cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Study of the effects of wall conductance on natural convection in differently oriented square cavities

This paper reports experimental and numerical results on the effects of wall conductance on natural convection in a two-dimensional rectangular cavity. Three different configurations in which the external wall is heated from the side, top and bottom and cooled from the side, bottom and top respectively have been investigated. Experiments have been performed in a square enclosure with solid walls made from Lexan and forming a square air-filled cavity. A Mach–Zehnder interferometer was used to determine the temperature distributions in the fluid. Solutions for stationary two-dimensional equations of energy and motion governing heat conduction in the solid and natural convection flow and heat transfer of a Boussinesq fluid contained in the cavity have been obtained numerically. The coupled flow distributions, including the appearance of multicellular flow, temperature profiles and heat-transfer predictions compare favourably with experimental results. Heat conduction in the connecting (unheated) walls is shown to simultaneously stabilize and destabilize the fluid in the cavity.
Using nurses' natural language entries to build a concept-oriented terminology for patients' chief complaints in the emergency department

Information about the chief complaint (CC), also known as the patient's reason for seeking emergency care, is critical for patient prioritization for treatment and determination of patient flow through the emergency department (ED). Triage nurses document the CC at the start of the ED visit, and the data are increasingly available in electronic form. Despite the clinical and operational significance of the CC to the ED, there is no standard CC terminology. We propose the construction of concept-oriented nursing terminologies from the actual language used by experts. We use text analysis to extract CC concepts from triage nurses' natural language entries. Our methodology for building the nursing terminology utilizes natural language processing techniques and the Unified Medical Language System.
The Justy mutant mouse strain produces a spontaneous murine model of salivary gland cancer with myoepithelial and basal cell differentiation

We previously identified a novel mutant mouse strain on the C3HeB/FeJ background named Justy. This strain bears a recessive mutation in the Gon4l gene that greatly reduces expression of the encoded protein, a nuclear factor implicated in transcriptional regulation. Here, we report that Justy mutant mice aged 6 months or older spontaneously developed carcinomas with myoepithelial and basaloid differentiation in salivary glands with an incidence of ∼25%. Tumors developed proximate to submandibular glands and to a lesser extent in the sublingual and parotid glands. Histologically, tumors often had central cavitary lesions filled with necrotic debris that were lined by tumor cells, and had spindle and epithelioid cell differentiation with lesser basaloid to clear cell features. Tumor tissue often had variable evidence of a high mitotic rate, pleomorphism, and invasion into adjacent salivary glands. Neoplastic cells had diffuse immunoreactivity for pancytokeratin (AE1/AE3) and p63. Although CK5/6 immunostaining was seen in the much of the tumor cells, it was often lacking in pleomorphic areas. Tumor cells lacked immunoreactivity for alpha-smooth muscle actin, S100, c-Kit, and glial fibrillary acid protein. In addition, tumors had immunoreactivity for phosphorylated and total epidermal growth factor receptor, suggesting that EGFR signaling may participate in growth regulation of these tumors. These findings indicate that the salivary gland carcinomas occur spontaneously in Justy mice, and that these tumors may offer a valuable model for study of EGFR regulation. In combination, our data suggest that Justy mice warrant further investigation for use as a mouse model for human salivary gland neoplasia.
Development of a Weibull posterior distribution by combining a Weibull prior with an actual failure distribution using Bayesian inference

A Bayesian inference process for system logistical planning is presented which provides a method for incorporating actual failures with prediction data for an ongoing and improving reliability estimates. The process uses the Weibull distribution, and provides a means for examining and updating logistical and maintenance support needs.
Half-space general multigroup transport theory☆

Abstract A method for solving various half-space multigroup transport problems for the case of a general transfer matrix is explained. A non-linear integral equation for the emergent distribution of the albedo problem is derived. Then, by using the full-range completeness of the infinite medium eigenfunctions, the distribution inside the half-space is obtained from the emergent distribution. Finally, the Milne problem and the half-space Green's function problem are solved in terms of the emergent distribution of the albedo problem and the infinite medium eigenfunctions. One advantage of this method is that it readily yields numerical results for emergent distributions of half-space problems. Even for the numerical evaluation of a particular solution inside the half-space, this technique is felt to be superior to other exact half-space methods since only full-range eigenfunction expansions are employed rather than the more difficult half-range expansion used in other techniques.
Prevention through design and construction safety management strategies for high performance sustainable building construction

Recent studies have found that Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) buildings have a higher injury rate than traditional non-LEED buildings and that 12 of the LEED credits increase risks for construction workers. The objective was to identify and describe risk mitigation strategies that reduce the safety risk associated with the design and construction of high performance sustainable projects by conducting extensive interviews with experienced designers and constructors. Fortunately, feasible prevention techniques through design and construction safety management strategies exist and can be used to mitigate the safety risk associated with the design features and means and methods of construction used to achieve LEED certification. Most commonly, designers and contractors identified prefabrication, effective site layout and alternative products as methods to prevent injuries that specifically relate to the hazards of each sustainable element. The results of the interviews and results from p...
Du bois and the question of the color line: Race and class in the age of globalization

