cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Missense Mutations in LRP5 Associated with High Bone Mass Protect the Mouse Skeleton from Disuse- and Ovariectomy-Induced Osteopenia

The low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-5 (LRP5), a co-receptor in the Wnt signaling pathway, modulates bone mass in humans and in mice. Lrp5 knock-out mice have severely impaired responsiveness to mechanical stimulation whereas Lrp5 gain-of-function knock-in and transgenic mice have enhanced responsiveness to mechanical stimulation. Those observations highlight the importance of Lrp5 protein in bone cell mechanotransduction. It is unclear if and how high bone mass-causing (HBM) point mutations in Lrp5 alter the bone-wasting effects of mechanical disuse. To address this issue we explored the skeletal effects of mechanical disuse using two models, tail suspension and Botulinum toxin-induced muscle paralysis, in two different Lrp5 HBM knock-in mouse models. A separate experiment employing estrogen withdrawal-induced bone loss by ovariectomy was also conducted as a control. Both disuse stimuli induced significant bone loss in WT mice, but Lrp5 A214V and G171V were partially or fully protected from the bone loss that normally results from disuse. Trabecular bone parameters among HBM mice were significantly affected by disuse in both models, but these data are consistent with DEXA data showing a failure to continue growing in HBM mice, rather than a loss of pre-existing bone. Ovariectomy in Lrp5 HBM mice resulted in similar protection from catabolism as was observed for the disuse experiments. In conclusion, the Lrp5 HBM alleles offer significant protection from the resorptive effects of disuse and from estrogen withdrawal, and consequently, present a potential mechanism to mimic with pharmaceutical intervention to protect against various bone-wasting stimuli.
Learning Protein-DNA Interaction Landscapes by Integrating Experimental Data through Computational Models

Transcriptional regulation is directly enacted by the interactions between DNA and many proteins, including transcription factors, nucleosomes, and polymerases. A critical step in deciphering transcriptional regulation is to infer, and eventually predict, the precise locations of these interactions, along with their strength and frequency. While recent datasets yield great insight into these interactions, individual data sources often provide only noisy information regarding one specific aspect of the complete interaction landscape. For example, chromatin immunoprecipitation ChIP reveals the precise binding positions of a protein, but only for one protein at a time. In contrast, nucleases like MNase and DNase reveal binding positions for many different proteins at once, but cannot easily determine the identities of those proteins. Here, we develop a novel statistical framework that integrates different sources of experimental information within a thermodynamic model of competitive binding to jointly learn a holistic view of the in vivo protein-DNA interaction landscape. We show that our framework learns an interaction landscape with increased accuracy, explaining multiple sets of data in accordance with thermodynamic principles of competitive DNA binding. The resulting model of genomic occupancy provides a precise, mechanistic vantage point from which to explore the role of protein-DNA interactions in transcriptional regulation.
3D Nitrogen-rich metal–organic frameworks: opportunities for safer energetics

Metal–organic frameworks, particularly those coordinated with nitrogen-rich ligands, are extremely versatile materials. Here the structural factors and performances of 1D and 2D energetic MOFs are compared briefly with those of 3D species. Advantages of hydrothermal in situ synthesis, properties of azole-based ligands, and choices of environmentally friendly metal ions for 3D energetic MOFs are also explored.
Iron-Catalyzed Diastereoselective Intramolecular Olefin Aminobromination with Bromide Ion.

A new iron-catalyzed diastereoselective aminobromination method is reported for both internal and terminal olefins (yield up to 90% and dr up to >20:1). In this transformation, a functionalized hydroxylamine and bromide ion were used as the nitrogen and bromine source, respectively. This method is compatible with a broad range of olefins and provides a convenient approach to synthetically valuable vicinal bromo primary amines. Our studies suggest that both the dia­stereoselectivity and enantioselectivity for the olefin aminobromination can be controlled by iron catalysts.
Cognitive and numerosity predictors of mathematical skills in middle school

There is a strong research base on the underlying concomitants of early developing math skills. Fewer studies have focused on later developing skills. Here, we focused on direct and indirect contributions of cognitive measures (e.g., language, spatial skills, working memory) and numerosity measures, as well as arithmetic proficiency, on key outcomes of fraction performance, proportional reasoning, and broad mathematics achievement at sixth grade (N=162) via path analysis. We expected a hierarchy of skill development, with predominantly indirect effects of cognitive factors via number and arithmetic. Results controlling for age showed that the combination of cognitive, number, and arithmetic variables cumulatively accounted for 38% to 44% of the variance in fractions, proportional reasoning, and broad mathematics. There was consistency across outcomes, with more proximal skills providing direct effects and with the effects of cognitive skills being mediated by number and by more proximal skills. Results support a hierarchical progression from domain-general cognitive processes through numerosity and arithmetic skills to proportional reasoning to broad mathematics achievement.
Probabilistic sophistication and stochastic monotonicity in the Savage framework

