cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Who else likes it? Perceived gender of social endorsers predicts gender equality support

Abstract Research suggests that messaging by men can garner broader support from both men and women around gender equality issues. How might this influence operate in a social media environment which includes peripheral cues in addition to the message sender's identity such as the number and identities of people who are engaging with the message? The present online experiment (N = 344) examines how the actual and presumed gender identity of a tweet's social endorsers influence group norms and solidarity for gender equality among men. Results reveal that higher estimates of male endorsement lead men to have greater support for gender equality policies. These results highlight the importance of ingroup norms communicated through social endorsements in garnering men's support for gender equality within a social media context.
The effect of lead exposure on autism development

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) remains one of the most detrimental neurodevelopmental conditions in society today. Common symptoms include diminished social and communication ability. Investigations on autism etiology remain largely ambiguous. Previous studies have highlighted exposure to lead (Pb) may play a role in ASD. In addition, lead has been shown to be one of the most prevalent metal exposures associated with neurological deficits. A semi-systematic review was conducted using public databases in order to evaluate the extent of lead’s role in the etiology of autism. This review examines the relationship between autistic comorbid symptoms—such as deterioration in intelligence scores, memory, language ability, and social interaction—and lead exposure. Specifically, the mechanisms of action of lead exposure, including changes within the cholinergic, dopaminergic, glutamatergic, gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic systems, are discussed. The goal of this review is to help illustrate the connections between lead’s mechanistic interference and the possible furthering of the comorbidities of ASD. Considerations of the current data and trends suggest a potential strong role for lead in ASD.
Propagation, arrest, and reactivation of thermally driven fractures in an unconfined half-space using stability analysis

Abstract Thermal fracturing is a common phenomenon occurring during significant cooling or heating in diverse engineering problems and natural processes. Multiple thermal fractures caused by cooling may initiate, propagate, arrest, and reactivate under thermal stresses and inter-fracture stress interactions, leading to typical hierarchical fracture patterns. The reactivation, further propagation, and permanent arrest of initially arrested fractures have not been accounted for in existing analytical modeling. In this study, all the processes of thermal fracturing in an unconfined half-space plane are investigated using a plane strain model. A dimensionless solution is developed by solving the coupled elasticity equation and fracture-propagation criterion and performing stability analysis, with fractures discretized by the displacement discontinuity method, all in terms of dimensionless variables. A new stability criterion stricter than the classic one (without reactivation) is introduced to account for fracture reactivation and permanent arrest. The dimensionless solution, applied to ceramic quenching as an example, is validated using a two-dimensional, finite element method-based fracture model that automatically considers all processes of thermal fracturing. The solution includes two generic profiles of dimensionless fracture spacing and length scaled by the material’s properties (i.e., toughness, Young’s modulus, Poisson ratio, and linear thermal expansion coefficient) and the surface-cooling condition. At late time, the profile of fracture length ( l ) can be simplified by a scaling law of l ∝ t with cooling time t . An algorithm is developed to produce the evolution of fracture pattern of interest, which is also validated by the numerical fracture model. Comparison of these solutions (with fracture reactivation) to those without reactivation indicates that fracture reactivation starts to affect fracture spacing and thus pattern after reaching a small fracture length and such an effect increases with fracture length and cooling time. These developed solutions are applicable to rapid and accurate prediction of evolution of fracture length, spacing, and pattern in thermal shock problems.
Network discovery and scanning strategies and the Dark Triad

Abstract Research examining cybercrime and personality is a critical, but understudied topic. From an applied perspective, such research will inform better practice in cyber defense. It will also contribute to our theoretical and practical understanding of trait expression in a relatively unstructured environment. Building on Trait Activation Theory, we predict that the unstructured environment computer attacks will elicit individual differences in decision making that can be attributed (in part) to differences in personality traits. Here we examine the varying approaches that individuals high in different Dark Triad traits and deception strategies take in executing cyberattacks. Using a hypothetical game scenario, Study 1 found that long-term mimicry deception and Machiavellianism were strong predictors of stealthy attacks, whereas narcissism and psychopathy were associated with shorter term or aggressive (i.e., “brute force”) attacks. Study 2 replicated this general pattern of results in a realistic lab simulation. The findings speak to the differential nature of the Dark Triad in the unstructured environment of cyber-attacks. These findings also contribute to our knowledge of how different attacks may emanate from individuals with different manipulative personality traits.
Comparative profile of refractory status epilepticus models following exposure of cholinergic agents pilocarpine, DFP, and soman.