(2003). Du bois and the question of the color line: Race and class in the age of globalization. Socialism and Democracy: Vol. 17, Radical Perspectives on Race and Racism, pp. 141-160.
Two-stage FEC scheme for scalable video transmission over wireless networks

In this paper, we propose a two-stage FEC scheme with an enhanced MAC protocol especially for multimedia data transmission over wireless LANs. The proposed scheme enables the joint optimization of protection strategies across the protocol stack, and packets with errors are delivered to the application layer for correction or drop. In stage 1, packet-level FEC is added across packets at the application layer to correct packet losses due to congestion and route disruption. In stage 2, bit-level FEC is processed within both application packets and stage-one FEC packets to recover from bit errors in the MAC/PHY layer. Header CRC/FEC are used to enhance the MAC/PHY layer and to cooperate with the two stage FEC scheme. Thus, we add FEC only at the application layer, but can correct both application layer packet drops and MAC/PHY layer bit errors. We explore both the efficiency of bandwidth utilization and video performance using the scalable video coder MC-EZBC and ns-2 simulations. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme outperforms conventional IEEE 802.11.
Scaling-field representation of Wilson's exact renormalization-group equation

Abstract A novel momentum-space renormalization-group (RG) technique, termed the scaling-field method, is proposed for the investigation of critical phenomena in three-dimensional systems. The approach provides a method for solving Wilson's exact functional differential equation for RG Hamiltonians H l [ σ ] by successive approximation, and allows the determination of both critical exponents and scaling functions. In other papers the method is used to calculate to high precision the critical exponents of the isotropic N -vector model in three dimensions and to investigate the Potts, percolation, cubic, and random Ising models in ranges of dimensions between the upper critical and three dimensions. The purpose of this article is to present the foundations of the method. The scaling-field representation of the Wilson functional RG equation is derived by using the expansion of the RG Hamiltonian H l [ σ ] in terms of the hierarchy of Gaussian operators of appropriate symmetries. The expansion coefficients are termed scaling fields. The algorithm for the computation of the scaling-field coupling coefficients is developed for the isotropic N -vector model. Technical details and examples are given in a series of Appendices. The invariance of the Wilson equation under physically redundant scale changes of the spin variable σ is carefully investigated for both the functional renormalization group and the scaling-field representation. The understanding of this invariance yields the operational definition of the spin-rescaling function that enters the Wilson equation as a parameter. Exact recursion relations for thermodynamic and correlation functions are derived by using the functional-integral representation of the Wilson equation. The recursion relations provide the starting point for the computation of scaling functions. Finally, as an example and a guide for the development of numerical techniques, the scaling-field equations for the isotropic N -vector model are solved by e expansion and in the spherical-model limit.
What Happens to Depressed Men

(1995). What Happens to Depressed Men? Harvard Review of Psychiatry: Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 47-49.
A novel technique for identification of minor superconducting phases

Abstract A novel technique that involves isolating and characterizing particles of pulverized samples has been developed to identify minor superconducting phases. Particles as small as 10 μm can be analyzed both magnetically and structurally. Data on several multi-phase Ba–Ca–Cu–O–(C) samples demonstrate that the technique can even distinguish coexisting superconducting phases based on the difference of the transition temperature Tc. Using the technique, (Ba0.95C0.05)2CuO4−δ was identified as superconducting with a Tc up to 60 K and lattice parameters a≈b≈3.85 A and c≈15.7 A.
Effectiveness of Alternative Detector Configurations for Option Zone Protection on High-Speed Approaches to Traffic Signals:

Safety and efficiency are both prime issues of concern at high-speed isolated signalized intersections. However, although safety problems at such intersections can be mitigated by the application of detector configurations with option zone (also called decision zone) protection, such configurations can themselves create problems. Although option zones are often called dilemma zones, the term "dilemma" is reserved for issues associated with yellow and red clearance intervals. In this study, four detector configurations for option zone protection features—the single-detector configuration, the Southern District Institute of Traffic Engineers configuration, the Beirele configuration, and the Bonneson configuration—are compared through computer simulation for their effects relative to the number of vehicles in the option zone, max-out occurrences, and average vehicle delay. The comparison suggests that although each configuration has its own advantages and disadvantages, the Bonneson detector configuration, i...
Effects of separator breakdown on abuse response of 18650 Li-ion cells

The thermal abuse tolerance of Li-ion cells depends not only on the stability of the active materials in the anode and cathode but also on the stability of the separator which prevents direct interaction between these electrodes. Separator response has been measured as a function of temperature and high voltage both for isolated materials and in full 18650 cells. Separators with different compositions and properties were measured to determine the effect of separator melt integrity on cell response under abusive conditions. These studies were performed as part of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Advanced Technology Development (ATD) Program.
Climatology of Andean glaciers: A framework to understand glacier response to climate change

