cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Channelization and levee construction in Illinois: Review and implications for management

The environmental impact of loss of natural stream and riparian habitat is of concern throughout the United States and Europe. Environmental impacts related to such activities as channelization of and levee construction along streams and rivers are particularly apparent in the Midwestern United States. The objective of the research presented here was to delineate the extent, relative degree of impact, and implications for management of channelization and levee construction along watercourses located in the state of Illinois. According to records maintained through the Illinois Streams Information System data base (Illinois Department of Conservation), nearly 25% of surface water resources in the state have been modified directly by channelization and/or levee construction. Reviews of agency records, elaboration of case histories, interviews with agency personnel, and inspections of impacted sites indicated that these alterations have occurred without the benefit of effective mitigation. Although permit records may provide suggestions for mitigation to be incorporated in the design of a particular project, permits issued generally do not require even minimal instream habitat and bank stabilization efforts in conjunction with channel alteration. Information derived from policy and case study analyses suggests that institutional constraints, rather than lack of particular understanding about mitigation, provide major barriers to protecting the state's surface water resources in terms of regulatory review, policy interpretation and implementation, and project evaluation. Recommendations for environmental management efforts regarding these and similar channel alterations are elaborated from these findings.
Level 0 to 1 Algorithm Theoretical Basis for the On-Orbit Calibration of the Geostationary Imaging Fourier Transform Spectrometer

The University of Wisconsin-Madison Space Science and Engineering Center has applied its extensive experience in highly accurate radiometric and spectral calibration to the development of Level 0 to 1 ground data processing algorithms for the on-orbit calibration of the Geostationary Imaging FTS (GIFTS) sensor.
The effect of methylation of the 6 oxygen of guanine on the structure and stability of double helical DNA.

Abstract The effect of methylation of the 0–6 position of guanine in short segments of double helical DNA has been investigated by molecular mechanical simulations on the sequences d(CGCGCG)2, d(CGC+AFs-OMG+AF0-CG)2, d(CGT+AFs-OMG+AF0-CG)2, d(CGC+AFs-OMC+AF0-CG/(CGCGCG), d(CGC+AFs-OMG+AF0-CG/d(CGTGCG), d(CGCGAATTCGCG)2 and d(CGCGAATTC+AFs-OMG+AF0-CG)2. Guanines methylated at the 0–6 position are found to form hydrogen bonds of roughly equal strength to cytosine and thymine. The optimum structure of these modified base pairs are not dramatically different from normal GC pairs, but both involve some bifurcation of the proton donors of cytosine (4NH2) or thymine (3NH) between the guanine N3 and O6 groups.
Documentation of outcomes for sacroiliac joint fusion: does prior spinal fusion influence the outcome?

Purpose The purpose of this prospective case series (level II) was to determine the clinical outcomes of anterior SIJ fusion, comparing the outcomes of patients who had prior spinal fusions at any level compared to patients who have not.
Self-phase modulation and two-photon absorption imaging of cells and active neurons

Even though multi-photon fluorescence microscopy offers higher resolution and better penetration depth than traditional fluorescence microscopy, its use is restricted to the detection of molecules that fluoresce. Two-photon absorption (TPA) imaging can provide contrast in non-fluorescent molecules while retaining the high resolution and sectioning capabilities of nonlinear imaging modalities. In the long-wavelength water window, tissue TPA is dominated by the endogenous molecules melanin and hemoglobin with an almost complete absence of endogenous two-photon fluorescence. A complementary nonlinear contrast mechanism is self-phase modulation (SPM), which can provide intrinsic signatures that can depend on local tissue anisotropy, chemical environment, or other structural properties. We have developed a spectral hole refilling measurement technique for TPA and SPM measurements using shaped ultrafast laser pulses. Here we report on a microscopy setup to simultaneously acquire 3D, high-resolution TPA and SPM images. We have acquired data in mounted B16 melanoma cells with very modest laser power levels. We will also discuss the possible application of this measurement technique to neuronal imaging. Since SPM is sensitive to material structure we can expect SPM properties of neurons to change during neuronal firing. Using our hole-refilling technique we have now demonstrated strong novel intrinsic nonlinear signatures of neuronal activation in a hippocampal brain slice. The observed changes in nonlinear signal upon collective activation were up to factors of two, unlike other intrinsic optical signal changes on the percent level. These results show that TPA and SPM imaging can provide important novel functional contrast in tissue using very modest power levels suitable for in vivo applications.
High-spin polyarylmethyl polyradical: Fragment of a macrocyclic 2-strand based upon calix[4]arene rings

