cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The structure of the digital setae of lizards.

Light and electron microscope studies of the digital lamellar setae of geckos and anoline lizards demonstrate that the free ends of the setae consist of flattened spatulas of less than 1 μ in width. The anoline setae are simple structures usually less than 30 μ in length and with a single terminal spatula to each seta. In contrast the setae of geckos are complex structures of about 100 μ in length, with numerous branchings, and having many spatulas per seta. The spatulas of Gekko and Aristelliger were smaller (0.2-0.4 μ in width) than the spatulas of Anolis (0.8 μ in width). The electron microscope studies indicate that the scales of lizards appear to be covered with small epidermal spines (1.5 μ long). The setae of anoles and geckos are considered to have evolved independently from these more primitive epidermal spines. It is further suggested that the mechanism that allows the lamellae to adhere to the substratum is a surface phenomenon. The spatulas provide a large surface that is in contact with the substratum and thus produces a large total frictional force. The α layer of the lizard stratum corneum can be readily identified in the lamellae. However, the structure of the β layer is not easily interpreted and there is evidence of a fibrous layer between the Oberhautchen and the α layer in the skin of the outer lamellar surface.
Behaviors of students and teachers in the command, practice, and inclusion styles of teaching: Instruction, feedback, and activity level

Validating selected theoretical assumptions associated with the Spectrum of Teaching Styles is critical to the pursuit of knowledge about effective instructional strategies. To assess these styles, a total of 77 college-aged students at one university enrolled in four physical activity classes and participated in three 50-minute lessons with different teaching styles. One lesson was delivered in the command teaching style, one in the practice teaching style, and one in the inclusion teaching style. All 12 lessons (three to each class) were taught by one Spectrum trained teacher. Students performed the same series of five Pilate’s abdominal exercises in all three lessons. Three observation instruments were used to systematically code instructional climate (Stewart, 1989), time-on-fitness (Chung, 1989), and teacher feedback (Dodds, 1989; Mosston and Ashworth, 2002). Descriptive statistics were computed for the student and teacher behaviors. One-way ANOVAs were used to examine behavior differences among teac...
Symbolic Protocol Analysis for Diffie-Hellman

We extend symbolic protocol analysis to apply to protocols using Diffie-Hellman operations. Diffie-Hellman operations a ct on a cyclic group of prime order, together with an exponentiation operator. The exponents form a finite field. This rich algebraic structure has resisted previous symbolic approaches. We work in an algebra defined by the normal forms of a rewriting theory (modulo associativity and commutativity). These normal forms allow us to define our crucial notion of indicator, a vector of integers that summarizes how many times each secret exponent appears in a message. We prove that the adversary can never construct a message with a new indicator in our adversary model. Using this invariant, we prove the main security goals achieved by several different protocols that use Diffie-Hellman operators in subtle ways. We also give a model-theoretic justification of our rewriting theory: the theory proves all equations that are uniformly true as the order of the cyclic group varies.
Lake and Wetland Sediments As Records of Past Atmospheric Composition

The sediments of a lake contain abundant information about past environments, not only of the lake itself but of the surrounding terrain, especially when their various microfossil and chemical components are analyzed in concert and when stratigraphic sequences are dated by appropriate methods. The peat of raised bogs in some respects is superior as a stratigraphic record of atmospheric composition, for it is not influenced by slope wash from the adjacent terrain. Most of the information from lake or wetland sediments, however, is only indirectly relevant to the subject of changes in atmospheric composition. For example, the pollen sequence in lake and wetland sediments records the history of the vegetation, which is a source for various atmospheric components. The inferred vegetation changes in turn form the basis for reconstruction of past climate, which of course determines the global distribution of atmospheric components. Another constituent of lake sediments with indirect application is charcoal, for fire introduces additional atmospheric components. Several extensive vegetation types are adapted to a relatively high fire frequency, whereas others are not so adapted. Charcoal analysis of lake sediments provides a basis for placing fire frequency in an historical context. The diatom stratigraphy of lake sediments may reflect changes in pH in a lake, and in the proper context with well dated sedimentary sections this may be attributed to the effects of acid precipitation. Similarly, a stratigraphic increase in heavy metals may record industrial air pollution.
The Gender Gap in Violent Victimization, 1973–2004

In this paper, data from the NCS and NCVS are developed for the purpose of describing long-term trends in male and female violent victimization for the period 1973–2004. More specifically, gender-specific trends in violence are compared according to crime type and victim–offender relationship. Despite their potential usefulness, these data have not been published previously. The data reveal that the gender gap in robbery victimization has remained relatively stable while the gender gaps in aggravated and simple assault victimization have narrowed over time. Results varied when the data were disaggregated by victim–offender relationship. Male and female rates of nonstranger simple assault and nonstranger robbery were roughly equivalent throughout the period, and the greater risk for male nonstranger aggravated assault that was evident three decades ago has largely disappeared. The gender gap persists in stranger assault, but has narrowed somewhat because male rates of victimization have declined more than female rates. In addition, male and female trends and the gender gap in nonlethal intimate partner violence differ from the patterns established in intimate partner homicide studies. The paper concludes with a discussion of research that is needed to understand why the gender gap in violent victimization has changed for some types of violence but not others, and how greater attention to gender will improve efforts to understand crime trends.
Modelling, identification, and control of a spherical particle trapped in an optical tweezer

