cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
BEHAVE-AD: A Clinical Rating Scale for the Assessment of Pharmacologically Remediable Behavioral Symptomatology in Alzheimer’s Disease

The clinical characteristics of Alzheimer’s disease have only begun to be described in detail over the course of the past few years. In our laboratory, we initially described three broad clinical phases of the progression of the disease (Reisberg, 1981; Schneck et al., 1982). Subsequently, we published detailed descriptions of seven, clinically identifiable global stages in the progression from normal aging to most severe Alzheimer’s disease (Reisberg et al., 1982). Corresponding levels of cognitive abilities in terms of assessments of concentration, recent memory, past memory, orientation, and functioning and self-care have also been described (Reisberg et al., 1983a; Reisberg et al., 1984; Reisberg et al., 1985a) as has the stage-specific longitudinal outcome of subjects with normal aging and has progressive Alzheimer’s disease (Reisberg et al., 1986).
SS-Wrapper: a package of wrapper applications for similarity searches on Linux clusters

Large-scale sequence comparison is a powerful tool for biological inference in modern molecular biology. Comparing new sequences to those in annotated databases is a useful source of functional and structural information about these sequences. Using software such as the basic local alignment search tool (BLAST) or HMMPFAM to identify statistically significant matches between newly sequenced segments of genetic material and those in databases is an important task for most molecular biologists. Searching algorithms are intrinsically slow and data-intensive, especially in light of the rapid growth of biological sequence databases due to the emergence of high throughput DNA sequencing techniques. Thus, traditional bioinformatics tools are impractical on PCs and even on dedicated UNIX servers. To take advantage of larger databases and more reliable methods, high performance computation becomes necessary. We describe the implementation of SS-Wrapper (Similarity Search Wrapper), a package of wrapper applications that can parallelize similarity search applications on a Linux cluster. Our wrapper utilizes a query segmentation-search (QS-search) approach to parallelize sequence database search applications. It takes into consideration load balancing between each node on the cluster to maximize resource usage. QS-search is designed to wrap many different search tools, such as BLAST and HMMPFAM using the same interface. This implementation does not alter the original program, so newly obtained programs and program updates should be accommodated easily. Benchmark experiments using QS-search to optimize BLAST and HMMPFAM showed that QS-search accelerated the performance of these programs almost linearly in proportion to the number of CPUs used. We have also implemented a wrapper that utilizes a database segmentation approach (DS-BLAST) that provides a complementary solution for BLAST searches when the database is too large to fit into the memory of a single node. Used together, QS-search and DS-BLAST provide a flexible solution to adapt sequential similarity searching applications in high performance computing environments. Their ease of use and their ability to wrap a variety of database search programs provide an analytical architecture to assist both the seasoned bioinformaticist and the wet-bench biologist.
Statins in the Elderly: A Patient-Focused Approach

Individuals age >65 years represent the fastest-growing subpopulation in the United States. Although these individuals with the highest cardiovascular risk profile would be anticipated to be the most aggressively treated, paradoxically, treatment and baseline risk are inversely related. Presumably, the elderly population would benefit from high-intensity statin therapy; however, as per the 2013 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines, given the scarcity of evidence in patients age >75, there are only sufficient data from randomized controlled trials to support use of moderate-intensity statin therapy for secondary prevention. Despite evidence demonstrating statins are beneficial in the elderly, the decision to initiate and sustain treatment should be a well-informed and collaborative decision. One must balance the benefits (secondary atherosclerotic cardiovascular prevention, stroke reduction, decreased morbidity and mortality) with the potential risks to the elderly (altered metabolism, comorbidities, polypharmacy and drug-drug interactions, side effects, cognitive limitations, and cost).
Bremsstrahlung radiation from the ultraintense field ionization of atoms

Atomic ionization in a 10/sup 17/ W/cm/sup 2/ to 10/sup 20/ W/cm/sup 2/ laser focus is analyzed using a semi-classical ensemble model. We present the energy and angle resolved photoionization and bremsstrahlung radiation out to 10 MeV at 10/sup 20/ W/cm/sup 2/.
Multiwavelength VCSEL transmitter for WDM parallel optical fiber interconnects

We employ a combination of direct fiber coupling and broad-band add/drop filtering to demonstrate a 4-wavelength by 10-fiber VCSEL-based transmitter in a PGA package with MT-connectorized optical output. This is the first demonstration to our knowledge of a multiwavelength VCSEL-based parallel optical fiber transmitter. Such a device is useful for future high-bandwidth low-cost data communications applications. The use of a hybrid packaging scheme employing a fiber-ribbon-guided add/drop filter enables ten fibers by four wavelengths with a wide (>10 nm) channel spacing; more wavelengths should be achievable either by using additional filters and/or by combining this approach with monolithic techniques of achieving multiple wavelengths per VCSEL die.
A comparison of an ATPase from the archaebacterium Halobacterium saccharovorum with the F1 moiety from the Escherichia coli ATP Synthase

