cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Background light scattering in optical fibers

At low frequencies the forward light scattering spectrum of optical fibers is dominated by several series of lines associated with thermally excited elastic eigenmodes of the cylindrical fiber structure.1 However in fibers where these lines are narrow, i.e., in aluminum jacketed or stripped fibers, a background light scattering component can be detected between them. This new component is also present in the backward light scattering spectrum. Since momentum conservation greatly increases the Brillouin scattering frequencies in the backscattering geometry, the spectrum of background light scattering is not obscured by the lines from the elastic eigenmodes, and the background component can be isolated and studied quantitatively.
A Mathematical Programming Formulation for Optimal Load Shifting of Electricity Demand for the Smart Grid

We describe the background and an analytical framework for a mathematical optimization model for home energy management systems (HEMS) to manage electricity demand on the smart grid by efficiently shifting electricity loads of households from peak times to off-peak times. We illustrate the flexibility of the model by modularizing various available technologies such as plug-in electric vehicles, battery storage, and automatic windows. First, the analysis shows that the end-user can accrue economic benefits by shifting consumer loads away from higher-priced periods. Specifically, we assessed the most likely sources of value to be derived from demand response technologies. Therefore, wide adoption of such modeling could create significant cost savings for consumers. Second, the findings are promising for the further development of more intelligent HEMS in the residential sector. Third, we formulated a smart grid valuation framework that is helpful for interpreting the model's results concerning the efficiency of current smart appliances and their respective prices. Finally, we explain the model's benefits, the major concerns when the model is applied in the real world, and the possible future areas that can be explored.
Topological recursive relations in H2g(ℳg,n)

We show that any degree at least g monomial in descendant or tautological classes vanishes on ℳg,n when g≥2. This generalizes a result of Looijenga and proves a version of Getzler’s conjecture. The method we use is the study of the relative Gromov-Witten invariants of ℙ1 relative to two points combined with the degeneration formulas of [IP1].
Mental Retardation Management

President Ford told us during his administration that he had bad news concerning our economy, but that our nation was better able than ever to meet the people’s needs, that to do so we must reduce government spending, energy consumption, and dependence on foreign oil, put all our people to work, and increase productivity. He also emphasized that “international cooperation is a vital fact of our lives today.”
A Systematic Review of Biological Mechanisms of Fatigue in Chronic Illness

Fatigue, a commonly reported symptom, is defined as an overwhelming, debilitating, and sustained sense of exhaustion that decreases the ability to function and carry out daily activities. To date, cancer researchers have been in the forefront in investigating the possible biological mechanisms of fatigue, identifying inflammation, dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, and activation of the autonomic nervous system. The purpose of this systematic review is to describe fatigue and what is known about the biological mechanisms described in cancer in five chronic, noninfectious illnesses: heart failure, multiple sclerosis, chronic kidney disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. We searched PubMed and EMBASE using fatigue as a major Medical subject headings (MeSH) heading with each individual disease added as a search term followed by each biological mechanism. We included only primary research articles published in English between 1996 and 2016 describing studies conducted in adult humans. We identified 26 relevant articles. While there is some evidence that the biological mechanisms causing fatigue in cancer are also associated with fatigue in other chronic illnesses, more research is needed to explore inflammation, the HPA axis, and the autonomic nervous system, and other mechanisms in relation to fatigue in a variety of chronic illnesses.
Landscape Ecology as a Basis for Protecting Threatened Landscapes

In human dominated environments it seems more and more clear that the mitigation of the human impact and the conservation of the ecodiversity of the systems are priority goals to assure sustainable development. Most of the principles and paradigms used in landscape ecology may be applied to preserve threatened landscapes inside and outside parks and protected areas. The hierarchical and scaled approach of this discipline, combined with the study of the land mosaic, are essential to track processes that occur at different spatial and temporal scales in a complex environment in which different disturbance regimes occur. The capacity to take into account natural as well as human processes appears to be the distinctive attribute of landscape ecology.
Melanoma stem cells: the past, present and future

Metastatic melanoma is a cancer that is notoriously difficult to treat due to its ability to form resistance to various treatment regimens Cancer stem cells represent a population of tumor cells capable of self renewal and differentiation capable of maintaining the tumor and capable of resisting treatment Melanoma stem cells have also been identified with increasing amounts of information being elucidated about these cells over the past decade Therapeutic targeting of stem cells will be a key component in the fight against malignant melanoma and other cancers in the future
A research survey in stepping-stone intrusion detection

