cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relative normal complements and extendibility of characters

Introduction. All groups in this paper are assumed to be finite. Let G be a group with subgroups H 0 and H where H o A H, then a subgroup Go of G is called a relative normal complement in G of H over H o if Go & G, G = Go H and H o = G o c~ H. Given a group G with subgroups H o and H where H o/~ H, many theorems have been proved which guarantee the existence of a relative normal complement G O of H over H o. In the work of Brauer [1], Suzuki [10], Dade [2], Leonard [8], Leonard and McKelvey [7], Sah [9] and others, the proof of the existence of a relative normal complement depends on showing that certain generalized characters of H can be extended to generalized characters of G. In this paper, we present theorems which explicitly relate the extendibilitiy of certain irreducible characters of H to G and the existence of relative normal complements. Indeed, if Go is a relative normal complement of H over H o, then G/G o H/Ho. Thus, every character of H having H o in its kernel can be extended to G. Several of the theorems in this paper may be viewed as partial converses to this observation. Before, these theorems can be stated, some notation and terminology is necessary. Let n be a set of primes and denote the complementary set of primes by ~'. For a finite group G and prime p, let 1@1 denote the order of a Sylow p subgroup of G. Then [G 1~ is defined by [ GI~ = I~ I @1. We say that G is a n-group if [ G [ = I G[.. A subgroup K of G is a Hall pET~ re-subgroup of G if IKI = IKI~ --IGI=. An element x in G is a n-element if (x) is a n-group. Every element x in G has a unique decomposition x = x,~x~, = x,~, x~ into a n-element x. and a n'-element x~,. Further, x~ and x., are powers of x. If x and y are elements of a subgroup K of G, then x and y belong to the same n-section of K if their n-parts x~ and y. are conjugate in K. If S is a subset of G, then S a'~ denotes the union of all n-sections of G which intersect S. For any non-empty set A we let ]A[ denote the number of elements in A. IfH and H o are subgroups of G with Ho A H and rc is the set of primes dividing (H : Ho), then the existence and uniqueness of a relative normal complement have been related by Leonard [8] and others [4] to the equality I(H - Ho) G' "1 = (G : H) IH - Hol. This equality plays a similar role in several theorems below. If K is a group, let Irr K denote the set of irreducible characters of K. If K o is a normal subgroup of K, let Irr (K/Ko) denote the set of irreducible characters of K whose kernels contain Ko. If)l and B are disjoint sets, then A ~ B denotes the disjoint union of A and B. We may now state the theorems to be proved.
A comparative study of PF3, PH3 AND P(CH3)3 on clean, k-covered, and Cl-covered Ag(111)

Abstract The adsorption and desorption of PF3, PH3 and P(CH3)3 on clean, K-covered, and Cl-covered Ag(111) has been studied using temperature programmed desorption (TPD), work function change measurement (Δφ), ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). All three compounds adsorb molecularly at 105 K, adsorb through their P atoms, and desorb reversibly with no detectable decomposition. The adsorptions are accompanied by a maximum surface work function change of −0.15 eV (PF3), −1.4 eV (PH3) and −2.45 eV (P(CH3)3). The desorption energies increase in the order PF3 E d = 7.5 kcal mol . For PH3 and P(CH3)3, there appear to be strong repulsive adsorbate-adsorbate interactions. The bonding modes of PH3 and P(CH3)3 only involve σ-donation. For PF3, σ-donation and π-back-donation are involved. TPD and Δφ measurements indicate that the σ-donation capability follows the order P(CH3)3 > PH3 > PF3. This order is directly related to the electronegativity of the group attached to the phosphorus. Δφ, UPS and XPS measurements indicate that there is some structural rearrangement taking place in the multilayer P(CH3)3 when the surface temperature is increased. Surface Cl stabilizes adsorbed PF3, PH3 and P(CH3)3. Surface K also stabilizes PF3, but destabilizes PH3 and P(CH3)3. We compare our results with the corresponding coordination chemistry.
Computer-generated interval extensions of factorable functions and their derivatives

A simple method for obtaining computer-generated interval extensions of a real rational factorable function and its first and second partial derivatives is described, Extensions for irrational factorable functions and several applications of the techniques are discussed
A NOVEL SCREENING TOOL TO GUIDE USE OF TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAM IN BACTEREMIA

Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is a valuable tool to diagnose infective endocarditis in the setting of bacteremia. However, little information exists to guide the use of TEE in bacteremic patients. We identify low risk patients where TEE does not provide additional diagnostic information.
Open reduction of congenital hip dislocation: Advantages of the Ferguson medial approach

Between 1974 and 1982, 56 hips of 51 children with congenital hip dislocation were treated by open reduction via the medial approach according to Ferguson. The mean age at operation was 7 (3–15) months. After 4 months of plaster cast immobilization, 41 hips had a normal acetabular index. Three hips required supplementary surgery: Salter's pelvic osteotomy in one case and a varus osteotomy in two cases. Of the remaining 53 hips, 26 received supplementary abduction treatment. During the first 2 years after reduction, 19 hips showed slight lateral displacement due to capsular laxity.The follow-up averaged 3 (0.5–8) years. All children older than 3 years now had stable, concentrically reduced hips without special treatment of the lateralization; in 9 of the 56 hips the acetabular roof was still dysplastic at follow-up. There was no difference in anteversion and neck-shaft angle between the treated and the contralateral hips. As vascular lesions were observed in only two hips and lateralization disappeared spo...
Reduction of Alcohol Consumption During Pregnancy with Benefits to the Newborn

