cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Asian Regional Institutions and the Possibilities for Socializing the Behavior of States

Departing from the traditional yardsticks for measuring the performance and effectiveness of regional institutions, this paper proposes a new framework to investigate their effect in the socialization (i.e. internalization of group norms by newcomers) of new members. Called Type III internalization, it represents a middle ground between Type I (i.e. member states simply acting according to group expectations, even if they may not agree with them), and Type II (i.e. states transforming themselves by adopting the interests and identities of the group) internalization. In Type III internalization, states act both instrumentally and normatively. While their interests and values do not change permanently, there is enough change to induce substantially new kinds of cooperative behavior, in trade and security. Type III internalization is non-legalistic and consensual, moving at a pace in which everyone is comfortable, but there is no danger of backtracking. New members moderate their competitive instincts and pursue common objectives. The impact of institutional norms such as “open regionalism” and “cooperative security” transmitted through institutions such as the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, and the ASEAN Regional Forum on Viet Nam, India, and the People's Republic of China attests to the existence of a Type III internalization.
Vocal fold exposure in phonosurgery.

Summary A difficult laryngeal exposure is made easier by placement of the patient's head and neck into the Boyce-Jackson “sniffing position” and then flexing them further if necessary, by selection of a laryngoscope appropriate to the patient and to the triangular glottic shape, by placement of the laryngoscope along the path of least resistance, by use of a true suspension device in order to apply the force for laryngoscopy towards the larynx and away from the teeth and gums, and by allowing time for the force to work. With these techniques, an easy exposure is made almost perfect. The true vocal folds are exposed from vocal process to anterior commissure without the need for external pressure, the endotracheal tube remains out of sight between the arytenoids, and there is no risk to the teeth, gums, and cervical spine.
Arsenic speciation and reactivity in poultry litter.

Recent U.S. government action to lower the maximum concentration levels (MCL) of total arsenic (As) (10 ppb) in drinking water has raised serious concerns about the agricultural use of As-containing biosolids such as poultry litter (PL). In this study, solid-state chemical speciation, desorbability, and total levels of As in PL and long-term amended soils were investigated using novel synchrotron-based probing techniques (microfocused (μ) synchrotron X-ray fluorescence (SXRF) and μ-X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopies) coupled with chemical digestion and batch experiments. The total As levels in the PL were as high as ≈50 mg kg-1, and As(II/III and V) was always concentrated in abundant needle-shaped microscopic particles (≈20 μm × 850 μm) associated with Ca, Cu, and Fe and to a lesser extent with S, Cl, and Zn. Post-edge XANES features of litter particles are dissimilar to those of the organo-As(V) compound in poultry feed (i.e., roxarsone), suggesting possible degradation/transfor...
A practical approach to the evaluation of microcode systems

This paper describes a microcode-evaluation methodology. The supporting test tools were developed by the IBM General Products Division in Tucson, Arizona, to allow effective and comprehensive evaluations of microcode systems. The methodology has been used successfully by the Tucson Test Laboratory (TTL) during the past several years.The evaluation methodology is characterized by an integrated application of static and dynamic analysis techniques. These two modes of analysis are complementary and they allow a level of automation that can significantly enhance the productivity of a testing organization through the systematic application of automated testing techniques. The methodology also establishes a discipline for the microcode-testing process that promotes a formal program of defect removal. Of course, improving the process of removing defects produces a corresponding enhancement in product quality.
Eosinophilic angiocentric fibrosis of the sinonasal tract

Eosinophilic angiocentric fibrosis (EAF) is an uncommon inflammatory fibrosing lesion of the upper respiratory tract and orbit that occurs mainly in young to middle-aged women. The etiology of EAF is unknown. To our knowledge, approximately 28 cases have been previously reported in the English literature. We report here 3 additional cases of EAF of the sinonasal tract; 2 in women aged 19 and 31 years, and 1 in a man aged 49 years. The 19-year-old woman is the youngest patient with EAF ever described. The patients presented with a nasal cavity mass, face pain, or nasal obstructive symptoms of long duration.
Injury prevention and indigenous peoples

