cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Strategic information dissemination in endogenous networks

The self-interest of agents in strategic networks, i.e. networks where self-interested agents interact, leads to intrinsic incentive problems which impact the stability and efficiency of such networks. This paper propose the first game-theoretic framework for analyzing and understanding how strategic networks are formed endogenously, driven by the self-interested decisions of individual agents aiming to maximize their own utilities by trading-off the costs of forming links with other agents and the benefits of disseminating information to other agents. The proposed framework departs from the traditional research on strategic link formation in economics which postulates that agents only benefit by forming links to acquire the information produced by other agents. Given the agents' interests in information dissemination, our analysis is able to predict several important properties of the strategic networks (arising from the agents' strategic link formation) at equilibria. We rigorously prove that, in equilibrium, strategic networks frequently exhibit a core-periphery structure that is commonly observed on the Internet. In such core-periphery networks there are only few agents at the center (core) of the network while the majority of agents are at the periphery of the network and communicate with other agents via links maintained by the “core” agents, who play the role of “connectors” in the network. Also, the proposed framework can be used to determine under what conditions the strategic networks operating in equilibrium are minimally connected (i.e. there is a unique path between any two agents) and have short network diameters. These properties are important because they ensure the efficiency and robustness of the resulting equilibrium networks.
Role of Camouflage in Management of Facial Trauma Deformities.

Facial fractures and soft tissue injuries around the eyes, nose, and mouth can be difficult to manage in the primary setting, but if untreated, the secondary correction of facial trauma is very challenging. Prevention of soft tissue contraction by restoring the skeletal framework is ideal. Staged, individualized camouflage techniques can be effective in improving outcomes.
Abstract 358: Myeloid-specific Il-4 Receptor α Knockout Alters Cardiac Remodeling Post-myocardial Infarction

Introduction: Cardiac remodeling post myocardial infarction (MI) can be a critical determinant of outcome for patients with MI. Well-contained inflammation results in successful infarct healing whi...
Lesser Severity of Recurrent Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy While Taking Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker and Beta Blocker

Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TC) is characterized by transient systolic and diastolic dysfunction, ventricular wall motion abnormalities and troponin elevation. The most common presenting symptoms are acute chest pain and dyspnea. The etiology is unknown but believed to be related to a surge in catecholamines as it is commonly associated with a preceding physical or emotional stress. Due to the lack of specific treatment, recurrence occurs in 2-12% of patients per year. We present a case of a patient with TC subsequently treated with an angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) and beta-adrenergic blocker (beta-blocker). A repeat TC episode 4 months later showed less severely abnormal cardiac enzymes, echocardiogram and overall hospital course. Because our patient experienced a classic episode of TC and a recurrent episode with milder symptoms and lower troponins, we hypothesize her medication regimen was a contributing factor to the milder manifestation of this cardiac syndrome. J Med Cases. 2018;9(7):201-203 doi: https://doi.org/10.14740/jmc3079w
The Role of Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation in the Management of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in Adults

Recent treatment strategies for adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) have resulted in improved complete remission (CR) rates of 80–90% [1–3]. However, longterm disease-free survival (DFS) rates have remained disappointingly low at 30–40%. Current research efforts are focused on an improved understanding of the biology of the disease, and innovative postremission strategies that will prolong disease-free duration. Stem cell transplantation (SCT) is one strategy that may improve disease outcome. Allogeneic SCT has been demonstrated to improve DFS in high-risk ALL patients in multiple large series. High risk is defined by specific biologic and clinical features that have been noted to consistently influence the outcome of adult ALL (Table 18.1). Age greater than 60 years, an elevated white blood cell count at presentation, failure to achieve clinical remission within the first 4 weeks of treatment, and specific recurring cytogenetic abnormalities are all considered adverse clinical features. In a multivariate analysis of risk factors in adult ALL, karyotype was identified as the most important factor for DFS [4].
What does 'understanding' mean?

When Ed Lewis in my department won a Nobel Prize a few years ago, our chair organized a party. On my way there, I overheard an illustrious chemist offer, "Hey, at least one smart biologist," making his colleagues chuckle. Nothing new in academia, the land of the high-minded yet curiously parochial primate. Why bring this up? Because science starts with human interactions: if we want theory and experimental neuroscience to strengthen each other, we must hope for people with different cultures, expertise, perspectives and footwear to leave their prejudices at the door and learn to better appreciate each other's strengths.
Hydrodynomechanics: Fluid-Structure Interaction

