cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Determination of Gamma-hydroxybutyrate in Water and Human Urine by Solid Phase Microextraction-Gas Chromatography/Quadrupole Ion Trap Spectrometry

A simple method of detection was developed for gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB). The method involves the derivatization of GHB using a hexyl-chloroformate procedure in aqueous media (such as water or urine), extraction of the derivatization product directly from the sample using solid-phase microextraction, and subsequent separation and detection with gas chromatography quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometry. The deuterated form of GHB (GHB-D6) is used as an internal standard for quantitation. The method was linear for GHB-spiked pure water samples from 2 to 150 microg/mL GHB with a detection limit of 0.2 microg/mL. Spiked urine samples showed linearity from 5 to 500 microg/mL GHB with a detection limit of 2 microg/mL. The SPME-GC/MS method is applied to actual case samples, and the results are compared to those values obtained using a conventional GC/MS method. Sensitivity and linearity are comparable to those seen using traditional methods of separation, yet the SPME method is superior due to the simplicity, speed of analysis, reduction in solvent waste, and ability to differentiate between GHB and gamma-butyrolactone (GBL).
Mass Transferring Binaries in Hierarchical Triples

Mass transferring binary stars with a more distant triple companion are extremely sensitive to the details of the dynamics of the triple system. This is because the mass transfer rate, and hence the luminosity of a mass transferring binary, varies strongly with the separation of the binary. We review an analytic solution for the short term (on the order of the inner binary period) changes in the inner binary separation for coplanar hierarchical triple systems in which both orbits are circular. Longer term variations in the inner binary separation due to precession effects are also discussed. The radio flares from Cygnus X-3 may be examples of luminosity bursts induced by a third body.
Total Intestinal Lactase and Sucrase Activities Are Reduced in Aged Rats

Lactase-phlorizin hydrolase (LPH) and sucrase-isomaltase (SI) are intestinal microvillus membrane hydrolases that play important roles in carbohydrate digestion. Although the expression of these enzymes during postnatal development has been characterized, the effect of old age on disaccharidase activity is poorly understood. In the present investigation, we examined the effect of aging on lactase and sucrase activities and their mRNA levels in the small intestines of 3-, 12- and 24- mo-old rats by sampling from nine equidistant segments of small intestine. Total intestinal disaccharidase activity or mRNA abundance was determined from areas under the proximal-to-distal curves. Rats 24 mo of age had total intestinal lactase and sucrase activities that were 12 and 38% lower, respectively, than the 3-mo-old animals (P < 0.05). In contrast, total LPH and SI mRNA abundance did not change significantly. Thus, total intestinal lactase and sucrase activities decrease with age in a manner that likely involves a posttranscriptional process. The age-related decline in disaccharidase activity, if extrapolated to humans, may have important implications for the digestion of carbohydrate contained in the diet of the elderly.
Anion and Solvent Effects upon the Structures of Platinum(II) Complexes with Thiacrown Ligands: The Crystal Structures of [Pt(9S3)2](PF6)2·2 CH3NO2, [Pt(9S3)2](BF4)2·2 CH3NO2, [Pt(9S3)2](OTf)2·2 CH3NO2, and [Pt(18S6)](BF4)2

The synthesis and crystal structures of four mononuclear PtII homoleptic complexes with two thiacrown ligands are presented. The binding mode for both macrocycles to the platinum center contrasts with previous structural reports involving identical complex cations but differing anions or crystallization solvents. All three bis(1,4,7-trithiacyclononane(9S3))platinum(II) complexes (with tetrafluoroborate, hexafluorophosphate, and triflate as counterions) are centrosymmetric, with endodentate binding of the trithioether resulting in [S4 + S2] coordination. The PtII complex of 1,4,7,10,13,16-hexathiacyclooctadecane(18S6) shows an elongated square pyramidal structure with one exodentate sulfur in a [S4 + S1] mode. Our work illustrates how changes of counterion and solvent dramatically affect the crystal structures for such complexes, suggesting that packing forces are more important than ligand conformation in determining solid-state structures. In addition, the full spectroscopic and electrochemical properties of the complex [Pt(18S6)](BF4)2 are reported. The electronic spectrum shows a d−d transition near 430 nm, and an irreversible PtII/PtIII couple occurs at +564 mV vs. Fc/Fc+ in cyclic voltammetry. Both these data are consistent with other hexakis(thioether) PtII complexes. 13C NMR measurements show a non-fluxional 18S6 ligand in the complex while the platinum-195 NMR resonance at −4152 ppm indicates a mixed orientation of lone pair electrons on the sulfur donors. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Use of mobile learning module improves skills in chest tube insertion

