cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
So Many People, So Little Water

Fuel for Growth Water and Arizona9s Urban Environment. Douglas E. Kupel. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 2003. 319 pp. $39.95. ISBN 0-8165-2169-7. Examining the interplay between urban development and water development in Arizona, Kupel argues that the culture that settlers brought with them from the humid Midwest and East proved more important than aridity, environmental sustainability, and differences in ecological settings.
MARX-BIASED TECHNICAL CHANGE AND THE NEOCLASSICAL VIEW OF INCOME DISTRIBUTION

AbstractThis paper empirically tests two competing views about capital-labour substitutionat the aggregate level in capitalist economies: the classical model with Marx-biasedtechnical change versus the neoclassical model. Following Foley and Michl (1999), theclassical viability condition of technical change is used to draw out two di erent hy-potheses about the pro t share in national income corresponding to the two competingmodels. A stochastic version of the viability condition is empirically tested with datafrom the Extended Penn World Tables 2.1 using a simple cross-country estimationstrategy. It is found that the data overwhelmingly rejects the neoclassical theory. JEL Codes: B51, O1.Keywords: classical economic growth, biased technical change, marginal productivity. Department of Economics, Colorado State University, 1771 Campus Delivery, Colorado State University,Fort Collins, CO 80523-1771, email: deepankar.basu@colostate.edu. I would like to thank Duncan Foley,Thomas Michl, Ramaa Vasudevan and two anonymous referees for extremely helpful comments.
Bubbles trapped at the coupling surface of the treatment head significantly reduce acoustic energy delivered in shock wave lithotripsy

The coupling efficiency of a “dry head” electromagnetic lithotripter (Dornier Compact Delta) was studied in vitro. A fiber‐optic probe hydrophone (FOPH‐500) was positioned in a test tank filled with degassed water. The tank was coupled through a semi‐transparent latex membrane to the water‐filled cushion of the lithotripter head, so that bubbles (air pockets) trapped between the two coupling surfaces could be easily observed and photographed. When gel was applied to both the latex membrane and the water cushion, numerous bubbles (some several millimeters in diameter) could be seen at the coupling interface. Hydrophone measurements in the geometric focus of the lithotripter showed that the acoustic pressure could be two times lower when bubbles were present than when they were manually removed. In our in vitro design, trapped bubbles could be easily observed and therefore removed from the acoustic path. However, during patient treatment with a dry‐head lithotripter one cannot see whether bubbles are trapped against the skin. This study provides a demonstration of the dramatic effect that trapped bubbles can have on the amount of acoustic energy actually delivered for treatment.
Uncertainty quantification of satellite precipitation estimation and Monte Carlo assessment of the error propagation into hydrologic response

[1] The aim of this paper is to foster the development of an end-to-end uncertainty analysis framework that can quantify satellite-based precipitation estimation error characteristics and to assess the influence of the error propagation into hydrological simulation. First, the error associated with the satellite-based precipitation estimates is assumed as a nonlinear function of rainfall space-time integration scale, rain intensity, and sampling frequency. Parameters of this function are determined by using high-resolution satellite-based precipitation estimates and gauge-corrected radar rainfall data over the southwestern United States. Parameter sensitivity analysis at 16 selected 5° × 5° latitude-longitude grids shows about 12–16% of variance of each parameter with respect to its mean value. Afterward, the influence of precipitation estimation error on the uncertainty of hydrological response is further examined with Monte Carlo simulation. By this approach, 100 ensemble members of precipitation data are generated, as forcing input to a conceptual rainfall-runoff hydrologic model, and the resulting uncertainty in the streamflow prediction is quantified. Case studies are demonstrated over the Leaf River basin in Mississippi. Compared with conventional procedure, i.e., precipitation estimation error as fixed ratio of rain rates, the proposed framework provides more realistic quantification of precipitation estimation error and offers improved uncertainty assessment of the error propagation into hydrologic simulation. Further study shows that the radar rainfall-generated streamflow sequences are consistently contained by the uncertainty bound of satellite rainfall generated streamflow at the 95% confidence interval.
Evaluation of cardiac valvular regurgitant lesions by cardiac MRI sequences: comparison of a four valve semi-quantitative vs. quantitative approach

BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE STUDY Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging generally allows a more accurate and valid quantification of cardiac function, mass and regurgitant volumes than echocardiography. Although recent technological advancements in CMR have made the evaluation of cardiac valves more reliable, no studies have yet been conducted to compare semi-quantitative grading (SQG) using CMR steady-state free precession (SSFP) sequences with quantitative grading (QG) based on stroke volumes and phase-velocity mapping (PVM). It is proposed that the SQG of cardiac valvular regurgitations based on CMR SSFP sequences is feasible, and highly correlative with standard CMR QG methods. METHODS CMR data obtained between January 2007 and December 2011 was evaluated prospectively for valvular regurgitant lesions. Patients were included if they had right and left ventricular volumetrics based on CMR SSFP sequences and PVM across the aortic and pulmonic valves with reported regurgitant volumes and fractions. Patients were excluded if they had prosthetic valves, cardiac arrhythmias and intra-cardiac shunts. Regurgitant lesions were semi-quantitatively (visually) graded on a standard scale of 0 to 4 (trace, mild, moderate, moderate to severe, and severe) and compared with quantitative regurgitant fractions. Correlations were evaluated by Spearman's rho formula, and kappa for intra- and inter-observer variabilities were obtained on 30% of the study sample. RESULTS A total of 97 patients (58 males, 39 females; average age 55 +/- 18 years) representing 134 valvular regurgitations [mitral (MR), aortic (AR), tricuspid (TR), and pulmonary (PR)] were analyzed by semiquantitative and quantitative methods. The regurgitant lesions included 44 mitral, 50 aortic, 29 tricuspid, and 11 pulmonary. The correlation between SQR versus QG yielded the following results: 0.67, p < 0.001 (MR, r = 0.66, p < 0.001; AR, r = 0.68, p < 0.002; TR, r = 0.68, p = 0.001; PR, r = 0.70, p = 0.017). The results for QG versus SQG accounting for clinically significant differences of +/- 1 grade for the group were as follows: 0.95, p < 0.001 (MR, r = 0.91, p < 0.001; AR, r = 0.96, p < 0.001; TR, r = 0.99, p < 0.001; PR, r = 0.93, p < 0.001). No discrepancy between surgical regurgitation was present (3+ versus 4+). Weighted kappa results were 0.67 and 0.61 for intra- and inter-observer variabilities. CONCLUSION The visual assessment of cardiac regurgitant lesions is reliable, accurate and reproducible when compared to formal quantitative analysis via CMR. This confirms a robust role for CMR in assessing regurgitant lesions, particularly for surgical decision-making. These results were applicable to patients in sinus rhythm at the time of scanning.
Rate Constants for the Gas-Phase Reactions of Ozone and Nitrate Radicals with the Sesquiterpenes: Valencene and Farnesol

Sesquiterpenes are constituents of a variety of essential oils that are used in flavorings, perfumes, personal care, and cleaning products. Two sesquiterpenes that are commonly used as indoor fragrances are valencene and farnesol. Knowing the reaction rate constants of these chemicals with ozone (O3) and nitrate radical () is an important factor in determining their fate indoors. In this study, the bimolecular rate constants of , , , and were measured using the relative rate technique at 297 ± 3 K and 1 atm total pressure. Using the rate constants reported here and measured/modeled indoor concentrations of O3 and (20 ppb and 1 ppt, respectively), pseudo–first-order-rate lifetimes , , , and were determined.
Benefit System and Benefit Level Satisfaction: An Expanded Model of Antecedents and Consequences

Compensation research distinguishes between satisfaction with pay level and the system that determines and delivers pay, but has neglected to make a similar distinction with respect to benefits. We (1) develop a measure of the benefit system satisfaction construct, (2) examine the discriminant validity of benefit system satisfaction, and (3) examine aspects of procedural and distributive justice and transaction costs as they relate to benefit satisfaction. Confirmatory factor analysis of a comprehensive pay satisfaction measure supported a separate benefit system satisfaction dimension. Structural equation models supported common and unique antecedents of benefit system and benefit level satisfaction, and supported their relationships with global job satisfaction.
Computer simulation of two-phase immiscible fluid motion in unsaturated complex fractures using a volume of fluid method

[1] Complex fluid behavior in unsaturated fracture and fracture networks, such as film flow, the migration, fragmentation, and coalescence of droplets, and rivulet flow with or without meandering or pulsation, has been widely observed in laboratory experiments. In this study, a modified two-dimensional volume of fluid (VOF) method was used to simulate liquid motion in partially saturated fracture apertures under a variety of flow conditions. This modeling approach systematically incorporates the effects of inertial forces, viscosity, gravity acting on the fluid densities, fracture wall wetting, and the pressure drop across curved fluid-fluid interfaces due to surface tension. This allows us to obtain a better understanding of the fundamental physics governing unsaturated fluid flow in fracture apertures. The VOF method is able to handle the complex dynamics of fluid-fluid interfaces and free surfaces in unsaturated fractures by using a fixed Eulerian grid. Fragmentation and coalescence of the fluids are automatically handled without resorting to complex adaptive mesh refinement or interface repairing algorithms. The wetting of fracture walls was modeled by imposing contact angles near the contact lines (contact points in two-dimensional simulations), and different contact angles were automatically chosen depending on whether the liquid interface is advancing, receding, or essentially stationary. The qualitative agreements between the numerical simulations and complex multiphase fluid dynamics reported in laboratory experiments clearly demonstrate the potential value of the VOF method for the mechanistically based modeling of immiscible liquid motion in unsaturated fracture networks.
3-D tumor model for in vitro evaluation of anticancer drugs

