cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Oxidation of Glycerol in the Presence of Hydrogen Peroxide and Iron in Model Solutions and Wine. Potential Effects on Wine Color

Wine oxidation appears to include the formation of hydroxyl radical (*OH), an exceptionally reactive and thus nonselective compound that might be involved in the production of important aldehydes and ketones. This experiment examined the *OH oxidation of glycerol, a major wine constituent, and thus a likely target of such oxidation, in model wine, generated by hydrogen peroxide and iron catalysis. The oxidation products generated were analyzed as their hydrazones using LC-DAD/MS. Glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone were the main compounds identified, both of which were also observed in naturally aged and *OH-oxidized wines. As anticipated, the presence of ethanol in the model wine did not preclude the formation of these compounds. Additionally, when a young red wine was treated with these oxidation derivatives, a noteworthy increase in color was observed, most likely due to the formation of novel anthocyanin-based structures.
A general theory of measures for nonnegative matrices

Abstract By a measure μ on the set N of m × n nonnegative matrices we mean that μ is a function from N to the nonnegative reals such that (i) μ ( λA )= λμ ( A ) for all nonnegative λ and all A ∈ N , and (ii) μ ( A + B ) ⩾ μ ( A ) for all A , B ϵ N . This paper develops a theory of such measures and shows how this theory can be applied to particular problems.
Oxygen supplementation is helpful for the echocardiographic detection of anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery.

Background The echocardiographic diagnosis of anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery (ALCAPA) can be challenging. The aim of this study was to assess the hypothesis that diagnosis can be enhanced by using supplemental oxygen, which decreases pulmonary vascular resistance and increases retrograde flow from the coronary artery into the pulmonary artery. Methods Demographic, echocardiographic, and cardiac catheterization data were reviewed in patients presenting with ALCAPA from 1999 to 2007. Results Twenty-one patients (seven male; median age, 5 months) presented with ALCAPA. Nine underwent imaging with oxygen. Two of these nine (22%) had previous standard echocardiographic studies that missed the diagnosis. Cardiac catheterization was required for diagnosis of ALCAPA in 42% of patients who underwent standard echocardiography compared with 11% of patients who received supplemental oxygen in addition to standard echocardiography. The administration of oxygen caused no significant change in heart rate or cardiorespiratory support. Conclusion Transient oxygen administration is useful in the noninvasive diagnosis of ALCAPA.
LONG-TERM PROGNOSTIC SIGNIFICANCE OF CORONARY ARTERY CALCIUM SCORES IN WOMEN AND MEN WITH A LOW-INTERMEDIATE FRAMINGHAM RISK SCORE

It is well established that the Framingham Risk Score (FRS) underestimates risk in women. Coronary artery calcium (CAC) scoring improves risk reclassification beyond the FRS in women and men. The primary aim of this analysis was to compare 15-year mortality by CAC in a cohort of 2,363 asymptomatic
Research-in-progress: economic elements of collective memory in it occupational culture

With a backdrop of economic turmoil in recent history composed of a severe recession and slow recovery, there is timely motivation to explain the important role that collective memory plays in occupational culture. Based on the lens of cultural sociology and Halbwach's theory of collective memory, the findings uncover the heroes and origin stories that form the collective memory of the IT occupation in order to answer the research question "What are the important elements of collective memory in IT occupational culture?" The findings include elements of economic downturns, layoffs, outsourcing, job-hopping, 9/11, Silicon Valley, and increased regulation, as well as common heroes and origins. A hermeneutic interpretation is offered to further explain the importance of the results for both theory and practice.
Microstructure of Fe implanted with Ti

Microstructural studies of ..cap alpha..-Fe (approximately 0.01 at. % C) implanted with titanium and subsequently annealed are reported. Ion beam analysis and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) are used to identify the precipitated phases and to obtain their microstructure. This investigation provides a basis for interpreting studies of Sb trapping at Ti-rich regions in Fe. Moreover, it has broader relevance to the behavior of strong carbide formers implanted into bcc steels. The results suggest a method to achieve surface hardening, as will be discussed.
Endovascular Treatment Of Aneurysms. History, Development, and Application Of Current Techniques

A less invasive approach than neurosurgery for treating brain aneurysms would be valuable. Treatment by the endovascular route uses vessels as natural channels to reach the aneurysm and has the advantage of avoiding craniotomy, brain retraction, surgical vessel manipulation, perforating injury, and postoperative infections. It would also reduce hospital stay and recovery time. The guiding concept is that aneurysms constitute a vessel disease and that their treatment should ideally involve only blood vessels. The present technology produces soft microcatheters (less than 1 nun in diameter) that allow catheterization of intracranial vessels and arterial aneurysms. The endovascular treatment of aneurysms may be divided in two broad categories: occlusion (sacrifice) of the arterial axis harboring the aneurysm and occlusion of the aneurysm with preservation of the parent artery.
The representational and processing characteristics of scripts