Recent glacial and climate models suggest that glaciers located in contrasting climates could respond with different magnitudes to identical climatic perturbations. This implies that to understand the response of glaciers to a particular climate perturbation or to compare glacial fluctuations between different regions, climate conditions that permit glaciers to exist must be taken into account. In this study we systematize, classify, and identify the spatial distribution of the climates that permit the occurrence of present-day glaciers in the climatically diverse Andes. A first approximation suggests that a sample of 234 Andean glaciers exist under three distinctive combinations of temperature and precipitation conditions: i) cold and dry, ii) intermediate, and iii) warm and wet conditions. Cluster analysis (CA) and Principal Component analysis (PCA) of temperature, precipitation, and humidity reveal seven climatic configurations that support present-day Andean glaciers and suggest that these configurations have a distinctive geographical distribution. The groups are: 1) inner tropics and Tierra del Fuego, 2) wetter outer tropics, 3) drier outer tropics, 4) subtropics, 5) central Chile-Argentina (semi-arid), 6) northern and central Patagonia, and 7) southern Patagonia. This classification provides a basis to examine the spatial variability of glacier sensitivity to climate change, to unravel the causes of past glacial fluctuations, to understand the climatic signals driving present-day glacier fluctuations, and perhaps to predict the response of glaciers to future climate changes.
The Political Economy of Death Squads: Toward a Theory of the Impact of State-Sanctioned Terror

A central theoretical question in the literature on state-sanctioned terror is whether, and under what conditions, repressive violence deters or stimulates a shift in popular support away from the regime and toward the opposition. By combining a rational choice model of the nonelite response to escalating levels of death squad violence with a structural analysis of the global and domestic conditions under which the escalation of state-sanctioned terror can be expected, we demonstrate theoretically that carefully targeted repressive violence may in fact reduce the level of active popular support for the opposition, at least temporarily. However, as the level of repressive violence escalates and its application becomes more indiscriminate, it may in fact produce increases in active support for the opposition because nonelites can no longer assure themselves of immunity from repression by simply remaining politically inert. Thus, they turn to the rebels in search of protection from indiscriminate violence by the state. Why, then, would a regime, itself composed of supposedly rational individuals, pursue a policy of escalating repression if such measures are ultimately counterproductive? We argue that the conditions of structural dependence characterizing these regimes leave them without the institutional machinery, economic resources, or political will to address opposition challenges through more accommodative programs of reform. Thus, escalating repression is perpetrated not because it has a high probability of success but because the weakness of the state precludes its resort to less violent alternatives. The utility of this approach is illustrated with a case study of reform, repression, and revolution in El Salvador.
Aging and perceived event structure as a function of modality

The majority of research on situation model processing in older adults has focused on narrative texts. Much of this research has shown that many important aspects of constructing a situation model for a text are preserved and may even improve with age. However, narratives need not be text-based, and little is known as to whether these findings generalize to visually-based narratives. The present study assessed the impact of story modality on event segmentation, which is a basic component of event comprehension. Older and younger adults viewed picture stories or read text versions of them and segmented them into events. There was comparable alignment between the segmentation judgments and a theoretically guided analysis of shifts in situational features across modalities for both populations. These results suggest that situation models provide older adults with a stable basis for event comprehension across different modalities of expereinces.
Integrating Variable Risk Preferences, Trust, and Transaction Cost Economics

Transaction cost economics (TCE) relies on three behavioral assumptions in predicting how firms choose governance structures—bounded rationality, opportunism, and risk neutrality. We explore the implications of the neglected behavioral assumption of risk neutrality. offer an integrative appraisal of the three behavioral assumptions using trust as a unifying perspective, and explicate subjective costs and risks. We illustrate the relative ease with which previous empirical shortcomings can be addressed by incorporating risk and trust in TCE models.
The Longitudinal Effects of Residential Mobility on the Academic Achievement of Urban Elementary and Middle School Students

Residential stability matters to a young person’s educational development, and the present housing crisis has disrupted the residential stability of many families. This study uses latent growth-curve modeling to examine how changing residences affects math and reading achievement from third through eighth grade among a sample of urban elementary and middle-school students. Results show that residential moves in the early elementary years have a negative effect on math and reading achievement in third grade and a negative effect on the trajectory of reading scores thereafter. Further, there is a negative contemporaneous effect of mobility on math scores in third through eighth grade but no such contemporaneous effect on reading scores. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Novel beta-emitting poly(ethylene terephthalate) surface modification.

