cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms of vertical phoria adaptation revealed by time-course and two-dimensional spatiotopic maps

Abstract The spatial spread of short term phoria adaptation was measured in response to either a single vertical disparity presented at a single eye position, or, vertical disparities of opposite sign presented at two different locations along either the primary vertical or horizontal meridians or along an oblique axis. The spread of adaptation to eye positions not specifically adapted was assessed by measuring phoria across a two-dimensional surface. The change in pboria was uniform across the field in response to a single disparity. With two disparities, adaptation conformed to the stimulus demand in the direction in which the disparity varied but was uniform in the orthogonal direction. The time-course of the adaptation indicated the presence of two mechanisms, a global one which shifted the phoria uniformly across the field and a local one which selectively adjusted the phoria to the position dependent demands of the disparity stimulus.
Allomermis solenopsi n. sp. (Nematoda: Mermithidae) parasitising the fire ant Solenopsi s invicta Buren (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Argentina

Allomermis solenopsi n. sp. (Mermithidae: Nematoda) is described from the fire ant Solenopsis invicta Buren (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Argentina. Diagnostic characters of the new species include stiff and erect processes on the surface of the mature egg, small female amphids, extension of the latero-medial rows of male genital papillae beyond the middle rows, an obliquely truncate spicule tip and a ventrally swollen male terminus. This is the first record of Allomermis Steiner, 1924 from South America and the first host record for members of this genus. Previous records of mermithids from Solenopsis spp. are summarised. The placement in Allomermis was confirmed by molecular analyses based on nuclear 18S ribosomal DNA sequences, the first such molecular framework for the Mermithidae. The possible life-cycle of the parasite is discussed, with the aim of using A. solenopsi as a biological control agent for fire ants in the United States.
Coordinate induction and activation of metalloproteinase and ascorbate depletion in structural luteolysis.

Structural luteolysis was found decades ago to be induced by PRL in the hypophysectomized rat, but the mechanisms of this process are unknown. To gain information on mechanisms of luteal involution, we developed an animal model that circumvented complex surgery and provided ample tissue for analyses. Gonadotropin-synchronized ovulation and luteinization were induced in immature rats, followed by treatment with ergot alkaloid and PRL. PRL-induced structural luteolysis, as shown by loss of luteal weight, protein, and DNA after pretreatment with ergot alkaloid, was evident after 36 h. Ascorbic acid depletion was rapid, severe, and lasting in luteal tissue during structural luteolysis, but lipid peroxidation or depletion of vitamin E was not evident. PRL treatment of animals with functional corpora lutea did not induce luteal involution. Significantly, after natural functional luteolysis occurred, PRL was highly effective in inducing structural luteolysis. Thus, either natural or ergot-induced functional lute...
The Cultural Influence of Adolescent Prescription Drug Abuse

A disproportionate number of adolescents are abusing prescription medications at alarming rates. Although the Monitoring the Future Study of 2013 is showing a slow decline in prescription drug use among adolescents who abuse these substances, the future is bleak for youth who are still engaging in this self-destructive behavior. Many parents are completely naive and oblivious about their adolescents’ prescription drug use. Medications, stored in medicine cabinets in the home, are some adolescents’ prime source of securing substances for drug use. At-risk youth, without a resilient constitution (i.e., the ability to resist drug use), fall prey to the prolific environmental influences that saturate communities across the United States. Healthy beliefs and clear standards, promoted by parents and teachers, in conjunction with familial and community bonding, lowered the prevalence of prescription drug abuse among youth. Adolescents who were bonded to prosocial peers and who rejected substance abusing peer pre...
Putative mechanisms of buspirone-induced antinociception in the rat.

Abstract Intraperitoneal administration of the serotonin 5-HT1A agonist, buspirone (1–5 mg/kg), produced dose- and time-related core hypothermia that was coincident with analgesia against a thermally noxious stimulus. Surface body temperature was not altered by buspirone. The 5-HT1A antagonist, NAN-190 (2 mg/kg, s.c.), blocked both hypothermic and analgesic effects, while systemic administration of the opioid antagonist, naloxone (1 mg/kg, s.c.), did not change the pattern of buspirone-induced hypothermia or analgesia. The apparent lack of opioid involvement and the documented role of the 5-HT1A receptor system in neuroendocrine substrates of thermoregulation and pain modulation prompted study of adrenal function in these buspirone-induced effects. Buspirone (5 mg/kg, i.p.) produced significant elevations in plasma epinephrine (EPI) and corticosterone (CST). Bilateral adrenalectomy reduced both control and buspirone-elevated EPI and CST levels and attenuated the antinociceptive, but not hypothermic, effects of buspirone (1–5 mg/kg, i.p.). Administration of the phenylethanolamine- N -methyltransferase (PNMT) inhibitor, dichloromethylbenzylamine (DCMB: 25 mg/kg, i.p.) reduced basal and buspirone-elevated plasma EPI, but not CST levels. This treatment did not affect buspirone-induced hypothermia, while significantly reducing buspirone antinociception. Pretreatment with the CST synthesis inhibitor, aminoglutethemide (AG: 2 × 25 mg/kg, i.p.), reduced plasma CST levels while not significantly affecting EPI. AG pretreatment did not alter the hypothermic effects of buspirone, but attenuated antinociception produced by the highest buspirone dose. The AG-induced reductions of buspirone antinociception were less than those effects produced by DCMB treatment. These data suggest that buspirone-induced antinociception may be a non-opioid, adrenally mediated co- and/or epi-phenomenon to core hypothermia evoked by 5-HT1A receptor agonism.
Fracture strength of soda-lime glass after etching