Memory schemata may influence the storage of information in memory either by enabling information relevant to the instantiated schema to be more easily comprehended or by selectively allocating processing resources to information that fits the schema. In the experiment reported here, decision times, recall performance, and recognition performance were either typical or atypical of the scripts in which they were embedded. It was found that atypical actions were processed for longer periods of time than were typical actions and that recall performance for the two types of actions was the same. However, recognition of the typical actions was inferior to recognition performance on atypical actions, probably because subjects had difficulty discriminating between those typical actions that were presented and those that were inferred. It was concluded that memory schemata may affect the storage of information both by providing an ideational scaffolding for new information relevant to the schema and by influencing the degree of processing that relevant vs. nonrelevant information receives.
Electrophoresis of drops and bubbles

We have examined the electrophoresis of drops and bubbles, computing the electrophoretic mobility as a function of the ζ-potential and several other parameters. Our treatment differs from previous work in that we incorporate a more representative picture of the interface. We have found that drops and bubbles are electrophoretically distinct from particles; perhaps the most striking result obtained was that, when the diffuse layers are thin, conducting drops do not always migrate in the direction that would be anticipated from the sign of their surface charge. Thus, the ζ-potential alone is not sufficient to characterize the surface. The analysis shows the sense of the migration is dictated by the net electrochemical stress acting along the interface. For similar reasons, large inviscid spheres tend to remain stationary at modest ζ-potentials and, in contrast to rigid particles, their mobility is actually enhanced by polarization of the double layer. Further, we have uncovered conditions for which the mobility of non-conducting drops is insensitive to the interior viscosity. This ‘solidification effect’ stems in part from interfacial tension gradients associated with specific adsorption of the ionic solutes, as well as from polarization and, moreover, need not involve the presence of surface-active impurities.
Isodicyclopentadienes and related molecules. LII, Comparative analysis of the solid state structural features of bis(η5-(1R, 8R)- and (η5-(1R, 8R), η5-(1S, 8S)-7,7,9,9-tetramethyltricyclo[6.1.1.02,6]deca-3,5-dien-2-yl)-dichlorotitanium

While the major product stemming from the condensation of ((1R,8R)-7,7,9,9-tetramethl[6.1.1.02,6]deca-2,5-dienyl)lithium with TiCl3 · 3THF is the chiral bis(η5-(1R,8R)) titanocene dichloride, the optically impure nature of the lithium reagent allows for the isolation of a small amount of the meso complex. The latter has been examined by X-ray crystallography and its structural features are compared to those of its chiral counterpart. Although the mutual orientation of the ligands is now synclinal rather than eclipsed, the metal environments in both compounds are closely comparable. The distinctive bond lengths and angles suggest that steric factors having their origin in the CMe2 fragment play the key role in dictating the molecular dimensions observed.
Racial Isolation and Chlamydia Rates in US Counties

Using a hypersegregation framework, this paper examines the relationship between racial isolation (i.e., segregation) and chlamydia rates in counties of different racial compositions. A series of “race-of-county”-stratified regression models estimate chlamydia rates with black isolation and white isolation, net of (i.e., controlling for) region, college graduation rates, sex ratios, unemployment rates, median income, population density, and income inequality. The results show that in white counties, both black isolation and white isolation are associated with decreases in chlamydia rates. In integrated and disproportionately black counties, black isolation is associated with higher rates of chlamydia, but white isolation is associated with lower rates of chlamydia. These findings suggest that the relationship of residential segregation to chlamydia rates differs when it is due to white isolation versus black isolation, and the effects of black isolation within disproportionately black counties are not equivalent to black isolation in white counties because the levels of concentrated disadvantage are not similar.
Early Maternal Psychosocial Factors Are Predictors for Adolescent Caries

Few studies have investigated the role of early maternal enabling and psychosocial factors on subsequent adolescent caries experience. In this retrospective cohort study of 224 adolescents, we hypothesized that the causal pathway between early maternal enabling factors (education, cognitive abilities, psychological distress) and adolescent caries experience (DMFT) at age 14 yrs is mediated by maternal psychosocial factors (stress, coping, social support) and adolescent dental behavior/access. Maternal data on socio-demographic, medical, and psychosocial variables were measured when the child was 3, 8, and 14 yrs old. A structural equations model (SEM) evaluated the causal pathway, with latent variables for maternal enabling factors (MEF), stress, coping, and social support. Poor MEF was associated with increased stress and poorer coping when the child was 3 yrs old, which in turn affected adolescent dental visits and behavior. Greater social support at child’s age 3 was directly associated with lower mean...
International market-entry mode decisions: Cultural distance's role in classifying partnerships versus sole ownership

