Cells

Adipose tissue is a major source of adpisin/factor D of the alternative pathway of complement. Adipose tissue also expresses the two other complement components which are involved in the first activation step of the alternative pathway, factor B and C3, and this step is activated in adipose tissue, producing C3a/Acylation Stimulating Protein (C3a/ASP), a stimulator of triglyceride synthesis. Complement activation is a highly regulated process, however, nothing is known about regulation of complement activation in adipose tissue. To gain insight into the nature of adipose complement activation and its regulation, we have now examined the expression of several complement activation regulatory genes, and analyzed the production of C3a/ASP in lean vs. obese, adpisin-deficient mice. We found that undifferentiated preadipocytes expressed the mRNAs encoding the negative regulatory proteins Crry and factor H, but expression of both genes was decreased upon differentiation. The positive regulator properdin, as well as Crry and factor H, were found in adipose tissue. None of these genes was regulated in murine genetic obesity. To investigate the relative levels of complement activation in lean vs. adpisin-deficient obese mice, we developed a radioimmunoassay for measurement of murine C3a/ASP in plasma. We report that there was no significant difference in the level of C3a in lean vs. obese plasma; however, we found a positive correlation between C3a and plasma triglyceride levels in normal lean mice.
Metallothionein induction in calcifying growth plate cartilage chondrocytes.

Metallothionein (MT) induction was studied in mineralizing cultures of chicken growth plate chondrocytes and quantitated using a Cd-saturation assay. In serum free media, MT induction was observed for Cd concentrations of 0.1 μM and greater and at Zn concentrations of 100 μM and greater. Supplementation of culture media with cysteine and/or methionine resulted in higher levels of MT induction and reduced toxicity during Cd exposure. Maximum MT induction appeared to coincide with the earliest culture stages during which important enzymes and matrix components are being synthesized. Of non-metal MT inducers tested, sodium butyrate caused a low level induction of MT while interleukin-1 had no effect on basal MT levels. 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D increased MT induction. The steroid hormone dexamethasone caused a reduction in basal and induced MT levels. These findings suggest that MT regulation in growth plate chondrocytes differs significantly from what is known in other cell types and that this difference may...
Basal and vitamin D-responsive activity of the rat osteocalcin promoter in stably transfected osteosarcoma cells: requirement of upstream sequences for control by the proximal regulatory domain.

Osteocalcin (OC) is a bone-specific vitamin D- responsive protein that is developmentally expressed during osteoblast differentiation. In transient transfection assays, as little as approximately 0.1 kilobase (kb) of the OC proximal promoter is sufficient for basal expression. Because eukaryotic genes are packaged as nucleosomes that contribute to both chromatin organization and transcriptional control, we functionally examined the activity of OC promoter constructs within a chromatin context. ROS 17/2.8 osteosarcoma cells were stably transfected with a series of rat OC promoter-reporter constructs, containing progressive 5'-deletions. The results demonstrate that in contrast to transient transfection assays, the proximal 0.11-kb promoter is no longer active when integrated in the genome. Progressive gain of basal expression with 0.35-, 0.53-, and 0.72-kb promoters suggests that upstream sequences facilitate the formation of an appropriate higher order nuclear structure, thereby potentiating the activity ...
Goblet cell carcinoid neoplasm of the appendix: Clinical and CT features

Abstract Purpose To describe the clinical and CT imaging features of goblet cell carcinoid (GCC) neoplasm of the appendix. Methods and materials A computer search of pathology and radiology records over a 19-year period at our two institutions was performed using the search string “goblet”. In the patients with appendiceal GCC neoplasms who had abdominopelvic CT, imaging findings were categorized, blinded to gross and surgical description, as: “Appendicitis”, “Prominent appendix without peri-appendiceal infiltration”, “Mass” or “Normal appendix”. The CT appearance was correlated with an accepted pathological classification of: low grade GCC, signet ring cell adenocarcinoma ex, and poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma ex GCC group. Results Twenty-seven patients (age range, 28–80 years; mean age, 52 years; 15 female, 12 male) with pathology-proven appendiceal GCC neoplasm had CT scans that were reviewed. Patients presented with acute appendicitis ( n = 12), abdominal pain not typical for appendicitis ( n = 14) and incidental finding ( n = 1). CT imaging showed 9 Appendicitis, 9 Prominent appendices without peri-appendiceal infiltration, 7 Masses and 2 Normal appendices. Appendicitis (8/9) usually correlated with typical low grade GCC on pathology. In contrast, the majority of Masses and Prominent Appendices without peri-appendiceal infiltration were pathologically confirmed to be signet ring cell adenocarcinoma ex GCC. Poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma ex GCC was seen in only a small minority of patients. Hyperattenuation of the appendiceal neoplasm was seen in a majority of cases. Conclusions GCC neoplasm of the appendix should be considered in the differential diagnosis in patients with primary appendiceal malignancy. Our cases demonstrated close correlation between our predefined CT pattern and the pathological classification.
Abstract 3976: NetGestalt: A web application for the integration of multidimensional omics data within a network context

