cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The relationship between morphology and behavior in mixed-species flocks of island birds.

Understanding how co-occurring species divide ecological space is a central issue in ecology. Functional traits have the potential to serve as a means for quantitatively assessing niche partitioning by different species based on their ecological attributes, such as morphology, behavior, or trophic habit. This enables testing ecological and evolutionary questions using functional traits at spatio-temporal scales that are not feasible using traditional field methods. Both rapid evolutionary change and inter- and intraspecific competition, however, may limit the utility of morphological functional traits as indicators of how niches are partitioned. To address how behavior and morphology interact, we quantified foraging behavior of mixed-species flocks of birds in the Solomon Islands to test whether behavior and morphology are correlated in these flocks. We find that foraging behavior is significantly correlated with morphological traits (p = .05), but this correlation breaks down after correcting for phylogenetic relatedness (p = .66). These results suggest that there are consistent correlations between aspects of behavior and morphology at large taxonomic scales (e.g., across genera), but the relationship between behavior and morphology depends largely on among-clade differences and may be idiosyncratic at shallower scales (e.g., within genera). As a result, general relationships between behaviors and morphology may not be applicable when comparing close relatives.
A Scoping Review of Serial Homicide Geographic Mobility Literature and Four Typologies

The study of geographic mobility through geospatial analysis and journey-to-crime approaches has made progress in environmental criminology, finding most offenders commit crime close to their resid...
Conceptual Sacrificial Anode Cathodic Protection Design for offshore wind monopiles

Abstract The design and implementation of a cathodic protection system for offshore steel monopiles used to support wind turbines are required to protect them from corrosion. This paper uses the recommended practice DNVGL-RP-B401-Cathodic Protection Design to demonstrate the step-by-step sacrificial anode cathodic protection system design of an offshore monopile located off the coast of Massachusetts. It compares the requirements for coated and uncoated structures and discusses the other factors that need to be taken into consideration.
COVID CV: A System for Creating Holistic Academic CVs during a Global Pandemic

The effects of the Covid pandemic have been, similar to the population at-large, unequal on academicians – some groups have been more susceptible than others. Traditional CVs are inadequate to highlight these imbalances. CovidCV is a framework for academicians that allows them to document their life in a holistic way during the pandemic. It creates a color-coded CV from the user’s data entries documenting the work and home life and categorizing corresponding events as good or bad. It, thus, provides a visual representation of an academician’s life during the current pandemic. The user can mark any event as major or minor indicating the impact of the event on their life. The CovidCV prototypical system is developed using a three tier architecture. The first tier, the front-end, is a user interface layer that is a web application. This prototype has a back-end layer consisting of two tiers which are responsible for handling the business logic and the data management respectively. The CovidCV system design is described in this paper. A preliminary experimentation with the prototype highlights the usefulness of CovidCV.
Sampling from multimodal distributions using tempered Hamiltonian transitions

Hamiltonian Monte Carlo (HMC) methods are widely used to draw samples from unnormalized target densities due to high efficiency and favorable scalability with respect to increasing space dimensions. However, HMC struggles when the target distribution is multimodal, because the maximum increase in the potential energy function (i.e., the negative log density function) along the simulated path is bounded by the initial kinetic energy, which follows a half of the $\chi_d^2$ distribution, where d is the space dimension. In this paper, we develop a Hamiltonian Monte Carlo method where the constructed paths can travel across high potential energy barriers. This method does not require the modes of the target distribution to be known in advance. Our approach enables frequent jumps between the isolated modes of the target density by continuously varying the mass of the simulated particle while the Hamiltonian path is constructed. Thus, this method can be considered as a combination of HMC and the tempered transitions method. Compared to other tempering methods, our method has a distinctive advantage in the Gibbs sampler settings, where the target distribution changes at each step. We develop a practical tuning strategy for our method and demonstrate that it can construct globally mixing Markov chains targeting high-dimensional, multimodal distributions, using mixtures of normals and a sensor network localization problem.
Optimal Genetic Screening for Cystic Fibrosis

Improving Newborn Screening for Genetic DiseasesScreening newborns for life-threatening genetic diseases is an important public health initiative. Cystic fibrosis is one of the most prevalent disea...
A Parent-centered radial layout algorithm for interactive graph visualization and animation

We have developed (1) a graph visualization system that allows users to explore graphs by viewing them as a succession of spanning trees selected interactively, (2) a radial graph layout algorithm, and (3) an animation algorithm that generates meaningful visualizations and smooth transitions between graphs while minimizing edge crossings during transitions and in static layouts. Our system is similar to the radial layout system of Yee et al. (2001), but differs primarily in that each node is positioned on a coordinate system centered on its own parent rather than on a single coordinate system for all nodes. Our system is thus easy to define recursively and lends itself to parallelization. It also guarantees that layouts have many nice properties, such as: it guarantees certain edges never cross during an animation. We compared the layouts and transitions produced by our algorithms to those produced by Yee et al. Results from several experiments indicate that our system produces fewer edge crossings during transitions between graph drawings, and that the transitions more often involve changes in local scaling rather than structure. These findings suggest the system has promise as an interactive graph exploration tool in a variety of settings.
Fiducial probabiltiy including confidence intervals, nuisance factors and prediction

