cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A weighted Shifted Boundary Method for free surface flow problems

Abstract The Shifted Boundary Method (SBM) belongs to the class of unfitted (or immersed, or embedded) finite element methods and was recently introduced for the Poisson, linear advection/diffusion, Stokes, Navier-Stokes, acoustics, and shallow-water equations. By reformulating the original boundary value problem over a surrogate (approximate) computational domain, the SBM avoids integration over cut cells and the associated problematic issues regarding numerical stability and matrix conditioning. Accuracy is maintained by modifying the original boundary conditions using Taylor expansions. Hence the name of the method, that shifts the location and values of the boundary conditions. In this article, we extend the SBM to the simulation of incompressible Navier-Stokes flows with moving free-surfaces, by appropriately weighting its variational form with the elemental volume fraction of active fluid. This approach prevents spurious pressure oscillations in time, which would otherwise be produced if the total active fluid volume were to change abruptly over a time step. In fact, the proposed weighted SBM method induces small mass (i.e., volume) conservation errors, which converge quadratically in the case of piecewise-linear finite element interpolations, as the grid is refined. We present an extensive set of two- and three-dimensional tests to demonstrate the robustness and accuracy of the method.
Complete resolution of arrhythmia-induced hydrops fetalis in utero

A 21-year-old G3P2011 Caucasian woman at 27 weeks’ gestation presented with fetal tachyarrhythmia between 240 and 270 beats per minute. Fetal supraventricular tachycardia, abdominal ascites, pleural effusion and pericardial effusion indicated hydrops fetalis. Management with digoxin and flecainide converted the fetus to sinus rhythm and resolved the ascites and pleural effusion within 4 days of treatment. Flecainide was discontinued at 31 weeks’ gestation due to elevated liver enzymes. Intrahepatic cholestasis was treated with ursodiol. Caesarean section was performed at 37 weeks’ gestation. Neonatal echocardiogram revealed a bicuspid aortic valve with mild regurgitation and a patent foramen ovale, and the infant showed no subsequent evidence of tachyarrhythmia or hydrops after delivery. Treatment of hydrops fetalis in the antenatal period is complex, and early diagnosis and treatment can quickly resolve supraventricular tachycardia-induced hydrops fetalis.
Stabilization of High-Order Methods

In this chapter we address the question of how to stabilize high-order methods, focusing on the application of these methods to hyperbolic equations, particularly for wave propagation. All numerical methods suffer from aliasing errors, particularly methods that have little to no inherent dissipation such as high-order methods; we saw this in the dissipation-dispersion analysis of CG and DG methods in Ch. 7. In order to avoid numerical instabilities caused by such errors, high-order methods must use some form of stabilization mechanism, whereby this mechanism usually takes the form of dissipation. Note that this dissipation can be viewed in numerous ways, some not so favorably. However, another way of viewing these mechanisms is to acknowledge that energy must be allowed to cascade from the higher frequencies to the lower frequencies (Kolmogorov scales). This is in fact a very physical argument that confirms the need for such dissipation. For element-based Galerkin methods, the options available to us for introducing dissipation include: diffusion or hyper-diffusion (also called hyper-viscosity) operators that are tailored to only target high-frequency noise, low-pass filters which curtail the solution in the frequency domain, element-based limiters, and upwinding methods. In this chapter, we refer to diffusion-based stabilization as hyper-diffusion and only discuss upwinding methods for the discontinuous Galerkin method because it is essential to the general construction of DG methods since all DG methods must use a numerical flux and this flux, we have already seen in Chs. 6 and 7, performs best when it is based on upwinding methods. It should be noted that upwinding methods are also available for CG methods such as in the Petrov-Galerkin method [107] and in the relatively new discontinuous Petrov-Galerkin method [44]. Unlike the Bubnov-Galerkin method where the test and trial functions are always the same, the Petrov-Galerkin method uses different test and trial functions. We do not discuss Petrov-Galerkin methods in detail but cover other related upwinding-type methods for both CG and DG, such as the streamline upwinding Petrov-Galerkin (SUPG) method [48], the variational multi-scale (VMS) method [209], and a new stabilization known as the dynamic sub-grid scale (DSGS) method [268]. We also discuss a relatively new approach to stabilize numerical methods using an approach referred to as provably stable methods.
The Impact of the Parenteral Opioid Medication Shortages on Opioid Utilization Practices in the Emergency Department of Two University Hospitals.