Attackers on the Internet often launch network intrusions through compromised hosts, called stepping-stones, in order to reduce the chance of being detected. In a stepping-stone attack, an intruder uses a chain of hosts on the Internet as relay machines and remotely log in these hosts using tools such as telnet, rlogin, or SSH. A benefit of using stepping-stones to launch attacks is that intruders can be hidden by a long interactive session. Since each interactive TCP session between a client and a server is independent of other sessions even though the sessions may be relayed, so accessing a server via multiple relayed TCP sessions can make it much harder to tell the intruder’s geographical location unless all the compromised servers collaborate with each other and work efficiently. Due to such a nature of TCP protocol, the final victim host can only see the traffic from the last session of the connection chain, and it is extremely difficult for the victim host to learn any information about the origin of the attack. This paper provides a research survey in the area of stepping-stone intrusion detection. Most of the significant approaches developed by far for stepping-stone intrusion detection are included in this paper. These detection methods are put into two categories: host-based and network-based (i.e., connection-chain based), according to whether multiple hosts in the connection chain are involved in the design of detection algorithms. In each category, the detection algorithms are divided into several different subsections based on the key techniques used in the algorithms. At the end of the paper, several important and challenging open problems are proposed in this area.
Motorless Microtracking for Rooftop CPV

Planar microtracking concentrating photovoltaic systems allow higher power generation in area-constrained applications. Maintaining the form factor of traditional solar panels requires a high-accuracy integrated lateral-microtracking system. We constructed a shape memory alloy-based actuator which can translate the microcells between a catadioptric pair of lenslet arrays using a few of the cells offset for feedback. This motorless approach provides a simple mechanical microtracking system with $10~\mu \mathrm {m}$ precision over a 14mm throw powered by $ < 1$ % of the panel-generated power.
Applying Machine Learning Techniques to Identify the Influential Factors of Students’ Abilities to Apply Statistics Mathematics and Engineering Knowledge

This Research to Practice Full Paper deals with the influential factors related to application of courses by the students. There are a large number of factors affecting students’ abilities to apply knowledge of statistics, mathematics, and engineering. Even though the literature is replete with various methods to identify such factors, there is little research dedicated to exploring the influential factors using machine learning methods. Based on 200+ students’ responses to senior exit survey, this study explored the influential factors using random forest approach. The variable of ‘time spent at CPP (Cal Poly Pomona) towards obtaining a degree’ turned out to be the most important in influencing the students’ abilities at concerned subjects. This was followed by the time of sitting for EIT (Engineer in training) exam and the engagement of students in different clubs. Clearly, as per the self-assessment of students, their time devoted at CPP and their self-confidence in undertaking the EIT significantly influence their perception of statistics, mathematics and engineering knowledge. This study demonstrated that the random forest approach may be beneficial in such analysis and may be combined with the conventional methods such as multinomial logit regression to devise more informed strategies by the faculty and administration to improve student outcomes.
The Pathogenesis of Autologous Immune Complex Glomerulonephritis in Rats

Over 11 years has elapsed since the term autologous immune complex nephritis (AICN) was initially proposed to describe the pathogenetic mechanisms operative in an experimental membranous glomerulopathy induced in rats by active immunization with renal tubular epithelial (RTE) antigens in Freund’s complete adjuvant. In this experimental model, which was originally described by Heymann and co-workers (Heymann et al., 1959), it was envisaged that circulating immune complexes (CIC) composed of autoantibodies to a specific proximal RTE antigen (designated RTE α5) and autologous RTE α5 deposited continuously in the glomerular capillaries (Edgington et al., 1967a). These CIC ultimately localized in the subepithelial space and provoked the typical morphologic and clinical features of membranous glomerulopathy including granular deposits of immunoglobulin and subepithelial electron-dense deposits in glomeruli (Glassock et al., 1968). Since then, a number of additional autologous antigen-antibody systems capable of evoking glomerular injury have been described in both animals and man (Naruse et al., 1973; Couser et al., 1974; O’Regan et al., 1976).
Pyrimidines and Cyclic Trinucleotides Join the Second Messenger Symphony.

In recent work, Whiteley et al. (2019) define a family of bacterial nucleotidyltransferases (CD-NTases) capable of synthesizing pyrimidine containing cyclic dinucleotides and cyclic trinucleotides. CD-NTases are broadly distributed across bacterial phyla, suggesting that they play important roles in bacterial physiology and modulation of the metazoan host innate immune system.
Post Extubation Airway Conditions after Direct Laryngoscopic Biopsy: A Comparative Evaluation between Lignocaine Nebulization and Lignocaine Lozenges - A Randomized Trial.