The term hydrodynomechanics refers to any phenomenon involving the dynamic response of a solid and the mass and momentum transfer in a fluid. In this chapter, hydrodynomechanics will be introduced as three distinct areas: dynamic poroelasticity, acoustic-structure interaction, and complete fluid-structure interaction. The theory of dynamic poroelasticity has been given in poroelasticity, so this chapter only includes a short section to offer more details regarding its implementation and application. For the complete fluid-structure interaction, we will show the idea of region coupling and give detailed procedures for implementing such coupling. Next, the acoustic-structure interaction will be introduced in a similar way. The differences and connections between the complete fluid-structure interaction and acoustic-structure interaction problems will be pointed out both in theory and in their applications. A simple example to show the implementation of the complete fluid-structure interaction will be presented in the final.
Resonance Acoustic Scattering from Underwater Elastic Bodies

Summary We review some progress made in our analysis of the interaction of waves emitted by active acoustic and elastic wave-projectors, with material media and target obstacles. Our work addresses the case of penetrable scatterers, particularly in the resonance region of their scattering cross-sections, thus, the name of the r esonance s cattering t heory becomes appropriate.
Potential mediators of improvement in painful chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy via a web-based cognitive behavioural intervention.

Purpose: Preliminary evidence suggests that a self-guided cognitive and behaviourally-based pain management intervention (PROSPECT) is effective for chronic painful chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN), but its mechanism of action is unknown. The purpose of this secondary analysis was to explore if changes in anxiety, depression, sleep-related impairment, or fatigue mediated improvements in worst pain following PROSPECT in individuals with chronic painful CIPN. Methods: Sixty participants were randomized to receive self-guided cognitive behavioural pain management (access for eight weeks) or treatment as usual. A seven-day worst CIPN pain diary and the PROMIS measures of anxiety, depression, fatigue, and sleep-related impairment were administered pre/posttest (eight-weeks). Causal mediation analysis was used to quantify mediators of worst pain improvement. Results: None of the hypothesized mediators had a statistically significant effect on worst pain (n=38). Implications: Further research is needed to identify potential mediators of pain intensity that can be targeted by specific cognitive behavioural strategies to improve painful CIPN severity. Key words: chronic pain, chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy, cognitive behaviour therapy, peripheral nervous system disease/chemically induced
Surface wettability effect on nucleate pool boiling heat transfer with titanium oxide (TiO2) coated heating surface

Abstract Here, we explored the effect of surface wettability on nucleate pool boiling heat transfer performance by employing hydrophilic titanium oxide (TiO2) layer coated on a cylindrical plain aluminum 6061 (Al 6061) as a reference. The comparative heating surfaces are the plain, TiO2 coated and TiO2-water repellent coated surfaces. The water repellent was superimposed on the reference heater before TiO2 coating on it to depress hydrophilicity nature of TiO2. The boiling tests were carried out in steady-state condition and in saturated water under one atmosphere during the entire experiment. The nucleate boiling performance depends on the level of surface wettability. Results showed that TiO2 coated surface contributed to the increasing of nucleate pool boiling performance by 64.1% in comparison to that of the plain surface. The TiO2-water repellent coated surface gave a less enhanced performance than the TiO2 coated surface, and it is underperformed over the plain surface when the wall superheat (ΔT) > 12.3 °C. Boiling visualization demonstrated the augmented heat transfer mechanism by showing more active nucleation sites and more bubble departure frequency on the TiO2 coated surface.
The Snapshots of A. Thomas Nelson: A Case Study in the Preservation of Early 20th-century Vernacular Albums

Throughout the early twentieth century, A. Thomas Nelson took snapshots while traveling the United States and Canada. His wife Catharine Nelson, made a selection of his snapshots and placed them within eight photographic albums, later acquired by the George Eastman Museum. Using one of the Nelson albums as a case study, this applied thesis project explores preservation practices for early-twentieth-century vernacular albums. While these albums are a valuable part of any collection, they present many complex preservation challenges due to the variety of materials contained within a single object. A study of these materials will guide decisions on how to catalog, digitize, and re-house the album in order to stabilize its fragile condition and allow for access.
Does the age of seizure onset relate to menarche and does it matter

Abstract Purpose To determine whether there is a relationship between the age of seizure onset and the age of menarche. Methods 1144 women with epilepsy (WWE) in the community, ages 18–47 years, provided web-based survey data. We compared the frequencies of the individual differences between their ages of seizure onset and menarche to each other and chance. We determined whether the age of menarche is a predictor of the age of seizure onset and the percentage of the variance that menarche explains. We used two-step cluster analysis to auto-identify a cluster of years relative to the age of menarche that showed the greatest predilection for seizure onset. Results Average age of menarche was 12.55 [95% CI: 12.45–12.65]. It was greater in WWE who developed seizures before versus after menarche (12.70 [12.54–12.86] v 12.42 [12.30–12.54], p = 0.006). More WWE had seizure onset during the year of menarche than during any other year (8.3% v expected 2.1%; p Conclusion Although the results indicate a significant relationship between the age of seizure onset and the age of menarche, the broader auto-identified perimenarchal cluster that subsumes 49.3% of seizure onset suggests that research target the potential role of the great increase in adrenarchal, as well as gonadarchal, neuroactive steroids that modulate neuronal excitability and seizures during that span.
A Severity Score for Retinopathy of Prematurity

Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) is a leading cause for childhood blindness worldwide. An automated ROP detection system could significantly improve the chance of a child receiving proper diagnosis and treatment. We propose a means of producing a continuous severity score in an automated fashion, regressed from both (a) diagnostic class labels as well as (b) comparison outcomes. Our generative model combines the two sources, and successfully addresses inherent variability in diagnostic outcomes. In particular, our method exhibits an excellent predictive performance of both diagnostic and comparison outcomes over a broad array of metrics, including AUC, precision, and recall.
Current status of scoliosis school screening: targeted screening of underserved populations may be the solution.

Abstract Objectives The growing body of evidence documenting the effectiveness of brace treatment for scoliosis has renewed interest in potential benefits of early detection through school screening. We aimed to assess the prevalence and identify barriers of screening. We hypothesized that school screening is more frequent in schools that have a nurse on staff compared to schools without nurse on staff. Study design A questionnaire survey. Methods All schools located in four counties in Louisiana, United States of America comprising the New Orleans metropolitan area between September 2015 and January 2016 were contacted by phone to assess rates of scoliosis screening, report the availability of a school nurse, and specify barriers if screening was not performed. Results Two hundred and ninety-one schools responded to the survey including 152 public, 30 charter, and 109 private schools (101 had religious affiliation). A staff nurse was available in 180 schools (61.8%). Only 21 schools (7.2%) performed scoliosis screening. The majority were charter schools (11 schools), while six were private and four were public (P Conclusion Scoliosis screening is infrequent in the examined school districts. Efforts to support school screening can facilitate clear referral pathways for schools in the event of a positive screen. These findings suggest a potential need for different pathway of scoliosis screening. Pediatricians and family physicians can assist with scoliosis screening during the annual visit. While universal screening is overburdensome and likely unnecessary, targeted screening of underserved populations may prove to be beneficial. Further investigation should include assessment of the economic viability of targeted screening programs. Level of Evidence IV
Microvascular Ultrasonic Imaging of Angiogenesis Identifies Tumors in a Murine Spontaneous Breast Cancer Model.

The purpose of this study is to determine if microvascular tortuosity can be used as an imaging biomarker for the presence of tumor-associated angiogenesis and if imaging this biomarker can be used as a specific and sensitive method of locating solid tumors. Acoustic angiography, an ultrasound-based microvascular imaging technology, was used to visualize angiogenesis development of a spontaneous mouse model of breast cancer ( ). A reader study was used to assess visual discrimination between image types, and quantitative methods utilized metrics of tortuosity and spatial clustering for tumor detection. The reader study resulted in an area under the curve of 0.8, while the clustering approach resulted in the best classification with an area under the curve of 0.95. Both the qualitative and quantitative methods produced a correlation between sensitivity and tumor diameter. Imaging of vascular geometry with acoustic angiography provides a robust method for discriminating between tumor and healthy tissue in a mouse model of breast cancer. Multiple methods of analysis have been presented for a wide range of tumor sizes. Application of these techniques to clinical imaging could improve breast cancer diagnosis, as well as improve specificity in assessing cancer in other tissues. The clustering approach may be beneficial for other types of morphological analysis beyond vascular ultrasound images.
Perceptions of sex educators: A qualitative analysis

The fear of children getting victimized by strangers is the basis for several current pieces of legislation, specifically Megan ’ s law, despite the lack of corresponding empirical data. This legislation causes significant negative consequences for those who are on the registry, especially for juvenile offenders as they have unique challenges they face regarding labeling and societal reintegration. As most juveniles receive most of their sex education in school, and a lack sex education is a contributing factor to the commission of sex offenses, this study aims to explore a proactive method of preventing sex offenses. This study includes exploratory interviews with sex education teachers to highlight the critical gap between training for sex education and teaching sex education, and the difference between teaching sex education and knowledge about sex offenses. This study opens the dialogue regarding these connections and calls for proactive thinking in preventing juvenile sex offenses.
Significant practice variability exists in the prevention of venous thromboembolism in injured children: results from a joint survey of the Pediatric Trauma Society and the Trauma Center Association of America.

