cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effective Thermal Conductivity of an Aluminum Foam + Water Two Phase System

This study examined the effect of volume fraction and pore size on the effective thermal conductivity of an aluminum foam and water system. Nine specimens of aluminum foam representing a matrix of three volume fractions (4-8% by vol.) and three pore sizes (2-4 mm) were tested with water to determine relationships to the effective thermal conductivity. It was determined that increases in volume fraction of the aluminum phase were correlated to increases in the effective thermal conductivity. It was not statistically possible to prove that changes in pore size of the aluminum foam correlated to changes in the effective thermal conductivity. However, interaction effects between the volume fraction and pore size of the foam were statistically significant. Ten theoretical models were selected from the published literature to compare against the experimental data. Models by Asaad, Hadley, and de Vries provided effective thermal conductivity predictions within a 95% confidence interval.
The neural cell adhesion molecule L1 potentiates integrin-dependent cell migration to extracellular matrix proteins.

The L1 adhesion molecule regulates axon growth and is mutated in the X-linked mental retardation syndrome CRASH (acronym for corpus callosum agenesis, retardation, aphasia, spastic paraplegia, hydrocephalus). A novel role for L1 as a potentiator of neuronal cell migration to extracellular matrix proteins through β1 integrins and intracellular signaling to mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase was identified. L1 potentiated haptotactic migration of B35 neuroblastoma cells toward fibronectin, vitronectin, and laminin through the signaling intermediates c-Src, phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase, and MAP kinase. L1 potentiated migration toward fibronectin through α5β1 integrin in human embryonic kidney 293 cells and depended on determinants of L1 endocytosis: dynamin I, c-Src, and the AP2/clathrin binding site (Arg-Ser-Leu-Glu) in the neuronal splice form of L1. L1 clustering on the cell surface enhanced the internalization of activated β1 integrins and L1 into distinct endocytic vesicles. L1-potentiated migration, enhancement of β1 integrin endocytosis, and activation of MAP kinase were coordinately inhibited by mutation of an RGD sequence in the sixth immunoglobulin-like domain of L1. Moreover, three CRASH mutations in the L1 cytoplasmic domain (1194L, S1224L, Y1229H), two of which interfere with ankyrin association, inhibited L1-potentiated migration and MAP kinase activation. Function-blocking antibodies to L1 and β1 integrin retarded the migration of 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine-labeled mouse cerebellar granule cells in slice cultures, underscoring the potential physiological relevance of these findings. These studies suggest that L1 functionally interacts with β1 integrins to potentiate neuronal migration toward extracellular matrix proteins through endocytosis and MAP kinase signaling, and that impairment of this function by L1 cytoplasmic domain mutations may contribute to neurological deficits in CRASH.
New Approaches to Soliton Quantization and Existence for Particle Physics

This paper provides mathematical details related to another new paper which suggests: (1) new approaches to the analysis of soliton stability; (2) families of Lagrangian field theories where solitons might possibly exist even without topological charge; (3) alternative approaches to quantizing solitons, with testable nuclear implications. This paper evaluates the possibility of strong energy-minimizing states in four families of systems, two promising and two not promising. In these examples, it presents new methods for second-order stability analysis, and analyzes persistent multifurcation. Section 6 presents three alternative formalisms for quantizing solitons (topological or nontopological), all of which have major implications for the foundations of quantum theory: (1) the standard formalism, based on functional integration, reinterpreted as an imaginary Markhov Random Field (iMRF) across time and space, with parallels to fuzzy logic; (2) two radically conservative formalisms, consistent with the core of Einstein's vision, based on a true MRF model. Bell's Theorem, bosonization, time-symmetry and macroscopic asymmetry are discussed, along with some testable alternative possibilities and heresies, like nonDoppler redshift.
Introduction to Statistical Mediation Analysis

This volume introduces the statistical, methodological, and conceptual aspects of mediation analysis. Applications from health, social, and developmental psychology, sociology, communication, exercise science, and epidemiology are emphasized throughout. Single-mediator, multilevel, and longitudinal models are reviewed. The author's goal is to help the reader apply mediation analysis to their own data and understand its limitations. Each chapter features an overview, numerous worked examples, a summary, and exercises (with answers to the odd numbered questions). The accompanying CD contains outputs described in the book from SAS, SPSS, LISREL, EQS, MPLUS, and CALIS, and a program to simulate the model. The notation used is consistent with existing literature on mediation in psychology. The book opens with a review of the types of research questions the mediation model addresses. Part II describes the estimation of mediation effects including assumptions, statistical tests, and the construction of confidence limits. Advanced models including mediation in path analysis, longitudinal models, multilevel data, categorical variables, and mediation in the context of moderation are then described. The book closes with a discussion of the limits of mediation analysis, additional approaches to identifying mediating variables, and future directions. Introduction to Statistical Mediation Analysis is intended for researchers and advanced students in health, social, clinical, and developmental psychology as well as communication, public health, nursing, epidemiology, and sociology. Some exposure to a graduate level research methods or statistics course is assumed. The overview of mediation analysis and the guidelines for conducting a mediation analysis will be appreciated by all readers.
Myelolipoma of the Renal Sinus