Working with indigenous peoples provides unique opportunities for injury prevention Two articles in this issue of Injury Prevention concern injuries among indigenous peoples, the Navajo or Dine people of the southwestern United States, and the Aboriginal peoples of Western Australia.1,2 The issues raised by these studies have broad relevance. The United Nations estimates there are more than 300 million indigenous people living in over 70 countries. Among them are the estimated 50 000 Ainu people of Japan; 80 000 Saami people of Scandinavia, the Arctic, and Russia; 600 000 Aboriginal peoples of New Zealand and Australia; 3.5 million native peoples of North America (including tribes in the United States, the First Nations of Canada, and the Arctic’s Inuit peoples); 13.7 million nomadic peoples of Africa; and 148 million indigenous peoples of China and the countries of South and East Asia. Many of the challenges and solutions for working with indigenous people apply to research and action involving other culturally diverse populations, whether cross nationally or within national borders. There are a number of commonalities among indigenous peoples. These include cultures extending for thousands of years; experiences of exploitation, attempts at forced assimilation, and large scale neglect of human rights, health problems, and social needs; deeply held spiritual beliefs and practices; and increasing efforts to obtain international recognition and protection for their peoples and cultures. Equally important is the enormous diversity, even within individual countries. Canada is home to the Metis, Inuit, and over 600 First Nations peoples. There are more than 550 federally recognized tribes in the United States. When the first white settlers arrived in Australia, there were 300 000 Aboriginal peoples speaking over 250 languages. Also, there can be profound differences in lifestyle within individual tribes or cultural groups. To address the rising motor vehicle injury …
All the President's Men? The Appointment of Female Cabinet Ministers Worldwide

Women have traditionally been underrepresented among government ministers, and when included in cabinets have largely been relegated to ‘‘feminine’’ and low-prestige policy areas. Recently, however, some countries have witnessed changes in the number, gender, and/or prestige of women’s appointments. What accounts for this variation in women’s access to ministerial power? To answer this question, we posit three competing theoretical explanations: political institutions, social indicators of gender equality, and broader trends in women’s political recruitment. To test these hypotheses, we compile an original dataset of 117 countries and construct a new measure—the Gender Power Score—which differentially weights cabinet positions based on women’s numbers and the gender and prestige of the ministries to which they are assigned. Using a finite mixture model to evaluate competing hypotheses, we find that political variables—rather than social factors—have the strongest impact on gender parity in cabinets.
Arsenite causes down‐regulation of Akt and c‐Fos, cell cycle dysfunction and apoptosis in glutathione‐deficient cells

Arsenic is a well-known environmental toxicant but the mechanism by which it causes cytotoxicity is poorly understood. Arsenite induces apoptosis in glutathione (GSH)-deficient GCS-2 cells by causing cell cycle dysfunction and down-regulating critical signaling pathways. This study was designed to examine the effect of arsenite on redox-sensitive phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt, a signaling pathway involved in cell survival and growth, and transcription factor, activating protein-1 (AP-1). Arsenite significantly diminished Akt and c-Fos levels and caused accelerated degradation of these proteins by ubiquitnation. Arsenite also induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. The cell cycle arrest involved the down-regulation of cyclin A2, cyclin D1, cyclin E, cyclin dependent kinases (CDK) 2, CDK4, and CDK6. Apoptosis involved down-regulation of anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, survivin, and inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) and up-regulation of pro-apoptotic protein Bax. Taken together, our results suggest that a possible mechanism of arsenite-induced toxicity under low/no GSH conditions, is to negatively regulate GCS-2 cell proliferation by attenuating Akt and AP-1 by ubiquitination and causing cell cycle dysfunction and apoptosis.
Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections (PANDAS): An indication for tonsillectomy

Children with obsessive compulsive disorder or tic disorders that are associated with streptococcal infections (Group A beta-hemolytic) in the oro-pharyngeal region are given the diagnosis of pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections (PANDAS). Tonsillectomy has been reported to resolve the neuro-psychiatric symptoms in these children. We have a case of a 9-year-old boy who was seen in our clinic with multiple recurrent streptococcal infections of the oro-pharyngeal cavity. He also exhibited neuro-psychiatric symptoms including agitation, hyperactivity, and tics. These symptoms followed his recurrent infections. Tonsillectomy was performed and in one year follow-up the patient did not have any recurrent streptococcal infections, and his neuro-psychiatric symptoms resolved completely. Guidelines for medical and surgical management of recurrent strep infections in the face of PANDAS are reviewed.
Cross-specificities between cII-like proteins and pRE-like promoters of lambdoid bacteriophages.

We have investigated the activation of transcription from the pRE promoters of phages λ, 21 and P22 by the λ and 21 cII proteins and the P22 c1 (cII-like) protein, using an in vivo system in which cII protein from a derepressed prophage activates transcription from a pRE DNA fragment on a multicopy plasmid. We find that each protein is highly specific for its own cognate pRE promoter, although measureable cross-reactions are observed. The primary recognition sequence for cII protein on λ pRE is a pair of TTGC repeat sequences in the sequence 5'-TTGCN 6TTGC-3' at the -35 region of the promoter. This same sequence is found in 21 pRE, while P22 pRE has the sequence 5'-TTGCN6TTGT-3', which is the same as that of λctr1, a pRE+ variant of λ. λctr1 pRE is half as active as λ + pRE when assayed with either the λ cII or the P22 c1 proteins. Therefore, the single base change in the P22 repeat sequence cannot explain why the P22 c1 protein is much more active with P22 pRE than λ p RE. The dya5 mutation, a G→A change at position -43 of pRE, makes pRE a stronger promoter when assayed with either the λ or 21 cII proteins or the P22 c1 protein. We conclude that efficient activation of a cII-dependent promoter by a cII protein requires sequence information in addition to the TTGC repeat sequences. We do not know the characteristics of the proteins which are responsible for the specificity of each protein for its own cognate promoter. However, λdya8, which has a Glu27→Lys alteration in the λ cII protein and a cII+ phenotype, results in a mutant cII protein that is much more highly specific than wild-type cII protein for its own cognate λ p RE promoter. This is especially remarkable because the dya8 amino acid alteration makes the helix-2 region (the region of the protein predicted to make contact with the phosphodiester backbone of the DNA) of λ cII protein conform exactly with the helix-2 region of the P22 c1 protein in both charge and charge distribution.
Expression of the chicken GATA factor family during early erythroid development and differentiation