Both opioid and non-opioid analgesics are commonly utilized in treating acute and chronic pain in the emergency department (ED). Opioid stewardship efforts have focused on judicious opioid use and opioid alternatives as first-line analgesics. Parenteral opioid formulations have been impacted by periodic shortages creating the opportunity for a natural experiment to observe how emergency clinician prescribing behavior may be impacted. We investigated the change in analgesic practice related to a period of parenteral opioid shortage at two large urban, academic medical centers. A retrospective review of pharmacy administration data from two academic urban EDs was performed looking at time periods before, during, and after resolution of the parenteral opioid shortage. The data were analyzed by medication, dose, time, number of doses, and oral morphine milligram equivalents (MME) administered per patient. The percentage of patients who received any opioid among ED visits decreased during the shortage period and did not return to pre-shortage levels after the shortage ended: 11.5% pre, 8.5% during (p=0.01), 7.2% post (NS; p=0.18). The number of doses of either oral or IV opioid doses administered during the shortage decreased significantly: 8.7% pre, 5.6% during (p=0.02) for PO, and 13.7% pre, 9.0% during (p=0.004) for IV, and neither changed during recovery from the shortage. The percentage of patients receiving non-opioid analgesics rose from 30.5% before to 45.8% (p=0.004) after the shortage. Among patients who received opioids, the MME per patient did not change across the time periods: 11.5% before, 11.2% during, 12.7% post. A period of restricted opioid use due to parenteral opioid shortages led to less opioid use overall and fewer patients treated with opioids, yet no significant change in opioid MME administered per patient requiring opioids. Overall, the shift in opioid prescribing during the parenteral opioid shortage appeared to be sustained in the post-shortage period.
Nineteen Sixty Something

In the late 1960s, LeRoi Jones became Imamu Amiri Baraka, a name change reflecting his move to a cultural nationalist ideology. Also reflective of that movement was his establishment of Jihad Productions. Jihad released three record albums. The first, Sonny’s Time Now, included a performance of Baraka’s poem “Black Art.” On this recording we hear the far more performative recitation mode Baraka evolved in the course of this decade. Jihad also released a recorded performance of Baraka’s play A Black Mass, accompanied by the Sun Ra Arkestra, and the album Black & Beautiful—Soul & Madness. As the sixties blended into the seventies, Baraka was given an unusual opportunity by Motown Records, and was able to record a full studio album of his word-sound works.
Case Report: Refractory Immune-Mediated Necrotizing Myositis and Limited English Proficiency

Statement of Significance We report the case of a 76-year-old Spanish-speaking patient with a three-year history of statin induced immune-mediated necrotizing myositis (IMNM) who presented with worsening symptoms and increasing creatinine kinase levels despite escalating treatment strategies. IMNM is a rare and challenging diagnosis. This case report details a myositis flare refractory to first and second-line therapies. Our report also examines limited English proficiency as a structural barrier to care in the United States, particularly in the setting of visits conducted via telehealth modalities. Purpose: To report a rare presentation of statin-induced IMNM and the clinical impacts of language barriers and telehealth. Methods: Case report. Results: A 76-year-old male with a three-year history of statin-induced IMNM presented for follow-up to the rheumatology clinic. He reported worsening weakness after beginning leucovorin to mitigate side effects ascribed to methotrexate therapy. He had previously achieved baseline strength and normal creatinine kinase (CK) levels with a regimen of weekly methotrexate and monthly infusion of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). His decline in condition appeared to result from inappropriate medication scheduling due to a language barrier. The patient was taking weekly leucovorin on the day before his weekly dose of methotrexate, thus mitigating the efficacy of methotrexate. However, his condition continued to decline with three months of the recommended treatment schedule. The patient was then switched to mycophenolate mofetil as an alternative immunosuppressant. This therapy has demonstrated benefit thus far and provided the patient with symptomatic relief.
Erkenntnisse der persönlichkeitsorientierten Sexualstraftäterforschung

Nicht nur die Betrachtung des Tatorts und eine Analyse des dortigen Geschehens ist fur die Taterprofilerstellung von Noten, auch die Suche nach spezifischen Personlichkeitsstrukturen von Straftatern im Allgemeinen bzw. die Suche nach spezifischen Personlichkeitsstrukturen und Merkmalen bestimmter Straftatergruppen kann bei der Profilerstellung von besonderem Nutzen sein. Zentrale Fragen dabei sind, ob es spezifische Personlichkeitsstrukturen gibt, die fur Straftater kennzeichnend sind, ob charakteristische Sozialisationserfahrungen eine entscheidende Rolle fur eine delinquente Karriere spielen und, ob die Ursache fur das abweichende Verhalten auch in aktuellen Lebensbedingungen zu suchen ist. Empirische Erkenntnisse zu diesen Fragestellungen werden im Folgenden dargelegt.
Chapter 4 – Chemical rocket propulsion

Publisher Summary Rocket propulsion is based on the principle that a vehicle can gain momentum by expelling mass stored in the vehicle itself. Therefore, rocket propulsion differs from the air-breathing propulsion of aircraft jet engines, where most of the mass involved in the propulsion is atmospheric air. The source of energy in rocket propulsion is almost always the chemical energy released by the combustion of a fuel with an oxidizer. The basic principles that govern the properties of the gas after combustion as it expands in the nozzle are the same for all liquid-propellant and most solid-propellant motors. For a class of small thrusters, chemical energy is released by the decomposition of a single propellant, referred to as a “monopropellant,” most often hydrazine. Ion or colloid engines, thermal and magnetoplasmadynamic arc jets, resisto-jets, and related devices use electrical energy for their principal energy source. In space, this energy may be derived from solar cells or conversion from the thermal energy produced by radioisotope sources or by nuclear reactors. Electrical propulsion can have a far larger specific impulse, albeit at the cost of a much smaller thrust, than chemical propulsion. The most common liquid propellant systems use a separate oxidizer and fuel. Such propellants are referred to as bipropellants. The propellant tanks of launch vehicles are often designed as integral parts of the vehicle structure. The principal function of the engine control is to ensure the correct flow rates of the propellants.
Intra-articular Corticosteroid Treatment of Inflammatory Joint Diseases

