cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Time out of tense: Russian aspect in the imperative

This article analyzes Russian aspectual usage in the imperative by combining Satunovskij’s (2009) approach with Dickey’s (2018) cognitive linguistic theory of Russian aspect. It argues that the contrasting use of perfective and imperfective imperatives in mands for the completion of a single action can be explained in terms of the pragmatic mechanisms proposed by Satunovskij (2009): perfective imperatives signal a request on the part of the speaker for the listener to make the decision to carry out the action, whereas imperfective imperatives make no such signal, because the decision has already been made. The latter occurs when the speaker knows or infers that the listener has already made the decision (or will do so if given the chance), or when the speaker has suspended the listener’s decision-making role and has gone ahead and made the decision. Various contextual uses of affirmative and negated imperatives and analyzes them in terms of the request or lack thereof for the listener to make the decision to carry out the action. The functions of the perfective and imperfective aspects in imperatives are argued to be instantiations of temporal definiteness and temporal indefiniteness (respectively). Inasmuch as this is true, Russian aspect codes alternative construals of time in non-finite usage as well as finite usage.
International Law and American Criminology: Lessons of Racist Torture and Reparations from Geneva to Chicago

This paper considers the development of international criminal law and as a field of study in American criminology. Despite the important U.S. role in establishing the International Military Tribunal and war crimes trials at Nuremberg following World War II, American politicians and criminologists did little to advance the further development of international criminal law or courts. Post-war Cold War tensions between the Soviet Union and the U.S., and domestic research preoccupations of American criminologists, discouraged further contributions. Finally, following the collapse of the Soviet Union and the outbreak of atrocities and war crimes in the Balkans, the United States took renewed interest and helped to create an ad hoc International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia [ICTY]. However, when the U.N. established a permanent International Criminal Court [ICC] to handle the prosecution of war crimes, American enthusiasm and support waned, and it ceased during the Trump Administration. Yet there were other signs international criminal law could still be significant. When the U.S. was revealed to be torturing detainees in Iraq, and a police detective was found to be operating a torture squad in Chicago, the U.N. High Commission on Human Rights [UNHCHR] used its procedures to pressure the U.S. and the city of Chicago to investigate. Later, the same procedures were used to pressure Chicago to support a reparations program for victims and families of police torture. International criminal law was more resilient and relevant than is commonly believed.
Application of QR framework in modeling the constitutive behavior of porcine coronary sinus tissue

In previous studies by the authors, a kinematic framework using physical attributes arising from a Gram–Schmidt factorization of the deformation gradient has been developed. It describes a state of deformation in a locally convected coordinate system that is oblique Cartesian. Elastic constitutive equations have been established based upon two sets of scalar-valued, stress/strain, base pairs, both with physical interpretations in this convected coordinate system. In this paper, the authors derive a continuum model for soft, biologic, tubular structures. The presented model describes the behavior of isotropic and anisotropic materials in terms of physical attributes that are directly measurable in experiments. Data acquired from ring and axial tests of inflated, porcine, coronary sinus are investigated, and are used to illustrate the capabilities of our theoretical model.
Association of Early Antibiotic Exposure With Childhood Body Mass Index Trajectory Milestones.

Importance Past studies have showed associations between antibiotic exposure and child weight outcomes. Few, however, have documented alterations to body mass index (BMI) (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) trajectory milestone patterns during childhood after early-life antibiotic exposure. Objective To examine the association of antibiotic use during the first 48 months of life with BMI trajectory milestones during childhood in a large cohort of children. Design, Setting, and Participants This retrospective cohort study used electronic health record data from 26 institutions participating in the National Patient-Centered Clinical Research Network from January 1, 2009, to December 31, 2016. Participant inclusion required at least 1 valid set of same-day height and weight measurements at each of the following age periods: 0 to 5, 6 to 11, 12 to 23, 24 to 59, and 60 to 131 months (183 444 children). Data were analyzed from June 1, 2019, to June 30, 2020. Exposures Antibiotic use at 0 to 5, 6 to 11, 12 to 23, 24 to 35, and 36 to 47 months of age. Main Outcomes and Measures Age and magnitude of BMI peak and BMI rebound. Results Of 183 444 children in the study (mean age, 3.3 years [range, 0-10.9 years]; 95 228 [51.9%] were boys; 80 043 [43.6%] were White individuals), 78.1% received any antibiotic, 51.0% had at least 1 episode of broad-spectrum antibiotic exposure, and 65.0% had at least 1 episode of narrow-spectrum antibiotic exposure at any time before 48 months of age. Exposure to any antibiotics at 0 to 5 months of age (vs no exposure) was associated with later age (β coefficient, 0.05 months [95% CI, 0.02-0.08 months]) and higher BMI (β coefficient, 0.09 [95% CI, 0.07-0.11]) at peak. Exposure to any antibiotics at 0 to 47 months of age (vs no exposure) was associated with an earlier age (−0.60 months [95% CI, −0.81 to −0.39 months]) and higher BMI at rebound (β coefficient, 0.02 [95% CI, 0.01-0.03]). These associations were strongest for children with at least 4 episodes of antibiotic exposure. Effect estimates for associations with age at BMI rebound were larger for those exposed to antibiotics at 24 to 35 months of age (β coefficient, −0.63 [95% CI, −0.83 to −0.43] months) or 36 to 47 (β coefficient, −0.52 [95% CI, −0.72 to −0.31] months) than for those exposed at 0 to 5 months of age (β coefficient, 0.26 [95% CI, 0.01-0.51] months) or 6 to 11 (β coefficient, 0.00 [95% CI, −0.20 to 0.20] months). Conclusions and Relevance In this cohort study, antibiotic exposure was associated with statistically significant, but small, differences in BMI trajectory milestones in infancy and early childhood. The small risk of an altered BMI trajectory milestone pattern associated with early-life antibiotic exposure is unlikely to be a key factor during prescription decisions for children.
6 – Establishment of Anterior-Posterior and Dorsal-Ventral Pattern in the Early Central Nervous System