Abstract Although the concept of cultural distance (CD) is a fundamental axiom in international business (IB) and has been around for a long time, since 1980 an increasing number of IB publications has quantitatively incorporated it as an independent measure in a wide range of studies. As a contributor to this body of knowledge, Lopez and Vidal examine the choice between direct investment and joint venture as a function of CD, as well as several additional factors such as linguistic distance and political risk. Placing multiple measures of CD side-by-side is an important contribution of their effort. The 15 models examined demonstrate about 15% improvement over chance in case classification. Further, the absence of significant results in all but two CD measures implicitly supports scholars' reliance on Hofstede's measures. Concurrently, they point at fundamental issues that relate to their contribution. This commentary highlights areas related to market entry and CD to which greater attention would be helpful in future research.
Loss of TFF1 is associated with activation of NF-κB–mediated inflammation and gastric neoplasia in mice and humans

Trefoil factor 1 (TFF1) is a tumor suppressor gene that encodes a peptide belonging to the trefoil factor family of protease-resistant peptides. Although TFF1 expression is frequently lost in gastric carcinomas, the tumorigenic pathways this affects have not been determined. Here we show that Tff1-knockout mice exhibit age-dependent carcinogenic histological changes in the pyloric antrum of the gastric mucosa, progressing from gastritis to hyperplasia, low-grade dysplasia, high-grade dysplasia, and ultimately malignant adenocarcinoma. The histology and molecular signatures of gastric lesions in the Tff1-knockout mice were consistent with an inflammatory phenotype. In vivo, ex-vivo, and in vitro studies showed that TFF1 expression suppressed TNF-α-mediated NF-κB activation through the TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1)/IκB kinase (IKK) pathway. Consistent with these mouse data, human gastric tissue samples displayed a progressive decrease in TFF1 expression and an increase in NF-κB activation along the multi-step carcinogenesis cascade. Collectively, these results provide evidence that loss of TFF1 leads to activation of IKK complex-regulated NF-κB transcription factors and is an important event in shaping the NF-κB-mediated inflammatory response during the progression to gastric tumorigenesis.
Bet You Would Not Call a Holistic Plumber

In this article, the author examines the misuse of the idea of holistic education. Western culture-and not just science and technology, but finance, politics, arts, crafts, and professions too-is not built on holistic insight or understanding, but on analytic thinking. Therefore, logically, successful teaching in all of the above must be created on the basis of analysis.
Nanotechnology for Pollution Reduction

Abstract Nanotechnology is regarded as the next great scientific/industrial revolution due to the possibility of designing nanostructured materials that possess novel electronic, optical, magnetic, and catalytic properties. Nanomaterials could potentially be applied in pollution control, catalysis, water remediation, clean energy. Nanocatalysis is a phenomenon of significant research and important practical applications in a variety of fields such as materials, environmental and atmospheric sciences. Low-temperature catalytic oxidation of carbon monoxide (CO) is one of the most important problems in pollution since even small exposures to CO (ppm) can be lethal. Nanophase metal and metal oxide catalysts, with controlled particle size, high surface area, and more densely populated unsaturated surface coordination sites, could potentially provide significantly improved catalytic performance over conventional catalysts. It is therefore, expected that nanoparticle catalysts would show high catalytic activity for the low temperature oxidation of CO than bulk materials. Noble metals are well known oxidation catalysts with high activity and stability, even in the presence of moisture and sulfur compounds, and they are usually used in gas exhaust emissions control. The high cost of precious metals and their sensitivity to sulfur poisoning motivated re-searchers to search for new catalysts. Alloying is a phenomenon that can either improve the catalytic properties of the original single-metal catalysts for CO oxidation. Recently, we reported the effect of support on the catatalytic activity of Au catalyst. We have prepared metallic and bimetallic nanocatalysts on different supports using differ-ent synthesis methods. The catalytic activity of each catalyst was carried out by using a flow tube reactor coupled to an infrared detector. Our results indicate that unsupported AuCu alloy shows higher activity than Au or Cu alone. These results attributed to the formation of CuO within the bimetallic nanoparticles, which improves the catalytic activity of Au-Cu alloy nanoparticle. On the other hand, Au nanoparticles supported on CeO2 exhibit higher catalytic activity than Cu, CuO, and AuCu alloy supported on CeO2. These results attributed to the strong interaction of Au with CeO2.
Infections Due to Herpesviruses in Cardiac Transplant Recipients: Role of the Donor Heart and Immunosuppressive Therapy

The role of the donor heart and immunosuppressive therapy on infection due to herpesviruses in 74 cardiac transplant recipients (CTRs) was determined. When cellular blood products from donors seronegative for antibody to cytomegalovirus (anti-CMV) were used, all primary CMV infections were attributable to transmission from donor heart. None of eight CTRs negative for anti-CMV before transplant and who received an antiCMV donor heart and anti-CMV blood products developed CMV infection compared to one (20%) of five who received unscreened blood. A change from high-dosage antithymocyte globulin, azothioprine, and prednisone (ATG regimen) to low-dosage antithymocyte globulin, cyclosporin A, and prednisone (CsA regimen) significantly decreased the severity and prevalence of lesions due to herpes simplex virus and the duration of CMV shedding in patients with recurrent CMV infection. CTRs with recurrent CMV infection treated with the ATG regimen had significantly more fever, required more parenteral antibiotics, and were more likely to be infected with opportunistic pathogens than were CsA-treated patients. Herpesviruses, particularly herpes simplex virus (HSV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) are a common cause of morbidity and mortality in the cardiac transplant recipient (CTR). Although the reactivation of latent HSV infection seldom leads to dis
Nitrogen‐15 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Pyridine N‐oxides and quinoline N‐oxides