Abstract Status epilepticus (SE) is a medical emergency with continuous seizure activity that causes profound neuronal damage, morbidity, or death. SE incidents can arise spontaneously but mostly are elicited by seizurogenic triggers. Chemoconvulsants such as the muscarinic agonist pilocarpine and, organophosphates (OP) such as the pesticide diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) and, the nerve agent soman, can induce SE. Pilocarpine, DFP, and soman share a common feature of cholinergic crisis that transitions into a state of refractory SE, but their comparative profiles remain unclear. Here, we evaluated the comparative convulsant profile of pilocarpine, DFP, and soman to produce refractory SE and brain damage in rats. Behavioral and electrographic seizures were monitored for 24 h after exposure, and the extent of brain injury was determined by histological markers of neuronal injury and degeneration. Seizures were elicited rather slowly after pilocarpine as compared to DFP or soman, which caused rapid onset of spiking that swiftly developed into persistent SE. Time-course of SE activity after DFP was comparable to that after soman, a potent nerve agent. Diazepam controlled pilocarpine-induced SE, but it was ineffective in reducing OP-induced SE. All three agents produced modestly different degrees of neuronal injury and neurodegeneration in the brain. These results reveal distinct convulsant and neuronal injury patterns following exposure to cholinergic agonists, OP pesticides, and nerve agents. A battery of SE models, especially SE induced by cholinergic agents and other etiologies including epilepsy and brain tumors, is essential to identify novel anticonvulsant therapies for the management of refractory SE.
Demonstration of two-dimensional time-encoded imaging of fast neutrons

Abstract We present a neutron detector system based on time-encoded imaging, and demonstrate its applicability toward the spatial mapping of special nuclear material. We demonstrate that two-dimensional fast-neutron imaging with 2° resolution at 2 m stand-off is feasible with only two instrumented detectors.
An a priori model for the reduction of nutation observations: KSV(1994.3) nutation series

We discuss the formulation of a new nutation series to be used in the reduction of modern space geodetic data. The motivation for developing such a series is to develop a nutation series that has smaller short period errors than the IAU 1980 nutation series and to provide a series that can be used with techniques such as the Global Positioning System (GPS) that have sensitivity to nutations but can directly separate the effects of nutations from errors in the dynamical force models that effect the satellite orbits. A modern nutation series should allow the errors in the force models for GPS to be better understood. The series is constructed by convolving the Kinoshita and Souchay rigid Earth nutation series with an Earth response function whose parameters are partly based on geophysical models of the Earth and partly estimated from a long series (1979-1993) of very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) estimates of nutation angles. Secular rates of change of the nutation angles to represent corrections to the precession constant and a secular change of the obliquity of the ecliptic are included in the theory. Time dependent amplitudes of the Free Core Nutation (FCN) that is most likely excited by variations in atmospheric pressure are included when the geophysical parameters are estimated. The complex components of the prograde annual nutation are estimated simultaneously with the geophysical parameters because of the large contribution to the nutation from the S(sub 1) atmospheric tide. The weighted root mean square (WRMS) scatter of the nutation angle estimates about this new model are 0.32 mas and the largest correction to the series when the amplitudes of the ten largest nutations are estimated is 0.18 +/- 0.03 mas for the in phase component of the prograde 18. 6 year nutation.
A Postgenomic Visual Icon

A decade of experience in visualizing large-scale genotypic and phenotypic data as heat maps has illuminated the strengths and limitations of the approach.
Gas phase chemistry in the interstellar medium

A brief discussion is given in support of in situ, gas phase reactions as the dominant chemical processes in the interstellar medium for molecules other than H2. Basic aspects of the “ion-molecule” schemes in the dense cloud and diffuse clouds limits are summarized. The following topics are selected for more detailed comments — fractionation of carbon isotopes, CH+ and shocks, the HNC/HCN ratio, the COH+/HCO+ ratio, fractionation of deuterium and the electron density of interstellar clouds, and the formation of complex molecules.
Motivational interviewing training in juvenile corrections: A comparison of outside experts and internal trainers

Purpose. This study was designed to compare expert consultant trainers and less experienced, in-house trainers in providing basic training in motivational interviewing (MI) for juvenile corrections employees. Methods. Trainees (n= 1,552) attended a 3-day workshop administered by either a member of the Motivational Interviewing Network of Trainers (MINT) or a corrections staff member who had been trained by a MINT trainer. Results. Pre- to post-test MI knowledge and skill gains did not vary between MINT expert and internal trainers, and increased for both groups. MINT trainees were more motivated to learn MI and expected it to be more effective in their work compared with those trained by corrections staff. MINT trainers were perceived as more knowledgeable about the topic, whereas corrections staff trainers were rated as better at utilizing handouts and visual aids. The groups did not differ on other measures of trainee satisfaction. Conclusions. These data suggest that a train-the-trainers model, in which expert consultants provide initial trainings to develop a pool of staff to provide subsequent trainings, may be as effective as a model that relies exclusively on expert trainers.
The infrared properties of active extragalactic nuclei

In this paper we review the observed infrared properties of the general classes of active extragalactic nuclei with the purpose of relating the observations to the mechanisms responsible for the emission processes. We will first give a summary of those observations which define the energy distributions and emission line ratios of broad groups of objects. We will intersperse measurements of specific features throughout the discussion that illustrate definite emission mechanisms.
Neutrino Mass Matrix from Delta(27) Symmetry

