cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neotropical Ascomycetes 12. Mirannulata samuelsii gen. et sp. nov. and M. costaricensis sp. nov., new taxa from the Caribbean and elsewhere

A terrestrial wood-inhabiting pyrenomycete was collected numerous times in the Neotropics. It possesses superficial, clustered ascomata, large, distinctive ascus rings and strongly guttulate, fusiform ascospores. A second similar pyrenomycete was collected once in Costa Rica. They could not be placed into any known genus, so a new genus, Mirannulata, is described. Mirannulata samuelsii has hyaline, fusiform, three-septate ascospores while M. costaricensis has brown, fusiform, oneseptate ascospores. Mirannulata has a very large, chitinoid, double-layered ascus apical ring similar to that of Annulatascus and Jobellisia.
Comments on the 2007 Top Ten Geological Scientific and Technological Achievements and Top Ten Geological Prospecting Results

On the 8th Secretary-General Assembly of the 38th Council, Geological Society of China chose the 2007 top ten geological scientific and technological achievements and top ten geological prospecting results. Comments on the top 10 results are aimed to show the major significance of the results in theory and application.
Establishing validity of the fundamentals of spinal surgery (FOSS) simulator as a teaching tool for orthopedic and neurosurgical trainees

Abstract BACKGROUND CONTEXT Pedicle screw placement is a demanding surgical skill as a spine surgeon can face challenges including variations in pedicle morphology and spinal deformities. Available CT simulators for spine pedicle placement can be very costly and hands-on cadaver courses are limited by specimen availability and are not readily accessible. PURPOSE To conduct validation of a simulated training device for essential spine surgery skills. DESIGN Cross-sectional, empirical study of physician performance on a surgical simulator model. SAMPLE Spine attending physicians and residents from four different academic institutions across the United States. OUTCOME MEASURES Performance metrics on two surgical simulator tasks. METHODS After IRB approval, an inexpensive ($30) simulator was developed to test two main psychomotor tasks (1) creation of the pedicle screw path with a standard gearshift probe without cortical breaks and (2) the ability to palpate for the presence or absence of cortical breaches as well as determine the location of wall defects. Orthopedic and neurosurgery residents (N=72) as well as spine attending surgeons (N=26) participated from four different institutions. To test construct validity, performance metrics were compared between participants of different training status through one-way analysis of variance and linear regression analysis, with significance set at p RESULTS Spine attending surgeons consistently scored higher than the residents, in the screw trajectory task with triangular base (p=.0027) and defect probing task (p=.0035). In defect probing, performance improved with linear trend by number of residency training years with approaching significance (p=.0721). In that task, independent of institutional affiliation, PGY-2 residents correctly identified an average of 1.25±0.43 fewer locations compared with attending physicians (p=.0049). More than 80% of the spine attendings reported they would use the simulator for training purposes. CONCLUSIONS This low-cost fundamentals of spine surgery simulator detected differences in performances between spine attending surgeons and surgical residents. Programs should consider implementing a simulator such as fundamentals of spine surgery to assess and develop pedicle screw placement ability outside of the operating room.
Perinatal Triclosan exposure in the rat induces long-term disturbances in metabolism and gut microbiota in adulthood and old age.

Triclosan (TCS), as a widely used antimicrobial compound, is commonly detected in pregnant women and newborns indicating exposure risk during early development. However, whether perinatal TCS exposure has long-term effects on the host microbiome which further contributes to metabolic disorder is still unclear. The long-term effects of perinatal TCS exposure on gut microbiota and liver metabolism in adulthood and old age were investigated. Rats were given 0, 10 or 50 mg TCS/kg body weight per day, administered daily by gavage from gestation day 0 until lactation day 21. RNA-sequencing and 16 S rDNA amplicon sequencing analysis were performed to explore the potential mechanisms. Increased blood glucose and serum HDL-C were observed at 10 mg/kg/day in old rats and at 50 mg/kg/day in both adult and old rats. Serum leptin were increased at two doses in old rats. Serum TG and LDL-C were increased at two doses in both adult and old rats. Hepatic glycogen were decreased at 50 mg/kg/day in adult rats and at two doses in old rats. Increased hepatic TG were observed at two doses in old rats. Hepatic RNA-sequencing revealed that more differentially expressed genes were found at 50 mg/kg/day in both adult and old rats. More up-regulated genes in pathways of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism were observed in old rats at 50 mg/kg/day. Diversity reduction and compositional alteration were found in gut microbiota at 50 mg/kg/day in adult rats and at two doses in old rats. These effects lasted for a long time even without TCS exposure and accumulated over time inducing metabolic disorder in old rat offspring. TCS exposure during early life causes disturbances in metabolism and gut microbiota which last a lifetime and accumulated over time at 50 mg/kg/day. Further research is needed to investigate the effects of early life TCS exposure on metabolism and gut microbiota in humans.
Quantitative microscopy reveals dynamics and fate of clustered IRE1α