The strength of soda-lime glass at liquid nitrogen temperature after various amounts of etching was measured. A median crack length of 6 μm was calculated from the results and a model of the etching process. It was found that the rate of etching at the crack tip was much lower than on the external surface. Measured distributions of strength for samples etched different depths were also in reasonable agreement with calculated distributions. The etching process itself was found to cause some weakening of the glass.
Validated Computing Approach for High-Pressure Chemical and Multiphase Equilibrium

Abstract For the computation of chemical and phase equilibrium at constant temperature and pressure, there have been proposed a wide variety of problem formulations and numerical solution procedures, involving both direct minimization of the Gibbs energy and the solution of equivalent nonlinear equation systems. Still, with very few exceptions, these methodologies may fail to solve the chemical and phase equilibrium problem correctly. Nevertheless, there are many existing solution methods that are extremely reliable in general and fail only occasionally. To take good advantage of this wealth of available techniques, we demonstrate here an approach in which such techniques can be combined with procedures that have the power to validate results that are correct, and to identify results that are incorrect. Furthermore, in the latter case, corrective feedback can be provided until a result that can be validated as correct is found. The validation procedure is deterministic, and provides a mathematical and computational guarantee that the global minimum in the Gibbs energy has been found. To demonstrate this validated computing approach to the chemical and phase equilibrium problem, we present several examples involving reactive and nonreactive components at high pressure, using cubic equation-of-state models.
Motility Evaluation of a Novel Overground Functional Mobility Tool for Post Stroke Rehabilitation

The KineAssist is a robotic device that allows the therapist to safely interact with and challenge a patient as they train in whole body dynamic-balance tasks such as sit to stand or gait. The design and development of the KineAssist proceeded rapidly as a startup product of a small company. Here we briefly restate the KineAssist's motivation, design, and use, and then present an initial evaluation of the alpha-prototype's performance on healthy and stroke survivors. The studies showed that sacral marker trajectories were slower but otherwise not significantly changed in amplitude when using the device. The KineAssist therefore yields a safe environment for training functional mobility tasks, and these results identify a promising method of safely challenging patients to exert more effort while maintaining natural kinematic ranges of motion.
UV‐B affects within‐seed biomass allocation and chemical provisioning

Summary • Here we investigated the accuracy of measurements at the whole seed level in estimating seed and seedling quality. Specifically, we asked: ‘Do measurements at the whole seed level mask important differences in testa or embryo quality?’ and ‘Are chemicals provisioned to seeds present in seedlings post-germination?’ • We measured the allocation of biomass and distribution of UV-absorbing compounds to testas and embryos of Brassica rapa seeds derived from plants grown in the presence and absence of UV-B. The concentration of UV-absorbing compounds in cotyledons was also quantified. • Differences in seed quality were only detected when testas were analyzed separately from embryos. UV-B decreased testa mass by 18% and increased the concentration of UV-absorbing compounds in the testa by 158%. The increased chemical provisioning to testas was not evident post-germination, as the concentration of UV-absorbing compounds in cotyledons was independent of parental environment. • Our results suggest that measurements at the whole seed level conceal significant differences in testa quality, and chemicals provisioned to testas do not affect progeny chemistry during establishment.
A novel video shot detection technique using color anglogram and latent semantic indexing

In this paper, we present the results of our work that seeks to negotiate the gap between low-level features and highlevel concepts in the domain of video shot detection. We introduce a novel technique for spatial color indexing, color anglogram, which is invariant to rotation, scaling, and translation. This work also concerns a dimension reduction technique, latent semantic indexing (LSI), which has been used for textual information retrieval for many years. In this paper, we examine the use of these techniques for video shot detection, hoping to uncover the semantic correlation between video frames. Experimental results show that LSI, together with color anglogram, is able to extract the underlying semantic structure of video contents, thus helping to improve the shot detection performance.
Measuring Explicit Political Positions of Media

We amass a new, large-scale dataset of newspaper editorials that allows us to calculate fine-grained measures of the political positions of newspaper editorial pages. Collectingandclassifyingover1500editorialsadoptedby25majorUSnewspapers on495SupremeCourtcasesfrom1994to2004,weapplyanitemresponsetheoretic approachtoplacenewspapereditorialboardsonasubstantivelymeaningful—and longvalidated—scaleofpoliticalpreferences.Wevalidatethemeasures,showhow they can be used to shed light on the permeability of the wall between news and editorial desks, and argue that the general strategy we employ has great potential for more widespread use.
Global Warming: Take Action or Wait?