Restenosis after percutaneous interventions in coronary and peripheral arteries leads to repeat procedures and surgery in a significant number of patients. We have previously demonstrated that irradiation of an arterial site using an endovascular source (brachytherapy) is highly effective in preventing the restenotic process. To this end, a novel beta radiation delivery system was developed, based on the adsorption of (32)P (o-phosphoric acid) by pH-sensitive chitosan hydrogel on a poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) balloon surface. The PET balloon surface was treated with oxygen plasma and coated with chitosan hydrogel. Covalent bonds, ionic bonds, and hydrogen bonds all contribute to the adhesion between chitosan hydrogel and PET. In the aqueous phosphoric acid (PA) solution, the -NH(2) groups of chitosan were protonated by PA and the adsorption of PA occurred at the same time. The effect of PA concentration and temperature on adsorption efficiency and kinetics were studied. More than 70% PA was adsorbed on the sample surface in 0.2 mM PA solution. The surface of samples was also investigated by attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. PET surface may be modified to carry high activity beta emitters; such materials may be useful in a therapeutic setting
Biliary, Pancreatic, and Hepatic Imaging for the General Surgeon

Technologic advancements have allowed imaging modalities to become more useful in the diagnosis of hepatobiliary and pancreatic disorders. Computed tomography scanners now use multidetector row technology with contrast-delayed imaging for quicker and more accurate imaging. Magnetic resonance imaging with cholangiopancreatography can more clearly delineate liver lesions and the biliary and pancreatic ducts, and can diagnose pathologic conditions early in their course. Newer technologies, such as single-operator cholangioscopy and endoscopic ultrasonography, have sometimes shown superiority to traditional modalities. This article addresses the literature regarding available imaging techniques in the diagnosis and treatment of common surgical hepatobiliary and pancreatic diseases.
A Model for Investigation of Mechanisms of Cervical Spine Trauma

A simple and inexpensive method is described whereby models of normal cervical vertebrae may be obtained for investigation of mechanisms of injury. The models may be remelted for reuse after they have been fractured and radiographed. The material for construction of these models is available through any dental supply company or maxillofacial prosthetic laboratory. This process is applicable to other bones of the body
Can bottles speak volumes? The effect of package shape on how much to buy

Four multi-method studies show that the more elongated a container, the lower its purchase quantity. Study 1, in the lab, shows beer bottles are perceived to contain more than beer cans, particularly for infrequent beer drinkers. Study 2 analyzes scanner data to show that the purchase quantity of cans is 63.66 percent higher than the purchase quantity of bottles. Study 3, a virtual shopping survey, demonstrates these effects are strongest when the context is socializing at home, and Study 4, in the lab, shows results hold only when desired consumption level is constant. Implications for retailers and product managers are offered.
A MAS learning framework for power distribution system restoration

In this paper a multi agent system (MAS) framework with learning capability for power distribution system restoration is introduced. The power restoration takes place after the fault location and isolation in power distribution system to restore as much as loads possible. In this framework although agents have the capability of obtaining the optimal reconfiguration using the restoration algorithm they use Q-learning algorithm in conjunction with restoration algorithm to take the advantage of restoration experiences and making more accurate decisions. Using this framework agents only solve the restoration optimization problem when they don't have enough knowledge about a special scenario. It means agents can do the restoration process in less time while it's more accurate. Simulations are used to initialize the Q-Learning primary knowledge about the power distribution system. Q-Matrixes are developed in this work to keep track of previous restoration scenarios performance and are updated as the system is running. Proposed framework is applied to West Virginia Super Circuit and the results demonstrate how the learning algorithm can improve the performance of MAS for power restoration.
Use of Calcium/Aluminum Ratios as Indicators of Stress in Forest Ecosystems

The calcium/aluminum (Ca/Al) molar ratio of the soil solution provides a valuable measurement endpoint or ecological indicator for identification of approximate thresholds beyond which the risk of forest damage from Al stress and nutrient imbalances increases. The Ca/Al ratio can also be used as an indicator to assess forest ecosystem changes over time in response to acidic deposition, forest harvesting, or other processes contributing to acid soil infertility. Based on a critical review of literature on Al stress, we estimate that there is a 50:50 risk of adverse impacts on tree growth or nutrition when the soil solution Ca/Al ratio is as low as 1.0, a 75% risk when the soil solution ratio is as low as 0.5, and nearly a 100% risk when the soil solution Ca/Al molar ratio is as low as 0.2. The Ca/Al ratio of the soil solution can be corroborated with other complementary indices.
The attack of the Pig Rabbit: the mediatized object of the Korean Wave

This article focuses on the manner in which film and television-related merchandise help re-create the tactile experience of objects on screen through their intimate connection to the brand instituted within the cinematic text. Using the example of the Pig Rabbit doll, a stuffed animal featured in the popular Korean TV series You're Beautiful (2009), I trace the multiple cinematic, digital and offline trajectories of the cultural object in a mediatized environment. You're Beautiful gained a cult following on the internet and gave rise to Japanese and Taiwanese television remakes, an edited film version as well as a bestselling soundtrack. The sales of its merchandise also skyrocketed, particularly the Pig Rabbit doll, which spawned a number of fan-made versions. Instead of privileging the physical movement of concrete objects, I look at the way in which cinema and the internet intervene in the formation of the brand as it is produced, consumed and distributed both online and offline.
Wrinkles due to idiopathic loss of mid‐dermal elastic tissue

SUMMARY Widespread areas of fine wrinkling of the skin had been noted for 2 years by a 42-year-old healthy white woman. Histological study disclosed a selective absence of elastic tissue strictly limited to the mid-dermis ofthe involved areas. It was postulated that an antecedent urticarial process may have led to such a specific zonal destruction of elastic tissue. The elastolytic process did not change or extend, and no urticarial lesions were seen dtiring a year of observation.
S-Ribosylhomocysteine analogues with the carbon-5 and sulfur atoms replaced by a vinyl or (fluoro)vinyl unit.