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane-resident stress sensor inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) governs the most evolutionarily conserved branch of the unfolded protein response. Upon sensing an accumulation of unfolded proteins in the ER lumen, IRE1 activates its cytoplasmic kinase and ribonuclease domains to transduce the signal. IRE1 activity correlates with its assembly into large clusters, yet the biophysical characteristics of IRE1 clusters remain poorly characterized. We combined superresolution microscopy, single-particle tracking, fluorescence recovery, and photoconversion to examine IRE1 clustering quantitatively in living human and mouse cells. Our results revealed that: 1) In contrast to qualitative impressions gleaned from microscopic images, IRE1 clusters comprise only a small fraction (∼5%) of the total IRE1 in the cell; 2) IRE1 clusters have complex topologies that display features of higher-order organization; 3) IRE1 clusters contain a diffusionally constrained core, indicating that they are not phase-separated liquid condensates; 4) IRE1 molecules in clusters remain diffusionally accessible to the free pool of IRE1 molecules in the general ER network; 5) when IRE1 clusters disappear at later time points of ER stress as IRE1 signaling attenuates, their constituent molecules are released back into the ER network and not degraded; 6) IRE1 cluster assembly and disassembly are mechanistically distinct; and 7) IRE1 clusters' mobility is nearly independent of cluster size. Taken together, these insights define the clusters as dynamic assemblies with unique properties. The analysis tools developed for this study will be widely applicable to investigations of clustering behaviors in other signaling proteins.
From a terror management perspective: The efficacy of self-affirmation on organ donation-related thoughts and intentions in China

In 2015, the Chinese government officially abolished the practice of harvesting organs from executed prisoners. However, the voluntary donor registration rate among the Chinese population is approximately 2% as of January 2020. Guided by self-affirmation theory and terror management theory, the present investigation examined a number of variables that may be related to donor registration intentions and a method to mitigate death thoughts and misconceptions. An online experiment was conducted in which 352 Chinese participants were randomly assigned to either a self-affirmation (i.e., affirming values that are important to the participants) or a no-affirmation condition. Results revealed that self-affirmation lowered death thoughts among the participants, which in turn were positively related to organ donation misperceptions. Inconsistent with terror management theory, the level of death thoughts was not directly related to participants' intentions to register as organ donors. Instead, the relationship between the two was mediated by misperceptions toward organ donation.
Effects of a contusive spinal cord injury on cortically-evoked spinal spiking activity in rats

Objective The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of spinal cord injury (SCI) on spike activity evoked in the hindlimb spinal cord of the rat from cortical electrical stimulation. Approach Adult, male, Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned to a Healthy or SCI group. SCI rats were given a 175 kDyn dorsal midline contusion injury at the level of the T8 vertebrae. At four weeks post-SCI, intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) was delivered at several sites in the hindlimb motor cortex of anesthetized rats, and evoked neural activity was recorded from corresponding sites throughout the dorsoventral depths of the spinal cord and EMG activity from hindlimb muscles. Main results In healthy rats, post-ICMS spike histograms showed reliable, evoked spike activity during a short-latency epoch 10-12 ms after the initiation of the ICMS pulse train (short). Longer latency spikes occurred between ~20-60 ms, generally following a Gaussian distribution, rising above baseline at time LON, followed by a peak response (Lp), and then falling below baseline at time LOFF. EMG responses occurred between LON and Lp (25-27 ms). In SCI rats, short-latency responses were still present, long-latency responses were disrupted or eliminated, and EMG responses were never evoked. The retention of the short-latency responses indicates that spared descending spinal fibers, most likely via the cortico-reticulospinal pathway, can still depolarize spinal cord neurons after a dorsal midline contusion injury. Significance This study provides novel insights into the role of alternate pathways for voluntary control of hindlimb movements after SCI that disrupts the corticospinal tract in the rat.
The Critical Cycle of Mixtape Creation: Reducing Stress via Three Different Group Counseling Styles

While significant attention has been given to student learning loss across summer, much less attention is given to student stressors and mental health concerns. To assist youth in processing and co...
Microscopic Analysis of Viral Infection

Viruses engineered to express fluorescent proteins can be used with live-cell imaging techniques to monitor the progression of infection in real time. Here we describe a set of methods to track infection spreading from one cell population to another as well as to visualize transfer of virions between cells. This approach is extended to multiplexing with physiological readouts of cell death, which can be correlated with single-cell resolution to viral infection.
Galois representations attached to moments of Kloosterman sums and conjectures of Evans

Kloosterman sums for a finite field that comes from geometry. We also give bounds on the ramification of these Galois representations. All of this is done in the generality of Kloosterman sheaves attached to reductive groups introduced by Heinloth, Ngo and Yun [Ann. of Math. (2) 177 (2013), 241–310]. As an application, we give proofs of conjectures of Evans [Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 138 (2010), 517–531; Israel J. Math. 175 (2010), 349–362] expressing the seventh and eighth symmetric power moments of the classical Kloosterman sum in terms of Fourier coefficients of explicit modular forms. The proof for the eighth symmetric power moment conjecture relies on the computation done in Appendix B by C. Vincent.
Age-Related Changes in Pediatric Physiology: Quantitative Analysis of Organ Weights and Blood Flows : Age-Related Changes in Pediatric Physiology.