Abstract Background Just-In-Time Learning is a concept increasingly applied to medical education, and its efficacy must be evaluated. Materials and methods A 3-minute video on chest tube insertion was produced. Consenting participants were assigned to either the video group, which viewed the video on an Apple® iPod Touch immediately before chest tube insertion, or the control group, which received no instruction. Every participant filled out a questionnaire regarding prior chest tube experience. A trained clinician observed participants insert a chest tube on the TraumaMan® task simulator, and assessed performance using a 14-item skills checklist. Results Overall, 128 healthcare trainees participated, with 50% in the video group. Participants included residents (34.4%, n = 44), medical students (32.8%, n = 42), and U.S. Army Forward Surgical Team members (32.8%, n = 42). Sixty-nine percent of all participants responded that they had never placed a chest tube, but 7% had placed more than 20. Only 25% of the participants had previously used TraumaMan®. Subjects who viewed the video scored better on the skills checklist than the control group (11.09 ± 3.09 versus 7.17 ± 3.56, P Conclusions The procedural animation video is an effective medium for teaching procedural skills. Embedding the video on a mobile device, and allowing trainees to access it immediately before chest tube insertion, may enhance and standardize surgical education for civilians and military personnel.
Maternal Positive Affect Mediates the Link Between Family Risk and Preschoolers’ Positive Affect

The present study sought to further specify conceptual models of youth positive affect (PA) by examining mothers’ observed PA as a mediator of the relation between family risk (based on maternal reports of demographic factors) and children’s PA in a sample of 82 mothers (M = 31.25 years, SD = 6.16) and their preschool-aged children (M = 3.51 years, SD = .49, 63.00 % boys). Results yielded a significant, negative correlation between family risk and child PA. Mediation analyses indicated that family risk was related to child PA through its effects on maternal PA, even after controlling for maternal depression symptoms. Findings suggest that family risk and maternal PA are important factors to consider in understanding preschoolers’ PA development. Identifying children at risk for developing PA difficulties can aid in the implementation of prevention and intervention strategies for promoting young children’s PA specifically, and their psychosocial functioning more broadly.
Oscillations in the olfactory bulb carry information about odorant history.

While odorant-evoked oscillations in the vertebrate olfactory bulb have been studied extensively, information about their possible cognitive role has been missing. Using voltage-sensitive dye imagi...
Vitamin B 12 -controlled Biotin Avidity in Autotrophic Euglena gracilis

SEVERAL years ago, it was found that colls from recently isolated but impure (0.1 per cent contaminants) cultures of the autotrophic bacterium Nitrosomonas europeae contained more than 10 µg biotin/g dried cells1. Because such values are considerably higher than the 1.7–7.1 µg biotin per g of dried cells reported for five species of heterotrophic bacteria2, we suggested that autotrophs might require large amounts of biotin for utilization of their carbon source, carbon dioxide. Assay of biotin content of pure cultures of autotrophic bacteria revealed that they contained the same amount or only slightly less biotin than do heterographs: N. europeae contained 1.6–2.4 µg and Nitrobacter agilis contained 0.56–1.0 µg biotin/g dried cells3.
A Micromethod for the Colorimetric Determination of Total Serum Proteins and of Serum Albumin and Globulin

Summary A micromethod for the colorimetric determination of serum proteins is described. The total protein concentration can be determined in 0.05 ml serum and the albumin in 0.1 ml. Resume Une micromethode est decrite pour la determination colorimetrique des proteines de serum. La concentration totale de proteine peut etre determinee en 0.05 ml de serum et l'albumine en 0.1 ml. Zuzammenfassung Eine Mikromethode fur die kolorimetrische Bestimmung von Serumproteinen wird beschrieben. Totalprotein kann in 0.05 ml Serum bestimmt werden und Albumin in 0.1 ml. Sumario Se describe un micro-metodo para la determinacion colorimetrica de seroproteinas. Se puede determinar en 0.05 ml la proteina total y en 0.1 ml la albumina.
Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia/avastin

This is the first scientific report of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) epistaxis treatment by intranasal spraying of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitor bevacizumab (Avastin). Epistaxis in patients with HHT is a morbid, mortal condition that is difficult and unpleasant to manage. Nasal telangiectasia growth is modulated by VEGF, which is elevated in HHT patients. Bevacizumab is a VEGF inhibitor that diminishes epistaxis when administered intravenously or injected locally, or as reported here when sprayed topically onto the nasal mucosa.
Complications of the radical soft tissue mobilisation procedure as a primary closure of classical bladder exstrophy

Purpose The radical soft tissue mobilisation procedure was developed as a component of the staged closure of classical bladder exstrophy to improve continence rates without having to perform pelvic osteotomies. We describe complications following this procedure and discuss possible aetiologies and subsequent management. Material and methods We extracted from an institutionally approved exstrophy database the records of patients evaluated for complications following radical soft tissue mobilisation repair (Kelly Procedure)from 1999 to 2002. Results Four patients were referred to our institution following closure of exstrophy with the radical soft tissue mobilization technique; two boys and two girls. Both boys experienced ischemic damage of the penile tissue requiring multiple reconstructions. One of the boys had deterioration of his left upper tract and incontinence which necessitated transection of his bladder neck, augmentation and creation of a catheterizable stoma. A female patient had deterioration of a solitary right kidney and wide pubic diastasis requiring an osteotomy. Due to bladder neck fibrosis she ultimately underwent diversion. The other female patient had failure of closure due to dehiscience and required re-closure with osteotomy. She also required diversion as bladder neck reconstruction was prevented by her fibrotic bladder neck. Conclusions Despite the perception that this method obviates pelvic osteotomies, complications secondary to omission of this component of closure are seen. Additionally, the complex dissection during radical mobilisation has great potential to injure the pelvic structures and genitalia, as has been seen with the cases presented herein. Surgeons investigating this technique should be mindful of the potential pitfalls.
DECONSTRUCTING ENDOGENOUS PAIN MODULATIONS