On January 27, 1951, a study group led by Joseph Lee Hollander injected three rheumatoid arthritis patients with the first intra-articular hydrocortisone injections. These three patients showed clinical improvements in local inflammation. This group went on to inject 1,500 test patients with nearly 24,000 injections into the joints, bursae, and tendon sheaths. Fifty percent of these patients experienced clinically significant improvement of local inflammation [1]. Over the last 65 years, corticosteroid injections have become a valuable and efficacious treatment option in the management of inflammatory arthritis with an excellent safety record [2].
Assessment of family psychosocial functioning in survivors of pediatric cancer using the PAT2.0

Background This study aimed to examine clinical validity and utility of a screening measure for familial psychosocial risk, the Psychosocial Assessment Tool 2.0 (PAT2.0), among pediatric cancer survivors participating in long-term survivorship care. Methods Caregivers (N = 79) completed the PAT2.0 during their child's survivorship appointment. Caregivers also reported on family engagement in outpatient mental health treatment. Medical records were reviewed for treatment history and oncology provider initiated psychology consults. Results The internal consistency of the PAT2.0 total score in this survivorship sample was strong. Psychology was consulted by the oncology provider to see 53% of participant families, and families seen by psychology had significantly higher PAT2.0 total scores than families without psychology consults. PAT2.0 total scores and corresponding subscales were higher for patients, parents, and siblings enrolled in outpatient mental health services since treatment completion. Results were consistent with psychosocial risk categories presented within the Pediatric Psychosocial Preventative Health Model. Fifty-one percent of families presenting for survivorship care scored in the “universal” category, 34% scored in the “targeted” category, and 15% scored in the “clinical” category. Conclusions Data indicate that the overall proportions of families experiencing “universal”, “targeted”, and “clinical” levels of familial distress may be constant from the time of diagnosis into survivorship care. Overall, the PAT2.0 demonstrated strong psychometric properties among survivors of pediatric cancer and shows promise as a psychosocial screening measure to facilitate more effective family support in survivorship care. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A pass transistor design methodology for 256 Mbit DRAM and beyond

A novel pass transistor design methodology to optimize gate oxide thickness (t/sub ox/), booted wordline voltage (V/sub WL/), substrate bias (V/sub sub/), and processing conditions is presented in this paper. It is found that for a gate length of 0.3 /spl mu/m a t/sub ox/ of about 85 /spl Aring/ (which is much thicker than the /spl sim/65 /spl Aring/ t/sub ox/ for 0.25 /spl mu/m logic technology) to support a V/sub WL/ of 3.75 V, a V/sub sub/ of about -1 V, and As LDD are the optimum technological choices for 256 Mbit DRAM. >
Is Therapeutic Cloning Dead

The ability to generate pluripotent stem cells directly from skin fibroblasts may render ethical debates over the use of human oocytes to create stem cells irrelevant.
A wake-up call from the thalamus.

The role of thalamic burst firing in normal behavior has been controversial, but a paper in this issue offers powerful evidence that bursting may serve as a 'wake-up call' to cortex.
Strategic Path Reliability in Information Networks

We consider a model of an information network where nodes can fail and transmission of information is costly. The formation of paths in such networks is modeled as the Nash equilibrium of an N player routing game. The task of obtaining this equilibrium is shown to be NP-Hard. We derive analytical results to identify conditions under which the equilibrium path is congruent to well known paths such as the most reliable or cheapest neighbor path. The issue of characterizing off-equilibrium paths in the game is addressed and different path utility metrics proposed. Our first metric measures the degree of individual node suboptimality by evaluating paths in terms of the weakness of the worst-off player. It is shown that there exist information networks not containing paths of weakness less than Vr/3. Consequently, guaranteeing approximate equilibrium paths of bounded weakness is computationally difficult. We next propose a team game with players having a common payoff function whose equilibrium outcome can be computed in polynomial time. Finally, a fair team game with bounded payoffdifference is proposed whose equilibrium is also easily computable.
5HT4 Receptors Couple Positively to Tetrodotoxin-Insensitive Sodium Channels in a Subpopulation of Capsaicin-Sensitive Rat Sensory Neurons