The noise-decoupled nitrogen-15 NMR spectra of ten pyridine N-oxides and two quinoline N-oxides have been obtained at the natural-abundance level by high-resolution NMR spectroscopy. Substituents at the 4-ring position of pyridine N-oxide, capable of resonance interaction with the N-O moiety, give fairly large shifts in the expected directions. Spectra taken in dimethyl sulfoxide solution give 5–20 ppm and 33–55 ppm downfield shifts with respect to the solutions of the same substances in 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol and trifluoroacetic acid. Solvent influences are discussed in terms of hydrogen bonding and protonation of the N-oxide oxygen. Carbon-13 chemical shifts and one-bond carbon-hydrogen coupling constants of some substituted pyridine N-oxides are reported and discussed.
Organometallic electrodes: modification of electrode surfaces through cathodic reduction of cyclopentadienyldiazonium complexes of cobalt and manganese.

Two organometallic complexes having cyclopentadienyldiazonium ligands have been isolated and characterized by spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography, and electrochemistry. Both CoCp(η5-C5H4N2)2+ (22+) and Mn(CO)3(η5-C5H4N2)+ (3+) undergo facile cyclopentadienyldiazonium ligand-based one-electron reductions which liberate dinitrogen and result in strong binding of the cyclopentadienyl ligand to a glassy carbon surface, similar to the processes well established for organic aryldiazonium salts. The organometallic-modified electrodes are robust and have a thickness of approximately one monolayer (Γ = (2−4) × 10−10 mol cm−2). Their voltammetric responses are as expected for a cobaltocenium-modified electrode, [CoCp(η5-C5H4-E)]+, where Cp = cyclopentadienyl and E = electrode, and a “cymantrene”-modified electrode Mn(CO)3(η5-C5H4-E). The cobaltocenium electrode has two cathodic surface waves. The first (E1/2 = −1.34 V vs ferrocene) is highly reversible, whereas the second (Epc = −2.4 V) is not, consistent with the ...
Identification of a juvenile hormone from Musca domestica

Abstract Methanol extraction of 60 kg of adult houseflies, Musca domestica , engaged in active oogenesis, and subsequent fractionation of the crude extract yielded a small fraction possessing high juvenile hormone (JH) activity. The total amount of JH present in our most purified extracts was too small to be detected by means of proton NMR or mass spectrometry. However, based on gas chromatographic data and biological activity, we were able to conclude that the active fraction contains JH-1. It was estimated that JH-1 was present to the extent of 0.01 ng/gm of animal. Apparently the Diptera use the same kind of JH molecules as other insects that have been examined but the hormones are present in extremely low concentration.
Energy Sources for Contraction of the Rat Ventricle in Phosphate Media

Various substrates were tested for their ability to restore the amplitude of contraction of hypodynamic electrically-stimulated rat ventricle strips suspended in a phosphate-buffered medium. Greatest recovery of the contractile activity was obtained with pyruvate; lactate, β-hydroxybutyrate and acetate were more effective than succinate and glucose. The finding that glucose, in contrast to pyruvate, was relatively ineffective as an energy source for contraction, when a phosphate-buffered medium was employed, suggests that the defect was due to a rate-limiting step in the conversion of glucose to pyruvate, rather than to an impairment in the functioning of the Krebs cycle.
Planning and developing the Chandra Source Catalog

The Chandra Source Catalog, presently being developed by the Chandra X-ray Center, will be the definitive catalog of all X-ray sources detected by the Chandra X-ray Observatory. The catalog interface will provide users with a simple mechanism to perform advanced queries on the data content of the archival holdings on a source-by-source basis for X-ray sources matching user-specified search criteria, and is intended to satisfy the needs of a broad-based group of scientists, including those who may be less familiar with astronomical data analysis in the X-ray regime. For each detected X-ray source, the catalog will record commonly tabulated quantities that can be queried, including source position, dimensions, multi-band fluxes, hardness ratios, and variability statistics, derived from all of the observations that include the source within the field of view. However, in addition to these traditional catalog elements, for each X-ray source the catalog will include an extensive set of file-based data products that can be manipulated interactively by the catalog user, including source images, event lists, light curves, and spectra from each observation in which a source is detected. In this paper, we emphasize the design and development of the Chandra Source Catalog. We describe the evaluation process used to plan the data content of the catalog, and the selection of the tabular properties and file-based data products to be provided to the user. We discuss our approach for managing catalog updates derived from either additional data from new observations or from improvements to calibrations and/or analysis algorithms.
Energy in Nature and Society: General Energetics of Complex Systems