This chapter discusses the establishment of anterior–posterior (AP) and dorsal–ventral pattern in the early central nervous system (CNS). The CNS becomes obvious on the dorsal side of the mouse embryo at approximately 9 days postcoitus as a tube structure running the length of the body. As with the rest of the embryo, the neural tube forms in an AP progression. The neural tube forms from a flat sheet of neural tissue referred to as the neural plate. Induction of these cells begins during gastrulation and involves inhibition of signaling by bone morphogenetic proteins. In the next two days of development, the neural plate bends ventrally at the midline and the lateral edges rise up and join at the dorsal midline, producing a closed neural tube. The chapter concentrates on the genetic and cellular events that set up the early cues responsible for inducing appropriate differentiation along the AP and DV axes.
Copper Electropolishing in Concentrated Phosphoric Acid I . Experimental Findings

The electropolishing of rotating copper‐disk electrodes in concentrated phosphoric acid is studied by steady‐state measurements, ac‐impedance spectroscopy, and flow‐modulation spectroscopy. The effects of applied potential, rotation speed, and temperature on the response of the system are investigated at the mass‐transfer‐limited plateau. Both the Arrhenius behavior of the limiting current and the ac‐impedance data suggest that the rate of reaction is controlled by mass transfer of an acceptor to the copper surface and not by precipitation of a salt film. It is not possible to determine from steady‐state measurements the diffusion coefficient of the acceptor because its identity and bulk concentration are not known with certainty. Therefore, the steady‐state measurements are complemented with flow‐modulation spectra which allow an estimation of the diffusion coefficient of the acceptor without knowledge of its bulk concentration.
IAALD: Your Professional Connection to the Virtual World

Connection to the Virtual World Toni Greider, IAALD Secretary/Treasurer For close to 60 years the International Association of Agricultural Information Specialists (IAALD) has aimed to connect information professionals from around the world and provide a means of communication among its members; convene meetings around the current issues of agricultural information and collaborate with like minded organizations. e aims have remained constant but the methods continue to change. Beginning in 2005, IAALD began to make fundamental changes to the way it looked and how it did business and the new IAALD was born. IAALD’s changes fall into IAALD 2.0 which is its social networking and internet presence and IAALD.org the establishment of IAALD as a legal organizational entity. IAALD 2.0 – During the past three years IAALD has been working on connecting members with the develop ment of a members only Ning to provide a forum for members [Figure 1] and an interactive website (www.iaald.org) [Figure 2] that allows for a dynamic membership directory. To give the new website a fresh look, a new logo was developed to illustrate IAALD’s global focus. e website has a public side with information about IAALD and its events as well as a members only side that provides the membership directory, the ability to pay fees through a secure website and to provide access to past webinars. All of this continues to be developed but the structure is there to move forward and expand IAALD’s membership. ese developments join AgInfoNews (the iaald blog) [Figure 3] which is a service to the profession that provides up to date news of interest to those interested in agricultural News
Lysosome Exocytosis and Invasion of Non-Phagocytic Host Cells by Trypanosoma Cruzi

In recent years, significant progress has been made toward understanding the mechanisms of host cell invasion by the intracellular pathogen, Trypanosoma cruzi. Invasion of non-phagocytic cells by trypomastigotes, the mammalianinfective forms of T. cruzi, is achieved by a surprising mechanism whereby host cell lysosomes are recruited as a vehicle for parasite entry. These studies have revealed the existence of the lysosome exocytosis pathway, a previously unrecognised regulated secretion system in non-phagocytic mammalian cells. Host cell signalling pathways that regulate T. cruzi entry and lysosome recruitment were shown to involve the second messengers, Ca2+ and cAMP and require secreted agonist(s) generated by the parasite. In addition, the ability of T. cruzi to receive signals from the host cell in a contact-dependent manner is crucial to the invasive process. In this chapter, I will outline our current knowledge of the cellular and molecular bases for host cell invasion by T. cruzi as well as the experimental approaches taken to study this process.
MARCC (Matrix‐Assisted Reader Chromatin Capture): An Antibody‐Free Method to Enrich and Analyze Combinatorial Nucleosome Modifications

