cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chronic administration of morphine is associated with a decrease in surface AMPA GluR1 receptor subunit in dopamine D1 receptor expressing neurons in the shell and non-D1 receptor expressing neurons in the core of the rat nucleus accumbens

The nucleus accumbens (Acb) is an extensively studied neuroanatomical substrate of opiate reward and the neural plasticity associated with chronic opioid use. The cellular mechanisms mediating opioid-dependent plasticity are uncertain, however AMPA-type glutamate receptor trafficking in dopamine D1 dopamine receptor (D1R) expressing neurons may be a potential cellular pathway for these adaptations, although there is no evidence for this possibility. Immunogold electron microscopy was used to quantify the surface expression of the AMPA GluR1 subunit in dendritic profiles of neurons in the Acb in response to intermittent 14-day non-contingent injections of escalating doses of morphine, a model that parallels opioid self-administration. To determine if changes in GluR1 trafficking occurred in neurons potentially sensitive to dopamine-induced D1R activation, immunoperoxidase labeling of D1R was combined with immunogold labeling of GluR1. Immunogold quantification was performed in two distinct Acb subregions, the shell, an area involved in processing incentive salience related to rewarding stimuli, and the core, an area involved in reward-seeking behaviors. We provide the first report that chronic morphine administration is associated with a receptor-phenotypic decrease in surface trafficking of GluR1 in Acb subregions. When compared to saline injected animals, morphine produced a decrease in plasma membrane GluR1 labeling in medium- and large-sized D1R expressing dendritic profiles in the Acb shell. In contrast, in the Acb core, surface GluR1 was decreased in small-sized dendrites that did not express the dopamine receptor. These results indicate that chronic intermittent injection of escalating doses of morphine is accompanied by ultrastructural plasticity of GluR1 in neurons that are responsive to glutamate and dopamine-induced D1R activation in the Acb shell, and neurons capable of responding to glutamate but not D1R receptor stimulation in the Acb core. Thus, AMPA receptor trafficking associated with chronic opiate exposure in functionally distinct areas of the Acb may be distinguished by D1R receptor activation, suggesting the potential for differing neural substrates of reward and motor aspects of addictive processes involving glutamate and dopamine signaling.
"How I do it"--otology and neurotology. A specific issue and its solution. Advantages of the T-tube for short and long-term middle ear ventilation.

The T-tube has several advantages that should be considered when selecting a ventilation tube. First, it remains in place much longer than the average tube; thus allowing the physician, rather than chance, to determine when the tube should be removed. Second, it can be removed painlessly without an anesthetic when indicated. Third, it does not have the problem of a high post-removal perforation rate such as seen with other long term tubes. Fourth, it can be easily modified to suit the needs of the patient and the physician.
Monitoring the efficacy of bioremediation

Abstract The general acceptance of bioremediation technology as an environmentally sound and economic treatment for hazardous waste requires the demonstration of its efficacy, reliability and predictability, as well as its advantages over conventional treatments. An effective monitoring design includes protocols for treatment-specific, representative sampling, control and monitoring: these should take into account abiotic and biotic pollutant fate processes in all relevant process compartments. A number of well-established and novel chemical and molecular biological monitoring techniques and parameters are available. Logical and balanced combinations of both chemical and biological monitoring parameters should be used to demonstrate complete degradation and detoxification of a hazardous waste as well as the biological nature of the process. At each process-scale level, a set of general criteria should be used for a systematic evaluation of the overall efficacy of bioremediation.
Persistence of the effects of Jet-A in a microcosm with releases from the sediment

This study investigates both the methods and the multispecies and functional level effects of a release of a complex hydrocarbon mixture from sediments using a 60-d modified mixed flask culture (MFC) microcosm. Neat Jet-A was injected and mixed into the sediment with one nondosed and three dosed concentrations. Univariate and multivariate statistical and graphical techniques were used to detect patterns in the data. A slow release of the test material from the spiked sediment layer was obtained, and constituents of Jet-A were detected. Functional parameters (such as pH) were generally better at determining treatment groups than structural parameters (population densities). Analysis of the ability of the various parameters to detect treatment differences confirms that there is not one best indicator for the status of an ecological structure. Transient but statistically significant outcomes were seen at initial treatment concentrations as low as 2 μl/L. The higher concentration treatment groups could be identified as distinguished from nondosed or lower treatments at the end of the 63-d experiment. Each of the three multivariate techniques differed in their ability to distinguish treatment groups during the course of the experiment.
Molecular Chaperone Hsp90 Associates with Resistance Protein N and Its Signaling Proteins SGT1 and Rar1 to Modulate an Innate Immune Response in Plants

