cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Responses of neurons in the lateral intraparietal area to central visual cues

Goal-directed behavior is characterized by flexible stimulus-action mappings. The lateral intraparietal area (area LIP) contains a representation of extra-personal space that is used to guide goal-directed behavior. To examine further how area LIP contributes to these flexible stimulus-action mappings, we recorded LIP activity while rhesus monkeys participated in two different cueing tasks. In the first task, the color of a central light indicated the location of a monkey’s saccadic endpoint in the absence of any other visual stimuli. In the second task, the color of a central light indicated which of two visual targets was the saccadic goal. In both tasks, LIP activity was modulated by these non-spatial cues. These observations further suggest a role for area LIP in mediating endogenous associations that link stimuli with actions.
Substrate Preferences and Catalytic Parameters Determined by Structural Characteristics of Sterol 14α-Demethylase (CYP51) from Leishmania infantum

Leishmaniasis is a major health problem that affects populations of ∼90 countries worldwide, with no vaccine and only a few moderately effective drugs. Here we report the structure/function characterization of sterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51) from Leishmania infantum. The enzyme catalyzes removal of the 14α-methyl group from sterol precursors. The reaction is essential for membrane biogenesis and therefore has great potential to become a target for antileishmanial chemotherapy. Although L. infantum CYP51 prefers C4-monomethylated sterol substrates such as C4-norlanosterol and obtusifoliol (Vmax of ∼10 and 8 min−1, respectively), it is also found to 14α-demethylate C4-dimethylated lanosterol (Vmax = 0.9 min−1) and C4-desmethylated 14α-methylzymosterol (Vmax = 1.9 min−1). Binding parameters with six sterols were tested, with Kd values ranging from 0.25 to 1.4 μm. Thus, L. infantum CYP51 is the first example of a plant-like sterol 14α-demethylase, where requirements toward the composition of the C4 atom substituents are not strict, indicative of possible branching in the postsqualene portion of sterol biosynthesis in the parasite. Comparative analysis of three CYP51 substrate binding cavities (Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma cruzi, and L. infantum) suggests that substrate preferences of plant- and fungal-like protozoan CYP51s largely depend on the differences in the enzyme active site topology. These minor structural differences are also likely to underlie CYP51 catalytic rates and drug susceptibility and can be used to design potent and specific inhibitors.
Comment on “AGU Statement Regarding the Conviction of Italian Seismologists”

I disagree with AGU's position on the conviction of Italian seismologists, which is, I believe, based on an inaccurate reading of the news (Eos 93(44), 444, doi:10.1029/2012EO440013). As a matter of fact, the L'Aquila ruling is based on the finding that the defendant scientists lacked both independence and good faith and that they gave unscientific (ideological, a priori, and, in the end, lethal) advice to the population. The defendants are, moreover, given the opportunity to appeal if they believe the tribunals have incorrectly assessed the evidence.
The oxidation of 3-aminocarbazole and its N-ethyl derivative

Abstract Chemical oxidation of 3-aminocarbazole by peroxydisulfate gives only a low yield of an insulating polymer under standard conditions employed for the preparation of polyaniline from aniline or p -aminodiphenylamine. Similar oxidation of N -ethyl-3-aminocarbazole gives no appreciable polymer, but a major ( c . 40%) crystalline oxidized dimer assigned the structure of a bis(indolo)phenoxazone. In contrast, electrochemical oxidation of 3-aminocarbazole affords a reversibly oxidizable film with an oxidation potential of c . 0.29 V.
General Deterrence and International Conflict: Testing Perfect Deterrence Theory

Since general deterrence necessarily precedes immediate deterrence, the analysis of general deterrence is more fundamental to an understanding of international conflict than is an analysis of immediate deterrence. Nonetheless, despite a few exceptions, the quantitative literature has ignored the subject of general deterrence, focusing almost exclusively on situations of immediate deterrence. My purpose in this essay is to fill this evidentiary gap by subjecting a recently developed theory of general deterrence—Perfect Deterrence Theory—to a systematic test by examining general deterrence from 1816–2000. The results indicate that the predictions of perfect deterrence theory are strongly supported by the empirical record.
Solubility and diffusivity of carbon in metals

Suggestion d'une technique rapire et souple pour la mesure simultanee de la solubilite et de la diffusivite du carbone dans les metaux. Le technique peut aussi fournir des informations sur l'energie libre de formation du carbone de surface et sur la variation en fonction de la concentration de la diffusivite de Fick
Residues of Human Cytomegalovirus DNA Polymerase Catalytic Subunit UL54 That Are Necessary and Sufficient for Interaction with the Accessory Protein UL44