A purified ATPase associated with membranes from Halobacterium saccharovorum was compared with the F sub 1 moiety from the Escherichia coli ATP Synthase. The halobacterial enzyme was composed of two major (I and II) and two minor subunits (III and IV), whose molecular masses were 87 kDa, 60 kDa, 29 kDa, and 20 kDa, respectively. The isoelectric points of these subunits ranged from 4.1 to 4.8, which in the case of the subunits I and II was consistent with the presence of an excess of acidic amino acids (20 to 22 Mol percent). Peptide mapping of sodium dodecylsulfate-denatured subunits I and II showed no relationship between the primary structures of the individual halobacterial subunits or similarities to the subunits of the F sub 1 ATPase (EC 3.6.1.34) from E. coli. Trypsin inactivation of the halobacterial ATPase was accompanied by the partial degradation of the major subunits. This observation, taken in conjunction with molecular masses of the subunits and the native enzyme, was consistent with the previously proposed stoichiometry of 2:2:1:1. These results suggest that H. saccharovorum, and possibly, Halobacteria in general, possess an ATPase which is unlike the ubiquitous F sub o F sub 1 - ATP Synthase.
Ontogeny of long bone geometry in capuchin monkeys (Cebus albifrons and Cebus apella): implications for locomotor development and life history

Studies of a diverse array of animals have found that young individuals often have robust bones for their body size (i.e. augmented cross-sectional dimensions), limiting fracture risk despite general musculoskeletal immaturity. However, previous research has focused primarily on precocial taxa (e.g. rodents, lagomorphs, bovids, goats and emu). In this study, we examined the ontogenetic scaling of humeral and femoral cross-sectional robusticity in a mixed-longitudinal sample of two slow-growing, behaviourally altricial capuchin monkeys. Results showed that, when regressed against biomechanically appropriate size variables (i.e. the product of body mass and bone length), humeral and femoral bending strengths generally scale with negative allometry, matching the scaling patterns observed in previous studies of more precocial mammals. Additionally, bone strength relative to predicted loads (e.g. ‘safety factors’) peaks at birth and rapidly decreases during postnatal growth, falling to less than 5 per cent of peak values by weaning age. We suggest that increased safety factors during early ontogeny may be an adaptation to mitigate injury from falling during initial locomotor efforts. Overall, the results presented here suggest that ontogenetic declines in relative long bone strength may represent a common pattern among mammals that is perhaps preadaptive for different purposes among different lineages.
Design theory for rotary heat and mass exchangers—I. Wave analysis of rotary heat and mass exchangers with infinite transfer coefficients

Abstract A theory is presented for modeling rotary heat and mass exchangers with infinite transfer coefficients. The continuity and energy conservation equations for one-dimensional transient flow are established and analyzed. Solutions to the equations are obtained by the method of characteristics and the shock wave method. Both methods provide a set of analytical equations that allow performance prediction of the heat and mass exchanger with infinite transfer coefficients for any inlet and operating conditions. A regenerator-operating chart is introduced which shows the fundamental modes of operation for rotary heat and mass exchangers. Part II presents correlations for the effectiveness of rotary dehumidifiers with finite transfer coefficients.
Hypertension and risk of renal cell carcinoma among white and black Americans.

Renal cell carcinoma (renal cancer) occurs more frequently among blacks than whites in the United States. According to population-based data from the U.S. Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program, renal cancer incidence rates in 2002–2005 were 19% higher for black men than white men (17.0 and 14.3 per 100,000 person-years, respectively, age-adjusted to the 2000 U.S. standard) and 4% higher for black women than white women (7.5 and 7.2 per 100,000, respectively).1 Hypertension, which is a well-established risk factor for renal cancer, is more prevalent among blacks than whites.2 Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) in 1999–2004 show age-adjusted prevalences of 39% and 28% for black and white men, respectively, and 41% and 27% for black and white women.3 We investigated the association between hypertension and renal cancer risk for blacks and whites, and assessed the role that hypertension might play in the racial disparity of renal cancer incidence.
Foraminifera and meiofauna on an intertidal mudflat, Cornwall, England: Populations; respiration and secondary production; and energy budget

A rich and varied meiofauna inhabits a Cornish mudflat near the mouth of the Tamar River in southwestern England. Population densities range from 117 to 943 individuals · g−1 (wet) sediment (1.4–11.4 × 106 individuals · m−2), with foraminifera, harpacticoid copepods and nematodes appearing in nearly equal numbers and comprising most of the meiofauna. Seasonally, meiofaunal numbers rise and fall with solar radiation and vary inversely with river discharge. Two species, the atestate ‘allogromiid A’ and the calcareous Haynesina germanica (Ehrenberg), far outnumber other foraminifera; their population densities and growth rates reach maxima in spring and summer. Monthly rates of sediment respiration are locally variable, but clearly increase from winter (4.13 ml O2 · m−2 · h−1 in December) to spring (38.87 ml O2 · m−2 · h−1 in April). Experiments and calculations ascribe approximately 30% of this total to the meiofauna (including microfauna and microflora), 50% to bacteria and less than 20% to chemical oxidation. A tentative energy budget for the mudflat suggests that secondary production by meiofauna is small as compared with coastal environments elsewhere, and that meiofaunal production (426 Kcal · m−2 · y−1) is nearly twice meiofaunal respiration (252 Kcal · m−2 · yr−1).
Particle control issues of a compact stellarator with external vacuum vessel