A pathway from the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) through the ventromedial medulla (VMM) to the dorsal horn constitutes a putative endogenous nociceptive modulatory system. Yet activation of ne...
Chloroplast mutations induced by 9-aminoacridine hydrochloride are independent of the plastome mutator in Oenothera

Oenothera plants homozygous for the recessive plastome mutator allele (pm) show chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) mutation frequencies that are about 1,000-fold higher than spontaneous levels. The pm-encoded gene product has been hypothesized to have a function in cpDNA replication, repair and/or mutation avoidance. Previous chemical mutagenesis experiments with the alkylating agent nitroso-methyl urea (NMU) showed a synergistic effect of NMU on the induction of mutations in the pm line, suggesting an interaction between the pm-encoded gene product and one of the repair systems that corrects alkylation damage. The goal of the experiments described here was to examine whether the pm activity extends to the repair of damage caused by non-alkylating mutagens. To this end, the intercalating mutagen, 9-aminoacridine hydrochloride (9AA) was tested for synergism with the plastome mutator. A statistical analysis of the data reported here indicates that the pm-encoded gene product is not involved in the repair of the 9AA-induced mutations. However, the recovery of chlorotic sectors in plants derived from the mutagenized seeds shows that 9AA can act as a mutagen of the chloroplast genome.
Improved detectability in low signal-to-noise ratio magnetic resonance images by means of a phase-corrected real reconstruction

We show that for magnetic resonance(MR)images with signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR)<2 it is advantageous to use a phase‐corrected real reconstruction, rather than the more usual magnitude reconstruction. We discuss the results of the phase correction algorithm used to experimentally verify the result. We supplement the existing literature by presenting closed form expressions (in an MR context) for the probability distribution and first moments of the signal resulting from a magnitude reconstruction.
Neutral polymeric micelles for RNA delivery.

RNA interference (RNAi) drugs have significant therapeutic potential, but delivery systems with appropriate efficacy and toxicity profiles are still needed. Here, we describe a neutral, ampholytic polymeric delivery system based on conjugatable diblock polymer micelles. The diblock copolymer contains a hydrophilic poly[N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide-co-N-(2-(pyridin-2-yldisulfanyl)ethyl)methacrylamide) (poly[HPMA-co-PDSMA]) segment to promote aqueous stability and facilitate thiol–disulfide exchange reactions and a second ampholytic block composed of propylacrylic acid (PAA), dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA), and butyl methacrylate (BMA). The poly[(HPMA-co-PDSMA)-b-(PAA-co-DMAEMA-co-BMA)] was synthesized using reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization with an overall molecular weight of 22 000 g/mol and a PDI of 1.88. Dynamic light scattering and fluorescence measurements indicated that the diblock copolymers self-assemble under aqueous conditions to form polymeric ...
Limiting overhead views in double-contrast colon examinations does not affect diagnostic accuracy

A prospective study was undertaken to evaluate whether reducing overhead (technician-performed) films in double-contrast colon examinations had any effect on diagnostic accuracy. Only 4 overhead films were obtained routinely: supine, both decubitus, and prone cross-table rectal views. A high detect rate was maintained, comparable to our accuracy when 7 or 8 overhead films were obtained. Our study confirms that with double-contrast colon examinations, the need for overhead films is diminished. A significant decrease in cost, radiation exposure, and examination time can be obtained. We continued to use this method without any noticeable decrease in diagnostic accuracy.
Sustainable development as a community of practice: insights from rural water projects in Egypt

A community-of-practice (CoP) approach is used to analyze rural water sustainability. In combining CoP with the capability approach (CA), a dichotomy is generated between project goals and project practices and whether they are locally or externally driven. Four possible project scenarios are developed from this framework: empowerment (local goals and practices), apprenticeship (local practices and external goals), assistencialism (external practices and local goals) and determinism (external goals and practices). A novel arrangement of indicators is used that incorporates economic (costs), environmental (natural resources) and engineering (skills) sustainability. A meta-synthesis of 23 Egyptian rural water projects indicates that sustainability potential should optimize environmental and engineering sustainability on one hand, with economic sustainability on the other. The policy implication is that managing a series of village-level water projects at a regional level best achieves both economy of scale and adequate cultivation of local practices. However, such a policy is only possible if national institutions enable decentralized regional governance. If institutions resist decentralization, institutional incentives are likely necessary to ensure a more enabling environment. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Abuse of therapists by patients: A national survey.