The discrete subgroup Delta(27) of SU(3) has some interesting properties which may be useful for understanding charged-lepton and neutrino mass matrices. Assigning leptons to the 3 and 3* representations of Delta(27), a simple form of the Majorana neutrino mass matrix is obtained and compared to present data.
Effect on the semiconductor laser intensity noise spectrum of propagation in dispersive optical fiber

Summary form only given. In the application of semiconductor lasers to fiber communications, the dependence of dispersion-induced pulse distortion (for digital systems) and modulation response changes (for analog systems) on the frequency modulation or "chirp" of the laser is a basic issue that often limits system performance. This has consequences for applications in which the laser intensity noise is the limiting factor in the system signal-to-noise ratio.
IMAGING DIAGNOSIS–SCLEROSING ENCAPSULATING PERITONITIS IN A DOG

An approximately 5-month-old American Staffordshire terrier was presented with a history of recurrent peritoneal effusion. Abdominal radiographs and ultrasound showed a loculated effusion in the ventral abdomen with dorsal displacement of abdominal organs, hepatomegaly and rounding of liver and splenic margins. Computed tomography demonstrated centrally located gastrointestinal segments surrounded by a thin soft tissue band and a thickened peritoneal lining. At necropsy a fibrous membrane continuous with liver and splenic capsules encapsulated all abdominal organs. Microscopically the abdominal wall and fibrous capsule consisted of an irregular thick layer of hypocellular connective tissue. The final diagnosis was sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis.
Ultrasonic attenuation measurements of the flux lattice phase transition in the heavy fermion superconductor UPt/sub 3/

Attenuation measurements of longitudinal ultrasound in superconducting UPt/sub 3/ show a peak, below H/sub c2/, that depends strongly on the orientation of the field relative to the c-axis. This peak is seen only with longitudinal and not with transverse sound. It is show that, as the field is tipped away from the c axis into the basal plane. H/sub FL/ decreases from 1.3 T to 0.58 T (at the lowest temperature). The temperature dependence of H/sub FL/ for all orientations of the field is the same-a flat region, followed by a slow decrease in H/sub FL/ with increasing temperature. >
Specific antigens released into sea water by contracting anemones (coelenterata)

Abstract The anemones Rhodactis howesii and Anthopleura elegantissima release species-specific antigens during contractions. This was demonstrated with the anemones in their natural habitat as well as in the laboratory. Possible ecologic implications are discussed.
CABBAGE LOOPER MORTALITY AND CRY1AC TOXIC PROTEIN IN ‘NUCOTN 33B (BT)’ COTTON LEAVES COMPARED WITH ‘DPL 5415’ COTTON LEAVES, 2001

CL larvae were from the Western Cotton Research Laboratory colony reared on an artificial diet. Cotton leaves were picked from randomly chosen plants from each plot, but from plant node 8 on days 61 and 82; node 16 on days 82, 117, and 159; and node 24 on days 117 and 159 after planting. The leaves were trimmed to fit into plastic petri dishes (15.0 cm diameter by 1.5 cm deep) lined on the bottom with moist filter paper. Before placing leaves in the petri dishes, one 0.63-cm-diameter leaf disk was punched from each leaf, weighed, and frozen until analyses were conducted to quantify Cry1Ac protein. Five, first-instar CL larvae were placed on each leaf in each of the five petri dishes. Living and dead larvae were counted after 7 days. Each test was replicated eight times.
Social-time: A Methodological and Functional Analysis

No concept of motion is possible without the category of time. In mechanics, for example, time is considered the independent variable which is a continuous function of the three coordinates which determine the position of a particle. Time is likewise a necessary variable in social change. The adequacy of the concepts of astronomical- or calendrical-time in the study of the motion or change of social phenomena thus represents a problem of basic importance. Are periods of years, months, weeks, days the only, or even the most readily applicable, temporal measures in a system of social dynamics? Most social scientists have proceeded on the tacit assumption that no system of time other than those of astronomy or the imperfectly related calendar is possible or, if possible, useful. They have assumed a time, the parts of which are comparable, which is quantitative and possessed of no qualitative aspects, which is continuous and permits of no lacunae. It is the object of this … [study] to demonstrate that in the field of social dynamics such restriction to a single conception of time involves several fundamental shortcomings.
Trichostatin A increases SMN expression and survival in a mouse model of spinal muscular atrophy

The inherited motor neuron disease spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is caused by mutation of the telomeric survival motor neuron 1 (SMN1) gene with retention of the centromeric SMN2 gene. We sought to establish whether the potent and specific hydroxamic acid class of histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors activates SMN2 gene expression in vivo and modulates the SMA disease phenotype when delivered after disease onset. Single intraperitoneal doses of 10 mg/kg trichostatin A (TSA) in nontransgenic and SMA model mice resulted in increased levels of acetylated H3 and H4 histones and modest increases in SMN gene expression. Repeated daily doses of TSA caused increases in both SMN2-derived transcript and SMN protein levels in neural tissues and muscle, which were associated with an improvement in small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) assembly. When TSA was delivered daily beginning on P5, after the onset of weight loss and motor deficit, there was improved survival, attenuated weight loss, and enhanced motor behavior. Pathological analysis showed increased myofiber size and number and increased anterior horn cell size. These results indicate that the hydroxamic acid class of HDAC inhibitors activates SMN2 gene expression in vivo and has an ameliorating effect on the SMA disease phenotype when administered after disease onset.
Residence time distribution of food and simulated particles in a holding tube