A serious split in opinion exists with regard to how to deal with the ongoing buildup of CO2 in our atmosphere. One group contends that, until the warming has more clearly expressed itself, we should put off costly actions. The other group contends that, even if we were to take immediate action, the buildup of CO2 is likely to reach an unacceptable level. Hence action must not be delayed. I stand with the second group. My opinion has been molded by the failure of model simulations to yield the impacts anywhere near as large as those attributable to orbital cycles, to ocean reorganizations, or to solar irradiance. These impacts are well documented in the paleoclimate record. This suggests to me that the models lack important feedbacks and amplifiers present in the real world. Hence they are more likely to underestimate the impacts of CO2 than overestimate them as the critics contend. The world’s energy consumption will continue to rise. Because it is so cheap and so abundant, coal will dominate as a supplier. It is also my opinion that CO2 capture and burial will have to play a key role in the struggle to bring the CO2 rise to a halt. Fortunately, it appears that capture and burial are technically and economically feasible. The big question is whether the world can come together and make this happen before CO2 has reached an unacceptable level.
UNENHANCED COMPUTERIZED AXIAL TOMOGRAPHY TO DETECT RETAINED CALCULI AFTER PERCUTANEOUS ULTRASONIC LITHOTRIPSY

AbstractPurpose: We report our experience with unenhanced computerized axial tomography (CT) after percutaneous ultrasonic lithotripsy in patients thought to be at high risk for retained calculi.Materials and Methods: CT was obtained in 121 patients (124 kidneys) within 12 to 36 hours of percutaneous ultrasonic lithotripsy for staghorn or large nonstaghorn renal calculi. Cases were grouped according to the CT findings as no retained calculi, insignificant retained calculi (fragments 1 to 3 mm.), retained calculi amenable to shock wave lithotripsy and retained fragments requiring second look percutaneous ultrasonic lithotripsy or flexible nephroscopy.Results: No calculi were seen in 73 kidneys (59%) and retained calculi were identified in 51 (41%). Shock wave lithotripsy was used to treat 8 patients and another percutaneous ultrasonic lithotripsy or flexible nephroscopy was performed in 23 to remove retained stones. Insignificant calculi were noted in the remaining 21 patients.Conclusions: We believe that ...
Nonlinear smoothing and the EM algorithm for positive integral equations of the first kind

We study a modification of the EMS algorithm in which each step of the EMS algorithm is preceded by a nonlinear smoothing step of the form $ {\cal N} f = \exp(S^{*}\log f) $ , where S is the smoothing operator of the EMS algorithm. In the context of positive integral equations (a la positron emission tomography) the resulting algorithm is related to a convex minimization problem which always admits a unique smooth solution, in contrast to the unmodified maximum likelihood setup. The new algorithm has slightly stronger monotonicity properties than the original EM algorithm. This suggests that the modified EMS algorithm is actually an EM algorithm for the modified problem. The existence of a smooth solution to the modified maximum likelihood problem and the monotonicity together imply the strong convergence of the new algorithm. We also present some simulation results for the integral equation of stereology, which suggests that the new algorithm behaves roughly like the EMS algorithm.
Omics and therapy – A basis for precision medicine

A founding premise of the human genome project was that knowledge of the spectrum of abnormalities that comprise cancers and other human diseases would lead to improved disease management by identifying molecular abnormalities that could guide disease detection and diagnosis, suggest new therapeutic strategies and be developed as markers to predict response to therapy. This project led to elucidation of a reference normal human genome sequence and normal polymorphisms therein against which sequences from diseased tissues can be compared to enable identification of causal abnormalities. It also stimulated development of an array of computational tools for genomic analysis and catalyzed public and private sector development of revolutionary tools for genome analysis that transformed analysis of whole genomes from an enterprise that required international teams and hundreds of millions of dollars to a process that can be carried out in core facilities for only a few thousand dollars per sample. Indeed, the $1000 genome is nearly upon us. Applications of these technologies to human cancers in international cancer genome projects are now revealing the spectra of abnormalities that comprise thousands of individual cancers. Analyses of these data are leading to the promised improvements in disease management. We review several aspects of cancer genomics with emphasis on aspects that are relevant to improving cancer therapy.
Gait and six-minute walk performance in persons with multiple sclerosis

The six-minute walk (6 MW) has been established as a clinic-based, performance measure of walking endurance that reflects community ambulation in multiple sclerosis (MS). Consequently, identifying the contribution of variables to 6 MW performance may provide targets for improving real-life walking in MS, and these variables may differ as a function of disability. This study examined cadence and stride length as gait variables that explain differences in 6 MW performance between persons with MS and controls, and by level of disability. 256 community-residing persons with MS and 49 non-MS controls performed a standard 6 MW test and completed 2 trials of comfortable walking on an electronic walkway for quantifying gait. Regression analyses indicated that cadence and stride length explain differences in 6 MW performance between MS and controls, and by level of disability in MS. The contribution of cadence and stride length to walking endurance differed as a function of disability, such that cadence and to a greater extent stride length explained variance in 6 MW performance in mild MS, whereas cadence and stride length explained approximately an equivalent amount of variance in 6 MW performance in moderate-to-severe MS. We provide evidence for intervention strategies that are specific to disability level to improve walking endurance in MS.
Staurosporine, a Protein Kinase Inhibitor, Increases the Intoxicating Potencies of Ethanol and Other n-Alkanols in Rana pipiens Tadpoles