We provide an introduction to modelling, identification, and control of a spherical particle trapped in an optical tweezer. The main purpose is to analyse the properties of an optical tweezer from a control systems point of view. By representing the non-inertial dynamics of a trapped particle using a stochastic differential equation, we discuss probability distributions and compute first mean exit times. Within the linear trapping region, experimentally measured mean passage times for a 9.6-µm diameter polystyrene bead show close agreement with theoretical calculations. We apply a recursive least squares method to a trapped 9.6-µm diameter polystyrene bead to study the possibility of obtaining faster calibrations of characteristic frequency. We also compare the performance of proportional control, LQG control, and nonlinear control to reduce fluctuations in particle position due to thermal noise. Assuming a cubic trapping force, we use computer simulations to demonstrate that the nonlinear controller can reduce position variance by a factor of 65 for a 1-µm diameter polystyrene bead under typical conditions. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rare-Earth and Transuranic Elements

The possible existence of a second rare-earth-like group of elements beginning with uranium and extending to the transuranic elements, is discussed by a calculation of the atomic eigen-functions of the $4f$ and $5f$ electrons. Energy and spatial extension of the $4f$ eigenfunctions drop suddenly at the beginning of the rare-earth group; the binding energy is calculated to be 0.95 ev in lanthanum, $Z=57$, and 5 ev in neodymium, $Z=60$. The $5f$ eigenfunctions undergo the same type of change around $Z=92$. The binding energies were calculated to be 1.35 ev for $Z=86$, 8.5 ev for $Z=91$ and 14 ev for $Z=93$.
Knowing and Caring About Politics: Gender and Political Engagement

This paper demonstrates that women are less politically interested, informed, and efficacious than men and that this gender gap in political engagement has consequences for political participation. Only when gender differences in political interest, information, and efficacy are considered along with gender differences in resources can we explain the relatively small disparity between the sexes with respect to political activity. When we searched for the origins of the gender gap in political engagement, we found that it can be explained only partially by gender differences in factors such as education that are associated with political engagement Furthermore, these gender differences in political orientation seem to be specific to politics-rather than the manifestation of general personal attributes Investigation of the extent to which the cues received by males and females that politics is a man's world are responsible for the gender gap in political engagement yielded results that were suggestive, but ...
ENSO Simulated by Intermediate Coupled Models and Evaluated with Observations over 1970-98. Part I: Role of the Off-Equatorial Variability

ENSO simulations are investigated in 30-yr integrations of various intermediate coupled models and compared with observed SST, wind, and thermocline depth anomalies over the tropical Pacific. The Cane and Zebiak model simulates warm events with a period close to the observations, but with westerlies that are located 30 8 east of them and thermocline anomalies in the western Pacific that are much shallower. Between two warm events, the model simulates a series of three weak and short cold SST peaks and hardly ever simulates easterlies. The SST in the eastern equatorial Pacific is not sensitive to thermocline depth anomalies, but to the anomalous downwelling of surface currents induced by Ekman shear. The model simulates a pair of very strong cyclonic wind stress curl anomalies on both sides of the equator in the eastern off-equatorial domain between 78 and 158 lat. These are necessary to maintain the oscillatory regime—so are the ocean meridional Rossby modes higher than 5. The thermocline zonal slopes required to balance the off-equatorial curl anomalies are about three times steeper than the ones required to balance the zonal stress along the equator. Thus the off-equator exerts an excess of zonal pressure, which by continuity affects the equatorial ocean and plays a crucial role in reversing and triggering the growing events. Six months after the warm peaks, the whole ocean between 158S and 158N is significantly upwelled. The equatorial oceanic heat content is recharged from the south prior to a warm event. Contrary to simulations when the model is driven by observed wind anomalies, increasing the friction in the baroclinic ocean does not decrease the off-equatorial variability but significantly alters the low-frequency oscillations that are no longer ENSO-like. Introducing the parameterization of subsurface temperature derived from hydrographic profiles in the ocean component does not allow the coupled model to recover cold events as in a forced context. Introducing the parameterization of convection derived from high-cloud temperature measurements is the most effective improvement, but results still poorly agree with observations and are in contrast with the simulations driven by observed SST, biased toward westerlies in the central Pacific, upwelled thermocline in the west, and warm SST in the east. Thus modifying the ocean component only or the atmosphere only does not have the same impact on simulations as in a forced context. The coupling allows new mechanisms to grow and govern the model behavior. One of them is the slow meridional oceanic mass adjusment in quasi-Sverdrup balance with the winds.
Localized Defects in Semiconductors

Recent progress in experimental and theoretical studies of localized defects in semiconductors is reviewed. Most of the present information on localized defects has been obtained from electron paramagnetic resonance and optical absorption measurements. In addition, new innovative experimental approaches, such as isotopic ion implantation, ion implantation damage production, depth distribution measurements of specific defects, and channeling techniques, are contributing greatly to current progress in understanding defects. Computational studies which complement the experimental studies are also discussed.
Effects of aromatase inhibition vs. testosterone in older men with low testosterone: randomized-controlled trial.

