cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of β-funaltrexamine on retention of passive-avoidance conditioning

Rats received administration of an opiate antagonist immediately following single-trial passive-avoidance training. Retention of passive-avoidance conditioning was assessed 1 week after training. Compared to noninjected and vehicle-injected control groups, post-training naloxone (2.0 mg/kg) administration significantly increased retention. A comparable facilitation of retention was also observed when animals received post-training administration of β-funaltrexamine (40 mg/kg). These data provide additional support for mu opiate receptor activity in the regulation of memory processes.
The fractionation of bromelain

Abstract Bromelain, isolated as its mercurial derivative, is separable into four components, two of which comprise 75% of the recovered protein. These two components have identical N- and C-ends, respectively (Val, Pro, Glx, and Gly) and have very similar amino acid compositions. Although their esterolytic activities are different, their caseinolytic abilities are the same.
Osmoregulation by the Killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus in Fresh Water at Temperatures near Freezing

OSMOREGULATORY failure has often been cited as the cause of death in fish exposed to low temperatures1–4. Moreover, even in those which survive quite well in the cold, concentrations of sodium and chloride in the serum are known to increase at low temperatures in marine species5,6 and to decrease at low temperatures in freshwater species7,8. Studies on the euryhaline killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus, adapted to saltwater showed that acclimatization to 2° C or −1.5° C increased serum osmolality of sodium and chloride when compared with controls at 10° C or 20° C (ref. 9). These data were interpreted to mean that, as in other fish, osmoregulatory ability was less efficient in cold-acclimatized F. heteroclitus. If this was so, then for fish adapted to freshwater the serum osmolality of sodium and chloride would be expected to decrease when the temperature was lowered. The preliminary data reported here demonstrate that this is the case.
Handedness and lateralised tympanic membrane temperature in relation to approach-avoidance behaviour in Garnett's bushbaby (Otolemur garnettii).

Studies of handedness suggest a relationship between hemispheric specialisation and emotional processing. Recently measures of lateralised tympanic membrane temperature (TMT) have identified similar relationships (i.e., the left hemisphere is involved in approach behaviour and the right hemisphere avoidance behaviour). In the present study we examined lateralised changes in TMT in response to social interaction in 10 Garnett's bushbabies. Additionally, we examined whether handedness could be used as a predictor of approach–avoidance tendencies. We found a positive association between temperature change and both allogrooming and affiliative approach. Social behaviour did not differ between right- and left-handed bushbabies. These findings are discussed in terms of existing theories of asymmetric emotional processing. Overall, the data suggest that there is a left hemisphere specialisation for processing approach-related behaviours, which is consistent with existing models of lateralised emotional processin...
Einstein, Cassirer, and General Covariance — Then and Now

Recent archival research has brought about a new understanding of the import of Einstein's puzzling remarks (1916) attributing a physical meaning to general covariance. Debates over the scope and meaning of general covariance still persist, even within physics. But already in 1921 Cassirer identified the significance of general covariance as a novel stage in the development of the criterion of objectivity within physics; an account of this development, and its implications, is the primary task undertaken in his monograph of “epistemological considerations” on the theory of relativity. Cassirer's assessment is correct: general covariance, understood as an injunction against dynamical theories with background elements, is a “limiting heuristic principle” guiding Einstein's fundamental conception of a “complete field theory”; as such, it underlies a “separation principle” built into the conceptual framework of the EPR criticism of quantum mechanics. In conclusion, a further parallel is noted: mutual recognition that the principle of general covariance is but a form of “anthropomorphism.”
Pathology Quiz Case

A 75-YEAR-OLD MAN PRESENTED WITH A 2-month history of progressive rightsided nasal obstruction and bleeding. He had received antibiotic treatments, without significant improvement. His nose bleeds had continued even though he had stopped taking antiplatelet medications. He had no known history of paranasal sinus disease. His medical history was remarkable for arterial hypertension and coronary artery disease. He had undergone a coronary artery bypass grafting procedure 1 year before presentation. Fiberoptic examination of the nasal cavity revealed a polypoid mass filling the entire nose on the right side, with some minimal amount of recent bleeding. The findings of a comprehensive head and neck examination were otherwise normal. A recent computed tomogram showed opacification of the right nasal fossa as well as the maxillary, ethmoidal, and frontal sinuses. The patient underwent an endoscopic biopsy and debulking for pathologic diagnosis. A lesion was observed extending from the olfactory cleft, attached to the anterior skull base, with involvement of the nasal septum. The maxillary, ethmoidal, and frontal sinuses demonstrated retention disease. The frozen section obtained during surgery showed a neoplastic process (Figure 1). The final surgical treatment was deferred until a more definite pathologic diagnosis could be made. Immunostains were negative for widespectrum cytokeratin, keratins AE1 and AE3, Cam 5.2, S-100 protein, p63, caldesmon, and synaptophysin. While it was clear that the tumor was destructive and probably malignant, no definitive diagnosis was made. A limited anterior skull base resection was performed, and the margins were cleared during surgery. The tumor was confined to the right olfactory cleft and extended to the superior nasal septum, without intracranial involvement. The specimen consisted of several bony fragments, representing the entire right anterior skull base, from the planum sphenoidale to the posterior wall of the right frontal sinus. Microscopic examination of the tissue resected from the second procedure showed a highgrade malignant neoplasm with anaplastic tumor cells and foci of calcification (Figure 2 and Figure 3). What is your diagnosis? Figure 1.
Flexible optical wire-bonding for planar lightwave circuits packaging