Central nervous system protein kinases are the intracellular effectors for many of the signal transduction pathways essential to neurotransmission. Although the in vitro activity of at least one of these important enzymes, protein kinase C, is diminished by therapeutic concentrations of ethanol and other central depressants, the relationship of this effect to intoxication in vivo is not known. If intoxication by ethanol involves central protein kinase inhibition, then other inhibitors of these enzymes should enhance ethanol's intoxicating potency. To test this hypothesis, we compared the median effective concentrations of ethanol and two other n-alkanols for loss-of-righting reflex in Rana pipiens tadpoles pretreated with staurosporine and in untreated controls. Alkanol concentrations were confirmed by gas chromatography and staurosporine concentrations by ultraviolet absorbance spectrophotometry. Results obtained with 650 animals demonstrate that pretreatment with staurosporine concentrations in the nanomolar range significantly decrease the median effective concentration for ethanol (56% of control; p < 0.001), butanol (38% of control; p < 0.001), and octanol (59% of control; p < 0.001). This finding supports that central protein kinase inhibition may be involved in the acute intoxicating effects of ethanol and other n-alkanols.
AIRBORNE PARTICULATE DEBRIS FROM RUBBER TIRES

Abstract Airborne particulate matter worn from tires has been detected in the atmospheres of two vehicle tunnels and in the open air. The amount is about 20 per cent as great as that from vehicle e...
A study of the effect of branching on certain physical and mechanical properties of stereoregular polypropylene

The properties of stereoregular polypropylene have been modified by the introduction of controlled branching into the polymer chain backbone. Branching is achieved by copolymerizing propylene with certain long-chain 1-olefins by using a standard Ziegler Natta low pressure catalyst. Physical and mechanical properties of the copolymers are related to the degree and length of branching. It was found that ultimate strength properties of moderate molecular weight polymers could be improved at some expense in short-range deformation properties by adjusting the degree of branching to a suitable level. The copolymers did not show a good combination of low temperature brittleness characteristics along with higher temperature strength properties. It is suggested that the branching technique described will allow the tailoring of polypropylene resins for specific end use applications.
Modeling and testing of the collective effects of thermoelastic and fluid damping on silicon MEMS resonators

Thermoelastic damping and fluid damping may collectively affect the resonant behaviors of silicon resonators. A finite element model is developed to predict the characteristics of the out-of-plane reso- nance, and the results are verified by experiments. The implementation of the perturbation method leads to an eigenvalue equation, from which the resonant frequency and the quality factor can be evaluated. The fluid damping problem is formulated by augmenting the governing equation with a linear damping term, whose coefficient is inversely determined from the experimental correlations. With the incorporation of the fluid damping term, the computational prediction achieves a good agreement with the experiment. The same method can also be extended to study the in-plane vibration of beam resonators. © 2009 Society of Photo-Optical In-
Inactivation, storage, and PCR detection of Mycoplasma on FTA filter paper.

Resumen RESUMEN. Inactivacion, almacenamiento y deteccion de micoplasma mediante la prueba de la reaccion en cadena por la polimerasa en filtros de papel FTA®. Se evaluo la factibilidad del uso de filtros de papel FTA® (Flinders Technology Associates) para la inactivacion y almacenamiento de plantillas de ADN de micoplasma y su deteccion mediante la prueba de reaccion en cadena por la polimerasa (PCR). Los filtros de papel FTA® consisten en una membrana de celulosa de algodon que contiene quimicos liofilizados que destruyen la mayoria de bacterias y virus. Se depositaron varios volumenes de cultivos de Micoplasma gallisepticum (MG) y Micoplasma synoviae (MS) en los filtros de papel y se almacenaron a diferentes temperaturas por varios periodos antes de realizar la prueba de PCR. Se detecto la presencia de MG y MS durante todo el tiempo (1-60 dias) independiente del volumen aplicado en el filtro (1–100 µl) o la temperatura de almacenamiento (4° C a 41° C). Se observo una sensibilidad y especificidad simila...
Electron-Induced Displacement Damage Effects in CCD s

We compare differences in parametric degradation for CCDs irradiated to the same displacement damage dose with 2-MeV, 10-MeV, and 50-MeV electrons. Charge transfer efficiency degradation was observed to not scale well with non-ionizing energy loss (NIEL) for small signals. Short term annealing of mean dark current in a CCD sample irradiated with 2-MeV electrons at -85C is discussed, as well as additional annealing achieved by warming to temperatures up to and including room temperature. In contrast, charge transfer inefficiency was not observed to anneal following room temperature cycling for the sample irradiated at -85C
Application of Fourier-Bessel transform for signal to noise improvement of speech signal

