cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hydration of type K expansive cement paste and the effect of silica fume: I. Expansion and solid phase analysis

Abstract The hydration reactions of Type K expansive cement pastes and the effect of silica fume were studied. Part I reports on the expansion characteristics of pastes and the corresponding changes occuring in the quantities of solid phases associated with expansion. Results of the rate of heat evolution curves of the pastes during the first 48 hours are also reported. Part II∗∗ present results of the pore solution analysis and a proposed hydration mechanism. In pastes, with and without silica fume, expansion was associated with the formation of ettringite. Expansion continued as long as ettringite was forming. The expansion rate and magnitude at early age (the first two days of hydration) was larger when silica fume was added to the expansive cement paste. Solid phase analysis and the rate of heat evolution curves of the pastes also indicated that the addition of silica fume accelerated the hydration of the paste. These suggest that the silica fume resulted in a more efficient use of ettringite that formed during the early age. Silica fume also reduced the duration of expansion. This reduction was deemed advantageous because delayed expansion and, therfore, microcracking and degradation of the hardened expansive cement paste could be prevented with the use of silica fume.
Infectivity of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus extracted with digestive fluids of Heliothis zea, Estigmene acrea, and carbonate solutions

Abstract The infectivity of nonoccluded virus from Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus inclusion bodies dissolved by digestive fluids or sodium carbonate in vitro was compared. Digestive fluids were collected from fifth-instar larvae of Heliothis zea and Estigmene acrea . Sodium carbonate solutions were used at mean p H's equal to that of each of the respective fluids of both insect species. Infectivity to TN-368 cells was greatest after short-term exposure to digestive fluids of both insect species and was greatest after long-term exposure to both solutions of carbonate. There was little or no infectivity with heat-treated digestive fluids.
Systemic side-effects of extradural steroids.

Summary The use of extradural (epidural) steroids in the management of selected cases of lumbosciatic syndrome is well known.1,2 This paper reports the appearance of systemic side-effects in four cases after each had received an injection of 6–10 ml of methylprednisolone and 0·25% bupivacaine into the extradural space at the site nearest to the affected nerve roots.
The SSR System 7: A general encoding system with computerized transcription

This report provides an overview of the wide variety of research problems to which the SSR System is being applied and outlines some of the changes in the system that these new challenges have brought about.
The Advantages of the Standard Stereoscopic Examination of the Lungs with 14 by 17 Inch Films in the Diagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis

To all who are familiar with the capabilities of the standard roentgenographic examination of the lungs in disclosing or excluding the presence of early pulmonary tuberculosis, it seems needless to discuss the value of the method, for the extraordinary efficiency of this technic has been proved beyond all reasonable doubt. Indeed, it may confidently be asserted that few, if any, medical tests excel this procedure in reliability. The anatomic conditions favor accurate results, for any tuberculous lesions that on section could be seen with the unaided eye must produce visible shadows against the transradiant normal parenchyma. Visible depiction of the lesions is favored also by the slight magnification of their shadows beyond actual size and by the stereoscopic view, which latter factor practically insures against their concealment by shadows of the thoracic cage, shows their precise situation and distinguishes them from shadows due to extrapulmonic causes. By reason of these fortuitous factors, roentgenologic examination often will disclose minimal tuberculosis when symptoms, physical signs and results of laboratory tests are indecisive or even negative. Phthisiologists are keenly aware of this fact, and Sampson and Brown have said: "Today we have progressed to the stage where we call no man sound pulmonically until his stereoscopic roentgenograms have been found to be normal, and consider the roentgenologic study as much a part of the routine examination of the lungs as the stethoscope, or, indeed, as the examination of the sputum." Like other roentgenologic technics, the standard stereoscopic examination with 14 by 17 inch films did not suddenly attain its present form or efficiency, but acquired both by slow development. At first, roentgenoscopic examination was considered sufficient. Then
Metallic friction: the effect of molecular adsorbates

Abstract A novel ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) tribometer was used to study the tribological behavior of two Cu(111) surfaces modified by the adsorption of various molecular species (ethanol, butanol and heptafluorobutanol). Friction measurements were made at coverages ranging from submonolayer to several multilayers. These alcohols showed similar friction behavior as a function of coverage. At coverages below one monolayer, the surfaces were not well lubricated; the sliding behavior was stick–slip, and the friction coefficients were high. At coverages greater than one monolayer, the friction coefficient was significantly reduced and decreased monotonically with increasing coverage. The transition of sliding behavior from “stick–slip” to “slip” occurred in the coverage range of 2–7 ML. The friction coefficient continued to decrease with increasing coverage, reaching a limiting value only at coverages of several multilayers.
Pars plana vitrectomy, subretinal injection of tissue plasminogen activator, and fluid-gas exchange for displacement of thick submacular hemorrhage in age-related macular degeneration.