Abstract The Quasi-Poloidal Stellarator (QPS) [J.F. Lyon, S.P. Hirshman, D.A. Spong, et al., 30th EPS Conference on Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion, St. Petersburg, 2003] has a very low plasma aspect ratio ( R / a ∼ 2.7) and is a new confinement approach that could ultimately lead to a high-beta compact stellarator reactor. QPS is being developed to test key features of this approach. In QPS, the modular stellarator coils and other components are inside the vacuum vessel, requiring special attention with respect to particle control. We have analyzed two specific aspects: (1) The casings of the internal coils will assume elevated temperatures during operation whereas the vacuum vessel will be at room temperature; we have analyzed the consequences for adsorbed gas layers. (2) The plasma is surrounded by a large gas reservoir that might cause problems for density control. We have constructed a model to predict plasma and neutral densities as functions of fueling, divertor baffling, wall adsorption, and particle exhaust. This model predicts that plasma and neutral densities can be controlled.
Ulnar artery insufficiency: a guide to treatment.

Based on the results of treatment of 28 patients with proved ulnar artery thrombosis, multiple therapeutic regimens, including intra-arterial medications, excision and ligation of the involved segment, environmental modification and biofeedback, sympathectomy, stellate blocks, and excision and vein grafting, and recognizing that no single treatment is suitable for everyone, a patient-oriented treatment algorithm is proposed.
Intimate others: marriage and sexualities in India

S. Sen, R. Biswas, and N. Dhawan, Kolkata, India, School of Women's Studies, Jadavpur University and Stree Publishers, 2011, 465 pp., Rs. 450 (paperback), ISBN 81-906760-1-6 Sen, Biswas, and Dhawan...
Some consequences of contextual constructionism.

In response to Rafter's paper, “Claims-Making and the Eugenics Campaign,” the author highlights the theoretical ground covered by social constructionists, and the departure of the paper from this orientation. primary criticism of Rafter's work is that it returns to an objectivist approach by relying on historical accounts explanations for a focus on women in the first eugenics campaign, and by attributing discrepancies between “facts” and claims of the actors to motives.
Surgical correction of pseudoankylosis and microgenia: report of case

The coronoid process was fused to the zygomatic buttress and posterior aspect of the maxilla, resulting in a restricted mandibular opening. The patient also had microgenia. Surgical correction of pseudoankylosis and microgenia: report of case. A 20-year-old man had restricted mandibular opening, deviation to the right, and a prominent contour deficiency of the chin. Surgical correction consisted of a unilateral coronoidectomy and a sliding horizontal osteotomy of the mandibular symphysis region.
Assessing neuronal interactions of cell assemblies during general anesthesia

Understanding the way in which groups of cortical neurons change their individual and mutual firing activity during the induction of general anesthesia may improve the safe usage of many anesthetic agents. Assessing neuronal interactions within cell assemblies during anesthesia may be useful for understanding the neural mechanisms of general anesthesia. Here, a point process generalized linear model (PPGLM) was applied to infer the functional connectivity of neuronal ensembles during both baseline and anesthesia, in which neuronal firing rates and network connectivity might change dramatically. A hierarchical Bayesian modeling approach combined with a variational Bayes (VB) algorithm is used for statistical inference. The effectiveness of our approach is evaluated with synthetic spike train data drawn from small and medium-size networks (consisting of up to 200 neurons), which are simulated using biophysical voltage-gated conductance models. We further apply the analysis to experimental spike train data recorded from rats' barrel cortex during both active behavior and isoflurane anesthesia conditions. Our results suggest that that neuronal interactions of both putative excitatory and inhibitory connections are reduced after the induction of isoflurane anesthesia.
Ab-initio calculations for shock wave and bubble production with Gaussian temporal laser pulses

Theoretical work has been previously reported in which the full thermo-mechanical response of an absorber to an incident laser pulse has been calculated. For a laser pulse of any energy or duration, the temperature rise, explosive bubble formation, and shock wave generation in the surrounding medium can be predicted. This work allows the assessment of danger to biological or opto-electronic systems from laser pulses. The work also allows the thermo-mechanical properties of micro and nano particle absorbers, such as the thermal expansion coefficient and bulk modulus, to be calculated from measurements of the pressure waves generated in the medium. Previous results assumed a temporal profile for the laser pulse that was a square wave with infinitely fast rise and fall times. We report on new calculations that use a more realistic gaussian-like temporal profile for the laser pulse. We compare how the resulting thermo-mechanical responses are altered compared to the idealized temporal square wave laser pulse.
ARMYWORM DEFOLIATION IN CORN AS SEEN ON IR AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS

A corn field partially under attack by armyworms was photographed in 1973 with 70 mm Aerochrome Infrared Type 2443 film and a Wratten 12 filter at scales of 1/15,840 and 1/6,336 during the early silking stage. In 1974, in the absence of armyworm defoliation, the field was again overflown at the same plant stage, and with the same camera/film/filter configuration used in 1973. Defoliation was not detectable on otherwise healthy corn plants (i.e., no drought stress); but defoliation was detected on plants already under stress due to drought.
Blood viscosity and hematological changes during prolonged submergence in normoxic water of northern and southern musk turtles (Sternotherus odoratus).

