cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clinical-pathologic study of depressive symptoms and cognitive decline in old age

Objective: To clarify the relationship between depressive symptoms and the clinical and neuropathologic manifestations of dementia. Methods: In a clinical-pathologic cohort study, 1,764 older persons without cognitive impairment at enrollment completed annual clinical evaluations for a mean of 7.8 years. The evaluations included assessment of depressive symptoms (10-item Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale) and cognitive function (battery of 17 performance tests). A total of 582 individuals died during follow-up and underwent a uniform neuropathologic examination to quantify β-amyloid plaques and tau tangle density in multiple brain regions and identify neocortical Lewy bodies, hippocampal sclerosis, and gross and microscopic cerebral infarcts. Results: Level of depressive symptoms slightly increased during follow-up. Incident mild cognitive impairment (52.2%) was associated with higher level of depressive symptoms before the diagnosis but not with change in symptoms after the diagnosis; incident dementia (17.9%) was associated with higher symptom level before dementia onset and with more rapid decline in symptoms after dementia onset. None of the neuropathologic markers was related to level of depressive symptoms or change in symptoms over time. In a mixed-effects model adjusted for the neuropathologic markers, higher level of depressive symptoms averaged over evaluations was associated with more rapid global cognitive decline, accounting for 4.4% of the variability in decline not attributable to the neuropathologic markers. Depressive symptoms did not modify the association of the neuropathologic markers with cognitive decline. Conclusion: In old age, depressive symptoms have an association with cognitive decline that is independent of the neuropathologic hallmarks of dementia.
Habituation of neuro-electric responses negative results

Abstract Brain waves recorded from electrodes permanently implanted in the hippocampi of white rats were spectrally analyzed in order to investigate neuro-electric changes occuring during presentation of a stimulus at regular intervals. Although the regular presentation of a stimulus is usually accompanied by the habituation of orientation responses the neuroelectric data recorded in this study did not show characteristics definable as habituation.
Real-time fMRI paradigm control, physiology, and behavior combined with near real-time statistical analysis.

This study presents an integrated approach to on-line fMRI data processing that combines real-time paradigm control and real-time MR image statistical analysis with nearly real-time integration of fMRI behavioral and physiological data. The real-time paradigms involve accurate timing control of multiple independent processing streams for stimulus presentation, physiological monitoring, behavioral response recording, and scanner synchronization. The real-time image analysis provides high resolution MR image reconstruction, head motion detection, translational motion correction, and t test statistical activation maps for either block design or single-trial based paradigms. The near real-time analysis allows physiological and behavioral data collected during a paradigm to be combined with the MR time series and provides extended data filtering and statistical processing within a few minutes after the end of the scan. This integrated approach improves fMRI reliability for both clinical and research studies.
Collective possession and ownership: A study of its judged feasibility and desirability

The purpose of this study was to chart the psychological dimensions of collective ownership, thereby opening this topic to further systematic inquiry. It was an exploratory study examining (a) the meaning or mechanics of collective possession, and (b) evaluations of collective possession. Interview questions about collective possession were administered to (a) 150 Americans, 30 at each of five age levels (kindergarten, second, fifth, and eleventh grades, and 40- to 50-year-old adults), and (b) 120 Israelis, 60 from the kibbutz and 60 from the city (in each case, 30 of kindergarten age and 30 of fifth-grade age). A content analysis was performed on the interview responses. The resulting dimensions both of the meaning of collective possession and of evaluations of collective possession are presented, and the relative saliences of these dimensions for the different age and cultural groups are discussed.
The 13C NMR characterization of some 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,4-ethanonaphthalenes

The 2-hydroxy and 2-hydroxy-3-methyl isomers of 5,8-dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,4-ethanonapthalene have been characterized by 13C NMR with the aid of lanthanide shift reagents. A definite interaction with a syn oxygen, presumably with the lone electron pairs, and the aromatic carbon 8a has been established. This n-π γ-effect is not found with a corresponding methyl group. Examples from the literature also evidence the reality of the γ-effect, which provides a useful structure assignment tool.
An oscillographic study of the production of X-rays by a Coolidge tube

Radiologists have often had cause to note certain apparent anomalies in the behaviour of their apparatus. It is quite well known that different X-ray tubes, excited by different kinds of high tension apparatus, yield X-radiation of markedly varying quality and quantity even under conditions which, as measured by spark gap and milliammeter (the usual measuring instruments of the radiologist), are apparently identical. These anomalies seemed to offer an interesting field for investigation, and one which might not be without value on the practical side.
Performance of polyurethane-coated concrete in sewer environment