Aging in men is associated with loss of bone mass, impaired physical function and altered body composition. The objective of this proof-of-concept randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, single-center trial was to determine the relative effects of testosterone (T) and estradiol (E(2)) on bone mineral density, body composition, and physical performance in older men. The primary outcome was lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD), and secondary outcomes were body composition, muscle strength, gait speed, and sex hormone concentrations. Forty three men (age range, 65-82 years; mean age 71 years) with low total T levels 500 ng/dL, p < 0.05) compared to baseline; T values remained stable throughout the duration of the trial. At 12 months, TT improved the primary outcome of lumbar spine BMD (p < 0.01).Both interventions improved knee strength at 12 months compared to baseline (p < 0.05) while lean body mass significantly increased only in the AI group at 6 and 12 months (1.49 ± 0.38 kg, p < 0.01; 1.24 ± 0.39 kg, p < 0.05, respectively) compared to baseline. Interestingly, TT improved fast gait speed at 3 and 12 months (p < 0.01, p < 0.05, respectively). In summary, this proof-of-concept study confirms that aromatization of T is required for maintaining BMD in older men with low-T levels. The trial also uncovered the novel finding that aromatization of T is required for improvement in fast gait speed, an observation that needs to be verified in future studies.
Regulation of mycobacterial growth by the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis: differential responses of Mycobacterium bovis BCG-resistant and -susceptible mice.

The role of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in regulating the growth of Mycobacterium avium in Mycobacterium bovis BCG-resistant and -susceptible congenic mice was evaluated. Restraint was used to activate the HPA axis, which resulted in an increase in the level of corticosterone in the plasma. Activation of the HPA axis increased the susceptibility of BALB/c.Bcgs mice to the growth of M. avium. In contrast, the growth of M. avium was not altered in BALB/c.Bcgr mice as a result of HPA activation. Adrenalectomy abolished the effect of HPA activation on mycobacterial growth, as did treatment of the mice with a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, RU 486. Activation of the HPA axis also resulted in the increased susceptibility of splenic macrophages from Bcgs mice but not from Bcgr mice to M. avium growth in vitro. The production of tumor necrosis factor alpha and of reactive nitrogen intermediates by splenic macrophages from both strains of mice was suppressed as a result of HPA activation. The implications of these findings for resistance controlled by Bcg and for susceptibility to mycobacterial growth are discussed.
Noise and Determinism

When, almost two decades ago, chaos theory emerged as a possible solution for explaining biological phenomena, many scientists believed that the theory could give an efficient description of complex biological systems by the use of so called invariants. The last decade, has witnessed just the opposite in the analysis of biological signals. Difficulties were observed in gaining the requisite stationarity, and dimensions and entropies exhibited error bars that could not confirm chaotic dynamics. The requirement that noise be an important force for the dynamics was not limited to cardiac dynamics, or to simple one-dimensional maps. Protein sequences have no generating function other than historical accidents that gave rise to the observed structures over millions of years. A dynamical system is a system that changes over time. For a dynamical system, determinism is the proposition that each event is necessary and a unique consequence of past events. Nondeterministic chaos has the property of being predictable for short times (between intersections of the singularity), yet completely unpredictable over long time periods. The most popular method of controlling deterministic chaos involves the stabilization of unstable periodic orbits which are embedded in the chaotic motion.
Clinical and Radiographic Assessment of Lumbar Spine Total Disc Replacement in Athletes with Two Year Follow Up

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the consequences of athletic activity on the clinical and radiographic outcomes of lumbar spine total disc replacement (TDR) patients. The data for this study is drawn secondarily from a prospective randomized study evaluating the Prodisc prosthesis at Yale New Haven Hospital. Athletic activities prior to the onset of spinal injury, after the onset of spinal injury, and post lumbar spine total disc replacement (TDR) surgery were assessed. Athletic activity was classified into three groups. These were contact/vigorous, moderate, and light, based on effect on the involved spinal segments. Outcomes were assessed both clinically and radiographically. Out of 195 patients enrolled in the Prodisc study at Yale, 82 qualified for inclusion and fulfilled all follow-up criteria. In these 82 patients 120 disc replacements were performed. The average reduction from pre-operative visual analog pain scale was 44 (std dev 30.1) at a minimum of 2 years follow up. The average reduction in Oswestry disability index was 38% (std dev 23). 74/82 patients returned to athletic activity following TDR. 19 (23%) patients returned to pre-injury athletic activity levels, 47 (57%) returned to athletic activity but not to pre-injury levels, 14 (17%) patients reported activity levels that were unchanged since surgery, and 2 (3%) had activity levels become more impaired since surgery. Of those that returned to athletic activity, 4/74 complained of radiculopathy symptoms during athletic participation. Overall, 14 of 82 patients reported persistent back pain and 8 of
Towards a Fast-time Simulation Analysis of Benefits of the Spot and Runway Departure Advisor