The distribution of tetrodotoxin (TTX)-sensitive and -insensitive Na+ currents and their modulation by serotonin (5HT) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) was studied in four different types of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cell bodies (types 1, 2, 3, and 4), which were previously identified on the basis of differences in membrane properties (). Types 1 and 2 DRG cells expressed TTX-insensitive Na+ currents, whereas types 3 and 4 DRG cells exclusively expressed TTX-sensitive Na+ currents. Application of 5HT (1-10 microM) increased TTX-insensitive Na+ currents in type 2 DRG cells but did not affect Na+ currents in type 1, 3, or 4 DRG cells. The 5HT receptor involved resembled the 5HT4 subtype. It was activated by 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (10 microM) but not by 5-carboxyamidotryptamine (1 microM), (+)-8-hydroxydipropylaminotetralin (10 microM), or 2-methyl-5HT (10 microM), and was blocked by ICS 205-930 with an EC50 of approximately 2 microM but not by ketanserin (1 microM). PGE2 (4 or 10 microM) also increased Na+ currents in varying portions of cells in all four groups. The effect of 5HT and PGE2 on Na+ currents was delayed for 20-30 sec after exposure to 5HT, suggesting the involvement of a cytosolic diffusible component in the signaling pathway. The agonist-mediated increase in Na+ current, however, was not mimicked by 8-chlorophenylthio-cAMP (200 microM), suggesting the possibility that cAMP was not involved. The data suggest that the 5HT- and PGE2-mediated increase in Na+ current may be involved in hyperesthesia in different but overlapping subpopulations of nociceptors.
Symbiotic lactobacilli stimulate gut epithelial proliferation via Nox‐mediated generation of reactive oxygen species

The resident prokaryotic microbiota of the metazoan gut elicits profound effects on the growth and development of the intestine. However, the molecular mechanisms of symbiotic prokaryotic–eukaryotic cross‐talk in the gut are largely unknown. It is increasingly recognized that physiologically generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) function as signalling secondary messengers that influence cellular proliferation and differentiation in a variety of biological systems. Here, we report that commensal bacteria, particularly members of the genus Lactobacillus , can stimulate NADPH oxidase 1 (Nox1)‐dependent ROS generation and consequent cellular proliferation in intestinal stem cells upon initial ingestion into the murine or Drosophila intestine. Our data identify and highlight a highly conserved mechanism that symbiotic microorganisms utilize in eukaryotic growth and development. Additionally, the work suggests that specific redox‐mediated functions may be assigned to specific bacterial taxa and may contribute to the identification of microbes with probiotic potential.
A DECISION SUPPORT TOOL FOR SHELLFISH MANAGEMENT IN MISSISSIPPI SOUND

Abstract The Eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) is an economically important fisheries resource along the US Gulf Coast and the eastern seaboard. In the past few years, Mississippi has ranked second in the country in shellfish production, harvesting an average of 350,000 sacks (~15.8 million kg of oysters) per year. A GIS-based decision support tool was developed to aid the Mississippi Department of Marine Resources in managing shellfish in the state. The tool was designed using the ESRI ArcGis 8.3 Arcview software, which enabled us to integrate GIS data layers (e.g., oyster reef sites) with a program that automatically obtains Pearl River stage (gage height) and rainfall amount data from the USGS and NOAA websites, respectively. The program then compares the data with established area-specific standards and makes recommendations to the shellfish manager on the area(s) that should be closed or opened. The decision support tool is the first tool developed for shellfish management in the US Gulf Coast a...
Fuzzy implication and compatibility modification

The authors examine the separability of several common families of compatibility modification (CM) inference techniques. CM fuzzy inference separates the evaluation of the antecedent of a rule from the generation of the output. The determination of the degree to which the input matches the antecedent is determined by a compatibility measure and an aggregation operator. The order in which these operations occurs changes the set of applicable rules. Separability conditions are introduced to define circumstances in which rule evaluation is independent of the input evaluation strategy. It is shown that compatibility modification inference using fuzzy partial matching and Minkowski dissimilarity satisfies several separability conditions. >
A cross cultural comparison of ethical perspectives and decision approaches of business students: United States of America versus New Zealand

While differences do exist, there are many ethical issues which transcend national barriers. In order to contribute to the development of understanding of global ethics, this study documents the existing ethical perspectives of collegiate business students from two countries and identifies the determinants of their ethical orientations.
SOX9 Regulates Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-related Protein 6 (LRP6) and T-cell Factor 4 (TCF4) Expression and Wnt/β-catenin Activation in Breast Cancer

Gene expression profiling has identified breast cancer (BCa) subtypes, including an aggressive basal-like (BL) subtype. The molecular signals underlying the behavior observed in BL-BCa group are largely unknown, although recent results indicate a prevalent increase in Wnt/β-catenin activity. Our immunohistochemistry study confirmed that SOX9, one of the BL-BCa signature genes, was expressed by most BL-BCa, and its expression correlated with indicators of poor prognosis. Importantly, BCa gene expression profiling strongly associated SOX9 with the expression of Wnt/β-catenin pathway components, LRP6 and TCF4. In cancer cell lines, SOX9 silencing reduced cell proliferation and invasion, LRP6 and TCF4 transcription, and decreased Wnt/β-catenin activation. SOX9 expression was also increased by Wnt, indicating that SOX9 is at the center of a positive feedback loop that enhances Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Consistently, SOX9 overexpression in BCa cell lines and transgenic SOX9 expression in breast epithelium caused increased LRP6 and TCF4 expression and Wnt/β-catenin activation. These results identify SOX9-mediated Wnt/β-catenin activation as one of the molecular mechanisms underlying aberrant Wnt/β-catenin activity in BCa, especially in the BL-BCa subgroup.
Microwave Spectra of the Tl, In, and Ga Monohalides