Machina and Schmeidler [Machina, M., Schmeidler, D., 1992. A more robust definition of subjective probability. Econometrica 60, 745–780] show that probabilistic sophistication can be obtained in a Savage setting without imposing expected utility by dropping Savage's axiom P2 (sure-thing principle) and strengthening his axiom P4 (weak comparative probability). Their stronger axiom, however, embodies a degree of separability analogous to P2. In this note, we obtain probabilistic sophistication using Savage's original axiom P4 and a weaker analog of Savage's P2.
Breaking Rural Bonds through Migration: The Failure of Development for Women in India

This study explores the impact of development by comparing the lives and opportunities of women in two different villages (developed and less developed) in India. It also examines the impact of migration a consequence of development policies by comparing the lives and opportunities of women in the urban slums to those of their rural counterparts. The findings revealed that two major bonds caste and gender tie down women in India. These bonds are stronger in the rural areas where development programs have not been able to break these bonds. Caste structures every social relationship in rural India. It determines the type of social mixing the religious status and most importantly the pattern of land holding. However in urban India particularly in Chand caste does not play a significant role. Instead kinship is the most important relationship recognized in this part of India. Through kinship networks the women in Chand have acquired jobs and have been able to exercise control over an area of the job market. Furthermore the bond of gender inequality continues to worsen the situation of women in the rural areas while it has weakened in the urban area. This study therefore concludes that migration has led to the breaking of inter-caste and gender bonds in India as demonstrated by the much better situation of urban women as compared to rural women.
Statistical Intelligence Units

A brief discussion of the role statistical analysis in anti-money laundering (AML) surveillance is presented. Surveillance monitoring of financial transactions is becoming increasingly complex, required the use of sophisticated automated tools to complement manual efforts in the AML sphere. This article discusses some potential applications of statistical tools to detect suspicious transactions from a population of seemingly innocuous ones. Furthermore, the role of statistical tests to "validate," in the quantitative sense, some facets of automated monitoring is also discussed. The role of statistics (and statistical policy) in AML applications concludes the discussion.
Iridium-Catalyzed C–C Coupling of a Simple Propargyl Ether with Primary Alcohols: Enantioselective Homoaldol Addition via Redox-Triggered (Z)-Siloxyallylation

A chiral iridium complex formed in situ from [Ir(cod)Cl]2 and (R)-H8-BINAP is found to catalyze the direct enantioselective C-C coupling of a simple propargyl ether, TIPSOCH2C≡CH, with primary alcohols to form γ-hydroxy (Z)-enol silanes with uniformly high enantioselectivity and complete alkene (Z)-stereoselectivity. As corroborated by deuterium labeling studies, these studies represent the first examples of 1,2-hydride shift-enabled π-allyl formation in the context of iridium catalysis.
Large tuning of birefringence in two strip silicon waveguides via optomechanical motion

Adjusting the separation between two strip waveguides by an optical force, we obtain widely tunable birefringence dependent on the separation. The maximum difference of phase birefringence before and after tuning is calculated to be 0.026.
GCTrees: Garbage Collecting Snapshots

File-system snapshots have been a key component of enterprise storage management since their inception. Creating and managing them efficiently, while maintaining flexibility and low overhead, has been a constant struggle. Although the current state-of-the-art mechanism—hierarchical reference counting—performs reasonably well for traditional small-file workloads, these workloads are increasingly vanishing from the enterprise data center, replaced instead with virtual machine and database workloads. These workloads center around a few very large files, violating the assumptions that allow hierarchical reference counting to operate efficiently. To better cope with these workloads, we introduce Generational Chain Trees (GCTrees), a novel method of space management that uses concepts of block lineage across snapshots rather than explicit reference counting. As a proof of concept, we create a prototype file system—gcext4, a modified version of ext4 that uses GCTrees as a basis for snapshots and copy-on-write. In evaluating this prototype empirically, we find that although they have a somewhat higher overhead for traditional workloads, GCTrees have dramatically lower overhead than hierarchical reference counting for large-file workloads, improving by a factor of 34 or more in some cases. Furthermore, gcext4 performs comparably to ext4 across all workloads, showing that GCTrees impose minor cost for their benefits.
Clinical and Therapeutic Aspects of the Conflagration Injuries to the Respiratory Tract Sustained by Victims of the Cocoanut Grove Disaster

chusetts General Hospital, Cope and others [1] recounted their experiences with the victims of that holocaust. Many of the problems which confronted the workers at the Boston City Hospital, both on the night of the disaster and throughout the hospital stay of the patients, were strikingly different from those encountered at the Massachusetts General Hospital. The type of personnel, the number of cases, the facilities and arrangements for their care, the methods of approach and the details of almost every phase of their management were decidedly different at the two institutions. A record and discussion of some
Colorful Image Colorization