SGT1 and Rar1 are important signaling components of resistance (R) gene-mediated plant innate immune responses. Here we report that SGT1 and Rar1 associate with the molecular chaperone Hsp90. In addition, we show that Hsp90 associates with the resistance protein N that confers resistance to tobacco mosaic virus. This suggests that Hsp90-SGT1-Rar1 and R proteins might exist in one complex. Suppression of Hsp90 in Nicotiana benthamiana plants shows that it plays an important role in plant growth and development. In addition, Hsp90 suppression in NN plants compromises N-mediated resistance to tobacco mosaic virus. Our results reveal a new role for SGT1- and Rar1-associated chaperone machinery in R gene-mediated defense signaling.
Optimal deadlock avoidance for complex resource allocation systems through classification theory

Abstract Most of the past research on the problem of deadlock avoidance for sequential complex resource allocation systems (RAS) has acknowledged the fact that the maximally permissive deadlock avoidance policy (DAP) possesses super-polynomial complexity for most RAS classes, and it has resorted to solutions that trade off maximal permissiveness for computational tractability. In this work, we seek the effective implementation of the maximally permissive DAP for a broad spectrum of RAS, by distinguishing between the off-line and the on-line computation that is required for the specification of this policy, and developing a representation of the derived result that will require minimal on-line computation. The particular representation that we adopt is that of a compact classifier that will effect the underlying dichotomy of the reachable state space into safe and unsafe subspaces. Through a series of reductions of the posed classification problem, we are also able to attain extensive reductions in the computational complexity of the off-line task of the construction of the sought classifier. A series of computational experiments demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed approach and establish its ability to provide tractable implementations of the maximally permissive DAP for problem instances significantly beyond the capacity of any other approach currently available in the literature.
Genetic differentiation between populations of the ant Aphaenogaster ‘rudis’ in the Southeastern United States

Chromosomal and isozyme variation was examined in populations of the ant Aphaenogaster ‘rudis’. Georgian populations of this ant are referable to a lighter Coastal Plains or a darker Montane phenotype. Coastal Plains populations are fixed or nearly fixed for a null esterase allele, Es 0, whereas high activity allele frequencies characterise Montane populations. High Mdh-a 1 frequencies (>0.5) are typical of Coastal Plains populations, but in Montane populations this allele is rarer (<0.3) or absent. Study of a narrow (approximately one kilometer wide) contact zone (Turner's Corner) between these two forms showed that Coastal Plains ants have n=20 as against n=22 for Montane ants there, that there was no chromosomal evidence of hybridization, but that the presence of low frequencies of the alternate Es alleles in both forms indicates that there is some introgression. The Montane phenotype is itself heterogeneous at Black Rock Mountain, where a further, 18-chromosome, cytotype shows marked microhabitat segregation from the sympatric 22-chromosome form and differs from it in allele frequencies at all four loci examined (Mdh-a, Mdh-b, Es, Amy). Average relative genetic distances (Nei's Dm) between populations within all forms are low (maximum of 0.03±0.01) compared with interform distances (minimum of 0.19±0.03), which are similar to distances between the ‘rudis’ forms and both of fulva and treatae. Aphaenogaster fulva has a very similar karyotype to that of 18-chromosome ‘rudis’, in which some specimens show weak development of the taxonomic characters distinguishing fulva from ‘rudis’. However, fulva and 18-chromosome rudis differ markedly allozymically, especially in that Amy 5 and Amy 6 are the only amylase alleles in fulva and Amy 4 is the only amylase allele in 18-chromosome ‘rudis’. An Alachua County, Florida rudis-group population has a 22-chromosome karyotype different to that of Georgian ‘rudis’, but the genetic distance values suggest it may be most similar genetically to the Montane 22-chromosome form. Low-level gene flow between fulva and rudis-group populations is suggested by similarity of fulva and two different sympatric rudis-group populations in terms of Es alleles present. The Georgian 20- and 22-chromosome ‘rudis’ karyotypes may possibly be related by Robertsonian changes, but the relationship between these and the 18-chromosome forms (18-chromosome ‘rudis’, fulva, and an 18-chromosome Florida isolate), treatae (n=21), and lamellidens (n=19), are obscure. A non-Robertsonian chromosome number polymorphism was found in one Coastal Plains population. No unequivocal evidence was found for an overall departure of genotype frequencies from those expected under the Hardy-Weinberg Law. The ‘rudis’ cytotypes in Georgia are sibling species whose close morphological resemblance may reflect ecological but not genetic similarity.
Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment as Predictors of Organizational Citizenship and In-Role Behaviors:

Previous organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) research (a) has not demonstrated that extra-role behaviors can be distinguished empirically from in-role activities, and (b) has not examined the relative contributions of components ofjob satisfaction a nd organizational commitment to the performance of OCBs. Factor analysis of survey data from 127 employees' supervisors supported the distinction between in-role behaviors and two forms of OCBs. Hierarchical regression analysis found two job cognitions variables (intrinsic and extrinsic) to be differentially related to the two types OCBs, but affective variables and organizational commitment were not significant predictors. The link between the present findings and previous research is discussed, as are directions forfuture research.
Bruno Klopfer: A Rorschach Pioneer