A platform that enables optical coupling from fiber-ribbon connectors to planar lightwave circuits (PLCs) is described. Flexible optical waveguides are used to form a variable length directional coupler that inserts and extracts light from a waveguide located arbitrarily inside the chip. The contact length can be adjusted for optimal coupling allowing manufacturing variation in materials, widths and cladding thicknesses present on a chip. This approach may be ideal for packaging WDM devices as the 3dB bandwidth of the coupling covers the whole 1300 -1700 nm fiber-optic telecommunication range. Coupling length control in the range of 0.05-0.2 μm leads to maximum coupling in excess of 80% for the range of conditions investigated. Simulations of the performance are discussed and initial fabrication and optical coupling results are presented.
Electronic structure of group iv hydrides and their alloys

Abstract We extended calculations for the cubic and tetragonal structure of group IV dihydrides to ZrH 2 and significantly improved our earlier calculations for TiH 2 . Increased numbers of points in the cubic structure (89) and in the tetragonal structure (225) coupled with improved procedures for calculating the density of states has led to resolution of structures on the scale of 0.1 eV. We find qualitative (and quantitative) differences between the two systems and the two structures. The effects of alloying and substoichiometry are assessed and comparisons are made with the specific heat, susceptibility and nuclear magnetic resonance data of Bohmhammel, Nowak, Goring, Bowman, Korn and coworkers.
Religious Language and Symbolism in The Great Gatsby’s Valley of Ashes

In F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby, there are few, if any, characters displaying faith in God, the spirit, or principled ideals, yet a good deal of their bad behavior takes place directly un...
Epidemiology of prolapse and incontinence questionnaire: validation of a new epidemiologic survey

The epidemiology of prolapse and incontinence questionnaire (EPIQ) was developed to screen for female pelvic floor disorders (PFD). Content and face validity, reliability, internal consistency and criterion validity of the EPIQ to detect the presence of pelvic organ prolapse (POP), stress urinary incontinence (SUI), overactive bladder (OAB) and anal incontinence (AI) is presented. Cronbach’s alpha; Spearman’s, kappa, intraclass correlations, factor analysis and Chi-Squared tests were used for analysis. Questions related to PFD proved internally consistent (α = 0.91) and reproducible (correlations >0.70) for all but three items on the EPIQ. Positive and negative predictive values of the EPIQ to detect PFD were: POP = 76% and 97%, SUI = 88% and 87%, OAB = 77% and 90% and AI = 61% and 91% respectively. EPIQ is a psychometrically validated screening instrument that may identify women at high risk of having pelvic floor disorders in large undiagnosed populations.
Magnetic resonance imaging diagnosis and computed tomography-guided radiofrequency ablation of osteoid osteoma.

A 26-year-old male presented for magnetic resonance (MR) examination of the ankle for chronic ankle pain. MR images of the ankle revealed marked intraosseous bone marrow hyperintensity involving the talus on the fast inversion recovery sequence (Fig. 1). In addition, at the anteromedial margin of the posterior facet of the talus, a round, sclerotic lesion was present with an associated mild to moderate reactive synovitis in the subtalar joint (Fig. 1). Findings were consistent with an osteoid osteoma. Fig. 1 Selected magnetic resonance (MR) images of the hindfoot demonstrating the osteoid osteoma. Sagittal fast spin echo image (a) demonstrates the central nidus and peripheral rim of reactive sclerosis (arrow). Sagittal fast inversion recovery sequence (b ... Patient was referred for computed tomography (CT)-guided radiofrequency ablation of the lesion. Preprocedure CT images of the ankle again demonstrate the well-marginated sclerotic lesion in the posterior facet of the talus with a hypodense rim and centrally calcified nidus (Fig. 2). Fig. 2 Selected computerized tomography (CT) images of the hindfoot viewed with bone algorithm. Sagittal image (a), oblique coronal (b), and axial (c) images demonstrate the sclerotic central nidus of the osteoid osteoma (arrow) For the procedure, a radiofrequency probe was inserted into the lesion under CT guidance (Fig. 3). The probe was heated to 90°C for 6 min in the inferior and subsequently, the superior, portions of the lesion. The patient did well postprocedure. Fig. 3 Oblique coronal CT image taken during the radiofrequency ablation procedure with the patient in a lateral decubitus position, demonstrates the radiofrequency probe (arrow) centrally within the lesion
Private Schools, Segregation, and the Southern States.