Abstract PURPOSE: To evaluate a new procedure for displacement of large, thick submacular hemorrhage in patients with age-related macular degeneration. METHODS: Retrospective review of 11 eyes of 11 patients with age-related macular degeneration and thick submacular hemorrhage (defined as causing retinal elevation detectable on stereo fundus photographs) treated with vitrectomy, subretinal injection of tissue plasminogen activator (25 or 50 μg), and fluid–gas exchange with postoperative prone positioning. Outcome measures included displacement of hemorrhage from the fovea, best postoperative visual acuity, and final postoperative visual acuity. RESULTS: In the 11 affected eyes of 11 patients (seven men and four women; mean age, 76 years), preoperative visual acuity ranged from 20/200 to hand motions. With surgery, subretinal hemorrhage was displaced from the fovea in all 11 cases. Mean postoperative follow-up was 6.5 months (range, 1 to 15 months). Best postoperative visual acuity varied from 20/30 to 5/200, with improvement in nine (82%) cases and no change in two cases. Eight eyes (73%) measured 20/200 or better, with four of these eyes (36%) 20/80 or better. Final postoperative visual acuity ranged from 20/70 to light perception, with improvement in eight (73%) cases, no change in one case, and worsening in two cases. A statistically significant difference was found between preoperative and best postoperative visual acuity (P = .004) but not between preoperative and final visual acuity (P = .16). Hemorrhage recurred in three (27%) eyes, causing severe visual loss in one eye. CONCLUSIONS: This technique displaces submacular hemorrhage from the fovea and can improve vision in patients with age-related macular degeneration. However, recurrence of hemorrhage occurred in 27% of eyes and caused severe visual loss in one eye. A randomized, prospective clinical trial is necessary to determine the efficacy of this technique in comparison with other proposed treatments.
The use of the isolated annulus technique for the evaluation of intracardiac thrombosis.

Abstract In 35 dogs, the “isolated annulus” technique was used to assess clotting in the tricuspid and mitral areas. By means of cardiopulmonary bypass, this prosthesis was fixed to the atrial or ventricular aspect of the respective valve annulus with preservation of leaflet integrity. In addition, annular placements were performed with complete tricuspid valve excision. Simultaneous bilateral insertions were undertaken in two animals to confirm the pronounced difference in clot propensity from one valve area to the other. The technique proved useful in evaluating clot formation. Constant blood motion or shielding in some cases diminished thrombosis. Under the conditions of the experiment, the mitral valve region was more clot-prone than the tricuspid zone. Prosthetic evaluation may be carried out in the tricuspid area with advantage, for reasons of technique, tolerance to valvular insufficiency, and convenience of counting emboli trapped by the lungs.
Katz's Problematic Dualism and Its "Seismic" Effects on His Theory

There is much to admire in Eric Katz's Nature as Subject.1 Many aspects of his theory strongly resonate with dominant themes in environmental ethics and with my own theoretical predilections. In addition, he applies his theory to several major environmental issues (ecological restoration and the Amazon rainforest, to name two), simultaneously testing it against other views and tracing out its implications. Impressive, non-ivory tower philosophizing. The array of issues he covers is impressive too, from the place of animal rights in an environmental ethic to the relation between environmental destruction and genocide; from the tension between holism and the rights of individuals to intrinsic value; from anthropocentrism to Judaism and the environment; from the history of environmental thought to the convergence hypothesis. And more. In light of this tremendous range and of my own attraction to such of his major themes as ecocentrism, it might seem unappreciative to criticize,
Promoting Patient Phronesis Communication Patterns in an Online Lifestyle Program Coordinated With Primary Care

Phronesis, or practical wisdom developed through experience, is an Aristotelian concept that can shed light on the capacities of patients to make health-related decisions and engage in healthy behaviors. In this article, the authors develop a conceptual framework for understanding the role of phronesis in lifestyle change as well as its relationship to patient activation, which is considered to be a critical component of the Chronic Care Model and patient education in general. The authors develop the concept of phronesis by analyzing qualitatively the comments made by 35 participants working to manage chronic health issues in a weight-loss study. The authors iteratively coded transcribed passages of exit interviews for phronesis and patient activation. These passages provide experientially grounded content for evaluating the use of phronesis and its development among individuals engaging in lifestyle change. Phronesis is expressed in 31% of participant responses to questions regarding the relationship bet...
Do Traditional Fathers Always Work More? Gender Ideology, Race, and Parenthood