NASA Ames Research Center is developing a concept for managing flight operations on airport surfaces. The goal of the concept, named the Spot and Runway Departure Advisor (SARDA), is to reduce delays, emissions, noise, and fuel consumption. In 2010, human-inthe-loop simulations of the SARDA concept were conducted. Results showed that for the 2008 heavy traffic scenario SARDA reduced departure delays and fuel consumption, while imposing little impact on perceived controller workload. The 2008 normal traffic scenario did not show measurable benefits. The human-in-the-loop simulations analyzed only two traffic scenarios and were costly. To efficiently expand the research of SARDA so that it included analysis of more traffic scenarios, adaptation to more airports, and investigation of changes to the concept, a fast-time simulation capability was needed. This paper documents the first attempt at fast-time simulation analysis of the SARDA concept. A fast-time simulation of traffic at Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport being autonomously managed by a delay-optimal runway scheduler was conducted. Although the simulation was meant to analyze the benefits of the SARDA concept, there were differences between how traffic was managed in the fast-time simulation and the human-in-the-loop simulations. The differences were due to difficulties adapting the delay-optimal scheduler from the human-inthe-loop simulations to the fast-time simulation and lack of capabilities of the airport operations model. The main differences were that the human-in-the-loop simulations included runway crossings in the optimal departure schedules, while the fast-time simulation did not, and the human-in-the-loop simulations controlled flights at the spot, while the fasttime simulation controlled flights at the gate. Results of the delay-optimal fast-time simulation showed benefits for the 2008 normal traffic schedule. It produced 8% less average taxi time and 40% fewer stops than a simulation controlled by a first-come-firstserved scheduler. However, the delay-optimal simulation had the same average delays as the first-come-first-served simulation. In terms of equity of flight delays, the worst delayed flight in the delay-optimal simulation had one and a half minutes more delay than the worst delayed flight in the first-come-first-served simulation.
Genic Variation in Raccoons, Procyon lotor

Protein variation, levels of heterozygosity, and interlocality genic variation were studied in the raccoon, Procyon lotor , using starch gel electrophoresis. Specimens were examined from Tennessee, Texas, West Virginia, Georgia, and Florida. Six of 24 loci were found to be polymorphic; average heterozygosity (H = 2.8%) was relatively low for a mammal. Analyses of data as five and 12 groups yielded genetic similarity coefficients of 0.984 and 0.946, respectively. These notable similarity values indicate P. lotor to be genetically similar throughout the area studied.
Electrical Detection of Oscillations in Micro- and Nano- Cantilevers Using Harmonic Detection of Resonance

Accurate determination of the resonant frequency, phase and quality factor in micro and nano-mechanical oscillators permits the detection of: (i) trace amounts of specific adsorbed molecules which affect the resonant frequency; (ii) pressure variations which affect the mechanical damping of the oscillator; or (iii) the temperature dependence of the elastic properties of the oscillator through a shift in the resonant frequency. To date, electrical detection of oscillations in cantilevered multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) has eluded researchers in the field. Electrical detection allows a simple means for measuring the resonance frequency, phase and quality factor of cantilevers built into integrated circuits, or cantilevers whose response can be monitored as a function of any external parameter such as temperature or pressure. To this end, we described a fully electrical (actuation and detection) method termed harmonic detection of resonance (HDR) to measure mechanical oscillations in ambient conditions for two systems: Si-based micro- and MWNT based nano-cantilevers. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the resonant frequency in micro- and nano-cantilevers can be tuned without appreciable change in the quality factor which suggests that HDR is an ideal platform in device design and applications.
First Steps towards Exporting Education: Software Engineering Education Delivered Online to Professionals

Large software organizations seek internal professional staff development beyond traditional corporate training in specific technical skills (i.e., a new programming language or tool). This paper describes the results of one effort of delivery: the offering of a non-credit small, private, online course (SPOC) in software design. Participants spanned those with formal degrees in Computer Science or Software Engineering to those with no formal education in the area. After completing the course, a survey was administered. Intention to enroll in further non-credit SPOC courses was found to be more likely than intention in formal degrees in the area. Additionally, the course content was highly valued by the participants. These findings show a need for further investigation into the value and opportunity of exported education: bringing University expertise out of the traditional classroom and directly into the hands of industry professionals via corporate training-style SPOC offerings.
Identification of mammalian feces by coprostanol thin layer chromatography: method development

