cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Catholicism, Sexual Deviance, and Victorian Gothic Culture: The blood of the saints: vampirism from Polidori to Stoker

Before, I looked upon the accounts of vice and injustice, that I read in books or heard from others, as tales of ancient days, or imaginary evils; at least they were remote, and more familiar to reason than to the imagination; but now misery has come home, and men appear to me as monsters thirsting for each other's blood. Mary Shelley, Frankenstein (1818) The “woman drunken with the blood of the saints” (Rev. xvii. 6) has not lost her cruel nature … Her persecuting laws are still the same as when in the Dark Ages her infernal Inquisition performed, unhindered, its bloodthirsty work. Walter Walsh, The Secret History of the Oxford Movement (1897) Published in the same year as Bram Stoker's Dracula , Walter Walsh's attack on Catholicism uses the imagery of the Revelation of St. John the Divine to make of the Roman Church a type of vampire. Unlike Stoker's protagonist, Walsh's vampiric Church is feminine rather than masculine, and the metaphor is motivated not only through reference to the Gothic trope of “infernal Inquisition” but also through allusion to sexual deviance: in Revelation the “woman drunken with the blood of the saints” is the infamous Whore of Babylon: And there came one of the seven angels which had the seven vials, and talked with me, saying unto me, Come hither; I will shew unto thee the judgment of the great whore that sitteth upon many waters: With whom the kings of the earth have committed fornication, and the inhabitants of the earth have been made drunk with the wine of her fornication. […]
First Law of Thermodynamics

The first law of thermodynamics is stated in terms of the existence of an extensive function of state called the internal energy. For a chemically closed system, the internal energy changes when energy is added by heat transfer or work is done by the system. Heat and work are not state variables because they depend on a process. Reversible quasistatic work can be done by a system by using pressure to change its volume very slowly. Heat capacities are defined as the amount of energy needed to cause temperature change at constant volume or pressure. Processes are illustrated for an ideal gas whose energy depends only on temperature. Sudden volume changes can result in irreversible work during which pressure is undefined. We define an auxiliary state function known as enthalpy to relate to processes at constant pressure. Phase transformations such as melting involve enthalpy changes that liberate latent heat.
Racial and Ethnic Inequalities in Health

The population is aging in both the developed and developing world, and the United States is no exception. It is well established that Americans are living longer. US life expectancy at birth increased from 70.8 in 1970 to 78.7 in 2010. For those aged 65, remaining life expectancy rose from 15.2 years to 19.1 years over the same time period. Perhaps most importantly, and the focus of this chapter, as the nation grows older it is rapidly becoming more racially and ethnically diverse. Currently, there is less racial/ethnic diversity in the population 65 and older than among younger Americans. However, the older population is expected to be 42% minority by 2050 (US Census Bureau, 2011). The dual trends of increased life expectancy and the growing diversity of the aging population raise important theoretical and practical questions about race-based inequalities in health and their consequences for health care spending in light of projected deficits in Medicare.
ACCURACY OF TRADITIONAL AND NOVEL RISK FACTORS FOR PREDICTING THE EXTENT AND SEVERITY OF CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE IN PATIENTS WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is associated with a higher risk for coronary artery disease (CAD). Traditional risk factors are limited in their predictive accuracy for CAD. Our objective was to study the association between RA specific factors and CAD in patients with RA. 84 patients with chronic
Europe, America, and the Wider World: Nationhood in a common market

The American nation, I was taught in school, was born in 1776 with Jefferson's Declaration of Independence and the Revolution that Washington led. It was given legal form in 1789 by the establishment of the Constitution. And it was most bloodily “tested,” as we used to say, in the fires of the Civil War. But a nation is not a set of laws, and its history is not a mere chronicle of military engagements. Political historians will be quick to point out that the Declaration of Independence was not addressed to the world as from a single nation. It does not contain the word “nation,” and though it speaks of the People as the rightful source of government, it resolved “that these colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states.” A period of thirteen years ensued under the improvised government of the Continental Congresses and a weak Confederation. As those years continued into the 1780s, uneasiness was felt over the security of the structure. The Confederation's great achievement was one of internal diplomacy, to secure agreement among the states to pool the claims derived from their royal charters on the lands west of the Alleghenies. This meant most notably to secure cession of Virginia's claim, according to one interpretation of her charter, to the lands north and west of the Ohio River, which became the six states of the Old Northwest: Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota.
Evaluate the Effects of Malaria Control in Shangshui County in 2000-2012