A high-temperature spectrometer has been used to study the rotational spectra of the gallium, indium, and thallium monohalides. The molecular constants are The quadrupole coupling constants determined in the present experiment are related to the molecular bond and the role of $s\ensuremath{-}p$ hybridization in the molecular bond is discussed.
Radiation induced crosslinking in a silica-filled silicone elastomer as investigated by multiple quantum H NMR

DC745 is a commercially available silicone elastomer consisting of dimethyl, methylphenyl, and vinyl-methyl siloxane monomers crosslinked with a peroxide vinyl specific curing agent. It is generally considered to age gracefully and to be resistant to chemical and thermally harsh environments. However, little data exists on the radiation resistance of this commonly used silicone elastomer. We report static {sup 1}H NMR studies of residual dipolar couplings in DC745 solid elastomers subject to exposure to ionizing gamma radiation. {sup 1}H spin-echo NMR data shows that with increasing dose, the segmental dynamics decrease is consistent with radiatively induced crosslinking. {sup 1}H multiple quantum NMR was used to assess changes in the network structure and observed the presence of a bimodal distribution of residual dipolar couplings, , that were dose dependent. The domain with the lower has been assigned to the polymer network while the domain with the higher has been assigned to polymer chains interacting with the inorganic filler surfaces. In samples exposed to radiation, the residual dipolar couplings in both reservoirs were observed to increase and the populations were observed to be dose dependent. The NMR results are compared to Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and a two-step solvent swelling technique. The solvent swelling data lend support to the interpretation of the NMR results and the DSC data show both a decrease in the melt temperature and the heat of fusion with cumulative dose, consistent with radiative crosslinking. In addition, DSC thermograms obtained following a 3 hr isothermal soak at -40 C showed the presence of a second melt feature at T{sub m} {approx} -70 C consistent with a network domain with significantly reduced segmental motion.
Applicability of PM3 to transphosphorylation reaction path: Toward designing a minimal ribozyme

A growing body of evidence shows that RNA can catalyze many of the reactions necessary both for replication of genetic material and the possible transition into the modern protein-based world. However, contemporary ribozymes are too large to have self-assembled from a prebiotic oligonucleotide pool. Still, it is likely that the major features of the earliest ribozymes have been preserved as molecular fossils in the catalytic RNA of today. Therefore, the search for a minimal ribozyme has been aimed at finding the necessary structural features of a modern ribozyme (Beaudry and Joyce, 1990). Both a three-dimensional model and quantum chemical calculations are required to quantitatively determine the effects of structural features of the ribozyme on the reaction it catalyzes. Using this model, quantum chemical calculations must be performed to determine quantitatively the effects of structural features on catalysis. Previous studies of the reaction path have been conducted at the ab initio level, but these methods are limited to small models due to enormous computational requirements. Semiempirical methods have been applied to large systems in the past; however, the accuracy of these methods depends largely on a simple model of the ribozyme-catalyzed reaction, or hydrolysis of phosphoric acid. We find that the results are qualitatively similar to ab initio results using large basis sets. Therefore, PM3 is suitable for studying the reaction path of the ribozyme-catalyzed reaction.
The biosynthesis of DNA by insects. I. The utilization of deoxycytidine by developing adults of the cecropia silkworm.

Abstract The pathway of deoxycytidine utilization was investigated in developing pupae of Hyalophora cecropia . The following intermediates were identified in a single assay system starting with deoxycytidine: deoxyuridine, deoxyuridine monophosphate, thymidine monophosphate, thymidine diphosphate, and thymidine triphosphate. The existence of this pathway was confirmed in several ways in addition to the detection of the actual intermediates. First, injection of [ 14 C]deoxycytidine or [ 14 C]deoxyuridine into developing pupae resulted in the localization of the label in the thymine moiety of DNA and no significant radioactivity was detected in the cytosine moiety. Second, omission of various components from the complete assay system produced a predictable loss of certain intermediates. Third, the activity of other enzymes which might compete with this pathway were not detected or detected in trace amounts, e.g. , deoxycytidine monophosphate deaminase, deoxycytidine kinase, thymidine synthetase, deoxyuridine monophosphate kinase and deoxycytidine degradative enzymes. The enzyme which converts deoxyuridine monophosphate to deoxythymidine monophosphate (thymidylate synthetase) was not detected in diapausing or injured diapausing pupae, but was present in significant amounts in developing pupae. The injection of [ 14 C]thymidine into developing pupae also resulted in the association of the radioactivity with DNA-thymine, but little or no thymidine kinase activity could be detected in the extracts.
Crack layer analysis of fatigue fracture in a metastable titanium alloy

Fatigue crack propagation (FCP) in Ti-15V-3Cr-3Al-3Sn alloy (where the composition is in approximate weight per cent) was studied using thin single-edge-notch specimens. The crack tip was preceded by a zone of transformation, the size of which increased considerably with crack advance. Microscope examination revealed a mixture of surface traces (due to shear deformation by slip and/or twinning) and microcracking. The extent of microcracking increased markedly with the crack depth. The crack layer theory is employed to relate the rate of FCP to the observed damage mechanisms. The analysis revealed two stages of FCP. Slip and/or twininng processes apparently dominated the first stage with a specific enthalpy of damage of 7 MJ m−3. The second stage, approaching critical crack propagation, is dominated by microcracking and is characterized by a specific enthalpy of damage of about 20 MJ m−3.
Intake and Nutritive Value of Florigraze Rhizoma Peanut Silage for Lactating Dairy Cows