Context Postextubation airway complications are one of the most undesired side effects of airway manipulation. Pharmacological and nonpharmacological measures have been utilized for minimizing the morbidity. Lignocaine lozenges, a new modality, used to reduce post-extubation airway complications is an area yet to be explored. Aims The aim of this study is to evaluate and compare the effects of lignocaine nebulization versus lignocaine lozenges in decreasing immediate postextubation airway complications in patients presenting for direct laryngoscopic biopsy. Settings and design This randomized study was conducted at tertiary care teaching hospital in northern state of India. Subjects and methods A total of 90 patients, 40-70 years, the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status Classes I, II, and III of either sex, posted for elective direct laryngoscopic biopsy, requiring general anesthesia with endotracheal intubation were included and randomly divided into groups (n = 30) to receive lignocaine nebulization (Group A), lignocaine lozenge (Group B), control (Group C). The patients were assessed for a cough after extubation after 5 min then every 10 min up to 30 min postextubation. Statistical analysis used Categorical variables were compared using the Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test and continuous variables by using one-way Analysis of variance and Kruskal-Wallis test, respectively. Results Comparison of a cough at various time intervals starting from extubation up to 30 min in post-extubation period was highly significant in between groups. Among Group A (lignocaine nebulization) 33% of patients had a decrease in the severity of a cough within the first 5 min; although among Group B (Lignocaine Lozenges), the decrease in the severity of a cough (40%) was more as compared to that of Group A. Similar decrease in the severity of a cough was observed through various time interval from 10 min to 30 min postextubation. After 30 min, 73% of patients in Group A and 76% of patients in Group B had an incidence of a decrease in the severity of cough. Conclusions Lignocaine Lozenges have been found to have a better result.
Application of the transfer matrix approximation for wave propagation in a metafluid representing an acoustic black hole duct termination

Abstract The transfer matrix method has been proposed to analyze the acoustic black hole effect in duct terminations. The latter is achieved by placing a retarding waveguide structure inside the duct, which consists in a set of rings whose inner radii decrease to zero following a power law. The rings are separated by thin air cavities. If the number of ring-cavity ensembles is large enough, wave propagation inside the waveguide can be treated as a continuous problem. A governing differential equation can be derived for the acoustic black hole which intrinsically relies on assumptions from transfer matrix theory. However, no formal demonstration exists showing that the transfer matrix solution is consistent and formally tends to the solution of the continuous problem. Proving such consistency is the main goal of the paper and an original option has been adopted to this purpose. First, we prove the differential equation for the acoustic black hole is identical to the wave equation for a metafluid with a power-law varying density. Transfer matrices are then applied to solve wave propagation in a discretization of the metafluid into layers of constant density. It is shown that when the number of layers tends to infinity and their thicknesses to zero, the transfer matrix solution satisfies the metafluid equation and therefore the acoustic black hole one. The transfer matrices for the metafluid discrete layers take a particularly simple form, which is a great advantage. This work allows one to interpret the retarding waveguide structure as a particular realization of the metafluid.
Automatic target recognition of aerial vehicles based on synthetic SAR imagery using hybrid stacked denoising auto-encoders

Deep learning classifiers, particularly, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), have been demonstrated to be very effective in the area of SAR automatic target recognition (ATR). Despite of this achievement, there is still a problem with proper classification of target objects from their speckled SAR imagery. In this paper, we address this technical challenge by implementing a two-step Hybrid Stacked Denoising Auto-Encoder (HSDAE) as an effective holistic denoiser and classifier model. Since there is no publically available comprehensive real or synthetic SAR dataset of aerial vehicles, we primarily employed the IRIS Electromagnetic modeling and simulation system to generate the required synthetic noisy SAR images from an array of test physics-based CAD models placed in different operating environments. Our generated test dataset contains synthetically generated SAR images of more than 300 aerial and ground vehicles. These images are systematically scanned from various azimuth and elevation angles as well as from different ranges and in different operating environments. They are regarded as the ground truth object radiation backscattering reflectivity map of test objects. Furthermore, these images are modulated with appropriate additive multiplicative noise to form speckled SAR images. Using a partial collection of ground-truth test vehicles images along with their corresponding speckled SAR images, we train a two-step concurrent denoising auto encoder followed by a CNN model to classify vehicles. Through the initial step, a denoising operation in performed and the test objects’ features like shape, size, and orientation attributes are recovered from any given input speckled SAR images. The output image from this denoising process is next passed as input to a CNN classifier for performing object recognition and classification. In this paper, we presented the architecture of HSDAE and its variants and compare their performances. Our results indicate the proposed HSDAE meets higher accuracy and repeatability for recognizing and classifying the target objects under different operating conditions.
A portable papertronic sensing system for rapid, high-throughput, and visual screening of bacterial electrogenicity.

Electrogenic bacteria or exoelectrogens can transfer electrons to extracellular electron acceptors and thus have a wide range of applications to the ever-emerging fields of bioenergy, bioremediation, and biosensing. Standard state-of-the-art techniques for screening of electrogenic bacteria are inefficient, and often prevent rapid, high-throughput analyses. Herein, we created a simple, rapid, and straightforward papertronic 4- and 16-channel sensing platforms that is connected to a visual readout, allowing the naked eye to evaluate and quantify direct bacterial electrogenic capabilities. Our system integrated multiple 2-electrode sensing units into a signal amplifier circuit connected to light-emitting diode (LED) reporting units. The current generated from electrogenic bacteria in the sensing unit was amplified by the transistor and was transduced into LED illumination. The sensing units incorporated on the paper-based printed circuit boards (PCBs) absorbed bacteria-laden suspensions through capillary action, allowing for a rapid assessment (<2 min) of their electrogenic potential. Two well-known exoelectrogens, Shewanella oneidensis MR1 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA01, and many other mutants of the latter were selected to demonstrate the practicality of the proposed sensor. The effectiveness for on-site and portable measurements was validated by testing solid wastewater samples randomly obtained from the environment. Thus, the system described in this work highlights a novel form of a scalable, high-throughput sensing array for simple and rapid quantification of bacterial electrogenicity.
Dissipative and nonunitary solutions of operator commutation relations