Bruno Klopfer is perhaps best known for his pioneering work on the Rorschach Inkblot Test. His efforts in developing and popularizing projective techniques were to have a profound impact on the development of psychological personality testing. In fact, prior to the introduction of Exner's comprehensive Rorschach scoring system, the Klopfer scoring system was the most popular among practicing clinicians (Exner & Exner, 1972, p. 13). Professionals in clinical psychology and psychiatry are certainly very indebted to Bruno Klopfer.
Precipitation and delamination of crystalline graphite bubbles from molten iron, nickel and cobalt by splat cooling

Nearly ideal graphite crystals have been precipitated from molten transition metals for several decades. Curved crystals of graphite have recently been synthesized by precipitation of dissolved carbon from millimeter-scale drops of molten iron, nickel and cobalt, under high vacuum. The surface of a small molten metal drop provides a convenient template for curved graphite crystal growth. When graphite-encapsulated molten metal is splat-cooled in situ, free-standing crystalline graphite membranes spontaneously form. Some of these graphite membranes are spherical bubbles with diameter exceeding 100 μm and thickness on the order of 10 nm. We propose that the curved membranes are inverted replicas of pits in the parent metal. Splat-cooled samples are characterized by SEM, AFM and Raman spectroscopy. Gradually cooled samples are characterized by XRD.
Photochemistry of compounds adsorbed into cellulose: Effect on environment on photoinduced electron transfer in constringent media

Abstract Photoinduced electron transfer reactions in Ru(bpy)32+/MV2+ and Py/Cu(II) donor—acceptor systems have been studied in cellophane polymer film under conditions of various water content. The results obtained are discussed in terms of both the reaction exothermicity and separation between the reactants.
Explicit dosimetry for photodynamic therapy: macroscopic singlet oxygen modeling.

Singlet oxygen (1O2) is the major cytotoxic agent responsible for cell killing for type-II photodynamic therapy (PDT). An empirical four-parameter macroscopic model is proposed to calculate the “apparent reacted 1O2 concentration”, [1O2]rx, as a clinical PDT dosimetry quantity. This model incorporates light diffusion equation and a set of PDT kinetics equations, which can be applied in any clinical treatment geometry. We demonstrate that by introducing a fitting quantity “apparent singlet oxygen threshold concentration” [1O2]rx, sd, it is feasible to determine the model parameters by fitting the computed [1O2]rx to the Photofrin-mediated PDT-induced necrotic distance using interstitially-measured Photofrin concentration and optical properties within each mouse. After determining the model parameters and the [1O2]rx, sd, we expect to use this model as an explicit dosimetry to assess PDT treatment outcome for a specific photosensitizer in an in vivo environment. The results also provide evidence that the [1O2]rx, because it takes into account the oxygen consumption (or light fluence rate) effect, can be a better predictor of PDT outcome than the PDT dose defined as the energy absorbed by the photosensitizer, which is proportional to the product of photosensitizer concentration and light fluence. (© 2010 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Beyond (simple) reading: Strategies, discoveries, and collaborations

Scientists increasingly use the scientific literature in ways that go beyond traditional reading. This panel explores three ways, other than traditional reading, that the computer can help us exploit scientific articles: the strategic reading of large numbers of articles, the discovery of implicit assertions, and the identification of collaboration patterns. A respondent will speculate on where these trends will take us, and what sort of outfits should be packed for the trip.
A nonlinear theory of current modulation in klystron amplifiers

Abstract A closed integro-differential equation for a relativistic electron beam propagating through a klystron amplifier is obtained, assuming that the beam current is a function of time t and propagation distance z. Magnitudes of the energy and current modulation are determined in terms of the gap voltage, the cavity frequency, geometric configuration, the beam intensity and initial kinetic energy of the beam. An analytical expression of the current modulation for the fundametal mode is derived from the integro-differential equation.
Factors influencing nonstress test results in multiple gestations

The nonstress test remains the most widely used method of antepartum fetal health assessment in multiple gestations. However, few data are available on factors influencing its results in those cases. Our observation on 530 such tests has shown results similar to those in singleton gestations. Prematurity was associated with a higher rate of nonreactive tests; however, order and mode of presentation had no impact.
A hammerhead ribozyme allows synthesis of a new form of the Tetrahymena ribozyme homogeneous in length with a 3' end blocked for transesterification

The L-21 Scal form of the Tetrahymena ribozyme acts as a sequence-specific endonuclease. This ribozyme has a homogeneous 5' end but a somewhat heterogeneous 3' end, as is typical of RNA synthesized by transcription in vitro. To produce a more homogeneous ribozyme for both structural and enzymological studies, a hammerhead ribozyme was inserted at the 3' end of the Tetrahymena ribozyme. During transcription the hammerhead moiety self-cleaves to produce the L-21 A Tetrahymena ribozyme, which ends at A410 with a 2',3'-cyclic phosphate terminus. The new ribozyme has endoribonuclease activity equivalent to that of L-21 Scal under conditions where binding of substrate is rate-limiting, as well as under conditions where chemical cleavage by guanosine is rate-limiting. However, the L-21 A has lost activity in oligo(C) disproportionation (e.g., 2 pC5----pC4 + pC6), consistent with the previous proposal that this reaction occurs predominantly through a covalent ribozyme-substrate intermediate involving the 3'-terminal hydroxyl group of the ribozyme. Formation of such an intermediate would be prevented by the 2',3'-cyclic phosphate terminus. Thus the L-21 A ribozyme has simplified enzymatic activity, being fully active as an endonuclease but blocked for disproportionation.
Stack sizing analysis and optimization for FinFET logic cells and circuits operating in the sub/near-threshold regime