The purpose of this study was to characterize current practices to prevent venous thromboembolism (VTE) in children and measure adherence to recent joint consensus guidelines from the Pediatric Trauma Society and Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma (PTS/EAST). An 18-question survey was sent to the membership of PTS and the Trauma Center Association of American. Responses were compared with Chi-square test. One hundred twenty-nine members completed the survey. Most respondents were from academic (84.5%), Level 1 pediatric (62.0%) trauma centers. Criteria for VTE prophylaxis varied between hospitals with freestanding pediatric trauma centers significantly more likely to stratify children by risk factors than adult trauma centers (p = 0.020). While awareness of PTS/EAST guidelines (58.7% overall) was not statistically different between hospital types (44% freestanding adult, 52% freestanding pediatric, 71% combined adult pediatric, p = 0.131), self-reported adherence to these guidelines was uniformly low at 37.2% for all respondents. Lastly, in three clinical scenarios, respondents chose VTE screening and prophylaxis plans in accordance with a prospective application of PTS/EAST guidelines 55.0% correctly. Currently no consensus regarding the prevention of VTE in pediatric trauma exists. Prospective application of PTS/EAST guidelines has been limited, likely due to poor quality of evidence and a reliance on post-injury metrics. Results of this survey suggest that further investigation is needed to more clearly define the risk of VTE in children, evaluate, and prospectively validate alternative scoring systems for VTE prevention in injured children. N/A—Survey.
Social networks and neural receptivity to persuasive health messages.

Objective Health-related norms in social networks can influence whether people are open to health behavior change. Yet, little is known about how social networks relate to the ways individual brains respond to persuasive health messaging. The current study focuses on ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) activity as an index of neural receptivity to health messages that may be related to behavior change. The study tested whether health-related norms and perceived physical activity levels within participants' social networks are associated with neural receptivity to health messages. Method Adults who initially reported under 200 minutes/week of physical activity (N = 146) rated the perceived physical activity levels of, and closeness to, each person in their core social network. VMPFC activity was monitored using fMRI while participants viewed persuasive health messages promoting physical activity. Longitudinal changes in sedentary behavior were objectively logged using wrist-worn accelerometers throughout a 2-week baseline and the month following the fMRI scan. Results Higher levels of perceived physical activity in participants' social networks were associated with greater VMPFC activity during message exposure, which in turn were associated with greater decreases in sedentary minutes. By contrast, greater closeness to physically inactive social ties was associated with lower VMPFC activity. Conclusions Perceived norms in social networks relate to neural receptivity to health messaging. In particular, closeness to physically inactive ties is associated with lower neural receptivity to health messages encouraging physical activity, which may undermine the effectiveness of health messages. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Falling Bodies and Pendular Motion

In the reading selection that follows, Galileo continues his treatment of falling bodies. Why, he asks, do small objects typically fall more slowly than large objects through the same medium? For example, a tiny sand grain will fall slowly through water, while a pebble having the same specific gravity will fall rapidly. Buoyancy effects, which had been previously considered, cannot account for this phenomenon. The discussion between Salviati, Sagredo and Simplicio quickly turns to the motion of swinging pendula—a related phenomenon which offers important insights into this notoriously difficult problem. As the reader will perhaps notice, a short section of Galileo“s text (consisting of pages /123–127/) has been omitted, for the sake of brevity, between the previous and the current reading. In these omitted pages, Galileo describes two ingenious methods for measuring the specific gravity of air. It is these experiments to which Simplicio initially refers.
Coupling continuum and pore-network models for polymer-electrolyte fuel cells

Abstract Three novel iterative methodologies for coupling continuum and pore-network models (PNM) applied to polymer-electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) are presented. The modeling framework developed in this work merges the advantages of a continuum model, such as computational time, ease of implementation, and complicated physics, with those of relatively novel PNMs, such as discrete information on water-front location and distribution. The outputs generated by the PNM are fed into the continuum model to compute electrochemical reaction rates and associated heat and mass fluxes. Out of three presented coupling methodologies, the most effective coupling is identified to be where locally-resolved effective diffusivity, thermal conductivity, and liquid permeability are computed with the PNM and fed into the continuum model and the fluxes from continuum model fed back into the PNM in an iterative scheme until solution convergence is reached. The described method is computationally efficient with stable convergence of less than five iterations. The proposed algorithms can be applied to multiple computational platforms and PEFC and related model architectures.
Applying Mass Customization Concepts to Core Courses: Increasing Student‐Centered Customization and Enabling Cross‐Functional Integration

This conceptual paper suggests a methodology for increasing student satisfaction in core courses by applying the principle of mass customization to increase student satisfaction. It proposes that customization can be increased by increasing course flexibility along three dimensions: content flexibility, schedule flexibility, and course length flexibility. The increased flexibility provides opportunities for both student-centered customization and the cross-functional integration of the core course with other disciplines. Core courses were targeted because of their high volume of students specializing in something other than the core course being taught and the associated general disinterest of these types of students. There are two main sections. The first section provides an overview to the proposed course structure while the second provides suggestions about computer-based technology that can be used to support the structure presented in the first section. Examples are presented that pertain to a core course in statistics, but the technology and course structure presented are easily adaptable to core courses in any discipline.
The Public and Private Law Dimensions of the UFFI Problem: Part II