Research has shown that men who express traditional gender ideologies spend more time in paid work when they become fathers, whereas men who express egalitarian ideologies spend less time in paid work. This study extends previous research by examining racial differences among men. We drew on data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (N = 23,261) and found that fatherhood was associated with an increase in married White men's time spent in paid work. The increase was more than twice as strong for traditional White men than for egalitarian White men. In contrast, both egalitarian and traditional African American men did not work more when they became fathers. These findings suggest that African American men may express gender traditionalism but adopt more egalitarian work–family arrangements. This study also presents evidence of an interaction among race, class, and gender ideology that shapes fathers' time spent in paid work.
Ab initio prediction of a multiferroic with large polarization and magnetization

We describe the design of a magnetic ferroelectric with large spontaneous magnetization and polarization using first-principles density functional theory. The usual difficulties associated with the production of robustly insulating ferromagnets are circumvented by incorporating the magnetism through ferrimagnetic behavior. We show that the ordered perovskite Bi2FeCrO6 will have a polarization of ∼80μC∕cm2, a piezoelectric coefficient of 283μC∕cm2, and a magnetization of ∼160emu∕cm3 (2μB per formula unit), far exceeding the properties of any known multiferroic.
Rapid protein depletion from complex samples using a bead-based microfluidic device for the point of care

Translation of sample preparation methods to point-of-care formats has remained a challenge. We present a plastic laminate microfluidic device for protein depletion from human plasma using ligand immobilized porous beads stored dry within a novel, pneumatically-driven mixer. The card design accelerated the protein depletion process from hours to minutes. Using immunoglobulin G as a model protein, we have successfully shown protein removal efficiency from spiked buffer between 70–80% and from diluted human plasma samples between 66–77%. Low non-specific binding of our downstream target ligand, immunoglobulin M, was observed with the spiked buffer and diluted human plasma samples. For future device optimization, the physical limitations to rapid protein removal on card were also explored. Bench-top experiments with improved mixing efficiency and a lower sample dilution factor achieved 99% IgG removal using the same amount of mixing time. This design can easily be adapted for depletion of other high abundance or interfering proteins by inclusion of other ligand immobilized beads.
Seniority Logic: A Logic for a Committee Machine

A logic for a committee of perceptrons, called seniority logic, and a local adjustment algorithm for training a seniority committee are described. Like a majority committee, a seniority committee has the capacity to solve any two-class problem in which the classes are disjoint. Unlike a majority committee, a seniority committee may have members added during training, and a seniority committee is free to attain a size needed to solve a problem. In computer simulations on patterns with binary components a seniority committee has a higher recognition rate and needs fewer members than a majority committee. Solutions learned during training have high recognition rates on the training set and are reasonably free of bias.
A novel extracorporeal kidney perfusion system: a concept model.

The number of patients awaiting kidney transplantation has more than doubled in the past decade while the number of available donor organs has seen only a modest increase, leading to a critical shortage of organs. In response to this extreme shortage, the criteria for accepting organs have been modified to include marginal donors such as non-heart beating donors (NHBD). In these kidneys, determining viability is important for success of transplantation. Therefore, a study was undertaken to develop a system that would allow the extra-corporeal assessment of function and compatibility of the donor organ before the patient is exposed to the risks associated with surgery.Following bilateral nephrectomy, the kidneys of 10 pigs (~30 kg) were connected to a commercially available hypothermic pulsatile kidney perfusion apparatus. This system was modified to allow for normothermic pulsatile renal perfusion using the potential recipient’s blood, via vascular access. These kidneys were perfused with the animal’s blo...
T Cell Signal Regulation by the Actin Cytoskeleton

T cells form an immunological synapse (IS) that sustains and regulates signals for cell stimulation. Enriched in the IS is the Src family kinase Lck. Conversely, the membrane phosphatase CD45, which activates Src family kinases, is excluded, and this is necessary to avoid quenching of T cell receptor phosphosignals. Data suggest that this arrangement occurs by an enrichment of cholesterol-dependent rafts in the IS. However, the role of rafts in structuring the IS remains unclear. To address this question, we used fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) to interrogate the nanoscopic structure of the IS. The FRET probes consisted of membrane-anchored fluorescent proteins with distinct affinities for rafts. Both the raft and nonraft probes exhibited clustering in the IS. However, co-clustering of raft donor-acceptor pairs was 10-fold greater than co-clustering of raft-nonraft pairs. We measured the effect of disrupting rafts in the IS on CD45 localization and Lck regulation by treating stimulated T cells with filipin. The filipin specifically disrupted co-clustering of the raft FRET pairs in the IS and allowed targeting of CD45 to the IS and dephosphorylation of the regulatory tyrosine of Lck. Clustering of the raft probes was also sensitive to latrunctulin B, which disrupts actin filaments. Strikingly, enriching the cortical cytoskeleton using jasplakinolide maintained raft probe co-clustering, CD45 exclusion, and Lck regulation in the IS following the addition of filipin. These data show the actin cytoskeleton maintains a membrane raft environment in the IS that promotes Lck regulation by excluding CD45.
Beyond Description: Converting Web Site Usage Statistics into Concrete Site Improvement Ideas