Objective To analyze malaria situation and evaluate the effects of control program in Shangshui County during 2000-2012. Methods Data were collected and analyzed on the measures and effects of malaria control in Shangshui County during 2000-2012. Results In the past 12 years, a total of 15931 people were given treatment of the resting phase for a radical cure of Plasmodium vivax, drug treatment was given to 3811 malaria patients, and microscopic examination of blood slides was given to 119918 patients with fever. Conclusion In general, the malaria control activities have been effective and local malaria outbreak and epidemic has been under control in Shangshui County. For the early realisation of the elimination of the malaria, comprehensive prevention and control measures, such as eliminating infection, strengthening imported case monitoring and disposal should be taken.
DIFFERENTIAL INTERACTION OF R-MEXILETINE WITH THE LOCAL ANESTHETIC RECEPTOR SITE ON BRAIN AND HEART SODIUM CHANNEL ALPHA -SUBUNITS

Mexiletine is a class I antiarrhythmic drug with neuroprotective effects in models of brain ischemia attributable to inhibition of brain sodium channels. We compared effects of R-mexiletine on wild-type and mutant rat brain (rbIIA) and heart (rh1) sodium channel alpha-subunits transiently expressed in tsA-201 cells. R-mexiletine induced tonic and frequency-dependent block and bound with a 26-fold (brain) or 35-fold (heart) higher affinity to inactivated sodium channels. Affinities of both resting and inactivated channels for R-mexiletine block were approximately 2-fold higher for heart than for brain channels. Mutations in transmembrane segment IVS6 of heart (rhF1762A) and brain (rbF1764A and rbY1771A) channels, which reduce block by other local anesthetics, reduced high-affinity block of inactivated channels and frequency-dependent block of open channels by R-mexiletine and abolished the difference in affinity between brain and heart sodium channels. Unlike previous local anesthetics studied, the strongest effect was observed for mutation rbY1771A. Comparison of mutations of the homologous phenylalanine residue in brain and heart channels showed striking differences in the effects of the mutations. rbF1764A reduced drug block by slowing R-mexiletine binding to inactivated channels, whereas rhF1762A reduced block by increasing the rate of dissociation from inactivated and resting channels. Thus, rbF1764/rhF1762 is a critical determinant of affinity and tissue-specific differences in mexiletine block of brain and heart sodium channels, but its role in drug interaction differs in these two channel isoforms.
In -service education practices in large hospital departments of dietetics

The directors of dietetics in 100 hospitals with more than 500 beds were sent a questionnaire regarding their current practices in in-service education. The data presented are based on the responses from seventy hospitals (70 per cent). Although 90 per cent indicated that they had a formal, in-service education program, the administration, structure, and components of the progams varied.
Qualified Toleration: Bermuda and the English Revolution

Central to both the causes and development of the English revolution was the demand for reformation of the Church of England. The question of what shape this reform should take, however, divided English men and women. Debates over the further reformation of the Church of England were also complicated by the emergence of increasingly vocal and powerfully-placed calls for freedom of religion, ranging from a limited toleration for a certain few to a broader liberty of conscience for all. This article looks at the debate surrounding liberty of conscience during the English revolution in 1644–5, but from a fresh angle: examining the context and rationale for the parliamentary ordered religious settlement of the English Atlantic colony of Bermuda in October of 1645. Integrating the fortunes of this Atlantic colony into the history of the English revolution reconfigures our understanding and analysis of revolutionary religion and politics.
Investigation of nuclear enzyme topoisomerase as a putative molecular target of monohaloacetonitrile disinfection by-products

Disinfection by-products occur widely as the unintended effect of water disinfection and are associated with toxicity and adverse human health effects. Yet the molecular mechanisms of their toxicity are not well understood. To investigate the molecular basis of hyperploidy induction by monohaloacetonitriles, the interaction of monohaloacetonitriles with topoisomerase II in Chinese hamster ovary cells was examined. We showed a concentration-dependent inhibition of DNA decatenation activity of topoisomerase under acellular conditions while in vitro monohaloacetonitrile treatment expressed mixed results. The working hypothesis, that topoisomerase II is a molecular target of monohaloacetonitriles, was only partially supported. Nevertheless, this research serves as a starting point toward molecular mechanisms of toxic action of monohaloacetonitriles.
DETERMINING THE INTERESTS AND PARTICIPATION LEVELS OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS TO SPORTIVE RECREATION ACTIVITIES

Reduction of working hours and increase of the spare time with technological development provided people to stay the level of education and income. Therefore, inadequate physical activity based on the industry has become one of the biggest problems of people and societies in our day. As a result of them the demand of recreational activities has increased. It is important for our future to educate young people about these issues. This study which is conducted for participation of college students to sportive recreation activities and determining their interests has been done with the aim of contribution to our future. Target population of study is 245 students (121 girls and 129 boys) that are randomly chosen and studying in Academy of Kirkpinar Physical Education and Sports and the Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences in Trakya University. The data of the research were collected as a survey. The obtained data were analyzed on SPSS 15 program. Chi-square test, frequency and crosstabs analyses were used. The proportion of the students who participated the research was %48 of girl and %52 of boy. There were 126 participants from Kirkpinar College of Physical Education and Sports and 119 participants from Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences. In total, 300 surveys were used for this research. 245 of them were taken under review. Most of the students take part in the activities for their health and generally they prefer being with their groups of friends. Article visualizations:
Subacute Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus Coexisting in a Patient with Plaque Psoriasis

Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus (SCLE) is a form of cutaneous lupus erythematosus that is characterized by nonscarring, erythematous, annular eruptions occurring mainly on sun-exposed areas....
Shifting the Paradigm of Testosterone Replacement Therapy in Prostate Cancer

Historically, testosterone and prostate cancer have been demonstrated to have a positive association leading providers to forgo testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) in men with concurrent histories of hypogonadism and prostate cancer. This paradigm has been gradually shifting with our evolving understanding of the relationship between testosterone and prostate cancer and the gaining popularity of the saturation model. Newer data suggests improved quality of life for men with hypogonadism after TRT leading to a more tempered view of the effects of this treatment and its risk in prostate cancer. As more reports emerge of TRT in men who have either undergone definitive treatment for prostate cancer or are on active surveillance, some providers see a role for TRT in these patients despite non-consensus in clinical guidelines. It is critical that we examine evidence currently available, while we await more rigorous data to emerge.
Separation of Subcutaneous Fat From Muscle in Surface Electrical Impedance Myography Measurements Using Model Component Analysis

Objective : Electrical impedance myography (EIM) is a relatively new technique to assess neuromuscular disorders (NMD). Although the application of EIM using surface electrodes (sEIM) has been adopted by the neurology community in recent years to evaluate NMD status, sEIM's sensitivity as a biomarker of skeletal muscle condition is impacted by subcutaneous fat (SF) tissue. Here, we develop a method that is able to remove the contribution of SF from sEIM data. Methods : We evaluate independent component analysis (ICA) and principal component analysis (PCA) for this purpose. Then, we introduce the so-called model component analysis (MCA). All methods are validated with numerical simulations using impedivity data from SF and muscle tissues. The methods are then tested with measurements performed in diseased individuals ( $n=3$ ). Results : Simulations demonstrate that MCA is the most accurate method at separating the impedivity of SF and muscle tissues with the accuracy being 99.2%, followed by ICA with 51.4%, and finally PCA with 38.5%. Experimental results from sEIM data measured on the triceps brachii of patients are consistent with muscle grayscale level values obtained using ultrasound imaging. Conclusion : MCA can be used to separate the impedivity of SF and muscle tissues from sEIM data, thus increasing the sensitivity to detect changes in the muscle. Significance : MCA can make the sEIM technique a better diagnostic tool and biomarker of disease progression and response to therapy by removing the confounding effect of SF tissue in NMD patients with excess subcutaneous fat tissue for any reason.
Database-Retrieval Oriented Approach for Model-Based Object Recognition

Model-based recognition of objects when the number of model objects becomes large is a challenging problem which makes it increasingly difficult to view the object recognition problem as - “find the best match” problem. We present a database-retrieval oriented approach for this case wherein the goal is to index, retrieve, rank and output a few top-ranked models, according to their similarity with an input query object. The approach consists of three stages: (1) feature-based representation of model objects and object-feature correspondence analysis; (2) clustering and indexing of the model objects in the factor space; and (3) ranking indexed models based on mutual information with query object. We believe that this approach has practical advantages for large model databases where the best-match approach can be unreliable. It also finds applications in semi-automatic object recognition tasks which involve interaction with humans. Experimental results are presented using a variety of data to demonstrate the merits of our approach.
Black celebrities, reproductive justice and queering family: an exploration.

Abstract Decades ago, political theorist Cathy Cohen reflected on the meaning and possibilities of coalition among groups as diverse as gay men and single mothers. This article focuses on Black women's fertility struggles as they navigate controlling images and the Black fertility mandate. I compare accounts of how celebrities and non-celebrities have discussed making families through reproductive technology, and whether we can read these narratives as attempting to redefine and even 'queer' family. Ultimately, while the horizons of reproductive technology are ever expanding, those of us who care about justice would do well to ask if and how, in the everyday operations of our life, the technology does anything to change how the particular society in which we are embedded views people on the reproductive margins, such as single mothers and others who 'queer' typical narratives of reproduction.
Comparisons of population structure and morphology of a saltmarsh keystone species (Malaclemys terrapin) across coastal Louisiana.