Abstract Extra-adrenal myelolipomas are rare; approximately 36 cases have been reported to date. We document a case of myelolipoma presenting as a localized mass in the renal sinus of a 66-year-old man. The chief clinical and radiologic differential diagnostic considerations in this case included a malignant renal tumor arising in the hilum. The patient was being investigated for recurrent urinary tract infections and vague abdominal pains. Histologically, the lesion showed features characteristic of a myelolipoma. There was also marked chronic inflammation in and around the mass. The uneventful follow-up of 62 months is in keeping with the benign nature of this lesion. This report expands the possibilities of the differential diagnoses of renal hilar neoplasms, particularly in view of the increased use of imaging techniques that are bound to detect many incidental lesions in this region. (Arch Pathol Lab Med.1999;123:631–634)
The Purkinje neuron: A central orchestrator of cerebellar neurogenesis.

Within the cyto-architecture of the brain is an often complex, but balanced, neuronal circuitry, the successful construction of which relies on the coordinated generation of functionally opposed neurons. Indeed, deregulated production of excitatory/inhibitory interneurons can greatly disrupt the integrity of excitatory/inhibitory neuronal transmission, which is a hallmark of neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism. Recent work has demonstrated that the Purkinje neuron, the central integrator of signaling within the cerebellar system, acts during development to ensure that neurogenesis occurring in spatially opposed domains reaches completion by transmitting the Sonic hedgehog ligand bi-directionally. In addition to a classic role in driving granule cell precursor proliferation, we now know that Purkinje neuron-derived Sonic hedgehog is simultaneously disseminated to the neonatal white matter. Within this neurogenic niche a lineage of Shh-responding stem and progenitor cells expand pools of GABAergic i...
Market Timing and Exit Choices: IPO v. Acquisition

Our results shed new light on interpretations of statistical evidence of market timing in prior research on IPO timing and exit choice. We examine IPO and acquisition waves and exit choices for 7082 venture-backed private companies over the 29-year period from 1978 through 2006. Consistent with other literature, we hypothesize that levels of IPO and acquisition activity and the choice between IPO and acquisition may be affected by market timing or by pseudo market timing that reflects variations in (i) information asymmetry, (ii) capital demand, and (iii) the relative cost of the alternatives. Based on any of several testing criteria and using either the full sample, or sector-specific subsamples, we find evidence of pseudo market timing. IPOs are selected during periods when market-wide demand for growth capital is high, adverse selection costs are low, the value of protecting private information is low, and market values have been rising. We find no consistent support for the market timing hypothesis, that issuers are more likely to select IPOs during periods when investors are over-optimistic such that subsequent market returns are negative, negatively related to IPO activity, or lower than market returns after exits by acquisition.
Fructose Selectively Modulates c-jun N-Terminal Kinase Activity and Insulin Signaling in Rat Primary Hepatocytes

Fructose is a unique nutrient, due in part to its selective metabolism in the liver. Diets enriched in fructose or sucrose induce a hepatic stress response characterized by activation of c-jun N-terminal kinase. The aim of this study was to examine the regulation of c-jun N-terminal kinase by fructose in rat primary hepatocytes. Fructose was provided to rat primary hepatocytes using a fructose regenerating system, consisting of inulin and inulinase. This system provides a more physiologic delivery of fructose and avoids large disturbances in hepatocyte ATP concentrations. Fructose delivery increased c-jun N-terminal kinase activity and serine 307 phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 and reduced tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1. Activation of c-jun N-terminal kinase was maximal at a fructose concentration of 0.6 mmol/L. Fructose delivery did not increase the phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, extracellular signal regulated kinase, c-jun, or activating transcription factor-2, the latter 2 downstream nuclear targets of c-jun N-terminal kinase. However, fructose delivery increased the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase-7 (MKK7), an upstream activator of c-jun N-terminal kinase, and the association of c-jun N-terminal kinase with c-jun N-terminal kinase-interacting protein-1, a scaffold protein that can sequester protein signaling complexes in the cytosol. These data suggest that fructose may selectively activate c-jun N-terminal kinase via regulation of MKK7 and scaffold proteins.
On Cu(II)-Cu(II) distance measurements using pulsed electron electron double resonance.

Abstract The effects of orientational selectivity on the 4-pulse electron electron double resonance (PELDOR) ESR spectra of coupled Cu(II)–Cu(II) spins are presented. The data were collected at four magnetic fields on a poly-proline peptide containing two Cu(II) centers. The Cu(II)–PELDOR spectra of this peptide do not change appreciably with magnetic field at X-band. The data were analyzed by adapting the theory of Maryasov, Tsvetkov, and Raap [A.G. Maryasov, Y.D. Tsvetkov, J. Raap, Weakly coupled radical pairs in solids:ELDOR in ESE structure studies, Appl. Magn. Reson. 14 (1998) 101–113]. Simulations indicate that orientational effects are important for Cu(II)–PELDOR. Based on simulations, the field-independence of the PELDOR data for this peptide is likely due to two effects. First, for this peptide, the Cu(II) g -tensor(s) are in a very specific orientation with respect to the interspin vector. Second, the flexibility of the peptide washes out the orientation effects. These effects reduce the suitability of the poly-proline based peptide as a good model system to experimentally probe orientational effects in such experiments. An average Cu(II)–Cu(II) distance of 2.1–2.2 nm was determined, which is consistent with earlier double quantum coherence ESR results.
Ovarian prostaglandin synthase: immunohistochemical localization in the rat.