Musk turtles (Sternotherus odoratus) can survive at least 150 days of submergence in normoxic water at 3°C, during which time there are large increases in packed cell volume (PCV). We investigated the effects of submergence in normoxic water at 3°C on the blood viscosity of musk turtles from northern (Massachusetts) and southern (Alabama) locales. Blood was collected from air-breathing turtles and after 20, 50, 100, and 150 days of submergence in normoxic water at 3°C. Hematological responses to submergence were similar in the two groups, therefore the results were combined. Packed cell volume increased steadily above that of controls after 20, 50, 100, and 150 days of submergence. Hemoglobin concentration also progressively increased above that of controls after 20, 50, and 100 days of submergence but declined to near control values after 150 days. Blood viscosity increased with increasing PCV; however, blood viscosity of musk turtles appears less affected by PCV than is blood viscosity of mammalian species. As such, musk turtles appear to be able to maintain adequate blood flow to tissues while increasing the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood during prolonged submergence. However, after 150 days submergence, oxygen delivery should decrease due to a reduced oxygen carrying capacity of the blood and an increased resistance to blood flow, which may limit the length of time these turtles can remain viable during hibernation. J. Exp. Zool. 287:459–466, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A General Treatment of Solvent Effects Based on Screened Coulomb Potentials

A new implicit solvent model for Monte Carlo simulations of peptides and proteins is presented. The important features of the model are: electrostatics of polar solvation described by nonlinear, distance-dependent screened Coulomb potentials that are formally connected to classical dielectric theory of polar solvation; the self-energy is derived from the integral form of the Born equation; and the introduction of the Born radius of an atom embedded in a protein modeled as a dielectric continuum. The model was parametrized in the context of the CHARMM PAR22 force field by fitting to experimental solvation free energies of amino acid side chain analogues. Introduction of an intrinsic vacuum screening constant for each amino acid was required to obtain the correct screening behavior in solution. Solvation energies of several peptides in different conformations were calculated and compared with the corresponding quantities calculated with the Poisson−Boltzmann equation. The comparative results were highly co...
Birth weight of infants of mothers with aggressive periodontitis.

Background: It was hypothesized that if periodontal infections predispose low birth weights and premature birth, then such outcomes should be apparent when the mother has aggressive periodontitis (AgP).Methods: Birth weight data were collected by questionnaire from females with AgP, their periodontally healthy siblings, and unrelated periodontally healthy women. Both prospective and retrospective birth outcome data were used. Because many of the periodontal evaluations were performed after the births, there were incomplete data regarding most of the risk factors for low birth weight. We determined associations between mothers’ periodontal diagnoses and clinical variables and the reported birth weights.Results: There were no significant differences in mean birth weights of babies born to control subjects or AgP patients. This was true whether all the births were considered or only those reported <1 or 2 years before periodontal examination. For periodontally healthy controls, 13.2% of babies born to siblin...
Kluver-Bucy syndrome following heat stroke in a 12-year-old girl

A 12-year-old girl developed Kluver-Bucy syndrome (KBS) following heat stroke. She demonstrated the features typical of human KBS, including visual agnosia, hypermetamorphosis, hypersexuality, language disorder with aphasia, hyperorality, placidity, flat affect, and memory dysfunction. Magnetic resonance imaging 11 1/2 months after onset disclosed mild, diffuse atrophy. Fourteen months after onset, she did not consistently respond to language or communicate verbally, and was dependent on others. A comparison is made with previously reported KBS cases in children.
Simplicity, Scale, and Surprise: Evaluating Structural Form

Aesthetic and ethical issues of building design are presented here to encourage meaningful discussion among today’s architectural engineering students and practitioners. The evaluative aesthetic ideas of scale, simplicity, and surprise are applied to two important structures designed by Fazlur R. Khan. Khan’s profound understanding of load flow in his buildings influenced his aesthetic ideas. Furthermore, his aesthetic ideas were intimately intertwined with his ethical ideas about structural logic and the role of structure in architecture. We explore these ideas and present new insights as well. Our goal is to encourage a public discourse within our profession on the topic of evaluating structural form.
Identification of the dehydroascorbic acid reductase and thioltransferase (Glutaredoxin) activities of bovine erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase.