Abstract Residence time distribution (RTD) was determined for food and simulated particles flowing in a holding tube, as affected by particle shape (cube, cylinder, sphere), particle concentration (10, 20, and 30% w/v), particle type (potato, carrot, turkey, green peas, and polystyrene), fluid viscosity (0.0% CMC, 0.5% CMC, 1.0% CMC), bulk flow rate (5.81, 7.28, and 8.71 × 10 −4 m 3 /s) and SSHE shaft speed (30, 60, and 90 rpm). Residence times of tracer particles were recorded by a video camera equipped with a timer. Cylindrical particles remained in the holding tube longer than cubic particles. Increasing particle concentration and bulk flow rate tended to decrease mean normalized particle residence time (MNPRT). Increasing fluid viscosity decreased MNPRT significantly, apparently due to the strong lift action of the fluid on the particles. Although turkey particles were denser than other food particles, they had smaller residence times than the carrot and potato particles. The MNPRT of green peas was found to be significantly higher than that of polystyrene spheres. Swept-surface heat exchanger shaft speed did not influence MNPRT in the holding tube. The residence time distribution curves were narrowed by decreasing particle concentration and increasing bulk flow rate, and by using high viscosity fluids and cubic particles. The longest particle residence time was 5.3 times the average bulk residence time. The fastest particle did not exceed 1.8 times the average bulk velocity. This finding is within the conservative value of 2.0 considered safe in sizing holding tubes in aseptic processing systems.
SYMMETRY EFFECTS ON NUCLEAR DIPOLE RADIATION WITH APPLICATION TO A BOUND EXCITED STATE OF $sub 2$He$sup 4$

The effect of nuclear symmetry properties on electric dipole transitions is investigated using the independent particle model and Wigner's theory of the symmetric Hamiltonian. Methods are given for the construction of completely symmetrized wave functions for the nuclear states on this model. Symmetry selection rules are found to operate, in addition to the usual selection rules, to reduce the amount of nuclear dipole radiation. A detailed study of the ${\mathrm{He}}^{4}$ nucleus leads to the conclusion that if a resonant state at 21.6 Mev does exist with a strong dipole transition to the ground state, then a bound, excited state of the alpha-particle also exists. Spin-orbit and tensor forces are introduced to give a possible explanation of the angular distribution of gamma-rays when protons are captured by tritium.
Signal transduction mechanisms of K+-Cl- cotransport regulation and relationship to disease.

The K+-Cl- cotransport (COT) regulatory pathways recently uncovered in our laboratory and their implication in disease state are reviewed. Three mechanisms of K+-Cl- COT regulation can be identified in vascular cells: (1) the Li+-sensitive pathway, (2) the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-sensitive pathway and (3) the nitric oxide (NO)-dependent pathway. Ion fluxes, Western blotting, semi-quantitative RT-PCR, immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy were used. Li+, used in the treatment of manic depression, stimulates volume-sensitive K+-Cl- COT of low K+ sheep red blood cells at cellular concentrations 3 mM, causes cell swelling, and appears to regulate K+-Cl- COT through a protein kinase C-dependent pathway. PDGF, a potent serum mitogen for vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), regulates membrane transport and is involved in atherosclerosis. PDGF stimulates VSM K+-Cl- COT in a time- and concentration-dependent manner, both acutely and chronically, through the PDGF receptor. The acute effect occurs at the post-translational level whereas the chronic effect may involve regulation through gene expression. Regulation by PDGF involves the signalling molecules phosphoinositides 3-kinase and protein phosphatase-1. Finally, the NO/cGMP/protein kinase G pathway, involved in vasodilation and hence cardiovascular disease, regulates K+-Cl- COT in VSMCs at the mRNA expression and transport levels. A complex and diverse array of mechanisms and effectors regulate K+-Cl- COT and thus cell volume homeostasis, setting the stage for abnormalities at the genetic and/or regulatory level thus effecting or being affected by various pathological conditions.
An unexpected product isolated during the decomposition of an isomer of Re2Cl2(μ-dppm)2(CO)(CNXyl)3 — synthesis and structural characterization of [Na(dppmO2)3]Cl·2H2O·C6H6

The sodium complex [Na(dppmO 2 ) 3 ]Cl·2H 2 O·C 6 H 6 (dppmO 2 =Ph 2 P(O)CH 2 P(O)Ph 2 ), which was initially isolated as a minor by-product during studies of the decomposition of Re 2 Cl 2 (μ-dppm) 2 (CO)(CNXyl) 3 , was prepared by a more logical route involving the reaction of a mixture of dppm and NaCl with 30% H 2 O 2 in aqueous actone followed by recrystallization from ethanol–benzene. A crystal structure determination shows that the coordination geometry around Na is rigorously trigonal prismatic.
Zygote formation inCosmarium botrytis studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy, phase-contrast, and Calcofluor staining