Annelated triple-calix[4]arene-based tetradecaether 1-(OMe)14 is synthesized. Its three isomers, 1X-(OMe)14, 1Y-(OMe)14, 1Z-(OMe)14, are isolated and characterized. The corresponding triarylmethyl carbopolyanion is prepared and oxidized to polyradical 1. SQUID magnetometry for 1 in THF-d8/2-MeTHF gives S = 6.2, below the theoretical value of 7 expected for strong ferromagnetic coupling between 14 “unpaired” electrons. Chemical quenching studies suggest that approximately one deuterium from the deuterated solvent is incorporated in 1, thus accounting in part for S < 7. Study of the temperature dependence of magnetization indicates that ferromagnetic coupling between “unpaired” electrons is not very strong in 1; i.e., the thermal population of low-spin excited states is detected in the cryogenic temperature range. Upon exposure of 1 in THF-d8/2-MeTHF to ambient temperature for 30 min, a narrow distribution of spin systems with an “average” S = 2.5 is obtained; upon a longer exposure time of 24 h, an “averag...
A numerical method for elastic and viscoelastic dynamic fracture problems in homogeneous and bimaterial systems

We present a summary of recent advances in the development of an efficient numerical scheme to be used in the investigation of a wide range of 2D and 3D dynamic fracture problems. The numerical scheme, which is based on a spectral representation of the boundary integral relations, can be applied to homogeneous and interfacial dynamic fracture problems involving planar cracks and faults of arbitrary shapes buried in elastic and viscoelastic media. Spontaneous propagation of the crack is achieved by combining the elastodynamic integral relations with a stress-based cohesive failure model. The objective of this paper is to present some of the major differences existing between the various formulations within the simpler 2D scalar framework of anti-plane shear (mode III) loading conditions. Examples are presented to illustrate some capabilities of the method.
Winifred Black's Teacherly Ethos: The Role of Journalism in Late-Nineteenth-century Rhetorical Education

This essay recovers the rhetorical career of San Francisco Examiner journalist Winifred Black to demonstrate how professional journalists used late-nineteenth-century newspapers for rhetorical education and social change. I analyze two campaigns—the “Orphan's Santa Claus” and the “Little Jim” crusade—to demonstrate how Winifred Black constructs a persuasive ethos capable of inspiring the writing and social action efforts of male and female children from various socioeconomic classes. Specifically, Black revises the rhetorical tradition of the “stunt girl reporter” in order to craft a teacherly ethos anchored in a “symbolic motherhood”—an effective rhetorical strategy due to close cultural links between teaching and mothering. Combined with aspects of what Karlyn Kohrs Campbell terms a “feminine style,” this ethos allows Black to promote not merely social change, but a particular kind of rhetorical education that: (1) privileges moral principles over grammatical and mechanical correctness and (2) blurs gen...
Viability and development of diploid and triploid salmonid hybrids

Abstract Three single-pair matings were made of each possible cross among Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), brown trout (Salmo trutta), chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta), coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Portions of fertilized eggs from each of the 108 matings were heat shocked to induce triploidy. Analysis of development in 9- and 18-day-old embryos showed that hybrids with a high proportion of malformed embryos usually also showed poor survival. Diploids usually survived better than triploids in within-species matings but poorer in hybrids. Crossing a female from a rapidly developing species with a male from a more slowly developing species usually produced progeny with greater viability than the reciprocal cross, and closely related species usually produced more viable hybrid progeny than did more distantly related species. Although no new hybrids that show potential for aquaculture purposes were identified, the experiments confirmed the potential utility of some hybrids and identified crosses which may be useful for gynogenesis.
Pharmacogenetics/genomics of membrane transporters in cancer chemotherapy

Inter-individual variability in drug response and the emergence of adverse drug reactions are main causes of treatment failure in cancer therapy. Recently, membrane transporters have been recognized as an important determinant of drug disposition, thereby affecting chemosensitivity and -resistance. Genetic factors contribute to inter-individual variability in drug transport and targeting. Therefore, pharmacogenetic studies of membrane transporters can lead to new approaches for optimizing cancer therapy. This review discusses genetic variations in efflux transporters of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) family such as ABCB1 (MDR1, P-glycoprotein), ABCC1 (MRP1), ABCC2 (MRP2) and ABCG2 (BCRP), and uptake transporters of the solute carrier (SLC) family such as SLC19A1 (RFC1) and SLCO1B1 (SLC21A6), and their relevance to cancer chemotherapy. Furthermore, a pharmacogenomic approach is outlined, which using correlations between the growth inhibitory potency of anticancer drugs and transporter gene expression in multiple human cancer cell lines, has shown promise for determining the relevant transporters for any given drugs and predicting anticancer drug response.
Towards the definition of slope instability behaviour in the Alverà mudslide (Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy)