Given a grayscale photograph as input, this paper attacks the problem of hallucinating a plausible color version of the photograph. This problem is clearly underconstrained, so previous approaches have either relied on significant user interaction or resulted in desaturated colorizations. We propose a fully automatic approach that produces vibrant and realistic colorizations. We embrace the underlying uncertainty of the problem by posing it as a classification task and use class-rebalancing at training time to increase the diversity of colors in the result. The system is implemented as a feed-forward pass in a CNN at test time and is trained on over a million color images. We evaluate our algorithm using a “colorization Turing test,” asking human participants to choose between a generated and ground truth color image. Our method successfully fools humans on 32 % of the trials, significantly higher than previous methods. Moreover, we show that colorization can be a powerful pretext task for self-supervised feature learning, acting as a cross-channel encoder. This approach results in state-of-the-art performance on several feature learning benchmarks.
Hematologic manifestations of congenital infections

The hematologic manifestations of infections in newborns result from the effects of the organisms and their products on the formed elements of the blood. Hepatocellular damage, activation of the coagulation system, reticuloendothelial hyperplasia, damage to blood vessels and the cardiovascular system, or a combination of these may result. This article reviews the significant hematologic manifestations in newborns with congenital infections, discusses diagnostic procedures, and suggests an approach to hematologic management.
The Long Spacings of Rubber and Cellulose

Abstract 1. A new method for the examination of highly polymerized compounds is proposed. This consists in the direct measurement from diffraction interferences of colloidal micelle dimensions. 2. The construction of an instrument consisting of an x-ray tube with magnesium target and vacuum camera without intervening window or air space is described. 3. The major spacing of unstretched vulcanized rubber is found to be 99.3 A˚. U. 4. The number of isoprene molecules per unit cell is estimated to be of the order of eight thousand. 5. Three measurements of the long spacings of cellulose are recorded.
LITIGATION RISK AND MARKET REACTION TO RESTATEMENTS

A large negative stock price reaction to a restatement announcement could imply a significant accounting error, or one made by a firm with a high probability of being sued. We investigate the extent to which market reactions to restatement announcements are explained by litigation risk. We model the simultaneous relation between restatement announcement abnormal returns and litigation risk and find that about half of the −9.2% average restatement announcement effect is due to expected litigation costs. We also find that the significance of the accounting error only affects abnormal return indirectly because it increases the probability of being sued.
Dynamic Mechanical Properties of a Number of Elastomers and Related Polymers from 4 to 250° K

Young's modulus and mechanical damping have been measured down to 4 °K for cis‐ and trans‐polybutadienes, cis‐ and trans‐polyisoprenes, butyl rubber, and random SBR copolymers. Trans‐polybutadiene has two large damping peaks below Tg, trans‐polyisoprene one peak, while the cis‐polymers and butyl rubber show either no damping peaks or only very small ones below Tg. The low‐temperature damping peaks of the trans‐polymers might be explained by a type of crankshaft motion and by a special motion of the trans‐monomeric unit which involves a simultaneous libration and bond angle deformation. The high Young's moduli of the polybutadienes compared to the polyisoprenes and the SBR copolymers are explained by the good molecular packing of the polybutadienes.
The Implied Convexity of VIX Futures

With the advent of modern option theory and practice, volatility has become one of the most important financial variables. The CBOE Volatility Index (VIX) of implied volatility for the S&P 500 Index has spawned numerous similar volatility indexes for other asset classes and a profusion of VIX-related futures, options, and exchange-traded funds (ETFs). But even though variance is nicely behaved, rising linearly in proportion to the length of the holding period, the square root of variance volatility is nonlinear. Variance is easy to hedge with a linear forward contract, but volatility is not. A convexity correction for the curvature of the square root function is needed. This correction is a function of the volatility of volatility (i.e., of the VIX in this case), which is an object of considerable interest in its own right. In this article, Daigler, Dupoyet, and Patterson make use of the convexity correction relationship to extract implied convexity from the difference between the price of a variance swap and the square of implied volatility from options on VIX futures. Although the relationship is a little noisy in the data, implied convexity, which is the “vol of VIX,” behaves largely as one expects. The authors’ insight may offer a new and useful estimator for this important parameter.
Influence of Oral Progesterone Administration on Drug-Induced QT Interval Lengthening: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Study