The human cytomegalovirus DNA polymerase contains a catalytic subunit, UL54, and an accessory protein, UL44. Recent studies suggested that UL54 might interact via its extreme C terminus with UL44 (A. Loregian, R. Rigatti, M. Murphy, E. Schievano, G. Palu', and H. S. Marsden, J. Virol. 77:8336-8344, 2003). To address this hypothesis, we quantitatively measured the binding of peptides corresponding to the extreme C terminus of UL54 to UL44 by using isothermal titration calorimetry. A peptide corresponding to the last 22 residues of UL54 was sufficient to bind specifically to UL44 in a 1:1 complex with a dissociation constant of ca. 0.7 μM. To define individual residues in this segment that are crucial for interacting with UL44, we engineered a series of mutations in the C-terminal region of UL54. The UL54 mutants were tested for their ability to interact with UL44 by glutathione S-transferase pulldown assays, for basal DNA polymerase activity, and for long-chain DNA synthesis in the presence of UL44. We observed that deletion of the C-terminal segment or substitution of alanine for Leu1227 or Phe1231 in UL54 greatly impaired both the UL54-UL44 interaction in pulldown assays and long-chain DNA synthesis without affecting basal polymerase activity, identifying these residues as important for subunit interaction. Thus, like the herpes simplex virus UL30-UL42 interaction, a few specific side chains in the C terminus of UL54 are crucial for UL54-UL44 interaction. However, the UL54 residues important for interaction with UL44 are hydrophobic and not basic. This information might aid in the rational design of new drugs for the treatment of human cytomegalovirus infection.
Release of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP), and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) from rat spinal cord: Modulation by agonists

Release of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P (SP) from the rat lumbar dorsal spinal cord and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) from the sacral spinal cord was examined under resting conditions (baseline release) and in the presence of capsaicin (CAP). Baseline rates of CGRP, SP, and VIP release were 1.71 +/- 0.19, 0.12 +/- 0.01, and 0.097 +/- 0.029 pg/mg/min, respectively. The addition of CAP (10 microM) to the perfusate had no effect upon resting VIP release, but elevated CGRP and SP release significantly by 11.1 +/- 0.8 and 0.19 +/- 0.03 pg/mg/min over baseline release rate, respectively. Addition of dexmedetomidine (10 microM), an alpha 2-adrenergic agonist, did not change the baseline release of either CGRP or SP, but significantly decreased the CAP-evoked release of both peptides. The attenuation of the CAP-evoked release by the agonists was antagonized by the concurrent administration of yohimbine (10 microM) or atipamezole (10 microM), but not by prazosin. ST-91 (10 microM) did not alter the release of CGRP but decreased the CAP-evoked release of SP. This inhibition was antagonized by yohimbine and prazosin, but not by atipamezole. These data suggest that the afferent-evoked release of SP and CGRP from CAP-sensitive terminals (presumably those associated with small primary afferents) is modulated by local alpha 2 receptors. The common sensitivity of the agonists to yohimbine and the differential effects of atipamezole and prazosin are consistent with the hypothesis that dexmedetomidine and ST-91 may interact with different subpopulations of spinal alpha 2 receptors, both of which may modulate afferent terminal release.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Oxidation of volatile fatty acids by rumen epithelium and by liver from ketotic sheep.

Abstract The metabolism of acetate, propionate, and butyrate was compared in rumen epithelium and in liver slices from normal and ketotic ewes to study these sites of ketone body production during ruminant ketosis. Ketotic liver readily produced acetoacetate from endogenous substrates, but the addition of volatile fatty acids to the medium altered acetoacetate formation only moderately. Rumen epithelium from both normal and ketotic sheep readily produced acetoaeetate from endogenous substrates and from butyrate. Propionate was more antiketogenic with rumen epithelium than with liver.
Calculation of Partition Functions Using the Functional-Integral Method

It is pointed out that if charge-density fluctuations are treated in the extremal approximation, the functional-integral method does not correctly give the thermodynamics of the Hubbard model at zero bandwidth. In particular the Schottky anomaly in the specific heat is found at one-half the exact value.
Cylindrical cell papilloma

A case of cylindrical cell papilloma (CCP) arising in the maxillary sinus is described. Light and electron microscopic findings revealed the characteristic oncocytic nature of the neoplasm. A review of the literature confirms the rarity of CCP and its behavioral similarities to the more common inverted papilloma. The relatively high rate of recurrence, coupled with the increased risk of associated malignancy, necessitates the recognition and appropriate treatment of CCP.
LIX.—Descriptions and records of bees.—XXVIII.

(1910). LIX.—Descriptions and records of bees.—XXVIII. Annals and Magazine of Natural History: Vol. 5, No. 29, pp. 409-419.
Decreased Genetic Dosage of Hepatic Yin Yang 1 Causes Diabetic-Like Symptoms

Insulin sensitivity in liver is characterized by the ability of insulin to efficiently inhibit glucose production and fatty acid oxidation as well as promote de novo lipid biosynthesis. Specific dysregulation of glucose and lipid metabolism in liver is sufficient to cause insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes; this is seen by a selective inability of insulin to suppress glucose production while remaining insulin-sensitive to de novo lipid biosynthesis. We have previously shown that the transcription factor Yin Yang 1 (YY1) controls diabetic-linked glucose and lipid metabolism gene sets in skeletal muscle, but whether liver YY1-targeted metabolic genes impact a diabetic phenotype is unknown. Here we show that decreased genetic dosage of YY1 in liver causes insulin resistance, hepatic lipid accumulation, and dyslipidemia. Indeed, YY1 liver-specific heterozygous mice exhibit blunted activation of hepatic insulin signaling in response to insulin. Mechanistically, YY1, through direct recruitment to promoters, functions as a suppressor of genes encoding for metabolic enzymes of the gluconeogenic and lipogenic pathways and as an activator of genes linked to fatty acid oxidation. These counterregulatory transcriptional activities make targeting hepatic YY1 an attractive approach for treating insulin-resistant diabetes.
The risks of thromboembolism vs. recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding after interruption of systemic anticoagulation in hospitalized inpatients with gastrointestinal bleeding: a prospective study.