Fiducial probability was introduced by R. A. Fisher in 1930, as a method by which probability statements could (apparently) be made about an unknown parameter value without recourse to the Bayesian tools of prior and posterior probability. In a simple univariate one-parameter case, this involves inversion of a probability statement from the distribution function. In other cases, it may involve a pivotal quantity whose distribution is independent of the parameter. The resulting statements are often similar to Bayesian posteriors with uniform priors, and fiducial intervals are often numerically equivalent to confidence intervals, although the logical structure is quite different. In some cases, notably the ratio of two normal means (the Creasy–Fieller problem) and the difference between two normal means with different variances (the Behrens–Fisher problem) fiducial and confidence intervals differ. The relationship between fiducial and Bayesian inference is discussed here in some detail. Keywords: Fisher; Bayesian inference; pivotal quantity; confidence interval; Creasy–Fieller; Behrens–Fisher
The cysteine-rich region of raf-1 kinase contains zinc, translocates to liposomes, and is adjacent to a segment that binds GTP-ras

Different domains of the serine/threonine kinase, raf-1, were expressed as fusion proteins with glutathione S-transferase (GST) in Escherichia coli and purified to near homogeneity by affinity chromatography. A cysteine-rich domain of raf-1 was found to contain 2 mol of zinc (molar basis), similar to analogous cysteine-rich domains of protein kinase C. GST-fusion proteins, containing the cysteine-rich domain of raf-1, bound to liposomes in a phosphatidylserine-dependent manner. In contrast to protein kinase C, the translocation of raf-1 was not dependent upon diacylglycerol, phorbol ester, or calcium, nor did raf-1 bind phorbol esters. A GST-fusion protein encoding residues 1-147 of raf-1 bound to normal GTP-ras with high affinity, but not to mutant GTP-Ala35 ras; no binding was detected to GDP-ras. The binding of a smaller fusion protein (residues 1-130 of raf-1) was about 10-fold weaker, inferring that a 17-amino acid sequence represents a critical binding determinant in intact raf-1. These residues are adjacent to the amino-terminal end of, and partially extend into, the cysteine-rich domain (amino acids 139-184). A synthetic peptide corresponding to this 17-amino acid sequence blocked the interaction of raf-1 with ras. The function of the cysteine-rich region of raf-1 homologous to protein kinase C is to promote translocation of raf-1 kinase to membranes and to form part of the high affinity binding site for GTP-ras.
Evidence for beam-stimulated precipitation of high energy electrons

The interaction of artificial and natural electron beams with the ionosphere and magnetosphere has been observed to give rise to a rich variety of phenomena. Most of the work on this topic has concentrated on the interaction of a beam with the ambient thermal plasma, on plasma wave generation near a beam source, etc. Relatively little attention has been paid to the effects of a beam on the distant magnetosphere, and on high energy particles. This paper will discuss two observations in which an electron beam apparently stimulated the precipitation of high energy electrons from the deep magnetosphere. These observations were made by the UH Group in conjunction with two active magnetospheric experiments, the first Araks experiment on January 26, 1975 (Roeder et al., 1980 (paper 1)) and the Trigger experiment on February 11, 1977. (Bering, et al., 1980 (paper 2)). In both cases, the data were obtained from rocket-boosted, parachute-borne X ray bremsstrahlung detectors which were initially deployed of an altitude of 80 km near the foot of the flux tubes affected by each experiment.
The virtual library: visions and realities

A synthesis of current knowledge on the development of virtual libraries, including the discussion of administrative issues, electronic publishing, technical services issues, budgetary consideration, and other issues.
Correlates of objectively measured physical activity in cardiac patients.

Cardiac patients would benefit from increasing their physical activity (PA) levels. Understanding of factors that influence cardiac patients’ PA participation would benefit the development of effective interventions. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine correlates of objectively-measured PA in cardiac patients. Participants were 65 cardiac patients (74% male, 95% white), age 58.6±10.6 years. The amount of time spent in PA was measured by ActiGraph GT3X accelerometers for 7 days prior to joining cardiac rehabilitation programs (CRP). A total of 25 potential determinants of PA across multiple domains (demographic, clinical, psychosocial, and behavioral) were measured via self-reported questionnaire and clinical examinations. Backward elimination model selection procedures were performed to examine associations of potential determinants with total PA (min/day) and moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) (min/day). Patients spent 153.8±62.8 and 8.4±8.1 min/day in total PA and MVPA, respectively. Across four domains, ten and five potential correlates were found to be significant in univariate analyses for MVPA and total PA, respectively. In the final model, functional capacity, PA readiness, and participation in regular exercise were positively associated with MVPA (R 2 =26.6%). Functional capacity and PA readiness were also positively associated with total PA (R 2 =15.9%). Future initiatives to increase PA levels in cardiac patients could be improved by considering patients’ functional capacity, PA readiness, and exercise history in designing interventions.
Web Site Usability for Rare Book and Manuscript Libraries