Web site usage statistics are a widely used tool for Web site development, but libraries are still learning how to use them successfully. This case study summarizes how Morris Library at Southern Illinois University Carbondale implemented Google Analytics on its Web site and used the reports to inform a site redesign. As the main campus library at a research university with about 20,000 undergraduate and graduate students, the library included resources from multiple library departments on a single site. In planning the redesign, Morris Library's Virtual Library Group combined usage reports with information from other sources, such as usability tests and user comments. The Virtual Library Group faced barriers to interpreting and applying the usage statistics in the site redesign, including some that were specific to the library's implementation of the Google Analytics tool and some limitations inherent with Web usage statistics in general. Some key barriers in applying the usage statistics to a redesign i...
Phosphonate mediated surface reaction and reorganization: implications for the mechanism controlling cement hydration inhibition

Vertical scanning interferometry and XPS show the reaction of CaCO3 with the hydration retarder nitrilo-tris-(methylene)phosphonic acid follows a pathway of dissolution of the calcium followed by precipitation of a calcium phosphonate; subsequent surface reorganization/restructuring of the calcium phosphonate exposes the underlying CaCO3 for further hydration.
GPUDePiCt: a parallel implementation of a clustering algorithm for computing degenerate primers on graphics processing units

In order to make multiple copies of a target sequence in the laboratory, the technique of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) requires the design of "primers", which are short fragments of nucleotides complementary to the flanking regions of the target sequence. If the same primer is to amplify multiple closely related target sequences, then it is necessary to make the primers "degenerate", which would allow it to hybridize to target sequences with a limited amount of variability that may have been caused by mutations. However, the PCR technique can only allow a limited amount of degeneracy, and therefore the design of degenerate primers requires the identification of reasonably well-conserved regions in the input sequences. We take an existing algorithm for designing degenerate primers that is based on clustering and parallelize it in a web-accessible software package GPUDePiCt, using a shared memory model and the computing power of Graphics Processing Units (GPUs). We test our implementation on large sets of aligned sequences from the human genome and show a multi-fold speedup for clustering using our hybrid GPU/CPU implementation over a pure CPU approach for these sequences, which consist of more than 7,500 nucleotides. We also demonstrate that this speedup is consistent over larger numbers and longer lengths of aligned sequences.
Correspondence aging and evolving systems

Models describing the history of systems are discussed, from the stable equilibrium state to the aging non-equilibrium stationary state to the evolving, order through fluctuations state. Social systems, traditionally equilibrium states, are shown to be more suited to an evolution model. Living systems as well as corporations are similarly better served when viewed as dissipative systems which find stability through fluctuations.
Heterometallic Mixed 3d-4f Metallacrowns: Structural Versatility, Luminescence, and Molecular Magnetism

The synthesis of metal-containing coordination complexes has relevance in a number of applications, including catalysis, gas separations and storage, data storage, contrast agents, and drug delivery. As such, methods towards the a priori design of these materials are of great importance. Unlike organic synthesis, which is governed by well-known and understood reaction mechanisms, inorganic synthesis is dominated by labile metal-ligand dative bonds, whose reversibility in solution can lead to unanticipated molecules. However, the metallamacrocycles known as metallacrowns (MCs) provide the opportunity to investigate controllable inorganic syntheses, which can lead to systematic alterations of these molecules. Thus, entire classes of inorganic molecules may be designed with specific properties. In this review, 3d-4f metallacrowns will be examined, with emphasis on (1) synthetic and design aspects; (2) luminescence properties; and (3) magnetic behavior.
Broad-area optical coherence in photonic-crystal distributed-feedback lasers

Photonic-crystal distributed-feedback (PCDFB) lasers can potentially operate in a single optical mode that remains coherent over extremely large device areas, e.g., > 1 mm 2 , in spite of the effects of filamentation induced by the linewidth enhancement factor. Two-dimensional diffraction is induced by gratings that are defined on a rectangular lattice for edge emission, or on a hexagonal or square lattice for surface emission. Numerical simulations based on original algorithms reveal that whereas minimizing that product is almost always advantageous in edge-emitting lasers, an optimized surface-emitter should have an intermediate value. We also review recent experimental demonstrations of both 2 nd -order and 1 st -order optically pumped broad-stripe PCDFB lasers with “W” active regions that emit in the mid-IR.
Exploratory search with semantic transformations using collaborative knowledge bases

Sometimes we search for simple facts. Other times we search for relationships between concepts. While existing information retrieval systems work well for simple searches, they are less satisfying for complex inquiries because of the ill-structured nature of many searches and the cognitive load involved in the search process. Search can be improved by leveraging the network of concepts that are maintained by collaborative knowledge bases such as Wikipedia. By treating exploratory search inquires as networks of concepts -- and then mapping documents to these concepts, exploratory search performance can be improved. This method is applied to an exploratory search task: given a journal abstract, abstracts are ranked based their relevancy to the seed abstract. The results show comparable relevancy scores to state of the art techniques while at the same time providing better diversity.
Patchy field defects of apoptosis resistance and dedifferentiation in flat mucosa of colon resections from colon cancer patients.