Abstract Objectives This study tested the hypothesis that oral progesterone administration attenuates drug-induced QT interval lengthening. Background Evidence from preclinical and human investigations suggests that higher serum progesterone concentrations may be protective against drug-induced QT interval lengthening. Methods In this prospective, double-blind, crossover study, 19 healthy female volunteers (21 to 40 years of age) were randomized to receive progesterone 400 mg or matching placebo orally once daily for 7 days timed to the menses phase of the menstrual cycle (between-phase washout period = 49 days). On day 7, ibutilide 0.003 mg/kg was infused over 10 min, after which QT intervals were recorded and blood samples collected for 12 h. Before the treatment phases, subjects underwent electrocardiographic monitoring for 12 h to calculate individualized heart rate–corrected QT intervals (QT c I). Results Fifteen subjects completed all study phases. Maximal serum ibutilide concentrations in the progesterone and placebo phases were similar (1,247 ± 770 pg/ml vs. 1,172 ± 709 pg/ml; p = 0.43). Serum progesterone concentrations were higher during the progesterone phase (16.2 ± 11.0 ng/ml vs. 1.2 ± 1.0 ng/ml; p c I was significantly lower in the progesterone phase (412 ± 15 ms vs. 419 ± 14 ms; p = 0.04). Maximal ibutilide-associated QT c I (443 ± 17 ms vs. 458 ± 19 ms; p = 0.003), maximal percentage increase in QT c I from pre-treatment value (7.5 ± 2.4% vs. 9.3% ± 3.4%; p = 0.02), and area under the effect (QT c I) curve during the first hour post-ibutilide administration (497 ± 13 ms·h vs. 510 ± 16 ms·h; p = 0.002) were lower during the progesterone phase. Progesterone-associated adverse effects included fatigue/malaise and vertigo. Conclusions Oral progesterone administration attenuates drug-induced QT c I lengthening. (Influence of Progesterone Administration on Drug-Induced QT Interval Lengthening; NCT01929083).
Designing helical peptide inhibitors of protein–protein interactions

Short helical peptides combine characteristics of small molecules and large proteins and provide an exciting area of opportunity in protein design. A growing number of studies report novel helical peptide inhibitors of protein–protein interactions. New techniques have been developed for peptide design and for chemically stabilizing peptides in a helical conformation, which frequently improves protease resistance and cell permeability. We summarize advances in peptide crosslinking chemistry and give examples of peptide design studies targeting coiled-coil transcription factors, Bcl-2 family proteins, MDM2/MDMX, and HIV gp41, among other targets.
Cyclization of Imides to 2-Azabicycles via Aminoketyl Radicals by Using Samarium(II) Iodide-Water: Reaction Development, Synthetic Scope, and Mechanistic Studies

The first highly selective method for direct addition of aminoketyl radicals [R–C•(O–)NR1R2], generated from five- or six-membered cyclic imides, to nonactivated π-systems by using the SmI2–H2O reagent is reported. The transformation is operationally simple, scalable, and provides access to valuable angular 2-azabicycles containing three contiguous stereocenters with excellent diastereoselectivity (>95:5 dr). The protocol accommodates a wide range of π-acceptors that can be modulated by the alcohol additive used. Notably, the transformation provides the first general method for generation of aminoketyl radicals by a direct electron capture to amide bonds, thus opening new vistas for applications of these underutilized intermediates in a diverse array of open-shell reaction pathways. Systematic studies on the effects of additives, the scope and limitations of the reaction, and the reaction mechanism are reported.
Practical Synthesis of Amides via Copper/ABNO-Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidative Coupling of Alcohols and Amines.

A modular Cu/ABNO catalyst system has been identified that enables efficient aerobic oxidative coupling of alcohols and amines to amides. All four permutations of benzylic/aliphatic alcohols and primary/secondary amines are viable in this reaction, enabling broad access to secondary and tertiary amides. The reactions exhibit excellent functional group compatibility and are complete within 30 min–3 h at rt. All components of the catalyst system are commercially available.
Case Management Model or Case Manager Type? That is the Question

Case management models have been categorized many different ways, but classification into two generic models is proposed here: an interrogative model that relies on intense oversight with expected cost reduction and a patient advocacy model that relies on a brokering arrangement for services in the
Towards An Understanding of Cloud Computing's Impact On Organizational IT Strategy.

Cloud computing has become a dominant IT trend during the past two years for its potential to remarkably change the technology and the business landscape. Although a lot have been discussed regarding its benefits and risks, and cloud strategy itself has been widely studied in the business world, its strategic impacts have not yet been fully addressed. In order to understand how cloud computing is going to bring changes to the overall IT strategy of the organization, we conducted interviews with CIOs/IT directors from 4 US companies which have adopted cloud computing services to understand such impacts. Grounded theory approach was used in this study and a model was generated based on qualitative analysis. Our findings reveals that, cloud computing has profound impacts on various aspects of organization's overall IT strategy: including IT architecture, IT management, data strategy, and IT/ business alignment. Given the trend that more and more organizations are going to embrace cloud computing, the model and findings of this research would have great both research implications for future investigators as well as practical implications for organizations.
Divergent and Concise Syntheses of Spiroisoxazolines: First Total Synthesis of 11‐Deoxyfistularin‐3