Development of comprehensive and updated quantitative relationships between physiological parameters and age for pediatrics remains to be accomplished. Towards this goal, we have performed a thorough literature search and collected published data on organ weights and organ blood flow rates for 0–20-year-old male and female human subjects. The data were used to develop continuous relationships between physiological parameters and age, using a single form of mathematical equation. Four sets of equations (0–2 years male, 0–2 years female, 2–20 years male, 2–20 years female) for the body weight vs. age, height vs. age, and organ weight vs. age relationships and 2 sets of equations (0–20 years male, 0–20 years female) for organ flow rate vs. age relationship were developed. The variability of each physiological parameter was also estimated, and the equations allow simulation of a virtual population for a specific age, weight, and sex. We further compared the physiological parameters vs. age curves simulated using our equations to the existing databases (Simcyp Simulator and PK-Sim). The predicted physiological parameters were comparable between our study and the existing databases, validating our equation’s utility. Additionally, we described body weight-normalized organ weights and organ blood flow rates as a function of age, to provide an insight into how the contribution of each organ towards total body weight and total blood flow changes throughout ontogenesis. The physiological parameter database and equations presented here can serve as an open source to facilitate the development of pediatric physiologically based pharmacokinetic models.
A Comparative Reflection on Refugees and National Security: What We Should Learn from Europe About Responding to Homegrown Terrorism

The threat of terrorism around the world is both credible and substantial. The Global Terrorism Database maintained by the National Commission for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism recorded more than 85,000 inci­dents of terrorism worldwide in the 15-year period from 2001-2015, with more than 200,000 fatalities. This amounts to an average of more than 5,000 incidents per year, including almost 15,000 in 2015 alone. The media disproportionately focuses on terrorist acts committed in the United States or European Union countries. Terrorism, however, usually occurs in a few countries, none of which are part of the Western world. The same study by the National Commission concluded that 73 percent of all recorded terrorist attacks between 2001 and 2015 occurred in just ten countries: Afghanistan, Algeria, India, Iraq, Nigeria, Pakistan, the Philippines, Somalia, Syria, and Yemen. Moreover, 46 percent of the incidents, accounting for more than 50 percent of the fatalities, took place in just three countries-Afghanistan, Iraq, and Pakistan. Outside of these three countries, in fact, terrorism attacks occur only occasionally. This comparative elucidation through data of terrorism's effect on a global scale is not provided to undermine the enormous and horrific human toll of terrorism within the United States and Europe. In fact, in the United States, the scale and scope of the September 11th terrorist acts places these among the worst in history. Furthermore, since September 11, the United States has experienced at least 16 more jihadist terrorist attacks. While numerically few, all but one of these resulted in injuries and seven in fatalities. In addition, several hundred individuals have been arrested for providing material support to jihadist groups or attempting to join terrorist fronts abroad, while approximately 150 persons have been arrested for plotting terrorist attacks in the United States. Moreover, Europe has suffered a sharper increase in terrorist activity in recent years than the United States. More than 5,000 volunteers went from Europe to Syria to serve in the ranks of the jihadist groups, mainly the Islamic State, and about a third have retumed.Thousands more are suspected of traveling to Syria to fight alongside the Islamic State or of plotting terrorist attacks at home. Europe 9 has also experienced terrifying acts of terrorism aimed at civilians in public spaces.
The Interrogation of Hummingbird: A Qualitative Overview of Traditional Systems Oppression of the Oklahoma Indians

Historical analysis of the dominant Oklahoma tradition and custom belies a theme of willful intent, organized, systematic oppression, theft, and killing of Indians. This tradition is grounded in racism and greed. Today, this perspective continues — even after Supreme Court decisions in McGirt v. Oklahoma (2020) and Sharp v. Murphy (2020), cases that acknowledged Oklahoma Indian territory had always persisted. Through the separation of powers doctrine and the U. S. Constitution’s supremacy clause, its own Enabling Act and state constitution, Oklahoma is subordinate to most federal and international law relating to Indians. This paper connects Oklahoma’s law-breaking tradition to its founding.
Generalizable approaches for genomic prediction of metabolites in plants

Plant metabolites are important for plant breeders to improve nutrition and agronomic performance, yet integrating selection for metabolomic traits is limited by phenotyping expense and limited genetic characterization, especially of uncommon metabolites. As such, developing biologically-based and generalizable genomic selection methods for metabolites that are transferable across plant populations would benefit plant breeding programs. We tested genomic prediction accuracy for more than 600 metabolites measured by GC-MS and LC-MS in oat (Avena sativa L.) seed. Using a discovery germplasm panel, we conducted metabolite GWAS (mGWAS) and selected loci to use in multi-kernel models that encompassed metabolome-wide mGWAS results, or mGWAS from specific metabolite structures or biosynthetic pathways. Metabolite kernels developed from LC-MS metabolites in the discovery panel improved prediction accuracy of LC-MS metabolite traits in the validation panel, consisting of more advanced breeding lines. No approach, however, improved prediction accuracy for GC-MS metabolites. We tested if similar metabolites had consistent model ranks and found that, while different metrics of similarity had different results, using annotation-free methods to group metabolites led to consistent within-group model rankings. Overall, testing biological rationales for developing kernels for genomic prediction across populations, contributes to developing frameworks for plant breeding for metabolite traits.
Separation of the SOS-dependent and SOS-independent components of alkylating-agent mutagenesis.