The information presented on the Web sites of special collections libraries is often very different from the information included on the Web sites of general collections libraries. Descriptions of manuscripts, finding aids in HTML or PDF formats, Encoded Archival Description findings aids, short-title lists, and home-grown databases are among the diverse resources that may be found on Web sites of special collections libraries. Additionally, the Web site may be required to describe certain important sources of information that are not available online, such as finding aids in hard copy or a card catalog. The library literature includes many studies of . . .
Feature-specific effects of selective visual attention

Four experiments were conducted to quantify the effect of performing a foveal discrimination task on sensitivity for a peripheral grating. The observer's primary task was to discriminate either the spatial frequency or orientation of successive foveal Gabor patches. On a third of the trials they also performed a secondary task to detect the presence of a near-threshold grating in the periphery. We find that sensitivity for detection of the peripheral grating depends on the similarity of the spatial frequencies and orientations between the foveal and peripheral stimuli. Importantly, sensitivity is also affected by which feature is being discriminated in the central task. Because the detectability of the peripheral grating is different when different features of the central stimuli are discriminated, we suggest that the effects on sensitivity are due to feature-specific attention and not simply to passive interactions between filters with similar tuning properties.
Rethinking the margins: Shimao Toshio and Yaponesia

Abstract Around the time of the reversion of Okinawa to Japan, the so‐called Yaponesia essays of the Japanese novelist Shimao Toshio (1917–86) became important texts to those concerned with the cultural effects of the reversion on the Okinawan people and the question of Okinawan identity. These essays, part of some 170 essays on Ryukyuan life, history and culture Shimao wrote over a twenty‐year span (1954 to mid‐1970s), stress an underlying Japanese cultural stratum originating in the South Pacific, and seek to reverse an mainland Asia‐centred view of Japanese culture. In doing so, they seek to instil a sense of cultural pride in an historically marginalized people by challenging conventional readings of the relationship between the Ryukyus and Japanese culture and history. In the early Yaponesia writings Shimao explored an underlying cultural bond which links mainland Japan and the Ryukyus, viewing it as a kind of common cultural unconscious; in his later writings, however, he shifted the emphasis from a...
Intrauterine closure of membranous ventricular septal defects: mechanism of closure in two autopsy specimens.

Anatomic evidence of intrauterine closure of ventricular septal defects (VSDs) has been reported rarely. Between 1985 and 1990, 112 autopsies were performed at the Mayo Clinic on third trimester stillborns and infants who died during the first week of life. There were 21 (19%) cases of congenital heart disease. VSD was found in 12 (11%) cases: in eight (7%) as a part of a more complex heart defect and in four (4%) as an isolated lesion. Two cases with membranous VSDs with tricuspid valve tissue partially occluding the ventricular septal defect were found. A 2280-g female infant (case 1) with trisomy 18 died at 4 days of age. Autopsy revealed bilateral superior venae cavae, a large atrial septal defect, cor triatriatum, an atypical tricuspid valve with large septal leaflet partially obstructing a large membranous VSD, a hypoplastic right ventricle, and severe pulmonic stenosis. A 2610-g female infant (case 2), born with congenital heart block died at 4 days of age. Autopsy revealed cor triatriatum dexter obstructing the tricuspid orifice, a large membranous VSD partially obstructed by the septal leaflet of the tricuspid valve, four small muscular VSDs, and pulmonic stenosis. These cases suggest that closure of membranous VSDs may gegin in utero and the mechanism of closure is similar to that reported postnatally.
The delay-Doppler radar altimeter: robust and improved measurement capabilities

A delay-Doppler radar altimeter exploits coherent signal processing in addition to incoherent waveform averaging to achieve significantly better measurement precision and instrument efficiency than are possible from a conventional incoherent instrument such as TOPEX or Jason-1. The required processing can be built into the on-board system, whose output waveforms yield geophysical parameters with the analysis algorithms already developed for conventional altimetric data. The approach enables new architectures, ranging from a single-frequency geodetic instrument (Abyss-Lite), to a three-satellite constellation of TOPEX-class altimeters (WITTEX) small enough to fit into one launch vehicle.
Direct monitoring of toxic compounds in air using a portable mass spectrometer