The Risks of Thromboembolism Vs. Recurrent Gastrointestinal Bleeding after Interruption of Systemic Anticoagulation in Hospitalized Inpatients With Gastrointestinal Bleeding: A Prospective Study
Descending pathways connecting the male-specific visual system of flies to the neck and flight motor

During sexual pursuit, male flies Sarcophaga bullata, stabilize the image of a pursued target on the dorso-frontal acute zone of their compound eyes. By retinotopic projection, this region is represented in the upper frontal part of the lobula where it is sampled by ensembles of male-specific motion- and flicker-sensitive interneurons. Intracellular recordings of descending neurons, followed by biocytin injection, demonstrate that male-specific neurons are dye-coupled to specific descending neurons and that the response characteristics of these descending neurons closely resemble those of male-specific lobula neurons. Such descending neurons are biocytin-coupled in the thoracic ganglia, revealing their connections with ipsilateral frontal nerve motor neurons supplying muscles that move the head and with contralateral basalar muscle motor neurons that control wing beat amplitude. Recordings from neck muscle motor neurons demonstrate that although they respond to movement of panoramic motion, they also selectively respond to movement of small targets presented to the male-specific acute zone. The present results are discussed with respect to anatomical and physiological studies of sex-specific interneurons and with respect to sex-specific visual behavior. The present study, and those of the two preceding papers, provide a revision of Land and Collett's hypothetical circuit underlying target localization and motor control in males pursuing females.
The motor-impairing effects of GABAA and GABAB agonists in γ-hydroxybutyrate (GHB)-treated rats : Cross-tolerance to baclofen but not flunitrazepam

gamma-Hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is believed to function as a neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain by binding to a GHB-specific binding site. In addition, GHB may also indirectly enhance the neuroinhibitory actions of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) by converting to GABA at neuronal synapses. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of representative GABA(A) and GABA(B) receptor agonists in rats treated chronically with GHB. Using a rotorod apparatus, the motor-impairing effects of GHB, the indirect GABA(A) receptor agonist, flunitrazepam, and the direct GABA(B) receptor agonist, baclofen, were examined before, during and after chronic treatment with 1000 mg/kg GHB, b.i.d. Prior to chronic treatment, all three drugs produced dose-dependent decreases in motor performance at low (8 rpm) and high (32 rpm) rotational speeds. Chronic treatment with GHB significantly decreased the potency of baclofen at both speeds, but did not alter the potency of either GHB or flunitrazepam. Following termination of chronic treatment, the potency of baclofen increased significantly at both speeds and returned to that observed prior to chronic treatment. These data indicate that chronic treatment with GHB confers tolerance to a GABA(B) receptor agonist under conditions in which tolerance is not conferred to a GABA(A) receptor agonist. These findings are consistent with the in vivo behavioral profile of GHB, which reveals a greater role for GABA(B) receptors than for GABA(A) receptors in its behavioral effects.
Reprocessed COCORP southern Appalachian reflection data: Root zone to Coastal Plain

COCORP (Consortium for Continental Reflection Profiling) seismic reflection data from the Atlantic Coastal Plain and eastern Piedmont in Georgia have been reprocessed and interpreted. Dipping events correlated with the master decollement root zone may be the only features that can be correlated with other reflection lines. Farther southeast on the Coastal Plain the shallow section is improved to produce reflections corresponding to the base of the Coastal Plain. A Triassic basin is confirmed to be more than 2 km deep and is the only major basin accurately revealed by the seismic lines. Improvement of the shallow seismic data is important to understanding the deep data. Some apparently deep reflections are probably produced from within the shallow Coastal Plain. Even though these shallow data have been improved, the Augusta fault is not interpreted as a major reflective feature.
Effects of age on activity patterns after coronary artery bypass surgery.

Abstract Objective: To examine the effect of age on activity patterns, including circadian rhythms and levels, after coronary artery bypass surgery (CABS). Design: Repeated measures, correlational. Setting: Northeastern university-affiliated tertiary coronary care center. Subjects: Eight middle-aged (mean age = 57 years) and 14 older (mean age = 72 years) adults who had undergone first, isolated CABS. Outcome Measures: Wrist actigraph measures of levels (daytime activity) and circadian patterns of activity (acrophase, amplitude, percent rhythm, mesor), self-reported postoperative clinical activity milestones, and Sickness Impact Profile subscales of ambulation dysfunction and sleep-rest. Intervention: Measurement of activity over postoperative days 2 through 5, including wrist actigraphy, Sickness Impact Profile ambulation and sleep-rest subscales, and daily clinical activity milestones. Results: Repeated measures ANOVA was used in the data analysis. Statistically significant increases were found in percent rhythm (P
The accumulation and loss of organochlorine insecticide residues by beetles, worms and slugs in sprayed fields