Abstract Escherichia coli plasmids containing the rpsL+ gene (Strs phenotype) as the target for mutation were treated in vitro with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea. Following fixation of mutations in E. coli MM294A cells (recA+ Strs), an unselected population of mutant and wild-type plasmids was isolated and transferred into a second host, E. coli 6451 (recA Strr). Strains carrying plasmid-encoded forward mutations were then selected as Strr isolates, while rpsL+ plasmids conferred the dominant Strs phenotype in the second host. Mutation induction and reduced survival of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-treated plasmids were shown to be dose dependent. Because this system permitted analysis and manipulation of the levels of certain methylated bases produced in vitro by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea, it afforded the opportunity to assess directly the relative roles of these bases and of SOS functions in mutagenesis. The methylated plasmid DNA gave a mutation frequency of 6 X 10(-5) (a 40-fold increase over background) in physiologically normal cells. When the same methylated plasmid was repaired in vitro by using purified O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (to correct O6-methylguanine and O4-methylthymine), no mutations were detected above background levels. In contrast, when the methylated plasmid DNA was introduced into host cells induced by UV light for the SOS functions, rpsL mutagenesis was enhanced eightfold over the level seen without SOS induction. This enhancement of mutagenesis by SOS was unaffected by prior treatment of the DNA with O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase. These results demonstrate a predominant mutagenic role for alkylation lesions other than O6-methylguanine or O4-methylthymine when SOS functions are induced. The mutation spectrum of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea under conditions of induced SOS functions revealed a majority of mutagenic events at A . T base pairs.
Structure and function of SemiSWEET and SWEET sugar transporters

SemiSWEETs and SWEETs have emerged as unique sugar transporters. First discovered in plants with the help of fluorescent biosensors, homologs exist in all kingdoms of life. Bacterial and plant homologs transport hexoses and sucrose, whereas animal SWEETs transport glucose. Prokaryotic SemiSWEETs are small and comprise a parallel homodimer of an approximately 100 amino acid-long triple helix bundle (THB). Duplicated THBs are fused to create eukaryotic SWEETs in a parallel orientation via an inversion linker helix, producing a similar configuration to that of SemiSWEET dimers. Structures of four SemiSWEETs have been resolved in three states: open outside, occluded, and open inside, indicating alternating access. As we discuss here, these atomic structures provide a basis for exploring the evolution of structure–function relations in this new class of transporters.
mRNA export correlates with activation of transcription in human subgroup C adenovirus-infected cells

To investigate the mechanisms by which viral mRNA species are distinguished from their cellular counterparts for export to the cytoplasm during the late phase of subgroup C adenovirus infection, we have examined the metabolism of several cellular and viral mRNAs in human cells productively infected by adenovirus type 5 (Ad5). Several cellular mRNAs that were refractory to, or could escape from, adenovirus-induced inhibition of export of mRNA from the nucleus have been identified. This group includes Hsp70 mRNAs synthesized upon heat shock of Ad5-infected 293 or HeLa cells during the late phase of infection. However, successful export in Ad5-infected cells is not a specific response to heat shock, for beta-tubulin and interferon-inducible mRNAs were also refractory to virus-induced export inhibition. The export of these cellular mRNAs, like that of viral late mRNAs, required the E1B 55-kDa protein. Export to the cytoplasm during the late phase of Ad5 infection of several cellular mRNAs, including members of the Hsp70 family whose export was inhibited under some, but not other, conditions, indicates that viral mRNA species cannot be selectively exported by virtue of specific sequence or structural features. Cellular and viral late mRNAs that can be exported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm were expressed from genes whose transcription was induced or activated during the late phase of Ad5 infection. Consistent with the possibility that successful export is governed by transcriptional activation in the late phase of adenovirus infection, newly synthesized viral early E1A mRNA was subject to export inhibition during the late phase of infection.
Influence of Myocardial Revascularization on Survival: Controversies in cardiology: Part II

Abstract Coronary bypass surgery can be performed with a low rate of morbidity and mortality and can successfully reduce or eliminate symptomatic angina pectoris. However, it is not yet clear whether the procedure prolongs life. A definitive answer to this question requires long-term prospective data on patients undergoing surgical or medical therapy who are comparable in degree of ventricular impairment, severity of symptoms and type and extent of coronary artery disease.
On the Group-Theoretic Structure of Lifted Filter Banks