Florigraze rhizoma peanut (Arachis glabrata Benth.) is a very persistent, high quality legume that is well adapted to subtropical and tropical environments. This legume was ensiled and compared with corn silage (Zea mays) as a feedstuff for lactating dairy cows. Twelve Holstein cows, including 4 ruminally fistulated cows (mean, 70 days in milk), were used in an experiment with a 4 x 4 Latin square design replicated three times. Diets were formulated to contain 50% concentrate on a dry matter (DM) basis. Dietary treatments were rhizoma peanut silage and corn silage fed at DM ratios of 0:50, 20:30, 35:15, and 50:0. The dry matter intake, digestibilities of DM and crude protein, and production of milk and fat-corrected milk decreased quadratically as the percentage of legume in the diet increased. Nearly all of the decrease occurred when rhizoma peanut silage was the sole forage in the diet. The organic matter digestibility of the two forage types was similar; however, digestion of crude protein in rhizoma peanut silage was only 45% (calculated using simultaneous equations). Ruminal pH increased, and ammonia and total volatile fatty acid concentrations decreased, as the percentage of rhizoma peanut silage in the diet increased. In situ digestion rate constants for DM of rhizoma peanut silage were twice that of corn silage, but extent of DM digestion was greater for corn silage. Passage rates of concentrates and forage were unaffected by dietary treatments. Rhizoma peanut silage can replace 70% of corn silage in diets containing 50% concentrate without affecting dairy cow performance.
Gender Differences in Perceptions of Coparenting Quality Among Expartners

Abstract Gender differences in perceptions of former partners regarding their breakup, as they relate to the quality of their coparenting relationship, were examined in a survey of 135 respondents (54 males, 81 females). No differences were found between men and women in perceived co-parenting quality or in 9 of 10 measures of past and present perceptions (women were more satisfied with their child custody arrangements). However, gender moderated the impact of two affective perceptions on quality coparenting (high support, low conflict). Women, but not men, who were higher in forgiveness, or perceived more remorsefulness in their expartner, had significantly higher scores on quality coparenting. These differences suggest gender-informed intervention strategies for facilitating coparenting quality among former partners.
Studies on Acholic Cachexia. V. Pathological Changes.

Conclusion1. In uninfected bile fistulas no degenerative changes in the liver occur nor does osteoporosis.
Screening of water dipoles inside finite-length armchair carbon nanotubes

Short single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) have been proposed as good candidates for artificial nano-scale channels due to their small size and stable structure. Unlike many insulating biological channels in nature, the nanotubes respond to external charges and electric potentials effectively due their delocalized /spl pi/-electrons. We study the electronic structure and dielectric properties of finite-length armchair SWNTs within a self-consistent /spl pi/-orbital tight binding (TB) method. By including up to the third nearest neighbor interactions, we have successfully reproduced the periodic oscillation of the finite band gap as a function of the nanotube length and the HOMO/LUMO orbitals predicted by ab initio calculations. We also look into the screening ability of SWNTs by applying uniform electric fields along or across the nanotubes. We show that as the length increases, the parallel screening constant /spl epsiv//sub /spl par// grows almost linearly to infinity while the perpendicular screening constant /spl epsiv//sub /spl perp// converges to its bulk value when the nanotube length exceeds ten times the radius. /spl epsiv//sub /spl par// and /spl epsiv//sub /spl perp// are found to have weak and strong dependence on the magnitude of the band gap respectively, which can be explained by the symmetry of the involved subbands.
Guidelines for the pressure and efficient sizing of pressure vessels for compressed air energy storage

Abstract The paper reports guidelines for the efficient design and sizing of Small-Scale Compressed Air Energy Storage (SS-CAES) pressure vessels, including guidelines for pressures that should be used in the SS-CAES system to minimize the cost of the pressure vessel. Under a specified energy storage capacity and specified maximum and minimum operating pressures in CAES, the volume of the vessel(s) can be evaluated. The present study provides guidelines for choosing appropriate shape and size for the vessels that minimize material and manufacturing cost for cylindrical vessels. The two main contributions of the paper are that it provides a methodology to determine: (a) an optimum pressure; (b) the shape, size, and number of vessel to be used in a particular application. Results suggest that pressure vessels with a length to diameter ratio of roughly three are the most economical, and that a system should be designed for a pressure of roughly three times the minimum pressure of the expansion device.
Functional Properties of Protein Isolate from Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.)