Polyurethane-based coatings are used to protect concrete facilities against corrosive environments. The performances of two commercially available polyurethane coatings were evaluated under sulfuric acid environment (representing sewer condition) for over 5 years. Both dry (representing new construction) and wet (representing rehabilitation) concretes were used in this study. A combination of the full-scale hydrostatic test, bonding test, and chemical resistance tests were performed to evaluate the coatings to protect concrete structures below ground water. The full-scale hydrostatic test was used to evaluate the application and performance of coatings under hydrostatic pressure to simulate underground concrete structures below ground water. Visual inspections and in situ bonding tests were performed on coated concrete under a hydrostatic pressure of 105 kPa. Test results showed that bonding strength of one coating was affected by the moisture condition and hydrostatic water pressure in the full-scale test. Coated cement concrete specimens with pinholes were used to study the chemical resistance of the coated concrete in sulfuric acid to represent the worst sewer condition. Change in weight of coated concrete specimens was measured at regular intervals. Types of failures in coated concrete under acidic environment have been identified. Test results showed that the performance of the two coatings were noticeably different and one coating with pinholes extended the service life of concrete by 14 times while the other coating extended the service life of concrete by 57 times. There was no direct correlation between bonding strength and chemical resistance of the polyurethane-coated concrete. Although both coatings were polyurethane-based, their performances were different under the testing conditions adopted in the study.
Phase-space analysis of sparse signals and compressive sensing

Compressive sampling schemes for sparse signals are investigated in the framework of phase-space optics. Phasespace representations are used to identify signal sparsity and construct compressive sensing schemes. Both linear and nonlinear compressive sampling methods are interpreted as applications of Lukosz superresolution. For two iterative methods, the l1-magic algorithm and the CLEAN algorithm, numerical experiments are performed to determine the practical limits of sparse signal recovery. In addition, the phase-space interpretation is used to construct a phase retrieval algorithm for signals with a sparse phase space.
BIRTHRIGHT CITIZENSHIP AND THE RACIAL CONTRACT

Since 1981, there has been a sea change in longstanding policies of jus soli, or birthright citizenship, reinforcing the global divide between affluent spaces of whiteness and impoverished spaces of nonwhiteness. I argue that these moves highlight the global system of citizenship as an increasingly consequential aspect of what Charles Mills terms the Racial Contract: the set of agreements, historically explicit and currently tacit, that divides the earth's peoples into full persons—Whites—and subpersons—nonwhites—such that the latter are constitutive outsiders to the political, moral, and epistemological norms that structure the White social world. Mills posits that the present phase of the Racial Contract disconnects present geographies of inequality from the violent history of the earlier phase that brought them into being, thereby moving them outside the realm of redress. I focus on formal citizenship as a central locus of such erasure, using the figuration of the undocumented mother in the controversy over U.S. birthright citizenship as a case study. I argue that the global regime of citizenship perpetuates White supremacy in two ways: first, through a Westphalian map of citizenship, and second, through gendered and raced neoliberal norms of citizenship. The alchemy between these two rationalities both entrenches and hides the violence of the Racial Contract. Building upon Mills' standpoint epistemology, I analyze arguments from both sides of a 1995 congressional hearing on birthright citizenship. I argue that the arguments opposing birthright citizenship exhibit what can be thought of as a White epistemology of citizenship, which relies upon a profound amnesia about the exclusionary and violent history of the global regime of citizenship.
An efficient deadlock avoidance algorithm

Abstract The Banker's algorithm avoids deadlocks by requiring the existence of a safe sequence of job completions before granting any request. We generalize this safety test and calculate the minimum number of resources needed to assure that an allocation state is safe. We also introduce a data structure that remembers safe sequences across calls to the resource allocator. We derive an O(log n) safety test for n processes.
Stress Patterns of Deformation Induced Planar Dislocation Boundaries

A Multi-scale model coupling discrete dislocation dynamics with continuum plasticity and finite element analysis is used to study the self-stress field of geometrically necessary (dislocation) boundaries (GNBs). The results for a single GNB are presented here. The internal structure of the GNB is obtained from the Frank’s formula using experimentally measured misorientation angle/axis pair as the input. Several different types of model boundary conditions (using FEA) are analyzed together with the effect of different parameters like the domain length and mesh sensitivity. It is shown that choosing the right boundary conditions for the FEA strongly affects the predicted internal stress fields of these dislocation boundaries, particularly the long-range effect.
Application of the divisor method to multiple peak DLTS spectra

The DLTS divisor method, derived in a previous paper, is applied to multiple and overlapping DLTS peaks. An initial analysis is made of two moderately separated peaks. Then, the same peaks are analyzed with 10 percent noise present, using four thermal scans and no signal averaging. The results are compared with those obtained from other methods. Finally, to test the resolution, the peaks are moved together until the method no longer applies. It is found that the divisor method successfully resolves peaks with separation greater than 0.07 eV.
Efficiencies of maximum likelihood methods of phylogenetic inferences when different substitution models are used