The polyphase-with-advance matrix representations of whole-sample symmetric (WS) unimodular filter banks form a multiplicative matrix Laurent polynomial group. Elements of this group can always be factored into lifting matrices with half-sample symmetric (HS) off-diagonal lifting filters; such linear phase lifting factorizations are specified in the ISO/IEC JPEG2000 image coding standard. Half-sample symmetric unimodular filter banks do not form a group, but such filter banks can be partiallyfactored into a cascade of whole-sample antisymmetric(WA) lifting matrices starting from a concentric, equal-length HS base filter bank. An algebraic framework called a group lifting structurehas been introduced to formalize the group-theoretic aspects of matrix lifting factorizations. Despite their pronounced differences, it has been shown that the group lifting structures for both the WS and HS classes satisfy a polyphase order-increasing propertythat implies uniqueness (“modulo rescaling”) of irreducible group lifting factorizations in both group lifting structures. These unique factorization results can in turn be used to characterize the group-theoretic structure of the groups generated by the WS and HS group lifting structures.
MicroRNA Profiling of Neurons Generated Using Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Derived from Patients with Schizophrenia and Schizoaffective Disorder, and 22q11.2 Del

We are using induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology to study neuropsychiatric disorders associated with 22q11.2 microdeletions (del), the most common known schizophrenia (SZ)-associated genetic factor. Several genes in the region have been implicated; a promising candidate is DGCR8, which codes for a protein involved in microRNA (miRNA) biogenesis. We carried out miRNA expression profiling (miRNA-seq) on neurons generated from iPSCs derived from controls and SZ patients with 22q11.2 del. Using thresholds of p<0.01 for nominal significance and 1.5-fold differences in expression, 45 differentially expressed miRNAs were detected (13 lower in SZ and 32 higher). Of these, 6 were significantly down-regulated in patients after correcting for genome wide significance (FDR<0.05), including 4 miRNAs that map to the 22q11.2 del region. In addition, a nominally significant increase in the expression of several miRNAs was found in the 22q11.2 neurons that were previously found to be differentially expressed in autopsy samples and peripheral blood in SZ and autism spectrum disorders (e.g., miR-34, miR-4449, miR-146b-3p, and miR-23a-5p). Pathway and function analysis of predicted mRNA targets of the differentially expressed miRNAs showed enrichment for genes involved in neurological disease and psychological disorders for both up and down regulated miRNAs. Our findings suggest that: i. neurons with 22q11.2 del recapitulate the miRNA expression patterns expected of 22q11.2 haploinsufficiency, ii. differentially expressed miRNAs previously identified using autopsy samples and peripheral cells, both of which have significant methodological problems, are indeed disrupted in neuropsychiatric disorders and likely have an underlying genetic basis.
Contrast radiography in the equine orthopaedic case

Summary Routine contrast radiography has a valuable role in equine orthopaedics, providing additional information to standard radiography. However, ultrasonography provides additional information with respect to soft tissue pathology not appreciable when using contrast radiography alone, particularly in the investigation of synovial sepsis, ligament and tendon pathology, and osteochondral defects. The benefits of contrast media in more advanced imaging modalities such as computed tomography are just being recognised clinically.
Rethinking Jacob and Youngs v. Kent

Jacob and Youngs v. Kent has long been a staple in Contracts casebooks. This paper makes three contributions. First, it demonstrates that Cardozo broke no new ground. The law involving willfulness and substantial completion in building contracts had been around for half a century. The recognition of value of completion when the cost substantially exceeded the value was also well established. Second, it examines the record and concludes that Cardozo’s decision was justified. In particular it resolves two puzzles: (a) why did both the majority and dissent ignore the condition that the architect provide a certificate of completion; and (b) why didn’t Kent counterclaim for the full cost of completion? Finally, it considers how modern contract forms produced by the American Institute of Architects deal with the problem of deviations.
A Case Report of Acute Idiopathic Scrotal Edema

Acute Idiopathic Scrotal Edema (AISE) is an uncommon cause of bilateral scrotal swelling encountered in primary care. AISE is usually seen in children; however, several case reports have shown that AISE can occur in adult males. We present an active duty adult male who presented with AISE while deployed in Afghanistan. The clinical course of AISE is usually benign with labs and ultrasound being unremarkable. Besides swelling, the most common symptom tends to be intense scrotal puritis. Treatment for AISE is watchful waiting and conservative therapy. Full symptom resolution usually occurs within 24 hours.
Nationalism as a Deterrent to Peace and Interethnic Democracy: The Failure of Nationalist Leadership from the Hague Talks to the Cyprus Referendum

Supported by the EU and the international community, the extraordinary effort of the UN to mediate a settlement of the Cyprus problem before the integration of Cyprus into the EU ended in failure. The two historical highlights that marked the failure of the peace process were the top level talks at The Hague in March 2003 and the Cyprus referendum in April 2004. The purpose of this paper is to explore the role that the Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot leadership played in derailing the peace effort during these two defining moments in the evolution of the Cyprus problem. The analysis focuses on the polarizing ethno-centric nationalism of the then Turkish Cypriot and Greek Cypriot leaders. But it does so by contrasting the respective nationalism of the leaders to the Europeanizing and peace-enhancing trends that were emerging in Cypriot civil society and Greco-Turkish relations during the crucial period leading to the Hague talks and the Cyprus referendum. From this perspective, the role of the Cypriot leaders during the negotiation process is assessed against the backdrop of Turkey’s changed policy on Cyprus and the deepening interethnic rapprochement between the Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot communities, especially following the lifting of restriction to free movement across the green line in April 2003. The investigation attempts to explore how the stubborn sustenance and strategic reactivation of the legacy of adversarial nationalism, as well as the perpetuation of the mono-ethnic concept of statehood by the Cypriot leaders rendered them practically unwilling and ideologically incapable of recognizing and seizing the greatest historical opportunity for peace in Cyprus in half a century.
Sympathetic nerve influence on alveolar type II cell ultrastructure