The authors study the representation of the speech waveform using a basis set or kernel function derived from Bessel functions of the first kind. These functions have regular zero-crossings but decaying amplitudes that provide a better match to the behavior of speech waveforms. In addition to exploitation of such improved efficiency for storage and compression systems, the authors have shown the possibility of improving signal-to-noise ratio by filtering which attenuates more of the noise power without attenuating the desired signal. Ideal specifications of signal and additive noise spectra and the ideal amplitude characteristic of a low-pass filter are used to illustrate the possible improvement of signal-to-noise ratio. Then, the improvement in convergence rate of the Fourier-Bessel transform is illustrated by comparing the Fourier and Fourier-Bessel transforms of a set of signals which become more speech-like. Simulation results showing the improvement in a signal-to-noise ratio of speech segments are presented. >
HEREDITARY ACHONDROPLASIA IN THE RABBIT II. PATHOLOGIC ASPECTS

Pathological observations on hereditary achondroplasia in the rabbit have been described. At autopsy, the chief features of interest are: reduced size with disproportionately shortened extremities and large head, cutaneous and subcutaneous edema of variable degree and distribution, small shortened bones with a cartilaginous appearance and texture, immature teeth, and cleft palate in one-fourth the cases; blood-stained fluid in the thoracic and abdominal cavities; a comparatively small heart pointing to the right of the midline, a very large firm thymus, a large pale soft spleen, a large swollen liver with red mottling, and a stomach distended with thin greenish mucus but no milk. The mean relative weights of all organs in terms of the net body weight were larger than those of normal new-born litter mates. The mean actual weights of the kidneys, the brain, and especially the spleen and the thymus were also larger than their respective normal values, those of the heart, liver, and adrenals were slightly smaller, while that of the pituitary was the same. Histologically, all endochondral cartilages show marked abnormalities of differentiation with pronounced deficiency of ossification. Calcification of membranous bones is likewise deficient. The histological abnormalities of the long bones are very similar to, if not identical with, those characteristic of human fetal chondrodystrophy, the creeper fowl condition, the "bull-dog" calf, and achondroplasia of the dog. No histological evidence was found in any organ which would suggest a basis for a responsible causal agent of the abnormality. Minor to marked vascular dilatation and congestion and edema is a variable feature but is fairly widely distributed. The changes in the thyroid indicate an active gland. The cellular pattern of the pituitary is characterized by some increase in basophilic cells. The lymphoid elements of the spleen are more or less depleted. The hemopoietic tissue in the spleen and liver is reduced in amount. In blood obtained from the heart, there is a reduction in the numbers of red and white cells and platelets and in the hemoglobin content as well; immature cells and particularly normoblasts are comparatively numerous.
Endophenotypes Successfully Lead to Gene Identification: Results from the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism

The use of endophenotypes has been proposed as a strategy to aid gene identification efforts for complex phenotypes [Gottesman, I. I., and Shields J. (1972). Schizophrenia and Genetics: A Twin Study Vantage Point. London: Academic]. As part of the Collaborative Study of the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA) project, we have analyzed electrophysiological endophenotypes, in addition to clinical diagnoses, as part of our effort to identify genes involved in the predisposition to alcohol dependence. In this paper we summarize published results from linkage and association analyses of two chromosomal regions in which the use of endophenotypes has successfully led to the identification of genes associated with alcohol dependence [GABRA2 (Edenberg et al., (2004). Am. J. Hum. Genet. 74:705-714) and CHRM2 (Wang et al., (2004). Hum. Mol. Genet. 13:1903-1911)]. Our experience in the COGA project has been that the analysis of endophenotypes provides several advantages over diagnostic phenotypes, including the strength and localization of the linkage signal. Our results provide an illustration of the successful use of endophenotypes to identify genes involved in the predisposition to a complex psychiatric phenotype, a strategy originally proposed by Gottesman and Shields in 1972.
Examining Administrators' Instructional Feedback to High School Math and Science Teachers.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore high school administrators’ instructional leadership in math and science. Specifically, the study explored the feedback administrators provided to ...
Integrative review: postcraniotomy pain in the brain tumour patient.