The topic of energy is in the news a lot these days. Not only are we concerned about having enough energy for today's civilization and tomorrow's needs, but also energy is at the core of our understanding of the inner workings of the Sun, Earth, and life itself. Indeed, energy may well be the most common currency in all of natural science, helping us to appreciate where we came from and guiding us toward a sustainable society in the future. Energy plays a vital role in the origin and evolution of all complex systems in the universe, including galaxies, stars, planets, and life forms. Treating each of these systems as open thermodynamic structures that acquire, store, and express energy, it can be shown that over billions of years since the Big Bang, the energy rate densities (watts per kilogram) of these systems have risen with the cosmic march of time. General, coherent worldviews, based largely on the concept of energy, are now being developed by many researchers around the world. I certainly share many of my colleagues' enthusiasm for the fundamental function of energy in our world and for the need to study it more.
Solid-phase synthesis of α-hydroxy phosphonates and hydroxystatine amides. Transition-state isosteres derived from resin-bound amino acid aldehydes

Abstract Resin-bound N -acylated amino acid aldehydes iv were converted in a single step to α-hydroxy phosphonates vii (Pudovik reaction) and in six-steps to hydroxystatine amides viii , demonstrating the utility of intermediates iv for constructing multiple aspartic acid transition-state isosteres.
Long term wind erosion on Mars

Abstract Wind erosion and deposition are powerful agents of surface change on Mars. Erosion is sensitive to the atmospheric density, so feedback between orbit variations and atmospheric density can enhance the sensitivity of erosion rates to orbital parameters. We use statistics derived from a 1 Gyr integration of the spin axis of Mars, coupled with runs of the NASA Ames 3-D general circulation model (GCM) at a variety of orbital conditions and pressures, to explore this feedback. We find that wind erosion in the GCM is associated with two factors: baroclinic zone winds, and strong cross-equator solstice flows. Both of these factors are influenced by topography, producing an asymmetry in the erosion pattern between the north and the south. The erosion model, averaged over 1 Gyr, produces potential erosion rates of 1.7 × 10 −5 m yr −1 in the north and 1.0 × 10 −5 m yr −1 in the south, which increase by an order of magnitude in an early 28 mbar atmosphere. The stability of these potential erosion patterns over geological time indicates that the lowland regions of Mars are continuously eroded, and that wind is capable of revealing ancient sedimentary deposits, or eroding substantial deposits that may have otherwise been preserved.
Sepsis, severe sepsis, and septic shock: A review of the literature

Sepsis represents a continuum of illness due to systemic inflammation caused by an infection that requires prompt recognition and treatment. While sepsis is a significant cause of death worldwide, its mortality is believed to be disproportionately high in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Since 1992, its definition has become standardized, and beginning in 2002, an international collaboration has produced a set of consensus guidelines on the optimal management of septic patients. Based on new evidence, significant updates have been made since then. It is known that application of a bundled approach to patient care with the use of specific resuscitation endpoints to guide therapy leads to significant reductions in mortality from sepsis. However, it is also recognized that the implementation of such interventions in LMICs is extremely challenging. Consequently, a body of literature on practical guidelines for sepsis in developing countries has emerged. This article provides a review of the evidence for the best practice of sepsis management, with recommendations for resource-limited settings.
Multisolute mass transport with chemical interaction kinetics

Abstract An algorithm, based on the finite-element method, for solving the multicomponent convection—dispersion equation with solid-phase chemical interaction is presented. The main feature of the method is the modularization of the chemical calculations. This unique feature makes the algorithm ideal for situations where several different chemical systems are to be explored. Example numerical results are compared with both analytical and experimental results.
A robust blind watermarking scheme based on distributed source coding principles

We propose a powerful new solution to the multimedia watermarking problem by exploiting its duality with another problem for which we have recently made pioneering constructive contributions. This latter problem is that of distributed source coding, or compression of correlated sources that are distributed. We show how these two seemingly unrelated problems are actually duals of each other. We exploit this duality by transforming our recently introduced powerful constructive framework for the distributed compression problem in [13] to a corresponding dual framework for the watermarking problem. Simulations expose the significant performance gains attained by our proposed watermarking approach and reveal its exciting potential for next-generation watermarking techniques. This can be accredited to the exploitation of the dual roles played by source codes and channel codes in the two problems.
JOSEPH A. CUSHMAN AWARD