Pulmonary surfactant release from lamellar bodies in alveolar type II cells in response to exogenous and circulating catecholamines is well documented but sympathetic influences from direct nerve stimulation are not as extensively studied. In order to study sympathetic nerve influence on release, ultrastructure of type II cells was examined following one min stimulation of the stellate ganglion (SGS) which sends sympathetic fibers to lung parenchyma. The type II cell secretion was assessed by measuring volume density of lamellar bodies, interpreting decreased volume density to indicate increased secretion according to accepted stereologic principles. The present study showed lamellar body volume density was reduced 20.8% in type II cells of SGS animals. Multivesicular body volume density was increased 150% by SGS, but Golgi bodies were unchanged. These data are consistent with type II cell origin of at least some of the increased saturated phospholipid recovered from airspaces in previous SGS studies, and support the view that sympathetic nerve activity may contribute to surfactant homeostasis under some conditions.
Outcomes After Total Aortic Arch Replacement With Right Axillary Artery Cannulation and a Presewn Multibranched Graft

Background Several techniques are available for aortic arch replacement. We evaluated our experience with total aortic arch replacement using a presewn multibranched graft and right axillary artery cannulation for brain perfusion. Methods Between 2002 and 2010, 88 patients (mean age, 61.5 ± 14.6 years) underwent total aortic arch replacement by midline sternotomy (27 patients) or bilateral anterior thoracotomy (61 patients). During a brief period of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA) (mean duration, 11.0 ± 7.8 minutes), the brachiocephalic arteries were detached from the aorta and clamped. Cerebral perfusion through the right axillary artery was then initiated while the arteries were sequentially attached to the branches of the presewn graft (mean duration: 40.4 ± 9.8 minutes). The ascending aorta and entire arch were replaced in all patients, combined with varying lengths of the descending aorta. Results The 30-day mortality rate was 5.7%. Stroke occurred in 3.4%, spinal cord ischemic injury in 3.4% (1 paraplegia, 2 paraparesis), and new-onset renal failure requiring dialysis in 3.4% of patients. The 5-year survival rate was 70.7% ± 5.5%. All graft branches remained patent during imaging follow-up (mean duration, 2.6 ± 2.2 years). Six patients required reoperation on the graft or contiguous aorta after the initial repair, but no reoperations were required on the aortic arch or its branches. The 5-year rate of freedom from reoperation was 90.4% ± 4.0%. Conclusions The use of a presewn multibranched graft and hypothermic brain perfusion through the right axillary artery is a safe method for replacement of the aortic arch, resulting in a low incidence of neurologic complications and favorable durability and patency.
Immiscibility and liquidus temperatures in the pseudobinary chalcogenide system PbSeGe1.5As0.5Se3

Abstract Electron microscopy studies of growth of microstructure or crystal size as a function of heat treatment temperature have been used to determine immiscibility and liquidus temperatures in the pseudobinary chalcogenide system PbSeGe 1.5 As 0.5 Se 3 . The immiscibility dome was found to span nearly the entire pseudobinary composition region, in good agreement with the results of a previous heat capacity study of this system in the glass transition region.
Franchisor strategy and firm performance: Making the most of strategic resource investments

Abstract A key decision for entrepreneurs in many retail and service firms is whether, and how much, to use franchising. If the decision is made to franchise, the actor may assume one of two “identities” or tactics: (1) the “chain builder,” who uses a blend of company and franchised outlets, and (2) the “turnkey,” who sells business opportunities but does not own any outlets. To benefit from their chosen strategy, franchisors must put resources in place to support it. We argue that franchisors use the chain building strategy to strike a balance between standardization and innovation by building resources that foster trust and encourage knowledge sharing with franchisees. In contrast, for turnkeys, a valuable set of operational routines is the critical strategic resource. To better appreciate how franchisors choose between the chain builder and turnkey strategies, we gathered survey information from 263 franchisors. Via this data, and as described herein, we learned that franchisors perform better when they invest in resources that best support their selected strategy.
SKF83959 exhibits biochemical agonism by stimulating [35S]GTPγS binding and phosphoinositide hydrolysis in rat and monkey brain