The efficacy of potential anticancer drugs during preclinical development is generally tested in vitro using cancer cells grown in monolayer; however, a significant discrepancy in their efficacy is observed when these drugs are evaluated in vivo. This discrepancy, in part, could be due to the three-dimensional (3-D) nature of tumors as compared to the two-dimensional (2-D) nature of monolayer cultures. Therefore, there is a need for an in vitro model that would mimic the 3-D nature of tumors. With this objective, we have developed surface-engineered, large and porous biodegradable polymeric microparticles as a scaffold for 3-D growth of cancer cells. Using the MCF-7 cell line as model breast cancer cells, we evaluated the antiproliferative effect of three anticancer drugs: doxorubicin, paclitaxel and tamoxifen in 3-D model vs in 2-D monolayer. With optimized composition of microparticles and cell culture conditions, a density of 4.5 × 106 MCF-7 cells/mg of microparticles, which is an 18-fold increase from...
Home-based tele-assisted robotic rehabilitation of joint impairments in children with cerebral palsy

A portable rehabilitation robot incorporating intelligent stretching, robot-guided voluntary movement training with motivating games and tele-rehabilitation was developed to provide convenient and cost-effective rehabilitation to children with cerebral palsy (CP) and extend rehabilitation care beyond hospital. Clinicians interact with the patients remotely for periodic evaluations and updated guidance. The tele-assisted stretching and active movement training was done over 6-week 18 sessions on the impaired ankle of 23 children with CP in their home setting. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated using biomechanical measures and clinical outcome measures. After the tele-assisted home robotic rehabilitation intervention, there were significant increases in the ankle passive and active range of motion, muscle strength, a decrease in spasticity, and increases in balance and selective control assessment of lower-extremity.
Recent Research and Developments in Machine Milking—A Review

Abstract Milking machine research has centered upon the relationship of the machine to mastitis in recent years. Survey data from Denmark indicates 6.6% of infections in problem herds were accounted for by milking machine factors. This review indicates that two factors, pulsation failure and the impact mechanism, consistently influence the new infection rate. Pulsation failure may consist of the mechanical failure of the pulsator, shortness of the liner barrel, or too short a rest phase of the liner. These conditions apparently fail to produce an adequate compressive load on the teat tissue to relieve congestion. The impact phenomena result from an abrupt loss of milking vacuum. Irish workers have concentrated on liner design and milking machine parameters including vacuum reserve, pulsation phase, rate and ratio, and the relationship to liner slip frequency. Reverse pressure gradients across the streak canal have been shown to occur at the end of milking with simulated liner slip by Cornell University workers. Developments such as liner shields, valved claws, chamber and flow directional claws, and improved liner design have emerged to counteract the effects of teat end impacts and cross infections. Other machine developments include electronic identification and milk metering. Robotic milking is entering the initial stages of investigation.
Inhalation in Relation to Type and Amount of Smoking

Abstract A survey conducted by mail was made to obtain information on inhalation in relation to type and amount of smoking. The proportion of men who said that they inhaled: (1) increased with amount of smoking and decreased with age, (2) was very much higher for cigarette smokers than for cigar and pipe smokers, and (3) was much higher for men who smoked only cigarettes than for men who smoked both cigarettes and cigars. The proportion of men who said that they inhale differed very little between those smoking filter tip cigarettes and those smoking non-filter tip cigarettes. A test was made to determine whether the wording of the letter of transmittal enclosed with the questionnaires, the organization from which the questionnaires were sent, the presence or absence of a postage stamp on the envelope enclosed for reply, or the failure of some men to reply had an influence on the findings. It appeared that these factors made very little difference in the percentage distribution of responses to questions o...
Pressure broadening of millimeter-wave ozone lines by atmospheric gases

Abstract Pressure-broadened linewidths of the 4 13 -4 04 , 6 15 -6 06 , 14 3 11 -15 2 14 , and 28 5 23 -29 4 26 rotational transitions of ozone have been measured for the foreign gases N 2 and O 2 over a pressure range of 200–1000 m Torr. The temperature dependence of the broadening has been measured for the 4 13 -4 04 and 6 15 -6 06 transitions over the range 195–320 K. The air-broadened linewidth of the 6 15 -6 06 transition was measured at 294 K and is readily calculated for other temperatures and transitions from the N 2 and O 2 results. The results are compared with recent theoretical calculations, and also with previous measurements, where these are available. The measurements have direct application to the interpretation of observations of microwave emission of middle atmosphere ozone. The results also serve as reference points for theoretical linewidth calculations applicable from the microwave to the infrared spectral regions.
Site occupancy and annealing behavior of helium in high purity copper

Abstract High purity copper has been cyclotron-irradiated with alpha particles to inject roughly 200 at ppm helium. Changes in the lattice parameter due to the helium injection and subsequent isochronal annealing are reported and discussed in terms of the site occupancy of atomic helium and precipitation to form bubbles. The results are interpreted in terms of an earlier model in which the injected helium is present as a stable defect consisting of two or more helium atoms in a single vacant lattice site.
Diversity effects on production in different light and fertility environments: an experiment with communities of annual plants