A divergent and concise base-promoted Dieckmann-type keto-ester condensation strategy is demonstrated to generate two unique spiro[cyclohexadiene-isoxazoline] moieties. The consecutive di-bromination–elimination–bromination of the corresponding spiro moiety has been successfully utilized to furnish the desired core structure of many bromotyrosine derived spiroisoxazoline natural products. The spiroisoxazoline acid was further coupled with the desired diamine to accomplish the first total synthesis of 11-deoxyfistularin-3. This strategy could serve as an efficient alternative to previously developed oxidative dearomatizing spirocyclization of phenol as the essential step to synthesize this class of natural products.
Status of the Archaeal and Bacterial Census: an Update

ABSTRACT A census is typically carried out for people across a range of geographical levels; however, microbial ecologists have implemented a molecular census of bacteria and archaea by sequencing their 16S rRNA genes. We assessed how well the census of full-length 16S rRNA gene sequences is proceeding in the context of recent advances in high-throughput sequencing technologies because full-length sequences are typically used as references for classification of the short sequences generated by newer technologies. Among the 1,411,234 and 53,546 full-length bacterial and archaeal sequences, 94.5% and 95.1% of the bacterial and archaeal sequences, respectively, belonged to operational taxonomic units (OTUs) that have been observed more than once. Although these metrics suggest that the census is approaching completion, 29.2% of the bacterial and 38.5% of the archaeal OTUs have been observed more than once. Thus, there is still considerable diversity to be explored. Unfortunately, the rate of new full-length sequences has been declining, and new sequences are primarily being deposited by a small number of studies. Furthermore, sequences from soil and aquatic environments, which are known to be rich in bacterial diversity, represent only 7.8 and 16.5% of the census, while sequences associated with host-associated environments represent 55.0% of the census. Continued use of traditional approaches and new technologies such as single-cell genomics and short-read assembly are likely to improve our ability to sample rare OTUs if it is possible to overcome this sampling bias. The success of ongoing efforts to use short-read sequencing to characterize archaeal and bacterial communities requires that researchers strive to expand the depth and breadth of this census. IMPORTANCE The biodiversity contained within the bacterial and archaeal domains dwarfs that of the eukaryotes, and the services these organisms provide to the biosphere are critical. Surprisingly, we have done a relatively poor job of formally tracking the quality of the biodiversity as represented in full-length 16S rRNA genes. By understanding how this census is proceeding, it is possible to suggest the best allocation of resources for advancing the census. We found that the ongoing effort has done an excellent job of sampling the most abundant organisms but struggles to sample the rarer organisms. Through the use of new sequencing technologies, we should be able to obtain full-length sequences from these rare organisms. Furthermore, we suggest that by allocating more resources to sampling environments known to have the greatest biodiversity, we will be able to make significant advances in our characterization of archaeal and bacterial diversity.
Query Expansion with Locally-Trained Word Embeddings

Continuous space word embeddings have received a great deal of attention in the natural language processing and machine learning communities for their ability to model term similarity and other relationships. We study the use of term relatedness in the context of query expansion for ad hoc information retrieval. We demonstrate that word embeddings such as word2vec and GloVe, when trained globally, underperform corpus and query specific embeddings for retrieval tasks. These results suggest that other tasks benefiting from global embeddings may also benefit from local embeddings.
Revised Guidelines for Designing Median Openings to Accommodate Simultaneous Left Turns

AbstractWhen designing median openings at divided highway intersections, it is important to consider the impacts of simultaneous (noncrossing) left turning movements by vehicles from opposing directions. The AASHTO Green Book recommends minimum lengths of median opening for different design vehicles and median widths. These minimum lengths are calculated based on assumed control radii for left turns from the divided highway into the crossroad and vice versa, and do not account for accommodation of simultaneous left turns. The Green Book minimum median opening lengths can prevent the capability for simultaneous left turns under certain circumstances. This study uses simulated vehicle turning paths to define the minimum conditions for accommodating simultaneous left turns and proposes corresponding revisions to the Green Book guidelines. The new method consists of determining the required control radius as a function of median width and calculating the minimum length of median opening by equations based on ...
Local RhoA activation induces cytokinetic furrows independent of spindle position and cell cycle stage

The GTPase RhoA promotes contractile ring assembly and furrow ingression during cytokinesis. Although many factors that regulate RhoA during cytokinesis have been characterized, the spatiotemporal regulatory logic remains undefined. We have developed an optogenetic probe to gain tight spatial and temporal control of RhoA activity in mammalian cells and demonstrate that cytokinetic furrowing is primarily regulated at the level of RhoA activation. Light-mediated recruitment of a RhoGEF domain to the plasma membrane leads to rapid induction of RhoA activity, leading to assembly of cytokinetic furrows that partially ingress. Furthermore, furrow formation in response to RhoA activation is not temporally or spatially restricted. RhoA activation is sufficient to generate furrows at both the cell equator and cell poles, in both metaphase and anaphase. Remarkably, furrow formation can be initiated in rounded interphase cells, but not adherent cells. These results indicate that RhoA activation is sufficient to induce assembly of functional contractile rings and that cell rounding facilitates furrow formation.
Practices in Alcohol Education among Finnish Parents: Have There Been Changes between 2006 and 2012?.