Abstract Analyses of samples of ground-beetles, worms and slugs at four sites showed large differences in uptake, retention and metabolism by these groups. Live beetles caught in pitfall traps after field applications of DDT did not contain more than about 4 ppm pp′-DDT, but beetles artificially exposed during spraying acquired up to 70 ppm on their body surfaces. Metabolism to pp′-DDE was rapid and in one species resulted in residues of 58–75 ppm which declined to about 5 ppm after four months. Worms and slugs acquired much higher levels of DDT and these were more persistent. Breakdown in worms was chiefly to DDE and in slugs to TDE. Worms from an aldrin-treated site contained both dieldrin and aldrin, the proportions of each changing with time. The aldrin was probably from the soil within their guts. It was concluded that higher residues were picked up by invertebrates which fed at the soil surface after a foliage application of pesticide than by subterranean species after a soil application followed by rotovation. Acute poisoning of birds could result from the consumption of insects exposed to DDT spraying.
Transitory changes of hormones in plasma of postpartum dairy cows.

Abstract Changes in concentrations of luteinizing hormone, estradiol-17 β , and progesterone in blood plasma of 10 dairy cows were measured hourly for 10h by radioimmunoassay on days 2 or 3, 7 or 8, and 12 or 13 postpartum. Comparisons were between mean hormone concentrations and hormone activity on each collection day postpartum. Hormone activity was expressed both as the maximum change in hormone concentrations during the collection period and as an activity index which included the magnitude, frequency, and duration of changes during each daily collection. Mean concentrations of luteinizing hormone in plasma increased from postpartum days 2 or 3 to 7 or 8 to 12 or 13 as did the daily maximum change and activity index. Higher activity indexes for luteinizing hormone on days 7 or 8 and 12 or 13 as compared with days 2 or 3 postpartum were due primarily to increases in the magnitude and frequency of changes among individual cows whereas the increase in activity on days 12 or 13 as compared with days 7 or 8 was due to increased frequency. The magnitude of fluctuations of luteinizing hormone was variable, and changes normally persisted for only one hourly collection. Concentrations in plasma and activity of estradiol-17 β for individual cows during the postpartum period did not differ among days. Changes in estradiol-17 β were variable and persisted for one to six consecutive hourly collections.
Synthesis of a 2‘-Se-thymidine Phosphoramidite and Its Incorporation into Oligonucleotides for Crystal Structure Study

To investigate nucleic acids with selenium derivatization for crystallography, we report the first synthesis of 2′-methylseleno-thymidine phosphoramidite and its incorporation into DNAs and RNAs by solid-phase synthesis with over 99% coupling yield. The d(GTSeGTACAC)2 crystal structure was also determined at 1.40 A resolution using Se phasing, revealing that this Se derivatization did not cause significant structure perturbation, consistent with our UV-melting study. In addition, we observed that the Se modification largely facilitated the crystallization.
The Predictive Value of Selection Criteria in an Urban Magnet School

The predictive value of selection criteria on outcome data from two cohorts of students (Total N = 525) accepted to an urban magnet high school were evaluated. Regression analyses of typical screening variables (suspensions, absences, metropolitan achievement tests, middle school grade point averages [GPAs], Matrix Analogies test scores, and demographic variables) on graduation and magnet school GPA indicate that most of the selection variables did not have predictive value. The results of the regression analyses are discussed, as well as the implications for using selection criteria in urban “select” schools.
Fatigue crack growth behavior in niobium-hydrogen alloys

Near-threshold fatigue crack growth behavior has been investigated in niobium-hydrogen alloys. Compact tension specimens (CTS) with three hydrogen conditions are used: hydrogen-free, hydrogen in solid solution, and hydride alloy. The specimens are fatigued at a temperature of 296 K and load ratios of 0.05, 0.4, and 0.75. The results at load ratios of 0.05 and 0.4 show that the threshold stress intensity range (ΔK th ) decreases as hydrogen is added to niobium. It reaches a minimum at the critical hydrogen concentration (C cr ), where maximum embrittlement occurs. The critical hydrogen concentration is approximately equal to the solubility limit of hydrogen in niobium. As the hydrogen concentration exceeds C cr , ΔK th increases slowly as more hydrogen is added to the specimen. At load ratio 0.75, ΔK th decreases continuously as the hydrogen concentration is increased. The results provide evidence that two mechanisms are responsible for fatigue crack growth behavior in niobium-hydrogen alloys. First, embrittlement is retarded by hydride transformation-induced and plasticity-induced crack closures. Second, embrittlement is enhanced by the presence of hydrogen and hydride.
Agroforestry and grass buffer effects on water quality in grazed pastures