Choice of a substitution model is a crucial step in the maximum likelihood (ML) method of phylogenetic inference, and investigators tend to prefer complex mathematical models to simple ones. However, when complex models with many parameters are used, the extent of noise in statistical inferences increases, and thus complex models may not produce the true topology with a higher probability than simple ones. This problem was studied using computer simulation. When the number of nucleotides used was relatively large (1000 bp), the HKY+Gamma model showed smaller d(T) topological distance between the inferred and the true trees) than the JC and Kimura models. In the cases of shorter sequences (300 bp) simpler model and search algorithm such as JC model and SA+NNI search were found to be as efficient as more complicated searches and models in terms of topological distances, although the topologies obtained under HKY+Gamma model had the highest likelihood values. The performance of relatively simple search algorithm SA+NNI was found to be essentially the same as that of more extensive SA+TBR search under all models studied. Similarly to the conclusions reached by Takahashi and Nei [Mol. Biol. Evol. 17 (2000) 1251], our results indicate that simple models can be as efficient as complex models, and that use of complex models does not necessarily give more reliable trees compared with simple models.
Arylsulfatase-cytochemical localization in lenses of normal and galactose-fed rats

Our laboratory is involved in studying the mechanism of repair in the ocular lens. As lysosomal enzymes have been shown to play an important role in tissue repair, we have been investigating the status of lysosomal enzymes, such as acid phosphatase and arylsulfatases, in the normal and injured lens. In the present investigation, we have examined the presence, distribution, and possible role of arylsulfatases (E.C. 3.1.6.1) in lenses of normal and galactose-fed rats. Arylsulfatases were localized in lenses using the cytochemical procedure described by Hopsu-Havu and Helminen (1974) using p-nitrocatechol sulfate as a substrate and then examined at the ultrastructural level. The reaction product resulting from arylsulfatase activity was mainly localized in the epithelial cells with very little activity in the cortical fibers. The intracellular activity was confined to lyso-somes. Some extracellular activity was visible in the intercellular regions in both the epithelium and superficial cortex. With the progr...
Structured Scalable Meta-formats (SSM) for Digital Item Adaptation

This paper motivates and develops an end-to-end methodology for representation and adaptation of arbitrary scalable content in a fully content non-specific manner. Scalable bit-streams are naturally organized in a symmetric multi-dimensional logical structure, and any adaptation is essentially a downward manipulation of this structure. Higher logical constructs are defined on top of this multi-tier structure to make the model more generally applicable to a variety of bit-streams involving rich media. The resultant composite model is referred to as the Structured Scalable Meta-format (SSM). Apart from the implicit bit-stream constraints that must be satisfied to make a scalable bit-stream SSM-compliant, two other elements that need to be formalized to build a complete adaptation and delivery infrastructure based on SSM are: a binary or XML description of the structure of the bit-stream resource and how it is to be manipulated to obtain various adapted versions; and a binary of XML specification of outbound constraints derived from capabilities and preferences of receiving terminals. By interpreting the descriptor and the constraint specifications, a universal adaptation engine can adapt the content appropriately to suit the specified needs and preferences of recipients, without knowledge of the specifics of the content, its encoding and/or encryption. With universal adaptation engines, different adaptation infrastructures are no longer needed for different types of scalable media.© (2003) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Investigation of the GTP-Binding/GTPase Cycle of Cdc42Hs Using Extrinsic Reporter Group Fluorescence†

The overall goal of these studies was to examine the applicability of extrinsic reporter group fluorescence in monitoring the GTP-binding/GTPase cycle of a Ras-like GTP-binding protein. Toward this end, we have labeled the GTP-binding protein Cdc42Hs with the environmentally sensitive fluorophore succinimidyl 6-[(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino]hexanoate (sNBD) at a single reactive lysine residue. We find that the sNBD-labeled Cdc42Hs undergoes a fluorescence enhancement at 545 nm when Cdc42Hs exchanges bound GDP for GTP. This enhancement is then fully reversed upon GTP hydrolysis. The specific GTPase-activating protein for Cdc42Hs, the Cdc42Hs−GAP, strongly stimulates the rate of reversal of the fluorescence enhancement at 545 nm, consistent with its ability to fully catalyze the GTPase reaction of Cdc42Hs. Conversely, the specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), Cdc24, strongly stimulates the fluorescence enhancement that accompanies GTP binding, consistent with its ability to stimulat...
Progression of disease despite good endoscopic local control of upper tract urothelial carcinoma.