Among a group of 69 pregnant women who drank heavily, 25 reduced alcohol consumption before the third trimester. Infants born to these women showed less growth retardation than did infants born to 44 women who continued to drink heavily throughout the pregnancy. Analysis of other risk factors showed little effect on outcome when third trimester drinking patterns were held constant. Identification and counseling of heavy-drinking pregnant women should provide benefits for both the mother and her newborn.
Using multiattribute utility theory to avoid bad outcomes by focusing on the best systems in ranking and selection

AbstractWhen making decisions under uncertainty, it seems natural to use constraints on performance to avoid the selection of a particularly bad system. However that intuition has been shown to imp...
Neuro‐occupation and the management of chronic pain through mindfulness meditation

Neuro-occupation is an evolving concept in occupational therapy that focuses on the interdependent, dynamic and reciprocal relationship between the nervous system and occupational performance. Understanding neuro-occupation is integral to designing a meaningful and effective treatment regime with a client. In this paper, an example of the practical use of neuro-occupation is presented using the intervention of mindfulness meditation in the management of the sensory and affective dimensions of chronic pain. In order to use the neuro-occupation framework, basic knowledge of pain neurophysiology and an understanding of how chronic pain may lead to occupational dysfunction are required. It is also necessary to comprehend mindfulness meditation, the physiological changes that occur during the practice of mindfulness meditation and the relationship between these physiological changes and the reduction of pain perception. A discussion of the aforementioned is therefore supplied. A hypothetical case study of a young man suffering from chronic pain that results in occupational dysfunction is presented to help clarify how the concept of neuro-occupation is used to guide treatment that may assist in the reconstruction of one's life goals and the performance of meaningful occupations. Copyright © 1998 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Hydrostatic mechanisms may contribute to the pathogenesis of human re-expansion pulmonary edema.

Objective The primary objective was to test the hypothesis that clinical re-expansion pulmonary edema is predominantly due to increased permeability of the alveolar-capillary barrier. A secondary objective was to determine if the alveolar epithelium was functionally intact in patients with re-expansion pulmonary edema by measuring net alveolar epithelial fluid transport in a subset of patients.
Infrapopliteal arterial occlusive disease in diabetics with critical foot ischaemia: The role of distal-origin bypass grafts

Background: The underlying cause for severe ischaemic foot lesions in diabetics is not infrequently a specific occlusion pattern exclusively involving infrapopliteal arteries. To attain limb salvage in this setting, since the early eighties short vein grafts originating from infragenicular arteries (distal-origin bypasses) were used to bypass the occluded crural vessels. This presentation describes our 15-year experience with this strategy and, in addition, assesses the outcome in patients suffering from end stage renal disease (ESRD). Patients and methods: Since May 1986, 135 diabetic patients underwent 143 so-called "distal-origin bypasses" in the presence of extended infrapopliteal arterial occlusions and critical foot ischaemia (rest pain 3, tissue loss 140). The mean age in this group was 70,1 years. 43 patients had impaired renal function including 16 cases with ESRD. Results: The 30 day mortality in our series was 2.1%. During the follow-up a total of 82 patients died, mainly from cardiovascular ca...
Plasmonic enhancement of a whispering-gallery-mode biosensor for single nanoparticle detection in aqueous solution

We describe and demonstrate a physical mechanism that substantially enhances the label-free sensitivity of a Whispering-Gallery-Mode biosensor for the detection of individual nanoparticles in aqueous solution. It involves the interaction of dielectric nanoparticle in an equatorial carousel orbit with a plasmonic nanoparticle bound on the orbital path. As a 60 nm dielectric particle parks on plasmonic hot spots we observe frequency shifts that are considerably enhanced consistent with a simple reactive model. Using the same model the label free detection of a single bovine serum albumin (BSA) molecule is projected.
What cognitive representations underlie social attitudes

An attitude is the evaluation or affect associated with a social object. A theory of attitudes should specify (1) how attitude objects are represented, and (2) what kind of representation constitutes an attitude. To the first question, social psychologists long ago anticipated answers that are now attractive to cognitive psychologists. On the second, social psychologists are in need of help that can come from recent cognitive psychological work on unconscious processes.
Rapid kinetic analyses of the Na+/K+-ATPase distinguish among different criteria for conformational change