Summary 1 Small-scale plant species richness may enhance local production if the local environment promotes resource partitioning (a form of complementarity) or causes some species to perform better next to interspecific neighbours (facilitation) than when grown in monoculture. Little is known, however, about how species richness and environmental factors such as soil fertility and light levels interact to affect ecosystem production. 2 To determine whether some environments promote a positive richness-production relationship, I performed an experiment using artificial plant communities, selected from a pool of six annuals and one perennial species, with different levels of species richness and composition. Each community was grown in either high or low soil fertility and either full sun or 50% shade. 3 Higher species richness significantly enhanced above-ground production. This effect did not depend on environmental treatment due to consistent sampling effects for a particularly productive and competitive species. However, overyielding, which measures the combined effect of complementarity and facilitation, did depend on environmental conditions and was enhanced by increased soil fertility in plots in full sunlight. 4 Relative yield analyses of species of different height and growth form, coupled with data on the performance of each species in monoculture, support the hypothesis that mixtures overyielded by means of light partitioning (rather than facilitation), an effect that was precluded under shaded conditions. 5 The results therefore suggest that higher annual plant species richness may enhance production when environmental conditions allow for resource partitioning.
Technical Change and Applications of Dynamic Duality to Agriculture: Comment

The literature on dynamic duality relationships for infinite-horizon control problems has grown considerably (Benveniste and Scheinkman, Chambers and Lopez, Cooper and McLaren, Epstein, Epstein and Denny, McLaren and Cooper). Given adjustment cost models of the firm with static price expectations similar to Epstein, recent studies have estimated systems of dynamic factor demands in agriculture (Howard and Shumway 1988, Howard and Shumway 1987, Taylor and Monson, Vasavada and Ball, Vasavada and Chambers). Based on alternative-or nonexistent-assumptions about technology expectations, time is often included as an exogenous variable to reflect technical change. While Vasavada and Chambers correctly point out that alternative expectations mechanisms are essentially ad hoc, a chosen expectations framework affects the basic structure of the theoretical model, which, in turn, has implications for the technical change component in the dynamic factor demands. The purpose of this comment is to explore problems with the approaches used in the literature to incorporate technical change into empirical dynamic factor demand models. Some simple alternatives are also discussed. Because the Hamilton-
Transnational innovation networks aren’t all created equal: towards a classification system

This paper examines the growth of transnational networks of innovation and proposes a preliminary classificatory system of four distinct kinds of forces which give rise to social networks that facilitate knowledge flows, relationship building, and collaborative activities important to accessing global markets. The networks may form around a technology sector, be identity based, emerge from a government-led initiative, or be stimulated by a civic or philanthropic organization. Each has a different mode of organizing, financing, and meeting its objectives, as shown by examples presented in the paper. The proposed classification of these characteristics is intended to open a conversation within the social sciences and among policy makers about how better to understand the ways in which transnational networks get formed, operate and produce desired results.
Treatment with 2-AAF blocks the small hepatocyte-like progenitor cell response in retrorsine-exposed rats.

Background/Aims Liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy (PH) in retrorsine-exposed rats is accomplished through proliferation and differentiation of small hepatocyte-like progenitor cells (SHPCs). The cells of origin of SHPCs are not known. We investigated the possibility that SHPCs are directly derived from oval cells, a known liver progenitor cell, by combining the retrorsine/PH (RP) model with 2-acetamidofluorene (2-AAF), an anti-mitotic agent that elicits an oval cell reaction in response to liver deficit. Methods Male Fischer 344 rats were treated with retrorsine (30mg/kg ip) at 6 and 8 weeks of age, with PH 5 weeks after the final treatment. Seven days prior to PH, a 21day 2-AAF (50mg) time-release pellet was inserted subcutaneously. Livers were harvested at 3, 7, 10, 14, and 21-days post-PH. Results Liver sections from animals treated with 2-AAF/retrorsine/PH (2-AAF/RP) contain significant numbers of proliferating oval cells, but no SHPCs at 7-days post-PH, while RP animals exhibit significant numbers of SHPCs and minimal oval cell reaction. Between 10 and 14-days post-PH, new hepatocyte clusters appear in 2-AAF/RP treated rats. Labeling of proliferating oval cells with BrdU at 6-days post-PH demonstrated that these new hepatocytes represent the progeny of differentiating oval cells. Conclusions The observed differences in progenitor cell responses between 2-AAF/RP and RP animals strongly suggest that SHPCs are not the progeny of oval cell precursors, but represent an independent liver progenitor cell population.
Assessment of Left Ventricular Endocardial Fibroelastosis in Fetuses With Aortic Stenosis and Evolving Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome

Systematic evaluation of left ventricular (LV) endocardial fibroelastosis (EFE) in the fetus has not been reported. The role of EFE in the pre- and postnatal evolution of hypoplastic left heart disease, and the implications of EFE for outcomes after prenatal intervention for fetal aortic stenosis with evolving hypoplastic left heart syndrome have also not been determined. A 4-point grading system (0-3) was devised for the assessment of fetal LV echogenicity, which was presumed to be due to EFE. Two reviewers independently graded EFE on the preintervention echocardiograms of fetuses treated with in utero aortic valvuloplasty for evolving hypoplastic left heart syndrome from 2000 to 2008. Intra- and interobserver reproducibility was determined for the EFE grade and characterization of related echocardiographic features. The relations among EFE severity, other left heart anatomic and physiologic variables, and postintervention outcomes were analyzed. The assessment and grading of EFE was possible for both observers in all 74 fetuses studied. By consensus, the EFE severity was grade 1 in 31 patients, grade 2 in 32, and grade 3 in 11. Fetuses with mild (grade 1) EFE had significantly greater maximum instantaneous aortic stenosis gradients (e.g., higher LV pressures) and less globular LV geometry than patients with grade 2 or 3 EFE on preintervention echocardiogram. The severity of EFE was not associated with the size of the aortic valve or LV. From preintervention to late gestation, the time-indexed change in LV end-diastolic volume was significantly greater in fetuses with grade 1 EFE than those with more severe EFE. Incorporation of EFE severity into our previously published threshold score improved the sensitivity and positive predictive value for the postnatal biventricular outcomes. In conclusion, echocardiographic grading of EFE is possible, with reasonable intra- and interobserver reliability in midgestation fetuses with evolving hypoplastic left heart syndrome. EFE severity corresponded to some indexes of left heart size, geometry, and function and with the probability of a biventricular outcome postnatally. Additional experience and external validation of the EFE grading scoring system are necessary.
Heme oxygenase and the cardiovascular–renal system

Heme oxygenase (HO) has been shown to be important for attenuating the overall production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) through its ability to degrade heme and to produce carbon monoxide (CO), biliverdin/bilirubin, and the release of free iron. Excess free heme catalyzes the formation of ROS, which may lead to endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction as seen in numerous pathological conditions including hypertension and diabetes, as well as ischemia/reperfusion injury. The upregulation of HO-1 can be achieved through the use of pharmaceutical agents, such as metalloporphyrins and some HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Among other agents, atrial natriretic peptide and donors of nitric oxide (NO) are important modulators of the heme-HO system, either through induction of HO-1 or the biological activity of its products. Gene therapy and gene transfer, including site- and organ-specific targeted gene transfer, have become powerful tools for studying the potential role of HO-1/HO-2 in the treatment of various cardiovascular diseases as well as diabetes. HO-1 induction by pharmacological agents or gene transfer of human HO-1 into endothelial cells (ECs) in vitro increases cell-cycle progression and attenuates Ang II, TNF-, and heme-mediated DNA damage; administration in vivo acts to correct blood pressure elevation following Ang II exposure. Moreover, site-specific delivery of HO-1 to renal structures in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), specifically to the medullary thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle (mTALH), has been shown to normalize blood pressure and provide protection to the mTAL against oxidative injury. In other cardiovascular situations, delivery of human HO-1 to hyperglycemic rats significantly lowers superoxide (O(2)(-)) levels and prevents EC damage and sloughing of vascular EC into the circulation. In addition, administration of human HO-1 to rats in advance of ischemia/reperfusion injury considerably reduces tissue damage. The ability to upregulate HO-1 through pharmacological means or through the use of gene therapy may offer therapeutic strategies for cardiovascular disease in the future. This review discusses the implications of HO-1 delivery during the early stages of cardiovascular system injury or in early vascular pathology and suggests that pharmacological agents that regulate HO activity or HO-1 gene delivery itself may become powerful tools for preventing the onset or progression of certain cardiovascular pathologies.
Hydraulic lift: water efflux from upper roots improves effectiveness of water uptake by deep roots

Deuterated water absorbed by deep roots of Artemisia tridentata appeared in the stem water of neighboring Agropyron desertorum tussocks. This supports the hypothesis that water absorbed by deep roots in moist soil moves through the roots, is released in the upper soil profile at night, and is stored there until it is resorbed by roots the following day. This phenomenon is termed hydraulic lift. The potential for parasitism of the water stored in the upper soil layers by neighboring plant roots is also shown. The effectiveness of water absorption by deep roots was substantially improved with hydraulic lift as indicated by reductions of 25 to 50% in transpiration on days following experimental circumvention of hydraulic lift. This phenomenon has important implications for plant water relations, mineral nutrient uptake, competitive interactions among neighboring plants and aridland hydrology.
Could time-lapse embryo imaging reduce the need for biopsy and PGS?