Existing methods for the identification of mammalian fecal particles in foods have not been completely satisfactory because visual identification of small particles is difficult. In addition, identification of feces by determining the presence of fecal alkaline phosphatase is limited to specimens in which the enzyme has not been inactivated, and it does not work well with feces from herbivores. A new method has been developed which uses coprostanol as a fecal indicator. Coprostanol is a heat-stable sterol found in the feces of mammals and some birds. A hexane extract of the suspect particle is applied to the preadsorbent zone of a silica gel thin layer chromatography plate which has been impregnated with 5% phosphomolybdic acid in ethanol. The plate is developed in diethyl ether-heptane (55 + 45), heated, and examined visually for the presence of coprostanol. Amounts of rat feces as small as 0.15 mg and cow feces as small as 0.5 mg have been identified using this method.
[Evaluation of safety of meningococcal group AC bivalent polysaccharide conjugate vaccine in children aged 5-24 months old].

Objective To evaluate the safety of meningococcal group AC bivalent polysacchande conjugate vaccine among children aged 5-24 months old.Methods From July 2011 to June 2012,a total of 34 411 children aged 5-24 month-old who voluntarily vaccinated meningococcal group AC bivalent polysaccharide conjugate vaccine in Zhongshan city were included.The adverse effects within 72 hours were recorded and analyzed.Results 34 411 children were recruited,including 18 708 boys (54.36％),whose mean age were (11.4 ± 3.9) months old.Within 72 hours,the incidence rates of local adverse effects were 0.76％ (261/34 411) for erythema,0.57％ (197/34 411) for sclerosis,0.56％ (191/34 411) for swelling,0.42％ (143/34 411) for pain,0.15％ (53/34 411) for pruritus,and 0.15％ (50/34 411) for rash on the injection site.The overall incidence rate of local adverse effects was 1.61％ (554/34 411;95％ CI:1.48％-1.74％).The incidence rates of systemic adverse effects were 0.98％ (312/34 411) for fever,0.48％ (164/34 411) for anorexia,0.31％ (108/34 411) for diarrhea,0.29％ (100/34 411) for malaise,0.20％ (70/34 411) for nausea and vomiting,and 0.08％ (26/34 411) for headache.The overall incidence rate of systemic adverse effects was 1.64％ (565/34 411; 95％ CI:1.51％-1.78％).25 children (0.07％) had hyperpyrexia (＞ 39 ℃),and the time of duration lasted less than 48 hours.16 children (0.05％) had symptoms of cold,such as cough and catarrh.No accident and other serious events were reported.The incidence rate of systemic adverse effects among boys was 1.79％ (334/18 708),which was higher than that of girls (1.47％,231/15 703),the difference showed statistical significance (x2 =5.22,P ＜ 0.01).The incidence rate of systemic adverse effects among children aged 5-12 month-old was 1.78％ (411/23 113),which was higher than that among children aged 13-24 month-old (1.36％,154/11 298),the difference showed statistical significance (x2 =8.10,P ＜ 0.01).The incidence rate of local adverse effects in children vaccinated the first dose was 1.72％ (536/31 129),which was higher than that in children vaccinated the second or third dose (0.55％,18/3282),the difference showed statistical significance (x2 =25.81,P ＜ 0.01).The incidence rate of systemic adverse effects in children vaccinated the first dose was 1.73％ (539/31 129),which was higher than that in children vaccinated the second or third dose (0.79％,26/5282),whose difference also showed statistical significance (x2 =16.22,P ＜0.01).Conclusion The safety of meningococcal group AC bivalent polysaccharide conjugate vaccine among children aged 5-24 months old is relative good. Key words: Meningitis, meningococcal ; Vaccines, combined ; Safety
Oxidation–Reduction Titrations

A redox reaction is used for a titration and meets the general requirements that apply to other successful titration procedures. Many different inorganic species exist in more than one stable oxidation state and can frequently be determined through a redox titration. Certain organic functional groups are quantitatively oxidized or reduced and are analyzed by a titration procedure. This chapter discusses the feasibility of redox titrations and end-point detections by color indicators and potentiometry. Redox reactions tend to be slow, and often the redox reaction becomes useful after a suitable catalyst becomes available. The chapter also explains the redox titration curve, which describes the change in concentration of the species of interest as a function of the titrant. It is possible to predict the shape of a titration curve prior to carrying out the titration in the laboratory.
Disability Evaluation Following Burn Injury

This article provides an overview of impairment rating in the burn survivor. It is not intended to be a complete guide; each jurisdiction and each agency requires the physician to use the necessary required criteria. This article also emphasizes the significant rating differences between agencies and jurisdictions and in the latitude given the health professional in performing the rating.
Viscoelastic polymer jets induced by blister-actuated laser-induced forward transfer (BA-LIFT)

Blister-actuated laser-induced forward transfer (BA-LIFT) is a high-resolution printing technique that has been developed to print sensitive inks [1]. In this technique, a laser beam is focused on a polymer layer that is coated on a transparent substrate. The laser pulse is absorbed by the polymer, and the absorption of the laser pulse leads to the ablation of the polymer layer. The ablated polymer encapsulates a vapor cavity that expands rapidly and forms a blister [2].
The Dear Diane Letters and the Bintel Brief: The Experiences of Chinese and Jewish Immigrant Women in Encountering America