Aims: In this study we look at (1) changes in parenting practices related to adolescents’ alcohol use in Finland from 2006 to 2012 and (2) whether parents’ own drinking behaviour is related to the ...
Probabilistic multicast: generalizing the multicast paradigm to improve scalability

The article considers the multicast-to-some generalization of the traditional multicast paradigm. In this form of communication, a multicast group is still associated with each multicast message. It is, however, only necessary for any randomly determined subset of the multicast group to receive a multicast message. This subset is not defined a priori nor is it necessarily the same from one multicast to the next for the same group. It explores the use of this "probabilistic" multicast communication paradigm to address scalability issues in the response collection application which arises in some distributed computing applications. It also shows how this form of multicast can be used to reduce the discarding of responses to the multicast message due to buffer overflow at the multicast source. >
Electric Field- and Strain-Induced Rashba Effect in Hybrid Halide Perovskites

Using first-principles density functional theory calculations, we show how Rashba-type energy band splitting in the hybrid organic–inorganic halide perovskites APbX3 (A = CH3NH3+, CH(NH2)2+, Cs+, and X = I, Br) can be tuned and enhanced with electric fields and anisotropic strain. In particular, we demonstrate that the magnitude of the Rashba splitting of tetragonal (CH3NH3)PbI3 grows with increasing macroscopic alignment of the organic cations and electric polarization, indicating appreciable tunability with experimentally feasible applied fields, even at room temperature. Further, we quantify the degree to which this effect can be tuned via chemical substitution at the A and X sites, which alters amplitudes of different polar distortion patterns of the inorganic PbX3 cage that directly impact Rashba splitting. In addition, we predict that polar phases of CsPbI3 and (CH3NH3)PbI3 with R3c symmetry possessing considerable Rashba splitting might be accessible at room temperature via anisotropic strain induc...
School Choice: The Personal and the Political

ABSTRACTEnrollment in school choice programs is growing, so is overall support for school choice. Many have analyzed what demographic characteristics impact attitudes towards school choice. This article adds to the literature by exploring the interaction between personal decisions regarding school choice and broader support for school choice programs. Focus groups were conducted in St. Louis and Kansas City with 35 parents of school-age children. Participant responses indicate that school choice programs illicit mixed emotions from parents. Most participants personally support school choice and exercise choice themselves by sending their children to magnet, charter, or private schools. At the same time, they have reservations about broader school choice programs. As Schelling (1978) suggests, these individuals act in their own self-interest despite the impact it might have on the aggregate. More to the point, they are willing to express choice themselves, but deny it to others.
Genomic Prediction of Single Crosses in the Early Stages of a Maize Hybrid Breeding Pipeline

Prediction of single-cross performance has been a major goal of plant breeders since the beginning of hybrid breeding. Recently, genomic prediction has shown to be a promising approach, but only limited studies have examined the accuracy of predicting single-cross performance. Moreover, no studies have examined the potential of predicting single crosses among random inbreds derived from a series of biparental families, which resembles the structure of germplasm comprising the initial stages of a hybrid maize breeding pipeline. The main objectives of this study were to evaluate the potential of genomic prediction for identifying superior single crosses early in the hybrid breeding pipeline and optimize its application. To accomplish these objectives, we designed and analyzed a novel population of single crosses representing the Iowa Stiff Stalk synthetic/non-Stiff Stalk heterotic pattern commonly used in the development of North American commercial maize hybrids. The performance of single crosses was predicted using parental combining ability and covariance among single crosses. Prediction accuracies were estimated using cross-validation and ranged from 0.28 to 0.77 for grain yield, 0.53 to 0.91 for plant height, and 0.49 to 0.94 for staygreen, depending on the number of tested parents of the single cross and genomic prediction method used. The genomic estimated general and specific combining abilities showed an advantage over genomic covariances among single crosses when one or both parents of the single cross were untested. Overall, our results suggest that genomic prediction of single crosses in the early stages of a hybrid breeding pipeline holds great potential to redesign hybrid breeding and increase its efficiency.
FALCON: Feature Driven Selective Classification for Energy-Efficient Image Recognition