Diamondback terrapins (Malaclemys terrapin) are an ecologically important species in salt marsh habitats, and they occur along the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic coastlines of the USA. Terrapins are subjected to a myriad of threats including loss of coastal marsh/nesting habitat and differential adult mortality in fisheries bycatch. In Louisiana, knowledge of terrapin populations is lacking even though they likely face these same threats. To address this knowledge gap, we sampled terrapins across coastal Louisiana from 2011 to 2015 using unbaited fyke nets at six study sites. We sexed all individuals and measured morphometric characters (including plastron length, PL and carapace height, CH). We captured 1111 individuals at all sites, and each site was represented by ≥ 96 individuals. Skewed sex ratios were found at five of the six sites, while three of the six populations were lacking individuals in the 13–15 cm PL size classes. Male and female PL varied, with Chenier Plain males being larger than Deltaic Plain males, while Deltaic Plain females were larger than Chenier Plain females. Similarly, CH also varied, with Deltaic Plain males and females being relatively deeper than individuals from the Chenier Plain. A number of biotic, abiotic, and anthropogenic factors likely interplay to influence population structure, shell morphology, and demographics. However, the latter, including bycatch in crab traps, is possibly influencing terrapin population structure at some study sites via selective mortality of males and juvenile females. We suggest that future studies research the effects of anthropogenic factors on terrapin populations.
Identifying a project’s greatest ‘hits’: meaningful use of Facebook in an underserved community’s development and mobilisation effort

A community-wide effort to prioritise mobilisation, empowerment and capacity building offers a nearly unlimited opportunity to foster networked relationships using technology to connect adults and ...
POEMMA: Probe Of Extreme Multi-Messenger Astrophysics

Developed as a NASA Astrophysics Probe mission concept study, the Probe Of Extreme Multi-Messenger Astrophysics (POEMMA) science goals are to identify the sources of ultra-high energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) and to observe cosmic neutrinos above 20 PeV. POEMMA consists of two satellites flying in loose formation at 525 km altitudes. A novel focal plane design is optimized to observe the UV air fluorescence signal from extensive air showers (EASs) in a stereoscopic UHECR observation mode and the Cherenkov signals from EASs from UHECRs and neutrino-induced τ-leptons in an Earth-limb viewing mode. POEMMA is designed to achieve full-sky coverage and significantly higher sensitivity to the highest energy cosmic messengers compared to what have been achieved so far by ground-based experiments. POEMMA will measure the spectrum, composition, and full sky distribution of the UHECRs above 30 EeV to identify the most energetic cosmic accelerators in the universe and study the acceleration mechanism(s). POEMMA will also have sensitivity to cosmic neutrinos by observing the upward-moving air showers induced from tau neutrino interactions in the Earth. POEMMA will also be able to re-orient to a Target-of-Opportunity (ToO) neutrino mode to view transient astrophysical sources with unique sensitivity. This paper discusses the science goals, instrument design, mission profile, and the simulated UHECR and neutrino measurement capabilities for POEMMA.
Conjugate addition reactions of α-azoalkylcuprate reagents

Abstract A new class of α-heteroatomalkyl organocuprate/organocopper reagents has been prepared. These α-azoalkyl cuprate reagents were derived from α-azoalkyl anions and were treated with enones and enoates affording γ-azoalkyl carbonyl compounds in modest yields.
An advantage for targets located horizontally to the cued location

Abstract Over the years a number of researchers have reported enhanced performance of targets located horizontally to a cued location relative to those located vertically. However, many of these reports could stem from a known meridian asymmetry in which stimuli on the horizontal meridian show a performance advantage relative to those on the vertical meridian. Here we show a horizontal advantage for target and cue locations that reside outside the zone of asymmetry; that is, targets that appear horizontal to the cue, but above or below the horizontal meridian, are more accurate than those that appear vertical to the cue, but again either above or below the horizontal meridian (Experiments 1 and 4). This advantage does not extend to non-symmetrically located targets in the opposite hemifield (Experiment 2), nor horizontally located targets within the same hemifield (Experiment 3). These data raise the possibility that display designs in which the target and cue locations are positioned symmetrically across the vertical midline may be underestimating the cue validity effect.
Sociodemographic and substance use characteristics associated with typologies and composition of social support networks among youth experiencing homelessness in Los Angeles, USA.

Youth experiencing homelessness are a vulnerable population with increased behavioural health risks. Social networks are a consistent correlate of youths' substance use behaviours. However, less is known about the reciprocal relationships among these constructs. This study classified youth experiencing homelessness according to their social support network type (e.g. instrumental, emotional, service) and composition (e.g. family, peers, service staff) and linked their membership in these social network classes to sociodemographic and substance use characteristics. Four waves of cross-sectional data were collected between October 2011 and June 2013 from youth experiencing homelessness, ages 14-29, at three drop-in centres in Los Angeles, CA (N = 1,046). This study employed latent class analysis to identify subgroups of youth experiencing homelessness according to the type and composition of their social support networks. Multinomial logistic regression analyses were then conducted to identify the sociodemographic and substance use characteristics associated with social support network class membership. Five latent classes of youths' social support networks were identified: (a) high staff emotional and service support; (b) high home-based peer and family emotional, service and instrumental support; (c) moderate street- and home-based peer emotional support; (d) low or no support and (e) high home-based peer and family emotional and instrumental support. Multinomial logistic regression models indicated that race/ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, literal homelessness, former foster care experience, depression, heroin and marijuana use were significant correlates of social support network class membership. Results indicate distinct classes of social support networks among youth experiencing homelessness, with certain sociodemographic and substance use characteristics implicated in youths' social networks.
Severe Radiation Necrosis Refractory to Surgical Resection in Patients with Melanoma and Brain Metastases Managed with Ipilimumab/Nivolumab and Brain-Directed Stereotactic Radiation Therapy.