Part I of a two part article on the Canadian government ban on urea formaldehyde foam insulation and remedies available to Canadian consumers for the decrease in value to their homes.
The color between two others

A psychophysical experiment was performed to determine the color that had the appearance halfway between two other colors with equal chroma and separated by either 40o or 60o of hue angle. Four color centers were used and a QUEST threshold procedure was employed to find the midpoint between two flanking colors. Rather than choosing colors that shared the same chroma attribute as the flanking color pair, observers chose colors that had less chroma and were closer to the midpoint of the line connecting the flanking pair in Cartesian coordinates. In a separate control experiment using the same stimulus configuration but a different set of instructions, subjects determined the color between the flanking colors that had the same chroma. In this experiment, subjects were able to choose the color with the same chroma as the flanks. The results of this experiment are discussed in relation to the usefulness of defining color appearance attributes.
Cortical myoclonus in levodopa‐responsive parkinsonism

We observed myoclonic movements of the fingers and wrists in two patients with a levodopa-responsive parkinsonian syndrome most consistent with Parkinson's disease. These patients were studied with electrophysiological techniques. Brief (< 50 ms) myoclonic electromyographic discharges showed a time-locked relationship to a focal premovement electroencephalographic potential. Somatosensoryevoked potentials were not enlarged and long-latency reflexes were not grossly exaggerated. This pattern of electrophysiological findings can be distinguished from those previously found in other parkinsonian syndromes. These results provide evidence for a cortical origin of the myoclonus seen in these patients.
Social Action Organization Participation and Personal Change in the Poor: Part II

In Part I (Herman, 1982) evidence bearing on the hypothesis that participation by the poor in social action organizations results in personal change was reviewed and found to be inconsistent and open to diverse Interpretations. In Part I It was observed that not all socizi action organizations are al ike and, thus, that participation is also of varied kinds and extents and may have different consequences for personal change. A typology of social action organizations forms (developed in Part I ) is used here to comparatively classify information on organizational characteristics and personal change drawn from eleven case studIes. The comparatIve review leads to three principal implications. First, it offers more support for the situational than for the sub-cultural perspective. Second, the review implies that the emphasis of both perspectives on the necessity of personality change may be inappropriate. Third, the review suggests personal change In the poor, either dispositionally or behaviorally, but especially the latter, Is much more likely in those organizations in which the poor are highly included and are sponsored by groups or Institutions with relatively few resources. Finally, the paper concludes with a few observations on the meaning and significance of social action organizations of
Whiting, John W. M

John W. M. Whiting (1907−1999), a Harvard University professor of social anthropology emeritus, exemplified the need for interdisciplinary understanding to promote psychological understanding. Whiting, along with his wife Beatrice Blyth Whiting, developed an approach to cross-cultural study which incorporated multiple perspectives and promoted comparison of human development across contexts. Edwards and referred to the Whitings as “pioneers in the comparative study of child development,” as well as having been at the forefront of psychological anthropology. Keywords: anthropology; child development; children; cross-cultural psychology
On regression analysis of spatial proportional data with zero/one values

Abstract Proportions including exact zero and/or one values observed at spatial locations in a study area are often encountered in environmental and ecological studies. In this paper, we propose a new spatial beta-Bernoulli mixture model that combines a beta distribution and a Bernoulli distribution. The beta component links the original response on the open unit interval ( 0 , 1 ) to covariates via regression and is flexible to capture a variety of shapes of the data distributions. Further, the Bernoulli component models the probability of zero/one values with regression. In addition, we propose a novel spatial generalized Tobit model which extends an existing spatial Tobit model by applying an inverse beta cumulative distribution function transformation. A composite likelihood approach is developed for parameter estimation by maximizing a pairwise likelihood function for each model. The standard errors of the parameter estimates are obtained via the inverse of the Godambe information matrix. A simulation study is conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed models and methods, followed by an ecological data example. Connections among the spatial beta-Bernoulli mixture model, the spatial generalized Tobit model, and the spatial Tobit model are explored using both simulated and real data.
Paramagnetic relaxation based biosensor for selective dopamine detection

We report a new NMR relaxation time-based method for sensitive and selective dopamine detection using paramagnetic nanoparticles. The Fe3+ species in the nanoparticles serves as both the contrast agent and the target recognition element. The results demonstrate that paramagnetic nanoparticles, similar to the more widely used superparamagnetic nanoparticles, can be integrated into relaxation based detection schemes while avoiding the aggregation problem commonly associated with superparamagnetic nanoparticles.
Application of triage to the provision of medical care in developing countries.