Conservation practices including agroforestry and grass buffers are believed to reduce nonpoint source pollution (NPSP) from pastured watersheds. Agroforestry, a land management practice that intersperses agricultural crops with trees, has recently received increased attention in the temperate zone due to its environmental and economic benefits. However, studies are limited that have examined buffer effects on the quality of water from grazed pastures. Six treatment areas, two with agroforestry buffers, two with grass buffers, and two control treatments were used to test the hypothesis that agroforestry and grass buffers can be used to effectively reduce NPSP from pastured watersheds. Vegetation in grass buffer and pasture areas includes red clover (Trifolium pretense L.) and lespedeza (Kummerowia stipulacea Maxim.) planted into fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.). Eastern cottonwood trees (Populus deltoides Bortr. ex Marsh.) were planted into fescue in agroforestry buffers. Soils at the site are mostly Menfro silt loam (fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Hapludalfs). Treatments were instrumented with two-foot H flumes, water samplers, and flow measuring devices in 2001. Composite water samples were analyzed for sediment and total nitrogen after each runoff event to compare treatment differences. Treatments with agroforestry and grass buffers had significantly lower runoff volumes as compared to the control. The loss of sediment and total nitrogen were smaller for the buffered treatments. The results of this study suggest that establishment of agroforestry and grass buffers help reduce NPSP pollution from pastured watersheds. It is anticipated as trees grow and roots occupy more soil volume, the reduction in N in runoff will increase on the agroforestry watershed.
Iron Uptake-Transport of Soybeans as Influenced by Other Cations.

Of the many factors affecting the absorption of iron by plants, the interference of other metal ions appears quite important. Hewitt (8, 9), Nicholas (14,15), and Millikan (12,13) found nickel, cobalt, zinc, and copper to induce iron deficiencies in a number of annual crops. Nicholas found high concentrations of these interfering metals reduced the iron content of the leaves of affected plants. More recently, Brown and Tiffin found that heavy applications of zinc salts applied to a zinc-deficient soil induced iron deficiency in corn after lighter applications corrected zinc deficiency of corn and certain other crops (7). Reuther and Smith (16) showed that continued applications of copper salts and copper fungicides induced iron deficiencies in Florida citrus crops. Brown et al. (4) felt that a high coppermanganese to iron ratio caused iron chlorosis to develop in milo in certain calcareous western soils. Milo grew normally in similar soils where this ratio was lower. High concentrations of Ca in the soil have been thought to be a major causative factor of Fe chlorosis (1, 20) but the effect of this ion in soils is difficult to separate from the effect of soil pH on Fe availability. Recent reviews (1, 2, 20) of the research on Fe nutrition of plants point out that even though the interference of some metals with Fe absorption and metabolism are well known, little is known of the mechanism of these phenomena. The work of Hopkins et al. (10) and Somers and Shive (17) indicated that Mn appeared to oxidize ferrous Fe to the more insoluble ferric form. Millikan (12) found that M,o would to some extent overcome the toxic effects of heavy metals on flax, but did not suggest how it did this. Brown et al. (3, 6) have found that roots of chlorotic Hawkeye soybean (Glycine max) develop the capacity to reduce and absorb ferric Fe more rapidly than roots of green plants. Furthermore, Tiffin (18) has determined that most of the Fe is translocated to the top in the form of Fe malate or malonate. It was thought that an interfering ion (Mn, Cu, Zn, Ca) may take the place of Fe in the malic or malonic acid complexes and that this may be one mechanism whereby other metals could interfere with the translocation of Fe. The purpose of these experiments was to determine whether or not various cations interfered with rapid uptake of Fe by chlorotic soybean plants and, if so, to study the mechanism whereby this interference was accomplished.
The recovery manager of the advanced information management prototype

Abstract The physical integrity of a database can be violated by many different kinds of software and hardware failures. Well-known examples for these kinds of failures are application program interrupts (e.g. due to a division by 0), system crashes (e.g. due to a power failure), and disk crashes (e.g. due to some kind of mechanical concussion). To restore the database to a consistent state in these and other situations, appropriate database logging and recovery mechanisms must be provided and must be integrated into the Database Management System (DBMS). This paper presents the logging and recovery strategies of the Advanced Information Management Prototype (AIM-P), a DBMS prototype which has been designed and implemented in a research project at the IBM Heidelberg Scientific Center. AIM-P transaction management is heavily based on the use of so-called ‘Transaction-Oriented Work Spaces’ (short TWSs). Each TWS can be seen as a private database partition (segment) where a running transaction can store its modified data before the end of the transaction. The TWS can be used, as we will show, for efficient transaction undo and redo processing in case of a failure. In the present paper, the TWS concept is introduced, its effects on AIM-P transaction management are explained, and its usage for database recovery is outlined.
Treating the chronic DUI offender “Turning Point” ten years later

Abstract Many different types of treatment have been implemented to treat the behavior of chronic drunk drivers. Of particular interest to policymakers have been the possible long-term effects of specific correctional interventions. The Turning Point Multiple DUI (driving under the influence) Treatment Program was designed to treat the chronic DUI offender. Previous analyses of the program, conducted by Langworthy and Latessa, revealed moderate to substantial treatment effects over one-year and four-year follow-up periods; although the treatment effect seemed to diminish in strength with the longer follow-up period. The current research presents the results of a ten-year follow-up outcome evaluation of the original “Turning Point” cohort and the original comparison group. The results indicate a stronger and more stable treatment effect than in the previous analysis. Implications for policy and program development were discussed.
Anorectal and Vaginal Carriage of Group B Streptococci During Pregnancy