The DNA motif WGATAR has been identified within transcriptional regulatory domains of globin and other erythroid-specific genes and the activator proteins that bind to this regulatory element, the GATA factors, belong to a multi-gene family that is expressed in chicken erythroid cells. Here we show that, as in chickens, multiple members of the GATA factor family are expressed in human and murine erythroid cells. During the early stages of chicken embryogenesis (well before blood island formation), each of the GATA family members is transcribed with a unique temporal and spatial pattern. In the primitive erythroid lineage, transcription of the embryonic epsilon-globin gene parallels GATA-1 expression while the switch to beta-globin transcription in definitive erythroid cells is directly preceded by a pronounced increase in GATA-3 accumulation. The timing and pattern of expression of these different mRNAs during avian erythroid development and differentiation suggests that temporally regulated changes in GATA factor expression are required for vertebrate hematopoiesis.
Differentially private subspace clustering

Subspace clustering is an unsupervised learning problem that aims at grouping data points into multiple "clusters" so that data points in a single cluster lie approximately on a low-dimensional linear subspace. It is originally motivated by 3D motion segmentation in computer vision, but has recently been generically applied to a wide range of statistical machine learning problems, which often involves sensitive datasets about human subjects. This raises a dire concern for data privacy. In this work, we build on the framework of differential privacy and present two provably private subspace clustering algorithms. We demonstrate via both theory and experiments that one of the presented methods enjoys formal privacy and utility guarantees; the other one asymptotically preserves differential privacy while having good performance in practice. Along the course of the proof, we also obtain two new provable guarantees for the agnostic subspace clustering and the graph connectivity problem which might be of independent interests.
Mouse Preimplantation Embryos and Oocytes as an In Vivo System to Study Transcriptional Enhancers

Multicellular organisms, as opposed to their unicellular counterparts, face a unique problem in carrying out life-sustaining functions. Whereas, in unicellular organisms the same cell performs all the necessary functions, in multicellular organisms there is a division of labor: specific cell types carry out specific functions in a spatial and temporal manner. For example, as a fertilized mouse one-cell embryo divides, differentiates, and develops into a complete animal, it is crucial to express the right gene at the right time and by the right cell type. One of the important mechanisms by which multicellular organisms achieve such a goal is to regulate transcription of RNA polymerase II promoters through enhancers. Our present knowledge of the principles that regulate mammalian transcription, including the enhancer function, mainly stems from studies involving cell-free in vitro systems, or in vivo systems comprised of tissue culture cells or animal viruses. In fact, although a wealth of knowledge on the mechanism of RNA polymerase II trancription that occurs at the promoter site has been gained from in vitro systems consisting of purified transcription factors, most of these systems do not exhibit enhancer function, unless the template DNA is reconstituted into chromatin. Similarly, it has been relatively unknown how these principles apply in physiological processes that regulate, for example, the development of a fertilized one-cell embryo into an animal.
Leukotriene B4 costimulates 5-lipoxygenase activity in neutrophils via increased 5-lipoxygenase translocation

The goal of this investigation was to assess the effect of leukotriene B4 (LTB4) on 5-lipoxygenase activity and to examine the possible mechanisms of this effect. Exogenous LTB4 significantly increased the release of endogenous LTB4 from A-23187-stimulated neutrophils. The 5-lipoxygenase product release from A-23187-stimulated neutrophils decreased in the presence of an LTB4 receptor antagonist, suggesting that LTB4 has a receptor-mediated, autocrine effect on 5-lipoxygenase activity. Neutrophil 5-lipoxygenase activity increased significantly as cell density increased. In the presence of exogenous LTB4, no significant change in [14C]arachidonic acid release from neutrophils was observed. Exogenous LTB4 increased the amount of immunoreactive 5-lipoxygenase protein detected in the nuclear fraction of disrupted cells. LTB4 receptor antagonism decreased the amount of immunoreactive 5-lipoxygenase detected in the nuclear fraction. Thus LTB4 exerts an autocrine, receptor-mediated, costimulatory effect on 5-lipoxygenase activity. This feedback appears to have biological significance and involves enhanced 5-lipoxygenase translocation to the nuclear membrane.
Commentary: Adolescent Marijuana Use and Mental Health Amidst a Changing Legal Climate