We study the (generalized) semi-Weyl commutation relations UgAU* g = g(A) on Dom(A), where A is a densely defined operator and G ∋ g ↦ Ug is a unitary representation of the subgroup G of the affine group G, the group of affine orientation-preserving transformations of the real axis. If A is a symmetric operator, then the group G induces an action/flow on the operator unit ball of contracting transformations from Ker(A* - iI) to Ker(A* + iI). We establish several fixed-point theorems for this flow. In the case of one-parameter continuous subgroups of linear transformations, self-adjoint (maximal dissipative) operators associated with the fixed points of the flow yield solutions of the (restricted) generalized Weyl commutation relations. We show that in the dissipative setting, the restricted Weyl relations admit a variety of representations that are not unitarily equivalent. For deficiency indices (1, 1), the basic results can be strengthened and set in a separate case.
Characterizing interactions between the microtubule-binding protein CLIP-170 and F-actin

Abstract The cooperation between the actin and microtubule (MT) cytoskeletons is important for cellular processes such as cell migration and muscle cell development. Full understanding of how this cooperation occurs has yet to be sufficiently developed. The MT plus-end tracking protein (+TIP) CLIP-170 has been implicated in this actin-MT coordination by associating with the actin-binding signaling protein IQGAP1, and by promoting actin polymerization through binding with formins. Thus far, CLIP-170’s interactions with actin were assumed to be indirect. Here, we demonstrate that CLIP-170 can bind to filamentous actin (F-actin) directly. The affinity is relatively weak, but is strong enough to be significant in the actin-rich cortex, where actin concentrations can be extremely high. Using CLIP-170 fragments and mutants, we show that the direct CLIP-170:actin interaction is independent of the FEED domain, the region that mediates formin-dependent actin polymerization, and that the CLIP-170 F-actin-binding region overlaps with the MT-binding region. Consistent with these observations, in vitro competition assays indicate that CLIP-170:F-actin and CLIP-170:MT interactions are mutually exclusive. Taken together, these observations lead us to speculate that direct CLIP-170:F-actin interactions may function to reduce the stability of MTs in actin-rich regions of the cell, as previously proposed for EB1.
ARTHROSCOPIC TREATMENT OF POSTERIOR ANKLE IMPINGEMENT IN PEDIATRIC ATHLETES AND ITS OUTCOMES - A PROSPECTIVE STUDY:

Background:Posterior ankle impingement (PAI) is a known cause of posterior ankle pain in athletes performing repetitive plantarflexion motions, such as in soccer. Even though it is well-described i...
E-081 Susceptibility – Weighted imaging findings in experimental acute ischemic stroke model

Purpose Assessment of the ischemic penumbra is essential in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. This work sought to study the hyperacute changes on ischemic regions on the susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) using a controlled large animal experimental middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion model. Methods Eleven mongrel canines (20-30kg) underwent permanent endovascular occlusion of the M1 segment of MCA. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was acquired on a 3T unit (Achieva, Philips Healthcare, Best, Netherlands) and included SWI and DTI starting one-hour post-MCA occlusion (MCAO). DSC perfusion MRI was subsequently acquired. Regions of interest (ROIs) were manually drawn using the Image J software (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland) corresponding to the MCA territory of each hemisphere based on previously reported canine anatomic studies. An independent samples t-test was conducted to compare the mean signal intensity on the MCA territory of the ischemic region and the contralateral non-ischemic region. The Mean diffusivity maps and DSC perfusion were compared to the SWI images. Results Signal intensity was consistently lower in the ischemic territory compared to the non-ischemic territory. There was a significant difference in the mean signal intensity on the ischemic region (M=1,517.51, SD=104.50) vs. the non-ischemic region (M=1,676.54, SD=81.91); P-value= 0.0007. Qualitatively, the images revealed larger cortical and medullary veins in the ischemic territory. Mean diffusivity images, cerebral blood volume, and cerebral blood flow maps did not consistently match the extent of the SWI signal loss, whereas MTT and Tmax maps consistently matched the area of signal loss on SWI. Conclusion In the hyperacute stages of MCAO, SWI images display a consistent and significant signal drop relative to the unaffected side. This signal drop is suspected to result from the paramagnetic effect of deoxyhemoglobin and venodilation and thus an indirect means of visualizing tissue hypoxia. Disclosures N. Saadat: None. G. Christoforidis: 1; C; NIH. M. Niekrasz: None. S. Roth: 1; C; NIH. T. Carroll: 1; C; NIH.
Quantification of Pb pollution sources in complex urban environments through a multi-source isotope mixing model based on Pb isotopes in lichens and road sediment.