A survey of 300 independent practitioners revealed that 81 % experienced at least one incidentof patient physical attack, verbal abuse, or other harassment in private practice, at anotherjob, or both. Verbal abuse was the most frequently reported event. Physical attacks wereabout twice as common in hospitals and clinics as in independent practice. However, otherharassments, such as annoying phone calls and threats to sue, were more common in privatework than at other jobs. Because these types of incidents occur with some frequency, itseems advisable to discuss them and how to prevent or deal with them.
A Central Thought of Vector Analysis as used in Physics

VECTOR analysis is now recognised fully as furnishing standard modes of expression for many ranges mathematical and physical thought; and meanwhile, the atmosphere of the physical thought especially is continually reacting upon the newer analytic method, and adapting it with preciser discrimination the needs of actual use. Thus the dichotomous arrangement of quantities as scalar or vector been supplemented by the tensor-triplet as a tertium quid, vectors are habitually grouped as free or localised, pseudo-scalars have been set off from pure scalars. Something has been done, too, through influence of ascertained physical connections, toward unifying discrete formal results by appreciating real underlying articulation. Such advances as are made deserve immediate incorporation in the accepted text, likely to render the methods more widely available; and the serving of that end has suggested presenting the notes that follow.
the dynamics of societal diversity: notes from Nicaragua for a sociology of survival

At a more profound level than political economy, cultures and social structures are constantly generating new forms. Since this genesis has not been adequately conceptualized, a preliminary model for emergent phenomena in complex societies is suggested, analyzing the history and contemporary revolutionary situation of the Nicaraguan Atlantic region Indians. [complex societies, Nicaragua, Indians, survival vehicles, revolution, cultural emergence]
Interactions among nephrotoxicants: N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)succinimide and cephaloridine.

Abstract Numerous studies have demonstrated the interactive potential between nephrotoxicants. The purpose of this study was to examine the interactive potential between two model nephrotoxicants, N -(3,5-dichlorophenyl)succimimide (NDPS) and cephaloridine (CPH). Male Fischer 344 rats (4 rats per group) were administered an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of CPH (500 mg/kg), NDPS (0.2 mmol/kg) or the appropriate vehicle 1 h prior to administration of an i.p. injection of NDPS (0.2, 0.4 or 1.0 mmol/kg), CPH (500, 750 or 1000 mg/kg) or the appropriate vehicle. Renal function was monitored at 24 and 48 h. Combination of non-nephrotoxic doses of CPH (500 mg/kg) and NDPS (0.2 mmol/kg) did not result in neprotoxicity, regardless of which compound was administered first. NDPS (0.2 mmol/kg) weakly enhanced the nephrotoxicity observed following CPH (1000 mg/kg) injection but had little effect on CPH (750 mg/kg)-induced renal effects. However, CPH (500 mg/kg) markedly attenuated NDPS (0.4 or 1.0 mmol/kg)-induced nephrotoxicity. These results demonstrate that prior NDPS exposure has little effect on the outcome of CPH-induced renal effects, but prior CPH exposure can markedly alter the renal response to NDPS administration.
The Paschen-Back Effect of Hyperfine Structure

The study of the Paschen-Back effect in hyperfine structure is of particular interest as it is the only possibility to verify the complete theory of the gradual change of the Zeeman effect from weak to strong fields, as there are no suitable multiplets available for this purpose. The theory of the Zeeman effect for any field strength has been studied by Heisenberg and Jordan [Zeits. f. Physik. 37, 263 (1926)] and by Darwin [Proc. Roy. Soc. A115, 1 (1927)] for the case of ordinary multiplets. There may be shown to be a very close analogy between ordinary multiplets and the hyperfine structure separations, the former being due to the interaction between the total extranuclear moment and the nuclear moment.
Thermal plasma synthesis of ultrafine iron particles

Abstract Ultrafine iron powder was synthesized in an atmospheric-pressure radio-frequency plasma reactor by injecting relatively course iron powder into the plasma, where it evaporated. The renucleated iron particles were characterized by means of a sampling capillary and dilution system interfaced to an electrical aerosol analyzer, a condensation nucleus counter and an electrostatic aerosol sampler. Volume-mean particle diameters for samples obtained near the downstream end of the reactor ranged from about 20 to 70 nm, with particle size increasing as the feed rate of injected iron powder was increased. A two-dimensional numerical model was developed, which solved the plasma conservation equations to predict temperature and velocity distributions, heating and evaporation of the injected iron powder, nucleation and growth of iron particles, and particle transport by convection, diffusion and thermophoresis. Mean particle diameters predicted by the model were in good agreement with the experimental data, although the data indicated broader size distributions and flatter radial profiles of particle concentration than predicted by the model.
Can normal outdoor activities be carried out during civil twilight

Ambient illumination during civil twilight, which occurs approximately a half hour before sunrise and after sunset, has traditionally been characterized as posing no restriction on normal visual activities. However, consideration of the selective degradation of visual-recognition functions and the concurrent sparing of visual-guidance functions at the prevailing (relevant) luminance levels suggests that this characterization of civil twilight is no longer appropriate, particularly in light of the visual demands of industrialized society. Rather, special notice should be taken of the implications of selective degradation of visual recognition during civil twilight for traffic safety and other visually demanding hazardous tasks.
Surgical management of large adrenal masses with or without thrombus extending into the inferior vena cava.