A longitudinal prospective study of carriage of group B streptococci during pregnancy was conducted in 2,540 women over a three-year period. Carriage was documented in 18% of the women by anorectal culture, in 4% by vaginal culture, and in 13% by simultaneously obtained anorectal and vaginal cultures (overall carriage rate, 35%). The rate and pattern of carriage were nearly identical from year to year. In sequential cultures in the second and third trimesters of 754 women, carriage rates were 31% and 28%, respectively; only 17% of the women were carriers in both trimesters. (1) Persistence of carriage was most common when the initial anorectal swabs were positive, (2) spread from the intestinal tract to the vagina occurred, and (3) the intestinal tract was commonly the primary site of acquisition in patients with previously negative cultures. The intestinal tract appears to be a primary reservoir for group B streptococci and the likely source of vaginal or urogenital colonization in pregnant women.
Arithmetic of certain hypergeometric modular forms

In a recent paper, Kaneko and Zagier studied a sequence of modular forms Fk(z) which are solutions of a certain second order differential equation. They studied the polynomials e Fk(j) = Y τ∈H/Γ−{i,ω} (j − j(τ))τ k, where ω = e2πi/3 and H/Γ is the usual fundamental domain of the action of SL2(Z) on the upper half of the complex plane. If p ≥ 5 is prime, they proved that e Fp−1(j) (mod p) is the nontrivial factor of the locus of supersingular j-invariants in characteristic p. Here we consider the irreducibility of these polynomials, and consider their Galois groups.
Morphology and histochemistry of the ambiens muscle of the red-eared turtle Pseudemys scripta

Six fiber types have been described in the ambiens muscle of red-eared turtles. These include one slow oxidative type, two fast oxidative types, two fast oxidative and glycolytic types, and one fast glycolytic type. Fiber types are non-randomly distributed throughout cross sections of the muscle. There is a decreasing gradient of oxidative staining and an increasing gradient of glycolytic staining along an axis from the superficial to deep regions of the muscle. The slow oxidative fibers are predominantly located within one or two fascicles of the superficial surface of the muscle. The fast glycolytic fibers are predominant in deep fascicles. In contrast to previous reports of histochemically monotypic intrafusal fibers in turtle muscle, ambiens muscle spindles have been observed containing one to eleven intrafusal fibers, including two fiber types. Fiber diameter and area are consistently smaller than observed in most extrafusal fibers. Spindles are predominantly located in superficial and cranial fascicles of the ambiens muscle and are located in regions characterized by extrafusal fibers with high oxidative activity.
Recovery from hyperoxic depression of pulmonary 5-hydroxytryptamine clearance: effect of inspired O2 tension.

The present study evaluated the effect of inspired O2 tension\((PI_{O_2 } )\) on the extent and rapidity of recovery from hyperoxic depression of pulmonary 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) clearance. Rats were exposed to either 100% O2 at 4 atm absolute (ATA) or 6% O2 at 4 ATA (controls) for 60 min and then transferred to chambers containing either compressed air at 3.5 ATA or compressed air, 30% O2 or 70% O2 at 1 ATA for recovery. 5-HT clearance by the isolated, perfused lung was measured after 1, 4 or 24 h recovery. Clearances by the lungs of nonexposed rats and control rats were indistinguishable. In contrast, 5-HT clearances by the lungs of rats exposed to 100% O2 at 4 ATA (hyperbaric O2; HBO) were markedly depressed 1 h after exposure (P < 0.001 vs. controls). In HBO-exposed rats breathing compressed air or 30% O2 at 1 ATA during the recovery period, depressed 5-HT clearances seen 1 h after exposure returned to control levels 4 h following exposure. In HBO-exposed rats breathing 70% O2 at 1 ATA or compressed air at 3.5 ATA during recovery, 5-HT clearance remained significantly depressed (P < 0.02) 24 h after exposure. These results (1) confirm that depression of pulmonary 5-HT clearance is a reversible alteration of lung function in the rat due to high partial pressures of inspired O2, (2) indicate that the extent and rate of reversibility is dependent upon postexposure\(PI_{O_2 } \), and (3) suggest that repair of hyperoxic lung damage may occur rapidly and completely while the animal is breathing an elevated, nontoxic O2 tension (i.e., 30% O2 at 1 ATA).
Simulation of artificial vision: II. Eccentric reading of full-page text and the learning of this task