DR. RICHARD K. OLSSON Dr. Richard K. Olsson has received the Joseph A. Cushman Award for outstanding contributions to the field of foraminiferology. Dr. Kenneth G. Miller presented the award at a ceremony on November 9, 2004, during the Cushman Foundation reception at the annual meeting of the Geological Society of America in Denver, Colorado. His summary of Dr. Olsson’s career accomplishments is given below. Richard “Dick” Olsson stands as one of the most important of modern planktonic foraminiferal specialists. Along with William Berggren, Isabella Premoli Silva, and Hanspeter Luterbacher, Dick provided us an unprecedented view of planktonic foraminiferal biostratigraphy for the latest Cretaceous to Paleocene. Through the 1960’s and 1970’s, he contributed dozens of papers on planktonic foraminiferal biostratigraphy, paleobiogeography, evolution, and paleoceanography. While on sabbatical at Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule Zurich in …
Online posting anxiety: impacts on blogging

This study investigates what influences the blog-maintenance intentions of American and Chinese bloggers. Specifically, the current study investigates the role of online posting anxiety and its determinants. Based on social cognitive theory (SCT), this study suggests that bloggers experience anxiety because of their low blogging self-efficacy, negative outcome expectations, and the specific characteristics of blogs. To investigate this hypothesis, in-depth interviews were conducted to examine the nature of online posting anxiety among American and Chinese bloggers. Ten American and 16 Chinese bloggers were interviewed online about their beliefs pertaining to blogging self-efficacy, negative outcome expectations, and online posting anxiety. The current research therefore makes a unique and original contribution, in that this research applies social cognitive concepts to explain online posting anxiety in a computer-mediated communication (CMC) domain.
A method of comparing the time requirements of sorting methods

Formulas have been developed for estimating the sorting time required by most of the known internal sorting methods in terms of parameters describing the file to be sorted and the computer time required for basic sorting operations. Procedures are described for using these estimates to compare the efficiency of various methods, and results of several comparisons are given. A procedure to determine optimum combinations of sorting methods is shown. An expression for tape time required by a balanced merge sort is obtained, and difficulties in obtaining such expressions for cascade, polyphase and oscillating sorts are discussed.
AMOUNT OF NEWSPAPER COVERAGE OF HIGH SCHOOL ATHLETICS FOR BOYS AND GIRLS ON SPORTS PAGE AND NEWSPAPER CIRCULATION

This study analyzed the amount of coverage for high school athletics in 43 newspapers with small circulation by devoting 40% of their interscholastic athletics coverage to girls in athletics, printed significantly more articles about girls' athletics than did the newspapers with medium (33%) or large (32%) circulation. Therefore, the smaller the newspaper circulation, the more equitable the coverage of athletics for girls and boys. This finding was consistent with some prior work but not all.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) concentrations and related carcinogenic potencies in soil at a semi-arid region of India.

Abstract A study of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface soil was conducted at selected locations in Agra (semi-arid region of India) for a span of one year in order to ascertain the contamination levels. The concentrations of PAH were measured at four locations in the city of Agra, which covers industrial, residential, roadside and agricultural areas. The samples were extracted with hexane by ultrasonic agitation. The extracts were then fractioned on a silica-gel column and the aromatic fraction was subjected to HPLC. The average concentration of total PAH in all samples was 12.1 μg g−1 and the range was from 3.1 μg g−1 to 28.5 μg g−1. The maximum concentrations of PAHs were found to be in winter season. The concentration of PAH decreased in the order chrysene > benzo(b)fluoranthene > fluoranthene. Factor analysis suggests that the mixed signature of all the sources are intermediate between vehicular and combustion activities.
The Literary Origins of the Cinematic Narrator

This paper reveals an ulterior motive for insisting on the necessary presence of narrators in film: the desire to fit film into a literary paradigm. Despite important theoretical links between film and literature, the assumption that films must be like novels in always having narrators is unsound. By moving beyond literature in the comparison of narrative media, and focusing specifically on cases of ‘breaking the fourth wall’ in film and theatre, we find that the presence and function of a cinematic narrator depends as much on the features of a specific work as it does on the nature of narrative.
Ion composition in the plasma trough and plasma plume derived from a Combined Release and Radiation Effects Satellite magnetoseismic study