Combinatorial patterns of histone modifications are key indicators of different chromatin states. Most of the current approaches rely on the usage of antibodies to analyze combinatorial histone modifications. Here we detail an antibody-free method named MARCC (Matrix-Assisted Reader Chromatin Capture) to enrich combinatorial histone modifications. The combinatorial patterns are enriched on native nucleosomes extracted from cultured mammalian cells and prepared by micrococcal nuclease digestion. Such enrichment is achieved by recombinant chromatin-interacting protein modules, or so-called reader domains, which can bind in a combinatorial modification-dependent manner. The enriched chromatin can be quantified by immunoblotting or mass spectrometry for the co-existence of histone modifications, while the associated DNA content can be analyzed by qPCR or next-generation sequencing. Altogether, MARCC provides a reproducible, efficient and customizable solution to enrich and analyze combinatorial histone modifications. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Keywords: affinity enrichment; antibody-free; chromatin; histone; PTM; reader domain; MARCC
Effect of β-Propiolactone on Sendai Virus

The biological properties (infectivity, hemagglutination, hemolysis, cell fusion, neuraminidase) of Sendai virus were dissociated on the basis of sensitivity to β-propiolactone, by freeze-thawing, by heating at different temperatures, and by adsorption-elution with formalinized chicken erythrocytes. Possible mechanisms whereby β-propiolactone selectively destroys viral infectivity are discussed.
Dishabituation and sensitization emerge as separate processes during development in Aplysia

Until recently, dishabituation and sensitization have commonly been considered to reflect a unitary process: Sensitization refers to a general facilitation produced by strong or noxious stimuli that enhances subsequent responding; dishabituation has been thought to represent a special instance of sensitization in which the facilitation is simply superimposed on a habituated response level. The unitary process hypothesis was based on the observation that both decremented and nondecremented responses are facilitated by a common noxious or strong stimulus. However, this observation does not rule out the possibility that dishabituation and sensitization could reflect separate processes that are activated in parallel by a strong stimulus. Recent cellular experiments by Hochner et al. (1986) suggest that this, in fact, occurs in the sensory neurons of the gill withdrawal reflex in Aplysia. A developmental analysis of learning in the marine mollusc Aplysia permits a direct behavioral test of this hypothesis. If dishabituation and sensitization reflect a unitary process then they should emerge at the same time ontogenetically. On the other hand, if they reflect different processes, then they might emerge according to different ontogenetic timetables. In the present study we examined the temporal emergence of dishabituation and sensitization in the defensive siphon withdrawal reflex in 3 stages of juvenile Aplysia: stage 11, early stage 12, and late stage 12. Animals received one of 2 kinds of training: Dishabituation training, in which the effect of strong tail shock on habituated responses were observed, and Sensitization training, in which the effect of strong tail shock on nondecremented responses was observed. We found that, while dishabituation was present in all stages examined, sensitization did not emerge until several weeks later, in late stage 12. These results were confirmed and extended in a group of animals that were tested twice: first in stage 11, when they showed no sensitization, and again 13 weeks later, in late stage 12, when they then showed significant sensitization. Our analysis of nondecremented responses prior to the emergence of sensitization also revealed an unexpected inhibitory component of tail shock that produces reflex depression. Moreover, there was a clear progression in the net effects of tail shock during development: reflex depression was produced in stages 11 and early stage 12, followed by a transition to reflex facilitation (sensitization) in late stage 12. Finally, when sensitization emerged in late stage 12, the process of dishabituation showed a significant increase compared with previous developmental stages.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Extended fatigue life of a catalyst free self-healing acrylic bone cement using microencapsulated 2-octyl cyanoacrylate.

The tissue adhesive 2-octyl cyanoacrylate (OCA) was encapsulated in polyurethane microshells and incorporated into bone cement to form a catalyst free, self-healing bone cement comprised of all clinically approved components. The bending strength, modulus, and fatigue lifetime were investigated in accordance with ASTM and ISO standards for the testing of PMMA bone cement. The bending strength of bone cement specimens decreased with increasing wt % capsules content for capsules without or with OCA, with specimens of <5 wt % capsule content showing minimal effect. In contrast, bone cement bending modulus was insensitive to capsule content. Load controlled fatigue testing was performed in air at room temperature on capsule free bone cement (0 wt %), bone cement with 5 wt % OCA-free capsules (5 wt % No OCA), and 5 wt % OCA-containing capsules (5 wt % OCA). Specimens were tested at a frequency of 5 Hz at maximum stresses of 90%, 80%, 70%, and 50% of each specimen's bending strength until failure. The 5 wt % OCA exhibited significant self-healing at 70% and 50% of its reference strength (p < 0.05). Fatigue testing of all three specimen types in air at 22 MPa (50% of reference strength of the 5 wt % OCA specimens) showed that the cycles to failure of OCA-containing specimens was increased by two-fold compared with the OCA-free and capsule-free specimens. This study represents the first demonstration of dynamic, catalyst free self-healing in a biomaterial formulation. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 103B: 305–312, 2015.
Motion capture for the rest of us