Advancements in high-throughput omics technologies are revolutionizing the field of cancer studies. As a prime example, The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) project will generate multiple types of genomic data from 500 cases of human cancer for each of the 25 selected tumor types by 2014. Until computational tools are available for biologists and clinicians to independently interpret the vast amount of interconnected data, the potential of this type of large collaborative projects will not be fully realized. To fill the gap between data generation and investigators’ ability to interpret the data, we have developed NetGestalt, a web-based application that enables the integration of multidimensional omics data within the context of a protein interaction network. Because molecular alterations at DNA, RNA, and protein levels exert their effects primarily through changing the activity of proteins and their participating networks, protein-protein interaction network has become a powerful model for the visualization and integration of different types of molecular data. However, the standard graph-based network visualization becomes inadequate as network size and data complexity increase. We address this challenge through exploiting the inherent hierarchical architecture of the protein interaction network. By using only the horizontal dimension of a webpage to layout genes according to the hierarchical network architecture, it allows users to simultaneously compare and correlate information from experimental data, network modules, and existing knowledge rendered as tracks along the vertical dimension of the webpage, similar to the widely used genome browsers. However, without constraining the system to genomic sequence-based coordinates, NetGestalt is able to reveal functional relationship between different genes as encoded in the network. We also employed efficient software architecture to enable fast track rendering process and smooth navigation between different resolution scales from individual genes to the whole network. The potential of NetGestalt was demonstrated using the recently published TCGA ovarian cancer data with multiple types of genomic measurements on around 500 tumor samples and corresponding normal controls. In summary, we have developed NetGestalt, a novel data integration framework that allows simultaneous presentation of large scale experimental and annotation data from various sources in the context of a biological network to facilitate data visualization, analysis, interpretation and hypothesis generation. A NetGestalt-based TCGA data browser can facilitate biologists and clinicians to translate the vast amount of data into novel biological discoveries and better cancer therapeutics. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3976. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-3976
Catenarity and Gelfand-Kirillov dimension in Ore extensions

If R is a commutative afline domain (for example, the coordinate ring of an irreducible algebraic variety), the sum ,of the height of any prime ideal in R and the dimension of the corresponding factor ring is the dimension of R. This implies that if Q and P are prime ideals of R with Q 2 P, any saturated chain of prime ideals from P to Q has length dim R/P dim R/Q, and so R is catenary. Schelter, Gabber, and others have proven analogous statements for some noncommutative affine rings R. In this paper we study the question of when an Ore extension of a commutative ring is catenary, giving both positive and negative results. We show that for locally finitedimensional Ore extensions of commutative affine rings, the above dimension statements are still true if we use the Gelfand-Kirillov dimension.
Cost Account Figures

Abstract Every, college poultry student ought to have in his advanced courses, an opportunity to figure out production, losses and cost accounts of a poultry farm. In order to do this he must estimate such things as egg production, mortality, egg prices, feed consumption, cost of hatching and rearing, per cent fertility and hatchability of eggs, mortality of chicks and other factors entering into the managerial side of Poultry Husbandry. To make these figures and estimates fair, indicative and worth something, an abundance of data and opinions are necessary. The writers experience in trying to obtain data from his colleagues and commercial poultrymen has led him to believe that figures of the kind wanted are either not kept or are not available. As this magazine should be a medium of exchange of ideas the following figures are submitted as estimates of what is fair to expect on a commercial poultry farm …
Spitzoid malignant melanoma in teenagers: an entity with no better prognosis than that of other forms of melanoma.