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to describe the investigations carried out on a mudslide in the area of Cortina d'Ampezzo (Dolomites, Italy) in the framework of the TESLEC Project (the temporal stability and activity of landslides in Europe with respect to climatic change) supported by the Environment and Climate Programme of the European Union (contract no. EV5V-CT94-0454). After a brief geological and geomorphological description, the results of geotechnical investigations are presented. Several boreholes were drilled and equipped with inclinometer tubes, electric piezometers and extensiometer devices. The analysis of the rock cores allowed the identification of a main slip surface ranging from a depth of 18 to 25 m. Inclinometer measurements show a rate of movement of some centimetres per year. Another more superficial slip surface which appears very active was also identified at a depth of 5 m in the lower sector of the landslide. A detailed topographic survey was also carried out for measuring planimetric displacements and for the elaboration of a new reliable contour map and a high-detail section across the mudslide longitudinal axis. On the basis of collected data, a dynamic stability model was developed in order to determine the relationships between piezometric fluctuations and velocity variations. The model was first applied to the most superficial landslide which, owing to its geometrical characteristics, may be considered as an infinite slope.
Eddy transport of sensible heat and the life history of synoptic systems: A statistical analysis for the Southern Hemisphere winter

The efficiency of successive satellite-observed stages in the development of extratropical frontal cyclones for transporting eddy sensible heat at 850 mb on the Southern Hemisphere, is determined for the five winters (June through September) of 1973–1977. An inventory of cloud vortex data is allied with independent estimates of the zonally-averaged transient eddy heat flux, $$[\overline {v' T'} ]$$ , using a statistical technique known aspath analysis. Path analysis is an improvement over single equation linear regression models since it controls for the temporally continuous nature of cyclone evolution. The results indicate that different cloud vortex types are associated with characteristic regimes of $$\overline {v' T'} $$ . The quite strong poleward flux of heat effected in the cyclogenetic stages weakens substantially by the onset of dissipation. These results are in general agreement with those for the summer and transition seasons derived using linear regression by Tucker (1979). However, a significant netequatorward flux of $$\overline {v' T'} $$ is found to be connected with the short-lived mature (spiral) cloud vortex type. In association with a southward displacement of the maximum latitude of cyclogenesis and a reduced crosslatitude motion of systems in winter, this apparently results in the strong lower-level heat flux convergence characteristic of the circumpolar trough at that time. A systematic error, by year, in the statistical model specification of heat transport related to cloud vortex type is found to be associated with phase of the Southern Oscillation (SO). Incorporating this effect into the model greatly improves the goodness-of-fit of the heat flux estimates and indicates that the efficiency of the mcridional eddy heat transport by cyclones is greatest (least) when the SOI is low (high). The implications of these results in the context of other, related studies are discussed.
Physical properties of homoionic montmorillonite and kaolinite complexed with amino acids and peptides

Abstract X-ray diffractometry was used to investigate whether various amino acids and peptides expanded montmorillonite (M) homoionic to different cations, and the electrophoretic mobility (EPM) was measured to determine whether the binding of these amino acids and peptides influenced the net surface charge of M and kaolinite (K). Neither aspartic acid, adsorbed at equilibrium at concentrations of 20–250 nM mg−1 M homoionic to Ca or Zn, nor cysteine, at 50–830 nM mg−1 M homoionic to Zn or Al, caused expansion, whereas proline, at 90–870 nM mg−1 clay, caused expansion of M homoionic to Ca or Zn, and both proline and arginine, at 60–1150 nM mg−1 clay, caused expansion of M homoionic to H or Al. The extent of expansion caused by proline and arginine was related to the concentration of the amino acids and the exchangeable cation on the homoionic M. Only M-A1 complexed with arginine remained expanded after extensive washing of the clay-amino acid complexes. The expansion of M was apparently dependent on both the type of exchangeable cation on the clay and the characteristics of the amino acid (i.e. the functional groups, dielectric constant increment, dipole moment and concentration). M homoionic to H, Na, Zn, Al or La was not expanded by a series of di- to tetrapeptides bound on these clays and none of the homoionic K-amino acid or peptide complexes was expanded. The EPM of the homoionic M and K and of the corresponding clay-amino acid or peptide complexes was identical, indicating that the concentration of the amino acids or peptides bound was not sufficient to cover enough of the surface of the clays to alter significantly their net charge. The lack of differences in the bulk pH of the clays after binding with amino acids or peptides (with the exception of complexes with arginine) also indicated limited coverage of the clays by these organics.
Dual-plane stereo particle image velocimetry measurements of velocity gradient tensor fields in turbulent shear flow. I. Accuracy assessments

Results are presented from quantitative assessments of the accuracy of velocity gradients measured by a dual-plane stereo particle image velocimetry (DSPIV) technique that allows direct, highly resolved, nonintrusive measurements of all nine simultaneous components of the velocity gradient tensor fields ∂ui∕∂xj at the quasi-universal intermediate and small scales of turbulent shear flows. The present results systematically determine the sources of errors in DSPIV measurements and the resulting accuracy of velocity gradients obtained from such measurements. Intrinsic errors resulting from asymmetric stereo imaging are found by synthetic particle imaging to be no larger than 0.8%. True particle imaging in finite-thickness light sheets is found from single-plane imaging tests to produce net errors in measured velocity differences of 6% for in-plane components and 10% for out-of-plane components. Further errors from limits on the accuracy of independent dual light sheet generation and positioning are found from coincident-plane imaging tests to produce overall errors of 9% and 16% in the in-plane and out-of-plane velocity differences. Practical DSPIV velocity gradient component measurements are found from separated-plane imaging tests in a turbulent shear flow to show excellent similarity in on-diagonal (i=j) and off-diagonal (i≠j) components of ∂ui∕∂xj, as well as mean-square gradient values showing agreement within 1%–4% of ideal isotropic limit values. The resulting measured divergence values are consistent with overall rms errors obtained from the coincident-plane imaging tests. Collectively, these results establish the accuracy with which all nine simultaneous components of the velocity gradient tensor fields ∂ui∕∂xj can be obtained from DSPIV measurements at the quasi-universal intermediate and small scales of turbulent shear flows.
Spectral response of AlCu alloy strip fibers