Ovarian prostaglandin synthase is stimulated by the luteinizing hormone surge resulting in the preovulatory increase in prostaglandins. In the present study, the ovarian cellular localization of prostaglandin synthase was identified by immunohistochemistry. Ovaries were collected from 27-day-old rats at the time of stimulation with pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (8 IU) (zero hours), 48 hours later, or 8 hours after administration of human chorionic gonadotropin (5 IU). At zero hours prostaglandin synthase immunostaining was present in the theca of larger follicles and interstitial regions. The number and intensity of immunostained cells in the theca increased between zero and 48 hours. The granulosa cell layer adjacent to the basement membrane in large an tral follicles exhibited immunostaining. A similar staining pattern was observed 8 hours after human chorionic gonadotropin. These observations indicate that in the rat, the theca, interstitium, and granulosa contain prostaglandin synthase immunoreactivity and may contribute prostaglandins during follicular development and ovulation.
Targeted Delivery of Paclitaxel to Tumor Cells: Synthesis and in Vitro Evaluation

We previously reported a novel drug delivery system, drug-linker-Phe-Phe-Arg-methylketone (FFR-mk)-factor VIIa (fVIIa). The method utilizes tissue factor (TF), which is aberrantly and abundantly expressed on many cancer cells. The advantage of this delivery system is its ability to furnish a potent anticancer drug specifically to the tumor vasculature and cancer cells. In this paper, we describe the synthesis of paclitaxel (PTX)-Phe-Phe-Arg-chloromethyl ketone (FFR-ck), followed by coupling with fVIIa to form PTX-FFR-mk-fVIIa. FFRck was separately linked to the OH groups at the C2′ or C7 positions of PTX (C2′- or C7-PTX-FFRck), the C2′ analogue exhibiting better activity against human head and neck squamous KB 3-1 cells. The activity order against PTX-sensitive KB 3-1 cells is C2′-PTX-FFRmk-fVIIa > PTX > C2′-PTX-FFRck. The C2′ complex shows an IC50 of 12 nM against the PTX-sensitive cell line and 130 nM against PTX-resistant cells.
Differential Geometry Applied To Least-Square Error Surface Approximations

This paper focuses on extraction of the parameters of individual surfaces from noisy depth maps. The basis for this are least-square error polynomial approximations to the range data and the curvature properties that can be computed from these approximations. The curvature properties are derived using the invariants of the Weingarten Map evaluated at the origin of local coordinate systems centered at the range points. The Weingarten Map is a well-known concept in differential geometry; a brief treatment of the differential geometry pertinent to surface curvature is given. We use the curvature properties for extracting certain surface parameters from the curvature properties of the approximations. Then we show that curvature properties alone are not enough to obtain all the parameters of the surfaces; higher order properties (information about change of curvature) are needed to obtain full parametric descriptions. This surface parameter estimation problem arises in the design of a vision system to recognize 3D objects whose surfaces are composed of planar patches and patches of quadrics of revolution. (Quadrics of revolution are quadrics that are surfaces of revolution.) A significant portion of man-made objects can be modeled using these surfaces. The actual process of recognition and parameter extraction is framed as a set of stacked parameter space transforms. The transforms are "stacked" in the sense that any one transform computes only a partial geometric description that forms the input to the next transform. Those who are interested in the organization and control of the recognition and parameter recognition process are referred to [Sabbah86], this paper briefly touches upon the organization, but concentrates mainly on geometrical aspects of the parameter extraction.
The influence of host plant on gut conditions of gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) caterpillars

Abstract We examined the pH and E h (redox potential) of the lumen of the digestive tract of gypsy moth caterpillars on six different host plants to understand the physiochemical conditions under which plant nutrients are extracted and allelochemicals are detoxified. To identify potential plant characteristics associated with the gut conditions, we determined the plant pH, E h , pH buffering capacity, and level of reducing phenolic groups for each host. We found (1) host plants differ in specific traits such as leaf pH, pH buffering capacity, E h , and the level of phenolic reducing groups; (2) the pH of the midgut is alkaline and independent of host plant, but the pH of the foregut and hindgut is acid to neutral and host plant dependent; (3) the E h of foregut, midgut, and hindgut are oxidizing and determined by both plant and insect traits; and (4) the plant trait that best predicts midgut E h is the level of phenolic reducing groups. We argue that the alkaline and oxidizing midgut conditions of gypsy moth caterpillars improve nutrient digestion and influence the activity of host plant allelochemicals, especially foliar phenolics.
Pectic enzymes of Pseudomonas cepacia and penetration of polygalacturonase into cells