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this commentary was to briefly summarize the literature on the relationship between adolescent marijuana use and mental health and how policy changes surrounding marijuana decriminalization and legalization might impact this relationship. METHODS: A comprehensive literature search on adolescent marijuana use, mental health, and the impact of decriminalization and legalization was conducted. Findings are briefly summarized and discussed. RESULTS: Although there is a great deal of ambiguity regarding the causal direction of marijuana use and mental health problems, what can safely be gleaned from this body of research is that early and frequent use of marijuana during adolescence is associated with the development of more psychiatric-related problems than occasional use or nonuse. CONCLUSIONS: Until there is greater clarity in this domain, clinicians should continue to screen adolescent patients for marijuana use as well as mental health difficulties, but may need to be more thoughtful about screening among early adolescents, if in fact a shift in the age of marijuana uptake occurs amidst policy changes. Language: en
A new IgA receptor expressed on a highly activated murine B cell lymphoma.

The predominance of IgA plasma cells within the mucosal immune system has been known for many years but the regulation of IgA responses at mucosal sites is still poorly understood. The tendency of mucosal B cells to switch to IgA is thought to be influenced both by local bacterial antigens and mitogens and by locally produced lymphokines that promote IgA responses. The B cell populations on which these stimulants act are, however, already distinct from those elsewhere in the body, having been selected for their ability to migrate to and within the mucosal immune system.
Study on rice wine primary fermentation with immobilized yeast

The rice wine primary fermentation was performed using immobilized yeast cells by sodium alginate and calcium chloride.The optimum immobilization conditions were as follows: the density of immobilized yeast cell was 109cfu/ml,the concentration of sodium alginate and calcium chloride were 2.0% and 4%,respectively.The growth curves of immobilized yeast and free yeast were compared.In addition,continuous primary fermentation of rice wine with immobilized yeast was performed for 12 times.The results indicated that alcohol degree of rice wine was around 7.4%vol,which was similar to that of product fermented by free yeast,and the stability was ideal.
Comprehensive Analysis of the Health Status of Rural Primary and Middle School Students in Yandu District of Yancheng City

[Objective]To understand the health status of the rural middle and primary school students in Yandu District of Yancheng City.[Methods] Analysis was made on the surveillance data of parts of the students in 2007 on their growth,nutritional status and the morbidity of common diseases.[Results] The rate of malnutrition and poor eyesight of the students was 20.61% and 37.91% respectively.[Conclusion] The rates of malnutrition and obesity among the rural students were at a relatively high level;the rate of poor eyesight gradually increases with the increase of age.
An Evaluation of Current Procedures of Local Conference Constituency Sessions With Recommendations for Possible Improvement

AN EVALUATION OF CURRENT PROCEDURES OF LOCAL CONFERENCE CONSTITUENCY SESSIONS WITH RECOMMENDATIONS FOR POSSIBLE IMPROVEMENT
Out of Asia: Anthropoid Origins and the Colonization of Africa

Anthropoid primates other than humans show a conspicuously disjunct geographic distribution today, inhabiting mostly tropical and subtropical parts of Asia, Africa, and Central and South America. During the latter part of the Eocene, early anthropoids showed a similarly disjunct distribution, although South America and Africa were both island continents then. Attempts to explain the historical biogeography of anthropoids as resulting from vicariance caused by tectonic rifting between South America and Africa conflict with both the chronology and the topology of anthropoid evolution. The only viable hypotheses that remain entail sweepstakes dispersal across marine barriers by early monkeys on natural rafts. Early anthropoids and certain Asian rodent clades seem to have been especially adept at accomplishing sweepstakes dispersal, particularly during the Eocene, although this process has classically been envisioned as highly random and extremely rare. This article identifies and discusses biological and geo...
On the boundary layer in electron stream

Howard’s theory on the motion of an electron stream and his equation are applied by the author to a specific problem of the boundary layer of an electron stream. By that it is meant that the electron stream is subject to conditions identical to those in a stream of an ordinary fluid in the vicinity of a wall or a body. The final equations are associated with the forms known in the literature and, consequently, may be possibly solved by further approximative or numerical treatment.
Larvae in Fish Development and Evolution