Rapid zygote formation byCosmarium botrytis was induced in a liquid medium by incubation in 5% CO2. Conjugation and zygote formation were studied by SEM, TEM, phase-contrast, and Calcofluor fluorescence microscopy. It was observed that the cells divided immediately prior to conjugation and formed Calcofluor fluorescent conjugation papillae as soon as the primary wall was shed. The conjugating cells and the resultant zygote were envelopped by a non-fluorescent mucilagenous envelope which was eventually pierced by the zygote spines, but never shed. The very young smooth-walled zygote had a thick Calcofluor fluorescent wall. At that stage the zygote could be plasmolysed in 0.4 M mannitol, but no protoplast could be induced to emerge even with the addition of up to 5% Cellulysin; probably indicating that the zygote wall composition and structure is different from that of the secondary wall of the vegetative cells, particularly in the absence of mucilage pores.
Isolation of novel metal-binding proteins distinct from metallothionein from spotted seatrout (Cynoscion nebulosus) and Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus) ovaries

Metal-binding proteins were isolated from ovaries of the spotted seatroutCynoscion nebulosus and the Atlantic croakerMicropogonias undulatus collected in 1988 near Port Aransas, Texas, USA. Gel-filtration analysis of spotted seatrout trout ovarian cytosolic fraction on Sephadex G-75 revealed the presence of three zincbinding protein fractions. A major zinc/calcium-binding protein fraction had a low molecular weight (Mr)(6 000 to 10 000), similar to mammalian hepatic metallothionein (MT). All the metals were displaced from this fraction following saturation with exogenous cadmium. After exposure of Atlantic croaker to 2 mg cadmium l−1 seawater for 2 mo, the majority of the cadmium in the ovarian cytosolic fraction was associated with a similar low molecular weight protein fraction. These proteins were further purified by heat treatment and sequential acetone precipitation. Three isoforms were isolated by reversephase high-performance liquid chromatography. All the isoforms were found to be distinct from mammalian MT, based on amino acid composition. The major isoform contained low amounts of cysteine (approximately 5 residues per molecule) and aromatic amino acids, compared to high amounts of cysteine (typically 17 to 20 residues/molecule) and a lack of aromatic amino acids for mammalian MT. All the ovarian protein isoforms contained more glutamate than mammalian MT. The spotted seatrout and Atlantic croaker ovarian isoforms showed a high degree of homology with metal-binding proteins isolated from mammalian gonadal tissues. The results suggest a physiological role for these metal-binding proteins in developing vertebrate ovaries as well as an involvement in the sequestration of cadmium following environmental exposure.
Actors: Computing dramatic characters that are on stage simultaneously

The ACTORS computer program processes the electronic text of a play, and, based on entrance-and-exit stage directions, it provides information about which characters are on stage simultaneously; such information can inform dramatic performances, and it can indicate errors and omissions in the text. Based on a table indexed for each character showing which characters appear on stage at least once with the indexed character and on a table showing which characters never appear on stage with the indexed character, possible doubling can be calculated for a production, often with the minimum number of actors.
SEASAT-A Synthetic Aperture Radar: Radar System Implementation

The Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) onboard the Seasat-A satellite will conduct a number of experiments involving deep ocean waves, coastal wave patterns, polar ice and land forms. The SAR will have a 25m by 25m resolution over a swath of 100km width centered about 300km to the right of the spacecraft track. The SAR's high data rate limits operations to times when Seasat-A is in view of a few ground stations with special SAR receiving equipment. However, the SAR will collect much useful data about deep ocean and coastal waves in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans; about ice in the Northwest Atlantic, in the Great Lakes and off the coast of Alaska; and about land over much of the United States and Canada.
Evidence That 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Is the Physiologically Active Metabolite of Vitamin D3*

I. Introduction THE REALIZATION in the mid-1960s that vitamin D3 is metabolized led to an extensive effort by several laboratories to identify the metabolites produced and determine their biological activities. The identification of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3] as the most potent and rapidly acting metabolite of vitamin D3 in stimulating intestinal absorption of calcium and mobilization of bone mineral suggested that this compound is the physiologically active hormonal form of the vitamin. Subsequent studies showing the rapid biological turnover of 1,25-(OH)2D3, the presence of a specific 1,25-(OH)2D3 receptor in target tissues, and the intricate regulation of the renal 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25-OHD3)-1-hydroxylase all supported this theory. However, by the late 1970s the possibility that additional metabolites of vitamin D3 have actions distinct from those of 1,25-(OH)2D3, particularly on skeletal mineralization and embryonic chick development, was suggested by several groups. Particular attent...
Gene expression profiling of zebrafish embryonic retinal pigment epithelium in vivo.