Abstract Pseudomonas cepacia elaborated an endo-polygalacturonase in diseased onions with a pH optimum between 4·4 and 4·6. Pectin methylesterase was found in diseased and healthy onion but not in bacterial culture. A polygalacturonate trans -eliminase was elaborated by the bacterium in continuous culture at pH 7·0. Polygalacturonase from diseased onion was purified and a technique was devised to bind it with fluorescein isothiocyanate. Enzyme action on intact onion roots and scales was observed with fluorescence microscopy. After 1 h the labelled material was seen in the cell walls of the outer two layers of cells. After 3 h all root tissue cells had been penetrated, cell nuclei and cytoplasm were fluorescent and disorganised, and general maceration had occurred. Labelled polygalacturonase was detected in conjunction with maceration and cell toxicity.
Epoxidizable Fatty Amide–Phenol Conjugates

This paper reports the synthesis of a series of novel compounds where carboxylic acids have been linked to a phenol through amidomethyl units. For instance, one, two, or three fatty acids have been selectively appended to the phenol in yields above 75%. The fatty acid used was oleic acid, which was subsequently epoxidized. Other functional groups, such as amino acids, can be incorporated in these compounds. Examples of monomers that are suitable for polymerization were also prepared: one acrylamide, one styrene derivative, and two types of AB2 diamino acids, all of which contain oleic units that are sites for epoxidation and crosslinking. Fatty acid aryl ethers were prepared using hydroxy fatty acids. These molecules are intended to serve as augmented analogues of epoxidized vegetable oil. Their amide groups should lead to intermolecular aggregation through hydrogen bonding, and the option to covalently include other functional groups may permit tuning of the macroscopic materials properties of films, coatings, or solids constructed from them.
Modeling and reasoning about the security of drive-by-wire automobile systems

Abstract An increasing number of modern automobiles are essentially drive-by-wire systems, highly computerized, and connected wirelessly to services such as OnStar or Toyota Safety Connect. While these features enhance automobile safety and reliability, the security impact is a growing concern. This paper examines the security of drive-by-wire automobile systems. Generic models of access control and information flow are defined, with specific instances of the 2010 Toyota Prius used where appropriate. The automobile systems are examined from the viewpoint of the driver with special emphasis on the driver's ability to determine who, or what, is actually in control of the automobile in critical situations.
Fall and Rise of the Largest Construction Manager-at-Risk Transportation Construction Project Ever

All parties agree that the Miami Intermodal Center (MIC) construction project got off to a bad start, but why did this project—so anxiously anticipated, so badly needed, and kicked off with such fanfare—seem destined for so long to be remembered as a high-priced failure? After the bad start, why did the MIC project seem to struggle so for almost four years before—seemingly all at once—finding direction? What were the factors behind the bad start? What were the factors behind the lack of progress once the project started? What were the factors behind a remarkable turnaround? This paper answers these questions and more. The product of four years of research and data gathering, this paper should be of use to researchers and practitioners. It uses dozens of interviews with project planners, Florida Department of Transportation administrators, and construction personnel, as well as pertinent data to tell the story of the first 5 years of the construction of this groundbreaking world-class multimodal facility t...
Analytical model of spectrometer-based two-beam spectral interferometry

We report an analytical model of signal formation in spectrometer-based two-beam spectral interferometry. Considering the pixel size, the optical resolution and the spectral resolution of the spectrometer, and dispersion, the model represents the signal recorded by a spectrometer based on a diffraction grating and linear detector array. The model is general, but degenerates to more familiar forms with simplifying assumptions. The model is validated by comparison with experimental measurements, where it is shown that the model can accurately predict both signal fall-off and axial resolution for Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography imaging. The model may be useful for determining design specifications and expected performance parameters for spectrometers for spectral interferometry.
Genesis of the post-caldera eastern Upper Basin Member rhyolites, Yellowstone, WY: from volcanic stratigraphy, geochemistry, and radiogenic isotope modeling

An array of samples from the eastern Upper Basin Member of the Plateau Rhyolite (EUBM) in the Yellowstone Plateau, Wyoming, were collected and analyzed to evaluate styles of deposition, geochemical variation, and plausible sources for low δ18O rhyolites. Similar depositional styles and geochemistry suggest that the Tuff of Sulphur Creek and Tuff of Uncle Tom’s Trail were both deposited from pyroclastic density currents and are most likely part of the same unit. The middle unit of the EUBM, the Canyon flow, may be composed of multiple flows based on a wide range of Pb isotopic ratios (e.g., 206Pb/204Pb ranges from 17.54 to 17.86). The youngest EUBM, the Dunraven Road flow, appears to be a ring fracture dome and contains isotopic ratios and sparse phenocrysts that are similar to extra-caldera rhyolites of the younger Roaring Mountain Member. Petrologic textures, more radiogenic 87Sr/86Sr in plagioclase phenocrysts (0.7134–0.7185) than groundmass and whole-rock ratios (0.7099–0.7161), and δ18O depletions on the order of 5‰ found in the Tuff of Sulphur Creek and Canyon flow indicate at least a two-stage petrogenesis involving an initial source rock formed by assimilation and fractional crystallization processes, which cooled and was hydrothermally altered. The source rock was then lowered to melting depth by caldera collapse and remelted and erupted. The presence of a low δ18O extra-caldera rhyolite indicates that country rock may have been hydrothermally altered at depth and then assimilated to form the Dunraven Road flow.
Sjögren's syndrome: Diagnosis and dental treatment