Background Abnormal areas in normal-appearing falt colonic mucosa (field defects) may predispose individuals to colon cancer. Markers of field defects would indicate cancer risk.
The free energy of a pinned dislocation

Abstract The free energy of a dislocation containing a number of mobile pinning points constrained to move within the dislocation core has been determined. An equilibrium distribution of pinning points then is obtained by minimizing the Helmholtz free energy with respect to the location of the points. It is found that this distribution is sensitive to the magnitude of an externally applied stress. For a small applied stress the effect of entropy cannot be overcome and the distribution of pinning points is unaffected. When a critical stress level is reached, however, the pinning points redistribute along the dislocation line until a balance is attained between potential energy and entropy. Various manifestations of dislocation theory such as microcreep, internal friction and binding energies are discussed in light of the present results.
Quantification of salt dust pathways from a groundwater‐fed lake: Implications for solute budgets and dust emission rates

[1] Emissions of salt dust from the shores of saline lakes significantly impact lake chemistry, air quality, transportation, human health, and climate. Quantitative methods for assessing these emissions, however, are still in the developmental stage. We investigate salt pathways from groundwater to dust using an approach that takes advantage of opportune conditions at a groundwater-fed, saline lake in the Nebraska Sand Hills region. The mass of salt in the lakeshore surface crust and soil was measured, as well as in the dust on the surrounding dune field. These data, together with information on the lake hydrology, show that dust emission is an important mechanism controlling lake salinity, even though a mere fraction of the salt crust is deflated each year under extant climatic conditions. Wind data collected at the lake site indicate high wind speeds capable of dust mobilization. Therefore, the physical and chemical bonding of salts in the crust is offered as the primary limiting factor for dust emission rates.
Formation of iron monosulfide: A spectrophotometric study of the reaction between ferrous and sulfide ions in aqueous solutions

Abstract The initial product from the reaction between ferrous and sulfide ions in aqueous solutions was studied using a stopped-flow spectrophotometric technique. The absorbance-time curve showed that an intermediate product formed quickly within the first few seconds of the reaction; this material subsequently decomposed slowly to other species within the following several minutes. It was more likely to form the intermediate in the pH range from 7 to 8. This suggests that the reaction between Fe2+ and HS- ions results in the formation of the intermediate product because both Fe2+ and HS- are respectively the predominant Fe(II) and S(II) species in this pH range. The absorbance at a wavelength of 500 nm varied linearly with the concentration of the intermediate, the absorptivity of which was 4800 M-1 cm-1, as determined in this study. Stoichiometric experiments, based on the continuous variation method, gave the ratio of [HS-] to [Fe2+] as 1:1 for the formation of the intermediate, which is an iron hydrosulfide of the form Fe(HS)+. Analysis of the kinetic data showed that the rate of Fe(HS)+ formation was first order with respect to both Fe2+ and HS- with a reaction rate constant of 103.81M-1 s-1. The formation constant of Fe(HS)+ was evaluated as log K = 4.34 ± 0.15 at 25°C and I = 0 from the thermodynamic analysis of the pertinent experimental data.
Interplay of octahedral rotations and breathing distortions in charge-ordering perovskite oxides

We investigate the structure-property relationships in $AB$O${}_{3}$ perovskites exhibiting octahedral rotations and cooperative octahedral breathing distortions (CBD) using group theoretical methods. Rotations of octahedra are ubiquitous in the perovskite family, while the appearance of breathing distortions---oxygen displacement patterns that lead to approximately uniform dilation and contraction of the $B$O${}_{6}$ octahedra---are rarer in compositions with a single, chemically unique $B$ site. The presence of a CBD relies on electronic instabilities of the $B$-site cations, either orbital degeneracies or valence-state fluctuations, and often appear concomitant with charge order metal-insulator transitions or $B$-site cation ordering. We enumerate the structural variants obtained from rotational and breathing lattice modes and formulate a general Landau functional describing their interaction. We use this information and combine it with statistical correlation techniques to evaluate the role of atomic scale distortions on the critical temperatures in representative charge ordering nickelate and bismuthate perovskites. Our results provide microscopic insights into the underlying structure-property interactions across electronic and magnetic phase boundaries, suggesting plausible routes to tailor the behavior of functional oxides by design.
Coulomb-nuclear interference with pions