Sub/near-threshold computing has been proposed for ultra-low power applications. FinFET devices are considered as an alternative for bulk CMOS devices due to the superior characteristics, which make FinFET an excellent candidate for ultra-low power designs. In this paper, we first present an improved analytical FinFET model covering both sub- and near-threshold regimes. This model accurately captures the drain current as a function of both the gate and drain voltages. Based on the accurate FinFET model, we provide a detailed analysis on stack sizing of FinFET logic cells, and derive the optimal stack depth in FinFET circuits. We also provide a delay optimization framework for the FinFET circuits in the sub/near-threshold region, based on the stack sizing analysis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work that provides in-depth analysis of the stack sizing of FinFET logic cells in the sub/near-threshold region based on the accurate FinFET modeling. Experimental results on the 32nm Predictive Technology Model for FinFET devices demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed optimization framework.
The reaction of hydrogen polysulfide with selected olefinic tin compounds

Abstract A series of mono- and diallyl- and β-methallyltin compounds was treated with hydrogen polysulfide to form tin containing polysulfides. In each case, the course of the reaction was followed by infrared spectroscopy and the mode of addition determined.
Intermediate-coupling collision strengths for transitions between doubly excited levels produced by electron impact on highly charged He-like ions☆

Coulomb-Born-Exchange data for intermediate-coupling scaled collision strengths Z/sup 2/..cap omega.. for fine-structure transitions of type 2l/sub a/2l/sub b/ /sup 2S/a+1L/sub a/Ja- 2l/sub a/2l'/sub b/ /sup 2S/'/sub a/+1L/sup '//sub a/J'/sub a/ or 2l/sub a/2l/sub b/(j/sub a/j/sub b/-2l/sub a/2l'/sub b/(j/sup '//sub a/j/sup '//sub b/) /sub J//sup '//sub 2/ between the doubly excited levels in He-like ions with 6< or =Z< or =74 are fitted by simple functions of the impact-electron energy epsilon in threshold units. To obtain collision rates these functions can be readily integrated over a Maxwellian energy-distribution function for the electrons. Fits to the data for transitions between energy terms are also included. In addition results are given for the transition energies and electric-dipole radiative line strengths. The basic collision-strength data cover impact-electron energies < or =3.25Z/sup 2/ Ry or 44.2Z/sup 2/ eV.
FETAL COCAINE EXPOSURE AND NEONATAL OUTCOMES: BIOLOGIC AND SELF-REPORT MEASURES. ▴ 1664

In 276 infants (132 cocaine-exposed and 144 non-exposed) recruited into a longitudinal study of fetal cocaine exposure at birth, standardized clinical interviews, urine screens, and meconium assays were used to assess the relationship of cocaine and polydrug exposure to infant birth and neonatal neurobehavioral outcomes. Clinical interviews yielded maternal self-report of frequency and severity of cocaine, alcohol, marijuana and tobacco use while pregnant. Meconium assays measured cocaine and its metabolites; cocaine (COC), Benzoylecgonine (BEN), M-O-H Benzoylecgonine (MOH), and cocaethylene (COCETH); marijuana (THC), and tobacco (COT). In addition to measuring birth parameters, Gardner's Neurobehavioral (NB) Assessment was administered at 2 weeks(corrected ages). In regressions controlling for alcohol, marijuana, and tobacco use, and GA if warranted, maternal report of higher frequency of days of cocaine use predicted lower infant BW (p <.02), GA (p <.02), and birth length (p <.03), but not head circumference. Meconium measures Ng BEN and MOH were related to birth length (r's = -.17 and -.14, p's <.05). Higher levels of COCETH, the metabolite formed from the combination of cocaine and alcohol, were related to increased attentional abnormalities (r =.18, p<.01) and to more sensory asymmetry (r =.20, p <.01) on the NB assessment. Higher levels of BEN and MOH were related to poorer head control(r's =.19, and.21, p's <.02). These data support a dose-response effect of in utero cocaine exposure on birth outcomes and neurobehavioral functioning.(NIDA 07957).
Prediction of the molecular‐weight dependence of mutual diffusion coefficients in polymer‐solvent systems

The ability of a proposed theory to describe the molecular weight dependence of mutual diffusion coefficients for polymer–solvent systems is examined by comparison with experimental measurements. Good agreement between experiment and theory was observed for two very different polymer molecular weights. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 2778–2779, 2003
Uncertainty and Industry Structure Effects on Managerial Intuition About Information Technology Real Options