A portable tandem mass spectrometer, capable of performing atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) using a direct atmospheric inlet, is applied to the real-time monitoring of toxic compounds in air. Analytes of interest include dimethyl methylphosphonate, arsine, benzene, toluene, pyridine and vinyl acetate. The detection, identification and quantification of organic and inorganic compounds in air is demonstrated using short analysis times (<5 seconds) with detection limits in the low ppb (v/v) levels and linear dynamic ranges of several orders of magnitude. Highly specific detection and identification is achieved, even when the analyte is a trace component in a complex mixture including such interferents as fuels, lubricants, and cleaners. The effects of environmental conditions, including temperature and humidity, are delineated. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves are presented to show the trade-off between false positive and false negative detection rates. Tandem mass spectrometry based both on collision-induced dissociation and on selective atmospheric pressure ion/molecule reactions is also used to increase selectivity and sensitivity.
In Memory of Peter Kennedy (May 18, 1943–August 30, 2010)

In academe, we are fortunate to have the opportunity to meet and interact with truly outstanding people. Peter Kennedy was one of those exceptional individuals: an avid sportsman, a world traveler,...
Molecular symmetry and exciton interaction in photosynthetic primary events

In this paper, the molecular details of the recently proposed energy upconversion theory of photosynthesis are reviewed. The primary light reactions are explained in terms of aC2 symmetrical structure of the reaction center involving a (Chl−H2O)2 adduct. It is shown that exciton interaction within the (Chl−H2O)2 complex leads to an antisymmetric triplet state which may act as an energy trap. The presence of the energy trap in the reaction center suggests that the trigger step for the photoionization of active chlorophylls may involve the summation of two red excitation photons. Under normal conditions, the steadystate one-photon-per-electron quantum requirement is obtained. The functional properties of the various molecular constituents of the Chl-a molecule, such as the Ring V β-ketoester group, the phytyl tail, the central Mg atom, and the π-system of the macrocycle are explained within the present theoretical framework. A detailed analysis is given of the postulates and the consequences of the proposed model. The ramifications of the theory are probed, and their biological consequences are suggested for future study.
Supplementing Basic Graduate Level Courses With Conference-Based Research Communication Experiences

Two difficulties are commonly identified for early graduate-level students that hinder their growth in the academic community. First, students in graduate school engineering courses find the basic material difficult to relate to real-life problems. Second, early career graduate students have little practice at presenting research in a professional format (e.g. ASME conference).© 2013 ASME
Bronchiolitis: doing less and still getting better.

* Abbreviation: RSV — : respiratory syncytial virus Infection with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is among the universal experiences of childhood. Worldwide, by 1 year of life, half of all children have been infected with RSV and by 2 years of age, virtually all children have been infected with RSV.1 Unlike many viral infections, it is the prevalence, as opposed to the severity, of infection that motivates our collective focus on the optimal treatment course for infants with RSV. Although acknowledging that in some small subset of high-risk infants, preventive strategies are justified,2,3 the focus of this commentary concerns a randomized, controlled trial of treatment with nebulized hypertonic saline in infants with acute bronchiolitis published in this issue of Pediatrics .4 In general, bronchiolitis results primarily from RSV infection and causes a few days of congestive symptoms before resolving spontaneously. Despite suggestions that RSV infection increases the longitudinal risk for developing asthma, there is little direct evidence in support of such an association.5 In fact, … Address correspondence to David N. Cornfield, MD, Center for Excellence in Pulmonary Biology, 770 Welch Rd, Suite 350, Stanford, CA 94304. E-mail: cornfield{at}stanford.edu
Public journalism no more: The digitally native news nonprofit and public service journalism

This study utilizes ethnography to examine whether a digitally native news nonprofit, The St. Louis Beacon, practices a new form of public journalism, a movement within the journalism industry that...
n-Butane and n-pentane isomerization over mesoporous and conventional sulfated zirconia catalysts

Activity results for n-butane and n-pentane isomerization activity on a mesoporous and conventional sulfated zirconia are presented as a function of pretreatment and reaction conditions. During both reactions, rapid deactivation occurs followed by a low residual activity. The activity is shown to be a strong function of the extent of hydration of the catalyst. Regeneration in oxygen must be followed by a step that results in the rehydration of the catalyst to recover the original activity. The optimal activities of both a conventional and a mesoporous sulfated zirconia catalysts also depend on the drying procedure used. A two-site model consisting of Lewis and Bronsted active sites is proposed to explain the two regimes of deactivation observed on these catalysts.
Quasi-parallel shocks

The implications of certain recent developments in the theory and observations of quasi-parallel interplanetary and cometary bow shocks and of the earth's foreshock are reviewed. Special consideration is given to issues affecting the relationship between the broad foreshocks and thin subshocks expected and observed in quasi-parallel shocks. Some important three-dimensional effects are emphasized, which theory and computer simulations have difficulty taking into account.
The Case | Visual loss and bilateral dilated nonreactive pupils in a uremic patient.