Summary This article illustrates the signs and symptoms, diagnostic criteria, and dental treatment for Sjogren's syndrome. Suggestions are offered in the treatment of xerostomia or SS.
PIGMENTS OF THE DINOFLAGELLATE PERIDINIUM BALTICUM AND ITS PHOTOSYNTHETIC ENDOSYMBIONT1

An examination of the pigments of the binucleate dinoflagellate Peridinium balticum (Levander) Lemmerman revealed the presence of chlorophylls a, c1 and c2 and the carotenoids: fucoxanthin (most abundant), diadinoxanthin, diatoxanthin, an unidentified fucoxanthin-like xanthophyll, β-carotene, γ-carotene and astaxanthin. A comparison of the pigments of P. balticum and P. foliaceum (Stein) Biecheler, also a binucleate dinoflagellate, demonstrated similar compositions. However P. balticum lacked the β-carotene precursors (e.g. phytoene) which accumulated outside the chloroplast in P. foliaceum. This study indicates that P. balticum and P. foliaceum are closely related; each species is a heterotrophic dinoflagellate with a photosynthetic endosymbiont taxonomically affiliated with the Chrysophyta (Chrysophyceae or Bacillariophyceae).
A Remote Sensing and GIS Based Investigation of a Boreal Forest Coal Fire

Abstract A coal seam fire in interior Alaska was suspected to have started the Rex Creek forest fire in the summer of 2009. With prevailing winds, the forest fire spread rapidly to the north and within eleven days it burned about 410 km 2 of boreal forest. Coal seam fires can go unnoticed and unreported when present in remote and inaccessible areas. However, they still pose a serious threat to the surroundings. We used summer-time thermal infrared images from 1999 through 2009 acquired by the Landsat satellite and, through the process of image stacking, identified a region where the surface persistently showed temperatures 5 °C to 14 °C higher than the background areas. Field validation confirmed that this thermal anomaly area corresponds to a previously undocumented shallow coal seam fire. Superimposing the boundary of the Rex Creek forest fire revealed that the coal seam fire was at the southern end of the burn area where the forest fire originated. Plotting the location of all lightning strikes during this period helped to rule out lightning as the cause of the forest fire. Coal fires and forest fires can have a complex and dynamic relationship, one being the possible cause of the other. A thorough inventory of all past and present known coal seam fire locations can help to update forest fire hazard maps. A detailed map of shallow coal seam areas can help to prioritize fire fighting operations in order to avoid the chance of starting a new coal seam fire.
Postmenopausal oral estrogen therapy and blood pressure in normotensive and hypertensive subjects: the Estrogen in the Prevention of Atherosclerosis Trial.

OBJECTIVE To determine if 17beta-estradiol increases blood pressure in postmenopausal women. DESIGN A total of 222 healthy postmenopausal women were randomly assigned to either 1 mg micronized 17beta-estradiol daily or placebo for 2 years. Blood pressure measurements were obtained every other month and common carotid artery intima-media thickness measured every 6 months. Statistical analyses comparing longitudinal changes in systolic and diastolic blood pressure between treatment groups used a mixed general linear model including interaction terms to evaluate variations by age or estradiol level. RESULTS Both placebo and estradiol groups showed small declines in systolic and diastolic blood pressure during the trial among the normotensive subjects and subjects on antihypertensive medications. However, the decline did not differ significantly between the groups. Treatment effects on systolic blood pressure differed significantly by the age of the subject (interaction P value = 0.04) with younger women on estradiol showing on average a rise in systolic blood pressure, and older women a decline. The association between serum estradiol level and systolic blood pressure showed a similar modification with age (P = 0.03). Changes in systolic blood pressure in women on estradiol were positively correlated with intima-media thickness progression (P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Overall, 17beta-estradiol did not influence changes in blood pressure in normotensive or hypertensive women. The effect of 17beta-estradiol treatment on systolic blood pressure may be influenced by a woman's age. Estradiol may increase systolic blood pressure in younger postmenopausal women, while having the opposite effect in older postmenopausal women.
Styloid process neuralgia: myth or fact.

Five cases of elongated styloid processes sent in a 12-month period prompted a review of this subject and a reevaluation of the condition as it relates to other neuralgias of the head and neck. We review the head and neck pain syndromes and offer diagnostic criteria that will aid in the differential diagnosis and will facilitate appropriate management.
Observations of clustering inside oceanic bubble clouds and the effect on short-range acoustic propagation