ABSTRACTPurpose: Surgical extirpation is the only curative treatment for large adrenal masses with or without thrombus extending into the inferior vena cava. However, occasionally complex surgical techniques are required, including venovenous bypass or cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Additionally, applying techniques used for organ transplantation can provide better exposure with less blood loss to allow milking of the thrombus downward, limiting the need for bypass.Materials and Methods: Ten patients underwent surgery for large adrenal masses using these techniques. Five patients had thrombi extending into the inferior vena cava, causing Budd-Chiari syndrome in 1. A classification system was proposed for adrenal masses associated with venous thrombus.Results: Median patient age was 51 years. Surgery was completed successfully in all patients. Only 1 patient with an adherent intra-atrial thrombus required CPB. Mean blood loss was 450 ml (range 50 to 1,500) except in the patient who required CPB. Postoperati...
Interaction of water-soluble acrylic polymers with alcohols in aqueous solutions

Abstract The interactions of anionic acrylic polymers with a series of alcohols were investigated by means of surface tension, viscosity and solubility. Ethanol, n-propanol, n-butanol and acetylenic diol were used to probe two styrene-acrylic copolymers with differing acid values and hydrophobicity. Both polymers were dissolved in ammonium water at pH 8.5. The alcohol activity was found to decrease in the presence of these polymers. Both higher alcohol and polymer hydrophobicity led to more alcohol activity decrease. These phenomena were mainly attributed to the association between the polymer and alcohol via the hydrophobic driving force. Solubility increases of n-butanol and acetylenic diol in aqueous solutions in the presence of the polymers further support the notion of the polymer/alcohol association. The polymer–alcohol complex resulting from the association of the hydrophobic segments of the polymer and alcohol could become more hydrophilic and therefore more extended in aqueous solutions. This is indicated by the significant viscosity increase of the polymer solutions in the presence of as low as 0.1–0.5% of butanol or acetylenic diol. The binding isotherms of the alcohol on the polymer chains were also investigated. The results of surface tension and binding isotherm suggest an onset association of alcohol aggregates on the polymer chains.
Plasma 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D Levels in Patients Receiving Anticonvulsant Drugs

Recent evidence has linked altered plasma vitamin D metabolite levels to the reported occurrence of hypocalcemia and other metabolic abnormalities in patients receiving anticonvulsant drugs. We have measured plasma levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-(OH)D) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25-(OH)2D) in institutionalized patients on diphenylhydantoin (Dilantin) and/or phenobarbital therapy. Values were compared with those obtained in institutionalized patients receiving no drugs and with normal ambulatory subjects. Although plasma 25-(OH)D levels were lower in the patients on drugs, a deficiency of 1,25-(OH)2D, the tissue active metabolite of vitamin D, was not present. These results indicate that in patients taking anticonvulsant drugs, the serum calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase and parathyroid hormone (PTH) abnormalities are not caused by a defective formation of 1,25-(OH)2D.
Isomerization of β-hydroxyalkoxy radicals formed from the OH radical-initiated reactions of C4-C8 1-alkenes

The dihydroxycarbonyl products of the isomerization reactions of the β-hydroxyalkoxy radicals formed after OH radical addition to the 1-alkenes 1-butene through 1-octene have been observed by direct air sampling atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry (API-MS). The experimental data obtained provide direct evidence for β-hydroxyalkoxy radical isomerization via a six-member transition state. Our data show that the importance of β-hydroxyalkoxy radical isomerization in the OH radical-initiated reactions of the 1-alkenes increases with carbon number, being unimportant for 1-butene and dominating for 1-heptene and 1-octene.
Crystallization of poly(ethylene terephthalate)/polycarbonate blends. II. The effects of fiber reinforcement

The effect of fiber reinforcement on the crystallization of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) in blends of PET and polycarbonate (PC) is determined using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Isothermal crystallization rate of PET in PET/PC blends (80% and 60% PET by weight) is depressed as a result of Kevlar 49 and glass fiber reinforcement. In contrast, the crystallization rate of the same PET (no PC present) is enhanced by the Kevlar. The degree of crystallinity and melting temperature of PET in fiber-reinforced PET/PC is also depressed relative to that of unreinforced PET/PC and fiber-reinforced PET. These results show that there is a significant interaction between the effects of fiber reinforcement and of the PC component on the crystallization of PET in PET/PC composites. The PET/PC blends studied display two glass transition temperatures, characteristic of an immiscible blend. When glass fibers are used as the reinforcing phase, the T g of PET is depressed. Optical microscopy observations are also consistent with an immiscible blend. When Kevlar fibers lie in a crystallizable (PET) domain, crystallites are densely nucleated on the fiber surface to induce transcrystallinity. Glass fibers produce less densely nucleated surface crystals in these systems.
Theoretical study of in desorption during MBE growth of InGaAs/GaAs

Abstract A rate equation model is employed to investigate surface dynamic processes such as In desorption and In incorporation in the MBE growth of InGaAs. Results of temporal variation of desorption rate when the Ga or In flux is turned on or off are compared with the experimental results and the agreement is very good. In both experimental and our simulation results, In desorption increases by increasing substrate temperature and increasing over pressure ratio. The physical reasons for the observations are presented and discussed. The desorption process is observed to have two independent components, one arising from the physisorbed layer of In and the other from the surface of the crystal. The activation energy for these processes for an isolated In adatom are 0.18 and 2.6 eV, respectively. It is observed that surface mechanisms such as segregation and incorporation control the growth and composition profiles.
Frameless stereotactic aspiration and thrombolysis of deep intracerebral hemorrhage is associated with reduced levels of extracellular cerebral glutamate and unchanged lactate pyruvate ratios.