Objectives Several series have demonstrated the effective management of low-grade upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UC) in select patients using endoscopic approaches. Despite rigorous surveillance, we have identified 3 patients with renal parenchymal recurrences and/or metastatic disease without progression of renal pelvis disease. Methods Three patients with renal parenchymal and/or metastatic UC were identified through routine clinical care. Data on these 3 patients were obtained from medical records to identify possible explanations for this recurrence pattern. Results Three men (mean age, 68 years) were initially managed endoscopically (1 ureteroscopy and 2 percutaneous) for upper tract UC. Indications were solitary kidney in 2 patients and renal insufficiency in 1 patient. Two patients had low-grade disease and 1 patient had high-grade disease. Despite apparently successful management for 9 to 50 months, with complete tumor resection on initial and subsequent treatments, and at least 1 tumor-free period was documented in 2 of the 3 patients, parenchymal recurrence, metastases, or both were confirmed in 1 patient each. One patient underwent nephroureterectomy and the other 2 patients received adjuvant chemotherapy. Conclusions Despite complete initial resection of upper tract disease and apparent successful surveillance, these 3 patients had renal parenchymal recurrence and/or metastatic disease without obvious progression of collecting system disease. Unless there is an imperative indication for organ preservation, nephroureterectomy should be considered as the primary option. Biopsy of subsequent lesions is recommended to evaluate for advancing grade, and periodic cross-sectional imaging should be used to evaluate for disease progression.
Equilibrium sublimation and thermodynamic properties of SnS

Abstract Knudsen effusion studies of the sublimation of polycrystalline SnS, prepared by annealing and chemical vapor transport, have been performed employing vacuum micro-balance techniques in the temperature range 733–944 K and at pressures ranging from about 6 × 10−3 to 11 Pa. The third-law heats of sublimation and second-law entropy of reaction SnS(s) = SnS(g) were determined to be ΔH0298 = 220.4 ± 3.0 kJ mole− and ΔS0298 = 162.4 ± 4.5 J K−1 mole−1. From these data the standard heat of formation and absolute entropy of SnS(s) were calculated to be −102.9 ± 4.0 kJ mole−1 and 79.9 ± 6.0 J K−1, respectively.
Sliding mode coordination control for multiagent systems with underactuated agent dynamics

In this paper, we develop a new integrated coordinated control and obstacle avoidance approach for a general class of underactuated agents. We use graph-theoretic notions to characterise communication topology in the network of underactuated agents as determined by the information flow directions and captured by the graph Laplacian matrix. Obstacle avoidance is achieved by surrounding the stationary as well as moving obstacles by elliptical or other convex shapes that serve as stable periodic solutions to planar systems of ordinary differential equations and using transient trajectories of those systems to navigate the agents around the obstacles. Decentralised controllers for individual agents are designed using sliding mode control approach and are only based on data communicated from the neighbouring agents. We demonstrate the efficacy of our theoretical approach using an example of a system of wheeled mobile robots that reach and maintain a desired formation. Finally, we validate our results experimen...
Determination of Realistic Fire Scenarios in Spacecraft

This paper expands on previous work that examined how large a fire a crew member could successfully survive and extinguish in the confines of a spacecraft. The hazards to the crew and equipment during an accidental fire include excessive pressure rise resulting in a catastrophic rupture of the vehicle skin, excessive temperatures that burn or incapacitate the crew (due to hyperthermia), carbon dioxide build-up or accumulation of other combustion products (e.g. carbon monoxide). The previous work introduced a simplified model that treated the fire primarily as a source of heat and combustion products and sink for oxygen prescribed (input to the model) based on terrestrial standards. The model further treated the spacecraft as a closed system with no capability to vent to the vacuum of space. The model in the present work extends this analysis to more realistically treat the pressure relief system(s) of the spacecraft, include more combustion products (e.g. HF) in the analysis and attempt to predict the fire spread and limiting fire size (based on knowledge of terrestrial fires and the known characteristics of microgravity fires) rather than prescribe them in the analysis. Including the characteristics of vehicle pressure relief systems has a dramatic mitigating effect by eliminating vehicle overpressure for all but very large fires and reducing average gas-phase temperatures.
SAMC: a fast model checker for finding heisenbugs in distributed systems (demo)

We present SAMC, an open-source model checker that can be integrated to many modern distributed cloud systems. SAMC can find concurrency bugs caused by non-deterministic dis- tributed events. We have successfully integrated SAMC to Hadoop, ZooKeeper and Cassandra.
Insights from a New Analytical Electrophoresis Apparatus

Charge is a fundamental property of macromolecules that is inextricably linked to their structure, solubility, stability, and interactions. Progress has been made on the theoretical and structural aspects of these relationships. However, for several reasons, charge is difficult to measure in solution. Consequently, there is a lack of experimental data that, independent of other macro-ion properties, determines the effective charge. To overcome this problem, novel instrumentation and methods are being developed in our laboratory. Described here is an analytical electrophoresis apparatus that permits both the measurement of electrophoretic mobilities and the determination of steady-state electrophoresis concentration distributions. The latter provides a different perspective on the processes that influence macro-ion behavior in an electric field. In addition, the apparatus permits the determination of diffusion coefficients either from boundary spreading during transport or from the decay of a concentration gradient. All of these determinations can be made with a single, 8-µL sample in a variety of solvents, thus providing unique insights into the charge properties of a macro-ion. Presented here is a progress report about this emerging technology, including the description of a prototype apparatus and examples of its use with a DNA oligonucleotide.
Forward and futures pricing of treasury bills