Abstract In atomic warfare " triage " is a concept whereby the mortally wounded are abandoned to enable a much-depleted medical service to concentrate on those with a good chance of survival. In the serious deficiency of medical manpower, drugs, and money the medical situation in a developing country can be likened to the after-effects of an atomic explosion; and this article describes how a drastic reduction in the budget for the Save the Children Fund in South Korea set against a background of poverty and low Government health allocations necessitated a major reappraisal of the Fund's work—in particular the lowering of the upper age-limit for patients seen in the Fund's clinics from 16 to 5 and the closure of two out of the three clinics.
Apiose. II. 1,2:3,5-di-O-isopropylidene-α-d-apio-d-furanose and stereoselective syntheses of 3-deoxy-1,2-O-isopropylidene-α-d-apio-l-furanose and 3,5-anhydro-1,2-O-isopropylidene-α-d-apio-l-furanose

Abstract Isolation of the second isomer of di- O -isopropylidene- d -apiose, namely, 1,2:3,3 1 -di- O -isopropylidene-[3- C -(hydroxymethyl)-α- d -erythrofuranose] ( 2 ), has been achieved. Graded, acid hydrolysis gave the corresponding 1,2- O -isopropylidene derivative ( 3 ). High stereoselectivity was observed in the hydroboration of 3-deoxy-1,2- O -isopropylidene-3- C -methylene- d - glycero -tetrose ( 4 ), and acid hydrolysis of the product afforded 3-deoxy- d -apiose, which may be differentiated from 3-deoxy- d - erythro -pentose by its color reaction with p -anisidine hydrochloride. Epoxidation of 4 with m -chloroperoxybenzoic acid was also highly stereoselective, and gave a spiro -epoxide. A synthesis of the same epoxide ( 8 ) from 1,2- O -isopropylidene-5- O - p -tolylsulfonyl-α- d -apio- l -furanose ( 7 ) established that epoxidation occurred trans to the isopropylidene ring, as anticipated. The minor product (4%) of the epoxidation reaction was shown to be identical chromatographically with 3,5-anhydro-1,2- O -isopropylidene-α- d -apio- d -furanose ( 9 ), which was prepared by the reaction of 1,2- O -isopropylidene- d - glycero -tetros-3-ulose ( 10 ) with dimethylsulfonium methylide.
Comparison of predictions of atmospheric radio noise with observed noise levels

Two years' data from 16 atmospheric radio-noise measurement stations show sufficient consistencies in the relationship of the noise level and the geographic location of the observing station to indicate that a linear latitude trend approaches a definition of that relationship. The data on 2.5 and 5 Mc during night hours show a fair agreement with the United States Army Signal Corps predictions (RPU-140). An even closer agreement exists between the observed data and a linear latitude relationship for each frequency. The average noise level for the northern hemisphere exhibits a variation, seasonal sine wave with an amplitude of about three units, superposed on a general decreasing trend for the past two years at the rate of about four units per year.
Evaluating safe routes to school events that designate days for walking and bicycling

This paper presents a case study evaluation of days designated for walking and bicycling as part of a Safe Routes to School program. The case study examines two elementary schools in Moscow, Idaho that annually participate in two designated days for walking and bicycling, “International Walk to School Day” in the fall and “Fill the Racks!” in the spring. Students walking or bicycling to school were counted before and after the events. For comparison, counts were also observed at a nearby school not involved with the Safe Routes to School program. Count data was collected for 8 days. Furthermore, 45 students and 17 parents were surveyed; and five parents and four community leaders were interviewed. The count data showed a significant increase in students using active modes of travel on the day of the event and a few weeks later. The interviews and surveys showed, among other things, there is strong support for the special events and most parents felt the designated days increased their child's motivation to walk to school. Many parents said the spring event prompted their child to return to walking to school after the cold winter months. Policy implications and other lessons learned are provided.
Multi-quark structure ofU(3.1)

We interpret the recently observedU(3.1) mesons with the\(\Lambda \bar p\) + pions decays as the bound state of\(\Lambda ,\bar p\) andX0(1480). TheX0(1480) is a mesonium with\(Q^2 \bar Q^2 \) structures observed in γγ reactions and\(\bar pn\) annihilations. With this interpretation, we can understand its decay modes. Furthermore, we predict the ratio of\(\sigma (\Lambda \bar p\pi ^ + \pi ^ - )/\sigma (\Lambda \bar p\pi ^ + \pi ^ + )\) to be ⋟3.1 for centrally produced events and that the width of\(U^ - (\Lambda \bar p\pi ^ + \pi ^ - )\) to be greater than that of\(U^ + (\Lambda \bar p\pi ^ + \pi ^ + )\). Both predictions seem to be in reasonable accord with the available data. We call for the detection of the\(\Lambda \bar p\pi ^ - \pi ^ - \) mode to verify the present interpretation.
Altered induction response of hepatic cytochrome P-450 to phenobarbital, 3-methylcholanthrene, and β-naphthoflavone in organotin-treated animals