Machine-learning algorithms have shown outstanding image recognition/classification performance for computer vision applications. However, the compute and energy requirement for implementing such classifier models for large-scale problems is quite high. In this paper, we propose feature driven selective classification (FALCON) inspired by the biological visual attention mechanism in the brain to optimize the energy-efficiency of machine-learning classifiers. We use the consensus in the characteristic features (color/texture) across images in a dataset to decompose the original classification problem and construct a tree of classifiers (nodes) with a generic-to-specific transition in the classification hierarchy. The initial nodes of the tree separate the instances based on feature information and selectively enable the latter nodes to perform object specific classification. The proposed methodology allows selective activation of only those branches and nodes of the classification tree that are relevant to the input while keeping the remaining nodes idle. Additionally, we propose a programmable and scalable neuromorphic engine (NeuE) that utilizes arrays of specialized neural computational elements to execute the FALCON-based classifier models for diverse datasets. The structure of FALCON facilitates the reuse of nodes while scaling up from small classification problems to larger ones thus allowing us to construct classifier implementations that are significantly more efficient. We evaluate our approach for a 12-object classification task on the Caltech101 dataset and ten-object task on CIFAR-10 dataset by constructing FALCON models on the NeuE platform in 45-nm technology. Our results demonstrate up to $3.66\boldsymbol \times $ improvement in energy-efficiency for no loss in output quality, and even higher improvements of up to $5.91\boldsymbol \times $ with 3.9% accuracy loss compared to an optimized baseline network. In addition, FALCON shows an improvement in training time of up to $1.96\boldsymbol \times $ as compared to the traditional classification approach.
TREATMENT OF IDIOPATHIC CLUBFOOT USING THE PONSETI METHOD: TEN-YEAR UK OUTCOME

Aim 10 years after the introduction of the Ponseti casting regimen as standard treatment for idiopathic clubfoot at Alder Hey Children9s Hospital, we reviewed the mid-term outcomes of the initial 2-year cohort (treated from 2002–2004) Method 100 feet were treated in 66 patients. 61 of the 100 feet have been prospectively reviewed on an annual/ bi-annual basis since successful correction, with outcomes of the remaining feet obtained by retrospective analysis. Results 96 feet responded to initial casting; of these, 31 had a recurrence within the first 2 years (16 of which were successfully treated by repeat casting and/or tenotomy and/or transfer of the tendon of tibialis anterior, the remaining 15 requiring extensive soft tissue release). 12 feet developed recurrence after 2 years (9 of whom were successfully treated with transfer of tibialis anterior tendon and 3 of whom required extensive soft tissue release) Mean dorsiflexion at average follow-up of 9 years is 15 degrees (95% CI 12.96 to 17.04) and mean abduction 41 degrees. (95%CI 37.65 to 45.07). Conclusion The Ponseti regimen is a successful treatment option for the management of idiopathic clubfoot. The majority of recurrences occur in the first two years and so close follow-up should be undertaken during this period. The importance of strict compliance with boots and bars must be emphasised to parents at this treatment stage. These mid-term outcomes have highlighted that, although fewer recurrences occur after the first two years, it is difficult to predict which feet might recur; consequently, we recommend following children up in an annual/bi-annual fashion until their skeletal maturity.
On bounded rationality in cyber-physical systems security: Game-theoretic analysis with application to smart grid protection

In this paper, a general model for cyber-physical systems (CPSs), that captures the diffusion of attacks from the cyber layer to the physical system, is studied. In particular, a game-theoretic approach is proposed to analyze the interactions between one defender and one attacker over a CPS. In this game, the attacker launches cyber attacks on a number of cyber components of the CPS to maximize the potential harm to the physical system while the system operator chooses to defend a number of cyber nodes to thwart the attacks and minimize potential damage to the physical side. The proposed game explicitly accounts for the fact that both attacker and defender can have different computational capabilities and disparate levels of knowledge of the system. To capture such bounded rationality of attacker and defender, a novel approach inspired from the behavioral framework of cognitive hierarchy theory is developed. In this framework, the defender is assumed to be faced with an attacker that can have different possible thinking levels reflecting its knowledge of the system and computational capabilities. To solve the game, the optimal strategies of each attacker type are characterized and the optimal response of the defender facing these different types is computed. This general approach is applied to smart grid security considering wide area protection with energy markets implications. Numerical results show that a deviation from the Nash equilibrium strategy is beneficial when the bounded rationality of the attacker is considered. Moreover, the results show that the defender's incentive to deviate from the Nash equilibrium decreases when faced with an attacker that has high computational ability.
A Test of the “News Diversity” Standard: Single Frames, Multiple Frames, and Values Regarding the Ukraine Conflict

The present study adds to the framing literature by providing a test of Mauro Porto’s “News Diversity” standard for professional journalism: providing multiple, equally persuasive frames in every n...
General Forms of Finite Population Central Limit Theorems with Applications to Causal Inference

ABSTRACTFrequentists’ inference often delivers point estimators associated with confidence intervals or sets for parameters of interest. Constructing the confidence intervals or sets requires understanding the sampling distributions of the point estimators, which, in many but not all cases, are related to asymptotic Normal distributions ensured by central limit theorems. Although previous literature has established various forms of central limit theorems for statistical inference in super population models, we still need general and convenient forms of central limit theorems for some randomization-based causal analyses of experimental data, where the parameters of interests are functions of a finite population and randomness comes solely from the treatment assignment. We use central limit theorems for sample surveys and rank statistics to establish general forms of the finite population central limit theorems that are particularly useful for proving asymptotic distributions of randomization tests under th...
CEMENTING THE PERFECT HIP: BOTH SIDES NOW