Real options analysis is an important but costly tool for valuing many information technology (IT) investments. As a low-cost substitute for real options-based methods, firms often depend on managerial intuition, which sometimes approximates real options-based valuations and sometimes does not. Making good choices about how to value IT investments requires an understanding of why, and therefore when, intuitive judgment is more or less likely to be consistent with real options-based valuations. Field and survey studies have provided ex post observations of systematic variations in consistency by option type, but ex ante hypotheses explaining this variation have been rare. This study uses two behavioral economic theories to predict option-type-specific differences between intuitive judgments and real options prescriptions. Regret theory posits that individuals will value decision outcomes based on both the expected utility of payoffs and on anticipated regret for not having made an alternative decision. As a consequence, intuitive IT investment decisions are less aggressive as uncertainty increases (higher valuation of deferral options, lower valuation of growth options), in contrast to higher normative values for both real option types with higher uncertainty. Consistent with competitive behavior theories that predict overaggressive behavior to contest market behavior, intuitive IT investment decisions are more aggressive in the presence of a potential competitor (lower valuation of deferral and higher valuation of growth options), holding constant the normative value of the options. We present experimental evidence consistent with these predictions. An important implication of our results is that future research should not test for general consistency between intuitive judgment and real options theory, but should identify and explain systematic variation in consistency across option types and settings. Such variation is important in practice because it determines when intuitive judgment is and is not likely to be an adequate substitute for costly formal real options valuation. It also determines when training in real options concepts needs to be more intensive to overcome inconsistency with intuitive judgment, and when the outputs of formal real options valuation are likely to be unintuitive and thus not readily acceptable to managers with limited option theory training.
Elucidating the role of select cytoplasmic proteins in altering diffusion of integrin receptors

Cytoplasmic proteins that affect integrin diffusion in the cell membrane are identified using a combination of fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) and RNA interference. Integrin receptors are essential for many cellular events, and alterations in lateral diffusion are one mechanism for modulating their function. In cells expressing native cytoplasmic protein concentrations and spread on a slide containing integrin extracellular ligand, 45 ± 2% of the integrin is mobile with a time-dependent 5.2 ± 0.9 × 10−9 cm2/s diffusion coefficient at 1 s. The time exponent is 0.90 ± 0.07, indicating integrin diffusion moderately slows at longer times. The role of a specific cytoplasmic protein in altering integrin diffusion is revealed through changes in the FRAP curve after reducing the cytoplasmic protein’s expression. Decreased expression of cytoplasmic proteins rhea, focal adhesion kinase (FAK), or steamer duck decreases the integrin mobile fraction. For rhea and FAK, there is a concomitant shift to Brownian (i.e., time-independent) diffusion at reduced concentrations of these proteins. In contrast, when the expression of actin 42A, dreadlocks, paxillin, integrin-linked kinase (ILK), or vinculin is reduced, integrin diffusion generally becomes more constrained with an increase in the integrin mobile fraction. This same change in integrin diffusion is measured in the absence of integrin extracellular ligand. The results indicate breaking the extracellular ligand–integrin–cytoskeletal linkage alters integrin diffusion properties, and, in most cases, there is no correlation between integrin and lipid diffusion properties.
Characterizing the Storage Process and Its Effect on the Update of Main Memory by Write Through

The problem of multiple, nonidentical copies of the same data in computer systems with both local cache and shared main memory has led some manufacturers to use "write-through" updating for main memory despite some known efficiency advantages favoring "swap" updating We propose that write throughs to main memory be buffered, thus reducing the probability that the CPU will have to walt for a mare memory write operation to take place Statistics on the nonstatmnary point process of stores to memory lead to a model in which the sequence of stores is considered to be described by a Poisson process which proceeds at rate ~, for a fraction of the Ume 13, This type of process has been described as a regime process Values for X, and /3, are obtained by (least squares) fitting the distrnbutlon function for the number of stores per 100 memory cycles This model is a model for the effect of the storage process on write-through updating, but is not a model of the storage process itself The model is then used to estimate the frequency of blocking in a computer system using a finite queue to buffer write-through operations The predicted frequency of blocking is found to agree well with the actual frequency of blocking as determined by trace driven simulation Comparisons are made with swap updating.
A tripartite standards regime analysis of the contested development of a sustainable agriculture standard

As concerns over the negative social and environmental impacts of industrial agriculture become more widespread, efforts to define and regulate sustainable agriculture have proliferated in the US. Whereas the USDA spearheaded previous efforts, today such efforts have largely shifted to Tripartite Standards Regimes (TSRs). Using a case study of the Leonardo Academy’s initiative to develop a US sustainable agriculture standard, this paper examines the standards-development process and efforts by agribusiness to influence the process. Specifically, we analyze how politics operate in seemingly “depoliticized” TSRs, and how agribusiness and the USDA use “framing practices” and procedural complaints to influence the standard-development process. We contend that although governance mechanisms are a potentially powerful tool for advocates of alternative agrifood, their efficacy may be constrained by science-based requirements, an agribusiness countermovement, and a captured state.
Toward a surface photoelectron diffractometer: A progress report on selected advances and an assessment