A 66-year-old male with a history of hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus was admitted to the hospital with complaints of vomiting for 2 weeks and bilateral loss of vision for 2 days. Ophthalmology examination for visual acuity revealed no perception of light in both eyes. Pupils were symmetrically dilated and completely nonreactive to light, as shown in Figure 1. Bilateral mild papilledema with moderate pale-appearing discs was seen on fundoscopy. It is interesting to note that we did not see any changes of hypertensive or diabetic retinopathy. Intraocular pressures were normal. The patient was hemodynamically stable. The remaining neurological system history and examination were unremarkable. The patient was oliguric. Laboratory tests revealed blood urea nitrogen of 174 mg/dl, serum creatinine of 11.91 mg/dl, and significant anion gap metabolic acidosis without an osmolal gap. Toxicology screens for serum and urine were negative. Urine microscopy showed heme granular casts. Serum calcium was 6.0 mg/dl, phosphorus was 9.6 mg/dl, and intact parathyroid hormone was 843 pg/ml. Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody panel, anti-nuclear antibody, anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and ultrasound of kidneys were normal. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain, carotid doppler, and 2D-echocardiography were normal. The patient refused lumbar puncture. Hemodialysis was performed daily for 4 days. The vomiting resolved, urine output improved, predialysis serum creatinine improved, and therefore hemodialysis was discontinued. Serum creatinine on the 7th day of hospitalization was 1.57 mg/dl. Acute kidney injury (AKI) was attributed to acute tubular necrosis. Unfortunately, despite recovery of the renal functions, there was no improvement in his vision, and the pupils remained dilated and nonreactive to light on the seventh day of hospitalization.
Infrared polarimetry using attenuated total reflection

Most organic materials are quite opaque to IR radiation, making it nearly impossible to measure the polarization properties at these wavelengths. By placing the highly absorbing organic material on a high index of refraction prism and making use of the evanescent field present at the interface for angles exceeding the critical angle, it is possible to measure the organic material's polarization characteristics. Attenuated Total Reflection (ATR) devices have been constructed in-house for use in our IR polarimeter operating over the spectral range of 3-14 microns. Single bounce internal reflection ZnSe prisms are used in our devices to measure the polarization characteristics of highly absorbing materials. Using attenuated total reflection along with a dual rotating retarder polarimeter, it is possible to determine the full Mueller Matrix, and thus determine the linear and circular diattenuation and retardance. With this information we can determine the complex index of refraction, dichroic ratio, and isotropic ratio of materials which are opaque in the IR region. With this knowledge of the material polarization properties, it may be possible to determine the orientation of the molecules in films made of long helical organic molecules and determine the enantiomeric purity of stereo-isomers. The theoretical performance of these devices with a focus on the organic chemical applications has been determined and compared with experiments. In this paper we present a summary of the theoretical basis for the measurements and make comparisons with our measurements.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Coordinated collection development: The librarian’s progress from this world to that which is to come

In the familiar form of a journey, the necessity for and benefits of coordinated collection development and resource sharing are described. Potential pitfalls and problems to be avoided or surmounted are specified, and the advantages of careful planning are identified.
Magnetoelectronic memories last and last

Nonvolatile RAMs built with thin films of ferromagnetic material are poised to challenge dynamic and nonvolatile memories based on conventional semiconductors. At the root of the excitement are electronic devices with a ferromagnetic component that lets them not only switch between two stable states in one clock cycle but also retain the state they are in when power is removed. The compact design and simple operation of magnetoelectronic devices make them ideal storage cells for fast random-access memory (RAM). Prototypes improve by several orders of magnitude on the speed, power, and reliability of semiconducting floating-gate nonvolatile memory and have achieved cell sizes and operating speeds that are competitive with dynamic (volatile) RAM. Further off in the future is the intriguing prospect of instantaneously reprogrammable logic. Magnetoelectronic devices may be grouped according to the physics of their operation into three main categories: hybrid ferromagnet semiconductor structures, magnetic tunnel junctions, and all-metal spin transistors and spin valves.
Mutually Antagonistic Effects of Hydrocortisone and Retinyl Acetate on Envelope Competence in Cultured Malignant Human Keratinocytes

Serially propagated SCC-13 keratinocytes, derived from a human squamous cell carcinoma, are greatly influenced by culture conditions in their ability to form ionophore-inducible cross-linked envelopes. Supplementation of the growth medium with fetal bovine serum at concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 20 percent had little effect on competence to form envelopes in confluent cultures. At each serum concentration, however, addition of hydrocortisone to the medium led to an increase in competence of almost fourfold, from approximately 20 to nearly 80 percents With the serum supplementation held at 5 percent, addition of retinyl acetate to the medium suppressed competence in a concentration-dependent manner over the range of 1 to 100 ng/ml, At the highest concentration employed, competence was reduced over fourfold in the presence of hydrocortisone and virtually eliminated in its absence. When the cells were grown using serum depleted of endogenous vitamin A, a majority were competent in the absence of hydrocortisone. Under this condition, retinyl acetate suppressed competence over fivefold in the absence of hydrocortisone, but not at all in its presence. We conclude that hydrocortisone stimulates envelope competence primarily by antagonizing the suppressive effect of vitamin A, The SCC-13 cell line may prove valuable in studying mechanisms of retinoid and corticosteroid therapeutic action on diseased human keratinocytes.
WHOSE CIVIC COMMUNITY? TESTING ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESES OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CIVIC COMMUNITY AND RACIAL INEQUALITY IN ARREST RATES