The paper discusses the recent literature on interest rate futures contracts applying both traditional futures and term structure theories. It is argued that an important characteristic of futures contracts has been ignored in most of the futures literature. By constructing a riskless arbitrage between implicit forward contracts and futures contracts, it is demonstrated that even in an efficient market the futures and forward prices will be different. The difference results because the `marking to the market' that is required on a futures contract implies that the course of interest rates is important to the pricing of interest rate futures contracts.
Experimental and Empirical Characterization of Reversed Phase Media

Abstract Characterization of solute, stationary phases, and mobile systems faces its challenges. This challenge touches on 5 characteristics studied herein. One, evaluate the effective particle diameter as a function of methanol–water composition. The objective is to use the effective particle size as measured by the pressure drop as a characteristic feature of the particle size for raw material testing. This is an alternative or improvement to using a characteristic of the particle size distribution. An effective particle diameter was measured at 3 microns for a nominal 5 micron material, indicative of a good particle size distribution. Two, quality parameters evaluated were precision, linearity, limit of detection, and limit of quantitation. Three, plate height data is measured as a function of flow rate in methanol-water with toluene as a probe solute. The data is evaluated by classic plate count models. Four, an improvement is made in the least square error, having a value of 10, for the van Deemter m...
Structured connectionist models of semantic networks

In this paper, we review some connectionist realizations of semantic networks. We focus on models that are generally referred to as structured connectionist models. In addition to reviewing three specific models, we discuss the intimate relationship between semantic networks and connectionist models of knowledge representation. We point out the need for massively parallel realizations of semantic networks and show that structured connectionism offers an appropriate computational framework for doing so.
Observations on the exocytosis of secretory vesicles and their products in coleoptiles of Avena

It is shown that in the cytoplasm of the fast growing cells of Avena coleoptiles, large sacs filled with vesicles are formed. The membranes of these sacs seem to have Golgi nature because they can fuse with the plasmalemma to form anastomoses with the space outside the plasmalemma. When subsequently the boundary membrane of the sacs flattens out and becomes continuous with the plasmalemma, the contents of the sacs come to lie outside the plasmalemma so as to form part of the outer cell wall. The sacs contain at least two types of vesicles, a majority which lose their membranes and furnish the mucopolysaccharide matrix of the wall, and numerous other vesicles which stay membrane-bounded and are incorporated into the structureless, electron transparent matrix, and which may even persist in the older portions of the wall. It is thought that this latter type of vesicle represents lysosomes. This multivesicular mode of exocytosis differs from the modes described so far in which only single, individual vesicles play a part.
CELLULAR LOCALIZATION OF RAPID RNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS INDUCED IN PRESENSITIZED LYMPHOCYTES BY A CATIONIC PROTEIN FROM BRAIN

Abstract Results of previous biochemical experiments indicated that lymph node cells, presensitized to a purified cationic protein from guinea pig brain, were induced to undergo rapid protein synthesis when incubated in the presence of the basic protein. An incubation period of 1 hr was required before the increase in protein synthesis could be observed. In the autoradiographic studies here reported, the nuclei of presensitized cells which appear to be medium lymphocytes, gave evidence of rapid RNA synthesis (possibly messenger RNA) during the initial hour of incubation with the cationic protein. During the second hour of incubation the high rate of protein synthesis was observed in both small and medium lymphocytes. With the aid of fluorescent antigen it was demonstrated that the medium sized lymphocytes contain a material that specifically binds the cationic protein. The role of the medium lymphocyte in the induction of hypersensitive reactions is discussed.
Exponential models of non-Newtonian gravity.

We show that in certain classes of theories the spatial variation of the non-Newtonian potential would be dominantly an exponential rather than a Yukawa potential, and we compare the phenomenological interpretation of the existing data in the exponential and Yukawa models. We also show that generalized forms of the exponential potential can arise naturally from simple mass spectra. Although such models cannot reconcile all of the existing data on non-Newtonian gravity, they have novel properties that can be directly studied experimentally.
Beyond tertiary cytoreduction in patients with recurrent epithelial ovarian, fallopian tube, or primary peritoneal cancer