We have fabricated and tested fibers having a thin AlCu alloy film strip covering a 15 degree of arc along the core cladding boundary. The fabrication of these fibers had a dual purpose. In order for the metal film to deform smoothly during the fiber pulling process from a coating on the 1 mm diameter core rod in the preform to a coating of the 10 micrometer core in the fiber the viscosity of the metal must be less than the viscosity of the surrounding glass. The viscosity of the AlCu film can be conveniently changed by varying the composition of the alloy. These fibers can, eventually, be used as polarizers. Light polarized parallel to the metal strip is absorbed more than light polarized perpendicular to the strip. We tested both the spectral and polarization transmission properties of these fibers.
Quenched binary Bose-Einstein condensates: Spin-domain formation and coarsening

We explore the time evolution of two-component Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs), quasi one dimensional with respect to their spinor dynamics, following a quench from one component BECs with a $\mathrm{U}(1)$ order parameter into two-component condensates with a $\mathrm{U}(1)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{Z}_{2}$ order parameter. In our case, these two spin components have a propensity to phase separate, i.e., they are immiscible. Remarkably, these spin degrees of freedom can equivalently be described as a single-component attractive BEC. A spatially uniform mixture of these spins is dynamically unstable, rapidly amplifying any quantum or pre-existing classical spin fluctuations. This coherent growth process drives the formation of numerous spin-polarized domains, which are far from the system's ground state. At much longer times these domains grow in size, coarsening, as the system approaches equilibrium. The experimentally observed time evolution is consistent with our fully three-dimensional stochastic-projected Gross--Pitaevskii calculation.
Water conservation potential of smart irrigation controllers on St. Augustinegrass

A variety of technologies for reducing residential irrigation water use are available to homeowners. These �Smart Irrigation� technologies include evapotranspiration (ET)-based controllers and soil moisture sensor (SMS) controllers. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of these technologies, along with rain sensors, based on irrigation applied and turfgrass quality measurements on St. Augustinegrass (Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walter) Kuntze). Testing was performed on two types of SMS controllers (LawnLogic LL1004 and Acclima Digital TDT RS500) at three soil moisture threshold settings. Mini-Clik rain sensors (RS) comprised six treatments at two rainfall thresholds (3 mm and 6 mm) and three different irrigation frequencies (1, 2, and 7 d/wk). Two ET controllers were also tested, the Toro Intelli-Sense controller and the Rain Bird ET Manager. A time-based treatment with 2 days of irrigation per week without any type of sensor (WOS) to bypass irrigation was established as a comparison. All irrigation controller programming represented settings that might be used in residential/commercial landscapes. Even though three of the four testing periods were relatively dry, all of the technologies tested managed to reduce water application compared to the WOS treatment, with most treatments also producing acceptable turf quality. Reductions in irrigation applied were as follows: 7�30% for RS-based treatments, 0�74% for SMS-based treatments, and 25�62% for ET-based treatments. The SMS treatments at low threshold settings resulted in high water savings, but reduced turf quality to unacceptable levels. The medium threshold setting (approximately field capacity) SMS-based treatment produced good turfgrass quality while reducing irrigation water use compared to WOS by 11�53%. ET controllers with comparable settings and good turf quality had -20% to 59% savings. Reducing the irrigation schedule (treatment DWRS) by 40% and using a rain sensor produced water savings between 36% and 53% similar to smart controllers. Proper installation and programming of each of the technologies was essential element to balancing water conservation and acceptable turf quality. Water savings with the SMS controllers could have been increased with a reduced time-based irrigation schedule. Efficiency settings of 100% (DWRS) and 95% (TORO) did not reduce turf quality below acceptable limits and resulted in substantial irrigation savings, indicating that efficiency values need not be low in well designed and maintained irrigation systems. For most conditions in Florida, the DWRS schedule (60% of schedule used for SMS treatments) can be used with either rain sensors or soil moisture sensors in bypass control mode as long as the irrigation system has good coverage and is in good repair.
Metabolism of arginine by mouse fibroblast, strain L.