Spitzoid malignant melanoma in teenagers: an entity with no better prognosis than that of other forms of melanoma Aims: A rare form of melanoma in teenagers closely simulates Spitz naevus and is claimed to have a good prognosis. The aim of this study is to identify the clues for a confident diagnosis of this entity and to confirm the peculiarly good prognosis. Methods and results: Two cases of melanoma with Spitzoid features were compared with Spitz naevus and it was found that the major distinctive criteria are: mitoses and single cell necrosis in the deepest part of the lesion, cellular and particularly nuclear and nucleolar pleomorphism, and growth pattern in solid sheets of cells. More subtle clues were the asymmetric distribution of pigment and the thinning of the epidermis with parakeratosis and exudate in the cornified layer. Both of the lesions reached the mid-dermis. There was a fatal outcome in both patients after generalized metastatic spread. The metastatic disease in one of the cases appeared 15 years after the excision of the primary lesion. Conclusions: Spitzoid melanoma in teenagers can be distinguished from Spitz naevus if strict criteria are followed. Spitzoid melanoma does not show a better prognosis than other types of melanoma if the follow-up is prolonged enough.
Angle-insensitive reflective color filters using lossy materials

We demonstrate reflective color filters with high angular tolerance (± 65) in a metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) resonator. The principle of operation and angular behavior of proposed filters are investigated and confirmed by numerical calculation and experiment.
Two semi-parametric empirical Bayes estimators

Abstract Parametric empirical Bayes (PEB) may perform poorly when the assumed prior distribution is seriously invalid. Nonparametric empirical Bayes (NEB) is more robust since it imposes no restriction on the prior. But compared with the PEB, the NEB may be inefficient for small to medium samples, due to the large variation and under-dispersion of the NPMLE of the prior. Using Monte Carlo simulations we compare two semi-parametric estimators designed to strike a trade-off between efficiency and robustness: a weighted average of the PEB and NEB and a kernel smoother of the NPMLE. Both estimators depend on likelihood cross-validation for choosing appropriate parameters. For illustration we reanalyze two data sets from Efron and Morris (1975, J. Amer. Statist. Assoc. 70, 311–319).
395 RECURRENT ABDOMINAL PAIN (RAP) OF CHILDHOOD DUE TO LACTOSE INTOLERANCE: A PROSPECTIVE STUDY

The role of lactose intolerance was assessed prospectively in 47 consecutive children (4.2-15 yrs: mean 9.5)presenting as outpatients with RAP. Milk ingestion and pain frequency (documented by diary) and symptom production following lactose ingestion (2gm/kg; max. 50 gm) were correlated with lactose malabsorption determined by breath hydrogen excretion (> 10 parts per million above baseline)- an accurate technique for demonstrating disaccharide malabsorption in children(Perman,JA et al, Ped. Res. 11:488, 1977). Lactose malabsorbers underwent a 3-stage elimination diet including a regular diet control period. There were no differences between lactose malabsorbers and absorbers with regard to amount of milk ingested (1.6 vs 1.7 glasses/day; p>0.5)or pain frequency (11.7 vs 8.4 episodes/week; p>0.5). Lactose malabsorption occurred in 20 children(43%), 9/34 were Caucasian, 8/11 Black and 2/2 Hispanic. Cramps or diarrhea were reported in 82% of malabsorbers and 41% of absorbers. 11 of 20 malabsorbers have completed the diet trial; in 10 of 11 pts., pain frequency was reduced (paired t test; n=8; p<0.05): 3 patients refused to continue the control diet due to symptoms. Conclusion: In RAP, lactose malabsorption is present and significantly contributes to symptoms in at least 1 in 4 pts, regardless of ethnic background-Milk ingestion, pain frequency and symptom response to lactose are unreliable indicators of lactose malabsorption. Thus, documentation of lactose malabsorption is indicated in children with recurrent abdominal pain.
THE BLOCH-KATO CONJECTURE FOR ADJOINT MOTIVES OF MODULAR FORMS

The Tamagawa number conjecture of Bloch and Kato describes the behavior at integersof the L-function associated to a motive over Q. Let f be a newform of weight k ≥ 2, level N with coefficientsin a number field K. Let M be the motive associated to f and let A be the adjoint motive of M. Let λ be a finite prime of K. We verify the λ-part of the Bloch-Kato conjecture for L(A, 0) and L(A, 1) when λ Nk! and the mod λ representation associated to f isabsolutely irreducible when restricted to the Galois group over Q � � (−1)(� −1)/2� � where λ | � .
Performance of a Trapped-Vortex Spray Combustor