Abstract Background Primary, secondary, and possibly tertiary surgical cytoreduction in patients with recurrent epithelial ovarian (EOC), fallopian tube (FTC), or primary peritoneal (PPC) cancer appears to be associated with a survival benefit. The objective of this study was to assess if cytoreduction of recurrences after tertiary cytoreduction offers any potential benefit in these patients. Methods We performed a retrospective chart review of all patients with recurrent EOC, FTC, or PPC who underwent additional cytoreductive procedures after a prior tertiary cytoreduction (quaternary cytoreduction) at our institution between 1991 and 2008. Disease-specific survival (DSS) was calculated from the time of quaternary cytoreduction to last follow-up. Univariate analyses were used to analyze outcomes and to identify potential prognostic factors. Results A total of 15 patients were identified, of which 7 (47%) have died of disease. All patients had undergone prior optimal secondary and tertiary surgical cytoreductive procedures. The size of residual disease varied from 0 (in 10 cases/67%) to >1 cm (in 2 cases, 13%). Residual disease (≤1 cm vs >1 cm) and number of recurrence sites (single vs multiple) were found to be significant prognostic factors on univariate analysis. Conclusions Cytoreductive surgery beyond tertiary cytoreduction may be a reasonable option in highly select patients with recurrent epithelial ovarian, fallopian tube, or primary peritoneal cancer, especially in the setting of a single site of recurrent disease.
Geologic History of the Teays Valley in West Virginia

The segment of the abandoned pre-Pleistocene Teays Valley between Scary and Huntington, W. Va. stands 130–240 feet above the Ohio and Kanawha rivers, and its bedrock floor slopes westward at about 0.6 foot per mile. The bedrock floor is overlain by highly weathered gravel in which a soil profile developed; only resistant siliceous materials remain. As much as 100 feet of locally derived sediments overlies the basal gravel. Sand was deposited at each end of the valley but in the east-central part it grades laterally into a laminated silty clay that was deposited during a period of ponding, probably in Kansan time. These deposits are deeply eroded. Probably during Illinoian time, ponding at a lower level resulted in deposition of a younger silty clay in the western part of the valley. This silty clay is weathered to a depth of about 14 feet. During a brief ponding in Wisconsin time, a widely scattered veneer of ice-rafted unweathered pebbles of igneous and metamorphic rocks was deposited. This veneer represents the youngest Pleistocene deposits in the valley and it occurs as much as 110 feet above the present Ohio River. Depositional, weathering, erosional, and topographic evidence argues that the Teays Valley in West Virginia was abandoned in late Tertiary or early Pleistocene time by normal stream-capture processes and that prolonged weathering followed.
The Object of Desire How Being Objectified Creates Sexual Pressure for Women in Heterosexual Relationships

Although the objectification of women is widespread, there is relatively little research on objectification in romantic relationships. The purpose of our research was to explore how partner-objectification might be related to sexual pressure and coercion in heterosexual relationships. Two studies were conducted, one with heterosexual men and one with heterosexual women as participants. An online survey of 119 heterosexual men in the United States demonstrated that men who frequently survey their partners’ bodies are more likely to sexually pressure and coerce their partners—primarily because partner-surveillance is related to feelings of shame regarding one’s partner’s body, which in turn is related to increased sexual pressure and coercion. An online survey of 162 heterosexual women in the United States demonstrated feeling objectified by a partner is related to several (but not all) measures of sexual pressure and coercion. Furthermore, women who felt that their partners frequently surveyed their bodies...
Introduction: Protecting Human Subjects Across the Geographic Research Process

This collection of articles examines diverse aspects of human subjects protection. All are authored by geographers actively engaged with human subjects, whether as administrators, active researchers, or both. The articles’ common point of departure is that human subjects protection is not a one-off event; rather, it is a process that is stretched out temporally and spatially, involving multiple actors. Our aim is pragmatic inasmuch as we focus on pushing beyond recounting “IRB horror stories” to engaging productively with conceptual, thematic, and operational aspects of human subjects protection across the research process from a geography-specific perspective.
Present State of Analysis of the First Spectrum of Thorium (Th i)

To date 268 even and 255 odd atomic energy levels in Th i have been found. The lowest level of the configuration 5f 6d 7s2 is 3H40 and lies 7795.27 cm−1 above the ground level 3F2 of 6d2 7s2. Some levels of 5f 6d2 7s and 6d2 7s 7p are identified.
Vocal Communication Between Laughing Gull Parents and Chicks

i. To playback of calls of one of their chicks and calls of a foreign chick, parent Laughing Gulls responded by orientation towards the sound, approach, and calling in reply. They showed no discrimination between calls of their own chick and calls of the foreign chick. Response to the playback waned during testing when all the parent's chicks were absent, but not when one was present. 2. When gulls were tested by having one of their own chicks and a foreign chick placed in covered boxes near the nest, they responded more to their own chick than to the foreigner. This appeared to be because their own chick called more than did the foreigner. The results were consistent with the possibility that individual recognition of the parent's voice by a chick causes the chick to behave in ways that tell the parent whether the chick belongs to it or not. 3. The parents' behaviour in response to chick calls in these two sets of tests differed between families of different ages in ways that exemplified the natural progression in patterns of parent-chick interactions, and suggested some speculation about the course of social development in this species.
Monocyte Fc gamma receptor expression in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting

Abstract Background Cardiopulmonary bypass is associated with an inflammatory response with potential deleterious effects. The white cell subpopulation mostly investigated so far is the neutrophil. To date very little has been investigated regarding the role of the monocyte/macrophage. This study focuses on the expression of Fc gamma receptors I, II, and III by monocytes in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass. Methods We studied the surface expression of Fc gamma receptors I, II, and III by flow cytometry on gated monocyte subpopulations in the whole blood of adult patients undergoing elective coronary artery bypass grafting. Blood samples were drawn preoperatively and at 15 minutes, 1, 2, 4, 24, 48, and 72 hours, and 6 days postoperatively. A second group of patients undergoing lung resection surgery were studied in a similar fashion. Results Neither Fc receptor I nor receptor II expression were significantly changed throughout the time points studied. Fc receptor III expression was reduced at 2 and 4 hours ( p = 0.016 and 0.002) and increased at 24, 48, and 72 hours after commencement of CPB on a selected subpopulation (15%–35%) of monocytes ( p = 0.004, Conclusions Our study demonstrated that cardiopulmonary bypass is associated with a biphasic Fc gamma receptor III expression on a subpopulation of peripheral blood monocytes up to 3 days postoperatively.
The behavioral economics of concurrent drug reinforcers: a review and reanalysis of drug self-administration research

In economics, goods can function as substitutes, complements, or be independent of one another. These concepts refer to increases, decreases, or no change in the consumption of one item as the price of a second item increases. This review examined whether these economic terms can be used to describe relationships between concurrently available reinforcers in drug self-administration research. Sixteen drug self-administration studies that examined the effects of concurrent reinforcers were identified through a MEDLINE search. Across these studies, the following substances were employed: caffeinated coffee, cocaine, etonitazene, ethanol, heroin, food, methadone, morphine, nicotine cigarettes, pentobarbital, phencyclidine, sucrose and water. These studies were reanalyzed and the results were shown to be consistent with these economic notions. These analyses also showed that relationships among the concurrently available reinforcers were reliable within and across studies, that concurrently available reinforcers can affect each other asymmetrically, and that the relative price may determine the magnitude of effect for substitutes. These findings suggest that these economic concepts may be useful in characterizing the type and magnitude of interactions between concurrently available reinforcers and may suggest potential mechanisms that determine these relationships.
Successive overrelaxation, multigrid, and preconditioned conjugate gradients algorithms for solving a diffusion problem on a vector computer

The purpose of this paper is the treatment of three numerical algorithms [successive overrelaxation (SOR), multigrid (MG) and conjugate gradients preconditioned by a fast Poisson solver (CG)] for solving large but mildly behaved diffusion problems on a vector computer with memory- to-memory architecture. The problem is a symmetric nonnegative definite matrix equation arising from a cell-centered finite difference approximation of a 3-d diffusion equation with full Neumann boundary conditions.
Public Restroom Habits in Patients After Artificial Urinary Sphincter Implantation

Objective To investigate public restroom habits with secondary outcomes evaluating health-related quality of life (HRQoL) outcomes in our patients who underwent artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) implantation after prostatectomy. Postprostatectomy incontinence is a significant burden on patients' emotional health and ability to perform activities of daily living. Methods Between June 2012 and January 2014, we identified 50 men who had undergone AUS placement for postprostatectomy incontinence. All 50 men completed baseline Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite–Urinary Domain (EPIC-UD) and Urogenital Distress Inventory Short Form (UDI-6) questionnaires preoperatively. We evaluated patients' subjective postoperative continence status using the UDI-6 and EPIC-UD scales via a telephone-administered questionnaire. Results Thirty-one of 50 patients (62%) were contacted and agreed to participate in the study. The pad score decreased significantly from 3 (median = 3 pads per day [ppd]; interquartile range [IQR] = 2) during minimal activity before surgery to 1 (median = 1.0 ppd; IQR = 0.5) after surgery ( P P P P P P Conclusion EPIC-UD and UDI-6 scores improved significantly and demonstrated high levels of correlation to self-reported ppd; however, both failed to show any correlation to patients' comfort level with public restrooms. The single predictor of patients' comfort was self-reported ppd with minimal activity.
Intimate Partner Violence, Coercive Control, and Child Adjustment Problems:

Coercive control is a relationship dynamic that is theorized to be key for understanding physical intimate partner violence (IPV). This research examines how coercive control in the context of physical IPV may influence child adjustment. Participants were 107 mothers and their children, aged 7 to 10 years. In each family, mothers reported the occurrence of at least one act of physical IPV in the past 6 months. Mothers reported on physical IPV and coercive control, and mothers and children reported on children's externalizing and internalizing problems. Coercive control in the context of physical IPV related positively with both mothers' and children's reports of child externalizing and internalizing problems, after accounting for the frequency of physical IPV, psychological abuse, and mothers' education. This research suggests that couple relationship dynamics underlying physical IPV are potentially important for understanding how physical IPV leads to child adjustment problems.
A Large Area, High-Resolution a-Si:H Array for X-Ray Imaging