This paper employs assimilation theory to examine the experiences of Chinese and Jewish immigrant women at similar stages of their encounters with America. By focusing on the letters in Dear Diane: Letters from Our Daughters (1983), and Dear Diane: Questions and Answers for Asian American Women (1983), and earlier in the century, the letters translated and printed in A Bintel Brief: Sixty Years of Letters from the Lower East Side to the Jewish Daily Forward (1971), this paper compares and contrasts the experiences of Chinese and Jewish women in America. It concludes that, though they have their own unique characteristics, both Chinese and Jewish women shared many common experiences, such as mother-daughter conflict and identity crisis, and both of them faced a difficult challenge in assimilating into American life.
Reference Assembly and Annotation of the Pyrenophora teres f. teres Isolate 0-1

Pyrenophora teres f. teres , the causal agent of net form net blotch (NFNB) of barley, is a destructive pathogen in barley-growing regions throughout the world. Typical yield losses due to NFNB range from 10 to 40%; however, complete loss has been observed on highly susceptible barley lines where environmental conditions favor the pathogen. Currently, genomic resources for this economically important pathogen are limited to a fragmented draft genome assembly and annotation, with limited RNA support of the P. teres f. teres isolate 0-1. This research presents an updated 0-1 reference assembly facilitated by long-read sequencing and scaffolding with the assistance of genetic linkage maps. Additionally, genome annotation was mediated by RNAseq analysis using three infection time points and a pure culture sample, resulting in 11,541 high-confidence gene models. The 0-1 genome assembly and annotation presented here now contains the majority of the repetitive content of the genome. Analysis of the 0-1 genome revealed classic characteristics of a “two-speed” genome, being compartmentalized into GC-equilibrated and AT-rich compartments. The assembly of repetitive AT-rich regions will be important for future investigation of genes known as effectors, which often reside in close proximity to repetitive regions. These effectors are responsible for manipulation of the host defense during infection. This updated P. teres f. teres isolate 0-1 reference genome assembly and annotation provides a robust resource for the examination of the barley– P. teres f. teres host–pathogen coevolution.
Multiracial Microaggressions: Implications for Social Work Education and Practice

Racism scholars have made intentional efforts to produce research for the development of educational strategies to address racial microaggressions. Similarly, the counseling profession has made a c...
Assessing Adherence and Barriers to Long-Term Elimination Diet Therapy in Adults with Eosinophilic Esophagitis.

The six-food elimination diet (SFED) is an effective treatment approach for eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE), but it can be challenging and affect patients’ quality of life. Assess patients’ long-term adherence to SFED and potential factors influencing adherence. EoE patients were recruited online via multiple platforms. Patients were classified as reaching the maintenance stage if they responded to SFED and identified specific trigger foods by reintroduction. Maintenance stage patients were categorized into those actively following the elimination diet (ACTIVE) and those no longer on their prescribed diet (FORMER). Participants completed a study-specific questionnaire assessing patient experiences related to SFED use. Forty-two participants were identified as having reached the SFED’s maintenance stage. 57% (24/42) of the maintenance stage patients were ACTIVE users. FORMER users rated the SFED’s effectiveness at treating symptoms (5.45 ± 3.96, 10 max.) lower than ACTIVE users (8.29 ± 2.76, p = .02). A greater percentage of FORMER users (100%) agreed social situations create challenges in following the diet compared to ACTIVE users (67%, p < .05). Anxiety related to SFED was also higher among FORMER users (64%) compared to ACTIVE users (21%, p < .01). Both ACTIVE (95.8%) and FORMER (81.8%, NSS) users would recommend the elimination diet to other EoE patients. Understanding SFED adherence is multifactorial and complex. Factors influencing SFED adherence during long-term maintenance with diet therapy include diet effectiveness, social situations, and diet-related anxiety. Despite a lower than expected long-term adherence to maintenance of an elimination diet, the majority would recommend diet therapy as a treatment to other EoE patients.
Missed Opportunities for Depression Screening and Treatment in the United States.

Purpose: This study estimates the prevalence of depression assessment in adults age 35 and older and how prevalence varies by sociodemographic characteristics and depressive symptoms. Methods: We used a nationally representative survey, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality9s Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, to evaluate if adults 35+ were being assessed for depression by their health care providers in 2014 and 2015. Using multivariate logistic regression, we examined the health and sociodemographic characteristics of patients associated with depression assessment. Results: Approximately 50% of US adults aged 35+ were being assessed for depression (48.6%; 95% CI, 45.5%–51.6%). The following were less likely to be assessed: men compared with women (OR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.46–0.72), adults 75+ compared with adults 50 to 64 years old (OR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.32–0.69), the uninsured compared with those with private insurance (OR, 0.30; 95% CI, 0.18–0.51), and adults without recognized depressive symptoms compared with those with recognized symptoms (OR, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.24–0.63). Compared with non-Hispanic whites, the following were less likely to be assessed: Asian (OR, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.19–0.67), Hispanic (OR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.29–0.75), and African American (OR, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.27–0.67). Conclusions: Many Americans are not having their depression needs assessed. Certain populations are more likely to be missed, including men, people over 75 years old, minorities, and the uninsured. Additional efforts are needed to determine methods to increase screening recommended by the United States Preventive Services Task Force and to ensure that all Americans have their mental health needs met.
Have We Reached the Limits of Predictability for Tropical Cyclone Track Forecasting