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a devastating form of stroke commonly resulting in severe morbidity and high mortality. Secondary brain injury often occurs in the days following the initial hemorrhage and is associated with significant neurological deterioration. The neurochemistry associated with secondary injury is poorly understood The purpose of this study is to characterize the neurochemical changes, in perihematomal tissue during frameless minimally invasive evacuation of spontaneous hematomas This is a nonrandomized prospective microdialysis study of 12 consecutive patients undergoing Frameless Stereotactic Aspiration and Thrombolysis (FAST) of deep ICHs. Hourly glucose, lactate, pyruvate, and glutamate were measured in the perihematomal tissue of patients undergoing minimally invasive hematoma evacuation. Analyte concentrations were compared to evaluate the natural history of perihematomal neurochemistry and to identify changes potentially related to secondary injury. Brain hematoma volumes were reduced 87% during FAST and National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores were improved from an average of 19 at admission to 12.6 at time of discharge from the, intensive care unit. Glutamate average values decreased from the first 24 hours of measurement (12 mmol/L±6) to the final 24-hour epoch (5 mmol/L±6). Glutamate reduction showed a significant linear (p=0.0007) and quadratic (p<0.05) trend during hematoma drainage. Lactate pyruvate ratios (LPR), a common marker of ischemia, were unchanged. This study reports that elevated levels of glutamate are found in the perihematomal region after ICH and are decreased during hematoma drainage. Conversely, ischemic LPRs are not found in perihematomal regions and were unchanged during hematoma drainage. These data suggest that excitotoxicity related to glutamate may have an important impact on secondary injury. The data failed to support the role of ischemia in secondary perihematomal damage.
Religion and Development: Some comparative considerations

Jack Goody asks whether religion impedes or advances development. He presents some philosophical arguments that have dominated the debate. He starts with Max Weber's conclusion that Protestantism was particularly adapted to the development of capitalism and discusses the influences of different religions on societies over time. This historical overview gives an important background to current debates on religion and development.
Restricted pollen flow of two woodland herbs determined by neutron-activation analysis

THE movement of pollen is a critical event in the population genetics of wind-pollinated plants. Neighbourhood size and potential for genetic differentiation, for example, are significantly influenced by pollen flight distances1,2. The evolution of phenological and morphological mechanisms that enhance wind pollination is well studied3,4, but the actual distance of pollen flight in natural populations is less clearly documented. Pollen movements have been estimated by using genetic markers in field plots5, trapping pollen with artificial barriers6, and catching radioisotope- and chemically-marked pollen of conifers7–9. I report the successful measurement of wind-dispersed pollen in natural populations of woodland herbs, using neutron-activation analysis of surface-treated pollen. Preliminary results suggest highly restricted pollen movement in these herbs.
Electrophysiological effects of diisopropylfluorophosphate on neuromuscular transmission

Abstract The effects of the anticholinesterase agent, diisopropyfluorophosphate (DFP) on neuromuscular transmission were explored using intracellular recording techniques in a vascular perfused rat phrenic nerve-hemidiaphragm preparation. This study was designed to assess the applicability of DFP when used to inhibit acetylcholinesterase for the purpose of recovering released acethylcholine. A procedure was used in which a single cell was held before and after drug. The presence of DFP (4×10 −5 M) in the perfusion medium yielded greater than 97% inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity and resulted in a slight increase in amplitude as well as a prolongation of the decay phase of spontaneous miniature endplate potentials and evoked endplate potentials. Quantal content of evoked acetylcholine release was unaltered by DFP. The prolonged decay phase and increased amplitude remained after washout of unbound DFP suggesting an effect through irreversible binding. In the absence of change in quantal content it is concluded that DFP (4×10 −5 M) has no significant effect on neurotransmitter release. Therefore, DFP appears to be an appropriate acetylcholinesterase inhibitor for studies involving the release of endogenous acetylcholine from phrenic nerve-hemidiaphragm.
The temperature dependence of optical absorption near the absorption edge of Tl3 As Se3

The optical transmission of Tl3 As Se3 as a function of wavelength and temperature is reported for the 1.2 – 2.5 um spectral range, and at temperatures from 40 to 300K. The absorption edge for the material occurs at about 1.011 eV. The material also indicated direct transitions at about 1.015 eV and indirect transitions at about 1.001 eV. The direct and indirect transitions are found to be independent of temperature. Electrical measurements have identified the sample as p-type, with hole concentrations of 5 × 1015 and 6 × 1012 cm−3 at 395 and 300K, respectively. The sample seems to be a good insulator at all temperatures between 40 −300K.
Quantum Number of B-Mesons