Summary1. For sustained growth of mouse fibroblast cells (strain L) in suspended culture in Eagle's medium, periodic addition of arginine is essential. This requirement can be provided by arginine alone or by equimolar amounts of citrulline and aspartic acid.2. These cells contain enzymes which catalyze the breakdown of arginine to ornithine and 2 equivalents of ammonia.3. The requirement for periodic addition of arginine or its precursors is explained by continuous rapid breakdown of arginine observed during growth.
Injuries to unrestrained occupants in small car-small car and large car-large car head-on collisions

Estimates were made of the effects of observed differences in the crash responses of small and large cars on the likelihood of injury to unrestrained occupants in small car-small car and large car-large car head-on collisions using a simple spring-mass model. Two measures of the likelihood of injury were computed: the relative velocity of an unrestrained occupant and car at the instant the occupant strikes the interior, and the approximate closing speed at which occupant compartment intrusion would be expected to begin. Model estimates of the intrusion thresholds for large ear-large car and small car-small car head-on crashes were comparable. However, unrestrained occupants were predicted to strike the interiors of their cars at a lower relative velocity in a head-on crash involving two large cars than in a similar crash involving two small cars. Head-on crashes involving a large and small car were also modelled for purposes of comparison. The estimated intrusion thresholds for small cars in such crashes were considerably lower than in small car-small car crashes. Also, calculations indicated that in a small car-large car head-on crash, an unrestrained small car occupant strikes the interior of his car with a higher relative velocity than an unrestrained large car occupant, and this velocity is higher than if his car struck another small car. However, the difference in the relative velocities with which unrestrained small and large car occupants impact the interiors of their cars in small car-large car collisions was found to diminish with increasing closing speed. These results suggest that the frontal structures of small cars should be longer and less stiff than on current models and the occupant compartment should be stiffer. Such designs would help to reduce injuries to restrained and unrestrained small car occupants in collisions with both small and large cars.
Can the time from synthesis design to validated chemistry be shortened

The traditional way of identifying a potential new drug is to synthesize and test one candidate at a time. Design and optimization of reaction and workup conditions for each new molecule are accomplished through experimentation varying one-variable-at-a-time (OVAT). While this approach of drug discovery has been extremely successful, market pressure to discover and bring new therapies to the customer in half the time is forcing pharmaceutical organizations to look for new ways to find active compounds and optimize series leads. Companies are now using combinatorial chemistry to rapidly synthesize and screen hundreds to thousands of compounds to identify lead candidates and synthesizing hundreds more variations of the lead structure to optimize activity. What has not changed is the need for reliable chemical transformations that will perform for a wide range of compounds. Considerable time is still being expended designing and validating these transformations before the parallel syntheses can begin. The challenge still being faced is reducing the time between synthesis design and validated chemistry. The goal of validated chemistry is achieved when sufficient experimental information is obtained to permit the identification of reaction conditions or variables that have significant influence on yield and purity of the chemical transformation. Reaching this level of understanding may be shortened considerably by using experiment designs that can take advantage of the parallel experimentation capabilities that the combinatorial chemistry field has supplied. Experiment designs that are more suitable for parallel experimentation and provide more information than OVAT experiments are the factorial designs. These designs involve the variation of all of the studied variables in a systematic manner. The outcome of these experiments are quantitative estimates of the influence of each variable, the identification of variable interactions (synergy), the estimation of experimental noise (error estimates), and polynomial models that can be used to optimize the chemical transformation. Because of the structure of these experiment designs, additional experiments run in the future can be added to the original design to extract additional information from the combined set. This last feature removes the need to commit to a large number of runs before sufficient knowledge about the chemistry is known. A recent example from the combinatorial chemistry literature is used to illustrate the features of factorial and fractional factorial designs, and to demonstrate the benefits of using these types of experiments. Graphical analysis of the data is used to illustrate that a formal training in statistics is not needed to take advantage of these designs. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Med Res Rev, 19, No. 5, 463–474, 1999.
Ultraviolet to near-infrared spectroscopy of REE-bearing materials

Increasing worldwide demand for many of our natural resources requires that we reassess our geologic models and expand our search for rare earth element (REE) resources in the United States. Currently, there is a lack of sufficient spectroscopic investigations characterizing surface materials associated with many of the potential REE-bearing deposit types. Understanding the spectral properties of these deposits using ultraviolet (UV) to near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopic methods will add significant information about how we assess such deposits in the future using laboratory spectrometers, core scanning systems, and imaging spectrometers. Spectra of lanthanide-bearing materials show fine structure in the UV to NIR wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum that are caused by 4/-4/ intraconfigurational electron transitions of lanthanide ions present in the material [1]. Lanthanide-bearing minerals produce sharp spectral absorptions that allow for accurate identification of these minerals when found in significant concentrations and can also be used to identify the type of lanthanides based on the position of their absorptions.
Detritus and Epibiota on Artificial Substrata: The Possible Role of Food in Structuring Hawaiian Epiphytal Amphipod Communities