Abstract We propose that Coulomb-nuclear interference experiments be analyzed directly in terms of fN(θ), where fN(θ) is defined as the difference between the complete elastic scattering amplitude and the Coulomb amplitude. The advantages are : (i) this analysis works even for heavy nuclei and (ii) the results do not depend on models of the strong interaction. Once fN is known it is possible to extract the purely strong amplitude fS(θ) using an analysis with the Bethe phase φB. We point out some mistakes that have been commonly made in applying the West-Yennie theory for φB. For N = Z nuclei we show how fS and φB may be determined directly from the data without a detailed theory of φB; applying these ideas to the 16O data of Mutchler et al., we find a substantially different result : namely that Re fS(0) = 0 at 178 ± 4 MeV, a shift of 16 MeV from the previously published number. The φB that we extract from the data is in reasonable agreement with the West-Yennie prediction. We also make calculations to assess the validity of the West-Yennie formula for φB within the framework of the optical model ; ReφB is in substantial agreement for 40Ca for incident pion energies T > 100 MeV, but Im φ has less accuracy than one would like.
Disorder IN C60 Intercalation Compounds and Implications for Superconductivity

Abstract Alkali metal intercalation compounds of C60 have attracted a great deal of interest, due primarily to the existence of superconductivity in some members of the family but also to the richness of the binary phase equilibria versus metal concent, ration, temperature and hydrostatic pressure. The C60 host lattice itself exhibits novel structural and dynamical properties, many of which are associated with orientational ordering of the molecules [1]. The extent to which disorder of all kinds plays a role in phase equilibria and superconductivity of the doped phases is just beginning to be appreciated. Here I review briefly what is currently known.
Host society acculturation and health practices and outcomes in the United States: Public health policy and research implications worldwide

The unprecedented ethnocultural diversity in the United States and other Western countries likely changes the social norms for various health practices in the host populations, thus impacting prevalence of such practices and leading to the need for modification of public health policies. However, application of host acculturation (HA) principles in the public health domain remains underdeveloped. We conducted a narrative review of theoretical and empirical information about the association between HA and health practices or outcomes, drawing on evidence from health-care services, complementary and alternative medicine, diet, smoking, alcohol use, and psychological well-being. Given the experience of different countries with large immigrant populations, future multidisciplinary studies are needed both to supply additional empirical evidence and to identify ubiquitous HA processes, and thus inform public health promotion initiatives in the United States and worldwide.
A 19μW, 100kbps Impulse Radio transceiver for body-area-networks

In this paper we present the design and measured results of a duty-cycled, non-coherent Impulse Radio transceiver. The designed transceiver was measured to consume only 19μW at a data-rate of 100kbps. The design gives a BER of 10−5 and works for a range of 2.5m at an average Rx-sensitivity of −81dBm, making it useful for low-power short-range wireless communication systems such as body area networks. The transceiver enables both OOK and BPSK schemes and can be configured to use a pseudo-coherent self-correlated signature detection and generation mechanism. This added functionality helps distinguish different types of pulses such as timing and data-pulses in real time. The transceiver was designed in a 90nm CMOS process and occupies 2.3mm2 area.
Further studies of urea-catalyzed phosphorylation reactions.

We have analyzed the products formed when mixtures of a nucleoside and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate are heated with an excess of urea. If there is more phosphate than nucleoside in the mixture, compounds containing pyrophosphate bonds are obtained. If uridine, as nucleoside, is in excess over phosphate, di- and oligonucleotides are formed.
Time-Out with Children. Effects of an Explanation and Brief Parent Training on Child and Parent Behaviors.

The purpose of the present study was twofold: (a) to determine the effect of an explanation prior to or after time-out on child compliance and on child disruptive behavior during time-out and (b) to determine the effect of brief parent training in time-out on child and parent behaviors. Thirty-two mother—child pairs served as subjects and were assigned to one of the following four groups: control, time-out only, explanation prior to time-out, or explanation following time-out. Each mother—child pair was observed for one session under pretraining, training, and posttraining conditions. The results indicated that time-out significantly increased compliance but the addition of an explanation did not further alter the effectiveness of time-out. Training in the use of time-out decreased the incidence of maternal interruptions but did not affect maternal responses that were not trained. Finally, following brief time-out training for noncompliance, the mothers used the procedure only 50% of the time following noncompliance.
A non-continuous flow gas chamber for the cultivation of mammalian cells grown in Petri dishes.