Abstract Despite a growing focus on anthropogenic toxic metal pollution in urban environments, few studies have addressed the problem of quantification when more than two pollution sources are likely present, particularly within complex urban settings in the United States (U.S.). In this study, we utilize the MixSIAR package in R for source apportionment based on Pb isotopic signatures in lichen and road sediment in two urban-industrial centers in SW Ohio (OH). We show that ranges of pollutant contributions are more useful than only visualizing mean or raw values of source apportionment, because this avoids overinterpretation of data when certain sources have a large range of uncertainty. We point out both the dominance of industrial pollution as well as the legacy of leaded gasoline pollution in typical mid-sized U.S. cities, which is evident in both road sediment and lichens. Leaded gasoline contribution to Pb in Middletown, OH lichens mostly vary between ~10 and 25%, while in Hamilton, OH the contribution to lichens and road sediment tends to be relatively negligible except for two road sediment samples and one lichen sample, where median contributions are ~20–30%. Industrial combustion pollution source contributions vary between ~25 and 75% in Hamilton, and ~50–100% in Middletown, OH. Furthermore, comparing pollution sources in lichens to modern particulate matter can provide a record of how pollutant sources change over time, such as our traffic lichen (Sample Li-9) plotting closer to leaded gasoline on a bivariate mixing diagram than modern traffic particulate matter, or our coke plant lichen containing slightly less Pb contribution from industrial combustion sources relative to modern coke plant particulate matter. Lastly, when applicable, multi-source mixing models should be complimented in future studies with additional isotopic source tracers such as Cu, Zn, Nd, and Os to further elucidate unique sources of metal pollutants in addition to Pb.
Abstract 18787: Hypertension Treatment and Control Rates in United States Adults by Risk Group

Introduction: Ten-year cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk and absolute benefit from antihypertensive therapy vary at any given BP based on associated risk factor levels. Thus, implications of treatment and control rates at a particular BP vary substantially in different risk groups. Objectives: We examined the prevalence, treatment, and control of hypertension (HTN) by risk group in US adults without prevalent CVD. Methods: We used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005 to 2010 for adults age 40-79 years without prevalent CVD (n=4,066). We estimated 10-year risk for an atherosclerotic CVD (ASCVD) event using the ACC/AHA 2013 Pooled Cohort risk equations. We examined HTN treatment and control rates according to current guidelines in middle-aged (40-59 years) and older (60-79 years) adults with: 10-year ASCVD risk Results: The proportion of adults with treatment-eligible HTN was 39.3% for those with 10-year ASCVD risk Conclusions: US HTN guidelines, based solely on BP thresholds, identify a higher proportion of low-risk adults and a lower proportion of high-risk adults as being eligible for treatment. Control rates remain suboptimal in high-risk individuals, particularly middle-aged adults. Future guidelines should consider pre-treatment risk stratification to identify those at increased pretreatment ASCVD risk who would benefit most from more intensive therapy.
Metabolic α-Hydroxylation of the Tobacco-specific Carcinogen, N′-Nitrosonornicotine

Abstract The metabolism of the tobacco-specific carcinogen, N′ -nitrosonornicotine, was studied in the rat. Emphasis was placed on metabolic α-hydroxylation, which is a likely activation pathway for this compound. Since α-hydroxynitrosamines are unstable, the hydrolyses of the model compounds 2′-acetoxy- N′ -nitrosonomicotine and 5′-acetoxy- N′ -nitrosonomicotine were studied to determine the products resulting from decomposition of 2′-hydroxy- N′ -nitrosonornicotine and 5′-hydroxy- N′ -nitrosonornicotine. Hydrolysis of 2′-acetoxy- N′ -nitrosonornicotine gave myosmine (50 to 60%) and 4-hydroxy-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (5 to 10%) as the main products, whereas 5′-acetoxy- N′ -nitrosonornicotine yielded predominantly 2-hydroxy-5-(3-pyridyl)tetrahydrofuran (60 to 70%). Hydrolysis of an additional model compound for 2′-hydroxylation, 4-( N -carbethoxy- N -nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone also gave 4-hydroxy-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (50 to 60%). These results support the intermediacy of electrophilic diazohydroxides and/or carbonium ions in the decomposition of 2′-hydroxy- N′ -nitrosonornicotine and 5′-hydroxy- N′ -nitrosonornicotine. These electrophiles may be active forms of N′ -nitrosonornicotine since all three model compounds were mutagenic towards Salmonella typhimurium TA 100 without enzymatic activation. To demonstrate metabolic α-hydroxylation of N′ -nitrosonornicotine, the products of decomposition of 2′-hydroxy- N′ -nitrosonornicotine and 5′-hydroxy- N′ -nitrosonornicotine were identified as metabolites. When N′ -[2′- 14 C]nitrosonornicotine was incubated with rat liver microsomes, O 2 , and a reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-generating system, 4-hydroxy-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone and 2-hydroxy-5-(3-pyridyl)tetrahydrofuran were identified as their 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone derivatives. Myosmine was also formed in vitro . When male F-344 rats were given s.c. Injections of N′ -[2′- 14 C]nitrosonornicotine, 73 to 85% of the dose appeared in the 48-hr urine. The major metabolites resulting from α-hydroxylation of N′ -nitrosonornicotine in vivo were 4-(3-pyridyl)-4-oxobutyric acid, 4-hydroxy-4-(3-pyridyl)-butyric acid, and 5-(3-pyridyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-one which are metabolic oxidation products of 4-hydroxy-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone and 2-hydroxy-5-(3-pyridyl)tetrahydrofuran.
Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) Superfluid Helium Tank Temperature Control

The Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) was launched into a polar orbit from Vandenberg Air Force Base, California on January 25, 1983. It presently has an estimated lifetime of nearly a year1. The infrared detectors are cooled to a temperature less than 3 K by thermal coupling1,2 to the main cryogenic tank (MCT) containing superfluid helium. A porous plug built into the vent line entrance acts as a superfluid helium liquid/vapor separator in zero-g. The plug was designed to require a small pressure drop across it in order to have a minimum influence on the temperature of the tank. The temperature of the tank is therefore determined mainly by the saturated vapor pressure of the helium, which drives the effluent vapor through the venting path as depicted schematically in Fig. 1. Satellite data on the venting performance in space corresponds well with the predictions based on the laboratory characterization of the plug and vent path impedances.
Strings and membranes in electron theory

We discuss some results in the extended models of the electron to achieve a finite self energy .
The "generalized bilinear system" : a class of nonlinear discrete systems

A new class of nonlinear discrete-time systems is formulated and called the "Generalized Bilinear System (GBLS)". The well known bilinear system is a special class of this system, and hence the reason for the name. The GBLS is investigated for bounded input bounded output (BIBO) stability. It is shown that the GBLS is a special class of linear shift variant (LSV) systems. Three different sufficient conditions are established for the stability of LSV systems. Two of these conditions can be used in a very straightforward manner for monitoring the stability of a GBLS used as an adaptive filter. >
Noninvasive imaging of reporter gene expression in living subjects.

Abstract The development of noninvasive imaging technologies designed specifically for use with small animals has provided new paradigms for cancer research. Traditional molecular biology techniques are being melded with noninvasive imaging technologies to develop a new research domain, “molecular imaging.” One of the most exciting advances in this research area is the adaptation and application of conventional reporter-gene imaging techniques, used extensively by cell and molecular biologists, to living animals. Using these new assays, investigators can image noninvasively, repeatedly, and quantitatively the location, magnitude, and duration of reporter-gene expression in living animals. This review will describe the instrumentation used for noninvasive imaging of reporter genes, the reporter genes developed for noninvasive imaging with radio-nuclide-based assays such as positron emission tomography, and the reporter genes used for optically based noninvasive assays using sensitive charged-coupled device cameras. Applications of noninvasive, whole-animal imaging to gene therapy for cancer, to cell-based therapy for cancer, to lymphocyte activation, to cancer progression and dissemination in engrafted models, to tumor initiation, promotion and metastasis in conditional murine models of cancer induction, and to the noninvasive monitoring of tumor responses to a variety of therapies are described. New developments in multimodality molecular imaging are discussed, and the potential utility of noninvasive reporter gene expression in the diagnosis and management of human cancer is presented.
Chapter 13 An ascending general homeostatic afferent pathway originating in lamina I

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the major second-order central projection system that appears to have a fundamental role as a general homeostatic afferent system. It shows that projections from lamina I of the dorsal horn distribute activity originating from small-diameter input to several neural levels. This activity is functionally specific and relevant to the roles of the targeted regions in the physiological maintenance of the integrity of the body—that is, in homeostasis. Because lamina I projections convey such activity to a discrete nucleus in the primate thalamus and thence to insular cortex, in addition to spinal and brainstem levels. The chapter also reviews (1) the peripheral and central inputs to lamina I, (2) the physiological and morphological organization of lamina I, and (3) the projections of lamina I to spinal and supraspinal components of the autonomic and limbic systems. These findings are discussed with respect to the fundamental role of lamina I in relaying small-diameter afferent input from the body.
Self-focusing and Self-defocusing of Femtosecond Pulses with Cascaded Quadratic Nonlinearities