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the development and evolution of fish larvae. The development of fishes from fertilization to sexual maturity is a continuum that is punctuated by developmental events and transitions, which may be either gradual and unremarkable or abrupt and quite dramatic. Freshwater teleost fishes are generally characterized by unspecialized larvae with a gradual transition to the juvenile stage. Some marine teleost fishes develop from demersal eggs and larvae, and these also tend to be unremarkable and have a gradual transition to the juvenile stage. In contrast, the majority of marine teleost fishes have planktonic eggs and larvae, which may have extensive specializations and whose transition to the juvenile stage generally is dramatic. The presence of distinctive features in marine fish larvae (or any group of organisms) would lead one to expect that they are functionally important, that they are the result of natural selection, and that they are thus adaptive. However, unique or unusual features in larvae must be interpreted in the context of the comparative development of the larval, juvenile, and adult stages in order to be considered properly. Further, the adaptive significance of such specializations cannot be determined until structure–function relationships are better understood.
Narrow band photometry of comet Kohoutek

Photometric observations of the coma of comet Kohoutek were made at the Cassegrain focus of a 36-inch telescope. The observations consisted of one wide (visual, 5454 A) and six narrow (CN, 3879 A; C3, 4057 A; C2, 4732 A, 5165 A, 5634 A; continuum, 5200 A) band interference filters. In addition each filter was used with six diaphragms. Good quality data were obtained on 13 days between November 1973 and February 1974. A small flare was observed on 1 December for all filters, a CN flare on 13 January, and a visual flare on 28 January. The data were reduced to absolute narrow band magnitudes of the comet for the 13 days. The radial dependence of the surface brightness was derived from the set of diaphragms and future work will be directed toward using these results for modeling density distributions for the coma.
American Constitutions and Religious Schools

Contrary to what many Americans believe, “the separation of church and state” does not come from our federal Constitution, nor has the Supreme Court prohibited all government support for religious education. Rather, the Court has ruled favorably upon state mechanisms such as vouchers and tax credits where the enabling law reflects a secular purpose and a neutral framework; religious schooling results from private, not governmental, choice; and the program involves no governmental endorsement of religion (the “Lemon test”). Berner describes such Constitutional parameters with particular reference to Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971) and Zelman v. Simmons-Harris (2002). She also describes the constraints that many state constitutions place upon religious school funding via the so-called Blaine Amendments, legacies of nineteenth century nativism and anti-Catholic bigotry.
Review: Atomic Dwelling: Anxiety, Domesticity, and Postwar Architecture by Robin Schuldenfrei, ed.

Robin Schuldenfrei, ed. Atomic Dwelling: Anxiety, Domesticity, and Postwar Architecture Abington, UK, and New York: Routledge, 2012, 301 pp., 85 b/w photos. Cloth, $170.00, ISBN 9780415676083; paper, $49.95, ISBN 978415676090; e-book, ISBN 9780203142721 The publication of this collection of interdisciplinary scholarly essays, many of which were presented in a session organized by the book’s editor, Robin Schuldenfrei, at the 2010 conference of the Association of Art Historians, demonstrates just how far the historiography of midcentury modern architecture and material culture has come since the appearance of Thomas Hine’s groundbreaking Populuxe in 1986.1 In the more than twenty-five years that have elapsed since that lavishly illustrated text, replete with bold color images drawn from advertising, movies, and television, suggested to a wide readership that the field was worthy of both broad popular interest and in-depth scholarly study, investigators from a number of fields have contributed to the making of a richly detailed and critically complex historical picture of the period, its architecture, social history, and visual culture. Architectural history and design studies in this area, building on the foundation laid by the earliest research, have generally concentrated on interdisciplinary and syncretic approaches; more important—and perhaps because of the crossover activities of the principal Bauhaus designers and their followers—architecture, interiors, and material culture have often been studied as interlocking elements rather than as separate entities or areas of study. Collectors, curators, and researchers, ranging from online bloggers and Flickr posters to museum-based scholars and gallerists, have researched products, designers, and manufacturers, establishing reliable chronologies and identifying the many newly invented materials and production technologies that played such significant roles in the architecture and design of the period. Drawing on new archival research, scholarly monographs on architects such as Richard Neutra (the earliest of which appeared in conjunction with a Museum of Modern Art exhibition in 1982), Philip Johnson, R. M. Schindler, and Eero Saarinen, along with important new studies of …
Estimating earthquake magnitude

abstract The disturbingly large variation in magnitude estimates observable in any earthquake catalogue has led to this analysis of one particular catalogue and definition of magnitude. The method employed by the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey is analyzed in the light of theoretical considerations concerning the probability distribution of the variables involved. In particular, the truncation procedure seems to lead to estimates which consistently underestimate the magnitude for large earthquakes, and perhaps overestimate the magnitude for small ones. An alternative method is suggested which leads to estimates which are in good agreement with those provided by Berkeley, Pasadena and Lamont.
Effects of Shared Story Reading in Mathematics for Students with Academic Difficulty and Challenging Behaviors.

