cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Unified Finite Element Method for Engineering Systems with Hybrid Uncertainties

The finite element method (FEM) is established as one of the most popular and powerful tools in analysis and design of engineering systems. However, the method can only be used at an advanced (or detail) design stage when a designer has developed sufficient confidence in the design scheme. In the early (or conceptual/ preliminary) design phase, the method can not be used directly due to the existence of uncertainties of various types. In this work, a procedure is proposed for the FEM to handle engineering systems in the presence of hybrid uncertainties that are characterized by randomness (or stochastic uncertainty) and fuzziness (or design imprecision). The proposed scheme utilizes the techniques of stochastic and fuzzy FEMs in a unified manner to investigate the effects of both input random and fuzzy uncertainties on the output system response. Interpretations of the generated solution space and guidelines in selection of an appropriate solution, according to specific design requirements, are discussed. Two numerical examples are presented to illustrate the computational aspects of the proposed scheme. The current procedure is expected to enhance the understanding of designers regarding the effects of uncertainties in an evolutionary design process, especially in the conceptual or preliminary design phase.
Improving the Phase Stability of the SLAC RF Driveline Network for SLC Operation

Successful operation of the Stanford Linear Collider (SLC) will require greater phase stability from the two-mile long RF drive network than previous linac operation did. This paper discusses four proposed modifications of the present system that should help achieve the general objective to reduce all long term temperature and atmospheric pressure induced phase variations to less than 20° at 2856 MHz, so that the phase/amplitude detector subsystems, which will control the network output phases relative to a beam reference, will operate within their most accurate ranges.
Continuous Innovation In Health Care: Implications Of The Geisinger Experience

To achieve the diverse health care goals of the United States, health care value must increase. The capacity to create value through innovation is facilitated by an integrated delivery system focused on creating value, measuring innovation returns, and receiving market rewards. This paper describes the Geisinger Health System’s innovation strategy for care model redesign. Geisinger’s clinical leadership, dedicated innovation team, electronic health information systems, and financial incentive alignment each contribute to its innovation record. Although Geisinger’s characteristics raise serious questions about broad applicability to nonintegrated health care organizations, its experience can provide useful insights for health system reform.
A rich view of lexical competence

In this article I begin by examining some features of the negotiation of meaning between learners and teachers, where the goal of the interaction is to convey the meaning of a technical word from the teacher to a learner. I suggest that this examination leads us to distinguish between the declarative knowledge that' words have particular meanings, and the procedures we typically employ for realizing or 'achieving' this declarative knowledge. These procedures form part of our 'procedural' knowledge of 'how' to negotiate. A communicative view of the interactive nature of lexical negotiation requires that we focus as much on procedures as we do on the more narrowly defined declarative meanings which specialist words have. I then argue that this requires us to take a 'richer' view of what is involved in lexical competence than that which many vocabulary learning materials seem to be based on. My own proposal is to adopt Canale and Swain's (1980) checklist of the dimensions of communicative competence, and I present exercise types which exemplify how these dimensions could be covered lexically.
Decentralized control of a collective of autonomous robotic vehicles

In this paper, the performance of a group of autonomous vehicles tracking a prescribed goal is analyzed. The vehicles are considered to be ground-based unmanned robots acting as a group to maintain an unbroken communication network in a building or some other region. Vehicle interactions are modeled as a chain of interconnected systems. The stability of the entire collective as well as individual vehicles is studied using largescale systems theory. Stability can be controlled via two key parameters: vehicle speed constant (maximum vehicle speed times sample time) and vehicle interaction gain. In addition to the stability analysis, simulation of a group of vehicles in a building with walls, doors, and other obstacles is studied with respect to maintaining a communication network among the vehicles at all times.
Ocular Torsion and the Primary Retinal Meridians

I measured ocular torsion during and after head- and body-tilt, ocular convergence, and conjugate gaze. Extensive examination on 15 normal human subjects and additional observations on 400 consecutive patients without extraocular motor defects failed to show static ocular tension. During dynamic head-tilt, intermittent, small-amplitude, saccadic, wheel-like torsional eye movements were recorded as moving faster than the head so that the eyes preceded the head. Between these intermittent saccades, and at the end of the head-tilt, there was no residual ocular torsion. The absence of static ocular torsion allows for formulation of a generalization linking the oculomotor to the visual sensory system. The primary retinal meridians become aligned with each other in the normal individual during binocular fixation, regardless of the position of the head in space or the point of ocular fixation. The vestibular and oculomotor systems function to inhibit rather than produce ocular torsion; the eyes are oriented to a plane in the brain rather than to the horizon. In particular, the oblique muscles function mainly to maintain the alignment of the primary retinal meridians and, therefore, to inhibit torsion in the normal state.
Thrombin increases inflammatory cytokine and angiogenic growth factor secretion in human adipose cells in vitro.