Abstract Treatment of the protected ribose or xylose 5-aldehyde with sulfonyl-stabilized fluorophosphonate gave (fluoro)vinyl sulfones. Stannyldesulfonylation followed by iododestannylation afforded 5,6-dideoxy-6-fluoro-6-iodo- d - ribo or xylo -hex-5-enofuranoses. Coupling of the hexenofuranoses with alkylzinc bromides gave 10-carbon ribosyl- and xylosylhomocysteine analogues incorporating a fluoroalkene. The fluoroalkenyl and alkenyl analogues were evaluated for inhibition of Bacillus subtilis S -ribosylhomocysteinase (LuxS). One of the compounds, 3,5,6-trideoxy-6-fluoro- d - erythro -hex-5-enofuranose, acted as a competitive inhibitor of moderate potency ( K I = 96 μM).
T Cell Activation Is Not a Prerequisite for Peripheral Tolerance Induction to Mls 1a

Abstract T cell interaction with endogenous retroviral superantigens in vivo results in either deletion of the reactive T cells or their transition to a state or unresponsiveness. We show here that introducing cells expressing the endogenous superantigen Mls 1 a into an Mls 1 b environment results in the induction of an anergic state with little or no depletion of Vβ6/CD4 + T cell from the peripheral T cell repertoire. Removal of B cells from the priming innoculum abrogates the induction of tolerance, indicating that presentation of Mls 1 a by B cells induces the tolerance observed. The tolerant T cells are unable to respond to either presentation of Mls 1 a on spleen cells or crosslinking anti-T cell receptor antibody in vitro . Although large increases in the cell size and numbers of reactive T cells are observed 2-3 days after priming with Mls 1 a -presenting cells, this activation is not a requirement for the induction of tolerance because irradiated Mls 1 a -presenting cells retained the ability to induce tolerance without these changes in the reactive T cell population. Furthermore, providing host T cells with Mls 1 a and a costimulatory signal, in the form of high levels of the B7 determinant on the donor cells, did not circumvent the induction of tolerance. Collectively, these results indicate that the transition to an anergic state following interaction with endogenous superantigen in vivo is not dependent upon the activation of the reactive T cells.
Abstract 2479: Bz-423: A novel benzodiazephine mitochondrial-targeted drug, cytotoxic to human ovarian cancer cells.

Objectives: Bz-423 is a chemically synthesized 1,4-benzodiazepine with cytotoxic activity in several cell types. We sought to determine the anti-neoplastic potential and mechanism of action in human ovarian cancer cells. Methods: A total of 12 human ovarian cancer cell lines were used. Cultured cells were treated with Bz-423 or vehicle control in dose-response and time-course experiments. Viability was determined on the basis of plasma membrane integrity using flow cytometry. The mechanism leading to death in these cells was characterized ultrastructurally using electron micrscopy and by determining changes in reaction oxygen species, glutathione, mitochondrial function, caspase and Bak activation. Cytochrome c release from mitochondria was analyzed by immunofluorescence. Apoptosome complex formation was monitored by gel filtration chromatography. Results: Bz-423 induced apoptosis in all ovarian cell lines at low micromolar concentrations by generating an intracellular superoxide signal from the mitochondria. The apoptotic response was associated with the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria, collapse of the mitochondrial transmembrane gradient, and formation of the apoptosome complex containing Apaf-1 and caspase-9. The release of cytochrome c and a decrease in mitochondria glutathione within 2 hours of treatment was identified by ultrastructural evidence of mitochondrial swelling. Furthermore, Bak activation was necessary for apoptosis. Bz-423 effectively induced apoptosis in chemoresistant ovarian cancer cells overexpressing Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL. Conclusion: Bz-423 is a novel compound that effectively kills human ovarian cancer cells, including cells that are resistant to conventional chemotherapies such as Cisplatinum. This compound has cytotoxic qualities that are unique among benzodiazepines. The mechanism of action involves both proximal and direct effects on the cell mitochondria that lead to apoptosis. Bz-423 is a novel compound that may have broad clinical impact in the treatment of ovarian cancer patients. Citation Format: Gong He, Lijun Tan, Weimin Wang, Anthony E. Boitano, Natalie A. Vandeven, Anthony W. Opipari, J Rebecca Liu. Bz-423: A novel benzodiazephine mitochondrial-targeted drug, cytotoxic to human ovarian cancer cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2479. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-2479 Note: This abstract was not presented at the AACR Annual Meeting 2013 because the presenter was unable to attend.
The quality of Pap test specimens collected by nurses in a breast and cervical cancer screening clinic.