Epiphytal amphipods prefer artificial substrata (bottle brushes) which accumulated epibiotic coatings while submerged in the sea for a period of up to 15 days. There is evidence that these amphipods eat epibiota on algae (predominately Padina japonica YAMADEA 1931 and Dictyota crenulata AGARDH 1847) and that food availability may be a factor which helps structure epiphytal amphipod communities.
Redshifts of the Gravitational Lenses MG 1131+0456 and B1938+666

The redshifts of the gravitational lens galaxies in MG 1131+0456 and B1938+666 are 0.844 and 0.881, respectively. Both are early-type galaxies lying at the redshifts predicted by assuming that they are early-type galaxies with old stellar populations lying on the fundamental plane. We also find evidence for a foreground group of galaxies at z = 0.343 near MG 1131+0456. The source redshifts are predicted to be 1.8 in both systems, but they are so red that infrared spectra will be required to determine their redshifts.
Go Chemistry: A Card Game To Help Students Learn Chemical Formulas

For beginning chemistry students, the basic tasks of writing chemical formulas and naming covalent and ionic compounds often pose difficulties and are only sufficiently grasped after extensive practice with homework sets. An enjoyable card game that can replace or, at least, complement nomenclature homework sets is described. “Go Chemistry” is similar to the “Go Fish” card game in that students earn points by using cards to correctly form the formulas of covalent and ionic compounds and by subsequently providing the names of these compounds. By playing the game, students practice identifying an element or ion from its chemical symbol, categorizing elements as either metals or nonmetals, determining whether elements will combine to form ionic or covalent compounds, combining the cards in the correct ratio for electrical neutrality for ionic compounds or valency for covalent compounds, and applying the nomenclature rules. The difficulty of the game can be easily adjusted to match the course objectives and t...
Application of thin shell theory to helically-wound fibrous cuticles.

The utility of applying thin shell theory is explored for a biological composite represented as a helically-would, fibrous cuticle. Specifically, the anisotropic cuticle of Paragordius varius is viewed as an unbalanced, cylindrical shell and a theoretical equation is derived relating anticipated changes in “stiffness” as a function of fiber angle as the system is subjected to tension. Empirical data from preliminary stress-strain experiments on isolated cuticle preparations are compared with predicted values for stiffness; recognized simplifying assumptions still allow for a correlation between the theoretical and experimental behavior of the system. Comments on the adaptive significance of various cuticle designs are included along with suggestions for further analyses using thin shell theory.
Cultural Differences in Developers' Perceptions of Information Systems Success Factors: Japan vs. the United States

The current study examined the perceptions of information systems (IS) developers from Japan and the United States with regards to the strategies that are considered most important for successful implementation of an IS. The results of a principal components analysis revealed that the IS strategies could be reduced to five components: (1) Characteristics of the Team Members, (2) Characteristics of the Project Leader, (3) Management/User Input, (4) Proper Technology, and (5) Communication. The results indicated that there was a significant difference in the perceptions of Japanese and U.S. developers with respect to the importance of the five components. Japanese developers perceived the Project Leader as the most crucial component for determining the success of an IS project. Team Member Characteristics was viewed as the least important by Japanese developers. On the other hand, the developers from the U.S. viewed Communications as the most critical component. Project Leader Characteristics was perceived to be the least important by U.S. developers. The results were discussed in terms of cultural differences.
Tag SNP selection for candidate gene association studies using HapMap and gene resequencing data.

HapMap provides linkage disequilibrium (LD) information on a sample of 3.7 million SNPs that can be used for tag SNP selection in whole-genome association studies. HapMap can also be used for tag SNP selection in candidate genes, although its performance has yet to be evaluated against gene resequencing data, where there is near-complete SNP ascertainment. The Environmental Genome Project (EGP) is the largest gene resequencing effort to date with over 500 resequenced genes. We used HapMap data to select tag SNPs and calculated the proportions of common SNPs (MAF≥0.05) tagged (ρ2≥0.8) for each of 127 EGP Panel 2 genes where individual ethnic information was available. Median gene-tagging proportions are 50, 80 and 74% for African, Asian, and European groups, respectively. These low gene-tagging proportions may be problematic for some candidate gene studies. In addition, although HapMap targeted nonsynonymous SNPs (nsSNPs), we estimate only ∼30% of nonsynonymous SNPs in EGP are in high LD with any HapMap SNP. We show that gene-tagging proportions can be improved by adding a relatively small number of tag SNPs that were selected based on resequencing data. We also demonstrate that ethnic-mixed data can be used to improve HapMap gene-tagging proportions, but are not as efficient as ethnic-specific data. Finally, we generalized the greedy algorithm proposed by Carlson et al (2004) to select tag SNPs for multiple populations and implemented the algorithm into a freely available software package mPopTag.
Linear Programming versus Positively Estimated Supply Functions: An Empirical and Methodological Critique

This paper examines whether supply relations derived from a static profit-maximizing linear programming model can be used as information to explain supply response with at least the same reliability as partial adjustment regression models. Programming estimates of direct supply elasticities of California commodities are compared with estimates from time-series regressions. Differences on individual crops are considerable, but on average the elasticity estimates are comparable. Programming parameters are combined with time-series data to test whether imposing such relative parameters on time-series models need not significantly reduce their predictive ability. This imposition does not reduce predictive ability or significantly improve it.
Estimation of prevalence on the basis of screening tests.