The performance of a liquid-fueled trapped vortex (TV) combustor is analyzed both experimentally and computationally. The TV cavity, formed between a forebody and an afterbody, is placed coaxially inside a combustor shell. Fuel and primary air are injected from the inside face of the afterbody. The flame holding capability of this trapped vortex configuration is evaluated for different primary equivalence ratios. Very low overall lean-blow-out (LBO) equivalence ratios are obtained for the TV combustor over a wide range of annular and primary airflow rates. It is found that by injecting the primary air with a tangential velocity component the circumferential mixing is improved without disrupting the vortex trapped in the cavity. The performance of the TV combustor is also evaluated through emissions measurements at the exit of the combustor and temperature distribution inside the cavity. Numerical simulations are performed for the TV configuration with a k-e turbulence model coupled with a PDF combustion chemistry model for simulating liquid spray combustion. The predicted results are in reasonable agreement with the measurements and provide an assessment of the flow distribution in the cavity region.Copyright © 2001 by ASME
Modeling the Outcome of Presidential Elections Using Economic Variables: The Smart Use of Dummy Variables

Abstract In this essay we examine a number of different ways to explain the outcome of presidential elections with variables pertaining to changes in employment and inflation. Models using dummy variables equal to 1 or 0 for both the outcome and independent variables turned out to be superior to other approaches.
Economic Complexity and the Role of Markets

When used in those spheres of life where attaching a price tag or making an economic calculus is impossible or loses any meaning, markets usually under perform and disappoint. In addition to empirical shortcomings of markets, the unrealistic theoretical assumption and poor predictive and explanatory value of neoclassical equilibrium theory provides fertile ground for critics of the institution of markets. Complexity theory provides a theoretical framework that enables us to analyze the role of markets from a radically different perspective than that offered by neoclassical equilibrium theory and, therefore, to reach very different conclusions about the role of markets in industrialized economies.
The Decolonial Option in English Teaching: Can the Subaltern Act?

In this reflective article that straddles the personal and the professional, the author shares his critical thoughts on the impact of the steady stream of discourse on the native speaker/nonnative speaker (NS/NNS) inequity in the field of TESOL. His contention is that more than a quarter century of the discoursal output has not in any significant way altered the ground reality of NNS subordination. Therefore, he further contends, it is legitimate to ask what the discourse has achieved, where it has fallen short, why it has fallen short, and what needs to be done. Drawing insights from the works of Gramsci (1971) on hegemony and subalternity, and Mignolo (2010) on decoloniality, the author characterizes the NNS community as a subaltern community and argues that, if it wishes to effectively disrupt the hegemonic power structure, the only option open to it is a decolonial option which demands result-oriented action, not just “intellectual elaboration.” Accordingly, he presents the contours of a five-point plan of action for the consideration of the subaltern community. He claims that only a collective, concerted, and coordinated set of actions carries the potential to shake the foundation of the hegemonic power structure and move the subaltern community forward.
Adherence to antiviral therapy in chronic hepatitis C

Adherence or compliance with the prescribed treatment regimen is an important factor that determines the success of therapy in chronic hepatitis C. A multidisciplinary team approach is required in order to educate and communicate effectively with the patient, individually tailor the prescribed regimen, provide organizational support, develop dispensing aids, and deal with side effects or psychosocial issues. Such measures can only improve patient confidence with the proposed treatment, hopefully resulting in improved healthrelated outcomes.
A Relative Efficiency study of Some Popular Detectors

Abstract The relative efficiency between two detectors is a measure of the amount of data one detector requires, relative to the other detector, to attain a prescribed level of performance. In this paper the behavior of the relative efficiencies of two pairs of popular detection systems is investigated, and it is shown that the commonly employed asymptotic value of the relative efficiency can sometimes be a poor indicator of finite-sample-size detection performance even for some very large sample sizes.
Polar and neutral lipid composition of canine gingival specimens in different areas of the mouth.