In the present note we study theJP assignment for the B-meson using the available experimental results. We study the consequences of such assignments from the point of view ofSU3 classification. This leads to many interesting results and provides a way to decide if the B-meson is a resonance or only an enhancement.
A gravimetric K2OsCl6 standard: Application to precise and accurate Os spike calibration

The Re-Os isotopic system is currently limited as a chronometer because of the lack of accurate gravimetric standards for Os spike calibration and uncertainty of the 187Re half-life, which is also dependent on the accuracy of Os spike calibration. We demonstrate that the concentration of an Os spike can be calibrated accurately to ±0.2%. The accuracy of this calibration was achieved by using a high-purity, stoichiometric, and anhydrous K2OsCl6 standard. We show that (NH4)2OsCl6, the standard material used by most other laboratories, is less reliable for Os spike calibration because it is hygroscopic and decomposes during heating. Nebulization and ionization in a plasma at 6500 to 8000 K does not discriminate Os of different oxidation states and chemical forms, allowing Os isotopic ratios in spike-normal mixtures to be equilibrated “on-line” and reproduced at the ∼0.02% level. Multiple isotope dilution measurements reproduce Os concentrations at the 0.04% level. The Os isotopic compositions of the standards determined by multiple collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry are in excellent agreement with that of negative thermal ionization mass spectrometry. A strong linear relationship between instrumental mass fractionation factors (β) for Os and Ir in MC-ICP-MS allows us to determine the isotopic composition of the Os spike with high precision and accuracy. Application of such an accurately calibrated spike is anticipated to reduce the uncertainty of 187Re half-life significantly, thereby increasing the accuracy of the 187Re-187Os chronometer.
THE EQUAL ABSOLUTE SACRIFICE PRINCIPLE REVISITED

Abstract We summarize the literature on equal absolute sacrifice income taxes, and make some extensions. We adapt the utilitarian equal sacrifice criterion to a wide class of rank-dependent social welfare functions, and find that liabilities depend on both income and position in the distribution. We investigate whether such taxes need be progressive, using a combination of analytics and simulation, and in the process uncover tax functions not previously recognized as equating sacrifices. Finally, out of horizontal equity considerations a new concept of ‘the equal treatment of equals’ by an income tax emerges, with implications for future work whose significance is discussed.
Influence of eye pigmentation and light deprivation on inherited retinal dystrophy in the rat

The influence of eye pigmentation and light deprivation on inherited retinal dystrophy has been studied in Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rats which are pink-eyed and in two congenic strains, RCS-p/+, which are black-eyed and RCS-c, which are albinos. The congenic animals are genetically similar to inbred RCS rats, differing only in pigmentation genes and other genes closely linked to the pigmentation loci. Progression of the disease has been analyzed in a series of animals cytologically with 1–2 μm plastic sections and biochemically by measurement of whole eye extractions of rhodopsin. When the rats are reared in cyclic light (12 hr light-12 hr dark; cage illumination less than 15 ft-c), the rate of photoreceptor degeneration in black-eyed rats is slowed from the rate in pink-eyed rats by about 10 days in the posterior retina. In the far peripheral retina, the disease is slowed by about 30–35 days in the superior half of the eye, along and above the horizontal meridian. No slowing occurs in the inferior half of the eye along the vertical meridian. When pink-eyed RCS and black-eyed RCS-p/+ rats are dark-reared, the pattern of degeneration in both is the same as in black-eyed rats reared in cyclic light. The rhodopsin content of eyes from black-eyed RCS-p/+ rats reared in cyclic light also is the same as that in pink-eyed rats reared in darkness. No difference was found between pink-eyed RCS and albino RCS-c retinas in the rate of the disease or in rhodopsin content. These findings indicate that (1) intrinsic differences exist in different regions of the retina in the rate of retinal dystrophy, (2) black eye pigment slows the progression of the disease as much as does dark-rearing in pink-eyed rats, (3) the very small amount of eye pigment in pink-eyed RCS rats is ineffectual in slowing the rate of the disease from that in albino RCS-c rats, and (4) dark-rearing does not slow the rate of the disease further in black-eyed rats. Additional features of retinal dystrophy in the RCS rat were observed. Some photoreceptor cells survive in clusters immediately adjacent to the optic nerve head and the ora serrata as late as day 96, long after most photoreceptors have disappeared. The rod outer segment debris (extra lamellar material), which is a characteristic of retinal dystrophy in the rat, shows a loss of basophilia and osmiophilia (“blanching”) beginning at days 32–35 in the apical region of the debris in the posterior retina. The debris becomes progressively more “blanched” until about day 96, when most of the debris has lost its basophilia in all regions of the eye; the “blanching” of the membranes correlates closely with the loss of rhodopsin from the eye. The issue of the source of the extra lamellar material is re-examined, and data are provided that indicate the material probably is formed entirely from the breakdown of rod outer segments.
Midterm ventricular performance after Norwood procedure with right ventricular-pulmonary artery conduit.