: Functional properties of protein isolates prepared from 3 cowpea varieties and 2 soybean varieties in each of 2 y were determined. Both cowpea protein isolate (CPI) and soy protein isolate (SPI) showed a u-shaped curve for solubility with the minimum solubility occurring at pH 4.5. The CPI had lower emulsifying activity than SPI but was similar in stability. Foaming capacity and foaming stability ranged from 58.6 to 60.2 mL and 63.7 to 64.4 min for CPI and from 31.9 to 33.0 mL and 43.4 to 45.0 min for SPI, respectively. Gels were formed at 70 °C for 40 min and 30 min for CPI (12%) and SPI (10%), respectively. The CPI needs modification to enhance functional properties for potential application in food products.
Think or click? Student preference for overt vs. covert responding in web-based instruction

Abstract This study investigated student preference for overt vs. covert responding in a web-based tutorial using a within-subject design. Twenty-six social psychology students were exposed to the same two treatment conditions: covert question format (which required passive responding—“thinking” about an answer) and overt question format (which required active responding—“clicking” on an answer). The majority of students preferred the overt format. There was a small difference in mean times to complete covert and overt questions. A negative relationship was found between the degree of preference for overt questions and the percent of overt questions answered correctly, and between the total time taken to complete the program and the percent of overt questions answered correctly. Findings lend support to integrating high levels of responding in web-based instruction due to high user preference.
An analysis of be-passives☆

Abstract The presence of the equivalents of the verb ‘to be’ in the passive constructions of various languages has prompted several analyses in which this verb was explicitly or implicitly considered a characteristic feature of passive in general. This is particularly true for transformational and some post-transformational grammars. This in turn has led to certain conclusions concerning the meaning of passive. The present paper shows that such analyses were in error and that ‘be’ is not an attribute of the passive. This is demonstrated by analyses of the meaning and form of passives in some thirty languages. The paper also presents a hypothesis as to why ‘be’ is present in the passive constructions of so many languages, namely because ‘be-passives’ are a subset of a set of sentences with nominal predicates. This hypothesis is supported by data from synchronic analyses of over thirty languages and by historical developments in several unrelated languages.
Effective stress rates of viscoelastic free jets

In a previous paper [1] the authors posit a 1-D theory for viscoelastic free jets, which incorporates the effects of elasticity, viscosity, inertia, surface tension, and gravity. The fluid is characterized within the theory by a Maxwell-Jeffreys viscoelastic constitutive model. In [1] the tensor rates in the Maxwell-Jeffreys model are restricted to be corotational; in this paper we consider the more general tensor rate where the rate parameter a is any real number. We apply the theory to incompressible axisymmetric free jets, and compare the special cases of a = 0 (corotational rates), a = 1 (upper convected rates), a = − 1 (lower convected rates) and a continuous within − 1 < a < 1. We find that the jet behavior as a function of stress state in the fluid at the nozzle differs qualitatively for different choices of the rate parameter. In an Appendix, we discuss how the 1-D model of this paper, obtained in [1] as a postulated 1-D theory (following ideas of [25–27]), can be derived by integrating a full 3-D viscoelastic theory over the cross section of the free jet, and demonstrate that the 1-D rate models of this paper correspond in an asymptotic sense to integrated 3-D rate models. (We also demonstrate that it is possible to posit other 1-D rate models which are invariant within the context of the 1-D theory but do not correspond to integrated 3-D rate models.) The descriptions of viscoelastic free jet behavior presented in this paper are therefore asymptotic solutions of both the postulated 1-D model for viscoelastic free jets, and the 1-D model derived by integrated of the 3-D theory.
Structural determinants of progesterone hydroxylation by cytochrome P450 2B5: the role of nonsubstrate recognition site residues.

Abstract The highly related rabbit cytochromes P450 2B4 and 2B5 differ in only 12 amino acid positions, but only 2B5 has activity toward progesterone. Previously, simultaneous site-directed mutagenesis of four key substrate recognition site (SRS) residues (114, 294, 363, and 367) was shown to result in interconversion of the androstenedione hydroxylase specificities of cytochrome P450 2B4 and 2B5. However, the progesterone metabolite profiles of the 2B4 quadruple mutant or of a quintuple mutant in which residue 370 was also mutated to the 2B5 residue were not identical to that of P450 2B5. Therefore, single mutants of P450 2B5 at the remaining seven positions were constructed, expressed in Escherichia coli, and studied with progesterone as the substrate. The single mutants at positions 120 and 221, which are outside any known SRS, exhibited a significant alteration in progesterone hydroxylation. Based on these results, Ile-114, Arg-120, Ser-221, Ser-294, Ile-363, and Val-367 in cytochrome P450 2B4 were replaced simultaneously with Phe, His, Pro, Thr, Val, and Ala, respectively, from 2B5. This yielded a mutant with a very similar progesterone metabolite profile to that of 2B5, although the total activity was lower. An additional substitution at residue 370 produced a multiple mutant P450 2B4 I114F-R120H-S221P-S294T-I363V-V367A-T370M with very similar or identical substrate specificity, regio- and stereospecificity and kinetic properties to that of P450 2B5 wild type.
Suppression of the critical current and the superfluid transition temperature of 3 He in a single submicron cylindrical channel

We report on an investigation into confined geometry effects and critical currents of superfluid3He in a single circular cylindrical channel. The diameter of the channel, 0.7 µm, is of the order of the (temperature-dependent) coherence length and its aspect ratio is ∼10. The reduction of the critical temperature demonstrates diffuse scattering on the solid walls of the microchannel. Using the Ginzburg-Landau formulation, we derive a model for the critical current and the critical temperature in a small, infinitely long, cylindrical channel with a circular cross section. The measured reductions of these quantities are in reasonable agreement with the predictions of the model.
Who are today's bariatric surgeons and which ones join the ASBS?