Background The use of targeted therapies and immune checkpoint inhibitors has drastically changed the management of patients with melanoma and brain metastases. Specifically, combination therapy with ipilimumab, a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 inhibitor, and nivolumab, a programmed cell death protein 1 inhibitor, has become a preferred systemic therapy option for patients with melanoma and asymptomatic brain metastases. However, the efficacy and toxicity profile of these agents in combination with brain-directed radiation therapy is not well described. Case Description In this case series, we highlight a series of patients with melanoma demonstrating severe radiation necrosis immediately refractory to surgical resection following brain-directed stereotactic radiation therapy with concurrent ipilimumab and nivolumab. Three patients described in this series each received stereotactic radiation therapy to a dose of 30 Gy in 5 fractions to a melanoma brain metastasis. These areas developed radiographic evidence of necrosis, which was managed surgically and progressed immediately and rapidly after resection. Re-resection, bevacizumab, steroids, and/or discontinuation of nivolumab was used to mitigate further necrosis with varying efficacy. Conclusions Patients with metastatic melanoma receiving brain-directed radiation therapy with concurrent ipilimumab and nivolumab are at risk for developing severe, surgically refractory radiation necrosis and should be closely followed clinically and with imaging. The exact mechanism for such severe necrosis is unknown, and future studies are needed to better understand this pathophysiology and identify optimal treatment strategies.
Predicted percentage dissatisfied with vertical temperature gradient

Abstract A vertical thermally stratified environment provides opportunities for improved ventilation effectiveness and energy efficiency, but vertical temperature gradient can also cause local thermal discomfort. ASHRAE 55 and ISO 7730 prescribe a 3 °C/m limit between head and feet for seated persons. However, an increasing amount of evidence suggests that this limit is too restrictive. To revisit how vertical temperature gradient affects local thermal comfort, we conducted laboratory tests with four nominal vertical temperature gradients (0.4, 2.9, 5.9, and 8.4 °C/m). Ninety-eight seated college-age students participated in a blind within-subject experiment. Cold-feet discomfort is more frequently rated than warm-head discomfort with increasing temperature gradients. By using logistic regression modeling, we show that the whole-body dissatisfaction increases only slightly (
Collaborative research into the “hidden worlds” of children’s peer reading:

Children’s peer social worlds as part of language and literacy learning are often “hidden” from researchers and teachers alike. This article reports on collaborative research between a researcher a...
Infectious Challenges with Novel Antibody–Based Therapies

The development of new antibody-based therapies has changed the landscape of the treatment of malignancies and improved post-transplant outcomes for transplant recipients. Use of these new therapies has led to recognition of unintended, potentially serious infectious complications. This review seeks to provide an overview of the infectious risks of these agents and assist clinicians in how to address them. Due to its profound depletion of B- and T-lymphocytes, alemtuzumab increases the risk of viral reactivation and other intracellular pathogens. Anti-CD20 agents increase the risk of hepatitis B virus reactivation and carry the risk of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Immune checkpoint inhibitors can cause immune-related adverse events that can masquerade as infections. Eculizumab increases the risk of Neisseria infections. Brentuximab vedotin appears to increase the overall risk of infection, though no specific prophylaxis strategies are recommended. Belatacept increases the risk of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders and Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia. While improving outcomes and survival, novel therapies may have off-target effects, increasing the risk of bacterial, viral, and fungal infections. Clinicians must be aware of potential infectious complications and take measures to screen for latent infections, provide immunizations, and provide chemoprophylaxis (as indicated). Clinicians also need to be aware of potential non-infectious, inflammatory autoimmune complications of these agents that could present similarly to infection. Multi-disciplinary and multi-institutional research is needed to better define the association between these therapies and infection, and develop protocols to reduce infectious risk.
Measurement report: Variability in the composition of biogenic volatile organic compounds in a Southeastern US forest and their role in atmospheric reactivity