Bovine erythrocyte glutathione (GSH) peroxidase (GPX, EC 1.11.1.9) was examined for GSH-dependent dehydroascorbate (DHA) reductase (EC 1.8.5.1) and thioltransferase (EC 1.8.4.1) activities. Using the direct assay method for GSH-dependent DHA reductase activity, GPX had akcat(app) of 140 ± 9 min−1and specificity constants (kcat/Km(app)) of 5.74 ± 0.78 × 102M−1s−1for DHA and 1.18 ± 0.17 × 103M−1s−1for GSH based on the monomer Mrof 22,612. Using the coupled assay method for thioltransferase activity, GPX had akcat(app) of 186 ± 9 min−1and specificity constants (app) of 1.49 ± 0.14 × 103M−1s−1for S-sulfocysteine and 1.51 ± 0.18 × 103M−1s−1for GSH based on the GPX monomer molecular weight. GPX has a higher specificity constant for S-sulfocysteine than DHA, and both assay systems gave nearly identical specificity constants for GSH. The DHA reductase and thioltransferase activities of GPX adds to the repertoire of functions of this enzyme as an important protector against cellular oxidative stress.
Elevated mast cell tryptase in cerebrospinal fluid of multiple sclerosis patients

Multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions are associated with infiltration of T lymphocytes and macrophages that appear to mediate myelin destruction and gliosis (scarring). Mast cells are located perivascularly in the brain, are juxtaposed to neurons, and have been shown to secrete vasoactive and inflammatory mediators in response to neuropeptides and direct nerve stimulation. Mast cells have been previously identified in MS lesions, are activated by myelin basic protein, and can participate in the regulation of blood-brain barrier permeability, as well as in myelin destruction. Here, cerebrospinal fluid from MS patients and controls with other neurologic diseases was assayed for histamine, its major metabolite methylhistamine, and the specific mast cell marker tryptase. Histamine and methylhistamine were not elevated in MS. However, the mast cell specific proteolytic enzyme tryptase was significantly elevated in MS, suggesting that mast cell activation may be involved in the pathophysiology of this disease.
A Neisseria gonorrhoeae catalase mutant is more sensitive to hydrogen peroxide and paraquat, an inducer of toxic oxygen radicals

Abstract Catalase is hypothesized to be critical in the protection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae from H 2 O 2 produced during aerobic respiration and by phagocytes during infection. Here we cloned the catalase ( kat ) gene of gonococcal strain FA1090 and constructed a genetically defined N. gonorrhoeae kat mutant to assess the role of catalase in defense against oxidative stress. The gonococcal kat gene conferred increased H 2 O 2 resistance to a catalase-deficient Escherichia coli strain. Mutation of the kat gene in strain FA1090 via an in-frame deletion resulted in increased sensitivity to H 2 O 2 and paraquat, an inducer of toxic oxygen radicals. Expression of catalase in trans from a shuttle vector restored catalase activity and paraquat resistance to the kat mutant, but not resistance to H 2 O 2 . The inability to fully complement the mutant was perhaps due to a modification in the catalase, as evidenced by altered mobility of the recombinant catalase on activity gels when expressed from the shuttle vector in N. gonorrhoeae . Additionally, we showed a 262 base pair region upstream of the kat gene is required for expression in E. coli and a putative fumarate–nitrate regulator (FNR) binding site is located in this region.
Sustaining Cultures of Inclusion: The Value and limitation of Cultural Analyses.

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the ways in which creating and sustaining authentic inclusion requires significant alterations to more than the programmatic regularities that characterize schools (Sarason, 1996). Data from ethnographic case, studies of inclusive schools in the United States, United Kingdom and Portugal are drawn upon to illustrate significant features that characterize these schools. The multiple dimensions of their inclusive cultures include both implicit and explicit assumptions, values and beliefs that are shown to be central to the ways school staff interact with one another and students. Although the analysis presented in this paper illustrates the importance of understanding the multiple dimensions of school cultures for the operation of inclusive schools, it also highlights the limits of a purely cultural analysis. Educators faced with threats to the sustainability of the vision articulated by the Salamanca statement will also need to understand and respond to the broader political contexts operating in the 21st century.
Grids: Harnessing Geographically-Separated Resources in a Multi-Organisational Context

Grids are becoming ubiquitous platforms for high-performance computing and distributed collaboration. A grid benefits users by permitting them to access heterogeneous resources, such as machines, data, people and devices, that are distributed geographically and organisationally. It benefits organisations by permitting them to offer unused resources on existing hardware and thus reclaim otherwise lost costs. Although worldwide grids can be constructed today, issues regarding heterogeneity, security and failures must be resolved especially if the participating resources are controlled by different organisations. A grid infrastructure that harnesses the power of distributed resources for computing and collaboration must respect the autonomy of organisations to choose policies for using their resources.
Demonstration of inapparent heterogeneity in a population of an animal virus by single-burst analyses.

Abstract Single-burst analyses and standard plaque assays were performed on populations of plaque types of vesicular exanthema of swine virus (VESV). The plaque assay method yielded 1% of a minute type in one of the experimental populations. When the same virus population was analyzed by single-burst experiments, up to 23% of the bursts yielded only the minute type. When one plaque type was grown en masse, other types appeared as contaminants. Two new plaque types not previously discovered in standard plaque assays were also recovered as homogeneous populations from single bursts. Experiments conclusively excluded the hypothesis of host-induced modifications as an explanation for the discrepancies between the results of the two methods of analyzing virus populations. It was concluded that some of the plaque morphology mutants of VESV have a low plating efficiency under the standard conditions of plaque assay.
Irreversible binding of tolmetin to macromolecules via its glucuronide: binding to blood constituents, tissue homogenates and subcellular fractions in vitro.