Abstract Background: It is possible that nurses can help close the gap between the Healthy People 2000 clinical preventive services goals and current cancer screening rates by collecting Pap test specimens in clinical practices. The purpose of this analysis was to determine whether nurses can collect high-quality Pap tests. Design: Retrospective cohort analysis of all Pap tests submitted to a commercial pathology laboratory between January 1, 1996 and July 31, 1996. Pap tests collected by the nurses at Rosebud Hospital ( N = 404) were compared to the Pap tests collected by other providers at the Rosebud Hospital ( N = 118) and the Pap tests collected by providers from all other sites ( N = 22,696). Setting: The Indian Health Service Hospital, Rosebud, South Dakota. Subjects: Eight nurses who had been trained to collect Pap test specimens. Main Outcome Measures: The proportion of Pap test specimens that were wholly satisfactory and the proportion of Pap test specimens collected from nonpregnant patients that lacked endocervical cells. Results: The proportion of specimens that were wholly satisfactory was 79.8% (95% CI = 75.9–83.7) for the nurses, 65.3% (95% CI = 56.7–73.9) for other Rosebud providers, and 81.7% (95% CI = 81.2–82.2) for non-Rosebud providers. The proportion of specimens that lacked endocervical cells and were from nonpregnant patients was 6.4% (95% CI = 4.0–8.8) for Rosebud nurses, 8.5% for other Rosebud providers (95% CI = 3.5–13.5), and 7.9% for non-Rosebud providers (95% CI = 7.6–8.2). Conclusions: After one week of training, nurses can collect Pap test specimens that are of the same quality as the specimens collected by physicians, nurse practitioners, and physician assistants. The widespread availability of female nurses and the high quality of their work suggest that they can contribute to the Healthy People 2000 goals by collecting Pap test specimens.
Directional Bias and Pheromone for Discovery and Coverage on Networks

Natural multi-agent systems often rely on "correlated random walks" (random walks that are biased toward a current heading) to distribute their agents over a space (e.g., for foraging, search, etc.) Our contribution involves creation of a new movement and pheromone model that applies the concept of heading bias in random walks to a multi-agent, digital-ants system designed for cyber-security monitoring. We examine the relative performance effects of both pheromone and heading bias on speed of discovery of a target and search-area coverage in a two-dimensional network layout. We found that heading bias was unexpectedly helpful in reducing search time and that it was more influential than pheromone for improving coverage. We conclude that while pheromone is very important for rapid discovery, heading bias can also greatly improve both performance metrics.
Friends and social support in dementia caregiving. Assessment and intervention.

The purpose of this article is to explore the topic of friends as a spontaneously occurring response in open-ended interviews with dementia caregivers and to propose guidelines for assessment and intervention based on current knowledge. The sample includes 176 open-ended baseline interviews with dementia caregivers drawn from the National Caregivers Training Study, a 4-year multi-site, randomized, community-based, psycho-educational intervention study. References to friends were present in 60 of the 176 baseline transcripts. More than 50% of the references were positive, 63% referred to the present, 80% of the content scores were greater than 1, and 66% were categorized as emotional support or social integration for caregivers. Meaningful categories exist and can be helpful in structuring the assessment of support from friends. Data support prior research suggesting that friends are providers and facilitators of emotional support and social integration. Although further research is needed on the concept of social support in general and social network providers in particular (e.g., friends), current knowledge allows for preliminary recommendations for assessment and intervention of friends and social support.
Transient cooling of a square region of radiating medium

A time-accurate numerical solution was carried out for transient radiative cooling of a gray emitting and absorbing medium in a square two-dimensional region. The integro-differential energy equation for transient temperature distributions was solved in two stages. At each time increment, the local radiative source term was obtained by numerical integration of the temperature field using two-dimensional Gaussian integration over rectangular subregions. Then the differential portion of the equation was integrated forward in time by use of the local first and second time derivatives. The results were compared with available limiting case, and excellent agreement was obtained. Transient results are given for a wide range of optical thicknesses of the region. Optimum transient cooling is obtained when the optical side length is about 4.
Carboxypeptidase B2 deficiency reveals opposite effects of complement C3a and C5a in a murine polymicrobial sepsis model

Background and Objectives Carboxypeptidase B2 (CPB2) is a basic carboxypeptidase with fibrin and complement C3a and C5a as physiological substrates. We hypothesized that in polymicrobial sepsis, CPB2-deficient mice would have sustained C5a activity, leading to disease exacerbation.
100 long-term implantable left ventricular assist devices : The Columbia Presbyterian interim experience