The primary focus of this study was to examine the effects of Shared Story Reading (SSR) during mathematics instruction on the behavioral outcomes of four elementary students with academic difficulty and challenging behaviors. In addition, the study examined the effect of implementing SSR during mathematics instruction on the teacher’s use of opportunities to respond (OTR). A multiple baseline design across participants was implemented to examine the effects of this curricular approach on increasing the teacher’s OTR, increasing student engagement, and reducing disruptive behavior. Results indicated there was an increase in OTR during the SSR lessons and suggest implementing SSR during mathematics instruction was effective for increasing engagement for students with academic difficulty and challenging behaviors. Results were not definitive regarding the effects of SSR decreasing disruptive behavior.
Brief Announcement: Scheduling Parallelizable Jobs Online to Maximize Throughput

We consider scheduling parallelizable jobs online to maximize the throughput or profit of the schedule. A set of n jobs arrive online and each job Ji has an associated function pi(t), the profit obtained for finishing job Ji at time t. Each job has its own arbitrary non-increasing profit function. We consider the case where each job is a parallel job that can be represented as a directed acyclic graph (DAG). We give the first non-trivial results for the profit scheduling problem for DAG jobs showing O(1)-competitive algorithms using resource augmentation.
Labeling of Pediatric Pain Medications

FDA-approved labeling contains a summary of the available and essential scientifi c information needed for the safe use of a drug for a specifi c use. With few exceptions, only a limited number of medications frequently used to treat pediatric pain or facilitate analgesia are adequately labeled for pediatric patients. Consequently, most drugs are used off-label in children. Pediatric initiatives have generated more than 300 pediatric studies resulting in new product labeling for over 120 drugs. This chapter reviews several important lessons gleaned from these studies, regulatory highlights of the drug approval process, revisions to product labeling due to the Physician Labeling Rule, and controlled substance regulations as they apply to opioids. Pediatric labeling for drugs commonly used to treat acute and chronic pain, headaches, and muscle spasm is also reviewed, highlighting the signifi cant gaps in labeling which remain, particularly for neonates and young children.
Gene Conversion Facilitates Adaptive Evolution on Rugged Fitness Landscapes

Gene conversion is a ubiquitous phenomenon that leads to the exchange of genetic information between homologous DNA regions and maintains coevolving multi-gene families in most prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. In this paper, we study its implications for the evolution of a single functional gene with a silenced duplicate, using two different models of evolution on rugged fitness landscapes. Our analytical and numerical results show that, by helping to circumvent valleys of low fitness, gene conversion with a passive duplicate gene can cause a significant speedup of adaptation, which depends nontrivially on the frequency of gene conversion and the structure of the landscape. We find that stochastic effects due to finite population sizes further increase the likelihood of exploiting this evolutionary pathway. A universal feature appearing in both deterministic and stochastic analysis of our models is the existence of an optimal gene conversion rate, which maximizes the speed of adaptation. Our results reveal the potential for duplicate genes to act as a "scratch paper" that frees evolution from being limited to strictly beneficial mutations in strongly selective environments.
The road to TRAs is paved with good intentions: Dispossession through delivery in post-apartheid Cape Town:

Dispossession need not be the product of malicious intentions or a deliberate programme of accumulation. As I argue in this article, it may paradoxically be the consequence of social spending, or w...
Preparation of N-(2-alkoxyvinyl)sulfonamides from N-tosyl-1,2,3-triazoles and Subsequent Conversion to Substituted Phthalans and Phenethylamines

Decomposition of N-tosyl-1,2,3-triazoles with rhodium(II) acetate dimer in the presence of alcohols forms synthetically versatile N-(2-alkoxyvinyl)sulfonamides, which react under a variety of conditions to afford useful N- and O-containing compounds. Acid-catalyzed addition of alcohols or thiols to N-(2-alkoxyvinyl)sulfonamide-containing phthalans provides access to ketals and thioketals, respectively. Selective reduction of the vinyl group in N-(2-alkoxyvinyl)sulfonamide-containing phthalans via hydrogenation yields the corresponding phthalan in good yield, whereas reduction with sodium bis(2-methoxyethoxy)aluminumhydride generates a ring-opened phenethylamine analogue. Because the N-(2-alkoxyvinyl)sulfonamide functional group is synthetically versatile, but often hydrolytically unstable, this protocol emphasizes key techniques in preparing, handling, and reacting these pivotal substrates in several useful transformations.
Computational Analysis of Behavioural and Neural Data Through Bayesian Statistical Modelling

Computational analysis of behavioural and neural data is nowadays an essential part of neuroethology, allowing an ever deeper understanding of how natural behaviour and neural activity are interrelated at the molecular, cellular and network level. The range of computational techniques applied in neuroethological research is currently so broad as to preclude an exhaustive survey in a succinct chapter. Here, we focus on a specific approach termed Bayesian statistical modelling that has proven to be a powerful method for relating neural activity to natural behavioural performance. As we illustrate in a specific example, this approach naturally dovetails with classic neural coding concepts such as population vector codes. It is also flexible enough to be applicable to a broad range of neuroethological questions.
Information Technologies for Informal Learning in Museums and Out-of-School Settings