Abstract The Na+/K+-ATPase couples the hydrolysis of ATP to the transport of Na+ and K+ via a phosphorylated intermediate and conformational changes. In order to identify these conformational changes, we have probed the sequence of steps from EP{3Nain+} to EP + 3Na+out with three fluorescent probes (IAF: 5-iodoacetamidofluorescein; BIPM: N-[p-(2-benzimidazolyl)phenyl]maleimide; and RH421) and the sensitivity of their fluorescence changes to oligomycin and divalent cations (Ca2+ and Mn2+). The magnitude (%ΔF) and rate constant (kobs) of ATP-induced fluorescence changes were measured on a fluorescence stopped-flow apparatus, and yielded the following results. (a) With RH421, kobs and %ΔF varied with [Na+] (maximal kobs  100 s−1, K 1 2  6 mM ; %ΔF max  6% , K 1 2  1 mM ) ; these values are comparable to those previously reported using IAF-labeled enzyme, (Pratap, P.R., Robinson, J.D. and Steinberg, M.I. (1991) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1069, 288–298). (b) With BIPM-labeled enzyme, kobs did not vary with [Na+] over the range tested, and was twice as high as the maximum kobs for RH421. (c) Treatment with oligomycin reduced kobs for all three probes to about the same level (≈ 1–2 s−1) while %ΔFmax was largely unaffected. (d) Replacing Mg2+ with Ca2+ had similar effects to treatment with oligomycin. (e) RH421 fluorescence change was completely abolished in the presence of oligomycin and Ca2+. (f) Replacing Mg2+ with Mn2+ decreased IAF fluorescence, i.e., put the enzyme in an E2-like form, reduced kobs, and rendered oligomycin less effective in reducing kobs. From these results, we conclude: (a) the release of the second/third Na+ is the rate-limiting step for the conformational change measured by IAF and charge transfer measured with RH421; (b) BIPM indicates an earlier step, either the deocclusion of Na+ and/or the release of the first Na+; (c) oligomycin blocks Na+ deocclusion, and this step is sensitive to the divalent cation used to activate enzyme phosphorylation; and (d) Ca2+ slows the step reported by IAF as well. These experiments indicate that a simple model with two conformations (E1 and E2) is insufficient to explain transient kinetic data.
A new tool for studying protein structure and function

Abstract A technique that allows for the site-specific incorporation of a large variety of unnatural amino acids into proteins has been developed. This methodology has been used to substitute amino acids with novel electronic, steric and spectroscopic properties into proteins, providing new insights into the mechanisms of protein stability, enzymatic catalysis and signal transduction.
Effects of localized ultrasonic irradiation on Pisum sativum roots

Abstract Histological studies (7) on pea roots sonicated by a broad beam of ultrasound indicated that most of the damage occurs in the elongation region. There is little microscopic evidence of cell destruction in the meristem, and yet this region of dividing cells shows a marked cytokinetic response to sonication. Indirect effects of ultrasound were therefore suspected to exist. By using focused ultrasound to irradiate root segments as small as 1 mm2, and then observing changes in growth and mitotic index outside the region of sonication, the existence of indirect effects of ultrasound was established. Histological observations on sections of treated roots indicated necrotic nuclei within and without the region of sonication.
COMPUTERIZED DIAGNOSTIC TESTING

systems that will teach, test, diagnose, and remediate a variety of offerings. A fair number of specialized educational test protocols are already extant which are called "diagnostic," a quantity of statistical and psychometric theory can be applied to the diagnostic process, and the microcomputer can be used easily as a test administrator and scorer. At present, however, diagnostic testing in most areas of education appears to build on weak theoretical foundations, making use of few statistical tools and little of the wealth of experience available from diagnostic testing in other professions. With rare exceptions, diagnostic educational testing remains generally tied to paper-and-pencil tests or individualized tests administered by a specialist. The question remains as to how diagnostic testing, modern psychometric theory, and computer technology can be most effectively combined. This paper surveys the present status of educational diagnosis, looks at the reasons for success in the practice of diagnosis and its computerization in the field of medicine, and offers a view of the potential for computers as diagnostic tools in education.
Edward Daniel Clarke: The First Professor of Mineralogy at Cambridge

In 1808, Edward Daniel Clarke was appointed the first professor of mineralogy at Cambridge. This seems peculiar, since Clarke was not a mineralogist, but an antiquarian and world traveller. Nevertheless, the appointment was not unreasonable. Clarke had long been an enthusiastic, almost obsessive collector of minerals, travelling extensively through Scandinavia, Russia, and the ancient world, acquiring minerals, flora, and especially antiquities, and the university was greatly in his debt for the vast collections he gave it. Cambridge was not to regret its choice, for his ability at teaching is reflected in the quality of his students.
Nd:Yag laser-assisted balloon angioplasty of superficial femoral artery occlusions in a diabetic population

Laser-assisted balloon angioplasty (LABA), has potential as a treatment modality for re-establishing flow in occluded arterial segments. The objective of this retrospective review is to summarize the results of LABA of totally occluded superficial femoral arteries in 33 limbs among 32 diabetic patients. Indications for vascular intervention in this population included disabling claudication in 15 (45.6%), rest pain in 9 (27.2%), and tissue loss in 9 (27.2%) limbs. The review of preoperative arteriograms allowed for the division of limbs into three groups by occlusion length as follows; less than 5 cm, between 5 and 10 cm, and greater than 10 cm. Overall initial success rate was 21 of 33 (63.6%). Nine of ten (90%) occlusions less than 5 cm in length; six of nine (66.7%) occlusions between 5 and 10 cm in length; and six of 14 (42.9%) lesions greater than 10 cm in length were initially successfully recanalized. Overall cumulative patency rate at 1 year was 22.5%. For occlusion lengths less than 5 cm, cumulative patency rates at 1 year and 2 years were 66.4% and 33.2%, respectively. All lesions greater than 5 cm that were initially recanalized, uniformly re-occluded by 1 year. The number of complications (vessel perforation or dissection) increased as lesion length increased. The theoretic advantages of laser energy's ability to recanalize occlusive lesions are lost when coupled with the balloon angioplasty technique, especially in diabetics. Laser-assisted balloon angioplasty in its present form should be considered an investigational tool requiring further technologic refinements and controlled clinical trials.
Improving ozone modeling in regions of complex terrain using observational nudging in a prognostic meteorological model