It has recently been shown [Weber, T. C. et al. (2007). "Acoustic propagation through clustered bubble clouds," IEEE J. Ocean. Eng. 32, 513-523] that gas bubble clustering plays a role in determining the acoustic field characteristics of bubbly fluids. In particular, it has been shown that clustering changes the bubble-induced attenuation as well as the ping-to-ping variability in the acoustic field. The degree to which bubble clustering exists in nature, however, is unknown. This paper describes a method for quantifying bubble clustering using a high frequency (400 kHz) multibeam sonar, and reports on observations of near-surface bubble clustering during a storm (14.6 m/s wind speed) in the Gulf of Maine. The multibeam sonar data are analyzed to estimate the pair correlation function, a measure of bubble clustering. In order to account for clustering in the mean acoustic field, a modification to the effective medium wave number is made. With this modification, the multibeam sonar observations are used to predict the effect of clustering on the attenuation of the mean field for short-range propagation (1 m) at frequencies between 10 and 350 kHz. Results for this specific case show that clustering can cause the attenuation to change by 20%-80% over this frequency range.
Desmoid Tumor: Analysis of Prognostic Factors and Outcomes in a Surgical Series

Background Desmoid tumors are rare and exhibit a highly unpredictable natural history. We sought to analyze prognostic factors associated with recurrence in a large single-institution study of patients with desmoid tumors.
Rapid mass wasting following nearshore submarine volcanism on Kilauea volcano, Hawaii

Abstract The rapid mass wasting of shallow submarine basalts was documented during SCUBA dives along the flanks of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii during the Kii lava entry of the current eruption (19°20.5′N, 154°59.8′W). Lava entered the ocean at this site from mid-February to late March 1990, with several pauses. Dives on 19–20 March 1990 confirmed the widespread formation of lava pillows at this site over a water depth range of 20–40 m, and visual observations suggested that the resulting volcanic deposits were generally stable, despite the steep (∼40°) incline of the seafloor. (The pre-eruptive nearshore seafloor slope was ∼14°.) However, dives on 2 April 1990 revealed that nearly all submarine volcanic features had been subject to mass wasting, as the offshore area had been transformed into a debris field composed of material ranging in size from fine sand to boulder fragments. This generally featureless seascape extended uniformly to beyond the visual range of divers (∼60 m water depth). High-resolution multibeam bathymetry and sidescan imaging indicate that steeply sloped coarse sediment extends down the flanks of Kilauea in this area to abyssal depths, implying a linkage between nearshore submarine volcanism and deep-water deposits.
WE-D-218-01: Ultrasound Scanner Innovations and Clinical Practice

Of all the imaging modalities, ultrasoundscanners have gone through the most profound changes over the last several decades in terms of their size, capability, and cost. Much of this is due to the small data acquisition devices (ultrasound transducers) and Moore's Law dependent signal/image processors that comprise and ultrasoundscanner. These are in direct contrast with the front ends of MRI or CTscanners with their sizeable power hungry gantries. Thus ultrasound has been a direct beneficiary of the miniaturization associated with the semiconductor industry; this has enabled the migration of much hardware functionality to software and development of much smaller devices even including handheld scanners. Such changes are having a significant impact on clinical utilization of ultrasound. This talk will review some of these including the recent introduction of complete software backends, i.e. ultrasoundscanners composed of analog front ends which are connected to processors with minimal dedicated digital hardware. Learning Objectives: 1. Understand the architecture of an ultrasoundscanner and how it has changed with evolving technology. 2. Understand the implications to clinical practice from these changes. 3. Understand the possibilities for the future of ultrasoundscanners both from the view of new technical capabilities and how these might impact the clinic.
Renaturation of disulfide‐linked procollagen

Disulfide-linked, triple-stranded procollagen (pro γ 112) was isolated from chick embryo skull bones. It was reversibly denatured and renatured as judged by sedimentation properties and susceptibility to digestion with pepsin. Refolding was an intramolecular process and aggregation between molecules did not occur.
Modulation of dynamics and reactivity of water in reverse micelles of mixed surfactants.

In this contribution, we attempt to correlate the change in water dynamics in a reverse micellar (RM) core caused by the modification of the interface by mixing an anionic surfactant, sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate (AOT), and a nonionic surfactant, tetraethylene glycol monododecyl ether (Brij-30), at different proportions, and its consequent effect on the reactivity of water, measured by monitoring the solvolysis reaction of benzoyl chloride (BzCl). The dimension of the RM droplets at different mixing ratios of AOT and Brij-30 (XBrij-30) has been measured using dynamic light scattering (DLS) technique. The physical properties of the RM water have been determined using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and compressibility studies, which show that with increasing XBrij-30, the water properties tend toward that of bulk-like water. The solvation dynamics, probed by coumarin 500 dye, gets faster with XBrij-30. The rotational anisotropy studies along with a wobbling-in-cone analysis show t...
The philosophy and technical bases of current regulatory requirements regarding material degradation with time