A) Mastering the Art of Cemented Femoral Stem Fixation Introduction: Fixation of cemented femoral stems is reproducible and provides excellent early recovery of hip function in patients 60–80 years old. The durability of fixation has been evaluated up to 20 years with 90% survivorship. The mode of failure of fixation of cemented total hip arthroplasty is multifactorial; however, good cementing techniques and reduction of polyethylene wear have been shown to reduce its incidence. The importance of surface roughness for durability of fixation is controversial. This presentation will describe my personal experience with the cemented femoral stem over 30 years with 3 designs and surface roughness (RA) ranging from 30–150 microinches. Results: Since 1978, three series of cemented THA have been prospectively followed using periodic clinical and radiographic evaluations. All procedures were performed by the author using the posterior approach. Excellent results were noted and Kaplan-Meier survivorship ranged from 90% to 99.5% in the best case scenario at 10–20 year follow-up. Conclusion: With a properly-designed femoral stem, good cement technique, proper cement mantle, and surface roughness of 30–40 microinches, the cemented femoral stem provides a durable hip replacement in patients 60 to 80 years of age with up to 95% survivorship at 10 to 20 years. B) Cemented Primary Acetabulum Introduction: I am going to present a technique of cementing an all-polyethylene socket, a brief review of our clinical experience, and all-polyethylene socket design features. Since 1991, we have been using direct compression molded polyethylene sockets. The minimum thickness of polyethylene is 8 mm. We keep the socket orientation at 45 degrees of lateral opening and 15 degrees of anteversion. The preparation of the socket involves multiple fixation holes with Midas Rex. The bone is cleaned with water lavage and heated cement. Radiographic Features: The cement/bone interface has been classified into three types on radiographs. Type 1 has a perfect merge of the cement into the cancellous bone in all three zones. Type III interface shows radiolucency in one or more zones. A commonly asked question is, “is this technique reproducible?” The answer is yes. Our Data: We have looked at our all-polyethylene socket from 1992 to 1998 and the total number of hips are over 1,000, with a follow-up of 2–8 years. We have not revised a single socket for fixation failure. Summary: A cemented socket is indicated in patients 60 years and older with a diagnosis of osteoarthritis. Relative contraindications are excessive bleeding, extensive cyst formation, weak cancellous bone such as in rheumatoid, JRA, DDH, and protrusion patients. Cemented THA in patients 60 years and older with DJD and molded all-polyethylene cup have provided the best results in terms of a high degree of reproducibility, high quality of function, and durability.
Joint modeling of bottle use, daily milk intake from bottles, and daily energy intake in toddlers

ABSTRACTThe current study follows an educational intervention on bottle-weaning to simultaneously evaluate effects of the bottle-weaning intervention on reducing bottle use, daily milk intake from bottles, and daily energy intake in toddlers aged 11–13 months. In this paper, we propose to use shared parameter models and random effects models to model these outcomes jointly. Our joint models consist of two submodels: a two-part submodel for modeling the odds of bottle use and the intensity of daily milk intake from bottles, and a linear mixed submodel for modeling the intensity of daily energy intake. The two submodels are linked by either shared random effects or separate but correlated random effects. We investigate whether the intervention effects, parameter estimates, and model fit differ between shared parameter models and random effects models.
Revealing the vectors of cellular identity with single-cell genomics

Single-cell genomics has now made it possible to create a comprehensive atlas of human cells. At the same time, it has reopened definitions of a cell's identity and of the ways in which identity is regulated by the cell's molecular circuitry. Emerging computational analysis methods, especially in single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), have already begun to reveal, in a data-driven way, the diverse simultaneous facets of a cell's identity, from discrete cell types to continuous dynamic transitions and spatial locations. These developments will eventually allow a cell to be represented as a superposition of 'basis vectors', each determining a different (but possibly dependent) aspect of cellular organization and function. However, computational methods must also overcome considerable challenges-from handling technical noise and data scale to forming new abstractions of biology. As the scale of single-cell experiments continues to increase, new computational approaches will be essential for constructing and characterizing a reference map of cell identities.
The U.S. Government Manual in XML: A Case Study of a Data.gov Open Data Set

ABSTRACTA central tenet of the open data movement is that, to the extent permitted by law, data—especially data collected or produced by government agencies—should be published without restrictions on access or reuse. Proponents of open data believe that unrestricted access to raw data yields many benefits to society, including increased organizational transparency, accountability, public engagement with democratic processes, and economic growth. This article presents a case study based on one of the data sets created under the federal government's open data program, an XML version of the United States Government Manual published by the Office of the Federal Register. Working with the Government Manual data set uncovered various quality issues that presented technical barriers to data reuse, despite its compliance with open data principles of formatting and licensing. This experience raises questions about the purported link between open data and its promised benefits, which I discuss within the wider con...