Abstract Studies were performed on strain L cells grown in glass Petri dishes containing Eagle's MEM with Earle's BSS. The Petri dish cultures were held in a non-continuous flow gas chamber that was intermittently gassed with 95 per cent air (or O2)–5 per cent CO2. Using this system it was found that: A 95 per cent air–5 per cent CO2 atmosphere supported the growth of the cells in a typical logarithmic manner, with a generation time of about 24 h. The pH of the growth medium was maintained between 7.2–7.4. A significant growth inhibitory effect on cells exposed to high levels of oxygen (95 per cent O2–5 per cent CO2). The main advantage of the technique is that it requires only a small amount of gas and is, therefore, inexpensive to operate.
Oxygen Free-Radical Reduction of Brain Capillary Rubidium Uptake

: Free radicals are proposed to play a role in the injury following cerebral ischemia in which cerebral edema is a prominent feature. To determine whether free radicals might alter the movement of ions and water across the blood-brain barrier, we examined their effect on brain capillary transport. Rat brain capillaries were isolated, incubated with a system that generates free radicals, and various capillary transport systems were studied. Rubidium uptake was reduced 74% whereas rubidium efflux, glucose transport, and capillary water space were unchanged. The results following the addition of radical scavengers indicated that hydrogen peroxide or a related free radical was the toxic species. These data suggest that free radicals can impair capillary endothelial cell mechanisms that help maintain homeostasis of electrolytes and water in brain.
Attitudes About the Police and Neighborhood Safety in Disadvantaged Neighborhoods The Influence of Criminal Victimization and Perceptions of a Drug Problem

Building on past research, this study focuses on how the experience of victimization and being approached by a drug dealer relate to individuals' perceptions about neighborhood safety and in turn affect perceptions of the police. Ordinal logistic regression analyses are conducted on data from a sample of residents in socially and economically disadvantaged, high-crime neighborhoods. Findings suggest that victimization leads to perceptions that one is not safe, but being approached by a drug dealer has an even stronger effect. Being approached by a drug dealer and perceptions of being unsafe are the strongest factors affecting negative attitudes toward the police. Implications are provided.
Clinical Isolates of Shigella Species Induce Apoptosis in Macrophages

Shigella species are invasive enterobacteria that cause dysentery, a severe form of diarrhea. The ability to invade epithelial cells and to kill macrophages is essential for virulence in a prototype Shigella flexneri strain. It is shown here that clinical isolates of both S. flexneri and Shigella sonnei invade epithelial cells and are cytotoxic to macrophages in vitro. Furthermore, clinical Shigella strains kill macrophages by inducing apoptosis. The conservation of the ability to induce macrophage apoptosis by clinical isolates suggests that this function plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of Shigella species.
K-shell x-ray production cross sections of selected elements Ti to Sb for 1.0- to 5.0-MeV/amu $sup 7$Li ions

K-shell x-ray production cross sections for thin targets of selected elements Ti to Sb have been measured for $sup 7$Li ions in energy steps of 0.2 MeV/amu in the range from 1.0 to 5.0 MeV/amu. Comparisons of the cross-section data for the ligher elements (Z$sub 2$less than or equal to28) to the plane-wave Born approximation (PWBA) and the PWBA corrected for binding energy and Coulomb deflection show that the data are best represented at the lower energies by the corrected PWBA and approach the PWBA at the higher energies. When approximate relativistic corrections are made to the theories for the heavier elements studied, the same general trend is observed. Calculation of the ratio R=sigma (Z$sub 1$)/Z$sub 1$$sup 2$sigma (Z$sub 1$=1) supports the inclusion of binding- energy and Coulomb deflection corrections to the PWBA at the lower ion energies. The corrections to the PWBA, while improving the fit to the data, underestimate the cross sections by 10--100% in all cases. The K$beta$/K$alpha$ ratios are found to be in good agreement with theoretical estimates assuming single-hole ionization.
ANTICIPATED BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF DETONATING A TWENTY‐MEGATON WEAPON ON COLUMBUS CIRCLE IN NEW YORK CITY

The short-term effects that would result from the detonation of a single, relatively large, thermonuclear weapon on (or above) a single city are postulated. The potential economic, social, and biological disruption which are likely to constitute the sequelae to thermonuclear war are considered. However, the contention that nuclear weapons constitute the greatest threat to public health encountered in the recorded history of man becomes self-evident when one considers that the number of mortalities that would be caused by the Columbus Circle burst alone would be of the order of a magnitude greater than the combined battle deaths of all the wars ever fought by the United States. The problem of how best to meet this threat, and, specifically, the function of the scientific community as regards this problem, is considered briefly. (C.H.)
Hypertriton and hyperspherical harmonics

We study the hypertriton using the formalism of hyperspherical harmonics, for spin-independent NN and N..lambda.. two-body potentials of Gaussian shape. We use up to 19 Simonov harmonics for the Verma-Sural potential, and obtain a ground state energy 240 keV below their value of -2.35 MeV found for 9 Simonov harmonics. The partial waves are used to calculate various expectation values for the hypertriton. We readjust the strength of the ..lambda..N potential to obtain agreement between the calculated energy and the experimental value.
Convection Near the Temperature of Maximum Density for High Rayleigh Number, Low Aspect Ratio, Rectangular Cavities