Nonlinear phase shifts, either self-focusing or self-defocusing, can be impressed on pulses that propagate in quadratic nonlinear media. The issues that arise in the extension of these phase shifts to the femtosecond regime are outlined in this chapter, and applications to femtosecond pulse generation and propagation are reviewed. Quadratic media appear to be unique in offering a means of impressing self-defocusing nonlinear phase shifts on ultrashort pulses. Ongoing work that extends the investigation of controllable nonlinear phase shifts to pulses with a duration of a few optical cycles will be introduced.
A Physiological Role for Amyloid-β Protein: Enhancement of Learning and Memory

Amyloid-beta protein (Abeta) is well recognized as having a significant role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The reason for the presence of Abeta and its physiological role in non-disease states is not clear. In these studies, low doses of Abeta enhanced memory retention in two memory tasks and enhanced acetylecholine production in the hippocampus in vivo. We then tested whether endogenous Abeta has a role in learning and memory in young, cognitively intact mice by blocking endogenous Abeta in healthy 2-month-old CD-1 mice. Blocking Abeta with antibody to Abeta or DFFVG (which blocks Abeta binding) or decreasing Abeta expression with antisense directed at the Abeta precursor, AbetaPP, all resulted in impaired learning in T-maze foot-shock avoidance. Finally, Abeta 1-42 facilitated induction and maintenance of long term potentiation in hippocampal slices, whereas antibodies to Abeta inhibited hippocampal LTP. In conclusion, these results indicate that in normal healthy young animals the presence of Abeta is important for learning and memory.
Judicial Review and Sexual Freedom

Sexual freedoms have become a flashpoint for contemporary controversies surrounding judicial review. The power of an often unelected judiciary to declare acts of a usually elected legislature, or even products of direct democracy, void as unconstitutional, is a prominent feature of constitutionalism in the United States and in some, but not all, other constitutional democracies. Yet judicial review continues to be contested in jurisprudence, political discourse, and in judicial decisions themselves. This article elucidates the mainstream theorizing on judicial review, arguing that it is deficient for three reasons. First, although the debates regarding judicial review refer to sexual freedoms, the theorizing is abstracted from the actual controversies surrounding sexual freedom and often implies that sexual freedom itself is of less consequence than the larger issues at stake. Second, the mainstream jurisprudential debates have mostly failed to incorporate the perspectives of feminist and queer legal theorists, even when such work has been directly relevant. Third, the debates in the United States regarding judicial review often proceed as if the United States is exceptional and sui generis, usually with a reflexive privileging of originalism and historical exegesis. This article addresses these deficiencies by centralizing the substance of the controversies related to judicial review, by incorporating queer and feminist theorizing, and by considering in depth the disparate approaches to judicial review in three jurisdictions often considered at the forefront of sexual freedom: California, the Netherlands, and South Africa. The conclusion posits principles for theorizing judicial review in constitutional democracies in order to promote sexual freedom.
Flash MOS‐HFET operational stability for power converter circuits

The enhancement mode metal oxide semiconductor heterojuntion field effect transistor with a flash gate stack (Flash MOS-HFET) device structure is demonstrated as the switching device in a boost converter circuit operating at 1 MHz. The Flash MOS-HFET device maintains a constant threshold voltage for the duration of circuit operation at temperatures up to 125 °C. This is the first report of Flash MOS-HFET operation at high temperature without charge loss over time resulting in negative threshold voltage shift. The Flash MOS-HFET structure therefore is not limited by charge loss and can be inserted into power electronic device circuits as a traditional enhancement mode device. (© 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Trace resistance and the decay of long-term memory.

Abstract A theory of storage in long-term memory is described which characterizes the trace by two properties: strength and resistance. The theory makes four assumptions: (a) The rate of decay of strength equals the force on the trace divided by the resistance. (b) Force is proportional to trace strength and to the similarity of current traces to the previously established trace. (c) Resistance increases as the square root of trace age. (d) The resistance of a trace transfers completely to subsequent increments. The theory accounts for long-term retention functions over delays from 1 min to 2 yr, long retrograde amnesia, unlearning, effects of multiple learning trials and spacing of practice, and possibly recency judgments and retention functions following relearning.
Superstring Action on AdS Space

We describe the features of the gauge-fixed IIB superstring in adS5 × S5 background with RR 5-form. From a truncated boundary version of it we derive an analytic N = 2 off shell harmonic superspace of Yang-Mills theory.
Space Telescope-System Engineering Management

A key systems engineering tool in the management of the Space Telescope is the use of error budget "margins", or resource reserves, which are put aside and used subsequently either to lower cost or alleviate unforeseen problems. Most margins are used during the design process to act as a resource pool from which to draw in resolving unforeseen technical difficulties or in avoiding cost growth. These error budgets and their margins become the central element in the evolution of a sophisticated space optical system from concept to application. This paper illustrates this by examples drawn from Perkin-Elmer's recent experience with the Space Telescope.© (1981) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Central nervous system Lyme disease.