Abdominal obesity is associated with pro-thrombotic and inflammatory states. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the expression of thrombin receptors (PAR1 and PAR4) human adipose tissue and whether thrombin stimulates an inflammatory cytokine and growth factor profile in human adipose tissue. Human adipose tissue, isolated preadipocytes and differentiated adipocytes were used in this study. PAR1 and PAR4 mRNA and protein were detected by RT-PCR and immunoblot analysis in both adipose tissue and adipose microvessels. In separate studies, IL-1β, IL-6, MCP-1, TNF-α, IL-10, FGF-2, VEGF, and PDGF production were measured from adipose tissue (n = 5), adipocytes (n = 5), and preadipocytes (n = 3) supernatants with and without thrombin (1 or 10 U/ml; 24 hrs) treatment. Thrombin increased cytokine secretion of IL-1β, IL-6, MCP-1 and TNF-α and growth factor secretion of VEGF from adipocytes along with MCP-1 and VEGF from preadipocytes. The direct thrombin inhibitor lepirudin given in conjunction with thrombin prevented the thrombin-mediated increase in cytokine and growth factor secretion. Here we show that thrombin PAR1 and PAR4 receptors are present and that thrombin stimulates inflammatory cytokine generation and growth factor release in human adipose tissue and cells in vitro. These data suggest that thrombin may represent a molecular link between obesity and associated inflammation.
Vision-based user-centric light control for smart environments

Smart homes are conceptualized as environments responsive to a user's presence and actions, and adaptive to user preferences and context. Visual information plays an enabling role in smart home applications such as interfaces and gesture control. This paper reports on the use of cameras and a distributed processing method for automated control of lights in a smart home. The proposed optimization formulations maintain the user's comfort while reducing the energy cost of lights. Information from camera sensors provides occupancy reasoning and human activity analysis. By detecting the user's position and activity, and employing light utility functions as constraints, the system optimizes the light setting for the user's satisfaction in the occupied area. Additionally, to reduce the transmission energy and bandwidth, we also propose an ellipsoid approximation (EA) method for occupancy reasoning by a camera network. By applying the EA method, the network nodes can aggregate the observed data progressively and maintain a fixed transmitted data length. Simulations on the occupancy results from experiments are provided to verify the proposed algorithms.
Photoplethysmography in the diagnosis of venous disease.

BACKGROUND Photoplethysmography (PPG) has become a widely used method in the diagnosis of venous disease. objective. To describe briefly various aspects of PPG and its practical value. METHODS Standard and quantitative PPG are described as well as various evaluation procedures. RESULTS The refilling time is considered the most useful parameter; values higher than 22 seconds are considered normal. Quantitative PPG systems (calibrated or digital PPG) also permit evaluation of the drainage function. CONCLUSION While refilling time is presently the only quantitative parameter, it is expected that by introducing calibrated or digital PPG in diagnostic practice, venous function will be evaluated in a more comprehensive and quantitative form.
Relationships Between Religious Orientations and Flow Experiences: An Exploratory Study

A convenience sample of 171 students (M = 23.9 yrs., SD = 6.91) answered a questionnaire indicating their religious orientations (Intrinsic, Extrinsic) and the frequency and intensity of their flow experiences (Csikszentmihalyi, 1975, 1982, 2000; Fave & Massimini, 1988). Flow experiences are similar to athletes' experiences of "being in the zone." Intrinsics live by their religion, and Intrinsic religiosity was associated with fewer flow experiences in everyday activities. Extrinsics want the benefits of belonging. Extrinsic religiosity correlated with less intense flow experiences, and these experiences were more frequent during public religious gatherings than private prayer or meditation.
Digital quantum batteries: Energy and information storage in nanovacuum tube arrays

Dielectric material between capacitor electrodes increases the capacitance. However, when the electric field exceeds a threshold, electric breakdown in the dielectric discharges the capacitor suddenly and the stored energy is lost. We show that nanovacuum tubes do not have this problem because (i) electric breakdown can be suppressed with quantization phenomena, and (ii) the capacitance is large at small gap sizes. We find that the energy density and power density in nanovacuum tubes are large compared to lithium batteries and electrochemical capacitors. The electric field in a nanovacuum tube can be sensed with MOSFETs in the insulating walls. Random access arrays of nanovacuum tubes with an energy gate, to charge the tube, and an information gate attached to the MOSFET, to sense the electric field in the tube, can be used to store both energy and information. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 2010
Quasiparticle, natural, and mean-field orbitals in drops of liquid helium

In the last few years we have used the variational Monte Carlo (VMC) technique to find accurate ground-state wave functions for drops of liquid helium containing 8-728 4He atoms (Bose statistics) or 40-240 3He atoms (Fermi statistics). The wave functions include both two- and three-particle correlations. From comparisons1 with GFMC results, we believe these wave functions to be among the most accurate for systems of ~ 100 strongly interacting particles.
Risky and cautious values among narcotic addicts.