This analysis extends prior research on racial inequality in arrest rates by testing opposing hypotheses derived from the civic community tradition in sociology. One interpretation of this perspective suggests that communities with a locally-oriented economic infrastructure, an abundance of civic institutions, and civically engaged citizens should exhibit lower racial disparity in arrest rates. On the other hand, recent writings exposing a potential “dark side” of social capital suggest that civic community may exacerbate such racial disparties. Using spatial regression models to analyze data from nearly 1,800 U.S. counties, the current analysis examines these competing hypotheses regarding the effects of civic community. Results suggest mixed support for both the traditional and “dark side” predictions. Implications for theory and empirical research are discussed.
Green urine in a critically ill patient

The development of discolored urine in the critically ill patient, although uncommon, may have many possible causes, with the most likely source related to medication administration. Studies were undertaken in a 39-year-old man who developed dark green urine while in the intensive care unit for neutropenic sepsis. Although the patient had developed prior nonoliguric renal failure stemming from his sepsis, his renal function at the time of presentation of urine discoloration was considered normal. Review of his medications and intravenous infusions suggested the most likely cause was the food dye placed in his enteral tube feedings. Spectrophotometric evaluation of the urine confirmed the presence of Food Dye and Color Blue Number 1 (FD&C Blue No. 1). This case shows that significant gastrointestinal absorption of FD&C Blue No. 1 can occur. FD&C Blue No. 1 should be considered in the differential diagnosis of dark green discolored urine.
Ronald Reagan's Presidency: The Impact of an Alcoholic Parent

Ronald Reagan enjoyed a successful political career. Nevertheless, his political life was affected dramatically by the fact that he was the son of an alcoholic parent. Alcoholic parents leave deep marks on their children's lives, even after those children become adults. As president of the United States, Reagan clearly demonstrated these marks. He was aloof and distant, was often a disengaged leader, showed inordinate loyalty to associates even when such loyalty became problematic, was prone to live in a world of make-believe, married compulsive women, and craved approval and applause. Each of these behavioral characteristics was part of the psychological legacy left to this president by his long-dead alcoholic father. Some of them damaged his presidency greatly; others, however, may well have assisted it.
WHO'S POLICING WHAT SPACE? CRITICAL SILENCES IN STEVE HERBERT'S POLICING SPACE

(1997). WHO'S POLICING WHAT SPACE? CRITICAL SILENCES IN STEVE HERBERT'S POLICING SPACE. Urban Geography: Vol. 18, Review Symposium on Steve Herbert's Policing Space: Territoriality and the Los Angeles Police Department, pp. 385-388.
Impairment of angiogenesis and cell migration by targeted aquaporin-1 gene disruption

Aquaporin-1 (AQP1) is a water channel protein expressed widely in vascular endothelia, where it increases cell membrane water permeability. The role of AQP1 in endothelial cell function is unknown. Here we show remarkably impaired tumour growth in AQP1-null mice after subcutaneous or intracranial tumour cell implantation, with reduced tumour vascularity and extensive necrosis. A new mechanism for the impaired angiogenesis was established from cell culture studies. Although adhesion and proliferation were similar in primary cultures of aortic endothelia from wild-type and from AQP1-null mice, cell migration was greatly impaired in AQP1-deficient cells, with abnormal vessel formation in vitro. Stable transfection of non-endothelial cells with AQP1 or with a structurally different water-selective transporter (AQP4) accelerated cell migration and wound healing in vitro. Motile AQP1-expressing cells had prominent membrane ruffles at the leading edge with polarization of AQP1 protein to lamellipodia, where rapid water fluxes occur. Our findings support a fundamental role of water channels in cell migration, which is central to diverse biological phenomena including angiogenesis, wound healing, tumour spread and organ regeneration.
Nano- and bulk-tack adhesive properties of stimuli-responsive, fullerene-polymer blends, containing polystyrene-block-polybutadiene-block-polystyrene and polystyrene-block-polyisoprene-block-polystyrene rubber-based adhesives