We are all aware of the increasingly realistic computer-generated human motion that abounds in movies, advertisements and especially games at present. This natural-looking appearance in many cases is attributed, as it has been for years, to the fine skills of professional animators in the Disney tradition. But more and more these realistic motions also involve the use of motion capture. We present the case that motion capture concepts and techniques are not the exclusive domain of big movie studios such as Industrial Light and Magic[11], or companies like House of Moves[10]. As educators in computer science and even other fields like graphics, art, mathematics, physical therapy, physics, we can and should introduce our students to the intricacies of this phenomenon. This paper will explain some of the basis of motion capture data and suggest ways it can be explored in courses or in research, even in a small college department without a big equipment budget.
Stationary Super-Gravitational States

The string background AdS7XS4 is adopted and the early universe is modeled in the eleven dimensional SUGRA theory that is dual to this background. Specifically the ground state of the vacuum is associated with an arbitrary distribution of closed, spin-2 strings, and excited states are modeled as geometric combinations of individual strings. Combinations or combining iterations are, by hypothesis, admissible or geometric if each iteration intrinsically incorporates the metrical scale that is assigned to the individual spin-2 string. It is demonstrated that a generalization of this process, if appropriately calibrated, establishes theoretical fermionic masses that correspond approximately to observed values. The proposed model also predicts a new quark of mass .
High-sensitivity single-shot perfusion-weighted fMRI†

A method is presented for measurement of perfusion changes during brain activation using a single-shot pulsed spin labeling technique. By employing a double-inversion labeling strategy, stationary tissue (background) signal was suppressed while minimally affecting perfusion sensitivity. This allowed omission of the otherwise required reference scan, resulting in twofoldimproved temporal resolution. The method was applied to visual and motor cortex activation studies in humans, and compared to standard FAIR-type perfusion labeling techniques. Experiments performed at 1.5T and 3.0T indicate a close to 90% suppression of background signal, at a cost of an 11% and 9%, respectively, reduction in perfusion signal. Combined with the twofold increase in signal averaging, and a reduction in background signal fluctuations, this resulted in a 64% (1.5T, N 5 3) and a 128% (3T, N 5 4) overall improvement in sensitivity for the detection of activation-related perfusion changes. Magn Reson Med 46:88 ‐94, 2001. Published 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc. †
An Improved, Preparative Route to 1-Cyclopropyl-1-Haloethanes

Abstract We wish to report a method for the synthesis of 1-cyclo-propyl-1-chloroethane and 1-cyclopropyl-1-bromoethane, on a preparative scale, uncontaminated by 5-chloro(or bromo)-2-pentene.
Bone sarcomas: Overview of management, with a focus on surgical treatment considerations

Outcomes for patients with bone sarcomas have improved dramatically over the past 40 years, and most bone sarcomas today are treated with surgery and chemotherapy. The most common clinical findings in patients with bone sarcomas are pain and an enlarging bone mass, although pain is not generally a good indicator of malignancy. In general, any patient with a bone mass with indeterminate imaging findings should be referred to an orthopedic oncologist. Bone sarcomas are diagnosed after a biopsy, which is best performed by the surgeon who will be doing the curative resection. Postresection reconstruction of the affected limb is generally done with an allograft-prosthetic composite or a modular metallic prosthetic joint replacement device. Post-therapy follow-up at frequent and regular intervals is critical to assess for recurrence and lung metastasis.
The future of oral and maxillofacial surgery

My purpose in addressing you is to provoke discussion, provide challenges, and present issues that can be debated. The questions of where we have been or where we are presently are not as germane as where we should be with regard to the type of education and training needed for future practitioners of our specialty. It is my hope that we may effect a plan that will enhance our specialty, and by so doing, provide a valuable service for those very important people, the patients we serve. My first question is whether our scope has changed? To this, I would give a resounding yes. As I reflect on my tenure as a resident, my responsibilities involved extracting teeth, removing impactions, performing alveoplasties and ridge extensions, treating odontogenic infections, and managing and treating patients' with facial trauma. Most facial fractures were treated by closed procedures, and it was indeed a fortuitous day when, as a resident, I had the opportunity to perform an extraoral open reduction of the mandible or maxilla. Open reductions of LeFort II and III fractures of the maxilla were done infrequently. Only occasionally did we venture into the temporomandibular joint for surgical exploration, and the reconstruction of a mandible with a bone graft was something performed even more rarely. Orthognathic surgery was done infrequently, and those procedures that were done consisted of ostectomies of the body of the mandible . Cleft repairs were done in only a few of our training programs. As a result of the contributions of many, our scope has expanded considerably over the years. Pioneering efforts made by the leaders of our spe-
Hybrid dynamic energy and thermal management in heterogeneous embedded multiprocessor SoCs

Heterogeneous multiprocessor system-on-chips (MPSoCs) which consist of cores with various power and performance characteristics can customize their configuration to achieve higher performance per Watt. On the other hand, inherent imbalance in power densities across MPSoCs leads to non-uniform temperature distributions, which affect performance and reliability adversely. In addition, managing temperature might result in conflicting decisions with achieving higher energy efficiency. In this work, we propose a joint thermal and energy management technique specifically designed for heterogeneous MPSoCs. Our technique identifies the performance demands of the current workload. By utilizing job scheduling and voltage/frequency scaling dynamically, we meet the desired performance while minimizing the energy consumption and the thermal imbalance. In comparison to performance-aware policies such as load balancing, our technique simultaneously reduces the thermal hot spots, temperature gradients, and energy consumption significantly.
The use of multiple regression analysis in employment discrimination cases