Purpose To review relevant studies examining the relationship between embryo morpho-kinetics and aneuploidy.
Contrasting patterns of genetic diversity between the northern and southern populations of yellow bullhead catfish, Ameiurus natalis in North America

Environmental conditions have profound influence on the life history characteristics of a species, for instance, the yellow bullhead (Ameiurus natalis) population in its southernmost native range, South Florida was previously reported to be distinguished from other A. natalis populations in the United States by growth rates and feeding habits. Utilizing mitochondrial DNA control region sequence data, the present study sought to evaluate the patterns of intraspecific diversification of this North American freshwater catfish, A. natalis. The analyses have revealed the existence of four distinct matrilineal lineages (Mississippi, Gulf coast, Southeast Atlantic, and South Florida) with strong geographic specificity. Although all the lineages showed rapid demographic expansion, the South Florida lineage is shown to have greater genetic diversity than the remaining lineages. The persistence of more favorable environmental conditions and suitable habitats during the late-Pleistocene period in southern Florida could be the possible explanation for such genetic disparities among the lineages. However, taken together with the conclusion of previous studies, the present study predicted that the recurrent density-dependent process resulting from the altercation of hydrology in South Florida may cause the reduction in genetic diversity and put this species at risk in this region.
Radium therapy appliance

A device for holding Ra capsules in the mouth is described. The device enabled the local irradiation with 10500 r of a maxilliary carcinoma without exposing the eyes to excessive doses. (H.H.D.)
Conjugated polyelectrolytes as fluorescent sensors

Conjugated polyelectrolytes (CPEs) have become one of the most utilized materials in chemo- and bio-sensory systems. Useful properties of CPEs, such as amplified quenching effects and aggregation behavior, are illustrated in detail in order to provide guidelines for underlying concepts of CPE-based sensors. Well established sensing mechanisms, such as conformational changes and fluorescence resonance energy transfer, are reviewed with representative examples. Target species include small ions, small biomolecules, proteins, enzymatic activities, and DNA. New and unique mechanisms for CPE-based sensing are also described.
Status of baryon spectroscopy

Recent experimental progress and existing problems facing baryon spectroscopy are reviewed. Only those baryons containing light quarks (u, d, s) are considered here.
Assessment of Physical Activity among Children and Adolescents: A Review and Synthesis

Abstract Accurate assessment of physical activity in children and adolescents is a challenge. At least six categories of techniques have been used to assess physical activity among children and adolescents, including self-report, electronic or mechanical monitoring, direct observation, indirect calorimetry, doubly labeled water, and direct calorimetry. Each type of technique carries certain strengths and weaknesses. The purpose of this paper is to review and synthesize available evidence on reliability and validity of physical activity assessment techniques used for children and adolescents. More than 50 papers published between 1971 and 1997 were reviewed for reliability and validity information with children and adolescents ranging in age from 4 to 17 years. In general, the aggregate of the published data suggests a moderate to high test–retest and interinstrument reliability of physical activity assessment although these findings are less consistent among younger children and when the time period between observations in a test–retest assessment was longer than a few days. Results of validity studies are variable, largely due to the use of different validation standards and study designs. A lack of gender and ethnic comparisons was evident in the review. The available data suggest low to moderate validity for self-report and monitoring measures of physical activity. The choice for use of a particular method of activity assessment among children and adolescents depends largely on the design of the study and the age of the participants. Greater effort toward developing a consistent standard of measure is necessary to make future advancements in improving the accuracy of physical activity assessment among children and adolescents. Moreover, information relevant to girls and ethnic minority children is urgently needed.
The Language of Journalism in Treatments of Hormone Replacement News

Researchers studying science communication have criticized the sensationalism that often appears in journalistic accounts of science news. This article looks at the linguistic sources of that sensationalism by analyzing the journalistic coverage of the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) study of hormone replacement research, which was abruptly canceled in July 2002 and became the subject of many news articles. The article uses a coding system to analyze seven magazine and newspaper articles that appeared shortly after the WHI study was halted. The coding shows a high incidence of concrete nouns in the journalistic accounts and looks at the ways the syntax of their attributions are ordered to emphasize vivid nouns, the ways their verbs contribute to narrative, and some of the narrative devices employed in the journalistic reporting.
‘Hotdog’, not ‘hot’ ‘dog’: The phonological planning of compound words

Do we say dog when we say hotdog? In five experiments using the implicit priming paradigm, we assessed whether nominal compounds composed of two free morphemes like sawdust or fishbowl are prepared for production at the segmental level in the same way that two-syllable monomorphemic words (e.g. bandit) are, or instead as sequences of separable words (e.g. full bowl or grey dust). The experiments demonstrated that nominal compounds are planned as a single sequence, not as two sequences. Specifically, the onset of the second component of the compound (e.g. /d/ in sawdust) did not act as a primeable starting point, although comparable onsets did when that component was an independent word (grey dust). We conclude that there may be a dog in hotdog at the morpheme level, but not when phonological segments are prepared for production.
Antecedent influences on behavior disorders