Abstract The effects of tricyclohexyltin hydroxide on the induction of cytochrome P-450 in liver by phenobarbital, 3-methylcholanthrene and β-naphthoflavone were studied. A single dose of the organotin (15 mg/kg body wt) prevented the full extent of phenobarbital induction of cytochrome P-450 from occurring; this was the case whether tricyclohexyltin was given 48 hr preceding a single injection of phenobarbital, or administered simultaneously with the first of three daily doses of the drug. Elevation of hepatic heme oxygenase (EC 1.14.99.3) activity accompanied these changes in cytochrome P-450, but the induction of this enzyme was not affected by phenobarbital treatment. The induction of cytochrome P-448 by 3-methylcholanthrene and β-naphthoflavone was not affected to the same extent by a single injection of tricyclohexyltin, while heme oxygenase induction was less pronounced when these cytochrome P-448 inducers were given together with the organotin. The changes in cytochrome P-450 content and in its functional activity resulting from the various treatments were further examined by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the microsomal fractions. The electrophoretic profiles illustrate clearly that the apoprotein moieties of the various cytochrome P-450 subspecies are affected to a considerable extent by treatment with tricyclohexyltin hydroxide alone, and staining in these bands was noticeably reduced even when phenobarbital was administered together with the organotin. In contrast, tricyclohexyltin failed to decreased the 3-methylcholanthrene- or β-naphthoflavone-induced cytochrome P-450 subspecies. These data suggest that significant metabolic interactions can occur from exposure to a combination of environmental chemicals and drugs resulting in an altered metabolism of heme and cytochrome P-450.
Cell cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinase activities in mouse mammary tumor development

Breast cancer in humans, as in mice and rats, is thought to be the result of sequential changes in the epithelial cells of the mammalian glands. This study examines the altered expression or activation of cell cycle related proteins in an in situ system composed of hyperplasia, preneoplasia and neoplasia of mouse mammary glands. The results showed a high level of cdc2/cdk2 kinase activities in tumors compared to hyperplasias which was independent of cdc2/cdk2 protein levels. Some of the cdk-associated proteins which are thought to regulate cdk kinase activity were examined in these tissues. Cyclin A was overexpressed in all hyperplasias irrespective of their tumorigenic potentials. However, a number of alterations in cyclin E protein were associated with cdk2 and its associated kinase activity during mammary tumorigenesis. First, the level of normal cyclin E (p50) expression was positively correlated with the tumorigenic potentials of different hyperplasia lines. Second, several cyclin E isoforms (p48, p43, p35, p34, p32) were detected only in tumor tissues. Third, a 2.3- and 8.3-fold increase in cyclin E-associated cdk2 kinase activity was present in highly tumorigenic hyperplasias and neoplasias respectively compared to the low tumorigenic hyperplasias. Polymorphic cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) protein bound to cdk2 was a better indicator for cell proliferation and cdk2 kinase activity than the PCNA labeling index. These results suggest a sequential pattern of multiple derangements in factors regulating cdk2 protein function during mammary tumorigenesis. High levels of cdk2 kinase activity are observed only in tumors and appear to be closely related to alterations in cyclin E protein expression.
Principles of drug therapy in the geriatric renal patient

With the attenuation of many physiologic and social functions in advancing age, the geriatric population is especially prone to adverse drug reactions. The indications for drug therapy should be re-examined periodically, along with biochemical profiles of renal function, serum electrolytes, and drug plasma levels when available. The dosing of a number of medications should be continuously readjusted according to the estimated creatinine clearance. The patient should be watched closely for any signs of metabolic or organic dysfunction. The physician, pharmacist, and home health caregivers need to work closely with patience and compassion to ensure the patient's compliance and safety.
Attempted Removal of Metal Ions and Subsequent Vacuum Pyrolysis of Barks from Five Species of Softwoods

Abstract Samples of whole bark were collected from sub-alpine fir, Engelmann spruce, Douglas fir, western larch and lodgepole pine. Attempts to remove metal ions from the barks by ion exchange with dilute acid at room temperature showed that up to one third of these ions (especially calcium) are inaccessable to aqueous acid and hence not removed. The barks were subjected to vacuum pyrolysis before and after acid washing and the tars analyzed by gas chromatography as trimethylsilyl ethers. The incomplete removal of metal ions resulted in significant increase in pyrolytic production of the major products derived from polysaccharides (viz. levoglucosan and anhydroarabinose).
Optimum statistical characterization of axle load spectra based on load-associated pavement damage