Estimates of disease prevalence based on screening tests can be severely biased unless adjusted for the sensitivity and specificity of the screening test. One such adjusted estimate, the maximum likelihood estimator proposed by Levy and Kass, can yield an extreme estimate of zero or one that has undesirable characteristics such as a standard error of zero. We develop here a Bayesian estimator which always falls between zero and one. Users without specialized software can use the maximum likelihood estimate for most circumstances and, in special cases, such as a zero estimate of prevalence, turn to the Bayesian estimate. Others can use software to carry out a complete Bayesian solution. We have provided a method to obtain numerical values for the Bayesian estimate for those ranges of sample size (20–100), sensitivity (07–0.9) and specificity (0.7–0.9) for which the use of this estimator seems most practical.
Effects of chlorsulfuron, valine and isoleucine, on division and tracheary element differentiation in cell suspension cultures of Solanum carolinense L.

Summary Cell suspension cultures of Solanum carolinense L. were treated with 2.8 x 10 -8 M chlorsulfuron, chlorsulfuron plus a 1:1 mixture of isoleucine and valine (each at 10 -4 M), isoleucine and valine alone, or left untreated for a period 10 days. In chlorsulfuron treated cultures, cell division was almost completely inhibited while the addition of isoleucine/valine reversed the inhibitory effects of chlorsulfuron on cell proliferation. Chlorsulfuron had no effect on the proportion of tracheary elements formed per total cell number in culture. Chlorsulfuron is known to arrest cell cycle progression in G1 and G2 by inhibiting the biosynthesis of isoleucine and valine. These amino acids are therefore implicated in the control of cell cycle activity but not cytodifferentiation. The results of this study also provide further evidence that cell division is not a requirement for the differentiation of tracheary elements in vitro .
Responses to snake odors by laboratory mice.

Abstract Male and female laboratory mice ( Mus musculus ; Harlan Sprague Dawley) were tested for reactions to snake odors. In the first experiment, mice were presented with untreated paper on the floor of one side of a test tank and snake-scented or control (water misted) paper on the other side. The scented papers were obtained from rough earth snakes ( Virginia striatula ), which were fed earthworms, and a rat snake ( Elaphe obsoleta ), which ate mice. Male mice exhibited no differences in response to the three conditions. Female mice showed no response to the control or earth snake odor, but they deposited significantly more fecal boli on the side of the tank with the rat snake odor than on the blank side. No significant differences in other behaviors, e.g. ambulation, were detected. In the second experiment, female mice were offered food pellets treated with the shed skin extract of the rat snake or with a solvent alone. Less material was bit off and consumed from the snake-scented pellets. The results of both experiments indicate that female mice detect the odors of rat snakes.
Heat Transfer for the Film-Cooled Vane of a 1-1/2 Stage High-Pressure Transonic Turbine—Part I: Experimental Configuration and Data Review With Inlet Temperature Profile Effects

This paper investigates the vane airfoil and inner endwall heat transfer for a full-scale turbine stage operating at design corrected conditions under the influence of different vane inlet temperature profiles and vane cooling flow rates. The turbine stage is a modern 3-D design consisting of a cooled high-pressure vane, an un-cooled high-pressure rotor, and a low-pressure vane. Inlet temperature profiles (uniform, radial and hot streaks) are created by a passive heat exchanger and can be made circumferentially uniform to within ±5% of the bulk average inlet temperature when desired. The high-pressure vane has full cooling coverage on both the airfoil surface and the inner and outer endwalls. Two circuits supply coolant to the vane, and a third circuit supplies coolant to the rotor purge cavity. All of the cooling circuits are independently controlled. Measurements are performed using double-sided heat-flux gauges located at four spans of the vane airfoil surface and throughout the inner endwall region. Analysis of the heat transfer measured for the uncooled downstream blade row has been reported previously. Part I of this paper describes the operating conditions and data reduction techniques utilized in this analysis, including a novel application of a traditional statistical method to assign confidence limits to measurements in the absence of repeat runs. The impact of Stanton Number definition is discussed while analyzing inlet temperature profile shape effects. Comparison of the present data (Build 2) to the data obtained for an un-cooled vane (Build 1) clearly illustrates the impact of the cooling flow and its relative effects on both the endwall and airfoils. Measurements obtained for the cooled hardware without cooling applied agree well with the solid air-foil for the airfoil pressure surface but not for the suction surface. Differences on the suction surface are due to flow being ingested on the pressure surface and re-injected on the suction surface when coolant is not supplied for Build 2. Part II of the paper continues this discussion by describing the influence of overall cooling level variation and the influence of the vane trailing edge cooling on the vane heat transfer measurements.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Physicians' Knowledge and Self-Reported Compliance Promotion as Predictors of Performance with Simulated Lung Disease Patients