Purpose Eye development and photoreceptor maintenance is dependent on the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), a thin layer of cells that underlies the neural retina. Despite its importance, development of RPE has not been studied by a genomic approach. In this study, a microarray expression-profiling methodology was established for studying RPE development. Methods The intact retina with RPE attached was dissected from developing embryos, and differentially expressed genes in RPE were inferred by comparing the dissected tissues with retinas without RPE, in microarray and statistical analyses. Results Of the probesets used, 8810 were significantly expressed in RPE at 52 hours postfertilization (hpf), of which 1443 may have biologically meaningful expression levels. Further, 78 and 988 probesets were found to be significantly over- or underexpressed in RPE, respectively, compared with retina. Also, 79.2% (38/48) of the known overexpressed probesets were independently validated as RPE-related transcripts. Conclusions The results strongly suggest that this methodology can obtain in vivo RPE-specific gene expression from the zebrafish embryos and identify novel RPE markers.
Spectroscopy of Transition-Metal-Hydrogen Complexes in Silicon

Transition-metal-hydrogen complexes have been introduced into bulk Si samples that contained Pt, Au, or Rh by the indiffusion of hydrogen at 1250°C from H2 gas. The structure and electrical properties of a PtH2 complex in Si have been studied by vibrational spectroscopy and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). The PtH2 complex has been found to introduce two levels in the Si bandgap. There is one paramagnetic charge state for which EPR provides detailed structural information and two nonparamagnetic charge states. The hydrogen vibrations of all three charge states of PtH2 have been assigned. In addition to the PtH2 complex, the hydrogen vibrations of several additional complexes in Si samples that contain hydrogen and Pt, Au, or Rh have been identified.
Political power and the market for governors

The statistically insignificant results for the budget-power and veto-power variables suggest that, for some reason, these power characteristics are not particularly salable to consumers of governmental favors. It may simply be the case that political competition pushes governors to adopt median-voter public-policy outcomes despite the existence of discretionary budget and veto powers which permit them to behave otherwise. This suggests that discretionary powers may only be of value in those states where political competition is weak or where deviations from the wishes of the median voter are relatively costless (in terms of the value of votes lost) to the party or candidate in power. However, attempts to test this hypothesis using an interaction term between measures of inter-party competition and the governors budgetary and veto powers proved unsatisfactory. Perhaps, intra-party competition in ‘one-party’ states makes candidates just as responsive to the preferences of the median voter as are candidates in states with strong inter-party competition.
QS130. Lymph Node Ratio: Role in The Staging of Node-Positive Colon Cancer

Background Recent literature has shown that lymph node ratio (LNR) is superior to the number of positive lymph nodes (pLNs) in predicting the prognosis in several malignances other than colon cancer. We hypothesize that LNR may play a similar role in stage III colon cancer.
Meridional and Downward Propagation of Atmospheric Circulation Anomalies. Part II Southern Hemisphere Cold Season Variability

Abstract As in the Northern Hemisphere, there exists a simultaneous poleward propagation of temperature anomalies in the stratosphere and equatorward propagation in the troposphere in the Southern Hemisphere’s cold season. It takes about 110 days for anomalies of one polarity to propagate from the equator to the pole (or half the period of the complete cycle), nearly twice as long as in the Northern Hemisphere. The earlier poleward propagation of temperature anomalies in upper levels compared with those in lower levels results in an apparent downward propagation in the stratosphere. Accompanying the poleward- and downward-propagating warm (cold) anomalies is a successive leveling (steepening) of isentropic surfaces, reflecting a simultaneous reduction (strengthening) of the meridional temperature gradient and increase (decrease) of the vertical static stability. Following changes in the thermal fields are poleward- and downward-propagating zonal wind anomalies of the opposite sign. The arrival of the pole...
Absorbance of Feulgen-stained somatic cell nuclei.

ANALYSIS of published data on cytophotometric measurements of Feulgen-stained somatic cell nuclei from rat liver and thyroid gland1, untreated and croton oil treated mouse ear epithelial nuclei2 and mouse neuron and liver nuclei3 has shown that a straight line is obtained when the absorbance, E, is plotted against the reciprocal of the squared nuclear diameter. Consequently a and b are constants in the expression : E = a + bD −2 The ways in which the total nuclear deoxyribonucleic acid-content have been calculated4–8 demonstrate that the nuclei have been imagined as being homogeneously absorbing objects, that is, objects in which the absorbing particles are randomly distributed, non-interacting and retaining their shape and number. But according to the equation the mass (=deoxyribonucleic acid-content) must remain constant, no synthesis can therefore take place, and this is contradictory to experimental facts. We can therefore conclude that in spite of the finding that the equation describes the data well, it does not mean that the nuclei are homogeneously absorbing objects. A non-random distribution of the Feulgen-stain was observed by DeSmul and LeComte9, and reconstructions of serially cut human and rodent somatic nuclei in this laboratory10 have shown that the Feulgen-stained material and the nucleoli are distributed in a peripheral zone. We can therefore conclude that the absorbing material, that is, deoxyribonucleic acid, is not randomly distributed and consequently that published data on the total nuclear deoxyribonucleic acid content, calculated from cytophotometric measurements of fixed tissue assuming a random distribution of the absorbing particles, are erroneous. The linear relationship between the nuclear absorbance and the inverse nuclear surface area may simply mean that both the absorbance and the geometrical dimensions are dependent variables of a common variable as, for example, the growth process, thus : A practical consequence of this is, as is also evident from the equation, that a simple measurement of the nuclear geometrical dimensions will yield the same information as that obtained by the far more complicated and costly photometric method.
The effect of α-chymotrypsin on wound healing in hamsters