The development of a large area, high-resolution, a-Si:H x-ray imager is reported. The array has 1536×1920 pixels, a pixel pitch of 127μm, and an area of 19.5×24.4 cm2. Tne array is tailored to the high frame rate and high spatial resolution requirements of diagnostic x-ray imaging. The design of this array is presented and examples of x-ray images are illustrated. Initial Measurements of the sensor capacitance and pixel time constant properties are in good agreement with theoretical expectations. These results indicate that high-resolution arrays of this construction are capable of providing fluoroscopic images at rates of at least 30 frames per second.
Cytologic findings of collecting duct carcinoma of the kidney

We report the cytologic features of eight fine-needle aspirations (FNA) and eight exfoliative specimens of collecting duct carcinoma (CDC) obtained from six patients. The four men and two women ranged in age from 27 to 69 years (mean = 45 yr) and all had advanced stage disease at presentation (one stage III, five stage IV). Five of the six patients died of widespread disease, and one is alive and well (mean survival, 28 mo ; range, 11-48 mo). The smears of the FNA and exfoliative specimens were scantly to moderately cellular. Tumor cells showed moderate pleomorphism and were arranged primarily in cohesive groups that rarely had a papillary configuration. Nuclei had irregular nuclear contours, coarse chromatin, and one to three nucleoli. In the majority of cases the cytoplasm was finely vacuolated, and occasionally there were large intracytoplasmic vacuoles. Intracytoplasmic mucin was demonstrated in two aspirates. Psammoma bodies were present in four of the seven fluids. In two patients, the cytologic diagnosis was supported by positive immunostaining for high-molecular-weight keratin and Ulex europaeus agglutinin I lectin. Leu M-1 was focally positive in one case and negative in the other. The cytologic features of CDC were readily identified as malignant ; however, they were not distinctive and overlapped with those of high-grade renal cell carcinoma with papillary features and transitional cell carcinoma.
Medical Students' Attitudes About Female Rape Victims

The goal of the present investigation was to examine the extent to which assault and participant characteristics influence medical students' attitudes toward rape and nonsexual assault victims. First-and third-year medical students read narratives of three types of patients-a stereotypical rape victim, a victim of a robbery, and a nonstereotypical rape victim-and responded to an attitude questionnaire in reference to the victims in the narratives. The results of a series of ANOVAs showed that females had more favorable attitudes toward victims than males did and that medical students had more victim-blaming attitudes about a nonstereotypical rape victim than about either a stereotypical rape victim or a nonsexual assault victim. The implications of these findings are discussed with respect to service delivery for rape victims and medical school curricula.
Simples and Gunk

Are there any non-composite objects? Are there any objects every part of which is composite? Are items of either kind even possible? What would they be like? Of what significance would they be? How best can we come to have reasonable beliefs about the answers to these inquiries? Such questions – about the actuality and possibility, the analysis and significance, the methodology and epistemology of simples and pieces of gunk – have been center stage in recent contemporary analytic metaphysics. The following article provides a general overview of some of the current debates on their proper answers as well as a pair of slightly more detailed investigations into two issues of special interest in the recent literature devoted to these topics.
Why do Institutions Offer MOOCs

By reviewing the literature and interviewing 83 individuals knowledgeable about massive open online courses (MOOCs), we investigate the goals of institutions of higher education that are currently developing and delivering such courses. We identify six major goals for MOOC initiatives: extending reach and access; building and maintaining brand; improving economics by reducing costs or increasing revenues; improving educational outcomes; innovation in teaching and learning; and conducting research on teaching and learning. Comparing these goals with the data being collected about MOOCs, their participants, and educational outcomes, as well as the resource requirements and cost drivers of the development and delivery process, we assess whether these goals are being met, or are likely to be in the future. While quantification of success in achieving these goals is for the most part lacking, we conclude that institutions are experiencing at least partial success in achieving each of these goals except for improving economics. We identify obstacles to fuller achievement of the goals and some potential solutions.
A modular state variable approach to the electromagnetic transients problem

An efficient algorithm for investigating the electromagnetic traveling-wave phenomenon on an arbitrary power system is presented. Specifically, a modular state-variable approach is utilized to calculate the voltage and current traveling waveforms. Each component of the power system is modeled with its associated state variables. A method for decoupling these component equations is considered. A voltage source at the sending end of the transmission line models a disturbance to the system, while the voltage at the receiving end of the line varies according to a specified load. The transmission line is divided into an integer number of equivalent T-section segments, with the inductor currents and the capacitor voltages designated as state variables. The trapezoidal method of numerical integration is used to transform the state equations into a set of first-order difference equations. The resulting matrix equations are sparse, and techniques are used to exploit this fact. >