Aim To conduct an integrative review to examine evidence of pain and associated symptoms in adult (≥21 years of age), postcraniotomy, brain tumour patients hospitalized on intensive care units. Background Healthcare providers believe craniotomies are less painful than other surgical procedures. Understanding how postcraniotomy pain unfolds over time will help inform patient care and aid in future research and policy development. Design Systematic literature search to identify relevant literature. Information abstracted using the Theory of Unpleasant Symptoms’ concepts of influencing factors, symptom clusters and patient performance. Inclusion criteria were indexed, peer-reviewed, full-length, English-language articles. Keywords were ‘traumatic brain injury’, ‘pain, post-operative’, ‘brain injuries’, ‘postoperative pain’, ‘craniotomy’, ‘decompressive craniectomy’ and ‘trephining’. Data sources Medline, OVID, PubMed and CINAHL databases from 2000–2014. Review method Cooper's five-stage integrative review method was used to assess and synthesize literature. Results The search yielded 115 manuscripts, with 26 meeting inclusion criteria. Most studies were randomized, controlled trials conducted outside of the United States. All tested pharmacological pain interventions. Postcraniotomy brain tumour pain was well-documented and associated with nausea, vomiting and changes in blood pressure, and it impacted the patient's length of hospital stay, but there was no consensus for how best to treat such pain. Conclusion The Theory of Unpleasant Symptoms provided structure to the search. Postcraniotomy pain is experienced by patients, but associated symptoms and impact on patient performance remain poorly understood. Further research is needed to improve understanding and management of postcraniotomy pain in this population.
Intangible Damages in American Tort Law: A Roadmap

This paper is meant to provide a succinct roadmap to the many pathways taken in providing recovery for intangible harm in tort. The paper was initially prepared for a comparative law conference, and in that setting, I assumed a lack of close familiarity with the historical origins and surprisingly broad expanse of recovery for intangible harm in American tort law. While succinctly presented, the present revised treatment, for those conversant with the US system, is meant to be comprehensive, addressing defamation and privacy, no-fault and tort reform, as well as the more conventional common law topics of intangible damages in cases of intentional and accidental harm.
Effect of Strain Differences and Tumor Presence on Microsomal Drug Metabolism in the Guinea Pig: Brief Communication

In vitro drug metabolism in the Hartley guinea pig was compared with that in two inbred guinea pig strains used as carriers for the line 10 hepatoma. We observed minor differences in enzyme specific activity among the three strains. Three weeks after intradermal inoculation of Strain 2 guinea pigs with line 10 hepatoma cells, cytochrome P450 levels and aminopyrine demethylase activity were significantly decreased. Seven to 10 days after inoculation with the ascites form of the tumor, the activities of aniline and biphenyl hydroxylases, p-aminobenzoic acid N-acetyltransferase, and dichloronitrobenzene glutathione S-aryltransferase, in addition to those of cytochrome P450 and aminopyrine N-demethylase, were probably also described.
Abstract 4411: γH2AX as a marker of genomic instability predicts cisplatin sensitivity in triple negative breast cancer cells

Triple negative breast cancers (TNBCs), that are hormone receptor negative (estrogen and progesterone) and lack HER2 amplification have limited treatment options. There is increasing evidence that TNBC is a heterogeneous disease and that patients with TNBC differentially respond to standard chemotherapies, which in many cases predicts for outcome. A portion of TNBC is considered genomically unstable as evidenced by array CGH analysis and the high frequency of BRCA1/2-mutations in TNBC patients. The identification of tumors displaying significant genomic instability may allow pre-selection of patients for select therapies (e.g. cisplatin, PARP inhibitors) that are more effective in the setting of deficient DNA damage response signaling. To determine if inherent genomic instability exists in TNBC, cell lines were analyzed for the phosphorylated histone variant 2AX (γ-H2AX) by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence as a marker of endogenous DNA damage. Tissue microarray blocks were created from 28 TNBC cell lines as well as appropriate controls to develop experimental conditions for γ-H2AX detection. TNBC cell lines significantly varied in the levels of baseline γ-H2AX foci, with BRCA1/2-mutant cell lines (HCC1937, HCC1599 and SUM149PT) having some of the highest levels. The presence of γ-H2AX foci in the absence of stress correlated with sensitivity (IC50) to cisplatin (R2 = 0.620), but not PARP inhibitors (R2 = 0.006). In addition to cell lines, we demonstrate that γ-H2AX staining can be detected in archived formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded breast cancer tissue with approximately 25% of the tumors displaying high levels of nuclear γ-H2AX staining. Therefore endogenous levels of γ- H2AX may have potential use as a clinical biomarker to identify patients that will benefit from treatment with DNA-damaging agents. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4411. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4411
Effect of isolated removal of either basolateral HCO3- or basolateral CO2 on HCO3- reabsorption by rabbit S2 proximal tubule

The equilibrium \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}+\mathr...
Demonstration that bone mineral density of the lumbar spine, trochanter, and femoral neck is higher in black than in white young men.