Abstract The effects of locally and systemically administered α-chymotrypsin on wound healing of the tongue of the hamster were investigated. It was found that when α-chymotrypsin was injected into the injured tongue, it acted as a severe irritant. On the contrary, when α-chymotrypsin was injected into the deltoid muscle, there was no observed alteration in the healing of the injured tongue as compared with control animals.
Georg Lukács and the Improbable Realism of Sun Allah Ibrāhīm’s The Committee

By a traditional definition of “realism” Sun Allah Ibrāhīm’s The Committee is perhaps the least “realistic” of his novels. The novel ends, for example, with the protagonist eating himself. This paper examines The Committee through the lens of the Marxist critic Georg Lukacs’s definition of realism, a definition that prioritizes hope over feasibility. The opposite of realism for Lukacs is modernism, which he defines, among other ways, by its dependence on allegory. I argue that by Lukacs’s definition The Committee is a work of realism. Despite the novel’s air of gloom, I find in it elements of hope. I also argue that the gruesome ending does not have to be read allegorically. And though the protagonist does eat himself, I argue that this can be read as a feat of activism, a crucial component in Lukacs’s definition of realism. I conclude by arguing for the relevance of the ideas of Georg Lukacs and Sun Allah Ibrāhīm’s 28 year-old novel.
Suicidality in a Sample of Methadone Maintenance Clients

Previous work has shown that suicide is a significant cause of death among substance abusers, including methadone-maintained clients, and that the prediction of suicidal ideation and behavior is difficult. Preliminary review of data collected at admission on a population of 438 methadone-maintained clients found 55 expressing some level of suicidal behaviors during the course of treatment. These clients were compared with a randomly selected comparison group of 55 nonsuicide clients matched for gender and race/ethnicity on measures of psychological dysfunction, drug use, family dysfunction, and help-seeking behaviors. Results showed that at time of admission suicidal clients reported: 1) more psychological dysfunction as evidenced by higher levels of depression, social dysfunction, hostility, risk-taking, and previous thoughts of suicide; 2) less family support at the present time and during childhood; and 3) more help-seeking behavior as evidenced by self-referral, number of previous treatment episodes, attendance at self-help meetings, and higher scores on motivational measures of desire for help. Differences in preadmission drug-using behaviors were not found between the two groups.
Proterozoic mineral deposits near plate margins of the archean wyoming province, USA

Abstract Proterozoic mineral deposits located near the margin of the Archean Wyoming Province can be interpreted in a plate tectonic context. The southern margin of the Archean Wyoming Province is exposed in southeastern Wyoming where Early Proterozoic island areas have been sutured to an Early Proterozoic passive margin developed during rifting of the Archean Wyoming craton. Mineral deposits include uranium-thorium-gold bearing quartz pebble conglomerate deposited during rifting, stratiform sulphide in black shale of the foredeep basin, anomalous platinum group element values in layered complexes of the island arcs, and a variety of mineral deposits that formed during closure of the arcs and passive margin. The eastern margin of the Wyoming Province is probably located under Phanerozoic cover just east of the Black Hills of South Dakota. The Black Hills is a segment of the Early Proterozoic Trans-Hudson Orogen which is interpreted here as an area exhibiting evidence of opening and closing of an intracratonic basin. In the Black Hills, domes underlain by Archean rocks are overlain by an Early Proterozoic clastic successions that preserves evidence of rifting. These clastic successions are succeeded by marine quartzite which is, in turn, overlain by a eugeosynclinal succession containing iron formation, graywacke, and a variety of volcanic units. The basal Early Proterozoic clastic succession contains uranium and gold-bearing quartz pebble conglomerate formed during rifting. The eugeosynclinal succession contains the Homestake iron formation which is host to the Early Proterozoic Homestake type gold deposits. Geologic and geochemical evidence can be marshalled to support either an epigenetic or syngenetic origin for the Homestake-type gold deposits. If the gold deposits are syngenetic they may have formed in a foredeep basin developed during closure of the intracratonic basin.
Individual Behavior and Market Performance

of behavioral regularities which appear inconsistent with economic theory (Machina, Camerer 1989). This work is of interest to economists for at least two reasons. First, the results challenge expected utility theory as a descriptive theory of human behavior. Second, the observations or anomalies may have important implications for resource allocation. Since many decisions (e.g., choice of career or marriage partner, awarding prizes or grants, choosing colleagues, committee chairs or speakers from other disciplines) are made infrequently and with no opportunities for arbitrage, it follows that widespread subrationality suggests that decisions frequently may be far from optimal. Further, it could be that, even with welldefined incentives and a well-functioning market or other allocative institution, the presence of boundedly rational agents will cause inefficient allocation of resources. This paper discusses the latter possibility by examining three examples: the representativeness heuristic, the preference reversal phenomenon, and the endowment effect. In all three cases there are
Use of BCECF and propidium iodide to assess membrane integrity of acutely isolated CA1 neurons from rat hippocampus