Recent research has demonstrated that the way subjects rank-order widely held cultural values may be used to predict certain risk-taking phenomena, which are referred to as the risky shift and the cautious shift (Stoner, 1968). Using a set of 12 hypothetical life-situation dilemmas written by Wallach and Kogan (1959), Stoner (1961) discovered the risky shift, i.e., that group decisions tended to be riskier than the mean of the independent decisions previously made by the individuals comprising that group. Further research revealed that one of the original problems usually produced a cautious shift, i.e., the tendency for the group decision to be more cautious than the mean of the individuals' decisions (see Brown, 1965).
Sterol-modulated Glycolipid Sorting Occurs in Niemann-Pick C1 Late Endosomes

Abstract The Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC1) protein and endocytosed low density lipoprotein (LDL)-derived cholesterol were shown to enrich separate subsets of vesicles containing lysosomal associated membrane protein 2. Localization of Rab7 in the NPC1-containing vesicles and enrichment of lysosomal hydrolases in the cholesterol-containing vesicles confirmed that these organelles were late endosomes and lysosomes, respectively. Lysobisphosphatidic acid, a lipid marker of the late endosomal pathway, was found in the cholesterol-enriched lysosomes. Recruitment of NPC1 to Rab7 compartments was stimulated by cellular uptake of cholesterol. The NPC1 compartment was shown to be enriched in glycolipids, and internalization of GalNAcβ1–4[NeuAcα2–3]Galβ1–4Glcβ1–1′-ceramide (GM2) into endocytic vesicles depends on the presence of NPC1 protein. The glycolipid profiles of the NPC1 compartment could be modulated by LDL uptake and accumulation of lysosomal cholesterol. Expression in cells of biologically active NPC1 protein fused to green fluorescent protein revealed rapidly moving and flexible tubular extensions emanating from the NPC1-containing vesicles. We conclude that the NPC1 compartment is a dynamic, sterol-modulated sorting organelle involved in the trafficking of plasma membrane-derived glycolipids as well as plasma membrane and endocytosed LDL cholesterol.
Multiple intracranial metastases from a gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumor.

Abstract Intracranial metastases are rare from gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST). We report a 60-year-old male with a history of stomach GIST who presented with ataxia 2.5 years after a partial gastrectomy. MRI revealed enhancing masses in the cerebellum and frontal lobe. A suboccipital craniotomy revealed metastatic GIST. With subsequent radiosurgical boost to the resection cavity and frontal lobe lesion, the patient is doing well 15 months postoperatively. To our knowledge, this is one of only a few reports on cerebral GIST metastases from the stomach.
ANISOTROPIC EXPANSION OF THE PLANT CELL WALL

Plants shape their organs with a precision demanded by optimal function; organ shaping requires control over cell wall expansion anisotropy. Focusing on multicellular organs, I survey the occurrence of expansion anisotropy and discuss its causes and proposed controls. Expansion anisotropy of a unit area of cell wall is characterized by the direction and degree of anisotropy. The direction of maximal expansion rate is usually regulated by the direction of net alignment among cellulose microfibrils, which overcomes the prevailing stress anisotropy. In some stems, the directionality of expansion of epidermal cells is controlled by that of the inner tissue. The degree of anisotropy can vary widely as a function of position and of treatment. The degree of anisotropy is probably controlled by factors in addition to the direction of microfibril alignment. I hypothesize that rates of expansion in maximal and minimal directions are regulated by distinct molecular mechanisms that regulate interactions between matrix and microfibrils.
Inflation in the Universe

During the past 15 yr a small but remarkable collection of cosmological conundrums have been identified; each apparently independent, but probably all inter-related at a deeper level than existing theories have penetrated. The outstanding problems are of explaining the observed isotropy, homogeneity, flatness and specific entropy of the Universe1. Good explanations for the last of these have recently emerged2,3 from the study of C, CP and baryon nonconserving interactions which arise in grand unified gauge theories (GUTs) of the strong and electroweak interactions. Recently, Guth has discussed the inflationary Universe as a possible natural explanation for the observed large-scale homogeneity and near critical density (‘flatness’) of the Universal expansion4. We show that one cannot ignore the first conundrum—the isotropy; a Universe with a large amount of anisotropy will not undergo the inflationary phase. A Universe with only moderate anistropy will undergo inflation and will be rapidly isotropized. Other consequences of the inflationary Universe are discussed.
COMPARATIVE SENSORY ANALYSIS OF AQUACULTURED AND WILD YELLOW PERCH (PERCA FLAVESCENS) FILLETS