This article considers the role of private schools in an assessment of segregation in K-12 schools, with special reference to the South. It presents evidence to support two main conclusions. First, private schools have grown in importance in the South since 1960, in contrast to their declining importance in the rest of the country. This contrary trend can be attributed to the region's small proportion of Catholics, to its rising affluence, and to school desegregation. Because of the typically large areas covered by school districts in the South, private schools have offered White families an especially effective means of avoiding exposure to non-Whites in schools, particularly in counties with very high minority concentrations. In those counties the rate at which Whites enrolled in private schools tended to rise with the percentage of all students who were non-White, increasing sharply in counties about 55% non-White. Second, the article presents measures of the extent to which private schools contribute ...
Caffeine-modulated acetylcholine sensitivity in denervated rat and diseased human muscle.

Abstract Surgically denervated muscle exhibits increased sensitivity to acetylcholine and caffeine, and the acetylcholine contracture subsequent to preincubation with caffeine is greatly enhanced. The potentiation of the acetylcholine contracture derives, at least in part, from the direct action of caffeine on the muscle membrane resulting in an augmented and prolonged depolarization. The extent of potentiation depends on the duration of exposure to caffeine, is inhibited by increased extracellular calcium and is not present when cyclic AMP is substituted for caffeine. Biopsied human intercostal muscle shows high acetylcholine sensitivity in myotonic muscular dystrophy and motor neuron disease when compared to normal human or Duchenne dystrophic muscle. We suggest that myotonic dystrophy and motor neuron disease resemble surgical denervation more than Duchenne dystrophy does, and that in the former two diseases, as in denervated muscle, the acetylcholine sensitivity is increased with a concomitant abnormality in calcium-receptor interaction.
The value of outside support for male and female politicians involved in a political sex scandal.

ABSTRACT This research examined how third party statements impact the evaluation of male and female politicians caught in a scandal (i.e., extramarital affair). Governor's sex was crossed with three types of support statements: third party supportive (TPS), third party non-supportive (TPNS), and governor self-supportive (GSS). In Experiment 1, a female politician was evaluated more positively than a male politician. The TPS and the GSS conditions were both evaluated more positively than the TPNS condition. Experiment 2's design was similar to Experiment 1's, except it involved multiple affairs. In Experiment 2, participants used the third party's statements as an information source and thus reduced their use of gender stereotypes in the TPS and TPNS conditions compared to the GSS condition. We also found that male respondents gave more negative evaluations of the female governor than female respondents. Implications for the gender stereotype and social influence literatures are discussed.
Assignment of the photoyellowing-related 1675 cm-1 Raman/IR band to p-quinones and its implications to the mechanism of color reversion in mechanical pulps

Abstract Using FT (Fourier-transform) Raman and FT infrared (IR) spectroscopies, a new band was detected at 1675 cm−1; this was most likely to have come from the yellow chromophores in photoexposed thermomechanical pulps (TMPs). On the basis of spectroscopic studies that involved both o- and p-quinone models and Fremy's salt-oxidized TMP, the 1675 cm−1 band is assigned to the p-quinone functional group. Moreover, in the presence of known photoyellowing inhibitors, the photoyellowing behavior of methyl hydroquinone was similar to that of TMPs. Another important finding was that the molecular oxygen sensitivity of the laser-induced fluorescence (excited at 514.5 nm) of p-quinone and hydroquinone models was similar to what had been previously observed for yellowed and unyellowed TMPs. Taken together, these results provide strong support for a previously suggested yellowing hypothesis in which a hydroquinone/p-quinone couple was seen as an important leucochromophore/chromophore system in mechanical pulps.
[Glu2]TRH dose-dependently attenuates TRH-evoked analeptic effect in mice

Abstract Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH, pGlu-His-Pro-NH 2 ) and the structurally related [Glu 2 ]TRH (pGlu-Glu-Pro-NH 2 ) are endogenous peptides with a plethora of actions in the central nervous system. Many centrally-mediated effects of TRH are shared with those of [Glu 2 ]TRH, although the involvement of different receptors is presumed. The analeptic action is the best-known TRH-related central nervous system effect. While [Glu 2 ]TRH itself is analeptic, its co-administration with TRH into mice produced a dose-dependent attenuation of TRH-evoked reversal of barbiturate-induced sleeping time. This finding is in agreement with our previous observations that [Glu 2 ]TRH significantly attenuates TRH-induced hippocampal extracellular acetylcholine release. Taken together, [Glu 2 ]TRH may be considered as a negative modulator for the cholinergic effect of TRH in the mouse brain.
High Speed Vortex Flows