Abstract Three air quality simulations are presented for an ozone episode that occurred in the Cascadia region of the Pacific Northwest during 11–14 July 1996. These three scenarios were the result of three different fine-scale (5 km grid) wind field predictions that were input into the air quality model. Wind field modeling in the Cascadia region is difficult due to the complex terrain that exists within the domain. Wind fields were developed using the prognostic model MM5 and the diagnostic model CALMET. The first wind field was created by MM5 and did not employ observational nudging in the data assimilation process. Results were often poor, especially in mountainous regions. The second wind field combined the first MM5 solution with CALMET’s objective analysis feature to adjust the MM5 predictions toward the observed winds. This was an iterative approach that yielded acceptable results both in terms of the wind field prediction and subsequent air quality prediction, but was very time consuming to apply. The final wind field was an MM5 simulation that incorporated observational nudging, using hourly surface wind measurements. This approach yielded better wind field predictions relative to the MM5 simulation that did not employ observational nudging. In addition, ozone predictions were improved when this wind field was input into the air quality model, relative to the other two ozone simulations. These results illustrate the importance of applying observational nudging in a prognostic meteorological model when simulating air quality in regions of complex terrain.
Review Essay: Islam in Pakistan

Two distinctive discursive traditions define Pakistan Studies in the United States over the last few decades. They often intertwine, individual scholars pass through each tradition and they are inter-referenced; yet they remain fundamentally divergent. One discourse is inherently state-centric, framing Pakistan in relationship to the shifting terrain of U.S. interests in South and Southwest Asia. The second discourse is scholarly, engaging Pakistan as a field of study defined by trending social theories and academic debates. Both books under review situate themselves in relation to these two discourses, but ultimately are grounded within a particular tradition. In Beyond Crisis Khan offers a rich collection of independently authored chapters grappling with an array of scholarly debates, adding richly to the place of Pakistan Studies in American academia. Samad’s The Pakistan-US Conundrum provides a critical intervention in unraveling the murky history of US-Pakistan relations contributing a much needed corrective to the state-centric perspectives that are too often filtered through the myopic lens of US national interests. Samad attempts to bridge the discursive divide by critically exposing the ‘cultural racism’ (p. 4) inherent in the state-centric representations of Pakistan, grounding his criticism in theoretical perspectives. The power of the state-centric discourse is most clearly manifested in the titles of the two books. The title Beyond Crisis: Re-Evaluating Pakistan is scripted from the political science-driven, journalistically-informed concern for the precarious nature of the Pakistani state. The introduction quickly dispels any apprehensions over potential Cont Islam (2014) 8:339–343 DOI 10.1007/s11562-013-0241-3
Interventional Cardiovascular Medicine: Principles and Practice, 2nd edition.

Richard R. Stack, Gary S. Roubin, William W. O’Neill, eds. 976 pp. Philadelphia, Pa: Churchill Livingstone; 2002. $189. ISBN 0-443-07979-X. This book contains an extensive body of information of both theoretical and practical importance to all interventional cardiologists and succeeds admirably in merging practical and pragmatic techniques with solid scientific evidence. The editors have organized the contributions of the 93 contributors into 7 sections in this second edition, state-of-the-art review of the major clinical subject areas of interventional cardiovascular medicine. The first section is a historical perspective that deals with the topic of comprehensive interventional therapy and highlights the significant shift among interventional cardiologists into the field of peripheral vascular intervention, where their ability to modify risk factors of atherosclerosis and the increased recognition of atherosclerotic vascular disease is predicted to significantly improve patient outcomes. Section two addresses intervention and the atherosclerotic vessel, with emphasis on the vascular biology of mechanical intervention, the pathology of atherosclerotic plaques, the various mechanical interventions, and an overview of the vascular biology of restenosis, and includes …
Evaluation of Medical Center Support for Rural Physicians

Professional isolation remains a problem for rural physicians. To address the problem, a university medical center established a Physician Support Office (PSO). The PSO offered rural physicians toll-free telephone access to patient referral, patient follow-up, library reference, and drug information services. A newsletter was also published. The service was evaluated using a quasi-experimental design. Physicians in the experimental area felt there was improvement in several medical center services, compared to physicians in the control area. Provision of library services, referral services and a newsletter contributed significantly to the usefulness of the PSO program. Nevertheless, the PSO did not produce a significant improvement in rural physicians' overall feeling of general medical center support.
15‐deoxy‐Δ12,14‐prostaglandin J2 (15d‐PGJ2) and ciglitazone modulate Staphylococcus aureus‐dependent astrocyte activation primarily through a PPAR‐γ‐independent pathway