Tank-reared yellow perch in the round were bluish-green, and were coated with more slime than typical yellowish-green wild perch. Cooked fillets from aquacultured perch were whiter than those from wild fish, but were equal to wild fish in firmness and overall preference. Off-flavors were absent in aquacultured perch except in an instance when influenced by earthy flavors from microorganisms contaminating the recirculating water system.
Comparison of NIMS and MALDI platforms for neuropeptide and lipid mass spectrometric imaging in C. borealis brain tissue

Nanostructure-initiator mass spectrometry (NIMS) is a recently developed matrix-free laser desorption/ionization technique that has shown promise for peptide analyses. It is also useful in mass spectrometric imaging (MSI) studies of small molecule drugs, metabolites, and lipids, minimizing analyte diffusion caused by matrix application. In this study, NIMS and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) MSI of a crustacean model organism Cancer borealis brain were compared. MALDI was found to perform better than NIMS in these neuropeptide imaging experiments. Twelve neuropeptides were identified in MALDI MSI experiments whereas none were identified in NIMS MSI experiments. In addition, lipid profiles were compared using each ionization method. Both techniques provided similar lipid profiles in the m/z range 700–900.
Temperature Management and Nursing Care of the Patient With Acute Ischemic Stroke

The term targeted temperature management (TTM) encompasses both induced hypothermia and fever reduction (normothermia).1,2 For patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS), the use of TTM has been increasingly explored as a form of neuroprotection.3–5 The growing body of TTM literature provides pathophysiologic evidence but does not specifically provide evidence to address the role of the nurse.6 Therefore, the purpose of this review is to provide a summary of the current state of the evidence for TTM nursing care of the patient with AIS. Although thrombolytic therapy (tissue-type plasminogen activator [tPA]) and mechanical thrombectomy are associated with improved outcome for AIS, a large percent of patients are unable to receive tPA based on various exclusion criteria.7 Recent estimates indicate that <30% of eligible patients receive tPA.8 So, there are ≈565 000 patients for whom neuroprotection will be a primary strategy. Before the use of intravenous tPA, there were few therapeutic options to treat the vascular cause (blocked arterial blood flow) of an AIS event.6 Thus, throughout the majority of the 20th century, nursing research focused on stroke prevention and subsequent rehabilitation after AIS.6 With tPA, and now mechanical thrombectomy, the focus has shifted toward early intervention to restore blood flow. However, restoring flow to the penumbra is only part of the solution because neurons have to recover. Evidence suggests that in patients with stroke or other brain injuries, fever is associated with worse outcomes, leading to higher mortality rate, disability, loss of function, and longer hospital stay.9 In response, cooling was developed as a neuroprotection for ischemic cerebral tissues. Cheung et al10 did systematic review of randomized …
Voltinism and the induction of aestival diapause in the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Field studies over 3 yr demonstrated that overwintering populations of the Colorado potato beetle in upstate New York and on Long Island are composed of adults from both the first and second summer generations. The two populations from the climatically different regions differ in their responses to environmental factors that influence voltinism. The critical photoperiod for aestival diapause induction is longer, and the induction of diapause by low temperature is greater, in the population from the cooler, inland locality (upstate New York) than in the population from the warm coastal area (Long Island). Under the long days of early summer, temperature appears to influence aestival diapause induction and voltinism at both localities. A large proportion of first-generation adults enters diapause either without ovipositing or after ovipositing for a brief period. These responses have significance for the evolution of the beetle's life history and for its population dynamics and management. KNOWLEDGE of the primary factors that influence phenological traits is essential for understanding evolutionary adaptations to temporally and spa­ tially varying habitats. It is also essential for pre­ dicting development and activity in the field, and, in the case of economic pests, for developing long­ term, reliable methods for management. Although many significant phenological characteristics of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlinea­ ta (Say), are known (see specifics below), vital ques­ tions remain regarding the timing and number of summer generations, the occurrence of aestival dia­ pause in North America, and the contribution that the early and late-summer generations make to the overwintering population. A variety of factors can interact to influence voltinism and imaginal diapause in the Colorado potato beetle. Pioneering work by European work­ ers elucidated the behavioral and physiological characteristics of diapause and the important role of photoperiod in diapause induction (Jermy & Saringer 1955; Goryshin 1956, 1958; de Wilde et
Elementary School Philosophy: A Response.

This article is a response to criticism of my book Big Ideas for Little Kids. The main topics addressed are: Who is the audience for the book? Can people without formal philosophical training can b...
Colorectal cancer in Russian-speaking Jewish emigrés: community-based screening.