Reading of isolated words in conditions mimicking artificial vision has been found to be a difficult but feasible task. In particular at relatively high eccentricities, a significant adaptation process was required to reach optimal performances [Vision Res. 43 (2003) 269]. The present study addressed the task of full-page reading, including page navigation under control of subject's own eye movements. Conditions of artificial vision mimicking a retinal implant were simulated by projecting stimuli with reduced information content (lines of pixelised text) onto a restricted and eccentric area of the retina. Three subjects, naive to the task, were trained for almost two months (about 1 h/day) to read full-page texts. Subjects had to use their own eye movements to displace a 10 degrees x 7 degrees viewing window, stabilised at 15 degrees eccentricity in their lower visual field. Initial reading scores were very low for two subjects (about 13% correctly read words), and astonishingly high for the third subject (86% correctly read words). However, all of them significantly improved their performance with time, reaching close to perfect reading scores (ranging from 86% to 98% correct) at the end of the training process. Reading rates were as low as 1-5 words/min at the beginning of the experiment and increased significantly with time to 14-28 words/min. Qualitative text understanding was also estimated. We observed that reading scores of at least 85% correct were necessary to achieve 'good' text understanding. Gaze position recordings, made during the experimental sessions, demonstrated that the control of eye movements, especially the suppression of reflexive vertical saccades, constituted an important part of the overall adaptive learning process. Taken together, these results suggest that retinal implants might restore full-page text reading abilities to blind patients. About 600 stimulation contacts, distributed on an implant surface of 3 x 2 mm2, appear to be a minimum to allow for useful reading performance. A significant learning process will however be required to reach optimal performance with such devices, especially if they have to be placed outside the foveal area.
Direct simulation of acoustic scattering by two- and three-dimensional bodies

A method is presented for the determination of acoustic scattering from two- and three-dimensional bodies with arbitrary geometries and in the presence of a nonuniform flow. The technique is an extension of the impedance mismatch method, in which the scattering body is replaced with a region of different acoustic impedance. To minimize the oscillations at the body surface, an auxiliary problem, related to the conservative form of the linearized Euler equations, is posed and solved numerically. Example problems are solved for a cylinder, a Rankine oval, and a sphere in a fluid at rest and in the presence of a nonuniform mean flow. Comparisons are made with exact solutions, if they are available, and the agreement between the numerical and the analytical solutions is very good.
Development of platelet secretory granules

Platelet granule exocytosis plays a critical role in thrombosis and wound healing. Platelets have three major types of secretory granules that are defined by their unique molecular contents, kinetics of exocytosis and morphologies. Although the ontogeny of platelet granules is poorly understood, a convergence of new insights into megakaryocyte development, the molecular mechanisms of vesicle trafficking and the genetic basis of platelet granule defects, is beginning to define the cellular and molecular pathways responsible for platelet granule ontogeny.
Commentary on Meehl

Abstract The classic article by Meehl (1978) raises fundamental issues regarding the viability of theorizing in the “soft” psychological sciences and the weakness of statistical significance testing in appraising the validity of the field’s theories. These concerns are as valid today as they were a quarter of a century ago. Despite the lack of clear progress that has been made in terms of theory building, I raise several examples from developmental psychopathology research that reveal progress in the field’s conceptual and methodologic rigor, including the testing of genotype by environment interactions, the statistical advances driving longitudinal research, and the use of intervention and prevention trials to address questions of etiology and mechanisms related to psychopathology.
(2R,3S,5S)-2-Acetoxy-3-fluoro-5-(p-toluoyloxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran: a key intermediate for the practical synthesis of 9-(2,3-dideoxy-2-fluoro-β-d-threo-pentofuranosyl)adenine (FddA)

Abstract A highly efficient synthesis of (2R,3S,5S)-2-acetoxy-3-fluoro-5-(p-toluoyloxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran ( 2a ) was developed. As a key intermediate, 2a was effectively applied to the synthesis of 9-(2,3-dideoxy-2-fluoro-β- d -threo-pentofuranosyl)adenine (FddA), thus, providing a practical synthetic approach to FddA.
Solid immersion lens photon tunneling microscope (Invited Paper)

We have demonstrated a new type of near-field microscope that uses an add-on lens, called a solid immersion lens, to a real-time Nipkow disk type of confocal scanning optical microscope. Using this microscope, a factor of two improvement in the edge response over a confocal microscope has been observed along with excellent images of a grating with 100 nm strips and spaces. This microscope operates in reflection and gives real-time images.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The α component of the CNTF receptor is required for signaling and defines potential CNTF targets in the adult and during development

Abstract We recently proposed that ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) shares two receptor components with a generally acting cytokine, leukemia inhibitory factor (LI F), but that CNTF also requires a third receptor component (CNTFRα) that is mostly restricted to the nervous system in its expression. Here we demonstrate that a transfected CNTFRα gene is sufficient to confer CNTF responsiveness upon hemopoietic cells normally responsive only to LIF, providing evidence that CNTFRα is a required receptor component that uniquely characterizes CNTF-responding cells. Consistent with this notion, CNTFRα expression could be localized to neurons within all known peripheral targets of CNTF. CNTFRα was also widely expressed within neurons of the CNS, suggesting that CNTF has broader CNS actions than previously appreciated. However, in vivo localization of CNTFRα, as well as of CNTF itself, is consistent with a particularly important role for CNTF in motor function as well as during neuropoiesis.
Chicken Manure Pyrolysis Using Carbon Dioxide