This paper explores the use of multiple regression in employment discrimination cases brought under the Equal Pay Act of 1963 or Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Through examining the outcomes of the cases and judicial commentary about regression analyses as evidence, the paper concludes that plaintiffs are most likely to prevail in cases where both the plaintiffs and defendants utilize regression. Plaintiffs who do not present regression analyses as evidence are at a distinct disadvantage when defendants do so. However, defendants are not similarly disadvantaged when responding to a plaintiffs regression analysis without their own statistical showing. Finally, plaintiffs who support their regression analyses with witness testimony of discriminatory employer acts appear to be more likely to prevail than plaintiffs who do not present such witnesses.
Low-cost, focused-science Mars mission

The Mars Orbiter Water Mission (MOWM) is discussed as an example of a low-cost, low-risk focused-science Mars mission which might be implemented in the near term within recently imposed fiscal constraints. MOWM is designed to act as a follow-on to the Viking results in the areas of comparative climatology and water, carbon dioxide and dust inventories. The STS-compatible space vehicle would be based on proven earth-orbiting satellite hardware, fulfilling requirements for both spinning and despun components, operation with nonoptimum solar cell orientation, PAM-A upper stage compatibility, and data storage for delayed transmission. Study results have shown the technical and economic feasibility of missions based on any of four submitted designs which meet these requirements, and of low-cost, well-focused science objective Mars missions in general.
Influence of Molecular Structure on the Rate of Intersystem Crossing in Flexible Biradicals

Laser flash photolysis (LFP), low-field chemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization (CIDNP), and time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance (TREPR) techniques have been used for the comparative study of magnetic field and spin effects in acyl−ketyl and bis(ketyl)biradicals formed during the photolysis of 2-hydroxy-2,12-dimethylcyclododecanone (1-OH) and 2,12-dihydroxy-2,12-dimethylcyclododecanone (2-OH), respectively. The short biradical lifetime, the small magnetic field effect (MFE) on a biradical lifetime, and the low intensity of spin-correlated radical pair (SCRP) polarization observed during the photolysis of 1-OH indicate that the main channel of intersystem crossing in acyl−ketyl biradical is spin−orbit coupling (SOC). For bis(ketyl) biradicals observed during the photolysis of 2-OH, SOC is of minor importance, and both MFE and SCRP polarization are much larger. It is shown that the presence of significant SOC in biradicals can result in an increase of the CIDNP intensity at low magnetic fi...
Determination of tissue heparin.

Abstract A method is described for the determination of heparin in relatively small tissue samples, including those relatively low in heparin. The procedure includes, among other steps, initial denaturation of heparinase, proteolysis under conditions of simultaneous dialysis, and removal of lipides. The heparin content of the preparation obtained is measured by means of its anticoagulant activity according to a modification of the technique of the U. S. Pharmacopoeia XIV. The method outlined is considered to be specific for heparin. The heparin nature of the anticoagulant present in the final extract was confirmed by several criteria such as protamine reversal of anticoagulant activity and electrophoretic and metachromatic behavior.
Theory of Ion Exchange and Development of Charge in Kaolinite-Water Systems

Crystal-chemical concepts applied to cation adsorption on kaolinite crystals in a water medium permit the calculation of bond energies. These values place the cations in the proper sequence of replacing power. Comparison of bond energies with thermal energy makes possible the calculation of charge on the particle and explains much of the observed behavior of kaolin-water systems.
Determinants of the corporate decision to capitalize interest

Abstract Until 1974, firms could choose, within GAAP, to capitalize or expense interest costs associated with capital expenditures. The predominant practice had been to treat interest as a period expense. However, in 1974, the Securities and Exchange Commission imposed a moratorium on further adoption of interest capitalization by non-regulated firms. This study empirically examines economic factors potentially influencing firms' decisions to expense or capitalize interest prior to the SEC moratorium. We hypothesize that the choice may be affected by (1) the existence of management compensation agreements tied to reported earnings, (2) debt covenant constraints, and (3) the political costs (for some firms) of reporting higher earnings. When compared to the control group, our findings are that (1) the frequency of explicit management compensation packages was not greater for the interest capitalization group, (2) firms with financial ratios closer to likely debt agreement constraints (on dividends, interest coverage, and leverage) tended to elect interest capitalization, and (3) other than the largest firms in the ‘politically sensitive’ petroleum refining industry, the larger firms were more likely to capitalize interest.
Invasiveness of Some Biological Control Insects and Adequacy of Their Ecological Risk Assessment and Regulation

This is the author's version of the article. The final publication is available at the publisher's website. DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.02020.x
Malignant ileal carcinoid with metastasis to adenocarcinoma of the ovary