AbstractThe tropical cyclone is the largest single-day-impact meteorological event in the United States and worldwide through its effects from storm surge, extreme winds, freshwater flooding, and e...
Word-Statistical Systems

In the last chapter, it was seen that the ability of information retrieval (IR) systems to find relevant documents for the user is far from ideal. Even if one accepts the limitations of recall and precision as evaluation measures, it is clear that new approaches to indexing and retrieval are needed to better steer users to the documents they need. In this and most of the remaining chapters of the book, various research approaches to IR are described. Although the theory and implementation are explained in detail, an underlying perspective of practicality and evaluation of these systems is maintained.
Apolipoprotein E: receptor binding properties.

Apolipoprotein E (apo-E) was first described in human very low density lipoproteins (VLDL)1,2 and has now been demonstrated in several lipoprotein classes in a variety of species.3 it occurs in chylomicrons and their remnants, VLDL, and a subfraction of high density lipoproteins (HDL) referred to as HDL1, HDLC, or HDL-with apo-E.3,4 The amino acid sequence of apo-E has been determined.5 The protein consists of a single polypeptide chain of 299 residues with a molecular weight of 34,000.
Words Matter: The Language of Gender

Language is a major component of culture. Specific words are needed to describe concepts that are important to people; without those words it is very difficult to think about, and nearly impossible to talk about, objects, ideas, and situations. Language is influenced by thought and, in turn, it influences thought. Hundreds of studies in psycholinguistics and cognitive psychology show that language affects not only to what people pay attention but how we think about what we notice, how we remember what we have noticed, and how we approach problem-solving tasks (Clark & Clark, 1977). Linguistic relativity (Rosch, 1974), derived from the Whorfian Hypothesis (Whorf, 1956), asserts “that languages are not simply a reflection of culture, or of the behaviors, cognition, or attitudes of their speakers, but instead actually help shape them by allowing or encouraging certain thoughts and discouraging others” (Hamilton, 1988, p. 795). In any culture, language is power. Struggles for the “power to name” are continually played out in politics and the media; these struggles are taken very seriously by those in the know, and often trivialized by those who do not grasp their significance. Are those soldiers “warriors” or “peacekeepers”? Is that politician “antichoice” or “pro-life”? Are the authors of this chapter “girls,” “chicks,” “ladies,” or “women”? The answers matter; they affect how readers think about the individuals in question. In the United States in recent years the right wing has been more attentive than the left wing to the power of naming, and thus, more successful in shaping popular discourse. Consider how quickly and completely the phrase “war on terror” (a grammatical abomination and an idea so vague as to encompass almost anything from violent crime to combat) was adopted internationally. One almost never sees the word “fetus” in U.S. newspapers and magazines anymore. It has been replaced consistently by terms favored by anti-abortion groups; today a fetus (and even an embryo) is routinely referred to as an “unborn,” or “preborn,” baby. What kind of monster would want to “harm” a “baby”? The first step toward social progress is “naming the problem.” Betty Friedan (1963) referred to the dissatisfaction of college-educated women who spent their prime years at home engaged in housework and childrearing as “the problem that has no name.” Prior to the mobilization of the Gay Rights Movement, same-sex relationships were referred to as “the love that dare not speak its name.” Thus, in the early years of the Women’s Liberation Movement (aka the second wave of feminism), many new terms were devised to label the problems to be tackled. Date rape, sexual harassment, and domestic violence are among those experiences that, as Gloria Steinem (1983, as cited in Crawford, 2001) once put it, used to be thought of as just part of life. As a result of the naming of types of violence against women, the scope of the problem was revealed. People could discuss violence in
Supporting and Sustaining the Transition to Formal Schooling for Children on the Autism Spectrum

The dramatic increase in the number of children diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder has become one of the most pressing challenges for educational institutions in providing appropriate educational services. Research literature is rich with evidence-based instructional strategies, and the Internet has exploded with information on treatment and interventions, some with unknown quality, often leading to confusion and fragmented services. For young children with autism , the transition to formal schooling can be a source of anxiety; it also can be extremely challenging for school personnel and parents. If schools merely implement preliminary transition support without a sustained support plan, it is very likely that the child with autism will display significant behavioral and academic challenges. This chapter will address researched best practices in developing initial and sustained planning for transition to include defining autism spectrum disorders, attitudes and perceptions, preparing for transition , families, classroom environment, and curricular considerations.
Morphogenesis of Mammary Gland Development