Abstract OBJECTIVES: Colorectal cancer (CRC) screening by fecal occult blood testing and flexible sigmoidoscopy is recommended by many authorities for those older than age 50. Ashkenazi Jews have been shown to have a higher level of CRC and polyps than the general population. A subset of Ashkenazi Jews, Russian-speaking Jewish immigrants to the United States (RJIs), have not been studied extensively for CRC and may have additional risk factors not found in other Ashkenazi populations. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was undertaken of fecal occult blood tests, endoscopy reports, and pathology reports of 132 RJIs and 124 non-RJI controls over age 50 between 1987 and 1999 at the Jewish Hospital of Cincinnati Medical Outpatient Clinic. RESULTS: Mean ages at the time of diagnosis or flexible sigmoidoscopy were 68 yr for RJIs and 66 yr for the non-RJI patients. Of the RJI patients, 38.7% had positive findings: 37 (28.0%) with lesions 2 cm, and nine (6.8%) with CRC. Of the non-RJI control group patients, 16.9% had positive findings: 16 (12.9%) with lesions 2 cm, and two (1.6%) with CRC. Age- and sex-matched statistical analysis revealed significantly greater CRC and significantly more polyps > 2 cm for the RJI patients (p CONCLUSIONS: RJIs in our study have polyps > 2 cm and CRC at a rate of 10.6%, as compared with 4.0% for in-clinic controls and a national average of 0.30% for patients over age 65. This suggests a need for more aggressive screening of this patient population for CRC.
Analytical approaches to determine critical clearing time in multi-machine power systems

In spite of the advances made since 1978 in using direct energy methods for power system stability analysis, the computation of relevant critical energies still poses a problem for on-line applications such as dynamic security assessment. Efforts at simplifying the computations involve (i) trajectory approximations as a power series, and (ii) use of potential energy boundary surface (PEBS) method instead of computing the relevant unstable equilibrium point (u.e.p.). In this paper we indicate improvements on both these issues. Specifically, the introduction of approximations for the post-fault trajectory are proposed as an alternative to the iterative PEBS method.
Charting the course for the future of science in healthcare epidemiology: results of a survey of the membership of the Society of Healthcare Epidemiology of America.

Objective.To describe the results of a survey of members of the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA) that (1) measured members' perceptions of gaps in the healthcare epidemiology knowledge base and members' priorities for SHEA research goals, (2) assessed whether members would be willing to participate in consortia to address identified gaps in knowledge, and (3) evaluated the need for training for the next generation of investigators in the field of healthcare epidemiology.Design.Electronic and paper survey of members of SHEA, a professional society formed to advance the science of healthcare epidemiology through research and education.Participants.All society members were invited to participate.Results.Of 1,289 SHEA members, 593 (46.0%) responded. Respondents identified the following issues as important for the Research Committee of SHEA: setting the scientific agenda for healthcare epidemiology, developing collaborative infrastructure to conduct research, and developing funding mechanisms for research. Respondents ranked multidrug-resistant gram-negative organisms, antimicrobial stewardship, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, adherence to effective hand hygiene guidelines, and Clostridium difficile infections as the most important scientific issues facing the field. Respondents ranked inadequate project funding, lack of protected time for research, and inability to obtain a grant, contract, and/or outside funding as the most significant barriers to conducting research. More than 92% of respondents support creating a SHEA research consortium; more than 40% would participate even if no additional funding were available; nearly 90% identified developing research training as a key function for SHEA.Conclusions.These data provide a road map for the SHEA Research Committee for the next decade.
Effect of sdiA on Biosensors of N-Acylhomoserine Lactones

Many gram-negative bacteria synthesize N-acylhomoserine lactones (AHLs) and then use transcription factors of the LuxR family to sense and respond to AHL accumulation in the environment; this phenomenon is termed quorum sensing. Bacteria produce a variety of AHLs, and numerous bacterial reporter strains, or biosensors, that can detect subsets of these molecules have been constructed. Many of these are based on Escherichia coli because this species does not produce AHLs. However, both Escherichia and Salmonella spp. contain a LuxR homolog named SdiA that can detect exogenous AHL synthesized by other microbial species. In this study we have determined that sdiA of E. coli and Salmonella spp. can activate an RhlR-based biosensor plasmid in response to AHLs other than what the biosensor was designed to detect. SdiA does not activate LuxR-, LasR-, or AhyR-based biosensor plasmids, although the presence of sdiA in E. coli does interfere with the function of the AhyR-based biosensor. Because sdiA interferes with the function of two of the four reporters, we have constructed a set of E. coli biosensor strains that lack sdiA. The set includes control reporters that allow the luxR dependence of responses to be determined.
Variable-order adaptive identification and control of flexible structures

A novel adaptive order-determination criterion based on an unwindowed least-squared lattice filter is presented. The new criterion and the lattice filter yield fast identification of both the order and the parameters of the plant model. Simulation results have been obtained for identification and control of a flexible structure consisting of a flexible Euler-Bernoulli beam clamped on a rotating rigid hub. >
Rearward Vision, Driver Confidence, and Discomfort Glare Using an Electrochromic Rearview Mirror