Abstract As commercial nuclear power plants are being developed, the regulatory requirements in different countries for degradation of materials have typically been focused on the term of the operating plant license, be it 10 or 40 years, or simply from one operating cycle to the next. Design requirements, by contrast, have focused on the expected commercial lifetime of the plant. Regulators are well aware of this difference, and keep the overall design parameters in mind as they review ongoing increments of operations. The design and operating requirements differ widely between countries, and even though some of the technical requirements differ substantially, the scientific and technical bases tend to be very similar. While many of the technical bases are the same, for the original designs the technical and regulatory considerations for permitting safe operation beyond the original design life may be drastically different, depending on the original licensing philosophy. The problems that must be solved and the questions that must be answered are more difficult in the case of renewal of a 40-year license for an additional 20 years of operation than in the case of a short-term renewal, say for one fuel core operating cycle. The regulatory position being taken by NRC for 20-year license renewals is that with the exception of age-related degradation, the current licensing bases are considered adequate and acceptable, provided that the current licensing basis is maintained during the renewal period. If issues arise with the licensing basis, they must be resolved now rather than wait for license renewal. In other words, fix today's problems today. However, review of the licensing bases and the known aging mechanisms shows two distinct categories: those mechanisms that are adequately addressed by the regulations, and those that are plant and design specific. A broader range of regulatory positions and technical bases related to light water reactor power plants in different countries are reviewed and discussed.
Building stochastic blockmodels

Abstract The literature devoted to the construction of stochastic blockmodels is relatively rare compared to that of the deterministic variety. In this paper, a general definition of a stochastic blockmodel is given and a number of techniques for building such blockmodels are presented. In the statistical approach, the likelihood ratio statistic provides a natural index to evaluate the fit of the model to the data. The model itself consists of a set of actors partitioned into positions with respect to a definition of equivalence, and a representation based on estimated probabilities. The specific statistical model that is used to illustrate the techniques is p1, which was first introduced as a method for stochastic blockmodeling by Fienberg and Wasserman (1981), and developed by Holland et al. (1983) and Wasserman and Anderson (1987).
Living beyond the sword of Damocles: surviving childhood cancer.

(2001). Living beyond the Sword of Damocles: surviving childhood cancer. Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy: Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 163-164.
Temporal analysis of intratumoral metabolic heterogeneity characterized by textural features in cervical cancer

The aim of this pilot study was to explore heterogeneity in the temporal behavior of intratumoral [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) accumulation at a regional scale in patients with cervical cancer undergoing chemoradiotherapy. Included in the study were 20 patients with FIGO stages IB1 to IVA cervical cancer treated with combined chemoradiotherapy. Patients underwent FDG PET/CT before treatment, during weeks 2 and 4 of treatment, and 12 weeks after completion of therapy. Patients were classified based on response to therapy as showing a complete metabolic response (CMR), a partial metabolic response (PMR), or residual disease and the development of new disease (NEW). Based on the presence of residual primary tumor following therapy, patients were divided into two groups, CMR and PMR/NEW. Temporal profiles of intratumoral FDG heterogeneity as characterized by textural features at a regional scale were assessed and compared with those of the standardized uptake value (SUV) indices (SUVmax and SUVmean) within the context of differentiating response groups. Textural features at a regional scale with emphasis on characterizing contiguous regions of high uptake in tumors decreased significantly with time (P < 0.001) in the CMR group, while features describing contiguous regions of low uptake along with those measuring the nonuniformity of contiguous isointense regions in tumors exhibited significant temporal changes in the PMR/NEW group (P < 0.03) but showed no persistent trends with time. Both SUV indices showed significant changes during the course of the disease in both patient groups (P < 0.001 for SUVmax and SUVmean in the CMR group; P = 0.0109 and 0.0136, respectively, for SUVmax and SUVmean in the PMR/NEW group), and also decreased at a constant rate in the CMR group and decreased up to the 4th week of treatment and then increased in the PMR/NEW group. The temporal changes in the heterogeneity of intratumoral FDG distribution characterized at a regional scale using image-based textural features may provide an adjunctive or alternative option for understanding tumor response to chemoradiotherapy and interpreting FDG accumulation dynamics in patients with malignant cervical tumors during the course of the disease.
Assembly and Variety Considerations During Conceptual Design

Foremost step in the development of any electromechanical product is its design, and conceptual design is the most ambiguous and creative phase of design. There exist only a few computational tools that aid designers at conceptual design stage, and mostly designers rely on personal experience or experience of co-workers to generate quality designs. The proposed framework aims at generating robust computerized conceptual designs by incorporating Modularity, Design for Assembly (DFA) and Design for Variety (DFV) principles at the conceptual stage. Conceptual design alternatives obtained from the proposed framework are ranked based on minimum assembly time, and are composed of modules in a way that future changes in customer needs are satisfied only by replacing certain modules. The framework involves searching a design repository of components by using functional-basis and pre-defined graph grammar rules, to generate all possible conceptual design alternatives. These design alternatives are ranked and filtered using a DFA index, and top two alternatives are selected. Selected designs are modularized and filtered using a DFV index to obtain the best design alternative. This paper provides a detailed discussion of the proposed framework, and its working is illustrated through the design of a mounting system for holding a Variable Message Sign (VMS).Copyright © 2008 by ASME
An expert system to teach troubleshooting of common problems associated with the automated anesthesia recordkeeper