Abstract. Despite the significant contribution of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) to organic aerosol formation and ozone production and loss, there are few long-term, year-round, ongoing measurements of their volume mixing ratios and quantification of their impacts on atmospheric reactivity. To address this gap, we present 1 year of hourly measurements of chemically resolved BVOCs between 15 September 2019 and 15 September 2020, collected at a research tower in Central Virginia in a mixed forest representative of ecosystems in the Southeastern US. Mixing ratios of isoprene, isoprene oxidation products, monoterpenes, and sesquiterpenes are described and examined for their impact on the hydroxy radical (OH), ozone, and nitrate reactivity. Mixing ratios of isoprene range from negligible in the winter to typical summertime 24 h averages of 4–6 ppb, while monoterpenes have more stable mixing ratios in the range of tenths of a part per billion up to ∼2 ppb year-round. Sesquiterpenes are typically observed at mixing ratios of ppt, but this represents a lower bound in their abundance. In the growing season, isoprene dominates OH reactivity but is less important for ozone and nitrate reactivity. Monoterpenes are the most important BVOCs for ozone and nitrate reactivity throughout the year and for OH reactivity outside of the growing season. To better understand the impact of this compound class on OH, ozone, and nitrate reactivity, the role of individual monoterpenes is examined. Despite the dominant contribution of α -pinene to total monoterpene mass, the average reaction rate of the monoterpene mixture with atmospheric oxidants is between 25 % and 30 % faster than α -pinene due to the contribution of more reactive but less abundant compounds. A majority of reactivity comes from α -pinene and limonene (the most significant low-mixing-ratio, high-reactivity isomer), highlighting the importance of both mixing ratio and structure in assessing atmospheric impacts of emissions.
Acculturation and Depressive Symptoms Among Dominicans in New York City.

Little is known about the association between acculturation and mental health among Dominican populations in the United States. Data came from a community survey of Dominican residents of New York City (n = 2744). Associations between two indicators of acculturation, proportion of life spent in the U.S. and interview language (English/Spanish), with lifetime depressive symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire-9 score ≥ 5) were examined using logistic regression overall and by gender. In adjusted models, respondents with English-language interview and above-median proportion of life spent in the U.S. had 77% higher odds (95% CI 1.28, 2.44) of lifetime depressive symptoms than those with Spanish-language interview and below-median proportion of life spent in the U.S. There was some evidence of elevated odds of depressive symptoms among men with English-language interview and below-median proportion of life spent in the U.S. Additional research is needed to elucidate gender-specific impacts of acculturation on mental health in this population.
A Spelling Checker Based on Affix Classes

A technique is described for encoding dictionary entries in terms of a mapping over equivalence classes. The empirically determined classes are based on the property of affixability. The method is demonstrated in a spelling checker although the syntactic and semantic regularities in the classes also have potential relevance to work in natural language processing and descriptive linguistics. In a spelling checker, the primary advantage of the method is an increased accuracy and reduced dictionary size as compared to more traditional “heuristic” checkers that do incomplete affix analysis and use larger dictionaries (e. g., the UNIX** spell program). Various factors in reducing the search for a legal bound stem are discussed, and an affix stripping procedure is presented. The method is compared with other spelling checkers.
Bone Color Changes in a Burned Burial Structure from Early Bronze Age Bab adh-Dhra’, Jordan

A large burial structure (A22) from the site of Bab adh-Dhra’1 dating to the Early Bronze Age II–III (EB II–III; 3100–2300 bce ) in Jordan underwent a significant burning event that resulted in damage to the building and entombed skeletons. A large piece of linen recovered near the doorway suggested that the fire may have been started intentionally. At least 224 people were buried in the tomb, based on the number of left tali recovered. However, MLNI (most likely number of individuals) estimates indicated that more than 1100 people possibly were interred in the charnel house. The purpose of this project was to examine the spatial distribution of bone colour changes in A22 to reconstruct the burning event. Munsell soil colours and a CIELAB-system spectrophotometer were used. Colours varied by bone type (humerus, frontal and ilium) and between the core and periphery of the burial structure.
Energy Requirement in No-Tillage

The production phase of U.S. agriculture uses large amounts of fossil energy as gasoline, diesel fuel, natural and L-P gas, oil, electricity, fertilizers, pesticides, feeds, seeds and machinery. Figure 6-1 shows an estimated division of the energy among the major uses in production agriculture. About one-third of the energy is directly from fossil fuels. Indirect inputs of fossil energy as fertilizers, pesticides, feeds, seeds machinery and electricity make up the remaining two-thirds. Of the fuels, gasoline comprises about 40 percent, diesel fuel 32 percent, natural gas 16 percent and L-P gas 12 percent (USDA-ERS-FEA, 1977). Most of the on-farm use of diesel fuel and gasoline is in farm tractors, trucks and automobiles, uses for which energy substitution is for the most part impractical. L-P gas is used mainly for on-farm crop drying. The major on-farm use of natural gas is for irrigation and for grain drying, especially in large commercial operations. Much of the indirect use of natural gas in agriculture is in the form of nitrogen fertilizer, since almost all nitrogen fertilizer used in the U.S. is manufactured from natural gas. An estimated 89 percent of the energy used in production agriculture goes for crop production and the remaining 11 percent is used for livestock production (Soil Conservation Society of America, 1978).
Digging Deeper Into the Outcomes of Social Media Use among College Students: The Mediating Effect of Academic Self-Efficacy