A review of the research conducted at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Langley Research Center (LaRC) into high-speed vortex flows during the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s is presented. The data reviewed is for flat plates, cavities, bodies, missiles, wings, and aircraft. These data are presented and discussed relative to the design of future vehicles. Also presented is a brief historical review of the extensive body of high-speed vortex flow research from the 1940s to the present in order to provide perspective of the NASA LaRC's high-speed research results. Data are presented which show the types of vortex structures which occur at supersonic speeds and the impact of these flow structures to vehicle performance and control is discussed. The data presented shows the presence of both small- and large scale vortex structures for a variety of vehicles, from missiles to transports. For cavities, the data show very complex multiple vortex structures exist at all combinations of cavity depth to length ratios and Mach number. The data for missiles show the existence of very strong interference effects between body and/or fin vortices and the downstream fins. It was shown that these vortex flow interference effects could be both positive and negative. Data are shown which highlights the effect that leading-edge sweep, leading-edge bluntness, wing thickness, location of maximum thickness, and camber has on the aerodynamics of and flow over delta wings. The observed flow fields for delta wings (i.e. separation bubble, classical vortex, vortex with shock, etc.) are discussed in the context of' aircraft design. And data have been shown that indicate that aerodynamic performance improvements are available by considering vortex flows as a primary design feature. Finally a discussing of a design approach for wings which utilize vortex flows for improved aerodynamic performance at supersonic speed is presented.
63.2: High Brightness, High Voltage Color Field Emission Display Technology

We have designed nanotube-based field emission displays to operate above 6500 V. As a result, we have improved the white-screen luminance of HDTV resolution (0.726 mm pixel) field emission displays beyond 700 cd/m2. We have maintained good color purity without employing separate focusing electrodes. In addition, we demonstrate spacers operating beyond 10,000 volts on the anode without any charging that would distort the image.
Targeting chemosensitizing doses of toremifene based on protein binding.

Toremifene is currently being evaluated as a chemosensitizing agent in doxorubicin-resistant patients. Although concentrations of >2 μM reverse resistance in vitro, target concentrations required to reverse multidrug resistance (MDR) in vivo may be highly influenced by variables such as protein binding in serum. We examined the effects of high serum concentrations on the cellular accumulation of toremifene in an MDR MDA-MB-A-1 human breast-cancer cell line. We then examined the cellular accumulation of doxorubicin at various toremifene concentrations in 5%–100% serum. We also measured the concentrations of toremifene and its major metabolites in plasma specimens obtained from two patients receiving 360 mg/day for 5 days in a phase I study. Our results show that (1) high serum concentrations decrease toremifene accumulation, (2) toremifene concentrations of ≥2.5 μm enhance doxorubicin accumulation, and (3) patients achieve plasma toremifene concentrations of 10–15 μm following doses of 360 mg/day×5 days. Our findings suggest that in vivo toremifene concentrations well above those used to reverse resistance in vitro are required to overcome the effect of high serum-protein binding.
Manipulation in market order models

Abstract We analyze a dynamic market order model similar to Kyle (Econometrica 53 (1985) 1315). We show that when the market faces uncertainty about the existence of the insider in the market, the equilibrium outcome changes in a significant way. In particular, the insider manipulates (i.e., trades in the wrong direction and undertakes short term losses) in every equilibrium, given a long enough horizon, and independently of the precise nature of noise trading in the market.
Modeling and control of a PowerSail

1 Abstract PowerSail is a proposed concept involving a large solar sail connected to a host satellite by a robotic “arm” housing an electrical conductor. The “arm” consists of seven links and an equal number of actively controlled joints. This paper addresses the modeling of the system dynamics and the design of orbit and rotational control laws to achieve the objectives of the mission, which are to point the sail at the sun and minimize the reaction transmitted onto the host. The multi-body dynamic model includes the effects of solar radiation pressure and gravity gradient torque. The control action and dynamics of the sail and the links are determined assuming that the attitude of the host is perfectly controlled or its attitude behavior is specified. Kinematic inversion is performed first, to obtain the required angular velocity of the sail and the joint angular rates. The acceleration commands are obtained by using a control law to track the desired velocities. Subsequently, the dynamic model is inverted to compute the nominal control forces and moments. Simulation results for various test cases are presented and the results are analyzed.
Derivatization of thymine and thymine photodimers with 4-bromomethyl-7-methoxycoumarin for fluorescence detection in high-performance liquid chromatography.

Abstract Exposure of DNA to ultraviolet radiation results in the formation of a number of photoproducts, including thymine photodimers. A sensitive and selective analytical method based on high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and fluorescent labeling with 4-bromomethyl-7-methoxycoumarin has been developed to quantify both thymine and thymine photodimers. The identity of the thymine and thymine dimer derivatives were determined by HPLC–electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The derivatization reaction yield was maximized by optimizing several reaction variables. The limit of detection for HPLC method was 1.0 pmol thymine and 0.4 pmol thymine dimer for S/N=3.
Hypersonic viscous flow over slender cones

Note presenting viscous self-induced pressures on 3 degree semivertex angle cones measured over a free-stream Mach number range and viscous-interaction parameter range. Results regarding the experiment, comparison between theory and experiment, and hole-size effect are provided.
Soluble Prion Protein Inhibits Amyloid-β (Aβ) Fibrillization and Toxicity

The pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease appears to be strongly linked to the aggregation of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide and, especially, formation of soluble Aβ1–42 oligomers. It was recently demonstrated that the cellular prion protein, PrPC, binds with high affinity to these oligomers, acting as a putative receptor that mediates at least some of their neurotoxic effects. Here we show that the soluble (i.e. glycophosphatidylinositol anchor-free) prion protein and its N-terminal fragment have a strong effect on the aggregation pathway of Aβ1–42, inhibiting its assembly into amyloid fibrils. Furthermore, the prion protein prevents formation of spherical oligomers that normally occur during Aβ fibrillogenesis, acting as a potent inhibitor of Aβ1–42 toxicity as assessed in experiments with neuronal cell culture. These findings may provide a molecular level foundation to explain the reported protective action of the physiologically released N-terminal N1 fragment of PrPC against Aβ neurotoxicity. They also suggest a novel approach to pharmacological intervention in Alzheimer disease.
A Program for Women Returning to Work after Childbirth

Women are returning to work after the birth of their first infants in increasing numbers. These women need to develop coping strategies for managing multiple roles. A community‐based nursing intervention program can help these women deal with the demands placed on working mothers. This article identifies program implementation, format, and evaluation strategies of one such working mother program.
Statistical evaluation of pairwise protein sequence comparison with the Bayesian bootstrap

Motivation: Protein sequence comparison methods are routinely used to infer the intricate network of evolutionary relationships found within the rapidly growing library of protein sequences, and thereby to predict the structure and function of uncharacterized proteins. In the present study, we detail an improved statistical benchmark of pairwise protein sequence comparison algorithms. We use bootstrap resampling techniques to determine standard statistical errors and to estimate the confidence of our conclusions. We show that the underlying structure within benchmark databases causes Efron's standard, non-parametric bootstrap to be biased. Consequently, the standard bootstrap underpredicts average performance when used in the context of evaluating sequence comparison methods. We have developed, as an alternative, an unbiased statistical evaluation based on the Bayesian bootstrap, a resampling method operationally similar to the standard bootstrap. Results: We apply our analysis to the comparative study of amino acid substitution matrix families and find that using modern matrices results in a small, but statistically significant improvement in remote homology detection compared with the classic PAM and BLOSUM matrices. Availability: The sequence sets and code for performing these analyses are available from http://compbio.berkeley.edu/. Contact: brenner@compbio.berkeley.edu
Nazi Ideology: Some Unfinished Business

During the last ten years historians have begun to reinterpret nearly every aspect of Nazi history. Many of their conclusions are very fruitful indeed. But there has as yet appeared no satisfactory reinterpretation of Nazi ideology. The study of Nazi ideology presents some apparently intractable problems; many scholars believe, moreover, that political thought played a relatively unimportant part in the rise (and fall) of the Third Reich. For these and other reasons, some of the most important source material for the study of Nazi ideology has been almost totally neglected. This is the large quantity of writings and programs published by the various Nazi leaders before 1933.
Elimination of indirect regulatory interactions in gene network inference

Inference of genetic regulatory networks from time-series gene expression data has gained significant attention in the bioinformatics community over the last decade. It has been shown to be impractical to infer these networks by devising gene disruption experiments on a genomic scale. Various computational models and inference algorithms have been proposed to overcome this problem. The most prominent among these is the REVEAL algorithm which uses an information theoretic approach. The REVEAL algorithm faces a potential problem of identifying indirect regulatory relations between genes. In this paper, we propose a modification to the REVEAL algorithm along with a graph theoretic algorithm to eliminate the indirect regulatory relations. Our algorithm is not just limited to REVEAL algorithm, but can be applied to any algorithm which infers indirect regulatory interactions. Our algorithm has been tested and compared with the REVEAL algorithm on synthetic data. Thus, we were able to infer direct and more meaningful regulatory relations between genes efficiently.
Postischemic Reperfusion Causes Smooth Muscle Calcium Sensitization and Vasoconstriction of Parenchymal Arterioles

Background and Purpose—Parenchymal arterioles (PAs) are high-resistance vessels in the brain that connect pial vessels to the microcirculation. We previously showed that PAs have increased vasoconstriction after ischemia and reperfusion that could increase perfusion deficit. Here, we investigated underlying mechanisms by which early postischemic reperfusion causes increased vasoconstriction of PAs. Methods—Isolated and pressurized PAs from within the middle cerebral artery territory were studied in male Wistar rats that were either nonischemic control (n=34) or after exposure to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) by filament occlusion for 2 hours with 30 minutes of reperfusion (MCAO; n=38). The relationships among pressure-induced tone, smooth muscle calcium (using Fura 2), and membrane potential were determined. Sensitivity of the contractile apparatus to calcium was measured in permeabilized arterioles using Staphylococcus aureus α-toxin. Reactivity to inhibition of transient receptor pot...
Enzyme markers of maternal malnutrition in fetal rat brain.