Traffic is indeed one of the most critical inputs for pavement design; traditionally the one that is associated with the highest uncertainty. In the most comprehensive mechanistic–empirical (M–E) design approaches, traffic is accounted for by axle load distribution instead of equivalent single axle load (ESAL) as in the traditional empirical approach. Research has already been conducted concerning the statistical characteristics of axle load distribution, however, with focus on the goodness of fit of the data. Little of the past research directly accounted for the traffic load-associated pavement damage. To address this particular issue, this study develops a comprehensive statistical methodology that includes not only improved fitted axle distribution functions, but also sound statistics representing load-associated pavement damage. Mixed lognormal distributions are employed to fit the observed axle load spectra. Two fundamental advantages of the fitted functions are: (1) both the physical and statistica...
Structural and magnetic properties of Cr and Mn doped InN

Abstract We present a detailed magnetic characterization of Cr and Mn doped InN films be means of superconducting quantum interference device magnetometry and X-ray magnetic circular dichroism. The InN:Cr films exhibit ferromagnetic behavior up to 300 K in a doping region from 2% to 8% without detectable phase segregation. The easy axis of magnetization is found to be in the film plane. On the contrary, Mn-doped films show signatures of phase segregation and paramagnetic behavior.
Binding energies of light hyperfragments

Abstract The binding energies of ΛH3, ΛHe4 and ΛH4, and ΛHe5 are calculated using a independent pair approximation assuming the interactions are described by spin-dependent nucleon-nucleon and Λ-nucleon potentials with square-well shapes outside of hard cores. The calculated binding energies are presented as functions of the depths of the Λ-nucleon potentials for two possible ranges of these potentials. The experimental binding energies then determine the actual potential depths. The case that the singlet potential is stronger than the triplet potential is favoured for both ranges treated. This result leads to a prediction of zero spin for ΛHe4 and ΛH4 and no bound excited states for these four-particle hyperfragments. The two-particle Λ-nucleon system also turns out to be unbound.
Control of Unsteady Aeroelastic System via State-Dependent Riccati Equation Method

A nonlinear control system for the flutter control of an aeroelastic system with unsteady aerodynamics is designed. The model describes the plunge and pitch motion of a wing. In this model both plunge and pitch structural nonlinearities are included. A single control surface is utilized for the flutter control. For the purpose of design, it is assumed that there exists a specified hard magnitude constraint on the control input. For the synthesis of the controller, only the plunge displacement, pitch angle, and control-surface deflection are measured. The control system design is based on the state-dependent Riccati equation method. A slack variable is introduced to transform the constrained control problem into an unconstrained problem and then a suboptimal nonlinear control law is designed. An observer is constructed to estimate the unavailable state variables of the system for the synthesis of the control system. In the closed-loop system, including the observer and nonlinear controller, the zero state is (locally) asymptotically stable, and the state vector asymptotically converges to the origin. Simulation results for various flow velocities and elastic axis locations are presented, which show that the designed control system is effective in flutter suppression.
Inhibition of pontine noradrenergic A7 cells reduces hypoglossal nerve activity in rats.

Abstract Noradrenergic (NE) excitatory drive maintains activity of hypoglossal (XII) motoneurons during wakefulness. In predisposed persons, sleep-related decrements of NE cell activity may contribute to hypotonia of upper airway muscles innervated by XII motoneurons. The goal of this study was to determine whether NE neurons of the pontine A7 group, an anatomically identified source of NE projections to the XII nucleus, provide significant, endogenous NE excitatory drive to XII motoneurons. In anesthetized rats, we microinjected clonidine (0.75 mM, 20–40 nl), an α 2 -adrenergic receptor agonist that inhibits pontine NE cells, aiming at the A7 region. Nine injections were placed within 0.4 mm from the A7 group identified using tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry: they reduced XII nerve activity by 31.3±2.8% (standard error) and decreased the central respiratory rate by 6%. Another 21 injections, including eight placed near NE cells of the sub-coeruleus region, were made at distances over 0.5 mm from the A7 group and they did not alter either XII nerve activity or respiratory rate. In control experiments, clonidine injections into the A7 group preceded by injections of an α 2 -receptor antagonist, RS-79948, did not change XII nerve activity. Four experiments with unilateral clonidine injections into the A7 region and with Fos immunohistochemistry used as a marker of cell activity revealed that the percentage of Fos-positive A7 cells was significantly reduced on the injected side. There was also a significant positive correlation between Fos expression in A7 cells and XII nerve activity. Thus, decrements of NE excitatory drive from the A7 group may significantly reduce XII nerve activity. In obstructive sleep apnea patients, in whom the muscles innervated by XII motoneurons act as upper airway dilators, this may contribute to sleep-related respiratory disorders.
Mammary ductal morphogenesis requires paracrine activation of stromal EGFR via ADAM17-dependent shedding of epithelial amphiregulin.

On p. [3924][1] of this article in the section `Mammary organoid culture', the concentrations of three constituents in the basal medium are incorrect. The correct concentrations are 10 μg/ml insulin, 5.5 μg/ml transferrin and 5 ng/ml sodium selenite. In addition, the authors also wish to