Brain abscesses arise from a focal parenchymal infection by various pathogens, particularly Staphylococcus aureus. We have shown that astrocytes are activated upon exposure to S. aureus and may contribute to the excessive tissue damage characteristic of brain abscess. Therefore, modulating astrocyte activation may facilitate a reduction in brain abscess severity. Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) agonists are potent inhibitors of microglial activation; however, the effects of these compounds on S. aureus-dependent astrocyte activation have not yet been examined. Here, we demonstrate that two chemically distinct PPAR-gamma agonists, 15-deoxy-delta12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2) and ciglitazone, suppress the production of several pro-inflammatory molecules in S. aureus-stimulated astrocytes including interleukin-1beta and nitric oxide (NO). Interestingly, 15d-PGJ2 attenuated Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression, but failed to modulate macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2/CXCL2) production, suggesting that 15d-PGJ2 is not a global inhibitor of astrocyte activation. Another novel finding of this study was the fact that both 15d-PGJ2 and ciglitazone were capable of attenuating pre-existing astrocyte activation, indicating their potential benefit in a therapeutic setting. Importantly, 15d-PGJ2 and ciglitazone were still capable of inhibiting S. aureus-induced pro-inflammatory mediator release in PPAR-gamma-deficient astrocytes, supporting PPAR-gamma-independent effects of these compounds. Collectively, these results suggest that 15d-PGJ2 and ciglitazone exert their anti-inflammatory actions on astrocytes primarily independent of the PPAR-gamma pathway.
Catalysis of linoleate oxidation by soluble chicken muscle proteins

A soluble fraction of a chickenMusculus gastrocnemius muscle was used to characterize the catalyst of linoleate oxidation. Separation of the chicken muscle extract into low (free metal) and high (protein) molecular weight fractions revealed that the molecular weight of the major catalyst of linoleate oxidation in chicken muscle extract was greater than 700 daltons. Catalysis of linoleate oxidation by the protein fraction exhibited a pH optimum of 5.9. Subjecting the protein fraction to heat treatments at increasing temperatures (30–90 C) decreased the catalysis of linoleate oxidation. Addition of two mM EDTA had no effect on the catalysis of linoleate oxidation. Cyanide (2 mM), glutathione (1 mM) and cysteine (1 mM) decreased the oxidation of linoleate by the protein fraction 21.0%, 22.9% and 29.0% respectively. Characterization of the oxidative catalyst in chicken muscle extract indicated that free metals and hemoproteins contribute to overall catalysis of linoleate oxidation but are not the sole catalysts. Heat inactivation of the oxidative catalyst and the observed pH optimum suggests that the unidentified catalyst is proteinacious and may be an enzyme.
A study of bubble nucleation in tungsten using thermal desorption spectrometry: Clusters of 2 to 100 helium atoms

The attachment of helium to annealed inert gas impurity atom traps in tungsten has been measured by thermal desorption spectrometry. For the first helium atom trapped, all five impurities (the substitutional He atom HeV, Ne, Ar, Kr and Xe) were found to have approximately the same trapping radius (≈2.8 A). The binding energy, however, decreased monotonically with increasing impurity mass from 3.1 eV for HeV to 1.2 eV for Xe. All were found able to trap at least i = 100 helium atoms with no evidence of saturation. On the contrary, for i > 10 the trapping characteristics, essentially the same for all five traps, were a gradual increase in binding energy from ~2.2 eV at i = 10 to ~4.5 eVati = 100, and an increase in the average trapping radius to ~12.5 A when the average number of trapped He atoms per trap was 62. The results thus describe the first stages of helium bubble formation in tungsten at room temperature.
Synthesis and intracellular transport of protein by the colleterial gland of the cecropia silkmoth.

Abstract The tubular portion of the colleterial gland of the cecropia silkmoth secretes protein which labels extensively with glycine and appears as a single peak when separated by acrylamide gel electrophoresis. The radioactive peak does not stain with protein stains or absorb at 280 nm, but is dispersed by Pronase digestion. Synthesis of the peak is sensitive to inhibition by puromycin and cycloheximide but is not sensitive to actinomycin or chloramphenicol inhibition. Amino acid analysis revealed a composition of 30% glycine, 33% aspartic acid, and insignificant amounts of aromatic amino acids; the molecular weight was calculated to be 160,000. Autoradiographic analysis revealed that nearly all the glycine incorporated is transported from the mature secretory cells, and the half-time of secretion is calculated to be 3.4 hr. The possible use of this product as a marker for biochemical differentiation is discussed.
Finite element simulation of Pellet-Cladding Interaction (PCI) in nuclear fuel rods

Abstract This paper deals with the use of the finite element method to simulate locally the phenomenon of Pellet-Cladding Interaction (PCI) in nuclear fuel rods. The main physical processes involved in PCI are first presented. Then, the problem of PCI modeling is explained, putting the emphasis on finite element code TOUTATIS used for present analyses. Several results of two-dimensional FE analyses carried out by AREVA NP are shown. It appears that fuel pellet cracking during power ramp test is due to the friction between fuel pellet and cladding. The influence of fuel fracture properties is also investigated, focusing on the consequences on clad loading. These results are used to improve the modeling of PCI in AREVA NP’s future global fuel rod performance code COPERNIC3.
Safety of spinal anesthesia in a patient with achondroplasia for cesarean section