X-ray diffractometric determination of atomic structures in ordered bulk systems is highly automated and has wide application. By contrast, surface crystallography, whether based on photon or electron scattering, is still in a relatively early stage of development. A summary is given of recent selected highlights in efforts to make progress toward surface photoelectron diffractometry and holography by our Berkeley-Penn State group. It is concluded that an automated photoelectron diffractometer is practical and desirable.
The combinatorics of cation-deficient close-packed structures

Abstract Polya's enumeration theorem is used to derive an algorithm for counting all hexagonal close-packed structures with a unit cell of given size, having composition MX 2 , where X is an hcp anion, M is an octahedrally coordinated cation, and no face sharing is permitted between octahedra. Generalizations of this algorithm to enumerate ordered derivatives of these structures, hcp structures with tetrahedral instead of octahedral cations, and similar structures having different stacking sequences among the close-packed layers are sketched.
Evaluation of Advanced Composites Using Destructive Testing Techniques

A very basic problem in manufacturing advanced composites is the occurrence of defects, such as voids, delamination, resin rich areas, distorted fibers and foreign material inclusions. Of these defects, voids are the unavoidable defects mostly coming from a variety of reasons, including resin type, poor vacuum source, air entrapment, leakage of vacuum bag and by-products formed during the curing cycle of laminates. These voids seriously affect the mechanical properties of composite panels, and cause severe damages during the service. In the present study, various destructive testing techniques, such as visual, burn-out or ignition loss of cured composites, image analysis and matrix digestion or acid digestive were used on advanced composite panels at various porosity levels (e.g., 0–2%, 3–6% and greater than 7%), and the obtained results were compared each other. Also, testing parameters were optimized using the standard samples to achieve maximum possible error free data of voids, fiber volume, fiber wash, inter laminar and trans laminar cracks, miss-oriented fibers, lay-up orders and latent defects. Optimization of parameters was performed using the design of experiments. We determined that the test results were significantly changed based on the test techniques, composite samples, as well as testing time, operator skill, cost of experimentation, initial equipment cost, pre and post treatments and lack of standardized testing patterns.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Applications for racemic versions of chiral stationary phases

Abstract Columns packed with the racemic version of a chiral stationary phase may be used in series with the chiral stationary phase column to afford greater pe
Mass transport and crystal growth of the mixed ZrS2-ZrSe2 system

The solid solubility of the ZrS2-ZrSe2 system was reinvestigated by annealing techniques to establish the relationship between composition and lattice parameters. Mixed crystals of ZrS(2x)Se2(1-x) for selected compositions of the source material were grown by chemical vapor transport and characterized by X-ray diffraction and microscopic methods. The mass transport rates and crystal growth of ZrSSe were investigated and compared with those of other compositions. The mass fluxes of the mixed system showed an increase with increasing selenium content. The transport products were richer in ZrSe2 than the residual source materials when the ZrSe2 content of the starting materials was greater than 50 mol.-pct. The mass transport rates revealed an increasing mass flux with pressure.
Relationships and Rap: Using Ecomaps to Explore the Stories of Youth Who Rap

Abstract At-risk youth come from diverse backgrounds and may be vulnerable as they strugglebetweenacceptanceandidentitydevelopmentduringthetransitionbetweenchildhoodandadulthood.Asyouthseektoformtheirownidentitiesandfindaplaceforthemselveswithintheirworld,manyturntomusicasafoundationofthiscommunityandidentityfor-mation.Thisqualitativestudyseekstodeterminehowyoungrappersusethedevelopmentand creation of rap to create community and form meaningful connections. Throughecologicalanalysis,thestudydemonstrateshowyoungpeopleuserapmusictoformrela-tionships,tellstoriesabouttheirlivesandbuildrelationshipsfoundedontrust.Theparti-cipantsincludedfivemalesagedeighteentotwenty-two.Ecomapswerecreatedforeachparticipant,resultinginagraphicthatidentifiesimportantgroupsandindividualsintheirlivesandthecommunicationpatternsbetweenthem.Thisstudyrevealedthatparticipantshave small inner circles that they relate to more as family than their biological families.Findings present an opportunity to learn about the inner workings of young peoplewho are involved in rap music as an activity with peers and an outlet for processingissues of daily life. By using the ecosystems theory as the foundation of the study, the re-searcheris able to create a deeper understanding of the meaning of music in the lives ofyouthand how socialworkersmaybe ableto use this intheir practicewith at-riskyouth.Keywords: Rap music, ecological systems, ecomaps, transition age, adolescents, creativeengagement
Identifying and Caring for Rare Books in the Community or Junior College with No Special Collections Department

Abstract Although many community and junior colleges do not set out to collect rare materials, they may nonetheless be in possession of books that are rare and that should receive special care. The passage of time often turns once common materials into rare materials so that, as circulating collections age, certain books will inevitably become rare. This article addresses the issues of identifying, storing, handling, and providing access to rare materials in institutions without special collections departments.
From Endogenization to Justification: Strategic Responses to Legitimacy Challenges in Contentious Organizational Fields