The impact of maternal starvation in late gestation on development of some enzymatic mechanisms concerned with neurotransmission and polyamine synthesis was studied in fetal rat brain. Between 17 and 20 d, acetylcholinestera.se and choline acetyltransferase activity increased in fetal brains of fed dams, whereas maternal starvation from day 17 to day 20 resulted in heightened acetylcholinesterase but not choline acetyltransferase activity. Ornithine decarboxylase activity on a per-gram wet- weight basis fell between 17 and 20 d in fetal brain from fed dams. Increasing the duration of maternal starvation resulted in a progressive increase in fetal brain ornithine decarboxylase. Arginine and putresine levels in the brain were lower in fetuses of starved mothers while spermidine and spermine concentrations were unchanged. Since the Kâ€, of ornithine decarboxylase for ornithine was found to vary directly with levels of putrescine in fetal brain, lower concentrations of putrescine and greater ornithine decarboxylase activity in fetal brains from starved mothers suggested that levels of this enzyme may be controlled in part by putrescine. Changes in the maternal nutritional state had no effect on the activity of glutamate decarboxylase in fetal brain, and tissue levels of the product, y-aminobutyric acid, were unchanged. Thus changes in ornithine decarboxylase and acetylcholin esterase activity in fetal brain may uniquely reflect biochemical alterations consequent to maternal starvation. J. fiutr. 117: 144-152, 1987
The Interviewing Team: An Exercise for Teaching Assessment and Conceptualization Skills.

The Interviewing Team is an exercise for teaching students how to conduct assessment interviews and conceptualize client problems. The team consists of up to 10 students who take turns interviewing the instructor who role-plays a client. Each student is responsible for obtaining one type of assessment information (e.g., affective, somatic, cognitive, and behavioral symptoms). After each role-play segment, the instructor gives the student feedback and asks the team questions designed to develop hypotheses about the nature and etiology of the "client's" problems. The advantages of this approach to teaching conceptualization skills are discussed.
Guys and Gals Going for Gold: The Role of Women’s Empowerment in Olympic Success

We test the hypothesis that women’s empowerment correlates with women’s international athletic success. Greater gender equality (measured using the Gender Inequality Index) is associated with higher participation and medal counts in the Summer Olympic Games from 1996 through 2012. This relationship persists even after controlling for previously identified nation-level predictors of Olympic success and across alternative measures of success (such as shares of the total, percentage within each country, and medals per athlete). These results provide direct evidence for the long-standing claim that girls’ and women’s international athletic achievement is linked to women’s empowerment.
RIPENING CHANGES AND FLAVOR DEVELOPMENT IN MICROBIAL ENZYME TREATED CHEDDAR CHEESE SLURRIES

Cheddar cheese slurries from salted curds were studied to determine an initial level of microbial protease and lipase that potentially might be incorporated optimally into Cheddar cheese to accelerate ripening without developing flavor defects. Soluble protein, free volatile fatty acids values and total bacteria counts of microbial enzyme treated slurries were considerably higher than in controls. Slurry pH decreased slightly during initial ripening but then rose gradually, with the rate of rise, particularly marked in microbial enzyme treated slurries. Electrophoretic illustrations indicated more degradation of ols, and p-caseins in microbial enzyme treated slurries than in the control slurry. Bitter peptides formed in microbial enzyme treated slurries were transitory. Microbial enzymes used in slurries were inactivated at 80°C.
BDNF mediates improvements in executive function following a 1-year exercise intervention.

Executive function declines with age, but engaging in aerobic exercise may attenuate decline. One mechanism by which aerobic exercise may preserve executive function is through the up-regulation of brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF), which also declines with age. The present study examined BDNF as a mediator of the effects of a 1-year walking intervention on executive function in 90 older adults (mean age = 66.82). Participants were randomized to a stretching and toning control group or a moderate intensity walking intervention group. BDNF serum levels and performance on a task-switching paradigm were collected at baseline and follow-up. We found that age moderated the effect of intervention group on changes in BDNF levels, with those in the highest age quartile showing the greatest increase in BDNF after 1-year of moderate intensity walking exercise (p = .036). The mediation analyses revealed that BDNF mediated the effect of the intervention on task-switch accuracy, but did so as a function of age, such that exercise-induced changes in BDNF mediated the effect of exercise on task-switch performance only for individuals over the age of 71. These results demonstrate that both age and BDNF serum levels are important factors to consider when investigating the mechanisms by which exercise interventions influence cognitive outcomes, particularly in elderly populations.
The effect of transformer, doublesex and intersex mutations on the sexual behavior of Drosophila melanogaster.