Controversial reports exist regarding the administration of spinal anesthesia in achondroplastic dwarfs regarding safety, dose, drug choice, in obstetric patients. Bony characteristics such as vertebral anomalies, lordosis and lumbar scoliosis, limited mouth opening and cervical spine instability make the administration of anesthesia to these patients truly a challenge. Here we demonstrate that low dose meperidine and bupivacaine spinal anesthesia in an achondroplastic parturient for cesarean section, was administered successfully after careful evaluation, consideration of risks, and awareness of potential complications.
A 31P1H NMR study of the reactions of [Rh2(μ-Cl)2(cod)2] with unsymmetrical, bidentate ligands and hydrogen

Abstract [Rh2(μ-Cl)2(cod)2] reacts with Ph2PCH2CH2OMe (PC2O), Ph2P(CH2)3NMe2 (PC3N), PBunPh2 or PPh3 to give [Rh(cod)L2]Cl (L = PC2O, PC3N, PBunPh2, PPh3). In the presence of hydrogen, [Rh(cod)L2]Cl is converted to [RhClH2L3]. In contrast, [Rh(cod)(PC2O)2]BPh4 reacts with H2 to give [RhH2(PC2O)2S2]BPh4 (S = solvent). With Ph2PCH2CH2NMe2 (PC2N) or Ph2PCH2CH2SMe (PC2S), [Rh2(μ-Cl)2(cod)2] reacts to form the chelate complexes cis- [Rh(PC2N)2]+ or cis-[Rh(PC2S)2]+, neither of which reacts with hydrogen under ambient conditions. The products of the reactions are characterized in situ by 31P1H NMR spectroscopy.
On Nonblocking Multirate Multicast Fat-tree Data Center Networks with Server Redundancy

Fat-tree networks have been widely adopted as network topologies in data center networks (DCNs). However, it is costly for fat-tree DCNs to support nonblocking multicast communication, due to the large number of core switches required. Since multicast is an essential communication pattern in many cloud services and nonblocking multicast communication can ensure the high performance of such services, reducing the cost of nonblocking multicast fat-tree DCNs is very important. On the other hand, server redundancy is ubiquitous in today's data centers to provide high availability of services. In this paper, we explore server redundancy in data centers to reduce the cost of nonblocking multicast fat-tree data center networks (DCNs). First, we present a multirate network model that accurately describes the communication environment of the fat-tree DCNs. Then, we show that the sufficient number of core switches for nonblocking multicast communication under the multirate model can be significantly reduced in arbitrary 2-redundant fat-tree DCNs, i.e., each server has exactly one redundant backup in the data center. We generalize the result to practical fat-tree DCNs where servers may have different number of redundant backups depending on the availability requirements of services they provide, and show that a higher redundancy level further reduces the cost of nonblocking multicast fat-tree DCNs. Finally, we propose a multicast routing algorithm with linear time complexity to configure multicast connections in fat-tree DCNs.
Parenting in Puerto Rican Families

Puerto Ricans are currently the second largest Latino subgroup in the United States. Social work services are often aligned with non-Latino cultural traditions. The model presented in this article contains the development of a basic understanding of essential elements of Latino culture, and how parenting practices for Puerto Rican families are actualized, through the lens of familismo, respecto, simpatia, and personalismo. The understanding of these fundamental concepts of Puerto Rican families will enhance the effectiveness of social work services.
Binding of insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I and IGF-II) to the IGF-II/mannose 6-phosphate receptor in fetal rat myocardium

Previous studies indicate that fetal rat heart tissue contains large amounts of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-II/mannose 6-phosphate (Man 6-P) receptor messenger RNA, with receptor messenger RNA levels falling by 20 days after birth. We examined the amount of IGF receptor protein in developing rat myocardium. To establish a model in which the role of neural, hormonal, and hemodynamic controls of IGF receptor binding could be studied, we compared binding of IGF-I and IGF-II in normally growing rat atria and ventricles with embryonic day 12 (E-12) atria and ventricles maturing in the anterior eye chamber of an adult host rat. In oculo, embryonic myocardium matures without hemodynamic load or exposure to the fetal hormonal milieu. In fetal rat hearts (E-12 to E-19), both IGF-I and IGF-II intensely bound to a protein with a molecular weight corresponding to the IGF-II/Man 6-P receptor. Receptors were identified using sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis autoradiography and western blot analysis using Ab3637, a specific polyclonal antibody against rat IGF-II/Man 6-P receptor antigens. This antibody competed for binding of both IGF-I and IGF-II to the band with molecular radius corresponding to 260,000 (reduced). In normally growing rat atria, IGF-I binding to the IGF-II/Man 6-P receptor was similar to ventricular tissue; however, there was significantly greater binding of IGF-II than of IGF-I in both atrial and ventricular tissue. High levels of IGF-II binding to the IGF-II/Man 6-P receptor were observed in both fetal rat atrial and ventricular grafts until 6-8 weeks in oculo. As in normally growing heart tissue, there was similar IGF-I binding to the IGF-II/Man 6-P receptor in atrial grafts compared with ventricular grafts from 2-8 weeks after implantation. For the first 2 weeks after grafting, the ventricular grafts had relatively higher IGF-I binding to the IGF-II/Man 6-P receptor compared with later time points examined. The present data indicate that atrial and ventricular binding of IGFs to the IGF-II/Man 6-P receptor decreases with age, suggesting that decreased IGF binding may be independent of postnatal hemodynamic changes. The decrease is similar in in oculo embryonic rat cardiac grafts and normally growing heart tissue.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
An Energy-Efficient Approach to Scheduling in Wireless Sensor Networks