Background Midterm and long-term results of patients who underwent a Norwood procedure with a right ventricular–pulmonary artery conduit remain unclear. This study aimed to compare the midterm ventricular performance of the Norwood procedure with right ventricular–pulmonary artery conduit and the Norwood procedure with systemic–pulmonary shunt. Methods Twenty-one patients who underwent both a bidirectional Glenn procedure and a total cavopulmonary connection after Norwood palliation at Fukuoka Children's Hospital Medical Center were divided into two groups: the systemic–pulmonary shunt group (n = 11) and the right ventricular–pulmonary artery conduit group (n = 10). End-systolic elastance (contractility), effective arterial elastance (afterload), and ventriculoarterial coupling and the ratio of stroke work and pressure-volume area (ventricular efficiency) were measured on the basis of cardiac catheterization data before the bidirectional Glenn procedure, before and after the total cavopulmonary connection, and at approximately 1 year after total cavopulmonary connection. Results After bidirectional Glenn procedure and total cavopulmonary connection, end-systolic elastance of the right ventricular–pulmonary artery conduit group was lower than that of the systemic–pulmonary shunt group, whereas effective arterial elastance of the right ventricular–pulmonary artery conduit group was lower than that of the systemic–pulmonary shunt group. Consequently, there was no difference in ventricular efficiency in both groups 1 year after total cavopulmonary connection. Conclusions The midterm ventricular performance of the right ventricular–pulmonary artery conduit group was comparable with the systemic–pulmonary shunt group in terms of ventricular efficiency. However, after bidirectional Glenn procedure and total cavopulmonary connection, contractility in patients who underwent a Norwood procedure with a right ventricular–pulmonary artery conduit was inferior to that of patients who underwent a Norwood procedure with a systemic–pulmonary shunt.
An “epidemic” model of sexual intercourse prevalences for black and white adolescents

Abstract In adolescence (12–16 years), the prevalence of sexual intercourse increases each year. To explain the increasing yearly prevalences, we propose a recursive equation model of onset of adolescent sexual intercourse. The model allows for an “epidemic” process (the transmission of sexuality from a nonvirgin to a virgin) and a nonepidemic process (two virgins progressing to sexual intercourse). The model also requires that virgin females be pubertally mature before they will progress to sexual intercourse. Adequate fits were obtained to the intercourse prevalences for both black and white respondents. Comparisons of alternative models established that the full model was superior to models that omitted either the nonepidemic process or the requirement of females’ pubertal maturation. The model was able to fit both white and blacks simultaneously, assuming equal transition probabilities in both races. Hence, we propose the hypothesis that race differences in sexual intercourse prevalences may be strong...
Explaining racial disparities in mortality after abdominal aortic aneurysm repair

Background Black patients have a higher mortality rate than nonblacks after abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. We sought to understand the factors responsible for this racial disparity in the mortality rate after aneurysm repair. Methods The Medicare database (2001-2006) was used to identify 160,785 patients undergoing open and endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repairs. We used risk-adjusted mortality as our primary measure of quality and logistic regression to determine the relationship between race and mortality, sequentially adding contributing factors including patient characteristics, the type of repair (endovascular vs open repair), socioeconomic status, and hospital quality. From these sequential regression models, we estimated the proportion of the disparity that can be explained by each factor. Results Black patients had a 36% higher risk-adjusted mortality after aneurysm repair than nonblack patients (odds ratio [OR], 1.36; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.20-1.53). Even after accounting for the type of repair, a significant difference in mortality remained (OR, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.18-1.50). Mortality rates were higher in hospitals treating a higher proportion of black patients. Adjusting for these differences in hospital quality, this disparity was no longer significant (OR, 1.07; 95% CI, 0.93-1.25). We estimate that 29% of the observed disparity in mortality is caused by patient comorbidities, 6% from the use of endovascular repairs, 26% due to socioeconomic factors, and 25% because black patients receive care in lower-quality hospitals. Conclusions Although many factors contribute, a large proportion of observed disparities in outcomes are attributable to black patients receiving care in lower-quality hospitals. Efforts aimed at improving disparities must focus on improved access to high-quality hospitals and improved resources at the hospitals that treat higher proportions of black patients.
Kinetics of two-state chemisorption: Hydrogen on niobium

In the two-state model of chemisorption, it is assumed that there is a given density of chemisorption sites on the surface, each of which can exist in either of two states. The general rate equations were formulated and solved analytically under the assumption that the above two states are in local equilibrium. The kinetic equations describe accurately the photoemission data of Smith of hydrogen chemisorption on pure niobium. The analysis indicates that the two sites are tightly bound with a rather shallow (\ensuremath{\sim} 5 kcal/mole H) barrier between them.
Evidence of Ferroelectricity in RNA

RECENT experiments have implied an intimate association of ribonucleic acid (RNA) in the memory processes of platyhelminths and in mammals1–3. It is therefore of interest to determine any physical, as well as chemical or physiological, properties that pertain to mechanisms of information storage. Hysteresis is a phenomenon that permits a material in which this property is inherent to maintain a physical state dependent on the history of the material. Ferroelectrics, which display dielectric hysteresis, are characterized by the presence of spontaneous dipole moments which can be oriented by the application of electric fields to the material. In such a material, the state of polarization represents a memory of its electrical history.