The influence of antecedent events on behavior disorders has been relatively understudied by applied behavior analysts. This lack of research may be due to a focus on consequences as determinants of behavior and a historical disagreement on a conceptual framework for describing and interpreting antecedent variables. We suggest that antecedent influences can be described using terms derived from basic behavioral principles and that their functional properties can be adequately interpreted as discriminative and establishing operations. A set of studies on assessment and treatment of behavior disorders was selected for review based on their relevance to the topic of antecedent events. These studies were categorized as focusing on assessment of antecedent events, antecedent treatments for behavior disorders maintained by either positive or negative reinforcement, and special cases of antecedent events in behavior disorders. Some directions for future research on antecedent influences in the analysis and treatment of behavior disorders are discussed.
Freshwater harmful algal blooms: toxins and children's health

Massive accumulations of cyanobacteria (a.k.a. "blue-green algae"), known as freshwater harmful algal blooms (FHABs), are a common global occurrence in water bodies used for recreational purposes and drinking water purification. Bloom prevalence is increased due to anthropogenic changes in land use, agricultural activity, and climate change. These photosynthetic bacteria produce a range of toxic secondary metabolites that affect animals and humans at both chronic and acute dosages. Children are especially at risk because of their lower body weight, behavior, and toxic effects on development. Here we review common FHAB toxins, related clinical symptoms, acceptable concentrations in drinking water, case studies of children's and young adults' exposures to FHAB toxins through drinking water and food, methods of environmental and clinical detection in potential cases of intoxication, and best practices for FHAB prevention.
The D0 Experiment Data Grid - SAM

SAM (Sequential Access through Meta-data) is a data grid and data cataloging system developed for the DO high energy physics (HEP) experiment at Fermilab. Since March 2001, DO has been acquiring data in real time fiom the detector and will archive up to 1/2 Petabyte a year of simulated, raw detector and processed physics data. SAM catalogs the event and calibration data, provides distributed file delivery and caching services, and manages the processing and analysis jobs for the hundreds of DO collaborators around the world. The DO applications are data-intensive and the physics analysis programs execute on the order of 1-1000 cpuseconds per 250KByte of data. SAM manages the transfer of data between the archival storage systems through the globally distributed disk caches and delivers the data files to the users batch and interactive jobs. Additionally, SAM handles the user job requests and execution scheduling, and manages the use of the available compute, storage and network resources to implement experiment resource allocation policies. DO has been using early versions of the SAM system for two years for the management of the simulation and test data. The system is in production use with round the clock support. DO is a participant in the Particle Physics Data Grid (PPDG) project. Aspects of the ongoing SAM developments are in collaboration with the computer science groups and other experiments on PPDG. The DO emphasis is to develop the more sophisticated global grid job, resource management, authentication and information services needed to fully meet the needs of the experiment during the next 6 years of data taking and analysis.
Children's Responses to a Nuclear Waste Disaster: PTSD Symptoms and Outcome Prediction

ABSTRACT Objective To examine the psychological impact of living near a nuclear waste disaster that involved ongoing threat of radioactive contamination. Method Participants were an exposed sample (residence within a 5-mile radius of the nuclear plant) of 120 children (7–15 years old) and their parents and a nonexposed comparison sample of 60 children and their parents. Parent and self-ratings of the children's psychological functioning and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms were obtained, along with cognitive variables. Results Minimal differences between the 2 samples were found. In the exposed sample, stress responses for the child self-reports showed several age group by gender interactions. Girls' PTSD symptoms tended to increase with age while boys' symptoms decreased, with intrusion showing the strongest effects. While child and parent PTSD symptom ratings were correlated, children reported approximately twice as many symptoms. Cognitive understanding increased with age and was greater in boys. Exposure and parent functioning significantly predicted outcome. Conclusions Age and gender effects after disaster might best be explored as an interaction. While disaster effects were mild, the psychological health of the parents may be an important determinant of psychological health in children in this type of disaster. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 1999, 38(4):368–375.
Nanotechnology in Otolaryngology

I would like to describe a field, in which little has been done, but in which an enormous amount can be done in principle. This field is not quite the same as the others in that it will not tell us much of fundamental physics (in the sense of, ‘‘What are the strange particles’’?) but it is more like solid-state physics in the sense that it might tell us much of great interest about the strange phenomena that occur in complex situations. Furthermore, a point that is most important is that it would have an enormous number of technical applications. What I want to talk about is the problem of manipulating and controlling things on a small scale. —Richard Feynman, ‘‘There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom,’’ given December 29, 1959, at the annual meeting of the American Physical Society at the California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California What do the terms ‘‘nanoscience,’’ ‘‘nanotechnology,’’ ‘‘nanobiology,’’ ‘‘nanobiotechnology,’’ and ‘‘nanomedicine’’ have in common, and why are they relevant today? Hardly a day goes by without some mention of nanotechnology in television commercials, and television specials on the topic are becoming more common. The number of scientific papers, conferences, workshops, and conventions centered on the commercial exploitation is gaining momentum as more and more remarkable discoveries wend their way into the mainstream. A major movie about nanotechnology, Michael Crighton’s ‘‘Prey,’’ is expected to debut in the near future, and the concomitant publicity is expected to reach stratospheric proportions. Investors are warned to be on the alert for ‘‘nanopretenders.’’ This article, however, is concerned with the promise of nanotechnology, nanomedicine in particular. The author hopes to introduce the reader to an amazing world
A field guide to qualitative inquiry and its clinical relevance

This paper provides an overview of qualitative research and is written to assist the reader to both understand and use qualitative methods. The relevance of qualitative research to clinical practice is highlighted. A brief historical perspective of qualitative research is given, along with many of the underlying epistemological issues of qualitative methods. A working definition of qualitative inquiry is offered and various descriptions of several major features of qualitative inquiry are provided. The relevance and application of qualitative research is presented through the description of four methods of inquiry, and a number of completed studies are described briefly.
Unusual cause of bowel obstruction after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy.