Electrochromic rearview mirrors can provide continuous levels of reflectivity and unobtrusive, automatic control. The availability of this technology has increased the importance of understanding how to select the best level of reflectivity for a given set of lighting conditions. For night driving with glare from following headlights, the best reflectivity level will always depend on a tradeoff among several variables. This study was designed to help clarify what variables are important and how they should be quantified. Twenty subjects, 10 younger and 10 older, performed a number of visual tasks while viewing stimuli through an electrochromic rearview mirror. Subjects were seated in an automobile mockup in a laboratory and the reflectivity level of the mirror was changed before each of a series of discrete trials. On each trial, subjects saw reflected in the mirror a visual acuity stimulus and a glare source of varying intensity. They performed three tasks: (1) judgment of the location of a gap in the acuity stimulus, (2) rating of their subjective confidence in the gap judgment, and (3) rating of the discomfort they experienced from the glare source. Results showed that: (1) visual performance decreased with decreasing reflectivity approximately as a linear function of log reflectivity, (2) subjects' confidence consistently underestimated their actual performance but otherwise accurately reflected the effect of reflectivity on performance, and (3) the effect of reflectivity on discomfort glare is not fully predicted by its effect on illumination at the subject's eye point. Implications of these findings for mirror design include: (1) the continuous reflectivity control provided by electrochromic mirrors should be of value in achieving optimal tradeoffs in the presence of glare, and (2) at least for discrimination tasks, even though changes in reflectivity are automatic and subtle, subjects recognize the resulting changes in seeing ability.
SCADS: A Model of Children's Strategy Choices and Strategy Discoveries

Preschoolers show surprising competence in choosing adaptively among alternative strategies and in discovering new approaches. The SCADS computer simulation illustrates how simple processes can generate this impressive competence. The model's behavior parallels data on children's addition in at least eight ways: It uses diverse strategies over prolonged periods of time, makes adaptive choices among strategies, discovers the same strategies as children, discovers strategies in the same sequence as children, makes discoveries without trial and error, makes discoveries without having experienced failure, narrowly generalizes new approaches, and generalizes more broadly following challenging problems. SCADS thus indicates plausible sources of young children's surprising competence at strategy choice and strategy discovery.
Differential Distribution of 70-kD Heat Shock Protein in Atherosclerosis Its Potential Role in Arterial SMC Survival

Abstract Smooth muscle cell death may contribute to necrotic plaque rupture and subsequent thromboembolus. Stress-induced synthesis of heat-shock proteins (HSPs) normally protects cells from death, but vascular HSPs may become insufficient as cytotoxicity increases in advanced plaques. To determine whether vascular HSP content is altered near necrosis, we compared 70-kD HSP (HSP70) distribution between fibrotic and necrotic plaques in immunostained carotid endarterectomy specimens. Average levels of HSP70 immunoreactivity were compared by video densitometry between fibrotic and necrotic plaques or between their underlying media. Both necrotic plaques and their underlying media contained significantly more HSP70 staining than did fibrotic tissues. To test whether cellular HSP70 correlated with resistance to toxicity in vitro, aortic smooth muscle cells (aSMCs) were heat shocked to induce endogenous HSPs or given 2 to 50 μg/mL purified HSP70. Cells were then serum deprived or exposed to 12 to 96 μmol/L chol...
Survey of attitude toward immunization of H1N1 influenza A vaccine of pregnant women in Guangzhou.

Objective To find out the attitude toward immunization of H1N1 influenza A vaccine in the population of pregnant women, and to provide information for the health education of pregnant women.Methods 251 pregnant women in Liwan, Huangpu and Zengcheng district in Guangzhou were randomly selected and their attitude toward immunization of H1N1 influenza A vaccine inoculation was studied through a questionnaire type survey.Results 62.55% pregnant women showed that they might receive inoculation if the vaccine is free.There were no difference between different age, residence and culture (P0.05).60.58% pregnant women refused to receive vaccination because of their concern on the health of their fetus.Conclusion To enhance the immunity of pregnant women to H1N1 influenza A virus, we should reinforce the health promotion and education program for the pregnant women.
What Do Practitioners Want

Corporate Finance in the classroom is very different from the knowledge and skills that today's CFOs say they need. This article discusses classroom deficiencies in investment decisions, performance measurement, risk management, and capital structure. Performance measurement is very important for most CFOs. The paper provides evidence that earnings, the growth in eps, economic value added, and its growth are all uncorrelated with the total return to shareholders, then shows that the difference between expected and actual performance (Expectations-based Management), is significantly related to TRS. Furthermore, changes in long-term expectations are more important than are changes in short-term expectations.
Psychological and Cultural Components Affecting Rail Worker Culture: A Literature Review