Gingiva of the upper buccal, lower buccal, upper front, lower front, lower lingual, and palate regions was removed from the mouth of four young male beagle dogs. The complete polar and neutral lipid composition of these tissues was determined in each of the six regions. There were no observable statistically significant differences between the compositions of the lipid families assayed in relation to the location of the regions of the buccal cavity. The analysis also suggests that the lipid composition of the beagle is unique and different from other species as far as it concerns the neutral and phospholipid family components of the gingiva.
Asymptotic behavior of densities in diffusion dominated two-particle reactions

We analyze the limiting behavior of the densities ρA(t) and ρB(t) for the diffusion controlled chemical reaction A + B → inert. We prove that for equal initial densities ρA(0)=ρB(0) there is a change in behavior from d ⩽4, where ρA(t)=ρB(t)∼Ctd4, to d⩾4, where ρA(t)=ρB(t)∼Ct as t→∞. For unequal initial densities ρA(t)(0)<ρB(0), ρA(t)∼e -Ct in d=1, ρA(t)∼e−Ct/log t in d=2, ρA(t)∼e−Ct in d⩾3. The term C depends on the initial densities and changes with d.
Spontaneous Raman Scattering for Gas Phase Diagnostics

The use of spontaneous rotational and vibrational Raman scattering for nonperturbing measurements of temperature and gas phase concentrations in combustion and in materials processing is reviewed. Theory of Raman intensities is briefly discussed and examples of Raman scattering from metal halide vapors in high temperature furnaces, laminar flames, and turbulent flames are given to demonstrate its capabilities and limitations. At present spontaneous Raman scattering is the only method which can provide simultaneous nonperturbing measurements of temperature and many species concentrations with high spatial (≤ 0.1 mm3) and temporal (≤ 1μs) resolution. Rotational Raman scattering is generally preferred for low temperature measurements (≤ 1200 K), and vibrational Raman scattering is better for measurements of higher temperatures and of multiple-species concentrations. The disadvantages of Raman scattering stem for the weakness of the nonresonant Raman interaction which limits its sensitivity to major species concentrations, renders it vulnerable to interferences from other sources of visible radiation, and requires high powered lasers and sensitive detectors. Data from Raman scattering measurements, particularly when coupled with data from other laser diagnostic techniques and when compared to computer model calculations, have led to a better understanding of the complex interactions between fluid mechanics and chemical reactions which can govern the operation of turbulent combustors or chemical flow reactors.
Results from the super Rosenbluth separation experiment

We present preliminary results from Rosenbluth separations for elastic p(e,p) scattering performed at Q2=2.64, 3.20, and 4.10 GeV2. Several improvements were made in the technique leading considerably higher precision than achieved in previous measurements. The electric (G E ) and magnetic (G M ) form factors were found to approximately ”scale”, i.e. μ p G E /G M ≈ 1, consistent with previous Rosenbluth separation results but inconsistent with polarization transfer measurements which report μ p G E /G M falling linearly with Q2. PACS: 25.30.BfElastic electron scattering – 13.40.Gp Electromagnetic form factors – 14.20.Dh Proton and neutron properties
Non-coding RNAs in cancer initiation and progression and as novel biomarkers

Cancer represents a complex group of heterogeneous diseases. While many cancers share fundamental biological processes (hallmarks of cancer) necessary for their development and progression, cancers also distinguish themselves by their dependence on distinct oncogenic pathways. Over the last decade, targeted therapies have been introduced to the clinic with variable success. In truth, single targeted therapies may be successful in only a subset of malignancies but insufficient to address malignancies that often rely on multiple pathways, thus evading single targeted agents. Investigators have recently identified potentially functional components of the human genome that were previously thought to have no biological function. This discovery has added to the already established complexity of gene regulation in the pathogenesis of cancer. Non-coding RNAs represent key regulators of gene expression. Improved knowledge of their biogenesis and function may in turn lead to a better understanding of the heterogeneity of malignancies and eventually be leveraged as diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic targets. MicroRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) for example, have the capacity for the regulation of multiple genes and thus redirection or reprogramming of biological pathways. However, several other members of the non-coding RNA family may be of equal biological relevance. In this review, we provide a perspective on emerging concepts in the clinical application of miRNA and other non-coding RNAs as biomarkers in cancer with an eye on the eventual integration of both miRNA and other non-coding RNA biology into our understanding of cancer pathogenesis and treatment.
Upconverted hot-luminescence spectroscopy investigation of nonradiative relaxation in forsterite.

Upper-state nonradiative relaxation in the 3.2–1.9-eV energy region of the excited-state manifold of Cr4+-doped forsterite is investigated. Measurements of the upconverted hot-luminescence spectra reveal two electronic bottlenecks and several phonon modes involved in the initial steps of the vibrational relaxation at different portions of the excited-state manifold.
Advancement in assessment and the reassessment of the nutritive value of forages.