Scores on a test of knowledge of chronic lung disease and self-reports of actions to enhance compliance in chronic-disease patients were obtained from 42 primary-care physicians. Tvo years latereach physician was audiotaped during encounters with two simulated lung disease patients. Transcripts were used to scorephysician performance and to analyze communication. Audiotapes of the encounters were alsoplayed to role-playing subjects (N = 252) to ascertain likely patient outcomes. More knowledgeable physicians displayed more clinical expertise, gave more patient education, engaged in less social-emotional talk and induced more satisfaction and recall by role-playing subjects. Physicians who said they worked harder to achieve compliance were shown to be more likely to ask more appropriate open-ended questions, ask more questions, offer less patient education, give more directions and instructions, and make more utterances.
Isolation of polyoma viruses lacking endonuclease hindlll sites

Spontaneous mutants of polyoma virus have been isolated which lack either one or both of the two endo HiI however, one member of this group grows poorly in comparison with wild-type virus. Other mutants contain large deletions, have lost either of the Hi&III sites, and appear to require complementation by helper viruses in order to complete their growth cycle.
Anti-somatostatin antisera, but neither a somatostatin agonist (octreotide) nor antagonist (CYCAM), attenuates hyperalgesia in the rat

Somatostatin has been reported to have both nociceptive and antinociceptive roles in sensory transmission in the spinal cord. In this study, antisera against SOM (alpha-SOM), a somatostatin antagonist (CYCAM) and a somatostatin agonist (octreotide), were evaluated for their role in thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia in a model of carrageenan-induced inflammatory pain in the rat. Intrathecal administration of alpha-SOM prior to hindpaw inflammation dose-dependently attenuated thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia and the increase in paw size for up to 4 h following injury. Administration of alpha-SOM 3 h following injury had no effect. Intrathecal administration of octreotide or CYCAM prior to or following injection of carrageenan had no effect on any measure. It is suggested that the lack of effect of octreotide and CYCAM resulted from low affinity for the SOM receptor subtypes in the rat spinal cord. The attenuation of hyperalgesia and paw size produced by alpha-SOM may have resulted from attenuation of somatostatin's role in producing a dorsal root reflex that modulates the increase in paw size following injury.
Radiation chemical and magnetic resonance studies of aqueous agarose gels containing ferrous ions

Aqueous agarose gels containing ferrous ions sustain a radiolytic chain reaction, producing Fe3+. G(Fe3+)-values up to 156 have been observed, independent of dose rate between 0.434 and 3.74 Gy min-1. Dissolved oxygen is needed to maintain the chain reaction, and initial ferric yields are increased if the gel is oxygen saturated, or if the Fe2+ concentration is decreased. Longitudinal proton magnetic relaxation rates are increased in proportion to ferric production, permitting visualizing of dose levels in these gels by magnetic resonance imaging techniques. There is a potential for application to radiation therapy treatment planning.
Wildlife Value Orientations: An Estonian Case Study

This article examines the thoughts and cognitions of Estonians as it relates to wildlife value orientations on the islands of Saare County, Estonia. Sixteen semi-structured interviews of islanders living on Saaremaa and Vilsandi were done in summer 2006 as part of the Wildlife Values Globally project facilitated by Colorado State University. Wildlife value orientations as expressed in response to four basic emotion questions were sought in the context of experiences with wildlife in Estonia. The greatest number of passages coded was “mutualism,” “respect,” “attraction-interest” and “hunting/fishing,” and “environmentalism” and “scientific-knowledge.” Wildlife contacts were for the majority considered as “happy moments” such as pleasurable everyday events and a source of enjoyment. Contacts with wildlife were not evaluated as “fearful.” Humans were considered overall as part of nature with wildlife thought of as part of the everyday environment and valued as such.
LEGISLATIVE CHANGE IN SOUTH CAROLINA

A century ago, the South Carolina General Assembly was dominated largely by representatives from a small number of rural counties. Today, state legislators are elected from redrawn representation districts and their individual characteristics illustrate the greater populationdiversity ofanurban-izing state. Legislators have simultaneously reduced their dependence on seniority as a basis for decisionmaking and they have added professional staff to enhance the operational capacity of each house. Recent concerns about legislative ethics and financial conflicts of interest have generated new statues upgrading the legislature and its practices.
Primary structure of bovine adenosine deaminase

Derivatized bovine adenosine deaminase is used in enzyme replacement therapy and as an adjunct to gene therapy against severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome. Although a gene sequence is known for human adenosine deaminase, the structure of the bovine enzyme has not been characterized. Structure studies using mass spectrometry are reported here that evaluate sequence, processing, post-translational modifications and the extent of homology between the human protein and its therapeutic surrogate.