Automated anesthesia recordkeepers have been used to monitor patients during surgery in up to 90% of cases at The Ohio State University. The record-keeping devices are complex and can be difficult to troubleshoot. The 1st-CLASS Fusion Program, an expert system “shell-program,” has been programmed to allow the resident or nurse anesthetist to solve the two most common types of problems associated with the recordkeeper: printer problems and patient monitor problems. Use of this program allows the resident or nurse anesthetist to troubleshoot the recordkeeper quickly and accurately and promotes in the user a sense of competence and control over the technology.
Kinetics and Products of the Gas-Phase Reactions of 6-Methyl-5-hepten-2-one and trans-Cinnamaldehyde with OH and NO3 Radicals and O3 at 296 ± 2 K

6-Methyl-5-hepten-2-one is an atmospheric reaction product of the biogenic emission linalool, and trans-cinnamaldehyde is a model compound for dicarbonyls formed from the OH radical-initiated reaction of naphthalene. These carbonyl compounds react in the atmosphere, and photolysis and the gas-phase reactions of 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one and trans-cinnamaldehyde with OH radicals, NO3 radicals, and O3 have been investigated at 296 ± 2 K and atmospheric pressure of air. Using relative rate methods, the respective rate constants obtained for the OH radical, NO3 radical, and O3 reactions were (in cm3 molecule-1 s-1 units) as follows: for 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one: (1.57 ± 0.39) × 10-10, (7.5 ± 3.0) × 10-12, and (3.9 ± 1.5) × 10-16; for trans-cinnamaldehyde: (4.8 ± 1.4) × 10-11, (1.9 ± 0.7) × 10-14, and (2.2 ± 1.8) × 10-18. trans-Cinnamaldehyde was also observed to photolyze. Benzaldehyde was observed and quantified from the OH radical reaction with trans-cinnamaldehyde, with a yield of 0.90 ± 0.39. Acetone and ...
Mate discrimination in Littorina littorea (L.) and L. saxatilis (Olivi) (Mollusca:Prosobranchia)

The ability of males of Littorina littorea and L. saxatilis to discriminate between mates of different sex, species and size was examined. In partner choice experiments males of L. littorea had the possibility to initiate a copulation with either a female or a male. The males did not show a preference for either sex. There was therefore no evidence that they could determine the sex of a conspecific prior to copulation. The duration of intrasexual copulation was considerably shorter than for intersexual copulation, both in the field and in laboratory experiments. For the two species, intersexual copulations were far more frequent than intrasexual ones. This can partly be explained by the difference in copulation time.
Congenital stapes ankylosis, broad thumbs, and hyperopia: report of a family and refinement of a syndrome

We report on a family with conductive hearing loss due to congenital stapes ankylosis, and with hyperopia, broad thumbs, and broad first toes. Neither of the studied relatives had symphalangism, possibly distinguishing this syndrome as an entity separate from the facio-audio-symphalangism and proximal symphalangism syndromes. An alternative possibility is that this family falls within the spectrum of the facioaudio-symphalangism and proximal symphalangism syndromes. Visualization of the ossicular chain, and ophthalmologic and radiologic studies are important in the evaluation of families with congenital conductive hearing loss. A characteristic physiognomy in our patients is present; this autosomal dominant syndrome was first described by Teunissen and Cremers [1990: Laryngoscope 100:380-384].
Wulffman: A tool for the calculation and display of crystal shapes

Abstract A computational tool called Wulffman has been developed to determine, quickly and easily, the shape with minimal surface energy (Wulff shape) for solids of arbitrary crystallographic symmetry. The Wulff shape is often the equilibrium or growth shape of the crystal and can be an important contributor in determining the physical properties of a material. Input quantities to the software are the point group symmetry of the shape and several crystal facet directions (along with their energies). Wulffman generates all symmetry-equivalent planes and then computes the Wulff shape. This shape is sent to a public domain 3D visualization environment ( Geomview ) where it can be viewed and manipulated. The software allows users to interactively see the effects of changes in surface energy. Users may also simulate partially-faceted shapes and `cleavage' of the Wulff shape. Wulffman is public domain software available via the World-Wide Web.
Bizarre Parosteal Osteochondromatous Proliferation (Nora’s Lesion) of the Mandible. A Rare Bony Lesion

Bizarre parosteal osteochondromatous proliferation (BPOP) also eponymically called “Nora’s lesion”, is a rare benign reactive bone lesion first reported in 1983. BPOP occurs classically on the bones of the hands and feet and long bones. This lesion can easily be confused, both clinically and microscopically, with other benign and malignant lesions of bone, including osteochondroma, parosteal osteosarcoma, myositis ossificans and reactive periostitis. BPOP has been reported to have a high rate of recurrence. Only 3 cases of BPOP of the head and neck have been reported in the literature, of which one involved the maxilla. We present a rare case of BPOP involving the mandible in a 10 year old African American male. Microscopically, a fibro-cartilaginous cap giving rise to a proliferation of variably mineralized osteophytic finger-like projections of bone was seen. Multiple trabeculae of “blue bone” were noted as well as numerous atypical appearing chondrocytes. The lesion recurred within 4 months following the initial excision but has not recurred to date after the second local excision. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of BPOP arising in the mandible. In addition, we discuss the clinical and microscopic features, differential diagnosis, and prognosis of this rare entity. We present a case of BPOP of the mandible and believe this is the first report of such a case in the mandible.