Lyme disease is a disease caused by the spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi. It is transmitted to humans via a bite from an infected tick. It has several classic stages or categories of illness, including early localized disease, early disseminated disease, and late disease. The focus of this article is on the manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of Lyme disease of the central nervous system. © 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Contrast sensitivity methods for acceptable limits of visual defects in CMOS sensors

This work characterizes three different types of sensor defects, and investigates the applicability of the Contrast Threshold Function (CTF) of the human visual system to the manufacturing test criteria for CMOS image sensors. The sensor defect types characterized are resist streaking, dye color spots, and orange-peel photodiode sensitivity noise. Algorithms are presented to objectively identify and rate the severity of each. Visual evaluations determined the subjective level of detectability and objectionability of each. The spatial frequency and modulation of the defects were measured, and compared with an appropriate CTF. The result is the minimum defect levels noticeable in test images can be almost order-of-magnitude higher than the known CTFs determined for the limits of human visual system sensitivity.
Increased Mortality among Middle-Aged Women after Myocardial Infarction: Searching for Mechanisms and Solutions

Amid growing efforts to understand and improve the treatment of heart disease in women, Vaccarino and colleagues, in this issue, provide sobering evidence regarding the adverse long-term consequenc...
Some mixed orthogonal arrays obtained by orthogonal projection matrices

The method of orthogonal decomposition of projection matrices is used to construct mixed orthogonal arrays of strength two. Several series of tight orthogonal arrays are constructed by using difference schemes. This method is also used to obtain some new 72-run, 100-run, and 108-run orthogonal arrays.
Finding a Place for Genomics in Health Disparities Research

The existence of pronounced differences in health outcomes between US populations is a problem of moral significance and public health urgency. Pursuing research on genetic contributors to such disparities, despite striking data on the fundamental role of social factors, has been controversial. Still, advances in genomic science are providing an understanding of disease biology at a level of precision not previously possible. The potential for genomic strategies to help in addressing population-level disparities therefore needs to be carefully evaluated. Using 3 examples from current research, we argue that the best way to maximize the benefits of population-based genomic investigations, and mitigate potential harms, is to direct research away from the identification of genetic causes of disparities and instead focus on applying genomic methodologies to the development of clinical and public health tools with the potential to ameliorate healthcare inequities, direct population-level health interventions or inform public policy. Such a transformation will require close collaboration between transdisciplinary teams and community members as well as a reorientation of current research objectives to better align genomic discovery efforts with public health priorities and well-recognized barriers to fair health care delivery.
Self-sustained thermally driven nonlinear oscillations in one-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic flow.

Shock wave formation due to heat addition to one- dimensional flow of ideal inviscid conducting monatomic compressible fluid under transverse magnetic field
Glycogen Accumulation in the Parathyroid Gland of the Rat After Fluoride Ingestion

The parathyroid glands of young male rats given 150 ppm fluoride in their drinking water for 10 weeks were examined by transmission electron microscopy. As a result of fluoride ingestion, the parathyroid chief cells of the experimental animals accumulated glycogen in excess of that seen in control animals given distilled drinking water for the same time period. In the majority of active chief cells, glycogen granules were diffusely spread throughout the cytoplasm as single granules or in small deposits. Large aggregations of glycogen granules were also seen within intercellular spaces. Accompanying the increase in glycogen was a rise in the number and development of the organelles associated with protein synthesis and secretion. The accumulation of glycogen is similar to that in hyperparathyroidism caused by chronic stimulation and prolonged secretory activity of the parathyroid gland. The results of this study suggest that increased amounts of glycogen occur in hyperactive chief cells of the parathyroid in response to the ingestion of large doses of fluoride.
A Portable Precision Salinometer for Use with Small Samples

A portable salinometer for use with small bottle samples is described. It is based on the continuous flow principle used in our precision laboratory salinometer. However, (1) it is not thermostatted, instead it has two cells in the same bath and measures the conductivity ratio of sample to standard seawater at the same temperature; (2) the water is drawn from the sample bottle by suction instead of driven by pressure; (3) the required sample is less than 1/10 that of the laboratory model so that standard water can be used continuously as reference; (4) there is no contamination of the rest of the sample, almost the whole of which is available for other measurements. The reading circuit operates on 100-200 Hz square wave current and determines the ratio of conductivity of the measured sample to standard seawater at the same temperature directly. Appropriate trims are provided to compensate for cell constant differences and deviation of the standard seawater from exactly 35 0/00 S.
HEMOLYTIC DISORDERS ASSOCIATED WITH CANCER

Three principal environmental causes of hemolytic anemia in malignancy have been identified: (1) hemolysis mediated by auto-antibodies to red cells; (2) hemolysis due to microangiopathic disorders; and (3) chemotherapy-induced red cell destruction. These three environmental stressors occur rarely in cancer patients, and they form the subject of this review.