It is very important to reduce the energy consumption in wireless sensor networks, where the nodes operate on batteries. With consideration of both the transmission energy and the circuit energy consumption, we study the problem of energy efficiency in time-division-multiple-access (TDMA) link scheduling, and derive the optimal scheduling protocol to minimize the energy utilization for wireless sensor network. In order to reduce the computational complexity, we develop a suboptimal fractional-inverse-log scheduling (FILS) protocol for real implementation, which is shown to reduce a significant amount of energy consumption compared to previously designed protocols. Finally, we also developed the simplified distributed fractional-inverse-log scheduling to remove the communication overhead in centralized scheduling protocols, and simulation results show that it is very efficient in energy saving especially for a large-scale wireless sensor network
On the role of the surface oxygen species during A–H (A = C, N, O) bond activation: a density functional theory study

During A–H (A = C, N, O) bond cleavage on O* or OH* pre-covered (111) surfaces, the oxygen species play the role of modifying the reaction energy by changing the species involved in the initial and final states of the reaction.
Immediate loading of definitive implants in the edentulous mandible using a fixed provisional prosthesis: The denture conversion technique.

Purpose This article presents a clinical technique for immediate implant loading in the completely edentulous mandible. Materials and methods The protocol recommends the placement of 4 to 5 root-form implants in the anterior mandible between the mental foramina. Upon insertion the implants must have favorable primary stability. Abutments are added to the implants and the patientʼs lower denture is converted into an immediate load provisional fixed prosthesis. Results The denture conversion technique has been shown to provide predictable results for immediate implant loading in the edentulous mandible. The final prosthesis is fabricated upon integration of the implants in 3 months. Conclusion The denture conversion technique offers several advantages because it may be used with most commercially available implant systems and it incorporates conventional implant components. Guidelines for patient selection, presurgical preparation, implant surgery, prosthesis fabrication, and postoperative care are reviewed.
Evaluated and estimated kinetic data for phase reactions of the hydroperoxyl radical

Methods are discussed for the production and detection of the hydroperoxyl radical for use in gas phase kinetic studies. Rate constants for gas phase reactions of the hydroperoxyl radical with itself, H2, H2O, CO, NO, SO2, O3, C2H6, C3H8, i-and n-C4H10, C2H4, i-C4H8, HCHO, C2H5CHO, n-C3H7CHO, Br, O, OH, and H are critically evaluated. Recommended or estimated rate constant expressions with associated error limits are given applicable over specified temperature ranges (normally 300–1000°K). The reactivity of HO2 compared with OH, O, H, F, Cl, Br, CH3, and CH3O is presented in tabular form and the implications for atmospheric chemistry are discussed.
Differentiation of CD8 memory T cells depends on Foxo1

The forkhead O transcription factors (FOXO) integrate a range of extracellular signals, including growth factor signaling, inflammation, oxidative stress, and nutrient availability, to substantially alter the program of gene expression and modulate cell survival, cell cycle progression, and many yet to be unraveled cell type–specific responses. Naive antigen-specific CD8+ T cells undergo a rapid expansion and arming of effector function within days of pathogen exposure. In addition, by the peak of expansion, they form precursors to memory T cells capable of self-renewal and indefinite survival. Using lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus Armstrong to probe the response to infection, we found that Foxo1−/− CD8+ T cells expand normally with no defects in effector differentiation, but continue to exhibit characteristics of effector T cells long after antigen clearance. The KLRG1lo CD8+ T cells that are normally enriched for memory-precursor cells retain Granzyme B and CD69 expression, and fail to up-regulate TCF7, EOMES, and other memory signature genes. As a correlate, Foxo1−/− CD8+ T cells were virtually unable to expand upon secondary infection. Collectively, these results demonstrate an intrinsic role for FOXO1 in establishing the post-effector memory program that is essential to forming long-lived memory cells capable of immune reactivation.
Phenology and density-dependent dispersal predict patterns of mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) impact

a b s t r a c t For species with irruptive population behavior, dispersal is an important component of outbreak dynamics. We developed and parameterized a mechanistic model describing mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) population demographics and dispersal across a landscape. Model components include temperature-dependent phenology, host tree colonization determined by an Allee effect, and random-walk dispersal with motility conditioned by host tree density. The model was param- eterized at a study site in central Idaho, United States (US), and evaluated at an independent site in northern Washington, US. Phloem and air temperatures, MPB spatial impact data from USDA Forest Service aerial detection surveys, and remotely sensed host tree density data were used to parameterize the model using a maximum likelihood approach. At both study sites the model was highly accurate (>84%) in predicting annual pattern formation when the model was re-initiated each year with the loca- tion of new patches of infested trees. Prediction of annual population growth at both sites was also good (>90%), although the model under-predicted area impacted at the Washington site, and at both sites was unable to predict initiation of new small patches. Our model extends previous research by providing a mechanistic description of the link between motility, dispersal and temperature-dependent MPB phenology.
A comparative study of fracture in Al: Quantum mechanical vs. empirical atomistic description