Developing and maintaining a healthy work environment is an important consideration to the rail industry. Several theories have been advanced to examine, understand, and influence how workers function and interact within their working environments. These include motivational theories such as Taylor’s Theory of Scientific Management and Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, models of moral develop such as developed by Kohlberg and Gilligan, theories of personality types like Myers–Brigg and Keirsey, and the theory of cultural dimensions developed by Hofstede. Positive work environments can contribute to safe and efficient operations, while negative work environments almost inevitably degrade performance and increase the potential for injury and accidents. Therefore understanding and managing these elements properly can greatly contribute to better organizational outcomes. This paper will then examine the underlying role of human behavior as determined by these theories appear to have played in 5 incidents at Metro–North Railroad in 2013–2014.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Agaricales from Costa Rica: New taxa with ornamented spores

Tricholosporum violaceum and Ripartitella alba are newly described and compared to pheneti- cally related taxa. Both represent new records for the agaric mycota of Costa Rica. Scanning electron pho- tomicrographs depict surface morphology and or- namentation of the basidiospores.
THE ECOLOGY OF BODY SIZE IN A SEED BEETLE, STATOR LIMBATUS: PERSISTENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL VARIATION ACROSS GENERATIONS?

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Amazons, Wives, Nuns & Witches. Women and the Catholic Church in Colonial Brazil 1500–1822: Native Brazil. Beyond the Convert and the Cannibal, 1500–1900: Amazonian Routes. Indigenous Mobility and Colonial Communities in Northern Brazil

Three new works by historians of Brazil reflect the sorts of innovative and informed research that are shaking up the field. Did Carol Myscofski, Hal Langfur and the contributors, and Heather Flynn...
A07 Critical consideration of the criteria for the motor diagnosis of huntington disease

Background Huntington disease (HD) is a fatal inherited disorder with typical onset in adulthood. In research studies of HD, it is necessary to characterise the progression of participants in order to validly interpret results. Aims A distinction is often made between gene-positive individuals who are displaying hallmark motor signs (manifest HD) and gene-positive individuals who are not (pre-manifest HD). The conventional threshold for this distinction is the highest rating on the Diagnostic Criterion Level (DCL) scale of the Unified Huntington Disease Rating Scale (UHDRS), which constitutes the motor examiner9s confidence level of ≥99% for an unequivocal movement disorder (DCL=4). Methods A study was undertaken to investigate the empirical support for the use of the DCL for manifest HD classification, and alternatives including cutoffs based on the Total Motor Score (TMS) of the UHDRS. Because a gold standard classification does not exist, extreme case/control differences and extreme of the control distribution were used as a guide to selecting cutoffs. Results The results show that the conventional DCL criteria is too stringent in the sense that (1) cutoffs based on the TMS and the lower DCL confidence level of 90%–99% (DCL=3) both provide a very strong distinction between cases and controls, and (2) the conventional criterion tends to be assigned well after the accelerated deterioration trajectory characteristic of late-stage HD has already commenced. Conclusion The results suggest that alternate criteria, especially the intersection of DCL ≥3 and TMS cutoffs, might be considered in HD research.
O04.3 Correlates of Incident Trichomonas Vaginalis Infections Among African-American Adolescent Females

Background Trichomonas vaginalisis associated with adverse reproductive health outcomes, including HIV. Despite marked racial disparities, few studies have reported factors related to incident T. vaginalisinfection exclusively among young African-American women. The objective was to identify correlates of incident T. vaginalis infections among African-American adolescent females. Methods Data were collected via audio computer self-interviews at baseline and every 6 months for 18 months from 701 African-American females (14–20 years) enrolled in an HIV prevention trial. Vaginal swabs were self-collected at each assessment and assayed for T. vaginalis, Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae using DNA amplification. Generalized estimating equations assessed associations between incident T. vaginalisinfection ,defined as a positive test result subsequent to a negative result or documented treatment, and sociodemographic characteristics, partner-level factors, HIV/STI-associated behaviours and STIs. Factors significant at p Results Of 606 (86.4%) participants who completed ≥ 1 follow-up assessment, an incident T. vaginalis infection was detected among 20.0% (n = 121). Trial condition was not independently associated with incident infection (p = 0.21). Significant correlates included: receipt of an increasing number of forms of government assistance (AOR: 1.20, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.42), cigarette smoking (AOR: 1.70, 95% CI: 1.08, 2.67), smoking marijuana an increasing number of days in the past 3 months (AOR: 1.02, 95% CI: 1.00, 1.04), concurrent C. trachomatis (AOR: 2.28, 95% CI: 1.43, 3.66) and N. gonorrhoeae (AOR: 5.99, 95% CI: 3.10, 11.57) infection and testing positive for T. vaginalis at the previous assessment (AOR: 4.56, 95% CI: 2.99, 6.96). Conclusions Incident T. vaginalis infections were common. Strategies to reduce infection rates among this population may include improving partner notification and treatment services and addressing the role of substance use on sexual risk.
Emergency Department Management of the Intoxicated Adolescent