The incidence of osteoporosis and fractures of the hip and spine is lower in black than in white subjects. To determine whether bone mass is increased in black men and to assess the influence of body weight and age, bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine, trochanter, and femoral neck was measured by dual-photon absorptiometry in 59 normal white men and 40 black men between the ages of 20 and 50 years. Body weight and age were not different from each other in the two groups. BMD of the midradius was measured by single-photon absorptiometry. Multivariate regression was used for independent analysis of each group and for analysis of the two groups together. After adjusting for body weight, age was inversely related to BMD of the femoral neck in both blacks and whites and of the trochanter in blacks. When body weight was analyzed independently of age, it was a positive predictor for BMD of the midradius of black men and of the femoral neck in white men. Despite the racial differences in age and weight on BMD, there were no significant interactions between race and age or race and weight when the data from black and white men were combined. Race had a highly significant effect on BMD of the lumbar spine, trochanter, and femoral neck midradius, and BMD was higher in blacks than in whites at these sites. There were significant declines in BMD with age at the midradius and femoral neck and significant increases in BMD with body weight at the trochanter and femoral neck. Thus, bone mass is higher in black than in white men and the difference in bone mass may contribute to the lower incidence of osteoporosis and fractures in blacks.
Enhanced water vapor blocking in transparent hybrid polymer-nanocrystal films

Highly transparent and effective encapsulating materials have become increasingly important for photovoltaic (PV) modules to prevent water vapor molecules from permeating PV cells. The composite consists of block copolymer (PS-b-P2VP), comprised of hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts, and hygroscopic nanocrystals (Magnesium Oxide, MgO) incorporated to enhance water vapor blocking by both presenting obstacles for mass transport and also scavenging water molecules. The water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) values were reduced ∼3000 times, compared to homopolymer (PS), for both polymer and composite samples. Achieving both high transparency and low WVTR, it is expected that the composite materials can function as an excellent water vapor blocking layer for PV modules.
Breast Cancer Stem Cells: Role in Tumor Initiation, Progression, and Targeted Therapy

Despite significant advances in the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of breast cancer, tumor recurrence and resistance to therapy are lingering problems that continue to drive morbidity and mortality. Resolving these problems demands a better understanding of breast cancer biology that is often complicated by the fact that breast tumors are not homogenous structures. Tumor cells within a given tumor differ in morphology, karyotype, proliferative capacity, expression of cytogenetic markers, metastatic ability and sensitivity to therapeutic agents, features that are referred to collectively as tumor heterogeneity. Tumor heterogeneity is not a unique feature of breast cancer; almost all other cancers (both solid tumors and leukemias) are heterogeneous. The most convincing evidence supporting tumor heterogeneity is that all cells within a tumor are not capable of initiating a new tumor when transplanted into immunocompromised mice as well as into syngeneic recipients. To understand the cause of tumor heterogeneity, it is important to understand the genesis of cancer. Two major hypotheses have been put forward to explain the process of tumorigenesis: the clonal evolution model and the cancer stem cell (CSC) model. The clonal evolution model states that tumor cells with a growth advantage (acquired by random mutations over time) are selected and expand, with cells in the dominant population having similar proliferative capacity. Conversely, the CSC model states that tumors harbor a small population of cells that have stem-like properties, proliferate extensively, self-renew and drive the process of tumorigenesis. These two models are not mutually exclusive because CSCs themselves undergo clonal evolution. In this review, we focus on the CSC model of breast tumor propagation and its implications.
Analysis of the epidemiologic features of measles in Yangjiang from 2005 to 2008

Objective: To analyze Yangjiang epidemiological characteristics and relevant factor of measles from 2005 to 2008,and provide evidence for prevention and control measles in future.Methods: Collecting measles epidemic report and measles monitoring system case material and analyzing measles epidemiological data and relevant factors with descriptive epidemiology in Yangjiang from 2005 to 2008.Results: Measles cases were reported for 1 137 cases in Yangjiang from 2005 to 2008,with an annual incidence of 12.14/100 000.Patients distributed in 41 towns,villages and towns of the total 83.7%,popular mode to send out primarily.The time for peak was from March to July,accounting for 61.65% of the total number of patients.Two crowds of 8 months to 6 years and 7 to 14 years accounted for 65.88% and 23.94% respectively of the total number of cases,the average age for the onset was 5.74 years.Patients with local residents were mainly household,accounting for 68.43%.No immune history and immune history was unknown in 88.04% measles.33.70% were confirmed by laboratory blood.Among the total of 520 cases,54.04% were isolated and treated in hospital.Conclusion: Measles in recent years shows ascendant trend in Yangjiang,in children under the age of 14,measles immunization blank crowd is more,we should make the measles vaccine normal immune and patients' hospitalized isolation treatment.
Indentification and analysis of rubella virus in Xicheng District of Beijing in 2008

Objective:To investigate the epidemic characteristics of rubella in 2008,we have collected samples of suspected patients infected rubella virus(RV),which include the samples of serum from Xicheng District,throat swab and urine samples from Beijing area.We detected the IgM Ab,isolated and identified RV in the samples respectively.Methods:We have used ELISA to detect IgM Ab in serum,isolated RV by cell culture and identified RV nucleic acid by RT-PCR.Results:The positive rate of RV IgM Ab was 42%(24) in the totally 57 samples detected.In the total 48 throat swab and urine samples(26 patients) detected,31 positive samples(20 patients) with nucleic acid of RV were identified,and the positive rate was 76.9%.Conclusion:Our results proved that the ELISA method to detect the RV IgM Ab is rapid in the preliminary and early diagnosis of rubella,but the positive ratio was low;virus isolated and RT-PCR method to detect RV is more sensitive and accurate,which need a long term.Therefore,the two methods applied together will improve diagnosis ratio of RV.
Overworked? An Observation of the Relationship Between Student Employment and Academic Performance:

Current observations from the National Center for Education Statistics demonstrate the dramatic increase in college student employment over the past few decades. Not only are more students employed...
Value: The Next Frontier in Cancer Care.