As obesity continues to become an epidemic in the United States, bariatric surgery is becoming more common. The advancement of laparoscopic bariatric surgery has caused general surgeons to face different complications in patients after bariatric surgery. These complications can be very specific to the operation performed. To the authors’ knowledge, they are presenting the first report of acute small bowel obstruction related to laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy 1 year before presentation. Proximal small bowel obstruction in patients who had laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy is likely to be related to thick adhesions to the actual sleeve or staple line. This is unlikely to resolve with bowel rest and stomach decompression. With this group of patients, earlier operative intervention is warranted.
Behavioral Sensitization to Cocaine Is Associated with Increased AMPA Receptor Surface Expression in the Nucleus Accumbens

Regulation of AMPA receptor trafficking is important for many forms of neuronal plasticity. In this study, a protein cross-linking assay was used to evaluate the contribution of AMPA receptor trafficking to plasticity associated with behavioral sensitization, an animal model of drug addiction. Cross-linking was used to distinguish between cell surface and intracellular AMPA receptors in nucleus accumbens (NAc) tissue obtained from rats treated repeatedly with saline or cocaine. Surface/intracellular (S/I) ratios for glutamate receptor 1 (GluR1) and GluR2/3 subunits were increased 21 d after the last injection in cocaine-sensitized rats but not rats that failed to sensitize, and the magnitude of the S/I ratio for cocaine-sensitized rats was positively correlated with the magnitude of behavioral sensitization. At the 1 d withdrawal time, cocaine did not alter S/I ratios, and there was no correlation between S/I ratios and behavioral sensitization. The majority of surface-expressed GluR1 detected with this assay was associated with synapses, based on coimmunoprecipitation with postsynaptic density protein of 95 kDa. These findings suggest that behavioral sensitization to cocaine is associated with a slowly developing redistribution of AMPA receptors to the surface of NAc neurons. Motor execution of drug-seeking responses depends on activation of AMPA receptors on NAc neurons by glutamate afferents originating in cortical and limbic regions. We propose that drug-seeking responses are more effectively triggered in cocaine-sensitized rats because of increased cell surface expression of AMPA receptors.
Development of high performance carbon composite catalyst for oxygen reduction reaction in PEM Proton Exchange Membrane fuel cells

Carbon composite catalyst Nitrogen functional group Oxygen reduction Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell Transition metal abstract Highly active and stable carbon composite catalysts for oxygen reduction in PEM fuel cells were developed through the high-temperature pyrolysis of Co-Fe-N chelate complex, followed by the chemical post- treatment. A metal-free carbon catalyst was used as the support. The carbon composite catalyst showed an onset potential for oxygen reduction as high as 0.87 V (NHE) in H2SO4 solution, and generated less than 1% H2O2. The PEM fuel cell exhibited a current density as high as 0.27 A cm −2 at 0.6 V and 2.3 A cm −2 at 0.2 V for a catalyst loading of 6.0 mg cm −2 . No significant performance degradation was observed over 480 h of continuous fuel cell operation with 2 mg cm−2 catalyst under a load of 200 mA cm−2 as evidenced by a resulting cell voltage of 0.32 V with a voltage decay rate of 80 Vh −1 . Materials characterization studies indicated that the metal-nitrogen chelate complexes decompose at high pyrolysis temperatures above 800 ◦ C, resulting in the formation of the metallic species. During the pyrolysis, the transition metals
On the Process of Dyeing with Woad Alone

IN my paper in NATURE (February 1, 1900, p. 331) on the blue colour in woad, no account is given of the method by which prepared woad can be used for dyeing wool blue. Some of my friends have suggested that the above-named communication was, in consequence, like the play of Hamlet with the Prince of Denmark left out. The request for information then made as to the modus operandi of the mediaeval dyers who used woad and woad alone for dyeing blue has up to the present yielded no response.
High pressure structural study of AlSb to 50 GPa

Abstract AlSb has been studied in a diamond anvil cell by energy dispersive X-ray diffraction with a synchrotron source to 50 GPa. The measured equilibrium transformation pressure and change in volume for the first order phase transformation between the initial zinc blende and high pressure β-Sn phases is P e = 5.3 ± 2 GPa and ΔV = 15 ± 1% as a result of loading and unloading transition studies. Equations of state were obtained for both phases. A transformation from the β-Sn to an unknown structure started at 43 GPa.