1. The degradation of tolmetin glucuronide (TG) in biological fluids and tissue homogenates appears to follow first-order kinetics and is quite rapid in plasma. TG degradation was minimized upon the addition of phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride (PMSF) and 1,4-saccharolactone, suggesting that the majority of the degradation may be enzymatic, rather than chemical hydrolysis.2. Irreversible binding via TG was detected in all tissue preparations examined. Upon addition of an inhibitor of esterases (PMSF) to human serum albumin (HSA) and plasma, binding was extensive (2.5%) and the extent of binding was both time- and pH-dependent. Similar extents of binding were obtained with most tissue homogenates, except for spleen and intestine which exhibited much lower binding.3. Incubation of TG with microsomal protein from sheep and rat yielded no significant differences. Incubations of tolmetin (T) and TG with microsomes, as well as tissue homogenates, indicates that irreversible binding occurs only in the presence of T...
Software documentation an automated approach

General Electric has developed a tool and an accompanying methodology that produce documentation as a natural by-product of the software development process. Documentation is generated semi-automatically, is current, and is produced with an estimated one-third savings in design documentation costs.
Iterated facet model approach to background normalization

Background normalization is a low-level image processing task typically used to enhance images by eliminating featureless, nonuniform background illumination. Automatic background normalization requires three distinct steps: threshold selection and segmentation, reconstruction of background image, and subtraction. This paper presents a new region-based thresholding criterion for background identification and normalization. Experimental results will be presented.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Heat resistance of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in cook-in-bag ground beef as affected by pH and acidulant†

Summary The heat resistance of a four-strain mixture of Escherichia coli O157:H7 was tested. The temperature range was 55–62.5 °C and the substrate was beef at pH 4.5 or 5.5, adjusted with either acetic or lactic acid. Inoculated meat, packaged in bags, was completely immersed in a circulating water bath and cooked to an internal temperature of 55, 58, 60, or 62.5 °C in 1 h, and then held for pre-determined lengths of time. The surviving cell population was enumerated by spiral plating meat samples on tryptic soy agar overlaid with Sorbitol MacConkey agar. Regardless of the acidulant used to modify the pH, the D-values at all temperatures were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in ground beef at pH 4.5 as compared with the beef at pH 5.5. At the same pH levels, acetic acid rendered E. coli O157:H7 more sensitive to the lethal effect of heat. The analysis of covariance showed evidence of a significant acidulant and pH interaction on the slopes of the survivor curves at 55 °C. Based on the thermal-death–time values, contaminated ground beef (pH 5.5/lactic acid) should be heated to an internal temperature of 55 °C for at least 116.3 min and beef (pH 4.5/acetic acid) for 64.8 min to achieve a 4-log reduction of the pathogen. The heating time at 62.5 °C, to achieve the same level of reduction, was 4.4 and 2.6 min, respectively. Thermal-death–time values from this study will assist the retail food processors in designing acceptance limits on critical control points that ensure safety of beef originally contaminated with E. coli O157:H7.
Against Arbitrariness: Architectural Signification in the Age of Globalization

Abstract The theory of arbitrary signification, predominant during the last half century, considers architecture's intrinsic properties as having little to do with its meaning. Consequently, architecture's significance is not based on itself but assigned externally. In the age of globalization, such an assignment is often ineffective. This paper will: (1) examine the post-W.W.II debates between the theories of arbitrary and natural signification; (2) relate these theories to more philosophical, historicist vs normative positions; (3) discuss the implications concerning conservation of culture, legitimacy of interpretation, and fake authenticity in construction; (4) and examine some architectural works that have brought forth natural signification in conventional forms.
Infrared cooling rate calculations in operational general circulation models: Comparisons with benchmark computations

The performance of several parameterized models is described with respect to numerical prediction and climate research at GFDL, NCAR, and GISS. The radiation codes of the models were compared to benchmark calculations and other codes for the intercomparison of radiation codes in climate models (ICRCCM). Cooling rates and fluxes calculated from the models are examined in terms of their application to established general circulation models (GCMs) from the three research institutions. The newest radiation parameterization techniques show the most significant agreement with the benchmark line-by-line (LBL) results. The LBL cooling rates correspond to cooling rate profiles from the models, but the parameterization of the water vapor continuum demonstrates uncertain results. These uncertainties affect the understanding of some lower tropospheric cooling, and therefore more accurate parameterization of the water vapor continuum, as well as the weaker absorption bands of CO2 and O3 is recommended.
Infrared Spectroelectrochemical Analysis of Adsorbed Hexacyanoferrate Species Formed during Potential Cycling in the Ferrocyanide/Ferricyanide Redox Couple

External reflection FT-IR techniques allowed for in situ examination of interfacial electrochemical events occurring in a thin-layer spectroelectrochemical cell. The formation of an adsorbed hexacyanoferrate (HCF) species on a platinum electrode during potential cycling in the ferri-/ferrocyanide redox couple was investigated. At neutral pH with KCl as electrolyte, a hexacyanoferrate complex forms during potential cycling in the ferri-/ferrocyanide redox couple, but only if the potential limits are quite large. Characterization of the adsorbed complex indicates that it initially adsorbs as soluble Prussian Blue (KFeII[FeIII(CN)6]) with no evidence of the presence of insoluble Prussian Blue [Fe4III(Fe2II(CN)6]. This HCF complex can reversibly adsorb and grow on the electrode surface and desorb and decompose to reform solution-phase ferricyanide and ferrocyanide. Adsorption of the HCF complex decreases, but does not completely inhibit, electron transfer.
Medium for development of bee cell cultures (Apis mellifera: Hymenoptera: Apidae)