Abstract We used 2 fluorescent dyes, 2′,7′-bis(carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein (BCECF) and propidium iodide (PI), to assess the membrane integrity of neurons acutely isolated from the CA1 region of the rat hippocampus. Exciting BCECF at a relatively pH-insensitive wavelength (440 nm), or exciting PI at 490 nm, we quantitatively recorded, in real time and in single cells, the rate constants for BCECF loss (−k440) and PI uptake (k490). We found that approximately 98% of intracellular BCECF is rapidly released by applying 0.01% saponin. In neurons not treated with saponin, rate constants for BCECF loss and PI uptake typically were 1% min−1 or less under control conditions, in the presence of NH 3 NH 4 + and in the absence of Na+. However, in a small number of neurons, the rate constant for BCECF loss increased markedly (−k440 > 5% min−1), while pHi approached pHo, suggesting that the plasma membrane spontaneously became leaky. When neurons were progressively swollen in hypotonic solutions, rates constants for BCECF loss and PI uptake generally were affected minimally unless osmolality was decreased to ≈ 75 mOsmol/kg. Treating neurons with 0.001% saponin caused an increase in PI uptake rate only in a minority of neurons, whereas in most experiments a similar treatment caused −k440 for BCECF to exceed 5% min−1, and led to a rapid deterioration of the pH gradient across the cell membrane. At even lower saponin levels (0.0005–0.0007%), we observed a much slower deterioration of pHi, which occurred at low rates of BCECF loss (−k440 = ≈ 3% min−1). We conclude that computing rate constants for BCECF loss and PI uptake may be useful for assessing neuronal health, and that BCECF loss may be more sensitive to cell damage than PI uptake.
Feeding ecology and laboratory predatory behavior toward live and artificial moving prey in seven rodent species

The present research related the feeding ecology of seven rodent species to the reactions of laboratory-reared and prey-inexperienced members of each species both to live prey and to an artificial moving stimulus predicting food pellets. Feeding ecology was determined by the degree of carnivory, based on reported stomach contents and observations of feeding. Experiment 1 assessed predatory reactions to a live cricket placed in each animal’s home cage. Killing and latency of eating the cricket were directly related to the degree of reported carnivory on moderately fast-moving arthropods. Experiment 2 examined behavior toward a rolling ball bearing that predicted delivery of food. Average percentages of trials with approach or contact of the bearing, and the conditional probability of a mouth contact were all positively related to the degree of reported carnivory and to cricket predation in Experiment 1. In addition, the topography of ball bearing contact for a species often resembled its topography of cricket contact. We conclude that (1) rodent predatory behavior can be studied in the laboratory using appropriate artificial stimuli and prey-inexperienced subjects, and (2) the predatory behavior of a species is based on underlying appetitive organization related to carnivory, including differential sensitivity to stimulus movement, motor preorganization, and susceptibility to conditioning. This appetitive organization appears to influence responding to both live and artificial prey.
The microRNAs of Epstein-Barr Virus are expressed at dramatically differing levels among cell lines

Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) encodes multiple microRNAs (miRNAs) from two primary transcripts, BHRF1 and the BARTs. The expression of BHRF1 miRNAs is dependent on the type of viral latency, whereas the BART miRNAs are expressed in cells during all forms of latency. It is not known how these miRNAs are otherwise regulated, though. We have used quantitative, stem-loop, real-time PCR to measure the expression of EBV's miRNAs and found them to differ nearly 50- and 25-fold among all tested cell lines and among EBV-positive Burkitt's lymphomas, respectively. In addition, the expression of individual BART miRNAs within a cell can differ by 50-fold or more despite the fact these miRNAs are likely transcribed together as a single primary transcript. These measurements are illuminating: they indicate that few of EBV's miRNAs are expressed at levels comparable to those of cellular miRNAs in most cell lines and therefore likely function interdependently.
Behavioral medicine interventions can improve the quality-of-life and health of persons with HIV disease

Interventions to enhance the quality-of-life and health of persons with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease are becoming increasingly important as the number of people with HIV increases and as medical treatment regimens extend their life expectancy. Behavioral medicine approaches carry considerable promise for the treatment of disorders associated with HIV disease, including HIV-related nutritional disorders, pain management, sleep disorders, and treatment adherence. This article summarizes the literature on the prevalence of these disorders in HIV disease, reviews established behavioral medicine interventions for the disorders, and discusses how behavioral medicine interventions might be applied to the HIV manifestation of the disorders. Efforts to apply behavioral medicine approaches to improve life quality, alleviate sequelae of illness, and improve health outcomes in persons with HIV disease are urgently needed.
The role of percutaneous cordotomy in the treatment of chronic cancer pain.

The authors report on 53 cervical percutaneous cordotomies in 52 patients suffering from chronic unilateral cancer pain.