Forages, primary producers of carbon compounds, provide energy and nutrients when consumed by herbivores, resulting in "value-added" animal products as meat, milk, and fiber and, in some cases, recreation. How a forage supports value-added products of interest has been a concern since the mid 1800s. The characteristic of a forage that composes its nutritive value (NVAL) and its consumption and conversion by the animal determines the quality of the nutrient entity and provides an estimate of its forage quality. The first system to address forage NVAL emerged in the mid 1880s and was termed the Weende proximate analysis. Forages were separated into crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF), ether extract (EE), nitrogen-free extract (NFE), ash, and water. The concept of nutrient entity followed in the 1950s. By the mid 1960s, the neutral detergent fiber (NDF) system partially replaced proximate analysis and the two, along with innovations in solubility, serve as methodologies for estimating NVAL. An assessment of NVAL from the microbial view point was introduced in the early 1960s by the two-stage in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD) method, followed in the 1970s by continuous cultures. Innovation in spectral technology introduced near infrared spectrophotometry in the mid 1980s providing a rapid analysis of the NVAL fractions. A reassessment of the approach to estimating forage quality, based on the microflora's view of "particle value," using near infrared spectral scans of the "as fed" forage has been proposed.
Adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate modulates the mitogenic responses of murine B lymphocytes.

Abstract Adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) acts to inhibit a number of lymphocyte activities. The extent of this inhibition was tested by evaluating the effects of two cAMP-raising agents on B cell S phase entry induced by several different mitogenic regimens. It was found that both dibutyryl cAMP (dbcAMP) and isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX) enhanced S phase entry induced by some regimens but inhibited S phase entry induced by others. The observed enhancing activity stands in contrast to the general notion of cAMP as being a “negative regulator,” and it confirms that the observed inhibiting activity does not simply reflect cytotoxicity. Mitogenic regimens that appear to mimic each other, such as F(ab′) 2 fragments of goat anti-mouse immunoglobulin and the combination of a calcium ionophore and a phorbol ester, were distinguished by their responses to the addition of the two cAMP-raising agents. B cell responses were enhanced or inhibited even when dbcAMP was added 18–24 hr after the establishment of cultures. Cyclic AMP may regulate in a complex fashion S phase entry in cells of the immune system.
Roles for Two Aminopeptidases in Vacuolar Hemoglobin Catabolism in Plasmodium falciparum

During the erythrocytic stage of its life cycle, the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum catabolizes large quantities of host-cell hemoglobin in an acidic organelle, the food vacuole. A current model for the catabolism of globin-derived oligopeptides invokes peptide transport out of the food vacuole followed by hydrolysis to amino acids by cytosolic aminopeptidases. To test this model, we have examined the roles of four parasite aminopeptidases during the erythrocytic cycle. Localization of tagged aminopeptidases, coupled with biochemical analysis of enriched food vacuoles, revealed the presence of amino acid-generating pathways in the food vacuole as well as the cytosol. Based on the localization data and in vitro assays, we propose a specific role for one of the plasmodial enzymes, aminopeptidase P, in the catabolism of proline-containing peptides in both the vacuole and the cytosol. We establish an apparent requirement for three of the four aminopeptidases (including the two food vacuole enzymes) for efficient parasite proliferation. To gain insight into the impact of aminopeptidase inhibition on parasite development, we examined the effect of the presence of amino acids in the culture medium of the parasite on the toxicity of the aminopeptidase inhibitor bestatin. The ability of bestatin to block parasite replication was only slightly affected when 19 of 20 amino acids were withdrawn from the medium, indicating that exogenous amino acids cannot compensate for the loss of aminopeptidase activity. Together, these results support the development of aminopeptidase inhibitors as novel chemotherapeutics directed against malaria.
GLOBAL FINANCIAL SHOCKS AND THEIR ECONOMIC IMPACT ON EMERGING MARKET ECONOMIES