A media for the production of cell cultures from hymenopteran species such as honey bee, Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) was developed. Multiple bee cell cultures were produced when using bee larvae and pupae as starting material and modified Hert-Hunter 70 media. Cell culture systems for bees solves an impasse that has hindered efforts to isolate and screen pathogens which may be influencing or causing colony collapse disorder of bees. Multiple life stages of maturing larvae to early pupae were used to successfully establish cell cultures from the tissues of the head, thorax, and abdomen. Multiple cell types were observed which included free-floating suspensions, fibroblast-like, and epithelia-like monolayers. The final culture medium, WH2, was originally developed for hemipterans, Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri, and leafhopper, Homalodisca vitripennis cell cultures but has been shown to work for a diverse range of insect species such as bees. Bee cell cultures had various doubling times at 21-23°C ranging from 9-15 d. Deformed wing virus was detected in the primary explanted tissues, which tested negative by rt-PCR for Israeli acute paralysis virus (IAPV), Kashmir bee virus, acute bee paralysis virus, and black queen cell virus. Culture inoculation with IAPV from an isolate from Florida field samples, was detectable in cell cultures after two subcultures. Cell culture from hymenoptera species, such as bees, greatly advances the approaches available to the field of study on colony collapse disorders.
Self‐avoiding walk between two fixed points as a tool to calculate reaction paths in large molecular systems

A new computational technique is presented to calculate approximate reaction paths in complex molecules. The method is based on the Gaussian chain approach proposed by Elber and Karplus [1] but avoids some computational difficulties of this technique. It is also more than 10 times faster. The new formulation is quite general and enables empirical interpolation between two types of motions which differ considerably: trapped and ballistic (see also “Note Added in Proof”). We present test results for two model molecules: alanine dipeptide (AD) and isobutyryl-(ala)3-NH-methyl (IAN). The optimization of the chain is very stable and provides an approximate continuous path even if the initial guess is poor.
Specific induction of encystment ofLagenidium giganteum zoospores by concanavalin A and derivatives of chitin and chitosan

Zoospores of the mosquito pathogenic fungusLagenidium giganteum preferentially attach to and encyst on the cuticular surface of the immature stages of many species of mosquitoes as the initial step in the infection process. Recognition by zoospores of specific chemical or physical signals on the cuticular surface triggers attachment. A number of compounds likely to be present on the surface of mosquito larvae were evaluated for efficacy in eliciting zoospore encystment. Free amino acids and oligomers, a number of phenolic and polyphenolic compounds and most carbohydrates did not induce encystment at concentrations less than 500 μg/ml. Colloidal chitin and chitin films were also ineffective as was O-carboxy-methylchitin; however, glycol chitin and glycol chitosan induced rapid encystment at concentrations at or below 1 μg/ml. Zoospores also attached to and encysted in great numbers on fibers of oxycellulose, but not on cellulose. Concanavalin A was the only lectin which induced encystment at concentrations less than 10 μg/ml, which suggests that a glycoprotein with terminal mannose and/or glucose residues is involved in encystment. A number of phenols were metabolized by peroxidase on the zoospore surface. Addition of hydrogen peroxide to zoospore suspensions reduced the time needed to induce zoospore encystment by some phenols; however, there was no consistent relationship between the presence or absence of this synergistic effect and the ability ofL. giganteum peroxidase to metabolize a given substrate. The sterol-binding compound amphotericin B induced immediate encystment at 3.5 μg/ml, suggesting that sterols, which are required for the induction of zoosporogenesis, were present on the zoospore membrane.
Educational Sciences and the Normalization of the Teacher and Child: Some Historical Notes on Current USA Pedagogical Reforms

In the past decade, US==A reforms discourses link strategies of professionalizing teaching with pedagogical research practices. This article explores the different reform practices as the effects of power. It focuses on educational policy and research as governing through the reasoning inscribed in the knowledge generated for action and participation. Political rationalities are inscribed in pedagogy as “a culture of redemption. Pedagogy is to save the child for society and to rescue society through the child. The saving of the child embodies norms about social/cultural progress that makes the science/scientist as the prophet. The first section examines turn of the 20th century USA practices to professionalize the teacher and redefine pedagogy. Pedagogy embodies a concept of progress that revisions the child from a religious entity beholden to God to one that embodies certain collective social norms related to political rationalities. The child is to be a self‐motivated participant in a liberal democracy....
Multiple Hamiltonian structures and soliton equations with explicit x -dependence