This chapter presents different examples of how informal learning institutions including museums, science centres, and afterschool programs are being transformed by the presence of information technologies (IT) and how informal learners, in turn, are adopting and shaping IT. Everyday uses of IT are also reviewed to share the multiple practices that learners both invent and regularly engage in to support communication, play, and personal meaning-making in online spaces. Note that while examples for this chapter are predominantly drawn from science education, informal learning institutions of all types use IT in creative ways to support out-of-school learning opportunities, and as a bridge to more strongly link personal interests and everyday activity to topics covered in formal schooling. The chapter concludes with some trends for the future, arguing that out-of-school time plays a critical role in learning; in many cases, one that is more important than schooling – especially for children and young adults who do not thrive in formal learning environments.
Detection of absorbers in a dynamic system using NIR phase modulated device (PMD).

The application of Near Infra Red (NIR) Spectroscopy to the biological system analysis has progressed rapidly during the past decade. This method has a great advantage for the biological system application because measurements can be performed non-invasively and the health risk caused by applying this light source is almost none. This method has been used for the analysis of a homogeneous steady state and slow dynamic biological systems. The theoretical derivation of phase shift in a homogeneous semi-infinite medium was derived by Patterson and Chance (1990). Sevick and Chance (1991) has developed an algorithm using Phase Modulated Spectroscopy (PMS) of dual wave lengths (754 and 816 nm) for measuring hemoglobin oxygen saturation. Smith and Chance (1992) measured brain oxygen saturation using dual wave lengths of PMS and time resolved spectroscopy (TRS). Haida and Chance (1992) developed a method for obtaining the ratio of oxy-and deoxyhemoglobin absorption coefficients by using dual wavelengths measurements at two different separations between the source and the detector.
Coping Processes and Strategies and Personal Resources among Persons with HIV-Spectrum Disease

Living and coping effectively with HIV-1 infection is an enormous challenge, not only because of the potential lethality of the infection but also because of the chronic nature of illness episodes, which often include frequent hospital stays, and the potential for social discrimination. For the asymptomatic seropositive person infected with HIV-1, the potential for a long latency period (the interval from seroconversion to first symptoms of AIDS) translates the threat of developing AIDS into a chronic Stressor commonly leading to psychological distress. For those who are not infected with the virus but who perceive themselves as being at risk for infection or continue to place themselves at risk because of their high-risk behavior, the threat of AIDS is viewed as a profound Stressor.
Stages of Transgression: Anatomical Research in National Socialism

While it is well documented that German anatomists used bodies of victims of the National Socialist (NS) regime for teaching and research purposes in all German anatomical departments, the gradual transformation of traditional and accepted anatomical methods to inhumane acts committed by anatomists and facilitated by a criminal government has not been explored in detail. However, the development of atrocities in anatomy in NS Germany can be traced through several stages of ethical transgression.
Russell’s and Wittgenstein’s Logical Atomisms

This paper begins from a reading of Wittgenstein’s pre-war dictations, his 1914–1916 notebooks, and his “Proto-Protractatus”, an early version of the Tractatus that Wittgenstein drafted during the first two years of the war. By starting from work of Wittgenstein’s that is more directly in dialogue with Russell’s pre-war work than the Tractatus, we can better appreciate what they had in common and where they disagreed.
Multistage continuous countercurrent diafiltration for formulation of monoclonal antibodies

There is growing interest in the development of fully integrated and continuous biomanufacturing processes for the production of monoclonal antibody products. A recent study has demonstrated the feasibility of using a two-stage countercurrent diafiltration (DF) process for continuous product formulation, but this system did not provide sufficient levels of buffer exchange for most applications. The objective of this study was to design and test a three-stage countercurrent DF system that could achieve at least 99.9% buffer exchange over 24 hr of continuous operation. Experimental data were obtained using concentrated solutions of human immunoglobulin G as a model protein, with the extent of vitamin B12 removal used to track the extent of DF. Pall Cadence™ inline concentrators with Delta 30 kD regenerated cellulose membranes were used in the three stages to achieve high conversion in a single pass. The three-stage system showed stable operation with >99.9% vitamin B12 removal and a minimal increase in pressure over the full 24 hr. Modules were effectively cleaned using sodium hydroxide, with nearly complete recovery of water permeability. A simple economic analysis was presented that accounts for the trade-offs between quantity of buffer used and membrane costs for this type of countercurrent staged DF process. The results provide important insights to the design and operation of a continuous process for antibody formulation.
What do employees perceive as hindrance or challenge stressors in the hotel industry? The role that hope plays

The purpose of this study was to examine the process of two differential challenge-hindrance stressors leading to employee turnover intention with work engagement as a mediator and hope as a modera...
All tubulins are not alike: Heterodimer dissociation differs among different biological sources.