It is widely recognized that many young people will have experiences with alcohol and with psychoactive recreational drugs before emerging from the adolescent years. It is estimated that before leaving ninth grade, one half of the total student population will have had experience with alcohol, and approximately one third with marijuana. Cocaine also is more available to adolescents. For these reasons, the emergency physician is more likely to see teenage patients for drug-related problems.
Now that we've gotten their attention, let's gets some more services for children!

In 1991, the message has finally gotten through to the news media and the U.S. Congress that "there are a lot of children in desperate need throughout this country!" Concerning benefits, with federal, state and local money combined, the elderly have at least a three-to-one advantage over children. Children are at greater risk today than they were ten years ago, and there are significant geographic variations in the health and well-being of our children. Now that the media and politicians are willing to use these issues, the time is right to make the best case for our children.
Osteomyelitis-Induced Sequester of Bovine-Derived Bone Mineral/Host Bone Composite 8 Years Post-Sinus Graft: A Case Report.

INTRODUCTION Sinus grafts are a safe and predictable treatment for increasing bone volume in the posterior maxilla. Common complications include membrane perforations and postoperative infection. Little is published with regard to late-onset infection except as it relates to periimplantitis. This report presents a case of late sequestration of bovine bone mineral graft fully consolidated within host lamellar bone, 8 years postsinus lift. Histology revealed mature lamellar bone encapsulating well-integrated particles of bovine bone material with evidence of devitalization and marrow spaces filled with a dense neutrophil infiltrate and a filamentous mixed microbial flora. RESULT A histological diagnosis of osteomyelitis was given on analysis of the integrated bovine bone mineral sequester, 8 years after successful integration and functional loading. CONCLUSIONS It can be concluded from this case report that there is a potential for breakdown and sequestration of bovine bone mineral/host bone composite grafts long after successful integration and consolidation.
Reading and Writing in the Academy: A Conversation with David Bartholomae

Q. It seems that you followed a standard graduate school path for your time when you wrote a literary dissertation for a Ph.D. Could you tell us how you got interested and involved in the research on writing — the bulk of your research since graduate school?
Integral Geometry and Mathematical Problems of Image Reconstruction

Integral geometry is a branch of mathematics studying the representation of functions by their integrals along various curves and surfaces. Such tasks arise naturally in many problems of image reconstruction in medicine, remote sensing, non-destructive testing, and some other areas. In this paper, we give a short survey of mathematical models of several imaging modalities, which are based on generalized Radon transforms. We discuss the major mathematical problems arising in the study of these transforms, describe the known results, and state some open problems. The paper includes an extensive list of references providing further sources for interested readers.
Ceres: Sulfur deposits and graphitized carbon

We report new results from observations of the dwarf planet Ceres using the Hubble Space Telescope in the spectral range 1160-5700 A. Comparisons between Ceres’ UV-visible spectra and laboratory measurements indicate that both sulfur species and graphitized carbon are important on Ceres’ surface. We find a latitudinal gradient in UV absorption, with northern latitudes being more UV absorbing than southern latitudes, a trend that can be explained by increasing abundances of sulfur and SO2 toward northern latitudes. The presence of graphitized carbon is consistent with the surface of this airless body being carbonized in response to processes such as charged particle bombardment. The presence of volatile sulfur species is consistent with the idea that Ceres exhibits geothermal activity. Spectral differences with previous UV observations are likely due to the changing sulfurous and carbonaceous surface of Ceres.
Orbital Solutions and Absolute Elements of the Massive Algol Binary ET Tauri

We acquired differential UBV photoelectric photometry and radial velocities of the relatively bright, understudied, massive Algol binary ET Tau and utilized the Wilson-Devinney (WD) analysis program to obtain a simultaneous solution of these observations. To improve the orbital ephemeris, the V measurements from the ASAS program were also analyzed. Because of the very rapid rotation of the significantly more massive and hotter component (B2/3 spectral class), only radial velocities of the secondary component, which has a ~B7 spectral class, could be measured. We derive masses of and and equal-volume radii of and for the primary and secondary, respectively. The secondary is filling its Roche lobe, so the system is semi-detached. The effective temperature of the secondary was held fixed at 15,000 K, and the primary's temperature was found to be K. The system, which has a period of 5.996883 ± 0.000002 days, is assumed to have a circular orbit and is seen at an inclination of .