Metastasis of one tumor to another is an intriguing and rare phenomenon. Lung and breast malignancies are common donor tumors, while renal cell carcinoma and meningioma serve as frequent recipients. We report a case of malignant carcinoid of the ileum with metastasis to adenocarcinoma of the ovary. Histologic examination of the ovary showed a clear dimorphic pattern consisting of uniform polygonal cells arranged in an insular pattern and highly pleomorphic epithelioid cells forming small glands or solid nests. Immunocytochemical studies firmly established the distinct identity of the two tumors.
Maxillary brown tumor caused by secondary hyperparathyroidism in an infant

1. Giraud F, and Mattei JF: Aspects epidemiologiques de la trisomie 21, J Genet Hum 23:1, 1975. 2. Ying KL: Sporadic (GgGg) translocation in Down's syndrome, Can J Genet Cytol 15:303, 1973. 3. Schmidt R, and Nitowsky HM: Recurrence of apparent de novo 21/21 translocation trisomy in a sibship, J PEDIATR 90:841, 1977. 4. Balfour B, Burhan S, et al: Down syndrome due to 21;21 translocation in a male twin, Clin Genet 16:383, 1979. 5. Priest JH, Brantley KE, and Blackstone RD: Parental mosaicism as a cause of Down syndrome,: A report of 46,XX/46,XX,--21,+t(21q21q) mothers and 46,XY,+ 21, + t(21q21q) child, J PEDIAXR 90:786, 1977. 6. Hornstein L, and Soukup S: A case of atypical Down's syndrome with mosaic 46,XX/46,XX-21 + t(2 lq21 q), Clin Genet 10:77, 1977. 7. Verma RS, Peakman DC, et al: Two cases of Down syndrome with unvisual de novo translocation, Clin Genet 11:227, 1977. 8. Furbetta M, Falorni A, et al: Sibship (21q21q) transtocation Down,s syndrome with maternal transmission, J Med Genet 10:371, 1973. 9. Garver KL: Genetic counseling in the delivery of health care, Pa Med 80:40, 1977. 10. Garver KL: Genetic counseling in primary obstetrical care, Obstet Gynecol Ann 8:87, 1979.
A two-dimensional nuclear overhauser experiment with pure absorption phase in four quadrants☆

Abstract A method is described for obtaining pure absorption phase spectra in four quadrants in a two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spin exchange experiment. It is shown that phase correction results in a substantial increase in resolution and discrimination while maintaining a signal-to-noise ratio comparable to that of the usual magnitude spectrum. Experimental results are presented for the application of the method to a biological macromolecule, the bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor.
Permeability measurement by the pulse-decay method: Effects of poroelastic phenomena and non-linear pore pressure diffusion

Abstract Permeability values inferred from data obtained by the pulse-decay, or transient pulse method, might be affected by two phenomena not previously considered to be important: poroelastic coupling between sample cores and pore fluid, and non-linear pore pressure diffusion associated with large pore pressure gradients. The theoretical reasons for these complications are discussed, as well as the results of two simple experiments designed to test the theory. Poroelastic effects introduce an inherent sample-size dependence into the transient-pulse method: experiments suggest such a dependence, but possibly masked by material inhomogeneity. Non-linear pore pressure diffusion limits the size of the pore pressure pulse that may be used in the pulse-decay scheme; this is well-demonstrated by experimental results. Furthermore, direct measurements of poroelastic strains associated with pulse propagation show very good agreement with predictions of linear poroelasticity theory.
Attraction between Surfaces in a Polymer Melt Containing Telechelic Chains: Guidelines for Controlling the Surface Separation in Intercalated Polymer−Clay Composites

Using numerical and analytical self-consistent field (SCF) calculations, we investigate the interactions between two closely spaced surfaces and the surrounding polymer melt, which contains a volum...
pH dependence of a mammalian polyamine oxidase: insights into substrate specificity and the role of lysine 315.

Mammalian polyamine oxidases (PAOs) catalyze the oxidation of N1-acetylspermine and N1-acetylspermidine to produce N-acetyl-3-aminopropanaldehyde and spermidine or putrescine. Structurally, PAO is a member of the monoamine oxidase family of flavoproteins. The effects of pH on the kinetic parameters of mouse PAO have been determined to provide insight into the protonation state of the polyamine required for catalysis and the roles of ionizable residues in the active site in amine oxidation. For N1-acetylspermine, N1-acetylspermidine, and spermine, the kcat/Kamine−pH profiles are bell-shaped. In each case, the profile agrees with that expected if the productive form of the substrate has a single positively charged nitrogen. The pKi−pH profiles for a series of polyamine analogues are most consistent with the nitrogen at the site of oxidation being neutral and one other nitrogen being positively charged in the reactive form of the substrate. With N1-acetylspermine as the substrate, the value of kred, the limi...
Biodegradation of Organic Particles by Surface and Benthic Nepheloid Layer Microbes From Lake Superior