The design and build of a Thermo-gravimetric analyzer (TGA) is discussed in this paper along with the preliminary data obtained. The TGA was designed for biomass pyrolysis and gasification. In the design it was taken in consideration decreasing the size as possible so as to decrease the area subject to heat losses as possible and to be capable of reaching high temperatures sufficient for both pyrolysis and gasification. The TGA was then tested using carbon dioxide and calculations for the rate of mass converted and conversion rate were carried out.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Pioneer Saturn Celestial Mechanics Experiment

During the Pioneer Saturn encounter, a continuous round-trip radio link at S band ( approximately 2.2 gigahertz) was maintained between stations of the Deep Space Network and the spacecraft. From an analysis of the Doppler shift in the radio carrier frequency, it was possible to determine a number of gravitational effects on the trajectory. Gravitational moments ( J(2) and J(4)) for Saturn have been determined from preliminary analysis, and preliminary mass values have been determined for the Saturn satellites Rhea, Iapetus, and Titan. For all three satellites the densities are low, consistent with the compositions of ices. The rings have not been detected in the Doppler data, and hence the best preliminary estimate of their total mass is zero with a standard error of 3 x 10(-6) Saturn mass. New theoretical calculations for the Saturn interior are described which use the latest observational data, including Pioneer Saturn, and state-of-the-art physics for the internal composition. Probably liquid H(2)O and possibly NH(3) and CH(4) are primarily confined in Saturn to the vicinity of a core of approximately 15 to 20 Earth masses. There is a slight indication that helium may likewise be fractionated to the central regions.
Slip Transition in [001] Oriented Nial at High Temperatures

The present work was undertaken to understand the transition in slip direction In [001] oriented NiAl as a function of temperature. Single crystals of [001] NiAl were deformed at room temperature to produce dislocations and were subsequently annealed at various temperatures in order to see the effect of temperature on the stability of the dislocation. These results were compared with corresponding dislocation substructures of specimens deformed directly at high temperatures. During annealing dislocations are dissociated into + dislocations at 773-923 K. It is also observed that dislocations can be dissociated into + dislocations during deformation in the vicinity of the transition temperature of around 773 K. The quantitative details of these changes depend on deformation or annealing temperatures.
Preschoolers' inferences about gender and emotion: The mediation of emotionality stereotypes

This study examined childrens' stereotypes about sex differences in emotionality. Thirty preschoolers were presented with hypothetical emotional situations and asked to indicate the gender of the expressor and reasons for their choice. Although fear was consistently associated with females, gender attribution was situation specific for anger and happiness. Examination of preschoolers' explanations for gender attributions revealed that females made greater use of sex-role and imagery categories than did males. Furthermore, a significant age difference in the use of categorical and noncategorical responses was reported, with younger children making a greater number of noncategorical explanations. Children who used imagery to mediate gender choice relied primarily on hair color and length as gender-specific cues.
ASSESSING THE RISKS TO THE JAPANESE GOVERNMENT BOND MARKET

Despite the rise in public debt, Japanese Government Bond (JGB) yields have remained low and stable, supported by steady inflows from household and corporate sectors, high domestic ownership of JGBs, and safe-haven flows in light of ongoing European debt crisis. Nonetheless, the market capacity to absorb new government debt will likely decline over time as the population ages, posing risks for the JGB market. This paper examines the key risks of the JGB market, including a decline of private sector savings and potential spillovers from global financial distress, which could push up the government bond yields. A sharp rise in interest rate could pose challenges on public debt dynamics and financial stability in Japan. In that regard, more ambitious fiscal reforms to reduce public debt will help limit these risks.
Caenorhabditis elegans HOPS and CCZ-1 mediate trafficking to lysosome-related organelles independently of RAB-7 and SAND-1

As early endosomes mature, the SAND-1/CCZ-1 complex acts as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for RAB-7 to promote the activity of its effector, HOPS, which facilitates late endosome–lysosome fusion and the consumption of AP-3–containing vesicles. We show that CCZ-1 and the HOPS complex are essential for the biogenesis of gut granules, cell type–specific, lysosome-related organelles (LROs) that coexist with conventional lysosomes in Caenorhabditis elegans intestinal cells. The HOPS subunit VPS-18 promotes the trafficking of gut granule proteins away from lysosomes and functions downstream of or in parallel to the AP-3 adaptor. CCZ-1 also acts independently of AP-3, and ccz-1 mutants mistraffic gut granule proteins. Our results indicate that SAND-1 does not participate in the formation of gut granules. In the absence of RAB-7 activity, gut granules are generated; however, their size and protein composition are subtly altered. These observations suggest that CCZ-1 acts in partnership with a protein other than SAND-1 as a GEF for an alternate Rab to promote gut granule biogenesis. Point mutations in GLO-1, a Rab32/38-related protein, predicted to increase spontaneous guanine nucleotide exchange, specifically suppress the loss of gut granules by ccz-1 and glo-3 mutants. GLO-3 is known to be required for gut granule formation and has homology to SAND-1/Mon1–related proteins, suggesting that CCZ-1 functions with GLO-3 upstream of the GLO-1 Rab, possibly as a GLO-1 GEF. These results support LRO formation occurring via processes similar to conventional lysosome biogenesis, albeit with key molecular differences.