Abstract Nano-tack (measured using AFM) and bulk-tack adhesive forces of blends of C 60 and either polystyrene- block -polybutadiene- block -polystyrene (SBS) or polystyrene- block -polyisoprene- block -polystyrene (SIS) triblock copolymer pressure sensitive adhesives were measured after exposure to white light irradiation. The nano-tack adhesive forces in C 60 –SIS/SBS were found to decrease with increasing C 60 concentration and exposure time, approaching the value for 100% polystyrene, providing an indication that significant surface hardening and crosslinking of the soft isoprene and butadiene phases occurs in the presence of C 60 . Films produced during the study were smooth, having low RMS surface roughness, and showed nanoscale phase separation between the soft (diene) and hard (styrene) segments. This phase separation disappeared after addition of C 60 sensitizer and white light irradiation. Bulk adhesive measurements (tack and peel strength) showed a similar trend with C 60 concentration and exposure time, and in irradiated systems containing as little as 0.2 wt% C 60 , a significant decrease in adhesion was observed. Estimated T g (measured using DMA, shear mode) of the soft-block shifts to higher temperatures (increasing by 30–40 °C), and high gel fractions were obtained, indicating the presence of chemically crosslinked networks.
A luminescent Pt-POCN pincer complex via direct cyclometalation

Abstract We report the synthesis of the novel pincer complex κP,κC,κN-[2,6-(iPr2PO)-(C6H3)(CH2[c-N(CH2)4O])]PtBr (Pt(POCN)Br, 1a) by direct cyclometalation of PtBr2(SEt2)2. This represents the first report of a mixed-donor platinum pincer complex synthesized using cyclometalation. The complex is emissive in the solid state and frozen solution. Comparison of the structure of 1a to related pincer complexes provides insights into the effect of pincer arm donor substituents on cyclometalation.
Pointed Hopf Algebras—from Enveloping Algebras to Quantum Groups and Beyond

A fundamental example of a pointed Hopf algebra is the universal enveloping algebra of a Lie algebra. This example finds its generalization in quantum groups. The class of pointed Hopf algebras is rather extensive and has been the subject of intense study. We recount some of the basic ideas in the development of the theory. A fundamental structure in the general theory is an analog of the enveloping algebra in a certain category, the Nichols algebra.
SH3 Domain–Based Phototrapping in Living Cells Reveals Rho Family GAP Signaling Complexes

Rho family GAPs [guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) activating proteins] negatively regulate Rho family GTPase activity and therefore modulate signaling events that control cytoskeletal dynamics. The spatial distribution of these GAPs and their specificity toward individual GTPases are controlled by their interactions with various proteins within signaling complexes. These interactions are likely mediated through the Src homology 3 (SH3) domain, which is abundant in the Rho family GAP proteome and exhibits a micromolar binding affinity, enabling the Rho family GAPs to participate in transient interactions with multiple binding partners. To capture these elusive GAP signaling complexes in situ, we developed a domain-based proteomics approach, starting with in vivo phototrapping of SH3 domain–binding proteins and the mass spectrometry identification of associated proteins for nine representative Rho family GAPs. After the selection of candidate binding proteins by cluster analysis, we performed peptide array–based high-throughput in vitro binding assays to confirm the direct interactions and map the SH3 domain–binding sequences. We thereby identified 54 SH3-mediated binding interactions (including 51 previously unidentified ones) for nine Rho family GAPs. We constructed Rho family GAP interactomes that provided insight into the functions of these GAPs. We further characterized one of the predicted functions for the Rac-specific GAP WRP and identified a role for WRP in mediating clustering of the postsynaptic scaffolding protein gephyrin and the GABA A (γ-aminobutyric acid type A) receptor at inhibitory synapses.
The synthesis of 7-(adenosine-5'-pyrophosphoryl)-D-sedoheptulose by an enzyme system from the green alga Chlorella pyrenoidosa.

Abstract A transketolase-like enzyme that catalyzes the formation of a compound characterized as 7-(adenosine-5′-pyrophosphoryl)- d -sedoheptulose was extracted from autotrophically cultured cells of the green alga Chlorella pyrenoidosa . The system required the substrates 5-(adenosine 5′-pyrophosphoryl)- d -ribose and d -fructose 6-phosphate and was stimulated by thiamine pyrophosphate and MgCl 2 . Apparent K m and V values were determined for 5-(adenosine 5′-pyrophosphoryl)- d -ribose and d -ribose 5-phosphate as ketol acceptors. The algal enzyme exhibits a greater V with the nucleotide acceptor than with d -ribose 5-phosphate.
Attribute Selection and Imbalanced Data: Problems in Software Defect Prediction

The data mining and machine learning community is often faced with two key problems: working with imbalanced data and selecting the best features for machine learning. This paper presents a process involving a feature selection technique for selecting the important attributes and a data sampling technique for addressing class imbalance. The application domain of this study is software engineering, more specifically, software quality prediction using classification models. When using feature selection and data sampling together, different scenarios should be considered. The four possible scenarios are: (1) feature selection based on original data, and modeling (defect prediction) based on original data; (2) feature selection based on original data, and modeling based on sampled data; (3) feature selection based on sampled data, and modeling based on original data; and (4) feature selection based on sampled data, and modeling based on sampled data. The research objective is to compare the software defect prediction performances of models based on the four scenarios. The case study consists of nine software measurement data sets obtained from the PROMISE software project repository. Empirical results suggest that feature selection based on sampled data performs significantly better than feature selection based on original data, and that defect prediction models perform similarly regardless of whether the training data was formed using sampled or original data.
Relaxation Dynamics of CO2 Diffusion, Sorption, and Polymer Swelling for Plasticized Polyimide Membranes