The use of social media is prevalent among college students. Additionally, youth and high school students, many of whom will eventually enroll in college, also use social media at high levels. With the near ubiquitous use of social media and the culture that comes with it, it is important for researchers to understand the effects and relationships that social media use has on students and the different aspects of students’ lives. This study specifically considers the outcomes of academic performance and satisfaction with life and digs deeper into these relationships by looking at the mediating role of academic self e fficacy and controlling for the effects of self regulation. Results from a sample of 234 college students indicate that social media use is negatively associated with academic self efficacy and academic performance an d that academic self efficacy mediates the relationsh ips with academic performance and satisfaction with life.
Rethinking the paradigm: How comparative studies on fatty acid oxidation inform our understanding of T cell metabolism

The classic paradigm of T cell metabolism posits that activated Teff cells utilize glycolysis to keep pace with increased energetic demands, while resting and Tmem cells rely on the oxidation of fat. In contrast, Teff cells during graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) increase their reliance on oxidative metabolism and, in particular, on fatty acid oxidation (FAO). To explore the potential mechanisms driving adoption of this alternative metabolism, we first review key pathways regulating FAO across a variety of disparate tissue types, including liver, heart, and skeletal muscle. Based upon these comparative studies, we then outline a consensus network of transcriptional and signaling pathways that predict a model for regulating FAO in Teff cells during GVHD. This model raises important implications about the dynamic nature of metabolic reprogramming in T cells and suggests exciting future directions for further study of in vivo T cell metabolism.
Detection of mRNA by in situ hybridization and RT-PCR.

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of several approaches currently being used that rely on messenger RNA (mRNA) from a relatively small amount of starting material as a means to obtain detailed information on the expression of a single gene or an entire network of genes in the embryo. Whole mount in situ hybridization (WMISH) is a relatively easy procedure, resulting in specimens with long-term stability and great utility for deciphering gene expression patterns. The WMISH protocol presented is optimized for preserving specimen morphology and handling small numbers of specimens. In situ hybridization methods use sectioned tissue and radioactively labeled RNA probes. It provides a more quantitative assessment of relative mRNA target levels and also offers a good way to compare the distributions of different mRNAs in the same embryo by probing adjacent thin (1 μm) sections. In situ signals for a large number of different mRNAs as a function of developmental stage are always consistent with other hybridization assays, such as RNA blotting or RNase protection. Whole-mount in situ hybridization largely replaces radioactive methods with sectioned tissue because of its relative speed, the long-term stability of the probes, and the ease of three-dimensional interpretation. The detection of mRNA by real time quantitative PCR (RTQ–PCR) helps to obtain accurate relative quantity of mRNA expression for as many genes as possible in direct comparisons between differentially manipulated experimental samples using relatively small quantities of starting material.
Serum amyloid P component binds to Fc gamma receptors and opsonizes particles for phagocytosis.

Serum amyloid P component (SAP) is a member of the pentraxin family of proteins. These proteins are characterized by cyclic pentameric structure, calcium-dependent ligand binding, and frequent regulation as acute-phase serum proteins. SAP is the serum precursor of the P component of amyloid. It binds to a broad group of molecules, including autoantigens, through a pattern recognition binding site. The related pentraxin, C-reactive protein (CRP), is a strong acute-phase reactant in man and an opsonin. We previously determined that the binding of CRP to leukocytes occurs through Fc receptors for IgG (FcγR). We now report that SAP also binds to FcγR and opsonizes particles for phagocytosis by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN). Specific, saturable binding of SAP to FcγRI, FcγRIIa, and FcγRIIIb expressed on transfected COS cells was detected using SAP-biotin and PE-streptavidin. Zymosan was used to test the functional consequences of SAP and CRP binding to FcγR. Both SAP and CRP bound to zymosan and enhanced its uptake by PMN. This enhanced phagocytosis was abrogated by treatment of PMN with wortmannin, a phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase inhibitor, or with piceatannol, a Syk inhibitor, consistent with uptake through FcγR. Treatment of PMN with phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C to remove FcγRIIIb also decreased phagocytosis of SAP-opsonized zymosan, but not CRP-opsonized zymosan. These results suggest that SAP may function in host defense. In addition, as SAP binds to chromatin, a major immunogen in systemic lupus erythematosus, it may provide a clearance mechanism for this Ag through FcγR bearing cells.
School, Family, and Community Partnerships: Your Handbook for Action

Acknowledgments About the Authors Introduction 1. A Comprehensive Framework 2. Using the Framework in Practice: Stories From the Field 3. Taking an Action Team Approach 4. Conducting Workshops 5. Selecting Materials for Presentations and Workshops 6. Strengthening Partnership Programs in Middle and High Schools 7. Developing State and District Leadership for Partnerships 8. Implementing Teachers Involve Parents in Schoolwork (TIPS) 9. Planning and Evaluating Your Partnership Program 10. Networking for Best Results on Partnerships Index Ordering Information
Phytoplasmas: Can Phylogeny Provide the Means to Understand Pathogenicity?