Development of the mammary gland in females is a dynamic, orchestrated process that occurs throughout postnatal development. Initiated during embryogenesis, epithelial cells advance into the underlying stromal matrix to form a primitive rudimentary structure. With the onset of puberty this anlage then responds to hormonal and local cues to rapidly establish a ductal network. Whereas in mice this network is relatively simple, in humans there is significantly more branching morphogenesis to develop terminal duct lobular unit structures. With the onset of pregnancy and associated changes in the hormonal and local environment, alveolar development progresses to establish a gland that is densely filled with alveolar structures by the end of pregnancy. Concomitantly, mammary epithelial cells within the gland begin to attain their unique ability to synthesize various milk constituents, such that by parturition, functional lactogenesis can be realized.
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia treatment algorithm 2018

The treatment landscape for patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has changed considerably with the introduction of very effective oral targeted therapies (such as ibrutinib, idelalisib, and venetoclax), and next-generation anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies (such as obinutuzumab). These agents lead to improved outcomes in CLL, even among patients with high-risk features, such as del17p13 or TP53 mutation and unmutated immunoglobulin heavy chain (IGHV) genes. Each of these treatments is associated with a unique toxicity profile; in the absence of randomized data, the choice of one type of treatment over another depends on the co-morbidities of the patient. Chemoimmunotherapy still plays an important role in the management of previously untreated CLL patients, particularly among young fit patients who have standard risk FISH profile and mutated IGHV genes. Richter’s transformation of CLL remains a difficult complication to treat, although therapy with programmed death 1 inhibitors such as pembrolizumab and nivolumab has shown impressive responses in a subset of patients. Our ability to risk stratify CLL patients continues to evolve; the CLL-International Prognostic Index (CLL-IPI) is the best validated tool in predicting time to first therapy among previously untreated patients. This review summarizes the current approach to risk stratification and management of CLL patients.
Frequency of Drive (Quinclorac) Treatments on Common Bermudagrass Tolerance and on Large Crabgrass Control

Abstract When a postemergence (POST) herbicide is used to control large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.] in common bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.], the herbicide should maintain optimum weed control for 8 to 10 weeks without causing undesirable injury to the turfgrass. A field experiment was conducted during 1993 and 1994 to determine the lowest rate of Drive (quinclorac) needed to control large crabgrass without causing undesirable injury to bermudagrass turf. Drive (quinclorac) applied at 0.28 kg ai/ha (0.25 lb ai/A) initially in early May and repeated at the same rate at a 2-week interval, controlled 85% large crabgrass for 16 weeks in 1993 and 70% for 10 weeks in 1994. The control in 1994 was 96% for 17 weeks when the herbicide was applied at 0.28 kg ai/ha (0.25 lb ai/A) in each of three applications on May 2, May 29, and June 13. The maximum bermudagrass injury in 1993 from Drive (quinclorac) applied at 0.28 kg ai/ha (0.25 lb ai/A) in each of two applications at 2- to 4-week in...
Molecular kinetic simulations of transient perturbations in a planet's upper atmosphere

Abstract The upper atmospheres of planetary bodies can exhibit significant density perturbations as indicated by in situ spacecraft and remote sensing observations. As density vs. altitude data are often used to extract vertical temperature profiles, we examine their validity when such perturbations occur in the region where the atmosphere transitions from collision dominated and to nearly collisionless. Since an accurate temperature profile is critical for describing the chemistry and physics of the upper atmosphere, we use molecular kinetic simulations to examine the vertical propagation of transient perturbations. We find that in an atmosphere's transition region, the standard methods for extracting a 1D temperature profile can be unreliable and examine how the composition vs. altitude is transiently modified by simulating an atmosphere with Mars-like properties. These results suggest that molecular kinetic simulations, calibrated to observed density profiles, could be needed to fully understand the energy transfer and heating in this region of a planet's atmosphere.
Belinostat for Relapsed or Refractory Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma.

The PTCLs represent a rare and aggressive subgroup of NHLs that do not respond favorably to traditional chemotherapies. Since the majority of patients with PTCL experience disease relapse or disease that is refractory to previous agents, the continued development of novel targeted therapies is critical and necessary to improve outcomes in this aggressive, difficult-to-treat, heterogeneous group of malignant disorders. The FDA approval of belinostat provides clinicians with an additional option to offer heavily pretreated patients with relapsed or refractory PTCL who did not achieve a desirable response to traditional chemotherapy agents. Belinostat may be a worthwhile treatment option for these patients because of its manageable toxicity profile and its ability to be used in patients with baseline thrombocytopenia (platelet count 50–100 × 109/L). The safety and efficacy of belinostat are currently being evaluated for use in combination with traditional front-line therapies for the treatment of PTCL. The results of these trials have the potential to expand belinostat’s place in therapy and challenge the traditional treatment approach for PTCL.