The CO2 permeability, solubility, and dilation of 6FDA-DAM:DABA 2:1 polyimide membranes exposed to pure CO2 at 40 atm and 35 °C were investigated over long times (up to 20 days). Swelling and sorption measurements were performed on 120 nm films with in situ spectroscopic ellipsometry. The sorption measurements by ellipsometry are compared with sorption into thick films (40−70 μm) by the pressure-decay technique. There is a strong correlation between the CO2 diffusion coefficient and the film swelling. Solid-state covalent cross-linking of the membranes with 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol and thermal annealing of the polymer films with free acid groups leads to significantly improved ability to maintain a relatively constant CO2 diffusion coefficient over long times. Annealing at temperatures between 100 and 295 °C leads to similar sorption behavior but significantly different diffusion and swelling. Relaxation functions are fit to the permeation, sorption, and swelling data to quantify the relationships betwee...
The Chronically Infected Promonocytic Cell Line U1: A Model of HIV Expression Regulated by Cytokines

Abstract Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) over a medium period of 10 years. During this time cells that actively express HIV and cells that harbor the virus in a latent form have been demonstrated in different tissues and organs of infected individuals. It is critical to delineate the cellular and/or viral factors that regulate HIV expression and latency in order to fully understand the pathogenic mechanisms of HIV disease. Among several in vitro models that have been developed since HIV has been recognized as a human pathogen, the chronically infected promonocytic cell line U1 has become one of the more broadly used surrogate models for studies of immunologic and molecular regulation of HIV expression. In particular, more than 10 different cytokines have been shown to up- or down-regulate virus production in U1 cells either alone or in synergistic combination. Autocrine/paracrine induction of HIV expression was first demonstrated in this cell line, anticipating results in more complex models of virus infection. In addition to cytokines, hormones, vitamins, and physical and chemical agents, including UV light, heat, and reactive oxygen intermediates, have been shown to reactivate quiescent integrated proviruses. Finally, U1 cells have been used as standard controls for polymerase chain reaction studies, for pharmacologic screening of potentially therapeutic agents, and as a convenient multicytokine bioassay system for studies of immunologic control of HIV expression.
Uropathogenic Escherichia coli are less likely than paired fecal E. coli to have CRISPR loci

Abstract CRISPRs (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) are short fragments of DNA that act as an adaptive immune system protecting bacteria against invasion by phages, plasmids or other forms of foreign DNA. Bacteria without a CRISPR locus may more readily adapt to environmental changes by acquiring foreign genetic material. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) live in a number of environments suggesting an ability to rapidly adapt to new environments. If UPEC are more adaptive than commensal E. coli we would expect that UPEC would have fewer CRISPR loci, and – if loci are present – that they would harbor fewer spacers than CRISPR loci in fecal E. coli . We tested this in vivo by comparing the number of CRISPR loci and spacers, and sensitivity to antibiotics (resistance is often obtained via plasmids) among 81 pairs of UPEC and fecal E. coli isolated from women with urinary tract infection. Each pair included one uropathogen and one commensal (fecal) sample from the same female patient. Fecal isolates had more repeats ( p = 0.009) and more unique spacers ( p E. coli to be resistant to ampicillin, cefazolin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. However, no consistent association between CRISPRs and antibiotic resistance was identified. To our knowledge, this is the first study to compare fecal E. coli and pathogenic E. coli from the same individuals, and to test the association of CRISPR loci with antibiotic resistance. Our results suggest that the absence of CRISPR loci may make UPEC more susceptible to infection by phages or plasmids and allow them to adapt more quickly to various environments.
Preselecting the sex of offspring: technologies attitudes and implications.

Abstract Several techniques for preselecting the sex of offspring are available now or will be in the near future. Although hundreds of studies indicate that sons are desired by the overwhelming proportion of persons asked, few studies ask whether preselecting of sex of offspring ought to be made available generally, as the technologies become perfected. In northern California, 2,138 respondents indicated widespread acceptance of ongoing biomedical research to perfect preselection methods and of making these procedures available to potential parents. Almost half agreed that they might want to use such techniques. Variation in levels of agreement were assessed by sex, race, marital status, child‐parity, religious affiliation and attendance, level of education, class, and general attitudes toward medical and scientific leaders. The implications of the general acceptability of sex selection go far beyond the freedom of parental choice—to such matters as socialization patterns of first son, second daughter or...
Forming of Cast Precious Metal Alloys

A method based on a generalized strain hardening function was used to obtain and describe the true stress-true strain behavior of alloys. Integration of the function allowed calculation of the work needed to deform the alloys. This technique is suggested as a means of assessing alloy formability.