Fields are contested social arenas. By examining the case of a single organization, in this case a social enterprise, the author shows how organizations respond to legitimacy challenges from members of the field and how such responses shape the organization's form and practices. At times, organizations endogenize, that is, incorporate practices from the field. Findings indicate that responses reflect strategies under constraint. Endogenizing institutionalized practices constrains managers’ ability to exercise agency. Endogenizing contested practices afford agency by allowing managers to translate those practices to accord with local exigencies. This article extends literature on impression management and institutional theory by showing how organizations respond to diffuse threats to legitimacy. In doing so, this article advances the study of organizational field dynamics and contention.
Metal incorporation in sputter-deposited MoS2 films studied by extended x-ray absorption fine structure

Solid lubricant films produced by cosputtering metals with MoS2 and by forming metal/MoS2 multilayers are being planned for use in the next generation of solid lubricated devices on spacecraft, including gimbal and sensor bearings, actuators, and sliding electrical contacts. The films exhibit increased densities and wear lives compared to films without additives, but the mechanism of density enhancement is not well understood. The extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) technique is ideal for elucidating the structure of these poorly crystalline films. We analyzed MoS2 films cosputtered with 0, 2, and 10% Ni, as well as Ni/MoS2 and Au(Pd)/MoS2 multilayer films. The results obtained at the Mo-K absorption edge showed that the metal-containing films comprised predominantly the same nanocrystalline phases present in similar films without added metals: pure MoS2 and a MoS2−xOx phase. MoS2−xOx is isostructural with MoS2, with O atoms substituting for S atoms in the MoS2 crystal lattice. For all Ni-containing films, EXAFS data obtained at the Ni-K absorption edge showed that the Ni had not chemically reacted with the MoS2−xOx and MoS2, but formed a disordered NiOx phase. However, Ni-cosputtered films showed decreasing Mo-Mo bond lengths in the MoS2−xOx phase with increasing Ni content, probably due to preferential oxidation of Ni compared to MoS2. EXAFS of these Ni-cosputtcred films showed only a small decrease in short-range order with Ni content, while x-ray diffraction showed a concurrent large decrease in long-range order. The results indicate that film densification in Ni-cosputtered films is caused by NiOx formation at the edges of nucleating MoS2−xOx/MoS2 crystallites, limiting the crystallite size attainable within the films.
Agricultural development through production teams

In 1966 the government of India asked the United States Agency for International Development in New Delhi (USAID) to provide a team of agricultural scientists to assist State Directors of Agriculture in selected states in forging a closer link between research institutes (including agricultural universities) and the agricultural extension services of each state. As a result the Agricultural Production Program (APP) was set up with the objectives of providing links between research and extension work, the development and use of state institutions to provide technical knowledge, and assistance in developing demonstration and training programs. The APP Program ran for about five years. In the six states where the Council of US Universities for Rural Development in India (CUSURDI) was involved, it brought to India 44 long-term and 13 short-term advisers who served for a total of 112 man-years. Fifty-one Indians came to the United States for training and observation. Program costs were about $3·6 million plus Rs. 19·4 million (= $2·6 million) from the Trust Fund. USAID supervisory staff never exceeded two persons. Among aid programs, its distinctive features were that it kept more or less on schedule; it closed according to plan; it left little in the way of new buildings and no new bureaux. Its accomplishments are reflected in accelerated cereal production, better-trained staff, and a better way of working. It is the kind of program that needs to be tried in other countries.
Analyzing the interaction of design and control—2. reactor-separator-recycle system

Abstract Part 1 presented a systematic procedure to analyze the interaction of design and control at the process synthesis stage by incorporating both steady-state economic and open-loop controllability measures within a multiobjective mixed-integer nonlinear optimization problem. Part 2 applies this framework to study the design of a system consisting of an isothermal reactor followed by a distillation column, whose distillate stream recycles back to the reactor. For this particular flowsheet, the resulting optimization can be written as a nonlinear programming (NLP) problem. A comparison of alternative designs shows that leaving the reactor and recycle stream compositions as variables in the NLP significantly reduces the cost compared with the cost of designs when these compositions are fixed. Economic considerations drive the optimal solution toward a larger reactor with lower reactant composition and toward a stripper column with lower boilup. The derivation of steady-state gain expressions relating the product compositions in the column to manipulated and disturbance variables allows the incorporation of controllability measures within the NLP. Generation of the noninferior solution sets shows the quantitative trade-off between the steady-state economic and controllability objectives. In general, process controllability measures improve as the reactor holdup decreases and as the number of trays in the column increases, but the opposite changes improve the disturbance controllability measures. Closed-loop dynamic simulations compare the responses of several designs identified in the optimization.
Determination of end‐group concentrations and molecular weight of poly(butylene terephthalate) by solid‐state fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