We have identified the effects of genes that regulate sex determination on female-specific tissues in the abdomen that produce sex pheromones and parts of the central nervous system that function when a male performs courtship. To do this, we monitored the sexual behaviors of flies with mutations in the transformer (tra), doublesex (dsx) and intersex (ix ) genes. Except for tra, which transforms diplo-X flies so that they look and function like normal males, these mutations do not have the same effect on pheromone-producing tissues and the central nervous system as they do on the appearance of the fly. The dsx and ix mutations, which make diplo-X-flies look like intersexes, do not transform the flies so that they can perform courtship, suggesting that these genes do not regulate the development of sex-specific parts of the central nervous system. Conversely, the ix mutation, which has no effect on the appearance of haplo-X flies, makes the flies sexually attractive and impairs their ability to perform courtship, which implies that the ix gene is active in internal tissues of males.
Assisting network intrusion detection with reconfigurable hardware

String matching is used by Network Intrusion Detection Systems (NIDS) to inspect incoming packet payloads for hostile data. String-matching speed is often the main factor limiting NIDS performance. String-matching performance can be dramatically improved by using Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs); accordingly, a "regular-expression to FPGA circuit" module generator has been developed. The module generator extracts strings from the Snort NIDS rule-set, generates a regular expression that matches all extracted strings, synthesizes a FPGA-based string matching circuit, and generates an EDIF netlist that can be processed by Xilinx software to create an FPGA bitstream. The feasibility of this approach is demonstrated by comparing the performance of the FPGA-based string matcher against the software-based GNU regex program. The FPGA-based string matcher exceeds the performance of the software-based system by 600x for large patterns.
Global diversity of hairworms (Nematomorpha: Gordiaceae) in freshwater

Freshwater hairworms (Gordiaceae) and marine hairworms (Nectonematoidea) comprise the phylum Nematomorpha. Only the freshwater forms are discussed here. While freshwater hairworms develop as parasites of both aquatic and terrestrial arthropods, they all enter fresh water to mate, oviposit and produce infective stages (preparasitic larvae). The global species diversity of freshwater hairworms based on published descriptions is approximately 326 species and a conservative estimate for the global species diversity in this group would be around 2,000 species.
New Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs) in Development

Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) or estrogen agonists/antagonists have shown promise in osteoporosis in that they have the potential to reduce the risk of fracture, and also reduce the risk of breast cancer. SERMs maybe classified according to their core structure, which is typically a variation of the 17 beta-estradiol template and subclassified according to the side chain at the helix 12 affector region. The best known are the triphenylethylenes such as tamoxifen, used in the management of breast cancer. However, the clinical application of this class of SERMs has been limited due to endometrial stimulation. A second class is the benzothiophenes such as raloxifene and arzoxifene, which have skeletal benefit with little, if any, uterine stimulation. Indole-based SERMs such as bazedoxifene have a 2-phenyl ring system that serves as a core binding unit. Other classes include benzopyrans and naphthalenes (eg, lasofoxifene). In this review article, I will discuss raloxifene and three new SERMs—arzoxifene, bazedoxifene, and lasofoxifene—that have been recently studied. I will discuss their effect on bone, breast, and the cardiovascular system, as well as on safety.
Elevated atmospheric CO2 affects structure of a model regenerating longleaf pine community

Differences in plant morphology, physiology, life form, and symbiotic relationships can generate differences in species responses to CO2-enrichment, which can alter competitive interactions, thus affecting community structure and function. Here, we present data from a two-year study, examining the species and community responses to elevated [CO2] of a model regenerating longleaf pine community. The model community was constructed from an assemblage of early successional forest species representing major functional guilds within a typical longleaf pine–wiregrass community: (1) a C3 evergreen conifer (Pinus palustris); (2) a C4 bunch grass (Aristida stricta); (3) a C3 broadleaf tree (Quercus margaretta); (4) a C3 perennial herbaceous legume (Crotalaria rotundifolia); and (5) a C3 herbaceous perennial (Asclepias tuberosa). After 2 years, CO2-enriched plots had 109% greater above-ground biomass than ambient plots, mainly due to a 117% increase in pine biomass. Community structure was altered by CO2 enrichment; Crotalaria and Asclepias had higher mortality and less biomass in high-CO2 plots, suggesting that not all species will perform well as global [CO2] rises. Our data suggest that longleaf pine communities as a whole will perform well in a future higher CO2 world, but some species may fall prey to altered competitive interactions for light and soil moisture.
PET vs. SPECT: in the context of ongoing developments

This paper intends to compare the abilities of the two major imaging modalities in nuclear medicine imaging: Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT). The motivations are many-fold: (i) To gain a better understanding of the strengths and limitations of the two imaging modalities in the context of recent and ongoing developments in hardware and software design; (ii) To emphasize that certain issues, historically and commonly thought as limitations, may now be instead viewed as challenges that can be addressed; (iii) To point out that existing PET and SPECT scanners in the field can (much) benefit from improvements in image-reconstruction software; (iii) To point-out (to engineers, physicists and software-developers) important areas of research in PET and SPECT imaging that will be instrumental to further improvements in the two modalities;
Uncertainty Reduction Theory