SKF83959, a benzazepine with high affinity for aminergic receptors, elicits behaviors such as grooming and vacuous chewing that are characteristic of dopamine D1-like receptor stimulation in rodents. Unlike classical D1 agonists, however, SKF83959 does not stimulate adenylyl cyclase. Knowing that some D1-like receptors are coupled to phospholipase C-mediated signaling cascades in the brain, the present study aimed to determine whether SKF83959 exhibits an agonistic action at the biochemical level and also whether this benzazepine can modulate phosphoinositide hydrolysis in a manner that would be consistent with the behavioral effects of the drug. Similar to dopamine and the selective D1-like agonist SKF38393, SKF83959 competitively displaced the receptor binding of [3H]dopamine in an agonist-like manner, significantly stimulated [35S]guanosine-5′-O-(3-thio)triphosphate binding, and potently enhanced phospholipase C-mediated phosphoinositide hydrolysis in rat and monkey brain tissues. SKF83959 was generally more potent than SKF38393, whereas SKF38393 consistently exhibited greater pharmacological efficacy. These findings may implicate a role for the phospholipase C signaling cascade in the agonistic behavioral and antiparkinsonian activity of SKF83959. Dopamine-sensitive phospholipase C signaling should probably be considered in subsequent formulations of mechanisms and models of dopaminergic function in the normal or diseased brain.
Effects of Parental Involvement and Family Structure on the Academic Achievement of Adolescents

Abstract Using the 1992 NELS data set, this study assessed the effects of three aspects of parental involvement and family structure on the academic achievement of those children. The results indicate that family structure and two of the three aspects of parental involvement were associated with higher adolescent academic achievement, when gender, race, and socioeconomic status are controlled for. Family structure was the single greatest predictor of academic achievement. The extent to which parents discussed school issues and attended school functions also had a positive impact on adolescent academic achievement. Whether a parent checked on a child's homework and checked on his or her friends did not have a positive impact, and sometimes had a negative effect, on academic achievement. The significance of these results is discussed. To the extent that parental family structure is, in itself, partially a measure of parental involvement, the relative influence of family structure and other measures of paren...
The age and petrography of two Luna 20 fragments and inferences for widespread lunar metamorphism

Ages were determined by the ^(40)Ar-^(39)Ar method on two metaclastic rocks returned from the lunar highlands north of Mare Fecunditatis by the Luna 20 probe. Both samples gave very well-defined argon retention ages of 3.90 ± 0.04 AE which are indistinguishable from each other within a resolution of 0.02 AE. Both fragments, 22006 and 22007, are highly recrystallized polymict breccias; there is no evidence for loss of radiogenic ^(40)Ar, and the age almost surely dates the time of recrystallization. The cosmic ray exposure ages of these fragments are similar and high: 900 million years for 22006, 1300 million years for 22007. 22007 also contains substantial trapped argon with a high ^(40)Ar^(36)Ar ratio. The Luna 20 results greatly extend the area of the Moon's surface exhibiting a well-defined record of metamorphism at 3.9 AE. So far, lunar history in the interval 4.6−3.9 AE is not preserved in the ages of surface rocks. This obliteration suggests lunar-wide metamorphic conditions occurring or terminating at this time as a result of major impacts.
Graphical Method of Calculating Fault Currents on Rural Distribution Systems

IN the application of fuses, oil circuit reclosers, or any other type of sectionalizing device on a distribution system, a considerable amount of time and effort is usually spent in calculating fault currents at various locations on the system. The purpose of this paper is to describe a graphical method of calculating the fault currents which simplifies the task of making the calculations.
Introgression as a Spatial Phenomenon

Biologists are devoting increasing attention to introgression, which is relevant to several topics of current concern. Since it is inherently a spatial phenomenon, introgression should be especially interesting to geographers. Hybridization, followed by introgression, occurs where two species (or ecotypes) meet, often after migration of one or both brings the two into proximity. If new genotypes created by hybridization and introgression are successful, they are likely to migrate further, while also increasing in frequency. Consequently, spatiotemporal analysis is usually necessary to properly interpret possible cases of introgression. Hypotheses are best formulated and tested by modifying the standard spatial introgression models to allow for hybrid fitness, temporal change, and real world habitat mosaics. In contrast, analyses that presume equilibrium population genetics, or that treat each taxonomic species as reproductively inviolate, inevitably lead to mistaken conclusions. A model is outlined showin...
Molecular pathogenesis of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: the role of Bcl-6.

Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL) form a heterogeneous group of diseases, with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) comprising the largest subgroup. The commonest chromosomal translocations found in DLBCL are those affecting band 3q27. In 35% of DLBCL cases, as well as in a small fraction of follicular lymphomas, the normal transcriptional regulation of Bcl-6 is disrupted by these chromosomal translocations. In addition, about three-quarters of cases of DLBCL display multiple somatic mutations in the 5′ non-coding region of Bcl-6, which occur independently of chromosomal translocations and appear to be due to the IgV-associated somatic hypermutation process. Bcl-6 is a 95-kD nuclear phosphoprotein belonging to the BTB/POZ (bric-a-brac, tramtrack, broad complex/Pox virus zinc finger) zinc finger family of transcription factors. It has been suggested that Bcl-6 is important in the repression of genes involved in the control of lymphocyte activation, differentiation, and apoptosis within the germinal center, an...
The upregulation of endothelin and its receptors in porcine coronary arteries in a double balloon injury model of restenosis.