Abstract The biodegradation of a green alga ( Chlorella vulgaris ) and balsam fir wood ( Abies balsamea ) by microbial assemblages from the epilimnion and deep hypolimnion of Lake Superior was determined. Algae and wood were radiolabeled, dried, and added to incubation bottles. Water collected from nearshore and offshore sites in the western arm of Lake Superior was used to inoculate the substrates. Near surface water (5 m) or deep hypolimnion water (1 m above the sediment) from each site was added to the bottles and incubated at 5°C or 15°C. Each bottle, including killed controls, was aerated every 48 h to recover biomineralized 14 CO 2 . Up to 76% of the labeled alga, but less than 40% of the labeled wood, was mineralized after 34 d. Mineralization rates were up to 4.5 times faster at 15°C than at 5°C. The presence of a benthic nepheloid layer at the nearshore site did not enhance mineralization rates. In most cases, mineralization rates of either substrate were similar at the nearshore and offshore sites. However, epilimnetic microbes from the nearshore site mineralized the wood faster than microbes from the offshore site. This may be explained by the higher density of bacteria in the nearshore inoculum. The type of substrate and temperature influenced mineralization rates more than the site or depth in Lake Superior from which the microbial inoculum was taken.
Three dimensional calculations of the effective Kapitza resistance of UO2 grain boundaries containing intergranular bubbles

Abstract A parametric study has been performed that quantifies the effective change in grain boundary Kapitza resistance due to the presence of intergranular bubbles. The steady-state heat conduction equation was solved in three-dimensional space using INL’s MOOSE finite element software, with which spacial mesh adaptivity was used to resolve interfacial widths down to several nanometers while investigating bubble sizes up to a micrometer. Three critical parameters were systematically varied: the intergranular bubble radius, the fractional grain boundary bubble coverage, and the Kapitza resistance of the intact grain boundary. Using the simulation results, a mathematical model dependent on each of these parameters was developed to describe the effective Kapitza resistance. Furthermore, we illustrate how this model can be implemented in a fuel performance code to predict the temperature profile of a cylindrical fuel pellet.
Synthesis and structure activity study of N-1 substituted (S)-(+)-5-n-propyl-2-iminohydantoins as potential anticonvulsant agents

A series of (S)-(+)-5-n-propyl-2-iminohydantoins with various N-1 substituents were synthesized and tested for anticonvulsant activity to better understand the structure–activity relationship (SAR) of 2-iminohydantoins. Compounds with N-1 phenoxycarbonyl (2), ethoxycarbonyl (6), t-butoxycarbonyl (7), propoxycarbonyl (12), and p-methyl phenoxycarbonyl (14) groups provided the most substantial anticonvulsant activity against the maximal electroshock seizure (MES) test with ED50 values in the range of 72–124 mg/kg. All of the above compounds except 7 also showed activity against the pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) test with ED50 values in the range of 65–178 mg/kg. Compound 6 provided the highest protective index (PI) value against the PTZ test, while 7 provided the highest PI value against the MES test. All significantly active compounds against the MES test (1, 2, 6, 7, 12, and 14) possessed aliphatic hydrocarbon chains of relatively small carbon length or aryl/arylalkyl groups not greater than benzyl in the carbamate moiety. Longer or larger than a benzyl group (3, 5, 8, 9, 10, and 11) or a saturated six-member ring (4) destroyed the activity. In addition, N-1 methoxycarbonyl substituted compound (13) was also devoid of significant activity. These results suggest that steric size of the substituent at N-1 oxycarbonyl sidechain in the 2-iminohydantoin molecule plays an important role in providing anticonvulsant activity, and that an alkyl substituent with a proper size further enhances PTZ anticonvulsant activity while maintaining MES activity. Drug Dev. Res. 47:17–26, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Do You Have an Endoscopic Infection Connection

Abstract ISSUE: In the recently published multisociety guideline for reprocessing flexible gastrointestinal endoscopes, the position statement listed 34 recommendations for gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopic reprocessing. Published articles suggest that the estimates of pathogen transmission during GI endoscopy may be underestimated and report that there have been no published reports of transmission of infection when current guidelines have been followed. We decided to look for additional opportunities for improvement in our current processes using the 34 recommendations. PROJECT: Our infection control department staff had worked closely in the past with the endoscopy staff reviewing the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) public health advisories and articles about process improvements for endoscopy cleaning and disinfection. We had documentation of required staff education and compliance with published guidelines. To begin the review, healthcare professionals from infection control and GI endoscopy met with the endoscope manufacturer's representative and conducted a thorough, detailed drilldown of our current processes using the position statement's recommendations. RESULTS: We found multiple opportunities for further improvements to current processes using the position statement recommendations. LESSONS LEARNED: Using a multidisciplinary team approach, close scrutiny and meticulous examination of our current GI endoscopy processes revealed opportunities for strengthening our processes. Working with the device manufacturer allowed cleaning and disinfection practices to be updated or revised as needed since equipment models change. Examining the use of disposable or reusable brushes, identifying tubing change practices, determining availability of current manuals for the model of endoscope in use for staff reference, reviewing the current policy and procedures, and updating staff competencies provided strong evidence for adherence to critical infection control issues in our GI device reprocessing. We then used this template to review other endoscopy procedures.
Gupta-Bleuler and infrared-coherence subsidiary conditions