Abstract It is known that a Schrodinger operator, ( d d x ) 2 +u(x)−λ , has a family or hierarchy consisting of partial differential equations which preserve certain elements of its spectrum. One such λ-preserving equation is the Korteweg-de Vries equation, u t =(- 1 2 ∂ 3 +(u∂+∂u))u . Each system of the hierarchy is Hamiltonian with respect to a pair of compatible local Hamiltonian structures. Each Hamiltonian structure is given by a skew symmetric matrix differential operator. In this paper all this is generalized for second-order scalar differential operators of the form L=( d d x ) 2 − q (x, λ) where λ is a complex parameter and it is assumed that q is analytic in a deleted neighborhood of λ = ∞ with a pole of order at least 1 at ∞. In addition, it is shown that the systems of certain hierarchies contain space-dependent coefficients. Let ∂= ∂ ∂x =′ . The following Kortweg-de Vries-like system is a λ-preserving deformation of the operator L=∂ 2 −λ( 1 x 2 +q 1 λ -1 +q 2 -2 ) . Let c 1 =- 1 2 x 3 q 1 − 1 8 x . Then the equations of motion are given by these formulas: ∂q 1 ∂t =(- 1 2 ∂ 3 +∂q 1 ))c 1 +2Q 2 +xq′ 2 and ∂q 2 ∂t =(q 2 ∂+∂q 2 )c 1 .
Communal hunting along the Continental Divide of Northern Colorado: Results from the Olson game drive (5BL147), USA

Abstract The Olson site (5BL147) is a multi-component rock walled game drive located in the James Peak wilderness area of Northern Colorado, USA. It is one part of a much larger game drive complex located at Rollins Pass, situated above modern tree limit and along the Continental Divide, at approximately 3600 m above sea level. Byron Olson and James Benedict conducted work at the site in the late 1960s. We combined their efforts with our recent field and lab work to produce a synthetic overview of the site. At least 45 blinds and 1307 m of rock walls are present, to funnel game upslope to waiting hunters. Radiocarbon and lichenometric dates suggest occupations spanning the last 3200 years, with diagnostic tools suggesting even older use. Lithic analysis of the debitage and tools, from both excavated (blinds) and surface contexts (intercept and processing areas), provides possible scenarios for the use of the site. Large game drives of the Colorado alpine zone represent accumulated landscapes of artifacts and features, the byproduct of many years of construction, use, and re-use, and built for a variety of reasons.
Continuity in Partially Ordered Sets

The notion of a continuous domain is generalized to include posets which are not dcpos and in which the set of elements way below an element is not necessarily directed. We show that several of the pleasing algebraic and topological properties of domains carry over to this setting.
A Hamiltonian decomposition of K2m∗, 2m ≥ 8

Abstract It is shown that K 2m ∗ , 2m ≥ 8, can be decomposed into Hamiltonian circuits. A direct construction utilizing difference methods is given for 2m ≡ 0 (mod 4). The case 2m ≡ 2 (mod 4) is handled inductively by means of a construction which shows that K 4m − 2 ∗ admits such a decomposition if K 2m ∗ does.
CSF-plasma relationships for DSIP and some other neuropeptides

The relationships between CSF and plasma hormonal levels of several peptides were studied in the same samples of simultaneously obtained plasma and CSF. A significant correlation existed between CSF and plasma levels of DSIP as well as gastrin. Preliminary results also showed a correlation between CSF and plasma levels of NT, but not VIP or calcitonin. CSF/plasma ratios and the effect of BBB disruption also varied from peptide to peptide. These diverse CSF/plasma relationships are not easily explained by models of nonspecific passage but may indicate individual systems or axes that could be involved in the central effects of peripherally administered peptides.
Project OCULUS: enhanced visual information platform

Significant to the current and future needs of Homeland Security, Counterdrug and the warfighter support, enhancing the vision capabilities of already established and familiar airframes for expanded mission requirements is preferential to physical remodelling or the design and development of specialized aircraft. The modular design of equipment compatible with existing airframes, for a variety of alternative and novel applications, has many benefits, the most practical being those of reduced cost and time towards implementation. A brief survey is conducted which examines the Lockheed Martin C-130 airframe as a prime candidate for surveillance and reconnaissance remote sensing expansion capabilities. This paper provides a short survey of the Oculus sensor pallet system that has been designed following multiple guidelines to ensure that any specified number of various remote sensing technologies may be simultaneously mounted and deployed with minimal operator effort and without undue concern for the needs o...
Accretion processes in star formation, 2nd edition, by Lee Hartmann

Book Review: B. S. MEYER: Accretion processes in star formation (2nd edition), by Lee Hartmann
Dynamics Analysis in Materials on Solid Wastes Separation Sieve and Selection and Calculation of Kinetic Parameters

The paper presents the structural characteristics of solid wastes separation sieve. Pieces of plastic film and sandstones with different friction factors and elasticity coefficients are chosen as the research objects. The motion and the separation mechanism of materials in the sorting process are studied. According to the motion analysis on pieces of plastic film and sandstones on solid wastes separation sieve, it can be concluded that the materials with different friction factors and elasticity coefficients can all be sorted by solid wastes separation sieve. The more difference they have in friction factors and elasticity coefficients, the better separation performance can be achieved. The selection and calculation on the kinetic parameters of solid wastes separation sieve is carried out, which provides the theory evidence for the design of new friction sorting equipment and opens up new prospects for the application of solid wastes separation sieve.