Endothelin, a potent vasoconstrictor, mitogen, and stimulant of collagen synthesis, is reported to be increased after vascular injury. We tested the hypothesis that tissue endothelin levels and its receptor expression are increased following double balloon injury in a porcine coronary artery model of restenosis. Male miniature swine maintained on a hyperlipidemic diet underwent oversized balloon injury to both the proximal right coronary artery and left circumflex coronary artery. Two weeks following the initial injury, the arteries were repeat injured at the same site and subsequently harvested four weeks later. Proximal balloon injured (BI) and distal non-balloon-injured (NBI) segments from the same artery were collected. Tissue endothelin-1 (ET-1) levels were measured by ELISA. Endothelin receptors were assayed by radioligand binding using 125I-ET-1 and also immunolabeling. Tissue endothelin levels were 4–5 fold greater in BI arteries as compared to NBI. There was a significant increase in tissue ET-1 levels and endothelin receptor binding following double balloon injury relative to NBI control arteries. Western blots showed an increase expression of ETA receptor protein in injured vessels compared to non-injured arteries. Immunohistochemistry using an ETA receptor specific antibody confirmed increased receptor density following balloon injury. Thus, in an in vivo double balloon injury model for coronary artery restenosis, the response to vascular injury is increased tissue ET-1 content and upregulation of ETA receptor density associated with increased receptor protein.
Reply to an editorial

The comparison of algebraic manipulation systems is a difficult task. Nevertheless, I think that some of the conclusions stated in "Solutions of Problem # 2" in the last SIGSAM Bulletin are not entirely valid. I would like to voice some specific objections, especially as they concern LISP and MACSYNA.
Components Necessary for the Preparation of the Scientist-Practitioner

Since the inception of the Boulder model, psychology training programs have attempted to create professionals devoted to using their interlocking skills of scientific investigation and professional practice. To achieve this end, programs have incorporated many components into their training paradigms. A key component for the training of future scientist-practitioners appears to be a steady stream of information, practical examples, and direct experiences pertaining to the integration of science and practice in all aspects of a training framework. This article outlines some of the components considered necessary to effectively train students who are committed to integrating research with practice.
Starting a New Genetic System: Lessons from Bacteroides

Despite the fact that genetic manipulation is an essential adjunct of studies of microbial physiology, many important bacterial species are still not accessible to genetic manipulation. In many cases, the people who know the organism best and have studied its physiology extensively have little experience with genetic techniques and are uncertain how to set up a new system. In this article, we describe what we have learned in the process of developing a genetic system for Bacteroides spp. and helping to develop genetic tools for two related species of bacteria: Porphromonas gingivalis and Prevotella ruminicola. We discuss the relative usefulness of different types of genetic tools and make some suggestions about how to construct them.
Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 178

The 1965 version of the Nuclear Data Sheets has been revised according to experimental data received prior to March 1974, including approximately 100 papers. Data are presented for 11 nuclei (Yb, Lu, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, and Hg). Only alpha-decay data are available for Pt, Au, and Hg. No excited states or gamma transitions are definitely known in Yb, Ta, Re, Ir, Pt, Au, or Hg. Tentative decay schemes are proposed for Yb and Ir, the latter being first proposed in this work. Only 4 levels (Jπ) are known in Lu from Yb decay. The Lu (28.4-m and 22.7-m) decay schemes are well established and closely resemble those for Ta (9.31-m and 2.2-h) decay. These decays are compared to 177Hf(n,γ) studies, and new levels and transitions are proposed for all three sources of data. The Hf level scheme thus includes about 72 levels (52 Jπ-assignments) and about 72 gamma multipolarities. The W level scheme is due to Re decay (13.2-m), (p,xnγ), and (α,xnγ) data and includes 33 levels with 16 Jπ-assignments. The Os level scheme is due to the proposed Ir decay scheme and (HI,xnγ) data and includes 16 levels with 9 Jπ-assignments. The most important deficiency in the data is that no charged-particle reaction data are available except for Hf, where only (p,t) and preliminary (d,p) and (d,t) data have been reported. Such data would be especially useful in establishing the ordering of the ground-state and isomeric level in Ta. Suggested reactions are: Hf177(He3,d)Ta178(Q=-0.56MeV)Ta180(p,t)Ta178(Q=-5.99MeV)Hf176(He,p3)Ta178(Q=+3.59MeV)Hf178(He,t3)Ta178(Q=-1.93MeV)Hf179(d,He3)Lu178(Q=-2.08MeV)Lu176(t,p)Lu178(Q=+4.46MeV)Yb176(He,p3)Lu178(Q=+4.33MeV)Yb176(t,p)Yb178(Q≈+3.65MeV)W180(p,t)W178(Q=−6.89MeV)
BOOTLEGGING AND RURAL CRIMINAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP

ABSTRACT This article explores the organization of the bootlegging of illicit alcohol in “dry,” rural counties located in Kentucky's Appalachian region. Using a participant observation methodology, the study focuses on organizational variables such as size of the illicit enterprise, its geographic scope, the characteristics of participants and other illicit goods and services provided in an attempt to describe the rural bootlegging industry. The article also explores the logistics of rural bootlegging and the operations of the illicit alcohol industry. Comparisons are drawn between the rural bootlegging industry and studies of organized criminal activity in urban settings, pointing out both similarities and dissimilarities. The importance of bootlegging to organizing rural organized crime is also discussed.