Abstract A comparative study of fracture in Al is carried out by using quantum mechanical and empirical atomistic description of atomic interaction at crack tip. The former is accomplished with the density functional theory (DFT) based quasicontinuum method (QCDFT) and the latter with the original quasicontinuum method (EAM-QC). Aside from quantitative differences, the two descriptions also yield qualitatively distinctive fracture behavior. While EAM-QC predicts a straight crack front and a micro-twinning at the crack tip, QCDFT finds a more rounded crack profile and the absence of twinning. Although many dislocations are emitted from the crack tip in EAM-QC, they all glide on a single slip plane. In contrast, only two dislocations are nucleated under the maximum load applied in QCDFT, and they glide on two adjacent slip planes. The electron charge density develops “sharp corners” at the crack tip in EAM-QC, while it is smoother in QCDFT. The physics underlying these differences is discussed.
Detecting Social Actions of Fruit Flies

We describe a system that tracks pairs of fruit flies and automatically detects and classifies their actions. We compare experimentally the value of a frame-level feature representation with the more elaborate notion of ‘bout features’ that capture the structure within actions. Similarly, we compare a simple sliding window classifier architecture with a more sophisticated structured output architecture, and find that window based detectors outperform the much slower structured counterparts, and approach human performance. In addition we test our top performing detector on the CRIM13 mouse dataset, finding that it matches the performance of the best published method. Our Fly-vs-Fly dataset contains 22 hours of video showing pairs of fruit flies engaging in 10 social interactions in three different contexts; it is fully annotated by experts, and published with articulated pose trajectory features.
Semantics in object-oriented data models (abstract)

Although object-oriented data models as a design tool for software development products is promising, nevertheless the semantics provided by the current contemporary object-oriented data models do not adequately support the design, evolution, and reuse of complex information systems. The semantic expressiveness of the abstraction techniques such as encapsulation, inheritance, and messaging for modeling application environment employee an overly simple object structures. The use of these simple object structures limit the capabilities of these techniques to describe the meaning of these systems which inevitably cause the loss of the information about the system.In this paper we present an object-oriented model which is based on structural constructs that are highly user-oriented and expressive of the application environment. Such as object-oriented model provide a rich set of mechanisms to allow the direct modeling of system semantics. Therefore, our goal is to establish a necessary set of semantic concepts for object-oriented data models that will enable the designer to naturally and directly incorporate more of the semantics of a system into its model. Such a semantics-based object-oriented data model will support: (1) Natural and efficient description of complex object structure; (2) Explicitly express relationships between objects; (3) Explicitly express extensive integrity constraints and exceptions on relationships between objects; (4) Express different levels of abstractions which allow the user to see objects from an operational or a structural view. Finally, we discuss reusability and extensibility of such a semantic object-oriented data model.
Grundlagen des US-amerikanischen Rechtssystems im Überblick

Die Feststellung, dass das materielle US-amerikanische Produkthaftungsrecht als Teil des Common Law gegenuber dem deutschen Recht zahlreiche Besonderheiten und Unterschiede aufweist, wird als bekannt vorausgesetzt und bedarf somit keiner weiteren Kommentierung. Diese Besonderheiten betreffen nicht allein die Haftungsgrundlagen selbst sowie ihre jeweilige Ausgestaltung und Auslegung, sondern daruber hinaus u.a. auch Gerichtsgrundsatze, Prozessrecht sowie die im US-amerikanischen Recht aufgrund der Rechtszersplitterung sehr praxisrelevanten Kollisionsregeln. Um ein besseres Verstandnis der Gesamtproblematik zu ermoglichen, werden im Folgenden zunachst die Grundzuge diverser Aspekte kurz erlautert, die fur den amerikanischen Produkthaftungsprozess von grundlegender Bedeutung sind.
2007 Robert J. McNamara Student Paper Award WinnerLeadership Compensation in Christian Nonprofits

Christian nonprofits have an important place in the religious landscape of the United States. They are providing a wide range of goods and services to individuals, congregations, and even denominations. Despite their substantial and growing influence, we know little about how these organizations are using the billions of dollars they collectively receive. I examine one issue that is frequently of interest to both scholars and the public. Using new data on over 1,900 Christian nonprofits, the analysis looks at leadership compensation in these organizations. I focus on how organizational resources, internal and external monitoring, and leadership power influence whether and how much Christian nonprofits compensate their leaders. Resources and leadership power are found to be positively associated with the amount of compensation given to leaders in Christian nonprofits, while monitoring does not have a significant association.