[1] The mass and energy carried in the magnetosphere by heavy ions, O+ in particular, are known to increase as geomagnetic activity increases. However, the ion composition in the magnetosphere has not been fully specified since measurements of the flux of different ion species from the ionospheric thermal energy (below 1 eV) to the ring current energy (above 100 keV) are difficult with single-particle instruments. We used mass density determined by a magnetoseismology technique and the electron density derived from measured plasma wave spectra to investigate the ion composition and total mass density for Combined Release and Radiation Effects Satellite (CRRES) orbit 962 (27−28 August 1991). This orbit occurred during a geomagnetic storm and included afternoon passes through the plasmasphere, the plasma trough, and a plasma plume, where these plasma regions were identified using the electron density ne. In the magnetoseismology analysis, we determined the fundamental frequency of the toroidal standing Alfven waves fT1 from the electric and magnetic field data and then inferred the corresponding total mass density ρtotal at the satellite by solving an MHD wave equation with a realistic magnetic field model and a realistic assumption for the mass distribution along the field line. The value of fT1 changed little when the spacecraft moved between the plasma trough and the plasma plume, implying the dominance of heavy ions in the plasma trough. From the values of ne and ρtotal, we derived quantities associated with O+ by assuming that the plasma consisted of three ions, H+, He+, and O+. In the plasma trough, O+ ions are found to carry a number density of ∼10 cm−3, ∼50% of the number density, and ∼90% of the mass density. On the other hand, O+ is found to be much less dominant in the plasma plume. Our results are consistent with DE-1 studies of the formation of an oxygen torus at the outer edge of the H+ plasmapause during geomagnetic active periods and with GEOS-1 and GEOS-2 studies that reported strong dependence of O+ density on geomagnetic activity and on solar extreme ultraviolet flux. In addition, our events indicate that the plasma plume boundary, defined in terms of the number density of electrons or light ions (H+ and He+), may not exhibit similar structure in the total mass density that can be readily detected using magnetoseismology techniques.
Archaeological Paradigms, Provincialism, and Semantics: A Reply to Beck's Comments

Abstract Beck's comments are semantic arguments based on a provincial view of material culture and a misunderstanding of archaeological paradigms.
Endloss from a linear θ- pinch

An analytic model is presented for calculating the endloss from a linear θ-pinch. The model includes all the important physics features of previously derived theories (i.e. a throat condition and an area wave) as well as extends the results to include diffuse profiles. The results are compared with experiment. Despite the relative level of sophistication in the model, the conclusion is that the theory gives qualitative, but not quantitative agreement with experiment. The present theory does give better agreement than the previous theories, but nonetheless there are still significant differences with regard to experiment.
Spatial spectral estimation using multiple beam antennas

The processing simplifications which result in using a multiple beam antenna (MBA) as a spatial sensor for performing spectral estimation are considered. Sources are presumed to be located over a two-dimensional field of view characterized by the two angular coordinates \theta and \phi . The MBA configuration consists of an aperture (usually either a reflector or lens) illuminated by a collection of feeds located in its focal plane (see Fig. 1), followed by a switch network for selecting the outputs of any desired feed port. Using the MBA as the spatial sensor for performing spectral estimation, as contrasted to the array antenna configuration, has a distinct advantage: for a given collection of source wavefronts incident on the aperture, a crude estimate of each source position is obtained simply by monitoring the power output of each feed port. This is to be contrasted to the array configuration, where the average output power of each element port is the same, so long as the wavefronts incident on the aperture emanate from uncorrelated sources. As shall be developed further, this initial crude estimate of source location can be used to develop refined estimates using processing algorithms which significantly reduce processing requirements when compared to those required using a comparable array when the number of anticipated sources existing over the field of view (FOV) is large. Finally, since the spectral estimate of the source location is essentially an "open-loop" estimate, involving a priori measured quantities such as the antenna port radiation patterns, we consider the effects of measurement errors on the estimate. The results are normalized so as to be generally applicable to both the array antenna configuration as well as for the MBA.
Dualities in the analysis of phage DNA packaging motors

The DNA packaging motors of double-stranded DNA phages are models for analysis of all multi-molecular motors and for analysis of several fundamental aspects of biology, including early evolution, relationship of in vivo to in vitro biochemistry and targets for anti-virals. Work on phage DNA packaging motors both has produced and is producing dualities in the interpretation of data obtained by use of both traditional techniques and the more recently developed procedures of single-molecule analysis. The dualities include (1) reductive vs. accretive evolution, (2) rotation vs. stasis of sub-assemblies of the motor, (3) thermal ratcheting vs. power stroking in generating force, (4) complete motor vs. spark plug role for the packaging ATPase, (5) use of previously isolated vs. new intermediates for analysis of the intermediate states of the motor and (6) a motor with one cycle vs. a motor with two cycles. We provide background for these dualities, some of which are under-emphasized in the literature. We suggest directions for future research.
Diagnosis and treatment of infertility in male great apes

Increased concern for maintenance of endangered species in captivity has prompted increased interest in monitoring the fertility of captive animals. This paper outlines methods for discrimination between lack of reproduction and infertility, and provides guidelines for identification of physiological causes of infertility. The role of environment in infertility is discussed, and suggestions are made for correction of environmental deficiencies. A brief review of the potential for infectious infertility is followed by an outline of appropriate treatments. It appears that a primary cause of physiological infertility in the gorilla is spermatogenic arrest, and it also appears possible that this defect may be corrected by alterations in environment and management. In summary, the outlook for continued breeding of great apes in captivity is bright, and efforts in the past few years to identify and alleviate potential causes for infertility and nonreproduction are beginning to yield good results.
Hemodynamic and myocardial consequences of scorpion venom.