Abstract Background This study was undertaken to describe bariatric surgeons in the United States today and to determine whether those who are members of a major bariatric surgery specialty society differ from nonmembers. Methods We performed a national survey of a 50% cross-sectional random sample of all general surgeons in the United States to determine how many performed bariatric procedures. Through record linkage, we identified which surgeons were members of the American Society of Bariatric Surgeons (ASBS). We used bivariate tests of association (Pearson's χ 2 , Fisher's exact test, and the Student t -test) to compare demographic, training, and surgical practice characteristics of ASBS members and nonmembers. Results Of the 2906 survey respondents, 359 (12%) were bariatric surgeons. We estimated response rates of 55% among bariatric surgeons and 27% among others; 46% (n = 163) of those performing bariatric procedures were ASBS members. Members were more likely to be board-certified in general surgery, to perform newer surgical techniques, and to have a higher procedural volume. The years of bariatric experience were similar in the two groups. Conclusions Continuing medical education opportunities afforded by specialty society membership allow surgeons to remain abreast of the most recent advances in bariatric surgery technique and effectively address the complex health and psychosocial issues associated with morbid obesity. However, we found that only about half of all surgeons performing bariatric procedures in the United States are ASBS members. Standardization in the form of mandatory involvement in education and training activities or even specialty board certification in bariatric surgery might be necessary to ensure bariatric surgery skills and qualifications across the United States.
Evaluation of an educational intervention to promote breast pump use among women with infants in a special care nursery in Kenya.

Objectives: Development of an educational program for women of special care nursery (SCN) infants in Kenya about the use and cleaning of breast pumps through culturally appropriate teaching tools as well as conduction of an evaluation of change in knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and practical ability in pump use following the educational intervention. Design: An evaluation of an educational intervention. Sample: 40 women with infants in the SCN unable to directly breastfeed. Intervention: Educational intervention instructing electric or pedal breast pump use and cleaning with a pre- and posttest evaluation. Results: Paired t test scores of the combined practically oriented questions were significantly increased from 1.8 to 4.6 (p<.001) from pre- to posttest scores. Likewise, the practical demonstration of learned pump use skills significantly improved from 0.08 preintervention to 4.8 postintervention ( p<.001). Conclusions: Results of the evaluation indicated the intervention significantly increased women's practical knowledge regarding use and cleaning of the breast pump and accessories. With knowledge of proper use of breast pumps, women will be more likely to successfully utilize pumps to provide adequate milk volumes for SCN infants. A culturally appropriate educational intervention in developing countries appears to be a feasible means of facilitating instruction of breast pump use.
Five subspecies of the Dorogostaiskia parasitica complex (Dybowsky) (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Acanthogammaridae), epibionts of sponges in Lake Baikal

Based on morphological and molecular characters, the gammaroid amphipod Dorogostaiskia parasitica, living as an epibiont on sponges in Lake Baikal, Siberia, is here split into five parapatrically or allopatrically distributed subspecies: D. p. parasitica (Dybowsky, Horae Societatis Entomologicae Rossicae 10(Beiheft):1–218, 1874), D. p. kamaltynovi subsp. nov., D. p. hanajevi subsp. nov., D. p. ushkaniensis subsp. nov., and D. p. stenocephala subsp. nov. Diagnostic differences are described in the shape of dorsal keels, shape of head, length of antenna 1, number of segments of accessory flagellum, shape and armature of coxal plates, relative lengths of pereopod segments, and body coloration. Each subspecies is characterized by a distinct mitochondrial lineage, differing from others by 5–11% in the sequence of the COI gene, while they do not differ in nuclear 28S rRNA gene sequence. The question of taxonomic ranks for members of intralacustrine species complexes is considered and an argument is presented for a use of the subspecies rank for parapatrically distributed population segments that are distinguished by multiple independent geographically congruent character differences. This usage sorts out a pattern of systematic diversity lower than one based on documented reproductive isolation (e.g., sympatry) of full species but stronger than that based on single-gene genealogies alone.
Nicotinamide nucleotide analogues of nicotine and cotinine—enzymic studies

Abstract Analogues of NAD and NADP were prepared from cotinine, the major metabolite of nicotine, through the NADase-catalyzed exchange reaction These cotinine analogues and the corresponding nicotine analogues were hydrolyzed by snake venom nucleotide pyrophosphatase to produce the mononucleotides The ribosides of nicotine and cotinine were prepared from the mononucleotides by hydrolysis with snake venom 5'-nucleotidase The mononucleotide was the major product formed when (nicotine)AD or (cotinine)AD was incubated with a rabbit liver microsomal fraction. However, the ribosides were not detected when the mononueleotides were incubated with rabbit liver extract. If the nucleotide analogues are formed in vivo , the possibility exists that nicotine and cotinine mononucleotides could accumulate inside the cell.
Aminophylline may act as a morphine antagonist.

Summary A case is presented in which low dose intravenous aminophylline was successfully used to antagonize morphine-induced central nervous system and respiratory depression. The rationale for the use of aminophylline as a morphine antagonist, as well as possible mechanisms of action, are discussed.