Abstract Background . The use of left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) as bridge to transplantation is now accepted as a standard of care for a subset of end-stage heart failure patients. Our interim experience with both pneumatically and electrically powered ThermoCardiosystems LVADs is presented to outline the benefits and limitations of device support as well as discuss its potential role as bridge to recovery and as destination therapy. Methods and Results . Detailed records were kept prospectively for all patients undergoing LVAD insertion. One hundred LVADs were inserted over 7 years into 95 patients, with an overall survival rate of 75% and a transplantation rate of 70%. Four patients underwent device explant for recovered myocardial function. Three patients received LVADs as destination therapy in the ongoing REMATCH (Randomized Evaluation of Mechanical Assist Treatment for Congestive Heart failure) trial. Overall mean patient age was 51 years, and mean duration of support was 108 days. There were 25 device-related infections including the drive line, device pocket, and blood-contacting surfaces. Cerebral vascular accidents and other embolic events occurred in 7 patients with six deaths. There were four device malfunctions and nine graft-related hemorrhages, resulting in six reoperations and three deaths. Conclusions . The use of long-term implantable LVADs will likely not be limited to bridge to transplantation. The REMATCH trial has commenced to study the role LVADs may have as an alternative to medical management. Furthermore, as the issues of myocardial recovery are examined, the "bridge to recovery" may be an important additional role for these assist devices.
Aminoglycoside 2′′-Phosphotransferase IIIa (APH(2′′)-IIIa) Prefers GTP over ATP STRUCTURAL TEMPLATES FOR NUCLEOTIDE RECOGNITION IN THE BACTERIAL AMINOGLYCOSIDE-2′′ KINASES

Contrary to the accepted dogma that ATP is the canonical phosphate donor in aminoglycoside kinases and protein kinases, it was recently demonstrated that all members of the bacterial aminoglycoside 2′′-phosphotransferase IIIa (APH(2′′)) aminoglycoside kinase family are unique in their ability to utilize GTP as a cofactor for antibiotic modification. Here we describe the structural determinants for GTP recognition in these enzymes. The crystal structure of the GTP-dependent APH(2′′)-IIIa shows that although this enzyme has templates for both ATP and GTP binding superimposed on a single nucleotide specificity motif, access to the ATP-binding template is blocked by a bulky tyrosine residue. Substitution of this tyrosine by a smaller amino acid opens access to the ATP template. Similar GTP binding templates are conserved in other bacterial aminoglycoside kinases, whereas in the structurally related eukaryotic protein kinases this template is less conserved. The aminoglycoside kinases are important antibiotic resistance enzymes in bacteria, whose wide dissemination severely limits available therapeutic options, and the GTP binding templates could be exploited as new, previously unexplored targets for inhibitors of these clinically important enzymes.
Development of a computer technique for the on-line processing of respiratory variables

Abstract Three analog signals, instantaneous air-flow, O 2 and CO 2 concentration in inspired and expired gas, are transmitted by telephone line to a hybrid computer system. These signals are digitized and processed by on-line computer. The quantities calculated by the computer are: tidal volume, minute pulmonary ventilation, O 2 uptake per breath, O 2 consumption per minute, CO 2 exhaled per breath, and CO 2 exhaled per minute. Problems in processing these signals and the practicality of the automatic technique for handling respiratory data are discussed. The results of a comparative study between the computer technique and the traditional Douglas method are presented.
Molecular analysis of episomal human papillomavirus type 16 DNA in a cervical carcinoma cell line

Integration of human papillomavirus type 16 DNA sequences into host DNA is a frequent event in cervical carcinogenesis. However, recent studies showing that HPV16 is present exclusively in an episomal form in many primary cervical cancers suggest that HPV16 can transform target cells by mechanisms that do not require viral integration. We have established a cervical carcinoma cell line that harbors episomal copies of HPV16 DNA of approximately 10 kb. Restriction enzyme and two-dimensional gel analysis confirmed that HPV16 DNA was extrachromosomal with both monomeric and multimeric forms present. HPV16 was maintained as episomes with passage both in culture and after subcutaneous growth in nude mice. The 10 kb viral genome, consisting of a full-length copy of HPV16 and a partial duplication of the long control region and the L1 open reading frame, exhibited transforming activity comparable to prototype HPV16. This cell line should provide a useful model system for studying the biological significance of the physical state of the HPV16 genome in cervical carcinoma cells.
The Myth of Individualism-Collectivism: A Critical Review

The authors critically assess the dimension of individualism-collectivism (I-C) and its various uses in cross-cultural psychology. They argue that I-C research is characterized largely by insufficient conceptual clarity and a lack of systematic data. As a result, they call into question the utility of I-C as an explanatory tool for cultural variation in behavior, suggest alternative dimensions for cross-cultural research, and interpret the weaknesses of research on I-C as illustrative of a general trend in social psychology.
Domain-Specific Associations between Burden and Mood State in Dementia Caregivers