Given the urgency to balance the delivery of high-quality cancer care with costs, stakeholders are developing new models of care delivery and reimbursement that emphasize value. The Value in Cancer Care series is a collection of 11 opinion-based articles that jointly aim to inform practicing oncologists about the pertinent facets of the value debate.
Dimethylsulfoniopropionate as a Potential Methanogenic Substrate in Mono Lake Sediments

A high concentration of dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) was found in the water column (0.1–1.8 µM particulate plus dissolved) of Mono Lake, CA, an alkaline, hypersaline waterbody. The dense Artemia monica population contained high levels of DMSP (1.7–2.5 mmol.g-1 wet weight), presumably as an osmolyte. Death of these brine shrimp caused accumulation of DMSP along the shoreline of the lake, where concentrations peaked at 7–13 jumol.cm-3 sediment. DMSP was also associated with the phototrophic microbial population in microbial mats close to the shoreline. Chemical hydrolysis of DMSP caused by the high pH value of the water (9.7–10.0) competed with biological consumption. Flux chamber experiments suggested that part of the dimethylsulfide (DMS) generated by hydrolysis escaped to the atmosphere. Vertical profiles of DMSP and DMS in the sediment correlated well. Methane and DMS also had similar distributions. Additional inhibitor studies showed that a major biological sink for DMS(P) is methanogenesis, although monooxygenase-containing bacteria also contributed to its consumption.
Experimental and modeling study of controller-based thermal management of battery modules under dynamic loads

Abstract This paper reports both the experimental and numerical study of the thermal management of a Li-ion battery module consisting of multiple cylindrical cells under dynamic loads. The numerical study includes both detailed computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and reduced-order modeling (ROM) modeling. A series of experiments and numerical simulations on different conditions were performed to design the optimal cooling strategy for the module, in terms of the maximum temperature rise and parasitic power consumption. The major contribution from this work is the design of a controller-based cooling scheme that can reduce the parasitic power consumption considerably while maintaining the temperature rise within optimal range under various dynamic loading conditions (such as the urban assault cycle, UAC). The design of the cooling scheme was accomplished in three steps. First, experiments of different cooling schemes were performed under controlled conditions in wind tunnel. Second, experimental data obtained from the first step were used to develop and validate the CFD and ROM models. And third, the validated ROM was then used to simulate and design controller-based cooling strategies for battery modules under practical dynamic load profiles such as the UAC profile.
“When Said with a Sneer”: Translating Language, Race, and Culture Through an English Football Race Controversy

This article examines the origins and aftermath of a 2011 English football race controversy, where an English Football Association tribunal found Uruguayan Luis Suarez guilty of using racially abusive language against Patrice Evra, a Frenchman of Senegalese descent. It approaches the Suarez-Evra controversy as a flashpoint of broader transformations in England, France, and Uruguay associated with sports, race, and nationalism, highlighting the problematic nature of cultural and linguistic translation under shifting racial, ethnic, and cultural dynamics. The controversy also provided an opportunity for Afro-Uruguayans to collectively denounce and redress longstanding forms of racism in that country. [Soccer (football); Race; Globalization; England; France; Uruguay]
The Effect of Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Compared to Adjuvant Chemotherapy in Healing after Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy

Background:Nipple-sparing mastectomy is the latest advancement in the treatment of breast cancer. The authors aimed to investigate the effects of neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy in nipple-sparing mastectomy.Methods:Patients undergoing nipple-sparing mastectomy from 2006 to June of 2015 were id
Creating high-resolution bare-earth digital elevation models (DEMs) from stereo imagery in an area of densely vegetated deciduous forest using combinations of procedures designed for lidar point cloud filtering

For areas of the world that do not have access to lidar, fine-scale digital elevation models (DEMs) can be photogrammetrically created using globally available high-spatial resolution stereo satell...
Inequality begins at home: The role of parenting in the diverging destinies of rich and poor children.

Children face very different chances of getting ahead in life depending on the circumstances of their birth. Parenting and its role in the diverging destinies of rich and poor children are discussed in this chapter. Inequality begins at home. It develops from the myriad differences in the ways advantaged and disadvantaged parents interact with their children. Traditional policy interventions fail to attack the root cause of achievement gaps. To equalize the playing field, governments may need to invest in parents so parents can better invest in their children. Unfortunately, large-scale parenting interventions typically yield modest effect sizes at best and often do not even change children’s skills in the long term. Understanding what motivates parents to invest in their children could have a major impact on the design of policies to reduce inequality in children’s skill development. Insights from the field of behavioral economics can inform this question.