Publisher Summary During the past decades, the application of recombinant DNA technologies has greatly expanded the knowledge about the genetic diversity of plant pathogenic mycoplasma-like organisms (MLOs). Since the discovery that phloem-limited, wall-less prokaryotes, and not viruses, were the causal agents of numerous graft transmissible “yellows diseases”, much effort has been expended trying to culture these pathogens in vitro. With the exception of Thermoplasma, most wall-less prokaryotes are members of the Class Mollicutes. Sequence analysis of two other evolutionary markers confirms the conclusions obtained by 16s rRNA phylogenetic analyses. The inability to culture phytoplasmas in vitro has greatly impeded experimental manipulation of these pathogens. Given their small genome size and lack of a cell wall, members of the Mollicutes might seem to be ideal candidates for molecular genetic analyses. The number and variety of methods to introduce and manipulate genes of interest in wall-less prokaryotes has progressed greatly in recent years. Significant progress has been made in the understanding of molecular determinants of pathogenicity and plant hosts in some culturable, Gram-negative phytopathogenic prokaryotes. Phylogenetic analyses of aster yellows (AY) and maize bushy stunt (MBS) phytoplasmas have shown that these pathogens are very closely related. Transformed WX phytoplasmas could be injected into C. montunus which would be fed on peach seedlings.
High power, high recovery rate water switch

The high dielectric strength of water, which may reach values of 1 MV/cm makes it an attractive switching medium for high power, low inductance switches. For water switches that operate at voltages of tens of kV, and currents of less than 1 kA, the dielectric recovery time is approximately 1 ms. The recovery process is determined by the decay of a vapor bubble due to the energy deposition in the liquid during breakdown and conduction. To reduce the recovery time, and consequently increase the recovery rate, we flowed water through the switch volume to remove the vapor bubble on a time scale less than the recovery time in static water. Flowing the water transversely through the rod-pin electrode gap with a flow rate of 0.56 1/min allows us to shorten the recovery time to 700 /spl mu/s. Using axial laminar flow with a flow rate of 0.41/min through a nozzle-pin electrode system yields similar results. The recovery rate, the inverse of the recovery time, was, in this case, increased from 1 kHz in static water 1.4 kHz. Increasing the flow rate only causes an increase in recovery rate as long as the flow is laminar; beyond the transition from laminar into turbulent flow, the hold-off voltage decreases. Improvements of the design of the flow-through system such that the transition from laminar into turbulent flow occurs at higher flow velocity will lead to increases in recovery rate. Further increase in recovery rate can be achieved by operating the switch at a reduced breakdown voltage. Using axial flow and operating the switch at a breakdown voltage of 82% of its full dielectric strength allows us to reach recovery rates of 2 kHz.
Disability Consciousness: A Prolegomenon

Imagining what another person’s life is like from the inside is difficult, especially when one’s own abilities and disabilities differ markedly from those of the other person. This essay lays some of the conceptual groundwork for an ongoing project on disability and education. Disability raises challenges for education that have both moral and aesthetic dimensions. My overall aim is to develop conceptual tools for theorizing disability in a way that values art and literature and the sensoryaesthetic dimension of bodily experience. I develop and argue for a conception of disability consciousness for all persons through an examination of Christopher Nolan’s autobiographical novel, Under the Eye of the Clock. A satisfactory or adequate theory of disability education requires that we understand consciousness as more than surface awareness. Indeed, disability involves a problem of mind and body, and requires a conception of disability as an embodied consciousness. Connecting mind and body might enable educators to show students how conceptions of body require interrogation from all sides to resist those strategies of thought that marginalize and degrade the personhood of those with different bodies.
Identifying spatial variability of groundwater discharge in a wetland stream using a distributed temperature sensor

[1] Discrete zones of groundwater discharge in a stream within a peat-dominated wetland were identified on the basis of variations in streambed temperature using a distributed temperature sensor (DTS). The DTS gives measurements of the spatial (±1 m) and temporal (15 min) variation of streambed temperature over a much larger reach of stream (>800 m) than previous methods. Isolated temperature anomalies observed along the stream correspond to focused groundwater discharge zones likely caused by soil pipes within the peat. The DTS also recorded variations in the number of temperature anomalies, where higher numbers correlated well with a gaining reach identified by stream gauging. Focused zones of groundwater discharge showed essentially no change in position over successive measurement periods. Results suggest DTS measurements will complement other techniques (e.g., seepage meters and stream gauging) and help further improve our understanding of groundwater-surface water dynamics in wetland streams.