It is verified that the contradiction between the Gupta-Bleuler condition $k\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}{a}^{\mathrm{in}}(k)\ensuremath{\Phi}=0=k\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}{a}^{\mathrm{out}}(k)\ensuremath{\Phi}=0$ and the natural infrared-coherence condition, ${\mathrm{lim}}_{\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0}\ensuremath{\omega}{a}^{\mathrm{in}}(k)\ensuremath{\Phi}=\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\Sigma}{i}^{}{e}_{i}{p}_{i}{[{(2\ensuremath{\pi})}^{\frac{3}{2}} ({E}_{i}\ensuremath{-}{\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{p}}}_{i}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}\stackrel{^}{k})]}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\ensuremath{\Phi}$, is present when the quantized electromagnetic field is coupled to an external classical current. A recent contention of Professor Haller is disproven by displaying the Lehmann-Symanzik-Zimmermann limit of this simple soluble model. Three different resolutions of the dilemma posed by the above contradiction are presented.
Distal revascularization and microvascular free tissue transfer: An alternative to amputation in ischemic lesions of the lower extremity*

Abstract Most lower extremity amputations result from complications of diabetes and arteriosclerotic occlusive diseases below the inguinal ligament. Improved limb salvage has been achieved by an aggressive approach to distal revascularization in the severely ischemic lower extremity. There remains, however, a high incidence of amputation resulting from progession of the ulceration or gangrene into deeper and less well-vascularized tissues, such as tendon and bone. Even in the nonischemic extremity, such wounds rarely heal without flap coverage. Microvascular free tissue transfers promote healing by providing coverage with healthy, nondiseased, well-vascularized tissue for these difficult defects. Successful free flap transfer requires a high-pressure recipient inflow vessel. In contrast to individuals with nonarteriosclerotic lesions, many individuals with nonhealing ischemic lesions have no acceptable artery demonstrated on high-resolution angiography to serve as a recipient vessel. Limb salvage has been achieved in four candidates for amputation utilizing distal revascularization followed by free tissue transfer coverage of the ischemic lower leg defects. (J VASC SURG 1985;2:806-11.)
Thermomechanical and isothermal fatigue behavior of bare and coated superalloys

Thermomechanical fatigue (TMF) and isothermal fatigue (IF) experiments were performed on bare Mar-M246 as well as bare and coated Mar-M247 nickel based superalloys at strain ranges from 0.335 to 1 percent. The experiments were conducted in air, through a temperature range of 500 to 1,038 C at a constant strain rate of 5.0 {times} 10{sup {minus}5} s{sup {minus}1}. Due to the coarse-grained structure of Mar-M246, TMF lives scattered considerably under low strain range conditions. Electron microscopy studies show that significant surface oxidation and gamma prime, {gamma}{prime}, depleted zones occur for Mar-M246 under these conditions. In the surface grain, where the change in {gamma}{prime} morphology is most pronounced, {gamma}{prime} rafted along axes {approx}{+-}45 deg from the loading axis. The influence of a protective coating on the IF and TMF lives of Mar-M247 was also examined. Results indicate that the coating does not significantly affect the fatigue lives of Mar-M247. The oxidation behavior of bare and coating Mar-M247 was investigated via X-ray microprobe and Auger Spectroscopy. Through these analyses, it is evident that the coating was completely degraded when exposed to the test environment for a long time. In both Mar-M246 and Mar-M247, in-phase thermomechanical fatigue (TMF IP) loading resulted in intergranularmore » cracking. TMF IP loading promoted multiple cracks at the coating/substrate interface of coating Mar-M247. Finally, Eshelby techniques were used to calculate stress distributions in the vicinity of a surface oxide and second-phase particle at the coating/substrate interface.« less
Superacid-Induced Reactions of Nefopam

The analgesic drug nefopam reacts in superacidic media to form a dicationic superelectrophiles by ring opening. The dication species is capable of reacting with arenes in Friedel-Crafts-type conversions. This chemistry is used to prepare novel derivatives of nefopam.
Reliable and unreliable partisan appointees to the Board of Governors

Every new appointment to the Board of Governors in recent years has triggered speculation as to how the new Governor will vote in FOMC meetings. While several studies have hinted at partisan voting behavior by Governors, no study has yet attempted to identify reliable and unreliable partisan voting behavior and to pinpoint the background characteristics of Governors that distinguish between the two. This paper indicates that Board members with a background in economics consistently voted in line with the economic ideology of the appointing President. Noneconomists on the Board, however, displayed no such partisan voting behavior and were seen to be influenced by pressures emanating from the Administration and by the monetary environment prior to their appointment. Over the 1951 to 1987 period, most Presidents have appointed reliable Governors earlier in their Presidential terms (when the returns from being able to influence subsequent monetary policy are great) and have chosen unreliable Governors later in their terms (when election support from the interest groups that these unreliables represent is important). The results of the present paper suggest skepticism toward the recent spate of rational expectations — game-theoretic models which feature a dictatorial policy maker gaming atomistic market participants whose only political activity, voting, generates monetary surprises followed by convergence to an equilibrium. Because of their obsession with the ceremonial formalism of their genre, these models ignore a vast complementary literature and, as a consequence, display conspicuously flimsy institutional and historical premises. Instead, the present paper argues for the greater relevance of models of uncoordinated interaction between multiple political and private principals and Federal Reserve agents.