Tubulin, the subunit of microtubules, is a noncovalent heterodimer composed of one α- and one β-tubulin monomer. Both tubulins are encoded by multiple genes or composed of different isotypes, which are differentially expressed in different tissues and in development. Tubulin αβ dimers are found throughout the eukaryotes and, although very similar, are known to differ among organisms. We seek to investigate tubulins from different tissues and different organisms for a basic physical characteristic: heterodimer stability and monomer exchange between heterodimers. We previously showed that mammalian brain tubulin heterodimers reversibly dissociate, following the mass action law. Dissociation yields native monomers that can exchange with added tubulin to form new heterodimers. Here, we compared the dissociation of tubulins from multiple sources, including mammalian (rat) brain, cultured human cells (HeLa cells), chicken brain, chicken erythrocytes, and the protozoan Leishmania. We used fluorescence-detected analytical ultracentrifugation to measure tubulin dissociation over a >1000-fold range in concentration and found that tubulin heterodimers from different biological sources differ in Kd by as much as 150-fold under the same conditions. Furthermore, when fluorescent tracer tubulins from various sources were titrated with unlabeled tubulin from a single source (rat brain tubulin), heterologous dimerization occurred, exhibiting similar affinities, in some cases binding even more strongly than with autologous tubulin. These results provide additional insight into the regulation of heterodimer formation of tubulin from different biological sources, revealing that monomer exchange appears to contribute to the sorting of α- and β-tubulin monomers that associate following tubulin folding.
Abstract 1453: Development of a novel PD-1 vaccine and in combination with two Chimeric HER-2 peptide vaccine provides synergistic inhibition of tumor growth in a syngeneic Balb/c model challenged with CT26/HER-2 carcinoma cell line

Background: Therapeutic blockade of the signaling axis between PD-1 and its ligand programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) with monoclonal antibodies has shown remarkable clinical success in the treatment of cancer and demonstrated impressive activity across a broad set of cancer subtypes, even at advanced and metastatic stages of disease. Contrary to treatment with monoclonal antibodies, chimeric B-cell cancer vaccines have the advantage of producing a specific immune response that can potentially induce memory B & T cell responses, while reducing immune evasion and suppression. Methods: We have translated two HER-2 combination peptide vaccines (B-Vaxx) to the clinic in a Phase 1/2b trial to safely deliver curative and transformative cancer immunotherapies to advanced cancer patients. We have created and established the development of a novel B-cell peptide vaccine (Key-Vaxx) with high immunogenicity that binds to human PD-1 and produces tumor inhibition in vivo in an animal model of colon cancer. Here, we describe the transferable CT-26-HER2 neu tumor model in Balb/c was used to test for synergistic effects of anti-PD1 immunization therapy in combination with anti-HER2 immunization therapy to determine whether this combination could increase immunogenicity, enhance anti-tumor responses and provide synergistic benefit in inhibiting tumor growth. Results: We show robust HER-2 and PD-1 antibody responses in all vaccinated mice indicating that the combined vaccination is effective in reducing tumor growth in a Balb/c syngeneic model of colon carcinoma versus either the PD-1 vaccine or more importantly the positive control gold standard that is anti-mouse PD-1 monoclonal antibody. The vaccine combination was found to be safe and did not appear to exhibit toxicity or autoimmunity. Conclusion: Development of a novel PD-1 vaccine in combination with two Chimeric HER-2 peptide vaccine provides synergistic inhibition of tumor growth with no evidence of toxicity or autoimmunity. A clinical trial with the combination is under planning. Citation Format: Tanios Bekaii-Saab, Jay Overholser, Yuhong Yang, Manuel Penichet, Pravin Kaumaya. Development of a novel PD-1 vaccine and in combination with two Chimeric HER-2 peptide vaccine provides synergistic inhibition of tumor growth in a syngeneic Balb/c model challenged with CT26/HER-2 carcinoma cell line [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1453.
SKR improvement for an entanglement assisted bb84 system using adaptive optics on an fso link

Implementing QKD systems over FSO channels can suffer due to time-varying channel degradations. To reduce the channel degradations use of adaptive optics to compensate for atmospheric turbulence is studied in a 30 km maritime channel.
Babesia microti—Borrelia burgdorferi Coinfection

The incidence and geographic distribution of human babesiosis is growing in the U.S. Its major causative agent is the protozoan parasite, Babesia microti. B. microti is transmitted to humans primarily through the bite of Ixodes scapularis ticks, which are vectors for a number of other pathogens. Other routes of B. microti transmission are blood transfusion and in rare cases of mother-to-foetus transmission, through the placenta. This review discusses the current literature on mammalian coinfection with B. microti and Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent Lyme disease.
Parental insights into phase I pediatric oncology clinical trials: Findings from a phenomenological study.

e21534Background: Phase I clinical trials (P1Ts) are an essential step in the validation of novel therapies to treat childhood cancer. Children with cancer participate in P1Ts when no known curativ...