Uncertainty reduction theory (URT) seeks to explain how people think and behave during the initial stages of relationship development. URT is a seminal theory in the field of interpersonal communication for two reasons: It is one of the first frameworks to originate within the discipline, and it has spawned extensive ongoing scholarship on uncertainty within dyadic domains. URT delineates seven axioms, 21 theorems, and a variety of information-seeking strategies to account for uncertainty processes within acquaintance. Scholars have employed the theory to illuminate interpersonal contexts as diverse as initial interaction, social exchange processes, individual differences in uncertainty, established relationships, computer-mediated communication, dyadic communication within organizations, and intercultural communication. A synthesis of research on these topics points to strengths and weaknesses of the theory along with recommendations for future expansion. Keywords: cognitive processes; communication theory; information processing and cognitions; interpersonal communication; knowledge
The Preventive Effect of Hedge Fund Activism

This paper examines the effectiveness of hedge fund activism in preventing corporate policy deviations. Whereas previous studies focus on policy changes in target firms after intervention, I examine proactive policy changes in all firms that face a threat of intervention. Using mutual fund fire sales as an instrument, I find that an increase in intervention likelihood leads to increases in shareholder distribution as well as decreases in CEO pay, cash, and investments. Given the reduction in managerial rent seeking, cash hoarding and empire building behaviors, it is unsurprising that operating performance as measured by ROA also improves significantly. The relationships are causal, significant, and robust to a variety of alternative model specifications and sample divisions. The results suggest the existence of a preventive effect of hedge fund activism as well as a stronger and broader impact of hedge fund activism on corporate policy than previously documented.
XVis - A data visualization package using a Motif GUI

XVis is a interactive visualization package which allows for multi-window and profile plot capability for two-dimensional and threedimensional flow fields on structured and unstructured multi-zoned grids. The program has been structured to allow easy visualization of unsteady and steady-state computational fluid dynamics data, but the code has also been used to visualize unsteady computational electromagnetic data. The Graphical User Interface has been implemented with the OSF/ Motif toolkit for portability. The program is available to DoD agencies and their contractors at no cost. This code has the advantage over commercially available software in that modifications can be done inhouse since the source code and documentation is available. The programming languages used are C and Fortran. This paper documents the enhancements added for version 3.4. -
Exploring Determinants of the Proportion of Monetary Corporate Philanthropy

This essay seeks to uncover further nuances in the stakeholder management - philanthropy relationship by empirically investigating the determinants of the proportion of total (monetary plus in-kind...
THE USE OF A POINT OF CARE PLATELET ASSAY TO SHORTEN THE TIME TO CABG IN PATIENTS TAKING CLOPIDOGREL

Patients requiring CABG surgery are often exposed to the thienopyridine drug clopidogrel. The ACC/AHA recommends holding clopidogrel for 5 days before CABG to reduce the risk of bleeding. There is some evidence, however, that patients may be able to undergo surgery as soon as 3 days after the last
Engineered Ion Channels as Emerging Tools for Chemical Biology

Over the last 25 years, researchers have developed exogenously expressed, genetically engineered, semi-synthetic, and entirely synthetic ion channels. These structures have sufficient fidelity to serve as unique tools that can reveal information about living organisms. One of the most exciting success stories is optogenetics: the use of light-gated channels to trigger action potentials in specific neurons combined with studies of the response from networks of cells or entire live animals. Despite this breakthrough, the use of molecularly engineered ion channels for studies of biological systems is still in its infancy. Historically, researchers studied ion channels in the context of their own function in single cells or in multicellular signaling and regulation. Only recently have researchers considered ion channels and pore-forming peptides as responsive tools to report on the chemical and physical changes produced by other biochemical processes and reactions. This emerging class of molecular probes has a number of useful characteristics. For instance, these structures can greatly amplify the signal of chemical changes: the binding of one molecule to a ligand-gated ion channel can result in flux of millions of ions across a cell membrane. In addition, gating occurs on sub-microsecond time scales, resulting in fast response times. Moreover, the signal is complementary to existing techniques because the output is ionic current rather than fluorescence or radioactivity. And finally, ion channels are also localized at the membrane of cells where essential processes such as signaling and regulation take place. This Account highlights examples, mostly from our own work, of uses of ion channels and pore-forming peptides such as gramicidin in chemical biology. We discuss various strategies for preparing synthetically tailored ion channels that range from de novo designed synthetic molecules to genetically engineered or simply exogenously expressed or reconstituted wild-type channels. Next we consider aspects of experimental design by comparing various membrane environments or systems that make it possible to quantify the response of ion channels to biochemical processes of interest. We present applications of ion channels to answer questions in chemical biology, and propose potential future developments and applications of these single molecule probes. Finally we discuss the hurdles that impede the routine use of ion channel probes in biochemistry and cell biology laboratories and developments and strategies that could overcome these problems. Optogenetics has facilitated breakthroughs in neuroscience, and these results give a dramatic idea of what may lie ahead for designed ion channels as a functional class of molecular probes. If researchers can improve molecular engineering to increase ion channel versatility and can overcome the barriers to collaborating across disciplines, we conclude that these structures could have tremendous potential as novel tools for chemical biology studies.