The world has experienced episodes of global financial stress every 2.5 years on average over the past two decades, with repercussions on a global scale. Over the same period, emerging economies have improved their macroeconomic fundamentals while becoming increasingly integrated with the world. Against this backdrop, are these economies more or less vulnerable to large global financial shocks? What roles have macroeconomic fundamentals and financial integration played in amplifying or buffering the impact of these shocks? This paper addresses these questions by examining the output cost associated with these events in 40 emerging and nine "small" advanced economies during the period 1990–2010.
Clinical characteristics of auditory hallucinations

We studied 25 clinical characteristics of auditory hallucinations by means of 3-point observer-rated scales in a sample of 60 inpatients with mainly schizophrenic or schizophreniform disorders. The interrater reliability of the scales was found to be satisfactory. High levels of conviction about the reality of the sensory stimuli, clarity of content, location of their source of origin and lack of volitional control were found to be the hallmarks of verbal hallucinations. This finding supports the hypothesis that the concept of auditory hallucinations represents many aspects of patients' hallucinatory experiences, which are relatively independent of one another.
Principles and practices in the management of obesity.

It is no surprise to readers of this journal that obesity is associated with impaired respiratory function and is a significant risk factor for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) (1, 2). Moreover, weight loss appears to be associated with improvements in sleep-disordered breathing (3–6). It is logical then that a consistent clinical recommendation for obese patients with OSA is to lose weight (7, 8). Pack has highlighted the need for pulmonary physicians to treat obesity seriously (9), as for many obese men with OSA, the pulmonary physician may be the first contact with the healthcare system. Treating obesity will not only have effects on sleep apnea but on the many other cardiovascular sequelae that obesity and OSA share, such as hypertension. The purpose of this article is (1) to provide a brief overview of obesity and its assessment; (2) to review the efficacy of behavioral, pharmacologic, and surgical treatments for obesity; and (3) to describe specific steps that physicians can take in the office setting to help patients effectively manage their weight.
Comparison of Matrix Cracking in High Temperature and Lower Temperature PMCs from Cryogenic Exposure (Preprint)

Abstract : The behavior of a high temperature carbon/polyimide composite, T650/AFR-PE-4, in a cryogenic environment was studied. The results were compared to results from similar testing of a carbon/epoxy and a carbon/bismaleimide composite to begin to scale the difficulties involved with using high temperature polymer matrix composites (PMCs) in cryogen containers on launch vehicles. T650/AFR-PE-4 developed transverse cracks in all plies after fewer cycles than the carbon/bismaleimide (IM7/5250-4) when each was cycled between -196?C and their respective maximum service temperatures. While a change to a cross-ply of IM7/5250-4 showed a substantial reduction in the tendency toward a complete crack network in past work on IM7/5250-4, there was only a small delay of 50 cycles in the formation of transverse cracks in all plies when a [0/90]2S lay-up of T650/AFR-PE-4 was used instead of a [0/45/-45/90]S lay-up. On the other hand, the lay-up change corresponded to a large permeability reduction indicating that either the amount of delamination was much lower in the [0/90]2S samples after thermal cycling or the cracks did not extend far from the sample edges. Basic composite properties ? transverse strength and mode I toughness of unidirectional laminates ? were also measured at room temperature and -196?C to further determine the sources of the rise in damage accumulation.
Striatal neuronal loss correlates with clinical motor impairment in Huntington's disease.

Background Huntington disease is characterized clinically by chorea, motor impairment, psychiatric manifestations and dementia. Atrophy of the striatum is the neuropathological hallmark of Huntington disease and previous studies have suggested that striatal atrophy correlates more closely with motor impairment than with chorea. Motor impairment, as measured by motor impairment score, correlates with functional disability in Huntington patients, but chorea does not. In this study, we investigate the relation between neuronal loss and these motor features.
Maintenance and Culture of Paralarval Longfin Squid (Doryteuthis (Loligo) Pealeii) in a Laboratory

ABSTRACT A system and management protocol was developed that maintained large numbers of paralarval longfin squid in a laboratory for 18–44 days. The system included a 200-L conical tank, an inflow pipe with a 1-µm filter, an aeration ring, and a centered outflow standpipe with a 150-µm mesh outflow filter. Cleaning and maintenance protocols involved siphoning tanks, periodic partial draining, and transfer of squid from a used tank to a clean tank. Paralarval squid were fed brine shrimp and commercial rations, which they ingested. Squid survived and grew in the system until catastrophic disruptions terminated the experiments prematurely. With suitable backups and refinement, the system design, management protocol, and feeding regime used provide a starting point to increase squid utility for research and commercial production.