Natural convection in rectangular cavities with the vertical endwalls differentially heated about the temperature of maximum density of water was studied in the laboratory. In order to control heat losses, the experiments were conducted in a large cold room with the air temperature maintained at 4C. The Rayleigh number was varied over the range 10{sup 5} to 10{sup 8} and the aspect ratio over the range 0.1 to 0.5. The flow field consisted of a double cellular circulation, and the observed temperature field, flow field, and heat transfer rates were compared with analytical predictions in the diffusive regime. The experiments demonstrated that the interior inking flow was unstable for Ra > 10{sup 7}.
Difficulties in emotional regulation and substance use disorders: A controlled family study of bipolar adolescents

Background Self-regulatory mechanisms appear etiologically operant in the context of both substance use disorders (SUD) and bipolar disorder (BD), however, little is known about the role of deficits in emotional self-regulation (DESR) as it relates to SUD in context to mood dysregulation. To this end, we examined to what extent DESR was associated with SUD in a high-risk sample of adolescents with and without BD.
Origin of Capes and Shoals along the Southeastern Coast of the United States

The origin of the prominent capes and shoals along the southeastern coast has not been satisfactorily explained. Previously proposed mechanisms, including back-set eddies of the Florida Current (Gulf Stream), longshore-offshore drift, structural uplift, and variations in wave incidence, are improbable because of the concentration of wave energy on headlands. Wave refraction favors the retreat of headlands, and an alternate hypothesis for the origin of the capes and offshore shoals must be considered. The concurrence of capes and rivers is too prevalent to be fortuitous. Cape Fear, North Carolina, and Cape Romain-Santee Point, South Carolina, coincide with the mouths of rivers; lesser capes at Tybee and Little St. Simons Islands correspond to the discharge areas of major Georgia rivers. Cape Lookout, North Carolina, is postulated to correspond to a shoal area seaward of the Pleistocene mouth of the Neuse River prior to capture by the Pamlico River. Development of the Cape Hatteras complex has been augmented by sediments from the Roanoke and Pamlico Rivers and from the Susquehanna River-Chesapeake Bay system. These capes are not deltas under present conditions; however, at the beginning of a glacial stage, the river gradients were markedly increased by sea-level lowering and deltas developed. As the sea retreated, the deltas formed farther seaward on the continental shelf, resulting in the deposition of deltaic ridges of sediment perpendicular to the coast. During the subsequent submergence which accompanied glacial melting, the deltas became the loci of barrier islands and prominent capes. Submergence was accompanied by erosion and retreat of the barrier capes resulting in the present capes, shoals, and embayments.
The effect of newtonian cooling on the reflection and dissipation of hydromagnetic waves in a viscous and thermally conducting isothermal atmosphere

Abstract In this paper, we investigate the problem of the effect of Newtonian cooling on vertically propagating magneto-acoustic waves resulting from a uniform horizontal magnetic field in a viscous and thermally conducting isothermal atmosphere. We consider the case in which the combined effect of the viscosity and the magnetic field is large compared to that of the thermal conduction. It will be shown that the atmosphere may be divided into two distinct regions connected by a transition layer in which the reflection and the modification of the waves take place. In the lower region the effect of the thermal diffusivity, kinematic viscosity and Alfven speed is negligible, whereas in the upper region the effect of these quantities is more pronounced. Moreover, if the Newtonian cooling coefficient is large compared to the adiabatic cut off frequency, it will act directly to eliminate the temperature perturbation associated with the wave in a short time compared to the period of oscillation. This eliminates ...
The Kaluza-Klein Program in Supergravity

First a nontechnical introduction is given to supersymmetry, supergravity and Kaluza-Klein ideas. Details of d = 11 and d = 10 supergravity are discussed and relations to superstring theories are mentioned. Then, as a technical part, we present a general method to compute, for any compact reductive coset manifold, the spectrum of scalars, vectors, spinors etc. We work through an example which is neither too trivial nor too complicated. This method may be useful whenever one considers Kaluza-Klein-like compactifications of spacetime manifolds.
Quality of Life in Breast Cancer Patients: the Contribution of Data to the Care of Patients

A primary test of the usefulness of quality of life research is the extent to which it has been helpful in informing clinical practice and in minimising or preventing psychosocial distress among patients and their families. Clinical applications of quality of life data in five areas are summarised: alerting physicians and nurses to common patient concerns, informing patients of common reactions to breast cancer, aiding patients and physicians in decision-making, developing training programmes for medical personnel, and designing interventions for patients and their families. Although substantial progress has been made in applying quality of life data to improve clinical practice, further progress is possible. As with many other areas of medical practice, we must work towards developing more effective means of disseminating this information to clinicians and encouraging them to integrate it into their practice.