Abstract The hemodynamic effects of scorpion venom (Leiurus quinquestriatus) and the mechanism of heart failure were investigated in two groups of anesthetized spontaneously breathing dogs. The effects of different adrenergic and cholinergic blocking agents on the venom-induced hemodynamic changes were also evaluated. In one group the venom was given before autonomic nervous system blocking agents and in a second group propranolol, atropine, phentolamine and hexamethonium alone or in different combinations were given before the venom. Complete autonomic nervous system blockade was induced in two animals to evaluate a possible direct myocardial effect of venom. The venom, a powerful arrhythmogenic agent stimulating the autonomic sympathetic nervous system and adrenals, induced dramatic hemodynamic increases in left ventricular systolic and diastolic pressures, pulmonary and systemic arterial pressures and left ventricular contractility. The hemodynamic data show clearly for the first time that pulmonary edema in severe scorpion envenomation is cardiac in origin, thus emphasizing the importance of the abnormal left ventricular hemodynamics. Heart failure is most probably the result of the interaction of several mechanisms that include a catecholamine-induced decrease in left ventricular compliance and increased impedance to left ventricular emptying and cardiac arrhythmias, all of which may impede left ventricular filling. The combination of propranolol and phentolamine was the most effective blocking agent in reversing the venom-induced hemodynamic changes. However, atropine was effective only when the venom-induced cholinergic effects dominated the clinical picture.
The MUSES-CN nanorover mission and related technology

Recent advances in microtechnology and mobile robotics have made it feasible to create extremely small automated or remote-controlled vehicles which open new application frontiers. One of these possible applications is the use of nanorovers (robotic vehicles with a mass of order 1 kg or less) in planetary exploration. NASA and Japan's ISAS are cooperating on the first mission to collect samples from the surface of an asteroid and return them to Earth for in-depth study. The ISAS MUSES-C mission will be launched on a Japanese launch vehicle in July 2002 from Japan toward a redezvous with the asteroid 1989ML in September 2003. A NASA-provided nanorover will conduct in-situ measurements on the surface. Asteroid samples will be returned to Earth by MUSES-C via a parachute-borne recovery capsule in June 2006. This paper describes the rover being created for this mission and related technology developments.
Mechanism of hydrocarbon biosynthesis from aldehyde in selected insect species: Requirement for O2 and NADPH and carbonyl group released as CO2

Abstract The mechanism of hydrocarbon biosynthesis was examined in the fleshfly Sarcophaga crassipalpis , the blowfly Phormia regina , the German cockroach Blattella germanica , the house cricket Acheta domesticus , the Mormon cricket Anabrus simplex , the dampwood termite Zootermopsis nevadensis and compared to the house fly, Musca domestica . Microsomal preparations from each species readily converted [9,10- 3 H 2 ]octadecanal (18:0 Ald) to heptadecane. NADPH and O 2 were required for enzymic activity in all cases, and very little hydrocarbon was formed under anaerobic conditions. Radio-GLC analyses of the head space gas formed from the metabolism of [1- 14 C]18:0 Ald by microsomes from M. domestica, S. crassipalpis, P. regina and B. germanica clearly showed that 14 CO 2 and not 14 CO was formed. Quantitation of the products from the metabolism of [1- 14 C] and [9,10- 3 H 2 ]18:0 Ald in microsomes from M. domestica, P. regina, S. crassipalpis, B. germanica and Z. nevadensis showed that an approximate 1 1 ratio of 14 CO 2 /[ 3 H] heptadecane was formed. The data support a mechanism in which the aldehyde is converted to hydrocarbon and CO 2 in insects.
Latent structure of the Sex-Role Egalitarianism Scale: Confirmatory factor analyses

The dimensionality of alternate forms of the Sex-Role Egalitarianism Scale (SRES) was assessed using confirmatory factor analysis. The subjects, predominantly Caucasian students from seven colleges in the United States and Canada, completed Form B (n = 1,351) and Form K (n = 633) of the instrument. A series of hierarchically nested measurement models was specified and evaluated. A hypothesized two-factor, second-order solution was deemed most appropriate for both forms: a higher order “Intimate Relationship Egalitarianism” factor that subsumes three first-order domain factors (marital, parental, and social-interpersonal-heterosexual roles) and a higher-order “Formal Relationship Egalitarianism” factor that subsumes two first-order domain factors (educational and employment roles).
Adaptive β-cell proliferation increases early in high-fat feeding in mice, concurrent with metabolic changes, with induction of islet cyclin D2 expression

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is caused by relative insulin deficiency, due in part to reduced β-cell mass (11, 62). Therapies aimed at expanding β-cell mass may be useful to treat T2D (14). Although feedi...
Analysis of field data on computer failures

This paper emphasizes the importance of making field measurements for effective and realistic dependability evaluations. Two examples are given, both based on real data from IBM mainframes. The first evaluates the impact of the operating environment on system failure characteristics and the second shows how an accurate model depicting this interaction can be extracted from real data.