Research indicates that caregiver burden is related to caregiver mood state. The current study investigated the relationship between caregiver burden and affect via the Caregiver Burden Inventory and the Profile of Mood States. The sample was comprised of 31 female caregivers of individuals with dementia. Regression analyses revealed that developmental burden predicted caregiver tension-anxiety, and along with time dependence burden (an inverse predictor), was predictive of caregiver depression-dejection. Social burden emerged as a predictor of caregiver anger-hostility and confusion-bewilderment, and in conjunction with physical burden it predicted caregiver fatigue-inertia. The current findings are reviewed with regard to treatment implications.
Laminar burning speed measurement of premixed n-decane/air mixtures using spherically expanding flames at high temperatures and pressures

Abstract Normal-decane (n-C 10 H 22 ) is regarded as a major component of possible surrogates for jet fuels and diesel fuels. The structure of spherically expanding premixed n-decane/air flames has been studied at high temperatures and pressures. The laminar burning speeds of n-decane/air mixtures have been measured for the temperatures of 350–610 K and pressures of 0.5–8 atm. The experiments were performed in lean conditions (0.7 ⩽ ϕ ⩽ 1). Laminar burning speed was measured using a thermodynamic model based on the pressure rise during the flame propagation in constant volume vessels. A cylindrical vessel equipped with a high speed CMOS camera was employed to investigate the flame structure and a spherical vessel was used for the burning speed measurements. The results are in good agreement with other experimental data available in the published literature.
Raman H-bond pair volume for water.

The dispersion of the H-bond pair volume ΔV over the decoupled OD and coupled OH-stretching contours from HDO in H2O was determined from Raman intensities at pressures to 9700 bar at 301 K. The dispersion of ΔV was determined from −RT[∂ ln(Ii/IREF)/∂P]T versus ω (in cm−1), where i refers to ω’s over the stretching contours and IREF refers to the reference intensity at the isosbestic frequency. The maximum H-bond pair volume (defined for breakage) is 1.4±0.1 cm3/mol H-bond, which corresponds to the volume difference between a large dispersion maximum at 2675 cm−1 (near the OD stretch ω of HDO in dense supercritical water) and a large, broad minimum centered near 2375 cm−1 (just below the OD stretch ω of HDO in lda ice). The average 〈ΔV〉 is 0.71±0.10 cm3/mol H-bond. Other minima near 2625 cm−1 (OD) and 3550 cm−1 (OH) refers to bent H-bonds whose angles are ≈150 deg. Isothermal pressurization of water lowers the molal volume by decreasing the concentration of long, weak H-bonds, and increasing the concentrat...
An NC algorithm for Brooks'' Theorem

Abstract Brooks' Theorem states that any graph G of maximum degree Δ⩾3 can be Δ node colored if and only if G does not contain KΔ+1 as a subgraph. We exhibit an NC algorithm to find a Δ coloring when Brooks' Theorem guarantees it exists.
A robotics‐assisted procedure for large scale cystic fibrosis mutation analysis

We describe a convenient, efficient, semiautomated protocol for assaying large numbers of DNA samples for over 20 mutations causing cystic fibrosis. The protocol uses the following: (1) a programmable robotic workstation to perform rapid pipetting and dot-blotting operations, (2) an allele-specific oligonucleotide hybridization in a single water bath without correcting for G + C content of oligonucleotides, and (3) a combinatorial system that allows direct determination of the genotype for more frequent mutations. We have used this system routinely for 16 months for carrier detection and for diagnosis of cystic fibrosis. The method can be readily applied to any combination of allele-specific oligonucleotide assays whether for multiple alleles at one locus or for a few alleles at multiple loci. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A theory of the spoils system

In a spoils system, it is axiomatic that ‘to the winners go the spoils.’ This essay formalizes spoils systems as cooperative games, with winners given by a simple game structure, and represented by a fixed number of political appointments. We analyze the resulting spoils games by means of the non-transferable utility value, and we offer two practical applications of the results.
The relationship between müllerian inhibiting substance and androgens in boys with hypospadias.

ABSTRACTPurpose: The etiology of hypospadias is probably multifactorial and disruption of androgen production may have a role. Mullerian inhibiting substance (MIS), a hormone produced by Sertoli cells, has been shown to suppress androgen biosynthesis in Leydig cells by inhibiting cytochrome P450c17 hydroxylase/lyase (CYP17) gene expression. We investigated the relationship between serum MIS and androgens in boys with isolated hypospadias compared with normal boys.Materials and Methods: Serum levels of MIS, testosterone and androstenedione were measured in 29 boys with distal hypospadias (midshaft or less) and 21 normal boys undergoing circumcision. The subjects were stratified according to age 12 months or younger (group 1) and 13 to 24 months old (group 2). Statistical evaluation was performed by Student’s t test.Results: Mean age plus or minus standard error of mean of normal boys and their respective age matched groups with hypospadias were not significantly different. Within each respective age group ...