Molecular weight determination in poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) is hindered by the inherent difficulties of intrinsic viscosity (IV) determination in general and toxic solvents used in particular. In any case molecular weight does not include information as to the identity of end-groups in the polymer chain. This report shows how the Fourier Transform Infrared method of Ward for PET can be adapted for alcoholic and acidic end-group determinations in poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) and consequently for the number averaged molecular weight of PBT. A statistical analysis was performed on comparative IR- and IV-derived molecular weight which revealed a correlation coefficient of better than 90 percent. The method is, therefore, recommended as an alternative to the standard IV technique, especially if simultaneous end-group analyses are also required.
Effects of nonionic surfactants on cuticular sorption and penetration of 2, 4‐dichlorophenoxy acetic acid

Surfactants increase the uptake of some foliar-applied chemicals to a greater extent than would be expected from their effects on surface tension and spray coverage. This study of the uptake of 2, 4-D [(2, 4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] evaluated the effect of surfactants on penetration through and sorption by isolated cuticles of apple leaves. [14C]2, 4-D was placed in glass chambers affixed to enzymatically isolated adaxial apple leaf cuticles after the cuticle segments had been treated with various surfactants. The same surfactant pretreatments were included in sorption studies in which cuticle segments were immersed in [14C]2, 4-D for 96 h. Quantities of 2, 4-D passing through or sorbed by the cuticle were determined. Similar experiments were conducted with unaltered cuticles and cuticles dewaxed with chloroform. The hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) of polyethylene-glycol-based surfactants was inversely related to the sorption of those surfactants by the cuticles and penetration of 2, 4-D. Sorption of 2, 4-D by apple leaf cuticles was unaffected by surfactant pretreatment. Dewaxed cuticle membranes showed a similar response to 2, 4-D penetration and sorption following the surfactant pretreatment.
Penicillin allergy: clinical experience with a battery of skin-test reagents.

Abstract From 1971 through August 1978, 778 patients underwent penicillin skin testing. Each patient gave a history of previous penicillin allergy. The skin-test reagents consisted of (1) fresh solutions of commercially prepared penicillin G (PEN G), ampicillin (AMP), and methicillin (METH); (2) polylysine conjugates of the major antigenic determinants of each of the three drugs; and (3) alkaline hydrolysates of each drug. A total of 108 (14%) patients showed positive reactions to one or more of the reagents. Certain patients showed reactivity to many reagents, whereas others reacted selectively to only one or two reagents. Addition of reagents of AMP and METH resulted in a greater number of positive reactors than when reagents of PEN G alone were used. Of the group whose skin tests were negative, 290 (43%) were later treated with a penicillin, twelve of these (4.1%) had allergic reactions. Eight of the group whose skin tests were positive were subsequently treated, and four of these (50%) had allergic reactions again. A group of 151 patients whose skin tests were negative and 27 patients whose skin tests were positive were treated with a cephalosporin. Only two patients had allergic reactions to the drug; both had had negative skin tests to penicillin. We conclude that the risk of subsequent allergic reactivity to penicillin is much lower if the skin tests are negative than if positive, that testing with semisynthetic penicillins increases the number of skin-test reactors, and that the incidence of allergic reactions is low in patients treated with a cephalosporin.
Cloning, Sequencing, Heterologous Expression, and Mechanistic Analysis of A-74528 Biosynthesis

A-74528 is a recently discovered natural product of Streptomyces sp. SANK 61196 that inhibits 2',5'-oligoadenylate phosphodiesterase (2'-PDE), a key regulatory enzyme of the interferon pathway. Inhibition of 2'-PDE by A-74528 reduces viral replication, and therefore shows promise as a new type of antiviral drug. The complete A-74528 gene cluster, comprising 29 open reading frames, was cloned and sequenced, and shown to possess a type II polyketide synthase (PKS) at its core. Its identity was confirmed by analysis of a mutant generated by targeted disruption of a PKS gene, and by functional expression in a heterologous Streptomyces host. Remarkably, it showed exceptional end-to-end sequence identity to the gene cluster responsible for biosynthesis of fredericamycin A, a structurally unrelated antitumor antibiotic with a distinct mode of action. Whereas the fredericamycin producing strain, Streptomyces griseus, produced undetectable quantities of A-74528, the A-74528 gene cluster was capable of producing both antibiotics. The biosynthetic roles of three genes, including one that represents the only qualitative difference between the two gene clusters, were investigated by targeted gene disruption. The implications for the evolution of antibiotics with different biological activities from the same gene cluster are discussed.
Does More Accurate Exposure Prediction Necessarily Improve Health Effect Estimates

There has been a major effort in air pollution epidemiology research to develop statistical models to predict exposures at subjects’ locations in situations where measurements at the desired locations are not available.1–7 These efforts assume that exposure predictions with less measurement error relative to the unknown true values will improve health effect estimation.8–10 We demonstrate in a simulation study that this assumption is not always true, and we interpret our results using recently developed statistical theory for measurement error resulting from spatially misaligned data.11